bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Technique for Studying Quantitatively the Variation in Size and Shape of Carrot Roots1
Authors: Umiel Nakdimon , Kust A. F. , Gabelman W. H.
Published: September 2022

A technique is reported for studying quantitatively the variability in size and shape of carrot roots. The method uses 2 measuring devices which are modifications of an instrument reported earlier by Mack and Lachman. The devices measure variables associated with root size and shape accurately and rapidly. The raw data can be readily converted to more descriptive statistics. Applying the technique to cultivars representing the broad spectrum of variability in carrots, we obtained for each cultivar a numerical description of an average root. Converting the numerical variables into a graphic display resulted in a schematic drawing which describes each cultivar. The technique was applied similarly to describe seasonal changes in root size and shape within a cultivar. The potential use of the procedure for carrot research is indicated.
Emergence of Hypogeal and Epigeal Germinating Species of Phaseolus and Pisum in Compacted and Uncompacted Soil1
Authors: Beckham L. S. , Rutger J. N.
Published: September 2022

Emergence of 2 epigeal and 1 hypogeal species of Phaseolus and a hypogeal species of Pisum were compared under packed and unpacked soil conditions. Hypogeal entries consistently exhibited better emergence thiough packed and crusted soils than the epigeal entries.
Growth of Vegetatively Propagated Tomato Plants in Relation to Crude Protein Content of the Stock Plant1
Authors: Lowe L. B. , Ries S. K.
Published: September 2022

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Heinz 1350) were grown under several different N regimes, and used as stock plants for vegetative propagation. The dry wt of vegetatively-propagated shoots was closely related to the crude protein content of the stock plants. The dry wt of roots from terminal cuttings was positively correlated with the crude protein content of the stock plants. The crude protein accumulated by the new shoot was proportional to the size of the shoot.
Some Effects of Eastern X-Disease on the Nitrogen Metabolism of Peach Leaves1
Authors: Wayne McKee M. , Fridrich J. H. , Forshey C. G.
Published: September 2022

Leaf samples collected during the 1971 growing season from peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] affected with eastern X-disease and compared with leaves from healthy trees had the same soluble N, but a greatly reduced H20-insoluble fraction, and increased pipecolic acid content. These results are similar to those reported for western X-disease and further corroborate the similarity of these diseases. Physiological effect of the pathogen on the peach host may be the equivalent of a prolonged moisture stress.
Spur/Pedicel Abnormalities and Resultant Growth Effects in the Apple
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: September 2022

An extra application of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)prop ionic acid (fenoprop) applied to apple trees in a commercial orchard, with an otherwise normal schedule of chemical treatment, produced abnormal fruit the following year which was unacceptable to the commercial market. The spur/pedicel development was abnormally enlarged, fruit were parthenocarpic and failed to attain normal size. The shape of the fruit was not characteristic for the cultivar. Trees were in a nonvigorous condition and would not support flower-bud formation for succeeding crops.
β-Sitosterol, StigmasteroL Campesterol and Octacosanol in Extracts from ‘Wedgwood’ Iris Shoots1
Authors: Staby George L. , De Hertogh A. A.
Published: September 2022

Using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC-mass spectrometry (MS) the main sterols of sprout tissue from Iris hollandica Hoog cv. Wedgwood were identified as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. A 4th substance which co-chromatographed with cholesterol was shown by MS to be octacosanol, a saturated C28 primary alcohol.
Evaluation of Pressure Bomb and Dye Method Measurements of Tissue Water Potential in Greenhouse Chrysanthemum.1
Authors: Spomer Louis A. , Langhans Robert W.
Published: September 2022

The pressure bomb and dye methods of measuring water stress in greenhouse-grown Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Adoration were evaluated in terms of thermocouple psychrometer water stress measurements. Tissue water potential was used as an index of water stress. Thermocouple psychrometer measured water potentials were demonstrated to be representative of true tissue water potentials. Both the pressure bomb and dye methods gave values higher than the psychrometer measurements; however, both methods provided relatively good estimates of Chrysanthemum tissue water potentials.
Rapid Determination of “Skin-toughness” in Sweetpotato1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Scott L. E. , Harris W. L.
Published: September 2022

A procedure and device is described involving a small jet of water under pressure directed onto the surface of a sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) root. The time required for the stream to abrade the skin is taken as a measure of the “skin-toughness.” The time required for abrasion of 18 cultivars was correlated with their condition scores after mechanical harvesting. Skin was more resistant to abrasion 1 day after digging than when freshly dug and curing further increased skin-toughness. Relative skin-toughness of cultivars changes during curing and storage.
Decline and Recovery of Petunia Flower Development from Ozone Stress
Authors: Craker L. E.
Published: September 2022

Flower fresh wt and diam of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilmorin, cv. Blue Lagoon) decreased under a 5 day per week ozone treatment of 5 to 7 μl/Hter as compared to controls. Removal of ozone from the plants gaseous environment allowed recovery of the plant with slow return to normal flower development.
Repressed Growth and Leaf Chlorosis of Japanese Holly Grown in Hardwood Bark1
Authors: Morris W. C. , Milbocker D. C.
Published: September 2022

