bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Architecture of Blood Vessels Of Tendons Demonstrated by Corrosion Casts
Authors: Takasugi Hitoshi , Akahori Osamu , Nishihara Kenji , Tada Kanya
Published: March 2006

Three-dimensional observation of the microcirculation of the tendon was readily and clearly demonstrated by preparing methyl methacrylate casts and observing them under the scanning electron microscope. In the muscles blood vessels made a network like a ladder surrounding every muscle fibre. The fibrous digital sheath had blood vessels made in a fine meshed cylinder. By microdissection of the vessels of the sheath the blood vessels of the vinculae and tendons were observed stereoscopically in relation to the peritendinous tissues. The casting method contributes to better understanding of vascular architecture of tendons.
Reconstruction Of The Digital Tendon-Sheath In “No-Man'S” Land With Autologous Transplanted Vein-Graft
Authors: Forgon Mihály , Bíró Vilmos
Published: March 2006

summary

A two-stage procedure is described for severely damaged flexor tendons in “no man's land”. In the first stage the damaged tendons and scarred tendon sheath are excised and a segment of the saphenous vein, cannulated by a silicone rubber rod is transplanted into the tendon bed. In the second stage the silicone-rod is replaced by a free transplanted tendon. The endothelial lining of the vein is a guarantee of a good gliding surface and an obstacle to adhesion formation, and so it ensures good function. A review of the method and a survey of thirty-nine cases are presented.
Primary Repair Of Flexor Tendons In The Hand Without Immobilisation – Preliminary Report
Authors: Becker Hilton
Published: March 2006

summary

A new approach to the problem of flexor tendon repair within the fibro-osseous canal is presented. Using a technique of bevelling the tendon ends and suturing with a fine suture material, under magnification, a sufficiently strong junction is obtained, which enables immediate active mobilisation without strangulation of the blood supply. The junction can resist gap formation up to tensions of 4 Kg. It is postulated that under these conditions tendon nutrition is minimally interfered with, adhesions do not form, and the tendon heals by its own intrinsic healing ability.
Avulsion Of The Ring Finger Flexor Digitorum Profundus Tendon: An Experimental Study
Authors: Manske Paul R. , Lesker Peggy A.
Published: March 2006

The results of an experimental study of the breaking strength of the tendon-bone junction of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon in cadaver specimens indicates a significantly weaker insertion of the ring finger compared to the middle finger. This explains in part the more frequent occurrence of avulsion of the ring finger profundus tendon as observed clinically.
Long-Term Results Of Ulnar To Median Nerve Pedicle Grafts
Authors: Alpar E. K. , Brooks D. M.
Published: March 2006

Nerve pedicle grafts in the upper limb were performed on nine patients with Volkmann's Ischaemia. Long-term follow-up of three cases has shown that the results of this operation are successful. Sensory and motor recovery of the median nerve occurs and consequently useful hand function is regained. Since Volkmann's Ischaemic contracture is not rare in developing countries, this operation should be the treatment of choice when the median and ulnar nerves have been damaged beyond hope of recovery.
The Conservative Treatment Of The Swan-Neck Deformity In The Rheumatoid Hand
Authors: Besser M. I. B.
Published: March 2006

A technique is described to correct rheumatoid Swan-Neck deformity in those patients where there is limited proximal interphalangeal joint flexion in all positions. It involves the manipulation of these joints and their temporary immobilisation with Kirschner wires followed by mobilisation using an elastic band method.
The Use of the Flatt Hinge Prosthesis in the Rheumatoid Thumb
Authors: Ferlic Donald C. , Serot Donald I. , Clayton Mack L.
Published: March 2006

Nine patients with marked destruction in both the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the thumb, were treated with fusion of the interphalangeal joint and insertion of the Flatt hinged metal prosthesis into the metacarpophalangeal joint. Of the nine thumbs treated in this manner, eight had good to excellent results. One prosthesis was removed after it became infected, leaving both joints fused.
Syndactyly And Split Hand. Supplement
Authors: Miura Takayuki
Published: March 2006

In a series of studies of clinical and radiological features of hand anomalies, the author has recently encountered cases which may be explained by reference to the relationship between syndactyly and split hand. These cases suggested how the typical split hand is formed prenatally, and it is concluded that the typical split hand should not be classed as “Arrest of Development of Parts” due to embryonal failures.
The Volar Carpal Ligament
Authors: Denman Eric E.
Published: March 2006

The volar carpal ligament, or superficial part of the flexor retinaculum, is described. A triangular area is identified on the ulnar side of the flexor retinaculum.
The Vascularization of the Human Flexor Pollicis Longus Tendon
Authors: Lundborg Göran
Published: March 2006

The vascularization of the human flexor pollicis longus tendon was outlined by the use of microangiographic techniques, applied on freshly amputated arms. At the insertion of the tendon there was regularly a very well developed vinculum brevis, often extending proximally to the middle of the base phalanx of the thumb. Proximally to the metacarpo phalangeal joint there was a mesotenon of various shape, originating from the volar-ulnar (non-friction) side of the synovial tendon sheath. There seemed to exist a non-interrupted intrinsic longitudinal vascular system in the tendon, and the vessels were located in those parts of the tendon which are not subjected to friction.
The Mechanical Stability of Internal Fixation of Fractured Phalanges
Authors: Fyfe Ian S. , Mason S.
Published: March 2006

