bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoxidation of saturated fatty acids. II. The determination of the site of hydroperoxide groups in autoxidizing methyl palmitate
Authors: Brodnitz Michael H. , Nawar Wassef W. , Fagerson Irving S.
Published: November 2006

The monohydroperoxides of methyl palmitate oxidized at 150C were concentrated, purified, and reduced to yield a mixture of isomers of monohydroxy palmitate. No evidence of unsaturation in these molecules could be obtained, and no direct method for the resolution or identification of the individual isomers was found. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the reduced esters suggested that the hydroxy groups were not located at either end of the chain of the fatty ester.

To establish the location of the initial oxidative attack on saturated esters, the reduced esters of oxidized methyl palmitate were chemically cleaved at the location of the hydroxy group by means of chromium trioxide oxidation and by the Beckmann transformation. The resulting mono‐ and dibasic fatty acids were methylated and analyzed by gas chromatography. This analysis indicated that the oxidation of methyl palmitate did not occur selectively at one location along the ester. Although all carbon atoms can apparently be oxidized, preferential oxidation was observed toward the center of the molecule.
Composition of bile acids in ruminants
Authors: Sheriha Guima M. , Waller George R. , Chan Tak , Tillman Allen D.
Published: November 2006

The bile acids found in sheep bile, beef bile, beef feces, sheep fetus bile, and beef fetus bile have been analyzed by using conventional techniques. Animals maintained on natural and purified diets were used. The bile acids are a complex mixture of isomeric hydroxy‐ and keto‐5β‐cholanoic acids which were substituted at one or several of the carbon atoms 3, 7, and 12. Cholic acid is the predominant bile acid found in these species. Deoxycholic acid was the major product formed from cholic acid when the animals were on a natural diet but the concentration of 3α, 12α‐dihydroxy‐7‐keto‐5β‐cholanoic acid was elevated in the animals that were maintained on a high concentrated purified diet (without roughage). The fetus bile was found to contain nearly all of the bile acids found in the bile of the mature animal but in different concentrations.
Effects of experimental endogenous hyperlipemia on circulating leukocytes and erythrocytes
Authors: Ehrhart L. Allen , Butkus Antanas , Robertson A. Lazzarini , Page Irvine H.
Published: November 2006

Effects of hyperlipemia on circulating leukocytes and erythrocytes were studied in dogs which were given repeated, intravenous injections of a nonionic detergent, Triton WR‐1339.

Erythrocyte lipid concentrations increased from 3.6±0.9 mg/1010 cells in control animals to 9.3±1.5 mg in the hyperlipemic group. This increase was accompanied by a shift in the distribution of total fatty acids toward a higher percentage of saturated and monounsaturated acids. In contrast to the changes observed in erythrocytes, the leukocyte lipid content remained unaltered in dogs with serum cholesterol levels ranging from 500 to more than 2,000 mg/100 ml. Leukocyte counts rose whereas hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentrations, and erythrocyte counts decreased. Oxygen utilization studies showed no significant metabolic differences between leukocytes which were isolated from hyperlipemic or control animals. Circulating leukocytes in dogs with an endogenously induced hyperlipemia were shown therefore to maintain normal lipid concentrations and did not participate in lipophage formation, as reported for certain diet‐induced lipemias.
Autoxidation of tissue lipids. II. Monocarbonyl compounds formed by the autoxidation of methyl eicosapentaenoate, methyl docosahexaenoate, and cod‐liver oil
Authors: Fisher Mary P. , Wishner Lawrence A.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid analysis of autoxidized cod‐liver oil with a peroxide value of 192 showed significant degradation of only eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids of the linolenate family. Purified, mildly autoxidized cod‐liver oil with a peroxide value of 28, methyl eicosapentaenoate, and methyl docosahexaenoate produced carbonyl patterns in agreement with the accepted mechanism for olefinic autoxidation. In all cases the major products were propanal andn‐pent‐2‐enal as predicted, andn‐hex‐2‐enal andn‐hept‐2‐enal as reported in the literature for linolenate. In addition, the same cod‐liver oil, which had been heated to 188C in vacuum for 1 hr to decompose completely the hydroperoxides before carbonyl analysis, showed the presence ofn‐hepta‐2,4‐dienal as predicted.
Therans‐3‐enoic acids ofAster alpinus andArctium minus seed oils
Authors: Morris L. J. , Marshall M. O. , Hammond E. W.
Published: November 2006

Thetrans‐3‐enoic acids ofAster alpinus (dwarf aster, rock aster) andArctium minus (burdock) seed oils have been isolated and characterized.Arctium seed oil containstrans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic acid (9.9%), andAster oil containstrans‐3‐hexadecenoic (7.1%),rans‐3‐octadecenoic (1.9%),trans‐3,cis‐9‐octadecadienoic (3.0%),a ndtrans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic (13.7%) acids.Aster oil also has an epoxy acid as a minor constituent (ca. 2.0%), which has been identified ascis‐9,10‐epoxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid.
The distribution of phospholipids in some mammalian milks
Authors: Morrison W. R.
Published: November 2006

Phospholipids were isolated from cow, sheep, Indian buffalo, camel, ass, pig, and human milks. The distribution of phospholipids was determined by quantitative two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography. The distribution of phospholipids was found to be remarkably constant in the milks of all the species studied, and it is concluded that the phospholipids probably fulfil similar or identical functions in these milks.
The separation, structure and metabolism of monogalactosyl diglyceride species inChlorella vulgaris
Authors: Nichols B. W. , Moorhouse R.
Published: November 2006

The monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction from heterotrophically cultured cells ofChlorella vulgaris has been fractionated into species of different fatty acid composition by argentation thin layer chromatography of the unmodified glycolipid. Five major subfractions were isolated, corresponding to groups of molecular species containing 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 double bonds per molecule, respectively. Incubation ofChlorella vulgaris with 2‐14C‐sodium acetate, followed by radiochemical analysis of the fatty acids of the individual monogalactosyl diglyceride species, demonstrated that at any time the specific activity of a single fatty acid can vary considerably among the various species in which it occurs. These results are consistent with previously reported evidence that significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the monogalactosyl diglyceride fraction ofChlorella vulgaris occur following its de novo synthesis.
The role of lipids in heme synthesis
Authors: Yoneyama Yoshimasa , Sawada Hideo , Takeshita Masazumi , Sugita Yoshiki
Published: November 2006

The effect of lipids on protoheme ferrolyase, which combines ferrous iron with protoporphyrin, was investigated. The enzyme extracted with 1% Na cholate from acetone‐dried powder of chicken erythrocyte stroma showed high enzymic activity, while that extracted with 0.4 M KCl showed little activity. The former contained lipids, the main components of which were lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas the latter contained little lipid. Crude lipids of several sources restored the enzyme activity of 0.4 M KCl extracts. The activating effects of purified lipids, especially phospholipids which showed the strongest activation, were further examined. Phospholipids were divided into three groups: the choline‐containing group, lecithin and sphingomyelin, was inhibitory or slightly accelerative on heme synthesis; the acidic phospholipids, namely phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, were strong activators and the intensity of activation was in the order of the acidity of the phospholipids; and the lysophospholipids, namely lysolecithin, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and sphingosylphosphorylcholine, activated the heme synthesis most effectively. In the presence of cholate, choline‐containing lipids were highly effective, while acidic phospholipids were inhibitory and lysophospholipids were neutral. Palmitic acid showed slight stimulative effect. Tripalmitin was neutral or inhibitory. Anionic, cationic and neutral synthetic detergents were slightly stimulative in low concentration and inhibitory in high concentration. An activation mechanism of phospholipids was proposed in which the hydrophilic anionic part of lipid in the lipoprotein enzyme molecule attracts ferrous iron. After being stripped of solvation water, the ferrous iron is transferred to the hydrophobic part of the enzyme molecule to be inserted into porphyrin.
The quantitative production of aldehydes from O‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerols
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Garrett Ronald D. , Blank M. L. , Snyder Fred
Published: November 2006

The quantitative recovery and structural alterations of aldehydes liberated from O‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerols on thin layer chromatographic layers have been evaluated by using14C‐labeled fatty aldehydes and chromatography. The results led to the development of a quantitative procedure for isolating the aldehydes produced from O‐alk‐1‐enyl glycerols by shaking an ethereal solution of the ether‐linked lipids with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The procedure is rapid and silicic acid does not interfere.
The effect of dietary copper on the structure and physical properties of adipose tissue triglycerides in pigs
Authors: Christie W. W. , Moore J. H.
Published: November 2006

The inner back fat of control pigs had a higher melting point and stearic acid‐oleic acid ratio than did the outer back fat of the control animals or the inner and outer back fats of pigs given the control diet supplemented with 250 ppm copper. By a combination of argentation thin layer chromatography and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, it was shown that in the inner back fat of the control animals the proportions of two of the more saturated glyceride species were significantly greater and the proportions of two of the more unsaturated species were less than in the outer back fat of the control animals and in the inner and outer back fats of the copper‐fed animals. These findings probably account for the observed differences in melting point. Stereospecific analyses of the glycerides demonstrated that the increased content of stearic acid in the inner back fat of the control pigs was distributed between the 1 and 3 positions.
Studies on the lipids of sheep red blood cells: III. The fatty acid composition of phospholipids in HK and LK cells
Authors: Nelson Gary J.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte phospholipids was studied in samples from five high potassium (HK) and five low potassium (LK) sheep. The total fatty acid composition, including the composition from the individual phospholipids in the erythrocytes of these animals is reported. There were no significant differences between either the total fatty acid composition or that of the individual phospholipids in the HK or LK cells. Sheep red cells had very little polyunsaturated fatty acids in their phospholipids. Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were the major components of glyceryl phospholipids, while nervonic acid accounted for 50% of the fatty acids in the sphingomyelin fraction. The similarity between the fatty acid composition of HK and LK red cells indicates that quantitative differences in the lipids of the membrane are not the primary reason for the observed differences in the cation levels in the two types of cells. This agrees with conclusions drawn from previous studies.
Steroids in bovine muscle and adipose tissue
Authors: Tu C. , Powrie W. D. , Fennema O.
Published: November 2006

Thin layer and gas liquid chromatography, (GLC) were employed as complementary techniques to investigate naturally‐occurring steroids in the unsaponifiable matter of bovine muscle and adipose tissue. Three GLC liquid phases, differing in selective partition properties, were used to effectively identify unknown steroids. The results indicate that cholesterol and minor amounts of desmosterol, Δ7‐cholestenol, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, dehydromethostenol, Δ8‐methostenol, Δ7‐methostenol, cholestanol and possibly ergosterol were present in the bovine tissues. The minor steroids, with the exception of cholestanol and ergosterol, are steroid precursors in cholesterol biosynthesis. Common hormonal steroids were not found in the unsaponifiables of the tissues.
Cholesterol content of human parotid saliva
Authors: Jacobsohn Gert M. , Montiel Raf Ael J.
Published: November 2006

