bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New insights on Bjerkandera (Phanerochaetaceae, Polyporales) in the Neotropics with description of Bjerkandera albocinerea based on morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: Motato-Vásquez Viviana , Gugliotta Adriana M. , Rajchenberg Mario , Catania Myriam , Urcelay Carlos , Robledo Gerardo
Published: July 2020

Background and aims – Bjerkandera is one of the few poroid genera in the Phanerochaetaceae family known to date. The genus has a worldwide distribution and is characterized by effused-reflexed, pileate basidiomata with a pale cream to smoky or mouse grey hymenophore that becomes darker when dried, and a monomitic hyphal structure with clamped generative hyphae. Morphological and phylogenetic studies have traditionally accepted only two species in the genus, B. adusta (generic type) and B. fumosa, both described from temperate Europe. Recently, three additional species, B. atroalba, B. centroamericana and B. mikrofumosa were described from the Neotropics. While studying polypores in the Yungas forests of northwest Argentina and the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil, several specimens of Bjerkandera were gathered. A comparative morphological study revealed that some of these specimens do not correspond to any of the known species in the genus. This study aimed to propose a broad species-level phylogenetic hypothesis for Bjerkandera in the Neotropics and worldwide and to discuss the taxonomic status and diversity of the species in this genus.Methods – This study is based on a morphological examination of specimens collected between 2012 and 2017, and on a revision of original collections, including the type specimens. A total of eleven ITS and seven nLSU sequences were generated and phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) were performed.Key results – An extensive documentation of the species diversity within Bjerkandera in the Neotropics is presented. Genetic data of B. mikrofumosa were obtained for the first time and its phylogenetic position was tested. Additionally, its geographic distribution was extended in the Neotropics to Argentina and Brazil. Finally, molecular and morphological evidence was used to propose a new species for the genus, Bjerkandera albocinerea sp. nov.Conclusion – This study provides an update of the known diversity of the genus in the Neotropics and worldwide. In addition, our results indicate that the number of taxa in Bjerkandera has been underestimated by morphological evidence, and may actually be greater than traditionally accepted.
Two new Critically Endangered species of Ditassa (Apocynaceae) from the threatened cangas of the Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Bitencourt Cássia , Fernandes Moabe Ferreira , Espírito Santo Fábio Da Silva do , Rapini Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Background and aims – Vegetation on ironstone outcrops is highly threatened, particularly due to the impact of mining. In this study, two new species of Ditassa (Metastelmatinae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from the cangas of the Iron Quadrangle (Minas Gerais, Brazil) are described and illustrated, and their conservation status is discussed.Material and methods – Species recognition is based on a morphological and molecular study of recent and historical collections, including a survey of the main herbaria of Brazil, Europe and the United States. Conservation status assessments are based on the evaluation of areas of occupancy and the impact of iron mining in the region.Key results – The two new species are morphologically similar to species in the “Hemipogon from the Espinhaço” clade, which includes Morilloa. Nevertheless, they exhibit flowers with a double corona and are described in Ditassa here, following preliminary phylogenetic analyses with 73 plastid-coding regions. These species are known from only two highly disturbed locations each and are Critically Endangered. A key to identify the 14 species of Metastelmatinae currently recorded in cangas of the Iron Quadrangle is provided.Conclusion – The Critically Endangered Ditassa cangae and D. ferricola are examples of poorly known, nearly extinct species under strong anthropogenic pressure caused by intense mining activities and the lack of adequate legislation for the protection of canga landscapes.
Checklist of vascular plants for Wind River Indian Reservation (USA) high-elevation basins: ecological drivers of community assemblages
Authors: Friday Colleen , Scasta John Derek
Published: July 2020

Background and aims – Native American reservations in the United States provide biodiversity critical for conservation and ecosystem functions. Unfortunately, botanical inventories are less common for reservations than other land jurisdictions. Such ecological importance and needs are apparent for the Wind River Indian Reservation (WRIR), the 7th largest reservation in the US (>890,000 ha) that is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho.Material and methods – A botanical study for two WRIR high-elevation basins (Saint Lawrence Basin (SLB) and Paradise Basin (PB)) to (1) reconcile a 1960 plant list, and (2) quantify plant communities ecologically was conducted. In 2017, 106 monitoring sites were established to quantify species presence. Across basins, 231 total vascular plant taxa (221 to species and 10 to genus) were identified, or > 3× more plant species than noted in the 1960 list. In SLB, 222 plant taxa (213 to species and 9 to genus) were identified and in PB 98 plant taxa (90 to species and 8 to genus) were identified. In 2018, sites were re-sampled to quantify species abundance, soil pH, organic matter, soil nutrients, CEC, salts, and texture. Key results – Slope and elevation explained species distributions in the topography ordination and soil organic matter, pH, texture, P, and K explained species distributions in the soil ordination. Eleven exotic species, and one rare endemic species were documented with implications for empowering tribal management. Using a classification approach followed by an indicator species analysis and fidelity (Phi) assessment, we identified 14 unique plant communities and related these to 6 alliances and 7 associations across 6 macrogroups from the US National Vegetation Classification database. These indicator species of communities included sedges (Carex aquatilus), grasses (Pseudoroegneria spicata, Elymus elymoides, Achnatherum lettermanii, Elymus trachycaulus subsp. trachycaulus, Poa glauca subsp. rupicola), forbs (Polygonum bistortoides, Balsamorhiza incana, Castilleja flava), shrubs (Artemisia tridentata, Betula glandulosa, Dasiphora fruticosa subsp. floribunda) and trees (Pinus contorta).Conclusion – The plant taxa, plant communities, and ecological drivers documented in this study will enhance tribal and federal monitoring of these high-elevation WRIR basins.
Population genetic structure and management perspectives for Armeria belgenciencis, a narrow endemic plant from Provence (France)
Authors: Baumel Alex , Médail Frédéric , Juin Marianick , Paquier Thibault , Clares Marie , Laffargue Perrine , Lutard Hélène , Dixon Lara , Pires Mathias
Published: July 2020

