bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous grouping of non-prime steel products for online auctions: a case study
Authors: Ena Borja , Gomez Alberto , Ponte Borja , Priore Paolo , Diaz Diego
Published: April 2022

Not all products meet customers’ quality expectations after the steelmaking process. Some of them, labelled as ‘non-prime’ products, are sold in a periodic online auction. These products need to be grouped into the smallest feasible number of bundles as homogeneous as possible, as this increases the attractiveness of the bundles and hence their selling prices. This results in a highly complex optimisation problem, also conditioned by other requirements, with large economic implications. It may be interpreted as a variant of the well-known bin packing problem. In this article, we formalise it mathematically by studying the real problem faced by a multinational in the steel industry. We also propose a structured, three-stage solution procedure: (i) initial division of the products according to their characteristics; (ii) cluster analysis; and (iii) allocation of products to bundles via optimisation methods. In the last stage, we implement three heuristic algorithms: FIFO, greedy, and distance-based. Building on previous works, we develop 80 test instances, which we use to compare the heuristics. We observe that the greedy algorithm generally outperforms its competitors; however, the distance-based one proves to be more appropriate for large sets of products. Last, we apply the proposed solution procedure to real-world datasets and discuss the benefits obtained by the organisation.
Perceptions of Justice By Algorithms
Authors: Yalcin Gizem , Themeli Erlis , Stamhuis Evert , Philipsen Stefan , Puntoni Stefano
Published: April 2022

Artificial Intelligence and algorithms are increasingly able to replace human workers in cognitively sophisticated tasks, including ones related to justice. Many governments and international organizations are discussing policies related to the application of algorithmic judges in courts. In this paper, we investigate the public perceptions of algorithmic judges. Across two experiments (N = 1,822), and an internal meta-analysis (N = 3,039), our results show that even though court users acknowledge several advantages of algorithms (i.e., cost and speed), they trust human judges more and have greater intentions to go to the court when a human (vs. an algorithmic) judge adjudicates. Additionally, we demonstrate that the extent that individuals trust algorithmic and human judges depends on the nature of the case: trust for algorithmic judges is especially low when legal cases involve emotional complexities (vs. technically complex or uncomplicated cases).
Impact of catheter ablation versus medical therapy on cognitive function in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review
Authors: Bodagh Neil , Yap Reuben , Kotadia Irum , Sim Iain , Bhalla Ajay , Somerville Peter , O’Neill Mark , Williams Steven E.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. It is unclear whether the restoration of sinus rhythm with catheter ablation may modify this risk. We conducted a systematic review of studies comparing cognitive outcomes following catheter ablation with medical therapy (rate and/or rhythm control) in atrial fibrillation.

Methods

Searches were performed on the following databases from their inception to 17 October 2021: PubMed, OVID Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library. The inclusion criteria comprised studies comparing catheter ablation against medical therapy (rate and/or rhythm control in conjunction with anticoagulation where appropriate) which included cognitive assessment and/or a diagnosis of dementia as an outcome.

Results

A total of 599 records were screened. Ten studies including 15,886 patients treated with catheter ablation and 42,684 patients treated with medical therapy were included. Studies which compared the impact of catheter ablation versus medical therapy on quantitative assessments of cognitive function yielded conflicting results. In studies, examining new onset dementia during follow-up, catheter ablation was associated with a lower risk of subsequent dementia diagnosis compared to medical therapy (hazard ratio: 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.42–0.88, p < 0.05)).

Conclusion

The accumulating evidence linking atrial fibrillation with cognitive impairment warrants the design of atrial fibrillation treatment strategies aimed at minimising cognitive decline. However, the impact of catheter ablation and atrial fibrillation medical therapy on cognitive decline is currently uncertain. Future studies investigating atrial fibrillation treatment strategies should include cognitive outcomes as important clinical endpoints.
On the spacetime structure of infrared divergencies in QED
Authors: Gaß Christian , Rehren Karl-Henning , Tippner Felix C.
Published: April 2022

We investigate analytic properties of string-integrated massless correlation functions and propagators with emphasis on their infrared behaviour. These are relevant in various models of quantum field theory with massless fields, including QED.
Experiences and opinions of multi-professional non-medical oncology prescribers on post-qualification training: a qualitative study
Authors: Harding Sophie E. , Langley Christopher A. , Borley Annabel , Tranter Bethan , Terry David R. P.
Published: April 2022

