bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing more, feeling better: A behavioural approach to helping a woman overcome low mood and anxiety
Authors: Stuart Simon , Graham Christopher D. , Butler Sarah
Published: July 2014

Accessible summary

Much has been written about how best to help people with learning disabilities if they feel sad or worried.

Often this is about thinking. But it might be better to look at doing instead.

This is the story of how we tried to help a lady feel happier, and worry less.

A substantial body of literature exists concerning the adaptation of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for people with learning disabilities. However, it is possible that cognitive approaches have been prioritised at the expense of behavioural techniques that are simpler and more effective. This case conceptualisation considers a behaviourally focused approach to helping a woman with a mild learning disability who was experiencing low mood and anxiety, delivered by a trainee clinical psychologist working within a multidisciplinary team.
Epigenetic pathway targets for the treatment of disease: accelerating progress in the development of pharmacological tools:IUPHARReview 11
Authors: Tough David F , Lewis Huw D , Rioja Inmaculada , Lindon Matthew J , Prinjha Rab K
Published: July 2014

The properties of a cell are determined both genetically by theDNAsequence of its genes and epigenetically through processes that regulate the pattern, timing and magnitude of expression of its genes. While the genetic basis of disease has been a topic of intense study for decades, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the understanding of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and a growing appreciation that epigenetic misregulation makes a significant contribution to human disease. Several large protein families have been identified that act in different ways to control the expression of genes through epigenetic mechanisms. Many of these protein families are finally proving tractable for the development of small molecules that modulate their function and represent new target classes for drug discovery. Here, we provide an overview of some of the key epigenetic regulatory proteins and discuss progress towards the development of pharmacological tools for use in research and therapy.
Up Regulation of Liver‐enriched Transcription Factors HNF4a and HNF6 and Liver‐Specific MicroRNA (miR‐122) by Inhibition of Let‐7b in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Alizadeh Effat , Akbarzadeh Abolfazl , Eslaminejad Mohamadreza Baghaban , Barzegar Abolfazl , Hashemzadeh Shahryar , Nejati‐Koshki Kazem , Zarghami Nosratollah
Published: July 2014

MicroRNAs are small non‐coding RNAs that regulate key processes of the stem cells. Although, microRNAs have emerged as powerful regulators of differentiation, few studies have been focused on the post‐transcriptional regulation of hepatic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by microRNAs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the specific effect of let‐7 microRNAs in particular let‐7b in hepatic commitment of human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT‐MSCs). The dynamic expression profile of let‐7a, b, c microRNAs and two liver‐enriched transcription factors (LETFs) HNF4a and HNF6 was studied during in vitro hepatic differentiation of hAT‐MSCs. Let‐7b was used for transient overexpression and knockdown investigations. It was shown that the expression of LETFs is inversely correlated with those of let‐7 miRNAs during differentiation progress (p < 0.05). Inhibition of let‐7b caused upregulation of LETFs, an increase in the expression of miR‐122 (p < 0.01) emulating the features of functional hepatocytes, and accumulation of hAT‐MSCs in the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, triggering initiation of hepatic commitment. In conclusion, transient inhibition of let‐7b activates hepatic differentiation of hAT‐MSCs. The findings of this work might help optimization of in vitro hepatogenic differentiation utilizing microRNAs and hAT‐MSCs that could be used for therapeutic purposes.
The Role of Reflection in the Effects of Community Service on Adolescent Development: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: van Goethem Anne , van Hoof Anne , Orobio de Castro Bram , Van Aken Marcel , Hart Daniel
Published: July 2014

This meta‐analysis assessed the effect of community service on adolescent development and the moderation of this effect by reflection, community service, and adolescent characteristics to explicate the mechanisms underlying community service effects. Random effects analyses, based on 49 studies (24,477 participants, 12–20 years old), revealed that community service had positive effects on academic, personal, social, and civic outcomes. Moderation analyses indicated that reflection was essential; the effect for studies that include reflection was substantial (mean ES = .41) while community service in the absence of reflection yielded negligible benefits (mean ES = .05). Effects increased when studies include more frequent reflection and community service, reflection on academic content, and older adolescents. These findings have implications for understanding and improving community service.
Value of whole exome sequencing for syndromic retinal dystrophy diagnosis in young patients
Authors: Prokudin Ivan , Li Dong , He Sijie , Guo Yiran , Goodwin Linda , Wilson Meredith , Rose Loreto , Tian Lifeng , Chen Yulan , Liang Jinlong , Keating Brendan , Xu Xun , Jamieson Robyn V , Hakonarson Hakon
Published: July 2014

Background

Several retinal dystrophies are associated with syndromic features including such conditions as Bardet–Biedl and Joubert syndromes. Cohen syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with multiple clinical manifestations including developmental delay, acquired microcephaly, myopia, pigmentary retinopathy, joint hypermobility, truncal obesity, friendly disposition and intermittent neutropenia. In young patients, diagnosis is difficult, because several of the characteristic features may not be present until school age or later years and the intermittent neutropenia is not always detectable.

Design

This was a prospective study using whole exome sequencing in syndromic retinal dystrophy. It was undertaken in a hospital and research institute setting.

