bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological correlates of visual singleton detection
Authors: Tay Daniel , Harms Victoria , Hillyard Steven A. , McDonald John J.
Published: April 2019

Identifying a fixed‐feature singleton that pops out from an otherwise uniform array of distractors elicits an ERP component called the N2pc over the posterior scalp. The N2pc has been used to track attention with millisecond accuracy, inform theories of visual selection, and test for specific attention deficits in clinical populations, yet it is still unclear what neuro‐cognitive process gives rise to the component. One hypothesis is that the N2pc reflects a spatial filtering process that suppresses irrelevant distractors. In support of this hypothesis, Luck and Hillyard (1994a) showed that the N2pc is eliminated when the features of the target and distractors switch unpredictably across trials (so that participants cannot prepare to filter out irrelevant items). The present study aimed to replicate Luck and Hillyard’s singleton detection experiment but with modifications to enhance the N2pc signal and to gain statistical power. We show that orientation singletons do, in fact, elicit the N2pc as well as an earlier‐onset and longer‐lasting singleton detection positivity over the occipital scalp when the target and distractor orientations swap randomly across trials. We conclude that spatial filtering might not play a major role in the generation of the N2pc and that the selection processes required to search for fixed‐feature targets (in feature‐search mode) are also engaged in the detection of variable‐feature singletons (in singleton detection mode).
Barriers and facilitators for engagement and implementation of exercise in end‐stage kidney disease: Future theory‐based interventions using the Behavior Change Wheel
Authors: Clarke Amy L. , Jhamb Manisha , Bennett Paul N.
Published: April 2019

Theory‐driven interventions are required to increase the adoption and implementation of physical activity and exercise programs among patients with ESKD. The Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) represents a synthesis of behavior change theories and can be used to aid the systematic development of theory‐driven interventions designed to change exercise behavior. The goal of this review was to synthesize barriers and facilitators to engagement and implementation of exercise and develop theory‐based recommendations for exercise behavior change interventions in patients with ESKD. We applied the BCW in the current context of exercise for ESKD patients and conducted an analysis of patients’ and health care professionals’ (HCPs) capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to engage or promote exercise, respectively. Our analysis identified a number of salient barriers that could be targeted via intervention to increase levels of physical activity and exercise. Intervention functions identified as most likely to change patient behavior included training, enablement, education, restructuring environment, persuasion, modeling, incentivizing, and coercion. Similarly, intervention functions most likely to change HCPs behavior for exercise promotion included training, modeling, education, environmental restructuring, persuasion, and incentivizing. We also considered potential over‐arching policy changes required to support these interventions. Our findings provide theory‐based recommendations that can help inform future clinical and research decision‐making for implementing exercise interventions in these patients. However, high‐quality research in this area is desperately needed to ensure that interventions not only be theory‐driven, but evidence‐based.
Do the “Haves” Come Out Ahead? Resource Disparity in Public‐Land Usurpation Litigation in Taiwan*
Authors: Wu Chung‐li
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Conflicts over land are widely recognized as a major issue in most advanced and developing countries.

Methods

This study on land disputes examines the impact of resource inequalities, or termed party capabilities, on public‐land usurpation trial decisions in Taiwan's district courts between 2000 and 2014.

Results

The findings reveal that defendants with superior resources (in terms of socioeconomic status, purpose of usurpation, and area of land involved) are more likely to receive not guilty verdicts or to win their civil cases in court. However, with respect to probationary verdicts in criminal cases, the effects of resource factors on trial outcomes are considerably less than expected.

Conclusions

On the whole, the evidence indicates that Taiwan's judicial system may favor litigants with superior resources, as their socioeconomic and experiential advantages could ensure their success at the expense of those with relatively few resources.
Programmatic outcomes and impact of rapid public sector antiretroviral therapy expansion in adults prior to introduction of the WHO treat‐all approach in rural Eswatini
Authors: Kerschberger Bernhard , Schomaker Michael , Ciglenecki Iza , Pasipamire Lorraine , Mabhena Edwin , Telnov Alex , Rusch Barbara , Lukhele Nomthandazo , Teck Roger , Boulle Andrew
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To assess long‐term antiretroviral therapy (ART) outcomes during rapid HIV programme expansion in the public sector of Eswatini (formerly Swaziland).

Methods

This is a retrospectively established cohort of HIV‐positive adults (≥16 years) who started first‐line ART in 25 health facilities in Shiselweni (Eswatini) between 01/2006 and 12/2014. Temporal trends in ART attrition, treatment expansion and ART coverage were described over 9 years. We used flexible parametric survival models to assess the relationship between time to ART attrition and covariates.

Results

Of 24 772 ART initiations, 6% (n = 1488) occurred in 2006, vs. 13% (n = 3192) in 2014. Between these years, median CD4 cell count at ART initiation increased (113–265 cells/mm3). The active treatment cohort expanded 8.4‐fold, ART coverage increased 8.0‐fold (7.1% in 2006 vs. 56.8% in 2014) and 12‐month crude ART retention improved from 71% to 86%. Compared with the pre‐decentralisation period (2006–2007), attrition decreased by 5% (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.88–1.02) during HIV‐TB service decentralisation (2008–2010), by 17% (aHR 0.83, 0.75–0.92) during service consolidation (2011–2012), and by 20% (aHR 0.80, 0.71–0.90) during further treatment expansion (2013–2014). The risk of attrition was higher for young age, male sex, pathological baseline haemoglobin and biochemistry results, more toxic drug regimens, WHO III/IV staging and low CD4 cell count; access to a telephone was protective.

