bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of DSSC performance based on nanosphere, nanorod, and nanoparticle anode morphologies
Authors: Ako Rajour Tanyi , Ekanayake Piyasiri , Lim Chee Ming
Published: October 2016

The precise nature of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) anodes plays a vital role in inter-particle contact, dye absorption, electrolyte diffusion, and distribution of sub conduction band states. This study compares the charge transfer dynamics at the oxide-dye-electrolyte interface in DSSC anodes composed of either nanoparticles (NPs), nanospheres (NSs), or nanorods (NRs). The crystallinity, morphology, visible light and dye absorption on the films were studied by XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy while the optoelectronic properties in the DSSC were evaluated by current–voltage, Incident photon to current conversion efficiency, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Visible light absorption was highest in NR films while NS films showed the highest light scattering. However, the DSSC with NP films showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) that was attributed to increased dye adsorption amount. The DSSC with NS films had the least PCE but showed the highest Voc of 0.86 V. This high Voc was attributed to the high Fermi level, reduced charge recombination between the electrolyte and primary nanoparticles, and increased electrolyte diffusion within the nanospheres, as deducted from EIS measurements. The study suggests that the interparticle interaction and shape significantly influence the optoelectronic properties of DSSC anodes. The performance in this case was limited by dye absorption.
The effect of ultraviolet light on structural properties of exfoliated and CVD graphene
Authors: Emelianov A. V. , Kireev D. , Levin D. D. , Bobrinetskiy I. I.
Published: October 2016

We investigate the effect of UV processing of graphene with different structural properties prepared by mechanical exfoliation and CVD growth. Depending on UV exposure time, we observe different effects like oxidation, doping, and etching. For bi-layered and few-layered graphene flakes, we do not observe significant etching even after 3 h exposure which indicates the high resistance of graphene to reactive oxygen species intercalation between graphene layers. Single-layer CVD-grown graphene is fully etched after 2 h of UV treatment. The crystalline size of exfoliated single layer graphene after UV exposure drops from 45 to 5 nm while for CVD graphene from just 10 to 2 nm. We investigate the effect of UV irradiation on field effect transistors, demonstrating sequential cleaning from polymer residuals, oxidation (doping), and final etching of graphene. After 30 minutes of UV irradiation, we observe the hole mobility of a CVD single layer graphene transistor increasing up to 400 cm2/V·s.
Indication of worn WC/C surface locations of a dry-running twin-screw rotor by the oxygen incorporation in tungsten-related Raman modes
Authors: Debus J. , Schindler J. J. , Waldkirch P. , Goeke S. , Brümmer A. , Biermann D. , Bayer M.
Published: October 2016

By comparing the worn and untouched locations of a tungsten-carbide/carbon surface of a dry-running twin-screw rotor, we demonstrate that tungsten-oxide Raman modes become observable only at worn locations and the integral intensity of the Raman line at 680 cm−1, which is related to the incipient oxidation of the tungsten-carbide stretching mode, is enhanced. Its frequency and width moreover change significantly, thus indicating the mechanical distortion of the bonding that has been occurred during the wearing process. The shape of the tungsten-oxide Raman lines, resembling the Voigt function, hints at a surface morphology that is a characteristic for an amorphous solid environment. Our Raman scattering results may be exploited to characterize the degree of wear of coated surfaces and to identify signatures of a tribological layer.
First steps towards the realization of a double layer perceptron based on organic memristive devices
Authors: Emelyanov A. V. , Lapkin D. A. , Demin V. A. , Erokhin V. V. , Battistoni S. , Baldi G. , Dimonte A. , Korovin A. N. , Iannotta S. , Kashkarov P. K. , Kovalchuk M. V.
Published: October 2016

Memristors are widely considered as promising elements for the efficient implementation of synaptic weights in artificial neural networks (ANNs) since they are resistors that keep memory of their previous conductive state. Whereas demonstrations of simple neural networks (e.g., a single-layer perceptron) based on memristors already exist, the implementation of more complicated networks is more challenging and has yet to be reported. In this study, we demonstrate linearly nonseparable combinational logic classification (XOR logic task) using a network implemented with CMOS-based neurons and organic memrisitive devices that constitutes the first step toward the realization of a double layer perceptron. We also show numerically the ability of such network to solve a principally analogue task which cannot be realized by digital devices. The obtained results prove the possibility to create a multilayer ANN based on memristive devices that paves the way for designing a more complex network such as the double layer perceptron.
Low-dielectric layer increases nanosecond electric discharges in distilled water
Authors: Hamdan Ahmad , Cha Min Suk
Published: October 2016