Participants

Participants in this study were members of a consanguineous Australian family of Lebanese ethnicity with two siblings with retinal dystrophy, microcephaly and developmental delay.

Methods

Detailed clinical evaluation was undertaken. Whole exome capture and sequencing of patient genomic DNA samples was followed by sequence alignment, variant detection, comparison and prioritization.

Main Outcome Measures

Pathogenic variant identification in the disease‐causing gene in affected individuals.

Results

We identified a novel homozygous deletion leading to a frameshift mutation in VPS13B, c.11327del, p.(Asn3776Thrfs*102), the disease gene associated with Cohen syndrome.

Conclusions

This report emphasizes the value of a broad‐based whole exome sequencing approach in disease gene identification in the syndromic retinal dystrophies, where all disease characteristics may not be present in young patients to allow a clinical diagnosis. This facilitates improved prognostic and genetic information for patients and families.
Impact of plaque accumulation on the osseointegration of titanium–zirconium alloy and titanium implants. A histological and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Mihatovic Ilja , Golubovic Vladimir , Bradu Sebastian , Sager Martin , Becker Jürgen
Published: July 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of plaque accumulation on osseointegration at surface enhanced modified hydrophilic titanium–zirconium (TiZr) alloy and titanium (Ti) implants.

Materials and methods

TiZr and Ti implants with a sand‐blasted, acid etched, and chemically modified endosseous and a machined (M) transmucosal portion were bilaterally (i.e., one implant type on each side) inserted in the maxilla of six foxhounds. In a split‐mouth design, experimental mucositis was induced at one randomly assigned side (NPC), while the contralateral side received mechanical plaque removal three times per week (PC). After 16 weeks, tissue biopsies were processed for histological (primary outcome: bone‐to‐implant contact [BIC]) and immunohistochemical (CD68) analysis.

Results

Mean BIC values varied between 81.96% (TiZrM) and 88.72% (TiM) in the NPC group, and between 87.88% (TiM) and 92.69% (TiZrM) in the PC group. Even though BIC values tended to be lower within the endosseous coronal compartment at NPC sites, within group (NPC vs. PC) comparisons failed to reach statistical significance at both types of implants. These non‐BIC areas were not associated with any CD68 positive cells.

Conclusions

Osseointegration of both TiZrM and TiM implants was not influenced by plaque accumulation in this experimental model.
Lone Aortic Insufficiency and Conduction Disease: A Marker of Reactive Arthritis
Authors: Lader Joshua M. , Lam Geoffrey , Donnino Robert , Katz Edward S. , DeAnda Abe , Ettel Mark , Saric Muhamed
Published: July 2014

A 48‐year‐old male with history of chronic arthritis and uveitis presented with 1 year of progressively reduced exercise capacity and nonexertional chest pain. Physical examination was consistent with severe aortic insufficiency. An electrocardiogram demonstrated sinus rhythm with first degree atrioventricular block. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated severe lone central aortic insufficiency of a trileaflet valve due to leaflet thickening, retraction of leaflet margins and mild aortic root dilation in the setting of left ventricular dilatation. In addition, computed tomographic angiography revealed a small focal aneurysm of the distal transverse arch. He was found to be positive for the immunogenetic marker HLA‐B27. The patient subsequently underwent uncomplicated mechanical aortic valve replacement. The diagnosis of HLA‐B27 associated cardiac disease should be entertained in any individual with lone aortic insufficiency, especially if accompanied by conduction disease.
Global Myocardial Contractile Reserve Assessed by High‐Dose Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography Predicts Response to the Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Murín Pavol , Mitro Peter , Valocik Gabriel , Spurný Peter
Published: July 2014

Background

Myocardial contractile reserve (CR) is a strong prognostic factor in patients with heart failure. The presence of significant myocardial fibrosis can lead to a reduced response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We assumed that myocardial CR assessed by high‐dose dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) would predict response to CRT.

Methods

Fifty‐two consecutive symptomatic patients with heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class III), with depressed ejection fraction (EF) of the left ventricle (26.3 ± 6.9%) and dyssynchronous contractions (QRS duration 149.8 ± 23.8 msec) underwent DSE before CRT implantation. The difference in EF at rest and at peak (40 μg/kg per minute) DSE indicated global CR. Responders to CRT were defined by a decrease in left ventricular end‐systolic volume of ≥15% and/or an increase in EF of ≥5% after 6 months of CRT.

Results

During high‐dose dobutamine infusion, responders (28 patients, 54%) showed a greater increase in EF compared with nonresponders (Δ 11 ± 7% vs. Δ 2 ± 9%, P = 0.007). CR correlated moderately with an improvement in EF after 6 months of CRT (r = 0.50, P = 0.0009). Furthermore, responders showed significant improvement in clinical status, evaluated by a reduction in NYHA functional class (−0.8 ± 0.6 vs. 0.1 ± 0.4, P = 0.02), compared with nonresponders. A 7% exercise‐induced increase in EF yielded sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 87% in predicting the response to CRT after 6 months.

