bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF BUDGETARY PARTICIPATION AND MANAGERIAL ROLE OF LOCAL FINANCE ORGANIZER ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE EMPIRICAL STUDY AT GENERAL HOSPITAL DISTRICT OF MALANG REGENCY
Authors: Suyitno
Published: July 2018

This research accounts for the effect of budgetary participation and managerial role of local finance organizer on local organization performance at General Hospital District of Malang Regency. The hypothesis of this research is that whether budgetary participation and the managerial role of the local finance organizer positively affect on the local government performance. The number of respondents as the research samples is 76 selected by using random sampling methods. The data collected by distributing questioners, there were 76 respondents giving back and only 76 questioners that could be processed and analyzed. The result of the research shows that budgetary participation and managerial role of local finance organizers affect positively significant on the organizational performance. The result of this research supports the previous researches and it is based on agency theory and prospect theory
Discussion of “Gene expression programming analysis of implicit Colebrook–White equation in turbulent flow friction factor calculation” by Saeed Samadianfard [J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 92-93 (2012), 48-55]
Authors: Brkić Dejan , Dejan Brkic
Published: July 2018

Maximal relative error of the explicit approximation to the Colebrook equation for flow friction presented in the discussed paper by Saeed Samadianfard [J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 92-93 (2012), 48-55; doi. 10.1016/j.petrol.2012.06.005] is investigated. Samadianfard claims that his approximation is very accurate with the maximal relative error of no more than 0.08152%. Here is shown that this error is about 7%. Related comments about the paper are also enclosed. ; JRC.F.3-Energy Security, Systems and Market
Self-Control and the Reasons Behind Our Goals
Authors: Converse Benjamin , Juarez Lindsay , Hennecke Marie
Published: July 2018

Motivation derived from a sense of truly valuing or enjoying one’s pursuits (“wanting to do it”) – as opposed to motivation born of external demands or other people’s expectations (“having to do it”) – is associated with goal-pursuit success and overall well-being. But what determines the quality of motivation in the first place? Many theoretical perspectives identify features of the task or situation as determinants, but have largely ignored the potential contribution of individual self-regulatory tendencies. We ask here whether individual differences in self-control may be associated with an individual’s likelihood of “wanting to” pursue current goals, operationalized as the momentary experience of autonomous motivation. We first describe an exploratory experience-sampling study that documented the association (Study 1) and prompted subsequent development of the hypothesis that trait self-control and autonomous motivation are related. A second experience sampling study replicated the effect (Study 1R) and two cross-sectional studies helped hone its interpretation (Studies 2 and 3). We then employed an experimental paradigm to test whether the association between trait self-control and autonomous motivation is goal-dependent. Consistent with an instrumental, self-regulatory account of the association, we found that trait self-control was related to autonomous motivation for a novel task only when an individual expected to continue working on that task (Study 4). Employing an integrative perspective, this work expands our understanding of trait self-control by identifying it as a candidate contributor to motivation quality, and, more generally, helps to integrate otherwise disparate approaches to understanding motivation.
KRITIK ILLICH TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Maknun Djohar
Published: July 2018

Lembaga institusi penendidikan pada hakikatnya menjadi agen perubahan sosial kultural masyarkat moderen saat ini. Pendidikan hendaknya mengambil garda terdepan dalam menyikapi problem sosial dalam masyarakat, salah satunya lewat persekolah. Kenyataan banyak fungsi dan pranan lembaga pendidikan tidak berjalan dengan semestinya.
"What Else Are You Worried About?" – Integrating Textual Responses into Quantitative Social Science Research
Authors: Rohrer Julia M. , Brümmer Martin , Schmukle Stefan C. , Goebel Jan , Wagner Gert
Published: July 2018

Open-ended questions have routinely been included in large-scale survey and panel studies, yet there is some perplexity about how to actually incorporate the answers to such questions into quantitative social science research. Tools developed recently in the domain of natural language processing offer a wide range of options for the automated analysis of such textual data, but their implementation has lagged behind. In this study, we demonstrate straightforward procedures that can be applied to process and analyze textual data for the purposes of quantitative social science research. Using more than 35,000 textual answers to the question “What else are you worried about?” from participants of the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP), we (1) analyzed characteristics of respondents that determined whether they answered the open-ended question, (2) used the textual data to detect relevant topics that were reported by the respondents, and (3) linked the features of the respondents to the worries they reported in their textual data. The potential uses as well as the limitations of the automated analysis of textual data are discussed.
Links between perception and production: examining the roles of motor and premotor cortices in understanding speech.
Authors: McGettigan Carolyn , Tremblay Pascale
Published: July 2018

This is a chapter prepared for inclusion in the Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics (Eds. M.G. Gaskell & S.-A. Rueschemeyer).
Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on rice crop
Authors: Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

An experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) on fine texture soils of Agricultural college farm, Bapatla. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design in wet season with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of M1 (recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) - Control), M2 (10t farmyard yard manure (FYM) ha-1 + RDF), M3 (1.5t vermicompost ha-1 + RDF), M4 (Green manuring + RDF). Data collected on biometric observations (plant height, number of tillers, dry matter accumulation) and yield. The yield of crop was significantly increased with the application of 100%NPK in combination with FYM @10t ha-1. However, it was at par with green manuring along with the application of 100% RDF (NPK).Thus, green manure in situ with Dhaincha may be used as an alternative organic source of nutrients to the FYM.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on oil quality of rainfed Palmarosa (Cymbopogan martini var. Motia)
Authors: Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

