bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Widespread Use of Nanomaterials: The Effects on the Function and Diversity of Environmental Microbial Communities
Authors: Sun Chunshui , Hu Ke , Mu Dashuai , Wang Zhijun , Yu Xiuxia
Published: October 2022

In recent years, as an emerging material, nanomaterials have rapidly expanded from laboratories to large-scale industrial productions. Along with people’s productive activities, these nanomaterials can enter the natural environment of soil, water and atmosphere through various ways. At present, a large number of reports have proved that nanomaterials have certain toxic effects on bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, mammalian cell lines and mammals in these environments, but people still know little about the ecotoxicology of nanomaterials. Most relevant studies focus on the responses of model strains to nanomaterials in pure culture conditions, but these results do not fully represent the response of microbial communities to nanomaterials in natural environments. Over the years, the effect of nanomaterials infiltrated into the natural environment on the microbial communities has become a popular topic in the field of nano-ecological environment research. It was found that under different environmental conditions, nanomaterials have various effects on the microbial communities. The medium; the coexisting pollutants in the environment and the structure, particle size and surface modification of nanomaterials may cause changes in the structure and function of microbial communities. This paper systematically summarizes the impacts of different nanomaterials on microbial communities in various environments, which can provide a reference for us to evaluate the impacts of nanomaterials released into the environment on the microecology and has certain guiding significance for strengthening the emission control of nanomaterials pollutants.
Antifungal Activities of Bacillus mojavensis BQ-33 towards the Kiwifruit Black Spot Disease Caused by the Fungal Pathogen Didymella glomerata
Authors: Wang Bingce , Lei Xia , Chen Jia , Li Wenzhi , Long Youhua , Wang Weizhen
Published: October 2022

‘Hongyang’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis, cultivar ‘Hongyang’) black spot disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Didymella glomerata, and is a serious disease, causing considerable losses to the kiwifruit industry during growth of the fruit. Hence, we aimed to identify a potential biocontrol agent against D. glomerata. In this study, bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere soil of kiwifruit were tested for their potential antifungal activity against selected fungal pathogens. Based on a phylogenetic tree constructed using sequences of 16S rDNA and the gyrA gene, BQ-33 with the best antifungal activity was identified as Bacillus mojavensis. We evaluated the antagonistic activity and inhibitory mechanism of BQ-33 against D. glomerata. Confrontation experiments showed that both BQ-33 suspension and the sterile supernatant (SS) produced by BQ-33 possessed excellent broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Furthermore, the SS damaged the cell membrane and cell wall of the mycelia, resulting in the leakage of a large quantity of small ions (Na+, K+), soluble proteins and nucleic acids. Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in SS increased in correlation with incubation time and remained at a high level for several days. An in vivo control efficacy assay indicated that 400 mL L−1 of SS completely inhibited kiwifruit black spot disease caused by D. glomerata. Therefore, BQ-33 is a potential biocontrol agent against kiwifruit black spot and plant diseases caused by other fungal pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a rhizosphere microorganism as a biocontrol agent against kiwifruit black spot disease caused by D. glomerata.
StcU-2 Gene Mutation via CRISPR/Cas9 Leads to Misregulation of Spore-Cyst Formation in Ascosphaera apis
Authors: Aynalem Tessema , Meng Lifeng , Getachew Awraris , Wu Jiangli , Yu Huimin , Tan Jing , Li Nannan , Xu Shufa
Published: October 2022

Ascosphaera apis is the causative agent of honey bee chalkbrood disease, and spores are the only known source of infections. Interference with sporulation is therefore a promising way to manage A. apis. The versicolorin reductase gene (StcU-2) is a ketoreductase protein related to sporulation and melanin biosynthesis. To study the StcU-2 gene in ascospore production of A. apis, CRISPR/Cas9 was used, and eight hygromycin B antibiotic-resistant transformants incorporating enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) were made and analyzed. PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis, and sequence analysis were used for target gene editing analysis and verification. The CRISPR/Cas9 editing successfully knocked out the StcU-2 gene in A. apis. StcU-2 mutants had shown albino and non-functional spore-cyst development and lost effective sporulation. In conclusion, editing of StcU-2 gene has shown direct relation with sporulation and melanin biosynthesis of A. apis; this effective sporulation reduction would reduce the spread and pathogenicity of A. apis to managed honey bee. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing has been efficiently performed in A. apis, a fungal honey bee brood pathogen, which offers a comprehensive set of procedural references that contributes to A. apis gene function studies and consequent control of chalkbrood disease.
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 Variant May Be Much More Infective than Preexisting Variants Based on In Silico Model
Authors: Sugano Aki , Takaoka Yutaka , Kataguchi Haruyuki , Ohta Mika , Kimura Shigemi , Araki Masatake , Morinaga Yoshitomo , Yamamoto Yoshihiro
Published: October 2022

