bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New clinical research strategies in thoracic oncology: clinical trial design, adaptive, basket and umbrella trials, new end-points and new evaluations of response
Authors: Menis Jessica , Hasan Baktiar , Besse Benjamin
Published: September 2014

In the genomics era, our main goal should be to identify large and meaningful differences in small, molecularly selected groups of patients. Classical phase I, II and III models for drug development require large resources, limiting the number of experimental agents that can be tested and making the evaluation of targeted agents inefficient.

There is an urgent need to streamline the development of new compounds, with the aim of identifying “trials designed to learn”, which could lead to subsequent “trials designed to conclude”.

Basket trials are often viewed as parallel phase II trials within the same entity, designed on the basis of a common denominator, which can be a molecular alteration(s). Most basket trials are histology-independent and aberration-specific clinical trials. Umbrella trials are built on a centrally performed molecular portrait and molecularly selected cohorts with matched drugs, and can include patients’ randomisation and strategy validation. Beyond new designs, new end-points and new evaluation techniques are also warranted to finally achieve methodology and clinical improvements, in particular within immunotherapy trials.
Current evidence of epidermal barrier dysfunction and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in the atopic march
Authors: Li Mei
Published: September 2014

It has long been observed that the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis and food allergy are frequently preceded by atopic dermatitis, a phenomenon known as the “atopic march”. Clinical, genetic and experimental studies have supported the fact that atopic dermatitis could be the initial step of the atopic march, leading to the subsequent development of other atopic diseases. This brief review will focus on the current evidence showing that epidermal barrier dysfunction and the keratinocyte-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin play critical roles in the onset of the atopic march.
Molecular mechanisms of resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Cortot Alexis B. , Jänne Pasi A.
Published: September 2014

The discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has allowed the identification of a subset of patients whose tumours are exquisitely sensitive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Despite the efficacy and superiority of EGFR TKIs over chemotherapy as first-line therapy, all patients will ultimately develop progressive disease, with a median of 9–13 months progression-free survival. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to EGFR TKIs can help design new drugs and therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance. This has been illustrated by the new generation TKIs that are effective on the T790M mutation, which is the most frequent mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. In this article, we will address the main molecular mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs in EGFR-mutant NSCLC.
Differential diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia: when is it truly idiopathic?
Authors: Wuyts Wim A. , Cavazza Alberto , Rossi Giulio , Bonella Francesco , Sverzellati Nicola , Spagnolo Paolo
Published: September 2014

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common and lethal of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, is defined by a radiological and/or pathological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). However, UIP is not synonymous with IPF as other clinical conditions may be associated with UIP, including chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, collagen vascular disease, drug toxicity, asbestosis, familial IPF and Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome. Differentiating IPF (“idiopathic UIP”) from conditions that mimic IPF (“secondary UIP”) has substantial therapeutic and prognostic implications.

A number of radiological and histological clues may help distinguish IPF from other conditions with a UIP pattern of fibrosis, but their appreciation requires extensive expertise in interstitial lung disease as well as an integrated multidisciplinary approach involving pulmonologists, radiologists and pathologists. In addition, multidisciplinary discussions may decrease the time to initial IPF diagnosis and, thus, enable more timely management. This concept was strongly emphasised by the 2011 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT guidelines.

This article highlights, with the aid of a clinical case, the difficulties in making a diagnosis of IPF in clinical practice. Yet, an accurate diagnosis is critical, particularly given the availability of drugs that may reduce the pace of functional decline and disease progression in IPF.
Extracorporeal support for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Finney Simon J.
Published: September 2014

Extracorporeal membrane oxygen (ECMO) has been used for many years in patients with life-threatening hypoxaemia and/or hypercarbia. While early trials demonstrated that it was associated with poor outcomes and extensive haemorrhage, the technique has evolved. It now encompasses new technologies and understanding that the lung protective mechanical ventilation it can facilitate is inextricably linked to improving outcomes for patients.

The positive results from the CESAR (Conventional ventilation or ECMO for Severe Adult Respiratory failure) study and excellent outcomes in patients who suffered severe influenza A (H1N1/09) infection have established ECMO in the care of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Controversy remains as to at what point in the clinical pathway ECMO should be employed; as a rescue therapy or more pro-actively to enable and ensure high-quality lung protective mechanical ventilation.

The primary aims of this article are to discuss: 1) the types of extracorporeal support available; 2) the rationale for its use; 3) the relationship with lung protective ventilation; and 4) the current evidence for its use.
The vascular bed in COPD: pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular alterations
Authors: Sakao Seiichiro , Voelkel Norbert F. , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: September 2014

The loss of pulmonary vessels has been shown to be related to the severity of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The severity of hypoxaemia is also related to pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular resistance in these patients, suggesting that the hypoxic condition probably plays an important role in this form of pulmonary hypertension.

However, pulmonary hypertension also develops in patients with mild COPD without hypoxaemia. Oxygen supplementation therapy often fails to reverse the pulmonary hypertension in these COPD patients, thus suggesting that the pulmonary vascular alterations in those patients may involve different sites of the pulmonary vasculature or a different form of vascular remodelling. It has recently been demonstrated that pulmonary vascular remodelling, resulting in pulmonary hypertension in COPD patients, can develop independently from parenchymal destruction and loss of lung vessels.

