bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remont wiatraka w Lesznie jako przykład
interdyscyplinarnego podejścia do restauracji
zabytków techniki i architektury
Authors: Tomaszewski Filip
Published: October 2021

: Zabytkowe młyny wietrzne są
zabytkami zarówno architektury, jak i techniki.
Pełnią funkcję „znaków” w krajobrazie, ich konstrukcja stanowi świadectwo kunsztu rodzimej
ciesiołki, a w swoim wnętrzu kryją skomplikowane wyposażenie techniczne będące świadectwem inwencji dawnych młynarzy. Ochrona konserwatorska zabytkowych wiatraków
powinna zatem obejmować wszystkie nione aspekty. Artykuł w syntetyczny sposób przedstawia przykład translokacji oraz remontu młyna wietrznego z ul. Strumykowej
w Lesznie, który w 2018 r. został przeniesiony na teren gospodarstwa pomocniczego Zespołu Szkół Rolniczo-Budowlanych w Lesznie.
Obiekt jest interesującym przykładem transformacji wiatraka na młyn elektryczny, ale z poszanowaniem i zachowaniem wszystkich atrybutów charakterystycznych dla młyna wietrznego. Artykuł wskazuje, że pełna restauracja
oraz przywrócenie sprawności technicznej zabytku były możliwe dzięki współpracy architekta wykonującego dokumentację, wykonawcy
prac budowlanych, w tym ciesielskich, i technologa specjalizującego się w młynarstwie
tradycyjnym.
Pozaestetyczne tendencje ściany osłonowej
w kontekście pawilonów wystaw światowych
Expo po 1980 roku
Authors: Krotowski Tomasz
Published: October 2021

Kształtowanie wizerunku
obiektu to jeden z najważniejszych problemów
współczesnej architektury. Charakteryzuje się
licznymi kierunkami estetycznymi, technicznymi oraz technologicznymi. Wśród budynków
dużej skali odpowiedzialność za to zadanie
zostaje skierowana na ścianę osłonową, której celem jest sprostanie zarówno wymogom
atrakcyjności wizualnej, jak i potrzebom nowoczesnego budownictwa wynikającym z idei
zrównoważonego rozwoju. W artykule nakreślono główne tendencje w rozwoju ściany osłonowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tych,
które wykazują pozaestetyczne wartości projektowe. Zagadnienie jest prezentowane na
przykładach pawilonów Wystaw Światowych
Expo, które od połowy XIX wieku koncentrują
się zarówno na atrakcyjności wizualnej, jak
i wykorzystują nowatorskie rozwiązania oraz
eksperymenty formalne, materiałowe i funkcjonalne. Współczesne ściany osłonowe pawilonów Expo przejawiają innowacyjny charakter
w poszukiwaniach koncepcji racjonalnego wykorzystania materiałów budowlanych, wspomagania efektywności energetycznej budynków oraz zapewnienia komfortu
użytkownikom.
Understanding Past and Present Vegetation Dynamics Using the Palynological Approach: An Introductory Discourse
Authors: Onoriode Obigba Sylvester
Published: October 2021

Palynology is a multi-disciplinary field of science that deals with the study and application of extinct, [fossilised] and extant palynomorphs (pollen and spore) and other related microscopic biological entities in the environment. It is divided into palaeo- and actuo-palynology, and provides substantial proxies to understanding past and present vegetation dynamics respectively. With reference to the two geological principles of uniformitarianism and of the evolution of fauna/flora, the distribution of plant indicators across ecological zones, palynomorph morphology and pollen analysis, palynology can be used to identify the change in past and present local and regional vegetation and climate and humans impact on the environment. Other supportive areas of endeavour like radiocarbon dating, sedimentology, taphonomic processes and geomorphology can be used to triangulate inferences drawn from palynological data. Palynomorphs are made of outer cell walls embedded with an inert, complex and resistant biopolymeric signature (called sporopollenin) which helps to facilitate long term preservation in different environmental matrices under favourable conditions, hence its widespread applicability. Palynology have proven to very reliable in reconstructing past vegetation, decrypting essential honeybee plants and understanding the impact of climate on plant population using pollen analysis, for which is the basis for the application of palynology in environmental studies. The application of palynology in climate, vegetation and anthropogenic studies begins with the selection of matrix (sediments from lake, river, ocean, excavation, relatively intact soil profile, bee products), coring or collection of samples, subjection to a series of chemically aided digestion, separation, physical filtration, decanting, accumulating of palynomorphs, microscopic study and ends with the interpretation of recovered information. Literature review on the application of palynology for understanding vegetation and climate interactions is presented in this paper.
Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in Sub-Saharan African Higher Education Landscape: A Bibliometric Review
Authors: Abubakar Yunusa Abdullahi , Naufal Umar Irfan , Bervell Brandford
Published: October 2021