Free and esterifed cholesterol were determined in parotid fluid collected from 19 individuals by encapsulation of Stenson's duct in the oral 16.7±7.1 (SD) μg/100 ml and cholesterol esters averaged 13.2±8.0 (SD) μg/100 ml. Two assays are described for the measurement of cholesterol in parotid saliva. Lipophilic material was extracted with ether‐ethanol (3∶1). In assay 1, the solid residue of the extract was separated into its components by thin layer chromatography. Substances on the chromatogram were made to fluoresce and the spots were photographed. Cholesterol was determined by densitometry of its black image on film. In assay 2, the ether‐ethanol residue was subjected to quantitative gas chromatography. Both methods yield similar data.
Comparative effects of temperature exposure on mass and oxidative enzyme activity of brown fat in insectivores, tupaiads and primates
Authors: Chaffee R. R. J. , Roberts J. C. , Conaway C. H. , Sorenson M. W. , Kaufman W. C.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made to see if hyperplastic and biochemical responses similar to those which occur in temperature‐exposed rodents also occur in insectivores, protoprimates and primates. Representative insectivores included the shrewsSuncus murinus andCryptotis parva. The representative prottoprimate wasTupaia chinensis. The representative primate wasMacaca mulatta. Both shrews show a striking thermogenic response in the brown fat with respect to increased specific activity of α‐glycerophosphate oxidase and succinoxidase.Suncus also showed an increase in brown fat mass following cold exposure. In both shrews cold caused the brown fat to become darker in color.Cryptotis did not show a significant increase in brown fat mass, but this may be due to the fact that the cold exposure period was only four days. Thus the shrews appear to be rodent‐like with respect to effects of cold on brown fat. In the Tupaiads the ratio of brown fat to body weight is not nearly as high as in rodents nor is there a striking hyperplasia with cold exposure. Thus the brown fat would seem to be of less importance to the Tupaiads than to rodents and shrews and the Tupaiads appear to be intermediate in this respect between the insectivores and the true primates. AdultMacaca, in spite of eight months of cold exposure at about 4–6 C, showed no hyperplasia of the brown fat and no increase in oxidative enzyme levels. Thus in adult primates so far studied, the evidence indicates that brown fat does not play an important role in homeothermy as it does in rodents.
Bioenergenetics of brown adipose tissue
Authors: Horwitz Barbara A. , Herd Paul A. , Smith Robert Emrie
Published: November 2006

Examination of the effect of 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) in vivo on the brown adipose tissue of cold‐exposed rats as well as the effect of DNP and dicumarol in vitro, indicates that brown fat does possess a functional electron transport‐coupled phosphorylating system. Moreover, the fact that a norepinephrineinduced thermogenic response (in vivo) can be elicited from the brown fat after DNP administration implies that the effect of norepinephrine (NE) is not primarily due to stimulation of an adenosine triphosphatase system. Furthermore, since the magnitude of the NE‐stimulated temperature increase is not diminished by prior treatment with DNP, it appears that the effect of NE is not achieved through any significant degree of uncoupling by the released fatty acids. Alternatively, our data suggest that under basal conditions (i.e., when the animal is not stimulated by cold stress or NE) the heat production (oxygen consumption) of the brown fat is limited by the availability of substrate rather than ADP. Conversely, it is proposed that under states of cold stress or NE infusion the thermogenic effect is induced through stimulation of lipolysis and consequent enhancement of substrate accessible for mitochondrial oxidation.
Cuticular lipids of insects: I. Hydrocarbons ofLeucophae maderae andBlatta orientalis
Authors: Tartivita Kathleen , Jackson Larry L.
Published: November 2006

The major hydrocarbons found in the surface lipids of the cockroachesLeucophaea maderae andBlatta orientalis have been identified asn‐heptacosane, 11‐methylheptacosane, 13‐methylheptacosane and 3‐methylheptacosane. The hydrocarbons from the two genera of cockroaches are qualitatively identical and quantitatively similar.
Oxidation products of α‐tocopherol formed in autoxidizing methyl linoleate
Authors: Csallany A. Saari , Chiu Mei , Draper H. H.
Published: November 2006

The oxidation products of14C‐α‐tocopherol formed by heating with methyl linoleate in an air atmosphere at 60 C or 100 C were investigated. The products included a dimer, trimer and dihydroxy dimer, α‐tocopherol quinone and unidentified degradation compounds. The dimer and trimer constituted the major products present after heating for 70 hr at 60 C. After 70 hr at 100 C most of the14C‐α‐tocopherol had been converted to degradation products; part of the14C originallt present in the 5‐methyl group was recovered as14CO2and14CH3OH.
Relation of cholanate structure to inhibition of14C‐26‐cholesterol oxidation by mitochondria from rat liver
Authors: Inkpen J. A. , Inkpen C. A. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: November 2006

