bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Luminescent Properties of 2‐[2‐(9‐Anthryl)vinyl]quinolines.
Authors: Serdyuk O. V. , Evseenko I. V. , Dushenko G. A. , Revinskii Yu. V. , Mikhailov I. E.
Published: June 2012

It is shown that compound (Ib) exhibits a considerably higher luminescence than compound (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Novel Chromeno[4,3‐b]pyrroles and Indolizino[6,7‐b]indoles as Potent Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents.
Authors: Arumugam Natarajan , Raghunathan Raghavachary , Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Karama Usama
Published: June 2012

Among the novel chromenopyrroles (III) and indolizinoindoles (V) and (VI), derivatives (Vb), (Vd), (VIb), and (VId) display potent activity against selected bacterial pathogens, while derivatives (Va) and (Vc) possess antifungal activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocatalytic and Chemical Assembling of N,N′‐Dialkylbarbituric Acids and Aldehydes: Efficient Cascade Approach to the Spiro‐[furo [2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6,5′‐pyrimidine]‐2,2′,4,4′,6′‐(1′H,3H,3′H)‐pentone Framework.
Authors: Vereshchagin Anatolii N. , Elinson Michail N. , Dorofeeva Evgeniya O. , Zaimovskaya Tatiana A. , Stepanov Nikita O. , Gorbunov Sergey V. , Belyakov Pavel A. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: June 2012

The electrocatalytical method is performed with catalytic amounts of NaBr in an undivided cell.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amination of Alkenes: Synthesis of Six‐Membered N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Lu Zhan , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: June 2012

Various heterocyclic sulfonamides like morpholines, piperidines, piperazines and piperazinone are prepared using Wacker‐type cyclization under conditions A) without any base.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Paullone and Kenpaullone Derivatives by Photocyclization of 2‐(2‐Chloro‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐N‐arylacetamides.
Authors: Li Zhanshan , Lu Nianhong , Wang Lihong , Zhang Wei
Published: June 2012

Photoinduced intramolecular coupling reaction of indolyl arylacetamides (I) results in formation of indolobenzazepinones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Biyoulactones D and E, Meroterpenoids from Hypericum chinense.
Authors: Tanaka Naonobu , Abe Shuhei , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: June 2012

Preliminary tests do not reveal any cytotoxic effects.
ChemInform Abstract: T3P (Propylphosphonic Anhydride) Mediated Conversion of Nα‐Protected Amino/Peptide Acids into Thioacids.
Authors: Madhu Chilakapati , Basavaprabhu Basavaprabhu , Vishwanatha T. M. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: June 2012

A simple protocol is described which can be applied to dipeptides as well.
ChemInform Abstract: Stylissamide X (I), a New Proline‐Rich Cyclic Octapeptide as an Inhibitor of Cell Migration, from an Indonesian Marine Sponge of Stylissa sp.
Authors: Arai Masayoshi , Yamano Yoshi , Fujita Mayumi , Setiawan Andi , Kobayashi Motomasa
Published: June 2012

isolation, structure elucidation and screening of inhibitory activity against migration of HeLa cells
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Sugar α‐Aminonitrile Derivatives under Titanium‐Mediated Cyclopropanation Conditions.
Authors: Declerck Delphine , Josse Solen , Nguyen Van Nhien Albert , Szymoniak Jan , Bertus Philippe , Postel Denis
Published: June 2012

Amide, lactam, and imide furanose derivatives are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity Among Six Secondary Hydroxyl Groups: Selective Acylation of the Least Reactive Hydroxyl Groups of Inositol
Authors: Vibhute Amol M. , Vidyasagar Adiyala , Sarala Saritha , Sureshan Kana M.
Published: June 2012

using cheap and readily accessible sulfuric acid immobilized on silica as catalyst
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Galbulin via Organocatalytic Domino Michael—Michael—Aldol Condensation.
Authors: Hong Bor‐Cherng , Hsu Che‐Sheng , Lee Gene‐Hsiang
Published: June 2012

Natural lignan (+)‐galbulin (IV) is prepared via organocatalytic double Michael reaction of aldehyde (I) with ketoaldehyde (II) and a subsequent TosOH‐promoted intramolecular aldol condensation as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Aluminum Salt Slag Characterization and Utilization — A Review
Authors: Tsakiridis P. E.
Published: June 2012

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties
Authors: Waag Andreas
Published: June 2012

Review: emphasis on ZnO doped with “magnetic” ions such as Mn, Co, Fe, or Ni; 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Corrosion of Fe‐based Nanocrystalline Alloys with Soft Magnetic Properties
Authors: Sousa Carlos Caldas , Kiminami Claudio Shyinti
Published: June 2012

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synergistic Catalysis: A Powerful Synthetic Strategy for New Reaction Development
Authors: Allen Anna E. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: June 2012

Review: ca. 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Functionalized Silylenes
Authors: Sen Sakya S. , Khan Shabana , Samuel Prinson P. , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: June 2012

Review: 194 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dysprosium(III) Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Veits Gesine K. , Read de Alaniz Javier
Published: June 2012

