bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Condom use and associated factors among HIV-positive patients accessing care at a private tertiary health institution in the southwest, Nigeria
Authors: Adefala Ngozi , Sodeinde Kolawole , Osinaike Abiodun , Bamidele Fikayo , Omotosho Adebola
Published: July 2020

Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards condom utilization and other associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS enrolled in the Virology clinic in Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH) Ilishan, Ogun state, Nigeria.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 285 ART users selected using a systematic random sampling method. The minimum sample size was estimated using the formula z2pq/d2 and a 24% prevalence extracted from a previous similar study. Data were elicited using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire, analyzed using SPSS version 20, and presented as tables. The Chi-square test was used to assess associations between categorical variables. The level of significance was set at the 95% confidence interval with a p-value of 0.05.
Results: From the total respondents, 180(63.2%) were females, 93.7% had good knowledge, 141(49.5%) believed ARV prevents transmission of HIV and 144 (50.5%) strongly agreed that condom reduces sexual pleasure. Majority 254 (89.1%) were currently using condoms, 131 (46.0%) used a condom consistently, while 108 (37.9%) frequently use a condom during sexual intercourse. The Use of condoms had statistically significant associations with occupation (p<0.001), married at pre-diagnosis of HIV (p<0.001), married at post-diagnosis of HIV (p<0.001) and education (p= 0.015).
Conclusion: The majority of the respondents had good knowledge and were using condoms. Discussions on safe sex and improved positive attitudes towards condom-use should, however, be encouraged further.
Atitude muda: o Grupo Um, a produção musical independente e o Lira Paulistana (1976 – 1984)
Authors: Branco Ruiz Renan
Published: July 2020

A partir de entrevistas com os gestores da carreira do Grupo Um (jazz brasileiro instrumental), este artigo analisa as ações empreendidas pela banda no cenário de transformações da indústria fonográfica brasileira da virada dos anos 1970. Tendo como principal objetivo analisar as contribuições do Grupo Um para a formação da produção musical independente, que emergia nessas décadas, o propósito foi refletir sobre os modos de atuação da banda frente ao novo dinamismo do mercado brasileiro de gravações musicais. Dentre as hipóteses formuladas, destaca-se a relação de intensa proximidade que o jazz brasileiro e a música instrumental tiveram com o surgimento da Vanguarda Paulista e as ações do Lira Paulistana, tal vinculo é geralmente deixado de lado pela historiografia. Assim, a bibliografia sobre o assunto delegou um lugar coadjuvante e secundário as composições de caráter instrumental e jazzístico, cerne da sonoridade não só do Grupo Um, como de outras bandas de fusion brasileiro desse período (Divina Increnca, Pé ante Pé, Metalurgia, Medusa, entre outras). Essa relação se constituiu sobre uma base de tensões com o universo da canção (composições com letra e canto), que também ficou mais alinhado a ideia de Vanguarda Paulista. Tal termo foi criado pela imprensa e se consolidou como o elo para algumas transformações estéticas e experimentações que circulavam pelo Lira Paulistana (em São Paulo no início dos anos 1980) mesmo que a música instrumental e o jazz brasileiro estivessem umbilicalmente presentes nesse contexto.
Apresentação – Dossiê: Poder e gênero nas relações políticas
Authors: Azevedo Cazzetta Felipe
Published: July 2020

Presentation of the Dossier: Power and gender in political relations.
A pénzügyõri képzésektõl az adóigazgatási szakirányig
Authors: Szabó Andrea
Published: July 2020

The author provides an overview of the development of revenue authority training at the National University of Public Service, which includes specialists for the finance guards, criminal and even tax administration sectors.
A magánbiztonság és önkormányzati rendészet egyetemi szintû képzése
Authors: Christián László
Published: July 2020

The author provides an overview of the development of tertiary level education on private security and local law enforcement.
Az emberi jogok ma Magyarországon
Authors: Kulcsár Kálmán
Published: July 2020

Speech delivered at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences on December 9, 1988 on the 40th anniversary of the adoption of the UNDHR.
A kiskorúak online aktivitásának kriminológiai értelmezése, különös tekintettel az állam és a szülők szerepére
Authors: Varga Árpád
Published: July 2020

The linking media studies and criminology, the author provides an overview for avenues of preventing youth online deviance in Hungary.
Arcfelismerő rendszerek alkalmazása
Authors: Németh Attila , Tóth Gergely
Published: July 2020

The authors provide an overview of the development of facial recognition technologies.
Módszerek, technikák a biometrikus arcfelismerésben, -azonosításban
Authors: Hazai Lászlóné
Published: July 2020

The author provides an overview of the development of biometric identification and verification technology.
Miért nem működhet a laissez-faire vezetési stílus a rendőrség kötelékében
Authors: Kovács István
Published: July 2020

Based on a case study the author provides an overview of the requirements of efficient law enforcement management strategsies.
Bevezetés az igazságügyi nyelvészetbe
Authors: Ránki Sára
Published: July 2020

