bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors for expired CO2 in neonatal bag-mask ventilation at birth: observational study
Authors: Holte Kari , Ersdal Hege Langli , Eilevstjønn Joar , Thallinger Monica , Linde Jørgen , Klingenberg Claus , Holst Rene , Bayo Samwel , Kidanto Hussein , Stordal Ketil
Published: September 2019

Background

Expired carbon dioxide (ECO2) indicates degree of lung aeration immediately after birth. Favourable ventilation techniques may be associated with higher ECO2 and a faster increase. Clinical condition will however also affect measured values. The aim of this study was to explore the relative impact of ventilation factors and clinical factors on ECO2 during bag-mask ventilation of near-term newborns.

Methods

Observational study performed in a Tanzanian rural hospital. Side-stream measures of ECO2, ventilation data, heart rate and clinical information were recorded in 434 bag-mask ventilated newborns with initial heart rate <120 beats per minute. We studied ECO2 by clinical factors (birth weight, Apgar scores and initial heart rate) and ventilation factors (expired tidal volume, ventilation frequency, mask leak and inflation pressure) in random intercept models and Cox regression for time to ECO2 >2%.

Results

ECO2 rose non-linearly with increasing expired tidal volume up to >10 mL/kg, and sufficient tidal volume was critical for the time to reach ECO2 >2%. Ventilation frequency around 30/min was associated with the highest ECO2. Higher birth weight, Apgar scores and initial heart rate were weak, but significant predictors for higher ECO2. Ventilation factors explained 31% of the variation in ECO2 compared with 11% for clinical factors.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that higher tidal volumes than currently recommended and a low ventilation frequency around 30/min are associated with improved lung aeration during newborn resuscitation. Low ECO2 may be used to identify unfavourable ventilation technique. Clinical factors are also associated with persistently low ECO2 and must be accounted for in the interpretation.
Eye-opening facilitator behaviours: an Interaction Analysis of facilitator behaviours that advance debriefings
Authors: Karlgren Klas , Larsson Fredrik , Dahlström Anders
Published: September 2019

Introduction

Analyses of simulation performance taking place during postsimulation debriefings have been described as iterating through phases of unawareness of problems, identifying problems, explaining the problems and suggesting alternative strategies or solutions to manage the problems. However, little is known about the mechanisms that contribute to shifting from one such phase to the subsequent one. The aim was to study which kinds of facilitator interactions contribute to advancing the participants’ analyses during video-assisted postsimulation debriefing.

Methods

Successful facilitator behaviours were analysed by performing an Interaction-Analytic case study, a method for video analysis with roots in ethnography. Video data were collected from simulation courses involving medical and midwifery students facilitated by highly experienced facilitators (6–18 years, two paediatricians and one midwife) and analysed using the Transana software. A total of 110 successful facilitator interventions were observed in four video-assisted debriefings and 94 of these were included in the analysis. As a starting point, the participants’ discussions were first analysed using the phases of a previously described framework, uPEA (unawareness (u), problem identification (P), explanation (E) and alternative strategies/solutions (A)). Facilitator interventions immediately preceding each shift from one phase to the next were thereafter scrutinised in detail.

Results

Fifteen recurring facilitator behaviours preceding successful shifts to higher uPEA levels were identified. While there was some overlap, most of the identified facilitator interventions were observed during specific phases of the debriefings. The most salient facilitator interventions preceding shifts to subsequent uPEA levels were respectively: use of video recordings to draw attention to problems (P), questions about opinions and rationales to encourage explanations (E) and dramatising hypothetical scenarios to encourage alternative strategies (A).

Conclusions

This study contributes to the understanding of how certain facilitator behaviours can contribute to the participants’ analyses of simulation performance during specific phases of video-assisted debriefing.
Low Hematocrit Levels: A Risk Factor for Long-Term Outcomes in Patients Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation after Cardiovascular Surgery. A Retrospective Study
Authors: Tsukinaga Akito , Takaki Shunsuke , Mihara Takahiro , Okamura Kenta , Isoda Susumu , Kurahashi Kiyoyasu , Goto Takahisa
Published: September 2019

While low-risk patients who undergo elective surgery can tolerate low hematocrit levels, the benefits of higher hematocrit levels might outweigh the risk of transfusion in high-risk patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of perioperative hematocrit levels on mortality in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) after a cardiovascular surgery. This single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted on 172 patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting and required PMV for ≥72 hours in the intensive care unit (ICU) from 2008 to 2012 at the Yokohama City University Medical Center in Yokohama, Japan. Patients were classified according to hematocrit levels on ICU admission: high (≥30%) and low (<30%) groups. Of 172 patients, 86 were included to each of the low-hematocrit and high-hematocrit groups, with median hematocrit levels (first to third quartiles) of 27.4% (25.4%–28.7%) and 33.0% (31.3%–35.5%), respectively. The difference in survival rates was significant between the two groups using the log-rank test (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.95, p=0.033). Cox regression analysis revealed that ≥30% increase in hematocrit levels on ICU admission was significantly associated with decreased long-term mortality (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.80, p=0.0095). Lower hematocrit levels on ICU admission was a risk factor for increased long-term mortality, and higher hematocrit levels might outweigh the risk of transfusion in patients requiring PMV after a cardiovascular surgery.
Minimally invasive surgery and transsulcal parafascicular approach in the evacuation of intracerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Marenco-Hillembrand Lina , Suarez-Meade Paola , Ruiz Garcia Henry , Murguia-Fuentes Ricardo , Middlebrooks Erik H , Kangas Lindsey , Freeman W David , Chaichana Kaisorn L
Published: September 2019

