bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ethics of Foucault and Ricoeur: an underrepresented discussion in nursing
Authors: Flaming Don
Published: August 2006

Paul Ricoeur and Michel Foucault enjoy a privileged status in nursing academia as two thinkers who influence both nursing research and philosophical explorations of nursing practice. Most nurse authors, however, focus only on the earlier works of these two philosophers and, for example, base qualitative research methodologies on Foucault's genealogy and Ricoeur's hermeneutics. In their later years, both these writers talk more explicitly about being an ethical self. Ideas from their earlier writing is evident in their writing on ethics and both writers could not discuss ethics without also exploring their ideas of the self and the other. I suggest that some of their thoughts on ethics connect with or complement each other quite well. I will first give an overview of Foucault's ethics, self and the other, and then do the same with Ricoeur's thought. In the third part of the paper I will describe how Foucault and Ricoeur complement each other, and conclude the paper by briefly suggesting how these writers influence my own practice as a nurse educator.
Sphincter‐preserving radiation therapy for rectal cancer: a simulation study using three‐dimensional computerized technology
Authors: Gervaz P. , Lavertu S. , Kazemba B. , Pemberton J. H. , Haddock M. G. , Gunderson L. L.
Published: August 2006

Background  The acquisition of detailed computerized tomography (CT) imaging at the time of simulation, along with three‐dimensional (3D) treatment planning software has been integrated with radiation delivery hardware to create the modality known as 3D conformal radiotherapy (3DXRT). This approach provides, in theory, a means to selectively subtract the anal sphincter from the high‐dose field of irradiation in patients with stage II and III adenocarcinomas of the mid‐rectum scheduled for low anterior resection (LAR).

Hypothesis  Implementation of 3DXRT with sphincter blocking may be a feasible strategy to reduce the dose of radiation distributed to the anal canal without reduction in the dose distribution to the gross tumour volume (GTV) plus adequate margins.

Methods  Pretreatment simulation CT scans of 10 patients with rectal cancers located between 5 and 10 cm from the anal verge were retrieved from a computerized database. Radiation oncologists and colorectal surgeons defined the contours of the GTV and the anal sphincter, respectively, on successive CT scan slices. These contours provided the volumetric data required to quantify dose distribution and compute dose‐volume histograms. The standard mode of pelvic irradiation planned with CT simulation was compared with a ‘virtual CT simulation’ approach, in which a sphincter block was added to the protocol.

Results  The mean distance of tumours from the anal verge was 6.3 cm. In the virtual simulation treatment plan, a 2‐cm margin separated the sphincter block from the lower limit of the GTV. The mean volume of the anal sphincter was 16.1 ± 3.5 cm3. The dose distributed to the GTV in the real plan and in the virtual simulated block plan were 51.7 ± 1.4 and 51.6 ± 1.4 Gy respectively (P = 0.85). By comparison the mean dose distributed to the anal sphincter was dramatically reduced by using a sphincter block (33.2 ± 12 Gy vs 6.4 ± 4.1 Gy, P < 0.001).

Conclusion  During a course of radiotherapy for most low‐ or mid‐rectal cancers, the anal canal is included within the field of irradiation with a mean dose distribution to the sphincter of 33 Gy. Evaluation of 3DXRT with full sphincter block (mid‐rectum) and partial sphincter block (distal rectum) is a feasible strategy to decrease the volume of anal sphincter carried to full dose without reduction in dose to the GTV. This approach, by minimizing treatment‐induced damage to the anal sphincter, might improve functional outcome of LAR.
Prosecuting ‘Gross’ Medical Negligence: Manslaughter, Discretion, and the Crown Prosecution Service
Authors: Quick Oliver
Published: August 2006

This article examines prosecutions of health care professionals for gross negligence manslaughter following fatal errors committed in the course of their work. Unease has long surrounded the use of ‘gross negligence’ as a form of criminal liability, and particularly as it applies to health care professions operating in high‐risk settings. The recent dramatic rise of such prosecutions calls for a closer understanding of the processes by which important prosecutorial decisions are made. In particular, this calls for an investigation into the exercise of discretion by prosecutors in interpreting the loosely defined and contested concept of gross negligence. This article analyses data obtained from a statistical analysis of ‘medical manslaughter’ cases and also from interviews with crown prosecutors. Discussion of the main findings leads to the conclusion that the offence of gross negligence manslaughter is incapable of any objective and fair measurement and ought to be abolished.
Tax Evasion and Limited Liability
Authors: UENG K. L. GLEN , YANG C. C.
Published: August 2006

Andreoni, Erard, and Feinstein (1998) suggest that imposing very high penalties for tax evasion is not possible under bankruptcy or limited liability constraints. In this paper, we complement their suggestion by showing that, in the presence of these constraints, imposing very high penalties can make an economy Pareto worse‐off. This result helps provide a further insight into why governments typically do not set very high penalties for tax evasion in practice. Implications for optimal deterrence policies in the context of tax evasion are also explored.
Is it the Law or the Lawyers? Investment Covenants around the World*
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Johan Sofia
Published: August 2006

