bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATIONS WITH HYDRAZINE‐N,N′‐DICARBOXAMIDINE, PART XXII. AROMATIC AND AROMATIC‐ALIPHATIC SUBSTITUTED β‐DIKETONES AS REACTION PARTNER
Authors: KREUTZBERGER A. , RISSE G.
Published: April 2016

Das β‐Diketon (I) reagiert im Gegensatz zu aliphatischen Diketonen erst in der Wärme mit dem Diamidin (II) über (III) zu dem Triazolopyrimidin (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOMETHYL DERIVATIVES OF 1‐CYCLOHEXYL‐5‐ALKYL‐ AND 1‐CYCLOHEXYL‐5,5‐DIALKYLBARBITURIC ACIDS AS POTENTIAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENTS
Authors: SLADOWSKA H.
Published: April 2016

Die Barbitursäuren (I) bzw. (IV) reagieren mit Formaldehyd/Aminen zu den Aminomethyl‐Derivaten (II), (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: IMIDAZOLE CYCLOTRIMERS (TRIMIDAZOLES), A NOVEL HETEROANNULAR SERIES
Authors: TAKEUCHI Y. , KIRK K. L. , COHEN L. A.
Published: April 2016

Fluor‐imidazole (I) reagieren beim Verschmelzen zu den Trimeren (II).
ChemInform Abstract: GUANINE, HYPOXANTHINE, AND XANTHINE ANALOG. SYNTHESIS OF IMIDAZO(1,5‐A)‐1,3,5‐TRIAZINONES VIA REARRANGEMENT
Authors: HOLTWICK J. B. , GOLANKIEWICZ B. , HOLMES B. N. , LEONARD N. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Cyanglycinester (I) erhält man direkt oder über gemischte Anhydride die Acylderivate (IIa), die mit Ethylat/Methyliodid zu (IIb) methyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLATED AND THIOPHOSPHORYLATED ACYL(CARBAMOYL)ISOTHIOUREAS
Authors: GRAPOV A. F. , VASIL'EV A. F. , ZONTOVA V. N. , GALUSHINA V. V. , MEL'NIKOV N. N.
Published: April 2016

Durch Acylierung mittels Säureanhydriden (II) oder Säurechloriden (IV) oder durch Carbamoylierung mit Hilfe der Isocyanate (V) wird in den phosphorylierten Isothioharn‐ Stoffen (I) die Aminogruppe substituiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STABILIZATION OF A PHOSPHOLANIUM METHYLIDE BY SILYL AND PHENYL SUBSTITUENTS
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , SCHERM H. P.
Published: April 2016

Das Ylid (I) ist thermolabil und dimerisiert sich.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES INTO SELENOACETALS: USE OF TRIS(PHENYLSELENO)BORANE AND TRIS(METHYLSELENO)BORANE
Authors: CLIVE D. L. J. , MENCHEN S. M.
Published: April 2016

Dimethyldiselenid liefert mit Lithiumalanat und BF3, Phenylselenol (II) und Bortribromid das Tris‐methyl‐ bzw. ‐phenyl‐seleno‐bor (IIIb) bzw. (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: ANIONIC PERFLUOROPHENYL COMPLEXES OF GOLD(I) AND GOLD(III)
Authors: USON R. , LAGUNA A. , GARCIA J. , LAGUNA M.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Gold(I)‐Komplexes (I) in Ethanol oder Dichlormethan mit äquimolaren Mengen entsprechender Salze führt unter Substitution des neutralen THF‐Liganden zu den anionischen Komplexen (II), die als Tetrabutylammonium‐ oder Bis‐[ triphenylphosphin]‐nitriliumsalze isoliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORONITRILE COMPLEXES OF RUTHENIUM(III) AND RUTHENIUM(IV) AND THEIR REACTIVITY TOWARDS SEVERAL LIGANDS
Authors: DEHAND J. , ROSE J.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung von kommerziellem Ru‐trichloridtrihydrat mit Aceto‐ und Benzonitril in Gegenwart von Tetraethylammoniumchlorid führt zu den Mononitril‐Ru(IV)‐Komplexen (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PEROXYCOSTUNOLIDE (VERLOTORIN) AND PEROXYPARTHENOLIDE FROM MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA. CARBON‐13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF COSTUNOLIDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: EL‐FERALY F. S. , CHAN Y. M. , CAPITON G. A. , DOSKOTCH R. W. , FAIRCHILD E. H.
Published: April 2016

Die Strukturen für Peroxycustenolid (I) und Peroxyparthenolid (II) werden diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF LACTOSE. XII. PREPARATION OF O‐(2‐ACETAMIDO‐2‐DEOXY‐β‐D‐GLUCOPYRANOSYL)‐(1 → 6)‐O‐β‐D‐GALACTOPYRANOSYL‐(1 → 4)‐D‐GLUCOPYRANOSE (6′‐N‐ACETYLGLUCOSAMINYLLACTOSE)
Authors: MATSUDA H. , ISHIHARA H. , TEJIMA S.
Published: April 2016

Das Disaccharid (I) wird über die tritylierten Verbindungen (II) und (III) in das benzylierte Derivat (IV) übergeführt, das mit dem Oxazolin (V) das Trisaccharid (VI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. PART 796. A NEW SYNTHESIS S OF ISOCHROMAN‐3‐ONES FROM BENZOCYCLOBUTENES; AN APPLICATION TO A TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF SENDAVERINE
Authors: KAMETANI T. , ENOMOTO Y. , TAKAHASHI K. , FUKUMOTO K.
Published: April 2016

Methoxylierte Benzocyclobutancarbonsäuren, wie (I), lagern sich bei der Thermolyse in einer 6π‐elektrocyclischen Reaktion in Isochromanone um.
ChemInform Abstract: NATURAL ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. 174. IRIDOID GLUCOSIDES FROM LEUCOCARPUS PERFOLIATUS G. DON
Authors: OZAKI Y. , JOHNE S. , HESSE M.
Published: April 2016

Aus Leucocarpus perfoliatus wurden mit AcOH/MeOH das bereits bekannte Gluc Boschnalosid (Ia) und Yuheinosid (Ib) isoliert.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF PROSTAGLANDIN IN E2 BY REARRANGEMENT OF A 6,8‐DISUBSTITUTED‐2‐OXABICYCLO(3.2.1)OCTAN‐3‐ONE TO A 4,5‐DISUBSTITUTED PERHYDROCYCLOPENTA(B)FURAN‐2‐ONE
Authors: NEWTON R. F. , REYNOLDS D. P. , WEBB C. F. , YOUNG S. N. , GRUDZINSKI Z. , ROBERTS S. M.
Published: April 2016

