bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serotyping and Antigenic Comparison of Some Animal Rotaviruses Isolated in China
Authors: He K. W. , Lin J. H. , Ding Z. D. , He J. H. , Jiang J. Y. , Hou J. B.
Published: May 2010

Eight strains of rotaviruses isolated from diarrheal animals (4 from calves and 4 from piglets) in China were compared by serotyping with reference animal rotavirus strains (bovine NCDV, porcine OSU and simian SA‐11 and human rotavirus Wa strain). Two‐way cross neutralization test showed no antigenic difference between all 4 local strains of bovine rotavirus (BRV007, BRV014, HN‐7 and BRV6555) and reference NCDV, so they belonged to rotavirus serotype 6 (bovine rotavirus serotype 1 or NCDV‐serotype). Meanwhile, the four strains of Chinese porcine rotavirus could be determined into 2 different serotypes. One (Li99) was neutralised to a high titer with the antiserum against reference OSU virus and probably related to OSU (serotype 5 or porcine serotype 1). The other three strains (Lin71, Nan86 and Jiang150) were antigenically obviously different from Li99 and did not react with the antiserum against OSU. They were tentatively considered as porcine rotavirus serotype 2. All the strains of bovine and porcine rotavirus did not cross‐neutralise with simian SA‐11 and human Wa strain. There was also no antigenic relationship between bovine rotaviruses and porcine rotaviruses.

Rotavirus has been isolated from many species of animals and human beings all over the world. It is one of the important aetiological agents of diarrhea in new‐born animals and infant babies and has been considered as the most important agent of infant diarrhea in China since 1980. However, there are many serotypes of rotaviruses, not only in different species but also in the same species of animals. For the sake of preventing rotavirus infection effectively, it is of great importance to differentiate the serotypes of rotaviruses isolated from different animals in different places. In this paper, the serological relationship of 8 strains of animal rotavirus (4 from piglets and 4 from calves) isolated in China with reference rotavirus strains including bovine NCDV, porcine OSU, simian SA‐11 and human Wa is presented.
Detection of Bovine Adenovirus Nucleic Acid Sequences in Nasal Specimens by Biotinylated DNA Probes
Authors: Rusvai M. , Belák S.
Published: May 2010

Bovine adenovirus infection has been detected in experimentally infected lambs by applying the rapid and simple DNA detection method of direct filter hybridization (DFH). Three fragments of BAV‐2 DNA were obtained by molecular cloning and labelled with biotin. Clone 207, representing an EcoRI fragment between coordinates 35 to 55 of the viral genome, showed the highest sensitivity to detect adenovirus DNA, thus, this probe was applied on nasal cells from the lambs. Comparative tests revealed a concordance over 97% between the results of conventional virus isolation and of the DFH method. Virus isolation required several weeks to be completed, whereas the DFH method gave results within 10 hours. Considering its simplicity, speed and economy, the DFH method is recommended as a practical diagnostic tool for the direct detection of adenoviruses in clinical specimens.
Haematology of Experimental Babesiosis and Ehrlichiosis in Steroid Immunosuppressed Horses
Authors: Oladosu Lanre A. , Olufemi B. E.
Published: May 2010

An investigation was carried out to study the haematology of steroid immunosuppressed horses experimentally infected with Babesia equi and Ehrlichia equi, separately or simultaneously. Horses infected with both pathogens showed less marked changes in their haematology than those inoculated with either pathogen separately. This appeared to result from early elimination of the more pathogenic Babesia as Ehrlichia spread through the granulocytes.

The apparent suppression of Babesia by Ehrlichia is of field clinical importance and merits further investigation for its apparent useful potentials in the control of babesiosis in endemic areas.
A Direct Plating Method for Monitoring the Contamination ofListeria monocytogenesin silage
Authors: Fernandez‐Garayzabal J. F. , Blanco M. , Vazquez‐Boland J. A. , Briones V. , Garcia J. A. , Delgado C. , Domingo M. , Marco J. , Dominguez L.
Published: May 2010

Twenty‐two silage samples were analyzed for the presence ofL. monocytogenesusing fiveListeriaselective plating media, with and without previous selective enrichment step.L. monocytogeneswas recovered from 3 samples by both procedures, but direct plating allowed the quantification ofListeriapopulation. Two of these positive samples were implicated in outbreaks of listeriosis in sheep; theL. monocytogenespopulation in these samples was about 106cells/g. TheL. monocytogenespopulation in the other positive sample was 103cells/g. Direct isolation ofL. monocytogeneswas only possible from LPM, PALCAM and LSAMm media. MOX and LSM media were not selective enough to allow directListeriaisolation. In our hands, LSAMm was the most suitable plating medium for the direct isolation and specific quantification ofL. monocytogenesfrom silage employing a red blood cells overlay technique.
Isolation and Characterization of Immunoglobulin Binding Proteins fromStaphylococcus intermediusandStaphylococcus hyicus
Authors: Greene R. T. , Lämmler Ch.
Published: May 2010

