bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MUSE spectroscopic observations of the young massive cluster NGC 1850
Authors: Sollima A. , D’Orazi V. , Gratton R. , Carini R. , Carretta E. , Bragaglia A. , Lucatello S.
Published: March 2022

Context. The double cluster NGC 1850 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is the nearest young massive cluster of the Local Group with a mass similar to those of Galactic globular clusters. Recent studies have revealed an extended morphology of its main-sequence turn-off (MSTO), which can be interpreted as a spread in either age or internal rotation. In spite of its proximity, an accurate spectroscopic determination of its chemical properties is still missing.

Aims. We aim to investigate the general chemistry and the kinematics of this stellar system to test whether possible signs of multiple populations are observable in this cluster.

Methods. We analysed the spectra obtained with MUSE in adaptive optics mode of 1167 stars in both components of this cluster (NGC 1850A and NGC 1850B). Thanks to this data set, we were able to measure accurate global metallicities, Ba abundances, and radial velocities for a sample of 38 red supergiants and a guess of the oxygen abundance in the brightest turn-off stars belonging to NGC 1850A.

Results. We find an average metallicity of ⟨[M/H]⟩ = −0.31 ± 0.01, a mean Ba abundance of ⟨[Ba/Fe]⟩ = +0.40 ± 0.02, and a systemic radial velocity of ⟨vLOS⟩ = 251.1 ± 0.3 km s−1. The dispersion of the radial velocities suggests a dynamical mass of log(M/M⊙) = 4.84 ± 0.1, while no significant systemic rotation is detected. We detect a significant bimodality in O I line strength among the turn-off stars of NGC 1850A with ∼66% of stars with [O/Fe]∼ − 0.16 and the rest with no detectable line. The majority of O-weak stars preferentially populate the red side of the MSTO and show H lines in emission, suggesting that they are Be stars rotating close to their critical velocity. Among normal MSTO stars, red stars have broader line profiles than blue ones, on average, suggesting a correlation between colour and rotational velocity.

Conclusions. The mean metallicity of this cluster lies at the metal-rich side of the metallicity distribution of the Large Magellanic Cloud following its age-metallicity relation. The Ba and O abundances agree with those measured in the bar of this galaxy. The correlation between line broadening and colour suggests that the observed colour spread among turn-off stars can be due to a wide range in rotational velocity covered by these stars.
Rolle der PET/CT beim multiplen Myelom und anderen Plasmazellerkrankungen
Authors: Derlin Thorsten , Pfob Christian , Lapa Constantin
Published: March 2022

Die 18F-Fluordesoxyglukose (FDG) Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie/Computertomografie (PET/CT) als Verfahren der molekularen Bildgebung erlaubt die simultane Beurteilung morphologischer Charakteristika des mineralisierten Knochens (z. B. Osteolysen) sowie molekularer Parameter (z. B. Stoffwechselaktivität) und bietet damit umfassende (patho)biologische Informationen. Sie hat in den letzten Jahren einen zunehmend wichtigen Stellenwert in der Bildgebung der Plasmazellerkrankungen gefunden, ist zentrales Instrument sowohl in der Differenzialdiagnostik als auch in der Ausbreitungsdiagnostik der einzelnen Entitäten und erlaubt ein Therapiemonitoring im Verlauf. In der Initialdiagnostik leistet die FDG PET/CT einen wertvollen Beitrag in der Differenzialdiagnostik der Plasmazellerkrankungen, insbesondere beim solitären Plasmozytom. Zudem ermöglicht sie eine sensitive Ausbreitungsdiagnostik beim multiplen Myelom durch die Erfassung eines fokalen und diffusen Knochenmarkbefalls sowie para- und extramedullärer Myelommanifestationen. Die FDG PET/CT ist dabei dem konventionellen Röntgenstatus und der low-dose Computertomografie (LDCT) überlegen und der Ganzkörper-Magnetresonanztomografie (GK-MRT) weitestgehend gleichwertig. Sie liefert zudem prognostische Informationen, insbesondere vor Stammzelltransplantation, und ist aufgrund ihres hohen positiv prädiktiven Wertes bildgebender Referenzstandard zur Beurteilung des Therapieansprechens. Zudem kann sie zusammen mit anderen Methoden eingesetzt werden, um eine minimale Resterkrankung (MRD)-Negativität zu definieren. Neue Radiopharmaka und theranostische Ansätze erweitern das Einsatzfeld für die PET bei Plasmazellerkrankungen.
Systematisches Erkennen von Delirien – Empfehlungen der Sektion Delir-Detektion des Delir-Netzwerks e. V.
Authors: Monke Stefanie , Aline Bello Moulika , Ernst Jutta , Kaltwasser Arnold , Melms Tobias , Neunhoeffer Felix , Hasemann Wolfgang
Published: March 2022

Ein Delir ist ein medizinischer Notfall, der umgehend behandelt werden muss. Andernfalls drohen dem Patienten gravierende Einschränkungen im Bereich der Selbstpflege oder die Entwicklung demenzieller Erkrankungen. Entscheidend für die Behandlung ist das Erkennen eines Delirs, idealerweise anhand von entsprechenden Delirscreening- und -assessmenttools. Das Delir-Netzwerk e. V. hat eine Delir-Score-Matrix entwickelt, die bei der Entscheidung für das jeweils geeignete Tool helfen soll.
Erworbene Katarakte
Authors: Bisorca-Gassendorf Lukas , Szurman Peter , Wenzel Martin , Januschowski Kai
Published: March 2022

