bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bjerknes Compensation in Meridional Heat Transport under Freshwater Forcing and the Role of Climate Feedback
Authors: Yang Haijun , Wen Qin , Yao Jie , Wang Yuxing
Published: March 2017

Using a coupled Earth climate model, freshwater forcing experiments are performed to study the Bjerknes compensation (BJC) between meridional atmosphere heat transport (AHT) and meridional ocean heat transport (OHT). Freshwater hosing in the North Atlantic weakens the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and thus reduces the northward OHT in the Atlantic significantly, leading to a cooling (warming) in the surface layer in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. This results in an enhanced Hadley cell and northward AHT. Meanwhile, the OHT in the Indo-Pacific is increased in response to the Hadley cell change, partially offsetting the reduced OHT in the Atlantic. Two compensations occur here: compensation between the AHT and the Atlantic OHT, and that between the Indo-Pacific OHT and the Atlantic OHT. The AHT change undercompensates the OHT change by about 60% in the extratropics, while the former overcompensates the latter by about 30% in the tropics due to the Indo-Pacific change. The BJC can be understood from the viewpoint of large-scale circulation change. However, the intrinsic mechanism of BJC is related to the climate feedback of the Earth system. The authors’ coupled model experiments confirm that the occurrence of BJC is an intrinsic requirement of local energy balance, and local climate feedback determines the extent of BJC, consistent with previous theoretical results. Even during the transient period of climate change, the BJC is well established when the ocean heat storage is slowly varying and its change is much weaker than the net local heat flux change at the ocean surface. The BJC can be deduced from the local climate feedback. Under the freshwater forcing, the overcompensation in the tropics is mainly caused by the positive longwave feedback related to clouds, and the undercompensation in the extratropics is due to the negative longwave feedback related to surface temperature change. Different dominant feedbacks determine different BJC scenarios in different regions, which are in essence constrained by local energy balance.
An Efficient Approach for Estimating Streamflow Forecast Skill Elasticity
Authors: Arnal Louise , Wood Andrew W. , Stephens Elisabeth , Cloke Hannah L. , Pappenberger Florian
Published: March 2017

Seasonal streamflow prediction skill can derive from catchment initial hydrological conditions (IHCs) and from the future seasonal climate forecasts (SCFs) used to produce the hydrological forecasts. Although much effort has gone into producing state-of-the-art seasonal streamflow forecasts from improving IHCs and SCFs, these developments are expensive and time consuming and the forecasting skill is still limited in most parts of the world. Hence, sensitivity analyses are crucial to funnel the resources into useful modeling and forecasting developments. It is in this context that a sensitivity analysis technique, the variational ensemble streamflow prediction assessment (VESPA) approach, was recently introduced. VESPA can be used to quantify the expected improvements in seasonal streamflow forecast skill as a result of realistic improvements in its predictability sources (i.e., the IHCs and the SCFs)—termed “skill elasticity”—and to indicate where efforts should be targeted. The VESPA approach is, however, computationally expensive, relying on multiple hindcasts having varying levels of skill in IHCs and SCFs. This paper presents two approximations of the approach that are computationally inexpensive alternatives. These new methods were tested against the original VESPA results using 30 years of ensemble hindcasts for 18 catchments of the contiguous United States. The results suggest that one of the methods, end point blending, is an effective alternative for estimating the forecast skill elasticities yielded by the VESPA approach. The results also highlight the importance of the choice of verification score for a goal-oriented sensitivity analysis.
Ageostrophic Secondary Circulation in a Subtropical Intrathermocline Eddy
Authors: Barceló-Llull Bàrbara , Pallàs-Sanz Enric , Sangrà Pablo , Martínez-Marrero Antonio , Estrada-Allis Sheila N. , Arístegui Javier
Published: March 2017

Vertical motions play a key role in the enhancement of primary production within mesoscale eddies through the introduction of nutrients into the euphotic layer. However, the details of the vertical velocity field w driving these enhancements remain under discussion. For the first time the mesoscale w associated with an intrathermocline eddy is computed and analyzed using in situ high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) fields of density and horizontal velocity by resolving a generalized omega equation valid for high Rossby numbers. In the seasonal pycnocline the diagnosed w reveals a multipolar structure with upwelling and downwelling cells located at the eddy periphery. In the main pycnocline w is characterized by a dipolar structure with downwelling velocities upstream of the propagation path and upwelling velocities downstream. Maximum values of w reach 6.4 m day−1. An observed enhancement of chlorophyll-a at the eddy periphery coincides with the location of the upwelling and downwelling cells. Analysis of the forcing terms of the generalized omega equation indicates that the mechanisms behind the dipolar structure of the w field are a combination of horizontal deformation and advection of vertical relative vorticity by ageostrophic vertical shear. The wind during the eddy sampling was rather constant and uniform with a speed of 5 m s−1. Diagnosed nonlinear Ekman pumping leads to a dipolar pattern that mirrors the inferred w. Horizontal ageostrophic secondary circulation is dominated by centripetal acceleration and closes the dipole w structure. Vertical fluxes act to maintain the intrathermocline eddy structure.
Observation and Model Bias Estimation in the Presence of Either or Both Sources of Error
Authors: Lorente-Plazas Raquel , Hacker Joshua P.
Published: March 2017

