bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aldolase A promotes epithelial‐mesenchymal transition to increase malignant potentials of cervical adenocarcinoma
Authors: Saito Yuki , Takasawa Akira , Takasawa Kumi , Aoyama Tomoyuki , Akimoto Taishi , Ota Misaki , Magara Kazufumi , Murata Masaki , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Hasegawa Tadashi , Sawada Norimasa , Saito Tsuyoshi , Osanai Makoto
Published: June 2020

Recent studies have revealed that metabolic reprogramming is closely associated with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) during cancer progression. Aldolase A (ALDOA) is a key glycolytic enzyme that is highly expressed in several types of cancer. In this study, we found that ALDOA is highly expressed in uterine cervical adenocarcinoma and that high ALDOA expression promotes EMT to increase malignant potentials, such as metastasis and invasiveness, in cervical adenocarcinoma cells. In human surgical specimens, ALDOA was highly expressed in cervical adenocarcinoma and high ALDOA expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular infiltration, and short overall survival. Suppression of ALDOA expression significantly reduced cell growth, migration, and invasiveness of cervical cancer cells. Aldolase A expression was partially regulated by hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). Shotgun proteome analysis revealed that cell‐cell adhesion‐related proteins were significantly increased in ALDOA‐overexpressing cells. Interestingly, overexpression of ALDOA caused severe morphological changes, including a cuboidal‐to‐spindle shape shift and reduced microvilli formation, coincident with modulation of the expression of typical EMT‐related proteins. Overexpression of ALDOA increased migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of ALDOA induced HIF‐1α, suggesting a positive feedback loop between ALDOA and HIF‐1α. In conclusion, ALDOA is overexpressed in cervical adenocarcinoma and contributes to malignant potentials of tumor cells through modulation of HIF‐1α signaling. The feedback loop between ALDOA and HIF‐1α could become a therapeutic target to improve the prognosis of this malignancy.
Simple barrier device to minimize facial exposure of endoscopists during COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Suzuki Sho , Kusano Chika , Ikehara Hisatomo
Published: June 2020

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The impact of interventions in the global land and agri‐food sectors on Nature’s Contributions to People and the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: McElwee Pamela , Calvin Katherine , Campbell Donovan , Cherubini Francesco , Grassi Giacomo , Korotkov Vladimir , Le Hoang Anh , Lwasa Shuaib , Nkem Johnson , Nkonya Ephraim , Saigusa Nobuko , Soussana Jean‐Francois , Taboada Miguel Angel , Manning Frances , Nampanzira Dorothy , Smith Pete
Published: June 2020

Interlocked challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, and land degradation require transformative interventions in the land management and food production sectors to reduce carbon emissions, strengthen adaptive capacity, and increase food security. However, deciding which interventions to pursue and understanding their relative co‐benefits with and trade‐offs against different social and environmental goals have been difficult without comparisons across a range of possible actions. This study examined 40 different options, implemented through land management, value chains, or risk management, for their relative impacts across 18 Nature's Contributions to People (NCPs) and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We find that a relatively small number of interventions show positive synergies with both SDGs and NCPs with no significant adverse trade‐offs; these include improved cropland management, improved grazing land management, improved livestock management, agroforestry, integrated water management, increased soil organic carbon content, reduced soil erosion, salinization, and compaction, fire management, reduced landslides and hazards, reduced pollution, reduced post‐harvest losses, improved energy use in food systems, and disaster risk management. Several interventions show potentially significant negative impacts on both SDGs and NCPs; these include bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, afforestation, and some risk sharing measures, like commercial crop insurance. Our results demonstrate that a better understanding of co‐benefits and trade‐offs of different policy approaches can help decision‐makers choose the more effective, or at the very minimum, more benign interventions for implementation.
Ultrasound examination for the detection of simulated periapical bone lesions in bovine mandibles: an ex vivo study
Authors: Musu D. , Cadeddu Dessalvi C. , Shemesh H. , Frenda M.G. , Mercuro G. , Cotti E.
Published: June 2020

Aim

To evaluate the accuracy of ultrasound examination (USE) for the detection of artificial bone defects in bovine mandibles in the absence of complete erosion of the cortical bone plate and to determine the minimum cortical thickness that constitutes a barrier for ultrasound waves.

Methodology

Sixty bovine mandibular anatomical blocks were harvested and uniformly distributed amongst six experimental groups. The negative control consisted of blocks with no intra‐bony defects, whereas the positive control consisted of blocks with an artificial lesion of 2 mm diameter that perforated the buccal cortical bone plate. Two experimental groups comprised blocks with small (2 mm) and large (5 mm) artificial defects created under a cortical plate thinned to varying thicknesses. Two additional groups had small (2 mm) and large (5 mm) artificial defects that did not involve the cortical plate. After USE, the scans were saved and submitted to three blinded examiners. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC) were analysed. The significance of the findings (P < 0.05) was appraised using the chi‐square statistics with the Yates correction, whilst the intra‐ and inter‐examiner agreements were evaluated through Kappa statistics.

