bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in rumen biohydrogenation intermediates and ciliate protozoa diversity after algae supplementation to dairy cattle
Authors: Boeckaert Charlotte , Fievez Veerle , Van Hecke Dries , Verstraete Willy , Boon Nico
Published: June 2007

During anin vivotrial with four rumen‐fistulated dairy cows, the effect of dietary supplementation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n‐3)‐enriched microalgae (Schizochytriumsp., 2% on feed intake) on the fatty acid metabolism and microbial community in the rumen was investigated. Algal supplementation resulted in lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids while the concentrations of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased as compared to the control treatment. An incomplete biohydrogenation of linoleic (18:2 n‐6) and linolenic (18:3 n‐3) acid was observed, resulting in a strong accumulation of 18:1 t11, 18:1 t10 and 18:2 t11c15. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was performed to study the rumen bacterial and ciliate population. Algal supplementation provoked changes in both communities. Ciliate DGGE profiles suggested a decreased abundance ofIsotricha prostomaandI. intestinalisand some species ofEpidinium caudatum, Eudiplodinium maggiiandDiplodinium dentatumin the rumen of algae‐fed cows. Moreover, quantitative PCR indicated that incomplete biohydrogenation through algal addition was associated with decreased ciliate numbers. The simultaneous accumulation of hydrogenation intermediates and the disappearance of ciliates suggest that ciliates and/or their associated bacteria could play a role in rumen biohydrogenation.
Current irrigation system management features in Azerbaijan Republic
Authors: oglu Rzayev Mehman Agarza
Published: June 2007

Urgency for improvements in the management of irrigation and amelioration facilities in Azerbaijan is dictated by the changes over the last 15 years in agricultural production, which originated from the transformation to a market economy and establishment of new relations in the sector. As 85% of agricultural production is based on irrigation with wide application of drainage, the importance of outlining the most critical points to work out sound decisions for efficiency improvement and implementation methodologies is obvious. In the process of privatization of agricultural production in small‐scale farms, the worsening of water quality, conditions of the irrigated lands and deterioration of the irrigation and drainage infrastructure should be taken into consideration, together with current management and planning practices to adapt irrigation to the newly established environment. In order to draft recommendations, a complex approach should be applied based on new planning of management arrangements, as well as in daily operation, maintenance, investments, private sector participation and consideration of the interrelations between stakeholders. In order to achieve maximum benefit, planned measures must be realized relevant to other ongoing government programmes for rural development, poverty reduction, and establishment of small and medium businesses in the agrarian sector. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilized sonic hedgehog N‐terminal signaling domain enhances differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Ho James E. , Chung Eugene H. , Wall Samuel , Schaffer David V. , Healy Kevin E.
Published: June 2007

The signaling domain of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a potent upstream regulator of cell fate that has been implicated in osteoblast differentiation from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in its endogenous form, was investigated in an immobilized form as a means for accelerating differentiation of uncommitted cells to the osteoblast phenotype. A recombinant cysteine‐modified N‐terminal Shh (mShh) was synthesized, purified, and immobilized onto interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) surfaces also grafted with a bone sialoprotein‐derived peptide containing the Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) sequence (bsp‐RGD (15)), at calculated densities of 2.42 and 10 pmol/cm2, respectively. The mitogenic effect of mShh was dependent on the mode of presentation, as surfaces with immobilized mShh and bsp‐RGD (15) had no effect on the growth rate of rat bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), while soluble mShh enhanced cell growth compared to similar surface without mShh supplementation. In conjunction with media supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and ‐4, mShh and bsp‐RGD (15)‐grafted IPN surfaces enhanced the alkaline phosphatase activity of BMSCs compared with tissue culture polystyrene and bsp‐RGD (15)‐grafted IPN surfaces supplemented with soluble mShh, indicating enhanced osteoblast differentiation. The adhesive peptide bsp‐RGD (15) was necessary for cell attachment and proliferation, as well as differentiation in response to immobilized mShh. The addition of immobilized Shh substantially improved the differentiation of uncommitted BMSCs to the osteoblast lineage, and therefore warrants further testing in vivo to examine the effect of the stated biomimetic system on peri‐implant bone formation and implant fixation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Effect of hydroxyapatite coating and polymethylmethacrylate on stainless steel implant‐site infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in a sheep model
Authors: Laure Boris , Besnier Jean‐Marc , Bergemer‐Fouquet Anne‐Marie , Marquet‐Van Der Mee Nathalie , Damie Frédérik , Quentin Roland , Favard Luc , Rosset Philippe
Published: June 2007