Background: Within the UK, a non-medical prescriber is a non-medical healthcare professional who has undertaken post-registration training to gain prescribing rights. Lack of post-qualification NMP training has previously been identified as a barrier to the development of oncology non-medical prescribing practice. Aim: To explore the experiences and opinions of multi-professional non-medical oncology prescribers on post-qualification training. Method: Nine out of 30 oncology non-medical prescribers (three nurses, three pharmacists and three radiographers) from a single cancer centre in Wales, were selected from a study site NMP database using randomisation sampling within Microsoft® Excel. Participants were interviewed using a validated and piloted semi-structured interview design on the topic of post-qualification training for non-medical prescribers. Participants were invited via organisational email. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Anonymised data were thematically analysed aided by NVivo® software. Results: Main themes identified: experience related to training, competency, support and training methods. Competency assessment methods discussed were the annual non-medical prescriber appraisal, peer review and a line manager’s overarching appraisal. Support requirements identified included greater consultant input to help non-medical prescribers identify training and peer support opportunities. Organisational support was requested regarding regular study leave and governance around clinical judgement and errors. The need for regular structured in-house training related to non-medical prescriber’s level of experience was identified. Conclusion: Development of organisation-led governance strategies and in-house training programmes will support training equity for all non-medical prescribers within the organisation.
New approach for starch dialdehyde preparation using microwave irradiation for removal of heavy metal ions from water
Authors: Wannous Alnada , Milaneh Slieman , Said Majd , Atassi Yomen
Published: April 2022

This work presents a new and simple approach to prepare Dialdehyde Starch (DAS) in one step under microwave irradiations and using, a mild and safer oxidizing agent, potassium iodate. Aldehyde content was evaluated to compare the synthesis results with DAS prepared using potassium periodate as an oxidizing agent for starch. To optimize the synthesis parameters of the new approach, the effect of the quantity of oxidizing agent and the effect of reaction time on the content of aldehyde in DAS were evaluated. According to the results, the optimized time was 10 min at the power of 300 W, and the number of moles of oxidizing agent was 0.014 mol per 2 g of starch. After that, DAS was used to prepare two Schiff bases by reaction with urea (DASU) and thiourea (DASTU), respectively. DAS, DASU and DASTU were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Furthermore, DAS, DASU and DASTU were investigated for removing Cu(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), Cd(II), and Cr(III) ions from water. DAS showed the highest removal efficiency towards Pb(II) ions, whereas DASTU exhibited excellent ability for removing the Hg(II) ions. The removal efficiencies of DAS for Pb(II) ions and DASTU for Hg(II) ions are 95.25% and 89.45%, respectively from aqueous solutions containing 100 ppm of respective ions. Adsorption isotherm study suggests that adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm model, (correlation factors (R2) for Langmuir and Freundlich models for DAS/Pb are equal to 0.984 and 0.799, respectively, and for DASTU/Hg they are 0.995 and 0.813, respectively). The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity for DAS/Pb and DASTU/Hg are 245.09 and 180.83 mg/g, respectively.
Simulation as a Teaching Method: Evaluation of the University of Minnesota Humanitarian Crisis Simulation
Authors: Kesler Sarah , James Eric , Scheller Amy , Gray Sherry , Kne Len , Hendel-Paterson Brett
Published: April 2022

Objective:

The University of Minnesota Crisis Humanitarian Simulation provides trans-disciplinary training in disaster response. The course directors wished to better understand the learning outcomes and experiences of simulation participants.

Methods:

The learning outcomes and experiences of participants in the 2019 simulation were assessed using 3 modalities: 1) pre-and post-simulation test, 2) participants’ self-assessment of learning, and 3) qualitative feedback via an anonymous evaluation.

Results:

Participant scores on the knowledge survey were significantly higher after the simulation than before the simulation (mean percent correct 71% vs. 48%, P < 0.0001). A significant majority of participants who completed the assessment believed they had main gains within each learning objective. Anonymous evaluations contained both positive feedback and constructive criticism leading to plans for refinements in subsequent training events.

Conclusions:

The Humanitarian Crisis Simulation is an effective experiential training program that increases participants’ knowledge in the field of disaster response. Participants also believed they had made gains in each learning objective. The authors’ analysis of elements that have contributed to the success of the program and areas for future program growth and improvement are discussed.
Topological full groups of minimal subshifts and quantifying local embeddings into finite groups
Authors: BRADFORD HENRY , DONA DANIELE
Published: April 2022

We investigate quantitative aspects of the locally embeddable into finite groups (LEF) property for subgroups of the topological full group of a two-sided minimal subshift over a finite alphabet, measured via the LEF growth function. We show that the LEF growth of may be bounded from above and below in terms of the recurrence function and the complexity function of the subshift, respectively. As an application, we construct groups of previously unseen LEF growth types, and exhibit a continuum of finitely generated LEF groups which may be distinguished from one another by their LEF growth.
Zero entropy and stable rotation sets for monotone recurrence relations
Authors: QIN WEN-XIN , SHEN BAI-NIAN , SUN YI-LIN , ZHOU TONG
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we show that each element in the convex hull of the rotation set of a compact invariant chain transitive set is realized by a Birkhoff solution, which is an improvement of the fundamental lemma of T. Zhou and W.-X. Qin [Pseudo solutions, rotation sets, and shadowing rotations for monotone recurrence relations. Math. Z.297 (2021), 1673–1692] in the study of rotation sets for monotone recurrence relations. We then investigate the properties of rotation sets assuming the system has zero topological entropy. The rotation set for a Birkhoff recurrence class is a singleton and the forward and backward rotation numbers are identical for each solution in the same Birkhoff recurrence class. We also show the continuity of rotation numbers on the set of non-wandering points. If the rotation set is upper-stable, then we show that each boundary point is a rational number, and we also obtain a result of bounded deviation.
Isolating effects of Darrieus–Landau instability on the morphology and propagation of turbulent premixed flames
Authors: Patyal Advitya , Matalon Moshe
Published: April 2022

