bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880–81
Authors: Ateş Sabri
Published: August 2014

Under the leadership of Sheikh Ubeidullah of Nehri, in the last months of 1880 tens of thousands of Iranian and Ottoman Kurds marched on northwestern Iran and temporarily took control of several cities. This movement, coupled with the response of the Iranian army, resulted in great violence and displacement. Despite its failure, in the limited literature on Kurds this revolt is seen as the birth of Kurdish nationalism. Using extensive and underutilized historical documents—including official correspondence from Iranian and Ottoman authorities as well as British consuls, and day-to-day reports and memoirs from American missionaries active in the region—this project suggests that Sultan Abdulhamid's (Sunni) pan-Islamist agenda, Shi'i–Sunni tensions, the rise of Armenian nationalism, and missionary activities in the region also played significant roles in the formation of this movement.
The Rise of Red Kurdistan
Authors: Yilmaz Harun
Published: August 2014

Current literature on twentieth century Kurdish history overwhelmingly covers Kurdish populations and national movements within the borders of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. This article, hoin Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan,ever, focuses on Soviet Kurdistan and Kurdish policy in Azerbaijan between 1920 and 1937 through the broader question of national minorities within the republic. It is claimed here that the Soviet policy on Azerbaijani Kurds was part of a multilayered issue. First of vnall, the Kurds of Azerbaijan were semi-nomadic mountain dwellers transformed by the modernization policies implemented in Soviet territories. Azerbaijani Kurds were a national identity within the Soviet Union and thus subject to ethnophilic All-Union policies in those years. Finally, Kurds were one of the numerous national minorities in the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan who were exposed to the national minority policies executed within the republic by the administration in Baku. The national minority policy in Azerbaijan was often contested and limited by local conditions and obstacles. Therefore, the granting of cultural rights in the 1920s to national minorities, which included the Kurds of Azerbaijan, the promotion of these rights in the 1920s and 1930s, and opposition to these policies can only be examined with regard to these three layers.
The small GTPase Rap1b negatively regulates neutrophil chemotaxis and transcellular diapedesis by inhibiting Akt activation
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Xu Juying , Kumar Rupali Sani , Lakshmikanthan Sribalaji , Kapur Reuben , Kofron Matthew , Chrzanowska-Wodnicka Magdalena , Filippi Marie-Dominique
Published: August 2014

Neutrophils are the first line of cellular defense in response to infections and inflammatory injuries. However, neutrophil activation and accumulation into tissues trigger tissue damage due to release of a plethora of toxic oxidants and proteases, a cause of acute lung injury (ALI). Despite its clinical importance, the molecular regulation of neutrophil migration is poorly understood. The small GTPase Rap1b is generally viewed as a positive regulator of immune cell functions by controlling bidirectional integrin signaling. However, we found that Rap1b-deficient mice exhibited enhanced neutrophil recruitment to inflamed lungs and enhanced susceptibility to endotoxin shock. Unexpectedly, Rap1b deficiency promoted the transcellular route of diapedesis through endothelial cell. Increased transcellular migration of Rap1b-deficient neutrophils in vitro was selectively mediated by enhanced PI3K-Akt activation and invadopodia-like protrusions. Akt inhibition in vivo suppressed excessive Rap1b-deficient neutrophil migration and associated endotoxin shock. The inhibitory action of Rap1b on PI3K signaling may be mediated by activation of phosphatase SHP-1. Thus, this study reveals an unexpected role for Rap1b as a key suppressor of neutrophil migration and lung inflammation.
The origin of human multi-modal communication
Authors: Levinson Stephen C. , Holler Judith
Published: August 2014

One reason for the apparent gulf between animal and human communication systems is that the focus has been on the presence or the absence of language as a complex expressive system built on speech. But language normally occurs embedded within an interactional exchange of multi-modal signals. If this larger perspective takes central focus, then it becomes apparent that human communication has a layered structure, where the layers may be plausibly assigned different phylogenetic and evolutionary origins—especially in the light of recent thoughts on the emergence of voluntary breathing and spoken language. This perspective helps us to appreciate the different roles that the different modalities play in human communication, as well as how they function as one integrated system despite their different roles and origins. It also offers possibilities for reconciling the ‘gesture-first hypothesis’ with that of gesture and speech having evolved together, hand in hand—or hand in mouth, rather—asonesystem.
Review of subfamilyDiplazontinae (Hymenoptera:Ichneumonidae) fromSouthKorea with six unrecorded genera and a new species
Authors: Balueva Ekaterina N. , Lee Jong‐Wook
Published: August 2014

Of the 16 genera of the subfamilyDiplazontinae occurring in theEasternPalearctic region, 11 genera are recognized fromSouthKorea. Specifically, four genera (Campocraspedon Uchida,Diplazon Nees,Syrphoctonus Förster andWoldstedtius Carlson) are previously recognized fromSouthKorea, whereas the other seven genera are recorded from this country for the first time. A key to the 16 genera ofDiplazontinae occurring in theEasternPalearctic region is provided. Six genera ofKoreanDiplazontinae (Bioblapsis Förster,Campocraspedon Uchida,Eurytyloides Nakanishi,Phthorima Förster,Promethes Förster andSussaba Cameron) are reviewed here. Species of these genera rarely occur in theEasternPalearctic region with small numbers of collected samples (excluding genusSussaba). Here we provide diagnosis for seven species ofDiplazontinae and one new species,Eurytyloides koreanus Balueva andLeesp. nov., has been described.
Radiotherapy in the Barwon South Western Region: A rural perspective
Authors: Henry Margaret J , Jones Phil , Morrissy Kate , Matheson Leigh M , Pitson Graham , Healy Pat , Coory Michael , Lynch Rod , Chapman Adam , Ashley David
Published: August 2014