Background and aims – Conserving threatened biodiversity needs a robust knowledge and delineation of the taxonomical entities targeted for in or ex situ conservation. In the genus Armeria (Plumbaginaceae), the frequent correlation between geographical isolation and morphological differentiation led to the delineation of some taxa consisting of few populations. Armeria belgenciensis is a narrow endemic represented by one population in southern France, which recently experienced a strong demographic decline caused by repeated disturbances of its habitat and was the object of a demographic rescue. Within two kilometres of A. belgenciensis, the presence of A. arenaria subsp. peirescii, also represented by one small population, poses the question whether the two populations are genetically isolated and should be considered as separated taxa for conservation.Material and methods – The genetic structure of Armeria belgenciensis and the geographically close populations of Armeria arenaria were analysed based on 328 AFLP markers using model-based and model-free clustering methods. In addition, flowering phenology was estimated to address the possibility of pre-zygotic isolation between A. belgenciensis and A. arenaria subsp. peirescii. Key results – The genetic structure supported a close relationship between A. belgenciensis and A. arenaria subsp. peirescii, compared to other populations of A. arenaria. Despite its recent decline, the genetic diversity of A. belgenciensis was not particularly low compared to the other studied populations or other rare species in this genus. The existence of gene flow between these two populations is likely given their moderate differentiation and the detection of admixture by one of the clustering methods. The phenological study showed that cross-pollination is possible during a short time period. Conclusion – We propose to place these two populations under the name A. belgenciensis, but to keep them as two different management units until there is no evidence of a harmful effect due to small effective sizes.
Reassessment and typification of Opuntia canterae (Opuntioideae, Cactaceae), an endemic prickly pear cactus of Uruguay
Authors: Köhler Matias , Majure Lucas C.
Published: July 2020

Background and aims – Opuntia is the most widespread genus of Cactaceae, naturally occurring throughout arid and semi-arid areas of the Americas. Many of the species have taxonomic problems resulting from incomplete original descriptions, lack of type designations, a paucity of taxonomic revisions and, in general, difficult species delimitation resulting from hybridization, morphological plasticity, and poor specimen preparation. However, efforts are being undertaken to fill the gaps in our distributional, morphological and phylogenetic knowledge of the group. Here, we reassess the name Opuntia canterae, providing an updated description, typification, photographs, distribution map, conservation assessment and additional notes. Material and methods – Extensive fieldwork was conducted, along with comprehensive herbarium and literature review. Morphological characters were assessed based on the commonly used characters used for prickly pears. Species delimitation is proposed based on our morphological studies, taxonomic and literature revision, as well as preliminary phylogenetic studies. The IUCN guidelines were followed to provide a conservation assessment of the species.Key results – Opuntia canterae is reassessed as a distinct species separated from its previous synonym (O. elata) by the elliptic to long-oblanceolate stem segments, acute to conical flower bud apex and long-obconic fruits. An epitype is here designated to further clarify the morphological features of the species, which, heretofore, were only represented by a photo. The species is considered endemic to Uruguay and is provisionally assessed as Endangered (EN) using IUCN criteria, but more fieldwork will be necessary to provide a further precise conservation status.
Use of automatic radiosonde launchers to measure temperature and humidity profiles from the GRUAN perspective
Authors: Madonna Fabio , Kivi Rigel , Dupont Jean-Charles , Ingleby Bruce , Fujiwara Masatomo , Romanens Gonzague , Hernandez Miguel , Calbet Xavier , Rosoldi Marco , Giunta Aldo , Karppinen Tomi , Iwabuchi Masami , Hoshino Shunsuke , von Rohden Christoph , Thorne Peter William
Published: July 2020

