bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complete and Voluntary Starvation of 50 Days
Authors: Elliott Bradley , Mina Michelle , Ferrier Chrystalla
Published: August 2016

A 34-year-old obese male (96.8 kg; BMI, 30.2 kg m−1) volitionally undertook a 50-day fast with the stated goal of losing body mass. During this time, only tea, coffee, water, and a daily multivitamin were consumed. Severe and linear loss of body mass is recorded during these 50 days (final 75.4 kg; BMI, 23.5 kg mT 1 ). A surprising resilience to effects of fasting on activity levels and physical function is noted. Plasma samples are suggestive of early impairment of liver function, and perturbations to cardiovascular dynamics are also noted. One month following resumption of feeding behavior, body weight was maintained (75.0 kg; BMI, 23.4 kg m−1). Evidence-based decision-making with the fasting or hunger striking patient is limited by a lack of evidence. This case report suggests that total body mass, not mass lost, may be a key observation in clinical decision-making during fasting and starvation.
ExSurv: A Web Resource for Prognostic Analyses of Exons across Human Cancers Using Clinical Transcriptomes
Authors: Hashemikhabir Seyedsasan , Budak Gungor , Janga Sarath Chandra
Published: August 2016

Survival analysis in biomedical sciences is generally performed by correlating the levels of cellular components with patients’ clinical features as a common practice in prognostic biomarker discovery. While the common and primary focus of such analysis in cancer genomics so far has been to identify the potential prognostic genes, alternative splicing – a posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism that affects the functional form of a protein due to inclusion or exclusion of individual exons giving rise to alternative protein products, has increasingly gained attention due to the prevalence of splicing aberrations in cancer transcriptomes. Hence, uncovering the potential prognostic exons can not only help in rationally designing exon-specific therapeutics but also increase specificity toward more personalized treatment options. To address this gap and to provide a platform for rational identification of prognostic exons from cancer transcriptomes, we developed ExSurv ( https://exsurv.soic.iupui.edu ), a web-based platform for predicting the survival contribution of all annotated exons in the human genome using RNA sequencing-based expression profiles for cancer samples from four cancer types available from The Cancer Genome Atlas. ExSurv enables users to search for a gene of interest and shows survival probabilities for all the exons associated with a gene and found to be significant at the chosen threshold. ExSurv also includes raw expression values across the cancer cohort as well as the survival plots for prognostic exons. Our analysis of the resulting prognostic exons across four cancer types revealed that most of the survival-associated exons are unique to a cancer type with few processes such as cell adhesion, carboxylic, fatty acid metabolism, and regulation of T-cell signaling common across cancer types, possibly suggesting significant differences in the posttranscriptional regulatory pathways contributing to prognosis.
DNA Microarray Highlights Nrf2-Mediated Neuron Protection Targeted by Wasabi-Derived Isothiocyanates in IMR-32 Cells
Authors: Trio Phoebe Zapanta , Fujisaki Satoru , Tanigawa Shunsuke , Hisanaga Ayami , Sakao Kozue , Hou De-Xing
Published: August 2016

6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MSITC), 6-(methylthio)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MTITC), and 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl isothiocyanate (4-MSITC) are isothiocyanate (ITC) bioactive compounds from Japanese Wasabi. Previous in vivo studies highlighted the neuroprotective potential of ITCs since ITCs enhance the production of antioxidant-related enzymes. Thus, in this present study, a genome-wide DNA microarray analysis was designed to profile gene expression changes in a neuron cell line, IMR-32, stimulated by these ITCs. Among these ITCs, 6-MSITC caused the expression changes of most genes (263), of which 100 genes were upregulated and 163 genes were downregulated. Gene categorization showed that most of the differentially expressed genes are involved in oxidative stress response, and pathway analysis further revealed that Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress pathway is the top of the ITC-modulated signaling pathway. Finally, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting confirmed the gene expression and protein products of the major targets by ITCs. Taken together, Wasabi-derived ITCs might target the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress pathway to exert neuroprotective effects.
A Qualitative Evidence of the Breeding Sites of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in and Around Kassala Town, Eastern Sudan
Authors: Hamza Asma Mahmoud , Rayah El Amin El
Published: August 2016

Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) is considered the most efficient malaria vector in eastern Sudan. This study aims to characterize the breeding sites of An. arabiensis throughout the year in and around Kassala town, eastern Sudan. Diverse larval habitat types were visited and characterized based on the habitat type and chemical composition. Mosquito larvae were found in many diverse habitats. During the rainy season, rain pools and water bodies created by the seasonal Gash River serve as the main breeding sites. In the dry season, irrigation canals, seepage from water pipes, neglected wells, artificial containers, and man-made ditches serve as the main breeding sites. Breeding water showed a pH of 7.9 and a low concentration of the total dissolved salts. The results of this study may be considered in planning and implementing larval control programs in the area.
Association of Anti-VEGF Injections with Progression of Geographic Atrophy
Authors: Enslow Ryan , Bhuvanagiri Sai , Vegunta Sravanthi , Cutler Benjamin , Neff Michael , Stagg Brian
Published: August 2016

