bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serological survey of Brucella canis in dogs in urban Harare and selected rural communities in Zimbabwe
Authors: Chinyoka Simbarashe , Dhliwayo Solomon , Marabini Lisa , Dutlow Keith , Matope Gift , Pfukenyi Davies M.
Published: April 2014

A cross-sectional study was conducted in order to detect antibodies for Brucella canis (B. canis) in dogs from urban Harare and five selected rural communities in Zimbabwe. Sera from randomly selected dogs were tested for antibodies to B. canis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, 17.6% of sera samples tested (57/324, 95% CI: 13.5–21.7) were positive for B. canis antibodies. For rural dogs, seroprevalence varied from 11.7% – 37.9%. Rural dogs recorded a higher seroprevalence (20.7%, 95% CI: 15.0–26.4) compared with Harare urban dogs (12.7%, 95% CI: 6.9–18.5) but the difference was not significant (p = 0.07). Female dogs from both sectors had a higher seroprevalence compared with males, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Five and two of the positive rural dogs had titres of 1:800 and 1:1600, respectively, whilst none of the positive urban dogs had a titre above 1:400. This study showed that brucellosis was present and could be considered a risk to dogs from the studied areas. Further studies are recommended in order to give insight into the epidemiology of brucellosis in dogs and its possible zoonotic consequences in Zimbabwe. Screening for other Brucella spp. (Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis) other than B. canis is also recommended.
Trend and variability in ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere over 2.5 solar cycles observed by SAGE II and OSIRIS
Authors: Sioris C. E. , McLinden C. A. , Fioletov V. E. , Adams C. , Zawodny J. M. , Bourassa A. E. , Roth C. Z. , Degenstein D. A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We have extended the satellite-based ozone anomaly time series to the present (December 2012) by merging SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II) with OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System) and correcting for the small bias (~0.5%) between them, determined using their temporal overlap of 4 years. Analysis of the merged data set (1984–2012) shows a statistically significant negative trend at all altitudes in the 18–25 km range, including a trend of (−4.6 ± 2.6)% decade−1 at 19.5 km where the relative standard error is a minimum. We are also able to replicate previously reported decadal trends in the tropical lower-stratospheric ozone anomaly based on SAGE II observations. Uncertainties are smaller on the merged trend than the SAGE II trend at all altitudes. Underlying strong fluctuations in ozone anomaly due to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the altitude-dependent quasi-biennial oscillation, and tropopause pressure need to be taken into account to reduce trend uncertainties and, in the case of ENSO, to accurately determine the linear trend just above the tropopause. We also compare the observed ozone trend with a calculated trend that uses information on tropical upwelling and its temporal trend from model simulations, tropopause pressure trend information derived from reanalysis data, and vertical profiles from SAGE II and OSIRIS to determine the vertical gradient of ozone and its trend. We show that the observed trend agrees with the calculated trend and that the magnitude of the calculated trend is dominated by increased tropical upwelling, with minor but increasing contribution from the vertical ozone gradient trend as the tropical tropopause is approached. Improvements are suggested for future regression modelling efforts which could reduce trend uncertainties and biases in trend magnitudes, thereby allowing accurate trend detection to extend below 18 km.
Effect of surface BRDF of various land cover types on the geostationary observations of tropospheric NO2
Authors: Noguchi K. , Richter A. , Rozanov V. , Rozanov A. , Burrows J. P. , Irie H. , Kita K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We investigated the effect of surface reflectance anisotropy, Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), on satellite retrievals of tropospheric NO2. We assume the geometry of geostationary measurements over Tokyo, which is one of the worst air-polluted regions in the East Asia. We calculated air mass factors (AMF) and box AMFs (BAMF) for tropospheric NO2 to evaluate the effect of BRDF by using the radiative transfer model SCIATRAN. To model the BRDF effect, we utilized the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products (MOD43B1 and MOD43B2), which provide three coefficients to express the RossThick-LiSparseReciprocal model, a semi-empirical and kernel-based model of BRDF. Because BRDF depends on the land cover type, we also utilized the High Resolution Land-Use and Land-Cover Map by the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS)/Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer type 2 (AVNIR-2), which classifies the ground pixels over Tokyo into six main types: water, urban, paddy, crop, deciduous forest and evergreen forest. We first develop an empirical model of the three BRDF coefficients for each land cover type over Tokyo, and then apply the model to the calculation of land cover type dependent AMFs and BAMFs. Results show that the variability of AMF among the land types is up to several tens percent, and if we neglect the reflectance anisotropy, the difference from BRDF's AMF reaches 10% or more. The evaluation of the BAMFs calculated shows that not to consider variations in BRDF will cause large errors if the concentration of NO2 is high close to the surface, although the importance of BRDF for AMFs decreases for large aerosol optical depth (AOD).
Vital role of daily temperature variability in surface mass balance parameterizations of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Rogozhina I. , Rau D.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This study aims to demonstrate that the spatial and seasonal effects of daily temperature variability in positive degree-day (PDD) models play a decisive role in shaping the modeled surface mass balance (SMB) of continental-scale ice masses. Here we derive monthly fields of daily temperature standard deviation (SD) across Greenland from the ERA-40 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40 yr Reanalysis) reanalysis spanning from 1958 to 2001 and apply these fields to model recent surface responses of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). Neither the climate data set analyzed nor in situ measurements taken in Greenland support the range of commonly used spatially and temporally uniform SD values (~ 5 °C). In this region, the SD distribution is highly inhomogeneous and characterized by low values during summer months (~ 1 to 2.5 °C) in areas where most surface melting occurs. As a result, existing SMB parameterizations using uniform, high SD values fail to capture both the spatial pattern and amplitude of the observed surface responses of the GIS. Using realistic SD values enables significant improvements in the modeled regional and total SMB with respect to existing estimates from recent satellite observations and the results of a high-resolution regional model. In addition, this resolves large uncertainties associated with other major parameters of a PDD model, namely degree-day factors. The model appears to be nearly insensitive to the choice of degree-day factors after adopting the realistic SD distribution.
Protection of Indigenous Peoples on the African Continent: Concepts, Position Seeking, and the Interaction of Legal Systems
Authors: Genugten Willem van
Published: April 2014

