bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Above‐ground parts of white grapevine Vitis vinifera cv. Furmint share core members of the fungal microbiome
Authors: Knapp Dániel G. , Lázár Anna , Molnár Anna , Vajna Balázs , Karácsony Zoltán , Váczy Kálmán Zoltán , Kovács Gábor M.
Published: May 2021

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is a reservoir of fungal endophytes that may affect its growth, health status and grape production. Although there is growing interest in comparing fungal communities of mainly red grape varieties across various factors using only high‐throughput sequencing, the small‐scale mycobiome variations in geographically close vineyards need further examination. We aimed to characterize the fungal microbiome of the above‐ground tissues of V. vinifera cv. Furmint in different plant parts, seasons and sites using culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods, and in planta fluorescent microscopic visualization techniques. Samples were collected from four sites of the Tokaj wine region in Mád and two reference sites in Eger, Hungary, across different seasons for 2 years. Fungal endophytes of young and mature leaves, flowers and grape bunches were collected at different phenological stages. Based on each technique, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium spp. and the complex species Alternaria alternata dominated the community at every site, season and plant organ. We found no significant difference among communities in distinct neighbouring vineyards, nor when compared with the distant reference sites. We can conclude that the different shoot parts of the Furmint grapevines harbour a common core group of fungal community in these regions.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the era of intensity modulated radiotherapy: a propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Li Chen , Tan Lijun , Liu Xiao , Wang Xin , Zhou Zongmei , Chen Dongfu , Feng Qinfu , Liang Jun , Lv Jima , Wang Xiaozhen , Bi Nan , Deng Lei , Wang Wenqing , Zhang Tao , Ni Wenjie , Chang Xiao , Han Weiming , Gao Linrui , Wang Shijia , Xiao Zefen
Published: May 2021

Background

To investigate the survival benefit of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) during the years of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Methods

Medical records of 1089 patients with ESCC who received IMRT from January 2005 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 617 patients received CCRT, 472 patients received radiotherapy (RT) alone. Propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to eliminate baseline differences between the two groups. Survival and toxicity profile were evaluated afterward.

Results

After a median follow‐up time of 47.9 months (3.2–149.8 months), both overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) of the CCRT group were better than those of the RT alone group, either before or after PSM. After PSM, the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year OS of RT alone and CCRT groups were 59.0% versus 70.2%, 27.7% versus 40.5% and 20.3% versus 33.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year PFS were 39.4% versus 49.0%, 18.3% versus 30.4% and 10.5% versus 25.0%, respectively (p < 0.001). The rates of ≥ grade 3 leukopenia and radiation esophagitis in the CCRT group were higher than that of RT alone group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the probability of radiation pneumonitis between the two groups (p = 0.167). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that female, EQD2 ≥60 Gy and concurrent chemotherapy were favorable prognostic factors for both OS and PFS.

Conclusions

Concurrent chemotherapy can bring survival benefits to patients with locally advanced ESCC receiving IMRT. For patients who cannot tolerate concurrent chemotherapy, RT alone is an effective alternative with promising results.
Bundled Earnings Guidance and Analysts' Forecast Revisions*
Authors: Hsu Charles , Wang Rencheng
Published: May 2021

Bundling managerial earnings guidance with quarterly earnings announcements (EAs) has become an increasingly common practice. This study investigates the impact of bundled guidance on analysts' forecast revisions. Our findings indicate that analysts respond more to bundled guidance than non‐bundled guidance. This effect increases with analysts' time pressure and cognitive constraints around the EA. Analysts' revisions also incorporate more of the bundled management guidance when accompanied by additional information, such as conference calls. We further find that analysts revise their forecasts more quickly following bundled guidance than non‐bundled guidance. Together, these findings are consistent with the notion that analysts place more weight on bundled guidance than on non‐bundled guidance in their forecast revisions as bundled guidance facilities analysts' timely forecast revisions following EAs. Finally, we find that analysts' forecast revisions following bundled guidance generate significant market reactions. Our findings enhance our understanding of analysts' information processing and shed light on why bundling can be an effective guidance strategy.
The impact of aging on innate and adaptive immunity in the human female genital tract
Authors: Rodriguez‐Garcia Marta , Patel Mickey V. , Shen Zheng , Wira Charles R.
Published: May 2021

Mucosal tissues in the human female reproductive tract (FRT) are primary sites for both gynecological cancers and infections by a spectrum of sexually transmitted pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that compromise women's health. While the regulation of innate and adaptive immune protection in the FRT by hormonal cyclic changes across the menstrual cycle and pregnancy are being intensely studied, little to nothing is known about the alterations in mucosal immune protection that occur throughout the FRT as women age following menopause. The immune system in the FRT has two key functions: defense against pathogens and reproduction. After menopause, natural reproductive function ends, and therefore, two overlapping processes contribute to alterations in immune protection in aging women: menopause and immunosenescence. The goal of this review is to summarize the multiple immune changes that occur in the FRT with aging, including the impact on the function of epithelial cells, immune cells, and stromal fibroblasts. These studies indicate that major aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in the FRT are compromised in a site‐specific manner in the FRT as women age. Further, at some FRT sites, immunological compensation occurs. Overall, alterations in mucosal immune protection contribute to the increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STI), urogenital infections, and gynecological cancers. Further studies are essential to provide a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic interventions to restore immune protection and reverse conditions that threaten women's lives as they age.
Disentangling the taxonomy of Belostoma Latreille (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) with the aid of DNA barcoding approaches
Authors: Gauterio Thaísa B , Ribeiro José Ricardo I , Robe Lizandra J , Ferrari Augusto
Published: May 2021

