bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Certitudes et hésitations des institutions scolaires françaises entre instruction, socialisation et qualification. Un point de vue historique sur la longue durée
Authors: Robert André  D.
Published: September 2013

Revendiquant l’héritage des révolutionnaires de 1789, les républicains qui organisent à la fin du XIXe siècle l’école française dans sa forme moderne développent une philosophie qui se veut « fondationnaire», plaçant l’institution scolaire au fondement de la nation. L’idée d’une émancipation du peuple par l’instruction rationnelle sans négliger l’éducation morale et civique est ainsi située au coeur du projet scolaire français et vise des sujets rationnels abstraits, nonobstant leurs caractéristiques et appartenances singulières. La formule « la République sera éducatrice ou elle ne sera pas ! » affirme cette intention fondamentalement politique qui ‘tient’ grosso modo jusqu’à la seconde guerre mondiale. A l’issue de celle-ci, l’institution scolaire commence à être saisie en profondeur par l’économie ; pendant la période de l’Etat-Providence, une synthèse originale paraît s’opérer entre « la méritocratie républicaine, […] l’égalité sociale de masse … [le] souci individualiste » (Gauchet, 2002), les préoccupations montantes de l’économie et de l’emploi, faisant de la question des qualifications une préoccupation de plus en plus centrale. Cet équilibre fragile semble ensuite se défaire pendant les Vingt Piteuses, l’école se caractérisant alors par une démultiplication de ses missions et une perte de repères, une difficulté à faire sens. C’est la signification présente de l’institution scolaire qui sera interrogée, au regard de l’influence économico-anthropologique du néo-libéralisme, de l’exigence d’une formation ‘tout au long de la vie’ et ses conséquences, ainsi que – par le fait - de la dialectique instruction-socialisation-qualification.
Éduquer au développement durable ou enseigner le développement durable en histoire-géographie : enjeux sociopolitiques et discipline scolaire
Authors: Tutiaux-Guillon Nicole
Published: September 2013

Le « développement durable » (DD) est depuis 2004 en France l’objet d’une « éducation à » transdisciplinaire et obligatoire ; il est aussi thème structurant le programme de 5edepuis 2008, et figure dans d’autres programmes. Ces prescriptions sont inégalement convergentes et se heurtent aux structures des disciplines constituées, en même temps qu’à l’absence de savoirs de référence stabilisés. Comment la dimension éducative (comportements, valeurs) est-elle articulée sur les contenus disciplinaires ? Qu’en est-il de la place faite aux enjeux politiques du DD ? L’éducation au DD est-elle « disciplinarisée », aux dépens des dimensions éducatives explicites, ou au contraire modifie-t-elle le modèle disciplinaire de l’histoire-géographie ? Une recherche empirique apporte des réponses provisoires. Les formes de travail choisies par les enseignants oscillent entre pratique disciplinaire classique et essais de trans/pluridisciplinarité, entre incitation au questionnement et à la réflexion et transmission de savoirs factuels et impartiaux, entrecomplexité et simplification. Le changement de comportement est toujours supposé résulter des savoirs – parfois des actions pédagogiques. Les manuels reflètent les mêmes hésitations et se situent entre neutralisation/disciplinarisation des questions de DD et explicitation des débats et des conflits/posture implicante. La dimension éducative et surtout la question du politique divisent fortement les enseignants.
Les aîné-es trans : une population émergente ayant des besoins spécifiques en soins de santé, en services sociaux et en soins liés au vieillissement
Authors: Hébert Billy , Chamberland Line , Enriquez Mickael Chacha
Published: September 2013

Les aîné-es trans sont une population en devenir constituée d’individus aux identités, réalités et trajectoires très diversifiées. Cet article basé sur une recension des écrits, présente tout d’abord cette diversité, notamment en ce qui a trait à l’âge, tant à l’appartenance générationnelle qu’à l’âge du début de la transition. On y traite ensuite de la santé physique des aîné-es trans, soit des problèmes et des besoins de santé qui leur sont propres, puis des barrières auxquelles ils et elles se heurtent dans leurs démarches pour avoir accès à des soins et des services de santé adéquats. Le texte relève certaines difficultés comme l’isolement et le manque de soutien qui sont souvent le lot des aînés trans ainsi que les obstacles dans leur accès aux services sociaux et aux soins liés au vieillissement. L’article propose des pistes d’action pour les personnes professionnelles dans le domaine de la santé et des services sociaux et se conclut sur des pistes de recherche.
L’expérience du vieillissement chez des femmes et des hommes vivant avec le VIH : un vécu à l’intersection du genre, de l’orientation sexuelle et du parcours relié au VIH
Authors: Wallach Isabelle
Published: September 2013