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of blindness in developed countries in people over the age of 60 years. One of the forms of advanced AMD is wet AMD. Wet AMD is a result of leakage and bleeding from abnormal neovascularization. The principal treatment for wet AMD is intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. A second form of advanced AMD is geographic atrophy (GA). GA refers to large areas of retinal pigment epithelium loss. In the literature, there is some concern that anti-VEGF injections administered to treat wet AMD may be associated with progression of GA. This review discusses evidence suggesting the association of anti-VEGF injections with progression of GA.
Constructions of torsion-free countable, amenable, weakly mixing groups
Authors: Grigorchuk Rostislav , Kravchenko Rostyslav , Olshanskii Alexander Yu.
Published: August 2016

In this note, we construct countable, torsion-free, amenable, weakly mixing groups, which answer a question of V. Bergelson. Some results related to verbal subgroups and crystallographic groups are also presented.
Isometries of two dimensional Hilbert geometries
Authors: Matveev Vladimir S. , Troyanov Marc
Published: August 2016

We prove that every isometry between two dimensional Hilbert geometries is a projective transformation unless the domains are interiors of triangles.
Negotiating Time: Design as Historical Practice
Authors: Lin Cindy , Moon Andrew
Published: August 2016

In North Jakarta, the bulldozed remnants of the April 11 (2016) eviction of Kampung Pasar Ikan presented a site of radical transformation and urban planning. The eviction was in part motivated by a Dutch-Indonesian alliance, to construct a 40 billion USD sea wall and reclaimed islands to prevent the city from slowly sinking. In this text we start by asking, how are people living in Pasar Ikan responding to and enacting their own futures through repair? What does repair in a landscape of complete disrepair look like? And how is history both erased and enacted in this process? We then move to West Kalimantan where a DIY drone collective makes aerial drone technology and trains groups to map land that they say is vulnerable to incursions by resource developers. We ask, how is the forest located, recognized and constituted by these and other cartographic practices? Whose time and in what time are forest boundaries set and reset by mapping techniques in West Kalimantan? How do these cartographies become artifacts that travel and influence how history is thought and practiced?
Designing Futures in Indonesia
Authors: Crosby Alexandra
Published: August 2016

Design is a wide reaching and unruly idea, often associated with seamless global mobility, ubiquitous consumerism, elite urban tastes, and fast paced economic growth. But design is also increasingly understood to be operating at edges, as a necessary response to the ethical and political challenges of advanced global capitalism. Design is both the problem and the solution, and effects everything. As Tony Fry writes ‘Design–the designer and designed objects, images, systems and things–shapes the form, operation, appearance and perceptions of the material world we occupy' (2009: 3).This curated issue takes as its departure point Fry’s notion that design broadly shapes the world we occupy. To ask what happens when the world we occupy is not conceived simply in terms of local issues and solutions, but rather as a set of shared concerns that are localised and play out through global flows. To do so this issue presents ten contributions from Indonesia.
Tempe as Language: An Indonesian Village Revitalisation Mini-project
Authors: Bradley Kirsten
Published: August 2016

In Kandangan, a village in the Temmanggung Regency (Kabupaten Temanggung) in the Province of Central Java, tempe bunguk used to be a daily food—using locally grown bunguk beans—and made in many households. But imported blocks of tempe from China made with industrially grown soy beans have slowly crept in and replaced it. As part of her food skills mapping (a part of the Spedagi Project), Francisca Callista (Siska) went searching for what used to be eaten in her village, and for those who could remember how to make it.
The impact of Pacific Decadal Oscillation on springtime dust activity in Syria
Authors: Pu Bing , Ginoux Paul
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The increasing trend of aerosol optical depth in the Middle East and a recent severe dust storm in Syria have raised questions as whether dust storms will increase and promoted investigations on the dust activities driven by the natural climate variability underlying the ongoing human perturbations such as the Syrian civil war. This study examined the influences of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on dust activities in Syria using an innovative dust optical depth (DOD) dataset derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue aerosol products. A significantly negative correlation is found between the Syrian DOD and the PDO in spring from 2003–2015. High DOD in spring is associated with lower geopotential height over the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa, accompanied by near surface anomalous westerly winds over the Mediterranean basin and southerly winds over the eastern Arabian Peninsula. These large-scale patterns promote the formation of the cyclones over the Middle East to trigger dust storms and also facilitate the transport of dust from North Africa, Iraq, and Saudi Arabian to Syria, where the transported dust dominates the seasonal mean DOD in spring. A negative PDO not only creates circulation anomalies favorable to high DOD in Syria but also suppresses precipitation in dust source regions over the eastern and southern Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa. On the daily scale, in addition to the favorable large-scale condition associated with a negative PDO, enhanced atmospheric instability in Syria associated with increased precipitation in Turkey and northern Syria is also critical for the development of strong springtime dust storms in Syria.
Evaluation of air–soil temperature relationships simulated by land surface
models during winter across the permafrost region
Authors: Wang Wenli , Rinke Annette , Moore John C. , Ji Duoying , Cui Xuefeng , Peng Shushi , Lawrence David M. , McGuire A. David , Burke Eleanor J. , Chen Xiaodong , Decharme Bertrand , Koven Charles , MacDougall Andrew , Saito Kazuyuki , Zhang Wenxin , Alkama Ramdane , Bohn Theodore J. , Ciais Philippe , Delire Christine , Gouttevin Isabelle , Hajima Tomohiro , Krinner Gerhard , Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Miller Paul A. , Smith Benjamin , Sueyoshi Tetsuo , Sherstiukov Artem B.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A realistic simulation of snow cover and its thermal properties are important for accurate modelling of permafrost. We analyse simulated relationships between air and near-surface (20 cm) soil temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere permafrost region during winter, with a particular focus on snow insulation effects in nine land surface models, and compare them with observations from 268 Russian stations. There are large cross-model differences in the simulated differences between near-surface soil and air temperatures (ΔT; 3 to 14 °C), in the sensitivity of soil-to-air temperature (0.13 to 0.96 °C °C−1), and in the relationship between ΔT and snow depth. The observed relationship between ΔT and snow depth can be used as a metric to evaluate the effects of each model's representation of snow insulation, hence guide improvements to the model's conceptual structure and process parameterisations. Models with better performance apply multilayer snow schemes and consider complex snow processes. Some models show poor performance in representing snow insulation due to underestimation of snow depth and/or overestimation of snow conductivity. Generally, models identified as most acceptable with respect to snow insulation simulate reasonable areas of near-surface permafrost (13.19 to 15.77 million km2). However, there is not a simple relationship between the sophistication of the snow insulation in the acceptable models and the simulated area of Northern Hemisphere near-surface permafrost, because several other factors, such as soil depth used in the models, the treatment of soil organic matter content, hydrology and vegetation cover, also affect the simulated permafrost distribution.
A formula to estimate water loss in a malnourished patient with ascites: One inch equals one kilogram
Authors: Stepanian Sevan V , Tayek John A.
Published: August 2016

