bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Production of Interferon by Human Fetal, Neonatal, and Maternal Cells
Authors: Carter William A. , Hande Kenneth R. , Essien Boniface , Prochownik Edward , Kaback Michael M.
Published: January 2020

Production of interferon was studied in fibroblasts cultured from human fetal, neonatal, and maternal tissue. Human fetal and maternal cells were paired to diminish genetic variability. Fetal cells displayed an increased response to two inducers of interferon, virus and synthetic double-stranded ribopolynucleotide. Fetal cells released 300-fold more interferon than maternal cells on exposure to poly rI:rC. This enhanced capacity for interferon production was consistent in cultures developed from fetal skin obtained between the 10th and 20th gestational week. The response was relatively stable, persisting in cells cultured for 18 generations (about 14 weeks). On infection with Newcastle disease virus, fetal cells produced, on the average, 4 to 6.5 times more interferon than maternal or neonatal cells. The virus was adsorbed with equal efficiency by each type of cell. Increased production is apparently independent of the rates of overall protein synthesis, since fetal and maternal cells have very similar rates of total protein synthesis.
Effect of Ethanol on the Clearance of Airborne Pneumococci and the Rate of Pneumococcal Transformations in the Lung
Authors: Auerbach-Rubin Fran , Ottolenghi-Nightingale Elena
Published: January 2020

The rate of clearance of pneumococci from the lungs of mice infected by aerosols was found to vary inversely with the virulence of the pneumococci. Treatment of of the mice with ethanol delayed the clearance and increased the rate of pneumococcal transformations in vivo.
High Thiobarbiturate-Positive O Antigen of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Suzuki Kiyoshi , Tada Yasuko , Tazaki Tadakatu
Published: January 2020

A degraded antigen containing a large amount of thiobarbiturate-reactive material, and distinguishable from the acetic acid-degraded polysaccharide antigen, was obtained by phenol extraction of a Boivin antigen.
Use of the Clumping Factor Reaction for the Identification of Encapsulated Strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
from Human Sources
Authors: Smith Melvin R. , Yoshida Kosaku , Naito Yoshiko
Published: January 2020

Using the clumping factor test on 815 strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
, 775 positive strains were of compact morphology. Of 40 negative strains, 39 were diffuse in serum-soft agar. The test may be used to detect capsulated
S. aureus
strains.
Rabbit Arthritis Induced by Cell-Free Extracts of
Erysipelothrix
Authors: White Thomas G. , Puls Jerry L. , Mirikitani Frank K.
Published: January 2020

A cell-free crude extract of
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
injected intravenously in rabbits induced pathological lesions of the synovial tissue similar to the lesions seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Fluorescence techniques utilizing tagged specific antiserum and fluorescent-tagged antigen injected into nonsensitized rabbits demonstrated the localization of antigen exclusively in the synovium. Localized concentration of fluorescence was demonstrated as early as 1 hr after injection, before histological changes were apparent. After 48 hr, the fluorescence was concentrated in focal areas and early pathological changes characterized as “mesenchymal activation” were observed. A consideration of the significant role of exogenous antigen in the sensitivity arthritides is discussed.
Taxonomic Features of Seven Serotypes of Simian and Ape Foamy Viruses
Authors: Johnston Paul B.
Published: January 2020

Two new simian viruses were recovered from squirrel monkeys and galagos. They possess foamy virus group properties which appear distinct from other virus groups. Serologically they were designated types 4 and 5 and are completely specific from each other and from types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 by neutralization tests. The study includes a comparison of the properties of all seven types in one laboratory.
Serological Properties of γG and γM Antibodies to the Somatic Antigen of
Vibrio cholerae
During the Course of Immunization of Rabbits
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Chandler Cleo H.
Published: January 2020

Direct- and passive-agglutinating, complement-fixing, and bactericidal properties of γG and γM antibodies produced in rabbits inoculated with live
Vibrio cholerae
were determined at intervals over a period of 345 days. Although γM antibody titers increased more rapidly than γG during the initial stages of antibody production, the titers of γG and γM declined proportionally during a 3-month rest period and increased proportionally after a booster injection. The relative titers of γM as determined in the four serological procedures remained fairly constant throughout the period of observation. In contrast, early γG was less effective than late γG in vibriocidal, complement-fixing, and passive-hemagglutinating activity. At no stage of immunization was the agglutinating ability of γG affected by 2-mercaptoethanol, but its complement-dependent activity was markedly reduced, more so in early serum than in late. The heat lability of early γG approached that of γM, but γG became more resistant to heat in later stages of immunization.
Rate of Clearance of
Vibrio fetus
var.
venerealis
in the Rabbit
Authors: Carrier S. P. , Kramer T. T.
Published: January 2020