Suppressed growth and chlorotic leaves of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata, Thunb. ‘Hetzii’) when grown in hardwood bark, were caused by the uptake of excessive amounts of available Mn in bark leachates.
Two Red Leaf Characters Associated with Early Ripening Peaches1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H. , Prince V. E.
Published: September 2022

Two leaf color characters, solid red and variegated red, are associated with early fruit ripening in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. These color characters appear in leaves approaching senescence and can be scored in 1-year-old seedlings.
A Method for Estimating the Yields of Sweet Cherry1
Authors: Chaplin M. H. , Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

A method for estimating sweet cherry yields was devised based on the calculation of a yield index value which incorporates estimates of the bearing surface of the tree and density of fruits on limb units. The relationship between yield index and actual yield was determined by regression analysis. The linear regression of yield index (Y) on actual yield (X) accounted for 84.6% of the variation.
Girdling Effects on Orange Fruit Set and Young Fruit Abscission1
Authors: Monselise S. P. , Goren R. , Wallerstein Israela
Published: September 2022

A previous report that girdling at the beginning of bloom increases yield of orange trees by increasing fruit number but not fruit size has been confirmed. Girdling caused the abortion of some flowers which were in the early differentiation stages at girdling time, and decreased the drop of ovaries during the first portion of the shedding season. Thus fewer flowers produced more fruits. Since it has been shown that girdling increases gibberellin activity in the aerial parts, the dual effect of gibberellin on flower formation and fruit setting may explain these influences of girdling.
Peroxidase Activity in Onion Bulbs of Long and Short Dormancy1
Authors: Poovaiah B. W. , Vest Grant , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: September 2022

The peroxidase activity in bulbs of 3 onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes known to differ in their dormancy characteristics was investigated at 2 stages of bulb development. Peroxidase activity was estimated by the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine, and peroxidase isozymes were studied by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The peroxidase activity of all 3 genotypes was the same in young bulbs (1.5 – 2 cm, diam), but in mature bulbs peroxidase activity differed with genotype. Bulbs with short dormancy had higher activity, and a greater no. of isozymes than bulbs with long dormancy. A commercial preharvest spray of maleic hydrazide (MH) did not affect peroxidase activity in bulbs of either dormancy type.
A Recessive Cotyledon Marker Gene in Cucumber with Pleiotropic Effects1
Authors: Shanmugasundaram S. , Williams P. H. , Peterson C. E.
Published: September 2022

In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) a recessive gene designated sc (stunted cotyledon) produces small, dark green, concavely curved cotyledons with chlorotic tips with pleiotropic effects of plant weakness and stunting, cupped leaves, and abnormally shaped flowers.
Comparison of Polyethylene and Polyethylene-coated Bio-degradeable Paper Mulches on Strawberry1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

Bio-degradeable paper mulches with a polyethylene (PE) coating on both sides or with a single PE coating applied against the soil surface satisfactorily endured Florida's 7 month growing season and gave similar fruit yields and fertilizer leaching results as compared to black PE mulch. Paper mulch was harder to transplant through since it is less flexible than PE mulch, but it does not have to be removed from the Geld at season's end.
Ethylene Pollution from Combustion in Greenhouses1
Authors: Hanan Joe J.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene (C2H4) is a by-product of combustion, regardless of precautions taken to ensure complete burning. To avoid crop damage in greenhouses where burning is used to supply CO2, flue gases must be diluted. Tests in different greenhouses in the Denver region showed that C2H4 may reach significant levels in flue gases from large unit heaters vented into the house–unless the unit is equipped with a distribution tube to force complete air recirculation, bringing fresh air to the burner. The free air entry for combustion should be double the National Fire Protection Code requirements ca. 1 cm2 100 kcal−1hr−1 (2 in2 per 5000 BTU hr−1), and specific provision should be made in the greenhouse structure for combustion air entry.
Effect of Several Herbicide Systems on Weed Control and Yield of Muscadine Grapes1
Authors: Lane R. P. , Daniell Jeff W.
Published: September 2022

Diuron at 2.2,4.4, and 8.9 kg/ha was ineffective in controlling grass and broadleaf weeds in a muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) vineyard while diuron at 4.4 or 8.9 followed by dalapon at 5.5 kg/ha gave effective weed control with no visible phytotoxicity. Yields were significantly reduced at the 2.2 and 8.9 kg/ha diuron rates and by diuron at 8.9 in combination with dalapon at 5.5 kg/ha. A simazine, dalapon, and 2,4-D system also controlled weeds in the vineyard with no influence on yield. Herbicide treatments had no effect on soluble solids of the fruit.
Learning the Art of Effective Communication
Authors: Meister Richard T.
Published: September 2022

All of us are uneasy about the future of agriculture and, more specifically, horticulture. The winds of change are blowing violently and we wonder if we are using our energies and talents in the right way. Are we sleeping while cataclysmic forces build up? Recent articles in HortScience warn, “We have some running to do to catch up with the world”. Or, “The public is getting the wrong message”.
Influence of Ethylene on Stored Late-season ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit1
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H.
Published: September 2022

