bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ex‐Situ Generation of Bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfide and Applications to Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions
Authors: Kolodiazhnaia Julia V. , Gudmundsson Haraldur G. , Pedersen Simon S. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: September 2023

Herein, a convenient and operationally simple protocol for the ex‐situ generation of bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfide from the readily available and commercial Langlois reagent is reported. The one‐step synthesis of the toxic and volatile CF3SSCF3 is performed in a two‐chamber reactor with simple PPh3 and N‐bromosuccinimide as the activator, allowing for the safe handling and tandem utilization in direct trifluoromethylthiolation reactions. The versatility of the ex‐situ generated CF3SSCF3 is demonstrated in known electrophilic, nucleophilic, and a radical trifluoromethylthiolation reactions. Furthermore, the application of the CF3SSCF3 in a copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling with boronic acids is disclosed, showing good to excellent yields of trifluoromethyl‐substituted aryl products, including pharmaceutically relevant molecules.
The impact of education about historical and current injustices, individual racism and systemic racism on anti‐Indigenous racism
Authors: Efimoff Iloradanon H. , Starzyk Katherine B.
Published: September 2023

Anti‐Indigenous racism is a pressing issue in Canada. Education on historical and contemporary Indigenous topics is a common strategy to challenge such racism. Despite the existence of education‐based programmes intended to address anti‐Indigenous racism, there is limited evidence that they are effective. To this end, we report the results of two longitudinal experiments (N1 = 639, N2 = 1099) assessing the effect of education on anti‐Indigenous racism. In both studies, we assessed the impact of five conditions on Indigenous‐related outcomes in samples of non‐Indigenous students. All experimental conditions included information on historical and current injustices toward Indigenous people. In some conditions, we added content on individual racism, systemic racism, or both individual and systemic racism. Results indicated that the experimental conditions improved Indigenous‐related thoughts, feelings, knowledge and behaviours. Further, the conditions containing systemic racism content outperformed the other conditions. These studies showcase the potential of education to reduce anti‐Indigenous prejudice.
Parliamentary oversight of emergency measures and policies: A safeguard of democracy during a crisis?
Authors: Värttö Mikko
Published: September 2023

The article discusses the role of parliamentary oversight of emergency measures and policies in increasing democratic resilience and recovery from the COVID‐19 pandemic. The study on the Finnish Parliament is conducted by analyzing the statements of the Constitutional Law Committee, whose role is to conduct a parliamentary constitutional review of governmental bills. The main focus of the analysis is on the Committee's reviews of the constitutionality of the emergency measures and the procedures of law drafting. The research indicates that the committee considered the restrictions and exceptions of fundamental rights as proportional and necessary to prevent the overburdening of the healthcare system in most cases. However, the justifications for the emergency measures were often lacking, and the parliament's right to receive information was compromised. These deficits undermined the Parliament's capacity to oversee emergency measures and policies. The parliamentary constitutional review during the pandemic could still serve a critical complementary function by protecting fundamental rights and democratic values.
Development of a rapid, sensitive, and selective LC–MS/MS method for quantifying curcumin levels in healthy human urine: Effect of pepper on curcumin bioavailability
Authors: Khajeh pour Sana , Blanton Cynthia , Ghimire Biwash , Aghazadeh‐Habashi Ali
Published: September 2023

Curcumin (CCM), a culinary spice, is widely consumed for its health benefits for managing oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, and hyperlipidemia. However, due to its extensive metabolism, the oral bioavailability of CCM is very low. In this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and selective assay to examine the hypothesis that piperine improves CCM bioavailability after piperine co‐ingestion. We developed a selective, sensitive, and robust LC–MS/MS method to quantify CCM in human urine. The method was linear over a concentration range 0.625–40 ng/mL with LLOQ and LLOD of 0.625 ng/mL and 0.312 ng/mL, respectively. Healthy volunteers have consumed test meals of CCM as turmeric powder with and without black pepper with 1 week wash out. Urine samples were collected for 24 hours and analyzed for CCM excretion. Black pepper increased CCM half‐life from 2.2 ± 0.79 h (CCM alone) to 4.5 ± 0.80 h (CCM + pepper). The CCM 24‐h urinary excreted amount was higher in individuals consuming CCM + pepper (218.14 ± 94.98 μg) than those who received CCM only (49.45 ± 12.94 μg). This preliminary study indicates that piperine significantly increased CCM oral absorption, reduced systemic clearance, and improved bioavailability.
A comprehensive review on Ellagic acid in breast cancer treatment: From cellular effects to molecular mechanisms of action
Authors: Golmohammadi Maryam , Zamanian Mohammad Yasin , Jalal Sahbanathul Missiriya , Noraldeen Sara Abdalrazzaq M. , Ramírez‐Coronel Andrés Alexis , Oudaha Khulood H. , Obaid Rasha Fadhel , Almulla Abbas F. , Bazmandegan Gholamreza , Kamiab Zahra
Published: September 2023

