bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEADING PRIORITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH TECHNOLOGIES MARKET
Authors: Chlivickas Eugenijus , Petrauskaitė Neringa , Ambrusevič Nikolaj
Published: December 2009

High technologies development has strategic importance to improving regional EU and national economies effectiveness and assuring a country's competitiveness. This is especially a key priority for small countries that do not have many natural and material resources, as well as labour force. Therefore, in the article the specifics of high technologies development that derives from exceptional high technologies features is analysed. These specific features of high technologies influence the rise of specific characteristics of high technologies market. Thus, the article aims to set leading priorities for a successful development of high technologies business in Lithuania. Development of the high technologies business depends first of all on development of the high technologies market. The success of developing high technologies depends on implementation of the ‘ triple helix’ model covering integration of the public and private sector as well as science. The most successful’ triple helix’ model for high technologies development is the one where the highest degree of cooperation between authorities, industry and academic public is indicated. Therefore the article establishes the implementation of the ‘ triple helix’ as a leading priority for high technologies development in Lithuania.
EVALUATION OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP SYSTEM EFFICIENCY: APPLYING OF TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP APPROACH
Authors: Jasilionienė Regina , Tamošiūnienė Rima
Published: December 2009

Calculating total cost of ownership (TCO) and benefits, building a business case and applying financial measurement methodologies help a company make right customer relationship system for investments solution and build compelling justification for its customer relationship system project. In addition, ongoing measurement of customer relationship system (CRS ) benefits ensures that an enterprise receives expected advantages and achieves strategic objectives.

In this paper peculiarities of TCO economic efficiency are analysed. Evaluation method application when developing, using and expanding CRS is being considered, strengths and weaknesses of cost-oriented approach are discussed. Authors present and interpret their empirical research results.
CREDIT RISKS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SMES
Authors: Arslan Özgür , Karan Mehmet Baha
Published: December 2009

The purpose of the paper is to identify common attributable factors causing credit risks to domestic and international SMEs of an emerging market in Turkey. We call domestic firms as the ones only making local sales and international firms as the ones also making sales abroad. Therefore in this study, cross‐border sales are assumed to lead the firms to internationalization. We study totally 1,166 SMEs for the year 2007, which coincide with an economic expansion in Turkey. We find that different factors affect credit risks for the two types of firms. For domestic firms, our results present a direct relationship between the likelihood of corporate default and trade credits, corporate tax, financial expenses and net profit margin yet the relationship turns negative for gross profit margin. For international firms, likelihood of corporate default increases with the ratio of inventories to total assets but decreases with net profits and net sales.
The Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Olomoucine II, Exhibits Potent Antiviral Properties
Authors: Holcakova Jitka , Tomasec Peter , Bugert Joachim J , Wang Eddie CY , Wilkinson Gavin WG , Hrstka Roman , Krystof Vladimir , Strnad Miroslav , Vojtesek Borivoj
Published: December 2009

Background:

Olomoucine II, the most recent derivative of roscovitine, is an exceptionally potent pharmacological inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase activities. Here, we report that olomoucine II is also an effective antiviral agent.

Methods:

Antiviral activities of olomoucine II were tested on a range of human viruses in in vitro assays that evaluated viral growth and replication.

Results:

Olomoucine II inhibited replication of a broad range of wild-type human viruses, including herpes simplex virus, human adenovirus type-4 and human cytomegalovirus. Olomoucine II also inhibited replication of vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus mutants resistant to conventional acyclovir treatment. This report is the first demonstration of a poxvirus being sensitive to a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. The antiviral effects of olomoucine II could be observed at lower concentrations than with roscovitine, although both were short-term. A remarkable observation was that olomoucine II, when used in combination with the DNA polymerase inhibitor cidofovir, was able to almost completely eliminate the spread of infectious adenovirus type-4 progeny from infected cells.

Conclusions:

Our results show that when targeting two complementary antiviral mechanisms, strongly additive effects could be observed.
The Effect of Animal-Assisted Activity on Inpatients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Chu Cheng-I , Liu Chao-Yin , Sun Chi-Tzu , Lin Jung
Published: December 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of animal-assisted activity on self-esteem, control over activities of daily living, and other psychophysiological aspects among Taiwanese inpatients with schizophrenia. Thirty participants were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group. A weekly animal-assisted activity program was arranged for patients in the treatment group for 2 months. A questionnaire assessing self-esteem, self-determination, social support, and psychiatric symptoms was completed the week before and the week after the animal-assisted activity. Compared with the control group, the treatment group showed significant improvement on all measures except for social support and negative psychiatric symptoms. The results of this study showed that animal-assisted activity can promote significant improvements in many clinical aspects among inpatients with schizophrenia. Therefore, animal-assisted activity should be integrated into the treatment of institutionalized patients with schizophrenia.
Wavefront-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy to Correct Ametropia Following Aspheric ReSTOR Implantation
Authors: Kuo Irene C. , Myrowitz Elliott , Chuck Roy S. , Schein Oliver D.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To describe the clinical course of three eyes of two patients who underwent wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy to correct ametropia following cataract extraction and aspheric ReSTOR lens (SN6AD3; +4.00-diopter model) implantation.