A field experiment was conducted during 2007-08 to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on oil quality of Palmarosa (both physical and chemical tests) under rainfed conditions on vertisols.
Scholarly Societies in National Agricultural Research System of India
Authors: Gutam Sridhar
Published: July 2018

Information about scholarly societies housed in the National Agricultural Research System of India
Adoption pattern and constraint analysis for achieving potential productivity of irrigated and rainfed rice ecosystems in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

The present study was carried out during 2010-11 at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, ANGRAU, Hyderabad to prioritize the constraints causing yield loss in both irrigated and zainfed rice. A study had conducted on 60 farmers in irrigated rice ecosystem and 30 farmers from rainfed ecosystem of Andhra Pradesh. It was found that the soil related constraints faced by farmers ranked from more to less serious and the constraints were related to low fertility of soil, inadequate organic matter, problem soils and multi nutrient deficiencies of the soils. Under crop management related constraints, it was found that adopting specific fertilizer application method, availability of improved variety, inadequate supply of water, infestation of weeds and higher pest incidence were the most serious constraints perceived by large percentage of farmers. In case of socio-economic constraints, the study found that the poor infrastructure, high cost of inputs, availability of credit, low price for the produce, inadequate inputs and lack of trainings were the most important constraints as perceived by large percentage of farmers. Other constraints as perceived by lower percentages of farmers were poor extension services, lack of information and lack of support from local authorities or government.
ИЗОТОПНАЯ КАНАЛОМИКА ХЕМОАВТОТРОФОВ И ЕЕ РОЛЬ В ИЗОТОПНОЙ ГЕОХИМИИ КАК РЕГУЛЯТОРА ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ МЕТАЛЛОВ И ФАКТОРА ВЫВЕТРИВАНИЯ
Authors: Gradov Oleg
Published: July 2018

Градов О. В. Изотопная каналомика хемоавтотрофов и ее роль в изотопной геохимии как регулятора формирования месторождений металлов и фактора выветривания // XXI симпозиум по геохимии изотопов имени академика А.П. Виноградова (15–17 ноября 2016 г.) Тезисы докладов. — ГЕОХИ РАН - Акварель М, 2016. — С. 194–197.Практически общеизвестна роль хемоавтотрфов / литотрофов в формировании месторождений и выветривании, однако результаты этой биогеохимической активности и массопереноса, опосредуемого хемоавтотрофами, кардинально различны в зависимости от ионного состава среды, солевых эффектов проводимости и диаграмм Пурбе соответствующих условий указанной активности, а также ряда иных физико-химических характеристик, часто не рассматривающихся как факторы воздействия (для упрощения моделей). Биогеохимические представления раннего периода, на которых базировались модели и кинетические подходы к анализу подобных процессов, являются, по большинству критериев, феноменологическими и «эмпирическими», но не раскрывают суть процессов, происходящих на границе среды, процессируемой микроорганизмами, и поверхности хемоавтотрофов как активных агентов, процессирующих данную среду. Между тем, с точки зрения биохимической физики (и, в частности, биологической кинетики), механизмы, реализующиеся на границе раздела фаз или в её диффузионной окрестности, являются определяющими в таких случаях, так как ввод вещества в «микрореакторные» компартменты биологического происхождения и агрегация при биоминерализации, как правило, происходят опосредовано поверхностью биомембраны. Из специфичности хемоавтотрофов к химически-различным средам можно коррелятивно заключить, что свойства мембраны у них также различны и, как минимум, не противоречат условиям их нахождения в природной минеральной среде. Очевидно, что это прямо связано с механизмами действия мембраны в этой среде. Любые механизмы, определяющие мембранную активность в неорганической среде, по определению, должны являться механизмами взаимодействия этой среды с мембраной, следовательно – механизмами взаимодействия структурных единиц, обеспечивающих трафик неорганических ионов сквозь мембрану (трансмембранный перенос). Такими структурными единицами являются ионные каналы клетки, точнее их совокупность – т. н. каналом.
Effect of long term fertilization on pH, EC and exchangeable Ca and Mg In vertisols under sorghum-wheat cropping sequence
Authors: Mitnala Jayalakshmi
Published: July 2018

The experiment was under taken during the year 2007-08 to study the effect of long term fertilizationand manuring on exchangeable Ca and Mg. The soil is calcareous slightly alkaline in reaction, low in OC andavailable N very low in available P and high in available K. The experiment comprised of twelve treatmentsincluding NPK levels with and without FYM, sulphur and zinc replicated four times in randomised block design.The manure and fertilizers were given to sorghum crop every year and only fertilizers were applied to wheat crop.The soil samples from all the treatments were collected from 0-20 cm depth. Highest and significant exchangeableCa and Mg were noticed in the treatment 100% NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1.
معجم مصطلحات شائعة في صناعة الترجمة
Authors: Alshaikhi Yahya
Published: July 2018

إن معرفة المصطلحات المتخصصة في أي مجال من مجالات المعرفة العلمية أمر ضروري من أجل ترجمة أمينة ووثيقة للمعنى، دون تحريف أو تزييف قد يضر بالمعنى أو يحوره بما هو غير مقصود منه. فيما يلي جدول بكثير من المصطلحات العامة التي يمكن استخدامها في الترجمة من الإنكليزية إلى العربية، وبالعكس، لإنتاج نصوص دقيقة تعبر عن المقصود حسب السياق في الجملة والكلام
Improving PDF readability of scientific papers on computer screens
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

