bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEST MANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCE IN SIX BRITISH COLUMBIA APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Peters H. Fred , Vakenti Jerry M.
Published: December 2009

A 2-year study on management of apple pests was carried out on six orchards in the interior of British Columbia. Sample techniques and treatment thresholds were satisfactory for most pests with the exception of fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and the mirid Campylomma verbasci (Meyer). The number of chemical sprays per orchard averaged eight when the study was initiated. In 1973, the sprays required for pest control were reduced to an average of 5.6 per orchard, and in 1974, this figure was further reduced to 3.1. This reduction in chemical sprays was accomplished without an increase in insect or mite injury to fruit or foliage.
MORPHOGENETIC EFFECTS OF AN INHIBITOR OF CUTICLE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur , Smith Larry
Published: December 2009

1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea when ingested by the last two larval instars of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, inhibits cuticle development leading to morphogenetic deformities in the pupal stage. Laboratory and greenhouse studies indicate that this material could be used to control natural populations of spruce budworm.
THE WORLD RHYPAROCHROMINAE (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE): XIV. MEGAPAMERA, A NEW GENUS AND TWO NEW SPECIES FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS AND NEW GUINEA
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

Megapamera n. gen. of the tribe Myodochini, and ashlocki n. sp. from Solomon Islands, and tenua n. sp. from New Guinea are described.
MASS REARING OF THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), UNDER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Martel P. , Svec H. J. , Harris C. R.
Published: December 2009

A technique for mass rearing the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte), is described. Adults were provided with carrot roots for food and oviposition sites. Larvae developed directly in these roots. Different temperature regimens for larval rearing were tested and best results were obtained using 21 °C for the first 2 weeks of larval development and 27 °C thereafter. Photoperiod was maintained at 16 h and relative humidity at 70%. Under these conditions, 97.6% of adults emerged in 39–42 days.
BIOLOGY AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CHERRY SCALLOP SHELL MOTH, HYDRIA PRUNIVORATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), IN NEW YORK
Authors: Schultz David E. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: December 2009

The cherry scallop shell moth, Hydria prunivorata (Ferguson), is a colonial feeder on black cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Pupae overwinter in the litter and adult emergence occurs from May through September. Eggs are laid on the foliage in pyramidal-shaped masses 23–26 days after adult emergence. Eggs begin to hatch 4 days following oviposition and each of the four larval stages lasts 4–6 days. There is one generation per year in New York. The egg parasite Telenomus sp. is the principal mortality factor occurring in populations that have remained at outbreak levels for 2 or more years. The life stages of H. prunivorata are described and control recommendations discussed. The peach bark beetle, Phloeotribus liminaris (Harris), may kill black cherry trees that are stressed by heavy defoliation.
FACTORS AFFECTING INDUCTION AND TERMINATION OF DIAPAUSE IN PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory, diapause in adult Psylla pyricola Förster was induced by rearing nymphs with exposures to daily photoperiods of 13.5 h or less. The critical photoperiod that induced diapause was not influenced by temperature. Diapause was terminated in laboratory-reared adults and winter form adults collected from orchards in mid-October by exposure to photoperiods greater than 13.5 h. With adults collected from orchards during November, December, and January, diapause was terminated in the laboratory under both short and long photoperiods. With the earlier collections, long photoperiods markedly reduced preoviposition periods but with later collections the effect was not as pronounced because the preoviposition period under short photoperiods decreased markedly with the later collection dates. These results are discussed with relation to observations under natural orchard conditions.
HOST SELECTION BY THE ADULT CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE): EFFECT OF GLUCOSINOLATES AND COMMON NUTRIENTS ON OVIPOSITION
Authors: Nair K. S. S. , McEwen F. L.
Published: December 2009

In Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) little oviposition occurred when access to host plant material was denied. The mustard oil, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), stimulated the flies into greater activity and attracted them to its source. Sinigrin and four other glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) tested induced oviposition. AITC by itself did not induce, oviposition, but in the presence of a glucosinolate, small concentrations of AITC caused an increase in the number of eggs laid. Glucose, sucrose, casein, wheat germ oil, and a mixture of B-vitamins did not influence oviposition at the concentrations tested, but casein hydrolysate inhibited it. The role of glucosinolates and common nutrients in host selection by H. brassicae is discussed.
USE OF FLUORESCENT POWDERS TO MONITOR FLIGHT ACTIVITIES OF ADULT GLISCHROCHILUS QUADRISIGNATUS (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE)
Authors: Foott W. H.
Published: December 2009

Fluorescent powders provided an effective method for marking and monitoring flight activities of adults of Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say), a pest of processing tomatoes. Observations and experiments were conducted that would have been impossible with unmarked insects.

Experiments showed that small numbers of beetles located hampers with damaged tomatoes placed 300 m from a release point within less than 2 h. Tomatoes picked and cracked 1, 2, or 3 days prior to release of marked beetles attracted beetles in a ratio of 1:2:3. Approximately 3.5 times as many starved as fed beetles were attracted to damaged tomatoes. Most of the beetles landed on the ground near the hampers and entered via the floor, rather than landing on tomatoes at the top of the hamper.