In this study, we examined articles focused on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) implemented in the sub-Saharan African (SSA) Higher Education context that describes the different models of MOOCs enacted as an initiative to provide access and opportunity to acquire quality higher education across different disciplines within the sub-region. In addition, the review aims to identify those factors that facilitate or inhibit the success and growth of MOOCs in the SSA context to understand how MOOCs has fared between the time 2012 to 2021. Based on this premise, 30 articles were included in the review in accordance with the authors’ set criteria. Results revealed that there are very few collaborations, linkages, and relations between MOOCs researchers in SSA, similarly there is a slow growth of MOOCs production, Narrative, Conceptual and Discourse analysis are the dominant analytical methods, while the perennial challenges of poor internet connectivity, lack of policy framework, poor bandwidth and electricity and lack of personnel with the requisite competences were the major hinderances to MOOCs growth in SSA. The inferences, implications and future directions were discussed.
Impact of Transoral Endoscopic Vestibular Approach Thyroidectomy on Pathologic Assessment
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Ahmed Muhammad , Carling Tobias , Udelsman Robert , Adeniran Adebowale J. , Gilani Syed , Prasad Manju L. , Barbieri Andrea L.
Published: October 2021

Context.—

Since 2016, transoral endoscopic thyroid resection with vestibular approach (TOETVA) has been increasingly performed in the United States. Although guidelines for the procedure are evolving, indeterminate and malignant preoperative cytopathologic diagnoses are not a contraindication. There are limited data related to the pathologic examination of these specimens.

Objective.—

To examine the clinicopathologic features of TOETVA specimens with particular attention to limitations of interpretation of pathologic parameters and final diagnosis.

Design.—

We reviewed age, sex, preoperative imaging and cytologic diagnoses, surgical pathology, and clinical follow-up data in TOETVA resections from our institution for procedures performed between March 2016 and December 2019.

Results.—

Fifty cases of TOETVA were identified, comprising 48 women and 2 men with a mean age of 47 years. Preoperative cytologic diagnoses were available in 47 cases and included 19 nondiagnostic/benign (Bethesda I/II), 24 follicular lesion of undetermined significance/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (Bethesda III/IV), and 4 suspicious/malignant diagnoses (Bethesda V/VI). Thirty-four cases (68%) among the surgical resection specimens showed disruption and/or fragmentation. Thirty-nine cases were negative for carcinoma, including hyperplasias and benign/indolent neoplasms. Eleven cases exhibited papillary thyroid carcinoma. Final diagnoses were reached in all disrupted/fragmented cases. In 2 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma, tumor size, microscopic extrathyroidal extension, and margin status could not be determined.

Conclusions.—

A significant proportion of TOETVA specimens are disrupted/fragmented, which can compromise information about tumors, including size, number, margin status, and microscopic extrathyroidal extension. Given that these parameters inform treatment and follow-up, this should be considered when selecting patients for TOETVA.
Survival in Patients With Sentinel Node–Positive Melanoma With Extranodal Extension
Authors: Maurichi Andrea , Barretta Francesco , Patuzzo Roberto , Miceli Rosalba , Gallino Gianfranco , Mattavelli Ilaria , Barbieri Consuelo , Leva Andrea , Angi Martina , Lanza Francesco Baldo , Spadola Giuseppe , Cossa Mara , Nesa Francesco , Cortinovis Umberto , Sala Laura , Di Guardo Lorenza , Cimminiello Carolina , Del Vecchio Michele , Valeri Barbara , Santinami Mario
Published: October 2021

Background:Prognostic parameters in sentinel node (SN)–positive melanoma are important indicators to identify patients at high risk of recurrence who should be candidates for adjuvant therapy. We aimed to evaluate the presence of melanoma cells beyond the SN capsule—extranodal extension (ENE)—as a prognostic factor in patients with positive SNs.Methods:Data from 1,047 patients with melanoma and positive SNs treated from 2001 to 2020 at the Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milano, Italy, were retrospectively investigated. Kaplan-Meier survival and crude cumulative incidence of recurrence curves were estimated. A multivariable logistic model was used to investigate the association between ENE and selected predictive factors. Cox models estimated the effect of the selected predictors on survival endpoints.Results:Median follow-up was 69 months. The 5-year overall survival rate was 62.5% and 71.7% for patients with positive SNs with and without ENE, respectively. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was 54.0% and 64.0% for patients with positive SNs with and without ENE, respectively. The multivariable logistic model showed that age, size of the main metastatic focus in the SN, and numbersof metastatic non-SNs were associated with ENE (allP<.0001). The multivariable Cox regression models showed the estimated prognostic effects of ENE associated with age, ulceration, size of the main metastatic focus in the SN, and number of metastatic non-SNs (allP<.0001) on disease-free survival and overall survival.Conclusions:ENE was a significant prognostic factor in patients with positive-SN melanoma. This parameter may be useful in clinical practice as a selection criterion for adjuvant treatment in patients with stage IIIA disease with a tumor burden <1 mm in the SN. We recommend its inclusion as an independent prognostic determinant in future updates of melanoma guidelines.
Improving Interdisciplinary Communication: Barriers and Facilitators for Implementation of Standardized Structured Reporting in Oncology
Authors: Swillens Julie E.M. , Voorham Quirinus J.M. , Nagtegaal Iris D. , Hermens Rosella P.M.G.
Published: October 2021