Conclusions

Programmatic outcomes improved during large expansion of the treatment cohort and increased ART coverage. Changes in ART programming may have contributed to better outcomes.
Impact of hydroxyethyl starch and modified fluid gelatin on granulocyte phenotype and function
Authors: Doblinger Nina , Bredthauer Andre , Mohrez Morad , Hähnel Viola , Graf Bernhard , Gruber Michael , Ahrens Norbert
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Patients with neutropenia or granulocyte dysfunction may require granulocyte transfusions for adequate immune restoration. High‐molecular‐weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is the most commonly used sedimentation agent to enhance granulocyte collection efficiency. However, authorities recently restricted the use of HES due to its unfavorable risk–benefit profile. As modified fluid gelatin (MFG) is already used as an alternative sedimentation agent, we tested the hypothesis that MFG is not inferior to HES in terms of the functionality and viability of granulocytes.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Granulocytes from ten healthy donors were isolated, aliquoted and incubated in parallel for 2 hours with either 0% (control), 7.5%, 15%, or 30% MFG (Gelafundin) or HES (Hespan), respectively, and granulocyte migration, chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), antigen expression, and viability were subsequently investigated in vitro.

RESULTS

Relative to the controls, all three concentrations of HES compared to only 15% and 30% MFG lowered migration distances, and the 15% and 30% concentrations of both sedimentation agents reduced track straightness. HES resulted in lower CD11b expression and higher CD62L expression compared to MFG and the controls, whereas the differences for CD66b did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences in the timing of ROS production or NETosis, or in neutrophil viability or respiratory burst were observed.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that MFG is not inferior to HES in terms of granulocyte function in vitro when used at equal concentrations, and that potential impairment of granulocyte function can occur with HES.
Do deeper regional trade agreements enhance international technology spillovers?
Authors: Jinji Naoto , Zhang Xingyuan , Haruna Shoji
Published: April 2019

We examine whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) enhance international technology spillovers using a panel of patent citation data for 114 countries/regions for the period 1991–2007. We use patent citations as a proxy for technology spillovers. The focus of this study is on whether the depth of regional integration matters for technology spillovers among member countries/regions of RTAs. The depth of integration is measured by the extent to which an RTA includes legal obligations outside the current mandate of the World Trade Organization. We find that the depth of integration actually influences technology spillovers and that a deeper integration in a broad sense has a greater impact on technology spillovers than do technology‐related provisions.
Congenital hypotrichosis in a Simmental cross heifer
Authors: Starič Jože , Gombač Mitja , Ježek Jožica , Švara Tanja
Published: April 2019

Background

Congenital hypotrichosis is defined as a less than normal amount of hair, obvious at birth or in the first weeks of life. Causes are nongenetic or genetic.

Objectives

To describe the clinical presentation and histological features of a novel form of hypotrichosis in a heifer.

Animal

A 15‐month‐old Simmental cross‐bred heifer was presented with a history of progressive hair loss, which started at four months of age and progressed to severe generalized hypotrichosis.

Methods and materials

Anamnestic data, detailed clinical examination, haematological investigation, selected biochemistry profile, RT‐PCR and ELISA for bovine viral diarrhoea virus did not suggest a cause for the hypotrichosis; skin samples were examined histologically.

Results

Histopathology of the skin showed a 50% reduction in the number of hair follicles and dysplastic hair follicles; these findings led to a diagnosis of congenital hypotrichosis. The distribution of the hair and some of the histopathological characteristics were potentially consistent with viable hypotrichosis. A marked reduction in follicle density, hypertrophy of sebaceous glands, hypoplasia of arrector pili muscles and moderate acanthosis with hyperkeratosis, which have not been described previously in viable hypotrichosis or other forms of congenital hypotrichosis, were also observed.

Conclusion and clinical significance

This case may represent a novel form of congenital hypotrichosis.
Iridocorneal angle assessment of companion rabbits using gonioscopy, spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (Optovue iVue®), high‐resolution ultrasound, and Pentacam®HR imaging
Authors: Li Puma Margaret C. , Freeman Kate S. , Cleymaet Allison M. , Pederson Samantha L. , Crawford Amanda C. , Dinger Shelby C. , Li Puma Lance C. , Johnston Matthew S.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Iridocorneal angle (ICA) narrowing is a known risk factor for primary glaucoma in multiple species, but has not been described in companion rabbits. This study aimed to develop an ICA grading scheme for companion rabbits to enable early glaucoma predisposition diagnosis.

Animals studied

Twenty healthy rabbits of varying breeds and ages.

Procedures

Rabbits received complete ophthalmic examinations, including gonioscopy, and imaging of the ICA using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT), Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam®HR), and high‐resolution ultrasound (HRUS). Angle opening distance (AOD) and angle recess area (ARA) of the ICA were measured and assessed for agreement using a Bland‐Altman analysis. A five‐stage gonioscopy grading scheme was created, and Spearman‐rank test assessed for correlation between gonioscopy grades and ICA measurements. Differences among age and sex were analyzed with a nonparametric ANOVA and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, respectively.

