bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Martín Kohan y la metaliteratura de la revolución
Authors: Feuillet Lucía
Published: February 2021

Nuestro artículo aborda las ideas de lectura/escritura en la novela Museo de la Revolución, de Martín Kohan. Allí se construye un vínculo entre tiempos históricos distantes y superpuestos a partir de personajes que seducen y traicionan o transgreden y son descubiertos. Los saltos temporales y la continuidad fragmentaria de la revolución proponen un modo de descifrar la ficción. En el instante de peligro se recupera la voz de los vencidos para evitar la apropiación ilegítima de los significados históricos, pero también para configurar lo literario. La revolución permanente es el concepto que subsume los problemas del relato, la historia y la Historia, como un modo de lectura de la organización discursiva, temporal y social.
La represión estatal hacia los exiliados chilenos entre 1973 y 1983. La construcción de una legalidad represiva para la expulsión
Authors: Casola Natalia
Published: February 2021

Este artículo aborda la evolución de las prácticas represivas legales, legalizadas e ilegales con relación a los exiliados chilenos entre 1973 y 1983. Sostenemos que la política del Estado argentino entre 1974 y 1983 fue centralmente restrictiva y expulsiva pero los mecanismos represivos utilizados sufrieron variaciones políticas dependiendo de la etapa. Durante el gobierno peronista, luego de unos meses de de relativa acogida de los exiliados, primó una política de hostigamiento y persecución que se tradujo en el aumento del espionaje, la violencia estatal y paraestatal (con el propósito de producir y generalizar el terror, o bien en el marco del Plan Cóndor) y las detenciones masivas a disposición del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (PEN). En cambio, durante el periodo de la dictadura militar, la continuación de operativos ilegales se combinaron con otra política de regularización de población exiliada, para lo cual se instrumentaron una serie de leyes y decretos con fines expulsivos.
El exilio colombiano en España: los diálogos de paz, un antes y un después
Authors: Martínez Leguízamo Jeisson
Published: February 2021

A pesar de haber sido escenario de un prolongado conflicto interno, Colombia ha sido percibido como un país inequívocamente democrático, debido a no haber protagonizado gobiernos militares como los que predominaron en Latinoamérica durante buena parte del siglo XX. Sin embargo, la intervención en la arena política ha supuesto altos riesgos para vastos sectores de su población, principalmente aquellos asociados a la izquierda social y política, que han sido objeto de procesos de persecución sistemáticos que los han obligado a tomar el camino del exilio. En este trabajo, en primer lugar, se hace una breve presentación del exilio colombiano como caso de estudio. En segunda medida se esclarece la relación entre el concepto de exilio y la categoría de migraciones forzadas. Seguidamente se alude a las dificultades para clasificar la migración forzada de colombianos en el contexto del conflicto armado. A continuación, se hace referencia a los programas especiales de protección para colombianos en España y se analizan las características de la militancia y la participación política de los exiliados de la izquierda desde este país. En el último tramo se profundiza en las nuevas prácticas participativas surgidas en el ambiente de los Diálogos de Paz, denotando los recursos que han empleado para incluir sus demandas en Proceso de paz. Finalmente se sugieren posibles tensiones y preocupaciones que, como colectivo, en el futuro les pueden surgir y se proyectan nuevas perspectivas de investigación.
Los estudiantes frente a la Ley de Educación Superior en 1995. El caso de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
Authors: Cristal Yann
Published: February 2021

Este artículo reconstruye un proceso significativo y poco investigado de la historia del movimiento estudiantil argentino como es el conflicto estudiantil ocurrido en 1995, año en que se sucedieron tomas de universidades y masivas concentraciones contra la promulgación de la Ley de Educación Superior por parte del gobierno de Carlos Menem. Focalizando en el caso de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, el trabajo establece una periodización en la que se analizan los repertorios de movilización de los estudiantes, el alcance de las manifestaciones y el papel de las diferentes agrupaciones estudiantiles. Asimismo, se indaga la incidencia de la protesta estudiantil en el sostenimiento de la gratuidad y la autonomía de la Universidad pública argentina,así como su influencia sobre el conflicto social durante los años ’90 frente a las llamadas políticas neoliberales y su posible impacto en el crecimiento de la oposición al menemismo.
Patria potestad, familia y género. Las diferentes perspectivas en el catolicismo y el debate en el Congreso (1984-1985)
Authors: Fabris Mariano
Published: February 2021

