bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diasporic Journeys of Louise Little: Grassroots Garveyism, the Midwest, and Community Feminism
Authors: McDuffie Erik S.
Published: August 2016

This article demonstrates the importance of women in leading Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) at the grassroots level, the ways Garveyite women forged “community feminism,” and the understudied importance of the U.S. Midwest and Canada as key sites of diasporic protest through the life, activism, and legacy of Malcolm X’s mother, Louise Langdon Norton Little. Born in Grenada in 1900, Little stands as a major figure in twentieth-century black nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and the African Diaspora. Passionately committed to black self-determination and fiercely proud of African-descended people, she emerged as an important grassroots leader in the UNIA, which claimed six million members in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Africa, and Europe during the 1920s. She joined the UNIA in Montreal, Canada, after she emigrated there after World War I in search of a better life. In the coming years, Little served as an officer in the UNIA division in Omaha, Nebraska, and avidly discussed politics with Garvey when he visited the Littles’ home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1922. However, The Autobiography of Malcolm X portrays Louise Little one-dimensionally as a wretched figure, while historian Manning Marable’s biography on Malcolm X minimizes her active role in developing his political consciousness and in leading broader black freedom struggles. These prevailing narratives affirm literary scholar Carole Boyce Davies’s observation about the ways black women have been erased from scholarly analysis of the black radical tradition. Tracing the history of Louise Little provides a lens for appreciating the importance of women in leading Pan-Africanist movements, the making of community feminism at the grassroots level, and the importance of the U.S. Midwest and Canada as sites of diasporic protest.
Becoming Creole, Becoming Black: Migration, Diasporic Self-Making, and the Many Lives of Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena
Authors: Morris Courtney Desiree
Published: August 2016

This article examines the complex life of one of the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s most charismatic but undertheorized figures, Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena. Relegated to the footnotes of UNIA history, the existing version of de Mena’s biography identifies her as an Afro-Nicaraguan immigrant who rose to the upper echelons of the UNIA. After years of serving as assistant international organizer and electrifying audiences throughout the hemisphere, she eventually assumed control of all the North American chapters of the UNIA, the editorship of the Negro World, and acted as Marcus Garvey’s representative in the United States and globally. Recently uncovered archival materials reveal that de Mena was actually born in St. Martinville, Louisiana, in 1879. How could such a prominent UNIA figure vanish from the historical record only to reappear and be so misunderstood? Part of the dilemma lies in the fact that de Mena appears to have intentionally altered the key elements of her biography to reflect her changing personal life and political commitments. This article maps de Mena’s shifting racial and political subjectivities as a transnational proto-feminist, moving through the landscapes of the U.S. Gulf South, Caribbean Central America, the U.S. Northeast, and preindependence Jamaica. It provides a critical corrective to de Mena’s existing biography and examines how black women moved through transnational political and cultural movements of the early twentieth century, authoring themselves into existence through intimate and public acts of diasporic self-making.
An Apparatus for Negro Women: Black Women’s Organizing, Communism, and the Institutional Spaces of Radical Pan-African Thought
Authors: Makalani Minkah
Published: August 2016

This article examines the activities and ideas of black women Communists Grace Campbell and Williana Burroughs as Pan-African intellectuals. Campbell established key Harlem-based formations, which facilitated black radicals’ thinking about racial oppression in terms of housing, health, and childcare. Burroughs drew on her experiences in these formations when she became the first black woman to participate in an international Communist gathering in Moscow in 1928. While neither theorized an intersectional approach to race, gender, and class, their activism informed important Communist organizations. Rather than make a claim of intellectual or political origins, this article argues that Campbell, Burroughs, and other black women Communists created the conditions of possibility for black women such as Claudia Jones, who would go on to theorize her notions of super-exploitation and triple oppression, and emerge as one of the most important radical Pan-Africanist intellectuals in Harlem and London.
Imaging technologies to study the composition of live pigs: A review
Authors: Carabús Anna , Gispert Marina , Font-i-Furnols Maria
Published: August 2016

Image techniques are increasingly being applied to livestock animals. This paper overviews recent advances in image processing analysis for live pigs, including ultrasound, visual image analysis by monitoring, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The methodology for live pigs evaluation, advantages and disadvantages of different devices, the variables and measurements analysed, the predictions obtained using these measurements and their accuracy are discussed in the present paper. Utilities of these technologies for livestock purposes are also reviewed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging yield useful results for the estimation of the amount of fat and lean mass either in live pigs or in carcasses. Ultrasound is not sufficiently accurate when high precision in estimating pig body composition is necessary but can provide useful information in agriculture to classify pigs for breeding purposes or before slaughter. Improvements in factors, such as the speed of scanning, cost and image accuracy and processing, would advance the application of image processing technologies in livestock animals.
Soybean yield modeling using bootstrap methods for small samples
Authors: Dalposso Gustavo H. , Uribe-Opazo Miguel A. , Johann Jerry A.
Published: August 2016

