bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual effect and nitrate leaching in grass‐arable rotations: effect of grassland proportion, sward type and fertilizer history
Authors: Eriksen J. , Askegaard M. , Søegaard K.
Published: November 2008

A key point in designing grass‐arable rotations is to find the right balance between the number of cultivations and the length of the grass phase. In a field experiment, we investigated the effect of cropping history (grazed unfertilized grass–clover and fertilized [300 kg N per hectare] ryegrass, proportion of grassland and previous fertilizer use) on crop growth and nitrate leaching for 2 years following grassland cultivation. In the final year, the effect of perennial ryegrass as a catch crop was investigated. The nitrogen fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) of grassland cultivation was higher at 132 kg N per hectare in the rotation with 75% grassland compared with on average 111 kg N per hectare in rotations with 25 and 38% grassland and the NFRV of ryegrass in the rotation was higher than that of grass–clover. Nitrate leaching following cultivation was not affected by the proportion of grassland in the crop rotation or sward type. However, there was a considerable effect of having a ryegrass catch crop following the final barley crop as nitrate leaching was reduced from 60 to 9 kg N per hectare. When summarizing results from the crop rotations over a longer period (1997–2005), management strategy adopted in both the grassland and arable phases appeared to be the primary instrument in avoiding nutrient losses from mixed crop rotations, irrespective of grass proportion. In the arable phase, the huge potential of catch crops has been demonstrated, but it is also important to realize that all parts of the grass‐arable crop rotations must be considered potentially leaky.
Effect of irrigation and grazing animals on soil quality measurements in the North Otago Rolling Downlands of New Zealand
Authors: Houlbrooke D. J. , Littlejohn R. P. , Morton J. D. , Paton R. J.
Published: November 2008

The North Otago Rolling Downlands (NORD) of New Zealand is currently undergoing a large change in land use with subsequent intensification as a result of a new large community irrigation scheme. To assess the effect of this change, a 4‐year monitoring survey was established on two common Pallic soil types of the area to determine the influence of irrigation term (short, <5 years vs. long, >5 years) and grazing animal (cattle vs. sheep) on a range of physical and organic matter soil quality parameters. This 4‐year survey also included the historical land use of dryland sheep farming in the absence of irrigation water. Irrigation term had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on soil physical parameters (percentage macroporosity and bulk density) for 3 of 4 years and no significant effect (P > 0.05) on topsoil total carbon or nitrogen contents. However, irrigation term had a significant (P < 0.01) but biologically small effect on the ratio of carbon to nitrogen with narrowing of the range under longer term irrigation. A significant difference between the dryland and irrigated surveys was found for macroporosity (dryland sheep 17.3% v/v vs. irrigated sheep 13.4% v/v; P < 0.001) and for the C:N ratio (dryland sheep 10.7 vs. irrigated sheep 10.2; P < 0.05). The change in macroporosity under irrigation is likely to take effect within 1 or 2 years of land‐use change as little discernable differences in soil physical properties were evident from land under short‐ or long‐term irrigation.
Soil surfactant stops water repellency and preferential flow paths
Authors: Oostindie K. , Dekker L. W. , Wesseling J. G. , Ritsema C. J.
Published: November 2008

This study reports the effects of a soil surfactant on reduction and prevention of water repellency and preferential flow paths in a sandy soil of a golf course fairway, located at Bosch en Duin near Utrecht, the Netherlands. The golf course is constructed on inland dunes composed of fine sand with low organic matter content. The topsoil (0–25 cm) of the fairways exhibits an extremely water repellent behaviour resulting in the development of numerous localized dry spots during dry periods in spring and summer. The influence of surfactant treatments on the wetting of the soil was studied by measuring the volumetric water content with a hand‐held Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) device. Actual water repellency was assessed by placing water drops at regular distances on soil cores taken to a depth of 25 cm with a small (1.5 cm diameter) auger at intervals of 25 cm over a distance of 25 m across the untreated and treated parts of the fairway. Surfactant applications resulted in more homogeneous wetting of the soil profile and elimination of actual water repellency in the fairway soil. Treatments significantly increased water uptake and moisture levels of the soil and prevented the development of preferential flow paths. A visible improvement in turf quality and density was evident on the treated part of the fairway.
Long‐Term Effects of Fiscal Policy on the Size and Distribution of the Pie in the UK*
Authors: Ramos Xavier , Roca‐Sagales Oriol
Published: November 2008

This paper provides a joint analysis of the output and distributional long‐term effects of various fiscal policies in the UK, using a vector autoregression (VAR) approach. Our findings suggest that the long‐term impact on GDP of increasing public spending and taxes is negative, and especially strong in the case of current expenditure. We also find significant distributional effects associated with fiscal policies, indicating that an increase in public spending reduces inequality while a rise in indirect taxes increases income inequality.
Doing Disability: Disability Formations in the Search for Work*
Authors: Brown Keith , Hamner Doris , Foley Susan , Woodring Jonathan
Published: November 2008

