bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Certain contentious issues related to the suspended sentence
Authors: Delibašić Veljko , Kostić Tijana
Published: January 2021

This paper addresses the issue of suspended sentence since it is a criminal sanction frequently applied in Serbia and statutory provisions regulating suspended sentence are also subject to frequent modification which altogether emphasizes the need of its continuous study. Within the general purpose of criminal sanctions, the purpose of a suspended sentence is to avoid imposing the sentence on an offender for a minor offence in cases when it can be reasonably expected that a warning with a threatened sentence shall suffice to prevent the offender from perpetrating other crimes. Suspended sentence can be granted only when the offender has been sentenced to less than two years imprisonment, however, on condition (which was tightened in 2019) that the crime does not fall within the category of criminal offences for which an eight-year prison sentence (before it was 10 years) or longer can be delivered. Subjective reasons due to which suspended sentence cannot be granted have been also extended, so therefore, suspended sentence can be granted only if more than five years have elapsed from the time the judgment became final by which the offender was sentenced either to imprisonment or was pronounced a suspended sentence for a crime with premeditated intent. In view of the fact that a fine is still a form of punishment and, accordingly, a stricter criminal sanction than suspended sentence which is a non-custodial measure meaning a more lenient sanction, it would be quite acceptable if the legislator, as a limiting factor, also envisaged a fine for a crime with premediated intent. As regards a five year term calculated from the finality of judgment, a better solution would be that the period be calculated from the day of the sentence being served, prescribed or the day a pardon has been granted, i.e. from the day when the adherence monitoring period to probation conditions has expired. Furthermore, recently introduced statutory solutions would result in decrease in the number of suspended sentences in criminal sanctions structure. When it comes to suspended sentence supervision order, as it is rarely applied, it is necessary that minimum effort be invested in providing material conditions and human resources for carrying out this sanction which was found to be effective in many countries. A serious omission of legislators is that the Criminal Procedure Code, when defining the institution of hearing for pronouncing a criminal sanction, leaves an option to the public prosecutor to propose passing of a suspended sentence with determining fine, which is contrary to the Criminal Code. This omission should be corrected by giving priority to the Criminal Code i.e. by excluding the option for the public prosecutor to propose such a sanction.
Information technologies and challenges of the labour law reform
Authors: Reljanović Mario
Published: January 2021

Exceptional development of information and communication technologies has enabled emerging of new occupations in the last twenty years, but also new models of working engagement of people who cannot easily be classified under traditional labour law institutes. So-called "digital labour" has become reality of all societies around the globe. By developing Internet accessibility, there is almost no country in which digital workers might not appear. This type of work knows no boundaries, which leads to specific situations that classical labour law cannot always adequately address. The notion of a "digital worker" itself is not entirely clear. Whilst in this category can be counted those who are fully connected to computers and electronic communications (for example, programmers), it is not entirely certain whether digital worker is one who uses informational technologies only as a way of communicating with the employer while providing services in the "real world" (for example, uber workers). The above concerns, as well as many others that arise in these specific legal relationships, lead to the fact that digital workers are often considered insufficiently recognized in national labour law systems, as well as deprived of some basic rights that workers should have regardless of type of their work engagement. While many individual labour rights are compromised, collective rights can be said to be virtually non-existent, or at least very difficult to achieve. Our research focuses on current normative framework and possibilities for improvements in the labour law
Serbian terms for property 1804-1918
Authors: Stanković Uroš
Published: January 2021

The subject of the article are Serbian terms for 'property' used between 1804 and 1918. The author put forward the words with the meaning 'property', exposed some of the sources in which these terms could be found and tried to determine their etymology. The paper also sheds light on the terms meaning 'coproperty'. The words denoting 'property' were following: baština, vlasništvo, vlas(t) nost, vlast, vlastbina/vlazbina, vlastitost/vlastitošt, vlastitstvo/vlaštitstvo, vlaština, gospodarstvo/gosudarstvo, imanje, imaostvo, imovina, pritjažanije/pritežanije, pritjažavanje, svojina and sobstvenost/sopstvenost. In the texts dating from aforementioned period, 'coproperty' can be found under following terms - susvojina, suvlas(t)nost, suvlaština, sogospodarsvo, sasobstvenost, sogospodarstvo, imaostvo and smesništvo. Such large number of words prove a great degree of roaming in building Serbian terms for 'property' and 'coproperty'. Moreover, some of the terms have dublets being the result of parallel existence of three types of literary language among the Serbs (Church Slavonic of Russian recension and Slavonic-Serbian) and dialectal varieties, which brought about even greater diversity of the terminology for 'property'. Serbian words prevail among the terms. Some of them were derived from an other Serbian word, as the other are calques. Root words of the derivatives are mostly noun vlast ('power, authority') and verb imati ('to have'), the terms semantically expressing the meaning of property the best. In some cases the words for 'property' were forged by broadening or narrowing the genuine meaning of a certain word (for instance, sobstvenost, the word coming from Russian recension of Church Slavonic, originally meant 'the thing belonging to somebody' and thence became 'property'). The calques were formed on either German or Latin words, which is understandable, taking into consideration that Serbian educated lawyers, forgers of the terms, originated from Habsburg Monarchy. The quality of some calques might be considered debateable, neverthess the efforts to make Serbian terms instead of borrowing foreign words are praiseworthy. Loan words for 'property' had come to Serbian from Russian recension of Church Slavonic and were constantly getting more Serbian shape as the time progressed, which was the general tendency in Serbian language at that time.
Legislative regulation of public health in Croatia in the second half of the 19th century
Authors: Gardaš Miro , Čandrlić Slavko
Published: January 2021

