bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Valuing difference? Experiences in two clinical environments
Authors: Wilson Martin
Published: January 2016

What do most people think of a law degree – plentiful amounts of hard work, boundless reading, an expensive Legal Practice Course or Bar Vocational Course followed by an extremely competitive application process to secure a job in the graduate’s respective field of work? What if students were given the opportunity to work in another jurisdiction, such as Australia, for one month in a student run law office, during the summer, with £1000 to get them on their way? ‘Sounds good’, I thought. ‘So what do I have to do to get the chance’? And then the one catch is divulged – the students must complete a compulsory piece of coursework and achieve one of the top 10 marks in their year. (The writer expects a few raised eyebrows at this stage!)
Harmful Algal Bloom–Associated Illness Surveillance: Lessons From Reported Hospital Visits in New York, 2008–2014
Authors: Figgatt Mary , Muscatiello Neil , Wilson Lloyd , Dziewulski David
Published: January 2016

We identified hospital visits with reported exposure to harmful algal blooms, an emerging public health concern because of toxicity and increased incidence. We used the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Disease (ICD) medical code specifying environmental exposure to harmful algal blooms to extract hospital visit records in New York State from 2008 to 2014. Using the ICD code, we identified 228 hospital visits with reported exposure to harmful algal blooms. They occurred all year long and had multiple principal diagnoses. Of all hospital visits, 94.7% were managed in the emergency department and 5.3% were hospitalizations. As harmful algal bloom surveillance increases, the ICD code will be a beneficial tool to public health only if used properly.
The Current and Projected Taxpayer Shares of US Health Costs
Authors: Himmelstein David U. , Woolhandler Steffie
Published: January 2016

Objectives. We estimated taxpayers’ current and projected share of US health expenditures, including government payments for public employees’ health benefits as well as tax subsidies to private health spending.

Methods. We tabulated official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services figures on direct government spending for health programs and public employees’ health benefits for 2013, and projected figures through 2024. We calculated the value of tax subsidies for private spending from official federal budget documents and figures for state and local tax collections.

Results. Tax-funded health expenditures totaled $1.877 trillion in 2013 and are projected to increase to $3.642 trillion in 2024. Government’s share of overall health spending was 64.3% of national health expenditures in 2013 and will rise to 67.1% in 2024. Government health expenditures in the United States account for a larger share of gross domestic product (11.2% in 2013) than do total health expenditures in any other nation.

Conclusions. Contrary to public perceptions and official Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates, government funds most health care in the United States. Appreciation of government’s predominant role in health funding might encourage more appropriate and equitable targeting of health expenditures.
Operational Challenges and Monitoring of a Polymer Pilot, Matzen Field, Austria
Authors: Lüftenegger Markus , Kadnar Rainer , Puls Christoph , Clemens Torsten
Published: January 2016

Four main areas of uncertainty can be described in polymer-injection projects:

Are we able to deliver the polymer solutions at the required quality to the wellhead? Are we able to inject polymers at the required quantity and quality? Are we producing sufficient incremental oil? Are we able to separate and treat oil and water cost-effectively after polymer breakthrough?

The monitoring program that was developed for the polymer-injection pilot aims to reduce the uncertainty and quickly identify operational difficulties, as described in the following:

Polymer quality at the wellhead: The polymer concentration and viscosity of the “source” solution and injected polymer solution were measured at various locations in the surface facilities. A quality check of the delivered polymer (including a filter ratio test of the dissolved polymer) was performed, the biological activity monitored, iron content measured, and polymer solution investigated for “fish eyes.” The monitoring program enabled us to identify challenges related to shearing the polymers after changing the operating envelope, to identify problems related to biological activity, and to ensure data quality for interpretation of the pilot. Injectivity and degradation: Monitoring involved wellhead- and bottomhole-pressure measurements, repeated falloff tests, and visual observation of the polymer solutions in the well. The results showed the mobility reduction of the polymer solutions and an indication of induced fractures. Combining the various measurements led to identification of an operational issue—the injectivity decreased more than expected from polymer rheology and prepilot water-quality assessment. The reason was the combination of fines and small oil droplets existing in the injection water with polymer- and biological-generated mass that plugged the pores during injection. Incremental oil: Accurate measurement of the produced-water cut, especially for those wells producing at water cuts greater than 90%, is key for reporting accurate incremental oil. In addition, water salinity at the producing wells was measured, and a repeated tracer program was instituted. The results have been used to assess the reservoir architecture and incremental oil related to polymer injection. The challenges in the interpretation of the pilot conformance could be resolved by use of these data. Polymer, oil, water treatment: The surface facilities are monitored constantly for separation efficiency and plugging owing to back-produced polymers. Operating challenges are seen in all treatment steps for full-field polymer-injection implementation because of both oil/water separation and handling of the polymers in water-treatment facilities.
Nested-PCR and TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR assays for human adenoviruses in environmental waters
Authors: Huang Wen-Chien , Chou Yi-Pen , Kao Po-Min , Hsu Tsui-Kang , Su Hung-Chang , Ho Ying-Ning , Yang Yi-Chun , Hsu Bing-Mu
Published: January 2016

Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections can occur throughout the year. Cases of HAdV-associated respiratory disease have been more common in the late winter, spring, and early summer. In this study, to provide viral pollution data for further epidemiological studies and governmental actions, the presence of HAdV in the aquatic environment was quantitatively surveyed in the summer. This study was conducted to compare the efficiencies of nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and qPCR (quantitative PCR) for detecting HAdV in environmental waters. A total of 73 water samples were collected from Puzi River in Taiwan and subjected to virus concentration methods. In the results, qPCR had much better efficiency for specifying the pathogen in river sample. HAdV41 was detected most frequently in the river water sample (10.9%). The estimated HAdV concentrations ranged between 6.75 × 102 and 2.04 × 109 genome copies/L. Significant difference was also found in heterotrophic plate counts, conductivity, water temperature, and water turbidity between presence/absence of HAdV. HAdV in the Puzi River may pose a significant health risk.
Virulence determinants and production of extracellular enzymes in Enterococcus spp. from surface water sources
Authors: Molale Lesego Gertrude , Bezuidenhout Cornelius Carlos
Published: January 2016

Virulence factors in Enterococcus may be indicative of potential pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the presence of clinically relevant virulence genes, in Enterococcus spp. from environmental water, and their in vitro expression. One hundred and twenty-four Enterococcus isolates (seven species), from five surface water systems in the North West Province, South Africa, were screened for the presence of asa1, cylA, esp, gelE and hyl using polymerase chain reaction. The expression of cylA, hyl and gelE was determined by phenotypic assessments. Sixty-five percent of the isolates were positive for one virulence gene and 13% for two or more. Most frequently detected genes were gelE (32%) and cylA (28%). Enterococcal surface protein was absent in all isolates screened. The presence of virulence genes was correlated with their extracellular enzyme production. The results show that a large percentage of these environmental Enterococcus spp. possess virulence factors that could be expressed in vitro. This is a cause for concern and could have implications for individuals using this water for recreational and cultural purposes. Further investigation is required into the sources of these potential pathogenic Enterococcus isolates and measures to minimize their presence in water sources.
The Time Is Right for a New Classification System for Diabetes: Rationale and Implications of the β-Cell–Centric Classification Schema
Authors: Schwartz Stanley S. , Epstein Solomon , Corkey Barbara E. , Grant Struan F.A. , Gavin James R. , Aguilar Richard B.
Published: January 2016

The current classification system presents challenges to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), in part due to its conflicting and confounding definitions of type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The current schema also lacks a foundation that readily incorporates advances in our understanding of the disease and its treatment. For appropriate and coherent therapy, we propose an alternate classification system. The β-cell–centric classification of DM is a new approach that obviates the inherent and unintended confusions of the current system. The β-cell–centric model presupposes that all DM originates from a final common denominator—the abnormal pancreatic β-cell. It recognizes that interactions between genetically predisposed β-cells with a number of factors, including insulin resistance (IR), susceptibility to environmental influences, and immune dysregulation/inflammation, lead to the range of hyperglycemic phenotypes within the spectrum of DM. Individually or in concert, and often self-perpetuating, these factors contribute to β-cell stress, dysfunction, or loss through at least 11 distinct pathways. Available, yet underutilized, treatments provide rational choices for personalized therapies that target the individual mediating pathways of hyperglycemia at work in any given patient, without the risk of drug-related hypoglycemia or weight gain or imposing further burden on the β-cells. This article issues an urgent call for the review of the current DM classification system toward the consensus on a new, more useful system.
Management of Diabetes in Long-term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association
Authors: Munshi Medha N. , Florez Hermes , Huang Elbert S. , Kalyani Rita R. , Mupanomunda Maria , Pandya Naushira , Swift Carrie S. , Taveira Tracey H. , Haas Linda B.
Published: January 2016

Diabetes is more common in older adults, has a high prevalence in long-term care (LTC) facilities, and is associated with significant disease burden and higher cost. The heterogeneity of this population with regard to comorbidities and overall health status is critical to establishing personalized goals and treatments for diabetes. The risk of hypoglycemia is the most important factor in determining glycemic goals due to the catastrophic consequences in this population. Simplified treatment regimens are preferred, and the sole use of sliding scale insulin (SSI) should be avoided. This position statement provides a classification system for older adults in LTC settings, describes how diabetes goals and management should be tailored based on comorbidities, delineates key issues to consider when using glucose-lowering agents in this population, and provides recommendations on how to replace SSI in LTC facilities. As these patients transition from one setting to another, or from one provider to another, their risk for adverse events increases. Strategies are presented to reduce these risks and ensure safe transitions. This article addresses diabetes management at end of life and in those receiving palliative and hospice care. The integration of diabetes management into LTC facilities is important and requires an interprofessional team approach. To facilitate this approach, acceptance by administrative personnel is needed, as are protocols and possibly system changes. It is important for clinicians to understand the characteristics, challenges, and barriers related to the older population living in LTC facilities as well as the proper functioning of the facilities themselves. Once these challenges are identified, individualized approaches can be designed to improve diabetes management while lowering the risk of hypoglycemia and ultimately improving quality of life.
Influence of Conditioning Time of Universal Adhesives on Adhesive Properties and Enamel-Etching Pattern
Authors: Cardenas AM , Siqueira F , Rocha J , Szesz AL , Anwar M , El-Askary F , Reis A , Loguercio A
Published: January 2016

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of application protocol in resin–enamel microshear bond strength (μSBS), in situ degree of conversion, and etching pattern of three universal adhesive systems.

