bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Psychology of Common Sense
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Though the Eleatics tried to do so, it is extremely hard to speak effectively against our beliefs, or apparent beliefs, that there are stones, that there are chairs and tables, that there is wood and water, and that there are cats and dogs. Let’s say that beliefs in such things as these, in their existence, are existence beliefs as to ordinary entities. Then, like Parmenides and Zeno well before me, I too have endeavored to argue against existence beliefs as to ordinary entities. But, in almost any context, it is hard even for me to find such arguments convincing. Why is this? While it is not very illuminating to say so, the cause of my resistance to these negative efforts may be summed up like this: Supposing that there are people with beliefs, these existence beliefs as to ordinary entities are among my most basic beliefs. They are, it appears, extremely powerful beliefs; they are quite firm, persistent, confidently held, and influential upon the ebb and flow of our other beliefs and attitudes.
Contextual Analysis in Ethics
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

When assessed by an appropriate ethical standard, most of us usually behave quite acceptably. Or, so we generally judge. And, when assessed by an appropriate epistemological standard, most of us usually do quite well, too: First, we know many things about the world and, second, we’re usually justified in holding those of our confident beliefs that aren’t quite instances of knowledge. Or, again, so we generally judge. As we generally judge, then, both in our behaving and in our believing, things are usually quite acceptable.
A Footnote to “Plato”
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Most philosophers think that a paradox involves an argument that moves from acceptable premises to an unacceptable conclusion via acceptable reasoning. I have already objected that this definition is too narrow; it precludes the perceptual paradoxes of chapter one and the meaningless paradoxes of chapter three. I now want to criticize this reigning view as also being too broad.
Augustine’s Pragmatic Paradoxes
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

I cannot start this chapter. This opening sentence is undermined by my very act of writing it. Yet my opening sentence describes a possible state of affairs. Pragmatic paradoxes are contingent sentences that behave like contradictions or tautologies. In Aristophanes’s The Clouds, the debt-ridden Strepsiades swears that after Sokrates teaches him enough sophistry to evade creditors, Strepsiades will pay him a huge fee. Strepsiades’ promise to pay for knowledge of how to break his promises resembles a contradiction, but it is not a logical falsehood like “Someone promised something and no one promised anything.” After all, Strepsiades could keep his promise if Sokrates is trusting enough to accept a self-undermining assurance. Pragmatic paradoxes were common in Greek comedies. Greek orators used them as rhetorical devices. But Greek philosophers did not take pragmatic paradoxes seriously.
Leibniz’s Principle of Sufficient Reason
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

According to Pascal, we are wise enough to appreciate our contradictions but not wise enough to resolve them. He winds up using probability calculations as a ladder to heaven—a ladder that is kicked away after religious conversion. The philosophers in these next three chapters are more optimistic about our ability to solve the paradoxes. Their basic strategy is conservative. Each identifies some successful area of human thought and holds it up as a model of how we ought to think. Paradoxes are diagnosed as failures to absorb the lessons the model tacitly demonstrates. For rationalists, the model is mathematics and logic. The traditional problem with this model is application. How can lofty a priori reasoning instruct us about the nitty-gritty empirical world? This gap was widened by increasing reluctance to view the world of the senses as having a lesser degree of reality than the world of triangles and frictionless planes.
The Common Sense of Thomas Reid
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

War and civil unrest became increasingly prominent in European consciousness after the Protestant Reformation. Paradoxes became described in militaristic terms. Rationalists defended themselves from atop a citadel of mathematics and pure reason. The empiricists retreated to the growing fortress of physics. Thomas Reid takes the battle out to the plains of common sense. Reid prefaces his Inquiry into the Human Mind: On the Principles of Common Sense by remarking, that I never thought of calling into question the principles commonly received with regard to the human understanding, until the “Treatise of Human Nature” was published in the year 1739. The ingenious author of that treatise upon the principles of Locke—who is not sceptic—hath built a system of scepticism, which leaves no ground to believe any one thing rather than its Ironically, Sextus’s survey of sites slated for demolition is much responsible for their preservation. Like the other accidental historian of ancient philosophy, Diogenes Laertius, Sextus’s works were widely and persistently circulated because he had a flair for paradoxes.
The Concept of Heed
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

Do the words and expressions that the subject uses when he makes his introspective report refer to internal events going on inside him? If they do, it is difficult to see why we should not use the subject’s statements in order to formulate and verify hypotheses about such processes. If they do not, it is difficult to see what reason we should have for believing in the existence of the sort of events that are described in the textbooks of introspective psychology. If, as is suggested in this paper, some of them do and some do not, it becomes extremely important for the psychologist to be able to discriminate between the two cases.
Token-versus Type-Identity Physicalism
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