African indigenous peoples confront gross human rights violations, both on the macrolevel of the peoples as a whole, and on the microlevel of the individuals belonging to them. These violations relate to such issues as the right to self-determination; the ownership of land and natural resources, as part of their right to life; the existence of distinct political and economic institutions; discrimination; and lack of access to justice. Taking these and other violations as a starting point, this article focuses on whether the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (the Declaration),1 as adopted in 2007 by the United Nations General Assembly, might be instrumental in helping to solve these problems.
A Presumption Against Extrajurisdictionality
Authors: Knox John H.
Published: April 2014

How far does U.S. law reach beyond U.S. borders? In principle, Congress could extend its laws as far as it likes, but Congress often fails to make its intentions clear. Many statutes do not specify their geographic scope, instead using general terms that have no inherent limit. Federal courts have long employed interpretive rules, or canons, to guide their construction of such statutes. The canon most commonly cited is the presumption against extraterritoriality, which states that “legislation of Congress, unless a contrary intent appears, is meant to apply only within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.” The simplicity of this language masks difficult questions. Does the “territorial jurisdiction of the United States” include only territory within the national boundaries, or does it extend to territory outside those boundaries but within U.S. control? How should the presumption apply to actions taken abroad that cause effects within U.S. territory, however defined? What implications does the presumption have for situations within U.S. territory but also within the jurisdiction of another country, such as foreign ships in a U.S. port? When the presumption does apply, what evidence of “contrary intent” is necessary to overcome it?
Kenya's Piracy Prosecutions
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: April 2014

Kenya became a primary destination for the prosecution of pirates captured off the coast of Somalia from late 2008 to late 2009. Yet none of the pirates being tried in Kenya as of April 2010 were captured by Kenyan armed forces but, rather, by non-Kenyan forces whose countries had signed agreements with Kenya for it to conduct such trials. In Resolution 1851 of December 16, 2008, the United Nations Security Council had urged states and regional organizations to enter into such agreements. Kenya accordingly concluded agreements on prosecuting suspected pirates with the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, and Denmark. According to media reports, and as Kenya recently acknowledged, two others were negotiated, with China and Canada. Only the EU-Kenya agreement has been published. The British foreign secretary told the House of Commons that Kenya did not want its agreement with the United Kingdom to be made public. Consequently, it may well be that a Kenyan preference for secrecy prevented the public release of information on the other agreements signed by Kenya.
Reactions of 2,2-Dialkyl-3-thioxochroman-4-one S-(1-Adamantylimides) with Some Nitrilimines
Authors: Hegab Mohamed I. , Shehry Mohamed F. El
Published: April 2014

2a

(E)-3-Thioxospiro[chroman-2,1ʹ-cyclohexane]-4-one S-(1-adamantylimide) (1) reacted with numerous nitrilimines (generated in situ via triethylamine dehydrohalogenation of the corresponding hydrazonoyl chlorides - i) in refluxing dry toluene to afford 3ʺ,5ʺ-disubstituted-300H,4ʹHdispiro[ cyclohexane-1,2ʹ-chromene-3ʹ,2ʺ-[1,3,4]thiadiazole]-4ʹ-ones 3a - i. Similarly, reaction of 2,2-dimethyl-3-thioxochroman-4-one S-(1-adamantylimide) (4) with nitrilimines in refluxing dry toluene afforded the corresponding 3ʹ,5ʹ-disubstituted-3,3-dimethyl-3ʹH,4H-spiro[chromene-3,2ʹ- [1,3,4]thiadiazole]-ones 5a - i.
EPR Studies on Carboxylic Esters, 22 [1, 2]. Preparation of New Alkyl Azulenecarboxylates and EPR-spectroscopic Study of Their Radical Anions
Authors: Voss Jürgen , Pesel Thomas , Buddensiek Dirk , Lehtivarjo Juuso
Published: April 2014