125‐I‐IgG binding activities were observed with 15 (17 %) of 90S. intermediusisolates from dogs and 39 (95%) of 41S. hyicusisolates from pigs. Binding activities were not detected withS. hyicusisolates from cows. The IgG binding proteins of 2S. intermedius, 2S. hyicus, and protein A fromS. aureusCowan I were isolated from their cell surfaces. The proteins precipitated with IgG preparations from human, rabbit, pig, dog and horse, but not with IgG from cow, mouse and chicken. This indicated that these IgG binding proteins could be classified as type I receptors. In addition, the isolated proteins from all 3 staphylococcal species precipitated with polyclonal chicken anti‐protein A antiserum. SDS‐PAGE, Western blotting and gel isoelectric focussing of the proteins revealed numerous bands in the 42,000 D range and acid isoelectric points. The isoelectric point of the isolated proteins from bothS. intermediuscultures was slightly more acidic than those fromS. hyicusandS. aureus.The present results indicate a close functional and antigenic similarity, if not identity, between IgG binding proteins ofS. intermediusandS. hyicus, and protein A ofS. aureus.
In vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Lactoperoxidase System Towards Enterotoxigenic Strains of Escherichia coli
Authors: Grieve P. A. , Dionysius D. A. , Vos A. C.
Published: May 2010

The lactoperoxidase‐thiocyanate‐hydrogen peroxide (LP) system inhibited the growth of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains responsible for scouring in neonatal and post‐weaning piglets. An enzymatic system for hydrogen peroxide generation (glucose oxidase, GO; 0.1 U/ml) and a chemical source (sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, SCP; 90 mg/1) were used in the LP system to test 19 strains in a 6‐h growth assay at 37°C. Only three strains were highly sensitive to the LP/GO system, while all exhibited significant growth inhibition with the LP/SCP system. Hydrogen peroxide alone had less effect than the complete system. The bactericidal activity of the LP/GO system towards a previously resistant strain was greatly increased by increasing the level of glucose oxidase in the system by three‐ or five‐fold.
Diagnostic Value of Phage Typing, Antibiogram Typing, and Plasmid Profiling of Staphylococcus hyicus from Piglets with Exudative Epidermitis
Authors: Wegener H. C.
Published: May 2010

A total of 989 isolates of S. hyicus were recovered from the skin of 103 piglets (9.6 isolates per piglet) with exudative epidermitis (EE), and phage typed. Phage patterns of 806 typable isolates (81 %) could be divided into 44 distinct phage types. From 1 to 6 different phage types were found on individual piglets, with an average of 1.9 phage type per piglet. Antibiogram patterns of 384 isolates from 40 randomly selected piglets with EE showed a mean of 2.3 different antibiograms per investigated piglet, ranging from 1 to 6 antibiograms per piglet. Plasmid profiles of 248 S. hyicus isolates from 25 randomly selected piglets showed an average of 2.8 different plasmid profiles per piglet. Seven EE outbreaks in pig herds vaccinated with autogenous vaccine were investigated. In all these herds, strains recovered from the present outbreak differed by two or more type markers to the strains from the previous outbreak used for production of the autogenous vaccine. This finding suggest, that lack of protection might be due to the presence of other virulent types in the investigated herd than those used for production of autogenous vaccine.
Comparison of the restriction patterns of equine herpesvirus (EHV‐1) strains isolated for eight years in France
Authors: Zientara S. , Plateau E. , Sailleau C. , Crucière C.
Published: May 2010

The equine herpes viruses strains (EHV) isolated from organs of aborted foetuses or from nasal swabs have been analysed by comparison of their restriction endonucleases patterns using two enzymes, Bam HI and Pst I. The majority of the clinical samples came from the west part of France (“Normandie”) after abortions or respiratory disorders. All the viruses isolated were EHV‐1 strains whose patterns show considerable homogeneity although some differences can be described. The genomic DNAs of the same twenty strains have been digested by the Pst I enzyme, which induced a great number of restriction fragments. It allows a more precise epidemiological study between strains isolated in the same studs with different Bam HI patterns or between strains with identical Bam HI profiles but with distinct respiratory or abortigenic pathogenicity. No strain isolated from aborted foetuses or nasal swabs presented the vaccinal pattern.
Effect of Selected Antibiotics onStaphylococcus aureusPresent in Milk From Infected Mammary Glands
Authors: Owens W. E. , Ray C. H. , Washburn P. J.
Published: May 2010

Milk from a mammary gland infected withStaphylococcus aureusNewbould 305 was collected and dispensed into sterile tubes. Selected antibiotics were added at 2, 4, or 32 times the MIC, and the percentage survival ofS. aureusat various times through 24 h after addition of each antibiotic was determined. Percentage survival of the sameS. aureusstrain grownin vitroand added to 1) Mueller‐Hinton broth and 2) ultrahigh temperature pasturized milk with the same concentration of antibiotics was also determined. Percentage survival observed after 24 h in milk from the infected quarter at 2, 4, and 32 times MIC, respectively, were: penicillin: 12, 9.4, and 13 %; cephapirin 43, 50, and 30 %; erythromycin: 120, 95, and 82 %; pirlimycin: > 1000, 148, and 38 %; tilmicosin: >1000, >1000, and 9 %; ciprofloxacin: 458, 6, and 3 %; norfloxacin: 40, 10, and <1 %; rifampicin: <1, <1, and <1 %; and novobiocin: 20, 41, and 5 %. By comparison, percentage survival observed after 24 h forin vitrogrownS. aureustested in Mueller‐Hinton broth at 2, 4, and 32 times MIC, respectively, were <1 % for penicillin, cephapirin, pirlimycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and rifampicin, and < 10 % for erythromycin, novobiocin, and tilmicosin. UHT milk had minimal effect on percentage survival compared to Mueller‐Hinton broth forS. aureus305 when tested against penicillin or cephapirin. Increased survival was noted in UHT milk for erythromycin, pirlimycin, and tilmicosin at all antibiotic concentrations and for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, rifampicin, and novobiocin at 2 times the MIC. The lack of correlation betweenin vitrosusceptibility testing and antibiotic activity in milk against organisms grownin vivois discussed.
Course of Infection and Humoral Immune Reaction in Calves Infected Orally with Different Salmonella Serovars
Authors: Steinbach G. , Dinjus Ute , Gottschaldt J. , Kreutzer Brigitte , Staak C.
Published: May 2010