Eight bile acids and 20 of their derivatives, of known purity, were compared for inhibitory effect upon oxidation of cholesterol in vitro by rat liver mitochondria. All inhibited oxidation of14C‐26‐cholesterol; none inhibited oxidation of14C‐1‐octanoate. The α‐mono‐hydroxy‐ and α‐dihydroxycholanic acids were more potent inhibitors than α‐trihydroxycholanic acid and trioxocholanic acid. Most were more potent than their derivatives. In general, the relative inhibitory potency of derivatives was: methyl esters > free alcohols > glycine conjugates > taurine conjugates. Mitochondria from rats subjected to 4 hr alternate light‐dark periods were less susceptible to the inhibitory action of cholanate conjugates than were mitochondria from rats under normal day‐night conditions. These experiments with compounds of known purity show that the hydroxylation pattern is the determining factor in cholanate inhibition of the cholesterol oxidation.
Influence of dietarytrans,trans‐linoleate on hematologic and hemostatic properties of rat blood
Authors: Raccuglia Giovanni , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

Studies of the comparative effects of a semi‐synthetic diet containing supplements of corn oil, no fat, linolenate ortrans,trans‐linoleate on blood coagulation parameters are reported. In spite of large differences in fatty acid composition of the tissue lipids of the different groups, the only diets that appeared to produce abnormal hematologic and hemostatic properties were those containingtrans,trans‐linoleate. These groups of animals showed significant differences from a control group of animals fed Purina rat chow in platelet and fibrinogen concentration, and values for hematocrit and prothrombin time. A positive fibrinolysin test was also obtained in about 50% of the animals fedtrans,trans‐linoleate.
The polymorphism of odd and even saturated single acid triglycerides, C8–C22
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Fehl A. J.
Published: November 2006

The polymorphism of single fatty acid odd triglycerides, C11 through C17 has been reinvestigated, with extension of the study to C9, C19 and C21. With study of the even glycerides C8, C20 and C22 it has been possible to review the whole series (odd and even) C8 through C22. The odd glycerides resemble the even in showing three distinct melting levels. Lowest melting forms are α. Stable forms are β except for C9 and C11 which show a different structure type. Intermediate melting β′ forms of odd glycerides are substantially more stable than their even counterparts as well illustrated by differential thermal analysis. There are no vitreous forms. Alternation in mp (between odd and even) is confirmed for stable phases and nonalternation for α and (within experimental error) for β′. Both β′ and β long spacings show alternation but not α. Alternation is evident in the short spacings of β′ and β forms. While short spacings of β′ forms of even triglycerides are much alike especially for C14 through C22, those of odd glycerides show a fortuitous 4‐carbon cycle. This appears to involve no significant structural variation as chain length increases but simply an approximate 4‐carbon cycle of variation in diffraction details derived from the presumed unvarying 0 ⊥ type subcell structure.
Mevalonate biosynthesis in rat liver
Authors: Fimognari Grace M. , Rodwell Victor W.
Published: November 2006

Mevalonate synthesis in rat liver can occur not only from HMG‐CoA utilizing particle‐bound HMG‐CoA reductase, but from malonyl‐CoA utilizing soluble enzymes. From a strictly quantitative standpoint, synthesis from malonyl‐CoA appears to be of minor importance. The possible regulatory significance of two parallel routes to mevalonate is discussed.
Cholesterol metabolism and vitamin B6: II. Intestinal cholesterogenesis in vitamin B6 deficient rats
Authors: Avery M. D. , Lupien P. J.
Published: November 2006

The in vitro incorporation of 1‐14C‐acetate into cholesterol by vitamin B6 deficient and pair‐fed rat intestinal tissue was assayed. It was found that vitamin B6 deficiency increases, by a twofold factor, the incorporation of 1‐14C‐acetate into the cholesterol biosynthetic chain, when using a segment of the ileum, and on the other hand no increase was observed when using a segment from the jejunum. The production of14CO2 from 1‐14C‐acetate was not found altered by a vitamin B6 deficiency when using segments from the jejunum or the ileum. The effect of sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate on the incorporation of radioactivity into cholesterol and on the production of radioactive CO2, with 1‐14C‐acetate as a substrate, was assayed with the two groups of animals. The significance of these findings and the posible relationships between these factors are discussed.
Long‐term responses of rats to heat‐treated dietary fats: IV. Weight gains, food and energy efficiencies, longevity and histopathology
Authors: Poling C. E. , Eagle E. , Rice E. E. , Durand A. M. A. , Fisher M.
Published: November 2006

Representative cottonseed salad oils, corn oils, lards and hydrogenated vegetable shortenings, and portions of the same fats heated at 182 C for 120 hr were fed as 20% of nutritionally adequate diets to weanling albino rats in longevity studies. Differences in the responses of rats fed diets containing the unheated and heated fats were generally small with respect to rates of gain, 12 th week and adult weights, efficiencies of utilization of absorbed energy, incidences of grossly detectable diseases and longevities. There were no indications that the feeding of the heated fats had shortened survival times in comparison with the comparable unheated fat. Animals fed hydrogenated vegetable shortening, heated or unheated, survived the longest. However, gains were slightly slower with the heated cotton‐seed oil diets, and food efficiencies were slightly lower with the heated cottonseed oil and heated lard diets because of decreased digestibilities of these fats. The usual disabilities of old age such as nephritis, respiratory disease and periarteritis were present in all groups. The incidence of mammary tumors was high but did not differ significantly with the kind of fat, heaated or unheated. Tumor incidence other than mammary was similar in both sexes and there was no significant difference between fresh and heated fats. Absence of adverse effects attributable to the heated fats during the life span of the rats in further evidence of the safety of these fats of the quality customarily consumed by the human population.
Cycloheximide and chloramphenicol: Effect on rat liver acetate metabolism
Authors: McNamara Donald J. , Quackenbush Forrest W. , Rodwell Victor W.
Published: November 2006

