bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An improved 3.5° single-bend positive displacement mud motor and its parameter optimization for deep short-radius open-hole sidetracking
Authors: Sun Weiguang , Liu Xiaomin , Li Shibin , Guan Bing , Bai Jinsong , Liu Zhaoyi
Published: July 2021

In order to improve the sidetracking efficiency for the recovery of old wells in the middle and later stage of oilfield, an improved 3.5° single-bend positive displacement mud motor (PDM) is designed. This novel single-bend PDM first uses the structure of 3.5° large angle PDM + cushion block, which can meet the sidetracking requirements of high build-up rate and short directional section in large curvature short-radius sidetracking wells and can significantly improve the build-up ability. Furthermore, based on the mechanical analysis and finite element numerical simulation, its parameter optimization is carried out. The optimal main parameters are determined as follows: the structural bending angle is 3.5°, the outer diameter is 95 mm, the height of the cushion block is 14 mm, the distance between the cushion block and the bending point is 120 mm, the minimum curvature radius is 35.50 m, and the weight-on-bit (WOB) should be less than 30kN. The initial section build-up rate of directional sidetracking can be increased up to 52.67°/30 m ~ 53.29°/30 m. The research results have been applied in Tahe oilfield. It proves that 3.5° single-bend PDM can sidetrack successfully at one time and increase deviation, and the overall angle change rate of bottom hole can reach 45.00°/30 m, which can meet the requirements of short-radius sidetracking with curvature radius of 40 m. The successful application of open-hole sidetracking technology with 3.5° single-bend PDM is of great significance to the production increase and efficiency improvement of old oilfields.
Sanitized human urine (Oga) as a fertilizer auto-innovation from women farmers in Niger
Authors: Moussa Hannatou O. , Nwankwo Charles I. , Aminou Ali M. , Stern David A. , Haussmann Bettina I. G. , Herrmann Ludger
Published: July 2021

Poor soil chemical fertility and climate change restrict pearl millet grain yield in Niger Republic. Apart from the seedball technology, which targets majorly early phosphorus supply to the plants, the recommended practices of mineral fertilization and seed treatments (coating and priming) are barely affordable to the local farmers in particular. In the case of female farmers, who usually have chemically infertile farmlands often located far away from their homestead, low pearl millet grain yield can be exacerbated. In quest for a cheap, affordable, and effective solution, we hypothesized that the application of sanitized human urine (Oga), in combination with organic manure (OM) or solely, increases pearl millet panicle yield in women’s fields and on different local soils. In on-farm large-N trials (N = 681) with women farmers in two regions of Niger (Maradi, Tillabery), pearl millet panicle yields were compared between the control (farmer practice), and a combination of Oga and OM in the first and second year, and Oga alone in the third year. Our results showed an average panicle yield increase of about +30%, representing +200 to +300 kg ha−1. Major factors determining the yield effect are season, village, and local soil type. This study shows for the first time that Oga innovation can be used to increase pearl millet panicle yield particularly in the low fertile soils of women’s farmlands in Niger. Oga innovation is affordable, locally available, and does not pose a risk to resource-poor female farmers of Niger.
The development of a machine learning algorithm to identify occupational injuries in agriculture using pre-hospital care reports
Authors: Scott Erika , Hirabayashi Liane , Levenstein Alex , Krupa Nicole , Jenkins Paul
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Current injury surveillance efforts in agriculture are considerably hampered by the limited quantity of occupation or industry data in current health records. This has impeded efforts to develop more accurate injury burden estimates and has negatively impacted the prioritization of workplace health and safety in state and federal public health efforts. This paper describes the development of a Naïve Bayes machine learning algorithm to identify occupational injuries in agriculture using existing administrative data, specifically in pre-hospital care reports (PCR).

Methods

A Naïve Bayes machine learning algorithm was trained on PCR datasets from 2008–2010 from Maine and New Hampshire and tested on newer data from those states between 2011 and 2016. Further analyses were devoted to establishing the generalizability of the model across various states and various years. Dual visual inspection was used to verify the records subset by the algorithm.

Results

The Naïve Bayes machine learning algorithm reduced the volume of cases that required visual inspection by 69.5 percent over a keyword search strategy alone. Coders identified 341 true agricultural injury records (Case class = 1) (Maine 2011–2016, New Hampshire 2011–2015). In addition, there were 581 (Case class = 2 or 3) that were suspected to be agricultural acute/traumatic events, but lacked the necessary detail to make a certain distinction.

