bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in fatty acid composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds in response to time of nitrogen application, supply rates and defoliation
Authors: Steer Barrie T , Seiler Gerald J
Published: October 2006

The fatty acid composition of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L ) seed oil was shown to respond to N supply rates and the time of N application in four glasshouse and two field experiments using five cultivars. Changes in individual fatty acids % total were smaller than those caused by differences in minimum temperatures during seed development but they were statistically significant. N supply rates before floret initiation affected the % fatty acid composition of mature seeds; the percentage of palmitic (16:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids responded positively to increases in N supply whereas % stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids responded negatively. The only fatty acid to respond to N supply rates between floret initiation and anthesis was 18:0 acid. The percentage of 18:1 responded positively and that of 18:2 acid negatively to high N supply rates after anthesis Responses to single N applications at different stages of plant development in the field confirmed these findings but results were more variable than in the glasshouse. Partial or complete defoliation at anthesis in the field caused the same changes in fatty acid composition as did a low N supply after anthesis.

The results are difficult to interpret in terms of our current knowledge of lipid biosynthesis. N supply rates may affect the rate of hydrolysis of fatty acid complexes or their transport from the proplastid to the cytosolic compartment. There was no compelling support for the hypothesis that N supply rates bejore floret initiation were affecting fatty acid composition through their effects on other plant characters such as leaf mass, seed number or single seed weight.
Effect of succinylation on the functional and physicochemical properties of bovine serum albumin
Authors: Murphy Margaret C , Howell Nazlin K
Published: October 2006

Bovine serum albumin was modijed with succinic anhydride so that 50 or 82% of lysine residues were acylated. The structural alterations caused by modification were examined by pH titration, electrophoretic patterns, circular dichroism, amino acid analysis, and the measurement of amino, sulphydryl and hydrophobic groups. Changes in these physicochemical properties were related to inferior whipping, emulsification and gelling properties of succinylated bovine serum albumin compared with the native protein.
Determination of lignin in herbaceous plants by an improved acetyl bromide procedure
Authors: Iiyama Kenji , Wallis Adrian F A
Published: October 2006

A modified acetyl bromide procedure is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of lignin in herbaceous plants. The digestion with 25 % acetyl bromide (AcBr) in acetic acid at 70°C is improved by including 4 % perchloric acid in the digesting solutions. This allows for more rapid, complete digestion and the use of coarser samples. On the basis of infrared spectra and nitrobenzene oxidation data for milled sample lignins, the value of 20.0 g−1 litre cm−1 for the specific absorption coeficient of AcBr‐treated lignins of herbaceous plant samples gave lignin values which were consistent with nitrobenzene oxidation data, but were higher than those obtained by the acid detergent lignin method and the earlier AcBr method proposed for grasses. The lower lignin values obtained in the latter methods are considered to be due to partial lignin solubilisation in the sulphuric acid digestion.
Monomeric and dimeric phenolic constituents of plant cell walls—possible factors influencing wall biodegradability
Authors: Eraso Fatima , Hartley Roy D
Published: October 2006

A range of plant cell walls fiom graminaceous and leguminous plants were examined qualitatively and quantitatively for monomeric and dimeric phenolic constituents that were released by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The total amounts of phenolics released fiom the walls of the graminaceous plants varied fiom 8 to 28 mg g−1 walls compared with less than 3 mg g−1 walls jiom the legumes. p‐Coumaric and ferulic acids were the major components of the monomeric fraction. The cell walls also contained substituted cyclobutanes having molecular weights equal to two p‐coumaric acid molecules, two ferulic acid molecules or one p‐coumaric plus one ferulic acid molecule, All the walls contained dehydrodiferulic acid. If it is assumed that the substituted cyclobutanes and dehydrodiferulic acid arise from dimerisation of feruloyl and p‐coumaroyl groups linked to cell wall polysaccharides, then, for the graminaceous walls, it is calculated that between 5 and 14% of these groups had converted to dimers. This dimerisation process may limit the biodegradability of the wall polysaccharides.
Assessment of lipid oxidation in indonesian salted‐dried marine catfish (Arius thalassinus)
Authors: Smith Gillian , Hole Mike , Hanson Steven W
Published: October 2006

Analysis of Indonesian salted‐dried catfish (Arius thalassinus Ruppell) during processing and storage indicates that although peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and anisidine values give an indication of the onset of lipid oxidation, the values become negligible in the consumed product. Alternative methods have been developed and the signijcant, steady increases found in the levels of acetic acid soluble colour and fluorescence indicate that these parameters are realistic indicators of the tertiary products formed by interactions of carbonyl compounds with amino type compounds. These increases are complemented by a fall in the level of free amino acids during storage of the product. A 30 % loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found during salting, but no subsequent loss was found during drying and storage.
Evolution of anthocyanins during maturation of tempranillo grape variety (Vitis vinifera) using polynomial regression models
Authors: González‐San José Maria L , Barron Luis J R , Díez Clara
Published: October 2006

In general, the anthocyanin content of grapes increases during ripening but presents a concentration minimum a few days before physiological maturity. This minimum is sharper for the acyl derivatives. Significant behavioural differences were found between monoglucosides and their acyl derivatives.