Globally, breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in women. Hence, developing a therapeutic plan to overcome the disease is crucial. Numerous factors such as endogenous hormones and environmental factors may play a role in the pathophysiology of BC. Regarding the multi‐modality treatment of BC, natural compounds like ellagic acid (EA) received has received increased interest in antitumor efficacy with lower adverse effects. Based on the results of this comprehensive review, EA has multiple effects on BC cells including (1) suppresses the growth of BC cells by arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, (2) suppresses migration, invasion, and metastatic, (3) stimulates apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells via TGF‐β/Smad3 signaling axis, (4) inhibits CDK6 that is important in cell cycle regulation, (5) binds to ACTN4 and induces its degradation via the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway, inducing decreased cell motility and invasion in BC cells, (6) inhibits the PI3K/AKT pathway, and (7) inhibits angiogenesis‐associated activities including proliferation (reduces VEGFR‐2 tyrosine kinase activity). In conclusion, EA exhibits anticancer activity through various molecular mechanisms that influence key cellular processes like apoptosis, cell cycle, angiogenesis, and metastasis in BC. However, further researches are essential to fully elucidate its molecular targets and implications for clinical applications.
Novel NCOA2/3‐rearranged low‐grade fibroblastic spindle cell tumors: A report of five cases
Authors: Bakhshwin Ahmed , Armstrong Susan M. , Duckworth Lauren A. , Stoehr Robert , Konishi Eiichi , Rubin Brian P. , Fritchie Karen J. , Dickson Brendan C. , Agaimy Abbas , Dermawan Josephine K.
Published: September 2023

Spindle cell mesenchymal neoplasms are a diverse and often challenging diagnostic group. While morphological impression is sufficient for some diagnoses, increasingly immunohistochemical and even molecular data is required to render an accurate diagnosis, which can lead to the characterization of new entities. We describe five cases of novel mesenchymal neoplasms with rearrangements in the NCOA2 and NCOA3 genes partnered with either CTCF or CRTC1. Three tumors occurred in the head and neck (palate, auditory canal), while the other two were in visceral organs (lung, urinary bladder). All cases occurred in adults (range 33–86) with a median age of 42 and fairly even sex distribution = (male‐to‐female = 3:2). Morphologically, they had similar features consisting of monotonous, bland spindle to ovoid cells with fascicular and reticular arrangements in a myxohyaline to collagenous stroma. However, immunophenotypically they had essentially a null phenotype, with only two tumors staining partially for CD34 and smooth muscle actin. Targeted RNA sequencing detected in‐frame CTCF::NCOA2 (one case), CRTC1::NCOA2 (two cases), and CTCF::NCOA3 (two cases) fusions. Treatment was surgical resection in all cases. Local recurrence and/or distant metastases were not observed in any case (median follow‐up, 7.5 months; range, 2–19 months). Given their morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular similarities, we believe that these cases may represent an emerging family of low‐grade NCOA2/3‐rearranged fibroblastic spindle cell neoplasms.
Palaeoenvironmental changes across the Mid‐ and latest Maastrichtian events: Planktic foraminiferal inference from the Elles section (central Tunisia)
Authors: Farouk Sherif , Jain Sreepat , Bazeen Youssef S. , Ahmad Fayez , Elamri Zaineb , Al‐Kahtany Khaled , Abdeldaim Ahmed
Published: September 2023

Based on quantitative changes in the Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal species distribution patterns from the Elles section (central Tunisia), δ13C, δ18O‐based palaeotemperature and inferred proxies (species diversity, ecological associations, and depth ranking), the palaeoenvironment is inferred. Based on Constrained Clustering and corroborated by Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS), four statistically significant intervals are identified. Interval 1 (lower–middle part of CF5 Zone) is marked by a warm, oligotrophic, stable, and well‐stratified upper water column. Interval 2 (upper part of CF5 Zone), here designated as the pre‐Mid‐Maastrichtian Event (MME) event, is marked by stressed, warmer, moderately mesotrophic, and weakly stratified surface waters with an unstable upper water column. Interval 3 (CF4 Zone) encompasses the MME and is marked by warm, stable, mesotrophic surface waters with a moderately well‐stratified upper water column. The upper part of Interval 3, designated as post‐MME, is also marked by mesotrophic conditions, but with increased surface water warming, unstable and stressed conditions. Interval 4 (CF3–CF1 zones) shows the effects of the Indian Deccan volcanism, and is marked by warmer surface waters, mesotrophic, unstable, stressed environmental conditions, with a weakly‐stratified upper water column.
Neonatal PURA syndrome mimicking cervical spinal cord injury after a cesarean section for a breech presentation: A case report
Authors: Zhang Duoduo , Gao Jinsong
Published: September 2023

Synopsis

The neonatal PURA syndrome manifesting as hypotonia, dyspnea, and feeding difficulties mimic the birth trauma of the spinal cord but can only be diagnosed with sequencing.
Impact of educational workshops to increase awareness of pelvic floor dysfunction and integrate preventive lifestyle habits
Authors: Pizzoferrato Anne‐Cécile , Deparis Julia , Fritel Xavier , Rousseau Marion , Blanchard Véronique
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Our objectives were to evaluate the impact of group pelvic floor education workshops on participants' knowledge, their satisfaction, and the modification of their urinary and digestive behaviors, and to compare health care providers' (HCP) knowledge with that of the general population.

Methods

For this prospective observational study, group pelvic floor education workshops were proposed between May 2021 and June 2022 in a web‐conference format. Each workshop covered pelvic floor anatomy and physiology, urinary and digestive physiology as well as risk factors of PFD and preventive measures. At the start and the end of the workshops, participants completed a questionnaire on their knowledge and their beliefs about the pelvic floor. Questions about their satisfaction were asked at the end of the workshops. A 2‐month questionnaire assessed changes in urinary and digestive habits and whether participants had talked about the workshop around them.

Results

A total of 856, with an average age 40.1 years, participated and completed the questionnaires before and after the workshops; 694 responded at 2 months. The education workshops significantly improved knowledge about the pelvic floor in the “HCP” and “non‐HCP” groups. At 2 months, 591 participants (85.2%) 85.2% had talked about the workshop content; 557 (80.3%) reported having changed, or planned to change, their urinary behaviors and 495 (71.3%) their defecatory behaviors.

