bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss and Damage Fund—Operationalized at COP28 but Funding and Allocation Process Unresolved
Authors: South David W.
Published: January 2024

The 28th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was hosted by the United Arab Emirates. While there were many competing priorities on the COP28 agenda, climate finance was “front and center.”1 Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, President‐Designate for COP28, in a pre‐COP letter, stated the need to “radically scale up climate financing” by “delivering on old promises” and “setting the framework” for new finance.2
A core outcome set for patient‐reported dysphagia for use in head and neck cancer clinical trials: An international multistakeholder Delphi study
Authors: Manduchi Beatrice , Fitch Margaret I. , Ringash Jolie G. , Howell Doris , Martino Rosemary
Published: January 2024

Background

Measuring dysphagia‐related patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) patients is challenging due to dysphagia's multidimensional impact, causing inconsistency in outcome reporting. To address this issue, this study derived a consensus‐based core outcome set (COS) for patient‐reported dysphagia in HNC clinical trials where swallowing is a primary or secondary endpoint.

Methods

A sample of HNC clinicians, researchers, patients, and caregivers participated in a 2‐Round Delphi technique. A Delphi survey, containing a comprehensive list of dysphagia‐related PROs, was developed. In Round 1, participants rated item importance on a 5‐point scale. Items rated ≥4 by >70% advanced to Round 2, where a consensus meeting addressed items with varied opinions, and the Delphi survey with remaining items was completed. Items rated ≥4 by >70% formed the final COS.

Results

Forty‐five participants from nine countries were recruited. After Round 1, 40 items were excluded and 64 advanced to Round 2. After Round 2, a 7‐outcome COS was established, comprising the domains of dysphagia symptoms, health status and quality of life.

Conclusion

This study achieved consensus among HNC stakeholders on essential dysphagia PROs for HNC clinical trials. It is advisable to include these 7‐core concepts in clinical trials involving people with HNC to facilitate treatment comparisons and data synthesis.
Dexamethasone eluting polydopaminated polycaprolactone‐poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid for treatment of tracheal stenosis
Authors: Morand Jacob , McClellan Phillip , Isali Ilaha , Dikici Yusuf , Fan Di , Li Longshun , Shoffstall Andrew J. , Akkus Ozan , Weidenbecher Mark
Published: January 2024

Tracheal stenosis is commonly caused by injury, resulting in inflammation and fibrosis. Inhibiting inflammation and promoting epithelization can reduce recurrence after initial successful treatment of tracheal stenosis. Steroids play an important role in tracheal stenosis management. This study in vitro evaluated effectiveness of a polydopaminated polycaprolactone stent coated with dexamethasone‐eluting poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid microparticles (μPLGA) for tracheal stenosis management. Polydopamination was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and promoted epithelialization while dexamethasone delivery reduced macrophage activity, assessed by individual cell area measurements and immunofluorescent staining for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Dexamethasone release was quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography over 30 days. Activation‐related increase in cell area and iNOS production by RAW 264.7 were both reduced significantly (p < .05) through dexamethasone release. Epithelial cell spreading was higher on polydopaminated polycaprolactone (PCL) than PCL‐alone (p < .05). Force required for stent migration was measured by pullout tests of PCL‐μPLGA stents from cadaveric rabbit and porcine tracheas (0.425 ± 0.068 N and 1.082 ± 0.064 N, respectively) were above forces estimated to occur during forced respiration. Biomechanical support provided by stents to prevent airway collapse was assessed by comparing compressive circumferential stiffness, and stiffness of the stent was about 1/10th of the rabbit trachea (0.156 ± 0.023 N/mm vs. 1.420 ± 0.194 N/mm, respectively). A dexamethasone‐loaded PCL‐μPLGA stent platform can deliver dexamethasone and exhibits sufficient mechanical properties to anchor within the trachea and polydopamination of PCL is conducive to epithelial layer formation. Therefore, a polydopaminated PCL‐μPLGA stent is a promising candidate for in vivo evaluation for treatment of tracheal restenosis.
2‐Aminopyrazine catalyzed three‐component and one‐pot construction of 2‐amino‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbonitrile by mortar‐pestle grinding and molecular docking studies
Authors: Edapu Harish Kumar , Boodida Sathyanarayana , Pagadala Ramakanth , Damera Thirupathi
Published: January 2024

A highly efficient and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐4H‐chromene‐3‐carbonitrile (ACC) derivatives has been successfully established. This innovative, solvent‐free approach involves a tandem three‐component and one‐pot reaction utilizing arylaldehyde, dicyanomethane, and dimedone/cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione, catalyzed by 2‐aminopyrazine under the mortar‐pestle grinding technique. Key attributes of this synthetic strategy include its simplicity, high efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, absence of column chromatography, shorter reaction times (18–40 min), and consistently high yields (89%–96%). Furthermore, computational studies have been conducted against the 4RHT protein using the synthesized compounds.
Investigating the relationship between quantitative‐based ultrasound and MRI estimations of rotator cuff fatty infiltration
Authors: Mahna Alexandra , Boulanger Stephen M. , Gatti Anthony A. , Alenabi Talia , Ku Austin , Hynes Loriann M. , Chopp‐Hurley Jaclyn N.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Fatty infiltration (FI) of the rotator cuff has important clinical implications. Quantitatively estimating FI using ultrasound (US) has considerable benefits for assessing FI in a non‐invasive, accessible manner. This research investigated whether FI of the supraspinatus (SS) and infraspinatus (IS), estimated using US was related to intramuscular fat fractions measured from magnetic resonance images (MRI).

