bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positief veiligheidsbeleid ook mogelijk met oorlogstaal?
Authors: de Jong Jan Dirk
Published: September 2016

Positive security policies also possible in the language of war?

How could positive security policies take shape? On what kind of empirical research should these policies be based? And what sort of concepts would we need for this development? If the starting point is to understand safety as a positive notion, it seems wise to avoid the terms of war that are prevailing in current policy programs on security and public safety (fighting, frontline and city-marines). On the other hand some type of decisive jargon might be unavoidable when one sets out to have an actual impact on youth crime policies and policy makers. Is it possible to keep using some type of military terminology in research benefitting the development of positive security policies and still emphasize a positive composition? This dilemma has arisen in recent research activities on positive, street-oriented role models in response to Dutch problematic youth groups and youth at risk. De Jong argues that with the sensitizing concept of the ‘liaison officer’ it might be possible to encourage a positive change through applied social science.
Rare wetland grass Coleanthus subtilis in Central and Western Europe – current distribution, habitat types, and threats
Authors: Richert Elke , Achtziger Roland , Dajdok Zygmunt , Günther André , Heilmeier Hermann , Hübner Annette , John Henriette , Šumberová Kateřina
Published: September 2016

The moss grass Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Seidl is a rare, diminutive grass which grows on wet muddy bottoms of drained water bodies displaying a high degree of water level dynamics, such as fishponds or water reservoirs. Due to the temporal character of its habitat, C. subtilis has a very short life cycle of only a few weeks. Therefore, the species and its habitats are legally protected on both national and international levels. This paper focuses on habitats and the conservation of C. subtilis in Central and Western Europe.

For the period of 2000–2013, the Czech Republic with more than 200 sites represents the main distribution area of this species in Central and Western Europe. During the same period, C. subtilis was recorded from 45 sites in three regions of Germany (33 Lusatia, 11 Ore Mountains, 1 Mid-Elbe River), 16 sites in France, 13 sites in Poland, and four sites in Austria. Since 2000, the number of records within these seven regions seems to have followed different trends: whereas two regions (Lusatia, Germany and southern Poland) became newly colonized and many populations established, in one region (Ore Mountains, Germany) the number of records diminished. Owing to its specific life cycle, both reproduction success and maintenance of C. subtilis populations are closely linked to the prevailing water level regime, mainly dependent on the management of the water body. Management for the conservation of C. subtilis populations should consider the entire complex of water bodies, as well as individual ponds. For the preservation of the species, at least one pond in each complex should be drained every year and each pond should be drained at least once within 5 years. Depending on local climatic conditions, ponds should be drained for 8–10 weeks during the time period from mid-March to mid-November.
Manifesto de Natal - Por uma política afirmativa no recrutamento, formação, provimento, retenção e suporte para as médicas de família em contexto rural e remoto
Authors: Lima Monica Correia , Cuadrado Marcela , Horta Thereza Cristina Gomes , Almeida Magda , Pinheiro Ariane , Maia Paula Christianne Gomes G. Souto , Melo Candida Pereira , Pessoa Eneline Andrade Heráclito Gouveia , Xavier Viviane , Rocha Maria Carolina Pereira da
Published: September 2016

O presente documento foi produzido com base na oficina de Gênero sobre o trabalho das Médicas de Família em áreas rurais e remotas, durante o 13º Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, de 8 a 12 de julho de 2015. Objetivou o estabelecimento de importantes pressupostos para o recrutamento, formação, provimento, retenção e suporte para o trabalho das médicas de família e comunidade nas mais diversas áreas rurais, rururbanas e remotas do país, em seus mais diversos cenários, devendo servir de base para estudos e formulação de políticas públicas sobre tais aspectos.
Tennessee Valley Authority: una experiencia de planificación territorial modélica
Authors: Corominas Ayala Miquel , Franquesa Sànchez Jordi
Published: September 2016

Después de la gran depresión derivada del gran crack de 1929, el gobierno de Franklin D. Roosevelt llevó a cabo una iniciativa de carácter territorial sin precedentes. La creación de la Tennessee Valley Authority a finales de los años 30 implicó la recuperación con creces de un vastísimo territorio castigado y empobrecido por las inestables inundaciones, pero al mismo tiempo supuso también un primer paso para la recuperación económica del país mediante la obtención de un importantísimo potencial energético, demostrando a su vez una eficiente capacidad de gestión del territorio que se tradujo en la creación de nuevos asentamientos urbanos, nuevas actividades culturales y de ocio, nuevas dinámicas económicas, y nuevas y firmes esperanzas. El presente trabajo pretende hacer una mirada atenta a este proceso para poder valorar sus principales aportaciones y reconocer sus repercusiones territoriales en clave actual.

Després de la gran depressió derivada del gran crack de 1929, el govern de Franklin D. Roosevelt va portar a terme una iniciativa de caràcter territorial sense precedents. La creació de la Tenesse Valley Authority a finals dels anys 30 va implicar una clara recuperació d’un gran territori castigat i empobrit per les inestables inundacions, però al mateix temps va suposar també un primer pas per la recuperació econòmica del país mitjançant l’obtenció d’un importantíssim potencial energètic, demostrant a la vegada una eficient capacitat de gestió del territori que es va traduir en la creació de nous assentaments urbans, noves activitats culturals i d’oci, noves dinàmiques econòmiques, i noves i fermes esperances. El present treball pretén fer una mirada atenta a aquest procés per poder valorar les principals aportacions y reconèixer les repercussions territorials en clau actual.