The rigidity of five techniques of internal fixation of fractured phalanges is tested experimentally and compared. The clinical relevance is discussed.
The Pathology of Flexor Tendon Repair
Authors: Matthews Phillip
Published: March 2006

This paper discusses the problems of failure after tendon repair. For a long time the subject has been dominated by the problem of adhesion formation. Recent work has shown that this is not inevitable, and consideration of other factors, particularly the nutrition of tendon tissue is leading to the possibilities of other methods of treatment.
The Pattern of Joint Involvement in Hands with Arthritis at the Base of the Thumb
Authors: Dickson R. A. , Morrison J. D.
Published: March 2006

A study of the incidence and grading of osteoarthritis in all the other thirty-two joints in the hands of twenty-one patients with osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Injuries of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint of the Fingers
Authors: Benke G. J. , Stableforth P. G.
Published: March 2006

A consecutive group of ninety-three patients with ninety-six affected joints, have been reviewed retrospectively to provide information regarding the incidence and longer term effects of injuries to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers. The patients have been grouped according to the severity of the injury, judged clinically and radiologically. From this review it would appear that these injuries are somewhat less common than is suggested in the literature. The severity of the trauma would seem to influence the result in that some thirty per cent with dislocation or fracture-dislocation did badly and of these forty-three per cent had open injuries. Some experimental work on fresh cadavers, to investigate the damage to the ligaments in the more common dorsal dislocation, has been included. From our findings, suggestions have been made regarding the treatment of these injuries.
Clinodactyly A Review of a Series of Cases
Authors: Burke Frank , Flatt Adrian
Published: March 2006

A review of 50 patients with clinodactyly is presented in which six patients required surgery for a combination of functional and cosmetic problems. It is suggested that patients with a delta phalanx at the proximal phalangeal level should have a reversed wedge osteotomy early, while those with brachymesophalangism requiring surgery have a closing wedge osteotomy performed late. Delta phalanges in the triphalangeal thumb should be excised early and the joint reconstructed. An ulnar abduction deformity was noted in a minority of patients with clinodactyly. This deformity is relieved when the clinodactyly is corrected.
Rupture of the Extensor Pollicis Longus — a Crush Injury
Authors: Denman Eric E.
Published: March 2006

It is suggested that rupture of a previously normal tendon of extensor pollicis longus after Colles fracture may be due in some cases to crushing of the tendon between the styloid process of the third metacarpal and the dorsal tubercle of the radius, when the wrist is forced into extreme extension.
The Pattern of Hand Injury Sustained in the Overturning Motor Vehicle
Authors: Mehrotra Onkar N. , Crabb David J. M.
Published: March 2006

This is a review of six patients presenting with severe injuries of the dorsum of the hand following motor vehicle accidents. In each case the injury was sustained by the hand being trapped between the road and the overturning vehicle.

The injured hands were either outside the window or passed through the open window at the time of the accident. These injuries were all sustained during the summer months.
Interpositional Microvascular Vein Grafting
Authors: Gould John S. , Gould Sheryl H. , Caudill-Babkes E. Lynita
Published: March 2006

The application of interpositional microvascular vein grafting in replantation surgery, a detailed account of the technique developed and utilised in the microvascular research and training laboratory, and clinical experience with this technique are described. Vein grafting is of particular value to eliminate tension in anastomoses, bridge vascular defects, and has made feasible the salvage of severe crushing and avulsion amputation in the hand.
Long Term Follow up of Neurovascular Island Flaps
Authors: Henderson H. P. , Reid D. A. Campbell
Published: March 2006

The results of a ten year mean follow up of twenty Neurovascular Island Flaps and two Radial Nerve Innervated Cross Finger Flaps are presented. Sensory acuity sufficient for tactile gnosis was achieved in nineteen cases. In only one case had sensory acuity deteriorated since operation. Use of the flap was hampered in one patient by a pre-existing neuroma. Complete sensory reorientation occurred in five patients. Sensory misreference persisted more commonly on dominant hands. It was our impression that Porter's Letter Test revealed the patients making most use of their neurovascular island flaps. The place of neurovascular island flaps in the management of the mutilated hand is discussed.
The Gillies’ Thumb Lengthening Operation
Authors: Reid D. A. Campbell
Published: March 2006

The standard Gillies’ thumb-stall operation is a most successful method of lengthening a thumb which has been lost in the region of the metacarpophalangeal joint and where all four fingers are intact. Pollicisation is not considered justifiable in such a case. The method achieves a result in a one-stage procedure and provides a strong, useful thumb although of limited length. Should a deeper thumb/index web be required, this may readily be achieved by a Z-plasty, although this has rarely been found necessary. Sensation on the tactile surface is good. We consider this is due to the fact that the median nerve supply over the palmar aspect of the thumb is left intact. Normal sensation has been demonstrated over the volar surface of the thumb at an early stage following operation.