Results

Analysis revealed AOD medians of 0.28mm for SD‐OCT [95% CI: 0.24‐0.31], 0.20mm for Pentacam®HR [95% CI: 0.18‐0.21], and 0.25mm for HRUS [95% CI: 0.22‐0.28]. The median ARA was 0.14mm2for SD‐OCT [95% CI: 0.117‐0.163], 0.09mm2for Pentacam®HR [95% CI: 0.082‐0.100], and 0.06mm2for HRUS [95% CI: 0.046‐0.054]. The association between gonioscopy grade and SD‐OCT ARA was significant(P < 0.05), and there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between imaging modalities for both ARA and AOD.

Conclusions

Gonioscopy grade correlated well with SD‐OCT ARA. Therefore, SD‐OCT is recommended as a noncontact method for evaluating companion rabbit ICA. Each imaging device should not be used interchangeably for ICA evaluation.
REVISED PROGRESSIVE MORPHOLOGICAL METHOD FOR GROUND POINT CLASSIFICATION OF AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA
Authors: Mohd Salleh Mohd Radhie , Abd Rahman Muhammad Zulkarnain , Ismail Zamri , Abdul Khanan Mohd Faisal , Asmadi Mohd Asraff
Published: April 2019

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has been very effectively used in collecting terrain information over different scales of area. Inevitably, filtering the non-ground returns is the major step of digital terrain model (DTM) generation and this step poses the greatest challenge especially for tropical forest environment which consists of steep undulating terrain and mostly covered by a relatively thick canopy density. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of the Progressive Morphological (PM) algorithm after the implementation of local slope value in the ground filtering process. The improvement on the PM filtering method was done by employing local slope values obtained either using initial filtering of airborne LiDAR data or ground survey data. The filtering process has been performed with recursive mode and it stops after the results of the filtering does not show any improvement and the DTM error larger than the previous iteration. The revised PM filtering method has decreasing pattern of DTM error with increasing filtering iterations with minimum ±0.520 m of RMSE value. The results also suggest that spatially distributed slope value applied in PM filtering algorithm either from LiDAR ground points or ground survey data is capable in preserving discontinuities of terrain and correctly remove non-terrain points especially in steep area.
ENHANCING THE GRADUATES’ EMPLOYABILITY AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT THROUGH BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING INTENSIVE TRAINING
Authors: Ismail Aimi Sara , Ali Kherun Nita , Mustaffa Nur Emma , A. Iahad Noorminshah , Yusuf Badiru Yunusa
Published: April 2019

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an emerging technological process which highly promotes a better collaborative working environment in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. It is essential that the Higher Education (HE) sector innovates its education system to integrate between different disciplines in the AEC industry to encourage the adoption of BIM. In conjunction with this, BIM Intensive Training was conducted for a selected number of final year undergraduate students at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. They were assigned a real time construction project, utilizing BIM software applications for model authoring, model review, 4D modelling and project coordination. It was observed that the participants were able to overcome various challenges through information sharing and team collaboration. A BIM coordination workflow was produced during the training to assist them in organizing their work. Although their existing knowledge of BIM and their skills using the software applications were quite limited, they were capable in learning expeditiously as the assignment provided them with real-world problems. A year after the training, more than half of the participants agreed that the training had helped them to secure their employment and excel in their current involvements in BIM-based projects. However, due to the current scenario many firms are yet to embrace BIM, there are participants who could not utilize the training. Hence, the establishment of a dynamic and continuous collaboration between professionals and HE sector is the way forward in transforming the traditional structure of AEC industry into a more collaborative and technological approach.
DEMAND OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION BY ALPHA GENERATION ON EDUTAINMENT LEISURE IN THE CITY
Authors: Rusman Nur Shahirah , Ismail Hairul Nizam , Syed Jaafar Syed Muhammad Rafy
Published: April 2019

There had been increasing number of child-centred destination established in the city with the concept of edutainment as to fulfil the needs of alpha generation. Emphasizing on three combined elements of personalized learning, fun and play, edutainment concept is seen as new approach. This is to enhance lifelong learning for the future generation who heavily depending on the advancement and incorporation of technologies to cultivate their intelligent growth. Consequently, the establishment of demand from the preschool operators can be seen through the growing number of excursion and field trip activities organized for children. However, less was examined as to what extend the concept of city edutainment fit into the needs of the educational purposes programs. Therefore, it is important to understand as to how the existing informal educational settings should transform to meet the needs of the alpha generation either by city population or outbound tourist. Hence, the understandings by the city governance is a must in developing and evaluating policy related to edutainment as to ensure the preferences for education-based infrastructures and learning meet the needs. Thus, this paper will discuss the fundamental ability of the city that makes it qualify as edutainment destination with the specific reference to the demand from preschool education in presenting the alpha generation. This including the characteristics of alpha generation, the needs from the preschool education and the city prospects as edutainment informal learning setting. In this case, edutainment facilities are important elements for both urban planning and education which indirectly contribute to the opportunity to explore real learning experience beyond the classroom and shape a better quality of life for future generation.
THE STUDY OF SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE ON AN INDONESIAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
Authors: Setiawan Theresita Herni , Firdaus Adrian , Putra Andre Dwi
Published: April 2019