Methods:

Pre- and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), manifest refraction, and WaveScans based on the Hartmann-Shack analyzer were evaluated. The VISX STAR S4 excimer with eye tracking and iris registration was used in all cases.

Results:

Good quality WaveScans were obtained; UCVA improved in all cases and BSCVA improved or remained unchanged.

Conclusions:

These cases demonstrate that it is possible to obtain good quality wavefront data in patients with the ReSTOR lens and to use such data to design wavefront-guided treatment to maximize uncorrected distance and near visual acuities after ReSTOR implantation.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1111–1115.]
Outcomes of the AcrySof ReSTOR IOL in Myopes, Emmetropes, and Hyperopes
Authors: Petermeier Katrin , Messias Andre , Gekeler Florian , Spitzer Martin S. , Szurman Peter
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the influence of preoperative ocular parameters on various parameters of postoperative outcome after implantation of the AcrySof ReSTOR intraocular lens (IOL) in myopic, hyperopic, and emmetropic patients.

Methods:

Phacoemulsification and IOL implantation was performed in 56 eyes of 32 patients. According to axial length, 28 eyes were classified as emmetropic, 16 as myopic, and 12 as hyperopic. Patients were examined after 8.2±1.8 months (range: 5.7 to 10.5 months) for uncorrected and best distance-corrected visual acuity for far, intermediate, and near vision. A defocus profile was recorded and individual reading distance and distance for lowest intermediate visual acuity were determined. The predictability of three different calculation formulas was evaluated. Patients were interviewed for photic phenomena, quality of night vision, spectacle independence, and satisfaction with visual outcome.

Results:

Predictability of IOL calculation was not statistically significant among groups using the SRK-T formula, but was significantly different with the Haigis (
P
=.01) or Holladay I (
P
=.02) formulas. Uncorrected and best distance-corrected visual acuity for near, intermediate, and far vision were not significantly different among groups. Mean uncorrected far visual acuity was 20/23±5.5 letters, 20/25±6 letters, and 20/25±4.5 letters and uncorrected near visual acuity was 20/25±5.5 letters, 20/26±4.5 letters, and 20/26±7.5 letters for the emmetropic, myopic, and hyperopic groups, respectively. The defocus profile significantly varied among groups; patients of the hyperopic group showed a closer reading distance (29.5 cm) than patients of the emmetropic (32.8 cm) and myopic (34.6 cm) groups. Reading distance was statistically significantly correlated to axial length and anterior chamber depth and thus can be estimated preoperatively.

Conclusions:

Our data show that preoperative refractive status is a relevant factor influencing postoperative outcome after implantation of a ReSTOR IOL. Predictability of IOL calculation and defocus profile were significantly different for myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic patients.

[
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:1103–1109.]
OVIPOSITION AND SURVIVAL OF THREE NEARCTIC EUPHORINE BRACONIDS IN CRUCIFER-INFESTING FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females ofMicroctonus vittataeMues.,Microctonus punctulataeLoan and Wylie, andTownesilitus psylliodisLoan oviposited and survived in only some of the species of crucifer-infesting flea beetles that they encounter on rapeseed.M. vittataeoviposited readily inPhyllotreta striolata(F.), less often inPhyllotreta cruciferae(Goeze) andPhyllotreta pusillaHorn, and rarely inPsylliodes punctulataMelsh.; the progeny matured inP. striolata,P. cruciferae, andP. pusilla. M. punctulataeoviposited readily inP. punctulataandP. pusilla, occasionally inP. striolata, but never inP. cruciferae; the progeny matured only inP. punctulataandP. pusilla. Females ofT. psylliodisoviposited readily inP. punctulata, rarely inP. pusillaandP. striolata, but never inP. cruciferae; parasite progeny matured only inP. punctulata.
THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF SELECTED INSECTICIDES ON LIFE TABLE PARAMETERS OF PANONYCHUS CITRI (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Jones Vincent P. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: December 2009

Populations of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), reared on “rough lemon” seedlings (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) in a greenhouse and treated with malathion or permethrin were significantly higher than those on untreated seedlings. Significant increases were demonstrated in age-specific fecundity (mx), mortality corrected mx (lx mx), and net reproductive rate (Ro) values for mites reared in the laboratory on leaves treated with malathion or permethrin when compared with those reared on untreated leaves. Mites reared on oxamyl-treated leaves exhibited significant reductions in age-specific survivorship (% lx), mx, lxmx, and Ro values compared with those reared on untreated leaves. The importance of reproductive stimulation in relation to other causes of pest resurgence is discussed.
JOINT ACTION OF A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUE WITH BENZOYLPHENYLUREAS INGESTED BY WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Smith Kimberly C. , Granett Jeffrey , Retnakaran Arthur
Published: December 2009

