bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing an environmental quality assessment program at the naval air station patuxent river
Authors: Fearns Joseph E. , Eckerle William J. , Andrew Martinez G.
Published: February 2007

The Naval Air Station (NAS) Patuxent River is proactively establishing an environmental quality assessment program (EQAP) for environmental excellence in accordance with emerging Navy policy to implement such a program. The EQAP will replace the Navy's Environmental Compliance Evaluation (ECE) program. Under the ECE program, shore‐based Naval installations were required to annually perform a self‐ECE of their compliance status. Under the new program, Naval installations will be required to develop and execute an internal assessment plan that addresses environmental quality within the “fenceline.” The assessment will address all applicable compliance requirements on a schedule based on the environmental concerns, vulnerabilities, and risks and may also cover program management processes, the environmental management system (EMS), and measures of merit. Implementation of the EQAP is especially critical at the NAS due to the tremendous growth that it has experienced as a result of the Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC). Presented in this article is a description of the NAS's EQAP and how it evolved from the predecessor ECE program.
Economies of scale and implementation efficiencies of fully integrated environmental programs in view of fiscal uncertainties: A case for consolidation of environmental services at federal installations
Authors: Harrington Robert J.
Published: February 2007

In spite of an extraordinary administrative burden, most environmental support services at military and other federal installations tend to be split among various contractors along functional lines. This portioning of services introduces many inefficiencies and fails to take advantage of potential economies of scale. Inefficiencies can be worsened dramatically when funding uncertainties are introduced. Consolidation of all environmental services at a federal facility, including environmental operations and maintenance, under a single contract facilitates a phenomenon of organizational integration. With management attention, integration can be nurtured and maximized, substantially reducing program costs while dramatically improving quality and responsiveness.

The natural world is replete with examples from which we may learn to be better managers. Uncertainties in program funding create essentially the same challenges to business managers as uncertainties in the supply of food and nutrients present to natural populations. By viewing temporal trends in programfunding in the same way that nature views trends in resource supply we may better understand how the introduction of funding uncertainties impacts the evolution of the optimal team size and skill mix. And we may also evaluate how a fully integrated environmental program can work to offset the deleterious effects of unpredictable program funding.
Preenforcement review of remedial actions at federal facilities: Further erosion of the section 113(h) bar
Authors: Seymour John F.
Published: February 2007

The ban on preenforcement review found in CERCLA section 113(h) is one of the most important and staunchly defended tools in the CERCLA enforcement toolbox. Courts have consistently ruled that challenges to CERCLA cleanups cannot be filed prior to enforcement, and that a broad reading of the section 113(h) ban is necessary to ensure that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other agencies exercising CERCLA enforcement authority can clean up sites quickly, without the delay caused when parties unhappy with the cleanup file lawsuits. Until recently, courts agreed that section 113(h) applied equally to private and federal facility cleanups. In Fort Ord Toxics Project v. California Environmental Protection Agency, however, a federal court of appeals reversed the decision of a district court and held, for the first time, that section 113(h) does not apply to federal facility cleanups conducted pursuant to CERCLA section 120. In doing so, however, the court failed to consider legislative history indicating that Congress did not intend to treat private and federal sites differently for purposes of section 113(h). The court also failed to acknowledge that its holding is justified by no compelling policy, and will, in fact, seriously undermine the purposes of CERCLA.
Enhanced recreational opportunities at U.S. DOE sites: Economic evaluation of an alternative land‐use scenario at the Savannah river site
Authors: Solitare Laura , Lowrie Karen , Frisch Michael , Greenberg Michael , Noah J. Christopher , Burger Joanna
Published: February 2007

The sites in our nation's nuclear weapons complex contain over 4,000 square miles of largely undeveloped, scenic, wildlife‐rich, and ecologically unique lands. In light of recent directives and programs within the Department of Energy (DOE) aimed toward multiple uses of sites and leasing or sale of excess lands, it is time to assess low‐impact, low‐risk, and cost‐effective ways to utilize more of the environmental, ecological, and aesthetic values of these sites. This article examines wildlife‐related outdoor recreation as an economic development option on and around DOE sites. We use an economic impact simulation model for the two‐state region around the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina to illustrate the economic benefits. The objective was to demonstrate the outcome of plausible alternatives. The article demonstrates that even a moderate investment in expanded recreation could add up to several hundred new jobs almost immediately and even more jobs 15 years into the future. To the extent that sportsmen and tourists travelporn areas outside the two states, the benefits to the entire two‐state region are increased. We also found that as an efzcient form of economic investment, recreation holds up well against other alternafives.
Management of contaminated structures at federal facilities: Reuse considerations and other major issues
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Picel Kurt C.
Published: February 2007

The management of contaminated structures can be a major activity at some federal facilities and generally differs from management of contaminated environmental media. In particular, a major issue associated with a contaminated structure is whether there is a realistic potential for future use of the structure. This issue should be addressed early in a planning process. The resolution of this issue significantly affects other major issues associated with management of a contaminated structure such as: (1) What are the expected costs associated with management of the structure? (2) What regulatory requirements are applicable? (3) What characterization is needed? (4) What risk assessment is necessary? and (5) What remediation decisions must be made? This article considers all of these issues.
Integrating pollution prevention into air force weapon system acquisition
Authors: Lurker Peter A.
Published: February 2007