The objective of this work is to provide physical insight into the mechanisms governing flame–turbulence interactions and explore the impact of the ubiquitous Darrieus–Landau instability on the propagation. It is based on the hydrodynamic theory of premixed flames that considers the flame thickness much smaller than all other fluidynamical length scales. In this asymptotic limit, the flame is thus confined to a surface whilst the diffusion and reaction processes occurring inside the flame zone are accounted for by two parameters: the unburned-to-burned density ratio and the Markstein length. The robust model, which is free of phenomenology and turbulence modelling assumptions, makes transparent the mutual interactions between the flame and the fluid flow, and permits examining trends in flame and flow characteristics while varying the turbulence intensity and mixture properties. It is used in this study to examine the morphological changes of the flame surface that result from the intertwined effects of the turbulence and instability, as demonstrated by the local displacement and curvature of the flame front, the extent of wrinkling and folding of the flame surface, and the overall flame brush thickness. It also provides a direct evaluation of the turbulent flame speed and its dependence on the mean flame curvature and on the hydrodynamic strain that it experiences. Also discussed are the effects of the flame on the flow by examining the various mechanisms of enstrophy and scalar gradient production/destruction, the degree of anisotropy created in the burned gas, and the restructuring of the vortical motion beyond the flame.
Theoretical and numerical study of the binary scaling law for electron distribution in thermochemical non-equilibrium flows under extremely high Mach number
Authors: Wu You , Xu Xu , Chen Bing , Yang Qingchun
Published: April 2022

The binary scaling law is a classical similarity law used in analysing hypersonic flow fields. The objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of the binary scaling law in thermochemical non-equilibrium airflow. Dimensional analysis of vibrational and electron–electronic energy conservation equations was employed to explore the theoretical reasons for the failure of the binary scaling law. Numerical simulation based on a multi-temperature model (translational–rotational temperature T, electron–electronic excitation temperature

${T_e}$

and the vibrational temperatures of

${\textrm{O}_2}$

and

${\textrm{N}_2}$

,

$\; {T_{{v_{{\textrm{O}_2}}}}}$

and

${T_{{v_{{\textrm{N}_2}}}}}$

) with two chemical models (the Gupta model and the Park model) was adopted to study the accuracy of the binary scaling law for electron distribution at high altitude with extremely high Mach number. The results of theoretical analysis indicate that the three-body collision reactions and the translation–electron energy exchange from collisions between electrons and ions,

${Q_{t - e\_ions}}$

, can cause the failure of the binary scaling law. The results of numerical simulation show that the electron-impact ionization reactions are the main reasons for the invalidation of the binary scaling law for electron distribution at high altitude with high Mach number. With an increase of free-stream Mach number, the negative effect on the binary scaling law caused by

${Q_{t - e\_ions}}$

cannot be ignored.
A robust physics-based method to filter coherent wavepackets from high-speed schlieren images
Authors: Prasad Chitrarth , Gaitonde Datta V.
Published: April 2022

A complete understanding of jet dynamics is greatly enabled by the accurate separation of acoustically efficient wavepackets from their higher-energy convecting turbulent counterparts. Momentum potential theory (MPT) has proven highly effective in filtering the desired acoustic component irrespective of operating conditions or nozzle complexity. However, MPT is a data-intensive method predicated on the knowledge of fluctuation quantities in the entire flow field; as such, it has to date been applied only to numerically obtained data. This work develops an approach to extend its application to extract coherent wavepacket data from high-speed schlieren images. Pixel intensities from the schlieren image are mapped to a scaled surrogate for the line-of-sight integrated density gradient. The linear relation between the irrotational scalar MPT potential and time derivatives of density fluctuations is then exploited to perform the filtering. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated using experimental as well as numerical schlieren images representing a wide range of imperfectly expanded free and impinging jet configurations. When combined with spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD), the method yields modes that accurately capture (i) the Mach wave radiation from a military-style jet, (ii) the mode shapes of the feedback tones in an impinging jet and (iii) the screech signature in twin rectangular jets, without recourse to user adjusted parameters. This technique can greatly enhance the use of high-speed diagnostics for real-time monitoring of the near-field acoustic content for potential feedback control. Additionally, the general nature of the approach allows a straightforward application to other flows, such as cavity and airfoil flow-acoustic interactions.
Non-Hilbertian tangents to Hilbertian spaces
Authors: Lučić Danka , Pasqualetto Enrico , Rajala Tapio
Published: April 2022

We provide examples of infinitesimally Hilbertian, rectifiable, Ahlfors regular metric measure spaces having pmGH-tangents that are not infinitesimally Hilbertian.
How can we prepare music students for early career challenges?
Authors: Latukefu Lotte , Pollard Jessica
Published: April 2022