Results

USE was associated with high sensitivity (97.3%) and negative predictive value (89%), and a perfect score for specificity and positive predictive value. The ROC curve analysis revealed an accuracy of 97.8%. The k‐values were 0.86 and 0.89 for the first and second examinations, respectively, demonstrating very high inter‐observer agreement. The intra‐observer agreement was also high (k‐value = 0.92). A significant correlation between the echographic diagnosis and the presence or absence of artificial intraosseous lesions in the anatomical blocks of bovine mandibles was observed (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

USE was highly accurate and reliable for the detection of artificial lesions within bovine mandibles, regardless of the thickness or presence of the cortical plate.
Cavotricuspid isthmus line in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation with or without history of typical atrial flutter: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Romero Jorge , Patel Kavisha , Briceno David , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya , Gabr Mohamed , Diaz Juan C. , Alviz Isabella , Polanco Dalvert , Della Rocca Domenico G. , Mohanty Prasant , Mohanty Sanghamitra , Trivedi Chintan , Natale Andrea , Di Biase Luigi
Published: June 2020

Background

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the mainstay of catheter ablation (CA) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). However, for persistent and long‐standing persistent AF, there are no established strategies to improve the success rate of CA. Despite studies indicating that prophylactic cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation provides no or limited incremental benefit in patients with AF, it is still routinely performed worldwide.

Objective

We sought to examine whether CTI ablation for AF is associated with improvement in recurrence of all‐atrial arrhythmias, compared with PVI alone in patients with and without typical atrial flutter (AFL).

Methods

A systematic review of PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase was performed for clinical studies including AF patients, reporting outcomes of CTI + PVI versus PVI alone. The primary efficacy endpoint was recurrence of all‐atrial arrhythmias.

Results

Five studies comprising 1400 patients undergoing CTI + PVI versus PVI alone were included; 1110 patients had AF without AFL, and 290 patients had coexistent AF and AFL. After a mean follow‐up of 14.4 ± 4.8 months, CTI + PVI was not associated with improvement in recurrence of all‐atrial arrhythmias when compared with PVI alone (risk ratio [RR]: 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93–1.79;p = .13). In the subgroup analysis, there were no differences between both groups in patients with AF without AFL (RR: 1.55; 95% CI: 0.96–2.48; p = .07), and in patients with AF and AFL (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.6–1.39; p = .68).

Conclusion

In AF patients, irrespective of the presence of typical AFL, additional CTI ablation is not associated with improvement in recurrence of all‐atrial arrhythmias, compared with PVI alone.
Exploring the Impacts of Racial Disparity Within the American Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Dragomir Renne Rodriguez , Tadros Eman
Published: June 2020

The racial disparity in the American juvenile justice system impacts the lives of many youth of color. Youth of color constitute 34% of the U.S. population, however, they make up 62% of the youth charged in the juvenile justice system. The cycle of racial inequality and imprisonment are factors influenced by residential segregation and policing practices. Juvenile justice involvement leads to poorer physical and mental health in youth, stymied social outcomes, poorer familial relationships, decreased graduation and employment rates, increased rates in violence, and long‐term negative future outcomes. The article advocates for mental health treatment and family services to be incorporated within incarcerated settings. Clinical strategies and future direction are discussed to begin to combat these various adverse impacts.
Effects of flexible sacrum positions during the second stage of labour on maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zang Yu , Lu Hong , Zhao Yang , Huang Jing , Ren Lihua , Li Xia
Published: June 2020

Aims and objectives

To assess the effects of flexible sacrum positions on mode of delivery, duration of the second stage of labour, perineal trauma, postpartum haemorrhage, maternal pain, abnormal foetal heart rate patterns and Apgar scores based on published literature.

Background

Maternal positions served as a nonmedical intervention may facilitate optimal maternal and neonatal outcomes during labour. Flexible sacrum positions are conducive to expanding pelvic outlet. Whether flexible sacrum positions have positive effects on maternal and neonatal well‐being is a controversial issue under heated discussion.

Design

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis based on PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing any flexible sacrum position with non‐flexible sacrum position in the second stage of labour were included. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), SinoMed and Wanfang databases were searched from inception to 11 March 2019 for published RCTs. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane criteria, and random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted by RevMan 5.3.

Results

Sixteen studies (3,397 women) published in English were included. Flexible sacrum positions in the second stage of labour could reduce the incidence of operative delivery, instrumental vaginal delivery, caesarean section, episiotomy, severe perineal trauma, severe pain and shorten the duration of active pushing phase in the second stage of labour. However, flexible sacrum positions may increase the incidence of mild perineal trauma. There was no significant difference in the duration of the second stage of labour, maternal satisfaction and other outcomes.