Les personnes vivant avec le VIH sont considérées comme « âgées » dès l’âge de 50 ans en raison du vieillissement physique prématuré qu’elles subissent. Compte tenu de l’âgisme qui prévaut dans les sociétés occidentales, on peut se demander comment les personnes vivant avec le VIH de 50 ans et plus (PVVIH50+) perçoivent leur vieillissement physique. S’appuyant sur des entrevues réalisées avec 38 PVVIH50+, cet article se propose d’explorer leur expérience du vieillissement à travers trois dimensions, à savoir le vieillissement physique, le sentiment de vieillir et le rapport au vieillissement. L’analyse des données révèle que le vieillissement revêt à la fois un caractère négatif et positif pour les PVVIH50+. Si, comme la population générale, elles tentent de s’en distancier et peinent parfois à l’accepter, le parcours relié au VIH peut en revanche teinter le vieillissement d’une valeur positive, puisque vieillir signifie être encore en vie.
Suspension Polymerization Processes
Authors: Pinto Martina C. C. , Santos Jorge G. F. , Machado Fabricio , Pinto José Carlos
Published: September 2013

Several processes can be employed for manufacturing of polymer materials. Each process presents some intrinsic features that lead to production of resins with peculiar structural and morphological characteristics that define the final polymer properties and the end‐use application of the obtained polymer material. Suspension polymerization processes are extensively used because of their many advantages, including easy separation of the polymer particles, easy removal of the heat of reaction, easy temperature control, and low levels of impurities and additives in the final polymer resin. For this reason, suspension polymerization processes are suitable for production of polymer resins intended for many distinct applications, including biotechnological, medical, and dental applications.

The main objective of this article is to discuss the fundamental aspects of suspension polymerization processes, focusing upon the effects of the main process variables on the performance of suspension polymerizations. Representative types of suspension polymerization (eg, pearl, precipitation, suspension‐emulsion, reverse, microsuspension, and seeded polymerizations), copolymerization, determination of reactivity ratios, and typical operation conditions practiced in commercial processes are also discussed.
Sustainable Polymers from Biomass‐Derived α‐Methylene‐γ‐Butyrolactones
Authors: Gowda Ravikumar R. , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: September 2013

Sustainable polymers based on the biomass‐derived renewable α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactones, including α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone, γ‐methyl‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone, and β‐methyl‐α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone, are reviewed. Polymerization methods employed for the synthesis of such polymers are classified into four different categories according to polymerization types or mechanisms: free radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, group‐transfer and anionic polymerization, and zwitterionic polymerization. In addition to synthetic methods, polymer properties, polymerization characteristics, as well as polymerization and stereochemical control mechanisms are also described.
Synthesis of Isoquinoline Derivatives through Rhodium(III)‐ Catalyzed Reactions of Benzylamines with Non‐Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Kim Dong‐Su , Park Jung‐Woo , Jun Chul‐Ho
Published: September 2013

A new rhodium(III)‐catalyzed N‐annulation reaction of benzylamines with internal alkynes has been developed. Observations made during these efforts suggest that the mechanistic pathway followed in this process involves direct participation of benzylamines without their preliminary oxidative dehydrogenation. Moreover, N‐annulation reactions of primary benzylamines result in the formation of mixtures of isoquinolines and 8‐vinylisoquinolines. Finally, secondary and tertiary benzylamines undergo rhodium(III)‐catalyzed N‐annulation reactions to generate the respective isoquinolinium and hydroisoquinolinium salt products.

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One‐Pot Multi‐Component Synthesis and Solid State Structures of Functionally Rich Polyether Macrocycles
Authors: Vishe Mahesh , Hrdina Radim , Guénée Laure , Besnard Céline , Lacour Jérôme
Published: September 2013

Densely functionalized polyether macrocycles can be prepared in one pot in yields up to 60% by the rhodium(II)‐catalyzed decomposition of methyl diazoacetoacetate in the presence of a variety of substituted or unsaturated 5‐ and 6‐membered ring cyclic ethers. A comprehensive analysis of the solid state conformations of the macrocyclic geometries is detailed as well as novel mechanistic insights about the multi‐component condensation reaction.

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Energy allocation between brain and body during ontogenetic development
Authors: Kubera Britta , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Peters Achim , Braun Wiebke , Langemann Dirk , Neugebohren Stephanie , Heller Martin , Müller Manfred James
Published: September 2013

Objective

We here studied how energy is allocated between brain and body both during the ontogenetic development from a child to an adult and during weight loss.

Methods

We investigated 180 normal weight female and male children and adolescents (aged 6.1–19.9 years) as well as 35 overweight adolescents undergoing weight reduction intervention. 52 normal weight and 42 obese adult women were used for comparison. We assessed brain mass by magnetic‐resonance‐imaging and body metabolism by indirect calorimetry. To study how energy is allocated between brain and body, we measured plasma insulin, since insulin fulfils the functions of a glucose allocating hormone, i.e., peripheral glucose uptake depends on insulin, central uptake does not. We used reference data obtained in the field of comparative biology. In a brain‐body‐plot, we calculated the distance between each subject and a reference mammal of comparable size and named the distance “encephalic measure.” With higher encephalic measures, more energy is allocated to the brain.