Review: dysprosium(III) salts as extremely mild and efficient Lewis acid catalysts for numerous types of carbon—carbon bond forming reactions; 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Heterocyclic Compounds over Zeolite Molecular Sieve Catalysts: An Approach Towards Green Chemistry.
Authors: Kandepi V. V. Krishna Mohan , Narender Nama
Published: June 2012

Review: 227 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Nanomaterials in Heterocylic Chemistry
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Alishiri Tooba
Published: June 2012

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Aspergillides A, B, and C
Authors: Nagasawa Tomohiro , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: June 2012

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Cyanamide Moiety: Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Larraufie Marie‐Helene , Maestri Giovanni , Malacria Max , Ollivier Cyril , Fensterbank Lois , Lacote Emmanuel
Published: June 2012

Review: ca. 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Vindoline and Its Reactions
Authors: Inam‐Ul‐Haque Inam‐Ul‐Haque , Saba Hina
Published: June 2012

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium Compounds with Valency Higher than Two
Authors: Drabowicz Jozef , Lewkowski Jaroslaw , Scianowski Jacek
Published: June 2012

Review: 204 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selenium‐Stabilized Carbanions
Authors: Comasseto Joao V. , Dos Santos Alcindo A. , Wendler Edison P.
Published: June 2012

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid, Chlorobis(1,1‐Dimethylethyl)silyl Ester
Authors: Maas Gerhard , Schatz Juergen
Published: June 2012

Review: 9 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐1‐Tri‐n‐butylstannyl‐2‐trimethylsilylethylene
Authors: Moriarty Kevin J.
Published: June 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Compilation of Metallic Systems That Show a Quantum Ferromagnetic Transition
Authors: Belitz D. , Kirkpatrick T. R.
Published: June 2012

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Giant Magnetoresistance: Experiment
Authors: Bass Jack
Published: June 2012

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron in Microbial Metabolisms
Authors: Konhauser Kurt O. , Kappler Andreas , Roden Eric E.
Published: June 2012

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Zongxi , Barnes Jonathan C. , Bosoy Aleksandr , Fraser Stoddart J. , Zink Jeffrey I.
Published: June 2012

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cancer Detection Using Nanoparticle‐Based Sensors
Authors: Perfezou Maelle , Turner Anthony , Merkoci Arben
Published: June 2012

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polysaccharides as Building Blocks for Nanotherapeutics
Authors: Mizrahy Shoshy , Peer Dan
Published: June 2012

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging and Theragnosis
Authors: Lee Dong‐Eun , Koo Heebeom , Sun In‐Cheol , Ryu Ju Hee , Kim Kwangmeyung , Kwon Ick Chan
Published: June 2012

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Drug Development: Longer‐Lived Proteins
Authors: Kontos Stephan , Hubbell Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2012

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recombinant Protein‐Based Polymers for Advanced Drug Delivery
Authors: Frandsen Jordan L. , Ghandehari Hamidreza
Published: June 2012

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding and Controlling the Interaction of Nanomaterials with Proteins in a Physiological Environment
Authors: Walkey Carl D. , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: June 2012

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Protein—Polymer Nanoreactors for Medical Applications
Authors: Palivan Cornelia G. , Fischer‐Onaca Ozana , Delcea Mihaela , Itel Fabian , Meier Wolfgang
Published: June 2012

Review: 264 refs.
Synthesis and Application of the First Radioligand Targeting the Allosteric Binding Pocket of Chemokine Receptor CXCR3
Authors: Bernat Viachaslau , Heinrich Markus R. , Baumeister Paul , Buschauer Armin , Tschammer Nuska
Published: June 2012

Strategies for the identification of allosteric modulators of chemokine receptors largely rely on various cell‐based functional assays. Radioligand binding assays are typically not available for allosteric binding sites. We synthesized, purified, and applied the first tritium‐labeled allosteric modulator of the human chemokine receptor CXCR3 (RAMX3, [3H]N‐{1‐[3‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐2‐yl]ethyl}‐2‐[4‐fluoro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐N‐[(1‐methylpiperidin‐4‐yl)methyl]acetamide). RAMX3 is chemically derived from 8‐azaquinazolinone‐type allosteric modulators and binds to the CXCR3 receptor with a Kd value of 1.08 nM (specific activity: 80.4 Ci mmol−1). Radioligand displacement assays showed potent negative cooperativity between RAMX3 and chemokine CXCL11, providing a basis for the use of RAMX3 to investigate other potential allosteric modulators. Additionally, the synthesis and characterization of a number of other full and truncated 8‐azaquinazoline analogues were used to validate the binding properties of RAMX3. We demonstrate that RAMX3 can be efficiently used to facilitate the discovery and characterization of small molecules as allosteric modulators of the CXCR3 receptor.
Library Screening by Means of Mass Spectrometry (MS) Binding Assays—Exemplarily Demonstrated for a Pseudostatic Library Addressing γ‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Transporter 1 (GAT1)
Authors: Sindelar Miriam , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: June 2012

