bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Tandem LysC/Trypsin Digestion in Detergent Conditions
Authors: Hakobyan Anna , Schneider Martin Bernd , Liesack Werner , Glatter Timo
Published: September 2019

All shotgun proteomics experiments rely on efficient proteolysis steps for sensitive peptide/protein identification and quantification. Previous reports suggest that the sequential tandem LysC/trypsin digest yields higher recovery of fully tryptic peptides than single‐tryptic proteolysis. Based on the previous studies, it is assumed that the advantageous effect of tandem proteolysis requires a high sample denaturation state for the initial LysC digest. Therefore, to date, all systematic assessments of LysC/trypsin proteolysis are done in chaotropic environments such as urea. Here, sole trypsin is compared with LysC/trypsin and it is shown that tandem digestion can be carried with high efficiency in Mass Spectrometry‐compatible detergents, thereby resulting in higher quantitative yields of fully cleaved peptides. It is further demonstrated that higher cleavage efficiency of tandem digests has a positive impact on absolute protein quantification using intensity‐based absolute quantification (iBAQ) values. The results of the examination of divergent urea tandem conditions imply that beneficial effects of the initial LysC digest do not depend on the sample denaturation state, but, are mainly caused by different target specificities of LysC and trypsin. The observed detergent compatibility enables tandem digestion schemes to be implemented in efficient cellular solubilization proteomics procedures without the need for buffer exchange to chaotropic environments.
Synthesis and Surface Activity of N‐coco Propylene Bis‐guanidine Hydrochloride
Authors: Wang Mengwei , Li Yunling , Wu Zhifang , Li Jun , Wang Zhifei
Published: September 2019

Monoguanidine and biguanidine salts are widely studied and used in various fields because of their excellent properties, but the study of bis‐guanidine surfactants of single carbon chain and double head groups connected with spacer groups is relatively lacking. In this paper, N‐coco propylene bis‐guanidine hydrochloride (CPGH) was synthesized by neutralization reaction and guanidine reaction, the structure of the product was characterized through some means. The surface properties of the product were studied by measuring and calculating the surface tension, contact angle, dynamic surface tension and conductivity. Compared with the same type of dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (G−Cl) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC), CPGH has higher efficiency of reducing surface tension. It is also found that the adsorption and diffusion ability of CPGH is proportional to its concentration. The results of electrical conductivity show that the formation of micelles is spontaneous. By studying the microstructure of CPGH with different concentrations, it is found that the morphology of CPGH is related to the surface charge distribution and concentration of micelles.
Synthesis of 1,4,2‐Oxathiazoles via Norrish Type II Generation of Thiocarbonyls
Authors: Ong Michelle J. H. , Hewitt Russell J.
Published: September 2019

Several previously inaccessible 1,4,2‐oxathiazoles have been prepared by [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitrile oxides and highly reactive thioaldehydes and thioketones. Generated via photolytic cleavage of 2‐phenacyl sulfides (Norrish type II photolytic cleavage), these reactive thiocarbonyls provide a broad library of 1,4,2‐oxathiazole structures which other methods have failed to achieve. We also report the thermal fragmentation of these 1,4,2‐oxathiazoles, in which both fragmentation to nitrile or isothiocyanate may occur. 5H‐1,4,2‐Oxathiazoles have shown to fragment to nitrile even in the absence of base. At elevated temperatures, fragmentation to isothiocyanates occurred in preference to nitriles.
Preparation of Nanostructured Pd‐Fe2O3 Catalyst for C–C Coupling Reaction
Authors: Shukla Astha , Singha Rajib Kumar , Sasaki Takehiko , Prasad V V D N , Bal Rajaram
Published: September 2019

We have synthesized palladium nanoparticles supported iron oxide catalyst by controlled deposition of palladium in presence of triethanolamine and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), where triethanolamine act as mild reducing agent and PVP act as capping agent. Prepared (0.9% Pd‐Fe2O3CD) catalyst showed high activity towards Heck coupling reaction, under mild reaction conditions. Different analytical techniques were systematically employed to characterize the prepared material in order to find the specific surface area, Pd loading, crystal structure, surface morphology, particle size, reducibility behavior, surface chemical state, phase purity and crystallinity, optical property and local environment of active species etc. 0.9% Pd‐Fe2O3CD catalyst showed high activity toward Heck coupling with iodo‐derivatives at room temperature in solvent‐free reaction conditions and prevented the leaching of active species, during catalysis. The catalyst possessed strong metal‐support interaction due to smaller Pd nanoparticles (2‐12 nm) and maintained its heterogeneous nature during recycling experiments.
Effects of Nitrogen Rates on the Physicochemical Properties of Waxy Maize Starch
Authors: Wang Jue , Wen Zhangrong , Fu Pengxiao , Lu Weiping , Lu Dalei
Published: September 2019

