bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fish consumption in early pregnancy and congenital gastrointestinal tract atresia in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
Authors: Michikawa Takehiro , Yamazaki Shin , Ono Masaji , Kuroda Tatsuo , Nakayama Shoji F. , Suda Eiko , Isobe Tomohiko , Iwai-Shimada Miyuki , Kobayashi Yayoi , Tamura Kenji , Yonemoto Junzo , Kawamoto Toshihiro , Nitta Hiroshi ,   the Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group
Published: October 2018

Current evidence suggests that the aetiology of congenital gastrointestinal (GI) tract atresia is multifactorial, and not based solely on genetic factors. However, there are no established modifiable risk factors for congenital GI tract atresia. We used data from a Japanese nationwide birth cohort study launched in 2011, and examined whether fish consumption in early pregnancy was associated with congenital GI tract atresia. We analysed data of 89 495 women (mean age at delivery=31·2 years) who delivered singleton live births without chromosomal anomalies. Based on the results of the FFQ, we estimated the daily intake of fish and n-3 PUFA consumption in early pregnancy. We defined a composite outcome (oesophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, jejunoileal atresia and/or anorectal malformation) as congenital GI tract atresia. In this population, median fish intake was 31·9 g/d, and seventy-four cases of congenital GI tract atresia were identified. Fish consumption in early pregnancy was inversely associated with the composite outcome (multivariable-adjusted OR for the high v. low consumption category=0·5, 95 % CI 0·3, 1·0). For all the specific types of atresia, decreased OR were observed in the high consumption category, although not statistically significant. Reduced atresia occurrence was observed even beyond the US Food and Drug Administration’s recommended consumption of no more than 340 g/week. Also, n-3 PUFA-rich fish and n-3 PUFA consumptions tended to be inversely associated with atresia. Fish consumption in early pregnancy may be a preventive factor for congenital GI tract atresia.
Screening of reference genes using real-time quantitative PCR for gene expression studies inNeoseiulus barkeriHughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Wang C. , Yang J. , Pan Q. , Yu S. , Luo R. , Liu H. , Li H. , Cong L. , Ran C.
Published: October 2018

A stable reference gene is a key prerequisite for accurate assessment of gene expression. At present, the real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction has been widely used in the analysis of gene expression in a variety of organisms.Neoseiulus barkeriHughes (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a major predator of mites on many important economically crops. Until now, however, there are no reports evaluating the stability of reference genes in this species. In view of this, we used GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder software tools to evaluate the expression stability of 11 candidate reference genes in developmental stages and under various abiotic stresses. According to our results, β-ACTandHsp40were the top two stable reference genes in developmental stages. TheHsp60andHsp90were the most stable reference genes in various acaricides stress. For alterations in temperature,Hsp40and α-TUBwere the most suitable reference genes. About UV stress,EF1α and α-TUBwere the best choice, and for the different prey stress, β-ACTand α-TUBwere best suited. In normal conditions, the β-ACT and α-TUB were the two of the highest stable reference genes to respond to all kinds of stresses. The current study provided a valuable foundation for the further analysis of gene expression inN. barkeri.
The Domestic Politics of World Power: Explaining Debates over the United States Battleship Fleet, 1890–91
Authors: Fordham Benjamin O.
Published: October 2018

The United States' 1890–91 decision to begin building a battleship fleet, an important point in its development as a world power, can illuminate the domestic sources of foreign policy ambition. An analysis of roll-call votes in the House of Representatives indicates that socioeconomic divisions arising from industrialization strongly influenced support and opposition to the battleship fleet. This relationship worked mainly through trade policy interests: members of Congress from import-competing states tended to support the effort, while those from export-oriented states tended to oppose it. The patriotic symbolism of battleships at a time of labor unrest also helped motivate support for the program, though evidence of this pattern is less conclusive. Although party affiliation was crucial, it was also partly a function of economic structure, which shaped the two parties’ electoral fortunes. The impact of trade interests during this period is a mirror image of what previous research has found concerning the post-World War II era, when export-oriented interests tended to support American global activism and import-competing interests to oppose it. The reason for the difference is the Republican Party's commitment to trade protection, which strongly influenced both the goals of the policy and the identity of its supporters.
Seasonal variation of Mastophorus muris (Nematoda: Spirurida) in the water vole Arvicola amphibius from southern Sweden
Authors: Neupane B. , Miller A.L. , Evans A.L. , Olsson G.E. , Höglund J.
Published: October 2018

This study focused on the spirurid nematodeMastophorus murisin water voles (Arvicola amphibius) trapped in three regions in southern Sweden during spring and fall 2013. The collection of water voles formed part of a larger project (EMIRO) on the cestodeEchinococcus multilocularisin rodents. The voles’ stomach contents were examined for the presence ofM. muris. Prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity of infection were calculated. A generalized linear model model was used to examine the effects of sex, functional group, season and region on the number ofM. murisindividuals in each vole. Forty-seven of 181 (26%) voles were infected withM. muris, with up to 74 worms each. The overall mean intensity (worms per infected vole) was 15 (95% CI 10–21), and abundance (mean number of worms in all voles) was 4 (95% CI 2–6). Model output indicated a significant effect of season and region with respect to abundance of nematode infection, which was independent of sex and functional group of the investigated host.
Hearing loss in the trenches – a hidden morbidity of World War I
Authors: Conroy K , Malik V
Published: October 2018

Background

One hundred years ago, millions of British and Allied troops were fighting in the trenches of the Great War. With a tenth of soldiers losing their lives, hearing loss seemed a low priority; however, vast numbers of troops sustained significant hearing loss.

