bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific and technical problems of transition from open pit to combined technologies for raw materials mining
Authors: Stupnik M , Kalinichenko V , Kalinichenko O , Shepel O , Hryshchenko M
Published: November 2023

In Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin, long-term and intensive mining of deposits applying open pit methods have resulted in significant areas disturbed by open pits, dumps and tailings storage facilities. Hundreds of thousands of hectares of fertile arable land are already unsuitable for agriculture and sometimes for living. Thousands of tonnes of dust from dumps and tailing ponds deteriorate the surrounding nature every year and pollute the atmosphere in mining basins. Industrial ore breaking in open pits using bulk blasting causes emissions of a significant amount of harmful dust and carcinogenic substances. The environmental situation in open pit mining areas is often close to critical. In addition, bulk blasting forms a seismic wave, which in some cases destruct civil buildings and industrial facilities. The article proposes ways of gradual transition from mining mineral deposits by open pit methods to environmentally friendly technologies of open pit-underground and underground mining. It is established that such transition is a forced and at the same time choiceless way of developing mining areas, in particular Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin. The paper notes that the main problems of this transition include geomechanical stabilization of the rock massif during construction of underground mines in areas of possible impacts of open pit fields. The paper develops the fundamental study of the problems of controlling the stress-strain state of the massif during transition from the open pit to combined technology of deposit mining. Technologies of combined mining that involve formation of a transition belt with backfilling the worked-out space with compound mixtures are studied as well. It is proved that development of theoretical foundations for controlling the stress-strain state of the massif during transition from the open-pit to combined technology of deposit mining, study and design of technological solutions that contribute to transition to open pit-underground and underground mining, is an urgent scientific, technical and practical problem of great importance.
Determination of the bearing capacity of biaxially bended beams based on the design strength of reinforced concrete
Authors: Harkava O V , Pavlikov A M
Published: November 2023

Based on the design assumptions according to Eurocode 2, the concept of determining the value of the design strength of reinforced concrete has been developed for calculating the bearing capacity of reinforced concrete members subjected to biaxial bending. The theorem on the parallelism of the planes of internal and external forces action is applied. The considered design cases are for the most expected forms of the compressed concrete areas, which are characteristic for biaxial bending of beam members. The value of the coefficient of influence of biaxial bending on the characteristics of the member of rectangular section with triangular and trapezoidal forms of the compressed concrete area is obtained. A methodology for calculating the bearing capacity of biaxially bended members based on the application of the design strength of reinforced concrete is brought to the engineering level of application. An example of a calculation is presented, which demonstrates the convenience and effectiveness of the developed method. The proposed method of calculating the bearing capacity of beam member under biaxial bending is approved by comparing the results of calculations with experimental data for 12 samples of biaxially bended beams.
Bulking of activated sludge in the biological treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, due to the massive development of filamentous bacteria Type 021N
Authors: Iurchenko V O , Melnikova O G , Sorokina K B , Teliura N O
Published: November 2023

A research of the causes and consequences of bulking of activated sludge was conducted at existing biological wastewater treatment plants (municipal and local at an industrial enterprise). The filamentous bacterium that was caused the bulking of the activated sludge in the studied treatment plants was identified as Type 021N. It was established that the studied filamentous bulking causes a significant deterioration of the technological characteristics of activated sludge flocs and it is accompanied by suppression of the nitrification process. To suppress the bulking of activated sludge two methods of suppressing the inflow of hydrogen sulfide into biological treatment plants were successfully used: blowing from wastewater at municipal treatment plants and inhibiting its formation at local treatment plants in the settling and laminar flow zones.
Sustainable processing of lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Tkachenko T V , Aksylenko M D , Kamenskyh D S , Yevdokymenko V O
Published: November 2023

Biomass gasification is one of the effective methods of obtaining electrical and thermal energy. Thermal gasification is a simple and effective method for most lignocellulosic waste. The generation of combustible gases under such conditions has significant prospects both in the national economy and in a number of chemical-technological processes. The high-ash carbon residue remaining after thermolysis has shown its effectiveness as one of the important components of organo-mineral fertilizers. The results of field research in 2018-2019 with Moskito corn hybrid (Zea mays L.) and Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (Triticum aestivum L.) on dark-gray podzolic soil confirmed the high agrochemical efficiency of our proposed fertilizers. The introduction of Moskito corn hybrid organo-mineral fertilizer into the nutrition system improved the structural indicators of the harvest: in the experiment, the 1000 grains weight increased by 14.7%, the mass of grain from one cob – by 20% compared to the control. Balanced nutrition of experimental plants Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid in the variant with the use of BG-II when sowing at a dose of 1t/ha and favourable weather conditions led to an increase in grain quality (protein content) to the 2nd class – 13.0% against the 3rd grade in control (12.2%).
Environmental safety of soil genetic horizons in the impact zone of Lviv city landfill (Ukraine)
Authors: Popovych V V
Published: November 2023

