bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thai Communist Party
Authors: Rousset Pierre
Published: September 2017

The communist movement was first established in Siam (renamed Thailand in 1939) mostly in the Chinese ethnic migrant communities, then proliferated in the seemingly disparate surrounding regions in the North, Northeast, and South of the country. Following a long, difficult period of transition, the Thai Communist Party (CPT), once an urban party, retreated to the jungle and engaged in armed struggle. Its national expansion, during the 1970s, occurred while the kingdom was transformed into a US base for military intervention in the Vietnam War. The party eventually saw its decline during the Sino‐Indochinese conflict of 1978–9 and disappeared from sight in the mid–1980s.
Thailand, Patani Malay nationalism
Authors: Docena Herbert
Published: September 2017

Muslim Malay or Patani Malay nationalism refers to the ideology or sentiment of those movements among Muslim Malays in southern Thailand which seek greater autonomy or independence from Thailand. Patani or Muslim Malays currently comprise about 2 percent of the total population of predominantly Buddhist Thailand, but they constitute approximately 80 percent of the population in the three southern provinces bordering Malaysia. These provinces were once part of the former kingdom of Patani, a then‐independent state that for centuries maintained fluctuating degrees of autonomy in a tributary relationship with Siam. Patani was gradually and forcibly incorporated into Siam (renamed Thailand in 1939) beginning in the early nineteenth century against the will of its leaders and without the consent of its people. Since then, frequent and recurring attempts on the part of Malays to challenge Thai rule have posed a persistent threat to Thailand's claim to its current territory.
Thailand, Popular Movements, 1980s‐Present
Authors: Rousset Pierre
Published: September 2017

During the 1980s various social movements appeared in Thailand for democracy and against capitalist globalization, including village organizations to preserve forests, peasant struggles against construction of dams, and workers' mobilizations for higher wages. Nevertheless, in the early 1990s these popular movements lacked national coordination, due to the demise of a left political party (revolutionary or reformist) with a significant national influence. The decline of the Thai communist insurrection paved the way to new conflicts within the dominant class, opening a new political cycle of resistance, which crystallized over the question of the constitution.
Than Tun, Thakin (1911–1968)
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

The leader of the Communist Party of Burma from 1945 until his death in 1968, Thakin Than Tun was a longstanding Burmese leftist politician and activist. He studied at the Teachers' Training School in Rangoon and then worked as a school teacher. Influenced by Marxism from an early age, in 1936 he joined the Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association), which was allied to Ba Maw's Sinyetha (Poor Man's Party).
Thompson, Edward Palmer (E. P.) (1924–1993)
Authors: Palmer Bryan D.
Published: September 2017

Edward Palmer (E. P.) Thompson was a historian, dissident communist, and peace activist. One of the English‐speaking world's finest social historians and a lifelong campaigner for human rights and critic of powerful elites, he fits easily in few preconceived understandings of radicalism. Reared in a household steeped in the proselytizing zeal of Methodist missionaries, Thompson himself was a dissident atheist. With an American mother and an English father, his origins were unmistakably internationalist, yet he would often mistakenly be associated with a narrow parochialism.
Treatment Action Campaign (TAC)
Authors: Shepard Benjamin
Published: September 2017

Organized by HIV‐positive South African activist Zachie Achmont in 1998, the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) helped the international move ment for access to medication and therapy for people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa and around the world. Building on the lessons of the US activist group AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), TAC took the stigma of HIV/AIDS head on, shifting debate about the disease from deviance to one of human rights and access to treatment.
Túpac Amaru (ca. 1540–1572)
Authors: Uriona Viviana
Published: September 2017

Túpac Amaru was the last indigenous leader of the Inca state in Peru. He was born in Cuzco in about 1540 and died there in 1572. He was the second son of Manco Inca Yupanqui, who had been recognized by Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro as emperor. After his father's death, the eldest son, Sayri Túpac, submitted to Spanish rule. He was baptized and rewarded by a tract of land and by the command over the Indians at Urubamba. However, Túpac Amaru renounced his family claims and retired to the mountains of Vilcabamba. Between 1534 and 1572, an anti‐colonial resistance group emerged, consisting of the so‐called Incas of Vilcabamba. Their four rulers, who did not actually have real political power, were Manco Inca Yupanqui (Manco Cápac II), Sayri Túpac Inca, Titu Cusi Yupanqui, and Túpac Amaru I.
Túpac Katari (ca. 1750–1781)
Authors: Stock Robin
Published: September 2017

Túpac Katari was an Aymara leader in the so‐called Great Rebellion in Upper Peru (now Bolivia) of the indigenous population against the Spanish in the 1780s. Although born with the Christian name Julián Apaza in 1750 in Sicasica (La Paz), he adopted the name Túpac Katari in honor of the indigenous leader Túpac Amaru II (leader of the insurgency in Cuzco) and Thomás Katari (leader of the insurgency in Chayanta –Potosí) who fought against the Spanish colonial power in the same years. Túpac Katari grew up as an orphan and without any formal education and later lived the life of a common salesman of coca leafs in the Andes.
Turkey, Anti‐Secular Protest, 1980–Present
Authors: Tür Özlem
Published: September 2017