Conclusions

Myocardial CR assessed by high‐dose DSE can play a potentially important role in identifying responders to CRT.
Feasibility of Perflutren Microsphere Contrast Transthoracic Echocardiography in the Visualization of Ventricular Endocardium during Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Validated Ovine Model
Authors: Platts David G. , Diab Sara , Dunster Kimble R. , Shekar Kiran , Burstow Darryl J. , Sim Beatrice , Tunbridge Matthew , McDonald Charles , Chemonges Saul , Chan Jonathan , Fraser John F.
Published: July 2014

Background

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) during extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is important but can be technically challenging. Contrast‐specific TTE can improve imaging in suboptimal studies. These contrast microspheres are hydrodynamically labile structures. This study assessed the feasibility of contrast echocardiography (CE) during venovenous (VV) ECMO in a validated ovine model.

Method

Twenty‐four sheep were commenced on VV ECMO. Parasternal long‐axis (Plax) and short‐axis (Psax) views were obtained pre‐ and postcontrast while on VV ECMO. Endocardial definition scores (EDS) per segment were graded: 1 = good, 2 = suboptimal 3 = not seen. Endocardial border definition score index (EBDSI) was calculated for each view. Endocardial length (EL) in the Plax view for the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) was measured.

Results

Summation EDS data for the LV and RV for unenhanced TTE (UE) versus CE TTE imaging: EDS 1 = 289 versus 346, EDS 2 = 38 versus 10, EDS 3 = 33 versus 4, respectively. Wilcoxon matched‐pairs rank‐sign tests showed a significant ranking difference (improvement) pre‐ and postcontrast for the LV (P < 0.0001), RV (P < 0.0001) and combined ventricular data (P < 0.0001). EBDSI for CE TTE was significantly lower than UE TTE for the LV (1.05 ± 0.17 vs. 1.22 ± 0.38, P = 0.0004) and RV (1.06 ± 0.22 vs. 1.42 ± 0.47, P = 0.0.0006) respectively. Visualized EL was significantly longer in CE versus UE for both the LV (58.6 ± 11.0 mm vs. 47.4 ± 11.7 mm, P < 0.0001) and the RV (52.3 ± 8.6 mm vs. 36.0 ± 13.1 mm, P < 0.0001), respectively.

Conclusions

Despite exposure to destructive hydrodynamic forces, CE is a feasible technique in an ovine ECMO model. CE results in significantly improved EDS and increased EL.
Linkage analysis and exome sequencing identify a novel mutation in KCTD7 in patients with progressive myoclonus epilepsy with ataxia
Authors: Farhan Sali M. K. , Murphy Lisa M. , Robinson John F. , Wang Jian , Siu Victoria M. , Rupar C. Anthony , Prasad Asuri N. ,   FORGE Canada Consortium, Hegele Robert A.
Published: July 2014

Epilepsy affects approximately 1% of the world's population. Genetic factors and acquired etiologies, as well as a range of environmental triggers, together contribute to epileptogenesis. We have identified a family with three daughters affected with progressive myoclonus epilepsy with ataxia. Clinical details of the onset and progression of the neurologic presentation, epileptic seizures, and the natural history of progression over a 10‐year period are described. Using autozygosity genetic mapping, we identified a high likelihood homozygous region on chromosome 7p12.1‐7q11.22. We subsequently applied whole‐exome sequencing and employed a rare variant prioritization analysis within the homozygous region. We identified p.Tyr276Cys in the potassium channel tetramerization domain–containing seven gene, KCTD7, which is expressed predominantly in the brain. Mutations in this gene have been implicated previously in epileptic phenotypes due to disturbances in potassium channel conductance. Pathogenicity of the mutation was supported by bioinformatic predictive analyses and variant cosegregation within the family. Further biologic validation is necessary to fully characterize the pathogenic mechanisms that explain the phenotypic causes of epilepsy with ataxia in these patients.
Anxiety and locomotion in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS): Inclusion of Wistar rats as a second control
Authors: Marques‐Carneiro José Eduardo , Faure Jean‐Baptiste , Cosquer Brigitte , Koning Estelle , Ferrandon Arielle , de Vasconcelos Anne Pereira , Cassel Jean‐Christophe , Nehlig Astrid
Published: July 2014

Objective

The Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a genetic model, derived from Wistar rats by selective breeding. In all previous studies, GAERS were compared to their paired selected strain not expressing spike‐and‐wave discharges (SWDs), namely nonepileptic controls (NECs). Because the occurrence/absence of SWDs is of polygenic origin, some other traits could have been selected along with occurrence/absence of SWDs. Therefore, we explored the importance of using a second control group consisting in Wistar rats, the strain of origin of GAERS, in addition to NECs, on locomotion and anxiety in GAERS.

Methods

A test battery encompassing home‐cage, open‐field, beam‐walking and elevated plus‐maze evaluations was used. In addition, stereologic analyses were performed to assess the volume of thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. The occurrence/absence of SWDs was determined in all three strains by electroencephalography (EEG) recording.

Results

When compared to NECs and Wistars, GAERS displayed lower exploratory activity and fastened habituation to novelty. In the plus‐maze, scores of GAERS and Wistars were similar, but NECs appeared significantly less anxious (possibly in association with increased amygdala volume); evidence for weaker anxiety in NECs was also found in the open‐field evaluation. The volumetric study revealed increased thalamic volume in GAERS compared to both control groups. SWDs were present in all GAERS and in 80% of Wistars.