Weitaus seltener und daher weniger bekannt als die altersbedingte Katarakt ist die sekundär erworbene Katarakt, die eine diagnostische und chirurgische Herausforderung darstellen kann.
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die häufigsten Subtypen vor allem bei Erwachsenen und beleuchtet die chirurgischen Besonderheiten einschließlich perioperativer Charakteristika.
Validated, Consensus-Based Second- and Third-Trimester Sonographic Learning Objectives for the Obstetrics Clerkship
Authors: Wade Eleanor , McBride Christina M. , Elling Sara L. , Shvartsman Katerina , Thagard Andrew S.
Published: March 2022

Objective Currently, there are no established guidelines for obstetric ultrasound training at the core medical student clerkship level. Our objective was to develop practical, consensus-based learning objectives in second- and third-trimester ultrasound and assess the feasibility of implementing these objectives into a clinical curriculum.

Study Design Using the modified Delphi approach, a panel of expert stakeholders (n = 23) was assembled to reach consensus on the proposed learning objectives. A model curriculum was created consisting of a video tutorial, in-person training, and an optional tracker and piloted at two academic medical centers. Participant perception of acquired ultrasound skills and the program were assessed using a modified, previously validated survey. Pre- and postprogram survey responses were compared using the Chi-squared test of association. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results The expert panel reached consensus on five learning objectives to include determination of fetal number and presentation, assessment of fetal heart rate, determination of placental location, assessment of amniotic fluid volume, and a general understanding of the biophysical profile and its indications. A total of 26 students participated in the piloted curriculum. On completion, a majority of participants reported improved confidence in understanding and performing prenatal ultrasound in the second and third trimesters (p < 0.05). The majority of participants valued a hands-on ultrasound curriculum.

Conclusion We propose practical, consensus-based learning objectives for second- and third-trimester sonography during the core clerkship with demonstrated feasibility in a two-center pilot program.

Key Points
The Obstetrical Care and Delivery Experience of Women with Epilepsy in the MONEAD Study
Authors: McElrath Thomas F. , Druzin Maurice , Van Marter Linda J. , May Ryan C. , Brown Carrie , Stek Alice , Grobman William , Dolan Mary , Chang Patricia , Flood-Schaffer Kellie , Parker Lamar , Meador Kimford J. , Pennell Page B. ,   for the MONEAD Investigator Group
Published: March 2022

Objective We examined mode of delivery among pregnant women with epilepsy (PWWE) versus pregnant controls (PC). We hypothesize that PWWE are more likely to deliver by cesarean.

Study Design The Maternal Outcomes and Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (MONEAD) study is an observational, prospective, multicenter investigation of pregnancy outcomes funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH). MONEAD enrolled patients from December 2012 through January 2016. PWWE were matched to PC in a case:control ratio of 3:1. This analysis had 80% power to detect a 36% increase in cesarean frequency assuming a baseline rate of 30% among PC at an α = 0.05.

Results This report analyzed 331 PWWE (76%) and 102 PC (24%) who gave birth while enrolled in the study. PWWE and PC had similar rates of cesarean delivery (34.7 vs. 28.6%; p = 0.27). Of women with cesarean, rates of cesarean without labor were similar between groups for those delivering in recruitment hospitals (48.2 vs. 50.0%) but in nonrecruitment hospitals, cesarean rates without labor were over two-fold higher among PWWE than those of PC (68.8 vs. 30.8%; p = 0.023). Receipt of a cesarean after labor did not differ for PWWE compared to PC or by type of antiepileptic drug among the PWWE.

Conclusion These findings suggest that the obstetrical experiences of PWWE and PC are similar. An interesting deviation from this observation was the mode of delivery with higher unlabored cesarean rates occurring among PWWE in nonrecruitment hospitals. As the study recruitment hospitals were tertiary academic centers and nonrecruitment hospitals tended to be community-based institutions, differences in perinatal expertise might contribute to this difference.

Key Points
Viscoelastic Testing in an Obstetric Population at High Risk of Hemorrhage
Authors: Graves Stephen M. , Montemorano Lauren , Rood Kara M. , Costantine Maged M. , Fiorini Kasey , Cackovic Michael
Published: March 2022

Introduction Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is a point-of-care viscoelastic test used in trauma for goal-directed transfusion. However, there are limited data on baseline ROTEM parameters in the U.S. obstetric population. Obtaining baseline parameters is a first step in implementing a goal-directed massive transfusion protocol in obstetric hemorrhage.

Objective Our study aimed to establish pre- and postdelivery baseline parameters in a high-risk obstetric population and determine their association with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

Study Design Prospective observational study of patients ≥34 weeks' gestation, at high risk of PPH, admitted for delivery. INTEM, EXTEM, FIBTEM, and APTEM assays were performed at the time of admission to labor and delivery and then 2 hours after delivery. Primary outcome was pre- and postdelivery ROTEM parameters among women without PPH. A sample size of 60 women was needed for >90% power to detect at least 50% correlation between pre- and postdelivery assuming a loss of 10% of participants to follow-up.

