bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of laser mass-limited foil interaction at ultra-high laser intensities
Authors: Yu T. P. , Sheng Z. M. , Yin Y. , Zhuo H. B. , Ma Y. Y. , Shao F. Q. , Pukhov A.
Published: May 2014

By using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations with synchrotron radiation damping incorporated, dynamics of ultra-intense laser driven mass-limited foils is presented. When a circularly polarized laser pulse with a peak intensity of ∼1022 W/cm2 irradiates a mass-limited nanofoil, electrons are pushed forward collectively and a strong charge separation field forms which acts as a “light sail” and accelerates the protons. When the laser wing parts overtake the foil from the foil boundaries, electrons do a betatron-like oscillation around the center proton bunch. Under some conditions, betatron-like resonance takes place, resulting in energetic circulating electrons. Finally, bright femto-second x rays are emitted in a small cone. It is also shown that the radiation damping does not alter the foil dynamics radically at considered laser intensities. The effects of the transverse foil size and laser polarization on x-ray emission and foil dynamics are also discussed.
Length-scale dependent mechanical properties of Al-Cu eutectic alloy: Molecular dynamics based model and its experimental verification
Authors: Tiwary C. S. , Chakraborty S. , Mahapatra D. R. , Chattopadhyay K.
Published: May 2014

This paper attempts to gain an understanding of the effect of lamellar length scale on the mechanical properties of two-phase metal-intermetallic eutectic structure. We first develop a molecular dynamics model for the in-situ grown eutectic interface followed by a model of deformation of Al-Al2Cu lamellar eutectic. Leveraging the insights obtained from the simulation on the behaviour of dislocations at different length scales of the eutectic, we present and explain the experimental results on Al-Al2Cu eutectic with various different lamellar spacing. The physics behind the mechanism is further quantified with help of atomic level energy model for different length scale as well as different strain. An atomic level energy partitioning of the lamellae and the interface regions reveals that the energy of the lamellae core are accumulated more due to dislocations irrespective of the length-scale. Whereas the energy of the interface is accumulated more due to dislocations when the length-scale is smaller, but the trend is reversed when the length-scale is large beyond a critical size of about 80 nm.
Ideal wind turbine performance at very low tip speed ratio
Authors: Wood D. H.
Published: May 2014

At very low tip speed ratios, wind turbine rotors behave similarly to stationary wings for which the well-known lifting line analysis gives the optimal loading. Lifting line analysis is applied to a stationary rotor of N blades for N = 1, 2, and 4. Analytic (for N = 1 and 2) or semi-analytic solutions (for N = 4) agree with the classical results obtained by conformal mapping. The present solutions compare well with numerical solutions for the Goldstein function for optimally loaded propeller or wind turbine rotors at low tip speed ratio. In all cases, the induced velocity is linear with radius. Assuming this result applies for all N, lifting line analysis is recast as a singular integral equation whose solution agrees with Goldstein's obtained using the same conformal mappings as in his general analysis for any tip speed ratio. The implication is that the assumed induced velocity distribution is correct, and is, therefore, fundamentally different from that at high tip speed ratios when the induced velocity is inversely proportional to radius. For any N, the power and thrust coefficients become proportional to the square of the tip speed ratio and the tip loss factor alters significantly from the common form used at higher tip speed ratios. Extending the analysis to finite pitch was not achieved but several important results were obtained, including the behaviour of the tip loss as N varies at low tip speed ratio. The behaviour is complex and the resulting tip loss factor exceeds unity for a significant part of the blade.
Refractive index engineering of metal-dielectric nanocomposite thin films for optical super absorber
Authors: Zhang Nan , Liu Kai , Song Haomin , Liu Zhejun , Ji Dengxin , Zeng Xie , Jiang Suhua , Gan Qiaoqiang
Published: May 2014

Using metal-dielectric nanocomposite materials, we developed thin-film resonant and nonresonant absorbers with tunable absorption band. A compact double-side vertically graded metal-dielectric nanocomposite absorber was fabricated by gradually varying metal-dielectric nanocomposite ratios. The optical impedance of this metal-dielectric nanocomposite structure can be engineered to realize the antireflection characteristics. A broad-band and angle-insensitive super absorption over 81% was obtained in visible to near-infrared spectral region (i.e., 400 nm to 1100 nm), which is broader than recently reported plasmonic metamaterial absorbers in the similar spectral region.
Characteristic method for isentropic compression simulation
Authors: Xue Quanxi , Wang Zhebin , Jiang Shaoen , Ye Xisheng , Liu Jingru
Published: May 2014

A characteristic method has been developed using a Murnaghan-form isentropic equation and characteristics, which has been verified by example uses. General information of two ramp compression experiments was calculated, which matched experimental ones well except for some tiny distinctions. Finally, the factors influencing the precision of this model were discussed and other practical applications were presented.
Rotational Analysis of A2Πu-X2Πg System of 16O2+ Cation
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhu Yuan-yue , Deng Lun-hua , Chen Yang-qin
Published: May 2014