Appropriate nitrogen fertilization is essential for improving grain yield and starch quality, while reducing N fertilizer costs. The starch physicochemical properties of two waxy maize hybrids, namely, Suyunuo5 (SYN5) and Yunuo7 (YN7), under N rates of 0 (zero N application [N0]), 150 (low N rate [LN]), 225 (moderate N rate [MN]), and 300 (high N rate [HN]) kg ha–1 are elucidated. Grain starch content initially increases, peaks at MN, and decreases as N rate is increased. N fertilization reduces the starch granule size of YN7. The starch granule size of SYN5 increases under MN. SYN5 exhibits high short/long amylopectin chain ratios under LN and MN. The short/long amylopectin chain ratio of YN7 is unaffected by MN but is increases by LN and HN. The swelling power of YN7 is similar among different N levels, whereas that of SYN5 increases under N fertilization. N fertilization changes starch pasting and thermal properties. Starch with large granules exhibit high trough, final, and setback viscosities and gelatinization temperatures. Starch with high long‐chain ratios is susceptible to retrogradation. In conclusion, appropriate N application (225 kg ha–1 for SYN5 and 150 kg ha–1 for YN7) favors starch accumulation, and starch has high viscosity and low retrogradation tendency.
Facilitator and Peer Support in Collaborative Curriculum Design
Authors: Anto Arkato Gendole , Coenders Fer
Published: September 2019

This study investigated the effects of facilitator and peer support in collaborative curriculum design on English language teachers’ practice and learning of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and their students’ motivation in an Ethiopian university. The support had promising effects on teaching practice, student motivation, and CLT knowledge and beliefs of teachers in both support groups. Quantitative data analyses showed that teachers supported by peers had significantly better gains in their general CLT practice, but qualitative data analysis showed more comparable teacher learning gains across the two support groups. The study supported the conclusion that professional development in which teachers are supported by peers or facilitators in enacting innovative teaching practices seems promising.
Fostering the Sustainability and Scalability of Curriculum Innovations Through Collaborative Design
Authors: Bakah Marie A. B. , Nihuka Kassimu A. , Anto Arkato Gendole
Published: September 2019

The three studies reported in this chapter seek the perspectives of teachers and school leaders on the sustainability of design teams in higher education. The first study pertains to the sustainability and scalability of teacher design teams in Ghana’s polytechnics. The second study investigated opportunities and challenges for large-scale implementation of e-learning by providing professional development for instructors through collaborative design at the Open University of Tanzania. Finally, the third study reports on the continued use of core elements of a collaborative professional development program for communicative language in Ethiopia. Data were collected among teachers who participated in design teams, non-participating teachers and management, between 6 and 18 months after the first implementation of teacher design teams. The findings of the three studies are presented. Opportunities for sustainability and implications of scaling up collaborative curriculum design in teacher design teams as a strategy for professional development and curriculum innovation are described and discussed.
The Need for Curriculum Leadership to Sustain Systematic and Collaborative Curriculum Design Practices
Authors: Albashiry Nabeel
Published: September 2019

The study presented in this chapter is a synthesis of four sub-studies conducted in the context of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and the emergence of community colleges as TVET institutions in Yemen. Academic departments in these institutions, particularly the Heads of Departments (HoDs), are increasingly expected to lead curriculum (re-)design processes. This study elaborates on the concept of curriculum leadership and the competencies needed by HoDs to lead and sustain systematic and collaborative curriculum design activities within their departments. A two-round professional development arrangement was designed and implemented to support HoDs in achieving these expectations. The findings of the study are presented and implications for practice discussed.
Continuation of Collaborative Curriculum Design Outcomes: Teachers’ Transfer of Teaching with Technology
Authors: Agyei Douglas D. , Kafyulilo Ayoub
Published: September 2019

The focus of most professional development projects is on achieving effects that will continue some years after the project’s termination. However, such effects are not often studied. The two studies reported in this chapter were conducted to investigate the extent to which pre-service and in-service teachers continued to use technology in their teaching after the professional development arrangement had ended. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge as a conceptual framework informed the content of the professional development program, while Learning Technology by Design shaped its approach. The findings of the two studies show that (pre-service) teachers contended that their participation in the professional development arrangement had broadened their view on teaching with technology; however, for (pre-service) teachers to understand and develop knowledge and skills related to TPACK in a valid and reliable way, it is important for them to focus on a specific content as well as a specific pedagogical approach in which a specific technology can be integrated. Continued use of technology was challenged by aspects of curriculum as well as the school context and culture. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Co-design as Infrastructuring with Attention to Power: Building Collective Capacity for Equitable Teaching and Learning Through Design-Based Implementation Research
Authors: Penuel William R.
Published: September 2019

This chapter integrates insights from earlier chapters in this volume by naming ways how co-design can support building collective capacity in educational systems for equitable change. By targeting infrastructure rather than innovations in isolation, co-design with teachers has the potential to bring about more coherent guidance for teachers and more equitable learning opportunities for students. Infrastructuring requires a shift in goals from supporting teacher learning to democratizing innovation and from sustaining particular curricular programs and interventions to building capacity to design and test solutions to emergent problems of practice. Design-Based Implementation Research (DBIR), an integrative approach to organizing research and development teams within long-term research-practice partnerships, provides a useful framework for infrastructuring efforts within large educational systems.
Improving Student Internship Through Collaborative Curriculum Design: Needs and Context Analysis to Inform the Design Process
Authors: Akomaning Edward
Published: September 2019