The rate of clearance of
Vibrio fetus
var.
venerealis
was measured by using in vivo and in vitro methods. The rate of clearance from the circulating blood increased in immune rabbits and reached a plateau 4 days after immunization. Thereafter in vivo clearance did not increase further despite rising agglutinin titers. Vibriocidal activity of freshly drawn blood paralleled the rate of in vivo clearance although it was less effective at 4 days. Vibriocidal activity of immune serum was not demonstrated at the same intervals of time as the freshly drawn blood. Vibriocidal activity of immune sera plus complement was demonstrated after 1 hr of incubation at 37 C in a candle jar. An effective systemic immune response to
V. fetus
var.
venerealis
can be elicited in the rabbit. These results suggest that humoral antibodies play an important role in effecting acquired immunity against
V. fetus
var.
venerealis.
Effect of Interferon and Interferon Inducers on Infections with a Nonviral Intracellular Microorganism,
Rickettsia akari
Authors: Kazar J. , Krautwurst P. A. , Gordon F. B.
Published: January 2020

The effect of mouse interferon (IF) on the multiplication of
Rickettsia akari
in homologous (L-929) cell cultures and the effect of IF inducers on
R. akari
infection in mice were investigated. There was a reduction in the proportion of cells containing rickettsiae in IF-treated cultures and in the yield of rickettsiae from these cultures, as compared with those from infected cultures without IF. Trypsin treatment and heating for 1 hr at 65 C destroyed this antirickettsial activity of the IF preparation, whereas ultracentrifugation (105,000 ×
g
for 90 min) and acidification at
p
H 2.0 did not affect it. There was no evidence that mouse IF inactivated
R. akari
directly, nor did it have an inhibitory effect on multiplication of
R. akari
in heterologous chick embryo cell or monkey kidney cell cultures. Susceptibility of
R. akari
to the action of IF was about 16 times less than that of
Chlamydia trachomatis
and 256 times less than the susceptibility of vesicular stomatitis virus. Mice were not protected from infection with
R. akari
by intraperitoneal injection with IF inducers, Newcastle disease virus (10
8.3
plaque-forming units/0.2 ml) or polyriboinosinic acid-polyribocytidylic acid complex (poly I:C, 200 μg/0.2 ml), within 24 hr before or 24 hr after intraperitoneal challenge. The yields of
R. akari
harvested from the spleens, livers, and peritoneal washings of infected mice treated with IF inducers were similar to those of infected control mice. Titers of IF in peritoneal washings of treated mice, taken 6 hr after administration of Newcastle disease virus or 9 hr after injection of poly I:C, were 1,024 or 320 units/ml, respectively.
Pathogenesis of Feline Panleukopenia Virus in Susceptible Newborn Kittens II. Pathology and Immunofluorescence
Authors: Csiza C. K. , De Lahunta A. , Scott F. W. , Gillespie J. H.
Published: January 2020

Twenty-three susceptible newborn kittens were inoculated with feline panleukopenia virus on the day of birth and were sacrificed from 18 hr to 43 days postinoculation (DPI). Macroscopic lesions included thymic atrophy in animals examined at 4 to 14 DPI and cerebellar hypoplasia and degeneration in animals examined at 22 to 43 DPI. Clinical signs of ataxia were not observed in the four kittens with cerebellar lesions sacrificed at 22 to 43 days of age. Intranuclear inclusions were present in a variety of cell types in the organs examined from kittens that died or were sacrificed at 4 to 14 DPI. The most severely infected and depleted tissues were the thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the cerebellum, whereas the bladder, testes, ovaries, and uterus were the least susceptible to panleukopenia virus infection. Specific fluorescence was demonstrated with panleukopenia antiglobulin conjugate in various cell types in tissues from 2 to 22 DPI and only in cerebellar Purkinje cells of kittens sacrificed at 29, 36, and 43 DPI. The virus replicated in the cells of all layers of blood vessels (endothelial, muscular, and connective tissue cells), suggesting that this is the route of dissemination of the agent throughout the body.
Enhanced elimination of Listeria monocytogenes at the site of delayed footpad reaction
Authors: Mitsuyama M , Nomoto K , Akeda H , Takeya K
Published: January 2020

The protective activity against a challenge infection with Listeria monocytogenes was investigated at the site of a delayed footpad reaction in mice immunized with viable or killed listeria. Delayed footpad reactivity was induced only in mice immunized with viable bacteria. Rapid and marked elimination of challenge bacteria was observed only at the site of reaction in mice immunized with viable bacteria but not in mice immunized with killed bacteria. Macrophage migration inhibitory activity was observed equally in both groups of mice. These results suggest that the delayed footpad reaction contributes directly to the elimination of bacteria irrespective of macrophage migration inhibitory activity.
Microbicidal cationic proteins in rabbit alveolar macrophages: a potential host defense mechanism
Authors: Patterson-Delafield J , Martinez R J , Lehrer R I
Published: January 2020

Rabbit alveolar macrophages contain two highly cationic microbicidal proteins. These were shown to be distinct from histones and not to arise from granulocyte contamination. The macrophage proteins were especially active against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Streptococcus faecalis) were also susceptible, whereas Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium appeared more resistant. The proteins may be present in lysosomes, based on their solubilization by dilute acids and their distribution with lysosomal markers on sucrose density gradients. Such microbicidal proteins have not previously been demonstrated in any mammalian macrophage. They may play a significant role in the host-defense functions of the rabbit lung.
Mechanisms of herpes simplex virus infectivity enhanced by ultracentrifugal inoculation
Authors: Tenser R B , Dunstan M E
Published: January 2020

