bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes after non-cardiac surgery: mortality, complications, disability, and rehospitalization
Authors: Amato Bruno , Santoro Mario , Giugliano Giuseppe , Servillo Giuseppe , Di Nardo Veronica , Di Domenico Lorenza , Compagna Rita , Izzo Raffaele
Published: July 2017

In the last 25 years, the number of patients aged ≥75 years undergoing non-cardiac surgery has greatly increased. In elderly patients, frailty is significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse events, functional decline, procedural complications, prolonged hospitalization, and mortality. The relationship between frailty and increased mortality and morbidity requires an appropriate tool of assessment to accurately quantify the patient’s clinical and perioperative conditions. The preoperative evaluation of elderly patients candidate for non-cardiac surgery should include assessment of frailty, sarcopenia and malnutrition, as these are related to high surgical risk. For colon-rectal surgery as also for gastric cancer surgery, especially early gastric cancer, the introduction of laparoscopy has yielded considerable benefits in terms of short-term postsurgical outcomes, e.g. lower rate of intraprocedural bleeding and reduced length of hospital stay. Despite the progress made in preoperative assessment, surgical procedures and postoperative management, the improvement of outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in elderly patients remains a challenge and calls for future, well-designed clinical studies.
We all want to live longer, but not grow old
Authors: Giampaoli Simona , Viscogliosi Giovanni , Vannuzzo Diego
Published: July 2017

Population ageing represents a “triumph” and a “challenge” for society. The increase in life expectancy corresponds to an increase of risk factors and age-associated non communicable diseases, with consequent rise in health care costs and the burden of healthcare sustainability. Aim of this analysis is to describe the prevalence of non communicable diseases, comorbidity and disability in non-institutionalized elderly population, aged 75-79 years, examined within the Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare/Health Examination Survey. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent occurring in 27% of the examined population, followed by diabetes (24%) and chronic kidney disease (21%); 60% of examined elderly population suffers of one or more chronic diseases, while 40% is in a good health. Ninety-three per cent of the examined population is free of disability; cognitive function disorders, assessed by the Folstein’s Mini Mental State Examination, are recorded in 21% men and 29% women. In the context of prevention, there is still much that needs to be done. It is important to initiate or maintain preventive actions concerning also this age-group at both community and individual level, to promote the cultural notion that a good quality of life in advanced age is built day by day starting from one’s youth through a healthy diet, regular physical activity and non-smoking habit.
Cardiac surgery in the elderly: What goals of care?
Authors: Pratesi Alessandra , Orso Francesco , Ghiara Camilla , Lo Forte Aldo , Baroncini Anna Chiara , Di Meo Maria Laura , Carassi Emanuele , Baldasseroni Samuele
Published: July 2017

At present, the majority of cardiac surgery interventions have been performed in the elderly with successful short-term mortality and morbidity, however significant difficulties must to be underlined about our capacity to predict long-term outcomes such as disability, worsening quality of life and loss of functional capacity.
The reason probably resides on inability to capture preoperative frailty phenotype with current cardiac surgery risk scores and consequently we are unable to outline the postoperative trajectory of an important patients’ centered outcome such as disability free survival. In this perspective, more than one geriatric statements have stressed the systematic underuse of patient reported outcomes in cardiovascular trials even after taking account of their relevance to older feel and wishes. Thus, in the next future is mandatory for geriatric cardiology community closes this gap of evidences through planning of trials in which patients’ centered outcomes are considered as primary goals of therapies as well as cardiovascular ones.
Reactivated fault systems and their effects on outcrop patterns of thin-skinned early thrust imbrications in the Kiggavik uranium camp, Nunavut
Authors: Anand A , Jefferson C W
Published: July 2017

Reactivated ENE-WSW-trending dextral fault arrays in the northeast Thelon Basin region are exemplified by the dextral, north-down, oblique-slip Thelon and Judge Sissons faults. We compiled and interpreted a variety of geoscience data, including lineaments,
detailed outcrop and samples to produce new maps that incorporate past observations by Industry and academic studies. The reactivated fault arrays discordantly transect the main basement foliation and comprise zones of sub-parallel brittle and ductile fractures detailed here and interpreted as
products of Riedel shear systems that were successively reactivated by multiple tectonic events with varying principle stresses.
The key basement assemblage dismembered by the fault systems is a thrust- and fold-imbricated complex (hereafter "imbricate complex") com-prising 2.6 Ga epiclastic rocks and rhyolite of the Pukiq Lake formation (Snow Island Suite), and Paleoproterozoic quartzite of the Ketyet River group. The
imbricate complex structurally overlies and may include some metagreywacke of the Neoarchean Pipedream assemblage, Woodburn Lake group, from west of Judge Sissons Lake to southeastern Schultz Lake, trending through the Andrew Lake, End, Granite Grid, Bong and Kiggavik uranium deposits. It lies
between two inferred low-angle structures: Granite Thrust to the W and the Pukiq discontinuity to the SE. These are in turn offset by the Thelon and Judge Sissons faults. Imbrication took place during DP1. The much younger Thelon Basin developed trans-extensionally during DP6-DP7 (Table 1).
