bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dispersal, Isolation, and Interaction in the Islands of Polynesia: A Critical Review of Archaeological and Genetic Evidence
Authors: Horsburgh K. , McCoy Mark
Published: September 2017

Integration of archaeology, modern genetics, and ancient DNA holds promise for the reconstruction of the human past. We examine the advances in research on the indigenous peoples of Polynesia to determine: (1) what do archaeological and genetic data (ancient and modern DNA) tell us about the origins of Polynesians; and, (2) what evidence is there for long-distance travel and contacts between Polynesians and indigenous populations of the Americas? We note that the general dispersal pattern of founding human populations in the remote islands of the Pacific and long-distance interaction spheres continue to reflect well-established models. New research suggests that the formation of an Ancestral Polynesia Culture in Western Polynesia may have involved differential patterns of dispersal followed by significant later migrations. It has also been suggested that the pause between the settlement of Western and Eastern Polynesia was centuries longer than currently thought, followed by a remarkably rapid pulse of island colonization. Long-distance travel between islands of the Pacific is currently best documented through the sourcing of artifacts, while the discovery of admixture of Native American DNA within the genome of the people from Easter Island (Rapa Nui) is strong new evidence for sustained contacts between Polynesia and the Americas.
Are We There Yet? A Review and Assessment of Archaeological Passive Airborne Optical Imaging Approaches in the Light of Landscape Archaeology
Authors: Verhoeven Geert
Published: September 2017

Archaeologists often rely on passive airborne optical remote sensing to deliver some of the core data for (European) landscape archaeology projects. Despite the many technological and theoretical evolutions that have characterised this field of archaeology, the dominant aerial photographic surveys, but also less common approaches to archaeological airborne reconnaissance, still suffer from many inherent biases imposed by sub-par sampling strategies, cost, instrument availability and post-processing issues. This paper starts with the concept of landscape (archaeology) and uses it to frame archaeological airborne remote sensing. After introducing the need for bias reduction when sampling an already distorted archaeological population and expanding on the ‘theory-neutral’ claim of aerial survey, the paper presents eight key characteristics that all have the potential to increase or decrease the subjectivity and bias when collecting airborne optical imagery with passive sensors. Within this setting, the paper then offers some technological-methodological reflection on the various passive airborne optical imaging solutions that landscape archaeology has come to rely upon in the past decades. In doing so, it calls into question the effectiveness and suitability of these highly subjective approaches for landscape archaeology. Finally, the paper proposes a new, more objective approach to aerial optical image acquisition with passive sensors. In the discussion, the text argues that the suggested exhaustive (or total) airborne sampling of the preserved archaeological record might transcend particular theoretical paradigms, while the data generated could span various interpretational perspectives and oppositional analytical approaches in landscape archaeology.
A Kinase Duet Performance in the Asymmetric Division of Drosophila Neuroblasts
Authors: Johnston Christopher
Published: September 2017

The ability of progenitor stem cells to divide asymmetrically allows for the production of diverse daughter cell fates.[...]
Cytotoxic Polyketides with an Oxygen-Bridged Cyclooctadiene Core Skeleton from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Phomosis sp. A818
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhao Baobing , Du Liangcheng , Shen Yuemao
Published: September 2017

Plant endophytic microorganisms represent a largely untapped resource for new bioactive natural products. Eight polyketide natural products were isolated from a mangrove endophytic fungus Phomosis sp. A818. The structural elucidation of these compounds revealed that they share a distinct feature in their chemical structures, an oxygen-bridged cyclooctadiene core skeleton. The study on their structure–activity relationship showed that the α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone moiety, as exemplified in compounds 1 and 2, was critical to the cytotoxic activity of these compounds. In addition, compound 4 might be a potential agonist of AMPK (5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase).
Acetylcholinesterase and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Schistosomes and Other Parasitic Helminths
Authors: You Hong , Liu Chang , Du Xiaofeng , McManus Donald
Published: September 2017

Schistosomiasis, which is caused by helminth trematode blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a serious health and economic problem in tropical areas, and the second most prevalent parasitic disease after malaria. Currently, there is no effective vaccine available and treatment is entirely dependent on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ), raising a significant potential public health threat due to the emergence of PZQ drug resistance. It is thus urgent and necessary to explore novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of schistosomiasis. Previous studies demonstrated that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play important roles in the schistosome nervous system and ion channels, both of which are targeted by a number of currently approved and marketed anthelminthic drugs. To improve understanding of the functions of the cholinergic system in schistosomes, this article reviews previous studies on AChE and nAChRs in schistosomes and other helminths and discusses their potential as suitable targets for vaccine development and drug design against schistosomiasis.
The HDUV Survey: Six Lyman Continuum Emitter Candidates at z ∼ 2 Revealed by HST UV Imaging*
Authors: Naidu R. P. , Oesch P. A. , Reddy N. , Holden B. , Steidel C. C. , Montes M. , Atek H. , Bouwens R. J. , Carollo C. M. , Cibinel A. , Illingworth G. D. , Labbé I. , Magee D. , Morselli L. , Nelson E. J. , Dokkum P. G. van , Wilkins S.
Published: September 2017