Conclusions

Pelvic floor education workshops can increase level of knowledge and thus limit risky behaviors for the pelvic floor. The high rate of participation and the satisfaction of the participants shows the interest for the theme.
LH on GnRH‐ant day to basal LH affects the IVF/ICSI outcome of PCOS women undergoing GnRH‐antagonist protocol
Authors: Wei Yi , Luan Ting , Shen Jingjing , Zhang Juanjuan , Zhang Juan , Su Yan , Ling Xiufeng , Li Xin , Zhao Chun
Published: September 2023

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ratio of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) on gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH‐ant) day to basal LH (hLH/bLH) on in‐vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) outcome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women who received GnRH‐ant protocol for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH).

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted in women with PCOS (n = 1116) who underwent the GnRH‐ant protocol for COH between 2015 and 2022 and were stratified as group A (hLH/bLH < 1, n = 489) and group B (hLH/bLH ≥ 1, n = 627) according to the variation of serum LH. The outcomes of COH and the first frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle were compared between group A, B and the linear relationship between hLH/bLH ratio and IVF/ICSI outcomes were studied by multivariate linear regression analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models.

Results

There were significant differences in baseline characteristics and outcomes between group A and B. Group A had higher levels of bLH, AMH, estradiol (E2) on GnRH‐ant start day and lower levels of LH on GnRH‐ant start day. Group B has better ovulation induction outcomes: more retrieved oocytes, normally fertilized oocytes (2PN), cleavage embryos, available embryos and high‐quality blastocysts. Multivariate linear regression analysis found no statistically significant connection between hLH/bLH and clinical outcomes. RCS models showed hLH/bLH had nonlinear association with outcomes, including number of oocytes retrieved, 2PN, available embryos, incidence of OHSS, chemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, abortion and live birth.

Conclusions

hLH/bLH ratio could be a more forward‐looking indicator of clinical outcome in women with PCOS undergoing GnRH‐ant protocols than LH on trigger day and the ratio of LH level on trigger day to basal LH. hLH/bLH = 1 may be the best condition for higher live birth rate and lower OHSS rate.
The hyper‐regulation of abortion care in Italy
Authors: Caruso Elena
Published: September 2023

This paper argues that the current abortion regulation by Law 194/1978 is an inadequate basis for the provision of good quality abortion care and must be reformed. First, the paper explains why Law 194/1978 creates a hyper‐regulatory regime that is inconsistent with the best clinical evidence and practices in the field as well as relevant international human rights law, as outlined in the World Health Organization's (WHO) 2022 Abortion Care Guideline. Second, it highlights gaps between what the law says and what happens in practice, pointing out how the everyday life of Law 194/1978, especially in the practices of gynecologists, is far removed from international standards of quality abortion care and has yet to comply with international human rights law. Third, it sets out some alternative routes to abortion access “outside” Law 194/1978. Finally, it concludes with some suggestions for a change in the practice of gynecology and a call for the reform of Law 194/1978, in favor of a bodily autonomy model of regulation grounded on decriminalization, demedicalization, dehospitalization, and self‐management to ensure compliance with the WHO standards and international human rights law.
Heparin–collagen I bilayers stimulateFAK/ERK½ signaling via α2β1 integrin to support the growth and anti‐inflammatory potency of mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Cifuentes Said J. , Domenech Maribella
Published: September 2023

Understanding mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) growth mechanisms in response to surface chemistries is essential to optimize culture methods for high‐quality and robust cell yields in cell manufacturing applications. Heparin (HEP) and collagen 1 (COL) substrates have been reported to enhance cell adhesion, growth, viability, and secretory potential in MSCs. However, the biomolecular mechanisms underlying the benefits of combined HEP/COL substrates are unknown. This work used HEP/COL bilayered surfaces to investigate the role of integrin‐HEP interactions in the advantages of MSC culture. The layer‐by‐layer approach (LbL) was used to create HEP/COL bilayers, which were made up of stacks of 8 and 9 layers that combined HEP and COL in an alternate arrangement. Surface spectroscopic investigations and laser scanning microscopy evaluations verified the biochemical fingerprint of each component and a total stacked bilayer thickness of roughly 150 nm. Cell growth and apoptosis in response to IC50and IC75levels of BTT‐3033 and Cilengitide, α2β1 and αvβ3 integrin inhibitors respectively, were evaluated on HEP/COL coated surfaces using two bone marrow‐derived MSC donors. While integrin activity did not affect cell growth rates, it significantly affected cell adhesion and apoptosis on HEP/COL surfaces. HEP‐ending HEP/COL surfaces significantly increased FAK‐ERK½ phosphorylation and endogenous cell COL deposition compared to COL, COL‐ending HEP/COL and uncoated surfaces. BTT‐3033 but not Cilengitide treatment markedly affected FAK‐ERK½ activity levels on HEP‐ending HEP/COL surfaces supporting a major role for α2β1 activity. BTT‐3033 treatment on HEP‐ending bilayers reduced MSC‐mediated macrophage inhibitory activity and altered the cytokine profile of co‐cultures. Overall, this study supports a novel role for HEP in regulating the survival and potency of MSCs via enhancing the α2β1‐FAK‐ERK½ signaling mechanism.
Chitosan‐sodium alginate‐polyethylene glycol‐Ally isothiocyante nanocomposites ameliorates isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Jiang Lei , Gao Tingchao , Liu Miao , Li Fangxu
Published: September 2023