Late-season ‘Marsh’ grapefruit was stored for 4, 8, and 12 weeks at 10°C in air containing 0, 2, 20, and 200 ppm ethylene. Rind stickiness was noted on all fruit exposed to ethylene for 8 and 12 weeks, while that unexposed to ethylene was not sticky. After 4 weeks storage, only fruit exposed to 200 ppm ethylene was sticky. After 8 weeks storage, and especially after 12 weeks, the rind of fruit exposed to ethylene was significantly more orange-yellow than that of fruit not exposed to ethylene. After 12 weeks storage, rind injury, presumably caused by ethylene, was observed only on fruit exposed to 20 and 200 ppm ethylene. Ethylene had no significant effects on aging and decay. Pitting was never observed throughout the investigation. Ethylene during storage had no significant effects after storage on fruit held for 2 weeks at 21°. Palatability of fruit was acceptable, and no significant treatment differences could be detected.
NAA and Sevin on Composition, Development, and Abscission of Apple Fruit1
Authors: Schneider G. W. , Lasheen A. M.
Published: September 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a spray to apple trees on May 7 reduced fruit set, number of seed per fruit, percent and amount of reducing sugar in flesh of young fruits but did not affect protein level or fruit size. Fruit from trees sprayed with NAA on May 18 had more seed and less reducing sugar than the checks. The late NAA spray also reduced fruit size and set but did not affect the protein level of flesh or seed. Sprays of 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate (Sevin) applied on the same dates reduced fruit set but did not affect other factors measured. We propose that the reduced metabolite supply (reducing sugar) in the young fruit is the primary reason for reduced fruit set on trees sprayed with NAA and that effect on seed number is not related to this change in composition.
Naturally Occurring Toxicants Of Horticultural Significance1
Authors: Liener Irvin E.
Published: September 2022

While Nature has generously provided man with a liberal supply of plants which can serve as a source of food, it is ironic to note that she has at the same time seen fit to endow many of the plants with the genetic capacity to synthesize a wide variety of chemical substances, which, because of their toxicity to insects, nematodes, grazing animals, and even man, have permitted plants to survive in a hostile environment. When chemicals are added to foods, we rely on appropriate governmental agencies to enact legislation to protect the consumer. But, unlike chemicals which are deliberately added to foods, natural toxicants cannot be legislated out of existence. Furthermore, unlike a chemical additive which should be assumed to be toxic unless proved otherwise, a natural food is generally assumed to be safe if it has been consumed by man for centuries with apparent impunity.
Quality of Canned ‘Babygold 7’ Peaches as Affected by Maturity and Processing Time1
Authors: Owens Charles R. , Drake Stephen R. , Ammerman G. R. , Dull Gerald
Published: September 2022

Heat penetration data showed that a 3 minute process at 104°C (220°F) with an FMC Steriotort reel speed of 5 rev/min was an adequate process for a high acid food product with an average pH of 3.9. Shear force, succulometer values, and Hunter “b” values were significantly related to maturity, but not to processing time.

Process time can be varied to produce a canned immature, medium-ripe, and ripe ‘Babygold 7’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] with characteristics similiar to a commercial product. The most acceptable process for the immature, medium-ripe, and ripe fruit was 7, 9, and 5 minutes, respectively at 104°C with a reel speed of 5 rev/min in the Steriotort. Panelists preferred the ripe and medium-ripe fruit.
Boron Levels in Stems, Leaves, and Flower Parts of Carnation1
Authors: Heuterman Gretchen A. , Woodbridge C. G. , Kali Elwood W.
Published: September 2022

The B levels of green tissues of Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. Improved White Sim grown in sand culture increased but those of the important reproductive parts did not vary as solution B concentration increased over a range of adequate levels.
Sound Abatement with Hedges1
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Stowers Jacob F.
Published: September 2022

Woody ornamental shrub species with varying leaf size maintained as hedges were found to be effective in attenuating sounds from sources such as a random noise generator, a rotary lawnmower, and an automobile. The nature of the sound and leaf characteristics of the plant appear to be more important than the specific width of the hedge.
Influence of Temperature on the Development of Flower Buds from the Visible Stage to Anthesis of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace11
Authors: Roh S. M. , Wilkins H. F.
Published: September 2022

‘Ace’ lilies were placed in growth chambers at the visible flower bud stage under a 12-hour photoperiod with all possible day and night temperature combinations of 15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2°C. At a constant day and night temperature of 15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2° the time to flowering was 50, 28, 25, and 24 days, respectively. At a day temperature of 21.1°, night temperatures above 21.1° had little effect on flowering, but 15.6° greatly retarded flowering.
‘Eden’ Peach1
Authors: Lamb Robert C.
Published: September 2022

‘Eden’, a white-fleshed, freestone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] with high productivity and good quality was released in Sept. 1972. It was named for a town in Erie County, N. Y.
A Simple Method for Controlled Introduction of Fresh Air into Experimental Cold Storage Rooms1
Authors: Chalutz E. , Felsenstein G. , Waks J.
Published: September 2022

An inexpensive method for accurate control and measurement of fresh air introduction into experimental storage rooms is described.
Leaf vs. Fruit Coverage with Antitranspirants for Sizing Fruit1
Authors: Davenport D. C. , Uriu K. , Hagan R. M.
Published: September 2022

