bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Adaptability: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Baker Paul T.
Published: March 2005

Human Adaptability: Past, Present, and Future. Stanley J. Ulijaszek and Rebecca A. Huss‐Ashmore. eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.326 pp.
Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia
Authors: Litzinger Ralph A.
Published: March 2005

Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia. Tani E. Barlow. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.454 pp.
Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture
Authors: Plattner Stuart
Published: March 2005

Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. James G. Carrier. ed. New York: New York University Press, 1997.276 pp.
In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichén Itzá
Authors: Alexander Rani T.
Published: March 2005

In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichén Itzá. Quetzil E. Castañeda. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.341 pp.
The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia
Authors: Pritchett James A.
Published: March 2005

The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia. Kate Crehan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.258 pp.
Japan: The Childless Society?
Authors: Kinoshita Futoshi
Published: March 2005

Japan: The Childless Society? Muriel Jolivet. New York: Routledge, 1997.244
African Families and the Crisis of Social Change
Authors: Hodgson Dorothy L.
Published: March 2005

African Families and the Crisis of Social Change. Thomas S. Weisner. Candice Bradley. and Philip L. Kilbride. eds. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997.370 pp.
Designs of Deception: Concepts of Consciousness, Spirituality and Survival in Capoeira Angola in Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Willson Margaret
Published: March 2005

This paper addresses various questions concerning "consciousness" and related folk concepts through an examination of fundamental principles of capoeira angola. These include, for instance, ideas such as ginga, the sensing of the mind/body through specific movements; or energia, a type of psychic force believed to be engendered through engagement within a group or with an opponent; or mentalidade, the kind of "head" one develops in capoeira angola, referring in part to what we conceptualize as a "state of consciousness," and in this case a highly alert and perceptive state with other elements of psychic ties and influences. This mentalidade includes "street smarts" and a highly developed knowledge about the various ways deception can be used to "get what one needs" in life, in other words, these are tools for survival in a specific kind of environment. Such a discussion must include "race," and class in Brazil. Racial and class discrimination in Brazilian society is seldom expressed explicitly; indeed a rhetoric of "racial democracy" has been popularized in direct contradiction to the reality of a racial oppression that includes class. In this paper, I integrate related issues of "states of consciousness" that have developed in capoeira angola to the conditions of racial and class inequality, power and history that have been its nurturance. In the conclusions, I speculate that notions of consciousness are in the process of change as capoeira angola is being regimented, taken out of context and taught increasingly among middle‐class Brazilians and in such places as the United States.
On Becoming a Spirit Medium in a "Rational Society"
Authors: Emmons Charles F.
Published: March 2005

The recruitment and socialization (enculturation) of spirit mediums in the United States is investigated through ethnographic interviews, participant observation and library biographies in Lily Dale, New York. Spirit mediumship, alleged transfer of information from departed souls to the living through another living human (the medium) is a deviant way of knowing in this society. Most children with signs of mediumistic ability are discouraged by family and community. Moving into the role requires positive definitions and social support, such as in Spiritualist Church classes. Given general scepticism about intuition in Western society, even mediums themselves look for "confirmations" to validate their nonrational communications. Thus, the dominance of scientific rationality is accepted to an important degree even by this group that practices an alternate way of knowing.
The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe
Authors: Pecoud Antoine
Published: March 2005

The Politics of Multiculturalism in the New Europe. Edited by Tariq Modood and Pnina Werbner. Zed Books Ltd: London & New‐York, xii. 276 pp. photos. Hb.: ISBN. 85649 421 7. Pb.: ISBN. 85649 422 5.
The Croats from Srijem: An anthropological research into migration, identification and interaction
Authors: Zrnic Valentina Gulin
Published: March 2005

Srijemski Hrvati: Etnoloŝka studija migracije, identifikacije. interakcije Zagreb: Jasna Capo Zmegac. Durieux. 2002. The Croats from Srijem: An anthropological research into migration, identification and interaction. Durieux: Zagreb. 2002, pp 328
The Greening of Social Capital: An Examination of Land‐Based Groups in Two Vermont Counties*
Authors: Savage Andrew , Isham Jonathan , Klyza Christopher McGrory
Published: March 2005

Abstract  By undertaking a census of all agricultural, outdoor recreational, and environmental groups (land‐based groups) in two adjacent counties in Vermont, we demonstrate the dramatic increase of local environmental groups in the last 15 years. Building on the methodologies of Kempton et al. (2001), we first show that official lists of nonprofit groups‐from the Vermont Secretary of State, the Internal Revenue Service, and local grassroots directories—significantly undercount local environmental groups. Second, we show that since the mid‐1980s, the number and membership roles of local autonomous environmental groups have grown rapidly relative to all other types of local and nonlocal land‐based groups in these counties. This article provides preliminary evidence of the recent “greening of social capital.”
Solving the Problems of Iowa Food Deserts: Food Insecurity and Civic Structure*
Authors: Morton Lois Wright , Bitto Ella Annette , Oakland Mary Jane , Sand Mary
Published: March 2005

