bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dampak Iradiasi Sinar Gamma pada Produktivitas Aedes aegypti Jantan
Authors: DEWI MIRNA WATI , Soviana Susi , Cahyaningsih Umi , Rahayu Ali
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Dengue fever is a vector-borne disease with Aedes aegypti as the main vector. Vector controls currently depended on insecticide. Considering the negative effect of insecticide, Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) was developed. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of gamma-ray irradiation on the productivity of male Ae. aegypti. Male pupae age less than 15 hours were irradiated with 60 Gy and 70 Gy gamma-ray. When the pupae became adult, the sterile males mated with the same age females Aedes aegypti. Observation on fecundity, hatchability, and age was carried out until the second generation. Gamma-ray irradiation with the dose of 60 Gy and 70 Gy showed different effects on fecundity, egg hatchability, the emergence of the adult, and age of Aedes aegypti compared to control.

Abstrak

Demam berdarah merupakan penyakit tular vektor  yang sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan secara global. Vektor utama yang berperan pada penyebaran penyakit DBD yaitu nyamuk Aedes aegytpi. Pengendalian vektor saat ini sangat bergantung pada penggunaan insektisida. Dampak negatif penggunaan insektisida menyebabkan pengembangan pengendalian vektor yang lain diantaranya yaitu Teknik Serangga Mandul (TSM). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis produktivitas Ae. aegypti jantan iradiasi hingga generasi kedua. Pupa jantan umur <15 jam diradiasi sinargamma dosis 60 Gy dan 70 Gy. Setelah menjadi nyamuk jantan dewasa segeradikawinkan dengan nyamuk betina tidak iradiasi dengan umur yang sama. Pengamatan dilakukan terutama terhadap fekunditas, daya tetas, kemunculan nyamuk, dan umurnyamuk hingga generasi kedua. Iradiasi sinar gamma dosis 60 Gy dan 70 Gymenghasilkan dampak yang berbeda terhadap fekunditas, daya tetas telur, kemunculan nyamuk dan umur nyamuk bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol.
Factors to Measure the Performance of Private Business Schools in South Africa
Authors: Asvat R , Bisschoff CA , Botha CJ
Published: January 2020

This article identifies the latent variables embedded within the model to measure the performance of private business schools. In the quantitative research design, 247 questionnaires, using a five-point Likert scale, were analysed after completion by private business school supervisors and managers. The data has high reliability with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.974 and excellent sample adequacy with a KMO value of 0.926. The analysis identified ten latent variables (or factors), identified using exploratory factor analysis explaining a cumulative variance of 70.56%. These are Regulatory compliance, Strategic communication, Educational technology stack, Strategic finance, Organisational development, Customer orientation, Sales, Pricing, Socio-political influence and Market focus. The study also succeeded to simplify measuring performance by eliminating 26 questions with low factor loadings (<0.40) or those that are cross-loading highly onto more than one factor from the questionnaire while retaining a satisfactory level of reliability. The results are valuable to private business school managers and to the employees wanting to measure and improve the business performance of a private business school. Researchers and academia could also benefit from the contribution of the study to either build on business performance of private business schools or, alternatively, in adopting the methodology employed in this study for another application setting.
Thai Khem Kaeng: An inadequate response by the Thai State to the impact of the 2008 economic crisis
Authors: Walsh John
Published: January 2020

The economic crisis erupting from inadequate regulation of reckless banking practices in 2008 was correctly met by Keynesian-style stimulus packages in governments around the world. These measures were successful when they were sufficiently large, properly focused, and implemented promptly. Where these conditions were not met, as in the case of Thailand, the results were unimpressive and the problems not dealt with properly. However, the Thai version of the second part of the stimulus package, Thai Khem Kaeng, had in fact quite a different purpose and appears to have been intended to boost the popularity of the government at the cost of making unsustainable and uncosted deficits for the future. The lack of coherence at the economic planning centre of government and its questionable methods suggest that Thailand has continued the longstanding policy of making economic decisions for non-economic reasons.
Toothpaste Brands â€“A Study of consumer behavior in Bangalore city
Authors: Vani G. , . N. Panchanatham
Published: January 2020