Landfills cause significant technogenic pressure on the environment, being the center of depositing large volumes of hazardous materials in a relatively small area. Interacting with each other they form hazardous substances and compounds. In this study, we describe three genetic soil horizons that are within the impact zone of the landfill of a city of millions of people. It was established that the distribution of mobile forms of heavy metals according to the profile of the studied soils tended to gradual decrease with depth. When describing the genetic horizons of three profiles located in the impact zone of the landfill, it was established that the content of heavy metals in them does not exceed the MPC, except for Pb. The soil at the foot of the landfill turned out to be the most contaminated with heavy metals (profile No. 3). The activity of micromycetes in this soil was the lowest here. In general, all soils in the impact area of the landfill are impoverished in micromycete distribution. The taxonomic composition of mycelial fungi and the identified species’ ecological and biological characteristics indicate significant ecosystem pollution by household waste.
Accounting for social responsibility of business in the context of sustainable development
Authors: Lavrova-Manzenko O O , Opalko V V , Butko N V , Umanska V H , Riabukha O O
Published: November 2023

The paper focuses on the fundamental components of socially responsible business and their accounting in terms of dividing it into determinants that is justified by the emergence of corporate social reporting, the expansion of the boundaries of traditional accounting concerning the introduction of indicators related to social costs, environmental and atypical aspects. The aim of the research is to comprehensively analyze all components of the social accounting system, identify the peculiarities of socially responsible business in the context of sustainable development, and develop recommendations for the formation of methodological and organizational components of presenting relevant information in the reporting of enterprises. We have found that the modern system of social accounting reveals the facts of economic activities concerning the accounting of social costs, economic and environmental measures to make effective management decisions in terms of the impact of the enterprise activities on society, adapted to the requirements of the external and internal environment. An overview of scientific views on the essence of accounting for social reporting is considered using the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, grouping and generalization. The author’s opinion of the social accounting system involving the following main determinants as accounting for social responsibility of business, formation of accounting information in terms of sustainable development, environmental consequences of activity, accounting for atypical social components, accounting for reputational capital, is considered. We have substantiated that further implementation of social accounting and preparation of annual reports based on the proposed elements, can help in the formation of corporate and social responsibility of the company, expanding the range of interested parties: partners, customers and investors, i.e., magnetizing in the form of reputational capital.
Model aspect of the study of the processes of sustainable development of socio-economic systems
Authors: Ivanov R V , Grynko T V , Porokhnya V M , Maksyshko N K , Oglih V V
Published: November 2023

The triune concept of sustainable development takes into account environmental, social and economic issues in general. At the same time, the solution of the problems of resource conservation and socio-economic development do not contradict each other, but contribute to mutual reinforcement. The purpose of this study is to build, describe, test and analyze economic and mathematical models of the processes of self-organization of the socio-economic system within the framework of the concept of sustainable development. The considered models take into account both quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The research methodology is based on the assumption that the system under consideration is dynamic. The study makes it possible to evaluate the process of sustainable development of the socio-economic system in terms of the formation and influence of its characteristics on the overall result. Various options for formalizing the level of motivation of economic activity are described and analyzed, one of which is based on the economic interpretation of the Weber-Fechner psychophysiological law. The assumption of the continuous development of innovative technologies made it possible to reveal the existence of a “fatigue point”, the onset of which indicates the possibility of increasing the growth rate of production activities due to its technological transformation.
Sustainable development of Ukraine as a combination of social, economic and environmental components: structural econometric model of three-pillar approach
Authors: Zomchak L M
Published: November 2023

The combination of the economic, social and environmental issues of the country-level development in the case of Ukraine requires modernization of the national economic system and permanent deep institutional reforms. These measures should be aimed at forming a diverse, competitive and socially oriented post-industrial economy capable of ensuring sustainable development. To ensure the improvement of the management of Ukraine’s sustainable development strategy, structural (simultaneous) model is proposed, based on three endogenous (namely GDP as economic variable, income per household as social variable and the expenses for the environmental protection as environmental variable) and seven exogenous variables. Such an approach makes it possible to investigate the interdependence between variables. Model parameters estimates were calculated with the two-step least squares method. A forecast of the development of the main indicators characterizing the economic, social and environmental components of development at the country level was also estimated. For Ukraine in 2021, according to the forecast based on the structural model, the economic and environmental components will have positive dynamics and rapid growth, while the social component will develop, but more stably and without rapid growth.
Contact engineering for organic CMOS circuits
Authors: Chen Quanhua , Cao Jiarong , Liu Yuan , Zhu Rujun , Cao Jinxiu , Liu Zhao , Zhao Xing , Wu Jianfei , Yang Guangan , Zhu Li , Wu Jie , Yu Zhihao , Sun Huabin , Li Run , Xue Shujian , Li Binhong , Tan Chee Leong , Xu Yong
Published: November 2023

