bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on a new Democratic South Africa’s role in the Multilateral Trading System
Authors: Ismail Faizel
Published: May 2012

The paper argues that South Africa’s participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO) since the birth of its democracy in 1994 was informed by its domestic development challenges. It claims that South Africa’s values were derived from its long struggle against apartheid and its transition to a new democracy. South Africa’s political leadership in the Doha negotiations was also strengthened by its deep democratic institutions and consultative processes. South Africa’s values, articulated by Nelson Mandela, reflected a deep commitment to multilateralism and consensus building, fairness and justice, inclusiveness, and a concern to support and promote development, within South Africa, and also in developing countries, especially the African continent. The paper argues that the experiences of South Africa in the multilateral trading system have been inspired by the vision and principles set out by Nelson Mandela. This vision is based on the ‘idealist and aspirational’ discourse in foreign policy rather than the narrow ‘interest driven discourse of realism’.

Policy Implications

 South Africa’s experience in the multilateral system suggests that a normative or value based approach based on principles and values can be more successful in building consensus and fair and balanced multilateral agreements than the mercantilist and realist approaches adopted by the US in the Doha round.

 Raising the awareness of US trade and foreign policy makers on the need to avoid being taken hostage by their narrow minded lobbies will be crucial for the success of multilateral negotiations.

 EU trade and foreign policy makers need to build greater coherence between their more mercantilist approaches of their trade negotiators and human rights based approaches of their foreign policy negotiators.

 Other members in the BRICS group, such as China, India, Russia and Brazil, can learn from the experiences of South Africa and strive to adopt more idealist and normative approaches to their multilateral trade negotiations, ensuring that they are more responsive to the needs of the smaller and poorer developing countries.
From Flying Geese To Leading Dragons: New Opportunities and Strategies for Structural Transformation in Developing Countries1
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu
Published: May 2012

Economic development is a process of continuous industrial and technological upgrading in which any country, regardless of its level of development, can succeed if it develops industries that are consistent with its comparative advantage, determined by its endowment structure. The successful strategy for developing countries is to exploit the latecomer advantage by building up industries that are growing dynamically in more advanced, fast growing countries that have endowment structures similar to theirs. By following carefully selected lead countries, latecomers can emulate the leader follower, flying geese pattern that has served well in effectively catching up economies since the 18th century. The emergence of large middle income countries such as China, India, and Brazil as new growth poles in the world, and their dynamic growth and climbing of the industrial ladder, offer an unprecedented opportunity to all developing economies with income levels currently below theirs—including those in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Having itself been a ‘follower goose’, China is on the verge of graduating from low skilled manufacturing jobs and becoming a ‘leading dragon’. That will free up nearly 100 million labor intensive manufacturing jobs, enough to more than quadruple manufacturing employment in low income countries. A similar trend is emerging in other middle income growth poles. The lower income countries that can formulate and implement a viable strategy to capture this new industrialization opportunity will set forth on a dynamic path of structural change that can lead to poverty reduction and prosperity.

Policy Implications

 Industrialization and structural change are the essence of economic development.

 The best way for a developing country to achieve sustained, dynamic growth is to follow comparative advantage in its industrial development and to tap into the potential of advantages of backwardness in industrial upgrading.

 The industrialization in successful catching up countries often proceeds in a leader follower, flying geese pattern.

 The dynamic growth in China and other large emerging markets provide an unprecedented opportunity for the industrialization and dynamic growth in Africa and other low income countries.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and lung adenocarcinoma: Case report
Authors: Boyd Michael , Ojha Shishir , Goyos Jose , Cragun William Hal , Rubio Edmundo
Published: May 2012

The spectrum of disease related to Aspergillus spp. within the lung is variable. The exact nature of any association of Aspergillus spp. either in the development or progression of lung cancer remains unexplored. Infrequent occurrences of pulmonary aspergilloma in the presence of adenocarcinoma of the lung have been reported. We present a rare case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with an accompanying finding of adenocarcinoma in a patient presenting with fever and a cavitary lung lesion.
Inter‐organizational Quality Management: The Use of Contractual Incentives and Monitoring Mechanisms with Outsourced Manufacturing
Authors: Handley Sean M. , Gray John V.
Published: May 2012

