bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffuse reflectance spectra of smectite minerals in the near infrared and their relationship to chemical composition / Spectres de réflectance diffuse de smectites dans le proche infrarouge, en relation avec la composition chimique
Authors: Ben-Dor Eyal , Banin Amos
Published: June 2018

Spectres de reflectance diffuse de smectites dans le proche infrarouge en relation avec la composition chimique. — Les spectres-de réflectance haute résolution de 12 smectites sélectionnées ont été réalisés dans le domaine du proche infrarouge (1,0 à 2,5 μm). Les teneurs en Al, Mg, Fe et Si de ces minéraux ont été déterminées par fluorescence X. Deux méthodes ont été étudiées pour trouver la meilleure corrélation entre les données chimiques et spectroscopiques : (I) sélection des bandes en fonction de structures d'adsorption cation-OH connues, et calcul de la corrélation entre les valeurs d'absorption corrigées et la concentration du constituant. Quelques tendances ont été décelées mais les corrélations étaient généralement faibles (r2= 0,36-0,85) entre données chimiques et données spectroscopiques ; (II) sélection de longueur d'onde dans toutes les régions du spectre où existe une forte corrélation linéaire entre une concentration d'un élément donné et l'intensité d'absorption. En utilisant les longueurs d'onde pour lesquelles on détecte le plus fort coefficient de corrélation, les équations de calibration étaient ajustées pour chaque élément par une méthode de régression linéaire multivariable. La plupart des longueurs d'onde sélectionnées par l'approche II ont été expliquées spectroscopiquement comme étant des harmoniques et des combinaisons de modes fondamentaux de diverses liaisons OH-cation. Des valeurs élevées du coefficient R2 (0.97-0.99) ont été obtenues et correspondaient à de faibles erreurs standard de calibration. La validation a été faite en utilisant une procédure adaptée aux séries relativement petites d'échantillons étudiés. Une précision acceptable a été obtenue pour les quatre éléments constituants à condition qu'un point aberrant soit exclu dans chaque lot. L'analyse dans le proche infrarouge fondée sur l'approche II pourrait avoir des applications prometteuses comme méthode rapide et non destructive d'analyse des concentrations des constituants des argiles.
Investigations on some structural and physico-chemical properties of metakaolinite / Investigations sur quelques propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques de la métakaolinite
Authors: Murat Michel , Mathurin Daniel , Driouche Mohammed , Bachiorrini Alessandro
Published: June 2018

Investigations sur quelques propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques de la métakaolinite — Une série d'échantillons de métakaolinite, obtenue par déshydroxylation d'une kaolinite mal cristallisée, a été étudiée pour déterminer l'évolution, en fonction de la température de préparation, de paramètres spécifiques relatifs à l'état de désorganisation structurale, la texture et la réactivité chimique du solide. Les données expérimentales obtenues concernant la cinétique de dissolution dans un acide (suivi par méthode conductimétrique et calorimétrique), l'élargissement de bandes caractéristiques d'absorption infrarouge, et l'évolution de la surface spécifique et de la distribution des rayons de pores à partir d'adsorption d'azote à basse température, ont confirmé que la métakaolinite était un solide semi-cristallin et montré que l'état de désorganisation structurale, qui est maximum pour une température donnée de préparation (730°C dans le cas présent), était le paramètre majeur responsable de la haute réactivité chimique du solide.
Ardenne-Brabant / Ardenne-Brabant
Authors: Meilliez Francis , André Luc , Blieck Alain , Fielitz Werner , Goffette Olivier , Hance Luc , Khatir Amar , Mansy Jean-Louis , Overlau Pierre , Verniers Jacques
Published: June 2018

En Ardenne et dans le Brabant affleure, de façon discontinue, un enregistrement sédimentaire complet du Paléozoïque, fossilifère depuis le Cambrien inférieur jusqu'au Westphalien D. La série antédévonienne constitue un substratum structuré au plus en faciès Schiste Vert, recouvert en discordance par une couverture dévonocarbonifère. L'ensemble a été un élément de la plate-forme méridionale du "Continent des Vieux Grès Rouges", soumise à l'extension puis au raccourcissement varisques avant le Stephanien.
Les massifs anciens des Pyrénées / The ancient massifs of the Pyrénées
Authors: Majesté-Menjoulas Claude , Debat Pierre , Mercier Alain
Published: June 2018

The ancient massifs of the Pyrénées -Pyrénées is a polyorogenic belt whose major structure is Alpine (ECORS profile). Alpine deformations are very important and explain the inexistence of a consensual geodynamical model for the Variscan Pyrénées. Since the last thirty years, lot of works have been done on the Variscan Pyrénées. Though there is an unanimous agreement on the lithostratigraphic evolution, it exists sometimes different views about the tectonic structure and evolution, the metamorphism, the magmatism and the geodynamical model.

Metamorphic Precambrian is defined in the eastern part of the belt with the Canigou orthogneiss (535 Ma or 560-580 Ma). The Cambro-Ordovician is well known also in the eastern part with the Jujols and Canaveilles series. The age of these series is controversial. The Middle and Upper Ordovician is a fine detrital series with volcanism indicating an extensive context. The Silurian appears on the whole of the belt with black graphitic shales. Lower and Middle Devonian is first of all detrital and later carbonaceous. Frasnian in the Central Pyrénées shows a well-contrasted sedimentation with shallow-water limestones and turbiditic series deposited in elongated basins limited by listric faults. Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous are characterized by uniform carbonate deposits. During the Carboniferous foreland flysch (Culm) deposited and is followed, in the Stephanian time, by detrital series (conglomerates, sandstones) unconformably overlying the folded Culm.