We present six galaxies at

that show evidence of Lyman continuum (LyC) emission based on the newly acquired UV imaging of the Hubble Deep UV legacy survey (HDUV) conducted with the WFC3/UVIS camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). At the redshift of these sources, the HDUV F275W images partially probe the ionizing continuum. By exploiting the HST multiwavelength data available in the HDUV/GOODS fields, models of the UV spectral energy distributions, and detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the intergalactic medium absorption, we estimate the absolute ionizing photon escape fractions of these galaxies to be very high—typically

(

for all sources at 90% likelihood). Our findings are in broad agreement with previous studies that found only a small fraction of galaxies with high escape fraction. These six galaxies compose the largest sample yet of LyC leaking candidates at

whose inferred LyC flux has been observed at HST resolution. While three of our six candidates show evidence of hosting an active galactic nucleus, two of these are heavily obscured and their LyC emission appears to originate from star-forming regions rather than the central nucleus. Extensive multiwavelength data in the GOODS fields, especially the near-IR grism spectra from the 3D-HST survey, enable us to study the candidates in detail and tentatively test some recently proposed indirect methods to probe LyC leakage. High-resolution spectroscopic follow-up of our candidates will help constrain such indirect methods, which are our only hope of studying f
esc at

in the JWST era.
« Le chemin se fait en marchant » ou l’itinéraire d’une pionnière de l’AT, Claude Dupin
Authors: Vaquié-Quazza Dominique
Published: September 2017

Comme c’est émouvant d’écouter Claude Dupin nous parler de son parcours comme si elle était encore parmi nous ! Car c’est bien un texte historique et non un article théorique que le comité de rédaction a choisi de publier. Claude était une clinicienne et une personnalité des premiers temps de l’analyse transactionnelle. Dans ce texte proposé par Dominique Vaquié-Quazza, Claude nous raconte son chemin parsemé de rencontres toutes plus variées les unes que les autres. Elle nous dit également les voies qu’elle a suivies, ses questionnements, et ses doutes parfois, notamment sur le travail de reparentage et l’approche schiffienne. Forte de toutes ces années de pratiques et d’échanges avec des cliniciens qui ont laissé leur nom dans l’histoire, Claude Dupin parle des étapes de l’analyse transactionnelle clinique et explique comment, finalement, on est passé de « réparer » à « faire le deuil de ce qu’on n’a pas eu ». Le texte que vous allez lire fait suite à une interview de Claude du temps de son vivant par Dominique dans le but d’une publication. Mais le destin en a décidé autrement. Un grand merci donc, à Dominique Vaquié-Quazza de nous proposer ce texte qui sent bon la vie, la vie qui va. F.V.
Les sources russes de la pensée politique de Lénine
Authors: Mullin Richard , Sibertin-Blanc Guillaume
Published: September 2017

Cet article esquisse un récit alternatif à celui défendant que les conceptions politiques de Lénine furent influencées principalement par Kautsky et les débats des sociaux-démocrates allemands lors du congrès d’Erfurt de 1891. Il défend au contraire que Lénine doit bien davantage aux idées développées par un mouvement socialiste préexistant en Russie même, et en particulier au modèle de marxisme forgé par Plekhanov dans les années 1880. Plekhanov élabora une réponse originale à des problèmes propres à la Russie, tels l’absence de liberté politique, l’insignifiance du prolétariat industriel au regard d’une population massivement agraire, l’histoire récente du servage, et une tradition de propriété collective largement répandue dans la petite paysannerie. Il articula ces caractéristiques avec une doctrine générale de la lutte des classes et de la progression de la société du capitalisme vers le socialisme. Je suggère que Lénine a accepté la plupart des arguments de Plekhanov, et quand bien même ce dernier en viendrait lui-même à les abandonner plus tard.
L’enjeu Lénine dans l’Italie des années 1970
Authors: Negri Antonio , Boni Livio
Published: September 2017

Quelle a été la présence de Lénine dans les mouvements situés à la gauche du PCI pendant le « long 68 » italien ? L’auteur revient sur des versions alternatives du léninisme, depuis l’opéraïsme jusqu’à l’Autonomie et aux mouvements contemporains, en s’efforçant de dégager, à chaque étape, une fidélité à Lénine, non pas en tant qu’emblème, mais en tant qu’avant-gardisme constamment renouvelé dans sa tentative de s’arrimer à la subjectivation des nouvelles formes de la production et du travail post-fordiste.
Deutscher, Lénine, Lukács : réflexions sur le marxisme en Hongrie
Authors: Krausz Tamàs , Burlaud Antony
Published: September 2017

