bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and finite element analysis of Cu and Nb severely deformed by 3-axis forging
Authors: Carnrike T , Bembridge N , Afangideh C , Kalu P N
Published: August 2019

The evolution of microstructure during 3-Axis Forging (3AF) of OFHC Copper and RRR Niobium has been investigated using both experimental and numerical simulation techniques. The finite element analysis (FEA) aspect was carried out using DEFORM, a commercial software. The 3AF process was conducted at 25° C with a cross-head speed of 0.015 mm s−1 and a strain per pass of 0.2. Vickers hardness testing and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) showed that the evolution of microstructure during 3AF can be classified into three regions: At low strain, region I, in which the high angle grain boundary percentage (HAGB%) declines due to the increase in low angle grain boundary (LAGB) resulting from dynamic recovery. At intermediate strain, region II, there is a progressive increase in HAGB%, due to the conversion of most of the LAGB to high angle grain boundaries (HAGB). This is followed by region III, in which the HAGB% remains relatively unchanged due to a stable microstructure formed by continuous recrystallization. Assessment of the grain size revealed that refinement occurred in regions I and II, resulting in a final grain size of about 2.0 μm and 1.4 μm in Cu and Nb, respectively. Flownet analysis of the first two cycles showed that four deformation zones similar to the hardness pattern were developed in both materials during the 3AF. These zones correlated well with the effective strain and hardness distributions. The highest effective strain and hardness were found in the core of the material (zone A), while the least hardness developed at the edges (zones C and D).
Miniature tensile testing of SPD processed fine-grained aluminum
Authors: Lanjewar Harishchandra A , Naghdy Soroosh , Kestens Leo A I , Verleysen Patricia
Published: August 2019

Manufacturing of ultrafine-grained (UFG) or nanocrystalline (NC) metals via a single step top-down approach imposing severe plastic deformation (SPD) is one of the most promising ways to achieve superior properties such as high strength and superplastic forming capability. Nonetheless, the lack of relevant data on their post-SPD performance in different test environments makes it difficult to fully understand their mechanical behavior. While characterizing the tensile behavior, almost all of the previous reports are limited to the discussion on the plastic performance of the material in terms of elongation to failure and corresponding strength, with only a few studies discussing the effect of grain fragmentation on work hardening response of the material. In the present work, a comprehensive analysis is presented in terms of the uniform and post-necking mechanical behavior of the ultrafine-grained material. Commercially pure aluminum is subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT) deformation with strains ranging from very low levels (γ ≈ 2.1) to values well in the saturation regime (γ ≈ 25.1). When tested in uniaxial tension, the strength increases monotonously. The uniform elongation improves with the imposed HPT strain, though remains lower than the value of the initial material. Based on the slopes of the stress-strain curve, three distinct zones are identified, i.e. uniform deformation, post-necking-1, and post-necking-2. With accumulating SPD deformation, the material shows enhanced pre-necking strength and ductility; while post-necking material fails early and at lower strength levels. The post-necking response is observed to be highly microstructure dependent: a lower grain size augments the resistance for micro-crack propagation and thus the ductility, however, once initiated, a crack propagates much faster in fine-grained than in coarse-grained HPT processed material.
Comparison between experimental data and a cellular automata simulation of martensite formation during cooling
Authors: Kaijalainen A , Seppälä O , Javaheri V , Pohjonen A , Porter D , Kömi J
Published: August 2019

Computer simulations of steel microstructural development provide a powerful tool, which can form the basis of mechanical property predictions. However, in order to create detailed understanding of the factors affecting the properties, the model should predict microstructural evolution during cooling. The present study compares the results of cellular automata simulations with experimental data for two distinct austenite conditions, recrystallized and deformed. Detailed microstructural features were studied using a laser scanning confocal microscope, FESEM and FESEM-EBSD. The two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) model for simulating the formation of lath martensite was parameterized using fitted Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov and Koistinen-Marburger equations. The parent austenite microstructure for the CA model was determined from the final martensitic microstructure using austenite grain reconstructions based on the use of MATLAB software and the MTEX toolbox. The results of this cellular automata simulation can be used to estimate the shapes and sizes of martensite blocks, which offers new possibilities for the qualitative estimation of the mechanical properties of high-strength steels formed from recrystallized or deformed austenite.
Evolution of microstructure, texture and grain boundary character distribution of potassium doped tungsten fibers annealed at variable temperatures
Authors: Tanure L , Terentyev D , Riesch J , Verbeken K
Published: August 2019

The effect of the annealing temperature on the microstructure and grain boundary character distribution of potassium doped tungsten fibers made of drawn wire was investigated by Electron Backscatter Diffraction. Samples, with a diameter of 148.7 μm, in the as-received condition and annealed at 1300, 1600, 1900, 2100 and 2300 °C were analyzed at the center of the transversal sections. Up to 1900 °C, a uniform microstructural coarsening and primary recrystallization followed by normal grain growth was observed. Between 1900 and 2100 °C abnormal grain growth took place. The strong texture (<110> parallel to the drawing axis) remained present in all conditions. With increasing the annealing temperature, the low angle grain boundary fraction increased at the expense of high angle grain boundaries while the amount of coincidence site lattice boundaries reached its maximum at 1600 °C. At this temperature, the most resistant configuration of triple junctions against intergranular crack propagation was obtained.
Static recrystallization of pure titanium after cryo-deformation
Authors: Yan C K , Cui G R , Qu S J , Feng A H , Shen J , Chen D L
Published: August 2019