In May 1980 worshippers in Istanbul's Fatih Mosque jeered and booed at the mention of Atatürk in a broadcast service, an open challenge to the secular order of Turkey. On September 6, at a mass rally in Konya, supporters of Necmettin Erbakan's Milli Selamet Partisi (MSP) refused to sing the national anthem and called for a return to Shari'a law. During the same period, clashes between leftist and rightist groups deepened social polarization. The growing instability at the time was seen as challenging the modernization project. Islamist forces and leftist groups were seen as a threat to the regime. Within the framework of the Cold War, the army was already conscious of the threat of a Soviet takeover and the leftist forces were seen as elements that could contribute to such a possible scenario. On September 12, 1980 the military carried out a coup and intervened in politics for a third time.
Turkish rebellions, 1918–1925
Authors: Küçük Hülya
Published: September 2017

At the end of World War I, on October 30, 1918, the defeated Ottoman Empire signed the Truce of Mudros, which included 25 articles with provisions for the Allied military occupation of the Straits, control of the railways and telephone lines, demobilization and disarmament of Ottoman troops, and the freeing all Allied prisoners of war. The most perilous clauses of the truce for the Ottoman Empire were Article 7, granting Allied Powers the right to occupy Ottoman Empire lands deemed a threat to security, and Article 24, conferring Allied Powers the right to intervene militarily in the Armenian provinces in the event of breakdown of law and order. Turkish nationalists were troubled by the extensive reach the two articles granted Allied Powers. Public opinion shifted to the Turkish nationalist resistance following the decision to permit Greek troops to land in İzmir on May 15, 1919, and Allied occupation of Istanbul, seat of Ottoman power, in March 1920.
Turkmenistan, Protest and Revolt
Authors: Leibensperger Summer D.
Published: September 2017

Turkmenistan, a constituent republic of the USSR until 1991, was one of the last to secede. Tribalism was prominent in the area that is now Turkmenistan until Russian forces began to control the region in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Soviet Russia encouraged nationalism within the region to support modernity, although Turkmen wanted greater control over the process than the Soviets would grant. Turkmen anti‐Soviet movements, such as the Jadidism and Basmachi movements, were generally suppressed through a combination of Soviet force and reversal of policy.
Uhuru Movement
Authors: Amador Ernest A.
Published: September 2017

Stemming from the perception that the nonviolent approach of the early 1960s civil rights movement was ineffective, the Uhuru movement, a multi‐organization crusade founded in 1973 in Saint Petersburg, Florida, set forth to liberate oppressed blacks victimized by a whitedominated capitalist society. The African People's Socialist Party (APSP), the leading organization of the movement, campaigned for a socialist society and endorsed the use of armed self‐defense. Although many of its initiatives failed, the APSP's labors to improve the quality of life for blacks worldwide have been considered a revival of the Black Power movement of the 1960s and a source of inspiration for other revolutionary organizations.
Ujamaa villages
Authors: Omobowale Ayokunle Olumuyiwa
Published: September 2017

At the outset,
Ujamaa
socialism was viewed as a new development model divergent from established capitalist economies in Africa and throughout the world. Largely dissociated from the dominant Soviet and Chinese brands of socialism, emphasizing Marxist ideology, Tanzania held out
Ujamaa
(community/socialist) villages as a solution to poverty and advanced the new development model for poor countries in Africa and the global South.
Unemployed Protests
Authors: Zukas Alex
Published: September 2017

It is impossible to comprehend fully the course and long‐range impact of the Great Depression in the major capitalist countries of the world (Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States) without first understanding the mass protests of unemployed workers in the 1930s. Their protests form an indispensable element of the histories of class struggle, the working class, and modern notions of citizenship and the welfare state. They also form an indispensable background to the German elites' invitation to the Nazis to join them in the halls of power, with all of its terrible consequences.
Vanguard Party
Authors: Soma Marik
Published: September 2017

The idea of a vanguard party has caused controversy in Marxist circles centered around the debate over whether workers need to be led to socialism by outside forces. Academic Marxology has held that Lenin's concept of a vanguard party signaled a change from Marx's focus on proletarian socialism to a revolution led by a tightly organized minority of intellectuals who would take socialism into the working class from outside. Marx's thrust on the self‐emancipation of the working class certainly meant rejection of any imposition of socialism from above by a wise leadership. But this did not solve the problem of revolutionary strategy.
Vanuatu, Land Reform Protests
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

Vanuatu, formerly the New Hebrides, was jointly ruled by the French and the British until its independence on July 30, 1980. It was visited by French and English sailors in the eighteenth century, and both Louis Antoine de Bougainville and James Cook landed there. Chinese merchants also visited in search of sandalwood. The Irish trader Peter Dillon started to harvest sandalwood in large amounts in 1825; before long, the sandalwood was largely depleted and most trees had been felled by 1868.
Venezuela, MAS and Causa Radical
Authors: Azzellini Dario
Published: September 2017

As a consequence of the debates provoked by the defeat of the armed struggle and the invasion of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) by the Soviet Union, the Venezuelan Communist Party (PCV) split in 1970. The PCV had recently been legalized, but tensions within the international communist movement led to local debates. As a result, the Movement to Socialism (MAS) and the Radical Cause (Causa R) formed by splitting off from the PCV in 1971.
V
ieques
Authors: Guerra Victor R. Quiñones
Published: September 2017