Introduction

Cancer‐related mortality rates are higher in rural areas compared with urban regions. Whether there are corresponding geographical variations in radiotherapy utilisation rates (RURs) is the subject of this study.

Methods

RURs for the regional centre of Geelong and rural areas of the Barwon South Western Region were calculated using a population‐based database (2009).

Results

Lower RURs were observed for rural patients compared with the Geelong region for prostate cancer (15.7% vs 25.8%, P = 0.02), rectal cancer (32.8% vs 44.7%, P = 0.11), lymphoma (9.4% vs 26.2%, P = 0.05), and all cancers overall (25.6% vs 28.9%, P = 0.06). This lower rate was significant in men (rural, 19.9%; Geelong, 28.3%; P = 0.00) but not in women (rural, 33.6%; Geelong, 29.7%; P = 0.88). Time from diagnosis to radiotherapy was not significantly different for patients from the two regions. Tumour staging within the rural and Geelong regions was not significantly different for the major tumour streams of rectal, prostate and lung cancer (P = 0.61, P = 0.79, P = 0.43, respectively). A higher proportion of tumours were unstaged or unstageable in the rural region for lung (44% vs 18%, P < 0.01) and prostate (73% vs 57%, P < 0.01) cancer.

Conclusion

Lower RURs were observed in our rural region. Differences found within tumour streams and in men suggest a complexity of relationships that will require further study.
Aspects of the Macroscopic Testicular and Epididymal Morphology in the Greater Rhea, Rhea Americana (Linneaus – 1758) Birds
Authors: Carvalho S. F. M. , Freneau B. N. , Frerneau G. E.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this research was to study the macroscopic testicular and epididymal morphology of the greater rhea. The testicles of 54 greater rhea bred in captivity were utilized. The samples were collected November 2005 (n = 14), December 2006 (n = 20) and May 2007 (n = 20). During commercial slaughter, the testicles and epididymides were collected and their following morphometric parameters were immediately measured: length, width, thickness, circumference, volume, weight of the parenchyma and the tunica albuginea, also aspects such as shape, cavity implantation, relationship with other organs and vascularization. The testicles presented cylindrical shape, with a thin, dense and transparent tunica albuginea, and the vascularization was accomplished by the testicular artery that ramifies from the cranial rectal artery. In the samples from December 2006 and May 2007, the media from the macroscopic measures of the right testicles were volume 58.7 and 14.7 ml, length 9.87 and 3.5 cm, width 2.4 and 0.6 cm, thickness 2.4 and 0.5 cm, circumference 8.0 and 2.3 cm, parenchyma weight 27.6 and 6.1 g and tunica albuginea weight 1.0 and 0.3 g, P < 0.05, respectively. The epididymides, the media from macroscopic measures December 2006 and May 2007 were volume 7.7 and 3.0 ml, length 5.8 and 1.3 cm, width 0.7 and 0.3 cm, thickness 0.6 and 0.3 cm, circumference 2.5 and 1.2 cm, tissue weight 6.4 and 2.8 g and capsule weight 0.4 and 0.1 g, P < 0.05, respectively. Some measures from the right testicle and epididymis were superior to measures taken from the left ones (P < 0.05), but these were not characterizing asymmetry. The morphometric parameters observed during November 2005 remained on an intermediate situation (P < 0.05); however, they were quantitatively closer to the means of December 2006, which may characterize it as a potential transition period between repose and sexual activity. Morphologically, the testicles and epididymides of greater rhea have common points with other researched birds; however, differences were observed. The testicles and epididymides of the Rhea americana are influenced by the environment, presenting reproductive activity season (November–December) during late spring, early summer and sexual repose season (May) during autumn–winter. The morphometric testicular and epididymal measurements were introduced. The morphometric parameters of testicles and epididymides exhibited differences between winter and spring–summer that could be established like sexual activity season.
Differential partial activation phenotype and production of tumour necrosis factor-α by conventional dendritic cells in response to lipopolysaccharide in HIV+ viraemic subjects and HIV+ controllers
Authors: Camacho-Sandoval R , Del Río Estrada P M , Rivero-Arrieta A , Reyes-Terán G , Bonifaz L C
Published: August 2014