In numerical weather prediction and in reanalysis, robust approaches for observation bias correction are necessary to approach optimal data assimilation. The success of bias correction can be limited by model errors. Here, simultaneous estimation of observation and model biases, and the model state for an analysis, is explored with ensemble data assimilation and a simple model. The approach is based on parameter estimation using an augmented state in an ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The observation biases are modeled with a linear term added to the forward operator. A bias is introduced in the forcing term of the model, leading to a model with complex errors that can be used in imperfect-model assimilation experiments.

Under a range of model forcing biases and observation biases, accurate observation bias estimation and correction are possible when the model forcing bias is simultaneously estimated and corrected. In the presence of both model error and observation biases, estimating one and ignoring the other harms the assimilation more than not estimating any errors at all, because the biases are not correctly attributed. Neglecting a large model forcing bias while estimating observation biases results in filter divergence; the observation bias parameter absorbs the model forcing bias, and recursively and incorrectly increases the increments. Neglecting observation bias results in suboptimal assimilation, but the model forcing bias parameter estimate remains stable because the model dynamics ensure covariance between the parameter and the model state.
Comparative Study of Ultraviolet Laser-Based Time-Resolved Photoacoustic Fingerprint Spectra and Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Energetic 1,2,3-1H-Triazole Derivatives Under Controlled Pyrolysis
Authors: Rao Konda Srinivasa , Chaudhary Anil Kumar
Published: March 2017

We report the comparative study of photoacoustic (PA) fingerprint spectra, thermal decomposition, and stability mechanism of some phenyl and bis series energetic compounds named 1-(2-methoxy,-3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole ( S5), 1-(3-methoxy, 2, 6 dinitrophenyl) 1H-1, 2, 3 triazole ( S10), 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole ( S8), and 2,6-bis ((4-(nitromethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl) pyridine ( S9). Fourth harmonic wavelength, i.e., 266 nm of pulse duration 7 ns and 10 Hz repetition rate obtained from Q-switched Nd: YAG laser, was used to record the thermal PA spectra of these compounds under controlled pyrolysis condition in the range of 30–350 ℃. The PA fingerprint spectra are produced due to entire molecule vapor along with principal functional byproduct NO2 molecule. NO2 molecule is a major gas released during thermal decomposition due to weakest nature of C–NO2 bond. Further, NO2 molecules are involved in photodissociation process due to π*← n transition and converted into NO molecules inside the PA cell due to excitation by 266 nm wavelength. The combined results of PA and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectra along with thermo gravimetric–differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) data confirm the thermal decomposition mechanism process that can be completed in multiple steps. In addition, GC-MS spectra also confirm the release of NO and NO2 molecules. The effect of incident laser energy and data acquisition time has been carried out for understanding the behavior of acoustic modes. Finally, the thermal quality factor “Q” is measured to test the stability of compounds.
Unbiased Estimation of Total Rural Loans Advanced and Incurred in an Indian State Along with Unbiased Estimation of Variance in Estimation
Authors: Chaudhuri Arijit
Published: March 2017

Around the year 2000, the problem of reconciling the estimate of loans advanced by the banks and the estimate of loans incurred by the rural farmers was studied in the Indian Statistical Institute. Some approximately unbiased estimates were examined along with approximately unbiased estimates of their approximate variances. Utilizing “Constrained Network” sampling technique exactly unbiased counterparts are presented as alternatives.
Preventicum: The osmotic space of health
Authors: Shamir Ronen
Published: March 2017

Ethnographic observations at an early-detection centre for cancer serve as a basis for theorising the spatiality of preventive medicine. Based on insights from both the sociology of health and the sociology of space, the article outlines a re-spatialisation of health by articulating the concept of osmotic-spatiality: spatial-temporal arrangements which transform health into a personal task and an individual achievement, producing the subjectivity of ‘healthy patients’.
The World Class City, the homeless and soup kitchens in Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Yeoh Seng-Guan
Published: March 2017

Since the early 1990s, Kuala Lumpur, the capital city of Malaysia, has been entangled in the modality of World Class City building. Following key insights by critical scholars like Henri Lefebvre and Doreen Massey, in this article the author shows how spatio-temporal processes have historically produced variegated and contested relational spaces in the city centre. In particular, through the case-study of the recent spatial cleansing of the homeless and soup kitchens in downtown Kuala Lumpur, the author argues for not only critically appreciating the durability and mutability of hegemonic relational spaces but also their potential for irruption because of the ethical dynamic of ‘thrown-togetherness’ that these spaces churn up.
From thebastito the ‘house’: Socio-spatial readings of housing policy in India
Authors: Bhan Gautam
Published: March 2017