Vieques or
La Isla Nena
is located in the Caribbean 10 miles (16 km) east of Puerto Rico. At 18.5 miles (30 km) in length by 6.2 miles (10 km) in width, this small island has only two main towns, Isabel Segunda and Esperanza, with a population of approximately 9,400. The island is one of 78 municipalities of the commonwealth of Puerto Rico. In the 1940s during World War II, the United States purchased and occupied two‐thirds of the island for military use by the Navy. The occupied regions were divided into three main areas: the naval ammunition facility, Camp García (also known as the eastern maneuver area), and Atlantic fleet weapons training facility. Vieques was viewed as a unique and valued training site by officials of the US armed forces, allowing for training in air, land, and sea.
Vietnam, First Indochina War, 1945–1954
Authors: Hémery Daniel
Published: September 2017

In the summer of 1945, the world emerged exhausted from World War II. Nevertheless, violence continued almost without interruption in Southeast Asia and Indochina for the next three decades, with only two brief intermissions, between 1954–61 and 1975–8.
Vietnam Protests, 1975–1993
Authors: Hémery Daniel
Published: September 2017

On May 1, 1975, the day after the North Vietnamese entered Saigon, Khmer Rouge troops launched their first incursions into the Vietnamese islands of the Gulf of Siam. This third Indochinese War, the first between the communist states, posed a new political and military problem throughout Southeast Asia: who would succeed the US and France as the new regional hegemonic power? The reunification of Vietnam under a communist regime had immediately raised the question of the reorganization of the Indochinese peninsula.
Voltaire (1694–1778)
Authors: Carter R. O'Brian
Published: September 2017

Voltaire was the penname of François Marie Arouet. As a writer and philosopher, he was one of the prime movers of the Enlightenment, the revolutionary intellectual movement that exalted reason (as the alternative to religious faith) and progress, and shaped the modern world by promoting the values of human rights, religious toleration, and democracy. Voltaire's primary weapon was his wickedly satirical pen, which he used to advocate social reform, defend civil liberties, and criticize French institutions and the Catholic Church. His voluminous work includes poems, plays, fiction, history, philosophical dialogues, scientific treatises, encyclopedia entries, tracts, pamphlets, and volumes of letters.
Walentynowicz, Anna (b. 1929)
Authors: Materka Edyta V.
Published: September 2017

Anna Walentynowicz is widely understood to be the catalyst for the Gdansk shipyard strikes and was the face of the anti‐communist propaganda posters of the Solidarność (Solidarity) movement in the 1980s. A member of the free trade unions of Gdansk, Walentynowicz was fired in August 1980 from her job as a crane operator at the Lenin shipyards in Gdansk (preceding Lech Walesa, who worked in the same shipyard) for distributing the journal
Robotnik Wybrzeza
(Coastal Worker). She was editor of the illegal newspaper, which advocated workers' rights to unionize and a 1,000‐zloty pay raise. Walentynowicz and Walesa organized labor union strikes demanding their reinstatement and a 2,000‐zloty pay raise in the Lenin shipyards. Once the government allowed Walentynowicz to return to work, she became one of only two female members of the Interfactory Strike Committee Presidium and one of the signatories of the Gdańsk Agreements of August 1981 that legalized the Solidarity trade union.
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943
Authors: Remington Blake W.
Published: September 2017

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising marked the first instance of open, armed resistance against the Nazis by an underground organization and was the largest Jewish revolt during the Holocaust. Although the fighting ended with the complete destruction of the ghetto and the deaths of nearly all the Jewish resistance fighters involved, news of the uprising spread quickly and influenced resistance movements in Jewish ghettoes throughout Europe.
W
est
G
erman “New Left”
Authors: Davis Belinda
Published: September 2017

The West German “new left” (or extraparlia‐mentary movement) refers generally to a broad movement, coming to prominence in the 1960s, constituted primarily of younger activists who sought to realize freedom and democracy. The movement was very much part of the larger protest of the period, but also bore distinct characteristics. West German activists perceived freedom and democracy as promised, but not delivered, by a postwar government and society defined in contrast both to the Nazi past and to the contemporary Cold War enemy. In pursuit of these principles, activists sought changes from the most global (e.g., concerning the Vietnam War and brutality in Iran) to the most local and personal (e.g., challenging conventional living and social arrangements). The “new left” and postwar protest movement are conventionally defined in West Germany as constituted primarily by the Social Democratic Student Organization
(Sozialistische Deutsche Studentenbund)
(SDS) and other university students. This was an important, although not the only, component of the West German movement in the longer history of this movement, which stretched from the late 1950s to the early 1980s, and reflected the actions of hundreds of thousands of protesters in the two “capitals” of protest (West Berlin and Frankfurt) and well beyond.
Whiskey Rebellion
Authors: King Nathan
Published: September 2017