Disability theorists have spent much time discussing howdisabilityis defined. The theoretical roots for these debates reside in the medical, structural, and minority models of disability. The medical model views disability as equivalent to a functional impairment; the minority model sees a lack of equal rights as a primary impediment to social equality between able and disabled populations; and the structural model looks to environmental factors as the cause of disability. While debates over how to define disability are informative, there is currently an insufficient amount of empirical research looking at how people come to identify themselves as having a disability. Rather than focus on how disability is (or should be) defined, herein we look at how disability identities are constructed as people search for work. We show that people's interactions with employers and employment agencies have important influences on how disability identities are constructed. We borrow from the “doing gender” and “racial formations” paradigms to introduce an interactive approach to looking at how disability identities are constructed. We introduce the concept ofdisability formationto highlight how disability identities are continually negotiated through interactions with employment agencies and employers. Our findings are based on focus groups with 58 people who self‐identified as having a disability and were working or searching for work.
Restoring Salt Marshes Using Small Cordgrass, Spartina maritima
Authors: Castillo Jesús M. , Figueroa Enrique
Published: November 2008

The use of exotic cordgrasses in salt marsh restoration projects has caused important negative environmental impacts and little is known about the possibilities of applying the endangered cordgrass Spartina maritima as a biotool at many European estuaries where it is the only native cordgrass. This paper discusses the planning and the development of an innovative restoration project based on S. maritima plantations in Odiel marshes (S.W. Iberian Peninsula). Our ecological restoration project had four specific goals: (1) to recover native vegetation, restoring the degraded landscape; (2) to phytostabilize oil‐polluted sediments; (3) to prevent erosion and stabilize banks; and (4) to promote the conservation of S. maritima. Spartina maritima was planted at two physiographical locations: slightly sloping channel banks and flat interior marshes. Nonsuccessional stands of S. maritima develop at the channel banks where the marsh surface was stabilized. In contrast, successional stands of S. maritima grown in flat interior marshes are being replaced naturally by Sarcocornia perennis.
Multiple Social Identities and Adjustment in Young Adults From Ethnically Diverse Backgrounds
Authors: Kiang Lisa , Yip Tiffany , Fuligni Andrew J.
Published: November 2008

A person‐centered approach was used to determine how identification across multiple social domains (ethnic, American, family, religious) was associated with distinct identity clusters. Utilizing data from 222 young adults from European, Filipino, Latin, and Asian American backgrounds, four clusters were found (Many Social Identities, Blended/Low Religious, Blended/Low Ethnic and American, Few Social Identities). Clusters were differentially associated with adjustment, both directly and via moderation of perceived ethnic discrimination. Those with low levels of identity across all four domains reported lower positive affect, higher negative affect, lower self‐esteem, and perceived fewer American opportunities compared with individuals in other clusters. However, the Blended/Low Ethnic and American cluster exhibited more liabilities associated with discrimination. Discussion emphasizes the importance of multiple identities in development.
Time Shift of Marker Legend in Stored Intracardiac Events in Three Patients with the Vitality 2 EL DR (Model T167) and Prizm 2DR (Model 1861) Dual‐Chamber Defibrillators
Authors: SABA SAMIR , JAIN SANDEEP , BAZAZ RAVEEN , SCHWARTZMAN DAVID
Published: November 2008

With the increase in complexity of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), the reliability of these devices has been put in question in recent years. We report on 3 patients implanted with the Boston Scientific Vitality 2 EL DR (n = 2) and the Prizm 2 DR (n = 1) ICD who exhibited a malfunction in the stored cardiac electrograms from arrhythmic events, manifesting as a time shift in stored markers compared to the stored electrograms.
Successful Catheter Ablation of Hemodynamically Unstable Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in a Patient with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Apical Aneurysm
Authors: LIM KIAM‐KHIANG , MARON BARRY J. , KNIGHT BRADLEY P.
Published: November 2008

Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular (LV) apical aneurysm represent a previously under‐recognized but important subgroup within this heterogeneous disease spectrum. Apical aneurysms and the contiguous areas of myocardial fibrosis have been associated with monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and increased risk for adverse clinical events including sudden cardiac death, prioritizing the application of primary prevention implantable defibrillators. However, VT may be repetitive, thereby raising considerations for additional treatment strategies such as radiofrequency ablation. In this report, we describe such a patient with HCM and apical aneurysm in whom the mapping and ablation procedure was effective in identifying and abolishing the VT focus.
Tribological Properties of a Zr2Al3C4Ceramic at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Wu Ling , He Ling‐Feng , Bao Yi‐Wang , Zhou Yan‐Chun
Published: November 2008