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been widely studied, but there are still challenges to achieving large-scale integration in organic complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. In this article, we discuss the issues on organic CMOS circuits from a device perspective. Our discussion begins with a systematic analysis of the principal parameters of the building block, a CMOS inverter, including gain, noise margin, and power dissipation, as well as the relevant challenges and the potential solutions. We then review state-of-the-art organic CMOS inverters and their fabrications. Finally, we focus on the approaches to optimize organic CMOS circuits from a specific point of view of the contact engineering, particularly for N-type OFETs.
Multiple ornaments: trade-offs and redundancy in signalling functions in male and female varied tits (Sittiparus varius)
Authors: Ma Ruiyao , Jiang Yiting , Wan Dongmei
Published: November 2023

Signals conveyed by ornaments can be indicators in the process of sexual selection. Specifically, signals may be superimposed on each other to represent an individual’s quality, convey different information, or offer redundant information. As much of the research in this area has focused on relationships between diverse signals in males, those of females have largely been overlooked. From 2022 to 2023, we tested whether three traits, namely acoustic (song display) and visual ornaments (patch size and carotenoid-based plumage coloration), and morphology (wing and tail length), were interrelated in males and whether visual ornaments and morphology were interrelated in females in a wild population of varied tits (Sittiparus varius). We found that males with brighter and more reddish plumage sang at lower maximum and minimum frequencies, with narrower bandwidths and lower frequency peaks. Similarly, a negative correlation between tail length and carotenoid-based plumage coloration was observed in both sexes. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between signals within traits. These results highlight the trade-offs in signals between different traits, as well as the consistency within the same traits.
Monitoring MCS patients on the intensive care unit: integrating haemodynamic assessment, laboratory data, and imaging techniques for timely detection of deterioration and recovery
Authors: Vandenbriele Christophe , Baldetti Luca , Beneduce Alessandro , Belohlavek Jan , Hassager Christian , Pieri Marina , Polzin Amin , Scandroglio Anna Mara , Møller Jacob Eifer
Published: November 2023

Monitoring of the patient supported with a temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) is crucial in achieving the best possible outcome. Monitoring is a continuous and labour-intensive process, as cardiogenic shock (CS) patients can rapidly deteriorate and may require new interventions within a short time period. Echocardiography and invasive haemodynamic monitoring form the cornerstone of successful tMCS support. During monitoring, it is particularly important to ensure that adequate end-organ perfusion is achieved and maintained. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of best practices for monitoring the CS patient supported by a micro-axial flow pump, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and both devices simultaneously (ECMELLA approach). It is a complex process that encompasses device control, haemodynamic control and stabilization, monitoring of interventions, and assessment of end-organ function. The combined, continuous, and preferably protocol-based approach of echocardiography, evaluation of biomarkers, end-organ assessment, and haemodynamic parameters is crucial in assessing this critically ill CS patient population.
Early-Life Hygiene-Related Factors and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scandinavian Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Guo Annie , Östensson Malin , Størdal Ketil , Ludvigsson Johnny , Mårild Karl
Published: November 2023

Background

We aimed to investigate whether early-life hygiene-related factors influenced the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a Scandinavian population and test the association’s consistency across cohorts.

Methods

This study followed 117 493 participants in the All Babies in Southeast Sweden study and the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. IBD diagnoses were defined by national registers. Comprehensive data on hygiene-related exposures, such as having pets, rural living, daycare attendance, and siblings, were retrieved from questionnaires administered from pregnancy until child’s age of 36 months. A multivariable Cox regression model yielded adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for IBD accounting for socioeconomic status and perinatal factors. Cohort-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effects model.

Results

In over 2 024 299 person-years of follow-up 451 participants developed IBD. In pooled estimates children attending daycare up to 36 months of life vs not attending daycare were less likely to develop Crohn’s disease (aHR, 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37- 0.98). Children having 1 or more siblings had a modestly increased risk of IBD (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.96-1.42; aHR for each sibling, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.01-1.24). The other hygiene factors were not significantly linked to later IBD. In the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study cohort, bed sharing was associated with an increased risk of IBD, most notably for ulcerative colitis (aHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.01-2.78).

