bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Attitude Concerning the Dental Treatment of Patients with HIV/AIDS among Dental Students and Dentists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mostafa Aisha , Alrefaei Noor , Alraddadi Afnan , Alharbi Salwa , Alahmari Ahmed , Alturaiki Ahmed , Alzahrani Khames
Published: November 2021

Aims: to assess the HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitude among dental students and dentists in KSA, to explore the association between the dental students’ knowledge toward HIV, their age, gender, and academic year and to compare the level of knowledge among dental students, interns, and dentists.

Study design: This is an observational cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Saudi Arabia at Jeddah, Riyadh, Almadina, Hail, Dammam, Jazan, and Sakaka cities from December 2020 to August 2021.

Methodology: Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Background information and HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes were collected using a self-administered -based questionnaire, the first section assessed demographic data, while the second section assessed knowledge and attitudes towards dental treatment for HIV/AIDS patients.

Results: The total number of participants was 461. The percentage of age distribution 49.7% were 30 years. Following; knowledge-based group 50.5%, 1.5% and 47.1% 14 considered blood, saliva are possible HIV origins. 83.3% believe that HIV is transfusion origin. 15 While, 3.3% considered disease is contiguous and 4.8% believe it is due to sharing of food.

Conclusion: Current study reveals a lack of knowledge and attitude among dental students 17 and dentists, with insignificant variations. More education regarding AIDS patients is needed 18 in dentistry community.
Virtual Screening to Identify the Protein Network Interaction of Hypericin with Red Complex Pathogens
Authors: Pratheebha C. , Priyadharsini Jayaseelan Vijayshree , Girija A. S. Smiline , Ganesh P. Sankar , Poddar Nidhi
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Hypericin is the anthraquinone derivative and has many properties like antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial. The red complex pathogens which include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia in association with other microbes found in the periodontal pockets, cause severe inflammation resulting in periodontitis. Novel bioactive agents from several sources have been tested against the microbial pathogens to deduce antimicrobial activity. 

Aim: The aim of the study is to virtually screen and identify the protein network interaction of hypericin in red complex pathogens.

Methodology: The STITCH v5.0 pipeline was primarily used to identify the drug-protein interactions. The VirulentPred and VICMPred software were used for elucidating the functional class of the proteins and virulence property. The sub cellular localization of virulent proteins was analysed with pSORTb v3.0 software. Further, the epitopes in virulent proteins were identified using BepiPred v1.0 linear epitope prediction tool.

Results: Heat shock protein 90 of Porphyromonas gingivalis were found to involve in the cellular process and DNA topoisomerase IV subunit B, heat shock protein 90, DNA gyrase subunit A and DNA gyrase subunit B of Treponema denticola were found to be the virulent factors. The virulent proteins were located in the cytoplasm, which would further increase the potential effect of the drug to serve as antimicrobial agents. Finally, epitopes were predicted on the virulent proteins which can be specifically docked to further ascertain their interactions with the phytocompound.

Conclusion: Hypericin with all its potential and biological benefits can be addressed, can be used as an antimicrobial agent to eradicate dental pathogens which are recalcitrant to treatment. The mode of action of hypericin is, it is targeting crucial proteins in red complex pathogens. Further in vitro studies should be performed on a wide range of pathogens to substantiate the true interactions between the drugs and the protein repertoire of pathogens.
Assessment of Risk Factors and Prevalence of under Nutrition Using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) among under 5 Children in a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Devika M. , Kishore N.
Published: November 2021

Background: Under nutrition is a major health problem in the developing countries especially India. It has a significant impact to child morbidity and mortality.

Objective: To assess the risk factor and prevalence of under nutrition among children under 5 years of age, using conventional indices and the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF), and then comparing their estimated results.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the pediatrics department (outpatient and inpatient) from January 2021 to March 2021 using sample size of 300. Attendants of Toddler’s were interviewed with semi structured proforma and height and weight of toddler were measured by measuring tape and weighing machine respectively. Informed consent was obtained. MS excel was used for data analysis after compilation.

Results: CIAF identified 96% of childrens to have under nutrition. By using conventional indices it was seen that 62.8% of the children were underweight, 50% were stunted and 44.4% were wasted.

Conclusion: CIAF gives a better estimate of under nutrition than currently used conventional indices; and identifies more children with multiple anthropometric failures.
Sub Occipital Muscle Inhibition Technique Verses Cranial Cervical Flexion Exercise for Increasing Hamstring Flexibility in Physiotherapy Students
Authors: Kariya Sakshi K. , Naqvi Waqar M. , Wadhokar Om , Phansopkar Pratik
Published: November 2021

Background: Variation in flexibility can put an unusual amount of annoyance on the framework of the musculoskeletal system. The hamstring muscles are restricted when they are short, which can interfere with everyday activities and is usually a cause for concern. The flexibility of the hamstrings increases as the suboccipital muscles' tone deteriorates,, which are is single neuronal pathway that goes through the dura mater and connects them and which is called as the superficial back line (SBL). Hence as an intervention suboccipital muscle inhibition technique and cranial cervical technique is less time and energy consuming with efficient amount of results.

