bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Prototype Electrically Powered Brush Cutter
Authors: Bello R.S. , Baruwa A. , Orisamuko F.
Published: December 2022

An electrically operated brush cutter was developed and fabricated to eliminate inherent ergonomic designs and costs of imported brush cutters and also improve performance efficiency. The machine incorporated an electric power pack which provides 4hours of continuous power for cutting, ergonomic design a ground wheel roller was introduced to reduce carpal disorder that could be associated with hand held brush cutters. Machine effective efficiency is rated at 46.67% and the blade cutting efficiency is 87.5%. The minimum height of cut is 1.3mm while the machine is capable of operating at variable conditions. The estimated cost of the machine is N10, 000.00 compare to the cost of imported machines
Comparison of the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in the Region of Solar Burst Type III Data at Selected CALLISTO Network
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

Compact Astronomical Low-frequency, Low-cost Instrument for Spectroscopy in Transportable Observatories (CALLISTO) is a global network of spectrometer system with the purpose to observe the Sun’s activities. There are 25 stations that are used for this purpose. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) is a major obstacle when performing observation with CALLISTO. We have confirmed at least 2 stations out of 10 stations with a complete overview spectral (OVS) made available to us showed clear detection of these consistent types of RFI for each specific region. In Malaysia, these RFI are also clearly detected. The major RFI affecting CALLISTO within radio astronomical windows below 1 GHz are local electronic system specifically radio navigation (at 73.1 MHz and 75.2 MHz), broadcasting (at (i) 151 MHz, (ii) 151.8 MHz and 152 MHz), aeronautical navigation (at (i) 245.5 MHz, (ii) 248.7 MHz and (iii) 249 MHz and fixed mobile at (i) 605 MHz, (ii) 608.3 MHz, (iii) 612.2 MHz, (iv) 613.3 MHz). It is obviously showed that all sites within this region are free from interference at 320-330 MHz and is the best specific region to be considered for solar burst monitoring. We also investigate the effect of RFI on detection of solar burst. We have considered type III solar bursts on 9th March 2012 in order to measure the percentage of RFI level during the solar burst. The RFI level is as low as 6.512% to 80.769% above solar burst detection.
Synthesis and Antimicrobal Activities of some Novel Triazolo[1,5-a]Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Gami Sagar P. , Vilapara Kalpesh V. , Khunt Hasmukh R. , Babariya Jayesh S. , Naliapara Yogesh T.
Published: December 2022

A convenient synthesis of substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine was carried out by the reaction of various ketene dithioacetals with 5-amino 1,2,4-triazole in methanol in presence of sodium methoxide. The newly synthesized compound were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, MS, elemental analysis and screened for their antimicrobial activity against various strains of bacteria and fungi.
Total Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Water of Szmaragdowe Lake in the City of Szczecin in Poland
Authors: Daniszewski Piotr
Published: December 2022

The progress of civilisations causes changes in the water catchment areas lakes; aquatic waters are order - phosphorus and nitrogen compounds. Level of activity alkaline phosphatase (APA) has an important impact on the chemical and biological processes taking place in the aquatic environment. APA belongs to a group of indicators, who tells us about the extent limitations to development of biomass in the tank water. Water of Szmaragdowe lake were the subjects of 2008-2012 (July – September). Total alkaline phosphatase activity was determined seven times a year in these environments. A study of seasonal fluctuations showed that a maximum total alkaline phosphataseactivity, both in the water and in the bottom sediment, occurred in spring (May) and summer (July, August). The results presented in in tables 1 to 5 demonstrate that total alkaline phosphatase activity in the waters of Szmaragdowe lake over the five-year period of study oscillated between 242,3 to 642,1 nmol PO4·dm–3·h–1. The oscillation range in both zones of the analyzed water body was similar. In the littoral it ranged from 312,3 to 642,1 nmol PO4·dm–3·h–1, and in sublittoral from 242,3 to 536,9 nmol PO4·dm–3·h–1.
Arrhenius Accelerated Life Test for Luminary Life of High Bright Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Edirisinghe Mahesh , Rathnayake Parinda
Published: December 2022

The High Bright Light Emitting Diodes (HBLEDs) generally having long life but very often its actual life is different from vendor’s specification. Vendors do not specify the failure criteria for their products but it may vary from 50% to 70% light output maintenance. Further time to test such a quantity takes too long under normal conditions. Longer time consumption for evaluation of such a quantity may not useful in mass production process of HBLEDs. The present study describes the determination of the useful lifetime of 1-W HBLEDs using Arrhenius Accelerated Life Test Model with the modeling parameter as the junction temperature. Failure criterion was chosen as 70% light output maintenance while two stress levels were selected as 90 °C and 110 °C and as recommended by IES LM-80-08 standard. Furthermore, forward voltage of the HBLED was used to determine junction temperature of the diode which is a critical parameter for this study. Moreover, junction temperature of the HBLED recognized as the most critical factor for degrades the lifespan. The Arrhenius Model is based on the junction temperature and activation energy parameters. The activation energy and the scaling factor were found to be 1.31 eV and 6.86×10-17 hours respectively. HBLED junction temperature under room temperature (23 °C) was found to be 55.72 °C. Finally the 70% luminary life time of 1-W HBLEDs under these conditions was found to be 8,344 hours.
Synthesis and Characterization of some Novel Stilbene Derivatives Derived from Substituted (Phenyl Acetic Acid, Benzaldehyde, Amines) Triethyl Amine and Thionyl Chloride
Authors: More Paresh S. , Singh Santosh G.
Published: December 2022

