bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Your Diamonds May Flash Gaily, But There’s Blood on Them
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the northern attitudes towards those who profited from the war through hypocritical or fraudulent means, by pointing at the economic sins of Union war profiteers. A citizen who sought to profit from the national crisis while others only thought of patriotism earned public disdain, especially the merchant who sold shoddy merchandise to the soldiers actively participating in the war. Burnt coffee or undersized tents threatened the soldier’s creature comforts, but the greater outrage was reserved for cheap shoes, poorly made uniforms, faulty ammunition, or anything that was liable to put the fighting man at risk. Aside from discouraging such despicable tactics, the publications of the time also urged wealthy wartime citizens to do more, and do with less, for the war effort.
Our Duty
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter reflects on Abraham Lincoln’s memo regarding the conscription and the Constitution, which reveals poignant insights regarding wartime citizenship, or more broadly speaking, the motivations, obligations, and individual responsibilities of citizens in wartime. Northerners distinguished between a shared risk and actual military service. Lincoln’s conscription memo had concluded that honorable and patriotic men might have perfectly valid reasons to remain at home, such as the risk of losing the family breadwinner to the rigors, if not the casualties, of war. Patriotic citizenship was not equated with absolute—or even substantial—personal sacrifice; it merely required that men examine their own circumstances and consciences and contemplate volunteering in a forthright manner.
The Woman Hides Her Trembling Fear
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter details the role of women in the war effort. Although the military dangers of the Civil War fell largely on northern men, the Union war effort depended on the enthusiastic labors and support of women. Northern women of all sorts—both in fact and in fictional portrayals—navigated the war years as individuals who assessed situations, responded to events, formulated opinions, and made decisions. Much as the antebellum literature provided prescriptive advice on how to behave, the wartime print culture offered guidance about proper gendered behavior for both women and men. Here again the wartime conversation shifted from peacetime prescriptions as the mix of women’s roles to be contemplated now included the role of the patriotic citizen in a new war culture.
The Name You Can Trust
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter follows the conflict between fundamentalists and modernists that arose in the 1910s and the rise and fall of the fundamentalist coalition in the 1920s. The Moody Bible Institute's leadership had been confident that premillennialism would spur a revival of conservative evangelicalism and sweep away the modernism they opposed. It had seemed that the “intelligent” world understood that naturalistic philosophy and evolutionary science was too unstable to support civilization. The nation needed the certitude and stability of their dispensational approach to scripture, motivated by Christ's imminent coming, to tackle the threat of political radicalism at home and abroad. But by the early 1920s, they had miscalculated the stability of their message, the nature of their audience, and their ability to control the fundamentalist coalition they helped muster.
Brown , Flames, and Fame
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the impact the landmark case, Brown v. Board of Education, had on Harry Golden. Brown, the case which decided that segregation in schools is unconstitutional, was a crucial event in Golden’s life as it alerted him to the nuances of segregation and the costs of racism he had not fully considered. The chapter analyzes Golden’s criticisms of Brown II, another landmark decision in which the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts. Golden wrote that it was up to state-level leaders to make the decision work. These criticisms provided the first look at this injustice for many of Golden’s white readers and at the same time gave him a larger African American audience, as he was often quoted on the topic of desegregation. Later in 1958, Golden would achieve fame again as he published his critically acclaimed book, Only in America.
Scandal and Resurrection
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes how Harry Golden’s exposure as an ex-convict affected his career. Still reeling from the success of Only in America, Golden’s past came back to haunt him through an incriminating letter sent to his editor, William Targ. The letter, which was also sent to other publications, contained information about Harry Golden’s conviction, the result of to mail fraud before arriving in South Carolina. Golden confirmed this and accepted the backlash that came with it, such as being the topic of numerous editorials and the cancellation of television and speaking engagements. However, this backlash would not last long as Golden continued to write. In the late 1950s, a section of the Carolina Israelite called “The Golden Plan” became a hit with Golden’s readers. The Plan included essays that would solve various societal ills, with the most famous being the Golden Vertical Negro Plan and the Golden Plan to Eliminate Anti-Semitism.