Aim and Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of suboccipital muscle inhibition technique verses cranial cervical technique for increasing hamstring flexibility.

Methods: Here we will evaluate hamstring tightness and impact of suboccipital muscle inhibition technique verses cranial cervical technique as an intervention with duration of 2 weeks. As an outcome measure Sit and reach test is given to desired population .This study will be conducted in Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Sawangi, Meghe, Wardha. The duration of study will be two week. The study design is pre and post interventional study.

Results: The data will be analysed using Student paired t test.

Conclusion: The expected outcome includes detection of hamstring tightness and improvement in hamstring tightness using sit and reach test. Data analysis will be done using students paired t test and conclusion of the study will be published after the results are analysed.
Magnitude and Associated Factors of Antenatal Care Utilization in Western Regions of Ethiopia: A study Based on Demographic and Health Survey Data
Authors: Negeri Mekonin Abera
Published: November 2021

Antenatal care (ANC) service is used to ensure the best health conditions for both mother and baby during pregnancy. There are marked disparities in the utilization of ANC utilization among regions of Ethiopia. Hence, this study was intended to analyze the magnitude and associated factors of ANC utilization in Western Regions of Ethiopia. The study was conducted based on 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey data. A total of 1200 women representing the three regions (Oromiya, Benishangul Gumuz and Gambela), who gave birth two years preceding the survey were included and the analysis was done by SPSS version 20. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the net effect of associated factors of ANC utilization. Among the studied participants, 39.9%, 51.0% and 27.8%of women in Oromiya, Benishangul Gumuz and Gambela regions, respectively, received a minimum of four ANC visits from the skilled health personnel. The result from multiple logistic regression depicted that age in 5- year group, region, place of residence, maternal education and wealth index were significantly associated with the utilization of ANC service. The utilization of ANC service was higher among young women than old women while women in Benishangul Gumuz were more likely to receive ANC service than women in Gambela region. Better education attainment increases the likelihood of receiving ANC service from the skilled personnel. Urban women as well as rich women were more likely to receive ANC service than their respective rural and poor counterparts in the studied regions. Providing awareness creation on ANC utilization for women of fertile age is a best instrument to minimize maternal and child mortality.
Assessment of the Total Flavonoid, Phenol, Alkaloid Content and Sun Protection Factor in Grewia abutilifolia Leaf Extract
Authors: Rani Dolly , Kharkwal Harsha , Jha Megha , Rai Nitin
Published: November 2021

A variety of secondary metabolites provide a valuable source of treatment for various pharmacological ailments. Grewia abutilifolia is a shrub found in the family Tiliaceae that is also investigated for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. Grewia is reported for its good antioxidant potential, which is applied to protect skin from UV rays. The main goal of this study is to determine the in-vitro sunscreen effect of Grewia abutilifolia based on phytochemical evidence of UV protection. Chemical treatments used to protect skin from the sun have several drawbacks, including numerous hazardous side effects on humans and the environment. The hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts were studied for their phytochemical, physicochemical, and sun protection activities. Total phenolic content, total alkaloid content, total flavonoid content, and SPF value were all highest in the methanolic leaf extract, with values of 99.20 0.12, 47.661.527, 96.02, and 14.50.01 for total phenolic content, total alkaloid content, total flavonoid content, and SPF value, respectively.
Clinical Evaluation and Comparison of Stainless Steel Crowns and Zirconia Crowns in Primary Molars- A Study Protocol
Authors: Khubchandani Monika M. , Thosar Nilima
Published: November 2021

Aim: The present study will be undertaken to evaluate and compare the clinical success of stainless steel crowns and zirconia crowns in carious primary molars.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial.

Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Pedodontics & Preventive Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College & Hospital, Duration- One year

Methodology: In this Split-mouth, 12 months study, set of primary molars in 4-9 years old children will be restored with stainless steel crown and zirconia crown. The primary objective is the assessment of clinical success by evaluating pain, swelling and pathologic mobility at baseline, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months interval. The secondary objectives are to assess the level of parental satisfaction by applying fivepoint likert scale and evaluate the gingival condition by recording Sillness and Loe Plaque index (PI) and Loe and Silness Gingival Index (GI) of study groups at periodic interval of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results: The results of the present study will investigate the effectiveness of two types of pediatric full coverage restorations for management of extensive caries in primary molars.

Conclusion: The findings of the present research would help the patient and practitioners to select appropriate therapeutic option.
Flexural Strength and Depth of Cure of Single Shade Dental Composites
Authors: Hasanain Fatin A.
Published: November 2021

Aims: This work aims to assess the flexural strength and depth of cure of Optishade, Omnichroma and Z350 dental resin composites.

Study Design: Experimental Laboratory Study.

Methods: To assess flexural strength as per ISO standards, 15 samples of each of the three materials were made (n=5) with the dimensions 25x2x2 mm. They were then subjected to 3 point bending testing on a universal testing machine. To assess depth of cure as per ISO standard, 15 cylindrical samples 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm in height were created (n=5) and scraping test was performed.