Intersections between reactivated brittle-ductile fractures and the imbricate complex likely created conduits and barriers to hydrothermal fluid flow forming basement-hosted uranium deposits during and/or after filling of Thelon Basin, similar to those of the Athabasca
Basin.
Fasting during the month of ramadan for people with diabetes: Medicine and fiqh united at last
Authors: Beshyah S
Published: July 2017

Fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan is a religious obligation for all adult Moslems. Under certain circumstances, a few groups are exempt from fasting such as being “sick” as judged by an experienced doctor. Recent collaboration between the International Islamic Fiqh Academy and The Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences produced a comprehensive guidance based on extensive review of the evidence of possible risk to diabetic patients if they observe fasting. The new guidance categorized people with diabetes into 4 groups according to their risk. Group 1 and 2 are exempted from fasting as they have risk from fasting. These included patients with poor glycemic control or with complications and serious coexisting illnesses in addition to type 1 patients and pregnant women with diabetes. Patients in groups 3 and 4 are those with moderate to low risk of harm from fasting. These are exemplified by uncomplicated patients with stable control on oral drugs not associated with excess risk of hypoglycemia. These groups of patients have no harm but may even benefit from fasting. Doctors and religious scholars have a joint responsibility to properly assess and advise patients to choose to fast or not to fast in line with these recommendations. The advice should be Fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan is a religious obligation for all adult Moslems. Under certain circumstances, a few groups are exempt from fasting such as being “sick” as judged by an experienced doctor. Recent collaboration between the International Islamic Fiqh Academy and The Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences produced a comprehensive guidance based on extensive review of the evidence of possible risk to diabetic patients if they observe fasting. The new guidance categorized people with diabetes into 4 groups according to their risk. Group 1 and 2 are exempted from fasting as they have risk from fasting. These included patients with poor glycemic control or with complications and serious coexisting illnesses in addition to type 1 patients and pregnant women with diabetes. Patients in groups 3 and 4 are those with moderate to low risk of harm from fasting. These are exemplified by uncomplicated patients with stable control on oral drugs not associated with excess risk of hypoglycemia. These groups of patients have no harm but may even benefit from fasting. Doctors and religious scholars have a joint responsibility to properly assess and advise patients to choose to fast or not to fast in line with these recommendations. The advice should be given with no complacency with the potential health risks but with great sensitivity to the patients religious feelings.
Rezensionen
Authors: Stammbach Urs , Hohler Peter
Published: July 2017

Rezensionen zu:
C.E. Graf-Grossmann:
Marcel Grossmann. Aus Liebe zur Mathematik
. 328 Seiten, CHF 30.–. Römerhof Verlag, Zürich, 2015; ISBN 978-3-905894-32-5,
von U. Stammbach;
und zu:
John Barnes,
Nice Numbers
. 329 Seiten, CHF 54.40, Birkhäuser 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-46830-3,
von Peter Hohler.
Assessment of Fecal Exposure Pathways in Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana: Rationale, Design, Methods, and Key Findings of the SaniPath Study
Authors: Robb Katharine , Null Clair , Teunis Peter , Yakubu Habib , Armah George , Moe Christine L.
Published: July 2017

Rapid urbanization has contributed to an urban sanitation crisis in low-income countries. Residents in low-income, urban neighborhoods often have poor sanitation infrastructure and services and may experience frequent exposure to fecal contamination through a range of pathways. There are little data to prioritize strategies to decrease exposure to fecal contamination in these complex and highly contaminated environments, and public health priorities are rarely considered when planning urban sanitation investments. The SaniPath Study addresses this need by characterizing pathways of exposure to fecal contamination. Over a 16 month period, an in-depth, interdisciplinary exposure assessment was conducted in both public and private domains of four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. Microbiological analyses of environmental samples and behavioral data collection techniques were used to quantify fecal contamination in the environment and characterize the behaviors of adults and children associated with exposure to fecal contamination. Environmental samples (n = 1,855) were collected and analyzed for fecal indicators and enteric pathogens. A household survey with 800 respondents and over 500 hours of structured observation of young children were conducted. Approximately 25% of environmental samples were collected in conjunction with structured observations (n = 441 samples). The results of the study highlight widespread and often high levels of fecal contamination in both public and private domains and the food supply. The dominant fecal exposure pathway for young children in the household was through consumption of uncooked produce. The SaniPath Study provides critical information on exposure to fecal contamination in low-income, urban environments and ultimately can inform investments and policies to reduce these public health risks.
Early Life Inflammation and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Bangladeshi Infants Growing Up in Adversity
Authors: Jiang Nona M. , Tofail Fahmida , Ma Jennie Z. , Haque Rashidul , Kirkpatrick Beth , Nelson Charles A. , Petri William A.