Conclusions

In this birth cohort study from 2 high-income Scandinavian countries, some early-life hygiene-related exposures were associated with IBD risk. The generalizability of these results to countries of other socioeconomic level is unknown.
Introduction
Authors: Enright Tim
Published: November 2023

Lá Dár Saol (A Day in Our Life), by Sáan O’Crohan, is by way of epilogue to the story of the Gaelic-speaking Great Blasket, for it tells how, in its dying days, Islanders resettled on the nearby mainland. Some ex-Islanders were never able to adapt themselves to life outside their community. One such was Sean O’Crohan’s contemporary, Micheal O’Guiheen, last of their poets and story-tellers, who keened over his lost Island all his days. Sean did adapt himself, and to the rapid changes of the twentieth century. He would never forget the Blasket, however, and it is with the critical eye of the Islander that he surveys the mainland scene.
Morning
Authors: Enright Tim
Published: November 2023

signs appear of what lies ahead but, if so, small is the notice taken until it comes to pass. That is how it was with us and we living on the Western Island. We were young and strong with little sense or wit, the case ever with young people before life sharpens their notions for them. It is well I remember the day when Padraig Kearney left the Island along with his wife and family. They went to settle in a poor bare hovel in the glen of Clochan Dubh, where they had neither holding nor living and could only depend upon the help of God. But Kearney was not long gone from us when no one was giving him any thought at all, and the Islanders were ploughing on. He had given away the holding he left behind and a blessing from God this was for the man that received the gift.
Introduction
Authors: Illis L S
Published: November 2023

Since 1961 (Liberson et al. 1961) a considerable amount of work has been directed towards the activation of paralysed muscles by electrical stimulation. Although the technique was originally used to supplement or replace lost or impaired function in people with neurological deficit, many methods of electrical stimulation do not simply supplement or replace lost function but favourably modify the remaining structurally intact nervous system. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a series of techniques of electrical stimulation of muscle, or peripheral nerve, or nerve root or the spinal cord which either causes a muscle to perform a specific function or produces a change in the excitability of the central nervous system. When it causes a muscle to perform a specific function, this may beused as a means of enabling the subject to carry out functions of paralysed or partially paralysed limbs, or to train or condition a voluntary muscle, or to alter the physiological properties of a muscle, for example from a fast-twitch muscle to a slow-twitch muscle. In some cases, such as sacral root stimulation, the purpose of FES is to control an otherwise non-functioning organ. In central FES the aim is to alter the excitability of the central nervous system, probably by altering inhibition, in order to alter function. Where FES alters function it only alters abnormal activity; there is no recorded alteration of normal activity or normal function.
Spinal opioidergic activation: spinal, somatic, and vesical reflexes and spasticity
Authors: Herman Richard M
Published: November 2023

Spasticity of spinal origin is a complex manifestation of chronic supra-sacral spinal cord lesions (‘chronic spinal lesions’). When sufficiently severe, it can interfere further with the individual’s quality of life by adversely affecting such functional behaviour as sitting posture, mobility, transfers, and comfort, and by generating limb and trunk deformities (e.g. contractures (Herman 1970)). Conversely, spasticity may support or enhance function. Thus inappropriate assessment and/or treatment may lead to further diminution of performance.
Multi Step Direct Reactions
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E
Published: November 2023

At lower incident energies all the particles in the intra-nucleus cascade remain bound, and the reaction may be described by the multistep compound theory discussed in the previous chapter. As the incident energy increases it becomes more likely that one particle remains in the continuum and so retains a strong memory of the original direction of the projectile. The timescale of the reaction is much shorter; whereas in the multistep compound reactions a quasi-equilibrium is attained at each stage now the reaction is a direct process occurring in a time comparable with the nucleon transit time. As in the multistep compound reactions the interaction takes place in a sequence of stages, and the cross-section for emission from each of these stages may be calculated from the multistep direct reaction theories described in this chapter.
Pharmacological targets for the control of male and female sexual behaviour
Authors: Wilson Catherine A
Published: November 2023

Mammalian sexual behaviour is controlled by gonadal steroids acting at the level of the central nervous system (CNS). The extent of hormonal control varies with sex and species. In both male rodents and primates, testosterone is essential for copulatory behaviour and in the female rodent, sexual behaviour is completely dependent on the presence of oestrogen, with progesterone acting synergistically. In primates, certain aspects of sexual activity, namely arousal and proceptive behaviour, may also be dependent on steroids, but copulatory behaviour is thought to be independent of them.
Evaluation of drug effects on human sexual function
Authors: Riley Alan J
Published: November 2023