En el contexto del retorno de la democracia se buscó eliminar de la legislación sobre la familia aquellos principios que no parecían sintonizar con el nuevo espíritu. Se aprobó entonces una modificación en el régimen de patria potestad que equiparó los derechos entre los cónyuges y se incluyó el divorcio vincular. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las intervenciones de diferentes actores dentro del catolicismo en el contexto de la reforma del régimen de patria potestad y el influjo de las perspectivas defendidas por la Iglesia en la discusión legislativa desarrollada entre 1984 y 1985. Consideramos que, en el catolicismo, afloraron alrededor de este debate diferencias que se manifestaron en los contenidos doctrinarios y en las prácticas a través de los cuales se buscó definir y defender las posiciones de la Iglesia en la escena pública. Asimismo, entendemos que, en el debate legislativo, junto a un discurso que buscó redefinir los marcos de acción del poder eclesiástico, se pusieron de manifiesto diferentes formas de integrar principios y reclamos provenientes de la Iglesia. En este sentido, se expresó la perdurabilidad de los vasos comunicantes entre poder político y poder eclesiástico y la centralidad del catolicismo en la cultura política argentina.
GVINP1 is differentially expressed in the lymph nodes of patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: February 2021

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that the GTPase, very large interferon inducible pseudogene 1, GVINP1, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. GVINP1 mRNA was present at increased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of GVIN1 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient overall survival, in lymph node negative patients but not in lymph node positive patients. Modulation of GVINP1 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Adolescents challenging discrimination: The benefits of a perspective-taking and action-planning intervention on self-efficacy
Authors: Wallrich Lukas , Palmer Sally , Rutland Adam
Published: February 2021

Discrimination is widespread and often goes unchallenged. This field experiment with adolescents (N = 639) tested a group discussion designed to increase perceived importance and self-efficacy around challenging discriminatory language. The intervention, which involved perspective-taking and action-planning, led to greater self-efficacy, on delayed measures against active controls, particularly among White British participants.
Machalicek et al. (in press) Sustaining Personal Activism: Behavior Analysts as Anti-Racist Accomplices
Authors: Machalicek Wendy , Drew Christine , Strickland-Cohen Kathleen , Cohen-Lissman Dana
Published: February 2021

One pervasive social issue that has received little attention within the behavior analytic community is racism and the systemic oppression of Black, Indigenous, and non-Black People of Color (BIPOC). The present paper offers guidance and examples of how each of us as behavior analysts might build individualized self-management behavior change plans that support initiation and sustained socially significant anti-racism work as we move from allies to accomplices within our own sphere of influence. This paper introduces the concept of self-managed anti-racism behavior change plans that (a) operationally define anti-racist action, use measurable outcomes and strategies for data collection on specific anti-racist and support actions; (b) provide choices to improve engagement and reduce barriers to adherence; and (c) use effective behavioral interventions to alter the availability of discriminative stimuli or reduce their influence, and increase the availability of reinforcers that are compatible with the goal of the behavior change plan for increasing anti-racism behavior and dismantling structures perpetuating racial inequities.
The creepy, the bad and the ugly: exploring perceptions of moral character and social desirability in uncanny faces
Authors: Corradi Guido , la Rosa Antonio Olivera , Ingram Gordon , Villacampa Javier
Published: February 2021

We used implicit and explicit measures to study whether “real” uncanny faces (by faces of Botox users and very ugly people) will be associated with perceptions of bad moral character and social avoidance. Implicit measures showed that uncanny faces were more strongly associated with negative aesthetic evaluations (“ugliness”) than with negative moral evaluation (“moral disgust”). At the explicit level, participants preferred greater social distance from uncanny faces than from neutral faces and inferred that they shared fewer moral values with uncanny faces than with neutral faces. Contrary to our hypotheses, only Ugly faces (but not Botox faces) were perceived as more likely to commit behaviors that indicate bad moral character. However, when this analysis was restricted to “sick” immoral actions, Botox faces were perceived as more likely to be engage in these kind of behaviors than neutral faces. Although exploratory in nature, this investigation suggest that ugliness (more than creepiness) may be the crucial evaluative dimension underlying rapid moral inferences from faces.
The Visible Gorilla: Fast-Moving Objects Override Endogenous Attention
Authors: Wallisch Pascal , Mackey Wayne , Karlovich Michael , Heeger David J
Published: February 2021

It is widely believed that the detection rates of unattended objects are low - even if they are moving. Here, we report the results of three high-powered experiments indicating that these detection rates are strongly modulated by the relative speed of the unattended object. Specifically, fast – but not slow – objects are readily detectable, whether they are attended or not. These results are consistent with a sentinel system that focuses on the task at hand unless overridden by the detection of a strong motion signature in the periphery.
Exposure and Aversion to Human Transmissible Diseases Predict Conservative Ideological and Partisan Preferences
Authors: O'Shea Brian , Vitriol Joseph A , Federico Christopher , Appleby Jacob , Williams Allison
Published: February 2021