La Hongrie, seul pays à avoir connu une République socialiste juste après la révolution d’octobre, a également été durant les années 1950 jusqu’aux années 1980 le lieu d’une riche production marxiste. À mi-chemin entre le témoignage et l’analyse historique, cet article revient notamment sur l’introduction de l’œuvre d’Isaac Deutscher en Hongrie et plus généralement sur la redécouverte de Lénine et des premières années du régime soviétique. L’auteur, qui a publié une biographie de Lénine, propose également un regard plus global sur la période dite du « socialisme réel » et les raisons de sa décomposition.
Le matérialisme concret de Fernand Deligny : vers une pensée du milieu humain
Authors: Miguel Marlon
Published: September 2017

En 1967, Fernand Deligny s’installe dans les Cévennes et établit un réseau de lieux de vie accueillant des enfants autistes mutiques. Cette « tentative » très particulière est traversée par l’élaboration d’une pensée matérialiste du milieu avec d’importantes implications philosophiques, cliniques, anthropologiques et politiques. Cet article vise à reconstituer le parcours de Deligny en soulignant d’une part, une certaine continuité entre le réseau cévenol et ses tentatives antérieures, et, d’autre part, la discontinuité de ses positions face à la collectivité et au communisme.
Hommages à André Tosel
Authors: Robelin Jean , Frosini Fabio , Moussaly Omer
Published: September 2017

Trois voix évoquent les multiples facettes de l’œuvre philosophique et de l’engagement politique de André Tosel, à travers ses travaux sur Spinoza et sur l’actualité de la question théologico-politique, son rôle dans l’essor des nouvelles études gramsciennes et sa relance du problème de la construction d’une unité populaire, ses développements sur les nouvelles figures des solidarités transnationales et des luttes émancipatrices à l’âge d’une globalisation combinant « fluidité » du capital et renforcement des segmentations communautaires et identitaires.
(Re)construire un patrimoine en mobilité : une exposition sur le hammam à Marseille
Authors: Francez Émilie
Published: September 2017

À partir de l’étude du projet d’exposition Hammam, présentée en 2007 à Marseille, cet article propose d’examiner comment des acteurs associatifs construisent un discours sur une pratique culturelle et son évolution à Marseille. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’analyser de quelles manières le hammam marseillais, initialement qualifié de « patrimoine », est présenté par la suite comme un « lieu de mémoire », associé aux « populations issues de l’immigration maghrébine », en comparaison avec les hammams du monde méditerranéen. Cet article vise à interroger les significations dont le hammam est l’objet dans le cadre de l’exposition, et plus particulièrement son interprétation comme un lieu de rencontre entre les cultures françaises et maghrébines, dans un contexte politique de stigmatisation des populations immigrées, notamment en provenance du Maghreb.
Patrimonialisation de la danse tango : une « tradition » au prisme de sa déterritorialisation
Authors: Apprill Christophe
Published: September 2017

L’inscription du tango au patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’Unesco en 2009 laisse entendre que danse et musique circulent de manière identique. Fondée sur une mobilité transcontinentale, la résurgence de la danse tango depuis les années 1990 atteste au contraire de modes spécifiques de diffusion qui ont déterminé une revalorisation de ce genre. Sur le terrain français, comment les interprétations institutionnelles du tango entrent-elles en tensions avec l’expérience sensible des pratiquants ? Quelles « traditions » sont en jeu à travers les processus de transmission et la segmentation stylistique qui caractérise ses circulations contemporaines ?
Son jarocho entre Mexique, États-Unis et Europe : patrimonialisation réticulaire d’une pratique culturelle transnationale
Authors: Rinaudo Christian
Published: September 2017

Défini comme un genre musical originaire de Veracruz et comme le produit du métissage de différents univers culturels (espagnols, africains, indigènes), le son jarocho a été considéré pendant longtemps comme une des composantes constitutives de l’héritage culturel mexicain. Au début des années 1970, quelques musiciens et universitaires ont commencé à questionner les dérives commerciales et folklorisantes de cette pratique, donnant ainsi naissance au « mouvement jaranero » (du fait de l’usage central de la jarana, petite guitare d’origine espagnole). Ce dernier va contribuer à l’émergence d’un discours patrimonial renvoyant à un passé mythique : celui des fandangos, fêtes traditionnelles dans et par lesquelles se transmet une mémoire collective commune. À partir des années 1990-2000, la collaboration entre la nouvelle génération de musiciens de Veracruz et le mouvement chicano aux États-Unis va multiplier les propositions de production d’une mémoire commune et développer un activisme social et politique qui, en s’articulant avec le mouvement zapatiste, constitue un des enjeux de la patrimonialisation d’une pratique qui se déploie désormais dans un champ social transnational.
Revisiting Iraqi Cultural Heritage from “Outside” in Times of Looting and Destruction: Al-Mutanabi Street in Motion
Authors: Duclos Diane
Published: September 2017

