bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techniques Used to Assess the Efficacy of Psychotropic Drugs: A Critical Review
Authors: Newmark Charles S.
Published: September 2011

Some relevant literature concerning the techniques used to assess psychotropic drug efficacy is evaluated and summarized, and the need for an objective dependent variable to assess behavioral changes associated with drug effects is indicated. The paper concludes that the most obvious basic requirements for the evaluation of psychotropic drugs at the human level are the development and maintenance of stable and reproducible baselines against which to assess drug-correlated changes. As of this date, such a measure has not been developed.
Factor Structure of the Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Pedhazur Elazar J.
Published: September 2011

The factor structure of the Dogmatism Scale was studied. In separate analyses for males ( N = 309) and females ( N = 526) 5 factors emerged. The factors were rotated orthogonally and obliquely, resulting in very similar loadings for both rotations. Since a single common factor did not emerge and since the correlations among the 5 factors were low, with some near 0, the use of the Dogmatism Scale as a summated rating scale was questioned. The solutions for males and females, though similar, were sufficiently different to warrant treating them separately. In view of the findings, it was suggested that the measurement of a construct as complex as dogmatism may be enhanced by resorting to a multidimensional approach.
Can Unlearning Be Undone? Tests of the Inhibition Hypothesis
Authors: Lazar Gerald , Weiss Ethel
Published: September 2011

The inhibition hypothesis of unlearning suggests that A-B recall might be facilitated after A-C learning if A-C were inhibited by a third list. The first experiment showed that while A-C can be interfered with by a C-C'r list, A-B retention loss increased, contrary to prediction. A second experiment varied the A-C inhibition task without effect on A-B recall. However, in a third experiment, data consistent with the inhibition hypothesis were obtained when the B items were from a different response class than all the other items on the A-C and C-C'r lists.
Another Law of Clinical Judgment: A Psychological Mechanism Based on the Logic of Psycho-Dynamics
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Linscheid Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Following a “psycho-dynamics” paradigm, two psychiatric direct-estimation scales (each pertaining to classification names for psychotic disorders as the stimuli and each based on judgments from two independent groups of psychiatrists, Ns = 29 and 33) were shown to be systematically interrelated. A power function was preferred to show the relation. The form of the relationship between judged susceptibility to external stress and judged prognostic favorability was discussed. Suggestions for further research were made.
Interpersonal Attraction as a Function of Attitude Similarity-Dissimilarity and Desire for Certainty
Authors: Jackson Lee A. , Mascaro Guillermo F.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of need for certainty on the functional relationship between level of attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction. It was hypothesized that persons having a high desire for certainty would be more attracted to those who agreed and less attracted to those who disagreed than Ss exhibiting a lower need for certainty. The data indicated a significant main effect for attitude similarity on attraction, but the hypothesized interaction with need for certainty was not significant.
Effect of Sensory Isolation upon Intracranial Self-Stimulation by Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Suss Lawrence S. , Aderman Morris
Published: September 2011

The present research investigated “pleasurable” intracranial self-stimulation in 8 Sprague-Dawley rats as a function of 3-hr. sensory isolation. A significantly higher rate of responding was obtained during the sensory-isolation confinement than under the control conditions.
Some Effects of Seating Position on Social Perception
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Summer's (1967) hypothesis that status and/or dominance may be ascribed to an individual automatically as a function of the location he occupies was supported. Ss made semantic-differential scale ratings of target individuals photographed while seated at a rectangular table. As predicted, occupancy of the head position (as opposed to side locations) was associated with higher ratings on all six of the following scales: (1) Talkativeness, (2) Persuasiveness, (3) Dominance, (4) Leadership, (5) Self-confidence, and (6) Intelligence. The occupant of the head position was also chosen significantly more often as the one who “probably contributed the most” to the group's task performance. The results are interpreted to indicate a general “halo effect” reflecting cultural standards and traditions regarding the organization of social space.
Development of Time Concepts in Normal and Retarded Children
Authors: Montroy Pheryl , McManis Donald , Bell Donald
Published: September 2011

36 normal and retarded children, matched for MA at three levels (6, 9, and 11, ns = 6 each), were tested for understanding of the time concepts of simultaneity, equality of synchronous intervals, and order of events. For both normals and retardates, active ordering of observed events was more difficult than understanding of simultaneity or of equality of synchronous intervals in observed demonstrations. Understanding of time concepts increased steadily with increases in MA, and a sequential order of development in rime concepts was indicated. Children at lower MAs understood simultaneity and equality of synchronous intervals better than active ordering of events, whereas at higher MAs these concepts were understood essentially equally. A slower rate of development by retardates than by normals was suggested by the results, but unequivocal acceptance of this finding was cautioned against due to confounding of IQ with MA level in the retarded Ss.
Quantitative Judgments of Culturally Advantaged and Disadvantaged Preschool Children
Authors: Kauffmak James M. , Payne James S. , Ensminger E. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Four quantitative judgment tasks in which psycholinguistic and motivational variables were minimized were presented to 35 advantaged and 35 disadvantaged Ss comprising 7 age levels from 2 yr. 4 mo. through 4 yr. 7 mo. of age. Responses indicate that conservation-like cognitive operations may be affected by: (a) difficulty of the discrimination task, (b) presence of cultural disadvantages, and (c) age of advantaged is.
Frequency of Occurrence and the Likeableness of Trait Names
Authors: Bowen John H.
Published: September 2011

