bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TrkB‐mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/Akt cascade reduces the damage inflicted by oxygen–glucose deprivation in area CA3 of the rat hippocampus
Authors: Tecuatl Carolina , Herrrera‐López Gabriel , Martín‐Ávila Alejandro , Yin Bocheng , Weber Stephen , Barrionuevo Germán , Galván Emilio J.
Published: February 2018

The selective vulnerability of hippocampal area CA1 to ischemia‐induced injury is a well‐known phenomenon. However, the cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to area CA3 against ischemic damage remain elusive. Here, we show that oxygen–glucose deprivation–reperfusion (OGD‐RP), an in vitro model that mimic the pathological conditions of the ischemic stroke, increases the phosphorylation level of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in area CA3. Slices preincubated with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or 7,8‐dihydroxyflavone (7,8‐DHF) exhibited reduced depression of the electrical activity triggered by OGD‐RP. Consistently, blockade of TrkB suppressed the resistance of area CA3 to OGD‐RP. The protective effect of TrkB activation was limited to area CA3, as OGD‐RP caused permanent suppression of CA1 responses. At the cellular level, TrkB activation leads to phosphorylation of the accessory proteins SHC and Gab as well as the serine/threonine kinase Akt, members of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt (PI‐3‐K/Akt) pathway, a cascade involved in cell survival. Hence, acute slices pretreated with the Akt antagonist MK2206 in combination with BDNF lost the capability to resist the damage inflicted with OGD‐RP. Consistently, with these results, CA3 pyramidal cells exhibited reduced propidium iodide uptake and caspase‐3 activity in slices pretreated with BDNF and exposed to OGD‐RP. We propose that PI‐3‐K/Akt downstream activation mediated by TrkB represents an endogenous mechanism responsible for the resistance of area CA3 to ischemic damage.
Soft tissue changes following extraction vs. nonextraction orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Konstantonis Dimitrios , Vasileiou Dimitrios , Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Eliades Theodore
Published: February 2018

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effect of systematic extraction protocols during orthodontic fixed appliance treatment on the soft tissue profile of human patients. Nine databases were searched until December 2016 for controlled clinical studies including premolar extraction or nonextraction treatment. After elimination of duplicate studies, data extraction, and risk‐of‐bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, random‐effects meta‐analyses of mean differences (MD) or standardized mean differences (SMD) and their 95% CIs were performed, followed by subgroup, meta‐regression, and sensitivity analyses. Extraction treatment was associated with increased lower lip retraction (24 studies; 1,456 patients; MD = 1.96 mm), upper lip retraction (21 studies; 1,149 patients; MD = 1.26 mm), nasolabial angle (21 studies; 1,089 patients; MD = 4.21°), soft‐tissue profile convexity (six studies; 408 patients; MD = 1.24°), and profile pleasantness (three studies; 249 patients; SMD = 0.41). Patient age, extraction protocol, and amount of upper incisor retraction during treatment were significantly associated with the observed extraction effects, while the quality of evidence was very low in all cases due to risk of bias, baseline confounding, inconsistency, and imprecision. Although tooth extractions seem to affect patient profile, existing studies are heterogenous and no consistent predictions of profile response can be made.
Fatigue strength of spring steel with small scratches
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Yanase K. , Ikeda Y. , Tanaka Y. , Miyamoto N. , Miyakawa S. , Endo M.
Published: February 2018

In compression coil springs subjected to cyclic load, fatigue cracks can sometimes initiate and propagate from scratch‐like small defects produced during the manufacturing process and degrade the fatigue strength. In this study, torsional and rotating bending fatigue tests were conducted to examine the fatigue behavior of a high‐strength spring steel (JIS G 3561, SWOSC‐V) in the presence of small scratches. The sensitivity of the HCF and VHCF strength to small scratches was evaluated based on the
parameter model.
Detecting early warning signals of tree mortality in boreal North America using multiscale satellite data
Authors: Rogers Brendan M. , Solvik Kylen , Hogg Edward H. , Ju Junchang , Masek Jeffrey G. , Michaelian Michael , Berner Logan T. , Goetz Scott J.
Published: February 2018