Conclusions

The application of the trained algorithm on newer data reduced the volume of records requiring visual inspection by two thirds over the previous keyword search strategy, making it a sustainable and cost-effective way to understand injury trends in agriculture.
The ethics of facial recognition technologies, surveillance, and accountability in an age of artificial intelligence: a comparative analysis of US, EU, and UK regulatory frameworks
Authors: Almeida Denise , Shmarko Konstantin , Lomas Elizabeth
Published: July 2021

The rapid development of facial recognition technologies (FRT) has led to complex ethical choices in terms of balancing individual privacy rights versus delivering societal safety. Within this space, increasingly commonplace use of these technologies by law enforcement agencies has presented a particular lens for probing this complex landscape, its application, and the acceptable extent of citizen surveillance. This analysis focuses on the regulatory contexts and recent case law in the United States (USA), United Kingdom (UK), and European Union (EU) in terms of the use and misuse of FRT by law enforcement agencies. In the case of the USA, it is one of the main global regions in which the technology is being rapidly evolved, and yet, it has a patchwork of legislation with less emphasis on data protection and privacy. Within the context of the EU and the UK, there has been a critical focus on the development of accountability requirements particularly when considered in the context of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the legal focus on Privacy by Design (PbD). However, globally, there is no standardised human rights framework and regulatory requirements that can be easily applied to FRT rollout. This article contains a discursive discussion considering the complexity of the ethical and regulatory dimensions at play in these spaces including considering data protection and human rights frameworks. It concludes that data protection impact assessments (DPIA) and human rights impact assessments together with greater transparency, regulation, audit and explanation of FRT use, and application in individual contexts would improve FRT deployments. In addition, it sets out ten critical questions which it suggests need to be answered for the successful development and deployment of FRT and AI more broadly. It is suggested that these should be answered by lawmakers, policy makers, AI developers, and adopters.
Morality as Legislation
Authors: Tuckness Alex
Published: July 2021

'What would happen if everyone acted that way?' This question is often used in everyday moral assessments, but it has a paradoxical quality: it draws not only on Kantian ideas of a universal moral law but also on consequentialist claims that what is right depends on the outcome. In this book, Alex Tuckness examines how the question came to be seen as paradoxical, tracing its history from the theistic approaches of the seventeenth century to the secular accounts of the present. Tuckness shows that the earlier interpretations were hybrid theories that included both consequentialist and non-consequentialist elements, and argues that contemporary uses of this approach will likewise need to combine consequentialist and non-consequentialist commitments.
International Economic Law
Authors: Choukroune Leïla , Nedumpara James J.
Published: July 2021

Reconciling all fields of international economic law (IEL) and creating bridges between disciplines in a conceptual as well as practical manner, this book stands out as the first modern, comprehensive international economic law textbook. Containing a technically solid yet critically rich body of knowledge that spans disciplines from trade law to investment, from trade finance to fisheries subsidies, from development to the digital economy and other new-age topics, the book offers the widest possible coverage of issues in current international economic law. Positioning IEL as a truly global practice, the comprehensive coverage includes various treaty texts, landmark cases and new materials, and is supplemented by case studies, real-life examples, exercises and illustrations. The case extracts and legal texts are selectively chosen, with careful editing and serious deliberation to engage modern law students. Mini chapters show examples of interdisciplinary interactions and provide a window into the future disciplines of international economic law.
Aristotle on Women
Authors: Connell Sophia M.
Published: July 2021

This Element provides an account of Aristotle on women which combines what is found in his scientific biology with his practical philosophy. Scholars have often debated how these two fields are related. The current study shows that according to Aristotelian biology, women are set up for intelligence and tend to be milder-tempered than men. Thus, women are not curtailed either intellectually or morally by their biology. The biological basis for the rule of men over women is women's lack of spiritedness. Aristotle's Politics must be read with its audience in mind; there is a need to convince men of the importance of avoiding insurrection both in the city and the household. While their spiritedness gives men the upper hand, they are encouraged to listen to the views of free women in order to achieve the best life for all.
Evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of the Amsterdam memory and attention training for children (Amat-c) following acquired brain injury (ABI): protocol for a pilot study with online clinician support
Authors: Catroppa Cathy , Botchway Edith , Ryan Nicholas P. , Anderson Vicki , Morrison Elle , Lam Bernadette , Piazza Chandelle , Krasts Daina , McIntosh Emma , Khan Noor , Sood Nikita
Published: July 2021

Background:

Attention and memory deficits are common following paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI). However, there are few evidence-based interventions to improve these domains and benefit the everyday life of children post-injury. The Amsterdam Memory and Attention Training for children (Amat-c) has been translated from Dutch to English and shown to improve attention and memory skills in children following ABI. This protocol describes a study to expand accessibility of the program by using online, clinician-supported delivery with children post-ABI.

Method/design:

The study is a randomized controlled trial. Participants will be 40 children aged 8–16 a minimum of one-year post-ABI. Participants in the treatment group will complete 18 weekly sessions of the Amat-c program with weekly online clinician support. Participants in the active-control group will be administered ABI psychoeducation via a booklet for parents, with weekly online clinician contact. Attention and memory will be assessed at three time points up to six months post-intervention.

Results:

Analysis will be repeated measures multivariate planned comparisons; using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics) General Linear Model procedure will compare pre- and post-intervention and six-month follow-up outcomes.

