bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution NMR spectroscopy in inhomogeneous fields via Hadamard‐encoded intermolecular double‐quantum coherences
Authors: Chen Yushan , Cai Shuhui , Cai Congbo , Cui Xiaohong , Chen Zhong
Published: January 2012

A new pulse sequence based on intermolecular double‐quantum coherences was proposed to obtain one‐dimensional high‐resolution liquid NMR spectra in inhomogeneous magnetic fields via Hadamard encoding. In contrast with the conventional intermolecular multiple‐quantum coherences method with a two‐dimensional acquisition to obtain one one‐dimensional high‐resolution spectrum, the new method can provide relatively high‐resolution spectra directly through one‐dimensional acquisition, and can greatly improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the spectrum within a relatively short acquisition time. Theoretical derivation was performed and analytical expressions of the resulting signals are given. Solution samples in purposely de‐shimmed magnetic fields and pig brain tissue samples were tested. The experimental results demonstrate that this sequence can retain useful structural information, even when the field inhomogeneity is sufficiently severe to erase almost all spectral information with conventional one‐dimensional single‐quantum coherence techniques, and good solvent suppression can be achieved. This method may provide a promising technique for applications in in vivo and in vitro NMR. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endocrine phenotype of children and adults with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Rose Susan R. , Myers Kasiani C. , Rutter Meilan M. , Mueller Robin , Khoury Jane C. , Mehta Parinda A. , Harris Richard E. , Davies Stella M.
Published: January 2012

Background

Features of Fanconi anemia (FA) are well known, including bone marrow failure, congenital anomalies such as radial anomalies, renal and ear anomalies, tracheo‐esophageal fistula, imperforate anus, and elevated risk for cancer. We sought to further characterize the endocrine phenotype in children and adults with FA.

Procedure

Clinically indicated endocrine evaluation data from 120 persons with FA, including 78 children (43 female) and 42 young adults (who had achieved adult height, 19 female), were entered in an institutional review board‐approved database. Data were analyzed according to gender, birth weight, FA complementation group, and whether or not the patient had completed linear growth or had undergone hematopoietic cell transplant, using Wilcoxon Rank Sum or Chi‐square, as appropriate.

Results

Overall, 60% of children and 58% of adults with FA had short stature, 68% of children and 30% of adults had glucose intolerance, 61% of children and 37% of adults had mild hypothyroidism, and 40% of adults had evidence of hypogonadism (not possible to fully assess in children). In general, bone mineral density (BMD) was normal in adults, while BMD in children was normal when results were adjusted for bone size/thickness using height age.

Conclusions

We have evaluated in detail children and adults with FA for their growth and endocrine function. Overall, 79% of children and adults with FA had one or more endocrine abnormality. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:690–696. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personality and Metaphor Use: How Extraverted and Introverted Young Adults Experience Becoming Friends
Authors: Nelson Paul A. , Thorne Avril
Published: January 2012

Competing theories have viewed relationship formation as a gradual process or as an instant development, with little attention to differences in individual perceptions of the same relationship. In the present study, conceptual metaphors concerning relationship formation were identified and coded from interviews with each friend in 59 same–sex, white, college–age, US dyads (57% female). Friends were extreme and either very similar or different from one other with regard to extraversion–introversion. An actor–partner analysis found that friends paired with an extravert used more Force–Impact metaphors that conveyed an explosive ‘friends–at–first–sight’ experience, whereas friends paired with an introvert used more Journey–Organism metaphors that reflected a gradual transition into friendship. Regardless of their partner's personality, extraverts and female friends used more Joint–Proximity metaphors that emphasised the development of intimacy. Results are interpreted using the Social Relations Model and the PERSOC approach to show how personality can serve both as an environment (partner) and as a cognitive schema (actor) to distinctly shape impressions of how a friendship develops. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐linked and para‐linked water‐soluble poly(arylene ethynylene)s with amino acid side chains: Effects of different linkage on Hg2+ ion sensing properties in aqueous media
Authors: Wu Xiaofu , Xu Bowei , Tong Hui , Wang Lixiang
Published: January 2012

Water‐soluble, meta‐ and para‐linked poly(arylene ethynylene)s containing L‐aspartic acid‐functionalized fluorene units (P1 and P2) and their model compounds (M1 and M2) have been synthesized, and their photophysical properties and fluorescent sensing properties were investigated in aqueous solution. P1 and M1 with the meta‐linkage show blue‐shifted absorption and emission spectra, and decreased photoluminescence quantum yields compared with those of P2 and M2 with para‐linkage. Their absorption and fluorescence spectra are pH dependent perhaps due to the aggregation of the polymer chains at low pH values. In buffer solutions, both polymers and their model compounds exhibit the excellent selectivity and sensitivity to Hg2+ over other common metal ions. Furthermore, the quenching constant and detection limit of P1 are determined to be 1.04 × 107 M−1 and 10 nM, and show the higher sensitivity compared to P2. Further comparison of their model compounds reveal that the sensitivity and quenching efficiency of M1 is also higher than that of M2, indicating that the meta‐linkage pattern plays a key role in improving their Hg2+ ion sensing properties. In addition, both meta‐ and para‐linked polymers exhibit the higher quenching efficiency than their model compounds due to the amplified fluorescence response of conjugated polymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Aminimide derived from benzoylformic acid ester as photolatent base/radical initiator
Authors: Kirino Manabu , Tomita Ikuyoshi
Published: January 2012

