bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delivering successful randomized controlled trials in surgery: Methods to optimize collaboration and study design
Authors: Blencowe Natalie S , Cook Jonathan A , Pinkney Thomas , Rogers Chris , Reeves Barnaby C , Blazeby Jane M
Published: January 2017

Randomized controlled trials in surgery are notoriously difficult to design and conduct due to numerous methodological and cultural challenges. Over the last 5 years, several UK-based surgical trial-related initiatives have been funded to address these issues. These include the development of Surgical Trials Centers and Surgical Specialty Leads (individual surgeons responsible for championing randomized controlled trials in their specialist fields), both funded by the Royal College of Surgeons of England; networks of research-active surgeons in training; and investment in methodological research relating to surgical randomized controlled trials (to address issues such as recruitment, blinding, and the selection and standardization of interventions). This article discusses these initiatives more in detail and provides exemplar cases to illustrate how the methodological challenges have been tackled. The initiatives have surpassed expectations, resulting in a renaissance in surgical research throughout the United Kingdom, such that the number of patients entering surgical randomized controlled trials has doubled.
Holes in the Case for Mixed Emotions
Authors: Larsen Jeff T.
Published: January 2017

Theories of the structure of affect make competing predictions about whether people can feel happy and sad at the same time. Considerable evidence that happiness and sadness can co-occur has accumulated in the past 15 years, but holes in the case remain. I describe those holes and suggest strategies for testing them in future research. I also explore the possibility that the case may never be closed, in part because the competing hypotheses may not be entirely falsifiable. Fortunately, hypotheses need not be falsifiable to be useful. Research on mixed emotions has been generative and the body of research will continue to shed light on the structure of affect.
Current Emotion Research in Social Neuroscience: How does emotion influence social cognition?
Authors: Beer Jennifer S.
Published: January 2017

Neuroscience investigations of emotional influences on social cognition have been dominated by the somatic marker hypothesis and dual-process theories. Taken together, these lines of inquiry have not provided strong evidence that emotional influences on social cognition rely on neural systems which code for bodily signals of arousal nor distinguish emotional reasoning from other modes of reasoning. Recent findings raise the possibility that emotionally influenced social cognition relies on two stages of neural changes: once when emotion is elicited and a different set of changes at the time of social cognitive judgment. These findings suggest that affect infusion models may be a fruitful framework for bridging neuroscience and psychological understanding of the role of emotion in social cognition.
A clinical guide to the management of genitourinary symptoms in breast cancer survivors on endocrine therapy
Authors: Sousa Mariana S. , Peate Michelle , Jarvis Sherin , Hickey Martha , Friedlander Michael
Published: January 2017

There is increasing attention and concern about managing the adverse effects of adjuvant endocrine therapy for women with early breast cancer as the side effects of therapy influence compliance and can impair quality of life (QoL). Most side effects associated with tamoxifen (TAM) and aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are directly related to estrogen deprivation, and the symptoms are similar to those experienced during natural menopause but appear to be more severe than that seen in the general population. Prolonged estrogen deprivation may lead to atrophy of the vulva, vagina, lower urinary tract and supporting pelvic structures, resulting in a range of genitourinary symptoms that can in turn lead to pain, discomfort, impairment of sexual function and negatively impact on multiple domains of QoL. The genitourinary side effects may be prevented, reduced and managed in most cases but this requires early recognition and appropriate treatment. We provide an overview of practical clinical approaches to understanding the pathophysiology and the management of genitourinary symptoms in postmenopausal women receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer.
Safety of Intraventricular rt-PA for Pan-Ventricular IVH Caused by a Ruptured AVM: A Case Report
Authors: Dharmadhikari Sushrut , Mahapatra Ashutosh , Tipirneni Anita , Yavagal Dileep , Malik Amer M.
Published: January 2017

Intraventricular recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IVT rt-PA) has improved outcomes for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Patients with suspected or untreated arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have been excluded from clinical trials. We present a patient with IVH secondary to a ruptured AVM safely treated with IVT rt-PA. A 48-year-old Hispanic male with a history of dermatomyositis presented to the emergency department with sudden left-sided weakness. En route to computed tomography (CT), he became lethargic. Computed tomography revealed extensive IVH with acute hydrocephalus, which was treated with the placement of external ventricular drain with clinical improvement. Computed tomography angiogram performed did not reveal AVM. Cerebral digital subtraction angiogram (DSA) was planned due to suspicion of AVM. Prior to DSA, patient became acutely lethargic. Computed tomography imaging revealed worsening hydrocephalus. External ventricular drain was noted to be draining. Repeat CT revealed improved hydrocephalus but with left lateral ventricle dilatation. Risks and benefits of IVT rt-PA were discussed with the family and a decision was made to treat. Three doses of 1 mg IVT rt-PA were administered with resolution of midline blood and lateral ventricular dilatation with clinical improvement. Digital subtraction angiogram revealed early draining vein on right internal carotid artery injection draining into the inferior sagittal sinus representing ruptured AVM without clear nidus. Repeat DSA with possible embolization was planned after discharge. In spite of additional in-hospital complications, the patient gradually improved and was ultimately discharged home. Our case supports the idea that the use of IVT rt-PA following an IVH caused by an underlying AVM could be further explored in carefully designed clinical trials.
Cost savings or real efficiency gains? Heterogeneous effects of involving the private market in public service delivery
Authors: Petersen Ole Helby , Houlberg Kurt
Published: January 2017