Methods and Materials: Sixty-three extracted third molars were sectioned in four parts (buccal, lingual, and proximals) and divided into nine groups, according to the combination of the main factors—Adhesive (Clearfil Universal, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc, Tokyo, Japan; Futurabond U, VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany; and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA)—and enamel treatment/application time (etch-and-rinse mode [ER], self-etch [SE] application for 20 seconds [SE20], and SE application for 40 seconds [SE40]). Specimens were stored in water (37°C/24 h) and tested at 1.0 mm/min (μSBS). The degree of conversion of the adhesives at the resin–enamel interfaces was evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05).

Results: In general, the application of the universal adhesives in the SE40 produced μSBS and degree of conversion that were higher than in the SE20 (p<0.01) and similar to the ER mode. The deepest enamel-etching pattern was obtained in the ER mode, followed by the SE40.

Conclusions: The active and prolonged application of universal adhesives in the SE mode may be a viable alternative to increase the degree of conversion, etching pattern, and resin–enamel bond strength.
Elongation determination using finite element and boundary element method
Authors: Kisała Piotr , Wójcik Waldemar , Smailov Nurzhigit , Kalizhanova Aliya , Harasim Damian
Published: January 2016

This paper presents an application of the finite element method and boundary element method to determine the distribution of the elongation. Computer simulations were performed using the computation of numerical algorithms according to a mathematical structure of the model and taking into account the values of all other elements of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. Experimental studies were confirmed by elongation measurement system using one uniform FBG.
Demand Analysis for Non-Alcoholic Beverages Consumptin in the United States
Authors: Pokharel Krishna Prasad
Published: January 2016

This research analyzes the demand for non-alcoholic beverages (non-diet carbonated beverages, diet carbonated beverages, non-carbonated caloric beverages, water, and unsweetened coffee and tea) in the United States using the first difference version of the Almost Ideal Demand System model. Five expenditure shares and prices demand equations for the non-alcoholic beverages are estimated using the Iterated Seemingly Unrelated Regression (ITSUR) and Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML) techniques. These two estimation techniques give similar results. Most of the products exhibit the consistent sign for the own and cross price elasticities as predicted by economic theory. Based on the expenditure elasticity, non-diet beverage is a luxury good (1.632) and the remaining goods have expenditure elasticity less than, which indicates that these products are necessities. These products are not weakly separable based on the regular and adjusted Wald tests. Moreover, seasonality has a positive impact on caloric beverages and water and a negative impact on the remaining productsInt. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-1: 38-46
Effects of Sustainable Tourism on Sustainable Community Development in Coastal Regions in the United Kingdom
Authors: Neupane Ramesh
Published: January 2016

The main purpose of this research is to examine the effects of sustainable tourism on sustainable community development in coastal regions in the UK. This research also seeks to investigate the extent of sustainable tourism practices and the extent of sustainable community development practices in the coastal regions in the UK.The study was conducted by deductive approach cross sectional method following quantitative techniques. The respondents are selected from hotels, restaurants, travel agencies who are operating their business activities in the coastal regions, and the local council of the coastal regions. The questionnaires survey was used to collect primary data from the respondents. The sample of 160 respondents was selected by using convenience sampling technique or on the basis of their availability and interest.The results indicate that sustainable tourism and sustainable community development are positively and significantly correlated with each other. Similarly, regression analysis shows that sustainable tourism has significant effects on sustainable community development as β = 0.804, and P = 0.000 which is less than 0.05. Also, there is a high level of sustainable tourism and sustainable community development practices in the coastal regions in the UK.Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-3, issue-1: 47-59
Shoulder Retractor Strengthening Exercise to Minimize Rhomboid Muscle Activity and Subacromial Impingement
Authors: Fennell Jeremy , Phadke Chetan P. , Mochizuki George , Ismail Farooq , Boulias Chris
Published: January 2016

Purpose: We investigated the best position for shoulder retractor strengthening exercise to maximize middle trapezius activity and minimize rhomboid major activity. Although both trapezius and rhomboids are scapular retractors, rhomboids also act as downward rotators of the scapula, which can worsen subacromial impingement. Methods: Twelve healthy participants (age 30 [SD 6] y) with no history of shoulder pain were recruited for this study, which used fine-wire electromyography to examine maximal muscle activation of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscle fibres in four different positions: with the shoulder in 90° abduction with elbow completely extended and (1) shoulder internal rotation, (2) shoulder neutral rotation, (3) shoulder external rotation, and (4) rowing (shoulder neutral rotation and elbow flexed 90°). The ratio of trapezius to rhomboid muscles was compared with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: Muscle activation ratio during shoulder retraction exercise was significantly lower by 22% (i.e., rhomboid was more active than middle trapezius) when performed with the shoulder in rowing position (elbow flexed) than with the shoulder in external rotation (elbow extended) position (p=0.031). All four positions produced coactivation of trapezius and rhomboids. Discussion: Rowing position may not be the best position for shoulder retractor strengthening in patients with impingement syndrome. The preferable position for maximizing middle trapezius activity and minimizing rhomboid activity may be shoulder external rotation with elbow extended.
Correlation between Limb Muscle Endurance, Strength, and Functional Capacity in People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Nyberg Andre , Törnberg Anna , Wadell Karin
Published: January 2016