Entscheidender Schritt bei der Synthese der Titelverbindung (VII) ist die Umlagerung des bicyclischen Lactons (II) in das Perhydrocyclopentafuranon (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CARBOXYL‐TERMINUS MODIFIED PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGS
Authors: SCHAAF T. K. , HESS H.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Gemäß dem Formelbild werden die Analoga (IV), (V) und (VII) dargestellt Die einzelnen Reaktionsschritte verlaufen mit 40 ‐ 80%iger Ausbeute.
ChemInform Abstract: DETERMINATION OF HALOGENS IN METAL HALIDES BY FLAME EMISSION
Authors: HENRION G. , MARQUARDT D. , STOECKER B. +
Published: April 2016

Zur Bestimmung der Halogene durch Flammenemission von Metallhalogeniden eignen sich die A‐ und B‐Systeme der in laminaren H2‐N2‐Flammen chemilumineszent angeregten Emissionen von InF, InCl, InBr und InI.
ChemInform Abstract: AMORPHOUS ARSENIC PENTASULFIDE. STRUCTURE AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE
Authors: DIEMANN E.
Published: April 2016

Die Struktur von amorphem A5285 wird durch Aufnahme der Schwingungsspektren, der Elektro‐′ nenabsorptions‐ und ‐emissionsspektren sowie der Photoelektro nenspektren untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE DISSOLUTION AND PASSIVATION OF IRON AND IRON‐CHROMIUM ALLOYS IN ACIDIFIED SULFATE MEDIUM. INFLUENCES OF PH AND CHROMIUM CONTENT
Authors: EPELBOIN I. , KEDDAM M. , MATTOS O. R. , TAKENOUTI H.
Published: April 2016

Die stationären Polarisationskurven von ferritischen Fe‐Legierungen mit 7‐1 2% Cr in 1M H2SO4 haben zwei Strommaxima d.h., es treten zwei Passivierungsprozesse in zwei verschiedenen Spannungsbereichen auf.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW CLASS OF ACID CORROSION INHIBITORS: 2‐HYDROXY‐3‐(2‐UNDECYL, PENTADECYL, OR HEPTADECYL AMIDO‐ETHYLAMINO) PROPANE‐1‐TRI‐ETHYL AMMONIUM HYDROXIDES
Authors: GAWISH S. M. , KIRKOV P. , HAZZAA A. A. B. , EL‐DIN GEBRIL B.
Published: April 2016

Die Korrosionsinhibierung von kohlenstoffarmem Stahl in 0.5 M HCl durch die drei Titelverbindungen wird nach einer gasometrischen Methode im Bereich von 19‐60°C untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CREEP AND STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL IN BOILING 35% MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: SMIALOWSKI M. , KOSTANSKI J.
Published: April 2016

Die Auslösung und Fortpflanzung der Spannungsrißkorrosion zweier Cr‐Ni‐Stähle wird bei konstantem Elektrodenpotential untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME HIGH NICKEL ALLOYS IN THE REGION OF THE BREAKDOWN OF PASSIVITY
Authors: HETTIARACHCHI S. , HOAR T. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Morphologie nach Korrosion wird für Hastelloy B, Monel 400, Hastelloy Cund Inconel 61 1 in einem Chlorid‐Hydrogencarbonat‐Medium (pH 8.3) bei potentiostatischer Polarisation bis zu einer anodischen Stromdichte von 0.30 mA cm‐1 untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GLASS SYSTEM SILICON DIOXIDE‐BORON OXIDE PRODUCED BY HOT‐PRESSING OF GELS
Authors: JABRA R. , PHALIPPOU J. , ZARZYCKI J.
Published: April 2016

Mischgele des Systems werden durch den Sol‐Gel‐Prozeß hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALLINE ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE WITH LARGE PARTICLE SIZE BY THE DIRECT‐PRECIPITATION METHOD
Authors: INOUE Y. , YAMADA Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Ausb. und die Kristallgröße werden als Funktion der HF‐ und der H3PO4‐Konzentration sowie der Erwärmungstemp. ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: Neue μ‐Hydroxo‐Übergangsmetallkomplexe. 3. Mitt. Darstellung zweikerniger Komplexe des Rhodiums(III) mit einer μ‐Acetato‐ und μ‐Carbonato‐Brücke. Die Struktur des trans‐Diaqua‐di‐μ‐hydroxo‐bis[(1,4,7‐triazacyclononan)rhodium(III)]‐Kations.
Authors: WIEGHARDT K. , SCHMIDT W. , NUBER B. , PRIKNER B. , WEISS J.
Published: April 2016

Rh‐trichlorid‐trihydrat reagiert in DMSO mit 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononan im Verhältnis l :2 mit 34% Ausb. zu einem Bis‐[amin]‐Rh‐Kation und im Verhältnis 1:1 zu dem Neutralkomplex (I), der durch Ag‐Ionen‐katalysierte Hydrolyse nach Aufarbeitung die Titelverbindung (II) liefert, die in der Raumgruppe Cäh ‐P21/c mit Z=2 kristallisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ANION COORDINATION CHEMISTRY: POLYGUANIDINIUM SALTS AS ANION COMPLEXONS
Authors: DIETRICH B. , FYLES D. L. , FYLES T. M. , LEHN J.‐M.
Published: April 2016

Die bequemste Art, die Titelverbindungen (IV)‐(VI) darzustellen, ist die Umsetzung z.B. des Diamins (I) in Wasser bei 5°C mit dem Nitroisoharnstoff (II) zum Derivat (III), dessen Hydrogenolyse in saurer Lösung zum Ethylendiguanidinium (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF CUPRATE ADDITION TO 4‐, 5‐, AND 6‐ALKYLCYCLOHEPTENONES
Authors: HEATHCOCK C. H. , GERMOTH T. C. , GRAHAM S. L.
Published: April 2016

