bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Projections and prospects for the lauric oils: 1972–1987
Authors: Labys Walter C.
Published: May 2007

A set of economic forecasts based on both quantitative and qualitative analysis of market prospects is presented. The forecasts have been more general than particular, but this has been the result of the difficulties of analyzing market prospects for a large number of specialized end‐uses. Several basic uncertainties which limit the fulfillment of these forecasts are reviewed. The demand forecasts presented hopefully will be more meaningful as the surrounding uncertainties are lessened, especially with regard to supply. At present it appears that the Philippine coconut situation is improving with potential export availabilities in the near future closer to the high assumption than the medium assumption. Should no typhoons or droughts set back the anticipated increases for the Philippines, we should be entering a period of greater lauric oil export availabilities. No anticipated increases are foreseen immediately for Ceylon or Indonesia. Given the existence of adequate supplies of lauric oils on a world basis, the demand for these oils is likely to be steady, although increasing only slowly. This conclusion, of course, assumes that a period of adequate supplies will foster a price level which is both reasonably low and reasonably stable. Such an outcome is difficult to envision given the random fluctuations in supply which the industry has habitually experienced. However, should this prophecy be fulfilled, it will be welcome news indeed.
Effect of nonionic surfactants on the polarographic maximum and electrocapillary curves: A comparative study
Authors: Malik Wahid U. , Jhamb O. P.
Published: May 2007

The polarographic and electrocapillary curve methods have been used to determine the maximum suppression point (MSP), polarographic micelle point (PMP) and critical micelle concentration (cmc) of some polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants, viz., Tween 20, Tween 40 and Tween 80. The cmc values thus obtained have been compared with the values obtained by surface tension, iodine solubilization, spectral dye and radiometric methods.
The biodegradation of some sulfated alkanolamides
Authors: Cordon T. C. , Maurer E. W. , Stirton A. J.
Published: May 2007

Biodegradability tests were carried out in a controlled nutrient medium under aerobic and micro‐aerophilic conditions, in river water and in soil. Degradation occurred under all conditions but more rapidly when the oxygen concentration was high. Degradation was rapid in sterilized river water inoculated with anaerobic sewage sludge under microaerophilic conditions and in soil. LAS was not degraded in any of the microaerophilic tests.
Critical unit operations of the aqueous processing of fresh coconuts
Authors: Hagenmaier Robert , Cater Carl M. , Mattil Karl F.
Published: May 2007

An aqueous process was investigated for the recovery of oil and food grade protein from fresh coconuts. Efficient recovery of oil, which is very important for economical reasons, was related to three critical unit operations: separation of oil from the fiber, destabilization of an oil‐in‐water emulsion, and recovery of a protein product that is low in oil content. The material balance is reported for a laboratory process that satisfactorily separates oil and breaks the emulsion, and data are shown which has led to a process for recovery of a protein with low oil content.
The effect of ammoniation upon ricinine in castor meal
Authors: Hinkson J. W. , Elliger C. A. , Fuller G.
Published: May 2007

When castor meal is detoxified by treatment with ammonia to destroy ricin and various allergens the amount of ricinine, a toxic pyridone normally present in castor, is also reduced by about 25%. It was shown that the majority of ricine loss can be accounted for by the production of 4‐amino‐3‐cyano‐N‐methyl‐2‐pyridone, a product formed by displacement of the original methoxyl group of ricinine with ammonia. In vitro enzymatic studies have demonstrated that neither this compound nor ricinine significantly affects lactate dehydrogenase. Another possible derivative of ricinine formed from ammoniation, 4‐amino‐3‐carboxamido‐N‐methyl‐2‐pyridone, which was not found in ammoniated castor meal,did inhibit lactate dehydrogenase.
Detergent application of the measurement of critical micelle concentration
Authors: Harris J. C.
Published: May 2007

The measurement of critical micelle concentration is discussed from the viewpoint of practical detergent application. Micelles are briefly characterized, and methods for measurement are discussed. The difficulties of measuring nonionic surfactant critical concentrations is indicated, and several applicable methods are described. The practical detergent applications of critical micelle concentration (cmc), as affected by electrolyte builder combinations, are illustrated. A concise summary of the principles governing micelle formation has been developed.
Divinyl sulfone‐eleostearate adducts as plasticizers for nitrile rubber
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Pastor H. P. , Hughes J. P. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

Four divinyl sulfone‐eleostearate adducts were synthesized and compared with dibutyl sebacate as plastieizers for nitrile rubber. Three of these, the adducts of methylalpha‐eleostearate, its hydrogenated derivative, and that of tung oil, were found to be satisfactory primary plastieizers. The stocks prepared from the unhydrogenated adducts were superior in plasticizing efficiency to those prepared from their hydrogenated derivatives. The divinyl sulfone‐tung oil adduct yielded a rubber which met the low‐temperature flexibility requirements (−40°C.) of the automotive industry.
Nutritional and toxicological evaluation ofHibiscus sabdariffa oil andCleome viscosa oil
Authors: Rukmini C. , Vijayaraghavan M. , Tulpule P. G.
Published: May 2007