Comment penser la question de l’héritage dans une société caractérisée par la destruction et la dispersion de son patrimoine matériel et immatériel ? En mars 2007, une bombe a explosé dans la rue Al-Mutanabi, quartier rassemblant historiquement les bouquinistes de Bagdad. Survenant quatre années après les pillages des musées de la capitale irakienne, cet événement meurtrier incarne la destruction de la vie culturelle à Bagdad. Des artistes irakiens en exil réagissent rapidement de l’extérieur, ressuscitant par leurs créations l’atmosphère d’une ville perdue. Entre hommage et testament, leur travail interroge la notion d’héritage comme processus en (de) construction à travers un ensemble de pratiques transnationales. À partir d’entretiens conduits auprès d’artistes irakiens en exil et d’analyse de certaines de leurs productions liées à la rue Al-Mutanabi, cet article met en lumière des processus simultanés d’abstraction et de matérialisation de pratiques patrimoniales, fragilisant l’idée d’héritage défini comme trace d’authenticité.
“Hmong That Could Fit Into All of Asia”
Authors: Landry H. Jordan , Xiong Mai Nhia
Published: September 2017

Service-learning projects that both engage the Hmong community and make oral storytelling a component of the projects have the potential to create transformative social change. Currently, images of the Hmong in the media as well as scholarship written by people of non-Hmong ethnicity tend to re-affirm stereotypes both of refugees and people who speak languages other than English. The Hmong community has an investment in both preserving its rich culture, history and traditions and educating about these. The storytelling that emerges in service learning projects focused on the Hmong are powerful counterpoints to the often violent and destructive discourse current in the contemporary moment about refugees, immigrants and speakers of languages other than English.
Using Counterstories and Reflective Writing Assignments to Promote Critical Race Consciousness in an Undergraduate Teacher Preparation Course
Authors: Perrotta Katherine A. , Mattson Mary F.
Published: September 2017

On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery bus. Her act of resistance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and ushered in the mid-20th century Civil Rights Movement. Although Parks occupies a prominent place in United States history, she was not the first to challenge racial segregation. Elizabeth Jennings was an African American schoolteacher who was ejected from a streetcar in New York City in 1854. Her lawyer, future President Chester A. Arthur, sued the streetcar company and won. Jennings' and Parks' stories serve as examples of counterstories that can raise critical race consciousness to matters of racial inequity in historical narratives and school curricula. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to examine whether students in an undergraduate teacher preparation course at a major university in a metropolitan region of the Southeast demonstrated critical race consciousness with reflective writing assignments by analyzing the counterstories of Elizabeth Jennings and Rosa Parks.
Cultivating Emotional Branding Through Customer Experience Management
Authors: Saini Shivani , Singh Jagwinder
Published: September 2017

Emotional branding promotes customer's long-lasting psychological attachment to a brand. Customer experiences with products and services trigger emotional responses. Therefore, customer experience management is imperative for generating pleasant emotions. Yet the delivery of customer experiences is viewed in a holistic manner. Customer experience management can be effectively integrated into a brand strategy to drive customers' positive behavioural and attitudinal intentions. The customer experiences play a pivotal role in the generation of positive emotions. Adopting an appropriate combination and priority of experience elements is essential to create customer satisfaction, trust, and commitment in order to develop true loyalty. The traditional tactical approach of marketing-mix elements is purely marketing driven and does not fit well in the CEOs expectations. These experience-mix elements will help the organizations to become market driving, which is even beyond the market-driven approach and thus will generate sustainable competitive advantage.
Data Integrity in Mobile Cloud Computing
Authors: Majumder Abhishek , Nath Samir , Das Avijit
Published: September 2017

With the help of cloud computing Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) overcomes the limitations of a mobile device such as security, performance and environment. But, security of the data stored in the cloud is a very challenging issue. Since the cloud cannot be fully trusted, data stored in the cloud is not fully secured. Integrity of the stored data is very important for the data owner. Therefore, it is a big problem to maintain the integrity of the data stored in the cloud environment. This chapter discusses existing schemes for data integrity in the mobile cloud environment. In this chapter a scheme has been proposed for enhancing data integrity in Mobile Cloud Environment. To make integrity checking fast the size of the data file is used. It has also been shown that how fast the integrity loss can be detected if the file size is considered. Finally, the proposed scheme is compared with some of the existing scheme.
Cloud Computing Technology for Green Enterprises
Authors: Chaturvedi Prachi
Published: September 2017