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) describes haemorrhage into the brain parenchyma that may result in a decline of the patient’s neurological function. ICH is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aggressive surgical treatment for ICH has remained controversial as clinical trials have failed to demonstrate substantial improvement in patient outcome and mortality. Recently, promising mechanical and pharmacological minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques for the treatment of ICH have been described. MIS was designed with the objective of reducing morbidity due to complications of surgical manipulation. Mechanical MIS includes the use of tubular retractors and small diameter instruments for ICH removal. Pharmacological methods consist of catheter placement inside the haematoma cavity for the passive drainage of the haematoma over the course of several days. One of the most favourable approaches for MIS is the use of natural corridors for reaching the lesion, such as the transsulcal parafascicular approach. This approach provides an anatomical dissection of the subjacent white matter tracts, causing the least amount of damage while evacuating the haematoma. A detailed description of the currently known MIS techniques and devices is presented in this review. Special attention is given to the transsulcal parafascicular approach, which has particular benefits to provide a less traumatic MIS with promising overall patient outcome.
MUC5B variant is associated with visually and quantitatively detected preclinical pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Mathai Susan K , Humphries Stephen , Kropski Jonathan A , Blackwell Timothy S , Powers Julia , Walts Avram D , Markin Cheryl , Woodward Julia , Chung Jonathan H , Brown Kevin K , Steele Mark P , Loyd James E , Schwarz Marvin I , Fingerlin Tasha , Yang Ivana V , Lynch David A , Schwartz David A
Published: September 2019

Background

Relatives of patients with familial interstitial pneumonia (FIP) are at increased risk for pulmonary fibrosis. We assessed the prevalence and risk factors for preclinical pulmonary fibrosis (PrePF) in first-degree relatives of patients with FIP and determined the utility of deep learning in detecting PrePF on CT.

Methods

First-degree relatives of patients with FIP over 40 years of age who believed themselves to be unaffected by pulmonary fibrosis underwent CT scans of the chest. Images were visually reviewed, and a deep learning algorithm was used to quantify lung fibrosis. Genotyping for common idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis risk variants in MUC5B and TERT was performed.

Findings

In 494 relatives of patients with FIP from 263 families of patients with FIP, the prevalence of PrePF on visual CT evaluation was 15.6% (95% CI 12.6 to 19.0). Compared with visual CT evaluation, deep learning quantitative CT analysis had 84% sensitivity (95% CI 0.72 to 0.89) and 86% sensitivity (95% CI 0.83 to 0.89) for discriminating subjects with visual PrePF diagnosis. Subjects with PrePF were older (65.9, SD 10.1 years) than subjects without fibrosis (55.8 SD 8.7 years), more likely to be male (49% vs 37%), more likely to have smoked (44% vs 27%) and more likely to have the MUC5B promoter variant rs35705950 (minor allele frequency 0.29 vs 0.21). MUC5B variant carriers had higher quantitative CT fibrosis scores (mean difference of 0.36%), a difference that remains significant when controlling for age and sex.

Interpretation

PrePF is common in relatives of patients with FIP. Its prevalence increases with age and the presence of a common MUC5B promoter variant. Quantitative CT analysis can detect these imaging abnormalities.
Scattering of phonon by stacking faults and dislocation cores in plastically deformed LiF crystal: An analysis
Authors: Singh B. K. , Sharma L. K.
Published: September 2019

The present work studies and analyses the effect of compression on LiF crystal. The compression is of the order that it deforms the LiF crystal plastically. The sequence of closed packed structure of plastically deformed crystal is disturbed and we expect stacking faults i.e., faults in the crystal along a plane. Plastically deformed crystal contains high density of dislocations. The depression of phonon conductivity in plastically deformed crystal is associated with interaction of the phonon with high density of dislocations. Phonon or the quantised lattice wave scatters with these stacking faults and dislocation cores, as a result, there is depression of lattice thermal conductivity near the peak. The number of stacking faults/cm N[Formula: see text] has been calculated which is of the order of 101/cm, and dislocation core size which is of the order of burger vector if dislocation density is of the order of 108/cm2. Separate contributions of relaxation rates for various phonon scattering processes have been calculated for both longitudinal and transverse phonons. Present work strongly supports that phonons are mainly scattered by stacking faults and dislocation cores in plastically deformed LiF crystal.
Pressure effects on the diffusion of boron and phosphorus in silicon
Authors: Hong Phan Thi Thanh , Van Hung Vu , Van Nghia Nguyen , Hieu Ho Khac
Published: September 2019