Mesta seed oil (Hibiscus sabdariffa), like cottonseed oil, contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids (2.9%) and epoxy fatty acids (2.6%) in addition to normal fatty acids found in vegetable oils.Cleome viscosa (Capparidaceae) seed oil is rich in linoleic acid (70%) and free from any abnormal chemical constituents. Nutritional and toxicological evaluations of these two oils were done by multigeneration breeding studies by feeding the respective oils and groundnut oil as control at 10% level in a 20% protein diet with adequate vitamins and minerals. These studies revealed that rats fed mesta oil had inferior growth and reproductive performance and also had altered liver metabolism. Rats fedC. viscosa oil did not show any abnormal growth or reproductive performance or altered liver lipid levels. Thus, these studies indicate that raw or refined mesta oil may not be suitable for human consumption whereasC. viscosa oil can be used safely by humans.
Reuse of copper catalyst in continuous hydrogenation
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Scholfield C. R.
Published: May 2007

Continuous hydrogenation of soybean oil using copper catalyst can be improved economically by reusing the catalyst. A hydrogenated oil with an approximate iodine value drop of 25 was attained by regulating the conditions and size of the reactor. Catalyst was removed by centrifuge and recycled. Reaction products were evaluated to determine catalyst activity, linolenate selectivity andtrans formation. By adding 0.2–0.4% fresh catalyst each time, the activity was retained. Linolenate selectivity ranged from 6 to 11 andtrans formation, expressed as specific isomerization, ranged from 0.63 to 0.78.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids inSterculia colorata seed oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Ankalgi R. F.
Published: May 2007

Seed oil ofSterculia colorata is found to contain the following acids (wt %): sterculic (4.9%), malvalic (3.2%), myristic (0.3%), palmitic (29.4%), stearic (1.7%), oleic (56.6%), and linoleic (3.9%). The co‐occurrence of malvalic and sterculic acids was established by gas liquid chromatography of the silver nitrate methanol‐treated esters usingS. foetida esters as reference standard.
Analytical method for a cationic fabric softener in waters and wastes
Authors: Osburn Q. W.
Published: May 2007

The Waters and Kupfer disulfine blue method for cationic surfactants has been extensively modified in order to extend its applicability to the broad range of samples necessary for elucidating the removal and biodegradability of the cationic fabric softener distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC) during sewage treatment. In addition, these modifications have overcome the need for preconditioning anion‐exchange resin columns and the instability of the disulfine blue‐quaternary ion association compound, both recognized by the authors as problems associated with the Waters and Kupfer method. The addition of a thin layer chromatographic procedure has made possible the semiquantitative estimation of the DSDMA+ cation contribution to the measured level of disulfine blue active substances.
Glycerolysis of fats and methyl esters — Status, review and critique
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V.
Published: May 2007

With the possible exception of catalytic hydrogenation, perhaps no unit operation within the realm of oleochemistry is as thoroughly complex as that of glycerolysis. Among the misconceptions and half‐truths that prevail concerning the glycerolysis of fats are the notions that it involves a strictly random distribution of acyl groups among all of the available hydroxyl groups, that the solubility of glycerol in the fat at the reaction temperature determines the yield of monoglyceride that may be obtained, that the advantageous effects of the Law of Mass Action can be realized only when the reaction media is in ultimate homogeneity, in other words, complete mutual solubility, and, more importantly, that there is an equivalence of emulsification properties for the chief products of glycerolysis, i.e., the α‐and β‐monoglycerides, in both food and industrial emulsification. Numerous examples from international literature establish the limitations which prevail in temperature, agitation and use of excess of glycerol in batch glycerolysis reactions, but the practical limits for glycerolysis undersuperemulsification conditions remain to be established. The disadvantages of glycerolysis in homogeneous solvents still are insufficient to justify the use of those that are available, but the use of both pressure and gaseous catalysts such as carbon dioxide appear to offer the greatest hope for improvement in yields. Substantial energy savings may dictate the choice of methyl ester glycerolysis processing for future plants, especially those in the international sphere. Pros and cons of monoglyceride analytical methodology are evaluated.
Surfactant‐enhanced steam drives for heavy oil recovery
Authors: Dilgren R. E. , Owens K. B.
Published: May 2007

A steam/noncondensible gas foam formulation was developed to reduce steam mobility in the steam drive process as applied to heavy oil reservoirs with little or no dip such as the Kern River field. The steam/noncondensible gas foam process is intended to reduce or minimize the gravity layover problem in such reservoirs. Laboratory experimentation started with foam studies in the absence of both porous media and crude oil at a substeam temperature. Conditions existing in the application under actual field use were then added in a step‐by‐step manner, i.e., inclusion of porous media, existence of an oil saturation, and the addition of steam foam components to injected steam. Added salt was necessary for mobility reduction. Mode of noncondensible gas injection (constant mass vs constant volume) was not important. Adsorption of surfactant was shown to be quite low at steam temperature. The concentrations of steam foam components — Siponate DS‐10, salt and nitrogen — recommended for the Kern River pilot resulted in a steam mobility 0.18 of that obtained with steam alone.
Application of surfactants in the petroleum industry
Authors: Nelson R. C.
Published: May 2007

