bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of patient-reported outcome measures following total and unicondylar knee replacement
Authors: Baker P. N. , Petheram T. , Jameson S. S. , Avery P. J. , Reed M. R. , Gregg P. J. , Deehan D. J.
Published: June 2012

Following arthroplasty of the knee, the patient’s perception of improvement in symptoms is fundamental to the assessment of outcome. Better clinical outcome may offset the inferior survival observed for some types of implant. By examining linked National Joint Registry (NJR) and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) data, we aimed to compare PROMs collected at a minimum of six months post-operatively for total (TKR: n = 23 393) and unicondylar knee replacements (UKR: n = 505). Improvements in knee-specific (Oxford knee score, OKS) and generic (EuroQol, EQ-5D) scores were compared and adjusted for case-mix differences using multiple regression. Whereas the improvements in the OKS and EQ-5D were significantly greater for TKR than for UKR, once adjustments were made for case-mix differences and pre-operative score, the improvements in the two scores were not significantly different. The adjusted mean differences in the improvement of OKS and EQ-5D were 0.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.9 to 0.9; p = 0.96) and 0.009 (95% CI -0.034 to 0.015; p = 0.37), respectively.

We found no difference in the improvement of either knee-specific or general health outcomes between TKR and UKR in a large cohort of registry patients. With concerns about significantly higher revision rates for UKR observed in worldwide registries, we question the widespread use of an arthroplasty that does not confer a significant benefit in clinical outcome.
The long-term post-operative electromyographic evaluation of patients who have undergone carpal tunnel decompression
Authors: Faour-Martín O. , Martín-Ferrero M. A. , Almaraz-Gómez A. , Vega-Castrillo A.
Published: June 2012

We present the electromyographic (EMG) results ten years after open decompression of the median nerve at the wrist and compare them with the clinical and functional outcomes as judged by Levine’s Questionnaire. This retrospective study evaluated 115 patients who had undergone carpal tunnel decompression at a mean of 10.47 years (9.24 to 11.36) previously. A positive EMG diagnosis was found in 77 patients (67%), including those who were asymptomatic at ten years.

It is necessary to include both clinical and functional results as well as electromyographic testing in the long-term evaluation of patients who have undergone carpal tunnel decompression particularly in those in whom revision surgery is being considered. In doubtful cases or when there are differing outcomes, self-administered scales such as Levine’s Questionnaire should prevail over EMG results when deciding on the need for revision surgery.
The value of T1-weighted coronal MRI scans in diagnosing occult fracture of the hip
Authors: Iwata T. , Nozawa S. , Dohjima T. , Yamamoto T. , Ishimaru D. , Tsugita M. , Maeda M. , Shimizu K.
Published: June 2012

A delay in establishing the diagnosis of an occult fracture of the hip that remains unrecognised after plain radiography can result in more complex treatment such as an arthroplasty being required. This might be avoided by earlier diagnosis using MRI. The aim of this study was to investigate the best MR imaging sequence for diagnosing such fractures. From a consecutive cohort of 771 patients admitted between 2003 and 2011 with a clinically suspected fracture of the hip, we retrospectively reviewed the MRI scans of the 35 patients who had no evidence of a fracture on their plain radiographs. In eight of these patients MR scanning excluded a fracture but the remaining 27 patients had an abnormal scan: one with a fracture of the pubic ramus, and in the other 26 a T1-weighted coronal MRI showed a hip fracture with 100% sensitivity. T2-weighted imaging was undertaken in 25 patients, in whom the diagnosis could not be established with this scanning sequence alone, giving a sensitivity of 84.0% for T2-weighted imaging.

If there is a clinical suspicion of a hip fracture with normal radiographs, T1-weighted coronal MRI is the best sequence of images for identifying a fracture.
Developing a strategy to treat established infection in total knee replacement
Authors: Vanhegan I. S. , Morgan-Jones R. , Barrett D. S. , Haddad F. S.
Published: June 2012

This review summarises the opinions and conclusions reached from a symposium on infected total knee replacement (TKR) held at the British Association of Surgery of the Knee (BASK) annual meeting in 2011. The National Joint Registry for England and Wales reported 5082 revision TKRs in 2010, of which 1157 (23%) were caused by infection. The diagnosis of infection beyond the acute post-operative stage relies on the identification of the causative organism by aspiration and analysis of material obtained at arthroscopy. Ideal treatment then involves a two-stage surgical procedure with extensive debridement and washout, followed by antibiotics. An articulating or non-articulating drug-eluting cement spacer is used prior to implantation of the revision prosthesis, guided by the serum level of inflammatory markers. The use of a single-stage revision is gaining popularity and we would advocate its use in certain patients where the causative organism is known, no sinuses are present, the patient is not immunocompromised, and there is no radiological evidence of component loosening or osteitis.

