bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability, Adaptation, and Resilience to Floods and Climate Change-Related Risks among Marginal, Riverine Communities in Metro Manila
Authors: Porio Emma
Published: November 2011

Abstract

This study examines the vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience of urban poor households living in the riverine communities of the three flood prone areas in Metro Manila, namely, (1) Pasig-Marikina River basin, (2) West Mangahan, and (3) the KAMANAVA area (Kalookan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela). Based on a survey of 300 urban poor households in 14 communities located in these flood basins, the study found that the environmental-ecological vulnerability of the low-lying flood prone areas interacts strongly with the social vulnerability of urban poor households, highlighting the effects of climate related changes (sea level rise, increased typhoons, intensity of monsoon rains, floods and tidal/storm surges) on this vulnerable population.

Most of the households have low-incomes, live in slum/squatter settlements and do not have adequate access to potable water, electricity, health, sewage and sanitation facilities. About two-thirds of them suffered losses (e.g., income, work, health/sickness, household appliances/things, housing damage) from typhoons, floods, and tidal/storm surges but only a small portion of them obtained help from formal institutions (e.g., local government units or LGUs, charitable agencies) and informal support networks (relatives/neighbors/friends). Of these, a third of these households appeared more vulnerable and consistently incurred higher losses (e.g., income and workdays) and intense inconveniences (e.g., water source buried by floods, toilets blocked and overflowed with wastes/large worms to their floors) compared to their neighbors.

Both urban poor households and their local governments have formulated adaptation strategies in response to the increasing effects of climate change. Few of the local governments built river barriers, improved their drainage systems, installed water diversion techniques (e.g., “bombastic”) and disaster warning systems and increased the capacity of their officials to assist during evacuations. Meanwhile, some urban poor households have adapted to a “water-based lifestyle” (e.g., raising the floors/increasing the number of floors of their homes, building makeshift bridges among households in swampy areas, building Styrofoam boats for transport, etc.). But on the whole, both the urban poor residents and the formal institutions (LGUs, national agencies) need resources and capability building to increase their capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.
Reframing Society and Culture in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Davis Howard , Davis Howard , Erofeev Sergey
Published: November 2011

Abstract

How far have social theorists in Russia engaged with the international academic world since the era dominated by Soviet-style historical materialism? Mainstream theories in sociology and ‘culturology’ use new vocabulary but remain loyal to ideological interpretations of society and culture. A minority of Russian sociologists have translated, adopted and critiqued Western ideas. Works by three such authors are explored and compared. This leads to consideration of the institutional development of the social sciences in post-Soviet Russia and their relative isolation from international trends, especially in the regions. The discussion highlights the limitations of old institutional hierarchies and suggests that there is new demand for internationally-trained social scientists to analyze and interpret the post-Soviet experience in innovative ways.
Sociological Traditions in the Polish Textbooks of the Communist Period
Authors: Kilias Jarosław
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The text deals with four Polish sociological textbooks published in the early 1960’s, written by two Marxists, Zygmunt Bauman and Jerzy J. Wiatr, and one by non-Marxist scholar, Jan Szczepański. Books of Wiatr and Szczepański were extremely long-lived, as they were being used until the end of Communism. The design of the last-named two resembled the pre-war systematic sociology textbooks, but all four works were theory-based, treatise-like textbooks. All the books were more influenced by post-war American social science than by any other, including domestic sociological tradition, but no sign of any discontinuity in the discipline’s development appeared in their texts. The Marxism of the Wiatr’s and Bauman’s works conformed to Western sociology as well as the non-Marxist sociology of Szczepański.
Subversive Voices of Daughters of the Nahḍa: Alice al-Bustani and Riwayat Saʾiba (1891)
Authors: Zachs Fruma
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The novel, or more generally, narrative fiction—a new genre of Arabic literature—fuelled the imagination of middle-class youth during the nineteenth-century Arabic nahḍa (awakening), and was thus revolutionary by definition. These narratives were implicit critiques of middle-class society. Although research on earlier novels of the nahḍa authored by men has gradually increased over the last few decades, research on women writers and their novels is still in its infancy.

This essay focuses mainly on Riwayat Saʾiba (1891), written by Alice Bustani (1870–1926), daughter of one of the prominent intellectuals of the nahḍa, Butrus al-Bustani (1819–1883). It discusses these novels as social and historical texts, and describes how writing narrative fiction allowed women to express their opinions without excluding themselves from society and its norms. Women challenged male discourse by modifying the plots and messages of their novels, thus proposing alternative discourses and criticizing the existing one. This exploration of women’s writing thus aims to reveal the active voice of daughters of the nahḍa.
Respiration of Artemia franciscana cultured under different salinities
Authors: El-Gamal Mona M.
Published: November 2011