Surfactants are used throughout the petroleum industry. Some of those uses are mentioned in this paper. Market growth in surfactants for refinery products probably will be small. More rapid growth is anticipated for surfactants used in the oil field. A large potential market exists for surfactants in enhanced oil recovery, but many technical and economic problems remain to be solved. However, it would seem, as we enter the last decades of the “petroleum age,” that enough of those technical problems will be solved and that the oil we leave behind will become valuable enough to allow some methods of enhanced oil recovery to become economical, commercial processes.
Evaluation of “Hysoy” in exterior paints
Authors: Lewis A. J. , Teeter H. M. , Walton W. T. , Haines R. S.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Hysoy and blends of Hysoy and soybean oil can be used successfully in the formulation of white exterior paints. Such paints compare favorably in outdoor weathering tests with similar paints made with linseed and soybean oils. The principal advantage shown by paints formulated with Hysoy is a decrease in drying time.
Potassium silicates in soaps
Authors: Merrill R. C. , Getty Raymond
Published: May 2007

Properties of potassium silicates of interest in regard to their use as a detergent with soaps have been studied. A 40% potassium coconut oil soap can be mixed in all proportions with the comercial 3.3 ratio potassium silicate containing 39.6% solids. The pH's of the silicate solutions vary from 9.6 to 11 at concentrations of most practical interest. The 3.3 ratio silicate increases the pH of a potassium coconut oil soap solution. More suds form when the soap is dissolved in a 0.031% K2O·3.3SiO2 solution than in the same molality of a potassium carbonate solution or in pure water.

Quantitative measurements of their suspending action on ilmenite shows that at their optimum concentrations both silicates are more effective than potassium carbonate and almost as good as soap. The maximum effect of soap occurs at a higher concentration than that for the silicates. A mixture of soap and K2O·3.3SiO2 prevents the deposition of ferric oxide pigment on cotton cloth about equally as well as soap alone; this mixture is more effective than soap alone for preventing the deposition of raw umber. Both silicates prevented the deposition of raw umber more effectively than soap alone or soap‐alkali mixtures below 0.1% and are not much less effective above this concentration.

Soil removal experiments with a cottonseed oil‐Oil‐dag soil showed that a mixture of K2O·3.3SiO2 and potassium coconut oil soap was about equally as efficient in distilled water and more efficient in 300 p.p.m. hard water than soap alone.
The lipids of dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal
Authors: Jackson A. H. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Freshly dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal was repeatedly extracted with acetone, ethyl alcohol, and Skellysolve B in a percolator at room temperature; 6.59% of crude extract was obtained. This extract was composed of 3.7% phospholipids, 33.2% triglycerides, 17.2% crude wax, 8.3% unsaponifiable, and 37.6% water soluble material.

Spectrophotometric analysis of the mixed methyl esters from the triglyceride fraction indicated the presence of 32.2% linolenic, 16.9% linoleic, 31.0% oleic, and 19.9% saturated acids. The mixed methyl esters from the phospholipid fraction contained 35.2% linolenic, 14.7% linoleic, 36.8% oleic, and 13.3% saturated acids.
Sesame oil. I. Properties of a solvent‐extracted sesame oil
Authors: Andraos Victor , Swift C. E. , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2007

Data and information have been presented with respect to the extraction, processing characteristics, and the chemical and physical characteristics of oil obtained from white sesame seed.

Extraction of sesame seed with hexane yielded a crude oil low in free fatty acids and in color. The oil was refined with caustic soda under a variety of conditions with low losses and bleached with comparatively small quantities of several bleaching earths each of which produced a light‐colored oil.

Data have been presented on progressive changes which occurred in the composition, stability, plasticity, and refractive index of the fat during selective hydrogenation of the refined and bleached oils.

Sesame oil hydrogenated to shortening consistency exhibited extremely high stability when tested by the accelerated active oxygen method. This stability confirms previous suggestions that sesame oil contains one or more antioxidants of greater activity than those present in most of the other vegetable oils of commerce.
Characteristics of Iranian almond nuts and oils
Authors: Mehran Mostafa , Filsoof Mehrzad
Published: May 2007

Almonds of nine different iranian cultivars were studied. The characteristics of almond nuts and almond oils from these cultivars were determined. They also were studied for possible deterioration of their oils during long storage time. Almond nuts from some cultivars showed significant differences. The variations found in the oil characteristics of different cultivars are not definitely due to varietal differences. The majority of these data does not agree with that found in literature. Acid and peroxide values are very low in both 3 and 12 month old samples, proving the good keeping quality of almonds with regard to their oil content.
Relationship of structure to properties in surfactants: II. Efficiency in surface or interfacial tension reduction
Authors: Rosen Milton J.
Published: May 2007

The concept of a quantitative measure for the efficiency with which surfactants depress surface or interfacial tension is introduced. It is shown that the quantity, log (1/C)π=20, where C is the bulk concentration or surfactant required to reduce the surface or interfacial tension by 20 dynes/cm (surface pressure, π=20), is a suitable measure of the efficiency. This quantity is a linear function of the free energy of transfer of the surfactant molecule from the interior of the bulk phase to the interface. The effect upon the efficiency of various structural groupings in both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the molecule is calculated and the results discussed. From surface and interfacial tension data, it is shown that the free energy decrease involved in the transfer of a −CH2‐group at π=20 to the aqueous solution‐air interface is 450–500 cal mole−1 at 25 C; for the aqueous solution‐heptane interface, the free energy decrease/−CH2‐group transferred is greater than 427 cal mole−1 at 50 C.
Cucurbit seeds: III. Ultrastructure of quiescent storage tissues
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J. , Yatsu Y.
Published: May 2007