We aimed to study the influence of hydroxyapatite (HA) coating and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement on the risk of development of stainless steel implant‐site infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in a sheep model. Uncoated, HA‐coated, and PMMA‐cemented stainless steel implants were inserted in the left femur of 30 sheep. For each type of implant, sheep were inoculated with S. epidermidis in the intramedullary canal and one non‐inoculated group was used as control. After 6 weeks, infection was evaluated using clinical, radiological, bacteriological, and histological criteria. Radiological and clinical results were normal. Cultures were negative in the control sheep. In the inoculated sheep, interposition tissue and bone cultures were positive in 2 of 6 uncoated, 6 of 6 HA, and 6 of 6 PMMA implants with a mean bacteria count of 5.2 ± 1.17, 3.5 ± 0.7, and 3.9 ± 0.9 log10 cfu/g, respectively (NS), for interposition tissue, and 4 ± 0.01, 2.9 ± 0.6, and 2.5 ± 1.3 log10 cfu/g, respectively (NS) for bone. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) score (mean number of PMN per 10 different microscopic high‐power fields ≥5) in interposition tissue was ≥3 in 6 of 6 HA, significantly different from uncoated (3 of 6) and PMMA (2 of 6) groups (p = 0.04). The HA and PMMA inoculated groups had a higher infection rate than the uncoated inoculated group (p = 0.06). In this experimental sheep model of S. epidermidis infection at the bone–biomaterial interface, HA seems to be at higher risk of infection compared with uncoated or PMMA‐cemented stainless steel, when inoculation is intramedullary and contemporary with implantation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
The effect of superficial chemistry of titanium on osteoblastic function
Authors: Tsukimura Naoki , Kojima Norinaga , Kubo Katsutoshi , Att Wael , Takeuchi Kazuo , Kameyama Yoichiro , Maeda Hatsuhiko , Ogawa Takahiro
Published: June 2007

The surface topography and chemistry of titanium are postulated to be two major factors that affect the osseointegration capacity of titanium implants. However, it is extremely difficult to control one factor without changing the other, which prevents the isolation of the genuine effect of one factor. This study aimed to determine whether surface chemistry of titanium alone affects osteoblastic function. Two different titanium surfaces were prepared by sputter depositioning of titanium (Ti; 99.99% purity) or titanium dioxide (TiO2; 99.99% purity) (50‐nm thick for each) onto machined commercially pure titanium disks. Rat bone marrow‐derived osteoblastic cells were cultured on each of the two surfaces. TiO2 surface showed 4.4 times higher elemental oxygen concentration and higher water wettability than Ti surface. Scanning electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic examination revealed no differences in surface topography and roughness values between the two surfaces. The cell proliferated more on TiO2 than on Ti by up to 60%. Although the expression of collagen I gene increased more rapidly on TiO2 at early culture stage of day 3, the late stage marker genes for osteoblastic differentiation, including osteopontin and osteocalcin, were not modulated between the two cultures. The alkaline phosphatase positive area and mineralized nodule area were approximately two times larger on TiO2 than on Ti. In conclusion, titanium materials having different superficial chemistry, that is, titanium or titanium dioxide, may exert different biological capacity of osteoblasts; titanium dioxide may induce superior osteoconduction, primarily because of the increased osteoblastic proliferation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Kinetic properties of the redox switch/redox coupling mechanism as determined in primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes from rat brain
Authors: Ramírez Belén G. , Rodrigues Tiago B. , Violante Inês R. , Cruz Fátima , Fonseca Luís L. , Ballesteros Paloma , Castro M. Margarida C.A. , García‐Martín María L. , Cerdán Sebastián
Published: June 2007

We investigate the mechanisms underlying the redox switch/redox coupling hypothesis by characterizing the competitive consumption of glucose or lactate and the kinetics of pyruvate production in primary cultures of cortical neurons and astrocytes from rat brain. Glucose consumption was determined in neuronal cultures incubated in Krebs ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRB) containing 0.25–5 mM glucose, in the presence and absence of 5 mM lactate as an alternative substrate. Lactate consumption was measured in neuronal cultures incubated with 1–15 mM lactate, in the presence and absence of 1 mM glucose. In both cases, the alternative substrate increased the Km (mM) values for glucose consumption (from 2.2 ± 0.2 to 3.6 ± 0.1) or lactate consumption (from 7.8 ± 0.1 to 8.5 ± 0.1) without significant changes on the corresponding Vmax. This is consistent with a competitive inhibition between the simultaneous consumption of glucose and lactate. When cultures of neurons or astrocytes were incubated with increasing lactate concentrations 1–20 mM, pyruvate production was observed with Km (mM) and Vmax (nmol/mg/h) values of 1.0 ± 0.1 and 109 ± 4 in neurons, or 0.28 ± 0.1 and 342 ± 54 in astrocytes. Thus, astrocytes or neurons are able to return to the incubation medium as pyruvate, a significant part of the lactate consumed. Present results support the reversible exchange of reducing equivalents between neurons and astrocytes in the form of lactate or pyruvate. Monocarboxylate exchange is envisioned to operate under near equilibrium, with the transcellular flux directed thermodynamically toward the more oxidized intracellular redox environment. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancing Singapore travel agencies' customer loyalty: an empirical investigation of customers' behavioural intentions and zones of tolerance
Authors: Lobo Antonio , Maritz Alex , Mehta Subhash
Published: June 2007