Emergence
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: January 2016

This chapter traces the emergence of Metis communities around Plains fur trading posts and the subsequent growth and elaboration of Plains Metis culture in the first decades of the nineteenth century. It explains how these Plains Metis communities were rooted in the environmental exigencies and economics of the fur and provisions trade and linked to Indigenous power networks that were part of a larger, hybrid borderland world. In dedicating themselves to the year-round pursuit of buffalo, the members of these nascent Plains Metis communities helped create economic networks that crossed the different commercial, imperial, and national jurisdictions that existed on the early nineteenth-century northern Plains.
Exile
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how, in the aftermath of the dissolution of borderland communities, American and Canadian officials continued to grapple with the consequences of earlier borderland arrangements and to realign or reclassify Metis individuals within state-sponsored categories of nation and race. It considers the experiences of different Metis families before two different bodies: the tribal enrollment commission at Fort Belknap and the North-West Half-Breed Scrip Commissions in Canada. In considering Metis claims to land or resources, these commissions engaged in a multivocal conversation about who belonged and who would share in local and national resources. And their results were critical in fixing the twentieth-century legal identities of their participants. Although these deliberations exposed the ongoing power of local groups to shape colonial categories, it also illustrates the determination of state officials to apply colonial categories and the logic of dispossession embedded in colonial practices.
Endings
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the hotel as a common site for narratives of death and finality. Just as the hotel seems to offer temporary resistance to modernity’s crushing burden in the form of youth-giving properties, so too does it offer permanent respite for those who no longer wish to pursue their lives after the fact. The hotel becomes the stage upon which the performance of death is played out—the drug-fueled, celebrity death in the hotel might be a cliché, but it is a living one, rooted in the documentary grit of reality. Additionally, hotels create the social circumstances in which untimely death—either by accident or with intent—seem more likely. Sterile corridors and antiseptic living spaces, relentlessly cleaned, erase every trace of the guest. The hotel is a perpetual revolving door of those seeking life and those seeking to leave it all behind.
Fortune
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the complex interconnections between luck and the hotel. Hotels and casinos, for example, are frequently associated with each other, as are narratives of travelers striking out into parts unknown—as they abide within the temporary shelter of hotels—to seek their own fortunes. The hotel has a long cultural history that promotes and romanticizes itself as a space in which chance encounters and fortunate intersections might emerge—are indeed expected to emerge, as expressed in various historical narratives, hotel reviews, novels, movies, and even first-hand memories. Hotels are sites imbued with a sense of chance and opportunity, as well as hope, desire, and optimism—be it at the ever-elusive shot at winning big at the casinos, or at the chance encounters between fated lovers.
Introduction
Authors: Tortora Daniel J.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter briefly explores the historical aftershocks generated by the Anglo-Cherokee War—a series of clashes that occurred between the years 1758 and 1761, which had created a resounding political “ripple effect” in eighteenth-century South Carolina. Scholars have seldom looked at the tensions created by military campaigns in the South and this ripple effect. The Anglo-Cherokee conflict itself had revealed many surprising interconnections during the Revolutionary era, as the Indians, the settlers, the British, and the French (to say nothing of the whites, the blacks, and the natives) found themselves embroiled in wars and alliances that, for the most part, were revealed to not be as homogenous as these categories had initially presented. These internal tensions eventually resulted in South Carolina's separation from Britain, and on a much larger scale, these struggles also contributed to the American Revolution.
A Decadelong Continued Border Conflict, 1980–1990
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the border conflict between China and Vietnam during the period 1980–1990, which can be divided into four phases. During the first phase (April 1979–November 1980), both sides sought to reconfigure their border defenses and to harass each other on a small scale. The second phase (May 1981–November 1984) saw Chinese forces take more offensive actions against Vietnamese-occupied mountain ranges along the border. The third phase (December 1984–October 1987) featured intensified fighting in the Laoshan area, with both sides committing a large number of forces to offensive and counteroffensive operations. The last phase (November 1987–March 1990) was a stalemate, with Chinese forces conducting special operations until the withdrawal of the last field army unit from the border region.
The Road to Conflict Termination
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter deals with events leading to the cessation of hostilities between China and Vietnam from the late 1980s through early 1990s. New evidence from China suggests that the collapse of the communist bloc in Eastern Europe played a decisive role in motivating Hanoi to change its policy, thus smoothing the road to a conclusion of the Cold War between the two Asian communist countries. Although both sides claimed victory following the resumption of Sino-Vietnamese relations after thirteen years of hostility, on their 1990 trip to China Vietnamese leaders' encouraged their Chinese counterparts to believe that they had triumphed. China's national priority—economic development—did not depend on either Vietnam or Cambodia. Beijing was in a most advantageous position to demand political concessions from Hanoi. Nonetheless, the termination of hostilities likewise served Hanoi's long-term strategic interests, i.e. Vietnam's own economic reform.