Abstract. In the last two decades, technological progress has not only seen
improvements to the quality of atmospheric upper-air observations but also
provided the opportunity to design and implement automated systems able to
replace measurement procedures typically performed manually. Radiosoundings,
which remain one of the primary data sources for weather and climate
applications, are still largely performed around the world manually,
although increasingly fully automated upper-air observations are used, from
urban areas to the remotest locations, which minimize operating costs and
challenges in performing radiosounding launches. This analysis presents a
first step to demonstrating the reliability of the automatic radiosonde
launchers (ARLs) provided by Vaisala, Meteomodem and Meisei. The metadata
and datasets collected by a few existing ARLs operated by the Global
Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) certified or
candidate sites (Sodankylä, Payerne, Trappes, Potenza) have been
investigated and a comparative analysis of the technical performance (i.e.
manual versus ARL) is reported. The performance of ARLs is evaluated as being
similar or superior to those achieved with the traditional manual launches
in terms of percentage of successful launches, balloon burst and ascent
speed. For both temperature and relative humidity, the ground-check
comparisons showed a negative bias of a few tenths of a degree and % RH,
respectively. Two datasets of parallel soundings between manual and
ARL-based measurements, using identical sonde models, provided by
Sodankylä and Faa'a stations, showed mean differences between the ARL and
manual launches smaller than ±0.2 K up to 10 hPa for the temperature
profiles. For relative humidity, differences were smaller than 1 % RH for
the Sodankylä dataset up to 300 hPa, while they were smaller than
0.7 % RH for Faa'a station. Finally, the observation-minus-background
(O–B) mean and root mean square (rms) statistics for German RS92 and RS41 stations, which
operate a mix of manual and ARL launch protocols, calculated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
forecast model, are very similar, although RS41 shows larger rms(O–B)
differences for ARL stations, in particular for temperature and wind. A
discussion of the potential next steps proposed by GRUAN community and other
parties is provided, with the aim to lay the basis for the elaboration of a
strategy to fully demonstrate the value of ARLs and guarantee that the
provided products are traceable and suitable for the creation of GRUAN data
products.
Differential analysis of prokaryotic communities from pristine mangrove tidal zone sediments reveal distinct structures and functional profiles
Authors: de Santana Carolina Oliveira , Spealman Pieter , Melo Vânia Maria Maciel , Gresham David , Jesus Taíse Bomfim de , Chinalia Fabio Alexandre
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Mangrove forests are intertidal ecosystems that constitute a large portion of the world's coastline, as such, they are composed of, and reliant upon, microhabitats defined by the tides. However, we are only beginning to understand tidal microhabitat biodiversity and their role in nutrient cycling. The majority of metagenomic studies have so far been conducted on anthropogenically impacted areas. As even mild disruption can severely alter ecosystems and lead to decreased biodiversity and local extinctions, this is a critical issue. Here, we characterize prokaryotic populations and their involvement in nutrient cycling across the tidal zones of a pristine mangrove forest within a Brazilian Environmental Protection Area of the Atlantic Forest. We hypothesize that tidal zones in pristine mangroves constitute distinct microhabitats, are composed of different prokaryotic communities and, consequently, distinct functional profiles. Samples were collected in triplicate from zones below, between, and above the tidal waterline. Using 16S amplicon sequencing, we find significantly different prokaryotic communities with diverse nutrient cycling related functions, as well specific taxa with varying contribution to functional abundances between zones. Our findings contrast those observed in anthropogenically impacted mangroves and suggest that some aspects of mangrove zonation may be compromised by human activity.
Spatio-temporal variations of lateral and atmospheric carbon fluxes
from the Danube Delta
Authors: Maier Marie-Sophie , Teodoru Cristian R. , Wehrli Bernhard
Published: July 2020