Belostoma is the most diverse genus of Belostomatidae, comprising 74 species. The small Belostoma species are challenging to identify mainly due to the presence of cryptic species. As DNA barcoding has been a crucial tool to solve the taxonomic impediment associated with many taxa, we compared species delimitations obtained by morphological and molecular approaches, in order to help to disentangle the taxonomy of Belostoma. We sampled 192 specimens of Belostoma across the Rio Grande do Sul Brazilian Coastal Plain. Specimens were first identified with the use of morphological markers and then characterized for two mitochondrial markers: cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rRNA genes, generating 181 and 164 sequences, respectively. These were complemented with Belostoma sequences downloaded from NCBI/BOLD (101 for COI & 13 for 16S). Thus, matrixes including 282, 177 and 299 sequences for COI, 16S and the concatenated data set, respectively, were analysed through phylogenetic, phylogeographic and distance approaches. The initial morphological evaluation allowed the identification of 14 male genitalia morphotypes, whose sequences were added to a preliminary matrix containing ​NCBI/BOLD sequences of five other described species, allowing us to recover 10 clades in the molecular analyses. Patterns of reciprocal monophyly were confirmed for only six of the studied species: Belostoma angustum, Belostoma cummingsi, Belostoma dentatum, Belostoma noualhieri, Belostoma orbiculatum and Belostoma ribeiroi. Belostoma candidulum, Belostoma horvathi and Belostoma sanctulum appeared intermingled in a single clade. The grouping of these with the other five distinct (male genital) morphotypes reveals a clade with high levels of morphological polymorphism or phenotypic plasticity.
Toll‐like receptor 5 and 8 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kairaluoma Valtteri , Kemi Niko , Huhta Heikki , Pohjanen Vesa‐Matti , Helminen Olli
Published: May 2021

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are components of innate immunity, but also have a role in carcinogenesis. The prognostic value of TLR5 and TLR8 tumor expression was examined in contrast with known risk markers Ki67 and p53. All HCC patients from Oulu University Hospital with available representative tumor sample were included in this study (n = 182). TLR5, TLR8, Ki67, and p53 expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The relation between patient survival and TLR, Ki67, and p53 expression was calculated with Cox regression adjusted for confounding factors. TLR5 cytoplasm intensity was associated with 5‐year overall (strong 0.0% vs weak 23.4%, p < 0.001) and disease‐specific (strong 0.0% vs weak 34.9%, p < 0.001) survival. TLR5 nuclei percentage was associated with poor 5‐year disease‐specific survival (high 16.3% vs low 31.5%, p = 0.022). In adjusted analysis, strong TLR5 cytoplasm intensity was an independent risk factor for poor 5‐year overall (adjusted HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.26–2.81) and disease‐specific (adjusted HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.27–3.15) survival. High Ki67 and p53 expression associated with 5‐year overall‐ and disease‐specific survival. TLR8 was not associated with patient survival. This study suggests that TLR5 expression is independently prognostic in HCC with similar point estimate as previously known p53.
Associations of language‐based bedtime routines with early cognitive skills and academic achievement: A follow‐up from kindergarten to middle school
Authors: Câmara‐Costa Hugo , Pulgar Salomé , Cusin Françoise , Labrell Florence , Dellatolas Georges
Published: May 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which language‐based bedtime routines (LBR) reported by parents before kindergarten were associated with early cognitive skills at kindergarten and subsequent academic achievement in typically developing children.

Method

We followed a community‐based sample of 664 French‐speaking adolescents from kindergarten (5–6 years) to the end of middle school (15 years). Kindergarten measures included a parental questionnaire aimed at assessing the presence or absence of any kind of LBR, such as storytelling, looking at children’s books, reading a story, listening to songs, or singing nursery rhymes, as well as family contextual characteristics. Children also performed standardized assessments of oral language, pre‐reading skills, and non‐verbal reasoning. In middle school, children sat a national diploma typically used as an indicator of general academic achievement in Grade 9.

Results

After adjusting for family characteristics, the presence of language‐based bedtime routines (57%) predicted cognitive–academic skills in kindergarten, and was positively associated with academic achievement at Grade 9, related to the beneficial effect on children’s vocabulary in kindergarten.

