bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of thermal aging on corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steels
Authors: Murkute Pratik , Oware Sarfo Kofi , McGieson Isak , Santala Melissa K. , Zhang Yongfeng , Árnadóttir Liney , Tucker Julie D. , Isgor O. Burkan
Published: March 2022

Despite their exceptional mechanical and corrosion properties, duplex stainless steels (DSS) have not found widespread use in high-temperature applications due to concerns over thermal aging and embrittlement at elevated operational temperatures (> 300 °C). The present study investigated the effect of thermal aging time on the electrochemical properties of lean and standard grade DSS that are exposed to a range of pressurized water reactors containing LiOH and H3BO3. The results indicated that the electrolyte chemistry plays a significant role in the corrosion behavior of the DSS alloys. Corrosion resistance decreased with thermal aging time for all DSS alloys; however, standard grade DSS (2205 and 2209-w) alloys showed better corrosion resistance than lean grades (2003, 2101, 2101-w). The presence of dissolved oxygen in the electrolytes resulted in a significant increase in corrosion rate for the DSS alloys, but it did not affect the general trend of corrosion rates with aging time. All DSS alloys became vulnerable to pitting corrosion due to chloride addition, but the pitting resistance decreased with increasing thermal aging time. Increased boron B content resulted in degradation of corrosion resistance of the DSS alloys, while minor changes in pH did not show a significant change in corrosion resistance. Mechanical and metallurgical characterization coupled with electrochemical characterization of the DSS alloys gave a comprehensive insight into the effects of thermal aging on the electrochemical response of the DSS.

Graphical abstract
Local and Global Controls on Carbon Isotope Chemostratigraphy
Authors: Ahm Anne-Sofie , Husson Jon
Published: March 2022

Over million-year timescales, the geologic cycling of carbon controls long-term climate and the oxidation of Earth's surface. Inferences about the carbon cycle can be made from time series of carbon isotopic ratios measured from sedimentary rocks. The foundational assumption for carbon isotope chemostratigraphy is that carbon isotope values reflect dissolved inorganic carbon in a well-mixed ocean in equilibrium with the atmosphere. However, when applied to shallow-water platform environments, where most ancient carbonates preserved in the geological record formed, recent research has documented the importance of considering both local variability in surface water chemistry and diagenesis. These findings demonstrate that carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of platform carbonate rarely represent the average carbonate sink or directly records changes in the composition of global seawater. Understanding what causes local variability in shallow-water settings, and what this variability might reveal about global boundary conditions, are vital questions for the next generation of carbon isotope chemostratigraphers.
Calibrating violence: Body counts as a weapon of war
Authors: Gregory Thomas
Published: March 2022

This article examines how coalition forces sought to weaponise the counting of civilian casualties in Afghanistan between 2008 and 2014. Drawing on interviews with senior coalition officials, recently declassified documents, and coalition data on civilian harm, it will explain how these figures were used to calibrate the violence inflicted on the Afghan people, ensuring that commanders applied sufficient force to achieve their objectives without causing unnecessary harm to civilians and jeopardising the success of military operations. The article examines the formation of the Civilian Casualty Tracking Cell (CCTC), which was created by General David McKiernan in 2008. It also traces the formation of the Civilian Casualty Mitigation Team (CCMT), which was established by General John Allen in 2011. Furthermore, it explores how this data was deployed by coalition officials to minimise civilian harm where possible and to rationalise this harm where necessary. Rather than simply documenting the death and destruction, these counts were complicit in the violence experienced by Afghan civilians, helping to enable and enhance the effectiveness of military operations. As such, I argue that these counts failed to contest the violence of war or the continued dehumanisation of Afghan civilians.
A symplectic look at the Fargues–Fontaine curve
Authors: Lekili Yankı , Treumann David
Published: March 2022

We study a version of the Fukaya category of a symplectic 2-torus with coefficients in a locally constant sheaf of rings. The sheaf of rings includes a globally defined Novikov parameter that plays its usual role in organising polygon counts by area. It also includes a ring of constants whose variation around the the torus can be encoded by a pair of commuting ring automorphisms. When these constants are perfectoid of characteristic p, one of the holonomies is trivial and the other is the

$p^{th}$

power map, it is possible in a limited way to specialise the Novikov parameter to 1. We prove that the Dehn twist ring defined there is isomorphic to the homogeneous coordinate ring of a scheme introduced by Fargues and Fontaine: their ‘curve of p-adic Hodge theory’ for the local field

$\mathbf {F}_p(\!(z)\!)$

.
Low rate of aminopyralid nearly eliminates viable seed production in barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis) in the greenhouse
Authors: Rinella Matthew J. , Bellows Susan E. , Beitz Pamela A.
Published: March 2022

