bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An integrated remote-sensing approach for prairie snowpack
Authors: Sproles Eric A. , Palomaki Ross T. , Woodley Madison , Tuttle Samual E.
Published: February 2023

In a low-relief, agricultural landscape we integrate detailed measurements from plane-based L-band SAR (UAVSAR), drone-based LiDAR and photogrammetry, cosmic ray neutron sensor (CRNS), and field assessments to disentangle and quantify how topography, wind, and vegetation influence the spatial distribution snow cover and water equivalent. Seasonal snow in prairie and temperate grasslands environments helps sustain agriculture, socio-environmental systems, and aquifers while also exacerbating flooding in wetter years. Because these expansive landscapes cover roughly 10% of the earth’s surface, quantifying snow and snow water equivalent (SWE) is critical to better resolve water and energy budgets from local to global scales. Present day, remotely-sensed observations and conventional automated ground-based observations (e.g. SWE scales) of seasonal snow in these biomes contain considerable uncertainty. Optical imagery can detect the presence/absence of snowpack, but lacks the capacity to provide estimates of SWE. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides a potential path forward to quantify SWE in grassland and agricultural environments, but current measurements are poorly constrained, especially in prairie environments. The Central Agricultural Research Center (CARC) in central Montana, USA (47ºN, 110ºW) served as field site for NASA’s SnowEx 2021 Mission and was distinct from other campaign locations due to its prairie landscape, controlled agricultural vegetation patterns, and ephemeral snow cover. The CRNS measures an integrated snow signal over several hectares, allowing for continuous estimations of SWE that are less influenced than smaller scale observations by the significant spatial heterogeneity of prairie snow. Initial results show that CRNS effectively quantifies an integrated SWE signal at the study site (R2 ≥ 0.90).  Interferometric UAVSAR products and drone flights provide complementary high resolution snow information for narrow time periods that effectively identify snow presence across areas with different crop types (wheat, barley, peas) and stubble heights (0-0.6 m) . The limited number of UAVSAR flights in 2021 preclude a full season or multi-year analysis. However our integrated sensing approach and analysis provides a framework to reduce uncertainty in future efforts, and better constrain measurements from the upcoming L-band NISAR mission that is expected to be launched in January 2024.   
Pre- and post-eruptive gas composition measurements at Nyiragongo Volcano, East Africa, using a portable Multi-GAS
Authors: Balagizi Charles , Mashagiro Niche , Kasereka Marcellin , Kelly Peter
Published: February 2023

Nyiragongo Volcano is located in the western branch of the East African Rift, in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Nyiragongo has gained fame thanks to its long-lived lava lake and the significant hazards it presents to the >1.5 million people living within <30 km, particularly the inhabitants of Goma (DRC) and Gisenyi (Rwanda).  These hazards include fast-moving lava flows produced during effusive eruptions (e.g., in 1977, 2002, and 2021) and regional environmental and health impacts from the persistent volcanic gas plume.Continuous gas emissions at Nyiragongo present an opportunity for geochemical monitoring of the volcano during changes in activity, such as the recent 2021 flank eruption.  From late 2019 to the present (early 2023), we monitored plume H2O-CO2-SO2-H2S compositions at the summit and at the May 2021 flank vent using a portable multi-GAS (multiple Gas Analyzer System). Pre-eruption measurements from 2019 on the crater rim of Nyiragongo reveal two geochemical end-members: the lava lake gas plume characterized by CO2/SO2 ratios of 50-60 and crater fumaroles characterized by CO2/SO2 ratios up to 300 and a trace of H2S. Overall, the bulk composition of the summit gases was 39.31-70.34% H2O, 29.52-59.93% CO2 and 0.14-0.76% SO2, within the range of plume compositions reported by Gerlach (1979). At the May 2021 eruptive vent, located ~3 km from the summit on the volcano’s southern flank, measurements in August 2021 (after the eruption had ceased) reveal more C-poor gases with a CO2/SO2 ratio of 21.90 and a bulk composition of 95.41% H2O, 4.35% CO2 and 0.32% SO2. The reappearance of the lava lake in the main summit crater in late September 2021 was accompanied by a decrease in the CO2/SO2 ratio to 5 at the May 2021 eruptive vent.  These results show that measuring the changes in plume composition by multi-GAS improves monitoring of Nyiragongo. In the future, we plan to deploy a permanent multi-GAS station at the summit of Nyiragongo to carry out much needed continuous geochemical monitoring. Key words: Nyiragongo Volcano, volcanic gases, volcano monitoring, multi-GAS, Plume chemistry
Flood Preparedness Application Using Pre-determined Global Flood Inundation Maps
Authors: Snider Brett , Bourke Robin , Godsoe Mathew
Published: February 2023