We wonder whether the changes in the lung microenvironment due to hypoxia and vessel loss have a causative role in the development of pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPD. Herein we review the pathobiological features of the pulmonary vasculature in COPD patients and suggest that pulmonary hypertension can occur with and without emphysematous lung tissue destruction and with and without loss of lung vessels.
Prospective analysis of the use of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) in the treatment of chronic migraine; real-life data in 254 patients from Hull, UK
Authors: Khalil Modar , Zafar Hassan W , Quarshie Victoria , Ahmed Fayyaz
Published: September 2014

Background

Chronic migraine affects 2% of the population. It results in substantial disability and reduced quality of life. Medications used for prophylaxis in episodic migraine may also work in chronic migraine. The efficacy and safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX) in adults with chronic migraine was confirmed in the PREEMPT programme. However, there are few real-life data of its use.

Method

254 adults with chronic migraine were injected with OnabotulinumtoxinA BOTOX as per PREEMPT Protocol between July 2010 and May 2013, their headache data were collected using the Hull headache diary and analysed to look for headache, migraine days decrements, crystal clear days increment in the month post treatment, we looked at the 50% responder rate as well.

Results

Our prospective analysis shows that OnabotulinumtoxinA, significantly, reduced the number of headache and migraine days, and increased the number of headache free days. OnabotulinumtoxinA Botox also improved patients’ quality of life. We believe that these results represent the largest post-marketing cohort of patients treated with OnabotulinumtoxinA in the real-life clinical setting.

Conclusion

OnabotulinumtoxinA is a valuable addition to current treatment options in patients with chronic migraine. Our results support findings of PREEMPT study in a large cohort of patients, we believe, is representative of the patients seen in an average tertiary headache centre. While it can be used as a first line prophylaxis its cost may restrict its use to more refractory patients who failed three oral preventive treatments.
Quantifying spectral changes experienced by plasmonic nanoparticles in a cellular environment to inform biomedical nanoparticle design
Authors: Chen Allen L , Hu Ying S , Jackson Meredith A , Lin Adam Y , Young Joseph K , Langsner Robert J , Drezek Rebekah A
Published: September 2014

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) scatter and absorb light in precise, designable ways, making them agile candidates for a variety of biomedical applications. When NPs are introduced to a physiological environment and interact with cells, their physicochemical properties can change as proteins adsorb on their surface and they agglomerate within intracellular endosomal vesicles. Since the plasmonic properties of metal NPs are dependent on their geometry and local environment, these physicochemical changes may alter the NPs' plasmonic properties, on which applications such as plasmonic photothermal therapy and photonic gene circuits are based. Here we systematically study and quantify how metal NPs' optical spectra change upon introduction to a cellular environment in which NPs agglomerate within endosomal vesicles. Using darkfield hyperspectral imaging, we measure changes in the peak wavelength, broadening, and distribution of 100-nm spherical gold NPs' optical spectra following introduction to human breast adenocarcinoma Sk-Br-3 cells as a function of NP exposure dose and time. On a cellular level, spectra shift up to 78.6 ± 23.5 nm after 24 h of NP exposure. Importantly, spectra broaden with time, achieving a spectral width of 105.9 ± 11.7 nm at 95% of the spectrum's maximum intensity after 24 h. On an individual intracellular NP cluster (NPC) level, spectra also show significant shifting, broadening, and heterogeneity after 24 h. Cellular transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electromagnetic simulations of NPCs support the trends in spectral changes we measured. These quantitative data can help guide the design of metal NPs introduced to cellular environments in plasmonic NP-mediated biomedical technologies.
Specific IgE to fish extracts does not predict allergy to specific species within an adult fish allergic population
Authors: Schulkes Karlijn JG , Klemans Rob JB , Knigge Lidy , de Bruin‐Weller Marjolein , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen Carla AFM , Marknell deWitt Åsa , Lidholm Jonas , Knulst André C
Published: September 2014

Background

Fish is an important cause of food allergy. Studies on fish allergy are scarce and in most cases limited to serological evaluation. Our objective was to study patterns of self‐reported allergy and tolerance to different commonly consumed fish species and its correlation to IgE sensitization to the same species.

Methods

Thirty‐eight adult fish allergic patients completed a questionnaire regarding atopy, age of onset and symptoms to 13 commonly consumed fish species in the Netherlands (pangasius, cod, herring, eel, hake, pollock, mackerel, tilapia, salmon, sardine, tuna, plaice and swordfish). Specific IgE to these fish extracts were analyzed by ImmunoCAP.

Results

Median age of onset of fish allergy was 8.5 years. Severe reactions were reported by the majority of patients (n = 20 (53%) respiratory and of these 20 patients, 6 also had cardiovascular symptoms). After diagnosis, 66% of the patients had eliminated all fish from their diet. Allergy to all species ever tried was reported by 59%. In relation to species ever tried, cod (84%) and herring (79%) were the most frequently reported culprit species while hake (57%) and swordfish (55%) were the least frequent. A positive sIgE (value ≥ 0.35 kUA/L) to the culprit species ranged between 50% (swordfish) and 100% (hake). In tolerant patients, a negative sIgE (value < 0.35 kUA/L) ranged from 0% (hake, pollock and swordfish) to 75% (sardine). For cod, the agreement between sIgE test results and reported allergy or tolerance was 82% and 25%, respectively. Sensitization to cod parvalbumin (Gad c 1) was present in 77% of all patients.

