bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deletion analysis of genes regulating cold- and PEG-induced carbohydrate accumulation in hydroponically raised wheat seedlings
Authors: Galiba G. , Kerepesi I. , Snape J. W. , Vágújfalvi A.
Published: January 2006

The mobilization of carbohydrates, especially sucrose, is considered very important during both the cold acclimation process and water stress, while sugars also promote floral transition and cold hardiness. Chinese Spring (CS) 5AL and 5DL deletion lines were studied for the physical assignment of the gene(s) regulating stress-induced sugar accumulation. To separate the effect of cold from that of water deprivation, the seedlings were raised in hydroponics, and apart from the cold, the effect of PEG-induced water stress was also evaluated in a time course experiment. The genes affecting stress-induced carbohydrate accumulation were assigned to the same chromosomal bins, which contain the vernalization genesVrn-A1andVrn-D1, on the long arms of chromosomes 5A and 5D, respectively. Sugar accumulation was found to be controlled byVrngenes in an epistatic manner at least at the beginning of the cold treatment. In the case of cold treatment,Vrn-A1proved to be more effective thanVrn-D1, while in the case of osmotic stress the gene assigned to the long arm of chromosome 5D seemed to be more effective at regulating sugar accumulation than its counterpart on 5A.
Potassium uptake by higher plants: From field application to membrane transport
Authors: Kant S. , Kant P. , Kafkafi U.
Published: January 2006

Potassium (K+) is a crucial nutrient element for higher plants and plays vital roles in several cellular processes includingturgor regulation, stomatal movement, protein synthesis and charge balance. The requirement of K+for plant growth changes with the developmental stages and its uptake pattern varies among crop plants. Most annual crop plants take up a large proportion of their K+requirement in the initial vegetative growth stage. A deficiency of K+during this period may make the plant susceptible to various stresses. Therefore, the timely application of K+to the plant rhizosphere is an important factor for achieving better plant growth and yield. Plants take up K+by active and passive transport. Electrophysiological and molecular studies done during the last two decades have characterized the active K+uptake mechanisms (high and low affinity K+uptake systems) and have identified the genes involved in these mechanisms. The knowledge of K+uptake during the plant life cycle and of the activation of the K+uptake system by the presence of a certain concentration of K+in the soil solution would certainly help in planning the rate and time of K+application. Therefore, the work done on the pattern of K+uptake during plant growth and the mechanism involved in its uptake is reviewed here.
Effect of plant hormones on the tRNA isoacceptor spectrum of wheat
Authors: Szegő D. , Páldi E. , Loc N. B. , Lásztity D.
Published: January 2006

The plant hormones auxin, cytokinin and gibberellic acid, which stimulate plant growth and development, induce significant changes in the isoacceptor spectra of various tRNAs. The present experiments revealed that the treatment of wheat seedlings with auxin, cytokinin or gibberellic acid resulted in the appearance of new isoacceptors in the spectra of three tRNA groups specific for amino acids (methionine, tyrosine and valine). These new isoacceptors may be beneficial for the synthesis and regulation of the proteins induced by the plant hormones.
Determination of carbendazim residues in the eggs, liver and pectoral muscle of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Reisinger Katalin , Szigeti J. , Várnagy L.
Published: January 2006

The effect of carbendazim, a widely applied cereal seed dressing agent, was studied in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)during an overall period of eight weeks, consisting of a four-week feeding phase and a subsequent four-week excretion period. Body mass and feed consumption of the birds were monitored and residues of the active ingredient were determined by an analytical chemical method. During the eight-week study period, changes (either decrease or increase) directly attributable to the toxic effects of carbendazim were not found either in body mass or in feed consumption. Active ingredient levels exceeding the limit of detection were found in the liver (average: 0.0262 mg/kg) and pectoral muscle (average: 0.0236 mg/kg) of the birds and also in the egg (0.0338 mg/kg) samples. From the results it can be concluded that through the consumption of cereal seeds dressed with carbendazim, this active ingredient can be incorporated into the tissues of animals. Via the food chain, carbendazim can also enter the human organism, where it may cause various pathological changes in interaction with other chemicals.
Clinicopathological changes and effect of imidocarb therapy in dogs experimentally infected with Babesia canis
Authors: Máthé Á. , Vörös K. , Németh T. , Biksi I. , Hetyey Cs. , Manczur F. , Tekes L.
Published: January 2006