The significance of the above four findings in relation to control of the insect is (1) beetles are probably attracted to damaged tomatoes from a wide area; (2) tomatoes should be harvested as close as possible to the scheduled time of delivery to the factory; (3) more severe infestations could occur subsequent to periods of inclement weather when beetles, are unable to move to new food sources; and (4) the treatment of hamper floors with insecticides before harvest may assist in control.
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS FOR CONTROLLING THREE SPECIES OF MOTHS IN STORED GRAIN
Authors: McGaughey Wm. H.
Published: December 2009

In laboratory studies, an aqueous suspension of a commercial wettable powder formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (strain HD-1) containing at least 25 billion viable spores/g and 16000 International Units of Potency (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner))/mg prevented infestations of Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), in corn and wheat at a dose of ca. 120 mg of formulation/kg of grain. Treatment of a 100-mm-deep surface layer was more effective than treatments 33 or 67 mm deep and as effective as treatment of the entire grain mass Lack of uniformity in applying B. thuringiensis to the grain kernels caused a small decrease in effectiveness. Dust and bait formulations at about the same doses were as effective as the suspension, but the bait was undesirable because it supported the development of beetle larvae. The formulation was less effective in controlling the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier): doses that gave complete control of the Indian meal moth and the almond moth reduced emergence of adult Angoumois grain moths by only about one-third.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF IPHITRACHELUS WALKER (HYMENOPTERA, PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, PLATYGASTRIDAE), WITH A KEY TO WORLD SPECIES
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The three species of Iphitrachelus in America north of Mexico are reviewed. I. canadensis n. sp, is described from Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland. A key to all known species is given. The world distribution of Iphitrachelus is discussed.
TESTS OF A GROWTH REGULATOR ON MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) AT CHALK RIVER
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Chant G. D.
Published: December 2009

Tests of a synthetic insect growth regulator (Altosid SR-10, or Methoprene, Zoecon Corp., Palo Alto, Calif.) have been completed recently at Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories. This paper reports on the effectiveness of this promising material in tests on several species of mosquitoes of this area. The low toxicity to mammals, the relative absence of deleterious effects on non-target aquatic organisms under normal use (Staal 1975), the fact that Altosid is readily biodegradable and is effective at low rates of application would recommend this material for the control of mosquito larvae. Reports in the literature on the use of juvenile hormone-type compounds have dealt mainly with mosquitoes in the southern United States; for example, Schaefer and Wilder (1973) reported on Aedes nigromaculis, A. melanimon, and Culex tarsalis in California. In our tests, we wished to determine its effectiveness on local species and in mosquito breeding pools where temperatures would be lower than in the work mentioned above.
A NEW NORTH AMERICAN GENUS AND SPECIES OF THE FAMILY PHORIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Robinson W. H.
Published: December 2009

A new genus and species of Phoridae, Zyziphora hirtifrons, is described from Colorado.
THE SPECIES OF THE MACROCERA NOBILIS GROUP IN THE HOLARCTIC REGION (DIPTERA: MYCETOPHILIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

The males of four very similar species of Macrocera are keyed and briefly described. They are grandis Lundström (Finland, U.S.S.R.), nobilis Johnson (Nearctic, widespread), summatis n. sp. (Sweden), insignis n. sp. (New Hampshire). The group of species is characterized as the nobilis group.
NOTES ON THE ECITOPHILOUS DIAPRIID GENUS MIMOPRIA HOLMGREN (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, DIAPRIIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

The habits, biology, and distribution of Mimopria species are discussed and new data presented; M. campbellorum n. sp. from Brazil (Para) is described and compared with M. ecitophila Holmgren. A key to distinguish the two species is given.
A NEW SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ALLIED TO EUXOA OLIVIA AND EUXOA SEPTENTRIONALIS
Authors: Lafontaine J. D.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa vernalis, allied to Euxoa olivia (Morrison) and Euxoa septentrionalis (Walker), is described from south-western United States and from Mexico. Adults and genitalia of the three species are illustrated.
PEST MANAGEMENT: MONITORING POPULATIONS OF ARCHIPS ARGYROSPILUS AND ARCHIPS ROSANUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) WITH SEX PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: Madsen Harold F. , Peters F. E.
Published: December 2009

The sex pheromones of Archips argyrospilus (Walker) and Archips rosanus (L.) were field evaluated to determine if they could be used to monitor populations in orchards where pest management programs were applied. Traps baited with the sex pheromones of A. argyrospilus caught males which reflected population levels estimated by other sample methods. Traps baited with the sex pheromones of A. rosanus caught high numbers of males but the numbers did not correlate with other population estimates. A. rosanus has a wide host range, and trap data indicate that males were attracted from sources outside the monitored orchards. Results indicated that the sex pheromones of A. argyrospilus could be used to estimate populations but with A. rosanus further studies on trap placement are necessary to minimize male influx.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OF DIAPAUSE TERMINATION IN THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: McLeod D. G. R.
Published: December 2009

