bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fungicidal Activity of Five Disinfectants on Isolates of Candida Species
Authors: Bajaire Helena Lucia Martinez , Giraldo Claudia Marcela Parra , Luna Jorge Alberto Cortes , Palacios Janeth Arias
Published: July 2021

Determine fungicidal activity of five disinfectants on Candida auris of clinical and environmental origin. Assess fungicidal efficiency of each disinfectants on the microorganism. Calculate percentage of efficiency (% E) of each disinfectants on Candida strain and determine specific death rate (k) and decimal reduction time for the microorganism. An analytic and experimental research with quantitative methods. We realized a strains workbench by culturing it in corresponding culture media. Analysis was a challenge essay, performed on four surfaces and at different exposure times; 1, 5, 15 and 30 minutes of contact between disinfectant and yeast. Once disinfection process was carried out, what was expected was that after 15 minutes of contact between the yeasts and the disinfectants, a percentage of inhibition of the microorganism between 90 and 95% was presented, thus guaranteeing the duration of elimination of the infectious agent by disinfectants. Results shows that after one minute of contact between Candida auris and the disinfectant in a gloved hand, there was a removal of the yeast, when the clinical and environmental strain were analyzed. Data showing disinfectants efficiency percentages greater than 90% over strains of Candida used in the study. Decimal reduction times in seconds of the strains of Candida against the disinfectants used in the study were between 9.3 and 14.04 s. It was possible to evaluate effectiveness by means inhibition percentage of each disinfectants on the strains of Candida auris of clinical and environmental origin. Similarly, specific death rate and decimal reduction time in seconds were determined for strains under study.
Refractive Lens Power and Lens Thickness in Children (6-16 Years Old)
Authors: Lu Tailiang , Song Jike , Wu Qiuxin , Jiang Wenjun , Tian Qingmei , Zhang Xiuyan , Xu Jing , Wu Jianfeng , Hu Yuanyuan , Sun Wei , Bi Hongsheng
Published: July 2021

Purpose: To examine the refractive lens power (RLP) and lens thickness and their associated factors in children from North-Western China.Methods: Children from two schools (primary school and junior high school) in the North-Western Chinese province of Qinghai underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including biometry and cycloplegic refractometry. The RLP was calculated using Bennett’s equation. Results: The study included 596 (77.9%) individuals (mean age: 11.0±2.8 years; range: 6-16 years) with a mean axial length of 23.65±1.24mm (range: 20.02-27.96mm). Mean lens thickness was 3.30±0.16mm (range: 2.85-3.99mm) and mean RLP was 24.85±1.98D (range: 19.40-32.97). In univariate analysis, girls as compared to boys had a significantly thicker lens and greater RLP, shorter axial length, smaller corneal curvature radius and shorter corneal curvature radius (all P<0.001). Both sexes did not differ significantly in refractive error (P=0.11) and corneal thickness (P=0.16). RLP was positively associated with refractive error (correlation coefficient r=0.33; P<0.001) and lens thickness (r=0.62; P<0.001) and negatively with axial length (r=−0.70; P<0.001). In univariate analysis, RLP decreased significantly with older age in the age group from age 6-13, while it plateaued thereafter, with no significant difference between boys and girls. In multivariate regression analysis, a higher RLP was associated with younger age (P<0.001; standard regression coefficient β=−0.07), female sex (P<0.001; β=−0.08), shorter axial length (P<0.001; β=−0.48) and higher lens thickness (P<0.001; β=0.42). Conclusions: In Chinese children, RLP with a mean of 24.85±1.98D decreases with older age, male sex, longer axial length, and thinner lens thickness. Changes in RLP and axial length elongation are important players in the emmetropization and myopization.
Improving Postoperative Radiographs for the Correction Planning of Hexapod External Fixator Using an Additional Foot Ring
Authors: Liu Yanshi , Liu Kai , Cai Feiyu , Zhang Xingpeng , Li Hong , Ren Peng , Zhang Tao , Yusufu Aihemaitijiang
Published: July 2021

Background: It is challenging to determine the orthogonality of radiographs in daily clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to show the usefulness of an additional foot ring which might determine the orthogonality of postoperative radiographs for the correction planning of hexapod external fixator.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 81 consecutive trauma patients with tibial shaft fractures treated by the hexapod external fixator at our institution from September 2014 to July 2019. Starting in March 2016, the postoperative radiographs for fracture reduction planning were obtained under the control of an additional foot ring. In this simple way, the radiologist and the patient himself can easily control the rotation position of the limb while taking the radiographs, and the two X-rays are orthogonal to each other. The final data consisted of 47 patients in traditional radiographs (Group Ⅰ) and 34 patients under the control of foot ring during the radiographic process (Group Ⅱ). The demographic data, original postoperative deformities, number of repeated radiographs after the first postoperative radiological examination, time to the satisfactory reduction achieved, and external fixation time in all patients were documented and analyzed.Results: Satisfactory reduction and bone union were achieved in all patients. There were no statistical significances between the two groups in the demographic data, original postoperative deformities, and external fixation time (P>0.05). The mean number of repeated radiographs after the first postoperative radiological examination (1.2 times) and mean time to the satisfactory reduction achieved (3.0 days) in patients with an additional foot ring used were all less than that (2.1 times, 5.3 days) in patients without foot ring (P<0.05).Conclusions: The additional foot ring is a practical device to ensure the orthogonality of postoperative radiographs for the correction planning of hexapod external fixator. Radiation exposure, duration of deformity correction, and cost for patients might be reduced due to the less repeated radiographs with the wrong position.
Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Reveals Corosolic Acid Inhibiting Bladder Cancer via Targeting Cell Cycle and Inducing Mitophagy in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Cui Anfang , Li Xiangling , Ma Xiaolei , Wang Xiao , Liu Chang , Song Zhigang , Pan Feng , Xia Yong , Li Changlin
Published: July 2021

