bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of Site Selection Decisions of Residential Development Projects in Hangzhou Based on Potential Market Segmentation
Authors: Zhang Ling , Wu Bohong , Chen Sijie
Published: January 2025

Since 2016, strict regulatory policies have limited the size and financing channels of China’s urban real estate market. To adapt to the new situation, real estate developers need to adjust their development strategies and adopt more precise investment methods. In this respect, cost reduction, an accurate market positioning, and conducting detailed market research are particularly crucial. Given that the uneven development of the urban housing market has exacerbated urban segregation, urban residential space was subdivided into multiple potential submarkets. This study focuses on the land acquisition and the development of commercial residential projects in Hangzhou, China, from 2003 to 2022. Using the latent class analysis method based on the discrete choice model, the potential submarkets of Hangzhou’s housing development market are identified, and the project positioning and land selection preferences of developers are assessed. The results show that Hangzhou’s residential projects can be divided into five potential market categories: high-rise basic demand dwellings, high-end-improvement-type dwellings, luxury low-density dwellings, primary-improvement-type dwellings, and large-scale mixed-density dwellings. The importance of different land elements for developers when developing various types of projects is evaluated by calculating the willingness-to-pay coefficient. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive perspective for the government, real estate developers, and property owners to better understand the development dynamics on the supply side of the real estate market.
Flash Tempering of High-Strength, Low-Alloy Martensitic Steel via Electrical Pulsing Treatment
Authors: Zhang Chuhan , Luo Xi , Liu Jun , Zhou Xuefeng , Tu Yiyou
Published: January 2025

Optimized heat treatment processes for high-strength, low-alloy steel are studied in order to maximize the strengthening effects of the alloying elements and achieve a favorable balance of strength and ductility. In this study, it is found that high-energy-density electric pulse treatment (EPT) can effectively reduce the residual stress in quenched high-strength, low-alloy steel. Furthermore, EPT promotes the precipitation of fine needle-like ε-carbides and small spherical M6C carbides. Using an electrical pulse acting for 10 s with a current density of 19.52 A/mm2, the elongation of the quenched steel increases from 4.5% to 12.4%. Compared to the as-quenched state, there is no significant decrease in tensile strength, while the product of strength and ductility reaches 20.33 GPa%. When the pulse current density is increased to 27.76 A/mm2 for 10 s, the tempering effect is equivalent to that of tempering at 600 °C for 4 h.
Evaluation of 3D-Printed Connectors in Chair Construction: A Comparative Study with Traditional Mortise-and-Tenon Joints
Authors: Nicolau Antoniu , Baba Marius Nicolae , Cerbu Camelia , Cioacă Cătălin , Brenci Luminița-Maria , Cosereanu Camelia
Published: January 2025

The present paper investigates the possibility of replacing the traditional L-type corner joint used in chair construction with a 3D printed connector, manufactured using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method and black PLA as filament. The connector was designed to assemble the legs with seat rails and stretchers, and it was tested under diagonal tensile and compression loads. Its performance was compared to that of the traditional mortise-and-tenon joint. Stresses and displacements of the jointed members with connector were analyzed using non-linear Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. Both connector and mortise-and-tenon joint were employed to build chair prototypes made from beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.). Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method was used to analyze the displacements in the vicinity of the jointed members of the chairs. Seat and backrest static load tests were carried out in order to verify if the chairs withstand standard loading requirements. Results indicated that the 3D printed connector exhibited equivalent mechanical performance as the traditional joint. The recorded displacement values of the chair with 3D-printed connectors were higher than those of the traditional chair reaching 0.6 mm on the X-axis and 1.1 mm on the Y-axis, without any failures under a maximum vertical load of approximately 15 kN applied to the seat. However, it successfully withstood the loads for seating and backrest standard tests, in accordance with EN 1728:2012, without any structural failure. This paper presents a new approach for the chair manufacturing sector, with potential applicability to other types of furniture.
Study of Corrosion of Portland Cement Embedded Steel with Addition of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Gómez-Aristizabal Miguel Angel , Moreno-Vargas Jhoan Mauricio , Echeverry-Cardona Laura María , Restrepo-Parra Elisabeth
Published: January 2025

In this study, we research the innovative application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as corrosion inhibitors in Portland cement embedded steel. The physicochemical properties of the dispersion solutions were evaluated, varying the storage time, to analyze their effect on corrosion resistance. Using a dispersion energy of 440 J/g and a constant molarity of 10 mM, stable dispersions were achieved for up to 3 weeks. These dispersions were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Zeta potential spectroscopy to assess the stability and structural damage of the MWCNTs. These results show that the addition of MWCNTs not only reduces the porosity of the cement matrix, but also forms an effective barrier against chloride ion intrusion, protecting the reinforcing steel. This approach stands out for combining improved mechanical properties and significant corrosion resistance, representing a promising innovation in the development of more durable construction materials.
The Half-Space Sommerfeld Problem of a Horizontal Dipole for Magnetic Media
Authors: Sautbekov Seil , Sautbekova Merey
Published: January 2025