Electron‐microscopic examinations of seeds from wild xerophilous cucurbits revealed that their storage tissues ultrastructurally resembled those of commercially important oilseeds such as castor, cotton, peanut, soy, and tung.
Lipid composition of selected vegetable oils
Authors: Carpenter Dorothy L. , Lehmann Joanna , Mason Blanche S. , Slover Hal T.
Published: May 2007

This paper gives analytical data on the composition of 14 selected consumer‐available liquid vegetable oils, including soybean, soybean‐cottonseed blends, corn, safflower, peanut, olive and apricot kernel oils. Label information identified six samples as specially processed or refined and three samples as cold pressed with no preservative added; the labels of the remaining five samples did not mention processing. Data are given for fatty acid composition,trans content, location of the double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids, percent conjugation, tocopherol content, fatty acid composition of the 2‐poisition of the triglycerides, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio, and the ratio of α‐tocopherol to polyunsaturated fatty acids (α‐T/P). The ranges of values found were: conjugated unsaturation, 0.18–1.09%; α‐tocopherol, 0.01–0.60 mg/gm; total tocopherol 0.14–1.52 mg/gm; P/S, 0.5–8.7; and α‐TP, 0.03–2.26. The compositions of the fatty acids on the 2‐position and on the 1,3‐position of the triglycerides were compared with those calculated by the Evans’ hypothesis and found to agree well for all but olive and apricot kernel oils.
Speculations on the nature of the metabolic defects in Tay‐Sachs, Niemann‐Pick, Gaucher舗s and Alzheimer舗s diseases, and metachromatic leucodystrophy
Authors: Rouser George , Kritchevsky Gene , Galli Claudio
Published: May 2007

It is concluded that the defect in Tay‐Sachs disease is for an enzyme degrading a monosialoganglioside, in Niemann‐Pick disease for an enzyme degrading sphingomyelin or possibly ceramide, in chronic Gaucher舗s disease for an enzyme degrading a glucocerebroside, and in metachromatic leucodystrophy for an enzyme for degradation of sulfatide. Alzheimer舗s disease does not appear to involve any specific changes in lipid composition. An hypothesis to explain the findings in Alzheimer舗s disease is presented.
Determination of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates
Authors: Livingston J. R. , Wellman W. E.
Published: May 2007

A simplified procedure for the quantitative determination of very small amts of fatty alcohols in fatty alcohol sulfates has been developed. In the present work this procedure was applied to the determination of lauryl alcohol in lauryl alcohol sulfate.
Studies in estolides. I. Kinetics of estolide formation and decomposition
Authors: Modak S. N. , Kane J. G.
Published: May 2007

A study has been made of the rate of formation of estolides from castor oil fatty acids and of their decomposition at different temps. Estolide formation appears to be optimum at the end of 5 hr at about 220C, beyond which estolides start decomposing, giving rise to DCO fatty acids. At about 300C, estolide decomposition is complete within an hour.

During estolide formation there is a linear increase in optical rotation which again decreases linearly, although at a different rate, during estolide decomposition. At optimum estolide formation, the optical rotation is as high as 25.5.
Radiochlorine as a tracer in fat deposition
Authors: Sink J. D. , Watkins J. L. , Ziegler J. H. , Kean G. R.
Published: May 2007

Radiochlorine38 was evaluated and found to be suitable for use as a tracer in studying the deposition of fat in porcinepanniculus adiposus tissue. Its short half‐life makes its preparation from natural chlorine simple and inexpensive, and also minimizes long‐term contamination problems, and its energetic beta and gamma rays makes its radio‐assay simple and rapid. For swine, the threshhold level for a statistical counting accuracy of 1% was found to be approx 8 ȕ 10蜢2 mc/lb of live wt. The time required for the digestion, absorption, transport and deposition of statistically sufficient detectable radioactive material was 3 1/2 hr. The incorporation of radiochlorine38 into lipid molecules does not appear to alter their normal metabolic pathways.
Effect of substituents in the aromatic nucleus on the biodegradation behavior of alkylaryl sulfonates
Authors: Borstlap C. , Kortland C.
Published: May 2007

Taking the results of methylene blue analysis as a yardstick for biodegradability, substituents in the benzene ring of linear alkylaryl sulfonates (CH3, C2H5, OH) greatly deteriorate the aerobic biodegradation characteristics of these products: adaptation time, amount of hard residue, and, to a lesser extent, rate of biodegradation. Replacement of one long alkyl chain by two short ones of the same total length also retards biodegradation. When the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophene ring, adaptation is improved.
Acetoxylation of methyl oleate with a resin catalyst
Authors: Black L. T. , Beal R. E.
Published: May 2007