Electric discharge in liquids is an emerging field of research, and is involved into various environmental applications (water purification, fuel reforming, nanomaterial synthesis, etc.). Increasing the treatment efficiency with simultaneous decreasing of the energy consumption are the main goals of today’s research. Here we present an experimental study of nanosecond discharge in distilled water covered by a layer of dielectric material. We demonstrate through this paper that the discharge efficiency can be improved by changing the interface position regarding the anode tip. The efficiency increase is due to the increase of the discharge probability as well as the plasma volume. The understanding of the experimental results is brought and strengthened by simulating the electric field distribution, using Comsol Multiphysics software. Because the dielectric permittivity (ε) is discontinuous at the interface, the electric field is enhanced by a factor that depends on the relative value of ε of the two liquids. The present result is very promising in future: opportunities for potential applications as well as fundamental studies for discharges in liquid.
Assessing the suitability of various screening methods as a proxy for drought tolerance in barley
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Md. , Shabala Lana , Brodribb Tim J. , Zhou Meixue , Shabala Sergey
Published: October 2016

Plant breeders are in the need for a convenient, reproducible, reliable and rapid screening methods to be used as a proxy for drought tolerance for a large number of genotypes. Addressing this need, we compared different physiological measures of stress in six barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes subjected to different drought treatments under glasshouse conditions. Genotypes were evaluated by measuring transpiration rate, quantum yield of PSII (chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm ratio), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading, dry biomass and shoot water content. The accuracy of different methods for quantifying water stress tolerance was evaluated by measuring the rates of surviving and death in plants and leaves, and newly grown leaves after rewatering. In another experiment, the same genotypes were evaluated by applying 18% (w/v) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to germinating seeds grown in paper rolls to induce osmotic stress, using relative root and shoot lengths as a measure of tolerance. The results suggest that transpiration measurements at the recovery stage could be the most sensitive method for separating contrasting genotypes. However, the method is time-consuming and laborious for large-scale screening. Chlorophyll content, dry biomass, shoot water content and stomatal density did not correlate with plant drought tolerance. At the same time, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm ratio showed a strong correlation with drought tolerance and could be recommended as suitable proxy for screening. Measuring relative root growth rate (length) using PEG-treated paper roll-grown seedlings also seems to be a highly suitable and promising method for screening a large number of genotypes in breeding programs.
Riparian integrity affects diet and intestinal length of a generalist fish species
Authors: Dala-Corte Renato Bolson , Becker Fernando Gertum , Melo Adriano Sanches
Published: October 2016

Human activities in the riparian zone can affect the feeding of stream fish because they alter autochthonous production (periphyton, macrophytes and aquatic insects) and allochthonous inputs (terrestrial insects, leaves, seeds and fruits). In the present study we investigated how the diet and intestinal length of a persistent and generalist fish species (Bryconamericus iheringii, Characidae) responds to riparian modifications in 31 subtropical streams in southern Brazil. We hypothesised that intestinal length would be longer in populations inhabiting streams with converted riparian vegetation as a consequence of greater consumption of an indigestible and low-protein diet. Populations of B. iheringii from streams with a degraded riparian zone and reduced canopy cover had longer intestinal length (after accounting for body size), which was associated with decreased consumption of terrestrial plants and invertebrates and increased ingestion of filamentous algae, macrophytes and detritus. These results indicate that anthropic alteration of riparian zones and increased canopy openness trigger shifts in the diet and intestinal length of B. iheringii. The findings suggest that plasticity in intestinal length is an important characteristic to determine whether fish populations can persist in a variety of habitat conditions and cope with the digestion of a greater proportion of low-quality and low-protein food items in human-altered environments.
Fabrication of multilayered Au/silica/gadolinium compound core–shell particles and their imaging properties
Authors: Kobayashi Y. , Shindo Y. , Oikawa T. , Tokunaga M. , Kubota Y. , Gonda K.
Published: October 2016

The present work proposes a preparation method for multilayered Au nanoparticle/silica/gadolinium compound core–shell (Au/SiO2/GdC) particles. Silica-coated Au core–shell (Au/SiO2) particles with a size of 38.0 nm were prepared by a sol-gel reaction in the presence of the Au nanoparticles with a size of 15.5 nm. Multilayered Au/SiO2/GdC particles with sizes of ca. 35–52 nm were prepared by a homogeneous precipitation reaction in the presence of Au/SiO2 particles. The computed tomography (CT) value of the Au/SiO2/GdC colloid solution containing 4.3 × 10−2 M Au was 344.1 HU: Its converted CT value (CT divided by Au concentration) was as large as 8.0 × 103 HU/M. The r1 value of the Au/SiO2/GdC colloid solution was as large as 3.5 mM−1 s−1.
Effect of an Otic Milbemycin Oxime Formulation on Tegastes acroporanus Infesting Corals
Authors: Christie Barrett L. , Raines Janis A.
Published: October 2016

The copepod Tegastes acroporanus is a notorious pest of captive corals in the genus Acropora. In recent years, infestations of T. acroporanus have become widespread among public aquaria and coral propagation facilities and have been largely controlled with the extra-label use of milbemycin oxime formulations (Carl 2008). Many of these drug formulations (which were intended for dogs) have been discontinued by their manufacturers in favor of multidrug products, many of which are unsuitable for corals, forcing experimentation with alternatives. This report provides the first data on populations of T. acroporanus treated with milbemycin oxime and documents the first known use of an otic solution, MilbeMite Otic (Novartis Animal Health U.S., Greensboro, North Carolina), against copepods on live corals. MilbeMite Otic was found to be soluble in seawater and successful at eradicating T. acroporanus in a large exhibit over the course of 6-h waterborne baths (n = 12) at 0.167 µg/L. The resident population of T. acroporanus was also quantified before each treatment to provide the first estimates of coral parasite burden in response to the application of a waterborne chemotherapeutic agent.