Cycloheptadienon (I) liefert mit Organometallverbindungen die Addukte (II) ; aus den Silylenolethern (V) sind die Cycloheptenone (IV) zugänglich.
ChemInform Abstract: THE EFFECTS OF ADDED SALTS ON THE STEREOSELECTIVITY AND RATE OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND ADDITION TO KETONES
Authors: ASHBY E. C. , NODING S. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Addition von Methyllithium (II) an 4‐tert.‐Butyl‐cyclohexanon (I) wird in den verschiedensten Lösungsmitteln unter Zusatz von Salzen wie Li‐perchlorat, Lil, Li‐alkoholat, Tetramethylammoniumiodid u.a.m, bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Mengenverhältnissen untersucht und die Anteile der isomeren Addukte (III) und (IV) werden bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SULFONYL COMPOUNDS. 7. PHOTOLYSIS OF SODIUM ARENESULFONATES S IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION: DESULFONYLATION AND DESULFONATION
Authors: IZAWA Y. , SUZUKI N. , INOUE A. , ITO K. , ITO T.
Published: April 2016

Die Reduktion von Arylsulfonaten (I) unter Photolyse in basischem Milieu wird untersucht, und im wesentlichen werden aus Sulfonaten (I) die Kohlenwasserstoffe (II) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOREACTIONS OF KETONES IN STRONG ACID MEDIA. A NOVEL TYPE REARRANGEMENT IN THE CYCLIC β‐DICARBONYL SYSTEM
Authors: SATO T. , NAGUMO K. , SAITO K. , OHYAMA T. , NAKANE R.
Published: April 2016

Die 1,3‐Cyclohexandione (Ia) und (Ib) lagem sich bei Belichtung in Fluorosulfonsäure oder 98%iger Schwefelsäure in die Dihydropyranone (IIa) und (IIb) um.
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATION OF O‐ACETOXYARYL RADICALS
Authors: EVANOCHKO W. T. , SHEVLIN P. B.
Published: April 2016

Die Zersetzung bekannter bzw. nach bekannten Verfahren zugänglicher Peroxide (I)‐(III) zu o‐Acetoxyaryl‐Radikalen (VII) und ihre Rekombination zu verschiedenen Produkten z.B. (IV)‐(VI) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐AMMONIA REDUCTION OF TRIPTYCENE AND RELATED BENZOBARRELENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: RABIDEAU P. W. , JESSUP D. W. , PONDER J. W. , BEEKMAN G. F.
Published: April 2016

Triptycen (II) liefert mit Kalium in THF das Spaltprodukt (I), mit Li/NH3 entsteht eine Mischung der Dihydroverbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: MILD REDUCTIONS OF OXIDES OF THE GROUP 6A ELEMENTS SULFUR, SELENIUM, AND TELLURIUM WITH (PHENYLSELENO)TRIMETHYLSILANE
Authors: DETTY M. R.
Published: April 2016

Zahlreiche O‐Verbindungen von Elementen der VI.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF β‐SULFENYLATED α,β‐UNSATURATED KETONES WITH SODIUM TETRAHYDROBORATE‐METAL HALIDE
Authors: NISHIO T. , OMOTE Y.
Published: April 2016

In Gegenwart von katalytischen Mengen Cobaltchlorid werden die ungesättigten Thioetherketone (I) mit Natriumborhydrid zu den gesättigten Ketonen (II) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATIONS AND ACYLATIONS OF α‐(ARYL)‐4‐MORPHOLINEACETONITRILES (MASKED ACYL ANION EQUIVALENTS) AND THEIR USE IN 1,4‐ADDITIONS
Authors: MCEVOY F. J. , ALBRIGHT J. D.
Published: April 2016

Es werden Reaktionen an α‐Aryl‐morpholino‐acetonitrilen (I) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF N,N‐DIALKYLANILINES WITH PALLADIUM(II) COMPOUNDS
Authors: SAKAKIBARA T. , DOGOMORI Y. , TSUZUKI Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Dialkylaniline (I) reagieren mit Pd(O‐Ac)2 (II) im Molverhältnis 2: l in Essigsäure unter oxidativer Kupplung zu den Diphenylmethanen (III) und den Salzen (IV); (Id) liefert neben (IIId) anstelle des Salzes (IVd) das cyclische Dimere (V) (2.7% Ausb.) ; bei Verwendung aprotischer Solventien wie Acetonitril oder Dioxan verläuft die Reaktion langsamer als in Essigsäure, wobei auch Nebenprodukte entstehen wie z.B. aus (Ia) (Id) und das Benzidin (VI) oder die Aminobenzoesäure (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: RING‐OPENING REACTION OF OXIRANES, OXETANES, AND TETRAHYDROPYRAN BY MERCURY(II) SALTS AND ALKYL HALIDES
Authors: WATANABE N. , UEMURA S. , OKANO M.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Oxetane (II) mit den Alkylhalogeniden (I) und Hg(O‐Ac)2 (III) verläuft unter Ringöffnung zu den Alkoxyalkylacetaten (IV) Umsetzung der Oxetane (II) mit den Iodiden (Ia) und (Ib) in Gegenwart des Thiocyanates (V) liefert Isomerengemische aus den Isothiocyanaten (VI) und den Thiocyanat (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON SYNTHESIS OF FLUORO RESIN MONOMERS. 5. SYNTHESIS OF 1,1‐DIFLUOROETHYLENE BY THE GAS‐PHASE COPYROLYSIS OF CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE WITH PROPENE AND ETHYLENE
Authors: HISAZUMI M. , MIYAKE T. , TAKEGAMI Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Copyrolyse des Chlordifluormethans (I) mit Ethylenoder Propylen im Verhältnis l: (3‐0,13) und 1: (30‐O,9) werden in einem Durchflußreaktor bei 720 ‐ 900°C in Gegenwart von Wasserdampf untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐HETEROSUBSTITUTED SILYLATED KETONE ACETALS: REAGENTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF α‐FUNCTIONALIZED METHYLKETONES FROM CARBOXYLIC ACID CHLORIDES
Authors: WISSNER A.
Published: April 2016

Aus den substituierten Essigestern (I) entstehen mit Lithium‐bis‐(trimethylsilyl)‐amid (II) die Enolate (III), die mit Trimethylchlorsilan (IV) zu (V) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF VINYL SULFIDES VIA CIS‐TRANS OLEFIN INVERSION
Authors: MASAKI Y. , SAKUMA K. , KAJI K.
Published: April 2016

Die Olefine (I) ergeben mit Phenylsulfenylchlorid (II) die Addukte (III), deren Dehydrochlorierung in stereospezifischer Weise zu den Vinylthioethern (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF METHOXYTHIOCARBONYL‐SUBSTITUTED UREAS
Authors: MACK W.
Published: April 2016