Methods

Data from 12 healthy young adult participants were used for analysis. US images of the SS and IS were captured using multiple transducer placement techniques from which echogenicity of the muscle region was quantified. Shoulder MRI were captured from which SS and IS were manually segmented and intramuscular fat fractions calculated. Six upper limb strength exertions were performed, resisted by a hand dynamometer.

Results

IS and SS echogenicity explained a significant amount of variance in MRI fat fractions for certain body positions and transducer techniques. Echogenicity agreement was higher for IS than SS. Significant relationships were identified between strength exertions and both echogenicity and MRI muscle volume, but not MRI fat fraction.

Conclusions

This research provides preliminary evidence showing that quantitative‐based US methods can be used to estimate MRI calculated fat fractions for the rotator cuff.
Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in a kidney transplanted patient with methylmalonic acidemia: Metabolic susceptibility and the role of immunosuppression
Authors: Burlina Alberto B. , Burlina Alessandro P. , Mignani Renzo , Cazzorla Chiara , Gueraldi Daniela , Puma Andrea , Loro Christian , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Gragnaniello Vincenza
Published: January 2024

Methylmalonic acidemia cblB type (MMA cblB) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of amino acid metabolism that results in impaired synthesis of adenosylcobalamin, a cofactor of methylmalonyl‐CoA mutase. It presents with episodes of coma, vomiting, hypotonia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperammonemia. End‐stage kidney disease is a long‐term complication. Treatments include vitamin B12 supplementation, L‐carnitine, and a low‐protein diet. Liver, kidney, or combined liver‐kidney transplantations are promising options, but they are not without complications. We report a patient suffering from MMA cblB who developed end‐stage kidney disease at 18 years of age. Kidney transplantation allowed him to recover normal kidney function and good metabolic control. Unfortunately, after two decades, he developed non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and severe chemotherapy toxicity which led to his death. The risk of lymphoproliferative diseases is known to increase after solid organ transplantation. However, in MMA, factors including mitochondrial dysfunction and oncometabolites, may further increase the risk of malignancy and drug toxicity. Our report highlights the importance of considering the increased risk of cancer in long‐term follow‐up of MMA cblB patients, especially after solid organ transplantation. Moreover, when chemotherapy is needed, the increased risk of toxicity and metabolic decompensation should be considered and monitored.
Supply chain representation on the board of directors and firm performance: A balance of relational rents and agency costs
Authors: Barker Jordan M. , Hofer Christian , Dobrzykowski David D.
Published: January 2024

Appointing individuals drawn from suppliers and customers to a firm's board of directors is an increasingly popular practice that can enhance the interorganizational relationship and generate relational rents. Yet, such board members may act in the best interest of their primary employer rather than the shareholders of the firm whose board they serve on, thus creating potential agency conflicts. Drawing on the relational view and agency theory, we explore the tension between rent generation and agency costs and consider how a firm can design governance mechanisms to effectively leverage customer or supplier representation on the board of directors. The associated hypotheses are tested using a large panel dataset constructed from multiple archival sources, and our findings suggest that supplier and customer board members are a double‐edged sword: While they generate value in some instances, they can also be associated with lower performance depending on the levels of two key governance mechanisms—the number of inside directors on the board and the proportion of outcome‐based board member compensation.
Ultrasound in Causes of Stridor in Children
Authors: Kaur Tejinder , Baijal Neha , Jana Manisha , Manchanda Smita , Naranje Priyanka , Bhalla Ashu Seith
Published: January 2024

Airway ultrasound (US) is an easily available, portable, radiation‐free imaging modality for quick, non‐invasive, dynamic evaluation of the airway without sedation. This is useful in children with stridor, which is an emergency due to upper airway obstruction requiring immediate management. Several causes of stridor including laryngomalacia, laryngeal cyst, subglottic hemangioma, vocal cord palsy, and lymphatic malformations can be evaluated accurately. Thin musculature and unossified cartilages in children provide a good acoustic window. Thus, airway US is valuable, but underutilized for the evaluation of children with stridor. In this case‐based review, we describe the technique, indications, anatomy, and pathologies on airway US.
Efficacy of Ultrasound‐Guided Tendon Release for Trigger Finger Compared With Open Surgery
Authors: Amro Sarah , Kashbour Muataz , Shaaban Abdelgalil Mahmoud , Qafesha Ruaa Mustafa , Eldeeb Hatem
Published: January 2024

Background

Trigger finger (also known as stenosing tenosynovitis) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the fingers and causes discomfort and functional impairment. It is estimated to affect 2–3.6% of the population and is more common in manual laborers and individuals engaged in repetitive hand activities. This study comprehensively compares the efficacy of ultrasound‐guided release versus traditional open surgery in treating trigger fingers.