Background: Standardized structured reporting (SSR) improves quality of diagnostic cancer reporting and interdisciplinary communication in multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings, resulting in more adequate treatment decisions and better health outcomes. However, use of SSR varies widely among pathologists, but might be encouraged by MDT members (MDTMs). Our objectives were to identify barriers and facilitators (influencing factors) for SSR implementation in oncologic pathology from the perspective of MDTMs and their determinants. Methods: In a multimethod design, we identified influencing factors for SSR implementation related to MDT meetings, using 5 domains: (1) innovation factors, (2) individual professional factors, (3) social setting factors, (4) organizational factors, and (5) political and legal factors. Four focus groups with MDTMs in urologic, gynecologic, and gastroenterologic oncology were conducted. We used an eSurvey among MDTMs to quantify the qualitative findings and to analyze determinants affecting these influencing factors. Results: Twenty-three MDTMs practicing in 9 oncology-related disciplines participated in the focus groups and yielded 28 barriers and 28 facilitators in all domains. The eSurvey yielded 211 responses. Main barriers related to lack of readability of SSR: difficulties with capturing nuances (66%) and formulation of the conclusion (43%); lack of transparency in the development (50%) and feedback processes of SSR templates (38%); and lack of information exchange about SSR between pathologists and other MDTMs (45%). Main facilitators were encouragement of pathologists’ SSR use by MDTMs (90%) and expanding the recommendation of SSR use in national guidelines (80%). Oncology-related medical discipline and MDT type were the most relevant determinants for SSR implementation barriers. Conclusions: Although SSR makes diagnostic reports more complete, this study shows important barriers in implementing SSR in oncologic pathology. The next step is to use these factors for developing and testing implementation tools to improve SSR implementation.
Association of Social Support With Overall Survival and Healthcare Utilization in Patients With Aggressive Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Johnson P. Connor , Markovitz Netana H. , Gray Tamryn F. , Bhatt Sunil , Nipp Ryan D. , Ufere Nneka , Rice Julia , Reynolds Matthew J. , Lavoie Mitchell W. , Topping Carlisle E.W. , Clay Madison A. , Lindvall Charlotta , El-Jawahri Areej
Published: October 2021

Background: Social support plays a crucial role for patients with aggressive hematologic malignancies as they navigate their illness course. The aim of this study was to examine associations of social support with overall survival (OS) and healthcare utilization in this population. Methods: A cross-sectional secondary analysis was conducted using data from a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 251 hospitalized patients with aggressive hematologic malignancies at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2014 through 2017. Natural Language Processing (NLP) was used to identify the extent of patients’ social support (limited vs adequate as defined by NLP-aided chart review of the electronic health record). Multivariable regression models were used to examine associations of social support with (1) OS, (2) death or readmission within 90 days of discharge from index hospitalization, (3) time to readmission within 90 days, and (4) index hospitalization length of stay. Results: Patients had a median age of 64 years (range, 19–93 years), and most were White (89.6%), male (68.9%), and married (65.3%). A plurality of patients had leukemia (42.2%) followed by lymphoma (37.9%) and myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (19.9%). Using NLP, we identified that 8.8% (n=22) of patients had limited social support. In multivariable analyses, limited social support was associated with worse OS (hazard ratio, 2.00; P=.042) and a higher likelihood of death or readmission within 90 days of discharge (odds ratio, 3.11; P=.043), but not with time to readmission within 90 days or with index hospitalization length of stay. Conclusions: In this cohort of hospitalized patients with aggressive hematologic malignancies, we found associations of limited social support with lower OS and a higher likelihood of death or readmission within 90 days of hospital discharge. These findings underscore the utility of NLP for evaluating the extent of social support and the need for larger studies evaluating social support in patients with aggressive hematologic malignancies.
Schools and Screens
Authors: Cain Victoria
Published: October 2021

Why screens in schools—from film screenings to instructional television to personal computers—did not bring about the educational revolution promised by reformers.

Long before Chromebook giveaways and remote learning, screen media technologies were enthusiastically promoted by American education reformers. Again and again, as schools deployed film screenings, television programs, and computer games, screen-based learning was touted as a cure for all educational ills. But the transformation promised by advocates for screens in schools never happened. In this book, Victoria Cain chronicles important episodes in the history of educational technology, as reformers, technocrats, public television producers, and computer scientists tried to harness the power of screen-based media to shape successive generations of students.

Cain describes how, beginning in the 1930s, champions of educational technology saw screens in schools as essential tools for training citizens, and presented films to that end. (Among the films screened for educational purposes was the notoriously racist Birth of a Nation.) In the 1950s and 1960s, both technocrats and leftist educators turned to screens to prepare young Americans for Cold War citizenship, and from the 1970s through the 1990s, as commercial television and personal computers arrived in classrooms, screens in schools represented an increasingly privatized vision of schooling and civic engagement. Cain argues that the story of screens in schools is not simply about efforts to develop the right technological tools; rather, it reflects ongoing tensions over citizenship, racial politics, private funding, and distrust of teachers. Ultimately, she shows that the technologies that reformers had envisioned as improving education and training students in civic participation in fact deepened educational inequities.
Sexual and psychological health of couples with azoospermia in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Dong Meng , Tao Yanqiang , Wu Shanshan , Li Zhengtao , Wang Xiaobin , Tan Jichun
Published: October 2021

Background

To date, there have been no reports on the sexual and psychological health of patients with azoospermia during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Previous studies on the sexual health of couples with azoospermia are limited and are especially lacking in data on the wives of azoospermic men.