Conversion of isotopic acetate to cholesterol, to fatty acids and to CO2 by rat liver homogenates is dramatically curtailed within 3 hr following injection of chloramphenicol or cycloheximide. Cholesterol synthesis from mevalonate remains unaltered, indicating that this does not imply generalized depression of all metabolic processes. This apparent shutdown of acetate metabolism suggests that caution be exercised when these drugs are employed as specific inhibitors of protein synthesis.
The reduction of alkyl sulfate to alkane with lithium aluminum hydride
Authors: Haines Thomas H.
Published: November 2006

A general reaction is described for the reduction of alkyl sulfate esters to alkanes by use of lithium aluminum hydride. The method has been applied to sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium hexadecyl sulfate.
Plasma cholesterol turnover and esterification in the pigeon
Authors: Bell Frank P. , Lofland Hugh B. , Clarkson Thomas B.
Published: November 2006

The plasma cholesterol turnover and serum cholesterol esterifying system was studied in White Carneau pigeons. Eight pigeons received a single injection of 1,2‐3H‐cholesterol intravenously and the decline in plasma cholesterol specific activity was measured at intervals from 1–64 days. Kinetic analysis of the plasma cholesterol die‐away curves indicates that plasma cholesterol turnover in the pigeon conforms to a 2 pool model. The mass of pool A (cholesterol in blood and those tissues which are rapidly equilibrated with blood) in pigeons maintaining consistently high serum cholesterol levels (≈900 mg/100 ml) was 988 mg and the daily fractional turnover of pool A was 19.7% compared with 676 mg and 12.2% found in pigeons maintaining consistently low (≈400 mg/100 ml) serum cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol esterifying activity, in vitro, showed a positive correlation (rxy=0.806) with serum cholesterol concentration in the pigeon. The pigeon differs, in this regard, from the chicken, rat and rabbit in which a negative correlation has been reported.
Effects of diets rich in saturated fatty acids with or without added cholesterol on plasma lipids and lipoproteins
Authors: Butkus Antanas , Ehrhart L. Allen , Robertson A. L. , Lewis Lena A.
Published: November 2006

Semi‐synthetic diet I which contained 16% hydrogenated coconut oil and 5% cholesterol, and diet II, identical to I but without cholesterol supplement, were fed to dogs for four months to determine the effects of added cholesterol on lipemia produced by diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) and lacking essential FA. In addition, diet I was fed to another group of dogs for 12 to 16 months. The initiation of lipemia was very similar in all experimental animals. Plasma from dogs on diets I and II showed significant increases in lipid concentration and changes in FA per cent composition within the first week, as compared to controls, while during the first month there was no difference in lipid concentration or FA distribution in all lipid fractions between I and II. At the 10th and 16th weeks plasma total and free cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly higher in the group on diet I, with the cholesterol supplement, than on diet II with no added cholesterol, but there was no difference in triglyceride concentration between these groups. Dogs on diet I for 12 to 16 months showed a further and substantial increase in plasma FA concentration; these changes were most marked in cholesteryl esters. Little or no lipoprotein with electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal properties of alpha‐lipoprotein was present in the plasma. Immunotechniques showed that it was present. The composition of dietary FA had great influence in producing this hyperlipemia. Lipemia produced was not a simple reflection of the FA in these diets as evidenced by the increase in some FA, e.g., C16∶1, which was absent in the experimental diets and C18∶1, which contributed only 3.4% of the FA. Large increases in palmitoleate and oleate indicate synthesis or mobilization or both from other tissues. Diets composed predominantly of saturated medium chain length fatty acids, with or without added cholesterol were equally effective in the initiation of hyperlipemia. Data also suggest that added cholesterol is necessary for sustaining hyperlipemia.
Dietary lipid, fatty acid oxidation and incorporation of carbon into cholesterol
Authors: Dupont Jacqueline
Published: November 2006

Female rats (200 g) were fed a nutritionally adequate diet containing 1% by weight of corn oil (low‐fat, LF), 21% of corn oil (CO) or 20% of beef tallow plus 1% of corn oil (BT) for two weeks. Food was removed for 8–12 hr, then each rat was refed for 1 hr. Each rat was injected ip with Na‐3H‐acetate and U‐14C‐Na‐palmitate, (P),‐oleate (O) or‐linoleate (L). Expired CO2 was collected for 2 hr. Liver, heart and serum were obtained for analysis of total lipid14C and3H and cholesterol14C and3H. Oxidation of L was twice as great as O or P when the LF diet was fed. CO and BT diets doubled oxidation of O to equal L, and increased oxidation of P, 50%. In liver and serum P was retained to a greater extent than O or L on BT and CO diets. Incorporation of acetate into total lipid was highest on LF diet and reduced by feeding either CO or BT. Incorporation of acetate into cholesterol was greater when BT or CO was fed than for LF.14C was incorporated into cholesterol in such small amounts that it was barely detectable and could not be counted accurately. Conclusions are that (a) dietary fat affects rate of oxidation of uniformly labeled palmitate and oleate, but not linoleate, (b) acetate is a more ready precursor to cholesterol than is fatty acid carbon, and (c) the acetate incorporated into cholesterol when polyunsaturated fat is fed is not derived directly from fatty acid carbon. The failure of incorporation of fatty acid carbon into cholesterol within 2 hr of administration opens the question of compartmentation of acetate as to its metabolic source.
The variation of triglyceride structure with fatty acid composition in pig adipose tissue
Authors: Christie W. W. , Moore J. H.
Published: November 2006