Published: July 2017

Exposure to profound adversity can negatively affect the neurodevelopment of children, but biologic mechanisms that underlie this association remain unknown. We sought to determine whether elevated levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in Bangladeshi children. A total of 422 infant–mother pairs from an urban slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh were enrolled at birth and followed prospectively. Inflammation was measured with sCD14, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 at 18 weeks, and CRP at 6, 18, 40, and 53 weeks. Psychologists assessed cognitive, language, motor, and social emotional development using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development at 78 and 104 weeks of age. We tested for the association of inflammatory markers with developmental outcomes, independent of previously identified associations such as malnutrition, family income, and maternal education. Every 10 pg/mL increase in sCD14 was associated with a 1.1–2.0 decrement in cognitive and motor scores at 78 weeks and in all domains at 104 weeks. The cumulative number of CRP elevations that a child experienced in the first year of life, as well as IL-1β and IL-6 at 18 weeks of age, were also negatively associated with Bayley Scales results. CRP, sCD14, IL-1β, and IL-6 were associated with lower neurodevelopmental outcomes. Our findings implicate a role of inflammation in the neurodevelopment of children growing up in adversity.
Adoção da plataforma lattes como fonte de dados para caracterização de redes científicas
Authors: Dias Thiago Magela Rodrigues , Moita Gray Farias , Dias Patrícia Mascarenhas
Published: July 2017

Os estudos sobre dados de produções científicas têm recebido atenção de pesquisadores, de diversas áreas, que visam obter conhecimento sobre a evolução das pesquisas em geral. Tais estudos possibilitam a análise da produção científica para diversos propósitos e um dos desafios neste tipo de análise está na diversidade de repositórios contendo dados em formatos e estruturas distintas. Os currículos da Plataforma Lattes se caracterizam atualmente como importante ferramenta para que pesquisadores, acadêmicos e estudantes, registrem seus dados, sendo amplamente utilizados, se caracterizando como um dos maiores repositórios de dados sobre produção científica, técnica, artística e profissional, contendo milhões de pesquisadores cadastrados. Neste trabalho é proposta uma plataforma para extração de todo o conjunto de dados dos currículos Lattes compondo um grande repositório de dados científicos, além disso, são implementadas técnicas para análises bibliométricas dos dados e identificação de redes de colaboração científica. Como resultados são apresentados estudos que objetivam obter uma visão geral sobre o repositório de currículos Lattes e como o conteúdo destes currículos pode ser utilizado para a caracterização de redes de colaboração científica. Conclui-se que os currículos Lattes são uma fonte extremamente rica de dados científicos e que sua adoção para estudos bibliométricos e baseados em análise de redes cientificas podem proporcionar resultados importantes para compreensão de como a ciência brasileira tem sido realizada. A grande dificuldade ao se analisar todo o repositório de dados da Plataforma Lattes está relacionada ao grande volume de dados que a compõem e ainda devido ao uso de técnicas, como por exemplo de identificação de colaborações pouco eficientes e computacionalmente complexas. Logo, este trabalho apresenta todo o potencial da Plataforma Lattes para análises bibliométricas de pesquisadores, sendo para isso proposta uma plataforma capaz de coletar e analisar todo o conjunto de dados com baixo custo computacional e com precisão satisfatória.
Global Diffusion of Protest
Authors: Porta Donatella , Atak Kivanc , Mendes Mariana S. , Masullo Juan , O’Connor Francis , Rone Julia , Milan Chiara , Ritter Daniel P.
Published: July 2017

Recent years have seen a new development in the growth and spread of popular protest: protests that began as local, homogeneous events-such as Occupy Wall Street or the protests of the Arab Spring-quickly left their original locations and local specificity behind and became global. This book looks at the development of this wave of protests, with an eye on protests against austerity and neoliberal economic policies, and offers a global view, covering events in Turkey, Brazil, Venezuela, South Africa, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and other locations.