HIV+ subjects are reported to have increased soluble CD14 (sCD14) in plasma, an indicator of microbial translocation. We evaluated if microbial translocation has a differential impact on the activation and function of conventional dendritic cells (cDC) from viraemic HIV+ subjects and HIV+ controllers (CTs). The HIV+ subjects were classified into two groups according to their plasma viral load (pVL): CT and viraemic. Subjects without HIV were included as controls (HIV−). The frequencies and phenotypes of cDC from these subjects were evaluated by multi-parameter flow cytometry. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or single-stranded RNA40 (ssRNA40), the phenotype of the cDC and the intracellular production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α by the cDC were evaluated by flow cytometry. We observed a partial activation phenotype for the cDC in the viraemic subjects and CTs ex vivo and after LPS activation, which showed differences in the expression of CD40 and CD86. Furthermore, in response to LPS the cDC from the viraemic subjects produced more TNF-α compared to the cDC from CTs. Interestingly, the percentage of TNF-α+cDC was found to be correlated positively with the pVL. The partial activation of cDC and the over-production of TNF-α in response to LPS in viraemic HIV+ subjects might be related to the increased chronic activation observed in these subjects. In contrast, cDC from CTs seem to have a regulated response to LPS, indicating that they respond differently to chronic immune activation. These results may have implications in the development of HIV therapies and vaccines using DC.
Surgical and endovascular treatment of hepatic arterial complications following liver transplant
Authors: Chen Jun , Weinstein Jeffrey , Black Sylvester , Spain James , Brady Paul S. , Dowell Joshua D.
Published: August 2014

Vascular complications after liver transplantation increase post‐operative morbidity and contribute to the incidence of retransplantation. Vascular complications comprise arterial, caval, and portal venous pathology, with the majority of complications being arterial in etiology, including anastomotic stricture, pseudoaneurysm, and thrombosis. There are two major therapeutic options for the treatment of these arterial complications: endovascular intervention and surgery. The former includes intra‐arterial thrombolysis, embolization, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and stent placement. The latter includes thrombectomy, reanastomosis, and retransplantation. Although surgical treatment has been considered the first choice for management in the past, advances in endovascular intervention have increased and make it a viable therapeutic option following orthotopic liver transplantation. This review focuses on the role of surgical and endovascular therapy in the management of hepatic arterial complications after liver transplantation.
Generational changes in tobacco use by young women: A cross‐generational analysis of mother–daughter dyads
Authors: Betts Kim S. , Williams Gail M. , Najman Jakob M. , Alati Rosa
Published: August 2014

Introduction and Aims

Cross‐generational evidence is needed to confirm the decline in young female smoking and to identify factors that impede cessation despite two decades of government intervention.

Design and Methods

Data are from theMaterUniversityStudy ofPregnancy, a cross‐generational pre‐birth cohort study beginning in 1981 inAustralia. The sample comprised of 993 mother–daughter dyads, for which mothers were aged 18 ≤ 25 at the baseline measurement and their daughters were between the same ages when assessed 21 years later. We used multinomial logistic regression for clustered data to assess associations between four levels of cross‐generationally measured mothers and daughters smoking in early adulthood, and assessed the role of education and depressive symptoms.

Results

The rate of smoking had declined substantially in the daughters' generation, with mothers having 5.77 (95% confidence interval 4.24, 8.09) and 2.04 (95% confidence interval 1.60, 2.64) times the odds of smoking at heavy and moderate levels, respectively. Smoking across the two cohorts was found to interact with education and depressive symptoms, such that daughters who did not complete secondary school or who had depressive symptoms were at greater risk of smoking than their mothers were 20 years earlier.

Discussion and Conclusions

Over two generations of mothers and daughters, smoking prevalence and smoking intensity has declined, largely in line with findings from national surveys. The remaining smoking has concentrated heavily among those who did not complete secondary education, and there is evidence that increases in light smoking among the daughters may be related to depression.[Betts KS, Williams GM, Najman JM, Alati R. Generational changes in tobacco use by young women: A cross‐generational analysis of mother‐daughter dyads.Drug Alcohol Rev2014;33:540ߝ547]
The prevalence of smoking and interest in quitting among surgical patients with acute extremity fractures
Authors: Neptune DeWayne , Bonevski Billie , Enninghorst Natalie , Balogh Zsolt J.
Published: August 2014

Introduction and Aims

We studied the prevalence of smoking, the effect of hospital stay on motivation to quit and the exposure to smoking cessation advice in orthopaedic patients who required surgical intervention for acute extremity fractures.

Design and Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved a self‐administered pen‐and‐paper survey assessing smoking status, interest and motivation to quit smoking, and current advice to quit among a consecutive cohort of patients aged 18–65 years old with acute extremity fractures. These patients were admitted to the John Hunter Hospital Level 1 trauma facility in New South Wales, Australia, for surgical intervention over a three month period.

Results

A total of 183 patients (response rate 98%) completed the survey. Sixty‐eight patients (37.2%) reported a current smoking habit. The prevalence of smoking was 42.2% among males and 25.5% among females. A total of 40% of smokers reported that they had not received advice to quit from medical staff during hospital admission. Prior to admission, 12.1% of smokers were interested in smoking cessation; this percentage increased to 26.8% post‐admission.