The cosmetic appearance would, generally speaking, not be acceptable in a female patient and an alternative method has usually been used viz., tubed pedicle, bone graft and island flap. Free transfer of the second toe has given good cosmetic results and has been described by Gilbert and Tubiana (1979) and le Quang (1979). A working man, however, readily accepts the cosmetic result particularly when taken in conjunction with a relatively short rehabilitation period.
Free Neurovascular Flap from the First Web Space of the Foot for Reconstruction of the Mutilated Hand
Authors: Doi Kazuteru , Hattori Susumu
Published: March 2006

Two cases, to which a free first web space flap or a free hemipulp flap from the foot were applied for restoring sensation to the mutilated hand are reported. The free neurovascular flap from the foot has advantages in reconstruction of the mutilated hand, when a traditional neurovascular island flap for sensory recovery of the hand is not available.
Arthrodesis of the Wrist Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mikkelsen Otto A.
Published: March 2006

Fifty six fusions of the wrist joint were performed using a slight modification of the method described by Mannerfelt and Malmsten (1971). All but one of the patients had rheumatoid arthritis. The patients were reviewed one to eight years after the operation. Ankylosis in useful position was achieved in nearly 100 per cent of the cases. The operation is simple and does not require any special instruments, but x-ray facilities in the operating room are necessary. Normally there is no need for any kind of external immobilisation.
Treatment of Partial Tendon Lacerations
Authors: Wray R. Christie , Weeks Paul M.
Published: March 2006

We treated twenty six patients with thirty four partial tendon lacerations by not suturing the tendons and by early mobilization of the digit. These partial tendon lacerations varied from 25 to 95 per cent of the cross sectional area. The mean and median cross-sectional area lacerated was 60 per cent. Twenty three of these patients obtained excellent function, one patient obtained good to excellent function and one patient obtained fair function. One patient was lost to follow-up. No tendon ruptured but one patient did develop trigger finger which spontaneously resolved.

Partial flexor tendon lacerations should not be repaired and early active motion should be used if bevelling of the laceration is not present. Bevelled partial tendon lacerations of less than twenty five per cent of the cross sectional area can be either excised or repaired with a simple interrupted suture. If greater than twenty five per cent of the cross-sectional area is lacerated and bevelled, the laceration should be repaired with a few simple sutures. Regardless of the treatment of the tendon early active motion is necessary.
“I-P Flexor Lag” after Thumb Flexor Reconstruction — Causes and Solution
Authors: Apfelberg David B. , Maser Morton R. , Lash Harvey , Keoshian Leo
Published: March 2006

A small but significant percentage of thumbs fail to regain complete range of motion after reconstructive procedures designed to replace lost function of the flexor pollicis longus tendon. A characteristic but little noted posture and attitude of metacarpophalangeal flexion with loss of interphalangeal motion and metacarpophalangeal stabilisation with restoration of interphalangeal motion is described. (“I-P flexion lag”—I.P.F.L.) Clinical causes include shortening of the muscle-tendon unit, loss of pulleys with bowstringing, adhesions and hypermobile joints.
An Unusual Combination of Fractures at the Wrist
Authors: Iwegbu C. G. , Helal B.
Published: March 2006

A rare fracture involving the distal ends of the radius and ulna and three carpal bones is described. A possible mechanism of injury is suggested.
Avascular Necrosis of the Capitate and Dorsal Dorsi-Flexion Instability
Authors: Newman John H. , Watt Iain
Published: March 2006

Avascular necrosis of the proximal part of the capitate is very rare and usually is secondary to a fracture of the waist in association with a scaphoid fracture — the naviculocapitate syndrome.

A case is presented in which partial avascular necrosis of the capitate occurred in association with bilateral dorsal dorsi-flexion instability. The authors suggest that this phenomenon represents a form of the naviculocapitate syndrome in which ligamentous laxity altered the line of failure, thus sparing the scaphoid from fracture.
Soft Tissue “Chondroma” of the Hand
Authors: Rosenfeld Nachman , Kurzer Alberto
Published: March 2006

A case of chondroma of the soft tissues of the right middle finger is presented. The possible origins and treatment are discussed.
Replantation and Revascularisation Surgery in Children
Authors: O'brien Bernard McC , Franklin John D. , Morrison Wayne A. , Macleod Allan M.
Published: March 2006

Salvage of any amputated, or devascularised, digit or extremity in a child should be seriously considered and carefully planned. Bone shortening should be minimised. Replanted and revascularised digits and extremities do grow and aften demonstrate minimal retardation when well revascularised and minimally traumatised. Even in more extensive injuries progressive growth is observed. Replanting of single digits is worth while in children. Vein grafting should be seriously considered when replanting any avulsed digit. The return of excellent sensation and good function in amputated parts in children makes these procedures rewarding and beneficial.
The Proximal End of the Palmar Aponeurosis
Authors: Fahrer Marius
Published: March 2006

The proximal end of the palmar aponeurosis receives two important contingents of fibres from the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. The superficial contingent blends with the fibres of palmaris longus; the deep contingent runs on the surface of the pisohamate ligament and connects the flexor retinaculum to the palmar aponeurosis. In congenital absences of the palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris completely takes over as the longitudinal tensor of the palmar aponeurosis.
Stabilising Severe Phalangeal Fractures
Authors: Scott M. M. , Mulligan P. J.
Published: March 2006

A technique is described for treating severe compound injuries of the phalanges either single or multiple, with transverse Kirschner wires bonded with acrylic cement.