Conclusions

Flexible sacrum positions are superior in promoting maternal well‐being during childbirth. However, several results require careful interpretation. More rigorous original studies are needed to further explore their effects.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results support the use of flexible sacrum positions. Flexible sacrum positions are recommended to apply flexibly or tailor to individual woman's labour progress.
A safe level of alcohol consumption: the right answer demands the right question
Authors: Mukamal K. J.
Published: June 2020

Alcohol has been produced by humans for nearly ten millennia, but gold‐standard evidence by which to judge the health effects of limited alcohol consumption remains elusive, introducing serious difficulty in considering the safety of alcohol consumption. To do so, physicians and policymakers must consider the population, dose and context of alcohol consumption and the end‐point, preferably a holistic composite, of interest. The limitations of new research trends, such as mega‐cohorts, genetic instrumental variable analysis and modelling studies, must also be viewed against the much larger backdrop of existing evidence. Some existing guidelines, such as the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, succeed remarkably in this task. Nonetheless, large‐scale randomized trials are urgently needed if future generations are to enjoy any greater insight into the health effects of population‐wide alcohol consumption than the current one has.
When to sell an asset amid anxiety about drawdowns
Authors: Rodosthenous Neofytos , Zhang Hongzhong
Published: June 2020

We consider risk‐averse investors with different levels of anxiety about asset price drawdowns. The latter is defined as the distance of the current price away from its best performance since inception. These drawdowns can increase either continuously or by jumps, and will contribute toward the investor's overall impatience when breaching the investor's private tolerance level. We investigate the unusual reactions of investors when aiming to sell an asset under such adverse market conditions. Mathematically, we study the optimal stopping of the utility of an asset sale with a random discounting that captures the investor's overall impatience. The random discounting is given by the cumulative amount of time spent by the drawdowns in an undesirable high region, fine‐tuned by the investor's personal tolerance and anxiety about drawdowns. We prove that in addition to the traditional take‐profit sales, the real‐life employed stop‐loss orders and trailing stops may become part of the optimal selling strategy, depending on different personal characteristics. This paper thus provides insights on the effect of anxiety and its distinction with traditional risk aversion on decision making.
Candidaemia in haematological malignancy patients from a SEIFEM study: Epidemiological patterns according to antifungal prophylaxis
Authors: Posteraro Brunella , De Carolis Elena , Criscuolo Marianna , Ballanti Stelvio , De Angelis Giulia , Del Principe Maria Ilaria , Delia Mario , Fracchiolla Nicola , Marchesi Francesco , Nadali Gianpaolo , Picardi Marco , Piccioni Anna Lina , Verga Luisa , Candoni Anna , Busca Alessandro , Sanguinetti Maurizio , Pagano Livio ,   the SEIFEM group
Published: June 2020

Background

Candidaemia is an important infectious complication for haematological malignancy patients. Antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence of candidaemia but may be associated with breakthrough candidaemia.

Objective

To analyse the Candida species’ distribution and relative antifungal susceptibility profiles of candidaemia episodes in relation to the use of antifungal prophylaxis among Italian SEIFEM haematology centres.

Methodology

This multicentre retrospective observational SEIFEM study included 133 single‐species candidaemia episodes of haematological malignancy patients for whom antifungal susceptibility testing results of blood Candida isolates were available between 2011 and 2015. Each participating centre provided both clinical and microbiological data.

Results

Non‐Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species were the mostly isolated species (89, 66.9%), which accounted for C parapsilosis (35, 26.3%), C glabrata (16, 12.0%), C krusei (14, 10.5%), C tropicalis (13, 9.8%) and uncommon species (11, 8.3%). C albicans caused the remaining 44 (33.1%) episodes. Excluding 2 C albicans isolates, 23 of 25 fluconazole‐resistant isolates were NCAC species (14 C krusei, 6 C glabrata, 2 C parapsilosis and 1 C tropicalis). Fifty‐six (42.1%) of 133 patients developed breakthrough candidaemia. Systemic antifungal prophylaxis consisted of azoles, especially fluconazole and posaconazole, in 50 (89.3%) of 56 patients in whom a breakthrough candidaemia occurred. Interestingly, all these patients tended to develop a C krusei infection (10/56, P = .02) or a fluconazole‐resistant isolate’s infection (14/50, P = .04) compared to patients (4/77 and 10/77, respectively) who did not have a breakthrough candidaemia.

Conclusions

Optimisation of prophylactic strategies is necessary to limit the occurrence of breakthrough candidaemia and, importantly, the emergence of fluconazole‐resistant NCAC isolates’ infections in haematological malignancy patients.
Evidence of soil‐located competition as the cause of the reduction of sunflower verticillium wilt by entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Miranda‐Fuentes Pedro , García‐Carneros Ana Belén , Montilla‐Carmona Ana María , Molinero‐Ruiz Leire
Published: June 2020