In June 2015, the Government of India approved a national housing program called the Prime Minster’s Awas Yojana (PMAY; Prime Minister’s Housing Plan), the latest in a series of ‘urban missions’ that have seen the urban emerge as an object for policy intervention in a country long rurally imagined. The emergence of these missions has necessitated the construction of a new urban grammar. Concepts, categories and classifications have sought to define, delineate and measure different aspects of the urban landscape so that different modes of practice and intervention may emerge. This article reads this grammar. It does so not to assess policy through its design, efficacy or feasibility, but to argue that policies, at least in part, attempt to create their own objects. A policy is thus both a product and an agent of contemporary politics, simultaneously instrumental and generative, acting as a means to an end but also an end unto itself. It is, in many ways, as much a site of the construction of meaning as it is the allocation of resources. This article looks at housing policy in the Indian city from a particular site: auto-constructed neighborhoods in the Indian city – referred to here as the basti in contra-distinction to the ‘slum’. In doing so, it offers a socio-spatial reading of these settlements along three lines: transversality, transparency and opacity. It then reads the proposed new national housing policy against these spatialities and argues that the policy fundamentally misrecognizes ‘housing’ in the Indian city.
Studying Latent Criterion Validity for Complex Structure Measuring Instruments Using Latent Variable Modeling
Authors: Raykov Tenko , Menold Natalja , Marcoulides George A.
Published: March 2017

Validity coefficients for multicomponent measuring instruments are known to be affected by measurement error that attenuates them, affects associated standard errors, and influences results of statistical tests with respect to population parameter values. To account for measurement error, a latent variable modeling approach is discussed that allows point and interval estimation of the relationship of an underlying latent factor to a criterion variable in a setting that is more general than the commonly considered homogeneous psychometric test case. The method is particularly helpful in validity studies for scales with a second-order factorial structure, by allowing evaluation of the relationship between the second-order factor and a criterion variable. The procedure is similarly useful in studies of discriminant, convergent, concurrent, and predictive validity of measuring instruments with complex latent structure, and is readily applicable when measuring interrelated traits that share a common variance source. The outlined approach is illustrated using data from an authoritarianism study.
The Impact of Training on Innovation
Authors: Dostie Benoit
Published: March 2017

The firm’s stock of human capital is an important determinant of its ability to innovate. As such, any increase in this stock through firm-sponsored training might lead to more innovation. The author tests this hypothesis using detailed data on firms’ human capital investments and innovation performance from the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey, 1999–2006. The regression results, including workplace fixed effects and allowing for time-varying productivity shocks, demonstrate that more training leads to more product and process innovation, with on-the-job training playing a role that is as important as classroom training. Results from an event history analysis show, however, that this impact fades over time.
Biomimetic Remineralization of Carious Lesions by Self-Assembling Peptide
Authors: Kind L. , Stevanovic S. , Wuttig S. , Wimberger S. , Hofer J. , Müller B. , Pieles U.
Published: March 2017

Caries is the most common disease in the world. Great efforts have been undertaken for prevention and to identify a regenerative treatment solution for dental caries. Self-assembling β-sheet forming peptides have previously shown to form 3-dimensional fiber networks supporting tissue regeneration. In particular, the self-assembling peptide P11-4 has shown potential in the treatment and prevention of dental caries. It has previously been shown that application of monomeric P11-4 solution to early carious lesions can increase net mineral gain by forming de novo hydroxyapatite crystals. The hypothesis for the mode of action was that monomeric self-assembling peptide P11-4 diffuses into the subsurface lesion body and assembles therein into higher order fibrils, facilitating mineralization of the subsurface volume by mimicking the natural biomineralization of the tooth enamel, and it remains within the lesion body as a scaffold built-in by the newly formed hydroxyapatite. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of action of the self-assembling peptide P11-4 supporting mineralization of carious enamel. By various analytical methods, it could be shown that the self-assembling peptide P11-4 diffuses into the subsurface lesion, assembles into higher formed aggregates throughout the whole volume of the lesion, and supports nucleation of de novo hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and consequently results in increased mineral density within the subsurface carious lesion. The results showed that the application of self-assembling peptide P11-4 can facilitate the subsurface regeneration of the enamel lesion by supporting de novo mineralization in a similar mode of action as has been shown for the natural formation of dental enamel.
Fiat’s small cars for Polish mass motorisation: The Small Engine Car Factory in Bielsko-Biała and Tychy, 1971–80
Authors: Jastrząb Mariusz
Published: March 2017