Conclusion

Serological cross‐reactivity between fish species is frequent, but in a significant proportion of patients, clinical relevance appears to be limited to only certain species. A well‐taken history or food challenge is required for discrimination between allergy to the different fish species.
Genome duplication improves rice root resistance to salt stress
Authors: Tu Yi , Jiang Aiming , Gan Lu , Hossain Mokter , Zhang Jinming , Peng Bo , Xiong Yuguo , Song Zhaojian , Cai Detian , Xu Weifeng , Zhang Jianhua , He Yuchi
Published: September 2014

Background

Salinity is a stressful environmental factor that limits the productivity of crop plants, and roots form the major interface between plants and various abiotic stresses. Rice is a salt-sensitive crop and its polyploid shows advantages in terms of stress resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of genome duplication on rice root resistance to salt stress.

Results

Both diploid rice (HN2026-2x and Nipponbare-2x) and their corresponding tetraploid rice (HN2026-4x and Nipponbare-4x) were cultured in half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium with 150 mM NaCl for 3 and 5 days. Accumulations of proline, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+ content, H+ (proton) flux at root tips, and the microstructure and ultrastructure in rice roots were examined. We found that tetraploid rice showed less root growth inhibition, accumulated higher proline content and lower MDA content, and exhibited a higher frequency of normal epidermal cells than diploid rice. In addition, a protective gap appeared between the cortex and pericycle cells in tetraploid rice. Next, ultrastructural analysis showed that genome duplication improved membrane, organelle, and nuclei stability. Furthermore, Na+ in tetraploid rice roots significantly decreased while root tip H+ efflux in tetraploid rice significantly increased.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that genome duplication improves root resistance to salt stress, and that enhanced proton transport to the root surface may play a role in reducing Na+ entrance into the roots.
Septic acute kidney injury: molecular mechanisms and the importance of stratification and targeting therapy
Authors: Morrell Eric D , Kellum John A , Pastor-Soler Núria M , Hallows Kenneth R
Published: September 2014

The most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients is sepsis. However, the molecular pathways and mechanisms that mediate septic AKI are not well defined. Experiments performed over the past 20 years suggest that there are profound differences in the pathogenesis between septic and ischemic AKI. Septic AKI often occurs independently of hypoperfusion, and is mediated by a concomitant pro- and anti-inflammatory state that is activated in response to various pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as endotoxin, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns. These molecular patterns are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) found in the kidney, and effectuate downstream inflammatory pathways. Additionally, apoptosis has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of septic AKI. However, targeted therapies designed to mitigate the above aspects of the inflammatory state, TLR-related pathways, and apoptosis have failed to show significant clinical benefit. This failure is likely due to the protean nature of septic AKI, whereby different patients present at different points along the immunologic spectrum. While one patient may benefit from targeted therapy at one end of the spectrum, another patient at the other end may be harmed by the same therapy. We propose that a next important step in septic AKI research will be to identify where patients lie on the immunologic spectrum in order to appropriately target therapies at the inflammatory cascade, TLRs, and possibly apoptosis.
Treatment effects of the Jasper Jumper and the Bionator associated with fixed appliances
Authors: Neves Leniana Santos , Janson Guilherme , Cançado Rodrigo Hermont , de Lima Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago , Fernandes Thaís Maria Freire , Henriques José Fernando Castanha
Published: September 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Class II malocclusion treatment with the Jasper Jumper and the Bionator, associated with fixed appliances.

Methods

The sample comprised 77 young individuals divided into 3 groups: Group 1 consisted of 25 patients treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance associated with fixed appliances for a mean period of 2.15 years; group 2 had 30 patients, treated with the Bionator and fixed appliances, for a mean treatment time of 3.92 years; and the control group included 22 subjects followed for a mean period of 2.13 years. The initial and final lateral cephalograms of the patients were evaluated. Intergroup comparison at the initial stage and of the treatment changes were performed by analysis of variance.

Results

Their effects consisted in a restrictive effect on the maxilla, a slight increase in anterior face height, retrusion and extrusion of the maxillary incisors, labial tipping and protrusion of the mandibular incisors in both groups and intrusion with the Jasper Jumper appliance, maxillary molar distalization with the Jasper Jumper, extrusion and mesialization of the mandibular molars, both appliances provided significant improvement of the maxillomandibular relationship, overjet, overbite and molar relationship.

Conclusions

The effects of both appliances in class II malocclusion treatment are similar; however, treatment with the Jasper Jumper was shorter than with the Bionator.
The interface between general and forensic psychiatry: the present day
Authors: Khosla Vivek , Davison Phil , Gordon Harvey , Joseph Verghese
Published: September 2014

With the subspecialisation of psychiatry in the UK, clinicians encounter problems at the interfaces between specialties. These can lead to tension between clinicians, which can be unhelpful to the clinical care of the patient. This article focuses on the interface between general and forensic psychiatry in England and Wales. The pattern of mental health services in England and Wales differs to an extent from those in Scotland, Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. Consequently, the interface between general and forensic psychiatry is subject to varying influences. Important interface issues include: the definition of a ‘forensic patient’; the remit and organisation of services; resources; clinical responsibility; and care pathways. This article also discusses a general overview of how to improve collaboration between forensic and general adult psychiatric services.

Learning Objectives

•

Develop an understanding of important issues at the forensic/general adult psychiatry interface.

•

Be aware of areas of conflict that may arise at the forensic/general adult psychiatry interface.