Severe ascites accounts for a large percentage of body water, making measurements of lean body mass (LBM) inaccurate. Thereare no bed-side methods to determine the contribution of ascites to LBM. Using the formula for a sphear, a patients volume ofascites was obtained by the standard equation (Volume = 4/3 × Pi × [radius]3). A 54-year-old malnourished Hispanic female withChild’s Class C liver cirrhosis presented to the ER with 2-weeks of increasing abdominal pain, girth, fever, chills and decreasednutritional intake. The admission abdominal girth measured 106 cm at the umbilicus. The radius of the sphere was obtainedmeasuring the abdominal girth divided by two times Pia times radius (radius = 106 cm/[2 × 3.14] = 16.9 cm). Using the abovecalculated radius of 16.9 cm, Volume = 4/3×3.14 × 16.9 cm3; = 20,208 cc = approximate volume of the abdomen at presentation.Using the same formulas, abdominal volume was 8,275 cm cubed seven days after discharge from hospital. The difference inabdominal volume from admission to follow up is 20,208 cc-8,375 cc = 11,833 cc, assuming a specific gravity of 1.0, 11.8-litersof volume or kg of weight. The amount of ascitic abdominal fluid lost was confirmed by comparing change in volume to changein body weights (66.0 kg-55.0 kg, admission and follow-up weights, respectively). The 11.0 kg weight loss was similar to theestimated change in abdominal body water change of 11.8 kg. Conclusion: The simple measurement of waist circumference mayprovide an estimate of ascites volume and changes in volume should be similar to changes in weight. For every 2.4 cm (1 inch)that the waist circumference is reduced, body weight (and ascites) should be reduced by 1-kilogram.
Epidemiology of the Upper Extremity Trauma in a Traumatic Center in Iran
Authors: Ameri Maryam , Aghakhani Kamran , Ameri Ebrahim , Mehrpisheh Shahrokh , Memarian Azadeh
Published: August 2016

INTRODUCTION: Orthopedic injuries are the most common types of traumatic injuries and present as fractures of the limbs, pelvis, and vertebrae or lesions in soft tissues, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The upper limb fractures occur in distal radius and ulna, metacarpals, fingers, scapula, and carpal bones, Proximal, diaphysis, distal humerus, clavicle, proximal ulna and radio and distal humero and humero, radio, ulna, and metacarpo. The objective of this project was to accurately describe the occurrence of injuries of the upper extremity and the mechanisms of such injuries in a representative sample of Iranian population.

METHOD: This prospective case series was performed on the patients admitted to Shafa Yahyaian Hospital through the emergency ward within 6 months. Patients’ demographic features, the information about the mechanism of injury in soft tissues, bones and joints which obtained using clinical examination and imaging techniques, also the findings during the surgery were recorded in the information form. All analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 21. The independent t test or Mann-Whitney test and the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the data. The results were significant at P<0.05.