Method

A review was conducted of literature published between 1914 and 1925.

Results

Soldiers were exposed to up to 185 dB of sustained noise from new, high-energy weapons, which caused ‘labyrinthine concussion’. Traumatic injuries, non-organic hearing loss and malingering were also common. One source estimated that 2.4 per cent of the army was disabled by hearing loss. However, many British doctors viewed this ‘soldier's deafness’ as a temporary affliction, resulting in soldiers being labelled as malingerers or ‘hysterical’.

Conclusion

Today, one can recognise that a scant evidence base and misconceptions influenced the mismanagement of hearing loss by otolaryngologists in World War I. However, noise-induced hearing loss is still very much a feature of armed conflict.
Moffett's muted mules: the science of laryngology in the art of war
Authors: Sekhar V , Wong E , Elhassan H A , Singh N
Published: October 2018

Background

Mules and other equine species have been used in warfare for thousands of years to transport goods and supplies. Mules are known for ‘braying’, which is disadvantageous in warfare operations. This article explores the fascinating development of surgical techniques to stop military mules from braying, with particular emphasis on the key role played by the otolaryngologist Arthur James Moffett in devoicing the mules of the second Chindit expedition of World War II.

Method

The PubMed database (1900–2017) and Google search engine were used to identify articles related to devoicing mules in the medical and veterinary literature, along with information and images on the Chindit expedition.

Results

This paper reviews the surgical techniques aimed at treating braying in mules, ranging from ventriculectomy and arytenoidectomy to Moffett's approach of vocal cordectomy.

Conclusion

Moffett's technique of vocal cordectomy provided a quick, reproducible and safe solution for devoicing mules. It proved to be advantageous on the battlefield and demonstrated his achievements outside the field of medicine.
Domination of mesophotic ecosystems in the Wakatobi Marine National Park (Indonesia) by sponges, soft corals and other non-hard coral species
Authors: Bell J.J. , Jompa J. , Haris A. , Werorilangi S. , Shaffer M. , Mortimer C.
Published: October 2018

Mesophotic ecosystems have been relatively poorly studied in the Indo-Pacific and in particular within the Coral Triangle region. Here we used a mini-ROV to explore the changes in major benthic groups at two sites (~200 m apart) in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia spanning shallow water coral reefs (5 m) to deeper water mesophotic ecosystems (80 m). We found very similar patterns at both sites where coral cover peaked at 15 m, declined rapidly by 30 m, and was virtually absent at 50 m. As coral declined there was a marked increase in sponges, soft corals and other encrusting organisms (including ascidians, bryozoans, tubeworms, gorgonians and molluscs). Importantly, our results differ from most previous studies in other geographic locations where hard corals extend much deeper. It is unclear what drives this difference but it may be related to higher levels of turbidity and therefore reduced light penetration in the Wakatobi compared with other areas, which limits the vertical extent of coral development.
English language ideologies and students’ perception of international English-Medium-Instruction (EMI) Master's programmes: A Chinese case study
Authors: Song Yang
Published: October 2018

To be engaged in the economic, political and technological processes of globalization, higher education institutions around the world have included internationalization as part of their long-term mission, and China is no exception. The number of international students on campus is a well-recognized index of the universities’ internationalized status. According to the Ministry of Education (MOE) of the People's Republic of China, in 2016 there were 442,773 international students studying in China, 209,966 of whom were enrolled in degree programmes in Chinese higher education institutions, and 63,867 (47.42%) studied as postgraduate students (MOE, 2017).
REAL-WORLD CLINICAL EVALUATION AND COSTS OF TELEMEDICINE FOR CHRONIC WOUND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Le Goff-Pronost Myriam , Mourgeon Bénédicte , Blanchère Jean-Pierre , Teot Luc , Benateau Hervé , Dompmartin Anne
Published: October 2018

Background:

Chronic wounds are frequent, affect quality of life, and increase care costs. Telemedicine provides potential for effective wound care management, especially for the monitoring of complex wounds at home.

Objectives:

The objective of the present study was to determine the clinical effects and costs of telemedicine for the follow-up of complex chronic wounds from the perspective of the public health insurance. The study ran over a period of 9 months.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective, pragmatic, open-label, observational study and carried out a cost-effectiveness analysis. A total of 116 patients with chronic wounds were assigned to their choice of two groups: telemedicine (N = 77) and traditional follow-up (control; N = 39). The primary outcome was the time to healing. Secondary outcomes included percentage of wounds reaching target objective, percentage of wounds healed completely, outpatient care costs, travel costs, and hospitalizations.

Results:

Time to healing was shorter in the telemedicine group than in the control group (137 versus 174 days; p < .05). The percentage of wounds completely healed was not statistically different between the telemedicine and control group (66 percent versus 61 percent; p > .05). Outpatient care and hospitalization costs were not significantly different. The main results in terms of economic savings were medical transport costs reimbursed by the French public health insurance, which were significantly lower in the telemedicine group. Telemedicine costs were found to be €4,583 less per patient compared with standard practice over 9 months.