Methods

We conducted a case–control cross-sectional study between 1 July 2020 and 20 December 2020. In total, 100 couples with azoospermia comprised the experimental group and 100 couples with normozoospermia comprised the control group. The couples’ sexual health was measured using standardised sexual function questionnaires (male: International Index of Erectile Function-15 [IIEF-15] and Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool [PEDT]; female: Female Sexual Function Index [FSFI]) and a self-designed questionnaire to evaluate changes in sexual behaviours (sexual satisfaction, desire, frequency of sexual activity, masturbation, and pornography use) during lockdown. The couples’ psychological health was measured using the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to analyse the associations between sexual health and psychological health.

Results

The IIEF-15 scores (53.07 ± 11.11 vs. 57.52 ± 8.57, t =  − 3.17, p = 0.00) were lower and the PEDT scores (6.58 ± 3.13 vs. 5.17 ± 2.22, t = 3.67, p = 0.00) and incidence of premature ejaculation (χ2 = 14.73, p = 0.00) were higher for men with azoospermia than for men with normozoospermia. Compared with those of wives of men with normozoospermia, the total FSFI scores (25.12 ± 5.56 vs. 26.75 ± 4.82, t =  − 2.22, p = 0.03) of wives of men with azoospermia were lower. The chi-square test showed that the perceived changes in sexual satisfaction (χ2 = 7.22, p = 0.03), frequency of masturbation (χ2 = 21.96, p = 0.00), and pornography use (χ2 = 10.90, p = 0.01) were significantly different between the female groups with azoospermia and normozoospermia, but there were no significant changes in sexual behaviour between the male groups. The GAD-7 (men: 7.18 ± 5.56 vs. 5.68 ± 4.58, p = 0.04; women: 6.65 ± 5.06 vs. 5.10 ± 3.29, p = 0.01) and PHQ-9 scores (men: 10.21 ± 6.37 vs. 7.49 ± 6.10, p = 0.00; women: 8.81 ± 6.50 vs. 6.98 ± 4.43, p = 0.02) were significantly higher for couples with azoospermia than for couples with normozoospermia. The APIM showed that for couples with azoospermia, sexual function negatively correlated with their own anxiety (men: β = −0.22, p = 0.00; women: β = −0.38, p = 0.00) and depression symptoms (men: β = −0.21, p = 0.00; women: β = −0.57, p = 0.00) but not with their partner’s anxiety and depression symptoms (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Couples with azoospermia had a lower quality of sexual function and higher levels of psychological distress than couples with normozoospermia. Their sexual health negatively correlated with psychological distress.
Development of a gene doping detection method to detect overexpressed human follistatin using an adenovirus vector in mice
Authors: Yanazawa Koki , Sugasawa Takehito , Aoki Kai , Nakano Takuro , Kawakami Yasushi , Takekoshi Kazuhiro
Published: October 2021

Background

Gene doping is the misuse of genome editing and gene therapy technologies for the purpose of manipulating specific genes or gene functions in order to improve athletic performance. However, a non-invasive detection method for gene doping using recombinant adenoviral (rAdV) vectors containing human follistatin (hFST) genes (rAdV) has not yet been developed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a method to detect gene doping using rAdV.

Methods

First, we generated rAdV and evaluated the overexpression of the hFST gene, FST protein, and muscle protein synthesis signaling using cell lines. Next, rAdV was injected intravenously or intramuscularly into mice, and whole blood was collected, and hFST and cytomegalovirus promoter (CMVp) gene fragments were detected using TaqMan-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, to confirm the specificity of the primers and the TaqMan probes, samples from each experiment were pooled, amplified using TaqMan-qPCR, and sequenced using the Sanger sequencing.

Results

The expression of hFST and FST proteins and muscle protein synthesis signaling significantly increased in C2C12 cells. In long-term, transgene fragments could be detected until 4 days after intravenous injection and 3 days after intramuscular injection. Finally, the Sanger sequencing confirmed that the primers and TaqMan probe specifically amplified the gene sequence of interest.

Conclusions

These results indicate the possibility of detecting gene doping using rAdV using TaqMan-qPCR in blood samples. This study may contribute to the development of detection methods for gene doping using rAdV.
Comparative transcriptome analyses of differentSalvia miltiorrhizavarieties during the accumulation of tanshinones
Authors: Zhou Jingwen , Liu Rui , Shuai Min , Yan Zhu-Yun , Chen Xin
Published: October 2021