It is our opinion that single-stage revision produces high-quality reproducible results and will soon achieve the same widespread acceptance as it does in infected hip arthroplasty.
A rare case of a bisphosphonate-induced peri-prosthetic femoral fracture
Authors: Cross M. B. , Nam D. , van der Meulen M. C. H. , Bostrom M. P. G.
Published: June 2012

An 81-year-old woman presented with a fracture in the left femur. She had well-fixed bilateral hip replacements and had received long-term bisphosphonate treatment. Prolonged bisphosphonate use has been recently linked with atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures. While the current definition of an atypical fracture of the femur excludes peri-prosthetic fractures, this case suggests that they do occur and should be considered in patients with severe osteopenia. Union of the fracture followed cessation of bisphosphonates and treatment with teriparatide. Thus, this case calls into question whether prophylactic intramedullary nailing is sufficient alone to treat early or completed atypical femoral fractures.
The outcome of the treatment of diaphyseal primary bone sarcoma by resection, irradiation and re-implantation of the host bone
Authors: Puri A. , Gulia A. , Jambhekar N. , Laskar S.
Published: June 2012

We analysed the outcome of patients with primary non-metastatic diaphyseal sarcomas who had en bloc resection with preservation of the adjoining joints and reconstruction with re-implantation of sterilised tumour bone after extracorporeal radiation (50 Gy). Between March 2005 and September 2009, 32 patients (16 Ewing’s sarcoma and 16 osteogenic sarcoma) with a mean age of 15 years (2 to 35) underwent this procedure. The femur was the most common site in 17 patients, followed by the tibia in 11, humerus in three and ulna in one. The mean resected length of bone was 19 cm (10 to 26). A total of 31 patients were available at a mean follow-up of 34 months (12 to 74). The mean time to union for all osteotomy sites was 7.3 months (3 to 28): metaphyseal osteotomy sites united quicker than diaphyseal osteotomy sites (5.8 months (3 to 10) versus 9.5 months (4 to 28)). There were three local recurrences, all in soft-tissue away from irradiated graft. At the time of final follow-up, 19 patients were free of disease, one was alive with disease and 11 had died of disease. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score for 29 patients evaluated at the last follow-up was 26 (9 to 30).

Extracorporeal irradiation is an oncologically safe and inexpensive technique for limb salvage in diaphyseal sarcomas and has good functional results.
The management of diffuse-type giant cell tumour (pigmented villonodular synovitis) and giant cell tumour of tendon sheath (nodular tenosynovitis)
Authors: van der Heijden L. , Gibbons C. L. M. H. , Dijkstra P. D. S. , Kroep J. R. , van Rijswijk C. S. P. , Nout R. A. , Bradley K. M. , Athanasou N. A. , Hogendoorn P. C. W. , van de Sande M. A. J.
Published: June 2012

Giant cell tumours (GCT) of the synovium and tendon sheath can be classified into two forms: localised (giant cell tumour of the tendon sheath, or nodular tenosynovitis) and diffuse (diffuse-type giant cell tumour or pigmented villonodular synovitis). The former principally affects the small joints. It presents as a solitary slow-growing tumour with a characteristic appearance on MRI and is treated by surgical excision. There is a significant risk of multiple recurrences with aggressive diffuse disease. A multidisciplinary approach with dedicated MRI, histological assessment and planned surgery with either adjuvant radiotherapy or systemic targeted therapy is required to improve outcomes in recurrent and refractory diffuse-type GCT.

Although arthroscopic synovectomy through several portals has been advocated as an alternative to arthrotomy, there is a significant risk of inadequate excision and recurrence, particularly in the posterior compartment of the knee. For local disease partial arthroscopic synovectomy may be sufficient, at the risk of recurrence. For both local and diffuse intra-articular disease open surgery is advised for recurrent disease. Marginal excision with focal disease will suffice, not dissimilar to the treatment of GCT of tendon sheath. For recurrent and extra-articular soft-tissue disease adjuvant therapy, including intra-articular radioactive colloid or moderate-dose external beam radiotherapy, should be considered.
Does early administration of bisphosphonate affect fracture healing in patients with intertrochanteric fractures?
Authors: Kim T-Y. , Ha Y-C. , Kang B-J. , Lee Y-K. , Koo K-H.
Published: June 2012

This prospective multicentre study was undertaken to determine whether the timing of the post-operative administration of bisphosphonate affects fracture healing and the rate of complication following an intertrochanteric fracture. Between August 2008 and December 2009, 90 patients with an intertrochanteric fracture who underwent internal fixation were randomised to three groups according to the timing of the commencement of risedronate treatment after surgery: Group A (from one week after surgery), Group B (from one month after surgery), and Group C (from three months after surgery). The radiological time to fracture healing was assessed as the primary endpoint, and the incidence of complications, including excessive displacement or any complication requiring revision surgery, as the secondary endpoint. The mean time to fracture healing post-operatively in groups A, B and C was 10.7 weeks (sd 4.4), 12.9 weeks (sd 6.2) and 12.3 weeks (sd 7.1), respectively (p = 0.420). At 24 weeks after surgery, all fractures had united, except six that had a loss of fixation. Functional outcomes at one year after surgery according to the Koval classification (p = 0.948) and the incidence of complications (p = 0.386) were similar in the three groups.