In order to think clearly in philosophy one must constantly bear in mind the distinction between talking de re about the things themselves and talking de dicto about the language we use to talk about them. Thinking in terms of the symbol­ ism of formal logic can often lead us astray in this respect. An example where formal logic leads us to treat what is really de re as de dicto is the widespread assumption that all conditionals including causal counterfactuals are to be analyzed according to the formula ‘If p then q.’ The effect of this is to convert what is in fact a specification of the de re conditions governing the occurrence of an event or the existence of a state of affairs into what Ryle (1949) calls an “inference licence” or “inference ticket” that talks de dicto about the conditions under which one statement or proposition q can be inferred, namely, if another statement or proposition p is true.
The Two-Factor Theory of the Mind-Brain Relation
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

In a recent article (1999b) I criticized Ryle’s failure, acknowledged in his Dilemmas (Ryle 1954), to develop an adequate account of the notion of a “category” in the following paragraph: Ryle’s failure to sharpen up the notion of “a category” is unfortunate for two reasons. Firstly, because he needs to rebut the claim made by Descartes and his followers that the distinction between the mental and the physical, between the res cogitans and the res extensa, is a distinction of category, using the term “category” in its Aristotelian sense in which a category is the kind of thing you end up with if you go on asking the question “And what kind of a thing is that?” and of which the category of substance (oucria) is the prime example. Secondly, because the distinction he himself draws be­ tween “disposition verbs,” “activity verbs” and “achievement verbs” corresponds to the· distinction between states of affairs of which dispositions are an instance and which persist unchanged over a period of time, processes which are extended over time with continuous change and instantaneous events (stops and starts) whereby one state or process ends and another begins, which occur at moments of time, but are not extended over time. Not only do these groupings have a much better claim to be de­ scribed as “categories” than do the mental and the physical, it is evident that the distinction between these three basic categories can be drawn on either side of the mental/physical divide. That means, if I am not mistaken, that if they are categories, “the mental” and “the physical” are not.
On the Social Relativity of Truth and the Analytic/Synthetic Distinction
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

The issue that I shall be addressing in this paper is a philosophical puzzle that confronts and is extensively discussed by specialists in such disciplines as the history of ideas, the history of science, the sociology of knowledge, and the sociology of science, but which with one or two honorable exceptions has tended to be neglected by professional philosophers. The puzzle is generated by a peculiarity of the verb ‘to know,’ which has been familiar to philosophers ever since it was first pointed out by Plato in the Theaitetus. If I say of some other person­ let us call him Baralipton-that “Baralipton knows that p,’’ I thereby commit my­ self to asserting the truth of the proposition to the truth of which I am claiming that Baralipton is committed. If I want to avoid that commitment to the truth of the proposition I am attributing to a third party, I have to say, in the case where I am uncertain as to whether p is true or false, that Baralipton thinks or believes that p or, where in my view p is false, that Baralipton thinks or believes that he knows that p but he doesn’t.
First-Rate Second-Class Composer
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

More than most music lovers, I suppose, I’m inclined to think of Johannes Brahms and Richard Strauss in the same breath. This is probably because, just as my father was born roughly three months before the death of Brahms, in 1897, I was born three months before the death of Strauss, in 1949. That is nothing more than obscure coincidence, but it makes a convenient place to begin talking about Strauss.
Stravinsky’s Ear-stretching, Joy-giving Legacy
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

The first time I heard Stravinsky’s name was when I was eleven or twelve and saw Fantasia, the original, good 1940 version. (I say more about that in “How I Fell in Love with Music,” beginning on page 3.) I had no context, no awareness of what else he had composed or what it sounded like, and of course no idea that what Stokowski served up in that film was far removed from The Rite of Spring as Stravinsky had written it. I was both excited and puzzled by this music, which was so unlike any I had ever heard before. I spoke about it to my mother, who, like a lot of intellectual and artistic types, disapproved of Fantasia without having seen it, but she did recall that some time in the 1920s Furtwängler and the Berlin Philharmonic had brought the Firebird Suite to Breslau, where my parents lived, and how adventurous that had made them feel. My own first encounter with Stravinsky’s music in the dingy Cosmopolitan Theater in Cambridge, England, was the start of a lifelong love affair.
A Quintet for American Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

Writing a program note on William Schuman’s Violin Concerto for some concerts in November 1992, I had, for the first time, to include the date of his death, 15 February 1992. That brought to mind other recent losses—Virgil Thomson, Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, John Cage. They were all more than just composers. All were possessed by a lust, through some form of teaching, to change the face of American music, and they all left a mark. And they were, all five—this is dangerous because so hard to define—so essentially American.
Loving Memories of Movie Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