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a common type of ischemic heart disease that affects millions of people worldwide. In recent times, nanotechnology has become a very promising field with immense applications. The current exploration was conducted to synthesize the chitosan‐sodium alginate‐polyethylene glycol‐Ally isothiocyanate nanocomposites (CSP‐AIso‐NCs) and evaluate their beneficial roles against the isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced MI in rats. The CSP‐AIso‐NCs were prepared and characterized by several characterization techniques. The MI was initiated in the rats by the administration of 85 mg/kg of ISO for 2 days and treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg of CSP‐AIso‐NCs for 1 month. The changes in heart weight and bodyweight were measured. The cardiac function markers were assessed with echocardiography. The lipid profiles, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions, cardiac biomarkers, antioxidant parameters, and inflammatory cytokines were assessed using corresponding assay kits. The histopathological study was done on the heart tissues. The UV spectral analysis revealed the maximum peak at 208 nm, which confirms the formation of CSP‐AIso‐NCs. The FT‐IR analysis revealed the occurrence of different functional groups, and the crystallinity of the CSP‐AIso‐NCs was proved by the XRD analysis. DLS analysis indicated the size of the CSP‐AIso‐NCs at 146.50 nm. The CSP‐AIso‐NCs treatment increased the bodyweight and decreased the HW/BW ratio in the MI rats. The status of lipids was reduced, and HDL was elevated in the CSP‐AIso‐NCs administered to MI rats. CSP‐AIso‐NCs decreased the LVEDs, LVEDd, and NT‐proBNP and increased the LVEF level. The oxidative stress markers were decreased, and the antioxidants were increased by the CSP‐AIso‐NCs treatment in the MI rats. The Na+ and Ca+ ions were reduced, and the K+ ions were increased by the CSP‐AIso‐NCs. The interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α were also depleted, and Nrf‐2 was improved in the CSP‐AIso‐NCs administered to MI rats. The histological study revealed the ameliorative effects of CSP‐AIso‐NCs. Overall, our outcomes revealed that the CSP‐AIso‐NCs are effective against the ISO‐induced MI rats. Hence, it could be a hopeful therapeutic nanomedicine for MI treatment.
Bisphosphonates attenuate age‐related muscle decline inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Slade Luke , Bollen Shelby E. , Bass Joseph J. , Phillips Bethan E. , Smith Kenneth , Wilkinson Daniel J. , Szewczyk Nathaniel J. , Atherton Philip J. , Etheridge Timothy
Published: September 2023

Background

Age‐related muscle decline (sarcopenia) associates with numerous health risk factors and poor quality of life. Drugs that counter sarcopenia without harmful side effects are lacking, and repurposing existing pharmaceuticals could expedite realistic clinical options. Recent studies suggest bisphosphonates promote muscle health; however, the efficacy of bisphosphonates as an anti‐sarcopenic therapy is currently unclear.

Methods

UsingCaenorhabditis elegansas a sarcopenia model, we treated animals with 100 nM, 1, 10, 100 and 500 μM zoledronic acid (ZA) and assessed lifespan and healthspan (movement rates) using a microfluidic chip device. The effects of ZA on sarcopenia were examined using GFP‐tagged myofibres or mitochondria at days 0, 4 and 6 post‐adulthood. Mechanisms of ZA‐mediated healthspan extension were determined using combined ZA and targeted RNAi gene knockdown across the life‐course.

Results

We found 100 nM and 1 μM ZA increased lifespan (P < 0.001) and healthspan [954 ± 53 (100 nM) and 963 ± 48 (1 μM) vs. 834 ± 59% (untreated) population activity AUC,P < 0.05]. 10 μM ZA shortened lifespan (P < 0.0001) but not healthspan (758.9 ± 37 vs. 834 ± 59,P > 0.05), whereas 100 and 500 μM ZA were larval lethal. ZA (1 μM) significantly improved myofibrillar structure on days 4 and 6 post‐adulthood (83 and 71% well‐organized myofibres, respectively, vs. 56 and 34% controls,P < 0.0001) and increased well‐networked mitochondria at day 6 (47 vs. 16% in controls,P < 0.01). Genes required for ZA‐mediated healthspan extension includedfdps‐1/FDPS‐1 (278 ± 9 vs. 894 ± 17% population activity AUC in knockdown + 1 μM ZA vs. untreated controls, respectively,P < 0.0001),daf‐16/FOXO (680 ± 16 vs. 894 ± 17%,P < 0.01) andagxt‐2/BAIBA (531 ± 23 vs. 552 ± 8%,P > 0.05). Life/healthspan was extended through knockdown ofigdb‐1/FNDC5 (635 ± 10 vs. 523 ± 10% population activity AUC in gene knockdown vs. untreated controls,P < 0.01) andsir‐2.3/SIRT‐4 (586 ± 10 vs. 523 ± 10%,P < 0.05), with no synergistic improvements in ZA co‐treatment vs. knockdown alone [651 ± 12 vs. 635 ± 10% (igdb‐1/FNDC5) and 583 ± 9 vs. 586 ± 10% (sir‐2.3/SIRT‐4), bothP > 0.05]. Conversely,let‐756/FGF21 andsir‐2.2/SIRT‐4 were dispensable for ZA‐induced healthspan [630 ± 6 vs. 523 ± 10% population activity AUC in knockdown + 1 μM ZA vs. untreated controls,P < 0.01 (let‐756/FGF21) and 568 ± 9 vs. 523 ± 10%,P < 0.05 (sir‐2.2/SIRT‐4)].