Previously, we developed a mathematical model via molecular simulation analysis to predict the infectivity of six SARS-CoV-2 variants. In this report, we aimed to predict the relative risk of the recent new variants of SARS-CoV-2 based on our previous research. We subjected Omicron BA.4/5 and BA.2.75 variants of SARS-CoV-2 to the analysis to determine the evolutionary distance of the spike protein gene (S gene) of the variants from the Wuhan variant so as to appreciate the changes in the spike protein. We performed molecular docking simulation analyses of the spike proteins with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to understand the docking affinities of these variants. We then compared the evolutionary distances and the docking affinities of these variants with those of the variants that we had analyzed in our previous research. As a result, BA.2.75 has both the highest docking affinity (ratio per Wuhan variant) and the longest evolutionary distance of the S gene from the Wuhan variant. These results suggest that BA.2.75 infection can spread farther than can infections of preexisting variants.
Altered Nasal Microbiome in Atrophic Rhinitis: A Novel Theory of Etiopathogenesis and Therapy
Authors: Sarkar Saurav , Magne Fabien , Venugopal Giriprasad , Purkait Suvendu , Mutha Naresh V. R. , Maiti Rituparna , Sharma Prity , Ramadass Balamurugan
Published: October 2022

Background: Atrophic rhinitis (AtR) is a chronic nasal condition with polygenic and polybacterial etiology. We investigated the clinical outcomes of honey therapy and the associated nasal microbiome in AtR. Methods: For eight weeks, a nonrandomized control trial using a nasal spray of 10% manuka honey and saline on the right and left sides of the nose was conducted on 19 primary AtR patients. A nasal endoscopy was performed and a mucosal biopsy were taken before and after the intervention. Five of the nineteen patients were selected for microbiome and GPR43 expression studies. Results: We used manuka honey to describe an effective prebiotic treatment for atrophic rhinitis. There were nine males and ten females with an average (±SD) age of 33.8 (±10.7) years. Endoscopic scores and clinical symptoms improved in honey-treated nasal cavities (p < 0.003). There was a significant decrease in inflammation, restoration of mucus glands, and increased expression of GPR43 in the nasal cavities with honey therapy. The nasal microbiome composition before and after treatment was documented. Particularly, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers were positively enriched after honey therapy and correlated with improved clinical outcomes like nasal crusting, congestion, and discharge. Conclusion: Our approach to treating AtR patients with manuka honey illustrated effective clinical outcomes such as (1) decreased fetid smell, (2) thickening of the mucosa, (3) decreased inflammation with healed mucosal ulcers, (4) increased concentration of the mucosal glands, (5) altered nasal microbiome, and (6) increased expression of SCFA receptors. These changes are consequent to resetting the nasal microbiome due to honey therapy.
Mechanisms Underlying the Virulence Regulation of Vibrio alginolyticus ND-01 pstS and pstB with a Transcriptomic Analysis
Authors: Yi Xin , Xu Xiaojin , Qi Xin , Chen Yunong , Zhu Zhiqin , Xu Genhuang , Li Huiyao , Kraco Emma-Katharine , Shen Haoyang , Lin Mao , Zheng Jiang , Qin Yingxue , Jiang Xinglong
Published: October 2022

Vibrio alginolyticus is a common opportunistic pathogen of fish, shrimp, and shellfish, and many diseases it causes can result in severe economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Causing host disease was confirmed by several virulence factors of V. alginolyticus. To date, there have been no reports on the effect of the pstS gene on its virulence regulation of V. alginolyticus. The virulence mechanism of target genes regulating V. alginolyticus is worthy of further study. Previous studies found that Fructus schisandrae (30 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of V. alginolyticus ND-01 (OD600 = 0.5) for 4 h, while the expressions of pstS and pstB were significantly affected by F. schisandrae stress. So, we speculated that pstS and pstB might be the virulence genes of V. alginolyticus, which were stably silenced by RNAi to construct the silencing strains pstS-RNAi and pstB-RNAi, respectively. After the expression of pstS or pstB gene was inhibited, the adhesion capacity and biofilm formation of V. alginolyticus were significantly down-regulated. The chemotaxis and biofilm formation ability of pstS-RNAi was reduced by 33.33% and 68.13% compared with the wild-type strain, respectively. Sequence alignment and homology analysis showed that pstS was highly conserved, which suggested that pstS played a vital role in the secretion system of V. alginolyticus. The pstS-RNAi with the highest silencing efficiency was selected for transcriptome sequencing. The Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) and GO terms were mapped to the reference genome of V. alginolyticus, including 1055 up-regulated genes and 1134 down-regulated genes. The functions of the DEGs were analyzed by GO and categorized into different enriched functional groups, such as ribosome synthesis, organelles, biosynthesis, pathogenesis, and secretion. These DEGs were then mapped to the reference KEGG pathways of V. alginolyticus and enriched in commonalities in the metabolic, ribosomal, and bacterial secretion pathways. Therefore, pstS and pstB could regulate the bacterial virulence of V. alginolyticus by affecting its adhesion, biofilm formation ability, and motility. Understanding the relationship between the expressions of pstS and pstB with bacterial virulence could provide new perspectives to prevent bacterial diseases.
Genomic and Biochemical Characterization of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum JCLA3 Isolated from Human Intestine
Authors: González-Vázquez Raquel , Zúñiga-León Eduardo , Torres-Maravilla Edgar , Leyte-Lugo Martha , Mendoza-Pérez Felipe , Hernández-Delgado Natalia C. , Pérez-Pastén-Borja Ricardo , Azaola-Espinosa Alejandro , Mayorga-Reyes Lino
Published: October 2022