The objective prevalence of and subjective vulnerability to infectious diseases are associated with greater in-group preference, conformity, and traditionalism. However, evidence directly testing the link between infectious diseases and political ideology and partisanship is lacking. Across four studies, including a large sample representative of the U.S. population (N > 12,000), we demonstrate that higher environmental levels of human transmissible diseases and avoidance of germs from human carriers predict conservative ideological and partisan preferences. During the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 848), we replicated this germ aversion finding and determined that these conservative preferences were primarily driven by avoidance of germs from out-groups (foreigners) rather than in-groups (locals). Moreover, socially conservative individuals expressed lower concerns of being susceptible to contracting infectious diseases during the pandemic and worried less about COVID-19. These effects were robust to individual-level and state-level controls. We discuss these findings in light of theory on parasite stress and the behavioral immune system, and with regard to the political implications of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Findings from an online survey on the mental health effects of COVID-19 on Canadians with disabilities and chronic health conditions
Authors: Pettinicchio David , Maroto Michelle Lee , Chai Lei , Lukk Martin
Published: February 2021

Although the COVID-19 pandemic has led to worsening mental health outcomes throughout the Canadian population, its effects have been more acute among already marginalized groups, including people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. This paper examines how heightened fears of contracting the virus, financial impacts, and social isolation contribute to declining mental health among this already vulnerable group. This paper investigates how increases in anxiety, stress, and despair are associated with concerns about getting infected, COVID-19-induced financial hardship, and increased social isolation as a result of adhering to protective measures among people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. This study uses original national quota-based online survey data (n=1,027) collected in June 2020 from people with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Three logistic regression models investigate the relationship between COVID-19's effects on finances, concerns about contracting the virus, changes in loneliness and belonging, and measures taken to combat the spread of COVID-19 and reports of increased anxiety, stress, and despair, net of covariates. Models show that increased anxiety, stress, and despair were associated with negative financial effects of COVID-19, greater concerns about contracting COVID-19, increased loneliness, and decreased feelings of belonging. Net of other covariates, increased measures taken to combat COVID-19 was not significantly associated with mental health outcomes. Findings address how the global health crisis is contributing to declining mental health status through heightened concerns over contracting the virus, increases in economic insecurity, and growing social isolation, speaking to how health pandemics exacerbate health inequalities.
Neighborhood Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Marlow Thomas , Makovi Kinga , Abrahao Bruno
Published: February 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted Americans’ daily lives by changing how and when they move. These changes could alter inequalities in mobility and therefore contribute to many forms of social stratification. Relying on SafeGraph cellphone movement data in 2019-2020 we focus on the 25 largest cities in the U.S. and measure inequality in mobility between census tracts by using two indexes proposed by Phillips and colleagues (2019). These measures capture the importance of hubs in a mobility network (Concentrated Mobility Index) and neighborhood isolation (Equitable Mobility Index). We find that the pandemic affected mobility inequality in all 25 cities. In the earliest phases of the pandemic, neighborhood isolation rapidly increased, and the importance of downtown central business districts declined. Mobility hubs generally regained their importance, whereas neighborhood isolation remained elevated started and to increased again during the latter half of 2020. Furthermore, we estimate linear regression models with city and week fixed effects predicting changes in neighborhood isolation relative to 2019 baseline. We find that larger numbers of new COVID-19 cases are positively and statistically significantly associated with changes in neighborhood isolation a week later. Additionally, we find that places with larger populations, more public transportation use, and greater racial and ethnic segregation all had larger increases in neighborhood isolation during 2020. Our results indicate that few cities returned to “normal” mobility patterns and that cities may remain more unequal than before the pandemic.
Impact of COVID-19 on Nepalese Small and Medium Enterprises
Authors: Dangol Jeetendra , Chitrakar Sunil , Yoo Kee-Seon
Published: February 2021

This study seeks to explore the impact of COVID-19 on Nepalese SMEs. This study is based on 41 respondents from Nepalese SMEs, conducted in the first two weeks of August 2020. The questionnaires are developed in 4-point Likert scale on five major areas: current business challenges, firm’s respond to COVID-19, social response, SMEs’ perception on post COVID-19 and government’s response to COVID-19. The questionnaires are pretested for content validity and found internal consistency of instruments. The study used mean, standard deviation, and match t-test. The Nepalese SMEs give importance to social response, followed by firm’s response to COVID-19 and current business challenges. However, Nepalese SMEs are unsatisfied with the government’s response to COVID-19 and the role of government is inevitable in safeguarding SMEs.
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal: An Assessment of the Rule of Law
Authors: Chhetri Than Bahadur
Published: February 2021