In the present study, the application of mass spectrometry (MS) binding assays as a tool for library screening is reported. For library generation, dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) was used. These libraries can be screened by means of MS binding assays when appropriate measures are taken to render the libraries pseudostatic. That way, the efficiency of MS binding assays to determine ligand binding in compound screening with the ease of library generation by DCC is combined. The feasibility of this approach is shown for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (GAT1) as a target, representing the most important subtype of the GABA transporters. For the screening, hydrazone libraries were employed that were generated in the presence of the target by reacting various sets of aldehydes with a hydrazine derivative that is delineated from piperidine‐3‐carboxylic acid (nipecotic acid), a common fragment of known GAT1 inhibitors. To ensure that the library generated is pseudostatic, a large excess of the nipecotic acid derivative is employed. As the library is generated in a buffer system suitable for binding and the target is already present, the mixtures can be directly analyzed by MS binding assays—the process of library generation and screening thus becoming simple to perform. The binding affinities of the hits identified by deconvolution were confirmed in conventional competitive MS binding assays performed with single compounds obtained by separate synthesis. In this way, two nipecotic acid derivatives exhibiting a biaryl moiety, 1‐{2‐[2′‐(1,1’‐biphenyl‐2‐ylmethylidene)hydrazine]ethyl}piperidine‐3‐carboxylic acid and 1‐(2‐{2′‐[1‐(2‐thiophenylphenyl)methylidene]hydrazine}ethyl)piperidine‐3‐carboxylic acid, were found to be potent GAT1 ligands exhibiting pKi values of 6.186±0.028 and 6.229±0.039, respectively. This method enables screening of libraries, whether generated by conventional chemistry or DCC, and is applicable to all kinds of targets including membrane‐bound targets such as G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels and transporters. As such, this strategy displays high potential in the drug discovery process.
Information Processing with Molecules—Quo Vadis?
Authors: Pischel Uwe , Andréasson Joakim , Gust Devens , Pais Vânia F.
Published: June 2012

Information processing at the molecular level is coming of age. Since the first molecular AND gate was proposed about 20 years ago, the molecular interpretation of binary logic has become vastly more sophisticated and complex. However, the field is also at a crossroads. While cleverly designed molecular building blocks are abundant, difficult questions remain. How can molecular components be flexibly assembled into larger circuits, and how can these components communicate with one another. The concept of all‐photonic switching with photochromic supermolecules has shown some interesting potential and is discussed in this review. Although the field of molecular logic was originally discussed mainly in terms of a technology that might compete with solid‐state computers, potential applications have expanded to include clever molecular systems and materials for drug delivery, sensing, probing, encoding, and diagnostics. These upcoming trends, which are herein illustrated by selected examples, deserve general attention.
Rapid Estimation of Thermodynamic Parameters and Vapor Pressures of Volatile Materials at Nanoscale
Authors: Hikal Walid M. , Paden Jeffrey T. , Weeks Brandon L.
Published: June 2012

Non‐isothermal measurements of thermodynamic parameters and vapor pressures of low‐volatile materials are favored when time is a crucial factor to be considered, such as in the case of detection of hazardous materials. In this article, we demonstrate that optical absorbance spectroscopy can be used non‐isothermally to estimate the thermodynamic properties and vapor pressures of volatile materials with good accuracy. This is the first method to determine such parameters in nanoscale in just minutes. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is chosen because of its low melting temperature, which makes it impossible to determine its thermodynamic parameter by other rising‐temperature techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The well‐characterized vapor pressure of benzoic acid is used to calibrate the spectrometer in order to determine the vapor pressure of low‐volatile TNT. The estimated thermodynamic properties of both benzoic acid and TNT are in excellent agreement with the literature. The estimated vapor pressure of TNT is one order of magnitude larger than that determined isothermally using the same method. However, the values are still within the range reported in the literature. The data indicate the high potential for use of rising‐temperature absorbance spectroscopy in determining vapor pressures of materials at nanometer scale in minutes instead of hours or days.
Successional stage of biological soil crusts: an accurate indicator of ecohydrological condition
Authors: Belnap Jayne , Wilcox Bradford P. , Van Scoyoc Matthew W. , Phillips Susan L.
Published: June 2012

Biological soil crusts are a key component of many dryland ecosystems. Following disturbance, biological soil crusts will recover in stages. Recently, a simple classification of these stages has been developed, largely on the basis of external features of the crusts, which reflects their level of development (LOD). The classification system has six LOD classes, from low (1) to high (6). To determine whether the LOD of a crust is related to its ecohydrological function, we used rainfall simulation to evaluate differences in infiltration, runoff, and erosion among crusts in the various LODs, across a range of soil depths and with different wetting pre‐treatments. We found large differences between the lowest and highest LODs, with runoff and erosion being greatest from the lowest LOD. Under dry antecedent conditions, about 50% of the water applied ran off the lowest LOD plots, whereas less than 10% ran off the plots of the two highest LODs. Similarly, sediment loss was 400 g m−2 from the lowest LOD and almost zero from the higher LODs. We scaled up the results from these simulations using the Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model. Modelling results indicate that erosion increases dramatically as slope length and gradient increase, especially beyond the threshold values of 10 m for slope length and 10% for slope gradient. Our findings confirm that the LOD classification is a quick, easy, nondestructive, and accurate index of hydrological condition and should be incorporated in field and modelling assessments of ecosystem health. Published in 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Hydrolytic Hydrogen Generation Using Milled Aluminum in Water Activated by Li, In, and Zn Additives
Authors: Fan M. Q. , Liu S. , Wang C. , Chen D. , Shu K. Y.
Published: June 2012