Had it not been for a movie, I might have had to wait another ten years before I knew how completely the sound of an orchestra can immobilize everything in your life but the present moment. The movie was The Seven Wonders of the World, the third in that series of Cinerama epic travelogues made during the 1950s. Cinerama, if you don’t recall, was the ultimate wide-screen process, and some film buffs maintain that it has not been equaled. This was the original moviegoing experience, one that promised to give viewers a genuine sense of reality. The Cinerama camera was loaded with three synchronized film magazines positioned side-by-side, in an arc. When the images captured by this trio were put together—cast by three synchronized projectors on a huge curved screen—the resulting panoramic montage duplicated the arc of human vision. Cinerama promised to put “you” in the middle of the action, and when the unwieldy camera was perched in a car on a Coney Island roller coaster or at the head of a rubber raft finding its way through the rapids of the Indus River, Cinerama delivered. A big part of the successful duping of the eye was the way Cinerama duped the ear. Seven channels of sound, fed through speakers distributed behind the screen and throughout the theater, created a sonic image as realistic as the picture.
Why We are Here
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry
Published: November 2023

It is now more than twenty years since I came across an article in the Sunday paper on how the rock generation of the 1960s and 1970s, approaching middle age, was turning into “the pop cultural establishment.” It discussed such phenomena as Paul Simon’s album Hearts and Bones and Linda Ronstadt’s What’s New, her recording of pre-rock standards such as “Someone to Watch over Me”—and that does seem to be something aging stars do, record songs that have aged better than they have. Of Hearts and Bones, the writer noted that it was “marketed as a pop record, but . . . in its sophistication is more like a collection of art songs.” I bought Hearts and Bones, listened to it, and found it quite engaging but not a bit like Winterreise or Winter Words.

As Stravinsky once remarked in another context—and with no intent of denigration—it is a different fraternity. I intend no denigration either, but I do want to make a distinction. The music we are involved with in the concert hall, that music we have never managed to agree on a name for, neither “classical” nor “serious” serving quite convincingly, but the music responsible for bringing us by such diverse paths into concert halls and to read books like this one—in sum, Why We Are Here—this music has aspirations beyond those of Hearts and Bones.
The Evolution of Ethnic Markers
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Much of the debate about human sociobiology has been framed as a binary opposition. Sociobiologists argue that evolutionary theory is useful for understanding humans because much of our behavior is currently adaptive, or was adaptive under food-foraging conditions. To be sure, they aver, culture occasionally causes human behavior to drift away from the fitness-maximizing optimum, but in the long run behaviors that have important effects on Darwinian fitness should tend to be adaptive. Critics of this view argue that the existence of culture has allowed the human species to transcend ordinary evolutionary imperatives. Culturally transmitted behavior must not be so maladaptive as to lead to the extinction of the social group, but as long as this rather weak constraint is satisfied, it is argued, people are free to elaborate their culture more or less as they please.
Was Agriculture Impossible during the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis With Robert L. Bettinger
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary thinkers have long been fascinated by the origin of agriculture. Darwin (1874) declined to speculate on agricultural origins, but twentieth-century scholars were bolder. The Soviet agronomist Nikolai Vavilov, the American geographer Carl O. Sauer, and the British archaeologist V. Gordon Childe wrote influential books and articles on the origin of agriculture in the 1920s and 1930s (see Flannery, 1973, and MacNeish, 1991:4–19, for the intellectual history of the origin of agriculture question). These explorations were necessarily speculative and vague but stimulated interest in the question.
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Authors: Mendelson Carole R
Published: November 2023

The capacity of a cell to respond to a particular hormone depends on the presence of cellular receptors specific for that hormone. After binding hormone, the receptor is biochemically and structurally altered, resulting in its activation; the activated receptor then mediates all of the actions of the hormone on the cell. The steroid and thyroid hormones as well as retinoids and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 diffuse freely through the lipophilic plasma membrane of the cell and interact with receptors that are primarily within the nucleus. On activation, the receptors alter the transcription of specific genes, resulting in changes in the levels of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which are in tum translated into proteins. Hormones that are water soluble, such as the peptide and polypeptide hormones, catecholamines, and other neurotransmitters, as well as the relatively hydrophobic prostaglandins, interact with receptors in the plasma membrane. After hormone binding, the activated membrane receptors initiate signal transduction cascades that result in changes in enzyme activities and alterations in gene expression.
Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Gardener Glenn J , Rodeck Charles H
Published: November 2023

Neural tube defects are a spectrum of serious malformations of the cranium, spine, and nervous system. The spectrum includes anencephaly, spina bifida, cephalocele, and iniencephaly. Anencephaly and spina bifida, the two most common are important contributors to perinatal mortality and morbidity. Anencephaly is a lethal condition, and infants with spina bifida who survive are likely to have severe, lifelong disabilities (Date et al., 1993; Botto et al., 1999).
Maternal Exposure to Selected Environmental Factors and Risk for Neural Tube Defects in the Offspring
Authors: Wyszynski Diegof.
Published: November 2023