Commercially-pure (CP) titanium was first processed via cryogenic deformation to activate high-density deformation twins, and was subsequently annealed at 500°C to induce static recrystallization (SRX). Two types of twins were mainly activated during cryogenic deformation, i.e.,

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contraction twins and

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extension twins. Multiple point-like twins were also present because the growth of twins was remarkably impeded at the low temperature. During annealing the recrystallization mechanisms were identified to be

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and

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twinning induced SRX. The point-like twins could effectively promote the occurrence of SRX. The grains were significantly refined from ∼40 to ∼2.7 μm while a few

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and

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TBs still retained with the same twinning angle/axis relationship during annealing.
Effect of Ca concentration on Microstructure formation behaviors in AZ61 magnesium alloy
Authors: Kim K , Han D , Kim K
Published: August 2019

Magnesium alloys have been paid attention as lightweight materials in various industrial fields. However, their use is limited by poor formability at room temperature which was caused by the limited number of slip systems. The texture control plays an important role in plastic workability of magnesium. Addition of Ca as alloying element is known to improve the general corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity of magnesium alloys in chloride environment. In order to investigate the Ca concentration on microstructure formation behaviors, Ca addition on AZ magnesium alloy were experimentally investigated by high-temperature uniaxial compression. Uniaxial compression test was conducted at 673K and 723K with a strain rate of 5.0×10−2s−1. The working softening was observed and the main component of texture and the sharpness of basal texture in two kinds of specimens varies depending on the deformation conditions.
The effect of abrasion on geomorphology changed and coast line conservation effort in Karawang Regency
Authors: Ihsan I F , Pin T G
Published: August 2019

The coastline in Karawang Regency stretches 84.23 km in nine sub-districts. One potential disaster is abrasion. The losses caused by abrasion have had an impact on public facilities and residents’ housing due to changes in coastlines and mangroves in Karawang District. The study aimed to obtain the distribution of abrasion along the Karawang coast and geomorphological changes that occurred from 2013-2018. The data used are Landsat Landsat 8 OLI satellite images and field surveys. The method used to analyze the rate of abrasion was carried out by spatial-temporal analysis for five years. Abrasion that occurred from 2013 - 2018 found in Pakisjaya, Cibuaya, Pedes, Cilebar, Tempuran, Cilamaya Kulon and Cilamaya Wetan Subdistricts. The efforts that have been made by the community in Cilamaya District are to conserve by planting mangroves and artificial barriers to the waves.
Analysis of spatial distribution of habitat oncomelania hupensis using landsat etm data in Lindu plain, Central Sulawesi
Authors: Kurniawan Muhamad , Supriatna  , Dimyati Muhammad
Published: August 2019

Transmission Schistosomiasis Japonicum, parasite disease by Schistosoma worm infection is closely related to the distribution of slugs Oncomelania Hupensis Linduensis. Spatial deployment of snail habitats can be traced through the geographical characteristics of their lives. This research was conducted to build spatial analysis model of the distribution of snail habitat using Landsat data to extract vegetation index information (NDVI), land humidity index (TVDI), land cover, with data supporting land inclination, altitude, distance from the river, distance from the lake, soil surface, and rainfall. Research conducted in the Lindu Plains was analyzed by stepwise regression to identify the ecological determinants of Oncomelania Hupensis Linduensis life. The results show that TVDI, land coverage, NDVI, and LST are the most significant variables with 85.9% correlation and 87.03% accuracy. From the modeling analysis, it is known that Oncomelania Hupensis habitat distribution shows a random pattern. By knowing the characteristics of Oncomelania Hupensis habitat distribution through remote sensing analysis, it is expected to monitor the movement of the habitat, so that the step can be used to help control the habitat referred to as host of Schistosomiasis disease in Indonesia.
Core laboratory measurements of ultrasonic tomography using the robot RTDs-U100 magnetic
Authors: Setiawan T , Fatkhan  , Cysela R Y , Rahadi A A , Sari V M
Published: August 2019

Along with the rapid development in technology, geophysical methods emerge as one of the research alternatives. Some research requires non-destructive test to determine characteristics of an object without causing any damage, such as core rock samples. Ultrasound tomography is non-destructive methods that reconstructing cross-sectional image of the internal structure of an object by analysing the propagation of ultrasound wave. The conventional method to measure core samples that usually use for determining the position of transducer and receiver sensors is by dragging manually. This manual measurement have weaknesses in terms of efficiency and accuracy. In this research, we design prototype of the Robot RTDs-U100 to improve the quality and efficiency measurements of core samples. The magnetic sensor used to control the rotation of transducer and receiver sensors. With this robotic rotation, the position of sensors is more precise and it takes less time. Our findings of core laboratory measurements show that Robot RTDs-U100 improved measurement error from 0,32% with manual measurement to 0,12% after using Robot RTDs-U100.
Geophysical approach to improve well correlation and stratigraphy package in the frontier area: example case of Upper Jurassic Fm. Semai Basin, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Nainggolan H B , Winardhi S
Published: August 2019

