bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las cecas romanas y su personal
Authors: Torres Lázaro Julio
Published: May 2010

Partiendo de la idea de aplicar la metodología del análisis histórico del vocabulario, se hace una revisión de los conocimientos acerca de las fábricas de moneda romanas, los nombres de los profesionales relacionados con ellas y los de algunas de las operaciones que se realizaban en su interior. Se citan literalmente casi todas las fuentes y se intentan deshacer algunos equívocos. Como conclusión se declara la imposibilidad de una fijación del vocabulario conocido a causa de la escasez de las fuentes y de ocurrencias de los términos en textos e inscripciones.
Introducción: El valle medio del Ebro entre el mestizaje cultural y la frontera militar
Authors: Pina Polo Francisco
Published: May 2010

No disponible
El sistema defensivo del Castro de La Ulaña (Humada, Burgos)
Authors: Cisneros Cunchillos Miguel , López Noriega Pilar
Published: May 2010

El castro de La Ulaña tiene una extensión de 285 has, defendidas por farallones naturales y una muralla discontinua, en aquellas zonas que resultan más accesibles; además, una muralla transversal lo divide en dos partes desiguales. Está rodeado de una vaguada de 301 has, que actúa a modo de foso natural, con una serie de muros que la compartimentaban, limitando la circulación y el acceso a los recursos hídricos. Los caminos entraban en ella a través de portillas naturales, dejando expuestos a los visitantes frente a los pobladores del castro. Este sistema defensivo se fecha en la II Edad del Hierro.
Monte do Facho, Donón (O Hío / Prov. de Pontevedra) 2003. Informe sobre las excavaciones en el santuario de Berobreo
Authors: Schattner Thomas G. , Suárez Otero José , Koch Michael
Published: May 2010

La excavación en el Monte do Facho forma parte de un proyecto de investigación dedicado al estudio de la romanización de los santuarios indígenas en el occidente hispánico. La primera campaña llevó al hallazgo del santuario de la divinidad Berobreo, hasta ahora desconocida. Se encontraron 57 aras, algunas de ellas in situ. Además, se observó la existencia de los sitios exactos ('ubicaciones') de la colocación de las aras. Algunas ubicaciones forman parte de una recinto mayor. El santuario se fecha en los siglos III y IV d.C. Se construyó encima de un castro anteriormente abandonado.
La villa romana de Veranes. El complejo rural tardorromano y propuesta de estudio del territorio
Authors: Fernández Ochoa Carmen , Gil Sending Fernando , Orejas Saco del Valle Almudena
Published: May 2010

[es] Las intervenciones arqueológicas desarrolladas en los últimos años en el Torrexón de Veranes (Concejo de Gijón, Asturias) han permitido documentar de forma más precisa los restos de la villa tardorromana. En este artículo se presentan los últimos datos sobre los diferentes momentos de ocupación de la villa, en especial sobre las fases documentadas en la pars urbana de la villa en los siglos IV y v. El «Proyecto Veranes» contempla igualmente el estudio del fundus de la villa, aspecto sobre el que realizamos ahora un avance de nuestros puestos de partida y de la propuesta metodológica.
[fr] Les travaux archéologiques récents développés sur le site du Torrexón de Veraens (Gijón, Asturias) ont fourni des données plus précises sur les vestiges de la villa romaine tardive. Dans cet article nous présentons les dernières conclusions sur les diverses périodes d'occupation de la villa, en particulier sur les étapes documentées dans la pars urbana de la villa pendant les ive et Ve siècles. Le «Proyecto Veranes» envisage également l'étude du fundus de la villa ; nous proposons ici une première approche et des bases méthodologiques pour cette recherche.
El castellum romano del Cerro del Trigo (Puebla de Don Fadrique. Granada) y el control del territorio en la época republicana
Authors: Diosono Francesca
Published: May 2010

Como consecuencia de una campaña de prospecciones, en el término municipal de Puebla de Don Fadrique ha aparecido un pequeño asentamiento militar romano, interesante tanto por sus características estructurales como por su cronología. Este castellum, destinado a controlar el territorio circundante y las vías de comunicación con la costa del Sudeste, pudo ser edificado para controlar posibles rebeliones de los oppida indígenas más cercanos, de hecho despoblados en el mismo período, y para vigilar el escasamente conocido distrito minero aurífero de Caniles de Baza.
El Pont del Diable. El monumento romano dentro de la política territorial augustea
Authors: Gurt Josep M. , Roda Isabel
Published: May 2010

Se trata de la etapa constructiva del «pont del Diable» (Martorell-Castellbisbal), a finales del siglo I a.C., y de las legiones IV, VI y X que lo erigieron dentro del programa augusteo de remodelación del norte peninsular, después del 19 a.C. La reorganización afectó ampliamente a la zona de retaguardia, con la configuración de la red de carreteras que conocemos como Vía Augusta, la fundación de ciudades de nueva planta como Caesaraugusta y Barcino y también la distribución de sus respectivos territorios que presentan un paralelismo evidente. Las marcas legionarias en el mismo puente y en la zona del puerto fluvial de Caesaraugusta son elementos clave proporcionados por la epigrafía.
Nueva estela procedente de Libia (La Rioja)
Authors: Beltrán Lloris Francisco , Díaz Arino Borja
Published: May 2010