The Doppler-limited absorption spectrum of 16O2+ cation was observed in the region of 11385–12100 cm−1 by optical heterodyne velocity modulation absorption spectroscopy (OH-VMS). The transitions were assigned to the (2, 19), (3, 20), and (5, 21) bands in the second negative system (A2Πu-X2Πg). All the available lines measured using OH-VMS were global fitted in a nonlinear least-squares fitting procedure, and precise molecular constants (Bv, Av, Dv, pv, qv, γv) were obtained for the involved levels.
Structural Dynamics of 3-Dimethylamino-2-methyl-propenal in S2(ππ*) State
Authors: Pan Sheng , Xue Jia-Dan , Zheng Xu-ming
Published: May 2014

The photophysics of 3-dimethylamino-2-methyl-propenal (DMAMP) after excitation to the S2(ππ*) electronic state was studied using the resonance Raman spectroscopy and complete active space self-consistent field method calculations. The transition barriers of the ground state tautomerization reactions between DMAMP and its three isomers were determined at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The vibrational spectra were assigned. The A-band resonance Raman spectra were obtained in acetonitrile with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the first intense absorption band to probe the structural dynamics of DMAMP. The B3LYP-TD computation was carried out to determine the relative A-band resonance Raman intensities of the fundamental modes, and the result indicated that the vibronic-coupling existed in Franck-Condon region. Complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations were carried out to determine the excitation energies of the lower-lying singlet and triplet excited states, the conical intersection points and the intersystem crossing points. The A-band short-time structural dynamics and the corresponding decay dynamics of DMAMP were obtained by analysis of the resonance Raman intensity pattern and CASSCF computations. It was found that a sudden de-conjugation between C1=O6 and C2=C3 occurred at the Franck-Condon region of the S2(ππ*) state, while the enhancement of the conjugation interaction between C3 and N(CH3)2, and between C1 and C2 evolutions shortly after the wavepacket leaves away the Franck-Condon region via the excited state charge redistribution. The de-conjugation interaction between C1=O6 and C2=C3 made the rotation of C3=N(CH3)2 group around the C2–C3 bond much easier, while the enhanced conjugation between C1 and C2, and between C3 and N(CH3)2 made the rotation around the C1–C2 bond and C3–N5 more difficult. It was revealed that the initial structural dynamics of DMAMP was predominantly towards the CI-1(S2/S0) point, while the opportunities towards either CI-2(S2/S0) or CI-3(S2/S0) point were negligible. Two decay channels of DMAMP from S2,FC(ππ*) to S0 or T1,min via various CIs and ISCs were proposed.
Synthesis of CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 Conjugated Microspheres and its Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Peng Chao , Yao Bing-hua , Zhang Wen , Niu Jin-fen , Zhao Jie
Published: May 2014

The metal complex 5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin copper (CuAPTPP) was covalently linked on the surface of TiO2 microspheres by using toluene disocyanate (TDI) as a bridging bond unit. The hydroxyl group (−OH) of TiO2 microspheres surface and the amino group (−NH2) of CuAPTPP reacted respectively with the active −NCO groups of TDI to form a surface conjugated microsphere CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 that was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 microspheres were characterized with UV-visible, elemental analysis, XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. The effect of amounts of linked TDI on the performance of photocatalytic microspheres was discussed, and the optimal molar ratio of TDI:TiO2 was established. The photocatalytic activity of CuAPTPP-TDI-TiO2 was evaluated using the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible-light irradiation. The results showed that, TDI, as a bond unit, was used to form a steady chemical brigdging bond linking CuAPTPP and the surface of TiO2 microspheres, and the prepared catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation for MB degradation. The degradation rate of 20 mg/L MB could reach 98.7% under Xe-lamp (150 W) irradiation in 120 min. The degradation of MB followed the first-order reaction model under visible light irradiation, and the rate constant of 5.1×10−2 min−1 and the halflife of 11.3 min were achieved. And the new photocatalyst can be recycled for 4 times, remaining 90.0% MB degradation rate.
Influence of pH Value on Photocatalytic Activity of Bi4Ti3O12 Crystals Obtained by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Lin Xue , Gong Yv-ning , Zhang Yao-dan , Yan Yong-sheng , Guan Qing-feng
Published: May 2014

Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) crystals were controllably synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process without adding any surfactant or template. The morphologies of BIT with nanosphere, nanoplate, nanobelt, and nanosheet can be selectively obtained by adjusting the pH value of the reactant. The formation mechanisms of these distinctive morphologies were then discussed based on the structural analysis of samples obtained at different pH values. BIT sample prepared at pH=1 showed the highest photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activities difference for the BIT samples synthesized at different pH values was studied based on their shape, size, and the variation of local structure.
Theory of amorphous ices
Authors: Limmer David T. , Chandler David
Published: May 2014

Significance

Glassy water is abundant, occurring in such varied circumstances as thin films condensed on interstellar dust particles and as hosts to hyperquenched protein crystals. Yet quantitative understanding of this class of materials is limited, hampered by lack of formalism needed to systematically treat long time scales and far-from-equilibrium behaviors. Here, we describe a theory to overcome some of this difficulty and apply the theory with simulation to establish the existence of distinct amorphous ices and coexistence between them. This advance allows systematic treatment of dynamics interconverting and melting these nonequilibrium solids, and thereby provides principled explanations of experiments that have probed these processes.
Avec Goldoni à travers l’Europe
Authors: Jansen Steen
Published: May 2014

