bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF THE STEEP SLOPE RISK ASSESSMENT USING
THREE DIMENSIONAL INFORMATION DATA
Authors: Shin D. Y. , Sim J. S. , Lee K. S.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. A collapse of slope is one of the natural disasters that often occur during the early spring and the rainy season. In order to prevent this kind of disaster, safety monitoring is carried out through risk assessment. This assessment consists of various parameters such as inclination angle and height of the slope, and inspectors evaluate the score using the compass, the laser range finder, and so on. This approach is, however, consumed a lot of the manpower and the time. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate the rapid and accurate steep slope risk by using a terrestrial LiDAR which takes 3 dimensional spatial information data. 3D spatial information data was acquired using the terrestrial LiDAR for steep slopes classified as very unstable slopes. Noise and vegetation of the acquired scan data were removed to generate point cloud data with a rock or mountain model without vegetation. The RMSE of the registration accuracy was 0.0156 m. From the point cloud data, the inclination angle, height, shape, valley, collapse and loss were evaluated. As a result, various risk assessment parameters can be checked at once. In addition, it is expected to be used as basic data for constructing steep slope DB, providing visualization data, and time series analysis in the future.
AIRBORNE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Schulz J.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Currently, satellite-based systems and UAVs are very popular in the investigation of natural disasters. Both systems have their justification and advantages – but one should not forget the airborne remote sensing technology. The presentation shows with three examples very clearly how airborne remote sensing is still making great progress and in many cases represents the optimal method of data acquisition. The airborne detection of forest damages (especially currently the bark beetle in spruce stands) can determine the pest attack using CIR aerial images in combination with ALS and hyperspectral systems – down to the individual tree. Large forest areas of 100 sqkm and more can be recorded from planes on one day (100 sqkm with 10cm GSD on one day). Flood events – such as on the Elbe in 2013 – were recorded by many satellites. However, many evaluations require highresolution data (GSD 10cm), e.g. to clarify insurance claims. Here the aircraft system, which was able to fly below the cloud cover and was constantly flying at the height level of the flood peak, proved to be unbeatable. The phenomenon of urban flash floods is one of the consequences of climate change. Cities are not in a position to cope with the water masses of extreme rain events and so are confronted with major damages. In Germany, a number of cities are already preparing to manage short-term but extreme water masses. The complicated hydrographic and hydraulic calculations and simulations require above all one thing – a precise data basis. This involves, for example, the height of kerbstones and the recording of every gully and every obstacle. Such city-wide data can only be collected effectively by photogrammetric analysis of aerial photography (GSD 5 to 10cm).
CHALLENGES OF USING DRONES AND VIRTUAL/AUGMENTED REALITY FOR
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
Authors: Velev D. , Zlateva P. , Steshina L. , Petukhov I.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Natural and man-made disasters can severely destroy environments and they make conditions difficult to access the affected areas and to provide assistance. The conditions on-site could be dangerous and unstable and there is an increasing need for life-saving decisions to be taken quickly to minimize evolving hazards and to start relief operations. The accurate and timely data gathering is important to produce a full information about the calamity. In recent disasters drones are deployed extensively to help find people quickly, provide imminent reliable imagery and data by flying closer to the ground. They are used to create disaster maps and assess damage after earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes, etc. The fast transition into the digital age makes new technologies become available to enhance and expand drone capabilities in disaster risk management, such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). The paper tries to analyze how VR can be used to plan operations in a controlled manner before deadly events strike by creating disaster simulations in digital environments, enabling the rescuers to practice as many times as necessary until they are able to achieve mastery of the life-saving techniques. The paper also analyzes how drones, equipped with cameras, devices and AR, can be used to create different types of maps that help rescuers locate critical spots. These can also facilitate the location of people in need, and can survey constructions to find critical damages.
USAGE OF GEODATA AND VIRTUAL REALITY IN THE MODERN SITUATION VISUALIZATION