Bifidobacteria have been investigated due to their mutualistic microbe–host interaction with humans throughout their life. This work aims to make a biochemical and genomic characterization of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum JCLA3. By multilocus analysis, the species of B. pseudocatenulatum JCLA3 was established as pseudocatenulatum. It contains one circular genome of 2,369,863 bp with G + C content of 56.6%, no plasmids, 1937 CDSs, 54 tRNAs, 16 rRNAs, 1 tmRNA, 1 CRISPR region, and 401 operons predicted, including a CRISPR-Cas operon; it encodes an extensive number of enzymes, which allows it to utilize different carbohydrates. The ack gene was found as part of an operon formed by xfp and pta genes. Two genes of ldh were found at different positions. Chromosomally encoded resistance to ampicillin and cephalothin, non-hemolytic activity, and moderate inhibition of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 were demonstrated by B. pseudocatenulatum JCLA3; it can survive 100% in simulated saliva, can tolerate primary and secondary glyco- or tauro-conjugated bile salts but not in a mix of bile; the strain did not survive at pH 1.5–5. The cbh gene coding to choloylglycine hydrolase was identified in its genome, which could be related to the ability to deconjugate secondary bile salts. Intact cells showed twice as much antioxidant activity than debris. B. pseudocatenulatum JCLA3 showed 49% of adhesion to Caco-2 cells. The genome and biochemical analysis help to elucidate further possible biotechnological applications of B. pseudocatenulatum JCLA3.
New Technique for Enhancing Residual Oil Recovery from Low-Permeability Reservoirs: The Cooperation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria and SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Cui Kai , Li Hailan , Chen Ping , Li Yong , Jiang Wenxue , Guo Kun
Published: October 2022

Residual crude oil production from low-permeability reservoirs has become a huge challenge because conventional recovery techniques are inefficient. Nanofluids as a new type of oil-displacement agent have become a hot topic in recent years to enhance oil recovery (EOR) in reservoirs. However, the imperfection of agglomeration, dissolution, and instability of nanofluids in reservoir environments limit their ability to drive oil. Here, a novel “microbial-nanofluid” composed of petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria (PHDB, namely Bacillus cereus) and SiO2 nanoparticles was proposed as a potential new technology for enhancing residual oil recovery. The micromodel displacement test results showed that the optimum composite concentration of “microbial-nanofluids” were PHDB (7.0%, v/v) and SiO2 nanoparticles (100 mg/L), and the residual oil recovery was increased by 30.1% compared with waterflooding (68.8%). Moreover, the morphological characteristics of residual oil mobilization after “microbial-nanofluid” flooding were mainly small and dispersed oil droplets in the excessive areas, and the dead-end areas were almost clean with mobilization. Furthermore, the cooperation mechanism of four kinds of “microbial-nanofluids” to enhance the residual oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs was preliminarily clarified, namely the co-emulsification of oil, working together to unclog oil clog, microbial-nanofluid self-assembly, and structural disjoining pressure. This study demonstrated that PHDB-SiO2 nanoparticle composite flooding technology provided a significant potential for the EOR from low-permeability reservoirs.
Cell-Free Supernatants (CFSs) from the Culture of Bacillus subtilis Inhibit Pseudomonas sp. Biofilm Formation
Authors: Islam Shirmin , Mahmud Md. Liton , Almalki Waleed H. , Biswas Suvro , Islam Md. Ariful , Mortuza Md. Golam , Hossain Mohammad Akbar , Ekram Md. Akhtar-E , Uddin Md. Salah , Zaman Shahriar , Saleh Md. Abu
Published: October 2022

Biofilm inhibition has been identified as a novel drug target for the development of broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Although several plant-based compounds have been reported to have anti-biofilm properties, research on the anti-biofilm properties of bacterial bioactive compounds has been sparse. In this study, the efficacy of compounds from a cell-free supernatant of Bacillus subtilis against a biofilm formation of Pseudomonas sp. was studied through in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Here, in well diffusion method, Bacillus subtilis demonstrated antibacterial activity, and more than 50% biofilm inhibition activity against Pseudomonas sp. was exhibited through in vitro studies. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation gave insights into the possible mode of action of the bacterial volatile compounds identified through GC-MS to inhibit the biofilm-formation protein (PDB ID: 7M1M) of Pseudomonas sp. The binding energy revealed from docking studies ranged from −2.3 to −7.0 kcal mol−1. Moreover, 1-(9H-Fluoren-2-yl)-2-(1-phenyl-1H-ttetrazole5-ylsulfanyl)-ethanone was found to be the best-docked compound through ADMET and pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, MD simulations further supported the in vitro studies and formed a stable complex with the tested protein. Thus, this study gives an insight into the development of new antibiotics to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria.
Recovery of Rare Earth Element from Acid Mine Drainage Using Organo-Phosphorus Extractants and Ionic Liquids
Authors: Larochelle Tommee , Noble Aaron , Strickland Kris , Ahn Allie , Ziemkiewicz Paul , Constant James , Hoffman David , Glascock Caitlin
Published: October 2022