Increasing tree mortality from global change drivers such as drought and biotic infestations is a widespread phenomenon, including in the boreal zone where climate changes and feedbacks to the Earth system are relatively large. Despite the importance for science and management communities, our ability to forecast tree mortality at landscape to continental scales is limited. However, two independent information streams have the potential to inform and improve mortality forecasts: repeat forest inventories and satellite remote sensing. Time series of tree‐level growth patterns indicate that productivity declines and related temporal dynamics often precede mortality years to decades before death. Plot‐level productivity, in turn, has been related to satellite‐based indices such as the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Here we link these two data sources to show that early warning signals of mortality are evident in severalNDVI‐based metrics up to 24 years before death. We focus on two repeat forest inventories and threeNDVIproducts across western boreal North America where productivity and mortality dynamics are influenced by periodic drought. These data sources capture a range of forest conditions and spatial resolution to highlight the sensitivity and limitations of our approach. Overall, results indicate potential to use satelliteNDVIfor early warning signals of mortality. Relationships are broadly consistent across inventories, species, and spatial resolutions, although the utility of coarse‐scale imagery in the heterogeneous aspen parkland was limited. Longer‐termNDVIdata and annually remeasured sites with high mortality levels generate the strongest signals, although we still found robust relationships at sites remeasured at a typical 5 year frequency. The approach and relationships developed here can be used as a basis for improving forest mortality models and monitoring systems.
Efficacy of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir in patients with hepatitis C virus infection undergoing and not undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Fujii Hideki , Kimura Hiroyuki , Kurosaki Masayuki , Hasebe Chitomi , Akahane Takehiro , Yagisawa Hitoshi , Kato Keizo , Yoshida Hideo , Itakura Jun , Sakita Shinya , Satou Takashi , Okada Kazuhiko , Kusakabe Atsunori , Kojima Yuji , Kondo Masahiko , Morita Atsuhiro , Nasu Akihiro , Tamada Takashi , Okushin Hiroaki , Kobashi Haruhiko , Tsuji Keiji , Joko Kouji , Ogawa Chikara , Uchida Yasushi , Mitsuda Akeri , Sohda Tetsuro , Ide Yasushi , Izumi Namiki
Published: February 2018

Aim

To evaluate the virologic responses and clinical course of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir treatment in non‐hemodialysis (non‐HD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients infected with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Methods

A total of 1113 non‐HD patients and 67 HD patients were assessed. To evaluate pretreatment factors contributing to sustained virological response at 12 weeks (SVR12), univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. To adjust for differences in patient background, propensity score matching was undertaken.

Results

The overall SVR12 rates were 91.6% in non‐HD patients and 95.5% in HD patients. Compared with non‐HD patients, HD patients were younger, were more likely to be male, were less likely to have received interferon‐based pretreatment, had a lower viral load, and had lower levels of alanine transaminase, hemoglobin, and α‐fetoprotein. Multivariate analysis revealed that viral load, α‐fetoprotein, L31 substitution negative, and Y93 substitution negative were independent predictive factors for SVR12 in non‐HD patients. The proportion of patients with undetectable HCV‐RNA during the initial 4 weeks was significantly higher in HD patients than in non‐HD patients. The SVR12 rate was clearly higher in HD patients than in non‐HD patients, although the difference was not statistically significant. After propensity score matching to adjust for viral load, α‐fetoprotein, L31 substitution, and Y93 substitution, these trends disappeared.

Conclusions

For treatment of HCV genotype 1 infection, daclatasvir plus asunaprevir is useful not only in non‐HD patients but also in HD patients. Viral load, α‐fetoprotein levels, L31 substitution, and Y93 substitution influence treatment course and outcome.
Effect of oral premedication on the anaesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis – A systematic review and network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Pulikkotil S. J. , Nagendrababu V. , Veettil S. K. , Jinatongthai P. , Setzer F. C.
Published: February 2018

This systematic review (SR; PROSPERO database: CRD42017075160) and network meta‐analysis (NMA) identified the most effective oral premedication for anaesthetic success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) in cases of irreversible pulpitis. Medline and Ebscohost databases were searched up until 10/2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) studying the effect of oral premedication, alone or in combination, on the success of IANB for cases of irreversible pulpitis, compared to placebo or other oral premedications, were included. Quality of the included studies was appraised by the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials. Pairwise analysis, NMA and quality of evidence assessment using GRADE criteria were performed. Nineteen studies (n = 1654 participants) were included. NMA demonstrated that compared to placebo, dexamethasone was most effective in increasing anaesthetic success (RR, 2.92 [95% CI 1.74,4.91]; SUCRA = 0.96), followed by NSAIDs (RR, 1.92 [95% CI 1.63,2.27], SUCRA = 0.738) and Tramadol (RR, 2.03 [95% CI 1.18,3.49], SUCRA = 0.737). Premedication with acetaminophen added to NSAIDs demonstrated similar efficacy as NSAIDs alone (RR, 1.06 [95% CI 0.79,1.43]). Sensitivity analyses proved the superiority of dexamethasone or NSAIDs over any other premedications. Subgroup analyses of specific dosages in comparison with placebo demonstrated that dexamethasone 0.5 mg was most effective, followed by ketorolac 10 mg, piroxicam 20 mg, ibuprofen 400 mg + acetaminophen 500 mg and Tramadol 50 mg. Ibuprofen 400 mg, 600 mg and 800 mg had a significantly improved IANB success, while Ibuprofen 300 mg had no effect. Oral premedication with dexamethasone, NSAIDs or Tramadol significantly increased anaesthetic success. More trials are needed to evaluate the premedication effects of dexamethasone or Tramadol for improved anaesthetic success of IANB when treating irreversible pulpitis.
High prevalence of hypogonadism determined by serum free testosterone level in Japanese testicular cancer survivors
Authors: Kurobe Masahiro , Kawai Koji , Suetomi Takahiro , Iwamoto Teruaki , Waku Natsui , Kawahara Takashi , Kojima Takahiro , Joraku Akira , Miyazaki Jun , Nishiyama Hiroyuki
Published: February 2018

Objective

Hypogonadism is a major complication in testicular cancer survivors, but its prevalence varies among studies. In Japan, free testosterone has been used for diagnosis of late‐onset hypogonadism syndrome. In the present study, we evaluated the hormone level of testicular cancer survivors and its impact on their quality of life.