The report examines the relationship between the likeableness ( L) scale values of adjectives, as obtained by Anderson, and the frequencies of occurrence of the adjectives. Also presented is the distribution of the frequencies of occurrence of the adjectives. The distribution is skewed, with a median at approximately 5.7 words-per-million (wpm) and a range from 4 words per 18 million through 100+ wpm. A large number of frequency points show a very low word density. There is a low, significant correlation (.299) between frequency and L. The methodological implications of the findings are examined.
An Economical Model of the Engineered Classroom
Authors: Coleman Richard
Published: September 2011

A behavior modification model was developed for a special class of 5 ‘disturbed’ children following the collapse of a “green thumb” program. Specific appropriate classroom behaviors were identified for each child. The goal of the program was to increase the frequency of these appropriate behaviors to the extent that the child could function full-time in a regular class. The organization of the class as well as the behavior modification procedures are described.
Shock and Noise as Instigating Stimuli in Human Aggression
Authors: Geen Russell G. , Powers Patrick C.
Published: September 2011

In 2 separate experiments Ss were either attacked or not attacked by a confederate ( C). In one experiment C used shocks and in the other he used loud noise in attacking. In each case, S was later allowed to reply in kind to C. Results show that Ss attacked with shocks retaliated with both a greater number and greater intensities of shock than Ss not attacked. Ss attacked with loud noise retaliated more than nonattacked Ss only in terms of the number of noise bursts given. The conclusion is drawn that shock is a more reliable instigator of retaliatory aggression than aversive noise.
Information Value of Adjectives in Relation to Their Position in Sentences
Authors: Tuinman Jaap , Hafner Lawrence E.
Published: September 2011

Responses to 60 sentences presented in 2 forms (prenominal and postnominal) to 90 students showed method of measurement was significant but not position of the adjective.
Peers as Modeling and Normative Influences in the Development of Aggression
Authors: Cohen Stewart
Published: September 2011

An examination of role functions of peers and adult socialization agents (mother, father, and teacher) on two dimensions of aggression-related experiences (modeling and norms) was made. Ss were 108 male elementary school children attending the 4th and 6th grades. A standardized interview focusing on nonparticipatory observations of aggressive behavior and reinforcement-expectations for aggressive behavior served to provide response measures of differences among sources in providing experiences correlated with the acquisition and performance of aggressive behavior. Among sources surveyed, peer-related experiences were significantly more frequently representative of exposure to modeling and reinforcement contingencies associated with aggression, while reports of teacher behavior were least representative of these dimensions.
Dogmatism and Rigidity: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Parrott George
Published: September 2011

Following earlier theoretical suggestions by Rokeach, this paper investigated the factorial structure of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale both individually and together to determine if they could be shown to tap empirically different aspects of personality. In addition with the sample of 1074, part sample analyses were done to examine the stability of factor-analytic results. Using orthogonal varimax rotation, a clear separation of Dogmatism and Rigidity was shown, in support of Rokeach's theory; the individual analyses yielded insight into the nature of the two tests' content.
Models, Norms and Sharing
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: September 2011

Third and fifth grade children were exposed to a model who either shared with them, gave to a mental health charity or refused to share. Their subsequent sharing with the model, mental health, or a Toys for Tots charity or their refusal to share was observed, along with their answers to a questionnaire designed to assess the salience of a norm of altruism for them. Both specific and generalized imitation of altruism was found, and salience of sharing appeared to be strongly related to actual sharing and weakly related to experimental conditions.
Social Acceptability in the Measurement of Racial Attitudes
Authors: Sedlacek William E. , Brooks Glenwood C.
Published: September 2011