Invasive annual grasses such as medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and barb goatgrass (Aegilops triuncialis L.) are negatively impacting grasslands of the western United States. Over the last decade, research has shown that aminopyralid and other growth-regulator herbicides applied just before flowering greatly reduce viable seed production in several invasive annual grasses. Moreover, it has been shown with T. caput-medusae that using aminopyralid to reduce seed production in one year consistently reduces and sometimes nearly eliminates cover the following year. Our goal in this study was to extend this research to A. triuncialis, a weed for which limited herbicide and other management options exist. Based on previous research, we hypothesized aminopyralid applied several days before flowering at just 22% of the maximum registered rate (0.069 kg ae ha−1) would almost completely prevent production of viable A. triuncialis seeds in the greenhouse. In four experiments, aminopyralid reduced seed viability from between 65% and 95% to between 1% and 5%. Therefore, aminopyralid will likely control A. triuncialis in the field. Because aminopyralid is phytotoxic to many broadleaf species, it may be possible to use aminopyralid to simultaneously control mixed stands of invasive forbs, A. triuncialis, and T. caput-medusae. However, there are risks to applying aminopyralid where native and desirable nonnative forbs occur. Past research on T. caput-medusae suggests controlling A. triuncialis with aminopyralid will increase production of desirable annual forage grasses.
“Identity Work” and Clandestinity
Authors: Guibet Lafaye Caroline
Published: March 2022

Entry into terrorist organizations has often been described from an extrinsic perspective, as a biographical rupture. However, the “careers” of activists from illegal Basque far-left and national liberation organizations show continuities, underscored by the players themselves. We used a model developed by Snow and McAdam [2000] to understand the "identity work" that accompanies integration and participation in clandestine groups. Two major forms of identity work characterize entry into the organizations studied: “identity convergence” and “identity amplification”. These results suggest a need to reconsider the heuristic relevance of the concepts of radicalization and tip over into terrorism. They also help clarify the role of both cognitive and affective group identification within the identity redefinition process for the individuals involved.
Increases in physical activity are associated with a faster rate of weight loss during dietary energy restriction in women with overweight and obesity
Authors: Casanova Nuno , Beaulieu Kristine , Oustric Pauline , O’Connor Dominic , Gibbons Catherine , Blundell John Edward , Finlayson Graham S. , Hopkins Mark E.
Published: March 2022

This secondary analysis examined the influence of changes in physical activity (PA), sedentary time and energy expenditure (EE) during dietary energy restriction on the rate of weight loss (WL) and 1-year follow-up weight change in women with overweight/obesity. Measurements of body weight and composition (air displacement plethysmography), RMR (indirect calorimetry), total daily EE (TDEE) and activity EE (AEE), minutes of PA and sedentary time (PA monitor) were taken at baseline, after 2 weeks, after ≥5 % WL or 12 weeks of continuous (25 % daily energy deficit) or intermittent (75 % daily energy deficit alternated withad libitumday) energy restriction, and at 1-year post-WL. The rate of WL was calculated as total %WL/number of dieting weeks. Data from both groups were combined for analyses. Thirty-seven participants (aged 35 (sd10) years; BMI = 29·1 (sd2·3) kg/m2) completed the intervention (WL = –5·9 (sd1·6) %) and 18 returned at 1-year post-WL (weight change=+4·5 (sd5·2) %). Changes in sedentary time at 2 weeks were associated with the rate of WL during energy restriction (r= –0·38;P= 0·03). Changes in total (r= 0·54;P< 0·01), light (r= 0·43;P= 0·01) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r= 0·55;P< 0·01), sedentary time (r= –0·52;P< 0·01), steps per d (r= 0·39;P= 0·02), TDEE (r= 0·46;P< 0·01) and AEE (r= 0·51;P< 0·01) during energy restriction were associated with the rate of WL. Changes in total (r= –0·50;P= 0·04) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (r= –0·61;P= 0·01) between post-WL and follow-up were associated with 1-year weight change (r= –0·51;P= 0·04). These findings highlight that PA and sedentary time could act as modifiable behavioural targets to promote better weight outcomes during dietary energy restriction and/or weight maintenance.
Maternal diet quality during pregnancy and its influence on low birth weight and small for gestational age: a birth cohort in Beijing, China
Authors: Yang Wangxing , Han Na , Jiao Mingyuan , Chang Xinlei , Liu Jue , Zhou Qianling , Wang Hai-Jun
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to describe diet quality of pregnant women and explore the association between maternal diet and the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA). A total of 3856 participants from a birth cohort in Beijing, China, were recruited between June 2018 and February 2019. Maternal diet in the first and second trimesters was assessed by the Chinese diet balance index for pregnancy (DBI-P), using data collected by the inconsecutive 2-d 24-h dietary recalls. Logistic regressions were performed to explore the independent effects of DBI-P components on LBW and SGA. The prevalence of LBW and SGA was 3·8% and 6·0%, respectively. Dietary intakes of the participants were imbalanced. The proportions of participants having insufficient intake of vegetables (87·3% and 86·6%), dairy product (95·9% and 96·7%) and aquatic foods (80·5% and 85·3%) were high in both trimesters. The insufficiency of fruit intake was more severe in the second (85·2%) than that in the first trimester (22·5%) (P < 0·05). After adjusting for potential confounders, the intake of fruits and dairy in the second trimester was negatively associated with the risk of LBW (OR = 0·850, 95% CI: 0·723, 0·999) and SGA (OR = 0·885, 95% CI: 0·787, 0.996), respectively. Sufficient consumption of fruits and dairy products in pregnancy may be suggested in order to prevent LBW and SGA.
How Does International Intervention Work to Secure Peace Settlements After Civil Conflicts?
Authors: Matanock Aila M. , Lichtenheld Adam
Published: March 2022