Well correlation needs to be done carefully in the exploration phase. In this study, due to a limited biostratigraphy data, the alternatives approaches to improve the well correlation were conducted. The approach is known as an Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis (INPEFA). The method generates a predicted Gamma Ray (GR) log based on the auto-regressive model. INPEFA generate and extract major sequence information curve and give the clue to the interpreter to get the general frame of correlation. INPEFA curve idea is related with sedimentation cycle where the package of sediment consists of para-sequence set and the para-sequence is formed by lamination, and so on. This phenomenon is known as an order of sequences. For the case study, the method is applied in to the frontier block located in Semai basin in the eastern of Indonesia. Six wells are included in to the analysis to be correlated by combining limited biostratigraphy data and INPEFA curve. The results conclude that the correlations from five wells have identical of eustasy cycle pattern, and validated by biostratigraphy marker. The correlation also show that the thickness of reservoir sandstone in the Upper Jurassic Formation increase to the north direction.
Subsurface Modeling Based on Gravity Data of Rendingan-Ulubelu-Waypanas (RUW) Geothermal Field, Lampung, Indonesia
Authors: Widya Permatasari Ana , Santoso Djoko , Setianingsih
Published: August 2019

Indonesia is located along the archipelago which has abundance of volcanoes along the arc. Therefore, Indonesia has a very high geothermal energy potential, such as the Rendingan-Ulubelu-Waypanas Geothermal Field in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province. Geophysical exploration is required to characterize the subsurface geothermal system. One of the methods that can be used is gravity method. The data used in this study is an analog Rendingan-Ulubelu-Waypanas Geothermal Field Complete Bouguer Anomaly Map of 2005. The analog map was then converted into digital map for further data processing. Separation of regional and residual Bouguer anomalies has been performed using moving average and spectral filter methods, in which the spectral analysis was conducted in 1D and 2D. The value of Bouguer background density used for 2.5D subsurface modeling is 2.67 g/cc. The gravity anomalies obtained in this study can be interpreted as follow. The existence of high anomalies under Mount Waypanas was interpreted as a Tertiary intrusion of granite with a density contrast of 0.22 g/cc. While low anomalies in the northern part was interpreted as a Quaternary intrusion of diorite with a density contrast of -0.22 g/cc, which acts as the heat source of the system. The reservoir of the system is the Quaternary young volcanics exposed on the surface with averaged thickness of 1500 m. We concluded that the fluid flow in this geothermal system is the meteoric water from Mount Rendingan and Mount Tanggamus, which has a higher topography, flows to a lower topography area in the Mount Waypanas, The fluid flow also creates an upflow under Mount Rendingan.
A Non-Linear Method for Hypocenter Determination around Central and East Java Region: Preliminary Result
Authors: Muttaqy Faiz , Dian Nugraha Andri , Puspito Nanang T , Supendi Pepen , Rosalia Shindy
Published: August 2019

Java Island is highly active tectonic zone and also has a complex geological system as a result of Indo-Australian plate that subducted under the Eurasian plate. This complexity produces many large and destructive earthquakes. Moreover, Java is a most densely populated region in Indonesia. The precise earthquake location can define and evaluate the seismic hazard in the area. In this study, we determined hypocenter location around the central and east Java region by using a non-linear method. We manually picked P-and S-wave arrival time recorded by BMKG network for the time period of 2009 to 2017. We used the minimum 1D seismic velocity model of ak135 to locate the events. We used some criteria for the determination of event location including (i) at least recorded by 4 station which has clear onset P and S arrival, and (ii) has magnitude (MW) > 3. The seismicity in the study area is controlled by subduction and many active faults distributed along the Java Island, also clustered in several areas such as Kendeng thrust, Opak river fault, Kebumen, Banyuwangi, and others. The result of this study indicates the accurately main shallow seismicity zones in central and eastern part of Java region, and also confirm the presence of active inland faults. As further studies, we will conduct 1D velocity modeling and relocate the hypocenters using an updated local 1D velocity model beneath the study area.
Characterization of Volcanic Ash From the 2017 Agung Eruption, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Devi S , Bijaksana S , Fajar S J , Santoso N A
Published: August 2019