Conclusions:

This trial suggests that telemedicine saves travel costs and results in a shorter healing time than traditional follow-up.
PROPERTIES FOR GENERALIZED CUMULATIVE PAST MEASURES OF INFORMATION
Authors: Calì Camilla , Longobardi Maria , Navarro Jorge
Published: October 2018

The Shannon entropy based on the probability density function is a key information measure with applications in different areas. Some alternative information measures have been proposed in the literature. Two relevant ones are the cumulative residual entropy (based on the survival function) and the cumulative past entropy (based on the distribution function). Recently, some extensions of these measures have been proposed. Here, we obtain some properties for the generalized cumulative past entropy. In particular, we prove that it determines the underlying distribution. We also study this measure in coherent systems and a closely related generalized past cumulative Kerridge inaccuracy measure.
Longitudinal Neuropsychological Study of Presymptomatic c.709-1G>A Progranulin Mutation Carriers
Authors: Barandiaran Myriam , Moreno Fermín , de Arriba María , Indakoetxea Begoña , Boda Irati , Gabilondo Alazne , Tainta Mikel , López de Munain Adolfo
Published: October 2018

Objective: The assessment of individuals from families affected by familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD) allows the evaluation of preclinical or pre-diagnosis disease markers. The current work aims to investigate the existence of a cognitive phase inGRNmutation carriers before overt clinical symptoms begin.Methods:We performed a longitudinal neuropsychological analysis (three assessments in 4 years) in a group of presymptomatic c.709-1G>A progranulin (GRN)(n=15) mutation carriers and non-carrier relatives (n=25) from seven FTD families.Results:GRNmutation carriers showed subtle decline over the longitudinal follow-up in several different domains (namely, attention, facial affect recognition, decision-making, language, and memory). The differences between groups were most marked in the facial affect recognition test, with improvement in the non-carrier group and decline in theGRNmutation carrier group, with very large effect sizes.Conclusions:Facial affect recognition may decline before clinical diagnosis and makes the adapted version of the Picture of Facial Affect a potential candidate for early detection ofGRN-associated FTD. (JINS, 2019, 25, 39–47)
CHARACTERIZING HERMITIAN VARIETIES IN THREE- AND FOUR-DIMENSIONAL PROJECTIVE SPACES
Authors: AGUGLIA ANGELA
Published: October 2018

We characterize Hermitian cones among the surfaces of degree$q+1$of$\text{PG}(3,q^{2})$by their intersection numbers with planes. We then use this result and provide a characterization of nonsingular Hermitian varieties of$\text{PG}(4,q^{2})$among quasi-Hermitian ones.
Field trial survey and breeder perceptions to select between ornamentalGlandulariahybrids
Authors: Imhof Lelia , Suárez Mario , Cáceres Natalia , Matoff Evangelina , Facciuto Gabriela , Hick Emmanuel , Galetto Leonardo
Published: October 2018

The aims of the paper are to characterize the ornamental bedding behaviour of selectedGlandulariamaterials, to evaluate breeder and public preferences (PP) of new potential ornamental plants to be introduced in the market and to obtain a ranking with the best-selected materials. After hybrids characterizations through different traits of ornamental interest, a survey was conducted to identify the breeder and PP separately but also with an integrated index. The indices were applied to systematize bedding data considering breeder and public aesthetic preferences using persistent (12-months plants) and new (3-months plants) materials. Similarities were found in the breeder and PP for new materials. The perception of a similar aesthetic value by the breeder and the public was reflected in the scores assigned toGlandulariahybrids materials. For persistent materials, breeder and public perceptions presented some differences that are interesting to be considered at the moment to introduce new ornamental plants into the market.
Individual trust: does quality of local institutions matter?
Authors: Camussi Silvia , Mancini Anna Laura
Published: October 2018

This paper contributes to the literature on the determinants of trust by investigating how the quality of local services influences individuals’ generalized trust and trust in local governments. Using data from Italian national statistical office (Istat) Aspects of Daily Life survey, after building a new measure for the quality of local services, we study its effect on individuals’ trust using linear regressions techniques. Our findings suggest that good local public services have a positive impact on individuals’ trust, the effect being stronger for trust in local institutions. Our results are robust to potential endogeneity issues, tested using a two-step GMM estimation procedure, and to potential omitted variables bias, according to the method proposed by Altonji et al. (2005).
Prevalence of Bullying and Cyberbullying in the Last Stage of Primary Education in the Basque Country
Authors: Machimbarrena Juan Manuel , Garaigordobil Maite
Published: October 2018