Abstract  Rural regions include places where food sources are not evenly distributed, leading to areas of concentration and food deserts—places where few or no grocery stores exist. Individuals are hypothesized to depend on personal connections and the civic structure of where they live to help them solve the problem of food insecurity. We find that residents living in poor rural counties with few grocery stores and perceptions of high civic structure are significantly less likely to be food insecure. A great deal of food giving and receiving is reported, but these personal connections do not decrease the odds of being food insecure. Lower incomes and being younger increase the odds of food insecurity. Our findings suggest that investments in strengthening the social structure of rural communities along with strategies that increase incomes can help households solve the problem of food insecurity.
A New Incubator for the Assessment of Hatching and Emergence Success as Well as the Timing of Emergence in Salmonids
Authors: Bernier-Bourgault Isabel , Guillemette François , Vallée Charles , Magnan Pierre
Published: March 2005

We devised a new incubator to estimate hatching and emergence success as well as the timing of emergence of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. The incubation basket is cylindrical and made of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) grid that allows water to flow through from all directions. A fry trap is set on top of the incubation basket to catch the emergent larvae. A PVC coupler is fixed to the incubation basket and allows the fry trap to be easily removed and replaced so that one can sample larvae during emergence. In the field, the emergence success for incubators containing natural substrate ranged from 0% to 50%, compared with 0% to 77% for incubators that used Astroturf as a substrate. In the laboratory, the emergence success with Astroturf alone (75%) was comparable to that in the incubators that used Astroturf in the field (73%), suggesting that the incubator structure itself does not influence the survival of brook trout eggs. This incubator is easy to build and the materials needed for its construction are readily available. The collection of emergent larvae is easy and does not require additional equipment. Its advantages over other salmonid incubators are that it can resist adverse spring floods and freshets and it allows the assessment of emergence at various times in the field. This is important when determining the timing of emergence.
Possible association between autism and variants in the brain‐expressed tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH2)
Authors: Coon Hilary , Dunn Diane , Lainhart Janet , Miller Judith , Hamil Cindy , Battaglia Agatino , Tancredi Raffaella , Leppert Mark F. , Weiss Robert , McMahon William
Published: March 2005

We report a possible association between autism in our sample and a recently described brain‐expressed tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH2). The well‐replicated involvement of the serotonin neurotransmitter system in autism has stimulated interest in many genes in the serotonin pathway as possible candidates for mutations leading to autism susceptibility. Serotonin synthesis is controlled by the rate‐limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase. A mouse study of the original tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH1) and the new isoform (TPH2) showed that while TPH1 is primarily expressed peripherally, TPH2 is found exclusively in brain tissue. We searched for human sequence variants in 6,467 nucleotides covering all 11 exons of TPH2, and also 248 nucleotides upstream of the start codon, and 935 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon. Eighteen variants were characterized in 88 subjects with autism studied at our two centers, and 95 unrelated control subjects. Using a model‐free association method and empirical P value estimation, two variants showed frequency differences between autism and control subjects (P = 0.01 for a T‐G variant in intron 1, and P = 0.02 for a A‐T variant in intron 4). A haplotype including these variants showed slightly increased significance (P = 0.005). Further investigation of clinical phenotypes showed a possible association between presence of the variants at these two SNPs and higher scores on the Autism Diagnostic Interview (ADI) domain describing repetitive and stereotyped behaviors (P = 0.007). We conclude that TPH2 may play a modest role in autism susceptibility, perhaps relating specifically to repetitive behaviors, pending replication of this result. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A flux‐transport dynamo with a multi‐cell meridional circulation
Authors: Bonanno A. , Elstner D. , Belvedere G. , Rüdiger G.
Published: March 2005

We discuss the effect of a non‐trivial meridional circulation pattern on a flux‐transport type of solar dynamo. The critical value of the turbulent helicity and the periods are calculated as a function of the meridional flow strength. We found that the dynamo mechanism is mainly determined by the global topology of the meridional flow. In particular the equatorwards migration in the butterfly diagram can be easily obtained by the combined action of two cells of meridional circulation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flip‐flop phenomenon: observations and theory
Authors: Elstner D. , Korhonen H.
Published: March 2005

In many active stars the spots concentrate on two permanent active longitudes which are 180° apart. In some of these stars the dominant part of the spot activity changes the longitude every few years. This so‐called flip‐flop phenomenon has up to now been reported in 11 stars, both single and binary alike, and including also the Sun. To explain this phenomenon, a non‐axisymmetric dynamo mode, giving rise to two permanent active longitudes at opposite stellar hemispheres, is needed together with an oscillating axisymmetric magnetic field. Here we discuss the observed characteristics of the flip‐flop phenomenon and present a dynamo solution to explain them. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The 4‐Methoxybenzyl (PMB) Function as a Versatile Protecting Group in the Synthesis of N‐Unsubstituted Pyrazolones.
Authors: Eller Gernot A. , Holzer Wolfgang
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coexpression of the type 1 growth factor receptor family members HER‐1, HER‐2, and HER‐3 has a synergistic negative prognostic effect on breast carcinoma survival
Authors: Wiseman Sam M. , Makretsov Nikita , Nielsen Torsten O. , Gilks Blake , Yorida Erika , Cheang Maggie , Turbin Dmitry , Gelmon Karen , Huntsman David G.
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

The clinical significance of coexpression of type 1 growth factor receptor (T1GFR) family members remains largely unknown. The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency and the possible prognostic effect of coexpression of HER‐1, HER‐2, HER‐3, and HER‐4 by breast carcinoma.

METHODS

Tissue microarrays were constructed using clinically annotated formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumor samples from 242 patients with invasive breast carcinomas with a median 15‐year follow‐up. The levels of TIGFR family members (HER‐1–HER‐4) were measured by immunohistochemistry. K‐means clustering algorithm, as well as univariate (Kaplan–Meier, log‐rank test) and multivariate (Cox regression) survival analyses were applied to the data set.