Methods

Overall, 50 testicular cancer survivors treated from 1990 to 2013 were enrolled. The median age was 44 years. The serum levels of free testosterone, total testosterone and luteinizing hormone were measured. All patients completed the Aging Males’ Symptom scale and International Index of Erectile Function‐15. The hormone levels of 337 healthy volunteers were used as the control.

Results

A total of 32 (64%) patients showed free testosterone levels <8.5 pg/mL. In contrast, just 26% of 50 patients showed total testosterone levels <3.5 ng/mL. Testicular cancer survivors had significantly lower free testosterone and higher luteinizing hormone compared with healthy controls. In contrast, there was no difference in total testosterone between patients and controls. The prevalence of late‐onset hypogonadism symptoms of any grade (Aging Males’ Symptom total score ≥27) was 60%. Overall, 64% were defined as having moderate erectile dysfunction (International Index of Erectile Function‐Erectile Function domain score <17). However, Aging Males’ Symptom, International Index of Erectile Function‐15 and Erectile Function domain scores did not differ by free testosterone or total testosterone level.

Conclusions

This is the first report on the prevalence of hypogonadism determined by free testosterone level in Japanese testicular cancer survivors. Because Aging Males’ Symptom and International Index of Erectile Function‐15 scores do not necessarily reflect the hormone level, measuring free testosterone is also important in the follow up of these patients.
Violence committed by intimate partners of physicians, nurses and nursing assistants
Authors: Carmona‐Torres J.M. , Recio‐Andrade B. , Rodríguez‐Borrego M.A.
Published: February 2018

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of intimate partner abuse in physicians, nurses and nursing assistants and risk factors in the Spanish Health Service.

Background

In Spain, the national public health service is the most likely point of primary care access for victims of intimate partner violence. However, health professionals are also victims of violence by their intimate partner. Little research has been undertaken exploring the prevalence and risk factors of this abuse in health professionals.

Methods

A cross‐sectional multicenter study in professionals of both sexes who were working in the Spanish Public Health Service was performed. The health professionals completed an online survey of intimate violence abuse: for women, the screening of abuse against women by an intimate partner, and for men, the domestic violence screening tool in a family setting. A descriptive and comparative analysis was performed.

Results

The sample consisted of 1071 professionals: 49.9% were physicians, 46.9% were nurses and 3.3% were nursing assistants. Of the participants, 26.6% had experienced some form of abuse, and 73.3% of the abused professionals had not spoken of their experience of abuse with anyone else.

Conclusion

Men experienced a lower incidence of intimate partner violence than women. In fact, 34% of the female participants were in an abusive relationship, which is a higher percentage than that observed in studies of the general Spanish female population (11.7%). It appears that being female and a nurse are risk factors for abuse.

Implications for nursing and health policy

These data suggest the urgent implementation of action plans for the provision of support for the victims and for interventions aimed at reducing the problem. Better training and awareness‐raising programmes that improve the detection of intimate partner violence and the care of its victims are also necessary.
Functional characterisation of bioactive peptide derived from terrestrial snail Cryptozona bistrialis and its wound‐healing property in normal and diabetic‐induced Wistar albino rats
Authors: Ulagesan Selvakumari , Sankaranarayanan Kamatchi , Kuppusamy Amutha
Published: February 2018

A peptide might be an exciting biomaterial or template for the development of novel wound‐healing agents. In this report, it was isolated from the terrestrial snail Cryptozona bistrialis by enzymatic digestion and was evaluated for its in vitro wound‐healing activity in NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts cell line and in vivo wound‐healing activity in normal and diabetic‐induced Wistar albino rats. The C. bistrialis protein was digested by the papain enzyme, and 21.79 kDa peptide (Cb‐peptide) was purified by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and identified by MALDI (matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization)‐TOF analysis. The isolated Cb‐peptide was characterised by various analytical methods. The peptide demonstrated a capacity to prevent the development of pathogenic bacterial and fungal cultures and proved that it promotes significant wound‐healing activity in the wound scratch assay method by rapid cell migration and closure of wound. Isolated Cb‐peptide was lyophilised and formulated to ointment and analysed for in vivo wound‐healing activity in normal and diabetic (alloxan monohydrate)‐induced Wistar albino rats. Cb‐peptide ointment‐treated groups showed a greater degree of wound healing and early and complete period of epithelialisation in normal and diabetic‐induced Wistar albino rats. Cb‐peptide ointment‐treated groups showed significant excision and incision wound‐healing activity. A conclusion was reached that the peptide isolated from C. bistrialis showed greater wound‐healing activity compared with vehicle control and standard control.
High‐temperature effects on the light transmission through sapphire optical fiber
Authors: Wilson Brandon A. , Petrie Christian M. , Blue Thomas E.
Published: February 2018

