bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrated System for the Study of Wind-Wave Source Terms in Finite-Depth Water
Authors: Young Ian R. , Banner Michael L. , Donelan Mark A. , McCormick Cyril , Babanin Alexander V. , Melville W. Kendall , Veron Fabrice
Published: August 2005

A field experiment to study the spectral balance of the source terms for wind-generated waves in finite water depth was carried out in Lake George, Australia. The measurements were made from a shore-connected platform at varying water depths from 1.2 m down to 20 cm. Wind conditions and the geometry of the lake were such that fetch-limited conditions with fetches ranging from approximately 10 km down to 1 km prevailed. The resulting waves were intermediate-depth wind waves with inverse wave ages in the range 1 < U10/Cp < 8. The atmospheric input, bottom friction, and whitecap dissipation were measured directly and synchronously by an integrated measurement system, described in the paper. In addition, simultaneous data defining the directional wave spectrum, atmospheric boundary layer profile, and atmospheric turbulence were available. The contribution to the spectral evolution due to nonlinear interactions of various orders is investigated by a combination of bispectral analysis of the data and numerical modeling. The relatively small scale of the lake enabled experimental conditions such as the wind field and bathymetry to be well defined. The observations were conducted over a 3-yr period, from September 1997 to August 2000, with a designated intensive measurement period [the Australian Shallow Water Experiment (AUSWEX)] carried out in August–September 1999. High data return was achieved.
Drop Axis Ratios from a 2D Video Disdrometer
Authors: Thurai Merhala , Bringi V. N.
Published: August 2005

Results from an experiment to measure the drop shapes using a 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) are reported. Under calm conditions, drops were generated from a hose located on a bridge 80 m above ground, this height being sufficient to allow drop oscillations to reach a steady state. The disdrometer data had to be carefully processed so as to eliminate the drops mismatched by the instrument and to remove the system spreading function. The total number of drops analyzed was around 115 000. Their axis ratio distributions were obtained for diameters ranging from 1.5 to 9 mm. The mean axis ratio decreases with increasing drop diameter, in agreement with the upper bound of the Beard and Chuang equilibrium shape model. The inferred mode of oscillation appears to be dominated by the oblate–prolate axisymmetric mode for the diameter range of 1.5 to 9 mm.

The mean axis ratio agrees well with two empirically fitted formulas reported in earlier studies. In addition, a linear fit was applied to the data for radar applications relating to rain retrievals from dual-polarization measurements. The 2DVD data taken in moderate stratiform rain were also analyzed in a similar way and the results agree with the artificially generated drop experiment, at least up to 4 mm. No data for larger diameters were available for stratiform precipitation. Finally, the fall velocity was examined in terms of drop diameter. The results closely follow an empirical formula fitted to the Gunn and Kinzer data as well as the Beard and Pruppacher data including a slight decrease in the terminal velocity with a diameter beyond 7 mm.
Response Functions for Arbitrary Weight Functions and Data Distributions. Part II: Response Function Derivation and Verification
Authors: Askelson Mark A. , Pauley Patricia M. , Straka Jerry M.
Published: August 2005

Distance-dependent weighted averaging (DDWA) is a process that is fundamental to most of the objective analysis schemes that are used in meteorology. Despite its ubiquity, aspects of its effects are still poorly understood. This is especially true for the most typical situation of observations that are discrete, bounded, and irregularly distributed.

To facilitate understanding of the effects of DDWA schemes, a framework that enables the determination of response functions for arbitrary weight functions and data distributions is developed. An essential element of this approach is the equivalent analysis, which is a hypothetical analysis that is produced by using, throughout the analysis domain, the same weight function and data distribution that apply at the point where the response function is desired. This artifice enables the derivation of the response function by way of the convolution theorem. Although this approach requires a bit more effort than an alternative one, the reward is additional insight into the impacts of DDWA analyses.

An important insight gained through this approach is the exact nature of the DDWA response function. For DDWA schemes the response function is the complex conjugate of the normalized Fourier transform of the effective weight function. In facilitating this result, this approach affords a better understanding of which elements (weight functions, data distributions, normalization factors, etc.) affect response functions and how they interact to do so.

Tests of the response function for continuous, bounded data and discrete, irregularly distributed data verify the validity of the response functions obtained herein. They also reinforce previous findings regarding the dependence of response functions on analysis location and the impacts of data boundaries and irregular data spacing.

Interpretation of the response function in terms of amplitude and phase modulations is illustrated using examples. Inclusion of phase shift information is important in the evaluation of DDWA schemes when they are applied to situations that may produce significant phase shifts. These situations include those where data boundaries influence the analysis value and where data are irregularly distributed. By illustrating the attendant movement, or shift, of data, phase shift information also provides an elegant interpretation of extrapolation.
Forecast Divergences of a Global Wave Model
Authors: Greenslade Diana J. M. , Young Ian R.
Published: August 2005

One of the main limitations to current wave data assimilation systems is the lack of an accurate representation of the structure of the background errors. One method that may be used to determine background errors is the “NMC method.” This method examines the forecast divergence component of the background error growth by considering differences between forecasts of different ranges valid at the same time. In this paper, the NMC method is applied to global forecasts of significant wave height (SWH) and surface wind speed (U10).