In this work, pressure effects on the diffusion of boron and phosphorus in silicon have been investigated by using the statistical moment method. We consider the diffusion of boron and phosphorus in silicon for wide temperature and pressure ranges revealing the Arrhenius behavior of diffusion coefficients. Activation energies of diffusion of boron and phosphorus in silicon are derived, respectively, as 3.41 and 3.20 eV at ambient pressure. Our work shows that when pressure increases, the diffusivity of B is enhanced characterized by an activation volume of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] is the atomic volume) at temperature 1083 K; and the diffusivity of P is reduced indicated by an activation volume of [Formula: see text] at 1113 K. Our results of activation energies and diffusion coefficients are in agreement with recent experimental measurements and ab initio calculations. This work proposes a potential method to investigate the diffusion mechanism in silicon solar cell.
Practical Considerations on Nonparametric Methods for Estimating Intrinsic Dimensions of Nonlinear Data Structures
Authors: Einbeck Jochen , Kalantan Zakiah , Kruger Uwe
Published: September 2019

This paper develops readily applicable methods for estimating the intrinsic dimension of multivariate datasets. The proposed methods, which make use of theoretical properties of the empirical distribution functions of (pairwise or pointwise) distances, build on the existing concepts of (i) correlation dimensions and (ii) charting manifolds that are contrasted with (iii) a maximum likelihood technique and (iv) other recently proposed geometric methods including MiND and IDEA. This comparison relies on application studies involving simulated examples, a recorded dataset from a glucose processing facility, as well as several benchmark datasets available from the literature. The performance of the proposed techniques is generally in line with other dimension estimators, specifically noting that the correlation dimension variants perform favorably to the maximum likelihood method in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.
Adjacency and Laplacian spectra of variants of neighborhood corona of graphs constrained by vertex subsets
Authors: Gayathri M. , Rajkumar R.
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we define some variants of corona of graphs namely, subdivision (respectively, [Formula: see text]-graph, [Formula: see text]-graph, total) neighborhood corona, [Formula: see text]-graph (respectively, [Formula: see text]-graph, total) semi-edge neighborhood corona, [Formula: see text]-graph (respectively, total) semi-vertex neighborhood corona of graphs constrained by vertex subsets. These corona operations generalize some existing corona operations such as subdivision ([Formula: see text]-graph, [Formula: see text]-graph, total) double neighborhood corona, subdivision vertex (respectively, edge) neighborhood corona, [Formula: see text]-graph vertex (respectively, edge) neighborhood corona of graphs. First, we consider a matrix in specific form and determine its spectrum. Then by using this, we derive the characteristic polynomials of the adjacency and the Laplacian matrices of the new graphs when the base graph is regular. Also, we deduce the characteristic polynomials of the adjacency and Laplacian matrices of the above mentioned particular cases from our results.
Satisfiability of Modal Inclusion Logic
Authors: Hella Lauri , Kuusisto Antti , Meier Arne , Vollmer Heribert
Published: September 2019

We investigate the computational complexity of the satisfiability problem of modal inclusion logic. We distinguish two variants of the problem: one for the strict and another one for the lax semantics. Both problems turn out to be EXPTIME-complete on general structures. Finally, we show how for a specific class of structures NEXPTIME-completeness for these problems under strict semantics can be achieved.
Fog and Rain Attenuation Characterization and Performance of Terrestrial Free Space Optical Communication in Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Ojo Joseph Sunday , P. A. Owolawi , M. O. Ajewole , R. M. Adetunji
Published: September 2019

Reliable broadband communication requires secure high data rate and bandwidth links. With the observed increase in broadband users, known communication systems such as RF and microwave links cannot promise such requirements due to link interference and low bandwidth. A current communication system that promises such requirements and more is Free Space Optical (FSO) communication. This system basically involves the transmission of signal-modulated optical radiation from a transmitter to a receiver through the atmosphere or outer space. However, location-variant atmospheric channel degrades the performance of an FSO system under severe atmospheric conditions, thus necessitating local atmospheric attenuation studies. This paper presents the characterization of both fog- and rain-induced attenuation and the performance of an FSO system in a terrestrial terrain at Akure, Nigeria. One-year archived visibility data and in-situ measured 1-minute integration time rain rate data obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and the Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure were used to compute the fog- and rain-induced specific attenuations using Kruse model and Carboneur model respectively. The performance of the FSO system is analyzed through link margin by using the parameters of a commercial optical transceiver, Terescope 5000.
Initial Dynamic System Design for Optimization of Gravity Irrigation Water Management (Open Gravitation Irrigation)
Authors: Kurnia Hidayat Asep , El Akbar R R , Kosnayani A S
Published: September 2019