Discussion:

If shown efficacious in improving attention and memory, our team will then take a key role in implementing Amat-c into clinical care.
Proceed with Caution
Authors: Zimmermann Annette , Lee-Stronach Chad
Published: July 2021

It is becoming more common that the decision-makers in private and public institutions are predictive algorithmic systems, not humans. This article argues that relying on algorithmic systems is procedurally unjust in contexts involving background conditions of structural injustice. Under such nonideal conditions, algorithmic systems, if left to their own devices, cannot meet a necessary condition of procedural justice, because they fail to provide a sufficiently nuanced model of which cases count as relevantly similar. Resolving this problem requires deliberative capacities uniquely available to human agents. After exploring the limitations of existing formal algorithmic fairness strategies, the article argues that procedural justice requires that human agents relying wholly or in part on algorithmic systems proceed with caution: by avoiding doxastic negligence about algorithmic outputs, by exercising deliberative capacities when making similarity judgments, and by suspending belief and gathering additional information in light of higher-order uncertainty.
Neuro-Oncology Clinicians’ Attitudes and Perspectives on Medical Assistance in Dying
Authors: Climans Seth A. , Mason Warren P. , Variath Caroline , Edelstein Kim , Bell Jennifer A. H.
Published: July 2021

Background:

Medical assistance in dying (MAiD), also known as physician-assisted death, is currently legal in several locations across the globe. Brain cancer or its treatments can lead to cognitive impairment, which can impact decision-making capacity for MAiD.

Objective:

We sought to explore neuro-oncology clinicians’ attitudes and perspectives on MAiD, including interpretation of decision-making capacity for patient MAiD eligibility.

Methods:

An online survey was distributed to members of national and international neuro-oncology societies. We asked questions about decision-making capacity and MAiD, in part using hypothetical patient scenarios. Multiple choice and free-text responses were captured.

Results:

There were 125 survey respondents. Impaired cognition was identified as the most important factor that would signal a decline in patient capacity. At least 26% of survey respondents had moral objections to MAiD. Respondents thought that different hypothetical patients had capacity to make a decision about MAiD (range 18%–58%). In other hypothetical scenarios, fewer clinicians were willing to support a MAiD decision for a patient with an oligodendroglioma (26%) vs. glioblastoma (41%–70%, depending on the scenario). Time since diagnosis, performance status, and patient age seemed to affect support for MAiD decisions (Fisher’s exact P-values 0.007, < 0.001, and 0.049, respectively).

Conclusion:

While there are differing opinions on the moral permissibility of MAiD in general and for neuro-oncology patients, most clinicians agree that capacity must be assessed carefully before a decision is made. End-of-life discussions should happen early, before the capacity is lost. Our results can inform assessments of patient capacity in jurisdictions where MAiD is legal.
Authentic Compliance with a Symbolic Legal Standard? How Critical Race Theory Can Change Institutionalist Studies on Diversity in the Workplace
Authors: Plitmann Yael
Published: July 2021

This review essay introduces critical race theory to the organizational analysis of diversity in the workplace. One central finding of the empirical institutionalist literature examining diversity in organizations is the apparent failure of diversity, as a value adopted by the organization, to transform practices of discrimination and exclusion in the workplace. Scholars in this field implicitly accept the narrative about diversity as a substantive civil rights value, associating its presence with racial justice ideals. A critical analysis of this legal concept inspired by the lessons of critical race theory highlights the problematic legal construction of diversity and its role in justifying and reinforcing racial hierarchies. Adding to existing neo-institutionalist literature, I suggest that, alongside an investigation into employers’ compliance practices with diversity precepts, attention should be paid to the limitations inherent in the legal standard of diversity itself.
Revolutionary electricity in 1790: shock, consensus, and the birth of a political metaphor
Authors: Wesner Samantha
Published: July 2021

The 1790 Fête de la fédération in the early French Revolution evoked the memory of the taking of the Bastille while tamping down on the simmering social forces that had erupted on 14 July 1789. How to do both? As an official architect put it, through the festival, ‘the sentiment of each becomes the sentiment of all by a kind of electrification, against which even the most perverse men cannot defend themselves’. This paper argues that a new language of revolutionary electricity came into being with the French Revolution. It argues that revolutionaries drew upon concepts of medical electricity developed in the 1780s to analogize the literal electricity of the ether to the revolutionary electricity of collective political sentiment. Though historians have associated electricity with radical politics, this paper argues that in the hands of bureaucrats and festival planners, electricity entered revolutionary discourse as a powerful mechanism for exercising authority and control over an unruly revolutionary public.
The effect of retirement on the health of elderly people: evidence from China
Authors: Wang Zengwen , Chen Yaofeng , Chen Yucheng
Published: July 2021

The low retirement age has imposed a heavy economic burden on the pension system in China, leading to an ongoing debate about raising the retirement age. To understand the potential costs of raising the retirement age, we need to consider the health effects of retirement policies. Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015, this study employs the statutory retirement age as the exogenous variable of retirement and applies a fuzzy regression discontinuity design (RDD) to examine the effect of retirement on the health of Chinese elderly people. We find that retirement has a non-significant effect on health with respect to a series of health indicators, different bandwidths of RDD and sub-sample groups. The finding is also robust across different retirement definitions and retirement ages. This result may be attributed to the minimal changes in income and lifestyles before and after retirement. Moreover, the findings of this study provide important evidence for policy makers to increase retirement ages in China.
Child abuse and automatic emotion regulation in children and adolescents
Authors: Kim Stephanie Gyuri , Weissman David G. , Sheridan Margaret A. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: July 2021