There is an emerging consensus that international intervention can secure peace by helping combatants resolve commitment problems following civil wars. But how do interveners accomplish this? Some suggest that intervention primarily works through military coercion, while others propose non-military instruments. We build on the existing literature to theorize that interveners commonly condition political, economic, and legal incentives on compliance with peace processes. Despite a rich literature on intervention, scholars have only started to test the underlying instruments. This article takes a critical step toward this end, examining peacekeeping missions led by the United Nations from 1989 to 2012. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we show military coercion is neither commonly used nor necessary to ensure peace. Missions that employ conditional incentives—on which we collect original data—are consistently correlated with a reduced risk of conflict recurrence, even when controlling for observed selection effects, and regardless of whether they are also authorized to use military coercion.
Sums Theological: Doing Theology with the London Bills of Mortality, 1603–1666
Authors: Weinreich Spencer J.
Published: March 2022

From 1603 until the mid-nineteenth century, weekly bills of mortality were printed and published in London, providing detailed statistics on births, deaths, and plague fatalities for each parish. This article analyzes the currency of the bills and their numbers in English religious thought during and after the four great plague epidemics London experienced in the course of the seventeenth century (1603–1604, 1625–1626, 1636, and 1665–1666). A broad survey of sermons, pamphlets, treatises, poems, and dialogues from these years reveals not only the bills’ ubiquity as an index of divine punishments, but the new kinds of intellectual work made possible by a multiplicity of numbers keyed to times and places. Claims about the moral, doctrinal, and political meanings behind the plague could now be made with an unprecedented specificity and sophistication, seized upon by High Church Anglicans, Puritans, and Dissenters alike. As an episode in the history of empirical theology, the bills’ ecclesiastical reception vindicates theology's central place in the epistemological transformations of the early modern period, as well as the influence of new kinds of empirical data on the parameters of religious thought.
Learning from Muslims and Jews: In Search of the Identity of Christ from Eighth-century Baghdad to Seventeenth-century Hague
Authors: Lim Paul C. H.
Published: March 2022

In past iterations of ecclesiastical historical writings and teachings, there has not always been sufficient acknowledgment of the encounters between Christians and their religious Others. This article is an exercise in diachronic comparative interreligious encounter: a Muslim-Christian engagement in the eighth century CE and a Jewish-Christian epistolary exchange in the seventeenth century CE. The former took place in Baghdad in the court of a caliph, whereas the latter took place between individuals in London and the Hague, between Baruch Spinoza and Henry Oldenburg. While it might be tempting to highlight the narratives of conversion away from one religion into another—whether from Christianity to Islam, Christianity to Judaism, or vice versa—in current historiography, it also seems that quotidian realities of interreligious exchange often do not lead to such conversions, and yet leave the participants better informed and further enlightened about the practice and pursuit of their own religion. The following two accounts are neither triumphalist nor tragic. Patriarch Timothy and Caliph al-Mahdī's exchange in eighth-century Baghdad shows the degree to which divine identity and Christian apophasis mattered. The letter exchanges between Spinoza and his interlocutors also show the degree to which divine mystery as ontological demarcator for both the doctrine of the Trinity and corresponding Christology, as well as Spinoza's repudiation of both, mattered. Lastly, these two examples of interreligious engagements show a pathway of encounter which does not dismiss or cancel the religious Other.
Evangelical “Others” in Ulster, 1859–1912: Social Profile, Unionist Politics, and “Fundamentalism”
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. , Mathieson Stuart
Published: March 2022

This article considers the existence of a distinctive form of fundamentalism in the northern-Irish province of Ulster. It does so by examining the Protestant minorities that grew significantly in the decades after the Ulster revival of 1859. These evangelical others are important because their members were more likely to have fundamentalist tendencies than those who belonged to the main Protestant churches. The existing scholarship on fundamentalism in Northern Ireland focuses on Ian Paisley (1926–2014), who was a life-long adversary of Irish republican separatism and a self-identified fundamentalist. Yet, the focus on Paisley draws attention away from the potential origin of fundamentalism in the early twentieth century that is associated with religious revival in the early 1920s and the heresy trial of a “modernist” Presbyterian professor in 1927. George Marsden's classic study defined fundamentalism as an American phenomenon, yet, with Paisley and developments in the 1920s in mind, he noted that “Ulster appears to be an exception.”1To what extent was that true? Was there a constituency of potential fundamentalists in the north of Ireland in the early twentieth century? If there was, did the social and political circumstances of the region and period produce a distinctive Ulster variety of fundamentalism?
CONTINGENT CATASTROPHE OR AGONISTIC ADVANTAGE: THE RHETORIC OF VIOLENCE IN CLASSICAL ATHENIAN CURSES
Authors: Edmonds Radcliffe G.
Published: March 2022