In the provisions of the 1868 Croatian-Hungarian Settlement, internal administration was seen as one of the autonomous areas that Croatia regulated on its own. Part of that was public health, which had been regulated in a very outdated manner up to that point. Appointing Ivan Mažuranić the Ban of Croatia paved way for substantial reforms in numerous areas of public and social life. Among other reforms, legal regulation of public health was proved to be necessary. In this paper we will attempt to present the legal framework regulating public health in Croatia, as well as use specific examples from the archival fonds of the Croatian State Archives in Osijek to portray how these laws were applied in everyday life.
SARS-CoV-2: From risk management to organizational resilience
Authors: Keković Zoran
Published: January 2021

Organizations have responded to the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 with a very wide range of management functions and capabilities: risk management, crisis management, emergency management, business continuity management and disaster management. Common to all of them is decision-making in situations of high uncertainty based on the assessed risk. Given available data from the World Health Organization that six months after pandemic had been declared, the number of patients and deaths is constantly increasing, the question arises whether the lack of key information on risk in conditions of high uncertainty caused by coronavirus, in paralel with the complexity of modern (natural, social, technical) systems and their interactions, has issued the application of the traditional concept of risk management based on historical data, statistics, and cost-benefit analysis. Based on the assumption that in conditions of uncertainty and non-routine environment, risk-based decision making process in complex systems suffers from numerous shortcomings, we will review the practical and methodological limitations of this concept through key stages of the risk assessment process. At the same time, the aim of this paper is to point out the advantages of applying the concept of organizational resilience in managing complex systems, starting from the fact that immune systems and resilient organizations are the most effective response strategy to non-routine risks (low frequency events and catastrophic consequences). The basic changes we propose in the process of managing the non-routine risks of infectious diseases that led to the crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are based on the conclusion that the anticipatory strategy aimed at predicting events needs to be "expanded" with a system resilience strategy. This does not diminish the importance of a risk-based decision-making approach in conditions of uncertainty.
Sound propagation in shallow water with periodic rough bottom
Authors: Liu Dai , Li Zheng-Lin , Liu Ruo-Yun ,   State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Published: January 2021

The rough sea bottom has a large effect on underwater acoustic propagation and underwater acoustic detection applications. By using the typical shallow water environment from the Yellow Sea, the acoustic propagation characteristics under the condition of both periodic rough sea bottom and strong negative thermocline layer are systematically analyzed by using the parabolic equation model RAM (where RAM stands for range-dependent acoustic model) and ray theory. For a low-frequency and short-range acoustic source, the transmission loss (TL) increases up to about 5–30 dB due to the existence of the periodic rough bottom. Abnormal TLs and pulse arrival structures with different source depths, different periods and heights of the rough bottom are analyzed and summarized. Specifically, when the period of the rough bottom is constant, TL increases with the height of the rough bottom increasing. When the height of the rough bottom is constant, the effect of the rough bottom on the sound propagation becomes smaller with the increase of the period. The mechanism of the TL difference caused by rough bottom is explained by using the ray theory. The incidence and reflection angle of the sound ray on the sea bottom are changed due to the periodic rough bottom, which makes small grazing angles of some of the rays incident at sea bottom become large grazing angles, and the bottom loss increases. On the other hand, the change of the reflection angle increases the number of ray interaction with the sea bottom, causing the reversion propagation. Therefore, the energy of the sound field will attenuate with range increasing. The influence of the periodic rough bottom on the sound pulse propagation is mainly reflected in the energy conversion between sound rays (or normal modes) with different angles, the increasing of energy attenuation of some sound rays with large angles, and the decreasing of multipath structure. The change of the arrival time and relative amplitude of the multipath structure affect the frequency spectrum of the sound field, which will affect the performance of the method based on matching field localization. Most of existing studies focus on the influence of the change in large scale sea bottom topography on the sound field, but there are few studies on small scale periodic sea bottom fluctuations, and the relevant summary of the law of sound propagation is lacking. When sonar is used in the actual shallow water environment, more attention should be paid to the influence of the periodic rough bottom. In addition, the present research results also have important reference significance for the spatial accuracy of surveying and mapping of sea bottom topography.
Evaluation of Biogas Production through Anaerobic Digestion of Aquatic Macrophytes in a Brazilian Reservoir
Authors: Paulo R. Nagipe da Silva , Vieira A. Viana Gusmão , Rodrigues P.
Published: January 2021

Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic habitats. However, the overgrowth of aquatic plants can cause severe problems for the management of bodies of water. As a result, these plants must be removed and disposed of as waste. However, the usage of this biomass as a substrate in biogas plants would appear to be more beneficial. The present work deals with the anaerobic digestion (AD) of macrophytes species that cause inconvenience to power generation at hydroelectric plant in Minas Gerais - Brazil. The study examines the following macrophytes species; Salvinia molest Oxycarium cubense, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Brachiaria. The experiments were carried out as stainless steel reactor with temperature, agitation and pressure control. As pre-treatment of macrophytes was used heat treatment at 120°C and pressure of 1.6 atm. The maximum methane content was 60% during 40 days digestion time, for Brachiaria of higher lignin content. The result obtained, mainly with Brachiaria demonstrates the efficiency of pre-treatment for the lignocellulosic samples.
Anti-Syncytium (MC99+1A2) and Anti-Bacterial Activities from Twigs and Stems of Ficus dubia
Authors: Pompimon Wilart , Udomputtimekakul Phansuang , Chaisena Aphiruk , Wattananon Saranya , Arsa Arnuphap , Konsantha Kitipong , Nuntasaen Narong
Published: January 2021

Aims: To study the anti-HIVs and anti-bacterial activity and investigate the chemical compositions of the crude extracts and isolated compounds from stems and twig of Ficus dubia.

Methodology: Twigs and stems of Ficus dubia were collected from Si Sawat District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand. Bioactivity assay and phytochemical analysis of ficus dubia were processed under standard method including, anti-HIV1-RT, antibacterial activities, and CC chromatography procedures. Structures of the compound were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques.

Results: Bioactivities assay exposed that, the hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol  extracts of Ficus dubia were verified for anti-HIV and anti-bacterial activities. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract showed evidence of anti-HIVs-1RT inhibition at 69.02 % and   69.24 %, respectively. Anti-syncytium (MC99+1A2) among evaluated all three extracts: it afforded the lowest EC50; hexane 9.65 (TI 4.39), ethyl acetate 11.15 (TI 3.84), and methanol 43.61 (TI 3.04). Moreover, an antibacterial study on extract was also performed. The  antibacterial study was evaluated using nine strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli 0157: H7, Escherichia coli (ETEC), Escherichia coli (EPEC), Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Vibrio cholera) by  Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) method. The MeOH extract was the most effective antibacterial with a MIC in the range >0.1 mg/mL and MBC in the range >0.2 mg/mL. However, the isolated compounds from this plant had not been studied in all bioassay. Phytochemical examination of stems and twigs from Ficus dubia had directed to the isolation of four known compounds, epifriedelanol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and bergapten.

Conclusion: The crude extract of twigs and stems of Ficus fubia were specifically active toward MC99+1A2. With these results, it could be concluded that Ficus dubia may be an accomplished candidate in pill and future medicine.
Habitat loss on seasonal migratory range imperils an endangered ungulate
Authors: Williams Sara H. , Steenweg Robin , Hegel Troy , Russell Mike , Hervieux Dave , Hebblewhite Mark
Published: January 2021

1. Endangered species policies and their associated recovery documents and management actions do not always sufficiently address the importance of migratory behaviour and seasonal ranges for imperilled populations.

2. Using a telemetry location dataset spanning 1981–2018, we tested for changes in prevalence of migratory tactics (resident, migrant) over time, switching between tactics, shifts in seasonal space use including migration corridors, and survival consequences of migrant and resident tactics for 237 adult female endangered woodland mountain caribou in one population in western Canada.

3. Over more than three decades, the proportion of individuals displaying annual migration to the low elevation forested winter range declined from nearly 100%–38%. Correspondingly, there was a strong switch away from being migrant to being year‐round residents at high elevation.

4. These behavioural changes corresponded to abandonment of low elevation winter ranges in association with increasing levels of anthropogenic land uses, including forestry and oil and gas developments. Furthermore, there were no identifiable migration corridors to target for migratory route protection.

5. These shifts translated to lower survival rates, particularly for caribou demonstrating resident tactics, consistent with recent declines of the caribou population. That migrants switched to residency in their largely undisturbed summer range, despite lower survival, indicates maladaptive habitat selection consistent with recent patterns of mountain caribou extirpations.