This paper looks at how a given text, Carlo Goldoni’s comedy Un curioso accidente, has been translated, received and used in different adaptations in France, Germany and Denmark. In France and Germany the comedy is met with great interest already in the 18th century, mostly through very different adaptations (in France by François Roger and in Germany by Johann Christian Bock) used with considerable success on stage, less for the actual translations. Later the comedy was forgotten in those two countries. In the rest of Europe, the comedy is not translated till the 19th century ; in Denmark it is discovered about 1850, not least because Johanne Louise Heiberg, leading actress at the Royal Theatre, is enchanted by the female lead character Giannina. At the end of the century the play is restaged, but now — in agreement with the general spirit of the time — in much more realistic productions by William Bloch.
Counter-regulation of T cell effector function by differentially activated p38
Authors: Alam Muhammad S. , Gaida Matthias M. , Ogawa Youichi , Kolios Antonios G.A. , Lasitschka Felix , Ashwell Jonathan D.
Published: May 2014

Unlike the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade that phosphorylates p38 on the activation loop, T cell receptor (TCR) signaling results in phosphorylation on Tyr-323 (pY323, alternative pathway). Using mice expressing p38α and p38β with Y323F substitutions, we show that alternatively but not MAPK cascade-activated p38 up-regulates the transcription factors NFATc1 and IRF4, which are required for proliferation and cytokine production. Conversely, activation of p38 with UV or osmotic shock mitigated TCR-mediated activation by phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of NFATc1. Notably, UVB treatment of human psoriatic lesions reduced skin-infiltrating p38 pY323+ T cell IRF4 and IL-17 production. Thus, distinct mechanisms of p38 activation converge on NFATc1 with opposing effects on T cell immunity, which may underlie the beneficial effect of phototherapy on psoriasis.
Gone in Ten Minutes: Intraday Evidence of Announcement Effects in the Electronic Corn Futures Market
Authors: Lehecka Georg V. , Wang Xiaoyang , Garcia Philip
Published: May 2014

This article investigates the announcement effects of major USDA reports using intraday Chicago Board of Trade corn futures prices and trading volume from the electronic trading platform for July 2009 to May 2012. Focusing on intraday market reactions, we analyze the extent to which new information impacts and is rapidly reflected in prices. Results show that USDA reports contain substantial information for market participants. Strongest price reactions to the releases are found immediately after the market opens, and market reactions persist for approximately ten minutes. The electronic corn futures market quickly incorporates this new public information, and little evidence exists to support systematic under‐ or overreactions in prices. Other more subtle reactions occur in the last trading session before USDA announcements as traders adjust their market exposure in anticipation of the release.
GenomeVISTA—an integrated software package for whole-genome alignment and visualization
Authors: Poliakov Alexandre , Foong Justin , Brudno Michael , Dubchak Inna
Published: May 2014

Summary: With the ubiquitous generation of complete genome assemblies for a variety of species, efficient tools for whole-genome alignment along with user-friendly visualization are critically important. Our VISTA family of tools for comparative genomics, based on algorithms for pairwise and multiple alignments of genomic sequences and whole-genome assemblies, has become one of the standard techniques for comparative analysis. Most of the VISTA programs have been implemented as Web-accessible servers and are extensively used by the biomedical community. In this manuscript, we introduce GenomeVISTA: a novel implementation that incorporates most features of the VISTA family—fast and accurate alignment, visualization capabilities, GUI and analytical tools within a stand-alone software package. GenomeVISTA thus provides flexibility and security for users who need to conduct whole-genome comparisons on their own computers.

Availability and implementation: Implemented in Perl, C/C++ and Java, the source code is freely available for download at the VISTA Web site: http://genome.lbl.gov/vista/

Contact:  avpoliakov@lbl.gov or ildubchak@lbl.gov

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The role of basophils and proallergic cytokines, TSLP and IL-33, in cutaneously sensitized food allergy
Authors: Muto Taichiro , Fukuoka Ayumi , Kabashima Kenji , Ziegler Steven F. , Nakanishi Kenji , Matsushita Kazufumi , Yoshimoto Tomohiro
Published: May 2014

Cutaneous sensitization with a food antigen before its consumption elicits the development of food allergy. Here, we report the site- and stage-dependent roles of basophils and proallergic cytokines, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-33, in a mouse model of food allergy initially sensitized cutaneously with the food antigen. Mice were epicutaneously sensitized with the food antigen ovalbumin (OVA) followed by oral challenge with OVA. Epicutaneously sensitized mice produced OVA-specific IgE and developed IgE-dependent anaphylaxis after oral challenge. Basophil-depleted or TSLP–receptor-deficient mice did not produce OVA-specific IgE and were protected from oral challenge-induced anaphylaxis. IL-33-deficient mice produced normal levels of OVA-specific IgE. However, IL-33-deficient mice and mice treated with recombinant soluble IL-33 receptor were protected from anaphylaxis. Thus, basophils and TSLP have pivotal roles in Th2 development in the skin during the sensitization phase of food allergy. In contrast, while IL-33 is dispensable for promoting cutaneous antigen sensitization, the cytokine is essential for inducing IgE-dependent anaphylaxis in the gut.
Fulvimonas yonginensis sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil, and emended description of the genus Fulvimonas
Authors: Ahn Jae-Hyung , Kim Soo-Jin , Weon Hang-Yeon , Hong Seung-Beom , Seok Soon-Ja , Kwon Soon-Wo
Published: May 2014