Results

We found that ontogenetic development from a child to an adult was indicated by decreasing encephalic measures in females (r = −0.729, P < 0.001) and increasing plasma insulin concentrations (F = 6.6, P = 0.002 in females and F = 8.6, P < 0.001 in males). Weight loss of about 5 kg in females and about 9 kg in males resulted in reduced insulin concentrations and increased encephalic measures.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the share of energy allocated to the brain increased with weight loss, but decreased during the ontogenetic development from childhood to adolescence. These developmental changes in brain‐to‐body energy allocation appear to be driven by increasing plasma insulin concentrations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:725–732, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Apes finding ants: Predator–prey dynamics in a chimpanzee habitat in Nigeria
Authors: Pascual‐Garrido Alejandra , Umaru Buba , Allon Oliver , Sommer Volker
Published: September 2013

Some chimpanzee populations prey upon army ants, usually with stick tools. However, how their prey's subterranean nesting and nomadic lifestyle influence the apes' harvesting success is still poorly understood. This is particularly true for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti) at Gashaka/Nigeria, which consume army ants (Dorylus rubellus) with much higher frequency than at other sites. We assessed various harvesting and search options theoretically available to the apes. For this, we reconstructed annual consumption patterns from feces and compared the physical characteristics of exploited ant nests with those that were not targeted. Repeated exploitation of a discovered nest is viable only in the short term, as disturbed colonies soon moved to a new site. Moreover, monitoring previously occupied nest cavities is uneconomical, as ants hardly ever re‐used them. Thus, the apes have to detect new nests regularly, although colony density is relatively low (1 colony/1.3 ha). Surprisingly, visual search cues seem to be of limited importance because the probability of a nest being exploited was independent of its conspicuousness (presence of excavated soil piles, concealing leaf‐litter or vegetation). However, chimpanzees preferentially targeted nests in forests or at the base of food trees, that is, where the apes spend relatively more time and/or where ant colony density is highest. Taken together, our findings suggest that, instead of employing a search strategy based on visual cues or spatial memory, chimpanzee predation on army ants contains a considerable opportunistic element. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1231–1244, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rheological assessment of variable molecular chain structures of linear low‐density polyethylene under reactive modification
Authors: Golriz Mahdi , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Morshedian Jalil
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate how changes in the molecular structure of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) during peroxide modification can be detected by a simple rheological method. For this purpose, a commercial‐grade LLDPE (Exxon Mobile LL4004EL) was reacted with different doses of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). The samples were analyzed by size exclusion chromatography coupled with a light‐scattering detector. With increasing DCP dose, at a roughly constant molar mass, an increasing number of long‐chain branches were found. The dynamic shear oscillatory measurements showed a deviation of the phase angle–complex shear modulus curve from that of the linear LLDPE, which was attributed to the presence of long‐chain branching. By the use of a simple rheological method that used melt rheology, transformations in the molecular architecture induced on the original LLDPE during the early stages of reactive modification were indicated. Reasonable and consistent estimates of the degree of long‐chain branching (x) and the volume fraction of the various molecular species produced in the peroxide modification of LLDPE were obtained. Various three‐dimensional plots were constructed to exhibit the correlation between the process parameters and x. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39617.
In situ WAXS/SAXS structural evolution study during uniaxial stretching of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites in the solid state: Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/titanium dioxide and poly(ethylene terephthalate)/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Todorov Lyudmil V. , Martins Carla I. , Viana Júlio C.
Published: September 2013

This work reports an in situ WAXS and SAXS investigation, under X‐ray synchrotron source radiation, on the structural evolution during solid‐state uniaxial deformation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanocomposites with 0.3 wt % of 3D nanoparticles [nanotitanium dioxide (TiO2) and nanosilica (SiO2)]. Good dispersion and average agglomerate sizes of nanoparticles of about 80 nm for both nanocomposites were revealed by transmission electron microscopic characterization. The influence of the nanofillers on the deformation‐induced phase's formation and their evolution along the stretching process were compared with respect to the neat PET. WAXS results indicated that the structural evolution of all samples passes through three main stages, with evolution of amorphous phase into mesophase, a rapid increase of molecular orientation, and the formation of a periodical mesophase (PM). The incorporation of the nanofillers promoted a higher fraction, and an earlier formation, of PM during stretching when compared with pure PET. Furthermore, the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles in the PET matrix resulted in the earliest formation and the highest amount of PM and the retardation of crack growth and bigger voids when compared with PET/SiO2 nanocomposite. A multiscale structural evolution mechanism is proposed to interpret these results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39752.
Brief Report: M‐Ficolin Levels Reflect Disease Activity and Predict Remission in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Ammitzbøll Christian G. , Thiel Steffen , Jensenius Jens C. , Ellingsen Torkell , Hørslev‐Petersen Kim , Hetland Merete L. , Junker Peter , Krogh Niels S. , Østergaard Mikkel , Stengaard‐Pedersen Kristian
Published: September 2013

Objective

To assess plasma M‐ficolin concentrations in disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)–naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to investigate the correlation of M‐ficolin concentrations with disease activity markers, and to determine the predictive value of M‐ficolin with respect to the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28).

Methods

The study group included 180 DMARD‐naive patients with early RA who participated in a randomized controlled trial of methotrexate and intraarticular glucocorticoids plus either adalimumab or placebo/adalimumab. One hundred healthy control subjects and 51 patients with chronic RA were also assessed. A sandwich‐type time‐resolved fluorometric immunoassay was used for quantification of plasma M‐ficolin.