The reaction of methyl oleate with acetic acid in the presence of a reticulated cation exchange resin produces methyl acetoxystearate. Saponification of this compound and subsequent acidification yields hydroxystearic acid. Time, temperature, acetic acid:ester ratio, and resin:ester ratio were examined for their effect on yield of methyl acetoxystearate. A yield of approximately 45% of theory was reached under the best conditions. The cation exchange resin promoted ester inter‐change with the formation of oleic acid, acetoxy‐stearic acid, and methyl acetate. An estolide polymer was formed, probably by ester inter‐change between acetoxylated methyl oleate and oleic acid. Acetoxy esters were separated from unreacted methyl oleate and ester polymers by fractional distillation. Molecular weight and GLC data substantiate the product structure. Several other short‐chain carboxylic acids were reacted with methyl oleate but gave lower yields of acyloxylated product than acetic acid.
A rapid method for the estimation oftrans unsaturation in hydrogenated oils and fats
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Holla K. S.
Published: May 2007

Glycerides and methyl esters of fatty acids containingtrans unsaturation both show peaks at 10,38 Ɓ. The absorptivities of the glycerides (a10.38 Ɓ) have a straight line relationship with the concentration of thetrans unsaturation, calculated as methyl elaidate. This relationship has been utilized as a quick method for estimating thetrans unsaturation in hydrogenated fats such as Vanaspati. The infrared spectrum of a given hydrogenated fat is taken in the region of 9‐11 Ɓ, the absorptivity at thetrans‐peak is calculated, and the corresponding methyl elaidate content is read from a graph.
The flavor intensity of some carbonyl compounds important in oxidized fats
Authors: Dixon M. D. , Hammond E. G.
Published: May 2007

The flavor intensities of several methyl ketones, aldehydes, 2‐enals, andtrans, trans‐2,4‐dienals were evaluated in 1% mineral oil in water emulsions against a series of standard emulsions of 2‐heptanone. There was a linear relation between the logarithm of the concentrations of the carbonyls and the logarithm of the concentration of 2‐heptanone giving an equal flavor intensity. Thresholds calculated from these linear relations were comparable to those reported in the literature. Mixtures of carbonyls similar to those found in oxidized soybean oil were evaluated, and their flavor intensities were similar to those predicted from adding the intensities of the individual carbonyls. The flavor intensity of these carbonyls could account for the flavor intensity of oxidized soybean oil.
The analysis of phospholipids in soy lecithin by HPLC
Authors: Hurst W. Jeffrey , Martin Robert A.
Published: May 2007

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for the HPLC analysis of major phospholipids in soy lecithin. The method entails dissolving soy lecithin in chloroform prior to analysis. The HPLC determination uses a normal phase column and a mobile phase of acetonitrilemethanol‐H3PO4 with detection at 205 nm. The data presented illustrates that the method is rapid, accurate and precise for the determination of phospholipid in soy lecithin.
Water hardness control by detergent builders
Authors: Nagarajan M. K. , Paine H. L.
Published: May 2007

Commercial detergent additives to control water hardness are of three main types, sequestrant, precipitant or ion‐exchange builders. These builders lower the free hardness ion (Ca+2, Mg+2) concentration in a wash system by different mechanisms. An electrometric experimental method was used to evaluate the relative water hardness control performances of different builder‐types under conditions closely simulating those of detergent's end‐use. Experimental data for the following builders are presented: EDTA, NTA, STPP, PAA, CMOS, Na‐Citrate, Na2CO3 and type A zeolite. It is shown that the relative rankings of the various builders in water hardness control differ significantly with differences in use level concentration of the builder (0.005–0.100 gm per 100 ml). The application of the method to the selection of optimum molecular weight range of the newly emerging class of organic polymeric detergent builders like sodium polyacrylates (Na‐PAA) (Mw=2000−220,000) also is discussed.
Preparation of some ethyl higher‐alkyl acetals and their conversion to vinyl ethers
Authors: Dejarlais W. J. , O'Donnell J. L. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

Unsymmetrical acetals were prepared from stearyl, oleyl, and the mixed alcohols, derived from linseed oil, by the acid‐catalyzed addition of each alcohol to ethyl vinyl ether.

Stearyl, oleyl, and linseed‐alkyl vinyl ethers were obtained by cleavage of ethanol from the respective unsymmetrical acetals over alkali‐metal bisulfates, sulfanilic acid, or aniline sulfate‐sulfuric acid. Yields of the higher alkyl vinyl ethers were moderate due to disproportionation and formation of ethyl vinyl ether from the acetals.
Physico‐chemical studies on the composition and stability of copper chelates of 2‐hydroxystearic and 2‐hydroxydocosanoic acids
Authors: Muzaffaruddin M. , Roomi M. W.
Published: May 2007

The complex formation of copper (II) with 2‐hydroxystearic and 2‐hydroxydocosanoic acids has been investigated at pH 8.0 in a medium ofm‐xylene‐ethanol (75:25 v/v). The formation of only one complex metal: ligand (1:2) is detected by three independent methods, viz. Job's method of continuous variation, conductometric titration and chemical analysis of the isolated complexes. The logarithm of the formation constants (log K) as calculated by the method of Turner and Anderson are 6.30 and 5.73 and the free energy change of combination are, −8.590 kcal and −7.814 kcal respectively. A chelate structure for both the complexes, in which the ligand molecules act as a bidentate chelating species involving the weakly coordinating hydroxyl group in bond formation has been suggested by analogy with the copper derivatives of amino acids.
Cholesterol turnover in the central nervous system
Authors: Nicholas Harold J.
Published: May 2007