RESULTS: This study was performed on 1287 patients with upper limb fracture. The male and female patients respectively comprised of 998 (77.5%) and 289 (22.5%) subjects. About 113 patients suffered injuries at shoulder joint or its surrounding bones. The most common traumatic mechanisms in this group included falls from the standing position (49.2%), direct hit (19.5%), and then falling down (12.58%). Humerus fractures were observed in 68 patients. There was a significant correlation between humerus fractures and the mechanisms (P=0.000). The patients with traumas around the elbow comprised of 182 individuals. Sex distribution of fractures around the elbow shows a significant correlation between sex and elbow fractures. Forearm fractures were observed in 233 patients, and there was a significant correlation between age groups and forearm fractures. Fractures around the wrist were observed in 333 patients. There was a significant correlation between patients with fractures around the wrist (36.88±23.81 years) and patients without fractures (30.84±18.99 years) around the wrist in terms of the mean age. Hand fractures were observed in 358 patients. There was a significant correlation between hand fractures and sex.

CONCLUSION: The result of the current study which shows the epidemiology of these injuries and how such injuries occur in this area can well help the healthcare planners to design preventive and therapeutic measures.
Partial Characterization of Digestive Proteases in the Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis
Authors: Concha-Frias B. Bartolo , Alvarez-Gonzalez Carlos A. , Gaxiola-Cortes Martha G. , Silva-Arancibia Alfonso E. , Toledo-Aguero Pedro H. , Martínez-Garcia Rafael , Camarillo-Coop Susana , Jimenez-Martinez Luis D. , Arias-Moscoso Joe L.
Published: August 2016

Common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) is a marine species with high aquaculture potential; although its digestive physiology is still unknown and knowledge of that could allow the development of a balanced feed for commercial culture of this fish. The objective of this study was to partially characterize the digestive proteases in C. undecimalis using electrophoretic and biochemical techniques. A total of 50 wild snook juveniles were used to determine the optimal values of pH stability and temperature as well as the effect of inhibitors on digestive, gastric and intestinal proteases. The optimal pH for gastric proteases was obtained to be 2 with stability obtained between 2 and 8; the optimal temperature was detected at 75ºC for in vitro test, and the thermal stability was between 25 and 45ºC. Intestinal proteases showed two peaks of activity at a pH of 7 and 11; meanwhile, the greatest stability was found between a pH of 4 and 10; the optimal temperature was at 65ºC, and the greatest stability was detected between 35 and 45ºC. Up to 86% of the gastric protease activity was inhibited by pepstatin A; meanwhile, the intestinal proteases TPCK, TLCK, 1-10 Phenanthroline, SBT1, EDTA, PMSF and ovalbumin reduced the activity by 17%, 68%, 85%, 41%, 40.5%, 60% and 59%, respectively.
An Extract of Sericea Lespedeza Modulates Production of Inflammatory Markers in Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Activated Ruminant Blood
Authors: Asiamah Emmanuel K , Adjei-Fremah Sarah , Osei Bertha , Ekwemalor Kingsley , Worku Mulumebet
Published: August 2016

Programs based on antibiotics are failing to control diseases due to increase in resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. Food safety, animal welfare and public health concerns have fueled interest in the use of plant-based alternatives. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a plant (Sericea Lespedeza, SL), and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN)) on gene activation in ruminant blood. A water extract of SL, was used as a source of plant-derived tannins. Blood was collected from Holstein-Friesian cows (N = 4), Spanish × Boer goats (N = 4), St Croix sheep (N = 4) and incubated with 100 ng/mL of SL in the presence or absence of LPS or PGN. Samples maintained in Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as negative control. The total protein concentration, WNT5a, and prostaglandin E2 in plasma were determined. Total RNA was isolated, reverse transcribed and Real time-PCR was performed using gene specific primers for TLR2, TLR4, WNT5a, and FZD. TLR2 and FZD were up-regulated in response to PAMPs. WNT5a and TLR4 genes were undetected in PAMP treated blood. SL regulated protein and prostaglandin concentration in all species. SL reduced PGE2 in sheep and cow blood. WNT5a was only secreted in LPS treated cow blood. Transcription and translation of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity and the WNT signaling pathway in ruminant blood were responsive to diverse PAMPS, and can be modulated by SL. This suggests that dietary tannins may promote the health of ruminants. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of these changes in immune gene expression on ruminant health.
Discrimination Based on Volatile Compounds and Differential Analysis of Chinese Dark Tea
Authors: He Hua-Feng , Ye Yang
Published: August 2016

Simultaneous distillion and extraction (SDE)/gas chromatographymass spectrometry (Gc-Ms) detection coupled with partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) were used to discriminate Chinese dark teas (CDTs). A total of 84 volatile compounds were taken to conduct the cluster analysis. 9 kinds of CDTs could be divided into 3 groups in consistent with the manufacturing processes. Besides, ingredients that were related with the quality of CDT, such as free amino acid, soluble sugar and catechines were analyzed. Differential trends were disclosed between Pu-Er raw tea and Pu-Er ripe tea as well as raw dark green tea (RDGT).
Main Impacts on Value of Milk Production in Different Regions from Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Zilli Julcemar Bruno , Candaten Júnior
Published: August 2016