Reading scientific papers in portable document format (PDF)-columned formats on computer screens is sometimes daunting and unfriendly. This is mainly due to the fact that PDF-columned texts are often truncated from the top or the bottom of pages so that readers have to scroll up–down repeatedly in the same page to get the whole text read. To make the reading process as smooth as possible, PDF viewers should be designed as responsive tools with responsive layouts that should automatically adapt the amount of readable text to the sizes of the displaying monitors so that readers will not waste time in repetitive vertical and horizontal scrolling movements within the same page. Here, I discuss such a problem-solving proposal that could be implemented in PDF viewers to improve the readability of PDF-columned texts and to make the reading process as flexible and painless as possible
معجم مصطلحات ترجمة تحريرية وشفوية
Authors: Alshaikhi Yahya
Published: July 2018

معجم مصطلحات ترجمة تحريرية وشفوية باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية مع بعض المصطلحات الألمانية
Adipokines and melanocortins in the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jarrar Mohammed H
Published: July 2018

Metabolic syndrome is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its moreaggressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Adipokines produced by white adipose tissue possess broad physiological activity and play an important autocrine role in obesity-associated complications, including metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease and cardiovascular disease. Various adipokines may have beneficial or harmfuleffects. Other tissues, particularly stomach and intestine, produce active molecules thatcan influence the function of adipocytes and, possibly, the levels of adipokine secretion. Insome cases, the production sites of these molecules remain unknown. The review focuses on our current understanding of the disease-related effects of the adipokines and the melanocortins on various peripheral tissues, and discusses some of their potentialinteractions with each other. Potential therapeutic applications are also considered.
الخصائص السيكومترية للنسخة الجزائرية لمقياس توقعات الكفاءة الذاتية العامة لدى تلاميذ المرحلة الثانوية
Authors: مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية مجلة العلوم النفسية والتربوية , بوقصارة منصور , زياد رشيد
Published: July 2018

تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى تقويم الخصائص السيكومترية للنسخة الجزائرية لمقياس توقعات الكفاءة العامة لدى تلاميذ المرحلة الثانوية. اختيرت عينة قوامها 339 تلميذا وتلميذة، منهم 111 ذكور، و228 إناث. كما اختيرت عينة أخرى مختلفة عن العينة الأساسية مكونة من 69 تلميذا وتلميذة استخدمت للتحقق من الثبات بإعادة التطبيق. وللتأكد من ثبات المقياس تم استخدام أربع طرق، هي: معامل "ألفا كرونباخ"، والثبات بإعادة التطبيق، ومعامل "جتمان"، ومعامل "سبيرمان – وبراون" المصحح. كما تم التحقق من صدق المقياس من خلال: الصدق الظاهري، الصدق التمييزي للبنود الصدق المحكي (التلازمي)، وصدق التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي والتحليل العاملي التوكيدي.أكدت نتائج الدراسة على جودة الخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس توقعات الكفاءة الذاتية العامة في البيئة الجزائرية.
Anti-Aging EffectsofRetinol and Alpha Hydroxy Acid onElastin FibersofArtificially Photo-Aged Human Dermal Fibroblast Cell Lines
Authors: Jarrar Mohammed H
Published: July 2018

Skin aging is a slow multifactorial process influenced by both internal as well as external factors. Ultra-violet radiations (UV), diet, smoking and personal habits are the most common environmental factors that affect skin aging. Fat contents and fibrous proteins as collagen and elastin are core internal structural components. The direct influence of UV on elastin integrity and health is central on aging of skin especially by time. The deposition of abnormal elastic material is a major marker in a photo-aged skin. Searching for compounds that may protect against cutaneous photodamage is exceedingly valued. Retinoids and alpha hydroxy acids have been endorsed by some researchers as possible candidates for protecting and or repairing the effect of UV damaged skin. For consolidating a better system of anti- and protective effects of such anti-aging agents, we evaluated the combinatory effects of various dosages of lactic acid and retinol on the dermal fibroblast’s elastin levels exposed to UV. The UV exposed cells showed significant reduction in the elastin levels. A combination of drugs with a higher concentration of lactic acid (30 -35 mM) and a lower concentration of retinol (10-15mg/mL) showed to work better in maintaining elastin concentration in UV exposed cells. We assume this preservation could be the result of increased tropo-elastin gene expression stimulated by retinol whereas lactic acid probably repaired the UV irradiated damage by enhancing the amount and integrity of the elastin fibers.
الأسمدة الزراعية: استخداماتها وأضرارها
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

ظهرت في العقود الأخيرة المخصبات الزراعية الصناعية (أو الكيميائية) كسمة بارزة من سمات الزراعة الحديثة لزيادة الإنتاج الزراعي، وتعويض نقص العناصر المغذية في التربة التي تخضع لزراعات مكثفة على مدار العام أو في أعوام متتالية. ولتحقيق الفائدة المرجوة من هذه الأسمدة، يتم إضافتها وفقاً لبرامج مدروسة، من حيث كمية ونوعية وتوقيت إضافة هذه الأسمدة، بما يتناسب مع طور نمو النبات وحاجته. ولكن الإسراف والاستخدام العشوائي لهذه الأسمدة الكيميائية، يسبب أضراراً ونتائج كارثية أحياناً على التربة نفسها، وعلى المحيط الحيوي والبيئي، وهذا ما يؤكد على ضرورة الاستخدام العقلاني والمتوازن لهذه الأسمدة لتجنب تلك الأضرار
METHYL-CpG-BINDING PROTEIN 2 IS LOCALIZED IN THE POSTSYNAPTIC COMPARTMENT: AN IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS
Authors: Jarrar Mohammed H
Published: July 2018