Glyoxal yield from isoprene oxidation and relation to formaldehyde: chemical mechanism, constraints from SENEX aircraft observations, and interpretation of OMI satellite data
Authors: Chan Miller Christopher , Jacob Daniel J. , Marais Eloise A. , Yu Karen , Travis Katherine R. , Kim Patrick S. , Fisher Jenny A. , Zhu Lei , Wolfe Glenn M. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Keutsch Frank N. , Kaiser Jennifer , Min Kyung-Eun , Brown Steven S. , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , González Abad Gonzalo , Chance Kelly
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Glyoxal (CHOCHO) is produced in the atmosphere by the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Like formaldehyde (HCHO), another VOC oxidation product, it is measurable from space by solar backscatter. Isoprene emitted by vegetation is the dominant source of CHOCHO and HCHO in most of the world. We use aircraft observations of CHOCHO and HCHO from the SENEX campaign over the southeast US in summer 2013 to better understand the CHOCHO time-dependent yield from isoprene oxidation, its dependence on nitrogen oxides (NOx  ≡  NO + NO2), the behavior of the CHOCHO–HCHO relationship, the quality of OMI CHOCHO satellite observations, and the implications for using CHOCHO observations from space as constraints on isoprene emissions. We simulate the SENEX and OMI observations with the Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) featuring a new chemical mechanism for CHOCHO formation from isoprene. The mechanism includes prompt CHOCHO formation under low-NOx conditions following the isomerization of the isoprene peroxy radical (ISOPO2). The SENEX observations provide support for this prompt CHOCHO formation pathway, and are generally consistent with the GEOS-Chem mechanism. Boundary layer CHOCHO and HCHO are strongly correlated in the observations and the model, with some departure under low-NOx conditions due to prompt CHOCHO formation. SENEX vertical profiles indicate a free-tropospheric CHOCHO background that is absent from the model. The OMI CHOCHO data provide some support for this free-tropospheric background and show southeast US enhancements consistent with the isoprene source but a factor of 2 too low. Part of this OMI bias is due to excessive surface reflectivities assumed in the retrieval. The OMI CHOCHO and HCHO seasonal data over the southeast US are tightly correlated and provide redundant proxies of isoprene emissions. Higher temporal resolution in future geostationary satellite observations may enable detection of the prompt CHOCHO production under low-NOx conditions apparent in the SENEX data.
Comparison of primary and secondary particle formation from natural gas engine exhaust and of their volatility characteristics
Authors: Alanen Jenni , Simonen Pauli , Saarikoski Sanna , Timonen Hilkka , Kangasniemi Oskari , Saukko Erkka , Hillamo Risto , Lehtoranta Kati , Murtonen Timo , Vesala Hannu , Keskinen Jorma , Rönkkö Topi
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Natural gas usage in the traffic and energy production sectors is a growing trend worldwide; thus, an assessment of its effects on air quality, human health and climate is required. Engine exhaust is a source of primary particulate emissions and secondary aerosol precursors, which both contribute to air quality and can cause adverse health effects. Technologies, such as cleaner engines or fuels, that produce less primary and secondary aerosols could potentially significantly decrease atmospheric particle concentrations and their adverse effects. In this study, we used a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber to investigate the secondary aerosol formation potential of natural gas engine exhaust. The PAM chamber was used with a constant UV-light voltage, which resulted in relatively long equivalent atmospheric ages of 11 days at most. The studied retro-fitted natural gas engine exhaust was observed to form secondary aerosol. The mass of the total aged particles, i.e., particle mass measured downstream of the PAM chamber, was 6–268 times as high as the mass of the emitted primary exhaust particles. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential was measured to be 9–20 mg kgfuel−1. The total aged particles mainly consisted of organic matter, nitrate, sulfate and ammonium, with the fractions depending on exhaust after-treatment and the engine parameters used. Also, the volatility, composition and concentration of the total aged particles were found to depend on the engine operating mode, catalyst temperature and catalyst type. For example, a high catalyst temperature promoted the formation of sulfate particles, whereas a low catalyst temperature promoted nitrate formation. However, in particular, the concentration of nitrate needed a long time to stabilize – more than half an hour – which complicated the conclusions but also indicates the sensitivity of nitrate measurements on experimental parameters such as emission source and system temperatures. Sulfate was measured to have the highest evaporation temperature, and nitrate had the lowest. The evaporation temperature of ammonium depended on the fractions of nitrate and sulfate in the particles. The average volatility of the total aged particles was measured to be lower than that of primary particles, indicating better stability of the aged natural gas engine-emitted aerosol in the atmosphere. According to the results of this study, the exhaust of a natural gas engine equipped with a catalyst forms secondary aerosol when the atmospheric ages in a PAM chamber are several days long. The secondary aerosol matter has different physical characteristics from those of primary particulate emissions.