Nota sobre una nueva inscripción latina realizada sobre una estela decorada del llamado "taller de Herramélluri" (La Rioja), la antigua Libia, con un nombre céltico no atestiguado hasta ahora: Gustuna.
La sítula de Caesaraugusta-Zaragoza y los apliques tipo III de Delgado
Authors: Erice Lacabe Romana
Published: May 2010

Se da a conocer el hallazgo de una sítula completa de Zaragoza que conserva los apliques figurados, unas máscaras masculinas correspondientes al tipo III de Delgado, grupo tipológico poco conocido del que se presenta un primer estudio.
El auguraculum de la Colonia Tárraco: Sedes inaugurationis coloniae Tarraco
Authors: Salom I Garreta Cristòfor
Published: May 2010

En el debate sobre los ritos de fundación de nuevas colonias romanas, sólo un reducido número de ciudades han aportado evidencias arqueológicas que permiten esbozar cómo se materializaban los procedimientos sacros que conocemos por las fuentes escritas. Gracias a la revisión de la planimetría de las excavaciones en los aledaños del foro de la colonia Tárraco, excavado en la década de los años veinte del siglo pasado, podemos aportar nuevos datos a esta discusión. A partir de la identificación del auguraculum o templum augural de Tárraco, también se pone de manifiesto la relación que podía existir entre estos espacios sacros y la morfología urbana.
Fana, templa, delubra destrui praecipimus: el final de los templos de la Hispania romana.
Authors: Arce Javier
Published: May 2010

En la legislación romana recogida en el Codex Theodosianus hay una serie de leyes que se refieren a la prohibición de hacer sacrificios o adorar a los ídolos. Al mismo tiempo se mantiene en la legislación la necesidad de preservar los templos por su valor como monumentos. Este artículo analiza, desde el punto de vista de los datos literarios, conciliares y arqueológicos, el problema del fin de los templos paganos en Hispania. Las conclusiones son que ni los templos de Hispania fueron convertidos en iglesias (sólo hay un caso y es muy tardío), ni que fueron desmantelados y arrasados. Algunos templos estaban ya abandonados en el siglo IV d.C. Otros fueron reocupados por casas u otras construcciones, y en el siglo V se comienza a observar la reutilización de sus materiales para otras obras. En general se puede decir que los templos de Hispania se conservaron intactos, aunque desprovistos de sus funciones paganas, hasta épocas muy tardías. Se contrasta esta documentación con la evidencia de otras regiones del Imperio (Galia, Oriente y Grecia).
El coste de los espectáculos gladiatorios en las ciudades del Occidente romano
Authors: Ceballos Hornero Alberto
Published: May 2010

En este artículo intentamos aproximarnos al coste diario de los munera gladiatorum en las ciudades del Occidente romano, clasificándolo en tres niveles de precios, a través del análisis de las inscripciones que conmemoran la edición de gladiadores y de la legislación imperial, especialmente la oratio de pretiis gladiatorum minuendis.
La así llamada casa de Hippolytus: la fundación de los Anios y la schola de una agrupación colegial de la ciudad romana de Complutum
Authors: Rascón Marqués Sebastián
Published: May 2010

El objetivo de este artículo es actualizar los datos existentes sobre la llamada Casa de Hippolytus de Complutum / Alcalá de Henares. El análisis de la documentación aportada por varios métodos (excavación sistemática, estudios arqueobotánicos, zoológicos, historiográficos, etc.) demuestra que se trata de la sede de una agrupación colegial, que se vincula, en un mismo recinto, con un jardín orientalizante y con el mausoleo de la familia de los Anios, la misma que construye la schola de la asociación colegial. Al mismo tiempo refutamos otra interpretación propuesta para este yacimiento, y desechamos que se trate del balneum de una domus suburbana.
Las monedas con nombres de étnicos del s. II a.C. en el nordeste peninsular. ¿Reflejo de posibles circunscripciones? ¿Civitates con doble nombre?
Authors: Pérez Almoguera Arturo
Published: May 2010

En el s. II a.C. se emiten en el nordeste de Hispania monedas con el nombre de étnicos conocidos por las fuentes escritas. Se plantea el problema de si responden a una organización territorial en circunscripciones que, curiosamente, corresponden con las regiones y principales populi que cita Plinio. Por otro lado estas cecas podrían corresponder a localidades que pudieran tener otro nombre.
Entre lo público y lo privado. Indicatio pedaturae en la epigrafía funeraria hispana
Authors: Vaquerizo Desiderio , Sánchez Sebastián
Published: May 2010

El artículo ofrece una revisión crítica sobre el uso de formulae pedaturae en termini sepulcrorum hispanos, al tiempo que analiza en detalle y con criterio de exhaustividad sus áreas de dispersión, tipos de soporte y materiales empleados, tamaño de los acotados, fórmulas y léxico de la indicatio, perfil social de quienes la utilizaron, y cronología. Todo ello desde un profundo contraste con lo que se detecta en otras grandes ciudades del Occidente del Imperio, y una mirada final a las interesantes novedades de Colonia Patricia Corduba, capital de la provincia Baetica, en la que los autores vienen centrando su trabajo.
Interface of an old Version of Raman Spectrophotometer (Ramanor HG.2S JOBIN YVON) by LabVIEW
Authors: Abdelbary Alakhib Ibrahim , Kafi S. T.
Published: May 2010