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), has two distinct geographical populations in southwestern Ontario. The time required for diapause termination is the main distinguishing feature. This together with different critical photoperiods for diapause induction explains the occurrence of two complete generations in the southern portion and only one in the northern portion of this region.
A KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF APHIS L. (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON RIBES SPP., WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM MANITOBA
Authors: Robinson A. G. , Rojanavongse V.
Published: December 2009

A key is given to the species of Aphis L. on Ribes spp. in North America, including, A. bulleri new species and A. manitobensis new species. A. ribigillettei Knowlton and Allen and A. sanborni Patch are declared to be synonyms of A. neomexicana Cockerell, and A. tonahasa Hottes is considered to be a nomen dubium.
PECAN WEEVIL, CURCULIO CARYAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): 2. ESTIMATION OF ADULT POPULATIONS
Authors: Boethel D. J. , Morrison R. D. , Eikenbary R. D.
Published: December 2009

Data obtained by sampling studies during 1972 and 1973 were used to develop equations for predicting the number of adult pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn), in a tree from the number of pecan weevils trapped beneath that tree on a given date. Two of the models then were tested to determine their effectiveness in estimating weevil populations.

When the population estimates obtained from the model built from the early season data in 1972 (model A) were compared with the actual populations found in the trees in 1973, it was found that 71.7% of the observed values in 1973 fell within the 95% confidence intervals for the predicted values. When similar comparisons were made utilizing the model built from early season data in 1973 (model C), 95% of the observed population values in 1972 fell within the confidence intervals for the predicted values. Three-dimensional response surfaces generated from the models were similar and revealed that as the season progressed, the number of pecan weevils predicted from any trap value increased at an increasing rate.
ADDITIONS TO THE TAXONOMY, ZOOGEOGRAPHY, AND BIOLOGY OFANALETRIS EXIMIA(ACANTHAMETROPODINAE: SILPHLONURIDAE: EPHEMEROPTERA)
Authors: Lehmkuhl D. M.
Published: December 2009

The previously undescribed adult male and female ofAnaletris eximiaEdmunds are treated. Additional features of nymphs are illustrated. In the Saskatchewan River system the species is found in areas unaffected by reservoirs; nymphs develop in May?, June, and July; adults emerge in late July. Nymphs are carnivorous (chironomids were the main food item in field collected specimens), live in backwaters adjacent to the main river current, and are morphologically adapted to life on an unstable silty substrate. Invasion of the Saskatchewan system was apparently via Missouri tributaries from the Colorado system. It occurred in recent times in the latter but apparently not the former. Because of habitat destruction, the species is considered endangered.
DISPERSAL BY NESTING EARWIGS, FORFICULA AURICULARIA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)
Authors: Lamb Robert J.
Published: December 2009

Dispersal from earwig nests includes an inter-brood dispersal by female parents and two nymphal dispersals. One nymphal dispersal occurred in nature, but was not evident in the laboratory. The two other types were associated with heightened activity and a rejection of the nest in the laboratory. This locomotory behavior, which is probably adapted for dispersal, is termed “dispersive behaviour.”
RUBIDIUM AS A MARKER FOR MEXICAN BEAN BEETLES, EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Shepard Merle , Waddill V. H.
Published: December 2009

Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, were marked with rubidium by allowing larvae and adults to feed on foliage of bean plants treated with a rubidium chloride solution. Detection of rubidium was effected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Adults which had fed for 4 days on rubidium-chloride-treated plants then transferred to untreated plants contained elevated levels of rubidium up to 34 days. The presence of rubidium was not detectable in the progeny of treated beetles at levels significantly different from controls. Consumption of rubidium-chloride-treated foliage produced no observable detrimental effects on the beetles. The technique allowed them to acquire a relatively permanent label through their normal feeding activity.
DISTRIBUTION OF OVERWINTERING BIRCH CASEBEARER LARVAE, COLEOPHORA FUSCEDINELLA, ON WHITE BIRCH (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE)
Authors: Raske A. G. , Bryant D. G.
Published: December 2009

The majority (about 94%) of birch casebearer larvae, Coleophora fuscedinella Zeller, abandon the leaves in the fall and attach their case to the bark surface at spurs, at the base of buds, and at twig crotches. Casebearer populations were studied in six white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh., stands of 3 m to 6 m in height. An average of 50% of overwintering population of the birch casebearer occurred within 50 cm of the crown periphery of the middle half of the crown. This proportion was the same at the three population densities studied: 2,000, 10,000, and 20,000 cases per tree. Intra-tree distribution differed significantly between stands and between years and was modified when there were more than 3,000 larvae in a tree. However, the relation between log10 (cases + 1) at midcrown and the whole tree was consistent and usually explained more than 85% of the variance. For all population densities, the number of casebearers in the tree could be estimated from a sample of the crown. To preserve the form and aesthetic value of trees, the sample should comprise spurs or crotches and not a crown sector as used in this study.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL OF LARVAL AND PUPAL STAGES OF THE BAGWORM, THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERAEFORMIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Sheppard Roger F. , Stairs Gordon R.
Published: December 2009