Results: There was a significant difference between the 3 materials in both flexural strength and depth of cure. Z350 had the lowest depth of cure and the highest flexural strength.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, all three tested materials fell within the ISO requirementsfor dental resin compositesfor both flexural strength and depth of cure.
Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for Fracture
Authors: Sharajdeen P. , Sivakumar A.
Published: November 2021

Ashley Cooper recognized fractures in the proximal femur distal to the insertion of capsule. He noted that they invariably united without difficulty often with external rotation and shortening leading to coxa vara. Till the 1940s the standard treatment was reduction of the fracture and immobilization in plaster spica or in traction. The long period of immobility required for this treatment carried considerable morbidity, particularly in elderly patients. In addition to problems of prolonged bed rest, reports about various management strategies were not satisfactory. The justification for early rehabilitation in this group was accurately summed up by this quotation by Evans. '' The very old patients who sustain this injury tolerate pain and immobility badly; their mental state is often precarious and is quick to develop bed sores or pulmonary complications. We believe that they should be treated as surgical emergency and the older and more feebler the patient the more urgent is the need for the operation" The aim of this prospective and retrospective study is to analyse the short term follow up results of cemented bipolar hemi arthroplasty in neck of femur fracture and unstable intetrochanteric fractures of the elderly done in our institution.
Grade IV Utero Vaginal Prolapse (Procidentia): A Case Report
Authors: Lalawmpuii A. , Taksande Vaishali , Mahakarkar Manjusha
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The uterus is normally held in place inside the pelvis with various muscles, tissue, and ligaments. But because of pregnancy, childbirth or difficult labor and delivery, in some women the muscles become weaken. And also, as the woman ages and also with a natural loss of the hormone oestrogen, the uterus can drop into the vaginal canal, this cause the condition which is known as prolapsed uterus. There are different degrees, in which the fourth degree the entire uterus is outside the vagina and this condition is also called procidentia, which is caused by weakness in all of the supporting muscles [1].

Case Presentation: A female patient of 70 years was admitted to Gynae Ward, AVBRH on 2nd June 2021 with a known case of Grade IV Utero Vaginal Prolapse (procidentia) for further management and known case of hypertension and type II diabetes melitus for 22 years. Patient came with a complain of something coming out of vagina for 5 years, increased frequency of micturition for 5 years and also complain of white discharge for 1.5 months.
Interleukin‐6–interleukin‐11 receptor chimeras reveal ionomycin‐induced proteolysis beyond ADAM10
Authors: Lokau Juliane , Garbers Christoph
Published: November 2021

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐11 (IL‐11) are two important pleiotropic cytokines, both of which signal through a homodimer of the β‐receptor gp130. Specificity is gained through the unique, nonsignaling α‐receptors IL‐6R and IL‐11R. Soluble variants of IL‐6R and IL‐11R also exist. Both membrane‐bound receptors can be cleaved by the metalloprotease ADAM10. Here, we use ten different chimeric receptors consisting of different parts of IL‐6R and IL‐11R and analyze their susceptibility toward cleavage by ADAM10. As expected, all chimeras are substrates of ADAM10. However, we observed that cleavage of chimeric receptors containing the stalk region of the IL‐11R could be blocked by the protease inhibitor GI (selective for ADAM10), but not by the protease inhibitor GW (selective for both ADAM10 and ADAM17), suggesting that another protease besides ADAM10 is involved in cleavage of these chimeras.
Enhanced Lithium Storage in Micrometer‐Scale Tungsten Bronze Mo3Nb2O14 by Molybdenum Reduction and Oxygen Deficiency
Authors: Fang Xue , Rong Chao , Zhou Lijia , Yin Congling , He Lunhua , Cui Hongbo , Lu Fengqi , Kuang Xiaojun
Published: November 2021

Tungsten bronze transitional metal oxides are potential candidate anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their open multichannel frame structure facilitating lithium transport and storage. Herein, the molybdenum reduction and oxygen deficiency are enhanced in micrometer‐scale Mo5O14‐type tungsten bronze structure Mo3Nb2O14−x (V‐MNO) that is prepared by a solid‐state reaction in vacuum. Neutron powder diffraction data indicate that oxygen vacancies are located at both three‐coordinated (µ3) oxygen sites around filled pentagonal rings and normally two‐coordinated (µ2) oxygen sites. As anode material for LIBs, benefiting from the increased Mo reduction, facilitating the electronic transport and oxygen vacancies without strong site preferences, widening the intratunnel, and opening up the intertunnel migration paths for lithium ions, V‐MNO displays enhanced electrochemical properties with an initial discharge capacity of ≈322 mAh g−1, a charge capacity of ≈274 mAh g−1, and a reversible capacity of ≈147.2 mAh g−1 (at 400 mA g−1) after 200 cycles. The LiCoO2//V‐MNO full cell shows a discharge capacity of 145.4 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. These results underline significance of controlling defect chemistry on the cationic reduction and oxygen vacancies in micrometer‐scale tungsten bronze transition metal oxides as an effective strategy for enhancing their storage performance as anode materials.
High Resolution Dual Material Stereolithography for Monolithic Microdevices
Authors: Schmidleithner Christina , Zhang Rujing , Taebnia Nayere , Larsen Esben K. U. , Almdal Kristoffer , Larsen Niels B.
Published: November 2021

