bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECHO Autism: Early Intervention Connecting Community Professionals to Increase Access to Best Practice Autism Intervention
Authors: Buranova Nargiza , Dampf Michelle , Stevenson Brittney , Sohl Kristin
Published: April 2022

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is estimated to affect 1 in 44 children in the United States. Disparities exist related to socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and geographic demographics. Due to the shortages of autism specialists in diagnosis, treatment and education for people with ASD, novel approaches to improve access to best practices are needed to ensure quality services. ECHO Autism: Early Intervention clinic consists of biweekly sessions focused on early identification and management of evidence-based practices for young children with ASD. It is an adaptation of the ECHO Autism clinic that has been proven effective for primary care providers. The clinic provides a safe, virtual learning environment where diverse professionals who work with children at risk or diagnosed with ASD can collaborate and learn together. ECHO Autism: Early Intervention bridges the care gap between autism specialists, community intervention providers, and children with autism to increase capacity for autism intervention best practices in underserved communities. Through participation in this convenient, web-based small group, the providers get specific case guidance on children at risk or diagnosed with autism and share best practices for autism specific interventions. Finally, the clinic connects participants with community resources, and family/caregiver support. In our article, we address the current challenge of access to quality early intervention specific to ASD in rural and underserved communities and how this issue can be addressed through a virtual ECHO Autism clinic. The aim of this concept article is to describe the innovative ECHO Autism: Early Intervention clinic and discuss its benefits and impact in the field.
Workarounds in the Shadow System: An Ethnographic Study of Requirements for Documentation and Cooperation in a Clinical Advisory Center
Authors: Mörike Frauke , Spiehl Hannah L. , Feufel Markus A.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Hospital information systems (HIS) are meant to manage complex work processes across healthcare organizations. We describe limitations of HIS to address local information requirements and how they are circumvented at different organizational levels. Results can be used to better support collaboration in socio-technical systems.

Background

Workarounds describe a mismatch between a technology’s purpose and its actual use, whereas shadow systems are unofficial IT systems circumventing limitations of official systems to support workflows. Boundary infrastructures are conceptualized as the entirety of all (in)formal digital and analog systems connecting different communities of practice in a socio-technical system.

Methods

An ethnographic study with observations and semi-structured interviews was conducted and analyzed through categorization and iterative coding.

Results

Several digital-analog workarounds are employed for documentation and a shared server functions as a shadow system to support workflows in ways the HIS cannot. For collaborative documentation, all (official and informal) information sources were used simultaneously as part of an interconnected boundary infrastructure.

Conclusion

Formal and informal IT systems are interconnected across different organizational levels and provide insights into unmet information requirements, effective and problematic work practices, and how to address them to improve system functioning. An integrated perspective on boundary infrastructures, workarounds, and shadow systems may advance system analysis, providing a more comprehensive picture of IT requirements than any concept alone.

Application

Workarounds and shadow systems highlight that HIS should support systemic and local needs. Customized interfaces in HIS to support search, access, and exchange of relevant data might help to mitigate current shortcomings.
Internet addiction, insomnia, and violence tendency in adolescents
Authors: Evli Mahmut , Şimşek Nuray , Işıkgöz Mahmut , Öztürk Halil İbrahim
Published: April 2022

Introduction:

There is limited information on how the tendency to violence in adolescents is affected by internet addiction and insomnia. This study will contribute to the literature in revealing the effect of internet addiction on insomnia and violence tendency in adolescents.

Methods:

The data were collected between 26/May/2021 and 06/July/2021. A total of 2,502 adolescents studying in 9th and 12th grades were included in the study. Data were collected with the adolescent information form, Internet Addiction Scale-Short Form, Bergen Insomnia Scale, and Violence Tendency Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation, and simple linear regression analyzes were used in the analysis of data.

Results:

Participants were 15.92 ± 1.19 years old and 70.80% were women. While internet addiction do not change according to gender, and violence tendency mean scores do not change according to having a device to use the internet, the study variable mean score changes according to all the other socio-demographic variables included in our study. There is a positive relationship between internet addiction, violence tendency, and insomnia. Furthermore, while internet addiction explained 22.1% of insomnia scores, 18.8% of the variance changes in the violence tendency scores, insomnia explained 11.8% of violence tendency scores.