The available studies on oxygen consumption by Artemia related to different salinities reported contradictory results. However, most of these studies have been obtained only for newly hatched nauplii or adults, and have neglected the gradual accommodation that gives a picture about what really happens in nature. In order to face the problems noted above individuals of Artemia franciscana were acclimated to four different salinities (25 g/L, 35 g/L, 70 g/L and 120 g/L) under laboratory conditions. The oxygen consumption under declining oxygen tensions (Po
2) for each of the 19 stages in Artemia life metamorphic developments was examined. The brine shrimp under different salinities is a respiratory regulator over a wide range of Po
2's. Oxygen consumption rates varied across the salinities with a general inverse relationship in uptake rates versus salinity. The brine shrimps' individual weight significantly decreased with increasing salt concentration of the external medium. Generally, regulation of oxygen consumption improved with development. Specimens cultured under high salinities (70 g/L and 120 g/L) started the regulation earlier than low salinities, even before heart and gill formation (in stage 2) and high salinities also accelerated the development of the heart and the gut earlier than those cultured under lower salinities (stage 3 instead of 6). Later developmental stages did not perform osmotical work in the same manner as nauplii did (0-6) and oxygen consumption did not drive the ionic regulation of Artemia franciscana specimens cultured under different salinities.
Killing in War and Moral Equality
Authors: Shalom Stephen R.
Published: November 2011

Do innocent civilians who will be killed in a justified attack on a nearby military target have a right to defend themselves by shooting down the bomber pilot? I argue that they do not, and that Jeff McMahan’s view that they do have such a right—that there is a moral equivalence between pilot and civilian—is flawed in much the same way that Michael Walzer’s moral equivalence of combatants—a position that McMahan has so persuasively refuted—is flawed.
Evaluation of Bifenthrin 80 SC, as a wall treatment against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold, an etiological agent of Human Lymphatic Filariasis
Authors: Al-Amin H. M. , Bahsar K. , Rahman K. M. Z. , Howlader A. J.
Published: November 2011

The mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti Cobbold, an etiological agent of Human Lymphatic Filariasis (HLS), which, in its more extreme manifestations is known as elephantiasis. This debilitating disease is still prevalent in many tropics and subtropics, particularly in the Old World tropics. The efficacy of the pyrethroid insecticide Bifenthrin as a potential insecticide for treatment of indoor building walls against Cx. quinquefasciatus was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Six concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 percent) of insecticide were sprayed. Knockdown and mortality of mosquitoes were recorded after 5, 15, 30, 60 minutes as well as 6 and 24 hours following exposure. The knockdown effects were positively correlated with the dose and exposure period. The mean percent mortalities for the above mentioned doses after 24 hours of exposure were 11.67%, sx = 0.31; 73.33, sx = 3.33; 80.00, sx = 0.37; 81.67, sx = 0.31; 81.67, sx = 0.31; 83.33, sx = 2.10; 89.00, sx = 2.23, respectively, while the LC50 and LC90 were 0.53 and 1.002 percent respectively. Residual potentiality was tested up to 5 days with the three higher doses where nearly 80% death was recorded at 0.6% concentration after 120 hours of exposure. Bifenthrin 80 SC could be used successfully to control indoor mosquito populations.
Habitats and seasonality of riparian-associated millipedes in southwest Washington, USA
Authors: Claeson Shannon M. , Foster Alex D.
Published: November 2011

Millipedes are a diverse and ancient group of poorly known terrestrial organisms. While recent advances in their taxonomy and distribution have occurred in some areas of the world, our knowledge about the distribution and ecology of many taxa in the Pacific Northwest is limited. We review the ecology of taxa we observed and present results from a field study relating millipede abundance and community composition to environmental conditions of geology, vegetation, and climate. Millipedes of southwest Washington State were surveyed in the spring and fall of 2005 and 2006 along twelve headwater streams in forested landscapes. Overall, we observed 10 families of millipedes, with confirmed identification of 15 species. Millipede community composition differed strongly between seasons and across sites. For each season, we report family-specific multiple regressions relating millipede abundance/presence to environmental conditions. Given the ecological importance of millipedes as detritivores, more information on taxonomy and environmental relationships is needed. This research provides insight into the patterns and distribution of riparian-associated millipedes in the Pacific Northwest.
Seasonal dynamics of three inquiline species in isolated island populations of Sarracenia purpurea L. in Lake Michigan
Authors: Kourtev Peter S. , Hamilton Robert IV
Published: November 2011

A seasonal survey of the abundances of three inquilines species in Sarracenia purpurea L. leaves was conducted by sampling 240 leaves from three pitcher plant populations on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan, United States. Leaf characteristics such as fluid pH, fluid volume, and keel length were quantified. The study focused primarily on the larvae of three dipteran inquiline species – the midge, Metriocnemus knabi Coquillet, the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillet), and the flesh fly, Fletcherimyia fletcheri Aldrich. Dipteran inquiline abundances varied with sampling season. Most pitchers contained one of the three studied inquilines species. Mosquito abundances were low relative to the other inquilines. In samples collected soon after new leaves open, a mixture of mosquito and midge larvae was characteristic. We related inquilines abundances to leaf parameters using generalized linear mixed models. The midge and mosquito responded differently to leaf parameters during different sampling seasons, where as the flesh fly showed no response. The most important leaf parameters were pH and percent of total leaf volume filled with fluid (relative volume). The midge and mosquito were more likely to be present in pitchers with low pH and higher fluid volume. Our results indicate that pitchers of isolated northern populations of S. purpurea are inhabited by a less diverse insect community than reported elsewhere. Our study also suggests that site isolation may play an important role in the seasonal variation of inquiline community structure.
Fair Work Australia: The Commission Reborn?
Authors: Stewart Andrew
Published: November 2011