This study demonstrates that the timing of the post-operative administration of bisphosphonates does not appear to affect the rate of healing of an intertrochanteric fracture or the incidence of complications.
The effect of aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin on venous thromboembolism after knee replacement
Authors: Jameson S. S. , Baker P. N. , Charman S. C. , Deehan D. J. , Reed M. R. , Gregg P. J. , Van der Meulen J. H.
Published: June 2012

We compared thromboembolic events, major haemorrhage and death after knee replacement in patients receiving either aspirin or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Data from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales were linked to an administrative database of hospital admissions in the English National Health Service. A total of 156 798 patients between April 2003 and September 2008 were included and followed for 90 days. Multivariable risk modelling was used to estimate odds ratios adjusted for baseline risk factors (AOR). An AOR < 1 indicates that risk rates are lower with LMWH than with aspirin. In all, 36 159 patients (23.1%) were prescribed aspirin and 120 639 patients (76.9%) were prescribed LMWH. We found no statistically significant differences between the aspirin and LMWH groups in the rate of pulmonary embolism (0.49% vs 0.45%, AOR 0.88 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.05); p = 0.16), 90-day mortality (0.39% vs 0.45%, AOR 1.13 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.37); p = 0.19) or major haemorrhage (0.37% vs 0.39%, AOR 1.01 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.22); p = 0.94). There was a significantly greater likelihood of needing to return to theatre in the aspirin group (0.26% vs 0.19%, AOR 0.73 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.94); p = 0.01). Between patients receiving LMWH or aspirin there was only a small difference in the risk of pulmonary embolism, 90-day mortality and major haemorrhage.

These results should be considered when the existing guidelines for thromboprophylaxis after knee replacement are reviewed.
Rapid and controlled synthesis of hydrophobic polyethers by monomer activation
Authors: Gervais Matthieu , Brocas Anne-Laure , Deffieux Alain , Ibarboure Emmanuel , Carlotti Stephane
Published: June 2012

A series of polyethers was prepared by monomer-activated anionic polymerization. The combination of an ammonium salt with triisobutylaluminum allowed the polymerization of epoxides containing various aliphatic side chains (1,2-butene oxide (BO), 1,2-hexene oxide (HO), and 1,2-octadecene oxide (ODO)) or a fluorinated group (3,3,3-trifluoro-1,2-epoxypropane (TFEP)). Polymers of molar masses up to 35 000 g/mol with relatively narrow molar mass distribution could be synthesized. Polymer structures were analyzed by 13C NMR, and the thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The evolution of hydrophobicity was investigated according to the length and composition of the side chain. Using a long aliphatic side-chain epoxide (C16) imparted crystallinity to the resulting atactic polymer.
More with less: Advances in flow and paper-based monitoring of nutrients in aquatic systems
Authors: McKelvie Ian D. , Kolev Spas D. , Worsfold Paul J.
Published: June 2012

This paper highlights the importance of the collection of data that is of suitable quality and of appropriate frequency and/or spatial intensity for the monitoring of aquatic systems. The advantages of automated techniques, such as flow analysis, in monitoring are emphasized, as is the selection of parameters that address the objectives of monitoring. The potential of nascent microfluidic and paper-based analytical techniques as tools for water quality monitoring is examined.
Complexity-generating hydration reactions via gold-catalyzed addition of boronic acids to alkynes
Authors: Sheppard Tom D.
Published: June 2012

Boronic acids can serve as organic soluble substitutes for water molecules in the metal-catalyzed hydration of alkynes. The Au-catalyzed addition of boronic acids to alkynes provides an alternative method for enolate generation, which proceeds under exceptionally mild conditions. The resulting enolates can be trapped by aldehydes present in the reaction mixture, giving aldol products that can be isolated as cyclic borate esters. These compounds are versatile synthetic intermediates that can be elaborated into a variety of products by transformation of the boron moiety. The Au-catalyzed reaction of boronic acids with propargylic alcohols results in efficient Meyer–Schuster rearrangement to the corresponding enones. The rearrangement of tertiary alcohols gives (E)-enones with moderate to good selectivity, and the addition of a boronic acid to the reaction appears to enhance the level of geometrical control. The rearrangement of primary alcohols to terminal enones also occurs readily in the presence of catalytic Au(I) and a boronic acid, and the resulting terminal enones can be reacted with nucleophiles in one-pot procedures to give a variety of β-substituted ketones.
Isotope incorporation using organoboranes
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Yao Min-Liang , Akula Murthy , Yong Li
Published: June 2012