The services marketing literature focuses on the measurement of service quality and its impact and consequences on businesses. Set in the context of the travel retail agency in Singapore, this study focuses on the relationship between service quality and favourable behavioural intentions. The findings revealed that improving service quality can increase favourable behavioural intentions. However, service improvements that exceed customers' minimum‐service threshold and those that exceed customers' desired‐service level were found to have mixed effect on behavioural intentions. Hence travel agencies must carefully determine the behavioural intentions they wish to foster amongst their various customers and develop service quality strategies in line with the findings of this study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-Term Effects of Calcineurin Inhibitor Conversion to Mycophenolate Mofetil on Renal Function After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Créput Caroline , Blandin Frederique , Deroure Benjamin , Roche Bruno , Saliba Faouzi , Charpentier Bernard , Samuel Didier , Durrbach Antoine
Published: June 2007

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are the cornerstone of immunosuppression after liver transplantation. However, CNI treatment is frequently associated with chronic renal failure (CRF). The reduction or interruption of CNI may reduce renal failure. We prospectively studied 49 liver recipients treated with CNI (tacrolimus, n = 14; cyclosporine, n = 35) who secondarily developed CNI-associated CRF and for whom mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was introduced to reduce or withdraw CNI. The creatinine clearance (CCl; 42.9 ± 14 ml/minute) increased significantly after CNI reduction (48.8 ± 17 ml/minute after 1 year, 49.9 ± 18 ml/minute after 2 years, and 58.4 ± 20 ml/minute after 3 years, P < 0.0001). CCl decreased during the 2 years before CNI reduction at a rate of −5.6 ± 5 ml/minute/year; for the 2 years after CNI reduction, CCl increased significantly by +3.2 ± 4.3 ml/minute/year (P < 0.0001). Ten patients did not have improved renal function after 1 year, but the rate of decrease in CCl slowed after CNI reduction. Three parameters were identified as risk factors for unresponsiveness to CNI reduction: (1) low CCl at MMF introduction, (2) a high rate of CCl decrease during the 2 years before conversion, and (3) alcoholic cirrhosis. The type of CNI molecule used did not impair the renal response. None of the patients developed acute or chronic graft rejection after the reduction or interruption of CNI. In liver recipients with CRF, a reduction or withdrawal of CNI concomitantly with the introduction of MMF was safe and was associated with an improvement in renal function. Liver Transpt 13:1004–1010, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Papillomatosis of Intra- and Extrahepatic Biliary Tree
Authors: Imvrios George , Papanikolaou Vasilios , Lalountas Miltiadis , Patsiaoura Kaliopi , Giakoustidis Dimitrios , Fouzas Ioannis , Anagnostara Eva , Antoniadis Nikolaos , Takoudas Dimitrios
Published: June 2007

Approximately 60 cases of biliary papillomatosis have been reported in the world literature, while only 6 cases have been reported to be treated with liver transplantation. This rare disease, which is characterized by relapsing episodes of obstructive jaundice and cholangitis that lead to secondary cirrhosis and death from sepsis or liver failure, it is also considered premalignant because of its frequent malignant transformation (25–50%). We present a case of a 43-year-old white man with papillomatosis of intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree who sought care for repeated episodes of obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. The diagnosis was suspected after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and confirmed by liver and common bile duct biopsies. The patient underwent orthotopic liver transplantation with Roux-en-Y hepatico-jejunostomy to treat end-stage liver cirrhosis. Fifteen months' follow-up revealed a patient with normal graft function and with no clinically or laboratory findings of disease recurrence or cancer development. Liver Transpl 13:1045–1048, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Philosophy of a personnel system
Authors: Faught Albert Smith
Published: June 2007

Being a comment on the article, “Governor Pinchot and the Merit System.”
Westchester county plans a new government
Authors: Childs Richards S.
Published: June 2007

Westchester County will vote on the adoption of a home rule charter in November. Itresembles the plan oof government of class cities in New York State.
Four years under the Ohio reorganization code
Authors: Pollock James K.
Published: June 2007

The following article is the result of a careful suerey byan impartial student, unembarrasseddby previous opinions on the much discussed administrative consolidation.
Reorganizing the administration of a state
Authors: Lowden Franx O.
Published: June 2007

Ex‐Governor Lowden discusses state reorganization in the light of what has been accomplished in Illinois. He refers to the situation in the federal administration at Washington.
Philadelphia's political machine in action
Authors: Macdonald Austin P.
Published: June 2007

An astounding story of recent election frauds and political machine corruption in the Quaker City.
The initiative and the referendum in 1923 and 1924
Authors: Boots Ralph S.
Published: June 2007

A careful review of I. and R. during 1923 and 1924 with complete supporting data for 1924.
How Detroit's ten‐year financial program was prepared
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

A detailed description of Detroit's ten‐year Financial program and how it was prepared. Such a program is of vital importance in the financing of every city government. It is a necessary supplement to a municipal budget system.
The third conference on the science of politics
Authors: Hall Arnold Bennett
Published: June 2007

A résumé of the work of the third meeting of the National Conference.
Municipal taxation of billboards
Authors: Barth Harry
Published: June 2007

The billboard tax has been sustained by the Supreme Court but the methods vary widely and are sometimes inequitable.
The motor‐coach de luxe in city and country use
Authors: Jackson Walter
Published: June 2007

The future of the motor‐coach in relation to electric cars and the new problems raised by interstate trafic.
Sketches of American Mayors. II. John W. Smith of Detroit
Authors: Lovett William P.
Published: June 2007