Earning a living via multiple income streams through a portfolio career is the reality for most music graduates. In the last 10–15 years, music conservatoires around the world have begun to recognise and respond to this reality in the way they train and prepare students for life after study (Bennet, 2008; Draper & Cunio, 2014; Rowley et al., 2015; Schippers et al., 2016). Conservatoire curricula is prescribed and controlled to ensure that students gain the skills required to build a career as a professional musician. Reforming conservatoire curricula to incorporate portfolio career training is an ongoing concern that is made more complex by the different conceptual understandings of what training for a portfolio career means (Latukefu & Ginsborg, 2018). This article contributes to the literature on how students conceptualise and make decisions surrounding their transition into work after graduation. It uses narrative analysis research to investigate the value of introducing career design into the curriculum of a Bachelor of Music. It incorporates narratives by students who took part in a series of interventions designed to increase self-efficacy and explores the role of career indecision in the designing of a creative career. Career indecision in this context relates to the inability of music students to conceive of what they wish for their creative career to look like after graduation, even when a decision is necessary. The narratives reveal how different factors such as family support, cultural and religious backgrounds and prior music education impact on their confidence and perceptions surrounding their ability to design and maintain a creative career. These narratives also uncovered the interplay of career exploration, career indecision and anxiety in the career decision-making process of undergraduate music students.
Allusion in the Composition of Contemporary Opera
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony
Published: April 2022

Abstract In memoriam

Contemporary opera exhibits a wide range of motivations for and approaches to making musical allusions to the past, more so than in any other period in the genre's history. I find, contrary to common definitions of musical postmodernism, that allusions are typically meaningful and symbolic in recent postmodern operas. I briefly consider musical collage in operas that represent a proverbial ‘postmodern’ approach to the past, with operas by Cage and Corigliano serving as extreme cases. The core sections of the article are devoted to three of the most prominent contemporary composers whose operas illustrate the range of forms and motives musical allusion has taken over the past few decades: John Adams's Nixon in China (1987), Louis Andriessen's ‘film opera’ La Commedia (2008) and The Exterminating Angel (2016) by Thomas Adès. By detailing musical allusion in these works, I offer evidence in support of a revisionary understanding of these operas and the aesthetic stances of these composers, who each engaged extensively in musical allusion to varying degrees. I conclude with rather unexpected examples of operatic allusion by composers (Glass, Nova, Mazzoli) who typically do not reference the past in their works. For numerous recent composers, opera appears to function as a particularly powerful magnetic attraction to the past, pulling into its orbit the most unlikely figures and warping their proclaimed aesthetic profiles. For opera audiences, allusion is experienced differentially and shapes popular perceptions of the genre as a whole.
Novel Negative Pressure Procedural Tent Reduces Aerosolized Particles in a Simulated Prehospital Setting
Authors: Hunt Nathaniel , Masiewicz Spencer , Herbert Logan , Bassin Benjamin , Brent Christine , Haas Nathan L. , Tiba Mohamad Hakam , Lillemoen Jon , Lowell Mark J. , Lott Isabel , Basinger Matthew , Smith Graham , Ward Kevin R.
Published: April 2022

Background/Objective:

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the ability of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers to maintain personal safety during the treatment and transport of patients potentially infected. Increased rates of COVID-19 infection in EMS providers after patient care exposure, and notably after performing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs), have been reported. With an already strained workforce seeing rising call volumes and increased risk for AGP-requiring patient presentations, development of novel devices for the protection of EMS providers is of great importance.

Based on the concept of a negative pressure room, the AerosolVE BioDome is designed to encapsulate the patient and contain aerosolized infectious particles produced during AGPs, making the cabin of an EMS vehicle safer for providers. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of the tent in mitigating simulated infectious particle spread in varied EMS transport platforms during AGP utilization.

Methods:

Fifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled and distributed amongst three EMS vehicles: a ground ambulance, an aeromedical-configured helicopter, and an aeromedical-configured jet. Sodium chloride particles were used to simulate infectious particles and particle counts were obtained in numerous locations close to the tent and around the patient compartment. Counts near the tent were compared to ambient air with and without use of AGPs (non-rebreather mask, continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] mask, and high-flow nasal cannula [HFNC]).

Results:

For all transport platforms, with the tent fan off, the particle generator alone, and with all AGPs produced particle counts inside the tent significantly higher than ambient particle counts (P <.0001). With the tent fan powered on, particle counts near the tent, where EMS providers are expected to be located, showed no significant elevation compared to baseline ambient particle counts during the use of the particle generator alone or with use of any of the AGPs across all transport platforms.

Conclusion:

Development of devices to improve safety for EMS providers to allow for use of all available therapies to treat patients while reducing risk of communicable respiratory disease transmission is of paramount importance. The AerosolVE BioDome demonstrated efficacy in creating a negative pressure environment and workspace around the patient and provided significant filtration of simulated respiratory droplets, thus making the confined space of transport vehicles potentially safer for EMS personnel.
Im Zentrum des Corona-Wahnsinns
Authors: Himmel Claudia , Blöcker Johanna
Published: April 2022

Was ist zu diesem Thema bereits bekannt?