Fair Work Australia is a new institution created in 2009 to perform a range of functions under the Fair Work legislation – although it is far from the ‘one-stop shop’ that Labor had originally promised. It has much in common with the body it principally replaced, the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, not least in terms of its personnel. Yet, at the same time, it has the freedom to operate in ways that have more in common with two other antecedents, the Workplace Authority and the Australian Fair Pay Commission. This article explores the character of the new agency and the processes it has chosen to adopt for four key functions: the approval of enterprise agreements; the resolution of unfair dismissal claims; wage fixation; and the setting and variation of minimum standards.
Fair Work Australia: Employer Association Policies, Industrial Law and the Changing Role of the Tribunal
Authors: Thornthwaite Louise , Sheldon Peter
Published: November 2011

In examining the changing role of the national tribunal in recent decades, this article explores the ways in which industrial relations changes that employer associations have sought in the past 25 years are reflected in the Fair Work Act 2009, and the implications of these for the role of Fair Work Australia. The article argues that the evolution of industrial law in Australia since the mid-1980s owes much to the collective efforts of employers, not only to reorient political opinion concerning collective bargaining and the conciliation and arbitration system, but also to achieve concrete changes to the legal framework governing industrial relations institutions and processes. To explore the implications of these changes for the role of the tribunal, we apply Perlman's typology of the tribunal's work, which identifies three main roles – including judicial, legislative and facilitative functions. The analysis concludes that while under contemporary industrial law the tribunal now has less work to do in these areas, the Fair Work Act has expanded the tribunal's role in policing bargaining behaviour. Although this policing role has intensified the tribunal's influence on union industrial action, it has also focused attention on employer conduct in bargaining, an outcome that employer groups had not sought when lobbying for change.
Postcommunist Deinstitutionalization of Children With Disabilities in Romania
Authors: Walker Gabriela
Published: November 2011

The author examines the policies and treatment of children institutionalized during and after the communist regime, the adoption policies for these children, the human rights claimed in the name of these children, and the ecology of disabilities in Romania. Institutionalized children fell into three categories: children who had one or more minor to severe disabilities, children who had been abandoned, and children who were part of ethnic minorities, especially the Roma. The author reviews the literature on these topics and adds her own perspective, as a Romanian special education teacher and researcher. While during communism, institutionalized persons were invisible to the public and kept in inhuman conditions, after communism, increased awareness about the situation in state institutions and about disabilities and human rights in general led to the adoption and implementation of new disability-friendly policies. Currently, there is increased advocacy for the rights of the people with disabilities, although great challenges remain.
The United Republic of Tanzania’s National Policy on Disability
Authors: Aldersey Heather Michelle , Turnbull H. Rutherford
Published: November 2011

In the spirit of international cooperation and to advance human rights, many nations have signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD). Ratification, however, differs from implementation, as the current analysis of the disability policy of the United Republic of Tanzania reflects. Here, the authors have accepted the Tanzanian Minister for Labour, Youth Development, and Sports’ invitation for local and international communities to rally to ensure that the desired outcomes of the NPD are realized. They examine Tanzania’s National Policy on Disability (NPD) using a policy analysis framework that has identified 18 core concepts of disability policy. They compare and contrast Tanzania’s NPD with this framework and conclude that the core concept of accountability is absent from the NPD. The authors then propose accountability techniques that might assist Tanzania to fulfill its firm and early commitment to the UN CRPD.
Estimation of azimuthal anisotropy from VSP data using multicomponent S-wave velocity analysis
Authors: Pevzner Roman , Gurevich Boris , Urosevic Milovan
Published: November 2011

Observation of azimuthal shear wave anisotropy can be useful for characterization of fractures or stress fields. Shear wave anisotropy is often estimated by measuring splitting of individual shear wave events in vertical seismic profile (VSP) data. However, this method may become unreliable for zero-offset (marine) VSP where the seismogram often contains no strong individual shear events, such as direct downgoing shear wave, but often contains many low-amplitude PS mode converted waves. We have developed a new approach for estimation of the fast and slow shear wave velocities and orientation of polarization planes based on the multicomponent linear traveltime moveout velocity analysis. This technique is applicable to zero-offset VSP data, and should take advantage of the presence of a large number of shear wave events with the same apparent velocity (which, for a horizontally layered medium, should be close to the interval velocity). The approach assumes that the VSP data are acquired in a vertical well drilled in an orthorhombic medium with a horizontal symmetry plane (including horizontal transverse isotropy). The main idea is to estimate the dominant apparent velocity for a given polarization direction by measuring the coherency of the seismic signal of a large number of events as a function of the apparent velocity. The algorithm was tested on marine three-component (3C) VSP acquired in the North West Shelf of Australia, and on land 3C VSP acquired with different sources in the same borehole located in Otway Basin, Victoria. These tests show good agreement between anisotropy parameters (magnitude and orientation) derived from the VSP and cross-dipole sonic log data.
Wide-azimuth TTI imaging at Tahiti: Reducing structural uncertainty of a major deepwater subsalt field
Authors: Swanston Alastair M. , Mathias Michael D. , Barker Craig A.
Published: November 2011