Introduction
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the lack of scholarship and understanding about the People's Republic of China's (PRC) invasion of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV) in 1979. The official rationale gave no satisfactory answer to historians and analysts looking for deeper explanations while existing studies suffered from a lack of documentation from both the PRC and SRV. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to address many of the questions that scholars of modern Chinese studies and international security have asked with added insights from new and previously unavailable documentation and evidence from China. These questions include: Why did the PRC attack the SRV in 1979? What were Beijing's objectives in the 1979 invasion and in its border conflict with the SRV during the 1980s? What factors eventually contributed to the conclusion of the Cold War between the two communist countries in Asia? It retraces the thirteen years of hostility between China and Vietnam, arguing that two countries' previously intimate relationship was far more fragile than it appeared. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The Development of the Classical Constitution (367 to 197 BC)
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the development of the classical system of Rome’s military command (which included two consuls, a growing number of praetors, and the occasional dictator and master of horse) and argues that it took shape over a long process of experimentation and innovation through which Rome’s structure of military command gradually evolved. The Roman government and its practice of military command underwent considerable development between 367 and 197 BC, as the Romans sought solutions to new problems and experimented with new ideas. These changes were not carefully planned public policy decisions, but experiments with individual aspects of military command that over time took on greater importance than was perhaps originally intended.
Introduction
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter examines the difficulties of charting an accurate history of the Roman Republic and its origins, due to certain constraints historians faced at the time, such as the flexible chains of command that characterized the military of a people that placed great emphasis upon their prowess in battle. The first ancient historians to write about Rome’s early history had little more than lists of consuls, campaigns, and triumphs at their disposal, which they fleshed out with folklore and family traditions that celebrated the military glory won by their ancestors. When the Romans of the later republic set about reconstructing and writing down their history, they understandably used contemporary values and practices to describe events in their past, creating anachronisms that imposed a false image of continuity and consistency upon the military practices of early Rome.
To Raise a Rebellion in Matanzas
Authors: Finch Aisha K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter takes a step back from these rural mobilizations to examine the organization unfolding in the urban centers of Matanzas, and to a lesser extent, Havana. During the early 1840s these urban centers became a crucible for scores of dissident men—rural and urban slaves, free men of color, and white creole patriots—hoping to organize against slavery and colonialism. The chapter explores the political dynamics that were radicalizing urban blacks and mulattos by the middle of the century, and the ways these ruptures brought together groups of privileged free men, a pair of British abolitionists, and a group of anticolonial white creoles who contemplated a rebellion against the Spanish regime.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Lindsey A.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter examines three clandestine nuclear sites in the U.S.—Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Los Alamos, New Mexico; and Hanford, Washington. Oak Ridge pioneered the first large-scale plutonium reactor, while Hanford concentrated on producing the fissionable plutonium-239. Simultaneously, in Los Alamos, J. Robert Oppenheimer and his team of scientists worked nonstop designing and assembling bombs. The chapter also highlights the difference between Oak Ridge and the other sites, stating that the place was a community closely resembling a typical American neighborhood, with more opportunity for social interaction between different types of people, in which class and racial biases intervened.
The Atomic Prophecy
Authors: Freeman Lindsey A.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the myth concerning John Hendrix, a man who was believed to have foreseen the construction of atomic industries at Black Oak Ridge. This man had prophesied that “there will be a city on Black Oak Ridge, and the center of authority will be on a point midway between Sevier Tadlock’s farm and Joe Pyatt’s Place,” and that “big engines will dig big ditches and thousands of people will be running to and fro” in the city. After World War II, the Hendrix myth becomes a key component in the story of Oak Ridge’s beginning. Its repetition creates a prophetic spectacle of the past by circumventing and screening out other, more complicated and ruthless histories of the area.