The available water condition is smaller than the need of irrigation water of agricultural land that is needed is an expression of conflict in the field. To overcome this is by the regulation of several parameters, including the regulation of planting schedule and reduction of land area. The model of irrigation system used is based on the optimum area regulation of cultivable land. Parameters used to overcome this problem are planting schedule, land failure risk and k factor. The k factor is the ratio of water availability to the water requirement. The output of this system is optimal net benefit based on alternative land area of irrigation. The result of the formula will show the optimal amount of land that produces the optimal net benefit based on certain cropping schedule and certain effective rainfall. The system will also demonstrate that optimization will be achieved if there is a water balance between the availability and demand for irrigation water. The system referred to in this study is a dynamic system. The purpose of this research is to make early design of dynamic system to optimize agricultural irrigation system. The results obtained in this research form the formation of feedback loops and interaction between loops with each other on irrigation systems of agricultural land.
Notes on the typification of several chameleon taxa (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae)
Authors: Klaver Charles
Published: September 2019

The obscure or dubious designation of the name-bearing type(s) and hence the type locality of three valid chameleon taxa, viz. Brookesia superciliaris, Calumma fallax and Trioceros schubotzi, is researched and clarified. It concerns type-material of the natural history museums of Berlin, London and Paris. In the appendix additional information as to the presence of name-bearing types in various museum collections is presented to amend the checklist of Glaw (2015).
A new Phoberus MacLeay species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae) from the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa and the Phoberus caffer species group reviewed
Authors: STRÜMPHER WERNER P. , SCHOLTZ CLARKE H.
Published: September 2019

Phoberus ntlenyanae Strümpher, new species is described from Lesotho and South Africa and is placed in the southern African Phoberus caffer group of species. The P. caffer species group is redefined to include the new species. One taxonomic status change is proposed: Phoberus lilianae (Scholtz, 1980) from the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe and the eastern escarpment of South Africa is elevated to species level. Phoberus caffer (Harold, 1872) is recorded for the first time from Eastern Cape and North West Province of South Africa. A key is provided for the identification of the members of the group. Photographs illustrate the species, and a map shows their geographical distributions. [Zoobank URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0CB1BAD0-F9C2-4303-B746-487BCADF0D07]
Deep Bottom Mixed Layer Drives Intrinsic Variability of the Antarctic Slope Front
Authors: Charlotte Huneke Wilma Gertrud , Klocker Andreas , Galton-Fenzi Benjamin Keith
Published: September 2019

The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) is located along much of the Antarctic continental shelf break and helps to maintain a barrier to the movement of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the continental shelf. The stability of the ASF has a major control on cross-shelf heat transport and ocean-driven basal melting of Antarctic ice shelves. Here, the ASF dynamics are investigated for continental shelves with weak dense shelf water (DSW) formation, which are thought to have a stable ASF, common for regions in East Antarctica. Using an ocean process model, this study demonstrates how offshore bottom Ekman transport of shelf waters leads to the development of a deep bottom mixed layer at the lower continental slope, and subsequently determines an intrinsic variability of the ASF. The ASF variability is characterized by instability events that affect the entire water column and occur every 5–10 years and last for approximately half a year. During these instability events, the cross-shelf density gradient weakens and CDW moves closer to the continent. Stronger winds increase the formation rate of the bottom mixed layer, which causes a subsequent increase of instability events. If the observed freshening trend of continental shelf waters leads to weaker DSW formation, more regions might be vulnerable for the ASF variability to develop in the future.
Short-Term High-Flow Nasal Cannula for Moderate to Severe Bronchiolitis Is Effective in a General Pediatric Ward
Authors: Sachs Nimrod , Rom Eran , Schonfeld Tommy , Gavish Rachel , Berger Itay , Krause Irit
Published: September 2019

We examined the clinical and physiological benefits of heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HHHFNC) in treating pediatric bronchiolitis in a general pediatric ward. Children aged 0 to 2 years, hospitalized with moderate to severe bronchiolitis, were connected to HHHFNC. Each child was evaluated at 4- to 10-hour intervals, both on and off the device, using the Wang et al Bronchiolitis Severity score and transcutaneous CO2 monitor. Sixteen children were included in the final analysis. The Bronchiolitis Severity score improved by 3 points during the first and second intervals ( P = .001). Transcutaneous CO2 values were reduced by an average 8.7 mm Hg ( P = .001). No adverse effects were noted in children connected to the device. The HHHFNC device used in a general pediatric ward setting served as a safe and efficacious tool in treating moderate to severe bronchiolitis. Immediate clinical and physiological improvement was observed and maintained 1 to 4 hours after disconnection from the device.
Team Physiological Dynamics: A Critical Review
Authors: Kazi Sadaf , Khaleghzadegan Salar , Dinh Julie V. , Shelhamer Mark J. , Sapirstein Adam , Goeddel Lee A. , Chime Nnenna O. , Salas Eduardo , Rosen Michael A.
Published: September 2019

Objective

Review the use of physiological measurement in team settings and propose recommendations to improve the state of the science.