This paper introduces a new dataset from 50 private investment funds from 17 countries around the world. We analyse the frequency of use of investment covenants imposed by institutional investors governing the activities of private investment fund managers in areas pertaining to investment decisions, investment powers, types of investments, fund operations and limitations on liability. While the data indicate a role for country legality in affecting the frequency of use of fund covenants, the data further indicate that the presence of legally trained managers has a more pronounced role in affecting the use of covenants. As private equity and venture capital investment increases across Europe and elsewhere, our results indicate that legal practice factors will matter more than the legal setting for the establishment of covenants governing new funds.
An Analysis of Changes in Board Structure during Corporate Governance Reforms
Authors: Hillier David , McColgan Patrick
Published: August 2006

This study examines the evolution of company board structure during a period of corporate governance reform. Using data over a time period following the publication of the Cadbury Report (1992) we present evidence of an increase in the independence of UK boards, as measured by an increased willingness to employ independent non‐executive directors, and to separate the positions of the CEO and the Chairman of the Board. In examining the determinants of these changes, we find that boards change more readily in response to changes in managerial control, equity issuance and corporate performance than changes in the firm‐specific operating environment of companies.
The Importance of Corporate Foreign Debt in Managing Exchange Rate Exposures in Non‐Financial Companies
Authors: Aabo Tom
Published: August 2006

This empirical study of the exchange rate exposure management of Danish non‐financial firms listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange shows that debt denominated in foreign currency (‘foreign debt’) is a very important alternative to the use of currency derivatives. The results show that the relative importance of foreign debt is positively related to (1) the extent of foreign subsidiaries, (2) the relative value of assets in place, and (3) the debt ratio. The pivotal role of time horizon is emphasised. These findings are important to firms in other countries with open economies.
Use of river‐wetland habitats in a declining population of the terrapin (Mauremys rivulata) along the Strymon River, northern Greece
Authors: Chelazzi G. , Naziridis T. , Benvenuti S. , Ugolini A. , Crivelli A. J.
Published: August 2006

A declining population of the freshwater turtle Mauremys rivulata (Chelonia, Geoemydidae) living in a human‐impacted area along the Strymon River, just upstream from Kerkini Lake (Prefecture of Serres, northern Greece), was investigated by capture–recapture and radio‐tracking. Fyke nets placed along the river and in ponds lying on the riparian lowland gave about 2000 catches in 6 years, permitting us to assess major inter‐habitat movements during ontogenesis and throughout the seasons. Annual intensive radio‐tracking of 15 females and 10 males gave finer details of movement patterns between different river‐wetland habitats. Younger specimens, including yearlings, inhabited the ponds almost exclusively, whereas the adult population shifted seasonally from the ponds during the mating season to a marsh area lying on the opposite side of the river for aestivation and overwintering. The river served mainly as a corridor for transit between the two habitats. Moreover, longitudinal movements along the river were observed, particularly in the males, which probably allow dispersal and gene flow between subpopulations living in the area. One major threat to the viability of M. rivulata in the study area is the diversion of water for irrigation during the summer, drying up the Strymon completely, which reduces the water level in the ponds. Livestock crossing the area for grazing and watering in the ponds is also of impact, as turtles in the ponds are trampled on and nests are disturbed.
Social and environmental influences on egg size evolution in frogs
Authors: Summers K. , McKeon C. S. , Heying H. , Hall J. , Patrick W.
Published: August 2006

The reproductive strategies of frogs are highly diverse, but analysis of these strategies in a phylogenetic context has lagged behind other taxa. Here we investigate associations between aspects of parental care and egg size in a phylogenetic context. We obtained data on egg size and parental care strategies in various species of frogs from the scientific literature. We developed a phylogenetic supertree of frogs by combining the results of multiple phylogenetic analyses using matrix representation parsimony. We used phylogenetic pairwise comparisons to investigate the correlation between various forms of parental care and egg size across the order Anura. We also investigated correlations between tadpole carnivory and egg size, and phytotelm breeding and egg size. We also investigated the association of egg size with several environmental factors. Parental care, male parental care, direct development, stream breeding and montane breeding habitats were all associated with large egg size. Female care (in species with trophic egg feeding), carnivory, use of small pools (phytotelmata) and use of temporary pools were not associated with egg size.
Diagnostic microbial microarrays in soil ecology
Authors: Sessitsch A. , Hackl E. , Wenzl P. , Kilian A. , Kostic T. , Stralis‐Pavese N. , Sandjong B. Tankouo , Bodrossy L.
Published: August 2006