Significance

Compared to the original Wistar strain as an additional control group, the selective breeding that generated the GAERS has no incidence on anxiety‐related behavior, conversely to the selection of SWD suppression in NECs, in which anxiety is attenuated. These findings point to the importance of using a second control group composed of Wistar rats in studies characterizing the behavioral profile of GAERS. Thereby, possible confusions between occurrence/absence of SWDs and other features that come along with selection and/or differential brain development induced by the genetic mutations are reduced.
The prevalence of abnormal breathing patterns during exercise and associations with dynamic upper respiratory tract obstructions
Authors: Fitzharris L. E. , Franklin S. H. , Allen K. J.
Published: July 2014

Reasons for performing study

There is very limited published information on the prevalence and significance of abnormal breathing patterns adopted during canter/gallop.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of abnormal breathing patterns during canter/gallop and to investigate whether these may be associated with dynamic upper respiratory tract (URT) obstructions.

Study design

Retrospective analysis of clinical records.

Methods

Simultaneous audio andURTvideoendoscopy recordings from 365 horses referred for treadmill evaluation were analysed.

Results

Thirty percent of horses had an abnormal breathing pattern at canter or gallop, of which 23% had a 2:1 breathing pattern (i.e. one breath is taken over two strides). The prevalence of abnormal breathing patterns was higher at low canter speeds than during strenuous exercise. There was a significant association between breathing pattern during strenuous exercise and the presence of anURTobstruction.

Conclusions

This study suggests that abnormal breathing patterns during canter and gallop may be associated with dynamicURTobstructions; therefore, horses identified by owners or veterinary surgeons to have an abnormal breathing pattern during exercise, in particular a 2:1 breathing pattern, may warrant investigations for diagnosis of respiratory tract disease.
Descriptive analysis of longitudinal endoscopy for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage inThoroughbred racehorses training and racing at theHongKongJockeyClub
Authors: Preston S. A. , Riggs C. M. , Singleton M. D. , Troedsson M. H. T.
Published: July 2014

Reasons for performing study

Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is reported as a performance limiting condition in racehorses, yet few longitudinal studies characterisingEIPHhave been reported.

Objectives

To characteriseEIPHduring training and racing in the absence of prophylactic medication with furosemide among horses imported toHongKong during 2007–2012.

Study design

Retrospective descriptive study of clinical endoscopy,EIPHstatus, and racing records.

Methods

Thoroughbred geldings (n = 822) imported fromNewZealand between 2007 and 2012 were retrospectively assigned to 4 groups: diagnosed withEIPHvia endoscopy (EIPH+), graded using recognised criteria; observed with epistaxis (Epistaxis); free ofEIPHon endoscopy (EIPH‐); and those in which no endoscopy was performed.

Results

The majority of horses (89%) were subjected to endoscopy once or more (median 15, interquartile range 3–18). Of those undergoing endoscopy, 55% of horses were diagnosedEIPH+ which varied in severity. Few (4%) experienced epistaxis.EIPH+ was diagnosed most frequently (63%) after racing. There was no significant difference in the proportion ofEIPH+ andEIPH‐ horses that raced. Racing career longevity was longest forEIPH+ horses. The number of starts in Hong Kong forEIPH+ horses was not significantly different toEIPH‐ horses.[Correction added on 9 January 2015, after first online publication: The term ‘lifetime starts’ has been changed to ‘starts in Hong Kong’ in the preceding sentence.]Days to retirement were longer forEIPH+ horses. Horses with mildEIPH+ (grade<3) were more likely to be retired for other causes whereas severe grades (≥3) were more likely to be retired forEIPH.

Conclusions

Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage is common and varies in severity between individuals and between episodes in the same individual. There is no difference in racing career longevity betweenEIPH+ andEIPH‐ horses trained and raced without furosemide.

See also correspondences by PS Morley and KW Hinchcliff;AD Richards;andS. Preston and C. M. Riggs
Integration by communication: knowledge exchange in global outsourcing of product software development
Authors: Kristjánsson Baldur , Helms Remko , Brinkkemper Sjaak
Published: July 2014

Global outsourcing is a growing trend among independent software vendors. In these projects like other distributed work, distances have negative effects on communication and coordination, directly impacting performance. We present a normative model designed to address this issue by improving communication and knowledge exchange. The model consists of six distinct practices and a tool blueprint, each coming with practical guidelines. It is based in part on two case studies of Dutch software vendors who have successfully outsourced part of their activities to an Eastern European outsourcing vendor, and validated by a panel of six experts from industry and the scientific community. It is concluded that knowledge exchange in global software outsourcing is a by‐product of efforts to enhance communication and coordination, rather than specific technical solutions. By committing to sharing knowledge, emphasizing transparency and integrating the outsourcing team into their organizations, customers from the product software business can realize the benefits of global outsourcing.
Winging it? Defence Procurement as Risk Management
Authors: Louth John , Boden Rebecca
Published: July 2014