In this study one spleen-intact dog (A) and two splenectomised dogs (BSE, CSE) were infected with Babesia canis. All animals developed an acute disease characterised by fever, haemoglobinuria and anaemia, the latter being more severe in the splenectomised dogs. Fever and parasitised red blood cells were detected for three days after imidocarb treatment in the splenectomised animals. Haematological abnormalities included regenerative anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia (due to neutropenia and lymphopenia) in the acute phase, soon followed by leukocytosis, neutrophilia and left shift a few days later. Acute hepatopathy was detected in all dogs with elevated ALT activity, which was more seriously altered in the splenectomised dogs. Diffuse changes in liver structure and hepatomegaly were seen by ultrasonography. Liver biopsy and histology revealed acute, non-purulent hepatitis in the splenectomised dogs. Both splenectomised dogs were successfully cured after collection of 400 ml highly parasitised blood, proving that large-amount antigen production is possible with rescuing the experimental animals. Whole blood transfusion, imidocarb and supportive care with infusions, antipyretics, glucocorticoids and diuretics were applied. The spleen-intact dog clinically recovered after receiving supportive treatment, with no imidocarb therapy. Microbial infections developed in both splenectomised animals (BSE: haemobartonellosis, CSE: osteomyelitis caused by Escherichia coli), probably as a consequence of immunosuppression after splenectomy and glucocorticoid therapy.
The role of copepods (Cyclopsspp.) in eliminating the actinospore stages of fish-parasitic myxozoans
Authors: Rácz Orsolya , Székely Cs. , Molnár K.
Published: January 2006

The actinospore consumption of copepods (Cyclopsspp.)was demonstrated by laboratory observations. It was observed that in experimental dishes the number of actinospores floating in the water decreased, or such actinospores were completely eliminated, in the presence of copepods. The ingestion of actinospores by copepods and their further fate were monitored by fluorescent staining and by conventional histological techniques. The actinospores were observed to have got caught on the filters of Cyclopsspp. Two and a half hours after the copepods had been placed into water containing actinospores, their digestive tract was found to contain spores that had extruded their filaments from the polar capsules. After copepods having ingested the actinospores of the species Myxobolus pseudodisparhad been fed to roaches, no muscle infection developed in the fish host. It is likely that Cyclopsspp. can filter out actinospores floating in the water also from natural waters, thus decreasing the chance of development of myxosporean infections.
Inhibitory Effects of Mizolastine on Ultraviolet B‐Induced Leukotriene B4 Production and 5‐Lipoxygenase Expression in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: Yan Yan , Wang Baoxi , Zuo Ya‐gang , Qu Tao
Published: January 2006

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation exerts hazardous effects such as acute photodamage, skin cancer and photoaging. In this study we evaluated the protective effects of a nonsedative histamine H1‐receptor antagonist, mizolastine, on UVB‐exposed skin dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, primary human skin fibroblasts were incubated with mizolastine or dexamethasone after 100 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in fibroblast supernatants was detected with enzyme immunoassays, expression of 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) messenger RNA (mRNA) in skin fibroblasts was examined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and expression of 5‐LOX protein was measured by immune blotting and immunofluorescent staining with rabbit anti‐human 5‐LOX antibody. It was found that 0.01 mM mizolastine inhibited UVB‐induced LTB4 production from skin fibroblasts at 12, 24 and 36 h. Meanwhile, mizolastine down‐regulated 5‐LOX mRNA expression and inhibited 5‐LOX translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm in fibroblasts. On the basis of these findings, we propose that mizolastine might play a protective role in the pathogenesis of UV radiation‐induced acute photodamage of the skin.
Polycarbonates
Authors: Brunelle Daniel J.
Published: January 2006

Polycarbonates are an unusual and extremely useful class of high heat polymers known for their toughness and clarity. The vast majority of polycarbonates are based on bisphenol A (BPA), and sold under the trade names Lexan (GE), Makrolon (Bayer), Caliber (Dow), Panlite (Teijin), and Iupilon (Mitsubishi). BPA polycarbonates have glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the range of 140–155°C, and are widely regarded for their optical clarity and exceptional impact resistance and ductility at or below room temperature. Other properties such as modulus, dielectric strength, and tensile strength are comparable to other amorphous thermoplastics at similar temperatures below their respectiveTgs. However, whereas most amorphous polymers are stiff and brittle below theirTgs, polycarbonates retain their ductility. Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two completely different processes: Schotten–Baumann reaction of phosgene and an aromatic diol in an amine‐catalyzed interfacial condensation reaction, or via base‐catalyzed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate such as diphenyl carbonate. Each process has its own inherent advantages and disadvantages. Many important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame‐retardant compositions, foams, and other materials. Polycarbonates are produced with global manufacture currently just over 2 million tons annually. Polycarbonates are also the object of both industrial and academic research, due to its widespread utility and unusual properties. Research on polycarbonates has steadily increased over the past two decades, with over 5000 publications on the topic since 1995, and nearly 20,000 patents having appeared globally, more than 8000 since 1995. Polycarbonates have been the subject of three monographs, once of them published in 2000. This paper gives a brief overview of polycarbonates.
Superabsorbent Polymers
Authors: Buchholz Fredric L.
Published: January 2006

Superabsorbent polymers are very high molecular mass, cross‐linked polyelectrolytes that can absorb more than 10 times their mass of water or aqueous solutions. The commercially available superabsorbent polymers are alkali metal salts of poly(acrylic acid) cross‐linked with multifunctional monomers. The polymers are usually made by means of free‐radical‐initiated polymerization of an aqueous solution of the monomers, followed by drying the resulting hydrogel, and grinding the dry polymers to a granular powder. The principal use of superabsorbent polymers is as a liquid absorbent in baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, and adult incontinence products. Smaller volumes are used in food packaging and in water‐blocking tapes for electrical and telecommunication cables.
On the design of crystallization‐based separation processes: Review and extension
Authors: Cisternas Luis A. , Vásquez Cristian M. , Swaney Ross E.
Published: January 2006