Quality‐related incidents involving contract manufacturers (CMs) are becoming increasingly prevalent. The quality management (QM) literature, however, has focused mostly on QM within a single firm. Thus, the need for data‐driven research on managing quality with outsourced production is evident. We investigate the use and effectiveness of external failure penalties and audits of CMs’ facilities to manage inter‐firm quality. Building on agency theory and extant QM literature, this study addresses two research questions: (i) whether the control mechanisms of quality audits and contractual external quality failure penalties are substitutes or complements in use and (ii) whether they are substitutes or complements in their effectiveness at aligning the quality interests of customers and their CMs. Our analysis uses dyadic data gathered from brand‐owning firms and their CMs representing 95 contract manufacturing relationships in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐regulated industries. The results indicate that more severe external failure penalties correspond to a lower use of facility audits (i.e., they are substitutes‐in‐use). We also find that both external failure penalties and facility audits have a unique positive effect on the CM's perception of relative quality importance. Finally, some evidence supports the hypothesis that each mechanism is more effective in the presence of the other (i.e., they are complements‐in‐effectiveness).
An Advanced Heuristic for Multiple‐Option Spare Parts Procurement after End‐of‐Production
Authors: Inderfurth Karl , Kleber Rainer
Published: May 2012

After‐sales service is a major source of profit for many original equipment manufacturers in industries with durable products. Successful engagement in after‐sales service improves customer loyalty and allows for competitive differentiation through superior service like an extended service period during which customers are guaranteed to be provided with service parts. Inventory management during this period is challenging due to the substantial uncertainty concerning demand over a long time horizon. The traditional mechanism of spare parts acquisition is to place a large final order at the end of regular production of the parent product, causing major holding costs and a high level of obsolescence risk. With an increasing length of the service period, more flexibility is needed and can be provided by adding options like extra production and remanufacturing. However, coordinating all three options yields a complicated stochastic dynamic decision problem. For that problem type, we show that a quite simple decision rule with order‐up‐to levels for extra production and remanufacturing is very effective. We propose a heuristic procedure for parameter determination which accounts for the main stochastic and dynamic interactions in decision making, but still consists of relatively simple calculations that can be applied to practical problem sizes. A numerical study reveals that the heuristic performs extremely well under a wide range of conditions, and therefore can be strongly recommended as a decision support tool for the multi‐option spare parts procurement problem. A comparison with decision rules adapted from practice demonstrates that our approach offers an opportunity for major cost reductions.
Using Film in the L2 Classroom: A Graduate Course in Film Pedagogy
Authors: Sturm Jessica L.
Published: May 2012

This article is a description of a graduate pedagogy course on using film in language courses at the university level; the principles and methods taught are adaptable to any level and any second (L2) or foreign language course. The focus is the methodology, or topics and themes covered by the course, and results of the implemented method: student reactions, based on course evaluations and correspondence received by the author. Students in the course were enthusiastic and receptive to the course, and their coursework became part of a repository for other teaching assistants at their university. Long‐range implications are further implementation of film‐based pedagogy in L2 courses, providing a contextualized methodology and opportunities for communication in the L2.
In-vitro metabolism of glycyrrhetinic acid by human and rat liver microsomes and its interactions with six CYP substrates
Authors: Zhao Kai , Ding Ming , Cao Hui , Cao Zheng-xin
Published: May 2012

Objectives

Glycyrrhetinic acid is the main metabolite of glycyrrhizin and the main active component of Licorice root. This study was designed to investigate the in-vitro metabolism of glycyrrhetinic acid by liver microsomes and to examine possible metabolic interactions that glycyrrhetinic acid may have with other cytochrome P450 (CYP) substrates.

Methods

Glycyrrhetinic acid was incubated with rat liver microsomes (RLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used for glycyrrhetinic acid or substrates identification and quantification.

Key findings

The Km and Vmax values for HLM are 33.41 µm and 2.23 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively; for RLM the Km and Vmax were 24.24 µm and 6.86 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively. CYP3A4 is likely to be the major enzyme responsible for glycyrrhetinic acid metabolism in HLM while CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are considerably less active. Other human CYP isoforms have minimal or no activity toward glycyrrhetinic acid. The interactions of glycyrrhetinic acid and six CYP substrates, such as phenacetin, diclofenac, (S)-mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, chlorzoxazone and midazolam were also investigated. The inhibitory action of glycyrrhetinic acid was observed in CYP2C9 for 4-hydroxylation of diclofenac, CYP2C19 for 4′-hydroxylation of (S)-mephenytoin and CYP3A4 for 1′-hydroxylation of midazolam with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 4.3-fold, 3.8-fold and 9.6-fold higher than specific inhibitors in HLM, respectively. However, glycyrrhetinic acid showed relatively little inhibitory effect (IC50 > 400 µm) on phenacetin O-deethylation, dextromethorphan O-demethylation and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation.