A novel strain, designated 5GHs31-2T, was isolated from a greenhouse soil sample collected from Yongin city, South Korea. Cells of strain 5GHs31-2T were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, polar flagellated and yellow-pigmented. The isolate was aerobic, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive and grew optimally at 28–30 °C and pH 7.0. Strain 5GHs31-2T revealed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with

Fulvimonas soli

LMG 19981T (97.6 %),

Dyella thiooxydans

ATSB10T (97.5 %) and

Frateuria terrea

VA24T (97.4 %). Furthermore, the neighbour-joining tree showed that strain 5GHs31-2T was a representative of a member of the genus

Fulvimonas

. Strain 5GHs31-2T contained iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 as the major fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an aminolipid as the main polar lipids and Q-8 as the predominant quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content of 5GHs31-2T was 73.0 mol%. According to DNA–DNA hybridization experiments, DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain 5GHs31-2T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 70 %. Based on the taxonomic data, strain 5GHs31-2T represents a novel species of the genus

Fulvimonas

, for which the name Fulvimonas yonginensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GHs31-2T ( = KACC 16952T = DSM 28344T).
Transcriptional regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis hupB gene expression
Authors: Pandey Satya Deo , Choudhury Mitali , Sritharan Manjula
Published: May 2014

The influence of iron levels on the transcription of thehupBgene inMycobacterium tuberculosisis the focus of this study. Studies in our laboratory showed HupB to be co-expressed with the two siderophores in low-iron organisms. Mycobactin biosynthesis is repressed by the IdeR–Fe2+complex that binds the IdeR box in thembtBpromoter. Recently, we demonstrated the positive regulatory effect of HupB on mycobactin biosynthesis by demonstrating its binding to a 10 bp HupB box in thembtBpromoter. Earlier, we observed that HupB, expressed maximally in low-iron media (0.02 µg Fe ml−1; 0.36 µM Fe) was still detectable at 8 µg Fe ml−1(144 µM Fe) when the siderophores were absent and complete repression was seen only at 12 µg Fe ml−1(216 µM Fe). In this study, we observed elevated levels ofhupBtranscripts in iron-limited organisms. IdeR, and not FurA, functioned as the iron regulator, by binding to two IdeR boxes in thehupBpromoter. Interestingly, the 10 bp HupB box, first reported in thembtBpromoter, was identified in thehupBpromoter. Using DNA footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrated the functionality of the HupB box and the two IdeR boxes. The highhupBtranscript levels expressed by the organism and thein vitroprotein–DNA interaction studies led us to hypothesize the sequence of events occurring in response to changes in the intracellular iron concentration, emphasizing the roles played by IdeR and HupB in iron homeostasis.
Human genomic regions with exceptionally high or low levels of population differentiation identified from 911 whole-genome sequences
Authors: Colonna Vincenza , Ayub Qasim , Chen Yuan , Pagani Luca , Luisi Pierre , Pybus Marc , Garrison Erik , Xue Yali , Tyler-Smith Chris ,   The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium
Published: May 2014

Background

Population differentiation has proved to be effective for identifying loci under geographically-localized positive selection, and has the potential to identify loci subject to balancing selection. We have previously investigated the pattern of genetic differentiation among human populations at 36.8 million genomic variants to identify sites in the genome showing high frequency differences. Here, we extend this dataset to include additional variants, survey sites with low levels of differentiation, and evaluate the extent to which highly differentiated sites are likely to result from selective or other processes.

Results

We demonstrate that while sites of low differentiation represent sampling effects rather than balancing selection, sites showing extremely high population differentiation are enriched for positive selection events and that one half may be the result of classic selective sweeps. Among these, we rediscover known examples, where we actually identify the established functional SNP, and discover novel examples including the genesABCA12,CALD1andZNF804, which we speculate may be linked to adaptations in skin, calcium metabolism and defense, respectively.

Conclusions

We have identified known and many novel candidate regions for geographically restricted positive selection, and suggest several directions for further research.
Differential stoichiometry among core ribosomal proteins
Authors: Slavov Nikolai , Semrau Stefan , Airoldi Edoardo , Budnik Bogdan , van Oudenaarden Alexander
Published: May 2014

Understanding the regulation and structure of ribosomes is essential to understanding protein synthesis and its dysregulation in disease. While ribosomes are believed to have a fixed stoichiometry among their core ribosomal proteins (RPs), some experiments suggest a more variable composition. Testing such variability requires direct and precise quantification of RPs. We used mass-spectrometry to directly quantify RPs across monosomes and polysomes of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and budding yeast. Our data show that the stoichiometry among core RPs in wild-type yeast cells and ESC depends both on the growth conditions and on the number of ribosomes bound per mRNA. Furthermore, we find that the fitness of cells with a deleted RP-gene is inversely proportional to the enrichment of the corresponding RP in polysomes. Together, our findings support the existence of ribosomes with distinct protein composition and physiological function.
The wingspan of mathematical crystallography
Authors: Nespolo Massimo , McColm Gregory
Published: May 2014