A polynomial model was used to describe the evolution of anthocyanins in the maturation of Tempranillo grapes (Vitis vinifera L).
Enzymic hydrolysis of glucosinolates in a low water system
Authors: Hanley A Bryan , Kwiatkowska C A , Fenwick G Roger
Published: October 2006

The hydrolysis of glucosinolates by a co‐occurring thioglucosidase, myrosinase, produces a range of physiologically active compounds including organic isothiocyanates and nitriles. Myrosinase is known to be a membrane‐bound enzyme, thus the reaction with glucosinolates is likely to occur in vivo at an interface. Glucosinolates were hydrolysed in a low water system both with and without surfactant. In the former case, more rapid hydrolysis was observed than occurs in buffered aqueous solution. Desulphoglucosinolates were found to inhibit glucosinolate hydrolysis in this system.
Multivariate statistical methods applied to the differentiation of rum brands
Authors: Herranz Alberto , de la Serna Pilar , Barro Carmen , Martin‐Alvarez Pedro Jesus
Published: October 2006

Several multivariate statistical methods (discriminant, factor and cluster analysis) have been applied to analytical data for major volatile components, volatile esters and carboxylic acids collected from various rum samples in order to distinguish between genuine rum of a well known and expensive brand and other less expensive rums.
The potential of immuno‐probes for locating storage proteins in wheat endosperm and bread
Authors: Parker Mary L , Mills E N Clare , Morgan Michael R A
Published: October 2006

An anti‐gliadin monoclonal antibody (IFRN 0033) raised to total gliadin protein from wheat has been assessed for its ability to recognise, at the ultrastructural level, gluten proteins in grain and bread. An indirect, two‐step, immunolabelling procedure using colloidal gold as a readily identifiable marker for electron microscopy was successfully used to locate gluten proteins in wheat and bread. Storage protein bodies in developing grain, and protein matrix in mature grain, were immunolabelled, and there was no cross‐reactivity with aleurone proteins or non‐storage proteins associated with the endosperm starch. Epitopes recognised by IFRN 0033 were not destroyed by the baking process. IFRN 0033 bound strongly to the cut surface of breadcrumb immunolabelled before embedding, but, apart from isolated fibrils, did not recognise the gluten‐gas cell interface.
Studies on non‐enzymic browning in orange juice using a model system based on freshly squeezed orange juice
Authors: Kennedy J F , Rivera Z S , Lloyd L L , Warner F P , Jumel K
Published: October 2006

An orange juice based model system was set up wherein variables such as the addition of glucose, lysine, sorbitol and L‐ascorbic acid and changes in pH and storage temperature were introduced to study their effects on L‐ascorbic acid degradation and on browning. The addition of glucose, lysine and sorbitol did not have a significant effect on L‐ascorbic acid degradation, whereas added L‐ascorbic acid acted solely as a reserve material. In terms of browning, a change in pH and storage at elevated temperature produced a synergistic effect in the development of brown colour which was enhanced by the introduction of additives. Based on the results obtained, L‐ascorbic acid appears to be the precursor in the non‐enzymic browning occurring in this type of sample due to the formation of reactive carbonyl compounds produced upon its degradation which tend to polymerise, or to react with nitrogenous compounds, to give brown pigments.
Effect of rigor mortis and ageing on collagen in trout (Salmo irideus) muscle
Authors: Montero Pilar , Borderias Javier
Published: October 2006

The literature reflects a divergence of opinion on the subject of the effect of rigor mortis and ageing on muscle collagen aggregation in food animals; there is little information concerning fish. The object of the present study was to document the effect of rigor mortis and ageing in trout (Salmo irideus Gibb) on the physical and biochemical characteristics of muscle connective tissue and its main component, collagen.
Sugar metabolism by Dioscorea tubers during sprouting
Authors: Osagie Anthony U , Rees Tom Ap
Published: October 2006

The aim of this work was to investigate claims that sprouting tubers of Dioscorea contain appreciable amounts of free pentoses and show high activity of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. [1−14C]‐ and [6−14C] glucose were supplied to tubers of Dioscorea rotundata Pair and Dioscorea bulbifera L. No significant labelling of free pentose was detected. The two isotopes labelled the fractions that contained the organic acids, ammo acids and protein almost equally. Pentoses were not detected in significant amounts when the sugar fractions were analysed by gas chromatography. It is argued that neither of the above suggestions is correct.
Influence of phenolic acids on morphological changes in roots of Pisum sativum
Authors: Vaughan D , Ord B
Published: October 2006

At relatively high concentrations (1 mM), ferulic, vanillic, p‐coumaric, p‐hydroxybenzoic, syringic and caffeic acids inhibited the growth of roots of Pisum sativum L cultured in a Hoagland nutrient solution under axenic conditions. These phenolic acids also profoundly affected root morphology in terms of extension growth of the main root and the number and size of the lateral roots. The precise growth effects depended on the phenolic acid. At concentrations that inhibited an increase in the length of the main root, the phenolic acids also inhibited cell division. To produce the maximum growth effect, the phenolic acids must be present continuously. Lower concentrations (1 μM)of the phenolic acids also affected root growth and morphology when the nitrogen content of the nutrient solution was limiting.
Effects of low and high dietary levels of beta‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN) on the performance of laying chickens
Authors: Chowdhuryc Sachchidananda D
Published: October 2006

In two experiments, commercial laying pullets and hens were fed diets containing either low or high concentrations of beta‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN), the toxin present in some legume seeds in the genus Lathyrus. BA PN was fed as mono‐beta‐aminopropionitrile fumarate. The main effects of feeding BAPN to laying birds appear to be on shell formation, egg weight and egg production. Heavier eggs, abnormal in shape and shell texture, were frequently obtained when BAPN was included in the diet. Effects on both egg weight and egg malformation were observed with or without a reduction in egg production.