Five regio-isomeric alkyl azulenecarboxylates were prepared. Additional substituents such as tertbutyl groups or deuterium were introduced in certain positions of the azulene skeleton in order to facilitate the assignment of the proton hyperfine structure (hfs) coupling constants of the EPR spectra. The electrochemical behavior of the esters was studied by means of differential pulse polarography and cyclovoltammetry. In-situ electroreduction of the azulenecarboxylic esters led to the corresponding radical anions, the EPR spectra of which were recorded. The spin density distribution in these non-alternant systems as determined from hfs coupling constants was compared with the results of MO calculations and discussed with respect to the influence of substituents.
Chromapedic Acid, Pulvinic Acids and Acetophenone Derivatives from the Mushroom Leccinum chromapes (Boletales)
Authors: Gruber Gertraud , Kerschensteiner Lydia , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: April 2014

The pigment responsible for the bright-yellow color of the stalk bases of Leccinum chromapes is methyl isoxerocomate, which is accompanied by lesser amounts of isoxerocomic acid and atromentic acid. In addition, 4ʹ-hydroxy- and 3ʹ,4ʹ-dihydroxyacetophenone, previously unreported as metabolites of Basidiomycetes, were isolated. The pink color of the cap skin is due to variegatorubin. This pigment is accompanied by chromapedic acid, a g-butenolide of biosynthetic interest representing a new dimerization mode of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid in Boletales.
Reaction of N-Methylimidazole and Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate in the Presence of N-Phenyl Carbamate under Solvent-free Conditions
Authors: Hajinasiri Rahimeh , Khajavi Halimeh Khatoon
Published: April 2014

An efficient synthesis of 1,2,3-functionalized imidazoles and dimethyl-2-[(alkoxycarbonyl)- anilino]-2-butenedioate derivatives via one-pot reactions between N-methylimidazole, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and N-phenylcarbamates under solvent-free conditions is described. The mild reaction conditions and good yields exhibit the synthetic advantage of this method.
The effect of farming method on the dynamics of communities from the alliance Radiolion linoidis (Rias Goday 1961) Pietach 1965 in Kałuszyn Upland agrocenoses
Authors: Skrajna Teresa
Published: April 2014

The work presents the results of studies carried out from 1994 to 2010 on changes in phytocenoses with Radiolion linoidis species due to increased intensification of the farming process. The research material consisted of 136 phytosociological relevés taken from the same sites located in cereals, tuber crops/maize and stubble fields. The relevés were grouped based on three periods reflecting changes in farming system: period I (1994–1997) – traditional farming system; period II (2002–2004) – shift from traditional to intensive farming; period III (2008–2010) – intensive farming system. Communities with Radiolion linoidis continued to disappear over the whole study period due to farming intensification. The phytocenoses Spergulario-Illecebretum verticillati found in stubble fields and communities with Illecebrum verticillatum observed in cereals and tuber crops in period I were replaced with patches of Echinochloo-Setarietum in maize and stubble fields as well as the association Vicietum tetraspermae in cereals in period III. The values of Sørensen’s index of community similarity and of the dynamics index emphasize how advanced the process of changes in and impoverishment of communities was.
Diversity of weed flora, selected biometric characteristics and yielding of Miscanthus spp. cultivated on light and heavy soil
Authors: Feledyn-Szewczyk Beata , Matyka Mariusz , Staniak Mariola
Published: April 2014

An important issue related to the cultivation of plants for energy purposes and poorly recognized so far is their impact on the environment, including biodiversity. The aim of the work was to assess weed flora diversity, canopy structure and yield of miscanthus cultivated on two types of soil: light and heavy.

The study was carried out in the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – State Research Institute at Osiny, Poland (N:51o28, E:22o4), on two fields of miscanthus (Miscanthus saccharflorus Robustus × M. sinensis– M-115) established in 2004, on light loamy sand and heavy loam. The analysis of weed flora was carried out in 2010 and 2011, in mid-June and mid-August, using two methods: the frame method and phytosociological relevés. Moreover, an analysis of green and dry matter yield of miscanthus, some biometric features and leaf area index (LAI) was carried out.

The results showed that weed species diversity in a miscanthus crop was dependent on soil type. A larger number of weed species was found in miscanthus cultivated on heavy soil – 37 – in comparison with miscanthus cultivated on light soil – 33. Sorensen’s indicators showed low similarity between weed communities in miscanthus on light and heavy soil. Weed abundance and percentage of weed cover were lower in miscanthus cultivated on light soil. Weed density decreased during the vegetation season as a result of increasing competitiveness of the miscanthus canopy against weeds. Miscanthus yields were more dependent on weather conditions than the type of soil. Plant height and shoot diameter as well as leaf area index (LAI) were higher in miscanthus grown on heavy soil.
Comparison of the ability of fifteen onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars to accumulate nitrates
Authors: Wojciechowska Renata , Kołton Anna
Published: April 2014

The aim of a two-year study was to characterise selected Allium cepa L. genotypes with regard to their ability to accumulate nitrates in bulbs as well as to search for a possible relation between NO3- concentration and dry matter content. Fifteen cultivars of edible onion, mostly of long-day genotype with different growing periods, bulb size and skin colour, were taken for the experiment. Seeds of particular cultivars were obtained from the following seed companies: Spójnia Nochowo (‘Labrador’, ‘Takstar F1’,‘Tęcza’, ‘Warna’, ‘Zorza’), Polan (‘Polanowska’, ‘Topolska’), PlantiCo Gołębiew (‘Alibaba’, ‘Efekt’, ‘Kristine’, ‘Niagara F1’),and PlantiCo Zielonki (‘Bila’, ‘Irka’, ‘Wenta’, ‘Zeta’). Plants produced from seedlings were grown in the experimental field of the University of Agriculture in Kraków. After crop harvesting and additional drying, nitrate and dry matter content in bulbs of all cultivars were measured.