One of the problems that occur when working with regression models is regarding the sample size; once the statistical methods used in inferential analyzes are asymptotic if the sample is small the analysis may be compromised because the estimates will be biased. An alternative is to use the bootstrap methodology, which in its non-parametric version does not need to guess or know the probability distribution that generated the original sample. In this work we used a set of soybean yield data and physical and chemical soil properties formed with fewer samples to determine a multiple linear regression model. Bootstrap methods were used for variable selection, identification of influential points and for determination of confidence intervals of the model parameters. The results showed that the bootstrap methods enabled us to select the physical and chemical soil properties, which were significant in the construction of the soybean yield regression model, construct the confidence intervals of the parameters and identify the points that had great influence on the estimated parameters.
Short communication: Survival of honey bees (Apis mellifera) infected with Crithidia mellificae (Langridge and McGhee: ATCC® 30254™) in the presence of Nosema ceranae
Authors: Higes Mariano , Rodríguez-García Cristina , Gómez-Moracho Tamara , Meana Aranzazu , Bartolomé Carolina , Maside Xulio , Barrios Laura , Martín-Hernández Raquel
Published: August 2016

Crithidia mellificae, a trypanosomatid parasite of Apis mellifera, has been proposed to be one of the pathogens responsible for the serious honey bee colony losses produced worldwide in the last decade, either alone or in association with Nosema ceranae. Since this pathogenic effect contradicts the results of the experimental infections originally performed by Langridge and McGhee nearly 40 years ago, we investigated the potential linkage of this protozoan with colony decline under laboratory conditions. Nosema-free and trypanosomatid-free honey bees from three different colonies were experimentally infected with fresh C. mellificae spheroid forms (reference strain ATCC30254), with N. ceranae fresh spores and with both parasites at the same time. Replicate cages were kept at 27 °C and used to analyse survival. C. mellificae spheroid forms did not reduce significantly the survival of the worker bees (64.5% at 30 days post-infection vs. 77.8% for the uninfected bees used as controls; differences were non statistically significant) under these experimental conditions. In contrast, the cages infected with N. ceranae exhibited higher rates of mortality from the 20th day post-infection onwards, irrespective of the presence of C. mellificae, suggesting that the spheroid forms of the latter have no pathological effect on A. mellifera.
Characterization of the largest relic Eurasian wild grapevine reservoir in Southern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Arroyo-García Rosa , Cantos Manuel , Lara Miguel , López María-Ángeles , Gallardo Antonio , Ocete Carlos A. , Pérez Ángeles , Bánáti Hajnalka , García José L. , Ocete Rafael
Published: August 2016

Wild grapevine is becoming a threatened species in the Iberian Peninsula due to human impacts. The aim of this work was to carry out a holistic study for six years of the largest wild grapevine population found up to date in SW Iberian Peninsula. This population has 115 vines. Ampelographic and soil characteristics have been studied. Evaluation of its environment has also been studied by describing the main parasitic species and natural enemies of pests. The ability of this plant material for its micropropagation and storage in slow-growth conditions has been tested. Microvinification resulted in a wine with good acidity and medium color intensity, two interesting characteristics under a warm climatology. Finally, the identification of private alleles in this wild population, absent in other locations from the Northern and Southern Iberian territories, is a very valuable feature and confirms the importance of establishing conservation programs. The population here studied is genetically unique and potentially useful for commercial rootstocks and cultivars breeding that would improve viticulture and enology.
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of grape canes extracts from vineyards
Authors: Ju Yanlun , Zhang Ang , Fang Yulin , Liu Min , Zhao Xianfang , Wang Hua , Zhang Zhenwen
Published: August 2016

Grape canes are the main agro-wastes from vineyards. This work studied the antioxidant activities of the defatted methanolic extracts (ME) of canes from 11 genotypes: 5 Vitis vinifera widely known cultivars and 6 Chinese wild varieties from three species (V. amurensis, V. davidii, and V. pentagona) and the antioxidant activities of the ME’s chloroform fractions (CF), ethyl acetate fractions (EAF) and water fractions (WF). Among ME and its three fractions, EAF’s total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were the highest, at 586 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent and 320 mg/g of quercetin equivalent, respectively. The antioxidant power of the fractions/extracts was in the order EAF > ME > WF > CF, based on the DPPH radical-scavenging power and ferric-reducing antioxidant activity, while the order was EAF > CF > WF >ME based on the β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching activity. Methanolic extracts demonstrated the strongest Fe2+-chelating activity. The antioxidant activities of the extracts/fractions generally correlated with the TPC and TFC in all assays, except with the Fe2+-chelating test. Grape canes from V. davidii had the highest TPC, TFC and antioxidant activities compared with those from other grape species. Catechin, epicatechin and trans-resveratrol were the predominant phenolic components of fractions/extracts. In light of these valuable bioactivities, grape canes from annual pruning practice considered as waste material have good commercial potential for utilization as a promising natural antioxidant in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, given its low cost and availability in large amounts.
Hydrological drought index insurance for irrigation districts in Spain
Authors: Maestro Teresa , Bielza Maria , Garrido Alberto
Published: August 2016