Among many populations, defects of neural tube closure, commonly known as neural tube defects (NTDs), are significant causes of infant mortality and morbidity. Neural tube defects include anencephaly, spina bifida cystica or meningomyelocele, and encephalocele. They are complex heterogeneous conditions, with multiple genes interacting with environmental factors (Seller, 1994). Although they have been studied extensively, many of their causes remain unknown (Sever, 1995). Intriguing observations about environmental factors that may play a role in the etiology of NTDs have been unveiled. For example, the protective value of increased dietary folic acid (FA) intake to 400 µg daily has been documented (Mulinare et al., 1988; Milunsky et al., 1989; Smithells et al., 1989; Wald et al., 1991; Czeizel and Dudas, 1992; Berry et al., 1999). Folic acid supplementation decreases the recurrence risk of NTDs by approximately 70% among women who have already had an affected pregnancy and shows a similar benefit in women who have not (Table 13.1). Although folate’s protective effect is recognized, the mechanism by which some women develop low folate levels and presumably predispose their offspring to NTDs and other potential birth defects is still a matter of debate (see Chapter 29).
Genetics of Syndromic Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Frias Sonja A Rasmussen Jaime L
Published: November 2023

The etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs) is known to be heterogeneous (Holmes et al., 1976; Khoury et al., 1982a, 19826; Martin et al., 1983). In the majority of infants with NTDs, a multifactorial mode of determination (a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors) is believed to be involved. The NTDs in these infants are isolated, meaning that no other major unrelated malformations or conditions of known etiology, such as single-gene disorders or chromosome abnormalities, are present (Rasmussen et al., 2003a). In these isolated cases, empiric figures (detailed in Chapter 28) are used to counsel families regarding their risk for recurrence because of the current lack of understanding of the genetic and environmental factors involved. However, for a significant proportion of infants with NTDs, empiric recurrence risks are not applicable. It is essential that health-care providers of patients with NTDs and their families recognize situations in which the use of empiric recurrence risk figures are inappropriate and other, more specific recurrence risk information should be provided.
Neurosurgical Management of Adults with Spina Bifida
Authors: Rekate Harold L
Published: November 2023

Accurate epidemiologic information before the development of valve-regulated shunts is unavailable. Nonetheless, during that time, few infants born with spina bifida and hydrocephalus survived the newborn period. The first reports of concepts for managing these children derived from treatments used in the 1960s and published in the early 1970s. The first generation of these survivors are now reaching middle age. Based on decades of careful study in multidisciplinary clinics, an increasing number of publications deal with the management of infants and children born with this complex congenital anomaly. However, there is little if any published information available from which to derive treatment protocols for adults with this condition. This problem primarily reflects the newness of this population of patients, who previously rarely survived infancy. An important secondary explanation is related to the settings in which care is delivered to these patients.
Urological Care and Management of Patients with Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Joseph David B
Published: November 2023

The goals of urological care and management of a child with spina bifida center on maintaining normal renal function, gaining urinary continence, and making the eventual transition of personal care to gain independence. The significant achievements in other specialties, particularly neurosurgery, have unmasked the importance of maintaining normal renal function and a healthy bladder environment for urinary storage and elimination. Over 90% of children with spina bifida have a normal upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter) at the time of birth (Bauer and Joseph, 1990). Without follow-up, 50% of the children will suffer considerable upper urinary tract (kidney and ureter) damage due to lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra) hostility (Bauer and Joseph, 1990). (Fig. 22.1). With appropriate urological management, children at risk for renal damage can be identified early, and intervention can be initiated to prevent long-term compromise of kidney function. During the first several years of life, the urological focus on a child’s health is based on maintaining normal kidney function. As the child begins to approach school age, interest is directed gaining urinary continence. There are overlapping factors that affect both kidney function and urinary control.
Ethics at the Forefront: Moral Decisions and Responsibility When Confronted with Spina Bifida
Authors: Bliton Mark J
Published: November 2023

The refinements and use of obstetric ultrasound and other imaging modalities to identify fetal conditions that may require neurosurgical intervention present a crucial set of recurrent moral issues regarding parental decision making and informed consent. These advances also create a new kind of ethical complexity because perinatal obstetrics and pediatric neurosurgery may share the task of counseling a pregnant woman and her partner (Wilcox et al., 1993: 1282). For instance, when neurosurgeons are invited to consult with pregnant women carrying fetuses diagnosed with spina bifida and myelomeningocele, they may encounter complicated challenges traditionally associated with the roles assumed by obstetricians, genetic counselors, and perinatologists (Cromblehome et al., 1996; Madsen et al., 1998: 49). Thus, collaborative efforts and interdisciplinary cooperation among these various specialties are required to help pregnant women and their families understand and cope with difficult and agonizing decisions (Nichols and Bianchi, 1996).
European Mudminnow (Umbra krameri) in the Austrian Floodplain of the River Danube: Conservation of an Indicator Species for Endangered Wetland Ecosystems in Europe
Authors: WanzenböCk Josef
Published: November 2023