Child abuse is associated with elevated risk for psychopathology. The current study examined the role of automatic emotion regulation as a potential mechanism linking child abuse with internalizing psychopathology. A sample of 237 youth aged 8–16 years and their caregivers participated. Child abuse severity was assessed by self-report questionnaires, and automatic emotion regulation was assessed using an emotional Stroop task designed to measure adaptation to emotional conflict. A similar task without emotional stimuli was also administered to evaluate whether abuse was uniquely associated with emotion regulation, but not cognitive control applied in a nonemotional context. Internalizing psychopathology was assessed concurrently and at a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. Child abuse severity was associated with lower emotional conflict adaptation but was unrelated to cognitive control. Specifically, the severity of emotional and physical abuse, but not sexual abuse, were associated with lower emotional conflict adaptation. Emotional conflict adaptation was not associated with internalizing psychopathology prospectively. These findings suggest that childhood emotional and physical abuse, in particular, may influence automatic forms of emotion regulation. Future work exploring the socioemotional consequences of altered automatic emotion regulation among youth exposed to child abuse is clearly needed.
Osmo-priming in tomato seeds down-regulates genes associated with stress response and leads to reduction in longevity
Authors: Petronilio Ana C.P. , Batista Thiago B. , Amaral da Silva Edvaldo A.
Published: July 2021

Tomato seeds subjected to osmo-priming show fast and more uniform germination. However, osmo-priming reduces seed longevity, which is a complex seed physiological attribute influenced by several mechanisms, including response to stress. Thus, to have new insights as to why osmo-primed tomato seeds show a short life span, we performed a transcript analysis during their priming. For that, we performed gene expression studies of the heat-shock protein family genes that were previously reported to be associated with the enhancement of longevity in primed tomato seeds. Physiological assays of germination, vigour and longevity tests were used to support the data. The results show that the short life span of osmo-primed tomato seeds is related to the decrease in the expression of transcripts associated with response to stress during the priming treatment. These results are important because they add information regarding which seed longevity mechanisms are impacted by the priming treatment. In parallel, it will allow the use of these genes as markers to monitor longevity in osmo-primed tomato seeds.
Coronary artery fistulas after paediatric heart transplantation
Authors: Camprubi-Tubella Elisabet , Gran-Ipiña Ferrán , Betrián-Blasco Pedro
Published: July 2021

Coronary artery fistulas have been described in patients after heart transplantation more often than in the normal population. We reviewed our centre’s database between 2008 and 2020. Thirty patients had coronary angiography and 13 showed non-cameral coronary artery fistulas in their first coronary angiography. Distribution, degree and evolution of the fistulas and characteristics of transplant procedure, patient and immunosuppressive treatments were analysed.
Debating the embolization of a large aberrant systemic artery for pulmonary sequestration using an Amplatzer duct occluder: a case report and literature review
Authors: Zhang Yulin , Qiu Yu , Li Yifei
Published: July 2021

Here, we report two rare cases of pulmonary sequestration that were fed by large systemic arteries and embolized with a large Amplatzer duct occluder and their 3-year follow-up, and we discuss the efficacy and safety of the embolization of a large aberrant systemic artery to pulmonary sequestration using an Amplatzer duct occluder. A 9-year-old boy complained of chest pain for 1 month, and a 6-year-old boy initially complained of recurrent cough for 3 months. A series of examinations was launched to evaluate any possible malformation or abnormalities in the patients. Chest CT and CTA identified a right lower pulmonary sequestration with infection. After admission, transcatheter device occlusion was planned after essential antibiotic treatment, and postoperative infection prevention and anti-inflammatory treatment were given. In the following 2 years of follow-up, neither of the children had recurrent chest pain, cough or other related symptoms. However, the CT follow-up demonstrated that a residual mass was visible in both patients. The same chest scan section revealed slight reductions in lung lesions from 38.344 cm2to 37.119 cm2(3% reduction) and 14.243 cm2to 13.178 cm2(7.5% reduction) for each patient. No follow-up data demonstrated the long-term clinical outcomes of the residual lesion. We do not recommend that embolization be performed for large pulmonary sequestration lesions with an aberrant artery larger than 6 mm that is planned to receive a device larger than 10 mm, as their outcomes showed a higher possibility of rebuilding the vascularization network feeding the pulmonary sequestration, indicating a higher risk for long-term complications.
Serum pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine levels in children presenting with vasovagal syncope
Authors: Kovalchuk Tetiana , Boyarchuk Oksana
Published: July 2021

Background:

Recent studies confirm the role of B vitamins deficiency and hyperhomocysteinaemia in the development of dysautonomia that has been considered to be the main factor in vasovagal syncope development. The aim of the study was to investigate serum pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine levels in children presenting with vasovagal syncope and to analyse the correlation between them and main clinical parameters of syncope.