Stilbene derivatives are widely distributed in the nature and they possess various bioactivities that includes antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, hepato protective, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet. We have synthesized novel derivatives of stilbenes by reacting various substituted phenyl acetic acid with aldehydes in presence of acetic anhydride and triethyl amine. These derivatives were characterised by various spectral techniques and were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities.
Quantitative Evidence for Direct Effects between Earth-Ionosphere Schumann Resonances and Human Cerebral Cortical Activity
Authors: Saroka Kevin S. , Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

The multiple quantitative similarities of basic frequencies, harmonics, magnetic field intensities, voltages, band widths, and energetic solutions that define the Schumann resonances within the separation between the earth and ionosphere and the activity within the human cerebral cortices suggest the capacity for direct interaction. The recent experimental demonstration of the representations of the Schumann resonances within the spectral densities of normal human quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) activity suggests a casual interaction. Calculations supported by correlations between amplitudes of the global Schumann resonances measured several thousands of km away (which were nearly identical to our local measurements) and the coherence and current densities or these frequency bands between cerebral hemispheres for a large population of human QEEG measures indicate that such interaction occurs. The energies are within the range that would allow information to be exchanged between cerebral and Schumann sources. The near-identical solution for current density from the increasing human population and background vertical electric fields suggests that changes in the former might determine the degree of coherence between the Schumann resonances. Direct comparisons of local Schumann measurements and brain activity exhibited powerful intermittent coherence within the first three harmonics. Implications of the contributions of solar transients, surface temperature, and rapidly developing technologies to modify the ionosphere’s Schumann properties are considered.
IR and 1H NMR Spectral Studies of some 2-Amino-4-Isopropyl-6-Methoxy-N-Phenylpyrimidine-5-Carboxamides: Assessment of Substituent Effects
Authors: Arulkumaran R. , Sundararajan R. , Manikandan V. , Sathiyendiran V. , Pazhamalai S. , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of 2-Amino-4-isopropyl-6-methoxy-N-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxamide compounds have been synthesized from various substituted dithioacetal and guanidine. The purities of these compounds were checked by their physical constants, UV, IR, NMR and MASS spectral data. The IR and 1HNMR spectral data of these compounds have been correlated with Hammett sigma constants, F and R parameters using single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effects of substituents on the spectral group frequencies have been discussed.
Reactivity of Phenol and Aniline towards Quinolinium Chloro Chromate: A Comparative Oxidation Kinetic Study
Authors: Periyasamy Seplapatty Kalimuthu , Satham Hussain H. , Manikandan R.
Published: December 2022

The kinetics of Oxidation of Phenol and aniline by quinolinium Chlorochromate (QCC) in aqueous acetic acid medium leads to the formation of quinone and azobenzene respectively. The reactions are first order with respect to both Phenol and aniline. The reaction is first order with respect to quinolinium chlorochromate (QCC) and is catalyzed by hydrogen ion. The hydrogen-ion dependence has the form: kobs = a+b [H+]. The rate of oxidation decreases with increasing dielectric constant of solvent, indicating the presence of an ion-dipole interaction. The reaction does not induced the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The retardation of the rate by the addition of Mn2+ ions confirms that a two electron transfer process is involved in the reaction. The reaction rates have been determined at different temperatures and the activation parameters have been calculated. From the above observations kinetic results a probable mechanism have been proposed.
Extrudate Characteristics Produced from High Density Screw-Type Extruder Machine
Authors: Bello R.S. , Onilude M.A. , Adegbulugbe T.A.
Published: December 2022

Etrudate characteristics of briquettes produced and effects of extrusion factors using an existing screw extruder have been investigated. The feedstock material used in the test is sawdust collected from sawmills around Ibadan metropolis. Particle distribution analysis of materials collected showed that the size varies between 6-8 mm with 10-20% powdery component (< 4 mesh) which is known to give better products. Samples of briquettes produced were used for physical characterization. Physical characteristic studies on samples indicate briquette length (>300mm), dimensionally stable with no significant change in dimension during and after production. Performance tests carried out on machine revealed three (3) critical factors that significantly affect extrusion process; 1) Pre-densification within the extruder barrel results in high pressure requirement to push material through the die ring 2) Due to high pressure requirements as a result of early densification, there is a loss of power along power transmission line 3) Short material dwell time within the die results in weak products. Notable conditions of briquette during extrusion include; 1) extrudate surface cracks, 2) shooting (sudden explosion within the extruder barrel) leading to forceful ejection of materials from the machine and 3) extrudate bowing (warping) attributable to 1) non uniform extrudate thickness, 2) surface quality of the inner race of die ring, 3) loose inter-particle networking and binding properties of material– a condition not favourable to briquette formation, 4) localized heating within the extruder as a result of moisture differentials.
Pressure Effects on the Optical Properties of LuVO4:Eu3+ Nanoparticles
Authors: Jovanić Brana , Bettinelli Marco , Radenković Bozidar , Despotović-Zrakić Marijana , Piccinelli Fabio , Bogdanović Zorica
Published: December 2022