Conclusions

The study indicated that CYP3A4 is likely to be the major enzyme responsible for glycyrrhetinic acid metabolism in HLM while CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are considerably less active. The results suggest that glycyrrhetinic acid has the potential to interact with a wide range of xenobiotics or endogenous chemicals that are CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrates.
AN INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT*†
Authors: Neimark Edith D.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Developmental data from three experiments are reported in support of the assumptions that (a) there are two classes of preliminary transformations performed upon information at the early stages of thought: analyzing and memorializing; that (b) each transformation class has a characteristic ontogeny that (c) underlies the broader pattern of development of intelligence. Since most current developmental research may be characterized as concerned with the development of analytic transformations, some speculations on the additional role of memorializing transformations are proposed.
AUTOCORRELATION AND VARIANCE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL AND RUNOFF IN NEW JERSEY BASINS*
Authors: Bourodimos E. L. , Oguntuase A. M.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Prediction of future hydrologic events and behavior in a river basin is the basis for efficient planning, economic design and control in water resources. Linear regression has shown stationarity of hydrologic data for Raritan and Mullica River Basins in New Jersey. Harmonic analysis has been applied to describe monthly periodic movement of runoff and precipitation. Removal of the deterministic periodic component has resulted in a random residual component. Autocovariance and spectral techniques have been employed in correlation analysis of the stochastic series of runoff and rainfall. A first‐order linear auto‐regressive (Markov) model for runoff has been established. High peaks of the spectra for runoff and precipitation at frequencies that are multiples of 0.083 cycle/month are associated with the annual cycle. Difference in explained variance, of runoff and precipitation spectra, reflects different geologic and watershed structure and different levels of evapotranspiration and urbanization between the two basins.
ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CANINE GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA*†
Authors: Kupchella Charles E. , Steggerda F. R.
Published: May 2012

Summary

The quantitative and qualitative distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in the mucosa of the proximal and distal portions of the duodenum, ileum, and colon, as well as in the body and pyloric regions of the stomach, were studied. Mucopolysaccharides were extracted and separated as cetylpyridinium complexes into “hyaluronic acid,” “chondroitin sulfate,” and “heparin” fractions and quantitated individually as uronic acid. Extracted acid mucopolysaccharides were purified further by anion exchange chromatography, and the subfractions were characterized according to electrophoretic mobility, anticoagulant activity, metachromatic activity, susceptibility to hyaluronidase, salt quenching of the carbazole color reaction, uronic acid content, hexosamine content, and sulfate content.

The chondroitin sulfate fraction was the predominant fraction in all regions. Several subfractions were isolated from both the “chondroitin sulfate” and “hyaluronic acid” fractions. The uronic acid in the “heparin” fraction of all regions yielded one subfraction, which was qualitatively identical to commercial heparin. Acid mucopolysaccharide levels were significantly higher in the stomach mucosa; there, the uronic acid levels in the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate fractions were significantly higher in the body than in the pyloric region. Short‐term exposure of the duodenum of anesthetized dogs to acetylsalicylic acid had no significant effect on the mucopolysaccharide levels in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BROOKLYN INJECTION GNEISS AND RELATED FORMATIONS
Authors: Blank Horace R.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The bedrock under the western end of Long Island, N. Y. has been known as the Brooklyn Injection Gneiss, and regarded as the Fordham Gneiss mixed with various amounts of intrusive Ravenswood Granodiorite. A water tunnel constructed in this bedrock encountered gneiss of Fordham type, gneissoid granodiorite, laminated mica schist, and interbedded limestones (impure marbles). Except for cross‐cutting dikes of amphibolite and of pegmatite, contacts between the different rock types are conformable and gradational, as well as conformable with the banding of the Inwood and Manhattan formations farther north.

These observations lead to the conclusion that all the metamorphic rock formations in the New York City area originated as one great sedimentary sequence, interrupted by only local unconformities. The work of others suggests that the entire sequence may range in age from Late Precambrian to Ordovician.

The Ravenswood Granodiorite may not be igneous but may represent merely certain sedimentary strata having a composition slightly different from that of the rest of the Fordham Gneiss. As some of the interbedded limestones are lenticular, even the Inwood Marble may have been a lenticular deposit, which may explain its variation in thickness and its absence in the east Bronx. The laminated mica schist occurs associated with the Inwood Marble at Rikers Island, but it also occurs extensively in Brooklyn without marble. Numerous cross‐cutting amphibolite dikes are present in Brooklyn, although they are not found in the normal Fordham, Inwood, and Manhattan formations in this area.
CHARACTERIZATION OF X/Gf MICE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RESISTANCE TO ONCOGENESIS*
Authors: Goldfeder Anna
Published: May 2012