204 white Ss were asked to indicate how most college students felt about people with certain values. Results indicated there was less perceived social acceptance of negative racial attitudes among college students than of other values. However, when similar groups of white students were administered the Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) they responded relatively negatively to blacks. Thus, there is evidence for a difference between what white students feel are socially acceptable attitudes toward blacks and what they actually feel.
Pattern Analysis of Wisc Scores Achieved by Culturally Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Cole Spurgeon , Hunter Mildred
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the WISC profile for culturally disadvantaged children was undertaken to determine which subtests were least affected by experimental factors. Highest scores were earned on Picture Completion, Similarities, Comprehension and Vocabulary. Lowest scores were obtained on Information, Picture Arrangement, Math, Object Assembly, Coding and Block Design. There was no evidence to suggest that cultural deprivation has less detrimental effect on performance than verbal or abstract skills.
Q by Q Interview as a Predictor of Success in Second Language Learning
Authors: Asher James J.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to find the reliability and validity of the selection interview used to predict student success after 6 wk. of intensive training in Arabic, German, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Turkish, and Vietnamese. The criterion measures were grades and instructor ratings for listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The results indicated that interview reliability and validity were a function of range restriction. Given minimal range restriction, interrater reliability was extremely high and validity was substantial. Intelligence and language aptitude tests showed even higher validity than the interview.
Effects of a Contextual Change upon Retroactive Inhibition
Authors: Jensen Larry , Dibble John , Anderson D. Chris
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that retroactive inhibition could be produced using meaningful passages of prose. In addition, it was hypothesized that if the interpolated session took place in a context which was markedly different from the room used during original learning, the amount of retroactive inhibition would be less. Also, if there was a contextual change between the original learning and the recall session, retention would be less. A passage describing Jim as an extravert was first presented, followed by one describing him as an introvert. A classroom and cafeteria served as contrasting contexts. The hypotheses were confirmed.
Cognitive Dissonance and Recall of Interrupted and Completed Tasks
Authors: Yang Kuo-Shu
Published: September 2011

The dissonance view of interruption was the basis of a prediction that volition for task commitment and expectation of task completion would affect differential recall of interrupted and completed tasks. 140 university students were randomly assigned to 4 treatment combinations of the 2 independent variables and individually asked to perform 20 paper-and-pencil tasks, half of which were interrupted. It was found that volition and expectation were related to recall of interrupted, but not completed, tasks in an interactive way. That is, higher volition led to better recall of interrupted tasks under low expectation while there was no differential effect under higher expectation. The interactive results, taken as a whole, suggested an inverted-U relation between magnitude of dissonance and recall of interrupted tasks.
Effects of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats on Learning, Emotionality, and Reaction to Stress
Authors: Caffrey B. , Patterson M. Y.
Published: September 2011

Dietary fat was manipulated in a pilot study to assess its effects on emotionality, operant conditioning, and escape conditioning in 30 male rats. Low-fat Ss learned best in the Skinner box. Those maintained on high saturated fat showed somewhat more emotionality but performed better in the water maze. There was some indication that restriction of dietary fat did not interfere with routine learning, but it did retard learning under stressful conditions.
Cognitive Complexity and Political Preference
Authors: Soucar Emil , Du Cette Joseph
Published: September 2011

Data from 165 college students indicated that disliked political figures were more highly differentiated than liked political figures. These data replicate findings from previous studies and indicate the generality of the phenomenon investigated.
Coping and Marathon Sensitivity Training
Authors: Pollack Donald , Stanley Gerald
Published: September 2011

Marathon sensitivity training was examined in terms of changes in coping. Ss were 28 college students, and a control activity group was utilized. Pre- and posttest scores were obtained on a Sentence Completion Test. Results indicated a significant increase in coping scores after the marathon experience; no change was observed in control Ss. Sex of Ss was not related to change. An explanation in terms of a tension-increment model of personality is offered. Suggestions for future research are made.
Stress during Acquisition and T-Maze Choice Behavior in Extinction
Authors: Yaremko R. M. , Johnson Susan , Maddox Betty , Leckart Bruce T.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 5 rats each were trained to turn left or right in a T-maze for food reinforcement, then reversed. 2 groups acquired the right turn with shock in the alley stem. During extinction (no food, no shock) shocked Ss either maintained or regressed to right turns. Frustration theory and elicitation theory interpretations were discussed.
Adipsic to Polydipsic Shift in Gerbils Induced by Food Deprivation
Authors: Weele Vander Dennis A. , Tellish Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

Gerbils were restricted in feeding to 0, 40, 80, and 100% of their predetermined median daily food consumption. Water consumption under 0 and 40% food showed a short period of adipsia followed, under 0% only, by significant polydipsia; other conditions showed no significant differences. Analyses of variance of daily water consumption yielded significant differences under 0 and 40% over days and a significant interaction of days by deprivation level ( p < .01). Subsequent trend analyses demonstrated a significant linear increase in water consumption from initial adipsia with 0 and 40% restricted feeding. Ss sustained polydipsia as long as food remained restricted.
Relative Susceptibility of Catch-Phrase and Propositional Scales to Social Desirability
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relative susceptibility of catch-phrase versus propositional (traditional) scales the Crowne-Marlowe (C-M) scale of social desirability, as well as the Wilson-Patterson (W-P) catch-phrase conservatism scale and a specially constructed propositional conservatism scale covering the same content area, were given to 90 South African high-school pupils under anonymous conditions and instructions to fake a ‘conservative’ or ‘liberal’ impression. A similar group of 40 Ss rated the various items in the two scales in terms of their social desirability. Finally, a similar group of 80 Ss completed the two scales under ‘real life’ conditions that have been shown to ‘demand’ liberal and conservative replies respectively. Since (a) the correlation with the C-M social desirability scale was significantly lower for the W-P scale, (b) the difference between Ss' scores under anonymous and faking conditions was significantly smaller for the W-P scale, and (c) the mean scores of the two unlike ‘real life’ conditions for the groups given the W-P scale differed more than those given the other scale, it was concluded that, as regards these scales, the catch-phrase type of questionnaire shows less susceptibility to social desirability.
Revised Anxiety Scales for the Louisville Behavior Check List
Authors: Miller Lovick C. , Barrett Curtis L. , Hampe Edward , Noble Helen
Published: September 2011