The surprising absence of violent language from classical Athenian curses is best understood as a rhetorical strategy appropriate for getting the divine powers to enact the curser's desire to harm his or her enemies and to gain an advantage in the particular agonistic context. A contrast with the extravagantly violent language of other contemporary curses, which call for unmitigated catastrophe to befall their targets, shows that the fundamental difference between these curses is the audience that they primarily address, which shapes the nature of the request that is made in the imprecation. Whereas contingent curses primarily address the human community with highly intense rhetoric to deter potential violation, these agonistic curses against rivals request assistance in the rivalry from some power beyond the human community, limiting the extravagance of the request to improve the chance of fulfilment.
ORALITY, WRITTEN LITERACY, AND EARLY SICILIAN CURSE TABLETS
Authors: Lamont Jessica
Published: March 2022

This article examines the relationship between oral traditions of cursing and the oldest Greek curse tablets from Selinous and Himera in western Sicily. As much early Greek writing is thought to record or reflect the spoken word, it is perhaps unexpected that these early Sicilian texts carry few signs of orality or speech. There are no verbs of speaking, incanting, cursing, singing, binding; no deictic language; no metre. Rather, the oldest curse tablets in the Greek world show clear signs of written literacy. Sicilian curse tablets from 500–450bceemploy verbs of writing to curse their victims (ἐνγράφω, ‘I inscribe’; καταγράφω, ‘I write down’; ἀπογράφω, ‘I enrol’), and exhibit textual distortion, scribal symbols, abbreviations, and columnar lists of names – features that ground these texts in the realm of writing. It is suggested that Greek curse practice developed alongside and in response to the spread of legal writing in the late sixth-century law courts of western Sicily.
BOUND FOR SUCCESS: CURSING AND COMMERCE IN CLASSICAL ATHENS
Authors: Venticinque Philip
Published: March 2022

Commercial curses indicating an occupation, business, profit, workshops or shops, or targeting individuals identified by a trade number about sixty; most come from Greece and date to the fifth to third centurybce. That the texts concern rivalries or conflicts between tradesmen has been the prevailing opinion, though ambiguity in curses that include multiple targets (sometimes with different trades) or family members have led some to maintain that competition may not explain commercial curses best, and instead suggest that the tablets reflect attempts to deal with risk or uncertainty arising from a range of social, legal, or political contexts. Though a steady stream of scholarship detailing economic activity, particularly at non-elite levels, has rightly reoriented the debate about the nature and scale of the ancient economy, and the strategies that craftsmen, merchants, and others engaged in commerce employed to mitigate concerns about risk and competition, the contribution of commercial curses, spells, and oracles has not been a part of the conversation. The curse tablets help further refine our understanding of the ancient economy because of what they reveal about concerns related to competitors, profit, and reputation, and the methods the practitioners used to hinder opponents. Rather than being at odds with commercial competition, those methods which target multiple craftsmen, their families, and others besides workshops, skills, and profit align with strategies of collaboration among ancient craftsmen and merchants and their reliance on social capital, described as social networks and notions of trust, reputation, and the shared norms that supported them.
GREEK CURSING, AND OURS
Authors: Graf Fritz
Published: March 2022

This paper looks at our term ‘curse tablet’ in the light of the Greek distinction between ἀραί (‘curses’) and κατάδεσμοι (‘binding spells’). It analyses the role of cursing in Greek culture and sketches a short history of research that led German and Anglophone scholars to coin a modern terminology that disregards the ancient distinction.
Latin Literature
Authors: Walter Anke
Published: March 2022

The second volume of Harm Pinkster's Oxford Latin Syntax is a stunning achievement and an admirably thorough account of the Latin ‘complex sentence and discourse’. Far from restricting itself to classical prose, the work covers Latin texts from c. 200 bc to c. ad 450, in both poetry and prose. Overall, I was struck by the good balance that Pinkster maintains between presenting Latin syntax in a systematic and well-structured way and leaving enough room for the portrayal of the Latin language as a dynamic phenomenon, in which the frequency of and predilection for certain linguistic constructions keeps changing and the ‘correctness’ of certain expressions is a matter of time and context. Equally salutary are Pinkster's reminders of the role that intonation must have played in the production and reception of Latin – and of what we lose by no longer having access to it. Throughout, Pinkster gives due consideration to the fact that it is often hard to securely classify a grammatical phenomenon, but that several analyses might be possible. Similarly, where appropriate, the importance of the larger interpretive context of a sentence for understanding and classifying its grammatical phenomena is acknowledged as well – which is a great achievement in a monumental work that quotes a wealth of examples from such a wide range of Latin texts.
Philosophy
Authors: Bryan Jenny
Published: March 2022

