bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apprenticeship as method: embodied learning in ethnographic practice
Authors: Downey Greg , Dalidowicz Monica , Mason Paul H
Published: July 2014

Apprenticeship, the process of developing from novice to proficiency under the guidance of a skilled expert, varies across cultures and among different skilled communities, but for many communities of practice, apprenticeship offers an ideal ethnographic point of entry. For certain kinds of anthropological fieldwork, such as studies of bodily arts, apprenticeship may offer an essential research method. In this article, three anthropologists discuss their experiences using apprenticeship in fieldwork and consider the practical and theoretical issues of apprenticeship as a site of ethnographic inquiry. As a channel for achieving social inclusion, apprenticeship offers anthropologists opportunities to navigate and chart interpersonal power, access to emic types of knowledge, first-hand experience of the pedagogical milieu, and avenues to acquire cultural proficiency. Because apprenticeship itself includes mechanisms to socialize emerging skill, such as disciplining the generation of variation that is inherent in each individual’s rediscovery or reinvention of skill, apprenticeship encourages our subjects to collaborate with us by allowing them to critique the ethnographer’s performance and provide feedback in familiar, locally-meaningful ways.
Value co-creation between the ‘inside’ and the ‘outside’ of a company
Authors: Gambetti Rossella C. , Graffigna Guendalina
Published: July 2014

Our study is focused on the case of a company-managed online brand community in the soda drink sector, which failed in facilitating value co-creation. The aim was to explore the meaning-making processes taking place inside the company, among brand decision-makers, to highlight the factors hindering value co-creation between company and consumers in the brand community context. The study followed a qualitative multi-method design based on three interlaced motivational, semiotic and narrative research phases. The results reveal how some key misalignments rooted in inner tensions in the meaning-making processes among brand decision-makers resonate in an ambiguous community identity, which is then reflected into a detached and opportunistic consumer experience of the community, to the detriment of its value co-creation potential. The study points at the theoretical relevance of analysing the meaning-making processes occurring among brand decision-makers, since their internal fine-tuning represents a precondition for value co-creation processes with consumers in the community context.
Personal Goals of Adolescents in a Youth Offending Service in the United Kingdom
Authors: Fitzpatrick Edel , McGuire James , Dickson Joanne M.
Published: July 2014

Goal pursuit is central to the developmental stage of adolescence. Here, we aimed to study how 14 adolescents in a Youth Offending Service in the United Kingdom think about their personal goal aspirations and future, using semi-structured interviews. Based on a grounded theory approach, an explanatory theoretical framework was developed. Analysis revealed that young people’s perceived personal future and goal aspirations are influenced by their appraisal of past and present life events. Participants also used a range of self-protecting strategies to avoid uncertainty and to reduce the threat of future disappointment. The findings have potentially important clinical and policy implications.
Preparation technique and antibacterial evaluation of high-absorbent composite fabrics
Authors: Lin Jia-Horng , Chen An-Pang , Li Ting-Ting , Ho Tsing-Fen , Lin Mei-Chen , Lou Ching Wen
Published: July 2014

Better-performance wound dressing has substitute for traditional wound healing materials in medical field. This study purposes to prepare high-absorbent composite fabric by compounding Tencel®/high-absorbent nonwoven fabrics and silver nanoparticles antibacterial agent. Nonwoven fabrics with different contents of high-absorbent fibers are discussed in terms of burst property and water absorption. Antibacterial agent is formed using 10 wt% chitosan and 100 mM silver nitrate solution after reaction for 6 h. Result showed that, 30 wt% high-absorbent fibers in nonwoven fabrics had 184 N burst strength and 38 times water absorption. Swelling dynamic result displayed that nonwoven fabric absorbed water within 5 min and water absorption presented saturation condition after 10 min. SEM observations showed that blood cells were attached on the surface of fiber and fibrin was formed around the blood cell after blood absorption evaluation of high-absorbent nonwoven fabrics. Antibacterial evaluations of composite fabrics revealed obvious inhibition zone to E. coli after incorporation of 9.7 mg/mL antibacterial agent.
Videoscopic Basilic Vein Harvest for Creation of Transposed Brachiobasilic Arteriovenous Fistulae
Authors: Leone John P. , Glaser Alexander D. , Hufstetler Rick , Illig Karl A.
Published: July 2014

Introduction:

Due to the extensive dissection required during the standard transposed brachiobasilic arterial venous fistula (BB-AVF) procedure and the potential for postoperative complications, many surgeons are reluctant to construct BB-AVFs. Less invasive vein harvest has been performed for this procedure with good results, but this procedure remains rarely used.

Methods:

We began to perform videoscopic-assisted BB-AVF creation in selected patients at our institution in 2006. Vein harvesting from the antecubital fossa to the level of the axilla is performed by an experienced surgical technician under the guidance of the dialysis access surgeon. Perioperative data and postoperative outcomes were retrospectively reviewed with institutional review board approval.