â€˜Consumer is kingâ€™ â€“the statement carries profound truth in it. Today the success of any firm depends upon the satisfaction of consumers. For satisfying the consumers the firm should know about the behavior of the consumers. In these circumstances understanding consumer is a very difficult task because of the changing technology, innovation, and changes in life style. Researchers conducted many research in this area, and they given only few suggestion, but there is no final conclusion. As per the ideas given by the researchers, there are two factors influencing the consumers such as intrinsic and extrinsic factors. It is difficult to classify consumers by conventional demographic factors and unless their thought process and buying behavior are fully understood, decisions on product designs and packaging, branding and distribution channels are likely to be misplaced. With the inevitability of change looming large over the horizon, Indian companies must learn from their western counterparts; not only to identify the sources, timing and direction of the changes likely to affect India, but also the new competencies and perspective that will enable them to respond to these changes, comprehensively and effectively. This study mainly focus on understanding the external factors like demographic, social, cultural ,price, quality ,product attributes etc for buying toothpaste. The market share of any product is highly determined by the purchasing behavior of the consumers. Following study is conducted by the researcher to find out the behavior of the consumers, to analyze the preference of consumers, & consumer awareness. Descriptive research design was adopted and the data is collected through primary and secondary sources. The method adopted for conducting survey is questionnaire; Simple random sampling technique was adopted for selecting the consumers.
Evaluation: The First Step in Training Cycle
Authors: Balogun Akinyemi
Published: January 2020

If organizations (Financial Institution inclusive) intensify and invest a lot on the training of their personnel, this study contends that evaluation, â€œIntegral Part of Training should be senses the â€œFirst Stepâ€ by Trainers in Training Cycle. The basic objective in evaluation is to assess the effectiveness of a training aid, a kind of feedback by which the trainer is informed about the areas of strength and weakness in the programme and most importantly is the question of investment and commitment to training on the part of government. Evaluation is simply the obtaining of selective information about the effects of training. The valve of such information is determined by the use to which it is put. If Evaluation is properly taken care of a more professional approach to training will mean that trainers will not be regarded as trainers unless among other things, they are themselves technically conversant with the methods and techniques of the evaluation of training. The knowledge and the resources committed to training will not then be seen as a waste but as an integral part of training, to deliver a training programme without evaluation is like standing on one foot.
Measuring inequalities in the distribution of health workers by bi-plot approach: The case of Turkey
Authors: Alkan B. Baris , . Afsin Sahin
Published: January 2020

Optimal planning of the health workers is of vital importance for a country. Distribution of health workers among provinces in emerging markets is an important development criterion. In this study, biplot graphical approach is used to determine the distribution of health workers. The results of biplot analysis point out that the distribution of the healthcare staff in Turkey is unbalanced. The number of health workers should be planned and considered according to the desire, need, population, target and workload criteria. The new employment opportunities should be created and the workers should be encouraged to serve in low income regions by providing better conditions.
A study of the barriers of implementation of accounting information system: Case of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Salehi Mahdi
Published: January 2020

Accounting information system is one of subsystems in management information system that is very important in all companies. The current study reviews barriers in implementation by postulating six hypotheses of accounting information system (middle managers, human resources, organizational structure, environmental factors, financial issues, and organizational culture) in companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. Finally, some results were obtained in this manner: barrier of organizational structure with 26 percent, middle managers with 26 percent, human resources with 25 percent, environmental factors with 21 percent, organizational culture with 19 percent and finally financial issues with16 percent were identified as barriers factors influencing on the establishment of accounting information systems in listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange. Generally to eliminate these barriers, management, financial managers and staff must be trained practically by experienced teachers in accounting information systems to use the specialist and professional managers, to lengthen position of managers, to clear financial issues, to inform benefits of system establishment to company's managers. By giving reward to managers and staff try to encourage these people to use the new system. To justify staff that the establishment of new system would be their advantages; by the lever of reward, to encourage staff to compete in learning and work with the system in staff and learn to compete with systems that can accelerate performing and implementing the system.
Work-Addiction: A Poison by Slow Motion
Authors: Sharma Parul
Published: January 2020

Todayâ€™s professionals work long hours for a variety of reasons and are dominated by increasing work pressures, tough competitors and day to day challenges. Due to this they are getting addicted to work. Addiction to work is a new concept and the effect of work addiction is more severe than the people realize. Keeping this in view, the paper attempts to throw light on the underlying dimensions of work addiction and depicts the consequences of work addiction. The study also suggests some preventive and remedial measures to overcome/reduce the outcomes of this addiction to work.
Equity Ownership and Financial Performance
Authors: Srivastava Aman
Published: January 2020