Single crystal sapphire optical fiber was tested at high temperatures (1500°C) to determine its suitability for optical instrumentation in high‐temperature environments. Broadband light transmission (450‐2300 nm) through sapphire fiber was measured as a function of temperature as a test of the fiber's ability to survive and operate in high‐temperature environments. Upon heating sapphire fiber to 1400°C, large amounts of light attenuation were measured across the entire range of light wavelengths that were tested. SEM and TEM images of the heated sapphire fiber indicated that a layer had formed at the surface of the fiber, most likely due to a chemical change at high temperatures. The microscopy results suggest that the surface layer may be in the form of aluminum hydroxide. Subsequent tests of sapphire fiber in an inert atmosphere showed minimal light attenuation at high temperatures along with the elimination of any surface layers on the fiber, indicating that the air atmosphere is indeed responsible for the increased attenuation and surface layer formation at high temperatures.
Influence of pozzolanic additives on hydration mechanisms of tricalcium silicate
Authors: Lapeyre Jonathan , Kumar Aditya
Published: February 2018

Pozzolanic mineral additives, such as silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK), are used to partially replace cement in concrete. This study employs extensive experimentation and simulations to elucidate and contrast the influence of SF and MK on the early age hydration rates of tricalcium silicate (triclinic C3S), the major phase in cement. Results show that at low replacement levels (i.e., ≤10%), both SF and MK accelerate C3S hydration rates via the filler effect, that is, enhanced heterogeneous nucleation of the main hydration product (C–S–H: calcium‐silicate‐hydrate) on the extra surfaces provided by the additive. The filler effect of SF is inferior to that of MK because of agglomeration of the fine particles of SF, which causes significant reduction (i.e., up to 97%) in its surface area. At higher replacement levels (i.e., ≥20%), while SF continues to serve as a filler, the propensity of MK to allow nucleation of C–S–H on its surface is substantially suppressed. This reversal in the filler effect of MK is attributed to the abundance of aluminate [Al(OH)4−] ions in the solution—released from the dissolution of MK—which inhibit topographical sites for C–S–H nucleation and impede its subsequent growth. Results also show that in the first 24 hours of hydration, MK is a superior pozzolan compared to SF. However, the pozzolanic activities of both SF and MK are limited and, thus, do not produce significant alterations in the early age hydration kinetics of C3S. Overall, the outcomes of this study provide novel insights into the mechanistic origins of the filler and pozzolanic effects of SF and MK, and their impact on cementitious reaction rates.
Microsatellite diversity of a critically endangered sturgeon, Acipenser sturio L. 1758, assessed from museum and archaeological tissue remains
Authors: Chassaing Olivier , Desse‐Berset Nathalie , Hänni Catherine , Hughes Sandrine , Berrebi Patrick
Published: February 2018

Aim

The European sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, was classified as “Critically Endangered” in 1996. Its last natural population is currently living in the Gironde Estuary (French Atlantic coastal region) but has a low level of genetic diversity and is on the brink of extinction. In order to reconstitute the genetic structure, migrations and hybridization of the species across Europe, present‐day and ancient tissues from museum specimens and archaeological remains were analysed at nuclear loci. Results obtained shed a new light on the limits of reintroduction for this species.

Location

The present and past phylogeography of A. sturio in Europe are described with living specimens from the Gironde Estuary, museum specimens (19th and 20th centuries) and archaeological remains (260–2,500 BP) from most European coasts and rivers.

Methods

We describe the current and past nuclear diversity observed at five microsatellite loci for 22 living, 42 museum and 38 archaeological specimens.

Results

The results revealed high past allelic diversity for A. sturio in the western Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea, whereas the Atlantic and Black Sea regions were marginal areas with lower polymorphism. Acipenser sturio was subdivided into Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages, with between‐lineage intraspecific hybrid individuals and Atlantic individuals caught in the Mediterranean, evidence of ancient migrations. Finally, these nuclear data also highlight hybrids with a sibling species, the Atlantic sturgeon (A. oxyrinchus), possibly even in the last living population in the Gironde Estuary.

Main conclusions

Nuclear markers allowed the phylogeographic description of this sturgeon. The molecular analysis provided evidence of high past diversity in the Mediterranean and the detection of hybridization: two of the individuals analysed here (i.e. 3%) were A. sturio × A. oxyrinchus hybrids, five (8%) were found to have migrated between Atlantic and Mediterranean (individuals of Atlantic lineage captured in the Mediterranean and vice versa) and two (3%) were Atlantic–Mediterranean hybridized. Around 10% of the A sturio specimens have undergone migrations between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, new knowledge which provides valuable arguments for reintroduction plans, that is, the possible use of European sturgeons for Mediterranean stocking and of A. oxyrinchus for European stocking.
New evidence on the effect of computerized individualized practice and instruction on language skills
Authors: Ghysels J. , Haelermans C.
Published: February 2018