A method for obtaining hydrogen through the hydrolytic reaction of highly activated aluminum (Al) alloy is investigated. The optimized Al–3 wt.% Li–4 wt.% In–7 wt.% Zn alloy significantly improves the maximum hydrogen generation rate and amount (137 mL g–1 min–1 and 1,243 mL g–1, respectively). An efficiency of 100% was reached within 1 h at 298 K. The synergistic catalytic effects of Li, In, and Zn, which stimulated Al hydrolysis through the formation of micro galvanic cells of In–Li and Al–In–Zn alloys in water, were observed. The reactions were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and hydrolytic experiments. The In–Li alloy functions as an initial active center and produces LiOH in water, which further stimulates and changes the hydrolytic process of the Al–In–Zn alloy. The effects of alloy composition, milling time, and hydrolytic temperature were considered and discussed. The results indicate that the hydrolytic reaction of Al–Li–In–Zn alloy in water might be feasible for the production of inexpensive, pure, and safe hydrogen for micro fuel cells.
Currency‐Protected Swaps and Swaptions with Nonzero Spreads in a Multicurrency LMM
Authors: Chang Jui‐Jane , Chen Son‐Nan , Wu Ting‐Pin
Published: June 2012

Despite the fact that currency‐protected swaps and swaptions are widely traded in the marketplace, pricing models for zero‐spread swaps, and swaptions have rarely been examined in the extant literature. This study presents a multicurrency LIBOR market model and uses it to derive pricing formulas for currency‐protected swaps and swaptions with nonzero spreads. The resulting pricing formulas are shown to be feasible and tractable for practical implementation and their hedging strategies are also provided. Our pricing formulas provide prices close to those computed from Monte Carlo simulation, but involve far less computation time, and thereby offering almost instant price quotes to clients and daily marking‐to‐market trading books, and facilitating efficient risk management of trading positions.
Blockade of TRPA1 with HC‐030031 attenuates visceral nociception by a mechanism independent of inflammatory resident cells, nitric oxide and the opioid system
Authors: Pereira L.M.S. , Lima‐Júnior R.C.P. , Bem A.X.C. , Teixeira C.G. , Grassi L.S. , Medeiros R.P. , Marques‐Neto R.D. , Callado R.B. , Aragão K.S. , Wong D.V.T. , Vale M.L. , Brito G.A.C. , Ribeiro R.A.
Published: June 2012

Background

Some studies have shown a somatic nociceptive response due to the activation of transient receptor potential A1 channels (TRPA1), which is modulated by the TRPA1 antagonist HC‐030031. However, a few studies report the role of TRPA1 in visceral pain. Therefore, we investigated the participation of TRPA1 in visceral nociception and the involvement of nitric oxide, the opioid system and resident cells in the modulation of these channels.

Methods

Mice were treated with vehicle or HC‐030031 (18.75–300 mg/kg) before ifosfamide (400 mg/kg), 0.75% mustard oil (50 μL/colon), acetic acid 0.6% (10 mL/kg), zymosan (1 mg/cavity) or misoprostol (1 μg/cavity) injection. Visceral nociception was assessed through the electronic von Frey test or the writhing response. Ifosfamide‐administered mice were euthanized for bladder analysis. The involvement of nitric oxide and the opioid system were investigated in mice injected with ifosfamide and mustard oil, respectively. The participation of resident peritoneal cells in acetic acid‐, zymosan‐ or misoprostol‐induced nociception was also evaluated.

Results

HC‐030031 failed to protect animals against ifosfamide‐induced bladder injury (p > 0.05). However, a marked antinociceptive effect against ifosfamide, mustard oil, acetic acid, zymosan and misoprostol was observed (p < 0.05). Neither L‐arginine (600 mg/kg) nor naloxone (2 mg/kg) could reverse the antinociceptive effect of HC‐030031. The reduction of the peritoneal cell population inhibited the acetic acid and zymosan‐related writhes without interfering with the misoprostol effect.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the blockade of TRPA1 attenuates visceral nociception by a mechanism independent of the modulation of resident cells, nitric oxide and opioid pathways.
Wogonin induces cross‐regulation between autophagy and apoptosis via a variety of Akt pathway in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Authors: Chow Shu‐Er , Chen Yu‐Wen , Liang Chi‐Ang , Huang Yao‐Kuan , Wang Jong‐Shyan
Published: June 2012