Bullying and cyberbullying pose a serious problem in our schools. Despite this research area’s increasing relevance, most research into cyberbullying in the present day has focused only on adolescents. However, given the long-lasting effects of victimization, it is necessary to understand its prevalence throughout the different educational stages of students. This study aims to clarify the prevalence of bullying and cyberbullying among students in the 5th and 6th grades. A sample of 1,993 (Mage = 10.68, SD = 0.71; range 9–13) students completed the “Cyberbullying: Screening of Peer-Harassment” test. The results reveal that 20.3% (n = 404) were pure victims, 6.1% (n = 121) pure bullies, 23.9% (n = 476) bully-victims, and 28.9% (n = 575) pure bystanders of bullying. With respect to cyberbullying, 13.4% (n = 267) were pure cybervictims, 0.7% (n = 13) pure cyberbullies, 3.1% cyberbully-victims (n = 62), and 25.6% (n = 510) pure cyberbystanders. In addition, the results reveal that verbal aggression and offensive or insulting messages were the most prevalent forms of aggression in bullying and cyberbullying, respectively. 36.6% of the sample had suffered verbal aggression and 8.4% had received offending or insulting messages. These data show that bullying and cyberbullying are considerably prevalent in this educational stage.
50 Jahre Facharzt für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in Deutschland
Authors: Remschmidt Helmut
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung. Methodik: Literaturübersicht zum historischen Hintergrund und zur Etablierung eines eigenständigen Facharztes für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in Deutschland. Ergebnisse: Die Etablierung eines eigenen Facharztes im Jahre 1968 war der entscheidende Anstoß für die progressive Weiterentwicklung der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. Durch die Psychiatrie-Enquête, gefolgt vom Modellprogramm Psychiatrie der Bundesregierung, durch die Einführung der Psychiatrie-Personalverordnung, durch die Sozialpsychiatrie-Vereinbarung und durch das Psychotherapeutengesetz hat die Versorgung psychisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher und ihrer Familien bundesweit einen erheblichen Aufschwung erfahren. Dieser hat zur institutionellen Verankerung neuer Versorgungsstrukturen geführt, innerhalb derer drei der vier Leitprinzipien des Modellprogramms weitgehend verwirklicht sind, nämlich die Integration in die Medizin, die Gemeindenähe und die Angemessenheit der Versorgung. Die Gleichstellung psychisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher mit anderen Patientengruppen ist allerdings noch nicht erreicht und muss weiterhin gefordert werden. Aktuelle und künftige Herausforderungen sind: (1) eine realistische Bewertung neuer Forschungsmethoden sowie epochaler Trends und die Aufhebung von Gegensätzen, (2) die Etablierung zukunftsweisender Forschungsinitiativen, (3) die intensive Förderung des klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses und (4) wieder eine stärkere Beachtung der subjektiven Seite der Krankheit. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Einführung eines eigenen Facharztes für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie hat wichtige Impulse zur Weiterentwicklung dieses Fachgebietes geliefert. Entscheidende Forderungen für die Zukunft sind: die Einbeziehung der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in die Approbationsordnung und die Förderung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses im Rahmen regionaler und überregionaler Projektinitiativen.
Consequences of Abrading Bed Load on Vertical and Lateral Bedrock Erosion in a Curved Experimental Channel
Authors: Mishra Jagriti , Inoue Takuya , Shimizu Yasuyuki , Sumner Tamaki , Nelson Jonathan M.
Published: October 2018

In this study, we conducted multiple physical experiments to estimate the efficacy and spatial pattern of erosion by abrading sediment moving through a simple U‐shaped channel bend with erodible bed and banks. The experiments showed that in the bend, lateral abrasion followed a monotonically increasing linear relationship with sediment feed rate. However, vertical incision had a more complex relation with the sediment feed rate, with an initial increase in abrasion as the feed rate increased followed by a decrease in abrasion of the bed as cover effects became dominant at higher feed rates. Bank erosion was large in places where the width and the lateral slope of the point bar were relatively large. On the other hand, in places where the width of the point bar was smaller, the bedrock bed was eroded primarily along the boundary of the point bar, resulting in a bedrock bench near the outer bank.
Conditional Causal Mediation Analysis of Factors Associated With Cover Crop Adoption in Iowa, USA
Authors: Lee Danhyang , Arbuckle J. Gordon , Zhu Zhengyuan , Nowatzke Laurie
Published: October 2018

The Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy is a statewide effort that aims to encourage voluntary adoption of conservation practices by farmers to reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to water quality impairments in the Upper Midwest and drive hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. This work is an analysis of the first 2 years (2015–2016) of a 5‐year survey of Iowa farmers. We employ causal mediation analysis to examine the direct and indirect effects of key explanatory variables (e.g., information sources, nutrient management influences, involvement in watershed management activities, and conservation technical assistance) and two causally ordered mediators (farmers' awareness of and attitudes toward the Nutrient Reduction Strategy) on cover crop use. Results showed that participation in watershed activities and receipt of cost share or technical assistance had positive direct effects on cover crop use, while low levels of perceived nutrient loss mitigation self‐efficacy had a negative direct effect. Information and influence of public sector soil and water conservation entities had positive indirect effects on cover crop use through awareness and attitudes, while influence of private sector agribusiness entities had negative indirect effects through those mediators. These results suggest that current strategies such as engaging farmers in watershed management activities and public sector cost share and technical assistance are increasing adoption of cover crops, but the data also point to a need to increase engagement with private sector actors to help them improve their effectiveness as conservation technical assistance providers.
Evolution of 21st Century Sea Level Rise Projections
Authors: Garner Andra J. , Weiss Jeremy L. , Parris Adam , Kopp Robert E. , Horton Radley M. , Overpeck Jonathan T. , Horton Benjamin P.
Published: October 2018