The author provides an overview of the discipline of forensic linguistics in Hungary.
Motivációs eszköztár a rendészetben
Authors: Karmazsinné dr. Srágli Izabella
Published: July 2020

In this study the author deals with motivation of the police staff. With the help of an own research among police officers he presents the applicable means of motivation. The author made a survey in the staff of Queensland Police Service in the topic of motivation, and this research can supply relevant data for the given scientific field.
A feljelentés elutasításának, illetve a nyomozás megszüntetésének jellemző okai az állatkínzással kapcsolatos büntetőügyekben
Authors: Tilki Katalin
Published: July 2020

The paper reports about an empirical research in 2018. The aim of the investigation was to get a picture about characteristic reasons and cases for refusal of report and for termination of investigation. According to official statistical data was the number of cases increased when infancy or insanity inhibited opening of a criminal process. This is clear to see in the research, too.
A motiváció lehetőségei és korlátai a börtönoktatásban
Authors: Pászti Péter Gergely
Published: July 2020

This paper tries to give an understanding of education in Hungarian prisons and shows what motivates captives to learn. It offers a view both into opportunities and limits of the motivation.
Az önkormányzati rendészet társadalmi megítélése a nyomtatott sajtóban
Authors: Bacsárdi József , Christián László
Published: July 2020

The examination of the social appraisal of the self-governmental law enforcement is a quite complicated research area. This paper examines content of the articles on self-governmental law enforcement published in the printed press and author’s attitudes determinable in the articles.
A poligráf alkalmazása a német bíróságok ítélkezési gyakorlatában
Authors: Stál József
Published: July 2020

According to the stance of the Federal Court the results of a polygraph test cannot be used as evidences. A part of the courts accepts, and another part refuses it. The author of the article gives an insight into the jurisdictional praxis of the German Federal Court in connection with polygraph tests.
Partnerség a rendészetben
Authors: Budavári Árpád
Published: July 2020

This paper describes the process of pluralisation of Hungarian law enforcement, the relationship between the state and the complementary performers of law enforcement, outlining also desirable directions of further development. The author supports the description by examples gained during his practical work.
Egészségmagatartás és mentális egészség – nemi különbségek a munkahelyi stressz megélésében
Authors: Borbély Zsuzsanna
Published: July 2020

Our country the average really young police trainees are really young, when they start their police studies. The second year of the law enforcement school brings an additional challenge: they are probational police officers and law enforcement students at the same time. In my research I examine the correlate of health behavior, mental health and occupational stress, that they go through during the second part of their studies.
Jogi képviselet szerepe az alapvető jogokat sértő fogvatartási körülmények miatt indított kártalanítási eljárásban
Authors: Véger Alexandra
Published: July 2020

The rights and obligations associated with legal representation in prison are inconsistent with other related legal provisions, and therefore differently interpreted and applied by pre-trial penitentiary institutions (hereinafter referred to as criminal institutes) and penitentiary courts (judiciary courts). This dissonance appears in the indemnification proceedings as well. This difference can be perceived in the compensation procedure for compensating for the injuries resulting from placement conditions that violate the fundamental rights of prisoners who have been deprived of their liberty during imprisonment: this is a new legal body with mixed elements of criminal procedure, penitentiary and civil proceedings. This new legal institution has been introduced as a preventive tool in our Prison Act, which is based on a special title due to crowded housing conditions. In this study, I focus briefly on the compensation procedure initiated for placement conditions that violate fundamental rights resulting from overcrowding, how it incorporated our legal representation in the Hungarian compensation system in comparison with the enforcement of sanctions, measures, certain coercive measures and the closure of offenses. CCXL 2013 (hereinafter: the Code of Civil Procedure) and Act XC of 2017 on Criminal Procedure. (hereinafter: the New Act). In this study I would like to highlight the differences that may affect the compensation procedure to such an extent those can affect clash and stall. The dissertation also aims to make suggestions that can help the new Be and Bv. Code of Conduct on Legal Representation for Unification of the bv. institutes and bv. judicial proceedings. So far, other legal literature has not generatred scrutiny about legal representation in the compensation procedure, so my present publication directly refers to the current Hungarian regulation, interpretation and application of the legal representation of the indemnification procedure, indirectly I refer to the literature that can support my findings.
Paradigmaváltás szükségessége a városi biztonság értelmezésének megközelítésében
Authors: Danielisz Béla
Published: July 2020

City is a unit well-definable legally, economically and with architectural terms. Its cultural, sociological and (public) safety impact is indisputable and unavoidable. City is almost of the same age as humanity itself. In our imagination it is a concept associated with security. City – as an idealised image – has generated philosophical approaches acting even today. The thought of creating an ideal city went hand in hand with the theory of defining and creating the perfect human society. Holistic approaches existing and acting even today help to capture the essence of the city's operation. In the course of safety's reinterpretation is a similar holistic and interdisciplinary approach necessary. Throughout history cities have turned from small power centres into mega- or even gigapolises. And this process is not flagging but – contrarily - it is gradually accelerating: according to some forecasts by 2050 the bigger half of mankind will have been living in cities. The primary reason for it is the climate change due to global warming. Significant areas will have become unliveable due to lack of water, unbearable heat or sea-level rise. All these problems appear acutely in the overload of urban infrastructure causing security problems. The system of urban safety concepts needs revaluation and supplementation instead of new challenges.
A Magyar Honvédség a rendszerváltozás sodrában
Authors: Kontra Jenő
Published: July 2020