Computing technology acting a very vital role in our day to day activities. Later the associated high volume of energy consumption has become a major concern every economically and environmentally. Green computing is associate rising application in computing effectively that leads to very important greenhouse gas reduction. In toughened computing has become an important half that has got to be thought of seriously by ordered generation data and communication technology designers. Green computing is to use computer and connected resources in atmosphere, friendly ways in which. Such practices embrace the implementation of energy-efficient central method unit (CPU), servers and peripheral any as finding innovative ways in which of reducing resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste. Many IT manufacturers and vendors endlessly invest in designing energy economical computing devices, reducing the use of dangerous material, and galvanizing the recyclability of digital devices and printing papers.
Cloud Computing
Authors: Singh Shailendra , Gond Sunita
Published: September 2017

As this is the age of technology and every day we are receiving the news about growing popularity of internet and its applications. Cloud computing is an emerging paradigm of today that is rapidly accepted by the industry/organizations/educational institutions etc. for various applications and purpose. As computing is related to distributed and parallel computing which are from a very long time in the market, but today is the world of cloud computing that reduces the cost of computing by focusing on personal computing to data center computing. Cloud computing architecture and standard provide a unique way for delivering computation services to cloud users. It is having a simple API (Application Platform Interface) to users for accessing storage, platform and hardware by paying-as-per-use basis. Services provided by cloud computing is as same as other utility oriented services like electricity bill, water, telephone etc. over shared network. There are many cloud services providers in the market for providing services like Google, Microsoft, Manjrasoft Aneka, etc.
Toward Digital Inclusion
Authors: Anzera Giuseppe , Comunello Francesca
Published: September 2017

This chapter addresses the relationships between social inclusion and digital divide(s), mainly focusing on the conceptual frameworks that provide the basis for rethinking the relationship between technological, social, and human factors. Redefining the digital divide has deep consequences on the theoretical and empirical framework we apply to the digital divide and to the related social inclusion processes. It is widely acknowledged that the label digital divide can be partially misleading, because it is mostly emphasizing a binary dimension (haves vs. have not) and a mere technological dimension. In order to achieve a clear operational definition of the digital divide, we should avoid some misleading myths characterizing the debate and focus on the complex relationships between technological, social, and human factors (a dichotomous conceptualization, a narrow understanding of the technological factors involved, a technological deterministic approach), adopting, instead, an enabling technology approach. Therefore, the authors introduce a multilevel model for analyzing digital divides (Comunello, 2010), with a main focus on new media literacy (the model considers not only mere technology availability, but also real access, advanced reception practices, technical skills, content production, networking skills). Finally, they review some empirical methods for studying the digital divide, trying to underline how a more nuanced framework for analysing the digital divide can be adopted by empirical research.
Modern Training Process in Safety and Security Engineering
Authors: Mariš Ladislav , Fanfarová Adelaida
Published: September 2017

Modern tools are one of the essential elements of a successful process readiness in safety and security engineering. Modern IT technologies penetrate into the fields of safety and security. In the contribution the authors describe modern approaches in the education and training process for the case of fire and rescue units. Their target under review are simulation technologies in the form of augmented and virtual reality and their potential applications in safety and security practice.
Internal Structure Research of Shungite by Broadband Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
Authors: Cherepetskaya Elena B. , Karabutov Alexander A. , Makarov Vladimir , Mironova Elena A. , Shibaev Ivan A. , Vysotin Nikolay G. , Morozov Dmitry V.
Published: September 2017

The internal structure of plane-parallel plates of shungite is studied. The broadband ultrasonic pulses are used to measure the velocities of longitudinal and shear elastic ultrasonic waves. The accuracy of measurements is 0.3% in the case of longitudinal wave velocity and 0.5% in the case of shear wave velocity (scanning pitch over the surface of specimens was 0.5 mm). Local elastic moduli of shungite (Young modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio) are uniquely determined from the velocities of elastic waves.
Clofibric Acid, a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Alpha Ligand, Enhances a Suppressive Effect of Cis-diaminedichloroplatinum on Proliferation of Ovarian Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshihito , Xin Bing , Shigeto Tatsuhiko , Futagami Masayuki , Mizunuma Hideki
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the possible mechanism that clofibric acid (CA), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ligand, enhances a suppressive effect of cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) on proliferation of the ovarian carcinoma line OVCAR-3. These cells was incubated with 0.5 μM/ml CDDP in the presence or absence of 50 μM CA or incubated with 50 μM CA alone for 72 hr. While treatment with CA alone did not affect proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells, simultaneous treatment with CDDP and CA significantly suppressed proliferation of the cells and significantly induced apoptosis compared to that with CDDP alone. Treatment with CDDP and CA significantly decreased the prostaglandin (PG) E2 level in the medium of the cells compared with treatment with CDDP alone. These results suggest the ability of CA to enhance a suppressive effect of CDDP on proliferation of the ovarian carcinoma cells through reduction of PGE2 level.
Malignant Struma Ovarii: Good Response after Thyroidectomy and 131I Ablation Therapy
Authors: Janszen Erica W.M. , Van Doorn Helena C. , Ewing Patricia C. , De Krijger Ronald R. , De Wilt Johannes H.W. , Kam Boen L.R. , De Herder Wouter W.
Published: September 2017

Background

Malignant struma ovarii is a rare malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary. Due to the rarity of this disease, treatment has not been uniform throughout the published literature.