Isotopes have played an important role in chemistry, biology, and medicine. For the last three decades, we have focused on the use of organoboron compounds as precursors to isotopically labeled physiologically active reagents. During that period, we have successfully developed methods for incorporating short- and long-lived isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens using a variety of reactive organoboron precursors. In addition, labeling strategies employing polymer-supported organoboron derivatives were developed. In this report, we present a short overview focused on the evolution of radiolabeling techniques based on boron chemistry.
Mentorship: Mutual Benefits for ASL Students and Gifted Students (Part 1)
Authors: Buisson Gerald J. , Salgo Jennifer
Published: June 2012

P ostsecondary American Sign Language (ASL) students are capable of teaching short lessons related to sign language and Deaf culture to gifted students in elementary school. College students who work as interest-area mentors benefit gifted students while building their own academic discipline and professional skills. In Part 1 of a 2-part series of articles, the authors explain the unique needs shared by students in gifted education programs (GEPs), the concept of interest-area mentorship, and how mentors help meet the needs of gifted students in light of National Association for Gifted Children standards. Benefits for ASL students, gifted students, and GEP teachers are discussed. College instructors also benefit, because mentoring experiences help make mentors better students and professionals. Additionally, mentoring in gifted classes facilitates recruiting of the next generation of professionals. In this case, recruiting occurs with the best and brightest: gifted students.
Some Post-Fishing Thoughts on Hemingway and Writing
Authors: Voelker John
Published: June 2012

In 1983, almost thirty years ago, the Hemingway Society chose Michigan as a venue for its first conference. Here Professor Emeritus Joseph J. Waldmeir, chairman of that conference, offers some memories, and presents its two never-before-published keynote speeches: "Some Post-Fishing Thoughts on Hemingway and Writing" by John Voelker (author of Anatomy of a Murder , published under the pen name Robert Traver) and "Hemingway: The 45 th Parallel—Two Bars" by Jim Harrison. Both novelists talk about the role played by Michigan, and Hemingway, in their own lives and work.
Mr. Wilson's War: Peace, Neutrality, and Entangling Alliances in Hemingway's In Our Time
Authors: Carey Craig
Published: June 2012

This essay examines Hemingway's In Our Time in the historical and discursive context of Woodrow Wilson's rhetorical leadership during the years before, during, and after World War I. Addressing Hemingway scholarship's failure to consider Wilson's importance, it shows how the style, structure, and protagonist of In Our Time challenge the core tenets of Wilson's idealism, specifically his progressive theories about peace, neutrality, leadership, and mediation in state politics. Drawing on Wilson's public rhetoric, as well as selections from Hemingway's early journalism with the Toronto Star , the essay offers an alternative context for understanding the modernist innovations long associated with Hemingway's first major experiment in prose.
Introduction
Authors: Waldmeir Joseph J.
Published: June 2012

In 1983, almost thirty years ago, the Hemingway Society chose Michigan as a venue for its first conference. Here Professor Emeritus Joseph J. Waldmeir, chairman of that conference, offers some memories, and presents its two never-before-published keynote speeches: "Some Post-Fishing Thoughts on Hemingway and Writing" by John Voelker (author of Anatomy of a Murder , published under the pen name Robert Traver) and "Hemingway: The 45 th Parallel—Two Bars" by Jim Harrison. Both novelists talk about the role played by Michigan, and Hemingway, in their own lives and work.
"China and the Pursuit of America's Destiny: Nineteenth-Century Imagining and Why Immigration Restriction Took So Long"
Authors: Chang Gordon H.
Published: June 2012

Traditional accounts of the exclusion of Chinese from America emphasize the racial, economic, cultural, and political hostility of whites and suggest that exclusion was an inexorable process. This essay, instead, asks why did exclusion legislation actually take a relatively long time to pass through Congress? The question helps re-cast our view of 19 th century Chinese immigration and leads us to appreciate the sentiment that welcomed the arrival of Chinese as part of the broader project of linking America with China for trade, evangelical, and other purposes. The arrival of Chinese in America, in the eyes of important Americans, was part and parcel of the country's grand destiny.
"Ethnic Literature's Hot": Asian American Literature, Refugee Cosmopolitanism, and Nam Le's The Boat
Authors: Goellnicht Donald C.
Published: June 2012

This article examines The Boat as a coherent collection of stories that self-consciously takes up, in "Love and Honor," some central debates in Asian American literary studies: questions of cultural authenticity, authorial ownership, responsible representation of trauma, the selling out of the community by subsequent generations, and what constitutes Asian American literature and/or "ethnic literature." It argues that Le complicates the concept of ethnic literature through the middle stories of the collection by imbricating the ethnic with the cosmopolitan, two concepts that are usually viewed in opposition, to arrive at the idea of "refugee cosmopolitanism" in the final story, "The Boat."
How do individual cognitive differences relate to acceptability judgments?: A reply to Sprouse, Wagers, and Phillips
Authors: Hofmeister Philip , Casasanto Laura Staum , Sag Ivan A.
Published: June 2012