The Rule of law, a set of principles of governance, apply to all individuals, organizations and the government itself. Democracy is a political system governed by the rule of law. No rule of law means no democratic future. This paper aims to assess the state of the rule of law under the new political setup, taking the rule of law as dependent variable and fundamental rights, corruption, open parliament and independent judiciary as independent variables. To measure the rule of law, necessary information was collected from printed and online sources. A federal democratic republic can grow healthy only when there exists the rule of law and efficient state institutions. The fundamental problems in strengthening the rule of law obstructed by the tendency of personalization and frequent intervention in state institutions, high level of corruption at policy level, poor legislative bill formulation, the controversial appointing process of the judges and the political dominations. The acceptance of international norms to address the justice and to promote human rights, adhering to the principle of inclusion and equality, maintaining transparency rule in the appointment in various constitutional bodies and keeping out of executive influence to maintain impartial and independent institutions can help in strengthening the rule of law.
Good Governance in Nepal: Legal Provisions and Judicial Praxis
Authors: Lamichhane Bimal Prasad
Published: February 2021

Good governance is about fair application of authority and utilization of resources in implementing coherent governing plan for the best interests and priorities of the people at large. It aims at protection and promotion of rights, welfare and well-being of the citizens through legitimized democratic governance under rule of law. It is avenues for peace, crime control, fairness of public decision with legal certainty and equality. It avails bridled governmental power, qualified administration, and a system of fraud and corruption-free state operation. In Nepali context, The Constitution of Nepal 2015, Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority Act 1991, The Prevention of Corruption Act 2002, Public Procurement Act 2007 and Rules 2008, Good Governance Act 2008, Right to Information Act 2007 and Rules 2009, Local Government Operation Act 2017etc. are the primarily statutory measures to ensure good governance in Nepal. But the legal provisions and practice is not sufficient for ensuring good governance in Nepal. Some remarks on the application of these laws to an end of good governance have been overviewed by apex court in this relation. This article explores the concept as well as elements of good governance and descriptively analyzes various laws, case laws and principles developed by the Supreme Court of Nepal in the issue of good governance. This paper also aims at assessing the strengths and weaknesses of these laws and judicial practices from the internationally accepted good governance norms and principles.
Neighborhood Interest and Security Concerns in Nepal: A Geopolitical Perspective
Authors: Baral Bhim Nath
Published: February 2021

Pedestaled on both descriptive and analytical data acquired from secondary sources, this article analyzes the interests of China and India, Nepal’s immediate neighbors. Their interest is examined from security point of view against the backdrop of increased Sino-Indian dynamics of competition in Nepal, using a geopolitical perspective. Security is the vital concept in the study of global politics. The world political dynamics is changing rapidly and security dimensions are also changing with it. Both China and India are trying to be the superpowers in the world. So, it is natural for them to influence regional and world politics in accordance of their own interest. In the present time, both of them are contesting to strengthen their position in Nepal due to their strategic position in the regional politics of South Asia. Nepal cannot remain isolated from the interest of immediate neighbors. Nepal’s geographical proximity to Tibetan Autonomous Region of China and the issue of Tibetan refugee heightened China’s security concerns in Nepal. India, on the other hand, has also remained highly concerned with the increasing Chinese engagement in Nepal as India and Nepal share a long and open border contingent with the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship. In this context of trilateral quandary, it is necessary to balance the China-India paradox because both are equally important for Nepal's security, peace and development.
The breeding work on development of the spring barley varieties adapted to the non-blackearth region of the Russian Federation and the prospects for growing of the variety in the Ryazan Region
Authors: Levakova О. V.
Published: February 2021