Conclusions

Despite lacking an endoskeleton, ZA delaysCaenorhabditis eleganssarcopenia, which translates to improved neuromuscular function across the life course. Bisphosphonates might, therefore, be an immediately exploitable anti‐sarcopenia therapy.
Effect of whitening concepts on surface roughness and optical characteristics of resin‐based composites: An AFM study
Authors: Erturk‐Avunduk Ayse Tugba , Delikan Ebru , Cengiz‐Yanardag Esra , Karakaya Izgen
Published: September 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various whitening agents on the surface roughness and optical characteristics of different types of resin composite restorations. Fifty specimens were prepared for each resin [G‐ænial Posterior (GP), SonicFill‐2 (SF), Solidex (SDX), and Nova Compo HF (NC)]. Following baseline color and surface roughness (Ra) measurements, the specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10/group) according to whitening concepts: control (distilled water), in‐office bleaching [OB‐(Opalescence Boost)], at‐home bleaching [HB‐(Opalescence PF)], whitening toothpaste [WT‐(Signal White Now)], and whitening mouthwash [WM‐(Listerine Advanced White)]. ∆E00, ∆TP00, and ∆WID values were calculated before and after the whitening procedure with a spectrophotometer using the CIEDE2000 formula. Surface roughness measurements were repeated. The surface topography was determined using atomic force microscopy. Two‐ and three‐way analyses of variance and Tukey's post‐hoc test were performed, with p < 0.05 regarded as indicative of significance. No significant differences were detected among the resin composite materials in terms of the ΔE00 values (p > 0.05). Color change of all resin materials was above the AT threshold (>1.8) and the PT threshold (>0.8). All restorative materials presented acceptable (AT<2.62) TP00 values. Solidex specimens demonstrated the lowest WID values compared to the other composites. There were significant differences among the whitening procedures with respect to ΔE00, ΔTP00, and WID values (p < 0.001). SF/WT combination showed the highest and clinically unacceptable ΔE00 values. The highest roughness values were observed in the SDX specimens and the combination of SDX/OB. The effect of whitening agents on the optical characteristics and surface roughness of restorative materials depends on the type of material, agent, and time.

Research Highlights

Clinicians should be aware that long‐term use of over‐the‐counter products due to the abrasive effects of their ingredients and repeated bleaching session applications may affect the color stability and surface roughness of resin composites.
Engineering extracellular vesicles to deliver CRISPR ribonucleoprotein for gene editing
Authors: Whitley Joseph Andrew , Cai Houjian
Published: September 2023

Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a gene editing tool with tremendous therapeutic potential. Recently, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex‐based CRISPR systems have gained momentum due to their reduction of off‐target editing. This has coincided with the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a therapeutic delivery vehicle due to its low immunogenicity and high capacity for manipulation. EVs are cell‐derived membranous nanoparticles which mediate the intercellular transfer of molecular components. Current technologies achieve CRISPR RNP encapsulation into EVs through EVs biogenesis, thereby avoiding unnecessary physical, chemical or biological manipulations to the vesicles directly. Herein, we identify sixteen EVs‐based CRISPR RNP encapsulation strategies, each with distinct genetic features to encapsulate CRISPR RNP. According to the molecular mechanism facilitating the encapsulation process, there are six strategies of encapsulating Cas9 RNP into virus‐like particles based on genetic fusion, seven into EVs based on protein tethering, and three based on sgRNA‐coupled encapsulation. Additionally, the incorporation of a targeting moiety to the EVs membrane surface through EVs biogenesis confers tropism and increases delivery efficiency to specific cell types. The targeting moieties include viral envelope proteins, recombinant proteins containing a ligand peptide, single‐chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies, and integrins. However, current strategies still have a number of limitations which prevent their use in clinical trials. Among those, the incorporation of viral proteins for encapsulation of Cas9 RNP have raised issues of biocompatibility due to host immune response. Future studies should focus on genetically engineering the EVs without viral proteins, enhancing EVs delivery specificity, and promoting EVs‐based homology directed repair. Nevertheless, the integration of CRISPR RNP encapsulation and tropism technologies will provide strategies for the EVs‐based delivery of CRISPR RNP in gene therapy and disease treatment.
Embryonic and juvenile snakes (Natrix maura, Linnaeus 1758) compensate for high elevation hypoxia via shifts in cardiovascular physiology and metabolism
Authors: Souchet Jérémie , Josserand Alicia , Darnet Elodie , Le Chevalier Hugo , Trochet Audrey , Bertrand Romain , Calvez Olivier , Martinez‐Silvestre Albert , Guillaume Olivier , Mossoll‐Torres Marc , Pottier Gilles , Philippe Hervé , Aubret Fabien , Gangloff Eric J.
Published: September 2023