Zu Beginn der Covid-19-Pandemie war weltweit kein Wissen über das Corona-Virus und seine Verbreitungswege bekannt, was überall zu großer Verunsicherung führte.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Über 2000 Pflegefachpersonen, davon 658 psychiatrisch Pflegende, nahmen an der deutschlandweit ersten Online-Befragung zum Erleben der beruflichen Situation während des ersten Lockdowns teil.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Die professionelle Behandlung von Patient_innen sowie das Stationsmanagement auf einer psychiatrischen Station während der Corona-Pandemie stellt(e) für die Pflegefachpersonen eine sehr belastende Ausnahmesituation dar.
Digital Literacy and Online Resilience as Facilitators of Young	People’s Well-Being?
Authors: Vissenberg Joyce , d’Haenens Leen , Livingstone Sonia
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Previous studies suggest that online resilience, which is the capacity to bounce back from adversity by, for instance, coping with online risks in an effective way, and digital literacy serve as potential safeguards for young people against harmful consequences of negative online experiences. However, research on these factors largely resides in separate bodies of literature. By means of a systematic review, we aim to integrate the literature on young people’s online resilience, digital literacy, and well-being in the context of negative online experiences, and we examine the associations among them. The review of 30 empirical articles shows that negative online experiences undermine young people’s well-being but are also essential to developing online resilience. While a limited number of studies have focused on the protective roles of online resilience and digital literacy and on the link between these two factors, the review identified that more research is needed to establish whether this is truly the case. The review enables us to propose guidelines for further empirical research on the relations among young people’s digital literacy, online resilience, and well-being.
H+ Pitch Angle Distributions in the Outer Magnetosphere Observed by MMS HPCA
Authors: Kim M. J. , Goldstein J. , Fuselier S. A. , Burch J. L.
Published: April 2022

We analyze 3 years of 1 eV–40 keV H+ pitch angle distributions (PADs) near the magnetic equatorial plane, observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (HPCA). Our analysis includes an energy correction to shift ion energy upward by an amount equal to the spacecraft potential. We find asymmetric distributions for cold (<10 eV) and warm (10–100 eV) H+ ions coming preferentially from the northern hemisphere (NH) over those from the southern hemisphere (SH). Specifically, the average phase space density (PSD) in the antiparallel direction (pitch angle above 135°) is about 1.7 times higher than in the parallel direction (below 45°) for H+ with energy <100 eV on the dawn side (MLT: 3–9 hr) for all L shells. To understand the cause of this NH‐SH asymmetry, we sort the distributions by Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) direction and dipole tilt angle. Sorting by IMF direction shows that PSDs in the antiparallel direction are higher than in the parallel direction when IMF By is dawnward (By < 0). The outflow of cold H+ from the NH is higher when the dipole tilt angle is positive (μ > 10°). In contrast, when the dipole tilt is negative (μ < −10°), the outflow of cold H+ from the SH is not significantly higher and PADs can have either symmetric or asymmetric favoring from NH. These results suggest there may be general interhemispheric asymmetry of ion outflow that favors the NH.
On the Challenges of Measuring Energetic Particles in the Inner Belt: A Geant4 Simulation of an Energetic Particle Detector Instrument, REPTile‐2
Authors: Khoo L.‐Y. , Li X. , Selesnick R. S. , Schiller Q. , Zhang K. , Zhao H. , Hogan B. , Cantilina J. T. , Sims A. , Bauch E. , Valade T. , Boyajian S. , Kohnert R.
Published: April 2022

Following the retirement of the community supported Van Allen Probes mission, the quest for high‐quality energetic particle measurements in the radiation belts is likely to be taken on by smaller spacecraft like CubeSats in the foreseeable future. Here we introduce the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2 (REPTile‐2), a miniaturized (∼1.5 U) solid‐state charged particle telescope that aims to undertake this challenging task. It incorporates detailed pulse‐height analysis to enable 60 electron channels and 60 proton channels and includes anticoincidence detectors to minimize unwanted background contamination. This paper presents a description of the REPTile‐2 design and emphasizes the importance of extensive Geant4‐based analysis to inform the design of a new energetic particle detector and characterize the instrument response. Our analysis shows that REPTile‐2 can measure ∼0.3–∼4 MeV electrons and ∼6.7–35 MeV protons with energy resolution (∆E/E) of 7%–38% for electrons and 1.5%–5% for protons. Results from a Sr‐90/Y‐90 radioactive source test have verified the instrument performance and the validity of the Geant4 simulations. These energetic particle measurements will enable a new scientific understanding of the inner radiation belt, where unwanted contamination from the unforgiving penetration of highly energetic protons (tens of MeV to GeV) is common, and provide detailed quantification of the inner belt electrons and protons in the low‐Earth orbit that is crucial for space weather modeling.
Coupling of Tree Growth and Photosynthetic Carbon Uptake Across Six North American Forests
Authors: Teets Aaron , Moore David J. P. , Alexander M. Ross , Blanken Peter D. , Bohrer Gil , Burns Sean P. , Carbone Mariah S. , Ducey Mark J. , Fraver Shawn , Gough Christopher M. , Hollinger David Y. , Koch George , Kolb Thomas , Munger J. William , Novick Kimberly A. , Ollinger Scott V. , Ouimette Andrew P. , Pederson Neil , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Seyednasrollah Bijan , Vogel Christoph S. , Richardson Andrew D.
Published: April 2022