Received November 19, 2015; accepted June 7, 2016 Published online October 24, 2016
Survival Rates of Out-Migrating Yearling Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River and Plume after Exposure to Gas-Supersaturated Water
Authors: Brosnan Ian G. , Welch David W. , Jacobs Scott Melinda
Published: October 2016

In 2011, unusually high flows caused total dissolved gas (TDG) levels in the Columbia River, USA, to escalate well above the 120% regulatory limit that was imposed to prevent harmful impacts to aquatic organisms. After observing gas bubble trauma (GBT) in dead yearling Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (smolts) held in tanks, we compared estimated survival rates of acoustic-tagged in-river-migrating (IR) and transported (TR) smolts that were released below Bonneville Dam prior to and during the period of elevated TDG (>120%). The log odds of estimated daily survival in the lower river and plume was significantly lower for IR smolts that were released during elevated TDG (maximum possible exposure = 134%) than for IR smolts released when TDG was less than 120%. The TR smolts that were released 10–13 km below Bonneville Dam during elevated TDG had lower maximum possible exposure levels (126% TDG), and the log odds of estimated daily survival in the lower river and plume did not differ from that of TR smolts released when TDG was less than 120%. Direct mortality due to GBT is probably reduced in natural settings relative to laboratory experiments because smolts can move to deeper water, where pressure keeps gasses in solution, and can migrate downstream of the spillway, where TDG levels decrease as the river returns to equilibrium with the atmosphere. However, initially nonlethal GBT may reduce survival rates by increasing smolt susceptibility to predation and infection. Although our findings are limited by the observational nature of the study, our analysis is the first direct assessment of gas supersaturation's potential influence on survival of free-ranging smolts in the river and coastal ocean below a large dam. Experiments using simultaneous releases of control and gas-exposed groups are warranted and should consider the possibility that the chronic effects of TDG exposure on survival are important and persist into the early marine period.

Received October 5, 2015; accepted August 18, 2016 Published online October 24, 2016
Dammarane-type triterpene extracts of Panax notoginseng root ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity by enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
Authors: Kitamura Kumiko , Takamura Yusuke , Iwamoto Taku , Nomura Mitsuru , Iwasaki Hideaki , Ohdera Motoyasu , Murakoshi Michiaki , Sugiyama Keikichi , Matsuyama Kazuki , Manabe Yasuko , Fujii Nobuharu L , Fushiki Tohru
Published: October 2016

Skeletal muscle is an important organ for controlling the development of type 2 diabetes. We discovered Panax notoginseng roots as a candidate to improve hyperglycemia through in vitro muscle cells screening test. Saponins are considered as the active ingredients of ginseng. However, in the body, saponins are converted to dammarane-type triterpenes, which may account for the anti-hyperglycemic activity. We developed a method for producing a dammarane-type triterpene extract (DTE) from Panax notoginseng roots and investigated the extract’s potential anti-hyperglycemic activity. We found that DTE had stronger suppressive activity on blood glucose levels than the saponin extract (SE) did in KK-Ay mice. Additionally, DTE improved oral glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and Akt phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. These results suggest that DTE is a promising agent for controlling hyperglycemia by enhancing glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.
Rapid Proportion Comparison with Spatial Arrays of Frequently Used Meaningful Visual Symbols
Authors: Sakuma Naoto , Kimura Eiji , Goryo Ken
Published: October 2016

It has been shown that when two arrays of Arabic numerals were briefly presented, observers could accurately indicate which array contained the larger number of a target numeral. This study investigated whether this rapid proportion comparison can be extended to other meaningful symbols that share some of notable properties of Arabic numerals. We tested mainly several Japanese Kanji letters, each of which represents a meaning and can work as a word. Using physically identical stimulus sets that could be interpreted as different types of letters, Experiment 1 first confirmed the rapid proportion comparison with Arabic numerals for Japanese participants. Experiment 2 showed that the rapid proportion comparison can be extended to Kanji numerals. Experiment 3 successfully demonstrated that rapid proportion judgments can be found with non-quantitative Kanji letters that are used frequently. Experiment 4 further demonstrated the rapid proportion comparison with frequently used meaningful non-letter symbols (gender icons). The rapid processing cannot be attributed to fluent processing of familiar items, because it was not found with familiar phonograms (Japanese Kana letters). These findings suggest that the rapid proportion comparison can be commonly found with frequently used meaningful symbols, even though their meaning is not relevant to the task.
How morphine tips the synaptic balance
Authors: Short Ben
Published: October 2016