Two Louisville Behavior Check List scales for assessing children's manifest anxiety using parents as observers were revised. A sample of phobic children was used for scale revision and a sample from the general population was used for cross-validation and normative data. The Fear Scale includes both general and focalized anxiety, with special emphasis on sleep and death; the Sensitivity Scale reflects a sense of “unlikeableness” combined with impulsivity and somatization. Split-half reliability reached .80 on each scale for 7 of 8 populations. No sex differences occurred on the Fear Scale, but sex-specific norms were constructed for Sensitivity. The phobic and general samples differed significantly on each scale. T scores, based on general population norms, were constructed for each scale by sex.
Assessing Prejudice toward Negroes at Three Universities Using the Lost-Letter Technique
Authors: Montanye Theodore , Mulberry Ronald F. , Hardy Kenneth R.
Published: September 2011

The lost-letter technique was used to assess attitudes toward Negroes at Brigham Young University as compared to Arizona State University and the University of Cincinnati. 200 letters were “lost” at each school, half addressed to the “Medical Research Association,” half to the “Negro Equal Rights Movement.” Findings showed that B. Y. U. students acted most responsibly (highest return rate), but such behavior was significantly attenuated by prejudice (fewer Negro than Medical returns). A. S. U. students, contrastingly, were least responsible but were relatively unaffected by prejudice. Cincinnati students were similar to B. Y. U. students in prejudice, but more like Arizona students on level of responsibility. Difficulties in interpretation are partly based on the inadequacies of the lost-letter technique used as a non-reactive measure.
Acceptance of Trait-Descriptive vs “Medical Model” Oriented Feedback Statements
Authors: Balance William D. G. , Sandberg Sonny S. , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

The current controversy surrounding the medical or illness model of disordered behavior has very largely neglected the area of psychological assessment and feedback. It was the aim of the present study to examine the acceptability of feedback statements derived from inventories based on pathology-oriented vs trait-descriptive personality constructs. 88 male and female students completed the MMPI and the PRF (Personality Research Form) in group sessions in a counterbalanced design. 5 wk. later all Ss ranked feedback statements from both of these instruments in the exact order that the statements were viewed as accurately descriptive of themselves. Pathology ratings of these feedback statements by 6 male and 6 female judges were also obtained. The results were: (1) MMPI feedbacks were judged as significantly more indicative of pathology than PRF feedbacks, and (2) Ss endorsed PRF feedbacks as significantly more self-descriptive than MMPI feedbacks. Implications of these findings for professional practice and validity research were discussed.
Rearing Variations and Hebb-Williams Maze Performance
Authors: Sturgeon R. David , Reid Larry D.
Published: September 2011

Rats were kept in 1 of 3 environments from 21 to 81 days of age. The environments varied from one that changed very little across days (impoverishment) to one that changed daily (“super-enrichment”). At 110 and 190 days of age, Ss were given batteries of tests in the Hebb-Williams maze. The first tests were preceded by pretraining habituation to testing and the second tests were preceded by pretraining and maze running. There were large differences among the groups on the first battery of tests, with Ss from the enriched environments being superior problem-solvers. Performance varied little among groups on the second battery of tests. All Ss' performance improved with continued testing but those of “impoverishment” improved most. Task-related experience can reduce individual differences.
A Cultural Delusion of Alcoholics
Authors: Schaefer H. H.
Published: September 2011

Individual questioning of 30 hospitalized alcoholics showed that those among them who believed that the first drink necessarily leads to drunkenness were significantly less able to drink in a socially acceptable manner than those who did not know of or believe in that dictum. The implications of this difference are discussed.
Conscious Experiences are a Memory Process
Authors: Roberts Hugh M.
Published: September 2011

Burt's objections to consciousness as cybernetics are considered, and the cybernetic versions of Place and Taylor are assessed. Concepts of consciousness as a reactive emergent entity and an overlying nervous system are noticed. In Roberts' version basic states or objects, the self, and relations of self to states or objects are the experiential parts of consciousness, and are cybernetically identifiable. Gradable organizations of these parts are, while in immediate memory process, conscious experiences. The generic term consciousness, meaning subjective being of something, is “something” in immediate memory process.
Voluntary Inhibition of Galvanic Skin Response
Authors: Ton William H. , Boulger John R.
Published: September 2011