It was a splendid idea of the Institute for Research of the History of System Change and of the archive to incorporate the research of a special and closed area in their programs when they entrusted authentic higher officers with the research task of the transformation Hungarian Folk Army – Hungarian Defence Force. Colonel Dr. Imre Helgert, and colonel Dr. Gyula Mészáros made and general József Kelemen edited the two-volumes-work. The authors: Dr. Imre Helgert graduated at the Military Academy Miklós Zrínyi and got later a PhD degree at the University of National Defence, he was also commander of higher military unit. Dr. Gyula Mészáros was a fighter pilot and later he graduated at the Military Academy Miklós Zrínyi and at the Staff Academy of the Soviet Union. He was among others pilot commander of the 5th Army and later tenured professor of the Academy Zrínyi. They both devoted themselves for the defence of our home country.
Családon belüli erőszak Magyarországon
Authors: Hornyik Zsuzsanna
Published: July 2020

The emphasized importance of this topic confirms the research made by Ágnes Solt PhD, scientific associate of the National Institute of Criminology (OKRI).  She has given numerous lectures about results of her research of many years. We asked her to summarize her experiences for us.  The interview was conducted by Zsuzsanna Hornyik.
A grafológusi és az írásszakértői munka komparatív elemzése
Authors: Kollár Csaba
Published: July 2020

Although in the digital age people write less and less, handwriting and signature still have an important role. Based on the writing, the graphologist infers the character of the writer and certain behavioural features of him, the task of a handwriting expert is primarily to identify personality by writing, to verify the identity of the hand in the course of an official assignment (court, notary, prosecutor, police) or private assignment. In my study, I compare the two areas in the dimensions of related disciplines, domestic training opportunities, legal and ethical regulations, primarily by document and content analysis, in order to distinguish clearly between activities of a graphologist and a handwriting expert, and further to contribute to strengthening public confidence in forensic science and judiciary.
Sportrendészet a sportigazgatás rendszerében
Authors: Kontra Jenő
Published: July 2020

The work of Nikolett Ágnes Tóth compiled with scientific requirements was published in 2019. In the frame of the public service development project founding smart government. The book is a well-structured publication with six main chapters including the results of many years’ perseverance. The author lines up scientific results and practical experiences placing law enforcement in sport into the system of sport management, respectively in the interest of a higher rank, maintenance of the inner order of the state i.e. of public order. From general definition of order and law enforcement the author gets to definition of law enforcement in sport.
A magyar börtönügy kodifikációs csomópontjai
Authors: Szabó Csaba
Published: July 2020

A sophisticated and in its sense unique topic elaborating monograph was issued by the publisher Dialóg Campus Kiadó making available the comprehensive historical-legal work of József Palló „Codification hubs of the Hungarian prison affairs”. The author makes lesser-known previous history of punishment law as a relative law sector known with background knowledge, not free of adversity, of the codification attempts and results in the 19th and 20th century. This great assignment is approximated especially sensitively, disclosing until now not known depths and besides expressive announcement of the legal policy affecting codification processes quoting and presenting for the readers even opinions and arguments of contemporary specialised literature in an analysing-evaluating perspective.
Kisebbségi koordinációs munkacsoportok a rendőrség és a roma kisebbség együttműködésének jegyében
Authors: Bezerédi Imre
Published: July 2020

The police, as part of the administration, realized after the change of regime that the generation of public security as a collective social product was not the sole responsibility of the organization. Collaboration with society has repeatedly highlighted the need for important series of actions that brought first the police, and then with help of the police also the population nearer to those minority groups that had been exposed to extreme stereotypes. Minority working groups within the police have now established closer and more direct contacts, opened communication channels and as most important achievement, co-operation of both sides seems to be emerging in a problem that has been considered hitherto as almost insoluble.
Essay: Climate Change & Health
Authors: Gopisri Shreya
Published: July 2020

In this essay we will explore the furore, climate change exhibits on the health of populations, analysing the success of operations to mitigate its tyranny on the planet. After all, there is no sense in adversity if not to cultivate innovation.
Fine Structure of a Solar Type II Radio Burst Observed by LOFAR
Authors: Magdalenić Jasmina , Marqué Christophe , Fallows Richard A. , Mann Gottfried , Vocks Christian , Zucca Pietro , Dabrowski Bartosz P. , Krankowski Andrzej , Melnik Valentin
Published: July 2020