Governments’ endeavours to improve the efficiency of public service delivery often involve contracting out to external providers, which, allegedly, provides the possibility of exploiting the innovative capacity and expertise of the private market. However, most previous studies have focused on economic effects, thereby leaving open the question of whether contracting out results in mere cost savings or in real efficiency gains. This article offers some insights to advance the debate. Using municipal road maintenance in Denmark as an empirical test bed, we find that contracting out has on average reduced costs. Furthermore, we include a control for service quality, and show that the cost savings are still significant, thus indicating that a genuine efficiency gain has been realized. Nevertheless, while some municipalities have benefitted from contracting out, others have not. We conclude that cost effects are heterogeneous and contingent on municipal size and prior level of contracting out.
Relationships With Parents, Identity Styles, and Positive Youth Development During the Transition From Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Kaniušonytė Goda , Žukauskienė Rita
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the links between relationships with parents, identity styles, and positive youth development (PYD), conceptualized as “contribution” to self, family, and community, in Lithuanian youth during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. In Study I, we sought to examine how positive relationships with parents predict contribution with the potential mediating role of autonomy-supportive parenting. Participants ( N = 153) filled a self-reported questionnaire in the final year of school and 1 year later. In Study II, we aimed at investigating how parental autonomy support is related to the contribution and the potential mediating role of identity processing style. Participants ( N = 254) were assessed 1 year after graduating high school. Overall, the findings indicated that positive relationships with parents play an important role in successful adjustment and that this relationship is partially mediated by identity style. To conclude, the way in which parents respond to their children’s need for autonomy and relatedness affects the adequate identity management and overall positive development during emerging adulthood.
Patient-specific instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Nabavi Arash , Olwill Caroline M , Do Mike , Wanasawage Tanya , Harris Ian A
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

To assess the accuracy of total knee replacements (TKRs) performed using CT-based patient-specific instrumentation by postoperative CT scan.

Method:

Approval from the Ethics Committee was granted prior to commencement of this study. Fifty prospective and consecutive patients who had undergone TKR (Evolis, Medacta International) using CT-based patient-specific instrumentation (MY KNEE, Medacta International) were assessed postoperatively using a CT scan and the validated Perth protocol measurement technique. The hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle of the lower limb in the coronal plane; the coronal, sagittal, and rotational orientation of the femoral component; and the coronal and sagittal orientation of the tibial component were measured. These results were then compared to each patient’s preoperative planning. The percentage of patients found to be less than or equal to 3° of planned alignment was calculated. One patient was excluded as the femoral cutting block did not fit the femur as predicted by planning and therefore underwent a conventional TKR.

Results:

Ninety-eight percent of patients were within 3° of planned alignment in the coronal plane reproducing the predicted HKA angle. Predicted coronal plane orientation of the tibial and femoral component was achieved in 100% and 96% of patients, respectively. The sagittal orientation of the femoral component was within 3° in 98% of patients. The planned sagittal positioning of the tibial component was achieved in 92% of patients. Furthermore, 90% of patients were found to have a femoral rotation within 3° of planning. Eighty-six percent of patients achieved good-to-excellent outcome at 12 months (Oxford Knee Score > 34).

Conclusion:

We have found that TKR using this patient-specific instrumentation accurately reproduces preoperative planning in all six of the parameters measured in this study.
An Interesting Case of Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in a Young Male
Authors: Murtaza Ghulam , Konowitz Nicholas , Lu Hannah , Faqah Anadil , Kuruvilla Aneesh
Published: January 2017

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is a rare disease with a limited number of cases reported in the literature. It typically presents with orbital pain associated with palsy of the third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve. We present an interesting case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome in a young male who responded well to high-dose steroids and in a few days had significant improvement in his retro-orbital pain and ocular movements.
Diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome by post-exercise MRI
Authors: Paús Vicente , Graieb Ariel , Torrengo Federico , Villalba Francisco
Published: January 2017

Objective:

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is the cause of 27% of anterior leg pain in athletes. The source of pain in this condition is still debated. Measurement of intracompartmental pressure is the gold standard diagnosis, albeit an invasive study. The development and interpretation of new MRI sequences has provided a non-invasive alternative to CECS diagnosis. Post-exercise MRI is an attractive option, which is currently undergoing its validation process.

Methods:

22 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CECS were included, with a median follow-up of 5 years (1-10 years). All the patients were evaluated by clinical examination, pre- and post-exercise MRI and pre-and post-exercise intracompartmental pressure measurement. Pressure was measured with Whitesides technique, and diagnosis was carried out by Pedowitz criteria.