A film-forming antitranspirant sprayed on trees of olive (Olea europa L. cv. Sevillano) increased equally the growth of bagged (to prevent spray contact) and unbagged fruit. Hence, enhanced fruit growth depends upon film formation on stomata-bearing leaf surfaces, rather than direct contact of fruit by the spray.
Florida's Program for Economical Citrus Production1
Authors: Jackson L. K. , Lawrence F. P. , Crocker T. E.
Published: September 2022

Research in the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) has developed production techniques whereby oranges can be produced for approximately 30-35¢ per 90 lb. box (40.8 kg). However, a 1968 survey has indicated that many growers had costs several times this figure. To counteract this, extension specialists at the University of Florida developed a “Program for Economical Citrus Production.” A research-documented text with an extensive bibliography and a series of charts with duplicate 35 mm colored slides for group presentation was prepared. Extension citrus agents received packages of the text material along with intensive training in each segment of the program. This text material is now used in a unified, statewide program whereby all extension personnel concerned with citrus can conduct intensive programs on specialized topics.
Educational Institutions Offering Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Programs in the United States and Canada
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

This directory of institutions offering horticultural and landscape training in the U.S. and Canada has been assembled for use by ASHS members, administrators and teachers of horticulture. This effort is a part of the activities of the Education Committee of the American Society of Horticultural Science. My sincere gratitude is expressed to the many horticulturists and others in the respective areas who assisted in this survey.

The listings which follow likely will have some errors and omissions with changing programs from year to year. Will you kindly notify the author of corrections in your area so they can be included as the listing is updated from time to time. Thank you. We would like to build our listing with your help from Canada, Mexico and other foreign countries, inasmuch as the American Society of Horticultural Science membership is expanding increasingly around the globe.
The Fruiting Nursery: Ultrahigh Density for Evaluation of Blueberry and Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Sharpe R. H. , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Approximately 80% of the seedlings of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) and 55% of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruited the 2nd year after seed harvest when grown rapidly at densities of 16 plants/m2 for blueberry and 8 plants/m2 for peach. This permits roguing of plants on the basis of fruit characters in the 2nd year from seed harvest (24 months) and evaluation of remaining plants the following year. The fruiting nursery system, based on intensive care of seedlings at ultrahigh densities to achieve rapid growth, is suggested to improve breeding efficiency.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Wilkins Harold F.
Published: September 2022

In the May 1971 issue of Smithsonian I read that Neanderthal man evidently used flowers in some manner to honor his dead, since pollen counts were higher than average in the soil near the burial place, particularly around the head. One wonders whether these men were first to place a flower stem into water, some 60,000 years ago, in order to prevent wilting. Indeed, have we progressed enough in all these years in developing and disseminating information on the proper care of harvested flowers? I fear the answer is, “No!” I would venture to say that in this very metropolitan area that not more than 30% of the flowers locally grown or shipped ever see an ounce or even 1 ppm of a floral preservative, much less a clean sterile water bucket in the wholesaler's or retailer's refrigerators on their long tortuous journey to the consumer.
Reduction of Flat-podded Rogues in Seed Lots of Snap Bean1
Authors: Kerr L. B. , Campbell W. F. , Pollard L. H.
Published: September 2022

Measurable differences in length, width, and depth of seeds of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), from normal and flat-podded “rogues” were observed. Selective milling removed more than half of the seeds that would have given rise to flat pods, resulting in faster and easier field roguing in subsequent crops. The method is suitable only for stock seed purification because of the high loss (60 to 90%) of normal seeds.
Components of Pollination of Commercial Strawberries in Michigan1
Authors: Connor Lawrence J. , Martin E. C.
Published: September 2022

Based upon cage studies with 11 cultivars of strawberry, self-pollination was responsible for 53% achene development, the addition of wind-motion resulted in 67% achene development, and the addition of insect pollination resulted in 91% achene development Insects contributed most to pollination in cultivars with stamens shorter man the receptacles, and least in cultivars with stamens taller. Stamen height was correlated with achene development in primary and secondary flowers in cloth- and screen-covered cages which excluded bees.
Containers for Strawberry Shipment1
Authors: Porter F. M. , Tietjen W. H.
Published: September 2022

Clear polystyrene, foam polystyrene, and paper-pulp pint baskets caused significantly less cutting and bruising of strawberries than the widely-used plastic mesh basket (7.7, 8.1, and 6.4 vs. 18.2%, respectively). The excellent visibility afforded by the polystyrene baskets, and the relatively small storage space needed for the empty baskets, are potential ancillary assets of the clear polystyrene containers.
Response of ‘Trent’ and ‘Canby’ Red Raspberry to SADH Applications1
Authors: Craig D. L. , Aalders L. E.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied as 1000 and 2000 ppm sprays to ‘Trent’ and ‘Canby’ red raspberries on 4 dates during the 1970 and the 1971 growing seasons did not effect bud survival, yield, or number of flowers per lateral. Inconsistent reductions occurred in berry weight, number of flowering laterals, and buds per cane diameter. In all instances cane height was reduced.
Sugar Enhancement in Apple Fruit1
Authors: Hammett Larry K.
Published: September 2022