In Canada, floods are the most common and most costly natural disaster. Floods threaten lives, properties, and the environment and these risks are only expected to increase alongside expected population increase and impacts from climate change. Flood early warning systems (FEWs) can help mitigate the impact of floods by helping inform the public when and where a flood may occur, identifying infrastructure that may be impacted, and disseminating evacuation routes that avoid flooded roads. FEWs have been shown to save lives and mitigate flood impacts. However, many existing FEWs are limited in terms of their forecast horizon and geographical coverage, and also require precise hydraulic models and substantial computing.This paper develops a flood preparedness application for all of Canada to help prepare Canadians for future and imminent floods. This Canadian flood preparedness application addresses limitations associated with many of the developed FEWS in Canada by matching predicted river flows to predetermined return periods for developed global (or country-wide) flood inundation maps. By matching predicted river flow to return periods of predetermined inundation maps, complex computation is avoided reducing response time, and improving geographical coverage (by using a Canada-wide model). Lastly, using the static map approach, the public and emergency personal can help prepare for floods well in advance, identifying their own flood risk and as well as evacuation and muster locations strategies by identifying roads that would likely be flooded under various flood return periods. Overall the Canada-wide flood preparedness application will help protect and better prepare Canadians as flood risks continue to rise by increasing forecast horizon and geographical coverage and minimizing computation. The new approach of using global (or country-wide) static flood inundation maps to inform FEWS may be applicable in other countries where detailed hydraulic models are unavailable or too time consuming to calculate on a continuous or as needed basis.
Testing mobile ground-based gamma-ray spectroscopy for measuring 40K in an agricultural field (Spain)
Authors: Gaspar Leticia , Lizaga Iván , Catalá Arturo , Navas Ana
Published: February 2023

Proximal gamma-ray spectroscopy is an effective technique for monitoring the spatial and temporal distribution of terrestrial radioelements like 40K, which is inversely proportional to the volumetric soil water content SWC (m3/m3). In recent years, PGRS has become a promising sensor to infer topsoil water content at an intermediate field scale supported by adequate calibration and corrections, but to date, it has not yet been used in Spain. The aim of this contribution is to test the response of mobile ground-based gamma measurements conducted while walking over an agricultural plot of 400 m2 of bare soil. Two surveys were conducted, a day before and a day after a 16-liter rain episode, allowing us to i) evaluate the information obtained when using the mobile mode, ii) test the response of the PGRS to dry and wet soil conditions, and iii) compare mobile measurements with stationary records taken during one hour at the 4 vertices of the study plot. A scintillator detector of 0.3 L sodium iodide (NaI) crystal was used to evaluate the region of interest for total counts of 40Potassium (1461 KeV). The mobile measurements were conducted 0.5 m above the soil surface and taken in stop-and-go mode (instead on-the-go mode) with two sets of 5 transects spaced 5 m apart placed in a perpendicular direction to cover the study plot. While walking we stopped every 1m for 10 sec. to collect a total of 21 measurements per transect, obtaining 210 data for geostatistical interpolation. These preliminary results show higher content of 40K (cps) during the dry compared to the wet survey, and some differences in the spatial distribution of 40K for both surveys. Similarities and parallel trends were observed when comparing mobile and stationary measurements, supporting the promising use of PGRS technique.
Year-round forest-floor greenhouse gas fluxes in a subalpine coniferous forest: drivers and budgets
Authors: Krebs Luana , Burri Susanne , Feigenwinter Iris , Meier Philip , Gharun Mana , Buchmann Nina
Published: February 2023

Forest ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle by sequestering a large fraction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and by acting as important methane (CH4) sinks. Nevertheless, how the forest C sink will respond to climate change is still largely unknown. The forest-floor GHG flux is one of the major processes to consider when determining the C balance of forests. Although winter fluxes are essential to determine the annual C budget of forests, there have been very few studies that have examined long-term, year-round forest-floor GHG fluxes in high elevation forests. Especially during snowy periods, forest floor GHG fluxes are difficult to measure and are therefore often missing from studies. In this study, we used four years of forest-floor CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes (2017, 2020, 2021 and 2022; N2O not available for years 2021, 2022). Fluxes were measured year-round with four automatic chambers at the ICOS Class 1 station Davos, located in a subalpine coniferous forest in Switzerland. We applied random forest models to investigate the environmental drivers and to gap-fill the flux time series for calculating annual sums of CO2 and CH4 fluxes. More specifically, the aims of this study were to i) investigate the seasonal and annual variations in climate variables and forest-floor CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes; ii) evaluate the environmental drivers of forest-floor GHG fluxes including the effect of snow cover and snow melt, and iii) calculate annual budgets of the forest-floor GHG fluxes. We hypothesized that the main drivers of soil CH4, CO2 and N2O fluxes are soil temperature and soil moisture (e.g., higher CH4 uptake in warmer and drier soils). Additionally, we hypothesized that winters with little snow and early melting can lead to reduced soil moisture later in the year, which could lead to higher CH4 uptake. First results show that the forest-floor CO2 efflux generally follows soil temperature. However, the dynamics in the CO2 efflux cannot be entirely explained by soil temperature, e.g., a large increase in CO2 efflux in 2022 compared to other years. Furthermore, we found that the forest-floor is a consistent sink for CH4, however with large short-term dynamics, and that the magnitude of the sink is mainly driven by air temperature and snow cover. N2O fluxes are very low, i.e., probably below the detection limit of our method, which is why we consider them negligible for the overall forest-floor GHG budget at our site.
How Well do High-resolution Global Climate Models (GCMs) Simulate Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal?
Authors: Akhter Shammi , Holloway Christopher , Hodges Kevin , Vanniere Benoit
Published: February 2023