Rett syndrome (RS) is a developmental neurologic disordercharacterized by severe cognitive impairment, autisticbehavior, stereotypic movements, and frequently also seizures(Naidu, 1997). The disorder is associated in a majorityof cases with mutations of the coding region of thegene for methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) (Shahbazianand Zoghbi, 2001; Hoffbuhr et al., 2001). More recently,other neurologic syndromes different from RS havebeen reported as associated with MeCP2 mutations (Imessaoudeneet al., 2001; Watson et al., 2001; Dotti et al.,2002). Only limited data are available about the expressionof MeCP2 in the CNS. These immunochemical studiesdescribe a predominant neuronal compartmentalization(LaSalle et al., 2001; Shahbazian et al., 2002), and apattern of expression that parallels neuronal differentiation(Akbarian et al., 2001; Shahbazian et al., 2002). Despitethis information, and considering that MeCP2 has widetissue distribution (LaSalle et al., 2001; Shahbazian et al.,2002), it is still unclear why abnormal MeCP2 expression ismainly associated with neurologic dysfunction. Moreover,recent data show that several transcription factors, withexpression in the CNS and other organs, may have aunique neuronal distribution characterized by both nuclearand synaptic localizations (Paratcha et al., 2000; Eberwineet al., 2001). For these reasons, we examined MeCP2expression in normal human neocortex with special emphasison its subcellular localization.
الإبستمولوجيا التكوينية للعلوم: مقاربة للنموذج اللساني المعاصر
Authors: Teama Abd Al-Rahman Mohammad
Published: July 2018

اﻹﺑﺴــﺘﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻤــﺔ إﻏﺮﻳﻘﻴــﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒــﺔ ﻣــﻦ (إﺑﺴــﺘﻴﻤﻲ) "اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ"، و(ﻟﻮﻏـﻮس) "اﻟﺨﻄـﺎب اﻟﻌﻘﻠـﻲ" ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻗﻠﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓـﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ، وﻣـﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ: اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘـﺔ واﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ، وﻛـﺬا ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ وﻇﺮوﻓﻬﺎ، وأﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺮع ﻣـﻦ اﻟﻔﻠﺴـﻔﺔ ﻳﻬــﺘﻢ ﺑﺪراﺳــﺔ ﺗــﺎرﻳﺦ اﻟﻌﻠــﻮم وﻣﻨﺎﻫﺠﻬــﺎ وﻣﺒﺎدﺋﻬــﺎ وﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬــﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ
First clarity, then brevity
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

scientiﬁc manuscripts need to be written in a clear and direct style without ambiguous or complex abbreviations or acronyms. An easily comprehensible text should be preferable over an excessive use of uncommon abbreviations or acronyms. Journals may needto set up clear rules to limit the use of abbreviations thatshould be tolerated only if the abbreviation itself is short,easy to memorize, common, or if the full name is overlylong.
الغضب والكره انفعالات هدامة
Authors: Rudwan Samer Jamil
Published: July 2018

يعيش المرء حياة تعصف فيها خوالج متعددة، ناتجة عن مزيج من الانفعالات والرغبات المتنوعة أو المتضادة، كالفرح والحزن، الحب والكره، الغيظ والغضب، الحقد والانتقام، الحسد والغيرة، إلخ. ومنها ما هو هدّام ومنها ما هو مفيد في بناء الحياة الشخصية والاجتماعية. لذا، فإن فهم تلك المشاعر يساعد المرء إلى حد كبير على النمو والارتقاء نفسياً وعاطفياً، ويمنحه طاقة مفيدة في التعامل مع المواقف الحياتية المختلفة، مفرحة كانت أو مزعجة. ولكن عندما لا نتمكن من فهم تلك المشاعر وكيفية التعامل معها، فقد تكون العواقب وخيمة
Melanin relieves oxidative stress in adipocytes culture in vitro
Authors: Jarrar Mohammed H
Published: July 2018

Obesity is one of major health disorders that has become epidemic worldwide. Studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress and inflammation in adipose tissue is involved in obesity linked complications. The ectopic synthesis of melanin in adipocytes of obese patients has been newly discovered. It is hypothesized that there is potential role of melanin and its intermediates to ameliorate oxidative stress in adipose which may prevent the secondary complications to obesity. This study was done to determine whether melanin interferes with the level of oxidative stress produced in adipocyte cells in culture. Adipocyte cells were cultured in vitro and exposed to high concentration of glucose oxidase to induce oxidative stress, then cells were treated with melanin for different periods. Thereafter the levels of some oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers such as glutathione, TNF-alpha, Malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl were measured. It was found that when cells were exposed to glucose oxidase the level of oxidative stress increased over time as reflected by the decrease of Glutathione. Interestingly, when melanin was added the level of oxidative stress decreased over time as reflected by increase in glutathione concentrations. It was also found that TNF-alpha decreased upon treatment by melanin but after 72 hours but not on 24 and 48 hours treatments. However, protein carbonyl and MDA appeared to be less affected by melanin treatments. These results may indicate that melanin is capable of diminishing the effects of oxidative stress on the cells at early stages probably by interfering with lipids peroxidation and production of reactive oxygen species.
معجم مصطلحات كرة السلة
Authors: Alshaikhi Yahya
Published: July 2018