There has been conducted a comparative analysis of productivity and adaptive potential of 12 spring barley varieties. The field trials of the spring barley varieties were laid in 2009–2019 in crop rotations of the Institute of Seed production and Agrotechnologies, Branch of the Federal Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Agro-Engineering Center VIM”. The purpose of the study was to conduct research to estimate the role of the variety and variety changing in increasing productivity, to study the dynamics of productivity changes in the breeding process. The trial results identified that the spring barley varieties developed in recent years had an advantage in productivity in comparison with previous ones. The minimum productivity of the new varieties has raised by 22%, which indicates the high efficiency of breeding work on the varieties to improve stress resistance. It was determined that the productivity was on 20–50% higher in the varieties of the new generation. The most productive varieties are ‘Yaromir’ and ‘Znatny’ with 7.1 and 7.48 t/ha, respectively. It has been found that the present varieties in the Ryazan region reveal only 74–78% of their productivity potential, and 85% by the new variety ‘Rafael’. The new varieties have a 10–20% less variation in productivity from year to year, which indicates a high degree of adaptability of the varieties to environmental conditions. There have been presented the promising varieties with high genetic flexibility and stress resistance, a high indicator of productivity stability. It has been established that the varieties ‘Elf’, ‘Nur’, ‘Vladimir’, ‘Yaromir’, ‘Nadezhny’, ‘Znatny’ and ‘Rafael’ have the highest potential of productivity. In terms of stress resistance and stability of productivity, there have been identified the new varieties ‘Znatny’ and ‘Rafael’, developed in recent years.
The new winter rye variety ‘Zilant’ with broad adaptability
Authors: Ponomareva М. L. , Ponomarev S. N. , Mannapova G. S. , Gilmullina L. F. , Ilalova L. V. , Vafina G. S.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the current work was to develop a highly productive winter rye variety for bakery with improved resistance to a complex of unfavorable factors and broad adaptability. The breeding work on the rye variety ‘Zilant’ was conducted in the Tatarsky Research Institute of Agriculture FRC of the Kazan Scientific Center of RAS in 2005–2015. The study of the variety in the Competitive Variety Testing was carried out in 2016–2019, in comparison with the standard varieties ‘Radon’ and ‘Tantana’. There has been presented a detailed characteristics of the variety ‘Zilant’ in terms of economically valuable indicators and adaptive potential according to grain productivity. The winter rye variety ‘Zilant’ formed the largest productivity on average for 4 years (50.2 hwt/ha) and produced high grain quality (229 s of a falling number and 647 u.a. of amylogram height, versus 224 s of a falling number and 625 u.a. of amylogram height of the standard variety ‘Radon’). The variety ‘Zilant’ has a dominant-monogenic type of short stems, strong short straw (on 14–13 cm lower than that of the standards). The variety possesses the same degree of field resistance to rust infections and ergot, resistance to powdery mildew as the standard variety ‘Radon’. There was determined that the rye variety ‘Zilant’, on average over the years of trials, was characterized by a significantly higher productivity (50.2 hwt/ ha, НСР05 = 1.5 c/ha) compared to the control, had a good combination of adaptability (bi = 1.149) and stability (Ϭd2 = 3.17). These advantages of the variety are provided by resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, the formation of a denser cenosis, field resistance to diseases, and a short non-lodging stem. The rye variety ‘Zilant’ produced grain with high baking qualities, corresponding to the 1st class of standards for grain and flour. The variety was responsive to improving growing conditions, showed less response to stress factors and was adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.
The effect of nitrogen fertilizers and their tank mixtures with herbicides and fungicides on spring wheat productivity
Authors: Ledovsky Е. N. , Doronin V. G.
Published: February 2021

The study was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in the southern forest-steppe area of the Omsk region. The soil of the experimental plot was chernozem-meadow, medium and heavy loamy. The crop rotation was as follows: ‘black’ fallow – spring wheat – spring wheat – spring wheat – barley, the forecrop was second wheat. It was a two-factor field trial, the area of the plots was 50 and 25 m2, with three-fold sequence. The purpose of the current work was to estimate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer as a basic one and in the form of top dressing combined with fungicidal and herbicidal treatment on the productivity of spring wheat grain. There was identified a positive effect of the factor of nitrogen fertilization N35 on the productivity of spring wheat grain when sown in ‘black’ fallow. In 2018 there was productivity increase on 0.43, and in 2019 it was 0.74 t/ha, or 25.1 and 39.2%, respectively, according to the control. The utilization of the mixture of herbicides and carbamide (5 kg/ha) had only a tendency to productivity increase in comparison with herbicide control. The additional top dressing of 5 and 10 kg/ha of carbamide in ‘head formation period’ increased productivity by 0.32 and 0.42 (in 2018) and 0.45 and 0.47 t/ha (in 2019). The best results were obtained from the combination ‘herbicides + carbamide (tillering) + fungicide (head formation)’, the average productivity increase was 0.60 (in 2018) and 1.83 t/ha (in 2019).
Benefits of Using a CF4-Free Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) Spot Etch Process to Remove Underfill and Analyze 2.5D Modules
Authors: Distelhurst Kevin , Myers Joe , Bader Dan , Russotti Ron , Pichumani Pradip , Tang Jiaqi , McKinnon Mark
Published: February 2021

Advanced packages such as 2.5D will continue to grow in demand as performance increases are needed in various applications. Failure analysis must adapt to the changes in the interfaces, materials and structures being developed and now utilized. Traditional techniques and tools used for selectively removing materials to isolate and analyze defects need to evolve alongside these packages. A CF4-free Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) process is used to remove underfill (UF) with minimal alteration of other materials on the samples, a process which has become more difficult on 2.5D modules. UF is removed using this MIP process to allow subsequent analysis on interposer interconnects and ìbumps in crosssection. SEM inspection, Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC), and FIB are techniques used post cross-sectional UF removal of these 2.5D structures. The benefits of the specific MIP process through case studies are presented. Specifically, the use of an automatic cleaning step and a CF4-free downstream O2 plasma allow easy removal of UF without damaging other structures of interest with little tool recipe development.
A Minor Change in Sample Preparation Leads to Unexpected Qualification Fails During High Temperature Storage Stress Test
Authors: Tschernay Klaus Peter , Haber Thomas
Published: February 2021

