bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of PEG modification on subtilisin Carlsberg activity, enantioselectivity, and structural dynamics in 1,4‐dioxane
Authors: Castillo Betzaida , Solá Ricardo J. , Ferrer Amaris , Barletta Gabriel , Griebenow Kai
Published: June 2007

The employment of enzymes as catalysts within organic media has traditionally been hampered by the reduced enzymatic activities when compared to catalysis in aqueous solution. Although several complementary hypotheses have provided mechanistic insights into the causes of diminished activity, further development of biocatalysts would greatly benefit from effective chemical strategies (e.g., PEGylation) to ameliorate this event. Herein we explore the effects of altering the solvent composition from aqueous buffer to 1,4‐dioxane on structural, dynamical, and catalytic properties of the model enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg (SBc). Furthermore, we also investigate the effects of dissolving the enzyme in 1,4‐dioxane through chemical modification with poly(ethylene)‐glycol (PEG, MW = 20 kDa) on these enzyme properties. In 1,4‐dioxane a 104‐fold decrease in the enzyme's catalytic activity was observed for the hydrolysis reaction of vinyl butyrate with D2O and a 50% decrease in enzyme structural dynamics as evidenced by reduced amide H/D exchange kinetics occurred. Attaching increasing amounts of PEG to the enzyme reversed some of the activity loss. Evaluation of the structural dynamic behavior of the PEGylated enzyme within the organic solvent revealed an increase in structural dynamics at increased PEGylation. Correlation analysis between the catalytic and structural dynamic parameters revealed that the enzyme's catalytic activity and enantioselectivity depended on the changes in protein structural dynamics within 1,4‐dioxane. These results demonstrate the importance of protein structural dynamics towards regulating the catalytic behavior of enzymes within organic media. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 9–17. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HSP70 kinetics study by continuous observation of HSP–GFP fusion protein expression on a perfusion heating stage
Authors: Wang Sihong , Xie Weijun , Rylander Marissa Nichole , Tucker Philip W. , Aggarwal Shanti , Diller Kenneth R.
Published: June 2007

The direct correlation between levels of heat shock protein expression and efficiency of its tissue protection function motivates this study of how thermal doses can be used for an optimal stress protocol design. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression kinetics were visualized continuously in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) on a microscope heating stage using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter. BAECs were transfected with a DNA vector, HSPp–HSP70–GFP which expresses an HSP70–GFP fusion protein under control of the HSP70 promoter. Expression levels were validated by western blot analysis. Transfected cells were heated on a controlled temperature microscope stage at 42°C for a defined period, then shifted to 37°C for varied post‐heating times. The expression of HSP70–GFP and its sub‐cellular localization were visualized via fluorescence microscopy. The progressive expression kinetics were measured by quantitative analysis of serial fluorescence images captured during heating protocols from 1 to 2 h and post‐heating times from 0 to 20 h. The results show two sequential peaks in HSP70 expression at approximately 3 and 12 h post‐heat shock. A progressive translocation of HSP70 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed from 6 to 16 h. We conclude that we have successfully combined molecular cloning and optical imaging to study HSP70 expression kinetics. The kinetic profile for HSP70–GFP fusion protein is consistent with the endogenous HSP70. Furthermore, information on dynamic intracellular translocation of HSP70 was extracted from the same experimental data. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 146–154. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new process for the continuous production of succinic acid from glucose at high yield, titer, and productivity
Authors: Meynial‐Salles Isabelle , Dorotyn Sophie , Soucaille Philippe
Published: June 2007

A novel three stages continuous fermentation process for the bioproduction of succinic acid at high concentration, productivity and yield using A. succiniciproducens was developed. This process combined an integrated membrane‐bioreactor‐electrodialysis system. An energetic characterization of A. succiniciproducens during anaerobic cultured in a cell recycle bioreactor was done first. The very low value of YATP obtained suggests that an ATP dependent mechanism of succinate export is present in A. succiniciproducens. Under the best culture conditions, biomass concentration and succinate volumetric productivity reach values of 42 g/L and 14.8 g/L·h. These values are respectively 28 and 20 times higher compared to batch cultures done in our laboratory. To limit end‐products inhibition on growth, a mono‐polar electrodialysis pilot was secondly coupled to the cell recycle bioreactor. This system allowed to continuously remove succinate and acetate from the permeate and recycle an organic acids depleted solution in the reactor. The integrated membrane‐bioreactor‐electrodialysis process produced a five times concentrated succinate solution (83 g/L) compared to the cell recycle reactor system, at a high average succinate yield of 1.35 mol/mol and a slightly lower volumetric productivity of 10.4 g/L·h. The process combined maximal production yield to high productivity and titer and could be economically viable for the development of a biological route for succinic acid production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 129–135. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Online monitoring of microcarrier based fibroblast cultivations with in situ microscopy
Authors: Rudolph Guido , Lindner Patrick , Gierse Alexander , Bluma Arne , Martinez Geovanni , Hitzmann Bernd , Scheper Thomas
Published: June 2007

