bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytanic Acid Accumulation Is Associated with Conduction Delay and Sudden Cardiac Death in Sterol Carrier Protein‐2/Sterol Carrier Protein‐x Deficient Mice
Authors: MÖNNIG GEROLD , WIEKOWSKI JOHANNES , KIRCHHOF PAULUS , STYPMANN JÖRG , PLENZ GABRIELE , FABRITZ LARISSA , BRUNS HANS‐JÜRGEN , ECKARDT LARS , ASSMANN GERD , HAVERKAMP WILHELM , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , SEEDORF UDO
Published: December 2004

Introduction: The sterol carrier protein‐2 gene encodes two functionally distinct proteins: sterol carrier protein‐2 (SCP2, a peroxisomal lipid carrier) and sterol carrier protein‐x (SCPx, a peroxisomal thiolase known as peroxisomal thiolase‐2), which is involved in peroxisomal metabolism of bile acids and branched‐chain fatty acids. We show in this study that mice deficient in SCP2 and SCPx (SCP2null) develop a cardiac phenotype leading to a high sudden cardiac death rate if mice are maintained on diets enriched for phytol (a metabolic precursor of branched‐chain fatty acids).

Methods and Results: In 210 surface and 305 telemetric ECGs recorded in wild‐type (C57BL/6; wt; n = 40) and SCP2 null mice (n = 40), no difference was observed at baseline. However, on diet, cycle lengths were prolonged in SCP2 null mice (262.9 ± 190 vs 146.3 ± 43 msec), AV conduction was prolonged (58.3 ± 17 vs 42.6 ± 4 ms), and QRS complexes were wider (19.1 ± 5 vs 14.0 ± 4 ms). In 11 gene‐targeted Langendorff‐perfused hearts isolated from SCP2 null mice after dietary challenge, complete AV blocks (n = 5/11) or impaired AV conduction (Wenckebach point 132 ± 27 vs 92 ± 10 msec; P < 0.05) could be confirmed. Monophasic action potentials were not different between the two genotypes. Left ventricular function studied by echocardiography was similar in both strains. Phytanic acid but not pristanic acid accumulated in the phospholipid fraction of myocardial membranes isolated from SCP2 null mice.

Conclusion: Accumulation of phytanic acid in myocardial phospholipid membranes is associated with bradycardia and impaired AV nodal and intraventricular impulse conduction, which could provide an explanation for sudden cardiac death in this model.
Two Hearts and One Defibrillator
Authors: OTT PETER , INDIK JULIA H.
Published: December 2004

A patient who had undergone heterotopic heart transplantation and placement of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in his native heart underwent generator change. Defibrillation testing induced ventricular fibrillation in his donor heart. To prevent this potentially lethal complication, defibrillator shock therapy must be synchronized to the donor heart R wave.
Mechanism for ST Depression Associated with Contiguous Subendocardial Ischemia
Authors: HOPENFELD BRUCE , STINSTRA JEROEN G. , MACLEOD ROB S.
Published: December 2004

Introduction: A mechanism for ST depression arising on the epicardial surface over the border between normal and ischemic tissue is proposed. Depression is caused by current flowing in a transmural loop that begins and ends at the lateral boundary between healthy and ischemic tissue and passes through the transmural boundary between healthy and ischemic tissue. The result is ST depression at the epicardium over the lateral boundary. The size and direction of current flow are dictated by differences in the magnitude and orientation of anisotropic conductivity between those boundaries.

Methods and Results: Computer simulations verified and quantified the relationship between ST depression and conductivity differences. We used computer simulations based on an anatomically accurate, anisotropic model of canine ventricles and a bidomain representation of the effects of ischemia to verify the biophysical basis of this mechanism.

Conclusion: ST depression at the epicardium appears over a lateral boundary between healthy and ischemic tissue.
Left Atrial Pacemaker Dominance After Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: SANDERS PRASHANTHAN , SCAVÉE CHRISTOPHE , JAÏS PIERRE , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL
Published: December 2004

We report a case of left atrial dominant rhythm demonstrated by electroanatomic mapping. The rhythm occurred after radiofrequency catheter ablation in a patient with persistent atrial fibrillation and structural heart disease.
High‐Density Mapping of Left Atrial Endocardial Activation During Sinus Rhythm and Coronary Sinus Pacing in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: BETTS TIMOTHY R. , ROBERTS PAUL R. , MORGAN JOHN M.
Published: December 2004

Introduction: This study was designed to record global high‐density maps of left atrial endocardial activation during sinus rhythm and coronary sinus pacing.

Method and Results: Noncontact mapping of the left atrium was performed in nine patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing pulmonary vein ablation procedures. High‐density isopotential and isochronal activation maps were superimposed on three‐dimensional reconstructions of left atrial geometry. Mapping was repeated during pacing from sites within the coronary sinus. Earliest left atrial endocardial activation occurred anterior to the right pulmonary veins in seven patients and on the anterosuperior septum in two patients. A line of conduction block was seen in the posterior wall and inferior septum in all patients. The direction of activation in the left atrial myocardium overlying the coronary sinus was different from the electrogram sequence in the coronary sinus catheter in 6 of 9 patients. During coronary sinus pacing, activation entered the left atrium a mean (SD) of 41 (13) ms after the pacing stimulus at a site 12 (10) mm from the endocardium overlying the pacing electrode. Lines of conduction block were present in the posterior wall and inferior septum.