It is found that the isotropic correlation length scale of the SWH forecast divergence (LSWH) has considerable geographical variability, with the longest scales just to the south of the equator in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and the shortest scales at high latitudes. The isotropic correlation length scale of the U10 forecast divergence (LU10) has a similar distribution with a stronger latitudinal dependence. It is found that both LSWH and LU10 increase as the forecast period increases. The increase in LSWH is partly due to LU10 also increasing. Another explanation is that errors in the analysis or the short-range SWH forecast propagate forward in time and disperse and their scale becomes larger. It is shown that the forecast divergence component of the background error is strongly anisotropic with the longest scales perpendicular to the likely direction of propagation of swell. In addition, in regions where the swell propagation is seasonal, the forecast divergence component of the background error shows a similar strong seasonal signal. It is suggested that the results of this study provide a lower bound to the description of the total background error in global wave models.
Palaeoecological evidence of state shifts between forest and barrens on a Michigan sand plain, USA
Authors: Lytle David E.
Published: August 2005

Recent disturbances have induced state shifts in many ecosystems. It has been proposed that human actions degrade system resilience, thus allowing state changes to occur more easily. Unless system dynamics in the absence of human influence are understood, however, we can not address two fundamental questions: are human actions producing dynamics that were previously absent in those systems? Or, are human actions simply replacing natural drivers of change in systems susceptible to state shifts? I use fossil pollen and charcoal to document Holocene vegetation and disturbance dynamics on a sand plain in Michigan to evaluate a recent anthropogenic state shift from forest to a barrens plant community. A 10 500-yr pollen record shows that a community similar to the modern barrens was present three times between 9000 and 5000 yr BP. These periods coincide with distinct peaks in the charcoal record, linking the barrens vegetation community and fire. The barrens vegetation community is thus a rare component of the Kingston Plain system, associated with both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. However, with no evidence of barrens vegetation during the last 5000 years, it appears that climate is also an important driver of vegetation change on the Kingston Plain. Ancient barrens occurred when annual precipitation was lower than current climate, and summer temperatures were warmer than current climate. Projections of decreased soil moisture and warmer temperatures in the Great Lakes region during the next century may thus imply decreased resilience of Great Lakes forests to future disturbances.
Association of the mSin3A-Histone Deacetylase 1/2 Corepressor Complex with the Mouse Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Gene
Authors: Clem Brian F. , Clark Barbara J.
Published: August 2005

Several factors have been identified in the transcriptional repression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene promoter; yet, no associating corepressor complexes have been characterized for the mouse promoter in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. We now report that Sp3, CAGA element binding proteins, and a corepressor complex consisting of mSin3A, histone deacetylase (HDAC)1, and HDAC2 associates with a transcriptional repressor region within the mouse StAR promoter. 5′-Promoter deletion analysis localized the negative regulatory region between −180 and −150 bp upstream of the transcription start site, and mutations in both the CAGA and Sp binding elements were required to relieve the repression of basal StAR promoter activity. Protein-DNA binding analysis revealed Sp3 and specific CAGA element-binding protein(s) associated with the repressor region. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis identified the presence of the mSin3A, HDAC1, and HDAC2 corepressor complex in MA-10 cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed Sp3, mSin3A, and HDAC1/2 association with the proximal region of the StAR promoter in situ. In addition, HDAC inhibition resulted in a dose-dependent activation of a mouse StAR reporter construct, whereas mutations within the repressor region diminished this effect by 44%. In sum, these data support a novel regulatory mechanism for transcriptional repression of the mouse StAR promoter by DNA binding of Sp3 and CAGA element-binding proteins, and association of the Sin3 corepressor complex exhibiting HDAC activity.
Carbon monoxide clathrate hydrates: Equilibrium data and thermodynamic modeling
Authors: Mohammadi Amir H. , Anderson Ross , Tohidi Bahman
Published: August 2005

Carbon monoxide occurs in abundance throughout the cosmos, potentially in clathrate form, whereas on Earth, it forms a notable constituent of industrial flue gases. It has been proposed that hydrate technology could be used in CO2 separation from flue gases, and in subsea flue gas CO2 disposal. This—and the likely widespread occurrence of CO clathrates in the cosmos—means it is important that the phase behavior of CO hydrates is known. Here, we present experimental H‐L‐V (hydrate–liquid–vapor) equilibrium data for CO, COCO2, and COC3H8 (propane) clathrate hydrates. Data were generated by a reliable step‐heating technique validated using measured data for CO2 and CH4 hydrates. Data for CO and COC3H8 clathrates have been used in the optimization of Kihara potential parameters for CO, reported here, facilitating the extension of a thermodynamic model to the prediction of CO hydrate equilibria. Model predictions are validated against independent experimental data for COCO2 (structure I) systems, with good agreement being observed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Acro‐dermato‐ungual‐lacrimal‐tooth (ADULT) syndrome: Report of a child with phenotypic overlap with ulnar‐mammary syndrome and a new mutation in TP63
Authors: Slavotinek Anne M. , Tanaka June , Winder Alison , Vargervik Karin , Haggstrom Anita , Bamshad Michael
Published: August 2005