In this paper, war is characterised as a risk management strategy, with defence procurement as a risk mitigating activity. Risk management within the defence procurement context is explored by way of a detailed case study of a UK procurement team from within what was the Defence Logistics Organisation (a Tri‐Service/Civil Service central organisation) with the Royal Air Force as its customer. In this paper risk management is conceptualised theoretically as an aspect of governmentality. The analysis of the case study organisation demonstrates that it has become devoted to managing risk. The operation of governmental power within the organisation is analysed using Lukes' () three dimensions. The paper demonstrates that risk management operates as a hegemonic discursive rationality at a level where individuals become enfolded in these discourses, becoming economic citizens and workers rather than military personnel. This, it is concluded, has grave human consequences.
Kinetic mechanism of putrescine oxidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis
Authors: Kopacz Malgorzata M. , Heuts Dominic P. H. M. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: July 2014

Putrescine oxidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis (PuO) is a flavin‐containing amine oxidase from the monoamine oxidase family that performs oxidative deamination of aliphatic diamines. In this study we report pre‐steady‐state kinetic analyses of the enzyme with the use of single‐ and double‐mixing stopped‐flow spectroscopy and putrescine as a substrate. During the fast and irreversible reductive half‐reaction no radical intermediates were observed, suggesting a direct hydride transfer from the substrate to the FAD. The rate constant of flavin reoxidation depends on the ligand binding; when the imine product was bound to the enzyme the rate constant was higher than with free enzyme species. Similar results were obtained with product‐mimicking ligands and this indicates that a ternary complex is formed during catalysis. The obtained kinetic data were used together with steady‐state rate equations derived for ping‐pong, ordered sequential and bifurcated mechanisms to explore which mechanism is operative. The integrated analysis revealed that PuO employs a bifurcated mechanism due to comparable rate constants of product release from the reduced enzyme and reoxidation of the reduced enzyme–product complex.
Effects of oral moisturising gel containing egg yolk antibodies against Candida albicans in older people
Authors: Takeuchi Susumu , Motohashi Jun , Kimori Hisato , Nakagawa Yoichi , Tsurumoto Akihisa
Published: July 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of oral moisturising gel containing egg yolk antibody against Candida albicans (anti‐CA IgY) in older people. Therefore, we measured the number of Candia CFU present on oral swabs at baseline and after using the gel.

Methods

A randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was conducted among volunteers living in a nursing home in Japan. The participants were divided into two groups. The group 1 participants received oral care using an experimental oral moisturising gel with anti‐CA IgY, and those in group 2 received oral care using a placebo oral moisturising gel without anti‐CA IgY. The oral care was performed by care workers three times a day for 4 weeks. The participants’ tongues were sampled using a swab method at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks of using the oral gel, and the number of C. albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei colonies was counted.

Results

The baseline oral condition of the participants in the two groups did not differ significantly. The experimental gel significantly reduced the number of C. albicans colonies from baseline to after 4 weeks of using the oral gel; however, no significant reductions were observed in the number of C. tropicalis or C. krusei colonies.

Conclusion

The use of oral moisturising gel containing anti‐CA IgY for 1 month significantly reduces the number of C. albicans CFU present on swabs in older people.
Mechanical Properties of Mullite–Corundum Composites Prepared from Bauxite
Authors: Maldhure Atul V. , Tripathi Himansu S. , Ghosh Arup
Published: July 2014

Mullite–corundum composites have been prepared by reaction sintering of Indian bauxite having considerable amount of impurities and silica sol. The effect of changing mullite phase proportion on the mechanical properties (i.e., flexural strength, elastic modulus, hot modulus of rupture, thermal shock resistance) of prepared composites has been studied. Flexural strength and elastic modulus increase with increasing free corundum phase content in the composites. Hot modulus of rupture for the sample containing only mullite phase increases with increasing test temperature over entire temperature range. Theoretical thermal shock resistance parameters R and R‴ are well supported by experimental thermal shock data.
Traditional culture, political ideologies, materialism and luxury consumption inChina
Authors: Sun Gong , D'Alessandro Steven , Johnson Lester
Published: July 2014

China is now the second largest luxury market in the world. This study examines the effect of traditionalChinese cultural values and support for political ideologies on materialism and interest in luxury products. Results showed that both traditionalChinese cultural values (face, harmony and guanxi) and political ideology (Maoism vs.Deng's theory) influenced materialistic aspirations and interest in luxury products. This suggests that researchers should also consider the influence of political ideology as much as they consider cultural values, as many developing societies are in transition.
Consumers’ preferences for eco‐friendly appliances in an emerging market context
Authors: Sonnenberg Nadine C. , Erasmus Alet C. , Schreuder Adré
Published: July 2014

At present, the South African (SA) energy supply per person surpasses that of several developing countries in the world notwithstanding the energy crisis in the country and the evidence that SA produces among the highest greenhouse gas emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) in the world. The problem is aggravated by an increased demand for major household appliances in recent years, contributing to an overextension of existing capacity and perpetual power failures. Increasing consumption patterns in the rapidly expanding economy of South Africa require intentional efforts to promote more sustainable product choices e.g. an understanding of the relevance of environmental attributes in consumers’ evaluation of product alternatives to ensure lasting environmental implications. Using Sawtooth conjoint software, trade‐off tasks were included in a cross‐sectional survey involving 648 households in Tshwane, South Africa to assess the relative importance of various environmental attributes in relation to other product features (e.g. brand and price) of washing machines. Aggregate results reveal that consumers across various age, income and educational levels prioritize brand and price, despite the long‐term financial and environmental repurcussions of product features that impact on the use of natural resources. Four consumer segments were identified through cluster analysis that differ in terms of preference structures, which offer valuable insight for the development of intervention strategies and marketing campaigns. The findings underline current literature, namely that ‘green’ product offerings must also perform competitively in terms of non‐environmental attributes. Future studies should focus on a broader scope of factors, including consumers’ knowledge and awareness of the environmental impact of their product choices, to better inform marketing campaigns and intervention initiatives.
Towards a sustainable consumer model: the case study of Bulgarian recyclers
Authors: Vasileva Elka , Ivanova Daniela
Published: July 2014

