bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 58. Isomerization of the Baylis—Hillman Adducts Using Amberlyst‐15 as a Heterogeneous Reusable Catalyst: A Simple and Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐Cinnamyl Alcohol Derivatives.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Banerjee Joydeep , Majhi Anjoy , Chowdhury Nikhil , Venkateswarlu Katta , Holla Harish
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel, Water‐Based Procedure for the Mono Iodination of Aromatic Amines and Phenols.
Authors: Sathiyapriya R. , Karunakaran R. Joel
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tin(IV) Chloride—Sodium Nitrite as a New Nitrosating Agent for N‐Nitrosation of Amines, Amides and Ureas under Mild and Heterogeneous Conditions.
Authors: Celaries Benoit , Parkanyi Cyril
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Selective Room‐Temperature Copper‐Catalyzed C—N Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Shafir Alexandr , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanation of Alcohols with Diethyl Cyanophosphonate and 2,6‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone by a New Type of Oxidation—Reduction Condensation.
Authors: Masutani Kouta , Minowa Tomofumi , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(Triisopropylsilyl)acetaldehyde Acetal as a Novel Protective Group for 1,2‐Diols.
Authors: Uenishi Jun'ichi , Tanaka Yusuke , Kawai Nobuyuki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild Deprotection of tert‐Butyl Carbamates of NH‐Heteroarenes under Basic Conditions.
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Kundu Taraknath , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reduction of Cp2ZrCl2 with Mischmetall: A New Method for Generating an Efficient “Cp2Zr” Equivalent.
Authors: Denhez Clement , Medegan Sedami , Helion Florence , Namy Jean‐Louis , Vasse Jean‐Luc , Szymoniak Jan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Pentafluoroethylated Amines: A New Synthetic Approach.
Authors: Koenigsmann Martin H. , Lork Enno , Odinets Irina L. , Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Shevchenko Nukolaj E. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Chiral β‐ and γ‐N‐Tosylaminoalcohols from 1‐Aryl‐2‐aminopropane‐1,3‐diols.
Authors: Feng Xichun , Qiu Guofu , Liang Shucai , Su Jiangtao , Teng Hanbing , Wu Lamei , Hu Xianming
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 80. Remarkably Chemoselective Reduction of Unmodified Baylis—Hillman Adducts by InCl3/NaBH4: Application to the Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenones Including Two Alarm Pheromones.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Banerjee Joydeep , Chowdhury Nikhil , Majhi Anjoy , Holla Harish
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrocarboxylation of Terminal Alkenes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using Perfluorinated Surfactants.
Authors: Tortosa‐Estorach Clara , Ruiz Nuria , Masdeu‐Bulto Anna M.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Monoalkylation of α‐Isocyano Acetamide to Its Higher Homologues.
Authors: Housseman Christopher , Zhu Jieping
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of 6,6‐Dialkyl‐5,7‐dioxo‐4,8‐dioxaspiro [2.5]octane‐1,1,2,2‐tetracarbonitriles with O‐Centered Nucleophiles.
Authors: Kayukova O. V. , Kayukov Ya. S. , Nikolaev A. N. , Ershov O. V. , Eremkin A. V. , Nasakin O. E.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Multi‐Component Connection Reaction of Isoprene, Aldimines (Lactamines), and Diphenylzinc.
Authors: Kojima Keisuke , Kimura Masanari , Ueda Satoshi , Tamaru Yoshinao
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) Catalyzed Aza‐Michael Addition of Amines to α,β‐Unsaturated Electrophiles.
Authors: Duan Zheng , Xuan Xuejie , Li Ting , Yang Chenfei , Wu Yangjie
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Long Chain Phenols. Part 41a. The Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxymethyl Derivatives of Phenols.
Authors: Payne Peter , Tyman John H. P. , Mehet Satinder K. , Ninagawa Akira
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic, Asymmetric Strecker Reactions Catalyzed by Titanium(IV) and Vanadium(V) (salen) Complexes.
Authors: Blacker John , Clutterbuck Lisa A. , Crampton Michael R. , Grosjean Christophe , North Michael
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapid Microwave‐Promoted Catalyst‐ and Solvent‐Free Suzuki‐Type Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Yan Jie , Hu Weixiao , Zhou Wei
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Bifenazate.
Authors: Chee Gaik‐Lean
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Enantioselective Borohydride Reduction of ortho‐Fluorinated Benzophenones.
Authors: Kokura Ai , Tanaka Saiko , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Entry into β‐Lactams via Reaction of Dimethoxycarbene with Isocyanates.
Authors: Rigby James H. , Brouet Jean‐Christophe , Burke Patrick J. , Rohach Stephanie , Sidique Shyama , Heeg Mary Jane
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel and Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulations of 2‐Alkynylphenols to Form 2‐Substituted 3‐Halobenzo[b]furans.
Authors: Liang Yun , Tang Shi , Zhang Xu‐Dong , Mao Li‐Qiu , Xie Ye‐Xiang , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Spiropyrrolidines Through [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions with Baylis—Hillman Adducts as Dipolarophiles.
Authors: Jayashankaran Jayadevan , Manian Rathna Durga R. S. , Sivaguru Manickasamy , Raghunathan Raghavachary
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Annulation Reactions of Aryl Methyl Ketenes with Zwitterions Derived from Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate and N‐Alkylimidazoles.
Authors: Ma Cheng , Ding Hanfeng , Wang Yanguang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Functionalized Imidazolium Salts under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Fu Shih‐Kang , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Multicomponent Reaction Efficiently Producing Arylmethylene 2‐Thiohydantoins.
Authors: Porwal Sharad , Kumar Rishi , Maulik Prakas R. , Chauhan Prem M. S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Coumarin Compound from Phenanthrene by a TiO2‐Photocatalyzed Reaction.
Authors: Higashida Suguru , Harada Aiko , Kawakatsu Rikako , Fujiwara Noriko , Matsumura Michio
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of Selective α1B Adrenoceptor Antagonists.
Authors: Hayashi Ryoji , Ohmori Eiji , Isogaya Masafumi , Moriwaki Mitsuhiro , Kumagai Hiroki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinoline and Chromene Skeletons.
Authors: Deagostino Annamaria , Farina Vittorio , Prandi Cristina , Zavattaro Chiara , Venturello Paolo
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enyne Ring‐Closing Metathesis on Heteroaromatic Cations.
Authors: Nunez Ana , Cuadro Ana M. , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Vaquero Juan J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Physanolide A, a Novel Skeleton Steroid, and Other Cytotoxic Principles from Physalis angulata.
Authors: Wu Tian‐Shung , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochemistry of Desonide, a Non‐Fluorinated Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drug.
Authors: Iqbal Jawaid , Husain Adil , Gupta Anamika
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azadideoxyadenosine: Synthesis, Enzymology, and anti‐HIV Activity.
Authors: Nishonov Abdumalik A. , Ma Xiaohui , Nair Vasu
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Penicillins Synthesized by Biotransformation Using Laccase from Trametes spec.
Authors: Mikolasch Annett , et al. et al.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Approaches to Designing Selective Oxidation Catalysts: Au/C a Versatile Catalyst.
Authors: Hutchings Graham J. , Carrettin Silvio , Landon Philip , Edwards Jennifer K. , Enache Dan , Knight David W. , Xu Yi‐Jin , Carley Albert F.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigations of the Magnetic Properties and Structures of the Pillared Perovskites, La5Re3MO16 (M: Co, Ni)
Authors: Cuthbert Heather L. , Greedan John E. , Cranswick Lachlan
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ion‐Pair Recognition by Ditopic Macrocyclic Receptors
Authors: Smith Bradley D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Binding and Structural Aspects of Nitrile‐ and Amino‐Functionalized Pendant Arm Derivatives of 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane (|9|aneN3)
Authors: Schroder Martin , Lippolis Vito
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis and D‐Block Chemistry of Linked Multiring Macrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Lindoy Leonard F.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Zeolites
Authors: Soldatov D. V. , Ripmeester J. A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A test suite for parallel performance analysis tools
Authors: Gerndt Michael , Mohr Bernd , Träff Jesper Larsson
Published: October 2006