We report on a new patient with clinical findings consistent with acro‐dermato‐ungual‐lacrimal‐tooth (ADULT) syndrome. The child had sparse hair, extensive freckling, lacrimal duct stenosis, oligodontia, dystrophic nails, reduced sweating, and bilateral athelia. Examination of his hands showed ulnar ray hypoplasia with bilateral fifth finger brachydactyly and camptodactyly. He also had surgical repair of an imperforate anus. Mutation analysis of TP63 showed a single nucleotide substitution, c.G518A, predicting a novel missense mutation, p.V114M in exon 4. This is the third mutation to be reported in TP63 in ADULT syndrome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Domino 6π‐Electrocyclization/Diels–Alder Reactions on 1,6‐Disubstituted (E,Z,E)‐1,3,5‐Hexatrienes: Versatile Access to Highly Substituted Tri‐ and Tetracyclic Systems
Authors: von Essen Regina , Frank Daniel , Sünnemann Hans Wolf , Vidović Denis , Magull Jörg , de Meijere Armin
Published: August 2005

The (E,Z,E)‐1,3,5‐hexatrienes1 a,2 a, band3 bundergo 6π‐electrocyclization within 15–30 min upon heating to 200–215 °C. While the cyclohexene‐annelated products8 a, bwere stable, the analogous cyclopentene‐ and cycloheptene‐annelated derivatives7 aand9 beasily underwent dehydrogenation to the corresponding aromatic compounds10 aand12 bduring the work‐up. The cyclohexadiene derivatives8 a, bwere employed in thermal Diels–Alder reactions with 4‐phenyl‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐3,5‐dione (PTAD) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) to give the expected [4+2] cycloadducts13 aand14 ain good yields (60 and 78 %). The initially formed cycloadduct of8 aand dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) underwent a subsequent retro‐Diels–Alder reaction to give the tetrahydronaphthalene11 b(47 %). Under high pressure (10 kbar), the cycloadduct15 awas formed at room temperature and could be isolated in 44 % yield. TCNE andN‐phenylmaleimide with8 aunder high pressure also led to the [4+2] cycloadducts14 aand16 ain good yields (60 and 77 %). The 6π‐electrocyclization and subsequent Diels–Alder reaction, when performed as a one‐pot domino process, provided direct access to Diels–Alder products of intermediately formed 6π‐electrocyclization products, for example from the 1,3,5‐hexatrienes1 a, b,2 a, b,3 band TCNE to the corresponding tricyclic products17 a, b,14 a, b,18 bin moderate to good yields (27–80 %) depending on the nature of the alkoxycarbonyl group. Such sequential reactions withN‐phenylmaleimide, maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate and fumarodinitrile, the latter two under high pressure (10 kbar), worked as well to yield16 b(70 %),19 a, b(19, 32 %) and20 b(39 %) and21 b(76 %), respectively. With PTAD, however, the hexatrienes2 a, breacted at ambient temperature without 6π‐electrocyclization to give the formal [4+2] cycloadducts27 a, b(48 and 46 %), most probably via zwitterionic intermediates23 a, band25 a, b.
Stereoselective acylation of a racemic amine with Cα‐methyl phenylglycine‐based dipeptide 5(4H)‐oxazolones
Authors: Moretto Alessandro , Peggion Cristina , Formaggio Fernando , Crisma Marco , Kaptein Bernard , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Toniolo Claudio
Published: August 2005

Reactions of a racemic amine with chiral, Nα‐acetylated, Cα‐methyl l‐phenylglycine‐based dipeptide 5(4H)‐oxazolones proceed diastereoselectively to give predominantly dipeptide alkylamides comprising d‐α‐phenylethylamine. Diastereoselectivity is remarkably sensitive to solvent polarity and reaction temperature but not significantly to the nature of the Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid at position 1 of the dipeptide. The β‐turn 3D structures of the aminolysis products were established in CDCl3 solution by FT‐IR absorption and in one case in the crystal state by X‐ray diffraction as well. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality 17:481–487, 2005.
Interstitial high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy combined with cervical dissection on head and neck cancer
Authors: Pellizzon Antonio Cassio Assis , dos Santos Novaes Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro , Conte Maia Maria Aparecida , Ferrigno Robson , Fogarolli Ricardo , Salvajoli João Vitor , Kowalski Luiz Paulo
Published: August 2005

Background.

The literature is scarce regarding the use of interstitial high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (I‐HDR) as adjuvant treatment of the cervical region, and most reports are focused on primary tumors of the mobile tongue and oropharynx. We evaluated the outcome and morbidity related to an institutional treatment policy, using I‐HDR as the sole adjuvant treatment or in combination with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) at the Departments of Radiation Oncology and Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital do Cancer, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Methods.

From October 1994 to December 2003, charts of 42 patients who had biopsy‐proven cervical head and neck cancer, with a median follow‐up of 36 months (range, 8–111 months), were reviewed. The median age of the patients was 55 years (range, 31–76 years), and the male/female ratio was 4.25:1.00. Thirty‐five patients had previous irradiation with EBRT, with doses ranging from 30 Gy to 65 Gy (median, 52 Gy). The total dose of I‐HDR ranged from 12 Gy to 48 Gy (median, 24 Gy), given in three to 14 fractions (median, 6 fractions) in 2 to 8 days (median, 4 days).

Results.