For several years, Bulgaria has been implementing systems for separate collection of packaging waste as elements of environment policy, which aims to decrease the quantity of the municipal‐generated waste deposited in land. The effectiveness of these systems is largely determined by consumers' recycling behaviour in post‐socialist countries with emerging sustainable behaviour patterns. The aim of this article is to identify different segments among Bulgarians based on their attitudes towards recycling in order to highlight the characteristics of recyclers and non‐recycler groups and, subsequently, to elaborate on possible tailored marketing and communication plans to promote recycling among Bulgarians. A national survey was conducted with 968 people over 18 years of age from the municipalities covered by the system for separate collection of packaging waste. The cluster analysis of the results of the survey made possible the segmentation according to the attitudes towards recycling. The following four clusters were identified: the ‘Environmentally sensitive’ (18.46%); the ‘Inert’ who do not appreciate the benefits of recycling for the environment (26.14%); the ‘Indifferent’ to the separate collection of waste (29.57%); and the ‘Recycling’ (25.83%). The composition of each of the clusters is analysed both according to recycling practices and according to other types of sustainable behaviour (buying of organic foods, non‐food ecological products, energy‐efficient household appliances, etc.). The contextual factors that have demotivating effects on consumer behaviour for separate collection of waste in the country are also discussed. The correlations between cluster belonging and socio‐demographic characteristics of the participants in the study are examined. The implications of the study may be associated with the development and implementation of public policy strategies for the separate collection of waste and the promotion of sustainable consumer behaviour patterns.
Apelin and G212A apelin receptor gene polymorphism in obese and diabese youth
Authors: Kotanidou E. P. , Kalinderi K. , Kyrgios I. , Efraimidou S. , Fidani L. , Papadopoulou‐Alataki E. , Eboriadou‐Petikopoulou M. , Galli‐Tsinopoulou A.
Published: July 2014

Objective

The apelinergic system has been previously described to participate in fluid homeostasis, cardiac contractility, blood pressure and neo‐vascularization. The role of apelin in obesity and glucose metabolism has also lately gained interest; however, it still remains obscure. This study aimed to assess serum apelin levels in obese youngsters and to investigate any possible association with the G212A polymorphism of the apelin receptor (APLNR) gene.

Methods

Ninety obese individuals and 90 matched for age and gender lean controls were included. Anthropometric measurements, data of glucose metabolism, including an oral glucose tolerance test, and serum apelin levels were obtained. The presence of the G212A polymorphism of the APLNR gene was also analyzed in the obese group.

Results

Obese participants had significantly lower serum apelin levels as compared with controls (P = 0.011). After being grouped according to their status of glucose metabolism, only obese subjects with impaired glucose metabolism (diabese) exhibited lower apelin levels as compared with controls. The presence of the G212A polymorphism did not differ from the HapMap‐reported frequencies in Caucasians (GG = 53.3%/GA = 38.9%/ΑΑ = 7.8% vs. GG = 46.9%/GA = 39.8%/ΑΑ = 13.3%, P = 0.232). The GG and GA obese subgroups had significantly lower apelin levels as compared with the AA group (P = 0.013 and P = 0.016, respectively).

Conclusion

Obese (especially diabese) youngsters demonstrated lower serum apelin levels; the G212A polymorphism of the APLNR gene was found to exert a favourable effect on circulating apelin levels in childhood obesity.
The role of dietary habits in urinary stone disease
Authors: Shirazi Fatemeh , Heidari Shiva , Sanjari Mahnaz , Khachian Alice , Shahpourian Farangis
Published: July 2014

Urolithiasis is the third most common urinary disease and evidence shows that the incidence of urolithiasis has increased continually during the past decades. The relationship between urinary stones and diet has been known to some extent but there are different opinions about it. This research was done to determine the relationship between dietary habit, food resources intake and urinary stone disease. This is a case–control study on 161 adult patients with urinary stone disease who referred to Hasheminejad Urology Center and 254 healthy subjects who were matched with the cases for age and gender. All the subjects were interviewed through a questionnaire. Data were analysed using spss, version 14. An independent t‐test, χ2‐test and regression analysis were used to examine the differences. The findings showed that the intake of resources of calcium (p = 0·048), phosphorus (p = 0·001), potassium (p < 0·0001), vitamin A (p < 0·0001), vitamin D (p < 0·0001) and vitamin C (p = 0·004) was significantly lower in patients in comparison with the healthy subjects, but the intake of resources of oxalate, magnesium and vitamin B6 was not significantly different. Results showed that among food resources that were significantly different in the two groups, the resources of vitamins A, C, D, resources of calcium and potassium and liquid were significantly different, as shown by the results of the regression test. Thus findings suggest that urinary stone formation has a relationship with dietary habit. Considering the challenges of treatment and the costs of this disease, dietary recommendations may be an easy and cost‐effective way to reduce the health care burden of renal stone.
An analysis of influenza prevention measures from air travellers’ perspective
Authors: Chou P‐F.
Published: July 2014

Background

The influenza A virus is easily transmitted through airborne saliva droplets disseminated by unprotected coughing or sneezing, particularly in a crowded, enclosed space.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to analyse the knowledge, attitudes and practices of air travellers regarding influenza A preventive measures and to examine any significant differences in perceptions among different types of traveller groups.