6. Globally, endangered species policies and their associated recovery plans and management actions often do not explicitly consider the challenge of protecting migratory species. Effective conservation of migratory species requires protecting critical habitats needed for the entire life history of the species, including all seasonal ranges and migratory habitat.
Pedius (Sextus Pedius)
Authors: Möller Cosima
Published: January 2021

The lifetime of Pedius is uncertain, but he can most plausibly be dated to the second half of the first century
ce
. His commentary to the Praetor's edict is cited by Ulpian and Paul. Justinian's compilers cite his views in fifty‐four fragments, none of them taken from his own works. He is interesting both for his theories and for his methodology. His most famous definition deals with contract law.
Mausoleum of Augustus
Authors: Westphal Heiko
Published: January 2021

The Mausoleum of Augustus was the ostentatious tomb monument constructed by Octavian, the later Augustus, at the northern end of the Campus Martius.
Construction of Oriented Interconnected BNNS Skeleton by Self‐Growing CNTs Leading High Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Li Xu , Wu Bin , Li Ya , Alam Md Mofasserul , Chen Peng , Xia Ru , Lin Cheng‐Te , Qian Jiasheng
Published: January 2021

The development of thermal conduction polymer‐based composites is important to solve the heat dissipation of electronic instruments under overheating conditions. The construction of thermal conductive pathways in composites and the reduction of contact resistance between fillers are crucial for concerning excellent thermal conduction properties. Herein, the oriented coherent thermal conductive network in composites is successfully developed via the in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) skeleton prepared from ice‐templated. The thermal conductivity of composites reaches 3.21 W m−1 K−1 approximately low filler loading of 9.86 vol%, due to the formation of the covalent bonding between CNTs and BNNSs as reducing the thermal contact resistance by one order of magnitude. More importantly, non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations are carried out to demonstrate the influence of CNTs in elevating the heat conductivity between BNNSs. Meanwhile, the volume resistivity of composites up to 1015 Ω cm far met the requirement of electrical insulation. This study provided a valuable idea for the design of thermal management materials for potential applications in integrated circuits.
Optical Waveguide Color Tuning by Fluorescence–Phosphorescence Dual Emission and Disparity of Optical Losses
Authors: Wang Zheng , Mo Jun‐Ting , Chen Ling , Zhu Cheng‐Yi , Zhang Qiang‐Sheng , Yu Yong‐Qin , Pan Mei
Published: January 2021

Organic photonic materials have high refractive index, fast transfer speed, low heat generation, and so on; and therefore, have great potential in optoelectronics and optical micro/nanocircuits. Herein, a new strategy using fluorescence–phosphorescence dual emission and disparity of optical loss in a smooth needle‐like organic crystal is reported to realize color tuning of the optical waveguide (OWG). Especially, a warm white‐light OWG emission is achieved by appropriately adjusting the excitation position, presenting the first report of single‐component organic waveguide with white light emission. Based on this, the as‐prepared 1D organic crystal has been demonstrated as a microscale optical correspondence device with multiple input and output responses, which offers potential applications in modern optics and photonics fields.
Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: From Polymer Network Synthesis to 3D Printing
Authors: Bagheri Ali , Fellows Christopher M. , Boyer Cyrille
Published: January 2021

3D printing has changed the fabrication of advanced materials as it can provide customized and on‐demand 3D networks. However, 3D printing of polymer materials with the capacity to be transformed after printing remains a great challenge for engineers, material, and polymer scientists. Radical polymerization has been conventionally used in photopolymerization‐based 3D printing, as in the broader context of crosslinked polymer networks. Although this reaction pathway has shown great promise, it offers limited control over chain growth, chain architecture, and thus the final properties of the polymer networks. More fundamentally, radical polymerization produces dead polymer chains incapable of postpolymerization transformations. Alternatively, the application of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) to polymer networks allows the tuning of network homogeneity and more importantly, enables the production of advanced materials containing dormant reactivatable species that can be used for subsequent processes in a postsynthetic stage. Consequently, the opportunities that (photoactivated) RDRP‐based networks offer have been leveraged through the novel concepts of structurally tailored and engineered macromolecular gels, living additive manufacturing and photoexpandable/transformable‐polymer networks. Herein, the advantages of RDRP‐based networks over irreversibly formed conventional networks are discussed.
Understanding Diameter and Length Effects in a Solution‐Processable Tellurium‐Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate Hybrid Thermoelectric Nanowire Mesh
Authors: Gordon Madeleine P. , Haas Kyle , Zaia Edmond , Menon Akanksha K. , Yang Lin , Bruefach Alexandra , Galluzzo Michael D. , Scott Mary C. , Prasher Ravi S. , Sahu Ayaskanta , Urban Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2021