Discussion and Conclusions

The prevalence of smoking among surgical patients with extremity fractures was found to be more than twice the prevalence of the population of New South Wales. Hospital admission had a positive impact on the patient's interest in smoking cessation. Our study suggests that the identification of orthopaedic patients who smoke is suboptimal, and the opportunity to encourage smoking cessation during hospital admission is currently being overlooked. [Neptune DW, Bonevski B, Enninghorst N, Balogh ZJ. The prevalence of smoking and interest in quitting among surgical patients with acute extremity fractures. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:548–554]
Spectral Doppler of the Hepatic Veins in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Fadel Bahaa M. , Husain Aysha , Alassoussi Nader , Dahdouh Ziad , Mohty Dania
Published: August 2014

Pulsed‐wave Doppler interrogation of the hepatic veins (HVs) provides a window to right heart hemodynamics and function. Various pathologies that involve the right heart are manifested on the HV Doppler depending on the location and severity of the involvement and its hemodynamic consequences. Pulmonary hypertension (PHTN), a common finding on echocardiographic studies, imparts changes on the HV Doppler that are important to recognize. In this article, we provide a review of the main abnormalities that are encountered on the HV Doppler in patients with PHTN.
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib reduced cholesterol accumulation in fibroblasts from Niemann–Pick type C patients carrying missense mutations
Authors: Macías‐Vidal Judit , Girós Marisa , Guerrero Martina , Gascón Pere , Serratosa Joan , Bachs Oriol , Coll Maria Josep
Published: August 2014

Niemann–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a lipid storage disorder mainly caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. Approximately 60% of these mutations are missense changes that may induce reduced NPC1 protein levels by increased degradation via ubiquitin–proteasome. This is the case for the most prevalent worldwide mutation, p.Ile1061Thr, as well as for other three missense changes. In the present study, we analyzed the NPC1 levels in fibroblasts from eighteen NPC patients presenting missense mutations. We found that fourteen of these cells lines showed decreased levels of NPC1. Six of these cell lines were homozygous, whereas the other eight were associated with a frame shifting mutation. We focused our attention in the NPC homozygous samples and demonstrated that, in most of the cases, NPC1 reduction was a consequence of a decrease of its half‐life. NPC cells were treated not only with the proteasome inhibitors carbobenzoxy‐l‐leucyl‐l‐leucyl‐l‐leucinal or N‐acetyl‐leucyl‐leucyl‐norleucinal, both widely used as a research tools, but also with bortezomib, the first proteasome inhibitor to reach clinical applications, although it has never been used in NPC disease. We observed that, after treatment, the mutant NPC1 protein levels were partially recovered in most of the cell lines. Importantly, these mutant proteins partially recovered their activity and substantially reduced free cholesterol levels. These results suggest that by enhancing the NPC1 protein stability with the use of proteasome inhibitors, their functionality might be recovered and this might represent a therapeutical approach for future treatments of NPC disease resulting from specific missense mutations.

Database

Nucleotide and protein sequence data are available in the Genbank database under the accession numbers NM_000271.3 and NP_000262.1, respectively. Functional protein information is available in the UniProt protein database under the accession number O15118.
Advances in classification, basic mechanisms and clinical science in ankylosing spondylitis and axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Robinson P. C. , Benham H.
Published: August 2014

The field of spondyloarthritis (SpA) has seen huge advances over the past 5 years. The classification of axial disease has been redefined by the axial SpA criteria that incorporate disease captured before radiographic damage is evident as well as established erosive sacroiliac joint disease. Our knowledge of genetics and basic immunological pathways has progressed significantly. In addition, revolutionary progress has been achieved with the availability of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors for treating patients with moderate to severe disease. In parallel, several of novel biomarkers have been identified that show significant promise for the future. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging have helped define positive disease. We have identified that T1 and short tau inversion recovery sequences are best for the diagnosis of axial SpA, and gadolinium contrast is not additive for diagnosis. Progress has been made in identifying potential agents and strategies that reduce radiographic progression. Several referral strategies aimed at appropriate identification of patients have been trialled and found to be effective. There is still substantial work ahead, but the advances of the last 5 years have made a huge and tangible difference at the clinical coalface, and we suggest that this trend will continue.
Scrotal reconstruction using a superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap following Fournier's gangrene
Authors: Han Hyun H , Lee Jung H , Kim Sue M , Jun Young J , Kim Young J
Published: August 2014

Fournier's gangrene is a type of necrotising fasciitis around the scrotum and perineum. Because of its aggressive nature, patients should be treated with broad‐spectrum antibiotics and emergency, radical debridement during the acute phase. After recovering from the acute phase, reconstruction of the scrotal and perineal soft tissue defects is needed and is often challenging. Traditionally, various reconstruction methods have been used, including skin grafts, fasciocutaneous flaps and musculocutaneous flaps, each with its pros and cons. We successfully covered a wide scrotal defect using a superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap, which has not been previously reported for this indication. The design and operative technique are introduced in this study.
A meta‐ethnography of the acculturation and socialization experiences of migrant care workers
Authors: Ho Ken H.M. , Chiang Vico C.L.
Published: August 2014

Aim

To report a meta‐ethnography of qualitative research studies exploring the acculturation and socialization experiences of migrant care workers.

Background

Migrant care workers are increasingly participating in health and social care in developed countries. There is a need to understand this increasingly socioculturally diversified workforce.