Materials

We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria were studies evaluating ultrasound‐guided release of trigger finger (grade 2 and higher) compared with open surgical release. A meta‐analysis was performed by Revman software 5.4.1 to assess efficacy, utilizing appropriate statistical methods to address heterogeneity. Primary outcome measures included “Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand” (QDASH) scores, Grip strength, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Secondary outcome measures included Days of stopping analgesia, full‐digit flexion and extension, days to return to normal activities, pinch strength, Quinnell grading score, and bow strengthening.

Results

Out of the initial pool of 820 studies, five met the inclusion criteria, including 275 patients with 283 trigger digits. The analysis revealed significant differences favoring the ultrasound‐guided release group over the surgical group for improvement in Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score in the first month (MD −0.48, 95% CI: 0.75 to −0.2, P = .0007, I2 = 20%). The difference was not statistically significant in the 3‐month follow‐up period (MD −2.25, 95% CI: −0.54 to 0.05, P = .1, I2 = 0%). Additionally, there is a significant difference in the days required for return to normal activities in favor of the ultrasound release approach (MD −13.78, 95% CI: −16.68 to 10.89, P = .00001, I2 = 68%). The data displayed heterogeneity, which was resolved through sensitivity analysis that also favored the ultrasound‐guided group. In terms of grip strength, full‐digit flexion and extension, VAS, and days of stopping analgesia no significant differences were observed.

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐guided release showed advantages over open surgical release, resulting in improved QDASH score and quicker return to normal activities. This offers a minimally invasive, successful alternative to open surgery, reducing associated risks. Further studies with long‐term follow‐up are recommended.
Study on the Consistency of Angiogenesis in Carotid Plaque Evaluated by Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound and Superb Microvascular Imaging and Its Correlation With Stroke Occurrence
Authors: Li Mingqiu , Guo Ruijun
Published: January 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and superb microvascular imaging (SMI) in evaluating angiogenesis in carotid artery plaques and prognosis in stroke patients.

Methods

Sixty‐one patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques were selected. All patients received conventional ultrasound, CEUS, and SMI examination, including 32 patients with cerebral infarction and 29 patients without cerebral infarction. The results of CEUS and SMI neovascularization of patients were graded 0, 1, and 2 points according to the image characteristics. The consistency between SMI results and CEUS results was evaluated, and the differences in neovascularization in carotid plaques between patients with cerebral infarction and those without cerebral infarction were compared.

Results

SMI showed that the neovascularization score in plaque was 0 point in 13 cases, 1 point in 24 cases, and 2 points in 24 cases. There were no significant differences in age, sex, plaque size, or echo between the two groups. There was no significant difference between the SMI and CEUS results, P > .05. The CEUS neovascularization grade of patients with cerebral infarction had a higher score, which was significantly different from that of patients without cerebral infarction, P < .05. The SMI neovascularization grade of patients with cerebral infarction had a higher score, which was significantly different from that of patients without cerebral infarction, P < .05.

Conclusion

SMI can show neovascularization in plaques, with a significantly higher grade of neovascularization in those of patients with cerebral infarction than in those without cerebral infarction.
Visualizing Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) scores in the clinical setting using patient images from a clinical trial
Authors: Atanaskova Mesinkovska Natasha , King Brett A. , Vañó‐Galván Sergio , Shimomura Yutaka , Jedynak Jakub , McCollam Jill , Pierce Evangeline , Ellinwood Amy K. , Sinclair Rodney
Published: January 2024

Background

The Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) is a standardized method for quantifying scalp hair loss in alopecia areata (AA). SALT scores can be used to guide treatment decisions and are widely used as eligibility criteria and endpoints for clinical trials in AA. However, clinicians may be unfamiliar with assessing and envisioning SALT scores in practice.

Objectives

To aid clinicians in the determination and application of SALT scores in a clinical setting, this manuscript seeks to contextualize SALT scores using patient images from a clinical trial of adults with severe AA.

Methods

Images from 722 patients enrolled in BRAVE‐AA1, a phase 2/3 study of baricitinib in adults with severe AA (SALT score ≥50; ≥50% scalp hair loss), were obtained at baseline and Weeks 12, 36, and 52 and compiled into a repository. Photographs were selected to represent SALT scores across the full range of disease (SALT scores 0–100) and to demonstrate the progression of SALT scores during the course of treatment.

Results

Images of six patients depict the range of SALT scores (0–100). Photographs are of male and female patients of different ages (21–69) and races (Asian, Black, White) with varying extent, density, and patterns of hair loss. Images of two additional patients demonstrate the use of SALT to monitor treatment progress, showing distinct patterns and timing of clinical response over 52 weeks of therapy.