The effect of hydrostatic pressure (varying up to 110 kbar) at the room temperature on three lines at 594nm, 615nm and 619nm positions in emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime t of the Eu3+ for 0-2 line (5D0→7F2 transition) in LuVO4: Eu3+ nanoparticles was studied. The results showed that the increase of the pressure induced lines red shift towards longer wavelengths for all considered lines with different rate. Also, the fluorescence lifetime τ for 5D0 → 7F2 transition nonlinearly decreased with pressure in the considered pressure range. Line positions and fluorescence lifetime τ, were explained by a model which took into account the effect of high pressure on: refractive index of crystal; compression, polarizability of the crystal and individual ions. Satisfactory agreement between measured and theoretical predicted values with error less than 2% was obtained.
Effect some Factors on the Structural Properties of the CdS Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Salamon Fatma
Published: December 2022

CdS thin films were prepared by chemical bath deposition technique (CBD) onto the glass substrates at different conditions of preparation. The obtained samples are studied by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns of CdS samples revealed the formation with a hexagonal crystal structure P36mc, and the clear effect of the concentration of thiourea, cadmium sulfide, NaOH, time and temperature deposition, and annealing temperature, on the structure of the prepared thin films. through the study, we found that the samples have preferred orientation along [002], also the thickness of thin films decrease with deposition time after certain value, with the appearance of free cadmium. It has been found that the 200°C is the best temperature for annealing to improve the other structural and physical properties of films.
Preparation of Chitosan-Silver Nanoparticles in Nonaqueous Medium under Heating
Authors: Nazmul Islam A.B.M.
Published: December 2022

Chitosan-silver nanoparticles are prepared in nonaqueous medium. In this work, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was introduced into the dimethylformamide (DMF) solution during silver reduction from solution of its precursor salt AgNO3, acting as a stabilizing agent to prevent aggregation of silver nanoparticles, while chitosan is used as the solid support to embedded silver particles therein, resulting in chitosan-silver (CS-Ag) nanoparticle as suspension in the medium. The reaction started as homogeneous system which turned into heterogeneous with the formation of particles. The properties of CS-Ag nanoparticles are studied under two different salt concentrations and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). Wide particle size distribution of synthesized nanoparticles depicts that concentration of AgNO3, which is responsible for the morphology, stability and particle size distribution, should be optimized, suggesting a lower salt concentration is favorable.
Estimation of Internal Pressure of Liquids and Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Santhi N. , Sabarathinam P.L. , Alamelumangai G. , Madhumitha J. , Emayavaramban M.
Published: December 2022

By combining the van der Waals’ equation of state and the Free Length Theory of Jacobson, a new theoretical model is developed for the prediction of internal pressure of pure liquids and liquid mixtures. It requires only the molar volume data in addition to the ratio of heat capacities and critical temperature. The proposed model is simple, reliably accurate and capable of predicting internal pressure of pure liquids with an average absolute deviation of 4.24% in the predicted internal pressure values compared to those given in literature. The average absolute deviation in the predicted internal pressure values through the proposed model for the five binary liquid mixtures tested varies from 0.29% to 1.9% when compared to those of literature values.
The Energy-Based Theory Explaining Dinosaur Extinction and Selectivity of Cretaceous - Tertiary Extinction Event Coincided with a Large Meteorite Impact
Authors: Gawle Ryszard , Czech Zbigniew
Published: December 2022

This is our concise interdisciplinary energy theory explaining dinosaur extinction and the energy-based interpretation of the natural world. The theory proposes ideas which build on Luis Alvarez’s impact theory by adding the energy-based mechanism underlying the mass extinction event–the final missing element to make the famous theory complete. Dinosaurs and other creatures of the Mesozoic Era differ from the commonly accepted image to which we are used.
Comparison of 3DCRT Dose Distribution in Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer Patient by Using AAA and PBC Algorithms
Authors: Rana Muhammad Masud , Islam S.M. Azharul , Islam M. Moinul , Rahman Md. Shakilur , Alam Sarwar , Bari M.A.
Published: December 2022

The Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) algorithm in radiation treatment planning system is widely used to calculate the radiation dose distribution in radiotherapy planning. A new photon dose calculation algorithm known as Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) by Varian Medical Systems is applied to investigate the difference of dose distribution by using AAA and PBC algorithms for the lung cancer with an inhomogeneity of its low density. In the present work, radiotherapy treatment planning of 10 lung cancer patients are designed with 6 MV photon beam using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and dose distribution was calculated by the AAA and the PBC Algorithms. The dose distribution performance is evaluated by dose profile curve along transversal slice of PTV and Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) covered by the 95% isodose of PTV. The mean dose of organ at risks did not changed significantly but the volume of the PTV covered by the 95% isodose curve was decreased by 6% with inhomogeneity due to the algorithms. The dose distribution and the accuracy in calculating the absorbed dose of the AAA algorithm of the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system is analyzed and discussed.
New Radial Velocity Studies and Curve Analysis of Spectroscopic Binary Systems CS22964-161, LV Her, RW Lac and HD 34700
Authors: Ghaderi K. , Baghadam M.H. , Rostami T.
Published: December 2022

Using measured radial velocity data of four double-lined spectroscopic binary systems CS22964-161, LV Her, RW Lac and HD 34700, we find corresponding orbital and spectroscopic elements via a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). Our numerical results are in good agreement with those obtained by others using more traditional methods.
Comparative Study of Experimental and Theoretical Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Mixtures of Cyclohexanone with Aliphatic Esters at Different Temperatures
Authors: Divakar P. Paul , Samatha K.
Published: December 2022

Ultrasonic velocity evaluated by various theoretical relations viz., Nomoto, Free Length Theory (FLT), Van deal and Vangeel ideal mixing relation (IMR), Impedance Dependence Relation (IDR), and Junjie in three binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanone as a common component with aliphatic esters (isopropyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and isoamyl acetate) at 303, 308, 313 and 318K over the entire composition range. An attempt has been made to compare the merits of the relations and the relative applicability of these theories to the present systems have been checked and discussed. The results are explained in terms of intermolecular interactions occurring in these binary systems. The deviation in the variation of U2exp / U2 imx from unity has also been evaluated for explaining the non-ideality in the mixtures.
Morocco Meteorite Falls and Finds: Some Statistics
Authors: Ibhi Abderrahmane
Published: December 2022

Since the first recorded discovery of a meteorite in 1937 near the Mrirt village (Khenifra, Morocco), a total of 946 authenticated meteorites have been recorded in Morocco. The material, including 10 observed falls, comprises 918 stones, 13 irons and 15 stony-irons. A low ratio of falls to finds (represent only 0.01% of the Moroccan declared meteorites) compared with other countries (e.g., USA 14.3%). However the rate of recovery of meteorites (falls + finds) in Morocco exceeds that of most other countries of similar size and range of climatic conditions. More than 95% of documented meteorites from Morocco have been recovered from Eastern Morocco (Eastern Sahara Moroccan) including many rare types. This Region has proved to be one of the most prolific areas in the world for meteorite finds.
On Alternative Methods of Determining Radius of Curvature Using Newton’s Rings Set up
Authors: Raveesha K.H. , Kumar Kamal , Prasad B.K.
Published: December 2022

It well known that radius of curvature of a plano convex lens can be determined using Newton’s Rings set up making use of Interference by division of amplitude principle. The general method widely used involves measurement of diameter of several circular dark fringes. We propose two alternative methods involving different formulae. It is based on the fact that, the formation of bright and dark interference fringes is a measure of the thickness of the air film at that point. The methods use simpler geometry and the formulae are easier to derive. We present the experimental data. The results from the experiment are in agreement with results obtained through the general method.
Theoretical Approach to the Physics of Fuel Cells
Authors: Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L , Peiris B.M.P.
Published: December 2022

Ion transport rate of PAFC, AFC, PEMFC, DMFC and SOFC fuel cells under the influence of an electric field and concentration gradient were evaluated for static electrolytes. AFC are the best fuel cells for higher current applications while direct methanol fuel cells DMFC are the best for lower current applications at lower temperatures. An equation for voltage output of a general fuel cell was obtained in terms of temperature and partial pressure reactants. Performance a 2D fuel cell was analyzed by simulating polarization and power curves for a fuel cell operating at 60 °C with a limiting current density of with a limiting current density of 1.5 A·cm -2. The maximum power for this fuel cell was 8.454 W delivering 82% of maximum loading current density. When the temperature was increased by one third of its original value, the maximum power increased by 6.75 % and at 60 °C for a 10 times increment of partial pressure reactants, the maximum power increased by 2.43 %.The simulated power curves of the fuel cells were best described by cubic fits.
The Beam Current Considerations in SEM Accordance to Mirror Effect Phenomenon
Authors: Al-Obaidi Hassan N. , Khaleel Imad H.
Published: December 2022

A theoretical investigation have been presented to exploring the influence of electrons beam current on the electron mirror image deduced inside the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A rough mathematical expression for the electric potential that associated with electron beam is derived. The results clearly shows that the beam current could be used to enhance or conversely deteriorate the phenomena of mirror effect. So this work procedure may consider to be tool controllable of this phenomena for investigation purposes.
Non-Parametric and Parametric Analysis of Runoff in Satluj River Basin, Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Santosh
Published: December 2022