Results Of 60 women in the study, 10 (17%) had PPH. Baseline characteristics were not different between those with or without PPH. Pre- and postdelivery ROTEM parameters were not significantly different except for APTEM. None of the patients who had PPH, compared with 4 (10%) of those who did not, had shortened clotting time and higher maximum clot firmness in postdelivery APTEM compared with EXTEM, a pattern suggestive of hyperfibrinolysis (p = 0.4).

Conclusion In this study, we describe baseline ROTEM parameters in women at high risk of PPH. The majority of patients did not have a ROTEM pattern that is suggestive of hyperfibrinolysis, for which tranexamic acid is thought to be beneficial. Based on our findings, previously established obstetric transfusion thresholds for goal-directed massive transfusion protocols are likely valid for the majority of the obstetric population regardless of the presence of comorbidities or pregnancy complications.

Key Points
Risk Factors of Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Based on the Montreux Definition in Neonates with Sepsis: A Retrospective Case–Control Study
Authors: Hu Ya , Chen Xinhong , Wang Fang , Li Chun , Yue Weihong , Wei Hong
Published: March 2022

Objective The aim of the study is to analyze the risk factors for neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (NARDS) development based on the Montreux definition among near- and full-term neonates with sepsis and received meropenem.

Study Design This was a single-center, case–control, retrospective trial from January 2019 to June 2020. Newborns of gestational ages (GAs) ≥35 weeks, diagnosed with sepsis and received meropenem were included. Patients who developed NARDS subsequently were defined as the study group (NARDS group), while the others without NARDS were enrolled in the control group (non-NARDS group).

Results Out of 213 eligible neonates, NARDS occurred in 52 (24.4%) cases. In univariate analysis, infants with NARDS had a lower GA and birth weight, but a higher rate of premature birth (p <0.05). The median onset times of sepsis were earlier among neonates with NARDS compared with those without NARDS (1 [1,1] vs. 6 [1,15] days, p <0.001). Neonates with NARDS were more likely to suffer from early-onset sepsis (EOS), persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborns, pulmonary hemorrhage, septic shock, and patent ductus arteriosus (p <0.05). During labor, women whose neonates experienced NARDS were more likely to have a cesarean delivery (67.3 vs. 46.6%, p = 0.009) and likely to receive at least one dose of corticosteroids (21.2 vs. 5.0%, p = 0.001). In multivariable analyses, factors remaining independently associated with NARDS were premature birth, cesarean delivery, EOS, and septic shock. Compared with conventional inflammatory markers for NARDS, procalcitonin (PCT) was correlated with septic neonates who developed NARDS (p = 0.012) but had a low diagnostic value (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.609). C-reactive protein, white blood cells, and PLT did not correlate with morbidity of NARDS (AUC <0.05 and p >0.05).

Conclusion Premature birth, cesarean delivery, EOS, and septic shock were independently associated with NARDS among near- and full-term septic neonates. PCT showed limited predictive value for NARDS.

Key Points
Development and Evaluation of Khellin-loaded Microemulgel for Dermatological Applications
Authors: Grifoni Lucia , Vanti Giulia , Vannucchi Maria Giuliana , Bergonzi Maria Camilla , Bilia Anna Rita
Published: March 2022

Microemulsions are optically nanosized emulsions, isotropic and thermodynamically stable. They represent versatile drug delivery systems with high potential because they can be administered
regardless of route. In the present study, we report on the formulation of a microemulsion made with glycerol (2.25%), Labrasol (20.25%) vitamin E acetate (2.50%), and water (75.00%), which
was developed using the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Globules of the microemulsion had PdI less than 0.25 and size of about 17 nm, evaluated by DLS analysis. These values did not change
after loading khellin, a natural lipophilic molecule with interesting biological activities, used as a model of lipophilic drug. Carboxymethyl cellulose was selected as gelling polymer to
obtain a microemulgel. Viscosity was 22 100.0 ± 1555.6 mPas·s at 21 ± 2 °C, while it was 8916.5 ± 118.1 mPas·s at 35 ± 2 °C, remaining stable over time. Khellin recovery was 93.16 ± 4.39%
and was unchanged after 4 weeks of storage (93.23 ± 2.14%). The pH was 6.59 ± 0.19 and it was found to be 6.42 ± 0.34 at the end of the storage lifetime. The diffusion of khellin from the
developed formulation was prolonged over an extended period. Based on overall results and due to the dermatological properties of the ingredients of the formulation, the developed
microemulgel loaded with khellin is very promising and suitable for skin care applications.
Managing Uncertainty: Physicians' Decision Making for Stroke Prevention for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Ivany Elena , Lotto Robyn R. , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Lane Deirdre A.
Published: March 2022

Background Stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) post-intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is an area of clinical equipoise. Little is known about the tools and processes that physicians use to make decisions regarding anticoagulation in this high-risk patient population.

Objective To explore physicians' decision-making process regarding stroke prevention in patients with AF and a recent history of ICH.

Methods Qualitative study, utilizing semistructured interviews and analyzed using Framework analysis.

Results Twenty physicians from five European countries (Austria, France, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom) participated. The overarching theme “Managing uncertainty,” addressed the process of making high-risk clinical decisions in the context of little available robust clinical evidence for best practice. Three subthemes were identified under the umbrella theme: (1) “Computing the risks,” captured the challenge of balancing the risks of ischemic stroke with the risk of recurrent ICH in a complex patient population; (2) “Patient factors” highlighted the influence that physician-perceived patients' beliefs and previous experience of stroke had on physicians' decisions; and (3) “Making a decision” explored the process of reaching a final decision regarding initiation of OAC therapy or not.