From news‐boy to mayor. The second in our series on the personality of municipal executives.
The present tax situation in Ohio
Authors: Taft Robert A.
Published: June 2007

Ohio is gradually escaping from the shackles of the Smith One Per Cent Law, but still has lost ground to recover. Tax limits do not enforce economy.
New York county government archaic
Authors: Smith Alfred E.
Published: June 2007

Governor Smith tells why and where county government breaks down; suggests a county manager. Practically no change in New York since the English took control from the Dutch!
An advance in planning legislation
Authors: Williams Frank B.
Published: June 2007

New laws give city planning commissions in New York State added powers to preserve the integrity of city plans.
Relations between the governor and the legislature in the model constitution
Authors: White Howard
Published: June 2007

The Legislative Council, poposed in the Model Constitution of the National Municipal League, will not work as its designers intend.
The university and the city
Authors: Fitzpatrick Edward A.
Published: June 2007

How Marquette University honors distinguished public service.
Cincinnati's right about face in government
Authors: Bentley Henry
Published: June 2007

The strategy of the campaign by which the City Charter Committee elected a majority of the council. How P. R. vindicated itself.
What a modern building code should contain
Authors: Snook W. L.
Published: June 2007

This article is at once a guide to those drafting new ordinances and a means for checking up the adequacy of present codes.
The primary or convention—which?
Authors: Fesler Mayo
Published: June 2007

The author thinks we should have both.
The fate of the five cent fare. II. Toronto under municipal ownership
Authors: Maitland George H.
Published: June 2007

Mr. Maitland is franldy an enthusiast for public ownership of public utilities, and here tells the story of a publicly‐owned street railway in a city where nearly all the public utilities are owned by the people. Five years ago a private company was serving half the city of Toronto at an average fare of 3.9 cents. To‐day a city commission is giving service throughout the whole city, with universal transfers, at an average fare of 6.15 cents.
Are our taxes burdensome?
Authors: Zangerle John A.
Published: June 2007

Taxes have increased, but not in proportion to increased wealth and luxury expenditures.
Up with the skyscraper
Authors: Corbett Harvey Wiley
Published: June 2007

A distinguished New York architect hastens to the defense of the abused skyscraper. It is not the cause of traffic congestion; on the contrary it tends to relieve it.
Dual governmetn for metropolitan regions
Authors: Reed Thomas H.
Published: June 2007

Large cities are now the centers of wide metropolitan regions suffering from lack of a common government for their common needs. Outright annexation of suburban territory cannot be accomplished except by arbitrary action by the state legislature. A municipal government for the whole area organized on the borough plan promises to be the best solution.
Sketches of American Mayors
Authors: Miller Victor J. , Louis ST. , Baumhoff Richard G.
Published: June 2007

The enfant terrible of Joplin moves to St. Louis, becomes the tempestuous presidetn of the police board and at 36 years of age is elected mayor of the city.
Governor Smith introduces the cabinet in New York State
Authors: Mcgoldrick Joseph
Published: June 2007

Not the least gain from the consolidation of hte state's administrative organization is the opportunity it affords for a governor's cabinet nad coordinated policy.
Toledo city manager campaign takes queer twist
Authors: Bystander an Interested
Published: June 2007

The Republican organization packs a meeting called to arrange a city manager campaing, to the discomfiture of the original sponsors. What is the machine's game?
THE CHICAGO ELECTION. HOW BIG BILL WAS ELECTED MAYOR OF CHICAGO
Authors: Gosnell Harold
Published: June 2007

In Chicago the police will no longre “frisk mattresses for pints.” Although street railways were not prominent in the campaign, time may reveal that they were the real issue
Are we spending too much for government? III. The trend of county expenditures
Authors: Pollock Ivan L.
Published: June 2007

Expenses of county government are increasing. Precise measurements are impossible because of inadequate data
The montreal metropolitan commission
Authors: Wirght Frederick
Published: June 2007

A successful experiment in federated government for a metropolitan community
The new minnesota bond law
Authors: Link George M.
Published: June 2007

The new law, which follows the natioanl Municipal League's Model Law in Many respects, pays great respect to home rule
Interstate commerce commission adopts actual investment at cost basis
Authors: Bauer John
Published: June 2007

The question of actual investment versus reproduction cost will now be squarely presented to hte Supreme Court, with I. C. C. favoring the former
Washington's defaulted bonds not to be redeemed
Authors: Bickner H. B.
Published: June 2007

In Washington local improvement districts are in default on their bond issues to the amount of abuot $4,000,000, but due to the veto of Governor Hartley municipalities, which in truth issued the bonds, are not able to redeem them and thus restore their credit. How payment is escaped through arranged tax sales
The regulation of interstate motor transportation
Authors: Kneier C. M.
Published: June 2007

How far can the states go in the absence of legislation by congress?
Indianapolis adopts city manager government
Authors: Early Maurice
Published: June 2007

By a vote of 5 to 1 Indianapolis becomes the fifth large city to adopt the manager form. Population 360,000
Massachusetts adopts new compensation plan
Authors: Everett Frank O. , Griffenhagen E. O.
Published: June 2007