Shock waves in the solar corona are closely associated with coronal mass ejections and flares. The longest-known and frequently studied signatures of coronal shock waves are metric type II radio bursts, which provide information on the shock driver and ambient plasma conditions. We report on outstanding high frequency/time resolution LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) observations of a metric type II radio burst. The LOFAR observations show a strong fragmentation of the type II emission, in both the frequency and time domains, during the whole duration of the event. A very unusual splitting of an already-split type II band, which we call the band-split of the band-split, was observed for the first time. The richness of fine structure, observed in both the fundamental and harmonic bands of the type II emission, is unprecedented. Fine structures, morphologically similar to those seen superposed on a type IV continuum, were observed for the first time within a type II burst. We classify the fine structures into three categories: simple narrowband, broadband, and complex fine structures, and discuss their properties. LOFAR observations of fragmented shock-associated radio emission have the potential of bringing new insight into the physics of coronal shock waves, and also new challenges for the theory of electron acceleration by shocks.
Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Analysis of Microscopic Polyangiitis With Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Authors: Tang Shuang , Li Xin , Zhao Kai-Ya , Zhou Qian , Tang Xiao-Kui
Published: July 2020

Objective.

To analyze the clinical features and prognostic factors of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH).

Methods.

We conducted a retrospective study of 92 patients diagnosed with MPA with DAH at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between March 1, 2012, and March 12, 2018. The cumulative survival rate was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival curves were drawn. A Cox hazard model was used to determine the prognostic factors for survival by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results.

The mean age at the onset of MPA with DAH was 66.32 years. Among the 92 MPA with DAH patients with follow-up visits, 41 (44.57%) were critically ill and 79 (85.87%) had pulmonary and renal involvement. The cumulative survival rates of the 92 patients at 1, 3, and 5 years were 63.7%, 51.2%, and 47.3%, respectively, and the median survival time was 46 months. In the multivariate analysis, age > 65 years (HR 4.30, 95% CI 1.94–9.55), sCr > 500 μmol/L (HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.05–3.97), PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg (HR 4.10, 95% CI 1.97–8.53), and lung involvement area ≥ 50% (HR 2.93, 95% CI 1.40–6.13) were independent prognostic factors (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.

The incidence and mortality of DAH are high in MPA patients. Age > 65 years, sCr > 500 μmol/L, PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg, and lung involvement area ≥ 50% are independent prognostic factors for MPA with DAH.
Cardiovascular Risk Scores in Axial Spondyloarthritis Versus the General Population: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Liew Jean W. , Reveille John D. , Castillo Maria , Sawhney Henna , Naovarat Benjamin S. , Heckbert Susan R. , Gensler Lianne S.
Published: July 2020

Objective.

Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality are increased in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).

We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in axSpA compared to the general US population.

Methods.

We included 211 adults, 40–75 years old with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or nonradiographic axSpA from 2 sites, who had available data on comorbidities, medication use, blood pressure measures, and laboratory cholesterol values. General population comparators from the 2009–2014 National Health and Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles were matched 4:1 to subjects, on age, sex, and race. We estimated the prevalence ratio for a 10-year ASCVD risk score ≥ 7.5% comparing axSpA and matched NHANES comparators using conditional Poisson regression.

Results.

Overall, subjects were 53.9 ± 11.2 years old, 69% were male, and 74% were White. The mean 10-year ASCVD risk score was 6.7 ± 6.9% for those with axSpA, and 9.0 ± 10.5% for NHANES comparators. Compared to those with axSpA, the prevalence of current smoking and diabetes was higher among NHANES comparators. The estimated prevalence ratio for a 10-year ASCVD risk score ≥ 7.5% comparing those with axSpA and their age-, sex-, and race-matched comparators was 0.96 (95% CI 0.74–1.24).

Conclusion.

The prevalence of a 10-year ASCVD risk score ≥ 7.5% was not significantly different comparing axSpA patients and those drawn from the general population who were similar in terms of age, sex, and race. Future studies should focus on improved CV risk prediction in axSpA, because underestimation by a general population risk score may potentially explain these results.
Les migrations internationales et l’Afrique : des logiques Sud-Nord ou Sud-Sud ?
Authors: Dumont Gérard-François
Published: July 2020

Les migrations internationales concernant l’Afrique couvrent deux champs géographiques. Le premier, Sud-Nord, s’explique notamment par le souci de populations d’améliorer leurs conditions de vie et par des liens historiques, dans un contexte où la gouvernance des pays africains engendre diverses difficultés de développement. Le second concerne les migrations intracontinentales africaines Sud-Sud, dont les facteurs doivent être analysés.
Haute Autorité de santé et normalisation de la médecine
Authors: Grenier Catherine , Le Guludec Dominique , de Montalembert Pierre , Mounic Vincent
Published: July 2020

Le secteur de la santé, comme bien d’autres secteurs, n’échappe pas au processus de normalisation. À la différence d’autres secteurs toutefois, il se caractérise par l’aléa. Il est soumis à une évolution permanente des connaissances et des moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. Cette situation est au fondement du concept d’ evidence-based medicine (EBM) ou médecine fondée sur les preuves : il s’agit d’appuyer les décisions cliniques sur les données les plus probantes. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit l’action de la Haute Autorité de santé (HAS), autorité publique indépendante à caractère scientifique, aux missions vastes : évaluer les médicaments, dispositifs médicaux et actes ; évaluer et recommander les bonnes pratiques professionnelles et élaborer des recommandations de santé publique ; mesurer et améliorer la qualité dans les établissements sanitaires, sociaux et médico-sociaux. De par ses missions, la HAS est donc pleinement, mais singulièrement, engagée dans le processus de normalisation. Elle le fait en respectant quelques grands principes clés : la participation des professionnels et représentants des patients et usagers concernés ; la transparence ; l’indépendance ; et la gestion des liens d’intérêts.
Les référentiels et leur non-application en médecine générale
Authors: Frappé Paul
Published: July 2020