Conclusion:

Although the scale scores of the adolescents in our study were below the average, internet addiction is common problem necessitates working on the subject. In our study, there is a significant relationship between internet addiction, insomnia and tendency to violence, and internet addiction predicts other variables.
Potential energy as a new approach for detection and monitoring of fatigue damage in scarf adhesive joints modified with nanoparticles
Authors: Khashaba Usama A.
Published: April 2022

In this study, fatigue results of the scarf adhesive joints (SAJs) were extensively analyzed regarding the effect of the adhesive materials (neat epoxy (NE), and SiC and Al2O3-nanocomposite), bond thickness (0.17 mm and 0.25 mm) on their dynamic properties, which include loss factor (tan δ), loss modulus ( E''), dissipated energy ( U d), potential energy ( U p), and storage modulus ( E'). Safe fatigue lives of the NE, SiC, and Al2O3-SAJs were estimated at different reliability levels. The experimental measurements revelated that reducing the adhesive layer thickness from 0.25 mm to 0.17 mm result in enhancing the tensile strength and stiffness of the SiC-SAJs by 9.6% and 4.4%, respectively, in return of 9.5% and 5.4% for the Al2O3-SAJ relative to the NE-SAJ. The strength and stiffness of the SiC-SAJs with 0.17 mm bond thickness are higher than those of the Al2O3-SAJ by 15.4% and 3.3%, respectively. The highest improvement of 22.0% in the fatigue strength was occurred for the SiC-SAJ with bond thickness of 0.17 mm in return of 4.8% for the Al2O3-SAJ. The U p was used for the first time (except author works) for monitoring and predicting the damage in the adhesive joints practically the change in the enclosed area of the hysteresis loop is too small to cause a large variation in the tan δ, E'', and U d. Damping factor of the NE-SAJs is marginally increased with the stress levels compared to the aggravated increase of both SiC and Al2O3-SAJs. Zhang model predicts well the potential energy and storage modulus specially at higher stress levels.
Police risk assessment and case outcomes in missing person investigations
Authors: Phoenix Jessica , Francis Brian J
Published: April 2022

In England and Wales, police consider potential harm in missing person investigations using graded risk assessment. Using 4746 missing person reports made to one police force in 2015, we investigate the extent to which age, sex and police risk factors predict high-risk classifications and harmful case outcomes. We find age, sex and specific risk factors including out of character behaviour and suicide risk increased the likelihood of high-risk classifications, whilst other risk factors including physical/mental illness and drug/alcohol misuse increased the likelihood of harmful outcomes. We also find certain risk factors reduced the likelihood of high-risk classifications and harmful outcomes.
Effect of silk yarn parameters on the liquid transport considering yarn interlacing
Authors: Yan Jiawei , Zhu Chunhong , Shi Jian , Morikawa Hideaki
Published: April 2022

Wetting and wicking are among the essential behaviors of fabric. Woven fabric is interwoven by the warp and weft yarn, and it can be considered as a yarn network. To clarify the wicking phenomenon of woven fabric and simulate its water transport, the wicking behaviors in the vertical and horizontal directions of six yarn samples were examined. The moisture movement of these interlacing silk yarns was clarified. The wicking behaviors of the silk yarn were found to increase at the first initial stage, and decrease with time until the yarn is saturated. The wicking length of the vertical direction revealed that the fiber and void areas in the silk yarn have an essential effect on water transport. Further, the wicking relationship between single and interlaced yarns was also discussed. The good relationship between the wicking length of single and interlaced yarns shows the possibility of predicting the wicking ability of the textile through the initial wicking ability of the single yarn in the future.
Critical AntiRacist Discourse Analysis (CARDA)
Authors: Laughter Judson , Hurst Heather
Published: April 2022

We synthesize the tools of Critical Discourse Analysis and Anti-Racist Pedagogy to define and exemplify Critical AntiRacist Discourse Analysis (CARDA) as a tool for addressing expressions of systemic racism in institutional policy. We then demonstrate CARDA with the example of a university course syllabus, which represents an institutional policy text negotiated between an individual and an institution. Findings indicate how CARDA can be used to uncover unconscious and implicit racism and amplify antiracism in a syllabus. Implications include areas in which to expand CARDA as a tool for pursuing antiracist policy and pedagogy in multiple educational and other contexts.
Pathogenesis of Mouse Scrapie: Patterns of Agent Replication in Different Parts of the CNS following Intraperitoneal Infection
Authors: Kimberlin R H , Walker Carol A
Published: April 2022

The dynamics of agent replication were studied at 8 levels of spinal cord and in 9 areas of brain of mice infected intraperitoneally with the 139A strain of scrapie agent. Replication in the CNS was first detectable at 2 levels of spinal cord between thoracic vertebrae 4 and 9. The onset of replication was progressively delayed by up to 4 weeks at increasingly lower levels of spinal cord. A similar trend was seen at higher levels of spinal cord and in brain. In brain, agent replication occurred first in medulla, then in the pons and midbrain, thalamus and hypothalamus and, finally, striatum, septum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These results are highly suggestive of spread of infection from peripheral sites of agent replication along autonomic fibres to midthoracic cord, followed by an ascending and descending spread of agent at an apparent rate of 0.5 to 1.0 mm/day until the whole CNS is infected. However, experiments involving sympathectomy gave inconclusive results and the evidence for neural spread of scrapie in the peripheral nervous system is circumstantial.
Work Effort: A Conceptual and Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Van Iddekinge Chad H. , Arnold John D. , Aguinis Herman , Lang Jonas W. B. , Lievens Filip
Published: April 2022