An analysis is given of various aspects of the design of crystallization‐based separation processes. A literature review is included for each of the different themes treated in the study. Special emphasis is placed on the usefulness of the relative composition diagram as a tool for identification of possible flow sheets for separations based on fractional crystallization. A series of rules are derived that may be of practical value in the use of the relative composition diagram. Illustrative examples are included that present the advantages and limitations of this methodology. Results are compared with those obtained from the literature where available. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Treatment from birth of nonketotic hyperglycinemia due to a novel GLDC mutation
Authors: Korman Stanley H. , Wexler Isaiah D. , Gutman Alisa , Rolland Marie‐Odile , Kanno Junko , Kure Shigeo
Published: January 2006

Objective

To determine whether the devastating outcome of neonatal‐onset glycine encephalopathy (NKH) could be improved by instituting treatment immediately at birth rather than after symptoms are already well established.

Methods

A newborn with NKH diagnosed prenatally following the neonatal death of a previous affected sibling was treated from birth with oral sodium benzoate (250mg/kg/day) and the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine (15mg/kg/day) immediately after sampling cord blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for glycine determination. Glycine cleavage system (CGS) activity was determined in placental tissue. Mutation analysis was performed by sequencing all GLDC, GCSH and AMT exons.

Results

CSF glycine (99 μmol/L, reference 3.8–8.0) was already markedly elevated at birth. GCS activity in placental tissue was severely reduced (2.6% of controls). A novel homozygous GLDC c.482A→G(Y161C) missense mutation was identified. Neonatal hypotonia and apnea did not occur but the long‐term outcome was poor, with intractable seizures and severe psychomotor retardation. This contrasts with the favorable outcome with early treatment in variant NKH with mild GCS deficiency (Ann Neuol 2004;56:139–143).

Interpretation

Prospective treatment with this regimen can favorably modify the early neonatal course of severe NKH but does not prevent the poor long‐term outcome, suggesting glycine‐induced prenatal injury and/or ongoing postnatal damage. Ann Neurol 2006
Serine Octamers: Cluster Formation, Reactions, and Implications for Biomolecule Homochirality
Authors: Nanita Sergio C. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: January 2006

The emergence of homochirality continues to be one of the most challenging topics associated with the origin of life. One possible scenario is that aggregates of amino acids might have been involved in a sequence of chemical events that led to chiral biomolecules in self‐replicating systems, that is, to homochirogenesis. Serine is the amino acid of principal interest, since it forms “magic‐number” ionic clusters composed of eight amino acid units, and the clusters have a remarkable preference for homochirality. These serine octamer clusters (Ser8) can be generated under simulated prebiotic conditions and react selectively with other biomolecules. These observations led to the hypothesis that serine reactions were responsible for the first chiral selection in nature which was then passed through chemical reactions to other amino acids, saccharides, and peptides. This Review evaluates the chemistry of Ser8 clusters and the experimental evidence that supports their possible role in homochirogenesis.
Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product
Authors: Daniel Peter T. , Koert Ulrich , Schuppan Julia
Published: January 2006

Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
Study of the flexural modulus of natural fiber/polypropylene composites by injection molding
Authors: Shibata Shinichi , Cao Yong , Fukumoto Isao
Published: January 2006

Effect of fiber compression on flexural modulus of the natural fiber composites was examined. The kenaf, bagasse, and polypropylene were mixed into pellets, and composites were fabricated by injection molding. To predict flexural modulus of the composites, the Young's modulus of kenaf and bagasse fiber were measured. Using the obtained Young's modulus, the flexural modulus of the composites was predicted by Cox's model that incorporates the effect of fiber compression. It was found that those fibers with high Young's modulus were more compressed than that with low Young's modulus. Moreover, the distribution of fiber length and orientation in the composites were also investigated. To calculate the orientation factor for the prediction model, the distribution function of fiber orientation was determined to a triangular function. The flexural modulus of the composites increased with increase of volume fraction. The predicted values were in good agreement with the experimental values. Furthermore, it was revealed by SEM that the porous structure of the natural fibers was compressed. The fiber compression ratio (3.6) in bagasse was higher than that in kenaf (1.4) due to the difference in porous structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 911–917, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of suspension terpolymer of N‐cyclohexylmaleimide, methyl methacrylate, and styrene
Authors: Yang Liting , Sun Donghai
Published: January 2006

N‐cyclohexylmaleimide (ChMI) and styrene (St) were polymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) at different St feed content by suspension polymerization method. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the terpolymers were detected by torsional braid analysis (TBA). Two transition peaks in TBA curves of the terpolymers with a high St content illustrated that these terpolymers have a heterogeneous chain structure and the phase separation occurred. The lower transition temperature, Tg1, was assigned to the random St‐MMA components, and the higher transition temperature, Tg2, was assigned to the St‐ChMI units‐rich segments. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) revealed that all the terpolymers showed a two‐step degradation process. The tensile strength of the terpolymers decrease with increasing St content while the impact strength tended to increase slightly. The rheological behavior of the terpolymers was also detected. The result illustrated that the terpolymers showed rheological behavior similar to that of pseudoplastic liquid. The apparent shear viscosity decreased with the increasing of St content. All terpolymers have a higher value of flow n than the poly(MMA‐co‐ChMI). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 918–922, 2006
Attaining a controlled graded distribution of particles in polymerizing fluid for functionally graded materials
Authors: Hashmi S. A. R.
Published: January 2006