Animal cell culture is widely used in biotechnology for the production of many biological products. In situ microscopes acquire images directly from cell suspensions and analyze the images in matters of cell concentration, cell size distribution and cell morphology. Their applicability was already proven for yeast and suspended mammalian cell cultivations. In this work the in situ microscope was utilized to measure the level of colonization of fibroblasts on microcarrier surfaces during cultivation. For this study the murine cell line NIH‐3T3 was used in combination with Cytodex 1 microcarriers. Cultivations were carried out in a 5 L stirred tank bioreactor equipped with the in situ microscope. Images were obtained sequentially with the in situ microscope over the whole cultivation time (900 images per sequence, 7.5 h per sequence on average). For the microcarrier analysis an image analysis algorithm based on a neural network was developed and implemented in the microscope analysis software. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 136–145. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inorganic nanoparticles for transfection of mammalian cells and removal of viruses from aqueous solutions
Authors: Link Nils , Brunner Tobias J. , Dreesen Imke A.J. , Stark Wendelin J. , Fussenegger Martin
Published: June 2007

Owing to their small size, synthetic nanoparticles show unprecedented biophysical and biochemical properties which may foster novel advances in life‐science research. Using flame‐spray synthesis technology we have produced non‐coated aluminum‐, calcium‐, cerium‐, and zirconium‐derived inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles which not only exhibit high affinity for nucleic acids, but can sequester such compounds from aqueous solution. This non‐covalent DNA‐binding capacity was successfully used to transiently transfect a variety of mammalian cells including human, reaching transfection efficiencies which compared favorably with classic calcium phosphate precipitation (CaP) procedures and lipofection. In this straightforward protocol, transfection was enabled by simply mixing nanoparticles with DNA in solution prior to addition to the target cell population. Transiently transfected cells showed higher production levels of the human secreted glycoprotein SEAP compared to isogenic populations transfected with established technologies. Inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles also showed a high binding capacity to human‐pathogenic viruses including adenovirus, adeno‐associated virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and were able to clear these pathogens from aqueous solutions. The DNA transfection and viral clearance capacities of inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles may provide cost‐effective biopharmaceutical manufacturing and water treatment in developing countries. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 1083–1093. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diamagnetic levitation changes growth, cell cycle, and gene expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Coleman Chasity B. , Gonzalez‐Villalobos Romer A. , Allen Patricia L. , Johanson Kelly , Guevorkian Karine , Valles James M. , Hammond Timothy G.
Published: June 2007

Inhomogeneous magnetic fields are used in magnetic traps to levitate biological specimens by exploiting the natural diamagnetism of virtually all materials. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this report investigates whether magnetic field (B) induces changes in growth, cell cycle, and gene expression. Comparison to the effects of gravity and temperature allowed determination of whether the responses are general pathways or stimulus specific. Growth and cell cycle analysis were examined in wild‐type (WT) yeast and strains with deletions in transcription factors Msn4 or Sfp1. Msn4, Sfp1, and Rap1 have been implicated in responses to physical forces, but only Msn4 and Sfp1 deletions are viable. Gene expression changes were examined in strains bearing GFP‐tagged reporters for YIL052C (Sfp1‐dependent), YST‐2 (Sfp1/Rap1‐dependent), or SSA4 (Msn4‐dependent). The cell growth and gene expression responses were highly stimulus specific. B increased growth only following Msn4 or Sfp1 deletion, associated with decreased G1 and G2/M and increased S phase of the cell cycle. In addition, B suppressed expression of both YIL052C and YST2. Gravity decreased growth in an Sfp1 but not Msn4‐dependent manner, in association with decreased G2/M and increased S phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, gravity decreased expression of SSA4 and YIL052C genes. Temperature increased cell growth in an Msn4‐ and Sfp1‐dependent manner in association with increased G1 and G2/M with decreased S phase of the cell cycle. In addition, temperature increased YIL052C gene expression. This study shows that B has selective effects on cell growth, cell cycle, and gene expression that are stimulus specific. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 854–863. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent developments in psychiatric malpractice
Authors: Horan Dennis J. , Milligan Robert J.
Published: June 2007

Common issues of mental health liability are examined in relationship to recent legislative and case law. Matters of practical importance to practitioners including the applicability insurance coverage to punitive damage awards of arising from malpractice are addressed. Specific legal doctrines involving proof of liability, proximate cause and the standard of care are explored as they relate to mental health malpractice cases.
An economic analysis of the medical malpractice system
Authors: Danzon Patricia M.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of professional liability is viewed as the deterrence of negligence. Conditions necessary for the malpractice system to provide appropriate incentives for injury prevention are described. The operation of the system is compared to this theoretical ideal. Evidence is presented on the number of claims relative to injuries; the disposition of claims through the courts; the effects of tort reforms: the efficiency of insurance mechanisms; and causes and solutions of the 1975 malpractice insurance crisis. The overall efficiency of the system is evaluated and proposals for reform are discussed.
Malpractice in clinical social work: A perspective on civil liability in the 1980's
Authors: Watkins Sallie A. , Watkins John C.
Published: June 2007

Recently reported cases involving the malpractice of psychiatrists have also focused attention on the potential liability for similar acts by clinical social workers. While there is no appellate case authority holding social work clinicians liable for malpractice at this time, the potential for such litigation is enormous. This article explores some of the more common areas of concern and suggests several prophylactic measures that clinicians may employ to safeguard both their professional career and their continued financial independence.
The application of the standard of care doctrine to psychological testing
Authors: Kahn Malcolm , Taft Gail
Published: June 2007