The European mudminnow (Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792) has a relatively small area of natural occurrence represented by the lowlands along the middle and lower River Danube including its (former vast) areas of inundation, as well as along the middle and lower River Dniestr (Figure 18.1). The mudminnow is predominantly found in swampy areas, oxbow lakes, and floodplain pools that are covered densely with aquatic vegetation (see papers in Mikschi and Wanzenböck 1995). Land reclamation and draining that began during the Middle Ages has changed the landscape dramatically, and areas suitable for mudminnows have shrunk to small spots and the narrow remnant floodplains of rivers. Consequently, the abundance and distribution of the mudminnow have diminished greatly, as described even 80 years ago (Hanko 1923). Changes on large spatial scales are mirrored on smaller spatial scales. This case history describes the plight of the mudminnow near the western border of its distribution where it was first described (see Wanzenböck 1995) and was found regularly during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Sightings became less frequent in the latter half of the twentieth century, and the last specimen was reported in 1975. The species was considered extinct in Austria (Red List of Austrian Animals; Herzig-Straschil 1991) for almost 20 years until its rediscovery in 1992 (Wanzenböck and Spindler 1995).
Helmeted Honeyeater (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) in Southern Australia: Assessing Options for Establishing a New Wild Population
Authors: Mccarthy Michael A , Menkhorstm Peter W , Quin Bruce R , Smales Ian J , Burgman Mark A
Published: November 2023

Population viability analysis (PVA) was originally developed to estimate the risk of extinction faced by species (Shaffer 1981). However, because of uncertainties associated with these predictions, determining appropriate management strategies is often more useful (Possingham et al. 1993, Akşakaya and Raphael 1998). One conservation strategy for endangered species management is captive breeding and release (Beck et al. 1994), which can be evaluated using PVA (McCarthy 1995, Saltz 1998). In this chapter, we develop a population model to assess options for establishing a new population of helmeted honeyeaters (Lichenostomus melanops cassidix) from a captive population. The helmeted honeyeater is endemic to remnant riparian forests in southern Victoria, Australia. Its population ecology has been studied by Wykes (1985) and more recently by several researchers working under the auspices of the Helmeted Honeyeater Recovery team (Menkhorst et al. 1999).
“I Am Woman, Hear Me Roar” The Importance of Linguistic Stereotype for Lesbian Identity Performances
Authors: Queen Robin
Published: November 2023

When I was six, I believed that I had been born a boy. It wasn’t that I questioned my apparent girlness, nor was I unhappy being a girl. I just assumed that the delivering doctor had performed a medical intervention because my parents really wanted a girl and were disappointed when a boy emerged. I was happy that I had become what my parents wanted, but I thought that a bit of boy must have lingered inside me. I understood that my longing to be loud and obnoxious, always right, physically powerful, and often very dirty was not quite in line with what my body seemed to predict for my behavior, and so I simply believed that my body and my gender didn’t quite map onto each other. A year or so later, having figured out the implausibility of my story, I created an older brother, who encouraged me to play football, go on bug-hunting adventures, find the scariest hills for riding my bike, and cuss like a sailor.
Introduction
Authors: Chase Karen
Published: November 2023

What better justifies a collection of new essays on an old classic than an acknowledgment of interpretive evanescence? The phrase, “the varying experiments of Time” (prelude, 3) suggests why criticism always benefits from renewal, but it hardly narrows the field. With few editorial alterations, the text of Middle-march remains unchanged: the novel withstands the pressures of time, circumstance, and personality. However, its meaning changes both within the culture and within the consciousness of individual readers. It is for each generation to chart the differences that ensure that the novel will not become a relic, but will continue to exert a pressure on the twenty-first century as vitally as it did in its nineteenth and our twentieth centuries.
What”s Not in Middlemarch
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

My title may seem perverse, and is certainly two-edged. The inclusiveness of George Eliot”s novel Middlemarch or, at the least, its capaciousness, is one of the book”s most marked characteristics. The novel is usually praised for its copiousness or blamed for its deterministic inclusiveness. It can” t include everything, of course: plastic cups and chaos theory are beyond its horizon. George Eliot”s narrator insists “that all the light I can command must be concentrated on this particular web, and not dispersed over that tempting range of relevancies called the universe” (ch. 15, 132). Those “relevancies,” how-ever, give scope to the book, permeating its apparently constrained subject matter described in the subtitle: “a study of provincial life.” Moreover, the book”s boundaries are permeable: not only is it highly allusive, but it also calls on a stock of common knowledge”that is to say, knowledge common to its first readers and not to us.
Space, Movement, and Sexual Feeling in Middlemarch
Authors: Trotter David
Published: November 2023