The paper presents the 1970s licensing agreement between the communist government of Poland and the Italian company Fiat for the production of small motor vehicles, the Fiat 126 model, and the consequent building of the Small Engine Car Factory ( Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych) in Bielsko-Biała and Tychy. The project aimed to enhance Polish economic international competitiveness, to narrow a technological gap between the country and the West, but – most of all – to transplant to Poland an element of Western modernity: individual car ownership. In fact, with three million units produced, 126 was the car that had motorised Poland. The paper focuses on managerial problems that state bureaucracy had to tackle in the process of constructing a new car factory, showing how the political goal of mass motorisation overtook any other financial or industrial constraints, though reducing productivity and financial sustainability of the project.
The Prosody of Topic Transition in Interaction: Pitch Register Variations
Authors: Riou Marine
Published: March 2017

In conversation, speakers can mobilize a variety of prosodic cues to signal a switch in topics. This paper uses a mixed-methods approach combining Conversation Analysis and Instrumental Prosody to investigate the prosody of topic transition in American English, and analyzes the ways in which speakers can play on register level and on register span. A cluster of three prosodic parameters was found to be predictive of transitions: a higher maximum fundamental frequency (F0), a higher median F0 (key), and an expanded register span. Relative to speakers’ habitual profiles, the mobilization of such prosodic cues corresponds to a marked upgraded prosodic design. This finding is consistent with the general assumption that continuation constitutes the norm in conversation, and that departing from it, as in the case of a topic transition, requires a marked action and marked linguistic design. The disjunctive action of opening a new topic corresponds to the use of a marked prosodic cue.
Supercritical carbon dioxide as a green media in textile dyeing: A review
Authors: Abou Elmaaty Tarek , Abd El-Aziz Eman
Published: March 2017

This review highlights the great role of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid technology in textile dyeing processes. The unequivocal physical characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide are presented and further researched to continue the development of high efficiency, compact dyeing to save energy and water in manufacturing processes. This review also focuses on the solubility of the dyes in scCO2 as well as the application of the technology to both synthetic and natural fabrics. Some factors relating to the economics of sustainable scCO2 technology are also outlined.
Mentor Response to Youth Academic Support–Seeking Behavior
Authors: Weiler Lindsey M. , Chesmore Ashley A. , Pryce Julia , Haddock Shelley A. , Rhodes Tara
Published: March 2017

Mentoring-based interventions for adolescent offenders are promising strategies for reducing the likelihood of academic underachievement, truancy, and school dropout. Program effectiveness, however, varies widely. Investigation into factors that strengthen the impact of mentoring on academic-related outcomes is warranted. One factor might be academic attunement, or the degree to which a mentor’s emphasis on academics is consistent with youth’s academic support–seeking behavior and desire for academic help. This within-group study examined the relationship between mentor attunement and academic outcomes among youth ( N = 204; ages 11-18; 54.5% male) who participated in a time-limited mentoring program. Latent profile analysis identified three distinct groups: attuned mentors, overfocused mentors, and underfocused mentors. In general, youth with attuned mentors reported better postintervention scores as compared with youth with misattuned (i.e., overfocused or underfocused) mentors on perception of school usefulness and importance, academic self-efficacy, and truancy, but not grade point average. Findings suggest the importance of monitoring academic attunement.
No Effect of Writing Advice on Reading Comprehension
Authors: Balling Laura Winther
Published: March 2017

This article considers text comprehension through the integrated perspectives of language processing research and practical writing advice as expressed in writing guides and language policies. Such guides for instance include advice to use active constructions instead of passives and sentences instead of nominalizations. These recommended and problem constructions and two other contrasts were investigated in an eye-tracking experiment where 27 students read four authentic texts where the target constructions had been manipulated. A mixed-effects regression analysis showed no difference between recommended and problem constructions, while several control variables were significant. This result indicates that the linguistic manipulations are not in themselves crucial to text comprehension, and it is hypothesized that the central aspect for text comprehension is how the linguistic manipulations support cohesion and coherence in the text.
Hepatitis B virus prevalence in rural areas in south-west Chad
Authors: Suesstrunk Julian , Djongali Fédéric Berniba
Published: March 2017

In Chad, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is thought to have a high prevalence and is consequently responsible for numerous acute and long-term complications. It is often detected during screening in potential blood donors. However, no general population-based study on the prevalence of hepatitis B has been performed. The aim of this study was to gain an impression of the HBV prevalence in rural areas in south-west Chad. A total of 1309 individuals (745 boys/men, 564 girls/women) with a median age of 15 years (age range, 6–81 years) were screened for the presence of the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAG). We found an overall prevalence of 22.9%. The youngest age group (6–15 years) and the boys/men showed a significantly higher HBsAG prevalence compared to the older groups and the girls/women, respectively ( P < 0.01). Vertical infection during birth and horizontal infection by sharing food, water and shelter are believed to be the main sources of infection.
Challenges in the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy in a low-resource setting: Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Authors: Ngwenya Solwayo
Published: March 2017

Background

Ectopic pregnancy contributes to maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in low-resourced countries with limited facilities for early diagnosis and treatment. It is a very challenging condition to diagnose. Patients may collapse and die while undergoing investigation.