In 2017, Mount Agung in Bali, Indonesia erupted after 54 years of dormancy. This eruption produced large amount of ash causing disruptions in this major tourist destination. Scientifically, however, this eruption produced important research material (volcanic ash). In this study, volcanic ash samples from 2017 Mount Agung eruption is subjected to geochemical and magnetic analyses, to gather information regarding the magmatic processes beneath Mount Agung. Samples were collected from four locations of varying distances. Magnetic analyses include measurement of magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis parameters, while geochemical analyses were carried out to determine the composition of major elements. These analyses are supplemented by petrographic analyses. Preliminary results show that the magnetic susceptibility values of the samples vary from 778 to 1002 × 10−8 m3/kg, the grain type is non-SP until the SP and non-SP grain mixtured, and the magnetic domain is the PSD and SP which differ significantly different from that of volcanic ash samples from other volcanos (Kelud, Sinabung, Soputan, Bromo, Merapi, Slamet) reported by previous studies. The results signify the potential use of rock magnetic methods combined with geochemical and petrographic analyses in characterizing volcanic ash.
Application of Refraction Seismic Tomography Method Using Wavepath Eikonal Traveltime Inversion for Modelling the Subsurface
Authors: Nurul Nida Hashina , Asta Yogantara Made , Otolomo Munawir A. P. , Sanny Teuku A.
Published: August 2019

Refraction seismic tomography is a geophysical method that is able to image shallow subsurface velocity variation. Common application of this method is for Civil Engineering include near-surface problem such as weathering zone and bedrock. In this study, refraction seismic tomography was using Wavepath Eikonal Traveltime (WET) inversion. This method is performed by software RayfractTM. The initial model is generated by Delta-t-V method and smoothing inversion. The Delta-t-V method obtain a 2D initial model, while the smoothing inversion obtain a 1D initial model. The forward modelling is done by finite-difference solution using Eikonal equation to obtain the ray tracing. Then WET inversion will obtain the subsurface model. The imaging result is able to show the thickness of weathering layer and the depth of the bedrock. The tomographic interpretation indicates the thickness of weathering layer is 2-10 meter, while the bedrock presence at depth 7-35 meter from the surface.
Teleseismic body wave inversion in determining rupture process of Sumbawa doublet earthquake, November 25th, 2007
Authors: Ratna P N , Gusman A R , Nugraha A D
Published: August 2019

The rupture patterns of the Sumbawa doublet earthquake that occurred on November 25th, 2007 was estimated using teleseismic body wave inversion. The first event occurred at 16:02:18 UTC with epicenter at 8.292°N and 118.37°E, short after this, the second event occurred at 19:53:08 UTC with epicenter at -8.224°N and 118.467°E. For each event, teleseismic body wave data were retrieved from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology – Data Management Center (IRIS-DMC). The waves were windowed for 70 s which started at 20 s before the P-wave arrival, band-pass filtered between 0. 01 and 0.1 Hz and then integrated into a displacement with a sampling time of 0.5 s. The Green’s function is calculated using the Kikuchi and Kanamori method. The fault geometry is based on the earthquake parameters of the Global Centroid Moment Tensor solution. Strike and dip for first event were 88° and 23°, respectively and those for the second event were 87° and 25°, respectively. The seismic moment (Mo) estimated by the inversion for the first event is 0.617×1019 Nm or equivalent to moment magnitude (Mw) 6.46 with source duration of approximately 55 s. While for the second event, the seismic moment is estimated to be 0.644×1019 Nm (Mw 6.47), with slightly longer source duration. The inversion for both events provided a similar slip pattern. The rupture propagated along the dip direction, and the maximum slip occurred near the hypocenter region. The maximum slip amount for first event and second event were 1.43 m and 1.48 m, respectively.
Inversion Modelling 3D Gravity for Hydrocarbon Identification at Sanggau, West Borneo
Authors: Muhammad Indragiri Noor , Sumarni
Published: August 2019

Inversion modelling 3D in gravity is applied on Sanggau Quadrangle, West Borneo. Subsurface modelling by gravity methods has ambiguity, to solve this ambiguity invers modelling 3D has been applied to anomaly bouguer map with measurement of depth by spectral analysis. Invers modelling 3D use inversion method of singular value decomposition (SVD) and inversion Occam. Anomaly bouguer show low anomaly between -83.5 mGal to 184 mGal in the north and south of map, middle anomaly between 184 mGal to 315 mGal in the middle of the map, high anomaly has values between 346.5 mGal to 544.7 mGal in North-East. Spectral analysis have result of the regional depth 30.381 km. Invers modelling 3D has result the model that have RMS 0.063 and 0.02. Invers modelling 3D shown large thickness of sandstone with density 2.35 g/cc at Kayan High Land, Ketungau Low Land, and Kapuas Low land, that potential for hydrocarbon. Volume sandstone on Sanggau is predicted about ≤ 50892.19384 km3. The result of the model give preliminary information of model concept on estimated potential hydrocarbon.
Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) Method for Earthquake Risk Determination of Jakarta City with Microtremor Data
Authors: Widia Pamungkas Isburhan Rosliani , Nuraeni Giyat , Verdhora Ry Rexha , Yudistira Tedi , Cipta Anthanius , Cummins Phil
Published: August 2019