The resurgence in mathematical crystallography motivated the formation of the IUCr Commission on Mathematical Crystallography, as well as this virtual special issue ofActa Crystallographica Section A. This foreword describes some of the current activities of the Commission and introduces the articles in the special issue.
Paraneoplastic polyarteritis nodosa with cerebral masses: case report and literature review
Authors: Veitch David , Tsai Ted , Watson Shaun , Joshua Fredrick
Published: May 2014

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) as a paraneoplastic vasculitis is rarely described, especially in association with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Furthermore, only 5% of all PAN patients have central nervous system (CNS) involvement, almost exclusively in the form of cerebral infarction or intracerebral haemorrhage. We report the first case of PAN with multiple immunosuppressant‐responsive, cerebral vasculitic lesions in association with metastatic SCC.
Spatial differences and temporal changes in illicit drug use in Europe quantified by wastewater analysis
Authors: Ort Christoph , van Nuijs Alexander L. N. , Berset Jean‐Daniel , Bijlsma Lubertus , Castiglioni Sara , Covaci Adrian , de Voogt Pim , Emke Erik , Fatta‐Kassinos Despo , Griffiths Paul , Hernández Félix , González‐Mariño Iria , Grabic Roman , Kasprzyk‐Hordern Barbara , Mastroianni Nicola , Meierjohann Axel , Nefau Thomas , Östman Marcus , Pico Yolanda , Racamonde Ines , Reid Malcolm , Slobodnik Jaroslav , Terzic Senka , Thomaidis Nikolaos , Thomas Kevin V.
Published: May 2014

Aims

To perform wastewater analyses to assess spatial differences and temporal changes of illicit drug use in a large European population.

Design

Analyses of raw wastewater over a 1‐week period in 2012 and 2013.

Setting and Participants

Catchment areas of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across Europe, as follows: 2012: 25 WWTPs in 11 countries (23 cities, total population 11.50 million); 2013: 47 WWTPs in 21 countries (42 cities, total population 24.74 million).

Measurements

Excretion products of five illicit drugs (cocaine, amphetamine, ecstasy, methamphetamine, cannabis) were quantified in wastewater samples using methods based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.

Findings

Spatial differences were assessed and confirmed to vary greatly across European metropolitan areas. In general, results were in agreement with traditional surveillance data, where available. While temporal changes were substantial in individual cities and years (P ranging from insignificant to <10−3), overall means were relatively stable. The overall mean of methamphetamine was an exception (apparent decline in 2012), as it was influenced mainly by four cities.

Conclusions

Wastewater analysis performed across Europe provides complementary evidence on illicit drug consumption and generally concurs with traditional surveillance data. Wastewater analysis can measure total illicit drug use more quickly and regularly than is the current norm for national surveys, and creates estimates where such data does not exist.
Anaphylaxis: an update for dental practitioners
Authors: Maher NG , de Looze J , Hoffman GR
Published: May 2014

Anaphylaxis is an acutely presenting life‐threatening medical emergency. Surveys indicate that dentists feel inadequately able to recognize and treat anaphylaxis. This paper reviews the terminology and pathophysiology of anaphylaxis, and describes the recognition and initial management of anaphylaxis for dentists. Dentists should be able to administer intramuscular adrenaline during anaphylaxis at the appropriate dose. The role of further medical care is also explained. Six cases of anaphylaxis arising from dental oral maxillofacial surgery practice are discussed.
After hours presentation of traumatic dental injuries to a major paediatric teaching hospital
Authors: Warren M , Widmer R , Arora M , Hibbert S
Published: May 2014

Background

Thorough record taking of traumatic dental injuries is vital. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a structured paper history for this purpose. Furthermore, the aetiology and epidemiology of these injuries were investigated, with the aim of formulating appropriate preventive guidelines.

Methods

A six‐month audit of traumatic dental injuries presenting after hours was undertaken at The Children's Hospital at Westmead. A structured paper history form was subsequently created, and the data collected over the following 12 months.

Results

Structured paper histories assisted in thorough record taking. Over 12 months, 190 paediatric patients (male:female ratio 1.5:1) were treated after hours with traumatic dental injuries. There were 396 injured teeth among 182 patients (eight patients had soft tissue injuries only). The mean number of injured teeth per patient with dental injuries was 2.18, the vast majority being maxillary central incisors (62% of primary teeth and 66% of permanent teeth). The most common cause was ‘accident during play’, followed by a fall. The severe injuries, avulsions and luxations, comprised 63% of injuries to primary teeth and 26% to permanent teeth.

Conclusions

Structured paper histories are useful for recording traumatic dental injuries. The vast majority of these injuries are due to unavoidable accidents, rendering their prevention challenging from a public health perspective.
Effect of dentine conditioning on adhesion of resin‐modified glass ionomer adhesives
Authors: Hamama HH , Burrow MF , Yiu C
Published: May 2014

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of phosphoric acid as a surface treatment compared to traditional conditioning agents to dentine bonded with resin‐modified glass ionomer (RMGIC) adhesives.