Conclusion

The presence of language‐based bedtime routines may provide an indicator of positive parental behaviour including exposure to literacy activities, contributing to children’s early cognitive development and subsequent academic achievement.
ANKRD11 variants: KBG syndrome and beyond
Authors: Parenti Ilaria , Mallozzi Mark B. , Hüning Irina , Gervasini Cristina , Kuechler Alma , Agolini Emanuele , Albrecht Beate , Baquero‐Montoya Carolina , Bohring Axel , Bramswig Nuria C. , Busche Andreas , Dalski Andreas , Guo Yiran , Hanker Britta , Hellenbroich Yorck , Horn Denise , Innes A. Micheil , Leoni Chiara , Li Yun R. , Lynch Sally Ann , Mariani Milena , Medne Livija , Mikat Barbara , Milani Donatella , Onesimo Roberta , Ortiz‐Gonzalez Xilma , Prott Eva Christina , Reutter Heiko , Rossier Eva , Selicorni Angelo , Wieacker Peter , Wilkens Alisha , Wieczorek Dagmar , Zackai Elaine H. , Zampino Giuseppe , Zirn Birgit , Hakonarson Hakon , Deardorff Matthew A. , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Kaiser Frank J.
Published: May 2021

Mutations affecting the transcriptional regulator Ankyrin Repeat Domain 11 (ANKRD11) are mainly associated with the multisystem developmental disorder known as KBG syndrome, but have also been identified in individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and other developmental disorders caused by variants affecting different chromatin regulators. The extensive functional overlap of these proteins results in shared phenotypical features, which complicate the assessment of the clinical diagnosis. Additionally, re‐evaluation of individuals at a later age occasionally reveals that the initial phenotype has evolved toward clinical features more reminiscent of a developmental disorder different from the one that was initially diagnosed. For this reason, variants in ANKRD11 can be ascribed to a broader class of disorders that fall within the category of the so‐called chromatinopathies. In this work, we report on the clinical characterization of 23 individuals with variants in ANKRD11. The subjects present primarily with developmental delay, intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, and all but two received an initial clinical diagnosis of either KBG syndrome or CdLS. The number and the severity of the clinical signs are overlapping but variable and result in a broad spectrum of phenotypes, which could be partially accounted for by the presence of additional molecular diagnoses and distinct pathogenic mechanisms.
Use of motivational interviewing in behavioural interventions among adults with obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Makin Harriet , Chisholm Anna , Fallon Victoria , Goodwin Laura
Published: May 2021

This review aimed to identify whether motivational interviewing (MI) (a counselling approach for supporting behaviour change [BC]) helps to reduce bodyweight and BMI in an adult obesity context. This included evaluating effectiveness of MI interventions within this population and reporting the methodology used, including theoretical underpinnings and identification of BC and MI techniques. Eight databases were searched using controlled vocabulary. Eligible studies included adults with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), author‐reported interventions using MI aiming to reduce body weight or BMI, and comparator groups not receiving an MI intervention. Data extraction and quality appraisal tools were used to identify study characteristics, intervention content was coded for techniques, and random‐effects meta‐analysis were conducted to investigate effects. Meta‐analysis of 12 studies indicated no overall pooled effect on bodyweight and BMI outcomes between intervention and control groups (SMD = −0.01 [95%CI −0.13 to 0.12, P = .93]). Findings were limited by multiple sources accounting for risk of bias, and poor reporting of intervention fidelity and content. Intervention and control content descriptions indicated similar techniques, with social support, goal setting (behaviour) and self‐monitoring of behaviour occurring most frequently across both. Findings do not contribute additional evidence for MI use in this context, however methodological limitations were identified which must be resolved to better identify the intervention effects on obesity‐related outcomes.
Maternal sevoflurane exposure induces temporary defects in interkinetic nuclear migration of radial glial progenitors in the fetal cerebral cortex through the Notch signalling pathway
Authors: Jiang Ming , Tang Tianxiang , Liang Xinyue , Li Juchen , Qiu Yue , Liu Shiwen , Bian Shan , Xie Yunli , Fang Fang , Cang Jing
Published: May 2021

Objectives

The effects of general anaesthetics on fetal brain development remain elusive. Radial glial progenitors (RGPs) generate the majority of neurons in developing brains. Here, we evaluated the acute alterations in RGPs after maternal sevoflurane exposure.

Methods

Pregnant mice were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane for 6 hours on gestational day 14.5. Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) of RGPs in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the fetal brain was evaluated by thymidine analogues labelling. Cell fate of RGP progeny was determined by immunostaining using various neural markers. The Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess the neurocognitive behaviours of the offspring. RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) was performed for the potential mechanism, and the potential mechanism validated by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR), Western blot and rescue experiments. Furthermore, INM was examined in human embryonic stem cell (hESC)‐derived 3D cerebral organoids.

Results

Maternal sevoflurane exposure induced temporary abnormities in INM, and disturbed the cell cycle progression of RGPs in both rodents and cerebral organoids without cell fate alternation. RNA‐Seq analysis, qPCR and Western blot showed that the Notch signalling pathway was a potential downstream target. Reactivation of Notch by Jag1 and NICD overexpression rescued the defects in INM. Young adult offspring showed no obvious cognitive impairments in MWM.