Malpractice issues surrounding clinical psychologists' misuse of diagnostic testing are examined. Common forms of misuse are contrasted with appropriate standards of use for six frequently administered tests: The WAIS‐R, WISC‐R, Rorschach, TAT, Bender Gestalt, and MMPI. It is argued that not only negligent and unethical conduct but also intentional malfeasance may be construed when a qualified specialist applies unstandardized procedures which lack scientific authenticity. Suggestions are provided to both psychologists and attorneys to reduce the misuse of psychological tests in clinical and forensic evaluations.
The female terrorist: A socio‐psychological perspective
Authors: Galvin Deborah M.
Published: June 2007

This article deals with the female terrorist, her socio‐psychological characteristics, and her role within the terrorist organization. There is no archetypal female terrorist; her description is varied from her physique to her role within the organization to her psychological make‐up. Women take up terrorism either by their own initiative or through a secondary other, most often introduced into it by a male. Although women terrorists have the equality to fight or die by the side of their male counterparts, their power position frequently is less than that of the male. The female's sexuality plays an important role in the group dynamics and does alter the nature of terrorism itself. The article explores the implications of these findings for the future of terrorism and the participation of women.
“Acts of god and man”: Long‐term character change in survivors of disasters and the law
Authors: Lindy Jacob D. , Titchener James
Published: June 2007

Evidence from differing disaster populations indicates enduring effects on mental functioning or character change in survivors. Following the Buffalo Creek Disaster, character changes included psychic constriction, denial, somatization, and survivor guilt. In the legal proceedings following that disaster survivors received compensation for “psychic impairment,” a term devised to cover the long‐term effects of the survivor syndrome. Among combatant survivors of the Vietnam War, a common character change included the failure to channel hostile impulses effectively. Crucial for this group has been the role of law to provide a recovery environment conducive to their reentry to society.
Problems of diagnosis and legal causation in courtroom use of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Raifman Lawrence J.
Published: June 2007

Serious problems with the diagnosis of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) render it vulnerable to legal challenge and subject to abuse. Problems in legal causation are outlined and include the issues of prior susceptibility, identification of the stressor, symptom assessment, intervening factors, and criminal responsibility.

Trial courts continue to question the admissibility of PTSD expert witness testimony. To ensure the continuing validity of PTSD, its use should be limited, and expert witness testimony increasingly supported by empirically based research data.
Experience and validity of clinical judgment: The illusory correlation
Authors: Dawes Robyn M.
Published: June 2007

Mental health experts often justify diagnostic and predictive judgments on the basis of “years of experience” with a particular type of person. Justification by experience is common in legal settings, and can have profound consequences for the person about whom such judgments are made. However, research shows that the validity of clinical judgment and amount of clinical experience are unrelated. The role of experience in learning varies as a function of what is to be learned. Experiments show that learning conceptual categories depends upon: (1) the learner's having clear hypotheses about the possible rule for category membership prior to receiving feedback about which instances belong to the category, and, (2) the systematic nature of such feedback, especially about erroneous categorizations. Since neither of these conditions is satisfied in clinical contexts in psychology, the subsequent failure of experience per se to enhance diagnostic or predictive validity is unsurprising. Claims that “I can tell on the basis of my experience with people of a particular type (e.g., child abusers) that this person is of that type (e.g., a child abuser)” are simply invalid.
Sex offenders: Identifing who can complete a residential treatment program
Authors: Gully Kevin , Mitchell Christine , Butter Clifford , Harwood Richard
Published: June 2007

Sex offenders completing or failing an intensive residential treatment program into which they were legally ordered were compared on observations of social behavior exhibited during regular activities in the program, psychological tests, and physiological assessments of sexual arousal. Sex offenders completing the program displayed more social competence with both men and women. Furthermore, the only significant descriptive information indicated that men having familial relationships with their victims were more apt to complete the program. These results suggest that future research should focus on obtaining information not readily manipulated by the sex offender and should recognize that some classification systems may have limited value.
The corroboration requirement in child sex abuse cases
Authors: Levine Murray , Battistoni Lori
Published: June 2007

The sharp rise in reports of child abuse has led to efforts to protect children in family courts in child protective proceedings. Hearsay evidence of a child's prior statements may be admitted in child protective proceedings, but such evidence is legally insufficient to support an adjudication of abuse without corroborative evidence. Courts have admitted expert psychological, psychiatric or social work testimony about the child sex abuse syndrome as sufficient corroborative evidence. The testimony is called “validation” testimony. The scientific basis for such validation testimony in the absence of a disclosure by the child is very weak. Courts have also tended to accept the most minimal evidence as corroboration of the child's out‐of‐court statements, including other hearsay evidence. The socially valuable policy of protecting children by admitting weak evidence, such as validation testimony, or other hearsay, should be reviewed to ensure the evidence meets criteria of reliability in order to minimize erroneous determinations.
Child sexual abuse allegations during custody litigation: Conflicts between mental health expert witnesses and the law
Authors: Brooks Catherine M. , Milchman Madelyn Simring
Published: June 2007