The Hercynian Pyrenean metamorphism developed in large structure domes is characterized by : (1) metamorphic reactions leading to a granulitic facies in the upper part of the lower crust, and to a general migmatization in the lower part of the middle crust ; (2) a high metamorphic gradient of 50°C/km ; (3) a clockwise P-T trajectory. Ultrabasic and basic rocks are associated to the development of the thermal anomaly developing the metamorphism.

Numerous plutonic massifs (granitoides and basic rocks) crosscut the Variscan formations at different levels. They are a double origin : the basic rocks originated from the upper mantle after transformations, the granites originated from the anatexis of the lower part of the middle crust.

Structurally the Variscan Pyrénées are characterized by large structural domes developed in the metamorphic series and upright folds deforming the Upper formations. Relationships between these structures are interpreted by different models. More early large-scale thrusts progressing from north to south produce abnormal superpositions in the whole of the crust.

Only from 1985, different geodynamical models were being proposed. Variscan Pyrénées results to : intracontinental thinning ; collision following by extension ; intracontinental shortening ; thinning following by intracontinental shortening. The stratigraphie evolution of the upper Paleozoic series is compatible only with the two last models.
La charge de surface des solides divisés : origine, mesure et modélisation. / The surface charge of divided solids : origin, measurement and modeling
Authors: Thomas Fabien , Rakotonarivo Edouard , Bottero Jean-Yves
Published: June 2018

The surface charge of divided solids : origin, measurement and modeling

Metallic oxides and hydroxides bear a charge resulting from the acid-base dissociation of the surface hydroxyls. The surface charge is neutralized by ions of opposite sign from the electrolyte solution. These counter-ions are organized as a double-layer : a layer of ions complexed by the surface hydroxylic sites (Stern layer), and an ionic cloud without any direct interaction with the surface (diffuse layer). The charge of the three characteristic planes : surface plane, average plane of the complexed counter-ions, and average plane of the diffuse layer, is measured respectively by Potentiometrie titration, analysis of the adsorbed ions, and from the electrokinetic potential (or ζ potential) which is generated at the hydrodynamic shearing plane. A surface complexation model allows the average constants of the surface equilibrium reactions to be derived by simulating the experimental charge vs. pH curves by curves calculated from the equilibrium equations.
Palynological evidence for the age and depositional environment of the Cretaceous Bahariya Formation, Northwestern Desert, Egypt. / Indications palynologiques pour l'âge et l'environnement sédimentaire de la formation crétacée de Bahariya , Désert Nord-Ouest, Egypte
Authors: El Beialy Salah Y.
Published: June 2018

The Bahariya Formation, which marks the Albian/Cenomanian boundary in the North Western Desert of Egypt, has yielded a largely terrestrial microflora dominated by pteridophyte spores, and angiosperm and gymnosperm pollen. The elater-bearing palynomorph Galeacornea clavis Stover, and the ephedroid pollen Steevesipollenites binodosus Stover are recorded for the first time in Egypt. These species, together with other palynomorphs whose stratigraphie ranges are known, suggest a late Albian to early Cenomanian age for the formation. Observations on the palynodebris indicate that the organic matter associated with the spores and pollen grains consists mainly of black vitrinite particles and leaf cuticles. Dominance of continental palynoflora over the marine element indicates proximity to the shoreline. The scarcity of dinoflagellate cyste species in the investigated samples may coincide with the onset of an anoxic phase, which may have been caused by regional tectonic movements during the Albian regression which affected Egypt in a most marked way. A large part of the Western Desert formed a receptacle receiving the fluvial detritus of the rivers emanating from the eroded elevated massif to the south.
Micropalaeontology and palynology of the Lower and Middle Cretaceous Thamama and Wasia groups, DK-C well, Dukhan oil field, Western Qatar. / Micropaléontologie et palynologie dans le Crétacé inférieur et moyen des groupes de Thamama et de Wasia, puits DK-C, champ pétrolifère de Dukhan, Qatar occidental
Authors: El Beialy Salah Y. , Al-Hitmi Hind H.
Published: June 2018