Acid mine drainage is a legacy environmental issue and one of the largest pollutants in many mining districts throughout the world. In prior work, the authors have developed a process for the recovery of critical materials, including the rare earth elements, from acid mine drainage using a preconcentration step followed by solvent extraction as a concentration and purification technology. As part of the downstream technology development efforts, we have synthesized a suite of ionic liquid extractants that facilitate greater separation factors leading to lower capital costs and reduced environmental impacts. This article provides a comparison of the conventional extractants D2EHPA, EHEHPA and C572 with their respective ionic liquids [c101][D2EHP,c101][EHEHP] and [c101][C572] for the recovery of rare earth elements from acid mine drainage. In the study, laboratory-scale, multi-contact solvent extraction tests were conducted at high and low extractant/dosages. The results show that the ionic liquids varied in performance, with [c101][D2EHP] and [c101][EHEHP] performing poorer than their conventional counterparts and [c101][c572] performing better. Recommendations for further study on [c101][c572] include stripping tests, continuous pilot testing, and techno-economic analysis.
The Moglio-Testico Unit (Ligurian Alps, Italy) as Subducted Metamorphic Oceanic Fragment: Stratigraphic, Structural and Metamorphic Constraints
Authors: Sanità Edoardo , Di Rosa Maria , Lardeaux Jean-Marc , Marroni Michele , Pandolfi Luca
Published: October 2022

Along the Western Alps, the oceanic units showing blueschists to eclogite facies metamorphic imprint are classically regarded as fragments of the Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean. These units recorded a strongly deformation related to their subduction, accretion and subsequent exhumation into the Alpine wedge, developed during the convergence between the Europa and Adria Plates. However, some of these units, for example the Moglio-Testico Unit, are less pervasively deformed, providing evidence of their sedimentary evolution as well as the tectono-metamorphic history. Therefore, we present original stratigraphic, structural and thermo-barometric data to characterize the tectono-metamorphic history and the sedimentary evolution of the Moglio-Testico Unit, performing different techniques including fieldwork, structural analysis and chlorite-phengite multiequilibrium thermobarometry. Our dataset indicates that the Moglio-Testico Unit can be considered as a fragment of oceanic cover whose sedimentary evolution reflects that of a portion of oceanic lithosphere approaching to the subduction zone. Structural analysis combined with the thermobarometry indicate that this unit recorded a polyphase deformation history developed under High Pressure-Low Temperature metamorphic conditions (D1: 1.2–1.0 GPa and Tpeak: 330–260 °C; D2: 0.4–0.7 GPa and 230–170 °C) during its underthrusting, accretion into the Alpine wedge and subsequent exhumation up to the shallower crustal levels.
Evaluation of L-arginine as an Eco-Friendly Activator for Malachite Sulfidization Flotation
Authors: Hu Bo , Liu Mengfei , Chen Daixiong , Zhang Chenyang , Zhu Jianyu , Li Maolin
Published: October 2022

Sulfidization xanthate flotation remains the most promising method for the beneficiation of malachite. In this study, L-arginine (LA) was first used to modify the malachite surface and improve the efficiency of sulfidization flotation. The performance of LA was evaluated by the flotation experiments. The mechanism of interaction between LA and the malachite surface was investigated by adsorption experiments, zeta potential measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Flotation experiments showed that LA had a significantly promoting effect on malachite sulfidization flotation. Adsorption experiments and SEM-EDS results indicated that LA improved the adsorption of S (II) species into the malachite surface and promoted the formation of sulfides. This finding was further confirmed by the XPS analysis. The XPS measurements results determined that S (II) species reacted with Cu (II) on the malachite surface and form polysulfides, adding LA promoted the reaction. The zeta potential measurements showed that LA increased the positive electrical properties of the mineral surface, which was conducive to S (II) species adsorption and the sulfidization reaction. This work sheds new light on the development of sulfidization activation.
Practical Protocols for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis 4.0
Authors: de la Torre Beatriz G. , Albericio Fernando
Published: October 2022

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there are two kinds of drugs, namely New Chemical Entities (NCEs) and Biologics [...]
Nanowires-Assembled TiO2 Nanorods Anchored on Multilayer Graphene for High-Performance Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Junming , Chen Dongfang , Wu Jianfeng , Wu Jun , Zhou Jijun , Zhou Tao , Wang Xinchang , Cheng Jipeng
Published: October 2022

Multilayer graphene (MLG) prepared via ultrasonic exfoliation has many advantages such as its low-cost and defect-free nature, high electronic conductivity, and large specific surface area, which make it an apt conductive substrate for TiO2 composites. To synthesize graphene/TiO2 hybrids, traditional methods that greatly depend on the chemical bond of oxygen-containing functional groups on graphene with titanium cations are not applicable due to the absence of these functional groups on MLG. In this work, a facile chemical method is developed to directly deposit TiO2 on the MLG surface without the introduction of chemically active groups. With this method, four types of TiO2 materials, that is pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, a mixture of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and rutile TiO2 nanoflowers, pure rutile TiO2 nanoflowers, and pure rutile TiO2 nanorods, are homogeneously anchored on the MLG surface by controlling the amount of HCl in the reactant. Interestingly, the rutile TiO2 nanorods in the TiO2/MLG composite are assembled by many TiO2 nanowires with an ultra-small diameter and ultra-long length, which provides a better synergetic effect for high performances as LIB anodes than other composites. A specific capacity of 631.4 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1 is delivered, indicating it to be a valuable LIB anode material with low cost and high electrochemical performances.
Physico-Chemical Transformation and Toxicity of Multi-Shell InP Quantum Dots under Simulated Sunlight Irradiation, in an Environmentally Realistic Scenario
Authors: Dussert Fanny , Sarret Géraldine , Wegner Karl David , Proux Olivier , Landrot Gautier , Jouneau Pierre-Henry , Reiss Peter , Carrière Marie
Published: October 2022