5 groups of five calves each were orally infected with the salmonella serovar S. agona, S. dublin, S. enteritidis, S. infantis or S. typhimurium. The course of infection and the humoral immune response against 5 antigen preparations of the homologous and the 4 heterologous salmonella serovars were monitored in each group. Antibodies against two different protein antigens and against two differently prepared LPS antigens were determined by ELISA and the level of H‐agglutinine was assessed by micro agglutination test.

All 5 serovars proved to be virulent for calves. The specificity of antibodies produced following the infection are not always consistent with the Kauffmann‐White scheme.

There was a relation of age and strain for infection on immune response, whereas the severity of infection did no correlate with an increase of antibody production.

The serological tests used were good for investigation of a defined host‐parasite‐interaction but not satisfactory for serovar specific diagnosis of salmonella infection in cattle.

Jeweils 5 Kälber wurden oral mit Salmonellen der Serovaren S. agona, S. dublin, S. enteritidis, S. infantis oder S. typhimurium infiziert. Der Infektionsverlauf sowie die humorale Immunreaktion gegenüber jeweils 5 Antigenpräparationen sowohl der homologen als auch der 4 heterologen Serovaren wurden untersucht. Die Antikörper gegen 2 Proteinantigene und gegen 2 LPS‐Präparationen wurden mit ELISA und der H‐Agglutinin‐Titer durch Mikroagglutination bestimmt.

Alle 5 Salmonellaserovaren erwiesen sich als virulent für Kälber und induzierten eine humorale Immunantwort. Im Gegensatz zum Alter und zum Infektionsstamm ließ der Schweregrad der Infektion keine Beziehung zur Intensität der Antikörperproduktion erkennen. Die Spezifität der Antikörper entsprach nicht immer dem Kauffmann‐White‐Schema.

Die angewendeten Nachweismethoden für Salmonellaantikörper waren geeignet, die Erreger‐Wirt‐Wechselwirkung zu untersuchen, sie können aber im Hinblick auf eine serovarspezifische Diagnose von Salmonellainfektionen nicht befriedigen.
Isolation and Distribution of Streptococcus Suis Capsular Types from Diseased Pigs in Spain
Authors: Prieto C. , Peña J. , Suarez P. , Imaz M. , Castro J. M.
Published: May 2010

A total of 65 isolates ofStreptococcus suiswas recovered from various tissues of diseased pigs. Almost 96 % of all these isolates could be categorized as one of capsular types 1 to 22 and 1/2. Capsular type 2 was the most prevalent and represented 53.8 % of all isolates, followed by capsular types 1 (9.2 %), 1/2 (7.7 %) and 8 (4.6 %). Brain‐meninges, multiples tissues and lungs were the source of the majority of the isolates. A total of 37 % ofS. suisisolates, mainly from brain‐meninges, were found in pure culture. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern ofS. suisisolates was determined.
Detection of Fimbrial and Toxin Genes inEscherichia coliand their Prevalence in Piglets with Diarrhoea. The Application of Colony Hybridization Assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Phenotypic Assays
Authors: Ojeniyi B. , Ahrens P. , Meyling A.
Published: May 2010

Two different genotypic methods, colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were applied to detect enterotoxin, verotoxin and fimbrial genes in 708Escherichia coli (E. coli)strains from piglets with diarrhoea. The results were compared with those obtained by phenotypic methods.

DNA fragments specific for each of the enterotoxins LT, STaand STb, the verotoxins VT1, VT2and VT2v, and for each of the fimbrial genes K88 (F4), K99 (F5), 987P (F6), F41 and F107, respectively, were used as probes in a colony hybridization assay of theE. colistrains. A PCR assay was used as genotypic test for the verotoxin gene. An Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies was performed to test for the presence of K88 and K99 fimbriae, and a Vero cell test was performed to test for verotoxin production. Toxin detection kits were applied to detect theE. coliheat‐labile enterotoxin (LT) and the heat‐stable (STa) enterotoxin.