Conclusion Physicians described the process of deciding on stroke prevention in patients with AF post-ICH as “challenging” due to considerable “clinical equipoise.” Key factors that affected decision making were patient comorbidities, functional status, and patient willingness to engage with OAC therapy. Shared decision making was believed to be beneficial, but physicians believed that the ultimate responsibility to decide on stroke prevention lay with the clinician.
Emerging Multiple Parasite Reinfection as Neglected Tropical Disease: A Case Series
Authors: Alatas Fatima Safira , Pratiwi Aldisa Ayu , Kurniawan Agnes , Pudjiadi Antonius Hocky
Published: March 2022

Soil-transmitted helminth infection is endemic in Indonesia, with cases of reinfection despite individualized therapy and a mass treatment program. Three cases of multiple helminth infections were described that might be associated with chronic bloody diarrhea and stunted growth. These case series alert pediatricians that untreated helminthic infections are part of the differential diagnosis in children with gastrointestinal bleeding. Environmental surveillance should be performed in high-risk areas to prevent reinfection and growth alteration. In endemic areas, bloody diarrhea warns for an early routine fecal analysis. Correct diagnosis, prompt treatment, and source control are crucial to prevent long-term complications.
FeNO in Asthma
Authors: Loewenthal Lola , Menzies-Gow Andrew
Published: March 2022

Asthma is a common disease affecting 350 million people worldwide, which is characterized by airways inflammation and hyperreactivity. Historically diagnosis and treatment have been mainly based on symptoms, which have the potential to result in misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Nitric oxide (NO) is exhaled in human breath and is a marker of airways inflammation. Levels of NO are increased in the exhaled breath of patients with type 2 asthma and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) provides an objective biomarker of airway inflammation. FeNO testing is an accessible, noninvasive, and easy-to-use test. Cut-off values have been established by the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) but vary between guidance. FeNO levels have been shown to be predictive of blood and sputum eosinophil levels but should not be used in isolation and current guidance emphasizes the importance of incorporating clinical symptoms and testing when utilizing FeNO results. The inclusion of FeNO testing can increase diagnostic accuracy of asthma, while high levels in asthmatic patients can help predict response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and suppression of levels with ICS to monitor adherence. FeNO levels are also a predictor of asthma risk with increased exacerbation rates and accelerated decline in lung function associated with high levels as well as having an emerging role in predicting response to some biologic therapies in severe asthma. FeNO testing is cost-effective and has been shown, when combined with clinical assessment, to improve asthma management.
Similarities and Differences in Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions Among Four FDA-Approved Devices
Authors: Parthasarathy Teralandur K. , Klostermann Barbara
Published: March 2022

Similarities and differences in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) among four Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved devices were assessed quantitatively. DPOAEs were recorded from 42 adult subjects (84 ears) ranging in age from 19 to 40 years. All subjects had hearing thresholds of 20 dB HL or better for the test frequencies from 0.25 to 8.0 kHz and normal acoustic immittance findings. DPOAEs were collected in a quiet non-sound-treated room. DPOAE measurement parameters included an f2/f1 ratio of ~1.2, with f1 at 65 dB SPL (L1) and f2 at 55 dB SPL (L2). There were no significant differences in the mean emissions levels among the four devices. This investigation showed that validity criteria, pass criteria, and strategies for DPOAE measurements interact to produce varying pass and refer results. However, when DPOAEs are obtained with consistent validity criteria, pass criteria, and strategies for measurement, the results are remarkably consistent.

Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, CNS = central nervous system, DPOAEs = distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, FDA = Food and Drug Administration, L = level, OAEs = otoacoustic emissions, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio
Interactive Effects of Low–Pass Filtering and Masking Noise on Word Recognition
Authors: Scott Teri , Green Walter B. , Stuart Andrew
Published: March 2022

A word recognition in noise paradigm was employed to examine temporal resolution in individuals with simulated hearing loss. Word recognition scores were obtained for low-pass filtered speech (i.e., cutoff frequencies of 1000, 1250, and 1500 Hz) presented in continuous and interrupted noise at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of–10, 0, and 10 dB. Performance improved with increasing SNR and low–pass frequency filter settings. Generally, word recognition performance was better in the interrupted noise condition than the continuous noise condition. This effect was greatest in the -10 dB SNR condition. Since the continuous/interrupted performance difference steadily declined as a function of low-pass filter cutoff frequency, these findings suggest that one factor leading to poorer speech recognition in individuals with high–frequency hearing impairment may be their dependence on low-frequency hearing channels that are inherently poorer than high-frequency channels for temporal resolution.

Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, MS = multiple sclerosis, NU-6 = Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio
Intraoperative Auditory Assessments as Predictors of Hearing Preservation After Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery
Authors: Tucker Anne , Slattery William H. , Solcyk Linda , Brackmann Derald E.
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the association of intraoperative auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and near-field cochlear nerve action potentials (CNAPs) with postoperative hearing preservation in acoustic tumor surgery. Thirty-three consecutive patients undergoing middle fossa surgery had intraoperative surface ABR and direct CNAP assessments. Postoperatively, hearing was assessed. Hearing preservation was defined as any measurable hearing at any frequency and also by the American Academy of Otolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) hearing preservation classification system. The presence of an ABR or CNAP was associated with hearing preservation and the absence of an ABR, and CNAP was associated with no hearing preservation in 75.6 percent of the cases. The presence of either the ABR or CNAP was not related to AAO-HNS class outcome. ABR and CNAP had a useful rate of prediction of hearing preservation surgery outcome. However, in nearly one-quarter of the cases, no association between ABR or CNAP responses and hearing preservation was found. This finding must be taken into account when determining the clinical usefulness of these techniques.

Abbreviations: AAO-HNS = American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, ABR = auditory brainstem response, CNAP = cochlear nerve action potential, Fpz = frontoproximal midline, MRI = magnetic resonance imaging, PTA = pure-tone average, SDS = speech discrimination score
Optimizing Electrode and Filter Selection in Cochlear Implant Speech Processor Maps
Authors: Henshall Katherine R. , McKay Colette M.
Published: March 2022

This study examined two hypotheses: that speech understanding of cochlear implantees could be improved by removing electrodes that exhibit nontonotopic percepts from the speech processor map and that speech understanding could be improved by extending the range of high frequencies that are mapped to the electrodes. Electrodes producing nontonotopic percepts were identified using a multidimensional scaling procedure with seven users of the Nucleus CI22 implant and Spectra processor. Two experimental maps were created with those electrodes removed: the first using the same set of filters as their clinical map and the second using the complete set of filters available. After periods of take-home experience, speech perception was tested and compared for the two experimental maps and their own clinical map. It was found that removing nontonotopic electrodes did not improve speech perception, possibly due to the deleterious side effect of shifting the frequency-to-electrode allocation. Also, extending the high-frequency range of the map did not improve speech perception, possibly due to the poor sensitivity of this processor to high-frequency sounds.

Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, CNC = consonant-nucleus-consonant, MDS = multidimensional scaling, SIT = Speech Intelligibility Test, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio
Sentence Recognition Materials Based on Frequency of Word Use and Lexical Confusability
Authors: Bell Theodore S. , Wilson Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The sentence stimuli developed in this project combined aspects from several traditional approaches to speech audiometry. Sentences varied with respect to frequency of word use and phonetic confusability. Familiar consonant-vowel-consonant words, nouns and modifiers, were used to form 500 sentences of seven to nine syllables. Based on concepts from the Neighborhood Activation Model for spoken word recognition, each sentence contained three key words that were all characterized as high- or low-use frequency and high or low lexical confusability. Use frequency was determined by published indices of word use, and lexical confusability was defined by a metric based on the number of other words that were similar to a given word using a single phoneme substitution algorithm. Thirty-two subjects with normal hearing were randomly assigned to one of seven presentation levels in quiet, and an additional 32 listeners were randomly assigned to a fixed-level noise background at one of six signal-to-noise ratios. The results indicated that in both quiet and noise listening conditions, high-use words were more intelligible than low-use words, and there was an advantage for phonetically unique words; the position of the key word in the sentence was also a significant factor. These data formed the basis for a sequence of experiments that isolated significant nonacoustic sources of variation in spoken word recognition.

Abbreviations: CVC = consonant-vowel-consonant, HD = high frequency of use word from a dense neighborhood, HS = high frequency of use word from a sparse neighborhood, LD = low frequency of use word from a dense neighborhood, LS = low frequency of use word from a sparse neighborhood, NAM = Neighborhood Activation Model, SIN = Speech in Noise, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio
Effects of Release Time and Directionality on Unilateral and Bilateral Hearing Aid Fittings in Complex Sound Fields
Authors: Novick Marni L. , Bentler Ruth A. , Dittberner Andrew , Flamme Gregory A.
Published: March 2022

In studies to date, the effectiveness of the directional microphone has been investigated independently of the signal processing scheme used in the hearing aid. In addition, the number and placement of the background noise speakers can create an advantage for a particular polar pattern (i.e., cardioid, supercardioid, and hypercardioid) in any laboratory design. With these considerations in mind, the purpose of this investigation was twofold: (1) to determine the effect of different amplitude-compression release times on speech perception ability in noise, measured with directional microphone hearing aids, and (2) to determine the impact of environment (classroom vs anechoic chamber) on those measures. Ten subjects with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss participated. Using an eight-speaker complex sound field, speech perception was assessed in an anechoic chamber and a typical classroom environment. None of the release times resulted in superior performance in either the anechoic or classroom environment.

Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, BTE = behind the ear, HINT = Hearing in Noise Test, ITE = in the ear, KEMAR = Knowles Electronics Mannikin for Acoustic Research, RBCF = randomized blocks completely factorial, RT = reverberation time, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio, SPIN = Speech Perception in Noise (test), TR = release time
Dependence of the L–H power threshold on the alignment of external non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Willensdorfer M. , Plank U. , Brida D. , Cavedon M. , Conway G. D. , Ryan D. A. , Suttrop W. , Buchholz R. , Dunne M. , Fischer R. , Griener M. , Hobirk J. , Kasilov S. , Kirk A. , McDermott R. M. , Pütterich T. , Tardini G. , Yu Q. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team,,   MST1 Team
Published: March 2022