Quantum dots (QDs) are widely used in optoelectronics, lighting, and photovoltaics leading to their potential release into the environment. The most promising alternative to the highly toxic cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs are indium phosphide (InP) QDs, which show reduced toxicity and comparable optical and electronic properties. QD degradation leads to the release of toxic metal ions into the environment. Coating the QD core with robust shell(s) composed of another semi-conductor material enhances their properties and protects the QD from degradation. We recently developed double-shelled InP QDs, which proved to be less toxic than single-shell QDs. In the present study, we confirm their reduced cytotoxicity, with an LC50 at 77 nM for pristine gradient shell QDs and >100 nM for pristine thin and thick shell QDs. We also confirm that these three QDs, when exposed to simulated sunlight, show greater cytotoxicity compared to pristine ones, with LC50 ranging from 15 to 23 nM. Using a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, we characterize the degradation kinetics and transformation products of single- and double-shell QDs, when exposed to solar light at high temperature, simulating environmental conditions. Non-toxic pristine QDs degrade to form toxic In–phosphate, In–carboxylate, Zn–phosphate, and oxidized Se, all of which precipitate as heterogeneous deposits. Comparison of their degradation kinetics highlights that the QDs bearing the thickest ZnS outer shell are, as expected, the most resistant to photodegradation among the three tested QDs, as gradient shell, thin shell, and thick shell QDs lose their optical properties in less than 15 min, 60 min, and more than 90 min, respectively. They exhibit the highest photoluminescence efficiency, i.e., the best functionality, with a photoluminescence quantum yield in aqueous solution of 24%, as compared to 18% for the gradient shell and thin shell QDs. Therefore, they can be considered as safer-by-design QDs.
The Nature of Ferromagnetism in a System of Self-Ordered α-FeSi2 Nanorods on a Si(111)-4° Vicinal Surface: Experiment and Theory
Authors: Galkin Nikolay G. , Goroshko Dmitrii L. , Tkachenko Ivan A. , Samardak Aleksey Yu. , Galkin Konstantin N. , Subbotin Evgenii Yu. , Dotsenko Sergei A. , Migas Dmitry B. , Gutakovskii Anton K.
Published: October 2022

In this study, the appearance of magnetic moments and ferromagnetism in nanostructures of non-magnetic materials based on silicon and transition metals (such as iron) was considered experimentally and theoretically. An analysis of the related literature shows that for a monolayer iron coating on a vicinal silicon surface with (111) orientation after solid-phase annealing at 450–550 °C, self-ordered two-dimensional islands of α-FeSi2 displaying superparamagnetic properties are formed. We studied the transition to ferromagnetic properties in a system of α-FeSi2 nanorods (NRs) in the temperature range of 2–300 K with an increase in the iron coverage to 5.22 monolayers. The structure of the NRs was verified along with distortions in their lattice parameters due to heteroepitaxial growth. The formation of single-domain grains in α-FeSi2 NRs with a cross-section of 6.6 × 30 nm2 was confirmed by low-temperature and field studies and FORC (first-order magnetization reversal curves) diagrams. A mechanism for maintaining ferromagnetic properties is proposed. Ab initio calculations in freestanding α-FeSi2 nanowires revealed the formation of magnetic moments for some surface Fe atoms only at specific facets. The difference in the averaged magnetic moments between theory and experiments can confirm the presence of possible contributions from defects on the surface of the NRs and in the bulk of the α-FeSi2 NR crystal lattice. The formed α-FeSi2 NRs with ferromagnetic properties up to 300 K are crucial for spintronic device development within planar silicon technology.
High-Performance Ternary NiCoMo Electrocatalyst with Three-Dimensional Nanosheets Array Structure
Authors: Zhou Zhihao , Lu Zhi , Li Shilin , Li Yiting , Tan Gongliang , Hao Yang , Wang Yu , Huang Yuzhao , Zhang Xuefeng , Li Shuaifang , Chen Chong , Wang Guangxin
Published: October 2022

Oxygen evolution reaction is a key process in hydrogen production from water splitting. The development of non-noble metal electrode materials with high efficiency and low cost has become the key factor for large-scale hydrogen production. Binary NiCo-layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been used as a non-noble metal electrocatalyst for OER, but its overpotential is still large. The microstructure of the catalyst is tuned by doping Mo ions into the NiCo-LDH/NF nanowires to form ternary NiCoMo-LDH/NF nanosheet catalysts for the purpose of enhancing the active sites and reducing the initial overpotential. Only 1.5 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), ≈270 mV overpotential) is required to achieve a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 81.46 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH solution, which manifests the best performance of NiCo-based catalysts reported up to now. Electrochemical analysis and micro-morphology show that the high catalytic activity of NiCoMo-LDH/NF is attributable to the change of the microstructure. The interconnected nanosheet arrays have the obvious advantages of electrolyte diffusion and ion migration. Thus, the active sites of catalysts are significantly increased, which facilitates the adsorption and desorption of intermediates. We conclude that NiCoMo-LDH/NF is a promising electrode material for its low cost and excellent electrocatalytic properties.
Interfacial Strengthening and Self-Monitoring in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites via Carbon Nanotube-Based Damage Sensors
Authors: Hu Wenlong , Sun Zijie , Yang Lulu , Hu Chaojie , Zhang Shuzheng , Wang Fangxin , Yang Bin , Cang Yu
Published: October 2022