The increasing limitation of agrochemicals for disease control is a major challenge for European agriculture and a spur to developing environmentally friendly approaches such as biological control. Entomopathogenic fungi, which have been used in the control of insect pests for a long time, also have other uses, such as being antagonists of fungi, including plant pathogens. We determined the in vitro effect of three strains of Metarhizium brunneum and two of Beauveria bassiana against Verticillium dahliae and Cadophora helianthi, causal agents of sunflower wilts. Both M. brunneum and B. bassiana were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the sunflower pathogens and, according to the dual culture and microscopy results, two types of antagonism were observed as being dependent on the strain: competition and/or antibiosis. Greenhouse experiments showed that, after soil treatments with entomopathogens and plant inoculation by root immersion in conidial suspensions of V. dahliae, the entomopathogens were able to efficiently persist in the soil, and three of the four strains even significantly reduced the severity of symptoms in sunflowers. Interestingly, molecular analysis showed that all the strains were able to establish themselves as endophytes in sunflowers in the absence of V. dahliae. When the plants were inoculated with V. dahliae, we detected the pathogen, but not the entomopathogen, in the sunflowers by molecular methods. The results of this work suggest that the protection conferred by M. brunneum and B. bassiana against verticillium wilt might not be plant‐located, but is probably the consequence of their competition with V. dahliae in the soil.
COVID‐19 and Finance: Market Developments So Far and Potential Impacts on the Financial Sector and Centres
Authors: Wójcik Dariusz , Ioannou Stefanos
Published: June 2020

This paper offers an informed commentary on the actual and potential impacts of the pandemic on financial markets, sector and centres, grounded in literature on financial centres, the state‐finance nexus, and trends affecting the landscape of finance since the global financial crisis. We expect a slowdown in new financial regulation, continued firm‐level consolidation, and a continued rise of business services related to finance. The application of new financial technologies is likely to accelerate, affecting retail banking in particular, but will not necessarily be led by FinTech firms. Local and regional financial centres are likely to face larger challenges than leading international centres. As the panic and partial recovery in financial markets in March and April 2020 highlighted the significance of the international monetary hierarchy, with the US$ in the lead, a radical shift of financial power to Asia seems unlikely.
An iterative approach based on contextual information for matching multi‐scale polygonal object datasets
Authors: Liu Lingjia , Ding Xiaohui , Zhu Xinyan , Fan Liang , Gong Jun
Published: June 2020

Object matching facilitates spatial data integration, updating, evaluation, and management. However, data to be matched often originate from different sources and present problems with regard to positional discrepancies and different levels of detail. To resolve these problems, this article designs an iterative matching framework that effectively combines the advantages of the contextual information and an artificial neural network. The proposed method can correctly aggregate one‐to‐many (1:N) and many‐to‐many (M:N) potential matching pairs using contextual information in the presence of positional discrepancies and a high spatial distribution density. This method iteratively detects new landmark pairs (matched pairs), based on the prior landmark pairs as references, until all landmark pairs are obtained. Our approach has been experimentally validated using two topographic datasets at 1:50 and 1:10k. It outperformed a method based on a back‐propagation neural network. The precision increased by 4.5% and the recall increased by 21.6%, respectively.
Passenger lymphocyte thrombocytopenia due to human platelet antigen 3a antibodies: Case report and review of literature
Authors: French Winnifred , Hopkins Matthew , Poles Anthony , Mijovic Aleksandar
Published: June 2020

We report a case of severe acute thrombocytopenia occurring within days after a cadaveric liver transplant, received from a female patient with aplastic anemia who died of intracranial bleeding. The donor, who was homozygous for the ITGA2B*002 (HPA‐3b) gene, had developed human platelet antigen (HPA)‐3a antibodies, whereas the recipient was homozygous for the ITGA2B*001 (HPA‐3a) gene. Thrombocytopenia responded to an infusion of immunoglobulin G. This is the first report of a passenger lymphocyte syndrome manifesting with thrombocytopenia due to anti‐HPA‐3a. We review the literature on thrombocytopenia in the setting of PLS and discuss the differential diagnosis.
Descemet's membrane detachments, ruptures, and separations in ten adult horses: Clinical signs, diagnostics, treatment options, and preliminary results
Authors: Rodriguez Galarza Roxanne M. , McMullen Richard J.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging results, and treatment outcomes of a series of presumed spontaneous Descemet's membrane detachments (DMD), ruptures, or separations (DMRS) in the adult horse.

Animals studied

Ten adult horses of various breeds with DMD or DMRS.

Procedures

Descemet's membrane detachments/DMRS were diagnosed via slit lamp biomicroscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT). Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) with heterologous corneal donor tissue (n = 1), superficial lamellar keratectomy, and Gundersen inlay flaps alone (GF, n = 1) or with subsequent intracamerally assisted corneal tissue welding (CTW, n = 2), or CTW alone (n = 5) were performed in 9/10 horses. One horse underwent spontaneous resolution (n = 1).

Results

Ten horses were diagnosed with either unilateral DMD (n = 4) or DMRS (n = 6). Seven of ten eyes remained visual during the follow‐up period (8.16 ± 6.57 months). Graft transparency was good for the eye treated with PK. The horse that underwent GF alone was functionally blind due to persistent corneal edema. The clinical signs resolved in 3/5 horses that underwent CTW alone, but 2/5 eyes were enucleated due to corneal perforation. Both eyes treated with combined GF/CTW had significant corneal clearing with one having evidence of reattachment on UBM and OCT.