To assess the effectiveness of instructional set in voluntary inhibition of GSR 43 male Ss were assigned to 3 treatment groups. All groups were shown 4 slides of female nudes once, were given a break or instructions, and were shown the slides again. Group 1 received instruction to try to inhibit their response. Group C1 received instruction about the nature of the GSR measure. Group C2 received no special instructions. Scores were changes in mean peak amplitude of skin conductance between presentations. Analysis of variance indicated no suppression had occurred. Inspection of the data led to the conclusion that the instructions were followed by higher skin conductance, probably from increased anxiety or skeletal artifact.
Imitation of Self-Reward Standards by Black and White Female Delinquents
Authors: Thelen Mark H. , Fryrear Jerry L.
Published: September 2011

40 black and 40 white female delinquents observed a black or a white male model who employed liberal or stringent standards of self-reward. Even when given explicit normative information, Ss imitated the self-reward standards of the model. There were no differences in imitation as a function of S's race or model's race. Comparison with a comparable recent study showed that the black male delinquents imitated the white liberal male model more than the black female delinquents.
Locus of Control and Achievement Motivation: Theoretical Overlap and Methodological Divergence
Authors: Wolk Stephen , Ducette Joseph
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined the relationship between locus of control and achievement motivation, using college graduate students and high-school females. Nonsignificant correlations were found between locus of control and several measures of the need for achievement. In addition for one study, a nonsignificant correlation was also obtained when intelligence was partialled out of the relationship. The present findings and discrepancies in the literature were related to empirical and theoretical issues.
Factors Affecting Diagnostic Judgments of Manifest Dream Content in Schizophrenia
Authors: Brenneis C. Brooks
Published: September 2011

Judges with diverse professional training and experience were asked to discriminate the dreams of hospitalized schizophrenics from those of hospitalized nonschizophrenics, a task which proved to be subjectively and objectively extraordinarily difficult. Performing barely above chance expectation as a group, judges tended to be misled by an invalid assumption that material depicting loss of body integrity would be more frequent in the dreams of schizophrenics and relatively insensitive to a valid clue, indications of thought disorder. When judges of similar experience were compared, lengthier experience was unrelated to more accurate judgments. However, when judges with different kinds of experience were contrasted, the kind of experience was strikingly related to accuracy. Judges familiar with dreams and psychotic patients (therapists) were most accurate, judges familiar with psychotic patients but typically not dreams (hospital professionals) were next most accurate while nonprofessionals were least accurate. The importance of attending to the kind of judges' experience—as opposed to amount—in studies of the clinical judgment process was emphasized.
Relationship between Number of Identified Reinforcers and Depression-Elation
Authors: Uhes Michael J. , David Kenneth H.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between the number of stimuli identified by Ss as reinforcing (together with the reinforcing value of the identified stimuli) and self-labeled depression-elation. 81 Ss were administered the Reinforcement Survey Schedule and a depression-elation scale. The hypothesis was not supported, with non-significant ( p > .05) correlation coefficients occurring for both males and females.
Factor Analyses of Normal and Depressed Patients' Memories of Parental Behavior
Authors: Raskin Allen , Boothe Helvi H. , Reatig Natalie A. , Schulterbrandt Joy G. , Odle David
Published: September 2011

An abbreviated 90-item version of the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory was administered to two samples of 371 and 177 hospitalized depressed patients and a third sample of 254 normal adults. In each sample there were roughly twice as many females as males. Ss rated mothers and fathers on separate but identical forms. The three major factors which emerged from these six factor analyses closely resembled Schaefer's three conceptual dimensions—Acceptance vs Rejection, Psychological Autonomy vs Psychological Control and Firm Control vs Lax Control. Essentially the same items had significant loadings on comparable mother and father factors. Finally, patients rated both parents more negatively on these factors than the normal adults.
Implications of Social Reaction Research for Racism
Authors: Allen Bem P.
Published: September 2011

It was asserted that evidence for the existence of the phenomenon “racism” would be forthcoming if anti-black sentiment is shown to be manifested in social reality in some consistent manner. The “Rokeach-Triandis Controversy” was reviewed in order to demonstrate that past research yields a suggestion of a possible manifestation of racism. An experimental approach at direct confirmation of the suggested manifestation was defined. The relationship of this approach to other actual and possible approaches was described. Finally, possible misinterpretations of the specified approach to the investigation of racism were delineated.
Measuring Attitudes and Behavior toward Ecologically Significant Products
Authors: Winters Lewis C.
Published: September 2011

Beliefs and attitudes toward buying unleaded gasoline, colored bathroom tissue, no-return containers, and high phosphate detergents were measured among 82 female consumers and compared to their reported purchase of the products. Most respondents reported no normative pressure to buy or not buy these products, nor would they be motivated to comply with it if they did. The correlations between one's own attitude toward buying and reported buying were significant ( p < .01) and varied little by products ( r = .31, .33, .34, and .31 respectively for unleaded gasoline, colored bathroom tissue, no-return containers, and high phosphate detergents).
Return Rates of “Lost” Letters as a Function of Whether the Letter is Stamped and the Apparent Importance of the Letter
Authors: Simon William E.
Published: September 2011