Methyl 3,6-dichloro-o-anisate (disugran)3 applied as a pieharvest apple spray gave significant increases in soluble solids in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit. Sugar enhancement with ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ was not significant but an enhancement trend was indicated. Other maturity indices were not influenced by disugran application.
Problems Encountered Using Cycloheximide to Produce Abscission of Oranges1
Authors: Wilson W. C.
Published: September 2022

Sprays of 3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2hydroxyethyl]-glutarimide (cycloheximide) for abscission of early and midseason oranges loosen fruit, but utilizing this response with a shaker + pickup machine harvest system generally show economic gain only on very large trees. Abscission chemicals (abscisors) lend to overloosen the oranges that are easiest to remove, yet fail to loosen adequately those that are normally most difficult to remove. In Florida, current economic conditions do not justify fruit removal much less than 100%. Fruit drops of up to 80% will probably result if abscisors are used to reduce pull forces of nearly all fruits on a given tree to 2.2 kg, the theoretical level desired for mechanical harvesting.
A Benzothiadiazole Extends Cut Carnation Flower Life1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Dilley D. R.
Published: September 2022

Immersion of cut carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L. ‘Red Sim’ at the open, partially open or tight bud stage for 6-24 hours in 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (MCED) at 5 ppm in combination with 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8HQS) at 200 ppm and 1.5% sucrose increased flower life. The greatest increase occurred when flowers were immersed in the solution at the partially open and tight bud stages for 12 to 24 hours.
Tree Wound Healing and Radial Growth Correlations11
Authors: Neely Dan
Published: September 2022

The hypothesis that wounds on all species and sizes of trees heal equal amounts per unit of radial growth was not confirmed by this experiment. Tree species affected rate of healing as did size of wound. The rate of healing for soft maple and American elm (Ulmus americana L.) was significantly greater than for white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), pin oak (Quercus palustris Muench.), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and honey locust [Gleditsia triacanthos f inermis (L.) Zabel].
Parthenocarpy—A Factor Contributing to the Production of Blank Pistachios1
Authors: Crane Julian C.
Published: September 2022

During a 4-year period, ‘Kerman’ pistachio trees (Pistacia vera) produced an average of 26% blank nuts. Production of blanks by individual trees remained relatively constant from year to year and was not associated with yield or position of the trees in relation to pollinators. Blank production was also found to be a characteristic of P. atlantica Desf. and P. chinensis Bunge. Results demonstrated that production of blanks, at least in ‘Kerman’, is partly the result of parthenocarpy.
Deformation Characteristics of ‘Valencia’ Oranges as an Indicator of Firmness1
Authors: Sarig Y. , Nahir D.
Published: September 2022

A technique is proposed based on the viscoelastic properties of citrus fruit, using the initial deformation in a creep test as indicative of fruit firmness. This method has the advantage of being simple, objective, and replicable.
Callus and Cell Culture from Grape Berries1
Authors: Hawker J. S. , Downton W. J. S. , Wiskich D , Mullins M. G.
Published: September 2022

The development of callus from immature grape berries of Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Sultana, Muscat Gordo Blanco, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Clare Riesling and Rhine Riesling is described. Callus has been successfully subcultured on solid and liquid media.
Influence of the Herbicide R-7465 on Cranberry Fruit Development1
Authors: Devlin Robert M. , Demoranville I. E.
Published: September 2022

The experimental herbicide 2-(naphthoxy-N,N-diethylpropionamide (R-7465) was compared with Morcran [a formulated mixture of sodium N-1-naphtylphthalamate (naptalam) and isopropyl m-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham)] and dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) on fruit development of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon cv. Early Black). R-7465 had no significant influence on yield, berry size, berry dry weight, pectin content, or anthocyanin development.
Growth Responses of Standard and Dwarf Cucumber Cultivars to Applied Gibberellins1
Authors: Makus D. J. , Lower R. L. , Pharr D. M.
Published: September 2022

‘New Hampshire Tiny Dill’, a dwarf cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was more responsive to applied gibberellins (GA) in terms of hypocotyl growth than ‘Gynoecious 3’ and ‘Chipper’, standard vine types. The dwarf gave a more prolonged response to GA3. Treatment of all lines with GA4+7 significantly increased both the fresh and dry weight of the hypocotyl and hypocotyl unit, but not of the cotyledons.
Extension of Onion Bulb Dormancy by Plant Growth Regulators and its Importance in Water Permeability Determinations1
Authors: Pedeliski A. V.
Published: September 2022

The % of dormant bulbs from onion (Allium cepa L.) plants treated 2 weeks before harvest with maleic hydrazide (MH) and (2,chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) remained uniformly high from November through May, as compared with bulbs from plants treated with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide, ethyl hydrogen 1-propyl phosphonate (EHPP), and control bulbs, most of which were no longer dormant by March. Similarly treated lots stored at 3°C showed no striking prolongation of bulb dormancy although the number of marketable bulbs was greatly increased. It was possible to obtain uniform, low water permeability constants from nongrowing bulbs treated with maleic hydrazide or ethephon through June.
Time and Pressure Regulated Steam for Peeling Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Burkhardt G. J. , Merkel J. A. , Scott L. E.
Published: September 2022