Using six HighResMIP multi-ensemble GCMs (both the atmosphere-only and coupled versions) at 25km resolution, the Tropical Cyclone (TC) activity over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) is examined in the present (1950-2014) climate. We use the Genesis Potential Index (GPI) to study the large-scale environmental conditions associated with the TC frequency in the models. Although the models struggle to reproduce the observed frequency and intensity of TCs, most models can capture the bimodal characteristics of the seasonal cycle of cyclones over the BoB (with fewer TCs during the pre-monsoon [April-May] than the post-monsoon [October-November] season). We find that GPI can capture the seasonal variation of the TC frequency over the BoB in both the observations and models. After calibrating the maximum sustained windspeeds in the models with IBTrACS, we find that like the observations the proportion of strong cyclones is also higher in the pre-monsoon than the post-monsoon. The windshear term in GPI contributes the most to the model biases in all models during the post-monsoon season. This bias is caused by weakening of upper-level (200 hPa) easterlies in analysed models. During the pre-monsoon season, the environmental term in GPI dominating the model biases varies from model to model, however, the cause of a particular environmental term bias is consistent across the models. When comparing the atmosphere-only and coupled versions of the models, a reduction of 0.5°C in the sea surface temperature (SST) and a lowering of TC frequency occur in almost all the coupled models compared to their atmosphere-only counterparts.
Seasonal changes of sources, volatility, and aging of organic aerosols in eastern Europe reflected in the stable isotopic composition
Authors: Dusek Ulrike , Masalaite Agne , Yao Peng , van Ettinger Noni , Remeikis Vidmantas , Paul Dipayan
Published: February 2023

The stable carbon isotope 13C has the potential to give insights into sources and processing of organic aerosol. We use a method to measure d13C in OC desorbed from filter samples at three different temperature steps: 200 °C, 350°C and 650°C. The results give a rough indication of aerosol volatility, as more volatile compounds usually desorb at lower temperatures.We demonstrate with an extensive source study that in Lithuania and likely other Eastern European regions, the main anthropogenic primary sources for organic carbon (OC) have distinct isotopic signatures. d13C values of vehicular emissions show the most negative values around - 29 ‰, emissions from combustion of the most common wood types are more enriched with values around -26 to -27 ‰, and coal burning is around -25‰. For source samples, d13C values at the three desorption temperature steps usually do not differ more than 1 ‰.In the ambient samples, OC had more negative δ13C values in summer than in winter, which can be explained by the contribution of biomass/coal burning sources in winter. At the urban site δ13C of OC did not change much with increasing desorption temperature in winter, which is typical for primary sources. In the summer δ13C of OC was clearly more negative for lower desorption temperatures at all three sites. This is likely due to the influence of secondary organic aerosol formation in summer, which should have depleted (more negative) isotopic signature and contributes strongly to the more volatile fraction.A higher fraction of more refractory OC in summer compared to winter-time suggests active photochemical processing of the primary organic aerosol as an important process at all three sites.This is consistent with our laboratory studies, where we age source samples in a small reactor under UV light. Photolysis causes mainly mass loss in OC that desorbs at 200 °C. At the same time, 13C becomes more enriched in OC desorbed at the higher temperature steps, leading to a bigger difference in d13C between OC200 and OC350, as observed in the ambient atmosphere.In summary, analyzing stable isotopes of OC at different desorption temperature steps gives a powerful tool for diagnosing aging processes.
Landslide stabilization using Soil and Water Bioengineering in linear Infrastructures in Basque country and technical manual
Authors: Sangalli Paola , Tardío Guillermo
Published: February 2023