Conclusions

Maternal sevoflurane exposure during neurogenic period temporarily induced abnormal INM of RGPs by targeting the Notch signalling pathway without inducing long‐term effects on RGP progeny cell fate or offspring cognitive behaviours. More importantly, the defects of INM in hESC‐derived cerebral organoids provide a novel insight into the effects of general anaesthesia on human brain development.
How functionally diverse are fish in the deep? A comparison of fish communities in deep and shallow‐water systems
Authors: Carrington Victoria G. , Papa Yvan , Beese Chelsey M. , Hall Jessica , Covain Raphaël , Horn Peter , Ladds Monique A. , Rogers Alice
Published: May 2021

Aim

Functional diversity metrics inform how species’ traits relate to ecosystem functions, useful for quantifying how exploitation and disturbance impact ecosystems. We compare the functional diversity of entire fish communities in a shallow‐water region with a deep‐sea region for further insight into the differences between these ecosystem types.

Location

The regions compared in this study were selected to represent a shallow‐water coastal region, Tasman and Golden Bays (TBGB), and a deep‐sea region, Chatham Rise (CR), in New Zealand.

Methods

Functional diversity was assessed using four metrics: functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion. We compared these metrics across four key functions: habitat use, feeding, locomotion and life history.

Results

Our results showed that overall, the shallow‐water and deep‐sea ecosystems had equal diversity. When focusing on the four ecological functions, the two ecosystems exhibited equal diversity metrics across most analyses. Of the significantly different results, the deep‐sea had higher functional richness for habitat use and locomotion traits, lower functional dispersion for feeding and lower functional evenness for life history.

Main conclusions

Differences across the functions highlight higher diversity of habitat utilization by deep‐sea fish, while lower diversity in feeding suggests deep‐sea fish tend towards generalist diets, likely driven by low food availability. Deep‐sea fish displayed an increased range of locomotive traits in our analyses, but this conflicts with existing evidence and warrants further study. Life‐history results suggest deep‐sea fish exhibit higher clustering of traits, indicating potential under‐utilization of life‐history strategies in the deep‐sea. Our results demonstrate that although deep‐sea fish communities have similar levels of diversity to shallow‐water communities, the traits that structure this diversity differ, and therefore, the systems may respond to exploitation differently.
Connectivity and conservation of Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) habitat in Liberia
Authors: Frazier Amy E. , Honzák Miroslav , Hudson Catherine , Perlin Rebecca , Tohtsonie Alonzo , Gaddis Keith D. , de Sousa Celio , Larsen Trond H. , Junker Jessica , Nyandwi Sylvain , Trgovac Andrew B.
Published: May 2021

Aim

As part of the Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa, Liberia has pledged to include the value of nature in national decision making through natural capital accounting. Surveying species of concern, such as the western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), which was recently reclassified as “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and identifying protection priority areas are critical first steps towards achieving Liberia's goal to conserve 30% of its remaining forests and supporting the wave of conservation projects taking place in the country.

Location

Liberia, Africa.

Methods

We modelled western chimpanzee habitat suitability, focusing on determining relevant environmental predictors and the most appropriate scale for modelling species–habitat relationships. We built models at six resolutions (30–960 m) to identify scale domains where relationships remain constant. We include several habitat variables that have not been included in prior modelling efforts. We then used the suitability map as the conductance input into a connectivity analysis using Circuitscape.

Results

The amount of forest within 1–3 km was the most important predictor of chimpanzee occurrence. Variable ranks and importance shifted considerably between modelling scales, supporting the need for multiscale investigations, but scale domains were present. Several important corridors for chimpanzee habitat and movement overlap considerably with existing timber and palm oil concessions and overlap mining and rubber concessions to a lesser degree.

Main conclusions

The proportion of primary forest within 1–3 km is critically important for chimpanzee habitat. Ongoing conservation projects and efforts taking place in Liberia including the Good Growth Partnership and the Gaborone Declaration for Sustainability in Africa can utilize the spatial findings on connectivity provided by this study to inform future conservation decisions, particularly expanding exiting protected areas.
The demographic and ecological factors shaping diversification among rareAstragalusspecies
Authors: Jones Matthew R. , Winkler Daniel E. , Massatti Rob
Published: May 2021

Aim

Evolutionary radiations are central to the origin and maintenance of biodiversity, yet we rarely understand how they are jointly shaped by demography and ecological opportunity.Astragalusis the largest plant genus in the world and is disproportionately comprised of rare species restricted to narrow geographic and ecological regions. Here, we explored the demographic and ecological mechanisms underlying patterns of diversification in a threatenedAstragalusspecies complex endemic to a small desert region in the western United States.

Location

Southeast Utah, USA.

Methods

We used high‐throughput DNA sequencing to infer genetic structure, genetic diversity, and demographic history (i.e., the timing of population divergence, effective population sizes and gene flow) amongAstragalustaxa. We performed landscape genetic analyses to quantify the relationships between genetic differentiation, geographic distance, and ecological distance based on bioclimatic and soil variables. Finally, we identified putative adaptive loci that show higher genetic differentiation between taxa than expected based on our inferred neutral demographic model.