Authors: Wagner B.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. When a crisis arises, geographically referenced data is helpful in dealing with the situation. A map can provide a link between available data and stakeholders. It allows all participants to obtain an understandable model of the situation. For crisis management, hawse have developed an integrated system with an emphasis on ergonomics and data fusion. Visualization and interaction are tailored towards specific responsibilities as well as towards different devices such as smartphones, desktops and large displays. In addition to commonly available 2D geodata, highly accurate and up-to-date 3D geodata becomes more readily available. 3D geodata displayed on normal display devices, however, naturally lacks the third dimension. In order to gain a better understanding of the situation, we have added a virtual reality variant to its crisis management system. The VR environment allows meeting as a team, connecting local and remote participants, in the VR environment for a more efficient and natural discussion. In this VR meeting, all participants can work with the same geodata and annotations, providing a consistent view of the situation. To assess the additional value of 3D geodata and virtual reality visualization in this context, a user study was conducted comparing the performance using 2D geodata, 3D geodata and visualization in VR. The study provides insights into the task-specific value of 3D geodata and VR visualization.
DRONE BASED NEAR REAL-TIME HUMAN DETECTION WITH
GEOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION
Authors: Baeck P. J. , Lewyckyj N. , Beusen B. , Horsten W. , Pauly K.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Detection of humans, e.g. for search and rescue operations has been enabled by the availability of compact, easy to use cameras and drones. On the other hand, aerial photogrammetry techniques for inspection applications allow for precise geographic localization and the generation of an overview orthomosaic and 3D terrain model. The proposed solution is based on nadir drone imagery and combines both deep learning and photogrammetric algorithms to detect people and position them with geographical coordinates on an overview orthomosaic and 3D terrain map. The drone image processing chain is fully automated and near real-time and therefore allows search and rescue teams to operate more efficiently in difficult to reach areas.
DEFECT DETECTION OF HISTORIC STRUCTURES IN DARK PLACES BASED ON THE POINT CLOUD ANALYSIS BY MODIFIED OptD METHOD
Authors: Błaszczak-Bąk W. , Suchocki C. , Janicka J. , Dumalski A. , Duchnowski R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Data provided by Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) can be very useful, and their applications are very diverse. Information about the reflection, its intensity values of individual points give the possibility of a realistic visualization of the entire scanned object. This use of LiDAR is very important in improving safety and avoiding disasters. The use of LiDAR technology allows to 'look' and extract information about the structure of the object without the need for external lighting or daylight. In the paper the results of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) measurements conducted by means of the Leica C-10 scanner will be presented. The measurement will be performed in rooms without daylight: in the basement of the ruins of the medieval tower located in Dobre Miasto and in the basement of a century-old building located at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Next, the obtained dataset of x, y, z and intensity will be processed using the Optimum Dataset (OptD) method. The application of the OptD allows to keep more points of interest area where surface is imperfect (e.g. cracks and cavities) and reduce more points of the low interest homogeneous surface (redundant information). The OptD algorithm was additionally modified by detecting and segmentation defects on a scale from 0 to 3 such as (0) harmless, (1) to the inventory, (2) requiring repair, (3) dangerous. The obtained survey results proved the high effectiveness of the modified OptD method in detection and segmentation wall defects.
EVALUATION OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF EVACUATION CENTERS IN METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Cajucom E. P. , Chao Jr. G. Y. , Constantino G. A. , Ejares J. A. , Quillope S. J. G. , Solomon H. M. , Ringor C. L.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In a densely populated and hazard-prone megalopolis like Metro Manila, the ability to execute a rapid evacuation protocol is crucial in saving lives and minimizing the damage during disastrous events. However, there is no centralized database on the location of evacuation centers (ECs) in Metro Manila and the available lists are not up-to-date. This study geotagged the current list of ECs in Metro Manila obtained from different government agencies to evaluate the spatial distribution using Geographical Information System (GIS). This is important since the immediate evacuation of residents depends on the proximity and safe location of the ECs. A total of 870 ECs were geo-tagged and validated using the street view of Google EarthTM. EC-to-population ratios were calculated for each of the 16 cities and one municipality of Metro Manila. Values range from ~3,000 to 81,000 persons per EC. Distance analysis using Thiessen Polygon shows that the ECs are not evenly distributed with proximity areas ranging from 0.0009 to 9.5 km2. Out of the total number of mapped ECs, 392 (45%) are situated in flood-prone areas while 108 (12%) are within the 1-km buffer hazard zone of an active faultline. Re-evaluation of the locations and the number of ECs per city or municipality is highly recommended to facilitate prompt evacuation when disasters strike.
Idleness: Energizing the Danish Welfare State
Authors: Mikkelsen Henrik Hvenegaard
Published: August 2019