The correlation between the results obtained by genotypic and phenotypic methods was 97.7–100 %. The prevalence of the different fimbrial and toxin genes inE. colistrains from piglets with neonatal and postweaning diarrhoea were recorded. The verotoxin and the fimbrial F107 genes were found to be more frequent in postweaningE. colistrains than in neonatalE. colistrains.
Invasion and Replication ofBrucella Abortusin Three Different Trophoblastic Cell Lines
Authors: Samartino L. E. , Truax R. E. , Enright F. M.
Published: May 2010

This study was performed to compare the replication of the pathogenic strainBrucella abortus2308 in three trophoblastic cell lines derived bovine placentas at different gestational stages. The trophoblastic cell lines were obtained from a 13–15 day embryo, from 5‐month placentomal tissue and from an 8‐month extra‐placentomal portion of the placenta. The infection rate was similar in all cell lines at 4 h. Colony‐forming Units were counted at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 30 h post‐inoculation. At 12, 16, 24 and 30 hB. abortusrapidly replicated within the 5‐month and 8‐month trophoblastic cell lines, but grew slowly within trophoblastic cells derived from embryonic tissue. Electron microscopic studies consistently showed clusters ofB. abortusin trophoblastic cells derived from 5‐ and 8‐month placentas, while few cells of the embryonic line were infected and these contained only 1–2 bacteria per cell. It was concluded thatB. abortuscan infect trophoblastic cells throughout the gestational period but bacterial multiplication does not occur in these cells before middle or late gestation.
Tissue Distribution and Binding to Plasma Proteins of Norfloxacin Nicotinate after Intramuscular Administration in Pigs
Authors: Shem‐Tov M. , Ziv G. , Gips M.
Published: May 2010

Three clinically normal pigs were given a single intramuscular injection of an aqueous solution of norfloxacin nicotinate (NFN) at 14 mg/kg body weight. Animals were killed 4 h after treatment and the concentrations of norfloxacin in various biological fluids and tissues were determined by chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) and microbiological assay methods. Drug distribution throughout the body was presented as actual concentrations (μg/ml and ppm) in each sample and as the ratio of drug concentration in tissue to drug concentration in plasma. Highest concentrations were found in the urine, kidney, liver and bile. The drug was not detected in ocular fluid, brain tissue (by microbiological assay), fat (by HPLC) and skin (by HPLC). Tissue‐to‐plasma concentrations ratios were near to, or greater than, 1.0 (HPLC assay) for the kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, lung, adrenals, salivary glands, pleural and synovial fluid, and smaller than 1.0 for cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and lymph nodes. Agreement between the chemical and microbiological assay results was variable, depending on the type of tissue and biological fluid tested. Binding of norfloxacin to plasma proteins in pig is low (23 %‐29 %). The distribution pattern of the drug in pig, laboratory animals and humans is very similar; it can be characterized as extensive, with tissue‐to‐serum ratios reaching 2:1 or more in certain non‐excretory organs. These values may reflect intracellular concentrations of the drug.
Grouping of Porcine Enteroviruses by Indirect Immunofluorescence and Description of Two New Serotypes
Authors: Auerbach J. , Prager D. , Neuhaus S. , Loss U. , Witte K. H.
Published: May 2010

Porcine enteroviruses (PEV) types 1–11 were assigned to three serologic groups by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). Serotype group I consists of PEV types 1–7 and 11 and is correlated with CPE‐type I. Serotype group II is represented by PEV type 8, producing CPE‐type II, while PEV types 9 and 10 are classified as serotype group III and cause CPE‐type III. Three PEV isolates from the central nervous system of pigs with polioencephalomyelitis were assigned to serotype group I by IIF but to none of the established 11 serotypes by cross‐neutralization. It is concluded that these isolates are representatives of two new PEV types for which the designation PEV12 and 13 is suggested.
Origin of Lymphocytic‐choriomeningitis‐virus‐bearing Mice in Japan
Authors: Morita Chiharu , Suzuki Hitoshi , Tanikawa Tsutomu , Yabe Tatsuo , Eda Jyunji , Hirukawa Hitoshi , Ueno Hiroshi , Chenchittikul Mongkol
Published: May 2010

Mice found in the port areas in Japan, where antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was detected, may have originated or partially originated from a southern Asian subspecies, Mus musculus castaneus.
An ELISA Based on Whole Virus for the Detection of Antibodies to Small‐ruminant Lentiviruses
Authors: Zanoni R. G. , Vogt H.‐R. , Pohl B. , Böttcher J. , Bommeli W. , Peterhans E.
Published: May 2010

A new ELISA kit was developed, based on highly purified whole‐virus antigen derived from the Swiss maedi‐visna virus strain OLV. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this assay were compared with that of an established ELISA based on recombinant GAG (group‐specific antigens)‐GST (glutathione S‐transferase) fusion protein expressed inE. coli(GAG‐GST ELISA). The whole‐virus ELISA exhibits at least comparable specificity (99.3 %) but higher sensitivity (98.6 versus 86.3 %) and agreement with the ‘true’ status beyond chance in the detection of antiviral antibodies in serum from goats. Antibodies in milk samples are detected with higher specificity (98.9 versus 97.8 %) but lower sensitivity (91.4 versus 98.2 %) than in GAG‐GST ELISA. The specificity of the new ELISA in the detection of antibodies in serum might be superior, since a set of 40 samples falsely rated positive in GAG‐GST ELISA in routine diagnostic work was negative in the new ELISA. In both assays, milk samples can be tested instead of serum, although with slightly reduced sensitivity in the new ELISA. The major advantage of the new test kit is the low number of equivocal samples needing confirmation in a supplementary test. Results obtained with sheep sera indicate that the new ELISA kit is also suitable for the detection of antibodies to maedi‐visna virus.
Changes in some Parameters of the Immune Response in Rats after Cold Stress
Authors: Goundasheva D. , Andonova M. , Ivanov V.
Published: May 2010

The influence of stress upon the endocrine system and its relationship to the immune system have been studied. The simulation of chronic cold stress in rats caused an increase in ACTH, corticosterone, and T3and T4levels. The different hormonal background in stressed animals affected the characteristics and the intensity of the immune response, which was traced in dynamics and through the action of 109ovine erythrocytes.