Abstract. River deltas with their mosaic of ponds, channels and seasonally inundated areas act as the last continental hotspots of carbon turnover along the land-ocean aquatic continuum. There is increasing evidence for the important role of riparian wetlands in the transformation and emission of terrestrial carbon to the atmosphere. The considerable spatial heterogeneity of river deltas, however, forms a major obstacle for quantifying carbon emissions and their seasonality. While river reaches crossing the delta can serve as reference systems, delta lakes are often dominated by aquatic production and channels act as collection systems for carbon exported from adjacent wetlands. In order to quantify carbon turnover and emissions in the complex mosaic of the Danube Delta, we conducted monthly field campaigns over two years at 19 sites spanning river reaches, channels and lakes. Here we report greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2 and CH4) from the freshwater systems of the Danube Delta and present the first seasonally resolved estimates of its freshwater carbon emissions to the atmosphere. Furthermore, we quantify the lateral carbon transport of the Danube River to the Black Sea. We estimate the delta’s CO2 and CH4 emissions to be 65 GgC yr−1, of which about 8 % are released as CH4. The median CO2 fluxes from river branches, channels and lakes are 25, 93 and 5.8 mmol m−2 yr−1, respectively. Median total CH4 fluxes amount to 0.42, 2.0 and 1.5 mmol m−2 yr−1. While lakes do have the potential to act as CO2 sinks in summer, they are generally the largest emitters of CH4. Small channels showed the largest range in emissions including a CO2 and CH4 hotspot sustained by adjacent wetlands. The channels thereby contribute disproportionately to the delta’s emissions considering their limited surface area. In terms of lateral export, we estimate the net export of the Danube Delta to the Black Sea to about 160 GgC yr−1, which only marginally increases the carbon load from the upstream river catchment (8490 GgC yr−1) by about 2 %. While this contribution of the delta seems small, deltaic carbon yield (45.6 gC m−2 yr−1, net export load/surface area) is about 4-fold higher than the riverine carbon yield from the catchment (10.6 gC m−2 yr−1).
IPSL-CM5A2 – an Earth system model designed for multi-millennial climate simulations
Authors: Sepulchre Pierre , Caubel Arnaud , Ladant Jean-Baptiste , Bopp Laurent , Boucher Olivier , Braconnot Pascale , Brockmann Patrick , Cozic Anne , Donnadieu Yannick , Dufresne Jean-Louis , Estella-Perez Victor , Ethé Christian , Fluteau Frédéric , Foujols Marie-Alice , Gastineau Guillaume , Ghattas Josefine , Hauglustaine Didier , Hourdin Frédéric , Kageyama Masa , Khodri Myriam , Marti Olivier , Meurdesoif Yann , Mignot Juliette , Sarr Anta-Clarisse , Servonnat Jérôme , Swingedouw Didier , Szopa Sophie , Tardif Delphine
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Based on the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)-generation previous Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL)
Earth system model, we designed a new version, IPSL-CM5A2, aiming at running multi-millennial simulations typical of deep-time paleoclimate studies. Three priorities were followed during the setup of the model: (1) improving the overall model computing performance, (2) overcoming a persistent cold bias depicted in the previous model generation and (3) making the model able to handle the specific continental configurations of the geological past. These developments include the integration of hybrid parallelization Message Passing Interface – Open Multi-Processing (MPI-OpenMP) in the atmospheric model of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMDZ), the use of a new library to perform parallel asynchronous input/output by using computing cores as “I/O servers” and the use of a parallel coupling library between the ocean and the atmospheric components. The model, which runs with an atmospheric resolution of 3.75∘×1.875∘ and 2 to 0.5∘ in the ocean, can now simulate ∼100 years per day, opening new possibilities towards the production of multi-millennial simulations with a full Earth system model. The tuning strategy employed to overcome a persistent cold bias is detailed. The confrontation of a historical simulation to climatological observations shows overall improved ocean meridional overturning circulation, marine productivity and latitudinal position of zonal wind patterns. We also present the numerous steps required to run IPSL-CM5A2 for deep-time paleoclimates through a preliminary case study for the Cretaceous. Namely, specific work on the ocean model grid was required to run the model for specific continental configurations in which continents are relocated according to past paleogeographic reconstructions. By briefly discussing the spin-up of such a simulation, we elaborate on the requirements and challenges awaiting paleoclimate modeling in the next years, namely finding the best trade-off between the level of description of the processes and the computing cost on supercomputers.
Snowpack dynamics in the Lebanese mountains
from quasi-dynamically downscaled ERA5
reanalysis updated by assimilating remotely-sensed
fractional snow-covered area
Authors: Alonso-González Esteban , Gutmann Ethan , Aalstad Kristoffer , Fayad Abbas , Gascoin Simon
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The snowpack over the Mediterranean mountains constitutes a key water resource for the downstream populations. However, its dynamics have not been studied in detail yet in many areas, mostly because of the scarcity of snowpack observations. In this work, we present a characterization of the snowpack over the two mountain ranges of Lebanon. To obtain the necessary snowpack information, we have developed a 1 km regional scale snow reanalysis (ICAR_assim) covering the period 2010–2017. ICAR_assim was developed by means of ensemble-based data assimilation of MODIS fractional snow-covered area (fSCA) through the energy and mass balance model the Flexible Snow Model (FSM2), using the Particle Batch Smoother (PBS). The meteorological forcing data was obtained by a regional atmospheric simulation developed through the Intermediate Complexity Atmospheric Research model (ICAR) nested inside a coarser regional simulation developed by the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The boundary and initial conditions of WRF were provided by the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis. ICAR_assim showed very good agreement with MODIS gap-filled snow products, with a spatial correlation of R = 0.98 in the snow probability (P(snow)), and a temporal correlation of R = 0.88 in the day of peak snow water equivalent (SWE)Similarly, ICAR_assim has shown a correlation with the seasonal mean SWE of R = 0.75 compared with in-situ observations from Automatic Weather Stations (AWS). The results highlight the high temporal variability of the snowpack in the Lebanon ranges, with differences between Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon that cannot be only explained by its hypsography been Anti-Lebanon in the rain shadow of Mount Lebanon. The maximum fresh water stored in the snowpack is in the middle elevations approximately between 2200 and 2500 m. a.s.l. Thus, the resilience to further warming is low for the snow water resources of Lebanon due to the proximity of the snowpack to the zero isotherm.