Testing the significance of observed trends in hydrological time series has received a great attention recently, especially in connection with climate change. The changing pattern of runoff deserves urgent and systematic attention over a basin for planning, development, utilisation and management of water resources. Therefore, one large catchment i.e. Indian part of Satluj River Basin is selected for the present study. The daily data of runoff were converted to monthly and then computed to seasonal and annual series. The missing values in the data were computed by using average method. For better understanding of the observed trends, data were computed into standardised runoff indices (SDI). These standardised data series were plotted against time and the linear trends observed were represented graphically. The records of runoff were subjected to trend analysis by using both non-parametric (Mann-Kendall test) and parametric (linear regression analysis) procedures.Trend analysis results of runoff show that out of 8 annual trends 2 (25%) are statistically insignificant increasing and 6 (75%) are decreasing in nature where 2 (25%) are statistically significant at 95% confidence level. Apart from annual, the changes were investigated for the four seasons: winter (December-March), pre-monsoon (April-June), monsoon (July-September) and post-monsoon (October-November). The analysis of annual as well as seasonal runoff for the Satluj River Basin indicates significant changes from 1984 to 2010. There is a clear contrast in the runoff pattern of river between the high altitude mountainous region and the lower reaches where it changes as a result of contribution from rainfall, especially during monsoon season. Although the runoff at majority of stations showed decreasing trend, but very few are statistically significant. Such studies help us to resolve potential issues associated with availability of water for agriculture, industry, hydropower, domestic use etc.
Antimicrobial Screening of Synthesized some Novel Azomethines via Organic Base
Authors: Patel G.R. , Maru J.J. , Yadav Rakesh
Published: December 2022

The author has synthesized azomethines in which carbonyl group is replaced by amine of acid hydrazides. The intermediates were prepared by using 2-mercapto benzimidazole with N-(4-Acetyl-phenyl)-2-chloro-acetamide in the presence of K2CO3. The Resulted product was further treated with different substituted of acid hydrazide in ethanol to yield the titled compounds using a catalytic amount of acetic acid. New products were examined for their antibacterial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains and antifungal were highly potent with lowest MIC Values. The structural assignments of the new products were done on the basis of FT-IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Synthesis and Spectral Studies of some N-[(E)-Phenylmethylidene]benzenesulfonamides
Authors: Sekar K.G. , Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy
Published: December 2022

A series of some N-[(E)-phenylmethylidene]benzenesulfonamide derivatives have been synthesised using solid SiO2-H3PO4 catalyst under solvent free conditions in microwave irradiation. The synthesised E-N-benzene sulfonilimines purities have been verified by their physical constants and spectroscopic data. The spectral frequencies are correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis the effect of substituents on the group frequencies will be discussed.
DFT Studies on the Electronic Structures of 4-Methoxybenzonitrile Dye for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Prakasam A. , Sakthi D. , Anbarasan P.M.
Published: December 2022

The geometries, electronic structures, polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities of organic dye sensitizer 4-methoxybenzonitrile was studied based on Ab Initio HF and Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the hybrid functional B3LYP. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum was investigated by Time Dependent DFT (TDDFT). Features of the electronic absorption spectrum in the visible and near-UV regions were assigned based on TDDFT calculations. The absorption bands are assigned to π→π* transitions. Calculated results suggest that the three excited states with the lowest excited energies in 4-methoxybenzonitrile is due to photoinduced electron transfer processes. The interfacial electron transfer between semiconductor TiO2 electrode and dye sensitizer 4-methoxybenzonitrile, is due to an electron injection process from excited dye to the semiconductor’s conduction band. The role of nitro group in 4-methoxybenzonitrile in geometries, electronic structures, and spectral properties were analyzed.
Development and Assessment of Polymeric Laminate Blended Composites Reinforced with Bi-Woven Aramidic Fiber
Authors: Amarababu B. , Rangadu V. Pandu
Published: December 2022

In the present paper evaluates laminated aramidic bi-woven fibers reinforced in polyester-vinylester blended composites. The Duo polymers, polyester-vinylester were blended using in situ polymerization technique. Four planar layers were made simultaneously and keeping one over another and each layer make sure to be weighed off 15% were maintained in all layers with different orientations. Pre-assumed Layer-1(50/50) 50 %, 0º; Layer-2(35/35/30) 35 % 0º, 35 % +45º, 30 %,0; Layer-3 (25/50/25) 25 % 0º, 50% +45º, 25-45º; Layer-4 (25/25/25/25) (2 5% 0º, 25 % +45º, 25 % -45º, 25 % 90º). Tthe composite was prepared with the help of hand layup technique. Test ready specimens were the help of shearing machine in accordance with ASTM. It was observed that, polyester and vinylester had good miscibility makes combined solid material. Flexural strength, tensile strength was improved up to 3ed layer, decreases after, whereas flexural modulus and tensile modulus were linearly increased up to 4th layer. Thermal stability and glass transition temperature were also found satisfactory for all the laminated layers. Chemical resistance was good for the entire chemical except toluene.
Effect of Zn Doping on Structural and some Optical Studies of Nano NiO Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique
Authors: Hashim Foaad Sh. , Sami Noor A.
Published: December 2022