Results:

From 2006 to 2010, we performed videoscopic-assisted BB-AVF in 21 patients. Median age was 59 years and median body mass index was 30; women comprised 52% of the cohort. Previous vascular access procedures had been performed on 81% of patients. Of the 21 attempts with the video-assisted approach, only 1 required conversion to a standard open procedure. Of the remaining cases, there were no significant intraoperative or postoperative surgical complications with a median operative time of 159 minutes and maximum length of stay of 1 night. Maturation of the fistula sufficient for cannulation and use occurred in 80% of patients, with the median time to first access in patients who matured being 60 days. At 3 years follow-up, 47% of fistulas that matured were still functional, with 33% lost to death or successful renal transplantation.

Conclusion:

Videoscopic-assisted transposition of the basilic vein is a reasonable option for BB-AVF placement. The procedure can be performed in an acceptable expeditious fashion with near elimination of infection, wound breakdown, lymph drainage, nerve injury, and satisfactory maturation (80%) and patency rates. Technicians experienced in lower extremity vein harvest can perform this procedure successfully under the supervision of an experienced access surgeon.
Experiencing the “Growing Edge”
Authors: Baily Supriya , Stribling Stacia M. , McGowan Chandra L.
Published: July 2014

This article explores how teachers’ perceptions of social justice issues are developed through experiential learning opportunities and maps their transformations in thinking onto the three levels of responsibility identified by Berger’s “growing edge.” The study looked at where teachers were on the growing edge and examples of how they navigated that edge. The findings showed teachers’ navigation as a cyclical process where they would return to the process of discovering and recognizing the edge once they felt they had build a firm ground and were on solid footing at their new edge.
Gender Norms and Family Planning Practices Among Men in Western Jamaica
Authors: Walcott Melonie M. , Ehiri John , Kempf Mirjam C. , Funkhouser Ellen , Bakhoya Marion , Aung Maung , Zhang Kui , Jolly Pauline E.
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to identify the association between gender norms and family planning practices among men in Western Jamaica. A cross-sectional survey of 549 men aged 19 to 54 years attending or visiting four government-operated hospitals was conducted in 2011. Logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with taking steps to prevent unwanted pregnancy, intention to have a large family size (three or more children), and fathering children with multiple women. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from the models. Reduced odds for taking steps to prevent unwanted pregnancy among men with moderate (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3-0.8) and high (AOR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1-0.6) support for inequitable gender norms was observed. Desiring large family size was associated with moderate (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.3-2.5) and high (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.5-4.3) support for macho scores. For men with two or more children (41%), there were increased odds of fathering children with multiple women among those who had moderate (AOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.0-4.4) and high (AOR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.1-5.6) support for masculinity norms. Support for inequitable gender norms was associated with reduced odds of taking steps to prevent unwanted pregnancy, while support for masculinity norms was associated with desiring a large family size and fathering children with multiple women. These findings highlight the importance of including men and gender norms in family planning programs in Jamaica.
Community pharmacist surveillance of hypertension in pregnancy
Authors: Tsao Nicole W. , Marra Carlo A. , Lynd Larry D. , Thomas Jamie M. , Ferreira Ema
Published: July 2014

Background:

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are associated with serious maternal and perinatal complications. For nonsevere hypertension, there is a lack of consensus regarding treatment during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Further, there is considerable variability in guidelines for antihypertensive drug choices. As part of a Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network (DSEN)–funded project, we piloted a novel surveillance strategy in which community pharmacists recruited pregnant and breastfeeding women to monitor their blood pressure and medication use and to provide education on HDP.

Methods:

Participating pharmacists were required to complete a certified training program, identify and recruit patients who were pregnant or breastfeeding, obtain informed consent, administer a patient questionnaire and complete an initial case report form for enrolled patients. Study outcomes included the feasibility of community pharmacists to enroll patients and carry out study-related documentation and follow-up. The criteria for success in this pilot study included the ability of pharmacists to recruit 10 participants per pharmacy.

Results:

178 community pharmacies across British Columbia agreed to participate in this feasibility study, of which 63 pharmacists completed the study training. Of these, only 21 pharmacists recruited at least 1 patient and 1 pharmacist met the success criteria. Overall, 51 patients were enrolled, 2 withdrew from the study and 7 patients were diagnosed with HDP. Antihypertensive medications used by patients included methyldopa and labetalol.