Results:

Out of the total 22 patients, 19 had positive intracompartmental measurement (15 male, 4 female) and 3 had negative measurement. All the patients had a normal MRI at rest. The three patients who had negative intracompartmental measurement had a normal post-stress MRI. Out of the remaining 19 patients, the MRI detected hyperintense signal in T2 and STIR weighted in 15 of them (78,95%).

Conclusions:

MRI could be relevant for diagnosis, for which case the sensitivity of this method should be improved. Nevertheless, pre- and post-stress intracompartmental measurement continues to be the gold standard.
Lemaire extraarticular plasty in anterolateral knee instability
Authors: Paús Vicente , Graieb Ariel , Torrengo Federico
Published: January 2017

Anterolateral instability of the knee results from injury to the lateral capsular complex and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and it should not be considered an isolated injury. Over the past years these structures have received renewed interest. The anterolateral ligament (ALL) recently described extends from the lateral side of the lateral femoral condyle to the antero-lateral edge of the tibia, and it is supposed to play a major role in anterolateral stability. ACL extra-articular tenodesis, initially developed as a single procedure, is now complementary to intra-articular plasty. Our indications are: pure rotational instability, symptomatic instability in non-athletes, and revision surgery. Lemaire-type plasty and post-opeartive care are described in detail. We suggest thorough patient history and clinical examination prior to surgical decision. Lemaire-type plasty effectively controls anterolateral instability.
Treatment of the Objective Patellofemoral Instability
Authors: Alfano Federico , Spreafico Walter
Published: January 2017

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to show the different surgical procedures for treating the objective patellar instability, including the different tibial tubercle osteotomies and the sulcus deepening trochleoplasty.

Methods:

This study analyzed the Caton-Deschamps index used for assessment of patellar height, the distance from the tibial tubercle to the troclear groove (TT-TG) on CT Scan in the axial view, and the different trochlear and patellar morphotypes. This study included 19 knees (19 patients) treated in an objective and documented patellofemoral instability.

Results:

We have had good results with both the transfer of the tibial tuberosity as the trochleoplasty. A reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament was performed in both procedures. Recurrence of instability is very rare after these procedures and this is more likely to result from missed associated abnormalities.

Conslusion:

Accurate preoperative planning of the patellar height and determining the location of the tibial tubercle and the trochlear and patellar morphotypes for satisfactory results are required. However, as with any surgical procedure, both tibial tubercle osteotomy and the sulcus deepening trochleoplasty are susceptible of complications.
PCL rupture tibial avulsion in a contact athlete teen with open physis. One case presentation and literature review
Authors: Larrain Mario , Rocco Eduardo Di , Riatti Patricio , Ferreyra Facundo , Cianciosi Juan Sebastián
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Given the infrequency and lack of consensus in the treatment of children and adolescents with these injuries, we decided to write this report with the aim of present a case of PCL tibial avulsion in a contact athlete teen with open physis and a review of the literature published.

Materials and Methods:

RF.male, 13 years, rugby, suffers French tackle and fall on knees flexed. 3 months post-trauma consultation with left knee pain, joint fluid and sport limitation. Whidout instability but "not feeling well". The posterior drawer test + + / ++++, gravitational test +. Rx posterior drawer: 8mm difference between the two nenes. MRI: tibial avulsion PCL. We interpreted as symptomatic PCL injury in athletes, surgery (arthroscopy + posterior approach) is decided reintegration of chondral fragment in 1 time P.OP: no load 4 Weeks . plaster wedge extension 6 weeks, then 3 months and passive immobilizer progressive mobility.

Results:

0-90 mobility achieving in 8th week. The 3rd month drawer rx 4mm. MRI posterior translation of the 4th month reintegration of LCP with anchor . 6ª month later minimally elongated drawer with stop net. 11th month continuous strengthening recrearional and sports activities.

Discussion and Conclusion:

Most avulsion of PCL in patients with open physis probably be for greater strength and endurance ligament compared with the phisis and bone at this age. We suspected in patients with vague knee pain, with or without instability, history of trauma and normal Rx a correct examination and MRI to be essential for diagnosis. We beleave that athletes with open physis, because of the risk of joint degeneration, surgery is justified to restore kinematics, prevent osteoarthritis and resume activity prior to the injury.
Low Grade Juvenile Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee
Authors: Etcheto H. Rivarola , Blanchod C. Collazo , Palanconi M. , Zordan J. , Salinas E. Alvarez , Autorino C.
Published: January 2017

Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a nosological entity acquired, idiopathic and potentially reversible. Dissects the subchondral bone tissue plane from the underlying bone, making a partial or complete osteochondral detachment, with a loose body. Consensus to treat none surgically poor symptomatic and stable lesions. If the lesion becomes instable or more symptomatic, surgical treatment will be best the option. Recently histological evidence holds is possible find sources of instability in deep layers sub chondral bone, even in patients with ¨stables lesions¨. This condition might be the reason of unfavorable evolution certain cases previously considered as ¨stable or incipient¨, treated with the classic non operative protocols.

Objectives:

The purpose of the present study consist in present a series of cases of young patients with symptomatic low grade juvenile OCD (grade I-II), treated surgically with subchondral debridement and fixation ¨in situ¨ describing the clinical and imaging findings.