The toxic level of BA PN fumarate in the diet of laying birds appears to lie between 0.1 and 0.2 g kg−1. Considering BAPN content in seeds of different Lathyrus species and the level of active constituent of BAPN fumarate which had adverse effects, it was found that Lathyrus seeds which contain BAPN as a toxic constituent have margins of safety and could be utilised to constitute a proportion of the layer diets without any deleterious effects.
Effects of maturation and spawning on the gel‐forming ability of lizardfish (Saurida elongata) muscle tissues
Authors: Shimizu Yutaka , Wendakoon Chitra Nandanie
Published: October 2006

Seasonal variations in the gel‐forming ability and chemical composition of the muscle of lizardfish (Saurida elongata Temminck et Schlegel) in the Seto Inland Sea were examined in relation to maturation and spawning of the fish. During the spawning period (June‐July) the gel‐forming ability decreased sharply with the marked decrease of myofibrillar protein content and the increase of myosin‐degrading (Modori) activity around 60°C as well as around 50°C. After spawning, however, in spite of a rapid recovery of the myofibrillar protein content, the gel‐forming potential remained at a very low level until September because of a high level of the myosin degrading activity. The Modori phenomenon observed at 50°C was distinguished from that occurring usually at 60°C according to SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of degraded myosin heavy chain.
Estimation of metabolisable energy for ruminants by near infrared reflectance photometry using multivariate methods
Authors: Berglund Ingemar , Larsson Kjell , Lindberg Walter
Published: October 2006

Partial least squares calibration is used to relate in‐vivo metabolisable energy for ruminants to N I R spectral data. The accuracy of predictions is compared with metabolisable energy estimated by rumen digestible organic matter in vitro. The measurement accuracy is in favour of the biological method. This is probably due to the lack of specificity of the N I R technique, ie chemical compounds that are different to rumen bacteria appear to the NIR spectrometer to be similar. This means that although a high precision is obtained the prediction accuracy is lessened as a result of low spectral selectivity. If sampling error and speed of analysis also are considered, the advantage of N I R spectroscopy becomes apparent.
Maize (Zea mays) response to nitrogen fertiliser on an ultisol in southern nigeria under two tillage and mulch treatments
Authors: Mbagwu Joe S C
Published: October 2006

The response of maize to four rates of nitrogen (N) fertiliser (0, 60, 120 and 240 kg N ha−1) on an ultisol in south‐eastern Nigeria was evaluated under two tillage and two mulch treatments. Differences in plant height, leaf area index and grain yield between the conventionally tilled and zero‐tillage treatments were not significant at P < 0.05, but the mulched plots out‐yielded the unmulched plots by 23–46% during the drier seasons. On each tillage‐mulch combination, grain yield response to nitrogen was of a quadratic polynomial form, indicating that maximum yields occurred at 123, 139, 130 and 142 kg N ha−1 on the tilled‐mulched, tilled‐unmulched, untilled‐mulched and untilled‐unmulched plots, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency (grain yield per kg N applied) decreased in the order tilled‐mulched (32.6) > untilled‐mulched (30.9) > untilled‐unmulched (27.8) > tilled‐unmulched (22.4) where the figures in parentheses represent nitrogen use efficiency (kg kg−1).

For each tillage treatment maximum soil temperature was higher and moisture retained at 2 and 10 days after saturation lower on the unmulched than mulched plots. Percentage moisture loss between these days was 45.5, 83.3, 25.0 and 55.6 respectively, on the tilled‐mulched, tilled‐unmulched, untilled‐mulched and untilled‐unmulched plots. The untilled‐mulched plots had the highest contents of residual organic carbon and total N.
Effect of processing on thiamin and riboflavin contents of some high‐yielding rice varieties of punjab
Authors: Grewal Parminder K , Sangha Jaswinder K
Published: October 2006

Six high‐yielding varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L) were taken and subjected to 6 and 8% degree of milling. The raw rice and the parboiled rice were analysed microbiologically for thiamin and riboflavin contents. Milled parboiled rice contained more thiamin and riboflavin that milled raw rice at both the levels of milling because parboiling of paddy results in inward diffusion of water‐soluble vitamins to the endosperm. The thiamin content of brown rice is reduced after parboiling. The loss may be due to the partial decomposition of thiamin during the stages of parboiling, but the riboflavin content of brown rice is found to be increased after parboiling.
Apparent and true ileal digestibility of amino acids and nitrogen balance measured in pigs with ileo‐rectal anastomosis or T‐cannulas, given a diet containing peas
Authors: Leterme Pascal , Théwis André , Beckers Yves , Baudart Evelyne
Published: October 2006