The main aim of the study reported in this chapter was to contribute to an improved curriculum for student internship through the involvement of major stakeholders (teachers, industry and students) in the collaborative design of curriculum materials. This chapter focuses on a needs analysis that was carried out to analyse the stakeholders’ perceptions of the links between the tertiary educational institutions and the hospitality industry. The results of the needs analysis informed the design team and served as a first step in the design process.
Identifying Needs for Support to Enhance Teachers’ Curriculum Design Expertise
Authors: Huizinga Tjark , Nieveen Nienke , Handelzalts Adam
Published: September 2019

Teachers’ understanding of curriculum reform and their ownership regarding the reform are expected to be promoted by having them fulfil the role of designer. However, despite these positive expectations about teachers who take an active designer role, several studies have shown that teachers lack the knowledge and skills needed for proper curriculum design. The assumption underlying the study reported in this chapter is that teachers need support during collaborative design in order to enhance their curriculum design expertise. This chapter presents and discusses the support offered to promote teachers’ curriculum design expertise during a collaborative curriculum design project conducted within the frame of a national reform in the Netherlands.
Autoimmune Enzephalitiden – diagnostischer und therapeutischer Entscheidungsbaum aus psychiatrischer, neurologischer und ethisch-juristischer Sicht
Authors: Prüß Harald , Köhler Stephan , Müller Sabine
Published: September 2019

Bei einem nicht einwilligungsfähigen Patienten mit schwerer psychischer Störung besteht zwar häufig die Notwendigkeit einer raschen Diagnostik und Therapie, das Symptombild führt jedoch nicht selten zu einer Ablehnung solcher Maßnahmen. In der täglichen Praxis stellt sich dann die Frage, inwieweit der geäußerte Wille des Patienten die Behandlungsschritte vorgibt oder ob eine Entscheidung gegen den Willen des Patienten medizinisch sinnvoll, ethisch vertretbar oder sogar geboten und rechtlich zulässig ist. Autoimmune Enzephalitiden – wie die N‑Methyl-D-Aspartat-Rezeptor(NMDAR)-Enzephalitis – sind aufgrund ihrer relativen Häufigkeit, vielgestaltigen Symptomatik und guten Therapierbarkeit neuerdings wichtige Differenzialdiagnosen, da die zugrunde liegenden Autoantikörper besonders häufig zu organischen Psychosen führen. Am Beispiel eines komplexen Falles einer Patientin mit im Verlauf gesicherter NMDAR-Enzephalitis erläutern wir die praxisrelevanten ethisch-juristischen Abwägungen von der initialen invasiven Diagnostik bis zur Unterbringung und Zwangsbehandlung. Die Bewertung soll konkrete Hilfestellungen geben, die Autonomie des Patienten zu respektieren, potenzielle Widersprüche zwischen dem freien Willen und dem geäußerten Willen zu ermessen, individuelle ärztliche Überzeugungen (hinsichtlich Autonomiefähigkeit und Zwangsbehandlung) anhand der Rechtslage zu überprüfen, die Indikation für eine vorübergehende Behandlung gegen den natürlichen Willen zu stellen, Analogien zu anderen schweren Hirnerkrankungen herzustellen und erfolgreich gegenüber dem Betreuungsgericht zu argumentieren.
Identification of clusters in multifocal electrophysiology recordings to maximize discriminant capacity (patients vs. control subjects)
Authors: del Castillo M. Ortiz , Cordón B. , Sánchez Morla E. M. , Vilades E. , Rodrigo M. J. , Cavaliere C. , Boquete L. , Garcia-Martin E.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To propose a new method of identifying clusters in multifocal electrophysiology (multifocal electroretinogram: mfERG; multifocal visual-evoked potential: mfVEP) that conserve the maximum capacity to discriminate between patients and control subjects.

Methods

The theoretical framework proposed creates arbitrary N-size clusters of sectors. The capacity to discriminate between patients and control subjects is assessed by analysing the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC). As proof of concept, the method is validated using mfERG recordings taken from both eyes of control subjects (n = 6) and from patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 15).

Results

Considering the amplitude of wave P1 as the analysis parameter, the maximum value of AUC = 0.7042 is obtained with N = 9 sectors. Taking into account the AUC of the amplitudes and latencies of waves N1 and P1, the maximum value of the AUC = 0.6917 with N = 8 clustered sectors. The greatest discriminant capacity is obtained by analysing the latency of wave P1: AUC = 0.8854 with a cluster of N = 12 sectors.