In this work, reciprocating ball‐on‐flat sliding friction and wear tests as well as two‐body abrasive wear tests were performed on Zr2Al3C4, a new type of ceramic material. In the sliding wear tests, a Si3N4ball and an AISI 52100 steel ball were used as counter materials. When Zr2Al3C4was slid against an AISI 52100 ball, the coefficient of friction (COF) was as low as 0.20–0.42, being independent of normal loads, and the wear rates of Zr2Al3C4and AISI 52100 steel were in the range of 10−4–10−5mm3/m. A tribofilm between the tribopair was presumed to be responsible for the low COF and wear rate. According to Raman and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy analysis, the tribofilm consists of a mixture of oxides of Zr, Al, and Fe as well as amorphous carbon. When Zr2Al3C4was slid against a Si3N4ball, a transition from mild wear to severe wear was observed as the normal load increased. The transition occurs under certain contact stresses after a damage‐accumulating period. In the two‐body abrasive wear test, surface chipping and fragmentation resulting from coalescence of surface and subsurface microcracks were the main material removal mechanisms of Zr2Al3C4.
Short‐Crack Fracture Toughness of Silicon Carbide
Authors: Kaur Sarbjit , Cutler Raymond A. , Shetty Dinesh K.
Published: November 2008

The fracture toughness of four different silicon carbides was measured using single‐edge precracked beam (SEPB) and indentation/strength techniques. Two were development grades with similar microstructures and chemistries, and yet exhibited different fracture modes. The grade that exhibited a predominantly intergranular fracture had an SEPB fracture toughness (6.4 MPa√m) 88% higher than the one that showed primarily a transgranular fracture (3.4 MPa√m). The higher fracture toughness was associated with a modest increase in average strength (25%), although there was a significant increase in the Weibull modulus (11–32). Fracture toughness at short crack lengths was assessed by an indentation method that used fracture strengths, crack lengths at fracture, and a new method of estimating the constant δ that characterizes the residual driving force of the plastic zones based on the stable growth of the indentation cracks from the initial (c0) to the instability (c*) lengths. The results showed a rising crack‐growth‐resistance behavior for the grade exhibiting intergranular fracture, while the grade showing transgranular fracture had a flat crack‐growth resistance. Tests on two commercial grades of silicon carbide showed similar behaviors associated with the respective fracture modes.
Identification of nest predators: a sampling perspective
Authors: Weidinger Karel
Published: November 2008

Videotaping is currently recognized as the most reliable method of predator identification at active bird nests but it is relatively expensive and labour intensive. While the number of published studies has increased over the past 10 years, the mean sample size is not increasing. Thirty‐one case studies (n>5 events) reported 6–70 (median=22) predation events by 2–14 (6) species of predators. The number of predator species increased with a 0.50±0.09 (SE) power of sample size across studies (0.54±0.06 with the present study included). This relationship was consistent across single‐ and multi‐species studies and corresponded well with that found within the present 5‐year study (176 events, 20 species) where neither the annual nor the pooled‐sample species accumulation curve reached an obvious asymptote. The species accumulation curve was smooth and fell within the confidence limits of the rarefaction curve over the entire range of sample sizes, suggesting homogeneous sampling. In 31 case studies the dominant predator accounted for 21–96% (38%) of total predation and this proportion did not correlate with the sample size across studies. In this study the observed proportion fluctuated widely until the cumulative sample size reached about 50 records and stabilized thereafter at the final value of 37%. Because the regional pool of potential nest predators is usually high, a complete enumeration of the local predator community is difficult with an acceptable nest monitoring effort. Correct identification of the dominant predators is likely even with small samples, but quantification of their share is uncertain when based on <50 records. Researchers are encouraged to increase their sampling effort above the current level and to consider contingency of results upon sample size.
Discovery of ten new specimens of large‐billed reed warbler Acrocephalus orinus, and new insights into its distributional range
Authors: Svensson Lars , Prŷs‐Jones Robert , Rasmussen Pamela C. , Olsson Urban
Published: November 2008

We here report the finding of ten new specimens of the poorly known large‐billed reed warbler Acrocephalus orinus. Preliminary identifications were made on the basis of bill, tarsus and claw measurements, and their specific identity was then confirmed by comparison of partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene with a large data set containing nearly all other species in the genus Acrocephalus, including the type specimen of A. orinus. Five of the new specimens were collected in summer in Afghanistan and Kazakhstan, indicating that the species probably breeds in Central Asia, and the data and moult of the others suggest that the species migrates along the Himalayas to winter in N India and SE Asia. The population structure suggests a stable or shrinking population.
Relative importance of climate vs local factors in shaping the regional patterns of forest plant richness across northeast China
Authors: Wang Xiangping , Fang Jingyun , Sanders Nathan J. , White Peter S. , Tang Zhiyao
Published: November 2008