Autophagy as well as apoptosis is an emerging target for cancer therapy. Wogonin, a flavonoid compound derived from the traditional Chinese medicine of Huang‐Qin, has anticancer activity in many cancer cells including human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the involvement of autophagy in the wogonin‐induced apoptosis of NPC cells was still uninvestigated. In this study, we found wogonin‐induced autophagy had interference on the process of apoptosis. Wogonin‐induced autophagy formation evidenced by LC3 I/II cleavage, acridine orange (AO)‐stained vacuoles and the autophagosome/autolysosome images of TEM analysis. Activation of autophagy with rapamycin resulted in increased wogonin‐mediated autophagy via inhibition of mTOR/P70S6K pathway. The functional relevance of autophagy in the antitumor activity was investigated by annexin V‐positive stained cells and PARP cleavage. Induction of autophagy by rapamycin ameliorated the wogonin‐mediated apoptosis, whereas inhibition of autophagy by 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) or bafilomycin A1 increased the apoptotic effect. Interestingly, this study also found, in addition the mTOR/P70S6K pathway, wogonin also inhibited Raf/ERK pathway, a variety of Akt pathways. Inactivation of PI3K/Akt by their inhibitors significantly induced apoptosis and markedly sensitized the NPC cells to wogonin‐induced apoptosis. This anticancer effect of Akt was further confirmed by SH6, a specific inhibitor of Akt. Importantly, inactivation of its downstream molecule ERK by PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, also induced apoptosis. This study indicated wogonin‐induced both autophagy and apoptosis through a variety of Akt pathways and suggested modulation of autophagy might provide profoundly the potential therapeutic effect. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3476–3485, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of cancer stem cells and miRNAs in defining the complexities of brain metastasis
Authors: Ali Ashhar S. , Ahmad Aamir , Ali Shadan , Bao Bin , Philip Philip A. , Sarkar Fazlul H.
Published: June 2012

Researchers and clinicians have been challenged with the development of therapies for the treatment of cancer patients whose tumors metastasized to the brain. Among the most lethal weapons known today, current management of brain metastases involves multiple therapeutic modalities that provide little, if any, for improving the quality of life and overall survival. Recently the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the development of cancer has been studied extensively, and thus its role in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment is now being investigated even in the realm of brain metastasis (BM). Recognizing the molecular make‐up of CSCs as well as understanding the role of these cells in resistance to treatment modalities is expected to benefit cancer patients. Additionally, past decade has witnessed an increase in awareness and understanding of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in various cancer types, and the deregulation miRNAs are critically important for the regulation of genes during the development and progression of human malignancies. The role miRNAs in BM is being investigated, and has also shown tremendous promise for future research. In this review, we discuss the problem and lethality of brain metastases and the current state of management, and further provide insight into novel avenues that are worth considering including the biological complexities of CSCs and miRNAs for designing novel therapies. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 36–42, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered expression and signal transduction of endothelin‐1 receptors in heritable and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Yu Jun , Taylor Linda , Wilson Jamie , Comhair Suzy , Erzurum Serpil , Polgar Peter
Published: June 2012

Human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) were isolated from elastic pulmonary arteries dissected from lungs of individuals with and without pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Reflecting increased smooth muscle constriction in cells from PAH subject, Ca2+ influx in response to endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) increased in all the PAH PASMC populations relative to the normal donor control cells. The ETA receptor mRNA levels remained unchanged, whereas the ETB receptor mRNA levels decreased in both heritable and idiopathic PAH‐derived PASMC. All the PASMC populations expressed considerably higher ETA compared to ETB receptor number. Both ETA and ETB receptor numbers were reduced in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) mutation PAH. ETB receptors showed a particular reduction in number. Phospho‐antibody array analysis of normal and BMPR2 deletion PASMC illustrated ERK and Akt activation to be the most prominent and to be taking place principally through ETB receptors in normal PASMC, but primarily through ETA receptors in PASMC from BMPR2 PAH subjects. Additionally in the PAH cells the total relative ET‐1 signal response was markedly reduced. Western analysis from the BMPR2 PASMC duplicated the array results, whereas PASMC from iPAH subjects showed variability with most samples continuing to signal through ETB. In sum, these results indicate that generally both receptors are reduced in PAH particularly ETB, and that ETB signaling through protein kinases becomes markedly reduced in BMPR2 PASMC, while it continues in IPAH. Importantly, the data suggest that caution must be taken when applying ET‐1 receptor antagonist therapy to PAH patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 322–329, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treewidth of Cartesian Products of Highly Connected Graphs
Authors: Wood David R.
Published: June 2012

The following theorem is proved: for all k‐connected graphs G and H each with at least n vertices, the treewidth of the cartesian product of G and H is at least . For , this lower bound is asymptotically tight for particular graphs G and H. This theorem generalizes a well‐known result about the treewidth of planar grid graphs.
Rapid PROPELLER‐MRI: A combination of iterative reconstruction and under‐sampling
Authors: Tamhane Ashish A. , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Anastasio Mark , Guo Xiaodong , Vannier Michael , Gao Jia‐Hong
Published: June 2012

Purpose:

To develop a technique that is able to reduce acquisition time and remove uneven blurring in reconstructed image for PROPELLER MRI. By using under‐sampling and iterative reconstruction, this proposed technique will be less sensitive to subject motion.

Materials and Methods:

Numerical simulations, as well as experiments on a phantom and healthy human subjects were performed to demonstrate advantages of a combination of under‐sampled acquisition and iterative reconstruction. Method of motion correction was modified to increase accuracy of motion correction for the under‐sampled PROPELLER acquisition.