In this work, the Raman spectrophotometer (HG.2S Jobin Yvon) was interfaced with labVIEW card to act as data acquisition system instead of the chart recorder. The interface of the Raman (HG.2S Jobin Yvon) with the labVIEW card require some modifications to the setup ,the main parts of the original setup of the systems were replaced by an air-cooled photomultiplier tube type (RCA IP28), log amplifier, handscanning and labVIEW card, all these components were assembled and the whole devices was tested successfully the new setup after interfacing by labVIEW was checked and calibrated by generating experiments with known standard solutions , which showed perfect consistency with literature in the references and published papers.
Classifying Sensors Depending on their IDs to Reduce Power Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Brisha Ayman Mohammd
Published: May 2010

Wireless sensor networks produce a large amount of data that needs to be processed, delivered, and assessed according to the application objectives. Cluster-based is an effective architecture for data-gathering in wireless sensor networks. Clustering provides an effective way for prolonging the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. Current clustering algorithms usually utilize two techniques, selecting cluster heads with more residual energy and rotating cluster heads periodically, in order to distribute the energy consumption among nodes in each cluster and extend the network lifetime. Clustering sensors are divided into groups, so that sensors will communicate information only to cluster heads and then the cluster heads will communicate the aggregated information to the processing center, and this may save energy. In this paper we show Two Relay Sensor Algorithm (TRSA), which divide wireless Sensor Network (WSN) into unequaled clusters, showing that it can effectively save power for maximizing the life time of the network. Simulation results show that the proposed unequal clustering mechanism (TRSA) balances the energy consumption among all sensor nodes and achieves an obvious improvement on the network lifetime.
NETLab: An Online Laboratory Management System
Authors: Maiti Ananda
Published: May 2010

Online hardware-based educational laboratories are increasingly being deployed in traditional on-campus as well as Web-based distance-learning courses around the world. An online laboratory generally will consist of several hardware-based remote experiments. However, one particular experiment can be performed at a time by an individual student or a group of students which require a careful scheduling of the experiments. For the proper implementation of an online laboratory an efficient laboratory management system (LMS) is thus essential. Also for an online laboratory, the students need to fully understand the experimental system setup and feel comfortable as in an actual laboratory environment which, however, can be effectively done by adding suitable videos and animations etc. Besides, the students should be able to run the remote experiments, extract, save and analyze the data and submit laboratory reports online. The front end of the laboratory management system should be made browser-based so that one can use the laboratory facility from anywhere. Also, for the teachers, the laboratory management system should include an online evaluation for the quiz/viva-voce, checking experimental data, grading of submitted laboratory reports and feedback for the students.

In this paper, we describe the design and prototype implementation of an online laboratory management system (for use with shared hardware-based remote laboratory resources) which may be employed for running internet-based online laboratory courses for geographically dispersed Institutions.
SCIENAR Virtual Community: A Useful Tool to Promote the Synergies Among Artists and Scientists
Authors: Alfano Iole , Carini Manuela , Gabriele Lorella , Naccarato Giuseppe
Published: May 2010

This paper describes a Virtual Community (VC) developed within the framework of the European project SCIENAR (Scientific Scenarios and Art). The SCIENAR project explores the connections between Art and Science and the use of new media and Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) for the exploration and representation of these relationships in an innovative and productive way. The main objective of the Virtual Community described herein is to strengthen the role of the â??artistic-scientific
‘Why don’t you just use a condom?’: Understanding the motivational tensions in the minds of South African women
Authors: Mash Rachel , Mash Bob , De Villiers Pierre
Published: May 2010

Background: HIV/AIDS makes the largest contribution to the burden of disease in South Africa and consistent condom use is considered a key component of HIV-prevention efforts. Health workers see condoms as a straightforward technical solution to prevent transmission of the disease and are often frustrated when their simple advice is not followed.Objectives: To better understand the complexity of the decision that women must make when they are asked to negotiate condom use with their partner.Method: A literature review.Results: A key theme that emerged included unequal power in sexual decision making, with men dominating and women being disempowered. Women may want to please their partner, who might believe that condoms will reduce sexual pleasure. The use of condoms was associated with a perceived lack of ‘real’ love, intimacy and trust. Other factors included the fear of losing one’s reputation, being seen as ‘loose’ and of violence or rejection by one’s partner. For many women, condom usage was forbidden by their religious beliefs. The article presents a conceptual framework to make sense of the motivational dilemma in the mind of a woman who is asked to use a condom.Conclusion: Understanding this ambivalence, respecting it and helping women to resolve it may be more helpful than simply telling women to use a condom. A prevention worker who fails to recognise this dilemma and instructs women to ‘simply’ use a condom, may well encounter resistance.
Sociocultural factors influencing decision-making related to fertility among the Kanuri tribe of north-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Mairiga Abdulkarim G. , Kullima Abubakar A. , Bako Babagana , Kolo Mustapha A.
Published: May 2010