This research deals with the study of the structural andoptical properties of NiO and Zn doped NiO nano films with different ratios (0.01,0.05,0.1 mol %). NiO nano films in thickness 100nm were deposited on a glass substrate using sol-gel spin coating technique. XRD results indicated that the films are polycrystalline and have cubic structure with a preferred orientation along (111). The average grain sizes of the crystallites estimated from XRD data was found to lie in the range of 19.11 – 25.05 nm. Data of AFM indicate that the surface of films is smooth.The optical transmittance value of nano NiO film reaches to 94% in the VIS and NIR regions, while it is value of films deposited with 0.1mol%Zn reaches to (91)% which is important for its applications as window layers in solar cells. The values of optical energy gap of NiO and Zn doping by 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mol % were equal to 3.73, and 3.58,3.42, 3.41 eV respectively.
Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Pollutant from Aqueous Solution Using Sugar Cane Bark and Chaff Biomass
Authors: Onyeocha Veronica O. , Onwukamike Kelechukwu N. , Njoku Victor O. , Chidiebere Maduabuchi Arinzechukwu , Oguzie Emeka E.
Published: December 2022

The removal of Methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant from aqueous solution using sugar cane bark (SCB) and chaff (SCC) was studied using batch experiments. The operating variables studied were initial biomass dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature. The result revealed that the amount of MB dye uptake, qe (mg/g) increased with an increase in temperature, dye concentration and contact time, but decreased with an increase in adsorbent dosage. Equilibrium data were found to obey Langmuir isotherm for both biomass, showing a monolayer adsorption mechanism. The monolayer sorption capacity of SCB and SCC for MB dye were found to be 1.282mg/g and 1.706mg/g, respectively at 303K. The thermodynamics parameters of the MB / biomass system indicate spontaneous (ΔG◦ <0) and endothermic (ΔH > 0) process. The study show that SCB and SCC which are common environmental wastes can be used for the treatment of MB dye polluted water.
Actual Picture of the Law of Universal Gravitation and the Quantum Gravity Theory Describing the Real State of the Universe
Authors: Borowski Tomasz
Published: December 2022

This paper presents the real sense of the classical and quantum theory of gravitation as a component of the actual picture of the universe where the volume, as the size of the expanding universe, approaches infinity, while the total of material masses goes to zero. At present, these two standard theories describe the phenomenon of gravitation but do not explain the very mechanism and the cause of this process. This constant and real lack of information on that subject is consistent with natural laws and the same with the laws of physics, which were already experimentally determined by Werner Heisenberg in 1927. The paper also presents the causes of inability to explain up to the present the actual picture of the essence of the universe.
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Spring-Loaded Hand Operated Maize Sheller with Variable Mechanisms
Authors: Bello R. Segun , Fabian C.
Published: December 2022

A spring-press, variable mechanism hand operated maize sheller was developed, constructed and tested with corn cobs at 12.6% moisture content, wet basis (w.b) and its shelling performances compared. The machine is lever operated with a spring load-return mechanism and a cob constrictor with changeable shelling mechanisms (spike tooth, rasp bar and star tooth), and a tilted tray for grain collection. The overall dimension of the machine is 520mm x 520mm x 400mm. The machine overall performance is 20.62kg/hr shelling capacity, 85.13% shelling efficiency and 2.13% kernel damage. Comparing the performance of the three shelling mechanisms; rasp bar, spike tooth and star tooth, shelling capacity (16.2, 26.0, 19.67) kg/hr.; shelling efficiency (82.22%, 87.19%, 85.97%); and % kernel damage (0.00, 0.74, 0.51) respectively, the star mechanism has a higher capacity of 26.0kg/hr. The mean kernel damage is higher for star tooth, whereas it is zero for rasp bar. In comparison with conventional hand-palm shelling method (100% shelling efficiency, 13.83kg/hr shelling capacity and 0% kernel damage), the hand operated sheller has a better output capacity, reasonable shelling efficiency but slightly higher kernel damage. By implication, machine performance efficiency does not give a true reflection of how effective a system work until the machine capacity is determined. The sheller ease household shelling maize for consumption with initial low production cost of N13, 100.00 (~$30).
Electron Accepting Benzodithiophene-4,8-Dicarboxylate Designed for New Type D-A Narrow Bandgap Copolymers
Authors: Shibasaki Kosuke , Kijima Masashi
Published: December 2022

An acceptor (A) unit of benzodithiophene-4,8-dicarboxylate (BDTC) was combined with a donor (D) unit of thieno (3,4-d) thiazole (TTz) to synthesize a D-A type conjugated polymer, PBDTC-TTz. Bandgap of PBDTC-TTz was narrow, estimated to be 1.57 eV. The π-stacking distance observed by XRD was small value to be 3.55 Å. The energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital was estimated to be ‒5.03 eV, which was deeper than that another D-A type copolymer composed of BDTC and thieno (3,4-b) thiophene, previously synthesized.
Studies on Structural, Morphology and Electrical Properties of Chemically Sprayed WO3-V2O5 Nanocomposites thin Films
Authors: Patil J.M. , Patil S.B. , Bari R.H. , Sonar A.N.
Published: December 2022