Purpose: To examine the correlation between limb muscle function (endurance and strength) and functional capacity in upper limbs (ULs) and lower limbs (LLs) of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Method: This article describes a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. A stationary dynamometer was used to measure isokinetic muscle strength and endurance; the 6-minute walk test, the 6-minute pegboard and ring test, and the unsupported UL exercise test were used to measure functional capacity. Results: Participants were 44 adults with COPD. Muscle strength and endurance in ULs and LLs demonstrated a moderate to strong correlation with functional capacity. When controlling for muscle strength, muscle endurance was moderately correlated with functional capacity in ULs and LLs, but when controlling for muscle endurance, there was no positive and significant correlation between muscle strength and functional capacity for the ULs or LLs. Conclusions: Functional capacity seems to be more closely related to limb muscle endurance than to limb muscle strength in people with COPD.
Evaluation of growth traits of Aceh cattle at the breeding station in Indrapuri District of Indonesia
Authors: Putra WPB , Sumadi M , Hartatik T , Saumar H
Published: January 2016

The present study was conducted using records on four breeding bulls maintained at the Indrapuris Breeding and Forages Center (IBFC) of Aceh Cattle, Indrapuri district, Indonesia and 52 of their progeny born from 2010 to 2014 through natural mating.  Family selection was practiced in this breeding station. Traits included in this study were birth weight at 0 day (BWc), weaning weight at 205 days of age (WWc), yearling weight at 365 days of age (YWc) and final weight at 550 days of age (FWc) of their progeny. The variance and covariance components were estimated by the Paternal Half-sib Correlation method with the Excel sheets of Microsoft office computer program. The mean body weights of the animals were BWc (13.25+1.18 kg), WWc (47.80+10.00 kg), YWc (73.97+16.79 kg) and FWc (101.87+23.91 kg). Estimated heritability (h2) for BWC was low (h2 < 0.10) and the other traits were high (h2>0.30). Higher standard error (SE) value than h2 caused by less number of calves observation. Research showed that best relative accuracy value (RA>1.00) reached in BWC. but its trait was not effective as selection criterion because of lower h2 value. It was concluded that WWC could be used as selection criterion for breeding bulls based on the similar estimated breeding value (EBV) rank and high h2 value. The EBV of WWC from breeding bull ID: 0752 was calculated and ranked accordingly. The EBVs of three top bulls ID were 100412 (10.32 kg), 100520 (9.38 kg) and 100317 (6.75 kg) and three top heifers were 100526 (9.65 kg), 100408 (7.04 kg) and 100807 (5.20 kg). It can be concluded that these top ranking three bulls and heifers can be selected and used in the breeding programs.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44(2): 85-91
Quality of ultra-high temperature treated chocolate milk manufactured in Bangladesh
Authors: Sabbir MA , Habib R , Rashid MH , Imam MF
Published: January 2016

Quality of ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated chocolate milk manufactured by different manufacturing companies of Bangladesh was evaluated. The milk samples were collected from retail shops of different markets supplied by three major dairy brands namely Aarong, Starship and Milkman. From the organoleptic tests it was found that there were no significant variation in consistency, but significant variations (p?0.05) were found in case of flavor and colour and appearance, pH and solids-not-fat (SNF) content showed insignificant difference, while significant variations at different levels (p<0.01 to 0.05) were found in all other chemical parameters like contents of total solids, fat, protein, ash and carbohydrate (mixed sugar). There was no evidence of presence of bacteria (total viable bacteria and coliform bacteria) in any of the samples. Considering all of organoleptic, chemical and microbiological properties of the samples of UHT chocolate milks, it could be concluded that Starship UHT chocolate milk was better and more acceptable followed by that supplied by Milkman. It could be suggested that to obtain quality UHT chocolate milk proper method, composition of ingredients and also the strict hygienic and sanitary measures should be followed.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44(2): 128-131
Quality of ultra-high temperature treated milk available in Gazipur and Mymensingh of Bangladesh
Authors: Arafat MY , Habib R , Siddiki MSR , Imam MF
Published: January 2016