After the great depression derived from the 1929 crack, the Government of Franklin Roosevelt implemented a territorial initiatives without any precedent. The creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority at the end of the 30' implied a recovery of an extense territory punished and impoverished by the unstable floods, but at the same time implied also a first step for the country's economic recovery obtaining a great potential energy survey, showing in turn an efficient capacity of management of the territory that meant new urban settlements, new cultural and entertainment activities, new dinamic economies, and new hopes. The present work wants to make a deph look to this procedure to assess its main contributions and recognize its territorial repercussions on a current key.
Recorrido geológico y mineralógico por la comarca del Maestrazgo: Desde Cantavieja a Villarroya de los Pinares y Allepúz
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Jaume
Published: September 2016

Itinerario realitzado el día 7 de diciembre de 2014. En este caso, el presente itinerario se desarrollará totalmente por la denominada Rama Aragonesa de la Cordillera Ibérica. En este recorrido se irán encontrando afloramientos de los materiales mesozoicos (del Triásico, del Jurásico y del Cretácico, especialmente de este último). En concreto, el recorrido se realizará en buena parte por la denominada Cuenca del Maestrazgo. Los materiales antes mencionados se hallan levemente influenciados por las características la denominada Zona de Enlace de la Cordillera Ibérica con el Sistema Mediterráneo; aunque en todos los casos van a predominar las estructuras ibéricas (WNW-ESE) sobre las “catalanas” (NNE-SSW), al hallarnos plenamente dentro del dominio ibérico. Por otra parte, este itinerario discurrirá por una de las comarcas de Teruel, concretamente por la del Maestrazgo (con centro en Cantavieja). Esta comarca forma parte del Maestrazgo histórico.
Conclusiones generales sobre la minería, el patrimonio geológico y el patrimonio minero de la comarca del Bajo Cinca / Baix Cinca
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Pocoví Juan Andrés , Sanz Balagué Joaquim , Vilaltella Farràs Jaume
Published: September 2016