Soil microbial communities are responsible for important physiological and metabolic processes. In the last decade soil microorganisms have been frequently analysed by cultivation‐independent techniques because only a minority of the natural microbial communities are accessible by cultivation. Cultivation‐independent community analyses have revolutionized our understanding of soil microbial diversity and population dynamics. Nevertheless, many methods are still laborious and time‐consuming, and high‐throughput methods have to be applied in order to understand population shifts at a finer level and to be better able to link microbial diversity with ecosystems functioning. Microbial diagnostic microarrays (MDMs) represent a powerful tool for the parallel, high‐throughput identification of many microorganisms. Three categories of MDMs have been defined based on the nature of the probe and target molecules used: phylogenetic oligonucleotide microarrays with short oligonucleotides against a phylogenetic marker gene; functional gene arrays containing probes targeting genes encoding specific functions; and community genome arrays employing whole genomes as probes. In this review, important methodological developments relevant to the application of the different types of diagnostic microarrays in soil ecology will be addressed and new approaches, needs and future directions will be identified, which might lead to a better insight into the functional activities of soil microbial communities.

Contents

Summary
719

I.
Introduction
720

II.
General methodology
721

III.
Methodological considerations
722

IV.
Application of microarrays in the soil environment
726

V.
Conclusions
731

Acknowledgements
732

References
732
Review article: Obesity in pregnancy
Authors: Yu CKH , Teoh TG , Robinson S
Published: August 2006

Overweight and obesity are common findings in women of reproductive age in the UK; as 32% of 35‐ to 64‐year‐old women are overweight and 21% obese. Obesity causes major changes in many features of maternal intermediary metabolism. Insulin resistance appears to be central to these changes and may also be involved in increased energy accumulation by the fetus. Maternal obesity is associated with many risks to the pregnancy, with increased risk of miscarriage (three‐fold) and operative delivery (20.7 versus 33.8% in the obese and 47.4% in the morbidly obese group). Other risks to the mother include an increased risk of pre‐eclampsia (3.9 versus 13.5% in the obese group) and thromboembolism (0.05 versus 0.12% in the obese group). There are risks to the fetus with increased perinatal mortality (1.4 per 1000 versus 5.7 per 1000 in the obese group) and macrosomia (>90th centile; 9 versus 17.5% in the obese group). Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of obesity in the long term. Obese woman should try to lose weight before pregnancy but probably not during pregnancy. There is no real evidence base for the management of maternal obesity but some practical suggestions are made.
Review article: Is obesity an inflammatory illness? Role of low‐grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in human white adipose tissue
Authors: Cancello R , Clément K
Published: August 2006

There are at least two scientific evidences of human obesity as a chronic inflammatory illness: first, the well‐described moderate increase of inflammatory factors in the circulation in obese subjects, and second, the recent identification of macrophage cells infiltrating the white adipose tissue (WAT). These observations led to a revision of the physiopathology of obesity and its co‐morbidities. It has been suggested that the ‘low‐grade’ inflammatory state associates with metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity. Weight loss is able to improve this inflammatory state by both significantly decreasing circulating inflammatory molecules and macrophage cell infiltration in WAT depots. However, the mechanisms of WAT macrophage recruitment into the adipose tissue and their role in obesity complications have not been defined. This review aims to point out the knowledge on inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity and focuses on macrophage infiltration in human WAT, discussing their recruitment and role. The interactions of macrophages with adipocytes will certainly be the subject of intense investigations in the future.
Active warming as emergency interventional care for the treatment of pelvic pain
Authors: Bertalanffy P , Kober A , Andel H , Hahn R , Frickey N , Hoerauf K
Published: August 2006

Objective  To assess whether local active warming can lessen acute pelvic pain of gynaecological origin compared with traditional methods in a prehospital setting.

Design  Prospective, randomised, single‐blinded study.

Setting  Prehospital emergency system.

Population  Women calling emergency ambulance for pelvic pain.

Methods  Women were randomised in two groups: resistive heating (group 1) or passive warming (group 2), each treatment was initiated at the emergency site.

Main outcome measures  Pain on visual analogue scale (VAS), anxiety and nausea, given as mean (SD).

Results  Prior to the interventions, all women were vasoconstricted and had comparable pain scores. Then, group 1 showed a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in pain (VAS: 72.2 [10.5] mm to 32.4 [18.0] mm), anxiety (VAS: 59.0 [10.9] mm to 37.5 [24.1] mm), nausea (VAS: 42.7 [6.2] mm to 21.6 [5.0] mm) and heart rate (101 [12] beats per minute [bpm] to 59 [8] bpm), as well as in the number of vasoconstricted women (from 19/19 constricted/dilated to 2/19 constricted/dilated), whereas scores in group 2 remained unchanged. There were no significant changes in blood pressure in either group.