معجم مصطلحات رياضة كرة السلة: عربي ـ إنجليزي
Is there bias in editorial choice? Yes
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

Nature has recently published a Correspondence claiming the absence of fame biases in the editorial choice. The topic is interesting and deserves a deeper analysis than it was presented because the reported brief analysis and its conclusion are somewhat biased for many reasons, some of them are discussed here. Since the editorial assessment is a form of peer-review, the biases reported on external peer-reviews would, thus, apply to the editorial assessment, too. The biases would be proportional to the elitist level of a journal; the more elitist a journal, the more biased its decisions, unavoidably. The bias could be intentional or unintentional, conscious or subconscious, reflecting our imperfect human nature.
التطور اللغوي من منظور اللسانيات العصبية: قراءة بينية معاصرة لبعض القضايا الأولية
Authors: Teama Abd Al-Rahman Mohammad
Published: July 2018

ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة وإﺑﺴﺘﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺒﺤــﻮث اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴــﺔ، واﻹﻧــﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛــﺬﻟﻚ، ﻓﻘــﺪ اﺧﺘــﺎر اﻟﺒﺎﺣــﺚ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠــﺔ اﻟﻈــﺎﻫﺮة اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺧــﻼل ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋــﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺎوﻳــﻞ (اﻟﻨﻤــﺎذج اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴــﺔ) اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴــﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﻈــﻮرات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﺳــﺲ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮواﻓﺪ، ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ: ﻃﺐ اﻷﻋﺼﺎب، وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ، واﻟﻌﻠـﻮم اﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎﻧﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ، واﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت واﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب، وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ. وﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺘﺸﻌﺐ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺠﺎل وﺗﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ، ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺠـﻢ اﻟﺬﻫﻨﻲ، واﻟﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺘـﺼﻮرﻳﺔ، واﻷﺑﻨﻴـﺔ اﻟﻨﺤﻮﻳـﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻴـﺔ، واﻟﺠﻴﻨـﻮم اﻟﻠﻐـﻮي إﻟـﺦ، ﻓﻘـﺪ اﺧﺘﺮﻧـﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗـﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺳﻴـﺴﻴﺔ، ﻫـﻲ التطور اللغوي، ﻣﻌـﺎﻟﺠﻴﻦ إﻳﺎﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮٍر ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒـﻲ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﺆسس ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺻﻮر اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ، ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻧﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ اﻟـﻮﻇﻴفي والبوزيترون وغيرها وﻣﺘﺨــــــﺬﻳﻦ ﻣــــــﻦ ﻣــــــﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻠــــــﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎت اﻟﻌــــــﺼﺒﻴﺔ، اﻟﻘــــــﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠــــــﻰ اﻟــــــﺴﺒﺮ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴــــــﻞ واﻻﺳــــــﺘﻨﺒﺎط ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﻈـﻮاﻫﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻘﻘـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳـﺐ، ﺳـﺒﻴﻼ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺑﻌـﺾ اﻟﺤﻘـﺎﺋﻖ اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳـﺔ اﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺔ، اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻏﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﺜﻴﺮا ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﺮ اﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ، ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ
Binucleation to breed new plant species adaptable to their environments
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

Classical plant breeding approaches may fall short to breed new plant species of high environmental and ecological interests. Biotechnological and genetic manipulations, on the other hand, may hold more effective capabilities to circumvent the limitations of sexual incompatibility and conventional breeding programs. Given that plant cells encompass multiple copies of organellar genomes (mitochondrial and plastidial genomes), an important question could be raised about whether an artificial attempt to duplicate the nuclear genome might also be conceivable through a binucleation approach (generating plant cells with 2 nuclei from 2 different plant species) for potential production of new polyploidies that would characterize new plant species. Since the complexities of plant genomes are the result of multiple genome duplications, an artificial binucleation approach would thus be of some interest to eventually varying plant genomes and producing new polyploidy from related or distal plant species. Here, I discuss the potentiality of such an approach to engineer binucleated plant cells as a germ of new plant species to fulfill some environmental applications such as increasing the biodiversity and breeding new species adaptable to harsh environmental stresses and increasing green surfaces to reduce atmospheric pollutions in arid lands with poor vegetation.
كلمات فرنسية من أصل عربي
Authors: Moustafa Khaled
Published: July 2018

عند الإفطار، إذا طلبت باللغة الفرنسية طاساً من القهوة، مع أو بدون سكر، أو عصير برتقال أو شراب مشمش، وأنت جالس على أريكة أو سرير، مرتدياً قميصا أبيضاً وسروالاً أسوداً، ومتصفحاً مجلتك المفضلة عن الخوارزميات أو الكيمياء أو أضرار الكحول على الصحة كما يؤكدها طبيب متخصص، فستكون قد استخدمت خمس عشرة كلمة فرنسية من أصل عربي. ثم، إذا ذهبت إلى السوق لشراء بعض البطيخ أو السبانخ، مع بعض الكمون، والسماق، والكركم، أو الزعفران، وعدت إلى البيت بالحافلة بتعرفة مخفّضة أو مشياً على الرصيف أو القطران، فستكون قد استخدمت عشر كلمات أخر في اللغة الفرنسية من أصل عربي". فيكون المجموع 25 كلمة من أصل عربي في نص من حوالي 100 كلمة فرنسية
How Transparency and Reproducibility Can Increase Credibility in Policy Analysis: A Case Study of the Minimum Wage Policy Estimate
Authors: Hoces de la Guardia Fernando
Published: July 2018