This paper attempts to examine the relationship of equity ownership and financial performance of firms in India. The study explored the possibility that whether equity ownership type affects the financial performance of listed Indian firms. The study examined the relationship of equity ownership with accounting as well as market measures of financial performance of the firms. The study sampled the 500 listed companies constituting BSE 500 indices of Bombay Stock Exchange of India. The 397 most actively listed companies on BSE 500 indices of Bombay Stock Exchange of India, which constitute the bulk of trading, were chosen to constitute the sample of the study as of end of 2009-10. The study used Ordinary least square (OLS) to examine the relationship between the equity ownership and financial performance of the Indian listed firms. The findings of the study depict the presence of highly concentrated ownership structure in the Indian market. The results of the regression analyses interestingly indicate that the dispersed equity ownership influences certain dimensions of accounting financial performance measures (i.e. ROA and ROE) but not market performance measures (i.e. Tobinâ€™s Q, P/E and P/BV ratios), which indicate that there might be other factors (Behavioral, macro economic, political, contextual) affecting firms performance other than ownership structure. The findings of the study might be relevant for practitioners and investors for taking their financing and investment decisions.
Factors Affecting Retailers Attitude towards Manufacturers: A Study on Unilever
Authors: Alam Muhammad Intisar
Published: January 2020

The study addresses broadly the performance related issues as to what extent is the impact of various factors responsible in terms of retailers for doing business with manufacturers in FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) sector at Dhaka in Bangladesh. The theoretical framework was designed based on the literature and hence two hypotheses were formulated. The samples were selected by Proportionate Stratified Sampling method. The data were collected by distributing 10 items questionnaires to 50 retailers under different categories in Dhaka. The questionnaire was developed on the basis of exploratory research which were used to measure retailers attitude. Data collected were sorted out and keyed in into SPSS and were analyzed using descriptive statistics to answer the research question. Using the Factor analysis we have extracted four factors and named those factors as Manufacturerâ€™s Production Standard, Managerial Efficiency, Promotional Capability and Customer Solution Capability. The result of the Multiple Regression analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between retailersâ€™ attitude (dependent variable) and the factors determined in the factor analysis (independent variables). Together the independent variables explained 67.9% of the variance of the dependable variables whereas the remaining 32.1% was due to unidentified variables. Therefore the results of the study definitely play a vital role and leave an ever lasting impact to be used in decision making by retailers and the entire company as a whole. Moreover this study can be used as a reference for the future studies to understand the perceptions and opinions of the other channel members in addition to retailers as well.
Global Crisis: Problems and Prospects for Indian Banking Industry
Authors: Uppal R. K.
Published: January 2020

The present paper analyses the efficiency of all the bank groups in the post- banking sector reforms era. Time period of the study is related to second post-banking sector reforms (1999-2000 to 2005-06). This period has been chosen taking into consideration the following factors; On the basis of some parameters of efficiency i.e. profitability per employee, per branch, business per employee, per branch and expenses per employee and per branch, the paper concludes that efficiency of all the bank groups has increased in the second post-banking reforms period but these banking sector reforms are more beneficial for new private sector banks and foreign banks. At the end, paper suggests some measures for the improvement of efficiency of Indian nationalized banks.
Effects of Monetary Policy on Sectoral Output Growth in Nigeria (1986 to 2008)
Authors: O Saibu M.
Published: January 2020

This study examines the effects of monetary policy on sectoral output growth in Nigeria over the period 1986:1 to 2008:4. The study utilized an Autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) model and the findings showed that manufacturing sector is not sensitive to any of the monetary policy variables. In sharp contrast with manufacturing sector, agricultural sector is responsive to changes in interest rate only while service and wholesale/retail economic activities are responsive to exchange rate. Furthermore, interest rate and exchange rate are the major determinants of mining output growth while building/construction sector is more responsive to changes in exchange rate and bank credit. In general exchange rate is the most important and influential monetary policy measure in Nigeria. The study concludes that monetary policy will be more effective if the inherent differences in these sectors are factor in the design of policies in Nigeria.
Analyzing the Factors Contributing to the Establishment of Thailand as a Hub for Regional Operating Headquarters
Authors: Yin Myat Su
Published: January 2020

In June 2010, the Thai government proposed improved investment tax incentive schemes to attract more foreign companies to establish Regional Operating Headquarters (ROH) in Thailand. The major theme of incentive packages has historically been the waiving of income tax on ROHs locating in the Kingdom. In the wake of recent political crises, these tax benefits are considered as important measures in reinforcing the Kingdomâ€™s position as an important manufacturing and service hub for the ASEAN region. While investor confidence was wavering because of the unstable political environment that has appertained since 2006, investors are weighing business continuity and safety concerns against the provided and proposed incentives. This paper briefly compares the original ROH tax incentives from 2002 with the new ones, examines the factors contributing to the establishment of Thailand as a hub for ROHs and analyzes the competitiveness of Thailand in comparison with Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia in the context of national competitiveness for establishing ROH. National competitiveness is measured by using the Double Diamond-based nine factor model (IPS Model) from the IPS national competitiveness research study.
Analyzing the Efficiency Differences among Basic Health Units in Sargodha District
Authors: Abbas Touqeer , . Muhammad Amir Aslam , . Muhammad Waqas
Published: January 2020