Background

New sensor and analytical capabilities enable exploration of relationships between team members’ physiological dynamics. We conducted a review of physiological measures used in research on teams to understand (1) how these measures are theoretically and operationally related to team constructs and (2) what types of validity evidence exist for physiological measurement in team settings.

Method

We identified 32 articles that investigated task-performing teams using physiological data. Articles were coded on several dimensions, including team characteristics. Study findings were categorized by relationships tested between team physiological dynamics (TPD) and team inputs, mediators/processes, outputs, or psychometric properties.

Results

TPD researchers overwhelmingly measure single physiological systems. Although there is research linking TPD to inputs and outputs, the research on processes is underdeveloped.

Conclusion

We recommend several theoretical, methodological, and statistical themes to expand the growth of the TPD field.

Application

Physiological measures, once established as reliable indicators of team functioning, might be used to diagnose suboptimal team states and cue interventions to ameliorate these states.
A Forgotten Book by a Marginalised Anthropologist
Authors: Guha Abhijit
Published: September 2019

The idea of conducting an anthropological survey on the famine-affected people in Bengal in 1943 was planned and executed by a low profile teacher named Tarak Chandra Das. T.C. Das was not a member of any political party nor did he run any NGO. Indeed, he is a forgotten personality in the annals of Indian anthropology despite his original and groundbreaking contributions to social anthropology and sociology. Historiographers and encyclopaedia writers of Indian anthropology have simply forgotten the name of this legendary anthropologist. This paper is an attempt to remind scholars of how T.C. Das’ collection of data based on rigorous fieldwork and observation formed the backbone of his exceptional book, Bengal Famine.
Book review: Chaitanya Ravi, A Debate to Remember-––The US–India Nuclear Deal
Authors: Gogoi Yuvaraj
Published: September 2019

Chaitanya Ravi, A Debate to Remember-––The US–India Nuclear Deal. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018, 309 pp., ₹995, ISBN-13: 978-0-19-948170-5 (Hardcover).
Guidance counseling in the mid-twentieth century United States: Measurement, grouping, and the making of the intelligent self
Authors: Porter Jim Wynter
Published: September 2019

This article investigates National Defense Education Act and National Defense Education Act-related calls in the late 1950s for the training of guidance counselors, an emergent profession that was to play an instrumental role in both the measuring and placement of students in schools by “intelligence” or academic “ability”. In analyzing this mid-century push for more guidance counseling in schools, this article will first explore a foundational argument for the fairness of intelligence testing made by Educational Testing Service psychometrician William Turnbull in 1951, and then later taken up and employed by other National Defense Education Act-era advocates of testing and grouping. Secondly, this analysis will proceed to National Defense Education Act expert testimony, examining here assertions of the necessity of guidance counseling in schools, and an emergent and shared vision articulating the role guidance counseling was supposed to play in school life. A pattern or structure to this vision emerges here. According to its advocates, guidance counseling would not only inform the self-understanding of the measured individual, but it would also work to condition the ideology of individual intelligence across numerous layers of social life around the student: through peer group, through teachers and school administrators, and finally through home, family, and the wider community.
Noncredit Education in Community College: Students, Course Enrollments, and Academic Outcomes
Authors: Xu Di , Ran Florence Xiaotao
Published: September 2019

Objective: This study examines the characteristics, course enrollment patterns, and academic outcomes of students who started their college careers in noncredit courses. Method: Drawing upon a rich dataset that includes transcript and demographic information on both for-credit and noncredit students in multiple institutions, this study explores the demographic and academic profiles of students enrolled in various fields of noncredit education, their course performance in noncredit programs, their educational intent upon initial enrollment, and their transition to the for-credit sector among degree-seeking students. Results: Our results support recent evidence from qualitative studies and studies from a single institution that students enrolled in noncredit programs tend to be adult learners and are typically from a lower socioeconomic background than credit students at community colleges. Yet, more than half of the noncredit students drop out of college after their initial term, even among students who expressed intent to transition to credit-bearing programs. The idiosyncratic patterns of course enrollment and transition to credential programs seem to suggest that there is no general structured pathway or institutional support for credential-seeking noncredit students. Contributions: This article is among one of the first attempts that use student transcript data from multiple institutions to provide a comprehensive understanding of noncredit students and their academic outcomes. Results from this study highlight the importance of future research in exploring institutional services and structures that may effectively facilitate the academic progression and success of noncredit students.
The Bureaucracy of Plans: Urban Governance and Maps in Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Lee Min Kyung
Published: September 2019