The apparent ileal digestibility of the main constituents of a diet based on peas (Pisum sativum L) and of the amino acids of these peas was determined with three pigs which were surgically modified to create an ileo‐rectal anastomosis with complete isolation of the large intestine, and three pigs surgically fitted with a T‐cannula at the terminal ileum. The animals first received a diet containing ground peas as the sole protein source and then a protein‐free diet which permitted the estimation of the excretion of endogenous amino acids at the level of the ileum and the calculation of the true digestibility of pea amino acids. The apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, cell walls, starch and energy was systematically higher in cannulated pigs, but the difference was only significant for cell walls (P < 0.05). For the amino acids the difference was only significant for the apparent as well as the true digestibilities of methionine, proline and tryptophan. It seems that the observed difference originates from the collecting method for the cannulated pigs. The nitrogen balance has shown that with pigs an ileo‐rectal anastomosis emitted less urinary N and more faecal N (P < 0.05) than cannulated pigs. On the other hand, the estimation of the biological value and of the net protein utilisation of pea proteins was the same for both kinds of pig (P > 0.05).
Determination of aliphatic nitro compounds in the roots of Lotus pedunculatus—the effect of maceration on levels of components
Authors: Greenwood David R
Published: October 2006

Aliphatic nitro compounds (3‐nitropropanoyl esters of glucose)in the roots of Lotus pendunculatus Cav were determined by analysis of nitrite released on alkaline hydrolysis. This method was validated for quantitation of both total nitro compounds in ethanolic extracts and for individual components from TLC separations. The profiles of nitro compounds before and after maceration of root tissue were compared. A doubling of unesterified 3‐ nitropropionic acid and an associated increase in the putative monoester and 2, 6‐diester concentrations were detected, indicative of some hydrolysis of higher homologues. However, more than 75% of the 3‐nitropropionic acid remained esterified after the process of crushing root tissue to mimic predation by root‐feeding insects.
Nitrosation of some food‐related tetrahydro‐β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylic acids
Authors: Salvi Neeta A , Choughuley Ahmed S U
Published: October 2006

A number of β‐carbolines whose nitroso derivatives are known mutagens and carcinogens are formed in cooked and processed foods. In this work the formation of N‐nitroso derivatives from 1‐substituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐9H‐pyrido[3,4‐b]indole‐3‐carboxylic acid (1‐R‐THBC‐3‐COOH) and nitrite in aqueous solution was studied. The effect of reaction pH, nitrite concentration and duration of the reaction was evaluated. The yield of N‐nitroso‐1‐R‐THBC‐3‐COOH at 37°C was enhanced at low pH(about pH 2) and reached a maximum within 1 h when the stoichiometric amount was used in the reaction. Formation of the nitroso derivative was detected even when only half the stoichiometric quantity was used.
Effect of dielectric heat treatment on protein nutritional values and some antinutritional factors in soya bean
Authors: Petres Jolán , Márkus Zsuzsa , Gelencsér Éva , Bogár Zsuzsa , Gajzágó Ildiko , Czukor Bálint
Published: October 2006

In 10‐cm layers, batches (3 kg) of whole soya bean (Glycine max L var Evans) seeds at 14.3% moisture levels were dielectrically heated (frequency 27.12 MHz) to 115, 120 and 125°C. Net Protein Utilisation and Net Protein Ratio of soya bean proteins were improved by the treatments as observed in feeding trials in rats. Total lysine contents were slightly affected by the treatments. Trypsin inhibitor (TI), lectin and urease activities were very low and at acceptable levels in dielectrically heated soya bean samples. Kunitz inhibitor (KSTI) appears solely responsible for the residual TI activity measured in treated soya bean samples. When larger amounts (45 kg in 30‐cm layers) of soya bean seeds were heated to 120°C by dielectric energy, TI activity was sufficiently inactivated (93%).
Effect of harvest date and pod position on glucosinolates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Booth Elaine J , Walker Kerr C , Griffiths D Wynne
Published: October 2006

Pod samples from four varieties of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) were taken twice weekly from 26 to 3 days before harvest from upper, middle and lower third portions of the main raceme. Seeds were analysed for individual glucosinolate concentration by HPLC. Total glucosinolate content increased suddenly during the sampling period. The timing of the increase depended on variety but occurred before harvest would have been practical. Proportions of individual glucosinolates in Rafal, the only “high” glucosinolate variety examined, did not change over the sampling period. In the other varieties, the proportion of 2‐hydroxy‐but‐3‐enyl (progoitrin) increased and the proportion of 2‐hydroxy‐pent‐4‐enyl decreased as sampling progressed, so that the concentration of individual glucosinolates could not be predicted from total glucosinolate content. The ‘low’ glucosinolate varieties contained a significantly smaller concentration of progoitrin and summed aromatic glucosinolates than Rafal. Variations in glucosinolate content with pod position were smaller than those due to sampling date, but there was a greater concentration of glucosinolates in seeds from pods lower on the terminal raceme. The results would indicate that care should be taken if seed samples from the plant are taken.
Mechanical criteria of banana ripening
Authors: Nussinovitch A , Kopelman I J , Mizrahi S
Published: October 2006