Conclusion: In patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, lines of conduction block are present in the left atrium during sinus rhythm and coronary sinus pacing. Electrograms recorded in the coronary sinus infrequently correspond to the direction of activation in the overlying left atrial myocardium.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Early Venous Thrombosis Associated with Permanent Pacemaker Leads
Authors: VAN ROODEN CORNELIS J. , MOLHOEK SANDER G. , ROSENDAAL FRITS R. , SCHALIJ MARTIN J. , MEINDERS A. EDO , HUISMAN MENNO V.
Published: December 2004

Introduction: Pacemaker lead implantation can cause thrombosis, which can be associated with serious local morbidity and complicated by pulmonary embolism. Few reliable estimates of the incidence of thrombosis have been reported. The contribution of established risk factors to venous thrombosis in patients with implanted pacemaker leads is unknown.

Methods and Results: One hundred forty‐five consecutive patients n = 145) underwent routine clinical and Doppler ultrasound evaluation for thrombosis before and 3, 6, and 12 months after lead implantation. Established risk factors for venous thrombosis were assessed in detail for all patients. Clinical outcome, including clinically manifest thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, associated pacemaker lead infection, complicated reinterventions, and death, was evaluated. Thrombosis was observed in 34 (23%) of 145 patients. Thrombosis did not cause any signs or symptoms in 31 patients but resulted in overt clinical symptoms in 3 patients. The absence of anticoagulant therapy, use of hormone therapy, and a personal history of venous thrombosis were associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. The risk of thrombosis increased in the presence of multiple pacemaker leads compared to a single lead.

Conclusion: Established risk factors for venous thrombosis and the presence of multiple pacemaker leads contribute substantially to the occurrence of thrombosis associated with permanent pacemaker leads. Risk factor assessment prior to implantation may be useful for identifying patients at risk for thrombotic complications. Preventive management in these patients is warranted.
Pattern of Isthmus Conduction Recovery Using Open Cooled and Solid Large‐Tip Catheters for Radiofrequency Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: VENTURA RODOLFO , KLEMM HANNO , LUTOMSKY BORIS , DEMIR CAGRI , ROSTOCK THOMAS , WEISS CHRISTIAN , MEINERTZ THOMAS , WILLEMS STEPHAN
Published: December 2004

Introduction: Open cooled‐tip and solid 8‐mm‐tip catheters have demonstrated safety and effectiveness for radiofrequency current (RFC) ablation of typical atrial flutter (AFL). However, data from prospective and randomized studies in this setting are lacking.

Methods and Results: One hundred thirty consecutive patients (104 men; 61 ± 11 years) with AFL were randomized to undergo RFC catheter ablation either using a solid 8‐mm‐tip catheter (group A, 65°C, 70 W, 60 s) or an open irrigated‐tip catheter (group B, 65°C, 50 W, 60 s, 17 mL/min flow). Endpoint was bidirectional conduction isthmus block. In cases of repeated (two times) transient isthmus block, the catheter was changed (crossed over) to the catheter used in the other randomization arm, but patients remained in the original group following intention‐to‐treat analysis. The selected endpoint could be achieved in all patients after 12 ± 6 RFC pulses in group A and 10 ± 7 RFC pulses in group B (P = 0.11). Procedure times were longer (159 ± 38 min vs 138 ± 37 min, P = 0.002) and x‐ray exposures higher in group A (fluoroscopy time 25 ± 17 min vs 21 ± 10 min, P = 0.08; x‐ray dosage 3,133 ± 2,576 cGy·cm2 vs 2,326 ± 1,405 cGy·cm2, P = 0.03). Transient isthmus block was observed in 23 group A patients and 12 group B patients (P = 0.03). Onset time of transient isthmus block ranged from 0.5 to 27 minutes. Repeated transient isthmus block occurred in 8 of the 23 patients in group A after 19 ± 3 RFC applications. After crossover to the cooled‐tip catheter, the endpoint was reached another 5 ± 1 RFC pulses. In group B, all patients could be treated without change of ablation catheter. After a follow‐up of 14 ± 2 months, 2 patients (3%) in group A and 1 patient (1.5%) in group B presented with AFL recurrence.

Conclusion: Open cooled‐tip catheters are more effective than solid large‐tip catheters for AFL ablation. The greater effectiveness is evident in cases showing repeated conduction recovery within the cavotricuspid isthmus. Primary use of open irrigated‐tip catheters should be considered for AFL ablation.
Stable Secondary Arrhythmias Late After Intraoperative Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation:
Authors: KOBZA RICHARD , KOTTKAMP HANS , DORSZEWSKI ANJA , TANNER HILDEGARD , PIORKOWSKI CHRISTOPHER , SCHIRDEWAHN PETRA , GERDS‐LI JIN‐HONG , HINDRICKS GERHARD
Published: December 2004

Introduction: Intraoperative radiofrequency (RF) ablation is an effective treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, secondary arrhythmias late after ablation may complicate the patient's course. We report on the incidence, mechanisms, and treatment of gap‐related atrial flutter and other secondary arrhythmias during long‐term follow‐up.