The precise control on concentration profile of dispersion in functionally graded material (FGM) is essential for obtaining a desired material. A suitable simulation of parameters and an appropriate model that describes the motion of particles in the fluid can predict various aspects those are needed to produce FGM, by gravity sedimentation or centrifugation technique. Simulation was conducted to observe the changes in concentration profile, while using the following equations applicable to polymerizing fluid, and to determine the terminal velocities (Vm) of particles; Vm = {D2(ρs − ρl)g*(1 − ϕs)4.65}/(18μ0e) for gravity sedimentation and Vm = {D2(ρs − ρl)rω2(1 − ϕs)4.65}/(18μ0 e) for centrifugation, where D is the diameter of the spherical particle, ρs the density of solid particles, ρl the density of fluid, μ the viscosity of fluid, g* the acceleration due to gravity, ϕs is the volume fraction of particles, and tc is the elapsed time of curing of thermosetting resin. b is a constant, r is the radius, and ω is the angular velocity. This simulation demonstrates that the time of centrifugation/sedimentation, particle size, distribution of particle size, and centrifugal/gravitational forces can be effectively utilized to attain a desired concentration profile in graded materials. Simulation also revealed that there exist the possibility of two graded profiles, namely low concentration profile and high concentration profile, in one sample of graded material, made either by centrifugation or sedimentation. Low concentration profile is more sensitive to particle size distribution as compared to high concentration profile. The present simulation method is also sensitive to concentration‐measuring methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Surface properties of block and graft polystyrene–polydimethylsiloxane copolymers
Authors: Wu Ningjing , Huang Likan , Zheng Anna , Xiao Huining
Published: January 2006

The surface compositions of a series of polystyrene‐b‐polydimethylsiloxane (PS‐b‐PDMS) and polystyrene‐g‐polydimethylsiloxane (PS‐g‐PDMS) copolymers were investigated using ATR‐FTIR and XPS technique. The results showed that enrichment of PDMS soft segments occurred on the surface of the block copolymers as well as on that of graft copolymers. And the magnitude order of the enrichment was as follows: PS‐b‐PDMS > PS‐g‐PDMS, which was attributed to the facilitating of the movement of the PDMS segments in PS‐b‐PDMS copolymer. Meanwhile, the solvent type and the contact medium had influence on the accumulation of PDMS on the surfaces. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Preparation of organic–inorganic nanocomposites with core‐shell structure by inorganic powders
Authors: Naderi Nader , Sharifi‐Sanjani Naser , Khayyat‐Naderi Baharak , Faridi‐Majidi Reza
Published: January 2006

Organic–inorganic nanocomposites with core‐shell structure were prepared in two steps. In the first step, the latex particles in the semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA), in the presence of methacrylic acid (MAA), were prepared. Small amounts of acrylic acid incorporated into the latex to have better interaction between the surface of particles and inorganic phase. MAA also increased the latex stability and decreased the amount of coagulum. In the second step, the core‐shell structures were prepared by coating the latex particles with three types of inorganic powders. Pectin coated precipitated calcium carbonate, alumina, and silica. The examinations show that pectin‐coated calcium carbonate has the best response than other types of calcium carbonate. Alumina was the second type of inorganic powder that was used for coating the core particles. Silicagel and fumed silica (Aerosil) were used for coating by silica. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed the particle morphology and the core‐shell structure, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and properties of polyimide (containing naphthalene) nanocomposites with organo‐modified montmorillonites
Authors: Tsay Sun‐Yuan , Chen Bor‐Kuan , Chen C.‐P.
Published: January 2006

2,7‐Bis(4‐aminophenoxy) naphthalene (BAPN), a naphthalene‐containing diamine, was synthesized and polymerized with a 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) to obtain a polyimide (PI) via thermal imidization. To enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer, PI–Montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were prepared from a DMAc solution of poly(amic acid) and a DMAc dispersion of MMT, which were organo‐modified with various amounts of n‐dodecylamine (DOA) or cetylpyridium chloride (CPC). FTIR, XRD, and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) were used to verify the incorporation of the modifying agents into the clay structure and the intercalation of the organoclay into the PI matrix. Results demonstrated that the introduction of a small amount of MMT (up to 5%) led to the improvement in thermal stability and mechanical properties of PI. The decomposition temperature of 5% weight loss (Td,5%) in N2 was increased by 46 and 36°C in comparison with pristine PI for the organoclay content of 5% with DOA and CPC, respectively. The nanocomposites were simultaneously strengthened and toughened. The dielectric constant, CTE, and water absorption were decreased. However, at higher organoclay contents (5–10%), these properties were reduced because the organoclay was poorly dispersed and resulted in aggregate formation. The effects of different organo‐modifiers on the properties of PI–MMT nanocomposite were also studied; the results showed that DOA was comparable with CPC. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Mechanical properties and thermal stability of rice husk ash filled epoxy foams
Authors: Stefani P. M. , Cyras V. , Tejeira Barchi A. , Vazquez A.
Published: January 2006