En esta comunicación, nos centraremos fundamentalmente en el patrimonio minero generado en las antiguas explotaciones mineras; y también en la minería actual e histórica  de esta comarca, una de las más activas de Aragón, y también del conjunto de la Depresión Geológica del Ebro.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica pels departaments de l´Aude (Pais d´Atsat / Axat) i de l´Arieja / Ariège (pel pais de Fois / Foix): des d´Espesèlh / Espezel a Comuns / Comus, Gorges De L´Afrau i a Belesta
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Recorregut realitzat el 7 de juliol del 2014. El recorregut del present itinerari, es desenvoluparà íntegrament pel Sistema Pirinenc; distribuint en la seva totalitat part per la Zona Nord – Pirinenca. Tot i així, alguns recorreguts es faran molt prop de la Zona Axial del Sistema Pirinenc, però en cap moment arribarem a tallar aquesta unitat. Així, el recorregut començarà dintre de la primera unitat, (dintre de l´antigament anomenat Prepirineu Septentrional), per la qual es circularà al llarg de tot el recorregut de l´itinerari, que començarem a Espesèlh / Espezel. Després seguint sempre per aquesta unitat geològica, ens aproparem a la població de Comus i a les Gorges de l´Afrau, per anar després cap a Belesta, per on finalitzarà aquest recorregut. Per d´altra banda, la pràctica totalitat del recorregut es realitzarà pel Departament de l´Ariège (pel País de Fois). Una altra part del recorregut es farà pel Departament de l´Aude (pel País d´Atsat / Axat).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica pel departament de l´Aude des de Quilhan / Quillan a Esperesan / Espéraza, Coisan / Couizza, Limous / Limoux i a Carcassona / Carcassonne
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Recorregut realitzat el 8 de juliol del 2014. El recorregut del present itinerari, es desenvoluparà a cavall de dues unitats geològiques netament diferenciades: el Sistema Pirinenc i la Depressió d´Aquitanie. Així, el recorregut s´iniciarà a la Zona Nord – Pirinenca o Pirineu Septentrional (integrant del  Sistema Pirinenc). Tot seguit, prop d´Esperasan / Espérasa s´entrarà a la denominada Zone Subpirineaica, per on anirem transitant fins prop de Limous / Limoux. Després ja s´entrarà a la Depressió d´Aquitànie, per on es desenvoluparà la resta d´aquest recorregut Per d´altra banda, aquest recorregut es desenvoluparà íntegrament pel Departament de l´Aude, des de Quilhan / Quillan fins a Carcassona / Carcassonne.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica pel departament de l’Aude: des de Carcassona / Carcassonne a Cabrespina / Cabrespine, a Sitor / Citou i a Caunas De Menerbés / Caunes - Minervois
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Recorregut realitzat el dia 8 de juliol de 2014. El recorregut del present itinerari, es desenvoluparà a cavall de dues unitats geològiques netament diferenciades; així, el recorregut s´iniciarà a la Depressió d´Aquitànie, per on es desenvoluparà l´inici del d´aquest recorregut, entre afloraments dels materials cenozoics de la Depressió de Carcassonne, del Paleocè i de l´Eocè. La resta del recorregut, transitarà per les alineacions més meridionals de la Montagne Noire, entre afloraments de materials paleozoics (del Cambro – Ordovicià al Carbonífer), de molt diversa naturalesa Per d´altra banda, aquest recorregut es desenvoluparà íntegrament pel Departament de l´Aude, des de Carcassona / Carcassonne fins a Caunas de Menerbés / Caunes – Minervois.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i cultural pel departament de l’Aude: des de Sant Llari / Saint Hilaire a Limous / Limoux, Alet / Alet Les Bains i a Esperasan / Espéraza
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Recorregut realitzat el dia 10 de juliol de 2014. El recorregut del present itinerari, es desenvoluparà quasi totalment a cavall d´una unitat geològica netament diferenciada; així, el recorregut s´iniciarà a la denominada Zone Subpirineaica (integrant del Sistema Pirinenc). Tot seguit, prop d´Esperasan / Espéraza s´entrarà a la Zona Nord – Pirinenca (o Pirineu Septentrional, integrant, com l´anterior del Sistema Pirinenc). Tot i així, el recorregut de l´itinerari començarà a una altra unitat geològica de França, concretament a la Depressió de Carcassonne (Depressió d´Aquitania), tot i que es circularà poc temps per aquesta unitat. Per d´altra banda, aquest recorregut es desenvoluparà íntegrament pel Departament de l´Aude, des de les immediacions de Limous / Limoux fins a Esperasan / Espéraza. Aquest itinerari discorrerà per zones força interessants, des del punt de mira cultural. Així, s´iniciarà a l´Abbaye de Saint Hilaire. Després, el recorregut es dirigirà cap a Limous / Limoux (per on es veurà l´església de la Marceille) i cap Alet / Alet – les – Bains, per on es visitarà l´Abbaye d´Alet – les – Bains. I finalment, el recorregut es dirigirà cap a Esperasan / Espéraza, per on es visitarà el Museé des Dinosaures d´Espéraza.
Recorregut de recerca geològica mineralògica i patrimonial pel Principat d´Andorra: des de La Massana a Ordino i a Llors. Ruta del ferro d´Andorra
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Recorregut realitzat el dia 14 de juliol del 2014. En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà serà una mica atípic, ja que es tractarà fonament de veure el Patrimoni Miner i Metal•lúrgic relacionat amb la mineria del ferro al Principat d´Andorra. Aquest recorregut, per altra banda, es desenvoluparà íntegrament pels Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca. Així, al llarg del recorregut anirem trobant afloraments dels materials paleozoics, fonamentalment del Cambro – Ordovicià, de l´Ordovicià i del Silurià. Aquests materials seran fonamentalment pissarres i esquistos. També, trobarem per arreu abundants depòsits neògens dels Pleistocè i de l´Holocè (del també denominat Quaternari). Aquests depòsits seran fonamentalment d´origen glacial (les conegudes morrenes) o fluvial (les terrasses). Igualment veurem abundants depòsits col•luvials, de despreniments. Per d´altra banda, en aquest recorregut veurem els evidents riscos generats en fer les construccions sense tenir en comte (o prou en compte) la geologia de la zona. Aquest recorregut, es realitzarà totalment per les Valls d´Andorra, entre La Massana, Ordino i Llorts, passant també per les poblacions de: Sornas, Ansalonga, la Cortinada i Arans. El final del recorregut serà a la Mina de Ferro de Llorts
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Pallars Jussà: des de Senterada, a la Pobleta de Bellveí, al Castell, Cabdella i a Sallente
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 7 d’agost de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, la totalitat del recorregut de l’itinerari es desenvoluparà per una sola unitat geològica: concretament pel Sistema Pirinenc. Així, en el primer tram del recorregut ho farà per la zona de contacte entre la Unitat de Bóixols i la Unitat de les Nogueres, situada al nord de l’anterior. Com succeirà pels voltants de Cabdella Després, es circularà en bona part del recorregut per la darrera unitat esmentada, per la dita Unitat de les Nogueres (o Unitat del Mantell de les Nogueres), trobant – se arreu afloraments paleozoics del Silurià, Devonià, Carbonífer i Permotries. I posteriorment, ja entre la Torre de Cabdella, Cabdella i Sallente. Es circularà íntegrament pels denominats Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca. En aquest recorregut es trobaran afloraments dels materials paleozoics de l´Ordovicià, Silurià, Devonià i Carbonífer (amb importants afloraments de granits i de granodiorites, dintre d´aquest). Per altra banda, aquest itinerari es desenvoluparà dintre de la comarca del Pallars Jussà (per la qual es transitarà entre la Senterada i la fi del recorregut, per les immediacions de la població de Cabdella, a Sallente).  Així, tot el recorregut de l´itinerari s´efectuarà per la Vall Fosca, una subcomarca del Pallars Jussà. Aquesta subcomarca es troba situada íntegrament dintre de la conca fluvial del Noguera de Flamisell, afluent del Noguera Pallaresa a la Pobla de Segur.
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca del Pallars Jussà (per la Vall Fosca): des d´Espui, al Coll de Triador, l´Estany Gento, l´Estany Tort i a Colomines
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim
Published: September 2016