A strong suppression of B‐lymphocytes and of PFC count was observed. Increased Fcγ‐RFC‐suppressing activity was also determined. The PFC suppression changed simultaneously with the rate and dynamics of Fcγ‐RFC‐suppressing activity in animals under stress.

In control rats (immunized with ovine erythrocytes only), the antigen caused insignificant changes in corticosterone level, which was not typical for stress and was not accompanied by suppressing activity in the immune response.
Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Bovine Mastitic Milk: Bacteriophage and Antimicrobial Agent Susceptibility, and Enterotoxigenicity
Authors: Adesiyun A. A.
Published: May 2010

Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Trinidad were examined for their susceptibility to bacteriophages and antimicrobial agents and their ability to produce enterotoxins. Phage 42D was used to screen for bovine strains of S. aureus in milk. Of 250 strains tested, 224 (89.6%) were sensitive to phages in the international phage set (IPS), 85 (34.0%) were resistant to antimicrobial agents and 134 (53.6%) were enterotoxigenic. Strains lysed by phages in various groups (mixed) were prevalent, 145 (58.0%), followed by strains sensitive to groups III (17.0%) and I (8.8%) phages. A total of 72 (28.8%) strains were lysed by phage 42D either alone or with others. Resistance to penicillin was most common with 59 (23.6%) strains while 44 (17.6%) and 43 (17.2%) strains were resistant to ampicillin and triple sulphur respectively. Only 3 (1.2%) strains were resistant to methicillin. Prevalence of resistance to penicillin (12.5%) amongst phage 42D‐sensitive strains was significantly (P ≤ 0.01; X2) lower than for strains not lysed by phage 42D (28.1%) but strains susceptible to phage 42D were significantly (P ≤ 0.05; X2) more resistant (4.2%) to methicillin than those not lysed by the phage (0.0%). Amongst 134 enterotoxigenic strains, 32 (23.9%), 77 (57.5%), 67 (50.0%) and 21 (15.7%) produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A(SEA), B(SEB), C(SEC) and D(SED) respectively either alone or mixed. SEB and SEC were significantly (P ≤ 0.01; X2) more produced than either SEA or SED. Strains lysed by groups IV, i.e. 42D (62.5%), and III (56.7%) were more enterotoxigenic than those sensitive to phages in groups II (45.5%) and non‐typable (46.2%) but the differences were not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05; X2). Strains lysed by group II phages (72.7%) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05; X2) more resistant to antimicrobial agents than those lysed by phage 42D (18.8%).

It was concluded that bovine mastitis strains of S. aureus in Trinidad were highly susceptible to bacteriophages and antimicrobial agents and enterotoxigenic and less than one‐third may be considered to be bovine strains.
Lipofuscin Pigment in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurones and Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells of Macaque Monkeys with Plasmodium knowlesi Cerebral Malaria: an Electron Microscopical Observation
Authors: Ibiwoye M. O. , Sibbons P. D. , Hasan M. , Howard C. V. , Desalu A. B. O. , Singhal K. C. , van Velzen D.
Published: May 2010

Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a virulent (W1) strain of Plasmodium knowlesi resulted in cerebral malaria. Electron microscopical examination of the brain revealed large numbers of intracytoplasmic lipofuscin pigment deposits in cerebellar Purkinje neurones and choroid plexus epithelium of the lateral ventricle. This lesion may be part of the nervous system response to ischaemic hypoxia.
Comparative RAPD‐PCR Analysis of Lungworms (Dictyocaulidae) from Fallow Deer, Cattle, Sheep, and Horses
Authors: Epe C. , Bienioschek S. , Rehbein S. , Schnieder T.
Published: May 2010

Genomic DNA isolated from the four Dictyocaulus species D. viviparus, D. eckerti, D. filaria and D. arnfieldi was compared by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD)‐PCR to get additional information whether lungworms from fallow deer belong to a separate species (D. eckerti) or have to be regarded as an isolate of D. viviparus in wild ruminants. The resulting banding patterns of the electrophoresed PCR products were compared to assess the degree of genetic differences between the different lungworms. For the two D. viviparus isolates a similarity coefficient of 93.4 % was calculated, whereas the similarity coefficient of D. viviparus, D. eckerti, D. filaria and D. arnfieldi ranged from 12 % to 32 %. The similarity coefficient of 32 % between D. eckerti and D. viviparus compared with the intraspecies similarity of 93.4 % indicates that D. eckerti most likely belongs to a separate species and is not a D. viviparus isolate of wild ruminants.
Vaccination of Grasscutters with a Multicomponent Clostridial Vaccine
Authors: Younan M. , Müller W. , Borowy N.
Published: May 2010

Grasscutter serum antibodies againstClostridium perfringensß‐toxin were titrated in an enzyme immunoassay. The procedure that is currently used for vaccinating domesticated grasscutters is discussed.
Association of Tumour Necrosis Factor and Acute Phase Reactant Changes with Post Arrival Disease in Swine
Authors: Harding J. C. , Baarsch M. J. , Murtaugh M. P.
Published: May 2010