Conclusions:

While postmarketing surveillance is an important tool for the assessment of drug safety in the pregnant and breastfeeding patient population, the feasibility of community pharmacists taking on this role was not successfully demonstrated.
Can ultrasound help to manage patients with scrotal trauma?
Authors: Adlan T , Freeman SJ
Published: July 2014

Traumatic injuries to the scrotum are uncommon but, when they do occur, frequently lead to serious complications. Early complications include testicular infarction, necrosis and abscess formation; in the longer-term trauma may result in testicular atrophy and subfertility. Early surgical intervention in patients with testicular rupture can significantly improve the clinical outcome and reduce the need for delayed orchidectomy. However, clinical examination of the scrotum following trauma is difficult and frequently inaccurate; this may result in incorrect triage of patients for surgical exploration. Scrotal ultrasound can reliably assess scrotal injuries and diagnose testicular rupture with a high level of accuracy. Additionally, ultrasound can provide important information regarding testicular perfusion, which can further inform decisions on surgical management. This article reviews the sonographic findings that may be encountered in patients with scrotal trauma, with an emphasis on blunt trauma. It describes the pivotal role that ultrasound can play in the accurate triage of these patients to surgical or conservative management.
The Limits of the Debate
Authors: Figenschou Tine Ustad , Beyer Audun
Published: July 2014

How do disruptive events such as terrorism, disasters, and crises change public discourses? Do they alter journalistic distinctions between legitimate utterances and unacceptable viewpoints? This article provides answers to these questions through a unique data set concerning the coverage of immigration in Norway before and after the Oslo terror of 2011. The data serve as a natural experiment where we can analyze how immigration discourse was changed with regard to its magnitude, topical emphasis, and the sources interviewed. The analysis demonstrate that Hallin’s classic three-sphere model illuminates the dynamics of current meta-debates on polarized topics, where multiple online media continually criticize mainstream media and multiple voices question legitimate discourse. The main finding is that mainstream media definitions of appropriateness and deviance were challenged after the terror, as journalists adapted to a new political context. First, the issue of immigration was covered less in the months after the attacks. Second, the most vocal critics of the current immigration policies were put on the defensive, and debates with a critical potential were largely muted. At the same time, however, the attacks to some extent also opened mainstream media debate to online, deviant anti-Islamic actors who were previously largely silenced and ignored.
Social Identity Reduces Depression by Fostering Positive Attributions
Authors: Cruwys Tegan , South Erica I. , Greenaway Katharine H. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: July 2014

Social identities are generally associated with better health and in particular lower levels of depression. However, there has been limited investigation of why social identities protect against depression. The current research suggests that social identities reduce depression in part because they attenuate the depressive attribution style (internal, stable, and global; e.g., “I failed because I’m stupid”). These relationships are first investigated in a survey (Study 1, N = 139) and then followed up in an experiment that manipulates social identity salience (Study 2, N = 88). In both cases, people with stronger social identities were less likely to attribute negative events to internal, stable, or global causes and subsequently reported lower levels of depression. These studies thus indicate that social identities can protect and enhance mental health by facilitating positive interpretations of stress and failure. Implications for clinical theory and practice are discussed.
Optimistically Engaging in the Present
Authors: Fenkl Eric A. , Rodgers Beth L.
Published: July 2014

This study explores the experiences of aging among gay men to further explain the phenomenon of gay male aging in contemporary terms, to put those experiences into a historically relevant context, and to expand upon previous findings on aging within the gay male population. Nineteen self-identifying gay men from a metropolitan area in South Florida were interviewed. The data collected were analyzed using grounded theory method. Findings from the study indicated that a great deal of optimism was revealed by the participants of the study in spite of their past adversarial experiences related to their sexuality and current challenges related to gay male sexuality and aging. Based on these findings, professionals working with an older population should consider the supportive environments that can most benefit this population in the community and even consider partnering with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) oriented organizations to better serve the needs of their clients.
Method of Property Acquisition and Social Status in Post-Communist Society
Authors: Reznik Oleksandr
Published: July 2014

The article is dedicated to peculiarities of social stratification in post-communist society. The nature of relations between the subjective social status and possession of property objects depends on the method of their acquisition. The expensive property objects, which often do not correspond to an individual’s financial position but are acquired on his or her own initiative, have the capacity for differentiating people by status indication. Instead, the unintentional acquisition of property under the effect of outer factors has no essential influence on the social status. In the course of privatization of state habitation and land, most Ukrainians became homeowners and landowners. However, property objects acquired on the initiative of government have not become the factors of social stratification. Only with real institutional transformations in economy, liberalization of land market, and legitimation of the institute of private property will the acquired property objects become full-value material assets affecting status characteristics of an individual.
Sodium Oxybate for Narcolepsy
Authors: VanWert Adam L. , McCune Dan F. , Brown Kaitlyn M. , Bommareddy Ajay , Manning Dana H. , Roman Crystal L.
Published: July 2014

Objective: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been an abused and illicit substance for decades, but the antinarcoleptic medication Xyrem (sodium oxybate), the sodium salt of GHB, was approved just in 2002 for increasing wakefulness. We present a case of coma induced by co-ingestion of prescription GHB and ethanol and describe the response to naloxone treatment, by first responders, without evidence of opiate exposure. The purpose of this report is to bridge updated knowledge on GHB and ethanol pharmacology with the clinical sequence of events in a patient co-ingesting these compounds and to theorize on a potentially better pharmacological approach to narcolepsy. Case Summary: The patient was a 25-year-old woman with a history of narcolepsy. She suddenly collapsed at home but became transiently responsive after being administered naloxone in the ambulance. She presented to the emergency department with apnea, poor responsiveness with a Glasgow Coma Score of 7, and urinary incontinence. While undergoing intubation, the patient spontaneously and abruptly awoke. Labs were unremarkable except a blood alcohol concentration of 0.123%. The dosage of, and adherence to, GHB was unknown in this case. Discussion: The case is described in light of the most recent pharmacological advancements on these co-ingestants. A conceptual dose–response curve is shown to facilitate understanding of the complex pharmacology of GHB. Conclusions: Approved and potential alternatives to GHB, for achieving wakefulness, are discussed. Potential new strategies should bear low to no risk of coma with accidental overdose or co-ingestion of ethanol. In addition, promising antidotes for future consideration are discussed.
Plasma sprayed Cr3C2–Ni–Cr coating for oxidation protection of 2·25Cr–1Mo steel
Authors: Ghosh D. , Mitra S. K.
Published: July 2014