Environmental, safety, and health (ESH) expertise was provided in the development of handbooks to embed pollution prevention (P2) into the Air Force weapon system acquisition process. Interviews were conducted with aerospace contractors, system program offices, ESH and engineering staff, air staff, commands and base personnel, to identify issues and “best practices.” Over 300 government and industry reviewers provided extensive comments. The most significant comment was that the National Aerospace Standard 411, Hazardous Material Management Program, be the handbook's cornerstone. The latest version of the handbook has 67 templates, which provide P2 guidance and recommendations for specific acquisition processes and documentation.
Applying pollution prevention to air quality programs
Authors: Diaz Luis , Parmele Charles S. , Walsh Kenneth J. , Garrison James A.
Published: February 2007

As a large installation, Eglin Air Force Base conducts numerous operations and activities in support of national defense. Many of these operations/activities are a direct source of air emissions. Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) evaluated these operations/activities for the purpose of identifying those that could be changed to reduce air emissions, regulatory exposure, and permitting and/or labor costs. This study applied root cause analysis techniques to minimize or eliminate these emissions. The study identified numerous potential options, many of which have been traditionally associated with pollution prevention efforts; however, by applying root cause analysis techniques, numerous other innovative and/or low‐cost approaches to reducing air emissions were identified. Implementation of these options would result in a significant reduction in the annual quantity of air emissions at the base.
Conformance with the ISO 14001 standard—results of gap analyses at selected department of the army installations
Authors: Wood James D. , Baetz Linda L.
Published: February 2007

Based on Department of Defense (DOD) policy guidance, the Department of the Army first adopted its Environmental Audit Program in 1985. Effective October 1991, the Army Environmental Audit Program was revised and redesignated as the Environmental Compliance Assessment System (ECAS) Program. The ECAS audits began to evaluate the installation's overall Environmental Program Management (EPM) and Environmental Management Systems (EMSs). The purpose of the EPM/EMS aspect of ECAS audits was to determine more systematic “root causes” for observed compliance problems. With the adoption of the ISO 14001 standard, the EPM/EMS portion of the ECAS protocol was revised to more closely mirror that standard.

DOD has initiated a two‐year pilot effort to evaluate the feasibility of ISO 14001 implementation at selected DOD installations. This DOD pilot program focuses both on implementation costs and on increased efficiency associated with more effective integration of installation‐level EMS.

In anticipation of a favorable endorsement of the ISO 14001 framework for installation‐EMS, several Army installations have begun to perform their own gap analyses to determine their conformance to the various parts of the standard. This article describes the results of EMS audits (gap analyses) at nine Army installations. Major nonconformances observed at each installation and corrective actions are also discussed.
Restoring watershed health: Peacetime military contributions and federalwide agency implications
Authors: Drigot Diane C.
Published: February 2007

Environmental impacts of peacetime military training are under heightened scrutiny by outspoken publics all over the world. Public environmental concerns are increasingly linked to sociocultural well‐being and economic vitality in affected communities. Demonstrating leadership in environmental stewardship in this broader community context is essential for the military to ensure continuing public support of its mission in a post‐Cold War era. Federal land management agencies are mandated to follow an ecosystem approach to resource management, such as a watershed approach to Clean Water Act compliance. This provides promising opportunities for military installations to link peacetime activities with host community well‐being. The transdisciplinary basis and policy frameworks for this approach are reviewed. Examples from Marine Corps Base Hawaii are described. Use of this approach by other resource management agencies facing similar challenges is encouraged.
EPCRA: Toxic release reporting requirements and reductions for the department of defense
Authors: Bolstridge June C.
Published: February 2007

Department of Defense (DOD) installations are required by Executive Order 13148 to comply with the Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act (EPCRA), achieve reductions in usage and releases of toxic chemicals, and implement other programs, such as environmental management systems and audits. EPCRA section 313 compliance requires each DOD installation to evaluate more than 600 chemicals for possible annual reporting to EPA and state regulators. Achieving these goals at the installation level is further complicated by EPA's ongoing modifications to the EPCRA requirements, and the differences between DOD and EPA guidance for the specific compliance actions that must be taken. In addition to describing the EPCRA requirements, available DOD guidance, and key compliance issues of importance to military installations, this article recommends approaches to resolving DOD/EPA guidance differences, and provides insight into the importance of the EPCRA data.
Soils and stratigraphy of the laddie creek site (48BH345), an altithermal‐age occupation in the big horn mountains, wyoming
Authors: Reider Richard G. , Karlstrom Eric T.
Published: February 2007