Sprouse, Wagers, and Phillips (2012) carried out two experiments in which they measured individual differences in memory to test processing accounts of island effects. They found that these individual differences failed to predict the magnitude of island effects, and they construe these findings as counterevidence to processing-based accounts of island effects. Here, we take up several problems with their methods, their findings, and their conclusions. First, the arguments against processing accounts are based on null results using tasks that may be ineffective or inappropriate measures of working memory (the n -back and serial-recall tasks). The authors provide no evidence that these two measures predict judgments for other constructions that are difficult to process and yet are clearly grammatical. They assume that other measures of working memory would have yielded the same result, but provide no justification that they should. We further show that whether a working-memory measure relates to judgments of grammatical, hard-to-process sentences depends on how difficult the sentences are. In this light, the stimuli used by the authors present processing difficulties other than the island violations under investigation and may have been particularly hard to process. Second, the Sprouse et al. results are statistically in line with the hypothesis that island sensitivity varies with working memory. Three out of the four island types in their experiment 1 show a significant relation between memory scores and island sensitivity, but the authors discount these findings on the grounds that the variance accounted for is too small to have much import. This interpretation, however, runs counter to standard practices in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and psychology.
S-curves and the mechanisms of propagation in language change
Authors: Blythe Richard A. , Croft William
Published: June 2012

A variety of mechanisms have been proposed in sociolinguistics for the propagation of an innovation through the speech community. The complexity of social systems makes it difficult to evaluate the different mechanisms empirically. We use the four-way typology of mechanisms proposed by Baxter and colleagues (), and define them mathematically in such a way that the effects of different mechanisms in the trajectory of a change can be modeled. The model suggests that the widely observed empirical pattern of an S-curve temporal trajectory of change can be captured only if the mechanisms for propagation include replicator selection, that is, differential weighting of the competing variants in a change, except under highly specialized circumstances that probably do not hold in speech communities in general.
Same-except: A domain-general cognitive relation and how language expresses it
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: June 2012

Same-except is a fundamental, domain-general cognitive relation in which entities in proximity to one another are judged to be the Same, Except for some part or property where they differ. This relation can be attested in nonlinguistic modalities such as vision, audition, and taste, and it plays an important role in nonlinguistic categorization. We show that this relation is expressed linguistically by means of a wide range of devices, including (a) lexical expressions such as same and except , (b) contrastive stress, (c) anaphora (e.g. definite and indefinite NP anaphora and VP anaphora), (d) ellipsis (e.g. bare argument ellipsis, sluicing, gapping, and VP ellipsis), and (e) fixed expressions such as vice versa and that goes for . Our approach thereby unifies the semantics of all of these phenomena under a common account that is based on a domain-general cognitive principle. We compare our approach with accounts of ellipsis based on syntactic copying or deletion, showing that although both approaches have their difficulties, the challenges to the copying/deletion approach are more severe.
Loanword phonology and perceptual mapping: Comparing two corpora of Korean contact with English
Authors: De Jong Kenneth , Cho Mi-Hui
Published: June 2012

This article compares an extensive collection of English loanwords into Korean with a corpus of perceptual responses to English productions by Korean students of English in Korea. The analysis selects ten obstruents situated in four prosodic contexts: initial, final, and pre- and poststress intervocalic positions. Analyses compare the mapping of the obstruents onto Korean categories in the two databases, finding a strong logistic relationship between them, which indicates a process of loanword adaptation as a regularization of the cross-language perception patterns. This conclusion is also supported by differences in the maps across the prosodic positions, wherein loanword differences are correlated with perceptual differences, and by the fact that loanword adaptations are more variable for consonants that do not have a very robust perceptual map. The data, however, also exhibit exceptional cases that apparently indicate effects of a historical lexicalization of individual forms, as well as of an explicit sociocultural standard. Thus, loanword adaptation in this case, though largely indicative of a perceptual base, is more than just synchronic perception.
Imag(in)ing the University: Visual Sociology and Higher Education
Authors: Metcalfe Amy Scott
Published: June 2012

This study examines the potential of visual sociology to expand our knowledge of higher education through the use of visual data sources and methods of analysis. Photographs and archival material form the basis of the study. The images were analyzed as being part of the initiation and fulfillment stages of the social construction of collective discourse known as an “organizational saga” (Clark, 1972). These stages were coupled with theories and methods from visual sociology to examine the production and reproduction of iconic images central to the organizational saga of the case study university.
“Man, This Is Hard”: A Case Study of How Race and Religion Affect Cross-Racial Interaction for Black Students
Authors: Park Julie J.
Published: June 2012