Background

Existing chemotherapy and radiotherapy methods have drawbacks such as high toxicity, high side effects, poor efficacy, and chemoresistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-cancer drugs with low toxicity and high efficiency for cancer therapy and the prevention of recurrence. Corosolic acid (CA) is a medicine and food homologue and has many biological activities of health care. However, the anti-tumor effects and mechanism of CA in bladder cancer remain unexplored.
Methods

To study the anticancer effect of CA on bladder cancer cells, CCK8, EdU, high-content living cell imaging experiments were performed. And the mice model was used to verify the anticancer effect and toxicity for mice. To investigate the molecular mechanism of CA inhibition on bladder cancer cells, transcriptomics and proteomics were employed. To further verify the pharmacological mechanism, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining experiments were performed, and the CA targeting molecules were analyzed in combination with our experimental and public clinical data.
Results

We found that CA inhibited bladder cancer cell proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Xenograft experiments showed that CA inhibited the growth of subcutaneous tumors, and had no toxicity in mice. Integration of omics analysis revealed that low concentrations of CA inhibited bladder cancer cells proliferation via attenuating DNA synthesis by downregulating TOP2A and LIG1, and via diminishing mitosis by downregulating CCNA2, CCNB1, CDC20, and RRM2. High concentrations of CA induced cell death not through the apoptotic pathway but through triggering mitophagy pathway via upregulating SQSTM1/P62, NBR1, and UBB.
Conclusions

CA, a natural compound homologous to medicine and food, inhibits the mitosis of bladder cancer cells at low concentrations, and kills bladder cancer cells by inducing mitophagy at high concentrations. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological mechanism of CA inhibition in bladder cancer for the first time, which is helpful for the development of new anti-tumor drugs based on CA.
Prognostic Significance of GRINA in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Cui Ying , Bai Yibing , Yang Jiani , Yao Yuanfei , Li Qingwei , Lu Xiaolin , Wu Feng , Qiao Wenbo , zhang Yanqiao
Published: July 2021

Background: Glutamate Receptor, Ionotropic, N-Methyl D-Aspartate-Associated Protein 1 (GRINA), also named TMBIM3, has been deemed to have oncogenic activities in gastric cancer. However, the role and molecular mechanisms of GRINA in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain largely unknown. We evaluated its prognostic value in CRC by an integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. Methods: Patients with CRC were derived from TCGA and GTEx databases. We first confirmed the expression profiles of GRINA in human cancers and compared GRINA expression between CRC and normal colorectal tissues by Wilcoxon rank sum test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. χ2 test and logistic regression analysis was used for correlation analysis, and Wilcoxon rank sum test or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum was performed to evaluate the connection between GRINA expression and clinical features. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier’s analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to assess the correlation between GRINA expression and clinical outcomes. Colony formation and wound-healing assays were performed to observe the impact of GRINA on cell proliferation and motility. GO annotation, PPI network and GSEA were utilized to explore the underlying function of GRINA. Finally, we analyzed the correlation of GRINA in CRC with immune infiltration levels by ssGSEA.Results: We found that GRINA expression was upregulated in diverse human cancer types and especially in CRC. Higher GRINA expression was closely related to unfavorable clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes. GRINA overexpression promotes CRC proliferation and migration in vitro. Functional enrichment analyses suggested that GRINA is involved in the most significant terms including anion transmembrane transport, cell proliferation related pathways, metabolic pathways and DNA damage and repair related pathways. GRINA expression was most positively correlated with NK CD56dim cells and negatively associated with Th2 cells through analyzing GRINA expression and immune infiltration.Conclusion: GRINA may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in CRC. Moreover, GRINA might accelerate CRC development and EMT by regulating the crosstalk of WNT and MYC signaling which contribute to the unfavorite survival rate and adverse immune infiltration in CRC patients.
Barriers and Gaps in Headache Education: A National Cross-sectional Survey of Neurology Residents in Denmark
Authors: Do Thien Phu , Dømgaard Mikala , Stefansen Simon , Kristoffersen Espen Saxhaug , Ashina Messoud , Hansen Jakob Møller
Published: July 2021