Comparison of different fiber coatings for distributed strain measurement in cementitious matrices
Authors: Weisbrich Martin , Holschemacher Klaus , Bier Thomas
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Distributed fiber optic strain measurement based on Rayleigh scattering has recently become increasingly popular in automotive and mechanical engineering for strain monitoring and in the construction industry, especially structural health monitoring. This technology enables the monitoring of strain along the entire fiber length. This article addresses integrating optical fibers of different coatings into the concrete matrix to measure the shrinkage deformations. However, previous studies do not give a clear statement about the strain transfer losses of fiber optic sensors in this application. In this context, three different coating types were investigated regarding their strain transfer. The fibers were integrated into fine-grained concrete prisms, and the shrinkage strain was compared with a precise dial gauge. The analysis shows a high correlation between the reference method and the fiber measurement, especially with the ORMOCER® coating. The acrylate coating used is also consistent in the middle area of the specimen but requires a certain strain introduction length to indicate the actual strain. The main result of this study is a recommendation for fiber coatings for shrinkage measurement in fine-grain concretes using the distributed fiber optic strain measurement. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the measurement method are presented.
Towards operational phytoplankton recognition with automated high-throughput imaging and compact convolutional neural networks
Authors: Eerola Tuomas , Kraft Kaisa , Grönberg Osku , Lensu Lasse , Suikkanen Sanna , Seppälä Jukka , Tamminen Timo , Kälviäinen Heikki , Haario Heikki
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Plankton communities form the basis of aquatic ecosystems and elucidating their role in increasingly important environmental issues is a constantly present research question. The concealed plankton community dynamics reflect changes in environmental forcing, growth traits of competing species, and multiple food web interactions. Recent technological advances have led to the possibility of collecting real-time big data opening new horizons for testing core hypotheses in planktonic systems, derived from macroscopic realms, in community ecology, biodiversity research, and ecosystem functioning. Analyzing the big data calls for computer vision and machine learning methods capable of producing interoperable data across platforms and systems. In this paper we apply convolutional neural networks (CNN) to classify a brackish-water phytoplankton community in the Baltic Sea. For solving the classification task, we utilize compact CNN architectures requiring less computational capacity and creating an opportunity to quickly train the network. This makes it possible to (1) test various modifications to the classification method, and (2) repeat each experiment multiple times with different training and test set combinations to obtain reliable results. We further analyze the effect of large class imbalance to the CNN performance, and test relevant data augmentation techniques to improve the performance. Finally, we address the practical implications of the classification performance to aquatic research by analyzing the confused classes and their effect on the reliability of the automatic plankton recognition system, to guide further development of plankton recognition research. Our results show that it is possible to obtain good classification accuracy with relatively shallow architectures and a small amount of training data when using effective data augmentation methods even with a very unbalanced dataset.
Crustal structure of southeast Australia from teleseismic
receiver functions
Authors: Bello Mohammed , Cornwell David G. , Rawlinson Nicholas , Reading Anya M. , Likkason Othaniel K.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. In an effort to improve our understanding of southeast Australia’s enigmatic tectonic evolution, we analyse teleseismic earthquakes recorded by 24 temporary and 8 permanent broadband stations using the receiver function method. Crustal thickness, bulk seismic velocity and internal crustal structure of the southern Tasmanides – an assemblage of Palaeozoic accretionary orogens that occupy eastern Australia – are constrained by our new results which point to: (1) a 39.0 ± 0.5 km thick crust, a relatively high Poisson’s ratio (0.262 ± 0.014) and a broad (> 10 km) crust-mantle transition beneath the Lachlan Fold Belt. This is interpreted to represent magmatic underplating of mafic materials at the base of the crust; (2) a complex crustal structure beneath VanDieland, a postulated Precambrian continental fragment embedded in the southernmost Tasmanides, where the crust thickens (37.5 ± 1.2 km) towards the northern tip of the microcontinent as it enters south central Victoria but thins south into Bass Strait (30.5 ± 2.1 km), before once again becoming thicker beneath western Tasmania (33.5 ± 1.9 km). The thinner crust beneath Bass Strait can be attributed to lithospheric stretching that resulted from the break-up of Antarctica and Australia and the opening of the Tasman Sea; (3) stations located in the East Tasmania Terrane and eastern Bass Strait (ETT+EB) collectively indicate crust of uniform thickness (∼ 33 km) and a slightly broad Moho transition that reflect a possible underplating event associated with a Palaeozoic subduction system. The relative uniformity of Vp/Vs and Poisson’s ratio in VanDieland – suggesting uniformity in composition – could be used in support of the VanDieland microcontinental model that explains the tectonic evolution of southeast Australia.
E Pluribus Unum: The Detection of Political Persuasion Through Discourse Analysis
Authors: Mantovan Lara
Published: July 2020