The modern era of scientific global‐mean sea level rise (SLR) projections began in the early 1980s. In subsequent decades, understanding of driving processes has improved, and new methodologies have been developed. Nonetheless, despite more than 70 studies, future SLR remains deeply uncertain. To facilitate understanding of the historical development of SLR projections and contextualize current projections, we have compiled a comprehensive database of 21st century global SLR projections. Although central estimates of 21st century global‐mean SLR have been relatively consistent, the range of projected SLR has varied greatly over time. Among studies providing multiple estimates, the range of upper projections shrank from 1.3–1.8 m during the 1980s to 0.6–0.9 m in 2007, before expanding again to 0.5–2.5 m since 2013. Upper projections of SLR from individual studies are generally higher than upper projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, potentially due to differing percentile bounds or a predisposition of consensus‐based approaches toward relatively conservative outcomes.
Morphodynamic Feedback Loops Control Stable Fringing Flats
Authors: Maan D. C. , van Prooijen B. C. , Zhu Q. , Wang Z. B.
Published: October 2018

We apply a 2‐D horizontal process‐based model (Delft3D) to study the feedback mechanisms that control the long‐term evolution of a fringing intertidal flat in the Western Scheldt Estuary. The hydrodynamic model is validated using a comparison with measurements on the intertidal flat and the sediment transport module is calibrated against long‐term morphology data. First, the processes that lead to net sediment exchange between channel and flat are studied. Then, long‐term simulations are performed and the dependency of sediment fluxes on the tidal flat bathymetry, and the corresponding morphodynamic feedback mechanisms are explained. In the long run, relatively stable states can be approached, which are shown to be typical for wave‐dominated fringing mudflats. The system behavior can be explained by the typical feedback mechanisms between the intertidal bathymetry and the hydrodynamic forces on the flat. In the subtidal domain, the impact of small (5–10 cm) wind waves increases with a rising elevation due to decreasing water depths. In the intertidal domain, the wave impact increases with increasing cross‐sectional slope due to wave shoaling. These relationships result in negative (stabilizing) morphodynamic feedback loops. The tidal current velocities and tide‐induced bed shear stresses, on the other hand, are largely determined by the typical horizontal geometry. A stabilizing feedback loop fails, so that there is no trend toward an equilibrium state in the absence of wind waves.
Numerical Modeling of Iceberg Capsizing Responsible for Glacial Earthquakes
Authors: Sergeant Amandine , Yastrebov Vladislav A. , Mangeney Anne , Castelnau Olivier , Montagner Jean‐Paul , Stutzmann Eléonore
Published: October 2018

The capsizing of icebergs calved from marine‐terminating glaciers generate horizontal forces on the glacier front, producing long‐period seismic signals referred to asglacial earthquakes. These forces can be estimated by broadband seismic inversion, but their interpretation in terms of magnitude and waveform variability is not straightforward. We present a numerical model for fluid drag that can be used to study buoyancy‐driven iceberg capsize dynamics and the generated contact forces on a calving face using the finite‐element approach. We investigate the sensitivity of the force to drag effects, iceberg geometry, calving style, and initial buoyancy. We show that there is no simple relationship between force amplitude and iceberg volume, and similar force magnitudes can be reached for different iceberg sizes. The force history and spectral content varies with the iceberg attributes. The iceberg aspect ratio primarily controls the capsize dynamics, the force shape, and force frequency, whereas the iceberg height has a stronger impact on the force magnitude. Iceberg hydrostatic imbalance generates contact forces with specific frequency peaks that explain the variability in glacial earthquake dominant frequency. For similar icebergs, top‐out and bottom‐out events have significantly different capsize dynamics leading to larger top‐out forces especially for thin icebergs. For realistic iceberg dimensions, we find contact‐force magnitudes that range between 5.6 × 1011and 2 × 1014 kg·m, consistent with seismic observations. This study provides a useful framework for interpreting glacial earthquake sources and estimating the ice mass loss from coupled analysis of seismic signals and modeling results.
The Low‐Resolution Version of HadGEM3 GC3.1: Development and Evaluation for Global Climate
Authors: Kuhlbrodt Till , Jones Colin G. , Sellar Alistair , Storkey Dave , Blockley Ed , Stringer Marc , Hill Richard , Graham Tim , Ridley Jeff , Blaker Adam , Calvert Daley , Copsey Dan , Ellis Richard , Hewitt Helene , Hyder Patrick , Ineson Sarah , Mulcahy Jane , Siahaan Antony , Walton Jeremy
Published: October 2018