Haploborolls and Ustifluvents with A‐C horizonation characterize Holocene soil development in alluvium and colluvium of the Laddie Creek valley. Cumulic soils with overthickened A horizons, including those of Altithermal age, have formed along the valley walls under the influence of spring activity from the Amsden Formation (Mississippian‐Pennsylvanian). Soil texture, mineralogy, and to some extent color, are inherited largely from sediment derived from the Amsden and Tensleep (Pennsylvanian) Formations. The valley was able to support human occupation during Altithermal time (ca. 7500‐4000 B.P.) because of springs emanating from the valley walls. Past spring locations are identified from soil morphology and stratigraphy. Springs are still active along the valley, although they have shifted positions many times in the past. The association of spring soils with Altithermal‐age occupation at the site (ca. 6600‐5700 B.P.) does not coincide with the caliche concept of the Altithermal paleosol in Holocene alluvial valleys in Wyoming basins as identified by Leopold and Miller. Nevertheless, early man of Altithermal time probably sought higher elevations within mountains of the region where springs offered water and the environs provided food and shelter—thus enabling human groups to survive the drought, and possible high temperatures, which seemingly prevailed in the basins and plains.
Geoarchaeology and late quaternary geomorphology of the middle south Platte River, Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Holliday Vance T.
Published: February 2007

Investigations were conducted along the middle South Platte River to better define the geomorphic contexts of Paleoindian sites and to reconstruct the alluvial and eolian geochronology. Paleoindian sites are associated with the Kersey terrace (the downstream equivalent of the Broadway terrace). The Kersey alluvium was deposited during Clovis occupation and the surface stabilized by 10,000 B.P. Post‐Clovis sites post‐date aggradation and stream downcutting may have started as early as 10,500 B.P. Subsequent floodplain development and downcutting formed the Kuner terrace (the possible downstream equivalent of the Piney Creek terrace) no later than 3000 B.P. and the Hardin terrace probably within the last 1000 years. Soils on the Kersey terrace are Ustochrepts (gravelly alluvium) or Haplustalfs (sandy and clayey alluvium). Soils on the Kuner terrace are cumulic Ustorthents and Ustochrepts. Soils on the Hardin terrace are Ustorthents with no obvious horizonation. Eolian sands began accumulating in the region by 10,000 B.P., but most are probably late Holocene deposits and are indicative of drier post‐Pleistocene climate. Correlations with deposits in low order tributaries and other drainages can be difficult to make a) using soils because soil development varies as a function of parent material texture and b) because aggradation and degradation may be out‐of‐phase.
The impact of fluvial processes and landscape evolution on archaeological sites and settlement patterns along the San Xavier reach of the Santa Cruz River, Arizona
Authors: Waters Michael R.
Published: February 2007

The Santa Cruz arroyo in the Tucson Basin, Arizona, has undergone major environmental changes over the last 8000 years. the Holocene stratigraphy along a 15 km segment of the arroyo, known as the San Xavier reach, which traverses the San Xavier Indian Reservation was investigated in detail. the Holocene alluvial sequence reveals that aggradation occurred until 8000 yr B.P. within a braided stream, was followed by a major period of channel erosion and widening from 8000 to 5500 yr B.P., which, in turn, was followed by vertical aggradation of the floodplain and five short periods of channel cutting. Broad climatic changes are correlated with major changes in the fluvial regime and landscape. However, the cycles of arroyo cutting and filling, during the semiarid climate of the last 2500 years, were probably the result of the creation of unstable internal geomorphic conditions, flooding, and human impacts on the floodplain. the alluvial history of the San Xavier reach has had a pronounced effect on the preservation and completeness of the archaeological record. Periods of erosion have created absences or gaps in the archaeological record and deep burial has removed some of the preserved archaeological remains from view. Environmental changes on the floodplain also influenced late prehistoric Hohokam settlement and subsistence patterns in the San Xavier region.
The Coso volcanic field reexamined: Implications for obsidian sourcing and hydration dating research
Authors: Hughes Richard E.
Published: February 2007

Obsidian from the Coso locality, Inyo County, California, has long been regarded by archaeologists as a single “source.” However, studies by the U.S. Geological Survey have provided evidence of geochemical variability among flows within the volcanic field. to determine whether these geochemical distinctions could be applied productively to archaeological research, nondestructive x‐ray fluorescence analyses were conducted on samples recently collected from 15 obsidian‐bearing loci. the results of this research show that geochemically distinct varieties of artifact‐quality obsidian can be recognized within the Coso volcanic field, and subsequent nondestructive x‐ray fluorescence analyses of artifacts from two nearby archaeological sites document that different geochemical varieties of obsidian were used prehistorically to manufacture tools. Implications of these results for studies of prehistoric exchange and obsidian hydration dating are discussed.
Khok Phanom Di, central Thailand: The environmental setting
Authors: Maloney B. K.
Published: February 2007

Summary pollen diagrams and carbonized particle concentration figures from cores collected very near the central Thai archaeological site of Khok Phanom Di (Ca. 4000‐1000 B.C.) located ca. 0.22 km from the Gulf of Siam and 50 km from Bangkok are presented. These pollen analyses are the first associated with an archaeological site in Thailand and reveal a change from probable shallow water marine conditions through an apparent freshwater/dryland forest phase dominated by grass pollen. Grass pollen increases first in a core nearest the site and is associated with peaks representing charcoal concentrations. Burning of mangrove vegetation by man as sea level fell appears plausible. Earlier charcoal peaks may relate to the first occupation and subsequent, very localized vegetation disturbances. Ten samples from the cores are currently being dated at Oxford using accelerator mass spectrometry. Unfortunately results are not yet available.
Analysis of North American amber by carbon‐13 NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Frye James S. , Poinar George O.
Published: February 2007