An aminimide possessing a benzoyl substituent, 1,1‐dimethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)amine benzoylformimide (BFI), proved to serve as an excellent photobase catalyst. BFI decomposes smoothly by the UV irradiation to give products containing tertiary amines. The effective nature of BFI as a photo/thermal dual‐base catalyst was convinced by the thermal and photoinduced polymerization of epoxide/thiol system. Based on the facts that the mixture of BFI and epoxide/thiol exhibit a long pot life in dark and that it undergoes smooth polymerization by UV irradiation and heating, it was supported that BFI serves as an efficient photo/thermal latent dual‐base catalysts. It was also found that BFI initiates the free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers such as 2‐hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA) under the UV irradiation while the mixture of BFI and HEMA also exhibit a long pot life in dark, indicating the excellent ability of BFI as a photoradical initiator. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Synthesis of PVDF/BiFeO3nanocomposite and observation of enhanced electrical conductivity and low‐loss dielectric permittivity at percolation threshold
Authors: Bhadra Debabrata , Masud Md. G. , Sarkar S. , Sannigrahi J. , De S. K. , Chaudhuri B. K.
Published: January 2012

A novel two‐phase polymer nanocomposite film comprising of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nanocrystalline (∼90 nm) semiconducting multiferroic BiFeO3(BFO) have been fabricated by hot‐molding technique. Such flexible thick nanocomposite films, semicrystalline in nature, exhibited extraordinarily high effective dielectric permittivity εeff∼ 103(compared with that of pure PVDF) near the low percolation threshold (fc= 0.12) at room temperature (RT) and the films also possessed low dielectric loss (∼0.18). The polarization‐electric field (P‐E) hysteresis loops are displayed at RT, which indicate ferroelectric like behavior of PVDF still persists in the percolative nanocomposite. There is also large increase of remanent polarization of BFO in the composite indicating improvement of the multiferroic behavior of BFO embedded in the PVDF polymer. The sample also indicates good fatigue endurance. Formation of microcapacitors and percolative behavior are correlated to explain the obtained results based on the special geometry of the BFO nanofillers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
The psychological impact of anal cancer screening on HIV‐infected men
Authors: Landstra Jodie M. B. , Ciarrochi Joseph , Deane Frank Patrick , Botes Leon P. , Hillman Richard J.
Published: January 2012

Background

Anal cancer rates are increasing in HIV‐infected men. Screening programmes similar to prostate and cervical cancer have been recommended to reduce morbidity and mortality. Research shows that screening processes have psychological consequences that need to be considered. Limited investigation of the psychological impact of anal cancer screening has been conducted.

Methods

A prospective longitudinal survey of 291 men was conducted at three time points over 14 weeks at a public HIV clinic in Sydney, Australia. Self‐report questionnaires measuring worry, distress, depression, anxiety, stress and health‐related quality of life (SF‐12) were collected.

Results

Those who had a biopsy recommended were significantly more worried about anal cancer, rated their anal health worse and were less optimistic about their future health than the control group who needed no further medical investigation. The group receiving high grade histology results remained worried about anal cancer at time 3. We found no evidence that general anxiety, depression or quality of life was significantly affected by the process.

Conclusions

Anal cancer specific worry increases throughout the screening process. Clear communication prior to procedures about the procedure itself, potential adverse events, the recovery process and non‐technical explanations of results should be implemented in anal screening programmes.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sorption and dissipation of aged metolachlor residues in eroded and rehabilitated soils
Authors: Cabrera Alegría , Papiernik Sharon K , Koskinen William C , Rice Pamela J
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Sorption and dissipation of aged metolachlor were characterized in rehabilitated and eroded prairie soils using sequential batch slurry (conventional) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE).

RESULTS: In spite of an almost twofold difference in soil organic carbon (OC) content, S‐metolachlor sorption coefficients (Kd) and dissipation rates (DT50) were the same in soils from different landscape positions within an eroded landform. Soil was moved within the landform to increase productivity. In areas receiving topsoil addition, S‐metolachlor Kd was higher and DT50 was longer than in eroded areas. The efficiency of extraction was higher for ASE than for conventional extractions. No consistent aging effect on Kd was observed. Mineralization in 8 weeks accounted for < 10% of the applied metolachlor.