Ultracentrifugation of very dilute suspensions of herpes simplex virus directly onto monolayer cells grown in centrifuge tubes was studied. Enhanced infectivity by ultracentrifugation was similar at 4 degrees C and at 35 to 37 degrees C. The high infectivity levels of cultures centrifuged at 4 degrees C were further examined by infectious center assays. At 4 degrees C, the numbers of infectious centers in control (noncentrifuged) cultures were almost 100-fold fewer than in control cultures at 37 degrees C. However, the numbers of infectious centers in cultures ultracentrifuged at 4 degrees C were similar to those ultracentrifuged at 37 degrees C. The great difference in the numbers of infectious centers between 4 and 37 degrees C control cultures, in contrast to the similarity between 4 and 37 degrees C ultracentrifuged cultures, indicated that ultracentrifugation at 4 degrees C enhanced infectivity possibly by facilitation of herpes simplex virus penetration into monolayer cells.
Cholera toxin-like toxin released by Salmonella species in the presence of mitomycin C
Authors: Molina N C , Peterson J W
Published: January 2020

Several serotypes of Salmonella were shown to release increased amounts of a cholera toxin-like toxin during culture in vitro with mitomycin C (MTC). Filter-sterilized culture supernatants containing the toxin caused elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells, which could be blocked by heating the supernatants at 100 degrees C for 15 min or by adding mixed gangliosides or monospecific cholera antitoxin. When MTC was not added to the Salmonella cultures, little or no toxin was detected in crude, unconcentrated culture supernatants. Optimal production of toxin was observed in the presence of 0.5 micrograms of MTC per ml in shake flask cultures of Casamino Acids-yeast extract medium, Syncase, or peptone saline at 37 degrees C. Meat infusion media (heart infusion and brain heart infusion) plus MTC resulted in poor toxin yield. Culture filtrates frequently could be diluted 1:8 and still result in elongation of Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Localization of electron-dense tracers during entry of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi into polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Rikihisa Y , Ito S
Published: January 2020

The invasion of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Gilliam strain, into guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and the localization and distribution of tracers were followed during the process by electron microscopy. The seven tracers used were: cationized ferritin, ferritin, thorium dioxide (ThO2), carbon particles, latex spheres, paraffin oil, and Escherichia coli. These markers were added to the incubation medium containing the PMNs before or simultaneously with R. tsutsugamushi-infected BHK-21 cells. Both morphologically intact and degenerating rickettsiae were present in the phagosomes in PMNs, but only the viable-appearing rickettsiae were free in the cytoplasm. The intact rickettsiae were singly and selectively phagocytized in tightly enclosed phagosomal membranes which usually excluded the tracers, except when ThO2 or ferritin was used. When ThO2, which labels the plasma membrane of PMNs, was used. ThO2-labeled phagosomal membranes enclosing rickettsiae were observed and short membrane fragments still labeled with this tracer were found in the vicinity of rickettsiae in the cytoplasmic matrix of PMNs. When ferritin or ThO2 was used as a tracer, some of the phagosomes contained rickettsiae still enclosed in an envelope of BHK-21 cytoplasm and cell membrane. Phagolysosomes preloaded with electron-dense markers fused with subsequently formed phagosomes containing degenerated rickettsiae but not with those containing intact rickettsiae. These results support our interpretation that viable rickettsial entry into PMNs is by selective phagocytosis and escape from these phagosomes.
Humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms in the production of pathology in avirulent Semliki Forest virus encephalitis
Authors: Berger M L
Published: January 2020

Seven days after peripheral inoculation with an avirulent strain of Semliki Forest virus, the brains of CBA and nude mice exhibited a mononuclear inflammation and spongiform degeneration. Mice that had received cyclophosphamide (150 mg/kg) 24 h after infection showed no pathology until day 11. However, immunofluorescence studies of the brains of immunosuppressed, infected mice demonstrated viral antigen within the soma and processes of neurons at earlier periods. The brain lesions could be reconstituted on day 7 in immunosuppressed, infected recipients with 6-day immune spleen cells. Immune spleen cells depleted of T lymphocytes, the non-immunoglobulin-bearing population deficient in B lymphocytes, or immune sera plus nonimmune bone marrow cells could also reconstitute the lesions. However, inflammation and spongiform changes were reduced when donor immune cells were depleted of either T or B lymphocytes. When both T and B lymphocytes were removed from the donor immune population, recipient brains did not show pathology. The results demonstrate that either antibody or immune T cells can trigger pathology, but there is also participation of nonimmune bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells, probably of the monocyte-macrophage lineage.
Serological investigation of BK papovavirus infection in pregnant women and their offspring
Authors: Shah K , Daniel R , Madden D , Stagno S
Published: January 2020