Methods:

We studied 40 children, ages 8–17 years with a history of vasovagal syncope and 24 healthy volunteers. The serum pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine levels were measured by a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique using a commercial kit (Monobind, USA). Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were conducted for all participated patients.

Results:

Serum pyridoxine (9.42 ± 4.87, 16.11 ± 5.53 µg/L) and cobalamin (307.48 ± 95.50, 447.28 ± 108.85 ng/L) levels were reasonably low (p < 0.05) in patients with vasovagal syncope. Although there was no significant change in folate levels between syncope and healthy children (4.00 ± 1.34, 4.71 ± 1.73 µg/L; p = 0.20), we detected low folate-level association with longer duration of syncope (r = −0.42) and post syncope (r = −0.43) symptoms (p < 0.05). Finally, there was increased serum homocysteine level (13.55 ± 5.03, 7.81 ± 1.71 µmol/L; p < 0.05) in patients with vasovagal syncope. It was positively correlated with the average PQ interval (r = 0.35, p < 0.05) and average QTc interval (r = 0.49, p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The results suggested that pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, and homocysteine may be involved in the pathogenesis of vasovagal syncope. This might provide a new approach for effective treatment of paediatric vasovagal syncope, requiring further study.
Information seeking of French parents regarding infant and young child feeding: practices, needs and determinants
Authors: De Rosso Sofia , Nicklaus Sophie , Ducrot Pauline , Schwartz Camille
Published: July 2021

Objective:

As part of an update of feeding benchmarks targeting children aged 0–3 years, this study aimed to explore parental perceptions, information-seeking practices and needs concerning infant and young child feeding (IYCF) to design an efficient communication strategy.

Design:

Participants were recruited using the quota sampling to complete an online survey. Effects of parity, child age, prematurity, parental education and financial situation on parents’ responses were evaluated separately.

Setting:

France.

Participants:

A nationally representative sample of 1001 parents of children <4 years.

Results:

Parents whose child had any medical condition affecting feeding (children with medical condition (CMC), 17 %) were considered separately from healthy children’s parents. All the healthy children’s parents recognised the importance of IYCF for children’s health and growth; however, one-third considered the available advice contradictory and not guilt-free. The most used information sources were healthcare professionals (HCP, 81 %), internet (72 %) and parental networks (63 %). The most influential sources (mean influence ± sd) included HCP (7·7 ± 1·7/10), childcare professionals (7·3 ± 1·8/10) and parental networks (6·9 ± 1·8/10). Parents searched for practical tips for implementing IYCF starting when their child was 5 months old. Differences regarding the type of source used by parents with higher v. lower educations were small. Search strategies differed according to parity or child age but not to prematurity. The CMC parents reported slightly different practices and needs.

Conclusions:

Parents receive information from multiple sources, which can lead to confusion when deciding which advice to follow. A public health communication strategy adapted to the current parental needs should target these various sources.
Metakognitives Strategiewissen in sprachbezogenen Situationen
Authors: Seeger Jennifer , Lenhard Wolfgang , Wisniewski Katrin
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Studieren stellt hohe Anforderungen an selbstregulatorische Fähigkeiten und eigenverantwortlichen Umgang mit schwierigen Situationen. Aus den zusätzlichen sprachlichen Barrieren für ausländische Studierende erwachsen spezifische selbstregulatorische Aufgaben, wie der Umgang mit Verständnisproblemen in Vorlesungen. Da hierfür bisher kaum geeignete Erhebungsinstrumente existieren, versucht ScenEx diese Lücke zu schließen. Der Test erfasst das metakognitive Strategiewissen in sprachlich herausfordernden Situationen im Studienalltag. Anhand einer Stichprobe von 290 ausländischen Studierenden im ersten Fachsemester wird die psychometrische Qualität und interne Struktur des Instruments überprüft. ScenEx zeigt eine zufriedenstellende interne Konsistenz und gute Itemfit-Kennwerte, erwartungskonform liegen lokale stochastische Abhängigkeiten der Aufgaben innerhalb der Szenarien vor. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigt die Grobstruktur der Szenarien und des Gesamtscores des Tests. Das Verfahren ist für die weitere Entwicklung der Sprachkompetenz über die anfängliche Sprachfähigkeit hinaus prädiktiv. ScenEx erweist sich insgesamt als ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Erfassung des Strategiewissens in schwierigen Situationen im Studium.
Are There Gender Differences in Executive Functions in Musicians and	Non-Musicians?
Authors: Jansen Petra , Hoja Sabine , Jost Leonardo
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Until now, better performance in executive functions (EF) in musicians compared to non-musicians has not been investigated in relation to possible gender differences. For that, it is the main goal of this study to investigate possible gender differences in executive functions. Sixty-three musicians and 64 non-musicians, 63 men and 64 women respectively, completed tests of (a) cognitive processing speed (ZVT), (b) working memory (2-Back Task), (c) inhibition (Flanker Task), and (d) cognitive flexibility (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST). Results showed a significantly better performance for the target accuracy in the working memory task for musicians compared to non-musicians but not in the other tasks of executive functions. Furthermore, women demonstrated a better performance than men for the target accuracy in the 2-Back Task. However, only cognitive processing speed predicted working memory performance but not the group affiliation or gender. This study revealed that gender differences in executive functions are less likely to appear also in a trained sub-group.
Measuring Individual Differences in Measures of Autism Spectrum	Disorders
Authors: Elpers Karrie E. , Coyle Thomas R.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Previous research suggests that theory of mind tasks such as the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) are correlated with general intelligence ( g). The present study replicated and extended this research by testing correlations between g, the RMET, and two related measures, the empathy quotient (EQ) and systematizing quotient (SQ). The RMET, EQ, and SQ were all significantly correlated with g (r = .27 with RMET; r = −.15 with EQ; r = .27 with SQ). To determine if the RMET, EQ, and SQ derive their predictive power from g, a hierarchical regression examined whether the RMET, EQ, and SQ predicted feelings toward STEM and humanities after controlling for g. The EQ and SQ continued to significantly predict feelings toward STEM (β = −.20 for EQ; β = .42 for SQ) after controlling for g, and the RMET and EQ continued to significantly predict feelings toward humanities (β = .10 for RMET; β = .20 for EQ) after controlling for g, suggesting that these measures do not entirely derive their predictive power from g.
A Variational Principle for the Integrated Channels and Slopes of Stable Equilibrium Landscapes
Authors: Smith Terence R.
Published: July 2021