This article appropriates the concept of energy in order to analyze the interaction between the Danish welfare state and the category of citizens referred to among social workers and health professionals as “passive citizens.” While passivity might commonly be seen as mere inactivity—a certain non-action beyond the unfolding of social life—this article argues that in the Danish welfare society, the opposite is the case. In fact, in this context various forms of passivity have become the object of concerted political and media attention and the general schism between energy and passivity has become part of a public discourse on elderly health care and aging. By examining the way health care professionals talk about passive senior citizens in terms of a lack of energy, this article shows how, in a wider sense, passivity is framed as a particular problem that can be overcome through the right health care intervention. I argue that energy and passivity have become of key interest to the Danish welfare state in managing its aging population and that the attempt to activate the passive citizen in fact energizes the welfare state.
Book Review: How Men Age: What Evolution Reveals about Male Health and Mortality
Authors: Zimmer Richard
Published: August 2019

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Surveillance Entanglements: Digital Data Flows and Ageing Bodies in Motion in the Danish Welfare State
Authors: Schwennesen Nete
Published: August 2019

In recent years, new forms of self-tracking technologies, advanced algorithms and quantified measurements have increasingly become part of interventions targeting the physical improvement of elderly bodies. This has led authors to argue that the latter are not just ‘busy’ bodies (Katz 2000) but ‘busier and smarter bodies,’ as well as being nodes for data collection, monitoring and surveillance designed to promote physical functioning (Katz and Marshall 2018). The article qualifies the argument by examining concrete encounters in which frail elderly bodies are made to move and transform in digital rehabilitation programs in the Danish welfare state. The study mobilizes Bennett’s (2009) notion of the ‘vitality of materiality’ as an analytic lens, thus highlighting the agentic capacities of technologies and the fleshy-sensual, lively force of the body itself. Drawing on ethnographic material, the article traces how movement is impacted by the links and forces generated by a specific digital rehabilitation assemblage. This emphasizes the fluidity of relational connections between bodies and digital dataflows, meanwhile demonstrating that the vital force of the aging body is expressed through sensory pain when the temporality of the metrics and the rate of bodily recovery are out of alignment. In contrast to studies focusing on surveillance as a pre-given disciplining force, the vital materialism approach invites us to think about surveillance as a vibrant, open-ended and temporally specific process whose outcome is not predetermined. Finally, it is argued that, to develop processes leading to bodily restoration rather than disruption, greater attention to sensory expression is needed – among professionals, IT workers and the elderly alike – combined with a willingness to adjust the assemblage continually to align metrics with rates of bodily recovery.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Lee Kelvin
Published: August 2019

Journal of Biology and Life Science (JBLS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JBLS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 2Adeline Chia, Taylor’s University, MalaysiaAlireza Heidari, California South University, USAAmobi Maduabuchi Inwele, Federal University of Kashere, NigeriaAnbalagan Jaganathan, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, USAAnirban Chakraborty, Stanford University, USAArshia Tabassum, University of Karachi, PakistanBalaji Thas Moorthy, University of Miami, IndiaBratko Filipič, CIETO, SloveniaChandra S Bathula, Louisiana State University, USADjallel Eddine Gherissi, Souk Ahars University, AlgeriaGeonyzl Lepiten Alviola, Davao Doctors College, PhlippinesGhulam Nabi, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, PakistanGodswill Ntsomboh Ntsefong, IRAD, CameroonJayalaxmi Sastri, VLP Therapeutics, USAJiban Shrestha, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, NepalKelechi Nkechinyere, ESUT, NigeriaKhyati Hitesh Shah, Stanford University, USAMeenakshi Agarwal, Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, USAMeltem Sesli, Turkish Biotechnology, Turkish RepublicMirza Hasanuzzaman, Kagawa University, JapanMohsen Kerkeni, University of Monastir, TunisiaMustafa Öztop, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, TurkeyP. Joser Atauchi, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, PeruRam Prasad, Amity University, IndianSridhar Mandali, UCLA, USASuma Jaini, New York Genome Center, USATiaojiang Xiao, National Institutes of Health, USA Kelvin LeeEditorial AssistantJournal of Biology and Life Science-------------------------------------------Macrothink Institute5348 Vegas Dr.#825Las Vegas, Nevada 89108United StatesTel: 1-702-953-1852 ext.510Fax: 1-702-420-2900E-mail: jbls@macrothink.orgURL: http://jbls.macrothink.org
Agency and Capabilities: Rethinking Zimbabwean Women’s Participation in Politics
Authors: Balance Gladys
Published: August 2019