This article describes (1) an intrafamilial child sexual abuse case and (2) the multidisciplinary research project which developed from its outcome. The research project., in existence since 1987, is a task force of the Committee an Children, Youth, and Families of the New Jersey Psychological Association and is co‐sponsored by the Committee on Child Psychiatry of the New Jersey Psychiatric Association. The research aims at developing an objective behavioral assessment instrument to validate child sexual abuse allegations, and at achieving a clinical‐legal consensus regarding the credibility of the instrument. Ranking, reliability, and validity studies are described.
Parent‐child relations in offenders who commit violent sexual crimes against children
Authors: Lang R. A. , Langevin R.
Published: June 2007

One hundred eighty‐one men were compared on parent–child relations, using the Clarke Parent–Child Relations Questionnaire. The sample included 66 heterosexual pedophiles, 29 homosexual pedophiles, 36 incest offenders and 50 controls. The offender groups were further divided into those who used force (20%) versus those who did not; into those sexually victimized as children themselves (53.2%) versus those not victimized; and into those physically abused as children (47.5%) versus those not abused. Results showed that the offender groups had more disturbances than controls in father–son relations, contrary to earlier findings showing disturbances in mother–son relations among individuals who interact sexually with minors. The offenders who used force in their offenses differed only in being more aggressive to their fathers as children, but otherwise did not differ from offenders who did not use force in their offenses. Offenders both sexually and physically abused as children showed more disturbances in father relationships than offenders who were not abused during their childhoods. Disturbed parent‐child relations undoubtedly leave residual difficulties in sex offenders in later life, but in the present sample, they did not play the expected critical role in explaining the use of force by perpetrators who coerce children into sex.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy: Clinical review and legal issues
Authors: Kahan Bernard , Yorker Beatrice Crofts
Published: June 2007

Well‐established policies and procedures govern the identification, management, and treatment of most variations of child abuse. For many therapists, such cases have become “routine”. Munchausen syndrome by proxy is an under‐recognized form of child abuse in which a parent feigns or creates illness in a child specifically to have the child subjected to unnecessary diagnostic tests and treatments by medical practitioners. Variations range from false reports of fevers or allergies, to life‐threatening abuse, such as surreptitious poisonings or injections with toxic substances. This article reports a case example of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, provides a review of historical, diagnostic and management issues, and discusses legal issues relevant to detection of the perpetrator and protection of the child victim.
Consent to mental health treatment: A theoretical analysis of coercion, freedom, and control
Authors: Carroll John S.
Published: June 2007

Research has shown that substantial numbers of mental health patients may be coerced into ‘voluntary’ treatment. This article examines the concept of coercion to address the concerns of social scientists, treatment providers, and policy makers to know when coercion into treatment has occurred. This logically takes precedence over the second important question of whether or not coercion is desirable in some situations. A review of the scientific research on coercion and related topics of freedom, control, and choice leads to a theoretical framework in which coercion is defined in terms of opportunities to choose among courses of action. Implications of this analysis are drawn for mental health service delivery, mental health policy, and mental health research.
Quality of mental health services and method of payment: An empirical study
Authors: Wallace Donald H.
Published: June 2007

Data from a sample of clinicians are examined to study the relationship of the lower socio‐economic client and therapist. Therapist practice variables are regressed on variables measuring client income and contrasting client's use of Medicaid with the use of private insurance or out‐of‐pocket funds. It is found that therapist practice variables can predict a significant proportion of the variance of these criterion variables. These relationships and their implications for the therapeutic needs of indigent clients with less severely impaired conditions are discussed.
Expert witnesses in child abuse cases
Authors: Sagatun Inger J.
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the need for expert testimony and the criteria for admissibility of such testimony in child abuse cases. It addresses the scope of expert testimony in both physical and sexual abuse cases with respect to (a) descriptive and diagnostic issues, (b) witness credibility issues, and (c) legal issues. In particular, the article focuses on the admissibility of expert testimony on the battered child syndrome, the child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, and observations of behavior with anatomically correct dolls. The article concludes that medical expert testimony is more admissible in court than mental health expert testimony.
Criminal justice and the drug‐abusing offender: Policy issues of coerced treatment
Authors: Anglin M. Douglas , Hser Yih‐Ing
Published: June 2007

Criminal justice populations, including arrestees, probationers, inmates and parolees, have become increasingly involved with drugs of abuse. These numbers have seriously impacted the criminal justice system from enforcement to the courts, corrections, and subsequent legal supervision agencies. Prevalence of substance abuse in these populations is reported, as well as the effectiveness of community‐based and corrections‐based treatment in effecting behavioral changes to reduce drug demand. The characteristics of successful intervention programs are described and an ideal model proposed for better integrating community treatment and criminal justice intervention efforts.
Drug treatment and workplace drug testing: Politics, symbolism and organizational dilemmas
Authors: Jacobs James B. , Zimmer Lynn
Published: June 2007

This article explains how the link between drug testing and drug treatment was forged, how it has been implemented in the workplace, and speculates on its organizational implications. Part I argues that widespread drug testing in the core institutions of American society would not have been politically possible without forging an explicit link to drug treatment. The authors identify the key variables which account for the link between testing and treatment, including public opinion, employer self interest, collective bargaining agreements, the precedent and influence of Employee Assistance Programs, and developments in the law of the workplace. Part II describes how the link between drug testing and drug treatment has been implemented in the workplace, including the emergence of new organizational units, roles, and inter‐organizational relationships. Part III examines the organizational dilemmas created by the testing/treatment linkage.
Drug corruption in undercover agents: Measuring the risk
Authors: Girodo Michel
Published: June 2007