The following cultivars: ‘Efekt’, ‘Labrador’ and red-skinned ‘Wenta’, were characterized by the lowest ability to accumulate NO3- in bulbs. The highest nitrate content was noted in bulbs of ‘Takstar F1’ (a very early-season cultivar), followed by ‘Bila’ and ‘Tęcza’. A weak, yet statistically significant negative correlation between nitrate and dry matter content was observed. The highest dry matter content was determined in bulbs of white-skinned ‘Alibaba’, while the lowest – in brown-skinned ‘Labrador’.
Nanofibers as a Vehicle for the Synthetic Attactant TRIMEDLURE to be Used for Ceratitis capitata Wied: (Diptera, Tethritidae) Capture
Authors: Bisotto-de-Oliveira R. , De Jorge B. C. , Roggia I. , Sant'Ana J. , Pereira C. N.
Published: April 2014

Â The Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) is considered a serious pest of citrus fruits in the southeast of Brazil because of the direct economic impact they have on fruit production and quarantine restrictions for fruit exports. Monitoring and detection of the medfly, using food bait and synthetic attractants, is a key step towards signalling the need for management and control. The aim of this study has been to verify the attractiveness of innovative nanofiber formulations with Trimedlure (TML) for the male of C. capitata in laboratory and field cage tests.Material and Methods: The nanofibers were produced by solution or emulsion electrospinning, containing TML and polymers, such as polycaprolactone, PEG-polycaprolactone, ethyl cellulose and polyvinyl acetate-PVP.Results: At the laboratory the electrophysiological responses were accessed by the eletroanntenogram technique and in the field by the cage test. The bioactivity of C. capitata antennae was highest when stimulated with all TML nanofiber treatments rather than their controls. There were no differences among the TML nanofiber treatments. In the field cages the same number of medflies were found on the adhesive traps baited with one of each of the TML nanofibers.
De Coke La Rock à Run-DMC : Les phases poétiques du hip-hop Old School
Authors: Savard Jason
Published: April 2014

En 1982, la chanson « The Message » du groupe Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five change radicalement la musique rap, autant par sa forme que par son contenu. Elle est le point de départ de la première grande fracture dans l’histoire du hip-hop. Cette étude retrace l’évolution qui a mené à cette transformation et les impacts immédiats qui en ont découlé chez des artistes comme Run-DMC, Rakim et KRS-ONE, en mettant l’accent sur les textes et les maîtres de cérémonie (MCs). Est ainsi cerné le passage d’une poésie orale strictement axée sur la performance à une poésie écrite, née d’un processus réflexif autant pour sa forme que le message qu’elle transmet. De la première fête organisée par Kool Herc au single « It’s Like That » de Run-DMC, les différentes phases du Old School au New School sont exposées en insistant sur les grands mouvements et les tendances. Une attention particulière est également portée à la relation entre le MC et le disque-jockey, car elle semble être la cause principale menant aux transformations, tout en étant la source du conflit qui provoquera la fracture de 1985. Bien que l’étendue historique du corpus étudié semble restreinte, la période de 1973 à 1985 est source de nombreux tiraillements et questionnements qui nous éclairent sur l’état de la culture hip-hop et peut-être même de la scène musicale dans son ensemble.
A Corpus-based Approach to the Compilation, Analysis, and Translation of Rural Tourism Terms
Authors: Fijo León María Isabel , Fuentes Luque Adrián
Published: April 2014

This paper describes an empirical, corpus-based analysis of the terms related to rural tourism accommodation establishments in three languages – Spanish, English, and French. The main objective is to identify and describe common characteristics shared by the concepts and the terms designating them in these languages, with the aim of suggesting the most suitable translation equivalents. The study is based on a computerized corpus divided into three comparable subcorpora. The results obtained from the analysis have direct implications for the translation of rural tourism texts.
Metal–organic decomposition synthesis of tungsten oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of visible-light-driven photocatalytic ability
Authors: Hiroshiba Nobuya , Inoko Eri , Yano Wataru , Ichikawa Yo
Published: April 2014

To develop a simple fabrication method for a highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst, we investigated the photocatalytic ability of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles prepared on substrate surfaces by the metal–organic decomposition (MOD) method. Using this method, the diameter of WO3 nanoparticles was varied from 70 to 250 nm by simply adjusting the baking temperature. The WO3 nanoparticles prepared under optimal conditions showed that their photocatalytic ability under visible light is 10 times higher than that of TiO2 fabricated by the MOD method under optimal conditions.
“Blessed are the cheese makers”
Authors: Carter Michael G.
Published: April 2014

Editor’s note: Presidential Address delivered at Portland, Oregon on March 17, 2013 on the occasion of the AOS annual meeting. The submission was not edited, at the insistence of the author; this was granted as a prerogative restricted to his Presidential Address, for reasons that will be understood by a perusing of the subject matter. All infelicities are in keeping with the original submission.