The Tahiti field is a recent major development in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The field’s prolific Miocene reservoir section lies below a thick salt canopy with structural dips as high as 80 degrees, adjacent to a near-vertical salt root. Successful appraisal and initial development was enabled by interpretation of proprietary depth imaging products generated from narrow-azimuth seismic data. However, reservoir-scale mapping and fault definition remained problematic due to seismic imaging and illumination challenges. In 2009–2010, the Tahiti partnership initiated a reimaging project using multiclient wide-azimuth seismic data. The project employed current technologies for multiple attenuation, tilted transverse isotropy velocity modeling, and migration. Increased azimuthal coverage and inherent multiple suppression provided by wide azimuth acquisition delivered significant imaging enhancements. Advanced noise and multiple attenuation techniques provided cleaner data with improved signal-to-noise. Earth models representing multiazimuth subsurface velocities and anisotropy parameters calibrated to well control with detailed salt interpretation resulted in higher confidence structural imaging. Comparison of Gaussian beam, one-way wave equation, and reverse time migration algorithms shows that reverse time migration generally provides superior subsalt and salt-body data quality, with improved event positioning, higher resolution, and enhanced steep dip imaging. The resulting seismic volumes enable accurate mapping of reservoir horizons and faulting. This will improve resource determination and future well placement in the next phase of field development.
Breakthrough acquisition and technologies for subsalt imaging
Authors: Vigh Denes , Kapoor Jerry , Moldoveanu Nick , Li Hongyan
Published: November 2011

The recently introduced method of wide-azimuth data acquisition offers better illumination, noise attenuation, and lower frequencies to more accurately determine a velocity field for imaging. For the field data experiment to demonstrate the technologies, we used a Gulf of Mexico (GOM) wide-azimuth data set that allows us to take advantage of possible low frequencies, relatively large crossline offsets, and increased illumination. The input data was processed through true 3D azimuthal surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) with zero-phasing and debubble. Eliminating the surface-related multiples aids the velocity determination and helps uncover the subsalt sediments at the final imaging stage. After the initial velocity derivation, which was constrained to wells and geology, full-waveform inversion (FWI) was used to further update the velocity field to achieve an enhanced image. The methodology used follows the top-down approach where suprasalt sediment model is developed followed by the top of salt, salt flanks, base of salt, and finished with a limited subsalt update. To approximate the observed data by using an acoustic inversion procedure, the propagator includes effects of attenuation, anisotropy, acquisition source, and receiver depth. The geological environment is salt related, which implies that the observed data is highly elastic, even though it is input to an acoustic full waveform inversion. To use the proper constraints for the inversion, layer-stripping method is used to develop the high-resolution velocity field. The inversion stages were carefully quality controlled through gather displays to ensure the kinematics were honored. We then demonstrated the benefit of the FWI velocity field by comparing the images derived with the traditional ray-based tomographic velocity field versus the velocity field derived by FWI performing reverse time migration to produce these images. Finally, the images were compared at key well locations to evaluate the robustness of the workflow.
Investigation of deep-water Gulf of Mexico subsalt imaging using anisotropic model, data set and RTM — Tempest
Authors: Hoxha Fatmir , O’Connor Jacqueline , Codd Jeff , Kessler David , Bridge Alex , Jurick Dana , Brietzke Richard , Beeney Kenneth
Published: November 2011

Performing accurate depth-imaging is an essential part of deep-water Gulf of Mexico exploration and development. Over the years, depth-imaging technology has provided reliable seismic images below complicated salt bodies, and has been implemented in workflows for both prospect generation as well as reservoir development. These workflows include time domain preprocessing using various multiple elimination techniques, anisotropic model building, and depth-imaging using anisotropic reverse time migration (RTM). However, the accuracy of the depth-migrated volumes is basically unknown because they are tested only in the locations where a well is drilled. In order to learn about the accuracy of anisotropic deep water Gulf of Mexico model building, and depth-imaging tools which are used for processing and imaging of field acquired data, we created a 3D vertical transverse isotropic (VTI) anisotropic earth model and a 3D seismic data set representing subsalt Gulf of Mexico geology. The model and data set are referred to as the Tempest data set, the original being created several years ago. The recent model and data set were created incorporating upgraded technology to reflect recent developments in data acquisition, model building and depth-imaging. Our paper presents the new Tempest anisotropic model, data set, and RTM prestack depth-migration (PSDM) results. The Tempest RTM PSDM is being used to learn about the differences between the exact geological model and the RTM PSDM image, helping in the interpretation of real RTM prestack depth-migrated data.
Fine-Grained Serpentine in CM2 Carbonaceous Chondrites and Its Implications for the Extent of Aqueous Alteration on the Parent Body: A Review
Authors: Velbel Michael A. , Palmer Eric E.
Published: November 2011