CONCLUSION: The results of this laboratory study support a field dissipation study. Both showed that S‐metolachlor has the same retention and dissipation rate throughout an eroded landform, which was not expected owing to the large variability in soil properties, including OC concentrations. Altering soil properties by adding topsoil increased metolachlor sorption and persistence. The method of extraction (conventional versus ASE) affected calculated sorption coefficients and dissipation rates. In all cases, groundwater ubiquity scores (GUSs) categorized metolachlor as having intermediate mobility. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides of four predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae attacking Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Cuthbertson Andrew GS , Mathers James J , Croft Pat , Nattriss Nicola , Blackburn Lisa F , Luo Weiqi , Northing Phil , Murai Tamotsu , Jacobson Robert J , Walters Keith FA
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Predatory mites (Amblyseius swirskii Athias‐Henriot, Typhlodromips montdorensis Schicha, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Iphiseius degenerans Berlese) were investigated for their potential to act as control agents for Thrips palmi Karny. Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides were assessed.

RESULTS: Second‐instar larvae were the preferred life stage. Typhlodromips montdorensis consumed the most larvae (2.8) and also an average of 1.2 adult T. palmi per 5 day period. Both 24 and 48 h assessments following application of abamectin, spinosad and imazalil demonstrated mortality of predatory mites (across all species), which was significantly higher than with the other treatments (P < 0.001). Spraying with pymetrozine did not provide any increased mortality when compared with the water control. Application of thiacloprid proved detrimental only to I. degenerans. Following indirect exposure of predatory mites to pymetrozine and imazalil, no significant differences in mite mortality were obtained. Indirect exposure to spinosad was identified as the most detrimental treatment (P < 0.001) to all mites. Abamectin also proved detrimental, with only T. montdorensis showing any potential tolerance.

CONCLUSION: All predatory mites investigated offer potential for controlling T. palmi. Compatibility with chemicals varied between the mites. The potential of incorporating the mites into eradication strategies for T. palmi is discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Respiratory syncytial virus infection and immunity
Authors: González Pablo A. , Bueno Susan M. , Carreño Leandro J. , Riedel Claudia A. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: January 2012

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause for childhood hospitalization and respiratory distress, being recognized as a major health and economic burden worldwide. RSV can exploit host immunity and cause a strong inflammatory response that leads to lung damage and virus dissemination. Unfortunately, the immune response elicited by RSV normally fails to protect against subsequent exposures to the virus. Despite intense research during the 50 years after the discovery of RSV, scientists are just beginning to understand the mechanisms contributing to pathology and to the inadequate immune response shown by susceptible individuals. Here, we discuss some of the most important advances made in this field that could lead to the development of new prophylactic tools. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On supervised mining of dynamic content‐based networks1
Authors: Aggarwal Charu C. , Li Nan
Published: January 2012

In recent years, a large amount of information has become available online in the form of web documents, social networks, or blogs. Such networks are large, heterogeneous, and often contain a huge number of links. This linkage structure encodes rich structural information about the topical behavior of the network. Such networks are often dynamic and evolve rapidly over time. Much of the work in the literature has focused on classification either with purely text behavior or with purely linkage behavior. Furthermore, the work in the literature is mostly designed for static networks. However, a given network may be quite diverse, and the use of either content or structure could be more or less effective in different parts of the network. In this paper, we examine the problem of node classification in dynamic information networks with both text content and links. Our techniques use a random walk approach in conjunction with the content of the network to facilitate an effective classification process. Our approach is dynamic, and can be applied to networks which are updated incrementally. Our results suggest that an approach based on both content and links is extremely robust and effective. We also present methods to perform supervised keyword‐based clustering of nodes using this approach. We present experimental results illustrating the effectiveness and efficiency of our classification approach. We also show that the approach is able to find effective and coherent clusters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 16–34, 2012
Improving safety and availability of complex systems by using an integrated design approach in development
Authors: Bachmann Volker , Messnarz Richard
Published: January 2012

Within the last 5 years the need for a system development and a process that describes this development became more and more obvious. The number of software and electronic engineers rose even in companies that were traditionally working in the field of pure mechanics. The ISO standard 15504 was consequently expanded from the software to the system. Nevertheless, even 5 years after this change, there is nearly no subsystem mechanics completely described in the same tool as the subsystems electronics and software. This break within the tool chain is the tip of an iceberg reaching all the way down to the lived processes in development.

This paper tries to give a solution that was worked out in a group of integrated designers that developed a program for the European Certification and Qualification Association. It shows an example that was tested in an industry project to reach level two, according to the Automotive SPICE standard, on system level in a customer assessment. It shows how to bring together standards that are used in electronics, software, and mechanics to find an integrated design approach to improve safety and availability of systems composed of these parts. Namely, this is the IEC 61508 asking for a risk analysis, which again finds entrance into the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) that is a commonly known tool in mechanical development. The FMEA again has an interface to the ISO 15504, which is described here as well.