Abstract

A strain of mice designated X/Gf, inbred by sister‐brother mating for the past 20 years, proved to have an extremely low susceptibility to spontaneous development of neoplasms. Mice of this strain served as a model system in studies pertaining to detection of endogenous characteristics that may be involved in resistance to neoplasia. Experiments performed thus far revealed that the X/Gf mice produced high levels of antibodies against the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV); they possessed a high phagocytic activity and high capacity to produce hemoantibodies; they were resistant to polyoma virus, to Friend leukemia virus at adult age, and to FBJ osteosarcoma virus; they exhibited low susceptibility to potent carcinogenic agents such as x‐rays, urethan, 2‐acetyl‐amino‐fluorene, 7, 12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. No variants from those noted in other inbred mice were found either in the capacity of interferon production or in a representable number of isozymes. The low susceptibility of X/Gf mice to neoplastic transformation is attributed to their efficient immunological surveillance. (See also table 5.)
THE INFLUENCE OF CUTANEOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY TO BERYLLIUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PULMONARY BERYLLIOSIS*
Authors: Reeves Andrew L. , Krivanek Neil D.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Inhalation exposure to beryllium compounds causes pulmonary berylliosis in human beings as well as guinea pigs, and dermal contact results in the development of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. An experiment was conducted to study the relation between the two lesions. Guinea pigs with induced cutaneous hypersensitivity to BeSO4, as well as untreated guinea pigs, received inhalation exposure to BeSO4. Untreated and unexposed controls were also included. The pulmonary response was assayed at periodic sacrifices. High prevalence of pneumonitis (apparently of microbiological origin) and a much lower prevalence of granulomatosis (apparently from aspirated food particles) were observed in all animal groups. Fibrosis and metaplasia were highest in the untreated‐exposed, much lower in the treated‐exposed, and lowest in the unexposed group. Degree of cutaneous sensitivity and degree of lung damage among individual guinea pigs showed distinct negative correlation. The induction of hypersensitivity apparently conferred resistance on the guinea pigs to the fibrotic and metaplastic effects of beryllium inhalation. The phenomenon may have significance in the prophylaxis of beryllium‐exposed humans.
THE TREMATODE FAMILY BUCEPHALIDAE–PROBLEMS OF MORPHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND SYSTEMATICS:* DESCRIPTION OF RUDOLPHINUS GEN. NOV
Authors: Stunkard Horace W.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

A survey of published descriptions of bucephalid trematodes provides bits of information on definitive and intermediate hosts, life histories, developmental stages and systematic relations. Adults live in the digestive tracts of marine and freshwater fishes; miracidial larvae emerge from the eggs and enter bivalve mollusks, where they give rise to branched sporocysts in which fork‐tailed larvae are produced. These larvae, described by von Baer (1827), invade small fishes, where they encyst; when ingested by definitive hosts, they become sexually mature, completing the cycle. Although outlines of the life history are clear, correlation between larval and adult stages is known for only two marine and four freshwater species. Lack of information on successive stages of particular species has led to confusion in systematic and taxonomic determinations. The relative significance of different morphological and developmental features, especially of the excretory system, is controversial. A new genus, Rudolphinus, is erected to contain Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1905, since the species is not congeneric with Prosorhynchus squamatus Odhner, 1905, type of the genus.
COMPARISON OF PHOTOPERIODIC INFLUENCES ON THE SEASONAL CHANGES IN BODY WEIGHT AND ENERGY INTAKE IN THE EASTERN CHIPMUNK AND THE 13‐LINED GROUND SQUIRREL*
Authors: Brenner Fred J. , Lyle P. Dennis
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) and the thirteen‐lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) exhibit seasonal changes in body weight and energy intake. The magnitude and timing of these cycles are affected by photo‐period. The amount of energy intake was greater in the Eastern chipmunk than it was in the ground squirrel; however, the converse occurred in the seasonal weight changes.
ETHICS AND POLITICS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH*
Authors: Nash June
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The problems of carrying out field research and analyzing social processes observed in revolutionary contexts are discussed in relation to the speaker's experiences in Bolivia and in historical perspective.
CLOTHING DESIGN FOR COMFORT AND WORK PERFORMANCE IN EXTREME THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS*
Authors: Goldman Ralph F.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Assessment of the insulation (clo) value and evaporative impedance (im/clo) value of a clothing system can provide an accurate estimate of the relative advantages of one garment or fabric over another with respect to the thermal protection and/or strain associated with wearing the clothing. There are effects of cut, drape, and fit that must receive special consideration. The techniques presented are a valuable tool in clothing design, and such evaluations are desirable in studies of the man‐clothing‐job‐environment‐system for ordinary clothing as well as for such advanced concepts as clothing systems with intrinsic environmental conditioning sources.
AN EINSTEIN PARADOX
Authors: Hoffmann Banesh
Published: May 2012