The analysis of public policies, even when performed by the best non-partisanagencies, often lacks credibility (Manski, 2013). This allows policy makers to cherrypick between reports, or within a specific report, to select estimates that better match their beliefs. For example, in 2014 the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) produced a report on the effects of raising the minimum wage that was cited both by opponents and supporters of the policy, with each side accepting as credible only partial elements of the report. Lack of transparency and reproducibility (TR) in a policy report implies that its credibility relies on the reputation of the authors, and their organizations, instead of on a critical appraisal of the analysis.This dissertation translates to policy analysis solutions developed to address thelack of credibility in a different setting: the reproducibility crisis in science. I adapt the Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) guidelines (Nosek et al, 2015) to the policy analysis setting. The highest standards from the adapted guidelines involve the use of two key tools: dynamic documents that combine all elements of an analysis in one place, and open source version control (git). I then implement these high standards in a case study of the CBO report mentioned above, and present the complete analysis in the form of an open-source dynamic document. In addition to increasing the credibility of the case study analysis, this methodology brings attention to several components of the policy analysis that have been traditionally overlooked in academic research, for example the distribution of the losses used to pay for the increase in wages. Increasing our knowledge in these overlooked areas may prove most valuable to an evidence-based policy debate.
A tutorial on bridge sampling
Authors: Gronau Quentin Frederik , Sarafoglou Alexandra , Matzke Dora , Ly Alexander , Boehm Udo , Marsman Maarten , Leslie David , Forster Jonathan , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Steingroever Helen
Published: July 2018

The marginal likelihood plays an important role in many areas of Bayesian statistics such as parameter estimation, model comparison, and model averaging. In most applications, however, the marginal likelihood is not analytically tractable and must be approximated using numerical methods. Here we provide a tutorial on bridge sampling (Bennett, 1976; Meng & Wong, 1996), a reliable and relatively straightforward sampling method that allows researchers to obtain the marginal likelihood for models of varying complexity. First, we introduce bridge sampling and three related sampling methods using the beta-binomial model as a running example. We then apply bridge sampling to estimate the marginal likelihood for the Expectancy Valence (EV) model---a popular model for reinforcement learning. Our results indicate that bridge sampling provides accurate estimates for both a single participant and a hierarchical version of the EV model. We conclude that bridge sampling is an attractive method for mathematical psychologists who typically aim to approximate the marginal likelihood for a limited set of possibly high-dimensional models.
Multi-scale Analysis of Topographic Surface Roughness in the Midland Valley, Scotland
Authors: Grohmann Carlos
Published: July 2018

Surface roughness is an important geomorphological variable which has been used in the earth and planetary sciences to infer material properties, current/past processes and the time elapsed since formation. No single definition exists, however within the context of geomorphometry we use surface roughness as a expression of the variability of a topographic surface at a given scale, where the scale of analysis is determined by the size of the landforms or geomorphic features of interest. Six techniques for the calculation of surface roughness were selected for an assessment of the parameters behaviour at different spatial scales and dataset resolutions. Area ratio operated independently of scale, providing consistent results across spatial resolutions. Vector dispersion produced results with increasing roughness and homogenisation of terrain at coarser resolutions and larger window sizes. Standard deviation of residual topography tends to highlight local features and doesnt detect regional relief. Standard deviation of elevation correctly identified breaks-of-slope and was good at detecting regional relief. Standard deviation of slope (SDslope) also correctly identified smooth sloping areas and breaks-of-slope, providing the best results for geomorphological analysis. Standard deviation of profile curvature identified the breaks-of-slope, although not as strongly as SDslope and it is very sensitive to noise and spurious data. In general, SDslope offered good performance at a variety of scales, whilst the simplicity of calculation is perhaps its single greatest benefit.
The evolution of REE mineralisation within the Ditrău Alkaline Complex, Romania: interplay of magmatic and hydrothermal processes
Authors: Honour Victoria , Goodenough Kathryn , Shaw Richard , Radulescu Ioan , Hirtopanu Paulina
Published: July 2018

The Ditrău Igneous Complex (NE Romania) is a tilted Mesozoic layered alkaline intrusion (~19 km diameter), with enrichments in rare earth elements (REE), niobium, tantalum and molybdenum. It has the potential to contribute to a secure and sustainable European REE mining industry, ensuring supply security for these critical metals. The complex comprises layered ultramafic rocks, alkali gabbros, diorites, syenites, nepheline syenites and alkali granites. These units have been significantly modified by sub-solidus interaction with late-stage magmatic fluids and are cut by secondary mafic dykes, which formed after the intrusion solidified. The complex was subsequently cut by REE-mineralised carbonate-rich veins. Geochemical and petrological data, including apatite mineral chemistry, from the alkaline igneous rocks, dykes and veins within the Ditrău Complex, have been used to assess the interplay of magmatic processes with late-stage magmatic and hydrothermal fluids, and the effects of these processes on element remobilisation and concentration of critical metals. Only limited critical metal enrichment was achieved by magmatic processes; the REE were preferentially incorporated into titanite and apatite in ultramafic cumulates during primary crystallisation, and were not enriched in evolved magmas. A hydrothermal system developed within the Ditrău Complex magma chamber at the later stages of magmatic crystallisation, causing localised alteration of nepheline syenites by a sodium-rich fluid. Later mafic dykes subsequently acted as conduits for late stage, buoyant potassic fluids, which leached REE and HFSE from the surrounding syenitic rocks. These fluids percolated up and accumulated in the roof zone, causing the breakdown of nepheline to K-rich pseudomorphs and the precipitation of hydrothermal minerals such as zircon and pyrochlore within veins. REE mineralisation within the Ditrău Complex is hosted in the latest hydrothermal phase, mineralised carbonate-rich veins which cross-cut the complex. Monazite is the main REE-bearing phase which crystallised from a late REE- and carbonate-rich fluid with pH controlled REE deposition.
UPb LA-(MC)-ICP-MS dating of rutile: New reference materials and applications to sedimentary provenance
Authors: Bracciali Laura , Parrish Randall , Horstwood Matthew , Condon Daniel , Najman Yani
Published: July 2018