Author’s note: In keeping with the theme of this Address the published text aims to reproduce exactly the words that were read out. The version presented here is based on a scanned image of the only copy of the original typescript with the author’s hand-written changes, retrieved from a member of the audience to whom it was given after the proceedings. Transliteration (with two corrections) follows the conventions of the Journal, and the source references have been moved into the footnotes. Bibliographical attributions are minimal: colleagues will easily distinguish between sweeping statements which could be documented if need be, and the private opinions of the writer.
The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia. By Ron Sela
Authors: Broadbridge Anne
Published: April 2014

The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia. By Ron Sela. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Pp. xvii + 164. $85.
Orations of the Fatimid Caliphs: Festival Sermons of the Ismaili Imams. Ed. and tr. Paul E. Walker
Authors: Alexandrin Elizabeth R
Published: April 2014

Orations of the Fatimid Caliphs: Festival Sermons of the Ismaili Imams. Ed. and tr. Paul E. Walker. Ismaili Texts and Translations Series, vol. 10. London: I. B. Tauris, with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2009. Pp. xvii + 162 + 58 (Arabic). £29.50, $51.29.
ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Edited by Itamar Singer
Authors: Beal Richard H.
Published: April 2014

ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis: Luwian and Hittite Studies Presented to J. David Hawkins on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. Edited by Itamar Singer. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Monograph Series, vol. 28. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology, 2010. Pp. xx + 262, illus. $65.
History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid. By John Romer
Authors: Jones Jana
Published: April 2014

A History of Ancient Egypt: From the First Farmers to the Great Pyramid. By John Romer. London: Allen Lane, 2012. Pp. xxvii + 476, illus. £25.
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: April 2014

Front matter
Design of Polar Skyrmion‐Based Nanoelectronic Prototype Devices with Phase‐Field Simulations
Authors: Du Guanshihan , Zhou Linming , Huang Yuhui , Wu Yongjun , Tian He , Hong Zijian
Published: July 2024

The creation and manipulation of complex topological states like vortex and skyrmion in ferroelectric heterostructures have received significant attention recently across various fields, due to the rich physical insights, exotic properties, and wide potential applications. Although progress has been made in the synthesis, local manipulation, and dynamic motion of these tiny quasi‐particles, the design of skyrmion‐based nanoelectronic prototype devices is still lacking. Herein, using phase‐field simulations, the idea is to integrate the polar skyrmions in a PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattice system with a local charged tip/small electrode and a skyrmion counter to design several nanoelectronics prototype devices, such as the skyrmion switch and multistate memory. In this design, the topological charge of the system serves as the “bit”. Phase diagrams to display the change in topological charges are constructed under different operation conditions such as tip radius and applied potential. By varying the applied electric potential, up to ten topological states can be achieved. Asymmetric topological transitions are observed, where the change in topological charge is greater under negative potential due to different switching routes wi applied electric fields along different directions. It is hoped that this work will inspire further research in polar‐skyrmion‐based electronic devices.
Device‐Level in‐Sensor Olfactory Perception System Based on Array of PCBM‐MAPbI3 Heterostructure Transistors
Authors: Zhai Yongbiao , Duan Guangxiong , Hu Jiahui , Lv Ziyu , Ding Guanglong , Zhou Ye , Han Su‐Ting
Published: July 2024

Although there are significant advancements in device‐level artificial tactile and visual perception systems based on in‐sensor computing paradigms, the development of hardware‐implemented neuromorphic olfactory system is still in its early stages. One of the primary challenges in this field is that most of the gas sensors lack the capability to fuse the sensing and computing functions in a single sensor. Through surface passivation and interface engineering, this work introduces a device‐level artificial olfactory system utilizing array of PCBM‐MAPbI3 heterostructure transistors. Noteworthly, the formation of metastable intermediate phase NH3PbI3•MA can occur at room temperature and can be used to store gas sensory information. Both gas pulse and electrical pulse can dynamically modulate the amount of this intermediate phase, and then change the channel conductance (weight), realizing the fusion of the sensing and synaptic functions in single device. Based on these excellent properties, the spatiotemporal information of gas diffusion can be encoded and processed simultaneously. As a result, an in‐sensor olfactory perception system is successfully demonstrated based on 5 × 5 PCBM‐MAPbI3 heterostructure transistor array, which can be used for detecting the distance and direction of the hazardous gas. This work paves the way for future application of real‐time and data‐intensive machine‐olfactory system.
Machine Learning‐Aided Design of Highly Conductive Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells and Water Electrolyzers
Authors: Zhang Qiuhuan , Yuan Yongjiang , Zhang Jiale , Fang Pengda , Pan Ji , Zhang Hao , Zhou Tao , Yu Qikun , Zou Xiuyang , Sun Zhe , Yan Feng
Published: July 2024