Die Alkalisalze (Ia) oder (Ib) ‐ zugänglich aus Phenylthiocarbamidsäure‐O‐methylester ‐ werden mit COClg zu dem Säurechlorid (II) umgesetzt, das mit den Aminen (III) in Ether ((IIIa) und (IIId) in Petrolether; (IIIe) wird fest in das Reaktionsgemisch eingetragen) zu den bisher nicht bekannten Harnstoff‐Derivaten (IV) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF 1,2:5,6‐DIBENZOCYCLOOCTATETRAENE DIANION
Authors: CANTRELL T. S. , SILVERTON J. V.
Published: April 2016

Dibenzocyclooctatetraen (I) liefert ein Dianion (II), das verschiedenen Reaktionen unterworfen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTRUSION REACTIONS IN AN RF PLASMA. PRODUCTION OF BENZOCYCLOALKENES
Authors: TOKUDA M. , MILLER L. L. , SZABO A. , SUHR H.
Published: April 2016

Extrusionsreaktionen im RF‐Plasma werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CATIONIC CYCLIZATIONS. CATION GENERATION THROUGH MAGNESIUM ALKOXIDE THERMOLYSIS. REGIOSELECTIVE INDENE FORMATION
Authors: TOLBERT L. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus Grignardverbindungen und ungesättigten Oxo‐Verbindungen können ungesättigte Magnesiumenolate hergestellt werden, deren Pyrolyse untersucht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON DONOR‐ACCEPTOR COMPOUNDS. XX. INTRAMOLECULAR QUINHYDRONES OF THE (3.3)METACYCLOPHANE SERIES: SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, STABILITY, AND CHARGE‐TRANSFER ABSORPTIONS OF STEREOISOMERIC(3.3)METACYCLOPHANE QUINHYDRONES
Authors: STAAB H. A. , HERZ C. P. , DOEHLING A. + , KRIEGER C.
Published: April 2016

Demethylierung und anschließende AgzO‐Oxidation der Metacyclophane (I) und (II) führten zum gleichen Benzochinonophan (III), dessen katalytische Hydrierung das syn‐Chinhydron (IV) ergab.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOPROPANES AND Γ‐BUTYROLACTONES BY THE REACTION OF DIMETHYLSULFOXONIUM METHYLIDE WITH (E)‐(2R,3S)‐6‐ALKYLIDENE‐3,4‐DIMETHYL‐2‐PHENYLPERHYDRO‐1,4‐OXAZEPINE‐5,7‐DIONE
Authors: MUKAIYAMA T. , FUJIMOTO K. , TAKEDA T.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Verbindungen (I) erhält man mit Dimethylsulfoxoniummethylid (II) die Cyclopropane (III) und geringe Mengen der Dihydrofurane (IV), von denen erstere zu den Cyclopropandicarbonsäureestern (V) (optische Reinheit über 90%) verseift und verestert sowie letztere zu den optisch aktiven γ‐Butyrolactonen (VI) hydrolysiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW SYNTHESIS OF ETHYL 2,3‐DIHYDRO‐1H‐PYRROLO(1,2‐A)INDOLE‐9‐CARBOXYLATES VIA APPARENT 1‐AZA‐1′‐OXA(3,3)SIGMATROPIC REARRANGEMENT
Authors: COATES R. M. , HUTCHINS C. W.
Published: April 2016

Aus 4‐Pentin‐1‐ol (I) werden die beiden Ester‐aldehyde (II) und (V) nach bekannten Verfahren hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF N‐BENZYL‐α‐(ETHOXYCARBONYL)NITRONE AND ITS REACTIONS WITH SOME OLEFINS
Authors: INOUYE Y. , WATANABE Y. , TAKAHASHI S. , KAKISAWA H.
Published: April 2016

Das Nitron (III) wird aus dem Glyoxylat (I) und dem Hydroxylamin (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: RATES AND EQUILIBRIUMS FOR THE ADDITION OF METHOXIDE ION TO 2,6‐DIPHENYL‐ AND 4‐METHOXY‐2,6‐DIPHENYLPYRYLIUM CATIONS
Authors: DODDI G. , FORNARINI S. , ILLUMINATI G. , STEGEL F.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung von Methylat (III) mit den Pyrylium‐Salzen (II) liefe′rt die Addukte (I) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DIAZO KETONES IN THE PRESENCE OF METAL CHELATES. VII. 1,3‐DIPOLAR R CYCLOADDITION OF 1‐METHOXYBENZO(C)PYRYLIUM‐4‐OLATE WITH ACETYLENIC DIPOLAROPHILES
Authors: IBATA T. , JITSUHIRO K.
Published: April 2016

Die Cu(acac)2‐katalysierte Zers. des Diazoacetophenons (I) gibt in Gegenwart acetylenischer Dipolarophile, wie (II), die Cycloaddukte (III) und die Spiroverbindungen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CERTAIN BISPYRANYLIDENE AND BIS(THIOPYRANYLIDENE) DERIVATIVES
Authors: REYNOLDS G. A. , CHEN C. H. , VAN ALLAN J. A.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Phosphonium‐perchlorat (I) erhält man über das Ylid (II) das Dimere (III), das auch aus dem 2,6‐Diphenylpyrylium‐perchlorat (IV) mit Triphenylphosphin entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: QUATERNIZATION AND SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION OF N‐(4‐PYRIDYLCARBONYLAMINO)‐1,2,3,6‐TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. SYNTHESIS OF N‐AMINO‐1,2,3,6‐TETRAHYDROPYRIDINES
Authors: REDDA K. , CORLETO L. A. , KNAUS E. E.
Published: April 2016

Pyridylcarbonylaminotetrahydropyridin (I) wird mit Chlorameisensäureester bzw. Methyliodid zu den Pyridiniumsalzen (II) bzw. (V) und (VI) quatemisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: GENERAL SYNTHESES AND RATIONAL PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ASSIGNMENT OF ISOMERIC DERIVATIVES OF (3,4)‐FUSED PYRAZOLES
Authors: DORN H. , OZEGOWSKI R.
Published: April 2016