Situational leadership is defined as a style of leadership in which a leader manages to adapt his/her style in order to suit the situation. This situation refers to the circumstances among the leader’s employee which could enhance the success of the related project/work. The study is aimed to determine the suitability between the type of the employee and the situational leadership style of the project manager on a construction company. The circumstances of the employee are represented by their commitment and competence maturity level. The suitability result could give an insight to the project manager to enhance the success of their project. This study utilises a descriptive statistical analysis through a questionnaire survey and interview to a construction company in Indonesia. This company is selected because it is one of the biggest construction company in Indonesia. This research observed four high rise building projects which are constructed by this company in 2017 in Bandung, Indonesia. The result summary of the four projects shows a suitability between the type of employee (D3) and the project’s manager situational leadership style (S3).  In accordance with the situational leadership theory, this suitability could produce a great situation between project manager and his/her employee, enhancing the accomplishment of the project. The company should keep this suitability, if such a shifting happens among the team, a re-identification is recommended. This could help project manager to understand his/her new employee, so he/she could adapt to the new situation and transform his/her leadership style to fit the new type of employee. This could enhance the overall performance of the company.
Harga Diri, Niat Menambah Pinjaman Dan Gelagat Perbelanjaan Individu Muslim Berpendapatan Rendah Di Sektor Perladangan
Authors: Toto Ngadiman Dicky Wiwittan , Rahim Hainnur Aqma , Yacoob Salmy Edawaty , Wahid Hairunnizam
Published: April 2019

The importance of self-esteem cannot be underestimated. According to many previous researchers, self-esteem affects people behavior and thoughts. It changes how people feel about and value themself. It affects their confidence, and that can affect their success and thinking in a big way. Therefore, the objective of this study is examines the influence of self-esteem towards the intention of increasing the loan and the spending behavior of tahsiniyyat goods among the low-income people in plantation sector in Sabah. The study utilized data obtained from questionnaires that have been completed by 378 low-income people in Felda, Sabah.  The data analysis was carried out through Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques by using the SmartPLS 2.0 M3 software. The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between self-esteem with intention to increase their loans. We also observe that generally low-income people in plantation sector have spent their loan in tahsiniyyat goods. Results of this study suggest it is important for policymakers to increase financial literacy of low-income people by implementing various financial education programs so that they student can spent their loan wisely.
Diverse tuning underlies sparse activity in layer 2/3 vibrissal cortex of awake mice
Authors: Ranjbar‐Slamloo Yadollah , Arabzadeh Ehsan
Published: April 2019

Key points

Sparse population activity is a common feature observed across cortical areas, yet the implications for sensory coding are not clear.

We recorded single neuron activity in the vibrissal somatosensory cortex of awake head‐fixed mice using the cell‐attached technique.

Unlike the anaesthetised condition, in awake mice a high‐velocity, piezo‐controlled whisker deflection excited only a small fraction of neurons.

Manual probing of whiskers revealed that the majority of these silent neurons could be activated by specific forms of whisker–object contact.

Our results suggest that sparse coding in vibrissal cortex may be due to high dimensionality of the stimulus space and narrow tuning of individual neurons.

It is widely reported that superficial layers of the somatosensory cortex exhibit sparse firing. This sparseness could reflect weak feedforward sensory inputs that are not sufficient to generate action potentials in these layers. Alternatively, sparseness might reflect tuning to unknown or higher‐level complex features that are not fully explored in the stimulus space. Here, we examined these hypotheses by applying a range of vibrotactile and manual vibrissal stimuli in awake, head‐fixed mice while performing loose‐seal cell‐attached recordings from the vibrissal primary somatosensory (vS1) cortex. A high‐velocity stimulus delivered by a piezo‐electric actuator evoked activity in a small fraction of regular spiking supragranular neurons (23%) in the awake condition. However, a majority of the supragranular regular spiking neurons (84%) were driven by manual stimulation of whiskers. Our results suggest that most neurons in the superficial layers of vS1 cortex contribute to coding in the awake condition when neurons may encounter their preferred feature(s) during whisker–object interactions.
Estrategias de pensamiento constructivo en estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Contreras Gutiérrez Ofelia , Chávez Becerra Margarita , Aragón Borja Laura Edna , Velázquez Ortiz Miriam
Published: April 2019

El pensamiento constructivo se refiere a la capacidad para: relacionarnos con los demás de forma satisfactoria y solucionar eficazmente los problemas de la vida cotidiana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las estrategias de pensamiento constructivo que utilizan los estudiantes universitarios. En cuanto a pensamiento constructivo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas, pero sí en el modo de afrontar los problemas: los hombres se encaminan a aminorar los efectos emocionales que aquéllos les causan, con más alta autoestima y capacidad de sobreponerse, mientras que las mujeres se encuentran más interesadas en emprender acciones para resolverlos. Por otra parte, los hombres presentan en comparación con ellas más alto pensamiento no constructivo, siendo intolerantes, inflexibles y presentando un optimismo ingenuo.
Reseña de: “Representaciones y ciencias sociales. Una perspectiva epistemológica y metodológica”
Authors: Jaramillo Moreno Ricardo Arturo
Published: April 2019