Forty‐five triglyceride samples with a wide range of fatty acid compositions were selected from a large number of pig adipose tissue samples (inner and outer back fats and perenephric fat) available from nutritional experiments. These samples were subjected to stereospecific analysis to determine the changes occurring in the positional distribution of the component fatty acids. The oleic acid content of the triglycerides was taken as the standard of comparison and as this increased, the proportions of the other unsaturated fatty acids also increased in a linear manner and the concentrations of the saturated components decreased proportionately. In position 1, the palmitic acid concentration remained constant while the stearic acid concentration decreased linearly and the concentrations of the unsaturated fatty acids increased. In position 2 the stearic acid concentration remained almost constant while the palmitic acid concentration decreased linearly in response to increases in the concentrations of the unsaturated acids. The least change occurred in position 3 where there were slight decreases in the concentrations of saturated acids as the concentrations of unsaturated acids increased. The precise quantitative relationships depended on the tissue examined. Constant proportions of the available myristic and palmitoleic acids were found in all three positions and constant proportions of the available stearic and oleic acids were found in position 1. These results are discussed in relation to possible pathways of triglyceride biosynthesis in pig adipose tissues.
Metabolic fate of gossypol: the metabolism of14C‐gossypol in rats
Authors: Abou‐Donia Mohamed B. , Lyman Carl M. , Dieckert Julius W.
Published: November 2006

Balance studies designed to obtain information concerning the metabolic fate of gossypol in rats were carried out utilizing two groups of animals. One was fed a basal diet and the other the same diet plus 500 ppm of iron as FeSO4. Single doses of 5 mg each of14C‐labeled gossypol (spec. act. 19.8 μCi/mmole) were administered. The animals were maintained in metabolic cages and killed after various periods of time. The data indicate that gossypol was poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and rapidly eliminated from the animal body. Although the main route for gossypol elimination from the animal was by fecal excretion in both treatments, the percentage of the total activity eliminated via the feces varied and depended on the level of iron supplied in the diet. The results demonstrate that gossypol was least excreted via urine and that urinary excretion of radioactivity was diminished by iron supplementation to the diet. Most of the radioactivity retained was found in the contents of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Tissues, the liver, muscle, kidney and blood had the highest radioactivity, with the liver having the highest specific activity. The data also demonstrate that addition of iron to the ration diminishes14C radioactivity in the animal body. This effect might be attributed to the formation of chelates that could not be absorbed through the small intestine. Catalysis of the decarbonylation of gossypol by iron also appears to be a factor.
Fish cutaneous mucus: A new source of skin surface lipid
Authors: Lewis R. W.
Published: November 2006

Mucus from several species of marine fishes contained up to 20 times more lipid per unit area than human sebum. The analyses revealed free fatty acids which may provide protection against bacterial and fungal attack. Carotenoids were prominent components. The amount of phospholipids present in fish mucus seems to determine its viscosity.
Stereospecific analysis of maize triglycerides
Authors: Weber Evelyn J. , De La Roche A. , Alexander D. E.
Published: November 2006

This is the first report of stereospecific analyses of plant triglycerides isolated from seeds of distinct genotypes rather than from commerically refined oils. Triglycerides from six maize inbreds were analyzed. The strains exhibited a wide range of fatty acid compositions (palmitic acid 7.8–19.1%, oleic acid 17.0–43.0%, linoleic acid 41.6–68.3%). The distribution of the fatty acids among the 1, 2 and 3 positions of the triglycerides was clearly nonrandom for all six strains. At the 2 position of the triglycerides over 98% of the fatty acids were unsaturated. More plamitic and stearic acids were found in position 1 than in 3. The general fatty acid pattern of maize triglycerides was similar to that found in most animal triglycerides.
Oleate hydratase: Studies of substrate specificity
Authors: Kisic A. , Miura Y. , Schroepfer G. J.
Published: November 2006

This work concerns studies of the substrate specificity of an enzyme preparation from a pseudomonad which catalyzes the stereospecific hydration of the Δ9‐double bond of oleic acid. [5DL‐3H]‐5DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [6DL‐3H]‐6DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [7DL‐3H]‐7DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [9DL‐3H]‐9DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [10DL‐3H]‐10DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [11DL‐3H]‐11DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [14DL‐3H]‐14DL‐hydroxystearic acid, [15DL‐3H]‐15DL‐hydroxystearic acid, and [1‐14C]‐stearolic acid were prepared and incubated with the enzyme. Only the 10‐hydroxysteric acid served as a substrate for the enzyme. The findings reported in this study, in conjunction with those previously reported, indicate that only the D‐isomer of 10‐hydroxystearic acid serves as a substrate for the enzyme.
The distribution of 17 carbon fatty acids in the liver of a child with propionicacidaemia
Authors: Gompertz D.
Published: November 2006