Pakistan has adequate infrastructure for health services delivery at primary level. The study aims to calculate the technical efficiency of Basic Health Units (BHUs) in Sargodha by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the choice of inputs and outputs being specific to BHUs operation. DEA model results reveals that the mean technical efficiency under, Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) and Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) was 0.719 and 0.807 while the mean scale efficiency was 0.88. Study exposed that 77 % BHUs were technically inefficient under CRS while 66 % BHUs were technically inefficient under VRS modal. Overall 76% BHUs were inefficient and destructing the infrastructure. Moreover, findings evidently point to adverse inefficiency of BHUs in health services delivery. Study concluded that existing high level of inefficiency in BHUs needs institutional fascination for scaling up BHUs to meet both regional as well international targets such as Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and recommended such measures that may curb the waste.
Exploring the Leadership Terrain: Reflections from Literature
Authors: Bajwa Sami Ullah , . Khalid Hafeez Shahryar
Published: January 2020

This paper appraises the available literature on concept of leadership and proposes fresh imputes to the mainstream theory by highlighting five facets of leadership. First, leadership and management are interlinked yet distinctive set of knowledge and practiceâ€“which are not substitution to each other. Second, leadership gets instigated with making of leaderâ€™s self and its solicitation of authenticity by the followers. Third, an intimate relationship between leader and followers is deemed necessary for embarking on motivation and inspiration among followers to pursue established goals, even if they apparently seem unachievable. Fourth, contemporary organization study overwhelmingly posits leadership as individualistic domain, and thus fails to spot due diligence on the scope of co-leadership. Fifth, whilst talking high of leadership, we must not overlook the potential drawbacks that leadership might augment, becauseâ€“like all other power corridorsâ€“leadership does have this tendency of fostering personal and sometimes ill-conceived agendas.
The Development of Property Rights for Intellectual Property
Authors: Miglo Anton
Published: January 2020

This article analyzes the development of property rights (PR) for intellectual property (IP). There is a fundamental tension between competition policy and IP. IP rights confer a certain degree of monopoly power on the owner of IP rights. Some authors found that there are too many patents in Biotechnological or Internet industry. The regulation of intellectual property has expanded dramatically in many countries in recent years and competition authorities are increasingly asking for methodological help in determining the duration and scope of patents. The issue has taken on an increased importance and visibility in the wake of the numerous high profile court cases in the pharmaceutical and internet industry. This paper analyzes a model of PR development for IP. We consider an environment where two agents (researchers) decide whether to determine the allocation of PR or work without establishment of property rights. Both agents may be involved both in research and "political" fight for intellectual property. PR can improve the incentive of one party and worsen the incentive of another party. The main results are: 1) PR do not always emerge and; 2) their emergence is more probable when the more productive party has poor political skills.
Health Expenditure and Economic growth: An ARDL Approach for the Case of Iran
Authors: Mehrara Mohsen
Published: January 2020

This paper examines the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Iran for the period 1970-2007, based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The study finds a cointegrating relationship among real GDP, health expenditure, capital stock, oil revenues and education, although among them, health spending explains just a small part of the economic growth. The results indicate that while health care expenditures are among the most important factors in the lowering of infant mortality, they do not make a significant marginal contribution to the economic growth in Iran. This findings call for pressing reforms and improved allocation of resources in health sector.
Moderating Role of Social Exchange Perceptions between Perceived Organizational Politics and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Bodla Mahmood A.
Published: January 2020

Organizational politics is a fact of organizational life, which can be seen in almost every type of organization globally. Individuals come together for a common purpose and safeguard self interest. The present study examines the moderating role of social exchange perceptions between perceived organizational politics and antisocial behavior in Pakistani context. The empirical evidence is based on the national level sample data as collected through self-administered questionnaires from executives of multitude of Pakistani industries such as health, manufacturing, energy, financial services, education, telecommunication, and information technology. The sample comprised of 577 respondents. Moderated hierarchical regression was applied to test the interactional effects and hypothesized relationships were confirmed. Several practical implications have been provided for the benefit of practicing managers.
Psychological Contract and its Relevance in Fast-Food Industry
Authors: Thomas Anitha
Published: January 2020