Conclusions Local warming is an effective emergency care measure for acute pelvic pain.
Glucose metabolism and proliferation in glia: role of astrocytic gap junctions
Authors: Tabernero Arantxa , Medina José M. , Giaume Christian
Published: August 2006

Astrocytes play a well‐established role in brain metabolism, being a key element in the capture of energetic compounds from the circulation and in their delivery to active neurons. Their metabolic status is affected in many pathological situations, such as gliomas, which are the most common brain tumors. This proliferative dysfunction is associated with changes in gap junctional communication, a property strongly developed in normal astrocytes studied both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize and discuss the findings that have lead to the identification of a link between gap junctions, glucose uptake, and proliferation. Indeed, the inhibition of gap junctional communication is associated with an increase in glucose uptake due to a rapid change in the localization of both GLUT‐1 and type I hexokinase. This effect persists due to the up‐regulation of GLUT‐1 and type I hexokinase and to the induction of GLUT‐3 and type II hexokinase. In addition, cyclins D1 and D3 have been found to act as sensors of the inhibition of gap junctions and have been proposed to play the role of mediators in the mitogenic effect observed. Conversely, in C6 glioma cells, characterized by a low level of intercellular communication, an increase in gap junctional communication reduces glucose uptake by releasing type I and type II hexokinases from the mitochondria and decreases the exacerbated rate of proliferation due to the up‐regulation of the Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27. Identification of the molecular actors involved in these pathways should allow the determination of potential therapeutic targets that could lead to the testing of alternative strategies to prevent, or at least slow down, the proliferation of glioma cells.
Can the Media Affect Us? Social Comparison, Self-Discrepancy, and the Thin Ideal
Authors: Bessenoff Gayle R.
Published: August 2006

The current study explored body image self-discrepancy as moderator and social comparison as mediator in the effects on women from thin-ideal images in the media. Female undergraduates ( N = 112) with high and low body image self-discrepancy were exposed to advertisements either with thin women (thin ideal) or without thin women (neutral-advertisement control). Exposure to thin-ideal advertisements increased body dissatisfaction, negative mood, and levels of depression and lowered self-esteem. In addition, social comparison processes mediated the relationship between exposure to thin-ideal advertisements and negative self-directed effects. Notably, self-discrepancy moderated this mediation. Women with high levels of body image self-discrepancy were more likely to engage in social comparison from exposure to thin-ideal advertisements, as well as more likely to have those comparison processes induce self-directed negative consequences. This research provides support for an individual difference variable (body image self-discrepancy) that moderates the mediating effect of social comparison from exposure to thin-ideal media.
The Influence of Body Mass Index on the Physical Attractiveness Preferences of Feminist and Nonfeminist Heterosexual Women and Lesbians
Authors: Swami Viren , Tovée Martin J.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined associations between lesbian and feminist identity and predictors of female physical attractiveness. Seventy-two nonfeminist heterosexuals, 38 feminist heterosexuals, 75 nonfeminist lesbians, and 33 feminist lesbians were asked to rate according to physical attractiveness a set of images of real women with known body mass indexes (BMIs). The results showed that regardless of sexual orientation and feminist ascription, BMI was a dominant predictor of physical attractiveness. The results also showed that there were significant differences between lesbians and heterosexual women in BMIs of images found to be most attractive, with lesbians preferring images of women with significantly higher BMIs than heterosexual women. Self-identification as a feminist did not appear to be associated with a preference for larger BMIs. The findings are discussed in terms of sociocultural theory, which suggests that different communities may have different ideals of beauty.
Ischemic preconditioning improves liver regeneration by sustaining energy metabolism after partial hepatectomy under ischemia in rats
Authors: Kerem Mustafa , Bedirli Abdulkadir , Ofluoglu Ebru , Deniz Kemal , Turkozkan Nurten , Pasaoglu Hatice , Sakrak Omer
Published: August 2006

Abstract: Background: The protective effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported on improvement of survival, reduction of liver necrosis and enhancement of the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy. This study was undertaken to confirm that IPC has a significant impact on regeneration of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in ischemically damaged liver. In addition, we sought to examine the role of adenine nucleotides in this process.

Methods: Wistar rats were subjected to 60 min of total hepatic ischemia, followed by 70% hepatectomy. The animals were subdivided into an IPC (10/15 min) group and a non‐IPC (control) group. Liver function tests and arginase activity were analyzed. Hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate were measured using gradient high‐performance liquid chromatography. The liver regeneration was identified using relative liver weight and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index.