Abstract

At the age of 16, Einstein hit on a paradox that contained the germ of the theory of relativity. He argued that an observer moving so as to keep abreast of a light wave should see it as at rest, but that there seems to be no such electromagnetic field. The paradox is usually resolved by saying that, according to the special theory of relativity, no observer can move fast enough to keep up with light. However, the situation is more subtle. One can easily show that the paradox arises essentially from applying a Galilean transformation to the light waves but a relativistic one to the Maxwell equations. But a close examination of the transformational situation reveals surprising aspects that seem not to have been pointed out before and that transfer the locale of the paradox from logic to intuition.
AREAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF NEW JERSEY PRECIPITATION USING HARMONIC ANALYSIS*
Authors: Shulman Mark D. , Leblang Richard S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Harmonic analysis provides a unique method of obtaining an objective and simultaneous evaluation of the temporal and areal distribution of precipitation and is applied to precipitation from a network of stations in New Jersey and bordering states. Results show that the first harmonic describing the tendency toward a single annual maximum and minimum of precipitation is most significant in the interior and northwestern sections of New Jersey and diminishes in significance toward the coast. An isochronal plot of phase angle of the first harmonic shows that annual precipitation peaks in July in the interior of the state, while toward the coast a late summer maximum is evident, reaching into September in the Atlantic City area.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SURROUNDING PLATINUM*
Authors: Chisholm M. H.
Published: May 2012

Unsaturated hydrocarbons, un, are activated on coordination to organoplatinum(2+) cations and lead to a variety of products depending on (i) the nature of un, (ii) the ligands on platinum, (iii) the nature and availability of a nucleophile, and (iv) the solvent and reaction conditions. These reactions are interpreted in terms of a carbonium ion model in which the unsaturated hydrocarbon gains carbonium ion character as a result of delocalization of the positive charge from platinum over un. Platinum vinyl carbonium ions, formed from (i) cationic acetylenic platinum complexes, (ii) protonation of platinum acetylides, and (iii) α‐chlorovinylplatinum compounds, act as carbene ligand precursors in alcohols. The role of organoplatinum cations in promoting Pt‐H and Pt‐C insertion reactions is discussed in the light of recent kinetic studies.
Period Analysis Based on CNN and Periodicity Ratio Method
Authors: Li Guodong , Dai Liming , Han Lu
Published: May 2012

In this work, we use a new approach to test whether the data from a numerical solution of a nonlinear differential system are periodic. If so, we can further check the corresponding period. A cellular neural/nonlinear network (CNN) has been used to test the data from the phase trajectory of the system. Then the period can be found from the data by examining the prime sub periodicity of the system. It is more efficient than using a periodicity with a normal number. The calculated velocity is only 10% of a normal number. To disclose the periodic character of a given nonlinear differential system whose analytical solution is difficult to be obtained, it’s very important to test the period of its numerical solution. A method is proposed to test the Periodic ratio method and times period of the data.
Fluid Flow in Polygonal Micro Heat Pipes
Authors: Rao Sai Sashankh , Wong Harris
Published: May 2012

Micro heat pipes have been used to cool microelectronic devices, but their heat transfer coefficients are low compared with those of conventional heat pipes. A typical micro heat pipe has a long and narrow cavity of polygonal cross section. A long vapor bubble occupies the center of the cavity, while the liquid fills the rest. As one end of the pipe is heated, the liquid evaporates and increases the vapor pressure. The higher pressure drives the vapor to the cold end where the vapor condenses and releases the latent heat. The condensate moves along the liquid-filled corners of the pipe back to the hot end to complete the cycle. Since the pipe is long, the vapor and liquid flow almost uni-directionally along most part of the pipe. We have developed a finite-difference method to solve for the coupled flows. To validate the numerical code, we modify the flow geometry so that analytic solutions can be obtained for the axial velocity and compared with the numerical results. The analytic solutions and the finite-difference method are described and their results compared. We find good agreement for the volume flow rate and the velocity profile, thus validating the numerical method.
PID-Based Thermal Control in Heat Conduction Micro-Calorimeters
Authors: Pacheco-Vega Arturo , Vilchiz-Bravo Luis Enrique , Handy Brent E.
Published: May 2012

Strategies based on the principle of heat flow and temperature control were implemented, and experimentally tested, to increase the sensitivity of a Tian-Calvet microcalorimeter for measuring heats of adsorption. Here, both heat-flow and temperature control schemes were explored to diminish heater-induced thermal variations within the heat sink element hence obtaining less noise in the baseline signal. PID controllers were implemented within a closed-loop system to perform the control actions in an calorimetric setup. The experimental results demonstrate that the heat flow control strategy provided a better baseline stability when compared to the temperature control. A modified control strategy is then suggested to maintain a stable core temperature and signal noise level in the system.
Enterprise Application Integration for Virtual Production
Authors: Schilberg Daniel , Meisen Tobias , Cerfontaine Philippe , Jeschke Sabina
Published: May 2012

The focus of this work is to promote the adoption of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) as a framework for virtual production. The product planning phase in real and virtual production usually requires a huge range of various applications that are used by different departments of a company. To increase productivity on the one hand and reduce complexity of application integration on the other hand, it is essential to be able to interconnect the differing syntax, structure and semantics of the distributed applications. The presented EAI framework will be used in the production planning process of a Line-Pipe as a use case. The successful application interconnection in this use case is used to validate the framework.
CFD Simulations of Urban and Wildland Fire Spread Among Discrete Fuels Under Effect of Wind
Authors: Satoh Koyu , Liu Naian , Wu Jinmo , Chen Haixiang , Lei Jiao , Lozano Jesse S.
Published: May 2012