Alkaline anion exchange membrane (AEM)‐based fuel cells (AEMFCs) and water electrolyzers (AEMWEs) are vital for enabling the efficient and large‐scale utilization of hydrogen energy. However, the performance of such energy devices is impeded by the relatively low conductivity of AEMs. The conventional trial‐and‐error approach to designing membrane structures has proven to be both inefficient and costly. To address this challenge, a fully connected neural network (FCNN) model is developed based on acid‐catalyzed AEMs to analyze the relationship between structure and conductivity among 180,000 AEM variations. Under machine learning guidance, anilinium cation‐type membranes are designed and synthesized. Molecular dynamics simulations and Mulliken charge population analysis validated that the presence of a large anilinium cation domain is a result of the inductive effect of N+ and benzene rings. The interconnected anilinium cation domains facilitated the formation of a continuous ion transport channel within the AEMs. Additionally, the incorporation of the benzyl electron‐withdrawing group heightened the inductive effect, leading to high conductivity AEM variant as screened by the machine learning model. Furthermore, based on the highly active and low‐cost monomers given by machine learning, the large‐scale synthesis of anilinium‐based AEMs confirms the potential for commercial applications.
Passive and Wireless, Ion‐Selective Sensor Arrays for Multimineral Comonitoring of Food
Authors: Li Lei , Ye Fan , Dia Kazi Khurshidi Haque , Escobar Alberto Ranier , Hasan Abeed , Qin Huiting , Lin Jialin , Tseng Peter
Published: July 2024

Ion consumption plays key roles in maintaining bodily homeostasis and health. Here passive wireless, multimineral comonitoring arrays are studied that may potentially be utilized for emerging applications in precision nutrition. RF biosensors targeting select minerals (calcium or magnesium demonstrated herein) are built from integrating ion‐selective membranes within a broadside‐coupled split ring resonator architecture. RF sensors are typically monitored one at a time and such platforms often are incapable of comeasuring multiple confounding components. To address this challenge, this sensor arrays are further directly integrated alongside a conformal, custom readout coil that optimizes multi‐RF sensor readout. Such optimized networks exhibit enhanced signal clarity, further facilitating coextraction of multiple ion components. A simple method of extracting multimineral concentrations from food even despite the imperfect selectivity of divalent ion‐selective membranes is introduced. This passive wireless, zero‐electronic ion‐monitoring platform integrates seamlessly on foodware or packaging, possessing many applications in food measurement.
HDAC8 Enhances the Function of HIF‐2α by Deacetylating ETS1 to Decrease the Sensitivity of TKIs in ccRCC
Authors: Qian Kang , Li Wei , Ren Shangqing , Peng Weilin , Qing Bei , Liu Xinlin , Wei Xiong , Zhu Liang , Wang Yapeng , Jin Xin
Published: July 2024

Drug resistance after long‐term use of Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has become an obstacle for prolonging the survival time of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here, genome‐wide CRISPR‐based screening to reveal that HDAC8 is involved in decreasing the sensitivity of ccRCC cells to sunitinib is applied. Mechanically, HDAC8 deacetylated ETS1 at the K245 site to promote the interaction between ETS1 and HIF‐2α and enhance the transcriptional activity of the ETS1/HIF‐2α complex. However, the antitumor effect of inhibiting HDAC8 on sensitized TKI is not very satisfactory. Subsequently, inhibition of HDAC8 increased the expression of NEK1, and up‐regulated NEK1 phosphorylated ETS1 at the T241 site to promote the interaction between ETS1 and HIF‐2α by impeded acetylation at ETS1‐K245 site is showed. Moreover, TKI treatment increased the expression of HDAC8 by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation in ccRCC cells is also found. These 2 findings highlight a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to TKIs and HDAC8 inhibitors in ccRCC. Finally, HDAC8‐in‐PROTACs to optimize the effects of HDAC8 inhibitors through degrading HDAC8 and overcoming the resistance of ccRCC to TKIs are synthesized. Collectively, the results revealed HDAC8 as a potential therapeutic candidate for resistance to ccRCC‐targeted therapies.
Realizing Sunlight‐Induced Efficiently Dynamic Infrared Emissivity Modulation Based on Aluminum‐Doped zinc Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Jia Yan , Liu Dongqing , Chen Desui , Jin Yizheng , Ge Yufei , Zhang Wenxia , Chen Chen , Cheng Baizhang , Wang Xinfei , Liu Tianwen , Li Mingyang , Zu Mei , Wang Zi , Cheng Haifeng
Published: July 2024

Dynamic manipulation of an object's infrared radiation characteristics is a burgeoning technology with significant implications for energy and information fields. However, exploring efficient stimulus–spectral response mechanism and realizing simple device structures remains a formidable challenge. Here, a novel dynamic infrared emissivity regulation mechanism is proposed by controlling the localized surface plasmon resonance absorption of aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanocrystals through ultraviolet photocharging/oxidative discharging. A straightforward device architecture that integrates an AZO nanocrystal film with an infrared reflective layer and a substrate, functioning as a photo‐induced dynamic infrared emissivity modulator, which can be triggered by weak ultraviolet light in sunlight, is engineered. The modulator exhibits emissivity regulation amount of 0.72 and 0.61 in the 3–5 and 8–13 µm ranges, respectively. Furthermore, the modulator demonstrates efficient light triggering characteristic, broad spectral range, angular‐independent emissivity, and long cyclic lifespan. The modulator allows for self‐adaptive daytime radiative cooling and nighttime heating depending on the ultraviolet light in sunlight and O2 in air, thereby achieving smart thermal management for buildings with zero‐energy expenditure. Moreover, the potential applications of this modulator can extend to rewritable infrared displays and deceptive infrared camouflage.
Anomalous Magnetoelectric Coupling in the Paramagnetic State of a Chiral and Polar Magnet
Authors: Xu Xianghan , Du Kai , Cheong Sang‐Wook , Cava R. J.
Published: July 2024