Mixtures of the juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) methoprene and each of three benzoylphenylureas (BPUs) were fed to sixth-instar western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. The BPUs tested were diflubenzuron, BAY SIR 8514 (N-[(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzamide), and EL-127063 (N-[[[5-(4-bromphenyl)-6-metnyl-2-pyrazinyl]amino]carbonyl]-2-chlorobenzamide). Mixtures consisted of JHA:BPU combined in 1:9 proportions. Ingestion of methoprene combined with BAY SIR 8514 or diflubenzuron resulted in significantly lower mortality than expected under a simple model of uncorrelated, independent action. Ingestion of the mixture of methoprene and EL-127063, however, resulted in significantly enhanced toxicity over the upper response range (> 50% mortality).
TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF CRANE FLIES (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE) IN A SOUTHERN NEW YORK WOODLAND
Authors: Knizeski Henry M. , Sullivan Daniel J.
Published: December 2009

Adult tipulids were collected at weekly intervals in a southern New York open woodland. Sweeping, light trapping, and Malaise trapping yielded 4003 crane flies representing 125 species. The 25 most common species were identified and enumerated. The Malaise trap data were used to examine phenology, diversity, and species evenness. Further numerical analysis with the Malaise trap data indicated similarity among collecting periods. These results were used to outline the seasonal subcommunities that existed over a 2-year period.
MANNER OF PICKUP OF ACEPHATE BYMELANOPLUS OCCIDENTALIS(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) FROM AERIALLY SPRAYED RANGELAND
Authors: Foster R. Nelson , Reuter K. C. , Kinzer J. G. , Fischer J. M.
Published: December 2009

Since 1978 several experiments with aqueous formulations of acephate have demonstrated its potential as an effective and economical control agent for grasshoppers on rangeland (Onsager and Mazuranich 1979; Fosteret al.1981a,b). While it has been generally accepted that grasshopper mortality arises primarily from the ingestion of acephate (Chevron Chemical Co., unpub. data), the extent of the mortality attributable to direct deposition of the spray on the insect or ingestion of the spray remains undefined. The following experiment was conducted to determine grasshopper mortality levels for the methods of exposure (ingestion of sprayed vegetation, direct deposition of the spray on the insect, and a combination of ingestion and direct deposition) which result from an aerial treatment of rangeland with acephate. Any mortality attributable to contact between the insect and sprayed vegetation or ground was not determined because of difficulties in preventing the insects from feeding while being exposed to sprayed vegetation. Studies with malathion, another organophosphate used for grasshopper control, showed that sprayed soil contributed minimally to the total mortality of grasshoppers (Pfadtet al.1970).
CONELET ABORTION IN JACK PINE CAUSED BY PLATYLYGUS LURIDUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Rauf Aunu , Cecich R. A. , Benjamin D. M.
Published: December 2009

Conelet abortion in a jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., seed orchard in Oneida County, Wisconsin was caused by Platylygus luridus (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae) and ranged from 51% to 87% with the average 74.5% in 3 of 4 years. Adults preferred to feed on ovules in conelets and were 3 to 4 times more destructive than nymphs. When conelets were protected from this insect by coating the twig above and below the conelet with Tanglefoot®, abortion was below 11%. Other mirid adults including Phytocoris michiganae Knight, Pilophorus amoenus Uhler, Dichrooscytus suspectus Reuter, and Europiella n.sp. confined in cages with conelets did not induce abortion.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A SUNFLOWER FUNGAL PATHOGEN, PHOMA MACDONALDII, AND A STEM WEEVIL, APION OCCIDENTALE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Gaudet M. D. , Schulz J. T.
Published: December 2009

The presence of the fungus Phoma macdonaldii Boerema on the exocuticle of the adult stem weevil Apion occidentale Fall, was verified using isolation techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Pycnidiospores matching those of P. macdonaldii in size and shape were observed on the antennae, meso- and metathoracic legs of both field-collected and Phoma-incubated adults. Fungal hyphae were observed on the rostrum of both field-collected and laboratory-inoculated adults. Four percent of the weevils carried P. macdonaldii internally.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CRICOTOPUS VAN DER WULP (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM
Authors: Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

All stages of Cricotopus (Isocladius) myriophylli n. sp. are described and differentiated from those of other members of the sylvestris group of Cricotopus van der Wulp. The larval diagnosis for the sylvestris group is emended.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LARVAL INSTARS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Fast Paul G. , Dimond John B.
Published: December 2009

Diet incorporation assays detected no difference in susceptibility of instars IV, V, and VI of spruce budworm exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis, either in terms of dose, LC50, or time, LT50. The hypothesis that the dose–response for larvae of each instar fitted a common regression line was statistically acceptable. Differences in the pattern of changes in larval weight of instars IV, V, VI larvae in response to dose were not detected.