Psychological contracts are defined as the beliefs individuals hold regarding the terms and conditions of the exchange agreement between themselves and their organizations. The study aims at understanding the depth of Psychological contracts at Western Ahmedabad fast- food joints and its relation with employeeâ€™s commitment. It was indeed a challenge to understand Psychological contracts in this particular sector as its growing at a fast pace and evolving a cutthroat competition. Three Psychological Contract Variables- Relational, Balanced and Transactional were employed on 60 crew member from 7 FastFood Joints. A 16 item Psychological Contract inventory to measure employeesâ€™ commitment was adopted from PCI of Donald Cable. The study revealed all the three variables in the study, however where commitment was concerned the Dominant one was Transactional commitment. The work concludes with an orientation that, Psychological Contract Variables has lot to do with Lifesâ€™- Orientation of each individual employee.
Vocational Schools and Regional Development in China
Authors: Vu Tam Bang , . Amber Osman , . Bilal Hussain , . Ahmed Ali, Faizan Farid, Osama Faheem
Published: January 2020

This paper investigates the different impacts of vocational schools and universities on regional development in China. To account for a possible two-way causality between education and economic development, a system of supply and demand equations is introduced. The results show that vocational education has higher impact on regional development than university education in China. Concerning the reverse causality, the paper finds that effect of regional development on university education is higher than its effect on vocational school education.
Two Wing Models of Sales Promotion: Theorization and Examination
Authors: Mir Imran Anwar
Published: January 2020

Sales promotion is an important and frequently used marketing tool to influence the consumersâ€™ purchase intentions directly. This research study introduces a two-wing model of sales promotion to show the comparative impact of different formats and benefit levels of instant price discounts and next off purchase promotions on the consumer perceptions and purchase intentions of the promoted products. The uniqueness of this model is that it separately tests the impact of different types and formats of instant price discounts and next off purchase promotions on the consumersâ€™ overall perceptions and purchase intentions of the products under sale. The empirical testing of this model reveals some important findings that can help marketers to develop result oriented sales promotion techniques in Asian markets. Since, this model has been tested in an Asian context only. To know its multi-cultural application it needs to be tested in diverse cultural contexts.
Financial Constraints and Leverage Decisions in Small and Medium-Sized Firms
Authors: Kasseeah Harshana
Published: January 2020

This paper studies the leverage decisions of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms in the UK. The relationship between debt and cash flow is studied in the light of both internal and overall financial constraints. Internal financial constraints are defined as those constraints internal to the firm that influence its financing decisions. These measures include the cash flow and profitability of the firm. Overall financial constraints account for both internal financial constraints and external financial constraints, which in turn are accounted for by conventionally used measures of financial constraints such as the size of the firm measured by the real assets and the riskiness of the firm. Results obtained indicate that firms follow a financial hierarchy when deciding what sources of finance to use. Internal financial constraints measured by the availability of internal funds are important factors that affect the relationship between debt and cash flow.
The Mortgage Foreclosure Rage: A Behavioral Perspective
Authors: Chang Beryl Y. , . Caroline E. W. Glackin
Published: January 2020

Residential real estate foreclosures reached historic records since the 2008 recession in the United States. While other studies on mortgage defaults and foreclosures focus primarily on individual causal factors leading to the outcome, this paper explores the nature and origins underlying these factors from a behavioral perspective. We argue that: (i) failures in mortgage risk management were due to overconfidence, anchoring, and reference-dependence given constraints in quantitative measurements in inter-temporal terms in a reductionist system; (ii) mortgage derivatives with outsized volume made the lending system dependent on a wider range of externalities with significant ramifications, and thereby more fragile given its misleading assumptions of uncorrelated rather than correlated market behavior; (iii) residential mortgage-backedsecurities (MBS) created illusions of control among market participants due to mental framing, myopia, and other limitations of human cognition; (iv) psychological biases were influenced by product design and lending procedures that promote short-term profits unsuited for a home mortgage; (v) product complexity reduces transparency, intensifies ambiguity aversion, self-serving biases, and default contagion that ultimately led to market breakdown and massive foreclosures. This study contributes to the theories in finance and economics through applications of behavioral measures to current market dynamics. It aims to reveal an idealized but biased system given human characteristics leading to failures in the financial and related industries and to inform policymakers on involuntary consequences in the development of home mortgage products that demand more profound reflections in the regulatory reform process.
Phillips Curve or Locus Critique: Time Series Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Haq Ihtisham Ul , . Alam Khan , . Ejaz Ahmed
Published: January 2020