Study identifies pathway that alters hippocampal synapses after exposure to morphine.
­­LUBAC deficiency perturbs TLR3 signaling to cause immunodeficiency and autoinflammation
Authors: Zinngrebe Julia , Rieser Eva , Taraborrelli Lucia , Peltzer Nieves , Hartwig Torsten , Ren Hongwei , Kovács Ildikó , Endres Cornelia , Draber Peter , Darding Maurice , von Karstedt Silvia , Lemke Johannes , Dome Balazs , Bergmann Michael , Ferguson Brian J. , Walczak Henning
Published: October 2016

The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), consisting of SHANK-associated RH-domain–interacting protein (SHARPIN), heme-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase-1 (HOIL-1), and HOIL-1–interacting protein (HOIP), is a critical regulator of inflammation and immunity. This is highlighted by the fact that patients with perturbed linear ubiquitination caused by mutations in the Hoip or Hoil-1 genes, resulting in knockouts of these proteins, may simultaneously suffer from immunodeficiency and autoinflammation. TLR3 plays a crucial, albeit controversial, role in viral infection and tissue damage. We identify a pivotal role of LUBAC in TLR3 signaling and discover a functional interaction between LUBAC components and TLR3 as crucial for immunity to influenza A virus infection. On the biochemical level, we identify LUBAC components as interacting with the TLR3-signaling complex (SC), thereby enabling TLR3-mediated gene activation. Absence of LUBAC components increases formation of a previously unrecognized TLR3-induced death-inducing SC, leading to enhanced cell death. Intriguingly, excessive TLR3-mediated cell death, induced by double-stranded RNA present in the skin of SHARPIN-deficient chronic proliferative dermatitis mice (cpdm), is a major contributor to their autoinflammatory skin phenotype, as genetic coablation of Tlr3 substantially ameliorated cpdm dermatitis. Thus, LUBAC components control TLR3-mediated innate immunity, thereby preventing development of immunodeficiency and autoinflammation.
CD72 negatively regulates B lymphocyte responses to the lupus-related endogenous toll-like receptor 7 ligand Sm/RNP
Authors: Akatsu Chizuru , Shinagawa Kenro , Numoto Nobutaka , Liu Zhihong , Ucar Ayse Konuskan , Aslam Mohammad , Phoon Shirly , Adachi Takahiro , Furukawa Koji , Ito Nobutoshi , Tsubata Takeshi
Published: October 2016

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) plays an essential role in development of systemic lupus erythematosus by co-stimulating B cells reactive to the endogenous TLR7 ligand Sm/ribonucleoprotein (RNP), a crucial lupus self-antigen. However, how the TLR7-mediated autoimmune response is regulated is not yet known. In this study, we demonstrate that CD72, an inhibitory B cell co-receptor known to prevent development of lupus, recognizes Sm/RNP at the extracellular C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) and specifically inhibits B cell response to Sm/RNP. Moreover, the CTLD of CD72c, a lupus-susceptible allele, binds to Sm/RNP less strongly than that of lupus-resistant CD72a. Reduced binding of CD72c is supported by x-ray crystallographic analysis that reveals a considerable alteration in charge at the putative ligand-binding site. Thus, CD72 appears to specifically inhibit B cell response to the endogenous TLR7 ligand Sm/RNP through CTLD-mediated recognition of Sm/RNP, thereby preventing production of anti-Sm/RNP antibody crucial for development of lupus.
Prognostic assessment of stable coronary artery disease as determined by coronary computed tomography angiography: a Danish multicentre cohort study
Authors: Nielsen Lene H. , Bøtker Hans Erik , Sørensen Henrik T. , Schmidt Morten , Pedersen Lars , Sand Niels Peter , Jensen Jesper M. , Steffensen Flemming H. , Tilsted Hans Henrik , Bøttcher Morten , Diederichsen Axel , Lambrechtsen Jess , Kristensen Lone D. , Øvrehus Kristian A. , Mickley Hans , Munkholm Henrik , Gøtzsche Ole , Husain Majed , Knudsen Lars L. , Nørgaard Bjarne L.
Published: October 2016

Aims

To examine the 3.5 year prognosis of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in real-world clinical practice, overall and within subgroups of patients according to age, sex, and comorbidity.

Methods and results

This cohort study included 16,949 patients (median age 57 years; 57% women) with new-onset symptoms suggestive of CAD, who underwent CCTA between January 2008 and December 2012. The endpoint was a composite of late coronary revascularization procedure >90 days after CCTA, myocardial infarction, and all-cause death. The Kaplan–Meier estimator was used to compute 91 day to 3.5 year risk according to the CAD severity. Comparisons between patients with and without CAD were based on Cox-regression adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, cardiovascular risk factors, concomitant cardiac medications, and post-CCTA treatment within 90 days. The composite endpoint occurred in 486 patients. Risk of the composite endpoint was 1.5% for patients without CAD, 6.8% for obstructive CAD, and 15% for three-vessel/left main disease. Compared with patients without CAD, higher relative risk of the composite endpoint was observed for non-obstructive CAD [hazard ratio (HR): 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.63], obstructive one-vessel CAD (HR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.37–2.44), two-vessel CAD (HR: 2.97; 95% CI: 2.09–4.22), and three-vessel/left main CAD (HR: 4.41; 95% CI :2.90–6.69). The results were consistent in strata of age, sex, and comorbidity.