A new climate model, HadGEM3 N96ORCA1, is presented that is part of the GC3.1 configuration of HadGEM3. N96ORCA1 has a horizontal resolution of ~135 km in the atmosphere and 1° in the ocean and requires an order of magnitude less computing power than its medium‐resolution counterpart, N216ORCA025, while retaining a high degree of performance traceability. Scientific performance is compared to both observations and the N216ORCA025 model. N96ORCA1 reproduces observed climate mean and variability almost as well as N216ORCA025. Patterns of biases are similar across the two models. In the northwest Atlantic, N96ORCA1 shows a cold surface bias of up to 6 K, typical of ocean models of this resolution. The strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (16 to 17 Sv) matches observations. In the Southern Ocean, a warm surface bias (up to 2 K) is smaller than in N216ORCA025 and linked to improved ocean circulation. Model El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Variability are close to observations. Both the cold bias in the Northern Hemisphere (N96ORCA1) and the warm bias in the Southern Hemisphere (N216ORCA025) develop in the first few decades of the simulations. As in many comparable climate models, simulated interhemispheric gradients of top‐of‐atmosphere radiation are larger than observations suggest, with contributions from both hemispheres. HadGEM3 GC3.1 N96ORCA1 constitutes the physical core of the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) and will be used extensively in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6), both as part of the UK Earth System Model and as a stand‐alone coupled climate model.
Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment: Neutral Density for Orbit Determination at low Earth orbit
Authors: Bruinsma S. , Sutton E. , Solomon S. C. , Fuller‐Rowell T. , Fedrizzi M.
Published: October 2018

The specification and prediction of density changes in the thermosphere is a key challenge for space weather observations and modeling, because it is one result of complex interactions between the Sun and the terrestrial atmosphere and also because it is of operational importance for tracking objects orbiting in near‐Earth space. For low Earth orbit, neutral density variation is the most important uncertainty for propagation and prediction of orbital elements. A recent international conference conducted under the auspices of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Community Coordinated Modeling Center included a workshop on neutral density modeling, using both empirical and numerical methods, and resulted in organization of an initial effort in model comparison and evaluation. Here we report on the exploitable density data sets available, the selected years and storm events, and the metrics for complete model assessment. Comparisons between five models (three empirical and two numerical) and neutral density data sets that include measurements by the CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE satellites are presented as examples of the assessment procedure that will be implemented at Community Coordinated Modeling Center. The models in general performed reasonably well, although seasonal errors sometimes are present, and impulsive geomagnetic storm events remain challenging. Numerical models are still catching up to empirical methods on a statistical basis, but hold great potential for describing these short‐term variations.
Wetting Behavior of Tight Rocks: From Core Scale to Pore Scale
Authors: Habibi Ali , Dehghanpour Hassan
Published: October 2018

Previous measurements show mixed‐wet behavior of tight siltstone core plugs, initially saturated with air. However, the same plugs show water‐wet behavior when saturated with oil or water. This study aims at explaining these observations by investigating the effects of mineral heterogeneity and intermolecular forces acting on solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces. First, we conduct pore‐scale visualizations to characterize the minerals surrounding the pores of the tight rock samples. Thin‐section and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses show the existence of multimineral pores, which can be responsible for the mixed‐wet behavior. Next, we apply the DLVO theory to investigate the intermolecular forces acting on solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces. We use disjoining pressure‐distance profiles and contact angles calculated for different minerals to evaluate the stability of the thin film covering the rock grains and to explain the wettability of the core plugs during spontaneous imbibition tests. The disjoining pressure values calculated for the dry core plugs suggest similar wetting affinities toward oil and water. However, the contact angles calculated for the water‐saturated core plugs suggest the water‐wet behavior, which agrees with the countercurrent imbibition results. Finally, we measure the adhesion forces between the tip of a cantilever and (1) pure quartz slide, (2) pure calcite crystal, and (3) the rock thin section using an atomic force microscope. The values of adhesion forces measured for the thin section composed of multimineral pores are between those measured for pure quartz slide and pure calcite crystal.
Automatic Image‐Based Water Stage Measurement for Long‐Term Observations in Ungauged Catchments
Authors: Eltner Anette , Elias Melanie , Sardemann Hannes , Spieler Diana
Published: October 2018

Small‐scale and headwater catchments are mostly ungauged, even though their observation could help to improve the understanding of hydrological processes. However, it is expensive to build and maintain conventional measurement networks. Thus, the heterogeneous characteristics and behavior of catchments are currently not fully observed. This study introduces a method to capture water stage with a flexible low‐cost camera setup. By considering the temporal signature of the water surface, water lines are automatically retrieved via image processing. The image coordinates are projected into object space to estimate the actual water stage. This requires high‐resolution 3D models of the river bed and bank area, which are calculated in a local coordinate system with structure from motion, employing terrestrial as well as unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. A medium‐ and a small‐scale catchment are investigated to assess the accuracy and reliability of the introduced method. Results reveal that the average deviation between the water stages measured with the camera gauge and a reference gauge are below 6 mm in the medium‐scale catchment. Trends of water stage changes are captured reliably in both catchments. The developed approach uses a low‐cost camera design in combination with image‐based water level measurements and high‐resolution topography from structure from motion. In future, adding tracking algorithms can help to densify existing gauging networks.
Prefrontal cortex miR-29b-3p plays a key role in the antidepressant-like effect of ketamine in rats
Authors: Wan Yun-Qiang , Feng Jian-Guo , Li Mao , Wang Mao-Zhou , Liu Li , Liu Xueru , Duan Xiao-Xia , Zhang Chun-Xiang , Wang Xiao-Bin
Published: October 2018