Background: A major barrier to adequate headache care is lacking formal education and training of healthcare professionals. Concerted efforts should be made to pinpoint major gaps in knowledge in healthcare professionals to facilitate better educational policies in headache training. The aim of this study was to identify deficiencies and barriers in headache training among residents in neurology in Denmark.Methods: We conducted a national cross-sectional survey of residents in neurology in Denmark from April 2019 to September 2019. The survey included questions on participant demographics, knowledge of and barriers in headache disorders, guidelines and diagnostic tools usage, contact with primary and tertiary care, medication overuse, and non-pharmacological interventions.Results: Sixty residents across Denmark accepted the invitation and 54/60 (90%) completed the survey. Although two-thirds, 35/54 (65%), of the population had prior formalized training in headache disorders, we identified gaps in all explored domains including diagnosis, management, and referral patterns. Particularly, there was an inconsistent use of guidelines and diagnostic criteria from the Danish Headache Society (2.74 (±1.14)), the Danish Neurological Society (3.15 (±0.86)), and the International Classification of Headache Disorders (2.33 (±1.08)); 1: never/have not heard of, 4: always. Headache was ranked second to last out of six sub-specializations in popularity.Conclusions: Overall knowledge on headache disorders amongst neurology residents in Denmark do not meet the expectations set out by national and international recommendations. Stakeholders should make strategic initiatives for structured education in headache for improved clinical outcomes in parallel with costs reduction through resource optimization.
Alterations in Brain Morphology by MRI in Adults with Neurofibromatosis 1
Authors: Wang Su , Mautner Victor-Felix , Buchert Ralph , Flibotte Stephane , Suppa Per , Friedman Jan M. , Heran Manraj K. S.
Published: July 2021

Objective: Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a rare autosomal dominant disease that causes the dysregulated growth of Schwann cells. Most studies focused on brain morphology changes in NF1 were small and only included children, making clinical implications unclear. One consistent finding in children with NF1 has been increased corpus callosum area. We aimed to characterize alterations in brain morphology by MRI in adults with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). Methods: Planar (2D) MRI measurements of 29 intracranial structures were compared in 389 adults with NF1 and 112 age- and sex-matched unaffected control subjects. The 2D measurements were correlated to volumetric (3D) brain measurements for 99 of the adults with NF1. A subset of adults with NF1 (n = 70) was also assessed for clinical severity of NF1 features and neurological problems and received psychometric testing for attention deficits and IQ. Correlation analyses were performed between principal components of the intracranial measurements and clinical and psychometric features of these patients. Results:Four of nine corpus callosum measurements were significantly greater in adults with NF1 than in sex- and age-matched controls. All seven brainstem measurements were significantly greater in adults with NF1 than in controls. Increased corpus callosum and brainstem 2D morphology were correlated with increased total white matter volume among the NF1 patients. No robust correlations were observed between the 2D size of these structures and clinical or neuropsychometric assessments.Interpretation:Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dysregulation of brain myelin production is an important manifestation of NF1 in adults.
Self-Compensating Co-Magnetometer vs. Spin-Exchange Relaxation-Free Magnetometer: Sensitivity To Nonmagnetic Spin Couplings
Authors: Padniuk Mikhail , Kopciuch Marek , Cipolletti Riccardo , Wickenbrock Arne , Budker Dmitry , Pustelny Szymon
Published: July 2021

Searches for pseudo-magnetic spin couplings require implementation of techniques capable of sensitive detection of such interactions. While Spin-Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) magnetometry is one of the most powerful approaches enabling the searches, it suffers from a strong magnetic coupling, deteriorating the pseudo-magnetic coupling sensitivity. To address this problem, here, we compare, via numerical simulations, the performance of SERF magnetometer and noble-gas-alkali-metal co-magnetometer, operating in a so-called self-compensating regime. We demonstrate that the co-magnetometer allows reduction of the sensitivity to low-frequency magnetic fields without loss of the sensitivity to nonmagnetic couplings. Based on that we investigate the responses of both systems to the oscillating and transient spin perturbations. Our simulations reveal about five orders of magnitude stronger response to the neutron pseudo-magnetic coupling and about three orders of magnitude stronger response to the proton pseudo-magnetic coupling of the co-magnetometer than those the SERF magnetometer. Different frequency responses of the co-magnetometer to magnetic and nonmagnetic perturbations enables differentiation between these two types of interactions. This outlines the ability to implement the co-magnetometer as an advanced sensor for the Global Network of Optical Magnetometer for Exotic Physics searches (GNOME), aiming at detection of ultra-light bosons (e.g., axion-like particles).
Bumble bee queen pheromones are context-dependent
Authors: Orlova Margarita , Amsalem Etya
Published: July 2021

Queen pheromones have long been studied as a major factor regulating reproductive division of labor in social insects. Hitherto, only a handful of queen pheromones were identified and their effects on workers have mostly been studied in isolation from the social context in which they operate. Our study examined the importance of behavioral and social context for the perception of queen semiochemicals by bumble bee workers. Our results indicate that a mature queen’s semiochemicals are capable of inhibiting worker reproduction only when accompanied by the queen’s visual presence and the offspring she produces, thus, when presented in realistic context. Queen’s chemistry, queen’s visual presence and presence of offspring all act in synergy to regulate worker reproduction, but none of these elements produces an inhibitory effect on its own. Our findings highlight the necessity to reconsider what constitutes a queen pheromone and suggest a new approach to the study of chemical ecology in social insects.
In Vivo Antidiabetic Efficacy, Mineral Element Composition, and Qualitative Phytochemistry of the Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Pentas zanzibarica (Klotzsch.) Vatke and Olea europaea subspecies africana (Mill.)
Authors: Moriasi Gervason Apiri , Kibiti Cromwell Mwiti , Ngugi Mathew Piero
Published: July 2021