The total treatment time ranged from 19 to 83 days (median, 35 days). The 5‐ and 8‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 52.5% and 48.1%, respectively; and the relapse‐free survival (RFS) rates were 48.5% and 38.1%, respectively. The only statistically significant prognostic factor for RFS and OS at 5 and 8 years was margin status (p = .0050). Four patients (9.5%) had late adverse side effects, such as local dehiscence (n = 2), local ulcer (n = 1), and extensive neck fibrosis (n = 1), not related to a higher dose to the skin or graft.

Conclusion.

These results suggest that I‐HDR can be recommended in selected patients with first presentation lesions, local recurrences, or second primary carcinomas, even with a previous course of EBRT, but further studies are eagerly awaited to delineate the optimum schedule for this combination‐treatment modality. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 27: XXX–XXX, 2005
B and CTL responses to the ALK protein in patients with ALK‐positive ALCL
Authors: Ait‐Tahar Kamel , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Banham Alison H. , Hatton Christian , Blanchard Tom , Kusec Rajko , Becker Marion , Smith Geoffrey L. , Pulford Karen
Published: August 2005

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) has a good prognosis compared to ALK‐negative ALCL, possibly as a result of the immune recognition of the ALK proteins. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of both a B and cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response to ALK in ALK‐positive ALCL. We confirmed the presence of an antibody response to ALK in all 9 ALK‐positive ALCL patients investigated. An ELISpot assay was used to detect a γ‐interferon (IFN) T cell response after short term culture of mononuclear blood cells with 2 ALK‐derived HLA‐A*0201 restricted peptides: ALKa and ALKb. A significant γ‐IFN response was identified in all 7 HLA‐A*0201‐positive ALK‐positive ALCL patients but not in ALK‐negative ALCL patients (n = 2) or normal subjects (n = 6). CTL lines (>95% CD8‐positive) raised from 2 ALK‐positive ALCL patients lysed ALK‐positive ALCL derived cell lines in a MHC‐Class I restricted manner. This is the first report of both a B cell and CTL response to ALK in patients with ALK‐positive ALCL. This response persisted during long‐term remission. The use of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) to express ALK is also described. Our findings are of potential prognostic value and open up therapeutic options for those ALK‐positive patients who do not respond to conventional treatment. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy and nutrient digestibilities in wheat dried distillers' grains with solubles fed to growing pigs
Authors: Nyachoti Charles M , House James D , Slominski Bogdan A , Seddon Ian R
Published: August 2005

The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional profile and to determine the digestibilities of nutrients in wheat‐based dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing pigs. Six ileal cannulated barrows individually housed in metabolism crates were fed experimental diets which consisted of a basal wheat‐based diet or the basal diet with wheat replaced by 400 g kg−1 mixed wheat or winter wheat DDGS in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Ileal digesta and fecal samples were collected for determining apparent ileal (AID) and apparent total tract digestibilities (ATTD), respectively. The contents of proximate components and amino acids in DDGS were about three times higher than in wheat. The AID and ATTD of dry matter, nitrogen and energy were lower (P < 0.05) in DDGS compared with wheat. The DDGS samples had lower (P < 0.05) AID of amino acids compared with wheat; average values for lysine, threonine and isoleucine in DDGS were 43.8, 62.9 and 68.0%, respectively. The ileal and fecal digestible energy content in DDGS averaged 9.7 ± 1.18 and 13.5 ± 0.61 MJ kg−1, respectively. Respective values for wheat were 13.3 ± 0.52 and 14.6 ± 0.22 MJ kg−1 and both were higher (P < 0.05) than in DDGS. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of oil type and frying temperatures on the texture and oil content of French fries
Authors: Kita Agnieszka , Lisińska Grażyna
Published: August 2005

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of the frying medium and temperatures on fat content and texture of French fries. The material taken for the study consisted of seven types of vegetable oil: refined sunflower, rape, soy, olive oil, palm, partially hydrogenated rape oil (modified oil I) and a blend of vegetable oils (modified oil II). The French fries prepared from Asterix potato variety were fried at oils heated to 150, 160, 170, 180 and 190 °C. The length of frying (12, 10, 8, 6.5 and 4.5 min, respectively) depended on oil temperature. Fat content and the texture of French fries were determined. The type of frying medium significantly affects the texture of French fries. Temperature influenced both the fat content and texture of product. The increase of frying temperature decreased fat uptake and hardness of French fries. French fries fried in rape oil exhibited the most delicate texture and the lowest oil absorption when compared with French fries fried in other types of oil under investigation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Maillard‐based conjugation with dextran on the functional properties of lysozyme and casein
Authors: Aminlari Mahmoud , Ramezani Roghayeh , Jadidi Fatemeh
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this research was to find the best experimental conditions for glycosylation of lysozyme and casein with dextran, and to investigate the effect of glycosylation on the functional properties of these proteins. Glycosylation was performed by allowing proteins to react with dextran under Maillard reaction conditions. The extent of glycosylation was determined by sugar analysis, SDS‐PAGE, gel filtration and cation‐exchange chromatography. Glycosylation of lysozyme with a 1:5 weight ratio of protein to dextran, held at 60 °C for one week under a relative humidity of 79% resulted in coupling of 3.0 mole dextran to one mole lysozyme. In the case of casein, at 60 °C, 48 h and 79% relative humidity, 0.1 and 0.13 mole dextran was attached to one mole of casein when a weight ratio of protein to dextran of 1:5 and 1:7.5 was used, respectively. A decrease in the degree of glycosylation occurred when samples were incubated for 72 h. Enzymatic activity of glycosylated lysozyme was reduced by 20% compared with unmodified lysozyme (P < 0.05). Both proteins exhibited improved solubility at different pH values (3, 7 and 9), different temperatures (25, 40 and 60 °C) and increased heat stability, with a better emulsion activity and emulsion stability than with un‐modified proteins (P < 0.05). These changes might increase the applicability of lysozyme as a natural antimicrobial and casein as a protein ingredient in different food systems. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in quality characteristics during cold storage of shucked mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and selected chemical decomposition indicators
Authors: Erkan Nuray
Published: August 2005