Results:

It was demonstrated that the proposed approach achieved substantial acceleration of PROPELLER acquisition while maintaining its motion correction advantage.

Conclusion:

An effective method for reducing imaging time in PROPELLER was introduced in this study, which minimizes typical under‐sampling artifacts without uneven spatial resolution and maintains the ability of motion correction. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1241–1247. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo precision of bootstrap algorithms applied to diffusion tensor imaging data
Authors: Vorburger Robert S. , Reischauer Carolin , Dikaiou Katerina , Boesiger Peter
Published: June 2012

Purpose:

To determine the precision for in vivo applications of model and non–model‐based bootstrap algorithms for estimating the measurement uncertainty of diffusion parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging data.

Materials and Methods:

Four different bootstrap methods were applied to diffusion datasets acquired during 10 repeated imaging sessions. Measurement uncertainty was derived in eight manually selected regions of interest and in the entire brain white matter and gray matter. The precision of the bootstrap methods was analyzed using coefficients of variation and intra‐class correlation coefficients. Comprehensive simulations were performed to validate the results.

Results:

All bootstrap algorithms showed similar precision which slightly varied in dependence of the selected region of interest. The averaged coefficient of variation in the selected regions of interest was 13.81%, 12.35%, and 17.93% with respect to the apparent diffusion coefficient, the fractional anisotropy value, and the cone of uncertainty, respectively. The repeated measurements showed a very high similarity with intraclass‐correlation coefficients larger than 0.96. The simulations confirmed most of the in vivo findings.

Conclusion:

All investigated bootstrap methods perform with a similar, high precision in deriving the measurement uncertainty of diffusion parameters. Thus, the time‐efficient model‐based bootstrap approaches should be the method of choice in clinical practice. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:979–986. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Homotopy analysis method to study a quadrupole mass filter
Authors: Seddighi Chahrborj S. , Sadat Kiai S. M. , Abu Bakar M. R. , Ziaeian I. , Gheisari Y.
Published: June 2012

The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to study the behavior of a hyperbolic rods of quadrupole mass filter and a sinusoidal potential form Vac cos(Ωt). Numerical computation method of a 20th‐order HAM is employed to compare the physical properties of the confined ions with fifth‐order Runge–Kutta method. Also, comparison is made for the first stability region, the ion trajectories in real time, the polar plots, and the ion trajectory in x − y plan. The results show that the two methods are fairly similar; therefore, the HAM method has potential application to solve linear and nonlinear equations of the charge particle confinement in quadrupole field. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GenoMass software: a tool based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for characterization and sequencing of oligonucleotide adducts
Authors: Sharma Vaneet K , Glick James , Liao Qing , Shen Chang , Vouros Paul
Published: June 2012

The analysis of DNA adducts is of importance in understanding DNA damage, and in the last few years mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as the most comprehensive and versatile tool for routine characterization of modified oligonucleotides. The structural analysis of modified oligonucleotides, although routinely analyzed using mass spectrometry, is followed by a large amount of data, and a significant challenge is to locate the exact position of the adduct by computational spectral interpretation, which still is a bottleneck. In this report, we present an additional feature of the in‐house developed GenoMass software, which determines the exact location of an adduct in modified oligonucleotides by connecting tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to a combinatorial isomer library generated in silico for nucleic acids. The performance of this MS/MS approach using GenoMass software was evaluated by MS/MS data interpretation for an unadducted and its corresponding N‐acetylaminofluorene (AAF) adducted 17‐mer (5'OH‐CCT ACC CCT TCC TTG TA‐3′OH) oligonucleotide. Further computational screening of this AAF adducted 17‐mer oligonucleotide (5′OH‐CCT ACC CCT TCC TTG TA‐3′OH) from a complex oligonucleotide mixture was performed using GenoMass. Finally, GenoMass was also used to identify the positional isomers of the AAF adducted 15‐mer oligonucleotide (5′OH‐ATGAACCGGAGGCCC‐3′OH). GenoMass is a simple, fast, data interpretation software that uses an in silico constructed library to relate the MS/MS sequencing approach to identify the exact location of adduct on oligonucleotides. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of aminomethyl corrole isomers by mass spectrometry
Authors: Ramos Catarina I. V. , Graça Santana‐Marques M. , Ferrer‐Correia A. J. , Barata Joana F. B. , Tomé Augusto C. , Neves M. Graça P. M. S. , Cavaleiro J. A. S. , Abreu Paulo E. , Pereira Mariette M. , Pais Alberto A. C. C.
Published: June 2012

Two new isomeric aminomethyl corrole derivatives of [5,10,15‐tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrolato]gallium(III) were synthesized with pyridine (py) molecules as axial ligands. When investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, in the positive and the negative ion modes, these compounds showed an unusual gas‐phase behavior that could be used for their differentiation.

In the positive ion mode, the differentiation was achieved through the formation of diagnostic fragment ions formed from [M‐py + H]+ precursors, by (CH3)2NH and HF losses. An unusual addition of water to the main fragment ions provides an alternative route for isomer identification. Semi‐empirical calculations were performed to elucidate the structures and stabilities of the main ionic species formed in the positive ion mode.