Drug corruption is more likely among law enforcement officers who use undercover investigative methods. Current views of police corruption attribute drug corruption either to flaws in character or to the corrupting criminal environment where investigations are carried out. This article presents a pragmatic approach to the interaction between personality and situational causes, and findings from an assessment of a large group of undercover agents. Greater drug/alcohol abuse and disciplinary problems were linked to amount of undercover work. For the majority of agents, the risk for drug corruption was related to either poor impulse control, Neuroticism, or a desire to experiment with new experiences. Agents assessed as having a Disciplined Self‐Image presented a lower risk for drug corruption while also showing risk taking and motivational qualities required for successful undercover performances. Certain personality traits of interest may only manifest themselves as disciplined or undisciplined conduct when given the opportunity by an instigating environment.
Psychosocial factors affecting custodial and visitation arrangements
Authors: Bray James H.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews psychosocial factors that may influence the custodial and access arrangements for children during separation, divorce and remarriage. Custodial arrangements for children following the divorce of their parents are discussed. Elements to consider in determining the custodial arrangement that provides for the best interests of children include child, adult, interpersonal and social environmental factors. It is recommended that all of these factors be considered in drafting a custodial agreement that will serve the best interest of children following a marital and family breakup or remarriage.
Child custody evaluations: Fair and unfair professional practices
Authors: Weissman Herbert N.
Published: June 2007

Mental health professionals are frequently called upon to conduct psychological evaluations of the adult parties and minor children in contested child custody actions. Whether Court‐appointed or as an agreed examiner, the professional's essential role is that of expert consultant to the court. He or she can only assist the trier of fact by conducting an evaluation that is fair, impartial and objective, that protects the personal and legal rights of all parties, and that is consistent with professional and ethical standards. Ethical principles require the mental health professional to accept the burden of responsibility for protecting and preserving the clients' rights and welfare throughout the evaluation period, from the initial referral to the rendering of recommendations.
Support groups for persons experiencing divorce in later life
Authors: Rae Judith , Jasper–Jacobsen Jamia , Blatter Carol J.
Published: June 2007

Middle‐aged and older couples are divorcing at increasing rates, and statistics indicate this trend will continue. Separating or divorcing people over 50 are similar to but different from younger separating or divorcing people. This article describes one model for addressing the mental health needs of this older population. A group format was used with 66 people who were divorced after 19 or more years of marriage. Recruitment of participants, organization, group process, outcome, problems, and successes of this model are offered as a method for mental health professionals to consider.
Research report characteristics and outcomes of insanity acquittees in Oklahoma
Authors: Nicholson Robert A. , Norwood Steve , Enyart Charles
Published: June 2007

The insanity defense is perhaps the most vigorously debated topic at the interface of the legal and mental health systems. This article addresses the need for empirical evidence by providing data on insanity acquittees and their later outcomes in Oklahoma, a jurisdiction not previously studied. Information was obtained on the demographic, legal, psychiatric, hospitalization, and post‐hospitalization characteristics of all 61 defendants acquitted not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and treated on the state forensic unit during a 5‐year period. Insanity acquittees had few resources, significant psychopathology, and extensive involvement with the legal and mental health systems prior to the NGRI offense. Follow‐up of three groups of discharged patients–those released at an initial court review, those who completed the NGRI treatment program, and those who absconded from the forensic unit‐revealed that those who escaped from the unit had significantly more arrests and subsequent legal charges than regularly discharged patients.
Cults: Forensic and therapeutic aspects
Authors: MacHovec Frank
Published: June 2007

Cult crime and ritual abuse are frequent topics on TV talk shows and in print media. In addition, ritual abuse has been cited in child custody disputes and child abuse allegations in day care centers. This article describes forensic and therapeutic aspects of cult involvement for three risk populations: children, teenagers, and adults. Recommendations are given to protect suspect and victim rights and minimize the risk of harm from a negative cult experience.
Public opinion and the tax evasion trial of Reverend Moon
Authors: Richardson James T.
Published: June 2007

This paper presents the results of a survey of a random sample of 1,000 people taken from the Southern Judicial District of New York to measure the amount of knowledge about and bias toward the Reverend Moon prior to his trial on tax evasion charges. The survey was completed as part of the pretrial preparation by Reverend Moon, and was used to support his motion for a bench trial, instead of having the case tried before a jury. The survey revealed very high levels of knowledge about the Church and Reverend Moon, as well as a strong negative bias toward both. Implications of these results and the outcome of the actual trial for the jury system and for religion and religionists is discussed.
Evaluation in constitutional law: An application to the first amendment
Authors: Wiener Richard L. , Small Mark
Published: June 2007

This article argues that program evaluation data may be useful to the courts when they are deciding First Amendment constitutional law disputes. Specifically, we focus on how program evaluation data, quantitative and qualitative, may be dispositive in dealing with two types of First Amendment cases—pornography and commercial speech. The different evaluative approaches that are warranted with each type of case are compared and contrasted. The different possible legal routes that program evaluation data may take to influence the outcome of constitutional law disputes determines the empirical type of approach to be utilized. Where pornography cases lend themselves more to social science data being used in trials, cases of commercial speech are more likely to use data at the appellate level. Social scientists interested in conducting legally relevant research should structure their research accordingly.
Damage: Trauma and violence in a sample of women referred to a forensic service
Authors: Adshead Gwen
Published: June 2007