This paper investigated the influence of Cr3C2–Ni–Cr coating on high temperature oxidation behaviour of 2·25Cr–1Mo steel. The coating of Cr3C2–NiCr was made by plasma spray coating method. The isothermal corrosion test was carried in air oxidation environment at 973 K for 72 h and the weight change of the specimen during corrosion was measured at different interval. The corrosion rate and reaction kinetics were studied and the post corroded scales were characterised in SEM, EDS and XRD. The results clearly indicated that Cr3C2–NiCr coated specimen significantly improved the oxidation resistance. The improvement of oxidation resistance in presence of coating could be attributed to the formation of protective Cr2O3 layer and changed mechanism of scale growth from outer cation migration to inner anion migration. The detail mechanism of the oxidation behaviour of Cr3C2–NiCr coated and uncoated specimen was discussed in this paper.
Genetic variant in folate homeostasis is associated with lower warfarin dose in African Americans
Authors: Daneshjou Roxana , Gamazon Eric R. , Burkley Ben , Cavallari Larisa H. , Johnson Julie A. , Klein Teri E. , Limdi Nita , Hillenmeyer Sara , Percha Bethany , Karczewski Konrad J. , Langaee Taimour , Patel Shitalben R. , Bustamante Carlos D. , Altman Russ B. , Perera Minoli A.
Published: July 2014

Key Points

A population-specific genetic variant involved in folate homeostasis is associated with lower warfarin dose in African Americans.
Platelets: crossroads of immunity and hemostasis
Authors: Jenne Craig N.
Published: July 2014

In this issue of Blood, Koupenova and colleagues report that platelets express functional TOLL-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and contribute to host survival during viral infection.1 Through a series of experiments utilizing mice deficient for TLR7 together with adoptive transfer of wild-type platelets, Koupenova et al1 demonstrate that platelets specifically respond to viral analogs and intact virus, leading to platelet activation and binding to various leukocyte subsets. Perhaps most importantly, this platelet activation appears absolutely essential for host survival during infection with some viral pathogens such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV).
Innate protection from graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Cupedo Tom
Published: July 2014

In this issue of Blood, Hazenberg and Spits provide a detailed overview of human innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets and their development and distribution throughout the human body, discussing these cells in the context of human disease. In the same issue, Munneke et al for the first time link ILCs to human hematopoietic malignancies by identifying a clear correlation between the presence of activated ILCs after induction chemotherapy and the absence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) development following subsequent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).1,2
Errant innate immune signaling in del(5q) MDS
Authors: Starczynowski Daniel T.
Published: July 2014

In this issue of Blood, Keerthivasan et al have identified that the deletion of mDia1, a chromosome 5q gene, contributes to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) by increasing innate immune signaling in granulocytes.1
Electrical transport properties of small diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes aligned on ST-cut quartz substrates
Authors: Watanabe Tohru , Sadki El-Hadi S , Yamaguchi Takahide , Takano Yoshihiko
Published: July 2014

A method is introduced to isolate and measure the electrical transport properties of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) aligned on an ST-cut quartz, from room temperature down to 2 K. The diameter and chirality of the measured SWNTs are accurately defined from Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A significant up-shift in the G-band of the resonance Raman spectra of the SWNTs is observed, which increases with increasing SWNTs diameter, and indicates a strong interaction with the quartz substrate. A semiconducting SWNT, with diameter 0.84 nm, shows Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid and Coulomb blockade behaviors at low temperatures. Another semiconducting SWNT, with a thinner diameter of 0.68 nm, exhibits a transition from the semiconducting state to an insulating state at low temperatures. These results elucidate some of the electrical properties of SWNTs in this unique configuration and help pave the way towards prospective device applications.
Discovery of novel transcripts and gametophytic functions via RNA-seq analysis of maize gametophytic transcriptomes
Authors: Chettoor Antony M , Givan Scott A , Cole Rex A , Coker Clayton T , Unger-Wallace Erica , Vejlupkova Zuzana , Vollbrecht Erik , Fowler John E , Evans Matthew MS
Published: July 2014

Background

Plant gametophytes play central roles in sexual reproduction. A hallmark of the plant life cycle is that gene expression is required in the haploid gametophytes. Consequently, many mutant phenotypes are expressed in this phase.