Northeast (NE) China covers three climatic zones and contains all the major forest types of NE Asia. We sampled 108 forest plots in six nature reserves across NE China to examine the influence of climate and local factors (canopy seasonality, successional stage, topography and forest structure) on geographic patterns of plant richness. We analyzed the relative effects of different factors at two spatial scales: the regional scale (across both latitude and altitude) and the local scale (along the altitudinal gradient within site). Our results showed that the relative importance of climate vs local factors differed remarkably depending on scale and functional group. While total and tree species richness were mainly limited by climate, herb and shrub richness was more related to local factors (especially at the local scale). In the climatic factors, heat sum was the major correlate of tree, shrub and total species richness, while herb richness was more associated with winter coldness. Precipitation was not a limiting factor for forest plant richness in NE China. Climate accounted for 34–76% of variation in richness at the regional scale, but explained only 0–44% at the local scale. Among the local factors, shrub species richness was sensitive to seasonal canopy openness, with higher richness in deciduous forests than in the evergreen needle‐leaf forest. On the other hand, herb richness was sensitive to forest successional stage, with higher richness in middle‐ successional forests than in the early and late‐sucessional forests. Local topography (aspect and position on slope) and forest structure (tree density) also showed remarkable influence on species richness. Our results suggest the importance of including local factors when examining large scale diversity gradient (especially for understory species), and the necessity of comparing diversity patterns among functional groups at different spatial scales.
Sealing ability of occlusal resin composite restoration using four restorative procedures
Authors: Banomyong Danuchit , Palamara Joseph E. A. , Messer Harold H. , Burrow Michael F.
Published: November 2008

The purpose of this work was to investigate fluid flow after restoration using four restorative procedures. Micro‐gap, internal dye leakage, and micropermeability of bonded interfaces were also investigated. Each tooth was mounted, connected to a fluid flow‐measuring device, and an occlusal cavity was prepared. Fluid flow after cavity preparation was recorded as the baseline measurement, and the cavity was restored using one of four restorative procedures: bonding with total‐etch (Single Bond 2) or self‐etch (Clearfil SE Bond) adhesives without lining; or lining with resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cement (GIC) (Fuji Lining LC) or conventional GIC (Fuji IX) and then bonding with the total‐etch adhesive. Fluid flow was recorded after restoration and at specific time‐points up to 6 months thereafter and recorded as a percentage. Micro‐gap formation was analyzed using resin replicas and scanning electron microscopy. Internal leakage of 2% methylene blue dye was observed under a light microscope. In micro‐permeability testing, fluorescent‐dye penetration was investigated using confocal laser microscopy. None of the restorative procedures provided a perfectly sealed restoration. Glass‐ionomer lining did not reduce fluid flow after restoration, and micro‐gaps were frequently detected. The self‐etch adhesive failed to provide a better seal than the total‐etch adhesive, and even initial gap formation was rarely observed for the former. Penetration of methylene blue and fluorescent dyes was detected in most restorations.
Genes causing clefting syndromes as candidates for non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate: a family‐based association study
Authors: Scapoli Luca , Martinelli Marcella , Arlotti Marzia , Palmieri Annalisa , Masiero Elena , Pezzetti Furio , Carinci Francesco
Published: November 2008

Clefts of the orofacial region are among the most common congenital defects, caused by abnormal facial development during gestation. Non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is a complex trait most probably caused by multiple interacting loci, with possible additional environmental factors. As facial clefts form part of more than 300 syndromes, one strategy for identifying the genetic causes of NSCLP could be to study candidate genes responsible for clefting syndromes. Three genes were selected for this investigation: TP63, which codes for the tumour protein p63 and causes Ectrodactyly‐Ectodermal dysplasia‐orofacial Cleft syndrome; JAG2, a downstream gene of TP63; and MID1, which is responsible for Opitz syndrome. A linkage disequilibrium investigation was performed with intragenic single nucleotide polymorphisms on each of these genes in a sample study of 239 patients/parents trios. Evidence which suggests that JAG2 and MID1 may play a role in NSCLP was obtained.
Caries and dental fluorosis in a western Saharan population of refugee children
Authors: Almerich‐Silla José Manuel , Montiel‐Company José María , Ruiz‐Miravet Anna
Published: November 2008

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dental fluorosis and dental caries among western Saharan refugee children. The western Saharan child population is characterized by adverse living conditions, an unbalanced diet, poor oral hygiene habits, and a concentration of fluoride in the drinking water of around 2 p.p.m. (2 mg l−1). A sample consisting of 360 children, 6–7 yr of age, and 212 children, 11–13 yr of age, was obtained from four refugee camps (Smara, Awsard, El‐Aaiun, and 27‐February) situated in the vicinity of Tindouf (southern Algeria). The children were examined using the World Health Organization criteria for caries diagnosis and Dean’s index for fluorosis. The decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) score was 0.48 in the 6–7‐yr‐old children and 1.69 in the 11–13‐yr‐old children, with a caries prevalence (DMFT > 0 or decayed and filled primary teeth (dft) > 0) of 47.2% and 63.2%, respectively. Among the 6–7 yr‐old children examined, 36.9% were free of fluorosis, 15.6% presented moderate fluorosis, and 7.8% presented severe fluorosis. Among 11–13 yr‐old children, only 4.2% were free of fluorosis, 30.2% exhibited moderate fluorosis, and 27.4% presented severe fluorosis. The mean DMFT, decayed permanent teeth (DT), and caries prevalence (DMFT > 0 and DMFT or dft > 0) scores were significantly higher among the children affected by severe fluorosis, suggesting that severe fluorosis might increase the susceptibility to dental caries.
Explaining the Long Reach of Fathers’ Prenatal Involvement on Later Paternal Engagement
Authors: Cabrera Natasha J. , Fagan Jay , Farrie Danielle
Published: November 2008