Persistent hyperglycaemia is the hallmark of diabetes and is accountable for the devastating complications, which cause high morbidity and mortality. Conventional anti-diabetic agents are only palliative and characterised with limited efficacy, adverse effects, high costs, inaccessibility, prompting the need for better alternatives. Therefore, we investigated the in vivo hypoglycaemic activities, elemental composition, and qualitative phytochemistry of the aqueous leaf extracts of P. zanzibarica and O. europaea subspecies africana as potential sources of affordable, safer, accessible, and potent anti-diabetic therapies. In vivo hypoglycaemic activities of the studied plant extracts were evaluated at three dose levels of 50, 100, and 150 mg/Kg body weight (bw) in Alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic Swiss albino mice. The elemental composition of the plant extracts was analysed using the energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF System) and the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Qualitative phytochemical screening was done following standard procedures. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of P. zanzibarica, significantly (p<0.05) reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in mice from 163.26±2.24 mg/dL (at 0h) to 52.12±1.16 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/Kg body weight, 166.98±1.56 mg/dL (at 0h) to 48.90±1.40 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight, and 168.64±2.96 mg/dL (at 0h) to 42.46±1.80 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/Kg body weight, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract of O. europaea subspecies africana significantly (p<0.05) reduced hyperglycaemia from 165.74±3.66 mg/dL (at 0h) to 65.26±1.46 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/Kg body weight, 158.14±3.49 mg/dL (at 0h) to 53.68±1.48 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight, and from 161.66±2.19 mg/dL (at 0h) to 44.48±1.35 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/Kg body weight, respectively Furthermore, the extracts contained chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), among other elements, and phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, among others. Generally, the studied plant extracts exhibited significant hypoglycaemic efficacy in alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic mice, indicating their antidiabetic potential, and possess pharmacologically active phytochemicals and valuable minerals.
WITHDRAWN: A new Fe3O4/CuO/AC Nanocomposite for Imidacloprid Removal: Characterization, Optimization, and Adsorption Modeling
Authors: Parsaie Amrollah , Rahbar Nadereh , Baezat Mohamadreza
Published: July 2021

A new magnetic adsorbent (Fe3O4/CuO/AC) composed of magnetite (Fe3O4) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles Impregnated with activated carbon (AC) has been fabricated and used for the first time to remove imidacloprid (IMCP) insecticide from the aqueous solutions. This composite was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The main influential factors such as the solution pH, the adsorbent amount, temperature, agitating time, and initial pesticide concentration were also tested to evaluate the optimized condition. Based on the results obtained from isotherm and kinetic modeling, the adsorption mechanism of IMCP on Fe3O4/CuO/AC is a combination of physisorption and chemisorption phenomena. The experimental data fitted best to the Freundlich isotherm model revealing the presence of heterogeneous sites for IMCP adsorption. Besides, the kinetics results revealed that the adsorption process well fitted with pseudo-second-order model, implying that the chemisorption was determining step in adsorption process. Thermodynamic results showed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. Under optimal conditions (pH 7; contact time, 10 min; initial pesticide concentration, 10 mg L-1), IMCP removal efficiency was 99.6%, indicating the excellent ability of Fe3O4/CuO/AC nanocomposite for the adsorption of this pesticide from water solutions.
A modular U-Net for automated segmentation of X-ray tomography images in composite materials
Authors: Bertoldo João Paulo Casagrande , Ferrandière Etienne Decencière , Ryckelynck David , Proudhon Henry
Published: July 2021

X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) techniques have evolved to a point that high-resolution data can be acquired so fast that classic segmentation methods are prohibitively cumbersome, demanding automated data pipelines capable of dealing with non-trivial 3D images. Deep learning has demonstrated success in many image processing tasks, including material science applications, showing a promising alternative for a human-free segmentation pipeline. In this paper a modular interpretation of U-Net (Modular U-Net) is proposed and trained to segment 3D tomography images of a three-phased glass fiber-reinforced Polyamide 66. We compare 2D and 3D versions of our model, finding that the former is slightly better than the latter. We observe that human-comparable results can be achievied even with only 10 annotated layers and using a shallow U-Net yields better results than a deeper one. As a consequence, Neural Network (NN) show indeed a promising venue to automate XCT data processing pipelines needing no human, adhoc intervention.
Blackberry and Raspberry Cultivar Evaluations in Coastal California
Authors: Daugovish Oleg , Gaskell Mark , Ahumada Miguel , Howell Anna D.
Published: July 2021