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the quality of existing ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk available in two selected town markets of Bangladesh. A total of 27 UHT milk samples from three different brandsPran Dairy (A), Aarong Dairy (B) and Farm Fresh (C) were collected from local markets at Mymensingh and Gazipur districts during the period of 1stSeptember to 29th November, 2014. Parameters studied in this experiment were organoleptic (flavour, consistency, colour and appearance), physic-chemical (specific gravity, acidity, total solids, solids-not-fat, fat, protein, lactose, and ash) and microbiological (Total Viable Count and Coliform Count). All the samples were similar in respect of color, flavor, taste and texture, and no significant difference was observed. However, significant differences were revealed (p<0.05) in case of specific gravity, acidity, total solids, solids-not-fat, and protein content. On the other hand, insignificant differences were found (p>0.05) in case of fat, lactose, and ash content. Total Viable Count and Coliform count were found to be nil in all the milk samples. Milk samples of Farm Fresh UHT milk were superior to other brands of UHT Milk in terms of contents of total solids (119.23±0.57 g/kg),fat (34.97±0.35g/kg), lactose (43.23±0.51g/kg), and ash (7.00±0.26g/kg). Though there were some fluctuations in all the parameters studied, all the milk samples conformed to the standard values for UHT milk, and in general all of the UHT milk samples studied in this experiment was of good quality.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44 (3):132-136
Productive and reproductive performance of Holstein Friesian crossbred and indigenous cow under small holder farming system
Authors: Mamun MJA , Khan MAS , Sarker MAH , Islam MN
Published: January 2016

This study was done to investigate the productive and reproductive performances of Holstein Friesian crossbred (HF) and indigenous (IG) cows. A total 131 dairy cows of two genetic groups as IG (117 heads) and HF (14 heads) were selected randomly. The study found that the average milk yield per day of HF and IG cows were 7.64±1.74 and 1.75±0.07 liters/day, respectively. The milk yield was found significantly (p<0.01) higher in HF cows than of IG cows. The lactation period of HF was significantly (p<0.05) higher than of IG cows. Age at first calving of IG cows was significantly (p<0.01) 4 months higher than HF cows. The number of service per conception was almost similar for HF and IG cows. Higher significant difference was found in Post-partum oestrus (p<0.05), dry period (p<0.01), calving intervals (p<0.01) of IG than HF cows. The gestation length of HF and IG cows was significantly indifferent. Above biological studies mentioned better productive and reproductive performance of HF cows than IG cows.Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2015. 44 (3):166-170
A socio-economic study on Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) farmers in selected upazilas of Chittagong district
Authors: Hossain SMJ , Bhuiyan AKFH , Haque KS , Akteruzzaman M , Sarker NR , Sultana N
Published: January 2016