Ketamine has a rapid, obvious, and persistent antidepressant effect, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important modulators of ketamine’s antidepressant effect. We investigated the alteration in miR-29b-3p in the brain of rats subjected to ketamine administration and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and a sucrose preference test and forced swimming test were used to evaluate the rats’ depressive-like state. We used recombination adeno-associated virus (rAAV) or lentivirus-expressing miR-29b-3p to observe the change in metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (GRM4). Cell culture and electrophysiological recordings were used to evaluate the function of miR-29b-3p. Ketamine dramatically increased miR-29b-3p expression in the prefrontal cortex of the normal rats. The dual luciferase reporter test confirmed that GRM4 was the target of miR-29b-3p. The miR-29b-3p levels were downregulated, while the GRM4 levels were upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of the depressive-like rats. The ketamine treatment increased miR-29b-3p expression and decreased GRM4 expression in the prefrontal cortex of the depressive-like rats and primary neurons. By overexpressing and silencing miR-29b-3p, we further validated that miR-29b-3p could negatively regulate GRM4. The silencing of miR-29b-3p suppressed the Ca2+ influx in the prefrontal cortex neurons. The miR-29b-3p overexpression contributed to cell survival, cytodendrite growth, increases in extracellular glutamate concentration, and cell apoptosis inhibition. The overexpression of miR-29b-3p by rAAV resulted in a noticeable relief of the depressive behaviors of the CUMS rats and a lower expression of GRM4. The miR-29b-3p/GRM4 pathway acts as a critical mediator of ketamine’s antidepressant effect in depressive-like rats and could be considered a potential therapeutic target for treating major depression disorder.
Myh10 deficiency leads to defective extracellular matrix remodeling and pulmonary disease
Authors: Kim Hyun-Taek , Yin Wenguang , Jin Young-June , Panza Paolo , Gunawan Felix , Grohmann Beate , Buettner Carmen , Sokol Anna M. , Preussner Jens , Guenther Stefan , Kostin Sawa , Ruppert Clemens , Bhagwat Aditya M. , Ma Xuefei , Graumann Johannes , Looso Mario , Guenther Andreas , Adelstein Robert S. , Offermanns Stefan , Stainier Didier Y. R.
Published: October 2018

Impaired alveolar formation and maintenance are features of many pulmonary diseases that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In a forward genetic screen for modulators of mouse lung development, we identified the non-muscle myosin II heavy chain gene, Myh10. Myh10 mutant pups exhibit cyanosis and respiratory distress, and die shortly after birth from differentiation defects in alveolar epithelium and mesenchyme. From omics analyses and follow up studies, we find decreased Thrombospondin expression accompanied with increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in both mutant lungs and cultured mutant fibroblasts, as well as disrupted extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Loss of Myh10 specifically in mesenchymal cells results in ECM deposition defects and alveolar simplification. Notably, MYH10 expression is downregulated in the lung of emphysema patients. Altogether, our findings reveal critical roles for Myh10 in alveologenesis at least in part via the regulation of ECM remodeling, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema.
A computational framework to study sub-cellular RNA localization
Authors: Samacoits Aubin , Chouaib Racha , Safieddine Adham , Traboulsi Abdel-Meneem , Ouyang Wei , Zimmer Christophe , Peter Marion , Bertrand Edouard , Walter Thomas , Mueller Florian
Published: October 2018

RNA localization is a crucial process for cellular function and can be quantitatively studied by single molecule FISH (smFISH). Here, we present an integrated analysis framework to analyze sub-cellular RNA localization. Using simulated images, we design and validate a set of features describing different RNA localization patterns including polarized distribution, accumulation in cell extensions or foci, at the cell membrane or nuclear envelope. These features are largely invariant to RNA levels, work in multiple cell lines, and can measure localization strength in perturbation experiments. Most importantly, they allow classification by supervised and unsupervised learning at unprecedented accuracy. We successfully validate our approach on representative experimental data. This analysis reveals a surprisingly high degree of localization heterogeneity at the single cell level, indicating a dynamic and plastic nature of RNA localization.
Deciphering highly similar multigene family transcripts from Iso-Seq data with IsoCon
Authors: Sahlin Kristoffer , Tomaszkiewicz Marta , Makova Kateryna D. , Medvedev Paul
Published: October 2018

A significant portion of genes in vertebrate genomes belongs to multigene families, with each family containing several gene copies whose presence/absence, as well as isoform structure, can be highly variable across individuals. Existing de novo techniques for assaying the sequences of such highly-similar gene families fall short of reconstructing end-to-end transcripts with nucleotide-level precision or assigning alternatively spliced transcripts to their respective gene copies. We present IsoCon, a high-precision method using long PacBio Iso-Seq reads to tackle this challenge. We apply IsoCon to nine Y chromosome ampliconic gene families and show that it outperforms existing methods on both experimental and simulated data. IsoCon has allowed us to detect an unprecedented number of novel isoforms and has opened the door for unraveling the structure of many multigene families and gaining a deeper understanding of genome evolution and human diseases.
ARTS mediates apoptosis and regeneration of the intestinal stem cell niche
Authors: Koren Elle , Yosefzon Yahav , Ankawa Roi , Soteriou Despina , Jacob Avi , Nevelsky Alexander , Ben-Yosef Rahamim , Bar-Sela Gil , Fuchs Yaron
Published: October 2018