An integrated design is the outcome of this process by using the tools mentioned and bringing them together properly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new trick of INPP4A: Decreased expression of INPP4A in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and pilocarpine‐induced rat model
Authors: Wang Li , Luo Jing , Fang Min , Jiang Guohui , Zhang Xiaogang , Yu Weihua , Wang Xuefeng
Published: January 2012

Inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 4 A (INPP4A), a phosphoinositides phosphatase, is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays a role in glutamate excitotoxicity and cell proliferation. Our aim was to investigate the expression of INPP4A in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in a rat model of epilepsy. We assessed the expression of INPP4A in the temporal neocortex from 20 TLE patients. The result showed that INPP4A expression was significantly lower in TLE patients than in controls. To validate the results found in TLE patients, we assessed the expression of INPP4A in rat model. Rat epilepsy was induced by lithium‐pilocarpine. Expression of INPP4A of rat models was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. INPP4A was expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of neurons. In the hippocampus and neocortex of epileptic rats, INPP4A expression was first downregulated at the 24 h after seizures and maintained decreased levels at 72 h, 7 days, 14 days, 30 days, and 60 days, respectively. These results suggest that a decreased expression of INPP4A in the brain may be associated with TLE. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal and parallel monitoring of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a 6‐hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Maia Serge , Arlicot Nicolas , Vierron Emilie , Bodard Sylvie , Vergote Jackie , Guilloteau Denis , Chalon Sylvie
Published: January 2012

As neuroinflammatory processes are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), we achieved the longitudinal evaluation of them in parallel with the modifications of dopaminergic function at several time‐points after 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion in the rat mimicking an early stage of PD. After unilateral intrastriatal 6‐OHDA administration, we quantified the temporal evolution of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), TH‐immunoreactivity and dopamine transporters in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) from 3‐ to 56‐days postlesion (dpl). Increased binding of TSPO ligands used, i.e., [3H]PK11195 and [125I]CLINDE, was observed in the lesioned striatum at 3, 7, and 14 dpl, followed by a progressive return to the basal level at 56 dpl. The binding profile in the SNc showed progressive binding beginning at 3 dpl, peaking at 14 dpl, and progressively decreasing until 56 dpl. In this model, the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes occurred concomitantly. The transitory occurrence of microglial activation could be involved in the lasting installation of dopaminergic neuron loss. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploiting resource heterogeneity in delay‐tolerant networks
Authors: Sandulescu Gabriel , Schaffer Péter , Nadjm‐Tehrani Simin
Published: January 2012

Routing in delay and disruption‐tolerant networks (DTNs) relies on intermediary nodes, called custodians, to deliver messages to destination. However, nodes usually differ significantly in terms of available resources: energy, buffer space and bandwidth. Routing algorithms need to make the most efficient use of custodian resources while also making sure those in limited supply are not exhausted. This paper proposes a distributed scheme for calculating resources available in node vicinity as a tool to support meaningful routing decisions. A generic model is developed first and is then applied to individual network assets. The model is based on a sparse network, where resources are potentially not uniformly distributed. It uses recent encounters to estimate resource availability in node vicinity. It is shown that a store‐carry‐forward scheme may benefit from accessing vicinity resource estimates. This knowledge allows nodes to implement meaningful custodian election and queue management strategies, approached here from a holistic perspective. It is demonstrated that routing protocols not only use up fewer resources overall but also consume resources preferentially from nodes with higher resource levels, sparing nodes with limited supplies. As a result, disparities in available resources across the node population are significantly reduced, and nodes are less likely to leave the network as a consequence of resource depletion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Regurgitation and Reingestion in Orangutans Housed in North American Zoos and an Examination of Factors Influencing its Occurrence in a Single Group of Bornean Orangutans
Authors: Cassella Christine M. , Mills Alyssa , Lukas Kristen E.
Published: January 2012

Very little research has explored regurgitation and reingestion (R/R) in orangutans. We first aimed to determine the prevalence of R/R in the North American zoo population through a survey of accredited institutions. We report the prevalence of R/R in orangutans >4 years of age as 35% with some sex and species differences. Additionally, survey respondents reported fruit and sweet foods as the most common triggers of R/R. We also explored rates of R/R in a single group of Bornean orangutans at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. We examined the relationship between R/R and feeding schedule and opportunistically observed rates of R/R with and without the presence of browse and sweet foods. We found evidence that R/R is associated with feeding time and that the presence of browse significantly increased the amount of time that animals spent feeding. There was a trend toward decreased R/R when browse was available. We also observed higher rates of R/R when sweet foods were available and we propose that this may have mitigated some of the beneficial effects of browse. We suggest that future studies look further at nutritional influences on R/R behavior. Zoo Biol. 31:609‐620, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“If We're Going to Change Things, It Has to Be Systemic:” Systems Change in Children's Mental Health
Authors: Hodges Sharon , Ferreira Kathleen , Israel Nathaniel
Published: January 2012