Hydrological droughts are a major risk for irrigated agriculture in many regions of the world. The aim of this article is to propose an insurance tool to help irrigators manage the risk of water scarcity in the framework of the Spanish Crop Insurance System (SCIS). Only the United States Insurance System provides this type of coverage, but has very restrictive conditions. To determine the type of insurance scheme that better fits with the SCIS and to the Spanish irrigated agriculture, an expert panel was held with the participation of all stakeholders involved in crop insurance. Following the expert panel conclusions, an hydrological drought index insurance (HDII) addressed to irrigation districts (ID) is proposed. It would compensate water deficits suffered in the whole ID. We detail the conditions that the ID should fulfill to be eligible for HDII. HDII is applied to the Bardenas Irrigation District V (ID-V) in Spain, and the hedging effectiveness of the instrument is analyzed comparing ID-V’s gross margins with and without the insurance contract. Results suggest that the proposed insurance scheme could provide an effective means of reducing farmers’ vulnerability to water shortages and there is no major impediment for it to be included as a new line in the SCIS. This type of insurance can be generalized to any ID fulfilling the conditions mentioned in this paper.
Phytobiocidal management of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi
Authors: Din Naseerud , Ahmad Musharaf , Siddique Muhammad , Ali Asad , Naz Ishrat , Ullah Najeeb , Ahmad Fayaz
Published: August 2016

Phytobiocides are a good alternative to chemicals in managing bacterial diseases including bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. In the present research study, finely ground dried powders of seven widely available medicinal plants/weeds species viz., Peganum harmala (esfand or wild rue), Calotropis procera (sodom apple), Melia azedarach (white cedar), Allium sativum (garlic), Adhatoda vasica (malabar nut), Tagetes patula (marigold) and Nerium oleander (oleander) were assessed for their anti-microbial activity, both in-vitro (10% w/v) and in-vivo (10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg of potted soil) against R. solanacearum. Aqueous extracts (prepared as 10% w/v, soaking for 48-72 h and filtering) of C. procera, A. vasica, and T. patula inhibited the in-vitro growth of the bacterial pathogen over 60% of that produced by the standard antibiotic streptomycin. A. sativum, N. oleander and P. harmala aqueous extracts were less effective while M. azedarach showed no effect against R. solanacearum. The higher dose (40 g/kg of soil) of C. procera, A. vasica and T. patula decreased disease severity quite effectively and increased yield and plant growth characters as much as the standard antibiotic did. No phytotoxicity of medicinal plants powder was observed on tomato plants. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids were detected in the aqueous extracts of T. patula and A. vasica whereas C. procera was found to have only alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Our data suggest that dried powders of T. patula, C. procera and A. vasica (40 g/kg of soil) could be used as an effective component in the integrated disease management programs against bacterial wilt of tomato.
Genetic diversity of the floury race of maize Avati Morotî from the Guaraní tribe in Paraguay
Authors: Noldin Orlando , Revilla Pedro , Ordás Bernardo
Published: August 2016

Avati Morotî is a race of floury maize widely used by the Guarani people in South America, whose variability and potential value for breeding has been neglected so far. The objective of this research was to explore the genetic variability within the main Paraguayan race Avati Morotî. We studied the genetic variability available in the 20 accessions of Paraguayan Avati Morotî included in the South American core collection made by CIMMYT. Thirty individuals per accession were genotyped with 30 SSR (simple sequence repeat); we determined genetic diversity and made a cluster analysis in order to define genetic relationships among accessions. Mean of polymorphic loci (0.96), alleles per locus (3.57), alleles per polymorphic locus (3.65), expected (0.48) and observed (0.43) heterozygosity, and coefficient of consanguinity (0.12) revealed that Avati Morotî contains a genetic diversity comparable to the most variable maize races of maize. The cluster analysis classified the 20 populations in eight groups, five of them with a single accession, and a large group representing a central pool of germplasm. These results indicate that there is a large variability available in this race, and encourage the collection of more samples of Avati Morotî, particularly in marginal areas that were scarcely sampled.
Optimization of foramsulfuron doses for post-emergence weed control in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Pannacci Euro
Published: August 2016