A Hertz radiator’s Sommerfeld boundary value problem is considered for the case when its electric moment is directed horizontally relative to the plane interface between two media with different values of magnetic permeability. An integral representation of the exact expression for the Hertz potential, which generalizes the classical solution for non-magnetic media, both in cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems, is obtained. The corresponding expressions for the scattered wave fields are given in the form of Sommerfeld integrals. It is shown that the potential components can be represented as the sum of an infinite series in powers of the Green function.
Late Postpartum Eclampsia with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Study
Authors: Elshafei Mohamed , Oweis Hala Ashraf , Abdul Hafez Yosra , Alom Thuraya , Hayani Zahraa Mohamed , ElNebrisi Eslam
Published: January 2025

Eclampsia is a multisystem disorder of pregnancy and the puerperium. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), a neurotoxic condition characterized by various neurological symptoms, can arise from multiple causes including eclampsia. Although hemorrhage is a possible complication of PRES, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a rare occurrence in eclamptic patients with this condition. A 33-year-old female patient presented with acute severe headache and blurred vision two days after delivery. This progressively worsened over the next five days before she was admitted to the hospital. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan with contrast revealed a picture suggestive of PRES. Following admission, she had seizures, and a follow-up MRI revealed an acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Treatment started, and the patient improved and was discharged from the hospital without any residual symptoms. This case illustrates how eclampsia can be a risk factor for PRES, and although hemorrhagic PRES is becoming more recognized, SAH remains an unusual but critical presentation. Early and accurate diagnosis, along with effective management, is crucial for achieving a positive outcome.
Chemical and Sensory Evaluation of Blackberry (Rubus sp.) Juice Concentrated by Reverse Osmosis and Osmotic Evaporation
Authors: Vilar Juliana , Monteiro Flavia , Corrêa-Filho Luiz , Gomes Flávia , Tonon Renata , Freitas-Sá Daniela , Freitas Suely , Cabral Lourdes
Published: January 2025

Blackberry can be considered a source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, especially anthocyanins, which are responsible for the attractive color of the juice. However, blackberry juice quality can be reduced under severe heat treatments, resulting in darkened color and altered taste. Membrane separation processes are an alternative for the clarification and concentration of fruit juices, with advantages as the maintenance of the nutritional, sensory, and functional characteristics of the product. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of membrane concentration on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of blackberry juice. The juice was first clarified by an enzymatic treatment associated with microfiltration and then concentrated by reverse osmosis and osmotic evaporation. Samples were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, soluble and total solids, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and total anthocyanins. The concentrated juices were then reconstituted for sensory evaluation. It was verified that reverse osmosis and osmotic evaporation resulted in juices with total solid concentrations of 29 and 53 g∙100 g−1, respectively, with slight differences in pH and acidity. Some phenolic compounds were lost during processing. The concentration of anthocyanins and the antioxidant capacity of the osmotic evaporation-concentrated juice increased 6.2 and 7.7 times, respectively, compared to the initial juice. Regarding sensory analysis, the juices concentrated by RO and EO presented acceptance percentages (scores between 6 and 9) of 58% and 55%, respectively. Consumers described them as “good appearance”, “refreshing”, “tasty”, “sweet”, or “with ideal sweetness”, in agreement with the high acceptance scores (6.2 and 6.9, respectively).
A Data-Driven Methodology for Obtaining the Stress–Strain Curves of Metallic Materials Using Discrete Indentation Tests
Authors: Rom Nitzan , Priel Elad
Published: January 2025

Determining the stress–strain curve and other plastic properties using instrumented indentation techniques has long been a topic of active study. The potential to use small, geometrically simple specimens and to characterize a component under service without the need to remove material for specimen preparation makes this methodology highly attractive to many industries. In this study, a data-driven approach that leverages machine learning and finite element analysis was used to construct a model called ‘Brilearn’ that predicts the stress–plastic strain curve of metallic materials. The framework consists of a novel model for predicting the hardening curve, the classical Tabor model for predicting the yield stress for materials with yield stress lower than 100 MPa, and an XGBoost model for predicting the yield stress for metals with yield stress higher than 100 MPa. The model was validated against experimental data on Al1100, Al6061-T6, Al7075-T6, and brass and copper alloys, features error predictions of 8.4 ± 8.5% for the yield stress and 3.2 ± 4% for a complete curve ranging from ε¯p=0 to ε¯p=0.15. The model is especially suited for the determination of the stress–plastic strain curves for components in service since only two simple indentation tests are required.
Low-Frequency Measurement of Moistened Wood-Based Materials
Authors: D’Alvia Livio
Published: January 2025