Methods and Results: In 129 patients who underwent intraoperative RF ablation with placement of left atrial linear lesions using minimally invasive surgical techniques, secondary arrhythmias were analyzed during long‐term follow‐up (20 ± 6 months). Transient atrial arrhythmias during the first 3 postoperative months were excluded. In 8 (6.2%) of 129 patients, sustained stable secondary arrhythmias were documented. Left atrial, gap‐related atrial flutter was observed in 4 patients (3.1%). The flutter was treated by percutaneous RF ablation in 3 patients (2.3%) and with drugs in 1 patient (0.8%). In 2 patients (1.6%), right atrial isthmus‐dependent atrial flutter occurred and was treated successfully by percutaneous RF ablation. In 2 patients (1.6%), ectopic right atrial tachycardias occurred and were treated with percutaneous RF ablation.

Conclusion: Late after intraoperative RF ablation of atrial fibrillation, three types of stable secondary arrhythmias were observed in 6% of patients: left atrial gap‐related atrial flutter, right atrial isthmus‐dependent atrial flutter, and ectopic atrial tachycardia. Gaps after intraoperative RF ablation due to noncontinuous or nontransmural linear lesions may lead to stable left atrial macroreentrant tachycardias, requiring new interventional therapy.
Human Resources Practices as Predictors of Work‐Family Outcomes and Employee Turnover
Authors: Batt Rosemary , Valcour P. Monique
Published: December 2004

Drawing on a nonrandom sample of 557 dual‐earner white‐collar employees, this article explores the relationship between human resources practices and three outcomes of interest to firms and employees: work‐family conflict, employees’ control over managing work and family demands, and employees’ turnover intentions. We analyze three types of human resources practices: work‐family policies, human resources incentives designed to induce attachment to the firm, and the design of work. In a series of hierarchical regression equations, we find that work design characteristics explain the most variance in employees’ control over managing work and family demands, whereas human resources incentives explain the most variance in work‐family conflict and turnover intentions. We also find significant gender differences in each of the three models. Our results suggest that the most effective organizational responses to work‐family conflict and to turnover are those that combine work‐family policies with other human resources practices, including work redesign and commitment‐enhancing incentives.
Child Care Subsidies, Welfare Reforms, and Lone Mothers
Authors: Cleveland Gordon , Hyatt Douglas
Published: December 2004

Recent social assistance reforms appear to have reduced welfare rolls, but the effects on the well‐being of those families and their children are less clear. Using simulations based on Canadian data, we find that some currently favored alternatives turn out to be effective in encouraging employment but punitive to families. Increased subsidization of market child care combined with income support for families appears to deliver a number of family‐supportive outcomes.
What Is International Financial Contagion?
Authors: Moser Thomas
Published: December 2004

Despite the growing popularity of blaming ‘contagion’ for international financial crises, contagion remains an elusive concern. Without a clear understanding of financial contagion and the mechanisms through which it works, we can neither assess the problem nor design appropriate policy measures to control it. This paper organizes and evaluates recent research on international financial contagion. The main finding is that the different mechanisms by which a crisis can spread greatly differ from each other both in their causes and implications. Policy measures that do not take these differences into account may do more harm than good.
Does International Financial Contagion Really Exist?
Authors: Karolyi G. Andrew
Published: December 2004

This article surveys the various definitions and taxonomies of international financial contagion in the academic literature and popular press and relates it to the existing evidence on co‐movements in international asset prices, on the growth and volatility of international capital flows and on the relationship between flows and asset prices. The central argument of the article is that the empirical evidence is not as obviously consistent with the existence of market contagion as many researchers, the press, or market regulators believe. Policy implications of this alternative viewpoint are presented.
Effective Foreign Exchange Intervention: Matching Strategies with Objectives
Authors: King Michael R.
Published: December 2004

Foreign exchange intervention may be undertaken to meet a range of objectives. Empirical work conducted to test the effectiveness of intervention does not adequately address how these objectives may vary over time. As a result, these studies overwhelmingly find that foreign exchange intervention has only a transitory effect on the level or volatility of the exchange rate. These studies suggest strategies that may increase the short‐term effectiveness of intervention. Intervention to pursue policy objectives should be announced, supported by macro economic policy, coordinated with other monetary authorities, and conducted ‘against the wind’. Intervention targeting tactical objectives should be conducted secretly, ‘with the wind’, in large size and timed for maximum impact.
Exploration of the life histories and future of war‐wounded Salvadoran and Iranian Kurd quota refugees in Sweden: a qualitative approach
Authors: Hermansson Ann‐Charlotte , Timpka Toomas , Nyce James M.
Published: December 2004