Paired sera from 150 pregnant women and 387 umbilical cord sera were tested for BK virus (BKV) antibodies. The hemagglutination inhibition, neutralization, and indirect immunofluorescence tests were employed for the detection of antibodies. Treatment of serum with anti-gamma Fc and tests of immunoglobulin M (IgM) fractions for antibodies were utilized as required to detect and validate the presence of virus-specific IgM. The BKV antibody prevalence in the sera collected at the time of the first prenatal visit was 75% by hemagglutination inhibition and 91% by neutralization tests. A total of 95% of the women had antibodies by at least one of the three serological tests. Five of 100 women with normal pregnancies exhibited BKV activity during pregnancy as evidenced by a greater than fourfold rise in BKV hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and acquisition of BKV-specific IgM. The antibody rise occurred in the younger women and appeared to be a result of reactivation of the virus rather than of primary infection. Two instances of possible recent BKV infections were identified. BKV-specific IgM was not detected in any of the 387 umbilical cord sera which included three specimens from infants born to mothers with definite or probable BKV activity during pregnancy and 50 specimens with IgM levels of > 20 mg/100 ml. The results indicate that few women in the child-bearing age are nonimmune to BKV and that, although reactivation of infection occurs in pregnancy, congenital transmission of the virus either does not occur or is rare.
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity on measles virus-infected cells
Authors: Rentier B , Wallen W C
Published: January 2020

The structural events related to antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (ADLC) have been studied on measles virus-infected cells using human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and anti-measles virus serum. The first event in ADLC was a recognition process occurring with 15 min after contact between the infected cells and lymphocytes. Plasma membrane and microvilli of adsorbed PBL were specifically attached to virus-induced ridges over nucleocapsids and to viral buds. After 30 min, a fraction of adsorbed PBL (K cells) changed shape and extended long filipodia toward the target cells which, in turn, showed long villi contacting the PBL. At 4 h, when cytotoxicity as measured by chromium release was maximum, K cells had flattened and numerous blebs and ruffles formed on their surface. The K-cell alterations varied in intensity with the type of measles-infected target cell, but frequently the K cells appeared irreversibly damaged. T- and non-T-cell fractions were separated, and in situ erythrocyte rosettes were used as markers for subpopulations which were easily recognized by scanning electron microscopy. Most of the cytotoxic K cells were identified as non-T cells carrying Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G. However, a small subpopulation of cells bearing both sheep erythrocyte and Fc receptors was also found to be involved in ADLC by chromium release assay as well as by electron microscopy. Some of these interacting T cells extended a long uropod on the target cell, but their intracellular structure remained unaltered through ADLC, in contrast with the other T cells and the non-t killer cells. This suggests that perhaps some T killer cells might remain functional after the cytotoxic interaction with a target cell.
Transfer of immunity to cryptococcosis by T-enriched splenic lymphocytes from Cryptococcus neoformans-sensitized mice
Authors: Lim T S , Murphy J W
Published: January 2020

Splenic enriched T-cells and sera were obtained from inbred CBA/J mice injected 7 or 35 days earlier with either 10(3) viable Cryptococcus neoformans or sterile physiological saline. The transfer of enriched T-cells collected 7 days after immunization or of normal enriched T-cells did not transfer immunity to C. neoformans or delayed-type hypersensitivity responsiveness to cryptococcal culture filtrate (CneF) antigen to the recipients. However, enriched T-cells harvested 35 days after immunization, when transferred to recipient mice, were able to confer immunity as indicated by the reduction in numbers of C. neoformans cells in the tissues, and they also transferred delayed-type hypersensitivity responsiveness to CneF antigens. Sera from either sensitized or normal mice were unable to transfer immunity to recipient animals. These results suggested that there was a time requirement for development of the immune response in the donor mice and that T-cells were crucial in the host defense against a cryptococcal infection. Culturing of day-35 C. neoformans-sensitized T-cells in the presence of homologous antigen (CneF) but not in the presence of heterologous antigen (purified protein derivative or 2, 4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene) induced the production of migration inhibition factor, thus indicating that lymphocytes from C. neoformans-injected mice were specifically sensitized to CneF antigen.
Glucan-induced enhancement of host resistance to selected infectious diseases
Authors: Reynolds J A , Kastello M D , Harrington D G , Crabbs C L , Peters C J , Jemski J V , Scott G H , Di Luzio N R
Published: January 2020

We conducted studies with mice, rats, and monkeys which demonstrated the ability of glucan to induce either nonspecific or specific enhancement of host resistance to infectious diseases. Intravenous pretreatment of mice with glucan significantly enhanced the survival of mice challenged with either Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus or Rift Valley fever virus. Pretreatment was beneficial when initiated 3 days before challenge with VEE virus and 7 days before challenge with Rift Valley fever virus. Treatment of mice after VEE challenge did not increase their survival compared with controls. Glucan pretreatment of rats provided increased resistance to both intraperitoneal and low-dose aerosol challenges with virulent Francisella tularensis when the glucan was given intravenously, but not when it was administered intranasally. In contrast, intranasal glucan pretreatment enhanced the survival of mice when they were challenged by aerosol with Pseudomonas pseudomallei, whereas intravenous glucan pretreatment did not increase survival. mice given glucan combined with a marginally immunogenic dose of VEE vaccine were more resistant to homologous virus challenge than were mice given either Freund complete adjuvant plus vaccine or vaccine alone. Similarly, both primary and secondary VEE antibody titers in cynomolgus monkeys given glucan with VEE vaccine were significantly greater than titers in vaccine controls.
Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Naegleria fowleri
Authors: Holbrook T W , Boackle R J , Parker B W , Vesely J
Published: January 2020