Conclusions

Descemet's membrane detachments separations presents differently than typical DMD and advanced corneal imaging modalities may aid in their diagnosis. Corneal tissue welding using infraCG as the photosensitive agent, or in combination with Gundersen inlay flaps, represents a feasible treatment option for management of equine DMD/DMRS as described in the present case series.
Dogs and pigs are transport hosts of Necator americanus: Molecular evidence for a zoonotic mechanism of human hookworm transmission in Ghana
Authors: Boyko Ryan H. , Marie Harrison Lisa , Humphries Debbie , Galvani Alison P. , Townsend Jeffrey P. , Otchere Joseph , Wilson Michael D. , Cappello Michael
Published: June 2020

Hookworm infection (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp) causes significant morbidity in resource‐limited countries. Dog and pig ownership is associated with human infection, although the mechanism through which animals increase risk remains unknown. We first confirmed this association in Kintampo North, Ghana, using a retrospective analysis and serology, followed by a prospective molecular study of animal faeces. As a proxy of exposure to dog faeces, we analysed immunoreactivity of human serum to the zoonotic nematode Toxocara canis. Anti‐Toxocara antibodies were present in 62% of samples (n = 89), and reactivity was associated with dog ownership. A subsequent prospective study revealed that 43% of dog and 56% of pig faecal samples contained hookworm eggs by microscopy. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of N. americanus DNA in 47% of samples from dogs and 56% pig samples. Nematode larvae were successfully cultured from samples collected from 36 dogs and seven pigs. These results demonstrate that dogs and pigs have a likely role in the transmission of N. americanus in endemic communities.
Improvements of the Adiabatic Film Cooling by Using Two-Row Holes of Different Geometries and Arrangements
Authors: Zhang Guohua , Liu Jian , Sundén Bengt , Xie Gongnan
Published: June 2020

Existing researches on two-row film cooling mainly focused on double-jet film cooling. However, researches on the effects by combining different kinds of hole shapes on film cooling performance are quite limited. In order to improve the film cooling effectiveness, the three-dimensional numerical method is utilized to investigate the effects of a novel structure composed of two-row holes with different shapes and arrangements on the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness with the blowing ratio of M = 1.5. To achieve this purpose, 30 different cases with two-row holes are designed and their film cooling effectiveness are compared with those of other seven cases with a single hole. Cases with two-row holes are designed by setting cylindrical, elliptical, or super-elliptical holes as the first-row, and arranging cylindrical holes with 30 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg, and 90 deg compound angles as the second row. The realizable k–ɛ turbulence model with enhanced wall function is utilized for all cases under identical boundary conditions. Similar film cooling performances are observed for cases with elliptical and super-elliptical holes being the first row, since the maximum deviation of film cooling effectiveness is less than 10%. It is found that the case integrates both a cylindrical hole and a cylindrical hole with 90 deg compound angle can greatly improve the film cooling performance with a higher discharge coefficient. However, the staggered case with an elliptical hole as both first- and second row gives the best film cooling effectiveness and the worst discharge coefficient due to the biggest resistance for the coolant flowing into the film hole.
Predicting Flexural Strength of Additively Manufactured Continuous Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Machine Learning
Authors: Zhang Ziyang , Shi Junchuan , Yu Tianyu , Santomauro Aaron , Gordon Ali , Gou Jihua , Wu Dazhong
Published: June 2020

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have been used extensively in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. Compared with conventional manufacturing processes for CFRP, additive manufacturing (AM) can facilitate the fabrication of CFRP components with complex structures. While AM offers significant advantages over conventional processes, establishing the structure–property relationships in additively manufactured CFRP remains a challenge because the mechanical properties of additively manufactured CFRP depend on many design parameters. To address this issue, we introduce a data-driven modeling approach that predicts the flexural strength of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CCFRP) fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM). The predictive model of flexural strength is trained using machine learning and validated on experimental data. The relationship between three structural design factors, including the number of fiber layers, the number of fiber rings as well as polymer infill patterns, and the flexural strength of the CCFRP specimens is quantified.
Integrated Image-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling Software as an Instructional Tool
Authors: Boster Kimberly A. Stevens , Dong Melody , Oakes Jessica M. , Bellini Chiara , Rayz Vitaliy L. , LaDisa John F. , Parker Dave , Wilson Nathan M. , Shadden Shawn C. , Marsden Alison L. , Goergen Craig J.
Published: June 2020

Computational modeling of cardiovascular flows is becoming increasingly important in a range of biomedical applications, and understanding the fundamentals of computational modeling is important for engineering students. In addition to their purpose as research tools, integrated image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) platforms can be used to teach the fundamental principles involved in computational modeling and generate interest in studying cardiovascular disease. We report the results of a study performed at five institutions designed to investigate the effectiveness of an integrated modeling platform as an instructional tool and describe “best practices” for using an integrated modeling platform in the classroom. Use of an integrated modeling platform as an instructional tool in nontraditional educational settings (workshops, study abroad programs, in outreach) is also discussed. Results of the study show statistically significant improvements in understanding after using the integrated modeling platform, suggesting such platforms can be effective tools for teaching fundamental cardiovascular computational modeling principles.
Improved Computational Fluid Dynamics Framework for Reactor Core Baffle Swelling Assessment
Authors: Filonova Yuliia , Dubyk Yaroslav , Filonov Vladislav , Kondratjuk Vadym
Published: June 2020