Small plots were sprayed with 5.5, 10.9, 21.9 BIU/ha at times corresponding to peak instar III, early IV, peak IV, peak V, and peak VI. Instar III larvae were controlled less effectively than were instar IV or V larvae which were controlled equally well. Instar VI larvae were also less effectively controlled than instar IV and V larvae probably because a significant proportion had reached the non-feeding prepupal stage before the full effect of B.t. was obtained.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES WITH LEPIDOPTEROUS AND SAWFLY HOSTS ON LONICERA (HONEYSUCKLE) IN THE OTTAWA AREA
Authors: Barron John R. , Bisdee H. E.
Published: December 2009

Four lepidopterous and sawfly species were collected from Lonicera (honeysuckle) in the Ottawa area and reared for hymenopterous parasites. The following new species are described here, with new host records: Triclistus xylostellae n. sp. (Ichneumonidae, Metopiinae) from Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), Copidosoma glandiferellae n. sp. (Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Deltophora glandiferella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). The following are new host records: Mesochorus vittator (Zetterstedt) (Ichneumonidae, Mesochorinae) hyperparasitic in Olesicampe lophyri (Riley) (Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae) from Zaraea americana Cresson (Hymenoptera, Cimbicidae), Oncophanes americanus (Weed) (Braconidae) from D. glandiferella. The following are parasitic species with lepidopterous hosts already recorded: Apophua simplicipes (Cresson) (Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) and Macrocentrus iridescens French (Braconidae), both on Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). The cephalic structures of the final-instar larvae of the following species are described: T. xylostellae n. sp., M. vittator, and A. simplicipes.
RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES APPLIED TO WHEAT STORED UNDER SIMULATED WESTERN CANADIAN CONDITIONS
Authors: White N. D. G.
Published: December 2009

Wheat treated with 2,4, or 8 ppm of insecticide, on a whole-seed basis, was bioassayed with Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults at 30 °C and 70% RH after 4 days, 2 weeks, and then at eleven 1-month intervals. Malathion was more toxic to C. ferrugineus than to T. castaneum whereas the reverse was true for pirimiphos-methyl; malathion showed little effectiveness after 2 weeks. The pyrethroids, cypermethrin and permethrin, were more toxic to T. castaneum than to C. ferrugineus. For malathion and pirimiphos-methyl, percentage knockdown of the insects following exposure for 24 h was similar to percentage mortality after a 3-day recovery period; for cypermethrin and permethrin under the same conditions, knockdown was consistently greater than mortality. Cypermethrin at 8 ppm on wheat gave 90% knockdown of T. castaneum after 1 year of storage. Pirimiphos-methyl gave nearly 100% control of both species for 9 months at 4 ppm and 11 months at 8 ppm, and of the grain mite Acarus siro (L.) for at least 4 weeks at 8 ppm. Seed germination did not change during 1 year of storage; the levels of Penicillium spp. infection observed were much greater (about 60%) on wheat treated with pirimiphos-methyl (2, 4, 8 ppm) or cypermethrin (2 ppm) than with malathion or permethrin.
INFLUENCE OF SITE AND FENITROTHION CONTAMINATION ON VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF DRIFT ARTHROPODS IN A WOODLAND STREAM
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Weaver C. A.
Published: December 2009

Drift of aquatic arthropods was not uniformly distributed by depth in a stream and differed from one reach to another. Drift of terrestrial arthropods, although usually densest at or near the surface, was also substantial at depths. Nets for sampling of drift should extend to the bottom and include the surface.
EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE ON THE FECUNDITY OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Trimble R. M.
Published: December 2009

The spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), is an important pest of apple in Ontario (Pree et al. 1980), Michigan (Dutcher and Howitt 1978), and New York (Weires et al. 1980). In Ontario, the leafminer has three generations per year (Johnson et al. 1976) and overwinters as a diapausing pupa in the leaf litter (Trimble 1983). Considerable variation exists in the reported fecundity of P. blancardella. For example, Bagdavaze (1963) found that females laid from 11 to 33 eggs whereas Baumgartner et al. (1981) reported an average of 102 eggs per female. One possible source of this variation could be the availability of carbohydrate to ovipositing females as was suggested by the results of Pottinger and LeRoux (1971) who studied a Quebec population of P. blancardella. The objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of carbohydrate on female longevity and fecundity (number of eggs laid) and egg viability.
DISPERSAL OF CONE AND SEED INSECTS TO AN ISOLATED DOUGLAS-FIR TREE IN WESTERN OREGON
Authors: Schowalter T. D.
Published: December 2009

Cone and seed insects frequently cause severe losses to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed production in the Pacific Northwest (Hedlin et al. 1981; Ruth 1980). Two of the major species west of the Cascades are the Douglas-fir cone gall midge (Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)) and the Douglas-fir seed chalcid (Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)). These two species are host specific on Douglas fir and exhibit an extended diapause in which more than 50% of each year's cohort may remain in diapause under host trees for 1 or more years (Annila 1982; Hedlin 1961; Hedlin et al. 1981; Johnson 1962). The economic and biological costs of chemical control have supported recommendation of alternative control measures, particularly (1) establishing seed orchards some distance from sources of coneand seed-insect populations, and (2) removing all cones and burning litter as a means of reducing such populations (Hedlin et al. 1981; Ruth 1980). The success of these two options depends on the dispersal strategies of cone and seed insects (Johnson 1962), but information on dispersal has been lacking. The purpose of this study was to obtain such information.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF ORNITHOPTERA CROESUS FROM MOROTAI ISLAND, INDONESIA, AND A GYNANDROMORPH OF O. CROESUS LYDIUS (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)
Authors: Parrott R. E. , Schmid F.
Published: December 2009