Conclusion

This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of a method able to determine the arbitrary clustering of multifocal responses that possesses the greatest capacity to discriminate between control subjects and patients when applied to the visual field of mfERG or mfVEP recordings. The method may prove helpful in diagnosing any disease that is identifiable in patients’ mfERG or mfVEP recordings and is extensible to other clinical tests, such as optical coherence tomography.
Neutral Predication
Authors: Hodgson Thomas
Published: September 2019

Hanks has defended a novel account of what propositions are. His key argument against Soames' rival view is that predication is not neutral. According to Hanks, predication is essentially committal. I show that Hanks' argument for this conclusion raises problems for his own account of questions and orders.
Measuring Vulnerability to Multidimensional Poverty
Authors: Gallardo Mauricio
Published: September 2019

A method to measure vulnerability to multidimensional poverty is proposed under a mean–risk behaviour approach. We extend the unidimensional downside mean–semideviation measurement of vulnerability to poverty towards the multidimensional space by incorporating this approach into Alkire and Foster’s multidimensional counting framework. The new approach is called the vulnerability to multidimensional poverty index (VMPI), alluding to the fact that it can be used to assess vulnerability to poverty measured by the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The proposed family of vulnerability indicators can be estimated using cross-sectional data and can include both binary and metric welfare indicators. It is flexible enough to be applied for measuring vulnerability in a wide range of MPI designs, including the Global MPI. An empirical application of the VMPI and its related indicators is illustrated using the official MPI of Chile as the reference poverty measurement. The estimates are performed using the National Socioeconomic Characterisation Survey (CASEN) for the year 2017.
On a Certain Space of Centrally Symmetric Polyhedra Which is a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space
Authors: Tutaj Edward
Published: September 2019

In this paper a certain unitary space will be constructed. The elements of this space can be interpreted as a special type of three dimensional (n-dimensional) polyhedra. Among them one may find, besides the cube, also such elegant mathematical objects as for example the truncated cuboctahedron or the truncated icosidodecahedron. This unitary space, after completion, will turn out to be a reproducing kernel Hilbert space.
Significance, diagnosis and treatment of lateral lymph nodes in rectal cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Gulevski Stephanie , Russell Marcia M. , Buchwald Pamela
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Patients with low rectal cancer are at risk for lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM). Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is used to eradicate LLNM in the West, whereas in Japan the addition of lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) to total mesorectal excision (TME) is performed. A systematic review was conducted to assess incidence, location, risk factors and diagnosis of LLNM and lateral lymph node (LLN) treatment outcomes.

Method:

The Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for English-language articles pertaining to LLNs in rectal cancer.

Results:

242 studies were identified and 15 prospective studies selected for qualitative analysis. LLNM was detected in 7–40% of patients who underwent LLND, and lower incidence occurred in patients without preoperative suspicion of LLNM. LLNs located along the middle rectal artery were most common. LLNM was associated with female sex, advanced T stage and positive mesorectal nodes. LLN short-axis diameter of ≥10 mm on preoperative imaging appeared to predict LLNM after neoadjuvant CRT. The addition of LLND to TME seemed to decrease LR and improve survival rates, with comparable results seen for CRT. LLND appeared to be associated with longer operation time, greater blood loss and increased risk of sexual and urinary dysfunction.

Conclusion:

LLND could be advantageous for patients with suspected LLNM, but associated morbidities need to be considered. Further studies are needed to improve preoperative identification of LLNs and to determine how to manage persistent enlarged LLNs after CRT. Furthermore, the applicability of LLND in a Western population needs to be investigated.

Highlights:
Energizing Finance: The Energy Crisis, Oil Futures, and Neoliberal Narratives
Authors: WELLUM CALEB
Published: September 2019

This article examines the origins and development of oil futures trading in the United States to demonstrate the important role that energy concerns played in the financialization of the U.S. economy in the 1970s and 1980s. The article contextualizes the emergence of oil futures contracts by narrating the longer history of U.S. futures markets and financialization. It also explores the halting development of oil futures contracts, and analyzes the three kinds of legitimating narratives that accompanied oil futures trading: reason, the primacy of price, and power. As a whole, the article argues that energy crisis discourse contributed significantly to the financialization of the U.S. economy by framing futures markets as the only viable solution to the energy crisis. The much-celebrated oil futures contracts on the New York Mercantile Exchange supported and marked the emergent power of financial thinking as the United States entered a neoliberal era.
Nursing preference for alcohol-based hand rub volume
Authors: Martinello Richard A. , Arbogast James W. , Guercia Kerri , Parker Albert E. , Boyce John M.
Published: September 2019

Background:

The effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) is correlated with drying time, which depends on the volume applied. Evidence suggests that there is considerable variation in the amount of ABHR used by healthcare providers.

Objective:

We sought to identify the volume of ABHR preferred for use by nurses.

Methods:

A prospective observation study was performed in 8 units at a tertiary-care hospital. Nurses were provided pocket-sized ABHR bottles with caps to record each bottle opening. Nurses were instructed to use the volume of ABHR they felt was best. The average ABHR volume used per hand hygiene event was calculated using cap data and changes in bottle mass.