•

Be aware of options for optimum cooperation at the interface.
The interface between general and forensic psychiatry: a historical perspective
Authors: Gordon Harvey , Khosla Vivek
Published: September 2014

Mental disorder and criminality are separate entities but some people with a mental disorder commit criminal offences and some criminals have a mental disorder. Before 1800 there was no separate category of mentally disordered offenders (referred to as criminal lunatics until 1948) in UK legislation. The provision of facilities for mentally disordered offenders in Britain and Ireland overlapped with, but was also separate from, provision for the mentally ill generally. The interface between general and forensic psychiatry is an area of tension and of collaboration. To understand how contemporary general and forensic psychiatry interact, it is useful to have an understanding of how factors have evolved overtime.

Learning Objectives

•

Have an understanding of the evolution of general and forensic psychiatry in the UK over the past 200 years.

•

Comprehend the similarities and differences between general and forensic psychiatry.

•

Be aware of some of the roots of conflict between general and forensic psychiatry.
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Tracy Derek K. , Joyce Dan W. , Shergill Sukhwinder S.
Published: September 2014

June 27 this year was the day that funding was approved for San
Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge physical suicide deterrent barrier
(www.ggbsuicidebarrier.org). This follows over 1400 suicides since
the bridge's opening in 1937: a morbid record 46 were in 2013 alone,
possibly exacerbated by the global economic crisis. The barrier is in place
to prevent the end-point of suicidal behaviour (physically preventing
suicide) but how much effort is going into the examination of the external
factors that drive such behaviour? Aleman & Denys argue that psychiatry
has failed to tackle suicide as a disease entity in its own right, instead
relegating the act of deliberately ending one's life to a symptom or
consequence of an underlying psychiatric illness. They note that in DSM-5
suicidality is only mentioned as a symptom of borderline personality
disorder and mood disorders, despite this presenting as the most prominent
psychiatric emergency. They argue for a more experimental approach based on
the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/index.shtml) that
emphasises the study of psychiatric phenomena with reference to their
underlying mechanisms: in this case, processing of negative valence, context
and response selection, and mechanisms to regulate arousal.
Psychopathology as the basic science of psychiatry
Authors: Stanghellini Giovanni , Broome Matthew R.
Published: September 2014

We argue that psychopathology, as the discipline that assesses and makes sense of abnormal human subjectivity, should be at the heart of psychiatry. It should be a basic educational prerequisite in the curriculum for mental health professionals and a key element of the shared intellectual identity of clinicians and researchers in this field.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Novel Chiral Receptors Derived from Deoxycholic Acid and Their Molecular Recognition Properties
Authors: Ye Ying , Suo Yourui , Yang Fang , Han Lijuan
Published: September 2014

Under microwave irradiation (MWI), novel chiral receptors derived from deoxycholic acid were synthesized by using deoxycholic acid methyl ester as the spacer, and arylhydrazine and amino acids as the arm. Selective recognition properties of these receptors for aromatic amines and d/l-amino acids have been investigated by UV–vis spectral titration and 1H NMR spectral study. The results indicate this type of receptors can form a 1:1 supramolecular complex with an aromatic amine and a 1:2 supramolecular complex with d/l-tryptophan.
Spatially Controlled Initiation–Termination of Supramolecular Polymerization: Creation of End-capped Nanofiber with Discrete Length in Microflow
Authors: Numata Munenori , Sakai Ryoichiro
Published: September 2014

We demonstrate that the kinetics of supramolecular polymerization of TPPS, a type of self-assembling porphyrins, is controllable in a designed microflow space through regulation of the flow distance of its polymerizing spices, similar to cutting out snapshots of the growing polymer chains. The obtained fibers were thereby end-capped with stopper molecules, affording size-regulated supramolecular polymers accordingly.
Optically Active Helical Polymer from Radical Polymerization of (S)-3-Vinyl-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl
Authors: Chen Yehui , Yang Liwen , Yang Nianfa , Yang Zhusheng
Published: September 2014

(S)-3-Vinyl-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl (2) was radically polymerized to obtain a polymer with excess of preferred-handed helical sense. The specific optical rotation [α]36525 of poly-2 was −1364.2° and more than 4 times that of starting monomer 2. Poly-2 was confirmed to exist in the form of preferred-handed helical structure in solution by means of comparing the specific optical rotation, the circular dichroism (CD) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectra with that of 2 and the model compound such as (S)-3-ethyl-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthyl (3).
Spectrometric Detection of DNA by the Bis-Zn(II) Complex of a Water-soluble Doubly N-Confused Hexaphyrin
Authors: Ikawa Yoshiya , Katsumata Sho , Sakashita Ryuichi , Furuta Hiroyuki
Published: September 2014

A water-soluble derivative of meso-hexaaryl doubly N-confused hexaphyrin 1 was synthesized by appending pyridinium groups to the meso-aryl moieties of the hexapyrrolic macrocycle. Hexaphyrin 1 and its bis-Zn(II) complex 1-Zn interacted with DNA in aqueous buffer solution, which were detectable by the absorption changes and by the turn-off fluorescence response.
Generating cooperative question-responses by means of erotetic search scenarios
Authors: Łupkowski Paweł , Leszczyńska-Jasion Dorota
Published: September 2014

The concept of cooperative question-responses as an extension of cooperative behaviours used by interfaces for databases and information systems is proposed. A procedure to generate question-responses based on question dependency and erotetic search scenarios is presented. The procedure is implemented in Prolog.
In defence of an argument against truthmaker maximalism
Authors: Gołosz Jerzy
Published: September 2014