As Andrea Nightingale notes in her persuasive new monograph, scholars often seem reticent to acknowledge the theological context within which Plato develops his metaphysics. By analysing and emphasizing the language of divinity applied to the forms, soul, and cosmos across four dialogues, the Symposium, Phaedo, Phaedrus, and Timaeus, Nightingale builds a case for rehabilitating Plato's status as a fundamentally ‘theological philosopher’. She argues that the tendency to sideline Plato's theological thinking compromises our reading of the dialogues: ‘To understand his philosophy, we need to locate his ideas in the context of Greek religious discourses and practices’ (8). Nightingale achieves this in two ways. The first is by offering brief but useful explanations of key Athenian rituals and belief sets, such as the Eleusinian Mysteries, epiphany, and Orphism. The second is by analysing allusions to and adaptations of these practices and ideas within the dialogues. Her conclusion is that, via his explanation of knowledge, psychology, and metaphysics in terms of the divine, Plato develops a novel conception of human beings, and philosophers in particular, in terms of their relation to the divine.
Reception
Authors: Easterbrook Rhiannon
Published: March 2022

While this issue's selection of books on classical reception is diverse in subject area and methodology, one theme they all share is a focus on place and space. The Classics in South America by Germán Campos Muñoz and Time and Antiquity in American Empire by Mark Storey are particularly focused on Classics and the spatiality of empire. South America's location beyond the extent of the world known to the Roman Empire provided an interesting point of departure for the classically inclined inhabitants of the continent as they considered continuities and disjunctures with the time and space of classical antiquity. Campos Muñoz's second and third case studies discuss an array of material and literary evidence in examining how both colonial and anti-imperial activities were framed with respect to ancient history and epic. We see how a sixteenth-century Spanish nobleman celebrated becoming Viceroy of Peru in a procession through a triumphal arch adorned with Latin hexameter and classical motifs. Similarly, Simón Bolívar, the revolutionary and subject of classical odes celebrating his liberation of South American territories, enjoyed classicizing triumphs and parades (140). These contrasting case studies show the ongoing significance of the Roman Empire to South America, even as its imperial status changed dramatically.
Making the Third Ghetto: Race, Gender, and Family Homelessness in Washington, DC, 1977–1989
Authors: GIPSON NICOLE M.
Published: March 2022

This article posits that the emergency shelter system which emerged in the 1970s, first as an informal network of local and faith-based assistance and then institutionalized by the late 1980s, was Washington, DC's third ghetto. Defining this “new,” visible homelessness in the context of the third ghetto exposes its points of convergence with the second ghetto in the increasing use of welfare hotels. This study revisits Arnold Hirsch's Making the Second Ghetto to examine housing precarity and racial subordination in Washington, DC's first and second ghettos. Additionally, I argue that acknowledging the resilience of the black female heads of household (FHHs) living in the public housing of the 1970s and 1980s in the second ghetto and examining homeless families living in welfare hotels in connection with neoliberal policies and practices in homeless assistance service provision during the 1980s are essential to understanding the making of the third ghetto in Washington, DC.
Jeep Girls and American GIs: Gendered Nationalism in Post–World War II China
Authors: Du Chunmei
Published: March 2022

Over a hundred thousand US servicemen were stationed in post–World War II China, resulting in the largest grassroots interactions in Sino-US history. Reexamining this unprecedented encounter in the context of American global military empire, this article investigates the sociocultural tensions caused by GIs’ sexual relations with Chinese women between 1945 and 1949. While conservatives maligned “Jeep girls” out of racial and sexual anxieties, liberals and self-identified Jeep girls invoked the language of modernity and patriotism. However, in the wake of the Peking Rape incident in 1946, the once diverse debate quickly ended as nationwide protests raged against American imperialism. In contrast with previous studies highlighting how Communist propaganda led to new anti-American sentiments, this research, by uncovering the complexities of Chinese women's experiences and their stories—which have been muffled or filtered through patriarchal agendas—foregrounds the key role of gendered nationalism in Sino-US relations.
Declining fertility and increasing use of traditional methods of family planning: a paradox in Uttar Pradesh, India?
Authors: Halli Shiva S. , Alam Mohd Tauheed , Joseph Antony , Prakash Ravi , Isac Shajy , Becker Marissa , Anand Preeti , Vasanthakumar N. , Ramesh B. M. , Blanchard James
Published: March 2022

Uttar Pradesh (UP), with more than 220 million people, is the most populous state in India. Despite a high unmet need for modern family planning methods, the state has experienced a substantial decline in fertility. India has also seen a decline during this period which can be attributed to the increased prevalence of modern methods of family planning, particularly female sterilisation, but in UP, the corresponding increase was marginal. At the same time, Traditional Family Planning Methods (TMs) increased significantly in UP in contrast to India, where it was marginal. The trends in UP raise questions about the drivers in fertility decline and question the conventional wisdom that fertility declines are driven by modern methods, and the paper aims to understand this paradox. Fertility trends and family planning practices in UP were analysed using data from different rounds of National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and the two UP Family Planning Surveys conducted by the UP Technical Support Unit to understand whether the use of TMs played a role in the fertility decline. As per NFHS-4, the prevalence of TM in India (6%) was less than half that of UP (13%). The UP Family Planning Survey in 25 High Priority Districts estimated that 22% of women used TMs. The analysis also suggested that availability and accessibiility of modern contraceptives might have played a role in the increased use of TMs in UP. If there are still couples who make a choice in favour of TMs, they should be well informed about the risks associated with the use of traditional methods as higher failure rate is observed among TMs users.
The Response to Share Mispricing by Issuing Firms and Short Sellers
Authors: Schultz Paul
Published: March 2022