Naegleria fowleri amoebae were lysed by adult fresh human serum, and their multiplication was inhibited in culture medium supplemented with 10% fresh human serum. Heat inactivation (56 degrees C, 30 min) of serum abrogated these lytic and inhibitory effects. Absorption of human serum with amoebae failed to reduce immunoglobulin levels, and no specific antibody was detected in untreated or treated sera by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Conversion of C3 and C3i occurred after incubation of n. fowleri with serum which had been treated with ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid, indicating activation of complement via the alternative pathway.
Single bacteriocin typing scheme for the vibrio group of organisms
Authors: Mitra S , Balganesh T S , Dastidar S G , Chakrabarty A N
Published: January 2020

A total of 743 strains of O-I "agglutinable" and 293 strains of O I "inagglutinable" Vibrio cholerae were subjected to bacteriocin typing based on deferred antagonism of eight indicator bacteria, including two strains of V. cholerae, by the method of Chakrabarty et al. (Infect. Immun. 1:293-299, 1970). A minor modification that was effected in the typing medium was replacement of iodoacetic acid by ammonium chloride (at a final concentration of 0.003%) which appeared to regulate bacteriocin production more accurately and increase the stability of the types. Of the agglutinable strains, 94% were found to be bacteriocinogenic and could be fitted into 11 of the earlier-reported types (Chakrabarty et al., Infect. Immun. 1:293-299, 1970), and 6 newer types were recognized. Likewise, 285 (90.7%) of the inagglutinable strains were found to be bacteriocinogenic and could be accommodated within 10 original and 8 newer types identified for the inagglutinable vibrios. Thirteen types were common to the two groups of vibrios. The single bacteriocin typing scheme appeared to be simple and adequate for both groups of organisms, and the producer as well as the indicator bacteria behaved remarkably stably in this typing scheme over many years.
Mechanism of the bactericidal action of myeloperoxidase: increased permeability of the Escherichia coli cell envelope
Authors: Sips H J , Hamers M N
Published: January 2020

The killing of Escherichia coli by isolated human myeloperoxidase plus hydrogen peroxide plus chloride ions was shown to proceed via an increased permeability of the bacterial cell wall. A correlation between the extent of the increased permeability and the number of surviving colony-forming units was found (P less than 0.0005). The same phenomenon was observed with isolated human neutrophils. The permeability increase was shown to be limited, because low-molecular-weight substrate became freely permeant, but the bacteria retained their permeability barrier for protein. Furthermore, disruption of the permeability barrier was followed by destruction of cytoplasmic protein. The active antibacterial agent was probably hypochlorous acid, the direct product of the system, rather than singlet oxygen, the nonenzymic product of hypochlorous acid and hydrogen peroxide. This is concluded from the fact that the myeloperoxidase system could be mimicked by hypochlorous acid, whereas conditions that favor formation of singlet oxygen did not enhance this effect. The relevance of the system for killing of bacteria at neutral pH is discussed.
Intranasal immunization of mice against Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Smith R H , Babiuk L A , Stockdale P H
Published: January 2020

A potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) extract of Pasteurella multocida serotype III:A was shown to protect mice from an intranasal challenge with up to 300 50% lethal doses of P. multocida. In addition to preventing death, bacteria were rapidly cleared from the lungs of immunized mice so that by 72 to 96 h postchallenge no bacteria were present in the lungs of immunized mice, whereas up to 10(9) bacteria were present in lungs of nonimmunized mice. Immunization by the intranasal route was slightly better than that by the intramuscular route. Protection was considered specific, since immunization with P. multocida protected only against P. multocida and not against Salmonella agona. Furthermore, a similar KSCN extract from P. haemolytica did not protect against P. multocida challenge. A comparison of the KSCN extract with a Formalin-killed bacterin suggested that the KSCN extract may be superior to the bacterin.
Serum antibodies to oral Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Bacteroides gingivalis): relationship to age and periondontal disease
Authors: Mouton C , Hammond P G , Slots J , Genco R J
Published: January 2020