Chiral magnets are excellent platforms for studying intertwined spin, charge, orbit, and lattice degrees of freedom in solid‐state materials. In this work, the anomalous magnetoelectric behavior in a chiral magnet K2Co2(SO4)3 is demonstrated using comprehensive experimental probes. This material adopts a P213 chiral cubic structure at room temperature. Based on the results of high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, this study shows that the low‐temperature (<130 K) crystal structure is a P21 monoclinic phase, both polar and chiral. Magnetic and thermodynamic measurements reveal highly frustrated magnetic interactions and possible non‐collinear antiferromagnetic ordering at an extremely low temperature ≈0.6 K. Critically, anomalous magnetoelectric correlations are experimentally detected in its paramagnetic temperature regime, which can arise from the synergetic interplay between magnetoelastic and piezoelectric effects. These findings thus indicate that K2Co2(SO4)3 is a unique material, displaying multiple emergent structural and magnetic phenomena. This is attributed to both its overall crystallographic symmetry and the fact that its magnetic ions are located at low‐symmetry sites.
Non‐Ionic Perylene‐Diimide Polymer as Universal Cathode Interlayer for Conventional, Inverted, and Blade‐Coated Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Feng Luxin , Xiang Yanhe , Li Zhe , Li Qingyang , Dong Hongliang , Yan Shouke , Xu Bowei , Hou Jianhui
Published: July 2024

As a class of predominantly used cathode interlayers (CILs) in organic solar cells (OSCs), perylene‐diimide (PDI)‐based polymers exhibit intriguing characteristics of excellent charge transporting capacity and suitable energy levels. Despite that, PDI‐based CILs with satisfied film‐forming ability and adequate solvent resistance are rather rare, which not only limits the further advance of OSC performances but also hinders the practical use of PDI CILs. Herein, we designed and synthesized two non‐conjugated PDI polymers for achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in diverse types of OSCs. The utilization of oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) linkage enhanced the n‐doping effect of PDI polymers, leading to an improved ability of the CIL to reduce work function and improve electron transporting capability. Moreover, the introduction of the non‐ionic OEG chain effectively improve the wetting property and solvent resistance of PDI polymers, so the PPDINN CIL can withstand diverse processing conditions in fabricating different OSCs, including conventional, inverted and blade‐coated devices. The binary OSC with conventional structure using PPDINN CIL showed a PCE of 18.6 %, along with an improved device stability. Besides, PPDINN is compatible with the large‐area blade‐coating technique, and a PCE of 16.6 % was achieved in the 1‐cm2 OSC where a blade‐coated PPDINN was used.
Boosting Stimulated Emission via a Hydrogen‐Bonded Co‐Crystallization Approach in Molecular Crystals
Authors: Ren Haoxuan , Hu Jiasong , Liu Ying‐Jie , Liu Yu , Xu Bin , Tian Wenjing
Published: July 2024

Stimulated emission (SE) of organic π‐conjugated molecule in solid state remains a significant challenge, mainly involving the mode of molecular stacking that invariably alters the photo‐physical processes. Herein, we successfully realized stimulated emission in molecular crystals using a hydrogen‐bonded co‐crystallization strategy. Two hydrogen‐bonded co‐crystals, obtained from 1,4‐bis‐p‐cyanostyrylbenzene (CNDSB) and two types of co‐formers, can boost stimulated emission and show decent amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), whereas the parent CNDSB crystal is not SE‐active. Crystal structural analysis demonstrated that the co‐crystallization eliminated excimer formation. The resulting higher kr and shorter excited lifetime led to a larger stimulated emission cross‐section, which benefited to the occurrence of ASE. Simultaneously, the uniaxial arrangements along the long axis of co‐crystal together contributed to highly polarized emission. This system presents very rare evidence of boosting stimulated emission by binary co‐crystallization, which enriches our insights into organic solid‐state lasers.
Twisted Structure and Multiple Charge‐Transfer Channels Endow Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Devices with Small Efficiency Roll‐Off and Low Concentration Dependence
Authors: Zhu Yuan‐Ye , Xie Feng‐Ming , Li Hao‐Ze , Zhang Kai , Wang Han‐Yang , Shi Hao‐Nan , Zou Jianhua , Li Yan‐Qing , Tang Jian‐Xin
Published: July 2024

Despite the rapid development of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials, developing organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with small efficiency roll‐off remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we have designed a TADF molecule (mClSFO) based on the spiro fluorene skeleton. The highly twisted structure and multiple charge‐transfer channels effectively suppress aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and endow mClSFO with excellent exciton dynamic properties to reduce efficiency roll‐off. Fast radiative rate (kr) and rapid reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rate (kRISC) of 1.6×107 s−1 and 1.07×106 s−1, respectively, are obtained in mClSFO. As a result, OLEDs based on mClSFO obtain impressive maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) exceeding 20 % across a wide doping concentration range of 10–60 wt %. 30 wt % doped OLED exhibits an EQEmax of 23.1 % with a small efficiency roll‐off, maintaining an EQE of 18.6 % at 1000 cd m−2. The small efficiency roll‐off and low concentration dependence observed in the TADF emitter underscore its significant potential.
Fault‐tolerant control of unmanned marine vehicles with unknown parametric dynamics via integral sliding mode output feedback control
Authors: Hao Li‐Ying , Yang Xin , Zhang Yu‐Qing , Atajan Hudayberenov , Liu Yanli
Published: July 2024