Methods

Forty human molars were utilized in microtensile bond strength testing, while another 16 were used for evaluation of the bonded interface with scanning electron microscopy. Three RMGIC adhesives were evaluated: Fuji Bond LC (GC Corp); Riva Bond LC (SDI Ltd); and Ketac N100 (3M‐ESPE). Surface treatments were 37% phosphoric acid (5 s) or 25–30% polyacrylic acid (PAA) (10 s), or the manufacturer's method – Fuji Bond LC: Cavity Conditioner (20% PAA + 3% AlCl3 10 s) or Ketac N100 primer: Ketac Nano priming agent (15 s). Teeth were finished with 600‐grit SiC paper, surfaces treated and bonded with RMGIC adhesive and stored in distilled water for 24 h then subjected to microtensile bond strength testing.

Results

Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed adhesion was affected by the ‘type of RMGIC adhesive’ and ‘method of dentine surface treatment’ (p < 0.05). The microtensile bond strength of Ketac N100 primer groups was lower than Fuji Bond LC and Riva Bond LC (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

For RMGIC adhesives a brief etch with phosphoric acid does not adversely effect short‐term bond strengths, but is no better than traditional conditioning with PAA.
A multidisciplinary intervention programme has positive effects on quality of life in overweight and obese preschool children
Authors: Bocca G , Kuitert MWB , Sauer PJJ , Stolk RP , Flapper BC , Corpeleijn E
Published: May 2014

Aim

Up to 18.1% of Dutch children aged 3–5 are overweight and up to 3.3% are obese, with higher levels in girls. This study assessed the effect of a multidisciplinary intervention programme on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in this patient group.

Methods

We randomised 75 children to a multidisciplinary intervention, comprising dietary advice, exercise sessions and psychological counselling for parents or the standard care programme, providing healthy lifestyle advice. The parents completed quality of life and child health questionnaires at baseline and after 16 weeks and 12 months.

Results

At 16 weeks, children in the intervention group experienced more bodily pain and less mental health than the standard care group, but at 12 months, this difference disappeared and they showed a more positive change in HRQoL than the standard care group, especially for the physical domain. When we combined both groups, a decreased BMIz‐score over 12 months was associated with increased global health and reduced visceral fat correlated with increased general health.

Conclusion

At 12 months, a multidisciplinary intervention programme for overweight and obese children aged 3–5 years had beneficial effects on HRQoL, especially for the physical domain. Reduced obesity parameters correlated with several increased HRQoL parameters.
Visual Analysis of Trajectories in Multi‐Dimensional State Spaces
Authors: Grottel S. , Heinrich J. , Weiskopf D. , Gumhold S.
Published: May 2014

Multi‐dimensional data originate from many different sources and are relevant for many applications. One specific sub‐type of such data is continuous trajectory data in multi‐dimensional state spaces of complex systems. We adapt the concept of spatially continuous scatterplots and spatially continuous parallel coordinate plots to such trajectory data, leading to continuous‐time scatterplots and continuous‐time parallel coordinates. Together with a temporal heat map representation, we design coordinated views for visual analysis and interactive exploration. We demonstrate the usefulness of our visualization approach for three case studies that cover examples of complex dynamic systems: cyber‐physical systems consisting of heterogeneous sensors and actuators networks (the collection of time‐dependent sensor network data of an exemplary smart home environment), the dynamics of robot arm movement and motion characteristics of humanoids.
Predictive factors for quality of life after tonsillectomy among adults with recurrent pharyngitis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Koskenkorva T. , Koivunen P. , Läärä E. , Alho O.‐P.
Published: May 2014

Objectives

To assess health‐related quality of life (QoL) and clinical factors predicting it after tonsillectomy among adult patients with recurrent pharyngitis.

Design

Prospective cohort design.

Setting

Tertiary referral centre.

Participants

Adults (n = 153) who underwent tonsillectomy for recurrent pharyngitis.

Main outcome measures

QoL 6 months after tonsillectomy measured by the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI). Factors predicting high postoperative QoL were sought using multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

Of the 142 patients (93% of all eligible) responding to the GBI questionnaire, 94 (66%) were female; median age was 26 years (range 14–65). GBI Total Scores varied markedly (range −19 to +69), but on average showed improvement (median +27, interquartile range 18–36), most evidently in the GBI Physical Health Score (median +83), after tonsillectomy. Among routinely recorded clinical characteristics, the number of prior pharyngitis episodes, frequent throat pain, untreated dental caries and chronically infected tonsils made up the optimal subset of factors for predicting the GBI Total Score. However, in a random sample of patients (n = 56) for whom preoperative diary‐based data were also available, somewhat better predictive ability was achieved based on just two diary items: number of days with throat pain and with fever during the preceding few months (correlation coefficient, r, between observed and fitted scores improved from 0.39 to 0.55). Yet, the precision of even these predictions was still quite low.