Results

At baseline, M‐ficolin levels were highest in the group of DMARD‐naive patients with newly diagnosed active RA, and the level in these patients decreased 26% after 1 year of aggressive treatment. The baseline M‐ficolin level correlated with 5 of 7 disease activity markers, including the DAS28 and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and a similar pattern of correlations was observed at 1 year. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that an elevated M‐ficolin level at baseline was the strongest predictor of not achieving either DAS28 remission (odds ratio [OR] 4.18, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.02–8.63) or low disease activity (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.13–5.28) at 1 year. The presence of a baseline M‐ficolin level in the lowest quartile resulted in sensitivity of 29%, specificity of 93%, and positive predictive value of 95% for low disease activity at 1 year.

Conclusion

In patients with early RA, elevated plasma M‐ficolin levels correlated with a high DAS28 and a high HAQ score at baseline and 1 year. A low M‐ficolin level was the strongest predictor of remission and low disease activity in a multivariate analysis.
Induction of apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells by remote exposure of resistive barrier cold plasma
Authors: Thiyagarajan Magesh , Anderson Heather , Gonzales Xavier F.
Published: September 2013

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), an ambient temperature ionized gas, is gaining extensive interest as a promising addition to anti‐tumor therapy primarily due to the ability to generate and control delivery of electrons, ions, excited molecules, UV photons, and reactive species such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to a specific site. The heterogeneous composition of CAP offers the opportunity to mediate several signaling pathways that regulate tumor cells. Consequently, the array of CAP generated products has limited the identification of the mechanisms of action on tumor cells. The aim of this work is to assess the cell death response of human myeloid leukemia cells by remote exposure to CAP generated RNS by utilizing a novel resistive barrier discharge system that primarily produces RNS. The effect of variable treatments of CAP generated RNS was tested in THP‐1 cell (human monocytic leukemia cell line), a model for hematological malignancy. The number of viable cells was evaluated with erythrosine‐B staining, while apoptosis and necrosis was assessed by endonuclease cleavage observed by agarose gel electrophoresis and detection of cells with the exclusionary dye propidium iodide and fluorescently labeled annexin‐V by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. Our observations indicate that treatment dosage levels of 45 s of exposure to CAP emitted RNS‐induced apoptotic cell death and for higher dosage conditions of ≥50 s of exposure to CAP induced necrosis. Overall the results suggest that CAP emitted RNS play a significant role in the anti‐tumor potential of CAP. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 565–574. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unbiased Tracking of the Progression of mRNA and Protein Synthesis in Bulk and in Liposome‐Confined Reactions
Authors: van Nies Pauline , Nourian Zohreh , Kok Maurits , van Wijk Roeland , Moeskops Jonne , Westerlaken Ilja , Poolman Jos M. , Eelkema Rienk , van Esch Jan H. , Kuruma Yutetsu , Ueda Takuya , Danelon Christophe
Published: September 2013

The compartmentalization of a cell‐free gene expression system inside a self‐assembled lipid vesicle is envisioned as the simplest chassis for the construction of a minimal cell. Although crucial for its realization, quantitative understanding of the dynamics of gene expression in bulk and liposome‐confined reactions is scarce. Here, we used two orthogonal fluorescence labeling tools to report the amounts of mRNA and protein produced in a reconstituted biosynthesis system, simultaneously and in real‐time. The Spinach RNA aptamer and its fluorogenic probe were used for mRNA detection. Applying this dual‐reporter assay to the analysis of transcript and protein production inside lipid vesicles revealed that their levels are uncorrelated, most probably a consequence of the low copy‐number of some components in liposome‐confined reactions. We believe that the stochastic nature of gene expression should be appreciated as a design principle for the assembly of a minimal cell.
Improved Stereochemical Analysis of Conformationally Flexible Diamines by Binding to a Bisporphyrin Molecular Clip
Authors: Norrehed Sara , Johansson Henrik , Grennberg Helena , Gogoll Adolf
Published: September 2013

The relative stereochemistry of acyclic diamines with several stereogenic centers has been analyzed by NMR spectroscopy in combination with conformational deconvolution. Binding to a bisporphyrin molecular clip improves the stereochemical assignment significantly. The diamines were synthesized from inexpensive sugar alcohols, and their stable hydrochlorides were quantitatively converted into free bases by treatment with ion‐exchange resin.
A Convenient Alumination of Functionalized Aromatics by Using the Frustrated Lewis Pair Et3Al and TMPMgCl⋅LiCl
Authors: Unsinn Andreas , Wunderlich Stefan H. , Jana Anukul , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Knochel Paul
Published: September 2013

A straightforward and efficient alumination of functionalized arenes by using the frustrated Lewis pair Et3Al and TMPMgCl⋅LiCl (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl) has been developed. In particular, halogenated electron‐rich aromatics can be smoothly functionalized by using the frustrated Lewis pair Et3Al and TMPMgCl⋅LiCl. Compared with previously described alumination methods, this procedure avoids extensive cooling and the need for an excess of base. This in situ procedure has proven to be most practical and allows for regio‐ and chemoselective metalation of a wide range of aromatics with sensitive functional groups (CONEt2, CO2Me, CN, OCONMe2) or halogens (F, Cl, Br, I). The resulting aromatic aluminates, which were characterized by using NMR spectroscopy, were subjected to allylations, acylations, and palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions after transmetalation to zinc. It was shown that the nature of the Zn salt used for transmetalation is crucial. Thus, compared with ZnCl2 (2 equiv), the use of Zn(OPiv)2 (2 equiv; OPiv=pivalate) allows the subsequent quenching reactions to be performed with only a slight excess of electrophile (1.2 equiv) and provides interesting functionalized aromatics in good yields.
Stock price informativeness and analyst coverage
Authors: Marhfor Ahmed , M'Zali Bouchra , Cosset Jean‐Claude , Charest Guy
Published: September 2013