In today’s supply chains based on complex division of labor qualification plans must be executed at various levels of semifinished products. This study shows how a supporting process, assumed to be uncritical in terms of the qualification scope for a bare silicon die, is responsible for qualification fails. Although such failures are not relevant for the quality of the final product careful and thorough analysis is required to invalidate such failure modes.
Cell Charge Loss by Formation of Inversion Channel in DRAM
Authors: Yang Hoonchang , Ryu Keunchul , Seo Dongin , Cho Kyoungrak , Park Junsik , Nam Incheol , Kim Daesun , Hong Heeil , Yim Sungsoo , Kim Jonghoon , Lee Jung-Bae
Published: February 2021

As dimension shrinkage, uncommon phenomena have been occurring during write and read operation in DRAM. These phenomena are strongly related cell capacitance, and the sensitivity of leakage current increases. Leakage current, especially in cell capacitor or cell transistor, is a major cause of the imbalance between stored charge in write operation and served charge in the read operation. Generally, error induced by leakage current appears data-1 failure, but in our study data-0 failure is observed in the case of extreme low cell capacitance that failure level is ppb (parts per billion). Results show that this phenomenon is influenced by cell capacitance, gate/body voltage of cell transistor, and supplied voltage level of the bitline sense amplifier. Based on various results, the electron loss to form inversion electron channel of cell transistor is regarded as a major factor like Charge Feedthrough [5].
Semiconductor Device Radiation Damage in TEM
Authors: Yeow Timothy , Tang Dong , Alexandrou Ioannis , Lian Guoda , Boetttcher Steve , Ali Malik
Published: February 2021

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a widely used technique in semiconductor device failure analysis. A common challenge in TEM is electron radiation damage, which can generate an uncertainty for correct analysis. This paper reports a study of the electron beam-radiation damages in small technology nodes semiconductor devices relating to the FINFET sidewall and metal layer. The study is performed at three different high tensions at 200kV, 60kV, and 30kV to compare the electron beam-radiation damages. The paper demonstrates that using lower high tension is preferred for minimizing the electron beam-radiation damage in advanced semiconductor devices. However, it also shows that the lowest high tension might not always be suitable for certain semiconductor device regions.
Laser Chemical Etching Trench Refinements for Backside Debug Journey to the Circuit Layer
Authors: Mulholland Matthew M. , Tan Shida , Raza Muhammad Usman , Levesque Matthew , Furlong Jordan , Ferri Christopher G.L. , Chivas Robert , DiBattista Michael , Silverman Scott
Published: February 2021

The journey to the circuit layer will be described by first discussing baseline processes of laser assisted chemical etching (LACE) steps before the focused ion beam (FIB) workflow. These LACE processes take advantage of a dual 532 nm continuous wave (CW) and pulse laser system, however limitations and overhead that is transferred over to the FIB operator will be demonstrated. Experiments show an additional third 355 nm ultraviolet (UV) pulse laser process introduction into the workflow can further reduce the remaining silicon thickness (RST) relieving FIB overhead. In addition, complex pulse laser patterning techniques will show a refinement to nonuniform produced silicon. Finally, other pulse laser patterning techniques such as polygon etch capability will allow laser etching around and in-between features to enhance circuit layer accessibility for debug operations.
A Novel Deprocessing Technique for Revealing Transistor-Level Damage on 7nm FinFET Devices
Authors: Xu Fei Long , Tan Phoumra , Nuez Dan
Published: February 2021

Physical FA innovations in advanced flip-chip devices are essential, especially for die-level defects. Given the increasing number of metal layers, traditional front-side deprocessing requires a lot of work on parallel lapping and wet etching before reaching the transistor level. Therefore, backside deprocessing is often preferred for checking transistor-level defects, such as subtle ESD damage. This paper presents an efficient technique that involves precise, automated die thinning (from 760µm to 5µm), high-resolution fault localization using a solid immersion lens, and rigorous KOH etch. Using this technique, transistor-level damage was revealed on advanced 7nm FinFET devices with flip-chip packaging.
Realization of the Practice-Oriented Educational Process in Physics as a Means of Achieving the Goals of Modern School Physics Education
Authors: Krutova Irina Alexandrovna , Dergunova Olesia Iurevna
Published: February 2021