Salvia miltiorrhiza(Labiatae) is an important medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine. Tanshinones are one of the main active components ofS. miltiorrhiza. It has been found that the intraspecific variation ofS. miltiorrhizais relatively large and the content of tanshinones in its roots of different varieties is also relatively different. To investigate the molecular mechanisms that responsible for the differences among these varieties, the tanshinones content was determined and comparative transcriptomics analysis was carried out during the tanshinones accumulation stage. A total of 52,216 unigenes were obtained from the transcriptome by RNA sequencing among which 23,369 genes were differentially expressed among different varieties, and 2,016 genes including 18 diterpenoid biosynthesis-related genes were differentially expressed during the tanshinones accumulation stage. Functional categorization of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among these varieties revealed that the pathway related to photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis are the most differentially regulated processes in these varieties. The six tanshinone components in these varieties showed different dynamic changes in tanshinone accumulation stage. In addition, combined with the analysis of the dynamic changes, 277 DEGs (including one dehydrogenase, three CYP450 and 24 transcription factors belonging to 12 transcription factor families) related to the accumulation of tanshinones components were obtained. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of these 277 DEGs suggested that there might be an interconnection between the primary metabolic processes, signaling processes and the accumulation of tanshinones components. This study expands the vision of intraspecific variation and gene regulation mechanism of secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways in medicinal plants from the “omics” perspective.
Registro ARGEN-IC en la era COVID. Realidad en tiempos de pandemia
Authors: Santucci José C. , Sorasio Guillermina , Soricetti Julieta , Princich Gabriela , Guazzone Analia , Bisuti José , Fernández Alberto , Hirshson Prado Alfredo
Published: October 2021

Introducción: El registro ARGEN-IC permitió conocer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la insuficiencia cardíaca aguda (ICA) en nuestro país; sin embargo, no contamos con datos nacionales de las consecuencias sobre la ICA de la implementación del distanciamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio a causa de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes ingresados al registro ARGEN-IC durante el confinamiento y distanciamiento social debido a la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se compararon pacientes (p) incorporados al registro ARGEN-IC durante marzo-junio de 2019 (grupo A: Era No COVID) con los ingresados en igual período de 2020 (grupo B: Era COVID). Se registraron los datos de filiación, las características clínicas, bioquímicas, imagenológicas y terapéuticas durante la hospitalización y las respectivas complicaciones (mortalidad cardiovascular y no cardiovascular). Resultados: Se incluyeron 361 p, 222 en el grupo A y 139 en el grupo B. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambas poblaciones en cuanto a edad, grupo A 70,9 ± 14,8 años vs. grupo B 75 ± 13,3 (p = 0,008); antecedente de hipertensión arterial, grupo A 70,2% vs. grupo B 87,7% (p <0,001); antecedente de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, grupo A 4,5% vs. grupo B 10,07% (p = 0,039); e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, grupo A 4,9% vs. grupo B 1,5% (p = 0,021). En relación con otras variables como etiología, factores desencadenantes y forma de presentación clínica, no se hallaron diferencias significativas entre ambas poblaciones, aunque hubo una tendencia a mayor antecedente de depresión en el grupo B. No hubo diferencia en la duración de la estadía hospitalaria ni en la mortalidad. Conclusiones: Durante el distanciamiento social y obligatorio en nuestro país, observamos una disminución de las internaciones por ICA en 2020 respecto de las registradas en el mismo período de 2019. Entre aquellos que requirieron internación, hallamos un perfil de paciente más añoso, con más comorbilidades. No se observaron diferencias en la mortalidad total y cardiovascular, ni en la estadía hospitalaria.
СКАЛЯРНО-ВЕКТОРНАЯ СТРУКТУРА И КИНЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ЗВУКОВОГО ПОЛЯ В ИНФРАЗВУКОВОМ ДИАПАЗОНЕ ЧАСТОТ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Касаткин Б.А. , Касаткин С.Б.
Published: October 2021

Приведена классификация известных решений граничной задачи Пекериса, полученных в различных модельных постановках, и дана их сравнительная оценка. Для верификации различных модельных решений выполнено экспериментальное исследование энергетической и пространственной структуры звукового поля в условиях мелкого моря в инфразвуковом диапазоне частот 2—20 Гц, заведомо меньших первой критической частоты модельного волновода Пекериса. Анализируются результаты экспериментальных исследований звуковых полей с использованием комбинированных приёмников, образующих вертикально ориентированную 3-элементную антенну. По результатам анализа вертикальной структуры звукового поля был сделан вывод о том, что звуковое поле на предельно низких частотах инфразвукового диапазона сформировано неоднородными волнами Рэлея—Шолте, регулярной и обобщённой. С увеличением частоты уменьшается глубина проникновения звуковой волны в донное полупространство и возрастает роль неоднородных волн волновода Пекериса, возбуждаемых комплексным угловым спектром источника. Такие волны появляются как гибридные, но только при обобщённом описании звукового поля в несамосопряжённой модельной постановке. Анализируются кинематические характеристики звукового поля при уточнённом определении групповой скорости как скорости переноса энергии. Обсуждаются механизмы существенного замедления скорости переноса энергии в волноводе на низких частотах.
ЛИДАРНЫЙ МЕТОД РЕГИСТРАЦИИ ВНУТРЕННИХ ВОЛН В ВОДАХ С ДВУХСЛОЙНОЙ СТРАТИФИКАЦИЕЙ ГИДРООПТИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Глухов В. А. , Гольдин Ю.А. , РОДИОНОВ М.А.
Published: October 2021