Amber from the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods in North America is characterized for the first time by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cretaceous samples from Cedar Lake in western Canada have nearly identical spectra to samples from New Jersey. There also are strong similarities between the spectra of these samples and those from Alaska and from the state of Washington. Tertiary samples from Arkansas, on the other hand, have quite distinct spectra. A common or similar paleobotanical origin is suggested for amber from diverse locations in North America, but amber also was produced from other, quite distinct trees as from Arkansas.
Geoelectric stratigraphy and subsurface evaluation of quaternary stream sediments at the Cooper Basin, NE Texas
Authors: Darwin Robert L. , Reid Ferring C. , Ellwood Brooks B.
Published: February 2007

An electrical resistivity survey of a portion of the Cooper Reservoir Basin in northeast Texas has been used to delineate the major lithostratigraphic units of Quaternary flood plain deposits and subsurface paleogeomorphic features of interest to geoarchaeologists. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the fluviatile deposits along the South Sulphur River which flows through Cooper Basin, to identify the basin morphology, and to detect buried geomorphic features. Buried stream channels were considered to be important targets since buried prehistoric site locations are thought to be related to patterns of fluvial facies. Two general techniques were used in the survey. First, soundings were conducted over borehole locations to correlate lithologies with resistivity variations. Second, multiple resistivity profiles were established along traverses across the flood plain. By repeating each traverse but with increased probe separations, a composite of profiles was developed yielding electrical cross‐sections of the subsurface. These cross‐sections were then interpreted in terms of the lithologic stratigraphy in the basin. Sounding data were evaluated using empirical methods, and profile data were evaluated qualitatively. the sounding data defined the major resistivity horizons which correlate to the primary sedimentary units in the Cooper Basin. Profile data, used to construct resistivity cross‐sections, revealed a series of buried erosional features interpreted as channel segments and allowed for the estimation of relative time boundaries within sediments buried under the flood plain as the basin evolved.
On the waterfront: Quaternary environments and the formative occupation of Southwestern Ecuador
Authors: Damp Jonathan E. , Jackson Donald , Vargas Patricia , Zambrano Pilar
Published: February 2007

The occurrence of tectonic uplift in coastal South American prehistory is discussed and evidence of emerged shoreline features is presented for the area of the Santa Elena Peninsula in Ecuador. It is hypothesized that this activity, once thought to be exclusively Pleistocene in timing, continued on into the Holocene. Given this perspective and field data, the role of the Early Formative Period Valdivia phase (3500‐1500 B.C.) site of Real Alto is examined, as is the economic structure of Real Alto society. the pattern of site distribution and data from geological units indicate a long period of tectonic activity that restructured the Ecuadorian coastline and affected northern Andean prehistory. the implications for the origins of Valdivia and New World pottery are reconsidered in light of new information on the Quaternary environments of Ecuador.
Thin section petrography of northern Lesser Antilles ceramics
Authors: Donahue Jack , Watters David R. , Millspaugh Sarah
Published: February 2007

Thin sections from 44 sherds representing eight prehistoric sites on four islands (Barbuda, Montserrat, Anguilla, St. Martin) in the northern Lesser Antilles (West Indies) were examined using a petrographic microscope. Point counting distinguished three temper associations: (1) exclusively volcanic,(2) volcanic and carbonate, and (3) volcanic, carbonate, and grog. Exclusively volcanic or dominantly volcanic (with low carbonate) temper associations occur in all Saladoid and many post‐Saladoid sherds, with plagioclase feld‐spar and volcanic rock fragments being most abundant. Thin sections with significant carbonate content or with grog were restricted to post‐Saladoid sherds from Barbuda and to a lesser extent Anguilla. the presence of volcanic grains in sherds from the limestone islands of Barbuda and Anguilla indicates that volcanic islands in the region served as sources of pottery (or volcanic temper) for these two islands.
Settlement chronology on river terrace landforms: A New Zealand case study
Authors: Jones Kevin L.
Published: February 2007

Since the first occupation of New Zealand by Polynesians 1000 years B.P., there have been three major phases of sedimentation in river valleys. These occurred in broad periods of 700 to 600 years B.P., 450 to 300 years B.P., and from 1880 to the present. This offers a useful opportunity to develop a field procedure for rapidly setting maximum ages for pre‐European settlements on river terraces. Radiocarbon dates confirm the value of the procedure. Fortified settlements on alluvium in the New Zealand North Island East Coast area date to the period after about 450 years B.P., in a chronological pattern similar to that elsewhere in New Zealand. the generalized phases of terrace age are not always easily applied to particular field situations and the real advantages of the method lie in the provision of approximate dates for surface surveys of settlement pattern.
Archaeological and geological evidence for protohistoric water management in Northeast Louisiana
Authors: Kidder Tristram R. , Saucier Roger T.
Published: February 2007