Les médecins généralistes sont régulièrement pointés du doigt pour leur faible connaissance des recommandations, mais les référentiels sont-ils vraiment faits pour être respectés ? Plutôt que d’insister dans une surenchère tous azimuts d’appels à renforcer leur formation, une meilleure appropriation des référentiels pourrait relever d’autres leviers tels que : positionner ces référentiels dans une finalité aidante avant tout, anticiper leur structuration dans un répertoire global cohérent, gagner en fiabilité dans leur capacité à répondre aux questions pratiques avec le juste niveau de complexité, gagner en pertinence en développant leur adaptabilité à la diversité des exercices et au contexte individuel, développer leur interopérabilité avec les autres référentiels et les autres professionnels, proposer une déclinaison territoriale, inscrire leur élaboration dans une démarche d’actualisation continue et faciliter l’accès rapide à leur contenu.
La rémunération des médecins à la performance : efficacité clinique ou efficacité symbolique ?
Authors: Bras Pierre-Louis
Published: July 2020

Les évaluations internationales des programmes de paiement à la performance en médecine ambulatoire notamment celles du plus ambitieux d’entre eux, le programme anglais, aboutissent à un bilan pour le moins mitigé qui suggère qu’il est vain d’en attendre de réels bénéfices cliniques pour les patients. La France a mis en œuvre un tel programme vers la fin des années 2000. Il n’a pas fait l’objet de réelles évaluations mais les limites même de son design (faiblesse du montant des incitations, spectre d’indicateur limité, absence d’indicateurs de résultats, limites structurelles aux efforts que pourraient consentir les généralistes concernés du fait d’un exercice isolé…) ne laissent pas espérer qu’il puisse générer des progrès significatifs en termes de qualité des soins. Pour autant, le paiement à la qualité jouit d’une grande vogue en France auprès des pouvoirs publics qui s’explique moins par son efficacité clinique que par le bénéfice symbolique apporté à certains acteurs par la promotion de cet instrument.
Grandeurs et turpitudes des normes depuis l’EBM : quantitativistes et qualitativistes doivent travailler ensemble
Authors: Maisonneuve Hervé
Published: July 2020

Selon l’ evidence-based medicine (EBM), la norme serait la preuve scientifique, mais quelle preuve ? Proposer une médecine sur des normes a favorisé les méthodes quantitatives. Les méthodes qualitatives ont été ignorées et marginalisées. La preuve scientifique serait-elle uniquement basée sur les essais contrôlés randomisés (ECRs) qui évaluent un patient moyen ? La médecine scientifique basée sur les nombres a ignoré la médecine qualitative basée sur les mots. La mauvaise qualité de la littérature quantitative pourrait mettre en péril l’EBM. Au début des années 2010, des chercheurs ont montré que ce qui était publié était peu reproductible… Pour le rédacteur en chef du Lancet , la moitié des publications seraient fausses. Des courants ont attiré l’attention sur les biais de ces « normes », en évoquant une crise de l’EBM. Les études qualitatives nous permettent de comprendre comment des interventions cliniques prometteuses n’ont jamais « marché » dans la vie réelle, comment les professionnels et les patients utilisent les stratégies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. Ces études explorent les relations complexes entre les systèmes et les hommes, dans un contexte sociopolitique qui régule la santé. Les méthodes des chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales sont robustes si elles sont faites par des professionnels de ces disciplines. Le retour des qualitativistes ne veut pas dire éloignement des normes, contrairement à ce que pensent les quantitativistes.
La régulation du médicament par les normes (AMM, SMR, ASMR…)
Authors: Toussaint Bruno
Published: July 2020

En réaction à la visibilité croissante des dégâts sanitaires provoqués par les médicaments, de nombreux pays ont renforcé dans les années 1960 et 1970 leurs processus de mise sur le marché. Les firmes pharmaceutiques, de moins en moins nationales, ont alors cherché à pouvoir commercialiser leurs médicaments rapidement dans le monde entier, sur la base d’un dossier unique. Elles ont joué un rôle moteur dans l’harmonisation des normes qui leur étaient appliquées. Les normes d’autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM) sont produites par l’ International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), dominé, depuis ses origines en 1990, par des représentants des firmes pharmaceutiques et de certaines agences du médicament. De nombreuses données montrent que, en Europe comme ailleurs, ces normes minutieuses mais élaborées dans l’entre soi firmes-régulateurs laissent arriver sur le marché une majorité de médicaments qui n’apportent pas de progrès médical avéré, voire sont des régressions. On constate aussi qu’une démonstration de valeur thérapeutique ajoutée doit devenir une norme d’AMM pour répondre aux besoins des principaux intéressés par les médicaments : les patients et les professionnels de santé, et les responsables de la protection sociale. En France, par sa cotation méthodique de l’intérêt du médicament, qui conditionne le remboursement par la Sécurité sociale, la Commission de la transparence peut protéger les patients de médicaments autorisés mais plus dangereux qu’utiles.
Les travailleuses ont-elles le droit à la parole ? Quelques repères historiques pour une épistémologie des enquêtes ouvrières
Authors: Allavena Julien
Published: July 2020