Itinerari realitzat el 7 d’agost de 2014. En aquesta ocasió, la totalitat del recorregut de l’itinerari es desenvoluparà per una sola unitat geològica: concretament pel Sistema Pirinenc, i més exactament per la zona de contacte entre la Unitat de les Nogueres i la Zona Axial Pirinenca, situada al nord de l’anterior. D´aquesta manera, el recorregut s’iniciarà a la població d´Espui (del terme de la Torre de Cabdella), situada a la Unitat de les Nogueres. Així, a partir d’aquí l’itinerari transitarà per aquesta unitat acabada d´esmentar, anant cap a l´Estany Gento. Més amunt, en arribar-hi, es trobarà  el contacte amb la Zona Axial Pirinenca, que ja no s´abandonarà en tota la resta del recorregut. Així, inicialment, s´aniran trobant afloraments dels materials paleozoics del Silurià i del Devonià. Més endavant, en arribar a la Zona Axial, es trobaran granits i granodiorites carboníferes., així com afloraments paleozoics de l´Ordovicià, Silurià i Devonià, fonamentalment. Per altra banda, aquest itinerari es desenvoluparà dintre de la comarca del Pallars Jussà (per la qual es transitarà entre la població d´Espui i la fi del recorregut, per les immediacions de l´Estany de Colomines). Així, tot el recorregut de l´itinerari s´efectuarà per la part més alta de la Vall Fosca, una subcomarca del Pallars Jussà. Aquesta subcomarca es troba situada íntegrament dintre de la conca fluvial del Noguera de Flamisell, afluent del Noguera Pallaresa a la Pobla de Segur.
Is Routine Use of VTED Chemical Prophylaxis Ever Warranted in Foot and Ankle Surgery? Results of a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Chen Shirley , Fleischer Adam , Wirt Craig , Robinson Richmond , Barbosa Carolina , Amidi Arezou , Joseph Robert
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether some foot/ankle surgeries would benefit from routine use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as postoperative DVT prophylaxis.

METHODS: We conducted a formal cost-effectiveness analysis using a decision analytic tree to represent the risk of complications under a scenario of no prophylaxis and a scenario of routine LMWH prophylaxis for 4 weeks. The two scenarios were compared for five procedures: 1) Achilles tendon repair (ATR), 2) total ankle replacement (TAR), 3) hallux valgus surgery (HVS), 4) hindfoot arthrodesis (HA), and 5) ankle fracture surgery (AFS). Outcomes assessed included short and long-term costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental cost per QALY gained. Costs were evaluated from the health care system perspective and expressed in US dollars at a 2015 price base. In the short-term, routine prophylaxis was always associated with greater costs compared to no prophylaxis.

RESULTS: For ATR, TAR, HA and AFS prophylaxis was associated with slightly better health outcomes; however, the gain in QALYs was minimal compared to the cost of prophylaxis (ICER was well above $50,000/QALY threshold). For HVS, prophylaxis was associated with both worse health outcomes and greater costs. In the long-term, routine prophylaxis was always associated with worse health outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the decision to use LMWH prophylaxis should not be based solely on the type of foot/ankle surgery planned. Patient factors also need to be carefully weighed.
Minimally-Invasive Repair of Bilateral Calcaneal Fractures with Unilateral External Fixation: A Case Report
Authors: DeFazio Louis V. , LaPorta Guido A.
Published: September 2016

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Calcaneal fractures are a serious injury with significant associated morbidity. Bilateral calcaneal fractures complicate issues even further, due to the physical disability that the patient is left with. One of the major issues with any calcaneal fracture is the risk of soft tissue compromise caused by the traumatic nature of the injury. A percutaneous approach allows the soft tissue envelope to remain viable, while still fixating the fractures. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the use of percutaneous repair, the role of external fixation in calcaneal fractures, and lastly discuss the outcome for this particular patient.

METHODS: A 26 year-old male presented to the office with bilateral calcaneal fractures, approximately 1 week after sustaining a fall from a height of 12 feet. The patient was brought to the operating room after spending approximately 2 weeks in bilateral posterior splints with Jones compressive dressings. The right calcaneal fracture was fixated percutaneously with 4 screws. The left calcaneal fracture was fixated percutaneously with 3 screws, as well as an Ilizarov external fixator. Approximately 8 weeks later, the patient returned to the operating room for removal of the external fixator and a cast application to the left lower extremity.

RESULTS: The patient continued to progress and was subsequently transitioned into bilateral CAM walkers. In the following weeks, the patient was again upgraded to full weight-bearing with physical therapy. The fracture sites were completely consolidated with minimal to no pain in his bilateral heels and full ambulation.

CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous repair, along with external fixation, offers a viable alternative to ORIF for calcaneal fractures. A percutaneous approach also does not disrupt the potentially fragile soft tissue envelope in a calcaneal fracture. Although this outcome is positive, larger controlled studies are needed to confirm percutaneous approaches and external fixation in the realm of a calcaneal fracture.
Avoidance of stochastic RNA interactions can be harnessed to control protein expression levels in bacteria and archaea
Authors: Umu Sinan Uğur , Poole Anthony M , Dobson Renwick CJ , Gardner Paul P
Published: September 2016

A critical assumption of gene expression analysis is that mRNA abundances broadly correlate with protein abundance, but these two are often imperfectly correlated. Some of the discrepancy can be accounted for by two important mRNA features: codon usage and mRNA secondary structure. We present a new global factor, called mRNA:ncRNA avoidance, and provide evidence that avoidance increases translational efficiency. We also demonstrate a strong selection for the avoidance of stochastic mRNA:ncRNA interactions across prokaryotes, and that these have a greater impact on protein abundance than mRNA structure or codon usage. By generating synonymously variant green fluorescent protein (GFP) mRNAs with different potential for mRNA:ncRNA interactions, we demonstrate that GFP levels correlate well with interaction avoidance. Therefore, taking stochastic mRNA:ncRNA interactions into account enables precise modulation of protein abundance.
Resolving coiled shapes reveals new reorientation behaviors in C. elegans
Authors: Broekmans Onno D , Rodgers Jarlath B , Ryu William S , Stephens Greg J
Published: September 2016

We exploit the reduced space of C. elegans postures to develop a novel tracking algorithm which captures both simple shapes and also self-occluding coils, an important, yet unexplored, component of 2D worm behavior. We apply our algorithm to show that visually complex, coiled sequences are a superposition of two simpler patterns: the body wave dynamics and a head-curvature pulse. We demonstrate the preciseΩ-turn dynamics of an escape response and uncover a surprising new dichotomy in spontaneous, large-amplitude coils; deep reorientations occur not only through classicalΩ-shaped postures but also through larger postural excitations which we label here asδ-turns. We find that omega and delta turns occur independently, suggesting a distinct triggering mechanism, and are the serpentine analog of a random left-right step. Finally, we show that omega and delta turns occur with approximately equal rates and adapt to food-free conditions on a similar timescale, a simple strategy to avoid navigational bias.
Intrinsic monitoring of learning success facilitates memory encoding via the activation of the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop
Authors: Ripollés Pablo , Marco-Pallarés Josep , Alicart Helena , Tempelmann Claus , Rodríguez-Fornells Antoni , Noesselt Toemme
Published: September 2016

Humans constantly learn in the absence of explicit rewards. However, the neurobiological mechanisms supporting this type of internally-guided learning (without explicit feedback) are still unclear. Here, participants who completed a task in which no external reward/feedback was provided, exhibited enhanced fMRI-signals within the dopaminergic midbrain, hippocampus, and ventral striatum (the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop) when successfully grasping the meaning of new-words. Importantly, new-words that were better remembered showed increased activation and enhanced functional connectivity between the midbrain, hippocampus, and ventral striatum. Moreover, enhanced emotion-related physiological measures and subjective pleasantness ratings during encoding were associated with remembered new-words after 24 hr. Furthermore, increased subjective pleasantness ratings were also related to new-words remembered after seven days. These results suggest that intrinsic—potentially reward-related—signals, triggered by self-monitoring of correct performance, can promote the storage of new information into long-term memory through the activation of the SN/VTA-Hippocampal loop, possibly via dopaminergic modulation of the midbrain.
A histone H3K9M mutation traps histone methyltransferase Clr4 to prevent heterochromatin spreading
Authors: Shan Chun-Min , Wang Jiyong , Xu Ke , Chen Huijie , Yue Jia-Xing , Andrews Stuart , Moresco James J , Yates John R , Nagy Peter L , Tong Liang , Jia Songtao
Published: September 2016

Histone lysine-to-methionine (K-to-M) mutations are associated with multiple cancers, and they function in a dominant fashion to block the methylation of corresponding lysines on wild type histones. However, their mechanisms of function are controversial. Here we show that in fission yeast, introducing the K9M mutation into one of the three histone H3 genes dominantly blocks H3K9 methylation on wild type H3 across the genome. In addition, H3K9M enhances the interaction of histone H3 tail with the H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4 in a SAM (S-adenosyl-methionine)-dependent manner, and Clr4 is trapped at nucleation sites to prevent its spreading and the formation of large heterochromatin domains. We further determined the crystal structure of an H3K9M peptide in complex with human H3K9 methyltransferase G9a and SAM, which reveales that the methionine side chain had enhanced van der Waals interactions with G9a. Therefore, our results provide a detailed mechanism by which H3K9M regulates H3K9 methylation.
Maintenance of age in human neurons generated by microRNA-based neuronal conversion of fibroblasts
Authors: Huh Christine J , Zhang Bo , Victor Matheus B , Dahiya Sonika , Batista Luis FZ , Horvath Steve , Yoo Andrew S
Published: September 2016

Aging is a major risk factor in many forms of late-onset neurodegenerative disorders. The ability to recapitulate age-related characteristics of human neurons in culture will offer unprecedented opportunities to study the biological processes underlying neuronal aging. Here, we show that using a recently demonstrated microRNA-based cellular reprogramming approach, human fibroblasts from postnatal to near centenarian donors can be efficiently converted into neurons that maintain multiple age-associated signatures. Application of an epigenetic biomarker of aging (referred to as epigenetic clock) to DNA methylation data revealed that the epigenetic ages of fibroblasts were highly correlated with corresponding age estimates of reprogrammed neurons. Transcriptome and microRNA profiles reveal genes differentially expressed between young and old neurons. Further analyses of oxidative stress, DNA damage and telomere length exhibit the retention of age-associated cellular properties in converted neurons from corresponding fibroblasts. Our results collectively demonstrate the maintenance of age after neuronal conversion.
GUY1 confers complete female lethality and is a strong candidate for a male-determining factor in Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Criscione Frank , Qi Yumin , Tu Zhijian
Published: September 2016