Background: The Kanuri tribe is found in the Lake Chad basin. However, the majority of the tribe lives in Borno State, Nigeria. Before this study was undertaken, factors related to fertility decisions among the tribe were not known. Objectives: This study is aimed at describing and documenting the sociocultural factors affecting decisions related to fertility among the Kanuri tribe. Method: The study applied the qualitative research method. In-depth interviews and focus-group discussions were used as data collection methods. Analysis was done manually.Results: Children among the Kanuri were highly valued and desired irrespective of their gender. The ideal family size, according to most of the respondents, was 16 children. Kanuri men are polygamous and can marry up to four wives in order to form large families. However, it is an abomination among Kanuri women to fall pregnant in quick succession; a phenomenon they termed konkomi. Other reasons for child-spacing were related to child welfare and maternal well-being. Methods for child-spacing included prolonged breastfeeding (Nganji yaye), ornaments in various forms and shapes, spiritual invocations and dried herbs (Nganji Yandeye). Few Kanuri women practiced modern methods of family planning. Conclusion: Trends in fertility among the Kanuri tribe need to be monitored regularly and appropriate measures be taken to introduce and promote modern family planning and child health services to ensure a healthier family life.
A case study of dust aerosol radiative properties over Lanzhou, China
Authors: Zhang L. , Cao X. , Bao J. , Zhou B. , Huang J. , Shi J. , Bi J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. The vertical distribution of dust aerosol and its radiative properties are analysed using the data measured by the micropulse lidar, profiling microwave radiometer, sunphotometer, particulate monitor, and nephelometer at the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) during a dust storm from 27 March to 29 March 2007. The analysis shows that the dust aerosol mainly exists below 2 km in height, and the dust aerosol extinction coefficient decreases with height. The temporal evolution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) during the dust storm is characterized by a sub-maximum at 22:00 (Beijing Time), 27 March and a maximum at 12:00, 28 March. The AOD respectively derived by lidar and sunphotometer shows a good consistency. The PM10 concentration and aerosol scattering coefficient share similar variation trends, and their maximums both appear at 22:00, 27 March. The aerosol extinction coefficient and relative humidity have the similar trends and their maximums almost appear at the same heights, which presents a correlation between extinction coefficient and relative humidity known as aerosol hygroscopicity. The relative humidity is related with temperature, and then the temperature will affect the aerosol extinction properties by modifying the relative humidity condition. The aerosol extinction coefficient, scattering coefficient, and PM10 concentration present good linear correlations. The correlation coefficients of the aerosol scattering coefficients of 450, 520, and 700 nm and PM10 concentration, of aerosol extinction coefficient retrieved by lidar at 532 nm and PM10 concentration, and of aerosol extinction and scattering coefficient are respectively 0.98, 0.94, and 0.96.
Observations of turbulence-induced new particle formation in the residual layer
Authors: Wehner B. , Siebert H. , Ansmann A. , Ditas F. , Seifert P. , Stratmann F. , Wiedensohler A. , Apituley A. , Shaw R. A. , Manninen H. E. , Kulmala M.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Aerosol particle measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer performed by a helicopter-borne measurement payload and by a lidar system from a case study during the IMPACT field campaign in Cabauw (NL) are presented. Layers of increased number concentrations of ultrafine particles were observed in the residual layer, indicating relatively recent new-particle formation. These layers were characterized by a sub-critical Richardson number and concomitant increased turbulence. Turbulent mixing is likely to lead to local supersaturation of possible precursor gases which are essential for new particle formation. Observed peaks in the number concentrations of ultrafine particles at ground level are connected to the new particle formation in the residual layer by boundary layer development and vertical mixing.
Aerosol and NOx emission factors and submicron particle number size distributions in two road tunnels with different traffic regimes
Authors: Imhof D. , Weingartner E. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Ordóñez C. , Kurtenbach R. , Wiesen P. , Rodler J. , Sturm P. , McCrae I. , Sjödin Å. , Baltensperger U.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Measurements of aerosol particle number size distributions (18–700 nm), mass concentrations (PM2.5 and PM10) and NOx were performed in the Plabutsch tunnel, Austria, and in the Kingsway tunnel, United Kingdom. These two tunnels show different characteristics regarding the roadway gradient, the composition of the vehicle fleet and the traffic frequency. The submicron particle size distributions contained a soot mode in the diameter range D=80–100 nm and a nucleation mode in the range of D=20–40 nm. In the Kingsway tunnel with a significantly lower particle number and volume concentration level than in the Plabutsch tunnel, a clear diurnal variation of nucleation and soot mode particles correlated to the traffic density was observed. In the Plabutsch tunnel, soot mode particles also revealed a diurnal variation, whereas no substantial variation was found for the nucleation mode particles. During the night a higher number concentration of nucleation mode particles were measured than soot mode particles and vice versa during the day. In this tunnel with very high soot emissions during daytime due to the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) share of 18% and another 40% of diesel driven light-duty vehicles (LDV) semivolatile species condense on the pre-existing soot surface area rather than forming new particles by homogeneous nucleation. With the low concentration of soot mode particles in the Kingsway tunnel, also the nucleation mode particles exhibit a diurnal variation. From the measured parameters real-world traffic emission factors were estimated for the whole vehicle fleet as well as differentiated into the two categories LDV and HDV. In the particle size range D=18–700 nm, each vehicle of the mixed fleet emits (1.50±0.08)·1014 particles km−1 (Plabutsch) and (1.26±0.10)·1014 particles km-1 (Kingsway), while particle volume emission factors of 0.209±0.008 cm3 km−1 and 0.036±0.004 cm3 km−1, respectively, were obtained. PM1 emission factors of 104±4 mg km−1 (Plabutsch) and 41±4 mg km−1 (Kingsway) were calculated. Emission factors determined in this work were in good agreement with results from other studies.
European surface ozone in the extreme summer 2003
Authors: Solberg S. , Coddeville P. , Forster C. , Hov Ø. , Orsolini Y. , Uhse K.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Measurements of ozone and other species from the European EMEP network in 2003 are presented. The European summer of 2003 was exceptionally warm and the surface ozone data for central Europe show the highest values since the end of the 1980s. The concentrations were particularly high in June and August 2003. In this paper we argue that a number of positive feedback effects between the weather conditions and ozone contributed to the elevated surface ozone. Firstly, direct measurements of isoprene as well as the increased temperature and solar radiation indicate that biogenic emissions in Europe were increased during summer 2003 with a potential for enhanced ozone formation. Secondly, we show that the anticyclonic conditions during the ozone episodes were accompanied by an extended residence time of air parcels in the atmospheric boundary layer, a low total ozone column and a reduced cloud cover, all favouring ozone formation. Thirdly, based on the Lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART, we show that is very likely that extensive forest fires on the Iberian Peninsula, resulting from the drought and heat, contributed to the peak ozone values observed in North Europe in August. Additionally, forest fires in Siberia probably lead to an elevated background level of ozone and CO at northern latitudes during summer 2003 thereby increasing the level the peak ozone episodes sat on. Lastly, and most important, the heat wave presumably lead to less efficient ozone dry deposition due to stomata closure of the plants under drought stress. Due to climate change, situations like this may occur at a higher frequency in the future and may gradually overshadow the effect of reduced emissions from anthropogenic sources of VOC and NOx. This scenario also holds for secondary PM.
Modelling of orographic precipitation over Iberia: a springtime case study
Authors: Costa M. J. , Salgado R. , Santos D. , Levizzani V. , Bortoli D. , Silva A. M. , Pinto P.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Orographic precipitation is a result of very complex processes and its study using numerical models is of utmost importance since it can open an important avenue to the improvement of precipitation forecasts, especially during the warm season. Mainland Portugal is characterised by a very variable terrain between the north and south regions, the latter being much smoother, with sparse mountains that barely reach 1000 m. Conversely, several mountain ranges are distributed over Spain with heights often exceeding 1500 m altitude. A mesoscale non-hydrostatic atmospheric model (MesoNH) is used to study the orographic precipitation during a limited period in spring of 2002 over the Iberian Peninsula. In order to assess the effects of the mountains, case study simulations are done, with and without the orography. MesoNH is initialized and forced by the ECMWF analyses. The effects of orography on precipitation over neighbouring regions are also analyzed. Simulations show that orography is a key factor in determining the spatial distribution of precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula, with enhancements in the regions with mountain ranges and diminution or suppression over certain valleys. The simulated precipitation fields were visually compared with radar observations in central Portugal and quantitatively compared with rain gauge data all over Portugal in order to assess the model performance in the analyzed cases.