Jakarta is the capital of the Republic of Indonesia which lies above a thick sedimentary basin. Geographically, Jakarta is 200 km away from the Indo-Australian subduction zone that sinks under the island of Java. There are many vital buildings and with the thick sediments underlying the city of Jakarta. Therefore, this region has a considerable seismic vulnerability. This will be dangerous if there is an earthquake that has the same frequency as the natural frequency of the building. It will cause a resonance resulting in amplification of seismic waves in the area. Each building has a different natural frequency, one that affects is the height of the building. To characterize the subsurface structure of the Jakarta Basin, microtremor data processing was obtained from the recording of 95 stations which was operated in October 2013 - February 2014 using Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. HVSR is a method for obtaining subsurface information from single station measurements by comparing the Fourier spectrum of horizontal components to its vertical components. This ratio is a function of the frequency that will produce the H/V curve. The dominant frequency value on the HVSR curve represents the natural frequency of the area. The Seismic Vulnerability Index (Kg), which serves to determine the soil weak zone, can be calculated from the H/V curve. The dominant frequency value maps generated for the Jakarta area range from 0.2-0.22 Hz for low frequencies and 1-8.6 Hz for high frequencies. The large dominant frequency correlates with the thin sediment layer. Based on the frequency range, the south and northwest regions of Jakarta have relatively shallow basement depths compared to other regions. The resulting amplification value map can be divided into 4 maps with different period ranges. From the four maps, the North Jakarta area or the area around Jakarta’s coastline is most at risk of amplification with an H/V value up to 11 because the area is associated with alluvial deposits and coastal sediments. The seismic vulnerability distribution map in Jakarta City ranges from 15-850 relatively high in northeast and north of Jakarta.
Petrophysics and rock physics using VTI model for low permeability and high porosity reservoir in CCS Gundih gas field pilot project, Indonesia
Authors: Fatkhan  , Danio H , Anggarini L T , Mudatsir O A , Sule M R
Published: August 2019

A pilot Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in Indonesia is planned to be implemented in Gundih area, Central Java Province in Indonesia. Prior to conducting CO2 injection, reservoir characterisations have to study thoroughly to assure that the reservoir is to meet with CCS standard requirements. The Jepon well in the Gundih fied was proposed as a suitable site for CO2 injection. The decision was made to proceed with a comprehensive site assessment and geological modelling of the Jepon area. This site was selected based on the reason the presence of a potentially suitable reservoir (Ngrayong Sandstone) and primary and secondary seals (Bulu Limestone and Wonocolo claystone). Using logging data, petrophysics and rock physics model are used to evaluate potential of the CO2 injection site. Permeability results from petrophysics calculations and recent injection tests show very small; whilst porosity is relatively high. This can be caused by fractures mostly are not connected. Hence, rock physics for the reservoir is evaluated and modelled as anisotropy or Vertical Tranverse Isotropy (VTI) in which fractures with preferred orientation. Stiffness calculations for VTI medium with different aspect ratio shows consistent with low permeability result.
Identification of Potential HC Reservoir in field “x” by using 3D Inversion Gravity Modeling and Magnetic Data
Authors: Jahrudin Ahmad , Syamsu Rosid M. , Setiaji Ronoatmojo Imam , Solehudin  , Adi Wibowo Ricky
Published: August 2019

3D inversion modeling of subsurface based on gravity anomaly data and magnetic anomaly data used for identification hydrocarbon potential in “x”. Where in the study area there are up dome structures that indicate some possibilities, including igneous rock intrusion, carbonate build up and also mud diapir. 3D inversion modeling of gravity and magnetic anomaly data correlated with two seismic section which available in study location. 3D inversion model is performed on the residual anomaly data on the gravity model and 2D in the magnetic anomaly. The result of 3D inversion modeling of gravity anomaly data shows that the peak up dome is at a depth of study located around 800 meters from the surface, this result corresponds to spectrum analysis and depth on the seismic cross section, while the density value of the up-dome body is approximately 2.78 g/cm3. While on the magnetic anomaly that has been done, structure of the dome indicates an intrusion structure with anomaly susceptibilities show the structure of igneous rock.
Chalcogenide-glass polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation
Authors: Ghosh A N , Meneghetti M , Petersen C R , Bang O , Brilland L , Venck S , Troles J , Dudley J M , Sylvestre T
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we report the design and fabrication of a highly birefringent polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber made from chalcogenide glass, and its application to linearly-polarized supercontinuum generation in the mid-infrared region. The fiber was drawn using the casting method from As38Se62 glass which features a transmission window from 2 to 10 μm and a high nonlinear index of 1.13 × 10–17  m2 W−1. It has a zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) at 4.56 μm for the fast axis and 4.68 μm for the slow axis and, at average ZDW, a large birefringence of 6.5 × 10–4 and consequently strong polarization maintaining properties are expected. Using this fiber, we experimentally demonstrate supercontinuum generation spanning from 3.1 to 6.02 μm and 3.33–5.78 μm using femtosecond pumping at 4 μm and 4.53 μm, respectively. We further investigate the supercontinuum bandwidth versus the input pump polarization angle and we show very good agreement with numerical simulations of the two-polarization model based on two coupled generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equations.
Socioeconomic Representation: Expanding the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy
Authors: Vinopal Katie
Published: August 2019