La voix des femmes, qu’elles soient enquêtrices ou enquêtées, est restée longtemps absente de l’histoire de l’enquête ouvrière. Prises dans le regard des premiers observateurs sociaux, les travailleuses apparaissent comme des objets d’inquiétude, mais en aucun cas comme des interlocutrices qui participeraient de l’élaboration d’un savoir. Il est vrai que les ouvriers au masculin connaissent le même sort : seule la parole des dominants semble alors être écoutée. Les dominé-e-s sont, pour leur part, réduit-e-s à être observé-e-s ou quantifié-e-s. Il faut attendre le début du xx e siècle pour voir être retranscrites des paroles d’ouvrières dans une enquête, au service du mouvement socialiste, sous la forme implicite d’un plaidoyer pour l’autogestion écrit par une enquêtrice. Il s’agit sur cette base de comprendre les partis pris méthodologiques de ces enquêtes ouvrières comme autant de manifestations de présupposés politiques, et par là d’inviter à jeter un autre regard sur le phénomène de réappropriation militante de l’enquête des années 1960 et 1970 actuellement redécouvert, en questionnant notamment son rapport au « positivisme viril » (Dejours).
Éléments de discussion sur « l’espace de discussion dans/sur le travail »
Authors: Castejon Christine
Published: July 2020

L’article critique dans la notion d’« espaces de discussion sur le travail » l’absence d’une perspective explicite sur le langage, laissant croire qu’il est possible d’accéder au travail réel sur la base d’un « échange d’opinions ». À cette conception prônée dans un document de référence de l’Anact, et donc répandue par le biais méthodologique, l’auteur oppose la nécessité de penser le langage comme un échange entre des subjectivités. C’est à cette condition qu’il peut y avoir un lien entre ce qui se dit du travail et ce qui s’y fait réellement. Si l’on n’ancre pas la discussion sur le travail dans le travail tel qu’il se réalise, prenant le temps de l’analyse et de son partage, les « espaces de discussion » deviennent des endroits où ne peuvent se discuter que les questions autorisées et les problèmes qui ne fâchent personne, surtout pas le management. A contrario , l’affirmation d’une volonté de discussion suppose de sortir d’une définition a priori de ce qu’il y a à discuter. Si l’on est conséquent avec l’idée que l’écoute du travail réel, et donc de ceux et celles qui le font, est aujourd’hui un objet manquant, on ne peut pas limiter le chemin que va parcourir une question née d’une situation de travail. Si les espaces de discussion servent à inculquer l’idée inverse, ces espaces au pis sont nocifs, au plus probable rejoindront d’autres tentatives aujourd’hui diluées. Le risque n’est pas qu’ils égarent durablement leur monde, il est plutôt que, à force, on perde confiance dans tout espoir et toute tentative de discussion.
« Que faire du travail domestique la retraite venue ? »
Authors: Siaugues Caroline , Verdon Benoît
Published: July 2020

Hommes et femmes ne rencontrent pas la retraite à l’identique. À cette faveur, néanmoins, le couple va avoir à se rencontrer de nouveau et à traiter cette inédite expérience. Si plusieurs facteurs tant sociaux que psychiques peuvent soutenir un tel postulat, la prise en compte de la problématique du travail domestique, davantage imparti aux femmes, est incontournable, mobilisant notamment des fonctions de soins et de service pensées comme allant de soi. Fortement mise à l’épreuve dans sa souplesse, la dynamique conjugale est, à la retraite, justement bousculée par la perturbation de l’équilibre usuel entre travail domestique et travail professionnel. De fait, s’il existe une retraite du professionnel, il n’existe pas de retraite du domestique, lequel se voit même parfois renforcé en tant que tel et ouvert à des objets d’investissement nouveaux (petits-enfants et [beaux]-parents vieillissants). C’est ce contre quoi certaines femmes semblent désirer se soulever. Susceptible de mettre en branle la résistance, ce soulèvement peut voir sourdre un sassage, plus encore si le travail professionnel a été insuffisamment porteur de sublimation.
Social Determinants of Resilience Among Syrian Refugees in Jordan
Authors: Alduraidi Hamza , Dardas Latefa Ali , Price Malena M.
Published: July 2020