Aims

To assess surgical treatment given to patients presenting at Mpilo Central Hospital, the challenges that are faced and the outcomes; and also to document how women survive this dangerous condition in a setting challenged by low resources.

Results

All the patients had prompt life-saving surgery within 48 h of admission despite the challenges faced. The survival rate was 100% during the period of the study.

Conclusion

It is possible to prevent maternal mortality in low-resource countries by maintaining basic clinical and surgical skills.
Bringing Britain into being: Sociology, anthropology and British lives
Authors: Degnen Cathrine , Tyler Katharine
Published: March 2017

In this Introduction to the volume, the authors argue that the time is over for thinking reductively of the anthropology of Britain as simply ‘anthropology at home’. The authors also argue for the importance of creating space to promote fresh intellectual dialogue between anthropology and sociology. Both sociologists and anthropologists working on aspects of British social life are equally engaged, now more than ever, in the critical investigation of a common set of major issues such as the increase in cultural and ethnic nationalisms, economic austerity and its manifold impact on communities and individuals, and growing social and economic inequalities. Recognising disciplinary contributions to areas of mutual scholarly interest offers not only sources of intellectual inspiration for anthropologists and sociologists alike but also opens up possible avenues for forging institutional alliances and solidarities in the current political and economic climate of uncertainty for both disciplines.
Amongst the disciplines: Anthropology, sociology, intersection and intersectionality
Authors: Degnen Cathrine , Tyler Katharine
Published: March 2017

The history of relations between anthropology and sociology in the UK might at best be described as ‘studied indifference’. And yet, they have shared disciplinary interests in many respects, including the concepts of belonging and identity. This article resists disciplinary boundaries and ‘thinks together’ sociological interpretations of intersectionality and anthropological notions of intersection. The authors argue that whilst intersectionality offers a frame to think about the co-constitution of ethnic, racial, class, sexual and gendered identities and the production of social inequalities, anthropological approaches to intersection draw on a cultural form and social logic encountered during ethnographic fieldwork that emphasise ideas about interrelatedness, belonging, place, temporality, connection and disconnection. In juxtaposing these two approaches, the authors seek firmer traction to better articulate the shape and scope of the ways in which scholars in both fields might develop new ways of explaining the lives and the concerns of the people they work with.
‘We don’t want to be sent back and forth all the time’: Ethnographic encounters with displacement, migration, and Britain beyond the British Isles
Authors: Jeffery Laura
Published: March 2017

This article draws on ethnographic research with the Chagos islanders from the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, a case study which offers an exceptional opportunity to interrogate forced displacement, onward migration and prospective return in the context of the long historical legacy and wide geographical arc of British colonialism. The case study generates interconnected arguments relating, first, to the contribution of ethnography to the interdisciplinary study of displacement and migration, and second, to the geographical, thematic and temporal scope of the anthropology of Britain. Long-term ethnographic engagement with a displaced community unsettles typologies of compulsion and choice by revealing the complexities of displaced people’s changing reflections on their own experiences over the course of lifetimes marked by displacement and migration. This history of British colonial and postcolonial displacement, migration and citizenship is a reminder that the anthropology of life in contemporary Britain is not confined geographically to the British Isles or temporally to the twenty-first century.
Loudly sing cuckoo: More-than-human seasonalities in Britain
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew
Published: March 2017

This article explores seasonality through the lens of British relations with other beings. Drawing on discussions of temporality and seasonality by Ingold, Harris and Krause and extending them in the light of developments in more-than-human anthropology, the qualities of different sorts of seasonal, more-than-human relations are explored. Haraway’s emphasis on an intimate ‘being with’ other species is used to consider close seasonal relations that draw beings together in shared tasks. However, in modern societies such as Britain, where lives are lived as much indoors as out, less intimate seasonal relations can still carry great significance. These relations are explored using Latimer’s concept of ‘being alongside’. This distinction is expanded upon by comparing narratives of listening to birds in Britain with ethnographic examples from non-European societies where people procure their own subsistence and lead seasonal lives closely enmeshed with plants and animals. Similar relations are examined between farmers and other beings on the Scottish island of Islay, where wild geese and domestic livestock graze the same pastures and where government conservation schemes require the mowing of grass at specific times to foster the breeding success of rare corncrakes. Here ‘being with’ other species is complicated by seemingly detached bureaucratic government schemes, which nevertheless are drawn into the seasonal taskscape by the effects they have on humans and nonhumans alike. Finally, newer seasonal relations with nonhumans that emerge through the use of technologies such as radio-tracking and websites are considered. These render global ecologies of more-than-human seasonality visible in relations of remote witnessing. Seasonality is thus explored as a means to consider the specific relations of place, the contradictions and tensions between being-in-the-world and bureaucratic schemes, and the fragility of the ties that bind weather, wildlife and nation in a time of rapid environmental change.
Barefoot in Britain – yet again: On multiple identities, intersection(ality) and marginality
Authors: Werbner Pnina
Published: March 2017