In the negative ion mode isomer discrimination is accomplished via the fragmentation of the methoxide adduct ions [M‐py + CH3O]‐ through (CH3)2 N. and HF losses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Difference in formation of carbon cluster cations by laser ablation of graphene and graphene oxide
Authors: Kong Xianglei , Huang Yi , Chen Yongsheng
Published: June 2012

The distributions of positive carbon cluster ions produced by laser ablation of graphene (G) and graphene oxide (GO) are found to be quite different. Under a typical experimental condition, narrow distributions of even‐numbered clusters from to were observed for G, and broad distributions including even‐numbered clusters from to and odd‐numbered clusters from to were observed for GO. The threshold of laser energy for G is lower than that of GO. Further results of collision‐activated dissociation mass spectrometry indicate that the cluster ions generated from G are structurally similar but are different with those generated from GO or nanodiamonds. It is proposed that the experimentally observed difference can be attributed to the different mechanisms behind the process. A top‐down mechanism including both direct transformation of G to fullerene and fragmentation of large‐sized fullerenes is suggested for the generation of carbon cluster cations in the process of laser ablation of G. For GO, the experimental results are close to those of nanodiamonds and other materials reported previously and can be explained by the generally accepted bottom‐up mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple solvent collection technique for a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of parabens from aqueous samples using low‐density organic solvent
Authors: Çabuk Hasan , Akyüz Mehmet , Ata Şevket
Published: June 2012

A simple technique for the collection of an extraction solvent lighter than water after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection was developed for the determination of four paraben preservatives in aqueous samples. After the extraction procedure, low‐density organic solvent together with some little aqueous phase was separated by using a disposable glass Pasteur pipette. Next, the flow of the aqueous phase was stopped by successive dipping the capillary tip of the pipette into anhydrous Na2SO4. The upper organic layer was then removed simply with a microsyringe and injected into the high‐performance liquid chromatography system. Experimental parameters that affect the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under optimal extraction conditions, the extraction recoveries ranged from 25 to 86%. Good linearity with coefficients with the square of correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9984 to 0.9998 was observed in the concentration range of 0.001–0.5 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations ranged from 4.1 to 9.3% (n = 5) for all compounds. The limits of detection ranged from 0.021 to 0.046 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied for the determination of parabens in tap water and fruit juice samples and good recoveries (61–108%) were achieved for spiked samples.
The Primacy of Entrepreneurs in Exploiting Long‐Distance Exchange
Authors: Kimbrough Erik O. , Wilson Bart J.
Published: June 2012

Using data from a relatively open‐ended laboratory experiment on local and distal trade, we organize our subjects' actions to understand the common processes of what makes the rich economies rich and the poor economies poor. More specifically, we report a narrative economic history for half of our experimental sessions in which we highlight how entrepreneurial temperaments, individual instincts, and cultural awareness of welfare‐improving opportunities generate or fail to generate wealth through specialization and exchange. We find that in the wealthy economies successful entrepreneurs are persistent and vocal in emphasizing the prospect ofmutualbenefits to their fellow virtual villagers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mathematical analysis of a nonisothermal Allen–Cahn type system: error estimates
Authors: Vaz C. L. D. , Boldrini J. L.
Published: June 2012

In this article, under certain conditions, we prove the regularity for the solutions of an Allen–Cahn phase‐field type system obtained as limits of approximate solutions constructed by using a semidiscrete spectral Galerkin method. With the help of this improved regularity, as one compares to previous results, we then derive error estimates for the approximate solutions in terms of the inverse of the eigenvalues of the Laplacian operator. The system under investigation may model the evolution of solidification or melting of certain binary alloys. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The accuracy of subjective clinical assessments of the patellar reflex
Authors: Dafkin Chloe , Green Andrew , Kerr Samantha , Veliotes Demetri , Mckinon Warrick
Published: June 2012

Introduction: Measurement precision and accuracy of spinal reflexes plays an essential role in the clinical neurological examination. Reflexes are conventionally assessed either electromyographically or with rating scales. In this study we compared objective kinematic T‐reflex and subjective assessments of patellar reflexes in 15 normal healthy subjects. Methods: Randomized recordings of objectively quantified reflexes were rated by 24 medical students, 16 general practitioners, and 12 neurologists, using a visual analog scale and the NINDS and Mayo clinical reflex scales. Results: For all groups of raters, Spearman rank correlations showed that subjective ratings significantly correlated with change of knee angle (R2 = 0.72–0.79, P < 0.001) and maximum T‐reflex amplitude (R2 = 0.84–0.94, P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that all subjective rater groups relied most on the change of knee angle to assess the reflex. Conclusions: These findings show that subjective assessments of reflexes using reflex rating scales correlate strongly with biomechanical and electromyographic measures. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Hyperinflammation of chronic granulomatous disease is abolished by NOX2 reconstitution in macrophages and dendritic cells
Authors: Deffert Christine , Carnesecchi Stephanie , Yuan Huiping , Rougemont Anne‐Laure , Kelkka Tiina , Holmdahl Rikard , Krause Karl‐Heinz , Schäppi Michela G
Published: June 2012