Air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Atlantic as measured during the FICARAM cruises
Authors: Padin X. A. , Vázquez-Rodríguez M. , Castaño M. , Velo A. , Alonso-Pérez F. , Gago J. , Gilcoto M. , Álvarez M. , Pardo P. C. , de la Paz M. , Ríos A. F. , Pérez F. F.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. A total of fourteen hydrographic cruises spanning from 2000 to 2008 were conducted during the spring and autumn seasons between Spain and the Southern Ocean, under the framework of the Spanish research project FICARAM. The performed underway measurements are processed and analysed to describe the meridional air-sea CO2 fluxes (FCO2) along the Atlantic Ocean. The data was organised into different biogeochemical oceanographic provinces, according mainly to the thermohaline characteristics. The obtained spatial and temporal distributions of FCO2 follow the generally expected patterns and annual trends. The Subtropical regions in both hemispheres alternated the CO2 source and sink nature from autumn to spring, respectively. On the other hand, Tropical waters and the Patagonian Sea clearly behaved as sinks of atmospheric CO2 like the waters of the Drake Passage during autumn. The obtained results during the cruises also revealed significant long-term trends, such as the warming of equatorial waters (0.11±0.03°C yr−1) and the decrease of surface salinity (−0.16±0.01 yr−1) in tropical waters caused by the influence of the Amazon River plume. This reduction in surface salinity appears to have a direct influence over the CO2 storage rates, fostering the uptake capacity of atmospheric CO2 (−0.09±0.03 mol m−2 yr−1). An analysis of the biogeochemical forcing on the CO2 fugacity (fCO2) variability performed from an empirical algorithm highlighted the major role of the Amazon River input in the tropical North Atlantic fluxes. In addition, it has provided a quantitative measure of the importance of the thermodynamic control of FCO2 at temperate latitudes.
Modelling the impact of prescribed global warming on water resources of headwater catchments of the Irrawaddy River and their implications for Loktak Lake, northeast India
Authors: Singh C. R. , Thompson J. R. , French J. R. , Kingston D. G. , Mackay A. W.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Climate change is likely to have major implications for wetland ecosystems, which will include altered water level regimes due to modifications in local and catchment hydrology. However, substantial uncertainty exists in the precise impacts of climate change on wetlands due in part due to uncertainty in GCM projections. This paper explores the impacts of climate change upon river discharge within three sub-catchments of Loktak Lake, an internationally important wetland in northeast India. This is achieved by running pattern-scaled GCM output through distributed hydrological models (developed using MIKE SHE) of each sub-catchment. The impacts of climate change upon water levels within Loktak Lake are subsequently investigated using a water balance model. Two groups of climate change scenarios are investigated. Group 1 uses results from seven different GCMs for an increase in global mean temperature of 2 °C, the purported threshold of "dangerous" climate change, whilst Group 2 is based on results from the HadCM3 GCM for increases in global mean temperature between 1 °C and 6 °C. Results from the Group 1 scenarios show varying responses between the three sub-catchments. The majority of scenario-sub-catchment combinations (13 out of 21) indicate increases in discharge which vary from <1% to 42% although, in some cases, discharge decreases by as much as 20%. Six of the GCMs suggest overall increases in river flow to Loktak Lake (2–27%) whilst the other results in a modest (6%) decline. In contrast, the Group 2 scenarios lead to an almost linear increase in total river flow to Loktak Lake with increasing temperature (up to 27% for 6 °C), although two sub-catchments experience reductions in mean discharge for the smallest temperature increases. In all but one Group 1 scenario, and all the Group 2 scenarios, Loktak Lake water levels are higher, regularly reaching the top of a downstream hydropower barrage that impounds the lake and necessitating the release of water for barrage structural stability. Although elevated water levels may permit enhanced abstraction for irrigation and domestic uses, future increases in hydropower generation are limited by existing infrastructure. The higher water levels are likely to exacerbate existing ecological deterioration within the lake as well as enhancing problems of flooding of lakeside communities.
The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy
Authors: Fidani C.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. A seven-month collection of testimonials about the 6 April 2009 earthquake in Aquila, Abruzzo region, Italy, was compiled into a catalogue of non-seismic phenomena. Luminous phenomena were often reported starting about nine months before the strong shock and continued until about five months after the shock. A summary and list of the characteristics of these sightings was made according to 20th century classifications and a comparison was made with the Galli outcomes. These sightings were distributed over a large area around the city of Aquila, with a major extension to the north, up to 50 km. Various earthquake lights were correlated with several landscape characteristics and the source and dynamic of the earthquake. Some preliminary considerations on the location of the sightings suggest a correlation between electrical discharges and asperities, while flames were mostly seen along the Aterno Valley.
Total risk analyses for large dams in Kizilirmak basin, Turkey
Authors: Tosun H. , Seyrek E.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Dams located near urban areas have a high risk potential for life and property in downstream. Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world and has at least 1200 large dams with different type. Major earthquakes with the potential of threatening life and property occur frequently here. Kizilirmak basin studied in this article is located in a seismically very active part of Turkey. The northern part of basin is structurally cut by a significant fault system. The shear zone, which is frequently jointed, fractured and faulted at the central part of basin increases total risk of dams within the zone. Consequently, there are so many large dams, which are located close to these faults in the basin. In this paper authors summarize the methods used for the analysis of total risk, discuss the seismic hazards of 36 large dams constructed in the Kizilirmak basin on the basis of the seismic activity of the dam site and their total risk as based on physical properties and the position in the basin. The seismic hazard analyses have indicated that peak ground acceleration changes within a wide range (0.09 g and 0.45 g) for the dam sites of basin. The total risk analyses depending on the seismic hazard rating of dam site and risk rating of the structure have concluded that 23 large dams have high-risk class in the basin.
Lower-hybrid (LH) oscillitons evolved from ion-acoustic (IA)/ion-cyclotron (IC) solitary waves: effect of electron inertia
Authors: Ma J. Z. G. , Hirose A.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Lower-hybrid (LH) oscillitons reveal one aspect of geocomplexities. They have been observed by rockets and satellites in various regions in geospace. They are extraordinary solitary waves the envelop of which has a relatively longer period, while the amplitude is modulated violently by embedded oscillations of much shorter periods. We employ a two-fluid (electron-ion) slab model in a Cartesian geometry to expose the excitation of LH oscillitons. Relying on a set of self-similar equations, we first produce, as a reference, the well-known three shapes (sinusoidal, sawtooth, and spiky or bipolar) of parallel-propagating ion-acoustic (IA) solitary structures in the absence of electron inertia, along with their Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) power spectra. The study is then expanded to illustrate distorted structures of the IA modes by taking into account all the three components of variables. In this case, the ion-cyclotron (IC) mode comes into play. Furthermore, the electron inertia is incorporated in the equations. It is found that the inertia modulates the coupled IA/IC envelops to produce LH oscillitons. The newly excited structures are characterized by a normal low-frequency IC solitary envelop embedded by high-frequency, small-amplitude LH oscillations which are superimposed upon by higher-frequency but smaller-amplitude IA ingredients. The oscillitons are shown to be sensitive to several input parameters (e.g., the Mach number, the electron-ion mass/temperature ratios, and the electron thermal speed). Interestingly, whenever a LH oscilliton is triggered, there occurs a density cavity the depth of which can reach up to 20% of the background density, along with density humps on both sides of the cavity. Unexpectedly, a mode at much lower frequencies is also found beyond the IC band. Future studies are finally highlighted. The appendices give a general dispersion relation and specific ones of linear modes relevant to all the nonlinear modes encountered in the text.
Long term trends in the sea surface temperature of the Black Sea
Authors: Shapiro G. I. , Aleynik D. L. , Mee L. D.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. There is growing understanding that recent deterioration of the Black Sea ecosystem was partly due to changes in the marine physical environment. This study uses high resolution 0.25° climatology to analyze sea surface temperature variability over the 20th century in two contrasting regions of the sea. Results show that the deep Black Sea was cooling during the first three quarters of the century and was warming in the last 15–20 years; on aggregate there was a statistically significant cooling trend. The SST variability over the Western shelf was more volatile and it does not show statistically significant trends. The cooling of the deep Black Sea is at variance with the general trend in the North Atlantic and may be related to the decrease of westerly winds over the Black Sea, and a greater influence of the Siberian anticyclone. The timing of the changeover from cooling to warming coincides with the regime shift in the Black Sea ecosystem.
College Athlete Deaths by Suicide Have Doubled, and Researchers Want to Know Why
Authors: Bock Anna
Published: May 2024