Разработан метод обработки сигналов судового радиометрического поляризационного лидара, позволивший надежно и достаточно точно определить положение границы между слоями, различающимися по гидрооптическим характеристикам. Метод основан на анализе временной зависимости спада эхо-сигнала и позволяет фиксировать изменение положения границы с течением времени в отсутствие слоя повышенного светорассеяния. Модельные расчеты лидарных эхо-сигналов для двухслойной стратификации гидрооптических характеристик показали наличие резких изменений временной зависимости затухания эхо-сигнала в районе границы между слоями, особенно ярко проявляющейся в кросс-поляризованной компоненте эхо-сигнала. Выполнен долговременный цикл лидарного зондирования толщи морской воды. Измерения проводились с борта судна в дрейфе. Сопутствующие измерения гидрофизических характеристик и показателя ослабления света морской водой зондом SBE 25 с прозрачномером в районе проведения экспериментальных исследований показали наличие границы между слоями на глубинах 15—17 м, приуроченной к глубине залегания пикноклина. В результате обработки и анализа полученного массива данных лидарного зондирования зарегистрированы периодические изменения положения границы между слоями. Максимальная зарегистрированная амплитуда составляет 3 м, а средний период колебаний — 8.5 мин. Полученные значения характерны для внутренних волн, наблюдаемых в шельфовой зоне Черного моря.
АНАЛИЗ ГИДРОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И ГИДРООПТИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК В СУБМЕЗОМАСШТАБНЫХ ВИХРЯХ В ЗАЛИВЕ ПЕТРА ВЕЛИКОГО С ПОМОЩЬЮ ОДНОВРЕМЕННЫХ IN-SITU И ДИСТАНЦИОННЫХ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Липинская Н.А. , Салюк П.А.
Published: October 2021

Проводится анализ субмезомасштабных вихрей, обнаруженных в южной части залива Петра Великого в сентябре 2009 г., как процесса, оказывающего влияние на стратификацию оптически активных компонентов в верхнем слое моря, и значения коэффициентов яркости моря. Для анализа перемещения вихрей использовались спутниковые данные 2 уровня среднего пространственного разрешения спектрорадиомтеров MODIS-Terra/Aqua, Merris-ENVISAT-1 (размер пикселя 250—1000 м) в полях температуры поверхности моря, концентрации хлорофилла-а и синтезированные RGB изображения, а также судовые данные, полученные в серии прибрежных экспедиций ТОИ ДВО РАН за сентябрь 2009 г. Дополнительно использовались дистанционные измерения спектров коэффициентов яркости моря c борта судна с помощью ручного гиперспектрального радиометра ASD FieldSpec Hand Held. В результате было определено, что вихри характеризуются пониженной соленостью и повышенным содержанием окрашенного растворенного органического вещества (ОРОВ), что может быть обусловлено влиянием стока р. Туманной. В дистанционных данных наибольший контраст вихря относительно прилегающих вод достигается на длине волны — 412 нм. Также, контраст проявления вихря заметен в дистанционных определениях концентрации хлорофилла-а. Глубина основной части вихря составила 5—7 м и полностью находится в зоне, наблюдаемой со спутника в видимом спектральном диапазоне.
СТРУКТУРА ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ M. tuberculosis У ВПЕРВЫЕ ВЫЯВЛЕННЫХ БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Рыжкова О.А. , Стрельцова Е.Н.
Published: October 2021

Актуальной проблемой для современной фтизиатрии является значительный рост за последние годы числа случаев туберкулеза (ТБ), вызванных лекарственно-устойчивыми штаммами возбудителя, в том числе среди впервые выявленных лиц как во всем мире, так и во многих регионах нашей страны. Цель исследования: изучить структуру и спектр лекарственной устойчивости (ЛУ) микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ) среди впервые выявленных больных ТБ органов дыхания. Материалы и методы. Обследован 81 пациент с впервые выявленным ТБ органов дыхания в возрасте 19–75 лет, поступивший на стационарное лечение в отделения терапии туберкулеза легких в период с января по август 2020 г. Больным проводились стандартные и дополнительные методы диагностики, в том числе микробиологические методы с определением чувствительности МБТ к противотуберкулезным препаратам (ПТП). Результаты. Показатель заболеваемости ТБ, в том числе вызванным МБТ с множественной ЛУ (МЛУ), в Астраханской области (АО) за 2019 г. превышает в 2 раза таковой по Российской Федерации. Установлено, что в исследуемой группе пациентов с впервые установленным ТБ преобладали лица мужского пола, молодого возраста, не работающие, проживающие в сельских районах области, злоупотребляющие табакокурением и алкоголем, с деструктивным ТБ и наличием сопутствующей патологии. По клинической характеристике у впервые выявленных больных отмечалось преобладание инфильтративного ТБ органов дыхания с распадом в легочной ткани. У всех больных установлено наличие возбудителя ТБ, при этом у 94% больных выявлена ЛУ МБТ, из них у 74% пациентов выделены штаммы МБТ с МЛУ. Наибольшую долю составили штаммы МБТ с ЛУ к препаратам основной группы: изониазиду (Н) – 96%, рифампицину (R) – 74% и стрептомицину (S) – 71%, при этом монорезистентности к R не установлено, так как все штаммы, устойчивые к R, имели устойчивость и к Н, отражая уровень МЛУ. Заключение. Данные исследования показывают спектр ЛУ МБТ, циркулирующих на исследуемой территории. У впервые выявленных пациентов с ТБ органов дыхания установлено преобладание штаммов МБТ, резистентных к HR и HR в комбинации с аминогликозидами, что необходимо учитывать при выборе препаратов резерва в схеме лечения.
A Study on Command and Control Through Cyber Protection Function Analysis
Authors: Choi Seho , Oh Haengrok , Yun Joobeom
Published: October 2021