Experiments at ASDEX Upgrade have been conducted to study the impact of the alignment of external magnetic perturbations (MPs) with n = 2 toroidal mode symmetry on the power threshold of the transition from L- to H-mode (PLH). This is interesting for ITER, since its operation will rely on an MP field configuration that securely suppresses edge localized modes (ELMs) while avoiding an increase in the L–H power threshold. PLH can increase up to ≈80% when the external MP field is aligned to maximize the associated plasma response at the edge. This alignment deviates from the equilibrium field pitch and is similar to the one that is required to suppress ELMs by MPs in H-mode. The relative radial magnetic field perturbation δBr/BT has to exceed a critical value, roughly 1.7−2×10−4 (at the q = 5 surface), to cause an increase in PLH. This value is above the one that is required to sustain ELM suppression at ASDEX Upgrade. Combining plasma response calculations with a critical value of δBr/BT captures well the measured dependencies of PLH on the alignment of the applied MP field. The increase in PLH is accompanied by a change in the E×B flow velocity (vE×B) profile. The application of MPs in L-mode flattens and reverses the edge vE×B profile when at least δBr/BT≈1.9×10−4 is applied. This is the same value above which PLH increases. More heating power is needed to roughly achieve the same shear in the vE×B profile at the transition to H-mode as without MPs but with an vE×B profile that is shifted into the ion diamagnetic direction.
Enhancing power output of piezoelectric energy harvesting by gradient auxetic structures
Authors: Chen Keyu , Fang Shitong , Gao Qiang , Zou Donglin , Cao Junyi , Liao Wei-Hsin
Published: March 2022

In this Letter, a method is proposed to increase the power output of piezoelectric energy harvesting via gradient auxetic structures. This method is validated through a gradient auxetic piezoelectric energy harvester, which combines a cantilever beam and a gradient auxetic structure. Compared with the normal uniform auxetic structure, the gradient auxetic structure can contribute to a more uniform strain distribution of the piezoelectric cantilever beam; thus, the proposed gradient auxetic energy harvester can produce higher power than the uniform auxetic energy harvester without increasing the stress concentration at the same time. Finite element simulation is performed to analyze the characteristics of the gradient auxetic energy harvester. From the experimental results, under the base excitation of 1 m/s2, the power density of the gradient auxetic energy harvester is increased by 356% and 55%, respectively, compared with the conventional plain energy harvester without auxetic structure and the uniform auxetic energy harvester.
Compressibility of granular fluids
Authors: Lu Feng , Zhang Chenxi , Wei Fei
Published: March 2022

The effect of granular pressure on the fluctuation of the granular volume fraction is investigated experimentally in a gas–solid flow system. Granular compressibility, defined by the response of granular volume fractions in granular pressure, is also measured. It is found that there exists a critical granular pressure beyond which the transition from the coexistence of a liquid-like granular phase and a gas-like granular phase to homogenous granular fluids takes place. The transition from a heterogenous to homogenous granular phase is characterized by an abrupt change in the granular compressibility. To describe the characteristic change in compressibility, a granular hydrostatic model is formulated by considering both collisional and non-collisional interactions. The model predictions agree well with experimental results.
Laser patterning assisted devitrification and domain engineering of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys
Authors: Talaat Ahmed , Greve David W. , Leary Alex , Liu Yuzhe , Wiezorek Jörg , Ohodnicki Paul R.
Published: March 2022

We have investigated laser-patterning and devitrification as a novel method to realize emergent properties in modified regions at the ribbon surface consisting of periodic localized laser spots thermally treated under rapid heating and cooling conditions. Fe-based amorphous ribbons were annealed for systematically varied laser power. Extremely high heating and cooling rates on the order of 108-1010K/s have been estimated by finite element analysis simulations. Observations suggest surface melting followed by rapid solidification fast enough to quench and form an amorphous structure upon cooling. Diffusion of heat occurs from the laser irradiated surface region so that a finite volume of material surrounding this region rises in temperature above the crystallization temperature relevant for conventional isothermal annealing experiments. The underlying mechanism of laser annealing and consequences of heat transients involved are discussed in terms of impacts upon micro/nanostructure, residual stresses, and magnetic domain structure surrounding the laser irradiated region. The study illustrates the potential to exploit spatially optimized phase transformations in a scalable manufacturing process of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys to locally access otherwise inaccessible extreme heating and cooling rates.
The latitudinal temperature gradient and its climate dependence as inferred from foraminiferal δ18O over the past 95 million years
Authors: Gaskell Daniel E. , Huber Matthew , O’Brien Charlotte L. , Inglis Gordon N. , Acosta R. Paul , Poulsen Christopher J. , Hull Pincelli M.
Published: March 2022

Significance

The temperature difference between low and high latitudes is one measure of the efficiency of the global climate system in redistributing heat and is used to test the ability of models to represent the climate system through time. Here, we show that the latitudinal temperature gradient has exhibited a consistent inverse relationship with global mean sea-surface temperature for at least the past 95 million years. Our results help reduce conflicts between climate models and empirical estimates of temperature and argue for a fundamental consistency in the dynamics of heat transport and radiative transfer across vastly different background states.
Metamorphism-facilitated faulting in deforming orthopyroxene: Implications for global intermediate-depth seismicity
Authors: Shi Feng , Wang Yanbin , Wen Jianguo , Yu Tony , Zhu Lupei , Huang Taizi , Wang Kelin
Published: March 2022