Boundary layer and free-tropospheric dimethyl sulfide in the Arctic spring and summer
Authors: Ghahreman Roya , Norman Ann-Lise , Croft Betty , Martin Randall V. , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Burkart Julia , Rempillo Ofelia , Bozem Heiko , Kunkel Daniel , Thomas Jennie L. , Aliabadi Amir A. , Wentworth Gregory R. , Levasseur Maurice , Staebler Ralf M. , Sharma Sangeeta , Leaitch W. Richard
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Vertical distributions of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS(g)) were sampled aboard the research aircraft Polar 6 near Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada, in July 2014 and on pan-Arctic flights in April 2015 that started from Longyearbyen, Spitzbergen, and passed through Alert and Eureka, Nunavut, and Inuvik, Northwest Territories. Larger mean DMS(g) mixing ratios were present during April 2015 (campaign mean of 116  ±  8 pptv) compared to July 2014 (campaign mean of 20  ±  6 pptv). During July 2014, the largest mixing ratios were found near the surface over the ice edge and open water. DMS(g) mixing ratios decreased with altitude up to about 3 km. During April 2015, profiles of DMS(g) were more uniform with height and some profiles showed an increase with altitude. DMS reached as high as 100 pptv near 2500 m. Relative to the observation averages, GEOS-Chem (www.geos-chem.org) chemical transport model simulations were higher during July and lower during April. Based on the simulations, more than 90 % of the July DMS(g) below 2 km and more than 90 % of the April DMS(g) originated from Arctic seawater (north of 66° N). During April, 60 % of the DMS(g), between 500 and 3000 m originated from Arctic seawater. During July 2014, FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) simulations locate the sampled air mass over Baffin Bay and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago 4 days back from the observations. During April 2015, the locations of the air masses 4 days back from sampling were varied: Baffin Bay/Canadian Archipelago, the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and the Pacific Ocean. Our results highlight the role of open water below the flight as the source of DMS(g) during July 2014 and the influence of long-range transport (LRT) of DMS(g) from further afield in the Arctic above 2500 m during April 2015.
Age and gravitational separation of the stratospheric air over Indonesia
Authors: Sugawara Satoshi , Ishidoya Shigeyuki , Aoki Shuji , Morimoto Shinji , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Toyoda Sakae , Inai Yoichi , Hasebe Fumio , Ikeda Chusaku , Honda Hideyuki , Goto Daisuke , Putri Fanny A.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Stratospheric air samples were collected over Biak, Indonesia in February 2015 using four large plastic balloons, each loaded with two compact cryogenic samplers. With a vertical resolution of better than 2 km, air samples from seven different altitudes were analyzed for CO2 and SF6 mole fractions, δ15N of N2, δ18O of O2, and δ(Ar/N2), to examine vertically dependent age and gravitational separation of air in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) and the equatorial stratosphere. By comparing their measured mole fractions with aircraft observation in the upper tropical troposphere, we have found that CO2 and SF6 age increases gradually with increasing altitude from the TTL to 22 km, and then rapidly from there up to 25 km. The CO2 and SF6 age agrees well with each other in the TTL and in the lower stratosphere, but shows a significant difference above 24 km. The average values of δ15N of N2, δ18O of O2, and δ(Ar/N2) all show small but distinct upward decrease due to the gravitational separation effect. Simulations with a two-dimensional atmospheric transport model indicate that the gravitational separation effect decreases as tropical upwelling is enhanced. From the model calculations with enhanced eddy mixing, it is also found that the upward increase in air age is magnified by horizontal mixing. These model simulations also show that the gravitational separation effect remains relatively constant in the lower stratosphere. The results of this study strongly suggest that the gravitational separation, combined with the age of air, can be used to diagnose air transport processes in the stratosphere.
A noniteratiave approach to modelling moist thermodynamics
Authors: Moisseeva Nadya , Stull Roland
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Formulation of noniterative mathematical expressions for moist thermodynamics presents a challenge for both numerical and theoretical modellers. This technical note offers a simple and efficient tool for approximating two common thermodynamic relationships: temperature T at a given pressure P along a saturated adiabat T(P,θw), as well as its corresponding inverse form θw(P,T), where θw is wet-bulb potential temperature. Our method allows direct calculation of T(P,θw) and θw(P,T) on a thermodynamic domain bounded by −70 ≤ θw < 40°C, P > 1 kPa and −100 ≤ T < 40°C, P > 1 kPa, respectively. The proposed parameterizations offer high accuracy (mean absolute errors of 0.017°C and 0.002°C for T(P,θw) and θw(P,T), respectively) on a notably larger thermodynamic region than previously studied. The paper includes a method summary, as well as a ready-to-use tool to aid atmospheric physicists in their practical applications.
Equatorial Atlantic interannual variability and its relation to dynamic and thermodynamic processes
Authors: Jouanno Julien , Hernandez Olga , Sanchez-Gomez Emilia , Deremble Bruno
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The contributions of the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing to the interannual variability of the Equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature are investigated using a set of interannual regional simulations of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean. The ocean model is forced with an interactive atmospheric boundary layer, avoiding damping toward prescribed air-temperature as is usually the case in forced ocean models. The model successfully reproduces a large fraction (R2 = 0.55) of the observed interannual variability in the Equatorial Atlantic. In agreement with leading theories, our results confirm that the interannual variations of the dynamical forcing largely contributes to this variability. We show that mean and seasonal upper ocean temperature biases, commonly found in fully coupled models, strongly favor an unrealistic thermodynamic control of the Equatorial Atlantic interannual variability.