The present study examined the association between unmarried fathers’ prenatal involvement and fathers’ engagement later in the child’s life. The study sample consisted of 1,686 fathers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Findings using multiple regressions revealed that fathers’ prenatal involvement is significantly and positively associated with levels of fathers’ engagement at Years 1 and 3. This association was partially explained by fathers’ transitions from unemployment to employment and to a greater extent by fathers’ transitions from nonresidential to residential relationships with the child’s mother.
Relationship Risks in Context: A Cumulative Risk Approach to Understanding Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Rauer Amy J. , Karney Benjamin R. , Garvan Cynthia W. , Hou Wei
Published: November 2008

Risks associated with less satisfying intimate relationships often co‐occur within individuals, raising questions about approaches that consider only their independent impact. Utilizing thecumulative risk model, which acknowledges the natural covariation of risk factors, this study examined individuals in intimate relationships using the Florida Family Formation Survey (n= 2,876) and a replication sample (n= 1,048). Analyses confirmed that not only was relationship satisfaction lower among those with more risks, but the cumulative risk score was predictive above and beyond the individual risk factors. Furthermore, experiencing multiple risks exacerbated the negative associations between individual risks and relationship satisfaction, suggesting that the operation of a risk factor in a relationship is moderated by the presence or absence of other risks.
Perceived Equity in the Gendered Division of Household Labor
Authors: Braun Michael , Lewin‐Epstein Noah , Stier Haya , Baumgärtner Miriam K
Published: November 2008

Despite huge imbalances in the division of housework between women and men, previous studies have found perceptions of equity on the part of women to be much more frequent than feelings of injustice. Taking a comparative perspective on the basis of International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2002 data (N = 8,556), we find that, on the individual level, the explanatory frameworks that have been found to influence the actual inequality of household division of labor (time availability, resource dependence, and gender ideology) contribute to the explanation of perceptions of equity, in that they interact with the inequality of the household division of labor. On the country level, the gender‐wage ratio and the average level of inequality are important predictors.
Is Partner Violence Worse in the Context of Control?
Authors: Anderson Kristin L.
Published: November 2008

M. P.Johnson’s (1995)proposal that there are two qualitatively distinct types of intimate partner violence—intimate terrorism and situational couple violence—has been an influential explanation for disparate findings on sex symmetry in domestic violence. This study examines whether this typology increases our ability to explain variations in the negative outcomes of partner violence as compared with the use of a continuous measure of violence. This study also considers whether the use of control to differentiate between types of violence helps to explain the negative consequences of partner violence. The results, based on analyses of data on 4,575 married women from National Violence Against Women survey, indicate mixed support for Johnson’s argument for a qualitative distinction between IT and SCV.
Marriage, Money, and African American Mothers’ Self‐Esteem
Authors: Mandara Jelani , Johnston Jamie S. , Murray Carolyn B. , Varner Fatima
Published: November 2008

This study examined the effects of marital status and family income on the self‐esteem of 292 African American mothers. Counter to previous studies with European American mothers, family income moderated the effects of marital status. Those mothers with higher family income had higher self‐esteem, regardless of their marital status. For those with less family income, married mothers had much higher self‐esteem than unmarried mothers. Low‐income married mothers had the same levels of self‐esteem as high income mothers. It was concluded that financial resources can buffer the effects of being single, and being married can buffer the effects of being low income. Policy initiatives that focus on reducing the financial hardship on single mothers and increasing the marriage rate among lower income parents were also discussed.
Conflict Resolution Between Mexican Origin Adolescent Siblings
Authors: Killoren Sarah E. , Thayer Shawna M. , Updegraff Kimberly A.
Published: November 2008

We investigated correlates of adolescents’ sibling conflict resolution strategies in 246, two‐parent Mexican origin families. Specifically, we examined links between siblings’ conflict resolution strategies and sibling dyad characteristics, siblings’ cultural orientations and values, and sibling relationship qualities. Data were gathered during home interviews with adolescent siblings. Older siblings were more likely to use controlling strategies whereas younger siblings were more likely to use nonconfrontation strategies. Cultural orientations and familism values were positively linked to siblings’ solution orientation. Solution orientation strategies were associated with sibling intimacy, and control strategies were related to sibling negativity. Discussion highlights the importance of considering the cultural context in which sibling relationships are embedded.
Incorporating Individual Differences Into the Science of Learning: Commentary on Sternberg et al. (2008)
Authors: Mayer Richard E.
Published: November 2008