This study explores the life histories of ten Salvadoran and twelve Iranian Kurd refugees. Both groups came to Sweden as war‐wounded quota refugees and their migration was forced. They had spent many years in guerilla movements and were experienced soldiers despite their youth. They were interviewed during hospitalisation shortly after arrival in Sweden, and followed‐up after two years. The findings suggest that repatriation is a recurrent theme in the future plans of these refugees. The reconstruction of identity may take many forms due to a background as youth soldiers as well as their different experiences of the culture in the host country. Longitudinal studies of how refugees rebuild their lives are needed, and comprehensive analysis from different theoretical perspectives is a necessary complement to general adaptation models.
An introduction to research on the social impact of the therapeutic community for addiction
Authors: Charles Kaplan , Eric Broekaert
Published: December 2004

An introduction to the issue of research on the social impact of the Therapeutic Community for Addiction (TC) is presented. The TC is argued to originate in 1957 in the California utopian community of Synanon, although earlier antecedents are recognised. The direct scientific influence on the development of Synanon is documented and traced to the discipline of sociology and the social research tradition. The breaking with the authoritarian style of Synanon is seen as a key process in the evolution of the TC. Social innovations created by the TC movement include interracial and interethnic living groups as well as the instilling of democracy in the relations of caring in the state institutions and the civil society. The issues of after‐care and the re‐entry phase of the TC client to society are seen as the point where the social impact of the TC can begin to be traced. The integration of the TC into larger treatment systems is discussed, both in its positive and negative consequences to the social movement. Historical research needs to be extended beyond familiar sources into the ‘grey literature’ of TCs and their umbrella organisations. Also, the need to go beyond research that provides an understanding of the past history of the TC is acknowledged. A call for present‐oriented sociological research on the impact of the TC on the social networks of clients in re‐entry and on socially excluded segments of society that would revitalise the movement is concluded.
A brief moment of glory: the impact of the therapeutic community movement on the drug treatment systems in the UK
Authors: Yates Rowdy
Published: December 2004

The introduction of concept‐based therapeutic communities, based upon the model pioneered by Charles Dederich with the Synanon community in California, was a significant development in the evolution of drug treatment provision in the UK. For a short period in the 1970s, these communities enjoyed unparalleled influence in the development and direction of treatment approaches across the whole spectrum of services. This article considers the developments in psychiatry and social care that prepared the ground for that phenomenon. In addition, the article considers the subsequent demise in the importance of therapeutic communities to the direction of drug policy and the implications that this might have for future development of residential treatment services.
Rural‐urban migration and gender division of labor in transitional China
Authors: Fan C. Cindy
Published: December 2004

Over the last two decades, social and economic changes in transitional economies have produced many new outcomes. In this article, I examine some of the ways in which China's transition has produced gendered outcomes and highlight evidence of these outcomes. I argue that during transition the state has shifted its goals to economic ones, but unlike capitalist economies it still has at its disposal instruments of social control. Peasants are made more vulnerable and must rely on migrant work for survival, but their low institutional status relegates them to outsider status in urban areas. These circumstances, together with socio‐cultural traditions that constrain women's mobility and endorse stratifications, have enabled the development of a labor regime that fosters segmentation and division of labor. Peasant migrants' reliance on social network further reinforces segregation in the urban labor market. Using multiple sources of macro‐level and field surveys, I examine both quantitative and qualitative evidence of gender segregation and division of labor. The findings show that a high degree of gender segregation among rural‐urban migrants exists in the urban labor market, that peasant women's urban work opportunities are short‐lived, and that upon marriage women migrants are relegated back to the village and to the ‘inside’, in part to sustain gender division of labor as a household strategy.

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les gouvernements de transition ont connu des évolutions économiques et sociales aux conséquences nouvelles et variées. Cet article examine comment la transition chinoise a produit des effets différenciés selon le sexe, et en détaille la réalité. Durant la phase transitoire, l'É tat a transposé ses objectifs sur le terrain économique mais, contrairement aux pays capitalistes, il dispose encore d'instruments de régulation sociale. Rendue plus vulnérable, la population rurale doit compter sur les travailleurs migrants pour sa survie; cependant, une fois en ville, leur faible statut institutionnel en fait des travailleurs ‘en marge’. Alliée aux traditions socio‐culturelles qui limitent la mobilité des femmes et nourrissent les stratifications, cette situation a permis la création d'un système d'emploi tendant à la segmentation et la division du travail. La dépendance des migrants ruraux par rapport au réseau social vient renforcer la ségrégation sur le marché du travail urbain. A partir d'études de terrain et de niveau global, l'article explore les éléments quantitatifs et qualitatifs de ségrégation sexuelle et division du travail. D'après les résultats, il existe un degré important de ségrégation selon le sexe parmi les migrants sur le marché de l'emploi urbain, les possibilités de travail en ville sont de courte durée pour les paysannes et, quant au mariage, les migrantes sont ramenées à leur village et à‘l'intérieur’, en partie pour soutenir une stratégie domestique de division sexuée du travail.
Making space for sex work: female street prostitution and the production of urban space
Authors: Hubbard Phil , Sanders Teela
Published: December 2004

This article explores the processes by which distinctive red‐light districts are created in western cities, focusing on the changing location of female prostitution in Birmingham (UK). Adapting Henri Lefebvre's ideas on the production of space, as well as Michel de Certeau's distinction between strategies and tactics, the article argues that the changing location of prostitution in the city is the result of a constant interplay between the ordering strategies enacted by the police, council and community protestors and the resistive tactics adopted by sex workers. The net outcome of this process, it is argued, is that a space is created for prostitution so that its resistive potential can be contained within a heterosexually‐ordered city. The article therefore concurs with Lefebvre when he argues that conceptualized space tends to overcode and dominate lived space, but concludes that sex work always threatens to create new ‘spaces of representation’ that challenge the heterosexual ordering of society.