Political discourse involves particular lexical choices, grammatical features, rhetorical devices, and nonverbal signals. Politicians often capitalize on them in order to influence recipients’ state of mind and persuade them to share their world image. Particular persuasive strategies are used as tools to deliberately manufacture mass consent. On their part, the addressees of political discourse are not often aware of the effects of these particular discourse features in terms of audience control.This paper aims at discussing discourse analysis as a diagnostic tool for the assessment of power relations and the transmission of ideological beliefs. In the spirit of Critical Discourse Analysis and in particular Fairclough’s (1989) ten-question model, the paper proposes a multimodal analysis of Barack Obama’s Victory Speech. The study reveals that the detection of political messages (in this case, the importance of national unity) is triggered by the presence of ideologically significant lexical elements, grammatical features, rhetorical techniques, and discourse markers that function as ideological cues. Their simultaneous distribution, together with specific non-verbal markers (i.e. eye gaze and baton signs). contributes to reinforcing the proposed ideological beliefs.
We Shall Fight: Speaker-Exclusive We as a Grammatical Metaphor
Authors: Santulli Francesca
Published: July 2020

The first person plural pronoun cannot be considered as an expression of pluralization of the first. Its semantic boundaries are defined in context, and this inherent vagueness an be pragmatically exploited for communicative purposes. Beyond the frequently investigated opposition between (addressee-) inclusive vs exclusive forms, this paper explores non-prototypical uses of the first person plural pronoun, focusing on the conflicts that arise when it is used in contexts that semantically exclude the speaker. Speaker-exclusive forms can occur in different situations, ranging from interpersonal exchanges to public discourse. The paper investigates their different semantic implications, highlighting their common traits as well as their crucial peculiarities. Both the review of the literature and the analysis of actual examples bring forth the different values and functions of various speaker-exclusive occurrences of the first person plural. A more systematic categorization of the forms can be obtained adopting a metaphorical interpretation, which on the one hand emphasises their common denominator (i.e. speaker-exclusiveness) and, on the other, sheds light on their varying communicative potential.
Ficciones televisivas argentinas en los festivales internacionales de cine
Authors: Soria Carolina
Published: July 2020

Este artículo examina la reciente participación de series de ficción argentinas en los festivales internacionales de cine en un contexto audiovisual dominado por cambios radicales en la producción, distribución y consumo. La propuesta de este trabajo es describir la identidad múltiple del audiovisual contemporáneo y postular que la incursión de artistas reconocidos en el formato televisivo —y su exhibición en los festivales— funciona como una doble operación legitimante, elevando a la serie como producto cultural y expresión artística. Desde esa perspectiva se analizará la construcción narrativa y estilística de dos ficciones argentinas como también los recorridos emprendidos por ellas —su emisión televisiva, en plataformas en línea y en festivales audiovisuales—. Las conclusiones del artículo apuntan a destacar el lugar central que ocupan la circulación y distribución de la ficción televisiva en la industria audiovisual y en los espacios de reconocimiento tradicionalmente asociados al cine y la televisión.
La COP25 en Madrid: Deudas, dudas y el futuro de la acción climática oceánica mundial
Authors: Carrasco Hernández Pablo
Published: July 2020

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar los avances y desafíos de la COP25 en Madrid. Si bien la conferencia estuvo marcada por las negociaciones en torno al polémico artículo 6 del Acuerdo de París, sus críticos argumentan que los esfuerzos esbozados contra el cambio climático no lograron dar la urgencia necesaria a las políticas oceánicas y glaciares. Sobre esa base, este artículo no solo revisará los esfuerzos internacionales en esta materia desde la COP21 de París hasta la COP24 de Katowice, sino los esfuerzos por dar seguridad al océano y a la Antártida en Chile. Todo esto se hará considerando la Política Oceánica Nacional, aprobada en 2018, y el papel de la Ley Marco de Cambio Climático, que el actual gobierno ha impulsado a través de la articulación entre el sector público, privado, académico y otros actores competentes para una mejor gestión oceánica en Chile. Finalmente, se advierte que el punto más deficiente de este hito fue no haber considerado a los océanos como parte integral del problema de los efectos de los gases invernadero. Esto determinó que la COP25 fuera catalogada como un fracaso.
La buena administración como regla de adaptabilidad en un contexto de cambio climático
Authors: Linazasoro Espinoza Izaskun
Published: July 2020

Este trabajo se propone analizar una alternativa al creciente problema sobre cómo desarrollar una interfaz entre la ciencia y el derecho, específicamente el derecho a una buena administración pública, el cual ha sido reconocido en la Carta de Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea. Sus principios se desarrollan como una regla dinámica y adaptativa que permitiría dar solución a los desastres ambientales ocasionados por el cambio climático. Al final de este trabajo, se analiza cómo la Corte Suprema de Chile ha reconocido estos principios en una sentencia estructural en materia de derechos humanos en nuestro país, conociendo los casos provocados por la contaminación aguda y constante que se vive en la zona industrial y de sacrificio ambiental de Concón, Quintero y Puchuncaví.
La curva de Lorenz y el coeficiente de Gini como medidas de la desigualdad de los ingresos
Authors: Brenes González Humberto Antonio
Published: July 2020