Anticipating later debates on multiculturalism and class ‘fractions’, anthropologists in Britain have recognised that migrants and diasporas bear multiple identities, meaning that their cultures cannot and should not be essentialised as homogeneous. For anthropologists, the importance of studying these groups’ multiple identities lies in the recognition that none of the social unities evoked – of identity, diaspora, community, nation, tradition – are consensus-based wholes; all are the products of ongoing debates and political struggles or alliances. This article argues that while multiple identities and intersectionality appear to be linked, in the sense that both concern matters of identity and identity politics, they differ radically. In this respect anthropologists of Britain have differed from sociologists and political scientists in arguing, first, for an understanding that identities can be empowering, valorised and deeply affective, and second, that identities are performed in situ – they are situational, shifting, self-defining and culturally embedded.
Relocating the British subject: Ethnographic encounters with identity politics and nationalism during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum
Authors: Smith Alexander Thomas T.
Published: March 2017

In this article, the author uses an ethnographic encounter in the aftermath of the 2014 Scottish independence referendum to explore questions of identity and nationalism in Scotland. During that encounter, he was confronted by his own, sometimes contradictory, thoughts and feelings about Britain, Britishness and Scotland. Taking inspiration from a genre of social scientific writing called ‘ethnographic memoir’, the article is his attempt to work through, and make sense of, those thoughts and feelings, by drawing on the work of both social anthropologists and sociologists who have written about identity, nationalism and legacies of empire in the UK. Following particularly the work of the social anthropologist Georgie Wemyss, who argues that contemporary discourses around ‘Britain’ legitimate what she calls ‘the invisible empire’, it is suggested that affirmations of Britain during the independence referendum helped empower an insidious, but largely taken for granted, discourse of imperial nationalism. This insight allows the author to locate the source of his own disenchantment with the identity label ‘British’. The article concludes with consideration of some of the wider implications this might have for a subdiscipline that calls itself the Anthropology of Britain.
When politicians fail: Zombie democracy and the anthropology of actually existing politics
Authors: Koch Insa
Published: March 2017

While modernist narratives of voter apathy tend to take the individual as their point of departure, recent work in the sociology of care and the anthropology of class has identified alternative understandings of personhood. On a post-industrial English council estate, residents think of politicians as the antithesis of ordinary sociality from whom withdrawal becomes a socially expected response. This is because politicians lack the requisite attributes that make a locally valued person, including a commitment to a locality and its people. An ethnographic portrayal of ‘zombie democracy’ identifies the crucial role played by values other than those of individualism in understanding popular withdrawal from politics. It further extends the call for an anthropology of actually existing politics by bringing an analysis of everyday processes of value accrual to bear on our understandings of formal politics and electoral processes.
Studying Britain: A British sociologist’s view
Authors: Lawler Steph
Published: March 2017

This Preface aims to take a transversal perspective on the articles in this volume through considering the ways in which ‘the everyday’ works as a locus of enquiry for both sociology and social anthropology. It considers some of the ways in which the everyday came into being as an object of study, and makes the case that attention to the everyday requires a split vision – seeing both what is there and the often hidden relationships that make the ‘there’ possible.
Being undisciplined: Doing justice to the immensity of human experience
Authors: Rapport Nigel
Published: March 2017

This monograph has been an appraisal of the anthropology of Britain as a project. In this final piece, the volume is reviewed and an argument is made along Kierkegaardian lines. Human life is an inward, personal adventure, of each in the face of the other: life is individual and possessed of infinite depth. Conducting social-scientific research (whether ‘anthropological’ or ‘sociological’) in a language – verbal, gestural and conventional – with which the researcher is ‘at home’ enables that individual and inward life, and its public and social dimensions, to be apprehended with a subtlety and sophistication far more difficult to acquire in ‘foreign’ settings. Anthropology ‘at home’ is ideally placed to differentiate between the cultural forms of life, the social structures of life, and how these are individually inhabited and personally experienced. To do justice to human life – descriptive, analytic – is to apprehend an immensity – a complexity and contrariety – beyond the delimitings of partial labels and categories, even beyond particular disciplines of study.
Racial hierarchies and contradictory moral regimes in lifestyle destinations: Older, Western residents in Ubud, Bali
Authors: Green Paul
Published: March 2017