Linking biometric measurements of stand‐level biomass growth to tower‐based measurements of carbon uptake—gross primary productivity and net ecosystem productivity—has been the focus of numerous ecosystem‐level studies aimed to better understand the factors regulating carbon allocation to slow‐turnover wood biomass pools. However, few of these studies have investigated the importance of previous year uptake to growth. We tested the relationship between wood biomass increment (WBI) and different temporal periods of carbon uptake from the current and previous years to investigate the potential lagged allocation of fixed carbon to growth among six mature, temperate forests. We found WBI was strongly correlated to carbon uptake across space (i.e., long‐term averages at the different sites) but on annual timescales, WBI was much less related to carbon uptake, suggesting a temporal mismatch between C fixation and allocation to biomass. We detected lags in allocation of the previous year's carbon uptake to WBI at three of the six sites. Sites with higher annual WBI had overall stronger correlations to carbon uptake, with the strongest correlations to carbon uptake from the previous year. Only one site had WBI with strong positive relationships to current year uptake and not the previous year. Forests with low rates of WBI demonstrated weak correlations to carbon uptake from the previous year and stronger relationships to current year climate conditions. Our work shows an important, but not universal, role of lagged allocation of the previous year's carbon uptake to growth in temperate forests.
Australian Wildfires Linked to Ozone Layer Depletion
Authors: Vasquez Krystal
Published: April 2022

New research shows that the Black Summer bushfires damaged the ozone layer, eliminating a decade’s worth of progress.
Process‐Level Assessment of the Iris Effect Over Tropical Oceans
Authors: Ito Masato , Masunaga Hirohiko
Published: April 2022

The iris hypothesis suggests a cloud feedback mechanism that a reduction in the tropical anvil cloud fraction (CF) in a warmer climate may act to mitigate the warming by enhanced outgoing longwave radiation. Two different physical processes, one involving precipitation efficiency and the other focusing on upper‐tropospheric stability, have been argued in the literature to be responsible for the iris effect. In this study, A‐Train observations and reanalysis data are analyzed to assess these two processes. Major findings are as follows: (a) the anvil CF changes evidently with upper‐tropospheric stability as expected from the stability iris theory, (b) precipitation efficiency is unlikely to have control on the anvil CF but is related to mid‐ and low‐level CFs, and (c) the day and nighttime cloud radiative effects are expected to largely cancel out when integrated over a diurnal cycle, suggesting a neutral cloud feedback.
Neural network of bipolar disorder: Toward integration of neuroimaging and neurocircuit-based treatment strategies
Authors: Bi Bo , Che Dongfang , Bai Yuyin
Published: April 2022

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by dysfunctions in three domains including emotional processing, cognitive processing, and psychomotor dimensions. However, the neural underpinnings underlying these clinical profiles are not well understood. Based on the reported data, we hypothesized that (i) the core neuropathology in BD is damage in fronto-limbic network, which is associated with emotional dysfunction; (ii) changes in intrinsic brain network, such as sensorimotor network, salience network, default-mode network, central executive network are associated with impaired cognition function; and (iii) beyond the dopaminergic-driven basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical motor circuit modulated by other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin (subcortical–cortical modulation), the sensorimotor network and related motor function modulated by other non-motor networks such as the default-mode network are involved in psychomotor function. In this review, we propose a neurocircuit-based clinical characteristics and taxonomy to guide the treatment of BD. We draw on findings from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in BD and link variations in these clinical profiles to underlying neurocircuit dysfunctions. We consider pharmacological, psychotherapy, and neuromodulatory treatments that could target those specific neurocircuit dysfunctions in BD. Finally, it is suggested that the methods of testing the neurocircuit-based taxonomy and important limitations to this approach should be considered in future.
Global field observations of tree die-off reveal hotter-drought fingerprint for Earth’s forests
Authors: Hammond William M. , Williams A. Park , Abatzoglou John T. , Adams Henry D. , Klein Tamir , López Rosana , Sáenz-Romero Cuauhtémoc , Hartmann Henrik , Breshears David D. , Allen Craig D.
Published: April 2022