The colonization of novel environments requires a favorable response to conditions never, or rarely, encountered in recent evolutionary history. For example, populations colonizing upslope habitats must cope with lower atmospheric pressure at elevation, and thus reduced oxygen availability. The embryo stage in oviparous organisms is particularly susceptible, given its lack of mobility and limited gas exchange via diffusion through the eggshell and membranes. Especially little is known about responses of Lepidosaurian reptiles to reduced oxygen availability. To test the role of physiological plasticity during early development in response to high elevation hypoxia, we performed a transplant experiment with the viperine snake (Natrix maura, Linnaeus 1758). We maintained gravid females originating from low elevation populations (432 m above sea level [ASL]—normoxia) at both the elevation of origin and high elevation (2877 m ASL—extreme high elevation hypoxia; approximately 72% oxygen availability relative to sea level), then incubated egg clutches at both low and high elevation. Regardless of maternal exposure to hypoxia during gestation, embryos incubated at extreme high elevation exhibited altered developmental trajectories of cardiovascular function and metabolism across the incubation period, including a reduction in late‐development egg mass. This physiological response may have contributed to the maintenance of similar incubation duration, hatching success, and hatchling body size compared to embryos incubated at low elevation. Nevertheless, after being maintained in hypoxia, juveniles exhibit reduced carbon dioxide production relative to oxygen consumption, suggesting altered energy pathways compared to juveniles maintained in normoxia. These findings highlight the role of physiological plasticity in maintaining rates of survival and fitness‐relevant phenotypes in novel environments.
Pregnant people's views and knowledge on prenatal screening for fetal trisomy in the absence of a national screening program
Authors: Kelly Kristin , Leitao Sara , Meaney Sarah , O'Donoghue Keelin
Published: September 2023

Multiple non‐invasive prenatal tests (NIPT) are available to screen for risk of fetal trisomy, however, there is no national prenatal screening program in Republic of Ireland. This study aimed to analyze pregnant people's opinions on availability, cost, and knowledge of NIPT for fetal aneuploidy. An anonymous questionnaire on prenatal screening tests and termination of pregnancy was distributed to patients attending antenatal clinics at a tertiary hospital. Descriptive analyses and chi‐squared tests were completed. Among respondents, 62% (200/321) understood the scope of prenatal screening tests, with 77% (251/326) and 76% (245/323) correctly interpreting low‐ and high‐risk test results, respectively. Only 26% (83/319) of participants had heard of NIPT. Chi‐square tests showed a higher proportion of these people were ≥40 years old (p‐value, <0.001), had post‐graduate education (p‐value, <0.001), or attended private clinics (p‐value <0.001). Over 91% (303/331) of participants said every pregnant person should be offered prenatal screening tests for aneuploidy and 88% (263/299) believed these should be free. While pregnant Irish individuals have reasonable understanding of screening test interpretation, most were unaware of screening options. Additionally, participants' views on availability and associated cost of tests show the need for a national prenatal screening program, including education on fetal aneuploidy. These findings have relevance for countries without screening policies and are pertinent for broader maternity services.
Performance of regional climate model RegCM4 with a hydrostatic or non‐hydrostatic dynamic core at simulating precipitation extremes in China
Authors: Qin Peihua , Xie Zhenghui , Jia Binghao , Di Zhenhua , Wang Longhuan , Li Ruichao
Published: September 2023

In this study, we investigated the performance of RegCM4 with a hydrostatic or non‐hydrostatic dynamic core and different land surface models at simulating the mean and extreme precipitation during 1991–1999 in China and the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (JJJ) in northern China. The resolutions were 12 km with the whole of China included and 3 km nested over the JJJ region. The observed daily precipitation data comprised the CN05.1 data set from China Meteorological Administration. First, RegCM4 with a hydrostatic dynamic core forced by the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM1.2‐HR) that participated in CMIP6 was used to simulate the east Asia area at a resolution of 12 km. Next, the RegCM4 results with 12 km resolution forced RegCM4 with a non‐hydrostatic dynamic core (RegCM4‐NH) to run over the JJJ region with a 3 km convection‐permitting scale through one‐way nesting. The results showed that RegCM4 with a hydrostatic and non‐hydrostatic core could obtain more detailed seasonal and annual precipitation in China and the JJJ region relative to MPI‐ESM1.2‐HR although their performance varied over different regions. RegCM4 with the community land surface model 4.5 (CLM4.5) generally performed better at simulating the mean and extreme precipitation over the four subregions of China than that with the Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme because of more detailed descriptions of land surface processes of CLM4.5. RegCM4‐NH with convection‐permitting resolution improved the simulations of heavy precipitation extremes over JJJ compared with RegCM4 with a hydrostatic core and resolution of 12 km. In addition, RegCM4‐NH with CLM4.5 performed better at simulating heavy precipitation extremes over JJJ compared with all other simulations, with higher correlation coefficients and larger relative root mean squared errors.
Study of binary mixtures of Tribulus terrestris extract and Quillaja bark saponin as oil‐in‐water nanoemulsion emulsifiers
Authors: Schreiner Tatiana B. , Santamaria‐Echart Arantzazu , Peres António M. , Dias Madalena M. , Pinho Simão P. , Barreiro Maria Filomena
Published: September 2023

Several industrial fields use emulsifiers in their products, with the ones of natural origin gaining increasing relevance. Identifying and using diversified sources for their extraction is a pertinent topic regarding sustainability principles, biodiversity preservation, or cost rationalization. This is the case of Quillaja bark saponin (QS), for which saponin‐rich extracts, for example, Tribulus terrestris (TT), are being highlighted as viable alternatives, even though constraints like performance are still on the table. In this context, an experimental design using binary emulsifier mixtures of TT with pure QS was carried out by changing their composition (50–90%wt. TT), content (1.5–4.5%wt.), and high‐pressure homogenization conditions (5–15 cycles). The emulsions were characterized by zeta potential, morphology, droplet size, and stability (expressed as the number of days without creaming formation). Moreover, the cream index for 30 days was determined to indicate the destabilization extent. The zeta potential showed stable emulsions (values below −41 mV); even still, creaming formed for samples using a low emulsifier and high TT contents. The emulsions' mean droplet diameter (D [3, 2]) was between 78 and 921 nm, with smaller sizes agreeing with higher stability. The statistical analysis indicated an optimum composition range comprising an emulsifier content between 3.9 and 4.5%wt. and TT content between 50 and 56%wt. to reach stable products. Overall, TT can provide an effective solution when combined with QS, decreasing the dependence on Quillaja bark.
Examining the carbon emission impact of livelihood transitions in pro‐poor tourism
Authors: Yin Jiaojiao , Xiong Lina , Cavaliere Christina T. , Qiao Huafang , Jia Yaoyan , Xie Shuangyu
Published: September 2023