En examinant les processus par lesquels se créent des quartiers ‘chauds’ caractérisés dans les villes occidentales, cet article s'intéresse à la délocalisation de la prostitution féminine à Birmingham (Royaume‐Uni). A partir des idées d'Henri Lefebvre sur la production d'espace, et de la distinction établie par Michel de Certeau entre stratégies et tactiques, il est démontré que le changement d'implantation de la prostitution dans la ville résulte d'une interaction permanente entre, d'une part, les stratégies autoritaires décrétées par la police, la municipalité et les opposants membres de la communauté et, d'autre part, les tactiques de résistance adoptées par les travailleuses du sexe. Cette combinaison se solde par la création d'un espace pour la prostitution de sorte que sa ‘résistivité’ puisse être maîtrisée dans le cadre d'une ville régie par un ordre hétérosexuel. L'article rejoint ainsi Lefebvre lorsqu'il affirme qu'un espace conceptualisé tend à sur‐codifier et dominer l'espace vécu ; toutefois, il conclut que le travail du sexe menace constamment de générer de nouveaux ‘espaces de représentation’ défiant l'ordre hétérosexuel de la société.
Reasserting the ‘social’ in social rented housing: politics, housing policy and housing reforms in New Zealand
Authors: Murphy Laurence
Published: December 2004

After a decade of wide‐ranging social welfare reforms in New Zealand, that have resulted in a considerable restructuring of the role of the state in housing provision, the introduction of new housing legislation in 2000 marked a significant attempt to reassert the notion of social provision. This article examines the manner in which housing policy has recast the role of social rented housing in New Zealand and sets out the political context and implications of the new legislation in which housing policy is being pursued. It is argued that while the notion of social provision has been revived, social rented housing is still constructed in terms of a residual model of provision in the political discourses of reform.

En Nouvelle‐Zélande, après une décennie de réformes sociales de toutes sortes, lesquelles ont largement restructuré le rô le de l'É tat dans la fourniture de logements, la récente présentation d'une législation sur l'habitat en 2000 s'est distinguée par une nette tendance à réaffirmer la notion de service social. En examinant comment la politique du logement néo‐zélandaise a remanié le rô le de l'habitat social en location, l'article expose le contexte et les implications politiques des nouvelles lois dans lesquelles s'inscrit la politique publique du logement. Si la notion de service social a été ravivée, le logement social en location reste un pis‐aller parmi les schémas d'aide évoqués dans les discours politiques réformistes.
Is the institutionalization of urban movements inevitable? A comparison of the opportunities for sustained squatting in New York City and Amsterdam
Authors: Pruijt Hans
Published: December 2004

In this article the opportunity structures of New York City and Amsterdam for organized squatting are compared. New York City knew two distinct squatting waves, with an intermission of several years. The literature on US urban movements predicts transformation through cooptation and repression. Only the first wave, in which housing activists used squatting as a tactic, fits this prediction. The second wave of squatting in New York City, and squatting in Amsterdam in general, escaped cooptation because they involved a squatters' movement proper, in which squatting was not only a tactic but also central to its existence. Compared to Amsterdam, squatting in New York was hampered by technical difficulties and political isolation. Stricter protection of private property made New York squatters restrict themselves to publicly‐owned abandoned buildings. Turf conflicts tended to develop on the neighbourhood level when these buildings were later claimed for the development of low‐income housing. In Amsterdam this type of conflict was rare because of the broad support for low‐income (re)development. Instead, Amsterdam saw citywide protest directed at the real estate sector and municipal authorities.

Cet article compare la structure des opportunités des villes de New York et Amsterdam concernant les squats organisés. New York a connu deux vagues de squattage séparées de plusieurs années. Les textes sur les mouvements urbains aux Etats‐Unis prévoient une mutation par cooptation et répression. Seule la première vague, pour laquelle les militants en faveur du logement ont utilisé le squattage comme tactique, répond à cette prédiction. La seconde vague d'opérations à New York, et celles d'Amsterdam en général, ont échappéà la cooptation, car il s'agissait de mouvements de squatters à proprement parler, où le squat n'était pas seulement une tactique mais surtout un fondement de leur existence. Comparéà Amsterdam, le squattage à New York s'est heurtéà des problèmes techniques et à un isolement politique. La protection plus stricte de la propriété privée a forcé les squatters new‐yorkais à se limiter aux bâtiments publics abandonnés. Des luttes de territoires ont eu tendance à se développer entre voisins lorsque ces bâtiments ont ensuite été réclamés pour aménager des logements à faible loyer. A Amsterdam, rare fut ce genre de conflit grâce au vaste soutien favorable au (ré)aménagement social; au contraire, une protestation générale s'est élevée à l'encontre du secteur immobilier et des autorités municipales.
The Impact of the Single Market Programme on the Locational Determinants of US Manufacturing Affiliates: An Econometric Analysis*
Authors: Mold Andrew
Published: December 2004