Methods:

We evaluated 15 cases of symptomatic juvenile OCD of the knee, stables lesion (grade I/ II) according to Di Paola´s classification, who have not responded to conservative therapy for at least 6 months.

Results:

All patients were treated surgical consecutively with arthroscopically assisted ¨in situ¨ fixation with pins Smart Nail NR, ConMed-Linvatex and for the same group of surgeons. We evaluated the clinical and imagenologic outcomes with MRI for a minimum follow up of six month to one year. No looseness of fastening material or loose bodies in the submitted sample were recorded. The study by MRI imaging techniques using high definition chondral identification evidence allowed the consolidation of the fragment to the 6th month.

Conclusion:

All patients evolved asymptomatic and returned to the previous activity, with high level of satisfaction.
Adapting principles of developmental biology and agent-based modelling for automated urban residential layout design
Authors: Sun Yuchao , Taplin John
Published: January 2017

The objective is to automate the design of residential layouts as an aid for planners dealing with complex situations. The algorithm COmputational Urban Layout Design, applied to sites with various shapes, is guided by the goal of many mutually accessible residences and can be set to generate orthogonal or irregular road layouts. Using biological principles of genomic equivalence, conditional differentiation and induction, it grows from an embryonic ‘adaptive cell’ into a plan. Cells are ‘genetically identical’ with full development potential and can simultaneously lay roads and residential lots, using the gene set to change cell expression and adapt to local contexts. Cells can be seen as self-propagating agents that sort out their dependencies through local interactions.

When COmputational Urban Layout Design is set to grow a non-orthogonal layout, the plan has winding roads and irregular residential lots. Such a plan achieves the objective of relatively high residential density and accessibility, leading to walkable and coherent communities.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Progranulin causes adipose insulin resistance via increased autophagy resulting from activated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Guo Qinyue , Xu Lin , Li Huixia , Sun Hongzhi , Liu Jiali , Wu Shufang , Zhou Bo
Published: January 2017

Background

Progranulin (PGRN) has recently emerged as an important regulator for insulin resistance. However, the direct effect of progranulin in adipose insulin resistance associated with the autophagy mechanism is not fully understood.

Methods

In the present study, progranulin was administered to 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C57BL/6 J mice with/without specific inhibitors of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy markers were assessed.

Results

Progranulin treatment increased iNOS expression, NO synthesis and ROS generation, and elevated protein expressions of CHOP, GRP78 and the phosphorylation of PERK, and caused a significant increase in Atg7 and LC3-II protein expression and a decreased p62 expression, and decreased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and glucose uptake, demonstrating that progranulin activated oxidative stress and ER stress, elevated autophagy and induced insulin insensitivity in adipocytes and adipose tissue of mice. Interestingly, inhibition of iNOS and ER stress both reversed progranulin-induced stress response and increased autophagy, protecting against insulin resistance in adipocytes. Furthermore, the administration of the ER stress inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid reversed the negative effect of progranulin in vivo.

Conclusion

Our findings showed the clinical potential of the novel adipokine progranulin in the regulation of insulin resistance, suggesting that progranulin might mediate adipose insulin resistance, at least in part, by inducing autophagy via activated oxidative stress and ER stress.
A phase II trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy with concurrent anti-PD1 treatment in metastatic melanoma: evaluation of clinical and immunologic response
Authors: De Wolf Katrien , Kruse Vibeke , Sundahl Nora , van Gele Mireille , Chevolet Ines , Speeckaert Reinhart , Brochez Lieve , Ost Piet
Published: January 2017

Background

Antibodies blocking programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have encouraging responses in patients with metastatic melanoma. Response to anti-PD-1 treatment requires pre-existing CD8+ T cells that are negatively regulated by PD-1-mediated adaptive immune resistance. Unfortunately, less than half of melanoma tumours have these characteristics. Combining anti-PD-1 treatment with other immunomodulating treatments to activate CD8+ T cells is therefore of vital importance to increase response rates and long-term survival benefit in melanoma patients. Both preclinical and retrospective clinical data support the hypothesis that radiotherapy increases the response rates to anti-PD-1 treatment by stimulating the accumulation and activation of CD8+ T cells in the tumour microenvironment. Combining radiotherapy with a PD-1 blocking antibody might therefore increase response rates and even induce long-term survival. The current phase II study will be testing these hypotheses and aims to improve local and distant tumour responses by exploiting the pro-immunogenic effects of radiotherapy in addition to anti-PD-1 treatment.

Methods

The trial will be conducted in patients with metastatic melanoma. Nivolumab or pembrolizumab, both antibodies that target PD-1, will be administrated according to the recommended dosing schedule. Prior to the 2nd cycle, radiotherapy will be delivered in three fractions of 8 Gy to the largest FDG-avid metastatic lesion. The primary endpoint is the proportion of patients with a partial or complete response in non-irradiated metastases according to RECIST v1.1. Secondary endpoints include response rate according to immune related response criteria, metabolic response, local control and survival. To identify peripheral blood biomarkers, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum samples will be collected prospectively before, during and after treatment and subjected to flow cytometry and cytokine measurement.