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay microplate method was used for measuring levels of antibody specific for the oral serotype of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Bacteroides gingivalis) in serum samples obtained from umbilical cords, infants, children, periodontally normal adults, and edentulous adults. Serum from patients with various periodontal diseases, including adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis, generalized juvenile periodontitis, post-localized juvenile periodontitis, and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, were also studied. A positive correlation between increase in age and increase in both prevalence and level of specific antibody in the G, A, and M classes of immunoglobulins was observed. This indicates that antibodies reactive with oral B. asaccharolyticus found in up to 84% of normal adults are natural antibodies, presumably with a protective role. Among the patient groups, those with adult periodontitis were found to have levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to oral B. asaccharolyticus that were five times higher than the antibody levels found in control subjects. The levels of IgG antibodies to this organism in the other patient groups were comparable to the levels found in the control group. However, 50% of the individuals in the generalized juvenile periodontitis group had high levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to B. asaccharolyticus, suggesting heterogeneity with respect to immune response in these patients. These results indicate that antibodies to oral B. asaccharolyticus (B. gingivalis) occur at low levels in most normal children and adults and that the rise in titer of the specific antibodies of each major class of immunoglobulins parallels the ontogenic change in serum levels of that isotype. In contrast, there is a marked increase in titer of immunoglobulin G antibodies to oral B. asaccharolyticus in the group of patients with adult periodontitis and in patients with the generalized form of juvenile periodontitis.
Outer membrane proteins induced under conditions of iron limitation in the marine fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum 775
Authors: Crosa J H , Hodges L L
Published: January 2020

Cells of the marine fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum 775 harboring a plasmid associated with virulence can grow unaffected in the presence of iron-binding compounds such as transferrin. In contrast, the growth of isogenic plasmidless derivatives is inhibited by the presence of iron chelators. Radioactive from (55Fe3+) uptake experiments indicate that this plasmid-linked ability of V. anguillarum cells to grow under conditions of iron limitation is indeed due to a more rapid and efficient iron uptake mediated by the virulence plasmid. In addition, V. anguillarum cells growing under iron limitation show at least two novel outer membrane proteins. One of them, a 86,000-dalton protein we called OM2, is inducible only in those cells in which the virulence plasmid is present.
In vitro stimulation of immunoglobulin production from human peripheral blood lymphocytes by a soluble preparation of Actinomyces viscosus
Authors: Mangan D F , Lopatin D E
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we report the ability of a soluble, ultrasonicate preparation of Actinomyces viscosus to stimulate in vitro immunoglobulin production by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM concentrations were determined with a highly sensitive and specific micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (micro-ELISA). A viscosus-induced immunoglobulin production was T lymphocyte dependent and was inhibited by monocytes. The immunoglobulin response was optimal when A. viscosus (1,000 microgram/ml) was removed from the cultures on day 2 of incubation. Antibodies specific for A. viscosus were not detected, indicating that A. viscosus was activating a polycolonal B-lymphocyte response. Since periodontal lesions in humans are characterized by the accumulation of a large number of B lymphocytes, the polyclonal activation of these cells by A. viscosus may affect the severity and resolution of the disease.
Immune responses in mice against herpes simplex virus: mechanisms of protection against facial and ganglionic infections
Authors: Zweerink H J , Martinez D , Lynch R J , Stanton L W
Published: January 2020

We performed experiments with mice to determine the nature of the immune response(s) that prevents primary infections of the skin and the trigeminal ganglia with herpes simplex virus. Immunization with infectious herpes simplex virus, inactivated virus, or material enriched for viral glycoproteins protected hairless mice against primary facial and ganglionic infections. Live and inactivated viruses induced neutralizing antibodies, whereas glycoprotein material did not. Instead, glycoprotein material induced antibodies that were largely directed against two glycopolypeptides with molecular weights of 120,000 to 130,000. Hairless mice immunized with glycoprotein material responded faster than control mice in the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies after challenge with infectious virus. Congenital athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice were protected against primary facial infections after immunization with glycoprotein material, but glycoprotein-specific antibodies were not induced.
Partial purification and characterization of the major species-specific protein antigens of Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia prowazekii identified by rocket immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Dasch G A , Samms J R , Williams J C
Published: January 2020

Species-specific antigens from Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia prowazekii were readily solubilized by French pressure cell extraction or sonication of Renografin density gradient-purified rickettsiae and were identified by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. As measured by quantitative rocket immunoelectrophoresis, the species-specific typhus rocket antigens (STRAs) appeared to be proteins; they were denatured by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min but not by 50 degrees C treatment, and they were sensitive to pronase and trypsin but were not affected by periodate oxidation, glycosidases of various specificities, phospholipase A, or lipase. STRAs from both R. typhi and R. prowazekii were separated from common antigens by DE52 column chromatography of 100,000-X-g supernatant fractions of rickettsial extracts. The purified STRAs were characterized by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on Davis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The two purified STRAs were proteins with similar native electrophoretic mobilities in agarose and polyacrylamide gels, and these proteins had similar polypeptide patterns on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Most of the STRA activity migrated as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide and Davis polyacrylamide gels, although minor protein bands with STRA activity were also detected. The major STRA proteins constituted 10 to 15% of the total cellular protein of R. typhi and R. prowazekii. According to sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titrations, the STRA of R. prowazekii had substantial cross-reactivity with rabbit antiserum prepared against R. typhi, as shown also by rocket immunoelectrophoresis, whereas the STRA of R. typhi reacted only very weakly with antiserum prepared against R. prowazekii according to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and not at all according to rocket immunoelectrophoresis.
Mouse model for abortive rabies infection of the central nervous system
Authors: Smith J S
Published: January 2020