Conclusions

The SALT is widely used in clinical trials for AA, but clinicians may lack familiarity. Presented patient images show SALT scores commonly used as eligibility criteria and endpoints in clinical trials, which may be useful in identifying patients eligible for systemic treatment and in visualizing therapeutic response.
Long‐term shifts in phenology, thermal niche, population size, and their interactions in marine pelagic copepods
Authors: Corona Stefano , Hirst Andrew G. , Atkinson David , Renz Jasmin , Boersma Maarten , Atkinson Angus
Published: January 2024

Under climatic warming many species shift their seasonal timing of life cycle events (phenology) and seasonal abundance distribution, but whether they maintain the same thermal niche is still poorly understood. Here, we studied multidecadal trends in abundance and phenology of seven major copepod species across three stations (Stonehaven (SH), Helgoland Roads (HR), and Plymouth L4) on the North–West European shelf, spanning ~ 6.5° of latitude. All seven species consistently occupied colder temperatures at the northern station compared to the southerly station, but they maintained the same realized thermal niche over years. Expected phenological shifts (i.e., earlier when warmer) in some stations were obscured possibly by the long‐term drop of copepod density in spring–summer, which may be due to a variation in the food/predators abundance. The ongoing spring–summer declines in abundance (~ 50%) of many North Atlantic pelagic species over the last five decades, as found in recent studies, may have also influenced the metrics of seasonal timing. To separate the seasonal timing of life events from that of seasonal abundance distribution, we used a time series of egg production rate (EPR) of Calanus helgolandicus at L4, and found that this shifted later into the summer–autumn over the last 30 yr of warming, coincident with declining spring–summer food and increasing predator abundance. Overall, direct temperature effects do appear to influence the seasonal timing of the copepods, but to explain impacts at individual stations or long‐term trends in population size or phenology, understanding the changing balance of food and predators appears to be critical.
Wafer‐Scale Manufacturing of Near‐Infrared Metalenses
Authors: Moon Seong‐Won , Kim Joohoon , Park Chanwoong , Kim Wonjoong , Yang Younghwan , Kim Jaekyung , Lee Seokho , Choi Minseok , Sung Hansang , Park Jaein , Song Hyoin , Lee Heon , Rho Junsuk
Published: January 2024

Metalenses have revolutionized optical technologies with their superior ability to manipulate light and the potential to replace conventional, bulky optical components. However, their commercialization is hindered by limitations in conventional manufacturing techniques, such as small patterning areas, low throughput, and high cost. In this study, two methods are introduced for scalable and wafer‐scale manufacturing of metalenses operating in the near‐infrared region, aimed at overcoming the abovementioned challenges. The first type of metalens is polarization‐independent and constructed using hydrogenated amorphous silicon cylindrical structures fabricated through direct photolithography. This metalens has a diameter of 1 cm and numerical aperture (NA) of 0.53. The focusing efficiency is confirmed at a 940 nm wavelength, and the focal spot profile approaches the diffraction limit. The second metalens is polarization‐dependent and fabricated using silicon nanoparticle‐embedded‐resin rectangular structures through a cost‐effective nanoimprinting method. This process can produce metalenses with a diameter of 5 mm and an NA of 0.53. Both types of metalenses demonstrate high‐resolution capabilities when imaging a 1951 USAF resolution test target and bioimaging. This research offers innovative pathways for the mass production and large‐scale fabrication of metalenses. It is believed that the work will accelerate the industrialization of metalenses, fostering further advances in optical technology.
Demonstration of Spatial Asymmetric Light Propagation Performance Using Violet Phosphorus Quantum Dots with Tunable Bandgap
Authors: Gao Yang , Ling Cheng , Weng Danyi , Rui Guanghao , He Jun , Gu Bing
Published: January 2024

The spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) of phosphorus‐based nanomaterials is widely studied and developed as passive nonlinear photonic devices for applications in all‐optical switches, logic gates, information converters, etc. In this work, violet phosphorus quantum dots (VP QDs) are prepared and characterized in three different solvents, their SSPM is investigated, and their spatial asymmetric light propagation performances are demonstrated. It is shown that VP QDs prepared in three different solvents exhibit different bandgaps, mainly due to the interaction between the dangling bonds of VP QDs and functional groups in different solvents. The SSPM experiment characterizes the nonlinear optical response of solvent‐dependent VP QDs. It is found that VP QDs exhibit strong nonlinear optical effect and their nonlinear refractive indexes are comparable to other phosphorus‐based 2D materials. Unlike the previously reported principle of spatial asymmetric light propagation (i.e., a cascaded sample based on SSPM composed of nanomaterials with excellent nonlinear refraction and SnS2 with reverse saturation absorption), the spatial asymmetric light propagation performance based on SSPM is demonstrated using a cascaded sample of VP QDs with significantly different nonlinear optical response prepared in two different solvents.
Dual‐Crossbar Configurated Bi2O2Se Device for Multiple Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Xie Hanrong , Yang Tiefeng , Xie Manyan , Liang Xijie , Fang Ziliang , Ye Yong , Chen Yue , Wei Yuming , Wang Zhen , Guan Heyuan , Lu Huihui
Published: January 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials are widely used in numerous optoelectronic devices due to their ultra‐thin dimensions and versatile surfaces. However, less attention is paid to distinguishing the light‐matter interactions along the vertical and horizontal paths within the same 2D lattice, as well as comparatively investigating the optoelectronic behaviors between the sensitive top and bottom surfaces. Here, a dual‐crossbar configured architecture is designed and constructed based on Bi2O2Se semiconductor, featuring highly compact three‐in‐one assembly, namely bottom surface horizontal (BSH), middle sandwich vertical (MSV) and top surface horizontal (TSH) devices. The MSV with nanoscale channel possesses efficient separation and transportation of the photogenerated electrons and holes, responding faster to the light stimulation and compared favorably to the BSH and TSH devices. The optoelectric behaviors of the BSH device can be regulated by the characteristics of the substrate due to closer contact. Nevertheless, the performance of the TSH device is more sensitive to the environment, such as dopant absorption and heat dispersion, thus enabling the non‐volatile photoresponse and can be employed as an artificial optoelectronic synapse. This work highlights the importance of designing the device architecture based on the intrinsic structural advantages of 2D materials, paving the way toward integrated optoelectronics.
Exploring the use of ChatGPT as a virtual health coach for chronic disease management
Authors: Al‐Anezi Fahad M.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