Results: IPC treatment improved serum liver enzymes and tissue arginase activity (P<0.05) when compared with the control group. The preconditioned livers were associated with upregulation of ATP expression and also increased tissue energy charge. Regenerated liver weight in the IPC group was significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.05). The PCNA labeling index in the remnant livers in the IPC group was also significantly increased at 24 and 48 h after partial hepatectomy (P<0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that IPC‐augmented liver regeneration after hepatectomy, probably due to the stabilization of energy metabolism in rats.
Yellow Nail Syndrome in Three Siblings: A Randomized Double‐Blind Trial of Topical Vitamin E
Authors: Lambert Emily M. , Dziura James , Kauls Lynda , Mercurio Mark , Antaya Richard J.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Yellow nail syndrome is an uncommon disorder characterized by dystrophic nails, lymphedema, and respiratory disease. It has rarely been reported in children and this is the first report of congenital yellow nails in siblings. The purpose of this study was to determine whether topical vitamin E applied to the nail plates and periungual skin would affect the growth rate or appearance of the fingernails in patients with congenital yellow nail syndrome. This study was the first trial of a treatment for this entity in children and the largest randomized double blind trial to date. We found that vitamin E solution had no significant effect (p = 0.84) on fingernail growth or the global appearance score (p = 1.0) when compared with placebo. The average growth rates and global assessment scores improved and onycholysis and onychomadesis decreased from baseline with both vitamin E and placebo treatment, although these were not primary end points of the study. Topical vitamin E did not result in a statistically significant improvement when compared with oil alone for the treatment of the nails in our three patients with yellow nail syndrome. However, it is interesting and perhaps clinically useful that both vitamin E and placebo oil improved the condition of the nails.
Mycosis Fungoides Presenting as Pigmented Purpuric Dermatitis
Authors: Hanna Shannon , Walsh Noreen , D'Intino Yolanda , Langley Richard G. B.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Mycosis fungoides, a cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, typically presents as indolent, progressive, and persistent erythematous patches or plaques with mild scaling and over time can evolve into tumor stage with tumor nodules. Other presentations include eczematous, psoriasiform, poikilodermatous, and hypopigmented patches. We report Mycosis fungoides in a 14‐year‐old boy presenting as pigmented purpuric dermatitis and review the relevant literature. This is a rare presentation of a condition that is uncommon in the pediatric population. In our patient, histologic features were typical of Mycosis fungoides presenting as pigmented purpuric dermatitis. The clinical features, pathology, molecular biology, and the relationship between these two entities are discussed.
Evaluation of the Sunny Days, Healthy Ways Sun Safety Curriculum for Children in Kindergarten through Fifth Grade
Authors: Buller David B. , Taylor Ann M. , Buller Mary Klein , Powers Pamela J. , Maloy Julie A. , Beach Barbara H.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Childhood sun protection is important to reduce the risk of developing skin cancer later in life. An evaluation of an expanded version of the Sunny Days, Healthy Ways sun safety instructional program was conducted with 744 students in 77 kindergarten to fifth grade classes in 10 elementary schools. Students in six schools received instruction twice over two school years. Students in four schools received it only once in a single school year or were enrolled in a no‐treatment control group. A single presentation of the sun safety materials improved sun safety knowledge in students in grades 2–5 (p < 0.05). Repeated presentation over 2 years improved all outcomes, including increasing self‐reported sun protection (p < 0.05) and decreasing skin darkening indicative of exposure to ultraviolet radiation (p < 0.05). The program did not improve children's knowledge or skin darkening in kindergarten and grade 1. These results highlight the need to provide sun protection education over several school years, not just one time, to produce changes in sun safety behavior.
A Motion Detection‐Based Framework for Improving Image Quality of CCTV Security Systems
Authors: Chiu Shih‐Hsuan , Lu Chuan‐Pin , Wen Che‐Yen
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT: Closed‐circuit television (CCTV) security systems have been widely used in banks, convenience stores, and other facilities. They are useful to deter crime and depict criminal activity. However, CCTV cameras that provide an overview of a monitored region can be useful for criminal investigation but sometimes can also be used for object identification (e.g., vehicle numbers, persons, etc.). In this paper, we propose a framework for improving the image quality of CCTV security systems. This framework is based upon motion detection technology. There are two cameras in the framework: one camera (camera A) is fixed focus with a zoom lens for moving‐object detection, and the other one (camera B) is variable focus with an auto‐zoom lens to capture higher resolution images of the objects of interest. When camera A detects a moving object in the monitored area, camera B, driven by an auto‐zoom focus control algorithm, will take a higher resolution image of the object of interest. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can improve the likelihood that images obtained from stationary unattended CCTV cameras are sufficient to enable law enforcement officials to identify suspects and other objects of interest.
Increased plasma levels of IL‐6 in bacteremic periodontis patients after scaling
Authors: Forner Lone , Nielsen Claus Henrik , Bendtzen Klaus , Larsen Tove , Holmstrup Palle
Published: August 2006

Bacteremia frequently occurs after dental treatment. Periodontal inflammation may influence the incidence, magnitude and duration of bacteremia. The presence of circulating oral bacteria or bacterial components may induce cytokine synthesis in blood cells, which may contribute to the development or exacerbation of atherosclerosis. The present study tested the hypothesis that bacteremia occurring after scaling in periodontitis patients results in altered plasma levels of cytokines. Twenty periodontitis patients were subjected to scaling. Blood samples at baseline and at 0.5, 10 and 30 minutes postscaling were examined for bacteremia whereas baseline and eight‐hour postscaling blood samples were examined for the levels of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and IL‐12p70. IL‐6 levels were significantly increased eight hours after scaling, while IL‐8 was significantly decreased. No systematic changes occurred in the levels of IL‐1β, TNF–α, IL‐10 and IL‐2p70. IL‐6 levels may be increased while IL‐8 may be decreased due to scaling, which may have implications for general health.
Expression of p16 and hTERT protein is associated with the presence of high‐risk human papillomavirus in Bowenoid papulosis
Authors: Liu Houjun , Urabe Kazunori , Moroi Yoichi , Yasumoto Shinichiro , Kokuba Hisashi , Imafuku Shinichi , Koga Tetsuya , Masuda Teiichi , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Furue Masutaka , Tu Yating
Published: August 2006

Background:  High‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) type E6 and E7 oncoproteins contribute to oncogenesis in multiple ways by modulating the activities of host components in cell‐cycle regulation including the expression of p16 protein (p16) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The expression of p16 and hTERT protein in Bowenoid papulosis (BP) has not been studied.