Conclusion

Coronary artery disease determined by CCTA in real-world practice predicts the 3.5 year composite risk of late revascularization, myocardial infarction, and all-cause death across different groups of age, sex, or comorbidity burden.
Modern Magic, the Illusion of Transformation, and How It Was Done
Authors: Lamont Peter
Published: October 2016

In 1584, Reginald Scot claimed that jugglers who performed magic tricks were mistaken for witches. The claim was repeated and later became the basis of the Victorian idea of “modern magic.” According to stage conjurors and writers on magic, “modern magic” was magic that was (now) understood to be an illusion. The claim continued to be repeated by amateur historians of magic, who reinforced this idea of “modern magic” by citing cases of early modern jugglers who were persecuted as witches. In recent years, “modern magic,” as a distinctly modern form of magic that was understood to be an illusion, has become part of modern cultural history.

The view that magic tricks were mistaken for witchcraft, however, is not to be found in the historiography of the early modern period. Indeed, it is a myth. When one examines how magic tricks and witchcraft were compared, one sees that there was a clear distinction made between the two. Nevertheless, despite the lack of evidence, the myth continued to survive. It was used to justify the exposure of secrets, enhanced Victorian conjurors’ respectability, and it fitted neatly within the modern narrative of rational progress. It persisted due to the uncritical reading of sources by some historians, whose examples of persecution were the result of misinterpretation. Thus, “modern magic,” as a form of magic that was understood to be an illusion, was not a particularly modern phenomenon. Indeed, despite some changes in how magic was experienced, early modern views of magic were remarkably similar to modern ones.
A Single Parameter for Within‐Sample Uniformity of Seed Size in Grain, with an Emphasis on Pulses
Authors: Harden Steven , Wood Jennifer A.
Published: October 2016

The standard methodology for assessing seed size distribution of pulses is to sieve seeds into size classes, weighing each class and calculating a weighted mean of the sieve sizes (seed size index). A single unit measure of uniformity of size within a sample via sieving is not available, despite being an important trait in terms of appearance, ease of milling, and consistency in processing. This study investigated several different models for estimating the size variability within seed samples by using a variety of desi and kabuli chickpea, faba bean, lupin, lentil, and mungbean samples. Fitting a normal distribution to the frequency distribution and using the estimated variance parameter as a measure for seed size variability was found to be the most suitable method for attaining seed size and a single value of uniformity. Mean seed size (SSnorm) and within‐sample size variability (SVnorm) were unrelated variables, thus allowing selection of more uniform samples of any desired size in breeding programs. Sieve selection is discussed and needs to be appropriate for the samples under investigation. Examples of using the R software to calculate these measures and the R functions needed are available as supplementary files to facilitate the use of this proposed method. This method will be useful to pulse breeders and researchers and in the development of image analysis methods characterizing seed sizes of pulse samples and other grains.
Virulence and Stump Colonization Ability of Armillaria borealis on Norway Spruce Seedlings in Comparison to Sympatric Armillaria Species
Authors: Heinzelmann Renate , Prospero Simone , Rigling Daniel
Published: October 2016

Although Armillaria borealis is one of the closest relatives of the aggressive root rot pathogen A. ostoyae, little is known about its ecology. In central and northern Europe, A. borealis often co-occurs with A. ostoyae or A. cepistipes, a weak pathogen, in conifer or mixed-forest stands. In this study, the virulence of 10 A. borealis, nine A. ostoyae, and five A. cepistipes isolates toward 2- and 4-year-old potted Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings was assessed. In addition, the ability of all isolates to colonize fresh stumps cut from 6-year-old Norway spruce seedlings was tested. All inoculations were done by insertion of Armillaria-colonized hazelnut stem segments into the soil substrate. On the 2-year-old seedlings, A. borealis and A. ostoyae showed, overall, a similar virulence 29 months after inoculation whereas, on the 4-year-old seedlings, A. ostoyae was more virulent. The third species in the experiment, A. cepistipes, caused almost no seedling mortality. Six months after cutting, the highest percentage of stumps was colonized by A. ostoyae (94.3%), followed by A. borealis (85.2%), and A. cepistipes (78.4%). Our inoculation experiments show that A. borealis has a clear pathogenic potential toward Norway spruce seedlings. However, compared with A. ostoyae, damage caused by A. borealis may decrease more rapidly with increasing tree age. Similar to other Armillaria species, A. borealis seems to be an efficient colonizer of fresh stumps.
Evaluation of Resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Soybean Mini Core Collections Using an Improved Assay System
Authors: Jiang Chang-Jie , Sugano Shoji , Kaga Akito , Lee Sung Shin , Sugimoto Takuma , Takahashi Mami , Ishimoto Masao
Published: October 2016