ChatGPT has been widely researched for its potential in gealthcare applications. However, its efficcy as a virtual health coach is one of the important areas, which can significantly contribute to the sustainablility in healthcare operations, especially in managing critical illnesses. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the use of ChatGPT as a virtual health coach for chronic disease managemet.

Methods

This study used a quasi‐experimental design because ChatGPT is a relatively new technology and few people have experience with it. Patients who were receiving care outside of the hospital were included. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted after a 2‐week period in which participants used ChatGPT to search for health information about chronic disease management. Thirty‐nine outpatients were interviewed and thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data.

Results

The findings suggested both opportunities and challenges of using ChatGPT as a virtual health coach for chronic disease management. The major opportunities identified included life‐long learning, improved health literacy, cost‐effectiveness, behavioral change support, scalability, and accessibility. The major challenges identified included limited physical examination, lack of human connection, legal and ethical complications, and lack of accuracy and reliability.

Conclusion

ChatGPT‐based technologies may serve as a supplementary or intermediate support system. However, such applications for managing chronic diseases must protect privacy and promote both short‐ and long‐term positive outcomes.
A silent echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging readout with high spectral bandwidth MRSI using an ultrasonic gradient axis
Authors: Versteeg Edwin , Nam Kyung Min , Klomp Dennis W. J. , Bhogal Alex A. , Siero Jeroen C. W. , Wijnen Jannie P.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

We present a novel silent echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) readout, which uses an ultrasonic gradient insert to accelerate MRSI while producing a high spectral bandwidth (20 kHz) and a low sound level.

Methods

The ultrasonic gradient insert consisted of a single‐axis (z‐direction) plug‐and‐play gradient coil, powered by an audio amplifier, and produced 40 mT/m at 20 kHz. The silent EPSI readout was implemented in a phase‐encoded MRSI acquisition. Here, the additional spatial encoding provided by this silent EPSI readout was used to reduce the number of phase‐encoding steps. Spectroscopic acquisitions using phase‐encoded MRSI, a conventional EPSI‐readout, and the silent EPSI readout were performed on a phantom containing metabolites with resonance frequencies in the ppm range of brain metabolites (0–4 ppm). These acquisitions were used to determine sound levels, showcase the high spectral bandwidth of the silent EPSI readout, and determine the SNR efficiency and the scan efficiency.

Results

The silent EPSI readout featured a 19‐dB lower sound level than a conventional EPSI readout while featuring a high spectral bandwidth of 20 kHz without spectral ghosting artifacts. Compared with phase‐encoded MRSI, the silent EPSI readout provided a 4.5‐fold reduction in scan time. In addition, the scan efficiency of the silent EPSI readout was higher (82.5% vs. 51.5%) than the conventional EPSI readout.

Conclusions

We have for the first time demonstrated a silent spectroscopic imaging readout with a high spectral bandwidth and low sound level. This sound reduction provided by the silent readout is expected to have applications in sound‐sensitive patient groups, whereas the high spectral bandwidth could benefit ultrahigh‐field MR systems.
Entrepreneurial orientation and performance in nonprofit organizations: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Stock Dorothea Maria , Gmür Markus , Erpf Philipp
Published: January 2024

This meta‐analysis examines the state of research on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and performance in nonprofit organizations (NPOs). The evidence on this relationship in the business context is already well consolidated. Nonprofit research also elaborated review publications on EO. However, existing knowledge lacks an examination of the EO–performance relationship in NPOs. This study includes 25 publications in the correlation‐based meta‐analysis and finds that various performance goals are positively affected. Nonetheless, the results reveal several inconsistencies regarding conceptual and methodological approaches. A critical reflection on the complexity and differentiation of both constructs, problems of bias, and the causal character of the relationship addresses these issues.
“We always felt psychologically unstable”: A qualitative study of midwives' experiences in providing maternity care during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Tanzania
Authors: Joho Angelina A. , Abdallah Subira
Published: January 2024

Aim

We explored midwives' experiences and challenges in providing maternity care during the period of the first surge of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Dodoma.