Well preserved, diverse sporomorphs, phytoplankton and foraminifers have been found in cores from the DK-C well, Dukhan Oil Field, Western Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Most samples studied contained dinocysts, acritarchs, foraminiferal test linings, spores, pollen grains and benthic and planktic forams. From the entire palynomorph assemblage mainly dinoflagellate cysts and miospores were studied to give a stratigraphie outline for the upper Lower and Middle Cretaceous Thamama and Wasia groups. The age of the Shuaiba Formation as indicated by dinocysts is possibly early Aptian. Deposition took place in a marine environment which could possibly reflect the extreme distal locus of deposition. A tentative late middle Albian age could be assigned to unit A of the Nahr Umr Formation on basis of palynology. However unit В is dated as late Albian by palynomorphs and early Albian by foraminifera. In view of the extremely low faunal recovery and unavailability of samples from unit С of the Nahr Umr Formation, no age assignment could be postulated. The clastic facies of the Nahr Umr Formation showed high recovery of fern spores which allows us to assume marshy environment with fluviatile deposits that phased out Albian sedimentation. The dating of the Mauddud shelf carbonate Formation as late Albian, based on foraminifera, is not supported palynologically. Unit A of the Ahmadi Formation did not yield any diagnostic fauna that did allow an age assignment. The presence of elater-bearing palynomorphs, diagnostic miospores and dinocysts in this interval confined the age of this unit to the late Albian-early Cenomanian. This aspect of the Albian-Cenomanian flora could possibly indicate the prevalence of marine conditions in its upper part and the elaters are suited to a presumed arid or semi-arid climate. Units В, С and D are of early and middle Cenomanian, based on the presence of Hensonina lenticularis and Asterohedbergella asterospinosa zones. The Mishrif shallow water limestone Formation which closes out the Middle Cretaceous with alternations of limestone and shale is attributed to the late Cenomanian Dictyoconella minima Zone reported from adjacent wells in the same region.
Global modeling of CO2 uptake by continental erosion and of carbon river transport to the oceans. / Modélisation à l'échelle globale des flux de CO2 consommé par l'érosion continentale et des transports fluviaux de carbone vers les océans
Authors: Probst J.L. , Ludwig Wolfgang , Amiotte Suchet Philippe
Published: June 2018

Continental erosion of organic and inorganic carbon is estimated using the carbon transport by major world rivers to the oceans. A geochemical modeling allows to calculate, for each large river basin, the flux of atmospheric/soil CO₂ consumed by chemical erosion of continental rocks and exported as bicarbonates by rivers. Drainage intensity and carbonate rock outcrops appear to be the major factors controlling CO₂ fluxes and river transport of inorganic carbon. A global erosion model (GEM-CO₂) has been developed and validated for 3 large river basins (Congo, Amazon and Garonne). GEM-CO₂ allows to simulate CO₂ fluxes for the different continents. Carbon contents in soils, steepness of morphology and drainage intensity of river basins are controlling DOC river fluxes, while РОС river fluxes mainly depend on suspended sediment transport, which could be modeled from drainage intensity, seasonal rainfall variability, steepness of morphology and softness of outcropping rocks in river basins. Modeling of organic carbon river fluxes (GEM-Corg) allows to simulate the organic carbon erosion over the continents. This empirical modeling (GEM-CO₂ and GEM-Corg) is coupled with a river routing file in order to determine the spatial distribution of river carbon inputs (alkalinity, dissolved and particulate organic carbon) to the world's oceans in grid point resolutions of 2 x 2.5° and 4x5° latitude/longitude.
Bioenergy strategies and the global carbon cycle. / Stratégies bioénergétiques et cycle global du carbone
Authors: Schlamadinger Bernhard , Canella Lorenza , Marland Gregg , Spitzer Josef
Published: June 2018

Bioenergy strategies are seen as effective options to reduce net CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. Carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning can be avoided if biomass is used as an energy carrier instead, because in a bioenergy system CO₂ is taken up by the plants and released to the atmosphere again when biomass is burned for energy. However, a carbon balance of bioenergy also needs to take into account the associated changes of С stored in the biosphere, i.e. in the vegetation, in plant litter and soils. For example, a net reduction of the С content in the biosphere leads to an increase of the atmosphere's С content by the same amount, and vice versa. Bioenergy is often produced along with other goods such as wood products. In such cases the carbon balance has to include the effect of С storage in biomass products and the substitution of other, energy consuming materials like steel or concrete with biomass. GORCAM (Graz -Oak Ridge -Carbon Accounting Model) is a spreadsheet model that has been developed to calculate the carbon balance of land management and biomass utilization strategies in forestry and agriculture. Input parameters describe the management régime (rotation length, harvesting intensity, growth rate...), previous land use, soil and litter carbon dynamics, fate of the harvest (biomass for energy, biomass products with varying lifetimes), fossil fuel substitution and its efficiency (bioenergy instead of fossil energy ; biomass products instead of products from other, more energy intensive materials), fossil fuel requirements for land management and biomass conversion.

Model results reveal that the carbon balance of land management and biomass utilization strongly depends on the initial С storage on the site, the growth rate, the efficiency with which the harvest is used, and the time period of consideration. For high growth rates and efficient use of the harvest, the dominant component of the С balance is seen to be fossil fuel substitution. Some strategies result in a significant net reduction of carbon emissions from their very beginning {e.g. short-rotation forestry on previously agricultural land). Harvest of existing forests for biofuels and wood products can lead to a net source or sink at the beginning, depending on the efficiency of harvest use. In the case of a net initial source, the С balance can return to positive values as the forest regrows, the «payback period» being determined by the forest growth rate and other factors mentioned above.
ALMA Observations of Polarization from Dust Scattering in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
Authors: Hull Charles L. H. , Yang Haifeng , Li Zhi-Yun , Kataoka Akimasa , Stephens Ian W. , Andrews Sean , Bai Xuening , Cleeves L. Ilsedore , Hughes A. Meredith , Looney Leslie , Pérez Laura M. , Wilner David
Published: June 2018