This paper focuses on fault‐tolerant control (FTC) for unmanned marine vehicles (UMVs) subject to unknown parametric dynamics, thruster faults, and external disturbances. A novel FTC strategy based on the integral sliding mode output feedback method is proposed. Based on a high gain compensator and output information, a novel integral sliding mode fault‐tolerant controller is constructed to guarantee the dynamic positioning (DP) of UMVs. An attraction region that is related to the known positive constants with respect to dynamic uncertainties has been revealed for the first time. Finally, the closed‐loop stability can be guaranteed from the every initial time in despite of unknown parametric dynamics, thruster faults, and external disturbances. Simulation though a typical floating production ship model has verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Theoretical Understandings on Mechanisms of Hydrogenation Activities Using Graphene‐Based Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Lv Chao , Chen De‐Li
Published: July 2024

Metal single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as a promising class of catalysts in various fields, owing to their well‐defined active centers, tunable coordination environments, and high reaction selectivity. Among the diverse supports, graphene‐based SACs have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional properties in hydrogenation reactions. This review elucidates recent advancements in theoretical investigations of the electronic and geometric structures of metal SACs, with a focus on modulation strategies such as coordination number adjustment, heteroatom doping, defect site engineering, and frustrated Lewis pair construction. This review emphasizes atomic‐level insights into the hydrogenation reaction mechanism in thermocatalysis, including the activation of the H‐source molecules, hydrogen diffusion, and elementary reaction steps. Strategies for modulating the catalytic activity of SACs are summarized. Lastly, this review offers perspectives on the design of effective graphene‐based SACs from theoretical standpoint, paving the way for future research in this exciting field.
Optimisation and Characterisation of Improved Nanoemulsion Formulations Containing Ceramide 3
Authors: Xu Fan , Liu Yuxin , Zhu Jun , Zhan Xin , Dong Yinmao , Meng Hong , Li Shujing , He Yifan , Zhang Ze
Published: July 2024

Ceramide3 (Cer3) is one of the important components of stratum corneum (SC) lipids with good moisturizing and repairing properties. However, it suffers from (a) poor solubility, (b) easy crystallization and precipitation, and (c) strong polarity and difficulty in transdermal application. This study aimed to load Cer3 into nanoemulsions (NEs) to overcome these mentioned defects. The optimized NEs formulation was prepared by high pressure homogenization method and characterized by several methods. The optimized ceramide3 nanoemulsions (Cer3‐NEs) exhibited a good physico‐chemical stability over 3 months under different conditions, with droplet size of 103.1 nm, PDI of 0.178, zeta potential of −39.09 mV, pH of 6.20 and encapsulation efficiency of 96.39 %. Turbiscan results showed that formulations containing Cer3‐NEs have better stability than those containing free Cer3. The dermal delivery ability of Cer3‐NEs was assessed by Franz diffusion and confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRM). In vitro and in vivo penetration studies showed that Cer3‐NEs serum have almost 2–3 times higher retention in the skin and permeation in the receptor solution compared to serum with free Cer3. The findings show NE is a promising carrier of Cer3 for topical administration in the treatment of dryness and barrier damage due to higher stability and better skin permeability.
Power corrupts and being sure of felt power corrupts even more: Implications for immoral decisions and cheating
Authors: Toader Irina , Moreno Lorena , Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E.
Published: July 2024

Feeling powerful has been generally associated with cheating. We argue that being sure of felt power strengthens the ability of perceived power to influence cheating and guide immoral decisions. In three different studies, we predicted and found that confidence (measured or manipulated) moderated the impact of felt power (measured or manipulated) on making immoral decisions during the Covid‐19 pandemic and actual cheating behaviour. Results indicated that power predicted cheating especially when participants were sure of their felt power. For those with low confidence, felt power did not affect cheating. Among other implications, these studies specify when and for whom the undesired effects of felt power can emerge and how to undermine them.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Poly (Trifluoroethyl Methacrylate) Binders as a Polyvinylidene Fluoride Alternative for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiang Xunyuan , Li Tongtao , Dong Angang , Yang Dong
Published: July 2024

The binder, a critical electrode component, significantly influences lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) performance, yet remains an under‐researched area. The widespread use of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a commercial binder is challenged by its surging cost, attributed to limited production and increased demand, highlighting the necessity for alternatives. Here, we synthesize poly (trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA), a polymer with a molecular weight in the million range, through a straightforward radical solution polymerization method, aiming to use it as a cathode binder for LIBs. PTFEMA demonstrate good stability across the typical operating temperatures and voltages, along with robust adhesion to the current collector. Moreover, the PTFEMA outperforms PVDF in terms of electrolyte affinity and lithium‐ion conductivity, thereby achieving capacity and stability comparable to those of its PVDF counterparts. This investigation confirms the homopolymer form of PTFEMA as a compelling alternative to PVDF, representing a valuable exploration of binder technology for LIBs.