Design

Phenomenological study design was used to explore midwives' experiences and challenges in providing maternity care during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Tanzania.

Methods

We conducted interviews with a total of 23 midwives, using semi‐structured interviews and an audio recorder. Five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted. To analyse the data, we used interpretive phenomenological thematic data analysis with NVivo software. To analyse templates, we followed a step‐by‐step process, starting with familiarizing ourselves with the data, followed by preliminary coding, organizing themes, developing an initial coding template, using the initial template, refining the template and finally applying it to the entire dataset.

Results

It was found that three themes and eight subthemes merged in the current study. The main themes were ① mental health distress, ② work environment challenges and ③ isolation of midwives by different groups.

Public Contribution

Reducing risk and protecting midwives from infectious diseases will improve the workforce, reduce the number of hospital stays, reduce the cost of hospital services, improve birth outcomes and indirectly improve family, community and national economies.

Conclusion

Due to the system's failure to provide psychological support, protective environment and isolation rooms for confirmed or suspected cases put midwives at a higher risk of contracting the virus and had to work in a stressful environment. In addition to having the right tools, midwives must also receive emotional and psychological support in order to be at their best. The system must ensure that midwives are ready for uncertain times, such as pandemic infectious disease outbreaks, by providing protective work place environment such as personal protective equipment, psychological support and isolation room for confirmed COVID‐19 cases.
Information campaigns and public perceptions of structural reforms: Evidence from a survey experiment on gasoline subsidy reform in Nigeria
Authors: Yang Joonseok , Moerenhout Tom
Published: January 2024

Governments often reform financial policies, such as industrial subsidies taxes and currency exchange rates, during times of fiscal distress. Existing studies suggest that information campaigns can improve popular support for policy reforms that promise longer term macroeconomic growth but come with short‐term financial costs to people's livelihoods. This article assesses the effects of information campaigns on the acceptance of fossil fuel subsidy reforms in Nigeria, a type of fiscal reform that many developing countries may adopt in the coming years. A randomized survey experiment imbedded in a nationally representative survey of Nigerian households investigates whether information interventions lead Nigerians to change their opinion on fossil fuel subsidy reforms. We find that merely providing factual information does not affect whether or not people support fossil fuel subsidy reforms. Moreover, we find that factual information helps supporters articulate their preferences and weakens the propensity of opponents to use wrongful information to justify their position.
Unbalanced X;Y translocations carrying SRY in prenatal settings: Clinical, molecular, and cytogenetic analysis of three cases
Authors: Liu Xijing , Zhang Zhu , Zhang Xuan , Wang Jiamin , Jiang Jieni , Li Lingping , Wang He , Liu Shanling , Hu Ting
Published: January 2024

Background

Generally, the translocation of SRY onto one of the X chromosomes leads to 46, XX testicular disorders of sex development, a relatively rare condition characterized by the presence of testicular tissue with a 46, XX karyotype. Three prenatal cases of unbalanced X; Y translocation carrying SRY were identified in this study.

Methods

Structural variants were confirmed using single nucleotide polymorphism array and chromosomal karyotyping. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) was also analyzed. Detailed clinical features of the three cases were collected.

Results

We identified two fetuses with maternal inherited unbalanced X; Y translocations carrying SRY and skewed XCI presenting with normal female external genitalia, and one fetus with de novo 46, XX (SRY+) and random XCI manifested male phenotypic external genitalia.

Conclusion

This study reports that cases with unbalanced X; Y translocations carrying SRY manifested a normal female external genitalia in a prenatal setting. We speculate that the skewed XCI mediates the silence of SRY. In addition, our study emphasizes that combining clinical findings with pedigree analysis is critical for estimating the prognosis of fetuses with sex chromosome abnormalities.
Ethical reflections on organizing the first human trial of artificial womb technologies
Authors: Cavolo Alice , Pizzolato Daniel
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate how to protect participants in the artificial womb technology (AWT) human trials.

Method

We compared randomized controlled trials and single arm trials to understand which trial design best balances the interests of science and participants. We also compared AWT trials with comparable settings to understand how to protect participants.

Results

Randomized trials might fail in reaching a sizeable sample, which could pointlessly expose participants to risks. Furthermore, parents who choose to participate in the trial might expect to receive AWT. Failed expectations might distress parents and hinder the therapeutic relationship. The trial is divided into two steps. First, delivery into AWT involves two participants: the mother and the fetus. As AWT requires a C‐section, the procedure cannot be carried out without the mother's consent regardless of fetal benefit. Treatment in AWT, involves one participant: the infant. As for any other invasive intervention, the AWT trial should be suspended if harmful.