This article examines how water content is a crucial parameter for the preservation of wooden artworks and buildings, focusing on non-invasive ways of measuring water content through capacitive methods. A personalized, low-cost probe to measure the dielectric properties of oak and poplar wood at various water content levels and frequencies is described. The accuracy of the probe is confirmed by testing it with reference materials like air, PTFE, PLA, glass and Bakelite, demonstrating an accuracy error below 2%. Next, the probe is used to evaluate the relationship between water content and permittivity, indicating possible uses in conservation projects. Measurements were conducted on two types of wood, poplar and oak, at five varying levels of water content. The dielectric permittivity between 10 and 100 kHz was assessed. Using the vertical shift from the single interpolant of the dataset, a graduation curve was estimated. Finally, an R2 = 0.98 value demonstrates that a sigmoidal function reflects the relationship between the percentage water content and the permittivity of materials.
Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund: Distribution, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Felix Monique A. , Han Jing , Khajanchi Bijay K. , Sanad Yasser M. , Zhao Shaohua , Foley Steven L.
Published: January 2025

The global incidence of Salmonella enterica serovar Schwarzengrund has risen in recent years. This serotype has been isolated from poultry, retail meat, and other food products, leading to multiple outbreaks. Alongside the increase in infections, there are growing concerns about the increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among S. Schwarzengrund strains. This study aims to better understand the genetic factors possibly contributing to the rising prevalence of S. Schwarzengrund by analyzing the sequences of 2058 isolates from both human patients (N = 313) and food- and animal-associated sources, including chicken (N = 1145), turkey (N = 300), pork (N = 132), and other sources (N = 168). Data were obtained from GenBank and analyzed for AMR genes using AMRFinder. Additionally, putative virulence genes and plasmid transfer genes were assessed using the Virulence and AMR Plasmid Transfer Factor Database. AMR genes were found in 1269 (61.7%) of the isolates, with a total of 2478 AMR genes among the isolates, the most common being aph(3″)-Ib (N = 969, 47.1%), tet(A) (N = 190, 9.2%), and sul2 (N = 150, 7.3%), which are responsible for resistance to aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and sulfonamide, respectively. Additionally, 1060 (51.5%) isolates carried multiple plasmid transfer genes associated with IncFIB-FIC(FII) plasmids. Other plasmid types found in at least 1% of the strains included IncI1 (N = 101, 4.9%), IncHI2 (N = 62, 3.0%), or IncHI1 (N = 24, 1.2%). The virulence gene profiles of human isolates showed diversity but largely overlapped with those from different food sources. Notably, the aerobactin iron acquisition genes, associated with Salmonella’s virulence and colonization, were highly prevalent among chicken isolates (N = 1019, 89.0%) but less frequent in isolates from other sources (N = 65, 7.2%). IncFIB-FIC(FII) plasmids, commonly harboring the aerobactin operon, were highly prevalent among chicken-related isolates and present in about 10% of human isolates. The diverse plasmid, AMR, and virulence gene profiles in human-associated isolates suggest that multiple factors may contribute to the increased virulence in S. Schwarzengrund.
Achieving Zero Waste and CO2 Reduction in Saline Water Treatment—Sustainable Salt and Ice Recovery Using Pipe Freeze Crystallization
Authors: More Kagiso S. , Maree Johannes P.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the application of pipe freeze crystallization (PFC) as a sustainable, zero-waste technology for treating high-salinity industrial wastewater, enabling the simultaneous recovery of salts and clean water. PFC addresses the limitations of traditional brine treatment methods such as evaporation ponds and distillation, which are energy-intensive, produce concentrated brine requiring disposal, and emit significant CO2. A pilot demonstration plant in Olifantsfontein, South Africa, served as the basis for this research. The plant operates at an energy consumption rate of 330 kJ/kg, significantly lower than distillation’s 2200 kJ/kg. It efficiently recovers high-purity Na2SO4 and clean ice, which can be reused as water, with plans underway to incorporate NaCl recovery. Comparative analyses highlight PFC’s energy efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions, achieving an 82% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to evaporation-based methods. This study evaluates the operational parameters and scalability of PFC for broader industrial applications. X-ray Diffraction analysis confirmed that the Na2SO4 recovered from the pilot plant achieved a purity level of 84.9%, demonstrating the process’s capability to produce valuable, market-ready by-products. These findings reinforce PFC’s potential as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional methods. PFC offers a transformative solution for managing saline effluents, aligning with zero-waste objectives and contributing to reduced environmental impact. This technology provides industries with an economically viable solution for resource recovery while supporting compliance with stringent environmental regulations.
The Impact of Ultra-Low Temperature Quenching Treatment on the Pore Structure of Natural Quartz Sand
Authors: Guo Yu , Cheng Nianshou , Ding Ran , Chen Junhua , Shu Lingxiu , Xu Wei , Shi Guoliang
Published: January 2025