A child with propionicacidaemia due to a defective propionyl CoA carboxylase activity, accumulated odd number fatty acids in his liver. Seventeen carbon saturated and monounsaturated acids both represented 2% to 3% of the total liver fatty acids. The monounsaturated acid is demonstrated to be heptadec‐9‐enoic acid. The distribution of the 17 carbon saturated and monounsaturated acids throughout the major lipid classes is described. Enzymic degradation of lecithins and triglycerides is used to establish the positional specificity of esterification of these two fatty acids. The results indicate that when the only difference between two fatty acids, present in similar concentrations, is a single double bond, highly specific esterification patterns are retained.
Incorporation of oxygen‐18 into the oxirane ring ofcis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoic acid
Authors: Knoche H. W.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis ofcis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoic acid by tissue slices of wheat plants infected withPuccinia graminis tritici (Wheat stem rust) has been investigated further. Synthetic methylcis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoate and the same ester isolated from incubation in an atmosphere containing18O2, or a medium containing H218O, were analyzed by mass spectrometry. These analyses revealed that molecular oxygen was incorporated into the oxirane ring ofcis‐9,10‐epoxyoctadecanoic acid.
Thermophilic fungi: II. Fatty acid composition of polar and neutral lipids of thermophilic and mesophilic fungi
Authors: Mumma R. O. , Sekura R. D. , Fergus C. L.
Published: November 2006

The relative per cents of polar and neutral lipids and the fatty acid profile of the polar and neutral lipids of nine thermophilic and nine mesophilic fungi were examined and compared. The polar lipids of the thermophiles contained an average of 0.89 double bonds per mole fatty acid (unsaturation index, USI) and were considerably more saturated than the corresponding lipids of the mesophiles (average 1.32 USI). Within the thermophilic species the polar lipids were generally more saturated than the neutral lipids (average 0.95 USI) and in the mesophilic species the polar lipids were usually more saturated than the neutral lipids (average 1.14 USI). The mesophiles produced higher levels of 16∶1, 18∶2 and 18∶3 fatty acids than the thermophiles and preferentially incorporated 16∶1 and 16∶2 into their polar lipids. The thermophiles produce higher levels of saturated fatty acids and 18∶1 than the mesophiles and preferentially incorporated the saturated fatty acids into their polar lipids.
Genetic variability of human plasma and erythrocyte lipids
Authors: Kang K. W. , Taylor G. E. , Greves J. H. , Staley H. L. , Christian Joe C.
Published: November 2006

Genetic variation of fasting plasma lipids, lipoproteins and erythrocyte membrane lipids was studied in 67 sets of like‐sexed twins and 3 sets of triplets. All of the plasma lipids were more variable in dizygotic twins than monozygotic twins with the exception of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, but only cholesteryl esters, lecithin, phosphatidyl inositol and β‐lipoprotein showed significant genetic variation. In contrast, no significant genetic variability was found in any of the erythrocyte membrane lipids and erythrocyte phosphatidyl ethanolamine had significantly greater variation in monozygotic twins. Two sets of twins had an extra lipoprotein band (slow α1); in one family the variant appeared to be segregating as a dominant trait.
OxygenatedTrans‐3‐olefinic acids in aStenachaenium seed oil
Authors: Kleiman R. , Spencer G. F. , Tjarks L. W. , Earle F. R.
Published: November 2006

Interesting differences were found in oils from two samples ofStenachaenium macrocephalum (Compositae) seed with dissimilar storage histories. One contained significant amounts of epoxy acids (6.5%) and hydroxy conjugated dienoic acids (5.6%), but the other contained no more than 1% of these oxygenated acids. Characterization of components in the former oil established that the principal epoxy acid (4.0%) is the previously unknowncis‐9, 10‐epoxy‐trans‐3,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid. The conjugated dienols include two additional new acids with Δ3 unsaturation (2.5%): 9‐hydroxy‐trans‐3,‐trans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic and 13‐hydroxy‐trans‐3,cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecatrienoic acoids. The nonoxygenated acids, except for the large amount (40%) oftrans‐3,cis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecatrienoic, are those that commonly occur in seed oils.
Homo‐gamma‐linolenic acid: A major polyunsaturated fatty acid of swine adrenal cholesteryl esters
Authors: Carney J. A. , Slinger S. J. , Walker B. L.
Published: November 2006

Homo‐gamma‐linolenic acid is a major polyunsaturated constituent of the cholesteryl esters isolated from swine adrenals. The identity of this acid was confirmed by hydrogenation, reductive ozonolysis and a combination of thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic techniques.
Effect of ATP on the microsomal desaturation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Brenner Rodolfo R. , Catala Angel
Published: November 2006