Discussion

The current phase II trial aims at exploring the suggested benefits of combining anti-PD-1 treatment and radiotherapy. The translational focus on immunologic markers might be suitable for predicting efficacy and monitoring the effect so to improve patient selection for future clinical applications.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02821182
An Empirical Relationship between Fourier and Response Spectra Using Spectrum-Compatible Times Series
Authors: Montejo Luis A. , Vidot-Vega Aidcer L.
Published: January 2017

The Fourier amplitude spectrum (FAS) is widely used in seismology and earthquake engineering as it provides valuable information regarding frequency dependent amplitude of the ground motion. However, for structural design and assessment, the preferred representation of seismic hazard continues to be based on the elastic response spectrum. Therefore, conversions between these spectra are often required. In this article, the connection between FAS and the 5% damping pseudo-acceleration response spectrum (5% PSA) is explored using large data sets of spectrum-compatible time series generated from white noise. The strong dependence of the relation between FAS and 5% PSA with strong motion duration is evidenced and a duration dependent empirical relationship between the both spectra is developed. The equation is validated using recorded ground motions and spectrum-compatible time series generated from the modification of these ground motions. The equation allows simpler one-step conversions when compared to iterative approaches based on RVT theory or time-consuming methodologies that require the generation of spectrum-compatible time series.
Endocytic turnover of Rab8 controls cell polarization
Authors: Vidal-Quadras Maite , Holst Mikkel R. , Francis Monika K. , Larsson Elin , Hachimi Mariam , Yau Wai-Lok , Peränen Johan , Martín-Belmonte Fernando , Lundmark Richard
Published: January 2017

Adaptation of cell shape and polarization through the formation and retraction of cellular protrusions requires balancing of endocytosis and exocytosis combined with fine-tuning of the local activity of small GTPases like Rab8. Here, we show that endocytic turnover of the plasma membrane at protrusions is directly coupled to surface removal and inactivation of Rab8. Removal is induced by reduced membrane tension and mediated by the GTPase regulator associated with focal adhesion kinase-1 (GRAF1, also known as ARHGAP26), a regulator of clathrin-independent endocytosis. GRAF1-depleted cells were deficient in multi-directional spreading and displayed elevated levels of GTP-loaded Rab8, which was accumulated at the tips of static protrusions. Furthermore, GRAF1 depletion impaired lumen formation and spindle orientation in a 3D cell culture system, indicating that GRAF1 activity regulates polarity establishment. Our data suggest that GRAF1-mediated removal of Rab8 from the cell surface restricts its activity during protrusion formation, thereby facilitating dynamic adjustment of the polarity axis.
The Arabidopsis homolog of Scc4/MAU2 is essential for embryogenesis
Authors: Minina Elena A. , Reza Salim Hossain , Gutierrez-Beltran Emilio , Elander Pernilla H. , Bozhkov Peter V. , Moschou Panagiotis N.
Published: January 2017

Factors regulating dynamics of chromatin structure have direct impact on expression of genetic information. Cohesin is a multi-subunit protein complex that is crucial for pairing sister chromatids during cell division, DNA repair and regulation of gene transcription and silencing. In non-plant species, cohesin is loaded on chromatin by the Scc2–Scc4 complex (also known as the NIBPL–MAU2 complex). Here, we identify the Arabidopsis homolog of Scc4, which we denote Arabidopsis thaliana (At)SCC4, and show that it forms a functional complex with AtSCC2, the homolog of Scc2. We demonstrate that AtSCC2 and AtSCC4 act in the same pathway, and that both proteins are indispensable for cell fate determination during early stages of embryo development. Mutant embryos lacking either of these proteins develop only up to the globular stage, and show the suspensor overproliferation phenotype preceded by ectopic auxin maxima distribution. We further establish a new assay to reveal the AtSCC4-dependent dynamics of cohesin loading on chromatin in vivo. Our findings define the Scc2–Scc4 complex as an evolutionary conserved machinery controlling cohesin loading and chromatin structure maintenance, and provide new insight into the plant-specific role of this complex in controlling cell fate during embryogenesis.
Derlin-1 promotes ubiquitylation and degradation of the epithelial Na+ channel, ENaC
Authors: You Hui , Ge Yamei , Zhang Jian , Cao Yizhi , Xing Jing , Su Dongming , Huang Yujie , Li Min , Qu Shen , Sun Fei , Liang Xiubin
Published: January 2017

Ubiquitylation of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in cellular functions, including transmembrane transport of Na+, Na+ and water balance, and blood pressure stabilization. Published studies have suggested that ENaC subunits are targets of ER-related degradation (ERAD) in yeast systems. However, the molecular mechanism underlying proteasome-mediated degradation of ENaC subunits remains to be established. Derlin-1, an E3 ligase mediator, links recognized target proteins to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation in the cytosol. In the present study, we found that derlin-1 suppressed the expression of ENaC at the protein level and that the subunit α-ENaC (also known as SCNN1A) physically interacted with derlin-1 at the membrane-anchored domains or the loop regions, and that derlin-1 initiated α-ENaC retrotranslocation. In addition, HUWE1, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin ligase, was recruited and promoted K11-linked polyubiquitylation of α-ENaC and, hence, formation of an α-ENaC ubiquitin-mediated degradation complex. These findings suggest that derlin-1 promotes ENaC ubiquitylation and enhances ENaC ubiquitin- mediated proteasome degradation. The derlin-1 pathway therefore may represent a significant early checkpoint in the recognition and degradation of ENaC in mammalian cells.
Gridlock: Ethnic Diversity in Government and the Provision of Public Goods
Authors: Beach Brian , Jones Daniel B.
Published: January 2017