In 1791 the sapling federal government, in dire need of money to pay off revolutionary war debt, imposed an excise tax on whiskey. Prior to imposition of the tax, westerners sought protection from Native American attacks and a treaty with Spain for the use of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers from the federal government. Neither of these occurred. The tax thus embittered already angry westerners, particularly Western Pennsylvanians and Virginians, against the federal government. In addition the tax had to be paid in money and not whiskey, which was frequently used as currency. Also, under the new law, tax evaders would be tried in federal court in Philadelphia. Almost immediately upon learning of the tax, Western Pennsylvanians and Virginians voiced their dissent through petitions, protests, and the formation of democracy clubs. President Washington believed these clubs were subversive of the power of the constitution and undermined the federal government.
Hot Deformation Behavior, Dynamic Recrystallization, and Texture Evolution of Ti–22Al–25Nb Alloy
Authors: Wu Yang , Kou Hongchao , Tang Bin , Li Jinshan
Published: September 2017

The hot deformation behavior, dynamic recrystallization, and texture evolution of Ti–22Al–25Nb alloy in the temperature range of 950–1050 °C and strain rate range of 0.001–1 s−1 is investigated by plane‐strain compression testing on the Gleeble‐3500 thermo‐mechanical simulator. The results show that the flow stress decreases with the increase of temperature and decrease of strain rate. Besides, the flow curves appear a serrate oscillation at a strain rate of 0.1 s−1 for all the temperature ranges, which may result from instability such as flow localization or micro‐cracking. The flow behavior can be expressed by the conventional hyperbolic sine constitutive equation and the calculated deformation activation energy Q in the (α2 + B2) and B2 regions are 631.367 and 304.812 kJ mol−1, respectively. The microstructure evolution is strongly dependent on the deformation parameters, and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) is the dominant softening mechanism in the (α2 + B2) region, including discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), and continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). In addition, the ηbcc‐fiber of {110} <001> is the dominant texture component in deformed Ti–22Al–25Nb alloy. It is observed that the weakening of the deformation texture is accompanied by the occurrence of DRX, which can be attributed to the large misorientation between DRX grains and neighboring B2 matrix induced by the rotation of DRX grains toward the preferred slip systems.
Tailored Approaches in Drug Development and Diagnostics: From Molecular Design to Biological Model Systems
Authors: Sahlgren Cecilia , Meinander Annika , Zhang Hongbo , Cheng Fang , Preis Maren , Xu Chunlin , Salminen Tiina A. , Toivola Diana , Abankwa Daniel , Rosling Ari , Karaman Didem Şen , Salo‐Ahen Outi M. H. , Österbacka Ronald , Eriksson John E. , Willför Stefan , Petre Ion , Peltonen Jouko , Leino Reko , Johnson Mark , Rosenholm Jessica , Sandler Niklas
Published: September 2017

Approaches to increase the efficiency in developing drugs and diagnostics tools, including new drug delivery and diagnostic technologies, are needed for improved diagnosis and treatment of major diseases and health problems such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, chronic wounds, and antibiotic resistance. Development within several areas of research ranging from computational sciences, material sciences, bioengineering to biomedical sciences and bioimaging is needed to realize innovative drug development and diagnostic (DDD) approaches. Here, an overview of recent progresses within key areas that can provide customizable solutions to improve processes and the approaches taken within DDD is provided. Due to the broadness of the area, unfortunately all relevant aspects such as pharmacokinetics of bioactive molecules and delivery systems cannot be covered. Tailored approaches within (i) bioinformatics and computer‐aided drug design, (ii) nanotechnology, (iii) novel materials and technologies for drug delivery and diagnostic systems, and (iv) disease models to predict safety and efficacy of medicines under development are focused on. Current developments and challenges ahead are discussed. The broad scope reflects the multidisciplinary nature of the field of DDD and aims to highlight the convergence of biological, pharmaceutical, and medical disciplines needed to meet the societal challenges of the 21st century.
Biomimetic Artificial Basilar Membranes for Next‐Generation Cochlear Implants
Authors: Jang Jongmoon , Jang Jeong Hun , Choi Hongsoo
Published: September 2017

Patients with sensorineural hearing loss can recover their hearing using a cochlear implant (CI). However, there is a need to develop next‐generation CIs to overcome the limitations of conventional CIs caused by extracorporeal devices. Recently, artificial basilar membranes (ABMs) are actively studied for next‐generation CIs. The ABM is an acoustic transducer that mimics the mechanical frequency selectivity of the BM and acoustic‐to‐electrical energy conversion of hair cells. This paper presents recent progress in biomimetic ABMs. First, the characteristics of frequency selectivity of the ABMs by the trapezoidal membrane and beam array are addressed. Second, to reflect the latest research of energy conversion technologies, ABMs using various piezoelectric materials and triboelectric‐based ABMs are discussed. Third, in vivo evaluations of the ABMs in animal models are discussed according to the target position for implantation. Finally, future perspectives of ABM studies for the development of practical hearing devices are discussed.
Shorter Exciton Lifetimes via an External Heavy‐Atom Effect: Alleviating the Effects of Bimolecular Processes in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Einzinger Markus , Zhu Tianyu , de Silva Piotr , Belger Christian , Swager Timothy M. , Van Voorhis Troy , Baldo Marc A.
Published: September 2017