Native North American Indians built and maintained water control and irrigation facilities, especially in the southwestern United States. However, the use of human‐made structures to manage water for agriculture and personal use is rarely documented in the Southeast. Excavations at the protohistoric period Jordan site in Louisiana demonstrate the use of earthworks, ponds, and ditches to channel and direct surface water for drainage and irrigation. The Jordan site is remarkable for its preservation, as well as for having evidence for sophisticated hydraulic engineering, but it is unlikely that it is unique in the Southeast in regard to the degree and kind of earthmoving related to water management. Archaeological and geological contexts provide the background for understanding the Jordan site features. Results of geoarchaeological subsurface investigations demonstrate the scale and nature of the site's aboriginal constructions and provide evidence that they were part of a deliberate plan to make the site area habitable during the immediate post‐contact era in the Mississippi Valley.
Gesher Benot Ya'aqov—the ‘Bar’: An acheulian assemblage
Authors: Goren‐Inbar N. , Belitzky S. , Goren Y. , Rabinovich R. , Saragusti I.
Published: February 2007

The renewed investigations of the Benot Ya'aqov site resulted in the discovery of a bar‐like depositional structure located on the eastern bank of the Jordan River (southern Hula Valley, Israel). Its interdisciplinary study resulted in the identification of four lithofacial fluvial units, all tilted (20–25 degrees dip) and all containing archaeological and paleontological finds. The structure, caused by diverse resistance of the local lithology and tectonic activity, is assigned to the Benot Ya'aqov Formation. The material culture is assigned to the Acaheulian Industrial Complex and is indicative of a continuous occupation of the Benot Ya'aqov embayment during Middle Pleistocene times.
Prehistoric settlement and landscape change on alluvial fans in the upper Mississippi river valley
Authors: Stafford C. Russell , Leigh David S. , Asch David L.
Published: February 2007

Geoarchaeological studies of alluvial fans in the northern Sny Bottom (Upper Mississippi River valley) focused on distal fan lobe processes, the effects of small‐scale landscape change on prehistoric locational decisions, and the resulting structure of the archaeological record. Aerial imagery together with coring and trenching of paleochannels on distal lobes found that frequent channel avulsion (1) produced abrupt landform/habitat changes and (2) shifted the primary loci of sediment deposition on fans through time. Analysis of wood charcoal from prehistoric occupations indicates that vegetation succession during post‐avulsion overbank aggradation along a new channel was characterized by a shift from Fraxinus‐dominated to mesophytic forest. Results also indicate that use of fans by Early Woodland (ca. 2550–2100 B.P.) and other foragers centered on portions along active channels. Shifting depositional loci on fans led to surfaces and depositional units of varying age, and hence a complex stratigraphic record of Holocene occupations.
Prehistoric soil and water detention structures (gabarbands) at Phang, Sindh Kohistan, Pakistan: An adaptation to environmental change?
Authors: Harvey Michael D. , Flam Louis
Published: February 2007

Five gabarbands (dams), components of integrated soil and water conservation systems, were investigated in the arid region of Sindh Kohistan. The dams are associated with two prehistoric Kot Dijian settlements, Phang and Kohtrash (3200–2800 B. C.). The dams were constructed with relatively permeable materials. Three of the dams, South, East, and North, close off water gaps and a strike valley, respectively, to form a detention basin. The West Dam, located on Phang Nai, upstream of the detention basin removed the coarser sediment fraction from the flows. Spring Dam, located in a water gap to the north of the detention basin, acted as a low‐head weir to distribute flow from a perennial spring onto the floodplain of Baran Nai, where double‐cropping was probably practiced. Faulting eliminated the spring, which had probably supported the Kohtrash site, and led to construction of the detection basin for the purposes of subsurface storage of detained flows. Association of both modern and prehistoric sites with springs suggests that there has not been appreciable climate change in Sindh Kohistan in the last 5000 years. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Archaeological stone of Easter Island
Authors: Baker P. E.
Published: February 2007

With the scarcity of other resources, stone assumed great importance in the culture of Easter Island. The volcanic rocks display a compositional continuum paralleled by changes in physical characteristics. The most abundant rock type, porphyritic hawaiite, was the least useful as it is poorly jointed and difficult to work. Mugearites and benmoreites usually have a flaggy structure and were used as dressed stone in the early ahu, in the houses of Orongo and in stone implements. Rhyolitic obsidian was used for scrapers, knives, and a variety of weapons, especially the tanged mataa. Statue carving reached its zenith on Easter Island largely because of the availability of a suitable rock type, the Rano Raraku tuff. The tuff was not erupted from the present Rano Raraku crater but from another vent southeast of the surviving portion of the cone. Red scoria from Puna Pau was quarried for the topknots. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Unusual electrical resistivity effects associated with fast‐growing trees
Authors: Ellwood Brooks B. , Harrold Francis B.
Published: February 2007

A series of electrical resistivity profiles have been acquired in eucalyptus groves during archaeological surveys performed in Portugal. The combination of the sandy soils in the region plus the presence of high growth eucalyptus trees yielded anomalous resistivity values which were extremely high and showed large variability. Other moderate and low growth trees did not show similar unusual resistivities. We conclude that extreme caution must be exercised when interpreting data from archaeological surveys associated with unusual soils or vegetation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vertical temperature structure in a cave environment
Authors: Smithson P. A.
Published: February 2007