The following chemical changes were observed during the cold storage of mussels for 6 days at 4 °C. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N, mg N per 100 g) and trimethylamine values (TMA‐N, mg N per 100 g) were increased from 22.55 and 5.96 mg per 100 g at day 0 to 12.38 and 0.42 mg per 100 g, respectively, at the end of the storage period. The indole value and putrescine concentration were increased from 15.36 µg kg−1 and 24.7mg kg−1 to 34.46 µg kg−1 and 63.86 mg kg−1, respectively, on the fourth day of storage. The pH was slightly reduced and tyramine and cadaverine were not detected during storage. TVB‐N, TMA‐N and indole value could be selected as decomposition indicators for mussels during their cold storage. Acceptable limits of 15 mg per 100 g for TVB‐N, 3 mg per 100 g for TMA‐N, 35 µg kg−1 for indole and 60 mg kg−1 for putrescine are suggested. Sensory and chemical results indicated that the shelf‐life of mussels at 4 °C is limited to 4 days. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
International cooperative ataxia rating scale (ICARS): Appropriate for studies of Friedreich's ataxia?
Authors: Cano Stefan J. , Hobart Jeremy C. , Hart Paul E. , Korlipara L.V. Prasad , Schapira Anthony H.V. , Cooper J. Mark
Published: August 2005

Clinicians require scientifically rigorous, clinically meaningful rating scales to evaluate the health impact of disease and treatment that cannot be measured using conventional laboratory instruments. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS), a commonly used clinician‐rated measure, in Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA). People with confirmed FRDA were assessed by using the ICARS. Two assumptions of its measurement model were tested: the legitimacy of reporting ICARS scores in FRDA, and the acceptability, reliability, and validity of total and subscale scores. Seventy‐seven people with FRDA were assessed. The ICARS total score effectively satisfied all psychometric criteria tested. The posture and gait disturbances subscale also performed well. The other three subscales did not pass standard criteria for tests of scaling assumptions, reliability, and validity. This small study recommends only the use of the ICARS total score as a measure of FRDA. However, the extent to which this score quantifies the true extent of FRDA remains uncertain as our validity testing was limited, partly by the lack of appropriate validating measures. Further validity testing, and examination of responsiveness, is required before the ICARS can be recommended as an outcome measure for treatment trials of FDRA. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Tau‐predominant–associated pathology in a sporadic late‐onset Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome
Authors: Zarranz Juan J. , Gómez‐Esteban Juan C. , Atarés Begoña , Lezcano Elena , Forcadas Maribel
Published: August 2005

Hallervorden–Spatz syndrome (HSS) is a heterogeneous clinicopathological disorder currently included within the broader title of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). The classic histological hallmarks of HSS are axonal spheroids and excessive iron‐containing granules accompanied by neuronal loss and gliosis in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra reticulata. In the modern literature, attention has been drawn to the co‐occurrence of two other histological markers: Lewy bodies mainly composed of abnormal α‐synuclein, and neurofibrillary tangles due to hyperphosphorilated tau aggregation. Discrepancies exist regarding the importance of these molecular changes and its relevance for the nosology of HSS. Most authors have emphasized the importance of the Lewy body–like pathology, favoring the inclusion of HSS within the α‐synucleinopathies. We report on a case of late‐onset HSS, with the typical histological findings restricted to the basal ganglia and cerebellum in which tau pathology was exceedingly more abundant than α‐synuclein pathology. This case contributes to the increasing evidence about the heterogeneity of HSS. We favor the view that the molecular changes and the protein misfolding underlying the Lewy body and tangle formation in HSS/NBIA are secondary to the main pathological process and should not be taken as the basis for its nosological classification. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Long‐term botulinum toxin treatment increases employment rate in patients with cervical dystonia
Authors: Skogseid Inger Marie , Røislien Jo , Claussen Bjørgulf , Kerty Emilia
Published: August 2005

We examined the impact of cervical dystonia (CD) and long‐term botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment on employment status. Data on employment status at onset of CD, at initiation of BTX treatment, and at evaluation of long‐term treatment were obtained from 62 CD patients aged 31–66 years (median, 53 years; 61% females) who had been treated for a median of 5 years (range, 1.5–10 years). The employment rate fell from 84% at the onset of CD to 47% before initiation of BTX treatment. With long‐term BTX treatment, 72% of those who worked at the initiation of treatment stayed employed, and 67% of those on sick leave returned to work. A younger age and a higher level of education increased the probability of being employed and avoiding disability benefits. Among those who were younger than 55 years at evaluation of BTX treatment (n = 40), the employment rate increased from 47% to 65% with treatment, and among the male patients, it reached the level of the general population (86%). About half of the 34% who received disability benefits did so already before the BTX treatment was initiated. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Closed Rupture of the Thumb Flexor Tendon Pulleys
Authors: WILSON S. M. , ROULOT E. , LE VIET D.
Published: August 2005