Communities that undertake systems change in accordance with the system of care philosophy commit to creating new systems entities for children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbance. These new entities are values‐based, voluntary, and cross‐agency alliances that include formal child‐serving entities, youth, and families. Describing the scope and intent of one such implementation of systems of care, a mental health administrator commented, “If we're going to change things, it has to be systemic” (B. Baxter, personal communication, December 2, 2005). This paper explores the concept of “systemic” in the context of systems of care. Systems theory is used to understand strategies of purposeful systems change undertaken by stakeholders in established system of care communities. The paper presents a conceptual model of systems change for systems of care that is grounded in data from a national study of system of care implementation (Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health in Case Studies of system implementation: Holistic approaches to studying community‐based systems of care: Study 2, University of South Florida, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health, Tampa, FL, 2004). The model is based on Soft Systems Methodology, an application of systems theory developed to facilitate practical action around systems change in human systems (Checkland in Systems thinking, systems practice, Wiley, Chichester, 1999). The implications of these findings to real world actions associated with systems change in systems of care are discussed.
A Systematic Review of Peer Review for Scientific Manuscripts
Authors: Larson Bradley P. , Chung Kevin C.
Published: January 2012

Background

The usefulness of peer review has been expressed as a method to improve the quality of published work. However, there has been a lack of systematic reviews to date to highlight the essential themes of the peer-review process.

Methods

We performed a search of the English language literature published prior to October 2011 using PubMed to identify articles regarding peer review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed a priori. Data were extracted and then analyzed for the prevalence of peer-review themes contained within the literature.

Results

Of the 941 articles found during our original literature search, 37 were selected for review. The majority were commentary/editorial articles. The themes in our search included the structure and process of the peer-review system, the criteria for papers, ethics, and the different forms of the peer-review process.

Conclusions

The criteria for submission will vary, but our systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of what reviewers expect from authors. Our systematic review also highlighted ethical considerations for both authors and reviewers during the peer-review process. Although the topic of peer review is expansive and its process may vary from journal to journal, the understanding of the themes outlined in this paper will help authors recognize how to write a more successful paper. Also, more research must be carried out to establish the efficacy of the different styles of peer review, and it would be presumptuous to draw conclusions until further research is established.
Development and Validation of a UK-Specific Prostate Cancer Staging Predictive Model: UK Prostate Cancer Tables
Authors: Lam Thomas B.L. , Regnier-Coudert Olivier , McCall John , McClinton Sam
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

To construct new prostate cancer staging lookup tables based on a dataset collated by the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) and to validate them and compare their predictive power with Partin tables.

Patients and methods:

Complete data on 1701 patients was collated between 1999 and 2008 across 57 UK centres. Lookup tables were created for prediction of pathological stage (PS) using PSA level, biopsy Gleason score (GS) and clinical stage, replicating Partin's original approach. Tables were generated using logistic regression (LR) and bootstrap resampling methods and were internally validated and externally validated using concordance indices (CI) and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) respectively.

Results:

The CI and AUROC analyses indicate that Partin tables performed poorly on UK data in comparison with US data. The UK prostate cancer tables performed better than Partin tables but the predictive power of all models was relatively poor.

Conclusion:

The study shows that the predictive power of Partin tables is reduced when applied to the UK population. Models generated using LR methodology have fundamental limitations, and we suggest alternative modelling methods such as Bayesian networks.
Imagining thin: Why vanity sizing works
Authors: Aydinoğlu Nilüfer Z. , Krishna Aradhna
Published: January 2012

Vanity sizing, the practice of clothing manufacturers, whereby smaller size labels are used on clothes than what the clothes actually are, has become very common. Apparently, it helps sell clothes—women prefer small size clothing labels to large ones. We propose and demonstrate that smaller size labels evoke more positive self‐related mental imagery. Thus, consumers imagine themselves more positively (thinner) with a vanity sized size‐6 pant versus a size‐8 pant. We also show that appearance self‐esteem moderates the (mediating) effect of imagery on vanity sizing effectiveness—while vanity sizing evokes more positive mental imagery for both low and high appearance self‐esteem individuals, the effect of the positive imagery on clothing preference is significant (only) for people with low appearance self‐esteem, supported by the theory of compensatory self‐enhancement.