Functional 3D components such as perfusion channels and mechanical actuation elements at cellular length scales can support cell survival and tissue maturation in tissue modeling devices. These advanced requirements call for increasingly complex materials and 3D fabrication methods. Here, a high‐resolution dual‐material 3D printing concept is developed, where distinct materials are produced locally by orthogonal chemical reactions depending on the illumination wavelength. A tough, stiff epoxy network results from cationic polymerization in UV light, while a soft and diffusion‐open hydrogel forms by free‐radical polymerization initiated by blue light. Thus, dual‐exposure allows for selection of material properties in every voxel, while retaining the 3D design flexibility associated with stereolithography. This enables single‐process fabrication of devices integrating mechanically stable chip‐to‐world interconnects and compliant, diffusion‐open perfusable channel components of 150 µm in width and height, while also allowing structural and mechanical feature dimensions down to 60 µm. A perfusion chip capable of creating a stable uniaxial chemical gradient by passive dye diffusion through hydrogel sections, and a negative Poisson ratio structure based on the interplay between stiff rotators and compliant hinges, are manufactured as proof‐of‐concept microdevices. Lastly, week‐long culture of hydrogel‐encapsulated human liver cells demonstrates the cytocompatibility of both materials.
Deoxygenative Functionalizations of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Li Jianbin , Huang Chia‐Yu , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: November 2021

The simple and efficient conversion of carbonyl compounds into functionalized alkanes via deoxygenation is highly enabling in chemical synthesis. This Review covers the recent methodology development in carbonyl and carboxyl deoxygenative functionalizations, highlighting some representative and significant contributions in this field. These advances are categorized based on the reactivity patterns of some oxygenated feedstock compounds, including aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Four types of reactive intermediates arising from aldehydes and ketones during the deoxygenation, namely, bis‐electrophiles, carbenoids, bis‐nucleophiles and alkyl radical equivalents, are presented, while the carboxylic acids mainly behave as tris‐electrophiles when deoxygenated. In each subcategory, selected examples are organized according to the type of bond formation and discussed from a generalized mechanistic perspective.
Strain‐Release‐Driven Friedel–Crafts Spirocyclization of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes
Authors: Tyler Jasper L. , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: November 2021

The identification of spiro N‐heterocycles as scaffolds that display structural novelty, three‐dimensionality, beneficial physicochemical properties, and enable the controlled spatial disposition of substituents has led to a surge of interest in utilizing these compounds in drug discovery programs. Herein, we report the strain‐release‐driven Friedel–Crafts spirocyclization of azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane‐tethered (hetero)aryls for the synthesis of a unique library of azetidine spiro‐tetralins. The reaction was discovered to proceed through an unexpected interrupted Friedel–Crafts mechanism, generating a highly complex azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane scaffold. This dearomatized intermediate, formed exclusively as a single diastereomer, can be subsequently converted to the Friedel–Crafts product upon electrophilic activation of the tertiary amine, or trapped as a Diels–Alder adduct in one‐pot. The rapid assembly of molecular complexity demonstrated in these reactions highlights the potential of the strain‐release‐driven spirocyclization strategy to be utilized in the synthesis of medicinally relevant scaffolds.
Preparation and properties of CNTs loaded bisphenol F epoxy nanocomposites modified by noncovalent dispersant and nonionic surfactant
Authors: Du Bin , Xue Daodao , Luo Rubai , Yang Kenan , Li Huailin , Zhou Shisheng
Published: November 2021

Epoxy resin is one of the most important matrix materials in the field of high performance composites. Its mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal stability are very important to the properties of composites. In this paper, the improvement of epoxy resin properties by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is mainly studied. First, aniline trimer (AT) and polyethylene glycol octyl phenyl ether (Triton X‐100) are combined to modify CNTs. Then the dispersed CNTs (treated‐CNTs) are used to prepare bisphenol F epoxy nanocomposites. The dispersion of CNTs and fracture surface of composites are analyzed by SEM and TEM. The combination of AT and Triton X‐100 with CNTs is analyzed by UV–vis and FTIR. The mechanical, thermodynamic, tribological properties, and crosslinking density changes of epoxy composites are evaluated. The results show that AT and Triton X‐100 are successfully bonded to the surface of CNTs. The dispersion effect of treated‐CNTs in the composites is better than that of the original CNTs, which have a better reinforcing and toughening effect on the composites. The introduction of treated‐CNT reduces the crosslinking density and glass transition temperature of the composites, but does not affect the thermal stability of the composites before 300°C.
Optimization of the enzymatic butanolysis of jatropha oil for biodiesel production using Eversa
Authors: Acherki Hassan , Bouaid Abderrahim , Marchetti Jorge Mario
Published: November 2021