We present 870 μm ALMA observations of polarized dust emission toward the Class II protoplanetary disk IM Lup. We find that the orientation of the polarized emission is along the minor axis of the disk, and that the value of the polarization fraction increases steadily toward the center of the disk, reaching a peak value of ∼1.1%. All of these characteristics are consistent with models of self-scattering of submillimeter-wave emission from an optically thin inclined disk. The distribution of the polarization position angles across the disk reveals that, while the average orientation is along the minor axis, the polarization orientations show a significant spread in angles; this can also be explained by models of pure scattering. We compare the polarization with that of the Class I/II source HL Tau. A comparison of cuts of the polarization fraction across the major and minor axes of both sources reveals that IM Lup has a substantially higher polarization fraction than HL Tau toward the center of the disk. This enhanced polarization fraction could be due a number of factors, including higher optical depth in HL Tau, or scattering by larger dust grains in the more evolved IM Lup disk. However, models yield similar maximum grain sizes for both HL Tau (72 μm) and IM Lup (61 μm, this work). This reveals continued tension between grain-size estimates from scattering models and from models of the dust emission spectrum, which find that the bulk of the (unpolarized) emission in disks is most likely due to millimeter-sized (or even centimeter-sized) grains.
Protoplanetary Disk Properties in the Orion Nebula Cluster: Initial Results from Deep, High-resolution ALMA Observations
Authors: Eisner J. A. , Arce H. G. , Ballering N. P. , Bally J. , Andrews S. M. , Boyden R. D. , Francesco J. Di , Fang M. , Johnstone D. , Kim J. S. , Mann R. K. , Matthews B. , Pascucci I. , Ricci L. , Sheehan P. D. , Williams J. P.
Published: June 2018

We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array 850 μm continuum observations of the Orion Nebula Cluster that provide the highest angular resolution (∼0.″1 ≈ 40 au) and deepest sensitivity (∼0.1 mJy) of the region to date. We mosaicked a field containing ∼225 optical or near-IR-identified young stars, ∼60 of which are also optically identified “proplyds.” We detect continuum emission at 850 μm toward ∼80% of the proplyd sample, and ∼50% of the larger sample of previously identified cluster members. Detected objects have fluxes of ∼0.5–80 mJy. We remove submillimeter flux due to free–free emission in some objects, leaving a sample of sources detected in dust emission. Under standard assumptions of isothermal, optically thin disks, submillimeter fluxes correspond to dust masses of ∼0.5–80 Earth masses. We measure the distribution of disk sizes, and find that disks in this region are particularly compact. Such compact disks are likely to be significantly optically thick. The distributions of submillimeter flux and inferred disk size indicate smaller, lower-flux disks than in lower-density star-forming regions of similar age. Measured disk flux is correlated weakly with stellar mass, contrary to studies in other star-forming regions that found steeper correlations. We find a correlation between disk flux and distance from the massive star θ
1 Ori C, suggesting that disk properties in this region are influenced strongly by the rich cluster environment.
X-UDS: The Chandra Legacy Survey of the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Field
Authors: Kocevski Dale D. , Hasinger Guenther , Brightman Murray , Nandra Kirpal , Georgakakis Antonis , Cappelluti Nico , Civano Francesca , Li Yuxuan , Li Yanxia , Aird James , Alexander David M. , Almaini Omar , Brusa Marcella , Buchner Johannes , Comastri Andrea , Conselice Christopher J. , Dickinson Mark A. , Finoguenov Alexis , Gilli Roberto , Koekemoer Anton M. , Miyaji Takamitsu , Mullaney James R. , Papovich Casey , Rosario David , Salvato Mara , Silverman John D. , Somerville Rachel S. , Ueda Yoshihiro
Published: June 2018

We present the X-UDS survey, a set of wide and deep Chandra observations of the Subaru-XMM Deep/UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey (SXDS/UDS) field. The survey consists of 25 observations that cover a total area of 0.33 deg2. The observations are combined to provide a nominal depth of ∼600 ks in the central 100 arcmin2 region of the field that has been imaged with Hubble/WFC3 by the CANDELS survey and ∼200 ks in the remainder of the field. In this paper, we outline the survey’s scientific goals, describe our observing strategy, and detail our data reduction and point source detection algorithms. Our analysis has resulted in a total of 868 band-merged point sources detected with a false-positive Poisson probability of <1 × 10−4. In addition, we present the results of an X-ray spectral analysis and provide best-fitting neutral hydrogen column densities, N
H, as well as a sample of 51 Compton-thick active galactic nucleus candidates. Using this sample, we find the intrinsic Compton-thick fraction to be 30%–35% over a wide range in redshift (z = 0.1–3), suggesting the obscured fraction does not evolve very strongly with epoch. However, if we assume that the Compton-thick fraction is dependent on luminosity, as is seen for Compton-thin sources, then our results are consistent with a rise in the obscured fraction out to z ∼ 3. Finally, an examination of the host morphologies of our Compton-thick candidates shows a high fraction of morphological disturbances, in agreement with our previous results. All data products described in this paper are made available via a public website.
Spectroscopic Constants and Line Positions for TiO Singlet States
Authors: Bittner Dror M. , Bernath Peter F.
Published: June 2018