Cyber threats can bypass existing cyber-protection systems and are rapidly developing by exploiting new technologies such as artificial intelligence. In order to respond to such cyber threats, it is important to improve the ability to detect unknown cyber threats by correlating heterogeneous cyber protection systems. In this paper, to enhance cyber-attack response capabilities, we proposed command and control that enables rapid decision-making and response before the attack objectives are achieved, using Lockheed Martin's cyber kill chain and MITRE ATT&CK to analyze the purpose and intention of the attacker.
Psicologia do Desenvolvimento: há questões novas?
Authors: Almeida Carvalho Ana Maria
Published: October 2021

O objetivo deste texto é contribuir para o questionamento de certas concepções sobre a infância e o sentido do estudo do desenvolvimento. Recorrendo ao trabalho de Evelyn Thoman que, já na década de 80, examinou e questionou alguns pressupostos, em suas palavras, “mitos”, que orientam a Psicologia do Desenvolvimento – os mitos do neonato deficiente, das competências aditivas, da neutralidade emocional e do futurismo – refletimos sobre sua evolução e recorrência na atualidade e apontamos alguns caminhos que temos seguido em nosso trabalho e que consideramos promissores para a crítica desses pressupostos e para a redefinição de conceitos como interação social, sociabilidade, seletividade, vínculo e cultura de pares.

Palavras-chave: Psicologia do desenvolvimento; infância; interação social; sociabilidade; cultura e brincadeira
Heterodinuclear Transition‐Metal Complexes: Fundamentals, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Koessler Konstantin , Butschke Burkhard
Published: October 2021

Heterodinuclear transition‐metal complexes, that is coordination compounds comprising two different transition‐metal atoms, witness growing interest. This development is driven by the incentive to find complexes, which outperform their mononuclear competitors in reactivity and selectivity. It is particularly the close proximity of the two transition‐metal atoms, which promises to promote these favorable interactions denoted as “cooperative”. Therefore, mainly dinuclear complexes with direct metal–metal bonds are discussed in this article. Since the very first report of a heterodinuclear transition‐metal complex in 1960, a repertoire of methodologies for the targeted synthesis has been established. Besides the description of this progress, the focus of the present article is on the discussion of appropriate characterization methods. Typical questions concern the nature of the metal–metal bond as well as the elucidation of mechanistic details of reactions involving the polar metal–metal bonds present in heterodinuclear complexes. Several applications are detailed, in which heterodinuclear complexes either surpass the limitations of mononuclear complexes or even exhibit so far unknown reactivity. So‐called “early–late” complexes represent the most dominant branch in this context, while also “late–late” complexes show fruitful reactivity. Herein, the focus is on transition‐metal‐containing complexes, thus ignoring main‐group elements completely.
Monocrystalline Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Materials for Photovoltaics
Authors: Capitaine Anna , Sciacca Beniamino
Published: October 2021

Lead halide perovskite solar cells have been gaining more and more interest. In only a decade, huge research efforts from interdisciplinary communities enabled enormous scientific advances that rapidly led to energy conversion efficiency near that of record silicon solar cells, at an unprecedented pace. However, while for most materials the best solar cells were achieved with single crystals (SC), for perovskite the best cells have been so far achieved with polycrystalline (PC) thin films, despite the optoelectronic properties of perovskite SC are undoubtedly superior. Here, by taking as example monocrystalline methylammonium lead halide, the authors elaborate the literature from material synthesis and characterization to device fabrication and testing, to provide with plausible explanations for the relatively low efficiency, despite the superior optoelectronics performance. In particular, the authors focus on how solar cell performance is affected by anisotropy, crystal orientation, surface termination, interfaces, and device architecture. It is argued that, to unleash the full potential of monocrystalline perovskite, a holistic approach is needed in the design of next‐generation device architecture. This would unquestionably lead to power conversion efficiency higher than those of PC perovskites and silicon solar cells, with tremendous impact on the swift deployment of renewable energy on a large scale.
Corrosion Resistance of Sulfur–Selenium Alloy Coatings
Authors: Susarla Sandhya , Chilkoor Govinda , Kalimuthu Jawahar R. , Saadi M. A. S. R. , Cui Yufei , Arif Taib , Tsafack Thierry , Puthirath Anand B. , Sigdel Pawan , Jasthi Bharat , Sudeep Parambath M. , Hu Leiqing , Hassan Aly , Castro‐Pardo Samuel , Barnes Morgan , Roy Soumyabrata , Verduzco Rafael , Kibria Md Golam , Filleter Tobin , Lin Haiqing , Solares Santiago D. , Koratkar Nikhil , Gadhamshetty Venkataramana , Rahman Muhammad M. , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: October 2021