Several populations of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth), were studied to determine the factors affecting survival of the larvae and pupae. Infestations were on Juniperus virginiana (juniper) and Thuja occidentalis (arborvitae). A normal complement of parasites, hyperparasites, and scavengers was recovered with four new records. The ichneumonid Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) accounted for most of the parasitism (75.9%). Females of this species were more often found in female hosts and males in male hosts. Although predation or larvae vacating bags were not directly observed, empty bags were found in each larval population beginning in mid-July and early August. The proportion of empty bags increased sharply from less than 10% to about 50% during a 3-week period but remained at this level for the rest of the season, suggesting that the bags were emptied during the first 3 weeks they were observed.
CERATOZETES KANANASKIS (ACARI: CRYPTOSTIGMATA: CERATOZETIDAE): A NEW MITE SPECIES FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Mitchell Myron J.
Published: December 2009

Adults and immatures of Ceratozetes kananaskis n. sp. from Alberta, Canada, are described and figured with line drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Specimens of C. kananaskis are similar to those of C. peritus Grandjean, but these two species can easily be separated by the pattern of the dorsal macrosclerites in the immatures.
EFFECT OF FIELD APPLICATIONS OF CARBOFURAN ON HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) AND ITS PARASITOIDS
Authors: Surgeoner G. A. , Ellis C. R.
Published: December 2009

Carbofuran at 2 oz AI/acre caused a 94% reduction in 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of alfalfa weevil. There was a 67% reduction in 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae which were protected within the buds. Carbofuran did not reduce the percentage parasitism by Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) although the total parasitoids that developed per unit area was less.
INFLUENCE OF GENETIC CHANGES AND OTHER VARIABLES ON THE ENCAPSULATION OF PARASITES BY HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

The percentage encapsulation of its common insect parasites by Hyphantria cunea Drury was measured in natural populations in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia over a period of 17 years, and the variables affecting encapsulation were studied in laboratory experiments. Percentage encapsulation varied with the species, stage, and activity of the parasite, and the stage and genetic strain of the host. Differences in encapsulation from area to area and particularly from year to year were closely related to short-term changes in the genetic constitution of the host population resulting from natural selection pressures. The application of these results to biological control and to population modeling is discussed briefly.
A NEW SPECIES OF LIMONIUS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) FROM CALIFORNIA
Authors: Becker Edward C.
Published: December 2009

A new species, Limonius pappi, is decribed from specimens from Mono County, California. The pertinent features are illustrated and supplementary couplets to Van Dyke’s (1932) key are provided. A lectotype is designated for Limonius nitidulus Horn.
DISTRIBUTION OF INSECTS IN SOYBEAN FIELDS
Authors: Shepard Merle , Carner G. R.
Published: December 2009

A 3-year study of spatial distribution patterns of insect pests in soybean fields revealed that the Poisson series described the distribution of most species. These species were: green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (Fabricius); velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; loopers Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and Heliothis spp. The Poisson with zeros distribution was second in characterizing the spatial patterns of many of the species. Field counts of Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, fitted the Neyman’s type A and negative binomial distributions most often.
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF ORCHARD MITES ON APPLE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Downing R. S. , Arrand J. C.
Published: December 2009

In 1965, strains of the predaceous phytoseiid mite, Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt, had developed resistance to azinphosmethyl, one of the organophosphate insecticides used to control the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.). From 1966 to 1968, trials with integrated mite control in growers’ orchards were carried out successfully preserving the predator T. occidentalis. In most cases, an application of oil at the half-inch green bud stage was applied. The integrated concept of orchard mite control was recommended to the British Columbia fruit industry in 1969 and gained wide acceptance. In 1974, a survey of eight of the original integrated control orchards revealed that none of them had been treated with a summer acaricide since 1968. In six orchards, application of oil at the half-inch green bud stage had been used annually but two had not even received the oil spray. In all the orchards there was a good biological balance of a few predators and a few prey.
SURVEYING MITES (ACARINA) PHORETIC ON THE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH STICKY TRAPS
Authors: Moser John C.
Published: December 2009

Sticky traps caught large numbers of mites that adhere tightly or ride in protected places on attacking southern pine beetles and retrieved some of the mites that are loosely attached. Of the 2539 beetles surveyed, only 39.6% carried mites. Seven species of phoretic mites were found; the two most common, Tarsonemus krantzi and Trichouropoda australis, showed no preference for either beetle sex but preferred to ride on specific parts of the body.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND ACTIVITY OF INDIGENOUS HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS ATTACKING THE HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Ables J. R. , Shepard M.
Published: December 2009

Eight species of hymenopterous parasitoids were reared from field-collected house fly puparia. The three most abundant parasitoid species, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, S. endius Walker, and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, were capable of parasitizing up to 90% of hosts at certain times of year. The Spalangia spp. were the most effective parasitoids during most of the fly breeding season. Changes in parasitoid species abundance and rates of parasitism were apparently due to temperature and other habitat conditions.
NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), MAINLY FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