RESULTS

Using univariate analysis, expression of HER‐1, HER‐2, and HER‐3, but not HER‐4, was significantly associated with decreased patient disease‐specific survival (P < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that coexpression of ≥ 2 of HER‐1, HER‐2, and HER‐3 in any combination was associated with reduced patient disease‐specific survival compared with single marker expression or no expression (35% vs. 65% vs. 78% 10‐year survival rates, P = 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, expression of ≥ 2 of HER‐1, HER‐2, and HER‐3 was independent of lymph node status and tumor size.

CONCLUSIONS

In a cohort of patients with breast carcinoma, the authors observed T1GFR family member coexpression (HER‐1, HER‐2, and HER‐3) to have a negative synergistic effect on patient outcome, independent of tumor size or lymph node status. Thus, coexpression of T1GFR family members identified a subset of patients with a poor disease prognosis who may potentially benefit from therapy simultaneously targeting several T1GFR family members. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Ontogenesis of the sulfhydryl oxidase QSOX expression in rat brain
Authors: Mairet‐Coello Georges , Tury Anna , Fellmann Dominique , Risold Pierre‐Yves , Griffond Bernadette
Published: March 2005

The spatiotemporal pattern of distribution of the sulfhydryl oxidase QSOX throughout ontogeny was mapped in rat brain using immunohistochemistry. The enzyme was detected on embryonic day (E) 12 in the dawning mantle layer, but the adult‐like pattern was acquired postnatally around day 30 (P30). Throughout ontogenesis, rQSOX was detected in immature and mature neurons, but not in glial cells. The rQSOX developmental pattern can be divided into four periods: on E12 the enzyme was detected in the brainstem, more precisely in motoneurons; later (E16), rQSOX‐positive cells were also observed in the forebrain, in the caudoputamen, and the subventricular zone. During late embryogenesis (E18–20), the amount of rQSOX cells considerably increased throughout the brain; they initially appeared in the hippocampus, then in the isocortex. From birth onwards, complex modifications of the rQSOX distribution occurred leading to the adult pattern by P30. Although rQSOX exhibits an overall increasing spatiotemporal pattern of distribution, different expression strategies were distinguished depending on the cell type or brain area. By comparing the rQSOX ontogeny with data on neurogenesis and brain histogenesis, we hypothesize that the enzyme could play a role in guiding migrating cells, their settling, and neuronal maturation, e.g., during outgrowth and synaptogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:403–417, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐accurate solution of advection–diffusion problems by wavelet‐Taylor–Galerkin method
Authors: Mehra Mani , Kumar B. V. Rathish
Published: March 2005

In this paper we propose a wavelet Taylor–Galerkin method for the numerical solution of time‐dependent advection–diffusion problems. The discretization in time is performed before the spatial discretization by introducing second‐ and third‐order accurate generalization of the standard time stepping schemes with the help of Taylor series expansions in time step. Numerical schemes taking advantage of the wavelet bases capabilities to compress both functions and operators are presented. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency of our approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical antenna design for indoor optical wireless communication systems
Authors: Ramirez‐Iniguez R. , Green R. J.
Published: March 2005

In the present paper, the design of the non‐imaging totally internally reflecting concentrator family denominated optical antennas (OAs) is discussed, and its use for indoor optical wireless communication systems is explained. The lenses presented here can be designed to provide a prescribed angular response in order to limit the central wavelength shift in thin‐film optical filters. They can also be designed for any specific field‐of‐view (FOV), which allows greater rejection of unwanted background radiation and higher gains. The use of a variety of optical filters to achieve a high signal‐to‐noise ratio at the receiver is described. Design methods and properties of different Optical Antennas are explained. Comparisons of size and performance of total internal reflection based concentrators with those based on dielectric hemispheres and compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs) are carried out. Finally different experimental results are presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Reactivity Properties of N2S2(thioether)‐O(amide)‐Ligated HgII Complexes: The First Examples of HgII‐Mediated Amide Cleavage
Authors: Makowska‐Grzyska Magdalena M. , Doyle Kelly , Allred Russell A. , Arif Atta M. , Bebout Deborah C. , Berreau Lisa M.
Published: March 2005

Two mercury(II) complexes [(bmppa)Hg(ClO4)]ClO4 {1, bmppa = N,N‐bis(2‐methylthio)ethyl‐N‐[(6‐pivaloylamido‐2‐pyridyl)methyl]amine} and [(beppa)Hg(ClO4)]ClO4 {2, beppa = N,N‐bis(2‐ethylthio)ethyl‐N‐[(6‐pivaloylamido‐2‐pyridyl)‐methyl]amine} of N2S2(thioether)O(amide)‐donor chelate ligands have been prepared and characterized by X‐ray crystallography and/or spectroscopic methods. In the solid state, the HgII ion of 2 exhibits an overall coordination number of six and strong amide oxygen coordination. Comprehensive multinuclear NMR studies of 1 and 2 have yielded the first J and J coupling constants associated with a Hg–RSCH3 methyl group. In the presence of one equivalent of Me4NOH·5H2O in methanol/acetonitrile solution, theamide appendages of 1 and 2 undergo alcoholysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
From Dinuclear Zirconium(+3)‐Phosphido Complexes {[Cp2ZrP(H)R]2} to the First Neutral Zirconocene–Phosphinidene Dimers [(Cp2ZrPR)2] by P–H Dehydrogenation
Authors: Driess Matthias , Aust Joachim , Merz Klaus
Published: March 2005