Work effort has been a key concept in management theories and research for more than a century. Maintaining and increasing employee effort also is a persistent concern to managers. The goal of the present conceptual and meta-analytic review was to increase clarity and consensus regarding what effort is and how to measure it. First, we reviewed conceptualizations of effort and provided an integrated definition that views effort as a direct outcome of motivation that captures (a) what employees work on, (b) how hard they work, and (c) how long they persist in that work. Second, we identified four main ways researchers have operationalized effort and meta-analytically studied the effects of each operationalization on effort–job performance relationships. For example, measures that assessed multiple dimensions of effort (ρ = .37) tended to relate more strongly to performance than measures that focused on only one dimension (e.g., effort intensity) or on effort more generally (ρ = .18 to .29). Third, we developed and meta-analytically tested a nomological network to gain a better understanding of effort's antecedents (e.g., intrinsic motivation, ρ = .46; performance orientation, ρ = .12) and outcomes (e.g., job performance, ρ = .34; exhaustion, ρ = .04) as well as constructs that appear to overlap with effort (e.g., work engagement, ρ = .48; grit, ρ = .51). Finally, on the basis of our conceptual and meta-analytic reviews, we delineated an agenda for future research on this central, yet often misunderstood, construct.
‘Fix the system!’ Variations of anti-establishment normalisation strategies in comparative perspective
Authors: Pytlas Bartek
Published: April 2022

This article explores how different anti-establishment parties (AEPs) can themselves strategically enact an image of both distinctiveness and ‘normality’ behind their political offer. For this purpose, we directly measure and map diverse anti-establishment normalisation strategies by analysing 142 social media campaigns of radical right, left, and ‘centrist’ AEPs and their conventional competitors during 23 elections in Europe during 2010–2019. We find that while AEPs presented themselves as fundamentally distinct from ‘politics as usual’, they simultaneously attempted to normalise their contestation supply across and within two dimensions: mainstreaming and streamlining. Using regression analysis, we further find that the degree to which AEPs rhetorically normalised their supply was positively and significantly associated with their broader electoral appeal ceteris paribus, controlling for substantive issue positions, parliamentary experience and position in government. Concurrently, the effects of particular normalisation strategies and their specific calibration varied for the radical right and left. The findings deepen our comparative understanding of diverse anti-establishment strategies used in party competition.
Music therapeutic emotional processing (MEP): Expression, awareness, and pain predict therapeutic outcome
Authors: Saarikallio Suvi , Toiviainen Petri , Brabant Olivier , Snape Nerdinga , Erkklä Jaakko
Published: April 2022

Successful emotional processing is pivotal for the therapeutic change, and music can support emotional processing. However, we know little on how music-based emotional processing actually predicts clinical outcomes. This study investigated music therapeutic emotional processing (MEP) as a predictor of therapeutic outcome in treatment for depression. Data consisted of self-reports of 64 clients (age range 19–57, 74% female) from a clinical trial (12 sessions) of integrative improvisational music therapy (IIMT). A 19-item MEP questionnaire was developed for assessing clients’ experiences after sessions. Emergent MEP factors were correlated with clients’ perceptions of the therapeutic value of the sessions (Session Evaluation Questionnaire [SEQ]) and with recovery from depression (Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS]). MEP emerged as a constitution of three factors: expression, awareness, and pain. Expression and awareness increased across the process and correlated positively with session value and MADRS change. Pain demonstrated a more complex inverted u-shaped temporal curve and correlated with roughness of session experience. The presence of pain during the late part of the therapy predicted lower recovery. The findings support MEP factors as predictors of therapeutic outcome and provide conceptual insight into the mechanisms of change in art therapies. Knowledge on music-based emotional processing holds relevance also beyond therapy context for everyday music engagement.
Migration and development: The overlooked roles of older people and ageing
Authors: Bastia Tanja , Lulle Aija , King Russell
Published: April 2022

Discussions on migration and development geography have both suffered from ‘ageism’: an overwhelming preoccupation with children and the young in the latter and widespread assumptions that migrants are generally young adults, who only leave behind children in the former. It is unsurprising, then, that migration-development debates have also been biased in favour of the young. In this paper we consider the place of older people and of ageing as a process in migration and development debates. We argue that older people, thus far overlooked, are also involved in migration and development, in heterogeneous ways and in different geographical contexts. While doing this, we challenge the conventional view of older migrants as inactive and vulnerable and of older people as merely recipients of development interventions. We argue that experiences of ageing and global inequalities are increasingly entwined and demonstrate this through five dimensions of migration and development debates: remittances, diasporas, return migration, international retirement migration, and intergenerational care. Older people and ageing as a process are central to each one of these dimensions, and it is imperative to pave further research of heterogeneity of ageing within contexts of global inequality. (189 words)
Prediction of winter wheat yield at county level in China using ensemble learning
Authors: Zhang Yuefan , Wang Lunche , Chen Xinxin , Liu Yuting , Wang Shaoqiang , Wang Lizhe
Published: April 2022