Parallel performance analysis tools must be tested as to whether they perform their task correctly, which comprises at least three aspects. First, it must be ensured that the tools neither alter the semantics nor distort the run‐time behavior of the application under investigation. Next, it must be verified that the tools collect the correct performance data as required by their specification. Finally, it must be checked that the tools perform their intended tasks and detect relevant performance problems. Focusing on the latter (correctness) aspect, testing can be done using synthetic test functions with controllable performance properties, possibly complemented by real‐world applications with known performance behavior. A systematic test suite can be built from synthetic test functions and other components, possibly with the help of tools to assist the user in putting the pieces together into executable test programs. Clearly, such a test suite can be highly useful to builders of performance analysis tools. It is surprising that, up until now, no systematic effort has been undertaken to provide such a suite. In this paper we describe the APART Test Suite (ATS) for checking the correctness (in the above sense) of parallel performance analysis tools. In particular, we describe a collection of synthetic test functions which allows one to easily construct both simple and more complex test programs with desired performance properties. We briefly report on experience with MPI and OpenMP performance tools when applied to the test cases generated by ATS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cluster systems and simulation: from benchmarking to off‐line performance prediction
Authors: Di Martino Beniamino , Mancini Emilio , Rak Massimiliano , Torella Roberto , Villano Umberto
Published: October 2006