When adult mice were injected by the footpad route with the attenuated rabies virus ERA/BHK, serum- and brain-associated antibody and interferon were produced, nonspecific cytotoxic cells and virus-specific cytolytic T cells in the spleen were activated, and a nonlethal infection of the central nervous system occurred. Cyclophosphamide treatment of these animals 1 day after virus infection suppressed antibody formation and induction of cytolytic T cells and resulted in a lethal infection. Virus injection into athymic mice also produced lethal infections. This indicated the importance of the T-cell response in survival but did not allow the response of cytolytic T cells to be distinguished from that of helper T cells. because cyclophosphamide has a longer-lasting effect on B cells than on T cells, the resulting mortality when virus is injected at intervals after cyclophosphamide treatment can be used to distinguish the importance of each of these cells in viral clearance. Although delay of rabies virus ERA/BHK injection until 3 days after cyclophosphamide treatment resulted in induction of a strong cytolytic T-cell response and reduced mortality, the mortality could be further reduced by delaying virus infection until the B-cell response had recovered. This indicated that both humoral and cellular immune components were vital for survival in this model.
Immune response of the ileum to invasive Escherichia coli diarrheal disease in rabbits
Authors: O'Hanley P D , Cantey J R
Published: January 2020

We have previously characterized a rabbit model of invasive Escherichia coli diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to measure the in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin and anti-invasive E. coli antibody by ileal tissue and levels of anti-invasive E. coli antibody in sera and ileal contents at intervals after diarrhea. Immunoglobulin synthesis by the ileum peaked at 7 to 9 days, but returned to normal by 11 to 13 days post-diarrhea.l Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) was synthesized in greater quantity than was IgG or IgM. Anti-invasive E. coli antibody synthesis peaked at 11 to 13 days, decreased to less than half of maximum by 21 to 24 days, but was increased again at 30 to 33 days post-diarrhea. Secretory IgA anti-invasive E. coli antibody was synthesized in greater quantity than was IgG or IgM antibody. Specific antibody of the IgG and IgM classes, but not of the IgA class, appeared in sera by 4 to 6 days and peaked at 7 to 15 days post-diarrhea. Secretory IgA anti-invasive E. coli antibody was detected in ileal contents by 7 to 13 days, but maximum levels were not reached until 50 to 55 days post-diarrhea. IgG and IgM anti-invasive E. coli antibodies were not detected in ileal contents. The synthesis and secretion of secretory IgA antibody were major components of the immune response of the ileum after infection with an invasive bacterium.
Biological activities of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Moreno E , Berman D T , Boettcher L A
Published: January 2020

Purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from smooth (s) and rough (R) strains of Brucella abortus and lipid A isolated from S-LPS by mild acid hydrolysis were examined in several assays of biological activity. Brucella S- and R-LPSs and Brucella lipid A activated the complement cascade. Previously reported mitogenic activation by Brucella LPSs of spleen cells from endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice was confirmed and also produced by isolated Brucella lipid A. Mitogenicity was not inhibited by polymyxin B, and amino acid analysis showed no binding of polymyxin B to Brucella LPS under conditions in which mitogenicity of phenol-water-extracted Escherichia coli LPS was inhibited. S and R Brucella LPSs and lipid A all produced equivalent polyclonal stimulation of C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeAU spleen cells. Crude and purified LPS from S but not from R B. abortus was toxic for outbred mice, with 50% lethal doses approximately six times greater than that for E. coli LPS. S- and R-LPSs were abortifacient in pregnant outbred mice. S Brucella LPS was lethal for carrageenen-pretreated C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeAU mice, whereas only C3H/HeAU mice were killed by E. coli LPS. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the unique fatty acid composition of Brucella lipid A is responsible for its biological activity in endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. The participation of the protein strongly bound to the lipid A cannot be excluded, but its mode of action, if any, is different from that of the lipid A-associated protein of enterobacterial LPS.
Common antigens of streptococcal and non-streptococcal oral bacteria: immunochemical studies of extracellular and cell-wall-associated antigens from Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Actinomyces viscosus
Authors: Schöller M , Klein J P , Frank R M
Published: January 2020

Soluble extracellular antigens (ESA) were prepared from the culture supernatant of exponential growing cells of Streptococcus sanguis OMZ 9 by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on a Bio-Gel P6 column. Soluble cell wall antigens (WEA) were obtained from the bacterial pellet by extraction with 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 6). Antisera against whole cells of S. sanguis and S. mutans of different serotypes, 10% trichloroacetic extracts of bacterial cell walls, dextran, ESA, and WEA were prepared by injecting the different antigens several times in rabbits. ESA and WEA were prepared from a representative strain of Bratthall's seven serological groups, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Actinomyces viscosus. All sera showed various agglutinin titers against heat-killed cells, and titers were generally higher with homologous cells. The comparison of the different antigens using agar gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis showed the presence of extracellular common antigens in both ESA and WEA between the different strains. Absorption of anti-ESA sera with WEA, and anti-WEA sera with ESA, showed the existence of a specific antigen common to all bacteria in each fraction. Enzymatic treatment of the antigen before immunodiffusion demonstrated the protein nature of the two antigens present in ESA and WEA.
Chemoattractive factors from Escherichia coli: individual strain variation
Authors: Belsheim J , Gnarpe H , Kaijser B
Published: January 2020