The use of non‐edible oils for energy production is attracting increasing attention, with a particular focus on those oils that can be produced from plants growing in non‐arable areas. Among the possible alternatives, oils with high free fatty acid content, such as jatropha, have shown great potential. The optimization of jatropha oil in the presence of a bio‐based alcohol (butanol) was investigated for the production of biodiesel using a commercial enzyme (Eversa from Novozymes). The optimization was conducted by changing the reaction temperature and the amount of catalyst, with a 6:1 butanol/oil molar ratio, while the reaction time was set to 60 min. The optimal result was found at the highest reaction temperature (42 °C) and the highest catalyst amount (9.79%), with a biodiesel yield of 83%. A second optimization was conducted, allowing the time to run for up to 8 h. Here the final biodiesel produced was in line with the EU14214 standards, fulfilling all the requirements with the exception of the requirement for oxidation stability. In addition to fulfilling most of the EU14214 standards, the cost of this new enzyme is lower than that of other commercial alternatives. Results show that biodiesel produced using butanol as alcohol in the transesterification process improved cold flow properties in terms of cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). © 2021 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Delamination in rotator cuff tears: Explanation of etiology through anatomical dissection
Authors: Schwarz Gilbert M. , Nitschke Tobias , Hirtler Lena
Published: November 2021

The prognostic significance of delaminated rotator cuff tears remains controversial. However, as the surgical goal is to maximize the contact area between layers, the macroscopic appearance of partial delaminated rotator cuff tears is essential. The aim of this anatomical study was to investigate the morphology of delaminated rotator cuff tears. We hypothesized that delamination zones at the intersection of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon fibers are the origin of articular‐side degenerative rotator cuff tears. Forty anatomical specimens were evaluated in this study. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles were dissected, the origins were meticulously worked out and followed to their insertions at the humeral head. Fiber exchanges, overlays and delamination zones between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles were photographically documented and measured. Delamination of rotator cuff tears can be classified into articular‐side and bursal‐side tears. The articular‐layer consists of capsuloligamentous tissue, which included the rotator‐cable/rotator‐crescent complex, the joint capsule and a small part of the supraspinatus tendon. The bursal‐side layer represents the tendinous tissue, which consists of the parallel, tendinous parts of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Delamination of rotator cuff tears can be classified into articular‐side and bursal‐side tears. Present model of degenerative tears might explain the high prevalence of articular‐side tears, which expand into the rotator‐cable/rotator‐crescent complex. It may be important for surgeons to incorporate these anatomical findings and considerations into the surgical planning.
Three‐year outcome of directional atherectomy and drug coated balloon for the treatment of common femoral artery steno‐occlusive lesions
Authors: Cioppa Angelo , Franzese Michele , Gerardi Donato , Pucciarelli Armando , Popusoi Grigore , Stabile Eugenio , Salemme Luigi , Sada Lidia , Verdoliva Sebastiano , Burattini Osvaldo , Fimiani Luigi , Ferrone Marco , Di Gioia Giuseppe , Leone Attilio , Esposito Giovanni , Tesorio Tullio
Published: November 2021

Background

Endarterectomy is considered the gold standard therapy for common femoral artery (CFA) steno‐occlusive lesions, but a significant risk of perioperative mortality and complications has been reported.

Objective

Aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy at a long‐term follow‐up of patients with CFA steno‐occlusive lesions treated with directional atherectomy and drug coated balloon (DCB).

Material and methods

In this single‐center registry, 78 patients (male: 80.7%; age: 71 ± 15 years; occlusions: 25%) with 80 CFA lesions were included, with 39.7% of them undergoing directional atherectomy and drug coated balloon due to critical limb ischemia and 60.3% due to lower‐limb intermittent claudication. The long‐term follow‐up was completed by 75 patients (3 years).

The 31 patients with critical ischemia (39.7%) were further subdivided into 20 (25.6%) patients with pain at rest and 11 (14.1%) with trophic changes, ulcers and/or tissue loss.

We considered the primary and the secondary outcome, referring, respectively to peak systolic velocity ratio (PSVR) ≥ 2.4 on duplex or > 50% stenosis on digital subtraction angiography at 36 months and to clinically driven target lesion revascularization at 36 months.

Results

The primary and secondary outcome was obtained in 84% and 86.7% of patients, at 36 months of follow up. Bailout stenting was necessary in 6/80 cases (7.5%) for suboptimal result. Freedom from MALE was obtained in 98.6% of patients.