Severe weight loss in the absence of respiratory, enteric or systemic clinical discase or gross pathologic lesions is often observed when immunologically naive boars are placed in conventional health swine facilities. Affected animals develop this weight loss in spite of receiving pre‐entry vaccinations against common swine pathogens, such asHaemophilus parasuisorMycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In many cases, the weight loss is non‐responsive to long term antibiotic therapy. In order to determine the relationships between the severity of post arrival weight loss and disease and its potential immunological or physiological indicators, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and acute phase reactant levels were correlated with the clinical status in immunologically naive boars following their transfer to a conventional facility. Boars had higher TNF (P < 0.0001) and plasma protein (P = 0.0054) levels and decreased zinc (P = 0.0004) levels during periods of clinical sickness. Likewise, peak and average plasma TNF, serum haptoglobin, and serum zinc were correlated indicating a prolonged stress or pathogenic insult (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001 for TNF; r = 0.67, P = 0.01 for haptoglobin; r = 0.73, P = 0.005 for zinc). An acute phase response, a systemic TNF increase and the development of a lymphopenia were observed in post arrival disease in swine. This is the first time cytokines and acute phase reactants have been investigated in a field study involving immunologically naive or high health swine.
Development of an Experimental Tissue Culture Vaccine Against Mediterranean Theileriosis in Spain
Authors: Viseras J. , García‐Fernández P. , Adroher F. J.
Published: May 2010

Vaccines against Mediterranean theileriosis have been developed in several countries where the disease is an economic problem. Tissue culture vaccines have been widely and successfully used to immunize cattle. Although Mediterranean theileriosis represents a constraint to dairy cattle production in Spain, no vaccines against this disease have been developed previously. The successful development of a tissue culture vaccine consisting of attenuated Theileria annulata schizont infected cells from an enzootic area of Spain and its efficacy under experimental conditions is reported. Vaccinated calves were resistant to homologous challenge showing no signs of theileriosis while non‐vaccinated calves showed typical signs of disease.
Type IV Hypersensitivity in the Pathogenesis of FIPV‐Induced Lesions
Authors: Paltrinieri S. , Parodi M. Cammarata , Cammarata G. , Mambretti M.
Published: May 2010

In focal lesions of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), the cells involved in the delayed‐type hypersensitivity were identified in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded and frozen samples taken from 35 affected cats. The clinical diagnosis of FIP was confirmed by necropsy, histology and direct immunofluorescence against the coronaviruses on cryostatic sections. The immune cells were detected immunohistochemically by the Avidin‐Biotin‐Complex (ABC) method using either polyclonal antibodies against lymphoid antigens (CD3) or monoclonal antibodies against lymphoid (PAN‐T, CD4, CD8) and myeloid antigens (MAC387). Better identification of T cells and macrophages was found on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections than on cryostatic ones, while T lymphocyte subpopulations could be differentiated only in cryostatic sections. Type IV hypersensitivity was detected in focal feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)‐induced lesions from progressive activation of T lymphocytes, mainly CD4+, and the presence of granulocytes and macrophages. The FIPV‐induced lesions could be studied as examples of granulomas caused by unconventional antigens, such as viruses or immune complexes.
Experimental Infection withEhrlichia phagocytophilain Cattle
Authors: Brun‐Hansen H. , Grønstøl H. , Hardeng F.
Published: May 2010

Twenty Norwegian Red cattle, aged 8–10 months were used. Ten animals were inoculated intravenously with 3 ml of a whole blood dimethyl sulphoxide stabilate of a bovine strain ofEhrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila.The animals were observed on a daily basis for clinical symptoms and rectal temperatures were recorded daily for 36 days post inoculation. Blood and serum samples were collected regularly during the observation period. All infected animals developed fever of 2–4 days duration within a week. Six out of 10 animals had secondary temperature rises of 1–2 days duration. Three animals showed swellings in the hind limbs and a stiff gait. Compared with the control group, there was a 10% decrease in the mean haematocrit and a leukopenia that initially was due to a lymphopenia and later to a neutropenia. A monocytosis occurred after the subsidence of the primary fever period. A thrombocytopenia occurred during the early phase of infection. Granulocytic inclusions were detected for 18–32 days. All infected animals developed antibodies ≥ 1: 4096 toE. phagocytophilawithin 14 days post infection.
Virulence Factors ofStreptococcus uberisIsolated From Cows With Mastitis
Authors: Oliver S. P. , Almeida R. A. , Calvinho L. F.
Published: May 2010

For intramammary infections (IMI) to occur, mechanisms associated with avoidance of phagocytic defenses, rapid growth of bacteria, adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells, and/or bacterial colonization of mammary tissue are probably present. During the last decade, several potential virulence factors ofStreptococcus uberishave been identified. Some of these factors are cell‐associated while other factors are extracellular. Proposed antiphagocytic factors ofS. uberisinclude capsule, neutrophil toxin, M‐like protein and R‐like protein. Activation of plasminogen byS. uberishas been proposed as an important mechanism for this organism to obtain nutrients for optimal bacterial growth. Potential virulence factors produced byS. uberisand released extracellularly include hyaluronic acid capsule, hyaluronidase and uberis factor.Streptococcus uberisisolated from bovine IMI adhere to and invade mammary epithelial cells. Involvement of intact microfilaments andde novoeukaryotic protein synthesis are required for bacterial invasion of mammary epithelial cells; a process that appeared to occur by a receptor‐mediated endocytosis mechanism.De novobacterial protein synthesis was also required for invasion ofS. uberisinto mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore,S. uberissurvived within mammary epithelial cells for extended periods of time without losing viability or damaging the eukaryotic cell. Further research directed towards characterization of host‐pathogen interactions that take place during the early stages ofS. uberisintramammary infection are needed to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and thus contribute to development of methods to minimize production losses associated withS. uberismastitis in dairy cows.
Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Chronic Canine Otitis Externa to Twenty Antibiotics
Authors: Guedeja‐Marrón J. , Blanco J. L. , Ruperez C. , Garcia M.‐E.
Published: May 2010