Results

We found evidence of low gene flow between three highly differentiated taxa (currently delineated asA.iselyi,A.sabulosusvar.sabulosusandA. sabulosusvar.vehiculus) that rapidly diverged from a small ancestral population near the beginning of the last glacial period. Genomic signatures revealed long‐term effective population sizes are 2–10× larger than recent census sizes, perhaps due to the maintenance of standing genetic variation through seed banks. Consistent with limited dispersal and local adaptation, genome‐wide patterns of differentiation are shaped by geographic distance (isolation‐by‐distance) and climate and soil variation (isolation‐by‐environment). Taxon‐specific adaptation is further supported by uncovering putative adaptive loci.

Main Conclusions

Our findings suggest that interactions between demography (i.e., dispersal limitations and seeds banks) and ecological opportunity (i.e., spatial and temporal environmental heterogeneity) may promote diversification, endemism, and rarity among closely relatedAstragalusspecies and similar plant clades distributed across complex landscapes.
The use of semi‐compliant versus non‐compliant balloon systems for predilatation during the implantation of self‐expandable transcatheter aortic valves
Authors: Mach Markus , Szalkiewicz Philipp , Poschner Thomas , Hasan Waseem , Andreas Martin , Winkler Bernhard , Hasimbegovic Ena , Steinkellner Theresia , Strouhal Andreas , Adlbrecht Christopher , Delle‐Karth Georg , Grabenwöger Martin
Published: May 2021

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the differences in outcome arising from the use of semi‐compliant (SCB) versus non‐compliant balloon (NCB) systems for predilatation during self‐expanding transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).

Methods

251 TAVR procedures with the implantation of self‐expanding valves after predilatation were analyzed. SCB systems were used in 166 and NCB systems in 85 patients. The primary endpoint was defined as device success, a composite endpoint comprising the absence of procedural mortality, correct valve positioning, adequate valve performance and the absence of more than a mild paravalvular leak. The secondary endpoints were chosen in accordance with the valve academic research consortium (VARC‐2) endpoint definitions.

Results

No significant differences were observed with regard to procedural device success between the SCB‐ and NCB cohort (SCB: 142 [85.5%%] vs. NCB: 77 [90.6%]; P = .257). There was a notable difference between the rates of conversion to open surgery and the postdilatation rate, both of which were higher for the NCB group (SCB: 1 [0.6%] vs. NCB: 4 [5.1%]; P = .042; SCB: 30 [18.1%] vs. NCB: 34 [40%]; P < .001). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the use of semi‐compliant balloon systems for predilatation was associated with a lower risk for postdilatation (OR: 0.296; 95% CI: 0.149‐0.588) and conversion to open surgery (OR: 0.205; 95% CI: 0.085‐0.493; P = .001) but not for device success.

Conclusion

While the balloon compliance did not affect the procedural mortality, device success or the rate of paravalvular leakage, the use of semi‐compliant balloons for predilatation during TAVR should be investigated in larger randomized trials in the light of the lower rates of postdilatation and conversion to open surgery compared to their non‐compliant counterparts.
Polycystic οvary syndrome revisited: An interactions network approach
Authors: Geronikolou Styliani A. , Pavlopoulou Athanasia , Cokkinos Dennis V. , Bacopoulou Flora , Chrousos George P.
Published: May 2021

Background

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has genetic, epigenetic, metabolic and reproductive aspects, while its complex pathophysiology has not been conclusively deciphered.

Aim

The goal of this research was to screen the gene/gene products associated with PCOS and to predict any possible interactions with the highest possible fidelity.

Materials and Methods

STRING v10.5 database and a confidence level of 0.7 were used.

Results

A highly interconnected network of 48 nodes was created, where insulin (INS) appears to be the major hub. INS upstream and downstream defects were analysed and revealed that only the kisspeptin‐ and glucagon‐coding genes were upstream of INS.

Conclusion

A metabolic dominance was inferred and discussed herein with its implications in puberty, obesity, infertility and cardiovascular function. This study, thus, may contribute to the resolution of a scientific conflict between the USA and EU definitions of the syndrome and/or provide a new P4 medicine approach.
Antipsychotics are related to psychometric conversion to psychosis in ultra‐high‐risk youth
Authors: Preti Antonio , Raballo Andrea , Meneghelli Anna , Cocchi Angelo , Meliante Maria , Barbera Simona , Malvini Lara , Monzani Emiliano , Percudani Mauro
Published: May 2021

Background

The prescription of antipsychotics outside overt psychotic conditions remains controversial, especially in youth where it is relatively widespread. Furthermore, some studies seem to indicate that antipsychotic exposure in individuals at ultra‐high‐risk (UHR) for psychosis is associated with higher conversion rates. This study was set up to test whether the inter‐current prescription of antipsychotics in UHR patients was related to the psychometric threshold for a diagnosis of psychosis.

Methods

The 24‐item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to quantify treatment response up to 2 years in 125 UHR participants. Standard psychometric criteria were used to quantify conversion to psychosis. Kaplan‐Mayer and Cox proportional hazard survival analysis were applied to determine the impact of having or not received the prescription of an antipsychotic drug.