This paper describes a simulation‐based technique for the performance prediction of message‐passing applications on cluster systems by means of benchmark data. Given data measuring the performance of a target cluster in the form of standard benchmark results, along with the details of the chosen computing configuration, it is possible to build and to validate automatically a detailed simulation model. This makes it possible to predict off‐line, i.e. without resorting to the real hardware, the performance of fully developed or even of skeletal code. An XML‐based language (MetaPL) is adopted to describe the application behavior in the development stage. After a description of the approach and the illustration of the construction and validation of the simulation model, the paper presents a case study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of a scalable switch architecture for efficient high‐speed data multicasting
Authors: Li Cheng , Venkatesan R. , Heys Howard M.
Published: October 2006

This paper presents the design and implementation of a new scalable cell‐based multicast switch fabric for broadband communications. Using distributed control and modular design, the multicast balanced gamma switch features a scalable, high performance architecture for unicast, multicast and combined traffic under both uniform and non‐uniform traffic conditions. The important design characteristic of the switch is that a distributed cell replication function for multicast cells is integrated into the functionality of the switch element with the self‐routing and contention resolution functions. Thus, no dedicated copy network is required. In the paper, we discuss in detail the design issues associated with the multicast functionality of the switch using 0.18 µm CMOS technology and discuss the scalability of the switch in terms of architectural, implementation, and performance scalability. Synthesized results are provided for measures of circuit complexity and timing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A scalable multicast routing protocol for building shortest path trees
Authors: Zhang Baoxian , Zheng Jun , T. Mouftah Hussein
Published: October 2006

Scalability is a great concern in the design of multicast routing protocols for the global Internet. Building shortest path trees (SPT) is currently one of the most widely used approaches to supporting multicast routing because of the simplicity and low per‐destination cost of such trees. However, the construction of an SPT typically involves high protocol overhead, which leads to the scalability problem as the number of concurrent multicast sessions increases.

In this paper, we present a destination‐initiated shortest path tree (DSPT) routing protocol. The design objective is to effectively reduce the protocol overhead associated with SPT constructions for providing scalable multicast. To achieve this objective, we introduce destination‐initiated joining operations in constructing SPTs. With DSPT, each router receiving a request to join a specific multicast group makes a local decision on selecting its parent node through which it connects to the existing tree. A source‐rooted SPT is built as a result of such collaborative operations at nodes. DSPT requires only limited routing information at routers. Analytical results demonstrate that DSPT scales well with respect to computation, storage and communication overhead when the number of concurrent multicast requests is large. Simulation experiments are also conducted to verify the correctness of the theoretically deduced analytical results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blind equalization of multilevel turbo coded‐continuous phase frequency shift keying over MIMO channels
Authors: Osman Onur
Published: October 2006