Die Ethoxycarbonylvinylaminopyrazole (II) bzw. (V) ‐ zugänglich aus den 1‐substituierten 3‐ bzw. S‐Aminopyrazolen und Acetessigsäureethylester ‐ cyclisieren nach der Dowtherm‐Methode zu den Pyrazolopyridonen (I) bzw. (IV), und in Gegenwart vonSäure‐Katalysatoren zu den Isomeren (III) bzw. (VI); der Säure‐Cyclisierung geht eine Umlagerung von (II) in (VII) und von (V) in (VIII) (Mechanismen und Konkurrenz‐Reaktionen werden untersucht und erklärt) voran.
ChemInform Abstract: PTERIN CHEMISTRY. 72. SEPARATION OF THE DIASTEREOMERS (6R)‐ AND (6S)‐5,6,7,8‐TETRAHYDRO‐L‐BIOPTERIN
Authors: FURRER H. J. , BIERI J. H. , VISCONTINI M.
Published: April 2016

Das Triacetylderivat (Ib) von L‐Biopterin (Ia) wird hydriert; das gebildete Produkt (IIa) wird erneut acetyliert unter Bildung des in die Diastereomeren (IIb) und (IIc) auftrennbaren N5‐Acetyldeiivats.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF 2,4,6‐TRIPHENYL‐1,3‐THIAZINYLIUM PERCHLORATE WITH ACTIVE METHYLENES
Authors: SHIBUYA I.
Published: April 2016

Titelverbindung (I) reagiert mit CH‐aciden Verbindungen wie Cyanessigester und Benzoylacetonitril unter Bildung von Cyantriphenylpyridin (II).
ChemInform Abstract: FIXATION OF CYANURIC AND THIOCYANURIC ACIDS TO ACTIVE ETHYLENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: ETIENNE A. , LONCHAMBON G. , GIRAUDEAU P.
Published: April 2016

Addition von Cyanursäure (I) bzw. von Thiocyanursäure (IV) an die elektrophilen Ethylenverbindungen (II) in Ethanol in Gegenwart von Et3N bei 20°C führt zu den trisubstituierten Trioxoperhydrotriazinen (III) bzw. zu den Tris‐a1ky1mercaptotriazinen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORENYLSILANES. I. PREPARATION AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF FLUORENYLSILANES WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AT SILICON
Authors: RENGSTL A. , SCHUBERT U.
Published: April 2016

Die F1uorenylsilane(III) werden durch die Umsetzung von aus Fluoren und Li in THF gebildetem Fluorenyl‐Li (I) in situ mit den Halogensilanen (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROORGANIC SUBSTANCES. LII. AMIDOTHIOPHOSPHONIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Authors: ALMASI L. , FENESAN I. , BIRO V.
Published: April 2016

Die Amidothiophosphonsäuren (III) werden durch basische Hydrolyse ihrer Chloride (I) über ihre K‐Salze (II) hergestellt und elementaranalytisch, IR‐ sowie NMR‐spektroskopisch, aber auch durch chemische Methoden charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMERCURY(I) AND ‐(II) KETENIDE DERIVATIVES
Authors: BLUES E. T. , BRYCE‐SMITH D. , KARIMPOUR H.
Published: April 2016

Die Quecksilber(II)‐Salze (I) reagieren mit Acetanhydrid oder Keten zu den Keteniden (III), die bei weiterer Umsetzung mit Keten unter Bildung von Quecksilber zersetzt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF FERROCENYLMETHANOL ETHERS
Authors: MIRONOV V. A. , RESHETOVA M. D. , VORONA N. I.
Published: April 2016

Dimethylamino‐methyl‐ferrocen (I) wird mit p‐Toluolsulfochlorid (II) in einer Lösung verschiedener Alkohole in das Salz (III) übergeführt und dieses mit verd. Natronlauge in die Ether (IV) der entsprechenden Alkohole zerlegt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF COBALT(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF GLUTARIC AND ADIPIC DIHYDRAZIDES
Authors: AGGARWAL R. C. , SINGH B.
Published: April 2016

Durch Mischen heißer ethanolischer Lösungen der Metallchloride oder ‐nitrate mit den Liganden im molaren Verhältnis l:l und/oder 1:2 wurden die Komplexe (I)‐(III) dargestellt (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESES OF HUMAN BIG GASTRIN I AND ITS 32‐LUECINE ANALOG. 2. PREPARATION OF FRAGMENTS 9‐14 AND 1‐8
Authors: WENDLBERGER G. , MORODER L. , THAMM P. , WILSCHOWITZ L. , WUENSCH E. +
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Fragmente (V) bzw. (X) erfolgt ausgehend von den Komponenten (I) und (II) über die Stufen (IIIa) und (IIIb) bzw. ausgehend von den Komponenten (VIb) (aus (V Ia)) und (VII) über die Stufen (VIIIa) und (VIIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: ERLENMEYER‐PLOECHL REACTION IN CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY
Authors: ZHDANOV YU. A. , KIR'YANOV A. V. , KORD'CHENKO G. A.
Published: April 2016

2,3:4,5‐Di‐O‐isopropyliden‐al‐L‐arabinose (I) setzt man mit dem 2‐Phenyl‐1,3‐oxazol‐5‐on (II) um.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF HIGHLY OXIDIZED APORHOEADANES
Authors: MONIOT J. L. , HINDENLANG D. M. , SHAMMA M.
Published: April 2016

Untersuchungen an Aporhoeadanen wie (II), die aus Berberinderivaten wie (I) hergestellt werden können, werden diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES DPG‐A‐T‐A‐T‐C, DPG‐A‐T‐C‐T‐T‐T‐T AND DPT‐T‐T‐C‐A‐T‐C‐A‐T
Authors: WEISS R. , BIRCH‐HIRSCHFELD E. , REINERT H.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der Titelverbindungen wird ausgehend von entsprechenden Nucleosid‐ und Nucleotid‐Bausteinen durch schrittweisen Aufbau (die Ausb. der einzelnen Schritte liegen bei 20‐45%) nach der Phosphordiester‐Methode (Cyanethyl‐Schutzgruppe) durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF NEAMINE
Authors: HARAYAMA A. , TSUCHIYA T. , UMEZAWA S.
Published: April 2016

Kondensation des α‐D‐Glucopyranosylbromides (I) mit dem Streptamin‐Derivat (i)‐(II) und Behandlung des gebildeten Produktes erst mit H2SO4 und dann mit Chlorameisensäureethylester gibt die isomeren Glucoside (IIIa) und (IVa) [Glucosidierung von (I) mit (i)‐(II)‐Analogen, deren N‐Schutzgruppe Benzyloxycarbonyl oder Allyloxycarbonyl ist, verläuft nicht so günstig wie mit (i)‐(II) deren Gemisch mit NaN3 zu den isomeren Aziden (IIIb) und (IVb) reagiert.
Operating optimality assessment and nonoptimal cause identification for multimode industrial process with transitions
Authors: Liu Yan , Wang Fuli , Chang Yuqing
Published: April 2016