Despite their importance in sexual differentiation and reproduction, Y chromosome genes are rarely described because they reside in repeat-rich regions that are difficult to study. Here, we show that Guy1, a unique Y chromosome gene of a major urban malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi, confers 100% female lethality when placed on the autosomes. We show that the small GUY1 protein (56 amino acids in length) causes female lethality and that males carrying the transgene are reproductively more competitive than their non-transgenic siblings under laboratory conditions. The GUY1 protein is a primary signal from the Y chromosome that affects embryonic development in a sex-specific manner. Our results have demonstrated, for the first time in mosquitoes, the feasibility of stable transgenic manipulation of sex ratios using an endogenous gene from the male-determining chromosome. These results provide insights into the elusive M factor and suggest exciting opportunities to reduce mosquito populations and disease transmission.
Selecting against accidental RNA interactions
Authors: Corley Meredith , Laederach Alain
Published: September 2016

Random base-pairing interactions between messenger RNAs and noncoding RNAs can reduce translation efficiency.
Detection of molecular oxygen adsorbate during room-temperature oxidation of Si(100)2 × 1 surface: In situ synchrotron radiation photoemission study
Authors: Yoshigoe Akitaka , Yamada Yoichi , Taga Ryo , Ogawa Shuichi , Takakuwa Yuji
Published: September 2016

Synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy during the oxidation of a Si(100)2 × 1 surface at room temperature revealed the existence of molecularly adsorbed oxygen, which was considered to be absent. The O 1s spectrum of such oxidation was found to be similar to that of Si(111)7 × 7 surface oxidation. Also, molecular oxygen appeared after the initial surface oxides were formed, indicating that it was not a precursor for dissociation oxygen adsorption on a clean surface. Considering this finding, we have proposed presumable structural models for atomic configurations, where molecular oxygen resided on the oxidized silicon with two oxygen atoms at the backbonds.
Development of hard X-ray dark-field microscope using full-field optics
Authors: Takano Hidekazu , Azuma Hiroaki , Shimomura Sho , Tsuji Takuya , Tsusaka Yoshiyuki , Kagoshima Yasushi
Published: September 2016

We develop a dark-field X-ray microscope using full-field optics based on a synchrotron beamline. Our setup consists of a condenser system and a microscope objective with an angular acceptance larger than that of the condenser. The condenser system is moved downstream from its regular position such that the focus of the condenser is behind the objective. The dark-field microscope optics are configured by excluding the converging beam from the condenser at the focal point. The image properties of the system are evaluated by observing and calculating a Siemens star test chart with 10 keV X-rays. Our setup allows easy switching to bright-field imaging.
Thickness dependence of piezoelectric properties of BiFeO3 films fabricated using rf magnetron sputtering system
Authors: Aramaki Masaaki , Kariya Kento , Yoshimura Takeshi , Murakami Shuichi , Fujimura Norifumi
Published: September 2016

The piezoelectric property of BiFeO3 films prepared on a (100) LaNiO3/Si(100) substrate using an rf magnetron sputtering system was investigated for their applications in MEMS vibration energy harvesters. The X-ray diffraction profiles indicate that (100)-oriented BiFeO3 films with thicknesses from 450 to 1750 nm were obtained at a deposition temperature of 510 °C. All the films showed well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis loops at room temperature. The thickness dependence of crystallinity and electrical properties indicated that the films have a bottom layer with a high defect density. The e
31,f piezoelectric coefficient and electromechanical coupling factor (

) increase with increasing film thickness and reach −3.2 C/m2 and 3.3%, respectively, at a thickness of 1750 nm, which is considered to be caused by the decrease in defect density.
Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans
Authors: Martínez-Salazar Edgar , Tobón-Castaño Alberto , Blair Silvia
Published: September 2016

El primer caso informado de transmisión natural de Plasmodium knowlesi en humanos se publicó en 1965. En el sureste de Asia la presentación atípica de casos de malaria, tanto por cambios en la distribución de las especies diagnosticadas de Plasmodium, como por su morfología, motivó diversos estudios que han confirmado la infección en humanos por este plasmodio que infecta naturalmentedistintas especies de simios, que son endémicos de las selvas de esta región.Los estudios recientes sugieren que la malaria por P. knowlesi no es una enfermedad emergente en humanos sino que no estaba siendo diagnosticada, debido a la similitud morfológica de este plasmodio con P. malariae y P. falciparum, lo cual dificulta su reconocimiento mediante examen microscópico. Actualmente, se puede confirmar el diagnóstico mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa que permite identificar cebadores específicos de P. knowlesi. La malaria por P. knowlesi ha ocasionado desenlaces fatales en humanos, lo que plantea diversos retos como la búsqueda de métodos operativos de diagnóstico para las zonas endémicas, el estudio de los vectores involucrados y la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos para su tratamiento. En las regiones selváticas de Suramérica se hace imperativa la vigilancia de parásitos y vectores de la malaria en simios, que potencialmente puedan ocasionar esta zoonosis.
Clinical and laboratory profile of Plasmodium vivax malaria patients hospitalized in Apartadó,
Authors: Arboleda Margarita , Pérez María Fernanda , Fernández Diana , Usuga Luz Yaned , Meza Miler
Published: September 2016