This paper presents an improved estimation of reactor core baffle temperature distribution, during operation, at the nominal power level to address swelling problems of the reactor internals. Swelling is the main limiting factor in the reactor core internals long term operation of VVER-1000 nuclear units. The material irradiation-induced swelling and creep models are very sensitive to temperature distribution in metal; thus, a more detailed analysis of the core baffle metal thermohydraulic cooling characteristics is required. A framework for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of VVER-1000 reactor baffle cooling is presented. First, an analytical model was developed to obtain boundary conditions (BCs) and simplify CFD analysis. Second, the CFD analysis was performed using 60 deg symmetry, which included core, baffle, and core barrel, and it is limited by the height of the baffle. Core is simplified as an equivalent coolant domain with considering of spatial volumetric energy release. Core baffle is presented as monolithic body with considering of gamma-ray heat generation. Model includes cooling ribs and simplified geometry of connecting studs, with cooling flow of the coolant through the nuts grooves. Calculated convection coefficient and temperature are in good agreement with analytical model and give a more accurate result comparing to RELAP5/mod3.2. Obtained temperature field was used to estimate baffle swelling process and justify safe long term operation of the reactor internals.
A Design Guideline for Random Excitation Forces Due to Two-Phase Cross Flow in Tube Bundles
Authors: Taylor Colette E. , Pettigrew Michel J.
Published: June 2020

This paper re-examines the available experimental data to investigate the random excitation forces that affect tube bundles exposed to two-phase cross flow. Much of the experimental data generated over the past four decades have been gathered in an attempt to understand the parametric dependence of the random two-phase forces. The data include air–water, steam–water and various Freons used in a variety of test sections with either strain gages to measure the tube amplitude or force transducers to measure the reaction forces. A review of previous work in this area finds that some authors claim a strong flow regime dependence while others suggest that this dependence is weak. This work takes a detailed look at this discrepancy and finds that a single design guideline does not adequately bound all flow regimes. As a result, two dimensionless upper bounds are proposed.
An ancient push-pull pollination mechanism in cycads
Authors: Salzman Shayla , Crook Damon , Crall James D. , Hopkins Robin , Pierce Naomi E.
Published: June 2020

Thermogenic push-pull mechanisms are ancestral features of the specialized brood parasite pollination system of cycads.
Multiplexed whole-animal imaging with reversibly switchable optoacoustic proteins
Authors: Mishra Kanuj , Stankevych Mariia , Fuenzalida-Werner Juan Pablo , Grassmann Simon , Gujrati Vipul , Huang Yuanhui , Klemm Uwe , Buchholz Veit R. , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Stiel Andre C.
Published: June 2020

Temporally unmixed optoacoustic enables routine in vivo imaging of transgene-labeled cells deep in the mouse body.
Enhanced Triacylglycerol Metabolism Contributes to Efficient Oil Utilization and High-Level Production of Salinomycin in Streptomyces albus ZD11
Authors: Li Han , Wei Jiaxiu , Dong Jianxin , Li Yudong , Li Yongquan , Chen Yinghu , Guan Wenjun
Published: June 2020

In order to obtain high-level production of antibiotics, oils have been used as the main carbon source for some
Streptomyces
strains. Based on multiomics analysis, this study provides insight into the relationship between triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism and antibiotic biosynthesis in
S. albus
ZD11, an oil-preferring industrial
Streptomyces
strain. Our investigation into TAG hydrolysis yielded further evidence that this strain utilizes complicated strategies enabling an efficient TAG metabolism. In addition, a novel secreted lipase was identified that exhibited highly hydrolytic activity for medium- and long-chain TAGs. Our findings represent a good start toward clarifying the complicated relationship between TAG catabolism and high-level antibiotic production in the industrial strains.
Diazotrophic
Anaeromyxobacter
Isolates from Soils
Authors: Masuda Yoko , Yamanaka Haruka , Xu Zhen-Xing , Shiratori Yutaka , Aono Toshihiro , Amachi Seigo , Senoo Keishi , Itoh Hideomi
Published: June 2020

Anaeromyxobacter
is globally distributed in soil environments, especially predominant in paddy soils. Current studies based on environmental DNA/RNA analyses frequently detect gene fragments encoding nitrogenase of
Anaeromyxobacter
from various soil environments. Although the importance of
Anaeromyxobacter
as a diazotroph in nature has been suggested by culture-independent studies, there has been no solid evidence and validation from genomic and culture-based analyses that
Anaeromyxobacter
fixes nitrogen. This study demonstrates that
Anaeromyxobacter
harboring nitrogenase genes exhibits diazotrophic ability; moreover, N
2
-dependent growth was demonstrated
in vitro
and in the soil environment. Our findings indicate that nitrogen fixation is important for
Anaeromyxobacter
to survive under nitrogen-deficient environments and provide a novel insight into the environmental function of
Anaeromyxobacter
, which is a common bacterium in soils.
Aridity-driven decoupling of δ13C between pedogenic carbonate and soil organic matter
Authors: Da Jiawei , Zhang Yi Ge , Li Gen , Ji Junfeng
Published: June 2020