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers are important constituents of aerospace materials. However, due to the inert surface of CFs, their interfacial property is relatively weak, which severely hinders their practical applications. Here, we deposited multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) along with a coupling agent on the surface of carbon fiber to improve the interfacial properties of the carbon fiber/resin. Via a simple dip-coating method, the MWCNTs were uniformly distributed on the CF surface with the assistance of the pre-coated coupling agent. The interfacial shear strength between the fiber and the matrix was significant enhanceed when the CF was loaded with the coupling agent and the MWCNTs. In addition, the MWCNTs were used as sensors to in-situ monitor the interfacial state in order to elucidate the interfacial strengthening mechanism. It revealed that the collaborative contribution of the coupling agent and the MWCNTs in the interphase region is the key to the high interfacial strength.
Optical Force of Bessel Pincer Light-Sheets Beam on a Dielectric Sphere of Arbitrary Size
Authors: Zhang Shu , Wei Bing , Wei Qun , Li Renxian , Chen Shiguo , Song Ningning
Published: October 2022

In the framework of Generalized Lorenz–Mie theory (GLMT), based on the expansion results of electromagnetic field radiation components of Bessel pincer light sheets beam acting on dielectric particles of arbitrary size, the expression of radiation force components in a Cartesian coordinate system is obtained by using the Maxwell stress tensor method. On the one hand, the effects of the refractive index and the equivalent radius of spherical particles on the distribution of radiation force are discussed; On the other hand, the influence of beam scaling parameter and beam order of Bessel pincer light sheets beam on the distribution of radiation force are investigated. The results indicate that the changes of particle’s refractive index and effective radius only affect the distribution of radiation force. However, the beam scaling parameter and beam order of Bessel pincer light sheets beam have a very sharp impact on the convergence position, distribution range and bending degree far away from the wave source of the radiation force. Single-beam optical tweezers using the self-focusing and self-bending Bessel pincer light-sheets beam are crucial for applications such as single molecule biophysics, optical manipulation and particle separation/clearing.
Efficient Diode Performance with Improved Effective Carrier Lifetime and Absorption Using Bismuth Nanoparticles Passivated Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Naffeti Mariem , Zaïbi Mohamed Ali , García-Arias Alejandro Vidal , Chtourou Radhouane , Postigo Pablo Aitor
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we report a novel design of bismuth nanoparticle-passivated silicon nanowire (Bi@SiNW) heterojunction composites for high diode performances and improved effective carrier lifetime and absorption properties. High-density vertically aligned SiNWs were fabricated using a simple and cost-effective silver-assisted chemical etching method. Bi nanoparticles (BiNPs) were then anchored in these nanowires by a straightforward thermal evaporation technique. The systematic study of the morphology, elemental composition, structure, and crystallinity provided evidence for the synergistic effect between SiNWs and BiNPs. Bi@SiNWs exhibited an eight-fold enhancement of the first-order Raman scattering compared to bare silicon. Current–voltage characteristics highlighted that bismuth treatment dramatically improved the rectifying behavior and diode parameters for Bi-passivated devices over Bi-free devices. Significantly, Bi wire-filling effectively increased the minority carrier lifetime and consequently reduced the surface recombination velocity, further indicating the benign role of Bi as a surface passivation coating. Furthermore, the near-perfect absorption property of up to 97% was achieved. The findings showed that a judicious amount of Bi coating is required. In this study the reasons behind the superior improvement in Bi@SiNW’s overall properties were elucidated thoroughly. Thus, Bi@SiNW heterojunction nanocomposites could be introduced as a promising and versatile candidate for nanoelectronics, photovoltaics and optoelectronics.
Reliability Analysis of AlGaN-Based Deep UV-LEDs
Authors: Maraj Mudassar , Min Li , Sun Wenhong
Published: October 2022

The current pandemic crisis caused by SARS-CoV-2 has also pushed researchers to work on LEDs, especially in the range of 220–240 nm, for the purpose of disinfecting the environment, but the efficiency of such deep UV-LEDs is highly demanding for mass adoption. Over the last two decades, several research groups have worked out that the optical power of GaN-based LEDs significantly decreases during operation, and with the passage of time, many mechanisms responsible for the degradation of such devices start playing their roles. Only a few attempts, to explore the reliability of these LEDs, have been presented so far which provide very little information on the output power degradation of these LEDs with the passage of time. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the degradation factors of AlGaN-based near UV-LEDs emitting in the range of 200–350 nm by means of combined optical and electrical characterization so that work groups may have an idea of the issues raised to date and to achieve a wavelength range needed for disinfecting the environment from SARS-CoV-2. The performance of devices submitted to different stress conditions has been reviewed for the reliability of AlGaN-based UV-LEDs based on the work of different research groups so far, according to our knowledge. In particular, we review: (1) fabrication strategies to improve the efficiency of UV-LEDs; (2) the intensity of variation under constant current stress for different durations; (3) creation of the defects that cause the degradation of LED performance; (4) effect of degradation on C-V characteristics of such LEDs; (5) I-V behavior variation under stress; (6) different structural schemes to enhance the reliability of LEDs; (7) reliability of LEDs ranging from 220–240 nm; and (8) degradation measurement strategies. Finally, concluding remarks for future research to enhance the reliability of near UV-LEDs is presented. This draft presents a comprehensive review for industry and academic research on the physical properties of an AlGaN near UV-LEDs that are affected by aging to help LED manufacturers and end users to construct and utilize such LEDs effectively and provide the community a better life standard.
Special Issue “Micro/Nano Emulsions: Smart Colloids for Multiple Applications”
Authors: Angelico Ruggero
Published: October 2022