The paper acknowledges the role of international, Regional and Local instruments towards the social justices system that embraces women’s participation in politics. Despite the inherent nature of the domesticated gender equality policies, Zimbabwean women still lag behind. The country has failed to reach a critical mass from 1980 to 2018. As a phenomenological study, the research adopted a qualitative paradigm to purposively profile the experiences and achievements of women who broke the ‘glass ceilings’ to participate in the masculinized political domain. The sample constituted of selected members of parliament. Importantly the study focused on women’s political lived experiences. Findings revealed that despite making it to the political realm women were faced with a masculinist culture reinforced by internal political cultures and deep seated structures that denies the acceptance of women as capable political leaders. The paper reflected on the country’s political system of incremental change and concluded that even when women have been mainstreamed into politics; men continue to defend and protect their political status quo. Men have denigrating views about women in politics as a result women find themselves playing right into the hands of patriarchal domination. Recognition and manipulation of women’s capabilities and agency were adapted into the study as normative prescriptions; this study recommended the use of these variables to articulate how, individual and collective women’s visibility in the political realm can be enhanced. The study also touches on the significant value of women’s organizations as platforms for sharing political knowledge amongst candidates as well as potential political actors. The said women’s organizations were found to be valuable for the support base they offer through lobbying, advocacy and awareness campaigns for gender sensitive policies and gender mainstreaming into politics. The importance of organizations therefore links women to their political constituencies. Lastly the study recommends attitude changes as a way of embracing female political participation.
EFL at Greek Second Chance Schools: Examining the Learning Needs of Muslim Adult Learners
Authors: F. Kazantzi Eleni , Zafiri Makrina
Published: August 2019

Discussions pertaining to minorities and their issues in education have recently been particularly heated in Greece, as changes which have occurred in Greece, Europe and at an international level, have triggered political and social turmoil and a reevaluation of cultural identities. The present paper attempts to contribute to this debate, concentrating on the Greek Muslim minority and their attempt to learn English as a foreign language (EFL) at Second Chance Schools (SCSs). The aim of this research is to explore Muslim individuals’ learning needs in relation to EFL at SCSs, the reasons which prompt them to learn the foreign language, as well as the difficulties they encounter in their quest for this knowledge. Therefore, both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection were applied to increase the credibility and validity of the results. In addition, the issue was examined through the perspective of both learners and adult educators in order to present a more comprehensive picture of the situation. The findings have shown that Muslim learners have associated the benefits of learning English with practical matters such as communicating while travelling abroad and enhancing their professional prospects. As for the learning obstacles they face, these pertain to typical issues in adult learning such as lack of time and fatigue, as well as their deficient knowledge of the Greek language, which can interfere with their learning. Finally, both learners and instructors agree that learning English at SCSs could be upgraded with more teaching hours per week and appropriate infrastructure.
GD Usernames and Euphemism: A Morphosemantic Analysis
Authors: Hassanein Hamada S. A.
Published: August 2019

Gamedesire (GD), a free online gaming website, is a rich resource for language research on Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC). GD raises a number of linguistic inquiries on written English. This paper analyzes the morphosemantic mechanisms of forming euphemistic GD usernames. A dataset of two hundred usernames has randomly been selected and tested against Warren’s (1992) model. The study demonstrates that a plethora of GD usernames carry dysphemistic connotations that are denotatively euphemized with linguistic and paralinguistic mechanisms, including word formation, orthographic modification, borrowing and semantic innovation. Some of the dataset usernames could not be subsumed under the selected model, necessitating the addition of new devices and the development of a new rendition of the model. The study reveals that GD users employ several processes for creating their usernames, which are characterized by grammatical, lexical, phonological, graphological, and semantic deviations from language norms.
The Norms of Address Terms in Arabic: The Case of Saudi Speech Community
Authors: Alenizi Aied
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates the address norms used in the Saudi Arabic speech community. The study examines address term usage in five different contexts: family, neighbors, workplace, school and strangers. The study seeks answers for two questions: (1) What address forms do Saudi Arabic speakers use to address each other? (2) What factors cause a difference in use of one term over another? Responses were collected from 40 Saudi speakers of Arabic who were divided evenly based on age and gender. The findings reveal nine key categories as fundamental techniques used by Saudi Arabic speakers to address one another including first names, teknonyms, common names, kin terms, kin term along with first name, terms of endearment, titles, occupation and address by gender (boy/girl). Social factors like age, gender, socio-economic status, level of formality as well as degree of intimacy and occupation were also essential in determining form usage.
A Critical Study of Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory: A Theory in Practitioners’ Hands
Authors: Imran Muhammad , CHEN Yuee , WEI Xiaofei Matthew , Akhtar Samina
Published: August 2019