Conclusions

These results confirm that directional atherectomy and drug coated balloon strategy for the treatment of CFA lesions is effective at a long‐term follow‐up and could be considered as a good alternative to surgery.
Fe‐ZIF8 Coating Cu Foil Derived Carbon as A pH‐Universal Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang Haichao , Xie Ao , Tang Yang , Wang Zixiang , Zhang Jinpeng , Kong Lingpo , Song Peng , Sun Yanzhi , Yang Xiaojin , Wan Pingyu
Published: November 2021

It is a great challenge to fabricate highly efficient pH‐universal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a facile strategy, which includes coating the Fe modified ZIF8 on Cu foil and in situ pyrolysis to evaporate and dope Cu into the MOF derived carbon, is developed to fabricate Fe/Cu−N co‐doped carbon material (Cu/Fe−NC). Profiting from the modulated electron distribution and textual properties, well‐designed Cu/Fe−NC exhibits superior half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.923 V in alkaline, 0.757 V in neutral and comparable 0.801 V in acid electrolytes, respectively. Furthermore, the ultralow peroxides yield of ORR demonstrates the high selectivity of Cu/Fe−NC in full pH scale electrolytes. As expected, the self‐made alkaline and neutral zinc‐air batteries equipped with Cu/Fe−NC cathode display excellent discharge voltages, outstanding peak power densities and remarkable stability. This work opens a new way to fabricate highly efficient and pH‐universal electrocatalysts for ORR through strategy of Fe/Cu−N co‐doping, Cu foil evaporation and carbon defects capture.
How to Leverage AI to Benefit the Chemical Industry
Authors: Linchevski Chen
Published: November 2021

The chemical industry has at least as much to gain from applying AI tools as any other vertical, but it possesses its own unique challenges and obstacles that handicap the successful implementation of AI. Herein, the difficulties in applying AI to chemical plants are addressed and the importance of a cognitive layer is explained, which delivers context for AI tools and enables implementation.
Reverse Intersystem Crossing of Single Deuterated Perylene Molecules in a Dibenzothiophene Matrix
Authors: Smit Robert , Ristanović Zoran , Kozankiewicz Bolesław , Orrit Michel
Published: November 2021

Intersystem crossing to the long‐lived metastable triplet state is often a strong limitation on fluorescence brightness of single molecules, particularly for perylene in various matrices. In this paper, we report on a strong excitation‐induced reverse intersystem crossing (rISC), a process where single perylene molecules in a dibenzothiophene matrix recover faster from the triplet state, turning into bright emitters at saturated excitation powers. With a detailed study of single‐molecule fluorescence autocorrelations, we quantify the effect of rISC. The intrinsic lifetimes found for the two effective triplet states (8.5±0.4 ms and 64±12 ms) become significantly shorter, into the sub‐millisecond range, as the excitation power increases and fluorescence brightness is ultimately enhanced at least fourfold. Our results are relevant for the understanding of triplet state manipulation of single‐molecule quantum emitters and for markedly improving their brightness.
Revisiting the valuation of deposit insurance
Authors: Chang Chuang‐Chang , Chung San‐Lin , Ho Ruey‐Jenn , Hsiao Yu‐Jen
Published: November 2021

This study proposes a framework for pricing deposit insurance that evaluates the effect of depositor preference laws and the issuance of contingent capital bonds. Four main findings emerge from this study. First, traditional option pricing models of deposit insurance overestimate insurance premiums. Second, only large issuances of contingent capital bonds decrease deposit insurance premiums under depositor preference. Third, the issuance of contingent capital bonds can partially offset banks' excessive risk‐taking caused by regulatory forbearance. Finally, although large banks have implied too‐big‐to‐fail risks, the deposit insurer's costs from large banks are not nearly as high as reported in previous studies.
Genetically determined cutaneous nevi and risk of cancer
Authors: Dusingize Jean Claude , Law Matthew H. , Pandeya Nirmala , Neale Rachel E. , Ong Jue‐Sheng , MacGregor Stuart , Whiteman David C. , Olsen Catherine M.
Published: November 2021

Numerous epidemiologic studies have reported positive associations between higher nevus counts and internal cancers. Whether this association represents a true relationship or is due to bias or confounding by factors associated with both nevus counts and cancer remains unclear. We used germline genetic variants for nevus count to test whether this phenotypic trait is a risk‐marker for cancer. We calculated polygenic risk scores (PRS) for nevus counts using individual‐level data in the UK Biobank (n = 394 306) and QSkin cohort (n = 17 427). The association between the nevus PRS and each cancer site was assessed using logistic regression adjusted for the effects of age, sex and the first five principal components. In both cohorts, those in the highest nevus PRS quartile had higher risks of melanoma than those in the lowest quartile (UK Biobank odds ratio [OR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29‐1.55; QSkin OR 1.58, 95% CI: 1.29‐1.94). We also observed increases in risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with higher nevus PRS quartiles (BCC UK Biobank OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.33‐1.44; QSkin OR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05‐1.38 and SCC UK Biobank OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.28‐1.55; QSkin OR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.19‐1.77). We found no consistent evidence that nevus count PRS were associated with risks of developing internal cancers. We infer that associations between nevus counts and internal cancers reported in earlier observational studies arose because of unmeasured confounding or other biases.
Production of both l‐ and d‐ N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones by Burkholderia cepacia and Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Portillo Abiud E. , Readel Elizabeth , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: November 2021