Introducción. La malaria representa un problema de salud pública en la región de Urabá, donde se registran tasas superiores a las del departamento de Antioquia; la carga de malaria por Plasmodium vivax es de 78,7 % y poco se ha explorado su perfil en la región.Objetivos. Con el presente estudio se pretende conocer las características clínicas y de laboratorio de los pacientes hospitalizados por malaria por P. vivax en Apartadó.Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes con malaria por P. vivax que requirieron manejo hospitalario en el Hospital “Antonio Roldán Betancur”, Empresa Social del Estado, durante los años 2004-2007.Resultados. Se hospitalizaron 359 pacientes con malaria por P. vivax, de los cuales, el 23,1 % (83/359 casos) se complicó por anemia grave (51,8 %, 43/83), por trombocitopenia grave (15,6 %, 13/83) y por hiperbilirrubinemia (7,2 %, 6/83); algunos pacientes satisfacían varios criterios simultáneamente, incluyendo un caso de síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Los datos de laboratorio más significativos mostraron disminución de los niveles de hemoglobina, hematocrito y plaquetas, con aumento en los niveles de transaminasas y bilirrubinas. Sólo el 4,82 % (4/83) de los pacientes con malaria complicada, recibió tratamiento con quinina intravenosa, ninguno falleció.Conclusiones. Se destaca en este trabajo la frecuencia importante de malaria complicada por P. vivax, particularmente en los menores de cinco años, en la región de Urabá, y la necesidad de fortalecer el conocimiento de la guía para la atención clínica integral del paciente con malaria, entre el personal de salud, para hacer un diagnóstico clínico correcto y ofrecer el tratamiento apropiado.
Are sites with multiple single nucleotide variants in cancer genomes a consequence of drivers, hypermutable sites or sequencing errors?
Authors: Smith Thomas C.A. , Carr Antony M. , Eyre-Walker Adam C.
Published: September 2016

Across independent cancer genomes it has been observed that some sites have been recurrently hit by single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Such recurrently hit sites might be either (i) drivers of cancer that are postively selected during oncogenesis, (ii) due to mutation rate variation, or (iii) due to sequencing and assembly errors. We have investigated the cause of recurrently hit sites in a dataset of >3 million SNVs from 507 complete cancer genome sequences. We find evidence that many sites have been hit significantly more often than one would expect by chance, even taking into account the effect of the adjacent nucleotides on the rate of mutation. We find that the density of these recurrently hit sites is higher in non-coding than coding DNA and hence conclude that most of them are unlikely to be drivers. We also find that most of them are found in parts of the genome that are not uniquely mappable and hence are likely to be due to mapping errors. In support of the error hypothesis, we find that recurently hit sites are not randomly distributed across sequences from different laboratories. We fit a model to the data in which the rate of mutation is constant across sites but the rate of error varies. This model suggests that ∼4% of all SNVs are errors in this dataset, but that the rate of error varies by thousands-of-fold between sites.
Parameter estimation in tree graph metabolic networks
Authors: Astola Laura , Stigter Hans , Gomez Roldan Maria Victoria , van Eeuwijk Fred , Hall Robert D. , Groenenboom Marian , Molenaar Jaap J.
Published: September 2016

We study the glycosylation processes that convert initially toxic substrates to nutritionally valuable metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings. To estimate the reaction rates we use ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to model the enzyme kinetics. A popular choice is to use a system of linear ODEs with constant kinetic rates or to use Michaelis–Menten kinetics. In reality, the catalytic rates, which are affected among other factors by kinetic constants and enzyme concentrations, are changing in time and with the approaches just mentioned, this phenomenon cannot be described. Another problem is that, in general these kinetic coefficients are not always identifiable. A third problem is that, it is not precisely known which enzymes are catalyzing the observed glycosylation processes. With several hundred potential gene candidates, experimental validation using purified target proteins is expensive and time consuming. We aim at reducing this task via mathematical modeling to allow for the pre-selection of most potential gene candidates. In this article we discuss a fast and relatively simple approach to estimate time varying kinetic rates, with three favorable properties: firstly, it allows for identifiable estimation of time dependent parameters in networks with a tree-like structure. Secondly, it is relatively fast compared to usually applied methods that estimate the model derivatives together with the network parameters. Thirdly, by combining the metabolite concentration data with a corresponding microarray data, it can help in detecting the genes related to the enzymatic processes. By comparing the estimated time dynamics of the catalytic rates with time series gene expression data we may assess potential candidate genes behind enzymatic reactions. As an example, we show how to apply this method to select prominent glycosyltransferase genes in tomato seedlings.
Environment and host species shape the skin microbiome of captive neotropical bats
Authors: Lemieux-Labonté Virginie , Tromas Nicolas , Shapiro B. Jesse , Lapointe François-Joseph
Published: September 2016

Background

A wide range of microorganisms inhabit animal skin. This microbial community (microbiome) plays an important role in host defense against pathogens and disease. Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) are an ecologically and evolutionarily diversified group with a relatively unexplored skin microbiome. The bat skin microbiome could play a role in disease resistance, for example, to white nose syndrome (WNS), an infection which has been devastating North American bat populations. However, fundamental knowledge of the bat skin microbiome is needed before understanding its role in health and disease resistance. Captive neotropical frugivorous batsArtibeus jamaicensisandCarollia perspicillataprovide a simple controlled system in which to characterize the factors shaping the bat microbiome. Here, we aimed to determine the relative importance of habitat and host species on the bat skin microbiome.