Some economic problems facing by any economy are addressed such that minimum levels of these are acceptable. Inflation and unemployment are among such macroeconomic issues of which certain minimum level of both are accepted by economists. Nature of relationship between unemployment and inflation is important in economic literature. This study was performed to find this nature for a developing country. Time series data on both variables was analyzed for Pakistan from 1974 to 2010. ADF test was applied for detection of non-stationary. Problem of non-stationary was detected when variables were at level, which was eliminated by taking variables at first difference. Johansen co-integration confirmed one cointegration vector, which suggested the presence of long run relation between variables. VECM was used to find short and long run estimates. A short run relation was witnessed when unemployment worked as dependent variable and inflation as explanatory variable. This model was in equilibrium and thirty five percent disequilibria were adjusted annually as ECT value suggested. Inflation had a significant positive association with unemployment in study period. This study supported the Locus critique as opposed to Phillips curve hypothesis. Policy makers should pay special attention to this relationship between inflation and unemployment when they are going to design macroeconomic policies for Pakistanâ€™s economy.
Regional Innovation Capacity in Development Regions and Cities: A Sustainable Approach
Authors: Khakbaz Peyman Pournasr
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to identify innovation capacity factors affecting the development of regional by using the main index of legal and regulatory framework, research and development, communications and information technology, environment and institutional and human capital, education and social coverage. The research method is Qualitative and by focal group. Therefore, by choosing 6 from academic experts, the group was formed. To clarify the principles and basic format, explanations about of the meeting and a detailed description of the research model presented. Then to get more accurate and clearer data, and 5 core indicators parted to theirs sub indicators and the group members discussed them. The results showed that all five the main index of the "institutional environment", "R&D"1, "Using information and communication technology", "Legal and regulatory framework" and "human capital, education and social coverage" are impact on the development of region. The â€œcountry politic assessment " and "efficient and proper administration" which are two sub indicators of institutional environment and tow sub indicators of human capital, education and social coverage which are education and social coverage have impact on regional development .Also doing business and infrastructure of R&D which are sub indicators of legal and regulatory framework and R&D have impact on regional development. In the sub indicators of communications and information technology, â€œinternet, computer and TVâ€ and â€œgovernment using of ICT â€œand quality of infrastructures have impact on regional development.
The Economy of Education and its Role in National Development
Authors: Mehnatfar Yousef
Published: January 2020

We can say indubitable that education is one of the main elements of economic growth and development of each country. Even, some believe that evolution and progress of this part causes progress of the other parts. Economics education is a combination of word â€œeconomyâ€ and â€œeducationâ€ that study usage of economics in the education system; hereby, it considers a branch of economics. And it considers one of the courses of education science because it attends to recognition of economic issues of education and improvement of efficiency of education system. So, for acquaintance with economics education, itâ€™s necessary to first understand the economics and its related objects; it means that we should have perfect and exact recognition about current expenditure that pay for education of manpower. Moreover, it can be mentioned to the role of education as a collector of force and human capital needed for economic and social development of communities. In this article, it is mentioned to education in Iran as for its high expenditure.
Panel Cointegration and Pooled Mean Group Estimations of Energy-Output Dynamics in South Asia
Authors: Das Anupam , . Muhammad Akhtaruzzaman
Published: January 2020

This study employs the panel cointegration and pooled mean group (PMG) techniques to examine the long run relationships between energy consumption and GDP for 5 South Asian countries from 1981 to 2009. Unit root and panel cointegration tests find a long run relationship between energy consumption and GDP after allowing for country-specific effect. Furthermore, we use the PMG technique to identify the magnitude of this relationship. Our results are consistent with the theory that suggests a role of energy use in GDP. On average, a 1% increase in energy consumption leads to a 0.61% increase in the long run GDP in South Asia from 1981 to 2009. Hence, it is apparent that energy is an important component to maintain the economic activities in these countries. These results have important implications for policy makers of South Asian countries which have experienced magnificent growth performance along with a sharp rise in consumption demand for energy in last few decades.
Measuring Goods Quality in Iranâ€™s Intra- Industry Trade with G-8 Member States
Authors: Nonejad Masoud
Published: January 2020

As economic integration in East Asia progresses, trade patterns within region are displaying an ever â€“ greater complexity. Though inter â€“ industry trade still accounts for the majority, its share in overall trade is declining. Instead, intra â€“ industry trade (IIT), which can be further divided into horizontal IIT (HIIT) and vertical IIT (VIIT) is growing in importance. In this paper, we set out and examine different kinds of intra- industry trade between Iran and G-8 member states by comparing the Greenway, Hine and Milner (1994) and Fontagne and Freudenberg (1997) approaches to disentangling vertical and horizontal intra â€“ industry trade. Then we introduce and examine a new index from Azhar and Elliott to define product quality types between Iran and G-8 members for the time of 2001-2009. Result shows that a significant share of Iranâ€™s industry trade with G-8 state members has been assigned to vertical intra â€“ industry trade. With regarded to Azhar and Elliott index, the main share of intra- industry trade consists of low quality goods.
Development and Growth through Economic Diversification: Are there Solutions for Continued Challenges Faced by Brunei Darussalam?
Authors: Siddiqui Shamim Ahmad
Published: January 2020