Enough for One or Two More Killings
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter reflects on the implications of the battle of Ezra Church, as rumors and reports of the conflict began to circulate. The Federals were effusive in their praise for their men, even as most Confederates clearly recognized the magnitude of their defeat at Ezra Church. All three of Hood's battles north, east, and west of Atlanta during the last two weeks of July were filled with mistakes and miscues, providing fodder for a rethinking of events after the fact. Hood was responsible for many of these blunders, but his fellow officers, including Lee, bore the responsibility for others. To the rank and file who survived what happened on that bloody afternoon, a lifetime of making sense of Ezra Church was in store.
Conclusion
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter remarks on how the huge disparity between Federal and Confederate casualties convinced many that Federal victory at the battle of Ezra Church could be nothing more than a foregone conclusion. Such isn't the case—as illustrated in the previous chapters—as the Federal army generally considered it to be a difficult, if not outright desperate, skirmish. In many ways, the short movement of Howard's Army of the Tennessee to the west of Atlanta and the resulting battle of Ezra Church represented a significant and instructive phase of the Atlanta campaign. Yet the physical environment of the battlefield itself would be replaced over time by postwar markers of material culture, leaving only historical documents and personal accounts of the event to echo the lessons of Ezra Church.
Selling Soul
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the role of Memphis Sound as a both a symbol and an instrument of the Black Power Movement. It highlights Stax Records, who, under the leadership of Al Bell, amplified the musical “blackness” of its recordings. The studio used nationalist rhetoric in its advertisements and public statements, and allied with African American political organizations in order to force the issue of racial disparity. This unfortunately angered some of the label's white staff members and challenged Stax's image as a site of integration. However, the studio never abandoned the integrationist discourse of the Memphis Sound, nor did they stop using white musicians. The chapter mentions the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, an all-white band, whose career serves as an illustration of how the story of Stax records in these years reveals the multifaceted role of Black Power politics in soul music, the country-soul triangle, and the U.S. recording industry.
Take the White Music and Make It Sound Black
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the effect of the rise of the Black Power Movement on the “Muscle Shoals Sound.” The late 1960s saw an explosion in soul recordings at both of the city's major studios, FAME and the newly opened Muscle Shoals Sound studio. The Muscle Shoals Sound was similarly based on the ostensible enigma of authentically black soul recordings made by an integrated workforce. During the height of the Black Power Movement, the studios allowed white musicians to assert their legitimacy within (and control of) the area's soul scene. This not only structured their relationships with the numerous labels that sent black artists to record in Muscle Shoals but also attracted a growing number of white pop, rock, and country artists to make soul-influenced records. The chapter highlights the white pop group The Osmonds, who recorded their controversial hit “One Bad Apple” at FAME in 1971.
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Charles L.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter briefly explores the activities of musicians in Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee, and Muscle Shoals, Alabama—an interconnected recording economy referred to as the “country-soul triangle.” In the 1960s and 1970s, the musicians in the triangle produced a vast catalog of acclaimed recordings that brought recognition to studios like Stax and FAME. The artists became a favorite metaphor for the contested state of the South in this turbulent era. Through their work, the musicians became pivotal actors in the larger trajectory of U.S. racial politics. They produced the cultural markers of race that defined the era and reshaped the ways people understood and articulated the supposed similarities and differences between white and black. The chapter highlights Benjamin Latimore's 1975 single “There's a Red-Neck in the Soul Band,” in which Latimore explores the complexities of racial identity by telling a story about musicians at work.
The Hand That Rocks the Cradle Cuts Cordwood
Authors: LeFlouria Talitha L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter charts the transition of women prisoners from sexually integrated railroad camps, brickyards, and mines into feminine carceral spaces, narrating the life-world of female captives detained within these gender exclusive settlements. By 1899, Georgia's convict lease system was at the height of local and national deliberation over the welfare of its inmates, its threat to free labor, and the enduring exploitation of female captives, even in female-centered labor camps. For more than a decade, the women prisoners' condition in the state's private lease camps had been a disputed public policy issue, which ultimately culminated in the Georgia General Assembly's decision to relocate all female felons to a newly erected state prison farm in Milledgeville. The establishment of the state farm signified the first major modernizing step toward reforming Georgia's penal enterprises.
Epilogue
Authors: LeFlouria Talitha L.