According to the European Federation of Soil and Water Bioengineering ( EFIB ) Soil and Water Bioengineering (SWB) is a specific discipline that combines technology and biology in which native plants and plant communities are used as living building material to solve erosion and conservation problems, contributing to the regeneration of degraded ecosystems due to natural or anthropic causes, toregenerate the dynamics of ecological and geomorphological processes and to the recovery of Biodiversity.The use of Nature Based Solutions (NBS)  as SWB is becoming more and more widespread in public administrations, for example, looking for specific solutions  for landslide stabilization(SWB )Due to the orographic, edaphic, and climatological conditions of the Basque Country, landslides occur frequently. In the last decade, several landslide stabilizations projects have been carried out on road slopes using SWB solutions as an alternative to traditional engineering solutions. the Department of Road Infrastructures of the Basque administration  requested a series of technical projects  in which alternatives to traditional engineering solutions are presented using SWB, choosing a series of standard reports. The communication will present several examples realized  in the last fifteen years  in different conditions and the evolution of this work during this period.The measures taken focused on:The restoration of the slope morphology and its natural gradient and vegetation
The stabilization of landslides by using live structures like living cribwall or living
Improvement of the drainage of the slope with living drains
More recently , public entities have detected the need to have high quality technical manuals that support them in both the drafting of projects and definition of this type of works. To give answer to this situation, the Provincial Council of Bizkaia has commissioned the companies IDOM and SCIA SL  to form a working group for the definition and development of the technical manual of SWB works applied to the case of linear infrastructures. This manual is including the latest advances in the soil and water bioengineering discipline (description and constructive details of the techniques, root reinforcement models, work design methodologies in the short and long term, deterioration models of the utilized materials, etc.). The full manual will be completed and published throughout 2023.This paper shows concrete examples realized in the Basque country and the progress and contents developed to date as well as the topics index that will be included throughout this year.
Learning causal drivers of PyroCb
Authors: Díaz Emiliano , Varando Gherardo , Iglesias-Suarez Fernando , Camps-Valls Gustau , Tazi Kenza , Lamb Kara , Watson-Parris Duncan
Published: February 2023

Discovering causal relationships from purely observational data is often not possible. In this case, combining observational and experimental data can allow for the identifiability of the underlying causal structure. In Earth Systems sciences, carrying out interventional experiments is often impossible for ethical and practical reasons. However, “natural interventions”, are often present in the data, and these represent regime changes caused by changes to exogenous drivers. In [3,4], the Invariant Causal Prediction (ICP) methodology was presented to identify the causes of a target variable of interest from a set of candidate causes. This methodology takes advantage of natural interventions, resulting in different cause variables distributions across different environments.  In [2] this methodology is implemented in a geoscience problem, namely identifying the causes of Pyrocumulunimbus (pyroCb), and storm clouds resulting from extreme wildfires. Although a set of plausible causes is produced, certain heuristic adaptations to the original ICP methodology were implemented to overcome some of the practical. limitations of ICP: a large number of hypothesis tests required and a failure to identify causes when these have a high degree of interdependence. In this work, we try to circumvent these difficulties by taking a different approach. We use a learning paradigm similar to that presented in [3] to learn causal representations invariant across different environments. Since we often don’t know exactly how to define the different environments best, we also propose to learn functions that describe their spatiotemporal extent. We apply the resulting algorithm to the pyroCb database in [1] and other Earth System sciences datasets to verify the plausibility of the causal representations found and the environments that describe the so-called natural interventions..  [1] Tazi et al. 2022. https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.13052[2] Díaz et al. 2022 .https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.08883[3] Arjovsky et al. 2019. https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02893[4] Peters et al.2016.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/4482904[5] Heinze-Deml et al. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1515/jci-2017-
Chemical and physical characterization of calcarenites from the protectorate period used in the Chellah site.
Authors: Belhaj Siham , Belhaj Omaima Essad
Published: February 2023

The city of Rabat, capital of the Moroccan Kingdom, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012 and home to several historical monuments testifying to a cultural wealth and architectural diversity of which the Chellah site is part. The monument of Chellah located according to the coordinates: X = -6.8330340 / 6°49'58.9224 "W, Y = 34.0070770 / 34°0'25.4772 "N is special by its history, its architecture, its location within the city of Rabat shared heritage.This site is 7 ha in area with ramparts of 1030m in length and 4 m to 9.5 m in height, it houses 23 towers and 3 doors.The historical origin of Sala's (Chellah today) dates back to the VII-VI B.C. During the Phoenician period, this site could play the role of a seaport on the Atlantic route between Lixus and Mogador.The site of Chellah includes traces of many civilizations, such as the Phoenicians, the Mauritanians, the Almoahades and the Merinids.The historical site Chellah is at the same time a historical site, a real estate heritage, a universal heritage, an archaeological heritage, a tangible and intangible urban heritage.The historical site Chellah knows physical and chemical degradations seen its location and the particularity of the building materials as well as the techniques employed mainly for the rehabilitation.And given the importance of investigation and scientific studies before any restoration operation, we propose in this work a characterization of the stone used in previous restoration made during the protectorate period.The stone used is the calcarenites of which we propose a characterization under optical microscope and by using the technique of diffraction of the rays X DRX and the fluorescence of the rays X (FX). These analyses made it possible to affirm that this stone is a sandy limestone of a micro-sparitic cement which testifies to a bad conservation of the stone in front of the bad weather, this stone includes comparable fractions of calcium oxide and silica with a loss of fire of 25%, the analyses also made it possible to put in evidence the pathologies which touch them and the minerals of alterations.Keywords : Alteration, Calarenites, Limestone, Chellah
Infering the relevance of bank filtration processes for drinking water production sites on alluvial aquifers under drought conditions using residence time distributions and water quality parameters
Authors: Schuetz Tobias , Förster Alena
Published: February 2023