Results:

In total, 53 nurses participated and 140 nurse shifts were analyzed. The average ABHR dose was 1.09 mL. This value was greater for non-ICU nurses (1.18 mL) than ICU nurses (0.96 mL), but this difference was not significant. We detected no significant association between hand surface area and preferred average dose volume. The ABHR dose volume was 0.006 mL less per use as the number of applications per shift increased (P = .007).

Conclusions:

The average dose of ABHR used was similar to the dose provided by the hospital’s automated dispensers, which deliver 1.1 mL per dose. The volume of ABHR dose was inversely correlated with the number of applications of ABHR per shift and was not correlated with hand size. Further research to understand differences and drivers of ABHR volume preferences and whether automated ABHR dosing may create a risk for people with larger hands is warranted.
Koopman mode expansions between simple invariant solutions
Authors: Page Jacob , Kerswell Rich R.
Published: September 2019

A Koopman decomposition is a powerful method of analysis for fluid flows leading to an apparently linear description of nonlinear dynamics in which the flow is expressed as a superposition of fixed spatial structures with exponential time dependence. Attempting a Koopman decomposition is simple in practice due to a connection with dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). However, there are non-trivial requirements for the Koopman decomposition and DMD to overlap, which mean it is often difficult to establish whether the latter is truly approximating the former. Here, we focus on nonlinear systems containing multiple simple invariant solutions where it is unclear how to construct a consistent Koopman decomposition, or how DMD might be applied to locate these solutions. First, we derive a Koopman decomposition for a heteroclinic connection in a Stuart–Landau equation revealing two possible expansions. The expansions are centred about the two fixed points of the equation and extend beyond their linear subspaces before breaking down at a cross-over point in state space. Well-designed DMD can extract the two expansions provided that the time window does not contain this cross-over point. We then apply DMD to the Navier–Stokes equations near to a heteroclinic connection in low Reynolds number ($Re=O(100)$) plane Couette flow where there are multiple simple invariant solutions beyond the constant shear basic state. This reveals as many different Koopman decompositions as simple invariant solutions present and once more indicates the existence of cross-over points between the expansions in state space. Again, DMD can extract these expansions only if it does not include a cross-over point. Our results suggest that in a dynamical system possessing multiple simple invariant solutions, there are generically places in phase space – plausibly hypersurfaces delineating the boundary of a local Koopman expansion – across which the dynamics cannot be represented by a convergent Koopman expansion.
Roman History
Authors: Corke-Webster James
Published: September 2019

As I write this, my wife and I are awaiting the imminent arrival of our first child. A natural tendency to find reassurance in research has led me to read a series of modern takes on fatherhood, which have proved of varying value. Imagine my delight, then, whenInfancy and Earliest Childhood in the Roman Worldarrived on my desk. What better source of information? Unsurprisingly,What to Expect When You're Expectingthis is not, though I have noted Soranus’ sage advice not to indulge pregnant women's cravings for charcoal or earth (Gyn.1.15.48; 50). What Maureen Carroll's major new work does offer is the first systematic study of the youngest Romans, those in their first year of life, a topic which – despite the raft of work on the Roman family and life course over the last few decades – still stands in need of a synthesis. As well as evidence-gathering, Carroll's work has a central thesis; that ‘the evidence from archaeology, funerary epigraphy, and material culture marshalled in this study dispels the long-held notion that the very youngest infants were insignificant beings without a social persona whose lives were treated with indifference’ (7). Instead, what Carroll paints is a picture of the first year of life marked by both regular milestones – ‘from the naming day at eight or nine days, the official registration of birth by the thirtieth day, the release from swaddling bands at forty to sixty days, and the beginning of teething at six months, to the achievement of the child's first birthday’ (12) – and ongoing and substantial parental investment.
Counting Sunda clouded leopards with confidence: incorporating individual heterogeneity in density estimates
Authors: Mohamed Azlan , Sollmann Rahel , Wong Seth Timothy , Niedballa Jürgen , Abrams Jesse F. , Kissing Johnny , Wilting Andreas
Published: September 2019

Even with intensive sampling effort, data often remain sparse when estimating population density of elusive species such as the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. An inadequate number of recaptures can make it difficult to account for heterogeneity in detection parameters. We used data from large-scale camera-trapping surveys in three forest reserves in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, to (1) examine whether a high-density camera-trap network increases the number of recaptures for females, which tend to be more difficult to detect, thus improving the accuracy of density estimates; (2) compare density estimates from models incorporating individual heterogeneity in detection parameters with estimates from the null model to evaluate its potential bias; and (3) investigate how the size of the camera-trap grid affects density and movement estimates. We found that individual heterogeneity could not be incorporated in the single-site data analysis and only conservative null model estimates could be generated. However, aggregating data across study sites enabled us to account for individual heterogeneity and we estimated densities of 1.27–2.82 individuals/100 km2, 2–3 times higher than estimates from null models. In light of these findings, it is possible that earlier studies underestimated population density. Similar densities found in well-managed forest and recently selectively logged forest suggest that Sunda clouded leopards are relatively resilient to forest disturbances. Our analysis also revealed that camera-trapping grids for Sunda clouded leopard density estimations should cover large areas (c. 250 km2), although smaller grids could be appropriate if density or detectability are higher.
Brokers of hope: Extractive industries and the dynamics of future-making in post-colonial Greenland
Authors: Sejersen Frank
Published: September 2019