How does ethnic diversity in government impact public good provision? We construct a novel dataset linking the ethnicity of California city council candidates to election outcomes and expenditure decisions. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we find that increased diversity on the council leads to less spending on public goods. This is especially true in cities with high segregation and economic inequality. Those serving on councils that experience an increase in diversity also receive fewer votes when they run for reelection. These results point towards disagreement within the council generating lower spending. (JEL D72, H41, H70, J15, R23, R51)
When Labor Disputes Bring Cities to a Standstill: The Impact of Public Transit Strikes on Traffic, Accidents, Air Pollution, and Health
Authors: Bauernschuster Stefan , Hener Timo , Rainer Helmut
Published: January 2017

Many governments have banned strikes in public transportation. Whether this can be justified depends on whether strikes endanger public safety or health. We use time-series and cross-sectional variation in powerful registry data to quantify the effects of public transit strikes on urban populations in Germany. Due to higher traffic volumes and longer travel times, total car hours operated increase by 11 to 13 percent during strikes. This effect is accompanied by a 14 percent increase in vehicle crashes, a 20 percent increase in accident-related injuries, a 14 percent increase in particle pollution, and an 11 percent increase in hospital admissions for respiratory diseases among young children. (JEL I12, J45, J52, L91, Q53, R41)
Chronological changes of radiofrequency ablation zone in rabbit liver: an in vivo correlation between gross pathology and histopathology
Authors: Song Kyoung D , Lee Min Woo , Rhim Hyunchul , Kang Tae Wook , Cha Dong Ik , Yang Jehoon
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To examine the gross pathology and histopathology of ablation zones created from radiofrequency (RF) ablation and to correlate their chronological changes.

Methods:

A total of 48 in vivo ablation zones (16 rabbit livers) were obtained immediately after and also 30 min, 1 h and 2 h after RF ablation and were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining. Chronological changes in gross pathology and histopathology were evaluated and correlated with each other.

Results:

Peripheral red zones on gross pathology correlated with peripheral zones on H&E staining, lightly stained peripheral zones on NADH staining and peripheral positive zones on TUNEL staining. Central white zones on gross pathology correlated with combined central and border zones on H&E staining, central negative zones on NADH staining and combined central-positive and middle-negative zones on TUNEL staining. Boundary visibility between central white and peripheral red zones on gross pathology was significantly higher at 1 and 2 h than immediately after RF ablation. As time increased after RF ablation, visibility of the border zone on H&E staining and the grade of positively stained hepatocytes in the peripheral zone on TUNEL staining increased.

Conclusion:

Chronological changes in gross pathology of RF ablation zones correlated well with histopathology. The boundary between the central white and peripheral red zones tended to become clear at 1 h after RF ablation.

Advances in knowledge:

(1) RF ablation zones show chronological changes on gross pathology and histopathology. (2) Gross pathology and histopathology correlate well with each other.
RNA-Puzzles Round III: 3D RNA structure prediction of five riboswitches and one ribozyme
Authors: Miao Zhichao , Adamiak Ryszard W. , Antczak Maciej , Batey Robert T. , Becka Alexander J. , Biesiada Marcin , Boniecki Michał J. , Bujnicki Janusz M. , Chen Shi-Jie , Cheng Clarence Yu , Chou Fang-Chieh , Ferré-D'Amaré Adrian R. , Das Rhiju , Dawson Wayne K. , Ding Feng , Dokholyan Nikolay V. , Dunin-Horkawicz Stanisław , Geniesse Caleb , Kappel Kalli , Kladwang Wipapat , Krokhotin Andrey , Łach Grzegorz E. , Major François , Mann Thomas H. , Magnus Marcin , Pachulska-Wieczorek Katarzyna , Patel Dinshaw J. , Piccirilli Joseph A. , Popenda Mariusz , Purzycka Katarzyna J. , Ren Aiming , Rice Greggory M. , Santalucia John , Sarzynska Joanna , Szachniuk Marta , Tandon Arpit , Trausch Jeremiah J. , Tian Siqi , Wang Jian , Weeks Kevin M. , Williams Benfeard , Xiao Yi , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Dong , Zok Tomasz , Westhof Eric
Published: January 2017