The effective removal of impurities from natural quartz is a very challenging subject, but there is no relevant study on the mesoscopic structure of quartz sand particles, and there is still a lack of direct evidence on the structure-activity relationship between mesoscopic structure and purification effect. In this paper, the effects of calcination temperature, calcination time, quenching frequency and grinding frequency on the formation of mesoscopic fractures in natural quartz sand were studied, and a linear regression model was established by fractal and differential methods. The results show that the cracked structure of quartz sand and its variation law have remarkable fractal characteristics, and that thermal expansion and phase transformation are the main factors affecting the cracked structure and specific surface area of quartz sand. The non-phase change thermal expansion results in the formation of semi-closed wedge-shaped fractures in the open fractures of quartz sand, resulting in a significant decrease in the specific surface area of the cracked sand. On the contrary, the phase change expansion is conducive to the generation of more Me10 mesoporous fractures and the increase of the specific surface area of cracked sand. In addition, thermal stress and mechanical force are more likely to form Me50 and Me10 mesoporous cracks, where the average proportion of Me50 is higher than 75%. Based on this, the linear regression model between the fractal dimension and the pore volume distribution, SBET, is further established, and the correlation coefficient R2 is mostly above 96%. In addition to offering insightful findings for the investigation of the structure-activity relationship between the purification effect and the mesoscopic structure of quartz sand, this paper also establishes the groundwork for the advancement of high purification technologies for natural quartz sand.
Caffeine as an Active Molecule in Cosmetic Products for Hair Loss: Its Mechanisms of Action in the Context of Hair Physiology and Pathology
Authors: Szendzielorz Ewelina , Spiewak Radoslaw
Published: January 2025

Caffeine has recently attracted attention as a potential remedy for hair loss. In the present review, we look into the molecule’s possible mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics. At the molecular level, it appears that the physiological effects of caffeine are mainly due to the molecule’s interaction with adenosine pathways which leads to an increase in cAMP level and the stimulation of metabolic activity in the hair follicle. Moreover, caffeine also acts as an antioxidant and may prevent degenerative processes. While the intact stratum corneum seems virtually impenetrable to caffeine and a range of physical and chemical methods have been proposed to facilitate its penetration, hair follicles seem to be both a main entry route into the skin and target structures for caffeine at the same time. Caffeine readily forms bonds with water and other molecules which may influence its bioavailability and should be taken into account when engineering future hair products. The results of clinical studies published so far seem promising; however, the majority of the studies of caffeine-based hair loss products offer a very low level of evidence due to considerable flaws in study designs. Nevertheless, the metabolic activity of caffeine and its ability to enter and accumulate in the hair follicles combined with the results of available clinical trials seem to indicate that caffeine could indeed prove as an effective and safe option in the management of hair loss.
Exploring the Potential of Malvidin and Echiodinin as Probable Antileishmanial Agents Through In Silico Analysis and In Vitro Efficacy
Authors: Goyzueta-Mamani Luis Daniel , Pagliara Lage Daniela , Barazorda-Ccahuana Haruna Luz , Paco-Chipana Margot , Candia-Puma Mayron Antonio , Davila-Del-Carpio Gonzalo , Galdino Alexsandro Sobreira , Machado-de-Avila Ricardo Andrez , Cordeiro Giunchetti Rodolfo , D’Antonio Edward L. , Ferraz Coelho Eduardo Antonio , Chávez-Fumagalli Miguel Angel
Published: January 2025

Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania species, presents serious public health challenges due to limited treatment options, toxicity, high costs, and drug resistance. In this study, the in vitro potential of malvidin and echioidinin is examined as antileishmanial agents against L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. infantum, comparing their effects to amphotericin B (AmpB), a standard drug. Malvidin demonstrated greater potency than echioidinin across all parasite stages and species. Against L. amazonensis, malvidin’s IC50 values were 197.71 ± 17.20 µM (stationary amastigotes) and 258.07 ± 17 µM (axenic amastigotes), compared to echioidinin’s 272.99 ± 29.90 μM and 335.96 ± 19.35 μM. AmpB was more potent, with IC50 values of 0.06 ± 0.01 µM and 0.10 ± 0.03 µM. Malvidin exhibited lower cytotoxicity (CC50: 2920.31 ± 80.29 µM) than AmpB (1.06 ± 0.12 µM) and a favorable selectivity index. It reduced infection rates by 35.75% in L. amazonensis-infected macrophages. The in silico analysis revealed strong binding between malvidin and Leishmania arginase, with the residues HIS139 and PRO258 playing key roles. Gene expression analysis indicated malvidin’s modulation of oxidative stress and DNA repair pathways, involving genes like GLO1 and APEX1. These findings suggest malvidin’s potential as a safe, natural antileishmanial compound, warranting further in vivo studies to confirm its therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics in animal models.
Tuning Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Monolayered h-BN by Doping C, Cu and Al
Authors: Li Qun , Gao Tengchao , Zhang Kuo , Che Xiangming , Ni Guolong
Published: January 2025