A consistent set of spectroscopic constants for the a1Δ, d1Σ+, b1Π, c1Φ, and f1Δ states of 48Ti16O has been determined from analysis of the b1Π–a1Δ, b1Π–d1Σ+, c1Φ–a1Δ, and f1Δ–a1Δ systems. Three Fourier transform emission spectra have been used for the analysis. New bands of the b1Π–a1Δ and c1Φ–a1Δ systems have been fitted. The first analysis of the c1Φ–a1Δ system using Fourier transform spectra is also provided. Extensive and improved line positions are measured. TiO is prominent in the spectra of oxygen-rich cool stellar objects and may be present in hot-Jupiter exoplanet atmospheres.
Chemistry of the High-mass Protostellar Molecular Clump IRAS 16562–3959
Authors: Guzmán Andrés E. , Guzmán Viviana V. , Garay Guido , Bronfman Leonardo , Hechenleitner Federico
Published: June 2018

We present molecular line observations of the high-mass molecular clump IRAS 16562−3959 taken at 3 mm using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at 1.″7 angular resolution (0.014 pc spatial resolution). This clump hosts the actively accreting high-mass young stellar object (HMYSO) G345.4938+01.4677, which is associated with a hypercompact H ii region. We identify and analyze emission lines from 22 molecular species (encompassing 34 isomers) and classify them into two groups, depending on their spatial distribution within the clump. One of these groups gathers shock tracers (e.g., SiO, SO, HNCO) and species formed in dust grains like methanol (CH3OH), ethenone or ketene (H2CCO), and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO). The second group collects species closely resembling the dust continuum emission morphology and are formed mainly in the gas phase, like hydrocarbons (CCH, c-C3H2, CH3CCH), cyanopolyynes (HC3N and HC5N), and cyanides (HCN and CH3C3N). Emission from complex organic molecules (COMs) like CH3OH, propanenitrile (CH3CH2CN), and methoxymethane (CH3OCH3) arise from gas in the vicinity of a hot molecular core (T ≳ 100 K) associated with the HMYSO. Other COMs such as propyne (CH3CCH), acrylonitrile (CH2CHCN), and acetaldehyde seem to better trace warm (T ≲ 80 K) dense gas. In addition, deuterated ammonia (NH2D) is detected mostly in the outskirts of IRAS 16562−3959 and associated with near-infrared dark globules, probably gaseous remnants of the clump’s prestellar phase. The spatial distribution of molecules in IRAS 16562−3959 supports the view that in protostellar clumps, chemical tracers associated with different evolutionary stages—starless to hot cores/H ii regions—exist coevally.
L’appel de la Patrie : les réservistes et les volontaires français du Chili pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Carrellán Ruiz Juan Luis , de La Llosa Alvar
Published: June 2018

Résumé Ce travail analyse le départ des réservistes et des volontaires français résidant au Chili qui, en août 1914, au tout début de la Première Guerre mondiale, partirent se battre sur le front européen. On y observe comment, dans ce pays sud-américain, les autorités françaises prennent le contrôle des associations de la colonie et organisent le recrutement et l’arrière-garde civile. Nous considérons que, dans le contexte chilien de l’époque, l’identité européenne est de première importance puisqu’elle justifie le départ d’un nombre important de membres de la colonie française qui décident de s’engager dans un conflit situé à des milliers de kilomètres de leur lieu de résidence.
Le Mexique et la Seconde Guerre mondiale : de la non-intervention à la déclaration de « l’état de guerre »
Authors: Chine Lehmann Dalila
Published: June 2018

Résumé Nous retraçons dans cet article les différents événements qui ont poussé le Mexique à entrer dans un « état de guerre » avec les puissances de l’Axe lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Nous reviendrons tout particulièrement sur les principes de neutralité du pays, sur la redéfinition des relations diplomatiques avec les États-Unis dans un contexte de promotion panaméricaine, sur les effets d’un envoi modeste d’escadron aux larges du Pacifique en fin de conflit et sur les répercussions économiques d’une guerre souvent perçue – à tort – comme insignifiante pour l’histoire du pays.
Les historiens mis au défi ? Mémoires de guerre et politique dans la Finlande nouvellement indépendante
Authors: Carrez Maurice
Published: June 2018

Résumé Bien qu’en principe les Finlandais ne soient pas mobilisables dans l’armée russe, le Grand-Duché subit rapidement les contrecoups de la Première Guerre mondiale. Mais c’est surtout la révolution russe de mars 1917 qui le plonge dans le chaos dès avant son indépendance en décembre : alors que l’économie tourne au ralenti et que la disette menace, les tensions socio-politiques ouvrent la voie à une guerre civile qui éclate début 1918 et se termine par une répression sanguinaire. Ce drame influence d’emblée la vision qu’en gardent les Finlandais. Des mémoires concurrentes et fortement politisées se construisent et s’affrontent, envahissant tout le champ du souvenir et rendant ardue la tâche des historiens pour longtemps. Néanmoins, au-delà des témoignages partisans et des archives de la répression, d’autres sources peuvent être sollicitées qui pourront donner des éclairages peut-être plus subtils sur une période riche en enseignements.
La résilience territoriale comme principe et comme volonté Réflexions à partir de la question de la pollution des sols dans des territoires (dés)industrialisés
Authors: Morel Journel Christelle , Gay Georges , Ferrieux  Cécile
Published: June 2018