Results

Over the study period 30 (24%) subjects received the prescription of an antipsychotic. In the sample, there were 31 participants (25%) who had reached the psychometric threshold for conversion to psychosis after 2 years of treatment. UHR people who received a prescription of antipsychotics during the first 2 years of treatment were statistically more likely to reach the psychometric threshold for conversion to psychosis on the BPRS: Hazard ratio = 3.03 (95%CI: 1.49–6.16); p = .003.

Conclusion

This finding supports the hypothesis that the prescription of antipsychotics within UHR cohorts is to be considered a red flag for higher incipient risk of conversion to psychosis.
Continental‐scale acoustic telemetry and network analysis reveal new insights into stock structure
Authors: Lédée Elodie J. I. , Heupel Michelle R. , Taylor Matthew D. , Harcourt Robert G. , Jaine Fabrice R. A. , Huveneers Charlie , Udyawer Vinay , Campbell Hamish A. , Babcock Russell C. , Hoenner Xavier , Barnett Adam , Braccini Matias , Brodie Stephanie , Butcher Paul A. , Cadiou Gwenael , Dwyer Ross G. , Espinoza Mario , Ferreira Luciana C. , Fetterplace Lachlan , Fowler Anthony , Harborne Alastair R. , Knott Nathan A. , Lowry Michael , McAllister Jaime , McAuley Rory , Meekan Mark , Mills Kade , Peddemors Victor M. , Pillans Richard , Semmens Jayson , Smoothey Amy F. , Speed Conrad , Stehfest Kilian , van der Meulen Dylan , Simpfendorfer Colin A.
Published: May 2021

Delineation of population structure (i.e. stocks) is crucial to successfully manage exploited species and to address conservation concerns for threatened species. Fish migration and associated movements are key mechanisms through which discrete populations mix and are thus important determinants of population structure. Detailed information on fish migration and movements is becoming more accessible through advances in telemetry and analysis methods however such information is not yet used systematically in stock structure assessment. Here, we described how detections of acoustically tagged fish across a continental‐scale array of underwater acoustic receivers were used to assess stock structure and connectivity in seven teleost and seven shark species and compared to findings from genetic and conventional tagging. Network analysis revealed previously unknown population connections in some species, and in others bolstered support for existing stock discrimination by identifying nodes and routes important for connectivity. Species with less variability in their movements required smaller sample sizes (45–50 individuals) to reveal useful stock structure information. Our study shows the power of continental‐scale acoustic telemetry networks to detect movements among fishery jurisdictions. We highlight methodological issues that need to be considered in the design of acoustic telemetry studies for investigating stock structure and the interpretation of the resulting data. The advent of broad‐scale acoustic telemetry networks across the globe provides new avenues to understand how movement informs population structure and can lead to improved management.
Relational Processes as Predictors of Relationship Satisfaction Trajectories Across the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: ter Kuile Hagar , van der Lippe Tanja , Kluwer Esther S.
Published: May 2021

Objective

To identify subgroups of parents with distinct patterns of change in relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood and predict subgroup membership from prenatal levels of relational processes.

Background

The average decline in relationship satisfaction that is generally found across the transition to parenthood masks the existence of subgroups of parents who show distinct patterns of change across the transition to parenthood.

Method

Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was conducted using four waves of data from a Dutch sample of 440 first‐time parents (210 couples; pregnancy to 1 year postpartum). Subgroups subsequently were examined to explore differences in prenatal relational processes.

Results

More than half of parents reported no change in relationship satisfaction after childbirth, and only small subgroups of new parents experienced strong declines. Levels of one's own and one's partner's relationship maintenance behavior, perceived responsiveness, and accommodation during pregnancy predicted subgroup membership.

Conclusion

The results underscore the importance of examining heterogeneity in relationship change across the transition to parenthood, and prenatal levels of relational processes are associated with differential relationship satisfaction trajectories.

Implications

The results imply that targeting the group of parents that are most at risk for relationship satisfaction decline after childbirth and starting relationship interventions during pregnancy may contribute to the effectiveness of interventions.
Public perspectives on health improvement within a remote‐rural island community
Authors: Macaulay Bobby , McHugh Neil , Steiner Artur
Published: May 2021

Background

Rural health outcomes are often worse than their urban counterparts. While rural health theory recognizes the importance of the social determinants of health, there is a lack of insight into public perspectives for improving rural health beyond the provision of health‐care services. Gaining insight into perceived solutions, that include and go beyond health‐ care, can help to inform resource allocation decisions to improve rural health.

Objective

To identify and describe shared perspectives within a remote‐rural community on how to improve rural health.

Method

Using Q methodology, a set of 40 statements were developed representing different perceptions of how to improve rural health. Residents of one remote‐rural island community ranked this statement set according to their level of agreement. Card‐sorts were analysed using factor analysis to identify shared points of view and interpreted alongside post‐sort qualitative interviews.

Results

Sixty‐two respondents participated in the study. Four shared perspectives were identified, labelled: Local economic activity; Protect and care for the community; Redistribution of resources; and Investing in people. Factors converged on the need to relieve poverty and ensure access to amenities and services.