In chapter 9 of Middlemarch , Dorothea Brooke, accompanied by her uncle and sister, visits her future home at Lowick Manor. The building, of greenish stone, was in the old English style, not ugly, but small-windowed and melancholy-looking: the sort of house that must have children, many flowers, open windows, and little vistas of bright things, to make it seem a joyous home. In this latter end of autumn, with a sparse remnant of yellow leaves falling slowly athwart the dark evergreens in a stillness without sunshine, the house too had an air of autumnal decline, and Mr Casaubon, when he presented himself, had no bloom that could be thrown into relief by that background. (ch. 9, 67–8) Mr Casaubon, rather alarmingly, is in camouflage. He seems unable, or unwilling, at this crucial moment in his life, to stand forth, to assume a shape. It is not that he is invisible but that he remains, even upon presentation of himself, utterly indistinct.
Mutation as a Phenotype
Authors: Friedberg Errol C
Published: November 2023

The stability of DNA sequences across generations is dependent upon a diverse set of biochemical mechanisms that protect the DNA from predictable sources of damage that otherwise would be catastrophic. These biochemical mechanisms range from the repair of damage to nucleotide precursors or to DNA itself, to the replication past any one of a number of lesions, to the proofreading of a new copy of DNA. The spectrum of mutations experienced by a genome will change and their number will increase dramatically when the efficacy of even a single one of these many mechanisms is altered. During sequence comparisons mutations often are treated much like random typographical errors, yet there is a rich biochemistry that underlies the probability of distinct types of errors along a particular genome sequence. This chapter provides an overview of such biochemical mechanisms, with a particular focus on novel polymerases that are able to effect synthesis across distinct classes of lesions in DNA.
From Yeshiva Bochur to Secular Humanist
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: November 2023

I was born in Brooklyn, New York, of Eastern European Jewish descent. My parents were born in the States, but their parents came from Europe, and both my parents spoke Yiddish as their first language. When I was just three, my family moved to Los Angeles, California. Both of my parents were raised in Torah Jewish homes, and that’s how they raised my two brothers and myself. The Torah, in the broad sense in which I intend it here, is the entire body of law, legend, and inspirational literature that encompasses the Old Testament of the Bible, the Talmud, Midrash, and numerous other religious writings down through the centuries, including today. To be a Torah Jew is to live in conformity with the Torah, and to believe its precepts. “Strictly Orthodox,” shomer shabbas (translated literally as “guardian of the Sabbath”), and, I would claim, “fundamentalist,” are other terms one could use to describe this way of life. While the first two are common, you don’t hear “fundamentalist” used very often in connection with Judaism, though it is with Christianity and Islam. But Torah Jews really are fundamentalists; I was taught that the world was literally created in six days almost six thousand years ago, and that the theory of evolution was mistaken.
Introduction
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

Our singer, too, is called Josephine. Her full name is Josephine Caroline Lang (1815–80). In her childhood, she was often known by the variant “Josepha,” and by the common Bavarian nicknames “Pepi,” “Peppi,” “Pepperl,” or “Bebi.” Later, she was usually called “Josephine,” although the spelling of this name fluctuated between the Germanic “Josefine” and the French “Josephine” (depending on how popular the French were in Germany). After she married Christian Reinhold Köstlin, she referred to herself in letters and other documents as “Josephine Köstlin, née Lang.” On the title pages of her published compositions, however, she continued to use her maiden name, Josephine Lang. Unlike many other nineteenth-century women artists, Lang apparently never considered using a pseudonym (male or female) in her publications. It is the name “Josephine Lang” with the “ph” spelling familiar to English readers that we shall use in this volume.
The Beginning Of Josephine Lang’s Compositional Career
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

Josephine Lang was born into a musical family. Her grandfather and great-uncle, Martin Lang (1755–1819) and Franz Lang (1751–1816), were both wellknown horn players, and both obtained positions in the Munich court orchestra. Martin Lang’s son Theobald (1783–1839) followed in his footsteps, assuming a position as violinist in the same orchestra in 1798 (when he was only 15). In 1808, Theobald married Regina Hitzelberger (1786–1827), the daughter of two prominent musicians: her father was a flute virtuoso, and her mother, Sabine Renk (1755–1817), one of the most celebrated singers of her day. Regina Hitzelberger became famous in her own right. After a solid musical education under Peter von Winter, Carl Cannabich, and Abbé Vogler, she became an opera singer, in which capacity she favorably impressed Carl Maria von Weber. It is not surprising that the children of such parents were artistically talented. Their first child, Ferdinand (1810–82), became one of the best-known comic actors in Munich. Their daughter, Josephine, became a composer.
1856 To 1867: The Difficult Years
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon
Published: November 2023