It is important to investigate the urban and wildland fire behavior to mitigate the fire hazards. There have been many studies on such fires, but the need of real time fire simulations has recent increased and a demand to predict fire spread patterns in urban and wildland regions for decision-making strategies against fires has emerged. However, the knowledge of fire spread behavior is still insufficient, particularly for the condition of discrete fuel distributions. Under this condition the fire spread behavior shows high complexity due to the significant interactions between the radiation, conduction and convection heat transfer, especially under significant ambient wind effects. This paper investigates urban and wildland fire spread behavior by utilizing CFD simulations for two types of fuels under the effect of wind. A 15×15 square array, consisting of 225 fuel sources, is used to simulate the discrete fuel distribution, with varying fuel spacing and wind speed. The simulation method is similar to that used in our previous study, but with different ignition heaters. The comparison of the simulated results for the reduced and real scale models is reasonable, as verified by the similarity law. The critical fire spread distance, the wind effect upon fire spread, and the variation of fire spread rate for the two types of fuels are extensively investigated.
Modeling, Control and Application of Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Shih Hui-Ru , Walters Wilbur L.
Published: May 2012

Nanotechnology is a growing area that educators are interested in attracting students to. Smart materials have become the workhorse in a multitude of nanotechnology. One example is the piezoelectric actuators which are used for nano-positioning in Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The majority of today’s engineering and technology students are unaware of the remarkable properties of smart materials as well as their applications in nanotechnology. Therefore, providing students with the knowledge and experience of piezoelectric actuators is the crucial step in integrating nanotechnology into engineering and technology education. One course module has been developed for introducing modeling, control, and application of piezoelectric actuators to undergraduate students at Jackson State University. This module includes classroom lectures, demonstrations, and actual exercises. This paper discusses the development and implementation of the teaching module and provides some initial student feedback. The course module description and covered topics are presented in detailed. The course module presented in this paper can easily and seamlessly be integrated to the existing engineering and technology courses.
Experimental Implementation of a Micro-Scale ORC-Based CHP Energy System for Domestic Applications
Authors: Malavolta Massimo , Beyene Asfaw , Venturini Mauro
Published: May 2012

Because of the renewed interest in renewable energy as well as increased emphasis on alternative technologies, micropower-generating systems have attracted considerable research interest over the last decade. However, micro-scale power generation for low grade heat recovery applications, i.e. as low as 1–3 kW - for domestic use, are characterized by very low efficiencies and relatively high specific cost. For economic viability, these factors make it imperative that the heat source remains “free”, such as solar or geothermal energy. In this paper, a small-scale Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is presented. The small-scale ORC module was built and tested at San Diego State University lab, aimed at producing electricity and hot water from ultra-low grade heat source that can be tapped from solar collectors and low temperature exhaust heat. The system was built for economic viability and flexibility, tailored for a domestic use. The tests demonstrated that the system offered CHP capability, with electric and thermal power output suitable for a domestic application. It also offered high operational flexibility, since the scroll expander could work with a high temperature range, accommodating an even-significant drop of the heat source temperature. Therefore, it can be conveniently used to capture solar and low-temperature energy sources. The system could be produced at an overall cost of less than $3,000 (USD 2010).
Axisymmetric Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Bonded Shrink Fitted Joints Under Torsional Loads
Authors: Liao Lijuan , Sawa Toshiyuki
Published: May 2012

Shrink fitting combining with anaerobic adhesives (bonded shrink fitted joints) has been widely used for joining cylindrical components in a lot of mechanical structures. This paper deals with mechanical properties (stress analysis and strength estimation) of the bonded shrink fitted joint in which a ring is fitted at the middle part of a shaft subjected to torsion. The stress distributions in the adhesive layer of bonded shrink fitted joint are analyzed using an axisymmetric theory of elasticity when an external torsion is applied to the upper end of the shaft. The effects of the stiffness, the outside diameter and the height of the ring on the interface stress distributions are clarified in the numerical calculations. The maximum shear stress, which shows singular stress property, initiates near the inside upper edge of the adhesive layer interface, where the rupture occurs in the joint under external torsional loads. In addition, the estimation method of joint strength is applied using the interface stress distributions and the modified singularity stresses expressions obtained from the analogous tests. It is found that the joint strength increases as the stiffness, the outside diameter and the height of the ring increase. Furthermore, experiments to measure the joint strength were carried out. Three-dimensional finite element (FEM) method is also adopted to verify the theoretical results. In addition, the strength of the bonded shrink fitted joint is compared with that of shrink fitted joint based on the experimental results, which is found that the strength of the bonded shrink fitted joints is greater than that of shrink fitted joints. The numerical results are in a fair good agreement with the experimental results and FEM results.
Tongue and Groove Joint Stability Testing in Air
Authors: Whitlow Jesse W. , Tomko Robert P.
Published: May 2012