Organic–inorganic hybrids offer great promise as solution‐processable thermoelectric materials. However, they have struggled to surpass the performance of their rigid inorganic counterparts due, in part, to a lack of synthetic control and limited understanding of how inorganic nanostructure dimensions impact overall charge transport. While it has been hypothesized that length, diameter, and aspect ratio (AR) all impact electronic transport in hybrid nanowires, the field lacks clarity on the relative role of each. In this study, the experimental parameter of ligand molecular weight (MW) is investigated as a synthetic knob for modulating nanowire dimensions, as well as the deconvolution of nanowire length versus diameter impacts on electron transport. By increasing ligand MW, larger nanowire AR dispersions occur and an optimal power factor of ≈130 μWm−1 K−2 is achieved for a modest AR of 73. Power factors of this magnitude are thought to only be achievable in ultrahigh AR systems; representing a 183% increase in performance over literature reports with similar AR. Additionally, nanowire diameter is demonstrated to be a far more sensitive parameter for enhancing performance than modulating length. This study provides improved fundamental insight into rational synthetic design avenues for future enhancements in the performance of hybrid materials.
Parallel‐Orientation‐Induced Strong Resonances Enable Ni Submicron‐Wire Array: an Ultrathin and Ultralight Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Material
Authors: Liu Yajie , Sun Xin , Song Zhiming , Liu Xiaofang , Yu Ronghai
Published: January 2021

Soft magnetic micro/nanostructures are highly desirable for pursuing excellent magnetic properties and electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance. However, their magnetic loss at high frequency is usually very low due to the sharp drop of permeability, and thus results in a heavy loading in matrix and a large layer thickness, which are not conductive to the development of ultralight and ultrathin EMW absorbers. Here, an ultralight and ultrathin EMW absorber based on a parallel Ni wire array are reported, and an orientation‐enhanced strategy to improve EMW absorption performance is proposed. Combining with the finite element simulation, it is found that the parallel orientation of Ni wires with a capacitor‐like structure enhances the interfacial polarization, thereby improving dielectric loss. The strong shape anisotropy caused by orientation increases magnetic loss by enhancing magnetic resonances, which further improves impedance matching. The parallel Ni wire array exhibits excellent EMW absorption and achieves the largest specific reflection loss (reflection loss/(thickness × loading)) among magnetic wire‐based absorbers.
Breeding for purpose: Sole‐ and dual‐use barley
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Zhao Bin , Ji Changhao , Zhu Bin , Wang Rui
Published: January 2021

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in south‐central China can be either harvested at early‐dough stage as a sole‐use (SU) forage crop or as a dual‐use (DU) crop that is grazed at early jointing stage for forage and harvested at mature stage for grain. A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to compare genotypic differences in yield and quality of forage and grain for both SU and DU production. Barley genotypes differed significantly in forage yield for both SU and DU, among which six‐row genotypes were superior to two‐row genotypes especially in SU production. Wansipi 14008 had the greatest forage yield with the averaged fresh weights of 3.3 and 1.01 kg m−2 for SU and DU, respectively, across 2 yr. Greater differences for forage crude protein (CP) content were found among genotypes for SU than those for DU, suggesting a more effective selection of barley varieties to improve CP content for SU production. The contents of crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed among genotypes for both SU and DU, which were affected by the environmental conditions as well. Grain yield from DU treatment showed less variation than grain quality and agronomic traits. The high forage yield variety Wansipi 14008 could be recommended to farmers as a desired barley variety for both SU and DU production in south‐central China.
Covalent organic frameworks for optical applications
Authors: Zhang Liang , Yi Lezhi , Sun Zhi‐Jun , Deng Hexiang
Published: January 2021

Linking molecules into extended crystalline networks to construct covalent organic frameworks (COFs) added in variety to the readily thriving research on molecule‐based solid‐state materials, featured by classic polymers and molecular crystals. Compared to the development of COFs for gas separation, energy storage, and conversion, where the porosity feature of COFs is utilized, the optical applications, such as fluorescence, white light emission, and photodynamic therapy, involving the molecular and crystalline feature of COFs, are much less explored. In this review, we focused on the optical properties of COFs, and how do these macroscopic properties correlate with the microscopic structure of COFs. Other than the influence from organic functional groups in previous reviews on COFs, here, three critical structure factors, the connection, orientation, and alignment of the molecular building blocks, are outlined and associated with the optical properties of COFs. We also analyze the properties of COFs from both energy and dynamic aspects in an attempt to provide further insight into the possible underlying mechanism. At the end of this review, we also discuss the remaining challenges and future directions for the design of COFs for optical applications, and unveil the potential of COFs toward this direction.
Enhanced weathering to capture atmospheric carbon dioxide: Modeling of a trickle‐bed reactor
Authors: Xing Lei , Darton Richard C. , Yang Aidong
Published: January 2021