La revista Universitas Psychologica abre una nueva sección destinada a la “Reseña de Libros” e invita a enviar textos alusivos y pertinentes que contengan la referencia del libro respectivo bajo normas APA, al igual que un resumen analítico que refiera las tesis, hipótesis, unidades de análisis, debates y discusiones conclusivas de los mismos, que vayan mucho más allá de una descripción narrativa. El Editor de la sesión de libros es el Profesor Hugo Escobar Melo quien recibirá los materiales para su análisis, aprobación y publicación.
La terapia Gestalt y la presencia terapéutica de Fritz Perls: una entrevista a Claudio Naranjo.
Authors: Ramírez Calderón Iván
Published: April 2019

Como testigo y participe de excepción en el origen y desarrollo de la Terapia Gestalt, en esta entrevista Claudio Naranjo considera las características de esta forma de terapia, y lo hace a partir de su trabajo y de su encuentro personal con el hombre y la figura terapéutica de Fritz Perls. A lo largo de la entrevista se establece la base experiencial y los elementos del cambio terapéutico, junto con la actitud terapéutica, y la concepción holística de la persona; además se destacan los contrastes entre la psicología académica, la dimensión espiritual del ser humano y la intuición del terapeuta en la relación de ayuda.
Adding support to cross-cultural emotional assessment: validation of the international affective picture system in a chilean sample
Authors: Dufey Domínguez Michele , Fernández Tapia Ana María , Mayol Troncoso Rocío
Published: April 2019

The present study aimed to obtain a valid set of images of the International Affective Picture System (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005) –a widely used instrumentation in emotion research- in a Chilean sample, as well as to compare these results with those obtained from the US study in order to contribute to its cross-cultural validation. A sample of 135 college students assessed 188 pictures according to standard instructions in valence and arousal dimensions. The results showed the expected organization of affectivity, with main variations between sex in valence judgments, and differences between countries in the arousal dimension. It is concluded that the Chilean adaptation of the IAPS is consistent with previous evidence, adding support to it cross-cultural validity.
Motivos, apoyo social y comportamientos de adhesión en personas con VIH: modelamiento con ecuaciones estructurales
Authors: González Ramírez Mónica Teresa , Piña López Julio Alfonso
Published: April 2019

Se condujo un estudio transversal cuyo objetivo fue modelar con ecuaciones estructurales la influencia de variables psicológicas y sociales sobre comportamientos de adhesión en 69 personas con VIH. El modelo estructural final reveló la influencia de las variables motivos y apoyo social sobre los comportamientos de adhesión (x2/gl = 1.29; IBA = 0.91; IBAC = 0.84; RCMEA = 0.06; IAI = 0.96; IAC = 0.96), explicando 49% de la varianza; adicionalmente, se observó una influencia de los comportamientos de adhesión sobre los niveles de carga viral y de éstos sobre los linfocitos T-CD4. Este estudio contribuye a un mejor entendimiento de las variables que subyacen a la práctica eficiente de los comportamientos de adhesión en personas con VIH.
Actitudes hacia la discapacidad de jóvenes y adultos de Chiapas
Authors: García Lara Germán Alejandro , Hernández Ortiz Soledad
Published: April 2019

El estudio se realiza en una población de 736 jóvenes y adultos de tres localidades de Chiapas, México y tiene como objetivo analizar las actitudes que estos presentan sobre la discapacidad. Se aplican la Escala de Valoración de Términos Asociados con la Discapacidad y la Escala de Actitudes hacia las Personas con Discapacidad, Forma G. Los resultados indican que las variables: tener un familiar con discapacidad, una mayor escolaridad, el ser más joven, soltero o casado, vivir en zona urbana y, no profesar ninguna religión, señalan actitudes más positivas hacia estas personas. Se da una valoración más positiva a los términos Con necesidades educativas especiales, excepcional y enfermo, y más negativa a subnormal, trastornado y retrasado.
Construcción y evaluación psicométrica de una escala para pesquisar factores vinculados al comportamiento suicida en adolescentes chilenos
Authors: Urzúa M. Alfonso , Caqueo U. Alejandra
Published: April 2019

Se evalúa las propiedades de un instrumento que pesquisa factores de riesgo del intento de suicidio en 500 alumnos de enseñanza secundaria (media de edad de 16,5 años). La solución de cuatro factores propuesta (conductas suicidas, satisfacción, sentido de vida y afecto negativo) explica un 58% de la varianza. La consistencia interna de los factores y de la escala total es buena (alfa de Cronbach de .95 para la escala total). Los análisis de regresión sugieren que la mejor variable predictiva para la conducta “intento de suicidio” corresponde conductas suicidas (ideación y planificación suicida). La escala posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para evaluar riesgo de intento suicida, discriminando entre aquellos que han realizado intentos de suicidio de aquellos que no.
Intervenciones breves con adolescentes estudiantes rurales que consumen alcohol en exceso
Authors: Salazar de Garza Martha Leticia , Valdez Ruiz José Félix , Martínez Martínez Kalina Isela , Pedroza Cabrera Francisco Javier
Published: April 2019