Immature rat brains were examined for a metabolite of cholesterol which could conceivably form in the central nervous system as a result of cholesterol turnover. A basic assumption was made that an acidic product would be formed, preferentially by oxidative degradation of the cholesterol side chain. Chemical fractionation of brain tissue and thin‐layer chromatography of an appropriate acidic fraction indicated the presence of a monohydroxy steroidal acid(s) which remains to be positively identified. Preliminary tracer experiments did not clarify the origin of the unidentified metabolite.
The turnover of the lipid components of myelin
Authors: Smith Marion Edmonds , Eng Lawrence F.
Published: May 2007

The rate of loss of radioactivity in the lipid components of rat myelin labeled with acetate‐1‐C14 was determined over a period of one year. Rats were injected with acetate‐1‐C14 at 15舑16 days of age and purified myelin was prepared by differential ultracentrifugation from brain and spinal cord of this group at 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after injection. Total lipid was extracted from the myelin preparations and the lipids were separated into their components by thin‐layer chromatography. Cholesterol, galactolipid, ethanolamine phosphatide, choline phosphatide, inositol phosphatide, serine phosphatide and sphingomyelin specific activities at each age were measured. Three of the myelin lipid components, serine phosphatide, inositol phosphatide, and choline phosphatide decreased in specific activity faster than cerebroside, cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and ethanolamine phosphatide. Acetate‐1‐C14 injected into adult animals, though incorporated into myelin to a very small extent, is taken up primarly in the choline phosphatide. These experiments suggests that myelin does not behave as a fixed entity but that certain constituents may be more actively metabolized than others.
Investigation of the biogenetic reaction sequence of cholesterol in rat tissues, through inhibition with AY‐9944
Authors: Fumagalli R. , Niemiro R. , Paoletti R.
Published: May 2007

An inhibitor of ख7‐reductase, AY‐9944 (trans‐1,4‐bis(2‐dichlorobenzylaminomethyl cyclohexane dihydrochloride), was used to investigate the last steps of cholesterol formation in brain and liver of adult and newborn rats. The accumulation of different sterols in the two tissues of the same animals was observed. ख5,7‐Cholestadien‐3ॆ‐ol, ख7,24‐cholestadien‐3ॆ‐ol and ख5,7,24‐cholestatrien‐3ॆ‐ol, which are not present in detectable amounts in control brains, were identified in brains of growing rats treated with AY‐9944. An accumulation of ख5,7‐cholestadien‐3ॆ‐ol only was found in adult rat tissues.

These differences in sterol accumulation are discussed in relation with the possible in vivo pathways of cholesterol biosynthesis.
Solidification of unsaturated/saturated fatty acid mixtures and its relationship to chilling sensitivity in plants
Authors: Lyons James M. , Asmundson Craig M.
Published: May 2007

Freezing points of mixtures of palmitic and linoleic, or palmitic and linolenic acids, the predominant fatty acids in plants, decrease slowly as the unsaturated fatty acid is increased to 60 mole %. Beyond this per cent the freezing point is depressed quite markedly by each addition of unsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic and linolenic acids have similar effects on the freezing points of the mixtures until about 82 mole % unsaturated fatty acid. Differences of less than 5% in the amount of unsaturated fatty acid have a marked effect on the freezing point of mixtures at the approximate composition of fatty acid in plant membrane lipids.
Detection of trace fatty acids in fats and oils by urea fractionation and gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Iverson J. L. , Eisner J. , Firestone D.
Published: May 2007

The detection of trace fatty acids (<0.1%) in a fat or oil by gas‐liquid chromatography is possible when the methyl esters are fractionated with urea to provide a number of less complex fractions. Identification and estimation of trace fatty acids is simplified by quantitative removal of other fatty acids having similar gas chromatographic retention times. A detailed knowledge of the order in which inclusion compounds are formed was obtained by fractionating a complex mixture of marine and vegetable fatty acids. In addition, lanolin was fractionated to determine the preferential order in which saturated, branched chain (iso‐, anteiso‐) and hydroxy acids form inclusion compounds. Using urea fractionation and gas chromatography, 52 trace fatty acids were tentatively identified in butter, 30 in lard, and 26 in walnut oil.
High voltage electrical discharge reactions of fats and related compounds
Authors: Borka L. , Privett O. S.
Published: May 2007

Studies are reported on the modification of fats and related compounds by electrical discharge reactions. Several types of fatty compounds were subjected to silent electrical discharge of the ozonizer type of 15,000 volts AC and analyzed by gas‐liquid and thin‐layer chromatography, infrared spectral and elemental analyses.

Evidence was obtained for a free radical reaction in accordance with the general theory of discharge reactions.

The major products of the reaction were polymers of varying degrees of complexity. Shortchain hydrocarbons were also detected. Hydrogenations via the formation of hydrogen radicals was demonstrated; branching via long‐chain radical interreactions was also indicated. The incorporation of nitrogen and oxygen into polymeric products was demonstrated when the reaction was carried out in the presence of these gases.