The equations and constraints of a general class of models of equilibrium fluvial landscapes are represented as a variational principle (VP). The VP minimizes a functional defined as the sum of (a) the difference between the total kinetic and potential energies of flows over the unchanneled slopes and (b) the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the channelized flows. When the flows over the slopes are subject to a stability constraint on their magnitude, landscapes that minimize the functional are characterized by: (a) the occurrence on channel boundaries of the minimally stable value of slope runoff; (b) the symmetry of inflows into the channels; (c) the minimal total channel length for rainfall and area ; (d) the minimization of the action of the slopes if and only if they are stable and their slope‐discharge relation is monotone‐increasing in slope; and (e) the minimization of channel energy if and only if the slope‐discharge relation for channels is monotone‐decreasing in slope. Applications of the variational theory to first order channels on a linear ridge lead easily to solutions with equal‐length, uniformly‐spaced channels in symmetrical valleys staggered at the ridge‐crests. These solutions minimize the functional of the VP when the equilibrium landscape is in a minimally‐stable state and correspond well to numerical solutions to analogous time‐dependent models driven to equilbrium. The theory offers a promising approach for investigating the structure of equilibrium channel networks that are stably integrated into equilibrium slopes.
Can We Better Constrain the Timing of GNAIW/UNADW Variability in the Western Equatorial Atlantic and Its Relationship to Climate Change During the Last Deglaciation?
Authors: Guilderson Thomas P. , Allen Katherine , Landers Jordan P. , Ettwein Virginia J. , Cook Mea S.
Published: July 2021

We have revisited the well‐trod VM28‐122 core retrieved from the deep Colombian Basin, which includes sediments that reflect modern Upper North Atlantic Deep Water and extends through the last deglaciation into the last glacial period when the site was bathed in Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water. Here, we leverage the nearby Cariaco Basin's surface water radiocarbon reconstruction (reservoir age, and ΔR) on the IntCal20 timescale to recast the period of the last deglaciation with a newly constrained age model. Based on the revised age model, we observe that the multimillennial decrease in benthic δ13C and B/Ca (which record δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon and Δ[CO3−2], respectively) began at 18,100 ± 240 (95% CI) calibrated years BP, synchronous with Termination 1, as identified by changes in the Antarctic Ice Sheet composite and by the onset of rapid glacier recession in the Southern Hemisphere (Denton et al., 2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184119; Denton et al., 2021, https://10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106771). The beginning of the decrease in benthic δ18O is concurrent with the changes in carbon chemistry or at most, a few hundred years later. It is no later than 17,700 ± 300 (95% CI) yrs BP in our record, at the putative start of Heinrich Stadial 1. With sufficient data density (more than 2–3 control points per kyr) and an independent record of past surface water radiocarbon variations, it is possible to achieve late glacial and deglacial chronologies with fidelities similar to those of ice cores. Doing so in more oceanographic locations should shed light more broadly on the mechanisms instrumental to abrupt climate change.
Late Pleistocene‐Holocene Slip Rates in the Northwestern Zagros Mountains (Kurdistan Region of Iraq) Derived From Luminescence Dating of River Terraces and Structural Modeling
Authors: Zebari Mjahid , Preusser Frank , Grützner Christoph , Navabpour Payman , Ustaszewski Kamil
Published: July 2021