Methods:  Biopsy samples of BP from 26 patients were subjected to in situ hybridization for various HPV strains and immunohistochemical staining for p16 and hTERT.

Results:  Among the 26 biopsy specimens, in situ hybridization using DNA probes for HPV 16/18 revealed positivity in 18 specimens (69.2%), one of which also showed positivity with the probes for HPV 6/11. HPV 31/33/35 was found in three specimens (11.5%). Two specimens (7.7%) were positive for unclassified HPV. Twenty‐one BP specimens that were infected with hrHPV were positive for p16 and/or hTERT. Moderate or strong and diffuse immunostaining was observed for p16 in 15 hrHPV‐infected specimens and for hTERT in 16 hrHPV‐infected specimens. The expression of p16 or hTERT was each significantly associated with the presence of hrHPV.

Conclusions:  hrHPVs were involved in inducing p16 and hTERT overexpression in BP. Moreover, our results suggested that immunohistochemical p16 and hTERT expression might be a useful marker of hrHPV infection in BP.
A SYBR green‐based real‐time PCR method for detection of haemopoietic chimerism in allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Bai Lijun , Deng Yi‐Mo , Dodds Anthony J. , Milliken Sam , Moore John , Ma David D. F.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Objective: To develop a reliable and rapid real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR) method using SYBR green to quantify chimerism in allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Methods: Twelve specific nucleotide polymorphisms (NPs) were selected to identify informative markers for detecting chimerism in transplant donor/recipient pairs. One informative marker was then used in SYBR green Q‐PCR to detect chimerism post‐transplantation in each patient. The percentage of donor cells was calculated using a standard curve, constructed using artificially mixed donor/recipient chimeric DNA in 12 serial dilutions (0.01–100%). Results: DNA from 37 donor/recipient pairs was screened for informative markers and 18 post‐transplant samples were monitored for chimerism with SYBR green Q‐PCR method. The Q‐PCR was able to discriminate between recipient and donor genetic profiles in all 18 samples, and quantify the chimerism. These results were confirmed by at least one independent method, such as TaqMan Q‐PCR, microsatellite and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) methods. The detection limit of this method was 0.1%, which was more sensitive than the two currently used microsatellite and FISH methods. Conclusion: The new single platform SYBR green Q‐PCR method is capable of detecting all haemopoietic chimerism with high accuracy; hence, it may be used to replace the current detection methods.
A population‐based study of hairy cell leukemia in Israel
Authors: Paltiel Ora , Adler Bella , Barchana Micha , Dann Eldad J.
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Objectives: Few population‐based data exist on the incidence and prognosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Our objectives were to study the effect of socio‐demographic factors on this rare disease and the risk of second malignancies occurring in HCL patients. Methods: We measured crude and age‐adjusted incidence rates of HCL based on reporting to the Israel Cancer Registry (ICR) 1991–2001. Using Kaplan–Meier and multivariate analysis, we assessed survival by gender, ethnicity and geographic region. We ascertained additional primary tumors reported in this population and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for tumors reported after the diagnosis of HCL. Results: The ICR registered 147 cases of HCL among males and 34 in females between 1991 and 2001. Age‐adjusted incidence rates were 1.62/106/yr for women and 7.97/106/yr for men, with rates 1.5 times higher in Jewish than in non‐Jewish (mainly Arab) men. Mean overall survival also differed by ethnicity. In a multivariate model, increasing age at diagnosis (P < 0.001), as well as Arab origin (P = 0.008) were associated with poorer survival but gender did not significantly affect the survival after controlling for age and ethnicity. Other primary malignancies were reported in 20 (11%) individuals, with a predominance of genito‐urinary tumors (65%) among males. Secondary genito‐urinary tumors were significantly increased above the expected population rates (SIR 3.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.39–6.36, P = 0.008). Conclusions: In the Israeli population, age and ethnicity were associated with prognosis of HCL. Variations in disease characteristics, stage of disease at diagnosis or differential access to treatment may contribute to these findings. Patients with HCL appear to be at increased risk for genito‐urinary malignancies.
Evaluation of anaemia in patients with multiple myeloma and lymphoma: findings of the European CANCER ANAEMIA SURVEY
Authors: Birgegård Gunnar , Gascón Pere , Ludwig Heinz
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  Objectives: Until recently, no prospective epidemiologic survey of lymphoma and multiple myeloma (L/MM) in European cancer patients had been conducted; furthermore, data on prevalence, incidence, and treatment patterns of L/MM were limited or unavailable. Here we define anemia prevalence, incidence, and treatment patterns, and identify anemia risk factors in European L/MM patients. Methods: Data for a subgroup of 2360 L/MM patients in the European Cancer Anaemia Survey (ECAS) were analyzed; variables included age, gender, tumor type/stage, cancer and anemia treatment, WHO performance status, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Results: 2316 patients were evaluable (1612 L and 704 MM). Anemia rate at enrollment was 52.5%. At enrollment, Hb levels correlated significantly with WHO scores (r = −0.306, P < 0.001). Anemia prevalence during ECAS was 72.9% (MM, 85.3%; non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, 77.9%; Hodgkin's disease, 57.4%); incidence in chemotherapy patients was 55.4%. Only 47.3% of patients anemic any time during ECAS received anemia treatment; overall Hb nadir for initiating treatment was 8.9 g/dL (epoetin, 9.5 g/dL; transfusion, 8.2 g/dL). Factors found to significantly (P < 0.03) increase anemia risk were low initial Hb, female gender, persistent/resistant disease, and platinum chemotherapy. Conclusions: L/MM patients have a high prevalence and incidence of anemia; however, anemia is not optimally treated. Anemia is common in L/MM patients and, given its known adverse impact on physical functioning and quality‐of‐life variables including fatigue and cognitive function, anemia management should be an integral part of their care. Predictive factors identified by ECAS may help clinicians develop optimal anemia treatment strategies for L/MM patients.
The slaty mutation affects the morphology and maturation of melanosomes in the mouse melanocytes
Authors: Hirobe Tomohisa , Abe Hiroyuki
Published: August 2006