Multiexcited‐state phenomena are believed to be the root cause of two exigent challenges in organic light‐emitting diodes; namely, efficiency roll‐off and degradation. The development of novel strategies to reduce exciton densities under heavy load is therefore highly desirable. Here, it is shown that triplet exciton lifetimes of thermally activated delayed‐fluorescence‐emitter molecules can be manipulated in the solid state by exploiting intermolecular interactions. The external heavy‐atom effect of brominated host molecules leads to increased spin–orbit coupling, which in turn enhances intersystem crossing rates in the guest molecule. Wave function overlap between the host and the guest is confirmed by combined molecular dynamics and density functional theory calculations. Shorter triplet exciton lifetimes are observed, while high photoluminescence quantum yields and essentially unaltered emission spectra are maintained. A change in the intersystem crossing rate ratio due to increased dielectric constants leads to almost 50% lower triplet exciton densities in the emissive layer in the steady state and results in an improved onset of the photoluminescence quantum yield roll‐off at high excitation densities. Efficient organic light‐emitting diodes with better roll‐off behavior based on these novel hosts are fabricated, demonstrating the suitability of this concept for real‐world applications.
Roll‐to‐Roll Production of Transparent Silver‐Nanofiber‐Network Electrodes for Flexible Electrochromic Smart Windows
Authors: Lin Sen , Bai Xiaopeng , Wang Haiyang , Wang Haolun , Song Jianan , Huang Kai , Wang Chang , Wang Ning , Li Bo , Lei Ming , Wu Hui
Published: September 2017

Electrochromic smart windows (ECSWs) are considered as the most promising alternative to traditional dimming devices. However, the electrode technology in ECSWs remains stagnant, wherein inflexible indium tin oxide and fluorine‐doped tin oxide are the main materials being used. Although various complicated production methods, such as high‐temperature calcination and sputtering, have been reported, the mass production of flexible and transparent electrodes remains challenging. Here, a nonheated roll‐to‐roll process is developed for the continuous production of flexible, extralarge, and transparent silver nanofiber (AgNF) network electrodes. The optical and mechanical properties, as well as the electrical conductivity of these products (i.e., 12 Ω sq−1 at 95% transmittance) are comparable with those AgNF networks produced via high‐temperature sintering. Moreover, the as‐prepared AgNF network is successfully assembled into an A4‐sized ECSW with short switching time, good coloration efficiency, and flexibility.
Stable Li Metal Anodes via Regulating Lithium Plating/Stripping in Vertically Aligned Microchannels
Authors: Wang Shu‐Hua , Yin Ya‐Xia , Zuo Tong‐Tong , Dong Wei , Li Jin‐Yi , Shi Ji‐Lei , Zhang Chang‐Huan , Li Nian‐Wu , Li Cong‐Ju , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: September 2017

Li anodes have been rapidly developed in recent years owing to the rising demand for higher‐energy‐density batteries. However, the safety issues induced by dendrites hinder the practical applications of Li anodes. Here, Li metal anodes stabilized by regulating lithium plating/stripping in vertically aligned microchannels are reported. The current density distribution and morphology evolution of the Li deposits on porous Cu current collectors are systematically analyzed. Based on simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics, the tip effect leads to preferential deposition on the microchannel walls, thus taking full advantage of the lightening rod theory of classical electromagnetism for restraining growth of Li dendrites. The Li anode with a porous Cu current collector achieves an enhanced cycle stability and a higher average Coulombic efficiency of 98.5% within 200 cycles. In addition, the resultant LiFePO4/Li full battery demonstrates excellent rate capability and stable cycling performance, thus demonstrating promise as a current collector for high‐energy‐density, safe rechargeable Li batteries.
Palladium‐Catalyzed [5+1] Annulation of 2‐(1‐Arylvinyl) Anilines and α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds toward Multi‐functionalized Quinolines
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Hu Weiming , Sun Song , Yu Jin‐Tao , Cheng Jiang
Published: September 2017

A palladium‐catalyzed [5+1] annulation of 2‐(1‐arylvinyl) anilines and α‐diazocarbonyl compounds has been developed, affording a series of multi‐functionalized quinolines in moderate to good yields. This procedure proceeded with the sequential insertion of N−H bond to the palladium carbene, intramolecular Heck reaction and decarboxylation steps. In this reaction, alkyl 2‐diazophenylacetates served as C1 building block, which represents a key compliment to diazo chemistry.

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Designing 1,5‐Naphthyridine‐2,6‐dione‐Based Conjugated Polymers for Higher Crystallinity and Enhanced Light Absorption to Achieve 9.63% Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Yoon Won Sik , Kim Dong Won , Choi Min‐Woo , Park Jun‐Mo , Park Soo Young
Published: September 2017