The effect of ATP on the microsomal desaturation of linoleic acid to γ‐linolenic acid was studied in a system in vitro with the following results: (1) preincubation of rat liver microsomes with ATP alone in N2 or in the presence of CoA and Mg++ followed by subsequent incubation with 1‐14C‐linoleic acid plus NADH in O2 resulted in enhancement of 1‐14C‐linoleic acid desaturation when compared with control samples in which no preincubation was performed; (2) the preincubation of the microsomes with ATP, Mg++ and CoA in the presence of 1‐14C‐linoleic acid decreased the desaturation of the labeled acid to γ‐linolenic acid upon subsequent incubation with NADH, as a consequence of incorporation of the acid into the microsomal lipids; (3) the increase of linoleic acid desaturation depended on the ATP concentration during preincubation and followed a sigmoidal curve. It was specific for ATP, and neither GTP, CTP, ADP nor AMP produced a similar effec. However, GTP or CTP could replace ATP as a cofactor in the microsomal desaturation of free linoleic acid to γ‐linolenic, suggesting that directly or indirectly they may activate conversion of the free acid to linoleyl‐CoA; (4) preincubation of microsomes with ATP activated the acylation of CoA. However, this activation showed no quantitative correlation with enhancement of the desaturation reaction; (5) addition of ATP also stimulated conversion of linoleyl‐CoA to γ‐linolenic acid. This enhancement was not related to inhibition of the linoleyl‐CoA hydrolase; (6) however, in spite of these results, preincubation with ATP did not increase the initial velocity of linoleic acid or linoleyl‐CoA desaturation; (7) preincubation of microsomes with ATP also increased the 6‐desaturation of oleic acid and α‐linolenic acid but did not increase the 9‐desaturation of plamitic and stearic acid.
Lipid composition and endogenous respiration of pig heart mitochondria
Authors: Comte J. , Gautheron D. , Peypoux F. , Michel G.
Published: November 2006

Lipid composition and endogenous respiration of pig heart mitochondria were studied in parallel, since the level of endogenous respiration affects the oxidation of added substrates and therefore the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondrial lipids can interfere either as substrates or as partner in the energy conservation mechanism. O2 uptake kinetics were measured in presence of different additives: ATP, ADP, NAD+ and hexokinase + glucose. The lipid composition of pig heart mitochondria was determined by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Total lipids were 90% phospholipids; the main phosphatides were cardiolipin, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine; the two latter were rich in plasmalogens. The main nonpolar lipids were triglycerides and free fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of total lipids, phospholipids, free fatty acids and triglycerides was determined by gas liquid chromatography. Mitochondrial lipids were characterized by a high content of unsaturation.
The synthesis of 1‐14C‐arachidonate and 3‐14C‐docosa‐7,10,13,16‐tetraenoate
Authors: Sprecher Howard
Published: November 2006

Methyl 1‐14C‐arachidonate was prepared by coupling 1‐bromotetradeca‐2,5,8‐triyne with 4‐pentyn‐1‐ol to yield nonadeca‐4,7,10,13‐tetrayn‐1‐ol. This compound was reduced with Lindlars catalyst. The resulting alcohol was converted to the mesylate and then to the nitrile which in turn was converted to methyl 1‐14C‐arachidonate by hydrolysis with anhydrous HCl in methanol. The methyl 1‐14C‐arachidonate was reduced to the alcohol with LiA1H4 and converted to the mesylate which in turn was treated with diethyl malonate. Following saponification and decarboxylation 3‐14C‐docosa‐7,10,13,16‐tetraenoic acid was obtained.
Lipid metabolism of acetate‐1‐14C by leukocytes from dogs fed an arteriosclerosis‐inducing diet
Authors: Ehrhart L. A. , Balachandran R. , Butkus A. , Lewis L. A. , Lazzarini Robertson A.
Published: November 2006

Dogs were maintainedoon a control ration or on a semisynthetic diet, containing 5% cholesterol and 16% hydrogenated coconut oil, known to induce hyperlipemia and arteriosclerosis. Circulating leukocytes isolated from dogs fed the coconut oil containing diet were shown to incorporate 50% more radioactivity into lipids than control leukocytes when incubated with acetate‐1‐14C. This increase, expressed as dpm/mg of leukocyte DNA, was not specific for any particular lipid since the distribution of radioactivity between neutral lipids and phospholipids, as well as among their subfractions, was the same regardless of the diet fed. The labeling patterns observed suggest that leukocyte fatty acid synthesis from acetate occurs predominantly, and perhaps exclusively, by the chain elongation pathway.
The structures of the branched fatty acids in the wax esters of vernix caseosa
Authors: Nicolaides N.
Published: November 2006

By combined gas liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry a series of monomethyl branched fatty acids was found in the fatty acid moiety of the wax esters of vernix caseosa. The methyl branch occurred on the even C‐atoms of chains ranging from C11 to C17 (some 43 compounds in all). Except for the iso acids and possibly some of the anteiso acids, these could be formed by replacement of malonyl CoA with a molecule of methyl malonyl CoA at the point of the branch. Smaller amounts of fatty acids also were found with two methyl branches occurring on the even C‐atoms of chains ranging from C9 to C15.
Field ionization mass spectrometry of long chain fatty methyl esters
Authors: Rohwedder William K.
Published: November 2006

Mass spectrometry is particularly useful for identifying lipid materials. One primary factor in the interpretation of mass spectra is the recording of the molecular ion peak giving the molecular weight of the compound. Regrettably many compounds, including hydroxy compounds, do not give significant molecular ion peaks; consequently their identification is difficult. A mass spectrometer equipped with a field ionization source produces a greatly different mass spectrum consisting almost entirely of the molecular ion peak. This new source was used to measure the mass spectra of methyl esters of saturated, unsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids. Saturated esters gave the molecular ion peak almost exclusively; unsaturated esters yielded molecular plus metastable ion peaks; whereas the hydroxy esters had molecular, M‐18, meaastable and fragment ion peaks.