The National Eutrophication Survey: lake characteristics and
historical nutrient concentrations
Authors: Stachelek Jemma , Ford Chanse , Kincaid Dustin , King Katelyn , Miller Heather , Nagelkirk Ryan
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Historical ecological surveys serve as a baseline and provide context for contemporary research, yet many of these records are not preserved in a way that ensures their long-term usability. The National Eutrophication Survey database is currently only available as scans of the original reports (PDF files) with no embedded character information. This limits its searchability, machine readability, and the ability of current and future scientists to systematically evaluate its contents. These data were collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency between 1972 and 1975 as part of an effort to investigate eutrophication in freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Although several studies have manually transcribed small portions of the database in support of specific studies, there have been no systematic attempts to transcribe and preserve the database in its entirety. Here we use a combination of automated optical character recognition and manual quality assurance procedures to make these data available for analysis. The performance of the optical character recognition protocol was found to be linked to variation in the quality (clarity) of the original documents. For each of the four archival scanned reports, our quality assurance protocol found an error rate between 5.9 and 17 %. The goal of our approach was to strike a balance between efficiency and data quality by combining hand-entry of data with digital transcription technologies. The finished database contains information on the physical characteristics, hydrology, and water quality of about 800 lakes in the contiguous United States (https://doi.org/10.5063/F1KK98R5). Ultimately, this database could be combined with more recent studies to generate metadata analyses of water quality trends and spatial variation across the continental United States.
An automatic DI-flux at the Livingston Island geomagnetic observatory, Antarctica: requirements and lessons learned
Authors: Marsal Santiago , Curto Juan José , Torta Joan Miquel , Gonsette Alexandre , Favà Vicent , Rasson Jean , Ibañez Miquel , Cid Òscar
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The DI-flux, consisting of a fluxgate magnetometer coupled with a theodolite, is used for the absolute manual measurement of the magnetic field angles in most ground-based observatories worldwide. Commercial solutions for an automated DI-flux have recently been developed by the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), and are practically restricted to the AutoDIF and its variant, the GyroDIF. In this article, we analyze the pros and cons of both instruments in terms of its suitability for installation at the partially manned geomagnetic observatory of Livingston Island (LIV), Antarctica. We conclude that the GyroDIF, even if it is less accurate and more power demanding, is more suitable than the AutoDIF for harsh conditions due to the simpler infrastructure that is necessary. Power constraints in the Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I (ASJI) during the unmanned season require an energy-efficient design of the thermally regulated box housing the instrument as well as thorough power management. Our experiences can benefit the geomagnetic community, which often faces similar challenges.
The CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) v1.0: implementation and global carbon balance 2001–2015
Authors: van der Laan-Luijkx Ingrid T. , van der Velde Ivar R. , van der Veen Emma , Tsuruta Aki , Stanislawska Karolina , Babenhauserheide Arne , Zhang Hui Fang , Liu Yu , He Wei , Chen Huilin , Masarie Kenneth A. , Krol Maarten C. , Peters Wouter
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Data assimilation systems are used increasingly to constrain the budgets of reactive and long-lived gases measured in the atmosphere. Each trace gas has its own lifetime, dominant sources and sinks, and observational network (from flask sampling and in situ measurements to space-based remote sensing) and therefore comes with its own optimal configuration of the data assimilation. The CarbonTracker Europe data assimilation system for CO2 estimates global carbon sources and sinks, and updates are released annually and used in carbon cycle studies. CarbonTracker Europe simulations are performed using the new modular implementation of the data assimilation system: the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS). Here, we present and document this redesign of the data assimilation code that forms the heart of CarbonTracker, specifically meant to enable easy extension and modification of the data assimilation system. This paper also presents the setup of the latest version of CarbonTracker Europe (CTE2016), including the use of the gridded state vector, and shows the resulting carbon flux estimates. We present the distribution of the carbon sinks over the hemispheres and between the land biosphere and the oceans. We show that with equal fossil fuel emissions, 2015 has a higher atmospheric CO2 growth rate compared to 2014, due to reduced net land carbon uptake in later year. The European carbon sink is especially present in the forests, and the average net uptake over 2001–2015 was 0. 17 ± 0. 11 PgC yr−1 with reductions to zero during drought years. Finally, we also demonstrate the versatility of CTDAS by presenting an overview of the wide range of applications for which it has been used so far.