Mechanical parameters have been evaluated as criteria suitable for following the progress of ripening of dwarf Cavendish bananas and for predicting the rate of the process from the data obtained at the initial stage. Three criteria have been found to be particularly suitable for that purpose and to give a very high and significant correlation coefficient (P <0.01) with parameters such as °Brix, starch content, water content, time and colour index. The three criteria are: the strain at a stress of 0.01 MPa; the ratio of stress at 0.05 strain to that at failure; and the ratio of the deformability modulus at small strain (0.2) to that at failure.
Separation and quantitative determination of grape and wine procyanidins by high performance reversed phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Manuel Jorge , Silva Ricardo Da , Rosec Jean‐Philippe , Bourzeix Michel , Heredia Nicolas
Published: October 2006

A method is described for the separation and quantitative analysis of procyanidins in grape and wine. On a polyamide chromatographic column an initial elution with water at pH 7.0 enabled elimination of interfering phenolic acids. A second elution with acetonitrile/water (30:70 v) was performed to extract catechins. A third elution with acetone/water (75:25 v) was carried out to obtain procyanidins. The quantitative determination of procyanidins was done by high performance reversed phase liquid chromatography. The HPLC analysis was brought down to ∼55 min. The method is accurate and reproducible and has an acceptable extraction efficiency.
Air classification of bean flour—effects on protein, antinutritional factors and the effect of a fines fraction on cultured explants of small intestinal mucosa
Authors: Van Der Poel Thomas F B , Aarts Henk L M , Kik Maria J L
Published: October 2006

Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L, cv Processor) were ground in different mills followed by air classification at two different classifier settings. These procedures yielded fines fractions containing protein levels ranging from 40.0% to 52.6%, depending mainly on cut points with classification. In the fines fractions, the protein content was at least double the level of the initial flour. Furthermore, levels of trypsin inhibitor activity and total and functional lectins in the fines fractions were one‐ to fourfold those of the initial flour. The coarse fractions, however, were not free of these antinutritional factors.

Villus length in cultured explants of small intestinal mucosa was decreased in the presence of an air‐classified fines fraction. In addition, epithelium microvesicles were formed.

From the present experiment it is concluded that air classification is effective in producing protein concentrates from Phaseolus beans. A clear separaton of constituents with lectin or trpsin inhibitory activity is not established. Based on the pathological effects of its constituents, fines fractions cannot be used in feeding practice without prior elimination of the lectins.
Effects of alley sward width, irrigation and nitrogen fertiliser on growth and yield of Cox's orange pippin apple trees
Authors: Hipps Neil A , Ridout Martin S , Atkinson David
Published: October 2006

From 1972 to 1988 an experiment was conducted which investigated the effects of four soil management treatments in combination with two rates of fertiliser application, on the growth and components of yield of Cox's Orange Pippin/MM 106 trees.

By four years after planting, trees receiving irrigation and those in uncultivated soil maintained completely bare by herbicide had substantially greater girths than trees growing in narrow and wide bare soil strips between grassed alleys. This effect persisted throughout the life of the orchard, although after 16 years the girths of trees receiving irrigation were much greater than those of trees growing in bare soil.

Increasing fertiliser application rate from 63 to 189 kg N ha−1 had either negligible or inconsistent effects on tree growth, fruit yield and size.

The cumulative yield of fruit over 12 cropping years was much greater for trees growing in bare soil and for those receiving irrigation than for those growing in the narrow bare‐soil strip system.

The increase in tree girth and yield caused by irrigation and bare soil, particularly in dry years, together with the lack of response to the larger rate of fertiliser application, suggests than water was more of a limiting factor than nitrogen supply for this orchard. Irrigation offers an alternative method of management to herbicide for increasing tree growth and fruit yield.
Nutritional value of cooked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and their isolated major protein fractions
Authors: Marquez Ursula M Lanfer , Lajolo Franco M
Published: October 2006

The digestibility and nutritional properties of whole cooked beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) and their isolated and cooked major protein fractions were evaluated in rats. Isolated globulin GI was highly digestible (89.5%) but had a low NPR value (1.51). The albumins and glutelins exhibited intermediate digestibilities (79.1 and 73.2%) and a biological utilisation NPR of 3.18 and 2.91, respectively, 30% lower than casein. Whole beans exhibited the poorest digestibility (62.8%) with a faecal excretion of more than 30% of the ingested nitrogen and an intermediate NPR of 2.27. There was a direct relation between the amount of ingested dietary fibre and dry matter and N excretion. Enrichment of whole beans with the isolated albumin fraction, rich as it is in sulphur amino acids, did not improve NPR value. Dry beans apparently contain components producing undigestible protein complexes which affect amino acid availability and increase endogenous nitrogen excretion.
Prediction of mechanical dough development, water absorption and baking performance from farinograph parameters
Authors: Atkins Thomas D , Larsen Nigel G
Published: October 2006

Two systems for measuring flour water absorption (WA), the farinograph (FAR) and the Wheat Research Institute, 125 g mechanical dough development (MDD) standard bake test system, were compared using a representative sample of 20 commercial flours. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.93) was found which yielded the predictive equation: WAMDD = 0.66 × WAFAR + 181 The 95% prediction limits for 125 g MDD water absorptions from this equation were ± 15 g kg−1. This degree of accuracy was largely due to excellent farinograph reproducibility.