This study examines carbon dioxide (CO2) emission changes from livelihood transitions during tourism development to assess the environmental impact of pro‐poor tourism (PPT) in China. The results indicate that livelihood transitions during PPT increased household income but also produced more CO2 emissions. CO2 emissions vary depending on factors including livelihood types after transition, income and household sizes, etc. The CO2 per unit of income from tourism‐based livelihoods is higher than from non‐tourism‐based livelihoods. Different livelihood strategies post transition also affect emissions. Practical suggestions that may mitigate emissions while not compromising residents’ income levels are provided.
Thermal degradation of virgin and waste plastics: Estimation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters using model‐free iso‐conversional methods
Authors: Singh Rohit Kumar , Gupta Prithviraj , Ruj Biswajit , Sadhukhan Anup Kumar , Gupta Parthapratim
Published: September 2023

Kinetic triplets—apparent activation energy (Ea), pre‐exponential factor (A), and the reaction model—were estimated for the thermal degradation of three primary virgin and waste plastics, as well as mixed plastics waste. Model‐free iso‐conversional FWO, KAS, Starink, Kissinger and Vyzovkin and Friedman methods were employed for the kinetic analysis. The apparent activation energy was determined by the integral methods as 206.5‐209.1 kJ mol−1 and 195.6‐198.8 kJ mol−1 for the virgin and waste high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), 211.6‐214.1 kJ mol−1 and 183.1‐186.6 kJ mol−1 for the virgin and waste polypropylene (PP), 144.0‐163.1 kJ mol−1 and 159.7‐167.1 kJ mol−1 for the virgin and waste polystyrene (PS), and 173.6‐178.9 kJ mol−1 for the mixed plastics waste respectively. Ea was found to follow the trend HDPE > PP > PS with higher values for HDPE and PP virgin samples than that for their waste and marginally smaller for the virgin PS than its waste. Degradation of all plastic samples followed Avrami‐Erofeev equation with n varying between 1.0 and 1.8. The effect of conversion on Ea suggested the degradation of both virgin and waste HDPE to consist of multiple parallel reactions while that of others to be more complex. FTIR analysis of the evolved gases was used to explain the possible reaction mechanism. A small difference between the enthalpy change and the apparent activation energy (6‐7 kJ mol−1) for all plastic samples indicated favourable pyrolysis reactions. The estimated kinetic parameters and thermodynamic properties showed the stability of different plastics as HDPE > PP > PS.
Identification of stable chickpeas under dryland conditions by mixed models
Authors: Karimizadeh Rahmatollah , Pezeshkpour Payam , Mirzaee Amir , Barzali Mohammad , Sharifi Peyman , Khoshkhoy Nilash Ehsan Allah , Roshanravan Soheil , Safari Motlagh Mohammad Reza
Published: September 2023

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legume crops, mainly grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Evaluation of yield performance in crops under multienvironments is applied to verify the stability of cultivars. The aim of this study is to apply the analytical and experimental models to identify the high‐yielding and stable genotypes of chickpea under dryland conditions. Sixteen chickpea lines and two control cultivars were cultivated in randomized complete block design with three replications in four regions at three cropping seasons (2016–2019). Third type of biplot showed that G4, G15, G10, G9, and G18 were highly productive and widely stable. A selection index based on different weights of seed yield and WAASB stability indicated genotypes G7, G9, G15, G4, G16, G18, G12, and G5 were high yielding and stable. Data mining showed that high rainfall in winter can lead to high yield. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis indicated that rainfall in autumn and spring and low temperature in all of the three seasons involved in genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Factorial regression (FR) also indicated that temperature during spring and winter plays an important role in GEI. In conclusion, based on all experimental approaches, G15, G16, and G5 were stable and high‐yielding genotypes. The PLSR biplot indicated G15 was the genotype that less affected by high temperature in three seasons and lack of rainfall in spring and autumn, it can be used in cultivar introduction processes for dryland cultivation.
Integrative analysis of TROAP with molecular features, carcinogenesis, and related immune and pharmacogenomic characteristics in soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Tu Chao , Liu Binfeng , Li Chenbei , Feng Chengyao , Wang Hua , Zhang Haixia , He Shasha , Li Zhihong
Published: September 2023

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is an uncommon malignancy that often carries a grim prognosis. Trophinin‐associated protein (TROAP) is augmented in a variety of tumors and can affect tumor proliferation. Nevertheless, the prognostic value and specific functions of TROAP in STS are still vague. Herein, we display that TROAP exhibits an augmented trend in STS, and its elevation correlates with a poor prognosis of STS. Furthermore, its reduction is related to increased immune cell infiltration, enhanced stroma, and elevation of immune activation. Meanwhile, the TROAP‐derived genomic signature is validated to predict patient prognosis, immunotherapy, and drug response reliably. A nomogram constructed based on age, metastatic status, and a TROAP‐derived risk score of an STS individual could be used to quantify the survival probability of STS. In addition, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that TROAP is overexpressed in STS, and the downregulation of TROAP could affect the proliferation, migration, metastasis, and cell cycle of STS cells. In summary, the TROAP expression is elevated in STS tissues and cells, which is related to the poor prognosis and malignant biological behaviors of STS. It could act as a potential prognostic biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of STS.
Identification of combinatorial miRNA panels derived from extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Yaojie , Li Xiaoya , Wei Xiaojian , Li Lei , Bai Hanyu , Yan Xi , Zhang Hongtao , Zhao Libo , Zhou Wei , Zhao Lianmei
Published: September 2023