In response to the general lack of sufficiently abundant and high quality rutile UPb reference materials for in situ geochronology, we have characterised two new potential rutile ~ 1.8 Ga reference materials (Sugluk-4 and PCA-S207) from granulite facies belts of the Canadian Shield, namely the northern Cape Smith Belt of Quebec and the Snowbird Tectonic Zone (Sasatchewan). Characterisation includes ID-TIMS and LA-ICP-MS UPb dating, imaging, and trace element analysis. We compare these materials with existing rutiles used already (R19 and R10; Luvizotto et al., 2009; Zack et al., 2011) and show that the measured UPb compositions (i.e. including any common Pb) of our rutiles are considerably more homogeneous. This makes possible a UPb normalisation procedure (not reliant upon a common Pb correction) that results in a significant decrease in the uncertainty contribution from the common Pb correction and better reproducibility of reference materials and unknowns for provenance analysis and other applications. The reproducibility is 2–4% (2RSD) for 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb, only slightly greater than long-term data for zircon reference materials. We show in a rutile provenance study from young orogens (Bhutan Himalaya and Canadian Cordillera) that the sensitivity of our analytical set-up allows dating of ~ 90% of rutiles in a sediment using a 50 μm laser ablation spotsize within samples containing rutile as young as 10–20 Ma, and obviates the requirement for U concentration pre-screening, thus reducing or eliminating rutile selection bias. Unsuccessful analyses are due to poor quality rutiles with predominant common Pb, 207Pb signal below detection, or U content below ~ 1–2 ppm. We have used the ‘207Pb-method’ (using the Tera-Wasserburg diagram) to correct for substantial common Pb in very young and/or very low-U rutiles, rather than developing an on-line correction. Since rutile ages reflect mainly the time of cooling, rutile is a sensitive recorder of metamorphic thermochronological information and therefore is an excellent complement to detrital zircon U207Pb data. The contrast between zircon and rutile signatures in Himalayan samples with rutile as young as 10 Ma is shown to be very dramatic (most zircons from the same sample are > 480 Ma, with only a few grains or metamorphic rims reflecting Miocene metamorphism); as such rutile provides complementary information about the thermal events within the source regions of the grains. Rutile UPb dating is an underexploited provenance method with wide applicability to sedimentary provenance studies.
Visions of Volcanoes
Authors: Pyle David
Published: July 2018

The long nineteenth century marked an important transition in the understanding of the nature of combustion and fire, and of volcanoes and the interior of the earth. It was also a period when dramatic eruptions of Vesuvius lit up the night skies of Naples, providing ample opportunities for travellers, natural philosophers, and early geologists to get up close to the glowing lavas of an active volcano. This article explores written and visual representations of volcanoes and volcanic activity during the period, with the particular perspective of writers from the non-volcanic regions of northern Europe. I explore how the language of ‘fire’ was used in both first-hand and fictionalized accounts of peoples’ interactions with volcanoes and experiences of volcanic phenomena, and see how the routine or implicit linkage of ‘fire’ with ‘combustion’ as an explanation for the deep forces at play within and beneath volcanoes slowly changed as the formal scientific study of volcanoes developed. I show how Vesuvius was used as a ‘model’ volcano in science and literature and how, later, following devastating eruptions in Indonesia and the Caribbean, volcanoes took on a new dimension as contemporary agents of death and destruction.
Frontal and lateral submarine lobe fringes: Comparing sedimentary facies, architecture and flow processes
Authors: Spychala Yvonne , Hodgson David , Prélat Amandine , Kane Ian , Flint Stephen , Mountney Nigel
Published: July 2018

Submarine lobe fringe deposits form heterolithic successions that may include a high proportion of hybrid beds. The identification of lobe fringe successions aids interpretation of paleogeographic setting and the degree of basin confinement. Here, for the first time, the sedimentological and architectural differences between frontal and lateral lobe fringe deposits are investigated. Extensive outcrop and core data from Fan 4, Skoorsteenberg Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa, allow the rates and style of facies changes from axis to fringe settings of lobes and lobe complexes in both down-dip (frontal) and across-strike (lateral) directions to be tightly constrained over an 800 km2 study area. Fan 4 comprises three sand-prone divisions that form compensationally stacked lobe complexes, separated by thick packages of thin-bedded siltstone and sandstone intercalated with (muddy) siltstone, interpreted as the fringes of lobe complexes. Lobe-23 fringe facies associations comprise: i) thick-bedded structureless or planar-laminated sandstones that pinch and swell, and are associated with underlying debrites; ii) argillaceous and mudclast-rich hybrid beds; and iii) current ripple-laminated sandstones and siltstones. Typically, frontal fringes contain high proportions o hybrid beds and transition from thick-bedded sandstones over length scales of 1 to 2 km. In contrast, lateral fringe deposits tend to comprise current ripple-laminated sandstones that transition to thick-bedded sandstones in the lobe axis over several kilometers. Variability of primary flow processes are interpreted to control the documented differences in facies association. Preferential deposition of hybrid beds in frontal fringe positions is related to the dominantly downstream momentum of the high-density core of the flow. In contrast, the ripple-laminated thin beds in lateral fringe positions are interpreted to be deposited by more dilute low-density (parts of the) flows. The development of recognition criteria to distinguish between frontal and lateral lobe fringe successions is critical to improving paleogeographic reconstructions of submarine fans at outcrop and in the subsurface, and will help to reduce uncertainty during hydrocarbon field appraisal and development.
Global inventory of landscape patterns and latent variables of landscape spatial configuration
Authors: Nowosad Jakub , Stepinski Tomasz
Published: July 2018