Pedogenic carbonate is an invaluable archive for reconstructing continental paleoclimate and paleoecology. The δ13C of pedogenic carbonate (δ13Cc) has been widely used to document the rise and expansion of C4 plants over the Cenozoic. This application requires a fundamental presumption that in soil pores, soil-respired CO2 dominates over atmospheric CO2 during the formation of pedogenic carbonates. However, the decoupling between δ13Cc and δ13C of soil organic matter (δ13CSOM) have been observed, particularly in arid regions, suggesting that this presumption is not always valid. To evaluate the influence of atmospheric CO2 on soil δ13Cc, here we performed systematic δ13C analyses of paleosols across the Chinese Loess Plateau, with the sample ages spanning three intervals: the Holocene, the Late Pleistocene, and the mid-Pliocene warm period. Our paired δ13Cc and δ13CSOM data reveal broadly divergent trending patterns. Using a two-component CO2-mixing model, we show substantial incorporations of atmospheric CO2 (up to 60%) into soil pore space during carbonate precipitation. This result readily explains the enrichment of δ13Cc and its divergence from δ13CSOM. As a consequence, δ13C of pedogenic carbonates formed under semiarid and/or arid conditions are largely driven by regional aridity through its control on soil CO2 composition, and thus cannot be used to evaluate the relative abundance of C3 versus C4 plants. Nonetheless, these carbonates can be applied for atmospheric CO2 reconstructions, even for periods with low CO2 levels.
Supplemental Material: Rapid assembly of high-Mg andesites and dacites by magma mixing at a continental arc stratovolcano
Authors: Conway Chris , al. et
Published: June 2020

Details of analytical methods, and supplemental data and figures.
Supplemental Material: Mexican record of circum–Gulf of Mexico Jurassic depositional systems and climate
Authors: Molina Garza Roberto S.
Published: June 2020

U-Pb LA-ICPMS results of Jurassic eolianites from Cohuila sites
Perinatal encephalopathy, the syndrome of intracranial hypertension and associated diagnostic labels in the Commonwealth of Independent States: a systematic review
Authors: Mustafayev Revan , Seyid-Mammadova Tarana , Kennedy Colin R , Ertem Ilgi Ozturk , Forsyth Brian , Weber Martin
Published: June 2020

Background

The WHO reports excessive rates of ill-defined neurological diagnoses and ineffective and potentially harmful drug treatments in children in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Collectively termed perinatal encephalopathy and the syndrome of intracranial hypertension (PE-SIH), these diagnoses are important contributors to perceived childhood morbidity and disability in the CIS. A systematic compilation of information on PE-SIH is lacking.

Methods

We systematically reviewed publications between 1970 and 2020 on PE-SIH in Azerbaijani, English, Russian and Ukrainian languages and summarised information on PE-SIH.

Results

We identified 30 publications (70% in Russian) published 1976–2017. The diagnosis of PE-SIH was either based on unreported criteria (67% of reports), non-specific clinical features of typically developing children or those with common developmental disorders (20% of reports) or cranial ultrasound (13% of reports). The reported proportion of children with PE-SIH in the study samples ranged from 31% to 99%. There were few published studies on reassessments of children diagnosed with PE-SIH, and these did not confirm neurological disease in the majority of children. Treatments included multiple unlicenced drugs without established effectiveness and with potential unwanted effects.

Conclusion

This review suggests that PE-SIH is a medical diagnostic label that is used in numerous children without substantive associated disease. The diagnosis and treatment of PE-SIH is a multidimensional, iatrogenic, clinical and public health problem in the CIS. With increasing use of evidence-based medicine guidelines in the region, it is hoped that PE-SIH will gradually disappear, but actions to accelerate this change are nevertheless needed.
Recurrent sudden unexpected death in infancy: a case series of sibling deaths
Authors: Garstang Joanna J , Campbell Michael J , Cohen Marta C , Coombs Robert C , Daman Willems Charlotte , McKenzie Angela , Moore Angela , Waite Alison
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To determine the rate of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) for infants born after a previous SUDI in the same family, and to establish the causes of death and the frequency of child protection concerns in families with recurrent SUDI.

Design

Observational study using clinical case records.

Setting

The UK’s Care of Next Infant (CONI) programme, which provides additional care to families who have experienced SUDI with their subsequent children.

Patients

Infants registered on CONI between January 2000 and December 2015.

Main outcome measures

Cause of death, presence of modifiable risk factors for SUDI and child protection concerns.

Results

There were 6608 live-born infants registered in CONI with 29 deaths. 26 families had 2 deaths, and 3 families had 3 deaths. The SUDI rate for infants born after one SUDI is 3.93 (95% CI 2.7 to 5.8) per 1000 live births. Cause of death was unexplained for 19 first and 15 CONI deaths. Accidental asphyxia accounted for 2 first and 6 CONI deaths; medical causes for 3 first and 4 CONI deaths; and homicide for 2 first and 4 CONI deaths. 10 families had child protection concerns.