Since its independence in 1984, the government of Brunei Darussalam has made economic diversification as its prime economic agenda to decrease its heavy dependence on oil and gas industry. The oil and gas industry has significantly contributed in the present level of economic prosperity of this small nation of 0.4 million people. However, being a very capital intensive industry it offers few job opportunities. The majority of the local population relies on better paid government jobs in the non-oil sector. As the rate of growth of new employment opportunities created in the public sectors remains far lower than the rate of growth of local labor force, more and more people must be employed by the private sector. However, a small private sector largely consisting of small service enterprises paying lower wages fails to attract local labor force. The result is a continuous increase in the rate of unemployment among locals now standing at over 12%. This paper will review governmentâ€™s efforts in diversifying its economy to reduce its vulnerability in revenue generation and create jobs for its increasing labor force. Based on a review the paper will suggest some possible solutions that could be considered by the government and the civil society of Brunei Darussalam.
Materialization of Behavioral Finance and Behavioral Portfolio Theory: A Brief Review
Authors: Muneer Saqib
Published: January 2020

This study introduces the emergence of behavioral finance (BF) and behavioral portfolio theory (BPT). BF research dives the conventional suppositions of projected value optimization with coherent investors in proficient enjoinments. There are two major component of BF which are â€œway of peopleâ€™s thinkingâ€ (cognitive approach) and â€œwhen markets will be incompetentâ€ (arbitrage limits). Behavioral portfolio theory describes investorâ€™s behavior, how they divide their wealth into portfolio mental accountâ€™s layers (MAL) parallel of their ambitions. The development of BF study has stimulated due to the incapability of conventional structure to explore several pragmatic models.
A Study of the Returns Behavior of Small Capitalization REITs
Authors: Rajagopal Sanjay
Published: January 2020

We analyze the daily returns on 63 real estate investment trusts (REITs) that comprise five US Small Cap REIT indices, and test for weak-form efficiency by estimating the Hurst exponent and fractal dimension. Fourteen of the 63 firms (or roughly 22% of the firms studied) fail to exhibit weak-form efficiency, based on Classical Rescaled Range Analysis. Two additional self-affine fractal analysis techniques (Roughness-Length and Variogram analyses) provide some support for this finding. In particular, it is found that a majority of the series for which weak-form efficiency is rejected are anti-persistent, with estimated Hurst exponents below 0.50.These results are further confirmed by Loâ€™s (1991) modified rescaled range analysis, which reveals significant memory at long lags. Overall, the results suggest inefficient pricing for a significant subset of REITs, with important implications for trading and for the modeling of REIT returns. .Some aspects of their returns behavior warrant further study.
The Impact of Sick Building Syndrome on Call Centre Agentsâ€™ Effectiveness
Authors: Oodith Devina
Published: January 2020

This study assessed the impact of Sick Building Syndrome (layout, ergonomic design of workstation, lighting/ventilation, health and performance, noise and aesthetics) on the effectiveness of Call Centre agents in managing customers and their needs. The study was undertaken in Durban, South Africa, and was conducted within a Public Sector service environment, which comprised of four major call centers employing 240 call centre agents. A sample of 151 call centre agents was drawn across using a simple random sampling technique and a 63% response rate was achieved. These call centre agents were responsible for inbound calls only. Data was collected using a self-developed, precoded questionnaire whose validity and reliability were statistically determined using Factor Analysis and Cronbachâ€™s Coefficient Alpha respectively. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that the dimensions of Sick building Syndrome have the potential to impact on agentsâ€™ performance. Based on the results of the study a graphical representation has been designed and presents recommendations that, when implemented in call centre environments, have the potential to enhance agentsâ€™ effectiveness in managing customers and their needs.
A Review of Value Added in Nigeriaâ€™s Pre and Postâ€“SAP Agricultural Sector: Background and Issues
Authors: Kanayo Ogujiuba , . Ogbonnaya Ufiem Maurice
Published: January 2020