Due to inappropriate operating or other uncertainties, process operating performance may deteriorate from the optimal state, which leads to a disappointing comprehensive economic index. However, sufficient attention has not yet been paid and few studies have been reported in this area so far. In this study, a novel operating optimality assessment and nonoptimal cause identification method is proposed for multimode processes with transitions. In the offline part, the operating optimality assessment models are formulated for both stable and transitional modes because of their different process characteristics. In the online part, the online mode identification strategy is used based on Bayesian inference, and then the process operating performance is evaluated by the proposed operating optimality assessment method. When the process operating performance is evaluated as nonoptimal, the cause variables can be determined based on the variable contribution rates. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified though the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process.
Comparative effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery versus whole‐brain radiation therapy for patients with brain metastases from breast or non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Halasz Lia M. , Uno Hajime , Hughes Melissa , D'Amico Thomas , Dexter Elisabeth U. , Edge Stephen B. , Hayman James A. , Niland Joyce C. , Otterson Gregory A. , Pisters Katherine M. W. , Theriault Richard , Weeks Jane C. , Punglia Rinaa S.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

The optimal treatment for patients with brain metastases remains controversial as the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone, replacing whole‐brain radiation therapy (WBRT), has increased. This study determined the patterns of care at multiple institutions before 2010 and examined whether or not survival was different between patients treated with SRS and patients treated with WBRT.

METHODS

This study examined the overall survival of patients treated with radiation therapy for brain metastases from non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; initially diagnosed in 2007‐2009) or breast cancer (initially diagnosed in 1997‐2009) at 5 centers. Propensity score analyses were performed to adjust for confounding factors such as the number of metastases, the extent of extracranial metastases, and the treatment center.

RESULTS

Overall, 27.8% of 400 NSCLC patients and 13.4% of 387 breast cancer patients underwent SRS alone for the treatment of brain metastases. Few patients with more than 3 brain metastases or lesions ≥ 4 cm in size underwent SRS. Patients with fewer than 4 brain metastases less than 4 cm in size (n = 189 for NSCLC and n = 117 for breast cancer) who were treated with SRS had longer survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for NSCLC, 0.58; 95% confidence Interval [CI], 0.38‐0.87;P= .01; adjusted HR for breast cancer, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33‐0.91;P= .02) than those treated with WBRT.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients treated for fewer than 4 brain metastases from NSCLC or breast cancer with SRS alone had longer survival than those treated with WBRT in this multi‐institutional, retrospective study, even after adjustments for the propensity to undergo SRS.Cancer2016;122:2091–100. ©2016 American Cancer Society.
Where the wild things are: influence of radiation on the distribution of four mammalian species within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
Authors: Webster Sarah C , Byrne Michael E , Lance Stacey L , Love Cara N , Hinton Thomas G , Shamovich Dmitry , Beasley James C
Published: April 2016

Although nearly 30 years have passed since the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident near the town of Pripyat, Ukraine, the status and health of mammal populations within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) remain largely unknown, and are of substantial scientific and public interest. Information regarding the response of flora and fauna to chronic radiation exposure is important in helping us understand the ecological consequences of past (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) and potential future nuclear accidents. We present the results of the first remote‐camera scent‐station survey conducted within the CEZ. We observed individuals of 14 mammalian species in total; for those species with sufficiently robust visitation rates to allow occupancy to be modeled (gray wolf [Canis lupus], raccoon dog [Nyctereutes procyonoides], Eurasian boar [Sus scrofa], and red fox [Vulpes vulpes]), we found no evidence to suggest that their distributions were suppressed in highly contaminated areas within the CEZ. These data support the results of other recent studies, and contrast with research suggesting that wildlife populations are depleted within the CEZ.
MLPs to Play Important Role in Midstream Energy's Future
Authors: Lyman Mary
Published: April 2016

Despite the market downturn in 2015, the United States is still in the midst of an energy renaissance of huge proportions, thanks largely to investment and innovation that has unlocked new domestic energy supplies. But all‐time highs in production and growing energy consumption raise the question of how the nation can reach its full energy potential, meet this demand, and keep pace with the massive infrastructure investment needed to do so.
Two Legal Lessons From California's Porter Ranch Leak
Authors: McGuffey Carroll W. “Mack”
Published: April 2016

What do you do when the unthinkable happens?
Layering Intermediate and Disciplinary Literacy Work: Lessons Learned From a Secondary Social Studies Teacher Team
Authors: Dobbs Christina L. , Ippolito Jacy , Charner‐Laird Megin
Published: April 2016

Secondary teachers nationwide are encouraged by the Common Core State Standards and recent research to enact disciplinary literacy instruction. However, little is known about how teachers make sense of teaching disciplinary literacy skills to adolescents. To what extent might adolescents still need the kinds of foundational support provided by what Shanahan and Shanahan called intermediate strategy instruction, or instruction in general reading comprehension strategies? In this article, the authors describe findings from a disciplinary literacy project in which a group of high school social studies teachers (and the authors) discovered that a complex layering of intermediate and disciplinary literacy work was required to meet students’ needs. Implications for teams of teachers wishing to explore this tension and keep their focus on helping students access and communicate content material are shared.
Literacy Education and Disability Studies: Reenvisioning Struggling Students
Authors: Collins Kathleen , Ferri Beth
Published: April 2016

In this commentary, the authors present disability studies in education (DSE) as an alternative way to reframe, understand, and teach students who are positioned as struggling in literacy classrooms. As the authors detail, a DSE perspective changes the relationship between teachers and students to a more reciprocal one, and in doing so, it relocates the source of and responsibility for literacy struggles. The authors begin with a discussion of DSE, followed by a reconsideration of how to support students in developing their academic literacies. The commentary concludes with a discussion of why, in an era marked by increasing educational standardization and homogenization, a move to teaching that is informed by a DSE perspective is increasingly a matter of great urgency.
Photomodulation of the osteoclastogenic potential of oral squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Dias Schalch Tatiana , Porta Santos Fernandes Kristianne , Costa‐Rodrigues João , Pereira Garcia Mônica , Agnelli Mesquita‐Ferrari Raquel , Kalil Bussadori Sandra , Fernandes Maria Helena
Published: April 2016