Stem and root rot disease caused by Phytophthora sojae is devastating to soybean crops worldwide. Developing host resistance to P. sojae, considered the most effective and stable means to control this disease, is partly hampered by limited germplasm resources. In this study, we first modified conventional methods for a P. sojae resistance assay to a simpler and more cost-effective version, in which the P. sojae inoculum was mixed into the soil and the resistance was evaluated by survival rate (%) of soybean seedlings. This rating had significant correlations (P < 0.01) with the reduction in root fresh weight and the visual root rot severity. Applying this method to evaluate P. sojae resistance in soybean mini core collections comprising either 79 accessions originating from Japan (JMC) or 80 accessions collected around the world (WMC) revealed a wide variation in resistance among the individual varieties. In total, 38 accessions from the JMC and 41 from the WMC exhibited resistance or moderate resistance to P. sojae isolate N1 (with virulence to Rps1b, 3c, 4, 5, and 6), with ≥50% survival. Of these, 26 from the JMC and 29 from the WMC showed at least moderate resistance to P. sojae isolate HR1 (vir Rps1a-c, 1k, 2, 3a-c, 4-6, and 8). Additionally, 24 WCS accessions, in contrast to only 6 from the JMC, exhibited 100% survival after being challenged with both the N1 and HR1 isolates, suggesting a biogeographical difference between the two collections. We further verified two JMC varieties, Daizu and Amagi zairai 90D, for their resistance to an additional four P. sojae isolates (60 to 100% survival), which may provide new and valuable genetic sources for P. sojae resistance breeding in soybean.
Virulence and Molecular Characterization of Experimental Isolates of the Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis) Indicate Somatic Recombination
Authors: Lei Yu , Wang Meinan , Wan Anmin , Xia Chongjing , See Deven R. , Zhang Min , Chen Xianming
Published: October 2016

Puccinia striiformis causes stripe rust on wheat, barley, and grasses. Natural population studies have indicated that somatic recombination plays a possible role in P. striiformis variation. To determine whether somatic recombination can occur, susceptible wheat or barley plants were inoculated with mixed urediniospores of paired isolates of P. striiformis. Progeny isolates were selected by passing through a series of inoculations of wheat or barley genotypes. Potential recombinant isolates were compared with the parental isolates on the set of 18 wheat or 12 barley genotypes that are used to differentiate races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (the wheat stripe rust pathogen) and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei (the barley stripe rust pathogen), respectively, for virulence changes. They were also tested with 51 simple-sequence repeat and 90 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers for genotype changes. From 68 possible recombinant isolates obtained from nine combinations of isolates based on virulence tests, 66 were proven to be recombinant isolates by molecular markers. Various types of recombinants were determined, including lost virulence from both virulent parental isolates, gained virulence from both avirulent isolates, combined virulences from both parents, and inherited virulence from one parent and avirulence from another. Marker data indicate that most of the recombinants were produced through chromosome reassortment and crossover after the hybridization of two parental isolates. The results demonstrate that somatic recombination is a mechanism by which new variants can be generated in P. striiformis.
A new three-dimensional manganese(II) coordination polymer based on the 1,3,5-tris[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene ligand
Authors: Lu Xin-Hua , Zhong Kai-Long
Published: October 2016

The self-assembly of coordination polymers and the crystal engineering of metal–organic coordination frameworks have attracted great interest, but it is still a challenge to predict and control the compositions and structures of the complexes. Employing multidentate organic ligands and suitable metal ions to construct inorganic–organic hybrid materials through metal–ligand coordination and hydrogen-bonding interactions has become a major strategy. Recently, imidazole-containing multidentate ligands that contain an aromatic core have received much attention. A new three-dimensional MnIIcoordination polymer based on 1,3,5-tris[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene, namely poly[(ethane-1,2-diol-κO)(μ-sulfato-κ2O:O′){μ3-1,3,5-tris[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene-κ3N:N′:N′′}manganese(II)], [Mn(SO4)(C18H18N6)(C2H6O2)]n, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal structural analysis shows that there are two kinds of crystallographically independent MnIIcentres, each lying on a centrosymmetric position and having a similar six-coordinated octahedral structure. One is coordinated by four N atoms from four 1,3,5-tris[(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene (timb) ligands and two O atoms from two different bridging sulfate anions. The second is surrounded by two timb N atoms and four O atoms, two from sulfate anions and two from two ethane-1,2-diol ligands. The tripodal timb ligand bridges neighbouring MnIIcentres to generate a two-dimensional layered structure running parallel to theabplane. Adjacent layers are further bridged by sulfate anions, resulting in a three-dimensional structure with3,4,6-ctopology. Thermogravimetric analysis of the title polymer shows that it is stable up to 533 K. The first weight loss between 533 and 573 K corresponds to the release of coordinated ethane-1,2-diol molecules, and further decomposition occurred at 648 K.
Synthesis and characterization of four organic–inorganic salts: sulfates of 2-aminopyridinium derivatives
Authors: Bednarchuk Tamara J. , Kinzhybalo Vasyl , Pietraszko Adam
Published: October 2016