This study examines how multiple facets of students’ identities affect their experiences with cross-racial interaction. I consider how the intersection between two identity categories—race and religion—affected six Black students’ experiences with cross-racial interaction in a multiracial religious student organization. While the pursuit of common goals (Allport, 1954) facilitated cross-racial interaction and interracial friendship, sharing a common religious background did not subsume tensions and conflict related to race. This study makes an important contribution to the qualitative study of diversity by illuminating how the unequal status of students can hamper efforts to use common goals to bridge racial divides.
Well-Behaved Workers Seldom Make History: Re-viewing Insubordination in French Factories during the Long 1968
Authors: Reid Donald M.
Published: June 2012

Xavier Vigna has argued that from the late 1960s until the early 1980s female, immigrant and unskilled workers in France practiced a variety of forms of insubordination in confronting rationalization of labor and increased insecurity in employment. Though this insubordination of workers was of central importance to leftist intellectuals after 1968, it has gotten little attention in recent accounts of the intelligentsia. However, these acts of insubordination were chronicled in a number of films made of workers then and later and has an important place in a novel commissioned by workers of one factory to tell their story. If the bourgeois bohemians today need reminding of workers' insubordination then it is in part because, as Luc Boltanksi and Eve Chiapello have shown, in the 1970s capitalism learned from critiques of capitalism which shared a great deal with the culture of workers' insubordination to craft a new capitalist ideology that managers embraced in revitalizing capitalism.
Hawthorne's and Emerson's Differing Perspectives on Political Violence
Authors: Stamant James
Published: June 2012

At points, both Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne rejected violence as a means for solving problems, particularly political ones, but as they aged Emerson began to accept violence as an available problem-solving tool while Hawthorne continually searched for alternatives to enact change in the present and the future—no matter how necessary that change might be needed. Emerson's and Hawthorne's viewpoints on this matter were complex, and each man's progression of thinking is equally thorny and, at times, may even appear paradoxical. These two men struggled with their beliefs and how to represent those viewpoints, or not, through their actions, both public and private. While Emerson had begun viewing violence as an occurrence in humanity's collective past, and something he felt was no longer necessary, he slowly began to accept the possibility of future violence by intellectually connecting it to the past and specific historical occurrences. Alternatively, Hawthorne viewed human violence as a continual presence in contemporary and future time, not only a part of what had made people who they were but a part, also, of what would continue to shape humanity. Yet, Hawthorne's recognition of this facet never constituted an acceptance of violence as a necessary means to an end, even through an intellectual equivocation such as Emerson's. The different ways that the two men saw violence in the world allowed them to move in separate directions, as the nineteenth century wore on, when it came to the issue of political violence.
Intimate Violations: Women and the Ajusticiamiento of Dictator Rafael Trujillo, 1944-1961
Authors: Manley Elizabeth
Published: June 2012

The foundation of social order, the primary essence and basic nucleus of every political organization, rests in the family, without whose stable and healthy development, the prosperity of the nation is impossible.

On the afternoon of August 10, 1959, several dozen Dominican and Cuban women gathered in the streets of Havana. Dressed in black as though headed to a funeral, they mourned the political situation in the neighboring Dominican Republic. Specifically, they targeted the dictator Rafael Trujillo, calling him the “Jackal of the Caribbean.” As they paraded through the streets carrying placards and visiting newspaper offices, tliey were focusing attention on their specific struggles as women and motliers. Their posters read, “Dominican Women Support the Revolutionary Government”; “We Ask for the Expulsion of Trujillo from the OAS”; and “We Represent the Mourning of the Assassinations Committed by Trujillo.”
Jesuit Maps and Political Discourse: The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz
Authors: Dias Camila Loureiro
Published: June 2012

Long associated with the context of territorial disputes on the definition of the Amazon frontiers of the Iberian empires in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the map of the Amazon River designed by Jesuit Samuel Fritz is as famous as it is misunderstood. The map is, in fact, quite poorly understood, in both the field of cartographic history, where it would certainly occupy a place of importance, and the nascent field of Amazon social history, where it often serves as a supporting illustration. In fact, even the context in which this map was produced raises disputes that require further study, distinct from those undertaken by nationalist historiographies of the countries that share borders in Amazonia. For example, few studies have been carried out regarding the means of territorial occupation and their inherent conflicts during the first centuries of European colonization of this region. It is precisely for such analysis that the map of Samuel Fritz stands as an important document for historians: more than simply rendering the course of the Amazon River it transmits a political discourse, as does any map, intrinsic to the context in which it was produced.
Indian Lords, Hispanic Gentlemen: The Salazars of Colonial Tlaxcala
Authors: Villella Peter B.
Published: June 2012