Conclusions

A single arm trial could prevent some of the methodological and ethical challenges of the randomized trials. Moreover, better decisional tools should be developed to help parents decide whether to participate in the AWT trial. For example, using visual aids or showing the AWT.
A Room‐Temperature Operational Alignment Magnetometer Utilizing Free‐Spin Precession
Authors: Jin Ge , shi Tao , Zhao Yan , Zhang Hong , Zou Sheng
Published: January 2024

An alignment magnetometer based on free‐spin precession (FSP) has been deployed in the geomagnetic range. A linearly polarized probe beam is utilized to create alignment in a buffer‐gas‐free paraffin‐coated natural abundance rubidium vapor cell at room temperature exposed to a pulsed radio frequency field. Furthermore, the utilization of hyperfine‐selective optical repumping employing linearly polarized beams amplifies the proportion of responsive atoms. As a consequence, this leads to a remarkable enhancement in the optical rotation signal. This paper reports measurements with a minor static magnetic field of about 1 inside a four‐layer ‐metal shield, achieving a system noise level of 0.16 ). With a static magnetic field amplitude of 48.5 (in proximity to Earth's magnetic field), the noise level is ).
New Imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine‐piperidine Hybrids as Potential Anti‐cancer Agents and In‐Silico Studies
Authors: Rejinthala Swathi , Endoori Srinivas , Thumma Vishnu , Mondal T.
Published: January 2024

Design and synthesis of a series of novel hybrid molecules that combine Imidazo[4,5‐c] pyridines with piperdines are presented in this paper. Total 17 derivatives were meticulously synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and elemental analysis techniques. The in vitroanticancer activities are estimated by verifying their effectiveness against the MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma and A549 lung cancer cell line, with cisplatin and doxorubicin serving as reference drugs. Several of these compounds demonstrated significant potential, displaying IC50 values within the range of 12.26–84.5 μM for A549, and 13.37–69.82 μM for MCF‐7. Notably, compound 11 bis found to be more potent than the standard drug cisplatin with an IC50 of 12.26±0.8 μM against A549 cells, while compound 11 d exhibited highest inhibition with an IC50 of 13.37±0.4 μM against MCF‐7 cells. Although its effectiveness was moderately lower when compared to doxorubicin, it still retained substantial anticancer activity. Molecular docking studies were performed to decouple the binding affinity and ligand interactions of the compounds with the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) (PDB ID: 3ERT). The pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed favourable drug‐likeness properties for all the molecules, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents.
Solid‐State Organic Fluorophore for Latent Fingerprint Detection and Anti‐Counterfeiting Applications
Authors: Durgi Nikita Kush , Pujar Prasad Pralhad
Published: January 2024

A highly fluorescent material exhibiting solid‐state fluorescence is particularly important in detecting latent fingerprints (LFPs) and anti‐counterfeiting applications. Herein, we have synthesized a coumarin‐benzothiazole moiety 3‐(benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (3‐BTC) to inspect its capability to visualize LFPs and work as an anti‐counterfeiting ink. The compound showed yellow‐greenish emission under UV excitation and good covertness under visible light conditions. With the help of the powder dusting method, the latent fingerprints were coated with 3‐BTC powder and images of the LFPs developed over various substrates including plastic, steel, aluminium plate, rubber, etc. under UV 365 nm light displayed good resolution be able to discern the patterns of all the levels 1–3. Apart from fresh fingerprints (taken within 10 seconds), aged (over 60 days) and incomplete eccrine LFPs were successfully visualized using 3‐BTC powder. Anti‐counterfeiting ink prepared using 3‐BTC also proved to be a promising candidate as an anti‐counterfeiting ink. Various types of paper materials, including tissue paper, printing paper, newspaper, etc. were used for evaluating 3‐BTC as a satisfactory anti‐counterfeiting ink.
Effect of synthesis medium and synthesis conditions on physicochemical properties of hierarchical SAPO‐11 molecular sieve synthesized via fractional crystallization method
Authors: Dai Xiaojun , Cheng Yan , Liu Tingting , Mao Lingjuan
Published: January 2024

SAPO‐11 molecular sieve has been widely used as the support of bifunctional catalyst for hydroisomerization of n‐alkanes because of its mild acidity and unique one‐dimensional pore structure, and has been widely used in industry. However, how to further improve and improve the physicochemical properties of SAPO‐11 molecular sieve is still worth studying. In this work, fractional crystallization method was used to synthesize graded SAPO‐11 molecular sieve. The effects of medium system, feed SiO2/Al2O3, crystallization time and crystallization temperature of the second crystallization process on the physicochemical properties of SAPO‐11 molecular sieve were investigated from the perspectives of crystallinity, textural properties and acidity. The suitable synthesis medium and the best synthesis conditions were determined. It is expected to provide reference for the fractional crystallization synthesis of high performance SAPO‐11 molecular sieve.
Stepwisely Assembled Multicomponent Fiber with High Water Content and Superior Mechanical Properties for Artificial Ligament
Authors: Huang Hao , Wang Weijie , Liu Zexin , Jian Hanxin , Xue Bing , Zhu Liping , Yue Kan , Yang Shuguang
Published: January 2024