Methods

This study used a 5‐point Likert scale questionnaire and surveyed 1684 passengers at Taoyuan International Airport in Taiwan. The frequencies, mean score and ranking of descriptive analyses were used to evaluate respondents’ demographic profiles. t‐Test, one‐way analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc analyses were used to evaluate the relationship among knowledge, attitudes and practices, and respondents’ characteristics.

Results

There were significant differences in the knowledge, attitudes and practices measures among groups with different types of trip purposes and among occupation groups. Most passengers expressed common knowledge regarding influenza A; however, their attitudes and their degree of perception were not consistent with their prevention practices.

Limitations

This research is limited because it only examined surveyed air travellers in Taiwan.

Conclusion

Air travellers could benefit greatly if the government and airlines were to implement a health policy that includes education on the importance of influenza prevention measures, such as frequent hand washing, to citizens. Nurses could be involved in this important health promotion activity.

Implications for Nursing and Health Policy

Schools should implement a health education policy to communicate the importance of prevention measures. Nurses can consider how they can be involved in emphasizing the importance of prevention and health promotion regarding this. Airlines should also include basic preventive measures as a component of flight attendant training.
Microstructure Evolution and Cation Interdiffusion in Thin Sm2O3 Films on CeO2 Substrates
Authors: Rockenhäuser Christian , Butz Benjamin , Störmer Heike , Gerthsen Dagmar
Published: July 2014

Samaria (Sm2O3) thin films with a thickness of 180 nm were deposited on polycrystalline CeO2 substrates by pulsed layer deposition to study phase formation and bulk cation interdiffusion in the Ce1−xSmxO2−x/2 system after annealing at temperatures between 987°C and 1266°C. Transmission electron microscopy combined with electron diffraction and analytical techniques was applied for phase determination. The cubic fluorite and cubic bixbyite phases were observed at low and intermediate Sm concentrations. The monoclinic phase occurs only at very high Sm concentrations due to the low Ce‐solubility in Sm2O3. Furthermore, a cubic phase with I213 structure was observed at higher Sm concentrations. Cation interdiffusion coefficients were derived from Sm concentration profiles across the Sm2O3/CeO2 interface using the diffusion–couple solution of the diffusion equation. The temperature dependence of interdiffusion coefficients is well described by an Arrhenius‐type relation, which yields an activation enthalpy of 2.26 eV/atom for bulk cation interdiffusion.
Phase Diagrams and Electromechanical Strains in Lead‐Free BNT‐Based Ternary Perovskite Compounds
Authors: Bai Wangfeng , Li Lingyu , Li Wei , Shen Bo , Zhai Jiwei , Chen Haydn
Published: July 2014

Lead‐free compounds based on perovskite solid solutions in the ternary system (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐MeNbO3‐SrTiO3 (BNT‐MeNbO3‐ST, Me=K, Na,(K0.5Na0.5)) were fabricated using a conventional solid‐state reaction method. The effect of ST addition to BNT‐MeNbO3 ceramics on the strain behavior, dielectric, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric properties was systematically investigated to search the lead‐free piezoelectric materials with an excellent actuating performance. The phase diagrams based on the phase transition temperatures were obtained and the relationship between the phase structure and the electrical properties of the BNT‐MeNbO3‐ST system has been clarified. A qualitative correlation between the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB)composition and tolerance factor t in BNT‐based systems has also been established and the present work indicates that the t value corresponding to the formation of MPB located in a quite narrow range and provides a guideline to predict the approximate MPB region quickly for new solid solutions. The Raman‐spectra analysis, macroscopic properties, and temperature‐dependent relationships of both polarization and strain demonstrated that the large strain response for this investigated system originates from a field‐induced relaxor to ferroelectric phase transformation.
Magnetic Properties of Mn‐doped SnO2 Thin Films Prepared by the Sol–Gel Dip Coating Method for Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Sujatha Lekshmy Sivashankaran Nair , Anitha Vijayam Sukumaran Nair , Thomas PuthenKadathil Vargehese , Joy Kunjkunju
Published: July 2014