In spite of the growing importance of oil, Nigeria has remained essentially an agrarian economy, with agriculture still significantly contributing to its Gross Domestic Product. However, the potentials of the agricultural sector to contribute to economic development in Nigeria have varied widely in the last two decades. This variation appears to be correlated to the nature of the political and economic regimes that exists. There were indications of some moderate output increase following the introduction of SAP. But, it is not yet certain whether the extent of deregulation policy currently being pursued by the Government and the preliminary outcome has elicited the desired response. One of the indications of the adverse development is the diversion of scarce foreign exchange from financing capital and intermediate imports to paying for food imports. Successive governments have experimented with various options in the promotion of agro-based industries, import substitution, promotion of specific sectors and specific areas. The outcome is an imbalance growth of various sub-sectors in the sector, poor capacity utilization, eroded competitiveness of local manufacturers and uneven playing field within the country. This paper basically reviews and analyzes the components of Nigeriaâ€™s agricultural sector, its contributions to economic development, and strategies adopted within the sector before and during the Structural Adjustment Program. It recommends that providing the right policy framework/enabling environment and incentives for private sector investment in the sector enshrined in the new economic blue printâ€˜Transformation Agendaâ€™ could be a viable option for revitalizing the sector.
Game-Playing Culture in an Age of Capitalist Consumption: Young Taiwanese and Collectible Card Games
Authors: Lavanchawee Sujarittanonta
Published: January 2020

Games-playing has historically been a form of leisure that is social and interactive in nature. As such, notwithstanding the dangers associated with gambling which may also be linked to games-playing, games have been considered a generally worthwhile activity which may have positive behavioral and educational externalities. However, in the age of advanced capitalism, games-playing has become subject to intensive marketing and advertising to promote consumption, particularly among young people who may have the time to play and some disposable income to invest in new games. One question this raises is the extent to which traditional games-playing modes and styles been affected by such marketing. This paper reports on research with a sample of Taiwanese undergraduate students investigating their consumption of games, the extent to which they use games to interact with other people and the changes of behavior with respect to games culture in recent years. A particular focus on the collectible card games segment of the gaming industry lends some focus to the findings described.
Middle Level Leadership in Chinese Universities in a Time of Change
Authors: Feng Jinyu
Published: January 2020

This study explored leadership in higher education based on the researchersâ€™ interpretation of the perspectives of a specific group of participants, which refers to middle level academic leaders (MLL) and an interrogation of leadership literature. There are 32 respondents in total including, deans of faculties, associated deans, heads of schools, associated heads and teachers. The major findings of the research are the multiple conceptions of leadership and educational reforms influence on leadership, which have been identified by examining the importance of the roles and current status of MLLs within the university, the activities undertaken by MLLs and the relative importance of those activities, the ambiguities, conflicts and pressures to which MLLs are subject. A key outcome of the investigation is the tension it revealed between how these academic middle level leaders perceive their management roles against their perceptions of their roles as academics. The research also indicated that the multiple conception of leadership from respondents was strongly influenced by traditional Chinese culture. Meanwhile, the recent higher education reforms affected the leadership styles of MLLs, i.e. the potentially further development of collective leadership.
An Analysis of Herding Behaviour during Market Cycles in South Africa
Authors: Seetharam Yudhvir
Published: January 2020

Herding behaviour can be captured by the relationship between share price movements with the market, typified by beta. We examine herding behaviour for the period 1995 to 2011 and find that it is absent overall, yet present during bear market periods only. When examined alongside the market cycle, herding appears to dramatically fluctuate before a market contraction. Conceptually, herding can be seen as an explanatory factor for the existence of a nonlinear market model. Our findings infer that a negative market reaction (contraction) is preceded by an increase in herding. The evidence of herding in during a South African market contraction can thus impact financial forecasts and volatility estimates of the market. Further, it could possibly indicate the level of confidence of market participants â€“ both experienced and inexperienced individuals tend to follow the group consensus in times of a market downturn, yet deviate from the group consensus in times of a market upturn.
A Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Models in Forecasting Market Risk: The Evidence from Turkish Derivative Exchange
Authors: AkarÄ±m Yasemin Deniz
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to compare the volatility forecasting performance of linear and nonlinear models for ISE-30 future index which is traded in Turkish Derivatives Exchangefor the period between 04.02.2005-17.06.2011. As a result of analyses, we conclude that ANN model has better forecasting performance than traditional ARCH-GARCH models. This result is important in many fields of finance such as investment decisions, asset pricing, portfolio allocation and risk management
Using Bootstrap Method to Evaluate the Power of Tests for Non-Linearity in Asymmetric Price Relationship
Authors: Acquah Henry De-Graft
Published: January 2020

This paper introduces and applies the bootstrap method to compare the power of the test for asymmetry in the Granger and Lee (1989) and Von Cramon-Taubadel and Loy (1996) models. The results of the bootstrap simulations indicate that the power of the test for asymmetry depends on various conditions such as the bootstrap sample size, model complexity, difference in adjustment speeds and the amount of noise in the data generating process used in the application. The true model achieves greater power when compared with the complex model. With small bootstrap sample size or large noise, both models display low power in rejecting the (false) null hypothesis of symmetry.