A batch peeler using time-regulated, high-pressure steam is briefly described. Use of the equipment with sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] avoided explosion of the roots encountered with conventional high-pressure steam peelers and resulted in effective peeling with minimal enzymatic discoloration of the product.
Effects of Ethephon upon Fruit Development and Ripening of Highbush Blueberries in the Greenhouse1
Authors: Warren James M. , Ballinger Walter E. , Mainland Charles M.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) plus 0.1% polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 20) was applied as a fruit cluster dip at 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm to highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Morrow) at different stages of berry development. Earliest ripening was obtained with 8000 ppm treatment made late in Stage II. Ripening date was not related to concentration when applied in Stage III. Harvest period was shortest, less than 1 week, when treatments were applied in Stage III, regardless of concentration. Berry weight decreased with increased concentration, but little difference was noted with respect to stage of development at time of application. Generally, pH decreased with increasing concentration of ethephon and with advancement in stage of development at time of treatment. An increase in ethephon concentration resulted in an increase in acidity, decrease in soluble solids (SS) and decrease in SS/acid ratio at each time of application until Stage III of fruit development. Stage III treatments showed no concentration effect with the exception of the acidity response to the 8000 ppm treatment. Optimum time of application was near the end of Stage II and the beginning of Stage III.
A Portable Freezing Unit for Determining Leaf Freezing Points of Citrus Leaves1
Authors: Wiltbank W. J. , Rouse R. E.
Published: September 2022

A portable unit for determining leaf freezing points (LFP) of citrus leaves is described. This unit has been used extensively in citrus and is suitable for exotherm analysis of a variety of plant species and tissues.
Changes in Pectic Substances of Lemon Albedo Infected with Phytophthora citrophthora (R. E. Sm. & E. H. Sm.) Leonian1
Authors: Cohen E. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina
Published: September 2022

The total amounts of pectic fractions in the albedo tissue of infected and uninfected fruit of lemon [ Citrus lemon (L.) Burm.] were almost the same, but changes were found in different fractions: the water-soluble pectic fraction decreased in the infected fruit, while the alkali-soluble fraction increased and the acid-soluble fraction remained unchanged. Such changes in pectic substances may be typical of fruits exhibiting a firm type of rot.
The Minnesota Story1
Authors: Hunt Elderd M.
Published: September 2022

Minnesota, a state of the Northern Great Plains, has a total area of 84,000 square miles (61 million acres). Its population, 3,800,000, is one-third rural and two-thirds urban. The climate is “temperate,” although temperatures range from -50°F in winter to 100°+ in summer. Average annual rainfall is 25inches. Soils vary greatly -- from excellent agricultural loam, to heavy clay loam, to sand. Alkalinity is a problem in a considerable area along the western border.
Reduction of Pesticide Deposits on Pear Following Overtree Irrigation1
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Kiigemagi Ulo , Lombard P. B.
Published: September 2022

Overtree irrigation of pear trees following application of pesticides by speedsprayer resulted in lowering most insecticide deposits by 30-90%. Addition of a spreader sticker to pesticide sprays did not reduce pesticide loss.
Susceptibility of Certain Apple Rootstocks to Black Root Rot and Woolly Apple Aphids
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Latham A. J. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Mayton E. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Malling-Merton (MM) 104’ rootstock was significantly more susceptible to black root rot than seedling and “MM 106’ rootstocks. However, ‘MM 111’ was not significantly less susceptible to black root rot than ‘MM 104’ rootstock. Seedling rootstocks were more susceptible to woolly aphid infestations than ‘MM 104’, ‘MM 106’, and ‘MM 111’ rootstocks. Woolly apple aphid incidence was higher on “MM 111’ rootstock than on ‘MM 104’ and ‘MM 106’ rootstocks.
Changes in Pectic Substances During Ripening of Avocados1
Authors: Rouse A. H. , Barmore C. R.
Published: September 2022

Changes in pectinesterase activity and in the 3 pectic fractions of avocados (Persea americana Mill. cv. Lula) during ripening were investigated at 21.1° and 10°C storage. Decrease in pectinesterase activity just prior to softening was very rapid, and when softening occurred, this activity became minimal Tissue softening during storage was accompanied by a general increase in water-soluble pectin and a drop in ammonium oxalate- and sodium hydroxide-soluble pectins.
Anthocyanins of Cotoneaster and Barberry1
Authors: Du C. T. , Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

The anthocyanin pigments in Cotoneaster divaricata Rehd. & Wils. berries are Pg- and Cy-3-galactoside. The pigments in Berberis thunbergii DC berries are Pg- and Cy-3-glucoside.
Horticultural Books: Publish-Your-Own
Authors: Childers Norman F.
Published: September 2022

There seems to be a growing interest in the “publish-your-own” method of getting a book into print. Several ASHS members have asked me about the advantages and the problems compared with having the job done by a publishing company. I have been publishing my own books for over twenty years. There are some advantages, some disadvantages. Publishing any book in its first edition is a gamble.
Ecosystem Analysis for the Introduction of Integrated Pest Control
Authors: Fye R. E.
Published: September 2022