This Medical News story discusses an analysis of deaths by suicide among NCAA athletes over the past 20 years.
Comprehensive microRNA expression analysis of pediatric gonadal germ cell tumors: unveiling novel biomarkers and signatures
Authors: Santarosa Vieira Ana Glenda , da Silva Luciane Sussuchi , Albino da Silva Eduardo Caetano , Laus Ana Carolina , Faria Thaíssa Maria Veiga , van Helvoort Lengert André , Martins Gisele Eiras , de Oliveira Marco Antônio , Reis Rui Manuel , Lopes Luiz Fernando , Pinto Mariana Tomazini
Published: May 2024

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs, and alterations in their expression may contribute to oncogenesis. Discovering a unique miRNA pattern holds the potential for early detection and novel treatment possibilities in cancer. This study aimed to evaluate miRNA expression in pediatric patients with gonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs), focusing on characterizing the miRNA profiles of each histological subtype and identifying a distinct histological miRNA signature for a total of 42 samples of pediatric gonadal GCTs. The analysis revealed distinct miRNA expression profiles for all histological types, regardless of the primary site. We identified specific miRNA expression signatures for each histological type, including 34 miRNAs for dysgerminomas, 13 for embryonal carcinomas, 25 for yolk sac tumors, and one for immature teratoma, compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, we identified 26 miRNAs that were commonly expressed in malignant tumors, with six miRNAs (miR‐302a‐3p, miR‐302b‐3p, miR‐371a‐5p, miR‐372‐3p, miR‐373‐3p, and miR‐367‐3p) showing significant overexpression. Notably, miR‐302b‐3p exhibited a significant association with all the evaluated clinical features. Our findings suggest that miRNAs have the potential to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of patients with malignant GCTs.
Intrinsic and extrinsic contributors to subregional thalamic volume loss in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Krijnen Eva A. , Salim Karam Elsa , Russo Andrew W. , Lee Hansol , Chiang Florence L. , Schoonheim Menno M. , Huang Susie Y. , Klawiter Eric C.
Published: May 2024