When, after Reinhold Köstlin’s death, Josephine Lang found herself in the frightening position of a single parent with six dependent children, she was fortunate to have relatives who stood by her. Her half-sister, Meta Lang, who had come from Munich just before Köstlin’s death to help in the household, stayed with her for a while after his death. Marie Jäger offered her religious consolation and moral support through her letters, expressing her belief that Lang would in time regain her courage and her strength and that much joy through her children was still in store for her. Jäger also assisted Lang in more tangible ways by frequently sending money or clothing for the children.
Introduction
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

It is widely agreed that we live in a “postpositivist” era; these days the word “positivist” functions chiefly as an ill-defined term of abuse. Logical positivism is dead. One cannot deny, however, that it was a potent philosophical force in the earlier part of the twentieth century; many conferences, books, and articles have endeavored to assay that influence. One conference, which generated such a book, was held in Pittsburgh in 1983. The first chapter in the present collection was my contribution to that conference.
Plausibility Arguments in Science
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Healing, which purported to provide a comprehensive explanation of human behavior and which recommended a therapy for the treatment of all psychological ills. According to Hubbard’s theory, psychological difficulties stem from “en- grams,” or brain traces, that are the results of experiences the individual has undergone while unconscious as a result of sleep, anesthesia, a blow to the head, or any other cause. Of particular importance are experiences that occur before birth. Hubbard gives strikingly vivid accounts of life in the womb, and it is far from idyllic. There is jostling, sloshing, noise, and a variety of rude shocks. Any un- pleasant behavior of the father can have serious lasting effects upon the child. On a Saturday night, for example, the father comes home drunk and in an ugly mood; he beats the mother and with each blow he shouts, “Take that, take that!” The child grows up and becomes a kleptomaniac. Martin Gardner (1957) provides many additional, and often amusing, details.
The “Almost-Deduction” Theory
Authors: Salmon Wesley C
Published: November 2023

Although the preceding chapters have focused on the theorem of Bayes, we should recognize that it is not the only source of useful information concerning inductive reasoning provided by the calculus of probability—though we shall be brought back to prior probabilities in the end.
The Discourse of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Christensen Lars Thøger
Published: November 2023

A book like this, entitled The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility, should be scrutinized and challenged for its own language(s), its own linguistic enactment(s) of the notion, and the phenomenon of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Dedicated to, among other things, explaining and demonstrating the “merits of a communication- based perspective for analyzing the history, development, and future of CSR,” as described in the overview, the editors Cheney, Roper, and May undoubtedly welcome such a challenge so that the book becomes the impetus for further debate and development rather than containing the debate.
Responsibility And Agent Causation
Authors: Fischer John Martin
Published: November 2023

Certain libertarians adopt a view called “agent-causation.” Although everyone wishes to say that agents cause certain effects, agent-causation, in the relevant sense, is supposed to be a basic, irreducible sort of causation which relates agents and events. In this chapter I wish to explore the question of whether agentcausation has distinctive resources for responding to the Frankfurt-type cases in which it is alleged that an agent is morally responsible although he lacks alternative possibilities.
Revision as Form Wordsworth’s Drowned Man
Authors: Wolfson Susan
Published: November 2023

Scattering thus In passion many a desultory sound I deemed that I had adequately cloathed Meanings at which I ha[rd]ly hinted thoughts And forms of which I scarcely had produced A monument and an arbitrary sign that considerate and laborious work In That patience which admitting no neglect By that slow creation {which} imparts to speach Outline & substance even till it has give[n] A function kindred to organic power The vital spirit of a perfect form resting not till....
The Creative Soul Simplon Pass to Mount Snowdon
Authors: Ulmer William A
Published: November 2023

Book 6 of The Prelude, with its apostrophe to Imagination and journey through the Ravine of Arve, was Wordsworth’s first endeavor after deciding to reorganize and expand the five-book Prelude. Drafts towards the Simplon crossing and address to Imagination exist in MS WW, and by the end of March 1804 the poet was developing them into a coherent narrative for his sixth book.1 The Simplon adventure and apostrophe to Imagination were especially important for his reconceived Prelude, for these passages permitted Wordsworth a useful framing strategy. The 1805 Prelude relegates most of its newly added material to an intermediate position between book 6 and book 13, 13 being the new location of the Snowdon episode: the result is an account of the Fall framed by depictions of imaginative power. Wordsworth could thereby invoke the corruption of creativity by abstruse rationalization and still anchor his poem’s darker episodes within a supervening optimism. At the same time book 6 complexly portrays both triumph and failure. Due to its breadth of implication, book 6 “has become one of a handful of paradigms capable by itself of representing the poet’s work,” Alan Liu justly declares, and matters change little in moving on to the complexities of book 13.2 With these rich, difficult books, I will restrict my argument to two main points.
Introduction
Authors: Camp Joseph L
Published: November 2023