Short sale constrained stocks are overpriced on average. I show that firms exploit mispricing by selling shares when their stock is short sale constrained and repurchasing shares when their stock is easily shorted. Stocks underperform following seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) if and only if the stock is difficult to short. This suggests that some SEOs are motivated by mispricing, whereas others are not. Short selling costs make it difficult for investors to profit from the poor performance following SEOs. Short selling and SEOs are alternative ways to supply shares to investors, and firms become the low-cost share provider when short selling is costly.
The association between contact with children and the clinical course of COVID-19
Authors: Jannuzzi Peter , Panza Gregory A.
Published: March 2022

We examined the association between contact with children and the clinical course of COVID-19 among COVID-19-positive adult patients. Participants completed a survey to assess demographics, medical information related to their COVID-19 diagnosis, contact with children at home and at the workplace. Patients were aged 45.68 ± 14.38 years, mostly female (72.1%), 842 were not hospitalized and 167 were hospitalized. At home, there were no differences between groups for the number of child contact hours or total child hours (hours × number of children) per week (Ps > 0.05). The number of children at home was greater among patients not hospitalized (P < 0.05), however this was no longer significant after controlling for covariates (P > 0.05). At the workplace, there were no differences between groups (all Ps > 0.05). Sub-group analysis found the proportion of patients that were treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) was greater among patients with no child contact (P < 0.05). A secondary analysis found that patients with no child contact had an increased likelihood of thromboembolism (P < 0.05) and a trend towards more overall COVID-19-related complications (P = 0.076). Overall, an association between contact with children and hospitalization was not found when adjusting for covariates. Sub-group analysis indicated a possible protective effect for more severe disease; however, these findings need further study.
Cognitive performance in children and adolescents with psychopathology traits: A cross-sectional multicohort study in the general population
Authors: Blok Elisabet , Schuurmans Isabel K. , Tijburg Anne J. , Hillegers Manon , Koopman-Verhoeff Maria E. , Muetzel Ryan L. , Tiemeier Henning , White Tonya
Published: March 2022

Psychopathology and cognitive development are closely related. Assessing the relationship between multiple domains of psychopathology and cognitive performance can elucidate which cognitive tasks are related to specific domains of psychopathology. This can help build theory and improve clinical decision-making in the future. In this study, we included 13,841 children and adolescents drawn from two large population-based samples (Generation R and ABCD studies). We assessed the cross-sectional relationship between three psychopathology domains (internalizing, externalizing, dysregulation profile (DP)) and four cognitive domains (vocabulary, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed) and the full-scale intelligence quotient. Lastly, differential associations between symptoms of psychopathology and cognitive performance by sex were assessed. Results indicated that internalizing symptoms were related to worse performance in working memory and processing speed, but better performance in the verbal domain. Externalizing and DP symptoms were related to poorer global cognitive performance. Notably, those in the DP subgroup had a 5.0 point lower IQ than those without behavioral problems. Cognitive performance was more heavily affected in boys than in girls given comparable levels of psychopathology. Taken together, we provide evidence for globally worse cognitive performance in children and adolescents with externalizing and DP symptoms, with those in the DP subgroup being most heavily affected.
Cardiac arrhythmias in postural tachycardia syndrome and orthostatic intolerance
Authors: Hong Jeff , Litt Sarah J. , Moak Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2022

Background and objectives:

There is sparse literature on cardiac arrhythmias and the utility of ambulatory rhythm monitoring in patients with postural tachycardia syndrome and orthostatic intolerance. This study’s primary aim was to investigate the prevalence of arrhythmias in this population. Knowing the prevalence and types of arrhythmias in dysautonomia patients could influence the decision to pursue ambulatory rhythm monitoring and ultimately guide therapy.

Methods:

This retrospective descriptive study examined the frequency of cardiac arrhythmias, as detected by ambulatory rhythm monitoring, in children with postural tachycardia syndrome/orthostatic intolerance or syncope who were seen at the Children’s National Hospital Electrophysiology Clinic between January 2001 and December 2020.

Results:

In postural tachycardia syndrome/orthostatic intolerance patients, arrhythmia was detected on 15% of 332 ambulatory rhythm monitors. In syncope patients, arrhythmia was detected on 16% of 157 ambulatory rhythm monitors, not significantly different from the postural tachycardia syndrome/orthostatic intolerance group. The difference in rate of arrhythmia detection between 24-hour Holter and 2-week Zio® monitoring was not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