Quorum sensing (QS) is a complex process in which molecules, such as l‐N‐acyl‐homoserine lactones (l‐AHLs), are produced as essential signaling molecules allowing bacteria to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation. Few studies have considered the natural production and role of the opposite enantiomers, d‐AHLs. In this work, production of d,l‐AHLs by Burkholderia cepacia and Vibrio fischeri was monitored over time, with significant amounts of d‐AHLs detected. Bioluminescence of V. fischeri was observed with maximum bioluminescence correlating with the maximum concentrations of both l‐ and d‐ octanoyl‐homoserine lactones (l‐ and d‐OHL). l‐Methionine, a precursor to l‐AHLs, was examined via supplementation studies conducted by growing three parallel cultures of B. cepacia in M9 minimal media with added l‐, d‐, or d,l‐methionine and observing their effect on the production of d,l‐AHL by B. cepacia. The results show that addition of any methionine (l‐, d‐, or d,l‐) does not affect the overall ratio of l‐ to d‐AHLs, that is d‐AHL production was not selectively enhanced by d‐methionine addition. However, the overall AHL (l‐ and d‐) concentration does increase with the addition of any methionine supplement. These findings indicate the possibility of a distinct biosynthetic pathway for d‐AHL production, possibly exposing a new dimension within bacterial communication.
Numerical study of the coupled KGS equations using parametric spline function
Authors: Lin Bin
Published: November 2021

This work is concerned with a numerical method by using parametric spline function to solve the coupled Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger(KGS) equations. The fourth‐order accuracy scheme of space can be obtained by selecting appropriate parameters. The stability analysis of the scheme was studied by using von Neumann technology. This method has no restrictions on time step rationing. The validity and accuracy of the method are demonstrated by numerical examples. Numerical simulations were carried out to prove the advantages of the method.
Panic behavior induces multiple endemic states and backward bifurcation
Authors: Benítez David , Barradas Ignacio
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of drastic behavioral changes on the dynamics of infectious diseases. An SIS model with two classes of individuals with different susceptibilities is analyzed. It focuses in a transition function between both classes of susceptible individuals depending on the density of the infected population. A classification of all the possible bifurcation diagrams that the model can present is done. Specifically, some conditions for the simultaneous existence of backward bifurcation and multiple endemic states are shown.
Optimization loop based on adjoint sensitivity analysis for flows through porous media with adsorption
Authors: Chieregatti Bruno G. , Brasil Lima João S. , Hayashi Marcelo T. , Volpe Ernani V.
Published: November 2021

In the past few years, the development of inverse design and optimization methods has opened up new possibilities. The adjoint method is of great significance in that context, since it permits high fidelity to flow‐physics at comparatively low computational costs. The present work focuses on adsorbed gas storage systems. Its contribution is the development of an alternative approach to the adjoint contour problem, which ensures that the latter is as well‐posed as the physical problem, itself. This approach proves to be fully consistent with Cacuci's methodology for computing sensitivity derivatives, which enables us to extend their scope. It allows for the evaluation of sensitivities with respect to parameters other than those pertaining to geometry, that is, to those that control the system operation such as average mass flux, convective heat transfer, inlet and external temperature. The main goal of this work is to obtain and validate a basic structure of an optimization loop algorithm (OLA) based on adjoint method, applied to adsorption natural gas storage systems, with pressure and density of adsorption as objective functions.
Welfare state and the social economy in compressed development: Self‐sufficiency organizations in South Korea
Authors: Lim Sang Hun
Published: November 2021

Current studies tend to theorize the relationship between the social economy (SE) and social policy based on the experiences of Western welfare states, missing the evolution of social economy organizations (SEOs) in later developing, transitional welfare states. This article fills this gap by examining self‐sufficiency organizations in South Korea, which originated from urban SEOs but became agents for microbusiness start‐ups under the newly introduced universalistic public assistance scheme. To explain this evolutionary trajectory, this article applies a concept of “compressed development,” where different stages of development coexist. The compressed industrialization created large informal sectors and rudimentary community movements in urban slums. The compressed universalization of public assistance promoted urban community movements as agents of the workfare through microbusiness start‐ups outside the regular labor market. This article argues that the speed and timing of industrialization and welfare development need to be considered in studies of the SE in a transitional welfare‐mix.
Virtual screening and rational design of antioxidant peptides based on tryptophyllin L structures isolated from the Litoria rubella frog
Authors: Tran Thi Thanh Nha , Tran Dinh Phien , Nguyen Thi Minh Anh , Tran Thai Hoang , Phan Nu Ngọc Anh , Nguyen Van Cuong , Nguyen Van Trong , Bowie John H.
Published: November 2021