In spite of the upsurge in research activity in the area of sexual functioning which followed the work of Masters and Johnson (1966, 1970), there have been few attempts to investigate the effect of drugs on human sexual function. Renshaw (1978) concludes her review, Sex and drugs, with the request for scientific evaluation of drug effects on sexual function, viz. ‘Sexual side effects of needed medications must not only be noted but carefully and scientifically studied by physicians, since these may offer important avenues of understanding of the many unresolved riddles of the neurophysiology of the human sexual response’. Investigation of the effect of drugs on human sexual function may also suggest possible new pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the management of sexual dysfunction.
Energetic aspects of altering myocardial sensitivity to calcium
Authors: Alpert Norman R , Hasenfuss Gerd , Holubarsch Christian , Mulicri Louis A
Published: November 2023

It is now generally accepted that myocardial contraction is preceded by and causally related to an increase in cytosolic free calcium following depolarization of the plasma membrane. Relaxation occurs when the free calcium concentration is lowered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane calcium pumps. The degree of contractile activation depends on the level of free calcium and the calcium sensitivity of the thin-filament regulatory protein troponin C.
Diabetes and insulin action
Authors: McKeigue Paul
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the evidence that the risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes in adult life may be set by nutrition and growth in fetal life. Two studies in England have found a strong inverse association between birthweight and the prevalence of glucose intolerance in later life. The association of reduced size at birth with non-insulin dependent diabetes has since been confirmed in three other populations, although the relationship was less strong than in the original studies of English populations, and the form of the relationship was non-linear. Other studies in children and young adults have shown that plasma glucose levels after oral glucose challenge are inversely related to birthweight. Recent studies suggest that glucose intolerance is related more strongly to thinness at birth, measured by low ponderal index, than to low birthweight. This association is not accounted for by known predictors of diabetes such as obesity. Although the association between glucose intolerance and birthweight depends on adjusting for body mass index, this does not apply to the association of glucose intolerance with thinness at birth. Suggestions that the association can be accounted for by selective survival of low birthweight infants genetically predisposed to diabetes are not compatible with historical data on infant mortality rates.
Respiratory and allergic diseases
Authors: Strachan David P
Published: November 2023

Respiratory illnesses are caused by a sometimes complex interaction of infection, allergy, mucus hypersecretion, reversible bronchospasm, and irreversible airflow obstruction. Cigarette smoking is a powerful and partially reversible influence on the risk of mucus hypersecretion, reversible and irreversible airflow obstruction, and should be the priority in any preventive programme. However, not all smokers appear to be prone to disabling or fatal airflow obstruction and cofactors including impaired prenatal and postnatal lung growth, genetic antitrypsin deficiency, and dietary antioxidant deficiency may determine which smokers are most susceptible. In the past, high levels of outdoor air pollution were associated with increased morbidity and mortality among bronchitic patients, but the role of outdoor or indoor air pollution as a determinant of the prevalence of obstructive lung disease remains uncertain.
Conclusions
Authors: Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Kuh Diana
Published: November 2023

There is a growing body of evidence that patterns of early growth and other factors acting across the life course play an important role in the origin and development of a wide array of common chronic diseases. Knowledge of the determinants of fetal growth, and of the biological processes which mediate the effects of the social environment, is limited. The research emphasis is now moving away from measures of general growth impairment towards specific patterns of growth retardation during gestation. Links between growth and development in childhood and later disease are also being demonstrated. The relative importance of early as compared with later life influences is yet to be fully determined, but there is growing evidence that they have an interactive effect on disease risk. Thus the possibility exists of intervening to break biological and social chains of risk at several stages of life, and of targetting those particularly at risk at times when change is most likely. Prospective studies beginning at birth or in childhood will provide further evidence as they mature about the importance of factors acting across the life course. Public health policy should adopt a truly life course strategy with attention towards the mother, baby, child, adolescent, and adult.
Listen to the brain: a Biological perspective On musical emotions
Authors: Peretz Isabelle
Published: November 2023

The functioning of the brain is fascinating. It fascinates for the obvious reason that the brain is the commander of all our actions, thoughts, and motivations. By studying its functioning, the hope is to obtain crucial information about the biological determinants of human cognition and emotion. Neuropsychology is the discipline concerned with these questions. As its name indicates, neuropsychology aims to relate neural mechanisms to mental functions. It is an old discipline, dating back to the discovery that speech was related to the functioning of a small region of the left brain by Broca in 1861. Following this discovery, the neural correlates of musical abilities were similarly scrutinized (for a recent review, see Marin & Perry 1999). Although the neuropsychological approach to music is a century old, progress has been slow. term.
Music As A Source Of Emotion In Film
Authors: Cohen Annabel J
Published: November 2023