The section of the monograph describes the author's methodology for implementing a practice-oriented educational process in physics through teaching schoolchildren in methods of solving applied problems and implementing projects. The content of the activity on the development of an educational project is highlighted, the final product of which is a model of a technical device designed to solve vital problems for a person. The requirements for the formulations of applied problems reflecting the purpose and specific properties of a technical device are identified. The applied problems are given, the solution of which in physics lessons makes it possible to form a generalized method of creating a material object of a certain purpose. Methods of creation are described and photographs of some operating models of technical devices, such as «gateway», «granary», «lights», «transformer» are given.
About Psychological Adaptation of Medical Universities Students to the Process of Distance Learning During the Pandemic of the New Coronavirus Infection
Authors: Sudakov Dmitrii Valerievich , Sudakov Oleg Valerievich , Iakusheva Natalia Vladimirovna , Shevtsov Artiom Nikolaevich , Belov Evgenii Vladimirovich
Published: February 2021

This work is devoted to some aspects of the psychological adaptation of students of a medical university to the distance learning process during a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. The presented research is relevant for several reasons, the leading of which are: the ongoing reform of the education and health care systems in our country – both of which affect students of medical universities and various aspects of their educational activities, including their psychological adaptation to it; as well as the global pandemic of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 that emerged in 2020, as a result of which, almost all scientists at various levels around the world were forced to switch to distance learning. The purpose of this work was to identify and analyze some elements of psychological adaptation of students directly to the distance learning process. The objects of the study were 200 men and women, students of the medical faculty. A certain interest in the study is also due to the fact that the same students were involved in it for 2 semesters (spring and autumn) of 2020. In order to track the development of their possible adaptation mechanisms to distance learning, the level of anxiety, both personal and situational, was determined; identified various depressive states; determined the reasons for the main fears and concerns, both directly to the period of an unfavorable epidemiological situation, and to the distance learning process itself. The main points of psychological adaptation were identified, with the identification of factors contributing to them. This work is of certain interest for all higher school teachers involved in the educational process with students, as well as for psychologists and all kinds of researchers dealing with the psychological health of students.
Валерій Рекрут. Нариси життя Гайсинщини. Українська революція (1917−1921 рр.): Події. Особи. Роздуми. Книга 2.: Боротьба за державність України в роки Гетьманату та становлення Директорії УНР. Вінниця:ТОВ «Меркьюрі-Поділля». 843 с.
Authors: Зінько Юрій , Тучинський Віталій
Published: February 2021

The article makes an attempt to protract the monograph of Valerii Rektut that explores the political, social and economic processes that took place in the Haisyn region in the Podolia governorate during the Hetmanate and the formation of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic (April 1918- 1920).

The research is based on the diverse sources, which include archive documents, presented for the first time and Ukrainian periodicals of the time. The first section of the work examines the events that took place in the Haisyn region during the Hetmanate, including the formation of local authorities, land reform, and economic difficulties. The second part is devoted to the political and social situation in the Haisyn region during the formation of the Directory of the Ukrainan People's Republic. 

The author focuses on describing the national-cultural processes that were being activated at the time. For instance, on the activities of Jewish, Polish and Russian political powers pursuing their political interests. The work also analyzes the Jewish pogroms of 1919-1920, their causes and consequences. A significant place is occupied by the "Haisyn Labor Republic", which existed from May to September 1919. The characteristics of the Zyatkivtsi agreement of November 6, 1919 and its political consequences are also of particular interest.