We examine whether more analyst coverage translates into more informative stock prices and apply this to both developed and emerging markets. We measure price informativeness using the association between current stock returns and future earnings. We argue that more informative stock prices contain more information about future earnings. Results indicate that analysts' activities do not contribute to the impounding of  future earnings information into current stock prices, in accordance with the view that analysts are outsiders who do not have full access to firm‐level information. We also find that analysts specialize according to industry and that “industry expertise” is limited to developed countries. Overall, our evidence is consistent with the explanation that analysts focus on gathering and mapping industry‐ and market‐level information (macroeconomic information) into stock prices. Copyright © 2013 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissociation of Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities of Gramicidin S through N‐Methylation Modification
Authors: Li Yangmei , Bionda Nina , Yongye Austin , Geer Phaedra , Stawikowski Maciej , Cudic Predrag , Martinez Karina , Houghten Richard A.
Published: September 2013

β‐Sheet antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are well recognized as promising candidates for the treatment of multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections. To dissociate antimicrobial activity and hemolytic effect of β‐sheet AMPs, we hypothesize that N‐methylation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond(s)‐forming amides could improve their specificities for microbial cells over human erythrocytes. We utilized a model β‐sheet antimicrobial peptide, gramicidin S (GS), to study the N‐methylation effects on the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. We synthesized twelve N‐methylated GS analogues by replacement of residues at the β‐strand and β‐turn regions with N‐methyl amino acids, and tested their antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. Our experiments showed that the HC50 values increased fivefold compared with that of GS, when the internal hydrogen‐bonded leucine residue was methylated. Neither hemolytic effect nor antimicrobial activity changed when proline alone was replaced with N‐methylalanine in the β‐turn region. However, analogues containing N‐methylleucine at β‐strand and N‐methylalanine at β‐turn regions exhibited a fourfold increase in selectivity index compared to GS. We also examined the conformation of these N‐methylated GS analogues using 1H NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in aqueous solution, and visualized the backbone structures and residue orientations using molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that N‐methylation of the internal hydrogen bond‐forming amide affected the conformation, backbone shape, and side chain orientation of GS.
Pediatric melanoma: Analysis of an international registry
Authors: Averbook Bruce J. , Lee Sandra J. , Delman Keith A. , Gow Kenneth W. , Zager Jonathan S. , Sondak Vernon K. , Messina Jane L. , Sabel Michael S. , Pittelkow Mark R. , Ecker Phillip M. , Markovic Svetomir N. , Swetter Susan M. , Leachman Sancy A. , Testori Alessandro , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , S. Go Ronald , Jukic Drazen M. , Kirkwood John M.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

The management of pediatric melanoma (PM) has largely been extrapolated from adult data. However, the behavior of PM appears to differ from its adult counterparts. Therefore, an international PM registry was created and analyzed.

METHODS

Twelve institutions contributed deidentified clinicopathologic and outcome data for patients diagnosed with PM from 1953 through 2008.

RESULTS

Overall survival (OS) data were reported for 365 patients with invasive PM who had adequate follow‐up data. The mean age of the patients was 16 years (range 1 year‐21 years). The 10‐year OS rate, 80.6%, tended to vary by patient age: 100% for those aged birth to 10 years, 69.7% for those aged > 10 years to 15 years, and 79.5% for those aged > 15 years to 20 years (P = .147). Patients with melanomas measuring ≤ 1 mm had a favorable prognosis (10‐year OS rate of 97%), whereas survival was lower but similar for patients with melanomas measuring > 1 mm to 2 mm, > 2 mm to 4 mm, and > 4 mm (70%, 78%, and 80%, respectively; P = .0077). Ulceration and lymph node metastasis were found to be correlated with worse survival (P = .022 and P = .017, respectively). The 10‐year OS rate was 94.1% for patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I disease, 79.6% for those with stage II disease, and 77.1% for patients with stage III disease (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Tumor thickness, ulceration, lymph node status, and stage were found to be significant predictors of survival in patients with PM, similar to adult melanoma. There is a trend toward increased survival in children aged ≤ 10 years versus adolescents aged > 10 years. Further analyses are needed to probe for potential biological and behavioral differences in pediatric versus adult melanoma. Cancer 2013;119:4012–4019. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
A Sulfated ZrO2 Hollow Nanostructure as an Acid Catalyst in the Dehydration of Fructose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Joo Ji Bong , Vu Austin , Zhang Qiao , Dahl Michael , Gu Minfen , Zaera Francisco , Yin Yadong
Published: September 2013