The syntheses and structures of the new zirconium(+3) silylphosphanido complexes {[Cp2ZrP(H)R]2} 1a {Cp = η5‐C5H5; R = SiMe2C(iPr)Me2}, 1b (R = SiiPr3), and 1c (R = SiF(tBu)(2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2) are reported. The latter are easily accessible by the reaction of the lithium salts of the corresponding primary silylphosphanes with the Schwartz reagent [Cp2Zr(H)Cl] in THF at –70 °C. They can be isolated in the form of diamagnetic red‐black crystals in 68–85 % yield. The central structural motif of the complexes consists of planar (1a, 1b) and slightly puckered Zr2P2 rings (1c), and contains two d1‐Zr(+3) centers, which are antiferromagnetically coupled (super exchange, through‐bond interaction) although the transannular Zr–Zr separation is around 360 pm. Thus, the compounds have a biradicaloid electronic structure. Heating of solutions of 1a–c in toluene in the presence of Pd/C or [(Ph3P)2Pt(C2H4)] results in catalytic dehydrogenation of the P–H bonds, affording the first neutral zirconocene–phosphinidene dimers [Cp2ZrPR]23a–c in the form of deep red crystals in 72–88 % yield. The composition of the products is proven by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and correct C,H‐combustion analyses. The molecular structures of 3a and 3c were additionally confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analyses, showing that they consist of Zr2P2 rings with significantly shorter Zr–P distances than those observed in 1a and 1c. Interestingly, the dehydrogenation of the mostly sterically crowded derivative 1c occurs also in boiling toluene solutions without using a catalyst, but the process is prevented in a H2 atmosphere. This suggests that the Zr(+3) centers in 1c can serve as active sites for the P–H bonding activation, which, however, are deactivated in the presence of H2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Reaction Chemistry of the Carbenoid Butadienyl Complex Ion [CpCo(σ,η4‐C4HMe4)]+ Formed by Protonation of the Cyclobutadiene Complex [CpCo(C4Me4)]
Authors: Butovskii Mikhail V. , Englert Ulli , Herberich Gerhard E. , Koelle Ulrich
Published: March 2005

The protonation of [CpCo(C4Me4)] (1) with excess acid, which produces the carbenoid ion 3+, is shown to be reversible under conditions of low proton activity. Treatment of 3+ with one equivalent of NEt3 mainly produces 1 (60 %, isolated yield), and in DMSO the solvent acts as base transforming [3]BF4 into 1 (67 %, isolated yield). Deprotonation of [3]BF4 with excess NEt3 affords (cyclopentadienyl)[(2–5‐η)‐(3Z,4Z)‐3,4‐dimethylhexa‐1,2,4‐triene]cobalt (5) in high yield (83 %). The structure of 5 has been determined by X‐ray work. In the reaction of 3+ with pyridine four reaction channels could be unveiled by low‐temperature NMR spectroscopy: i) Reversible deprotonation to form 5 in a kinetic shunt; ii) reversible nucleophilic addition at the carbenoid center to form a pyridinium ion complex 6+ as a low‐temperature species with a terminal anti‐Me group; iii) irreversible isomerization of 6+ to the more stable stereoisomer 7+ with a terminal syn‐Me group; iv) very slow formation of 1. Using very high concentrations of pyridine (mixing at –60 °C, slowly warming to 20 °C) allowed the preparation of [7]BF4 in near quantitative yield (97 %). The pyridine rings in 6+ and 7+ display hindered rotation (NMR), and the structure of [7]CF3SO3 shows considerable steric crowding. On treatment with a large excess of CF3CO2H ( ≥ 7 equiv.) the hexatriene complex 5 quantitatively reverts to the carbenoid 3+. Reaction of 5 with (C5H5NH)CF3SO3 (–80 °C, 3 weeks) produced [6]CF3SO3 with retention of the stereochemistry at C‐4 (NMR), while the same reaction at ambient temperature and in presence of a large excess of pyridine is accompanied by stereoisomerization and afforded [7]CF3SO3 (94 %). Nucleophilic addition of excess PPh3 to 3+ gave a phosphonium salt [8]BF4, again with stereoisomerization, in near quantitative yield (98 %). Addition of CNtBu with concomitant rearrangement produced a (tert‐butylamino)cobaltocenium salt [9]CF3SO3 (90 %). Nucleophilic substitution of the pyridine moiety of 7+ with 4‐picoline gave the 4‐picoline additionproduct [10]CF3SO3 (96 %). With CN– a hexa‐2,4‐dienenitrile complex [CpCo(η4‐C4HMe4CN)] (11) was obtained (85 %), which on protonation gave an aminocobaltocenium ion [CpCo{C5Me4(NH2)}]+ (12+), isolated as [12]BF4 (94 %). Acid removes the pyridine moiety from 7+ to produce a carbenoid ion 13+ with a 4‐Me group in syn‐position (a stereoisomer of 3+) which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Deprotonation of 13+ affords a hexatriene complex 14 (a stereoisomer of 5) in good yield (57 %). Thermolyses of 5 and 14 show that 14 is the lower‐energy isomer and produce a dinuclear complex [(μ‐C5H3Me3)(CoCp)2(Co–Co)] (15) (91 %) with a bridging penta‐2,4‐dienylidene ligand. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Ab‐initio Powder Structure Determination of Dichloro[1,2‐ethanediylbis(iminomethylene)bis(phosphonato)]trizinc Dihydrate (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5/2005)
Authors: Bestaoui Naima , Bakhmutova‐Albert Ekaterina V. , Rodriguez Ana Vega , Llavona Ricardo , Clearfield Abraham
Published: March 2005