This paper analyzed the main impacts on the value of milk production in different regions (Development Councils) of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. For that, we used the structural-differential method known as method Shift Share effects with production, productivity, price of milk and production values. It is relevant to note that, as well as production, the dairy herd and the productivity underwent positive and significant changes in the analyzed period, in both federal and state level. The impact each variable causes on the total amount produced defines whether what is occurring is the use of resources or just an increase in the matrices. The main results show that some Councils, such as Fronteira Oeste, whose price-effect corresponds to in 40.65%, the lowest amongst all and denotes a lower market dependence. The most satisfactory productivity effect occurs in the Sul Council with 48.98%, inferring a higher production efficiency. For the herd effect, the highest matrices growth rate in production were found in the Metropolitano Delta Jacuí Council, with the value of 30.09%. However, for the purpose of value of production, the Rio da Várzea Council obtained the most significant value of 117.94%. Thus, the results enable understanding the bottlenecks and state regional needs in the sector, influencing economic decisions. The effect of the milk price was critical to increasing the value of milk production in the analyzed periods and the productivity effect showed mild effect on the value of milk production. Likewise, the herd effect was found in the analysis to generate less impact than other effects.
Feeding Strategy of Ruminants and Its Potential Effect on Methane Emission Reduction
Authors: Suwignyo B. , Suhartanto B. , Umami N. , Suseno N. , Bachruddin Z.
Published: August 2016

A study was conducted to determine the potential effect of Leucaena leucocephalain the diet with 3 levels 0%, 6%, 12% of ration on the population of rumen methanogenic bacteria of cattle and buffalo. Three each ruminally-fistulated (body weight 342 ± 66.93 kg) were used in this experiment. The amount of feed offered was 2.5% of live weight on DM basis. Rumen fluid was collected from each animal before feeding, after 17 days on feed. The rumen fluid was strained it through cheesecloth and stored in freezer prior to analysis. The samples were subjected to DNA extraction and amplification. Three universal primers were used to detect methanogenic bacteria, which had more than one band, ranging from 500 bp and 1.4 kbp. The results indicated that the level of Leucaena leucocephala in the diets reduced the population of methanogenic rumen bacteria of the cattle and enhanced the Fibrobacter succinogenes. Thus, reduction of methane production increases rumen propionate since methane production is inversely proportional with propionate production. Leucaena leucocephala give many benefit e.g. for ruminant that will have a good impact in the term of ruminant nutrition and global environmental contribution through reducing methanogens in the rumen.
Effect of Resource Reallocation on Pollen Limitation and Reproductive Assurance of Apocynum venetum L. in an Arid Region
Authors: Chen Min , Zhao Xue-yong , Zuo Xiao-an , Qu Hao , Mao Wei , Luo Ya-yong , Lian Jie , Liu Liang-xu
Published: August 2016

Pollen limitation is considered to be a strong force driving the evolution of reproductive strategies in flowering plants. However, resource reallocation may occur among seeds because of variation in the quantity or quality of pollen received. We performed single-flower and whole-plant pollen supplementation and emasculation of flowers of Apocynum venetum L. to estimate pollen limitation and reproductive assurance. In addition, we calculated the visiting patterns of the pollinators, frequency of pollinators to estimate the effect of pollinator activity and further on the reproductive success of A. venetum. Our results indicated estimates from single-flower manipulations were not biased, closely resembling those from whole-plant manipulations. We found Apis mellifera was the dominant pollinator during the pollination process. In addition, insect pollination played a more important role in the outcrossing system, which could explain the differences in reproductive success. Our results also showed that autonomous self-pollination eliminates pollen limitation and provides reproductive assurance.
POR UMA REDE DE ATUAÇÃO COLETIVA DOS TRABALHADORES INFORMAIS
Authors: Lamounier Adriana Letícia Saraiva , Álvares da Silva Antônio
Published: August 2016

No atual capitalismo pós-industrial globalizado, agravou-se a assimetria entre capital e trabalho. A desregulamentação, flexibilização e precarização, em seu sentido amplo, vêm solapando progressivamente o direito, o trabalho e o sindicato. Uma das derivações mais preocupantes é a informalidade que cresce exponencialmente em todo o globo. Diante disso, o presente artigo (cuja metodologia é teórico-propositiva) tem como objetivo expor e analisar classificações, teorias, e origens do trabalho informal e, ao final, propor uma rede de atuação coletiva dos que trabalham na informalidade. Propõe-se que os sindicatos já existentes abarquem os trabalhadores informais e constituam redes internacionais, regionais e nacionais com outras entidades sindicais e outras organizações associativas.
De l’Union européenne à la Bretagne : la traduction dans les politiques linguistiques
Authors: ar Rouz David
Published: August 2016

Que la Bretagne se soit dotée d’une politique linguistique pourra en surprendre plus d’un. La France n’est-elle pas monolingue ? Quelles langues s’agit-il de traduire dans ce cadre ? Et surtout, pour quoi faire ? Que peut bien apporter l’analyse de la situation bretonne à la compréhension de la politique linguistique de l’Union européenne, l’organisation qui dispose à ce jour des plus grands services de traduction au monde ? Cette comparaison permet pourtant de mieux percevoir le rôle social et la valeur de la traduction professionnelle, non seulement sur le plan économique, mais aussi, et surtout, sur le plan de la communication. Car elle favorise un certain rapport à la langue, et donc à soi-même, dans l’échange et la négociation. La traduction professionnelle prend alors une place prépondérante, voire devient la politique linguistique, et c’est sa quasi-absence dans les écrits sur les politiques linguistiques qui a de quoi interpeller.
Quand « la traduction est un jeu » : métaphores ludiques dans le discours contemporain sur la traduction
Authors: Regattin Fabio
Published: August 2016