Mechanical properties and thermal stability of epoxy foams filled with white and black rice husk ash were studied. Epoxy foams were prepared from a commercial system and filled with different amounts of both the ashes (0, 6.8, 12.8, 18.0, and 22.7 wt %). The incorporation of both the ashes modified the final morphology of the foam, decreasing the average cell size and increasing the number of cells per volume unit. For all filler percentages used, the specific modulus and strength results showed that the white ash is more effective as reinforcing agent than the black ash. The initial degradation temperature was not affected by the content and type of ash used as the filler. The integral procedure decomposition temperature, weight loss, and char residue results were related to the ash type and atmosphere used in the thermogravimetric analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Poly(methacrylic acid)‐bound dihydroxybenzene units: Redox polymers
Authors: Moulay Saād , Mehdaoui Razika
Published: January 2006

Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) was functionalized with a hydroquinone/catechol under the reaction conditions of Minisci. Optimum conditions for maximum functionalization (52%) were found to be as follows: [benzoquinone]/[PMAA] ratio, 0.75; reaction time, 3 h; temperature, 75°C; and a nitrogen atmosphere. Redox properties of hydroquinone/catechol‐modified PMAA (PMAA‐HQ) were evaluated by their midpotentials potentiometrically estimated to be 898 mV at 20°C. At 35°C, a two‐stage oxidation was observed with a midpotential of 1000 mV. These midpotentials were found to be higher than those of hydroquinone, catechol, and a 1 : 1 hydroquinone‐catechol mixture, under the same conditions of potentiometric titration. Under the modification reaction conditions, the modified PMAA underwent severe degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 954–961, 2006
Submicron copper‐low‐density polyethylene conducting composites: Structural, electrical, and percolation threshold
Authors: Alvarez M. P. , Poblete V. H. , Pilleux M. E. , Fuenzalida V. M.
Published: January 2006

Copper‐embedded low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composites were fabricated using different copper concentrations in the polymer matrix. The copper particles were spherical with a mean particle size between 200 and 300 nm. All the samples were compacted under pressure and melted. The LDPE matrix was analyzed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and it did not evidence degradation of the LDPE matrix. The microstructure of the composites was examined with scanning electron microscopy. The electrical conductivity was measured as a function of the copper content, and the composite fabricated with a 10 vol % copper presented a conductivity 15 orders of magnitude higher than that of pure LDPE. The enhancement in conductivity can be explained by means of segregated percolation path theory and the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical law. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of new blue‐photoluminescent copolymer derived from bisphenol A
Authors: Jaballah N. , Trad H. , Majdoub M. , Jouini M. , Roussel J. , Fave J. L.
Published: January 2006

A new copolymer with short alternating conjugated and nonconjugated blocks, derived from bisphenol A (BPAEt2‐PPV) containing separated phenylenevinylene (PV) units has been synthesized by Wittig condensation. The copolymer is fully soluble in common organic solvents and has a number‐average molecular weight of 3200 with a polydispersity index of 1.53. The structure of the polymer was confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopic analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry indicate that BPAEt2‐PPV is stable up to 400°C in air and displays a glass transition temperature of 107°C. The fluorescence spectrum of the polymer film shows an emission in the blue region (428, 456, and 488 nm). The band‐gap energy, estimated from the edge absorption of the film, is about 2.9 eV. A single‐layer diode device of the configuration ITO/BPAEt2‐PPV/Al has been fabricated and has a relatively low turn‐on voltage of 3.7 V. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Influence of the process on phase separation induced by radical copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in the presence of reactive polyurethane network precursors
Authors: Chenal Jean‐Marc , Colombini Didier , Widmaier Jean‐Michel
Published: January 2006

Interpenetrating polymer systems based on crosslinked polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS) were prepared at room temperature by a one‐shot (in situ) method, starting from an initial homogeneous mixture of reagents via noninterfering mechanisms. Both polymerizations were performed either simultaneously or one after the other. True simultaneity at every stages of the process is not possible. Despite the difference in refractive index of the components, hazy or optically clear films were obtained, thus indicating various levels of phase separation, also confirmed by glass transition temperature (Tg) measurements. The results suggest that controlling the chemistry and process (crosslink density, composition, and time sequence of events) of in situ interpenetrating network formation will give various morphologies, and hence properties, ranging from microphase separated materials to larger macrophase separated materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
NMR imaging and differential scanning calorimetry study on drying of pine, birch, and reed pulps and their mixtures
Authors: Heikkinen Sari , Alvila Leila , Pakkanen Tuula T. , Saari Terhi , Pakarinen Pekka
Published: January 2006