Emotion characterizes the experience of film, as it does the experience of music. Because music almost always accompanies film, we may well ask what contributionmusic makes to the emotional aspects of film. The present chapter addresses this question. It should be said at the outset that in spite of the integral role of music for film, film music has been largely neglected by the disciplines of both musicology and music psychology until the last decade (e.g. Cohen 1994;Marks 1998; Prendergast 1991). The reasons for the neglect are complex, arising from social, technological, economic, historical, and cultural factors. Some of these factors also account for a parallel neglect by psychology of the study of film perception (Hochberg & Brooks 1996a, 1996b). Moreover, unlike other types of popular or art music, much music for film has been composed with the understanding that it will not be consciously attended to. Countering this neglect, the present chapter takes a psychological perspective on the sublime and remarkable emotional phenomena produced by music in the context of film. This chapter has the joint intent of supporting the argument that music is one of the strongest sources of emotion in film and of opening doors to further empirical work that explains why this is so.
Negative Emotions In Music Making: The Problem Of Performance Anxiety
Authors: Steptoe Andrew
Published: November 2023

The performance of music induces extraordinarily positive feelings in many players and singers. Participation in a successful and exciting performance often leads to feelings of euphoria, whether it be in a school concert, a piece sung by a village choir, or a public show in a prestigious concert hall. Here is the baritone Thomas Allen (interviewed in the Independent on Sunday in 1990) describing his feelings at the end of a performance of Don Giovanni in Japan: ‘I could have walked over the house tops I was so high’.When the producer came backstage to congratulate him, Allen picked him up and carried him across the stage, ‘Oh, I could have run up Mount Fuji!’ The same feelings of joy of creative music making are vividly expressed in a letter written by the 21-year-old Mozart to his father in November 1777. He was playing the organ during a Sunday service in the Court chapel in Mannheim in the presence of the ruler of the state.
Emotions In Everyday Listening To Music
Authors: Sloboda John A , O’neill Susan A
Published: November 2023

There are several key assumptions underpinning our focus on emotion and ‘everyday’ music listening. Firstly, music is always heard in a social context, in a particular place and time, with or without other individuals being present, and with other activities taking place which have their own complex sources of meaning and emotion. The emotional response to the music is coloured, and possibly sometimes completely determined, by these contextual factors. Emotions should not be thought of as abstract entities such as ‘anger’ or ‘elation’, but rather as actual moments of emotional feelings and displays in particular situations within a particular culture. Emotional responses to music are linked to a sequence of events based on conventions and rules that depend not only on shared understanding and representations, but also a common background of knowledge and beliefs. Music is a cultural material (as is language) that provides a kind of semiotic and affective ‘power’ which individuals use in the social construction of emotional feeling and displays. As such, the impact of music on emotion is not direct but interdependent on the situations in which it is heard. Any meaningful account of music’s role in the emotional response of individuals must involve the recognition of these complex, interdependent social factors.We therefore focus in this chapter on several investigations which attempt to preserve, or take account of, as much of the social context of music listening as possible.
Lattice Vibrations
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun
Published: November 2023

n classical mechanics, it is well known that when a system of particles in stable equilibrium is disturbed, the system performs certain vibrations, such that every particle remains in the neighbourhood of its equilibrium position.
The British Background
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

In this book we shall be looking at as long a stretch of time as from the Wars of the Roses to the present day. It is the first age for which we have contemporary or near-contemporary written sources. It is also the age for the greater part of which Britain was absorbed into an empire based on the Mediterranean, subject to the direct impact of classical culture, and closely involved with the fortunes of Europe at one of the most formative periods of its history. ‘The toga was ofi:en to be seen among them’: with these words the Roman historian Tacitus described the Britons adopting the Roman way of life at an early stage of their long career as Roman provincials. The purpose of this book is to chart this process and to see how far it went, to examine Britain as a part of the Roman empire. Out of this will emerge its own particular character.
The Historical Geography of Roman Britain
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