Depuis les années 2000, on observe une affirmation de la notion de résilience tant chez les chercheurs que chez les praticiens dans le champ de l’urbain et des territoires. S’appuyant sur une généalogie de la notion et un historique de sa mobilisation, le présent article entend interroger la résilience d’une manière critique en la mettant à l’épreuve d’une situation concrète : la question de la pollution des sols dans les territoires désindustrialisés de la région de Saint-Étienne (France). Longtemps éludée par les politiques de requalification engagées dans les années 1980, la pollution des sols s’impose comme problème public au tournant des années 1990. Son traitement constitue alors un nouveau défi pour les acteurs locaux confrontés au repli et au double langage de l’État. En effet, ce dernier hausse sans cesse son niveau d’exigence en matière de contrôle en laissant en héritage des problèmes qu’il a contribué à créer et en délégant aux pouvoirs locaux la responsabilité de les assumer, dans un contexte législatif et réglementaire non stabilisé, et dans la contradiction permanente entre repli sur la norme et incitation à l’innovation qui conduit à la contester. L’action publique locale doit donc sans cesse s’adapter, gagner en technicité pour un résultat peu visible qui, au mieux, relève de la mise à niveau. L’enjeu paraît alors de sortir la question de la pollution des sols de son confinement dans la sphère technique pour la poser sur la scène politique, en glissant alors des injonctions à la résilience à une attention réelle aux inégales capacités d’action locales et un principe de justice socio-spatiale à une échelle plus large.
Résilience et prévention des désastres
Authors: Bouisset Christine , Clarimont Sylvie , Rebotier Julien
Published: June 2018

En 2013, le programme Risques Décision Territoire du ministère français de l’Environnement de l’Énergie et de la Mer a lancé un appel à propositions de recherche pour travailler sur des approches alternatives de gestion des risques et des territoires, impliquant notamment la notion de résilience. Ce support de recherche a permis de mener une réflexion sur la gestion des risques et le devenir de deux territoires soumis à d’importants changements (pas nécessairement liés aux risques dits naturels, ou technologiques) : le bassin industriel de Lacq et le massif des Landes, dans le cadre du programme ACTER – Accompagner les Changements vers des Territoires Résilients. Le rapport de recherche est disponible ici : [en ligne] URL : https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01498643/document.La restitution de ce programme lors d’un colloque final tenu à Pau en mars 2017 a permis d’inviter la communauté des chercheurs à partager leur expérience dans l’usage ou l’étude de la résilience. Ce dossier Hors-série est l’occasion de rassembler les contributions qui s’illustrent particulièrement dans le domaine de la gestion des risques et des territoires.
A comparison of prevalence of unethical tendering practices at national and subnational levels in Nigeria
Authors: Ogbu Chukwuemeka P. , Asuquo Christian F.
Published: June 2018

Nigeria has recently renewed efforts towards stamping out corruption in every area of its national life. Given that construction procurement is particularly prone to corrupt practices, this study investigated the prevalence of unethical tendering practices in the Nigerian public sector. In particular, a comparison to bare the similarities or differences in the prevalence of unethical tendering practices at national and subnational levels is scarcely available in literature. This study’s objective was to determine and compare the prevalence of unethical tendering practices at the national and subnational levels in Nigeria. The data analysis was based on 120 acceptably filled questionnaires obtained from contractor, client and consultant organisations previously involved in public sector projects. The unethical tendering practices were analysed using prevalence indices and Mann–Whitney U tests. Findings include that the three most prevalent unethical tendering practices are contractor-based, namely: (1) competitors offer bribes to gain access to confidential tendering information (C1); (2) competitors overstate their capacity, experience and qualifications to secure construction contracts (C2); (3) the same owner(s) use different firms to tender for the same project (C3), in descending order of prevalence. No significant difference exists between unethical tendering practices in federal and state government projects. The findings of the study will help the Nigerian government and other stakeholders to better understand unethical practices at the tender stage of construction procurement in the public sector and to evolve better strategies for dealing with them. The study contributes to existing knowledge by separately identifying the prevalent unethical tendering practices in the Nigerian context and comparing unethical tendering practices at national and subnational levels within a country
Factors influencing e-health implementation by medical doctors in public hospitals in Zimbabwe
Authors: Furusa Samuel S. , Coleman Alfred
Published: June 2018

Background: Improving access to health care services in both developed and developing countries through information communication technology (ICT) has been getting particular attention from government, medical researchers and practitioners. This has seen many governments proposing the implementation of healthcare systems that are centred on technology, while researchers and practitioners have been arguing for policies that promote the use of technology in healthcare provision. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the factors influencing implementation of e-health by medical doctors in public hospitals in Zimbabwe. Methods: The study was guided by a qualitative research in conjunction with multiple-case studies. Qualitative data were collected using 20 semi-structured interviews from selected hospitals concerning the implementation of e-health by medical doctors in public hospitals. Hospitals were selected using random sampling, while purposive sampling was used to select the 20 doctors. In addition, the researcher conducted direct observations at five hospitals. Furthermore, data concerning policy issues in Zimbabwe’s e-health were collected using document review process. Data from the interviews were analysed using data-driven thematic coding. This solo approach was conducted because the researcher intended to reveal e-health influencing factors that could not be revealed by related literature. Results: This study reveals that the implementation of e-health by medical doctors in public hospitals in Zimbabwe is influenced by both internal and external factors. Internal factors include ICT infrastructure and e-health technologies, ICT skills and knowledge, technical support, security concerns, lack of basic medical facilities, demographic factors such as age and doctor–patient relationship. External factors are health policy, funding and bureaucracy. Conclusion: The idea of e-health is relatively new to healthcare centres in Zimbabwe. Its application has not been sufficiently addressed. The study shows that the success of an e-health system depends on internal and external factors. There is a great potential for implementing e-health in Zimbabwe if these factors are taken into consideration. Otherwise, Zimbabwe will continue to lag behind in the implementation of e-health systems in public hospitals.
What hope is there – for Klaus?
Authors: Conradie Ernst M.
Published: June 2018