Cases

We present three cases of malignant struma ovarii. Following primary surgery, all were subsequently treated with thyroidectomy and 131I ablation therapy, two patients as first line management, one following the occurrence of metastatic disease.

Conclusion

Histological diagnosis of malignant struma ovarii is similar to that of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC). In line with the latest advice on treatment of WDTC, we believe that the best option for patients with malignant struma ovarii is surgical removal of the ovarian lesion followed by total thyroidectomy which allows the exclusion of primary thyroid carcinoma, and in addition, allows radioiodine (131I) ablation therapy for (micro) metastasis. After thyroidectomy, thyroglobulin can be used as a tumor marker for follow-up. Moreover, nuclear medicine imaging using radioiodine (123I) can be performed to demonstrate metastatic carcinoma. A multidisciplinary approach is essential.
Functional Activities and Immunohistochemical Cellular Distribution of Glutathione S-Transferases in Normal, Dysplastic, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Human Oral Tissues
Authors: Giannini Peter J. , Morse Mark A. , Weghorst Christopher M. , Pei Ping , Mallery Susan R.
Published: September 2017

Clinical data show a strong correlation between tobacco and alcohol use and the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While this association implies that the oral mucosa actively metabolizes carcinogens, there is little information which depicts the carcinogen metabolizing enzymes within the oral cavity. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) primary function is to detoxify carcinogens by increasing their water solubility, GSTs represent key carcinogen metabolizing enzymes. Notably, individuals with a null phenotype for certain GST isoforms are at an increased risk to develop cancer. This study investigated the function and distribution of GSTs in human oral tissues. Our results from this pilot study showed a trend towards higher GST activities in SCC tissues relative to normal mucosa. Also, relative to normal tissues, the SCC and epithelial dysplasia samples showed a more intense and uniform GST intracellular distribution. GST activities are increased in many high grade cancers. Similarly, our data suggest that GST upregulation occurs in at least a subset of precancerous and malignant oral lesions.
Molecular Mechanisms that Regulate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inactivation
Authors: Ceresa Brian P. , Vanlandingham Phillip A.
Published: September 2017

The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). These cell surface receptors are integral membrane proteins that bind ligands on their extracellular domain and relay that information to within the cell. The activated EGFR regulates diverse cell fates such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. These signaling properties are important for the appropriate development and maintenance of an organism. However, when inappropriately controlled, due to EGFR overexpression or hyperactivation, these signaling events are characteristic of many cancers. It remains unclear whether the uncontrolled EGFR activity leads to cell transformation or is a consequence of cell transformation. Regardless of the cause, increased EGFR activity serves both as a biomarker in the diagnosis of some cancers and is a molecular target for anti-cancer therapies. The promising results with current anti-EGFR therapies suggest that the receptor is a viable molecular target for a limited number of applications. However, to become an effective therapeutic target for other cancers that have elevated levels of EGFR activity, current approaches for inhibiting EGFR signaling will need to be refined. Here we describe the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR inactivation and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for inhibiting EGFR signaling.
Exvivo Experiments of Human Ovarian Cancer Ascites-Derived Exosomes Presented by Dendritic Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood for Immunotherapy Treatment
Authors: Li Qi-Ling , Bu Ning , Yu Yue-Cheng , Hua Wei , Xin Xiao-Yan
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Exosomes, a type of membrane vesicles, released from tumor cells have been shown to be capable of transferring tumor antigens to dendritic cells and activating specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Recent work has demonstrated the presence of high numbers of exosomes in malignant effusions. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells and from which a significant number of dendritic cells can be produced. We hypothesized that the exosomes released from metastatic ovarian carcinoma were able to present tumor specific antigen to dendritic cells derived from unrelated umbilical cord blood, then could stimulate resting T cells to differentiate and induce effective cytotoxicity.

Study Design

Exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation of malignant ascites from ovarian cancer patients (n = 10). Purified exosomes were further characterized by Western blot analyses and immunoelectronic microscopy. Dendritic cells were collected from unrelated umbilical cord blood and cultured in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-α. Resting T cells were mixed with dentritic cells previously primed with exosomes and the cytotoxicity were measured by MTT method. T cells were activated by DCs presented with exosomes.

Results

1) the exosomes isolated from the ascites were membrane vesicles of about 30-90nm in diameter; 2) the exosomes expressed MHC class I molecules, HSP70, HSP90, Her2/Neu, and Mart1; and 3)umbilical cord blood-derived DCs previously exosome-primed stimulated resting T cells to differentiate and produce effective cytotoxicity.