Debido a la falta de programas dirigidos a prevenir y tratar el consumo excesivo de alcohol en adolescentes de comunidades rurales, se evaluaron dos modalidades de corta intervención: a) programa breve de cinco sesiones y b) sesión de consejo breve. En una primera fase se realizó un estudio exploratorio, obteniendo un cuadro descriptivo del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de tres comunidades rurales, mientras que en un segundo momento, mediante un diseño de grupos de comparación, se determinaron los efectos de ambas intervenciones sobre el patrón de consumo y otras variables psicosociales en 24 adolescentes rurales del estado de Aguascalientes (México). Se concluyó que ambas modalidades de intervención son efectivas para el trabajo con adolescentes rurales usuarios de alcohol.
Representación Social del Conflicto Armado Colombiano en niños y niñas de un Colegio adscrito a la Policía Nacional
Authors: Parra Villa Yamilena
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo, producto de una investigación de diseño cualitativo que utilizó como técnica el dibujo, describe el contenido y analiza la estructura y organización de la representación social del conflicto armado colombiano en niños(as) entre 7 y 10 años pertenecientes a una escuela adscrita a la Policía Nacional. Los resultados muestran que este hecho social se organiza en la mente de los niños(as) en torno de las escenas de enfrentamiento y ataque, las cuales tienen como contexto principalmente el espacio rural, alrededor de ellas surgen con fuerza alusiones a los actores. La Población Civil es reconocida como víctima directa, la Policía como benefactores y buenos y la guerrilla como mala; Policía y Guerrilla son representados principalmente por la figura masculina. Imágenes recurrentes de armas y muerte suscitan la percepción del conflicto como malo, a la vez que originan en los niños(as) sentimientos de malestar y tristeza.
Conducting research about sensitive subjects: The case of homeless youth
Authors: Koller Silvia Helena , Raffaelli Marcela , Carlo Gustavo
Published: April 2019

There is growing interest and importance in addressing the logistical and ethical challenges of conducting research with disenfranchised populations, including homeless and working street youth. Drawing upon established international standards on human rights, we review legal and ethical codes for research on disenfranchised populations established by national and international research and professional organizations. Then we explore how university-based researchers can apply these standards to children and adolescents growing up in situations characterized by physical and psychological neglect, lack of adult supervision, limited protection from local law enforcement, and drug use and violence. We reflect upon on our experiences in conducting research with vulnerable Brazilian youth to illustrate the challenges of implementing ethical guidelines in real-world situations and propose possible solutions to ethical dilemmas encountered in the field.
Construcción y validación del Cuestionario de Experiencias de Violencia en las Relaciones de Pareja y Familia en Estudiantes Universitarios
Authors: Villafañe Santiago Angel A. , Jimenez Chafey Maria Isabel , De Jesus Carrasquillo Damaris , Vázquez Ramos Robinson A.
Published: April 2019

Este estudio presenta el proceso de desarrollo del Cuestionario de Experiencias de Violencia en las Relaciones de Pareja y Familia en Estudiantes Universitarios, así como sus propiedades psicométricas y hallazgos a través de un estudio piloto. El instrumento exploró las experiencias de violencia de una muestra de estudiantes en las relaciones de pareja y de familia en cuatro contextos: de la pareja hacia el/la estudiante; del estudiante hacia la pareja; observada entre padres; y de los padres hacia el/la estudiante. Los hallazgos de este estudio aportan al conocimiento de la prevalencia de la violencia física y emocional en múltiples contextos, viabilizando el diseño de intervenciones pertinentes en el manejo y prevención de la violencia en poblaciones universitarias.
Traducción y validación de la versión española de la Échelle des Perceptions du Soutien à l’Autonomie en Sport
Authors: Núñez Juan L. , León Jaime , Domínguez Evelia , Martín Patricia , Martín-Albo José
Published: April 2019

El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Échelle des Perceptions du Soutien à l’Autonomie en Sport en una muestra de 326 deportistas (248 hombres y 78 mujeres). Los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio apoyaron la estructura unifactorial de la escala. Asimismo mediante un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales se obtuvieron resultados que muestran evidencias de validez predictiva, en el que la percepción del apoyo a la autonomía predice de manera positiva la percepción de autonomía y la percepción de competencia y éstas, a su vez, predicen la motivación intrínseca, que muestra un efecto positivo sobre las emociones positivas durante la práctica deportiva. Asimismo, se muestran evidencias de fiabilidad a través del análisis de la consistencia interna y la estabilidad temporal. Los resultados apoyan preliminarmente el uso de la versión española en el contexto deportivo.
Escala de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento: validez factorial y perfiles actitudinales en estudiantes universitarios chilenos
Authors: Denegri Coria Marianela , Cabezas Gaete Daniel , Del Valle Rojas Carlos , González Gómez Yessica , Sepúlveda Aravena Jocelyne
Published: April 2019