In this paper, multilevel turbo coded‐continuous phase frequency shift keying (MLTC‐CPFSK) is introduced and its bit error performance in multiple input multiple output (MIMO) fading channels are investigated considering a blind maximum likelihood channel estimation. Multilevel turbo coded signals with continuous phase modulation (CPM) provides low spectral occupancy and is suitable for power and bandwidth‐limited channels. Besides, antenna diversity is one of the best method to combat with multipath fading effects. The performance of 2LTC for 4‐ary CPFSK over AWGN, Rician (for Rician channel parameterK=10 dB) and Rayleigh channels are given for 1Tx–1Rx, 2Tx–1Rx and 2Tx–2Rx antenna configurations. Channel capacities of 2LTC‐4CPFSK signals are obtained as −5.26, −7.65 and −7.14 dB for 1Tx–1Rx, 2Tx–1Rx and 2Tx–2Rx antenna configurations, respectively. Baum–Welch (BW) algorithm is used to estimate the channel parameters. Bit error probabilities of 2 level turbo coded 4 CPFSK (2LTC‐4CPFSK) are drawn in the cases of no channel state information (CSI), BW estimation, and perfect CSI. Approximately 0.1 and 0.75 dB gains inEs/N0are obtained using BW channel estimator for Rician and Rayleigh channels, respectively. Therefore, MLTC‐CPFSK with BW channel estimator has excellent performance in MIMO fading channels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface and Structural Features of Co‐Fe Oxide Nanoparticles Deposited on a Silica Substrate
Authors: de la Peña O’Shea Víctor A. , Álvarez‐Galván M. Consuelo , Campos‐Martin José M. , Menéndez Nieves N. , Tornero Jesús D. , Fierro José L. G.
Published: October 2006

Mono‐ and dimetallic cobalt‐ and iron oxide nanoparticles deposited on the surface of a silica substrate have been prepared by an impregnation technique. Both the bulk and surface structures of these particles have been characterised by different physical and chemical techniques. The results provided by X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy show the formation of separate Co3O4 and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in oxide samples, but in no case were cobalt–iron mixed oxides detected. Quantitative data also showed that the dispersion degree of cobalt‐ and iron oxides is rather low. It was also observed that pretreatment of the supported metal oxide nanoparticles under a hydrogen atmosphere does not promote the formation of a metal–support interaction, although a cobalt–iron interaction is observed in the dimetallic systems. The diffraction patterns and photoelectron and Mössbauer spectra of these dimetallic samples provide conclusive proof for the formation of both metallic Co0 and iron‐cobalt (Co7Fe3) alloy phases in the hydrogen‐reduced samples. It was also found that the crystallite size of the alloyed Co7Fe3 phase increases with increasing iron content, i.e. 11 and 23 nm for samples containing 1 % and 5 % Fe added to the base Co sample, respectively, while that of Co0 was constant (10 nm). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Facile Synthesis of Carbamoylsilanes, ‐boranes and ‐phosphane Oxides – Isolation of the First Uncomplexed Carbamoylborane
Authors: Canac Yves , Aniol Greg E. , Conejero Salvador , Donnadieu Bruno , Bertrand Guy
Published: October 2006

C‐(Trimethylsilyloxy)‐, C‐(triisopropylsilyloxy)‐, C‐(diphenylboryloxy), C‐[bis(diisopropylamino)boryloxy]‐ and C‐(di‐tert‐butylphosphoryloxy)‐N,N‐diisopropylaldiminium salts are readily prepared in good to excellent yields from either diisopropylformamide or (chloromethylene)diisopropylammonium chloride. Deprotonation of these aldiminium salts leads to transient (amino)(oxy)carbenes, which cleanly rearrange to carbamoyl derivatives. This synthetic methodology gives access to sterically hindered carbamoylsilanes, ‐boranes and phosphane oxides that are hardly accessible by other routes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Implementing tandem mass spectrometry as a routine tool for characterizing the complete purine and pyrimidine metabolic profile in urine samples
Authors: la Marca Giancarlo , Casetta Bruno , Malvagia Sabrina , Pasquini Elisabetta , Innocenti Marzia , Donati Maria Alice , Zammarchi Enrico
Published: October 2006

Purines and pyrimidines are the basic constituents of DNA and RNA and constitute the basis of at least 50 other important compounds that serve equally vital but separate roles as integral components of intracellular mononucleotide pools. They maintain the supply of these basic components to the different nucleotide pools through an extremely efficient mechanism involving the degradation and recycling of the daily waste products of normal cell turnover.