Highly crystalline conjugated polymers represent a key material for producing high‐performance thick‐active‐layer polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, despite their potential, a limited number of crystalline polymers are used in PSCs because of the lack of highly coplanar acceptor building blocks and insufficient light absorptivity (α < 105) of most donor (D)–acceptor (A)‐type polymers. This study reports a series of novel 3,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐1,5‐naphthyridine‐2,6‐dione (NTDT) acceptor‐based conjugated polymers, PNTDT‐2T, PNTDT‐TT, and PNTDT‐2F2T, synthesized with 2,2′‐bithiophene (2T), thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (TT), and 3,3′‐difluoro‐2,2′‐bithiophene (2F2T) donor units, respectively. PNTDT‐2F2T exhibits superior polymer crystallinity and a much higher absorption coefficient than those of PNTDT‐2T or PNTDT‐TT because of adequate matching between highly coplanar A (NTDT) and D (2F2T) building blocks. A bulk heterojunction solar cell based on PNTDT‐2F2T exhibits a power conversion efficiency of up to 9.63%, with a high short circuit current of 18.80 mA cm−2 and fill factor of 0.70, when a thick active layer (>200 nm) is used, without postfabrication hot processing. The findings demonstrate that the polymer crystallinity and absorption coefficient can be effectively controlled by selecting appropriate D and A building blocks, and that NTDT is a novel and versatile A building block for highly efficient thick‐active‐layer PSCs.
Target bounds on reaction selectivity via Feinberg's CFSTR equivalence principle
Authors: Frumkin Jeffrey A. , Doherty Michael F.
Published: September 2017

In this work, we show that the continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CFSTR) equivalence principle, developed by Feinberg and Ellison, can be used to obtain practical upper bounds on reaction selectivity for any chemistry of interest. The CFSTR equivalence principle allows one to explore the attainable reaction region by decomposing any arbitrary, steady‐state reactor‐mixer‐separator system with total reaction volume V > 0 into a new system comprising
CFSTRs (where
is the number of linearly independent chemical reactions) with the same total reaction volume and a perfect separator system. This work further refines the allowable selectivities by incorporating capacity constraints into the CFSTR equivalence principle to prevent arbitrarily large recycle streams between the CFSTRs and the separators and infinitesimally small CFSTR conversions. These constraints provide practical upper bounds on reaction selectivities of chemistries completely independent of reactor design. We present the methodology and the results for a selection of realistic chemistries. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 926–939, 2018
Deconstructing normal pressure hydrocephalus: Ventriculomegaly as early sign of neurodegeneration
Authors: Espay Alberto J. , Da Prat Gustavo A. , Dwivedi Alok K. , Rodriguez‐Porcel Federico , Vaughan Jennifer E. , Rosso Michela , Devoto Johnna L. , Duker Andrew P. , Masellis Mario , Smith Charles D. , Mandybur George T. , Merola Aristide , Lang Anthony E.
Published: September 2017

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) remains both oversuspected on clinical grounds and underconfirmed when based on immediate and sustained response to cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Poor long‐term postshunt benefits and findings of neurodegenerative pathology in most patients with adequate follow‐up suggest that hydrocephalic disorders appearing in late adulthood may often result from initially unapparent parenchymal abnormalities. We critically review the NPH literature, highlighting the near universal lack of blinding and controls, absence of specific clinical, imaging, or pathological features, and ongoing dependence for diagnostic confirmation on variable cutoffs of gait response to bedside fluid‐drainage testing. We also summarize our long‐term institutional experience, in which postshunt benefits in patients with initial diagnosis of idiopathic NPH persist in only 32% of patients at 36 months, with known revised diagnosis in over 25% (Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and progressive supranuclear palsy). We postulate that previously reported NPH cases with “dual” pathology (ie, developing a “second” disorder) more likely represent ventriculomegalic presentations of selected neurodegenerative disorders in which benefits from shunting may be short‐lived, with a consequently unfavorable risk‐benefit ratio. Ann Neurol 2017;82:503–513
Bicycling suppresses abnormal beta synchrony in the Parkinsonian basal ganglia
Authors: Storzer Lena , Butz Markus , Hirschmann Jan , Abbasi Omid , Gratkowski Maciej , Saupe Dietmar , Vesper Jan , Dalal Sarang S. , Schnitzler Alfons
Published: September 2017

Objective

Freezing of gait is a poorly understood symptom of Parkinson disease, and can severely disrupt the locomotion of affected patients. However, bicycling ability remains surprisingly unaffected in most patients suffering from freezing, suggesting functional differences in the motor network. The purpose of this study was to characterize and contrast the oscillatory dynamics underlying bicycling and walking in the basal ganglia.

Methods

We present the first local field potential recordings directly comparing bicycling and walking in Parkinson disease patients with electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nuclei for deep brain stimulation. Low (13–22Hz) and high (23–35Hz) beta power changes were analyzed in 22 subthalamic nuclei from 13 Parkinson disease patients (57.5 ± 5.9 years old, 4 female). The study group consisted of 5 patients with and 8 patients without freezing of gait.

Results

In patients without freezing of gait, both bicycling and walking led to a suppression of subthalamic beta power (13–35Hz), and this suppression was stronger for bicycling. Freezers showed a similar pattern in general. Superimposed on this pattern, however, we observed a movement‐induced, narrowband power increase around 18Hz, which was evident even in the absence of freezing.