Enhanced weathering (EW) of alkaline minerals can potentially capture CO2 from the atmosphere at gigaton scale, but the reactor design presents great challenges. We model EW with fresh water in a counter‐current trickle flow packed bed batch of 1–10 mm calcite particles. Weathering kinetics are integrated with the mass transfer of CO2 incorporating transfer enhancement by chemical reaction. To avoid flooding, flow rates must be reduced as the particles shrink due to EW. The capture rate is mainly limited by slow transfer of CO2 from gas to liquid although slow dissolution of calcite can also play a role in certain circumstances. A bed height of at least 7–8 m is required to provide sufficient residence time. The results highlight the need to improve capture rate and reduce energy and water consumption, possibly through enriching the feed with CO2 and further chemical acceleration of the mass transfer.
Novel genetic testing model: A collaboration between genetic counselors and nephrology
Authors: Amlie‐Wolf Louise , Baker Laura , Hiddemen Olivia , Thomas Morgan , Burke Christine , Gluck Caroline , Zaritsky Joshua J. , Gripp Karen W.
Published: January 2021

Many barriers to genetic testing currently exist which delay or prevent diagnosis. These barriers include wait times, staffing, education, and cost. Specialists are able to identify patients with disease that may need genetic testing, but lack the genetics support to facilitate that testing in the most cost, time, and medically effective manner. The Nephrology Division and the Genetic Testing Stewardship Program at Nemours A.I. duPont Hospital for Children created a novel service delivery model in which nephrologists and genetic counselors collaborate in order to highlight their complementary strengths (clinical expertise of nephrologists and genetics and counseling skills of genetic counselors). This collaboration has reduced many barriers to care for our patients. This workflow facilitated the offering of genetic testing to 76 patients, with 86 tests completed over a 20‐month period. Thirty‐two tests were deferred. Twenty‐seven patients received a diagnosis, which lead to a change in their medical management, three of whom were diagnosed by cascade family testing. Forty‐two patients had a negative result and 16 patients had one or more variants of uncertain significance on testing. The inclusion of genetic counselors in the workflow is integral toward choosing the most cost and time effective genetic testing strategy, as well as providing psychosocial support to families. The genetic counselors obtain informed consent, and review genetic test results and recommendations with the patient and their family. The availability of this program to our patients increased access to genetic testing and helps to provide diagnoses and supportive care.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Cycloaddition of Vinylethylene Carbonates with 3‐Nitrochromone
Authors: Zhao Can , Shah Babar Hussain , Li Hongfang , Wu Xue , Zhang Yong Jian
Published: January 2021

An efficient method for the enantio‐ and diastereoselective formation of furanochromanones has been developed via Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates with 3‐nitrochromone. By using a palladium complex generated in situ from [Pd2(dba)3]⋅CHCl3 and phosphoramidite L4 as a catalyst, the transformation allows to rapid access furanochromanones bearing versatile nitro‐group and multi‐stereocenters in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities and moderate diastereoselectivities.
Multisite Study of Evoked Potentials in Rett Syndrome
Authors: Saby Joni N. , Benke Timothy A. , Peters Sarika U. , Standridge Shannon M. , Matsuzaki Junko , Cutri‐French Clare , Swanson Lindsay C. , Lieberman David N. , Key Alexandra P. , Percy Alan K. , Neul Jeffrey L. , Nelson Charles A. , Roberts Timothy P.L. , Marsh Eric D.
Published: January 2021

Objective

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the utility of evoked potentials as a biomarker of cortical function in Rett syndrome (RTT). As a number of disease‐modifying therapeutics are currently under development, there is a pressing need for biomarkers to objectively and precisely assess the effectiveness of these treatments.

Method

Yearly visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were acquired from individuals with RTT, aged 2 to 37 years, and control participants across 5 sites as part of the Rett Syndrome and Related Disorders Natural History Study. Baseline and year 1 data, when available, were analyzed and the repeatability of the results was tested. Two syndrome‐specific measures from the Natural History Study were used for evaluating the clinical relevance of the VEP and AEP parameters.

Results

At the baseline study, group level comparisons revealed reduced VEP and AEP amplitude in RTT compared to control participants. Further analyses within the RTT group indicated that this reduction was associated with RTT‐related symptoms, with greater severity associated with lower VEP and AEP amplitude. In participants with RTT, VEP and AEP amplitude was also negatively associated with age. Year 1 follow‐up data analyses yielded similar findings and evidence of repeatability of EPs at the individual level.