This paper provides new evidence on the effect of computerized individualized practice and instruction on language skills, more specifically on spelling. An individually randomized experiment among 7th grade students in the Netherlands is developed to study the effect of an adaptive digital homework tool on spelling performance. Using an instrumental variable approach to control for actual use of the digital tool, we show that there are small positive effects of practicing with an adaptive digital tool for spelling for 7th grade students. Effects are largest for low‐performing students.
Denosumab‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw following non‐surgical periodontal therapy: A case report
Authors: Diniz‐Freitas Márcio , Fernández‐Feijoo Javier , Diz Dios Pedro , Pousa Xiana , Limeres Jacobo
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonates is currently called medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), given that in addition to bisphosphonates, jaw osteonecrosis has been related to the administration of other antiresorptive and antiangiogenic drugs, such as denosumab, sunitinib, bevacizumab and ipilimumab.

Case Presentation

A 77‐year‐old patient with osteoporosis treated with subcutaneous injections of denosumab at an interval of 6 months is presented. The patient developed MRONJ after receiving a non‐surgical periodontal therapy. Although the MRONJ was initially classified as a stage I lesion in this patient, cone beam computed tomography images confirmed the presence of a significant osteolytic lesion. Treatment consisted of the administration of chlorhexidine mouthwash and systemic doxycycline, exodontia of the involved teeth, sequestrectomy and complete surgical debridement of the necrotic bone.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature of MRONJ following non‐surgical periodontal therapy in a patient with osteoporosis treated with denosumab. The risk of MRONJ development after a periodontal procedure and how to prevent this complication are still unknown.
Out of the pot and into the fire: Explaining the vulnerability of an endangered small headwater stream fish to black‐bass Micropterus spp. invasion
Authors: Ellender B. R. , Weyl O. L. F. , Alexander M. E. , Luger A. M. , Nagelkerke L. A. J. , Woodford D. J.
Published: February 2018

Introduced predatory fishes have had consistently severe consequences for native fishes in stream environments around the world, although the drivers of these effects are often unclear. In the Swartkops River headwaters in South Africa, native Eastern Cape redfin Pseudobarbus afer were always absent from sites occupied by non‐native black basses Micropterus salmoides and Micropterus dolomieu, but generally co‐occurred with the native predators Anguilla marmorata and Anguilla mossambica. A natural experiment provided by flood‐mediated recolonization of black‐bass occupied sites by P. afer demonstrated depletion in black‐bass invaded sites. Field behavioural observations of P. afer indicated that they foraged among benthic cover during the day, but suspended in open water at night. As the nocturnal A. marmorata and A. mossambica foraged actively within structural cover at night and M. dolomieu and M. salmoides are diurnal or crepuscular predators, P .afer is thus optimized to avoid predation by native anguillid predators and not the functionally unique predatory black basses. The integration of distributional, temporal population dynamics and behavioural data suggests that the severe effects of Micropterus spp. are probably a consequence of prey naïveté and behaviour evolved to evade native predators.
Contemporary factors influencing genetic diversity in the Alaska humpback whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis complex
Authors: Olsen J. B. , Brown R. J. , Russ O. L. , Harper K. , Wenburg J. K.
Published: February 2018

Thirteen microsatellite loci were used to address three hypotheses regarding genetic diversity in the humpback whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis complex in Alaska. The test results provided further insight into the factors influencing C. clupeaformis complex population structure and level of genetic variation. First, the microsatellite data did not provide evidence of two spatially distinct Beringian and Eurasian refugial groups as revealed in previous phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation. Rather, the population structure inferred from the microsatellite variation appears to reveal the influence of factors on a more recent time scale, including gene flow among the refugial groups and isolation of some anadromous and freshwater resident populations. Second, anadromous C. clupeaformis complex collections exhibited higher intra‐population genetic diversity than freshwater resident collections. This outcome is consistent with previous meta analyses suggesting that freshwater resident populations probably have smaller historical effective population sizes and less conspecific gene flow because the habitat tends to be smaller and supports fewer and smaller populations. Finally, the analysis of contemporary immigration rates was consistent with, but did not provide statistical support for, the hypothesis that gene flow among anadromous C. clupeaformis complex populations along coastal Alaska is influenced by the Alaska Coastal Current. Further studies are needed to evaluate gene flow among coastal Alaska C. clupeaformis complex populations.
Toward a Resource Theory of Fathering
Authors: Palkovitz Rob , Hull James
Published: February 2018

A resource model of fathering is elaborated as a proposed midrange father‐centered theory that provides a comprehensive framework for integrating the fathering literature. By explaining how fathers manage multiple components of fathering across levels and domains that are embedded within personal, interpersonal, and community contexts, the proposed theoretical model incorporates cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of lived experiences. Integrating existing theories to explain observed diversity in common measures of fathering, including assessments of father–child attachment, paternal style, and father involvement, the proposed theory provides direction for advancing an understanding of fathering by identifying under‐researched associations between fathers and the contexts and relationships in which they are embedded with the potential for informing fathering education and intervention.
Between Individual and Family Coping: A Decade of Theory and Research on Couples Coping With Health‐Related Stress
Authors: Lee Eunjin , Roberts Linda J.
Published: February 2018