Mesoporous hollow colloidal particles with well‐defined characteristics have potential use in many applications. In liquid‐phase catalysis, in particular, they can provide a large active surface area, reduced diffusion resistance, improved accessibility to reactants, and excellent dispersity in reaction media. Herein, we report the tailored synthesis of sulfated ZrO2 hollow nanostructures and their catalytic applications in the dehydration of fructose. ZrO2 hollow nanoshells with controllable thickness were first synthesized through a robust sol–gel process. Acidic functional groups were further introduced to the surface of hollow ZrO2 shells by sulfuric acid treatment followed by calcination. The resulting sulfated ZrO2 hollow particles showed advantageous properties for liquid‐phase catalysis, such as well‐maintained structural integrity, good dispersity, favorable mesoporosity, and a strongly acidic surface. By controlling the synthesis and calcination conditions and optimizing the properties of sulfated ZrO2 hollow shells, we have been able to design superacid catalysts with superior performance in the dehydration of fructose to 5‐hydroxymethyfurfural than the solid sulfated ZrO2 nanocatalyst.
Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Arene–Ruthenium Compounds
Authors: Mishra Anurag , Kang Se Chan , Chi Ki‐Whan
Published: September 2013

The coordination‐driven self‐assembly of N‐donor ligands with dinuclear arene–ruthenium building blocks has allowed the construction of a wide range of cationic supramolecules with different architectures and functionalities. These supramolecules include (1) hexacationic molecular metallaprisms in which the size of the cycle and type of the arene–ruthenium acceptor and organic linker influence the antitumor behavior of the resulting self‐assembly, and (2) tetracationic molecular metallarectangles, which have host–guest capabilities and allow sensing of biological properties. This report covers the synthetic and structural aspects of these coordination‐driven self‐assembled supramolecules as well as their most promising applications, with a particular focus on potential biological, sensing, and host–guest applications.
Chemoselective Carbozincation of Cyclopropene for C–C Bond Formation and Cleavage in a Single Operation
Authors: Endo Kohei , Nakano Takeo , Fujinami Shuhei , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: September 2013

The carbozincation of cyclopropene and cleavage of cyclopropylzinc generates carbanion intermediates, which in turn can generate oligomeric complexes in situ through successive carbozincation reactions. The present reaction controls the carbozincation sequence and C–C bond cleavage to give densely functionalized and sterically congested alkylamines in a single operation. A subtle difference in the substituent at the C=N bond induced chemoselective carbozincation of cyclopropene.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 5‐Trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazolines and Their N‐Oxides by [Hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene‐Mediated Oxidative N–O Coupling
Authors: Kawai Hiroyuki , Okusu Satoshi , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio
Published: September 2013

Biologically attractive trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazoline N‐oxides were synthesized in good yields for the first time by the [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene‐mediated oxidative N–O coupling of β‐trifluoromethyl β‐hydroxy ketoximes generated from trifluoromethyl β‐keto alcohols. The present method allows the synthesis of previously unknown 5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazoline N‐oxides and also provides an alternative for the enantioselective synthesis of antiparasitic 5‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazolines by sequential reduction.
Biocommodities from photosynthetic microorganisms
Authors: Work Victoria H. , Bentley Fiona K. , Scholz Matthew J. , D'Adamo Sarah , Gu Huiya , Vogler Brian W. , Franks Dylan T. , Stanish Lee F. , Jinkerson Robert E. , Posewitz Matthew C.
Published: September 2013

Photosynthetic microorganisms are able to produce a diverse array of renewable biochemical commodities. Although promising platforms for the accumulation of targeted products, these organisms must be optimized in solar energy conversion, carbon capture and utilization, and the partitioning of metabolic flux to the requisite biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic engineering efforts are systematically addressing these obstacles and demonstrate the potential to develop consolidated bioprocessing organisms that are able to efficiently transform the energy in sunlight directly to refined chemicals of economic value. Particularly intriguing are mechanisms to synthesize and secrete bioproducts of interest from cyanobacteria, thereby eliminating the need to dewater and process cellular biomass. Significant advances in more classical approaches to triacylglycerol and carbohydrate accumulation in algae have also recently been realized. Importantly, genetic tools and sequenced genomes are emerging for some of the most biotechnologically relevant strains. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 989–1001, 2013
Potential of water hyacinth for phytoremediation in low temperature environment
Authors: Wang Xue , Shi Lisa , Lan Christopher Q. , Delatolla Robert , Zhang Zisheng
Published: September 2013