Depuis quelques années, la métaphore suscite un intérêt croissant en traductologie. Cependant, les chercheurs se concentrent en général sur la traduction interlinguale des métaphores ou répertorient des métaphores de l’acte traductif récurrentes à un moment donné de l’histoire. Dans notre article, nous proposons plutôt l’analyse approfondie d’un seul rapprochement métaphorique (celui qui relie la traduction et le jeu) et ses occurrences dans les écrits contemporains sur la traduction. Après une discussion des concepts de « métaphore » et d’« analogie », nous présenterons une sélection d’études qui, à l’époque de la traductologie dite « scientifique », ont relié la sphère ludique et la traduction. Ces études ont été rangées dans trois catégories : traduction comme jeu, traduction comme un certain type de jeu, traduction ludique de textes ludiques ou de jeux de mots. L’exposition de ces données est suivie de leur systématisation, qui permet de répondre à la question suivante : comment des visions qui s’avèrent très différentes peuvent-elles coexister sous la même formulation de base, à savoir la métaphore prédicative « la traduction est un (type de) jeu » ?
Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea
Authors: Li Guangxue , Qiao Lulu , Dong Ping , Ma Yanyan , Xu Jishang , Liu Shidong , Liu Yong , Li Jianchao , Li Pin , Ding Dong , Wang Nan , Olusegun A Dada , Liu Ling
Published: August 2016

Based on monthly averaged current, temperature, and salinity, we analyzed the changes of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and the relationship with the warm current, coastal current, and cold water mass (CWM) in the East China Seas (ECSs). The result shows that the coastal current and surface diluted water are the route for transporting suspended sediment. The Kuroshio and its derived warm current branches play the important role of the continental shelf circulation system and control the diffusion of suspended sediment. High SSC has been mainly concentrated in coastal current and CWM. Two sedimentary dynamic patterns have been identified. The winter‐half‐year pattern lasts almost 7 months. The coastal currents off the Shandong Peninsula, northern Jiangsu, Zhejiang‐Fujian coast are the main routes for diffusion and deposition of the suspended sediment from the Yellow River and Changjiang River. The summer‐half‐year pattern is characterized by the well‐developed CWM. All CWMs have a unique function to trap suspended sediment under the thermocline due to weakening tidal current and residual current there. These CWMs in the Yellow Sea (YS) and north ECS are connected together. The layer above the thermocline is characterized by diluted water with low salinity, high temperature. Suspended sediment can be transported into the Okinawa Trough and the South Korea coast during this period. A strong eddy always occur nearby the Kuroshio bend at northeast Taiwan, which has promoted the exchange between the ECS shelf and Okinawa Trough, and the development of the shelf edge current and Taiwan warm current (TWC).
Factors regulating the Great Calcite Belt in the Southern Ocean and its biogeochemical significance
Authors: Balch William M. , Bates Nicholas R. , Lam Phoebe J. , Twining Benjamin S. , Rosengard Sarah Z. , Bowler Bruce C. , Drapeau Dave T. , Garley Rebecca , Lubelczyk Laura C. , Mitchell Catherine , Rauschenberg Sara
Published: August 2016

The Great Calcite Belt (GCB) is a region of elevated surface reflectance in the Southern Ocean (SO) covering ~16% of the global ocean and is thought to result from elevated, seasonal concentrations of coccolithophores. Here we describe field observations and experiments from two cruises that crossed the GCB in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the SO. We confirm the presence of coccolithophores, their coccoliths, and associated optical scattering, located primarily in the region of the subtropical, Agulhas, and Subantarctic frontal regions. Coccolithophore‐rich regions were typically associated with high‐velocity frontal regions with higher seawater partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) than the atmosphere, sufficient to reverse the direction of gas exchange to a CO2 source. There was no calcium carbonate (CaCO3) enhancement of particulate organic carbon (POC) export, but there were increased POC transfer efficiencies in high‐flux particulate inorganic carbon regions. Contemporaneous observations are synthesized with results of trace‐metal incubation experiments, 234Th‐based flux estimates, and remotely sensed observations to generate a mandala that summarizes our understanding about the factors that regulate the location of the GCB.
Regional patterns in current and future export production in the central Arctic Ocean quantified from nitrate fluxes
Authors: Randelhoff Achim , Guthrie John D.
Published: August 2016