Assessing lateral flows and solute transport during floods in a conduit-flow-dominated karst system using the inverse problem for the advection–diffusion equation
Authors: Cholet Cybèle , Charlier Jean-Baptiste , Moussa Roger , Steinmann Marc , Denimal Sophie
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The aim of this study is to present a framework that provides new ways to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of lateral exchanges for water flow and solute transport in a karst conduit network during flood events, treating both the diffusive wave equation and the advection–diffusion equation with the same mathematical approach, assuming uniform lateral flow and solute transport. A solution to the inverse problem for the advection–diffusion equations is then applied to data from two successive gauging stations to simulate flows and solute exchange dynamics after recharge. The study site is the karst conduit network of the Fourbanne aquifer in the French Jura Mountains, which includes two reaches characterizing the network from sinkhole to cave stream to the spring. The model is applied, after separation of the base from the flood components, on discharge and total dissolved solids (TDSs) in order to assess lateral flows and solute concentrations and compare them to help identify water origin. The results showed various lateral contributions in space – between the two reaches located in the unsaturated zone (R1), and in the zone that is both unsaturated and saturated (R2) – as well as in time, according to hydrological conditions. Globally, the two reaches show a distinct response to flood routing, with important lateral inflows on R1 and large outflows on R2. By combining these results with solute exchanges and the analysis of flood routing parameters distribution, we showed that lateral inflows on R1 are the addition of diffuse infiltration (observed whatever the hydrological conditions) and localized infiltration in the secondary conduit network (tributaries) in the unsaturated zone, except in extreme dry periods. On R2, despite inflows on the base component, lateral outflows are observed during floods. This pattern was attributed to the concept of reversal flows of conduit–matrix exchanges, inducing a complex water mixing effect in the saturated zone. From our results we build the functional scheme of the karst system. It demonstrates the impact of the saturated zone on matrix–conduit exchanges in this shallow phreatic aquifer and highlights the important role of the unsaturated zone on storage and transfer functions of the system.
Brief communication: 3-D reconstruction of a collapsed rock pillar from Web-retrieved images and terrestrial lidar data – the 2005 event of the west face of the Drus (Mont Blanc massif)
Authors: Guerin Antoine , Abellán Antonio , Matasci Battista , Jaboyedoff Michel , Derron Marc-Henri , Ravanel Ludovic
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In June 2005, a series of major rockfall events completely wiped out the Bonatti Pillar located in the legendary Drus west face (Mont Blanc massif, France). Terrestrial lidar scans of the west face were acquired after this event, but no pre-event point cloud is available. Thus, in order to reconstruct the volume and the shape of the collapsed blocks, a 3-D model has been built using photogrammetry (structure-from-motion (SfM) algorithms) based on 30 pictures collected on the Web. All these pictures were taken between September 2003 and May 2005. We then reconstructed the shape and volume of the fallen compartment by comparing the SfM model with terrestrial lidar data acquired in October 2005 and November 2011. The volume is calculated to 292 680 m3 (±5.6 %). This result is close to the value previously assessed by Ravanel and Deline (2008) for this same rock avalanche (265 000 ± 10 000 m3). The difference between these two estimations can be explained by the rounded shape of the volume determined by photogrammetry, which may lead to a volume overestimation. However it is not excluded that the volume calculated by Ravanel and Deline (2008) is slightly underestimated, the thickness of the blocks having been assessed manually from historical photographs.
Enhancing Flood Hazard Estimation Methods on Alluvial Fans Using an Integrated Hydraulic and Geological and Geomorphological Approach
Authors: Mollaei Zeinab , Davary Kamran , Hasheminia Seyed Majid , Faridhosseini Alireza , Pourmohamad Yavar
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Due to the uncertainty concerning the location of flow paths on active alluvial fans, alluvial fan floods could be more dangerous than riverine floods. FEMA used a simple stochastic model named FAN in this regard for many years. In the last decade, this model has been criticized as a consequence of developing complex computer models. Instead, more recent hydraulic models with capability of avulsion simulation were recommended. This study was conducted on three alluvial fans located in the northeast and southeast part of Iran using combination of FAN model, FLO-2D model and geomorphological information. Initial stages included three steps: (a) identifying the alluvial fans' landforms, (b) determining the active and inactive areas of alluvial fans, and (c) delineating 100-year flood within these selected areas. This information was used as an input in the mentioned three approaches of: (I) FLO-2D model, (II) geomorphological method, and (III) FAN model. Thereafter, the results of each model were obtained and Geographical Information System (GIS) layers were created and overlaid. Afterwards, using a scoring system, the results were summarized and then the integrated method was compared with the three approaches.
Invited perspectives. A hydrological look to precipitation intensity duration thresholds for landslide initiation: proposing hydro-meteorological thresholds
Authors: Bogaard Thom , Greco Roberto
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The vast majority of shallow landslides and debris flows are precipitation initiated. Therefore, regional landslide hazard assessment is often based on empirically derived precipitation-intensity-duration (PID) thresholds and landslide inventories. Generally, two features of precipitation events are plotted and labelled with (shallow) landslide occurrence or non-occurrence. Hereafter, a separation line or zone is drawn, mostly in logarithmic space. The practical background of PID is that often only meteorological information is available when analyzing (non-) occurrence of shallow landslides and, at the same time, the conceptual idea is that precipitation information is a good proxy for both meteorological trigger and hydrological cause. Although applied in many case studies, this approach suffers from indistinct threshold, many false positives as well as limited physical process understanding. Some first steps towards a more hydrologically based approach have been proposed in the past, but these efforts received limited follow-up. Therefore, the objective of our paper is to: (a) critically analyse the concept of PID thresholds for shallow landslides and debris flows from a hydro-meteorological point of view, and (b) propose a novel trigger-cause conceptual framework for lumped regional hydro-meteorological hazard assessment. We will discuss this based on the published examples and associated discussion. We discuss the PID thresholds in relation to return periods of precipitation, soil physics and slope and catchment water balance. With this paper, we aim to contribute to the development of a stronger conceptual model for regional landslide hazard assessment based on physical process understanding and empirical data.