We present a regionalization of the entire Earth’s landmass into land units of homogeneous landscape patterns. The input to the regionalization is a high resolution Global Land Cover (GLC) dataset. The GLC is first divided into local landscapes – small non-overlapping square blocks of GLC cells. These blocks are agglomerated into much larger land units using a pattern-based segmentation algorithm. These units are tracts encompassing cohesive patterns of land cover and the procedure divides the entire landmass into tracts of land with discernibly different patterns. We characterize a pattern in each unit by a set of 39 landscape metrics. The resulting spatial database of land units is the major product of this study. We make this database freely available to the community in order to provide foundational information for studies aiming at explaining relationships between landscape pattern and ecological process and between the process and patterns and their controlling factors. The procedure of obtaining the database is described, the quality assessment of units delineation is given, and the statistics of the major properties of the units are presented. To showcase the utility of the new database we use it to demonstrate that a variability of geometric configurations of landscape patterns worldwide can be captured in terms of only two variables – complexity and aggregation – as they explain 70% of the variability. This allows for a meaningful, two-dimensional classification and mapping of landscape patterns on the basis of their geometry. Such mapping reveals that the majority of terrestrial landscapes are characterized by a simple, frequently monothematic, pattern of land cover. Thus, landscapes on Earth are mostly segregated by the land cover type and complex landscapes with a diverse mix of different land cover types are rare exceptions from the prevailing monothematic cover.
Ratio-to-moving-average seismograms: a strategy for improving correlation detector performance
Authors: Gibbons Steven , Ringdal Frode , Kværna Tormod
Published: July 2018

Correlation detectors are becoming a standard method for identifying seismic signals from repeating sources. These highly sensitive, source-specific detectors frequently facilitate a reduction in the detection threshold by around an order of magnitude. Detections are typically declared when the value of the correlation coefficient (CC), or a related statistic, exceeds significantly some measure of the variability of values over a longer time window. The performance of correlation detectors is often compromised by the presence of short duration, high-amplitude signals, which influence excessively the value of the CC. We suggest replacing the original seismograms with waveforms in which the value of each sample is replaced by the ratio of that value to a centred moving average of absolute values of the original waveform. These ratio-to-moving-average (RMA) seismograms are relatively featureless over long time intervals, but resemble greatly the original waveforms over short time windows and hence still capture the characteristic seismic fingerprint of a given source. We demonstrate a correlation detection calculation, which fails due to the presence of a high-amplitude signal interfering with part of the correlation window, but which succeeds when RMA seismograms are used due to the diminished influence of the interfering signal. We also demonstrate an example from an aftershock sequence where the CC traces are heavily modulated due to the high dynamic range of the original waveforms. This makes the setting of detection thresholds difficult and results in multiple peaks, which do not correspond to events in the vicinity of the master event. Repeating the calculation using RMA seismograms results in CC traces with a more well-defined detection threshold and most of the spurious detections are lost. The ability to set lower detection thresholds without increasing greatly the number of false alarms facilitates the robust detection of lower magnitude events.
Choice of optimal averaging radii for temporal GRACE gravity solutions, a comparison with GPS and satellite altimetry
Authors: King Matt , Moore Philip , Clarke Peter , Lavallee David
Published: July 2018

One of the initial challenges of the GRACE mission is to validate the accuracy of the time-variable gravity fields. These gravity fields contain both spatially correlated (systematic) and random noise and hence spatial averaging needs to be implemented. Before the fields may be interpreted, optimum averaging radii need to be determined through comparison with independent data. We compare time series of vertical solid Earth deformations computed from 22 approximately monthly GRACE gravity fields (covering 2002.3 until 2004.6) with vertical displacements measured using a global GPS network of 63 sites, about half of which are located on small islands. The GPS data were processed using a Precise Point Positioning approach using fiducial free orbits and attempting to minimise propagated systematic errors. The optimum mean correlations were obtained at 500 km averaging radii for continental sites (R=0.55), >=2000 km for island sites (R=0.3). Subtracting the GRACE displacement time series from the GPS ones revealed a mean Variance reduction of ~14%. To supplement the GPS data at the island sites, we also computed displacements based on TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) sea surface height data between 2002.3 and 2003.96 corrected for steric effects. Correlations reached a maximum at 2000 km with a correlation of 0.38, increasing to 0.47 after the removal of six outlying sites. Overall, we conclude that optimum averaging radii are ~500 km for continental sites and >=2000 km over the oceans, but that the measurement precision of GPS and T/P may be inflating these values.