This paper deals with a critical study of Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory (CMM) as a practical theory and its function to employ a systematic way of conversation in a critical speech. The present study is based on a brief introduction and background perspective of the theory along with its different stages in relation with to address the issues of social conversations. The researcher also has included opinions of many other practitioners of CMM theory and their appreciations, suggestions, and concerns are discussed to make the understanding of the theory in a more clear and comprehensive way. The study concludes that CMM has influenced interpersonal and intercultural communication, management of communication, social communication, conflict, and mediation in communication and last but not the least consultancy and therapy through communication.
An Exploration of Impact Factors Influencing Students’ Reading Literacy in Singapore with Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Dong Xin , Hu Jie
Published: August 2019

This study identified the contextual factors which differentiated 15-year-old students with high- and low-achieving reading literacy in Singapore based on Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015. 4,015 students from Singapore were collected from the public dataset of PISA 2015, with 2,646 high-achieving students and 1,369 low-achieving students in PISA reading literacy test. The impact of the overall 49 contextual factors on reading literacy was analyzed in three levels: student level, family level and school level. Support vector machine (SVM), a machine learning approach, was applied to analyze these contextual features. It indicated that SVM could effectively distinguish these two cohorts of readers with an accuracy score of 0.78. SVM-based recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), another machine learning approach, was then applied to rank these selected features. These features were outputted in descending order with regard to the degree of their significance to the differentiation. At last, an optimal set with 15 contextual factors was selected by RFE-CV (cross validation), which collectively affected the differentiation of students with high- and low-level of reading literacy. Based on the analysis, implications to further improving students’ reading literacy can be achieved.
A Study of Pakistani English Newspaper Texts: An Application of Halliday and Hasan’s Model of Cohesion: A Discourse Analysis
Authors: Afzaal Muhammad , Hu Kaibao , Chishti Muhammad Ilyas , Imran Muhammad
Published: August 2019

This article aims to examine the patterns of each type of cohesive device in light of the cohesion model proposed by Halliday and Hasan in 1976. Halliday and Hasan identified five different types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion in the text. This study uses the selected weekly articles authored by Cyril Almeida from well-known daily published English Newspaper “The Daily Dawn”. Analysis of text comprises Halliday and Hasan’s cohesion model, and analyzes linguistic techniques used in newspaper texts. The study finds repeated occurrences of cohesive devices such as referencing, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion. Moreover, reiteration is found to be the most frequently occurring cohesive device. Reference from grammatical cohesion also outnumbers all other subcategories of cohesion. In addition, many of the literary terms employed in articles make it diverse in uncovering some of the political contexts to the audience. Hence, it concludes that in the overall occurrences of lexical cohesion, reiteration and collocation are dominant; suggesting that the texts of selected news articles of Cyril Almeida are cohesive mainly because of lexical cohesion, i.e. semantic linkage through vocabulary rather than grammar.
Integrated Model for Teaching Language Skills
Authors: Yassin Amr Abdullatif , Razak Norizan Abdul , Maasum Tg Nor Rizan Tg Mohamad
Published: August 2019

This paper suggests a new model to teach language skills. The aim of this model is to integrate the three most influential theories in the process of language teaching and learning which are behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism. This model explains how these three theories are integrated with each other in the process of language teaching and learning to complete each other taking into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of each theory. This model is mainly used for teaching language skills which are reading, writing, speaking and listening. Reviewing previous literature, it is clear that there is no integrated model that has tried to link these theories although there are suggestions from scholars to integrate them in a single model because there is no theory that can describe the whole process of learning without the interference of the other theories. This model suggests that teaching any skill can be divided into two phases. The first one is introducing the skill theoretically and the second one is practice. The first phase requires constructivism in order to build the students’ knowledge concerning the skill, and the second one is practice which depends on behaviorism through providing different drills to students. Cognitivism is the link between constructivism and behaviorism. Thus, creating knowledge is the core of constructivism but it is mentally driven as it requires cognitive processes. Also, behaviorism focuses on practice and it did not account for the cognitive processes which are essential especially because practice is associated with the mental activation of all the linguistic knowledge. Therefore, the paper discusses the three theories and the rational for the new model as well as the process of teaching following the suggested model.
To What Degree is the Fourth Industrial Revolution an Opportunity or a Threat for the ASEAN Community and Region?
Authors: Lim Weng Marc
Published: August 2019

This article aims to offer a brief and quick dissemination on the potential impacts—in the form of opportunities and threats—of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the ASEAN region. It is in line with one of the programme pillars of the World Economic Forum on ASEAN, specifically ASEAN and the connectivity agenda. The author hopes that this article will stimulate further dialogues and investigations on how the ASEAN community can capitalize and leverage on the inherent opportunities and avoid and overcome the underlying threats arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Single-Laboratory Validation of AOAC Official Method 2011.10 for Vitamin B12 in ‘Indian’ Infant and Pediatric Formulas and Adult Nutritionals
Authors: Amritkar Priti N , Gujar Laxman , Mittal Ashutosh Kumar , Sheshadri Anand , Girdhar Rajesh , Mitra Ranjan
Published: August 2019