Data sources

A comprehensive search through 12 databases and a manual search of journals related to transculture for studies on socialization and acculturation experiences (published 1993–2013) was completed. The inclusion criteria were peer‐reviewed studies on the acculturation or socialization experiences of migrant care workers published in English in any country, using a qualitative or mixed‐methods approach.

Design and Review methods

This meta‐ethnography employed the seven‐phase Noblit and Hare method with reciprocal translation, refutational synthesis and lines‐of‐argument to synthesize qualitative studies.

Results

Three main themes were identified: (a) schema for the migration dream: optimism; (b) the reality of the migration dream: so close, yet so far; and (c) resilience: from chaos to order. A general framework of motivated psychosocial and behavioural adaptation was proposed. This meta‐ethnography also revealed the vulnerabilities of migrant nurses in the process of acculturation and socialization.

Conclusions

The general framework of behavioural and psychosocial adaptation revealed factors that impede and facilitate behavioural and psychosocial changes. Strategies to enrich external and internal resources should be targeted at encouraging multiculturalism and at improving the psychosocial resources of migrant care workers. It is suggested that research investigating the prominence of nursing vulnerabilities be conducted.
Carbon Nanotube Facilitation of Myocardial Ablation with Radiofrequency Energy
Authors: NGUYEN DUY T. , BARHAM WASEEM , ZHENG LIJUN , SHILLINGLAW BENJAMIN , TZOU WENDY S. , NELTNER BONNIE , MESTRONI LUISA , BOSI SUSANNA , BALLERINI LAURA , PRATO MAURIZIO , SAUER WILLIAM H.
Published: August 2014

Carbon Nanotube Facilitation of Myocardial Ablation

Background

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in oncology has been proposed for the purpose of sensitizing tumors to radiofrequency (RF) ablation. We hypothesize that myocardial tissue infiltrated with CNTs will improve thermal conductivity of RF heating and lead to altered ablation lesion characteristics.

Methods

An ex vivo model consisting of viable bovine myocardium, a circulating saline bath at 37 °C, a submersible load cell, and a deflectable sheath was assembled. A 4‐mm nonirrigated ablation catheter was positioned with 10 gm of force over bovine myocardium infiltrated with CNTs, 0.9% saline, or sham injections. A series of ablation lesions were delivered at 20 and 50 W, and lesion volumes were acquired by analyzing tissue sections with a digital micrometer. Tissue temperature analyses at 3 and 5 mm depths were also performed.

Results

Myocardial tissue treated with CNTs resulted in significantly larger lesions at both low and high power settings. The electrical impedance was increased in CNT treated tissue with a greater impedance change observed in the CNT infiltrated myocardium. The thermal conductivity of heat generated by application of RF in the tissue was altered by the presence of CNTs, resulting in higher temperatures at 3 and 5 mm depths for both 20 and 50 W.

Conclusions

Myocardial tissue treated with CNTs resulted in significantly larger lesions at both low and high power settings. The electrical and thermal conductivity of heat generated by application of RF in myocardial tissue was altered by the presence of CNTs. Further research is needed to assess the in vivo applicability for this concept of facilitated ablation with CNTs.
‘European Elections are Second‐Order Elections’: Is Received Wisdom Changing?
Authors: Corbett Richard
Published: August 2014

Is it still right to classify European elections as ‘second‐order elections’? There are some reasons used to justify such a classification that are changing or evolving, while others are not. A neat and tidy first‐/second‐order division may not be appropriate. But is the ‘lead candidate’ (Spitzenkandidat) development one of the reasons to re‐evaluate? In most Member States, it had little impact on the election campaign and, at the time of writing, the effect on the final choice of Commission President is not definitively settled, but it looks as though it has changed the expectations of many politicians involved in that choice. Its longer term evolution remains to be seen and could well become more important for political actors, but the jury is still out as to how far this might eventually impact on the wider public.
Perceptions of hospital manual handling policy and impact on nursing team involvement in promoting patients’ mobility
Authors: Kneafsey Rosie , Clifford Collette , Greenfield Sheila
Published: August 2014

Aims and objectives

To report the findings gained from interviews with hospital nurses and care assistants, regarding the impact of hospital manual handling policies on their role in maintaining and promoting patients’ mobility.

Background

Older hospitalised adults often experience deteriorations in mobility, which are often partially caused by protective or custodial care practice and environments that promote patient dependency. Hospital‐induced mobility loss may be conceptualised as a problematic source of iatrogenic patient harm, worthy of attention from a patient safety standpoint. Preventative rehabilitation nursing interventions have the potential to prevent mobility loss.

Design

Grounded theory study.

Methods

Data were collected in three clinical settings: general rehabilitation, spinal injuries and stroke rehabilitation. Semi‐structured interviews with 39 rehabilitation staff were completed.

Results

Perceptions of hospital manual handling policy were described via four subcategories: policy as stimulus to improved practice; policy as divorced from reality; policy as threat; and policy as hindrance to rehabilitation.

Conclusions

Hospital manual handling policy was perceived negatively by some nursing team members both as a threat and as a barrier to patients’ rehabilitation. Risk aversion, divided teamwork practices and overuse of patient handling equipment were matters of concern.