Other farinograph parameters (development time, stability and breakdown) were highly correlated with the work input required for 125 g mechanical dough development, but only development time was significantly correlated with the volume of loaves baked on the 125 g standard bake system. This lack of prediction of baking quality for the farinograph could partly be because it simulates bulk fermentation mixing, rather than the more intensive mixing of the mechanical dough development process used for the loaves in this experiment. However, the loaf volume range was diminished since sample preparation involved bulking flours by water absorption.
Analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts from cones and leaves of a Humulus lupulus L cultivar
Authors: Langezaal Carlos R , Chandra Amitabh , Katsiotis Stavros T , Scheffer Johannes J C , De Haan Andre B
Published: October 2006

Extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cones and leaves of hop (Humulus lupulus L) at different combinations of temperature and pressure were analysed for their α‐ and β‐acids and volatiles, using HPLC and GC respectively. The yield and composition of the mixtures of bitter compounds from the cones were largely influenced by the temperature and pressure applied during the extraction. Bitter compounds could not be detected in the extracts from the leaves. The most important volatile components identified were β‐myrcene, β‐caryophyllene and α‐humulene. The extraction parameters also influenced the composition of the mixture of volatiles from the cones and leaves, 40°C and 20.0 MPa being optimum for the extraction of both bitter compounds and volatiles, which are thought to be important for the aroma of beer.
Structural specificity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Saponin Haemolysis and Its Impact on Two Haemolysis based Quantification Methods
Authors: Oleszek Wiesław
Published: October 2006

Several individual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) root saponins were tested for their haemolytic activities using two methods, namely the haemolytic index test and a haemolytic micromethod. It was shown that individual saponins gave different haemolytic activities depending on their structure and also on the haemolytic test used. Generally it was found that saponin monodesmosides were more active than their bisdesmosidic analogues. These differences in haemolytic activities may strongly influence the results of saponin determination with haemolysis‐based methods.
Two digalactosyldiacylglycerols with different anomeric configuration in leguminous seeds
Authors: Kojima Michiyuki , Seki Tomokazu , Ohnishi Masao , Ito Seisuke
Published: October 2006

Two digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDG), galactosyl(α1 → 6)‐galactosyl (β1 → 3′)‐diacylglycerol (A isomer) and galactosyl(β1 → 6)‐galactosyl(β1 → 3′)‐diacylglycerol (B isomer), were found to be commonly distributed in some leguminous seeds. B isomer DGDG was detected in the range 1·9–32·5% of the whole DGDG from four varieties of kidney bean, five varieties of soya bean and adzuki bean, and one variety of pea, broad bean and scarlet runner bean. In kidney bean, the principal molecular species of diacylglycerol moieties in B isomer DGDG were dilinolenin (LnLn), linoleoyllinolenin (LLn) and oleoyllinolenin (OLn), whereas those in A isomer were LnLn, OLn and LLn. The major molecular species of B isomer DGDG from broad bean were predominantly dilinolenin (LL) and LLn which were found to be significantly different from those of kidney bean.
Modification of in‐vitro digestibility and cell‐wall composition of cocksfoot, ryegrass and timothy by imazethapyr
Authors: Fales Steven L , Bohn Peter J , Hoover Ronald J , Karunanandaa Kanthasamy
Published: October 2006

Recent studies have shown that the compound imazethapyr (5‐ethyl‐2‐(4‐isopropyl‐4‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)nicotinic acid) possesses growth regulatory activity and can be used to enhance nutritive value of grasses. However, little is known about possible effects of this material on fibre composition or potential fibre utilisation by ruminants. The objective of this research was to examine imazethapyr‐treated cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L × L multiflorum Lam), and timothy (Phleum pratense L) for possible treatment‐induced changes in in‐vitro digestibility and in concentrations of selected fibre constituents. Replicated field plots treated with imazethapyr at 0 (control) or 100 g ai ha−1 during the vegetative (pre‐elongation) stage of growth were harvested when controls were in the early stage of inflorescence emergence. Samples taken from treated plots 4 weeks post‐treatment had higher in‐vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF), lower acid detergent fibre (ADF), lower cellulose, lignin, and higher hemicellulose concentrations compared with controls. Imazethapyr treatment also reduced the concentration of p‐coumaric acid in NDF, but had no effect on ferulic acid. The treatment effect on in‐vitro NDF disappearance, however, was inconsistent among the grass species and was statistically non‐significant (P = 0·10), implying that, under the conditions of this study, imazethapyr‐related enhancements in IVDMD can be attributed primarily to a reduction in the amount of NDF and its associated constituents, as opposed to qualitative differences in NDF composition.
Effect of pH and the presence of NaCl on some hydration properties of collagenous material from trout (Salmo irideus Gibb) muscle and skin
Authors: Montero Pilar , Jiménez‐Colmenero Francisco , Borderìas Javier
Published: October 2006

Various hydration properties (solubility, water binding capacity and viscosity) of collagenous material from muscle connective tissue and skin are analysed in terms of pH and NaCl concentration in the medium. In general terms it is found that functionality is at its greatest where pH is between 2 and 4, and that the addition of NaCl reduces functionality, except in the case of viscosity. Both collagenous materials react similarly to changes deriving from pH and the addition of NaCl. The data are relevant to the possible utilisation of waste products from the fish industry as functional ingredients in other foodstuffs.
Effect of heat treatments on the phytic acid content of maize products
Authors: Khan Nawab , Zaman Rashida , Elahi Manzoor
Published: October 2006