Investigations have been made into the vertical temperature gradients in Poole's Cavern, Derbyshire, U. K. Temperatures were recorded onto a data logger every 10 minutes at 10 sites in the cave and sampled for eight monthly periods during 1989/90. It was found that, in summer, cave temperatures were almost isothermal with a strong outflow of cool air at the cave entrance. In winter, cold air flowed into the cave whenever outside temperatures fell below those of the cave, to produce a strong inversion of temperature. Highest temperatures were found in the highest parts of the main chamber. When winds forced air into the cave entrance, the temperature gradient depended upon the relative temperature differences between outside and inside. Cluster analysis demonstrated distinct areas of similar temperature variation. In summer there were no real differences, while in winter the entrance tunnel and lower parts of the cave were markedly different from the higher parts. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Geoarchaeology of dissected loess uplands in Western Illinois
Authors: van Nest Julieann
Published: February 2007

Late Quaternary hillslope and valley evolution of the loess‐mantled uplands between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers has produced a landscape composed of surfaces of different ages. Archaeological remains occur in a variety of geological contexts, including intact surfaces that predate the artifacts upon them, as lag on surfaces formed by subsequent erosion, and buried within alluvium, colluvium, and upland loess soil profiles. Holocene channel belts are largely confined to trenches formed by deep stream incision during the late Pleistocene, and much of the alluvial record is intact, especially in valleys with aggraded floodplains. Modest Holocene hillslope retreat in backslope and shoulder landscape settings and temporary storage of footslope colluvium is documented at some sites. Historic land use practices have resulted in severe hillslope retreat and near complete burial of Holocene valleys with a 0.5‐1‐m‐thick veneer of historic sediment. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Was kestel really the source of TIN for ancient bronze?
Authors: Sharp W. E. , Mittwede S. K.
Published: February 2007

A site in south‐central Turkey has been proposed as the source for early bronze‐age tin. Examination of the site shows that this proposal is confounded by the presence of extensive mining and smelting activities for lead. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of the rock accretions in the lower pecos region of southwest texas
Authors: Russ Jon , Palma Russell L. , Loyd David H. , Farwell Dennis W. , Edwards Howell G. M.
Published: February 2007

Calcium oxalate (whewellite) was found to be the primary component of crusts on limestone in the dry rock shelters throughout the Lower Pecos region of Texas. This material forms a translucent patina that covers the pictographs in this area. Evidence from analyses using SEM/EDS, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and AMS is presented that suggests the oxalate‐rich crusts were produced by metabolic activity of lichen or fungi on or near the surface of the limestone substrate. The paucity of hyphae and microbes in samples studied using SEM may indicate that the organisms responsible for the production of the oxalate are no longer present on the shelter walls. Radiocarbon ages of three oxalate samples range from 2100 to 5570 years B. P., indicating that the crust may be used for obtaining chronological information on the rock art.
Archaeological geology of the Rustad Quarry site (32RI775): An early archaic site in Southeastern North Dakota
Authors: Running Garry Leonard
Published: February 2007

At The Rustad Quarry Site (32RI775), in southeastern North Dakota, Early Archaic artifacts, bison bone, and hearth features were found in the lowest of three Boroll‐like buried soils formed in alluvial fan sediments. Alluvial fan sediments were deposited from 8000 to 4925 B.P., and were then buried by eolian sand. The alluvial fan sediments (mudflows) bury lacustrine sediments (Sherack Formation deposited from 9900 to 9500 B.P. in Glacial Lake Agassiz II), both of which overlie a Moorhead Phase fluvial terrace deposited from 10,900 to 9,900 B.P. Cultural remains were associated with five radiocarbon ages, three on archaeological charcoal (7180 B.P., 7240 B.P., and 7550 B.P.) and two on organic carbon from two welded A‐horizons containing the cultural remains (7370 B.P. and 7675 B.P.). A well‐developed Aquoll‐like soil formed in the lacustrine sediments from 9500 to 8000 B.P. Soil morphology and chemistry of the Boroll‐like fan soils, the Aquoll‐like lacustrine soil, and other Boroll‐like soils formed in eolian and deltaic sediments nearby suggest a subhumid, cool continental climate with riparian woodland and mixed prairie vegetation at the site and surrounding area from 11,400 B.P. to the present. This partially contradicts paleoenvironmental reconstruction from pollen sites nearby that suggest the area was covered by a closed canopy spruce forest from terminal late‐Pleistocene to 10,000 B.P. Alluvial fan formation and eolian activity on the adjacent Sheyenne Delta occurred from 8000 to 5000 B.P., which indicates greater landscape instability and drier conditions during the mid‐Holocene (Altithermal).
Quantifying microartifacts using a personal computer
Authors: Sherwood Sarah C. , Ousley Stephen D.
Published: February 2007

Microartifact analysis is a worthwhile endeavor in archaeological research. A recurring problem, however, has been the time invested in sample quantification. In this paper we offer an interactive way to quantify microartifact samples using a computer program called MMCOUNT. When the technique is applied during the point counting process, the time required to acquire reliable proportions of material classes can be reduced to approximately 25 minutes per sample, significantly less than usual counting times reported in other studies.
Quaternary geology of the upper sabinal River Valley, Uvalde and Bandera counties, Texas
Authors: Mear Charles E.
Published: February 2007