In this paper we present the results of studies on the susceptibility to antibiotics of bacteria isolated from chronic canine otitis externa. We tested 46 bacterial strains (S. aureus, coagulase‐negative staphylococci,Corynebacteriumspp., and gram‐negative bacilli) with 20 different antibiotics. We observed increased resistance to antibiotics of bacteria isolated from canine otitis externa as compared to the resistance reported earlier. This may be due to the indiscriminate use of some antibiotics in the last years and indicates the importance of sensitivity testing for the effective treatment of chronic otitis externa, especially that caused by gram‐negative bacilli.

The clinician may initiate empiric treatment with antibiotics before obtaining the sensitivity test results; the best results may be expected from a topical application of Bacitracin or Chloramphenicol, and from a systemic therapy with Cephalosporines. Therapeutical scheme for treating various bacterial groups are presented in the paper.
Salmonellosis in Relation to Chlamydiosis and Pox and Salmonella Infections in Captive Falcons in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Wernery U. , Wernery R. , Zachariah R. , Kinne J.
Published: May 2010

During the spring of 1995, 1996 and 1997 following tests on six peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) and two gyr falcons (Falco rusticolus), Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from liver, spleen and small intestines. Four of the falcons (two peregrines and two gyrs) had also contracted Chlamydia infection, three peregrines a pox infection and one peregrine a Herpesvirus infection. It is believed that this dual infection was fatal for these birds. The disease was marked by anorexia, dehydration and green‐coloured droppings. Necropsy of all falcons revealed discolouration of the liver and enlargement of liver and spleen. Miliary necrosis was detected in all livers. A total of 12 salmonella serovars, includingS. typhimurium, were cultured from faeces of 48 falcons which showed no clinical signs.
The effects of organic and conventional fertilizers on cereal aphids and their natural enemies
Authors: Garratt Michael P. D. , Wright Denis J. , Leather Simon R.
Published: May 2010

Aphids are important pests of spring cereals and their abundance and the impact of their natural enemies may be influenced by fertilizer regime.

We conducted a 2‐year field study investigating the effects of organic slow‐release and conventional fertilizers on cereal aphids, hymenopteran parasitoids and syrphid predators and considered how the effects of fertilizers on barley morphology and colour might influence these species.

Barley yield was greater in conventionally fertilized pots. Barley morphology was also affected by treatment: vegetative growth was greater under conventional treatments. Barley receiving organic fertilizers or no fertilizer was visually more attractive to aphids compared with plants receiving conventional fertilizers.

Aphids were more abundant in conventionally fertilized barley but the reason for this increased abundance was species specific. Metopolophium dirhodum was responding to fertilizer effects on plant morphology, whereas Rhopalosiphum padi was sensitive to the temporal availability of nutrients.

Syrphid eggs were more numerous in conventionally fertilized pots, whereas the response of parasitoids appeared to be dependent on the abundance of aphids, although the number of parasitoid mummies was low in both years.

This research shows that the fertilizer treatment used can affect numerous characteristics of plant growth and colour, which can then influence higher trophic levels. This knowledge might be used to make more informed fertilizer application choices.
I Like Me If You Like Me: On the Interpersonal Modulation and Regulation of Preadolescents’ State Self‐Esteem
Authors: Thomaes Sander , Reijntjes Albert , Orobio de Castro Bram , Bushman Brad J. , Poorthuis Astrid , Telch Michael J.
Published: May 2010

This experiment tested whether peer approval and disapproval experiences can cause immediate change in children’s state self‐esteem. Children’s narcissistic traits and evaluator perceived popularity were examined as potential moderators. A total of 333 preadolescents (M = 10.8 years) completed personal profiles on the Internet that were ostensibly judged by a jury consisting of popular and unpopular peers. Participants randomly received negative, neutral, or positive feedback from the jury. Next, they could examine the feedback that each individual judge gave them. As expected, peer disapproval decreased self‐esteem, especially in children high in narcissism. In contrast, peer approval increased self‐esteem. Moreover, disapproved children’s self‐esteem recovery was dependent on the extent to which they subsequently viewed positive feedback from popular judges. These findings support sociometer theory.
The Rise in Cortisol in Family Day Care: Associations With Aspects of Care Quality, Child Behavior, and Child Sex
Authors: Gunnar Megan R. , Kryzer Erin , Van Ryzin Mark J. , Phillips Deborah A.
Published: May 2010