Four field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2014 in order to evaluate the effects of foramsulfuron, applied at the recommended (60.8 g a.i./ha) and reduced doses (1/3 and 2/3), on the efficacy against several of the most important weeds in maize. For each “year-weed” combination, dose-response curves were applied to estimate the dose of foramsulfuron required to obtain 90% and 95% weed control (ED90 and ED95). Foramsulfuron phytotoxicity on maize and crop yield were assessed. Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron (about from 1/3 to 5/6 of the recommended dose) depending on growth stage. The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves. The ranking among weed species based on their susceptibility to foramsulfuron was: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed. Dose of foramsulfuron can be reduced below recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage. Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield.
Processing Objets Trouves: A Review of Appling Collage Thinking and Techniques in Fashion
Authors: Ren Ruijuan , Liao Jiangbo
Published: August 2016

Collage is generally applied to synthesise the fragments of forms in visual art to create a new effect. This review discusses the application of collage in fashion with its characteristics and influences developing process as a cut-in point; while in terms of methodology, it analyses and generalises the performance of collage aesthetics and collage form in modern fashion details. The research of collaging application plays an oriented role to process design found objects creatively, thus providing rich design languages and methods in today’s fashion field.
Teaching Arithmetic Combinations of Multiplication and Division to Students with Learning Disabilities or Mild Intellectual Disability: The Impact of Alternative Fact Grouping and the Role of Cognitive and Learning Factors
Authors: Agaliotis Ioannis , Teli Afroditi
Published: August 2016

The effectiveness of two instructional interventions was investigated in the context of teaching Arithmetic Combinations (ACs) of multiplication and division to students with Learning Disabilities (LD) or Mild Intellectual Disability (MID). The intervention for the control group (LD = 20, MID = 10) was based on principles of effective instruction, while the intervention for the experimental group (LD = 19, MID = 4) combined the intervention for the control group and an alternative grouping and presentation scheme of ACs. Correlations between cognitive and learning characteristics of the two disability categories and participants’ performance in ACs learning were also investigated. Intra-group comparisons showed that post-intervention performance of both groups (control and experimental) was significantly higher than their pre-intervention performance. However, inter-group comparisons revealed that there was no significant difference between the results obtained through the two interventions. Students with LD outperformed their counterparts with MID. Differences of the two disability categories in domains such as speed of information processing and counting skills correlated with performance. Results are discussed in reference to the organization of effective intervention programs for supporting students with LD or MID in their effort to learn arithmetic combinations of multiplication and division.
Coastal Zone Management: Resolving Climate Change Issues Through a Statutory Framework
Authors: Murari Kalpana S.
Published: August 2016

The coastline of India is part of its valuable natural heritage that has since been severely impacted by unregulated human activities, indiscriminate urbanization and unsustainable models of development for coastal infrastructure. Climate change impacts have added to numerous causes that have left marine areas distressed and struggling for survival. Overwhelming scientific evidence suggests that undeterred by curbs on rise in global temperatures, sea levels along India’s coast has continued to rise at the rate of 1.3mm per year. India’s coastal management program is undermined by the absence of a primary legislation, the ensuing laxity in enforcement of and compliance with regulatory norms. The present legal regime denotes a clear absence of measures to protect the natural heritage of India’s coastline and coastal ecosystems. Industrial activities affecting India’s coastal areas are governed by a set of legislative instruments that are sectoral in their approach and therefore seem fragmented for a cohesive battle against climate change impacts. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011(CRZ) issued under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 does not provide adequate measures to protect threatened shorelines and marine areas. The delegated legislation falls short in regulating industrial activities along the coasts, monitoring unsustainable development of coastal infrastructure and preventing pollution at source. There is an undeniable need to constitute a legal regime for coastal management that in its core serves an agenda to address climate change impacts, enhanced by a mandate for adaptation programs. This paper will attempt to present an argument in favor of a statutory framework that will enhance the existing integrated coastal zone management plan in India and resolve conflicts arising out of economic, social and environmental issues encompassing coastal zone regulation. Climate change is forcing developing nations to usher in requisite legal reforms within their regulatory regimes that rise up to meet international standards for coastal and ocean governance.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 6, No. 3
Authors: Xiao Maple
Published: August 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2016.
Sustainability and Corporate Governance: Theoretical Development and Perspectives
Authors: Jaimes-Valdez Miguel Angel , Jacobo-Hernandez Carlos Armando
Published: August 2016

Sustainability in the management field has several benefits including improvements in food quality competitiveness, responsibility and trust. Additionally, has been related not only to improving the image of organizations but also to increasing their value. However, this concept is multifaceted and diverse, and sometimes an incongruity appears when business leaders just want to increase their sales. Consequently, corporate governance has emerged as a topic connected to the establishment of agreements and the implementation of improvements in three dimensions: environmental, social and economic. This essay intends to explore the benefits, challenges and opportunities of sustainability and corporate governance to demonstrate the desirability of incorporating these topics into organizational management. Additionally, different models of sustainable governance are described to identify their elements and the similarities among them. We conclude that collaboration is key in all models and that it is necessary to broaden theoretical development to enable the implementation of best practices of corporate governance and to ensure sustainability.
Economic-Political Cyclicality or: Is There Any Good in Economic-Political Cycles Theory?
Authors: Arian Ofer , Simonovich Javier , Sharabi Moshe
Published: August 2016