Conclusions

The SUDI rate for siblings is 10 times higher than the current UK SUDI rate. Homicide presenting as recurrent SUDI is very rare. Many parents continued to smoke and exposed infants to hazardous co-sleeping situations, with these directly leading to or contributing to the death of six siblings. SUDI parents need support to improve parenting skills and reduce risk to subsequent infants.
Metastatic clear cell endometrial carcinoma: an unusual cause of a common clinical presentation
Authors: Emiloju Oluwadunni , Candelario Nellowe , Dourado Claudia
Published: June 2020

A 60-year-old woman presented with melena for 2 weeks. She had undergone hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy to treat clear cell endometrial carcinoma 10 months before the presentation. She was anaemic and tachycardic; abdominal CT scan revealed a large duodenal mass. Her gastrointestinal bleed was not amenable to endoscopic intervention, so she had emergent laparotomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy with duodenal mass excision. Histopathology confirmed that the duodenal mass was a metastatic deposit from her clear cell endometrial cancer. Postoperatively, she was frail and chose hospice care and she died 90 days postoperatively. Clear cell endometrial cancer is a rare subtype of endometrial cancer, that has a worse prognosis compared with the more common endometrioid subtype. The duodenum is a rare site for metastatic endometrial cancer, and we report this case to alert clinicians to the possibility of metastases to the small intestine in patients with clear cell endometrial cancer.
Uveitis and cystoid macular oedema secondary to topical prostaglandin analogue use in ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma
Authors: Hu Jason , Vu James Thinh , Hong Brian , Gottlieb Chloe
Published: June 2020

Background

Of the side effects of prostaglandin analogues (PGAs), uveitis and cystoid macular oedema (CME) have significant potential for vision loss based on postmarket reports. Caution has been advised due to concerns of macular oedema and uveitis. In this report, we researched and summarised the original data suggesting these effects and determined their incidence.

Methods

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Studies evaluating topical PGAs in patients with ocular hypertension or open angle glaucoma were included. MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched between 1946 and 2019. Experimental studies, animal studies and randomised studies with other intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops were excluded.

Results

214 studies (28 232 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Using prospective data, the incidence of uveitis and CME among PGA users were 62/28 232 (0.22%) and 25/28 232 (0.09%), respectively. A higher frequency of both uveitis and CME were found among latanoprost users compared with bimatoprost. There were 21 case studies reporting CME including 48 eyes in 43 patients. 47 of 48 eyes (97.9%) had previous incisional ocular surgery. 8 eyes were re-challenged, of which 7 (87.5%) recurred. 7 case studies reported uveitis in 15 eyes of 10 patients. 7 of 15 eyes (46.7%) were either pseudophakic or aphakic. 6 eyes were re-challenged, and all 6 (100%) recurred.

Conclusions

Cases of uveitis or CME revealed a confounding effect of ocular surgery, aphakia or subluxed intraocular lens. PGAs may be used in non-surgical patients without concern of causing CME or uveitis. The incidences of PGA-associated CME and uveitis are rare with limited prospective studies on the cause-effect relationship.
Real world evidence on 5661 patients treated for macular oedema secondary to
branch retinal vein occlusion with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth
factor, intravitreal dexamethasone or macular laser
Authors: Gale Richard , Pikoula Maria , Lee Aaron Y , Denaxas Spiros , Egan Catherine , Tufail Adnan , Taylor Paul ,   UK EMR Users Group
Published: June 2020

Background/aims

Clinical trials suggest anti-vascular endothelial growth factor is more
effective than intravitreal dexamethasone as treatment for macular oedema
secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. This study asks if ‘real world’
data from a larger and more diverse population, followed for a longer period,
also support this conclusion.

Methods

Data collected to support routine care at 27 NHS (National Health Service)
Trusts between February 2002 and September 2017 contained 5661 treatment-naive
patients with a single mode of treatment for macular oedema secondary to branch
retinal vein occlusion and no history of cataract surgery either during or
recently preceding the treatment. Number of treatment visits and change in
visual acuity from baseline was plotted for three treatment groups
(anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF), intravitreal
dexamethasone, macular laser) for up to 3 years.

Results

Mean baseline visual acuity was 57.1/53.1/62.3 letters in the
anti-VEGF/dexamethasone/macular laser groups, respectively. This changed to
66.72 (+9.6)/57.6 (+4.5)/63.2 (+0.9) at 12 months. Adequate numbers allowed
analysis at 18 months for all groups (66.6 (+9.5)/56.1 (+3.0)/60.8 (-1.5)) and
for anti-VEGF at 36 months (68.0, +10.9) Mean number of treatments were
5.1/1.5/1.2 at 12 months, 5.9/1.7/1.2 at 18 months for all three groups and
10.3 at 36 months for anti-VEGF.

Conclusions

Visual acuity improvements were higher and more sustained with anti-VEGF.
Higher treatment burden occurred with anti-VEGF but this reduced over 36
months. Patients with better vision at baseline than those in the clinical
trials maintained high levels of vision with both anti-VEGF and
dexamethasone.