A significant amount of the ongoing shortening between the Eurasian and Arabian plates is accommodated within the Zagros Fold‐Thrust Belt. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of active shortening within the belt, especially in its NW part, is not yet well constrained. We determined depositional ages of uplifted river terraces crossing the belt along the Greater Zab River using luminescence dating. Kinematic modeling of the fault‐related fold belt was then used to calculate long‐term slip rates during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. Our results provide new insight into the rates of active faulting and folding in the area. The Zagros Mountain Front Fault accommodates about 1.46 ± 0.60 mm a−1 of slip, while a more external basement fault further to the SW accommodates less than 0.41 ± 0.16 mm a−1. Horizontal slip rates related to detachment folding of two anticlines within the Zagros Foothills are 0.40 ± 0.10 and 1.24 ± 0.36 mm a−1. Basement thrusting and thickening of the crust are restricted to the NE part of the Zagros belt. This is also reflected in the regional topography and in the distribution of uplifted terraces. In the southwestern part, the deformation is limited mainly to folding and thrusting of the sedimentary cover above a Triassic basal detachment. In the NE, deformation is associated with slip on basement thrusts. Our study sheds light on the distribution of shortening in the Zagros Mountains and helps to understand the regional tectonic system. Our results may be the foundation for a better seismic hazard assessment of the entire area.
Code-Switching and Assimilation in STEM Culture
Authors: Morales Annareli , Walker Curtis , Carroll-Smith Dereka , Burt Melissa
Published: July 2021

The scientific community cannot claim it is becoming a diverse and inclusive culture based on numbers alone—not if professionals who are Black, Indigenous, and People of Color must leave themselves behind to be part of it.
High‐Energy Electron Flux Enhancement Pattern in the Outer Radiation Belt in Response to the Alfvénic Fluctuations Within High‐Speed Solar Wind Stream: A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Da Silva L. A. , Shi J. , Alves L. R. , Sibeck D. , Marchezi J. P. , Medeiros C. , Vieira L. E. A. , Agapitov O. , Cardoso F. R. , Souza V. M. , Dal Lago A. , Jauer P. R. , Wang C. , Li H. , Liu Z. , Alves M. V. , Rockenbach M. S.
Published: July 2021

The coupling response between solar wind structures and the magnetosphere is highly complex, leading to different effects in the outer radiation belt electron fluxes. Most Coronal Mass Ejections cause strong geomagnetic storms with short recovery phases, often 1–2 days. By contrast, High‐Speed Solar Wind Streams lead to moderate and weak storms often with much longer recovery phases, from several to ∼10 days. The magnetosphere receives energy for a long time under the influence of the HSSs, considerably changing its dynamics. This in turn has an effect on the charged particles trapped in the outer radiation belt. Although the high‐energy electron flux enhancements have received considerable attention, the high‐energy electron flux enhancement pattern (L > 4) has not. This paper identifies 37 events with this enhancement pattern in the high‐energy electron flux during the Van Allen Probes era. We find the enhancements coincident with HSS occurrence. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) exhibits north/south Bz fluctuations of Alfvénic nature with moderate amplitudes. The high‐energy electron flux enhancements also correspond to long periods of auroral activity indicating a relationship to magnetotail dynamics. However, the AE index only reaches moderate values. Ultra‐Low Frequency waves were present in all of the events and whistler‐mode chorus waves were present in 89.1% of the events, providing a convenient scenario for wave‐particle interactions. The radial gradient of the ULF wave power related to the L, under the influence of the HSSs, is necessary to trigger the physical processes responsible for this type of high‐energy electron flux enhancement pattern.
Using Syntectonic Calcite Veins to Reconstruct the Strength Evolution of an Active Low‐Angle Normal Fault, Woodlark Rift, SE Papua New Guinea
Authors: Mizera Marcel , Little Tim , Boulton Carolyn , Katzir Yaron , Thiagarajan Nivedita , Prior David J. , Biemiller James , Smith Euan G. C.
Published: July 2021

Quantifying the strength evolution of faults that cut the lithosphere is essential to better understand seismicity in continental regions. We estimate differential stresses and principal stress orientations driving rapid slip of ∼10 mm/yr on the active Mai'iu low‐angle normal fault (LANF), SE Papua New Guinea. The fault's mafic footwall hosts a well‐preserved sequence of mylonite, (ultra‐)cataclasite, and gouge. In these fault rocks, we combine stress inversion of fault‐slip data and paleostress analysis of syntectonically emplaced calcite veins with microstructural and clumped‐isotope geothermometry to constrain a syn‐exhumational sequence of deformation stresses and temperatures, and to construct a stress profile through the exhumed footwall of the active Mai'iu LANF. This includes: (a) at ∼12–20 km depth (T ≈ 275–370°C), mylonites accommodated slip on the Mai'iu fault at low differential stresses (>25–135 MPa) before being overprinted by localized brittle deformation at shallower depths; (b) at ∼6–12 km depth (T ≈ 130–275°C) differential stresses in the foliated cataclasites and ultracataclasites were high enough (>150 MPa) to drive slip on a mid‐crustal portion of the fault (dipping 30–40°), and to trigger brittle yielding of mafic footwall rocks in a zone of mixed‐mode seismic/aseismic slip; and (c) at shallower crustal depths (T < 150°C; depth <6 km) on the most poorly oriented segment of the Mai'iu LANF (dipping ∼22°), slip occurred on frictionally weak clay‐rich gouges (μ ≈ 0.15–0.38). Subvertical σ1 and subhorizontal σ3 parallel to the extension direction, with σ1 ≈ σ2 (constriction), reflect vertical unloading and 3‐D bending strain during rolling‐hinge style flexure of the footwall.
Quantifying the Importance of Soil‐Forming Factors Using Multivariate Soil Data at Landscape Scale
Authors: Eger A. , Koele N. , Caspari T. , Poggio M. , Kumar K. , Burge O. R.
Published: July 2021