Thirty-five different Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, or pyelonephritis were investigated regarding their capacity to stimulate leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. There were significant differences between individual strains in degree of chemoattraction, as well as among individual leukocyte donors in their reactions to the same strains. These differences were not correlated to specific E. coli antibodies. No significant differences in chemoattraction were found among strains isolated from patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, or pyelonephritis. It was suggested that the production of chemoattractive factors was not important for the pathogenicity of different E. coli strains in relation to urinary tract infection.
Direct evidence for the involvement of capsular polysaccharide in the immunoprotective activity of Klebsiella pneumoniae ribosomal preparations
Authors: Riottot M M , Fournier J M , Jouin H
Published: January 2020

Previous work has demonstrated the capsular serotypic specificity of the protection conferred on mice by Klebsiella pneumoniae ribosomal preparations. The data in these studies support the hypothesis that capsular polysaccharide plays at least some role in the specificity of the protection conferred by ribosomal preparations. In this investigation, the presence of capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide in K. pneumoniae ribosomal preparations was demonstrated by using immunodiffusion tests. Lipopolysaccharide content was determined for mice treated with actinomycin D. The serotype of O antigen did not play a role in the orientation of the specificity of the protection. The possibility that lipopolysaccharide might act as an adjuvant was not unlikely since the ribosomal preparations which contained the greatest amounts of lipopolysaccharide appeared to be the most immunoprotective preparations. Ribosomal preparations extracted from a noncapsulated mutant of K. pneumoniae did not protect mice. This finding suggested that capsular polysaccharide might play a role in the immunoprotective activity of ribosomes. This hypothesis was tested by using K. pneumoniae K2 bacteriophage-associated-glycanase, which specifically hydrolyzed K. pneumoniae K2 capsular polysaccharide and thereby suppressed the immunoprotective activity of K. pneumoniae K2 ribosomal preparations. In contrast, the K2 bacteriophage-associated glycanase did not interfere with the immunoprotective activity of K. pneumoniae K1 ribosomal preparations. These results clearly demonstrate that capsular polysaccharide, which is an extraribosomal antigen, is involved in the immunoprotective activity of K. pneumoniae ribosomal preparations.
Increased resistance and depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity to Listeria monocytogenes induced by pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Galleli A , Le Garrec Y , Chedid L
Published: January 2020

Intravenous injection of a small dose of lipopolysaccharide 24 h before infection with Listeria monocytogenes enhanced the resistance of mice to this organism. This protective effect of lipopolysaccharide related to the ability of nonimmune macrophages to inhibit bacterial proliferation in livers and spleens. Surprisingly, lipopolysaccharide-treated mice exhibited inferior acquired immunity, as measured by adoptive transfer of immunity to normal mice, delayed-type hypersensitivity to Listeria antigens, and uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes in the spleen. These results support the view that lipopolysaccharide stimulates a highly effective anti-Listeria immunity via the macrophage component, despite interference with the lymphocyte component.
Lymphokine production by human milk lymphocytes
Authors: Keller M A , Kidd R M , Bryson Y J , Turner J L , Carter J
Published: January 2020

To assess the functional capability of human milk lymphocytes, we studied phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphokine production by breast milk and, for comparison, peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Two lymphokines, lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF) and immune interferon, were assayed in supernatants of milk and blood lymphocyte cultures obtained from women 2 to 6 days postpartum. Eleven parallel milk and blood samples were studied for LDCF production. In nine experiments, both milk and blood lymphocytes produced LDCF. In the two other experiments, milk cells did not produce LDCF. In 10 milk cultures studied, all produced interferon activity. Acid and heat lability characteristics were typical of immune interferon. These results further characterize milk lymphocytes as immunologically competent and possibly important effector cells in neonatal immunity.
Effect of respiratory syncytial virus and virus-antibody complexes on the oxidative metabolism of human neutrophils
Authors: Kaul T N , Faden H , Ogra P L
Published: January 2020

The effect of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or mixtures of RSV and its specific antibody on the oxidative metabolic activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied by the technique of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. Peripheral blood neutrophils obtained from normal healthy donors were used. RSV alone failed to induce any chemiluminescent response by the neutrophils. However, mixtures of RSV and RSV antibody-positive serum regularly elicited significant neutrophil chemiluminescence. Ultracentrifugation, electron microscopy, and Raji cell immune complex assays of virus-antibody mixtures suggested that the neutrophil chemiluminescent response was related to the presence of specific immune complexes of RSV antigen-antibody. Heat inactivation of the serum significantly reduced the polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemiluminescence, and the response also appeared to be dependent on the dose of the virus and the antibody in the reaction mixture. It is proposed that interaction between the neutrophil and RSV-specific immune complexes may contribute to the pathogenesis of RSV infection via the possible release of metabolic products from the activated neutrophils.