This contribution engages with Klaus Nürnberger’s eschatology as expressed in his Invitation to Systematic Theology. It suggests that his notion of Christian hope has to be understood in terms of the triad of core concepts that he offers, namely creative power, benevolent intentionality and a vision of comprehensive optimal well-being. These are dialectically related as thesis, antithesis and synthesis. Moreover, this dialectic comes to expression in his understanding of faith in the Triune God, namely as belief in God against God, God as Saviour against God as Creator. Two questions regarding the vision of comprehensive optimal well-being are raised in conversation with Nürnberger: Firstly, is the content of Christian hope focused on optimal well-being itself, that God’s project will prevail, that the vision itself will prevail or that God will prevail. Can these be treated as rough synonyms? Secondly, what are the implications of the emphasis on God’s Word for Nürnberger’s eschatology? Does his emphasis on conceptual clarification not allow a form of idealism that undermines his own emphasis on the historical? If so, is there sufficient room for the consummation of all things as part of the narrative of God’s work?Intra- and interdisciplinary implications: This contribution is of an intradisciplinary nature and is located within the field of Christian systematic theology. It is a review article that engages critically with the position on eschatology adopted by Professor Klaus Nürnberger in his two-volume work Faith in Christ Today (2016).
Possible mathematical definitions of the biological term “breed”
Authors: Langer Gregor
Published: June 2018

Abstract. For scientific discussions it is necessary to clearly define the terms used. Otherwise, scientific statements are open to interpretation and remain unclear which hampers scientific progress. A clear specification of scientific terms can be reached using tools such as mathematical definitions. So far, the biological term “breed” lacks a mathematical definition. Based on common biological literature, four mathematical definitions of the term “breed” for gonochoric species are proposed in this paper. These definitions were tested on the dog breed “whippet”. It was discussed if bully whippets and their offspring can be considered to be part of the whippet dog breed. Although all mathematical definitions proposed are consistent with common word-based definitions, the results of the bully whippet test differ. According to two definitions bully whippets may be considered part of the whippet breed. However, according to the other definitions bully whippets are not part of the whippet breed. Under certain conditions the introduced mathematical structure may also be used to define other biological terms like “variety” or “species”.
Ice nucleation abilities of soot particles determined with the Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber
Authors: Mahrt Fabian , Marcolli Claudia , David Robert O. , Grönquist Philippe , Barthazy Meier Eszter J. , Lohmann Ulrike , Kanji Zamin A.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Ice nucleation by different types of soot particles is systematically investigated over the temperature range from 218 to 253 K relevant for both mixed-phase (MPCs) and cirrus clouds. Soot types were selected to represent a range of physicochemical properties associated with combustion particles. Their ice nucleation ability was determined as a function of particle size using relative humidity (RH) scans in the Horizontal Ice Nucleation Chamber (HINC). We complement our ice nucleation results by a suite of particle characterization measurements, including determination of particle surface area, fractal dimension, temperature dependent mass loss, water vapor sorption and inferred porosity measurements. Independent of particle size, all soot types reveal absence of ice nucleation below and at water saturation in the MPC regime (T > 235 K). In the cirrus regime (T ≤ 235 K), soot types show different freezing behaviour depending on particle size and soot type, but the freezing is closely linked to the soot particle properties. Specifically, our results suggest that if soot aggregates contain mesopores (pore diameters of 2–50 nm) and have sufficiently low water-soot contact angles, they show ice nucleation activity and can contribute to ice formation in the cirrus regime at RH well below homogeneous freezing of solution droplets. We attribute the observed ice nucleation to a pore condensation and freezing (PCF) mechanism. Nevertheless, soot particles without cavities of the right size and/or too high contact angles nucleate ice only at or well above the RH required for homogeneous freezing conditions of solution droplets. Thus, our results imply that soot particles able to nucleate ice via PCF, could impact the microphysical properties of ice clouds.
A statistical study of the spatial distribution and source-region size of chorus waves using Van Allen Probes data
Authors: Teng Shangchun , Tao Xin , Li Wen , Qi Yi , Gao Xinliang , Dai Lei , Lu Quanming , Wang Shui
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The spatial distribution and source-region size of chorus waves are important
parameters for understanding their generation. In this work, we analyze over 3 years
of continuous wave burst-mode data from the Van Allen Probes mission and build a
data set of rising-tone and falling-tone chorus waves.
For the L shell range covered
by Van Allen Probes data (3.5≤L≤7), statistical results demonstrate
that the sector where rising tones are most likely to be observed is the
dayside during geomagnetically quiet and moderate times and the
dawn side during active times. Moreover, rising-tone chorus waves have a higher
occurrence rate near the equatorial plane, while the falling-tone chorus
waves have a higher possibility to be observed at lower L shell and higher
magnetic latitudes. By analyzing the direction of the Poynting wave vector, we
statistically investigate the chorus source-region size along a field line,
and compare the results with previous theoretical estimates. Our analysis
confirms previous conclusions that both rising-tone and falling-tone chorus
waves are generated near the equatorial plane, and shows that previous
theoretical estimates roughly agree with the observation within a factor of 2.
Our results provide important insights into further understanding of
chorus generation.
On deeper human dimensions in Earth system analysis and modelling
Authors: Gerten Dieter , Schönfeld Martin , Schauberger Bernhard
Published: June 2018