Interpretation

These results indicate that bicycling facilitates overall suppression of beta power. Furthermore, movement leads to exaggerated synchronization in the low beta band specifically within the basal ganglia of patients susceptible to freezing. Abnormal ∼18Hz oscillations are implicated in the pathophysiology of freezing of gait, and suppressing them may form a key strategy in developing potential therapies. Ann Neurol 2017;82:592–601
Protein Catenation Enhances Both the Stability and Activity of Folded Structural Domains
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Wei , Zhang Wen‐Bin
Published: September 2017

Catenanes are intriguing molecular architectures with unique properties. Herein, we report the cellular synthesis of protein catenanes containing folded structural domains, aided by synergy between p53 dimerization and SpyTag/SpyCatcher chemistry. Concatenation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was shown to increase chemical stability without disrupting the fluorescence properties, and concatenated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) exhibited a melting temperature around 4 °C higher and catalytic activity around 27 % higher than the wild‐type DHFR and the cyclic/linear controls. Catenation also confers considerable proteolytic resistance on DHFR. The results suggest that catenation could enhance both the stability and activity of folded proteins, thus making topology engineering an attractive approach for tailoring protein properties without varying their native sequences.
Regioselective Transformation of Long π‐Conjugated Backbones: From Oligofurans to Oligoarenes
Authors: Gadakh Sunita , Shimon Linda J. W. , Gidron Ori
Published: September 2017

We demonstrate the transformation of oligofurans through sequential Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions to provide oligoarenes in two chemical steps, regardless of the oligomer length. By this method, oligonaphthalenes containing up to six units were obtained in high yield through the formation of up to 12 new C−C bonds. The versatility of this method was demonstrated for various polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The regioselectivity of this process enabled the synthesis of a library of substituted triarylenes from a single terfuran precursor by modification of the dienophile strength and the order of addition. Overall, this study demonstrates that long oligofurans are interesting not only as organic electronic materials, but also as starting materials for the formation of various conjugated systems.
Improved Biocompatibility of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets by Chemical Modification
Authors: Qu Guangbo , Liu Wei , Zhao Yuetao , Gao Jie , Xia Tian , Shi Jianbo , Hu Ligang , Zhou Wenhua , Gao Jiejun , Wang Huaiyu , Luo Qian , Zhou Qunfang , Liu Sijin , Yu Xue‐Feng , Jiang Guibin
Published: September 2017

Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPs) show great potential for various applications including biomedicine, thus their potential side effects and corresponding improvement strategy deserve investigation. Here, in vitro and in vivo biological effects of BPs with and without titanium sulfonate ligand (TiL4) modification are investigated. Compared to bare BPs, BPs with TiL4 modification (TiL4@BPs) can efficiently escape from macrophages uptake, and reduce cytotoxicity and proinflammation. The corresponding mechanisms are also discussed. These findings may not only guide the applications of BPs, but also propose an efficient strategy to further improve the biocompatibility of BPs.
Effector‐Triggered Self‐Replication in Coupled Subsystems
Authors: Komáromy Dávid , Tezcan Meniz , Schaeffer Gaël , Marić Ivana , Otto Sijbren
Published: September 2017

In living systems processes like genome duplication and cell division are carefully synchronized through subsystem coupling. If we are to create life de novo, similar control over essential processes such as self‐replication need to be developed. Here we report that coupling two dynamic combinatorial subsystems, featuring two separate building blocks, enables effector‐mediated control over self‐replication. The subsystem based on the first building block shows only self‐replication, whereas that based on the second one is solely responsive toward a specific external effector molecule. Mixing the subsystems arrests replication until the effector molecule is added, resulting in the formation of a host–effector complex and the liberation of the building block that subsequently engages in self‐replication. The onset, rate and extent of self‐replication is controlled by the amount of effector present.
CO Oxidation by Group 3 Metal Monoxide Cations Supported on [Fe(CO)4]2−
Authors: Chi Chaoxian , Qu Hui , Meng Luyan , Kong Fanchen , Luo Mingbiao , Zhou Mingfei
Published: September 2017

Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of mass‐selected heteronuclear cluster anions in the form of OMFe(CO)5− (M=Sc, Y, La) indicates that all these anions involve an 18‐electron [Fe(CO)4]2− building block that is bonded with the M center through two bridged carbonyl ligands. The OLaFe(CO)5− anion is determined to be a CO‐tagged complex involving a [Fe(CO)4]2−[LaO]+ anion core. In contrast, the OYFe(CO)5− anion is characterized to have a [Fe(CO)4]2−[Y(η2‐CO2)]+ structure involving a side‐on bonded CO2 ligand. The CO‐tagged complex and the [Fe(CO)4]2−[Sc(η2‐CO2)]+ isomer co‐exist for the OScFe(CO)5− anion. These observations indicate that both the ScO+ and YO+ cations supported on [Fe(CO)4]2− are able to oxidize CO to CO2. Theoretical analyses show that [Fe(CO)4]2− coordination significantly weakens the MO+ bond and decreases the energy gap of the interacting valence orbitals between MO+ and CO, leading to the CO oxidation reactions being both thermodynamically exothermic and kinetically facile.
Reaktivität eines Dihydrodiborens gegen CO: Koordination, Insertion, Spaltung und spontane Bildung eines cyclischen Alkins
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Böhnke Julian , Braunschweig Holger , Celik Mehmet Ali
Published: September 2017