This article deals solely with the analysis of economic-political cycles during the past decade. The reader will find here a limited attempt to point out the present status of the arena while it is used as an analytical tool.
This article offers a theoretical examination of the concept economic-political cyclicality and discusses the development of patterns of thinking related to it. The article presents the main principles of the idea, explains the basic assumptions, which the various approaches to it have in common, and points out the differences of opinion among the leading theorists. The analysis shows that there are numerous limitations of the theoretical tools and that great caution should be used in regard to conclusions arrived at on the basis of analyses that use these instruments. In this area, as in other areas of study that bring together economics and politics, a great deal still needs to be done. We argue that whereas those who deal with business cycles the attempt are always the same. Simply stated, they deal with specific events in which decisions are made for the purpose of achieving the maximum political-social gain in (conscious) exchange for conceding optimum macro-economic gain.
Data Privacy in Electronic Commerce: Analysing Legal Provisions in Iran
Authors: Bagheri Parviz , Hassan Kamal Halili
Published: August 2016

This article discusses the legal protection of data privacy in electronic commerce in Iran. Currently, there is a gap in respect of data privacy protection in Iran as there is no specific privacy legislation in force. Consequently, e-consumers dealing in internet commerce are less protected. However there are rules and regulations in the laws in Iran such as the Islamic Republic (IR) of Iran Constitution, Computer Crimes Act, Penal Code, and Civil Liability Act which relate to privacy in general, although not directly related to data privacy in e-commerce. The Electronic Commerce Law (ECL) is the main legislation in Iran which contains some provisions on personal data privacy. This article discusses the relevant provisions in the ECL pertaining to data messages and privacy and interprets its various meanings to determine whether they are in line with well established principles found in good data privacy protection measures.
Economic Causes of Extremism Intellectual (Thoughts) Views of Graduate Students Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques
Authors: Al-Dajah Hasan Abdullah
Published: August 2016

The present study investigated the impact of the economic reasons on the intellectual (thoughts) extremism, and the statement of the most important indicators in the economic factor that lead to extremism from the views of graduate students. The study problem based on the following question: What are economic factors leading to the extremism of the intellectual(Thoughts)? Correlation coefficient, Principal component analysis (PCA), varimax (F) rotated factor analysis, and dendrogram cluster analysis (DCA) were assessed for the economic impacts that leads to extremism(Thoughts). Multivariate statistical analysis of the dataset and correlation analysis suggested that the strong positive correlations are commonly associated in the poverty and lack of interest in remote areas for major cities Center. Multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis, varimax rotated factor analysis, and dendrogram cluster analysis allowed the identification of three main factors controlling that lead to extremism from the views of graduate students. The extracted factors are as follows: low living expenses, poverty and substantial deprivation, and unequal opportunities and unemployment associations related to prevalence of corruption phase.
Suspending the Passing of Sentence (Probation before Judgment)
Authors: Afrasiabi Esmael , Kanani Mohammadali
Published: August 2016

Suspending the passing of sentence is one of the new establishments of the Islamic Criminal Code and in the legal system of our Country, Iran it lacks any legislative background. In this new establishment we are witnessing a specific approach towards individuals who have committed some minor crimes and the legislator for the sake of accommodating them with social norms and preventing the re commitment of the criminal acts in case of existence of necessary conditions has predicted the possibility of suspending their sentence. Suspending the passing of sentence or pronouncing judgment has been established based on the principle of individualizing the judicial procedure of punishments and is part of the institutions of pardon for the committers of crimes. In the present text besides discussing the issue in philosophical terms the fundamentals and the domain of suspending a sentence, its formative and substantial conditions is being studied and scrutinized.
Comparative Study of International Commercial Arbitration and International Law in Iran
Authors: Hashemi Soheila , Mardani Nader
Published: August 2016

Arbitration is one of the most important solutions to end enmity and replace judicial inquest. As international trading is extended, referring to judgment to solve the conflicts caused by commercial contracts has been rapidly rising which is a result of judgment benefits over justice authorities. Fastness and efficiency, law inquest cost, compromise nature of selecting the referees, and professional selection are among the most evident specifications of arbitration. Furthermore, Iran’s involvement in the most significant judgment case of the last century i.e. the lawsuits filed between the Islamic Republic of Iran the United States of America after the victory of the revolution would double the essentiality of knowing this organization. Judgment may be either individual or organic (permanent) and also the number of referees needs to be one or three. The most important issue in the judge’s inquest is to follow two factors including independence and impartiality from the beginning until the end of the inquest process. Violating these characteristics or the lack of one of both or other descriptions predicted in the arbitration contract would result in its violation by one side of the conflict or both of them. In the present paper, a comparison is conducted between the commonalty and distinction of Iran’s international commercial arbitration in 1376 and international law.
International Legal Challenges on Biotechnological Products
Authors: Bajhdad Abadi Saeed Daryaee , Ghavam Abadi Mohammah Hossain Ramazani
Published: August 2016