El número de estudiantes universitarios que presentan un endeudamiento temprano se ha incrementado en los últimos años, lo que representa un riesgo potencial para su estabilidad financiera. La presente investigación analiza la validez factorial de la Escala de Actitudes hacia el Endeudamiento (Denegri et al., 1999) y determina la existencia de tipología de perfiles actitudinales hacia el endeudamiento, en una muestra de 984 estudiantes universitarios chilenos con edades entre 18 y 25 años. Los resultados señalan la presencia de dos factores independientes denominados Hedonismo y Austeridad, a partir de los cuales se determinaron cuatro perfiles de actitudes hacia el endeudamiento llamados: austero, difuso, hedonista y ambivalente, que podrían estar a la base de comportamientos de aceptación o rechazo del endeudamiento.
Empatía y tolerancia a la diversidad en un contexto educativo intercultural
Authors: Esteban-Guitart Moises , Rivas Damián María Jane , Pérez Daniel Myriam Rebeca
Published: April 2019

Las relaciones entre empatía y conducta prosocial han estado ampliamente estudiadas desde hace años. Sin embargo, no existen estudios que utilicen estudiantes indígenas y mestizos de una universidad intercultural. El objetivo principal de la investigación fue analizar la tolerancia a la diversidad en relación a la empatía. La muestra estaba formada por 534 indígenas y mestizos, de edades comprendidas entre los 17 y los 22 años. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes con una alta capacidad empática eran también más tolerantes. Las chicas puntuaron significativamente superior en tolerancia y empatía que los chicos. Se encuentran diferencias entre indígenas y mestizos y entre universidad intercultural y universidad pública en relación a áreas específicas de la tolerancia a la diversidad.
Relación entre desarrollo cognitivo y contextos de interacción familiar de niños que viven en sectores urbanos pobres
Authors: Orozco-Hormaza Mariela , Sánchez-Ríos Hernán , Cerchiaro-Ceballos Elda
Published: April 2019

Este artículo relaciona el desarrollo cognitivo de 405 niños de 3, 4 y 5 años, que viven en sectores urbanos pobres de Cali y Santa Marta (Colombia), con dimensiones que describen sus contextos de interacción familiar. Como indicador de desarrollo se utilizaron las estrategias de clasificación que utilizan individualmente los niños en la resolución de un problema, y como descriptores de los contextos de interacción, el nivel de pobreza de la familia y las prácticas y expectativas de los padres. Los resultados muestran que el desarrollo cognitivo alto no se relaciona con el nivel de pobreza de la familia, como dimensión aislada, sino con niveles altos de prácticas de formación, entretenimiento, protección y regulación del comportamiento.
Validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Felicidad de Lima en adultos mayores venezolanos
Authors: Árraga Barrios Marisela Virginia , Sánchez Villarroel Marhilde
Published: April 2019

Con el propósito de determinar las propiedades psicométricas: validez y confiabilidad, de la Escala de Felicidad de Lima, para ser aplicada en adultos mayores venezolanos, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, experimental, de campo y transeccional, con 103 adultos mayores venezolanos entre 60 y 85 años. Los procedimientos estadísticos utilizados fueron el análisis factorial para evaluar su validez, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach y el coeficiente partición por mitades, para la confiabilidad. Como resultado se obtuvo una “Versión adaptada de la Escala de Felicidad de Lima para adultos mayores” constituida por 14 ítems agrupados en cuatro dimensiones que miden el constructo felicidad. Los valores psicométricos obtenidos la acreditan como un instrumento válido y confiable para ser aplicado a adultos mayores
Child soldiers in Colombia: Five views
Authors: Carmona Parra Jaime Alberto , Moreno Martín Florentino , Tobón Hoyos John Felipe
Published: April 2019

This paper offers explanations of the meanings that push children to illegally armed groups in Colombia from the testimony of 21 demobilized young girls from the region of Antioquia (Colombia). The girls’ answers are placed on a typology of explanations drawn from academic reports, and compared to three samples of attributions of students, teachers and policemen of their same region. The visions “idealizing” and “criminalizing” mobilization are practically marginal in all samples. The dominant vision among the girls is called “self-assertive”. From the rest of the samples, as well as for the experts, the majority of the views are “victimizing”.
Diferencias culturales en el uso de marcos de referencia espacial: el caso de los niños mapuche
Authors: Alonqueo Boudon Paula , Silva Cid Elena
Published: April 2019

Investigaciones transculturales muestran la variabilidad existente en el desarrollo de la cognición espacial, cuestionando el predominio del marco de referencia relativo y la visión egocéntrica en las representaciones infantiles (Dasen & Mishra, 2010). Este estudio se centra en establecer diferencias en los marcos de referencia espacial usados por 210 escolares mapuche y chilenos, 152 rurales y 58 urbanos, de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Los participantes respondieron una tarea de memoria espacial en la que se evaluó el predominio del marco de referencia relativo o absoluto, y aunque ambos grupos culturales utilizaron los dos marcos de referencia, claramente en los niños mapuche rurales de 10 a 12 años predomina el marco absoluto. Se discuten las implicaciones de la cultura en el desarrollo de la cognición espacial.
What Must We Know and Know How to Do for Implementation During the PENTA UC School Program? A View from the Teachers
Authors: Cabrera-Murcia Elsa Piedad
Published: April 2019