Objective

To evaluate the intrinsic and extrinsic microstructural factors contributing to atrophy within individual thalamic subregions in multiple sclerosis using in vivo high‐gradient diffusion MRI.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 41 people with multiple sclerosis and 34 age and sex‐matched healthy controls underwent 3T MRI with up to 300 mT/m gradients using a multi‐shell diffusion protocol consisting of eight b‐values and diffusion time of 19 ms. Each thalamus was parcellated into 25 subregions for volume determination and diffusion metric estimation. The soma and neurite density imaging model was applied to obtain estimates of intra‐neurite, intra‐soma, and extra‐cellular signal fractions for each subregion and within structurally connected white matter trajectories and cortex.

Results

Multiple sclerosis‐related volume loss was more pronounced in posterior/medial subregions than anterior/ventral subregions. Intra‐soma signal fraction was lower in multiple sclerosis, reflecting reduced cell body density, while the extra‐cellular signal fraction was higher, reflecting greater extra‐cellular space, both of which were observed more in posterior/medial subregions than anterior/ventral subregions. Lower intra‐neurite signal fraction in connected normal‐appearing white matter and lower intra‐soma signal fraction of structurally connected cortex were associated with reduced subregional thalamic volumes. Intrinsic and extrinsic microstructural measures independently related to subregional volume with heterogeneity across atrophy‐prone thalamic nuclei. Extrinsic microstructural alterations predicted left anteroventral, intrinsic microstructural alterations predicted bilateral medial pulvinar, and both intrinsic and extrinsic factors predicted lateral geniculate and medial mediodorsal volumes.