Although adjusting to health‐related stress is a critical process, existing individual and family stress and coping theories are inadequate for understanding the processes that occur in the context of a couple coping with health‐related stress. Focusing on the past decade, this review identifies empirical studies adopting a dyadic perspective to examine couples coping with health‐related stress. Four dyadic coping theories are identified, and this emerging theoretical landscape is summarized and evaluated. Despite advances in dyadic conceptualizations of stress and coping, the field lacks a comprehensive framework to guide research and integrate the diverse emerging theories. An ecological intra‐ and interpersonal process (EIIPP) framework is introduced to integrate current work in dyadic coping and to incorporate enduring contributions from the work on individual and family‐systems stress and coping that predates the explicitly dyadic conceptualizations. The review concludes by highlighting potential contributions of the EIIPP framework for advancing the family field.
Short fiber‐reinforced composite restorations: A review of the current literature
Authors: Garoushi Sufyan , Gargoum Ausama , Vallittu Pekka K. , Lassila Lippo
Published: February 2018

A newly‐recommended method for restoring large cavities is the biomimetic approach of using short fiber‐reinforced composite (SFRC) as dentine‐replacing material. The aim of the current review was to present an overview of SFRC and to give the clinician a detailed understanding of this new material and treatment strategy based on available‐literature review. A thorough literature search was done up to December 2017. The range of relevant publications was surveyed using PubMed and Google Scholar. From the search results, articles related to our search terms were only considered. The search terms used were “short fiber‐reinforced composite”, “everX posterior”, and “fiber‐reinforced composite restorations”. Of the assessed articles selected (N = 70), most were laboratory‐based research with various test specimen designs prepared according to the ISO standard or with extracted teeth; only four articles were clinical reports. A common finding was that by combining the SFRC as a bulk base with conventional composite, the load‐bearing capacity and failure mode of the material combination were improved, as compared to plain conventional composite restoration. In the reviewed studies, the biomimetic restoration technique of using SFRC showed promising characteristics, and therefore, might be recommended as an alternative treatment option for large cavities.
Institutional Isomorphism in Religious Entities of Post‐Soviet Tajikistan
Authors: Zainiddinov Hakim
Published: February 2018

Grounded in institutional isomorphism theory, the paper analyzes the extent to which the process of homogenization (isomorphism) can be useful in our understanding of changes within religious entities. Examining the emergence and development of religious entities in post‐Soviet Tajikistan, I find that three isomorphic mechanisms are less dependent on the impact of religious institutional environments and interaction among religious organizations. Rather, isomorphic changes are manifested as the result of interaction with the state. Mimetic and normative processes are observed in a weak state, whereas coercive isomorphism is exerted under the influence of a strong state. A relative heterogeneity of the religious field is observed in the first two stages of the development of religious entities. Once the state expands its regulation and control, religious entities become more homogeneous in structure and administration due to coercive isomorphism. Implications for extending the concept of institutional isomorphism beyond traditional organizational fields are discussed.
The antimicrobial peptaibol trichokonin IV promotes plant growth and induces systemic resistance against Botrytis cinerea infection in moth orchid
Authors: Zhao Peibao , Ren Aizhi , Dong Ping , Sheng Yinsheng , Chang Xue , Zhang Xiusheng
Published: February 2018

Trichokonins (TKs) are antimicrobial peptaibols that are extracted from Trichoderma pseudokoningii strain SMF2. We discovered that TK VI, the primary active constituent of TKs, not only promotes growth, but also induces systemic resistance against grey mould caused by Botrytis cinerea in moth orchid (Phalaenopsis). Firstly, following treatment with TK VI, the growth of several varieties of Phalaenopsis increased relative to the control treatment. Both the aboveground and belowground biomass increased, particularly the length, superficial area, volume and root branching. Secondly, treatment with TK VI by either root or foliar application controlled grey mould on the moth orchids. Following irrigation with TK VI, the activities of defence‐related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, and the resistance‐related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, all increased, while those of harmful substance malondialdehyde decreased. These findings indicated that induced systemic resistance was the primary mechanism of control.
‘Just reading’: the impact of a faster pace of reading narratives on the comprehension of poorer adolescent readers in English classrooms
Authors: Westbrook Jo , Sutherland Julia , Oakhill Jane , Sullivan Susan
Published: February 2018

Poorer adolescent readers are often regarded by teachers as unable to read whole narratives and given short, simplified texts, yet are expected to analyse every part in a slow laborious read‐through. This article reports on a mixed methods study in which 20 English teachers in the South of England changed their current practice to read two whole challenging novels at a faster pace than usual in 12 weeks with their average and poorer readers ages 12–13. Ten teachers received additional training in teaching comprehension. Students in both groups made 8.5 months' mean progress on standardised tests of reading comprehension, but the poorer readers made a surprising 16 months progress but with no difference made by the training programme. Simply reading challenging, complex novels aloud and at a fast pace in each lesson repositioned ‘poorer readers’ as ‘good’ readers, giving them a more engaged uninterrupted reading experience over a sustained period. However, the qualitative data showed that teachers with the additional training provided a more coherent faster read and better supported poorer readers by explicitly teaching inference, diagnosed students' ‘sticking places’ mid‐text and created socially cohesive guided reading groups that further supported weaker readers and also stretched the average/good readers.
Mapping Ethics With the Digital Maps Metaphor: Addressing Raised Eyebrows and Bolded Question Marks in Relation to Developmental Test Methodology
Authors: Frankenberg Sofia J.
Published: February 2018