Water hyacinth, i.e., Eichhornia crassipes Solms can remove a large variety of different pollutants from water and are considered an excellent candidate for phytoremediation of contaminated waters. Nevertheless, exploitation of water hyacinth for phytoremediation has so far been limited to tropical or subtropical regions. In this study, the influence of temperature on the morphology, growth, and nutrient removal of water hyacinths was studied in a relatively low temperature range, 12–25°C, in the form of three night/day temperature cycles, i.e., 12/15°C, 15/20°C, and 15/25°C. It was shown that water hyacinth is very sensitive to temperature in the tested range and 15/25°C is the most favorable condition among the tested. A biomass productivity of 10.7 tons DW/ha/yr, total nitrogen removal rate of 400 kg N/ha/yr and total phosphorous removal rate of 65 kg P/ha/yr were estimated according to the experimental results on the basis of five operational months per year. No visible morphological changes were observed when the plants were cultivated at 15/20°C or 15/25°C but significant morphological changes were observed when the plants were transferred from a rooftop greenhouse to a growth chamber controlled at 12/15°C with plant size shrinking significantly. Nevertheless, substantial plant growth and nutrient removal were observed at 12/15°C, although with a prolonged adaptation phase of 2 weeks. Results of this research suggest good potential of water hyacinths for water phytoremediation in relatively cold regions such as Canada. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 976–981, 2013
Reduced cerebral perfusion predicts greater depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction at a 1‐year follow‐up in patients with heart failure
Authors: Alosco Michael L. , Spitznagel Mary Beth , Cohen Ronald , Raz Naftali , Sweet Lawrence H. , Josephson Richard , Hughes Joel , Rosneck Jim , Gunstad John
Published: September 2013

Objective

Cerebral hypoperfusion is common in heart failure (HF) and believed to underlie poor neurocognitive outcomes in this population. Up to 42% of HF patients also exhibit depressive symptomatology that may stem from reduced cerebral blood flow. However, no study has examined this possibility or whether reduced brain perfusion increases risk for future cognitive dysfunction in older adults with HF.

Methods

One hundred HF patients underwent transcranial Doppler ultrasonagraphy to quantify global cerebral blood flow velocity (CBF‐V) and were administered a cognitive test battery to assess global cognition, attention/executive function, and memory abilities. All participants then completed the Beck Depression Inventory‐II to assess depressive symptomatology. These procedures were performed at baseline and at 12‐month follow‐up.

Results

Repeated measures revealed that CBF‐V declined over the 12‐month period. Regression analyses showed that reduced baseline CBF‐V predicted worse performances in attention/executive function (p < 0.05 for all) and a trend for memory (p = 0.09) in addition to greater depressive symptomatology (p < 0.05) at the 12‐month follow‐up, even after controlling for baseline factors and medical and demographic variables.

Conclusions

Cerebral perfusion declined over time and was associated with poorer cognitive function and greater depressive symptoms at a 1‐year follow‐up in HF. Prospective studies with long‐term follow‐ups that employ neuroimaging are needed to examine whether cognitive dysfunction and depression in HF stem from the adverse effects of cerebral hypoperfusion on the cerebral structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmosphere drives recent interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N
Authors: Roberts C. D. , Waters J. , Peterson K. A. , Palmer M. D. , McCarthy G. D. , Frajka‐Williams E. , Haines K. , Lea D. J. , Martin M. J. , Storkey D. , Blockley E. W. , Zuo H.
Published: September 2013

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has been observed at 26.5°N since 2004. During 2009/2010, there was a transient 30% weakening of the AMOC driven by anomalies in geostrophic and Ekman transports. Here, we use simulations based on the Met Office Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) to diagnose the relative importance of atmospheric forcings and internal ocean dynamics in driving the anomalous geostrophic circulation of 2009/2010. Data‐assimilating experiments with FOAM accurately reproduce the mean strength and depth of the AMOC at 26.5°N. In addition, agreement between simulated and observed stream functions in the deep ocean is improved when we calculate the AMOC using a method that approximates the observing array at 26.5°N. The main features of the geostrophic circulation anomaly are captured by an ensemble of simulations without data assimilation. These model results suggest that the atmosphere played a dominant role in driving recent interannual variability of the AMOC.
Permeable coral reef sediment dissolution driven by elevated pCO2 and pore water advection
Authors: Cyronak T. , Santos I. R. , Eyre B. D.
Published: September 2013

Ocean acidification (OA) is expected to drive the transition of coral reef ecosystems from net calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitating to net dissolving within the next century. Although permeable sediments represent the largest reservoir of CaCO3 in coral reefs, the dissolution of shallow CaCO3 sands under future pCO2 levels has not been measured under natural conditions. In situ, advective chamber incubations under elevated pCO2 (~800 µatm) shifted the sediments from net precipitating to net dissolving. Pore water advection more than doubled dissolution rates (1.10 g CaCO3 m−2 d−1) when compared to diffusive conditions (0.42 g CaCO3 m−2 d−1). Sediment dissolution could reduce net ecosystem calcification rates of the Heron Island lagoon by 8% within the next century, which is equivalent to a 25% reduction in the global average calcification rate of coral lagoons. The dissolution of CaCO3 sediments needs to be taken into account in order to address how OA will impact the net accretion of coral reefs under future predicted increases in CO2.
Agonistic anti‐CD40 promotes early development and increases the incidence of severe thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia (TEC H/P) in CD4−/− mice
Authors: Yu Shiguang , Downey Edward F. , Braley‐Mullen Helen
Published: September 2013