We have developed an LC‐MS/MS diagnostic and routine monitoring method for known defects due to both purine and pyrimidine metabolism in a single analysis.

Precision tests were made by spiking several urine samples with different creatinine concentrations. For nonspiked low‐creatinine urine, intraday precision was in the range of 0.1–9.8% and interday precision was between 1.6 and 14.1%. For nonspiked high‐creatinine urine, intraday precision was in the range 0.5–17.2% and interday precision was between 1.5 and 29%. Limit‐of‐detection (LOD) was in the range 0.1–10 µmol/l and limit‐of‐quantification (LOQ) in the range of 0.2–15 µmol/l.

The current ‘dilute and shoot’ approach monitors many metabolites, and utilizes a reverse phase chromatographic analysis with a detection requiring 17 min of analysis time. Tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution technique enable the accurate quantitation of more than 30 metabolites in one analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast reconstruction with alloplastic implants
Authors: Agha‐Mohammadi Siamak , De La Cruz Carolyn , Hurwitz Dennis J.
Published: October 2006

This article reviews immediate and delayed breast reconstruction with prosthetic implants, and the effect of irradiation therapy. Despite widespread use of breast conserving surgery for early breast cancer, many breast cancer patients still undergo mastectomy. Some of these patients choose breast reconstruction. Over the last 30 years, techniques for breast reconstruction have evolved significantly with new alternative techniques and improved surgical devises. Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction with silicone prosthesis can be an excellent option. Implant reconstruction may be single or two stage procedures. Traditionally, small breasts with minimal ptosis are suited for single‐stage reconstruction. Large breasts or inadequate skin require expanders followed by implants. Minimal excision mastectomy and biological spacers are allowing larger breast single stage reconstruction and improved aesthetics for two stage procedures. With recent studies suggesting survival advantage of post‐mastectomy irradiation, many candidates for breast reconstruction are receiving radiotherapy, which complicates healing after breast reconstruction. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:471–478. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurocognitive outcomes in pediatric HIV
Authors: Willen Elizabeth J.
Published: October 2006

Cognitive impairment has long been associated with the natural history of HIV among vertically infected children. In children, HIV may have a direct or indirect impact on the developing brain, may lead to global or highly specific consequences, and may be responsible for minor cognitive consequences or, conversely, long‐term and severe disability. This differential impact is related to multiple factors that influence the individual expression of the virus in any given child. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature on neurocognitive outcomes for infants, children, and youth vertically infected with HIV, with attention to those factors impacting neurocognitive outcome within a developmental framework. Research findings in both the era preceding and following the introduction of combined therapies are reviewed, since many of the issues identified prior to state‐of‐the‐art treatment currently available in the United States and other developed countries still apply in much of the developing world. Intervention issues and directions for future research are also discussed. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:223–228. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed neurotoxicity associated with therapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Cole Peter D. , Kamen Barton A.
Published: October 2006

Most children diagnosed today with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will be cured. However, treatment entails risk of neurotoxicity, causing deficits in neurocognitive function that can persist in the years after treatment is completed. Many of the components of leukemia therapy can contribute to adverse neurologic sequelae, including craniospinal irradiation, nucleoside analogs, corticosteroids, and antifolates. In this review, we describe the characteristic radiographic findings and neurocognitivie deficits seen among survivors of childhood ALL. We summarize what is known about the pathophysiology of delayed treatment‐related neurotoxicity, with a focus on the toxicity resulting from pharmacologic disruption of folate physiology within the central nervous system. Finally, we suggest testable strategies to ameliorate the symptoms of treatment‐related neurotoxicity or decrease its incidence. MRDD Research Reviews 2006;12:174–183. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggregation behavior of MPEG‐PCL diblock copolymers in aqueous solutions and morphologies of the aggregates
Authors: Lu Chengfei , Guo Shengrong , Liu Li , Zhang Yaqiong , Li Zonghai , Gu Jianren
Published: October 2006

Poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐polycaprolactone (MPEG‐PCL) diblock copolymers were synthesized via a ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐CL monomers with MPEG as an initiator. Their solubilities and apparent critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in aqueous solution were investigated as well as the determination of the micellar hydrodynamic diameter using dynamic light scattering (DLS). As PCL block length increased, the solubility and CMC decreased while diameters of micelles increased. The gel–sol transition behaviors were investigated using a vial tilting method. Aqueous solutions of copolymers undergo a gel to sol transition with increase in temperature when their polymer concentrations are above a critical gel concentration (CGC). The CGC of the copolymers and gel–sol transition temperature are influenced by the PCL chain length. The tapping mode AFM was performed by imaging the freeze‐dried deposits from the copolymer solutions on mica to investigate a process from free chains to micelles and to gel. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3406–3417, 2006
Net transition probabilities: an approach to subnational level projections of households and housing demand based on census data
Authors: McDonald Peter , Kippen Rebecca , Temple Jeromey
Published: October 2006

The authors set out to make medium‐term projections of housing demand for subnational regions of Australia. Projections of the numbers of households by household type and age of a household reference person were required. The only possible source of input data at a subnational level was the quinquennial censuses. An innovative approach was developed specifically for the purpose of these projections. This involved the use of ‘net transition probabilities’ estimated from net changes in household classification types for individuals between censuses in the past, which are then projected into the future.

The results of the projection for the period 1996–2001 were evaluated against 2001 Census results. Net transition probabilities were found to be robust, in that their age and sex specific profiles were very similar from one intercensal period to the next. The evaluation concluded that the model used is both practical and highly effective. Overall, the authors found that the projections have a high degree of reliability and produce very useful information concerning the future demand for housing at a regional level. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gendering migration and remittances: evidence from London and northern Albania
Authors: King Russell , Dalipaj Mirela , Mai Nicola
Published: October 2006

Within the broad and interlinked fields of gender, migration and development, the gendering of remittances has received very little attention. Yet remittances and their use lie at the heart of the migration–development nexus. This paper develops a gender analysis of Albanian migration to the United Kingdom and its impact on source areas, which are mainly in northern Albania. Based on interviews with 26 Albanian migrants in the London area and with 46 migrant households in northern Albania and in the Tirana area (where many northern households have recently internally migrated), the paper traces gender dynamics in migration and in decisions about the sending, receipt and deployment of remittances, and their potential for poverty alleviation and development in Albania. Despite the potentially ‘modernising’ effects of migration and remittances, ‘traditional’ Albanian gender roles are generally maintained throughout the migration cycle, with only tokenistic changes. Intra‐household modifications of the patriarchal power structures of Albanian families through migration and the deployment of remittances are more likely to be generational – father to sons – rather than gender‐related. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliable user‐level rollback recovery implementation for multithreaded processes on windows
Authors: Yang Jin‐Min , Zhang Da‐Fang , Yang Xue‐Dong , Li Wen‐Wei
Published: October 2006

The existing user‐level checkpointing schemes support only a limited portion of multithreaded programs because they are derived from the schemes for single‐threaded applications. This paper addresses the impact of thread suspension point on rollback recovery, and presents a checkpointing scheme for multithreaded processes. Unlike the existing schemes in which the checkpointer suspends every working thread, our scheme employs a distinctive strategy that every working thread suspends itself. This technique manages to avoid the suspension point in the API code or kernel code, ensuring correct rollback recovery. Our scheme supports inter‐thread synchronization and thread lifetime. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonographic appearance of cervical pregnancy following successful treatment with methotrexate
Authors: Api O. , Unal O. , Api M. , Ergin B. , Alkan N. , Kars B. , Turan C.
Published: October 2006

We report a case of cervical ectopic pregnancy successfully treated with systemic methotrexate. Conservative management with single‐dose methotrexate was undertaken, but owing to the failure of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels to fall by 15% by day 7 and the persistence of fetal cardiac activity, two further doses of methotrexate were required. The patient's hCG levels were monitored, and repeat transvaginal ultrasonography was performed until complete resolution of the pregnancy by spontaneous miscarriage. We describe the ultrasonographic findings, which showed that the sac size increased despite treatment. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector routing
Authors: Marina Mahesh K. , Das Samir R.
Published: October 2006