As a graphene-like material, h-BN has stimulated great research interest recently due to its potential application for next-generation electronic devices. Herein, a systematic theoretical investigation of electronic structures and optical properties of C-doped and Cu-Al co-doped h-BN is carried out by the first-principles calculations. Firstly, two different C-doped h-BN structures for the para-position and ortho-position are constructed. The results show that the C ortho-doped h-BN (BCN) structure with a band gap of 3.05 eV is relatively stable, which is selected as a substate to achieve the Cu-Al co-doped h-BN. Based on this, the effect of the concentration of C atom doping on the electronic and optical properties of Cu-Al co-doped BCxN (x = 0, 11.1% and 22.2%) is investigated. The results demonstrate that the band gap of Cu-Al co-doped BCxN decreases and the optical properties improve with the increase in C atom concentration. The band gap and static dielectric constant of Cu-Al co-doped BC0N, BC1N and BC2N are 0.98 eV, 0.87 eV and 0.23 eV and 2.34, 3.03 and 3.77, respectively. As for all Cu-Al co-doped BCxN systems, the adsorption peak is red-shifted, and the peak intensity obviously decreases compared to the undoped h-BN. Additionally, the Cu-Al co-doped BC2N exhibits the best response to visible light. This work will provide valuable guidance for designing and developing h-BN-based doping systems with good performance in the field of optical and photocatalysis.
The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Formononetin, an Active Constituent of Pueraria montana Var. Lobata, via Modulation of Macrophage Autophagy and Polarization
Authors: Xu Linyi , Zhou Shuo , Li Jing , Yu Wenbo , Gao Wenyi , Luo Haoming , Fang Xiaoxue
Published: January 2025

Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (P. lobata) is a medicinal herb widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and studies have shown that P. lobata possesses significant anti-inflammatory pharmacological activities. In this paper, a total of 16 compounds were isolated and identified from P. lobata, among which compounds 1–3, 7, 14, and 16 were isolated from P. lobata for the first time. The results of an in vitro anti-inflammatory activity screening assay showed that compounds 1, 4, 6, 8, and 15 were able to significantly reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages, with the most obvious effect produced by compound 6 (formononetin), while formononetin was able to significantly reduce the number of macrophages at the site of inflammation in transgenic zebrafish. In addition, network pharmacological analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of formononetin is closely related to autophagy and polarization targets such as TNF, EGFR, PTGS2, and ESR1. In vitro validation experiments showed that formononetin could enhance the expression of LCII/LCI and reduce the expression of P62 protein, reduce the expression of CD86, and enhance the expression of CD206, which further indicated that formononetin could reduce inflammation by regulating macrophage autophagy and polarization processes.
Fluorescence Analysis of Quinine in Commercial Tonic Waters
Authors: Harcher Artturi , Ricard Connor , Connolly Danielle , Gibbs Isabel , Shaw Jarve , Butler Jillian , Perschbacher Julia , Replogle Lindsay , Eide Michaela , Grissom Morgan , O’Neal Oliver , Nguyen Quan , Nguyen Van Hac , Hunnicutt Michael , Mahmoud Roaa , Dhakal Soma
Published: January 2025

Quinine is known for treating malaria, muscle cramps, and, more recently, has been used as an additive in tonic water due to its bitter taste. However, it was shown that excessive consumption of quinine can have severe side effects on health. In this work, we utilized fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the concentration of quinine in commercial tonic water samples. An external standard method was used to calculate the concentrations of quinine in two commercially available tonic water brands, namely Canada Dry and Schweppes, and compare them to the maximum allowable concentration of quinine in beverages. Upon analysis of the data collected by five different groups, the levels of quinine were found to be above the average concentration in most commercial tonic water samples, but below the maximum permitted concentration. Moreover, the five replicate sets of data demonstrated high reproducibility of the method employed in this study. The simple yet instructive protocol that we developed can be adapted to determine the concentration of other fluorescent compounds in foods and beverages. Further, the presented method and detailed protocol can be easily adopted for undergraduate labs and in chemical education.
Micro-Defects-Related Low Cycle Fatigue Mechanical Model of the Nuclear-Grade S30408 Stainless Steel
Authors: Liu Huiping , Xiao Mingkun , Hao Jiannan , Ma Xinjie , Jiang Ni , Peng Qing , Ye Chao
Published: January 2025