Although there is evidence of a link between experienced trauma and later violence, most discussion of the long‐term effects of trauma do no examine aggression and violence in any detail. This article presents a pilot study of 16 women referred to the department of Forensic Psychiatry at St George's Hospital, between 1987 and 1993. The cases were selected at random, although most were known personally to the author. The study attempts to draw out the links among sexual abuse in childhood, deliberate self‐harm, dangerous behavior, and specifically danger to health care professionals. The concept of complex posttraumatic stress disorder is discussed in relation to both a history of sexual and physical abuse in childhood and later dangerous behavior.
Children's reactions to serial murder
Authors: Herkov Michael J. , Myers Wade C. , Burket Roger C.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the psychological reactions of children who lived in a community exposed to serial murder. The research also examined how parents coped with their children's psychological responses. Thirty‐four parents of 64 children between the ages of 5 and 18, inclusive, were asked to identify changes in their children since the serial murders. Data collection began 4 weeks following the murders and included assessment of emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of the child's responses. Follow‐up data collection occurred at 9 months and 18 months after the murders. Results indicated that children, as a group, experienced a number of psychological changes following the murders, even though none of the actual victims were children. The most frequently reported symptoms were anxiety‐based (fear of being alone, difficulty falling asleep and wanting to sleep with patents). Most children showed a significant decline in symptoms across time. The most popular parent coping strategies involved discussing issues of risk minimization, talking about the murders, and spending more time with children.
Caring about patients and caring about money: The American Psychiatric Association code of ethics meets managed care
Authors: Sabin James E.
Published: June 2007

Although the medical profession's codes of ethics have rightly been criticized for having claimed authority to decide questions of medical ethics for society, codes continue to provide crucial guidance to the individual clinician in matters of ethics. Examination of the code of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) shows that while it emphasizes the psychiatrist's fiduciary responsibility to individual patients, it ignores the crucial dimension of stewardship responsibilities to society. As a result, the ethical pronouncements of the APA have thus far been of little use to clinicians with regard to the major issues posed by managed care. In contrast, the code of the National Association of Social Workers considers the ethics of social institutions as well as those of individual practitioners, and advises clinicians on how to manage the inevitable and legitimate tensions between fiduciary and stewardship commitments. Until the APA extends the scope of its ethical vision, it will not be able to help clinicians struggle constructively with the question of how it is possible to “care about patients” and “care about money”.
Eavesdropping on the 50‐minute hour: Managed mental health care and confidentiality
Authors: Corcoran Kevin , Winslade William J.
Published: June 2007

This article discusses managed care, recent case law developments, and the legal basis of confidentiality in the patient‐therapist relationship. It discusses how managed care intrudes into the confidential treatment relationship with prospective and retrospective utilization reviews. Some of the areas adversely impacted include public policy, the patient‐therapist relationship, and informed consent. In order to be a program in the interest of patients and not simply cost containment, managed care must accommodate patients' reasonable expectations of confidentiality. Suggestions are delineated for the protection of confidentiality by managed care, including expanding the duty of confidentiality to managed care, obligating managed care to secure patients' informational privacy, obtaining informed consent to disclose as little information as necessary, and involving the patient in the cost containment and quality assurance process.
Limitations to the validity of the Barona Regression Formula and similar demographically‐based methods of estimating preinjury intellectual functioning
Authors: Hawkins Keith A.
Published: June 2007

Neuropsychologists are frequently asked to determine the extent to which an individual displays compromised functioning as a consequence of alleged brain damage. Since IQ testing is commonplace, one method of evaluating consequences involves comparing postinjury IQ with an estimation of premorbid intelligence. Recognition that unaided clinical judgments are of questionable accuracy has prompted the development of actuarial formulae to estimate IQ based upon demographic information. One, the Barona Regression Formula (BRF), developed for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Revised, has received recent endorsement in a widely read journal, which may lead to widespread use. Unfortunately, although the BRF appears to be empirically rigorous, and performs about as well as methods of this type could be expected to, it is insficiently valid to warrant more than extremely cautious employment in the individual case. The procedure shows greater promise with group data, but is less likely to be encountered in that usage. Reasons for viewing this and similar procedures as severely limited are discussed.
Über ar‐Aminostrychnine (IX. Mitteil. über Strychnos‐Alkaloide
Authors: Boit Hans‐G. , Egler Heinz
Published: June 2007

Die Stellung der Substituenten im Nitrostrychnin (II) und in dem aus ihm durch Reduktion erhältlichen Aminostrychnin (I) wird durch Abbau des ersteren zu 5‐Nitro‐anthranilsäure bewiesen. Ein isomeres ar‐Aminostrychnin, wahrscheinlich die 3‐Amino‐Verbindung, wird durch Reduktion von Nitrobromstrychnin und Nitrochlorstrychnin dargestellt.
Über Ringschlußreaktionen bei Stickstoffheterocyclen, II. Mitteil.: Cyclisierung von N‐Cyan‐N‐[ω‐cyan‐n‐hexyl]‐anilin nach dem Ziegler‐Ringschlußverfahren
Authors: Nitzschke Hans‐Jürgen , Budka Heinz
Published: June 2007