Selection and separation of inheritance has the desired characteristics of plants, animals and organisms have specific morphological characteristics and called them in terms of biotechnology. Including applications help farmers to reduce the amount of fertilizers , chemical pesticides, water and fuel consumption for the production of food As well as biotechnological products can be used for purification and cleansing the environment and food production at lower costs and reduce the use of harmful chemicals to human health and the environment. However, criticism has been leveled on biotechnology, for example, genetically modified organisms, unlike chemicals, have a risk of spread and replication capabilities and unknown toxins may be produced by biotechnological products or reduce biodiversity, genetic contamination and poisoning and destroy beneficial insects harmless. This article, in addition to addressing various aspects of biotechnology, seeking to assess the strengths and limitations of current international law and structures designed to address these concerns communities. Biotechnology problems at the international level and treaties related to each of them are as follows: A) Concerns about patent genetically modified crops: National rules developed countries, genetically modified crops have to support intellectual property. If to be biotech crops intellectual property rights, the bulk of the food of world award to several capitalist companies .B) Concerns about Transparency Regarding Exports of Genetically Modified Products: Notification of genetically modified content could be achieved through a labeling system C) Liability for damage caused by genetically modified imported products: The international community have tried to establish international rules on liability and compensation for damage caused by genetically modified crops that in the Biosafety Protocol, the provisions limiting the harmful effects caused by genetically modified organisms. D) Liability of Trans boundary damage caused by genetically modified crops: Genetically modified crops could have a negative impact on the environment of neighboring states, even if completely in a state of production and consumption .After careful consideration of the above it can be concluded that there is not a single treaty regime and specific concerns to address the biotechnology. But we are faced to fragmented and conflicting network of treaties relating to intellectual property, trade and the environment, as well as a series of general principles of law and legal norms ambiguous.
Young Voters after the 2008 Election: A Disappearing Act?
Authors: Southwell Priscilla
Published: August 2016

This study examines the decline in voter turnout among young voters between the 2008 and 2012 elections. Our findings suggest that those young voters who dropped out of the electorate in 2012 were more likely to express feelings of alienation, as measured by the American National Election Studies indices of trust and efficacy. Such “dropout” voters were also more likely to have voted for Barack Obama in the 2008 election. These findings are crucial, as the level of alienation in the 2016 election appears to be even higher, and may influence the outcome of the election.
What Not to Keep: Not All Data Has Future Research Value
Authors: Kung Janice Yu Chen , Campbell Sandy
Published: August 2016

The rise of academic library involvement in research data management has presented numerous challenges for academic libraries. While libraries and archives have always had collection development policies that defined what they would or would not collect, policies for selecting research data for preservation are in their infancy. This study surveyed and interviewed academic researchers. From this research an initial list of eight types of data were identified as research data that should not be preserved and made public by academic libraries and archives. These include research data that are sensitive or confidential, proprietary, easily replicable, do not have good metadata, are test, pilot or intermediate data, are bad or junk data, data that cannot be used by others for a variety of reasons, and older data that are not used and have no obvious cultural or historical value. Conclusions drawn from the study will help librarians and archivists make informed decisions about which types of research data are worth keeping.
ANÁLISE DE TEMPERATURA DE PELE DA SUPERFÍCIE DO MAR EM REGIÕES DE ALTA LATITUDE SIMULADA COM O MODELO WRF
Authors: Comin Alcimoni Nelci , Acevedo Otávio Costa
Published: August 2016

The in situ data of sea surface temperature (SST) were measured onboard the Polar Ship Almirante Maximiano in the southern Shetland Islands between 5 and 23 February 2011. For the simulations, three concentric nested grids have been used at the 9 km, 3 km and 1 km spatial resolution in the simulations of the skin sea surface temperature (SSST) with WRF model. The grids are displaced every day, always centered in the middle position of the ship (latitude/longitude) during transect. The SSST is underestimated in comparison with SST on average 1.5°C. The real average wind speed observed was 8.7 ms-1. Therefore the amount of mixing between SST and SSST is greater, and the temperature difference between the two layers is smaller, on average 0.5°C. The underestimation of the model is mean 1°C. This underestimation directly interfere on the amount of ocean evaporation for the atmosphere, which may cause error in the energy balance. The correlation of the SSST with real SST data was 0.84 and root mean square error 1.87.
CIRCULAÇÃO DE BRISA FLUVIAL E A BANDA DE PRECIPITAÇÃO NA MARGEM LESTE DA BAÍA DE MARAJÓ
Authors: Matos Abner Pinheiro de , Cohen Júlia Clarinda Paiva
Published: August 2016