Dynamic and static stability testing was performed on a tongue-in-groove joint using air as the driving fluid. The testing was performed to evaluate the conditions that would produce oscillations that could result in sustained vibration of the test piece (dynamic instability) and to determine the conditions for which the joint would seal (static instability). The key variables that were adjusted in the test were the length of the gap, the width of the gap, and the position of the tongue within the groove. Four test configurations were evaluated with different gap widths and engagement lengths to produce L/go (tongue engagement length to groove gap width) ratios ranging from 1.2 to 42. The smallest L/go configuration, which was the most dynamically unstable configuration, was repeated with damping added to the spring-mass system. Each configuration was flow tested over a range of differential pressures and disk positions within the groove. Differential pressure, disk position, displacement due to disk vibration, disk acceleration, flow through the gap, and acoustic pressure in the gap were measured and recorded. Testing showed the most violent unstable behavior occurs when the disk is centered in the groove, while the behavior tends to be stable when the disk is near the downstream sealing surface of the groove.
Experimental and Numerical Study on an Inter-Turbine Duct
Authors: Zhang Xue Feng , Hu Shuzhen , Benner Michael , Gostelow Paul , Vlasic Edward
Published: May 2012

The inter-turbine transition duct (ITD) between the high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) turbines of a gas turbine has the potential for significant length reduction and therefore engine weight reduction and/or aerodynamic performance improvement. This potential arises because very little is understood of the flow behavior in the duct in relation to the hub and casing shapes, and the flow entering the duct (e.g., swirl angle, turbulence intensity, periodic unsteadiness and blade tip vortices from upstream HP turbine blade rows). Moreover, it is unclear how well CFD is able to predict the complex flow-field in these ducts. This paper presents the results of a detailed experimental and computational study of an ITD, which is representative of a modern engine design. The experiments were conducted in a low-speed annular test rig where the effects of inlet free-stream turbulence intensities and swirl angle were investigated. Numerical studies were performed using commercial CFD software. The capability of different turbulence models, including the B-L, S-A, k-ε and SST models, have been explored. The predicted results are compared with the experimental data. Both experimental and numerical results are analyzed in detail to investigate the flow development both inside the ITD and along the end-walls.
Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Control by Using DBD Plasma Actuators: Part I—Experimental Investigation
Authors: Xu Xiaofei , Vo Huu Duc , Mureithi Njuki , Zhang Xue Feng
Published: May 2012

Turbulent boundary layer separation is an important issue for a variety of applications, one of which is S-shaped aircraft engine intakes. The turbulent separation at the engine intake causes inlet flow distortion, which can deteriorate engine performance, cause fatigue and reduce engine component life. Various flow control techniques have been applied for turbulent boundary layer separation control, such as vortex generators, vortex generator jets and synthetic jets. The recent advent of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators can potentially provide a robust method for the control of turbulent boundary layer separation. Compared to other flow control techniques, these new actuators are simple, robust and devoid of moving mechanical parts, which make them ideal for aerodynamic applications. The present work studies the effects of DBD plasma actuators on the suppression of 2-D turbulent boundary layer separation induced by an imposed adverse pressure gradient. First, the flow field with and without actuation in a low-speed wind tunnel is investigated experimentally by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The results show that plasma actuation can suppress turbulent boundary layer separation in both continuous and pulsed modes. In the pulsed mode, the actuation with an optimal actuation frequency, corresponding to a dimensionless frequency of order one, is found to most effectively suppress the turbulent separation. Moreover, the effects of plasma actuation on the flow is demonstrated and analyzed by using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The effect of the actuation is found to be correlated to the second POD mode which corresponds to large flow fluctuations.
CFD Simulation of Human Coughs and Sneezes: A Study in Droplet Dispersion, Heat, and Mass Transfer
Authors: Aliabadi Amir A. , Rogak Steven N. , Green Sheldon I. , Bartlett Karen H.
Published: May 2012

A Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of near-field cough and sneeze droplet dispersion and heat and mass transfer is developed. In this study various sources of variability in cough and sneeze processes are considered. These are variations in injection volume (0.5l, 2.5l, and 5.0l) and ambient relative humidity (20%, 40% and 60%). There are a total of 9 simulations for coughs and sneezes in a quiescent background. A large ensemble (5000) of droplets are tracked with diameters in the range 1–500micron. Evaporation and dispersion are predicted as a function of droplet size. Generally, fine droplets evaporate faster than large droplets. Higher relative humidities slow the evaporation process. Larger droplets have greater axial penetration. They also exhibit greater vertical drop due to the effect of gravity. Sideway penetration is increased by higher injection volumes. The buoyancy effect due to thermal energy of the injection is very weak, at least for the 10-second computation duration.
Safety and Reliability Studies Using Analysis Tools
Authors: Diwakar Philip , Berkoe Jonathan
Published: May 2012