The paper analyses the argument proposed by Milne (2005) against truthmaker maximalism and shows that the objections raised to this argument by de Sa and Zardini, and Rodriguez-Pereyra are misguided because the first one misuses the vagueness of some terms; and the second one is based on a fallacy of petitio principii (this is exactly the same type of objection as it was raised by Rodriguez-Pereyra against the Milne’s argument).
On classical behavior of intuitionistic modalities
Authors: Drobyshevich Sergey
Published: September 2014

We study connections between four types of modal operators – necessity, possibility, un-necessity and impossibility – over intuitionitstic logic in terms of compositions of these modal operators with intuitionistic negation. We investigate which basic compositions, i.e. compositions of the form ¬δ, δ¬ or ¬δ¬, yield modal operators of the same type over intuitionistic logic as over classical logic. We say that such compositions behave classically. We study which modal properties correspond to each basic compositions behaving classically over intuitionistic logic and also prove that KC constitutes the smallest superintuitionistic logic over which all basic compositions behave classically.
Redundant Heterogeneity and Group Performance
Authors: Smith Edward Bishop , Hou Yuan
Published: September 2014

Although diversity provides teams with a variety of advantages, the diversity–performance connection is not always positive. This paper identifies three performance issues that naturally result from diversity and suggests a potential solution for each of them. First, the positive effects associated with diversity often decay over time, in part because heterogeneous people may homogenize with repeated exposure. Second, diverse groups are fragile and experience higher turnover than nondiverse groups. Recruiting similar (redundant) pairs within a heterogeneous group can solve these two problems but also gives rise to a third: fault-line fragmentation. We propose a different structural solution: redundant heterogeneity (RH), in which not only are team members heterogeneous within a hierarchical level of a group or organization but their diversity is matched by similar critical team member characteristics at other hierarchical levels. Thus, we suggest that organizations and teams can take maximal advantage of diversity when each of their hierarchical subgroups are similarly diverse on the same critical dimensions. Analyses of 23 years of panel data from the National Basketball Association provided a first test of the effectiveness of this solution. We focused on professional players’ experience with a particular style of play in their college careers as the critical dimension of diversity within these teams. Our findings indicate that RH led to better performance, for three reasons. First, the positive effect of heterogeneity among teams’ core players on team performance decays more slowly for teams with RH; second, teams with RH are less negatively affected by turnover among core players; and third, teams with RH exhibited more coordination and cooperation. The discussion section suggests how and why other types of teams and organizations can benefit from redundant heterogeneity.
Esboço de definição de climatopos no espaço urbano e periurbano de Mangualde (Portugal). Aplicação ao ordenamento urbano
Authors: Melo Hugo Miguel , Ganho Nuno
Published: September 2014

A partir da observação de dados no terreno de variáveis climáticas efectuada no espaço urbano e periurbano da cidade de Mangualde (Portugal), foi possível distinguir e definir áreas com características físicas semelhantes quanto a factores intervenientes no clima local e, consequentemente, às quais corresponde uma certa homogeneidade topoclimática, designadas por climatopos. A identificação de climatopos e a sua caracterização é um dos aspectos fundamentais da aplicação da climatologia ao ordenamento urbano, permitindo, nomeadamente, evidenciar contrastes espaciais de desconforto bioclimático, de condições potenciadoras de diminuição da qualidade do ar, entre outras e, deste modo, definir orientações específicas de mitigação de características topoclimáticas desfavoráveis à qualidade do ambiente urbano. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um esboço preliminar de climatopos na cidade de Mangualde e a sua aplicação ao ordenamento urbano.
Condições meteorológicas e ocorrência de incêndios florestais em Portugal Continental (1971-2010)
Authors: Lourenço Luciano , Bernardino Sofia
Published: September 2014

Em Portugal Continental, ao longo dos últimos quarenta anos, verificou-se um aumento significativo do número de ocorrências de incêndios florestais, bem como da dimensão da área ardida, situação que acarreta um grande leque de consequências ambientais e prejuízos socioeconómicos, conduzindo paulatinamente o País para uma alteração/degradação da sua floresta. Apesar da génese dos incêndios florestais ser, na sua grande maioria, devida a causas de natureza antrópica, pois “o desenvolvimento espontâneo do fogo, embora possível, é raro” (Rebelo, 2003: 15), as condições meteorológicas são parte integrante do comportamento dos incêndios, mormente nas regiões de clima mediterrâneo, como é o caso da generalidade do território continental, sendo elas que, muitas vezes, acabam por ditar as características dos incêndios florestais. Para o comprovar, analisou-se a relação entre a ocorrência e o desenvolvimento dos incêndios florestais em Portugal continental, num período de quarenta anos, com as condições meteorológicas existentes, expressas através dos respetivos valores de temperaturas e humidades relativas do ar, bem como da precipitação, e os resultados obtidos apontam claramente para uma elevada correlação entre determinados tipos de tempo e elevados valores de eclosão e propagação de incêndios, do mesmo modo que outros tipos de tempo se revelarem extremamente prejudiciais à manifestação e desenvolvimento de incêndios.
Paisagem, inovação e recursos turísticos das áreas rurais. O caso de Carregal do Sal
Authors: Jesus Henrique Manuel Martins de
Published: September 2014