The following new genera and species are described: Glyphodes militaris n. sp., Borneo; Gypodes n. gen., type-species G. vexilliferalis n. sp., South America; Nagiella hortulatoides n. sp., Burma; Laniipriva n. gen., type-species L. antobliqua n. sp., Venezuela; Scaptesylodes n. gen., type-species Scaptesyle(?) incerta Semper, Philippine Is., and also including Scaptesylodes modica n. sp., Malaysia and Sumatra. Nagiella is proposed as a new name for Nagia Walker, 1866, not Walker, 1858. Nagia desmialis Walker, 1866, is the type-species of both nominal genera; Scopula quadrimaculalis Kollar, 1844, and Sylepta inferior Hampson, 1898, are referred to Nagiella as new combinations. The genus is differentiated from Pleuroptya Meyrick, 1890, and Haritalodes Warren, 1890.
A REVIEW OF THE GENUSANATISMULSANT (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Watson W. Y.
Published: December 2009

The genusAnatisis reviewed and six species are recognized:ocellata(L.),mali(Say),labiculata(Say),halonisLewis,rathvoni(Lee.), andleconteiCasey. Relevant illustrations and a key to the species are given. Neotypes formaliandlabiculatahave been selected.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS OF AEDES MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): TRANSPLANTATION STUDIES
Authors: Ramalingam S. , Craig G. B.
Published: December 2009

In Aedes aegypti, the ’matrone’ substance which caused mating inhibition and stimulated oviposition in females, was present in the anterior secretory region of the male accessory glands. In the divided accessory glands of male A. triseriatus, however, it was present in the posterior glands. The posterior gland substance in A. triseriatus was not species specific. It stimulated oviposition in A. aegypti and caused mating inhibition in A. atropalpus. The secretory substance of the posteriormost region in the glands of both species of mosquitoes was mucin in nature. This mucin substance effectively glued the secretory granules of the anterior region(s).
INDIRECT MEASURES OF LARVAL DISPERSAL IN THE CINNABAR MOTH, TYRIA JACOBAEAE (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)
Authors: Myers Judith H. , Campbell Barbara J.
Published: December 2009

Caterpillar dispersal among food plants is difficult to measure directly in field populations. However, the tendency of fifth instar cinnabar moth caterpillars to drop from plants when disturbed is correlated to measured larval dispersal in experimental populations. This easily executed behavioural test can therefore be used as an indirect indicator of dispersal in different populations. The degree of response of first and fifth instar cinnabar moth larvae to disturbance is correlated for eight populations tested, possibly indicating a common agent selecting for the falling reaction among larvae in these different stages of development.

Many insects drop from their food plants in response to disturbance and we suggest that this behaviour might provide a useful tool to elucidate relationships between insect dispersal and resource exploitation.
CEPHALIC STRUCTURES AND SPIRACLES OF FINAL-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE GENUS TOXOPHOROIDES (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE: LYCORININAE)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: December 2009

Characteristics of cephalic structures and spiracles of final-instar larvae of three species of the genus Toxophoroides (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Lycorininae) are described and illustrated, and a key for their separation is given. As this is the first known information on larvae of the subfamily Lycorininae, characteristics of the group are defined, based only on the single genus studied.
DETECTION OF ASCOSPHAERA APIS IN HONEY BEE LARVAE (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) FROM EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Gochnauer T. A. , Hughes S. J.
Published: December 2009

Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Olive & Spiltoir, the causal organism of chalkbrood disease in honey bees, has now spread to eastern Canada. Scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy showed that A. apis may be differentiated from A. major, with which it has been confused, by the surface structure of spore balls and by differences in the size of nutriocysts and spores. A. major does not occur in North America.
REVISION OF THE DIPARINAE (PTEROMALIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

The North American Diparinae (Pteromalidae: Chalcidoidea) consists of six genera and 11 species, of which eight species are described as new. These are Trimicrops bilineatus, T. trilineatus, Dipara pedunculata, Netomocera nearctica, Lelaps floridensis, L. beckeri, L. melinus, and L. striatus. Illustrated keys to genera and species are provided.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE FORMULATIONS OF MCH FOR PREVENTING DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INFESTATION IN FELLED TREES
Authors: Furniss M. M. , Young J. W. , McGregor M. D. , Livingston R. L. , Hamel D. R.
Published: December 2009

Five controlled-release granular formulations were developed that eluted 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) in the laboratory at a rate ≥ 0.5µg/h for 60 days. Elution rate was determined by trapping gaseous radioactive MCH followed by scintillation counting. The inert components of these formulations consisted either of a wax-coated molecular sieve, polyethylene emulsion-coated ground corncob, or dimer acid polyamide beads. These formulations and a liquid standard were applied 9 May just prior to Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) flight to plots containing single, freshly felled Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) trees. Three months later, infestation by Douglas-fir beetle and other insects was evaluated. All treatments except coated corncobs and certain applications of the molecular sieve significantly reduced Douglas-fir beetle attacks. Douglas-fir beetle brood in three treatments was significantly less than in controls. Abundance of entomophagous insects was proportional to density of host beetle attacks. Douglas-fir beetle attack density was negatively correlated with degree of infestation by the scolytid Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Lee).
NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ANOPEDIAS LACUSTRIS IN CANADA (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: PLATYGASTRINAE)
Authors: Huggert Lars
Published: December 2009