Controlled by a local base level of downfaulted Edwards and Comanche Peak limestone, and aided by landsliding in Glen Rose marl, the Sabinal River and its tributaries have developed a large valley in the Edwards Plateau. Extensive soil‐covered pediments that cut Glen Rose bedrock and Pleistocene terrace gravels are present along each side of the valley. Six alluvial deposits of late Pleistocene and Holocene age were recognized in the upper Sabinal River valley. The Holocene series is represented by three deposits. The oldest of these exhibits a Stage II calcic horizon and appears to have been deposited before ca. 5000 yr B.P. The Pleistocene deposits have a calcrete zone (calcic Stage IV and III horizon) in the upper 3‐4 m. The Holocene alluviums, locally beveled by stream action, parallel the river's course and contain Archaic and younger artifacts, which in central Texas range in age from about 8000‐350 yr B.P. One of the Holocene deposits (Q2) is correlated with the Georgetown and Fort Hood alluviums of the Cowhouse Creek at Fort Hood, which range in age from 11,000 yr B.P. to 5200 yr B.P., with the Wilson‐Leonard terrace site in the Lampasas Cut Plain that ranges from about 11,000 to 5000 yr B.P., and with Unit E of Blum and Valastro (1989) in the Pedernales River valley, ranging from 10,550 to 7150 yr B.P. Modern climate in the valley is drought‐prone, and fluctuates from semiarid to dry subhumid. Paleoclimate has ranged from much drier during the Middle Holocene to much cooler and wetter during the Late Pleistocene.
The Dynamic of Panic
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: February 2007

Simulations can be used to model panic situations and pedestrian flows. The results of such simulations help make mass events safer
Die Bestimmung der Sedimentaktivität Eine Methode zur Abschätzung der organischen Substanz im Benthos durch Messung der Sauerstoffzehrung
Authors: Caspers Hubert
Published: February 2007

Die beschriebene Methode ermöglicht, die aktuelle biologische Aktivität des Sedimentes festzustellen, indem die O2‐Zehrung von 10 ml frischem Gewässerboden in 11 Wasser nach 48 Stunden gemessen wird.
Vorschläge für eine saprobiologische Typisierung der Gewässer
Authors: Caspers Hubert , Karbe Ludwig
Published: February 2007

Saprobität ist im Rahmen der Bioaktivität des Gewässers die Summe aller der Primärproduktion gegenüberstehenden Umsatzprozesse, also der mit einem Verlust an potentieller Energie verknüpften Vorgänge.

Aus ihr ergibt sich in Kombination mit dem biogenen und physikalischen Sauerstoffeintrag der Saprobitätsgrad des Gewässers. Dieser kann sowohl durch stoffwechseldynamische Messungen wie durch die Analyse der Lebensgemeinschaften ermittelt werden.
Comparative Ecology of the Crayfishes Orconectes rusticus rusticus and Cambarus tenebrosus in Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky
Authors: Prins Rudolph
Published: February 2007

The ecology and life histories of Orconectes rusticus rusticus (GIRARD) and Cambarus tenebrosus HAY were investigated in a spring stream, Doe Run, Meade County, Kentucky, from September 1962 through September 1964. Differences in ecology of these species were most clearly seen in their habitat preferences and distributions in the stream, their feeding habits, responses to temperature, and infestations by an harpacticoid copepod Attheyella carolinensis CHAPPUIS, and in other life history phenomena, particularly with regard to reproduction and growth.

Cambarus tenebrosus was most abundant in the constant temperature areas of the headwaters of Doe Run. Orconectes r. rusticus was found only in the lower three‐fourths of the stream. Water temperatures in the headwater area may have been too low (12 — 14 C) for optimal growth of the crayfish had it existed there. Adults of C. tenebrosus were primarily hypogean, but young and subadults frequented the open stream environment. Orconectes r. rusticus was primarily an open stream inhabitant, and was sympatric with C. tenebrosus subadults and young in the downstream areas. When C. tenebrosus occurred in the open environment, it was most abundant in association with vegetation, and hence, was more heavily infested with A. carolinensis than O. r. rusticus.

Detritus, mainly from fallen leaves and marl grazings, apparently formed the most important component of the diet of O. r. rusticus. Vascular plants, mainly fallen leaves from the riparian vegetation, constituted the main portion of the diet of C. tenebrosus; filamentous algae were widely used where and when they were present.

Orconectes r. rusticus eggs hatch in May. These hatchlings become mature in 15 months and females oviposit after 22 – 24 months from March —May. Sexual maturity is attained at a carapace length of about 18 mm; maximum size is 45 mm. Most animals die after about 2.5 years; however, some live for three years. Molting activity ceases in winter.