Após um ciclo de despovoamento, tem-se verificado o aumento da procura e do interesse por áreas rurais, que vivem agora contextos de mudança. Estes espaços rurais são um espaço de reserva de recursos e bens ambientais assim como lugares de memória e de herança cultural. Como estudo de caso, afigura-se Carregal do Sal. Aqui, debate-se a agricultura como um possível recurso turístico sustentável deste concelho. Destacam-se os (novos) patrimónios ainda não integrados na atividade turística de Carregal do Sal, alguns dos quais associados à paisagem e à pretérita importância da agricultura. Após uma breve introdução sobre a paisagem cultural de Carregal do Sal, este texto irá focar-se no património que a partir de um passado rural e agrícola pode hoje ser incorporado no desenvolvimento turístico do concelho. Em termos metodológicos para o estudo apresentado procedeu-se a uma recolha exaustiva e consulta de literatura especializada. E aplicou-se a observação à área onde se integra o concelho de Carregal do Sal.
A paisagem cultural do Buçaco: a singularidade de um território turístico e de lazer
Authors: Simões Paulo Fernando Pereira Fabião
Published: September 2014

Ao longo dos tempos, o Buçaco serviu de cenário a acontecimentos do foro eclesiástico, militar, régio e romântico. O simbolismo representativo que o lugar carrega é uma realidade à qual não podemos ficar indiferentes. É um legado que nos foi deixado e merece ser protegido e dinamizado nos contextos de paisagem cultural, destino turístico e de lazer. A paisagem é dinâmica e por isso contém marcas deixadas por sucessivas transformações naturais e humanas. As paisagens são, também, património cultural, pois as pessoas identificam-se com determinadas porções de território, desenvolvem laços afetivos com ele e o território torna-se assim parte do(s) sujeito(s). Esta paisagem apresenta também uma forte centralidade ecológica, fato que, associado ao valor deste espaço geográfico enquanto memória lhe confere uma identidade singular com potencial para o desenvolvimento desta região.
Imagem e afirmação estratégica de Coimbra: breve reflexão
Authors: Gaspar Carolina Goucha
Published: September 2014

No contexto global, o sistema urbano organiza-se numa lógica de relações de cooperação e competitividade entre os territórios. Neste jogo, a construção de uma imagem positiva é um fator decisivo para a captação de novos atores (ex. turistas ou até residentes) capazes de conduzir à territorialização de mais-valias. A imagem desempenha assim um papel importante no planeamento, pois auxilia a produção de uma representação positiva e sedutora do território afastando-o de uma reprodução simplificada e estereotipada. A conceção de uma imagem mais atraente para a população local e agentes externos, surge assim como estratégia fundamental para a construção de um território ativo e atrativo, e consequentemente para a sua afirmação. O presente artigo pretende constituir uma breve reflexão e análise de conteúdo (ex. protagonistas, reflexões, diálogos das personagens, lugares onde desenrola a ação) sobre uma das representações orgânicas de Coimbra: o filme “O Rasganço”.
Padrões e sazonalidade do enfarte agudo do miocárdio em Portugal
Authors: Almendra Ricardo , Santana Paula , Vasconcelos João , Freire Elisabete
Published: September 2014

Apesar do decréscimo verificado nos últimos anos, a mortalidade por doença cardiovascular em Portugal continua a ser a principal causa de morte e de internamento hospitalar. Esta patologia apresenta uma forte sazonalidade, verificando-se a concentração de óbitos e de internamentos durante os meses de inverno. A análise dos padrões e da sazonalidade do enfarte agudo do miocárdio possibilita a reconhecimento de populações em risco e a identificação de situações em que é necessário intervir. Foi observada uma distribuição espacial contrastada no risco de internamento durante os meses de inverno, tendo sido identificado o sul e o interior do país como áreas onde o problema é mais evidente.
Vulnerabilidade socioambiental de concelhos da Região Centro de Portugal por meio de sistema de informação geográfica
Authors: Freitas M. Isabel Castreghini , Cunha Lúcio , Ramos Anabela
Published: September 2014

O objetivo principal deste artigo é realizar a análise da vulnerabilidade socioambiental de 17 concelhos que compõem os distritos de Coimbra, Leiria e Santarém (Região Centro de Portugal). A metodologia adotada para a análise da vulnerabilidade baseou-se em Análise Fatorial que agregou variáveis sociais e ambientais estudadas, utilizando o programa de análise estatística SPSS R.18 associado ao programa de Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) ArcGIS 9.3. Os resultados obtidos indicam como principais fatores de vulnerabilidade socioambiental os relacionados com a falta de dinamismo económico e demográfico de parte dos concelhos, principalmente os relacionados com o êxodo rural e a baixa natalidade. O modelo gerado mostrou resultados compatíveis com o conhecimento geográfico que detemos para a maioria dos concelhos estudados e espera-se que possa vir a servir de base para propostas de políticas públicas relacionadas com as vulnerabilidades aqui cartografadas.
A Reorganização do Parque Escolar Nacional e a importância das componentes geográficas na metodologia adotada
Authors: Cordeiro A. M. Rochette , Santos Lúcia , Caridade Paulo
Published: September 2014