The monograph deserves a highly positive assessment, as the author analyzes the most significant events of the most turbulent times in Ukrainian history.
Формування системи місцевих органів соціального забезпечення в УСРР (перша половина 1920-х рр.)
Authors: Шарпатий Віктор
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the article based on the analysis of archival sources and official documents, highlights the process of formation of local social security bodies in the Ukrainian SSR during the formation of the totalitarian regime. Find out the features of the social policy of the Soviet state and its political and ideological priorities in the social sphere. Determine the objective and subjective reasons for the failure of local social security bodies to provide full assistance to those in need. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of scientific character, objectivity, historicism. Methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (problem-chronological, structural-synthetic, comparative). To identify the size of the social contingent of persons under guardianship, the author used elements of the statistical method. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the history of the formation of the Soviet social security system in provinces, cities and districts actually became the subject of this study for the first time. The author analyzed the structural and functional changes in the work of local social security bodies, which led to the centralization of the administrative apparatus and the decentralization of functions and the mechanism of servicing those in need. Conclusions. The formation of the local social security system went through two periods: the first lasted from February 1919 to June 1920, during which an independent three-stage social security system was formed in the Ukrainian SSR. The second falls on 1921-1925, during which there were significant functional changes in social security due to the transition to NEP. The first period was characterized by a philanthropic orientation of the social security organs, coverage of all categories of the population, and during the NEP there was a strict policy of “denationalization” of social security. The state has shifted many responsibilities of social self-sufficiency to the cooperation of disabled people, social insurance agencies and various committees of mutual assistance. The middle link has lost the coordination functions of assigning pensions and other benefits, turning into an organizational, inspection and instructor unit.
Підприємницькі ініціативи українського селянства доби «відлиги» у сфері задоволення побутових потреб
Authors: Савченко Андрій
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the article: to analyze the entrepreneurial potential of personal farms of collective farmers during "thaw" period in the field of household needs. Scientific novelty. The peasant stories we have collected during field research, clearly demonstrate the willingness of peasants to earn extra money to meet their needs. In the general structure of cash receipts to the peasant's homestead, it was important to receive income, for example, from such handicrafts as sewing and repairing clothes and shoes. The Ukrainian peasant society of the Khrushchev era remained a secondary subject of socio-economic life for the state, so only the peasant entrepreneurial initiative helped peasants to survive and provide at least a sufficient level and quality of life for their own families. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of comparative-historical and interdisciplinary analysis, socio-cultural approach. Conclusions. The everyday life of the Ukrainian peasant family of the "thaw" era was characterized by the fact that the needs of the peasants were constantly growing, but their satisfaction from the state was minimal. Accordingly, the role of various handicraftsmen became more active, who could satisfy on the spot, at least at a primitive, minimal level, the vital needs of fellow villagers. The peasant stories we have analyzed, collected during field research, clearly enough demonstrate the willingness of peasants to earn additional funds to satisfy their needs. In the general structure of monetary receipts of the peasant household, it remained relevant to obtain income, for example, from such handicraft trades as sewing and repairing clothes and shoes. The Ukrainian peasant society of the Khrushchev era remained for the state a secondary subject of socio-economic life, therefore only peasant entrepreneurial initiative helped him survive and ensure at least a sufficient level and quality of life for his own family.
Толеризація релігійних відносин як фактор розвитку суспільно-політичного життя громад (на прикладі Житомирської області)
Authors: Білобровець Ольга , Венгерська Вікторія , Жуковський Олександр
Published: February 2021

The objective of this article is to determine the conditions and factors contributing to interreligious and state-confessional tolerance, development of partnerships, and harmonization of social and political life by means of examining the religious situation in Zhytomyr region. Methodology. The principles of systematicity and objectivity have sustained the analysis of the religious situation in the region within the general context of the church-religious relations in Ukraine in the system of social and political life and insured objective and impartial attitude to the activities of different confessions. The historical-typological, problem-chronological and comparative methods have allowed to identify problematic issues of contemporary religious life and trace the dynamics of the population’s religious preferences in terms of relations between the state and the church, particularly in the regional context. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the research presents the model of partnership relations between the regional authorities and religious associations and determines the factors contributing to social tolerance. Conclusions: From the analysis of the religious situation in Ukraine and Zhytomyr region and the overview of the main trends in the state-religious and interfaith relations, it is possible to conclude that the most essential factors and conditions that promote religious, social, and political tolerance include constructive cooperation between authorities and religious associations, resolving property, political and personal issues of religious organizations, involving them in the activities on the state, regional, and city levels, supporting initiatives aimed to solve social development problems, promote interfaith dialogue, and create platforms for interreligious relations.
Graphic-analytical model of cultivation garden in Suzhou. Generation of planning structures with Rhinoceros (Grasshopper)
Authors: Tceluiko D. S.
Published: February 2021

The paper explores the mechanisms of digital imitation of traditional tools for designing private gardens in China, the Cultivation Garden in Suzhou, in particular. New graphic-analytical model is proposed. Various approaches are considered for space as an integral structure. Both domestic and foreign literature in the field is investigated, and mathematical tools are selected to analyze the planning structure. The graphical definition of the architecture is given, the areas of its application are considered. An analogy is drawn between the graphicanalytical model and traditional Chinese tools and techniques for the space formation. The graphic-analytical model of the Cultivation Garden is proposed and investigated, and new planning schemes are then suggested. The relevance of the work lies in the use of new tools and techniques for analyzing the spatial structure of historical objects and new design solutions. The aim of this work is to study the graphic-analytical model of the Cultivation Garden, describe the main stages of its development.The following approaches are used: the analysis of the literature in the field; photographs and measurements of the Cultivation Garden; computer simulation; digital structural analysis; generative design method.The generating mechanism in the form of a script in Rhinoceros (Grasshopper) is examined in detail. The process of creating a garden plan is shown. The analysis and generation tool are given together with their disadvantages. A further research into finalization of the script is required for visual representation of the results obtained.