Methods

We performed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the skin microbiome of two different bat species living in captivity in two different habitats. In the first habitat,A. jamaicensisandC. perspicillatalived together, while the second habitat contained onlyA. jamaicensis.

Results

We found that both habitat and host species shape the composition and diversity of the skin microbiome, with habitat having the strongest influence. CohabitatingA. jamaicensisandC. perspicillatashared more similar skin microbiomes than members of the same species (A. jamaicensis) across two habitats.

Discussion

These results suggest that in captivity, the skin microbial community is homogenised by the shared environments and individual proximities of bats living together in the same habitat, at the expense of the innate host species factors. The predominant influence of habitat suggests that environmental microorganisms or pathogens might colonize bat skin. We also propose that bat populations could differ in pathogen susceptibility depending on their immediate environment and habitat.
Hyperbrain features of team mental models within a juggling paradigm: a proof of concept
Authors: Filho Edson , Bertollo Maurizio , Tamburro Gabriella , Schinaia Lorenzo , Chatel-Goldman Jonas , di Fronso Selenia , Robazza Claudio , Comani Silvia
Published: September 2016

Background

Research on cooperative behavior and the social brain exists, but little research has focused on real-time motor cooperative behavior and its neural correlates. In this proof of concept study, we explored the conceptual notion of shared and complementary mental models through EEG mapping of two brains performing a real-world interactive motor task of increasing difficulty. We used the recently introduced participative “juggling paradigm,” and collected neuro-physiological and psycho-social data. We were interested in analyzing the between-brains coupling during a dyadic juggling task, and in exploring the relationship between the motor task execution, the jugglers’skill level and the task difficulty. We also investigated how this relationship could be mirrored in the coupled functional organization of the interacting brains.

Methods

To capture the neural schemas underlying the notion of shared and complementary mental models, we examined the functional connectivity patterns and hyperbrain features of a juggling dyad involved in cooperative motor tasks of increasing difficulty. Jugglers’ cortical activity was measured using two synchronized 32-channel EEG systems during dyadic juggling performed with 3, 4, 5 and 6 balls. Individual and hyperbrain functional connections were quantified through coherence maps calculated across all electrode pairs in the theta and alpha bands (4–8 and 8–12 Hz). Graph metrics were used to typify the global topology and efficiency of the functional networks for the four difficulty levels in the theta and alpha bands.

Results

Results indicated that, as task difficulty increased, the cortical functional organization of the more skilled juggler became progressively more segregated in both frequency bands, with a small-world organization in the theta band during easier tasks, indicative of a flow-like state in line with the neural efficiency hypothesis. Conversely, more integrated functional patterns were observed for the less skilled juggler in both frequency bands, possibly related to cognitive overload due to the difficulty of the task at hand (reinvestment hypothesis). At the hyperbrain level, a segregated functional organization involving areas of the visuo-attentional networks of both jugglers was observed in both frequency bands and for the easier task only.

Discussion

These results suggest that cooperative juggling is supported by integrated activity of specialized cortical areas from both brains only during easier tasks, whereas it relies on individual skills, mirrored in uncorrelated individual brain activations, during more difficult tasks. These findings suggest that task difficulty and jugglers’ personal skills may influence the features of the hyperbrain network in its shared/integrative and complementary/segregative tendencies.
Blue hypertext is a good design decision: no perceptual disadvantage in reading and successful highlighting of relevant information
Authors: Gagl Benjamin
Published: September 2016

Background

Highlighted text in the Internet (i.e., hypertext) is predominantly blue and underlined. The perceptibility of these hypertext characteristics was heavily questioned by applied research and empirical tests resulted in inconclusive results. The ability to recognize blue text in foveal and parafoveal vision was identified as potentially constrained by the low number of foveally centered blue light sensitive retinal cells. The present study investigates if foveal and parafoveal perceptibility of blue hypertext is reduced in comparison to normal black text during reading.

Methods

A silent-sentence reading study with simultaneous eye movement recordings and the invisible boundary paradigm, which allows the investigation of foveal and parafoveal perceptibility, separately, was realized (comparing fixation times after degraded vs. un-degraded parafoveal previews). Target words in sentences were presented in either black or blue and either underlined or normal.

Results

No effect of color and underlining, but a preview benefit could be detected for first pass reading measures. Fixation time measures that included re-reading, e.g., total viewing times, showed, in addition to a preview effect, a reduced fixation time for not highlighted (black not underlined) in contrast to highlighted target words (either blue or underlined or both).

Discussion

The present pattern reflects no detectable perceptual disadvantage of hyperlink stimuli but increased attraction of attention resources, after first pass reading, through highlighting. Blue or underlined text allows readers to easily perceive hypertext and at the same time readers re-visited highlighted words longer. On the basis of the present evidence, blue hypertext can be safely recommended to web designers for future use.