This essay examines the historical role of graphic maps and plans in the Parisian municipal bureaucracy during the nineteenth century. Maps and plans became an important means to consolidate and organize administrative activities related to the built environment. As recognition of the growing number of actors involved, laws were implemented requiring not only an image to build but requiring that they be orthographic. The emergence of orthographic images in building practices was not a consequence of the specific needs of construction per se but rather was informed by the social and political exigencies to standardize diverse practices, to coordinate a variety of actors, and to develop a centralized administrative structure to manage urban development. Yet, even with the strong motivation for conformity, maps and plans were impossible to fully standardize due to the particularities of each site. Accordingly, it was this tension that encouraged the production of ever more paperwork as the basis of an urban bureaucracy.
Professional Development and Differentiated Instruction in an Elementary School Pullout Program: A Gifted Education Case Study
Authors: Brigandi Carla B. , Gilson Cindy M. , Miller Myriah
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this longitudinal case study was to investigate the relationship between participation in professional development in Renzulli’s Enrichment Triad Model and one gifted education teacher’s knowledge and practice, with particular attention to differentiated instruction. Findings indicated that professional development increased the participating teacher’s knowledge of gifted education, her attitude toward change, and her repertoire of instructional strategies; however, it did not alter her underlying beliefs or subsequent approach to gifted education. Time span and provider support were noted as promoters of effective professional development. Conceptual blocks, teacher characteristics, and lack of time were identified as barriers that inhibited professional development–related change with regard to differentiated instruction for learners who have high academic ability.
Predictors of Physical Activity in a Predominantly Hispanic Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Hartson Kimberly R. , Avila Melody , Gance-Cleveland Bonnie , Harpin Scott B. , Tigges Beth , Cook Paul F.
Published: September 2019

In the United States, the vast majority of Hispanic high school students do not meet physical activity recommendations. This prospective, observational study tested the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to predict physical activity in a convenience sample of 232 high school students from a predominantly Hispanic, rural-fringe, lower-income community in Southwestern United States. Mindfulness was tested as a moderator of the intention–physical activity relationship. Data were collected via self-report questionnaires. Statistical analysis included structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderation analysis. The model explained 60% and 43% of the variance in intention and physical activity, respectively. Attitude (β = 0.49, p < 0.001) and subjective norm (β = 0.44, p < 0.001) predicted intention. Intention (β = 0.58, p < 0.001) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.13, p < 0.027) predicted physical activity. Mindfulness did not moderate the intention–physical activity relationship. The results support using the TPB to predict physical activity in this population and may inspire ideas for targeted interventions.
Progress in cardiovascular biomaterials
Authors: Guhathakurta Soma , Galla Satish
Published: September 2019

In 1986, the European Society of Biomaterials Consensus Conference gave a simplified definition of biomaterials as “a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems”. This seems to be more appropriate when we look into the versatility of applications of biomaterials in the health sector, especially in cardiovascular practice. This field has expanded exponentially in every direction, with multifunctional capability. Heart valves have undergone an evolution in biomaterials and design. Patches and conduits have been developed to correct anatomical deficits, and solutions have been found for narrowing or ballooning of the arteries. Research is ongoing to find replacements for every part of this system by creating replicas made of various materials. To investigate problems pertaining to the cardiovascular system, catheters have undergone an astounding leap in material optimization. In these three sectors, the trends, successes, and failures are worth discussing. This review mainly focuses on the types of biomaterial used for making cardiovascular devices and their advantages and limitations.
Bangla in English Classes in Bangladesh: A Study of Learners’ Attitudes
Authors: Islam Md. Sadequle , Rahman Mamunur
Published: September 2019

In South Asia, the use of students’ first language while studying English as a second or further language remains a matter of considerable interest and contention. This topic deserves further attention by teachers and researchers in efforts to make the educational and learning experience in often multilingual contexts as productive as possible. This short article addresses the ongoing debates in Bangladesh around the use of the Bangla language while teaching English classes at higher secondary (HSC) level. Presently, Bangla is generally discouraged on pedagogical grounds in the teaching and learning of English. This ethnographic study investigates the attitudes of Bangladeshi HSC level students towards the use of Bangla in English classes. The results indicate positive attitudes among the students towards using Bangla in the learning of English and suggest the necessity of revising the official negative approach.
Effect of manual therapy in patients with hemophilia and ankle arthropathy: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Donoso-Úbeda Elena , Meroño-Gallut Javier , López-Pina José Antonio , Cuesta-Barriuso Rubén
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a manual therapy using fascial therapy on joint bleeding, joint pain and joint function in patients with hemophilic ankle arthropathy.

Setting:

Hemophilia patient associations.

Design:

Randomized, controlled trial, multicenter and intention-to-treat analysis.

Participants:

A total of 65 patients with hemophilic ankle arthropathy.

Intervention:

The experimental group ( n = 33) received one fascial therapy session per week for three weeks. The control group ( n = 32) received no treatment.

Outcome measure:

The primary outcome was frequency of joint bleeding measured using self-reporting. Secondary outcomes were joint pain (under load-bearing and non-load-bearing conditions) measured using the visual analog scale; joint condition was measured using the Hemophilia Joint Health Score. Outcomes were measured at baseline, posttreatment and after five months of follow-up.