To date, representative bureaucracy scholarship has primarily focused on the potential for increased racial/ethnic and gender representation in the public-sector workforce to improve outcomes for minority and female clients. However, the potential for socioeconomic representation to benefit those from a lower socioeconomic background has not been thoroughly explored. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort 2011 and a student fixed-effects approach, I begin to fill this gap in the literature by investigating whether socioeconomic representation—above and beyond and intersecting with racial and ethnic representation—affects teachers' perceptions of their relationships with students. Heterogeneity by an organizational context likely to affect the saliency of SES is also explored. Overall results show no evidence that SES match between teachers and students influences teachers' rating of relationship quality with students. For low-SES black students, racial representation persists as an important factor in better teacher–student relationships, even controlling for socioeconomic representation. However, for low-SES white students in contexts where SES is likely to be particularly salient, socioeconomic representation has a significant positive effect on teacher–student relationship quality. Results exploring the interaction of racial and socioeconomic representation are also presented. Finally, theoretical and practical implications, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.
Short-term outcome of surgical arthrodiastasis of the ankle with Ilizarov frame in a cohort of children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Cleary Gavin , Pain Clare , McCann Liza , Mahmood Kamran , Brookes-Fazakerley Steven , Robinson Simon , Walton Roger , Highcock Alan , Landes Caren , Barnes Nik , Roberts Ian , James Leroy
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Despite medical advances, life-changing articular damage may still occur in patients with JIA. We report a cohort with destructive arthropathy of the ankle treated by surgical arthrodiastasis.

Methods

Eight patients (nine ankles) received arthrodiastasis by means of an Ilizarov frame between 2009 and 2013. Patient- and clinician-reported outcome measures were collated prospectively, with retrospective analysis of demographics, disease and pre-surgical treatment.

Results

Pre-surgery, all patients received IA CS (mean 0.8 injections/year) and MTX (mean diagnosis to treatment 3.8 years; two of eight started within 3 months). Seven of eight patients received biologic drugs. Pain scores improved by 56 and 29% (P < 0.005) at 6 and 12 months post-frame removal. American Academy Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle–hindfoot scale, Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire-Child and Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire-Parent scores improved by 171, 62 and 80%, respectively (P < 0.005) at 12 months post-frame removal. Patients remained satisfied with surgical treatment for a mean of 13.3 months. There was transient pin site infection in three patients, and all patients had radiological improvement in joint space.

Conclusion

Arthrodiastasis with an Ilizarov frame is a safe, well-tolerated technique that should be considered as a short-term joint-preserving procedure to improve pain and function when damage has occurred. Delays to systemic medical treatment in this cohort would be considered out-with standard modern practice but, although less prevalent, destructive ankle arthropathy continues to occur in JIA, and we believe this study to be relevant. The ankle is particularly susceptible to damage and, even if localized, should be treated early and aggressively with DMARDs and rapid progression to biologic therapies.

Levelof evidence

Level IV.
Nitrogen Fertilizers Shape the Composition and Predicted Functions of the Microbiota of Field-Grown Tomato Plants
Authors: Caradonia Federica , Ronga Domenico , Catellani Marcello , Giaretta Azevedo Cleber Vinícius , Terrazas Rodrigo Alegria , Robertson-Albertyn Senga , Francia Enrico , Bulgarelli Davide
Published: August 2019

The microbial communities thriving at the root−soil interface have the potential to improve plant growth and sustainable crop production. Yet, how agricultural practices, such as the application of either mineral or organic nitrogen fertilizers, impact on the composition and functions of these communities remains to be fully elucidated. By deploying a two-pronged 16S rRNA gene sequencing and predictive metagenomics approach, we demonstrated that the bacterial microbiota of field-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants is the product of a selective process that progressively differentiates between rhizosphere and root microhabitats. This process initiates as early as plants are in a nursery stage and it is then more marked at late developmental stages, in particular at harvest. This selection acts on both the bacterial relative abundances and phylogenetic assignments, with a bias for the enrichment of members of the phylum Actinobacteria in the root compartment. Digestate-based and mineral-based nitrogen fertilizers trigger a distinct bacterial enrichment in both rhizosphere and root microhabitats. This compositional diversification mirrors a predicted functional diversification of the root-inhabiting communities, manifested predominantly by the differential enrichment of genes associated to ABC transporters and the two-component system. Together, our data suggest that the microbiota thriving at the tomato root−soil interface is modulated by and in responses to the type of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the field.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
A cryptic non–GPI‐anchored cytosolic isoform of CD59 controls insulin exocytosis in pancreatic β‐cells by interaction with SNARE proteins
Authors: Golec Ewelina , Rosberg Rebecca , Zhang Enming , Renström Erik , Blom Anna M. , King Ben C.
Published: August 2019