Drying, water fractions, and water distribution were investigated for pine, birch, and reed pulps and pine–birch, pine–reed, and pine–birch–reed pulp mixtures. Gravimetrically determined drying times showed that the drying rates of the pulps decreased at two to four inflection points. Characterizations of the dried pulps by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a faster removal of free water than freezing and nonfreezing bound waters; all decreased simultaneously, however. DSC also revealed the critical water contents at which the free water and freezing bound water disappeared. The gravimetrically determined inflection points of the drying curves corresponded with the critical points determined by DSC. NMR line widths and images produced by1H‐NMR imaging revealed the nature and regions of the pulp drying. The constant growth rate of the NMR line widths with decreasing water content appeared to change at two inflection points, which fell approximately in the same water content regions as the inflection points of the drying curves. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 937–945, 2006
Chemical synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanofiber doped with gadolinium chloride
Authors: Zhang Shuling , Kan Suqing , Kan Jinqing
Published: January 2006

Gadolinium Chloride (GdCl3) has been employed as dopant to synthesize conductive polyaniline (PANI) using chemical method. The resulting products were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis spectra, scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analyzer, and X‐ray diffraction. It was found that Gd3+ can interact with PANI chains and induce changes on the properties of PANI. The addition of GdCl3 could greatly increase electrical conductivity and crystalline degree of PANI. Changes in UV–vis and FTIR spectra show that there exists interaction between gadolinium ions and PANI chain. The effect of different proportions of ammonium persulfate on the properties of PANI was also discussed. When the molar ratios of GdCl3 to aniline is 2 : 1 and ammonium persulfate to aniline is 1 : 1, the more uniform and regular PANI nanofiber can be prepared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 946–953, 2006
A modified vacation model M[x]/G/1 system
Authors: Ke Jau‐Chuan , Chu Yunn‐Kuang
Published: January 2006

This paper studies the operating characteristics of an M[x]/G/1 queueing system under a modified vacation policy, where the server leaves for a vacation as soon as the system is empty. The server takes at most J vacations repeatedly until at least one customer is found waiting in the queue when the server returns from a vacation. We derive the system size distribution at different points in time, as well as the waiting time distribution in the queue. Further, we derive some important characteristics including the expected length of the busy period and idle period. This shows that the results generalize those of the multiple vacation policy and the single vacation policy M[x]/G/1 queueing system. Finally, a cost model is developed to determine the optimum of J at a minimum cost. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of circadian variation on outcomes in emergency acute anterior myocardial infarction percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Assali Abid R. , Brosh David , Vaknin‐Assa Hana , Fuchs Shmuel , Teplitsky Igal , Sela Ofer , Kornowski Ran
Published: January 2006

Objectives: We investigated the impact of primary coronary angioplasty performed during night and compared to the impact of that performed during day‐time on outcomes of patients with acute ST elevation anterior wall myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: We prospectively followed 273 consecutive patients of whom 160 (58.6%) were treated during day time (8:00 a.m. to 6 p.m.) and 113 (41.4%) were treated “off hours”/at night (6 p.m. to 8 a.m.). Baseline demographics, angiographic factors, and clinical outcomes (death, recurrent AMI, and need for repeat revascularization) were compared between the groups. Results: Baseline clinical characteristics were similar between the two groups. Unadjusted mortality at one‐month was significantly higher among patients who were treated during night compared with those treated at day‐time (9.7% vs. 3.1% P = 0.03), as was adverse cardiac event rate (15.9% vs. 6.9%; P = 0.02). Multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for the CADILLAC risk score demonstrated that this score, which includes baseline LVEF, renal failure, Killip class, final TIMI flow, age>65 years, anemia, and the number of coronary vessel diseases, is a significant predictor of one‐month mortality, while the effect of time of treatment was borderline (night vs. day; odds ratio 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–9.4; P = 0.095). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that patients with anterior myocardial infarction treated during night time have worse unadjusted short‐term clinical outcomes despite no delay from onset of symptoms to actual treatment. Larger studies are needed in order to identify potential contributors to this phenomenon. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Tl8]6‐ in Cs8Tl8O: A Naked Eight‐Vertex closo‐Deltaeder as a Cluster Anion.
Authors: Karpov Andrey , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2006

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Structural Studies on Na6Si8O19 — A Monophyllosilicate with a New Type of Layered Silicate Anion.
Authors: Krueger H. , Kahlenberg V. , Kaindl R.
Published: January 2006

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Negative Thermal Expansion in Y2Mo3O12.
Authors: Marinkovic B. A. , Jardim P. M. , de Avillez R. R. , Rizzo F.
Published: January 2006

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UV, Violet and Blue‐Green Luminescence from RF Sputter Deposited ZnO:Al Thin Films.
Authors: Prabakar K. , Kim Choongmo , Lee Chongmu
Published: January 2006

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(Pr4N)4 [Ag3Fe2(ECN)12] — Anionic Network Structures with Mutual Interpenetration.
Authors: Gerber Stefan , Groeger Henriette , Ensling Juergen , Guetlich Philipp , Krautscheid Harald
Published: January 2006