Results:

Improvements in the frequency joint bleeding at T0, T1 and T2 were significantly higher in the experimental group (T0: mean (SD) = 1.56 (1.30); T1: mean (SD) = 0.00 (0.00); T2: mean (SD) = 0.27 (0.57)) compared to the control group (T0: mean (SD) = 1.70 (1.78); T1: mean (SD) = 0.05 (0.21); T2: mean (SD) = 0.58 (0.85)). Mean improvement of joint state after the study period was 1.74 points (±1.66) for patients in the experimental group, while the control group exhibited a joint deterioration with 0.43 points (±0.85). Ankle joint pain under load-bearing and non-load-bearing conditions improved in the experimental group with −1.72 (±1.86) and −0.50 (±1.39) points, respectively.

Conclusion:

The study showed that fascial therapy is favorable for patients with hemophilic ankle arthropathy.
Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on DNA damage in patients with depression
Authors: Ahmadimanesh Mahnaz , Abbaszadegan Mohammad Reza , Morshedi Rad Dorsa , Moallem Seyed Adel , Mohammadpour Amir Hooshang , Ghahremani Mohammad Hossein , Farid Hosseini Farhad , Behdani Fatemeh , Akhondpour Manteghi Ali , Jowsey Paul , Shabani Behbahani Fatemeh , Moallem Seyed Mohammad Hassan , Etemad Leila
Published: September 2019

Background:

The relationship between depression and increased oxidative stress is well known. DNA damage by oxidation factors is an important cause of the aging process in psychiatric disorders.

Aims:

Owing to the scarcity of human studies and high inconsistencies in studies of the effects of antidepressants on DNA damage, the current study was undertaken to investigate the effects of depression and its treatment on DNA damage.

Methods:

In a 15-week open-label study of citalopram ( n = 25) and sertraline ( n = 20), levels of DNA damage were measured by comet assay, proinflammatory (Interlukin-6 (IL-6)) and oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)) markers by ELISA, and gene expression of base excision repair enzymes (8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) and poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1)) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in healthy control patients ( n = 14), with depression at the baseline and the same patients after week 15.

Results:

DNA damage, 8-OHdG, IL-6 and expression of PARP1 were elevated in patients with depression compared with the healthy controls ( p < 0.001). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy could significantly reduce the depression score ( p < 0.01), DNA damage ( p < 0.001), as well as 8-OHdG and IL-6 ( p < 0.0001). Nevertheless, the expression of PARP1 and OGG1 showed no significant changes after treatment.

Conclusions:

This is the first study on the effect of SSRIs on the DNA damage and some of the repair enzymes in depression. Based on the results, depression can cause increased DNA damage. This damage is followed by activation of compensatory mechanisms whereby the expression of DNA damage repair enzymes is elevated. Finally, the treatment of psychiatric disorder by antidepressants can lower the level of oxidative DNA damage.
Pathways from childhood maltreatment to cardiometabolic disease: a research review
Authors: Baldwin Jessie R , Danese Andrea
Published: September 2019

Childhood maltreatment is a risk factor for poor physical health outcomes in later life, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In order to target preventive interventions to reduce this risk, it is important to understand the biological mechanisms linking childhood maltreatment to cardiometabolic disorders. Research reviewed here suggests that maltreated children show alterations in biological systems relating to metabolism and the immune system which could, in turn, increase the risk of long-term cardiometabolic disease risk. Specifically, maltreated children show an elevated risk of obesity in adulthood and greater inflammation levels in adolescence and adulthood. These findings from observational studies of humans are consistent with evidence from experimental animal models showing the causal effects of early life stress on obesity and immune function. To help prevent maltreated children from developing cardiometabolic disease later in life, clinical assessment and treatment should focus on physical as well as mental health.
Evaluation of hemodynamic impact of absorbable sutures in native arteriovenous fistulas: A retrospective study
Authors: Occhionorelli Savino , Fabbian Fabio , Battaglia Yuri , Miccoli Tommaso , Andreotti Dario , Di Simone Emanuele , Gianesini Sergio , Malvacini Enzo
Published: September 2019

One of the major causes of arteriovenous fistula failure is the venous stenosis due to aggressive neointimal hyperplasia. The aim of the study was to assess the arteriovenous fistula maturation comparing absorbable sutures and non-absorbable ones in native vessels. Surgeries performed during a period of 24 months by a single team of expert surgeons were evaluated. Surgeries that met the inclusion criteria, namely, age ⩾ 18 years and radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula, were considered. According to type of suture, patients were classified as Max group (absorbable suture) and Prol group (non-absorbable). Data pertaining to 70 patients were collected; 51% were men and the mean age was 73 ± 12 years. In Max group, an increasing blood flow was observed during the first 4 weeks without post-operative complications. In Prol group, six patients had thrombosis that resulted in vascular access failure. After the first week, the duplex Doppler ultrasound of both groups showed a regular arteriovenous fistula maturation, with an increase of blood flow rate. Although pre-operative post-tourniquet mean vein diameters of Max group were not adequate, the mean vein diameter and mean blood flow rate increased after 4 weeks, respectively. On the contrary, in Prol group, mean vein diameters and blood flow rate decreased. The maturation of arteriovenous fistula and its functional performance were not altered by the type of suture (absorbable/non-absorbable). Absorbable sutures were associated with good results considering arteriovenous fistula maturation.
Biocompatibility and adhesive strength properties of poly(methyl acrylate-co-acrylic acid) as a function of acrylic acid content
Authors: Yahata Chie , Suzuki Junya , Mochizuki Akira
Published: September 2019