Results

We perform a quantitative RNA-seq analysis of embryo sacs, comparator ovules with the embryo sacs removed, mature pollen, and seedlings to assist the identification of gametophyte functions in maize. Expression levels were determined for annotated genes in both gametophytes, and novel transcripts were identified from de novo assembly of RNA-seq reads. Transposon-related transcripts are present in high levels in both gametophytes, suggesting a connection between gamete production and transposon expression in maize not previously identified in any female gametophytes. Two classes of small signaling proteins and several transcription factor gene families are enriched in gametophyte transcriptomes. Expression patterns of maize genes with duplicates in subgenome 1 and subgenome 2 indicate that pollen-expressed genes in subgenome 2 are retained at a higher rate than subgenome 2 genes with other expression patterns. Analysis of available insertion mutant collections shows a statistically significant deficit in insertions in gametophyte-expressed genes.

Conclusions

This analysis, the first RNA-seq study to compare both gametophytes in a monocot, identifies maize gametophyte functions, gametophyte expression of transposon-related sequences, and unannotated, novel transcripts. Reduced recovery of mutations in gametophyte-expressed genes is supporting evidence for their function in the gametophytes. Expression patterns of extant, duplicated maize genes reveals that selective pressures based on male gametophytic function have likely had a disproportionate effect on plant genomes.
Modification of intracellular glutathione status does not change the cardiac trapping of 64Cu(ATSM)
Authors: Shaughnessy Fiona , Mariotti Erika , Shaw Karen P , Eykyn Thomas R , Blower Philip J , Siow Richard , Southworth Richard
Published: July 2014

Background

The trapping mechanisms of the PET hypoxia imaging agent copper(II)-diacetyl-bis(N
4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu(ATSM)) remain unresolved, although its reduction prior to dissociation may be mediated by intracellular thiols. Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol, and its redox status changes in cancer cells and ischaemic myocardium (two prime applications for 64Cu(ATSM) PET). We therefore investigated whether modification of intracellular GSH content affects the hypoxia selectivity of 64Cu(ATSM).

Methods

Isolated rat hearts (n = five per group) were perfused with aerobic buffer (equilibrated with 95%O2/5%CO2) for 15 min, then hypoxic buffer (95%N2/5%CO2) for 20 min. Cardiac glutathione was depleted by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO, 4 mmol/kg/ 48 h intraperitoneal), or augmented by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 4 mmol/L) in the perfusion buffer. Cardiac 64Cu retention from three 2-MBq bolus injections of 64Cu(ATSM) before and during hypoxia was then monitored by NaI detectors.

Results

Cardiac GSH content was elevated by NAC and depleted by BSO (from 7.9 ± 2.0 to 59.3 ± 8.3 nmol/mg and 3.7 ± 1.0 nmol/mg protein, respectively; p < 0.05). Hypoxia did not affect cardiac GSH content in any group. During normoxia, tracer washed out bi-exponentially, with 13.1% ± 1.7% injected dose being retained; this was not affected by GSH augmentation or depletion. Hypoxia significantly increased tracer retention (to 59.1% ± 6.3%, p < 0.05); this effect was not modified by GSH augmentation or depletion.

Conclusion

Modification of GSH levels had no impact upon the pharmacokinetics or hypoxia selectivity of 64Cu(ATSM). While thiols may yet prove essential for the intracellular trapping of 64Cu(ATSM), they are not the determinants of its hypoxia selectivity.
Duration of hemodynamic effects of crystalloids in patients with circulatory shock after initial resuscitation
Authors: Nunes Thieme Souza Oliveira , Ladeira Renata Teixeira , Bafi Antônio Tonete , de Azevedo Luciano Cesar Pontes , Machado Flavia Ribeiro , Freitas Flávio Geraldo Rezende
Published: July 2014

Background

In the later stages of circulatory shock, monitoring should help to avoid fluid overload. In this setting, volume expansion is ideally indicated only for patients in whom the cardiac index (CI) is expected to increase. Crystalloids are usually the choice for fluid replacement. As previous studies evaluating the hemodynamic effect of crystalloids have not distinguished responders from non-responders, the present study was designed to evaluate the duration of the hemodynamic effects of crystalloids according to the fluid responsiveness status.

Methods

This is a prospective observational study conducted after the initial resuscitation phase of circulatory shock (>6 h vasopressor use). Critically ill, sedated adult patients monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter who received a fluid challenge with crystalloids (500 mL infused over 30 min) were included. Hemodynamic variables were measured at baseline (T0) and at 30 min (T1), 60 min (T2), and 90 min (T3) after a fluid bolus, totaling 90 min of observation. The patients were analyzed according to their fluid responsiveness status (responders with CI increase >15% and non-responders ≤15% at T1). The data were analyzed by repeated measures of analysis of variance.