Stem cells (SCs) play a pivotal role in fueling homeostasis and regeneration. While much focus has been given to self-renewal and differentiation pathways regulating SC fate, little is known regarding the specific mechanisms utilized for their elimination. Here, we report that the pro-apoptotic protein ARTS (a Septin4 isoform) is highly expressed in cells comprising the intestinal SC niche and that its deletion protects Lgr5+ and Paneth cells from undergoing apoptotic cell death. As a result, the Sept4/ARTS−/− crypt displays augmented proliferation and, in culture, generates massive cystic-like organoids due to enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Importantly, Sept4/ARTS−/− mice exhibit resistance against intestinal damage in a manner dependent upon Lgr5+ SCs. Finally, we show that ARTS interacts with XIAP in intestinal crypt cells and that deletion of XIAP can abrogate Sept4/ARTS−/−-dependent phenotypes. Our results indicate that intestinal SCs utilize specific apoptotic proteins for their elimination, representing a unique target for regenerative medicine.
Genome sequences of two diploid wild relatives of cultivated sweetpotato reveal targets for genetic improvement
Authors: Wu Shan , Lau Kin H. , Cao Qinghe , Hamilton John P. , Sun Honghe , Zhou Chenxi , Eserman Lauren , Gemenet Dorcus C. , Olukolu Bode A. , Wang Haiyan , Crisovan Emily , Godden Grant T. , Jiao Chen , Wang Xin , Kitavi Mercy , Manrique-Carpintero Norma , Vaillancourt Brieanne , Wiegert-Rininger Krystle , Yang Xinsun , Bao Kan , Schaff Jennifer , Kreuze Jan , Gruneberg Wolfgang , Khan Awais , Ghislain Marc , Ma Daifu , Jiang Jiming , Mwanga Robert O. M. , Leebens-Mack Jim , Coin Lachlan J. M. , Yencho G. Craig , Buell C. Robin , Fei Zhangjun
Published: October 2018

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] is a globally important staple food crop, especially for sub-Saharan Africa. Agronomic improvement of sweetpotato has lagged behind other major food crops due to a lack of genomic and genetic resources and inherent challenges in breeding a heterozygous, clonally propagated polyploid. Here, we report the genome sequences of its two diploid relatives, I. trifida and I. triloba, and show that these high-quality genome assemblies are robust references for hexaploid sweetpotato. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses reveal insights into the ancient whole-genome triplication history of Ipomoea and evolutionary relationships within the Batatas complex. Using resequencing data from 16 genotypes widely used in African breeding programs, genes and alleles associated with carotenoid biosynthesis in storage roots are identified, which may enable efficient breeding of varieties with high provitamin A content. These resources will facilitate genome-enabled breeding in this important food security crop.
Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells promote growth and progression of cancer via HIV TAR RNA
Authors: Chen Lechuang , Feng Zhimin , Yue Hong , Bazdar Douglas , Mbonye Uri , Zender Chad , Harding Clifford V. , Bruggeman Leslie , Karn Jonathan , Sieg Scott F. , Wang Bingcheng , Jin Ge
Published: October 2018

People living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy have increased risk of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs). However, the underlying mechanism for development and progression of certain NADCs remains obscure. Here we show that exosomes released from HIV-infected T cells and those purified from blood of HIV-positive patients stimulate proliferation, migration and invasion of oral/oropharyngeal and lung cancer cells. The HIV transactivation response (TAR) element RNA in HIV-infected T-cell exosomes is responsible for promoting cancer cell proliferation and inducing expression of proto-oncogenes and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-inducible genes. These effects depend on the loop/bulge region of the molecule. HIV-infected T-cell exosomes rapidly enter recipient cells through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation via the EGFR/TLR3 axis. Thus, our findings indicate that TAR RNA-containing exosomes from HIV-infected T cells promote growth and progression of particular NADCs through activation of the ERK cascade in an EGFR/TLR3-dependent manner.
Neuronal SIRT1 regulates macronutrient-based diet selection through FGF21 and oxytocin signalling in mice
Authors: Matsui Sho , Sasaki Tsutomu , Kohno Daisuke , Yaku Keisuke , Inutsuka Ayumu , Yokota-Hashimoto Hiromi , Kikuchi Osamu , Suga Takayoshi , Kobayashi Masaki , Yamanaka Akihiro , Harada Akihiro , Nakagawa Takashi , Onaka Tatsushi , Kitamura Tadahiro
Published: October 2018

Diet affects health through ingested calories and macronutrients, and macronutrient balance affects health span. The mechanisms regulating macronutrient-based diet choices are poorly understood. Previous studies had shown that NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in part influences the health-promoting effects of caloric restriction by boosting fat use in peripheral tissues. Here, we show that neuronal SIRT1 shifts diet choice from sucrose to fat in mice, matching the peripheral metabolic shift. SIRT1-mediated suppression of simple sugar preference requires oxytocin signalling, and SIRT1 in oxytocin neurons drives this effect. The hepatokine FGF21 acts as an endocrine signal to oxytocin neurons, promoting neuronal activation and Oxt transcription and suppressing the simple sugar preference. SIRT1 promotes FGF21 signalling in oxytocin neurons and stimulates Oxt transcription through NRF2. Thus, neuronal SIRT1 contributes to the homeostatic regulation of macronutrient-based diet selection in mice.