Since increasing food demand and continuous reduction of available farmland, reliable and near-real-time wheat yield forecasts are essential to ensure regional and global food supplies. Although the crop model has been widely used in yield estimation, its applicability in large-scale yield prediction is limited due to the large amount of data required for parameterization. We took the main winter wheat growing areas in China and developed an ensemble learning framework based on seven machine learning algorithms, such as extreme gradient boosting, random forest, and support vector regression. The model used satellite vegetation index time series, climate, soil properties, and elevation data to provide county-level winter wheat yield forecasts from 2001 to 2015. The results showed that the ensemble explained 86% of the yield variability, which outperformed all base learners. By calculating the correlation between the prediction results of the base learners, we believed that the prediction performance of ensemble learning still has the potential for improvement. Soil properties and elevation data effectively improved the performance of the model because they contained information about yield prediction that could not be fully captured by vegetation index and climate data. As the growing season went on, the unique contribution of increasing climate data to yield forecasts was always more than that of vegetation index, especially in the early growing season. Furthermore, we evaluated the model’s ability to perform within-season prediction, and the model achieved satisfactory prediction accuracy 2 months before harvest (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 480 kg/ha, MAPE = 7.52%). The framework of yield forecast established in this research can be applied to other crop varieties and regions and provide stakeholders with sufficiently accurate yield predictions.
Mechanical sensitivity changes in pericranial muscles after local anesthesia and experimentally induced pain in the temporalis tendon: Implications for headache and facial pain
Authors: Yang Shuting , Exposto Fernando G , Mahmoodi Sadaf , Svensson Peter
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To assess changes in mechanical sensitivity of the pericranial muscles in healthy individuals after a local anesthetic block of the temporalis tendon. In addition, to assess, if experimentally induced temporalis tendon pain, can lead to an increase in mechanical sensitivity of the pericranial muscles and reports of headache.

Methods

40 healthy participants were recruited for this randomized, double-blinded, controlled experiment, and were randomly injected with mepivacaine and isotonic saline into the dominant-side temporalis tendon in two different sessions, and either nerve growth factor (n = 20) or isotonic saline (n = 20) in a third session. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed in the temporalis, masseter, and trapezius muscles as well as in the temporalis tendon, on the dominant side, before and 10 minutes after each injection, and in a fourth session two days after the third session. Pain drawings and headache diaries were kept for 30 days after the final session to register any developing pain or headache.

Results

Mepivacaine injection into the temporalis tendon caused a significant decrease in mechanical sensitivity in the temporal tendon (−54.5%) and the masseter (−15.4%) muscle (P < 0.05) but not the temporalis (−12.1%) and trapezius muscles (−12.7%) (P > 0.05). Nerve growth factor injection into the temporalis tendon caused a significant increase in mechanical sensitivity in the tendon (+15.4%) and masseter muscle (+14.4%) (P < 0.05) but not the temporalis (+2.8%) or trapezius muscles (+3.1%) (P > 0.05). A significant increase was found for headache frequency in the first seven days (P < 0.05) after nerve growth factor injection compared to after isotonic saline injection, but not intensity (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of temporalis tendon anesthetic injections on facial pain and headaches are most likely not only due to a direct effect of the local anesthetic on the temporalis tendon but rather to a more generalized block of the nerves in the area. In addition, the temporal tendon may contribute to the pathophysiological processes of headache.
Home-Grown School Feeding: Implementation Lessons From a Pilot in a Poor Ethnic Minority Community in Vietnam
Authors: Di Prima Sabina , Nguyen Dinh Dai , Reurings Demi D. , Wright E. Pamela , Essink Dirk , Broerse Jacqueline E. W.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Undernutrition threatens the health and future of preschool children in disadvantaged remote communities. Home-grown school feeding (HGSF) in nursery schools could positively impact children’s nutrition while creating multiple benefits for the whole community. However, evidence is lacking on implementation of HGSF within multi-sectoral programs in remote areas.

Objective:

This study assessed an HGSF pilot intervention, part of a nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) program, in a mountain ethnic minority community in Vietnam. It aimed to identify the changes brought about by the intervention, in particular diversity of children’s food, food sources, barriers and facilitators to change, and future challenges and strategies.