Earth’s forests face grave challenges in the Anthropocene, including hotter droughts increasingly associated with widespread forest die-off events. But despite the vital importance of forests to global ecosystem services, their fates in a warming world remain highly uncertain. Lacking is quantitative determination of commonality in climate anomalies associated with pulses of tree mortality—from published, field-documented mortality events—required for understanding the role of extreme climate events in overall global tree die-off patterns. Here we established a geo-referenced global database documenting climate-induced mortality events spanning all tree-supporting biomes and continents, from 154 peer-reviewed studies since 1970. Our analysis quantifies a global “hotter-drought fingerprint” from these tree-mortality sites—effectively a hotter and drier climate signal for tree mortality—across 675 locations encompassing 1,303 plots. Frequency of these observed mortality-year climate conditions strongly increases nonlinearly under projected warming. Our database also provides initial footing for further community-developed, quantitative, ground-based monitoring of global tree mortality.
Identification of host–pathogen-disease relationships using a scalable multiplex serology platform in UK Biobank
Authors: Mentzer Alexander J. , Brenner Nicole , Allen Naomi , Littlejohns Thomas J. , Chong Amanda Y. , Cortes Adrian , Almond Rachael , Hill Michael , Sheard Simon , McVean Gil ,   UKB Infection Advisory Board, Aiello Allison , Bangham Charles , Borrow Ray , Breuer Judy , Brooks Tim , Franceschi Silvia , Gkrania-Klotsas Effrossyni , Greenwood Brian , Griffiths Paul , Guy Edward , Jeffery Katie , Kelly Dominic , Klenerman Paul , van der Klis Fiona , Knight Julian , McMichael Andrew , Naranbhai Vivek , Pebody Richard , Peto Tim , Pollard Andrew J. , Schulz Thomas , Soldan Kate , Taylor Graham , Towers Greg , Tommasino Massimo , Weiss Robin , Whitby Denise , Wild Chris , Wyllie David , Collins Rory , Hill Adrian V. S. , Waterboer Tim
Published: April 2022

Certain infectious agents are recognised causes of cancer and other chronic diseases. To understand the pathological mechanisms underlying such relationships, here we design a Multiplex Serology platform to measure quantitative antibody responses against 45 antigens from 20 infectious agents including human herpes, hepatitis, polyoma, papilloma, and retroviruses, as well as Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori and Toxoplasma gondii, then assayed a random subset of 9695 UK Biobank participants. We find seroprevalence estimates consistent with those expected from prior literature and confirm multiple associations of antibody responses with sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., lifetime sexual partners with C. trachomatis), HLA genetic variants (rs6927022 with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA1 antibodies) and disease outcomes (human papillomavirus-16 seropositivity with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and EBV responses with multiple sclerosis). Our accessible dataset is one of the largest incorporating diverse infectious agents in a prospective UK cohort offering opportunities to improve our understanding of host-pathogen-disease relationships with significant clinical and public health implications.
Multiomic profiling of the acute stress response in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: von Ziegler Lukas M. , Floriou-Servou Amalia , Waag Rebecca , Das Gupta Rebecca R. , Sturman Oliver , Gapp Katharina , Maat Christina A. , Kockmann Tobias , Lin Han-Yu , Duss Sian N. , Privitera Mattia , Hinte Laura , von Meyenn Ferdinand , Zeilhofer Hanns U. , Germain Pierre-Luc , Bohacek Johannes
Published: April 2022

The acute stress response mobilizes energy to meet situational demands and re-establish homeostasis. However, the underlying molecular cascades are unclear. Here, we use a brief swim exposure to trigger an acute stress response in mice, which transiently increases anxiety, without leading to lasting maladaptive changes. Using multiomic profiling, such as proteomics, phospho-proteomics, bulk mRNA-, single-nuclei mRNA-, small RNA-, and TRAP-sequencing, we characterize the acute stress-induced molecular events in the mouse hippocampus over time. Our results show the complexity and specificity of the response to acute stress, highlighting both the widespread changes in protein phosphorylation and gene transcription, and tightly regulated protein translation. The observed molecular events resolve efficiently within four hours after initiation of stress. We include aninteractive appto explore the data, providing a molecular resource that can help us understand how acute stress impacts brain function in response to stress.
Efficient human-like antibody repertoire and hybridoma production in trans-chromosomic mice carrying megabase-sized human immunoglobulin loci
Authors: Satofuka Hiroyuki , Abe Satoshi , Moriwaki Takashi , Okada Akane , Kazuki Kanako , Tanaka Hiroshi , Yamazaki Kyotaro , Hichiwa Genki , Morimoto Kayoko , Takayama Haruka , Nakayama Yuji , Hatano Shinya , Yada Yutaro , Murakami Yasufumi , Baba Yoshihiro , Oshimura Mitsuo , Tomizuka Kazuma , Kazuki Yasuhiro
Published: April 2022

Trans-chromosomic (Tc) mice carrying mini-chromosomes with megabase-sized human immunoglobulin (Ig) loci have contributed to the development of fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, but mitotic instability of human mini-chromosomes in mice may limit the efficiency of hybridoma production. Here, we establish human antibody-producing Tc mice (TC-mAb mice) that stably maintain a mouse-derived, engineered chromosome containing the entire human Ig heavy and kappa chain loci in a mouse Ig-knockout background. Comprehensive, high-throughput DNA sequencing shows that the human Ig repertoire, including variable gene usage, is well recapitulated in TC-mAb mice. Despite slightly altered B cell development and a delayed immune response, TC-mAb mice have more subsets of antigen-specific plasmablast and plasma cells than wild-type mice, leading to efficient hybridoma production. Our results thus suggest that TC-mAb mice offer a valuable platform for obtaining fully human therapeutic antibodies, and a useful model for elucidating the regulation of human Ig repertoire formation.
Capturing colloidal nano- and microplastics with plant-based nanocellulose networks
Authors: Leppänen Ilona , Lappalainen Timo , Lohtander Tia , Jonkergouw Christopher , Arola Suvi , Tammelin Tekla
Published: April 2022