Discussion and conclusions

Factors represent different elements of a multifaceted theory of rural health, indicating that ‘lay’ respondents are capable of comprehending various approaches to health improvement and perspectives are not homogenous within rural communities. Respondents diverged on the role of individuals, the public sector and ‘empowered’ community‐based organizations in delivering these solutions, with implications for policy and practice.

Public Contribution

Members of the public were involved in the development and piloting of the statement set.
Spray‐drying microencapsulation of pomegranate juice increases its antioxidant activity after in vitro digestion
Authors: Álvarez‐Cervantes Pedro , Cancino‐Díaz Juan Carlos , Fabela‐Illescas Héctor Enrique , Cariño‐Cortés Raquel , López‐Villegas Edgar Oliver , Ariza‑Ortega José Alberto , Belefant‐Miller Helen , Betanzos‐Cabrera Gabriel
Published: May 2021

Most of the work on pomegranate antioxidant and antibacterial activity has been carried out with solvent extracts of different plant or fruit parts. Biosensitive compounds in juice may be subject to oxidation, reducing their biological activities. Microencapsulation can be used to protect compounds, allowing its incorporation into functional foods. This study aimed at investigating antioxidant activity after in vitro digestion of microencapsulated juice. Pomegranate juice was encapsulated by spray drying its maltodextrin and gum arabic. The average diameter of the microcapsules was 10–50 µm. We evaluated the bioaccessibility of microencapsulated phenolic compounds by using an in vitro enzymatic digestion. The total phenolic content in digested microencapsulated juice was three times greater than in undigested, indicating that the compounds were made bioaccessible. Digestion also increased antioxidant activity, as measured by ABTS●+ or by DPPH●. Additionally, microencapsulated pomegranate juice showed antibacterial activity against the nine bacteria species tested.
Active/smart carboxymethyl cellulose‐polyvinyl alcohol composite films containing rose petal extract for fish packaging
Authors: Kanatt Sweetie R.
Published: May 2021

In this study, a film was developed for packaging fish that not only enhanced its shelf life but also was visually receptive to its spoilage. Rose petal extract (RPE) having excellent bioactivity was used as the functional component in carboxymethyl cellulose‐poly vinyl alcohol packaging film. Due to its high anthocyanin content, RPE could be used as a pH indicator, as its colour changed from bright red (pH 2) to yellow (pH 10). The developed film was used for packing Indian Mackerel and assessing its quality during chilled storage. Mackerel packed in neat film spoiled in 3 days while that in RPE containing films had shelf life of 12 days. Total bacterial count, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance of fish in control were higher as compared to in RPE films. On spoilage RPE containing films showed visible colour response from red to green.
In situ dextran synthesis by Weissella confusa Ck15 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM 20193 and their effect on chickpea sourdough bread
Authors: Galli Viola , Venturi Manuel , Cardone Gaetano , Pini Niccolò , Marti Alessandra , Granchi Lisa
Published: May 2021

This work evaluated, for the first time, the impact of in situ dextran (with different branching degree) produced by Weissella confusa Ck15 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM 20193 strains on the technological properties of chickpea–wheat sourdough bread prepared with three levels of chickpea flour (20, 30 and 40 g/100 g). In addition Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F8 strain (not dextran producing) and a control without sourdough fermentation were used. Specific volume, crumb hardness and moisture content of breads were evaluated during six days of storage. At the increase of chickpea flour from 20 to 40 g/100 g in the samples, the lowest decrease in bread volume (15%) occurred when W. confusa Ck15 was used. Moreover, these breads showed the lowest crumb hardness at each chickpea flour percentage, 46, 80 and 98 N. Hence, in situ dextran synthesis by W. confusa Ck15 might counteract negative effects caused by gluten‐free chickpea flour on technological properties of bread.
King Boletus mushroom‐derived bioactive protein hydrolysate: characterisation, antioxidant, ACE inhibitory and cytotoxic activities
Authors: Khongdetch Jindaporn , Laohakunjit Natta , Kaprasob Ratchadaporn
Published: May 2021