The operative procedure, post-operative management and advantages of the technique are described.
Postburn Volar Digital Contractures in Nigerians
Authors: Iregbulem Lawrence M.
Published: March 2006

In fifty-six Nigerian children, 178 digits with volar contractures have been treated by skin grafts and flaps during the past three years. The severity of contracture was graded and corrective treatment planned accordingly. Patients have been reviewed from three months to three years after correction. The results have been better than expected using Wolfe grafts rather than split skin for the majority, and direct flaps only when imperative.
Funicular Orientation by Electrical Stimulation and Internal Neurolysis in Peripheral Nerve Suture
Authors: Nakatsuchi Yukio , Matsui Takeshi , Handa Yasunobu
Published: March 2006

Eleven peripheral nerve lacerations around the wrists of ten patients were treated with funicular suture or nerve graft.

In three freshly lacerated nerves funicular orientation could be made only by electrical stimulation to both cut ends.

The electrophysiological method was also utilised to obtain funicular orientation of a proximal stump in eight old nerve lacerations. However, funicular orientation of the distal stump of old lacerations, which was not responsive to electrical stimulation, was performed anatomically by internal neurolysis from a terminal branching area up to a distal stump.

By six months after the operation, motor and sensory functions of the patients with funicular suture had recovered to an excellent degree with rapid reinnervation.
Anomalous Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle
Authors: Murakami Yukitomo , Edashige Kyoichi
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a case in which an anomalous tendon from the flexor pollicis longus to the flexor indicis profundus caused limitation of independent flexion of the thumb. The anomaly was accompanied by chronic tenosynovitis.
Hand Diseases in Early Photographs
Authors: Lugli Tomaso
Published: March 2006

The use of photography in medicine began with many problems, in the second half of the last century. In the specific field of hand diseases the surviving photographs are few but very interesting. The author, through patient research in private and public collections has gathered these first medical photographs and presents them with his comments in this article.
Mesotendons of Digital Flexor Muscles and Their Vasculature
Authors: Zbrodowski A. , Gajisin S. , Grodecki J.
Published: March 2006

The detailed anatomy of the tendinous apparatus of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles was studied on 150 fresh and formalin-preserved human cadavers. The dissection revealed the existence of different types of mesotendons. Injection of coloured latex or an India ink and gelatin solution showed their arterial network and the sources of blood supply.
Para-Articular Ossification in the Hand
Authors: Henderson H. P. , Reid D. A. Campbell
Published: March 2006

Two cases of heterotopic para-articular ossification affecting the finger joints of the hand are presented. One case followed severe head injury, the other followed quadriplegia. The cause of the condition is not understood. Treatment is surgical and proved helpful in one case but of limited value in the other.
Experience with Arthrography of the First Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Authors: Stothard J. , Caird D. M.
Published: March 2006

Arthrography of the first metacarpophalangeal joint at various times after trauma involving suspected rupture of the joint capsule or collateral ligaments has been performed since 1975 and the first four and a half years experience is reviewed. More variations in arthrogram appearance were found than previously reported and the appearance recorded elsewhere as being typical of a Stener lesion was not seen in the forty-one arthrograms examined.

The selection of patients for surgery produced satisfactory results subjectively and objectively and the arthrographic appearance agreed with the operative findings up to twenty-one days after injury. Some patients were saved from unnecessary surgery by arthrography.
Abductor Pollicis Longus Musculotendinous Split as a Replacement Motor for Ruptured Extensor Pollicis Longus
Authors: Backhouse K. M.
Published: March 2006

The usual existence of multiple tendons of abductor pollicis longus has been utilised to make one of them a motor for ruptured extensor pollicis longus tendon, leaving the remaining musculotendinous unit in its original and essential abductor role.
Tendon Transfer for Intrinsic-Muscle Paralysis of the Thumb in Charcot-Marie Tooth Neuropathy
Authors: Michelinakis E. , Vourexakis H.
Published: March 2006

Five patients with loss of thumb opposition due to atrophy of the thenar muscles from Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy have been operated on.

Opposition was restored by transfer of the flexor superficialis tendon from the ring finger to the thumb, using the proximal part of the flexor retinaculum as a pulley.
Restoration of Thumb Opposition by Displacement of Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Authors: Matev I. B.
Published: March 2006

An operative procedure for functional repair of thumb opposition is described. The extensor pollicis brevis is displaced to the proximal two-thirds of the carpal canal without detachment of its distal end. Twelve patients with combined lesions of the median and ulnar nerve were operated on. Ten patients were followed up from one to six years after the intervention. Restoration of thumb opposition to the middle or to the ring finger was observed in all, in three cases without sufficient pronation.
Digital Osteomyelitis Due to Boredom
Authors: Fahmy N. R. M. , Noble J.
Published: March 2006

Although hand infections due to human bites are quite common (Shields, 1975) we know of no other case in which the patient has gnawed away at his or her own finger tips.
Aneurysmal Bone Cysts of the Phalanges a Report of Three Cases
Authors: Chalmers J.
Published: March 2006