Interpretation

The present findings indicate the promise of evoked potentials (EPs) as an objective measure of disease severity in individuals with RTT. Our multisite approach demonstrates potential research and clinical applications to provide unbiased assessment of disease staging, prognosis, and response to therapy. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:790–802
Synthesis, structural characterization, and density functional theory calculations of the two new Zn (II) complexes as antibacterial and anticancer agents with a neutral flexible tetradentate pyrazole‐based ligand
Authors: Beheshti Azizollah , Bahrani‐Pour Maryam , Kolahi Maryam , Shakerzadeh Ehsan , Motamedi Hossein , Mayer Peter
Published: January 2021

Two new mono‐ and dinuclear zinc (II) complexes with a formula of [Zn (LN)OMeCl] (1) and [Zn2(LN)(N3)2Cl2] (2) [where LN = 1,1,3,3‐tetrakis(3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)propane)] have been synthesized in methanol as a solvent and fully characterized by the single crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, FT‐IR, UV–Vis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. In both of them, zinc ion is tetrahedrally coordinated to two nitrogen atoms from one of the chelating bidentate bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)methane units of the LN ligand and one terminal chlorine. The forth coordination site was occupied by methoxy group in 1 and azide co‐ligand in complex 2. In contrast to 1, in the structure of 2 two metal centers are bridged by the tetradentate chelating LN ligand to form a dinuclear complex. Interestingly, the environment around the central atom in these complexes are mimicked with the core structure of the zinc metalloproteinases, Thermolysin {[NNO]ZnX} and Carbonic anhydrase {[NNN]ZnX} for complexes 1 and 2, respectively. Data analysis of the antibacterial activities demonstrated that the gram positive species showed more sensitivity toward the target title agents. Although, both complexes exhibit antibacterial activities and kill bacteria at low concentration, but complex 1 has higher DNA cleavage activity than 2. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of the free ligand and its complexes was evaluated against the human carcinoma cell line (Caco‐2) by the MTT method and the IC50 values were calculated for all of them. Due to the presence of pyrazole rings in the structure of the ligand and its complexes, these materials have a substantial potential to inhibit cancer cell metastasis. The energetic stabilization due to donor‐acceptor interactions in terms of the natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses and nonlinear optical properties were also examined by using the DFT calculations.
Development of dual purpose, industrially important PLA–PEG based coated abrasives and packaging materials
Authors: Sundar N. , Stanley S. Johan , Kumar S. Ananda , Keerthana P. , Kumar G. Ananda
Published: January 2021

Fabrication of industrially valuable PLA based coated abrasive and packaging products are made using bio‐polymeric blends of PLA–PEG without involving the use of hazardous halogen based solvents, such as, chloroform and dichloromethane. Accordingly, an attempt has been made in our study to substitute a relatively less harmful ethyl acetate (EA) solvent in place of the toxic halogenated solvents to dissolve both PLA and PEG polymer blends to produce an environmentally safe PLA–PEG coating and film formulation in EA. This attempt in turn eliminates and replaces the use of non‐degradable polymer coatings, (such as, acrylates, PVC, and synthetic latex) on Kraft paper thereby contributing to sustainability and environmental safety besides reduction in waste disposal to realize a cleaner environment. PLA is a hard and brittle polymer, which restricts its unexplored industrial user applications. On the other hand, PEG toughens the brittle PLA due to its plasticizing action. Hence, PLA–PEG polymer blends were prepared using increasing percentage of PEG content systematically from 5% to 25% and the % of PEG in PLA was optimized to 10% to get the maximum toughening effect in PLA–PEG formulation, which is ascertained by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the possible interaction that occurred between PLA and PEG, due to which a shift in vibration frequency of the PLA carbonyl group is observed. The other important test results from mechanical properties, contact angle, surface roughness, Cobb values, WVTR, and SEM analysis support to reveal that PLA–PEG (10%) blend is the best coating and film forming material on Kraft paper for the fabrication of industrially valuable both coated abrasive and packaging products to demonstrate its dual purpose applications.
Protective effect of rapamycin against acrylamide‐induced hepatotoxicity: The associations between autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis
Authors: Erfan Omnia S. , Sonpol Hany M. A. , Abd El‐kader Marwa
Published: January 2021

Acrylamide (ACRL) was demonstrated to induce hepatotoxicity and programmed cell death (PCD). Rapamycin (RAPA)‐induced autophagy had been reported to limit the progression of hepatocellular injury in experimental models. This research was designed to study two death pathways involved in ACRL‐induced hepatotoxicity and the modulating effect of RAPA on the resulting hepatic injury. Thirty‐six adult male rats were divided into three groups: control group, ACRL‐treated group (20 mg kg/day), and the last group co‐treated with ACRL plus RAPA (0.5 mg kg/day). Drugs were administered for 21 days via oral gavage. Blood samples were collected to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Livers were dissected; parts were used for detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue levels. Other parts were processed for hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, immunostaining for microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3), ubiquitin‐binding protein (p62), caspase‐3, and receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). ACRL induced a significant elevation in ALT, AST, MDA levels, and reduction in the SOD level. ACRL also induced hepatocellular injury, fibrosis, and defective autophagy indicated by elevation of LC3 and p62 and increased p62/LC3 ratio. Moreover, it increased the apoptotic (caspase‐3) and necroptotic (RIPK1) markers expression. RAPA significantly reduced liver enzymes, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and improved liver histology. Moreover, RAPA decreased p62/LC3 ratio indicated enhanced autophagy, and significantly reduced caspase‐3 and RIPK1 expression. In conclusion, RAPA maintained autophagic activity which may save the hepatocytes from PCD and enhance cell viability.
Gravitational memory effects in Brans‐Dicke theory
Authors: Hou Shaoqi
Published: January 2021