Microemulsions are known as thermodynamically stable nanodispersions driven by spontaneous emulsification and are commonly prepared as transparent mixtures composed of oil, water, a surfactant, and a cosurfactant [...]
ZIF-67-Metal–Organic-Framework-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Devices
Authors: Barsiwal Sachin , Babu Anjaly , Khanapuram Uday Kumar , Potu Supraja , Madathil Navneeth , Rajaboina Rakesh Kumar , Mishra Siju , Divi Haranath , Kodali Prakash , Nagapuri Raju , Chinthakuntla Thirmal
Published: October 2022

Energy harvesting from the ambient environment can be a beneficial and promising source for powering micro- and nanodevices. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technology has been proved to be a simple and cost-effective method to harness ambient mechanical energy. The performance of the TENG device mainly depends on the careful selection of the material pair. So far, metals and polymer materials have dominated TENG technology. Recently, there have been few reports on metal–organic framework (MoF)-based TENGs. MoFs are very interesting and offer excellent chemical and thermal stability, besides their unique properties, such as tunable pore size and high surface area. Herein, we report a zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-67)-based TENG device for self-powered device applications. We used ZIF-67 as one tribolayer, and PET and PMMA as opposite tribolayers. The output performance of the TENG device fabricated with the PMMA/ZIF-67 pair showed values of 300 V, 47.5 µA, and 593 mW/m2 of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and power density, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest reported values so far for ZIF-67-based TENG devices. The fabricated TENG device lit up 250 LEDs and was employed to explore different self-powered device applications.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging as a Prognostic Tool for Recovery in Acute and Hyperacute Stroke
Authors: Christidi Foteini , Tsiptsios Dimitrios , Fotiadou Aggeliki , Kitmeridou Sofia , Karatzetzou Stella , Tsamakis Konstantinos , Sousanidou Anastasia , Psatha Evlampia A. , Karavasilis Efstratios , Seimenis Ioannis , Kokkotis Christos , Aggelousis Nikolaos , Vadikolias Konstantinos
Published: October 2022

Stroke represents a major cause of mortality and long-term disability among adult populations, leaving a devastating socioeconomic impact globally. Clinical manifestation of stroke is characterized by great diversity, ranging from minor disability to considerable neurological impairment interfering with activities of daily living and even death. Prognostic ambiguity has stimulated the interest for implementing stroke recovery biomarkers, including those provided by structural neuroimaging techniques, i.e., diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography for the study of white matter (WM) integrity. Considering the necessity of prompt and accurate prognosis in stroke survivors along with the potential capacity of DTI as a relevant imaging biomarker, the purpose of our study was to review the pertinent literature published within the last decade regarding DTI as a prognostic tool for recovery in acute and hyperacute stroke. We conducted a thorough literature search in two databases (MEDLINE and Science Direct) in order to trace all relevant studies published between 1 January 2012 and 16 March 2022 using predefined terms as key words. Only full-text human studies published in the English language were included. Forty-four studies were identified and are included in this review. We present main findings and by describing several methodological issues, we highlight shortcomings and gaps in the current literature so that research priorities for future research can be outlined. Our review suggests that DTI can track longitudinal changes and identify prognostic correlates in acute and hyperacute stroke patients.
The Effect of Doxapram on Proprioceptive Neurons: Invertebrate Model
Authors: Ison Bethany J. , Abul-Khoudoud Maya O. , Ahmed Sufia , Alhamdani Abraham W. , Ashley Clair , Bidros Patrick C. , Bledsoe Constance O. , Bolton Kayli E. , Capili Jerone G. , Henning Jamie N. , Moon Madison , Phe Panhavuth , Stonecipher Samuel B. , Tanner Hannah N. , Turner Logan T. , Taylor Isabelle N. , Wagers Mikaela L. , West Aaron K. , Cooper Robin L.
Published: October 2022