In einer CO‐Atmosphäre geht das Dihydrodiboren [(cAAC)HB=BH(cAAC)] eine Koordination mit CO ein. Gleichzeitig findet eine reversible Wasserstoffmigration von einem Boratom auf das Carbenkohlenstoffatom sowie eine ebenfalls reversible CO‐Insertion in die B=B‐Bindung statt. Das Erhitzen des CO‐Addukts resultiert in zwei ungewöhnlichen Ringerweiterungsprodukten: zum einen in einer Verbindung mit einer B=C‐Bindung zu einem sechsgliedrigen 1,2‐Azaborinan‐3‐yliden, zum anderen in einem beispiellosen neungliedrigen, cyclischen Alkin als Resultat einer reduktiven CO‐Spaltung und spontaner Bildung einer C≡C‐Dreifachbindung.
Gold(III) Alkyne Complexes: Bonding and Reaction Pathways
Authors: Rocchigiani Luca , Fernandez‐Cestau Julio , Agonigi Gabriele , Chambrier Isabelle , Budzelaar Peter H. M. , Bochmann Manfred
Published: September 2017

The synthesis and characterization of hitherto hypothetical AuIII π‐alkyne complexes is reported. Bonding and stability depend strongly on the trans effect and steric factors. Bonding characteristics shed light on the reasons for the very different stabilities between the classical alkyne complexes of PtII and their drastically more reactive AuIII congeners. Lack of back‐bonding facilitates alkyne slippage, which is energetically less costly for gold than for platinum and explains the propensity of gold to facilitate C−C bond formation. Cycloaddition followed by aryl migration and reductive deprotonation is presented as a new reaction sequence in gold chemistry.
Patterned Colloidal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Hou Jue , Li Mingzhu , Song Yanlin
Published: September 2017

Colloidal photonic crystals (PCs) have been well developed because they are easy to prepare, cost‐effective, and versatile with regards to modification and functionalization. Patterned colloidal PCs contribute a novel approach to constructing high‐performance PC devices with unique structures and specific functions. In this review, an overview of the strategies for fabricating patterned colloidal PCs, including patterned substrate‐induced assembly, inkjet printing, and selective immobilization and modification, is presented. The advantages of patterned PC devices are also discussed in detail, for example, improved detection sensitivity and response speed of the sensors, control over the flow direction and wicking rate of microfluidic channels, recognition of cross‐reactive molecules through an array‐patterned microchip, fabrication of display devices with tunable patterns, well‐arranged RGB units, and wide viewing‐angles, and the ability to construct anti‐counterfeiting devices with different security strategies. Finally, the perspective of future developments and challenges is presented.
Low‐Temperature Reductive Aminolysis of Carbohydrates to Diamines and Aminoalcohols by Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Pelckmans Michiel , Vermandel Walter , Van Waes Frederik , Moonen Kristof , Sels Bert F.
Published: September 2017

Short amines, such as ethanolamines and ethylenediamines, are important compounds in today's bulk and fine chemicals industry. Unfortunately, current industrial manufacture of these chemicals relies on fossil resources and requires rigorous safety measures when handling explosive or toxic intermediates. Inspired by the elegant working mechanism of aldolase enzymes, a novel heterogeneously catalyzed process—reductive aminolysis—was developed for the efficient production of short amines from carbohydrates at low temperature. High‐value bio‐based amines containing a bio‐derived C2 carbon backbone were synthesized in one step with yields up to 87 C%, in the absence of a solvent and at a temperature below 405 K. A wide variety of available primary and secondary alkyl‐ and alkanolamines can be reacted with the carbohydrate to form the corresponding C2‐diamine. The presented reductive aminolysis is therefore a promising strategy for sustainable synthesis of short, acyclic, bio‐based amines.
Biocompositional and thermodecompositional analysis of South African agro‐waste corncob and husk towards production of biocommodities
Authors: Awosusi Ayotunde A. , Ayeni Augustine O. , Adeleke R. , Daramola Michael O.
Published: September 2017

Biocompositional and thermodecompositional analyses of locally abundant agro‐wastes of South African corn were evaluated for their potential utilization as biocommodities via thermochemical and bioconversion processing. Corncob of Zea mays Zama star (white) & PAN 6Q‐252 (yellow) hybrid as well as the ear husks of South African sweet corn, Z. mays var. Saccharata were utilized in the beneficiation process. Proximate and elemental analyses were conducted to check for the moisture content, the ash content, the volatile matter, and the elemental composition of the agro‐waste samples. In addition, the thermal property of the waste, the surface chemistry and the calorific values were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and bomb calorimetric technique, respectively. Significant amounts of alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) were found in the corn cob samples, and heavy metals such as thorium and uranium were detected in the ear husks, indicating that the biomass might not be suitable for use in thermochemical process. However, a relatively high volatile matter content recorded for the waste samples supports their use in thermochemical process with improved yield per gram of feed. These and other findings such as the high calorific value of the cob samples and the relatively low lignin‐to‐sugar ratio of the waste confirm previous reports regarding their suitability as feedstocks in thermo‐processing and bioprocessing. With the exception of the moisture content in ear husks, the minimal variation in the physicochemical property of the waste samples substantiates their suitability for co‐processing without major upsets in process kinetics. Results of other investigations such as the thermodecompositional behavior of the waste samples and the surface chemistry further shed light on the physicochemical property of the locally sourced lignocellulosic biomass waste samples. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.