A new subspecies of Ornithoptera croesus Wallace, O. c. toeantei, is described from Morotai Island, Indonesia; an annotated illustration of a gynandromorph of O. croesus lydius Felder from Halmaheira Island is presented.
EFFECTS OF DENSITY, STAGE, AND SEX OF THE POTATO LEAFHOPPER,EMPOASCA FABAE(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), ON SEEDLING ALFALFA GROWTH
Authors: Flinn P. W. , Hower A. A.
Published: December 2009

Potato leafhopper,Empoasca fabae(Harris), early-instar nymphs (1–2 instar), late-instar nymphs (3–5 instar), adult males and adult females were caged at various densities on seedling alfalfa cv. Vernal and allowed to feed for 6 days. Feeding by adult females, late-instar nymphs, and adult males retarded plant height, leaf number, and dry weight, about 20 to 50% more than did the early-instar nymphs at most of the leafhopper densities tested, over 6 days. Protein content was affected differently from the other plant parameters; it was reduced most by adult males. This was apparently due to premature death of the plants caused by late-instar nymphs and adult females. The percentage reduction for each of the plant parameters was highly correlated with leafhopper density and was nonlinear, except with the early-instar nymphs. Alfalfa plants exposed to two or four late-instar nymphs or two adult females, significantly increased in height and leaf number during a 7-day recovery period. Plants exposed to four adult females did not recover.
HOECHST STAINING AND QUANTIFICATION OF SPERM IN THE SPERMATOPHORE AND SPERMATHECA OF THE DECORATED CRICKET,GRYLLODES SUPPLICANS(ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Sakaluk Scott K. , O'Day Danton H.
Published: December 2009

The use of Hoechst (33258) stain in quantifying spermatozoa contained in the spermatheca and spermatophore of the decorated cricket,Gryllodes supplicans(Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), is described. The technique was used to estimate the number of sperm remaining in spermatophores removed from females at various times after females had mated.
PATTERNS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND REPRODUCTIVE VARIATION IN STENONEMA MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE) IN EASTERN LAKE HURON
Authors: Martin Ian D. , Gates Michael A.
Published: December 2009

Significant variation in the morphology of late-instar nymphs of Stenonema tripunctatum (Banks) in Lake Huron could not be ascribed to their proximity to warm-water plumes originating from the Bruce Nuclear Power Development, by either multivariate or univariate analyses of size and shape. Major sources of variation in S. tripunctatum were developmental state and sex. Nymphs collected just prior to emergence had low values of transverse measurements in anterior regions (inter-orbital width, prothoracic width), whereas males and females were separated by these measurements and other components of head geometry.

No significant effects of thermal exposure were found in the reproductive development of S. tripunctatum, but this species is most commonly found below depths at which thermal-plume effects are expected. Based on a small but representative sample, ultimate-instar nymphs of Stenonema vicarium (Walker) from a depth of 3 m contained significantly fewer eggs and allocated a significantly lower proportion of biomass (dry weight) to reproduction in locations with higher temperatures.
REPRODUCTION AND LONGEVITY OF CABBAGE APHID,BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), PARASITIZED BYDIAERETIELLA RAPAE(HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Mackauer M. , Kambhampati S.
Published: December 2009

Parasitized cabbage aphids,Brevicoryne brassicae(Linnaeus), produced fewer offspring than unparasitized aphids. Aphids parasitized byDiaeretiella rapae(M'Intosh) during the first, second, or third instar died before producing any offspring; those parasitized during the fourth instar or the adult stage produced a variable number of offspring. The aphid's survival time was correlated with the rate of development, as measured by the length of the pre-reproductive period. A multiple-linear-regression equation is provided for predicting the mean total fecundity of parasitized cabbage aphids from the host age at the beginning of parasitism and the pre-reproductive period.
CHIRONOMUS (CAMPTOCHIRONOMUS) VOCKEROTHI N. SP. (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) FROM ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Rasmussen Joseph B.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Chironomus (Camptochironomus) vockerothi, is described in the adult male and female from Alberta and is compared with other species in the subgenus.
NEW SPECIES OF EOSENTOMON BERLESE, 1909 (PROTURA: EOSENTOMIDAE) FROM QUEBEC AND VERMONT
Authors: Nosek Josef , Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: December 2009

Eosentomon canadense, n. sp., and E. bernardi, n. sp., both from southwestern Quebec, Canada, and E. vermontense, n. sp., from Vermont, U.S.A., are described and figured. A bibliography of recent works on North American Protura is appended.
PERSISTENCE OF CARBARYL (SEVIN-4-OIL®) IN WOODLAND PONDS AND ITS EFFECTS ON POND MACROINVERTEBRATES FOLLOWING FOREST SPRAYING
Authors: Gibbs K. Elizabeth , Mingo Terry M. , Courtemanch David L.
Published: December 2009

The impact of an experimental aerial application of carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil®) on the macroinvertebrate fauna of woodland ponds was studied in northern Maine. Carbaryl was applied at the rate of 840 g A.I./ha, the same rate as was used for control of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), damage. Four treated ponds and three untreated ponds were observed for up to 30 months following treatment. Maximum residue levels of 254 μg/L were found in the water and 53,793 μg/kg (dry weight) in the sediment. Residues were detectable in the water 14 months and in the sediment 16 months after treatment.