Discovery of natural antioxidants has been carried out for decades relying mainly on experimental approaches that are commonly associated with time and cost demanding biochemical assays. The maturation of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) modelling has provided an alternative approach for searching and designing antioxidant compounds with alleviated costs. As a contribution to this approach, this work aimed to establish a fragment‐based 3D‐QSAR procedure to discover and design potential antioxidants based on tryptophyllin L structures isolated from the red tree frog Litoria rubella. A force field and a Gaussian 3D‐QSAR model were built to screen for potential antioxidants from tripeptide fragments covering all sequences of tryptophyllin L database. Among those, PWY(NH2) corresponding tryptophyllin L 4.1 was predicted to have the highest 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+·) scavenging capability. Two newly designed peptides PYW and PYW(NH2) together with PWY(NH2), tryptophyllin L 4.1, and the reference peptide PWY were synthesized and subjected to two antioxidant assays including ABTS scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. Although the experimental TEAC values of the five peptides were roughly similar to those from predictions, the activity order was not in agreement with the predictions. The dissimilarities were accounted by the difference in the experimental procedures, the deviation of modelling regression, and the synergetic effect of structural and experimental features. The ABTS radical scavenging assays revealed that all the tested peptides were strong ABTS+· scavengers with the antioxidant capabilities approximately twice as high as trolox and higher than glutathione. The ferric reducing activities of the peptides were, on the other hand, much weaker than that of trolox suggesting different antioxidant mechanisms inserted by trolox and the peptides. This work was a demonstration that 3D‐QSAR methods can be employed in conjunction with experimental methods to effectively detect and design antioxidant peptides.
Three‐dimensional gynaecological ultrasound, part one: How, when and why?
Authors: Deslandes Alison , Croft Anthea , Panuccio Catrina
Published: November 2021

Most high‐end ultrasound systems now incorporate three‐dimensional imaging as a standard feature. As such, the use of three‐dimensional ultrasound is becoming routine in many facets of medical ultrasound, especially obstetrics and gynaecology. Three‐dimensional ultrasound can enhance or even alter a diagnosis in many gynaecological pathologies. However, like any technique, the usefulness and accuracy of the application relies on the operator having adequate application knowledge and technical acquisition skills to be able to use it to its full potential. This is the first part of a two‐part series on this topic. This article serves to educate sonographers and other ultrasound users on how to incorporate a three‐dimensional ultrasound assessment into their routine gynaecological examinations, why this should be done and how to overcome some of the pitfalls encountered with this technique.
Dynamics signature based anomaly detection
Authors: Goenawan Ivan Hendy , Du Zhihui , Wu Chao , Sun Yankui , Wei Jianyan , Bader David A.
Published: November 2021

Identifying anomalies, especially weak anomalies in constantly changing targets, is more difficult than in stable targets. In this article, we borrow the dynamics metrics and propose the concept of dynamics signature (DS) in multi‐dimensional feature space to efficiently distinguish the abnormal event from the normal behaviors of a variable star. The corresponding dynamics criterion is proposed to check whether a star's current state is an anomaly. Based on the proposed concept of DS, we develop a highly optimized DS algorithm that can automatically detect anomalies from millions of stars' high cadence sky survey data in real‐time. Microlensing, which is a typical anomaly in astronomical observation, is used to evaluate the proposed DS algorithm. Two datasets, parameterized sinusoidal dataset containing 262,440 light curves and real variable stars based dataset containing 462,996 light curves are used to evaluate the practical performance of the proposed DS algorithm. Experimental results show that our DS algorithm is highly accurate, sensitive to detecting weak microlensing events at very early stages, and fast enough to process 176,000 stars in less than 1 s on a commodity computer.
Error Estimates for the Smagorinsky Turbulence Model: Enhanced Stability Through Scale Separation and Numerical Stabilization
Authors: Burman Erik , Hansbo Peter , Larson Mats G.
Published: November 2021

In the present work we show some results on the effect of the Smagorinsky model on the stability of the associated perturbation equation. We show that in the presence of a spectral gap, such that the flow can be decomposed in a large scale with moderate gradient and a small amplitude fine scale with arbitratry gradient, the Smagorinsky model admits stability estimates for perturbations, with exponential growth depending only on the large scale gradient. We then show in the context of stabilized finite element methods that the same result carries over to the approximation and that in this context, for suitably chosen finite element spaces the Smagorinsky model acts as a stabilizer yielding close to optimal error estimates in the $$L^2$$

L
2

-norm for smooth flows in the pre-asymptotic high Reynolds number regime.
Operationalising AI ethics: barriers, enablers and next steps
Authors: Morley Jessica , Kinsey Libby , Elhalal Anat , Garcia Francesca , Ziosi Marta , Floridi Luciano
Published: November 2021

By mid-2019 there were more than 80 AI ethics guides available in the public domain. Despite this, 2020 saw numerous news stories break related to ethically questionable uses of AI. In part, this is because AI ethics theory remains highly abstract, and of limited practical applicability to those actually responsible for designing algorithms and AI systems. Our previous research sought to start closing this gap between the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of AI ethics through the creation of a searchable typology of tools and methods designed to translate between the five most common AI ethics principles and implementable design practices. Whilst a useful starting point, that research rested on the assumption that all AI practitioners are aware of the ethical implications of AI, understand their importance, and are actively seeking to respond to them. In reality, it is unclear whether this is the case. It is this limitation that we seek to overcome here by conducting a mixed-methods qualitative analysis to answer the following four questions: what do AI practitioners understand about the need to translate ethical principles into practice? What motivates AI practitioners to embed ethical principles into design practices? What barriers do AI practitioners face when attempting to translate ethical principles into practice? And finally, what assistance do AI practitioners want and need when translating ethical principles into practice?