The current study explores the level and social determinants of resilience among Syrian refugees residing in Jordan. Having high levels of resilience can help refugees positively adapt to challenges and cope with the burden of stressors associated with warfare, turmoil, and displacement. A sample of 151 Syrian refugees ages 18 to 69 residing in Jordan completed the Arabic version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Resilience scores among Syrian refugees in Jordan were generally low. Refugees' place of residence, educational level, employment status, and monthly income were significantly associated with lower resilience scores and together explain approximately 37% of variance in resilience scores. Tailored resilience-building and educational programs are needed to help Syrian refugees develop the ability to withstand, adapt to, and recover from stress and adversity, and maintain or return to healthy mental states. Future research involving longitudinal assessment of resilience is needed to fully understand the role and determinants of resilience in this population. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58
(8), 31–38.]
IoT Forensic Science
Authors: Casey Eoghan , Spichiger Hannes , Ryser Elénore , Servida Francesco , Jaquet-Chiffelle David-Olivier
Published: July 2020

IoT devices produce information that can be used in criminal investigations and cybersecurity incidents to make inferences about identities, locations, chronologies, and relationships between relevant entities. Before this information is relied upon to make critical decisions, its veracity must be assessed critically, and the link between virtual and physical worlds must be evaluated carefully. This chapter presents the forensic science principles needed to exploit the full potential of IoT traces, including uniqueness, exchange, provenance, integrity, reliability, repeatability, evaluating links between virtual and physical entities, and formally assessing alternative hypotheses. This chapter also discusses core forensic processes and activities, demonstrating their application to forensic analysis of IoT devices using practical examples. A typology of IoT traces is proposed and their usefulness during an investigation is discussed. Finally, an investigative scenario is presented to illustrate the opportunities and challenges of exploiting IoT devices and traces for investigative and forensic purposes.
Key Vulnerabilities in Internet of Things
Authors: Ammayappan Kavitha , Puthuparambil Arun Babu , Negi Atul
Published: July 2020

Internet of things (IoT) is a buzzword around the globe. Academics and industries are evolving to solve real-world problems with emerging technologies; IoT is one among them. Now, it's very prevalent to see IoT devices in varied application domains like healthcare, hospitality, home, oil and gas, aviation, agriculture and marketing, cold storage chains, food preservation industries, automobile, environmental pollution monitoring sectors, energy industries, marine and fisheries, dairy and poultry, logistics, smart home and smart city, etc. Industries and research institutes are focusing to enrich environment and ecosystem to bring back green world again for the millennials and our future generations to make this globe as a potential place to cherish. In this mission, IoT is playing a major role of protection and preservation. In parallel, hackers are trying to destroy this mission by exploiting varied cyber vulnerabilities. To make IoT systems robust against those vulnerabilities it is necessary to understand the key vulnerabilities in detail.
Anomaly Detection in IoT Frameworks Using Machine Learning
Authors: Chyne Phidahunlang , Chatterjee Parag , Sanyal Sugata , Kandar Debdatta
Published: July 2020

Rapid advancements in hardware programming and communication innovations have encouraged the development of internet-associated sensory devices that give perceptions and information measurements from the physical world. According to the internet of things (IoT) analytics, more than 100 IoT devices across the world connect to the internet every second, which in the coming years will sharply increase the number of IoT devices by billions. This number of IoT devices incorporates new dynamic associations and does not totally replace the devices that were purchased before yet are not utilized any longer. As an increasing number of IoT devices advance into the world, conveyed in uncontrolled, complex, and frequently hostile conditions, securing IoT frameworks displays various challenges. As per the Eclipse IoT Working Group's 2017 IoT engineer overview, security is the top worry for IoT designers. To approach the challenges in securing IoT devices, the authors propose using unsupervised machine learning model at the network/transport level for anomaly detection.
How to Authenticate MQTT Sessions Without Channel and Broker Security
Authors: Koenig Reto E. , Laederach Lukas , von Allmen Cédric
Published: July 2020

This chapter describes a new but state-of-the-art approach to provide authenticity in MQTT sessions using the means of zero-knowledge proofs. This approach completely voids session hijacking for the MQTT protocol and provides authenticity. The presented approach does not require the broker to keep any secrets for session handling. The presented approach allows completely anonymous but authentic sessions; hence, the broker does not need any priory knowledge of the client party. As it is especially targeted for applications within the world of internet of things (IoT), the presented approach is designed to require only the minimum in extra power in terms of energy and space. The approach does not introduce any new concept, but simply combines a state of the art cryptographic Zero-Knowledge Proof of identity with the existing MQTT 5.0 specification. Thus, no protocol extension is required in order to provide the targeted security properties. The described approach is completely agnostic to the application layer at the client side and is only required during MQTT session establishment.
Using Freenet as a Broker for Multi-Party Data Exchange in IoT for Health
Authors: Benoist Emmanuel , Sliwa Jan
Published: July 2020