Sternberg, Grigorenko, and Zhang (2008, this issue) make a valiant effort to reinvigorate the somewhat dormant field of cognitive style by showing the implications of cognitive style for instruction and assessment. In support of their call to differentiate instruction for different kinds of learners, they summarize evidence showing that people learn better from a broad instructional method that is sensitive to multiple cognitive styles than they do from a narrow instructional method that is mainly addressed to one cognitive style. In support of their call for using multiple measures of learning potential, they summarize evidence showing that learning outcomes are better predicted by multiple measures of learning potential than by a single measure. In this commentary, I briefly examine Sternberg et al.'s claim that cognitive styles matter for instruction and assessment.
Applying the Theory of Successful Intelligence to Education—The Good, the Bad, and the Ogre: Commentary on Sternberg et al. (2008)
Authors: Hunt Earl
Published: November 2008

Sternberg, Grigorenko, and Zhang (2008) have presented a creative model for the application of research on intelligence and personality to education. There are many positive aspects of their effort. These include the coordination of individual differences in cognition and personality and their extension of the concept of intelligence beyond skills that can be tested in the normal testing paradigm. Although various parts of their approach have appeared elsewhere, the development of a single package containing all these ideas is a worthwhile improvement in thinking about education. They cite numerous studies in support of their efforts. However, a close examination of some of the major studies shows that this evidence, though not inconsistent with their claims, is not as strong as their review indicates. If one applies conventional psychometric criteria, simpler explanations than those they propose could be found. Their model of thinking styles is probably too complex for many practical applications. However, a good case can be made that the appropriate criterion is “How useful will this approach be in education?” By this criterion, the total package is impressive and should be seriously considered by educators.
Styles of Learning and Thinking Matter in Instruction and Assessment
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Grigorenko Elena L. , Zhang Li-fang
Published: November 2008

There are two styles of learning and thinking: ability based and personality based. The former are assessed by maximum-performance tests, and the latter are assessed by typical-performance tests. We argue that both kinds of styles matter for instruction and assessment in school. In particular, shaping lessons based on an awareness that people learn and think in different ways can lead to improved instructional outcomes. We describe one ability-based theory and one personality-based theory and present supporting data from multiple studies relevant to each.
Beyond Therapy: Problem‐Solving Courts and the Deliberative Democratic State
Authors: Mirchandani Rekha
Published: November 2008

Problem‐solving courts (drug courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, and mental health courts), unlike traditional courts, attempt to get at the root of the individual and social problems that motivate criminal behavior. Theoretical understandings of problem‐solving courts are mostly Foucauldian; proponents argue that these new institutions employ therapeutic techniques that encourage individuals to self‐engineer in ways that subtly increase state power. The Foucauldian approach captures only some elements of problem‐solving courts and does not fully theorize the revolution in justice that these courts present. Problem‐solving courts, domestic violence courts in particular, orient not just around individual change but also around social change and cultural transformation. Combining the Foucauldian idea of a therapeutic state (as developed by James Nolan) with an understanding of the deliberative democratic mechanisms of larger‐scale structural transformation (found in Habermas and others) leads to a more balanced and empirically open orientation to the actual motivations, goals, and achievements of problem‐solving courts.
The Ethic of Diversity: Local Law and the Negotiation of Urban Norms
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: November 2008

Toronto prides itself both on being diverse and on celebrating rather than merely tolerating diversity. Urban diversity has been studied by demographers, sociologists, and planners, but sociolegal analyses of the negotiation of diversity are scarce. The study described here has three elements: a study of the Toronto Licensing Tribunal, a challenge to the property standards by‐law, and a campaign to reform the rules governing street food. The key substantive finding of the research is that municipal legal processes, in a city that takes pride in its diversity, still work to effect and naturalize distinctly ethnocentric norms. The content of (some) norms is subject to revision but the normative power of law as such remains unchallenged.

Methodologically, the article, inspired by Bruno Latour and Actor Network Theory, shows the usefulness of treating local legal processes as a series of networks in which nonhuman objects (such as weeds, courtroom Bibles, and hot dogs) can sometimes be protagonists of legal dramas rather than mere objects.
The Social Life of Regulation in Taipei City Hall: The Role of Legality in the Administrative Bureaucracy
Authors: Bernstein Anya
Published: November 2008

This article explores the role of legality in conceptions of state and society among bureaucrats in the Taipei, Taiwan city government. When administrators confront the global arena, the existence of law emblematizes modernity and the ability to participate in the international system. In interactions among administrators, law is laden with impossible ideals and fraught with assumptions of hypocrisy. In dealings with people outside the government, legality often signals the breakdown of other, more valuable social norms. Far from legitimating administrative action, legality itself is legitimated by reference to the same values as other social action: it is held up to an ideal of consensus and cultural coherence and judged by its ability to fulfill obligations and nurture relationships. Law does not hegemonically structure administrators’ conceptions of state and society. Rather, it defines one aspect of governance at the margins of legitimacy, dependent on justification through other ethical norms.
Ordinary Heroes vs. Failed Lawyers—Public Interest Litigation in Erin Brockovich and Other Contemporary Films
Authors: McCann Michael , Haltom William
Published: November 2008