The resting membrane potential enables neurons to rapidly initiate and conduct electrical signals. K2p channels are key in maintaining this membrane potential and electrical excitability. They direct the resting membrane potential toward the K+ equilibrium potential. Doxapram is a known blocker for a subset of K2p channels that are pH sensitive. We assessed the effects of 0.1 and 5 mM doxapram on the neural activity within the propodite-dactylopodite (PD) proprioceptive sensory organ in the walking legs of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus). Results indicate that 0.1 mM doxapram enhances excitation, while the higher concentration 5 mM may over-excite the neurons and promote a sustained absolute refractory period until the compound is removed. The effect of 5 mM doxapram mimics the effect of 40 mM K+ exposure. Verapamil, another known K2p channel blocker as well as an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, reduces neural activity at both 0.1 and 5 mM. Verapamil may block stretch activated channels in sensory endings, in addition to reducing the amplitude of the compound action potential with whole nerve preparations. These findings are notable as they demonstrate that doxapram has acute effects on neurons of crustaceans, suggesting a targeted K2p channel. The actions of verapamil are complex due to the potential of affecting multiple ion channels in this preparation. Crustacean neurons can aid in understanding the mechanisms of action of various pharmacological agents as more information is gained.
Development of a Caffeine Content Table for Foods, Drinks, Medications and Supplements Typically Consumed by the Brazilian Population
Authors: Rocha Pedro Lucas de Amorim , Lima Anna Luisa Caldeira , Saunders Bryan , Reis Caio Eduardo Gonçalves
Published: October 2022

Background: The lack of a national table informing the caffeine contents in foods, drinks, dietary supplements, and medications sold in Brazil added to the noncompulsory disclosure of caffeine contents on labels of food products makes it difficult to estimate caffeine consumption in the Brazilian population. Therefore, this study aimed to develop the Brazilian Caffeine Content Table (BraCaffT). Methods: A systematic search for caffeine levels in foods, drinks, recipes, supplements, and medications was performed through a literature review, afterward collecting data from the United States Department of Agriculture Food Data Central, information from manufacturers’ and websites, and the Brazilian official medication guide. Subsequently, data systematization was performed in a spreadsheet with standardized values presented in mg of caffeine per 100 g or 100 mL of food or drink and a capsule or pill for medications and some dietary supplements. Results: The BraCaffT presents 57 items, divided into 11 categories: coffees, teas and infusions, cocoa powder, chocolates, cocoa-based beverages, desserts, soft drinks, energy drinks, guaraná powder, dietary supplements, and medications. Conclusions: The BraCaffT emerges as an instrument of great relevance and wide applicability in clinical contexts, in academic research, and as a database for the Brazilian population to better understand the amounts of caffeine in foods, drinks, dietary supplements, and medications consumed daily favoring a safe intake.
The Age-Accompanied and Diet-Associated Remodeling of the Phospholipid, Amino Acid, and SCFA Metabolism of Healthy Centenarians from a Chinese Longevous Region: A Window into Exceptional Longevity
Authors: Cai Da , Zhao Zimo , Zhao Lingjun , Dong Yanjie , Wang Lei , Zhao Shancang , Li Quanyang
Published: October 2022

As centenarians provide a paradigm of healthy aging, investigating the comprehensive metabolic profiles of healthy centenarians is of utmost importance for the pursuit of health and longevity. However, relevant reports, especially studies considering the dietary influence on metabolism, are still limited, mostly lacking the guidance of a model of healthy aging. Therefore, exploring the signatures of the integrative metabolic profiles of the healthy centenarians from a famous longevous region, Bama County, China, should be an effective way. The global metabolome in urine and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of 30 healthy centenarians and 31 elderly people aged 60–70 from the longevous region were analyzed by non-targeted metabolomics combined with metabolic target analysis. The results showed that the characteristic metabolites related to longevity were mostly summarized into phosphatidylserine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, bile acids, and amino acids (p < 0.05). Six metabolic pathways were found significant relevant to longevity. Furthermore, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and total SCFA were significantly increased in the centenarian group (p < 0.05) and were also positively associated with the dietary fiber intake (p < 0.01). It was age-accompanied and diet-associated remodeling of phospholipid, amino acid, and SCFA metabolism that expressed the unique metabolic signatures related to exceptional longevity. This metabolic remodeling is suggestive of cognitive benefits, better antioxidant capacity, the attenuation of local inflammation, and health-span-promoting processes, which play a critical and positive role in shaping healthy aging.
Toxicity Investigations of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate Glycerides In Vitro and in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Dolan Laurie C. , Karikachery Alice Raphael , Thipe Velaphi C. , Arceneaux Benjamin G. , Katti Kavita K. , Katti Kattesh V. , Chesne Alton M.
Published: October 2022

TCN006, a formulation of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate glycerides, is a promising ingredient for enhancing ketone intake of humans. Ketones have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. To be used by humans, TCN006 must be determined safe in appropriately designed safety studies. The results of a bacterial reverse mutation assay, an in vitro mammalian micronucleus study, and 14-and 90-day repeat dose toxicity studies in rats are reported herein. In the 14- and 90-day studies, male and female Wistar rats had free access to drinking water containing 0, 75,000, 125,000 or 200,000 ppm TCN006 for 92 and 93 days, respectively. TCN006 tested negative for genotoxicity and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for toxicity in the 14- and 90-day studies was 200,000 ppm, the highest dose administered. In the longer term study, the mean overall daily intake of TCN006 in the 200,000 ppm groups was 14,027.9 mg/kg bw/day for males and 20,507.0 mg/kg bw/day for females. At this concentration, palatability of water was likely affected, which led to a decrease in water consumption in both males and females compared to respective controls. This had no effect on the health of the animals. Although the rats were administered very high levels of (R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate glycerides, there were no signs of ketoacidosis.