In 1773, a Mexico City expert in gold embroidery named don José Mariano Sánchez de Salazar Zitlalpopoca petitioned for a license to operate his own shop and take on apprentices. As handling precious metals was politically and economically sensitive, such professions were by law exclusive, open only to those of proven character, standing, and reputation—qualities understood to be inherited by blood. Thus, to establish his sufficiency for the license don José called forth witnesses to his family's honor, reputation, and good lineage.
A Tale of Two Brothers: Haiti’s Other Revolutions
Authors: Mongey Vanessa
Published: June 2012

Sévère Courtois's modest ambition was to revolutionize the world. “It is man's holy cause and duty to protect and aid the defense and to establish Independence in all the Universe,” he instructed his brother Joseph in October 1821. At the time, the Courtois brothers were a mere hundred miles apart; Sévère had set up an independent government on Providencia Island, in the western Caribbean, and Joseph was embarking on a political career of his own in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Though the two brothers were born in the French colony of St. Domingue, the tumults of the Age of Revolutions had swept them away from their native island. At the time Sévère penned the letter urging his brother to support his universal liberation enterprise, Joseph had just come back from fighting in the Napoleonic wars in Europe. Sévère had participated in multiple revolutionary coups and moved from New Orleans to Cartagena, and from there to Texas and then Florida.
Application of Immunohistochemical Staining to Detect Antigen Destruction as a Measure of Tissue Damage
Authors: Onul Abdullah , Colvard Michael D. , Paradise William A. , Elseth Kim M. , Vesper Benjamin J. , Gouvas Eftychia , Deliu Zane , Garcia Kelly D. , Pestle William J. , Radosevich James A.
Published: June 2012

Electrocautery and directed energy devices (DEDs) such as lasers, which are used in surgery, result in tissue damage that cannot be readily detected by traditional histological methods, such as hematoxylin and eosin staining. Alternative staining methods, including 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) to stain live tissue, have been reported. Despite providing superior detection of damaged tissue relative to the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) method, the MTT method possesses a number of drawbacks, most notably that it must be carried out on live tissue samples. Herein, we report the development of a novel staining method, “antigen destruction immunohistochemistry” (ADI), which can be carried out on paraffin-embedded tissue. The ADI method takes advantage of epitope loss to define the area of tissue damage and provides many of the benefits of live tissue MTT staining without the drawbacks inherent to that method. In addition, the authors provide data to support the use of antibodies directed at a number of gene products for use in animal tissue for which there are no species-specific antibodies commercially available, as well as an example of a species-specific direct antibody. Data are provided that support the use of this method in many tissue models, as well as evidence that ADI is comparable to the live tissue MTT method.
A Contemporary Atlas of the Mouse Diaphragm
Authors: Stuelsatz Pascal , Keire Paul , Almuly Ricardo , Yablonka-Reuveni Zipora
Published: June 2012

The thoracic diaphragm is a unique skeletal muscle composed of costal, crural, and central tendon domains. Although commonly described in medical textbooks, newer insights into the diaphragm cell composition are scarce. Here, using reporter mice, combined with gene expression analyses of whole tissues and primary cultures, we compared the diaphragm domains and their myogenic progenitors (i.e., Pax3/7 satellite cells). The outcomes of these analyses underscore the similarities between the myogenic aspects of the costal and crural domains. Expression levels of all myogenic genes examined (except Pax3) were strongly affected in mdx (dystrophin-null) mice and accompanied by an increase in fibrosis- and adiposity-related gene expression. Cell culture studies further indicated the presence of a non-myogenic Pax3-expressing population, potentially related to vascular mural cells. We additionally investigated the diaphragm vasculature. XLacZ4 and Sca1-GFP transgenes allowed a fine definition of the arterial and microvasculature network based on reporter expression in mural cells and capillary endothelium, respectively. We also provide insights into the organization of the diaphragm venous system, especially apparent in the central tendon and exhibiting arcades lined with fat-containing cells. The novel information in this “contemporary atlas” can be further explored in the context of diaphragm pathology and genetic disorders.
Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of n-hexane Fraction from the Hydro-methanolic Extract of Sepals of Salmalia malabarica in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: De Debasis , Ali Kazi Monjur , Chatterjee Kausik , Bera Tushar Kanti , Ghosh Debidas
Published: June 2012

Bio-efficacy of n-hexane fraction of sepal of Salmalia malabarica was evaluated covering the biochemical sensors for the management of hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic effects. Evaluation of n-hexane fraction of Salmalia malabarica (SMH) from hydro-methanolic (2:3) extract at the dose of 0.1 gm/kg body weight twice a day were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats were divided into five groups. The effect of the fraction on fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin, hemoglobin, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLc), phospholipids, free fatty acids, urea, uric acid, creatinine, albumin and transaminases were investigated in STZ-induced diabetic rat. A significant reduction of FBG level was observed after SMH treatment in STZ-induced diabetic rat. Treatment of diabetic rats with n-hexane fraction of this plant restored the levels of the above biochemical sensors significantly (p<0.001) in respect to the control. Histological studies of pancreas showed a qualitative diminution in the area of the islet’s of Langerhans in diabetic group which was recovered by said fraction. Phytochemical screening of the fraction revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids.
“Risk Is a Social Thing, Not Just a Mathematical Thing:” A Model for Stakeholder Engagement in Decision Making
Authors: Poetz Anneliese
Published: June 2012