La curva de Lorenz y el coeficiente de Gini, son herramientas que se utilizan en el campo de la economía para medir la desigualdad de los ingresos de una población o sociedad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar el grado de desigualdad de los ingresos de los maestrantes del Programa de Maestría en Administración Funcional de Empresas ofertado por la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua (UNAN-Managua), impartido en el Centro de Desarrollo Empresarial (PROCOMIN) en el año 2019, por medio del análisis de la curva de Lorenz y el coeficiente de Gini. La ecuación obtenida de la curva de Lorenz, que sirvió de base para la estimación del coeficiente de Gini, estuvo representada por . Por su parte, el grado de desigualdad obtenido por medio del coeficiente de Gini fue de 0.2618, existiendo un grado de desigualdad de los ingresos de los maestrantes del 26.18%, siendo este grado relativamente bajo, dada las condiciones homogéneas del grupo en estudio.
The Economic Security Of The State: Its Genesis And The Transformation Approaches Of The Modernity
Authors: Myrhorod-Karpova Valeriia , Hrytsenko Volodymyr , Dragonenko Anna , Chernenko Alexander , Penkov Sergii
Published: July 2020

The relevance of this article is due to the fact that the economic security of the state is a key component of the national security system and a major factor in ensuring national interests. The purpose of the article is to conduct a scientific study on the definition of the administrative and legal mechanism of ensuring economic security in Ukraine by borrowing the positive experience of foreign countries. The leading research methods are general scientific and special research methods, including methods of logic, analysis, comparison etc. The results of this study are a comparative legal analysis of the functioning of the economic security system in Ukraine and EU countries, analysis of the transformation of economic security in European countries, search for promising ways of transformation and reform in Ukraine. The significance of the obtained results is reflected in the fact that this study may serve as a basis for outlining future changes to the current legislation of Ukraine on the functioning of economic security in Ukraine.
Differential water-use efficiency and growth among Eucalyptus grandis hybrids under two different rainfall conditions
Authors: Gándara José , Ross Silvia , Quero Gastón , Dellacassa Pablo , Dellepiane Joaquín , Figarola Gonzalo , Viega Luis
Published: July 2020

Aim of the study: To analyze the course of leaf water status, water-use efficiency and growth in Eucalyptus grandis and hybrids throughout seasons with different rainfall.Area of study: The study was conducted in northern Uruguay.Methods: A randomized block trial was established containing E. grandis (ABH17), E. grandis × Eucalyptus camaldulensis (GC172), E. grandis × Eucalyptus tereticornis (GT529), and E. grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla (GU08). Predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) and midday leaf water potential (Ψmd) were measured every six weeks from the age of 16 months, throughout two growing seasons. Stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (A), and leaf-level transpiration (E) were measured once in each growing season, along with leaf carbon isotope discrimination (∆13C) and tree growth. Stomatal density and distribution were studied.Results: ABH17 and GU08 had the lowest daily fluctuation of leaf water potential and showed stronger stomatal regulation; they were hypostomatic, and stomata on the adaxial leaf surfaces remained immature. GC172 and GT529 (Red-Gum hybrids) were amphistomatic and transpired more intensively; they were less efficient in instantaneous and intrinsic water use and grew faster under high soil moisture (inferred from rainfall). Under such conditions, GC172 reached the highest gas-exchange rate due to an increase in tree hydraulic conductance. ABH17 and GU08 were hypostomatic and used water more efficiently because of stronger stomatal regulation.Research highlights: Red-Gum hybrids evidenced less water use efficiency due to lower stomatal regulation, different stomatal features, and distinct growth patterns as a function of soil moisture (inferred from rainfall).Keywords: Eucalypt hybrids; stomatal conductance; water-use efficiency; transpiration.Abbreviations used: Ψpd:predawn leaf water potential;Ψmd: midday leaf water potential; ΔΨ: daily fluctuation of leaf water potential ( ; A: net photosynthetic rate, E: leaf transpiration rate, gs: stomatal conductance, WUE: instantaneous water-use efficiency; WUEi: integrated water-use efficiency; A/E: leaf photosynthesis-to-leaf transpiration ratio; ∆13C: leaf carbon isotope discrimination; K: tree hydraulic conductance; E/∆Ψ: ratio between leaf transpiration and daily fluctuation of leaf water potential; δ13C: natural abundance of 13C.
Predicting and mapping Plethodontid salamander abundance using LiDAR-derived terrain and vegetation characteristics
Authors: Contreras Marco Antonio , Staats Wesley A , Price Steven J
Published: July 2020

Aim of the study: Use LiDAR-derived vegetation and terrain characteristics to develop abundance and occupancy predictions for two terrestrial salamander species, Plethodon glutinosus and P. kentucki, and map abundance to identify vegetation and terrain characteristics affecting their distribution.Area of study: The 1,550-ha Clemons Fork watershed, part of the University of Kentucky’s Robinson Forest in southeastern Kentucky, USA.Materials and methods: We quantified the abundance of salamanders using 45 field transects, which were visited three times, placed across varying soil moisture and canopy cover conditions. We created several LiDAR-derived vegetation and terrain layers and used these layers as covariates in zero-inflated Poisson models to predict salamander abundance.  Model output was used to map abundance for each species across the study area.Main results: From the184 salamanders observed, 63 and 99 were identifdied as P. glutinosus and P. kentucki, respectively. LiDAR-derived vegetation height variation and flow accumulation were best predictors of P. glutinosus abundance while canopy cover predicted better the abundance of P. kentucki. Plethodon glutinosus was predicted to be more abundant in sites under dense, closed-canopy cover near streams (2.9 individuals per m2) while P. kentucki was predicted to be found across the study sites except in areas with no vegetation (0.58 individuals per m2).Research highlight: Although models estimates are within the range of values reported by other studies, we envision their application to map abundance across the landscape to help understand vegetation and terrain characteristics influencing salamander distribution and aid future sampling and management efforts.Keywords:  Zero-inflated Poisson model; Kentucky; Cumberland plateau; Plethodon glutinosus; Plethodon kentucki.
An Analysis of Mutual Fund Managers’ Timing Abilities - Evidence From Chinese Equity Funds
Authors: Li Jun-Hao , You Chun-Fan
Published: July 2020