Methods:

Mixed-methods assessment covered school meal diversity, cost, and food sources but the key focus was on observed changes resulting from the HGSF intervention and perceived barriers and facilitators to its implementation. Data were collected mainly through semi-structured interviews (n = 30) and seven focus group discussions (n = 76).

Results:

School meals contributed to increasing diversity of food consumed by children. Above 30% of foods used were home-grown. Respondents reported increased school attendance; children’s food preferences and hygiene practices improved as did parents’ caring and feeding practices. Local food systems became less cash-crop-oriented and more self-reliant, contributing to household food security and income generation. Social capital increased. Positive changes were attributed to HGSF and synergy among NSA program components. Poverty and limited resilience to external shocks threatened sustainability.

Conclusions:

Implementing HGSF within an NSA program in a mountainous ethnic minority area with a high prevalence of undernutrition benefitted children and their communities.
Impact of combined usage of questionnaire forms with bladder diary for overactive bladder syndrome
Authors: Sonbahar Adil Emrah , Durmaz Kalender , Culha Mehmet Gokhan
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

Bladder diary and questionnaire forms have an important role in the diagnosis of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome and can predict response to OAB treatment. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between three different validated Turkish OAB questionnaires and bladder diary form.

Methods:

Patients aged over 18 years who admitted to the urology outpatient clinic with OAB symptoms between March 2019 and April 2020 were enrolled into the study. Demographic data of the patients were recorded, and they were asked to complete a 3-days bladder diary. In addition, the patients filled Turkish validated OAB version-8 (OABv8), the International Consultation of Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and OAB Symptom Score (OABSS) questionnaire. The relationship between these questionnaire forms and bladder diary was evaluated with statistical analysis. The significant p was p < 0.05.

Results:

A total of 592 patients were included in the study. The mean total points of the questionnaire forms were 22.07 ± 8.34 (0–38) for OABv8, 10.78 ± 7.21 (0–21) for ICIQ-SF, and 9.36 ± 3.53 (0–15) for OABSS, respectively. There was a positive poor correlation between OABv8 questionnaire form and nocturia ( r = 0.287, p = 0.013). There was a positive moderate correlation between OABSS and the number of micturition ( r = 0.405, p = 0.03) and nocturia ( r = 0.508, p = 0.036), and the urgency incontinence was negatively moderate correlations ( r = −0.525, p = 0.041).

Conclusion:

Both questionnaire forms and bladder diaries are important in the evaluation of OAB patients. According to our results the bladder diary and OABSS questionnaire forms were interrelated.
The Resilience Divide Among Older Adults Under Uncertainty: A Positive Sociological Study of Life Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Araki Satoshi
Published: April 2022

While recent research has detected older adults’ resilience during the global pandemic, its unequal distribution is inadequately examined. Using the panel survey data in Japan ( N = 3,725), this positive sociological study investigated who were more/less resilient under COVID-19, with attention to the heterogeneity in life satisfaction (LS). It was first confirmed that older adults’ LS had substantially improved during the pandemic, indicating their resilience on average. However, the multinomial logistic regression and the fixed effects model revealed that the shift in LS was associated with age, gender, income, family/social relationships, and heath in a nuanced way. This suggests, while older adults who have access to economic, social, and health-related resources can maintain/enhance their LS under the global crisis, those without such assets face the risk of being penalized. In these uncertain times, it is therefore imperative to shed light on the resilience divide among older adults alongside their average strength.
Fear, accessibility, and legitimacy: An examination of the effects of political violence on health security in Pakistan
Authors: Jadoon Amira , Khalid Hina
Published: April 2022

How does political violence affect public health risks? While past research provides useful insights, it remains unclear how the effect of violence on health risks varies by perpetrator identity, target, and the intensity of attacks. We argue that indiscriminate attacks by militants will discourage civilians from accessing healthcare services. In contrast, clashes between militants and governments are likely to induce state actors to augment healthcare provision, while reinforced state control may facilitate civilians’ access. We test our arguments by employing multilevel modeling using subnational data on political violence events within Pakistan between 2005 and 2011, and immunization rates for under-5 infectious diseases.
Severe Multi-inflammatory Syndrome in Children Temporally Related to COVID 19—Clinical Course, Laboratory Profile and Outcomes from a North Indian PICU
Authors: Chattopadhyay Arpita , Saigal Kalra Karnika , Saikia Diganta , Yadav Varshanjali , Chouksey Juhi , Jajoo Mamta , Sherwal B. L.
Published: April 2022