The slaty (Dctslt) mutation is known to reduce the activity of dopachrome tautomerase in melanocytes and to reduce the melanin content in skin, hairs and eyes. Although the melanosomes in slaty melanocytes are reported to be eumelanosome‐like, detailed melanosome biogenesis is not well studied. To address this point, melanosomes in neonatal epidermal melanocytes from wild‐type (Dct+/Dct+) mice at the slaty locus as well as its congenic mouse mutant (Dctslt/Dctslt) in serum‐free primary culture were observed under the electron microscope. Wild‐type melanocytes possessed exclusively elliptical melanosomes with internal longitudinal structures, whereas in mutant melanocytes, numerous spherical melanosomes with globular depositions of pigment and elliptical melanosomes as well as mixed type of the two melanosomes were observed. Mature stage IV melanosomes were greatly decreased in mutant melanocytes, whereas immature stage III melanosomes were more numerous than in wild‐type melanocytes. These results suggest that the slaty mutation affects the morphology and maturation of melanosomes in mouse melanocytes.
Secular trends in cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index in Danish children: The European Youth Heart Study
Authors: Møller N. C. , Wedderkopp N. , Kristensen P. L. , Andersen L. B. , Froberg K.
Published: August 2006

Aim: To examine the secular trends in cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) and body fatness in Danish children. Trends were analyzed overall and across socioeconomic status (SES).

Methods: Two cross‐sectional studies conducted on 589 and 458 third‐grade Danish children in 1997–1998 and 2003–2004, respectively. CF was determined by a maximal cycle‐ergometer test. The lowest sex‐specific quartile of CF in the study from 1997 to 1998 was used as a cut‐point for low CF. Body mass index (BMI) cut‐points were used to describe overweight, and SES was divided into two groups according to parents' occupation.

Results: This study showed a secular decline in CF in girls overall. Increased CF, BMI, and prevalence of overweight were observed in boys with high SES, in boys with low SES, and in girls with low SES, respectively. However, after additional Bonferroni's correction, none of the statistical analyses performed across socioeconomic gradients reached significant P‐values.

Conclusion: CF declined in girls overall. Although not statistically significant after additional Bonferroni's correction, results in general showed less favorable trends in low SES children. Thus, trying to describe secular trends in CF and body fatness overall without any regard to SES might disguise social‐caused differences. However, further studies are needed in order to verify this hypothesis.
Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorptions: a case report
Authors: Filho Paulo Ferreira Garcia , Letra Ariadne , Carvalhal Julio Cezar , Menezes Renato
Published: August 2006

Abstract –  Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption is an unfortunate consequence of orthodontic movement. It is an adverse effect of an otherwise predictable force application. The degree of the inflammatory process depends on various factors such as amount of force, bone quality, aggressiveness of the resorbing cells and individual variation. Orthodontists should keep track of tooth movement both clinically and radiographically in order to detect any root resorptions and reevaluate the case. This case report presents the treatment outcome (4‐year follow up) of five teeth with different and extensive inflammatory root resorptions following orthodontic treatment.
Cytotoxicity evaluation of sodium alendronate on cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Authors: Correia Vera de Fátima Padrão , Caldeira Celso L. , Marques Márcia Martins
Published: August 2006