Outer main-belt asteroids are predominantly of the C-type (carbonaceous), suggesting that they are likely parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites. Abundant phyllosilicates in some classes of carbonaceous chondrites have chemical compositions, mineral associations, and textures that preserve direct evidence of the processes by which carbonaceous chondrites and their parent asteroids originated and evolved to their present state. Serpentine is the dominant hydroxyl-bearing mineral in the most abundant (CM) group of carbonaceous chondrites. Serpentine may have formed as a direct nebular condensate during cooling of the solar nebula, or by aqueous alteration of anhydrous Mg,Fe-silicate precursors. Such alteration of anhydrous precursors may have occurred in the solar nebula prior to assembly of the meteorites’ parent bodies or on the parent bodies. The relative proportions of Fe and Mg in fine-grained CM2 serpentines have been used to compare the degree of aqueous alteration of different CM2 chondrites with one another. The Mg content of serpentine increases with increasing overall degree of aqueous alteration, so CM2 chondrites with Mg-rich serpentines experienced a more advanced degree of aqueous alteration than CM2 chondrites with Fe-rich serpentines. Attempts to quantify aqueous alteration of CM chondrites by interpreting electron microprobe analyses in terms of charge-balance and site-occupancy constraints from serpentine stoichiometry have met with mixed success. Despite its imperfections, one widely used alteration index based on serpentine stoichiometry is strongly correlated with the elapsed time since the fall and recovery of witnessed CM chondrite falls. Additionally, volatile organic contaminants introduced during sample processing in the laboratory are associated with serpentine and other matrix phyllosilicates. Together, these post-recovery changes in scientifically important sample attributes imply that oxidation-reduction and other types of weathering and contamination affect these meteorites even during curatorial storage and laboratory processing. The same phyllosilicates that make their carbonaceous-chondritic host rocks scientifically important research targets also render those same rocks extraordinarily vulnerable to terrestrial contamination of some of their most scientifically important attributes. This has possible implications for reconstructing pre-terrestrial (parent body) aqueous alteration phenomena from carbonaceous chondritic meteorites and eventually from samples returned by future missions to asteroids with spectral reflectance properties similar to carbonaceous chondrites.
Music Instruction and its Diverse Extra-Musical Benefits
Authors: Rauscher Frances H. , Hinton Sean C.
Published: November 2011

this article provides an overview of our research , including studies yet unpublished, on the effects of music on cognition. Music instruction can enhance children's spatial-temporal reasoning, numerical reasoning, and phonemic awareness. Longitudinal studies of middle-income and economically disadvantaged preschoolers reveal that children who receive music instruction prior to age 7 show improved performance on spatial-temporal and numerical reasoning tasks compared to children in control groups—effects that persist for two years after the intervention ends. Three additional studies suggest that teacher gender may influence these transfer effects in children. Our studies also show improved perceptual discrimination as a function of music training: adult string players have lower than average pitch discrimination thresholds, whereas adult percussionists have lower than average temporal discrimination thresholds. These effects are strongest for musicians who begin their training before age 7. Related to these improvements in perceptual discrimination, children provided with violin instruction perform better than controls on tasks measuring phonemic awareness, a skill that correlates strongly with pitch discrimination and is related to reading acquisition.
Assessing Digital Preemption (And the Future of Law Enforcement?)
Authors: Rosenthal Danny
Published: November 2011

Like “child-safe” toys, modern technological tools can be designed to prevent users from harming themselves and others. For instance, vehicle manufacturers are testing cars that would automatically brake when a collision is imminent. And digital programming can target moral as well as physical harms. The iPhone was designed to allow Apple to remove applications from users’ devices, a capability it utilized to excise sexually suggestive applications in early 2010.

Government may increasingly seek to manipulate digital design to make it difficult or impossible to break laws using digital devices. In a 2008 book, Jonathan Zittrain discusses this approach, which he calls “preemption.” Zittrain argues persuasively that digital preemption gives serious cause for concern. But he admits that “our instincts for when we object to such code are not well formed.”