Interpretation

Our results might be reflective of the involvement of anterograde and retrograde degeneration from white matter demyelination and cerebrospinal fluid‐mediated damage in subregional thalamic volume loss.
More research needed regarding psychedelics' effects on youths
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: May 2024

A study of adolescents in Sweden appears to offer some promising findings on risk associated with young people's use of psychedelics, but the lead researcher warns that limitations in the analysis should give pause to anyone seeking to draw firm conclusions about the drugs' safety.
APA says methadone should be more widely prescribed an OTP
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2024

It's news, and it's worth restating, even though many have said it: he National Institute on Drug Abuse Director, Nora D. Volkow, M.D., said that even primary care physicians should be able to prescribe methadone for opioid use disorder (OUD). She made this remarkable statement in response to ADAW's question during a press briefing at the American Psychiatric Association (APA) annual meeting last week in New York City.
Breast Cancer Immune Landscape: Interplay Between Systemic and Local Immunity
Authors: Gerashchenko Tatiana , Frolova Anastasia , Patysheva Marina , Fedorov Anton , Stakheyeva Marina , Denisov Evgeny , Cherdyntseva Nadezda
Published: May 2024

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide. Numerous studies in immuno‐oncology and successful trials of immunotherapy have demonstrated the causal role of the immune system in cancer pathogenesis. The interaction between the tumor and the immune system is known to have a dual nature. Despite cytotoxic lymphocyte activity against transformed cells, a tumor can escape immune surveillance and leverage chronic inflammation to maintain its own development. Research on antitumor immunity primarily focuses on the role of the tumor microenvironment, whereas the systemic immune response beyond the tumor site is described less thoroughly. Here, a comprehensive review of the formation of the immune profile in breast cancer patients is offered. The interplay between systemic and local immune reactions as self‐sustaining mechanism of tumor progression is described and the functional activity of the main cell populations related to innate and adaptive immunity is discussed. Additionally, the interaction between different functional levels of the immune system and their contribution to the development of the pro‐ or anti‐tumor immune response in BC is highlighted. The presented data can potentially inform the development of new immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of patients with BC.
Composition Dictates Octahedral Tilt and Photostability in Halide Perovskites
Authors: Iqbal Affan N. , Orr Kieran W. P. , Nagane Satyawan , Ferrer Orri Jordi , Doherty Tiarnan A. S. , Jung Young‐Kwang , Chiang Yu‐Hsien , Selby Thomas A. , Lu Yang , Mirabelli Alessandro J. , Baldwin Alan , Ooi Zher Ying , Gu Qichun , Anaya Miguel , Stranks Samuel D.
Published: May 2024

Halide perovskites are excellent candidate materials for use in solar cell, LED, and detector devices, in part because their composition can be tuned to achieve ideal optoelectronic properties. Empirical efficiency optimization has led the field toward compositions rich in FA (formamidinium) on the A‐site and I on the X‐site, with additional small amounts of MA (methylammonium) or Cs A‐site cations and Br X‐site anions. However, it is not clear how and why the specific compositions of alloyed, that is, mixed component, halide perovskites relate to photo‐stability of the materials. Here, this work combines synchrotron grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, photoluminescence, high‐resolution scanning electron diffraction measurements and theoretical modelling to reveal the links between material structure and photostability. Namely, this work finds that increased octahedral titling leads to improved photo‐stability that is correlated with lower densities of performance‐harming hexagonal polytype impurities. These results uncover the structural signatures underpinning photo‐stability and can therefore be used to make targeted changes to halide perovskites, bettering the commercial prospects of technologies based on these materials.
Controlled Growth Lateral/Vertical Heterostructure Interface for Lithium Storage
Authors: Wang Tao , Li Mingsheng , Yao Li , Yang Wenlong , Li Yuliang
Published: May 2024

Artificial heterostructures with structural advancements and customizable electronic interfaces are fundamental for achieving high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Here, a design idea for a covalently bonded lateral/vertical black phosphorus (BP)‐graphdiyne oxide (GDYO) heterostructure achieved through a facile ball‐milling approach, is designed. Lateral heterogeneity is realized by the sp2‐hybridized mode P‐C bonds, which connect the phosphorus atoms at the edges of BP with the carbon atoms of the terminal acetylene in GDYO. The vertical connection of the heterojunction of BP and GDYO is connected by P‐O‐C bond. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that BP‐GDYO incorporates interfacial and structural engineering features, including built‐in electric fields, chemical bond interactions, and maximized nanospace confinement effects. Therefore, BP‐GDYO exhibits improved electrochemical kinetics and enhanced structural stability. Moreover, through ex‐ and in‐situ studies, the lithiation mechanism of BP‐GDYO, highlighting that the introduction of GDYO inhibits the shuttle/dissolution effect of phosphorus intermediates, hinders volume expansion, provides more reactive sites, and ultimately promotes reversible lithium storage, is clarified. The BP‐GDYO anode exhibits lithium storage performance with high‐rate capacity and long‐cycle stability (602.6 mAh g−1 after 1 000 cycles at 2.0 A g−1). The proposed interfacial and structural engineering is universal and represents a conceptual advance in building high‐performance LIBs electrode.