The treatment for oral cancer usually involves surgical excision followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The combination of these therapies generally promotes a serious inflammation of the mucosa of the digestive tract, denominated mucositis, which compromises continuity of treatment. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been used successfully to reduce the oral mucositis, however there is still some controversy regarding the effects of this therapy on unintentionally irradiated tumor cells that may remain after cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of PBM therapy (using parameters for mucositis) on the modulation of osteoclastogenic potential of a cell line derived from human lingual squamous cell carcinoma (SCC9). Previously irradiated SCC9 cells were co‐cultured with human osteoclast precursors. Co‐cultures performed with non‐irradiated SCC9 cells served as control. After 7, 14 and 21 days the co‐cultures were evaluated for the tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, an osteoclastogenic marker. Additionally, the monocultures of SCC9 cells (non‐irradiated and irradiated) were analyzed for cell viability/proliferation and for the expression of IL‐11 and PTHrP. The irradiation of SCC9 cells with PBM with an energy density of 4 J/cm2 decreased the pro‐osteoclastogenic potential of those cells. This may represent a potential useful side effect of PBM therapy.

PBM (using recommended parameters for mucositis treatment) decreases the osteoclastogenic potential of oral squamous carcinoma cells.

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PBM (using recommended parameters for mucositis treatment) decreases the osteoclastogenic potential of oral squamous carcinoma cells.
Investigating fibroblast cells under “safe” and “injurious” blue‐light exposure by holographic microscopy
Authors: Calabuig Alejandro , Mugnano Martina , Miccio Lisa , Grilli Simonetta , Ferraro Pietro
Published: April 2016

The exposure to visible light has been shown to exert various biological effects, such as erythema and retinal degeneration. However, the phototoxicity mechanisms in living cells are still not well understood. Here we report a study on the temporal evolution of cell morphology and volume during blue light exposure. Blue laser irradiation is switched during the operation of a digital holography (DH) microscope between what we call here “safe” and “injurious” exposure (SE & IE). The results reveal a behaviour that is typical of necrotic cells, with early swelling and successive leakage of the intracellular liquids when the laser is set in the “injurious” operation. In the phototoxicity investigation reported here the light dose modulation is performed through the very same laser light source adopted for monitoring the cell's behaviour by digital holographic microscope. We believe the approach may open the route to a deep investigation of light‐cell interactions, with information about death pathways and threshold conditions between healthy and damaged cells when subjected to light‐exposure.

3D Morphology and quantitative phase information from late stage of necrosis cell death.

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3D Morphology and quantitative phase information from late stage of necrosis cell death.
A novel method to in vitro evaluate biocompatibility of nanoscaled scaffolds
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Wang Zheng , Zhao Tianxiao , Yu Bo , Fan Yubo , Feng Qingling , Cui Fu‐zhai , Watari Fumio
Published: April 2016

This study provided a new method to in vitro evaluate the biocompatibility of nanoscaled scaffolds for tissue engineering with neutrophils other than ordinary cell culture. The neutrophils were separated from human peripheral blood of healthy subjects. In vitro degradation product of nanohydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC), nanohydroxyapatite/collagen/poly (L‐lactic acid) (nHACP), and nHACP reinforced by chitin fibers (nHACP/CF) in the D‐Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (D‐HBSS) was used as the testing solution, which was thereafter mixed with the neutrophils. It was shown that the cell survival rate in the testing solutions had no significant difference from that in the D‐HBSS (control). However, from both gene and protein expression levels, the lactate dehydrogenase and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha of the neutrophils in the nHACP/CF testing solution were found lowest during the whole testing period; the main reasons of which might be that the calcium release rate of the scaffold was slowest and that the pH value of its degradation solution was nearest to that of human body. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that most inflammation reactions happened for nHAC and poly (L‐lactic acid) groups, while the least inflammation reactions happened for nHACP/CF group in the subcutaneous dorsum of mice at 2 weeks after the surgery, which confirmed the in vitro findings. These results indicated that the pH value and the certain metal iron concentration of the nanoscaled scaffold degradation solution should be two important factors that significantly affect its biocompatibility. This study provides a simple and effective biocompatibility test method for biodegradable nanoscaled tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2117–2125, 2016.
In vivo cartilage regeneration induced by a double‐network hydrogel: Evaluation of a novel therapeutic strategy for femoral articular cartilage defects in a sheep model
Authors: Kitamura Nobuto , Yokota Masashi , Kurokawa Takayuki , Gong Jian Ping , Yasuda Kazunori
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to establish the efficacy of a therapeutic strategy for an articular cartilage defect using a poly‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid)/poly‐(N,N'‐dimethyl acrylamide) DN gel in a sheep model. Seventeen mature sheep were used in this study. We created a 6.0‐mm osteochondral defect in the femoral trochlea of the patellofemoral (PF) joint and the medial condyle of the tibiofemoral (TF) joint. A cylindrical DN gel plug was implanted into the defect of the right knee so that a vacant space of the planned depths of 2.0 mm in group I, 3.0 mm in group II, and 4.0 mm in group III were left. In the left knee, we created a defect with the same depth as the right knee. The regenerated tissues were evaluated with the O'Driscoll score and real‐time PCR analysis of the cartilage marker genes at 12 weeks. The DN gel implanted defect of group II in the PF and TF joints was completely filled with a sufficient volume of the proteoglycan‐rich tissue stained with Safranin‐O. The score showed that group II was significantly greater than groups I and III when treated with DN gel in the PF joint (p = 0.0441, p = 0.0174, respectively) and in the TF joint (p = 0.0019, p = 0.0006, respectively). This study has clarified the short‐term efficacy of the cartilage regeneration strategy using the DN gel in a sheep model. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2159–2165, 2016.
Hiding in plain sight: Why are we worried about Ebola and not sepsis?
Authors: Popp Pamela L.
Published: April 2016

Sepsis kills more people in the United States than breast cancer, heart attacks, and the next two leading diseases combined. It is the leading cause of readmissions and for treatment costs exceeding twice that of the next most expensive condition. Survivors frequently suffer amputations and postsepsis syndrome, spending years on treatment and medication to recover. One in 150 people will be directly affected by sepsis, compared to the 1 in 33 million chance that a US resident would contact Ebola. We now have federal funding and a structured framework to treat Ebola, yet nothing exists to address sepsis even though the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reported spending $20 billion in 2011 treating its symptoms for Medicare and Medicaid patients. How do we continue to miss sepsis as a risk management emergency?
Court ruling demonstrates ACA's power to reduce future medical expenses
Authors: Jenny Leslie M.
Published: April 2016