150 stamped and 150 unstamped letters were “lost.” Three different addresses, designed to indicate different degrees of apparent importance, were used. The return rate for stamped letters was significantly higher than the return rate for unstamped letters. The apparent importance of the letter did not have a significant effect upon return rate.
Role of Restricted Running and Goal-Box Placements in the Double Runway Behavior of the Albino Rat
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Fannin Henry A. , Braud William G. , Stimmel D. Theron
Published: September 2011

7 groups ( ns = 10) of albino rats received 40 acquisition trials (5/day) in a double alley under one of the following conditions: (1) 40 8-pellet rewarded GB1 placements; (2) 40 8-pellet rewarded run trials, RW1 and RW2; (3) 40 NR GB1 placements; (4) 40 8-pellet rewarded RW1-only trials, and (5) 40 NR run trials, RW1 and RW2. Following preshift training, 30 postshift trials were given under the following conditions: (1) one of the 8-pellet rewarded placements groups was shifted to NR, whereas the two remaining placement groups received the same GB1 conditions as in the preshift phase; all Ss in the 3 placement groups now ran RW2 only; (2) Ss in RW1-only group received 30 NR trials in GB1 and now ran RW1 and RW2; and (3) one group of eight-pellet rewarded Ss RW1 and RW. received 30 NR trials GB1, whereas the other two RW1 and RW2 groups remained as in the preshift phase. All Ss received one pellet in GB2. During acquisition, RW1 speeds were a direct positive function of GB1 magnitude, while RW2 speeds were an inverse function of amount received in GB1. The data are more supportive of a hypothesis based upon an odor-mediated, conditioned tendency to remain in GB1 rather than an emotionally based FE.
Cognitive Complexity and Categorization of Stimulus Objects Being Judged
Authors: Wilkins Greg , Epting Franz
Published: September 2011

Cognitive complexity and the categorization of stimulus objects being judged was examined. Previous research indicated that these stimulus objects could be analyzed in terms of two distinct subgroups with reference to social distance. The cognitive complexity scores assigned to 10 stimulus objects by 82 Ss were subjected to a principal factor analysis. Since the largest two factors extracted did not have appropriate content and left a large proportion of the total score variance unaccounted for, it was concluded that these role models could not be categorized into two distinct subgroups upon the basis of affective stimulus value. Future research should consider the significance of the individual stimulus objects being judged.
Attitudes of Nursing Students toward Eight Major Disabilities
Authors: Muhlenkamp A. F.
Published: September 2011

34 nursing students ranked 8 disabilities according to the degree of difficulty they felt they would experience, were they personally to incur the disability. The nursing students' attitudes agreed only with those of Mensa members ( rho = .81, p < .05), not those of rehabilitation counseling students or rehabilitation professors (Wilson, Sakata, & Frumkin, 1968).
Treatment Conditions, Dogmatism, and Perception of Demand Characteristics
Authors: Jones James Marc
Published: September 2011

In an attitude study 158 Ss' perceptions of demand characteristics were investigated in relation to treatment condition and dogmatism (Rokeach, 1960). Ss receiving the experimental treatment were expected to show greater awareness of E's purpose than control Ss because of less confusing cues for the former Ss. Dogmatism was expected to be either negatively related to accurate perception of demand cues or unrelated to such awareness. Analysis of responses to a five-question awareness scale was performed by a 3 by 2 analysis of variance using the method of unweighted means (Winer, 1962). Experimental Ss showed significantly more accurate perceptions of demand cues ( p < .01) than control Ss, but dogmatism had no significant effects. Tentative interpretations of these data were provided in terms of the phenomena of perceptual synthesis and perceptual analysis (Levy & Rokeach, 1960), and suggestions for further research were given.
Lower-Class Mothers' Behavior and Attitudes toward Child Rearing
Authors: Zunich Michael
Published: September 2011

This investigation sought to test the hypothesis that maternal attitudes toward family life are significantly related to selected behaviors of mothers, observed in interaction with their children. Of the 374 comparisons made by means of Spearman rank correlation coefficients, computed between frequencies in 17 maternal behavior categories and 22 attitude scales of the PARI, 8 evidenced significant relationships ( p ≤ .05). Of the 17 behavior categories, only 3 showed a significant relationship with the sex of the child ( p = .05) when the median test was applied between frequencies of maternal contacts with sons and daughters. The mothers of daughters evidenced more Contacting and Structuring interactions than mothers of sons. However, mothers of sons showed more Restricting behavior.
An Index of Association for Two-Group Covariance Problems
Authors: Baggaley Andrew R.
Published: September 2011