Due to severe nutrient and light limitation, the central Arctic Ocean has been characterized as a region of low primary productivity, with high retention of carbon in the surface waters. Using an in‐depth analysis of published and new measurements of turbulent microstructure and high‐resolution profiles of nitrate concentration, we reassess the vertical supply of nitrate to the Polar Mixed Layer and the associated export of particulate organic matter across the nitracline. We estimate annual export production to be approximately 1.5–3 g C m−2, but regional differences in both current and future potential of export production are large, with the eastern Arctic being least constrained by vertical nutrient supply and the western Arctic the most. Future changes in export production are assessed using a 1‐D budget model; increases in the Atlantic sector are possibly compensated by decreases in the rest of the central Arctic Ocean such that the net change might be insignificant.
Late Neogene changes in North America and Antarctica absolute plate motions inferred from the Mid‐Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ridges spreading histories
Authors: Iaffaldano G. , DeMets C.
Published: August 2016

Reconstructions of absolute plate motions underpin our understanding of the plate torque balance, but are challenging due to difficulties in inferring well‐dated rates and directions of plate movements from hot spot tracks. Useful information about plate dynamics can be inferred from rapid absolute plate motion changes, as these are linked only to the torque(s) that changed. Here we infer late Neogene changes in the absolute motions of North America and possibly Antarctica from changes in the easier‐to‐determine relative plate motions recorded along the Arctic, northern Mid‐Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ridges. We show that Eurasia/North America and Nubia/North America motions changed by the same amount between 8 and 5 Ma, as may have Nubia/Antarctica and Somalia/Antarctica plate motions. By considering additional, independent constraints on Somalia/India plate motion, we argue that a scenario in which North America and Antarctica absolute motions changed is the simplest one that explains the observed changes in relative motions. We speculate that these changes are linked to the late Neogene dynamics of the Pacific plate.
Alfvén wave‐driven ionospheric mass outflow and electron precipitation during storms
Authors: Hatch S. M. , Chaston C. C. , LaBelle J.
Published: August 2016

We explore the global Alfvénic response of the transition region between the topside ionosphere and magnetosphere to geomagnetic storms. From superposed epoch and storm phase‐dependent analyses, it is found that subsequent to storm commencement the occurrence rate of Alfvénic field variations on electron inertial scales through this region increases by as much as a factor of 5 relative to prestorm levels. This increase is accompanied by order‐of‐magnitude enhancements in coincident energy deposition rates into the ionosphere and ion outflow rates into the magnetosphere, particularly near noon, premidnight, and on the dawn flank. During main phase on the dayside these waves shift to lower invariant latitudes (ILATs), expanding over a large range of ILATs and magnetic local times, where they are associated with significant enhancements in upward ion flux. Nightside storm‐enhanced occurrence probability of Alfvén waves and upward ion flux is lower than on the dayside, but the average precipitating electron energy flux is larger. There is also a localized region of intense ion outflow premidnight at low latitudes during storm main phase. Wave occurrence rates subside to prestorm levels about 20 h after storm commencement.
Solar quiet current response in the African sector due to a 2009 sudden stratospheric warming event
Authors: Bolaji O. S. , Oyeyemi E. O. , Owolabi O. P. , Yamazaki Y. , Rabiu A. B. , Okoh D. , Fujimoto A. , Amory‐Mazaudier C. , Seemala G. K. , Yoshikawa A. , Onanuga O. K.
Published: August 2016

We present solar quiet (Sq) variation of the horizontal (H) magnetic field intensity deduced from Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) records over Africa during an unusual strong and prolonged 2009 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. A reduction in the SqH magnitude that enveloped the geomagnetic latitudes between 21.13°N (Fayum FYM) in Egypt and 39.51°S (Durban DRB) in South Africa was observed, while the stratospheric polar temperature was increasing and got strengthened when the stratospheric temperature reached its maximum. Another novel feature associated with the hemispheric reduction is the reversal in the north‐south asymmetry of the SqH, which is indicative of higher SqH magnitude in the Northern Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere during SSW peak phase. The reversal of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) or the counter electrojet (CEJ) was observed after the polar stratospheric temperature reached its maximum. The effect of additional currents associated with CEJ was observed in the Southern Hemisphere at middle latitude. Similar changes were observed in the EEJ at the South America, Pacific Ocean, and Central Asia sectors. The effect of the SSW is largest in the South American sector and smallest in the Central Asian sector.
Characteristics of the equatorial plasma drifts as obtained by using Canadian Doppler ionosonde over southern tip of India
Authors: Sripathi S. , Singh Ram , Banola S. , Sreekumar Sreeba , Emperumal K. , Selvaraj C.
Published: August 2016