Conclusions

These results suggested that tumor-specific antigens present on exosomes can be presented by DCs derived from unrelated umbilical cord blood to induce tumor specific cytotoxicity and this may represent as a novel immunotherapy for ovarian cancer.
A Phantom Study on Target Localization Accuracy Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Yan Hui , Zhang Liwei , Yin Fang-Fang
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the 3-dimensional target localization accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using an on-board imager (OBI). An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom was used to simulate a range of offsets in the three translational directions and rotations around each of the three axes. After a translational or rotational offset was applied, a CBCT scan of the phantom was followed by image registration to detect the offsets in six degrees. The detected offsets were compared to the offset actually applied to give the detection error of the phantom position. Afterwards, the phantom was positioned by automatically moving the couch based on the detected offsets. A second CBCT scan followed by image registration was performed to give the residual error of the phantom positioning. On the average the detection errors and their standard deviations along the lateral, longitudinal and vertical axis are 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.4 ± 0.1 mm respectively with respect to translational shifts ranging from 0 to 10 mm. The corresponding residual errors after positioning are 0.3 ± 0.1, 0.5 ± 0.1 and 0.3 ± 0.1 mm. For simulated rotational shifts ranging from 0 to 5 degrees, the average detection error and their standard deviation around lateral, longitudinal, and vertical axes are 0.1 ± 0.0, 0.2 ± 0.0, and 0.2 ± 0.0 degrees respectively. The residual errors after positioning are 0.4 ± 0.1, 0.6 ± 0.1, and 0.3 ± 0.1 mm along the lateral, longitudinal and vertical directions. These results indicate that target localization based on CBCT is capable of achieving sub-millimeter accuracy.
Surgery for Idiopathic Scoliosis: Currently Applied Techniques
Authors: Maruyama Toru , Takeshita Katsushi
Published: September 2017

This review discusses the basic knowledge and recent innovation of surgical treatment for scoliosis. Surgical treatment for scoliosis is indicated, in general, for a curve exceeding 45 to 50 degrees by the Cobb's method on the basis that: 1. Curves larger than 50 degrees progress even after skeletal maturity. 2. Curves larger than 60 degrees cause loss of pulmonary function, and much larger curves cause respiratory failure. 3. Greater the curve progression, the more difficult it is to treat with surgery.

Posterior fusion with instrumentation has been the standard form of surgical treatment for scoliosis. In modern instrumentation systems, more anchors are used to connect the rod and the spine, resulting in better correction and less frequent implant failures. Segmental pedicle screw constructs or hybrid constructs using pedicle screws, hooks, and wires are the trend of today. Anterior instrumentation surgery was once the choice of treatment for thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis because better correction could be obtained with shorter fusion levels. But in the recent times, superiority of anterior surgery for the thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis has been questioned. Initial enthusiasm for anterior instrumentation for the thoracic curve using video assisted thoracoscopy has faded out.
Article Commentary: Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Diabetes Associated with Elevated Homocysteine
Authors: Shindler Kenneth S.
Published: September 2017

A number of studies have suggested that homocysteine may be a contributing factor to development of retinopathy in diabetic patients based on observed correlations between elevated homocysteine levels and the presence of retinopathy. The significance of such a correlation remains to be determined, and potential mechanisms by which homocysteine might induce retinopathy have not been well characterized. Ganapathy and colleagues 1 used mutant mice that have endogenously elevated homocysteine levels due to heterozygous deletion of the cystathionine-β-synthase gene to examine changes in retinal pathology following induction of diabetes. Their finding that elevated homocysteine levels hastens loss of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer suggests that toxicity to ganglion cells may warrant further investigation as a potential mechanism of homocysteine enhanced susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy.
A mathematical representation of microalgae distribution in aridisol and water scarcity
Authors: Lababpour Abdolmajid
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The restoration technologies of biological soil crust (BSC) in arid and semi-arid areas can be supported by simulations performed by mathematical models. The present study represents a mathematical model to describe behaviour of the complex microalgae development on the soil surface. A diffusion-reaction system was used in the model formulation which incorporating parameters of photosynthetic organisms, soil water content and physical parameter of soil porosity, extendable for substrates and exchanged gases. For the photosynthetic microalgae, the dynamic system works as a batch mode, while input and output are accounted for soil water-limited substrate. The coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) of model were solved by numerical finite-element method (FEM) after determining model parameters, initial and boundary conditions. The MATLAB features, were used in solving and simulation of model equations. The model outputs reveals that soil water balance shift responding to microalgae inoculation, compare to bare lands. Refining and application of the model for the biological soil stabilization and the biocrust restoration process will provide us with an optimized mean for biocrust restoration activities and success in the challenge with land degradation, regenerating a favourable ecosystem state, and reducing dust emission-related problems in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world.
SPREAD: a high-resolution daily gridded precipitation dataset for Spain – an extreme events frequency and intensity overview
Authors: Serrano-Notivoli Roberto , Beguería Santiago , Saz Miguel Ángel , Longares Luis Alberto , de Luis Martín
Published: September 2017