Background: Ensuring the quality of infant and pediatric formulas and adult nutritionals is of utmost importance for the health and safety of rapidly urbanizing Indian population. B12 is an important water-soluble vitamin, which is fortified externally in such nutritional formulations. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has a recommended microbiological assay–based method for determination of vitamin B12 that is not precise and accurate enough to meet the label claim requirements of infant, adult, and/or pediatric nutritionals. The AOAC Official Method 2011.10 was originally developed under the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) for the determination of vitamin B12 in infant and pediatric formulas and adult nutritionals. However, those SPIFAN matrixes did not contain malt and other indigenous cereal and legume flour (with or without cocoa powder), which are commonly found in Indian formulations. Thus, there is a need to replace this method with a more precise and accurate method. Objective: This study was undertaken to validate the AOAC Official Method 2011.10 on vitamin B12 in ‘Indian’ infant and pediatric formulas and adult nutritionals. Methods: The single-laboratory validation (SLV) of AOAC Method 2011.10 was carried out as per the AOAC Guidelines in six Indian pediatric and adult nutritional formulas to verify its fitness for purpose. Cobalamin in the sample was converted to cyanocobalamin on treatment with potassium cyanide. The sample was then subjected to clean up through a C18 cartridge. Vitamin B12 in the eluted extract was separated from other components using size-exclusion column chromatography followed by a C18 column. The HPLC analysis was carried out at 550 nm. Results: Diastase treatment and C18 solid-phase extraction cleanup satisfactorily removed the matrix interference. The relative standard deviation of the determined values in 30 samples each from 6 selected Indian products and NIST SRM 1849a was <20%. The average recoveries for the spiked recovery samples ranged from 91.75 to 101.14%. Conclusions: Method 2011.10 met the standard method performance requirements set forth by the AOAC SPIFAN. Therefore, we recommend the Method 2011.10 for adoption as the BIS official method for the analysis of vitamin B12 in ‘Indian’ infant and pediatric formulas and adult nutritionals. Highlights: This was the first SLV project that the AOAC India section undertook to extend the scope of the AOAC Method 2011.10 for vitamin B12 analysis by validating it in ‘Indian’ infant and pediatric formulas and adult nutritionals.
Optimum design of a spur gear using a two level optimization approach
Authors: Brahim MAHIDDINI
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we present a two level optimization approach in order to enhance the design process of a one-stage speed reducer. The proposed design methodology is performed using genetic algorithms which are judiciously combined with the use of :i) analytical models (1stlevel) and ii) Finite Element Method (FEM)based models ( 2nd level), to evaluate design candidates. Indeed, the use of CAD-CAE tools to develop higher fidelity FEM models allows to re-evaluate the attained first level designs, while accounting for new design parameters and advanced aspects which have been ignored in the first level. In order to minimize the computational burden, a metamodel based optimization technique is adopted at this second level. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach, a case study of a spur gear based reducer is presented where the design of experiments is built using Hypercube Latin Sampling and surrogate models are constructed using Radial Basic Functions.
Heat partition effect on cutting tool morphology in orthogonal metal cutting using finite element method
Authors: YEŞİLKAYA Kamuran Kamil , YAMAN Kemal
Published: August 2019

It is widely accepted that heat partition and temperature distribution for metal cutting process have a significant effect on the morphological features of the cutting tool. Tool life and cutting accuracy are considerably affected by temperature distribution and heat transfer mechanisms on the tool. When a finite elements model is accurately generated, an understanding of heat partition into the cutting tool without performing experiments can be gained. This study has been completed with the use of uncoated and coated tools in order to predetermine heat partition value entering the cutting tool. In terms of coated tools, tool coating was investigated to assess its effects on heat partition. Finite Element Method was mainly used in combination with the previously generated experimental data in literature. Three-dimensional uncoated and coated models were created and made compatible with finite element modeling software to be able to perform thermal analyses of the cutting process. Finite element transient and steady-state temperature values were calculated and hence the heat intensity value for the cutting tool was determined.
A Heideggerian Perspective on Thinking about Water
Authors: Paul Kalpita Bhar ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: August 2019