Old classification of state employes becomes obsolete, necessitating a new classification with procedure for keeping the plan adjusted ot changes in a growing service
Are we spending too much for government?. Vi Municipal expenditures for public works
Authors: Howland Charles A.
Published: June 2007

Per capita expenditures of cities for public works are increasing. There appears to be justification for an increase and, when the comparative purchasing power of the dollar in recent years is considered, the expenditures fo not seem unreasonable
Standards for improved housing laws
Authors: Ford George B.
Published: June 2007

A summary statemtn of modern housing requirements in various types of residence buildings which are offered as standards for improving housing laws
Indianapolis mayor faces jail sentence
Authors: Early Maurice
Published: June 2007

For the first time the teeth in the Indiana corrupt practices act bite a politician
Subsidized housing in new yrok
Authors: Purdy Lawson
Published: June 2007

The city of New York proposes to clear certain slum areas by means of excess condemnation, the cleared land to be leased to private builders who agree to erect tenements to be rented at not more than eight dollars per room
The negro in detroit
Authors: Gehlke C. E.
Published: June 2007

Review of the report prepared for the Mayor's Inter–racial Committee by a special survey staff under the general direction of the Detroit Bureau of Governmental Research
A municipal program for combating crime
Authors: Smith Bruce
Published: June 2007

The city's part in the fight against crime.
Municipally Owned Bus System Replaces Street Cars
Authors: Merkel George C.
Published: June 2007

The growing city of Alexandira, La., with a papulation of 25,000, abandoned its municipally owned street railway in favor of busses, to th profit of everybody.
The bonded debt of 213 cities. As at january 1, 1928
Authors: Rightor C. E.
Published: June 2007

For the first time, special assessment debt against property benefited has been included in Mr. Rightor's annual survey.
Proportional representation in German cities
Authors: Wells Roger H.
Published: June 2007

An account of the law and the practice of P. R. in German municipal government, 1919–1928.
The democratic party in connecticut
Authors: Lancaster Lane W.
Published: June 2007

The party in down but not quite out. Is there any hope for it?.
Partisanship and parties in german municipal government
Authors: Wells Roger H.
Published: June 2007

A study of city politics in post‐war Germany.
Laboratory work in municipal citizenhsip
Authors: Garfield Jones O.
Published: June 2007

Can the laboratory method be applied to the teaching of government a forceful argument by one who answers the questions in the affirmative.
Philadelphia's street railway problems
Authors: Evans Harold
Published: June 2007

A discussion of the problems which have arisen under Mitten management of the coordinated street railway system of Philadelphia. The author was a member of the Pennsylvania Public Service Commission in 1925–26 and speical counsel for teh commission in 1926–27.
The tax situation in Chicago
Authors: Simpson Herbert D.
Published: June 2007

A narrative of the struggle leading up to the order for reassessment of all real estate in Chicago and Cook County.
Public operation versus state systems compared regulation: Two hydro‐electric
Authors: Malcolm James
Published: June 2007

The achievements of the Ontario hydro‐electric power system, a powerful argument for public ownership and operation.
New York city's income
Authors: Gulick Luther
Published: June 2007

New York City is second only to the federal government in amount of taxpayers' money which it spends.
Barber shop opinion and rapid transit in Detroit
Authors: Jones Howard P.
Published: June 2007

Analysis of campaign publicity methods reveals interesting exhibits in the case of Dignity versus Dash.
The growing transport problem of the masses. Rail or rubber or both?
Authors: Bibbins J. Rowland
Published: June 2007

“Rails are now and will be for some time the mainstay of local transportation with no possible alternative except the motor coach auxiliary; private transport has found its own fatal limitations.”
Our American mayors. XVIII. Daniel W. Hoan of Milwaukee
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: June 2007

The colorful career of a mayor who is one‐tenth Socialist and nine‐tenths business man. The champion long‐distance Socialist mayor.
The prosecuting attorney in Ohio ‐an obsolete officer
Authors: Binkley W. E.
Published: June 2007

Ohio conditions surrounding the county prosecutor's office are similar to those in most states. They are no credit to the political genius of Americans.
Permanent registration for voting in German cities
Authors: Wells Roger R.
Published: June 2007

While the characteristically through system of permanent registration in German cities is not applicable in toto to the United States, it contains many good features worthy of consideration by American muninicipalities.
Wisconsin “unshackles” her cities
Authors: Lynagh Vincent
Published: June 2007

Wisconsin cities, especially Milwaukee, suffered long from interference by the state legislature in matters of local concern. Finally in 1924 a constitutional home rule amendment w m adopted and municipal freedom seemed secure. But court decisions and subsequent enabling legistion have robbed Milwaukee of its hard won victory.
The democratic party in maine
Authors: Lancaster Jane W.
Published: June 2007

“Thirty‐two state central committemen, a few score town councillors, an occasional mayor, a sprinkling of rustic selection and assessors, and several thousand hereditary voters without a program and almost without a hope‐such is the party of Jefferson in the Pine Tree State”.
History‐making at chicago
Authors: Jones Howard P.
Published: June 2007