RNA-Puzzles is a collective experiment in blind 3D RNA structure prediction. We report here a third round of RNA-Puzzles. Five puzzles, 4, 8, 12, 13, 14, all structures of riboswitch aptamers and puzzle 7, a ribozyme structure, are included in this round of the experiment. The riboswitch structures include biological binding sites for small molecules (S-adenosyl methionine, cyclic diadenosine monophosphate, 5-amino 4-imidazole carboxamide riboside 5′-triphosphate, glutamine) and proteins (YbxF), and one set describes large conformational changes between ligand-free and ligand-bound states. The Varkud satellite ribozyme is the most recently solved structure of a known large ribozyme. All puzzles have established biological functions and require structural understanding to appreciate their molecular mechanisms. Through the use of fast-track experimental data, including multidimensional chemical mapping, and accurate prediction of RNA secondary structure, a large portion of the contacts in 3D have been predicted correctly leading to similar topologies for the top ranking predictions. Template-based and homology-derived predictions could predict structures to particularly high accuracies. However, achieving biological insights from de novo prediction of RNA 3D structures still depends on the size and complexity of the RNA. Blind computational predictions of RNA structures already appear to provide useful structural information in many cases. Similar to the previous RNA-Puzzles Round II experiment, the prediction of non-Watson–Crick interactions and the observed high atomic clash scores reveal a notable need for an algorithm of improvement. All prediction models and assessment results are available at http://ahsoka.u-strasbg.fr/rnapuzzles/.
Geological study for a wetland restoration: the case of the drained Mouria Lake (W. Peloponnese).
Authors: Chatziapostolou A. , Siavalas G. , Kalaitzidis S. , Christanis K.
Published: January 2017

The Μouria Lake was drained for cultivation during late 1960’s. A 0.5-ha large pilot-scale wetland is now constructed in order to study the sedimentological lakerestoration aspects. The uppermost horizons (up to 3 m thick) consist of fine sediments (mud, silt, clay) of fluvial origin, deposited in a lacustrine environment and constituting the lagoonal bottom material, which extents all over the area ever covered by the original Mouria Lake. A sand layer (3 m beneath the current surface) constitutes the substrate of the lagoonal bottom revealing a higher energy deposition environment in comparison to the overlying fine sediments. High pH and electric conductivity values reveal strong alkaline environment and high content of dissolved solids, respectively. The sediments reveal high CEC, as a result of high clay minerals content. Other main mineral phases that occur include quartz, feldspars and calcite. The weathering of marginal rocks is the major factor controlling the mineralogical-geochemical composition of the sediments. The strong alkaline features of the sediments inhibit trace element mobilization. Continuous monitoring of the chemical composition is necessary in order to predict and prevent a possible mobilization of hazardous trace elements and the subsequent release to the environment.
Climatic vs tectonic control on the Early Late Miocene tectono-stratigraphic deposits of the Pre-Apulian Zone, Western Greece.
Authors: Drinia H.
Published: January 2017

Here, we elucidate the relationship between tectonics and climate and their influence on sedimentation. A number of marine sediment samples were collected from a section located in the northern margin of the Agios Petros Basin (Early Tortonian, Levkas Island, W. Greece) for micropalaeontological analysis, in order to establish and interpret of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeobathymetric changes. The distribution patterns of the dominant and associated benthic foraminiferal species (Siphonina reticulata and Cibicidoides kullenbergi), together with the decreased Benthic Foraminiferal Number (BFN) values, elevated diversities and higher planktonic- to-benthic ratios, suggest deposition at bathyal water depths with moderate organic matter fluxes and elevated oxygen contents of the bottom water, typical for this water depth interval. The early Late Miocene infilling of the Agios Petros basin is related to the westward advances of the Ionian zone which induced flexural loading and subsequent relative sea-level rise.
The application of grain size trend analysis in the fine grained seabed sediment of Alexandroupolis Gulf.
Authors: Karditsa A. , Poulos S. E.
Published: January 2017

Grain size trend analysis is a method that determines sediment transport direction, based on the relationship of grain size parameters (mean size, sorting, skewness). The application of the method in the seabed sediments of Alexandroupolis Gulf showed that there are three different sub areas of distinctive sediment movement of bottom sediments (water depths <40 m):(i) the eastern part, which is mainly influenced by the Evros river water/sediment influxes; (ii) the central part that is primarily controlled by the wave activity; and, (iii) the western part that is mainly influenced by the wind driven and/or thermo-saline coastal circulation.
Simulation of ERT surface-to-tunnel measurements.
Authors: Simyrdanis K. , Tsourlos P. , Soupios P. , Tsokas G.
Published: January 2017

The applicability of surface-to-tunnel electrical resistance tomography (ERT) measurements using a simulation tank for imaging subsurface targets is studied in this work. The tank was filled with water and inside of it was placed firmly a plastic construction where all targets were placed. Some of the targets that used were: a void plastic cylinder (resistive target) and metal plates (conductive target). Data were collected with a multichannel resistivity meter. The initial scope for these tests was to verify the reliability of developed inversionsoftware which was modified to cope with the specific measurements (surface-totunnel). Furthermore, during several experiments different electrode arrays (standard as well as new optimized) were validated. In our attempt to show the advantages of surface-to-tunnel measurements we analyzed the resolution for each configurationof traditional (surface) and surface-to-tunnel arrays. Studies also included testing the electrode displacement effect and also the effect of the tunnel size into the measurements.
Minerological and physico-chemical properties of the building materials of Koule castle, Heraklion, Crete.
Authors: Karampatsou G. , Markopoulos Th. , Repouskou E. , Triantafyllou G.
Published: January 2017