The most severe and persistent impact was on the Amphipoda with Hyallela azteca (Saussure) and Crangonyx richmondensis Ellis reduced to near 0/m2 and failing to recolonize in some of the ponds 30 months after treatment. Numbers of immature Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera were reduced immediately following spray application but this impact did not persist throughout the season nor into the following year. Immediate reduction in numbers of adult Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera emerging from the ponds was also found. Numbers of immature Odonata were reduced following treatment and remained low during the following year. The Chironomidae did not appear affected either as immatures or emerging adults.
THE AMBROSIA FUNGUS OF XYLOSANDRUS GERMANUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Weber B. C. , McPherson J. E.
Published: December 2009

The ambrosia fungus of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) was identified as Ambrosiella hartigii Batra and was the only fungus carried in the beetle's mycangium. This fungus and up to three species of Fusarium were isolated from walls of the beetle's galleries.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EARLY INSTARS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO HETERORHABDITIS HELIOTHIDIS (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDAE)
Authors: Finney Jean R. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: December 2009

Finney et al. (1982) reported on the susceptibility of the 4th to 6th larval instars and pupae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) to Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks and Hirschmann). This report describes the susceptibility of the first three larval instars to the nematode. First-instar larvae search for suitable sites where they spin hibernacula in which they molt and overwinter as second-instar larvae. Most third-instar larvae burrow within the balsam fir buds. All these stages occupy cryptic habitats to which delivery of chemical pesticides is a problem. Rhabditid nematodes, which can actively seek out a target insect, may prove a more useful control agent under these circumstances.
RELATING WEATHER TO OUTBREAKS OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Shepherd R. F. , Harris J. W. E. , Silversides R. H.
Published: December 2009

The relationship of western spruce budworm outbreaks and population collapse to weather parameters was examined using long term weather records from two stations in the budworm outbreak area of British Columbia and outbreak patterns obtained from Forest Insect and Disease Survey records and from tree stem analyses.

Outbreaks were associated with warm dry summers in conjunction with synchrony of larval emergence and bud flush. Collapse of the last two outbreaks was clearly associated with extreme high temperatures following moth flight. Collapse of the earlier outbreaks may have been due to asynchrony between larval emergence and bud flush.
PINE OIL, A FEEDING DETERRENT FOR THE WHITE PINE WEEVIL, PISSODES STROBI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Alfaro R. I. , Borden J. H. , Harris L. J. , Nijholt W. W. , McMullen L. H.
Published: December 2009

Pine oil effectively reduced feeding by the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, in a laboratory feeding bioassay utilizing agar discs containing dry, powdered bark of its host Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Possible utilization of pine oil under field conditions is discussed.
STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF THE ABDOMEN OF FEMALE PELECINUS POLYTURATOR (HYMENOPTERA: PELECINIDAE)
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: December 2009

The abdomen of female Pelecinus is uniquely and extremely modified for digging in soil. Segments 2–7 are connected by sternite to sternite articulations allowing vertical movement produced by anteriorly placed muscles acting through long tendons inserting on the adjacent succeeding segment. Segments 3–6 have, in addition to the linkage allowing vertical movement, a detached, posterior section of the sternite that can rotate on a median ventral flexible attachment to the tergal margins. This linkage allows the posterior section of a sternite together with the succeeding segments to rotate through about 135 °relative to its tergite. Tergite 8 bears large spiracles completely covered by sternite 7. The ovipositor lacks the usual 3rd linkage between gonocoxite 9 and gonapophysis 9, allowing the depressor muscle of the gonapophysis to extrude the ovipositor directly backwards.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE TOXICITY OF TEMEPHOS TO BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVAE
Authors: Rodrigues C. S. , Kaushik N. K.
Published: December 2009

Different formulations of temephos were tested against Simulium venustum and S. vittatum larvae at water temperatures of 7 °to 20 °C under simulated stream conditions in the laboratory and the results indicated a significant positive correlation between water temperature and temephos efficacy. Temephos application of up to 5 mg/L/10 min had very little effect on Simulium larvae at 7 ° to 8 °C. Data from the tests indicated that both emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations have positive temperature coefficients. The WP formulation was 11 times and two EC formulations were 32 times more toxic at 20 °C than at 10 °C. The rate of larval detachment was faster at the higher temperatures but even at 20 °C detachment was not immediate as is common with larvae treated with methoxychlor. Detached larvae did not survive. On the basis of the present laboratory experiments on temperature–efficacy relationships, there are very strong indications that these formulations could be used effectively against black fly larvae only in streams that have water temperatures not less than 18 °to 20 °C.
SCOLYTIDAE ASSOCIATED WITH FELLED WHITE SPRUCE IN ALASKA
Authors: Werner Richard A. , Holsten Edward H.
Published: December 2009