During prolonged drought periods surface water contributions via bank filtration to drinking water production sites located on alluvial aquifers can become increasingly relevant due to associated changes in the hydraulic boundary conditions. Considering the predicted increase of occurance probabilities for hot and dry summers in the humid climate zone, these sites might be prone to an increased risk related to anthropogenic emissions into the connected surface water bodies in the near future.We studied these processes at two well fields (8 active wells in total) located on the alluvial aquifer of the river Kyll, Germany, about 1 km downstream of the community of Kordel and the city´s waste water treatment plant. For six months we sampled bi-weekly water quality parameters in the wells (horizontal distances to the river varied between 30 and 420 m) and at three locations at the river Kyll. Samples were analyzed for stable water isotopes, EC, pH, DO, DOC, major ions, metals and selected pharmaceutical products. Based on a mixing analysis using major ion data we quantified the mean surface water contribution for each well, varying between 40 and 95 %. Using a darcian modelling approach based on continuous pumping rates, hydraulic gradients, existing information on hydraulic conductivities and the possible geometric connectivity of each of the wells to the river we were able to infer potential residence time distributions for the estimated surface water contributions for each of the wells. Comparing these distributions with nutrient gradients and oxic conditions we find significant correlations with the 0.05 quantile shortest residence time estimations, only. Resulting residence times of surface water contributions within the alluvial aquifer range from several days to weeks instead of previously estimated months to years. Dynamics in stable water isotope patterns in rainfall, surface water and groundwater show as well changes in surface water and groundwater composition within two weeks following the changes in the rainfall isotopic composition. Contrary to nutrient dynamics, the trace organic compounds, i. e. pharmaceutical products did not show spatial or temporal patterns, but a constant, substance specific degradation which leads to the conclusion that trace organic compound retention occurs in the nutrient rich near proximity of the river bed, i.e. the hyporheic zone.These results demonstrate how quantitative and qualitative surface water contributions to groundwater / drinking water wells can have an increased relevance under drought conditions than previously anticipated.
A comparative study of cave system Ca isotope ratios with rainfall, δ13C, and trace element data: Implications for quantitative reconstructions of paleorainfall from speleothems
Authors: de Wet Cameron , Griffith Elizabeth , Erhardt Andrea , Bradbury Harold , Turchyn Alexandra , Oster Jessica
Published: February 2023

The development of quantitative records of past rainfall is an outstanding goal in the field of speleothem paleoclimatology and represents an essential step for benchmarking paleoclimate model simulations. However, most traditionally-employed speleothem proxies, including δ18O, δ13C, and trace-element-to-calcium ratios, respond to a number of complex climatic and environmental influences and typically provide only qualitative records of paleoclimate change. Variations in speleothem Ca isotope ratios (δ44Ca) are thought to be uniquely controlled by carbonate mineral precipitation above a drip site (prior carbonate precipitation, or PCP), which can be modeled as a Rayleigh fractionation process and calibrated with modern rainfall data. Thus, speleothem δ44Ca shows promise as a semi-quantitative proxy for past changes in local effective rainfall rates. However, few cave monitoring studies have focused specifically on the ways in which important factors, like host rock δ44Ca variability and geology, water flow path geometry, ventilation, and seasonal rainfall distribution affect δ44Ca signals in speleothems.We present a comparative study of δ44Ca data and coeval measurements of δ13C and trace element ratios, established proxies for water infiltration, from cave drip waters, farmed calcite, and host rocks from three different cave systems in the United States- White Moon Cave (WMC) in coastal California, Lake Shasta Caverns (LSC) in northern California, and Blue Springs Cave (BSC) in east-central Tennessee. These cave systems are characterized by different hydroclimate, geology, flow path geometry, and seasonal infiltration characteristics.To assess the relationship between Ca isotope variability and effective rainfall, we use Rayleigh fractionation equations to estimate the amount of PCP occurring at each cave site and compare these estimates with local rainfall rates, supplementing with drip rate information when possible.The comparison of WMC, LSC, and BSC δ44Ca, δ13C, and trace element data from drip sites with different flow path geometry and from caves in different geologic and climate settings allows for these key factors to be assessed independently. This work, and the direct comparison between δ44Ca measurements and measured local rainfall rates in particular, aids in the refinement of speleothem δ44Ca as a new, semi-quantitative proxy for paleorainfall.
Tracing of evolution of carbonatite and silicate melts of the Belo-Ziminsky alkaline-ultrabasic carbonatite massif by mineralogy and geochemistry
Authors: Zhmodik Sergey , Ashchepkov Igor , Kiseleva Olga , Belyanin Dmitry , Sotnikova Irina , Medvedev Nikolai , Karmanov Nikolai
Published: February 2023