Abstract –  External root resorption processes are usually associated with dental trauma, mainly avulsion and intrusion. In such cases endodontic therapy aims to prevent this process by using medications that can inhibit osteoclastic activity, such as bisphosphonates. However, these drugs must be biocompatible to the periapical tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytotoxicity of a bisphosphonate (sodium alendronate) on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL cells). Cells were plated in a density of 1 × 103 cells per dish. The experimental groups were GI (control) no sodium alendronate, and GII, GIII, and GIV with sodium alendronate at the concentrations of 10−5, 10−6, and 10−7 M, respectively. The experimental times were 1, 6, 12, and 24 h (short‐term) for viability and 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (long‐term) for cell survival. Data in triplicate were statistically analyzed. Cultures treated with the highest alendronate concentration (GII) showed cell viability percentages significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those of the other groups (GI, GIII, and GIV), at 12 and 24 h. Cell growth on GII and GIII groups was similar. GII presented smaller growth than the other groups (P < 0.05). We concluded that sodium alendronate, on direct contact with human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, is cytotoxic in concentrations higher than of 10−6 M.
Maturogenesis of a cariously exposed immature permanent tooth using MTA for direct pulp capping: a case report
Authors: Patel Rajiv , Cohenca Nestor
Published: August 2006

Abstract –  Successful direct pulp capping of cariously exposed permanent teeth with reversible pulpitis and incomplete apex formation can prevent the need for root canal treatment. A case report is presented which demonstrates the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a direct pulp capping material for the purpose of continued maturogenesis of the root. Clinical and radiographic follow‐up demonstrated a vital pulp and physiologic root development in comparison with the contralateral tooth. MTA can be considered as an effective material for vital pulp therapy, with the goal of maturogenesis.
Influence of Platelet‐Rich Plasma Added to Xenogeneic Bone Grafts in Periimplant Defects: A Vital Fluorescence Study in Dogs
Authors: Sánchez Andrés R. , Sheridan Phillip J. , Eckert Steven E. , Weaver Amy L.
Published: August 2006

Background:

The use of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been suggested in order to increase the rate of bone deposition when sites are augmented prior to or in conjunction with dental implant placement.

Purpose:

The goal of this study was to investigate whether the addition of PRP to xenogeneic bone grafts would increase the rate of bone formation in dogs.

Materials and Methods:

Ninety endosseous dental implants were inserted in the mandibles of nine hound dogs. Subsequently, mesial and distal three‐wall periimplant defects were surgically created. Defects were randomly assigned to three groups: demineralized freeze‐dried bone graft plus platelet‐rich plasma (DFDBG plus PRP), demineralized freeze‐dried bone graft alone (DFDBG), and no treatment. Postsurgically each dog received a series of three fluorescent labels for estimation of bone cell activity at baseline and during different stages of healing, with particular attention to the bone formation rate per tissue volume (BFR/TV). Animals were sacrificed at 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months, and specimens were subjected to analysis by fluorescence microscopy. Treatment effects were evaluated with analysis of variance models.

Results:

Overall, the average BFR/TV differed by treatment although this difference approached only minimal statistical significance (p= .057). The largest difference occurred between periimplant defects treated with DFDBG only and defects that were not treated (mean percentage BFR/TV, 0.0720% vs 0.0994%). There was no evidence of an overall treatment effect (p= .27) for the mineral apposition rate (MAR) values. The data also suggest a consistent variability in the bone formation parameters among the three groups at different healing points.

Conclusion:

In this animal model the addition of PRP to xenogeneic bone grafts did not demonstrate evidence of faster bone formation during healing. However, limitations of the histologic technique possibly played a negative role in the assessment of bone formation parameters.
Validation of Microfocus Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Bone Implant Specimens
Authors: Stoppie Nele , van der Waerden Jan‐Paul , Jansen John A. , Duyck Joke , Wevers Martine , Naert Ignace E.
Published: August 2006

Background:

Microfocus computed tomography (μCT) is an emerging technique owing to its speed, full three‐dimensional information, and nondestructive properties.

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of a μCT system (Philips HOMX 161™, Philips Medical Systems GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) for visualization of the bone structure around screw‐type titanium implants by comparing μCT images with their histologic homologues.

Materials and Methods:

Eight screw‐type titanium implants were placed in the femoral condyles of two goats. After the excised implant‐bone specimens were embedded in resin, three‐dimensional μCT of the excised implant and bone specimens was performed. Histologic sections were subsequently made. A total of 150 histologic sections were matched with μCT images.

Results:

Bone trabeculae were clearly visible on the μCT scans. However, bone close to the implant or present in the apical surface features of the implant could not be detected. The overall matching between μCT scans (slices) and the histologic sections was 89%.

Conclusion:

Investigation of trabecular bone around titanium implants by μCT can be considered highly reliable for determining trabecular bone parameters, with the exception of measuring direct bone‐to‐implant contact.