Results

Twenty patients were included, 14 of whom had septic shock. Overall, volume expansion significantly increased the CI: 3.03 ± 0.64 L/min/m2 to 3.58 ± 0.66 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05). From this period, there was a progressive decrease: 3.23 ± 0.65 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05, T2 versus T1) and 3.12 ± 0.64 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05, period T3 versus T1). Similar behavior was observed in responders (13 patients), 2.84 ± 0.61 L/min/m2 to 3.57 ± 0.65 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05) with volume expansion, followed by a decrease, 3.19 ± 0.69 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05, T2 versus T1) and 3.06 ± 0.70 L/min/m2 (p < 0.05, T3 versus T1). Blood pressure and cardiac filling pressures also decreased significantly after T1 with similar findings in both responders and non-responders.

Conclusions

The results suggest that volume expansion with crystalloids in patients with circulatory shock after the initial resuscitation has limited success, even in responders.
Frequency-domain acoustic-wave modeling with hybrid absorbing boundary conditions
Authors: Moreira Roger M. , Cetale Santos Marco A. , Martins Jorge L. , Silva Denis L. F. , Pessolani Raul B. V. , Filho Djalma M. S. , Bulcão André
Published: July 2014

Acoustic waves are modeled using a 2D frequency-domain finite-difference scheme with three different artificial damping boundaries: the absorbing boundary condition (ABC), perfectly matched layer (PML), and a hybrid strategy combining PML and ABC. We evaluated the features of each simulation for a given artificial boundary condition for homogeneous and heterogeneous media. For shorter PML layers, the hybrid absorbing scheme gave better results when compared with the traditional PML technique, with a significant reduction of the spurious reflections and a shorter computational run time.
Three Models of Emergency Politics
Authors: Honig Bonnie
Published: July 2014

This article presents three models of emergency politics—deliberative (Elaine Scarry), promiscuous (Douglas Crimp), and legalist (Louis Freeland Post)—and assesses their promise and limits for democratic theory and practice. Emergency politics names not the friend/enemy decisionism of Carl Schmitt but rather the idea that emergency may be taken to promote a focus not just on survival but also on sur-vivance—a future-oriented practice of countersovereignty. One model of this alternative form of emergency politics can be found in the Slow Food movement, which incorporates elements from all three models and embraces the paradox of politics that underwrites democratic politics in general.
Giant Vesicle Formation of Novel Polymerizable Amphiphile Associated with Its Polymerization and Hydrolysis in Water
Authors: Banno Taisuke , Kazayama Yuki , Toyota Taro
Published: July 2014

In an aqueous dispersion of a novel polymerizable amphiphile containing hydrolyzable linkages, spherical or tubular giant vesicles were formed after the polymerization reaction, even though the hydrolysis of the amphiphile also occurred. This is probably due to the stabilization of the membrane structure composed of various amphiphiles, produced through the polymerization of the amphiphile.
El buen vivir-Sumak Kawsay en la Constitución y en el PNBV 2013-2017 del Ecuador
Authors: Vega Fernando
Published: July 2014

El presente artículo, en su parte central, trata de exponer de manera más o menos sucinta la importancia del concepto del Sumak Kausay en la Constitución ecuatoriana y en el Plan Nacional del Buen vivir 2013-2017, mostrando sus continuidades y diferencias que obedecen, unas y otras, a los distintos momentos políticos en los que estos dos documentos han sido producidos: la Constitución, en el año 2008 en los inicios de la “revolución ciudadana” y el Plan del Buen Vivir, tras la reelección de Rafael Correa para un nuevo período presidencial en 2013. En una breve introducción se da cuenta del contexto histórico ecuatoriano antecedente, que permite la irrupción del Sumak Kawsay y en las conclusiones se recogen algunos ecos del debate político que tanto en Ecuador como en Bolivia se están produciendo frente a los intentos gubernamentales de pasar del discurso del Buen Vivir a los programas y proyectos de la política real.
Use of Oversized Injectable Valves in Growing Children for Total Repair of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Anomalies (Preliminary Results)
Authors: Deorsola Luca , Abbruzzese Pietro Angelo
Published: July 2014

Right ventricular outflow tract surgery was originally confined to transannular patching, in the belief that pulmonary regurgitation was well tolerated. Because follow-up evaluations revealed the deleterious effects of pulmonary regurgitation, surgery today aims to spare or replace the valve. Available replacement devices have short lifetimes, considering growth mismatch in children. We hypothesize that oversizing the right infundibulum anticipates growth and that a squeezed prosthesis can complete the expansion process.

The No-React® Injectable BioPulmonic Valve is designed for right infundibular surgery in adults, and hundreds of implants have shown promising results. We used this device for surgery in babies, with the addition of an innovative oversizing technique. This study evaluates our preliminary results and investigates whether such a technique might reduce growth mismatch.

From September 2010 through July 2012, we implanted 11 injectable pulmonic valves. The median age of our patients was 23 months. After opening the right infundibulum, we enlarged it as much as possible with a wide patch. Before completing the patch suture, we injected an oversized valve.

No problems occurred during surgery. No major insufficiency or leak was observed. We conclude that prostheses can be quite oversized and perform well even when not completely expanded.