Relevance to clinical practice

Perceptions of hospital manual handling policy should be openly discussed by nursing managers and direct care providers. It is important to recognise that beliefs about and perceptions of policy will often impact later on staff practices and behaviours. Unintended consequences arising from dominant interpretations of manual handling policy must be acknowledged and risks identified. It is important that practitioners balance risk assessment and prevention of falls with patients’ needs for mobilisation.
Getting the Gold Out of the Ground: Social Constraints on Technical Capacity in South African Deep‐Level Mining
Authors: Moodie T. Dunbar
Published: August 2014

This paper examines the limits and pressures imposed on South African deep‐level mining technology by changing economic and socio‐political constraints that have obliged mining engineers to adapt their practices of “getting gold out of the ground.” Initially employing straight‐forward arguments about the importance of means for achieving ends, the paper eventually raises questions that complicate our understanding of practices that underlie simple conceptions of mining technology.
Exotic materials and treasured knowledge: the valuable legacy of noblewomen's remedies in early modern Germany
Authors: Rankin Alisha
Published: August 2014

Estate inventories taken after the death of sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐ century German noblewomen occasionally contain itemizations of court apothecaries. These accounts not only portray the pharmacy as squarely under the guidance of the women in question, they also give us a sense of what specific materia medica noblewomen used in their practice. At the same time, this essay argues, inventories are inherently flawed historical documents, because they portray first and foremost what state bureaucrats found most valuable. Inventories of noblewomen's apothecaries thus tend to skew towards foreign and exotic drugs, beautiful containers, and unusual objects – a stark contrast to the more quotidian ingredients that take centre stage in most medicinal recipes. These material remnants of court apothecaries, moreover, tell only part of the story of noblewomen's medicine. In interactions during their lifetimes, noblewomen's children and heirs seemed far more interested in their medical knowledge than in their medical possessions. Some explicitly referred to family books of medicinal recipes as a treasure, or Schatz. Through an examination of these two different kinds of valuable legacies – material and immaterial – we can start to develop a broader picture of the perceived worth of noblewomen's healing.
Differentiation between inflammatory and neoplastic orbital conditions based on computed tomographic signs
Authors: Lederer Kristina , Ludewig Eberhard , Hechinger Harald , Parry Andrew T. , Lamb Christopher R. , Kneissl Sibylle
Published: August 2014

Objective

To identify computed tomographic (CT) signs that could be used to differentiate inflammatory from neoplastic orbital conditions in small animals.

Animal studied

Fifty‐two animals (25 cats, 21 dogs, 4 rabbits, and 2 rodents).

Procedure

Case–control study in whichCTimages of animals with histopathologic diagnosis of inflammatory (n = 11), neoplastic orbital conditions (n = 31), or normal control animals (n = 10) were reviewed independently by five observers without the knowledge of the history or diagnosis. Observers recorded their observations regarding specific anatomical structures within the orbit using an itemized form containing the following characteristics: definitely normal; probably normal; equivocal; probably abnormal; and definitely abnormal. Results were statistically analyzed usingFleiss' kappa and logistic regression analyses.

Results

The overall level of agreement between observers about the presence or absence of abnormalCTsigns in animals with orbital disease was poor to moderate, but was highest for observations concerning orbital bones (κ = 0.62) and involvement of the posterior segment (κ = 0.52). Significant associations between abnormalities and diagnosis were found for four structures: Abnormalities affecting orbital bones (odds ratio [OR], 1.7) and anterior ocular structures (OR, 1.5) were predictive of neoplasia, while abnormalities affecting extraconal fat (OR, 1.7) and skin (OR, 1.4) were predictive of inflammatory conditions.

Conclusions

OrbitalCTis an imaging test with high specificity. Fat stranding, aCTsign not previously emphasized in veterinary medicine, was significantly associated with inflammatory conditions. Low observer agreement probably reflects the limited resolution ofCTfor small orbital structures.
What factors contribute to hospital variation in obstetric transfusion rates?
Authors: Patterson J. A. , Roberts C. L. , Isbister J. P. , Irving D. O. , Nicholl M. C. , Morris J. M. , Ford J. B.
Published: August 2014

Background and Objectives

To explore variation in red blood cell transfusion rates between hospitals, and the extent to which this can be explained. A secondary objective was to assess whether hospital transfusion rates are associated with maternal morbidity.

Materials and Methods

Linked hospital discharge and birth data were used to identify births (n = 279 145) in hospitals with at least 10 deliveries per annum between 2008 and 2010 in New South Wales, Australia. To investigate transfusion rates, a series of random‐effects multilevel logistic regression models were fitted, progressively adjusting for maternal, obstetric and hospital factors. Correlations between hospital transfusion and maternal, neonatal morbidity and readmission rates were assessed.

Results

Overall, the transfusion rate was 1·4% (hospital range 0·6–2·9) across 89 hospitals. Adjusting for maternal casemix reduced the variation between hospitals by 26%. Adjustment for obstetric interventions further reduced variation by 8% and a further 39% after adjustment for hospital type (range 1·1–2·0%). At a hospital level, high transfusion rates were moderately correlated with maternal morbidity (0·59, P = 0·01), but not with low Apgar scores (0·39, P = 0·08), or readmission rates (0·18, P = 0·29).