The cover picture shows the richness of 1,2‐ethanediylbis(iminomethylene)bis(phosphonic acid) (H4L) used as a ligand. The left compound is cadmium phosphonate, Cd2Cl2(H2O)4(H2L), in which the Cd atoms form dimers through bridging chloride ions. These dimers are, in turn, formed into rows by the phosphonate groups, and the rows are crosslinked by the organic chain of the ligand into layers. The second picture shows Zn3Cl2(H2L)2·2H2O, in which Zn atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated. One of the Zn atoms lies in rows parallel to the b‐axis, which are sandwiched between rows formed by the two other Zn atoms. The carbon−nitrogen chains crisscross each other forming a three‐dimensional structure. The structure of this latest compound is presented in the article by A. Clearfield et al. on p. 829 ff.
4‐ and 4,5‐Substituted N‐Methoxythiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones – Preparation,UV/Vis Spectra, and Assignment of Electronic Transitions in Comparison to N‐Methoxypyridine‐2(1H)‐thione Using Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Hartung Jens , Špehar Kristina , Svoboda Ingrid , Fuess Hartmut , Arnone Mario , Engels Bernd
Published: March 2005

Experimentally observed absorptions in UV/Vis spectra of N‐methoxy‐4‐methylthiazole‐2(3H)‐thione, N‐methoxy‐5‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐methylthiazole‐2(3H)‐thione, N‐methoxypyridine‐2(1H)‐thione, and selected N‐hydroxy derivatives thereof have been assigned to π→π*‐type transitions as dominating character, using the results from ab initio calculations [time‐dependent density functional theory (TD)RI‐BLYP/TZVPP]. Theory further predicts that electronic excitations in N‐methoxythiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones on one side and N‐meth‐oxypyridine‐2(1H)‐thione on the other side differ significantly with respect to character and statistical weight of contributing transitions. These effects originate predominantly from contributions of the endocyclic sulfur atom onto orbital energies and shapes in thiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones, and may be intensified by substituents such as a p‐methoxyphenyl group located in position 5. Since the majority of the calculated spectral differences between thiazole‐ and pyridinethiones refers to excitations of low intensity, the findings from the present study correlate with two important experimental facts: (i) Apart from minor shifts in the exact spectral location of UV/Vis absorptions, electronic spectra of N‐hydroxy‐ or N‐methoxy‐substituted pyridine‐2(1H)‐thiones and thiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones are surprisingly similar in shape. (ii) N‐alkoxypyridine‐2(1H)‐thiones and N‐alkoxythiazole‐2(3H)‐thiones liberate upon UV/Vis excitation oxygen‐centered radicals with a comparable efficiency. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Evaluation of Cu–Ethylenediamine Metal Ion Buffers as Calibrants for Ion‐Selective Electrode Measurement of Copper in Fresh Water Systems
Authors: Zeng Zhi Ling , Menzies Neal W , Kerven Graham
Published: March 2005

An investigation was made into the accuracy of cupric ion selective electrode (ISE) measurement of Cu in solutions approximating acidic freshwaters with Cu‐ethylenediamine buffers used as the calibrants. This method overestimates the free Cu compared with calibration using Cu(NO3)2 standards, the standard addition method, and speciation modelling calculations. Statistical tests showed a small, but significant, difference between the intercepts of the linear Nernstian regressions of the calibration plots of Cu‐en buffer standardisation and direct calibration with Cu(NO3)2 standards in matrix that matches the samples. The difference in the intercepts, which corresponds with Eo values of the electrode, is not well understood, but is possibly caused by potentially interfering cations such as Fe2+. The results of this study showed that down to 10−8 M Cu2+, where a linear Nernstian response is possible, the Cu ISE is probably better calibrated using Cu standards prepared in the same matrix as the sample solutions to avoid potential matrix effects.
Turbulent flow over a dune: Green River, Colorado
Authors: Venditti Jeremy G. , Bauer Bernard O.
Published: March 2005

Detailed echo‐sounder and acoustic Doppler velocimeter measurements are used to assess the temporal and spatial structure of turbulent flow over a mobile dune in a wide, low‐gradient, alluvial reach of the Green River. Based on the geometric position of the sensor over the bedforms, measurements were taken in the wake, in transitional flow at the bedform crest, and in the internal boundary layer. Spatial distributions of Reynolds shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, turbulence intensity, and correlation coefficient are qualitatively consistent with those over fixed, two‐dimensional bedforms in laboratory flows. Spectral and cospectral analysis demonstrates that energy levels in the lee of the crest (i.e. wake) are two to four times greater than over the crest itself, with minima over the stoss slope (within the developing internal boundary layer). The frequency structure in the wake is sharply defined with single, dominant peaks. Peak and total spectral and cross‐spectral energies vary over the bedform in a manner consistent with wave‐like perturbations that ‘break’ or ‘roll up’ into vortices that amalgamate, grow in size, and eventually diffuse as they are advected downstream. Fluid oscillations in the lee of the dune demonstrate Strouhal similarity between laboratory and field environments, and correspondence between the peak frequencies of these oscillations and the periodicity of surface boils was observed in the field. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interferon gamma promotes survival of lymphoblasts overexpressing 9‐O‐acetylated sialoglycoconjugates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
Authors: Ghosh Shyamasree , Bandyopadhyay Suman , Mallick Asish , Pal Santanu , Vlasak Reinhard , Bhattacharya Dilip K. , Mandal Chitra
Published: March 2005