This article attempts to fill that gap by connecting digital preemption to existing literature and analyzing the most significant unexplored risks of digital preemption. The article starts by situating preemption among related enforcement techniques. Next, the article explores two key objections to digital preemption that have not been developed in previous discussions. The article concludes with policy suggestions.
Safeguarding Suspects' Rights in Europe
Authors: Hodgson Jacqueline S.
Published: November 2011

This article analyses the protection of suspects’ rights within the relatively new sphere of EU criminal justice. It evaluates both EU and ECHR protections through the lens of comparative criminal justice, emphasizing the importance of understanding the ways that safeguards for suspects operate in practice across different jurisdictions. By linking together analysis of ECHR fair trial guarantees, EU measures to strengthen police and judicial cooperation, and comparative insights into the function of the defense lawyer, it brings a new perspective to the discussion of how best to protect suspects subject to EU cooperation measures. It challenges the effectiveness of mutual trust and recognition, which is the principle underpinning EU criminal justice cooperation, and which assumes ECHR compliance across Member States. In addition to uneven compliance and enforcement, ECHR protections lack the detail and prescriptive qualities required to protect adequately suspects subject to new EU measures for extradition and evidence sharing. Differences in criminal procedural tradition have made difficult any agreement on universal safeguards for suspects at the EU level, but the EU's new incremental approach to defense rights through the Roadmap and recent ECtHR caselaw have altered the legal landscape, giving cause for optimism.
Space Charge Effects in the Solid Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Reznikov Michael , Kolessov Alex
Published: November 2011

Interfacial polarization in electrolytes or other ionic media is a well-known phenomenon in connection with the relative surface potential difference. The created space charge affects the distribution of charge carriers in an electrolyte itself similarly to the field effects in semiconductors. This results in a number of secondary effects, from dielectrophoresis to the varied conductivity of the media. Some of these effects, including dielectrophoresis, and electric field sensing in the electrolytes, are analyzed analytically, modeled numerically, and evaluated experimentally. The physical nature of the thermoelectric effect in gels and a totally ionic field effect transistor is revealed, and the correspondence to experimental data is demonstrated.
Sub-micron Optoelectronic Properties of Polycrystalline Solar Cell Materials
Authors: Smith S. , Dhere R. , Gessert T. , Stradins P. , Wang T. , Ramanathan K. , Noufi R. , Mascarenhas A.
Published: November 2011

Generation, transport and collection of carriers in polycrystalline (PX) solar cells and their constituent materials are poorly understood, and significantly different than in their single-crystal counterparts. Recent theoretical and experimental results have put forth the expectation that grain boundaries in PX-solar cell materials such as CdTe and CuInGaSe2, either as-grown or after appropriate post-growth treatment, may have electronic properties which are advantageous to charge separation and solar cell operation[1-3]. However, a microscopic picture of the spatial variations in the optoelectronic properties of these materials is, for the most part, still lacking. The goal of the work reported here is to explore the optoelectronic and spectroscopic properties of grain-boundaries in these materials at the nanometer length-scale, via novel, high-resolution optical techniques. Towards this end, a significant enhancement in photo-response near grain boundaries in CdTe solar cells, consistent with models put forth in reference 2, was observed via near-field Optical Beam Induced Current (n-OBIC) [4]. A systematic μ-PL study of the effect of CdC12-treatment on recombination in CdTe/CdS solar cell structures of varying thickness directly examined the variation in optoelectronic properties at grain-boundaries in this material, revealing the grain-boundary and surface passivation effects of this important post-growth processing step. For comparison, we also studied the effects of SiNx post-growth treatment and annealing on the photo-response of PX-silicon solar cells using n-OBIC. These results and our most-recent n-OBIC measurements in CdTe and CuInGaSe2 solar cells are discussed.
Solar Cells prepared with Spray-ILGAR Indium Sulfide buffer layers on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Absorbers
Authors: Allsop Nicholas A. , Kaufmann Christian A. , Neisser Axel , Rusu Marin , Hänsel Andreas , Lux-Steiner Martha C. , Fischer Christian H.
Published: November 2011

Indium sulfide buffer layers deposited by the Spray-Ion Layer Gas Reaction (Spray-ILGAR) technique have recently been used with Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 absorbers giving cells with an efficiency equal to the cadmium sulfide references. In this paper we show the first results from cells prepared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorbers (sulfur free). These cells reach an efficiency of 13.1% which remains slightly below the efficiency of the cadmium sulfide reference. However, temperature dependant current-voltage measurements reveal that the activation energy of the dominant recombination mechanism remains unchanged from the cadmium sulfide buffered cells indicating that recombination remains within the space charge region.
Growth of CuInSe2 monograin powders with different compositions
Authors: Kauk Marit , Altosaar Mare , Raudoja Jaan , Timmo Kristi , Grossberg Maarja , Varema Tiit , Mellikov Enn
Published: November 2011

CuInSe2 monograin powders (MGP) were synthesized from Cu-In alloys of different Cu/In concentration ratios and elemental Se in liquid phase of flux material in evacuated quartz ampoules. The surface morphology, phase structure, and composition of the powder crystals were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis respectively. Bulk composition was analyzed polarographically. Photoluminescence spectra were measured at 9 K. It was found that the composition of MGP material (Cu/In concentration ratio) can be controlled by the concentration ratio of precursor Cu-In alloys. Single phase CuInSe2 growth is realisable between 0.7<Cu/In<1 at the growth temperature of 1000 K. Photoluminescence spectra of near-stoichiometric materials had one dominant peak at 0.93 eV, which is typical to In-rich CuInSe2. Samples with high In content exhibited two broad bands with peak positions at 0.86 and 0.93 eV.
Rapid Thermal Annealing on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films and Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Xuege , Li Sheng. S. , Craciun V. , Yoon S. , Howard J. M. , Easwaran S. , Manasreh O. , Crisalle O. D. , Anderson T. J.
Published: November 2011