CD59 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored cell surface inhibitor of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). We showed previously that CD59 is highly expressed in pancreatic islets but is down‐regulated in rodent models of diabetes. CD59 knockdown but not enzymatic removal of cell surface CD59 led to a loss of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), suggesting that an intracellular pool of CD59 is required. In this current paper, we now report that non‐GPI‐anchored CD59 is present in the cytoplasm, colocalizes with exocytotic protein vesicle‐associated membrane protein 2, and completely rescues GSIS in cells lacking endogenous CD59 expression. The involvement of cytosolic non–GPI‐anchored CD59 in GSIS is supported in phosphatidylinositol glycan class A knockout GPI anchor–deficient β‐cells, in which GSIS is still CD59 dependent. Furthermore, site‐directed mutagenesis demonstrated different structural requirements of CD59 for its 2 functions, MAC inhibition and GSIS. Our results suggest that CD59 is retrotranslocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, a process mediated by recognition of trimmed N‐linked oligosaccharides, supported by the partial glycosylation of non‐GPI‐anchored cytosolic CD59 as well as the failure of N‐linked glycosylation site mutant CD59 to reach the cytosol or rescue GSIS. This study thus proposes the previously undescribed existence of non–GPI‐anchored cytosolic CD59, which is required for insulin secretion.—Golec, E., Rosberg, R., Zhang, E., Renström, E., Blom, A. M., King, B. C. A cryptic non–GPI‐anchored cytosolic isoform of CD59 controls insulin exocytosis in pancreatic β‐cells by interaction with SNARE proteins. FASEB J. 33, 12425–12434 (2019). www.fasebj.org
The Song Classification Is Reliable and Guides Prognosis and Treatment for Pediatric Lateral Condyle Fractures: An Independent Validation Study With Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Ramo Brandon A. , Funk Shawn S. , Elliott Marilyn E. , Jo Chan-Hee
Published: August 2019

Background:

Lateral condyle fractures account for 15% to 20% of pediatric elbow fractures. Among numerous proposed classification systems, the Song classification appears the most comprehensive. The utility of any classification system relies on its ability to be descriptive, reproducible, and to guide prognosis/treatment. We assessed the Song classification by applying it to 736 retrospectively treated patients.

Methods:

A total of 736 pediatric patients with lateral condyle fractures were identified between 2007 and 2014. In total, 60 patients were selected for a radiographic interclass and intraclass correlation study. Radiographs of the patients were reviewed by 6 observers, who independently measured radiographs for displacement on radiographs and assigned a Song classification. Treatment and outcomes were then reviewed on all 736 patients and evaluated as a successful outcome when achieving a healed fracture at discharge without significant complication or necessitating a change from initial treatment modality.

Results:

Weighted κ values for intrarater and interrater reliability to assign Song classification indicated excellent agreement. Intraclass correlation coefficients of 6 observers measuring displacement on radiographs in millimeters indicated good to excellent agreement. In total, 106 Song 1 fracture were primarily treated by casting alone and only 5.5% required conversion to operative intervention. Overall, 139 Song 2 fractures were treated by closed treatment (n=114, 82% successful nonoperatively, 16% converted to operative management) or surgical means (n=25, 100% success) without treatment superiority (P>0.999) and both modalities had high success rates. Song 3 fractures (n=17) demonstrated a failure rate of 80% with casting (n=10) and were better managed by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (n=7, 100% success, P=0.002). Song 4 (n=325) fractures had low success rate (34%) with casting (n=35), but achieved higher success rates (P<0.001) when managed with either closed (n=57) or open reduction (n=233) and pin fixation (89.5% and 92.7% success, respectively, P=0.401). Song 5 fractures (n=149) generally required an open reduction in our series with good success rates (91.2%).

Conclusion:

This study validates the Song classification with high interobserver and intraobserver reliability. The Song classification improves on existing classification systems by better distinguishing fractures at risk for failure of nonoperative treatment and guiding treatment outcomes.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Time of Season and Game Segment Is Not Related to Likelihood of Lower-Limb Injuries: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Doyle Tim L. A. , Schilaty Nathan D. , Webster Kate E. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: August 2019

Objective:

Fatigue due to game play is often cited as a factor in musculoskeletal injuries; however, it is unclear whether or not this view is supported by published research findings. Given the importance researchers and practitioners place on the potential effects of game play with respect to injury, it is important to understand what inferences can be drawn from the collective research in this realm. This meta-analysis will consider the time of season and segment of the game, as it relates anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), groin, and hamstring injury occurrence.

Data Sources:

Database searches were run in PubMed, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and Ausport, in addition to the inclusion of articles identified manually.

Study Selection:

Search terms were chosen to identify articles related to each of the 3 injuries of interest. There were no date limitations placed on the articles, as such, all published articles listed in the databases up to November 2017 were eligible for selection if they met the search criteria.

Data Extraction:

Initial searches yielded 1349 articles, and this was eventually reduced to 15 articles deemed suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis, which provided 21 data sets.

Data Synthesis:

Comparing the first half with the second half of the season, there were no differences in ACL, groin, or hamstring injury occurrences [ACL: odds ratio (OR), 1.27; confidence interval (CI), 0.43-3.78, groin: OR, 1.79; CI, 0.63-5.06, and hamstring: OR, 1.16; CI, 0.88-1.53]. Similarly, there were no differences in injury occurrence between the first and second halves of the game for the ACL or hamstring injuries (ACL: OR, 0.43; CI, 0.47-7.92, hamstring: OR, 0.85; CI, 0.58-1.24).