Objective: We describe the trajectory of clinical course, laboratory markers and outcomes in children with severe multi—inflammatory syndrome temporally related to COVID-19 (MIS-C) admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) . Methods: This was a prospective case series of children admitted to PICU between May 1, 2020 and January 31, 2021, fulfilling the case definition of MIS-C published by World Health Organization (WHO) or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We analyzed demographic, clinical, laboratory data and echocardiographic findings. We also plotted the variation in trends between survivors and nonsurvivors. Results: Of the 34 critically ill children referred to PICU with diagnosis of MIS-C only 17 fulfilled the WHO/CDC classification of MIS-C, rest were MISC mimickers albeit other tropical infections. Median age at admission was 4 years (range 1y 6 mo-8 years). Fever, rash and conjunctival redness were most prominent symptoms. Myocardial involvement was seen in 70.5% while 76.4% developed shock; Invasive mechanical ventilation was required in 64.7% cases. Inflammatory markers showed a downward trend such as—median C- reactive protein (mg/L) had a serial reduction in levels—from (median/IQR) 210 (132.60, 246.90) at admission to 52.3 (42, 120) on Day 3. Median Ferritin (ng/ml) (n = 12) was 690 (203, 1324), serum LDH (IU/L) (n = 12) was 505 (229.5, 1032) and Mean D-dimer (ng/ml) (n = 7) was 5093.85 (1991.65), suggestive of hyperinflammatory syndrome. Twelve patients received intravenous immune globulin, with adjunctive steroid therapy used in two third of the cases. Six children died, 4 of them were under—5 years of age. Tocilizumab was prescribed in two children with high vasotrope inotrope score (VIS), cardiogenic shock and oxygenation index more than 15, both survived. Conclusions: Severe MIS-C has a heterogenous presentation, local or regional outbreaks of prevalent infectious diseases often lead to confusion and overdiagnosis. Higher proportion of mortality was seen in Under −5 children with MISC. Shock—like presentation, presence of myocardial dysfunction or nonsurvivor status is associated with higher trend of inflammatory markers and more profound multi-organ dysfunction. If disease progresses rapidly despite first line therapy (IvIg and steroids), use of Tocilizumab should be considered—as a rescue therapy under resource limitations in the absence of extracorporeal support.
Sports Participation, Social Networks, and Sexual Violence Perpetration
Authors: Nickodem Kyle K. , Basile Kathleen C. , Espelage Dorothy L. , Leemis Ruth W. , Ingram Katherine M. , Barbero Colleen
Published: April 2022

Adolescent sexual violence (SV), which includes non-contact verbal sexual harassment (SH) and forced sexual contact (FSC), is a significant public health problem with long-term impacts on health and well-being. Understanding how sports participation is linked to SV can inform prevention efforts; however, the current literature is unclear about the nature of this association. Using data from 20 high schools, we investigate whether athletes in certain sports are at higher risk of SH and FSC perpetration than either other athletes or sports non-participants, and whether the risk is moderated by gender, dismissiveness of SV, or substance use intentions. We also utilize social network data to explore the role of relationships with peers and trusted adults to attenuate SH and FSC perpetration. Second, we incorporate characteristics of friends to further examine the role and composition of peer groups in the association between sports participation and perpetration of SH and FSC. Findings revealed a bivariate association between sport contact level and SH perpetration, but not FSC, and the association disappeared after adjusting for other covariates. Most prominently, dismissiveness of SV, intentions to use substances, and prior perpetration had the strongest association with perpetration regardless of sport contact level. Results also provided some support for the influence of peers and trusted adults in the sports context. Notably, the percentage of friends who perpetrated FSC and the percentage of friends who play a low-contact sport were positively associated with FSC perpetration, and the percentage of friends who play a high-contact sport was positively associated with SH perpetration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the sports context as an important venue for comprehensive prevention efforts, including a focus on changing norms around adolescent SV and substance use.
Remedial In Progress: Varied Stakeholder Pressures According to Workplace Compliance in Bangladeshi Apparel Factories
Authors: Sarker Zafar Waziha , Park-Poaps Haesun
Published: April 2022

The stakeholder influences on workplace compliance among Bangladeshi apparel factories across different compliance statuses were investigated. Six prominent stakeholders of the issue were identified: Buyers, owners, government, competitors, workers, and NGOs. Using the Accord’s inspection records, a modified stratified sampling, and an online survey method, responses from 43 "compliant" and 45 "behind-schedule" factories were analyzed. The result revealed that the factories behind the remedial process reported a higher degree of pressure from the government and NGOs as well as their workers than the compliant factories. The data confirmed the buyers as the most pressing stakeholder for both factory groups. The results suggest that the factories that are behind the schedule face an increased level of pressure from the local stakeholders, especially from their workers. The findings carry significant implications for the current transition to the government-controlled inspection and worker protections as well as for non-linear nature of stakeholder influences.
Structure and thermal properties of copper-polypropylene based nanocomposites
Authors: Hajiyeva Flora Vidadi , Ramazanov Mahammadali Ahmad , di Palma Luca , Bracciale Maria Paola
Published: April 2022