Published: January 2016

This chapter concludes that it is within the historiographical space of convict labor studies that the women prisoners' contribution to the forging of New South modernity has tended to be measured in terms of productivity and profit alone. While the book has shown that female convicts did in fact supply a rich source of labor and profit to southern industrialists, there are other considerations to be made in the assessment of a woman's worth to the postbellum carceral state. From an institutional perspective, the black female presence helped foster significant changes to the penal system of New South Georgia and was the catalyst for early prison reform movements. Albeit by force, African-American women prisoners also executed new forms of labor that remained untried in the free labor marketplace, broadening the overall scope of black women's work in the postemancipation South.
The Princess of Penn Street
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's politics and legal practice. It begins by considering Henry Clay's Senate compromise measure for California's admission to the Union; his solution consisted of admitting free California and abolishing the slave trade in the national capital to satisfy the antislavery element in the North, while giving Southerners an enhanced law for the recapture of fugitive slaves; the final version of the compromise included the two new territories of Utah and New Mexico, which could decide whether they wanted to come in as slave or free when they applied for statehood. The rest of this chapter discusses the positions of Stanton and Salmon P. Chase regarding the Compromise of 1850; Stanton's refusal to run for political office or for the Ohio Supreme Court; his practice of law involving corporations and railroads; his encounter with the wealthy Hutchison family of Pittsburgh; and his marriage to Ellen Hutchison in 1856.
The Stealthy Applicant
Authors: Marvel William
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Edwin M. Stanton's appointment to the Supreme Court under President Ulysses S. Grant's administration. Three weeks after Stanton left the War Department, Senator Edwin Morgan asked him to come to New York and speak for the lawmaker's reelection. John Russell Young of the Tribune noticed Stanton's own name mentioned for the Senate seat of a Pennsylvania Democrat, and offered to help him win it if he was inclined, but elective office still held no charm for the former secretary of war. The rest of this chapter discusses Stanton's return to legal practice after he left the War Department; his role in Grant's successful presidential campaign in 1869; his attitude towards his non-inclusion in Grant's cabinet; and his physical decline and death.
The Primacy of Rank
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the primacy of rank in establishing social relations aboard whaleships. While racial prejudices acted as a gatekeeper in the process of hiring by suggesting what kinds of work individuals of particular races were best suited for, ship rules mandated foremost that a whaleman’s duties and status followed from his rank. Emphasizing rank over race as the preeminent social hierarchy aboard ship was an economic strategy to further the business of whaling. Native whalemen committed themselves to succeed, and their skills, diligence, and endurance of even the harshest conditions made them valuable employees. And once they attained officer positions, social codes aboard ship dictated that they be treated with respect. Rank was so crucial, there was no room for race to operate simultaneously as an alternative, competing social hierarchy.
Native American Beachcombers in the Pacific
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the transition from colonized to colonizer in the world of Native American beachcombers. Beachcombers, typically runaway sailors or convicts who chose to live on a Pacific island and often married native women with whom they had children, constituted the first wave of foreign settlers. Few Native American whalemen became beachcombers, yet the ones that do had found that they had had more in common with the colonizers than with the natives they had chosen to settle with. Furthermore, despite their bad reputation, beachcombers were useful as linguistic and cultural interpreters—many served as the most effective instruments the United States had for furthering its commercial interests at the far edges of the American frontier.
Race and Indigeneity in the Life of Elisha Apes
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter illustrates the changing dynamics of racial categories in the life of Elisha Apes. Apes deserted the whaleship Ann Maria on its 1839–1841 voyage and spent the next fifty years, until his death in 1891, at Waikouaiti, or “Old Waikouaiti,” New Zealand, now the seaside resort village of Karitane. The younger brother of the radical Pequot Indian writer William Apess, Elisha Apes was native to North America, but when he settled in New Zealand, he became a foreigner and a settler, categorically “European” and “white.” In Apes’s case, it was not just that nineteenth-century New England and New Zealand employed different racial categorizing schemes but, more important, that colonialism used indigeneity to construct racial categories. Because Apes was not indigenous, not native, to New Zealand, he fell into the same racial category as New Zealand’s primarily British settler class.
Beachcombers in New England
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the racial ambiguities further complicated by the arrival and intermarriage of foreigners into the native communities of New England through whaling channels. In many ways, their experiences matched those of Americans who became beachcombers in the Pacific. The foreign diaspora had little effect on the overall cause of American imperialism, yet the United States had more racial categories, more reasons to categorize by race, more uncertainty about who belonged in which category, and more emphasis on race over other social hierarchies. In the United States at that time three groups—Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans—intermingled and intermarried, splintering race into myriad combinations. Americans often employed a number labels for nonwhites: blacks, Indians, and “mulattoes.” So many racial permutations spawned confusion while heightening the supremacy of race in American society.
The Better Places Don’t Want Teen Moms
Authors: Silver Lauren J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter considers how the youth and their case managers have coped in underresourced, dangerous SIL residential settings. To meet personal needs and create the impression of compliance, participants used a “zone of familiar ease,” which is formed at program sites because of the social and physical distance from administrative sites. Familiar zones have perpetuated service inconsistencies and oppressive conditions, and allowed participants to adapt creatively within a “moral underground.” In some instances, participants broke program rules, often doing so out of necessity and because social realities do not match official descriptions. Not only have mothers navigated dangerous and unfair program terrains; they have also been caught trying to make sense of conflicting accounts of themselves.
I Am Young. I’m Not Dumb; and I’m Not Anxious
Authors: Silver Lauren J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents a case study of Nyisha, a young mother, as she negotiated housing with officials from the Public Housing Authority. Material deficits, spatial barriers, and bureaucratic procedures have restricted the storylines clients and officials used to make sense of one another. The youth have performed their identities according to system-sanctioned expectations because successful negotiations have been essential to receiving services. In this instance, Nyisha felt compelled to reveal her identity as a rape survivor in order to justify access to a safe residence. It is important to understand that youth performances do not always reflect internalizations of victim or other punitive identities. The youth are resilient in managing impressions for their regulators. Yet at the same time, the injustice of pushing clients like Nyisha to mold and “use” personal trauma to justify access to basic necessities must be recognized.
A New Musical Rhythm Was Given to the People
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the American cultural revolution brought about by the ragtime operetta, Clorindy; or, The Origin of the Cakewalk, and how it initiated a reevaluation of Negro music and its place within a cultural market dominated by white ideologies and sensibilities. In their performance, Will Marion Cook and Ernest Hogan inaugurated new considerations of Negro music, by disrupting many of the rigid distinctions African American intellectuals held between folk/formal and high/low (and many others). Most significantly, the duo called attention to a historical process that turned the folk music of the American slave into the sound of modern America. In the first and second decades of the twentieth century, Negro music resounded as a rhythmic dance music representing not only African American modernity, but U.S. modernity more broadly.
Rhythm is Something that is Born in the Negro
Authors: Gilbert David
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Europe's role in producing and selling his music ensembles, the role of the labor union, and developments in rhythmic black music more generally in New York City between 1910 and 1912. Europe capitalized on opportunities to break into social dance markets before World War I. Although never completely divorced from minstrel performance and its cultural legacies, Europe's music, uplift agenda, and professionalism challenged normative representations of African Americans throughout New York and the United States more broadly. Yet his successes also helped narrow the meaning of black ragtime, turning it from a commercially produced American cultural commodity into the exclusive cultural expression of African Americans. As Europe both reinforced and challenged stereotypical understandings of black culture, he continued to seduce white cultural elites by fulfilling their assumptions about the natural and inherent racial difference.
No Worthwhile Citizen Ever Climbed Aboard a Motorcycle and Gunned the Engine
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the outlaw's origins in the late 1940s and identifies the conflict surrounding him and the manner in which he challenged ideas about community, social belonging, and even citizenship. It also examines the manner in which violence had become associated with motorcyclists—a development that began with the rise of a signature look of rebellion during those hopeful days of economic expansion after the war and ended with a motorcyclist who defied all basic assumptions about common decency amid economic and political turmoil at home and abroad. The public's tendency to link motorcyclists to violence was so complete by the late 1960s and early 1970s that the motorcyclist's working-class origins were overshadowed by his antisocial behavior; a “biker type” began to shape the public's image of what crime looked like, and politicians across the country began looking for ways to regulate motorcycling and motorcyclists.
How to Kill a Biker
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter looks beyond the sensational headlines about violent motorcyclists to understand the stereotypes attributed to them, paying particular attention to the growing conflict between motorcyclists and automobilists on America's highways and the rise of the middle-class rider. Scholars have thoroughly described the automobile's ascendancy in the postwar years and how it affected transportation alternatives and the shape of urban/suburban spaces. But they have ignored the unprecedented growth in the number of registered motorcycles and the conflict on America's highways that accompanied their expansion. Even before the Hollister Rally, the nonriding majority was complaining about how daredevils, hounds, and motorcycle cowboys compromised their use of the country's roadways and posed a threat to highway safety.