Spray pyrolysis technique was employed to prepare WO3-V2O5 nanocomposites thin onto the preheated glass substrate at 350 °C. The films were characterized using X-ray diffractogram (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Element composition was studied using energy dispersive spectrophotometer (EDAX).The film thickness was measured using weight difference method. Electrical conductivity measured with the help of two probe method. The crystallite size and grain size were observed to be increase with increase in films thickness with decrease in activation energy. The results are discussed and interpreted.
Acoustical Studies on Binary Liquid Mixtures of Some 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives with Acetone at 303.15 K
Authors: Alamelumangai G. , Santhi N.
Published: December 2022

The wide spread use of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as a scaffold in medicinal chemistry establishes this moiety as an important bioactive class of heterocycles. In the present study ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) have been measured at frequency 2 MHz in the binary mixtures of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives in acetone at 303.15 K using ultrasonic interferometer technique. The measured value of ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been used to estimate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (βad), relaxation time (τ), acoustic impedance (Zi), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf) and internal pressure (πi), with a view to investigate the nature and strength of molecular interactions. The obtained result support the occurrence of molecular association through hydrogen bonding in the binary liquid mixtures.
On the Mathematical Analysis of Black-Hole Information Loss Paradox
Authors: Vishal V. , Siddharth B. , Venkatachalam C.
Published: December 2022

A Black-hole is an astronomical entity which possesses infinite density at its gravitational singularity or singular point. The capacity of a black-hole to completely rip-off an entire solar system without leaving any evidence is to be noted. A debate has been going on over the past few decades regarding the information storage in black-holes. The discovery of Hawking radiation, which predicts complete evaporation of mass violates unitarity ie. Conservation of probability and energy fails. Recent discoveries suggest that regular remnant of black-hole survives evaporation , as a result information of the object devoured can be contained. These remnants are grouped into embedded sub-manifolds. These manifolds are the result of a five-dimensional constant curvature bulk in space-time. Five-dimensional gravity can be recovered from brane-world resulting from equations of bulk geometry. Gravity can be explained by space-time theory and also quantum theory in the form of Gravitons. On observing the manifold, the gravitons show deformations in dimensions, rather than being constant. The perturbations in geometry can be related to embedding functions which should remain differentiable and regular. Regularity is related to the inverse functions theorem. Manifold observations followed by a mathematical approach can possibly retain information about objects devoured by the black-hole.
Point Defects in GaAs Photonic Crystals
Authors: Dissanayake S.E. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

Applying plane wave expansion method to one dimensional multilayer system formed from alternating layers of GaAs and air, a defect mode was artificially introduced by removing a GaAs layer at the centre of a supercell and the band structures and mode field distributions were obtained. The defect mode normalized frequency was 0.28. The parameters for developing a Febry-Perot filter in the visible frequencies are given. The point defects in a two dimensional square lattice formed from GaAs rods of radius 0.16a in air was created by removing one GaAs rod at the centre of a supercell and also by increasing the centre GaAs rod radius to 0.5a. The removal of the rod folded the band structure 25 times creating a localized evanescent defect mode. The increment of the centre GaAs rod radius led to five defect bands inside the band gap with one degenerate state creating a monopole, two quadrupoles and two hexapoles. Evolution of the defect modes with the variation of the radius of GaAs rod is also presented.
Novel Modeling of the Phenomenon of Air-Cooled Solid
Authors: Pluta Zdzisław , Hryniewicz Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

The paper turns the attention to the thermal problems of the solid cooling in air. The physical aspect of mathematic approach has been underlined. The analysis and critical evaluation of Newton’s Law concerning the solid air-cooling have been performed. The cognitive path leading to the solution is presented with the result being the body temperature dependence on time of cooling down in the air. Then the course of solution concerning the result of the adequate dependence of temperature of the cooled body on time has been presented. In the study, the stress is put on constant magnitudes which characterize the susceptibility of solid to the cooling in the air. In the end, the synthetic formulation of all functional characteristics of the thermal phenomenon discussed in the paper, have been presented.
Preparation of Polythiophene Films Showing Optical Activity by Electrochemical Polymerisation in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Containing Coumarine
Authors: Hayashi Hiroki , Goto Hiromasa
Published: December 2022

We carried out electrochemical polymerisation in a cholesteric liquid crystal electrolyte solution. The polymer film prepared in the cholesteric liquid crystal showed chiropticality even though its monomer is an achiral. The surface morphology of the polymer was observed with polarising optical microscopy. Optical and electric properties were examined by UV-vis optical absorption, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry.
Theoretical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Velocities in Binary Liquid Mixtures at Different Temperatures
Authors: Durga Bhavani M. , Ratnakar A. , Kavitha Ch.
Published: December 2022

Ultrasonic velocities calculated from various theories and relations like Nomoto’s relation, Van dael ideal mixing relation, Impedance relation, Rao’s specific velocity relation and Jungie’s theory are compared with experimental values in binary liquid mixtures o-anisidine with o-cresol at temperatures 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. The relative applicability of these theories to the present system is checked and discussed. A good agreement is observed between experimental and theoretical values. The results are explained in the light of molecular interactions occuring in these mixtures.
An Observation of an Inverted Type U Solar Burst due to AR1429 Active Region
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