Conclusion

Both casemix and practice differences contributed to the variation in transfusion rates between hospitals. The relationship between outcomes and transfusion rates was variable; however, low transfusion rates were not associated with worse outcomes.
Modelling the effects of herbicide dose and weed density on rice‐weed competition
Authors: Moon B C , Kim J W , Cho S H , Park J E , Song J S , Kim D S
Published: August 2014

The effects of herbicide dose on rice‐weed competition were investigated to develop a combined model, which can be utilised to estimate an optimum herbicide dose for a given weed density in paddy rice cultivation. Field studies were conducted in Suwon for rice‐Echinochloa crus‐galli competition and Iksan for rice‐Eleocharis kuroguwai during 2007. The competitive effect of the weeds E. crus‐galli and E. kuroguwai decreased with increasing doses of flucetosulfuron and azimsulfuron, respectively, in the same manner as the standard dose–response curve. The combination of the rectangular hyperbolic model and the standard dose–response curve adequately described the complex effects of herbicide dose and weed competition on rice yield. Parameter estimates were used with the model to predict rice yield and estimate the doses of flucetosulfuron and azimsulfuron required to restrict rice yield loss caused by E. crus‐galli and E. kuroguwai, respectively, to an acceptable level. For a rice yield of 5.0 t ha−1, the model recommended flucetosulfuron doses of 8.7, 13.4 and 20.1 g a.i. ha−1 when infested with E. crus‐galli at 12, 24 and 48 plants m−2 respectively. For a rice yield of 5.2 t ha−1, the model recommended azimsulfuron doses of 3.9, 7.5 and 12.6 g a.i. ha−1 when infested with E. kuroguwai at 24, 48 and 96 plants m−2 respectively. The theoretical outputs of the combined model appear robust and indicate there are opportunities for reduced herbicide use in the field. These now require evaluation under field conditions.
On the units generated by Weierstrass forms
Authors: Küçüksakallı Ömer
Published: August 2014

There is an algorithm of Schoof for finding divisors of class numbers of real cyclotomic fields of prime conductor. In this paper we introduce an improvement of the elliptic analogue of this algorithm by using a subgroup of elliptic units given by Weierstrass forms. These elliptic units which can be expressed in terms of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}x$-coordinates of points on elliptic curves enable us to use the fast arithmetic of elliptic curves over finite fields.
Minimal models for -coverings of elliptic curves
Authors: Fisher Tom
Published: August 2014

In this paper we give a new formula for adding$2$-coverings and$3$-coverings of elliptic curves that avoids the need for any field extensions. We show that the$6$-coverings obtained can be represented by pairs of cubic forms. We then prove a theorem on the existence of such models with integer coefficients and the same discriminant as a minimal model for the Jacobian elliptic curve. This work has applications to finding rational points of large height on elliptic curves.
On the computation of the determinant of vector-valued Siegel modular forms
Authors: Takemori Sho
Published: August 2014

Let $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}A^{0}(\Gamma _{2})$ denote the ring of scalar-valued Siegel modular forms of degree two, level $1$ and even weights. In this paper, we prove the determinant of a basis of the module of vector-valued Siegel modular forms $\bigoplus _{k \equiv \epsilon \ {\rm mod}\ {2}}A_{\det ^{k}\otimes \mathrm{Sym}(j)}(\Gamma _{2})$ over $A^{0}(\Gamma _{2})$ is equal to a power of the cusp form of degree two and weight $35$ up to a constant. Here $j = 4, 6$ and $\epsilon = 0, 1$. The main result in this paper was conjectured by Ibukiyama (Comment. Math. Univ. St. Pauli 61 (2012) 51–75).
Computing in quotients of rings of integers
Authors: Fieker Claus , Hofmann Tommy
Published: August 2014

We develop algorithms to turn quotients of rings of integers into effective Euclidean rings by giving polynomial algorithms for all fundamental ring operations. In addition, we study normal forms for modules over such rings and their behavior under certain quotients. We illustrate the power of our ideas in a new modular normal form algorithm for modules over rings of integers, vastly outperforming classical algorithms.
Parametrizing the moduli space of curves and applications to smooth plane quartics over finite fields
Authors: Lercier Reynald , Ritzenthaler Christophe , Rovetta Florent , Sijsling Jeroen
Published: August 2014

We study new families of curves that are suitable for efficiently parametrizing their moduli spaces. We explicitly construct such families for smooth plane quartics in order to determine unique representatives for the isomorphism classes of smooth plane quartics over finite fields. In this way, we can visualize the distributions of their traces of Frobenius. This leads to new observations on fluctuations with respect to the limiting symmetry imposed by the theory of Katz and Sarnak.
Class numbers of real cyclotomic fields of composite conductor
Authors: Miller John C.
Published: August 2014

Until recently, the ‘plus part’ of the class numbers of cyclotomic fields had only been determined for fields of root discriminant small enough to be treated by Odlyzko’s discriminant bounds.

However, by finding lower bounds for sums over prime ideals of the Hilbert class field, we can now establish upper bounds for class numbers of fields of larger discriminant. This new analytic upper bound, together with algebraic arguments concerning the divisibility properties of class numbers, allows us to unconditionally determine the class numbers of many cyclotomic fields that had previously been untreatable by any known method.