N‐[ω‐Cyan‐n‐hexyl]‐N‐cyan‐anilin (III) wurde mit Hilfe des Ringschlußverfahrens nach Ziegler in 1‐Phenyl‐2‐imino‐1‐aza‐cyclooctan (IV) übergeführt.
2‐Chlor‐cyclopenten‐(1)‐on‐(3), ein Chlorierungsprodukt des Cyclopentanons
Authors: Wanzlick Hans‐Werner , Gollmer Gottfried
Published: June 2007

Ein bei der Chlorierung des Cyclopentanons entstehendes Nebenprodukt wird als 2‐Chlor‐cyclopenten‐(1)‐on‐(3) erkannt.
Zur Komplexstabilisierung von Phenyl‐natrium in Äther
Authors: Wittig Georg , Ludwig Renate , Polster Rudi
Published: June 2007

Eine ätherische Lösung von Phenyl‐natrium und Phenyl‐lithium im Mol.‐Verhältnis 1:1 ist bemerkenswert beständig und stabilisiert zugleich überschüssiges ätherunlösliches Phenyl‐natrium. Die präparative Bedeutung dieser Befunde zeichnet sich in der gegenüber Phenyl‐lithium ungleich größeren Reaktionsfähigkeit der Komplexe ab.
Zur Kenntnis der o‐Chinone VII: Chinon‐imide als Zwischenprodukte bei der Einwirkung des Fremyschen Salzes auf aromatische Amine
Authors: Horner Leopold , Sturm Karl
Published: June 2007

Primäre und sekundäre aromatische Amme mit besetzter bzw, freier p‐Stellung werden durch die Einwirkung von Fremysalz in o‐bzw. p‐Chinonimide Übergeführt, welche sich jedoch durch Anlagerung weiteren Amins und nachfolgende Dehydrierung sofort zu p‐ bzw. o‐Chinonanil‐Farbstoffen stabilisieren. Bei sterisch behinderten Aminen wie 1.3.2‐Xylidin und Aminen mit besetzten o‐ und p‐Stellungen wie Mesidin wird die Aminogruppe in die Nitrosogruppe umgewandelt.
Untersuchungen an Osazonen mit markierten Phenylhydrazinen
Authors: Weygand Friedrich , Grisebach Hans , Kirchner Karl‐Dieter , Haselhorst Manfred
Published: June 2007

Die Transosazonierung von Zucker‐p‐brom‐phenylosazonen bzw. Zucker‐phenylosazonen wurde mit Hilfe von p‐82Brom‐phenylhydrazin bzw. Phenylhydrazin‐[14C] untersucht. Man kann so Osazone erhalten, die an einem der beiden Arylhydrazinreste stärker markiert sind als am anderen. Mit deren Hilfe lieβ sich zeigen, daβ bei der Osotriazolreaktion nach Hann und Hudson das abgespaltene Arylamin aus dem 1‐ständigen Arylhydrazinreste stammt. Hingegen erfolgt die Abspaltung von Anilin aus Methylglyoxal‐1‐phenyl‐2‐[phenyl‐[14C]]‐osazon bei der Osotriazolreaktion statistisch. Zur Erklärung dieser Befunde wird in den Zuckerosazonen als Reaktionsform unter den angewandten Bedingungen eine N‐glykosidische Bindung in 1‐Stellung angenommen. D‐Mannose‐p‐brom‐phenylhydrazon [82Br] tauscht mit nichtradioaktivem p‐Brom‐phenylhydrazin unter den Bedingungen der Osazonbildung schon innerhalb von 5 Min. bei 100° sehr erheblich aus (84%, bez. auf Gleichverteilung), weshalb sich keine Rückschlüsse auf den Mechanismus der Osazonbildung ziehen lassen.
Über den Aminaustausch bei der Indolsynthese nach Bischler
Authors: Weygand Friedrich , Richter Ekkehard
Published: June 2007

Bei der Bischlerschen Indolsynthese aus Phenacyl‐anilin und Anilin‐[14C] unter dem katalytischen Einfluß von Anilin‐hydrobromid bei 180° findet eine Verteilung des 14C‐markierten Phenylrestes auf das entstehende 2‐Phenyl‐indol und das überbleibende Anilin statt, die einer vollständigen Gleichverteilung bei den verwendeten Mol.‐Verh. Phenacylanilin: Anilin‐[14C] = 1 : 0.5, 1 : 1 und 1 : 2 entspricht. Dasselbe gilt für die Synthese von 6‐82Brom‐2‐phenyl‐indol aus Phenacyl‐m‐brom‐anilin und m‐82Brom‐anilin mit m‐Brom‐anilin‐hydrobromid als Katalysator.