When Tamara Horowitz died early in 2000, she was Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Pitts- burgh (the first woman to chair the department). She had published several articles, most of them on the epistemology of a priori knowledge and a priori methods of reasoning. The four previously published essays in this collection are concerned with these topics, as are the two previously unpublished essays. Tamara also left a very large quantity of writing, in stages of completion ranging from notes to drafts of articles and book chapters. The greater part of this material also concerned the epistemology of the a priori, though a substantial part was concerned with problems of feminist philosophy.
Toward a Philosophical Foundation for Music Education Research
Authors: Reimer Bennett
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores several important issues that need to be addressed if a philosophical foundation for music education research is to be built. Implicit in this task are three presumptions: (1) that music education research is not at present and has not in the past been guided by foundational philosophical principles, (2) that it would be beneficial for the research enterprise if such principles were articulated and applied, and (3) that careful consideration of several key issues will be necessary if music education research is to be grounded in a coherent philosophical-epistemological perspective. What is not offered here is a philosophy of music education research. Although I will not attempt to disguise whatever preferences and proclivities I hold, I will also not aim toward a particular resolution of the philosophical issues to be raised. It is my hope that sufficient debate about these (and other such) issues will lead interested and capable individuals to formulate philosophical principles that would guide our research efforts.
Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Asmus Edward P , Radocy Rudolf E
Published: November 2023

Research is a systematic process by which investigators gather information, organize it in a meaningful way, and analyze and interpret it. Much information is expressible as quantities or numeric judgments. Researchers may combine and manipulate numbers in a myriad of ways to gain insights and reach conclusions regarding their problems, questions, and hypotheses. After briefly overviewing quantification and measurement, this chapter presents univariate and multivariate statistical techniques for the analysis of research data. The chapter is not a statistical treatise or a critique of the state of the quantitative art in music education research. It is intended to guide the reader in understanding, questioning, and applying basic aspects of quantitative techniques.
Consequentialism, Publicity, Stability, and Property-Owning Democracy
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: November 2023

This chapter reflects further upon aspects of Rawls’s intricate relationship with utilitarianism and other consequentialist positions. It is divided into three separate and self-sufficient parts. In sections I and II, I discuss further why Rawls regarded utilitarianism as such a powerful moral conception, namely, its potential for providing a completely rational morality and systematically ordering conflicting claims. To retain this desirable feature of utilitarianism and yet avoid objections of its potential for injustice, some contemporary consequentialists have proposed incorporating reasons of justice into the good consequences to be promoted by rational action. Starting from some remarks of Rawls’s, I explore potential problems with these proposals, focusing on A. K. Sen’s version.
I Do Not Exist
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

It seems utterly obvious that the question ‘Do I exist?’ may be correctly answered only in the affirmative; of course the answer must be ‘Yes.’ Descartes, it may be said, made this idea the keystone of his philosophy, he found it so compelling. Hume, however, in his characteristically sceptical style, at least at times questioned the propriety of an affirmative reply. My teacher, Professor Sir Alfred Jules Ayer, to whom this essay is dedicated, customarily expressed himself in a conditional manner, which I find quite congenial: The sentence ‘I exist’, in this usage, may be allowed to express a statement which like other statements is capable of being either true or false. It differs, however, from most other statements in that if it is false it cannot actually be made. Consequently, no one who uses these words intelligently and correctly can use them to make a statement which he knows to be false. If he succeeds in making the statement, it must be true.
Reparations Pro&Con
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

Today, the debate over reparations--whether African-Americans should be compensated for decades of racial subjugation--stands as the most racially divisive issue in American politics. In this short, definitive work, Alfred L. Brophy, an expert on racial violence, regards the debate over reparations from the 1700s to the present, examining the arguments on both sides of the current debate. Taking us inside litigation and legislatures past and present, examining failed and successful lawsuits, and reparations actions by legislatures, newspapers, schools, and businesses, including apologies and truth commissions, this book offers a valuable historical and legal perspective for reparations advocates and critics alike.
Against Reparations
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

As reparations talk has grown, so has opposition to reparations. Arguments for reparations for slavery and its claims for an accounting of past injustice, for apologies and truth commissions, for reconciliation of decades-old debts and forward-looking relief, and for group-based relief represent yet another front on what has been called the “culture wars” of the 1990s and 2000s. The case for reparations rests on how the past is viewed and what one believes should be done about it. Indeed, the reparations discussion taps into decades of debate over how to deal with inequality in American society.