Conclusions

Adult patients with recurrent pharyngitis were on average satisfied after tonsillectomy, regardless of the aetiology of the episodes. Clinical factors rather modestly predicted which patients benefited most from the operation.
Clinical correlates of distorted auditory perception in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Morenz Rachel , Woolverton Cindy , Frost R. Brock , Kiewel Nicole A. , Breitborde Nicholas J.K.
Published: May 2014

Aim

Auditory hallucinations are hypothesized to be based in distorted sensory perceptions, with increasingly distorted perceptions of reality possibly prompting the first psychotic phase of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Our goal was to examine the association between distorted auditory perceptions and psychotic symptomatology, social functioning and quality of life among individuals with first‐episode psychosis.

Methods

Forty individuals with first‐episode psychosis completed assessments of distorted auditory perception, psychotic symptomatology, social functioning and quality of life.

Results

Both negative (greater symptomatology) and positive clinical correlates (better quality of life) were associated with greater distorted auditory perceptions.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that distorted auditory perceptions are associated with both positive and negative clinical correlates among individuals with first‐episode psychosis. These results highlight the potential clinical importance of balancing the goal of symptomatic reduction with the need to maintain healthy coping strategies that may be biologically and psychologically entwined with the symptoms of psychosis, themselves.
T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis of sequential biopsies in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas with the Biomed‐2 PCR reveals transient T‐cell clones in addition to the tumor clone
Authors: Humme Daniel , Lukowsky Ansgar , Gierisch Maria , Haider Ahmed , Vandersee Staffan , Assaf Chalid , Sterry Wolfram , Möbs Markus , Beyer Marc
Published: May 2014

Detection of a dominant T‐cell clone by T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement analysis is often essential for the diagnosis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL). The occurrence of T‐cell clones in addition to the diagnostic T‐cell clone during the course of CTCL has been reported, but the data of these studies have been contradictory. We retrospectively evaluated the data of 114 lesional skin biopsies from 26 patients with Mycosis fungoides and two patients with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, which were analysed with the standardized Biomed‐2 PCR for the TCRγ and TCRβ locus. A dominant T‐cell clone was repetitively detected in 93% (26/28) of patients. Additional T‐cell clones appeared temporarily in 39% (11/28) of patients. Correlation with the clinical data did not show an association of the presence of additional T‐cell clones with age, number of treatments, progression of disease or survival. Our findings demonstrate that a persistent T‐cell clone, most likely the disease causing tumor clone, is detectable in almost all CTCL patients. In addition, transiently appearing T‐cell clones frequently occur during the course of disease. The biological relevance of these additional clones has still to be determined. However, it is important to take the possibility of additional T‐cell clones into account for diagnostic analyses.
Hidden in plain sight: spike‐wave discharges in mouse inbred strains
Authors: Letts V. A. , Beyer B. J. , Frankel W. N.
Published: May 2014

Twenty‐seven inbred strains of mice were tested for spike‐wave discharge (SWD) activity by video‐electroencephalographic recordings over a 24‐h recording period. Eight strains had reproducible, frequent SWDs, including five strains (C57BLKS/J, CBA/J, DBA/1J, NOR/LtJ, SM/J) previously undiagnosed for this distinctive phenotype. Eighteen other strains exhibited no such activity. Spike‐wave discharges usually occurred while the subject was motionless, and in a significant number of annotated instances coincided with an arrest of the subject's relatively unrestrained locomotor activity, which resumed immediately after the discharge ended. In all five new strains, SWDs were suppressed by ethosuximide administration. From the genealogy of inbred strains, we suggest that two ancestors, A and DBA, transmitted genotypes required for SWD in all positive strains. Together these strains with SWDs provide new opportunities to understand the genetic core susceptibility of this distinctive electroencephalographic activity and to explore its relationship to absence epilepsy, a human disorder for which few genes are known.
An analysis of the digital literacy of people with disabilities in Korea: verification of a moderating effect of gender, education and age
Authors: Park Eun‐Young , Nam Su‐Jung
Published: May 2014

This study compares the digital literacy of people with and without disabilities in Korea, using data from the 2011 Information Divide Index Data of the National Information Society Agency (NIA). We extracted Internet and smart device users from the NIA samples and examined the main effects of disability, gender and age, as well as their interaction effects on Internet and smart device use and production literacy. Of the 1500 public individuals examined, 1190 (79.3%) were Internet users and 535 (35.7%) were smart device users. Of the 5300 with disabilities, 2110 (63.9%) were Internet users and 324 (8.8%) were smart device users. Generalized linear modelling showed significant main effects of disability, gender, age and education on Internet use and production literacy. The disability × age and disability × education interaction effects on Internet use literacy were statistically significant. We also observed a significant disability × age interaction effect on Internet production literacy. However, the main and interaction effects of disability, gender and education on smart device use and production literacy were not significant.
Metastatic breast cancer in young women: a population‐based cohort study to describe risk and prognosis
Authors: Tjokrowidjaja A. , Lee C. K. , Houssami N. , Lord S.
Published: May 2014

Background

There is limited information on the risk of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) to inform younger women, particularly those under 40 years.

Aims

We conducted a retrospective analysis of a population‐based cohort study to describe the risk, site and prognosis of MBC in young women under 40 years with an initial diagnosis of non‐metastatic breast cancer and compared with older women.

Methods

Data were extracted from the New South Wales Central Cancer Registry and the Admitted Patient Data Collection database between 2001–2007. Main outcome measures were 5‐year cumulative incidence of MBC, prognostic factors for MBC and overall survival (OS) from the date of MBC diagnosis.