Significance

The exothermic metamorphic reaction in orthopyroxene (Opx), a major component of oceanic lithospheric mantle, is shown to trigger brittle failure in laboratory deformation experiments under conditions where garnet exsolution takes place. The reaction product is an extremely fine-grained material, forming narrow reaction zones that are mechanically weak, thereby facilitating macroscopic faulting. Oceanic subduction zones are characterized by two separate bands of seismicity, known as the double seismic zone. The upper band of seismicity, located in the oceanic crust, is well explained by dehydration-induced mechanical instability. Our newly discovered metamorphism-induced mechanical instability provides an alternative physical mechanism for earthquakes in the lower band of seismicity (located in the oceanic lithospheric mantle), with no requirement of hydration/dehydration processes.
Phosphonate production by marine microbes: Exploring new sources and potential function
Authors: Acker Marianne , Hogle Shane L. , Berube Paul M. , Hackl Thomas , Coe Allison , Stepanauskas Ramunas , Chisholm Sallie W. , Repeta Daniel J.
Published: March 2022

Significance

Phosphonates are a class of phosphorus metabolites characterized by a highly stable C-P bond. Phosphonates accumulate to high concentrations in seawater, fuel a large fraction of marine methane production, and serve as a source of phosphorus to microbes inhabiting nutrient-limited regions of the oligotrophic ocean. Here, we show that 15% of all bacterioplankton in the surface ocean have genes phosphonate synthesis and that most belong to the abundant groupsProchlorococcusand SAR11. Genomic and chemical evidence suggests that phosphonates are incorporated into cell-surface phosphonoglycoproteins that may act to mitigate cell mortality by grazing and viral lysis. These results underscore the large global biogeochemical impact of relatively rare but highly expressed traits in numerically abundant groups of marine bacteria.
Clinical Documentation of Patient-Reported Medical Cannabis use in Primary Care: Toward Scalable Extraction using Natural Language Processing Methods
Authors: Carrell David S. , Cronkite David J. , Shea Mary , Oliver Malia , Luce Casey , Matson Theresa E. , Bobb Jennifer F. , Hsu Clarissa , Binswanger Ingrid A. , Browne Kendall C. , Saxon Andrew J. , McCormack Jennifer , Jelstrom Eve , Ghitza Udi E. , Campbell Cynthia I. , Bradley Katharine A. , Lapham Gwen T.
Published: March 2022

Background: Most states have legalized medical cannabis, yet little is known about how medical cannabis use is documented in patients’ electronic health records (EHRs). We used natural language processing (NLP) to calculate the prevalence of clinician-documented medical cannabis use among adults in an integrated health system in Washington State where medical and recreational use are legal. Methods: We analyzed EHRs of patients ≥18 years old screened for past-year cannabis use (November 1, 2017–October 31, 2018), to identify clinician-documented medical cannabis use. We defined medical use as any documentation of cannabis that was recommended by a clinician or described by the clinician or patient as intended to manage health conditions or symptoms. We developed and applied an NLP system that included NLP-assisted manual review to identify such documentation in encounter notes. Results: Medical cannabis use was documented for 16,684 (5.6%) of 299,597 outpatient encounters with routine screening for cannabis use among 203,489 patients seeing 1,274 clinicians. The validated NLP system identified 54% of documentation and NLP-assisted manual review the remainder. Language documenting reasons for cannabis use included 125 terms indicating medical use, 28 terms indicating non-medical use and 41 ambiguous terms. Implicit documentation of medical use (e.g., “edible THC nightly for lumbar pain”) was more common than explicit (e.g., “continues medical cannabis use”). Conclusions: Clinicians use diverse and often ambiguous language to document patients’ reasons for cannabis use. Automating extraction of documentation about patients’ cannabis use could facilitate clinical decision support and epidemiological investigation but will require large amounts of gold standard training data.
Perfectionism and performance‐related psychobiosocial states: The mediating role of competition appraisals
Authors: Ruiz Montse C. , Appleton Paul R. , Duda Joan L. , Bortoli Laura , Robazza Claudio
Published: March 2022

Using the multi‐states (MuSt) theory as a framework, the present study focused on the individual (personality) antecedents of psychobiosocial states. Psychobiosocial states comprise emotional subjective experiences and their correlates (cognitive, motivational, volitional, bodily, motor‐behavioural, operational, and communicative), that can be functional for performance (helpful) or dysfunctional (harmful). Specifically, we examined the relationships between two perfectionism dimensions (perfectionistic strivings and concerns) and functional and dysfunctional psychobiosocial states. The hypothesized mediational role of competitive appraisals was also tested. Participants (N = 271, 138 female, 133 male, M age = 22.74 ± 7.01) completed questionnaires assessing the targeted variables. Structural equation modelling revealed that perfectionistic strivings were positive predictors of functional states directly and via challenge appraisals. On the other hand, perfectionistic concerns were positive predictors of dysfunctional states directly and via threat appraisals. Results provide support to MuSt theory and extend the literature on the antecedents of athletes’ performance‐related feeling states. Findings also provide support for the holistic conceptualization of psychobiosocial states encompassing the functionality dimension. The results highlight the importance of developing interventions aimed at helping athletes high in perfectionistic concerns evaluate situations as a challenge (and less of a threat) and increasing their perceived resources.