This article analyses the impact of the single market programme (SMP) on the locational determinants of US foreign direct investment (FDI) in the manufacturing sector. The econometric model covers the period 1978–95, a key period in the development of the European single market. As the process of regional integration deepens, some authors have predicted that firms will become more sensitive to factor‐based differences (e.g. labour costs) between Member States, and less sensitive to changes in market conditions in the host country. This article finds no evidence of this phenomenon — variables related to the demand side (size and growth of GDP) continue to be the most important determinants of FDI inflows.
Alternative Approaches to Governance in the EU: EU Social Policy and the European Employment Strategy*
Authors: Mosher James S. , Trubek David M.
Published: December 2004

Recent actions by the European Union reveal a shift away from traditional, top‐down, command and control governance. This can be seen in the structure of traditional tools like directives, as many recent directives, especially in social policy‐making, tend to be more open and flexible. But the move to more flexible and participatory approaches can best be seen in areas like the European Employment Strategy (EES), which departs radically from traditional regulatory governance approaches. This article explores the increased use of alternative approaches to governance in the EU by examining the EES as an example of this shift.
Religion and Youth Support for the European Union*
Authors: Nelsen Brent F. , Guth James L.
Published: December 2004

Religion is an important influence on adult attitudes toward European integration, as devout Catholics strongly support integration, while committed Protestants are less enthusiastic. Here we consider whether this relationship holds for reputedly secularized European youth. Using Eurobarometer 47.2OVR, we show that devout Catholic and Orthodox youth do in fact support the European Union, as do committed Protestants, and generically religious youths, but at lower levels. Atheists and agnostics are more critical of the EU. High levels of social capital and pro‐immigration sentiments also predict euro‐enthusiasm. We conclude by analysing the variation in youth attitudes across Member States.
Fifty Years on: Research on the European Parliament*
Authors: Hix Simon , Raunio Tapio , Scully Roger
Published: December 2004

This introductory article reviews our current state of knowledge about the European Parliament (EP). First, we review the major accomplishments of previous studies of the EP, highlighting four principal areas of work: general studies of the chamber, work on EP elections, studies of the internal politics of the Parliament, and research on the EP's institutional relations with the Council and Commission. Second, we consider what has yet to be learnt: what are the major unanswered questions about the EP, and how do the articles in this special issue respond to this agenda?
The Creation and Empowerment of the European Parliament*
Authors: Rittberger Berthold
Published: December 2004

Up until now we have lacked a systematic, theoretically guided explanation of why the European Union, as the only system of international governance, contains a powerful representative institution, the European Parliament, and why it has been successively empowered by national governments over the past half century. It is argued that national governments' decisions to transfer sovereignty to a new supranational level of governance triggers an imbalance between procedural and consequentialist legitimacy which political elites are fully aware of. To repair this imbalance, proposals to empower the European Parliament play a prominent though not exclusive role. Three landmark events are analysed to assess the plausibility of the advanced theory: the creation of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, the acquisition of budgetary powers (Treaty of Luxembourg, 1970) and of legislative powers through the Single European Act (1986).
MEPs as Representatives: Individual and Institutional Roles*
Authors: Scully Roger , Farrell David M.
Published: December 2004

Although the European Parliament (EP), as the sole directly‐elected institution of the EU, has often been accorded prominence in discussions of ‘democracy’ and ‘representation’ within the Union, relatively little attention has been paid to the attitudes of EP members to the practice of representation in the EU. This article develops our understanding of MEPs' attitudes in two important areas. First, we examine how MEPs view their role as individual representatives, and their priorities within that role. Second, we explore parliamentarians' attitudes to their collective position within the EU by considering their opinions on the powers of the EP itself. Drawing on data from a recent survey of MEPs, we assess the extent to which their views on these questions are predicted by individual, institutional and political sources of explanation; our findings indicate that all three significantly, but far from exclusively, shape MEPs' views.
The European Parliament in the Economic Governance of the European Union
Authors: Lord Christopher
Published: December 2004

This article analyses how the European Parliament's contribution to policy outcomes varies across three branches of economic decision‐making and two roles typical of a parliamentary body. The former are based on Majone's distinction between stabilization, redistribution and regulation. The latter draw on Habermas's distinction between the role of the legislator in bargaining and preferences, and setting norms of collective action, which are taken here to include standards of public control and rights entitlements that must be secured in the delivery of policy.
Does Privacy Have a Future after 9/11?
Authors: Steinhardt Barry
Published: December 2004