Hybrid materials, fabricated by the combination of inorganic and organic components, have potential applications in chemistry and are endowed with the advantages of both building elements. There are several types of intermolecular interactions present in these hybrid compounds, including electrostatic forces, π–π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions, the latter playing an important role in the construction of three-dimensional architectures and stabilizing supramolecular crystal structures. Analysis of the intermolecular interactions and their influence on packing modes therefore requires focused scientific attention. Four new organic–inorganic salts, namely 2-amino-4-methyl-3-nitropyridinium hydrogen sulfate, C6H8N3O2+·HSO4−, bis(2-amino-4-methyl-3-nitropyridinium) sulfate, 2C6H8N3O2+·SO42−, 2-amino-3-methylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate, C6H9N2+·HSO4−, and bis(2-amino-3-methylpyridinium) sulfate monohydrate, 2C6H9N2+·SO42−·H2O, have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures are stabilized by intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, as well as by weak π–π stacking and lp–π (lp is lone pair) interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed in order to study intermolecular interactions.
Hydrogen-bonding synthons in lamotrigine salts: 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-2-ium 2-[(2-carboxyphenyl)disulfanyl]benzoate in its monohydrate and anhydrous forms
Authors: Freire Eleonora , Polla Griselda , Baggio Ricardo
Published: October 2016

Lamotrigine is a drug used in the treatment of epilepsy and related convulsive diseases. The drug in its free form is rather inadequate for pharmacological use due to poor absorption by the patient, which limits its bioavailability. On the other hand, the lamotrigine molecule is an excellent hydrogen-bonding agent and this has been exploited intensively in the search for better formulations. The formulation presently commercialized (under the brand name Lamictal) is rather complex and includes a number of anions in addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The title salts of lamotrigine, namely 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-2-ium 2-[(2-carboxyphenyl)disulfanyl]benzoate monohydrate, C9H8Cl2N5+·C14H9O4S2−·H2O, (I), and the anhydrate, C9H8Cl2N5+·C14H9O4S2−, (II), contain a lamotriginium cation (L), a hydrogen dithiodibenzoate monoanion (D) and, in the case of (I), a disordered solvent water molecule. BothLandDpresent their usual configurations severely twisted around their central C—C and S—S bonds, respectively. The supramolecular structure generated by the many available donor and acceptor sites is characterized by a planar antisymmetric motif of the formD–L–L–D,i.e.the structural building block. Although this characteristic motif is extremely similar in both structures, its conformation involves different donors and acceptors in itsR22(8) centralL–Lhomosynthon. The lateralR22(8)D–Lheterosynthons are, on the other hand, identical. These substructures are further connected by strong hydrogen bonds into broad two-dimensional structures, in turn weakly linked to each other. Even if the homo- and heterosynthons in (I) and (II) are rather frequent in lamotrigine structural chemistry, the composite tetrameric synthon appears to be much less common. The occurrence of these motifs among lamotrigine salts and cocrystals is analyzed.
Natural and non-natural amino-acid side-chain substitutions: affinity and diffraction studies of meditope–Fab complexes
Authors: Bzymek Krzysztof P. , Avery Kendra A. , Ma Yuelong , Horne David A. , Williams John C.
Published: October 2016

Herein, multiple crystal structures of meditope peptide derivatives incorporating natural and unnatural amino acids bound to the cetuximab Fab domain are presented. The affinity of each derivative was determined by surface plasmon resonance and correlated to the atomic structure. Overall, it was observed that the hydrophobic residues in the meditope peptide, Phe3, Leu5 and Leu10, could accommodate a number of moderate substitutions, but these invariably reduced the overall affinity and half-life of the interaction. In one case, the substitution of Phe3 by histidine led to a change in the rotamer conformation, in which the imidazole ring flipped to a solvent-exposed position. Based on this observation, Phe3 was substituted by diphenylalanine and it was found that the phenyl rings in this variant mimic the superposition of the Phe3 and His3 structures, producing a moderate increase, of 1.4-fold, in the half-life of the complex. In addition, it was observed that substitution of Leu5 by tyrosine and glutamate strongly reduced the affinity, whereas the substitution of Leu5 by diphenylalanine moderately reduced the half-life (by approximately fivefold). Finally, it was observed that substitution of Arg8 and Arg9 by citrulline dramatically reduced the overall affinity, presumably owing to lost electrostatic interactions. Taken together, these studies provide insight into the meditope–cetuximab interaction at the atomic level.
Experiencing Lean Six Sigma in the French residential construction
Authors: Dakhli Zakaria , Lafhaj Zoubeir , Bos Antoine
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Compared to the manufacturing industry, Lean Six Sigma (LSS) lacks a clear methodology for its application in the tertiary service. One reason is the difficulties to assess information flow compared to physical flow. Indeed, the use of information flow as a process entry in the LSS method is not well investigated, mainly due to the difficulties in collecting adequate and sufficient data. The purpose of this research study is to investigate the application of LSS in the tertiary service, in particular, real estate development.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on an action research methodology where LSS methodology is applied to solve client-dissatisfaction issue. One of its main causes is found to be the late delivery time. The work describes how the method was applied.

Findings

LSS is an adequate approach for making well-thought-out improvement in real estate development.