This study suggests that a substantial proportion of postural tachycardia syndrome/orthostatic intolerance patients may have concomitant underlying cardiac arrhythmias, at a frequency similar to what is seen in patients undergoing primary evaluation for cardiac symptoms such as chest pain, palpitations, and syncope. In the appropriate clinical context, physicians caring for postural tachycardia syndrome/orthostatic intolerance patients should consider additional evaluation for arrhythmias beyond sinus tachycardia.
Measuring International Uncertainty Using Global Vector Autoregressions with Drifting Parameters
Authors: Pfarrhofer Michael
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the time-varying effects of international uncertainty shocks. I use a global vector autoregressive model with drifting coefficients and factor stochastic volatility in the errors to model the G7 economies jointly. The measure of uncertainty is constructed by estimating a time-varying scalar driving the innovation variances of the latent factors, which is also included in the conditional mean of the process. To achieve regularization, I use Bayesian techniques for estimation, and rely on hierarchical global–local priors to shrink the high-dimensional multivariate system towards sparsity. I compare the obtained econometric measure of uncertainty to alternative indices and discuss commonalities and differences. Moreover, I find that international uncertainty may differ substantially compared to identically constructed domestic measures. Structural inference points towards pronounced real and financial effects of uncertainty shocks in all considered economies. These effects are subject to heterogeneities over time and the cross-section, providing empirical evidence in favor of using the flexible econometric framework introduced in this study.
Very-High Dynamic Range, 10,000 Frames/Second Pixel Array Detector for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Philipp Hugh T. , Tate Mark W. , Shanks Katherine S. , Mele Luigi , Peemen Maurice , Dona Pleun , Hartong Reinout , van Veen Gerard , Shao Yu-Tsun , Chen Zhen , Thom-Levy Julia , Muller David A. , Gruner Sol M.
Published: March 2022

Precision and accuracy of quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) methods such as ptychography, and the mapping of electric, magnetic, and strain fields depend on the dose. Reasonable acquisition time requires high beam current and the ability to quantitatively detect both large and minute changes in signal. A new hybrid pixel array detector (PAD), the second-generation Electron Microscope Pixel Array Detector (EMPAD-G2), addresses this challenge by advancing the technology of a previous generation PAD, the EMPAD. The EMPAD-G2 images continuously at a frame-rates up to 10 kHz with a dynamic range that spans from low-noise detection of single electrons to electron beam currents exceeding 180 pA per pixel, even at electron energies of 300 keV. The EMPAD-G2 enables rapid collection of high-quality STEM data that simultaneously contain full diffraction information from unsaturated bright-field disks to usable Kikuchi bands and higher-order Laue zones. Test results from 80 to 300 keV are presented, as are first experimental results demonstrating ptychographic reconstructions, strain and polarization maps. We introduce a new information metric, the maximum usable imaging speed (MUIS), to identify when a detector becomes electron-starved, saturated or its pixel count is mismatched with the beam current.
Wagner's Shakespeare: Das Liebesverbot, the Problem Comedy and the Carnivalesque
Authors: Mueller Justin
Published: March 2022

This paper explores Wagner's early comedic opera, Das Liebesverbot. Though his ‘mature comedy’ Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg has been the focus of much scholarly attention, the composer's first and only other foray into the genre has been much less studied and often outright dismissed. While contemporary scholars have increasingly looked to Wagner's pre-Dutchman operas, they often read them purely in light of his later works; with this examination of his adaptation of Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, I offer a consideration of the young composer's work in its own right. After considering issues of textual and cultural adaptation, this paper offers close readings of several passages of the opera, in tandem with parallel scenes from the original play-text, to show how Wagner's transformation of this not-quite-so-comedic comedy into an expression of the carnivalesque reveals an expansive and cosmopolitan artistic and political philosophy during a period during which he was greatly influenced by the authors of the Junges Deutschland movement. Such a reconsideration disrupts the standard conception of a composer who is still often considered, in his own words, the ‘most German being’. Here, we see Wagner at arguably his most cosmopolitan, adapting the work of an English playwright he revered, altering the plot so that it ostensibly aligned with the ideological outlook of his German revolutionary colleagues, and setting it to music of a decidedly French and Italian flavour, all this in a way that still preserves many of the same, seemingly contradictory themes present in the original play.
THE AFTERLIFE OF SAPPHO'S AFTERLIFE
Authors: D'Alessio Giovan Battista
Published: March 2022