A detailed investigation of an inverted type U solar burst in meter region and their associated the solar flare and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) has been reported. Solar type U burst has been observed at the National Space Centre, Banting, Selangor detected by the Compound Low Cost Low Frequency Transportable Observatories (CALLISTO) system in the 150 MHz till 400 MHz at the low frequency band. An inverted U type is occurring on 9th March 2012 between 4:00 UT to 4:15 UT within 1 minute (4:12 − 4:13) UT. From the dynamic spectra of CALLISTO, we have identified metric type U burst with maximum emission near the frequency 385MHz. In specific, the continuum type III burst will soon structure this burst due to our observations. Other types such as type II and IV are only appearing only after type U burst is ejected and appear at the same point of the solar flare event. Since the U burst activity coincides with the peak of the hard X-ray flare at 4:12UT in AR1429, we classified that the event is associated with the injection of the high energetic particles. In conclusion, it is confirmed that an inverted type U burst is initiated after a complex and a group solar radio burst type III.
A Review on Stress and Deformation Analysis of Curved Beams under Large Deflection
Authors: Ghuku Sushanta , Saha Kashi Nath
Published: December 2022

The paper presents a review on large deflection behavior of curved beams, as manifested through the responses under static loading. The term large deflection behavior refers to the inherent nonlinearity present in the analysis of such beam system response. The analysis leads to the field of geometric nonlinearity, in which equation of equilibrium is generally written in deformed configuration. Hence the domain of large deflection analysis treats beam of any initial configuration as curved beam. The term curved designates the geometry of center line of beam, distinguishing it from the usual straight or circular arc configuration. Different methods adopted by researchers, to analyze large deflection behavior of beam bending, have been taken into consideration. The methods have been categorized based on their application in various formats of problems. The nonlinear response of a beam under static loading is also a function of different parameters of the particular problem. These include boundary condition, loading pattern, initial geometry of the beam, etc. In addition, another class of nonlinearity is commonly encountered in structural analysis, which is associated with nonlinear stress-strain relations and known as material nonlinearity. However the present paper mainly focuses on geometric nonlinear analysis of beam, and analysis associated with nonlinear material behavior is covered briefly as it belongs to another class of study. Research works on bifurcation instability and vibration responses of curved beams under large deflection is also excluded from the scope of the present review paper.
Novel Theory of Mathematical Pendulum, Part 2
Authors: Pluta Zdzisław , Hryniewicz Tadeusz
Published: December 2022

The paper is concerned on a new adequate theory of a simple mathematical pendulum. Part 1 of the paper was devoted to the behaviour of pendulum in particular points, that is central and terminal/extremum ones. This Part 2 of the theory begins with the analysis of path length of the pendulum weight. Then the kinetics of the pendulum weight is analyzed by separating and the descriptions of differentiated motion of this body in the consecutive neighbouring space-times corresponding with particular quarter-periods. It is about accelerated free variable motion and the following after it a retarded motion of this kind, and then again accelerated, etc. In the summary, further elaborations in the subject are forecasted, regarding both dynamics and energy of the flat mathematical pendulum. It is indicated that the necessity to “rethink” many existent theories is of importance.
Study on Preferential Selectivity of Nuclear Grade Resin Indion-223 towards some Bivalent Ions
Authors: Singare Pravin U. , Khan Mohammed Akmal L. , Dixit N.N.
Published: December 2022

In the present paper attempts are made to understand the selectivity of nuclear grade cation exchange resin Indion-223 in H+ form towards Ca2+ and Mg2+ bivalent ions in the solution based on thermodynamic concept. It was observed that with rise in temperature the equilibrium constant K values for H+/Ca2+ uni-bivalet ion exchange reactions increases from 0.000397 to 0.000639. Similarly for H+/Mg2+ uni-bivalet ion exchange reactions the equilibrium constant K values increases from 0.000177 to 0.000333. The increase in equilibrium constant values with rise in temperature indicate endothermic ion exchange reactions having the enthalpy change values of 38.92 and 51.46 kJ/ mol respectively. The difference in K values and enthalpy values were used to predict the selectivity behaviour of the resin towards the Ca2+ and Mg2+ bivalent ions in the solution. The thermodynamic concept of the present study can be applied to understand the selectivity behaviour of different nuclear as well as non-nuclear grade resins towards wide range of ionic species present in the exchanging liquid medium.
Defluoridation by Coagulation in Drinkable Water from the South East of Algeria
Authors: Atia Djamel , Hoggui Abdelghani
Published: December 2022

The drinkable water in the south east of Algeria contains high quantity of fluoride which causes dental fluorosis. To decrease fluoride, we have chosen a sample with the biggest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with Al2(SO4)3·18H2O. After that the parameters influencing (concentration, pH, temperature) are studied to choose the best conditions for better reduction yield.