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA), with fast ramp up and down rates, was performed on several Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films and solar cells under various peak annealing temperatures and holding times. The XRD, SEM, Hall- effect, photo J-V, and quantum efficiency (Q-E) measurements were made on CIGS films and cells before and after RTA treatments to study the effects of RTA on the CIGS film properties and cell performance. The results show that RTA treatments under optimal annealing condition can provide significant improvements in the electrical properties (resistivity, carrier concentration, and mobility) of CIGS films and cell performance while preserving the film composition and microstructure morphology.
Large Area Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films and Devices on Flexible Substrates Made by Sputtering
Authors: Hollars Dennis R. , Dorn Randy , Paulson P. D. , Titus Jochen , Miasolé Robert Zubeck
Published: November 2011

A reactive sputtering process was developed for the production of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 films on a moving stainless steel substrate, in simulation of the operation of a roll coater. Cu, In and Ga fluxes were provided through magnetron sputtering and were reacted in a flux of Se on the heated substrate. CdS films were deposited either by chemical bath deposition (CBD) or by sputtering. Devices of the type steel/Cr/Mo/CIGS/CdS/ZnO/Ag were completed by sputtering ZnO layers and by screen printing grid lines. We made devices with efficiency values above 9%. A uniformity study was performed on a CIGS film and on small area devices made from it. The target length was 12”. Targets of this size are expected to produce a uniformly thick deposit over a range of 6-8”. The film thickness was 2.54 μm over a range of 6” with a standard deviation ó of 0.04 μm. The film composition was uniform over a range of 16”. The values of Cu/III and Ga/III were 0.84 and 0.31, with ó values of 0.02 and 0.01, respectively. The efficiency of allsputtered devices was uniform over a range of 12”, well beyond the 6” wide range of constant CIGS film thickness. Their efficiency was 6.6% on average with ó=0.6%.
Transparent ZnTe:Cu contacts for bifacial characterization of CdTe solar cells
Authors: Desai Darshini , Hegedus Steven , McCandless Brian , Ryan Daniel
Published: November 2011

Cu-doped ZnTe films grown by galvanic deposition were developed to provide transparent ohmic contacts to CdTe solar cells. Control of the Cu doping with triethanolamine was critical to limit the free Cu in order to achieve high transparency (>60% in the visible) and to minimize shunting. Devices with ZnTe:Cu contacts had comparable performance to devices with Cu/Au or Cu/graphite contacts, achieving Voc of 0.79 V and fill factor (FF) of 68% for standard front illumination. Bifacial spectral response (SR) measurements, through front and back contacts, were analyzed and yielded a diffusion length (L) of 0.8 μm and depletion width (W) of 2.5 μm. Backwall SR measurements made through the transparent ZnTe contact are much more sensitive to L and W than are measurements for standard front illumination. ZnTe:Cu is a promising material for bifacial characterization as well as tandem cell interconnects and more stable Cu-doped contacts.
Characterization of the Electronic Properties of Wide Bandgap CuIn(SeS)2 Alloys
Authors: Halverson Adam F. , Erslev Peter T. , Lee JinWoo , David Cohen J. , Shafarman William N.
Published: November 2011

The electronic properties of sulfur containing CIS chalcopyrite alloys have been characterized using junction capacitance methods. Two devices were examined; one containing CuIn(S,Se)2 alloy with a 1:2 S:Se ratio and a bandgap near 1.15eV, and the other an endpoint CuInS2 alloy with a bandgap slightly above 1.5eV. Drive-level capacitance profiling measurements indicated hole carrier densities of less than 1 x 1015 cm-3 and 1.5 x 1016 cm-3, respectively. Transient photocapacitance (TPC) sub-bandgap spectroscopic measurements revealed sharp bandtails plus a broad defect band within the bandgap of each alloy. The TPC spectra for the CuInS2 sample revealed a couple of unusual features, including a bandtail signal that reversed sign below 250K. This indicated poorer hole collection than electron collection in the low temperature regime. Comparing these results to TPC spectra obtained previously for Cu(InGa)Se2 alloys indicate some similarities but also some striking differences.
Band gap fluctuations in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films
Authors: Mattheis Julian , Schlenker Thomas , Bogicevic Martin , Rau Uwe , Werner Jürgen H.
Published: November 2011