Some time ago Dr. L. Masner of Ottawa sent me four female specimens of, as far as we knew, the first specimens of the genus Anopedias Först, to be seen outside Europe. He asked me to deal with them, since I had recently (1974) revised the European species.
SURVIVAL MODELS FOR WITHIN-TREE POPULATIONS OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Coulson Robert N. , Pulley P. E. , Foltz J. L. , Martin W. C. , Kelley C. L.
Published: December 2009

Within-tree models of Dendroctonus frontalis generation survival from attacking adults to emerging adults and survivorship from eggs to emergence were developed for five regions of the infested tree bole of Pinus taeda L. The generation survival model (GS) describes the number of D. frontalis/attacking adult as a function of time at a specific height. The form of the model is

YGS = 1.0 + C(1–e–20.0X)eA(1.0–X)B + ɛ.

The survival model (S) describes the number of D. frontalis/100 eggs as a function of time at a specific height. The form of this model is

YS = CeA(1.0–X)B + ɛ.

The generation survival model indicated that the rate of survival was primarily a function of generation development time, rather than position on the infested tree bole. The rates also varied in different sections of the tree depending on the initial egg/attacking adult population of D. frontalis. The emergence/attack ratios for the tree sections were slightly greater at the top and bottom than in the middle of the infested bole.

The survivorship curves, based on an initial cohort of 100 eggs, were similar for the various sections of the tree bole. Again, the rate of population change was primarily a function of developmental time, rather than position on the tree. The curves for the various tree sections were essentially the same.

The combined action of the various biotic and abiotic mortality agents acting in the different sections of the tree resulted in essentially uniform survivorship throughout the infested portion of the tree bole.
PRELIMINARY ORCHARD TESTS ON CONTROL OF CODLING MOTH LARVAE BY A GRANULOSIS VIRUS
Authors: Jaques R. P. , MacLellan C. R. , Sanford K. H. , Proverbs M. D. , Hagley E. A. C.
Published: December 2009

Apple orchard tests in 1974, 1975, and 1976 showed that applications of granulosis virus reduced deep-entry damage by larvae of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), to apple fruit at harvest by 55 to 96% compared with damage to fruit on nontreated check trees. Sting or shallow-entry injury was usually higher on virus-sprayed trees than on check trees presumably because larvae were killed by the virus soon after entry into the apple.
A NEW SPECIES OF ERIOPHYOID MITE WITH EYE-LIKE STRUCTURES, AND REMARKS ON THE GENUS PHYTOPTUS (ACARI: PROSTIGMATA: PHYTOPTIDAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Phytoptus oculatus n. sp. are described. These are unusual among Eriophyoidea in possessing eye-like structures lateral to the prodorsal shield. Diagnoses for the genus Phytoptus and two provisional species groups within the genus are included.
INVENTORY OF APHIDS ON SEVEN CONIFER SPECIES IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE INTRODUCED RED WOOD ANT, FORMICA LUGUBRIS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. , Delisle Johanne , Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

An inventory was taken of aphid species occurring on balsam fir, white spruce, larch, red pine, white pine, jack pine, and black spruce at two sites where the introduced red wood ant, Formica lugubris Zett., had been released. Twenty-one aphid species were found, all in the genus Cinara Curtis. Nine of these species, and possibly a tenth, were new records for Quebec. Observations on colony size and distribution on host trees, in ant infested and control blocks, were recorded.
TRANSPORT OF HAY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE PASSIVE DISPERSAL OF THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)
Authors: McNeil Jeremy N. , Duchesne Raymond-Marie
Published: December 2009

Hay bales from areas of high skipper densities contained an estimated 5000 viable eggs/bale underlining the importance of passive transport of Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) eggs in hay as a means of dispersal for this insect pest. While eggs ingested by cows did not survive it is believed that, in view of the number present in each bale, some would not be eaten and could be the source for a new infestation.
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL DIETS AND LARVAL DENSITY ON GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: ORGYIIDAE), EGG MASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Capinera John L. , Barbosa Pedro
Published: December 2009

Laboratory and field studies indicate that differences in gypsy moth egg mass characteristics can be related to larval density and natural diet. Egg mass characteristics are valuable indices of population quality as well as future population levels. Laboratory crowding reduced number of eggs/mass but did not affect egg size. Field collected egg masses from various population levels in Massachusetts also varied in egg number/mass, but egg size could not be directly correlated to density. Laboratory rearing of larvae on several natural diets produced differences in both egg number and size. Maple diets produced egg masses with fewer, smaller eggs, as compared with oak diets. Field collected egg masses also varied in mean egg size, according to host tree species. Thus, forest composition may directly affect the quality of gypsy moth populations, as well as numerical levels. Increasing density could affect egg size indirectly, by forcing gypsy moth larvae to feed on unfavorable host foliage.
INSECT PARASITES OF THE DARKSIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

In the study of insect parasites of the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), fourth- to seventh-instar larvae were collected from a field at Delhi, Ont., and reared in the laboratory. A total of 701 insect parasites including six species of Hymenoptera and four of Diptera, were reared from the 3970 darksided cutworm larvae collected in 1973 and 1974.