National Conference on Improving Government, November 12–14, fosterd by the Nationl Municipal League, Holds successful meeting. County government reform one o the big problems attacked.
Feeling the city's purse
Authors: Shepherd Henry L.
Published: June 2007

Is it possible to know when a city's expenditures exceed the ability of its taxpayers to support them without injuring the prosperity and welfare of the community?
Manager cities in action i two wisconsin cities
Authors: Bradford Ernest S.
Published: June 2007

In April, 1929, the charter commission of New Rochelle, New York, reported a city manager charter which was accepted by the voter in November. This charter was the result of more than a year's study o the workings ofthe plan in both large adn small cities throughout the United States. During the drafting of the charter Dr. Bradford, who will be remembered as the author of “Commission Government in American Cities,” visitd thirty cities and observed their managers and councils in action. At our request he is preparing a series of articles, of collected last year is being supplemented by current information in ordeer that his findings may be up to hte minute in every respect. The subject of next month's installment of this continued story of civic progress will be “Two New York Cities”
Cleveland council removes city manager hopkins
Authors: Huus Randolph O.
Published: June 2007

The reasons behind Mr. Hopkins dismissal; the new city manager and the future of manger governmetn in Cleveland.
The new home of the chicago civic opera
Authors: Clayton John
Published: June 2007

Although the municipal governmetnal had nothing to do with it, Chicago's new opera house is truly a civic enterprise. Mr. Clayton's article should be read as an antidote to Mr. Martin's story last month of the city's financial prostration
Manager cities in action ii. two new york cities
Authors: Bradford Ernest S.
Published: June 2007

Dr. Bradford continues his report on hte working ofthe ciyt manager plan. the first installmetn appeared in our February number
Manager cities in action
Authors: bradford Ernest S.
Published: June 2007

How teh operation of the manager plan reacts upon teh caliber of he councils.
Theory and practice in state administrative organization
Authors: Walker Harvey
Published: June 2007

The author questins the dogma of state administrative reorganization through concentration of power adn integration offunctions under the governor
A proposd plan o administrative reorganization for oklahoma
Authors: Spicer George W.
Published: June 2007

A reorganization of the state government is proposed which professes to express shor ballot ideas, but which neglects certain underlying principles
For a new model state constitution
Authors: White Howard
Published: June 2007

Time to overhaul our Model Constitution.
Business districts in subdivision planning
Authors: Aronovici Carol
Published: June 2007

New methods of estimating area needed for business districts in a zone plan must be developed. There is no cut and dried formula.
City planning in Soviet Russia
Authors: Maxwell Bertram W.
Published: June 2007

Urban land policies in Russia are complicated and their administration is molded to conform to the peculiar organization of the Soviet State. More than one hundred Cities have already worked out definite city plans to be followed by new construction.
City planning in cleveland
Authors: Rumbold Charlotte
Published: June 2007

Cleveland, proud of her University Circle and Public Square, looks forward to the fulfillment of her ambitious plans for a Civic Center by 1936‐her hundredth birthday.
The cleveland metropolitan park system
Authors: Stinchcomb W. A.
Published: June 2007

Cleveland's 9,031 acres of park lands were enjoyed by more than 1,500,000 persons last year. More than four million dollrs has already been spent on them.
The strategy of tax reform
Authors: Simpson Herbert D.
Published: June 2007

How the Chicago Joint Commission on Real Estate Valuation inspired popular sentiment for reform of tax injustices.
Municipal government in China
Authors: Chang Ray
Published: June 2007

Although torn by revolution, China still finds time to devote to improvments in municipal government. Problems of administration and city planning are receiving attention. Mr, Chang has studied at Michigan, Columbia, Harvard and Syracuse Universities and at the National Institute of Public Administration.
Hydrazide‐based non‐symmetric liquid crystal dimers: synthesis and mesomorphic behavior
Authors: Bai Binglian , Wang Haitao , Xin Hong , Shi Jianhua , Long Beihong , Li Min
Published: June 2007

Hydrazide‐based non‐symmetric liquid crystal dimers were synthesized. The liquid crystalline properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). These non‐symmetric liquid crystal dimers are evidenced to display the monolayer smectic C phase. The effects of the lateral intermolecular hydrogen bonding as well as the length of the terminal alkyl chains and the spacers on the mesophase are discussed. Our studies reveal that intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydrazide groups and microsegregation effect is the driving force for the formation of the monolayer smectic C structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(L‐lactide)/C60 nanocomposites: Effects of C60 on crystallization of poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Kawashima Yoshio , Takikawa Hirofumi
Published: June 2007