A simple statistical model describes measured absorption and photoluminescence data of Cu(In1-x, Gax)Se2 thin films. The broadening of the transition peak in the absorption spectra stems from band gap fluctuations. The extent of the spatial inhomogeneities as expressed in the standard deviation Eg μ reaches a maximum of Eg μ = 90 meV for films with equal amounts of indium and gallium, indicating alloy disorder as one possible source of the band gap fluctuations. The fluctuations observed lead to a decrease δVOC of the maximum possible open-circuit voltage VOC of almost 150 mV. However, the experimentally measured, low VOC of solar cells with high gallium content cannot be explained by band gap fluctuations alone. Consequently, our analysis suggests that the dominant recombination process in Cu(In1-x, Gax)Se2 thin film solar cells with high gallium content is not governed by the band gap energy, but is more likely due to deep levels within the forbidden gap.
Band structure investigation of chalcopyrite CuInSe2(001) by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Hunger Ralf , Pettenkofer Christian
Published: November 2011

Clean and ordered chalcopyrite CuInSe2 surfaces are a precondition for the study of the electronic structure by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The preparation of welldefined CuInSe2(001) surfaces by the combination of molecular beam epitaxy and a selenium capping and decapping process is described. The surface structure of CuInSe2 epilayers with different bulk composition is compared and analysed by low-energy electron diffraction.

Employing near-stoichiometric surfaces, the valence electronic structure of CuInSe2 was investigated by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at the synchrotron source BESSY 2. This is the first study of the valence band structure of a copper chalcopyrite semiconductor material by photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band dispersion along τT, i.e. the [001] direction, was investigated by a variation of the excitation energy from 10 to 35 eV under normal emission, and the band dispersion along τT, i.e. the [110] direction, was analysed by angular scans with hv = 13 eV.

The valence bands derived from antibonding and bonding Se4p-Cu3d hybrid orbitals, nonbonding Cu3d states and In-Se hybrid states are clearly indentified. The strongest dispersion is found for the topmost valence band with a bandwidth of ∼0.7 eV from τ to T. From τ to N, the observed dispersion was 0.5 eV. The experimental valence bands are discussed in relation to calculated band structures in the literature.
Photovoltaic Effect in the Anisotype GaSe-InSe Heterojunctions Under Pressure
Authors: Drapak S.I. , Vorobets M.O. , Kovalyuk Z.D.
Published: November 2011

The influence of mechanical pressure along the direction across the interface of n-InSe-p-GaSe heterojunctions on saturation photo-e.m.f. and short-circuit current is investigated. It is shown that at the InSe/GaSe optical contacts subjected to a pressure P = 35-40 kPa an increase of the open-circuit voltage nearly twice and short-circuit current more than by a factor of five in comparison to the initial samples takes place. It makes possible to predict a possibility of considerable increasing photoconversion efficiency of such structures.
The Optical Properties of the Interface Layer in CdS-CdTe Heterojunctions
Authors: Vatavu Sergiu A.
Published: November 2011

The photosensitivity and electro-reflection spectra of CdS/CdTe heterojunctions annealed up to one hour in presence of CdC12 have been studied. The lifetime of charge carriers, generated in the interface layer, has been determined.

The SnO2/CdS/CdTe/Ni thin films solar cells, deposited by close-spaced sublimation (CSS) technique are photosensitive in the 1.5-2.4 eV spectral region. The spectral distribution of photocurrent is not essentially modified by the increase of the annealing time. A slight decrease of the photocurrent in the 1.5-1.7 eV energy range is observed and the photocurrent slightly increases in the 1.7-2.4 eV region. The recombination of the nonequilibrium charge carriers in the interface layer takes place via recombination levels having a lifetime value, which decreases from 46 μs down to 30 μs along with photon energy increase from 1.55 eV to 2.4 eV respectively (T=293K). The correlation between the light penetration depth in component layers, estimated from the absorption spectral distribution and the photon energies was established.
Complex defect behavior in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with different gallium content
Authors: Mertens Verena , Parisi Jürgen , Kniese Robert , Köntges Marc , Reineke-Koch Rolf
Published: November 2011

We report on capacitance spectroscopy measurements on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based solar cells where the gallium content was varied systematically. In all samples we found, depending on the measurement conditions, a minority carrier and/or a majority carrier signal. The minority trap can be attributed to the prominent donor-like state N1 or â already discussed in literature. However, the origin of the majority trap remains unclear.
TEM Studies of High-Efficiency CdTe Solar Cells on Commercial SnO2/Soda-Lime Glass
Authors: Yan Yanfa , Wu X. , Zhou J. , Al-Jassim M.M.
Published: November 2011

The microstructure of high-efficiency CdTe solar cells on commercial SnO2/soda-lime glass was investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy. The CdTe solar cells have a structure of soda-lime glass/SnO2/ZTO/CdS:O/CdTe. We found no interdiffusion between the SnO2 layer and ZTO layer. Weak diffusion of Zn from the ZTO layer into the CdS:O layer was observed; however, the diffusion was not uniform. Interdiffusion also occurred at the CdTe/CdS:O interface. In the back-side of the CdTe, a thin layer of Te was found, which formed during the nitric-phosphoric etching. In addition, a very thin layer of CdHgTe was observed at the CdTe/Te interface.