Oversized injectable pulmonic valves, shrunken to a smaller diameter, enabled the implantation of a device wider than otherwise possible, without affecting performance. Moreover, the prosthesis tended to return to its original size following growth, thereby reducing growth mismatch. Longer follow-up and larger numbers of patients are needed for verification.
Cor Triatriatum Dexter and Atrial Septal Defect in a 43-Year-Old Woman
Authors: Vukovic Petar M. , Kosevic Dragana , Milicic Miroslav , Jovovic Ljiljana , Stojanovic Ivan , Micovic Slobodan
Published: July 2014

Cor triatriatum dexter is a rare congenital heart anomaly in which a membrane divides the right atrium into 2 chambers. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who had cor triatriatum dexter and a large atrial septal defect. During attempted percutaneous closure, the balloon disrupted the membrane and revealed that the defect had no inferior rim, precluding secure placement of an Amplatzer Septal Occluder. Surgical treatment subsequently proved to be successful.

In patients with an incomplete membrane and a septal defect with well-defined rims, percutaneous treatment can be the first choice. In patients who have cor triatriatum dexter and unfavorable anatomic features or concomitant complex heart anomalies, open-heart surgery remains the gold standard for treatment.
Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Caused by Double-Chambered Right Ventricle Presenting in Adulthood
Authors: Kokotsakis John , Rouska Efthymia G. , Harling Leanne , Ashrafian Hutan , Anagnostakou Vania , Charitos Christos , Athanasiou Thanos
Published: July 2014

Congenital heart diseases that cause obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract are often difficult to diagnose. We report the case of a 49-year-old man who presented with long-standing shortness of breath on exertion. Imaging revealed right ventricular outflow tract obstruction caused by a double-chambered right ventricle, and he was referred for surgical correction. This case emphasizes both the detailed perioperative evaluation that is needed when diagnosing adults who present with manifestations of congenital heart disease and a method of successful surgical correction that resulted in symptom resolution.
Intimal Sarcoma in the Aortic Arch Partially Obstructing the Aorta with Metastasis to the Brain
Authors: Mecklai Alicia , Rosenzweig Barry , Applebaum Robert , Axel Leon , Grossi Eugene , Chan Alexander , Saric Muhamed
Published: July 2014

Primary tumors of the aorta are rare entities. We report the unusual manifestation of an aortic intimal sarcoma that presented as a brain metastasis in a 56-year-old, otherwise healthy woman. After the brain mass had been resected, multiple imaging methods revealed pseudocoarctation and the primary tumor in the aortic arch. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the diagnosis of an aortic intimal sarcoma with use of real-time, 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.
Left Ventricular Aneurysm Repair with Use of a Bovine Pericardial Patch
Authors: Henry Matthew J. , Preventza Ourania , Cooley Denton A. , de la Cruz Kim I. , Coselli Joseph S.
Published: July 2014

Left ventricular aneurysm, which can impair systolic function, has a reported incidence of 10% to 35% in patients after myocardial infarction. In a 58-year-old woman who had a history of myocardial infarction, we excised a large left ventricular aneurysm and restored left ventricular geometry with use of a bovine pericardial patch. The aneurysm's characteristics and the patient's preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.25 had indicated surgical intervention. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course, and her left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.50 to 0.55 on the 4th postoperative day. This case illustrates the value of surgical treatment for patients who have a debilitating left ventricular aneurysm.
Heart Failure in Remission for More than 13 Years after Removal of a Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Segura Ana Maria , Dris Lamia , Massin Edward K. , Clubb Fred J. , Buja L. Maximilian , Frazier O.H. , Taegtmeyer Heinrich
Published: July 2014

Mechanical cardiac unloading with use of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is associated with substantial improvements in left ventricular function and enables subsequent LVAD explantation in some patients. We describe the case of a 35-year-old man with dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy who was supported with an LVAD for 9 months. After the device was removed, he led a normal life for 13 years and 4 months. However, at 49 years of age, he presented with new signs and symptoms of heart failure, necessitating implantation of a 2nd LVAD. Afterwards, he has remained asymptomatic. This case is unique in that the patient lived a normal life for longer than a decade before renewed left ventricular decompensation necessitated repeat LVAD therapy. Histologic examination revealed few changes between the first device's removal in 1999 and the 2nd device's implantation in 2012.
Beyond the Central Dogma
Authors: Drits-Esser Dina , Malone Molly , Barber Nicola C. , Stark Louisa A.
Published: July 2014

Epigenetics is the study of how external factors and internal cellular signals can lead to changes in the packaging and processing of DNA sequences, thereby altering the expression of genes and traits. Exploring the epigenome introduces students to environmental influences on our genes and the complexities of gene expression. A supplemental curriculum module developed by the Genetic Science Learning Center (GSLC) at the University of Utah brings epigenetics to high school and undergraduate classrooms through a range of online and paper-based activities. We describe these activities and provide strategies for incorporating both introductory and more advanced materials that explore “cell memory,” epigenetic inheritance, nutrition, and emerging connections between the epigenome and behavior. Finally, we outline recent reach on student learning gains using the GSLC's epigenetics module and provide connections to the Next Generation Science Standards.
A hierarchical perspective on the diversity of butterfly species' responses to weather in the Sierra Nevada Mountains
Authors: Nice Chris C. , Forister Matthew L. , Gompert Zachariah , Fordyce James A. , Shapiro Arthur M.
Published: July 2014