The Belo-Ziminsky alkaline-ultrabasic carbonatite massif contain dolomite, and calcite ankerite carbonatites essential part , syenites, melteigites and iolites cut by aillikite dikes of several generations (Ashchepkov et al., 2020; Doroshkevich et al., 2014-2021 etc). We analyzed  >4000 mineral grains by electron microscope in all types of rocks and >230 grains by  LA ICP MA  All rocks of the massif are derived from one type of mantle melt that was close to aillikite and formed at a level of >5 GPa in the mantle.According to the nature of the PGE spectra –  and by serpentinized xenoliths in aillikites, this melt drained metasomatized enriched peorvskites and hydrogenated mantle and was initially very rich in HFSE. Above, at the level of the crust and the upper part of the mantle, the melt began to separate under liquation. In the lower and middle crust, several (3) magmatic chambers were probably formed sequentially, which separated various carbonate and silicate melts, and from dolomite to ankerite melts, judging by the slope, the number of grains in the source decreased, that is, the melts became less deep and more fractionated.These trends are reflected both in the composition of pyroxenes from aillikites  and in the PTX diagram . All this led to significant variations in rocks and their rare-earth spectra of all rocks 
Linking in-situ and simulated soil moisture data for flood prediction: the advantage of joint probabilities of initial soil moisture and rainfall characteristic
Authors: Weiler Markus , Leistert Hannes , Schmit Max , Steinbrich Andreas
Published: February 2023

Local heavy precipitation regularly causes great damage resulting from flash floods in smaller catchments. Appropriate discharge records are usually unavailable to derive an extreme value statistics and regionalization approaches predicting peak discharge from discharge records of larger basins cannot include the small-scale effects and local processes. In addition, forecasting flash floods from rainfall forecast requires to identify the initial soil moisture conditions under which a catchment is most prone to trigger flash floods. In this respect, soil moisture affects runoff at the local scale during runoff generation (infiltration), but also at the catchment scale during runoff concentration with possible infiltration of overland flow (run-on infiltration) along the flow path.Our proposed framework to study the role of soil moisture on flash floods includes three steps: (1) to validate long-term hydrological simulations with in-situ soil moisture data to derive typical probability distributions of initial soil moisture depending on soil properties, vegetation and land cover, groundwater influences, etc; (2) to derive the sensitivity of runoff generation to soil moisture at the local and catchment scale by combining different probabilities for rainfall amount, duration and initial soil moisture resulting in the same joint probability and (3) to include the effect of soil moisture on run-on infiltration by linking a distributed hydrological and 2D-hydraulic model to simulate runoff hydrographs with and without run-on infiltration. The final set of simulations with the distributed, process-based rainfall-runoff model RoGeR for different temporal (event to long-term) and spatial scale (plots to submeter scale) allows us for a given catchment to derive the role of soil moisture on different hydrological processes (runoff generation and runoff concentration). We developed a spatial explicit method, which combines the joint probability of soil moisture and rainfall for runoff formation with hydraulic assumptions to determine runoff concentration and thus the corresponding hydrographs and the specific conditions in a catchment that can trigger flash floods. These simulations are compared in different test catchments with discharge records to validate out model chain. Finally, a comparison among different catchments with different characteristics (soil, geology, land-use, geomorphology, etc) enables us to derive a flood generation soil moisture sensitivity which should help to improve hydrological models to include all relevant processes and to focus our future in-situ soil moisture observations in the sensitive catchments to allow for a better prediction of flash floods by including observed soil moisture instead of simulated values. 
Project JetNet: Hemispheric-scale gigantic jet detection network
Authors: Boggs Levi , Smith Jeffrey , Mach Douglas , Cummer Steve , Trostel John , Burke Jeffery , Losego Jessica
Published: February 2023

In this presentation we will provide an overview and present preliminary results from a multi-institutional collaborative project, which seeks to detect gigantic jets over hemispheric scales using a combination orbital and ground-based sensors and machine learning. Gigantic jets are a type of transient luminous event (TLE, Pasko 2010, doi: 10.1029/2009JA014860) that escape the cloud top of a thunderstorm and propagate up to the lower ionosphere (80-100 km altitude), transferring tens to hundreds of Coulombs of charge. Our detection methodology primarily uses the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), which is a staring optical imager in geostationary orbit that detects the 777.4 nm (OI) triplet commonly emitted by lightning (Goodman et al. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.006).  Gigantic jets have been shown to have unique signatures in the GLM data from past studies (Boggs et al. 2019, doi: 10.1029/2019GL082278; Boggs et al. 2022, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abl8731). Thus far, we have built a preliminary, supervised machine learning model that detects potential gigantic jets using GLM, and begun development on a series of vetting techniques to confirm the detections as real gigantic jets. The vetting techniques use a combination of low frequency (LF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) sferic data, in combination with stereo GLM measurements. When our detection methodology grows in maturity, we will deploy it to all past GLM data (2018-present), with the potential to detect thousands of events each year, allowing correlation with other meteorological and atmospheric measurements. We will share the database of gigantic jet detections publicly during and at project conclusion (2025), allowing other researchers to use this data for their own research.
Impact of a damaging spring frost followed by a summer drought on saplings of four temperate species
Authors: Luo Na , Walde Manuel , Vitasse Yann , Gessler Arthur
Published: February 2023