The precipitation in Belem region is mainly due the large atmospheric systems such as ITCZ and mesoscale systems like the Instability Lines. Beside these systems, there are convective systems forced locally which also promote precipitation in this region. This paper studies a convective system, observed for first time during the campaign of the RAIN project, which is called Micro Instability Line Fluvial (MLF) because its formation is associated with river breeze circulation. The GOES 12 satellite data, radar band X, anemometer, rain gauges, disdrometer, and NCEP reanalyzes were used to study this MLF. High-resolution numerical simulation with the BRAMS model was made for this MLF, using two grids with horizontal resolution of 3 km and 1 km. The simulation results showed that the MLF was formed by river breeze from the Marajo Bay, causing precipitation since the early stages in Belem area until this MLF was on the west bank of the Marajo bay. During its propagation westward, this MLF had increased its intensity, which was maximum over the Bay of Marajo, where there is intense transportation of cargo and passengers, and shipwrecks are the most frequent type of accidents.
VALIDAÇÃO DO MODELO LES PALM POR MEIO DE DADOS DE RADIOSONDAGENS E DE AERONAVE COLETADOS DURANTE O EXPERIMENTO GOAMAZON
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas , Fisch Gilberto
Published: August 2016

In the present study, the evolution of the convective boundary layer over heterogeneous surface simulated by PALM LES is validated with radiosounding and airborne data from GoAmazon field campaigns, held in Amazon Rainforest during the 2014 wet and dry seasons. It is shown that, in general case, the growth of the convective boundary layer simulated by PALM compares well with observational data. However, during the morning time, the convective boundary layer depth is underestimated, whereas it showed acceptable response to the decreasing of the surface forcings along the late afternoon.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION SOYBEAN: COMPARISON BETWEEN EDDY COVARIANCE METHOD AND THE ESTIMATE OF CROPGRO-SOYBEAN MODEL
Authors: Oliveira Evandro Chaves de , Quartezani Waylson Zancanella , Neves Leonardo De Oliveira , Aguiar Leonardo José Gonçalves , Fischer Graciela Redies , Roberti Débora Regina , Costa Geilson Silva , Costa José Maria Nogueira da
Published: August 2016

The performance of CROPGRO - Soybean model for soybean evapotranspiration simulation was assessed using data derived from field experiments using eddy covariance method conducted by Network Sulflux (Brazilian South Network Surface Flows and Climate Change ) Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul State - Brazil , (28° 36' S, 53° 40' W and altitude 409 m), in the agricultural year 2009/2010. The results indicate that the model overestimates evapotranspiration throughout the crop cycle, probably it does not represent realistically the crop residues, indicating a need for adjustments in water balance parameters in the soil in no-till system.
COMPORTAMENTO DA COLUNA TOTAL DE DIÓXIDO DE ENXOFRE NA CAMADA LIMITE DA REGIÃO DA CIDADE DE SANTIAGO NO CHILE UTILIZANDO O SENSOR OMI
Authors: Nunes Mateus Dias , Mariano Éricka Voss Chagas , Mariano Glauber Lopes
Published: August 2016

Air pollution is a major environmental problem of today's world. The sulfur dioxide gas (SO2), a pollutant studied both in remote areas as in urban areas, and can be emitted into the atmosphere through natural sources and also by human activities, and its study of great relevance for monitoring problems caused to health of the population, agriculture and economic problems mainly to the population centers of large and medium size. The objective of this study was to determine the variability of the total column of sulfur dioxide into the region of the city of Santiago in Chile using data from the sensor OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) which operates within the range of UV / VIS for the period 2005-2012. Using the daily maximum values of total SO2 column, it was determined the annual and seasonal variability of the total column of sulfur dioxide into the region of Santiago in Chile. The Moving Average for 30 days (MM30) was not a particular seasonality for the period 2005-2012. It was observed increasing values of trend line in the dispersion of the data of the Santiago region.
DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA SONDA ATMOSFÉRICA SEM FIO PARA ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS DE BAIXO CUSTO
Authors: Picanço Giorgio Arlan da Silva , Silva Julio Tota da , Santana Raoni Aquino Silva de , Vale Roseilson Souza do
Published: August 2016