Highlights

Perfectionistic strivings positively related to functional psychobiosocial states

Perfectionistic concerns positively related to dysfunctional psychobiosocial states

Competitive challenge appraisals mediated the relationship between perfectionistic strivings and functional psychobiosocial states

Competitive threat appraisals mediated the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and dysfunctional psychobiosocial states
Validity and reliability of the International fItness scale (IFIS) in preschool children
Authors: Sánchez‐López Mairena , García‐Hermoso Antonio , Ortega Francisco B. , Moliner‐Urdiales Diego , Labayen Idoia , Castro‐Piñero Jose , Benito Pedro J. , Vicente‐Rodríguez Germán , Sanchis‐Moysi Joaquin , Cantallops Jaume , Artero Enrique G. , Martínez‐Vizcaíno Vicente
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Examine the validity and reliability of parent‐reported International FItness Scale (IFIS) in preschoolers. Method: A cross‐sectional study of 3051 Spanish preschoolers (3–5 years). Fitness was measured by PREFIT battery and reported by parents using an adapted version of the IFIS. Waist circumference was evaluated, and the waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) was calculated. Seventy‐six parents of randomly selected schoolchildren completed the IFIS twice for a reliability assessment. Results: ANCOVA, adjusted for sex, age and WHtR, showed that preschoolers who were scored by their parents as having average‐to‐very good fitness had better levels of measured physical fitness than those preschoolers who were classified as having “very poor/poor” fitness levels (18.1laps to 22.1laps vs 15.6laps for cardiorespiratory fitness; 6.6 kg to 7.5 kg vs 5.3 kg for muscular fitness‐handgrip‐; 71.7 cm to 76.4 cm vs 62.0 cm for muscular fitness‐standing long jump‐; 17.2s to 16.2s vs 18.2s for speed/agility; and 11.2s to 15.6s vs 8.7s for balance; p < 0.001). The weighted kappa for concordance between parent‐reported fitness levels and objective assessment was poor (κ ≤ 0.18 for all fitness measures). Overall, the mean values of the abdominal adiposity indicators were significantly lower in high‐level fitness categories reported by parents than in low‐level fitness categories (p < 0.05). The test‐retest reliability ranged from 0.46 to 0.62. Conclusions: The reliability of the parent‐reported IFIS are acceptable, but the concordance between parents reported and objectively measures fitness levels is poor, suggesting that parents’ responses may not be able to correctly classify preschoolers according to their fitness level.

Highlights

The convergent validity and reliability (test‐retest) values of the IFIS parent scale are moderately acceptable for assessing physical fitness in children aged 3–5 years.

However, the results of concordance show that criterion validity is poor suggesting that parents’ responses may not be able to correctly classify preschoolers according to their fitness level.

Considering that the fitness level at these ages is fairly homogeneous, it seems difficult for parents to discriminate between the fitness levels of their children. Therefore, it seems necessary to recalibrate the scale in future work.
Exploring structural, electronic, optical, magnetic, and thermoelectric properties of Pt doped and Pt-Cu/Au co-doped GaN
Authors: Khan M Junaid Iqbal , Shakeel Mubashra , Majeed Iqra , Latif Abid , Ahmad Javed , Ullah Hamid , Fakhar-e-Alam M , Mustansar Zartasha , Asghar Mazia , Abdelmohsen Shaima A M
Published: March 2022

We present a computational research on investigating the structural, electronic, optical, magnetic, and thermoelectric properties of Pt doped and Pt-Cu/Au co-doped GaN using the Wien2k code. The PBE-GGA approximation is employed in Wien2k code using density functional theory. Study of electronic properties reveals that thed-states of Pt, Cu, and Au atoms participate actively in transferring electron from valence to conduction band and their addition as mono and co-doped formation turns the non-magnetic character of GaN to magnetic. A blueshift in absorption spectrum appear and absorption is more pronounced for Pt-Cu/Au co-doped GaN, suggesting the use of these materials for high energy UV optoelectronics, spintronics, photonic, and sensing devices. However, lower reflection and enhanced conductivity of Pt-Cu/Au co-doped materials in the UV region extends their potential applications in high frequency electronics. Moreover, higher ZT value of Pt@GaN suggest it a better thermoelectric source other than Pt-Cu/Au@GaN.
Robust optimal dispatch of integrated energy system considering with coupled wind and hydrogen system
Authors: Ding Liang , Gao Jie , Shi Guangnan , Ni Zihua
Published: March 2022

Hydrogen production from renewable energy will become one of the important features of the integrated energy system in the future. By considering the coupled wind and hydrogen system, it can not only take the advantages of fast power regulation of hydrogen energy, but improve the economy of wind and hydrogen system. In view of the high volatility of the wind power, this paper proposes a robust optimal scheduling model for integrated energy system considering with coupled wind and hydrogen system. Firstly, it establishes a comprehensive energy system model with wind and hydrogen system, forming an efficient electric-gas-electric energy closed-loop flow model with fuel cells. Then, based on improved multi-interval uncertainty sets, the model of wind turbines, electrical load and hydrogen load are described respectively, which can reduce the conservatism compared with the traditional robust optimization. And the two-stage robust optimal scheduling model is established and it can be solved by adopting Column and Constraint Generation method (C&CG). Finally, an example is given to verify the advantages of the proposed method.