An enhanced linkage‐specific 9‐O‐acetylated sialic acid (9‐O‐AcSA) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, ALL (PBMCALL, 9‐O‐AcSA+ cells) was demonstrated by using a lectin, Achatinin‐H, whose lectinogenic epitope was 9‐O‐AcSAα2‐6GalNAc. Our aim was to evaluate the in vitro contributory role of this glycotope (9‐O‐AcSAα2‐6GalNAc) towards the survival of these 9‐O‐AcSA+ cells in ALL patients. For direct comparison, 9‐O‐AcSA− cells were generated by removing O‐acetyl group of 9‐O‐AcSA present on PBMCALL using O‐acetyl esterase. An elevated level of serum interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) in affected children led us to think that PBMCALL are continuously exposed specifically to this cytokine. Accordingly, 9‐O‐AcSA+ and 9‐O‐AcSA− cells were exposed in vitro to IFN‐γ. A twofold increased NO release along with inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression by the 9‐O‐AcSA+ cells was observed as compared to the 9‐O‐AcSA− cells. The decreased viability of IFN‐γ exposed 9‐O‐AcSA− cells as compared to 9‐O‐AcSA+ cells were reflected from a 5.0‐fold increased caspase‐3‐like activity and a 10.0‐fold increased apoptosis in the 9‐O‐AcSA− cells when production of NO was lowered by adding competitive inhibitor of iNOS in reaction mixture. Therefore, it may be envisaged that a link exists between induction of this glycotope and their role in regulating viability of PBMCALL. Taken together, it is reasonable to hypothesise that O‐acetylation of sialic acids on PBMCALL may be an additional mechanism that promotes the survival of lymphoblasts by avoiding apoptosis via IFN‐γ‐induced NO production. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Removal of chromium(III) from tannery effluents, using a system of packed columns of zeolite and activated carbon
Authors: Covarrubias Cristian , Arriagada Renán , Yáñez Jorge , García Rafael , Angélica Maria , Barros SD , Arroyo Pedro , Sousa‐Aguiar Eduardo Falabella
Published: March 2005

The removal of chromium(III) in packed columns of zeolite and activated carbon has been studied. The process of Cr(III) exchange in 13X zeolite was optimized using mass transference parameters. In addition, the effects of pH, the presence of interfering ions and the anion associated with the chromium in the solution were studied. It was found that particle diameter controls the Cr(III) exchange in the zeolite, indicating that particle diffusion predominantly controls the process of Cr(III) exchange in 13X zeolite. A mixed system of zeolite and activated carbon columns increased the efficiency of chromium removal from diluted wastewater. This effect occurred due to the reduction of the organic matter (chemical oxygen demand), adsorption of chromium, and interfering ions on the activated carbon column. The activated carbon + zeolite column system emerges as an alternative method in Cr(III) removal from tannery effluents. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Familial clustering of muscular and cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Groh William J. , Lowe Miriam R. , Simmons Zachary , Bhakta Deepak , Pascuzzi Robert M.
Published: March 2005

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is associated with both skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement. The aim of the present study was to determine whether familial clustering is observed in the severity of muscle involvement in DM1. We evaluated 51 sibling groups constituting 112 patients with genetically‐verified DM1. The siblings were similar to each other in age, cytosine‐thymine‐guanine (CTG) repeat length, age at disease onset, muscular impairment rating score, and electrocardiographic markers of cardiac conduction disease. After adjusting for the similarities between siblings in age and CTG repeat length, the siblings remained similar to each other in measures of both skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement. These results suggest that factors other than CTG repeat length play a role in the severity and progression of the degenerative skeletal and cardiac muscle disease in DM1. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Fluorene‐based alternating polymers containing electron‐withdrawing bithiazole units: Preparation and device applications
Authors: Lee Jaemin , Jung Byung‐Jun , Lee Sang Kyu , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Cho Hoon‐Je , Shim Hong‐Ku
Published: March 2005

We report here the synthesis via Suzuki polymerization of two novel alternating polymers containing 9,9‐dioctylfluorene and electron‐withdrawing 4,4′‐dihexyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole moieties, poly[(4,4′‐dihexyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole‐5,5′‐diyl)‐alt‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)] (PHBTzF) and poly[(5,5′‐bis(2″‐thienyl)‐4,4′‐dihexyl‐2,2′‐bithiazole‐5″,5″‐diyl)‐alt‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)] (PTHBTzTF), and their application to electronic devices. The ultraviolet–visible absorption maxima of films of PHBTzF and PTHBTzTF were 413 and 471 nm, respectively, and the photoluminescence maxima were 513 and 590 nm, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry experiment showed an improvement in the n‐doping stability of the polymers and a reduction of their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels as a result of bithiazole in the polymers' main chain. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of the polymers were −5.85 eV for PHBTzF and −5.53 eV for PTHBTzTF. Conventional polymeric light‐emitting‐diode devices were fabricated in the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al configuration [where ITO is indium tin oxide and PEDOT:PSS is poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonic acid)] with the two polymers as emitting layers. The PHBTzF device exhibited a maximum luminance of 210 cd/m2 and a turn‐on voltage of 9.4 V, whereas the PTHBTzTF device exhibited a maximum luminance of 1840 cd/m2 and a turn‐on voltage of 5.4 V. In addition, a preliminary organic solar‐cell device with the ITO/PEDOT:PSS/(PTHBTzTF + C60)/Ca/Al configuration (where C60 is fullerene) was also fabricated. Under 100 mW/cm2 of air mass 1.5 white‐light illumination, the device produced an open‐circuit voltage of 0.76 V and a short‐circuit current of 1.70 mA/cm2. The fill factor of the device was 0.40, and the power conversion efficiency was 0.52%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1845–1857, 2005
Recent trends from Canadian permafrost thermal monitoring network sites
Authors: Smith Sharon L. , Burgess Margo M. , Riseborough Dan , Mark Nixon F.
Published: March 2005