Closed flexor tendon pulley ruptures are relatively rare injuries. All previously reported cases have been in the long finger pulleys. To our knowledge, there has not been a case of closed thumb flexor tendon pulley rupture reported in the literature. This paper presents two cases of this pathology and discusses appropriate treatment of it.
On Navigation Systems for Motorcycles: The Influence and Estimation of Roll Angle
Authors: Coaplen Joshua P. , Kessler Patrick , O'Reilly Oliver M. , Stevens Dan M. , Karl Hedrick J.
Published: August 2005

Vehicle navigation systems use various sensors and the global positioning system (GPS) to locate a vehicle. This location is then matched to a map database to provide navigation information. Between GPS updates, the vehicle's heading angle and forward speed are used to “dead reckon” its position. Heading angle is often measured by integrating the output of a rate gyroscope. For this measurement to be equal to the vehicle's heading angle, the vehicle should not experience any rotation about its roll or pitch axes. For an automobile, the roll and pitch angles are small and may be neglected for the purposes of navigation. This article demonstrates that this same assumption is not true for a motorcycle. Through simulation, it is shown that for a motorcycle, obtaining a meaningful heading angle from a single angular rate measurement requires accounting for the motorcycle's roll angle. Methods to estimate roll angle and heading angle from available navigation measurements are presented, and two possible sensor configurations are compared. A motorcycle navigation scheme based on these roll angle estimation methods is shown to produce exceptional results in a simulation environment.
Mucormycosis in the Eastern Mediterranean: a seasonal disease
Authors: AL-AJAM M. R. , BIZRI A. R. , MOKHBAT J. , WEEDON J. , LUTWICK L.
Published: August 2005

Mucormycosis is a fairly rare fungal infection caused by ubiquitous fungi of the order Mucorales and primarily affects immunocompromised hosts. A series of 16 cases of invasive mucormycosis admitted to three referral centres in Beirut, Lebanon between 1981 and 1999 is described. It includes 12 patients with rhinocerebral, three with cutaneous, and one with pulmonary infection. Onset of symptoms occurred in the summer and autumn in 15 out of 16 patients, showing a statistically significant seasonal variation (P=0·007) A recent report of 19 patients from Tel Aviv describes a strikingly similar seasonal pattern. Studies on atmospheric concentration of Mucorales spores in the Eastern Mediterranean are lacking. Weather pattern analysis in Beirut revealed clustering of onset of invasive mucormycosis at the end of a dry, warm period, which begins around May and ends in October. Mucormycosis incidence appears to be seasonal in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Wildlife rabies in Western Turkey: the spread of rabies through the western provinces of Turkey
Authors: JOHNSON N. , UN H. , VOS A. , AYLAN O. , FOOKS A. R.
Published: August 2005

The incidence of rabies has decreased in Turkey during recent years. However, an increasing number of rabies cases have been reported in the Aegean (western) region of Turkey. The virus appears to have maintained a foothold in the urban areas of the province of Izmir with only three cases per year being reported during the mid-1990s. Since 2001, the virus has been recorded in the previously rabies-free provinces of Manisa and Aydin. During this epizootic, cases have been reported in both dogs and foxes, and there has been an unusually high incidence of rabies in domestic livestock, especially cattle. This report describes the development of this epizootic and a preliminary phylogenetic study which suggests that the source of this epizootic was likely to have been the residual cases within Izmir rather than a fresh introduction of rabies from foci to the north (Istanbul) and the Eastern provinces of Turkey.
Does smoking explain sex differences in the global tuberculosis epidemic?
Authors: WATKINS R. E. , PLANT A. J.
Published: August 2005

To date there has been no satisfactory explanation of the worldwide excess of tuberculosis (TB) notifications among adult males. We investigated the epidemiological basis for sex differences in TB notifications in high-burden countries using available group-level data. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the ecological relationship between smoking and sex differences in TB notifications among high-burden countries. Cigarette consumption was a significant predictor of the sex ratio of TB notifications, and explained 33% of the variance in the sex ratio of TB notifications. Our findings suggest that smoking is an important modifiable factor which has a significant impact on the global epidemiology of TB, and emphasize the importance of tobacco control in countries with a high incidence of TB. This analysis provides support for the interpretation of sex differences in worldwide TB notification rates as indicative of true differences in the epidemiology of TB between males and females.
Global inland water monitoring from multi‐mission altimetry
Authors: Berry P. A. M. , Garlick J. D. , Freeman J. A. , Mathers E. L.
Published: August 2005

By “illuminating” the Earth's inland water surfaces with radar altimeter data from the ERS‐1 Geodetic Mission, a global waveform analysis has shown that over 50% of echoes from even the largest lake targets are non‐ocean‐like in character. This paper shows that by retracking multi‐mission altimeter data, height data can be obtained from the vast majority of lakes with surface area greater than 500 km2. Results from the Amazon Basin also show the great improvement in both quantity and quality of data obtained. These results graphically demonstrate that by retracking all available echoes over inland water, the potential of altimetry to measure and monitor global land surface hydrology can be realized.
Dawn‐dusk asymmetries, ion spectra, and sources in the northward interplanetary magnetic field plasma sheet
Authors: Wing S. , Johnson J. R. , Newell P. T. , Meng C.‐I.
Published: August 2005