Cambarus tenebrosus young hatch in July and August. Most hatchlings remain in the burrows until October and November at which time they emerge in response to dominance behavior. Growth occurs throughout the winter months, and sexual maturity is attained in 20 – 22 months when the crayfish are about 40 mm in carapace length. Mature females oviposit during June and July after about 22–23 months, and probably again after 34–35 months. Mating occurs during the winter and spring. In Doe Run, maximum size attained is 65 mm carapace length. Cambarus tenebrosus probably lives for 36 – 38 months.
Der Einfluß der Temperatur auf den Peptonabbau und die damit verknüpfte Organismensukzession unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Populationsdynamik der Ciliaten
Authors: Münch Ferdinand
Published: February 2007

The Influence of Temperature on the Decomposition of Peptone and the Concomitant Succession of Organisms with Special Regard to the Dynamics of the Populations of the Ciliates
Untersuchungen zur Biologie des Wasserschmetterlings Nymphula nymphaeata L. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)
Authors: Reichholf Josef
Published: February 2007

Investigations into the Biology of the Water Moth Nymphula nymphaeata L. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)
Die Kieselalgenflora mecklenburgischer Salzstellen
Authors: Pankow Helmut
Published: February 2007

The Diatom Flora of Some Salt Waters in the Inland of Mecklenburg
Limnological Aspects of Some Moroccon Atlas Lakes, with Reference to Some Physical and Chemical Variables, the Nature and Distribution of the Phyto‐ and Zooplankton, Including a Note on Possibilities for the Development of an Inland Fishery
Authors: Dumont Henri J. , Miron Ionel , Dali'asta Ugo , Decraemer Wilfrida , Glaus Christine , Somers Daniel , Dumont Henri J.
Published: February 2007

Four mountain lakes were studied. Two are eutrophic, one is mesotrophic and one is oligotrophic. The first three have a well‐developed phyto‐ and zooplankton, with a relatively high diversity index. There are differences between the faunas that may be ascribed to differences in surface, depth, altitude and also to biological phenomena such as interspecies competition. The Ifni Lake is a genuine high‐mountain lake, subject to severe environmental conditions. It has a very simple food chain: there is only one species of algae, an unicellular blue‐green, one copepod species, one rotifer and one fish. In general some features of a definite interest for fundamental limnology were found: the presence of a pelagic Rhabdocoelid in Dayat Ifrah, some particularities in the vertical distribution of a number of plankton species, the existence of a layer of relatively warm water near the bottom of Lake Ifni. The latter is explained by a strong bottom current which flows through the lake between its phreatic in‐ and outlets.

Finally, stress is laid on the under‐exploitment of Moroccon inland waters with respect to a freshwater fishery.

Yet, perspectives are good and some suggestions are forwarded.
Calamoecia lucasi (Copepoda, Calanoida) and other Zooplankters in Two Rotorua, New Zealand, Lakes
Authors: Chapman M. Ann
Published: February 2007

The seasonal cycles of the zooplankton in 1967–1969 in Lakes Rotorua and Rotoiti in the North Island of New Zealand are outlined. Bosmina meridionalis had several peaks in abundance during the summer and low winter numbers, whilst Ceriodaphnia dubia generally had only a single period of real abundance during the summer. The rotifer Asplanchna priodonta was present throughout the year in low numbers except for two brief but striking peaks in the spring‐summer period. The only cyclopoid copepod present was Macrocyclops albidus which was never abundant.

The annual cycles of the calanoid copepod Calamoecia lucasi were studied in some detail. Total numbers were high but very variable during spring‐autumn and low in winter, the seasonal cycles being very similar in both lakes. Breeding was continuous although egg clutches were small (1.1–6.6), and the development of at least 5 cohorts per year could be followed from data on breeding intensity, population age‐structure and adult size. Laboratory determined egg development rates were used to calculate birth rates in the populations so that production and losses could be estimated. Survival rates appeared to be higher in Rotoiti than in Rotorua. Birth and death rates were low, the annual means for both linear and exponential rates ranging from around 0.04 to 0.07, giving turnover times for individuals of 12–18 days in Rotorua and 18–24 days in Rotoiti. Population turnover rates were higher in Rotorua (19–28 days), which had a similar mean population per square metre but higher clutch sizes, than in Rotoiti (18 days).
Composition and Calcium Binding Properties of the Water Soluble Polysaccharides in the Calcareous Alga Halimeda opuntia (L) (Chlorophyta, Udoteaceae)
Authors: Böhm Erich Lothar
Published: February 2007

The mucilages of this alga contain acid polysaccharides, some of which are Ca binding. After deproteinization and gel filtration the residue of the aqueous algal extract has the composition: 2% complexed protein, 3–4% Ca, 0.4–0.5% SiO2, 0.03–0.04% Al, ∼ 0.005% Fe, rest: polysaccharide. The molecular weights of the major and minor polysaccharide fractions are approximately 5000 and 200000 respectively (Sephadex). Uronic acid and O‐ester sulfate give a total of 0.25 μequiv. H+/mg polysaccharide whereas the Ca binding capacity is 2.1 μequiv./mg polysaccharide. Ca complexing of the dibasic polyacid is restricted to the low molecular species and involves the 2 acidic and unidentified nonacidic groups. The complexing strength of the polysaccharide for Ca is similar to succinate. These Ca binding polysaccharides may play a role in algal calcification.