In the ambitious strategy of Greenland to attract foreign companies to engage in extractive industries as a means to create increased national independence the question of minerals emerges as pivotal. The article investigates how two prominent Greenlandic premiers (2009–2014) translated hard rock into soft human welfare in a complex post-colonial context. The article develops the concept of “brokers of hope” which points the analytical attention to the entrepreneurial activities of future- and people-makers in a dense field of indigenous politics. By linking this concept to the idea of “resource materialities” it becomes possible to see resources as relational assemblages that are in a constant state of becoming and also to examine how different engagements with substances can make certain political struggles and political systems legitimate. Furthermore, the article investigates how these “brokers of hope” use the Chinese interests, and ideas of new cooperation with Chinese partners to underpin the intrinsic motivation to create new beginnings and thus to transform existing asymmetrical relations between Denmark and Greenland. This process is conceptualised as “double orientalism”. The article points out how hope and promise in two quite different ways are creatively used to make the future work in the present and how people and nations are made up in that process.
The Maudsley environmental risk score for psychosis
Authors: Vassos Evangelos , Sham Pak , Kempton Matthew , Trotta Antonella , Stilo Simona A. , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Di Forti Marta , Lewis Cathryn M. , Murray Robin M. , Morgan Craig
Published: September 2019

Background

Risk prediction algorithms have long been used in health research and practice (e.g. prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes). However, similar tools have not been developed for mental health. For example, for psychotic disorders, attempts to sum environmental risk are rare, unsystematic and dictated by available data. In light of this, we sought to develop a valid, easy to use measure of the aggregate environmental risk score (ERS) for psychotic disorders.

Methods

We reviewed the literature to identify well-replicated and validated environmental risk factors for psychosis that combine a significant effect and large-enough prevalence. Pooled estimates of relative risks were taken from the largest available meta-analyses. We devised a method of scoring the level of exposure to each risk factor to estimate ERS. Relative risks were rounded as, due to the heterogeneity of the original studies, risk effects are imprecisely measured.

Results

Six risk factors (ethnic minority status, urbanicity, high paternal age, obstetric complications, cannabis use and childhood adversity) were used to generate the ERS. A distribution for different levels of risk based on simulated data showed that most of the population would be at low/moderate risk with a small minority at increased environmental risk for psychosis.

Conclusions

This is the first systematic approach to develop an aggregate measure of environmental risk for psychoses in asymptomatic individuals. This can be used as a continuous measure of liability to disease; mostly relevant to areas where the original studies took place. Its predictive ability will improve with the collection of additional, population-specific data.
Dietary intake of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of postpartum depression: a nationwide longitudinal study – the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS)
Authors: Hamazaki Kei , Matsumura Kenta , Tsuchida Akiko , Kasamatsu Haruka , Tanaka Tomomi , Ito Mika , Inadera Hidekuni ,   the Japan Environment and Children's Study Group
Published: September 2019

Background

Pregnant women require increased levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) due to the demands of the growing fetus. Although some evidence indicates that maternal intake of fish and n-3 PUFAs is associated with reduced risk of postpartum depression, the results are inconsistent.

Methods

We investigated whether dietary consumption of fish and/or n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of maternal postpartum depression at 6 months after delivery and of serious mental illness at 1 year in a Japanese population. After exclusion and multiple imputation from a dataset comprising 103 062 pregnancies obtained in the Japan Environment and Children's Study, we evaluated 84 181 and 81 924 women at 6 months and 1 year after delivery, respectively.

Results

Multivariable logistic regression showed a reduced risk of postpartum depression at 6 months in the second to fifth quintiles v. the lowest quintile for fish and n-3 PUFA intake, with trend tests also revealing a significant linear association. At 1 year after delivery, fish intake was associated with a reduced risk of serious mental illness in the second to fifth quintiles v. the lowest quintile for fish and in the third to fifth quintiles v. the lowest quintile for n-3 PUFA intake, with trend tests also revealing a significant linear association.