We present here characteristics of the Doppler drift measurements over Tirunelveli (8.73°N, 77.70°E; dip 0.5°N), an equatorial site over Southern India using Doppler interferometry technique of Canadian ionosonde. Three‐dimensional bulk motions of the scatterers as reflected from the ionosphere are derived by using Doppler interferometry technique at selected frequencies using spaced receivers arranged in magnetic E‐W and N‐S directions. After having compared with Lowell's digisonde drifts at Trivandrum, we studied the temporal and seasonal variabilities of quiet time drifts for the year 2012. The observations showed higher vertical drifts during post sunset in the equinox followed by winter and summer seasons. The comparison of Doppler vertical drifts with the drifts obtained from (a) virtual height and (b) Fejer drift model suggests that Doppler vertical drifts are relatively higher as compared to the drifts obtained from model and virtual height methods. Further, it is seen that vertical drifts exhibited equinoctial asymmetry in prereversal enhancement quite similar to such asymmetry observed in the spread F in the ionograms and GPS L band scintillations. The zonal drifts, on the other hand, showed westward during daytime with mean drifts of ~150–200 m/s and correlated well with equatorial electrojet strength indicating the role of E region dynamo during daytime, while they are eastward during nighttime with mean drifts of ~100 m/s resembling F region dynamo process. Also, zonal drifts showed large westward prior to the spread F onset during autumn equinox than vernal equinox, suggesting strong zonal shears which might cause equinoctial asymmetry in spread F.
Effect of static pressure on absolute paleointensity recording with implications for meteorites
Authors: Volk Michael W. R. , Gilder Stuart A.
Published: August 2016

We investigated the influence of hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic stress on the recording process of magnetic field intensity with particular relevance for meteorites that experienced pressures lower than 5 GPa corresponding to the lowest shock stage classification (S1) in meteorites. Thermal remanent magnetizations were imparted on natural obsidian samples containing pseudo‐single domain titanomagnetite, analogous to some achondritic meteorites. Thellier‐type paleointensity experiments were carried out at ambient conditions after pressure cycling to 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 GPa. Each experiment used 10 samples to assess reproducibility, which is better than ±5%. The recorded paleointensity decreased 10%/GPa under hydrostatic stress and 20%/GPa under nonhydrostatic stress, leading to the fundamental conclusion that paleointensity results from meteorites may be appreciably underestimated. Pressure cycling shifts the blocking and unblocking spectra, thereby producing more linear slopes on an Arai diagram with increasing strain. We explain why, for samples with a single magnetization component that does not alter, a two‐step paleointensity protocol sufficiently resolves the true paleointensity. Moreover, we propose that pressure cycling of pseudo‐single domain bearing samples will remove the inherent curvature of the Arai slope, thereby allowing one to obtain a more accurate estimate of the true paleointensity. This likely also holds true for samples possessing multidomain grains. Conversely, linear trends on Arai plots in meteorites might have their origin in a pressure effect that does not necessarily reflect the ubiquitous presence of single domain particles.
The plumbing of the global biological pump: Efficiency control through leaks, pathways, and time scales
Authors: Pasquier Benoît , Holzer Mark
Published: August 2016

We systematically quantify the pathways and time scales that set the efficiency,
, of the global biological pump by applying Green‐function‐based diagnostics to a data‐assimilated phosphorus cycle embedded in a jointly assimilated ocean circulation. We consider “bio pipes” that consist of phosphorus paths that connect specified regions of last biological utilization with regions where regenerated phosphate first reemerges into the euphotic zone. The bio pipes that contribute most to Ebio connect the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEqP) and Equatorial Atlantic to the Southern Ocean ((21 ± 3)% of
), as well as the Southern Ocean to itself ((15 ± 3)% of
). The bio pipes with the largest phosphorus flow rates connect the EEqP to itself and the subantarctic Southern Ocean to itself. The global mean sequestration time of the biological pump is 130 ± 70 years, while the sequestration time of the bio pipe from anywhere to the Antarctic region of the Southern Ocean is 430 ± 30 years. The distribution of phosphorus flowing within a given bio pipe is quantified by its transit‐time partitioned path density. For the largest bio pipes, ∼1/7 of their phosphorus is carried by thermocline paths with transit times less than ∼300–400 years, while ∼4/7 of their phosphorus is carried by abyssal paths with transit times exceeding ∼700 years. The path density reveals that Antarctic Intermediate Water carries about a third of the regenerated phosphate last utilized in the EEqP that is destined for the Southern Ocean euphotic zone. The Southern Ocean is where (62 ± 2)% of the regenerated inventory and (69 ± 1)% of the preformed inventory first reemerge into the euphotic zone.
Cometary origin of atmospheric methane variations on Mars unlikely
Authors: Roos‐Serote M. , Atreya S. K. , Webster C. R. , Mahaffy P. R.
Published: August 2016

The detection of methane in the atmosphere of Mars was first reported in 2004. Since then a number of independent observations of methane have been reported, all showing temporal variability. Up until recently, the origin of methane was attributed to sources either indigenous to Mars or exogenous, where methane is a UV degradation byproduct of organics falling on to the surface. Most recently, a new hypothesis has been proposed that argues that the appearance and variation of methane are correlated with specific meteor events at Mars. Indeed, extraplanetary material can be brought to a planet when it passes through a meteoroid stream left behind by cometary bodies orbiting the Sun. This occurs repeatedly at specific times in a planet's year as streams tend to be fairly stable in space. In this paper, we revisit this latest hypothesis by carrying out a complete analysis of all available data on Mars atmospheric methane, including the very recent data not previously published, together with all published predicted meteor events for Mars. Whether we consider the collection of individual data points and predicted meteor events, whether we apply statistical analysis, or whether we consider different time spans between high methane measurements and the occurrence of meteor events, we find no compelling evidence for any correlation between atmospheric methane and predicted meteor events.