There exist gravitational memory effects in Brans‐Dicke theory. They are closely related to the Bondi‐Metzner‐Sachs symmetries present on the null infinity in an isolated system. By studying the asymptotically flat spacetime in Brans‐Dicke theory and the asymptotic symmetries, one discovers that the displacement memory effect in the tensor sector is due to the vacuum transition caused by the null energy fluxes penetrating the null infinity, while in the scalar sector, the vacuum transition is due to the angular momentum fluxes. Together with the spin and the center‐of‐mass memory effects, the displacement memories are constrained by various flux‐balance laws.
Identification of UBE3A Protein in CSF and Extracellular Space of the Hippocampus Suggest a Potential Novel Function in Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Dodge Andie , Willman Jonathan , Willman Matthew , Nenninger Austin W. , Morrill Nicole K. , Lamens Kristina , Greene Hayden , Weeber Edwin J. , Nash Kevin R.
Published: January 2021

Disruptions to the maternally inherited allele UBE3A, encoding for an E3 ubiquitin ligase, leads to the manifestation of Angelman Syndrome (AS). While this disorder is rare, the symptoms are severe and lifelong including but not limited to: intractable seizures, abnormal EEG's, ataxic gait, lack of speech, and most notably an abnormally happy demeanor with easily provoked laughter. Currently, little is known about the neurophysiological underpinnings of UBE3A leading to such globally severe phenotypes. Utilizing the newest AS rat model, comprised of a full UBE3A deletion, we aimed to elucidate novel mechanistic actions and potential therapeutic targets. This report demonstrates for the first time that catalytically active UBE3A protein is detectable within cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of wild type rats but distinctly absent in AS rat CSF. Microdialysis within the rat hippocampus also showed that UBE3A protein is located in the interstitial fluid of wild type rat brains but absent in AS animals. This protein maintains catalytic activity and appears to be regulated in a dynamic activity‐dependent manner.

Lay Summary

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the loss of the UBE3A gene within the central nervous system. Although we have identified the gene responsible for AS, we still have a long way to go to fully understand its function in vivo. Here we report that UBE3A is present within normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) but distinctly absent in AS CSF. Furthermore, we demonstrate that UBE3A is secreted and that this may occur in a dynamic activity‐dependent fashion. Extracellular UBE3A maintained its ubiquitinating activity, thus suggesting that UBE3A may have a novel role outside of neurons. Autism Res 2021, 14: 645–655. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC
Strategies in Metal–Organic Framework‐based Catalysts for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols and Recent Progress
Authors: Lee Jooyeon , Hong Seungpyo , Lee Jonghyeon , Kim Seongwoo , Kim Jinho , Kim Min
Published: January 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous inorganic–organic hybrid materials, act as versatile catalyst platforms for various organic transformations. In particular, the aerobic oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes (or ketones) has been extensively studied using various MOFs and their analogs. In this account, we summarize the performance of MOF‐based catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols based on the position of the catalytic species and the type of functionalization. Moreover, recent advances in MOF‐based catalysts for aerobic oxidation are discussed in terms of catalytic efficiency and substrate size discrimination.
Non‐financial strategy disclosure and environmental, social and governance score: Insight from a configurational approach
Authors: Santamaria Riccardo , Paolone Francesco , Cucari Nicola , Dezi Luca
Published: January 2021

Evaluating the determinants of environmental, social and governance (ESG) score is significant for topic for academics and regulators and companies. Despite its importance, little attention has been paid to non‐financial strategy disclosure and how to communicate non‐financial information. However, in the recent years, attention to the topic has considerably increased as demonstrated, in the European context, by the introduction of the non‐financial reporting directive in 2014. Therefore, it is important to analyse how the quantity and quality of disclosure influence the ESG score. To explore this relationship, a configurational analysis aimed at 31 Italian listed companies was studied by fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis. The results showed that there were three path types driving the ESG score and that integrated reporting played a highly significant role in promoting a high ESG score. Specifically, we show the importance of assessing the combinations of quality and quantity disclosures for ESG score through configurational thinking. These results provide a first theoretical basis for the effectiveness of disclosure measurements on ESG score, charting the future direction for environmental management studies.