This study was conducted to identify the existing socio-economic status and to know the present condition of RCC population, their management system, prevalence of diseases and income from RCC and other sources. Results showed that the RCC farmers have an average landholding of 0.89±0.09 and it varied from 0.22±0.01 acres for landless to 13.63±4.63 acres for large farms. The distribution of land was found uneven among farm categories. The average size of family members was 4.98±0.11 per farm and. 67.34% of them were in the active age group of 18-57 years. The main occupation of the community farmers were agriculture (51.96%) followed by service (21.75%) and business (19.94%). On average the highest (33.55%) of family literacy prevailed in primary education. The average RCC herd size per farm was 1.70±0.04 and varied from 1.50±0.50 in large to l.78±0.06 in landless farms and no relationship (r2 = 0) was found with landholdings. For raising RCC the participation women was (36.00%) and it was found the highest (42.52%) in landless farms. Only 7.09% of the farmers were found cultivating fodder and of the farmers 77.78% cultivated napier and 22.22% german grass. The most prevalent diseases reported by the farmers were Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) (26.20%) and worm (21.13%). The average mortality of RCC was observed 2.12%. The age group proportional mortality showed that mortality was the highest for calf (55.56%), followed by growing animals (22.22%) and adult (22.22%) and death of animals was highest (55.56%) in rainy season. Only 29.44% of farmers reported to vaccinate their cattle against some viral and bacterial diseases and it was highest against FMD (53.43%) followed by BQ (28.92%) and Anthrax (17.65%). Annual average gross income per farm from different sources was Tk 128016 and it varied from Tk 80618 to Tk 847500 for different farm categories. Average annual income from RCC source was calculated to be Tk 16412 and it varied from Tk 2500 for large to Tk. 28598 for small farms.Bangladesh J. of Livestock Res. 19(1-2): 123-136, Jan-Dec 2012
Exercise Responses to Gravity-Independent Flywheel Aerobic and Resistance Training
Authors: Owerkowicz Tomasz , Cotter Joshua A. , Haddad Fadia , Yu Alvin M. , Camilon Marinelle L. , Hoang Theresa N. , Jimenez Daniel J. , Kreitenberg Arthur , Tesch Per A. , Caiozzo Vincent J. , Adams Gregory R.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND: Although several exercise systems have been developed to mitigate the physiological deconditioning that occurs in microgravity, few have the capacity to positively impact multiple physiological systems and still meet the volume/mass requirements needed for missions
beyond low Earth orbit. The purpose of this study was to test the gravity-independent Multi-Mode Exercise Device (M-MED) for both resistance (RE) and aerobic (AE) training stimuli.METHODS: Eight men and nine women (mean age 22.0 ± 0.4 yr) completed 5 wk of training on the
M-MED: RE 4 × 7 squats 2 d/wk, and AE 4 × 4-min rowing bouts at ∼90% Vo2max 3 d/wk. Pre- and post-training data collection included an aerobic capacity test, MR imaging, strength testing, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy.RESULTS: Vo2max increased
8%, 3RM strength 18%, and quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area (CSA) 10%. Knee extensor strength increased at all isokinetic speeds tested. Subjects also demonstrated improved fatigue resistance in knee extension. At the cellular and molecular level, the biopsy revealed increases in mixed
myofiber CSA (13%), citrate synthase activity (26%), total RNA concentration (24%), IGF-I mRNA (77%), and Type IIa myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA (8%), and a concomitant decrease in Type IIx MHC mRNA (−23%). None of the changes were gender-specific.DISCUSSION: Both the functional
outcomes and biomarker changes indicate that a very low volume of M-MED exercise results in robust adaptation in the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. The M-MED has the potential to provide a wide range of countermeasure exercises and should be considered for testing in ground-based
spaceflight simulation.Owerkowicz T, Cotter JA, Haddad F, Yu AM, Camilon ML, Hoang TN, Jimenez DJ, Kreitenberg A, Tesch PA, Caiozzo VJ, Adams GR. Exercise responses to gravity-independent flywheel aerobic and resistance training. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(2):93–101.
Hypercapnic Respiratory Acidosis During An In-Flight Oxygen Assessment
Authors: Spurling Kristofer J. , Moonsie Ian K. , Perks Joseph L.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND: Patients with respiratory disease are at risk of excessive hypoxemia in the hypobaric commercial aircraft cabin environment, and the consensus is that this is easily corrected with supplementary oxygen. However, despite the risks of hypercapnia with increasing inspired
oxygen in some patients being well established, this issue is not currently addressed in medical guidelines for air travel.CASE REPORT: A 76-yr-old woman with chronic type 2 respiratory failure underwent hypoxic challenge testing (HCT) to assess in-flight oxygen requirements. She
is stable on home ventilation, and baseline arterial blood gases showed mild hypoxemia (Pao2 9.12 kPa), normal Paco2 (5.64 kPa) and pH (7.36) with 98% SpO2. HCT was performed delivering 15% FIo2 via a mask,
and the patient desaturated to < 85%. HCT blood gases revealed significant hypoxemia (Pao2 < 6.6 kPa), indicating in-flight oxygen. Continuous oxygen at 2 L · min−1 via nasal cannula corrected the hypoxia, although Paco2
increased to 6.9 kPa with reduction in pH to the threshold of severe respiratory acidosis (pH 7.25). The patient was advised against flying due to hypoxemia during HCT and the precipitous drop in pH on oxygen.DISCUSSION: It is possible to hyperoxygenate patients with type 2 respiratory
failure in flight with the minimum level of supplementary oxygen available on many aircraft. In these cases Paco2 and pH should be scrutinized during HCT before recommending in-flight oxygen. No current guidelines discuss the risk of hypercapnia from in-flight oxygen;
it is therefore recommended that this be addressed in future revisions of medical air travel guidelines, should further research indicate it.Spurling KJ, Moonsie IK, Perks JL. Hypercapnic respiratory acidosis during an in-flight oxygen assessment. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(2):144–147.
Morphing Compression Garments for Space Medicine and Extravehicular Activity Using Active Materials
Authors: Holschuh Bradley T. , Newman Dava J.
Published: January 2016

INTRODUCTION: Compression garments tend to be difficult to don/doff, due to their intentional function of squeezing the wearer. This is especially true for compression garments used for space medicine and for extravehicular activity (EVA). We present an innovative solution to
this problem by integrating shape changing materials—NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) coil actuators formed into modular, 3D-printed cartridges—into compression garments to produce garments capable of constricting on command.METHODS: A parameterized, 2-spring analytic counterpressure
model based on 12 garment and material inputs was developed to inform garment design. A methodology was developed for producing novel SMA cartridge systems to enable active compression garment construction. Five active compression sleeve prototypes were manufactured and tested: each sleeve
was placed on a rigid cylindrical object and counterpressure was measured as a function of spatial location and time before, during, and after the application of a step voltage input.RESULTS: Controllable active counterpressures were measured up to 34.3 kPa, exceeding the requirement
for EVA life support (29.6 kPa). Prototypes which incorporated fabrics with linear properties closely matched analytic model predictions (4.1%/−10.5% error in passive/active pressure predictions); prototypes using nonlinear fabrics did not match model predictions (errors >100%). Pressure
non-uniformities were observed due to friction and the rigid SMA cartridge structure.DISCUSSION: To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of controllable compression technology incorporating active materials, a novel contribution to the field of compression garment design.
This technology could lead to easy-to-don compression garments with widespread space and terrestrial applications.Holschuh BT, Newman DJ. Morphing compression garments for space medicine and extravehicular activity using active materials. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(2):84–92.
Transient Unilateral Facial Nerve Baroparesis with Vertigo on Ascent in the F-16CM
Authors: Wimmer Matthew S. , Ali Talib Y.
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND: Presented is a rare case of transient unilateral facial nerve paralysis occurring in a pilot while on initial ascent in an F-16CM. This pathology is sporadically observed in the diving community, but rarely described in military or civil aviation. This case was particularly
unusual in its promptness of onset, rapid recovery, and its association with vertigo.CASE REPORT: This case report describes a previously healthy 26-yr-old F-16 pilot who experienced ear block and subsequent unilateral facial paralysis while on initial ascent. This was relieved
quickly after clearing the affected ear without any neurological sequelae. A second episode was associated with vertigo in addition to the ear block and facial symptoms. Both episodes were separated by 3 d.DISCUSSION: Barotrauma to the facial nerve via an uncovered or “dehiscent”
facial nerve canal was suggested by the clinical course, computed tomography, and confirmed by expert consultation. Making the diagnosis in an aviator, especially the military aviator, is important for safety of flight, to avoid unwarranted diagnostics, and to minimize operational impact.
A mechanism for the aviator’s associated vertigo is suggested.Wimmer MS, Ali TY. Transient unilateral facial nerve baroparesis with vertigo on ascent in the F-16CM. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(2):141–143.
Des petits rats et des hommes La mise à l’épreuve de l’identité sexuée des apprentis danseurs
Authors: Laillier Joël
Published: January 2016