This study explored what should be known, by a teacher of talented children, when implementing the PENTA UC School program. This study included a sample of 18 educators directly involved in the implementation process of this enrichment program. Teachers established bridges between verbalized knowledge and their pedagogic practice, recognizing know and know-how as two fundamental spheres of knowledge for the implementation of this program. The results show that these spheres traverse five different dimensions: planning, implementation, evaluation, learning environment, and collaborative work; which, in conjunction, allow the teacher to apply a differentiated instruction, taking into consideration the particular learning paces and characteristics of talented children. Furthermore, the need to consider these spheres in teacher’s preparation programs was confirmed.
Los adolescentes y el conflicto interparental destructivo: impacto en la percepción del sistema familiar y diferencias según el tipo de familia, la edad y el sexo de los adolescentes
Authors: López Larrosa Silvia , Sánchez Souto Vanesa , Mendiri Ruíz de Alda Paula
Published: April 2019

En este trabajo se estudiaron las percepciones del conflicto interparental y sus efectos a largo plazo en las emociones, las conductas y las cogniciones en una muestra de 510 adolescentes españoles. Los instrumentos empleados fueron la Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale [CPIC] (Grych, Seid & Fincham, 1992) y la Security in the Family System Scale [SIFS] (Forman & Davies, 2005). CPIC evalúa la naturaleza del conflicto y los factores contextuales del mismo. SIFS mide la seguridad en el sistema familiar, la preocupación y la implicación de los hijos. Se encontró que cuanto más conflicto destructivo hay entre los padres (más intenso, frecuente y sin resolver) más culpados, amenazados, triangulados, preocupados e inseguros se sienten los hijos, más ineficaces piensan que son sus intentos de resolver los problemas de los padres y menos se implican en las discusiones. Se encontraron diferencias entre familias monoparentales y nucleares que hacen patente el impacto del conflicto posdivorcio de los padres. En estos casos es más estable y los padres son más ineficaces en su resolución, por lo que los hijos se sienten más inseguros. Los datos indican que con la edad aumenta la inseguridad de los hijos y que las jóvenes se implican significativamente menos en los conflictos entre los padres.
Acercamiento Estadístico a la Realidad de los Menores Infractores en México: Legislación y Crimen Organizado, nuevos desafíos
Authors: Vasquez León
Published: April 2019

El presente escrito muestra un repaso general de las modificaciones en materia de justicia juvenil en México, para lo cual se abordan de forma somera las distintas escuelas imperantes en el área: penal, asistencialista y garantista, dedicando especial atención al debate actual acerca de encrudecer las penas a la población en cuestión. Se incluye además un análisis estadístico retrospectivo de 1980 a 2007, con lo que al responder a las preguntas: ¿ha cambiado el perfil criminal del menor infractor de los años 80 a nuestros tiempos? y ¿existe evidencia que permita suponer que estos cambios y el crimen organizado están relacionados?, se obtuvo con resultados que permiten afirmar que el perfil de los menores infractores mutó con una clara vinculación de delitos contra la salud, homicidio calificado y robo, aunado a una mayor vulnerabilidad a la cooptación por parte del crimen organizado, quedando así abierto el debate sobre la naturaleza del impacto que dichas organizaciones y su oferta de vida tienen en nuestros jóvenes.
Restorative Justice in Juvenile Courts in Brazil: a brief review of Porto Alegre and São Caetano pilot projects
Authors: Achutti Daniel , Pallamolla Raffaella
Published: April 2019

In this paper, it is presented the results of the first three years (2005-2007) of the application of Restorative Justice (RJ) in the Brazilian juvenile justice system. To this end, it was made a bibliographical and documental researches, so all data used in the paper has not been collected directly by the authors. Good results are verified, despite the almost complete absence of publicity given to the work developed in the country. It was also noticed a considerable lack of dialogue between those who are responsible for the programmes, the legal actors involved, and the local Universities. For even better results, it is suggested that all institutions involved improve the dialogue between them and encourage scientific researches of their own practices.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de los tres primeros años (2005-2007) de la aplicación de la Justicia Restaurativa (RJ) en el sistema de justicia juvenil brasileño. Para ello, se realizaron investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales, por lo cual los datos utilizados en el estudio no fueron recogidos directamente por los autores. Los resultados verificados son positivos, a pesar de la ausencia casi total de publicidad que se dio a los trabajos desarrollados en el país. También se observó una considerable falta de diálogo entre los responsables de los programas, los actores jurídicos involucrados y las universidades locales. Para obtener mejores resultados, se sugiere la mejora del diálogo entre todas las instituciones involucradas y que se fomente la investigación científica de sus propias prácticas.
El dolor y su impacto en la calidad de vida y estado anímico de pacientes hospitalizados
Authors: Molina Linde Juan Máximo , Figueroa Rodríguez Janice , Uribe Rodríguez Ana Fernanda
Published: April 2019

Mediante este estudio descriptivo transversal se pretendió conocer la relación entre la intensidad percibida del dolor, el estado de ánimo y la calidad de vida en pacientes hospitalizados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 271 pacientes (133 hombres y 138 mujeres; edad M = 56.79) de un hospital de tercer nivel en Granada, España. Se administró el Perfil de Salud de Nottingham (PSN), la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EADG) y la Escala Verbal Simple (EVS). Los resultados reflejan un empeoramiento en cada una de las áreas de la calidad de vida evaluada con el PSN, así como en la ansiedad y depresión medidas con la EADG, conforme la intensidad del dolor aumenta. Finalmente, se discuten algunas recomendaciones basadas en los resultados.