Many previous writers have spoken of the situation and peoples of Britain. I am proposing to do so again, not to compete with them in ingenuity and diligence of research, but because the conquest was only completed at the time of which I am writing. My predecessors had to fill out their lack of information with tricks of style: I can ofter facts. Britain is the largest island known to us Romans. Its shape and location cause it to face Germany to the east, Spain to the west, and its southern shore is in sight of Gaul. The northern coasts are pounded by the vastness of the open sea, for no land faces them. Livy and Fabius Rusticus, the best of the older and more recent writers, have compared the shape of the island to an elongated triangle or an axe. This is .indeed the shape as far as Caledonia, hence the usual description. But, going forther, one finds a very large tract of country extending to the farthest point of land and tapering into a wedge-shape. The coastline of that remote sea was explored then [under Agricola], and Britain proved by circumnavigation to be an island. At the same time the Orkneys were discovered and taken. Shetland was seen in the distance, but orders and the onset of winter prevented the fleet from approaching nearer .
Town and Country
Authors: Salway Peter
Published: November 2023

The relationship between town and country in Roman Britain is a subject on which opinion has veered between R. G. Colling wood’s view that the towns were mere parasites on the country, and J. S. Wacher’s opinion that they were the vital catalyst between new ideas from the classical world and those of Celtic society that transformed Iron Age Britain into a land folly integrated into the empire. Some have seen the Roman towns as a largely superficial imposition on a way of lite that was hardly changed by the Roman conquest, and in many areas lasted long after the end of Roman rule and the decay of the cities themselves. Others have argued that towns survived well into the fifth century because of their own strength, while the characteristic society of the Romano-British countryside broke down. One question we must ask is whether, behind the discussion, there is not an assumption in many people’s minds that the two modes of settlement, urban and rural, were totally distinct, even opposed, forms of existence.
Civilizing Soviet Government
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

To understand why the Party bureaucracy proved such a hard nut for any reformist leader to crack we need to examine the way this ‘peculiar institution’ functioned. On close inspection it emerges that, contrary to appearances, beneath the fa de of monolithic unity and ideological conformism a slow metamorphosis had begun which, within the space of another generation or so, would undermine the CPSU’s raison d’etre. Ultimately this process was the result of the maturation of Soviet society. More immediately it was an unintended consequence of the post-Stalin leadership’s drive to reinvigorate a body which until 1953 had been a mere adjunct of the despot’s rule, to enhance its authority in the eyes of the people by restoring, as the jargon phrase went, ‘Leninist norms of Party life’.
The Rebirth of Conscience
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

In retrospect it seems quite logical that, once Stalinist controls over the Soviet cultural scene were relaxed, writers and artists should have gradually resumed the role they had played before the revolution as ‘conscience of the nation’. Then they had spoken up on behalf of the oppressed narod (people) and encouraged Russia’s intellectuals to view opposition to tsarism as a sacred cause.
The National Mosaic
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

Nowhere were hopes of change after Stalin’s death more bitterly disappointed than among the country’s non-Russian peoples. In nationality policy, too, this was a preparatory period, during which decisions were taken (or not taken) that would lead to the USSR’s collapse a generation or so later. At the time the gravity of this problem was not readily apparent. There was little open dissent, at least among the other fourteen nations who shared union-republic status with the Russians-and it is with them that for reasons of space we shall be mainly concerned. Opposition mainly took the form of cultural protest and was expressed with exemplary restraint.
Revolution from Above
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

Not every regime that faces a crisis necessarily collapses. Yet in the USSR the accession to power of Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev in March 1985 unleashed a chain reaction. Within less than seven years it led to the extinction of the world’s number two superpower. Historians are naturally tempted to see such an astonishing development as foreordained, and to try to explain it by the working out of long-term processes. Yet clearly an element of chance was involved as well.
Revolution from Below
Authors: Keep John L H
Published: November 2023

The process of imperial disintegration was, in retrospect, remarkably non-violent. Most of the hostilities occurred in Transcaucasia, in the course of inter-ethnic feuding rather than an onslaught by minorities on the central power. In Central Asia local political elites slipped unobtrusively into the driving seat and appeased the citizenry by turning the wheel a little to the left. Serious fighting would break out here too-in Tajikistan-but only after the USSR had collapsed.
Portrait of the Physicist as a Young Man
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

It is not known whether Hermann Einstein became a partner in the featherbed enterprise of Israel and Levi before or after August 8, 1876. Certain it is that by then he, his mother, and all his brothers and sisters, had been living for some time in Ulm, in the kingdom of Württemberg. On that eighth of August, Hermann married Pauline Koch in the synagogue in Cannstatt. The young couple settled in Ulm, first on the Münsterplatz, then, at the turn of 1878–9, on the Bahnhofstrasse. On a sunny Friday in the following March their first child was born, a citizen of the new German empire, which Württemberg had joined in 1871. On the following day Hermann went to register the birth of his son. In translation the birth certificate reads, ‘No. 224. Ulm, March 15, 1879.
The New Kinematics
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