Processing of maize (Zea mays L fresh and dry) for the production of various traditional products results in the loss of phytic acid. Fresh mature corn contains less phytic acid (1·71 g kg−1) than dry corn (7·15–7.60 g kg−1). The loss of phytic acid varies from 18·1 to 46·7% for fresh maize and from 11·5 to 52·6% for dry maize respectively among the heat treatments given. From a nutritional viewpoint, consumption of maize as chapati and after roasting in a sand bath or on charcoal will improve the availability of minerals.
Study of water sorption behaviour of pectins using a computerised elution gas chromatographic technique
Authors: Demertzis P G , Riganakos K A , Giannakakos P N , Kontominas M G
Published: October 2006

The moisture sorption isotherms of apple and citrus pectins using a computerised inverse gas chromatographic (IGC) method were constructed at 25, 30, 40 and 50°C. Sorption isotherm data are calculated from a single injection of water with the aid of a personal computer and a program developed to perform data handling. Thus sorption isotherms are constructed in < 3 h. Good agreement was observed between moisture sorption isotherms of apple and citrus pectins obtained with the computerised IGC method and the gravimetric static method.
Amino acid stability in unpreserved and preserved minced capelin (Mallotus villosus)
Authors: Haaland Herborg , Njaa Leif R
Published: October 2006

Minced capelin (Mallotus villosus Müller) was stored with and without preservation at 5–7°C for up to 10 days. The amino acids most vulnerable to degradation were shown to be aspartic acid, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, arginine, serine and histidine. Decomposition was rapid, therefore minced raw capelin should be processed further, for instance to silage, as soon as possible. The amino acids were protected with both antibiotics and a solution of formalin and sodium nitrite.
Review. Recent advances in lipid oxidation
Authors: Frankel Edwin N
Published: October 2006

In a major pathway of the autoxidation of methyl linolenate, peroxyl radicals of the internal hydroperoxides undergo rapid 1,3‐tyclisation to form hydroperoxyepidioxides. Because linolenate hydroperoxides are relatively unstable, free radical antioxidants are much less effective in linolenate oils than in linoleate oils. Tocopherols and carotenoids effectively inhibit photosensitised oxidation of vegetable oils. Direct gas chromatographic analyses of malonaldehyde do not correlate with the TBA test. Model fluorescence studies indicate that malonaldehyde may not be so important in crosslinking with DNA. In contrast to oxidised methyl linoleate, oxidised trilinolenin does not form dimers. Although trilinolein oxidises with no preference between the 1(3)‐and 2‐triglyceride positions, the n‐3 double bond of trilinolenin oxidises more in the 1(3)‐ than in the 2‐position. Synthetic triglycerides oxidise in the following decreasing relative rates: LnLnL, LnLLn, LLnL, LLLn (Ln = linolenic and L = linoleic). To estimate the flavour impact of volatile oxidation products their relative threshold values must be considered together with their relative concentration in a given fat.
Growth of Clostridium tyrobutyricum during fermentation and aerobic deterioration of grass silage
Authors: Jonsson Anders
Published: October 2006

Grass experimentally infected with Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Hansenula anomala and Candida lambica was inoculated with lactic acid bacteria or formic acid, ensiled at 20°C, 28°C and 37°C and stored for 100 days. Chemical and microbial compositions were determined after 4, 11, 40 and 100 days of storage. According to the chemical and microbial criteria, all the silages were of good quality. The silage were exposed to air for 14 days after 40 and 100 days of anaerobic storage, which stimulated clostridial growth. High concentrations of spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and a high content of butyric acid were found in deteriorated parts of the silages, both on the surface and at 7‐cm depth. Increased levels of ATP were registered in deteriorated parts. The deteriorated parts had high concentrations of the bacteria Bacillus polymyxa, B licheniformis and B sphaericus and of the mould Monascus ruber while yeast counts were low. High levels of the initially added Hansenula anomala and Candida lambica were only observed in formic acid treated silages after the air exposure.
Effect of relative humidity and chlorophenol content on the fungal conversion of chlorophenols to chloroanisoles in fibreboard cartons containing dried fruit
Authors: Whitfield Frank B , Nguyen T H Ly , Last John H
Published: October 2006

The effect of relative humidity and chlorophenol content on the fungal conversion of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol to the corresponding chloroanisoles in fibreboard cartons was studied under temperature and humidity conditions similar to those that could occur in shipping containers during the transportation of packaged dried fruit. The conversion was studied in cartons manufactured from virgin Kraft fibreboard (total chlorophenol content 66 μg kg−1) and fibreboard prepared from recycled waste paper (total chlorophenol content 1375 μg kg−1). Positive correlations were established between both storage humidity and fungal population with chloroanisole production in the fibreboard. The concentration of the chloroanisoles in the packaged fruit increased with increasing relative humidity. The roles of relative humidity and chlorophenol content in fibreboard are discussed with respect to the development of chloroanisole‐induced mustiness in packaged dried fruit.
Biochemical and nutritional characteristics of non‐conventional protein sources
Authors: Kanwar Jagat R , Sharma Prehlad B , Kanwar Shamsher S
Published: October 2006