Although feature films may overpraise lawyers and civil courts as means of securing justice, they caricature lawyers and litigation. Analysis of Erin Brockovich (directed by Steven Soderbergh and produced by Danny DeVito, et al., 2000) reveals four motifs—two favorable and two unfavorable to public‐interest litigants and litigation—that characterize similar films in the last decades: Class Action (1991), The Rainmaker (1997), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), A Civil Action (1998), The Insider (1999), Runaway Jury (2003), and North Country (2005). These filmic populist romances promote ordinary heroines (mostly) who redeem a problematic system through common sense and everyday virtue rather than through laws, lawyers, and litigation.
Detection ofSalmonellain Finishing Pigs on Farm and at Slaughter in Piedmont, Italy
Authors: Lomonaco S. , Decastelli L. , Bianchi D. M. , Nucera D. , Grassi M. A. , Sperone V. , Civera T.
Published: November 2008

Salmonellais one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis often associated with pork consumption. The aims of this cross‐sectional study were to collect preliminary data on the presence ofSalmonella entericain pigs in Piedmont (Italy), through sampling on farm and at slaughter and to gather pilot data on serotypes and phagetypes present in the sampled area and distribution of anti‐microbial resistance among isolated strains.Salmonellawas detected through culture and identified withSalmonellaspp. andSalmonellaTyphimurium PCR; positive samples were serotyped, phagetyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Positive samples (from 9% of faeces up to 29% of tonsils) were found in 64% of the herds.Salmonellaspp. was retrieved also from scalding water. Most of the isolates wereSalmonellaDerby,SalmonellaTyphimurium andSalmonella4,5,12:i:‐. The results ofSalmonellaTyphimurium specific PCR suggested thatSalmonella4,5,12:i:‐ might be unrecognized by serotyping. Anti‐microbial resistance was recorded in 75–100% of the isolates. Phagetyping allowed the identification of DT104B and DT46A strains. These results set the bases for further research studies that would aim to estimate the real herd prevalence in Piedmont and the diffusion of serotypes and anti‐microbial resistant strains within the same region.
Dynamic Proteomics of Individual Cancer Cells in Response to a Drug
Authors: Cohen A. A. , Geva-Zatorsky N. , Eden E. , Frenkel-Morgenstern M. , Issaeva I. , Sigal A. , Milo R. , Cohen-Saidon C. , Liron Y. , Kam Z. , Cohen L. , Danon T. , Perzov N. , Alon U.
Published: November 2008

Why do seemingly identical cells respond differently to a drug? To address this, we studied the dynamics and variability of the protein response of human cancer cells to a chemotherapy drug, camptothecin. We present a dynamic-proteomics approach that measures the levels and locations of nearly 1000 different endogenously tagged proteins in individual living cells at high temporal resolution. All cells show rapid translocation of proteins specific to the drug mechanism, including the drug target (topoisomerase-1), and slower, wide-ranging temporal waves of protein degradation and accumulation. However, the cells differ in the behavior of a subset of proteins. We identify proteins whose dynamics differ widely between cells, in a way that corresponds to the outcomes—cell death or survival. This opens the way to understanding molecular responses to drugs in individual cells.
Control of DNA incorporation into nanoparticles with poly(L-lysine) multilayers
Authors: Dorris Annie C , Douglas Kimberly L , Tabrizian Maryam , Barrett Christopher J
Published: November 2008

Nanoparticles coated with DNA and poly(L-lysine) (PLL) were prepared using a layer-by-layer assembly technique under various solution conditions. Both the level of DNA loading into the materials, the rate and the extent of DNA released from films upon degradation were controlled by varying the pH of polyelectrolyte assembly solutions. To determine optimal conditions for DNA loading, analogous films assembled on flat surfaces were prepared under various pH conditions. Using UV–vis spectroscopy and thin-film ellipsometry, it was found that the extent of DNA incorporation could be varied by more than a factor of two, and that the highest loading was obtained for films built using a combination of DNA and poly(L-lysine) solutions of pH = 4 and pH = 7, respectively. The layers coated onto the silica nanoparticles permitted the surface charge to be characterized by zeta potential electrophoresis. Furthermore, the acid–base dissociation constant measured for PLL on the outermost layer of the DNA/PLL film showed that the pKaof PLL can be shifted by more than three units. Film degradability was investigated via the exposure of films assembled under different pH conditions to α-chymotrypsin. The fraction of DNA released from degraded films can also be increased by a factor of three when films are built under conditions of pH = 4 for the DNA solution. The resultant effect on the transfection ability of pEGFP-N1/PLL coated particles was then measured, and results suggest that the control achieved over the bulk film properties also extends to a strong influence on cell uptake and transfection.Key words: polyelectrolyte multilayer, DNA incorporation, enzymatic degradation, nanoparticles, gene therapy.
CONTROLLED DENSE CODING VIA GHZ-CLASS STATE
Authors: HUANG YI-BIN , LI SONG-SONG , NIE YI-YOU
Published: November 2008