Computational Fluid Dynamics and Computational Structural Mechanics (also called Finite Element Analysis of FEA) and a combination of the two — Fluid Solid Interaction (FSI) — have long been used for safety of Personnel in Industry. This paper gives four examples of using these tools for designing equipment and mitigations to provide a safe and amenable working environment for personnel. The first example deals with the use of CFD to resize or relocate exhaust stacks — to prevent personnel working on an adjacent elevated platform being exposed to hot gasses or low oxygen levels — under high wind conditions or the presence of an inversion layer in the atmosphere. The second example is on construction of a retractable protective screen — for personal working on an elevated platform — in the event of a leak of combustive gas from an adjoining unit. CFD is used to determine the length and temperature of the flame while FEA is used to determine the impinging forces half way between the combustion source and the workers to select a suitable flexible retractable screen for protection. A third example is on cooling methane and ethane vapors heated during initial ship loading to prevent flaring caused by pressure build up. Flaring causes several environmental issues such as degradation of vegetation and trees, temperature effects on nearby occupied building, large luminescence, atmospheric disturbances and turbulence on passing aircraft, as well as loss of production. The stresses on the piping network, flanges, valves, pads and shoes — which may lift by Joule-Thompson effect caused temperature differentials — are studied using FEA to ensure the safe operation. A final example is on the use of CFD and FEA to determine the sources of flow-induced and cavitation-induced acoustic noise and vibration and water hammer produced by flow restrictions and flashing of liquid to vapor behind a vee-ball control valve and a ball control valve. The frequencies are extracted from CFD and checked against the natural frequencies from modal analysis and experimental bump test for typical resonant frequencies in the system. Mitigations are proposed to ensure lower noise levels and reduce vibrations in the system for the comfort of personnel working in the vicinity.
Beam-Like Major Compliant Joint Methodology for Automotive Body Structures
Authors: Shahhosseini Ali M. , Prater Glen
Published: May 2012

One of major difficulties in developing and employing a concept model of a vehicle is to develop a simple and accurate model of joints. A vehicle joint is a subassembly formed by several members that intersect together. It is a thin-walled structure formed by overlapping metal sheets fastened by spot welds. The study of the joints has been important, because they can deform locally. This flexibility can affect noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) characteristics of a vehicle plus other structural performance characteristics under different loading conditions. The main difference between various kinds of concept models is the representation of body joints. Joints are important components of the auto body because they affect significantly, and in some cases, they even dominate, the static and dynamic behavior of a model. This paper introduces a new beam-like major compliant joint methodology. Joints are simulated with different parametric representations that present the major differences among various concept models. The development procedure of the beam-like major compliant joint is explained and the benefits of using this representation are discussed.
A Microcosmic Absorption Model for Absorber in Solar Driven Absorption Heat Pump
Authors: Sun Jian , Fu Lin , Zhang Shigang
Published: May 2012

The absorption heat pump has currently become an important device in saving energy because of its effectiveness in utilizing low grade heat. A microcosmic absorption model was established for the horizontal falling film absorber. The Nusselt solution for film thickness and velocity distribution was applied and the mass and energy conservation were used to build the heat and mass transfer equations. Besides, heat and mass transfer equations were joined by reciprocity of each other. A complete absorption model was given. In order to justify this model, the largest absorption system experiment bench in China was built. The calculated results were compared to experimental values and showed satisfying agreement. This model will play an important role in absorption system design and relative researches.
Unconditional Linear Stability of Plane Couette-Poiseuille Flow in Presence of Cross Flow
Authors: Guha Anirban , Frigaard Ian A.
Published: May 2012

We have investigated the linear stability of plane Couette-Poiseuille flow in the presence of a cross-flow. The base flow is characterised by the cross flow Reynolds number, Ri and the dimensionless wall velocity, k. Corresponding to each k ∈ [0,1], we have observed two ranges of Ri for which the flow is unconditionally linearly stable. In the lower range, we have a stabilisation of long wavelengths leading to a cut-off Ri. In this range, cross-flow stabilisation and Couette stabilisation appear to act via very similar mechanisms in this range, leading to the potential for robust compensatory design of flow stabilisation using either mechanism. As Ri is increased, we see first destabilisation and then stabilisation at very large Ri. The instability is again a long wavelength mechanism. A linear energy analysis reveals that in this range the Reynolds stress becomes amplified, the critical layer is irrelevant and viscous dissipation is completely dominated by the energy production/negation, which approximately balances at criticality.