À partir d’une enquête menée auprès des élèves de l’école de danse de l’Opéra de Paris et de leurs familles, l’article interroge les trajectoires des jeunes garçons dans un devenir de danseur professionnel. Parce que la pratique de la danse classique est considérée comme une pratique « féminine », les garçons qui s’y engagent se trouvent bien souvent dans une situation qui conduit à des mises en cause de leur identité sexuée. L’article montre ce que l’entrée dans la carrière de danseur doit à un travail sur les identités sexuées et sexuelles qui relève des conditions sociales et familiales mais aussi de l’action des différentes sphères de socialisation.
« Tu t’en es pris à la mauvaise go ! » Transgresser les normes de genre sur les scènes rap du Gabon
Authors: Aterianus-Owanga Alice
Published: January 2016

Cet article appréhende les parcours et les créations artistiques des rares femmes rappeuses évoluant à Libreville au Gabon, en vue d’interroger les systèmes de contrôle masculin qu’elles affrontent, les stratégies identitaires qu’elles développent, et la signification de leurs œuvres dans un contexte plus général de transformation des rapports de genre. Il montre que ces rappeuses inventent et redéfinissent plusieurs catégories d’identifications féminines (celle de la « garçonne », de la « femme émancipée » ou de la femme « africaine ») pour négocier leur incorporation dans le milieu rap. À l’interstice entre reproduction des normes admises et transgression des ordres institués, les rappeuses adaptent les modèles globaux offerts par la musique rap pour remettre en question certaines inégalités de genre.
Des arrangements féminins ambivalents Musiques actuelles en Suisse romande
Authors: Perrenoud Marc , Chapuis Jérôme
Published: January 2016

Cet article s’intéresse aux musiciennes sur la scène suisse des musiques actuelles. Nous montrons que les rares femmes qui parviennent à exister dans le milieu professionnel sont réduites à un ensemble très limité d’arrangements stratégiques avec la domination masculine, entre dépendance (jouer en couple), figure maternante (être « leader ») et isolement (jouer en solo). Lorsqu’elles s’affirment comme femmes instrumentistes dans un milieu largement masculin, voire qu’elles cherchent à subvertir le genre en jouant avec les codes et les apparences, les musiciennes se trouvent marginalisées dans l’espace professionnel, sauf dans les rares cas d’un usage stratégique de la féminité sexualisée qui produit une « émancipation » pour le moins ambivalente.
Strengthening Resilience and Reducing Stress in Psychosocial Care for Nurses Practicing in Oncology Settings
Authors: Lim Haikel A. , Tan Joyce Y.S. , Liu Jianlin , Chua Joanne , Ang Emily N.K. , Kua Ee Heok , Mahendran Rathi
Published: January 2016

The current study examined whether continuing education programs on psychosocial oncology patient care would improve nurses' resilience and reduce their stress. Analyses revealed postprogram improvements in resilience, which was related to reduction in stress. Findings provide preliminary evidence that such programs may also be helpful in other domains.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(1):8–10.
New Graduate RNs' Perceptions of Transitioning to Professional Practice After Completing Ontario's New Graduate Guarantee Orientation Program
Authors: Guay Jo'Anne , Bishop Susan E. , Espin Sherry
Published: January 2016

Background:

By 2022, Canada will be short 60,000 RNs. Contributing to this shortage are difficulties experienced by new graduate RNs (NGRNs) transitioning to professional practice.

Method:

This grounded theory study explored NGRNs' transition experiences in the 12 months after completing Ontario's New Graduate Guarantee orientation program. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 NGRNs on the Nursing Resource Team in one urban Ontario academic hospital network.

Results:

Discovering Professional Self described NGRNs' transition as progressive, with transitory setbacks. In the early part of the transition, NGRNs experienced Surviving Without a Safety Net, which involved Experiencing Fear, Figuring It Out, and Learning on the Job. In the later part of transition, the NGRNs experienced Turning of the Tables, which involved Being Trusted, Gaining Confidence, and Feeling Comfortable in their professional role.