IFN‐γ−/−NOD.H‐2h4 mice develop thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia (TEC H/P) characterised by abnormal proliferation of thyrocytes and infiltration of thyroids by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. CD8+ T cells from mice with severe TEC H/P transfer similar lesions to SCID recipients, whereas CD4+ T cells transfer mild TEC H/P. CD4− and CD8− deficient IFN‐γ−/−NOD.H‐2h4 mice were generated to determine if CD4+ T cells were required for initial activation of the CD8+ T cells that transfer TEC H/P. After 6–8 months on NaI water, only 2 of 60 CD8−/− mice developed severe TEC H/P, whereas 31 of 101 CD4−/− mice developed severe TEC H/P and fibrosis comparable in severity to that of IFN‐γ−/− mice. However, splenocytes from CD4−/− mice with severe TEC H/P did not effectively transfer severe TEC H/P to SCID recipients. When CD4−/− donors were given agonistic anti‐CD40 mAb, most developed severe TEC H/P and their cells transferred severe TEC H/P to SCID recipients. These results indicate that agonistic anti‐CD40 can provide an important signal for activation of autoreactive CD8+ T cells that transfer severe TEC H/P. Therefore, targeting or blocking CD40 could provide effective therapy for diseases involving hyperplasia and fibrosis mediated by CD8+ T cells.
Stuckness, Unpredictability and Change
Authors: Cade Brian W.
Published: September 2013

This paper is based on Brian Cade's keynote address to the Fifth Australian Family Therapy Conference in Canberra, but also includes some things he had intended to say and excludes some that, on reflection, seemed less important. Some of the ideas presented here have been elaborated more fully in a chapter in G. Weeks (Ed.) 1985 Promoting Change Through Paradoxical Therapy, Dow Jones‐Irwin, Homewood, Illinois.
The Age of Accountability:* The Next Phase for Family Therapy
Authors: Cross Darryl G.
Published: September 2013

Family therapy is in a transition phase from its initial period of growth and expansion on theory and techniques to a stage of evaluation and empirical research. In this phase termed here the age of accountability, the field is being called to account for itself by various groups of interested persons. This paper examines the specific groups who are seeking information and discusses the kind of questions they are directly asking. Failure to acknowledge this next step in the development of family therapy could have serious implications.
Mono‐Cultural, Mono‐Class, and So Called Non‐Political Family Therapy**
Authors: Waldegrave Charles
Published: September 2013

This paper urges family therapists to consider wider systems, including socio‐economic and political contexts, when making assessments and effecting interventions. The importance and validity of ethnic differences are stressed.
Coming of Age — A Personal Perspective*
Authors: Sanders Catherine
Published: September 2013

The age of Australian family therapy would place it as an adolescent rather than as one who has ‘come of age’. Using the metaphor of the life stage of adolescence, an assessment is made of cognitive and personal development, separation and autonomy, and peer relationships. It is suggested that while specific progress has been made in most areas, peer relationships are characteristic of a younger stage. The paper concludes with the challenge of the future — to move forward with adolescent limitations or to mature further and ‘come of age’.
‘Coming of Age’: An Individual Perspective*
Authors: Morawetz Anita
Published: September 2013

An outsider's view of family therapy in Australia which raises the question of professional responsibility within the profession and towards the larger system.
Therapeutic Change and Anorexia Nervosa: Views of a Family and a Therapist
Authors: Jackson Sue
Published: September 2013

Answers to the question ‘Why do people change in family therapy?’ remain somewhat elusive and may to some extent always remain partial. However, the perceptions of important participants in the therapeutic system, namely family members themselves, seem somewhat under‐utilised. A regular examination and integration of the families' views may lead to enrichment of our understanding of this complex area.

In this paper the therapist's (and therapy team's) views of the possible catalysts of change in therapy are compared with one family's ideas twelve months after termination of treatment. The family had attended for family therapy because the middle daughter had been suffering from anorexia nervosa.
Short‐term Residential Therapy for the Family: The Eastling Parentcraft Centre Project
Authors: Corbet Hildegard , Palmer Kay
Published: September 2013

This paper describes a short‐term residential family therapy project which has been developed at the Eastling Parentcraft Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand. The Eastling Parentcraft Centre provides a community based residential programme for families who have difficulties in family relationships and child management, and with parental self‐esteem. The problems may concern bonding, separation, neglect and risk of abuse, lack of social support, and feelings of isolation. The Centre's project is described together with an evaluation of the work with families during the second year of the project's operation. Some aspects of this type of residential work with families are also discussed.
Speaking Personally
Authors: Morawetz Anita
Published: September 2013

In this recent address to the Victorian Association of Family Therapists, the author discusses some of the changes in her personal and family life, since learning that she had an inoperable, malignant brain tumour. These changes have helped her clarify key aspects of her work with families and colleagues.
Re‐Imagining Family Therapy: Choosing the Metaphors We Live By
Authors: Lowe Roger
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the influence of dominant metaphors in everyday and professional language, and relates this theme to emerging concerns with the historically dominant metaphor in family therapy: the family viewed as a system. Increasing interest is being shown in the development of alternative metaphors, especially those based on aspects of language and literary practice e.g. conversation, discourse, rhetoric, narrative and text. However, the fundamental question remains: how do we choose the metaphors we wish to live by? To address this question, a journey into postmodernist cultural studies is made and the concept of the ethical‐poetical imagination is borrowed as a criterion for comparison and choice. From this vantage point, preferences for the metaphorical future of ‘postmodernist’ family therapy are expressed and explained.