This article examines how older, Western residents make sense of racial and economic hierarchies in the context of relations with Balinese employees and a modern service infrastructure of cafes and restaurants in Ubud, Bali. I examine how these residents engage with contradictory moral regimes that reflect a desire to downplay white privilege, yet place the self at the forefront of narratives of life and lifestyle in Bali. The spatial management of such concerns, I argue, is complicated by a desire to impose fixity on socio-cultural process, in ways that bring symbolic pollution beliefs to the fore in this lifestyle destination.
A New Online Calibration Method Based on Lord’s Bias-Correction
Authors: He Yinhong , Chen Ping , Li Yong , Zhang Shumei
Published: March 2017

Online calibration technique has been widely employed to calibrate new items due to its advantages. Method A is the simplest online calibration method and has attracted many attentions from researchers recently. However, a key assumption of Method A is that it treats person-parameter estimates [Formula: see text] (obtained by maximum likelihood estimation [MLE]) as their true values [Formula: see text], thus the deviation of the estimated [Formula: see text] from their true values might yield inaccurate item calibration when the deviation is nonignorable. To improve the performance of Method A, a new method, MLE-LBCI-Method A, is proposed. This new method combines a modified Lord’s bias-correction method (named as maximum likelihood estimation-Lord’s bias-correction with iteration [MLE-LBCI]) with the original Method A in an effort to correct the deviation of [Formula: see text] which may adversely affect the item calibration precision. Two simulation studies were carried out to explore the performance of both MLE-LBCI and MLE-LBCI-Method A under several scenarios. Simulation results showed that MLE-LBCI could make a significant improvement over the ML ability estimates, and MLE-LBCI-Method A did outperform Method A in almost all experimental conditions.
Which Statistic Should Be Used to Detect Item Preknowledge When the Set of Compromised Items Is Known?
Authors: Sinharay Sandip
Published: March 2017

Benefiting from item preknowledge is a major type of fraudulent behavior during educational assessments. Belov suggested the posterior shift statistic for detection of item preknowledge and showed its performance to be better on average than that of seven other statistics for detection of item preknowledge for a known set of compromised items. Sinharay suggested a statistic based on the likelihood ratio test for detection of item preknowledge; the advantage of the statistic is that its null distribution is known. Results from simulated and real data and adaptive and nonadaptive tests are used to demonstrate that the Type I error rate and power of the statistic based on the likelihood ratio test are very similar to those of the posterior shift statistic. Thus, the statistic based on the likelihood ratio test appears promising in detecting item preknowledge when the set of compromised items is known.
Pathways of Institutional Change: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Micelotta Evelyn , Lounsbury Michael , Greenwood Royston
Published: March 2017

The study of institutional change is a core research area in organization theory and is of increasing relevance for scholarship in other disciplines. In this article, we review the substantial number of studies that have examined the ways by which institutions are created, modified, or transformed, highlighting the lack of integration of prior works that emphasize exogenous shocks, institutional entrepreneurship, and practice-based change. Drawing on the institutional logics perspective, we then develop a novel typology of pathways of change that more comprehensively brings together this diverse literature, accounts for the richness and heterogeneity of institutional change processes unveiled by studies to date, and provides a more synthetic framework to guide future research. Based on our analysis and theorizing, we discuss important new scholarly directions that will enhance our understanding of different kinds of institutional change processes and outcomes, as well as contribute to further development of the institutional logics perspective.
Shakespeare’s First Folio and the fetish of the book
Authors: Cummings Brian
Published: March 2017

Prospero’s renunciation of his book in The Tempest acknowledges its power as a kind of ‘fetish’. This essay traces the idea of the book as ‘commodity fetish’ and as material text. The argument examines how post-Marxist thought, in a new reading of Louis Althusser, might be used to challenge the Shakespeare of late capitalism. It suggests how a complex reading of the fetish in historiography, combining a history of the material book in Shakespeare, with a theoretical reading of William Pietz, Stephen Greenblatt and Peter Stallybrass, sheds light on the First Folio, one of the most famous – and fetishized – books in history.
Multiple racial futures: Spatio-temporalities of race during World War I
Authors: Olund Eric
Published: March 2017

Using the example of the WWI-US Commission on Training Camp Activities, I argue that racialized biopolitical projects entail multiple, specific spatio-temporalities that seek to enact different racial futures within and between racial categories. What I call “victorious whiteness”, “infinite whiteness” and “static blackness” assembled by the Commission on Training Camp Activities, and an “advancing blackness” pursued by black elites in opposition, interacted in a complex topology of early 20th-century efforts to protect trainee soldiers from venereal disease, and efforts to prevent racial violence, both of which endangered the war effort and thus the future of the white nation. This counters a tendency in much current literature on racial biopolitics to assert a stark binary between and homogeneity within the facilitation of white futurity and black risk failure within individual biopolitical projects.
An investigation of the psychometric properties of the Chinese (Cantonese) version of Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO)
Authors: Kwong Patrick WH , Ng Shamay SM , Ng Gabriel YF
Published: March 2017

Objective:

The objectives of this study were 1) to translate and make cultural adaptations to the English version of the SIPSO questionnaire to create a Chinese (Cantonese) version, 2) evaluate the internal consistency, test-retest reliability the C-SIPSO questionnaire, and 3) compare the SIPSO-C scores of stroke survivors with different demographic characteristics to establish the discriminant validity of the questionnaire

Design:

Translation of questionnaire, cross sectional study.