Increased productivity of recently developed primocane raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus sp.) cultivars have been accompanied by dramatic improvements in fruit firmness, shape, size, color, and flavor. These traits have contributed to the establishment of these crops throughout California. In this study, we evaluated publically available raspberry and blackberry cultivars for fruit yields, postharvest quality, and production in response to pruning management, at two locations in the central coast of California. Among raspberries, ‘Imara’ and ‘Kweli’ were the highest yielding cultivars at both trial locations while ‘Kwanza’ produced 30% to 50% larger fruit, by weight, with postharvest shelf life superior to that of ‘Vintage’. Among blackberries, ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ was the top-yielding cultivar and had the largest fruit at both locations during both years. ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ and ‘Prime-Ark® Traveler’ had comparable weights after 13 days in cold storage in 2018, while in 2019 ‘Prime-Ark® 45’ and ‘APF 268T’ had comparable fruit weight. Greater and earlier fruit yields of both blackberries and raspberries were obtained with combined production from floricanes and primocanes compared with primocane production alone. However, increase in cane density in combined production can complicate management of pests, fertigation, and fruit harvest efficiency. With increased interest in primocane cultivars, the information generated in this study has provided new resources to guide successful production by small, independent, and direct-sale growers.
Educational Problems and Improvement on Ulleungdo Islands in Korea
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Lee Hye Jung
Published: July 2021

Islands have ecological value and play roles such as maritime boundaries and territorial protection, but their economic outlook is not bright, and above all, improving residential conditions is difficult due to their aging and declining populations. Education on islands is worse than some of their other underdeveloped sectors. Therefore, this study investigated the current status of education and improvement plans for the island of Ulleungdo, South Korea. According to a survey of 327 of its residents, school education played an important role in finding employment, and the most frequent response was that the number of experts in charge of education on Ulleungdo was insufficient. The measures suggested for improving lifelong education were developing and distributing programs and strengthening the professionalism of educators. To solve the educational problems on Ulleungdo, we suggest the following: develop educational programs for parents, offer career experiences for youths and young adults, establish Ulleung County People’s University, and support learning clubs.
Mediteranizam – kulturni imaginarij Sredozemlja
Authors: Zelić Tomislav
Published: July 2021

Polazeći od pretpostavke da diskursi pod nazivom orijentalizam i balkanizam ne obuhvaćaju u osnovi bogate kulturne odnose između Srednje Europe i Sredozemlja, tvrdim da je potrebno istraživanje trećeg diskursa
pod radnim nazivom mediteranizam, tj. kulturna imaginacija Sredozemlja kao misaone i književne figure u europskom pismu. Glavna je zadaća razraditi povijest pojma mediteranizam, deducirati heurističke teoretske
hipoteze te provesti kontrastivnu i komplementarnu komparaciju ovih triju diskursa. Pritom treba imati na umu da su ta tri diskursa istovremeno isprepletena i suprotstavljena u načinima na koje Europa zamišlja samu sebe. Osim toga, sadrže cijeli niz osjetilnih, osjećajnih i
spoznajnih opreka i proturječnosti, koje će se istražiti na odabranim primjerima njemačkih djela novog doba.
Mare nostrum i čvrsto tlo fenomenologije
Authors: Vlaisavljević Ugo
Published: July 2021

U »Bečkom predavanju« čitava je povijest svijeta u jednom trenutku naslikana u alegoriji valovitog mora bez obala. U Ideji fenomenologije se filozof-pripovjedač zatekao usred nemirnog mora, ali na kraju uspijeva »baciti kotvu na obalu fenomenologije«. S probojem na »kopno apsolutnih danosti« putem fenomenološke redukcije, alegorijsko prikazivanje trebalo je konačno izgubiti svoje filozofsko opravdanje. Međutim, metafore koje prizivaju alegorije nastavljaju bujati čak i u najstrožim fenomenološkim deskripcijama. No, usprkos svojoj inherentnoj metaforičnosti, tako živoj da se na ključnim točkama Husserlovih analiza
često iznova pojavljuje mitski sukob zemlje i mora, fenomenološka interpretacija svijeta ipak u bitnom smislu nije alegorična.
Portada e indice
Authors: Reyes Sebastian Camilo
Published: July 2021

La Revista Criterios, Cuadernos de Ciencias Jurídicas y Política Internacional, presenta su ejemplar número 13-2 con las líneas temáticas en:
- Dinámicas de violencia y exceso en el uso de la fuerza por parte de la fuerza pública 
- Problemáticas acerca de la legitimidad en la fuerza pública 
- La militarización y securitización de las instituciones civiles 
- Violencia, conflicto y paz en Colombia
Represión estatal y repertorios de acción colectiva: movimiento social del “paro nacional”, Bogotá 2019-2020
Authors: Velasco Muñoz Andrea Carolina
Published: July 2021

En la ola de movilización social latinoamericana durante 2019 empezó el paro nacional en Colombia, desde el 21 de noviembre de 2019, conformado por un movimiento social diverso que al inicio rechazaba las reformas laborales y pensionales del gobierno de Iván Duque, y luego amplió sus reivindicaciones a la protección de la vida, la garantía del derecho a la educación y a la salud, entre otras exigencias. Este artículo se enfoca en cómo se configuraron los repertorios de acción del movimiento social del paro nacional en Bogotá desde el 21 de noviembre de 2019 al 21 de febrero de 2020, en relación con la represión estatal (los invitamos a consultar el articulo completo en PDF).
Aproximación al ejercicio de la ciudadanía plena por parte del cuerpo de oficiales de las Fuerzas Militares colombianas
Authors: Fonseca Moreno Diego Nicolás
Published: July 2021