An important and largely unaddressed issue in studies of biotic–abiotic relationships is the extent to which closely related species, or species living in similar habitats, have similar responses to weather. We addressed this by applying a hierarchical, Bayesian analytical framework to a long‐term data set for butterflies which allowed us to simultaneously investigate responses of the entire fauna and individual species. A small number of variables had community‐level effects. In particular, higher total annual snow depth had a positive effect on butterfly occurrences, while spring minimum temperature and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sea‐surface variables for April–May had negative standardized coefficients. Our most important finding was that variables with large impacts at the community‐level did not necessarily have a consistent response across all species. Species‐level responses were much more similar to each other for snow depth compared to the other variables with strong community effects. This variation in species‐level responses to weather variables raises important complications for the prediction of biotic responses to shifting climatic conditions. In addition, we found that clear associations with weather can be detected when considering ecologically delimited subsets of the community. For example, resident species and non‐ruderal species had a much more unified response to weather variables compared to non‐resident species and ruderal species, which suggests local adaptation to climate. These results highlight the complexity of biotic–abiotic interactions and confront that complexity with methodological advances that allow ecologists to understand communities and shifting climates while simultaneously revealing species‐specific variation in response to climate.
Biotic and abiotic predictors of ecosystem engineering traits of the dune building grass, Ammophila breviligulata
Authors: Emery Sarah M. , Rudgers Jennifer A.
Published: July 2014

Ecosystem engineers are species that fundamentally influence their community and ecosystem by creating or altering the physical structure of habitats. However, the function of ecosystem engineers is variable and can depend on abiotic and biotic factors. In this study, we characterized the ecosystem engineering traits of plant size and tiller density for the dune grass, Ammophila breviligulata, in 37 sites across a broad geographic gradient in the western Great Lakes region. We also measured 20 biotic and abiotic factors related to climate, soil chemistry, and fungal symbionts associated with these survey sites and assessed their relationships with A. breviligulata population traits and dune plant species richness. Climate factors, especially temperature and precipitation, were positively associated with A. breviligulata tiller size, while soil organic matter was the only factor associated with tiller density. Several factors, including temperature, soil nitrogen, and mycorrhizal colonization, were associated with plant richness across our sites. Our results suggest that climate can influence at least some ecosystem engineering traits (i.e., plant size) of an important dune building species, although general conclusions from our work indicate that the population trait tied most closely with dune building ability—population density—is not strongly influenced by climate at the regional scale. This offers insight for conservationists interested in preserving intact dune ecosystems in a changing climate, but further work is needed to reconcile conflicting lab and field studies.
The differential influences of human‐induced disturbances on tree regeneration community: a landscape approach
Authors: Zamorano-Elgueta Carlos , Cayuela Luis , Rey-Benayas José María , Donoso Pablo J. , Geneletti Davide , Hobbs Richard J.
Published: July 2014

Understanding the processes shaping biological communities under interacting disturbances is a core challenge in ecology. Although the impacts of human‐induced disturbances on forest ecosystems have been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to understanding how tree regeneration at the community level responds to such disturbances. Moreover, these previous studies have not considered how these effects change according to major social and environmental factors that can influence forest use at a landscape scale. In this study, we investigate the effects of cattle grazing and selective logging on the composition of tree regeneration communities in relation to forest successional stage and land tenure regime in Chilean temperate forests, a global biodiversity hotspot. We recorded seedlings, saplings and basal area of stumps of tree species (as a surrogate for selective logging), and number of cattle dung pats (as a surrogate for cattle pressure) in 129 25 × 20 m plots in small (<200 ha) and large properties in different successional stages (old‐growth, intermediate, secondary forests). The regeneration of the ten more abundant species as predicted by human disturbance, land tenure, forest successional stage, and number of parent trees was modelled using generalised linear models. Predictions for each individual model were made under different scenarios of human disturbance. The predicted regeneration results were assembled and subjected to ordination analyses and permutation multivariate analyses of variance to determine differences in regeneration composition under each scenario. In most cases, best‐fit models contained at least one of the explanatory variables accounting for human disturbance. The effects of selective logging on tree regeneration varied depending on land tenure regime, but cattle grazing always exhibited a negative effect. Our results revealed that cattle have a more negative effect on forest regeneration than selective logging, especially in old‐growth forests and small properties. Our analytical approach contributes to the understanding of the differential influence of human‐induced disturbances on the tree regeneration community at a landscape scale. It can inform conservation policies and actions, which should focus on addressing the main disturbance factors and on developing strategies to conserve the most sensitive species to such disturbances.