Schon bei 100° wird der Anilinrest des Phenacyl‐anilins gegen Anilin‐[14C] mit Anilin‐hydrobromid als Katalysator ausgetauscht.
Eine einfache Synthese des 3.4‐Dioxo‐pyrrolizidins (Pyrrolizidinderivate III.)
Authors: Micheel Fritz , Flitsch Wilhelm
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine Synthese des 3.4‐Dioxo‐pyrrolizidins beschrieben, mit der letzteres bequemer und billiger in besserer Ausbeute als bisher zugänglich ist. Furfuracrylsäure wird zur γ‐Keto‐pimelinsäure umgelagert. Diese geht durch Hydrierung bei Gegenwart von Ammoniak in γ‐Amino‐pimelinsäure über, welche unter anhydrisierenden Bedingungen 3.4‐Dioxo‐pyrrolizidin liefert.
Über Osonhydrazone. V. Mitteil.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Osazonbildung
Authors: Henseke Günter , Dalibor Horst
Published: June 2007

Die Einwirkung asymmetrisch disubstituierter Hydrazine auf Benzoin unter den Bedingungen der Osazonbildung führt bei Raumtemp. bis zur Stufe des Benzil‐monohydrazons. Unter der Voraussetzung, daβ die aromatischen Acyloine sich bei dieser Reaktion wie die Zucker verhalten, darf man annehmen, daβ die Osonhydrazone Zwischenprodukte der Osazonbildung darstellen.
Darstellung und Untersuchung organischer Fluorverbindungen XXI. Darstellung von Fluoracetaldehyd und aliphatischen Fluormethylketonen
Authors: Oláh Georg , Kuhn Stefan
Published: June 2007

In Abwandlung der Methode von M. Nierenstein wurden Fluor‐acetaldehyd und eine Reihe aliphatischer Fluormethylketone durch Umsetzung von Säurefluoriden mit Diazomethan dargestellt.
Über die Zusammensetzung der Produkte der Sulfoxydation von n‐Dodecan
Authors: Asinger Friedrich , Geiseler Gerhard , Eekoldt Hans
Published: June 2007

Die bei der Sulfoxydation höhermolekularer Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffe z. B. in Gegenwart von ultraviolettem Licht entstehenden Paraffinsulfonsäuren stellen äquimolare Gemische aller theoretisch möglichen isomeren sekundären Sulfonsäuren dar. Nur die endständige primäre Sulfonsäure entsteht in geringerer Konzentration, da die relative Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit des primären Wasserstoffatoms der Methylgruppe kleiner ist als die des sekundären Wasserstoffatoms einer Methylgruppe. Es liegen hiermit die gleichen Verhältnisse vor wie bei der Chlorierung, Nitrierung und Sulfochlorierung der gleichen Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffe.
Über amide der Fluorsulfinsäure
Authors: Goehring Margot , Voigt Günter
Published: June 2007

Thionylfluorid, OSF2, reagiert mit Ammoniak auf sehr verschiedene Weise. Verwendet man einen großen Überschuß an Thionylfluorid, so kann man das sehr flüchtige, in Äther lösliche OS(F)NH2 erhalten, das sich zu festem, gelbem [OS(F)NH2]x polymerisiert. Primäre Amine reagieren mit OSF2 offenbar analog dem Ammoniak zu Produkten der Zusammensetzung OS(F)NHR, die leicht HF abspalten und in Thionylimine, OSNR, übergehen. Sekundäre Amine bilden mit OSF2 beständige Fluorsulfinsäureamide der Zusammensetzung OS(F)NR2.
Charakterisierung von Fettsäuren durch ihre p‐[4‐Nitro‐phenyl‐azo]‐phenacylester und deren chromatographische Trennung
Authors: Amin El Sayed , Heeker Erich
Published: June 2007

Die Darstellung des p‐[4‐Nitro‐phenyl‐azo]‐phenacylbromids und seine Anwendung zur Charakterisierung von Fettsäuren in Form ihrer p‐[4‐Nitro‐phenyl.‐azo]‐phenacylester wird beschrieben. Die Ester zeichnen sich durch hohen Schmelzpunkt, gute Kristalli‐sationsfähigkeit und intensive Eigenfarbe aus. Sie können durch Verteilungschromatographie getrennt werden. Geeignete Systeme werden angegeben.
Derivate der Zucker‐mercaptale, III. Mitteil.: Synthesen von D‐Lyxose‐tetraacetaten aus D‐Lyxose‐mercaptalen
Authors: Zinner Helmut , Brandner Heinz
Published: June 2007

Die Darstellung der Tetraacetyl‐α‐D‐lyxopyranose wird verbessert, ihre Struktur durch übersichtliche Synthesen aus dem Lyxose‐diiso‐propylmercaptal oder aus dem Benzyl‐lyxopyranosid bewiesen. Die reine Tetraacetyl‐β‐D‐lyxopyranose läßt sich aus dem α‐Acetat durch Umlagerung mit Zinkchlorid und anschließende Reinigung mit Hilfe einer Craig‐Verteilung gewinnen. Aus der 5‐Trityl‐sowie aus der 5‐Acetyl‐lyxofuranose kann die Tetraacetyl‐α,β‐D‐lyxofuranose synthetisiert werden, durch eine Verteilung wird daraus die Tetraacetyl‐α‐D‐lyxofuranose isoliert.
Über die Reaktionen des D‐Glucosamins (III. Mitteil.); Synthese eines D‐Glucosamin‐anhydrids
Authors: Micheel Fritz , Wulff Helmut
Published: June 2007

Neben einer Reihe von 1‐Fluor‐ und 1‐Azido‐Derivaten des D‐Glucosamins (2‐Desoxy‐2‐amino‐D‐glucose) wird die Synthese eines D‐Glucosamin‐anhydrides‐α 〈1.5〉β〈1.6〉 beschrieben. Für die Anhydridbildung entscheidend ist der Substituent an der NH2‐Gruppe. Der Reaktionsmechanismus ist am besten durch die intermediäre Bildung eines äthylenimin‐Ringes zu deuten.