Thirteen species of insect parasites of E. messoria are listed. Ten of these species were reared in the present study from E. messoria in Ontario and all of them are primary and internal parasites. Of the 10, only two have previously been reported as parasites of E. messoria. Host–parasite relationship and the degree of parasitism are given for the 10 species reared in Ontario.
A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR LEUCANIA COMMOIDES: A MIXTURE OF Z-9-TETRADECEN-1-YL ACETATE, Z-11-HEXADECEN-1-YL ACETATE, AND Z-11-HEXADECEN-1-OL
Authors: Struble D. L. , Swailes G. E. , Steck W. F. , Underhill E. W. , Chisholm M. D.
Published: December 2009

Field testing of a large number of synthetic compounds and two-component combinations thereof revealed an attractant for the adult males of Leucania commoides Guenée. Several three-component combinations were tested and the largest numbers of L. commoides males were attracted to Z-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, Z-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, and Z-11-hexadecen-1-ol in ratios of 4:4:1 to 10:5:2. The attraction of this species was inhibited by Z-9-tetradecen- 1-ol.
MORPHOLOGIE ET BIOLOGIE DE GRYPOCENTRUS ALBIPES (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), PARASITE DE LA PETITE MINEUSE DU BOULEAU, FENUSA PUSILLA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Guevremont H.C. , Quednau F.W.
Published: December 2009

Les principaux stades de développement et l’appareil génital femelle de Grypocentrus albipes Ruthe sont brièvement décrits et illustrés. Le comportement lors de la ponte est exposé. La femelle se nourrit des larves de Fenusa pusilla (Lep) lorsqu’elles sont à l’intérieur de leur galerie en les grugeant à travers l’épiderme foliaire. La fécondité moyenne journalière en laboratoire se situe à 3.2 oeufs, et le nombre maximum d’oeufs déposé par une femelle est de 96. Quelques observations sont présentées sur le développement embryonnaire et larvaire ainsi que sur la pupaison.
DIFFERENCES IN THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DIAPAUSE TERMINATION IN TWO WESTERN CHORISTONEURA SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Schmidt Fred H.
Published: December 2009

Storage of diapausing larvae of Choristoneura viridis and C. occidentalis at low temperature (2°C) appeared to be sufficient stimulus to terminate diapause. Reactivation at 25°C occurred sooner and was more synchronous with longer storage at 2°C. Highest survival was obtained after storage of 20 to 22 weeks for both C. viridis and C. occidentalis. Intraspecific and interspecific reactivation rates were compared by analysis of covariance, using the model ln Y = a + B ln X , where Y = larval emergence in days at 25°C and X = storage in weeks at 2°C. Intraspecific sex differences were not significant, indicating that protandry observed in this laboratory in both species must be due to some other factor. C. viridis had substantially less stringent thermal requirements for diapause termination than C. occidentalis. Diapause in the two species is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF LARVAL INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION ON IMAGINAL DENSITIES IN ANOPHELES STEPHENSI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): A LABORATORY EVALUATION
Authors: Reisen William K. , Emory Richard W.
Published: December 2009

Experiments with caged populations of Anopheles stephensi Liston were performed to evaluate the effects of larval intraspecific competition on adult density and sex ratio. The changing of the water in continuous culture cages prevented the accumulation of larval competitive compounds and excretory products, and resulted in higher adult densities and the successful emergence of proportionately more males.
FACTORS AFFECTING LARVAL DIAPAUSE IN DENDROCTONUS RUFIPENNIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Dyer E.D.A. , Hall P.M.
Published: December 2009

The effect of daily day-degrees C in relation to brood age was investigated to determine its influence on the induction of larval (prepupal) diapause in Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby). Daily day-degrees of less than about 9° above the development threshold (6.1°C) induced diapause in most of the broods while diapause was averted by daily day-degrees C of 10 or more above the threshold. Induction of diapause occurred no later than third larval instar; temperature changes during the fourth instar produced no change in aversion or induction of diapause. Laboratory results reveal that field temperatures during larval development determine whether most beetles have a 1- or 2-year life cycle.
A TEMPERATURE-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL FOR THE PARASITE BRACON MELLITOR (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE),
Authors: Barfield Carl S. , Sharpe Peter J. H. , Bottrell Dale G.
Published: December 2009

The influence of temperature on the development of immature stages of Bracon mellitor Say, a braconid parasite of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was studied at a series of constant and variable temperatures. Resulting developmental rates and times were compatible with recent advances in the theory of thermal responses exhibited by poikilotherms. Mean development times recorded were in close agreement with predictions calculated from a previously derived absolute reaction rate development model.