Abstract. A high-resolution daily gridded precipitation dataset was built from raw data of 12 858 observatories covering a period from 1950 to 2012 in peninsular Spain and 1971 to 2012 in Balearic and Canary islands. The original data were quality-controlled and gaps were filled on each day and location independently. Using the serially complete dataset, a grid with a 5 × 5 km spatial resolution was constructed by estimating daily precipitation amounts and their corresponding uncertainty at each grid node. Daily precipitation estimations were compared to original observations to assess the quality of the gridded dataset. Four daily precipitation indices were computed to characterise the spatial distribution of daily precipitation and nine extreme precipitation indices were used to describe the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events. The Mediterranean coast and the Central Range showed the highest frequency and intensity of extreme events, while the number of wet days and dry and wet spells followed a north-west to south-east gradient in peninsular Spain, from high to low values in the number of wet days and wet spells and reverse in dry spells. The use of the total available data in Spain, the independent estimation of precipitation for each day and the high spatial resolution of the grid allowed for a precise spatial and temporal assessment of daily precipitation that is difficult to achieve when using other methods, pre-selected long-term stations or global gridded datasets. SPREAD dataset is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/7393.
Fast matrix treatment of 3D radiative transfer in vegetation
canopies: SPARTACUS-Vegetation 1.0
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , Quaife Tristan , Braghiere Renato
Published: September 2017

Abstract. A fast scheme is described to compute the 3D interaction of solar radiation with vegetation. The vegetation canopy is split horizontally into one clear region and one or more vegetated regions, and the two-stream equations are used for each, but with additional terms representing lateral exchange of radiation between regions that are proportional to the area of the interface between them. The resulting coupled set of ordinary differential equations is solved using the matrix-exponential method. The scheme is compared to solar Monte Carlo calculations for idealized scenes from the ‘RAMI4PILPS’ intercomparison project, for open forest canopies and shrublands both with and without snow on the ground. Agreement in reflectance, transmittance and canopy absorptance is excellent in both the visible and near infrared. The technique has potential application to weather and climate modelling.
Aerial and surface rivers: downwind impacts on water availability from land use
changes in Amazonia
Authors: Weng Wei , Luedeke Matthias K. B. , Zemp Delphine C. , Lakes Tobia , Kropp Juergen P.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The abundant evapotranspiration provided by the Amazon forests is an important component of the hydrological cycle both regionally and globally. Since the last century, deforestation and expanding agricultural activities have changed the ecosystem and its provision of moisture to the atmosphere. However, it remains uncertain how the ongoing land use change will influence the rainfall, runoff, and water availability as findings from previous studies differ. Using moisture tracking experiments based on observational data, we provide a spatially detailed analysis recognising potential teleconnection between source and sink regions of atmospheric moisture. We apply land use scenarios in upwind moisture sources and quantify the corresponding rainfall and runoff changes in downwind moisture sinks. We find spatially varying responses of water regimes to land use changes which may explain the diverse results from previous studies. Parts of the Peruvian Amazon and western Bolivia are identified as those sink areas most sensitive to land use change in the Amazon and we highlight the current water stress by Amazonian land use change on these areas in the water availability. Furthermore, we also identify the influential source areas where land use change may considerably reduce a given target sink's water reception (from our example of the Ucayali river basin outlet, rainfall by 5–12 % and runoff by 19–50 % according to scenarios). Sensitive sinks and influential sources are therefore suggested as hotspots for achieving sustainable land–water management.
Technical note: A hydrological routing scheme for the Ecosystem Demography model (ED2+R) tested in the Tapajós River basin in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Pereira Fabio F. , Farinosi Fabio , Arias Mauricio E. , Lee Eunjee , Briscoe John , Moorcroft Paul R.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Land surface models are excellent tools for studying how climate change and land use affect surface hydrology. However, in order to assess the impacts of Earth processes on river flows, simulated changes in runoff need to be routed through the landscape. In this technical note, we describe the integration of the Ecosystem Demography (ED2) model with a hydrological routing scheme. The purpose of the study was to create a tool capable of incorporating to hydrological predictions the terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate, carbon dioxide, and land-use change, as simulated with terrestrial biosphere models. The resulting ED2+R model calculates the lateral routing of surface and subsurface runoff resulting from the terrestrial biosphere models' vertical water balance in order to determine spatiotemporal patterns of river flows within the simulated region. We evaluated the ED2+R model in the Tapajós, a 476 674 km2 river basin in the southeastern Amazon, Brazil. The results showed that the integration of ED2 with the lateral routing scheme results in an adequate representation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency up to 0.76, Kling–Gupta efficiency up to 0.86, Pearson's R up to 0.88, and volume ratio up to 1.06) of daily to decadal river flow dynamics in the Tapajós. These results are a consistent step forward with respect to the no river representation common among terrestrial biosphere models, such as the initial version of ED2.