The Digital Maps Metaphor (DMM) is suggested as a transdisciplinary research tool to overcome some of the challenges that are potentially inherent in research projects that involve multiple aims, objectives, knowledge claims, and methodologies. Based on the understanding of metaphors as embodied concepts, it is argued that the DMM can be used to structure mappings of the different rationalities within transdisciplinary projects. The advantage of the DMM is illustrated by the metaphor's application to a comprehensive transdisciplinary intervention study in Swedish preschools. The structural mapping brings forth a number of contradictions between the Childhood Map, the Critical and Micro‐political map, and the Developmental map. Potentials for new emergent understandings, facilitated by the metaphor, are suggested for the benefit of children's learning and development. Empirical studies of the effectiveness of the metaphor should be the next step in order to assess its usefulness in different educational and scientific contexts.
Isachne soderstromii sp. nov. (Poaceae, Micrairoideae, Isachneae) from Dominica, Lesser Antilles
Authors: Rodrigues Rodrigo S. , Filgueiras Tarciso S.
Published: February 2018

Isachne soderstromii, a new species from Dominica in the Lesser Antilles, is described and illustrated. The new species can be recognized by the combination of the following features: distichous leaves, blades with conspicuous midrib, panicle branches and pedicels with glandular bands, and glabrous rachilla between the lower and the upper similar anthoecia. The new taxon is compared with morphologically related Central American and Caribbean species of the genus. Additionally, a key to the species of Isachne occurring in Central America and the Antilles is provided.
Actualism without Presentism? Not by way of the Relativity Objection
Authors: Emery Nina
Published: February 2018

Actualismis the view that only actually existing things exist.Presentismis the view that only presently existing things exist. In this paper, I argue that being an actualist without also being a presentist is not as easy as many philosophers seem to think. A common objection to presentism is that there is an unavoidable conflict between presentism and relativity theory. But actualists who do not wish to be presentists cannot point to this relativity objection alone to support their position. Unless they have some antecedent reason for thinking that actualism is more plausible than presentism, anyone who is moved by the relativity objection to give up presentism should be moved by a related objection to give up actualism as well. If there is a reason to be an actualist without also being a presentist, it must go beyond the relativity objection to presentism.
Mapping face categorization in the human ventral occipitotemporal cortex with direct neural intracranial recordings
Authors: Rossion Bruno , Jacques Corentin , Jonas Jacques
Published: February 2018

The neural basis of face categorization has been widely investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), identifying a set of face‐selective local regions in the ventral occipitotemporal cortex (VOTC). However, indirect recording of neural activity with fMRI is associated with large fluctuations of signal across regions, often underestimating face‐selective responses in the anterior VOTC. While direct recording of neural activity with subdural grids of electrodes (electrocorticography, ECoG) or depth electrodes (stereotactic electroencephalography, SEEG) offers a unique opportunity to fill this gap in knowledge, these studies rather reveal widely distributed face‐selective responses. Moreover, intracranial recordings are complicated by interindividual variability in neuroanatomy, ambiguity in definition, and quantification of responses of interest, as well as limited access to sulci with ECoG. Here, we propose to combine SEEG in large samples of individuals with fast periodic visual stimulation to objectively define, quantify, and characterize face categorization across the whole VOTC. This approach reconciles the wide distribution of neural face categorization responses with their (right) hemispheric and regional specialization, and reveals several face‐selective regions in anterior VOTC sulci. We outline the challenges of this research program to understand the neural basis of face categorization and high‐level visual recognition in general.
A novel role for cathepsin K in periosteal osteoclast precursors during fracture repair
Authors: Walia Bhavita , Lingenheld Elizabeth , Duong Le , Sanjay Archana , Drissi Hicham
Published: February 2018

Osteoporosis management is currently centered around bisphosphonates, which inhibit osteoclast (OC) bone resorption but do not affect bone formation. This reduces fracture risk, but fails to restore healthy bone remodeling. Studies in animal models showed that cathepsin K (CatK) inhibition by genetic deletion or chemical inhibitors maintained bone formation while abrogating resorption during bone remodeling and stimulated periosteal bone modeling. Recently, periosteal mononuclear tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase–positive (TRAP+) osteoclast precursors (OCPs) were shown to augment angiogenesis‐coupled osteogenesis. CatK gene deletion increased osteoblast differentiation via enhanced OCP and OC secretion of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB and sphingosine 1 phosphate. The effects of periosteum‐derived OCPs on bone remodeling are unknown, particularly with regard to fracture repair. We hypothesized that periosteal OCPs derived from CatK‐null (Ctsk–/–) mice may enhance periosteal bone formation during fracture repair. We found fewer periosteal OCPs in Ctsk–/– mice under homeostatic conditions; however, after fracture, this population increased in number relative to that seen in wild‐type (WT) mice. Enhanced TRAP staining and greater expression of PDGF‐BB were observed in fractured Ctsk–/– femurs relative to WT femurs. This early pattern of augmented PDGF‐BB expression in Ctsk–/– mice may contribute to improved fracture healing by enhancing callus mineralization in Ctsk–/– mice.
Relationship between dental occlusion and functional dependence in elderly Caucasians
Authors: Diz P , Cardoso M , Diniz‐Freitas M , Vázquez P , Sobrino F , Limeres J
Published: February 2018