Este texto tratará la relación entre el ejercicio de la ciudadanía del cuerpo de oficiales y los derechos económicos y sociales, haciendo hincapié en el derecho a la educación, dado su importante papel, así como su ejercicio condicionado debido al mal desarrollo de los conocimientos y habilidades cívicas; por lo tanto, se proporciona una breve consideración sobre el significado de “ser ciudadano”, así como una auto representación basada en una “ciudadanía paralela” (los invitamos a consultar el articulo completo en PDF).
Excombatientes y procesos de paz en Colombia: Una mirada a la democracia en tiempos de posacuerdo
Authors: Pulido Valenzuela Valentina , Rodríguez Castillo Daniela , Ruiz Estepa David
Published: July 2021

En tiempos de posacuerdo corresponde a todos, como actores de la sociedad, reconocer la carga simbólica, política e ideológica del conflicto armado interno que ha existido por más de 70 años en el territorio colombiano. Es preciso decir que la paz es el resultado de continuos procesos; por consiguiente, para que pueda ser posible avanzar es necesario romper con los círculos interminables de violencia que genera la exclusión política, otorgando reconocimientos a las partes del conflicto y permitiendo consensos, no con prácticas represivas y violentas, sino democráticas y representativas (Jaramillo, 2014). Bajo esta reflexión, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo resaltar la importancia de fomentar espacios para los liderazgos políticos que puedan asumir los excombatientes en los territorios, haciendo conciencia de lo que significa el liderazgo más allá de un número reducido de curules en el congreso de la república (los invitamos a consultar el articulo completo en pdf).
Introducción - Temblores ONG
Authors: Rodríguez Alejandro
Published: July 2021

Las dinámicas de la violencia en Colombia se han transformado históricamente despendiendo de si se trata de un contexto rural o urbano. Sin embargo, la violencia también ha sido una forma de relacionamiento constante entre la ciudad y el campo y las transformaciones sociales en dichos contextos. Esto se evidencia, por ejemplo, con el asesinato del caudillo liberal Jorge Eliecer Gaitán en el año 1948 y sus efectos posteriores para las ciudades y las zonas rurales. Dicho asesinato, que impulsó los acontecimientos del “Bogotazo” y dio inició al período conocido como La Violencia, fue un detonante para el recrudecimiento del conflicto armado entre liberales y conservadores que, tras los disturbios en Bogotá, se intensificó en las zonas rurales, lo cual generó varias olas de desplazamiento y migración interna hacia las urbes. Dicha migración fue determinante en la forma en que crecieron y se transformaron las ciudades. Existe una relación de causa y efecto mutua entre el campo y la ciudad que, en el caso colombiano, está atravesada por el conflicto armado. Conflicto armado que, si bien ha dejado múltiples víctimas tanto en las ciudades como en el campo, ha generado mayores condiciones de vulnerabilidad en varias de las zonas rurales del país (los invitamos a consultar el articulo completo en pdf).
Private emptiers' perspectives on the regulation of faecal sludge emptying services in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Lerebours Alix , Scott Rebecca , Sansom Kevin
Published: July 2021

Using a two-round Delphi study, 15 faecal sludge emptiers from 11 cities in Sub-Saharan Africa have expressed views on the regulation of faecal sludge emptying services. Their responses identify the regulatory mechanisms in place where they operate, their opinions of these mechanisms, and prioritisation of those considered most useful to enable safe emptying services for all urban residents. All respondents (100%) support regulation, with 80% finding the regulation they encounter useful. However, all also state that regulatory mechanisms should extend beyond only rules and sanctions, to incorporate support, incentives and pro-poor mechanisms. This study is the first to provide a first-hand account of Sub-Saharan African private emptiers' willingness to accept clear regulation. In that regard, regulation should be flexible and adapted to the context in order to facilitate fair competition, safe and satisfactory service for customers and workers alike, and to alleviate the public and environmental health risks.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on fecal sludge resource recovery and reuse in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mkude Isabela T. , Gabrielsson Sara , Kimwaga Richard
Published: July 2021

Resource recovery and reuse (RRR) of fecal sludge (FS) from onsite sanitation systems describes the concept of turning human waste into valuable end products. However, studies on peoples' perceptions of FS-derived products are still limited. Guided by the knowledge, attitudes and practices framework, and data from a survey of 395 households, focus group discussions and key informant interviews, this article explores how residents in three unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania view FS RRR (FS-RRR). Results indicate that residents' knowledge about FS-RRR is moderately low. Moreover, residents generally have negative attitudes toward using FS-derived products, except for those not directly consumed, such as biogas or FS-briquettes. Additionally, only a few residents have engaged in any FS-RRR practices. We conclude that to increase local acceptance of FS-RRR will require significant efforts by a multitude of actors, not least to dispel myths linked to human waste, but also to raise awareness and demonstrate the benefits and safety of FS-derived products. The Tanzanian government must take the lead in this process and should start by prioritizing the improvement of fecal sludge management (FSM) to enable such a shift.
Association of Body Mass Index and Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Bahrami Nasim , Alimoradi Zainab , Hajnasiri Hamideh , Allen Kelly-Ann
Published: July 2021

Background:

Dysmenorrhea or menstrual pain is a commonly occurring disorder in reproductive age women with different proposed risk factors, including body mass index.