This paper presents the development of a wireless atmospheric probe, designed to assist long-term environmental studies with limited financial resources. The work is based on the concept of Wireless Sensor Networks in which multiple sensors are arranged spatially in a particular region. Facilitating the monitoring of large areas without the need for large physical structures of communication and power, as cables and towers. The prototype, built with cheap material, captures temperature data, pressure and humidity, transmitting this information in real time to a remote receiver via radio frequency to a distance of 1 km. The prototype is also equipped with a photovoltaic system capable of guaranteeing energy independence, an essential factor for long-term studies. To evaluate the efficiency of the prototype, correlation tests were performed with a Metpak station II (Gill Instruments), to simulate the continuous operation of the sensors in situ. The tests show significant correlations between atmospheric pressure variables (98%), relative humidity (87%) and air temperature (97%). The tests ensure a good degree of reliability to the prototype; can serve as an alternative to environmental monitoring projects and Wireless Sensor Networks.
ESTIMATIVA DA ALTURA DA CAMADA LIMITE PLANETÁRIA DIURNA E NOTURNA NA CIDADE DE NATAL, ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
Authors: Ribeiro Roberta Everllyn Pereira , Aragão Maria Regina da Silva , Sousa Leandro Fontes de , Fatima Magaly Correia de , Vilar Rafaella De Araújo Aires
Published: August 2016

This study aims to estimate the PBL height and to investigate characteristics of its development by means of atmospheric sounding data obtained at 00 UTC and 12 UTC in a rainy month in the city of Natal-RN. The PBL height is estimated by applying the methods of the vertical profiles of potential temperature and mixing ratio, for daytime and nighttime. It was possible to estimate the PBL height for almost all soundings, by both methods in their majority. The mean PBL height is lower in nighttime. The lowest (highest) height estimated for the PBL top is 563m (2847m). The PBL height is, in general, lower in the first half of the month of study, May 2013.
PROGNÓSTICO DO VENTO PARA O ESTADO DE ALAGOAS UTILIZANDO O MODELO WRF EM ALTA RESOLUÇÃO: AVALIAÇÃO DA MELHORIA DA TOPOGRAFIA, USO DO SOLO E VELOCIDADE DE FRICÇÃO
Authors: Silva Junior Rosiberto Salustiano , Lyra Roberto Fernando Fonseca , Ramos Diogo Nunes da Silva , Moura Marcos Antonio Lima , Gomes Heliofabio Barros , Holanda Sandro Correia
Published: August 2016

This paper aims to make an evaluative study of the updates topography, land use and friction velocity performed in the atmospheric WRF model, and prove its efficiency in simulating the wind speed and direction patterns using measurements of anemometric station Maragogi/AL, during the period from August/2007 to July/2008, focusing to May/2008 showed low correlation coefficient indices. The changes resulted in improvements made in the correlation coefficient for the wind speed of 0.15 to 0.61, however it is not perceived improvement to the wind direction. Highlighted the fact that the topography and friction velocity were the variables that most influenced the simulations, however there was little difference between the default condition the update condition for land use. The average speed for the city of Maragogi/AL was 5,27m/s predominant direction of South East wind. Generally noticed an improvement in the simulations when implemented updates in the model.
CARACTERÍSTICAS MÉDIAS DO VENTO ACIMA E ABAIXO DO DOSSEL DA FLORESTA DURANTE O GOAMAZON EM UM SÍTIO EXPERIMENTAL NA AMAZÔNIA
Authors: Santana Raoni Aquino Silva de , Vale Roseilson Souza do , Silva Júlio Tóta da , Santos Rosa Maria Nascimento dos , Fitzjarrald David Roy , Picanço Giorgio Arlan da Silva , Batalha Sarah Suely Alves , Gomes Ana Carla dos Santos , Costa Gabriel Brito , Tapajós Raphael , Silva Rodrigo Da
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal evolution of average characteristics of the vertical profiles of speed and direction above and within of the forest canopy at the Cuieiras experimental site, located about 100 km from the Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. We used about 10 months of half-hourly averaged data from 10 sonic anemometers installed at different levels above and within the forest canopy during GoAmazon project in 2014. We found that the vertical wind speed profile varied with the various layers above and below the forest canopy, describing an S-shape type, a form determined by physical obstructions imposed by vertical heterogeneity of the canopy. The predominant wind directions were not constant with height, suggesting that very local circulations can influence the subcanopy flow.
ANÁLISE DA TURBULÊNCIA ATMOSFÉRICA NA CAMADA LIMITE NOTURNA EM UMA REGIÃO DE FLORESTA AMAZÔNICA
Authors: Oliveira Pablo Eli Soares , Acevedo Otávio Costa , Costa Felipe Denardin , Santos Daniel Michelon dos , Teichrieb Claudio Alberto
Published: August 2016

In this study, turbulence data taken in different vertical levels in the Amazon rain forest are analyzed for two distinct nights: a night characterized by intense turbulent mixing, and a night which turbulence was intermittent. This is done using the multiresolution decomposition, which allows the identification of the turbulence and submeso contributions to spectra and cospectra.