We develop an on‐demand, multipath distance vector routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Specifically, we propose multipath extensions to a well‐studied single path routing protocol known as ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV). The resulting protocol is referred to as ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). The protocol guarantees loop freedom and disjointness of alternate paths. Performance comparison of AOMDV with AODV using ns‐2 simulations shows that AOMDV is able to effectively cope with mobility‐induced route failures. In particular, it reduces the packet loss by up to 40% and achieves a remarkable improvement in the end‐to‐end delay (often more than a factor of two). AOMDV also reduces routing overhead by about 30% by reducing the frequency of route discovery operations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing quality of service provisioning in wireless ad hoc networks using service vector paradigm
Authors: Gozupek Didem , Papavassiliou Symeon , Ansari Nirwan
Published: October 2006

Emerging real‐time communications and multimedia applications necessitate the provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS) in Internet. Recently, a new concept, referred to asservice vector, has been introduced to enhance the end‐to‐end QoS granularity, and at the same time, maintain the simplicity and scalability feature of the current differentiated services (DiffServ) networks. This work extends this concept to wireless ad hoc networks and proposes a cross‐layer architecture based on the combination of delay‐bounded wireless link level scheduling and the network layer service vector concept, resulting in significant power savings and finer end‐to‐end QoS granularity. The impact of various traffic arrival distributions and flows with different QoS requirements on the performance of this cross‐layer architecture is also investigated and evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latino adolescents’ mental health: Exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms
Authors: Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Updegraff Kimberly A.
Published: October 2006

Guided by a risk and resilience framework, the current study used cross‐sectional data to examine the degree to which Latino adolescents’ (N=274; M age=16.3; 47.1% female) self‐esteem, ethnic identity, and cultural orientations mediated or moderated the relation between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. Utilizing a multiple group comparison approach, path analyses indicated that higher levels of ethnic identity exploration and resolution significantly predicted higher levels of self‐esteem for both boys and girls. Furthermore, self‐esteem partially mediated the relation between perceived discrimination and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Additional analyses revealed that boys’ cultural orientations moderated the relation between perceived discrimination and both self‐esteem and depressive symptoms. Taken together, findings indicated that various aspects of the self (i.e. self‐esteem, ethnic identity, cultural orientations) can protect and/or enhance the risks associated with discrimination.
Anandamide inhibits Cdk2 and activates Chk1 leading to cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Laezza Chiara , Pisanti Simona , Crescenzi Elvira , Bifulco Maurizio
Published: October 2006

This study was designed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti‐proliferative effect of the endocannabinoid anandamide on highly invasive human breast cancer cells, MDA‐MB‐231. We show that a metabolically stable analogue of anandamide, Met‐F‐AEA, induces an S phase growth arrest correlated with Chk1 activation, Cdc25A degradation and suppression of Cdk2 activity. These findings demonstrate that Met‐F‐AEA induced cell cycle blockade relies on modulated expression and activity of key S phase regulatory proteins. The observed mechanism of action, already reported for well‐known chemotherapeutic drugs, provides strong evidence for a direct role of anandamide related compounds in the activation of cell cycle checkpoints.
High hydrostatic pressure activates gene expression through Msn2/4 stress transcription factors which are involved in the acquired tolerance by mild pressure precondition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Domitrovic Tatiana , Fernandes Caroline Mota , Boy-Marcotte Emmanuelle , Kurtenbach Eleonora
Published: October 2006

Msn2 and Msn4 transcription factors activate expression of stress‐responsive element (STRE) controlled genes in response to various stresses triggering the environmental stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although high hydrostatic pressure is known to induce gene expression modification in yeast, the transcription factors involved in this response are currently uncharacterized. In this work, we show that elevated pressure activates STRE dependent transcription through Msn2/4, which are also required for cell resistance and cell adaptation to high pressure. Moreover, it was demonstrated that HSP12 induction after a 50 MPa treatment is largely dependent on Msn2/4, while other transcription factors are involved in HSP12 over‐expression after a 100 MPa treatment.
Mapping active site residues in glutamate‐5‐kinase. The substrate glutamate and the feed‐back inhibitor proline bind at overlapping sites
Authors: Pérez-Arellano Isabel , Rubio Vicente , Cervera Javier
Published: October 2006