Conclusions

Women with higher fish and/or n-3 PUFA intake showed reduced risk of postpartum depression at 6 months after delivery and of serious mental illness at 1 year after delivery.
Automatic summarisation: 25 years On
Authors: Orăsan Constantin
Published: September 2019

Automatic text summarisation is a topic that has been receiving attention from the research community from the early days of computational linguistics, but it really took off around 25 years ago. This article presents the main developments from the last 25 years. It starts by defining what a summary is and how its definition changed over time as a result of the interest in processing new types of documents. The article continues with a brief history of the field and highlights the main challenges posed by the evaluation of summaries. The article finishes with some thoughts about the future of the field.
Languages of Law: Islamic Legal Cosmopolis and its Arabic and Malay Microcosmoi
Authors: KOORIA MAHMOOD
Published: September 2019

In premodern monsoon Asia, the legal worlds of major and minor traditions formed a cosmopolis of laws which expanded chronologically and geographically. Without necessarily replacing one another, they all coexisted in a larger domain with fluctuating influences over time and place. In this legal cosmopolis, each tradition had its own aggregation of diverse juridical, linguistic and contextual variants. In South and Southeast Asia, Islam has accordingly formed its own cosmopolis of law by incorporating a network of different juridical texts, institutions, jurists and scholars and by the meaningful use of these variants through shared vocabularies and languages. Focusing on the Shāfiʿī School of Islamic law and its major proponents in Malay and Arabic textual productions, this article argues that the intentional choice of alingua francacontributed to the wider reception and longer sustainability of this particular legal school. The Arabic and Malay microcosmoi thus strengthened the larger cosmopolis of Islamic law through transregional and translinguistic exchanges across legal, cultural and continental borders.
Cultural adaptation of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for patients with depression and anxiety in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain: a qualitative study exploring views of patients, carers, and mental health professionals
Authors: Algahtani Haifa Mohammad Saleh , Almulhim Abdullah , AlNajjar Fatema Ali , Ali Mazen Khalil , Irfan Muhammad , Ayub Muhammad , Naeem Farooq
Published: September 2019

Western values influence cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) as it was primarily developed and practised in the West. As understanding the cultural context has been linked to better therapy outcomes, it has been suggested that CBT might need modification to non-Western clients’ cultural backgrounds. Previously we developed a cost-effective approach to adapt CBT for clients in China and Pakistan. In this study, we applied the same methodology for local clients suffering from depression and anxiety in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. This study aimed to understand the views of patients with depression and anxiety, caregivers and mental health professionals about CBT to develop guidelines for culturally adapting CBT for depression and anxiety. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the patients (n= 42), caregivers (n= 11), and psychiatrists and psychologists (n= 16). The data were analysed using a thematic framework analysis by identifying emerging themes and categories. The themes emerging from the analyses of interviews by each interviewer were compared and contrasted with those of other interviewers. The results highlighted barriers of access to and strengths of CBT while working with these patient groups. Patients and their caregivers in both countries use a bio-psycho-spiritual-social model of illness and seek help from multiple sources. Therapists emphasized the need for using local idioms, culturally appropriate translation and minor adjustments in therapy. There were no thematic differences between the two sites. These findings will be used to culturally adapt a CBT manual, which will be tested in a randomized controlled trial.

Key learning aims

After reading this article, readers will be able to:

(1)

Understand the need for cultural adaptation of CBT.

(2)

Identify the necessary steps to adapt CBT for the Muslim Arab population.

(3)

Understand the modifications required to deliver culturally adapted CBT for the Muslim Arab population.
The contribution of bullying victimisation to the burden of anxiety and depressive disorders in Australia
Authors: Jadambaa Amarzaya , Thomas Hannah J. , Scott James G. , Graves Nicholas , Brain David , Pacella Rosana
Published: September 2019

Aim

There is now a strong body of literature showing that bullying victimisation during childhood and adolescence precedes the later development of anxiety and depressive disorders. This study aimed to quantify the burden of anxiety and depressive disorders attributable to experiences of bullying victimisation for the Australian population.

Methods

This study updated a previous systematic review summarising the longitudinal association between bullying victimisation and anxiety and depressive disorders. Estimates from eligible studies published from inception until 18 August 2018 were included and meta-analyses were based on quality-effects models. Pooled relative risks were combined with a contemporary prevalence estimate for bullying victimisation for Australia in order to calculate population attributable fractions (PAFs) for the two mental disorder outcomes. PAFs were then applied to estimates of the burden of anxiety and depressive disorders in Australia expressed as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

Results

The findings from this study suggest 7.8% of the burden of anxiety disorders and 10.8% of the burden of depressive disorders are attributable to bullying victimisation in Australia. An estimated 30 656 DALYs or 0.52% (95% uncertainty interval 0.33–0.72%) of all DALYs in both sexes and all ages in Australia were attributable to experiences of bullying victimisation in childhood or adolescence.