A few years ago, Sun Microsystems CEO Scott McNealy created uproar by declaring: ‘You have zero privacy. Get over it.’ (Sprenger, 1999) The question, at least for Americans, is did the 11 September terrorist attacks – and the response to them – prove him right? Is privacy really dead?
Innovation, actors and institutions: change and continuity in local development policy in two Hungarian regions
Authors: Keune Maarten , Kiss J´nos Péter , Tóth Andr´s
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on institutional and policy innovation in two Hungarian regions. We analyse the responses of the local elites in these two regions to the post‐1989 challenges and discuss how they have tried to innovate local economic policy in order to promote economic development. Also, we will consider to what extent they have been constrained or facilitated by historically developed institutions. We conclude that the more successful innovation strategies have been those which have at least partially been based on historically accumulated institutional resources. These have been selectively employed in innovative ways and form essential building blocks of the regions' new development strategies. Also, the cases suggest that economic development, as well as the accumulation of institutional resources over time, do not necessarily follow one homogeneous path but may combine several simultaneous paths. Different combinations, then, result in diverse sets of institutional resources which affect the capacity for innovation.

Cet article est consacréà l'innovation institutionnelle et politique dans deux régions hongroises. Il analyse les réponses des élites locales aux défis de l'après‐1989, montrant comment elles ont tenté de concevoir une politique visant à faciliter l'expansion économique régionale. Il étudie ensuite dans quelle mesure elles ont été entravées ou soutenues par les institutions d'origine historique. En conclusion, les stratégies d'innovation les plus fructueuses ont été celles qui se sont appuyées, au moins en partie, sur des ressources institutionnelles accumulées depuis longtemps. Ces derniegrave;res ont été exploitées ponctuellement selon des modalités novatrices, devenant les composantes essentielles des nouvelles stratégies de développement des régions concernées. L'expansion économique, de même que l'accumulation historique de ressources institutionnelles, ne suivent pas obligatoirement un seul chemin homogène, combinant parfois plusieurs sentiers parallèles. Des combinaisons différentes produisent ainsi des ensembles variés de ressources institutionnelles, lesquels influent sur la capacité d'innovation.
Squatters in the creative city: rejoinder to Justus Uitermark
Authors: Pruijt Hans
Published: December 2004

A recent change in attitude of politicians and officials in Amsterdam towards artists who use squatted workspaces does not entail co‐optation of squatters as providers of cultural services. The municipal Breeding Places Amsterdam (BPA) project is a continuation of the long‐standing tendency to legalize squats, but now motivated in terms of the artists' function for the city. There are no indications that recent legalizations have an effect that is different from earlier legalizations. They did not cause the squatters' movement to shift from waging a housing struggle towards creative expression, nor did they affect the core business of the movement: squatting. Internal conflicts, the use of legal procedure instead of political arguments and highly differentiated outcomes for individual squatters are not specific to the recent era of squatting. Some squatters are now trying to play their cards in a way that is compatible with the hype of the creative city. This illustrates the resilience of the prevailing pattern of ‘flexible institionalization’. Flexibility and diversity may well be characteristics that have enabled the squatters' movement to survive under increasingly adverse conditions.

A Amsterdam, le récent changement d'attitude des politiciens et fonctionnaires à l'égard des artistes qui travaillent dans des ateliers squattés n'entraîne pas de cooptation des squatters comme fournisseurs de services culturels. Le projet municipal BPA (l'Amsterdam des pépinières) perpétue une tendance à légaliser les squats, quoique désormais motivée par le rôle des artistes dans la ville. Il n'existe aucun indice que les récentes légalisations aient un effet différent des précédentes. Elles ne font pas évoluer le mouvement des squatters d'une agitation de lutte pour le logement vers une expression créative, ni ne modifient l'activité première du mouvement: squatter. Conflits internes, recours à une procédure légale plutôt qu'à une argumentation politique, et résultats très différenciés selon les individus ne sont pas spécifiques à l'époque récente. Certains squatters tentent désormais leur chance selon une méthode compatible avec la dynamique promotionnelle de la ville créative, illustrant ainsi la résilience du schéma dominant ‘d'institutionnalisation flexible’. Ainsi, souplesse et diversité pourraient être les caractéristiques qui permettraient au mouvement des squatters de survivre dans des conditions de plus en plus défavorables.
Missing C, supplemental D and supplemental premolar all in one quadrant: a case report
Authors: EL‐BAHANNASAWY E. , FUNG D. E.
Published: December 2004

This case report describes a non‐syndromic Caucasian patient who presented with a missing upper right primary canine and a supplemental upper right primary first molar. Later, a supplemental premolar developed in the upper right quadrant. The report highlights the importance of early diagnosis of dental anomalies and a multidisciplinary approach to treatment planning. A regular review and radiographic examination are essential.
Macroinvertebrate richness patterns in North African streams
Authors: Beauchard Olivier , Gagneur James , Brosse Sebastien
Published: December 2004

Aim  To test the hypothesis that macroscale environmental variables explain local taxonomic richness of stream macroinvertebrates, and then to identify the relationships between these variables and benthic fauna richness in North Africa.

Location  North Africa, from West Morocco to East Tunisia.