Setting:

University-based clinical research laboratory.

Subjects

Community-dwelling chronic stroke survivors.

Interventions:

Not applicable.

Main measures:

Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome, Geriatric Depression Scale, 10-metre Walk test.

Results:

Two bilingual professional translators translated the SIPSO questionnaire independently. An expert panel comprising five registered physiotherapists verified the content validity of the final version (C-SIPSO). C-SIPSO demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.83) and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC3,1 = 0.866) in ninety-two community dwelling chronic stroke survivors. Stroke survivors scored higher than 10 in the Geriatric Depression Scale ( U = 555.0, P < 0.001) and with the comfortable walking speed lower than 0.8ms–1 ( U = 726.5; P = 0.012) scored significantly lower on SIPSO-C.

Conclusion:

SIPSO-C is a reliable instrument that can be used to measure the level of community integration in community-dwelling stroke survivors in Hong Kong and southern China. Stroke survivors who were at high risk of minor depression and with limited community ambulation ability demonstrated a lower level of community integration as measured with SIPSO-C
Early interventions to promote work participation in people with regional musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Cochrane Andy , Higgins Niamh M , FitzGerald Oliver , Gallagher Pamela , Ashton Jennifer , Corcoran Oriel , Desmond Deirdre
Published: March 2017

Objectives:

To determine the effectiveness of early multidisciplinary interventions in promoting work participation and reducing work absence in adults with regional musculoskeletal pain.

Data sources:

Seven databases (CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, OT Seeker, PEDro; 1990 to December 2016) were searched for eligible studies.

Review methods:

Trials were included if they reported on work-based outcomes for participants experiencing difficulties at work or ≤ three months’ sick leave. Interventions had to include two or more elements of the biopsychosocial model delivered as a coordinated programme. Quality was assessed using the GRADE criteria. Results were analysed by hazard ratios for return to work data; continuous outcomes were analysed as standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals.

Results:

A total of 20 randomized controlled trials, with 16,319 participants were included; the interventions were grouped according to their main components for meta-analyses. At 12-months follow-up, moderate quality evidence suggests that programmes involving a stepped care approach (four studies) were more effective than the comparisons in promoting return to work (hazard ratio (HR) 1.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 1.61), p = 0.03), whereas case management (two studies) was not (HR 0.92 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.24), p = 0.59). Analyses suggested limited effectiveness in reducing sickness absences, in pain reduction or functional improvement across the intervention categories.

Conclusion:

There is uncertainty as to the effectiveness of early multicomponent interventions owing to the clinical heterogeneity and varying health and social insurance systems across the trials.
The judicial pursuit of the sexual victimization of children
Authors: Sumalla Josep M Tamarit , Lago Mª Jesús Guardiola , Padró-Solanet Albert , Hernández-Hidalgo Patricia
Published: March 2017

This article analyses the criminal justice system’s treatment of those sexual offences against children of which it is made aware. The findings reported in this article draw on a quantitative study based on data ( n = 97) taken from judicial files from a province of Catalonia, Spain. The study examines prosecution, trial and conviction rates, analysing the possible variables involved to provide a better understanding of the reasons behind the successful prosecution of complaints made. The study points to a low rate of prosecution, similar to other studies carried out in English-speaking countries. This leads us to conclude that differences in legal systems do not give rise to significant differences in dealing with cases. There is no evidence that a legalistic system such as that of Spain acts as a restraining element against the influence of non-legal factors in the judicial decision-making process. However, similarities with other studies are not found with regards to some factors associated with it. The findings provide no confirmation of the hypothesis that the Spanish criminal justice system is particularly reluctant to prosecute cases of intrafamilial victimization.
Online child sexual grooming
Authors: Villacampa Carolina , Gómez Mª Jesus
Published: March 2017

This work presents the results of quantitative research into online child grooming carried out with a sample of 489 secondary school students in Catalonia (Spain). Besides determining the rate of victimisation of children by this behaviour, it establishes the profile of the victims and the offenders. In addition, it analyses the dynamics of these processes, victim–offender interaction, the level of effect that this behaviour has on the victims and the way in which an end was put to the situation. The results obtained in this empirical research do not permit confirmation of the common opinion that the widespread use of information and communication technology has led to an exponential increase in the victimisation of minors through online child grooming behaviour by unknown adults offline, because of which we need to react through the criminalisation of this behaviour.