This study was designed to determine the physical and technical characteristics of the building stones and mortars of the Koule Castle Heraklion, in order to use compatible materials in future restoration works. Five core samples of rocks and masonry mortars have been extracted from different parts of the monument. Both mortar and rock samples have been studied by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their morphological characteristics, granulometry and mineralogical composition have been determined. In the old mortars a thermogravimetric analysis was carried out, while mortar samples have also been studied by scanning electron microscopy. The building stones of Koule Castle are in their majority biomicritic breccia limestones and bioclastic limestones. The binder of the studied mortars consists of calcite, as a result of the lime carbonation. The inert material of the mortars consists mainly of calcite and secondarily of quartz. The inert to binder material ratio was determined by volume from 1/0,96 to 2,6 /1. In conclusion, the mortars to be used in future restoration works, should consist of compatible materials to the old mortars. The inert materials of the mortars should consist of quartz (70%) and secondarily of calcite (30%) and the binder of hydraulic lime NHL 3.5, in an inert material/ binder ratio of 2,5 /1, in order to protect the mortars against marine corrosion.
Evaluation of cretaceous limestones from the Aitoloakarnania province (Western Greece) for their use as road aggregates in terms of their content in swelling clay minerals
Authors: Mpalatsas I. , Rigopoulos I. , Tsikouras B. , Hatzipanagiotou K.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to assess the suitability of a significant number of carbonate rocks from the Aitoloakarnania province (Western Greece) for their use as road construction aggregates, in terms of their content in swelling clay minerals. The study focuses on Cretaceous limestones from the Olonos-Pindos zone. Detailed petrographic analysis and the sand equivalent and methylene blue tests are carried out, in order to estimate the quantity of swelling clay minerals in aggregate particles. Special emphasis is given on correlating the results of the sand equivalent and methylene blue tests, as well as on the relationships between these engineering parameters and the petrographic data. The results are evaluated in accordance with the Greek and International suitability Standards for road construction aggregates. Although the results of the sand equivalent test indicate the suitability of the studied samples, the results of the methylene blue test imply that they are not suitable for use in all applications of road construction. Hence, it is proved that the methylene blue test is of fundamental importance for the determination of the lithotypes which are suitable for use as road aggregates in various applications.
Re-examining the stress field of the broader southern Aegean subduction area using an updated focal mechanism database
Authors: Kkallas Ch. , Papazachos C.B. , Scordilis E.M. , Margaris B.N.
Published: January 2017

We have employed the data of EGELADOS temporary network (October 2005-April 2007) to determine 88 focal mechanism solutions from Southern Aegean Sea using the RAPIDINV algorithm (Cesca et al., 2010). The new focal mechanism solutions determined, complemented with the previously available ones for Southern Aegean Seα provide the basis for a detailed examination of the stress field, using the distribution of P and T axes. To obtain the stress field we applied the method of Gephart and Forsyth (1984), namely the grid search inversion approach of Gephart (1990a,b), which incorporates the P and T axes of selected focal mechanisms. For the inversion, the initial stress solutions were computed by the “average” kinematic P and T-axis approach of Papazachos and Kiratzi (1992). The stress-inversion allows choosing the "ideal" fault plane corresponding to the minimum misfit rotation about an axis of general orientation which is needed to match an observed fault plane/slip direction with one consistent with the final stress model.
PRELIMINARY DATA FROM THE FIRST RECORD OF THE EARLY TOARCIAN OCEANIC ANOXIC EVENT IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THE PINDOS ZONE (GREECE)
Authors: Kafousia N. Kafousia N. , Karakitsios V. , Jenkyns H.C.
Published: January 2017

The Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (ca 183 Ma) coincides with high palaeotemperatures, regional anoxia to euxinia, marine transgression, mass extinction and high rates of organic-carbon burial in a global context. Most of the detailed studies of this event have investigated deposits formed in the epicontinental seas of northern Europe, although coeval organic-rich shales are known locally in the Tethyan region. However, the global or regional character of this event is still under debate. In this study we present, for the first time, a high-resolution geochemical record of the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic event in pelagic sediments (Kastelli Pelites) formed in a long-lived Mesozoic deep-sea basin, corresponding to the western passive margin of the Pindos Ocean of western Greece. Our data record both the positive excursion in total organic carbon (TOC) and the characteristic negative excursion in δ13Ccarb. The δ13Ccarb values are very stable in the bottom of the section (~2‰), whereas higher in the section the values drop down to ~ -5‰. Following this negative excursion, the carbonate carbon-isotope ratios return to background values. The TOC excursion is modest, rising from a background of 0.05% to ~ 2% and then returning to a background of 0.04%. Because both relative enrichment in TOC and the negative carbon-isotope excursion that characterize the Toarcian OAE are recorded in some of the deepest marine sediments of the Tethyan region, the global significance of the event is reinforced.