During periods of northward IMF, plasma sheet ions often have two components: hot (magnetospheric origin) and cold (magnetosheath origin). The temperatures of the cold‐component ions are ∼30–40% higher in the dawn sector compared to the dusk sector, implying the dawnside magnetosheath ion heating of ∼30–40%. As a result, the magnetosheath ions are less distinguishable from the hot‐component ions, which have lower temperatures on the dawnside, leading to a higher occurrence of the ions having (apparent) one‐component distribution. As the duration of the hourly averaged IMF being northward (Δt) increases from 1 to 10 hours, the occurrence of two‐component ions increases from 65% to 83% in the dusk flank, but in the dawn flank it remains relatively stable at around 45%. In contrast, the occurrence of ions best characterized by kappa (κ) distribution increases from 25% to 35% in the dawn flank whereas in the dusk flank it remains relatively insensitive to Δt (10%). The occurrence of a one‐component Maxwellian distribution appears to be most pronounced in the region of the plasma sheet close to the midnight meridian, and these ions appear to be characteristic of the nominal plasma sheet (hot component) ions. The densification of the plasma sheet, as Δt increases, mainly results from the influx of the magnetosheath ions. However, the cooling of the plasma sheet ions can be attributed not only to the influx of the cold magnetosheath ions but also to the cooling of the nominal plasma sheet ions. The dawn‐dusk asymmetries observed in the cold magnetosheath ion profiles should provide constraints that can help determine the roles of various proposed magnetosheath ion entry mechanisms.
Distribution of marine boundary layer ammonia over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans during the Aerosols99 cruise
Authors: Norman Michael , Leck Caroline
Published: August 2005

Over the Atlantic Ocean and southern Indian Ocean an overall large variation in gas phase ammonia was encountered with peak values occurring in regions heavily influenced by the smoke plume from biomass combustion and continental sources on the African continent. Concentrations were typically in the range 7 to 22 nmol m−3. Over the remote clean South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, median gas phase ammonia concentrations ranged between 1.1 and 3.2 nmol m−3, but were occasionally as high as 8.1 nmol m−3 or as low as 0.3 nmol m−3. It was reasonable to assume that the ocean was a net emitter of ammonia to the atmosphere and thus responsible for the ammonia levels measured. An average residence time of the order of a few hours was estimated. One implication of such a rapid removal of ammonia is that it prevented attainment of equilibrium between the gas phase and particulate phase ammonium. In areas under the influence of African biomass burning or dust, however, the particulate phase ammonium was concluded to be in equilibrium with the gas phase ammonia. The removal of atmospheric ammonia during the time of travel from the African continent to the position of the ship was estimated using a simplified Lagrangian approach. A response or residence time of 20 to 130 hours resulted. Thus, in order to explain the observed atmospheric ammonia levels at the ship, it seemed necessary to allow for an ammonia residence time of the order of several days within the plume which differs widely from previous reported estimates.
Control of epidermal growth factor receptor endocytosis by receptor dimerization, rather than receptor kinase activation
Authors: Wang Qian , Villeneuve Greg , Wang Zhixiang
Published: August 2005

Given that ligand binding is essential for the rapid internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the events induced by ligand binding probably contribute to the regulation of EGFR internalization. These events include receptor dimerization, activation of intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation. Whereas the initial results are controversial regarding the role of EGFR kinase activity in EGFR internalization, more recent data suggest that EGFR kinase activation is essential for EGFR internalization. However, we have shown here that inhibition of EGFR kinase activation by mutation or by chemical inhibitors did not block EGF‐induced EGFR internalization. Instead, proper EGFR dimerization is necessary and sufficient to stimulate EGFR internalization. We conclude that EGFR internalization is controlled by EGFR dimerization, rather than EGFR kinase activation. Our results also define a new role for EGFR dimerization: by itself it can drive EGFR internalization, independent of its role in the activation of EGFR kinase.
Exact voltage and current distribution in the rectangular geometry
Authors: Bergemann Christoph
Published: August 2005

Exact analytic expressions are derived for the voltage distribution and current pattern for four-terminal resistance measurements on rectangular samples with corner contacts. The treatment in terms of complex functions exploits the double periodicity of the virtual mirror charge array to identify the appropriate expressions, practically without any algebra, using Jacobi elliptic functions. As shown in a worked example, the procedure can easily be extended to off-diagonal (Hall) and anisotropic resistivity tensors.
Photoluminescence in erbium doped amorphous silicon oxycarbide thin films
Authors: Gallis Spyros , Huang Mengbing , Efstathiadis Harry , Eisenbraun Eric , Kaloyeros Alain E. , Nyein Ei Ei , Hommerich Uwe
Published: August 2005