Pheromone baited traps and trap trees attracted an aggregate of 29 scolytid species associated with white spruce in three localities in Alaska. Species diversity was higher in the Fairbanks (lat. 64°45′) area than in the Brooks Range (lat. 68°15′) or Kenai Peninsula (lat. 60°37′). Scolytids were found inhabiting all bark-producing areas of the tree from the roots to small branches with the highest density in the tree bole. The most abundant scolytids were Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff), Ips tridens tridens (Mannerheim), Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby), Dryocoetes affaber (Mannerheim), Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier), and Scolytus piceae (Swaine).
EFFECTS OF STARVATION IN THE FIRST INSTAR LARVA ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL IN THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, and seeds of Candle cultivar of Brassica campestris L. and Regent cultivar of B. napus L. (Cruciferae) were exposed to seven constant temperatures (10°–25 °C). At each temperature, egg hatching occurred about 1.0–1.5 days sooner than germination in B. campestris and 1.5–2.25 days sooner than germination in B. napus. Also, germination took place about ½ day sooner in B. campestris than in B. napus. These data indicated that the eggs of E. americana and the seeds of B. campestris and B. napus respond similarly to changes in temperature. Newly-hatched larvae of E. americana were starved for 0–8 days at 15°, 20°, and 25 °C. Starvation-related mortality was not high until they had been starved for more than 2–4 days at 15 °C and 1–2 days at 20° and 25 °C, indicating that the first instar larva has a relatively-limited capability to withstand starvation. Among the survivors, the developmental times for most of the starved larvae were significantly longer than those for the unstarved larvae, but the weights of the adults from starved and unstarved larvae were similar, suggesting that starvation delayed growth and development, but had no apparent adverse or lasting effects on these processes. An evaluation of the egg hatching, germination, and starvation data and of the atmospheric air temperature and soil surface temperature data for the areas where B. campestris and B. napus are grown in Canada suggested that the first instar larva of E. americana normally should not suffer high mortality due to starvation in growers' fields where volunteer seedlings of these two species are the major larval food.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE ON THE EGG INCUBATION PERIOD OF MESOCAPNIA OENONE (PLECOPTERA) FROM THE CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS
Authors: Brittain John E. , Mutch Robert A.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the autumn-emerging capniid stonefiy, Mesocapnia oenone (Neave), were collected from the Bow River in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. After oviposition their eggs were incubated in the laboratory. Successful hatching occurred in the range 2°–15 °C; higher temperatures, except for a short period, were lethal. Eggs subjected to sub-zero temperatures, up to 17 days at −12 °C, also hatched successfully. Within the range 2°–15 °C there was a relationship, linear on logarithmic scales, between water temperature (T °C) and the egg incubation period (Y days), expressed by the equation: Y = 197T−0.59 (r2 = 0.99, P < 0.001). The number of degree-days required for hatching (Z degree-days) increased with increasing temperature (T °C) and also showed a relationship, linear on logarithmic scales, expressed by the equation: Z = 197T0.41 (r2 = 0.97, P < 0.001). In contrast to most other Capniidae, the winter is spent in the egg stage in M. oenone. Our data demonstrate that a combination of a low number of degree-days required for hatching at low temperatures and reduced sensitivity to higher temperatures ensures that egg hatching occurs in the spring. The characteristics of egg development in the autumn-emerging M. oenone are compared with the spring-emerging Capnia atra.
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILY SPHAERIDIINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE). SUPPLEMENTUM 2
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: December 2009

Pelosoma pecki is described as new from specimens from the Florida Keys (Upper Matacumba Key) and from Mexico (Oaxaca). The genus Genyon Smetana 1978 (type-species Cercyon navicularis Zimmerman 1869, from eastern North America) is placed in synonymy with Tectosternum Balfour-Browne 1958 (type-species T. exstriatum Balfour-Browne 1958, from equatorial Africa). A lectotype is designated for Pelosoma prosternale Sharp 1882, and Pelosoma praecursor Smetana 1978 is placed in synonymy with P. prosternale Sharp 1882.

Omicrus intermedius Smetana and the genus Cycrillum Knisch, with the species C. strigicolle (Sharp), are recorded for the first time from North America.

Additional data on bionomics, geographical distribution, and synonymy of many species are presented.
INSECT BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES TO TOXINS: PRACTICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Pluthero Fred G. , Singh Rama S.
Published: December 2009

The behavioural responses of insects to insecticides and the relationships of these responses to physiological resistance are reviewed and discussed in terms of their potential economic importance and their genetic and evolutionary bases. In addition, responses to insecticide are compared with responses of phytophagous insects to host-produced toxins, with the discussion centring upon the genetic and evolutionary bases of these similar types of response and their possible roles in adaptation and speciation.
EFFECTS OF THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS) ON THE CAPTURE OF MOTHS IN SEX ATTRACTANT TRAPS AND ON LARVAL DENSITY OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: December 2009

The number of moths captured during short intervals in traps containing a sex attractant for males of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., is related to the stage of plant development in the fields of canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) in which the traps are placed. More moths were captured in fields with plants in the early bloom stage than in those with plants in earlier (leaf, bud) or later (late bloom, pod) stages of development. The effect of this relationship on the total number of moths captured in any field during the entire period of moth flight depended in part on the synchronization of crop development with moth flight. Neither the total number of moths captured per field nor larval density were significantly related to crop development because of high inter-field variability among groups of fields with similar patterns of crop development. Early-maturing fields contained older larvae than later-maturing fields so they should be sampled first to determine larval density and the need for insecticidal application. The estimated patterns of egg-laying were similar to those for male moth capture in early-, mid-, and late-flowering fields. Therefore, male moth captures in sex attractant traps provide a valid index to the abundance of female moths and their egg-laying activities.
GALLERY CONSTRUCTION AND OVIPOSITION BY IPS CALLIGRAPHUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN RELATION TO SLASH PINE PHLOEM THICKNESS AND TEMPERATURE
Authors: Haack Robert A. , Wilkinson Robert C. , Foltz John L. , Corneil Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2009