Conclusion

There is convincing evidence to demonstrate a causal relationship between bullying victimisation and mental disorders. This study showed that bullying victimisation contributes a significant proportion of the burden of anxiety and depressive disorders. The investment and implementation of evidence-based intervention programmes that reduce bullying victimisation in schools could reduce the burden of disease arising from common mental disorders and improve the health of Australians.
Katharine Hayhoe Named United Nations’ Champion of the Earth
Authors:   AGU
Published: September 2019

A climate scientist and dedicated AGU member is recognized for her extraordinary work.
Identifying functions and prognostic biomarkers of network motifs marked by diverse chromatin states in human cell lines
Authors: Wang Li , Zhao Hongying , Li Jing , Xu Yingqi , Lan Yujia , Yin Wenkang , Liu Xiaoqin , Yu Lei , Lin Shihua , Du Michael Yifei , Li Xia , Xiao Yun , Zhang Yunpeng
Published: September 2019

Epigenetic modifications play critical roles in modulating gene expression, yet their roles in regulatory networks in human cell lines remain poorly characterized. We integrated multiomics data to construct directed regulatory networks with nodes and edges labeled with chromatin states in human cell lines. We observed extensive association of diverse chromatin states and network motifs. The gene expression analysis showed that diverse chromatin states of coherent type-1 feedforward loop (C1-FFL) and incoherent type-1 feedforward loops (I1-FFL) contributed to the dynamic expression patterns of targets. Notably, diverse chromatin state compositions could help C1- or I1-FFL to control a large number of distinct biological functions in human cell lines, such as four different types of chromatin state compositions cooperating with K562-associated C1-FFLs controlling “regulation of cytokinesis,” “G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle,” “DNA recombination,” and “telomere maintenance,” respectively. Remarkably, we identified six chromatin state-marked C1-FFL instances (HCFC1-NFYA-ABL1, THAP1-USF1-BRCA2, ZNF263-USF1-UBA52, MYC-ATF1-UBA52, ELK1-EGR1-CCT4, and YY1-EGR1-INO80C) could act as prognostic biomarkers of acute myelogenous leukemia though influencing cancer-related biological functions, such as cell proliferation, telomere maintenance, and DNA recombination. Our results will provide novel insight for better understanding of chromatin state-mediated gene regulation and facilitate the identification of novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of human cancers.
Multicenter, randomised, open-label, non-comparative phase 2 trial on the efficacy and safety of the combination of bevacizumab and trabectedin with or without carboplatin in women with partially platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer
Authors: Colombo Nicoletta , Zaccarelli Eleonora , Baldoni Alessandra , Frezzini Simona , Scambia Giovanni , Palluzzi Eleonora , Tognon Germana , Lissoni Andrea A. , Rubino Daniela , Ferrero Annamaria , Farina Gabriella , Negri Emanuele , Pesenti Gritti Angela , Galli Francesca , Biagioli Elena , Rulli Eliana , Poli Davide , Gerardi Chiara , Torri Valter , Fossati Roldano , D‘Incalci Maurizio
Published: September 2019

Background

Trabectedin, in addition to its antiproliferative effect, can modify the tumour microenvironment and this could be synergistic with bevacizumab. The efficacy and safety of trabectedin and bevacizumab ± carboplatin have never been investigated.

Methods

In this phase 2 study, women progressing between 6 and 12 months since their last platinum-based therapy were randomised to Arm BT: bevacizumab, trabectedin every 21 days, or Arm BT+C: bevacizumab, trabectedin and carboplatin every 28 days, from cycles 1 to 6, then trabectedin and bevacizumab as in Arm BT. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival rate (PFS-6) and severe toxicity rate (ST-6) at 6 months, assuming a PFS-6 ≤35% for BT and ≤40% for BT+C as not of therapeutic interest and, for both arms, a ST-6  ≥ 30% as unacceptable.

Results

BT+C (21 patients) did not meet the safety criteria for the second stage (ST-6 45%; 95%CI: 23%–69%) but PFS-6 was 85% (95%CI: 62%–97%). BT (50 patients) had 75% PFS-6 (95%CI: 60%–87%) and 16% ST-6 (95%CI 7%–30%).

Conclusions

BT compared favourably with other platinum- and non-platinum-based regimens. The combination with carboplatin needs to be assessed further in a re-modulated safer schedule to confirm its apparent strong activity.

Clinical Trial Registration

NCT01735071 (Clinicaltrials.gov).
Transcription-dependent targeting of Hda1C to hyperactive genes mediates H4-specific deacetylation in yeast
Authors: Ha So Dam , Ham Seokjin , Kim Min Young , Kim Ji Hyun , Jang Insoon , Lee Bo Bae , Lee Min Kyung , Hwang Jin-Taek , Roh Tae-Young , Kim TaeSoo
Published: September 2019

In yeast, Hda1 histone deacetylase complex (Hda1C) preferentially deacetylates histones H3 and H2B, and functionally interacts with Tup1 to repress transcription. However, previous studies identified global increases in histone H4 acetylation in cells lacking Hda1, a component of Hda1C. Here, we find that Hda1C binds to hyperactive genes, likely via the interaction between the Arb2 domain of Hda1 and RNA polymerase II. Additionally, we report that Hda1C specifically deacetylates H4, but not H3, at hyperactive genes to partially inhibit elongation. This role is contrast to that of the Set2–Rpd3S pathway deacetylating histones at infrequently transcribed genes. We also find that Hda1C deacetylates H3 at inactive genes to delay the kinetics of gene induction. Therefore, in addition to fine-tuning of transcriptional response via H3-specific deacetylation, Hda1C may modulate elongation by specifically deacetylating H4 at highly transcribed regions.