Our suggestion of simple marketing communications affecting valence of imagery and consequent product evaluation have implications for many other marketing domains.
Identification of miR414 and Expression Analysis of Conserved miRNAs from Stevia Rebaudiana
Authors: Guleria Praveen , Yadav Sudesh Kumar
Published: January 2012

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) usually contain 19-24 nucleotides and have been identified as important eukaryotic gene regulators. Applications of various computational approaches have simplified the task by predicting miRNAs from available sequence data sources. In this study, we identified a conserved miR414 from a computational analysis of EST sequence data available from Stevia rebaudiana. In addition, we also identified six conserved miRNAs namely miR169, miR319, miR414, miR164, miR167 and miR398 using stem-loop RT-PCR analysis. Hence, miR414 was commonly identified using both methods. The expression analysis of these miRNAs documented their roles in growth and development of Stevia. Furthermore, the detected miRNAs were found to target genes involved in plant growth, development, metabolism and signal transduction. This is the first study reporting these conserved miRNAs and their expression in Stevia.
Evaluation of Protocols Used in 2-D Electrophoresis for Proteome Analysis of Young Rice Caryopsis
Authors: Liao Jiang-Lin , Huang Ying-Jin
Published: January 2012

In order to obtain a high-resolution electrophorogram of rice young panicle proteome, we evaluated various protocols commonly used in two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of proteins, including gel staining protocol, pH range of immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips and sample loading quantity. Results showed that a silver staining protocol using sensitized solution containing glacial acetic acid, sodium acetate and sodium thiosulfate (reported by Heukeshoven and Dernick in 1988) and a Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining method using solution containing G-250, ammonium sulfate and phosphoric acid (reported by Pink et al. in 2010) demonstrated the superior staining effect. In addition, we also showed that higher resolution was achieved when IPG gel strip with pH range of 5-8 was used, compared to that with pH range of 4-7. Finally, the optimal loading quantity was determined as 130 µg using the 17 cm-long nonlinear IPG strip with pH 5-8 in combination with the silver nitrate staining protocol. The evaluated results would be helpful in proteome analysis of young rice caryopsis.
The effect of compressibility on the stability of wall-bounded Kolmogorov flow
Authors: Manela A. , Zhang J.
Published: January 2012

We extend the stability analysis of incompressible Kolmogorov flow, induced by a spatially periodic external force in an unbounded domain, to a compressible hard-sphere gas confined between two parallel isothermal walls. The two-dimensional problem is studied by means of temporal stability analysis of a ‘slip flow’ continuum-limit model and the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The neutral curve is obtained in terms of the Reynolds ($\mathit{Re}$) and Knudsen ($\mathit{Kn}$) numbers, for a given non-dimensional wavenumber$(2\lrm{\pi} n)$of the external force. In the incompressible limit ($\mathit{Kn}, \mathit{Kn}\hspace{0.167em} \mathit{Re}\ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0$), the problem is governed only by the Reynolds number, and our neutral curve coincides with the critical Reynolds number (${\mathit{Re}}_{cr} $) calculated in previous incompressible analyses. Fluid compressibility ($\mathit{Kn}, \mathit{Kn}\hspace{0.167em} \mathit{Re}\not = 0$) affects the flow field through the generation of viscous dissipation, coupling flow shear rates with irreversible heat production, and resulting in elevated bulk-fluid temperatures. This mechanism has a stabilizing effect on the system, thus increasing${\mathit{Re}}_{cr} $(compared to its incompressible value) with increasing$\mathit{Kn}$. When compressibility effects become strong enough, transition to instability changes type from ‘exchange of stabilities’ to ‘overstability’, and perturbations are dominated by fluctuations in the thermodynamic fields. Most remarkably, compressibility confines the instability to small ($O(1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} )$) Knudsen numbers, above which the Kolmogorov flow is stable for all$\mathit{Re}$. Good agreement is found between ‘slip flow’ and DSMC analyses, suggesting the former as a useful alternative in studying the effects of various parameters on the onset of instability, particularly in the context of small Knudsen numbers considered.
Evidence of crystallization in residual, Cl–F-rich, agpaitic, trachyphonolitic magmas and primitive Mg-rich basalt–trachyphonolite interaction in the lava domes of the Phlegrean Fields (Italy) – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: MELLUSO LEONE , DE' GENNARO ROBERTO , FEDELE LORENZO , FRANCIOSI LUIGI , MORRA VINCENZO
Published: January 2012

In an Original Article by Melluso et al. recently published online (1 November 2011), the mineral named as rosenbuschite should be named låvenite throughout, having the chemical composition broadly corresponding to the chemical formula (Na, Ca)2(Mn, Fe)(Zr, Ti)Si2O7(O, OH, F)2 (see Sørensen, 1997).
Dentirumai philippinensis n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Philometridae), a new tissue-infecting philometrid nematode from the loach goby Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes) (Rhyacichthyidae) in the Philippines
Authors: Quiazon K.M.A. , Moravec F.
Published: January 2012