Reproductive performance of Ips calligraphus (Germar) in typical slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii, bark slabs with phloem thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm was studied at 20°, 25°, and 30 °C during the fall (1981) and summer (1982) seasons by means of radiography and slab dissection. Oviposition rate (eggs/day) and egg density (eggs/cm) were positively correlated with both phloem thickness and temperature, being greatest with a combination of thick phloem (3–4 mm) and warm temperature (30 °C). Gallery construction rate (cm/day) was positively correlated, and length of initial egg-free gallery was negatively correlated, with temperature. Depth of xylem-etching was negatively correlated with phloem thickness. Reproductive performance, as measured by oviposition rate and egg density, was greater in the summer study than in the fall study under similar conditions of phloem thickness and temperature. Nutritional, physical, and seasonal characteristics of xylem, phloem, and outer bark are discussed in relation to the above findings.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF LARGE SCALE SPRAYING OPERATIONS ON THE REGIONAL DYNAMICS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS
Authors: Fleming R. A. , Shoemaker C. A. , Stedinger J. R.
Published: December 2009

Exploratory data analysis was employed to investigate the regional dynamics of managed budworm populations based upon survey data reporting spruce budworm egg-mass densities and damage to balsam fir. The Maine Forest Service collected these data annually from 1975 to 1980 at approximately 1000 different locations each year throughout Maine's spruce–fir forest regions. Although spraying was often associated with ‘better’ conditions in heavily defoliated or infested areas, it was generally associated with somewhat ‘poorer’ conditions in areas which had experienced only light defoliation or infestation in the previous year. The analysis also indicated that while insecticide application may reduce budworm larval populations immediately after application, the largest relative decrease in defoliation rates appeared the year after insecticide application. Insecticide treatments were not as effective as expected. In the year following application, the maximum reduction observed in average defoliation was 20% and in average egg-mass density the maximum reduction was 50%. In many cases the reduction was substantially less. Spraying was not associated with any substantial decline in hazard rating.
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE USE ON SPIDERS (ARANEAE) IN QUEBEC APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: Bostanian Noubar J. , Dondale Charles D. , Binns Michael R. , Pitre Donat
Published: December 2009

In Quebec commercial apple orchards, spider populations are shown to have been depressed numerically by current pest management practices. Hunting species appeared to be more sensitive to insecticides than web-building species. There were large differences in spider distribution among orchards and years, although some consistent patterns were observed. Specimens from the following families were captured: Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Araneidae, Erigonidae, Clubionidae, Tetragnathidae, Dictynidae, Salticidae, Philodromidae, and Thomisidae. In orchards treated only for scab control or with only a single insecticide application for apple maggot control, spiders attained their maximal numbers in August. With two treatments for apple maggot control, spiders attained their maximal numbers towards the end of September.
A STRAIN OF FRUITTREE LEAFROLLER, ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), TOLERANT TO AZINPHOS-METHYL IN AN APPLE ORCHARD REGION OF THE OKANAGAN VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Vakenti J. M. , Campbell C. J. , Madsen H. F.
Published: December 2009

Probit analysis of the dosage response of first instar, fruittree leafroller larvae to azinphos-methyl indicated that a strain from a commercial orchard in East Kelowna, B.C. was 7.8 times more tolerant than a susceptible strain. Azinphos-methyl applied to experimental apple blocks in the same area did not provide satisfactory control. Leafroller damage as high as 10.5% was found in several orchards which had received multiple azinphos-methyl and other organophosphorous insecticide treatments. The development of an organophosphorous resistant strain of fruittree leafroller in this orchard area is strongly suggested. Bacillus thuringiensis applied at the pink stage of apple blossom development gave adequate control of fruittree leafroller in East Kelowna field trials and will be suggested as the control material for commercial orchards in this area.
COMPARISON OF TUMBLERS USED TO REMOVE DEBRIS FROM CELLS OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Richards K. W.
Published: December 2009

Tumblers used to remove debris-feeding insects, predators of the leafcutter bee, excess leaf pieces, debris, and plant foliar molds from cells of the alfalfa leafcutter bee were compared. A hand-cranked tumbler removed significantly more material than did five motor-driven tumblers. It also removed more debris as the initial sample weight increased.
A BIOASSAY APPARATUS FOR THE EVALUATION OF BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVICIDES
Authors: Rodrigues C. S. , Kaushik N. K.
Published: December 2009

A bioassay apparatus using an aquarium filter to maintain water flow and to minimize contamination with black fly larvicides was developed. The apparatus is fairly compact, provides good visibility of and access to the test organisms and is assembled easily from materials readily available. It can be operated in a flow-through or a recirculation mode and can be used to assess pesticide effects on non-target stream invertebrates.