Bracon mellitor cohort developmental data were also checked against a prototype stochastic cohort development model. In this comparison, observed and predicted probability distributions agreed for constant and variable day/night temperature regimes but showed some differences under sinusoidal temperature regimes.
SPECIES OF THE GENUSPINALITUSKELTON FOUND IN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Orthops rubricatus(Fallén), a European species now known to occur in North America, is transferred to the genusPinalitusKelton.Pinalitus solivagus(Van Duzee) is reported from British Columbia, andP.utahensisKnight andP.brevirostrisKnight are considered to be synonyms of it.Pinalitus rostratusn. sp. is described from Canada and western United States.Pinalitus californicusKnight is transferred to the genusProbaDistant. A key to species is provided.
LES SIPHONAPTÈRES DE LA RÉGION DE SHERBROOKE, QUÉBEC
Authors: Robert Suzelle , Bergeron Jean-Marie
Published: December 2009

Un total de 19 espèces de Siphonaptères ont été dénombrées sur quelques 24 espèces de Mammiferes capturés dans la région de Sherbrooke, Qué. Nous avons trouvé que 3 espèces de puces se retrouvaient exclusivement sur la musaraigne à queue courte alors qu'une seule des 5 espèces prélevées sur la souris sylvestre(s) lui était spécifique. Deux petits Rongeurs, le campagnol à dos roux et la souris sauteuse, ne semblent pas supporter une faune parasitaire qui leur soit bien typique. De plus, la souris de maison est parasitée par l'espèceOrchopeas leucopusqui est normalement caractéristique des souris sylvestre(s). Les Sciuridae dans leur ensemble présentent un éventail de parasites qui leur sont propres. Enfin, l'hermine à queue courte porte des puces qui sont retrouvées sur la majorité des mammifères leur servant de proies.

L'étude révèle plusieurs nouvelles associations mammifères-hôtes au pays, en plus de présenter 3 nouvelles espèces de puces pour le Québec.
THE EFFECT OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE), ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF WHEAT
Authors: Holmes N. D.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephas cinctus Nort, reduced the weight of grain per head by an average of 17.3% in the two spring wheats Red Bobs and Thatcher with annual reductions varying from 10.8% to 22.3%. They also lowered the protein content in Thatcher by an average of 0.6% and a maximum of 1.2%. However, because a significant loss in protein content occurred in only 1 of 6 years in Red Bobs, the effects of the larvae on protein content cannot be generalized for all varieties.

The losses in weight per head resulted from a mean reduction of 11.9% in the weight of the kernels combined with a mean reduction of 1.9 in the number of kernels per head. The larvae caused the losses by feeding in the stems and by cutting them when the moisture contents of the kernels were relatively high. Annual variations in losses were attributed to the dates of the infestation, to the amount of precipitation in July and August, and to differences in dates of cutting by the larvae.
FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ATTACKING RAPE CROPS IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES
Authors: Burgess L.
Published: December 2009

Adults of five species of flea beetles were found attacking rape crops (Brassica napusL. andBrassica campestrisL.) in the Canadian prairie provinces from 1971 to 1974.Phyllotreta cruciferae(Goeze) was the most abundant and serious pest, followed in order byPsylliodes punctulataMelsh. andPhyllotreta striolata(F.) (=vittata(F.)), whilePhyllotreta albionica(Lec.) andPhyllotreta robustaLec. were present only occasionally. The fourPhyllotretaspecies confined their feeding largely to cruciferous plants, butPsyl.punctulatahad a broader host range. All of the five species overwintered as adults, usually in leaf litter or turf beneath hedges, poplar groves, or fencerows, or sometimes in the soil in fields, and all became active with the arrival of warm sunny weather in the spring, withPsyl.punctulatausually being the first to appear. All appeared to have but one generation per year, with mating and egg laying occurring in the spring, the larvae inhabiting the soil and feeding on host-plant roots, and the new generation of adults emerging from pupae in the soil in late July and in August. The overwintered adults usually died in late June or early July, so there was a period in July when adult flea beetles were scarce. The most serious damage to rape crops by flea beetles was caused by overwintered adults attacking seedling crops in the spring; movement of these beetles into crops took the form of a creeping infestation moving from plant to plant into the field from nearby volunteer rape of cruciferous weed feeding grounds, or a more rapid and even infestation of a whole field with flight probably being the major method of movement. Flea beetles fed most actively when the weather was sunny, warm, and dry; cool damp weather reduced the intensity of attack and aided plant growth. Shade, such as exists in a healthy stand of rape beyond the pre-bloom stage, also inhibited attack. Occasionally, late-maturing rape crops were damaged in late summer by new generation adult flea beetles, particularlyP.cruciferae, feeding on the green epidermis of the stems, leaves, and pods.

A field key for separating the five flea beetle species attacking rape crops in the Canadian prairie provinces is given.
AN ATTRACTANT FOR THE BEET WEBWORM, LOXOSTEGE STICTICALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Struble D. L. , Lilly C. E.
Published: December 2009

A sex pheromone was detected in female moths of the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (L.). Laboratory tests with synthetic compounds established that the male moths exhibited sexual responses to E-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate and they were attracted to this compound in the field. Mixtures of E-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate containing 5, 10, or 80% of the Z-isomer inhibited the attraction of the male beet webworm moths. Mixtures containing 5 or 10% of the Z-isomer attracted male moths of Lymnaecia phragmitella Stainton (Cosmopterygidae). Male moths of Hysterosia cartwrightana Kearfott (Phaloniidae) were also attracted to E-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate in traps placed at a height of 0.3 m, with only a few attracted to traps at 1 m as used for the beet webworm.