Three cases of aneurysmal bone cysts of the phalanges are reported. In each case the presentation was similar to that of an enchondroma and each responded to simple surgery. It is suggested that this very benign disorder merits benign treatment.
Ligamentous Stability of the Base of the Thumb
Authors: Pagalidis T. , Kuczynski K. , Lamb D. W.
Published: March 2006

Radial and dorsal subluxation of the base of the first metacarpal is a frequent clinical and radiological phenomenon in association with the common condition of osteoarthrosis of the base of the thumb. In an attempt to determine if any ligamentous instability could be responsible for this displacement, a series of seventeen joints was dissected. The ligamentous structure is constant. Division of the first intermetacarpal ligament was alone found to be responsible for the development of the characteristic displacement of the base of the first metacarpal. In two specimens in which there was advanced osteoarthrosis, spontaneous attenuation of the first intermetacarpal ligament was demonstrated. In attempts at operative reconstruction it is the first intermetacarpal ligament which must be reinforced to provide stability.
A Simple Radiological Screening Method for Assessment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Pogrund H. , Makin M. , Robin G. , Menczel J. , Rousso M. , Steinberg R.
Published: March 2006

A simple radiological grading of osteoporosis of the hand using a postero-anterior radiograph is presented as a screening technique. Five gradings are discussed, and the relationship of osteoporosis between the hand and axial portions of the skeleton is underlined.
A Study of Tendon Blood Flow Using 133Xenon
Authors: Piaggi V. , Mingione A.
Published: March 2006

A new technique to evaluate the blood-flow of tendons by using 133Xenon is described. The results are reported and discussed.
A Clinical Study of Congenital Anomalies of the Hand
Authors: Miura Takayuki
Published: March 2006

The author has studied the clinical features of split hand, syndactyly, radial and ulnar ray deficiency, and brachydactyly. Many clinical findings make clear that typical split hand is not a result of failure of formation but a result of union of digital rays. If we would try to classify congenital anomalies of the hand on the basis of embryological failure, syndactyly and split hand, and webed and web free brachydactyly are never classified into other categories, just as constriction band syndrome is not divided by the presence of union of the digital rays.
Functional Results of Thumb Reconstruction
Authors: Dijkstra R. , Bos K. E.
Published: March 2006

Twenty three cases of thumb reconstruction were analysed. Functional results of different methods of reconstruction are compared and discussed. Different injuries and different patients call for different types of reconstruction.
The Mirror Hand Abnormality
Authors: King Richard J. , Hoyes Anthony D.
Published: March 2006

A case of mirror hand in which there were four supernumerary fingers but in which the lateral forearm bone exhibited many of the features of a radius is described. Observation showed that, in this case, the supernumary index finger was the most suitable for thumb construction. Rotation osteotomy of the metacarpal of this finger combined with opposition tendon transfer resulted in the creation of an efficient, opposable thumb, but transfer of a finger extensor tendon to the dorsum of the wrist did not produce lasting benefit.
A Troublesome Flexor Tendon Anomaly
Authors: Evans D. M.
Published: March 2006

An anatomical variation is described in which a connection between flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus of the ring finger led to difficulty in withdrawing the superficial tendon for transfer.
Apert's Syndrome—A Report of Five Cases
Authors: Yonenobu K. , Tada K. , Tsuyuguchi Y.
Published: March 2006

This report presents five cases of Apert's syndrome with features of acrocephaly, characteristic face and complete syndactyly of the hand and foot with bony fusion. Three cases out of five showed preaxial Polydactylies of the foot, considered to be one of the characteristic features of Carpenter's syndrome. In the remaining two cases, the first digital ray of the foot was broad and deformed. In addition one case had a postaxial Polydactyly of the hand. Three cases showed severe deformity of the shoulder; two had dysplasia and one had synchondrosis of the glenohumeral joint. On the basis of our findings in this, we feel that there is much phenotypic overlap between Apert's and Carpenter's syndrome. A polydactylous presentation of the hand and foot can be found in not a few cases of Apert's syndrome and it is not always an exclusive feature of Carpenter's syndrome.
Haemophiliac Hands—A Three Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Heim M. , Horoszowski H. , Martinowitz U. , Seligsohn U. , Engel J.
Published: March 2006

The total absence of literature regarding the affects of haemophilia on the hand prompted this three year study at the Israel National Haemophilia Centre. The hands of all haemophiliacs were examined and X-rayed at the time of their annual check-up. Apart from a number of established Volkmann's contractures in elderly patients and multiple bone cysts of the carpus, surprisingly little pathology was found. When considering the extensive damage done to the musculoskeletal system by this haemarthritic pathogenesis it is astounding how the hand, with its multiple small joints, constant movement and trauma, escapes significant damage.
The Healing of Freeze-Dried Rabbit Flexor Tendon in a Synovial Fluid Environment
Authors: Chow S. P. , Hooper G. , Chan C. W.
Published: March 2006

Deep flexor tendons from the forepaws of rabbits were removed and cut into two segments, sutured and freeze-dried. About one week later each tendon was placed in a knee joint of the same rabbit from which the tendon had been removed. At one, two, three and six weeks the tendons were retrieved and examined grossly, histologically and by electron microscopy. For comparison a control group using non freeze-dried tendons was also studied. Although there was evidence of central necrosis, superficial healing of the freeze-dried tendons occurred and was presumably due to cells from the synovial fluid.
The Role of Carbon Fibre as a Flexor Tendon Substitute
Authors: Rawlins Richard
Published: March 2006

Experiments have been carried out on Rhesus monkeys to determine the effectiveness of carbon fibre as a flexor tendon substitute. Though the strength, flexibility and capacity to induce a neotendon make carbon fibre an ideal flexor tendon substitute, induction of fibrosis and accompanying increase in bulk of the implant resulted in failure.
A Nail Island Flap for Treatment of Macrodactyly
Authors: Rosenberg Lior , Yanai Ali , Mahler Dan
Published: March 2006

A case of macrodactyly of the middle finger is presented. An easy and versatile one stage surgical method, using an Island axial nail flap is proposed. This method eliminated the need for secondary intervention.
Use of the Dorsalis Pedis Free Flap for Reconstruction of the Hand
Authors: Takami Hiroshi , Takahashi Sadao , Ando Masashi
Published: March 2006

Neurovascular free flaps from the dorsum of the foot provide not only full-thickness cover with innervation but also rich blood supply to the damaged part. This report describes our experience with seven instances of free dorsalis pedis flap transfers applied for restoring sensation to the mutilated hand. The dorsalis pedis free flaps have advantages in reconstruction of the mutilated hand, when no local island tissues are available for transfer.
The Trapezium-Thumb Metacarpal Joint: The Relationship of Joint Shape and Degenerative Joint Disease
Authors: North E. R. , Rutledge W. M.
Published: March 2006

An investigation of sixty-seven embalmed cadaver hands was performed to determine if the topography of articular surfaces was related to thumb basal joint arthritis. The trapezial articular surface tended to be flatter in women and joints with early degenerative changes. The trapezial surface was transformed from a saddle type to a semi-cylindrical type with advancing arthritis.
Congenital Fusion of the Little and Ring Finger Metacarpal Bones
Authors: Hooper G. , Lamb D. W.
Published: March 2006

A child with bilateral congenital synostoses of the little and ring finger metacarpal bones is described. The resulting abduction deformities of the little fingers were corrected by metacarpal osteotomies.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Produced by a Post Traumatic Calcific Mass
Authors: Ametewee K.
Published: March 2006

A report of a case in which a large calcific mass arising after a relatively minor trauma caused a reversible compression of the median nerve at the wrist; another point of interest in this case was that the mass was shortlived and resolved completely without any use of surgical measures.
Neurilemmoma of Deep Branch of Ulnar Nerve Presenting as Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Sarangapani K. , More A. R.
Published: March 2006

A rare case of neurilemmoma of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve presented as ulnar nerve compression syndrome. This tumour was arising from the deep branch at the wrist just distal to the ulnar tunnel. By its proximity to the sensory division, it led to sensory symptoms in the ulnar two digits. Certain features of this case, which are uncommon are discussed.
Bilateral Opponens Replacement in Post Polio Thenar Paralysis, Using Different Techniques. A Case Report.
Authors: Andersen J. G. , Brandsma J. W.
Published: March 2006

A patient is presented with bilateral thenar paralysis, due to poliomyelitis. On the right hand a successful abductor digiti minimi transfer was performed. On the left hand weakness of the hypothenar muscles prevented a good result. Subsequently an opponens replacement, using flexor digitorum superficialis from the ring finger, yielded a good result.
Recurrent Cavernous Haemangioma of the Extensor Tendons of the Hand.
Authors: Spinner Morton , Moon Sanggiu , Young Lancelot
Published: March 2006

Haemangiomas arising from tendons are very uncommon and are not usually considered in the differential diagnosis of lesions of tendons. The following report is of specific interest for it presents a case of recurrent haemangioma of the extensor tendons of the hand which could be excised and the hand reconstructed at the same operative procedure.
Epithelioid Sarcoma in the Hand
Authors: Rajan Sorna , Skau Tommy
Published: March 2006

An illustrative case of epithelioid sarcoma in the hand of a young man, causing considerable diagnostic problems, is presented.

Epithelioid sarcoma is a malignant lesion, first described by Enzinger in 1970. Although epithelioid sarcoma is the third commonest soft tissue sarcoma in the upper extremity (Bryan, 1974) it still causes confusion in differential diagnosis, both to the surgeon and to the pathologist. Because of its deceptively harmless appearance during the initial period and its clinical and microscopical similarity to an inflammatory process, it is often mistaken for a benign lesion.

The purpose of our paper is to draw attention to this rare malignant tumour.

This case illustrates a course similar to those described previously. (Enzinger, 1970: Santiago, 1972).
The Blood Supply of the Tendon with a Paratenon
Authors: Naito M. , Ogata K.
Published: March 2006

The blood supply to the central third of the Achilles tendon was studied in adult rabbits using the hydrogen washout technique before and after soft tissue dissection including paratenon. The soft tissue dissection caused a decrease of the blood flow rate in the Achilles tendon by approximately 35 per cent. These results may indicate that the central third of the tendon with a paratenon receives its blood supply from the extrinsic vascular system by approximately 35 per cent and from the intrinsic vascular system by approximately 65 per cent.
Pectus Excavatum and Polydactyly; An Innocent Syndrome
Authors: Kennedy J. H.
Published: March 2006

A number of potentially serious congenital cardiac defects are associated with polydactyly. Of these, the best-known is that of Holt-Oram (Sanz 1973; Poznanski et al 1971, 1973) because of its surgical implications, described by Rainer (1972). Familial association has been reported by Yujnovsky (1974) with Polydactyly in three generations. It is the purpose of this report to record a case of accessory thumb and pectus excavatum in an otherwise healthy young woman of normal karyotype who asked that the extra thumb be removed for cosmetic reasons.
Stabilisation of Distal Ulna after Excessive Darrach's Procedure
Authors: Noble J. , Arafa M.
Published: March 2006

A patient is presented in whom painful instability persisted more than a year after the resection of 1 1/2 inches of the distal ulna, for a painfully subluxed distal radio-ulnar joint. The plamaris longus tendon was detached distally, passed through a drill hole in the distal radius and then wrapped and stitched, as a sling, around the distal ulna stump. Two years later the patient's symptoms were relieved.
Trigger Wrist Phenomenon in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Carvell J. E. , Mowat A. G. , Fuller D. J.
Published: March 2006

Flexor tendon synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis commonly presents with a carpal tunnel syndrome and a concomitant trigger finger. Triggering at the wrist joint is in this disease an uncommon additional feature. In the two cases reported, histological examination of the tissue has indicated that, as well as chronic synovitis, there was a true rheumatoid nodule present at the wrist joint, either pedunculated or fusiform. The passage of the nodule, with a ‘Click’ from the proximal side of the transverse carpal ligament to the distal aspect, when the fingers are flexed, creates the sensation, signs and symptoms of a trigger wrist.
Ulnar Artery Aneurysm in Ostegenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Moore J. B. , Zook E. G. , Kinkead L. R.
Published: March 2006

A case of acute thrombosis of an ulnar artery aneurysm in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta tarda is described. The pathophysiology of osteogenesis imperfecta is reviewed and the possible association of defective collagen maturation and aneurysm formation is postulated. Most ulnar artery aneurysms or thromboses should be surgically resected and the artery repaired by microsurgical technique with primary anastomosis if possible or a venous interpositional graft if direct repair is not possible without tension.
The 0.125 degree finite‐volume general circulation model on the NASA Columbia supercomputer: Preliminary simulations of mesoscale vortices
Authors: Shen B.‐W. , Atlas R. , Chern J.‐D. , Reale O. , Lin S.‐J. , Lee T. , Chang J.
Published: March 2006

The NASA Columbia supercomputer was ranked second on the TOP500 List in November, 2004. Such a quantum jump in computing power provides unprecedented opportunities to conduct ultra‐high resolution simulations with the finite‐volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM). During 2004, the model was run in realtime experimentally at 0.25 degree resolution producing remarkable hurricane forecasts (Atlas et al., 2005). In 2005, the horizontal resolution was further doubled, which makes the fvGCM comparable to the first mesoscale resolving General Circulation Model at the Earth Simulator Center (Ohfuchi et al., 2004). Nine 5‐day 0.125 degree simulations of three hurricanes in 2004 are presented first for model validation. Then it is shown how the model can simulate the formation of the Catalina eddies and Hawaiian lee vortices, which are generated by the interaction of the synoptic‐scale flow with surface forcing, and have never been reproduced in a GCM before.
Orientation, location, and velocity of Saturn's bow shock: Initial results from the Cassini spacecraft
Authors: Achilleos N. , Bertucci C. , Russell C. T. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Rymer A. M. , Arridge C. S. , Burton M. E. , Dougherty M. K. , Hendricks S. , Smith E. J. , Tsurutani B. T.
Published: March 2006

The Cassini spacecraft commenced its tour of the planet Saturn on 1 July 2004 (GMT). During the insertion orbit, the Cassini magnetometer (MAG), radio/plasma wave experiment (RPWS), and plasma spectrometer (CAPS) obtained in situ measurements of the magnetic field and plasma conditions associated with Saturn's environment. Analysis of the magnetic field data indicate that Cassini repeatedly crossed a mainly quasi‐perpendicular bow shock boundary on both the inbound (post‐dawn) and outbound (predawn) legs. Modeling of the bow shock and magnetopause crossing positions shows evidence for a magnetospheric compression during Cassini's immersion in the magnetosphere. The magnetic signatures of the bow shock crossings show the clearly defined “overshoot” and “foot” regions associated with the quasi‐perpendicular geometry. The duration of the shock foot, considered in combination with the RPWS and CAPS solar wind electron parameters upstream of the bow shock crossings, indicates that the length scale for the bow shock ramp at Saturn is about an ion inertial length. This is consistent with multispacecraft observations of the spatial scale of the Earth's shock foot region. The data are generally consistent with Saturn bow shock velocities up to ∼400 km s−1and shock structures governed by ion dynamics.
Involvement of Akt in Preconditioning-Induced Tolerance to Ischemia in PC12 Cells
Authors: Hillion Joëlle A , Li YiXin , Marie Dragan , Takanohashi Asako , Klimanis Dace , Barker Jeffrey L , Hallenbeek John M
Published: March 2006

The serine-threonine protein kinase Akt has been identified as an important mediator of cell survival able to counteract apoptotic stimuli. However, hibernation, a model of natural tolerance to cerebral ischemia, is associated with downregulation of Akt. We previously established a model of ischemic tolerance in a PC12 cell line and using this model we now addressed the question whether ischemic tolerance also downregulates Akt in PC12 cells. Kinetic studies showed decreased Akt phosphorylation in tolerized cells. Similarly, phosphorylated levels of three major targets of Akt and well-known proapoptotic factors, the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), a Forkhead family member, FoxO4, and the protein murine double minute 2 (MDM2), all inactivated upon phosphorylation by Akt, were decreased in preconditioned cells. In addition, pharmacological blockade of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway reduced cell death induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and increased the protective effect of preconditioning (PC). Furthermore, decreasing availability of P-Akt by transfecting PC12 cells with constructs of inactive Akt also resulted in protection against OGD and potentiation of the protective effect of PC. Depending on the environment, GSK-3, FOXO-4, and MDM2 can trigger apoptotic responses or cell cycle arrest, and thus, in a situation of reduced energy, driving the cells into a state of quiescence might be neuroprotective. This work suggests that in the context of tolerance downregulation of Akt is beneficial.
Evaluation of Reference Tissue Models for the Analysis of [11C](R)-PK11195 Studies
Authors: Kropholler Marc A , Boellaard Ronald , Schuitemaker Alie , Folkersma Hedy , van Berckel Bart NM , Lammertsma Adriaan A
Published: March 2006

[11C]( R)-PK11195 is a marker of activated microglia, which can be used to measure inflammation in neurologic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to define the optimal reference tissue model based on a comparison with a validated plasma input model and using clinical studies and Monte Carlo simulations. Accuracy and reproducibility of reference tissue models were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. The effects of noise and variation in specific binding, nonspecific binding and blood volume were evaluated. Dynamic positron emission tomography scans were performed on 13 subjects, and radioactivity in arterial blood was monitored online. In addition, blood samples were taken to generate a metabolite corrected plasma input function. Both a (validated) two-tissue reversible compartment model with K1/k2 fixed to whole cortex and various reference tissue models were fitted to the data. Finally, a simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) corrected for nonspecific binding using plasma input data (SRTMpl_corr) was investigated. Correlations between reference tissue models (including SRTMpl_corr) and the plasma input model were calculated. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that low-specific binding results in decreased accuracy and reproducibility. In this respect, the SRTM and SRTMpl_corr performed relatively well. Varying blood volume had no effect on performance. In the clinical evaluation, SRTMpl_corr and SRTM had the highest correlations with the plasma input model ( R2 = 0.82 and 0.78, respectively). SRTMpl_corr is optimal when an arterial plasma input curve is available. Simplified reference tissue model is the best alternative when no plasma input is available.
A dispersed fluorescence and ab initio investigation of the X̃B12 and ÃA12 electronic states of the PH2 molecule
Authors: Jakubek Z. J. , Bunker P. R. , Zachwieja M. , Nakhate S. G. , Simard B. , Yurchenko S. N. , Thiel W. , Jensen Per
Published: March 2006

In this work, the X̃B12 and ÃA12 electronic states of the phosphino (PH2) free radical have been studied by dispersed fluorescence and ab initio methods. PH2 molecules were produced in a molecular free-jet apparatus by laser vaporizing a silicon rod in the presence of phosphine (PH3) gas diluted in helium. The laser-induced fluorescence, from the excited ÃA12 electronic state down to the ground electronic state, was dispersed and analyzed. Ten (υ1υ2υ3) vibrationally excited levels of the ground electronic state, with υ1⩽2, υ2⩽6, and υ3=0, have been observed. Ab initio potential-energy surfaces for the X̃B12 and ÃA12 electronic states have been calculated at 210 points. These two states correlate with a Πu2 state at linearity and they interact by the Renner-Teller coupling and spin-orbit coupling. Using the ab initio potential-energy surfaces with our RENNER computer program system, the vibronic structure and relative intensities of the ÃA12→X̃B12 emission band system have been calculated in order to corroborate the experimental assignments.
Palladium-based intermediate layers for CoCrPt–SiO2 perpendicular recording media
Authors: Piramanayagam S. N. , Zhao H. B. , Shi J. Z. , Mah C. S.
Published: March 2006

Co Cr Pt – Si O 2 perpendicular recording media containing Pd and Ru based intermediate layers have been studied. A Pd thin film with a face-centered-cubic (fcc)[111] orientation perpendicular to the film plane can induce a Ru hexagonal close packed (hcp) [0002] perpendicular orientation, which can subsequently induce a vertical Co hcp [0002] orientation for the perpendicular recording. It was observed that certain growth control layers (GCLs), such as Ta and CrTi, help in improving the growth of Pd significantly with a fcc[111] orientation perpendicular to the film plane. With the addition of such layers, the full width at half maximum (Δθ50) of the rocking curves was reduced from more than 11° to about 4°. Moreover, with a CrTi GCL, the intermediate layer could be as thin as 15nm. Recording performance of disks with CrTi GCL was better than that of disks with Ta GCL. The results indicate that the identification of a suitable GCL for Pd is a path to reduce the Δθ50 further.