The index is developed from quantities involved in partial correlation. It contains the difference between the criterion means, adjusted for the corresponding means on the covariable.
Homophobia: A Tentative Personality Profile
Authors: Smith Kenneth T.
Published: September 2011

The study of homosexuals only is insufficient to understanding homosexual problems. Research was conducted to investigate individuals whose negative attitude toward homosexuals may contribute to the problem. A tentative profile suggests these individuals may be status conscious, authoritarian and sexually rigid. Other aspects of their personalities are discussed and subsequent research is outlined.
Reductions in DRL Responding following Removal of the Response-Reinforcer Dependency
Authors: Lattal K. A. , Maxey G. C.
Published: September 2011

Rats' bar-press responses were conditioned on differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedules. The number of responses emitted was reduced to near 0 within 12 sessions after removal of the response-reinforcer dependency by changing to variable time schedules which approximated the pattern and frequency of reinforcer delivery during the previous DRL. These response reductions were similar to, but more rapid than, those observed when the response-reinforcer dependency is removed following extended conditioning on other schedules of response-dependent reinforcer presentation.
Social Intelligence: A Concept in Search of Data
Authors: Shanley Luke A. , Walker Ronald E. , Foley Jeanne M.
Published: September 2011

300 students from Grades 6, 9, and 12 (equally represented by males and females at each grade) were administered the Otis IQ test and six of Guilford's tests of social intelligence. The data were analyzed to ascertain the relationship between IQ and social intelligence and the effects of sex and grade level on social intelligence. The hypothesis that social intelligence increases with age was supported by the significant main effects which indicated that twelfth graders quite consistently scored higher than ninth graders who, in turn, scored higher than sixth graders. Females scored significantly higher than males on two of the six Guilford measures. The majority of the correlations between IQ and social intelligence were significant and those for the ninth grade students, in particular, were sufficiently high to raise questions about the independence of these two types of intelligence.
Risky Shift in Marketing Decision Making: A Nonconfirmation
Authors: Peterson Robert A. , Fulcher David G.
Published: September 2011

Choice-dilemma items and a marketing case-study task were administered to 48 MBA candidates at the University of Texas in a test of the risky-shift phenomenon. Using consensus decisions, groups were more risk-oriented than the individuals comprising them in the instance of the choice-dilemma items, but not when a familiar, realistic task was performed. Hence, it is necessary to use caution when attempting to generalize the risky shift to decision-making situations that use more realistic measures of risk than those represented by the standard choice-dilemma instrument.
Effects of Post-Trial Injections of Scopolamine and Eserine on Acquisition of a Simultaneous Brightness Discrimination
Authors: Miller Loren , Drew W. G. , McCoy D. F.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of rats were given injections of scopolamine, methylscopolamine, eserine or saline immediately following the completion of an acquisition trial on a brightness discrimination in a T-maze. Results indicated that eserine and scopolamine groups displayed little or no reduction in errors over 50 acquisition trials, while Ss treated with methylscopolamine or saline showed a marked reduction in errors over the last 15 trials. While the data can be interpreted in terms of a consolidation model of memory, a progressive increase in failures to eat on rewarded trials by groups receiving the centrally active drugs, indicates that side effects of these drugs probably played a role in learning impairments.
Re-Evaluation of the Use of the Quick Test with a Sample of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Subjects
Authors: Maloney Michael P. , Ward Michael P. , Schenck Herbert U. , Braucht George N.
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to evaluate the usefulness of the Quick Test (QT) as a measure of intelligence in mentally retarded persons. Both the QT and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) were administered to 109 institutionalized retarded Ss, ranging in age from 10 to 57 yr. in the order Form B, A (PPVT), QT 1, 2, 3. An order of test effects was clear. The results suggested that, although the QT is effective with persons in the normal range of intelligence, it, as with the PPVT, should not be used alone to assess intelligence of mentally retarded persons.
Determination of Mean Squared Distances in Semantic Space from Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Spears William D.
Published: September 2011

A simple method is derived for converting intercorrelations of ratings on scales of the semantic differential to mean squared distances in semantic space.
Further Study of Short-Term Memory for Various Types of Stimuli as a Function of Repression-Sensitization
Authors: Bergquist William H. , Lewinsohn Peter M. , Benson Braddie
Published: September 2011

Sensitizers were hypothesized to perform significantly better than repressors on a short-term memory task. Ss were presented with pairs of visual displays for brief durations (.75 sec. per display). Each display contained one word, picture, geometric design, and color. After 0, 7.5, or 15 sec., Ss were instructed to recall these display elements. Differences in rate of recall between repression-sensitization (R-S) groups (as measured by the Byrne R-S scale) were not found to be significant. Results were discussed with reference to previous findings (Bergquist, et al., 1968).
Social Class, Race and Junior High School Students' Belief in Personal Control
Authors: Gable Robert K. , Minton Henry L.
Published: September 2011