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the association between body mass index and dysmenorrhea using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach.

Methods:

Academic databases Scopus, PubMed CENTRAL, Embase, ProQuest, Science Direct, and ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar- were searched systematically from inception until the end of February 2020. Original researches published in English with observational designs were included to examine the association of body mass index and dysmenorrhea as the primary outcome. Newcastle Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. Due to the variation of reported data across studies, all data were converted to Pearson correlation coefficient and corrected by transforming to fisher’s Z score. Then meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with Der-Simonian and Laird method.

Results:

A total of 61 studies with 57,079 participants, of which 25,044 reported having dysmenorrhea, were included. While publication bias was probable, results were corrected using the fill & trim method. The updated results based on this method showed that pooled Fisher’s z-score for the association of body mass index and dysmenorrhea was 0.04 (95% CI: -0.009; 0.085). The pooled estimated effect size of correlation showed a trivial to slight correlation between body mass index and dysmenorrhea with corrected fisher’s z score of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.08; 0.17, I2=95%).

Conclusion:

No association was found between body mass index and dysmenorrhea. But this finding should be interpreted with caution considering the included studies' limitations.
Un contributo sullo studio dei castelli cabeça de terra(XI-XIII secolo). Il caso del castello della terra de Refojos
Authors: Mariani Andrea
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is Ito examine the case of the castle cabeça de terra ofRefojos. On this castlethere are very few written documents, dated between XI and XIII centuries and labile and uncertain material evidence. Due to the scarcity of sources, a comparative analysis will be carried out based on the castles cabeça de terraprovided with more documentation, demonstrating how the multidisciplinary and comparative approach can be an appropriate methodology for the study and understanding of medieval defensive elements
Using Visual Guides to Reduce Virtual Reality Sickness in First-Person Shooter Games: Correlation Analysis
Authors: Seok Kwang-Ho , Kim YeolHo , Son Wookho , Kim Yoon Sang
Published: July 2021

Background

The virtual reality (VR) content market is rapidly growing due to an increased supply of VR devices such as head-mounted displays (HMDs), whereas VR sickness (reported to occur while experiencing VR) remains an unsolved problem. The most widely used method of reducing VR sickness is the use of a rest frame that stabilizes the user's viewpoint by providing fixed visual stimuli in VR content (including video). However, the earth-fixed grid and natural independent visual background that are widely used as rest frames cannot maintain VR fidelity, as they reduce the immersion and the presence of the user. A visual guide is a visual element (eg, a crosshair of first-person shooter [FPS]) that induces a user's gaze movement within the VR content while maintaining VR fidelity, whereas there are no studies on the correlation of visual guide with VR sickness.

Objective

This study aimed to analyze the correlation between VR sickness and crosshair, which is widely used as a visual guide in FPS games.

Methods

Eight experimental scenarios were designed and evaluated, including having the visual guide on/off, the game controller on/off, and varying the size and position of the visual guide to determine the effect of visual guide on VR sickness.

Results

The results showed that VR sickness significantly decreased when visual guide was applied in an FPS game. In addition, VR sickness was lower when the visual guide was adjusted to 30% of the aspect ratio and positioned in the head-tracking direction.

Conclusions

The experimental results of this study indicate that the visual guide can achieve VR sickness reduction while maintaining user presence and immersion in the virtual environment. In other words, the use of a visual guide is expected to solve the existing limitation of distributing various types of content due to VR sickness.
Communicating Guideline Recommendations Using Graphic Narrative Versus Text-Based Broadcast Screensavers: Design and Implementation Study
Authors: Sinnenberg Lauren , Umscheid Craig A , Shofer Frances S , Leri Damien , Meisel Zachary F
Published: July 2021

Background

The use of graphic narratives, defined as stories that use images for narration, is growing in health communication.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the design and implementation of a graphic narrative screensaver (GNS) to communicate a guideline recommendation (ie, avoiding low-value acid suppressive therapy [AST] use in hospital inpatients) and examine the comparative effectiveness of the GNS versus a text-based screensaver (TBS) on clinical practice (ie, low-value AST prescriptions) and clinician recall.

Methods

During a 2-year period, the GNS and the TBS were displayed on inpatient clinical workstations. The numbers of new AST prescriptions were examined in the four quarters before, the three quarters during, and the one quarter after screensavers were implemented. Additionally, an electronic survey was sent to resident physicians 1 year after the intervention to assess screensaver recall.

Results

Designing an aesthetically engaging graphic that could be rapidly understood was critical in the development of the GNS. The odds of receiving an AST prescription on medicine and medicine subspecialty services after the screensavers were implemented were lower for all four quarters (ie, GNS and TBS broadcast together, only TBS broadcast, only GNS broadcast, and no AST screensavers broadcast) compared to the quarter prior to implementation (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.92; OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.97; OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.95; and OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.89, respectively; P<.001 for all comparisons). There were no statistically significant decreases for other high-volume services, such as the surgical services. These declines appear to have begun prior to screensaver implementation. When surveyed about the screensaver content 1 year later, resident physicians recalled both the GNS and TBS (43/70, 61%, vs 54/70, 77%; P=.07) and those who recalled the screensaver were more likely to recall the main message of the GNS compared to the TBS (30/43, 70%, vs 1/54, 2%; P<.001).