It is said that the transition from hydrology to the hydrosocial system has the potential for transforming the way currently water is seen as a natural object. The hydrosocial cycle denotes that we need to think about water beyond the definition of natural objects as the meaning of water emerges from the socio-cultural-political nexus it is embedded in. In this essay by drawing upon Martin Heidegger’s philosophy, I explore whether this transition is capable of changing the way we think about water. To philosophically capture the status of water and the thinking that is associated with it in this transitional moment, I engage with the notion of inceptual thinking, examining its possibilities within the context of this transition. My deliberation will establish that even though the hydrosocial cycle provides us with a unique space and opportunity from which to initiate inceptual thinking about water, the present orientation of hydrosocial scholarship fails to accomplish this objective. I further argue that the possibility to initiate an inceptual thinking arises from the rupture in our thinking, and our empathy toward the ‘in-between’ space of the actor and the thing. This inceptual thinking would lead toward understanding thing as gathering.
Virtue Epistemology: on the 40th Anniversary of the Turn in Analytical Philosophy
Authors: Kasavin Ilya T. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

The article summarizes the main developments in virtue epistemology and reacts to the challenges faced by the discipline. This new trend in analytic epistemology emerges as a synthesis of a number of directions (metaethics, social epistemology, metaphilosophy and experimental philosophy). On the one hand, it attempts to overcome some weaknesses of classical epistemology and, on the other hand, it performs this on the same basis, retaining the classical understanding of knowledge as justified true belief. It was dubbed “virtue epistemology” since it focuses on restoration of the normative approach and on the opposition to Quine’s naturalism. It explores intellectual virtues like epistemology explores knowledge claims though emphasizing their subject-dependent nature. It is the cognitive agent who provides a foundation for intellectual virtues no matter whether they are understood as cognitive ability or mental traits. However, the most researchers take epistemic virtues as individual mental states available through introspection, and the entire analysis in fact boils down to the articulation of virtue intuitions in the cognitive process. For those intuitions, thought experiments serve as a test simulating everyday cognitive situations. Still, in the context of virtue epistemology some alternative approaches arise, contributing significant revisions to the subject matter and the methods of analytical epistemology. A collective agent replaces an individual one, and knowledge engages in an integral subject-object and subject-subject context. Normativism mitigates its opposition to naturalism, enabling the utilization of the empirical data from the social sciences and humanities. As a result, a dialogue of virtue epistemology with the philosophy and ethics of science gets the chance.
The Transformation of Science in the XX Century
Authors: Nikiforov Alexander L. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

The first part of the article examines the views on the nature of science and the activities of the scientists, on a role of science in the life of society, expressed in the works of the greatest scientists of the late-early 20th centuries – E. Mach, A. Poincare and M. Weber. It is shown that certain differences in the understanding of science and its development between these thinkers were due to their professional orientation. While Mach and Poincare, speaking of science, had in mind, above all, a mathematized natural science, Weber focused on the social sciences, which were only at the beginning of their development. The second part of the article shows that during the twentieth century science experienced a significant transformation, which was due to three interrelated factors. First, research has become widely funded by business and government. Secondly, large scientific teams come to take the place of single scientists, whose members perform only narrow-specific functions in solving a scientific task. Finally, business and the state orient science toward solving applied problems, i.e. to develop new technical devices. As a result, the main goal of scientific activity is not the search for truth, but the improvement of technology, new knowledge is only a by-product of technical progress.
Can We Talk about the Fall of Science?
Authors: Stoliarova Olga E. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

The article analyzes the pessimistic scenario in relation to science, which characterizes contemporary science as regressing. It is shown that pessimism in relation to contemporary science is largely based on the formal-logical positivist image of science, which does not correspond to real scientific practice. It is shown, that postpositivist studies of science testifies in favor of the fact that science has never been “pure”. This approach allows us to rehabilitate technoscience and revise the pessimistic scenario.
On the Alleged Contradiction in Scientific Rationality
Authors: Tukhvatulina Liana A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

The paper discusses value dimension of scientific research. The author claims that the most promising way here is to analyze scientific rationality as a set of interrelated attitudes within the institutional framework of the big science. She shows that there is no contradiction between the search for truth and the technological enhancement in science.
Gettier Problem
Authors: Demin Timofey S. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