Polymer nanocomposites based on PP/Cu were obtained by the combining of ex-situ casting solution and hot pressing methods. The structure of polymer nanocomposites was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, AFM and FT-IR spectroscopy analysis. The thermal properties were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the addition of copper nanoparticles to the PP polymer matrix increases the thermal stability of the polymer, and this thermal stability reaches its maximum value at 3% content of copper nanoparticles in the polymer. The reason for the increase in the thermal properties of nanocomposites is associated with the formation of a more perfect, dense and ordered structure of PP-based composites and the fact that nanoparticles play the role of a nucleus of crystallization for polymer matrices.
How university internships benefit microbusiness owners: Beyond anticipated value
Authors: Kapasi Isla
Published: April 2022

Microbusiness owners face significant challenges in accessing, acquiring and controlling resources, including human resources. This research examines the resource value(s) gained by microbusiness owners when they engage in a temporary human resourcing strategy using interns. Qualitative, information-rich, narrative interviews with microbusiness owners examined resourcing motives, management experiences and perceptions of human resource value. The data were subject to thematic analysis. The findings indicate that the unforeseen value of working with an intern was learning “management by doing” , which arose due to a challenging of owner–intern dynamics, compelling owners to develop their skills, knowledge and practice of management and leadership. Second, microbusiness owners were strategically motivated to fill human resource skill and expertise gaps at little or no cost, gaining expected value. Thus, temporary human resources enable microbusiness owners to gain both expected and unforeseen value. Future research should focus on examining the value of unforeseen learning from low/no cost resources on microbusiness growth and sustainable development potential.
Influence of calcined and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane modified kaolin on morphology, tensile, and thermal properties of hybrid thermoplastic composites
Authors: Chedri Loubna , Zoukrami Fouzia , Haddaoui Nacerddine
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this study is to investigate the incorporation effect of kaolin clay on the mechanical and thermal properties of PP/kaolin composites. Its performance is studied as a function of powder content in the different particle size. To improve the dispersion of the mineral clay and the interfacial interactions between matrix and filler, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer. Also, the filler surface was modified with a silane-coupling agent (hexadecyltrimethoxysilane). The change of the kaolin structure into metakaolin by calcination was carried at 600°C. The results show that silane modified kaolin leads to a better dispersion and to a better mechanical and thermal properties. However, addition of untreated kaolin increases E− modulus of about 32 at 5% wt content. Elongation at break was also enhanced in the presence of calcined and silane modified kaolin as compared to untreated composites. Thermal stability was found to increase with 2.5% of compatibilizer in PP/kaolin composites.
Application of neural networks for the prediction of railway bearing failures
Authors: Garrido Martínez-Llop Pablo , Sanz Bobi Juan de Dios , Huera Plaza Alberto
Published: April 2022

Bearing overheating and anomalous accelerations are two principal failure modes for this safety component. The supervision of bearing’s behaviour is essential to ensure a safe and reliable operation. A safety component’s failure may cause a speed limitation or even a non-available train for operating, so a predictive maintenance for bearings and other critical components is mandatory for the manufacturers, operators and maintainers in the railway sector. Bearing temperature, exterior temperature, train speed and other variables are measured every second in real time. From all the data collected and stored in the last years some algorithms and models are designed and trained in this paper to detect bearing anomalies 2 days before a real failure is detected and the safety alarm is enabled. The methodology for obtaining the optimal algorithm is exposed. Different artificial neural networks based on different optimization models such as the Mini-batch Gradient Descent (MGD) or Adam optimizer are compared. A final neural network with 10 hidden layers to detect bearing failure is proposed reaching 99% of accuracy, 95% of precision and 90% of sensitivity. The objective of predicting a bearing anomaly with some days in advanced is reached with high precision level, which will lead also to cost savings and a contribution for the sustainability because many inspections could be reduced and the energy cost associated to them.
A review on cybersecurity in railways
Authors: Kour Ravdeep , Patwardhan Amit , Thaduri Adithya , Karim Ramin
Published: April 2022

Digitalisation is transforming the railway globally. One of the major considerations in digital transformation of any industry including the railway is the increased exposure to cyberattacks. The railway industry is vulnerable to these attacks because since the number of digital items and also number of interfaces between digital and physical components in the railway systems keep increasing. Increased number of items and interfaces require new frameworks, concepts and architectures to ensure the railway system’s resilience with respect to cybersecurity challenges, such as lack of proactiveness, lack of holistic perspective and obsolescence of safety systems exposed to current and future cyber threats landscape. To this date, there are several works carried out in the literature that studied the cybersecurity aspects and its application on railway infrastructure. However, to develop and implement an appropriate roadmap to cybersecurity in railways, there is a need of describing emerging challenges, and approaches to deal with these challenges and the possibilities and benefits of these.