Conclusions

It is feasible to use a graphic narrative embedded in a broadcast screensaver to communicate a guideline recommendation, but further study is needed to determine the impact of graphic narratives on clinical practice.
Defining the Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Care Continuum Among Recently Incarcerated Men at High Risk for HIV Infection: Protocol for a Prospective Cohort Study (Preprint)
Authors: Murphy Matthew , Sosnowy Collette , Rogers Brooke , Napoleon Siena , Galipeau Drew , Scott Ty , Tao Jun , Berk Justin , Clarke Jennifer , Nunn Amy , Chan Philip A
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

HIV disproportionately impacts criminal justice–involved individuals, including men who experience incarceration. Men make up the vast majority of those experiencing incarceration as well as those newly diagnosed with HIV infection. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical intervention that significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition. However, implementation in criminal justice systems is limited. Little is known about effective PrEP implementation and use in this unique public health context.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to characterize the experience of implementing PrEP clinical care in a criminal justice setting for men vulnerable to HIV acquisition.

METHODS

This article describes a PrEP care continuum for men experiencing incarceration who are at increased risk of HIV acquisition, which can help conceptualize approaches to evaluating PrEP implementation.

RESULTS

The outlined study will enroll 100 men experiencing incarceration at high risk for HIV acquisition prior to release into the community. The goal is to initiate PrEP prior to release and link individuals to PrEP providers in the community, capturing barriers and facilitators to PrEP use during this uniquely vulnerable time period for HIV acquisition.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the proposed care continuum and what is known about HIV risk and prevention efforts in the criminal justice context, we outline key future research efforts to better understand effective approaches to preventing HIV infection among this vulnerable population. The described approach presents a powerful public health opportunity to help end the HIV epidemic.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/31928
Analisa Kecepatan Lalu Lintas Data Jaringan Local Area Network Menggunakan Graphical Network Simulator 3 (GNS-3)
Authors: Ramli Ayyub , Sriyono Sriyono , Ramza Harry
Published: July 2021

Perkembangan teknologi informasi tidak bisa dipisahkan dari perkembangan teknologi dan infrastruktur jaringan komputer. Pembuatan suatu jaringan diperlukan perancangan dan simulasi terlebih dahulu supaya hasilnya sesuai dengan keinginan atau mendapatkan sesuatu yang maksimal. Banyak sekali komponen yang dapat digunakan untuk perancangan seperti router. Router sendiri memiliki banyak system operasi contohnya router MikrotikOS. Jurnal ini untuk merancang dan mensimulasikan jaringan komputer. Perancangan dan simulasi jaringan komputer dapat menggunakan aplikasi Graphical Network Simulator 3(GNS3). GNS3 adalah software simulasi jaringan komputer berbasis GUI yang mirip dengan Cisco Packet Tracer. Namun pada GNS3 memungkinkan simulasi jaringan yang komplek, karena menggunakan operating system asli dari perangkat jaringan seperti cisco, mikrotik dan juniper. Sehingga kita berada kondisi lebih nyata dalam mengkonfigurasi router langsung daripada di Cisco Packet Tracer. Berbeda dengan Cisco Packet Tracer, pada GNS3 harus menginstal terlebih dahulu system operasi dari router itu sendiri yaitu router MikrotikOS maupun CiscoIOS. Di dalam penulisan ini akan dibahas mengenai bagaimana merancang dan mensimulasikan jaringan komputer menggunakan aplikasi GNS3 dengan konfigurasi yang baik dan benar sehingga dapat diterapkan dengan baik.
Indian Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Industry- An overview on Challenges, Opportunities & Regulatory prerequisites
Authors: Singh Shefali , Popli Harvinder
Published: July 2021

Active pharmaceutical ingredient is a chemical compound which is most important raw material to formulate a finished pharmaceutical medicine and has a pharmacological effect.  India has a long history of being heavily dependent for these raw materials on China due to one major reason i.e. Low manufacturing cost. But overdependence of APIs imports from China brought various liabilities to India including supply chain disruption and price hikes during pandemic, leading to shortage of various important APIs/KSMs. This COVID 19 widespread has solidly put the center of our country on being “Atma Nirbhar”. And this activity had brought out the strengths, market patterns and opportunities in five divisions counting Healthcare, which are basic from country’s point of view. In view of changing geo-political situation and recalibrated trade arrangement, it is crucial that India become self-reliant within the generation of APIs and KSMs, which is why decreasing the Import reliance for Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) & Key starting materials (KSMs) particularly from china has been focused upon with the assistance of productive linked incentive scheme (PLIS) passed by Department of pharmaceuticals, Government of India to thrive Indian API industry.

Hence, this review highlights the current state of Indian API industry, evaluates challenges, opportunities give suggestions for moving forward for self-sufficiency of APIs as well as centers on current regulatory prerequisites for Active pharmaceutical Ingredients.