The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), in collaboration with other government partners, has been developing and maintaining a network of active‐layer and permafrost thermal monitoring sites which contribute to the Canadian Permafrost Monitoring Network and the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost. Recent results from the thermal monitoring sites maintained by the GSC and other federal government agencies are presented. These results indicate that the response of permafrost temperature to recent climate change and variability varies across the Canadian permafrost region. Warming of shallow permafrost temperatures of between 0.3 and 0.6°C per decade has occurred since the mid‐ to late 1980s in the central and northern Mackenzie region in response to a general increase in air temperature. No significant warming (less than 0.1°C per decade) of permafrost is observed in the southern Mackenzie valley. Warming of shallow permafrost of between 1.0 and 4.0°C per decade is also observed in the eastern and high Arctic, but this mainly occurred in the late 1990s. These trends in permafrost temperature are consistent with trends in air temperature observed since the 1970s. Local conditions however, influence the response of the permafrost thermal regime to these changes in air temperature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoluminescence and photomodulated transmittance spectroscopy of ZnO nanowires
Authors: Ozaki S. , Tsuchiya T. , Inokuchi Y. , Adachi S.
Published: March 2005

ZnO nanowires have been synthesized by a simple vapor transport method of heating the mixture of zinc oxide and carbon powders in an open tube of the furnace. The scanning‐electron‐microscopy images show that the average diameters of the nanowires deposited on quartz substrates for t = 20 and 40 min are ∼20 and ∼40 nm, respectively. Low‐temperature (77 K) photoluminescence (PL) spectrum in ZnO nanowires shows a sharp emission at 3.36 eV due to excitons bound to neutral donors. Spectral analysis also suggests a peak of biexciton emission at ∼3.35 eV. The biexciton binding energy determined here is ∼17 meV, in agreement with previous results. Photomodulated transmittance (PT) spectroscopy has been used to investigate the E0 critical‐point structures in ZnO nanowires. The measured PT spectrum shows distinct structures at ∼3.3–3.5 eV. These structures are found to be mainly due to excitonic transitions at the E0 edge. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoreflectance spectroscopy of step‐like GaInNAs/GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells
Authors: Kudrawiec R. , Andrzejewski J. , Misiewicz J. , Gollub D. , Forchel A.
Published: March 2005

Photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy has been applied to study of step‐like GaInNAs/GaInNAs/GaAs double quantum well (DQW) structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. PR features related to optical transitions in the active part of the step‐like QW structure, i.e. GaInNAs/GaInNAs QW, as well as PR features related to transitions above the step‐like barrier (SLB) have been clearly observed and analysed in this paper. The analysis of the QW transitions gives information about the number of confined states in the active part of the step‐like QW structure. In addition, the analysis of the second portion of PR signal gives information about the band gap energy of the SLB and optical transitions between hole and electron levels confined above the SLB. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pyridine N‐oxide and pyridine‐d5N‐oxide: an electrospray/tandem mass spectrometric study carried out at high mass resolution
Authors: March Raymond E. , Stadey Christopher J. , Lewars Errol G.
Published: March 2005

A mass spectrometric study of pyridine N‐oxide and pyridine‐d5 N‐oxide was carried out with a hybrid quadrupole/time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled with an electrospray (ES) source. In addition to the observation of protonated, sodiated, and proton‐bound dimers of pyridine N‐oxide and pyridine‐d5 N‐oxide, mass scans revealed the presence of several doubly‐charged ion species. Doubly‐charged ions of m/z 191 were identified as diprotonated tetramers of pyridine N‐oxide; a structure has been proposed for the diprotonated tetramer and its energy relative to that of protonated pyridine N‐oxide has been obtained from geometry optimizations. The principal ion species observed were subjected to collision‐induced dissociation; accurate mass measurements were made of each fragment ion so as to determine its elemental composition. On the basis of mass spectrometric evidence, it is suggested that dissociation of pyridine N‐oxide may occur during the ES process and the resulting fragments become embedded in doubly‐charged ions. The proton affinity for both pyridine N‐oxide and pyridine‐d5 N‐oxide was calculated; the difference between these proton affinities was compared with an experimentally determined difference between the proton affinities of pyridine N‐oxide and pyridine‐d5 N‐oxide. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usefulness of Lateral Internal Sphincterotomy in Reducing Postoperative Pain after Open Hemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Kanellos Ioannis , Zacharakis Emmanouil , Christoforidis Emmanouil , Angelopoulos Stamatis , Kanellos Dimitrios , Pramateftakis Manousos Georgios , Betsis Dimitrios
Published: March 2005