Concern over pesticide pollution of the atmosphere and increased resistance of numerous species of insects to insecticides has caused entomologists to seek alternate means of control of pest insect populations. Recently the term “pest management” has been coined for the Integration of the various available control measures for pest populations into Systems that minimize the use of insecticides. New emphasis has been placed on the potential utilization of biological control agents for the control of pest populations. Basically, the following presentation will consider ecosystem analysis of the use of parasites and predators both in attempts to establish the agents as permanent, recurring controls and in inundative release attempts to replace insecticides on a short-term basis. The examples cited pertain mainly to two cotton pests, the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), and the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). The bollworm is a horticultural pest attacking corn, tomatoes, beans and a host of other crops; the pink bollworm is restricted to cotton. However, the concepts and the approach to the introduction of integrated control is similar, regardless of the crop under consideration. An analytical approach will be employed. However, a paralleling use of the data for the development of models for insect population dynamics is possible (20).
Stomatal Size in Induced Polyploids in Cucurbita1
Authors: Francis R. R. , Bemis W. P.
Published: September 2022

Increased stomatal size is a much used incidator to screen seedling populations for suspected polyploidy after treatment with colchicine. We have found this technique valid for distinguishing polyploidy in a number of species and interspecific hybrids of Cucurbita.
Rooting Stimulation of Poinsettia Stem Cuttings by Growth Regulators1
Authors: Beck G. R. , Sink K. C.
Published: September 2022

Specific auxin-containing formulations which contained primarily indolebutyric acid (IBA), and/or napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were most effective in promoting rooting of terminal stem cuttings of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.).
Height Control Methods for Poinsettia1
Authors: White J. W. , Holcomb E. J.
Published: September 2022

Osmotic stress produced the shortest plant with smallest bracts of Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsch. Soil drenches with 3000 ppm chloromequat [(2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride] or 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 or 1.00 mg ancymidol (alpha-cyclorproylalpha, para-methoxyphenyl, 5-pyrimidineme-thanol) per 15 cm pot were the most effective chemical methods of poinsettia height control. Metering either chemical into the irrigation-fertilization system also showed promise. Foliar sprays with ancymidol at 45, 90, 135 or 180 ppm were the least effective in controlling the height of ‘Eckespoint Cl Red’ or ‘Dark Red Annette Hegg’ poinsettias.
Toxicity of Soil-Applied Herbicides to Shade Trees1
Authors: Neely Dan , Crowley W. R.
Published: September 2022

Seventeen commercial products containing 11 herbicides used to control weeds in lawns were tested at rates recommended by the manufacturers and at three times the recommended rate in plots of established white ash and pin oak trees for three consecutive seasons. Bandane, benefin, bensulide, 2,4-D, DCPA, DSMA, siduron, silvex, 2,4,5-T, and trifluralin were not phytotoxic but dicamba consistently caused phytotoxic symptoms especially at the high dosage. Tree species sensitivity to dicamba varied with rate of application, soil type, and amount of rainfall. White and blue spruce trees were readily killed; tulip trees, honey locust, pin oak, and linden trees suffered twig die back; walnut, ash, maple, and redbud trees suffered leaf distortion and red cedar trees were unaffected.
Inhibition of Vascular Blockage and Extension of Vase Life in Cut Roses with an Ion Exchange Column1
Authors: Sacalis J. N.
Published: September 2022

Effects of a mixed bed ion exchange resin column on vascular blockage and vase life were studied in cut roses (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Red American beauty) by measuring blockage rates in excised stem sections and by determining water uptake, fresh weight retention, and longevity of cut roses held in distilled water. The ion exchange column inhibited vascular blockage in excised stem segments. Water uptake and retention of fresh weight of cut roses were enhanced significantly by the ion exchange column treatment, and early wilting, known as “bent neck” was inhibited.
MORTALITY OF LIGHTNING HAZARD AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Authors:   Asst. Professor, Dept. of Geography, Haringhata Mahavidyalaya, Subarnapur, Nadia, W.B., India., Pan Suprakash
Published: September 2022