Continuous and interrupted low cycle fatigue tests were conducted on nuclear-grade S30408 stainless steel under different stress conditions at room temperature. Vickers hardness testing and microstructure characterization were performed on the fatigue samples with different fatigue states. The evolutionary mechanism of the microstructure defects in materials under fatigue cyclic loading was discussed. The traditional Basquin formula was used to predict the fatigue life of these fatigue samples. At the same time, a quantitative mechanical model related to the characteristic micro-defects parameter KAM and the Vickers hardness (Hv) was established for the S30408 stainless steel during the low cycle fatigue damage process, and the prediction accuracy of the Vickers hardness is greater than 90%, which is significant and useful for the fatigue life prediction of the 304 stainless steels used in nuclear systems and the safe operation of the reactors.
Interface Optimization and Thermal Conductivity of Cu/Diamond Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering Process
Authors: Zhao Junfeng , Su Hao , Li Kai , Mei Haijuan , Zhang Junliang , Gong Weiping
Published: January 2025

Cu/Diamond (Cu/Dia) composites are regarded as next-generation thermal dissipation materials and hold tremendous potential for use in future high-power electronic devices. The interface structure between the Cu matrix and the diamond has a significant impact on the thermophysical properties of the composite materials. In this study, Cu/Dia composite materials were fabricated using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process. The results indicate that the agglomeration of diamond particles decreases with increasing particle size and that a uniform distribution is achieved at 200 μm. With an increase in the sintering temperature, the interface bonding is first optimized and then weakened, with the optimal sintering temperature being 900 °C. The addition of Cr to the Cu matrix leads to the formation of Cr7C3 after sintering, which enhances the relative density and bonding strength at the interface, transitioning it from a physical bond to a metallurgical bond. Optimizing the diamond particle size increased the thermal conductivity from 310 W/m K to 386 W/m K, while further optimizing the interface led to a significant increase to 516 W/m K, representing an overall improvement of approximately 66%.
Response of Differently Structured Dental Polymer-Based Composites to Increasingly Aggressive Aging Conditions
Authors: Ilie Nicoleta
Published: January 2025

Objective: It is hypothesized that the way nano- and micro-hybrid polymer-based composites are structured and cured impacts the way they respond to aging. Material and methods: A polymer–ceramic interpenetrating network composite (Vita Enamic/VE), an industrially polymerized (Brillinat CriosST/BC), and an in situ light-cured composite with discrete inorganic fillers (Admira Fusion5/AF5) were selected. Specimens (308) were either cut from CAD/CAM blocks (VE/BC) or condensed and cured in white polyoxymethylene molds (AF5) and subjected to four different aging conditions (n = 22): (a) 24 h storage in distilled water at 37 °C; (b) 24 h storage in distilled water at 37 °C followed by thermal cycling for 10,000 cycles 5/55 °C (TC); (c) TC followed by storage in a 75% ethanol–water solution; and (d) TC followed by a 3-week demineralization/remineralization cycling. CAD/CAM samples were also measured dry before the aging process. Three-point bending test, quantitative and qualitative fractography, instrumented indentation test (IIT), SEM, and reliability analyses were used. Uni- and multifactorial ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, and Weibull analysis were performed for statistical analysis. Results: A significant (p < 0.001) and very strong effect of the parameter material was observed (ηP2 > 0.9). VE exhibited two to three times higher elastic moduli and hardness parameters compared to BC and AF5, which were comparable. Strength was highest in BC but was accompanied by high beam deformation. The effect of aging was comparatively smaller and was more evident in the IIT parameters than in the flexural strength or modulus. Reliability was high (m > 15) in VE and BC, regardless of aging protocol, while it was significantly reduced in AF5 following aging protocols b-d. Conclusions: TC was the method of artificial aging with a significant impact on the measured parameters, while demineralization/remineralization cycling had little or no impact. Clinical relevance: The degradation of composites occurred irrespective of the structuring and curing method and manifested in a low deterioration in the measured properties.
Sex Influence on Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation and Breath-Hold Diving Performance: Examination of the Autonomic Regulation of Cardiovascular Responses to Facial Cooling and Apnoea Across Sex and Varied Factors
Authors: Malinowski Krzysztof S. , Wszędybył-Winklewska Magdalena , Winklewski Paweł J.
Published: January 2025

This review emphasises the importance of the cardiovascular response to facial cooling (FC) and breath holding in both sexes. The trigemino-cardiac reflex, triggered by FC, reduces heart rate (HR) and constricts blood vessels. When combined with breath holding, this effect intensifies, enhancing the cardiodepressive impact. The cardiovascular reaction to this combination, known as the cold-water face immersion or simulated diving test, varies among individuals and depends on their cardiovascular regulatory profiles, which differ between men and women. Despite extensive research on the cardiovascular response to FC and apnoea, most studies did not categorise participants by sex, leading to a limited understanding of how it influences trigeminal nerve stimulation (TGS) and breath-hold diving (BHD). Despite attempts to address this, the existing findings remain inconsistent due to intra- and inter-individual variability. Key factors influencing the diving response include the influence of the parasympathetic system on HR, vascular sympathetic activity affecting total peripheral resistance (TPR), sensitivity to CO2, lung capacity, training, physical performance, duration of apnoea, and the stimulation of metaboreceptors in working muscles. These factors differ between men and women, potentially contributing to variations in the effectiveness of the response to the FC combined with breath holding.
Nutritional Intervention in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis, Correlation with Quality of Life and Disability—A Prospective and Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Metaxouli Konstantina , Tsiou Chrysoula , Dokoutsidou Eleni , Margari Nikoletta
Published: January 2025

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease, with diet and lifestyle playing an important role in its development. The Mediterranean diet has been considered to be particularly beneficial for MS patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between diet and MS, as well as evaluate the effect of the Mediterranean diet on patients’ quality of life and level of disability. The six-month study included 130 patients, divided into a control and intervention group. Data collection instruments were used for the collection of demographic and medical characteristics of the participants, as well as data regarding disability [(Multiple Sclerosis Rating Scale-Revised (MSRS-R) and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29)], nutrition [Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDiet Score) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)], and quality of life [Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54)]. The results indicated that the demographic characteristics of the groups were similar. The MNA score was positively associated with physical (p = 0.002) and mental health (p = 0.001). The intervention group reported an improvement in adherence to the Mediterranean diet, an increase in the MedDiet Score, and a decrease in the MSRS-R Score, indicating an improvement in functional capacity, nutritional status, and quality of life. In conclusion, the Mediterranean diet can improve the functionality and quality of life of patients with MS. Nutrition education is therefore deemed critical, and further research is required to reinforce these findings.
Progress and Challenges in Integrating Nutritional Care into Oncology Practice: Results from a National Survey on Behalf of the NutriOnc Research Group
Authors: De Felice Francesca , Malerba Silvia , Nardone Valerio , Salvestrini Viola , Calomino Natale , Testini Mario , Boccardi Virginia , Desideri Isacco , Gentili Carolina , De Luca Raffaele , Marano Luigi
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Nutritional care is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes by addressing malnutrition and enhancing recovery. Despite growing awareness, the integration of evidence-based nutritional strategies into oncology remains inconsistent. Following a 2020 survey that highlighted critical gaps, the NutriOnc Research Group launched targeted initiatives to raise awareness and improve practices. This study reassesses progress in integrating nutritional care and identifies persistent challenges. Methods: A 29-question survey was conducted in 2024 among 73 early-career oncologists, surgeons, radiation oncologists, and nutrition specialists across Italy. Respondents provided insights into clinical nutrition program availability, multidisciplinary team composition, screening practices, and educational needs. Results: Encouraging advancements were noted, with 80.8% of respondents reporting the presence of clinical nutrition programs, compared to fewer structured efforts in 2020. However, only 26.0% included nutrition specialists in multidisciplinary teams, and barriers such as financial constraints, limited product availability, and the absence of trained professionals persisted. While 82.2% performed nutritional screening, variability in tools and practices highlighted the need for standardization. Strikingly, 98.6% expressed a strong demand for advanced education on clinical nutrition, emphasizing the need for innovative and accessible training programs. Conclusions: This study reveals a landscape of progress tempered by persistent inequities. To close the gap, oncology must embrace standardized protocols, expand access to trained nutrition specialists, and invest in educational initiatives. The findings offer actionable insights for transforming cancer care through nutrition, underscoring its potential to improve survival, quality of life, and overall treatment success.
Influence of Hospital Bed Count on the Positioning of Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology (IR) Nurses: Online Questionnaire Survey of Japanese IR-Specialized Radiological Technologists
Authors: Kuriyama Tomoko , Moritake Takashi , Hitomi Go , Nakagami Koichi , Morota Koichi , Matsuzaki Satoru , Sakamoto Hajime , Matsumoto Kazuma , Kato Mamoru , Kitamura Hiroko
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Interventional radiology (IR) utilizing X-rays can lead to occupational radiation exposure, posing health risks for medical personnel in the field. We previously conducted a survey on the occupational radiation exposure of IR nurses in three designated emergency hospitals in Japan. Our findings indicated that a hospital with 214 beds showed a higher lens-equivalent dose than hospitals with 678 and 1182 beds because the distance between the X-ray irradiation field and the IR nurse’s position of the hospital with 214 beds was shorter than those of 678 and 1182 beds. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that the number of hospital beds affects the distance between the X-ray irradiation field and the IR nurse’s position. Methods: To verify this hypothesis, we conducted a more extensive online questionnaire survey, focusing exclusively on hospitals that perform cardiovascular IR. Results: We analyzed data from 78 facilities. The results of this study confirmed our earlier findings, showing that both the number of physicians performing IR procedures and the distance from the X-ray irradiation field to the IR nurse’s position are influenced by the number of hospital beds. Additionally, factors such as the type of hospital, emergency medical system, annual number of IR sessions, location of medical equipment, and the positioning of IR nurses appear to be associated with the number of hospital beds. Conclusions: Understanding these relationships could enable the development of individualized and prioritized radiation exposure reduction measures for IR nurses in high-risk settings, provided that comprehensive occupational radiation risk assessments for cardiovascular IR consider the number of hospital beds and related factors. This study was not registered.
The Potential Application of Nanocarriers in Delivering Topical Antioxidants
Authors: Zazuli Zulfan , Hartati Rika , Rowa Cornelia Rosasepti , Asyarie Sukmadjaja , Satrialdi
Published: January 2025

The imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with endogenous antioxidant capacity leads to oxidative stress, which drives many disorders, especially in the skin. In such conditions, supplementing exogenous antioxidants may help the body prevent the negative effect of ROS. However, the skin, as the outermost barrier of the body, provides a perfect barricade, making the antioxidant delivery complicated. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the penetration of antioxidants through the skin, one of which is nanotechnology. This review focuses on utilizing several nanocarrier systems, including nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and polymeric nanoparticles, for transporting antioxidants into the skin. We also reveal ROS formation in the skin and the role of antioxidant therapy, as well as the natural sources of antioxidants. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical application of topical antioxidant therapy concomitantly with the current status of using nanotechnology to deliver topical antioxidants. This review will accelerate the advancement of topical antioxidant therapy.
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS): Transition from Liquid to Solid—A Comprehensive Review of Formulation, Characterization, Applications, and Future Trends
Authors: Uttreja Prateek , Karnik Indrajeet , Adel Ali Youssef Ahmed , Narala Nagarjuna , Elkanayati Rasha M. , Baisa Srikanth , Alshammari Nouf D. , Banda Srikanth , Vemula Sateesh Kumar , Repka Michael A.
Published: January 2025

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) represent an innovative approach to improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, addressing significant challenges associated with oral drug delivery. This review highlights the advancements and applications of SEDDS, including their transition from liquid to solid forms, while addressing the formulation strategies, characterization techniques, and future prospects in pharmaceutical sciences. The review systematically analyzes existing studies on SEDDS, focusing on their classification into liquid and solid forms and their preparation methods, including spray drying, hot-melt extrusion, and adsorption onto carriers. Characterization techniques such as droplet size analysis, dissolution studies, and solid-state evaluations are detailed. Additionally, emerging trends, including 3D printing, hybrid systems, and supersaturable SEDDS (Su-SEDDS), are explored. Liquid SEDDS (L-SEDDS) enhance drug solubility and absorption by forming emulsions upon contact with gastrointestinal fluids. However, they suffer from stability and leakage issues. Transitioning to solid SEDDS (S-SEDDS) has resolved these limitations, offering enhanced stability, scalability, and patient compliance. Innovations such as personalized 3D-printed SEDDS, biologics delivery, and targeted systems demonstrate their potential for diverse therapeutic applications. Computational modeling and in silico approaches further accelerate formulation optimization. SEDDS have revolutionized drug delivery by improving bioavailability and enabling precise, patient-centric therapies. While challenges such as scalability and excipient toxicity persist, emerging technologies and multidisciplinary collaborations are paving the way for next-generation SEDDS. Their adaptability and potential for personalized medicine solidify their role as a cornerstone in modern pharmaceutical development.
Characterization of MADS-Box Gene Family in Isatis indigotica and Functional Study of IiAP1 in Regulating Floral Transition and Formation
Authors: Ma Yanqin , Lan Yanhong , Li Ju , Long Haicheng , Zhou Yujie , Li Zhi , Miao Mingjun , Zhong Jian , Wang Haie , Chang Wei , Xu Ziqin , Yang Liang
Published: January 2025

In flowering plants, MADS-box genes play regulatory roles in flower induction, floral initiation, and floral morphogenesis. Isatis indigotica (I. indigotica) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. However, available information concerning MADS-box genes in I. indigotica is insufficient. Based on the sequencing data of the I. indigotica transcriptome, we identified MADS-box gene-encoding transcription factors that have been shown to play critical roles in developmental processes. In this study, 102 I. indigotica MADS-box genes were identified and categorized into type I (Mα, Mβ, and Mγ) and type II (MIKCC and MIKC*) subfamilies. IiMADS proteins in the same cluster had similar motifs and gene structures. In total, 102 IiMADS-box genes were unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes. APETALA1 (AP1) encodes a MADS-box transcription factor which plays a pivotal role in determining floral meristem identity and also modulates developmental processes within the perianth. We then selected IiAP1 for functional studies and found that it is localized to the nucleus and highly expressed in inflorescence, sepals, and petals. The ectopic expression of IiAP1 in Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering and abnormal development of floral organs. Taken together, this research study carried out a systematic identification of MADS-box genes in I. indigotica and demonstrated that IiAP1 takes part in the regulation of floral transition and formation.