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), caused by a lack of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2, leads to massively increased inflammatory responses. In order to identify the type of phagocyte which requires NOX2 activity to limit inflammation, we investigated mice with a loss of function mutation in the Ncf1 gene coding for the p subunit of NOX2 and mice with transgenic rescue of Ncf1 under control of the CD68 promoter. To induce CGD hyperinflammation, different mouse genotypes were injected intradermally with β‐glucan. Ncf1 mutant mice showed massive and prolonged hyperinflammation. Hyperinflammatory lesions were characterized by persistent neutrophilic infiltration, along with ulceration and necrosis. In contrast, in CD68 promoter rescue mice inflammation resolved within days, as seen in wild‐type animals. Measurements of ROS in rescue mice demonstrated functional NOX2 in mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells) but not in neutrophils. This absence of NOX2 function was also confirmed in inflammatory tissue neutrophils. Lack of functional NOX2 in mononuclear phagocytes increased the secretion of IL‐1β at early time points and of IL‐6 and TNFα at later time points. Thus, CGD hyperinflammation is a redox dysregulation in mononuclear phagocytes, demonstrating a cell type‐specific anti‐inflammatory function of NOX2. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of alkoxy tail length on the self‐organization of hairy‐rod polymers based on mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Chen Sheng , Jie Changkai , Xie Helou , Zhang Hailiang
Published: June 2012

A series of hairy‐rod polymers, poly{2,5‐bis[(4‐alkoxyphenyl)oxycarbonyl]styrenes} (P‐OCm, m = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18) were designed and successfully synthesized via free radical polymerization. The chemical structure of the monomers was confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The molecular characterizations of the polymers were performed with 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The phase structures and transitions of the polymers were investigated by the combination of techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy, and rheological measurement. The experimental results revealed that the self‐assembly behaviors of P‐OCm changed with the increase in m. First, the P‐OCm (m = 1, 2) showed only a stable liquid crystalline phase above Tg. Second, with the increasing length of alkoxy tails, the P‐OCm (m = 4, 6, 8) presented a re‐entrant isotropic phase above Tg and a liquid crystalline phase at higher temperature. Third, the P‐OCm (m = 10, 12, 14, 16, 18) exhibited an unusual re‐entrant isotropic phase which was separating SmA (in low temperature) and columnar phases (in high temperature). It was the first time that mesogen‐jacketed liquid crystalline polymers formed smectic phase, re‐entrant isotropic phase, and columnar phases in one polymer due to the microphase separation and the driving force of the entropy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Confidence intervals for the difference of marginal probabilities in clustered matched‐pair binary data
Authors: Yang Zhao , Sun Xuezheng , Hardin James W.
Published: June 2012

Although there are several available test statistics to assess the difference of marginal probabilities in clustered matched‐pair binary data, associated confidence intervals (CIs) are not readily available. Herein, the construction of corresponding CIs is proposed, and the performance of each CI is investigated. The results from Monte Carlo simulation study indicate that the proposed CIs perform well in maintaining the nominal coverage probability: for small to medium numbers of clusters, the intracluster correlation coefficient‐adjusted McNemar statistic and its associated Wald or Score CIs are preferred; however, this statistic becomes conservative when the number of clusters is larger so that alternative statistics and their associated CIs are preferred. In practice, a combination of the intracluster correlation coefficient‐adjusted McNemar statistic with an alternative statistic is recommended. To illustrate the practical application, a real clustered matched‐pair collection of data is used to illustrate testing the difference of marginal probabilities and constructing the associated CIs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐visualization of the cavum septi pellucidi is not synonymous with agenesis of the corpus callosum
Authors: Malinger G. , Lev D. , Oren M. , Lerman‐Sagie T.
Published: June 2012

Objectives

To describe a cohort of fetuses with non‐visualization of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) without callosal agenesis and to assess the significance of this finding with respect to postnatal development.

Methods

We reviewed the files of all patients referred because of suspected fetal supratentorial midline anomalies, and identified those fetuses with a diagnosis of non‐visualization or obliteration of the CSP.

Results

From an initial cohort of 114 patients we identified 23 cases. Mean ( ± SD) gestational age at referral was 24.5 ± 1.3 weeks; referral diagnoses (with more than one in some cases) included: non‐visualization or an echogenic CSP (n = 18), suspected callosal anomaly (n = 5), other findings (n = 5). The fetuses were examined for the first time at the Fetal Neurology Clinic at a mean gestational age of 26.6 ± 3.1 weeks (range, 22–34 weeks; median, 27 weeks). In all of the fetuses the zone where fluid should have been observed was echogenic. In 17 fetuses this was an apparently isolated finding and in six it was associated with other findings, but only one fetus had associated malformations. Follow‐up was available for 16 children at a mean age of 17.4 months (range, 4–36 months; median, 19.5 months). Normal development was reported in 14 children. One child had infantile hypotonia but normal developmental milestones and another had mild motor delay and language delay. These two children did not have associated anomalies at the prenatal scan.

Conclusion

Non‐visualization of the CSP is not always associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. When isolated it may be considered a variation of normal development. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.