Climate warming leads to earlier leaf-out which may put trees at higher risks of late spring frost (LSF) damage. Moreover extreme droughts in summer are increasing in frequency and magnitude. The probability that a damaging LSF and an extreme summer drought occur in the same year will therefore increase. Although the impact of LSF and extreme drought on tree vitality has been in depth investigated separately, the response and recovery of trees after a combination of these two stresses remain largely unknown, yet it might be crucial for tree persistence in the future.Here, we exposed 2-year-old saplings of four species (Quercus petraea, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Acer campestre) to an artificially LSF (trees exposed to -5.5℃ for 3 hours) shortly after leaf emergence (at the beginning of May). Then we applied a 2-month summer drought treatment from early July to end of August (well-watered vs. drought, 50% reduction of water). During the entire growing season we measured seedling growth, gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) to examine how trees respond to and recover from single and double stress.The artificial SLF severely damaged 90% of Quercus robur, 70% of Fagus sylvatica, 40% of Quercus petraea and 20% of Acer campestre. After 1.5 months, biomass and specific leaf area (SLA) of late-frost treated trees still differed significantly from the control in Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica, Acer campestre. Assimilation (A) was lower in late frost treated trees before the drought traetments for all four species.LSF strongly damaged leaves and reduced tree growth. The lag effect of frost damage may interact with the following summer drought damage, and we expect stronger impact of the drought when following an SLF than alone. However, it is also possible that reduced canopy size due to previous LSF mitigates the drought damages. Data analysis is ongoing that evaluates the lag effect of late-spring frosts on the resilience of trees to drought.  
Influence of anthropogenic climate change on soil erosion occurrence: Gully Nacala, Mozambique
Authors: Ferreira Lima Ingrid , Kobayashi Chiaki , da Silva Benedito , So Yumi , Hitomi Yasui
Published: February 2023

Gully is an issue of the climate crisis in most coastal areas of the world. More than 70% of the world's sandy coastlines would be eroded in recent decades. Anthropogenic climate change is one of key factors controlling soil erosion occurrence. Soil erosion control is extremely important for soil conservation work and territorial planning. The municipality of Nacala, province of Nampula, Mozambique, has gully susceptibility as a known problem. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), concerned about the intense urban erosion in the Nacala region, which causes problems not only for the population living in critical areas but also for the proper functioning of the Nacala Port, has been making efforts to identify the causes and mechanisms of the phenomenon and suggest corrective and preventive measures covering the area of the Mocone basin, Nacala. Thus, we obtained information on the causes and mechanisms of evolution of these phenomena to allow the joint search for the features that determine the natural susceptibility to erosion of the municipal territory. We also identified that the soil type in the Mocone basin is sandy-clayey, with an infiltration capacity of 50mm/hour, erodible, with a drainage network mainly characterized by rills and gullies, with periodic surface runoff, only during heavy rains. Our studies indicated a catchment with a significant area upstream of the erosion process (2.34 km2). The maximum project flows obtained in the our preliminary hydro-meteorological studies, considering intense rains with a return period of 100 years, and with duration equal to the time of concentration of the catchment basin (90 min), also proved to be quite significant, with values above of 25 m³/s. Accelerated erosion in this location seems to occur, preferentially, in sectors where those natural factors have been exacerbated by anthropic factors due to inadequate occupation of the physical environment. This urbanization resulted in waterproofing, an increase in surface runoff volumes and a reduction in the concentration time of this basin. In addition, the rainwater drainage of some streets was released directly into the natural terrain, without the proper hydraulic works to reduce energy. The rapid development of the erosion branch towards the Nacala Port proves this close relationship between inadequate urban drainage and the evolution of the analyzed erosion process. The results obtained also prove, once again, the importance of analysis and mitigation approaches for large scale erosion processes that contemplate the catchment basin in its entirety, where erosion control practices or changes in soil cover are necessary.
Apprehending the complex transport and fate behavior of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Silty Saturated Porous media - A Numerical Study
Authors: Ashraf Maliha , Chakma Sumedha , Ahammad Ziauddin
Published: February 2023

The Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, PPCPs, a category of Emerging Contaminants are omnipresent in the environment. These PPCPs have allured significant importance globally over two decades. Because of the lack of efficient treatment systems concerning to their varying Spatio-temporal effects, they impose chronic toxicity on the environment. Therefore, understanding the fate and transport behavior of PPCPs is of prime importance for the successful accomplishment of remediation operations.  In the study, three different PPCPs viz. Metformin, Triclosan and Erythromycin were modeled using numerical techniques in the silty saturated porous media using the software- COMSOL Multiphysics. A fate and transport model considering advection, dispersion, degradation, and adsorption is conceptualized as imitating the real soil column scenario. The column was fed with continuous injection of the contaminants in consideration. Further, sensitivity analysis is carried out by varying flow and transport parameters (longitudinal dispersivity, Darcy’s velocity, adsorption coefficient (Kd), and degradation coefficient) by three orders of magnitude. The degradation and adsorption delayed the process of transport of the three ECs, thereby taking more time to travel through the column. Erythromycin having comparatively less Kd is detected in the column outlet before metformin and triclosan. The results depicted a denoting effect of adsorption, Darcy’s velocity, and degradation co-efficient, thereby highlighting the importance of adsorption, advection and degradation being important factors in the transportation of PPCPs via saturated silty soil. Moreover, the longitudinal dispersivity tends to have a negligible effect on the concentration modeled, thus proving to be a less significant parameter influencing the transport of PPCPs in the environment. The results of the simulation may serve as a foreboding tool for prior identification of the ever-increasing ECs in the environment. Furthermore, the results may prove to be useful in policymaking and risk assessment due to the PPCPs. 
Climatic origin of hydrological response
Authors: Biswal Basudev , Istalkar Prashant
Published: February 2023

Hydrological processes leading to flow in river channels are extremely complex, which is why hydrologists have not yet found any fundamental law to explain river flow dynamics at basin-scale. Hydrological models generally keep a set of free parameters that need to be calibrated using observed discharge time series data. The underlying assumption is that each catchment is unique and that each model parameter represents certain catchment characteristics. Thus, prediction in ungauged basins is a challenge. In this study, it is argued that we should focus on developing calibration-free hydrological models. In other words, we hypothesize that hydrological response is primarily determined by climatic inputs. We compared the dynamic Budyko (DB) rainfall-runoff model with the HBV model considering a global dataset. The two models showed very similar performance across geographical regions, supporting our hypothesis. We conclude that more efforts should be made to develop rainfall-runoff models that exploit climatic information for explaining streamflow variation.
Thermal Energy Storage Integration with Waste Heat: What are the Challenges?
Authors: Gholami Raoof
Published: February 2023

Over the past decade, there have been numerous attempts to use low-grade waste heat (30 oC and 100 oC) for a variety of different applications, especially district heating systems. However, the initial investment in waste heat recovery systems is usually high and the temperature is too low to meet the needs of the different end users. One possible solution is to integrate seasonal thermal energy storage with data centers or other industries that deals with waste heat. This is especially possible when considering borehole thermal energy storage (BTES), as it is highly adaptable, expandable and economical. However, almost all research and technical applications of BTES systems have focused on solar energy storage, with the exception of the projects in Emmaboda (Sweden) and Chifeng (China), where BTES systems have been used to store waste heat. In this paper, the results of a series of measurements on a BTES in Norway are presented and numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the long-term performance of the BTES once it is connected to a continuous supply of waste heat from a data center. The results obtained show how important a long-term prediction of the system performance is for planning and optimization. It was found that the storage temperature and heat recovery of the BTES are lower than expected when the quantity and quality of waste heat is overestimated. It seems that the borehole has the capacity to store  heat at a temperature of more than 75 C, but it may reduce its functionality over time and shorten its lifespan from 30 to 10 years.
Efficient Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard and Risk Assessment Using a Hybrid Modeling Approach: A Systematic Evaluation
Authors: Ragu Ramalingam Naveen , Abbate Alice , Briseid Storrøsten Erlend , Johnson Kendra , Davies Gareth , Lorito Stefano , Pagani Marco , Martina Mario
Published: February 2023

The hybrid modelling approach combining machine learning and physics-based simulation has been used in a variety of ways to study tsunami and improve our understanding of this complex natural hazard. They are broadly applied for (1) Tsunami forecasting and early warning systems and (2) Tsunami hazard and risk assessment including sensitivity, analysis uncertainty studies and inverse modelling for estimating the source. Rigorous evaluation of such a hybrid approach is constrained by the limited size of available simulation datasets which is important to guide their usage by practitioners. This study investigates the application of a hybrid tsunami modelling technique (Ragu Ramalingam et al., 2022, Ragu Ramalingam et al., 2022) which offers a computationally efficient approach for hazard assessment where large events-sets must be modelled typical of probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk assessment (PTHA/PTRA). We use a large tsunami simulation dataset for a coastal region of eastern Sicily, Italy and try to address the following question:How to efficiently sample scenarios used to train the ML models?
Where and when are such methods accurate? 
How do they compare with other traditional modelling methods like Monte Carlo Sampling?
Additionally, the effort will deliver an open tsunami benchmarking dataset that can be utilised for further development, baseline comparison of various ML algorithms, and improved hyperparameter tuning.ReferencesRagu Ramalingam, N., Johnson, K., Pagani, M., and Martina, M.: A hybrid ML-physical modelling approach for efficient approximation of tsunami waves at the coast for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5642, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5642, 2022.Ragu Ramalingam, N., Rao, A., Johnson, K., Pagani, M. and Martina, M. A hybrid ML-physical modelling approach for efficient probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk assessment, Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS 2022), August 1-5, 2022, Virtual.