A rede educativa portuguesa sofreu, no último século, uma significativa e evolução, marcada não só por nuances políticas e ideológicas entretanto observadas, mas também pelas transformações que foram ocorrendo na demografia e na mobilidade, em especial na segunda metade do século XX. Estas transformações tornaram desajustada a rede educativa deste princípio de século XXI, uma vez que os próprios edifícios escolares, muitos deles herdados do “Plano dos Centenários”, não respondem aos desafios educativos que a escola atual exige. Impôs-se, assim, a reorganização do parque escolar nacional, no sentido de o tornar consentâneo não só com a realidade atual, mas fundamentalmente com as necessidades previstas para as próximas décadas, numa lógica de planeamento estratégico.
Geocaching e marketing territorial. Reflexão a propósito de um evento na Serra da Estrela
Authors: Fernandes João Luís J.
Published: September 2014

A propósito de um evento que decorreu no Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela, demonstra-se que o geocaching pode ser uma oportunidade para promoção de uma outra relação com o espaço geográfico e ser, ao mesmo tempo, um instrumento de divulgação turística de uma rede de lugares ainda com escassa imagem exterior. Nesta rede de aldeias do concelho de Seia, o geocaching será também uma outra vertente da multifuncionalidade e da redescoberta, para o turismo e o lazer, de um espaço rural de baixas densidades nos quais se identificam o património e a memória, mas também a paisagem, a rocha e a água como alguns dos principais vetores de identidade.
Episódios de frio extremo em Portugal Continental: intensidade, contrastes espaciais e causas sinópticas
Authors: Botelho Filipe , Ganho Nuno
Published: September 2014

Os episódios de frio extremo em Portugal Continental ocorrem com reduzida frequência e são, normalmente, de curta duração e de fraca intensidade, quando em comparação com o que se verifica noutras regiões da Europa à mesma latitude. Para demonstrar que este tipo de paroxismo é característico do regime térmico de Portugal Continental, evidencia-se a sua frequência de ocorrência no período de 1980-2010 para as estações meteorológicas de Bragança, Porto, Penhas Douradas, Coimbra, Lisboa, Beja e Faro, salientando deste modo, também, os contrastes espaciais na intensidade do frio. Um dos mais intensos e prolongados episódios de frio em Portugal Continental ocorreu entre 7 e 16 de janeiro de 1985, período durante o qual se registaram as temperaturas mínimas mais baixas da série em estudo, nas estações do Porto, Beja e Faro. No presente trabalho analisa-se este paroxismo térmico, como exemplo de outros episódios de frio, recorrentes, quanto à sua intensidade, contrastes espaciais e causalidade sinóptica.
Morde ohne Ehre
Authors: Yazgan Ayfer
Published: September 2014

Weltweit werden jährlich über 5000 Menschen Opfer von Ehrenmorden. Dieses Buch bietet erstmalig eine interdisziplinäre Sichtweise zur Charakterisierung von Ehrenmorden mit Fokus auf die Türkei. Zur Erklärung der Ursachen kombiniert Ayfer Yazgan geschlechter-, handlungssoziologische und kriminologische Aspekte. Auf der Basis türkischer und internationaler Fachliteratur sowie von Experteninterviews analysiert sie die Rolle des Islam, der patriarchalen Strukturen, soziokulturelle Lebensbedingungen und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen sowie Präventionsmöglichkeiten. Bei Experteninterviews kommen u.a. Vildan Yirmibesoglu, Mehmet Farac, Leyla Pervizat, Zülfü Livaneli, Aytekin Sir, Pinar Ilkaracan und Zekeriya Beyaz zu Wort. Eine materialreiche Analyse zu den komplexen Ursachen und Dynamiken eines gesellschaftlichen Problems.
Der Eigenname und seine Buchstaben
Authors: Widmer Peter
Published: September 2014

Dem Eigennamen (Vorname und Familienname) kommt - wie dem Spiegelbild - eine strukturierende Funktion für das kulturelle Leben und die Konstitution der subjektiven Realität zu. Von den Sozial- und Sprachwissenschaften ebenso wie von Geschichte, Philosophie und Psychoanalyse bisher erstaunlicherweise stiefmütterlich behandelt, finden sich in der Belletristik und in psychoanalytischen Fallberichten interessante Zeugnisse, von welch grundlegender Bedeutung der Eigenname und seine Buchstaben für jedes Subjekt sind. Peter Widmer macht dieses Material für die Psychoanalyse Freuds und Lacans fruchtbar.
Die Kunst der Grenzüberschreitung
Authors: Moser Anita
Published: September 2014

Kunst und Migration im »neuen Europa«? Unter Bezugnahme auf Liminalität - als zentrale Kategorie eines erweiterten Kunstbegriffs im Kontext von Postkolonialismus und Performativität - nimmt Anita Moser zeitgenössische intermediale Praktiken aus dem österreichischen (Grenz-)Raum in den Blick. Anhand der exemplarischen Analyse prozesshafter Arbeiten von Franz Wassermann und der ausschnitthaften Darstellung von Projekten von Social Impact, Tanja Ostojic, Klub Zwei, Martin Krenn/Oliver Ressler, WochenKlausur u.a. werden wesentliche jüngere Entwicklungen in der (politischen) Kunst veranschaulicht, die die fundamentalen gesellschaftlichen Transformationen zum Gegenstand postkolonialer Kritik im Medium der Ästhetik machen. Die innovative Studie bietet kurzweilige Sozialgeschichte und »close reading« von Kunstprojekten in einem.
Cyberpunk Science Fiction
Authors: Gözen Jiré Emine
Published: September 2014