The effects of solvent type and concentration of C60 on the crystallization of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) during solvent evaporation, heating from room temperature, and cooling from the melt were investigated by polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The addition of C60 enhanced the PLLA crystallization during solvent evaporation, during heating of the melt‐quenched films, and during cooling from the melt of As‐cast films, except for heating and cooling of the PLLA film with 1 wt % of C60 prepared with dichloromethane. In the case of solvent evaporation, the difference in crystallinity between the PLLA films with and without C60 became higher for the solvent with a lower boiling point. In the case of heating of melt‐quenched films, the addition of C60 had a small effect on the crystallinity of PLLA, whereas significantly lowered the peak top and ending temperatures of cold crystallization, except for melt‐quenched PLLA film with 1 wt % of C60 prepared with dichloromethane. The crystallinity of PLLA was determined by the solvent type, rather than by the C60 concentration. In the case of cooling from the melt of As‐cast films, the addition of C60 elevated the crystallinity and cold crystallization temperature values of PLLA films, except for PLLA films prepared with dichloromethane. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2167–2176, 2007
Variable temperature 19F solid‐state NMR study of the effect of electrostatic interactions on thermally‐stimulated molecular motions in perfluorosulfonate ionomers
Authors: Page Kirt A. , Jarrett William , Moore Robert B.
Published: June 2007

This study uses variable temperature 19F solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy to determine the influence of electrostatic interactions on the T1, T1ρ, and T2 values of Nafion®. Because of a “homogenizing” of the T1's as a result of spin diffusion, it was not possible to resolve from the T1 experiments the relative motions of the side‐ and main‐chain. The initial increase in T1ρ as a function of increasing temperature has been attributed to backbone rotations that increase with increasing temperature. The maxima observed in the T1ρ plots suggest a change in the dominant relaxation mechanism at that temperature. The similarity in relaxation behavior of the side‐ and main‐chains suggests that the motions are dynamically coupled, because of the fact that the side‐chain is directly attached to the main‐chain. Two T1ρ values were observed for the main‐chain at high temperatures, which has been attributed to a thermally activated ion‐hopping process. The results of T2 studies show that correlated motions of the side‐ and main‐chain exist at low temperatures. However, at elevated temperatures the T2 values for the side‐chain increase rapidly while remaining relatively constant for the main‐chain, indicating an onset of mobility of the side‐chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2177–2186, 2007
Identification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma antigens that induce humoral immune response by proteomic analysis
Authors: Xiao Zhi‐Qiang , Chen Ying , Yi Bin , Li Mao‐Yu , Zhang Peng‐Fei , Yi Hong , Duan Chao‐Jun , Li Cui , Li Jian‐Ling , Tang Cen‐E , Yang Fang , Zhu Ge‐Qin , Chen Zhu‐Chu
Published: June 2007

A proteomics‐based approach has been used to identify proteins that commonly elicit a humoral immune response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Sera from 19 newly diagnosed NPC patients and 19 healthy individuals were analyzed for IgG autoantibodies against NPC proteins resolved by 2‐DE. Protein spots that exhibited selective reactivity with sera from NPC patients were identified by MS. Among nine identified proteins, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Erb3 binding protein (EBP1), and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor‐beta (Rho‐GDI‐2) induced autoantibodies in more than 36.8% of NPC patients but not in healthy individuals. Furthermore, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed to determine the expression and localization of CK19, EBP1, and Rho‐GDI‐2 in NPC and normal nasopharyngeal mucosal tissues. Up‐regulated CK19 and EBP1, but not Rho‐GDI‐2, were observed in NPC vs. normal tissue. Subcellular localization of the three proteins in NPC tissue was same as that in the normal tissue. Thus, overexpression of CK19 and EBP1 may be one of the mechanisms for their autoantibody development in NPC. To validate the findings of a proteomic analysis, occurrence of autoantibodies against these three proteins was detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis in additional 30 NPC patients, 23 other types of cancer patients and 20 healthy individuals. Results showed that frequency of autoantibodies against CK19, EBP1 and Rho‐GDI‐2 in NPC patients was significantly higher than that in other types of cancer patients and healthy individuals. We conclude that CK19, EBP1 and Rho‐GDI‐2 may have utility in NPC screening and diagnosis.
Study of dislocations in CdZnTe single crystals
Authors: Zha Gangqiang , Jie Wanqi , Tan Tingting , Wang Linghang
Published: June 2007

Experimental studies have been conducted to investigate the influence of dislocations on the properties of CdZnTe crystals. Dislocations were introduced into CdZnTe wafers by means of bending deformation at elevated temperature. The average infrared (IR) transmittance of CdZnTe wafers after deformation is decreased from 64 to 44%. The polarization absorption of dangling‐bond electrons in dislocations should be responsible for this decrease of IR transmittance. In photoluminescence measurements, the shallow donor–acceptor pair transition peak at 1.557 eV is detected in CdZnTe after deformation. In the defect‐related region, a new band (Dcomplex) located at 1.508 eV appears, which should be attributed to defect levels introduced by dislocations. Meanwhile, leakage current at 15 V is increased from 10–8 to 10–4 A. The analysis suggests that the leakage current of CdZnTe after deformation is dominated by the Poole–Frenkel effect. Te and Cd dislocations created at two faces introduce different electrical characteristics. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Review Article: Hydrogen blistering of silicon: Progress in fundamental understanding
Authors: Terreault Bernard
Published: June 2007

The understanding of blistering mechanisms at the fundamental, atomic‐scale level is still not complete, but large strides towards that goal have been made in the last decade. In this issue's Review Article [1] Bernard Terreault gives a comprehensive survey of this progress, discussing the current questions as well as outlining suggestions for future work.