Reaction mechanisms are proposed to explain the products formed under various conditions.
Performance evaluation of selected fabric softeners
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Schenach T. A. , Jungermann Eric
Published: May 2007

Some methods and variables of importance in softener evaluation were examined. A subjective, paired‐comparison panel method is recommended for softening measurement, and a dye wicking method seems most reliable for rewettability measurement. Use of these methods shows that softening tends to decrease and rewettability to increase with unsaturation and introduction of ether groups in bridging radicals and with reduction of alkyl chain length, in a word with increasing hydrophilicity of various radicals. Rewet data are particularly sensitive to these effects. For excellent softening, two long chain alkyl groups are apparently required, and these should be at least C16 and more preferably C18 in length.
Neutral oil in linear alkyl benzene sulfonate slurries: Determination and composition
Authors: Kellenbach K. , Emery E. , Blank E. W.
Published: May 2007

A method of improved accuracy and acceptable precision for the determination of neutral oil in detergent slurries is described. The increase in accuracy results from minimizing loss of highly volatile constituents of the neutral oil.

The composition of the neutral oil in linear alkyl benzene slurries has been determined utilizing infrared and mass spectrometry techniques.

Highly branched, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons constitute the principal portion of the neutral oil. Traces of aromatic hydrocarbons are also present. The balance of the neutral oil comprises dialkylsulfones together with trace quantities of unidentified sulfur containing components.

Analogies are drawn between the composition of neutral oil from linear alkyl benzene sulfonates and branched alkyl benzene sulfonates.
Analysis of surfactants using pyrolysis‐gas chromatography
Authors: Liddicoet T. H. , Smithson L. H.
Published: May 2007

A pyrolysis‐gas chromatographic method has been devised for the rapid analysis of surfactants and surfactant mixtures. The method involves pyrolysis of the surfactant in a unit directly attached to a gas chromatograph. The resulting pyrolysis products give characteristic gas chromatographic patterns which are useful for analysis of the original surfactant.

This method is useful for the qualitative identification of surfactants either alone, in synthetic mixtures, or in commercial products. In many cases, the technique can also be used for semiquantitative estimation of (1) relative amounts of the individual components in mixtures and (2) structural distribution of the surfactants. The method is amenable to both solid and liquid and both light‐duty and heavy‐duty detergent formulations.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of the positional isomers of methyl nonynoate
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Rakoff Henry
Published: May 2007

A mixture of all the positional isomers of methyl nonynoate is poorly resolved by gasliquid chromatography on packed polar (diethylene glycol succinate) and packed nonpolar (Apiezon L) columns. Better resolution is obtained on capillary columns, with the polar liquid phase giving baseline separations between all the isomers except 9:T4 and 9:T5. The nonynoic esters are eluted later than methyl nonanoate on either liquid phase. The isomers with the triple bond near the center of the molecule come off first, and the elution time increases as the triple bond moves toward either end of the chain. Methyl 8‐nonynoate, the only isomer with a terminal triple bond, does not follow this pattern.
Improvements in the rapid refractometric method of determining the oil content of olives
Authors: Kaloyereas Socrates A. , Cruess William V.
Published: May 2007

A new standardization of the rapid refractometric method of determining oil in olives has been devised. A theoretical discussion of all the factors involved and the introduction of the use of the Waring blendor in making the treatment with Halowax oil have also been presented.
Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids in obese mice
Authors: Clandinin M. Thomas , Cheema Sukhinder , Pehowich Dan , Field Catherine J.
Published: May 2007

Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice display a variety of metabolic differences from lean litter mates. In the obese state, fatty acid desaturation‐elongation in brown adipose tissue mitochondria is apparently altered, resulting in differences in membrane fatty acid composition. This change in membrane lipid environment appears to influence GDP binding and there‐fore the activity of the proton conductance pathway associated with regulation of energy expenditure in these animals. In liver, binding of insulin to the nuclear membrane is increased by feeding a high polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) diet fat. Consumption of a high P/S diet decreased mRNA levels for fatty acid synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, malic enzyme, and pyruvate kinase in obese and lean animals. Expression of mRNA for these lipogenic enzymes was higher in obese animals and suggests that obese mice may be resistant to polyunsaturated fatty acid feedback control of gene expression.
Dietary marine lipids suppress continuous expression of interleukin‐1β gene transcription1
Authors: Robinson Dwight R. , Urakaze Masaharu , Huang Riyun , Taki Hirofumi , Sugiyama Eiji , Knoell Christopher T. , Xu LiLian , Yeh Edward T. H. , Auron Philip E.
Published: May 2007