A controlled quantum dense coding protocol with GHZ-class state is proposed. In this case the sender (Alice) can send information to the receiver (Bob), whereas the supervisor (Cliff) can control the quantum channel between Alice and Bob via his local measurement. The amount of classical information is shown to be controlled by the supervisor through adjustments of the local measurement angles and depend on the coefficients of the original GHZ-class state. We also give two concrete methods for Alice to deal with one of Cliff's measurement result which is more complicated.
COMMUNITY, HIERARCHY AND INTERWEAVEMENT IN COLLABORATION NETWORKS
Authors: CHANG HUI , SU BEI-BEI , LIU CHUN-PING , GAO MICHAEL , DI ZENG-RU , HE DA-REN
Published: November 2008

We propose quantitative definitions of network community and hierarchy in collaboration networks described by bipartite graphs, whose basic elements, named actors, take part in events, organizations or activities, named acts. We show, by examples, in some practical collaboration networks that the network acts, represented by certain complete subgraphs in the projected single-mode network, usually are highly interwoven. However, we can easily identify the communities by the definition and the algorithm presented in this paper. We also propose a novel statistical quantity, i.e., interweavement, which describes quantitatively how the acts are interwoven in a collaboration network.
CONTROLLING CHAOS VIA STATE FEEDBACK CANCELLATION IN A NOISY CHAOTIC SYSTEM
Authors: CHEN KUAN-YU , TUNG PI-CHENG , LIN SHIH-LIN , TSAI MONG-TAO
Published: November 2008

Combining a modified Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and a feedback cancellation of nonlinear terms, the approach of engineering control can efficiently govern a noisy chaotic system. The methodology is easy to comprehend and to implement, but previous knowledge of the system dynamics is needed.
PERSISTENT CURRENT IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL NON-SUPERCONDUCTING MESOSCOPIC RINGS: EFFECTS OF SINGLE HOPPING IMPURITY, IN-PLANE ELECTRIC FIELD AND FOREIGN ATOMS
Authors: MAITI SANTANU K.
Published: November 2008

Persistent current in one-dimensional non-superconducting mesoscopic rings threaded by slowly varying magnetic flux ϕ is studied based on the tight-binding model. The behavior of the persistent current is discussed in three aspects: (a) single hopping impurity, (b) in-plane electric field and (c) in the presence of some foreign atoms.
ELECTRONIC BAND STRUCTURES OF THE STRAINED (ZnSe)m(CdSe)n(001) SUPERLATTICES
Authors: TIT NACIR , OBAIDAT IHAB M.
Published: November 2008

The electronic band structures of (ZnSe) m (CdSe) n(001) superlattices (SLs) versus slab thicknesses (m, n) monolayers, bi-axial strain (substrate), and valence-band offsets (VBO) are investigated. The calculations are based on the sp3s* tight-binding models with inclusion of spin–orbit interactions. The results show that the electron is always localized within the CdSe slabs, whereas the behavior of the hole is dependent on the interface specific effects and specifically on the VBO, which is controlled mainly by the bi-axial strain (substrate composition). For instance: (i) for VBO < -0.1 eV , the hole is localized within ZnSe slabs and the SL is of type-II; (ii) for -0.1 eV < VBO < +0.1 eV , the hole is localized at the interface; and (iii) for VBO > 0.1 eV , the hole is confined within the CdSe layers and the SL is of type-I. The comparison of our theoretical results with the photoluminescence data of single and multiple quantum wells yields valuable information about the structural and optical qualities of the experimental samples.
DEFORMED SHELL CLOSURES FOR LIGHT ATOMIC CLUSTERS
Authors: GHERGHESCU R. A. , POENARU D. N. , SOLOVYOV A. , GREINER W.
Published: November 2008

The spheroidal shell model of the Nilsson type is used to describe the deformed states of atomic clusters. The Hamiltonian is analytically solved in cylindrical coordinates, where l2 term is treated as deformation-dependent. The usual asymptotic eigenfunctions are obtained for axially symmetric potentials without approximation, and the radial wave function usually employed for further computation is no longer needed. The energy levels obtained in such a way are used as input data for shell correction calculations. Minima due to shell effects are obtained as a function of the number of atoms in the atomic cluster as well as the δ-deformation-dependent. Calculations are performed for N up to 200, and spheroidally (oblate and prolate) deformed shell closures are predicted.
THE LINEARIZED POLARON MODEL SYSTEM IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: GHAZARYAN A. A.
Published: November 2008

This article is devoted to the calculation of the free energy on electron-phonon interaction in the external magnetic field according to Green's function method. It should be noted that creation of structures with predicted features occurred (with the use of experimental techniques). To sum up, it should be noted that the given result coincides with the result of Devreese and Brosens, which was obtained by Feynman's path integral method.