Theories, that answering the question “What is knowledge?” in analytic epistemology appears under the influence of Gettier cases – a way of refutation such theories of knowledge, that have truth and belief as constituent elements. In the paper were analyzed basic strategies of solving the Gettier problem. One way is to save the analysis of knowledge by changing the elements in order to avoid the Gettier problem. There are three possible ways of doing so: adding new elements to the justification, changing the justification on the other criteria or strengthen the justification in such a way, that it would resolve any possible Gettier cases. For each strategy analysis of the theories of knowledge is given. In the paper idea of the inescapability of Gettier cases for analysis of knowledge was supported by the argumentation of Linda Zagzebski. In that ground, the analysis of knowledge was refuted. From that perspective, two of the most influenced ways of answering the question “what is knowledge” was proposed. First, the irreducible theory of knowledge, where knowledge is a mere state of the mind. Second, rejection existence of the universal invariant of the knowledge in every case. There are multiple senses of what the knowledge is and none of them is prior to other. The author lives as the open question the right way to think about the knowledge. In the closing part of the paper, the author presents a perspective critique of the knowledge problem as the project of overrated significance, and argues for a need to create new arguments that supporting that problem.
Computational Knowledge Representation in Cognitive Science
Authors: Mikhailov Igor F. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

Cognitive research can contribute to the formal epistemological study of knowledge representation inasmuch as, firstly, it may be regarded as a descriptive science of the very same subject as that, of which formal epistemology is a normative one. And, secondly, the notion of representation plays a constitutive role in both disciplines, though differing therein in shades of its meaning. Representation, in my view, makes sense only being paired with computation. A process may be viewed as computational if it adheres to some algorithm and is substrate-independent. Traditionally, psychology is not directly determined by neuroscience, sticking to functional or dynamical analyses in the what-level and skipping mechanistic explanations in the how-level. Therefore, any version of computational approach in psychology is a very promising move in connecting the two scientific realms. On the other hand, the digital and linear computational approach of the classical cognitive science is of little help in this way, as it is not biologically realistic. Thus, what is needed there on the methodological level, is a shift from classical Turing-style computationalism to a generic computational theory that would comprehend the complicated architecture of neuronal computations. To this end, the cutting-edge cognitive neuroscience is in need of а satisfactory mathematical theory applicable to natural, particularly neuronal, computations. Computational systems may be construed as natural or artificial devices that use some physical processes on their lower levels as atomic operations for algorithmic processes on their higher levels. A cognitive system is a multi-level mechanism, in which linguistic, visual and other processors are built on numerous levels of more elementary operations, which ultimately boil down to atomic neural spikes. The hypothesis defended in this paper is that knowledge derives not only from an individual computational device, such as a brain, but also from the social communication system that, in its turn, may be presented as a kind of supercomputer of the parallel network architecture. Therefore, a plausible account of knowledge production and exchange must base on some mathematical theory of social computations, along with that of natural, particularly neuronal, ones.
To Outdo Kuhn: on Some Prerequisites for Treating the Computer Revolution as a Revolution in Mathematics
Authors: Shaposhnikov Vladislav A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

The paper deals with some conceptual trends in the philosophy of science of the 1980‒90s, which being evolved simultaneously with the computer revolution, make room for treating it as a revolution in mathematics. The immense and widespread popularity of Thomas Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolutions had made a demand for overcoming this theory, at least in some aspects, just inevitable. Two of such aspects are brought into focus in this paper. Firstly, it is the shift from theoretical to instrumental revolutions which are sometimes called “Galisonian revolutions” after Peter Galison. Secondly, it is the shift from local (“little”) to global (“big”) scientific revolutions now connected with the name of Ian Hacking; such global, transdisciplinary revolutions are at times called “Hacking-type revolutions”. The computer revolution provides a typical example of both global and instrumental revolutions. That change of accents in the post-Kuhnian perspective on scientific revolutions was closely correlated with the general tendency to treat science as far more pluralistic and transdisciplinary. That tendency is primarily associated with the so-called Stanford School; Peter Galison and Ian Hacking are often seen as its representatives. In particular, that new image of science gave no support to a clear-cut separation of mathematics from other sciences. Moreover, it has formed prerequisites for the recognition of material and technical revolutions in the history of mathematics. Especially, the computer revolution can be considered in the new framework as a revolution in mathematics par excellence.
The Concept of Probability in Mathematics and Physics (on the 1920–30 Discussions in Soviet Scientific Literature)
Authors: Pechenkin Alexander A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2019

In the Soviet scientific literature of 1920‒30 the concept of probability was holly debated. The frequency concept which was proposed by R. von Mises became popular among Soviet physicists belonging to the L.I. Mandelstam community. Landau and Lifshitz were also close to this concept in their famous course of theoretical physics. A.Khinchin, a mathematician who cooperated with Kolmogorov, opposed to the frequency conception. In this paper we try to demonstrate that the frequency position was connected with the anthropomorphous approach to physics, whereas Khinchin’s positions implied the criticism of anthropomorphism and put forward the ideal of objective knowledge.