A new genus and species of the philometrid nematode Dentirumaiphilippinensis n. gen., n. sp. Philometrinae, Philometridae, are described on the basis of the female specimens found in the loach goby, Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes), from the upper Bianuan River, Municipality of Casiguran, Aurora Province, in the Philippine Archipelago. Dentirumai philippinensis was collected from the body cavity, subcutaneous tissues near the bases of the pectoral and pelvic fins, and surrounding body tissues in the hypaxial musculature of R. aspro. Based on light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination, the new nematode species is morphologically close to the genus Rumai Travassos, 1960 except for one major difference, i.e. the presence of a sclerotized ring in the oral aperture armed with distinct numerous minute teeth on its inner surface. This important taxonomic feature makes it possible to erect a new genus, Dentirumai n. gen. to accommodate the newly discovered philometrid species. A key to genera of the Philometrinae is provided.
Chronic cough: a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Natt R S , Earis J E , Swift A C
Published: January 2012

Background and methods:

Chronic cough is defined as a cough persisting for more than eight weeks. This condition generates significant healthcare and economic costs. It is associated with a spectrum of disorders across multiple medical specialties and can provide significant challenges for effective evaluation and management. The current literature was reviewed to gain further insight into chronic cough, including its relationship with sinonasal disease.

Results:

Within the reviewed literature, there was strong emphasis on post-nasal drip syndrome as a major causative factor.

Conclusion:

Cough is the most common complaint for which adult patients seek medical consultation in primary care settings. Chronic cough is associated with a deterioration in the quality of patients' lives. Thorough assessment of a patient with a chronic cough relies on a multidisciplinary approach.
Determining the content of an educational ENT website using the Delphi technique
Authors: Doshi J , McDonald J
Published: January 2012

The aim of this study was to develop an educational website (www.enttheatre.com) that showed common ENT operations and emergencies, in order to help improve the basic surgical ENT knowledge of medical students and junior doctors. A two-round Delphi survey was conducted to establish the contents of the website. ‘Experts’ who participated in the Delphi process included otolaryngology consultants and trainees, junior doctors, general practitioners, and medical students. First- and second-round Delphi response rates were 49 per cent (61/125) and 92 per cent (56/61), respectively. Our paper presents a consensus opinion on what basic surgical knowledge a medical student or junior doctor should be familiar with in otolaryngology.
Role of return current in the excitation of electronmagnetohydrodynamic structures by biased electrodes
Authors: RAVI G. , MATTOO S. K. , AWASTHI L. M. , SRIVASTAVA P. K. , ANITHA V. P.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the role of return current in excitation of electronmagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) structures. It is shown that only when return currents are excited parallel or anti-parallel to the background magnetic field the EMHD structures can be excited by a biased electrode in the plasma.
Perspectives from ethnography on weak and strong reciprocity
Authors: Wiessner Polly
Published: January 2012

To add ethnographic perspective to Guala's arguments, I suggest reasons why experimental and ethnographic evidence do not concur and highlight some difficulties in measuring whether positive and negative reciprocity are indeed costly. I suggest that institutions to reduce the costs of maintaining cooperation are not limited to complex societies.
The strategic logic of costly punishment necessitates natural field experiments, and at least one such experiment exists
Authors: Johnson Tim
Published: January 2012

Costly punishment's scarcity “in the wild” does not belie strong reciprocity theory as Guala claims. In the presence of strong reciprocators, strategic defectors will cooperate and sanctioning will not occur. Accordingly, natural field experiments are necessary to assess a “wide” reading of costly punishment experiments. One such field experiment exists, and it supports the hypothesis that costly punishment promotes cooperation.
Extending parasite-stress theory to variation in human mate preferences
Authors: DeBruine Lisa M. , Little Anthony C. , Jones Benedict C.
Published: January 2012

In this commentary we suggest that Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) parasite-stress theory of social behaviors and attitudes can be extended to mating behaviors and preferences. We discuss evidence from prior correlational and experimental studies that support this claim. We also reanalyze data from two of those studies using F&T's new parasite stress measures.
An ethical and prudential argument for prioritizing the reduction of parasite-stress in the allocation of health care resources
Authors: Powell Russell , Clarke Steve , Savulescu Julian
Published: January 2012

The link between parasite-stress and complex psychological dispositions implies that the social, political, and economic benefits likely to flow from public health interventions that reduce rates of non-zoonotic infectious disease are far greater than have traditionally been thought. We sketch a prudential and ethical argument for increasing public health resources globally and redistributing these to focus on the alleviation of parasite-stress in human populations.
Mechanisms by which parasites influence cultures, and why they matter
Authors: Schaller Mark , Murray Damian R.
Published: January 2012

At least four conceptually distinct mechanisms may mediate relations between parasite-stress and cultural outcomes: genetic evolution, developmental plasticity, neurocognitive flexibility, and cultural transmission. These mechanisms may operate independently or in conjunction with one another. Rigorous research on specific mediating mechanisms is required to more completely articulate implications of parasite stress on human psychology and human culture.
Form and function in religious signaling under pathogen stress
Authors: Swartwout Paul , Purzycki Benjamin Grant , Sosis Richard
Published: January 2012