Glutamate‐5‐kinase (G5K) catalyzes the controlling first step of proline biosynthesis. Substrate binding, catalysis and feed‐back inhibition by proline are functions of the N‐terminal ∼260‐residue domain of G5K. We study here the impact on these functions of 14 site‐directed mutations affecting 9 residues of Escherichia coli G5K, chosen on the basis of the structure of the bisubstrate complex of the homologous enzyme acetylglutamate kinase (NAGK). The results support the predicted roles of K10, K217 and T169 in catalysis and ATP binding and of D150 in orienting the catalytic lysines. They support the implication of D148 and D150 in glutamate binding and of D148 and N149 in proline binding. Proline increases the S0.5 for glutamate and appears to bind at a site overlapping with the site for glutamate. We conclude that G5K and NAGK closely resemble each other concerning substrate binding and catalysis, but that they have different mechanisms of feed‐back control.
Effectiveness of local anaesthesia (clonidine and fentanyl) infiltration for post-submucosal resection pain relief: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial
Authors: Naja M Z , El-Rajab M , Kabalan W , Itani M T , Kharma K , Al Tannir M A , Ziade M F
Published: October 2006

Background: Submucosal resection is accompanied by significant post-operative pain and discomfort. The aim of this randomized, double-blinded clinical trial was to study the efficacy of a local block anaesthetic, delivered after induction of general anaesthesia, in reducing post-operative pain.

Methods: Patients aged 16 years and over who were scheduled for elective submucosal resection were randomly assigned to receive either standardized general anaesthesia, general anaesthesia with local anaesthetic infiltration or general anaesthesia with placebo infiltration. Haemodynamic stability, intra-operative blood loss, post-operative pain (over a seven day follow-up period), analgesics consumption, hospital stay, and the patient's and surgeon's levels of satisfaction were assessed.

Results: We found significantly lower results for pack removal pain score, volume of intra-operative blood loss, number of patients suffering from headache, altered dental sensation or nasal pain, number of patients who consumed analgesics, and length of hospital stay, comparing the infiltration group with the general anaesthesia and placebo groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This clinical trial showed that infiltration with the local anaesthetics fentanyl and clonidine substantially reduced post-operative pain and shortened patients' hospital stay.
A case of glossopharyngeal zoster diagnosed by detecting viral specific antigen in the pharyngeal mucous membrane
Authors: Nakagawa H , Nagasao M , Kusuyama T , Fukuda H , Ogawa K
Published: October 2006

Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis caused by varicella zoster virus reactivation is rare. We present a case of glossopharyngeal zoster confirmed by direct immunofluorescence staining for virus antigens. A 35-year-old man presented with right-sided, severe swallowing pain and dysgeusia. Physical examination showed a loss of ipsilateral gag reflex. White spots on the posterior wall of the right pyriform sinus were seen by laryngofibroscopy, and a loss of taste on the right posterior part of the tongue was confirmed by gustometry using the filter paper disc method. The varicella zoster virus antigen was revealed by direct immunofluorescence staining by fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled mouse monoclonal antibody specific for varicella zoster virus glycoprotein, using samples obtained from the mucosal lesion by abrasion with a cotton swab. The patient was treated by intravenous administration of acyclovir. His throat pain and dysgeusia completely resolved. We discuss the advantages of direct immunofluorescence staining for varicella zoster virus antigen for the diagnosis of glossopharyngeal zoster.
Are the demographics for squamous cell cancer in the head and neck changing in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Hassan M A , Lund V J , Howard D J , Sacker A A
Published: October 2006

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is well known to be more common in men than women. Smoking and alcohol are the key risk factors causing such malignancies and there are several publications which have suggested that the prevalence of these diseases is increasing more in women than in men in western countries due to increased smoking and alcohol use.

We collected our data at the Institute of Laryngology and Otology from the last 45 years and analysed the disease ratios in male to female patients in different sites within the head and neck. Our results revealed a decreasing male to female ratio, though this was not statistically significant. However, it draws attention to the increasing number of women with head and neck cancer, which may reflect their increasing use of cigarettes and alcohol.