Despite decades of research, metallic corrosion remains a long‐standing challenge in many engineering applications. Specifically, designing a material that can resist corrosion both in abiotic as well as biotic environments remains elusive. Here a lightweight sulfur–selenium (S–Se) alloy is designed with high stiffness and ductility that can serve as an excellent corrosion‐resistant coating with protection efficiency of ≈99.9% for steel in a wide range of diverse environments. S–Se coated mild steel shows a corrosion rate that is 6–7 orders of magnitude lower than bare metal in abiotic (simulated seawater and sodium sulfate solution) and biotic (sulfate‐reducing bacterial medium) environments. The coating is strongly adhesive, mechanically robust, and demonstrates excellent damage/deformation recovery properties, which provide the added advantage of significantly reducing the probability of a defect being generated and sustained in the coating, thus improving its longevity. The high corrosion resistance of the alloy is attributed in diverse environments to its semicrystalline, nonporous, antimicrobial, and viscoelastic nature with superior mechanical performance, enabling it to successfully block a variety of diffusing species.
Inverse Domain‐Size Dependence of Piezoelectricity in Ferroelectric Crystals
Authors: Wang Bo , Li Fei , Chen Long‐Qing
Published: October 2021

Piezoelectricity of ferroelectric crystals is widely utilized in electromechanical devices such as sensors and actuators. It is broadly believed that the smaller the ferroelectric domain size, the higher the piezoelectricity, arising from the commonly assumed larger contributions from the domain walls. Herein, the domain‐size dependence of piezoelectric coefficients of prototypical ferroelectric crystals is theoretically studied based on thermodynamic analysis and phase‐field simulations. It is revealed that the inverse domain‐size effect, i.e., the larger the domain size, the higher the piezoelectricity, is entirely possible and can be just as common. The nature of the domain‐size dependence of piezoelectricity is shown to be determined by the propensity of polarization rotation inside the domains instead of the domain wall contributions. A simple, unified, analytical model for predicting the domain‐size dependence of piezoelectricity is established, which is valid regardless of the crystalline symmetry, the materials chemistry, and the domain structures of a ferroelectric crystal, and thus can serve as a guiding tool for optimizing piezoelectricity of ferroelectric materials beyond the “nanodomain” engineering. In addition, the theoretical approach can be extended to understand the microstructural size effect of multifunctional properties in ferroic and multiferroic materials.
Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder‐Type Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Wu Han‐Yan , Yang Chi‐Yuan , Li Qifan , Kolhe Nagesh B. , Strakosas Xenofon , Stoeckel Marc‐Antoine , Wu Ziang , Jin Wenlong , Savvakis Marios , Kroon Renee , Tu Deyu , Woo Han Young , Berggren Magnus , Jenekhe Samson A. , Fabiano Simone
Published: October 2021

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high‐performance (bio‐)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p‐type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n‐type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power‐efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine‐tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder‐type n‐type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n‐type OECTs with record‐high geometry‐normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm−1) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm−1 V−1 s−1), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high‐molecular‐weight BBL than in the low‐molecular‐weight counterpart. OECT‐based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record‐high voltage gains of up to 100 V V−1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub‐1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power‐efficient organic (bio‐)electronic devices.
Tin‐Based Anode Materials for Stable Sodium Storage: Progress and Perspective
Authors: Wu Xin , Lan Xuexia , Hu Renzong , Yao Yu , Yu Yan , Zhu Min
Published: October 2021

Because of concerns regarding shortages of lithium resources and the urgent need to develop low‐cost and high‐efficiency energy‐storage systems, research and applications of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have re‐emerged in recent years. Herein, recent advances in high‐capacity Sn‐based anode materials for stable SIBs are highlighted, including tin (Sn) alloys, Sn oxides, Sn sulfides, Sn selenides, Sn phosphides, and their composites. The reaction mechanisms between Sn‐based materials and sodium are clarified. Multiphase and multiscale structural optimizations of Sn‐based materials to achieve good sodium‐storage performance are emphasized. Full‐cell designs using Sn‐based materials as anodes and further development of Sn‐based materials are discussed from a commercialization perspective. Insights into the preparation of future high‐performance Sn‐based anode materials and the construction of sodium‐ion full batteries with a high energy density and long service life are provided.
Design and Integration of a Gas Sensor Module that Indicates the End of Service Life of a Gas Mask Canister
Authors: Moon Seung Min , Lee Seongwoo , Min Hyegi , Park Sanghwan , Yoon Sook , Choi Jae Hong , Yoon Soon Min , Jung Byeongyun , Im Taehyun , Jeong Chan‐seok , Kim Beomjin , Lee Chang Young
Published: October 2021

In a filtration system, a chemical cartridge packed with porous adsorbents needs to be replaced when its maximum adsorption capacity is exceeded. An end of service life indicator (ESLI) informs when to replace the cartridge. However, ESLI technology for filtration of toxic gases is overlooked despite high toxicity of the gases even at low concentrations. In this study, a real‐time ESLI is demonstrated for filtration of chemical warfare agents by inserting four chemiresistors made of carbon nanotubes into the adsorbent layer of a canister for gas masks. The sensors are installed on a flexible printed circuit board with a 3D structure to minimize the channeling effect in the canister. As the breakthrough of dimethyl methylphosphonate, a nerve agent simulant, progresses in the canister, the resistance of the sensors increases sequentially with time. The inflection points in the responses from sensors designated #1–#4 indicate that the percentage of remaining service life is 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0%, respectively. The ESLI potentially applies to a wide range of toxic gases and cartridge designs, regardless of the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors, as supported by the breakthrough of ammonia as well as the results from a smaller canister.