The evolution of religious traditions may be partially explained by out-group avoidance due to pathogen stress. However, many religious rituals may increase rather than decrease performers' susceptibility to infection. Moreover, religions often spread through proselytizing, which requires out-group interaction; and in other cases, the benefits of economic exchange increase religious pluralism and social interactions with out-groups.
Rethinking innovative designs to further test parasite-stress theory
Authors: Uskul Ayse K.
Published: January 2012

Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) parasite-stress theory of sociality is supported largely by correlational evidence; its persuasiveness would increase significantly via lab and natural experiments and demonstrations of its mediating role. How the theory is linked to other approaches to group differences in psychological differences and to production and dissemination of cultural ideas and practices, need further clarification. So does the theory's view on the possible reduction of negative group interactions.
Immigration, parasitic infection, and United States religiosity
Authors: Wall Jaimie N. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: January 2012

Fincher & Thornhill (F&T) present a powerful case for the relationship between parasite-stress and religiosity. We argue, however, that the United States may be more religious than can be accounted for by parasite-stress. This greater religiosity might be attributable to greater sensitivity to immigration, which may hyperactivate evolved mechanisms that motivate avoidance of potential carriers of novel parasites.
Proximate and ultimate causes of punishment and strong reciprocity
Authors: Barclay Pat
Published: January 2012

While admirable, Guala's discussion of reciprocity suffers from a confusion between proximate causes (psychological mechanisms triggering behaviour) and ultimate causes (evolved function of those psychological mechanisms). Because much work on “strong reciprocity” commits this error, I clarify the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of cooperation and punishment. I also caution against hasty rejections of “wide readings” of experimental evidence.
The restorative logic of punishment: Another argument in favor of weak selection
Authors: Baumard Nicolas
Published: January 2012

Strong reciprocity theorists claim that punishment has evolved to promote the good of the group and to deter cheating. By contrast, weak reciprocity suggests that punishment aims to restore justice (i.e., reciprocity) between the criminal and his victim. Experimental evidences as well as field observations suggest that humans punish criminals to restore fairness rather than to support group cooperation.
Is strong reciprocity really strong in the lab, let alone in the real world?
Authors: Güney Şule , Newell Ben R.
Published: January 2012

We argue that standard experiments supporting the existence of “strong reciprocity” do not represent many cooperative situations outside the laboratory. More representative experiments that incorporate “earned” rather than “windfall” wealth also do not provide evidence for the impact of strong reciprocity on cooperation in contemporary real-life situations or in evolutionary history, supporting the main conclusions of the target article.
Punishing for your own good: The case of reputation-based cooperation
Authors: Tennie Claudio
Published: January 2012

Contrary to Guala, I claim that several mechanisms can explain punishment in humans. Here I focus on reputation-based cooperation – and I explore how it can lead to punishment under situations that may or may not be perceived as being anonymous. Additionally, no particular mechanism stands out in predicting an excess of punishment under constrained lab conditions.
In-group loyalty or out-group avoidance? Isolating the links between pathogens and in-group assortative sociality
Authors: Cashdan Elizabeth
Published: January 2012

The target article gives two explanations for the correlation between pathogens, family ties, and religiosity: one highlights the benefits of xenophobic attitudes for reducing pathogen exposure, the other highlights the benefits of ethnic loyalty for mitigating the costs when a person falls ill. Preliminary data from traditional societies provide some support for the former explanation but not the latter.
Architecture and/in Theatre from the Bauhaus to Hong Kong: Mathias Woo's Looking for Mies
Authors: Ferrari Rossella
Published: January 2012

In 2001 Mathias Woo, a trained architect and co-artistic director of Hong Kong's foremost performing arts group, Zuni Icosahedron, proposed the concept of ‘multimedia architectural music theatre’ (MAMT), which he later investigated through a series of performances focusing on three masters of modern architecture – Louis I. Kahn, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier. This article traces the development of Woo's architectural theatre aesthetics by examining the most ambitious work in the series, Looking for Mies, premiered in 2002 and revived in 2009 and 2011. This links Hong Kong's twenty-first-century postmodernist theatre to early twentieth-century European modernism, particularly the Bauhaus, and international examples of architecture-centred performance. Looking for Mies unearths connections between theatre and architecture, and explores the relations between tradition and technology, man and machine, live performance and digitally mediated experience on the modern stage. Rossella Ferrari is a Lecturer in Modern Chinese Culture and Language at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. She has published articles in TDR: The Drama Review, Postcolonial Studies, Journal of Contemporary China, Modern Chinese Literature and Culture, and other journals. Her monograph Pop Goes the Avant-garde: Experimental Theatre in Contemporary China is forthcoming from Seagull Books, and her current research focuses on inter-Asian collaboration and performance networks in the Chinese-speaking world.