Objective

To determine whether a relationship exists between the number of functional masticatory units (FMUs) and the level of functional dependence of elderly.

Subjects and Methods

The study group comprised 502 elderly Caucasians living in nursing homes in north‐west Spain and Portugal. The number of FMUs was counted on direct visual inspection. The degree of dependence was assessed using the Barthel index. The results were validated in a group of 156 elderly. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using a generalised linear model (GLM), a logistic GLM, a ROC‐GLM curve and a confusion matrix.

Results

The number of FMUs significantly affected the Barthel index score (explained deviance = 27.5%). The number of FMUs was significantly associated with a lower probability of dependence, both for women (explained deviance = 31%) and for men (explained deviance = 33%). The model based on FMUs showed a good discriminatory capacity for dependence (AUC = 0.84 in women and 0.82 in men). The predictive capacity of the dependence model based on FMUs was very high (sensitivity = 0.9 in women and 0.8 in men).

Conclusions

In institutionalised elderly Caucasians, the number of FMUs is significantly associated with the Barthel index score and could be a predictive factor for dependence.
Microbiopsy a first‐level diagnostic test to rule out oral dysplasia or carcinoma in general dental practice
Authors: Pentenero M , Val M , Rosso S , Gandolfo S
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Diagnostic delay in oral oncology could be improved if general dentists had a reliable and easy‐to‐use first‐level diagnostic test to rule out the presence of oral dysplasia or carcinoma. Microbiopsy has been proved to have high sensitivity and high negative predictive value in a clinical setting characterized by high prevalence of disease. Moreover, it has been proved to be easily performed by general dentists. This study aimed to determine the negative predictive value of microbiopsy in routine dental practice: a clinical setting characterized by low prevalence of disease.

Methods

Within the frame of a previous study, general dentists from the Metropolitan Area of Turin performed microbiopsy for each oral mucosal lesion detected during their practice. The clinical outcome of 129 lesions negative at microbiopsy was checked by a query performed through the database of the Piedmont Cancer Registry, covering the population of the Metropolitan Area of Turin, with particular reference to cancer involving the mouth (ICD‐10:C03‐06). This allowed us to define “true negative” cases and to calculate the negative predictive value of microbiopsy.

Results

In a mean follow‐up of 7.5 years (range 7–9 years), with a dropout rate of 7.7%, no case of tumour involving the mouth was observed, thus revealing a negative predictive value approaching 100%.

Conclusions

Microbiopsy represents an easy‐to‐use and reliable first‐level test able to aid general dentists to select patients requiring an oral medicine assessment in a short time and definitely to avoid diagnostic delay in oncologically relevant oral mucosal lesions.
Autophagy in the dentin‐pulp complex against inflammation
Authors: Zhang L , Chen Z
Published: February 2018

The dentin‐pulp complex is a highly specialized tissue for protecting the dental pulp. Odontoblasts are long‐lived, hard‐tissue‐forming cells in the dentin‐pulp complex and critically involved in inflammatory responses against invading pathogens. Autophagy is a highly conserved homeostasis mechanism of living cells under various stress conditions. Growing evidence in the literature addresses the role of autophagy in odontoblast differentiation and aging. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy for the dentin‐pulp complex in resisting inflammation.
Oral cancer awareness in Spain: A pilot study
Authors: Varela‐Centelles P , Estany‐Gestal A , Bugarín‐González R , Seoane‐Romero JM
Published: February 2018

Objectives

To investigate the level of oral cancer knowledge and awareness in a Spanish general population.

Subjects and Methods

A cross‐sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire applied in the community to randomly selected laypersons. Sample size for the general population was determined by quota sampling, resulting in 1,041 individuals.

Results

A total of 1,707 pedestrians were approached (response: 61%). When the participants were asked about what cancers had they heard about (up to ten), oral cancer was mentioned in first place by 2% of the sample and by 22% in any order. When specifically asked about oral cancer, the percentage of interviewees who were familiar with it raised to 72%. Participants were also asked about the main signs or symptoms of oral cancer, and the most frequently (22%) mentioned as the first warning sign was a non‐healing ulcer. Tobacco smoking generally was recognised as the most important (57%) risk factor for oral cancer.

Conclusions

This pilot study revealed a low awareness of oral cancer, and a poor knowledge of its signs and symptoms and risk factors.