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Readily Tunable and Bifunctional L‐Prolinamide Derivatives: Design and Application in the Direct Enantioselective Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Chen Jia‐Rong , Lu Hai‐Hua , Li Xin‐Yong , Cheng Lin , Wan Jian , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: January 2006

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Highly Enantioselective Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations of Acyclic Ketones.
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Xia , Liang Chun‐Gen , Zhang Yan , Hong Wei , Cao Bo‐Xun , Dai Li‐Xin , Hou Xue‐Long
Published: January 2006

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Diastereoselective Zinco‐Cyclopropanation of Chiral Allylic Alcohols with gem‐Dizinc Carbenoids.
Authors: Fournier Jean‐Francois , Mathieu Simon , Charette Andre B.
Published: January 2006

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Optimization or Breakthrough? The First Highly cis‐ and Enantioselective Asymmetric Cyclopropanation of 1‐Octene by “Electronic and Counterion” Tuning of [RuCl(PNNP)]+ Catalysts.
Authors: Bonaccorsi Cristina , Mezzetti Antonio
Published: January 2006

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Fluorochromate‐Catalyzed Periodic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes.
Authors: Hunsen Mo
Published: January 2006

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Heterogeneous Cu‐Catalysts for the Reductive Deoxygenation of Aromatic Ketones Without Additives.
Authors: Zaccheria Federica , Ravasio Nicoletta , Ercoli Mauro , Allegrini Pietro
Published: January 2006

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Anodic Cyanation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Okimoto Mitsuhiro , Numata Kaori , Takahashi Yukio , Hoshi Masayuki , Tomozawa Kenta , Shigemoto Takamasa
Published: January 2006

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Highly Regioselective Arylation of sp3 C—H Bonds Catalyzed by Palladium Acetate.
Authors: Zaitsev Vladimir G. , Shabashov Dmitry , Daugulis Olafs
Published: January 2006

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Catalytic Ketone Olefination with Methyltrioxorhenium.
Authors: Pedro Filipe M. , Hirner Sebastian , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: January 2006

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Solvent‐Free Rapid Deprotection of Ketone and Aldehyde Oximes Using Periodic Acid.
Authors: Li Zheng , Ding Run‐Bo , Xing Yu‐Lin , Shi Sheng‐Yi
Published: January 2006

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Fluorinated Carbanions. Part 6. Preparation of Fluorohalomethylmagnesium Halides Using Highly Active Magnesium Metal and Their Reactions.
Authors: Kvicala Jaroslav , Stambasky Jan , Skalicky Martin , Paleta Oldrich
Published: January 2006

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A New Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Cyclopenten‐1‐one‐5‐carboxylic Ester Derivatives via Rh2(OAc)4‐Mediated Intramolecular C—H Insertion Reaction of (4Z)‐β‐Vinyl‐α‐diazo β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Deng Guisheng , Xu Baihua , Wang Jianbo
Published: January 2006

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Photochemical Desulfonylation of N‐Tosyl Amides by 2‐Phenyl‐N,N′‐dimethylbenzimidazoline (PDMBI).
Authors: Liu Qiang , Liu Zhengang , Zhou Yu‐Lu , Zhang Wei , Yang Li , Liu Zhong‐Li , Yu Wei
Published: January 2006

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Free‐Radical‐5‐exo‐Trig Cyclization of Chiral 3‐Silylhepta‐1,6‐dienes: Concise Approach to the A—B—C Ring Core of Hexacyclinic Acid.
Authors: James Philippe , Felpin Francois‐Xavier , Landais Yannick , Schenk Kurt
Published: January 2006

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O‐ and N‐Alkylation of N‐Halosuccinimides in Ionic Reactions with 1‐Phenyltricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptane.
Authors: Vasin V. A. , Semenov A. V. , Razin V. V.
Published: January 2006

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Nitration of Phenolic Compounds by Metal‐Modified Montmorillonite KSF.
Authors: Yin Wan‐Po , Shi Min
Published: January 2006

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A Highly Effective Catalyst System for the Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of Vinyl Bromides and Chlorides.
Authors: Reddy Chinta Reddy Venkat , Urgaonkar Sameer , Verkade John G.
Published: January 2006

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Wacker Oxidation of Terminal Olefins in a Mixture of [bmim][BF4] and Water.
Authors: Ansari I. A. , Joyasawal Sipak , Gupta Manoj K. , Yadav J. S. , Gree R.
Published: January 2006

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One‐Pot Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated 4‐Cyanoalka‐1,4‐dienes with Predominant Z‐Selectivity
Authors: Shen Yanchang , Wang Guoping
Published: January 2006

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Catalytically Active Palladium Pyridylidene Complexes: Pyridinium Ionic Liquids as N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors.
Authors: Albrecht Martin , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen
Published: January 2006

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Carbinol Derivatives via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Potassium Trifluoro(organo)borates to Aldehydes.
Authors: Pucheault Mathieu , Darses Sylvain , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2006

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Enantioselective Direct Aldol‐Tishchenko Reaction: Access to Chiral Stereopentads.
Authors: Rohr Kerstin , Herre Robert , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: January 2006