1. Relativity’s Aesthetic Origins. Without a carrying medium, light can as little be seen as sound can be heard. Such was the sensible prejudice of nineteenth century physics. The better light was understood, the more circumscribed became the properties of its medium, the aether. The best of all possible aethers, it appeared, was one which blows through man and his planet as they speed through this absolutely immobile medium. When light turned out to be a transverse wave phenomenon, the aether had to be declared quasi-rigid.
The Edge of History
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

1. A New Way of Thinking. On April 6, 1922, the Société Franise de Philosophie (which Henri Poincaré had helped found) convened for a discussion of the special and the general theories of relativity. Among those in attendance were the mathematicians Elie Cartan, Jacques Hadamard, and Paul Painlevé, the physicists Jean Becquerel, Albert Einstein, and Paul Langevin, and the philosophers Henri Bergson, Léon Brunschvicg, Edouard LeRoy, and Emile Meyerson. In the course of the discussions, Bergson expressed his admiration for Einstein’s work: ‘I see [in this work] not only a new physics, but also, in certain respects, a new way of thinking’ [Bl].
Herr Professor Einstein
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Soon after December 1907 Einstein began his academic career. His first step, then a common one, was to apply for a Privatdozentship. This was not a faculty position and no salary was provided by a university or any other official body. To be Privatdozent meant only to have the right to teach at the university where one was appointed. The only remuneration was a small fee paid by each course attendant. It used to be said often in those times that a university career could be contemplated only if one was independently wealthy or married to a well-to-do person. Neither applied to Einstein. That is perhaps why nothing had come of his earlier intent to seek such a post [E1]. In 1907 he decided nevertheless to apply while retaining his position at the patent office.
Unified Field Theory
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

Einstein died early on a Monday morning. The day before, he had asked for his most recent pages of calculations on unified field theory. The awareness of unfinished work was with him, and not just in those final hours when he knew that death was near. It had been so throughout his life. Nearly forty years earlier, he had written to Felix Klein:
The Light-Quantum
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

In the last four months of 1859, there occurred a number of events that were to change the course of science. On the twelfth of September, Le Verrier submitted to the French Academy of Sciences the text of his letter to Faye concerning an unexplained advance of the perihelion of Mercury (see Section 14c), the effect explained by Einstein in November 1915. On the twenty-fourth of November, a book was published in London entitled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, by Charles Robert Darwin. Meanwhile on the twentieth of October, Gustav Kirchhoff from Heidelberg submitted his observation that the dark D lines in the solar spectrum are darkened still further by the interposition of a sodium flame [Kl]. As a result, a few weeks later he proved a theorem and posed a challenge. The response to Kirchhoff’s challenge led to the discovery of the quantum theory.
Methods Of Application
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

The Way in which the idea of variables satisfying a relation occurs in the applications of mathematics is worth thought, and by devoting some time to it we shall clear up our thoughts on the whole subject.
Generalizations Of Number
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

One Great peculiarity of mathematics is the set of allied ideas which have been invented in connexion with the integral numbers from which we started. These ideas may be called extensions or generalizations of number. In the first place there is the idea of fractions. The earliest treatise on arithmetic which we possess was written by an Egyptian priest, named Ahmes, between 1700 B.c. and 1100 B.c., and it is probably a copy of a much older work. It deals largely with the properties of fractions. It appears, therefore, that this concept was developed very early in the history of mathematics. Indeed the subject is a very obvious one. To divide a field into three equal parts, and to take two of the parts, must be a type of operation which had often occurred. Accordingly, we need not be surprised that the men of remote civilizations were familiar with the idea of two­thirds, and with allied notions. Thus as the first generalization of number we place the concept of fractions. The Greek thought of this subject rather in the form of ratio, so that a Greek would naturally say that a line of two feet in length bears to a line of three feet in length the ratio of 2 to 3. Under the influence of our algebraic notation we would more often say that one line was two-thirds of the other in length, and would think of two-thirds as a numerical multiplier.
Imaginary Numbers (continued)
Authors: Whitehead Alfred North
Published: November 2023

The Definition of the multiplication of ordered couples is guided by exactly the same considerations as is that of their addition.
Play, Cure, and Development: A Developmental Perspective on the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Young Children
Authors: Scarlett W George
Published: November 2023

Children younger than 4 pose special problems for therapists. Their insecurities about separation make the establishment of working relationships difficult, and their immature language renders “talk therapy” inadequate. Furthermore, their struggles to represent experience overshadow any need they might have to undo old, maladaptive representations. Play provides answers to all three of these special problems because play is the young child’s means of relating, communicating, and developing the capacity to represent. So, treating young children depends less on therapists’ ability to interpret and more on their ability to play and develop play.