The role of soil‐forming factors (time, parent material, climate, biota, and topography) on soil processes has commonly been studied using soil sequences where only one factor varies between sites. However, when multiple factors change, it becomes difficult to partition the importance of different soil‐forming factors for soil formation. We show for an altitudinal gradient how proximal sensing (portable XRF, Fourier‐Transform Infrared [FTIR]), multivariate statistics, and Bayesian mixing modeling can help to quantify the importance of two soil‐forming factors. First, we confirmed the existing qualitative soil‐landscape model of concomitant shifts in parent material (greywacke loess to mafic volcanics) and climate (higher precipitation) with altitude, leading to increases in pedogenic oxides, soil carbon, and soil Fe, while Si concentrations and pH declined. Second, we applied a mixing model using immobile elements as parent material tracers to quantify the parent material contribution in soils across our gradient. Third, we conducted a variation analysis to determine how much variation in the soil FTIR spectra could be explained by parent material and climate. We found that parent material explained a larger proportion of the variation than climate. However, because of the strong spatial correlation between climate and parent material, a large proportion of the variation in the FTIR data could be explained by either parent material or climate, potentially concealing the leading role of parent material. Given that parent material is often omitted in modern digital soil mapping, our results emphasize the importance of parent material as a predictor of spatial soil distribution.
Inverse Analysis of Experimental Scale Turbidity Currents Using Deep Learning Neural Networks
Authors: Cai Zhirong , Naruse Hajime
Published: July 2021

Despite the importance of turbidity currents in environmental and resource geology, their flow conditions and mechanisms are not well understood. This study proposes and verifies a novel method for the inverse analysis of turbidity currents using a deep learning neural network (DNN) with numerical and flume experiment data sets. Numerical data sets of turbidites were generated with a forward model. Then, the DNN model was trained to find the functional relationship between flow conditions and turbidites by processing the numerical data sets. The performance of the trained DNN model was evaluated with 2,000 numerical test data sets and five experiment data sets. Inverse analysis results on numerical test data sets indicated that flow conditions can be reconstructed from depositional characteristics of turbidites. For experimental turbidites, spatial distributions of grain size and thickness were consistent with the sample values. Concerning hydraulic conditions, flow depth, layer‐averaged velocity, and flow duration were reconstructed with a certain level of deviation. The reconstructed flow depth and duration had percent errors less than 36.0% except for one experiment, which had an error of 193% in flow duration. The flow velocity was reconstructed with percent errors 2.38%–73.7%. Greater discrepancies between the measured and reconstructed values of flow concentration (1.79%–300%) were observed relative to the former three parameters, which may be attributed to difficulties in measuring the flow concentration during experiments. Although the DNN model did not provide perfect reconstruction, it proved to be a significant advance for the inverse analysis of turbidity currents.
Storm‐Scale and Seasonal Dynamics of Carbon Export From a Nested Subarctic Watershed Underlain by Permafrost
Authors: Koch Joshua C. , Dornblaser Mark M. , Striegl Robert G.
Published: July 2021

Subarctic catchments underlain by permafrost sequester a major stock of frozen organic carbon (C), which may be mobilized as the Arctic warms. Warming can impact C export from thawing soils by altering the depth and timing of runoff related to changing storm and fire regimes and altered soil thaw depths. We investigated C export in a first order headwater stream (West Twin Creek) and its receiving third order river (Beaver Creek) in interior Alaska using discrete sampling of dissolved organic and inorganic C (DOC and DIC) and 15‐min collection of specific conductance (SC), fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM) and water discharge (Q). Storm SC‐Q relationships displayed negative slopes, indicating solute limitation and limited influence of seasonal soil thaw on storm runoff chemistry. Concurrently, fDOM‐Q displayed positive slopes that decreased over the summer, indicating flushing of a limited fDOM pool. Baseflow DIC increased over the season concurrent with soil thaw, with higher DIC at the larger scale indicating greater influence of deeper, mineral‐rich flow paths. Storm and seasonal trends were generally similar at both scales. The biggest difference was in fDOM, which displayed higher concentrations and slower depletion in the first order stream. Improved process understanding from this study can be used to better predict carbon export and cycling by stream networks as northern forests and arctic regions continue to warm.