Metals and metal alloys are widely used in medical devices that contact blood and/or tissue, and various coating materials for the metal parts have been proposed to improve surface properties such as biocompatibility. This study aims to understand the performance of new coating materials, copolymers of methyl acrylate and acrylic acid, in terms of their biocompatibility and adhesive strength to a metal surface. Blood compatibility was investigated through platelet and coagulation system responses. Cytocompatibility was studied in three cell-line types (endothelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts) in terms of cell viability and morphology; these tests showed that compatibility depended on the cell types and acrylic acid content of the copolymers. Because of their blood compatibility and adhesion strength, the methyl acrylate and acrylic acid copolymers containing 10–24 mol% acrylic acid were found to be excellent candidates as potential coating materials for devices contacting blood.
Czechoslovak Generational Experience of 1968: The Intellectual History Perspective
Authors: Andělová Kristina
Published: September 2019

This article is part of the special cluster titled Generation ’68 in Poland (with a Czechoslovak Comparative Perspective).

1968 is universally considered as the year that Marxism and socialism achieved significant political legitimacy amongst the younger generation. This is only partly true for Czechoslovakia, where the younger generations—students in their early twenties, but also young intellectuals, artists, and political activists entering their professional careers—brought about the emancipation of non-Marxist political thinking in public discourse. In this article, I demonstrate the intellectual clash of the generations of 1968: the older generation that represented Dubček’s famous “socialism with a human face” and that made the Prague Spring liberalization possible by introducing a set of reforms, and new political generations—of students and young intellectuals who rejected the idea of Reform Communism as insufficient for real democratic order. Examining each generation’s understanding of key political concepts such as “opposition” or “political pluralism” reveals that the younger generations had vastly different expectations of “socialism with a human face.”
The Causal Linkages Among Arts, Knowledge Employment, and Local Economic Performance
Authors: Srithongrung Arwiphawee , Byrnes Patricia
Published: September 2019

This study extends art-related development literature by examining the causal relationships among artists, knowledge-class workers, and local income growth through direct and indirect paths. The units of analysis are 260 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States from 2001 to 2012. The results suggest that arts industries directly enhance the local economy. The arts industries also indirectly enhance the local economy through the accumulation of a knowledge-class workforce.
Where You at? Using GPS Locations in an Electronic Time Use Diary Study to Derive Functional Locations
Authors: Elevelt A. , Bernasco W. , Lugtig P. , Ruiter S. , Toepoel V.
Published: September 2019

Smartphones enable passive collection of sensor data alongside survey participation. Location data add context to people’s reports about their time use. In addition, linking global positioning system data to self-reported time use surveys (TUSs) can be valuable for understanding how people spend their time. This article investigates whether and how passive collection of geographical locations (coordinates) proves useful for deriving respondents’ functional locations. Participants of the ongoing Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in the Netherlands were invited to participate in a TUS administered with a smartphone app that also unobtrusively tracked respondents’ locations. Respondents reported their activities per 10-min interval in a smartphone diary app ( n = 1,339) and shared their geographical location data ( n = 1,264). The correspondence between the functional locations derived from the time use data and those derived from the geographical location data was assessed by calculating the percentage of intervals in which both measures are similar. Overall, results show that home locations can be automatically assigned reliably but that respondent information is required to reliably assign work or school locations. In addition, location tracking data contain many measurement errors, making it difficult to record valid locations. Multilevel models show that the variability in correct classifications is intrapersonal and largely predicted by phone type, which determines location measurement frequency.
The design of enforcement: Collective action and the enforcement of international law
Authors: Johns Leslie
Published: September 2019

International organizations (IOs) play a vital role in enforcing international law. I argue that collective-action problems and the design of legal-standing rules drive decisions about whether to enforce international law. When cooperation generates concentrated benefits—such as compensation for the expropriation of foreign investment—transnational standing can work well because the cost and benefit of enforcement are both fully internalized by the litigant. However, when cooperation generates diffuse benefits—like a cleaner environment—individuals and even governments have the incentive to free ride on enforcement, avoiding the cost of litigation in the hopes that another actor will step up. In such circumstances, supranational standing is necessary to uphold international law. Finally, hybrid regimes, which contain multiple forms of enforcement, are most needed when an IO has members that vary in their ability to enforce, or regulates issue areas that vary in their diffuseness.