India is the most disaster - prone country in the world. Nearly 85% geographical area and more than 50 million people of India are in vulnerable state by one or multiple hazard. Lightning, an extreme event, has emerged as a major weather-related hazard with changing climatic conditions of tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is a massive electrostatic discharge caused by the circulation of warm moisture-filled air through unbalanced electric field in the atmosphere, accompanied by the loud sound of thunder. It is hazardous which affects lives, livelihoods and property. Every year more than 2,500 people in our country die due to lightning. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the spatio-temporal variations of lightning mortality in Indian context for last five decades. Assessment of lightning-mortality statistics and its comparison with other major natural disasters reveal that lightning ranks number one amongst all natural disasters in India. On the basis of available secondary data, the geographical distribution of lightning incidents along with the States which have the most lightning casualties have been identified in this study. Though lightning is a widespread disaster in India in terms of mortality and losses, but it has drawn a little attention. In this paper, I have tried to highlight the neglected dimensions of disaster compensation acts and rules related to lightning. This is the high time for reorientation of perceptions on disaster insurances, government funding and management for the people affected by lightning. The findings of this study will help such unnoticed and unrecognised problems.
NECROBIOSISLIPOIDICA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES:CLINICAL CASE AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors:   Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases. Souss Massa University Hospital, FacultyofMedicineandPharmacy,Ibn ZohrUniversity,Agadir,Morocco., Akioud Fatima , houssaine Abainou L ,   Dept.ofEndocrinology,DiabetologyandMetabolicDiseasesAvicenneMilitaryHospital,Marrakech,Morocco., El- Hadri Sanaa ,   Dept.ofEndocrinology,DiabetologyandMetabolicDiseasesAvicenneMilitaryHospital,Marrakech,Morocco., a AyoubIdrissi ,   Dept.ofEndocrinology,DiabetologyandMetabolicDiseasesAvicenneMilitaryHospital,Marrakech,Morocco., Meftah Azzelarab ,   FacultyofMedicineandPharmacy,Cadi-AyyadUniversity, Marrakech,Morocco., Baizri Hicham ,   FacultyofMedicineandPharmacy,Cadi-AyyadUniversity, Marrakech,Morocco.
Published: September 2022

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare chronic granulomatous disease, often associated with diabetes mellitus. It is due to collagen degeneration with risk of ulceration. Necrobiosis lipoidica affects 0.3 to 1.2% of diabetic patients, mainly in the leg. Its etiology is not yet well understood. The diagnosis is usually made clinically but a skin biopsy may be necessary in case of atypical lesions. The evolution is chronic with ulceration and degeneration into squamous cell carcinoma as the main complications, which remains exceptional. Several therapies have been proposed: topical corticosteroids in the first instance, but no treatment has proven to have a lasting effective response. Diabetes control does not seem to influence the evolution of the disease.
A SUPRACLAVICULAR SWELLING REVEALING A FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Authors: Alaoui Nidal Mrani , Sara Errahmani , Yasmine Tabache , Abbad Faycal , El Alami Zouheir , El Medhi Tarik
Published: September 2022

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare bone disease. It accounts for about 2.5% of bone diseases and 7% of bone tumors. We report the case of a 9years old girl admitted for management of a painful right supraclavicular swelling evolving in a context of conservation of general status and in whom the paraclinical assessment was in favor of fibrous dysplasia of the clavicle.
UNCOMMON MANIFESTATION OF TUBERCULOSIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOST
Authors:   Pneumo-PhtisiologyDepartment, Moulay Youssef Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco., Reguig N. , Amchich Y. ,   Department of Pneumology, Military Hospital Mohamed V Rabat, Morocco., Jennane R. ,   Service of Cardiology B, Souissi Maternity Hospital, Rabat., Boularab J. ,   Department of Pneumology, Military Hospital Mohamed V Rabat, Morocco., Charaf H. ,   Pneumo-PhtisiologyDepartment, Moulay Youssef Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco., Aharmim M. ,   Pneumo-PhtisiologyDepartment, Moulay Youssef Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco., Bourkadi J.E ,   Pneumo-PhtisiologyDepartment, Moulay Youssef Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
Published: September 2022

Tuberculous myocarditis is a very unusual manifestation of tuberculosis.Our case serves to highlight a potentially life threating and rare presentation of tuberculosis.We discuss here the epidemiology,clinical presentation , the diagnostic approach and the management of the myocardial tuberculosis.
METAGENOMICS: DNA SEQUENCING OF UNCULTURED MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Ravi Shankar Aarushi
Published: September 2022

Microbiology has completely transformed in the last 25 years and the realization that most microorganisms cannot be grown in a pure culture resulted in new methods of analyzing genomic diversity. One such method, Metagenomics, refers to the study of microorganisms on the basis of their genomic diversity, acquired directly from environmental samples. It facilitates the study of physiology and ecology of environmental microorganisms through a vast array of sequencing and functional techniques. Over the years, many sequencing techniques like Sangers Sequencing, Shotgun Sequencing, Whole Metagenomic Sequencing and 16s rRNA gene sequencing were used, which revolutionized the portrait of the microbial world. Microbiome profiles of these samples can be generated and analysed through various statistical tools like functional annotations, marker data profiling and biomarker detection which can give a description of community membership, and provide insight into the genetics and biochemistry of the members. The application of metagenomic sequence information will result in better culturing strategies and help link genomic analysis with pure culture studies.
SOME MEASURES FOR CREATING CREATIVE CAPACITY FOR STUDENTS IN TEACHING PHYSICS IN HIGH SCHOOL
Authors:   University of Education, Hue University, No. 34 Le Loi, Hue City 530000, Vietnam., Nguyen Bao Nguyen Quach
Published: September 2022

Teaching is oriented towards the development of learners capacity, in which the development of creative capacity is identified as an important goal in Vietnams education and training development strategy. To meet this requirement, in the process of organizing teaching, it is necessary to form for students the ability to think creatively and independently when solving learning tasks or problems arising in learning. The article focuses on analyzing concepts, manifestations, influencing factors, and proposes some measures to develop creative capacity for students. The theory has been built with experiments at high schools, using case study methods to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation.