bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), Model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes
Authors: Best M. J. , Pryor M. , Clark D. B. , Rooney G. G. , Essery R. L. H. , Ménard C. B. , Edwards J. M. , Hendry M. A. , Porson A. , Gedney N. , Mercado L. M. , Sitch S. , Blyth E. , Boucher O. , Cox P. M. , Grimmond C. S. B. , Harding R. J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. This manuscript describes the energy and water components of a new community land surface model called the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). This is developed from the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES). It can be used as a stand alone land surface model driven by observed forcing data, or coupled to an atmospheric global circulation model. The JULES model has been coupled to the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and as such provides an opportunity for the research community to contribute their research into world-leading operational weather forecasting and climate change prediction systems. JULES has a modular structure aligned to physical processes, providing the basis for a flexible modelling platform.
Ephemeral stream sensor design using state loggers
Authors: Bhamjee R. , Lindsay J. B.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Ephemeral streamflow events have the potential to transport sediment and pollutants downstream, which, in predominently agricultural basins, is especially problematic. Despite the importance of ephemeral streamflow, the duration and timing of the events are characteristics that are rarely measured. Ephemeral streamflow sensors have been created in the past with varying degrees of success and this paper presents a solution which minimizes previous shortcomings in other designs. The design and setup of the sensor network in two agricultural basins, as well as considerations for data processing are explored in this paper with regard to monitoring ephemeral streamflow at high spatial and temporal resolutions.
Rain event properties at the source of the Blue Nile River
Authors: Haile A. T. , Rientjes T. H. M. , Habib E. , Jetten V. , Gebremichael M.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. In the present study, spatial and temporal patterns of rain event properties are analysed. These event properties are rain event depth, event duration, mean event rain rate, peak rain rate and the time span between two consecutive rain events which is referred to as inter-event time (IET). In addition, we assessed how rain event properties change when the period over which rainfall data is aggregated changes from 1 to 6 min and when the minimum inter-event time (MIT) changes from 30 min to 8 h. Rainfall data is obtained from a field campaign in two wet seasons of June–August (JJA) of 2007 and 2008 in Gilgel Abbay watershed that is situated at the source basin of the Upper Blue Nile River in Ethiopia. The rainfall data was automatically recorded at eight stations. The results revealed that rain event depth is more related to peak rain rate than to event duration. At the start and towards the end of the wet season, the rain events have larger depth with longer duration and longer IET than those in mid-season. Event rain rate and IET are strongly related to terrain elevation. Sekela which is on a mountain area has the shortest IET while Bahir Dar which is at the south shore of Lake Tana has the longest IET. The period over which rainfall data is aggregated significantly affected the values of rain event properties that are estimated using relatively small value (30 min) of MIT but its effect diminished when the MIT is increased to 8 h. It is shown that increasing the value of MIT has the largest effect on rain event properties of mountain stations that are characterised by high rainfall intermittency.
The effect of tides on dense water formation in Arctic shelf seas
Authors: Postlethwaite C. F. , Morales Maqueda M. A. , le Fouest V. , Tattersall G. R. , Holt J. , Willmott A. J.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Ocean tides are not explicitly included in many ocean general circulation models, which will therefore omit any interactions between tides and the cryosphere. We present model simulations of the wind and buoyancy driven circulation and tides of the Barents and Kara Seas, using a 25 km × 25 km 3-D ocean circulation model coupled to a dynamic and thermodynamic sea ice model. The modeled tidal amplitudes are compared with tide gauge data and sea ice extent is compared with satellite data. Including tides in the model is found to have little impact on overall sea ice extent but is found to delay freeze up and hasten the onset of melting in tidally active coastal regions. The impact that including tides in the model has on the salt budget is investigated and found to be regionally dependent. The vertically integrated salt budget is dominated by lateral advection. This increases significantly when tides are included in the model in the Pechora Sea and around Svalbard where tides are strong. Tides increase the salt flux from sea ice by 50% in the Pechora and White Seas but have little impact elsewhere. This study suggests that the interaction between ocean tides and sea ice should not be neglected when modeling the Arctic.
Effect of Interval between Time of Injury and Timing of Intervention on Final Visual Outcome in Cases of Traumatic Cataract
Authors: Shah Mehul A. , Shah Shreya M. , Shah Shashank B. , Patel Utsav A.
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

There are no clear guidelines to treat traumatic cataract. This study was conducted to pro-vide evidence-based care to patients with traumatic cataracts and to examine the effect of the time interval between injury and the first intervention on the final visual outcome.

Methods.

In a prospective cohort study, all patients presenting to our hospital with traumatic cataracts between January 2003 and December 2009 were enrolled. Information regarding demographics and ocular trauma was collected on the pretested World Eye Trauma Registry form for both the first and follow-up visits. In particular, we collected specific information on the time interval between the injury and intervention. The relationship between this time interval and the final visual outcome was analyzed. The study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center, in Dahod, at the junction of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan states, in central western India.

Results.

The time interval between the injury and first intervention had a significant effect on the final visual outcome (p = 0.02, χ2 test).

Conclusions.

The morphology of traumatic cataracts plays an important role in determining the appropriate surgical technique and the final visual outcome.
Retained Lens Fragments: Nucleus Fragments are Associated with Worse Prognosis than Cortex or Epinucleus Fragments
Authors: Moisseiev Elad , Kinori Michael , Glovinsky Yoseph , Loewenstein Anat , Moisseiev Joseph , Barak Adiel
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

To identify factors that determined the outcome of eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification.

Methods.

A retrospective review of the records of 63 eyes that underwent vitrectomy for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Fragments were defined as nuclear if they contained any nucleus component or non-nuclear if they contained only cortex and epinucleus. Nuclear fragments were further divided into large (at least 1/3 the size of the nucleus) or small.

Results.

A total of 67% of eyes had retained nuclear fragments and 33% had non-nuclear fragments. Of the eyes with nuclear fragments, 64% had large fragments and 36% had small fragments. Statistical analysis revealed that the lens fragment type was the major determinant of the final visual acuity (VA). Only 38.8% (14/36) of the eyes with nuclear fragments achieved final VA of 20/40 or better, compared with 77.7% (14/18) of eyes with non-nuclear fragments (p=0.007). All other parameters, including size of the nuclear fragment, were not correlated with final VA. The major complications encountered in this series were retinal detachment (12.6%), Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (6.3%), cystoid macular edema (15.8%), and glaucoma (15.8%).

Conclusions.

The major finding of our study is that posterior dislocation of nuclear lens fragments is associated with worse visual outcome than that of non-nuclear fragments. This may be related to a more complicated course of the cataract surgery, direct mechanical damage to the retina, a stronger inflammatory response, or a more traumatic vitrectomy procedure.
Deep Sclerectomy with Mitomycin C for Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis
Authors: Anand Nitin
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

To report outcomes of deep sclerectomy augmented with mitomycin C (MMC) in eyes with raised intraocular pressure (IOP) secondary to uveitis.

Methods.

This was a retrospective case series of 26 eyes of 26 patients with uveitic glaucoma. Mitomycin C 0.2–0.4 mg/mL was applied subconjunctivally prior to scleral flap dissection for 2–3 minutes.

Results.

Mean follow-up was 46.5±22 months (range 12–83). Fifteen eyes (58%) had previous intraocular surgery. Preoperative IOP was 33±12 mmHg. Intraocular pressure at 1, 2, and 3 years after surgery was 13±4 mmHg, 13±4 mmHg, and 14±4 mmHg, respectively. The probability of IOP <21 and 18 mmHg with needle revision and laser goniopuncture but without medications or further glaucoma procedure was 89% and 84%, respectively, at 3 years. The cumulative probability for performing laser goniopuncture was 42% at 1 year, 50% at 2 years, and 64% at 3 years. Needle revision was performed in 6 eyes (23%). Three (12%) patients required further glaucoma surgery. The number of glaucoma medications decreased from 3.3±1.2 to 0.3±0.8 by last follow-up (p<0.001). Four eyes (15%) were on medications to control IOP Intraoperative perforation of trabeculo-Descemetic membrane occurred in 3 eyes (12%) and late iris entrapment in perforation or goniopuncture in 4 eyes (15%). Recurrence of uveitis was seen in 11 eyes (42%) with no loss in IOP control.

Conclusions.

Deep sclerectomy with MMC appears to be a safe and effective procedure to lower IOP in uveitic glaucoma with a low rate of complications.
Phase Composition of Mg‐PSZ in Manganese Alloyed TRIP‐Steel MMC Processed via Steel Casting and Conductive Sintering
Authors: Schärfl Wolfgang , Berek Harry , Aneziris Christos G. , Weider Marco , Yanina Anna
Published: March 2011

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) containing TRIP‐steel/Mg‐PSZ were processed by steel casting and conductive sintering. The MMC was based on austenitic steel in the system Fe–CrMnNi showing transformation induced plasticity (TRIP). Depending on the processing route the different phase composition of MgO partially stabilized zirconia (Mg‐PSZ) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) as well as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The interactions between the alloying metals of austenitic stainless steel and the ceramic stabilizer (MgO) during processing lead to a significant change in the phase composition of the Mg‐PSZ.
Pressure variation due to heat shock of CO2hydrate desserts
Authors: Peters T. B. , Smith J. L. , Brisson J. G.
Published: March 2011

CO2 hydrate desserts are carbonated frozen desserts in which the CO2 is trapped in a crystalline water‐carbon dioxide structure called a CO2 clathrate hydrate. The CO2 concentration of the dessert enables strong perception of carbonation, but CO2 hydrate dissociation during heat shock can cause high package pressures during storage and distribution. In this work, a model is developed for package pressure as a function of temperature, CO2 content, package volume, dessert mass, and recipe. The model is validated by comparison with an experimental measurement of the pressure and mass of a CO2 hydrate dessert subjected to heat shock. It is shown that during heat shock a sealed package can reach pressures greater than the ice‐CO2 hydrate equilibrium pressure. At pressures above the ice‐CO2 hydrate equilibrium pressure, the fraction of water crystallized in the dessert can be increased, potentially mitigating heat shock damage. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Developing thin‐film‐composite forward osmosis membranes on the PES/SPSf substrate through interfacial polymerization
Authors: Wang Kai Yu , Chung Tai‐Shung , Amy Gary
Published: March 2011

A new scheme has been developed to fabricate high‐performance forward osmosis (FO) membranes through the interfacial polymerization reaction on porous polymeric supports. p‐Phenylenediamine and 1,3,5‐trimesoylchloride were adopted as the monomers for the in‐situ polycondensation reaction to form a thin aromatic polyamide selective layer of 150 nm in thickness on the substrate surface, a lab‐made polyethersulfone (PES)/sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf)‐alloyed porous membrane with enhanced hydrophilicity. Under FO tests, the FO membrane achieved a higher water flux of 69.8 LMH when against deionized water and 25.2 LMH when against a model 3.5 wt % NaCl solution under 5.0 M NaCl as the draw solution in the pressure‐retarded osmosis mode. The PES/SPSf thin‐film‐composite (TFC)‐FO membrane has a smaller structural parameter S of 238 μm than those reported data. The morphology and topology of substrates and TFC‐FO membranes have been studied by means of atomic force microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Polyethylene‐supported N‐bromosuccinimide polymeric reagent for use in some oxidation reactions
Authors: Dhiman Poonam K. , Mahajan R. K. , Kaur Inderjeet
Published: March 2011

We report a three‐step preparation of a polymer‐supported oxidizing reagent, polyethylene‐g‐N‐bromosuccinimide (PE‐g‐NBS), through the graft copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MAn) onto polyethylene (PE) by a photochemical method with 1% benzophenone as a photosensitizer. The postgrafting treatment of polyethylene‐g‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAn) with urea on fusion gives polyethylene‐g‐succinimide (PE‐g‐succinimide), which, on further treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and bromine, gives the required reagent, PE‐g‐NBS. The maximum percentage grafting (25%) was obtained with 3.57 mol of MAn and 0.5 mL of 1% benzophenone in 120 min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis methods were used to characterize the graft copolymer PE‐g‐MAn, PE‐g‐succinimide, and the polymeric support, that is, PE‐g‐NBS. The grafted PE and the polymeric support were found to be thermally stable. The polymer‐supported N‐bromosuccinimide was used successfully for the efficient oxidation of a series of alcohols, including 2‐propanol, n‐butanol, ethylene glycol, cyclohexanol, poly(vinyl alcohol), benzoin, benzyl alcohol, and chloromycetin, to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones. The selectivity of PE‐g‐NBS toward the oxidation of secondary alcoholic groups without the disturbance of the primary alcoholic groups was reflected during the oxidation of chloromycetin. The oxidized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H‐NMR spectral methods. The reagent was reused for the oxidation of fresh alcohols, and it was found to oxidize them successfully, although with a little lower product yield. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of cross‐linked LLDPE/PP blend (LLDPE‐PP) as compatibilizer on morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical property of LLDPE/PP blends
Authors: Li Shu‐Cai , Liu Hong , Zeng Wei
Published: March 2011

Moderate cross‐linked blend (LLDPE‐PP) of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and polypropylene (PP) with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were prepared by the reactive melt mixing in HAAKE mixer. Effect of LLDPE‐PP as compatibilizer on the morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of LLDPE/PP (87/13) blends were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized optical microscopy (POM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical testing machines. The results showed that LLDPE‐PP not only improved the interfacial adhesion between the LLDPE and PP but also acted as selective nucleating agent for crystal modification of PP. In the blends, the sizes of LLDPE and PP spherulites became smaller, and their melting enthalpies reduced in the presence of LLDPE‐PP. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of LLDPE/PP blends were improved with the addition of LLDPE‐PP, and when the concentration of LLDPE‐PP was 2 phr, the ternary blend had the best mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characterization of polymer morphology in polyurethane foams using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lan Qiang , Haugstad Greg
Published: March 2011

One of the most important challenges in polyurethane (PU) science is characterization of foam morphologies, which provides information to help understand material properties and improve synthesis conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a very useful technique to obtain such information. A key challenge is to apply this technique to PU foams without destroying their cell structure. In this article, we describe the development of a methodology to characterize different types of PU foams using AFM while keeping the foam cells intact. Epoxy resin was used to impregnate the foams and was cured afterwards. Smooth surfaces were created using a microtome to minimize topographic effects during AFM examination. Phase information was obtained on the PU matrix and differentiated from the epoxy in AFM. This technique is demonstrated using several different foams including a flexible foam, two different elastomeric foams, and a rigid foam nanocomposite. Comparison with compression techniques reveals that the proposed method does not modify foam morphology. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin Heteroarylhybrids as Potential Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Siddiqui Zeba N. , T. N. Mohammed Musthafa , Ahmad Anis , Khan Asad U.
Published: March 2011

A new series of 4‐hydroxycoumarin derivatives 3a–d was synthesized by the reaction of 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxy coumarin 1 with various heteroaldehydes 2a–d in good yields. The synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of their elemental and spectral (IR, 1H‐NMR and mass spectrometry) analysis. All target compounds were evaluated for their in‐vitro antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli bacterial strains and fungal cultures of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Penicillium marneffei by disk diffusion assay with slight modifications. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for the test compounds as well as for reference standards. Among the tested compounds, 3a has shown the most potent antibacterial as well as antifungal activities.
Synthesis, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Bifonazole Derivatives
Authors: El Hage Salomé , Lajoie Barbora , Feuillolay Catherine , Roques Christine , Baziard Geneviève
Published: March 2011

Two series of chlorinated benzhydryl imidazole and triazole derivatives were synthesized and tested in vitro against representative strains of potent pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus CIP 4.83, Escherichia hirae CIP 5855, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIP 82118, Escherichia coli CIP 53126) and fungi (Aspergillus niger IP 1431.83, Candida albicans IP 48.72, Candida krusei IP 208.52, Trichophython rubrum IP 1657.86). Most of these compounds were devoid of any antimicrobial activity, but several of them inhibited T. rubrum with MIC values in the range of 0.125 to 32 µg/mL, similar or superior to those of bifonazole and clotrimazole, used as standard controls. The replacement of the imidazole ring with a triazole moiety in these compounds led to derivatives with less antifungal activity. A preliminary SAR was undertaken on the effect of the number and the position of chlorine atoms on the distribution of negative charge on the surface of some compounds on antifungal activity.
Discrete‐time adaptive control for nonlinear systems with periodic parameters: A lifting approach
Authors: Huang Deqing , Xu Jian‐Xin
Published: March 2011

In this paper we develop a general discrete‐time adaptive control approach suitable for nonlinear systems with periodic parametric uncertainties. The underlying idea of the new approach is to convert the periodic parameters into an augmented constant parametric vector by a lifting technique. The novelty of this approach is the establishment of a bridge between classical adaptive control problems and periodic adaptive control problems. As such, the well‐established discrete‐time adaptive control schemes can be easily applied to various control problems with periodic parameters, such as plants that do not meet the linear growth condition, plants that are nonlinear in parameters, plants with unknown control directions, plants in parametric‐strict‐feedback form, etc. Another major advantage of the new adaptive control is the ability to adaptively update all parameters in parallel, hence expedite the adaption speed. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by simulation.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Synchronizing chaotic systems with parametric uncertainty via a novel adaptive impulsive observer
Authors: Ayati Moosa , Khaloozadeh Hamid , Liu Xinzhi
Published: March 2011

This paper proposes a new class of observers, called adaptive impulsive observers. These observers are capable of estimating the states and unknown parameters of an uncertain system using the output of the system at discrete jump times only. Through a proposed theorem, the stability of the states estimation error system is proved and an upper bound on the maximum possible impulses (jumps) interval is given. Due to these advantages, the proposed adaptive impulsive observer is used in a chaotic systems synchronization scheme. The presented simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed observer even when the coupling signal is scalar.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Metabolic regulation in Escherichia coli in response to culture environments via global regulators
Authors: Matsuoka Yu , Shimizu Kazuyuki
Published: March 2011

One of the ultimate goal of systems biology is to realize a virtual cell system in the computer. If this could be attained, it might be possible, for example, to quantitatively predict the effects of a culture environment and/or the removal/inactivation of specific genes on the metabolism without conducting many experiments. Thus, it may be possible to design cells, e.g., for more efficient production of a specific metabolite. To achieve this, it is important to properly understand the metabolic regulation mechanism and to develop a robust model by incorporating gene‐level regulation into the enzymatic reaction model with the integration of different levels of information. However, the metabolic regulation in response to the change in culture environment is itself not well understood. Here, we overview how the culture environment affects cell metabolism via global regulators with sigma factors, considering the effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources as well as oxygen, temperature, pH, and nutrient stress, etc., on transcriptional regulation. A variety of controlled strategies for the specific stimuli imposed on the cell appear to exist, and some of the regulations are interconnected by gene level regulation. Quantitative modeling for these regulation mechanisms is critical for efficient metabolic engineering of a cell.
Life without the vein of Galen: Clinical and radiographic sequelae
Authors: Youssef A. Samy , Downes Angela E. , Agazzi Siviero , Van Loveren Harry R.
Published: March 2011

A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the pineal region, particularly venous drainage, is critical for gaining open surgical access to the pineal gland. The adverse sequelae after intraoperative venous occlusion are assumed to be catastrophic but have been scarcely reported. We report a case of pineocytoma in which the vein of Galen was ligated without postoperative adverse sequelae. Pineal region anatomy with emphasis on deep veins was reviewed in large anatomical studies. There are tremendous anatomical variations in the vein of Galen and its tributaries. Several confounding factors can be encountered during surgery and may lead to accidental sacrifice of the vein of Galen. Survival after focal occlusion of a major deep vein depends on the development of collateral circulation as shown in our case report. Venous drainage remains the cornerstone in the surgical planning of the pineal region. Anatomical variations and venous collaterals undoubtedly contributed to the mixed reports of adverse sequelae after venous sacrifice. Vein of Galen ligation may be survivable but consequences cannot be predicted without a thorough pre‐ligationassessment of regional venous collateral drainage. Thorough understanding of the venous anatomy, meticulous planning of the surgical approach and avoidance of the occlusion of the vein of Galen and its major tributaries are key factors to successful pineal region surgery. Clin. Anat. 24:776–785, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The femoral calcar: A computed tomography anatomical study
Authors: Le Corroller Thomas , Dediu Melania , Pauly Vanessa , Pirro Nicolas , Chabrand Patrick , Champsaur Pierre
Published: March 2011

The femoral calcar is a dense internal septum reaching from the femoral neck to the distal part of the lesser trochanter. Our study aimed at providing an exhaustive radio‐anatomical description of this structure. One hundred pelvic computed tomography examinations were retrospectively selected to bilaterally evaluate the shape, dimensions, and density of the femoral calcar. Then, its relation to the femoral cavity was assessed by recording the dimensions of the medullary canal at the level of the greatest length of the spur. The femoral calcar exhibited a variable shape classified as ridge‐type 17% (34/200), spur‐type 66.5% (133/200), and septum‐type 16.5% (33/200). Its mean dimensions were: height = 33.03 mm (20–46), length = 9.94 mm (5–16), and thickness = 2.71 mm (1–4). These dimensions were positively correlated to the height and weight of the individuals (P < 0.001) and were higher in males (P < 0.001). Its mean density was 788.5 Hounsfield units (530–1,200). The longest oblique and anteroposterior diameters of the femoral cavity were respectively 38.74 mm (28–51) and 22.04 mm (17–27). The femoral cavity dimensions were positively correlated to the height and weight of the individuals (P < 0.001), to the femoral calcar dimensions (P < 0.001) and were higher in males (P < 0.001). The femoral calcar was constantly identified as a vertical plate of compact bone exhibiting a consistent anatomical pattern, which suggests a significant mechanical function within the upper femur. Our results may lead to a greater understanding of the hip fracture patterns and to alternative designs for hip arthroplasties. Clin. Anat. 24:886–892, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Student perception of a new integrated anatomy practical program: Does students' prior learning make a difference?
Authors: Tedman R.A. , Alexander H. , Massa H. , Moses D.
Published: March 2011

While there is evidence that science and non‐science background students display small differences in performance in basic and clinical sciences, early in a 4‐year, graduate entry medical program, this lessens with time. With respect to anatomy knowledge, there are no comparable data as to the impact previous anatomy experience has on the student perception of the anatomy practical learning environment. A study survey was designed to evaluate student perception of the anatomy practical program and its impact on student learning, for the initial cohort of a new medical school. The survey comprised 19 statements requiring a response using a 5‐point Likert scale, in addition to a free text opportunity to provide opinion of the perceived educational value of the anatomy practical program. The response rate for a total cohort of 82 students was 89%. The anatomy practical program was highly valued by the students in aiding their learning of anatomy, as indicated by the high mean scores for all statements (range: 4.04–4.7). There was a significant difference between the students who had and had not studied a science course prior to entering medicine, with respect to statements that addressed aspects of the course related to its structure, organization, variety of resources, linkage to problem‐based learning cases, and fairness of assessment. Nonscience students were more positive compared to those who had studied science before (P levels ranging from 0.004 to 0.035). Students less experienced in anatomy were more challenged in prioritizing core curricular knowledge. Clin. Anat. 24:664–670, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and implementation of intelligent systems with LEGO Mindstorms for undergraduate computer engineers
Authors: Cuéllar M. P. , Pegalajar M. C.
Published: March 2011

We provide a set of projects to put in practice artificial intelligence techniques using LEGO Mindstorms in an undergraduate computer degree, covering reactive and deliberative agents, rule‐based systems, graph search algorithms, and planning methods. The projects have been applied for teaching in a third‐year undergraduate subject of a computer engineering degree at the University of Granada (Spain). After the contextualization and development of the projects, we discuss the results, advantages, and drawbacks of our experience. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22: 153–166, 2014
Reactive Crystallization of Copper Selenide at Very High Supersaturation: A Challenge to Classical Crystallization Theory for Sparingly Soluble Salts
Authors: Lewis A. , Mangere M.
Published: March 2011

The nucleation rate for the precipitation of copper selenide, which has an extremely low solubility, was measured. The measured values of the kinetic parameter A and the thermodynamic constant B were compared with those calculated from theoretical considerations based on the classical nucleation theory. These calculated values were found to be physically meaningless. The nucleation work and the critical nucleus size were also found to be extremely small. It is proposed that a new conceptual model of nucleation in highly supersaturated solutions needs to be considered. A new model from literature, that proposes stable pre‐nucleation clusters at high supersaturations, is presented and found to be promising. This new model would mean that the classical nucleation theory of stochastic attachment and detachment of monomers would no longer apply. The new model would also account for the very small nucleation work and the small critical nucleus sizes found in this study.
Crystal Aggregation in a Flow Tube: Image‐Based Observation
Authors: Borchert C. , Sundmacher K.
Published: March 2011

The aggregation of crystals within a flow tube was observed based on data extracted from images of the bypassing population. The experiments were conducted under different conditions, namely the flow rate and the particle concentration have been varied simultaneously and two different solvents were used in which the aggregation extent was found to be different under otherwise constant conditions. The analysis of images of bypassing crystals allows for the acquisition of rich datasets both in terms of the variety of shape descriptors and number of particles. This amount of data enables the determination of at least bivariate number distributions of high accuracy with simple histograms. The interpretation of the data is further improved with kernel histograms with which also higher‐dimensional volume distributions can be obtained in good quality based on relatively few data points. Indeed, the isosurfaces of 3D distributions turned out to be helpful for inspection of the acquired data.
Phase Relations of Mixed Crystals with Solutions: Characterization and Influence on Crystal Formation
Authors: Glikin A. E. , Kryuchkova L. Y. , Franke V. D.
Published: March 2011

The continuous isomorphic exchange between different parts of a crystal surface, which involves alternating spots of simultaneous dissolution and growth, is mediated by a solution and determines formation of such crystals, being a cause of unordinary phenomena. Modified concentration diagrams allow determination of the pathways and volume effects of exchange reactions as well as interpretation of growth kinetics and morphology of crystals. Data obtained by in situ observing and measuring crystallization effects of soluble salts comprising a wide spectrum of isomorphic compounds provide the basis for the development of an experimental‐theoretical methodology.
Hydrogenated and Fluorinated Host–Guest Surfactants: Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Alkanes and Fluoroalkyl‐Grafted Alkanes
Authors: Dou Zeng‐Pei , Xing Hang , Xiao Jin‐Xin
Published: March 2011

A novel type of surfactants named “host–guest surfactants” were designed and synthesized. The headgroup and hydrophobic tail of the new surfactants are connected by supramolecular interactions rather than covalent bonds. The inclusion complexes of a series of cyclodextrins (CDs) and alkanes/fluoroalkyl‐grafted alkanes were synthesized and measured by surface tension, XRD, XPS, TGA, and NMR spectroscopy. The methyl‐β‐CD/hexadecane complex showed surface activity relative to those conventional hydrogenated surfactants. For the inclusion complex of hydroxypropyl‐α‐CD/C8F17SO2NHC8H17, the structure was locked by subtle intermolecular recognition, which ensured the surprising surface activity similar to common excellent fluorinated surfactants. This surfactant, which was fabricated from nonsurface‐active even insoluble components, showed the prospect that its surface activity might also be destroyed by introducing appropriate small species to extrude the guest from the cavity.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Magnetism, and Superconductivity of the Layered Iron Arsenides Sr1‐xNaxFe2As2.
Authors: Cortes‐Gil Raquel , Clarke Simon J.
Published: March 2011

Title compounds with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4 are prepared by heating stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (Nb tubes, 800 °C, 3 d followed by annealing twice at 900 °C for 30 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Property Characterization of New Y2FeSbO7 and In2FeSbO7 Photocatalysts.
Authors: Luan Jingfei , Zhang Lingyan , Ma Kun , Li Yongmei , Zou Zhigang
Published: March 2011

The new title compounds are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Sb2O5, Fe2O3, Y2O3, and In2O3 (alumina crucible, 1250 °C, 46 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Novel Hydrated Borate Rb4 [B4O5(OH)4] 2·3H2O.
Authors: Zhao Yi , Pan Shilie , Li Feng , Wang Yongjiang , Fan Xiaoyun , Dong Xiaoyu , Jia Dianzeng , Guo Jixi , Zhou Zhongxiang
Published: March 2011

Single crystals of the new title compound are prepared by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution of Rb2CO3 and H3BO3 at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: A Buetschliite‐Type Rare‐Earth Borate, KBaY(BO3)2.
Authors: Gao Jianhua , Song Limei , Hu Xiaoyun , Zhang Dekai
Published: March 2011

The new title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of K2CO3, BaCO3, Y2O3, and H3BO3 (Pt crucible, 920 °C, 1 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Structure, and Luminescent Properties of Novel Hydrated Rare Earth Borates Ln2B6O10 (OH)4·H2O (Ln: Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, and Y).
Authors: Cong Rihong , Yang Tao , Wang Zheming , Sun Junliang , Liao Fuhui , Wang Yingxia , Lin Jianhua
Published: March 2011

The novel title compounds are prepared in about 90% yield by hydrothermal reaction of Ln2O3 with stoichiometric amounts of H3BO3 (H2O, 220 °C, autoclave, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Pressure Stabilized Se—Se Dimer Formation in PbSe2.
Authors: Bremholm M. , Hor Y. S. , Cava R. J.
Published: March 2011

PbSe2 is synthesized by reaction of PbSe with excess Se at 4.5 GPa and 650 °C (BN crucible, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Heterometallic β‐Diketonates as Volatile Single‐Source Precursors for the Synthesis of Low‐Valent Mixed‐Metal Fluorides.
Authors: Navulla Anantharamulu , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Abakumov Artem M. , Shpanchenko Roman V. , Zhang Haitao , Dikarev Evgeny V.
Published: March 2011

The hexafluoroacetylacetonates shown in the scheme (single crystal XRD data are given) are highly volatile and decompose below 350 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Step Relaxation in the 3D Spin‐Canted Manganese Phosphate with High P—O—Mn Connectivity.
Authors: Li Bo , Zhang Xiaoying , Tian Jumei , Zhang Jingping
Published: March 2011

The new compound [Mn7II(HPO4)4 (PO4)2]n is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of MnSO4, H3PO4, and morpholine in the molar ratio 5:2:3 (H2O, pH 4.75, 433 K, autoclave, 72 h, 60% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Synthesis and Characterization of Binary Co0.5Fe0.5 (H2PO4)2·2H2O and Its Final Decomposition Product CoFeP4O12.
Authors: Boonchom Banjong , Danvirutai Chanaiporn , Vittayakorn Naratip
Published: March 2011

Co0.5Fe0.5 (H2PO4)2·2H2O is synthesized by simply stirring a suspension of H3PO4, CoCO3, and Fe in acetone/water for 10 min at ambient temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Simultaneous Self‐Assembly of a Cage‐Like Silver(I) Complex Encapsulating an Ag6 Neutral Cluster Core and Carbon Dioxide Fixation.
Authors: Sun Di , Luo Geng‐Geng , Zhang Na , Huang Rong‐Bin , Zheng Lan‐Sun
Published: March 2011

The structure of the novel Ag0/AgI mixed‐valent compound (II) is determined by single crystal XRD (cubic, space group Fd$\bar 3$, Z = 8).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I) “Click” 1,2,3‐Triazolylidenes: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly and Catalysis.
Authors: Kilpin Kelly J. , Paul Ursula S. D. , Lee Ai‐Lan , Crowley James D.
Published: March 2011

A novel gold complex is prepared and successfully applied as catalyst for carbene‐transfer reactions from diazoacetates (I) to alcohols (II) and aniline (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Reactions of Bis‐π‐allylpalladium Generated from Allyltrifluoroborate.
Authors: Nakamura Hiroyuki , Shimizu Kazuki
Published: March 2011

Allyltrifluoroborate can replace toxic allylstannane in the bis‐π‐allylpalladium catalyzed nucleophilic allylation of aldehydes and amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 Coupling Reactions of Phenylazoles with Internal Alkynes Through the Regioselective Cleavages of Multiple C—H Bonds.
Authors: Umeda Nobuyoshi , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Shibata Naoto , Sato Hirofumi , Miura Masahiro
Published: March 2011

An efficient reaction of phenylazoles with internal alkynes is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Catalyzed Carbocyclization of Dienyl Acetates to Construct Multifunctionalized 3‐Vinyl Cyclohexanol Derivatives.
Authors: Zhu Li‐Li , Wang Ya‐Hui , Zhang Yu‐Xin , Li Xiao‐Xiao , Liu Heng , Chen Zili
Published: March 2011

A simple, new, and highly stereoselective method to prepare multifunctionalized 3‐vinylcyclohexanols and oxabicyclooctanones like (III) is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Base‐Catalyzed Tandem Isomerization—Michael Reactions of Alkynes: Synthesis of Oxacycles and Azacycles.
Authors: Liu Hongjun , Feng Wei , Kee Choon Wee , Leow Dasheng , Loh Wei‐Tian , Tan Choon‐Hong
Published: March 2011

Alkylidenetetrahydrofurans (II), ‐piperidines, ‐lactams, and an oxazinone derivative are prepared from the appropriate hydroxy‐ or amino‐substituted alkynes by use of the strong bicyclic guanidine base TBD as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Expansions and Ring Cleavages of Alkylnylcyclopropanes by Intermolecular Reactions Oxidized by Diphenylsulfoxide.
Authors: Li Chia‐Wen , Pati Kamalkishore , Lin Guan‐You , Abu Sohel Shariar Md. , Hung Hsiao‐Hua , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: March 2011

The oxidative gold‐catalyzed ring‐expansion of unactivated cyclopropylalkynes enables the regioselective generation of a ketone group accompanied by expansion of the cyclopropyl ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of γ‐Hydroxyketones from 5‐Allyloxy‐1‐ynes.
Authors: Cheong Jae Youp , Im Donghong , Lee Miryeong , Lim Wontaeck , Rhee Young Ho
Published: March 2011

It is found that treatment of 5‐allyloxy‐1‐ynes with catalytic amounts of Au(I) complex in aqueous solution results in unexpected formation of γ‐hydroxyketones like (II), (IV), and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: K‐Birnessite MnO2: A New Selective Oxidant for Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Nozaki Yuichiro , Ishikawa Shingo , Inoue Ryota , Nakayama Masaharu
Published: March 2011

K‐birnessite (also called as δ‐type MnO2), prepared by thermal decomposition of KMnO4, is developed as a novel oxidizing reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd Nanoparticles Dispersed on Solid Supports: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity on Selective Hydrogenation of Olefins in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Lim Minkyung , De Castro Kathlia A. , Oh Seungchan , Lee Kangsuk , Chang Young‐Wook , Kim Hokun , Rhee Hakjune
Published: March 2011

Pd nanoparticles are dispersed on 3‐aminopropyl‐silica gel and poly(styrene‐4‐vinylpyridine).
ChemInform Abstract: A convenient, One‐Pot Procedure for the Preparation of Acyl and Sulfonyl Fluorides Using Cl3CCN, Ph3P, and TBAF(t‐BuOH)4.
Authors: Kim Joong‐Gon , Jang Doo Ok
Published: March 2011

A variety of carboxylic acids is converted into the corresponding acyl fluoride using an optimized one‐pot two‐step sequence which involves the in situ formation of carboxylic acid chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Alkylamides with Arenes Through Oxidation of Alkylamides Followed by Friedel—Crafts Alkylation.
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Uchiyama Nanase , Hayshi Tamio
Published: March 2011

Under these conditions a wide variety of α‐arylalkylamides are available.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Chemoselective Direct Crossed Aliphatic—Aromatic Acyloin Condensations with Triazolium‐Derived Carbene Catalysts.
Authors: O'Toole Sarah E. , Rose Christopher A. , Gundala Sivaji , Zeitler Kirsten , Connon Stephen J.
Published: March 2011

In the presence of Rb2CO3 and the triazole TAC ortho‐substituted aromatic aldehydes undergo efficient and highly chemoselective acyloin condensation with branched and unbranched aliphatic aldehydes to afford α‐hydroxy ketones like (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Tertiary Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Antczak Monika I. , Cai Feng , Ready Joseph M.
Published: March 2011

Vinyl, aryl, and alkynyl organometallics add to ketones containing a stereogenic sulfoxide to give tertiary alcohols in diastereo‐ and enantiomerically pure form such as (III) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Continuous Flow Coupling and Decarboxylation Reactions Promoted by Copper Tubing.
Authors: Zhang Yun , Jamison Timothy F. , Patel Sejal , Mainolfi Nello
Published: March 2011

A commercially available copper tube flow reactor (CTFR) effects Ullmann condensations, Sonogashira couplings, and decarboxylation reactions without added metals, ligands, or reagents in greater than 90% yield in most cases examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanocene(III)‐Promoted Barbier‐Type Crotylation of Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Sancho‐Sanz Iris , Miguel Delia , Millan Alba , Estevez Rosa E. , Oller‐Lopez Juan L. , Alvarez‐Manzaneda Enrique , Robles Rafael , Cuerva Juan M. , Justicia Jose
Published: March 2011

It allows a simple, mild, regio‐ and stereoselective method to prepare a number of γ‐adducts of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Olefination of α,α′‐Divinyl Ketones Through Catalytic Meyer—Schuster Rearrangement.
Authors: Rieder Curtis J. , Winberg Karl J. , West F. G.
Published: March 2011

Addition of acetylenes to divinyl ketones followed by treatment with VO(acac)2 allows an efficient formation of cross‐conjugated trienes like (IV), (VII), (X), and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Approach to the Conversion of Alcohols into α‐Iodo‐α,β‐Unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Karama Usama
Published: March 2011

A stereoselective tandem synthesis of the compounds (III) via iodination‐oxidation‐Wittig reaction is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual (E)‐Selective Ring‐Closing Metathesis to Form Eight‐Membered Rings.
Authors: Matsui Ryosuke , Seto Kentaro , Fujita Kazuhiro , Suzuki Takahiro , Nakazaki Atsuo , Kobayashi Susumu
Published: March 2011

The reaction affords siladioxocine derivatives with (Z)‐ or (E)‐geometry at the endocyclic double bond, strongly depending on the sterical and configurational vicinity.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylative C—C Bond Cleavage Reactions via Oxapalladacycles.
Authors: Kimura Masanari , Kohno Tomohiko , Toyoda Kei , Mori Takamichi
Published: March 2011

3‐Hydroxy‐4‐pentenoic acids suffer a decarboxylative C—C bond cleavage in the presence of Et3B and Pd(0)‐catalyst furnishing conjugated dienes in good to quantitative yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanum(III) Isopropoxide Catalyzed Chemoselective Transesterification of Dimethyl Carbonate and Methyl Carbamates.
Authors: Hatano Manabu , Kamiya Sho , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: March 2011

Transesterification is useful for the protection of less reactive tertiary alcohols by taking advantage of the compact structure of (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of 3‐Acyl‐2(3H)‐benzoxazolone and 3‐Acyl‐2(3H)‐benzothiazolone Derivatives.
Authors: Guenadil Faouzi , Aichaoui Hocine , Kapanda Coco N. , Lambert Didier M. , McCurdy Christopher R. , Poupaert Jacques H.
Published: March 2011

The known literature methods to provide access to the title derivatives make use of a base‐catalyzed acyl transfer process utilizing either acid halides or anhydrides as acylating agents allowing the synthesis of acylated species in fair to good yields, but none of them is judged satisfactorily to elaborate a library of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of α‐(Acyloxy)‐tri‐n‐butylstannanes with Alkenyl, Aryl, and Heteroaryl Electrophiles.
Authors: Goli Mohan , He Anyu , Falck J. R.
Published: March 2011

Changing the catalyst, the yields concerning the coupling with bromides (VIII) are increased.
ChemInform Abstract: CuI‐Catalyzed Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes to 1,3‐Diynes.
Authors: Yin Kun , Li Chun‐Ju , Li Jian , Jia Xue‐Shun
Published: March 2011

The title reaction is interesting due to simple experimental procedures, the use of air as environmentally friendly oxidant and the absence of side product formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective TEMPO Oxidation of 2‐Alkylidene‐1,3‐propanediols to (E)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐alkenals and Application to 4‐Alkylidene‐2‐penten‐5‐olide Synthesis.
Authors: Peng Wei , Ashida Kazumi , Hirabaru Toshiaki , Ma Li‐Jian , Inokuchi Tsutomu
Published: March 2011

An improved method for the oxidation of title alkylidenepropanediols (I) to monoaldehydes is presented, involving a combination of diacetoxyiodobenzene as terminal oxidant and benzyloxy‐TEMPO as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropylamines from N,N‐Dialkylcarboxamides and Grignard Reagents in the Presence of Titanium Tetraisopropoxide or Methyltitanium Triisopropoxide.
Authors: De Meijere Armin , Chaplinski Vladimir , Winsel Harald , Kordes Markus , Stecker Bjoern , Gazizova Vesta , Savchenko Andrei I. , Boese Roland , Schill Farina
Published: March 2011

Cyclopropylamines are successfully synthesized by the reaction of different substituted carboxamides with Grignard reagents in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of Me‐Ti(O‐iPr)3.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Reaction of Ketones and β‐Nitrostyrenes Catalyzed by Camphor‐10‐sulfonamide‐based Prolinamide.
Authors: Rani Rashmi , Peddinti Rama Krishna
Published: March 2011

A variety of cyclic and linear ketones reacts with β‐nitrostyrenes under solvent‐free conditions using PhCOOH as an additive to afford the Michael products with high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Quaternary Alkylammonium Ionic Liquid [Pro‐dabco][BF4]: As a Recyclable and Highly Efficient Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions.
Authors: Xu Da‐Zhen , Liu Yingjun , Shi Sen , Wang Yongmei
Published: March 2011

The catalyst and the solvent can be recycled and reused for at least five times without significant loss of activity and stereoselectivity.