Practical implications

The work provides an implementation of LSS in real estate development. It also gives new insights into the LSS application in the tertiary service. The work also suggests practical recommendations and solutions to address the main challenges faced by real estate development.

Originality/value

Construction is governed by many processes that are difficult to identify and, even more, to assess. LSS helps identifying those which create real value for the client.
Inter-industry generic Lean Six Sigma project definitions
Authors: Lameijer Bart A. , Does Ronald J.M.M. , De Mast Jeroen
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The objective of this research is to provide practitioners with inter-industry applicable rules and guidelines for the Lean Six Sigma (LSS) project definition phase. This research resulted in 13 inter-industry generic project definitions that are divided by four performance dimensions: quality, dependability, speed and cost efficiency.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 312 previously executed LSS improvement projects in a broad variety of industries at black belt or master black belt level are analyzed. All these projects have followed the LSS methodology and are characterized by the use of critical to quality (CTQ) measurements and the structured improvement method of define, measure, analyse, improve and control for operations improvement.

Findings

This research resulted in 13 inter-industry generic project definitions that are divided by four performance dimensions: quality, dependability, speed and cost efficiency. Three factors that have stood out in this research are; the difficulty to capture the performance dimension flexibility in LSS project definitions, the strong focus on internal organizational benefits in defining CTQs for LSS project definitions and the unclear alignment of LSS project definitions to existing strategic objectives of the company.

Originality/value

This research established useable generic LSS project definitions including generic CTQ’s measures, applicable to multiple industries. These generic LSS project definitions provide useful guidance in the initial LSS project phase, helping to decompose strategic focal points into clear and measurable project objectives.
Redeploying public librarians to the front-lines: prioritizing digital inclusion
Authors: Stevenson Siobhan A. , Domsy Caleb
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to draw attention to the quiet, if inadvertent, disappearance of the front-line public librarian, as libraries make difficult organizational choices in the struggle to survive the relentless pressures to cut costs on one side while supporting a market ethos of customer service on the other.

Design/methodology/approach

Informed by the preliminary findings of a pan-Canadian study of labour in large urban public libraries and a review of professional and academic literatures dealing with contemporary service trends, four models/proposals [(1) participative, (2) community-led, (3) managerial/leadership and (4) digital inclusion] are critically reviewed with respect to their positioning of the front-line professional librarian.

Findings

The paper concludes with an argument in favor of one of these proposals because it supports the relevance of public librarians in service to their communities while remaining true to the democratic aspirations of this vital public service within our increasingly complex information societies.

Research limitations/implications

The implication of this work is that by drawing our attention to the contradictions inherent within contemporary and popular library initiatives, the disconnect between formal education and professional practice is highlighted, thus providing a foundation for new empirical research into the changing nature of waged work (professional and non-professional) in public libraries.

Practical implications

Failure to situate the professional public librarian strategically and unambiguously within the rapidly evolving roles of the public library has implications for LIS educators, employers and, as significantly, current and future students.

Social implications

Despite the high rates of connectivity among Western nations and the increasing sophistication of their populations, the digital divide persists among a growing urban and rural underclass. Building, maintaining and promoting a strong and accessible municipal information infrastructure, one could argue, is what public librarianship is all about.

Originality/value

This paper’s identification and critical review of the four dominant service models proposed for the present public library represents the first time that these literatures have been assembled together and critically interrogated for their implications for the work of public librarians. Given the importance of the question “what is the future role of the public library”, a critical analysis of the key contenders is a necessary exercise, as is shifting the subject of the conversation away from the customer and onto the professional public librarian.
Library promotion methods and tools modeling and simulation on Twitter
Authors: Sakas Damianos P. , Sarlis Apostolos S.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Twitter is the most popular instant messaging platform today. Thanks to the consistency factor typical of it, it offers every company or business the best opportunity to promote their products or services. Likewise, it offers an unprecedented opportunity to public utility or benefit organizations like libraries to promote their services and build a powerful digital information exchange community. However, because of its immense number of users and chaotic nature, the steps toward making the best of it must be precise and systematized, or else the information professional will end up squandering resources to no avail. The purpose of this paper is the optimization of the distribution of the libraries’ resources regarding the promotion methods on Twitter.

Design/methodology/approach

Such a model is initially built by recording and analyzing the potential offered by the social network platform in question. Third-party tools that help handle Twitter are also analyzed. The factors’ total is then modeled by using the iThink editor. This editor is able to receive data from the decision-maker with respect to the specific attributes of each product and given conditions and produce specific outcomes by use of the model.

Findings

This research paper, includes a decision-making tool (model) that combines a theoretical view of library information science (LIS) and marketing science with a practical tool, simulating the process and producing certain outcomes using specific resources. The model presents him with the outcome that is bound to be produced with regard to the given circumstances and the amount of resources invested, encouraging, or not, certain courses of action.

Practical implications

The decision-maker can accurately anticipate an outcome so as to respectively customize his data and moves.

Originality/value

Proper use of the tools available, alongside anticipation chances offered by dynamic simulation models, enables the model decision-maker use it according to any given context, hence maximizing library business profits.