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Aqueous Wittig Reactions of Aldehydes with in situ Formed Semistabilized Phosphorus Ylides.
Authors: Wu Jinlong , Li Dan , Zhang Da
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic γ‐Lactones Mediated by Manganese(III) Acetate.
Authors: Hulcoop David G. , Burton Jonathan W.
Published: January 2006

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Acid‐Catalyzed Condensation of 2‐Hydroxy‐2,2′‐biindan‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetrone with Enols.
Authors: Das Suven , Froehlich Roland , Pramanik Animesh
Published: January 2006

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Thiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxylic Acid Bis‐aryl(alkyl) Amides.
Authors: Koparir Metin , Cansiz Ahmet , Cetin Ahmet
Published: January 2006

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Heck‐Type 5‐endo‐trig Cyclization Promoted by Vinylic Fluorines: Synthesis of 5‐Fluoro‐3H‐pyrroles.
Authors: Sakoda Kotaro , Mihara Jun , Ichikawa Junji
Published: January 2006

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Manganese(III) Acetate Mediated Oxidative Free Radical Reactions Between Indole Derivatives and 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Tsai An‐I , Lin Chia‐Hui , Chuang Che‐Ping
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of and Pharmacological Studies on the Antidepressant and Anticonvulsant Activities of Some 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrazolines.
Authors: Ruhoglu Ozan , Oezdemir Zuhal , Calis Uensal , Guemuesel Buelent , Bilgin Abdullah Altan
Published: January 2006

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One‐Pot Construction of Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles with Palladium‐Catalyzed Four‐Component Coupling.
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed S. Mohamed , Kobayashi Kei , Mori Atsunori
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of New Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted 11H‐Isoindolo[2,1‐a]benzimidazol‐11‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Lingaiah Boddupally P. V. , Yakaiah Tallapally , Rao Pamulaparthy S. , Narsaiah Banda
Published: January 2006

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Isoxazoline Derivatives from Activated Primary Nitro Compounds and Tertiary Diamines.
Authors: Cecchi Luca , De Sarlo Farncesco , Machetti Fabrizio
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2,4‐Thiazolidinediones from Oxazolidinethiones.
Authors: Mendoza Guadalupe , Hernandez Hector , Quintero Leticia , Sosa‐Rivadeneyra Martha , Bernes Sylvain , Sansinenea Estibaliz , Ortiz Aurelio
Published: January 2006

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Prins Cyclizations in Silyl Additives with Suppression of Epimerization: Versatile Tool in the Synthesis of the Tetrahydropyran Backbone of Natural Products.
Authors: Chan Kok‐Ping , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: January 2006

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An Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Flavones from 1,3‐Diketones Using Silica Gel Supported NaHSO4 Catalyst.
Authors: Kucukislamoglu Mustafa , Nebioglu Mehmet , Zengin Mustafa , Arslan Mustafa , Yayli Nurettin
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of Functionalized Indoline Spiropyrans by Condensation of Indolo[2,1‐b][1,3]benzoxazines with ortho‐Hydroxy‐Substituted Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Amankaviciene Virgine , Asadauskas Svajus J. , Girniene Jolanta , Sackus Algirdas
Published: January 2006

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Efficient and General Method for the Synthesis of Benzopyrans by Ethylenediamine Diacetate‐Catalyzed Reactions of Resorcinols with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes. One Step Synthesis of Biologically Active (.+‐.)‐Confluentin and (.+‐.)‐Daurichromenic Acid.
Authors: Lee Yong Rok , Choi Jung Hyun , Yoon Sang Heum
Published: January 2006

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Insecticidal Anthranilic Diamides: A New Class of Potent Ryanodine Receptor Activators.
Authors: Lahm George P. , Selby Thomas P. , Freudenberger John H. , Stevenson Thomas M. , Myers Brian J. , Seburyamo Gilles , Smith Ben K. , Flexner Lindsey , Clark Christopher E. , Cordova Daniel
Published: January 2006

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3D‐QSAR, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Activity of 1‐Alkylpyridinium Compounds as Potential Agents to Improve Food Safety.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Morales Sergio , Compadre R. Lilia , Castillo Rafael , Breen Philip J. , Compadre Cesar M.
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of Quinolyl‐ and Isoquinolyl Heteroarylamines Using Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Lee Ihl Young Choi , Jung Myung Hee , Lim Hee‐Jeong , Lee Hyo Won
Published: January 2006

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One‐Pot Formation of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocyclic Ring Systems Using a Deprotection—Cyclization—Asymmetric Reduction Sequence.
Authors: Williams Glynn D. , Wade Charles E. , Wills Martin
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of Dipyrazolopyridines.
Authors: Bahekar Sushilkumar S. , Kuchekar Bhanudas S. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: January 2006

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Synthesis of 7,8‐Benzo‐3‐hydroxy‐9‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]non‐3‐enes by Cyclocondensation of 1,3‐Bis‐Silyl Enol Ethers with Isoquinolines.
Authors: Schmidt Andreas , Guetlein Joerg‐Peter , Preuss Anja , Albrecht Uwe , Reinke Helmut , Langer Peter
Published: January 2006

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