Abstract

A practical model is needed for stakeholder engagement in decision making that involves risks to public safety. An effective model should be adaptable to contingencies and meet the needs of diverse stakeholders in a democratic setting. This paper presents a new model for stakeholder consultation and knowledge exchange that has been derived through the use of case study and grounded theory. Data were mainly comprised of 30 one‐on‐one interviews with stakeholders involved in the decision making processes for the re‐licensing of two nuclear power generation facilities in Ontario, Canada. The model is centered upon the importance of developing and maintaining quality relationships among stakeholders before, during, and after consultation, in part through active communication and conflict management through skilled facilitation. Also important are stakeholders' divergent perceptions about risk, and understanding of the risks associated with the decision to be made. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy and practice. Investment in a long‐term, relationship‐centred approach can enable future projects to remain on‐time and on‐budget.
Crisis and Policy Change: The Role of the Political Entrepreneur
Authors: Hogan John , Feeney Sharon
Published: June 2012

Abstract

This paper seeks to investigate the inner mechanics of policy change. It aims to discover how ideas enter the political arena, and how endogenous forces within the policy making environment transform ideas into new policies. The central hypothesis is that in times of crisis, new ideas emanate from a number of change agents, but in order for any of these ideas to enter the institutional environment, one specific agent of change must be present: the political entrepreneur. Without political entrepreneurs, ideational change, and subsequent policy change, would not occur. The paper sets out a framework for identifying and explaining the endogenous drivers of policy change, and then tests this framework on two case studies, from two countries.
Managing Climate Change Risk: Insurers Can Lead the Way
Authors: Seifert Deborah L. , Lindberg Deborah L.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Rapid climate change has been occurring for the past few decades (IPCC 2012). These climate changes are predicted to continue and possibly accelerate for many decades to come (IPCC 2012). One of the industries most affected by climate change is the insurance industry; for instance, changing weather patterns could lead to increases in damages from events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods (Mufson 2007). Fortunately, however, the insurance industry is uniquely positioned to lead the way with regard to climate change mitigation and risk management. Insurers can promote a more sustainable future through better risk‐based modeling and product pricing; through innovative green products; through partnering with businesses for better environmental governance; through alliances with policy‐makers and regulators to ensure voluntary market adjustments for risk; and by championing the enforcement of building code efforts (Lloyd's 2006; Liedtke, Schanz, and Stahel 2009). Finally, while insurers can potentially have a major influence over the management of climate change risk in society, they must first model sustainability in order to be credible advisors to customers and other constituents.
First record of fertile gametophytes of Polysiphonia perforans (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Alongi Giuseppina , Catra Marcello
Published: June 2012

We report fertile gametophytes of Polysiphonia perforans for the first time in collections from the Mediterranean Sea. The occurrence of spermatangial axes replacing whole trichoblasts and four-celled carpogonial branches, in addition to the previously known features, such as the occurrence of four pericentral cells, the open connection between rhizoids and pericentral cells and the straight arrangement of tetrasporangia, allow us to confirm that the species belongs to the genus Polysiphonia.
Error reporting in transfusion medicine at a tertiary care centre: a patient safety initiative
Authors: Elhence Priti , Shenoy Veena , Verma Anupam , Sachan Deepti
Published: June 2012

Background: Errors in the transfusion process can compromise patient safety. A study was undertaken at our center to identify the errors in the transfusion process and their causes in order to reduce their occurrence by corrective and preventive actions.

Methods: All near miss, no harm events and adverse events reported in the ‘transfusion process’ during 1 year study period were recorded, classified and analyzed at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India.

Results: In total, 285 transfusion related events were reported during the study period. Of these, there were four adverse (1.5%), 10 no harm (3.5%) and 271 (95%) near miss events. Incorrect blood component transfusion rate was 1 in 6031 component units. ABO incompatible transfusion rate was one in 15,077 component units issued or one in 26,200 PRBC units issued and acute hemolytic transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatible transfusion was 1 in 60,309 component units issued. Fifty-three percent of the antecedent near miss events were bedside events. Patient sample handling errors were the single largest category of errors (n=94, 33%) followed by errors in labeling and blood component handling and storage in user areas.

Conclusions: The actual and near miss event data obtained through this initiative provided us with clear evidence about latent defects and critical points in the transfusion process so that corrective and preventive actions could be taken to reduce errors and improve transfusion safety.