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lateral internal sphincterotomy on pain after open hemorrhoidectomy. From 1998 to 2003, seventy‐eight (78) patients with fourth‐degree hemorrhoids were included in this prospective randomized trial. The patients were randomized into two equal groups of 39 patients. Patients from group I underwent Milligan‐Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. Patients from group II, quite apart from Milligan‐Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, underwent lateral internal sphincterotomy up to the dentate line, in the left hemorrhoidectomy wound. One surgeon from the Department, who did not know to which group the patients belonged, evaluated the postoperative course in all the patients. After the first bowel movement, there were three (7.7%) patients who did not experience any pain in the internal sphincterotomy group, while in the non‐internal sphincterotomy group all patients experienced mild or moderate pain. There were also more patients who experienced excruciating pain in the non‐internal sphincterotomy group than in the internal sphincterotomy group (25 vs. 18); these differences were statistically significant (p = 0.034). There was no significant difference in the Wexner Incontinence Scale between the groups (p = 0.228). The addition of lateral internal sphincterotomy to open hemorrhoidectomy seems to have a positive effect on reducing postoperative pain in a few patients, without affecting the postoperative complications rate.
Laparoscopic Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Biopsies for Early‐stage Gastric Cancer: The Cause of False Negativity
Authors: Tonouchi Hitoshi , Mohri Yasuhiko , Tanaka Kouji , Kobayashi Minako , Ohmori Yukinari , Kusunoki Masato
Published: March 2005

Sentinel node (SN) biopsies might be useful for performing minimally invasive surgery without interrupting surgical curability. This study examined the cause of false negativity during laparoscopic lymphatic mapping and SN biopsies for early‐stage gastric cancer. Thirty‐seven patients with gastric cancer (preoperative stage T1‐2 or N0) who underwent laparoscopic lymph node mapping and SN biopsies between March 2001 and June 2004 were enrolled in this study. The tracer, patent blue and technecium‐99m‐labeled tin colloid, was injected endoscopically. Blue‐stained or radioactive nodes were defined as SNs. Gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed then the results of the SN biopsies were compared with the final diagnosis of the removed lymph nodes in permanent sections. Sentinel nodes were successfully identified in 35 patients (94.6%), and they were positive in 3 of 4 patients with metastatic lymph nodes; sensitivity was 75% and specificity was 100%. Sentinel node status could therefore be used to diagnose lymph node status with 97.1% accuracy. Of 6 SNs with metastasis, 5 showed radioactivity, and only 2 were blue stained. In the false negative case, a radioactive SN with metastasis in the right paracardial region was missed during laparoscopic mapping. An error in laparoscopic intracorporeal detection of the radioactive node with metastasis occurred because we could not eliminate the shine‐through effect. We found that during laparoscopic SN mapping there is a high risk of false negativity with SNs located in the right paracardial region. To apply laparoscopic SN mapping to early‐stage gastric cancer patients, the shine‐through effect must be eliminated because radiotracers are essential for this method.
Psychophysiological stress‐regulated gene expression in mice
Authors: Murata Shigenori , Yoshiara Taeko , Lim Chun Ren , Sugino Maiko , Kogure Mitori , Ohnuki Tatsuya , Komurasaki Toshi , Matsubara Kenichi
Published: March 2005

Eight genes showed significant changes in expression in mice under psychophysiological stress provided by cage‐restraint and water‐immersion. The transcription level of most of these genes was affected in all the tissues analyzed, and some of them were responsive genes in several different stress systems. Peculiarly, the expression level of one gene, cdc2‐like kinase 1 (CLK1), was reduced only in the brain, while the balance of partially‐ and alternatively‐spliced CLK1 mRNA species changed in all the tissues including the brain. These results suggest that some stress‐response mechanisms, including transcriptional and post‐transcriptional events, are coordinated in the whole body in mice under psychophysiological stress.
Congruence between automatic fish counter data and rod catches of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish rivers
Authors: Thorley J.L. , Eatherley D.M.R. , Stephen A.B. , Simpson I. , MacLean J.C. , Youngson A.F.
Published: March 2005

The potential utility of rod catch and automatic fish counter data as measures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) abundance in Scottish rivers was assessed. The trend (long-term) and residual (short-term) variation in the net annual count for 12 counters were compared with the trend and residual variation in either the annual or spring (February–May) rod catch, as appropriate, for the fisheries district in which the counter is located. Trends were fitted using a cubic smoothing spline and compared using reference bands. In eight of the 12 short-term comparisons, the residuals were significantly correlated. The four incongruent short-term comparisons involved the shortest time-series (≤12 years) or lowest rod catches. In eight of the 12 long-term comparisons, the trends fell within the reference bands in 50% or more of the years. Rod catch and counter data both contain useful information about Atlantic salmon abundance, albeit on different temporal and spatial scales, which should be integrated into assessment schemes.
The Virgin Mary in Cathar Thought
Authors: HAMILTON SARAH
Published: March 2005

The central Middle Ages in western Europe witnessed both a significant growth in the cult of the Virgin Mary and the rise of the dualist heretical movements known as the Cathars. Whilst the Cathars' dualism meant they denied any role for the Virgin Mary in the incarnation, nevertheless they often assigned her an important place in their beliefs. This article explores the considerable affinities which existed between contemporary orthodox doctrines and heretical teachings on Mary and, through a case study of the Disputatio inter catholicum et paterinum hereticum, examines the close relationship between anti-Cathar polemic, orthodox biblical exegesis and heretical belief.