The enzymatic‐bromelain King Boletus mushroom protein hydrolysate (eb‐KBM) was determined in terms of the biological properties (antioxidant, antihypertensive and cytotoxic activities) and compared with unhydrolysed or water‐soluble King Boletus mushroom extract (ws‐KBM). The eb‐KBM showed high antioxidant activities, as assessed by ABTS (70.9%), DPPH (60.9%) assays and hydroxyl radicals (66.0%) scavenging method. Angiotensin‐I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of eb‐KBM was 21.1% at 1 mg protein mL−1. Anticancer activity‐relevant cytotoxicity of eb‐KBM in ChaGo‐K1 (undifferentiated lung carcinoma) and HEP‐G2 (hepatocarcinoma) cells was higher than that of ws‐KBM, with lower IC50 values (6.43 and 6.35 µg mL−1, respectively). The great biological activities of eb‐KBM were related to its amino acid composition, with high contents of hydrophobic amino acids and aromatic amino acids. These results indicate that King Boletus mushroom protein hydrolysate or bioactive peptide could be used as natural antioxidative, ACE inhibitory and anticancer activities in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
Minerals content in Basilicata region (southern Italy) honeys from areas with different anthropic impact
Authors: Perna Anna Maria , Grassi Giulia , Gambacorta Emilio , Simonetti Amalia
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study was to examine the minerals content (toxic elements, macro‐elements and trace elements) of Basilicata region (southern Italy) honeys and compare the mineral profile of honeys classified as rural, industrial and urban according to anthropic characteristics of geographical origin. Overall, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Al, Zn and Mn were the most abundant elements detected in honeys, with average contents exceeding 1 ppm, whereas heavy metals content was lower than the maximum limit established for honey. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among honeys as function of anthropic characteristics of geographical origin, with the exception for Se, Co and Ag content. Industrial honeys were characterised by the highest Zn, Cr, Sn, Cd and Pb content, urban honeys showed the highest As, Fe, Ni, Mn, Na, Mg and Ca content, whereas rural honeys showed the highest Cu, Al and Ba content (P < 0.05). The findings of this study highlighted that honeys mineral profile is closely related to different content of elements in environment, which is affected by anthropogenic activities.
Ultrasound processing of fruits and vegetables, structural modification and impact on nutrient and bioactive compounds: a review
Authors: Rojas Meliza Lindsay , Kubo Mirian T. K. , Caetano‐Silva Maria Elisa , Augusto Pedro E. D.
Published: May 2021

This review presents an updated analysis regarding the application of ultrasound technology in fruits, vegetables and their derivatives. The relationship among structure, processing, the quantity and quality of nutrients and bioactive compounds are discussed. Initially, we discussed the effect of ultrasound processing on the structure of the matrices at tissues, cells and molecules levels, also considering the different factors that influence the reported responses. Subsequently, the effect on nutrients and bioactive compound quantity (concentration) and quality (bioaccessibility → bioavailability → bioactivity) is evaluated. Ultrasound processing resulting in tissues and cell disruption, fibre breakage, isomerisation, micellisation, among other modifications, improving the extractability of compounds and/or resulting in their degradation. Moreover, the obtained new matrix interacts differently with the human body, affecting the compound accessibility, which can be increased. In conclusion, different possibilities are discussed regarding using ultrasound processing to enhance healthy aspects of plant‐based food products.
Synergistic effects of pH, temperature and glycosylation on the functional properties of rice protein
Authors: Cheng Yun‐Hui , Wei Xiang‐Ning , Liu Fang , Xu Zhou , Chen Mao‐Long
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the effects of pH treatment, heat treatment, pH‐synergistic heat treatment and glycosylation on the functional properties of rice protein (RP). The results showed that all treatment methods could improve the functional properties of RP. Heat treatment improved functional properties by generating aggregates after RP unfolds, and pH treatment improved those by causing RP to hydrolyse and aggregate. Compared to RP, the solubility, emulsification activity (EA), emulsification stability (ES), foaming activity (FA), surface hydrophobicity and in vitro digestibility of pH‐synergistic heat treatment of RP (S‐RP) were increased by 11.47, 3.12, 3.45, 2.27, 3.36 and 2.12 times, respectively. Glycosylation mainly improved the functional properties of RP by introducing hydrophilic groups. Compared to those of S‐RP, solubility, EA, ES, FA, surface hydrophobicity and in vitro digestibility of RP–dextran conjugates (RPDCs) were increased by 2.03, 1.25, 1.97, 1.05, 1.64 and 1.48 times, respectively. Therefore, compared to glycosylated chemical modification, heat treatment and pH treatment had a weak improvement in the functional properties of RP. The comparison of pH‐treated RP (pH‐RP) and RP–dextran mixtures (RPDMs) showed that in the absence of heat treatment, carbonyl ammonia condensation almost did not occur.
Voluntary healthier kids' meals policies: Are caregivers choosing kids' meals and healthier items for their child?
Authors: Choi Yoon Y. , Hyary Maia , Fleming‐Milici Frances , Harris Jennifer L.
Published: May 2021

Background

Children's fast‐food consumption increases risks for obesity and other diet‐related diseases. To address concerns, from 2010 to 2016 U.S. fast‐food restaurants implemented voluntary policies to offer healthier drinks and/or sides with kids' meals.

Objectives

Examine the effectiveness of voluntary kids' meal policies.

Methods

Online repeated cross‐sectional survey (2010, 2013, 2016) of U.S. caregivers (N = 2093) who purchased fast‐food for their child (2‐11 years) in the past week. Logistic regression examined associations between healthier kids' meal policy implementation and caregivers' purchases of kids' meals and selection of healthier sides and drinks. Separate models investigated caregivers' attitudes about McDonald's kids' meal items.

Results

Overall, 55% of caregivers reported choosing a kids' meal for their child, and approximately one‐half of those caregivers selected a healthier drink and/or side. Healthier kids' meal policy implementation was associated with increased selection of healthier sides, but not healthier drinks or choice of kids' meals over higher‐calorie menu items. Child's age, caregiver gender and visit frequency were significant in most models. Caregivers' perceptions that their child(ren) like healthier drinks and sides were positively associated with selection of those items.

Conclusions

Existing healthier kids' meal policies may not improve children's fast‐food consumption. Public health initiatives should examine more effective alternatives.