Photoluminescence (PL) in Er-doped amorphous silicon oxycarbide (a-SiCxOy:Er) thin films, synthesized via thermal chemical vapor deposition, was investigated for carbon and oxygen concentrations in the range of 0–1.63. Intense room-temperature PL was observed at 1540 nm, with the PL intensity being dependent on the carbon and oxygen content. The strongest PL intensity was detected for a-SiC0.53O0.99:Er when pumped at 496.5 nm, with ∼20 times intensity enhancement as compared to a-SiO2:Er. Broadband excitation in the visible was observed for a-SiC0.53O0.99:Er. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses suggest that the formation of Si–C–O networks plays an important role in enhancing the Er optical activity in a-SiCxOy:Er films.
Power splitters for waveguides composed by ultralow refractive index metallic nanostructures
Authors: Rodríguez-Esquerre V. F. , Koshiba M. , Hernández-Figueroa H. E. , Rubio-Mercedes C. E.
Published: August 2005

The power splitting properties of metallic photonic crystal waveguides, where the mechanism of propagation is the total external reflection, are investigated. These waveguides are composed by an air core surrounded by a cladding formed by a periodic arrangement of metallic wires on square or triangular lattices. Power splitters can be achieved by modifying the geometry at the splitting region by introducing a reflecting structure in order to increase the transmission coefficient; some splitters based on these structures are analyzed by an efficient frequency domain finite element approach. The proposed concept may open the possibility to design more sophisticated devices based on these waveguides and splitters.
Intense terahertz radiation from longitudinal optical phonons in GaAs∕AlAs multiple quantum wells
Authors: Mizoguchi K. , Furuichi T. , Kojima O. , Nakayama M. , Saito S. , Syouji A. , Sakai K.
Published: August 2005

We report the generation of intense terahertz (THz) electromagnetic waves from GaAs∕AlAs multiple quantum wells (MQWs) using ultrashort laser pulses. Pronounced THz waves from the coherent GaAs-like longitudinal optical (LO) phonons with a frequency of 8.8 THz were observed in the time region over 6 ps, which indicates the long dephasing time. The power of the THz waves from the coherent GaAs-like LO phonons in the GaAs∕AlAs MQW was enhanced to be about 100 times larger than that of those from coherent LO phonons in an epitaxial-growth GaAs film. We discuss the origin of the enhancement of the THz wave from coherent GaAs-like LO phonon in the MQW.
Charge sensitivity of the inductive single-electron transistor
Authors: Sillanpää Mika A. , Roschier Leif , Hakonen Pertti J.
Published: August 2005

We calculate the charge sensitivity of a recently demonstrated device where the Josephson inductance of a single Cooper-pair transistor is measured. We find that the intrinsic limit to detector performance is set by oscillator quantum noise. Sensitivity better than 10−6e∕Hz is possible with a high Q value ∼103, or using a superconducting quantum interference device amplifier. The model is compared to experiment, where charge sensitivity 3×10−5e∕Hz and bandwidth 100 MHz are achieved.
Dissecting the genetic complexity of human 6p deletion syndromes by using a region-specific, phenotype-driven mouse screen
Authors: Bogani Debora , Willoughby Catherine , Davies Jennifer , Kaur Kulvinder , Mirza Ghazala , Paudyal Anju , Haines Heather , McKeone Richard , Cadman Matthew , Pieles Guido , Schneider Jürgen E. , Bhattacharya Shoumo , Hardy Andrea , Nolan Patrick M. , Tripodis Nikos , Depew Michael J. , Chandrasekara Ramya , Duncan Gimara , Sharpe Paul T. , Greenfield Andy , Denny Paul , Brown Steve D. M. , Ragoussis Jiannis , Arkell Ruth M.
Published: August 2005

Monosomy of the human chromosome 6p terminal region results in a variety of congenital malformations that include brain, craniofacial, and organogenesis abnormalities. To examine the genetic basis of these phenotypes, we have carried out an unbiased functional analysis of the syntenic region of the mouse genome (proximal Mmu13). A genetic screen for recessive mutations in this region recovered thirteen lines with phenotypes relevant to a variety of clinical conditions. These include two loci that cause holoprosencephaly, two that underlie anophthalmia, one of which also contributes to other craniofacial abnormalities such as microcephaly, agnathia, and palatogenesis defects, and one locus responsible for developmental heart and kidney defects. Analysis of heterozygous carriers of these mutations shows that a high proportion of these loci manifest with behavioral activity and sensorimotor deficits in the heterozygous state. This finding argues for the systematic, reciprocal phenotypic assessment of dominant and recessive mouse mutants. In addition to providing a resource of single gene mutants that model 6p-associated disorders, the work reveals unsuspected genetic complexity at this region. In particular, many of the phenotypes associated with 6p deletions can be elicited by mutation in one of a number of genes. This finding implies that phenotypes associated with contiguous gene deletion syndromes can result not only from dosage sensitivity of one gene in the region but also from the combined effect of monosomy for multiple genes that function within the same biological process.
A Demon at Work
Authors: Crenshaw James L.
Published: August 2005

Rather than defining God as essentially good, one can attribute a flawed character to the supreme being. Two biblical stories reflect this approach to theodicy, describing YHWH, the special name for Israel’s God, as demonic. In Gen 22:1–19 God asks Abraham to sacrifice his only son Isaac on a distant mountain, and in Job 1–2 God wrecks human lives through a heavenly agent, the Satan, without cause (khinnam). Other harrowing tales in the Bible describe objectionable divine conduct best viewed as demonic.