Smart, networked medical devices play a rapidly growing role in healthcare. Those devices and their data have to be integrated into the healthcare system. There are several reasons to reuse those data for well-defined purposes by well-defined partners; this reuse should be controlled by the patient and not depend on the manufacturer infrastructure. Different stakeholders have an understandable reason to access those data under the control of the patient. The authors propose an architecture of a decentralized data broker that receives the data streams from the devices and redistributes them securely to legitimate recipients. This broker is based on the peer-to-peer network Freenet. This network has been defined to be censorship resistant and to protect the privacy of persons sharing data. This covers the needs for protection expected from a secure data broker. The patient can directly define which of the stakeholders will receive which information and the information is encrypted in a way that only that partner can read it.
Science as a Political Battlefield
Authors: Skorini Heini I.
Published: July 2020

This chapter will examine the role of science and factual knowledge in public policymaking in the digital era. The chapter will address why certain scientific issues trigger political controversy and cultural polarization and what psychological mechanisms fuel political tribalism, ideological group thinking, and the rejection of facts and science in collective political decision-making. Furthermore, the digital revolution and its capability of fueling disinformation and false narratives will also be analyzed. According to the main argument, the rejection of science on particular issues is not due to public ignorance, the lack of education, or scientific illiteracy. The emergence of “post-truth politics” and the erosion of science in collective decision-making is largely caused by rising political partisanship, cultural group thinking, motivated reasoning, and identity-protective cognition.
Political Identity in a Postcolony
Authors: Asante Kofi Takyi
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines contemporary constructions of citizenship identities in Ghana. Citizenship in former colonies could be conceptualised as structurally and substantively different from Western forms due to the articulation of pre-existing and European modes of political organisations and belongings. National citizenship was supposed to redirect all subnational allegiances to the state, but scholars argue that this does not always happen. In former colonies such as Ghana, the tension between ethnic and national identities are believed to be especially intense. In this chapter, the author argues that the popular dichotomy between ethnic and national identities is an elusive one. It fails to capture the ways in which citizens actually think of themselves as members of various political communities. This failure stems from the practice of unproblematically applying an ideal-typical conceptual dichotomy to the messiness realities of the social world.
Social Studies Education From the Socialisation, Qualification, and Subjectification Perspectives
Authors: Sandahl Johan
Published: July 2020

In most countries, social studies education is the assigned subject responsible for citizenship education, that is, developing students' attitudes, experiences, knowledge, abilities, and the skills that they need to be active participants in a democratic society. The role of social studies can be defined using Gert Biesta's three concepts of the domains of education: socialisation, qualification, and subjectification. First, schools have a role in socialising students into society, passing on values and knowledge. Second, the school system should contribute to students' qualification as citizens by helping them enhance their civic and critical literacy. Third, education should equip students with the necessary skills to allow them to develop their own political identity. Each of these domains gives rise to challenging questions related to educational outcomes. This chapter theoretically examines how Biesta's educational domains relate to social studies education in a synthetic understanding.
Young People as Transformative Citizens Fighting Climate Change
Authors: Alam Meredian
Published: July 2020

The government of Indonesia has launched environmental policies to address the risks of climate change at the national to local levels and involves all elements of development: economy and business, education, environment and forestry, and transportation. In fact, behavioral change is seen as unsustainable, particularly in people's everyday lives. As this problem emerges, Indonesian young people through youth-led environmental organizations hold environmental activities to alternatively introduce and educate communities and schools to recognize and identity climate change impacts. The author then presents two successful youth organizations: Greenpeace Youth Indonesia (GYI) and the Indonesian Students Climate Forum (ICSF). GYI's actions are more stirred with Greenpeace's ideology, which focuses on direct campaigns, protest, and young activist mobilization, while ICSF's repertoires for mitigating climate changes are more community schools-based educational outreach. Although both of them are distinct in nature, their works have been transformative and applicable.
Effectiveness of Practicing Social Distancing in Museums and Art Galleries for Visitors Using Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR)
Authors: Kunjir Ajinkya , Patil Krutika Ravindra
Published: July 2020

After the tragic Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic was declared by the WHO (World Health Organization) in March 2020, social distancing and sanitization were recommended by top medical experts and health officials to help stop the virus spread. Research has sought to help people practice social distancing in public attractions such as museums and art galleries using touchless technologies. In the modern circle of innovation and technology, mobile augmented reality (MAR) is a touchless technology that adds layers of virtual information on top of real-world images. An individual can view 3D images and videos by pointing an AR-enabled device towards a piece of digital information. This paper describes the constructive use of the major design elements of MAR, which can directly be applied for impaired and non-impaired visitors to practice social distancing in museums and art galleries.
Development of a 2D Digital Animation for Yorùbá Folktale Narrative
Authors: Mayowa Alade Samuel
Published: July 2020

Yoruba folktales are endangered in the face of globalization, Westernization, and inter-ethnic interaction, with the few that are available not being competitive with foreign cartoons and movies. The purpose of this work is to develop a digital animation film using Yoruba folktale narrative as a case study with a view to providing a framework to enhance the production of animated folktales as well as supporting Africa's rich cultural heritage, using relevant technology resources. The resulting folktale animation was evaluated by both the target audience and multimedia experts. The formal digital animation system resulting from the study is useful for formal and informal children's education and enlightenment as well as a source of enlightenment for society on different sociocultural problems which invariably results in a more conscious and civilized society.