This article explores an important aspect of the constellation of elements that contribute to the construction of the image of ‘Sappho’ from antiquity to the twentieth century, that of Sappho's ultimate destiny after her fatal leap from the Rock of Leucas. I first argue that the story of Sappho's leap lies behind the description of the Underworld in a long fragment of a fifth-century Attic comedy, theMinersof Pherecrates, and that indeed ‘Sappho’ appeared as a character in the play. The next sections examine the background and the iconic function of Sappho's leap in the underground Basilica near Porta Maggiore in Rome and connects all these elements to the way in which the Underworld is represented in Sappho's textual fragments. The fifth section of the article deals with the ways in which Sappho's fate was reconfigured from the Renaissance onward, examining first visual, musical and dramatic representations. In the final part I focus on the ways the motif is transformed by Baudelaire and Yourcenar. The image of the poetess can shift from being an icon of an eschatological message of new life to one of an exemplary failure, two poles that have an impact both on the reception of classical antiquity and on the vision of the destiny of poetry itself.
Pregnancy Loss After Amniocentesis with Double-Needle Insertions in Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Cai Luyao , Yang Yingjun , Zou Gang , Zhang Yun , Wu Fengyu , Yuan Meizhen , Zhou Yan , Chen Jianping , Sun Luming
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study was to determine the pregnancy loss rate of amniocentesis with double-needle insertions in twin pregnancies. This was a retrospective study of twin pregnancies who underwent amniocentesis with double-needle insertion between 2010 and 2019 at a single center. The pregnancy loss rates were recorded as single or double fetal loss before 24 weeks’ gestation and within 4 weeks after the procedure. Risk factors for pregnancy loss after amniocentesis were also assessed. A total of 678 twin pregnancies with amniocentesis were finally included. The pregnancy loss rates before 24 weeks’ gestation and within 4 weeks after the procedure were 0.9% and 1.9%, respectively. Only one fetal loss was presumed to be a direct result of the procedure. All other cases were complicated by structural or chromosomal anomalies. Twin pregnancies with abnormal ultrasound findings had a significantly higher rate of pregnancy loss with a relative risk of 4.81 (95% CI [1.03, 22.2]). Our study showed a low pregnancy loss rate after amniocentesis in twin pregnancies with double-needle insertions technique of sampling, which can help decision making in prenatal screening and diagnosis for twin pregnancies.
Improving upon the interrow hoed cereal system: the effects of crop density and row spacing on intrarow weeds and crop parameters in spring barley
Authors: McCollough Margaret R. , Melander Bo
Published: March 2022

Automated guidance systems have advanced precise interrow hoeing in narrowly spaced cereals. Compared with other direct mechanical strategies, hoeing provides superior weed control and improved yields. However, weeds in the uncultivated intrarow zone may survive and compete intensely with the crop, causing yield loss. Therefore, improved intrarow weed management strategies in hoed cereals must be investigated. In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the effect of crop density was assessed at four levels (200, 300, 400, and 500 plants m−2); interrow spacing at two levels (15 and 20 cm), relevant to the abilities of current automated equipment to hoe between narrowly spaced rows; and weed management treatment at three levels (no additional controls, herbicide, and preemergence tine harrowing). All treatments received interrow hoeing, and a surrogate weed (white mustard, Sinapis alba L.) was sown and monitored throughout experiments. The manipulation of crop density was a reliable method for suppressing the growth of intrarow weeds. As barley density increased from the target 200 to 500 plants m−2, percent reduction in intrarow surrogate and ambient weed biomass (g m−2) increased from 49% to 82% and 53% to 99%, respectively. Increasing crop density caused a decrease in grain bulk density (kg hl−1) both years, and grain protein (%) and 1,000-kernel weight (g) in one year; whether these changes constitute a loss in grain quality depends upon end use. While row spacing had no effect on intrarow weeds, crop yields were 7% to 8% lower at 20 cm compared with 15 cm, incentivizing narrow row sowing. Barley yields were unaffected by increasing crop density, and the effect of preemergence tine harrowing was inconsistent. In one year, harrowing reduced surrogate and ambient weed biomass and increased barley yield; however, in another year, ambient weed biomass increased, and harrowing did not affect yield or surrogate weed biomass.
Evidence based Nursing and Caring
Authors: Behrens Johann , Langer Gero
Published: March 2022

Evidenzbasierte Pflege anschaulich, verständlich und nachprüfbar.

Evidence-based Nursing and Caring (EBN) ist eine Pflegepraxis, die pflegerische Entscheidungen auf wissenschaftlich geprüfte Erfahrungen Dritter („externe Evidence") und die individuellen Bedürfnisse und Erfahrungen der Pflegebedürftigen und Pflegenden („interne Evidence") stützt. Sie tut dies aus Respekt vor der Einzigartigkeit des Pflegebedürftigen und schließt die Unterstützung und Förderung pflegebedürftiger Menschen sowie die Sorge um sie (Caring) mit ein.
Behrens und Langer zeigen in ihrem erfolgreichen Praxishandbuch, wie Pflegende an evidenzbasiertes Wissen herankommen, wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse beurteilen, nutzen und in die Praxis transferieren können. Sie beschreiben Wege und Verfahren, einschließlich interpretativ-hermeneutischer und statistischer Methoden, und zeigen, wie damit pflegerische Entscheidungen belegt, begründet und ausgeführt werden können.
Die fünfte Auflage wurde überarbeitet und erweitert bezüglich der Kapitel Literaturrecherche, Nutzen und Schaden einer Therapie, Hilfen und Verbesserungen durch Digitalisierung sowie der Lösung des Generalisierungsdilemmas.
Aus dem Inhalt

• Grundlagen - Evidence-based Nursing und die Ethik professionellen eingreifenden Handelns
• 1. Schritt: Aufträge klären in der Begegnung - Shared Decision Making
• 2. Schritt: Probleme formulieren
• 3. Schritt: Literaturrecherche
• 4. Schritt: Kritische Beurteilung von Studien
• 5. Schritt: Veränderung der Pflegepraxis (Pflegemanagement-Modell)
• 6. Schritt: Evaluation von Wirkungsketten - Qualitätsmanagement und Evidence-based Practice.