Microplastics accumulate in various aquatic organisms causing serious health issues, and have raised concerns about human health by entering our food chain. The recovery techniques for the most challenging colloidal fraction are limited, even for analytical purposes. Here we show how a hygroscopic nanocellulose network acts as an ideal capturing material even for the tiniest nanoplastic particles. We reveal that the entrapment of particles from aqueous environment is primarily a result of the network’s hygroscopic nature - a feature which is further intensified with the high surface area of nanocellulose. We broaden the understanding of the mechanism for particle capture by investigating the influence of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption behaviour. We determine the nanoplastic binding mechanisms using surface sensitive methods, and interpret the results with the random sequential adsorption (RSA) model. These findings hold potential for the explicit quantification of the colloidal nano- and microplastics from different aqueous environments, and eventually, provide solutions to collect them directly on-site where they are produced.
Neural structure of a sensory decoder for motor control
Authors: Egger Seth W. , Lisberger Stephen G.
Published: April 2022

The transformation of sensory input to motor output is often conceived as a decoder operating on neural representations. We seek a mechanistic understanding of sensory decoding by mimicking neural circuitry in the decoder’s design. The results of a simple experiment shape our approach. Changing the size of a target for smooth pursuit eye movements changes the relationship between the variance and mean of the evoked behavior in a way that contradicts the regime of “signal-dependent noise” and defies traditional decoding approaches. A theoretical analysis leads us to propose a circuit for pursuit that includes multiple parallel pathways and multiple sources of variation. Behavioral and neural responses with biomimetic statistics emerge from a biologically-motivated circuit model with noise in the pathway that is dedicated to flexibly adjusting the strength of visual-motor transmission. Our results demonstrate the power of re-imagining decoding as processing through the parallel pathways of neural systems.
Cryo-EM structures of a LptDE transporter in complex with Pro-macrobodies offer insight into lipopolysaccharide translocation
Authors: Botte Mathieu , Ni Dongchun , Schenck Stephan , Zimmermann Iwan , Chami Mohamed , Bocquet Nicolas , Egloff Pascal , Bucher Denis , Trabuco Matilde , Cheng Robert K. Y. , Brunner Janine D. , Seeger Markus A. , Stahlberg Henning , Hennig Michael
Published: April 2022

Lipopolysaccharides are major constituents of the extracellular leaflet in the bacterial outer membrane and form an effective physical barrier for environmental threats and for antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. The last step of LPS insertion via the Lpt pathway is mediated by the LptD/E protein complex. Detailed insights into the architecture of LptDE transporter complexes have been derived from X-ray crystallography. However, no structure of a laterally open LptD transporter, a transient state that occurs during LPS release, is available to date. Here, we report a cryo-EM structure of a partially opened LptDE transporter in complex with rigid chaperones derived from nanobodies, at 3.4 Å resolution. In addition, a subset of particles allows to model a structure of a laterally fully opened LptDE complex. Our work offers insights into the mechanism of LPS insertion, provides a structural framework for the development of antibiotics targeting LptD and describes a highly rigid chaperone scaffold to enable structural biology of challenging protein targets.
In vivo base editing rescues cone photoreceptors in a mouse model of early-onset inherited retinal degeneration
Authors: Choi Elliot H. , Suh Susie , Foik Andrzej T. , Leinonen Henri , Newby Gregory A. , Gao Xin D. , Banskota Samagya , Hoang Thanh , Du Samuel W. , Dong Zhiqian , Raguram Aditya , Kohli Sajeev , Blackshaw Seth , Lyon David C. , Liu David R. , Palczewski Krzysztof
Published: April 2022

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most common cause of inherited retinal degeneration in children. LCA patients with RPE65 mutations show accelerated cone photoreceptor dysfunction and death, resulting in early visual impairment. It is therefore crucial to develop a robust therapy that not only compensates for lost RPE65 function but also protects photoreceptors from further degeneration. Here, we show that in vivo correction of an Rpe65 mutation by adenine base editor (ABE) prolongs the survival of cones in an LCA mouse model. In vitro screening of ABEs and sgRNAs enables the identification of a variant that enhances in vivo correction efficiency. Subretinal delivery of ABE and sgRNA corrects up to 40% of Rpe65 transcripts, restores cone-mediated visual function, and preserves cones in LCA mice. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals upregulation of genes associated with cone phototransduction and survival. Our findings demonstrate base editing as a potential gene therapy that confers long-lasting retinal protection.