Manganese‐doped tin oxide (SnO2:Mn) thin films were deposited on glass substrates by the sol–gel dip coating technique. The effect on structural, morphological, magnetic, electrical, and optical properties in the films with different Mn concentrations (0–5 mol%) were investigated. X‐ray diffraction patterns (XRD) showed the deterioration of crystallinity with increase in Mn‐doping concentration. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed an inhibition of grain growth with an increase in Mn concentration. X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Sn4+ and Mn3+ in SnO2: Mn films. SnO2: Mn films show ferromagnetic and paramagnetic behavior. These SnO2:Mn films acquire n‐type conductivity for 0–3 mol% (SnO2 ‐ Sn0.97Mn0.03O2) ‐doping concentration and p type for 5 mol% Mn‐doping concentration(Sn0.95Mn0.05O2) in SnO2 films. An average transmittance of > 75% (in UV‐Vis region) was observed for all the SnO2:Mn films. Optical band gap energy of SnO2: Mn films were found to vary in the range 3.55 to 3.71 eV with the increase in Mn‐doping concentration. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the films exhibited an increase in the emission intensity with increase in Mn‐doping concentration which may be due to structural defects or luminescent centers, such as nanocrystals and defects in the SnO2. Such SnO2:Mn films with structural, magnetic and optical properties can be used as dilute magnetic semiconductors.
Preparation of Porous Glass‐Based Thick Film Using Diffusion‐Induced Phase Separation from Scrap Glass
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Cao Xu , Fan Wenbin , Wang Shaodi , Xiao Changfa
Published: July 2014

The porous glass thick film was fabricated by the diffusion‐induced phase separation and the sintering technique from scrap glass, polyvinylidene fluoride, and dimethylacetamide (DMAc). Pores formed due to the dissolution of DMAc in water. As heat treatment temperature increases, densification of porous glass was gradually enhanced while the pore channels were maintained. Porosity data of ~62% and 55% were obtained at 700°C and 800°C, respectively. The pore size diameters were 91.1 μm (700°C) and 90.8 μm (800°C) separately. The porous materials showed acid durability partially because flower‐like crystals were dissolved in 1M HCl solution. The process reported in this paper provided a simple method to prepare porous glass under one‐step calcinations at low temperature and was helpful for the reuse technology of scrap glass.
A Novel Way to Prepare Hollow Sphere Ceramics
Authors: Qi Fei , Xu Xingxing , Xu Jie , Wang Yali , Yang Jinlong
Published: July 2014

Recent developments in the fabrication of hollow spheres have allowed our group to prepare a new type of macroporous ceramics: hollow sphere ceramics (HSCs). Alumina hollow spheres were first produced by centrifugal spray‐drying of particle‐stabilized foam slurry. The obtained hollow spheres were sintered together to form HSC at high temperatures. The effect of the sintering temperature on the linear shrinkage, porosity and compressive strength of HSC samples was investigated. When the sintering temperature was increased from 1400°C to 1600°C, the samples shrunk increasingly and the porosity decreased from 59% to 42%, which lead to an increase in the strength of the alumina foams from 6.9 (at 1400°C) to 100.0 MPa (at 1550°C). The mechanical strength of the HSC highly depends on the contact area between the hollow spheres, which could be increased by increasing the sintering temperature, decreasing the size of hollow spheres or by slurry infiltration.
Tunable Electromagnetic Properties in Co/Al2O3 Cermets Prepared by Wet Chemical Method
Authors: Wang Xu‐ai , Shi Zhi‐cheng , Chen Min , Fan Run‐hua , Yan Ke‐lan , Sun Kai , Pan Shi‐bing , Yu Ming‐xun
Published: July 2014

Cobalt/alumina composites with three‐dimensional cobalt networks hosted in porous alumina matrix were prepared by a facile impregnation process under low temperature. The effects of composition and microstructure on their electromagnetic properties were investigated. A percolation phenomenon appeared with cobalt content increasing, and an interesting feature of negative permittivity was obtained in the percolative composites due to the appearance of equivalent inductances, while the composites were equivalent to circuit models composed of capacitance and resistance with Co content below the percolation threshold. Meanwhile, negative permeability was obtained in the frequency range of 500 MHz ~ 1 GHz. Further investigations showed that the electromagnetic properties of the composites could be changed significantly when the cobalt particles networks turned into sheet structure. That was to say, the electromagnetic properties of metal–ceramic composites could be tailored by their compositions and microstructures, which make it available for microwave‐absorbing materials, attenuation ceramics and microwave dielectrics, etc.
Sol–Gel‐Derived High‐Performance Stacked Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Sugahara Tohru , Hirose Yukiko , Cong Shuren , Koga Hirotaka , Jiu Jinting , Nogi Masaya , Nagao Shijo , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: July 2014

Single‐ and multi‐layer transparent conductive oxide (TCO) thin films exhibiting high performance, good packing density and low surface/interface roughness are deposited on silica glass substrates by the sol–gel method. The crystal and microstructural properties of the TCO thin films are evaluated as an alternate to films prepared by ultra‐high vacuum deposition. Tin‐doped indium oxide (ITO) thin films produced using a two‐step drying process showed low surface roughness because of dense packing structure not only horizontal but also vertical directions. As a result, electrical conductivity, carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and optical transmittance of 2.3 × 103 S/cm, 8 × 1020 cm−3, 18 cm2/Vs, and over 98% at 500 nm, respectively, were achieved. A multilayer ZnO/ITO stacked structure was also fabricated using the sol–gel process. Our findings suggest that solution‐based methods show promise as an alternative to existing ultra‐high vacuum methods to fabricate TCO thin films.