Methods  Using a large‐scale data base made of 211 sampling sites gathered from an area of 500,000 km2, an artificial neural network model has been built to identify and predict the influence of macroscale environmental variables on local macroinvertebrate richness.

Results  The correlation coefficient (r) between observed and estimated taxon richness values was 0.75 (P < 0.001), and the model explained more than 55% (r2 = 0.563) of the macroinvertebrate richness variation. Macroinvertebrate richness was, therefore, accurately predicted using only three environmental variables accounting for hydrology (number of rainy days), geographical factors, i.e. connections between European and North African land masses (longitude) and climatic gradient (altitude).

Main conclusions  Stream macroinvertebrate richness in North Africa results from a combination of climatic, geographical and hydrological parameters. Although consistent with current biogeographic and ecological concepts mainly derived from European and North American streams, this study underlines the specificity of dry Mediterranean ecosystems. The shape of diversity patterns results from climatic conditions and their associated environmental seasonal dynamics, which screens geographical processes.
Historical biogeography and distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Suárez‐Morales E.
Published: December 2004

Aim  To determine and analyse the distribution of the freshwater calanoid copepod (Diaptomidae and Pseudodiaptomidae) fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) and its relation to the geological history of this Neotropical karstic plain.

Location  The Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.

Methods  Plotting of geo‐referenced sites, analysis of local and regional geological history, analysis and comparison of regional and local records.

Results  The current composition and distribution of Diaptomidae and Pseudodiaptomidae in the YP mainly reflects recent, post‐Pliocene colonization events. This invasion did not reach America, but only parts of Central America (CA). The presence of diaptomids in the continent since the pre‐Cretaceous and the presumed post‐Cretaceous (Palaeocene–Oligocene) radiation of Diaptomidae in Middle America suggest earlier colonizations of the YP. The marine transgressions kept most of the YP submerged in different geological periods, thus eliminating any original primary freshwater colonizers, such as the diaptomids. The periods of marine regression probably represented opportunities for new waves of diaptomid colonization of the YP. The latest dispersal of diaptomids in the YP during the Holocene (8000 yr bp) was probably an intermittent process because of the alternative dry and wet periods and interglacial transgressions. The presence of the Nearctic Leptodiaptomus and Arctodiaptomus in the YP and the current distribution of Mastigodiaptomus might represent remnants of earlier invasions of Diaptomidae in Middle America. The Neotropical Mastigodiaptomus probably originated in the Late Cretacic CA/proto‐Antilles complex. Forms derived from a M. albuquerquensis type ancestor radiated into the YP leaving relatively isolated populations of three species in the northern half of the peninsula. The distribution of the brackish water Pseudodiaptomus marshi well inside the coastline might have resulted from stranding and subsequent adaptation of this species during a marine regression in the Bacalar formation; this agrees with the vision of this taxon as being in process of invasion of freshwater environments.

Main conclusions  It is not probable that the South American (SA) diaptomid fauna originated from an invasion of upper Neotropical/Nearctic forms. The current distribution of freshwater calanoid copepods reflects relatively recent, post‐Pliocene biogeographical patterns, but probably older patterns are involved as well. The northern and eastern coasts of the Yucatan are the most recently colonized by diaptomids. Differing from other freshwater groups surveyed in the Yucatan that have marine relatives (i.e. fishes, amphipods, isopods, mysids, macrocrustaceans), there is no evidence of local vicariant events involving cave‐dwelling forms or marine relicts in the diaptomid fauna of the YP.
Episodic global dispersal in shallow water marine organisms: the case history of the European shore crabs Carcinus maenas and C. aestuarii
Authors: Carlton James T. , Cohen Andrew N.
Published: December 2004

Aim  This paper evaluates global collection records, evidence of anthropogenic transport methods, and experimental and distributional data relative to temperature requirements to understand the historical and potential dispersal of a well‐known genus of estuarine crab.

Location  The records analysed are from temperate and tropical coastal ocean areas.

Methods  The study is based primarily on literature analysis and examination of museum specimens.

Results  The human‐mediated successful global dispersal of the European shore crabs Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. aestuarii (Nardo, 1847) occurred in three major episodes: around 1800, in the 1850s–70s, and in the 1980s–90s. The nineteenth century introductions occurred through transport by ships (probably in hull fouling or in solid ballast), while the introductions in the 1980s could have occurred through a greater variety of dispersal mechanisms (ships’ hull fouling and seawater system fouling; fouling on semisubmersible drilling platforms; ballast water; transport with fisheries products intended for food or bait; scientific research; releases from aquaria maintained for educational or scientific purposes; or intentional non‐governmental releases for human food production). These introductions have resulted in Carcinus’ establishment in five temperate regions outside of its native Europe in Atlantic North America, Australia, South Africa, Japan and Pacific North America, while releases into tropical regions have not established populations. C. maenas’ range in both its native and introduced regions appears to be regulated by similar temperature parameters, enabling an assessment of its potential distribution.

Main conclusions  The second episode of Carcinus’ global dispersal, the period from the 1850s to 1870s, may be part of a broader surge of world‐wide invasions caused by an increase in shipping.