Results

Three hundred and ninety‐five (6%) of 6640 women with non‐metastatic BC were <40 years. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of MBC was 24% (95% CI 20–29%) for women <40 years with non‐metastatic BC, compared with 9% (95% CI 9–10%) for women ≥40 years. Significant independent risk factors for MBC ≤ 5 years were age <40, regional disease at diagnosis, low socioeconomic status and the presence of other non‐breast primary. At first record of MBC, visceral sites were more common for women <40 years than ≥40 (54% vs 43%; P = 0.03). Median survival for women with MBC within 5 years was not significantly different between young and older women (<40 years 18 months vs ≥40 years 14 months; log–rank P = 0.21).

Conclusions

Women with non‐metastatic BC before age 40 have a higher 5‐year risk of developing MBC than older women. There were no significant differences in median survival following MBC between young and older women.
A new pollinating seed‐consuming mutualism between Rheum nobile and a fly fungus gnat, Bradysia sp., involving pollinator attraction by a specific floral compound
Authors: Song Bo , Chen Gao , Stöcklin Jürg , Peng De‐Li , Niu Yang , Li Zhi‐Min , Sun Hang
Published: May 2014

Pollinating seed‐consuming mutualisms are regarded as exemplary models for studying coevolution, but they are extremely rare. In these systems, olfactory cues have been thought to play an important role in facilitating encounters between partners. We present a new pollinating seed‐consuming mutualism from the high Himalayas between the endemic herb, Rheum nobile, and a fly fungus gnat, Bradysia sp.

Seed production resulting from pollination by Bradysia flies and seed consumption by their larvae were measured to determine the outcome of this interaction. Floral scent analyses and behavioural tests were conducted to investigate the role of olfactory cues in pollinator attraction.

Rheum nobile is self‐compatible, but it depends mainly on Bradysia sp. females for pollination. Seed production resulting from pollination by adult flies is substantially higher than subsequent seed consumption by their larvae. Behavioural tests showed that an unusual floral compound, 2‐methyl butyric acid methyl ester, emitted by plants only during anthesis, was attractive to female flies.

Our results indicate that the R. nobile–Bradysia sp. interaction represents a new pollinating seed‐consuming mutualism, and that a single unusual compound is the specific signal in the floral scent of R. nobile that plays a key role in attracting its pollinator.
New Advances in Protection Against Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Textiles for Summer Clothing
Authors: Aguilera José , de Gálvez María Victoria , Sánchez‐Roldán Cristina , Herrera‐Ceballos Enrique
Published: May 2014

Clothing is considered one of the most important tools for photoprotection against harmful solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The standard for sun‐protective clothing is based on erythema despite other biological effects ofUVRon the skin. We analyzed the potential protection againstUVRin fabrics destined for summer clothing based on several action spectra. We examined 50 garments classified by type of fabric composition, structure of the fiber yarn and color. The ultraviolet protection factor was calculated based on fabric ultraviolet transmittance corrected for erythema according to theEUstandard E‐13758 as well as theUVAtransmittance of fabrics.UVRprotection was also analyzed in base of different action spectra as for previtamin D3, nonmelanoma skin cancer, photoimmunosuppression and photoaging. Most knitted fabrics used for sports T‐shirts offered excellent ratings for ultraviolet protection while normal shirts showed very low ratings, particularly against photoaging. The cover is the most influential variable in fabric photoprotection, having an exponential relationship with theUPF. The relation between cover andUVAprotection was linearly negative. Information about ultraviolet protection in textiles used for summer clothing should be included in labeling as some types of fabrics, especially those used for shirts, offer very lowUVRprotection.
Higher Order Response-Adaptive Urn Designs for Clinical Trials with Highly Successful Treatments
Authors: Ivanova Anastasia , Hoberman Steven
Published: May 2014

We consider a problem of reducing the expected number of treatment failures in trials where the probability of response to treatment is close to 1 and treatments are compared on the basis of the log-odds ratio. We propose a new class of urn designs for randomization of patients in a clinical trial. The new urn designs target a number of allocation proportions including the allocation proportion that yields the same power as equal allocation but significantly less expected treatment failures. The new design is compared with the doubly adaptive biased coin design, the efficient randomized adaptive design and with equal allocation. The properties of the new class of designs are studied by embedding them in a family of continuous time stochastic processes.
School Choice in London and Paris – A Comparison of Middle‐class Strategies
Authors: Benson Michaela , Bridge Gary , Wilson Deborah
Published: May 2014

Education is one major public service in which quasi‐markets and other choice‐based mechanisms are now established methods of delivery. The types of school people choose, and the extent to which their choices are realized, have a fundamental impact on the outcomes of any mechanism of school choice. In this article, we provide a comparative analysis of the school choice strategies of middle‐class families inLondon andParis. We draw on approximately 200 in‐depth interviews carried out across the two cities. This enables us to investigate the extent to which middle‐class school choice strategies transcend the institutional context provided by both the local (state and private) schools market and national education policy inEngland andFrance. We discuss these findings in the context of current school choice policy and consider their implications for future policy design.