Abstract. While humanity is altering planet Earth at unprecedented magnitude and speed,
representation of the cultural driving factors and their dynamics in models
of the Earth system is limited. In this review and perspectives paper, we
argue that more or less distinct environmental value sets can be assigned to
religion – a deeply embedded feature of human cultures, here defined as
collectively shared belief in something sacred. This assertion renders
religious theories, practices and actors suitable for studying cultural
facets of anthropogenic Earth system change, especially regarding deeper,
non-materialistic motivations that ask about humans' self-understanding in
the Anthropocene epoch. We sketch a modelling landscape and outline some
research primers, encompassing the following elements: (i) extensions of
existing Earth system models by quantitative relationships between religious
practices and biophysical processes, building on databases that allow for
(mathematical) formalisation of such knowledge; (ii) design of new model
types that specifically represent religious morals, actors and activities as
part of co-evolutionary human–environment dynamics; and (iii) identification
of research questions of humanitarian relevance that are underrepresented in
purely economic–technocratic modelling and scenario paradigms. While this
analysis is by necessity heuristic and semi-cohesive, we hope that it will
act as a stimulus for further interdisciplinary and systematic research on
the immaterial dimension of humanity's imprint on the Earth system, both
qualitatively and quantitatively.
Stochastic Hydrogeology's Biggest Hurdles Analyzed and Its Big Blind Spot
Authors: Rubin Yoram , Chang Ching-Fu , Chen Jiancong , Cucchi Karina , Harken Bradely , Heße Falk , Savoy Heather
Published: June 2018

Abstract. This paper considers questions related to the adoption of stochastic methods in hydrogeology. It looks at factors affecting the adoption of stochastic methods including environmental regulations, financial incentives, higher education, and the collective feedback loop involving these factors. We begin by evaluating two previous paper series appearing in the stochastic hydrogeology literature, one in 2004 and one in 2016, and identifying the current thinking on the topic, including the perceived data needs of stochastic methods, the attitude in regulations and the court system regarding stochastic methods, education of the workforce and the availability of software tools needed for implementing stochastic methods in practice. Comparing the state of adoption in hydrogeology to petroleum reservoir engineering allowed us to identify quantitative metrics on which to base our analysis. For impediments to the adoption of stochastic hydrology, we identified external factors as well as self-inflicted wounds. What emerges is a picture much broader than current views. Financial incentives and regulations play a major role in stalling adoption. Stochastic Hydrology's blind spot is in confusing between risk and uncertainty and ignoring uncertainty. We show that stochastic hydrogeology comfortably focused on risk while ignoring uncertainty, to its own detriment and to the detriment of its potential clients. The imbalance between the treatment on risk on one hand and uncertainty on the other is shown to be common to multiple disciplines in hydrology that interface with risk and uncertainty.
Carmen Perujo, una historia de vida (I). Nacimiento en la preguerra y años de formación de una mujer artista plástica en la postguerra española (1930-1951)
Authors: Vicente de Foronda Pilar
Published: June 2018

Este artículo presenta la biografía contextualizada de Carmen Perujo Guerrero, escultora española nacida en 1930, en Sevilla, desde el momento de su nacimiento hasta que termina sus estudios en la escuela Santa Isabel de Hungría en Sevilla. Se quedan, para posteriores artículos, los años de madurez artística y personal en que triunfa como ceramista escultora tanto económicamente como a nivel de la crítica artística recibida. Se analiza desde los gender studies y desde la metodología de la historia de vida, incluyendo las circunstancias sociopolíticas que la rodearon desde el momento de su nacimiento, estudios y primera juventud. Dada la escasez de genealogía de mujeres artistas que crearon su obra durante el periodo de la dictadura y la transición a la democracia, este artículo viene a poner en valor la obra de esta artista excepcional que, habiendo recibido los ecos de las mujeres del primer tercio de siglo, supo sobreponerse al papel de ángel del hogar para ella adjudicado por el régimen y crear una obra personal que ha servido de referencia para la generación siguiente.
OS SIGNOS NA EDUCAÇÃO: PEIRCE, BAKHTIN, VYGOTSKY E FEUERSTEIN
Authors: Monteiro Ricardo Rodrigues
Published: June 2018

Neste trabalho apresentaremos um estudo sobre a lógica (ou semiótica) e sua importância para o entendimento humano, especialmente no ensino e na educação. Abordaremos o rastro da semiótica deixado por Aristóteles, Hume, Locke, Stuart Mill e Kant, o qual foi trilhado e ampliado por Peirce e Bakhtin em seus estudos sobre a ação dos signos, ou semiose. Veremos a importância da lógica na educação, na abordagem de Vygotsky, com ênfase na ação dos signos para a (re)constituição da mente pelas interações sociais, e de Feuerstein com foco na importância da mediação humana através do uso dos signos. Ao término, ousaremos aplicar a semiótica para a (re)leitura dos termos educação, ensino, e estudo, particularmente em dois estudos de caso: a (circum)inferência da terra estimada por Eratóstenes e do fenômeno de diminuição das quantidades dos produtos nos supermercados brasileiros