In this paper, we study in particular the cyclotomic fields of composite conductor.
Experimental observation of a hydrodynamic mode in a flow duct with a porous material
Authors: Aurégan Yves , Kumar Singh Deepesh
Published: August 2014

This paper experimentally investigates the acoustic behavior of a homogeneous porous material with a rigid frame (metallic foam) under grazing flow. The transmission coefficient shows an unusual oscillation over a particular range of frequencies which reports the presence of an unstable hydrodynamic wave that can exchange energy with the acoustic waves. This coupling of acoustic and hydrodynamic waves becomes larger when the Mach number increases. A rise of the static pressure drop in the lined region is induced by an acoustic excitation when the hydrodynamic wave is present.
Mesh-free distributed point source method for modeling viscous fluid motion between disks vibrating at ultrasonic frequency
Authors: Wada Yuji , Kundu Tribikram , Nakamura Kentaro
Published: August 2014

The distributed point source method (DPSM) is extended to model wave propagation in viscous fluids. Appropriate estimation on attenuation and boundary layer formation due to fluid viscosity is necessary for the ultrasonic devices used for acoustic streaming or ultrasonic levitation. The equations for DPSM modeling in viscous fluids are derived in this paper by decomposing the linearized viscous fluid equations into two components—dilatational and rotational components. By considering complex P- and S-wave numbers, the acoustic fields in viscous fluids can be calculated following similar calculation steps that are used for wave propagation modeling in solids. From the calculations reported the precision of DPSM is found comparable to that of the finite element method (FEM) for a fundamental ultrasonic field problem. The particle velocity parallel to the two bounding surfaces of the viscous fluid layer between two rigid plates (one in motion and one stationary) is calculated. The finite element results agree well with the DPSM results that were generated faster than the transient FEM results.
Characteristic-based non-linear simulation of large-scale standing-wave thermoacoustic engine
Authors: Abd El-Rahman Ahmed I. , Abdel-Rahman Ehab
Published: August 2014

A few linear theories [Swift, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84(4), 1145–1180 (1988); Swift, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92(3), 1551–1563 (1992); Olson and Swift, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95(3), 1405–1412 (1994)] and numerical models, based on low-Mach number analysis [Worlikar and Knio, J. Comput. Phys. 127(2), 424–451 (1996); Worlikar et al., J. Comput. Phys. 144(2), 199–324 (1996); Hireche et al., Canadian Acoust. 36(3), 164–165 (2008)], describe the flow dynamics of standing-wave thermoacoustic engines, but almost no simulation results are available that enable the prediction of the behavior of practical engines experiencing significant temperature gradient between the stack ends and thus producing large-amplitude oscillations. Here, a one-dimensional non-linear numerical simulation based on the method of characteristics to solve the unsteady compressible Euler equations is reported. Formulation of the governing equations, implementation of the numerical method, and application of the appropriate boundary conditions are presented. The calculation uses explicit time integration along with deduced relationships, expressing the friction coefficient and the Stanton number for oscillating flow inside circular ducts. Helium, a mixture of Helium and Argon, and Neon are used for system operation at mean pressures of 13.8, 9.9, and 7.0 bars, respectively. The self-induced pressure oscillations are accurately captured in the time domain, and then transferred into the frequency domain, distinguishing the pressure signals into fundamental and harmonic responses. The results obtained are compared with reported experimental works [Swift, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 92(3), 1551–1563 (1992); Olson and Swift, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95(3), 1405–1412 (1994)] and the linear theory, showing better agreement with the measured values, particularly in the non-linear regime of the dynamic pressure response.
Attenuation of sound in sand sediments due to porosity fluctuations
Authors: Hefner Brian T. , Jackson Darrell R.
Published: August 2014

At high frequencies, the attenuation measured in sand sediments is larger than that predicted by Biot theory. To account for this discrepancy, perturbation theory is used to incorporate losses due to scattering by porosity variations into both Biot's poroelastic equations and the effective density fluid model. While previous results showed that fluctuations in the bulk frame modulus were insufficient to produce significant attenuation in a sand sediment, modest levels of fluctuations in the porosity produce significant scattering loss. By using the sediment parameters and the heterogeneity power spectrum measured during the Sediment Acoustics Experiment in 2004, the perturbation theory result shows good agreement with the sound speed and attenuation data without any free parameters.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 5 August 2014
Authors: Rajalingam Krishnaraj , Mooz Juliane , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2014

The kinase ARAF is required for MAPK pathway activation and cell migration induced by BRAF inhibitors.
A Neuropeptide Kills Patients’ Motivation
Authors: Stern Peter R.
Published: August 2014

The effort mice are willing to put into obtaining a reward is decreased in inflammatory and neuropathic models of pain.
Remembering Spatial Organization Requires Targeted Translation
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: August 2014

Synaptic plasticity that promotes spatial memory is mediated by a specific protein synthesis pathway in mice.
Going Nuclear with EGFR
Authors: VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: August 2014

Nuclear EGFR promotes posttranslational modifications of histone H4 that stimulate DNA synthesis and repair.