Snow melt response to simulated warming across a large elevation gradient, southern Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Musselman Keith N. , Molotch Noah P. , Margulis Steven A.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In a warmer climate, the fraction of annual meltwater produced at high melt rates is projected to decline due to a contraction of the melt season to an earlier period of lower energy. How snowmelt rates, including extreme events relevant to flood risk, may respond to a range of warming over a mountain front remains poorly known. We present a model sensitivity study of snowmelt response to warming across a 3600 m elevation gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada, USA. A snow model was run for three distinct years and verified against extensive ground observations. To simulate the impact of climate warming on meltwater production, measured meteorological conditions were modified by +1 °C to +6 °C. The total annual snow water volume exhibited linear reductions (−10 % °C−1) consistent with previous studies. However, the sensitivity of snowmelt rates to successive degrees of warming varied nonlinearly with elevation. Middle elevations and years with more snowfall were prone to the largest reductions in snowmelt rates, with lesser changes simulated at higher elevations. Importantly, simulated warming causes extreme daily snowmelt (99th percentiles) to increase in spatial extent and intensity and shift from spring to winter. The results offer critical insight into the sensitivity of mountain snow water resources and how the rate and timing of water availability may change in a warmer climate. The identification of future climate conditions that may increase extreme melt events is needed to address the climate resilience of regional flood control systems.
Consistent biases in Antarctic sea ice concentration simulated by
climate models
Authors: Roach Lettie A. , Dean Samuel M. , Renwick James A.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The simulation of Antarctic sea ice in global climate models often does not agree with observations. In this study, we examine the compactness of sea ice, as well as the regional distribution of sea ice concentration, in climate models from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and in satellite observations. We find substantial differences in concentration values between different sets of satellite observations, requiring careful treatment when comparing to models. As a fraction of total sea ice extent, models simulate too much loose, low-concentration sea ice cover throughout the year, and too little compact, high-concentration cover in the summer. In spite of the differences in physics between models, these tendencies are broadly consistent across the population of 27 CMIP5 simulations, a result not previously highlighted. Targeted model experiments with a coupled ocean – sea ice model show that over-estimation of low-concentration cover is partially determined by choice of constant floe diameter in the lateral melt scheme. This suggests that current sea ice thermodynamics contribute to the inadequate simulation of the low-concentration regime.
FALHAS NO INÍCIO DO RECONHECIMENTO JURÍDICO DO DOMÍNIO PRIVADO ABSOLUTO SOBRE TERRAS NO BRASIL: Estudo para Melhor Compreensão da Situação Atual das Terras Devolutas e da Falta de Presunção Absoluta de Veracidade do Registro Imobiliário Comum - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v39i1.30016
Authors: Grande Júnior Cláudio
Published: July 2017

RESUMO:O artigo aborda falhas da Lei de Terras do Império, de 1850, e de seu Regulamento, de 1854, que concorreram decisivamente para a formação do atual quadro fundiário brasileiro, de ocultação de considerável parte das terras devolutas por registros imobiliários de conteúdo inverídico, porque certificam propriedades privadas sem origem válida. Falhas relacionadas ao reconhecimento jurídico do domínio privado absoluto sobre terras no Brasil, mais exatamente a forma como ele teve início, sem compromisso com a segurança jurídica mínima necessária para uma adequada efetivação do contemporâneo direito abstrato de propriedade sobre a terra. São analisadas principalmente as implicações dos arts. 22 ao 27 do Regulamento da Lei de Terras do Império (Decreto n.º 1.318, de 1854), associadas à demora do Poder Público em fazer cumprir outras determinações da legislação de terras. Por fim, demonstra-se a perpetuação desses problemas, mesmo após a tardia organização de um sistema registral imobiliário obrigatório. ABSTRACT:The article deals with failures of the Land Law of the Empire, of 1850, and of its Regulation, of 1854, which contributed decisively to the formation of the current Brazilian land framework, concealing considerable part of untitled public lands by records of real estate registries of untrue content, because certify private properties without valid source. Failures related to the legal recognition of the absolute private domain over lands in Brazil, more exactly the way it began, uncommitted with the necessary minimum legal security for an adequate execution of the contemporary abstract law of ownership over the land. The implications of arts. 22 to 27 of the Regulation of the Land Law of the Empire (Decree no. 1,318, of 1854) are primarily analyzed, in association with the delay of Public Power to enforce other determinations of the land legislation. Finally, it demonstrates the perpetuation of these problems, even after the late organization of a mandatory real estate registration system.