This study examined the increase in salivary cortisol from midmorning to midafternoon in 151 children (3.0–4.5 years) in full‐time home‐based day care. Compared to cortisol levels at home, increases were noted in the majority of children (63%) at day care, with 40% classified as a stress response. Observations at day care revealed that intrusive, overcontrolling care was associated with the cortisol rise. For girls, the cortisol rise was associated with anxious, vigilant behavior, while for boys the rise was associated with angry, aggressive behavior. Child behavior did not mediate or moderate relations between care quality and the cortisol rise, except for evidence that boys scoring low on angry, aggressive behavior were more sensitive to variations in warm, supportive care than boys scoring high on this behavior.
Family Socioeconomic Status and Consistent Environmental Stimulation in Early Childhood
Authors: Crosnoe Robert , Leventhal Tama , Wirth R. J. , Pierce Kim M. , Pianta Robert C. ,   NICHD Early Child Care Research Network
Published: May 2010

The transition into school occurs at the intersection of multiple environmental settings. This study applied growth curve modeling to a sample of 1,364 American children, followed from birth through age 6, who had been categorized by their exposure to cognitive stimulation at home and in preschool child care and 1st‐grade classrooms. Of special interest was the unique and combined contribution to early learning of these 3 settings. Net of socioeconomic selection into different settings, children had higher math achievement when they were consistently stimulated in all 3, and they had higher reading achievement when consistently stimulated at home and in child care. The observed benefits of consistent environmental stimulation tended to be more pronounced for low‐income children.
Gaining from Rural Migrants: Migrant Employment Strategies and Socioeconomic Implications for Rural Labour Markets
Authors: Kasimis Charalambos , Papadopoulos Apostolos G. , Pappas Costas
Published: May 2010

Non‐agricultural employment is expanding in many rural areas in Greece, while the agricultural sector is the main employer in a great deal of rural areas. Local labour markets are diverse although dependence on family farming, small‐scale businesses, informal employment and tourist activities is constantly increasing. These developments have gradually reinforced the multifunctionality of rural areas and have brought about a demand for flexible labour power. Under these circumstances, the role of migrants has been fundamental for sustaining the multifunctional character of rural Greece, as they participate in every economic sector and their presence varies across sectors and geographical regions. Migrants should not only be conceived strictly as an agricultural labour force on the grounds that they seem to be highly mobile in rural areas. They should rather be considered more widely, as a rural labour force with multiple implications on Greek rural society and economy. The article is based on an empirical study carried out in three different localities in the Epirus region in northern Greece. On the basis of quantitative data, it analyses and interprets the multilateral, versatile impact of migrants on different rural localities. One major finding is that the contribution of migrants is crucial for the preservation of the multifunctional character of rural areas in Greece. However, migrant labour loses its collective identity by becoming increasingly individualised in its capacities, its employment conditions and its interests.
The Asymmetric Effect of Endowments on Vertical Intra‐industrial Trade
Authors: Milgram‐Baleix Juliette , Moro‐Egido Ana I.
Published: May 2010

(1238) J. Milgram‐Baleix and Ana I. Moro‐Egido

This paper investigates the determinants of vertical Spanish intra‐industry trade with developed and developing countries. We empirically test the comparative advantage explanation. To do so, we build physical, human and technological capital stocks. On average, when using OLS techniques, differences in endowments are a limitation for vertical intra‐industry trade. Using quantile regression techniques, we observe that this negative effect decreases in absolute terms as vertical intra‐industry trade flows increase and, in some cases, the impact becomes positive for the upper tails, thus supporting the view of a reduced version of the comparative advantage explanation. Our results provide interesting insights into Spain and emerging countries. A large part of Spanish trade already takes place on an inter‐industry basis or consists of exporting low quality products in exchange for similar products of a higher quality range, in particular with European countries but more surprisingly with emerging countries. Our study shows that high quality exports and horizontal intra‐industry trade are mainly driven by proximities of demand and technological capital while low quality exports share most determinants of inter‐industry trade.
Income Per Capita Inequality in China: The Role of Economic Geography and Spatial Interactions
Authors: Hering Laura , Poncet Sandra
Published: May 2010

(1241) Laura Hering and Sandra Poncet

This paper contributes to the analysis of growing income inequality in China. We apply a structural model of economic geography to data on per capita income over 190 Chinese cities between 1995 and 2002, and evaluate the extent to which market proximity and spatial dependence can explain the growing income inequality between Chinese cities. The econometric specification explicitly incorporates spatial dependence in the form of spatially‐lagged per capita income. We show that the geography of market access and spatial dependence are significantly correlated with per capita income in China. Market access is particularly important in cities with smaller migration inflows, which is consistent with NEG theory, whereas spatially‐lagged per capita income matters more in cities with greater immigration. We conclude that the positive impact of spatially‐lagged income partly results from labour mobility between neighbours, so that spatial dependence reflects the influence of migration, knowledge transfers and increasing competition between cities.
A validation study of the Cross‐Cultural Adaptability Inventory
Authors: Nguyen Nhung T. , Biderman Michael D. , McNary Lisa D.
Published: May 2010

Despite the claims made about the effectiveness of cross‐cultural training programs, few studies have examined the reliability and validity of the instruments used in these training programs. In this study, the authors examined the factor structure of the Cross‐Cultural Adaptability Inventory (CCAI) via a confirmatory factor analytic approach. A series of confirmatory factor analytic models was tested and applied at the item level to both the CCAI and Goldberg's Big Five Inventory. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model in which a method factor was estimated fits the data significantly better than a model without such a method effect. Further, the method factor suppressed substantive relationships such that the two CCAI factors of Emotional Resilience and Personal Autonomy became significant correlates with self‐reported number of international job assignments after accounting for method variance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.