Conclusions:

Findings from this meta-analysis determined that time in season or time in game does not influence risk of the ACL, groin, or hamstring injury. Commonly, many studies did not provide sufficient detail to be included in the meta-analysis. Consequently, it is recommended that future studies report data related to the timing of the injury within the season or game.
Transplantation of High-risk Donor Livers After Ex Situ Resuscitation and Assessment Using Combined Hypo- and Normothermic Machine Perfusion
Authors: van Leeuwen Otto B. , de Vries Yvonne , Fujiyoshi Masato , Nijsten Maarten W. N. , Ubbink Rinse , Pelgrim Gert Jan , Werner Maureen J. M. , Reyntjens Koen M. E. M. , van den Berg Aad P. , de Boer Marieke T. , de Kleine Ruben H. J. , Lisman Ton , de Meijer Vincent E. , Porte Robert J.
Published: August 2019

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate sequential hypothermic and normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) as a tool to resuscitate and assess viability of initially declined donor livers to enable safe transplantation.

Summary Background Data:

Machine perfusion is increasingly used to resuscitate and test the function of donor livers. Although (dual) hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion ([D]HOPE) resuscitates livers after cold storage, NMP enables assessment of hepatobiliary function.

Methods:

In a prospective clinical trial, nationwide declined livers were subjected to ex situ NMP (viability assessment phase), preceded by 1-hour DHOPE (resuscitation phase) and 1 hour of controlled oxygenated rewarming (COR), using a perfusion fluid containing an hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier. During the first 2.5 hours of NMP, hepatobiliary viability was assessed, using predefined criteria: perfusate lactate <1.7 mmol/L, pH 7.35 to 7.45, bile production >10 mL, and bile pH >7.45. Livers meeting all criteria were accepted for transplantation. Primary endpoint was 3-month graft survival.

Results:

Sixteen livers underwent DHOPE–COR–NMP. All livers were from donors after circulatory death, with median age of 63 (range 42–82) years and median Eurotransplant donor risk index of 2.82. During NMP, all livers cleared lactate and produced sufficient bile volume, but in 5 livers bile pH remained <7.45. The 11 (69%) livers that met all viability criteria were successfully transplanted, with 100% patient and graft survival at 3 and 6 months. Introduction of DHOPE–COR–NMP increased the number of deceased donor liver transplants by 20%.

Conclusions:

Sequential DHOPE–COR–NMP enabled resuscitation and safe selection of initially declined high-risk donor livers, thereby increasing the number of transplantable livers by 20%.

Trial registration:

www.trialregister.nl; NTR5972.
Poor Outcomes With the Use of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Venkatachalam Karthik , Malone Andrew F. , Heady Brittany , Santos Rowena Delos , Alhamad Tarek
Published: August 2019

Background.

Checkpoint inhibitors are now frequently used for oncologic conditions. The impact of these therapies in solid organ transplant recipients was not assessed in clinical trials. Subsequent case reports highlight the major detrimental interactions of checkpoint inhibitors and the high risk of allograft rejection with their use. Patient outcomes have not been assessed in long-term follow-up.

Methods.

We conducted a retrospective review of kidney transplant recipients with metastatic cancer who received checkpoint inhibitors at a single center between April 2015 and May 2018.

Results.

Six kidney transplant recipients with metastatic cancers that were not responding to first-line treatments met study criteria. These include 2 with squamous cell cancers, 2 with melanoma, 1 with renal cell cancer, and 1 with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Four patients received anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) antibody and 2 received a combination of anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies. Three out of 6 patients developed acute kidney injury. Two were biopsy-proven acute rejections with subsequent graft failures. The third was attributed to rejection, but improved after discontinuing the checkpoint inhibitor. Five out of 6 patients had cancer progression and only 1 patient had remission.

Conclusions.

Providers and patients need to be aware of the high risk of rejection and the poor remission rate with the use of checkpoint inhibitors in kidney transplant patients. More research is warranted to assess the optimal maintenance immunosuppression during the use of checkpoint inhibitor therapy that would not diminish the chances of remission.
Loss of developmental diapause as prerequisite for social evolution in bees
Authors: Santos Priscila Karla Ferreira , Arias Maria Cristina , Kapheim Karen M.
Published: August 2019

Diapause is a physiological arrest of development ahead of adverse environmental conditions and is a critical phase of the life cycle of many insects. In bees, diapause has been reported in species from all seven taxonomic families. However, they exhibit a variety of diapause strategies. These different strategies are of particular interest since shifts in the phase of the insect life cycle in which diapause occurs have been hypothesized to promote the evolution of sociality. Here we provide a comprehensive evaluation of this hypothesis with phylogenetic analysis and ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) of the ecological and evolutionary factors associated with diapause phase. We find that social lifestyle, latitude and voltinism are significant predictors of the life stage in which diapause occurs. ASR revealed that the most recent common ancestor of all bees likely exhibited developmental diapause and shifts to adult, reproductive, or no diapause have occurred in the ancestors of lineages in which social behaviour has evolved. These results provide fresh insight regarding the role of diapause as a prerequisite for the evolution of sociality in bees.