The related cover picture shows atomic force micrographs of a variety of surface morphologies obtained by hydrogen ion implantation into silicon followed by rapid thermal annealing. In this particular case, the ions were implanted through PMMA masks of decreasing width (from left to right, 6 μm, 1 μm, 600 nm and 150 nm) [2]. This is but one application of blistering, the most common being ion‐cutting and layer transfer as used in the commercial production of silicon‐on‐insulator wafers.

The author is Honorary retired Professor at the EMT (Energy, Materials, Telecom) Center of the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (Université du Québec).

Another feature included in the current issue is the Editor's Choice contribution ‘Optical and micro‐analytical study of a copper–conjugated polymer composite’ by Kaushik Mallik et al. [3], where the authors investigate a nanoscale fiber network for potential application in microelectronic systems.
A new series of yeast shuttle vectors for the recovery and identification of multiple plasmids from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Frazer LilyAnn Novak , O'Keefe Raymond T.
Published: June 2007

The availability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains with multiple auxotrophic markers allows the stable introduction and selection of more than one yeast shuttle vector containing marker genes that complement the auxotrophic markers. In certain experimental situations there is a need to recover more than one shuttle vector from yeast. To facilitate the recovery and identification of multiple plasmids from S. cerevisiae, we have constructed a series of plasmids based on the pRS series of yeast shuttle vectors. Bacterial antibiotic resistance genes to chloramphenicol, kanamycin and zeocin have been combined with the yeast centromere sequence (CEN6), the autonomously replicating sequence (ARSH4) and one of the four yeast selectable marker genes (HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 or URA3) from the pRS series of vectors. The 12 plasmids produced differ in antibiotic resistance and yeast marker gene within the backbone of the multipurpose plasmid pBluescript II. The newly constructed vectors show similar mitotic stability to the original pRS vectors. In combination with the ampicillin‐resistant pRS series of yeast shuttle vectors, these plasmids now allow the recovery and identification in bacteria of up to four different vectors from S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on TNF‐α and IL‐10 Secretion by Murine Peritoneal Cells In Vitro
Authors: Skuladottir Ingibjorg H. , Petursdottir Dagbjort H. , Hardardottir Ingibjorg
Published: June 2007

Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affect immune response, partly by affecting cytokine secretion. Omega‐3 PUFA decrease tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α secretion by RAW 264.7 macrophages but increase TNF‐α secretion by primary elicited peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In this study, the effects of omega‐3 and omega‐6 PUFA on lipopolysaccharide induced TNF‐α and interleukin (IL)‐10 secretion by murine primary resident and elicited peritoneal macrophages and by RAW 264.7 macrophages, were examined in vitro using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the effects of dietary omega‐3 PUFA on the number of cells secreting these cytokines were examined with enzyme‐linked immunospot assay. All cell types secreted more TNF‐α but similar amounts of IL‐10 when incubated with the omega‐3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid, compared with that when incubated with the omega‐6 PUFA, linoleic acid or arachidonic acid. Dietary fish oil did not affect the number of TNF‐α secreting resident peritoneal macrophages but decreased the number of macrophages secreting IL‐10 ex vivo. These results show that dietary omega‐3 PUFA and omega‐3 PUFA added to cells in vitro increase TNF‐α secretion by resident peritoneal macrophages, probably by a direct effect on the cells. In contrast, omega‐3 PUFA did not affect IL‐10 secretion by the cells but decreased the number of cells secreting IL‐10 ex vivo, possibly by affecting cell recruitment, maturation or proliferation.
Regulation of BRCA1 messenger RNA stability in human epithelial cell lines and during cell cycle progression
Authors: Saunus Jodi M. , Edwards Stacey L. , French Juliet D. , Smart Chanel E. , Brown Melissa A.
Published: June 2007

The mechanisms regulating expression of breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) are not fully characterised. By studying regulation of endogenous BRCA1 in human epithelial cell lines and during cell cycle progression, we provide evidence to suggest BRCA1 is regulated post‐transcriptionally at the level of messenger RNA stability. We also show that RNA‐binding proteins associate with an AU‐rich, cis‐active sequence of the BRCA1 3′untranslated region in a cell cycle‐dependent manner. Our data identify a new post‐transcriptional regulatory axis and a novel mechanism for modulating the levels of BRCA1 protein, with possible implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying BRCA1 repression in breast cancer.
Structure–function relationships in a bacterial DING protein
Authors: Ahn Soyeon , Moniot Sebastien , Elias Mikael , Chabriere Eric , Kim Donghyo , Scott Ken
Published: June 2007

A recombinant DING protein from Pseudomonas fluorescens has been previously shown to have a phosphate‐binding site, and to be mitogenic for human cells. Here we report the three‐dimensional structure of the protein, confirming a close similarity to the “Venus flytrap” structure seen in other human and bacterial phosphate‐binding proteins. Site‐directed mutagenesis confirms the role of a key residue involved in phosphate binding, and that the mitogenic activity is not dependent on this property. Deletion of one of the two hinged domains that constitute the Venus flytrap also eliminates phosphate binding whilst enhancing mitogenic activity.