Industry insiders who handle litigation involving catastrophic injury cases have eagerly awaited the first rulings to address the impact, if any, of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), often referred to as Obamacare, on claims for future damages. Before the ACA, it was uncertain whether injured individuals would have health insurance to cover ever‐growing health care costs in the future. Consequently, in most jurisdictions, the applicable rule of law has prevented the argument that future damages should be reduced because of the availability of health insurance. Because of this, damages have remained essentially unrebutted, and the law has permitted such unrebutted damage projections to be calculated into the future. These projections, primarily in the form of life care plans, are generally the single largest financial component of damage claims. Such plans often project massive expenses that can drive equally massive jury verdicts.
Tongue and taste organ development in the ontogeny of direct‐developing salamander Plethodon cinereus (Lissamphibia: Plethodontidae)
Authors: Budzik Karolina A. , Żuwała Krystyna , Kerney Ryan
Published: April 2016

The latest research on direct developing caecilian and anuran species indicate presence of only one generation of taste organs during their ontogeny. This is distinct from indirect developing batrachians studied thus far, which possess taste buds in larvae and anatomically distinct taste discs in metamorphs. This study is a description of the tongue and taste organ morphology and development in direct developing salamander Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae) using histology and electron microscopy techniques. The results reveal two distinct stages tongue morphology (primary and secondary), similar to metamorphic urodeles, although only one stage of taste organ morphology. Taste disc sensory zones emerge on the surface of the oropharyngeal epithelium by the end of embryonic development, which coincides with maturation of the soft tongue. Taste organs occur in the epithelium of the tongue pad (where they are situated on the dermal papillae), the palate and the inner surface of the mandible and the maxilla. Plethodon cinereus embryos only possess taste disc type taste organs. Similar to the direct developing anuran Eleutherodactylus coqui (Eleutherodactylidae), these salamanders do not recapitulate larval taste bud morphology as an embryo. The lack of taste bud formation is probably a broadly distributed feature characteristic to direct developing batrachians. J. Morphol. 277:906–915, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence and Causes of Spatiotemporal Changes in Runoff and Sediment Yield on the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhao Guangju , Mu Xingmin , Jiao Juying , An Zhengfeng , Klik Andreas , Wang Fei , Jiao Feng , Yue Xiaoli , Gao Peng , Sun Wenyi
Published: April 2016

Climate change and human activities are strongly influencing the eco‐hydrological processes of the Chinese Loess Plateau. It is challenging to investigate the spatiotemporal changes of water and sediment yields and identify their potential causes. In this study, we used the annual runoff index (WI) and specific sediment yield (SSY) derived from 58 hydrological stations to quantify the changes and attempted to explain their potential causes. The WI exhibited significant (P < 0.05) decrease ranging from −0.1 to −2.6 mm yr−1 during 1957–2012 in 44 sub‐catchments. Similarly, the SSY in 52 sub‐catchments reduced in a range between −2.86 and −636 Mg km−2 yr−1. The region of Toudaoguai–Longmen has extremely high SSY ranging from 8000 to 41 000 Mg km−2 yr−1 during 1957–1969. Budget analysis suggested that the area of Lanzhou–Toudaoguai contributed limited sediment but extracted large amount of water. The areas with negative SSY were increasing and mainly distributed along the mainstream of the Yellow River. The Loess plateau was becoming drier and warmer since the 1950s, whereas the intensive human activities including water withdrawal, soil and water conservation projects and the operation of dams and reservoirs are the dominant factors for the decline in WI and SSY on the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of laser‐based spectrometers for greenhouse gas flux measurements in coastal marshes
Authors: Brannon Elizabeth Q. , Moseman‐Valtierra Serena M. , Rella Chris W. , Martin Rose M. , Chen Xuechu , Tang Jianwu
Published: April 2016

Precise and rapid analyses of greenhouse gases (GHGs) will advance understanding of the net climatic forcing of coastal marsh ecosystems. We examined the ability of a cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) analyzer (Model G2508, Picarro) to measure carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in real‐time from coastal marshes through comparisons with a Shimadzu GC‐2014 (GC) in a marsh mesocosm experiment and with a similar laser‐based N2O analyzer (Model N2O/CO, Los Gatos Research) in both mesocosm and field experiments. Minimum (analytical) detectable fluxes for all gases were more than one order of magnitude lower for the Picarro than the GC. In mesocosms, the Picarro analyzer detected several CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes that the GC could not, but larger N2O fluxes (218–409 μmol m−2 h−1) were similar between analyzers. Minimum detectable fluxes for the Picarro were 1 order of magnitude higher than the Los Gatos analyzer for N2O. The Picarro and Los Gatos N2O fluxes (3–132 μmol m−2 h−1) differed in two mesocosm nitrogen addition experiments, but were similar in a mesocosm with larger N2O fluxes (326–491 μmol m−2 h−1). In a field comparison, Picarro and Los Gatos N2O fluxes (13 ± 2 μmol m−2 h−1) differed in plots receiving low nitrogen loads but were similar in plots with higher nitrogen loads and fluxes roughly double in magnitude. Both the Picarro and Los Gatos analyzers offer efficient and precise alternatives to GC‐based methods, but the former uniquely enables simultaneous measurements of three major GHGs in coastal marshes.
Real hypersurfaces in the complex quadric with parallel normal Jacobi operator
Authors: Suh Young Jin
Published: April 2016

First we introduce the notion of parallel normal Jacobi operator for real hypersurfaces in the complex quadric . Next we give a complete classification of real hypersurfaces in the complex quadric with parallel normal Jacobi operator.
Ambivalence, Selective Exposure, and Negativity Effect
Authors: Yang Lifeng , Unnava H. Rao
Published: April 2016

Past research has extensively documented negativity bias effect, in which individuals show greater consideration of negative information than positive information in attitude formation. In this research, negativity bias was re‐examined in the context of online consumer reviews processed by individuals with ambivalent attitudes. Across two studies, it was found that high‐ambivalence individuals exhibited greater negativity bias only if the negative information served to reduce their ambivalence. Low‐ambivalence individuals, on the other hand, showed greater preference for negative information only if it served to give them a more balanced view of the attitude object. Across all individuals, a general preference for negative information, in line with the negativity bias effect, was also observed.