This paper examines Chinese mutual fund managers’ market, volatility, and liquidity abilities. Using a daily frequency sample of Chinese open-end equity funds from 2015 to 2019, we find evidence that mutual fund managers can time the market. Among the funds with different investment styles, the active funds have better market and liquidity timing ability, whereas the steady funds have better volatility timing ability. In different investment periods, there are more funds with timing ability in the fall period than in the rise period. We find the same results in the market (T-M), volatility, and liquidity timing models. It is especially for the active funds, nearly half of which have liquidity timing ability in the fall period. Among the funds with stock selection ability, the funds with market timing ability can outperform than the funds with other timing ability.
The Intervening Effect of the Dividend Policy on Financial Performance and Firm Value in Large Indonesian Firms
Authors: Santosa Perdana Wahyu , Aprilia Ovinda , Tambunan Martua Eliakim
Published: July 2020

This study aims to examine the relationship between financial performance with firm value with dividend policy as an intervening variable in an emerging market, Indonesia. The samples in this study are large firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The sampling method uses a purposive sampling technique according to research criteria, especially members of the LQ45 index. The study used the data analysis by using multiple regression analysis, path analysis, and Sobel test to find the direct, indirect, and intervening effect and significance in this study. The results indicated that profitability and activity have a positive effect, leverage has a negative effect, but liquidity has no effect on the value of the firms. The subsequent analysis shows that profitability and leverage do not affect dividend policy, liquidity has a negative effect, while activity has a positive effect, significantly. Dividend policy has a positive effect on firm value. Liquidity and leverage do not affect the firm value, but profitability and activity effect positively on the firm value through intervening dividend policy. Conclusions: in general, financial performance indicates an influence on firm value and less effect on dividend policy. As an intervening variable, dividend policy weakens the effect of financial performance on firm value.
Ménière’s disease pt. 2. Treatment options and therapeutic strategies. Commentary to the current recommendations and own experience
Authors: Niemczyk Kazimierz , Jasińska Agnieszka , Pierchała Katarzyna
Published: July 2020

We present an overview of current diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines on Ménière’s disease. Over the last five years,
several guidelines and studies on this subject have been published, including International consensus (ICON) on treatment
of Méniere’s disease 2018, European Position Statement on Diagnosis, and Treatment of Meniere’s Disease, Diagnostic and
therapeutic strategy in Menière’s disease. Guidelines of the French Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Society
(SFORL) 2017. The above-listed recommendations discuss commonly used pharmacological treatment and surgical methods
and they take into account quality of life of the patients depending on therapeutic strategy. We present the main clinical
challenges in managing Ménière’s disease, principles of diagnosis as well as the treatment introduced at our center. Finally,
we propose current treatment algorithm for Meniere’s disease.
Petrosectomy in cochlear implant surgery
Authors: Amernik Katarzyna , Niemczyk Kazimierz , Twardowska Renata , Jaworowska Ewa
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Surgical treatment of deep heating loss with cochlear implant is well know and successful method which can be used both in children and adults. In patients with cholesteatoma or who underwent surgery canal wall down technique special surgical approach schooled be used – lateral/subtotal petrosectomy.
Material and method: Patients witch deep bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and cholesteatoma of middle ear or after treatment of cholesteatoma with canal wall down mastoidectomy were included in the study. Retrospective analysis of patient’s data, radiological and audiological testing was performed.
Results: In Department of otolaryngology for Children and Adults and Oncologic Laryngology Pomeranian University of Medicine between 2008 and 2018 90 surgeries of cochlear implantations were performed and among which 3 petrosectomies in one child (5years old) and two adults aged 62 and 73 years old who underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy in the past. In all patients single stage procedure was used, petrosectomy with cochlear implantation. Wound healing an postoperative period was uneventful in all cases. Follow up ranges from 26 to 32 months, in control computer tomography there is lack of indirect signs of recurrence of cholesteatoma. In a child, who accordingly is autistic and mentally retardated, good hearing result is observed and speech understanding, without spontaneous speech. In adult patients in free field audiometry hearing level is 35 and 40dB with speech understanding 80%.
Discussion: Patients with chronic ear inflammation can be successfully and safely treated with cochlear implantation using petrosectomy technique. Subtotal/lateral petrosectomy is a method of choice when deep sensorineural hearing loss coexists with chronic inflammatory changes of the middle ear.