Conclusion:

Recommendations focus on educational strategies to enhance the NGRNs' transition experience.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(1):37–44.
Update on Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Barden Connie , Lee Rosemary
Published: January 2016

Ventricular assist devices serve as a valuable adjunct to therapy in the setting of profound heart failure. The two largest patient groups—postcardiotomy and those being bridged to transplant—show an average 40–50% survival rate after ventricular assist. Several devices exist including centrifugal, pneumatic, and electrical pumps. Options for ventricular assist include right (RVAD), left (LVAD), and biventricular (BiVAD) support. Knowledge regarding the devices and the pathophysiology of severe heart failure is crucial for the critical care nurse caring for these patients. Critical care nursing interventions for bleeding, renal failure, infection, and other complications will be outlined.
Noninvasive Identification of Patients at Risk for Ventricular Tachycardia with the Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram
Authors: Moser Debra K. , Woo Mary A. , Stevenson William G.
Published: January 2016

The signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAE) is a noninvasive means of detecting cardiac late potentials. Late potentials in patients with coronary artery disease indicate a high risk for the development of ventricular tachycardia. Although the usefulness of the SAE for directing therapy has not yet been clearly established, the test appears to be useful in the stratification of arrhythmia risk in select groups of high-risk patients. As critical care nurses frequently care for these patients, they need to be familiar with tools such as the SAE that may be used in high-risk patient assessment. This article describes the physiologic basis underlying the use of the SAE, the SAE technique, implications for nursing practice, and clinical applications of the SAE.
Limiting Care: Is CPR for Everyone?
Authors: Brown Crystal
Published: January 2016

Current research on the efficacy of CPR in specific patient groups may lead to the withholding of CPR in groups that statistically show minimal success. Prognosticative factors that indicate minimal-at-best success with CPR include age greater than 70, dysrhythmias such as asystole and electromechanical dissociation, sepsis, metastatic cancer, GI hemorrhage, and acute stroke. Although physicians are under no legal or ethical obligation to provide futile treatments, how one defines a treatment as “futile” is unclear. As a patient advocate, the nurse acts to ensure the autonomous patient is fully informed, freely consenting, and actively directing his/her own health care. End-of-life decisions regarding health care must be based on the patient’s goals, which will be revealed through the moral discourse among health care professionals, patients, and their loved ones.
Preventive Ethics: The Development of Policies to Guide Decision-Making
Authors: Levine-Ariff June
Published: January 2016

Ethics as a discipline and certainly morals as a force in decision-making is not new. However, the remarkable advances in science and technology that have occurred during the past 30 years have brought to the bedside unforseen dilemmas, forcing health care professionals to take an ethical look at the care they deliver. Powerful diagnostic techniques, sophisticated surgical procedures, effective drugs, and worthwhile therapeutic interventions have enabled health care practitioners to eliminate many diseases and minimize disability. This progress has brought enormous human benefit. Unfortunately, coupled with these dramatic results is a reality that sometimes the quality of life produced is much less than what was desired. Our capacity to prolong life has not coincided with our ability to restore some level of health. Medical interventions have been able to maintain vital functions without always benefiting the underlying disease process. The rapidity with which technology has perpetuated ethical issues within the clinical setting has often lead to hasty and arbitrary decision-making. It is only with a thrust toward preventive ethics that decisions can be thoughtful and beneficial to patients and families. Thus, this article focuses on the implementation of policies that minimize and/or prevent ethical conflicts.
Withdrawal of Food and Fluid
Authors: Daly Barbara J.
Published: January 2016

John S. is a 72-year-old patriarch of a large, extended family. He underwent a mitral and aortic valve replacement, followed by a complicated postoperative course. His recovery was complicated by hemodynamic instability, several cardiac arrests, acute renal failure, and sepsis. He has been in the ICU for 14 weeks and has been unable to wean from mechanical ventilation. After many conferences between the patient’s family and the ICU staff, a decision was made to remove ventilator support. This was done 3 days ago. John’s condition seems stable now, but it is clear that he will not regain his former state of health. He is very debilitated, may require chronic dialysis, and has suffered some anoxic brain damage during his arrests. The nursing and medical staff are now faced with the question of further withdrawal of treatment and are considering whether or not to discontinue his parenteral nutrition and all IV fluids.
Limiting Care: The Case of Organ Transplantation
Authors: Smith Susan L.
Published: January 2016

The technical challenge of performing organ transplants is nearly nonexistent, and great progress has been made in understanding and overcoming the barriers associated with the immune system. The questions are no longer, “Can we perform organ transplants?” and “Which ones?”. These questions have been replaced by a much more complex one, “Who should be offered the therapeutic option of transplant?”. This article explores the concept of limited access to a vital care option, organ transplantation. The two major factors that limit unrestricted access are the high cost of organ transplantation to the individual and society, and the limited supply of donor organs. These issues are discussed within the framework of, and how they affect, patient selection for transplantation.