Some nutritional and antinutritional characteristics of Cucumis sativus L and Lagenaria vulgaris (Molina) Standl seeds ere studied. The mature seed kernels contained 312–318 g kg−1 crude protein, 9–10 g kg−1 crude fibre, 444–463 g kg−1 crude fat, 43–45 g kg−1 ash and 114–142 g kg−1 carbohydrates. The biological values of cucumber and bottle gourd proteins ere 74.35 and 74.20 respectively. The essential amino acid profile compared ell ith the FAO/HO scoring pattern except for a deficiency of lysine and isoleucine. Lysine as the first limiting amino acid in both the proteins. The leucine:isoleucine and leucine:lysine ratios did not sho imbalance. Trypsin inhibitor, phytate, lectin and tannin levels ere determined in the defatted decorticated cucurbit seed meals. Heat treatment reduced the trypsin inhibitor and lectin activities in all samples to negligible levels. Levels of phytate and tannins ere found to be similar in all samples.
The changes of the yield, composition and nutritive value of leaf protein extracted from vetch and cereal mixtures during three years cultivation
Authors: Pisulewska Elżbieta , Hanczakowski Piotr , Pisulewski Pawel , Szymczyk Beata
Published: October 2006

Three mixtures of vetch with cereals (rye, triticale and wheat) were grown during three consecutive seasons 1985/86, 1986/87 and 1987/88 and leaf protein concentrates (LPC) were prepared using the standard method. LPC were analysed for their gross composition and amino acid content. True digestibility (TD) and biological value (BV) of LPC proteins were estimated on rats using the Thomas‐Mitchell balance method.

There were no statistical differences in green matter and dry matter yield in the course of the whole experiment. However, in the first season (1986) the yield of vetch × rye mixture was apparently higher and that of the other two mixtures was lower than in the next two years. The protein content of LPC in 1986 was lowest, especially in the concentrates obtained from the triticale and wheat mixtures. There were only small differences in amino acid composition of proteins and these differences did not depend on the year of cultivation or species of cereal used. BV of protein extracted from the rye‐containing mixtures was always lower than that of other preparations (means of three years: rye 40, triticale 46, wheat 49). Protein extracted in 1987 had the highest BV.

It can be concluded that the season of cultivation affects the green and dry matter yield of legume x cereal mixtures though these differences are levelled off during long‐term experiments. The LPC quality is affected both by the kind of cereal and year of cultivation.
Ensiling alfalfa with additives of lactic acid bacteria and enzymes
Authors: Tengerdy R P , Weinberg Z G , Szakacs G , Wu M , Linden J C , Henk L L , Johnson D E
Published: October 2006

Ensiling alfalfa with silage additives containing lactic acid bacteria and enzymes increased fiber digestibility of fresh but not wilted alfalfa in 90 day ensiling, and resulted in a rapid, controlled homolactic fermentation of both fresh and wilted alfalfa. The enzyme treatment was most effective in ensiling fresh cut alfalfa using a cocktail of cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase enzymes with lactic acid bacteria inoculum containing Pediococcus, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus spp.
Nutritive value of a processed ration comprising popular Indian dishes
Authors: Prasad N N , Viswanathan K R , Santhanam K
Published: October 2006

The protein quality of a ready‐to‐eat military ration comprising khichidi, preserved chapathi, dehydrated arhar (Cajanus cajan L) dal, vegetable pulav, chikki, milk powder and sugar has been evaluated both before and after storage for 6 months at ambient temperature (18–30°C), and with or without supplementation of a vitamin mix, by feeding to weanling rats for 28 days. The food intake, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and food conversion efficiency of the above ration were compared with those obtained on a casein diet. The data showed an improvement in weight gain without any change in food intake when the rats were fed the ration, whether fresh or stored, supplemented with vitamin mix. The results suggest a need for vitamin supplementation of the processed ration when consumed for extended periods.
Effects of pretreatments on the texture and ascorbic acid content of frozen plantain pulp (Musa paradisiaca)
Authors: Giami Sunday Y
Published: October 2006

The effects of water blanching, steam blanching, microwave blanching and calcium chloride pretreatment on the physical and sensory properties and ascorbic acid content of frozen plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) pulp was studied. After freezing and reheating, the microwave treatment produced a similar texture to that obtained with calcium chloride treatment, and both were significantly (P<0.01) better than conventional water or steam blanching. Microwave treatment improved retention of ascorbic acid.
Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in animal feed from bihar, india
Authors: Ranjan Kumar S , Sinha Ashok K
Published: October 2006

A total of 387 samples comprising animal feed, poultry feed and cattle cakes from India were examined in order to isolate mycotoxin‐producing fungi as well as mycotoxins. Of 385 Aspergillus flavus group isolates 53% were capable of producing aflatoxins in liquid SMKY medium. Toxigenic strains of other mycotoxigenic fungi, viz A ochraceus, A versicolor, Penicillium citrinum and Fusarium moniliforme, were also recorded. In feed samples, beside the aflatoxins present in 139 samples zearalenone, ochratoxin A and citrinin were also recorded alone or as cocontaminants. A monsoon climate together with the socioeconomic conditions of this region are important determinants for the high incidence of mycotoxins in animal food.