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are relatively stable in blood, emerging as one of the most promising biomarkers in tumor liquid biopsy. Both total and extracellular vesicles (EVs) encapsulated miRNA have been studied for prognostic potential in a variety of cancers. Here, we systematically compared and verified the total and vesicle‐derived miRNA expression profiles from plasma samples in healthy controls and patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In the present study, four miRNA species miR‐636, miR‐7641, miR‐28‐3p, and miR‐1246 that were differentially expressed in ESCC patients were chosen for further study. We first elucidated their essential function in ESCC progression and further explored their preliminary mechanism by identifying target proteins and involving signal pathways. Subsequently, the prognostic miRNA panels including miR‐636, miR‐7641, miR‐1246, and miR‐28‐3p for ESCC diagnosis were constructed and validated using different cohort. Our results showed that the panel including the above four miRNAs derived from plasma EVs was most effective in distinguishing tumor patients from normal subjects, while integrated plasma EVs‐derived miR‐1246, miR‐28‐3p and total plasma miRNAs miR‐636, miR‐7641 showed the best capability in predicting lymph node metastasis. In summary, our studies revealed that plasma EVs‐derived miRNAs could be emerged as promising biomarkers for ESCC diagnosis.
High‐efficiency broadband Doherty amplifier based on internal matching
Authors: Xie Linfei , Zhong Shichang , Liang Chenwei
Published: September 2023

In this paper, a compact internally matched architecture of continuous class‐B/J Doherty power amplifier is studied. The influence of symmetric generalized combiner and postmatching network with harmonic control on the bandwidth and efficiency of Doherty power amplifier (DPA) is analyzed in detail. Based on the parameters obtained from theoretical analysis, a design method of internally matched continuous mode DPA (CM‐DPA) is proposed, and a broadband DPA with a size of 22.8 mm  24.5 mm was developed for experimental verification. The test structure shows that the maximum output power at saturation can reach 46.2 dBm. The efficiency of 6 dB back‐off is 58%–63.4%, with good consistency. In the reliability experiment, transistor and matching circuit of the CM‐DPA have a temperature below 100°C at saturation. The output power and efficiency tested at different temperatures (C, C, and C) show that the DPA has high reliability.
Bladder training compared to bladder training associated with pelvic floor muscle training for overactive bladder symptoms in women: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Monteiro Sílvia , Rocha Anna Karoline , Valim Lilian , Silva Silvia Lanziotti Azevedo da , Riccetto Cássio , Botelho Simone
Published: September 2023

Aims

To compare the effects of bladder training (BT) versus BT with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in women with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms.

Methods

Randomized controlled clinical trial including women with OAB symptoms, randomized into two groups: BT versus BT + PFMT. For 12 consecutive weeks, the women received home BT. The BT + PFMT performed supervised PFMT, once/week, associated at home PFMT protocol. Primary outcomes were urinary urgency, daytime voiding frequency, nocturia and urgency urinary incontinence assisted by both 3‐day bladder diary and International Consultation on Incontinence OAB (ICIQ‐OAB) questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were 24‐h pad test and Patient Global Impression of Improvement. T‐test, analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney (SPSS 20.0) and power/effect size (G‐power) were applied in data analyses.

Results

Sixty‐three women were included (B = 31; BT + PFMT = 32). There was no significant statistical difference between groups in terms of urinary symptoms: daytime frequency (BT: pre: 11.59 [±5.80], post: 9.10 [±4.05]; BT + PFMT: pre: 10.67 [±3.73], post: 8.08 [±3.38]) p = 0.75; nocturia: (BT: pre: 1.46 [±0.91], post: 0.82 [±0.82]; BT + PFMT: pre: 1.80 [±2.26], post: 0.82 [±1.15]) p = 0.70; urinary urgency (BT: pre: 3.22 [±4.70], post: 4.49 [±4.32]; BT + PFMT: pre: 6.87 [±5.60], post: 6.15 [±4.52]) p = 0.10; ICIQ‐OAB total score: (BT: pre: 9.16 [±2.55], post: 6.32 [±3.77]; (BT + PFMT: pre: 9.75 [±2.06], post: 5.06 [±3.44] p = 0.30.

Conclusions

Supervised PFMT added to BT did not provide further improvements than isolated BT in women with OAB symptoms.
Role of registered dietitians in nasoenteric feeding tube placement
Authors: Yeganehjoo Maryam , Johanek Jennifer
Published: September 2023

Provision of enteral nutrition (EN) in hospitalized patients is an integral part of clinical care. For various reasons, including but not limited to delayed enteral access placement and EN initiation, it is becoming more prevalent for registered dietitians (RDs) to place feeding tubes in various clinical settings. Although numerous RDs have expanded their practice by learning this skill, many remain hesitant about adding feeding tube placement to their scope of responsibilities. Feeding tube placement is within RDs' scope of practice. The recently updated Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) standards is requiring dietetic interns to learn the process and assist in placing feeding tubes. This will help promote the inclusion of this practice and open doors for future advancement in the scope of practice for RDs. This review will provide an overview of feeding tube placement methods, evidence‐based techniques, training, competencies, and barriers to accepting this practice in dietetics.