Hence, the objective of this paper is to provide a systematic review and outline cybersecurity emerging trends and approaches, and also to identify possible solutions by querying literature, academic and industrial, for future directions. The authors of this paper conducted separate searches through four popular databases, that is, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and IEEE explore. For the screening process, authors have used keywords with Boolean operators and database filters and identified 90 articles most relevant to the study domain. The analysis of 90 articles shows that majority of the cybersecurity studies lies within the railways are conceptual and lags in application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based security. Like other industries, it is very important that railways should also follow latest security technologies, trends and train their workforce for cyber hygiene since railways are already in digitalization transition mode.
Experimental research on operation performance and acoustic behavior of two-phase dual-tube pulse detonation engine
Authors: Huang Xiaolong , Li Ning , Weng Chunsheng , Kang Yang
Published: April 2022

In order to research the operation synchronous of dual-tube pulse detonation engine, the operation performance and acoustic behavior of dual-tube pulse detonation engine under different fill fractions are studied experimentally. The results show that the instability of deflagration to detonation transition is the main reason for the non-synchronous work of the two tubes. With the increase of fill fraction, the detonation sound pressure increases gradually. In the region near the tube exit, the pressure and velocity of the shock wave attenuate rapidly, and the attenuation speed gradually slows down while the propagation distance increases. The time interval of detonation waves arriving at the tube exit of the two tubes can significantly affect the peak sound pressure and the duration of the sound wave outside the tube. With the increase of time interval, the peak sound pressure decreases and the total duration as well as the duration of the positive pressure increase. The synchronization of the working process of the dual-tube pulse detonation engine can be diagnosed by analyzing the pressure and duration of the sound wave outside the tube. The research results in this paper have certain reference significance for improving the synchronous of multi-tube pulse detonation engine and will be useful for the application of multi-tube pulse detonation engine in aircraft power system.
Obstruction of infrared signature with cold gases
Authors: Bas Onur
Published: April 2022

The idea of infrared signature reduction by injecting cold gas between the source and observer has been investigated. Statistical narrow band coefficients of ethylene have been generated from HITRAN spectroscopic database and proposed to attenuate radiation on the 8–14  μm spectral region whereas CO2 is employed for 3–5  μm wavelength band suppression. Dilution of ethylene with CO2 also suppresses the flammability and guarantees safe operation. Several 1-D test cases are solved to validate the developed solver, and the proposed method is tested on 1-D and 3-D problems. The results satisfactorily show that a significant and safe radiance reduction can be achieved with cold CO2 diluted ethylene injection between the exhaust and observer on the whole spectrum.
There is no environmental health without public health: exploring the links between sanitation and waterbody health in Bengaluru, India
Authors: Sundar Navamany Clifford Godwin , Narayan Abishek Sankara , Scholten Lisa
Published: April 2022

Over 70 per cent of India’s surface water is polluted by human excreta and other waste and less than 35 per cent of urban wastewater is treated. This poses a severe risk to public and environmental health. Urban waterbody rejuvenation in India often focuses on aesthetic improvements rather than addressing its systemic interdependencies with sanitation. This paper establishes these systemic links through a mixed-methods study using water-quality testing and stakeholder interviews in the city of Bengaluru, India. A conceptual system dynamics model of technical, social, institutional and environmental factors is developed. Results show that sewage leaks into lakes via stormwater drains are a major pollution pathway, among others. Three system levers for positive change have been identified: coordination of government entities, adequate faecal sludge management and strong citizen involvement. Citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) is proposed as an approach to provide leverage and solve the intertwined issues of public and environmental health.
Performance enrichment of hybrid photovoltaic thermal collector with different nano-fluids
Authors: Diwania Sourav , Kumar Rajeev , Kumar Maneesh , Gupta Varun , Alsenani Theyab R
Published: April 2022

This work manifests the influence of different nanoparticles on the photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system. The hybrid PVT (hPVT) systems provide thermo-electric energy by utilizing the module heat. The module heat is recovered for controlling the cell temperature using coolant in the channel. This work examines the impact of the type and volume concentration of different nano-fluids on the cell temperature, outlet temperature, thermo-electric efficiency of hPVT collectors. Copper (Cu), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) dispersed in pure water are considered nano-fluids in this study. The investigation reveals that the outcomes of the PVT collector with copper-water as nano-fluid are superior to the other nano-fluids considered in the study. At 0.012 kg/s mass flow rate (MFR), the thermo-electric efficiency of the hPVT collector is 1.645% and 6.239% higher than the thermo-electric efficiency of the PVT at an MFR of 0.002 kg/s. It is also observed that with a 4% vol. concentration of Cu in the base fluid, the thermo-electric efficiency is considerably better than the efficiency at 2% and base fluid.