The relationships between internal-external control and social class and race were studied for two groups of junior high school students. Significant differences were found on internal-external control between schools but not for social class or race. Economic and cultural differences between schools were examined.
Food-Motivated Behavior in Three Species of Macaques
Authors: Eastman Robert F.
Published: September 2011

The food-motivated performances of rhesus, stumptail, and cynomolgus macaques were compared using an intra-session progressive fixed-ratio technique. During each test session, the number of panel-presses required for reinforcement was progressively increased until each animal failed to meet a performance criterion. The number of reinforcements obtained by each animal and its speed of responding were measured. The results indicated that, when an easily learned instrumental task involves progressively increasing effort to obtain food, the three species of macaques tested do not perform in a significantly different manner.
Computer Simulation of Multiple Strategies in Human Binary Prediction
Authors: Sampson Jeffrey R. , Chen I-Ngo
Published: September 2011

Most models of human binary-prediction behavior (two-choice probability learning) have been of the mathematical learning theory variety and have given little consideration to S's memory for the event sequence and to the kinds of strategic behavior he may be using. This study considers reasons for dissatisfaction with that approach and proposes a new type of model which is based on a memory structure like that described by Atkinson and Shiffrin. The model is of the computer-simulation type and proposes that S uses each of several prediction strategies in approximate proportion to its relative frequency of success. The theory is developed from a number of general assumptions and specific axioms and is tested on the data from a new binary-prediction experiment. The discussion concludes with comparisons to results from studies in mathematical learning theory and suggestions for further development of the new type of model.
Effect of Number of Alternatives and Scoring Instructions on Examinees' Reactions to Multiple-Choice Tests
Authors: Waters Carrie Wherry , Waters L. K.
Published: September 2011

Reactions of examinees to 2 scoring instructions were evaluated for 2-, 3-, and 5-alternative multiple-choice items. Examinees were more favorable toward the “reward for omitted items” than the “penalty for wrongs” instructions across all numbers of item alternatives.
Blood Type Gene Frequency and Mental Ability
Authors: Osborne R. T. , Suddick D. E.
Published: September 2011

Blood group gene frequencies which are inherited according to Mendelian principles were correlated with performance on a broad base general-purpose mental ability test. Six blood groups were significantly related to the mental test scores of 54 Caucasians and of 42 Negroes. The six-variable R2s are impressive. Predictions can be made concerning the level of mental test performance from the blood group gene frequencies.
The Quick Test as a Screening Device in a Welfare Setting
Authors: Joesting Joan , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

The Quick Test (Form 1) was administered to 42 retarded children in a welfare setting. IQs correlated significantly with WISC raw scores (e.g., Vocabulary r = .61; Verbal r = .69; Performance r = .57; Full Scale r = .71).
Comparison of Women's Liberation Members with Their Nonmember Peers
Authors: Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

The Torrance Life Experience Inventory, 107 items concerning an individual's family as well as his past and current behaviors, was administered to 25 Women's Liberation members and 25 peers. On achievement for excellence, creativity, elaboration, originality, and risk-taking, members of women's liberation had higher means than their 25 nonmember peers. Significant differences ( p = .01) were found on risk-taking, creativity, and originality. Significant differences in activities were also found. More women's liberation members reported receiving honors for things they did outside the classroom. Women's liberation members had higher grade averages in school than their nonmember peers.
Stability of Interpersonal Interaction via Video-Tape: Comparison of Organics and Schizophrenics
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Taylor G. E. , Lyman Robert , Reynolds Richard
Published: September 2011

12 chronic schizophrenics and 12 chronic organic patients were tested twice on a standardized video-tape interview, with a 1-wk. interval between tests. Each of the resulting group means, except latency, indicated great stability over time for both groups but because of high across S variability, nosological trends seem reduced.
Degree of Evaluative Assertions Ascribed to an Attitude Universe as a Function of Measurement Format
Authors: Federico Pat-Anthony
Published: September 2011

289 Air Force students were presented in counterbalanced order within- Ss two forms to gauge their attitudes toward military technical training. The content of each of 55 items was structured according to two different formats, a Likert-type and a Guttman-type configuration. The forms were similar in the sense that for each item written in the Likert format there was a corresponding item written in the Guttman format which had essentially the same content. Not only were all items within one form of the same structure, but all were composed in such a manner to reduce as much as possible variability among items due to phraseology. Each item was randomly placed in its sequential position among the 55 items of each form; and each item maintained the same sequential position within both forms. Items were scored according to customary Likert and Guttman procedures. A multiple discriminant analysis and its associated statistics were computed for these data between measurement formats. Ss demonstrated significantly more favorable attitudes toward the same content areas on the Guttman-structured items than on the Likert-structured items. Evidently, item format did affect the degree of the evaluative assertions ascribed to the attitude universe. These results were explained in terms of several alternative theories, namely, anchoring, adaptation-level, and intensity interpretations.