n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids abundant in marine lipids suppress certain inflammatory and immune reactions, and dietary marine lipid supplements have antiinflammatory effects in experimental and human autoimmune disease. Previous work by other investigators demonstrated that dietary marine lipid supplements suppressed production of cytokines from stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cellsex vivo. The present study further documents the ability of n‐3 fatty acids to inhibit cytokine formation, and in part defines the mechanism of the inhibition of production of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) by dietary n‐3 fatty acid. Female BALB/c mice were each fed a fatfree balanced diet to which was added either a refined fish oil (FO) preparation as a source of n‐3 fatty acid, or beef tallow (BT), which consisted primarily of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. After ingesting the experimental diets for periods ranging from 3 to 12 wk, spleen cell preparations were stimulatedex vivo with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), and prolL‐1β mRNA (Il‐1β mRNA) was measured by northern analysis. Levels of IL‐1β mRNA in both LPS‐and PMA‐stimulated cells from BT‐fed mice were elevated to a greater extent than in cells from FO‐fed mice, at most concentrations of LPS and PMA. Stability of LPS‐stimulated mRNA levels after actinomycin D was similar for BT and FO groups, indicating that lower levels of IL‐1 mRNA with FO groups was related to suppressed IL‐1 gene transcription and not due to accelerated transcript degradation. Nuclear run‐on transcription assays revealed a more transient expression of the IL‐1β gene in LPS‐stimulated spleen cells from FO‐fed mice compared to cells from BT‐fed mice. We conclude that dietary marine lipids reduce transient expression of the IL‐1β gene in stimulated splenic monocytic cells. Preliminary results from nuclear run‐on transcription assays indicate that n‐3 fatty acids may not change the initial rate of gene transcription but may promote more rapid shutting down of transcription of this gene after induction than do alternative lipids.
The cardiac antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid
Authors: Kang Jing X. , Leaf Alexander
Published: May 2007

Each year in the United States alone some 250,000 persons die within one hour of an acute myocardial infarction. These deaths are largely due to ischemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmias, primarily ventricular fibrillation (VF). Thus a safe, simple means of preventing such arrhythmias has considerable public health benefit potential. We have demonstrated that the intravenous infusion of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from fish oils will prevent ischemia‐induced VF in prepared, nonanesthetized, exercising dogs, confirming earlier feeding studies in rats. We show that this protective effect is due to an action of the free acidic form of the PUFA to alter the electrophysiology of individual cardiac myocyte so that the cells are electrically more stable. The electrophysiologic effects, in turn, result from direct and specific effects of the PUFA to block the fast voltage‐dependent sodium channels. The binding of the free fatty acids is directly to the protein of the sodium channels and results in prolongation of the inactivated state of these channels. Other ion channels are also affected by the PUFA. Two clinical trials with n‐3 PUFA are mentioned which inadvertently support the antiarrhythmic potential of PUFA ingestion.
Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans
Authors: Rambjør Gro S. , W»len Ann I. , Windsor Sheryl L. , Harris William S.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this study was to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or both, were responsible for the triglyceride (TG)‐lowering effects of fish oil. EPA (91% pure) and DHA (83% pure), a fish oil concentrate (FOC; 41% EPA and 23% DHA) and an olive oil (OO) placebo (all ethyl esters) were tested. A total of 49 normolipidemic subjects participated. Each subject was given placebo for 2–3 wk and one of the n‐3 supplements for 3 wk in randomized, blinded trials. The target n‐3 fatty acid (FA) intake was 3 g/day in all studies. Blood samples were drawn twice at the end of each supplementation phase and analyzed for lipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipid FA composition. In all groups, the phospholipid FA composition changed to reflect the n‐3 FA given. On DHA supplementation, EPA levels increased to a small but significant extent, suggesting that some retroconversion may have occurred. EPA supplementation did not raise DHA levels, however, FOC and EPA produced significant decreases in both TG and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (C) levels (P<0.01) and increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (P<0.05). DHA supplementation did not affect cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, LDL, or high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, but it did cause a significant increase in the HDL2/HDL3 cholesterol ratio. We conclude that EPA appears to be primarily responsible for TG‐lowering (and LDL‐C raising) effects of fish oil.
Control of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules by fatty acids
Authors: De Caterina Raffaele , Libby Peter
Published: May 2007

Dietary balance of long‐chain fatty acids (FA) may influence human susceptibility to pathological processes which involve the interaction of leukocytes with vascular endothelium, such as atherogenesis and inflammation. Such interaction is largely mediated by thede novo or increased expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells, able to tether and stably bind leukocytes onto the vessel wall, and by the production of leukocyte chemoattractants. Endothelial cells do not normally support high levels of leukocyte adhesion. They do so, however, when exposed to a number of stimuli, such as oxidized low density lipoprotein bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and inflammatory cytokines, which induce phenotypic changes generally referred to as “endothelial activation.” We compared various FA in their ability to modulate endothelial activation by cytokines. FA included linoleic, arachidonic, oleic, eicosapentaenoic and, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as representatives of the n‐6, n‐3 polyunsaturated FA and of the monounsaturated FA. The n‐3 FA DHA, and, to a lesser extent, oleate, at nutritionally compatible concentrations, were able to reduce endothelial expression of Vascular Cell and Adhesion Molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1). In further studies, DHA dose‐ and time‐dependently reduced also the expression of E‐selectin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8, in response to IL‐1, IL‐4, tumornecrosis factor, or bacterial endotoxin. The magnitude of this effect paralleled its incorporation into cellular phospholipids. Also, coordinate with reduced surface adhesion molecule expression, DHA reduced the adhesion of human monocytes and of monocytic U937 cells to cytokine‐stimulated endothelial cells. These effects were accompanied by a quantitatively consistent reduction in VCAM‐1 mRNA, indicating a pretranslational control of adhesion molecule gene expression. These novel properties of FA as modulators of endothelial activation may help to explain the influence of dietary FA intake on atherogenesis and inflammation.