Die Cyberpunk-Literatur - eine kurzlebige, aber bis heute einflussreiche Strömung der 1980er Jahre. Als erste ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit den nahen Zukunftswelten der Cyberpunk-Literatur zeigt dieses Buch, wie das Genre mit seinen zentralen Topoi der Verschmelzung von Mensch und Maschine medientheoretische Konzepte in sich aufnimmt, fiktionalisiert - und letztendlich fortschreibt. Neben der Auseinandersetzung mit Cyberpunk und Medientheorie des 20. Jahrhunderts präsentiert Jiré Emine Gözen einen ausführlichen Überblick über die deutsche und anglo-amerikanische Science-Fiction-Forschung sowie die künstlerische Umsetzung postmoderner Ästhetik und Wirklichkeitsdarstellung.
Adornos Kritik der politischen Ökonomie
Authors: Braunstein Dirk
Published: September 2014

Bis heute ist die Einschätzung verbreitet, dass der Rekurs auf Marx - und zumal auf dessen Kritik der politischen Ökonomie - in Adornos Werk ein Relikt aus bald überwundenen Stadien seiner Theorieentwicklung darstelle. Anhand einschlägiger, zum großen Teil bislang unpublizierter Textdokumente widerlegt der Autor diese These und zeigt, dass im Zentrum von Adornos Kritischer Theorie der Gesellschaft eine Kritik nicht nur der politischen Ökonomie steht, sondern eine von Ökonomie überhaupt.
Art and Sustainability
Authors: Kagan Sacha
Published: September 2014

What is the cultural dimension of sustainability? This book offers a thought-provoking answer, with a theoretical synthesis on »cultures of sustainability«. Describing how modernity degenerated into a culture of unsustainability, to which the arts are contributing, Sacha Kagan engages us in a fundamental rethinking of our ways of knowing and seeing the world. We must learn not to be afraid of complexity, and to re-awaken a sensibility to patterns that connect. With an overview of ecological art over the past 40 years, and a discussion of art and social change, the book assesses the potential role of art in a much needed transformation process.
Lernen in Beziehung
Authors: Künkler Tobias
Published: September 2014

Was man unter Lernen versteht, hängt eng mit der Vorstellung vom lernenden Subjekt zusammen. Tobias Künkler untersucht den herrschenden Lerndiskurs, der u.a. von neurowissenschaftlichen und konstruktivistischen Ansätzen geprägt ist, auf den Zusammenhang von Subjekt- und Lernverständnis - und zeigt, dass die bedeutsame Rolle der ›Anderen‹ für das Lernen bislang nicht genügend berücksichtigt wurde. Unter Rückgriff auf die Kritik am ›modernen Subjekt‹, alternative Lerntheorien sowie Diskurse über ›Relationalität‹ erarbeitet er ein alternatives - relationales - Verständnis des Lernens: Lernen als radikales Beziehungsgeschehen.
Wo bleibt die Religion?
Authors: Krech Volkhard
Published: September 2014

Hat Religion in der modernen Gesellschaft an Bedeutung verloren? Oder erfährt sie derzeit vielmehr eine Renaissance? - Fragen, die nicht nur in den Geistes-, Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften kontrovers diskutiert werden. Anhand von Fallstudien zu religiöser Erfahrung, zum pastoralen und sozialpolitischen Handeln der christlichen Großkirchen, zur Relevanz von Religion im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts sowie zu religiösen Elementen in biographischen Entwürfen, Politik und Kunst zeichnet Volkhard Krech Entwicklungspfade von Religion in der Moderne nach, die diesseits der Alternativen von Systemzwang und Diffusion sowie Säkularisierung und Wiederkehr liegen.
»Unsichtbare« Migration?
Authors: Ruokonen-Engler Minna-Kristiina
Published: September 2014

Dieses Buch knüpft an Intersektionalitäts- und Transnationalitätsansätze an und untersucht die Konstitution von Migrationsprozessen sowie die Konstruktionen von Migrantinsein. Am Beispiel der Biographien von scheinbar privilegierten, »unsichtbaren« Migrantinnen finnischer Herkunft zeigt die biographieanalytische Studie, wie Migrationsprojekte und Subjektkonstruktionen mit biographischen Transformationsprozessen verwoben sind und wie diese zur Konstitution eines transnationalen Handlungs- und Zugehörigkeitsraums führen können. Die Studie leistet einen Beitrag zu den Debatten über transnationale Biographien sowie vergeschlechtlichte Migrationsprozesse und dient darüber hinaus als exemplarische Einführung in die biographische Migrationsforschung.
Fotografische Inszenierungen von Weiblichkeit
Authors: Gozalbez Cantó Patricia
Published: September 2014

In den deutschen und spanischen Zeitschriften der 1920er und 1930er Jahre wurden vermehrt Weiblichkeitstypologien lanciert. Welche waren das? Und wie reagierten damalige Künstlerinnen in ihren Produktionen auf diese massenmedialen Inszenierungen von Weiblichkeit? Aus einer genderspezifischen Perspektive heraus nimmt Patricia Gozalbez Cantó zahlreiche Bildanalysen vor und zeichnet die Reaktionen in den Selbstdarstellungen der deutschen und spanischen Künstlerinnen-Avantgarde der Zeit nach: eine Dokumentation des Übergangs von traditionellen zu modernen Weiblichkeitsbildern in einer historischen Phase großer Umbrüche und der damit verbundenen Ambivalenzen.