The ligament, which connects bones at the joints, has both high water content and excellent mechanical properties in living organisms. However, it is still challenging to fabricate fibrous materials that possess high water content and ligament‐like mechanical characteristics simultaneously. Herein, the design and preparation of a ligament‐mimicking multicomponent fiber is reported through stepwise assembly of polysaccharide, calcium, and dopamine. In simulated body fluid, the resulting fiber has a water content of 40 wt%, while demonstrating strength of ≈120 MPa, a Young's modulus of ≈3 GPa, and a toughness of ≈25 MJ m−3. Additionally, the multicomponent fiber exhibits excellent creep and fatigue resistance, as well as biocompatibility to support cell growth in vitro. These findings suggest that the fiber has potential for engineering high‐performance artificial ligament.
Niobium‐Carbide‐Enhanced Wear Performance of High‐Carbon Steels
Authors: Brown Casey S. , Heerema John , Enloe Matthew , Findley Kip O. , Speer John G. , De Moor Emmanuel
Published: January 2024

In this article, the multifaceted challenges of abrasive wear are explored, delving into its impact on components across diverse industries such as automotive, aerospace, mining, manufacturing, and energy production. The introduction of hard eutectic niobium carbide (NbC) networks into a high C martensitic steel and its effect on abrasive wear properties specifically is investigated. Four ingots are casted with Nb contents of 0.01, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% and a base compositions of Fe–1.0C–0.96Mn–0.22Si–0.26Cu–0.11Ni–0.50Cr–0.005V–0.012Nb to determine the influence of eutectic NbC on hardness and wear resistance. Microstructural evaluation performed using scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction reveals that the eutectic NbC networks are broken up and distributed in bands within the microstructure upon hot‐rolling. A general increase in material hardness and wear resistance with an increase in Nb content is observed as measured by dry sand/rubber wheel (DSRW) testing. Nb alloying leads to a 65% decrease in DSRW mass loss between the 0.01 and 1.0 wt% Nb alloys at an approximate rate of 6% per every 0.1 wt% Nb added.
Optimized three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase automated microextraction and its application in ultra‐trace analysis of three pyrethroids in water and fruit samples using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detection
Authors: Nikdel Mohsen , Nezami Alireza , Yamini Yadollah , Nezhad Behnam Ghorbani , Nazaripour Ali , Baghani Matin , Rahimzadegan Milad
Published: January 2024

In the present manuscript, an automated three‐phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detection is applied for the extraction and determination of three pyrethroids, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, and permethrin in water and fruit samples. N‐dodecane was selected as a supported liquid membrane (SLM) and its polarity was adjusted by trioctylphosphine oxide one‐variable‐at‐a‐time method was used in order to achieve optimal hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction parameters such as type of organic acceptor phase, the composition of SLM, ionic strength of sample solution, extraction time, length of hollow fibers and stirring speed. Under the optimal conditions, the calibration curves for the three pyrethroids were plotted, and figures of merit of the proposed method were calculated. The linear dynamic ranges were in the range of 0.9–200, 0.75–200, and 1.5–200 μg/L for deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, and permethrin, with the coefficient of determination better than 0.998. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.3, 0.25, and 0.5 and the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.9, 0.75, and 1.5 μg/L for deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, and permethrin, respectively. The precision of the method was evaluated in terms of relative standard deviation at two different concentration levels 10 and 50 μg/L. The results of real sample analysis in cucumber exhibited high sensitivity, excellent sample clean‐up, favorable repeatability, and suitable accuracy.
Three‐dimensional printed biomimetic multilayer scaffolds coordinated with sleep‐related small extracellular vesicles: A strategy for extracellular matrix homeostasis and macrophage polarization to enhance osteochondral regeneration
Authors: Li Xu‐Ran , Deng Qing‐Song , Liu Po‐Lin , He Shu‐Hang , Gao Yuan , Wei Zhan‐Ying , Zhang Chang‐Ru , Wang Fei , Dou Xiao‐Qiu , Dawes Helen , Guo Shang‐Chun , Tao Shi‐Cong
Published: January 2024

Cartilage defects resulting from injury or degeneration are a common clinical problem, and due to its avascular nature, articular cartilage has poor self‐healing capacity. Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting has attracted great attention in tissue engineering. Melatonin (MT), a hormone mainly secreted at night, plays an important role in tissue repair. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are considered ideal drug delivery vehicles and MT‐sEV (sleep‐related sEV) have the potential ability to promote cartilage regeneration. Here, biomimetic multilayer scaffolds were fabricated using 3D bioprinting. A double network hydrogel, composed of methacrylated hyaluronic acid and gelatin methacryloyl (HG), was prepared. MT‐sEV and HG hydrogel were used to create a cartilage layer. A bone layer was formed using poly(ε‐caprolactone) and hydroxyapatite ultralong nanowires. Additionally, two bioinks were alternately printed at the interface layer. The results of RNA sequencing revealed the potential regulatory mechanisms. MT‐sEV showed promotional effects on cell migration, proliferation, chondrogenic differentiation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Moreover, MT‐sEV altered macrophage polarization and regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the biomimetic multilayer scaffolds promoted cartilage regeneration. These experiments demonstrated the ability of MT‐sEV to regulate the immune microenvironment and promote the secretion of ECM, providing a promising strategy for cartilage regeneration.