It’s a Black Thang
Authors: McBee Randy D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter begins with the intersection of the Altamont concert in 1969 and the first blaxploitation film, Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song, and ends with the Willie Horton ad that contributed to George Bush Sr.'s election as president in 1988. Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song focused attention on the death of Meredith Hunter, a black man killed by a motorcyclist at the Altamont concert, and the Willie Horton ad was introduced to a group of motorcyclists in Virginia months before it was released to the nation. Taken together, these events highlight the role “law and order” has played in the history of motorcycling, including the relationship between the police (that is, motorcycle cops) and motorcyclists and the opposition to the civil rights and Black Power movements.
Children of Moloch
Authors: McVicar Michael J.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter discusses the narrative surrounding the rise and fall of Christian Reconstructionism—a narrative all too often dismissed by historians as niche and extremist. How this movement—which had gained widespread acceptance and popularity in its time—had amassed such a great amount of influence only to decline later on is explored in greater detail in the succeeding chapters. Suffice it to say that this narrative began when R. J. Rushdoony, the central figure in this story, had come to consider state education to be the source of the youth’s troubles. His efforts would later snowball into a nationwide homeschooling movement after the watershed Leeper et al. v. Arlington ISD et al. case. From its roots in educational reform Christian Reconstruction would emerge, fusing its educational, religious, and political spheres into a radical reconstruction of the humanity’s relationship between themselves and the Christian God.
Epilogue
Authors: Simmons LaKisha Michelle
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter recounts the experiences of elderly women who grew up in Jim Crow New Orleans during the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The women talked about their relationship to the city through the lenses of segregation and of the storm. These women, who lived through or suffered through the attendant governmental neglect and racism, came of age during legalized Jim Crow in New Orleans and a white supremacy supported by the state. Their notions of citizenship, their sense of belonging to New Orleans, and their subjectivities are irrevocably tied to these two epochs in New Orleans' history. The intertwined stories from these women noted the ways in which the “category” of a black woman is intimately connected with past and present spatial organization and that black femininity and black women's humanness are bound up in an ongoing geographic struggle.
Connaissance de soi et reconnaissance. Bases éthico-anthropologiques de la justice dans la pensée ricœurienne
Authors: Contreras Tasso Beatriz
Published: January 2016

Cet article tente d’examiner la dimension éthico-anthropologique qui est à la base de l’idée ricœurienne de justice développée plus explicitement à partir de Soi-même comme un autre et reprise dans sa dernière œuvre Parcours de la reconnaissance. Notre hypothèse de lecture est que l’analyse ricœurienne de la justice suppose une corrélation essentielle entre connaissance de soi et reconnaissance, laquelle est traversée par une tension interne qui réunit et oppose ces deux moments dans une dialectique irréductible. À nos yeux, cette dialectique risque cependant de masquer un sens de la justice fondateur de la vie sociale de l’homme, tant au plan interpersonnel que politique, qui renforce l’instauration de la justice sur le plan juridique. Nous essaierons donc de montrer, tout d’abord, comment se manifeste ce sens éthique du juste sur la base de l’analyse anthropologique des capacités de l’homme capable qui renforcent la corrélation originaire de la connaissance de soi et de la reconnaissance. Puis, nous tenterons de mettre en relation les apports fondamentaux de l’herméneutique de soi et de l’idée de justice chez Ricœur.
Sacred Slaves: Tchamba Vodu in Southern Togo
Authors: Vannier Christian , Montgomery Eric James
Published: January 2016

This article ethnographically documents beliefs and practices surrounding Tchamba vodu among Anlo-Ewe vodu adepts in southern Togo. Mama Tchamba, or Grandmother Slave, is a religious order devoted to the veneration of the spirits of slaves purchased by the ancestors of Tchamba adepts and sold or kept in the community as wives and mothers. This article documents Tchamba vodu through the authors' interviews and observations in the community and situates these beliefs and practices in the larger cultural context of slavery and ritual among the Anlo Ewe. Drawing on mimetic theory, we argue that Tchamba ceremonial practices represent performed memorializations of the cultural experiences of slavery along the coast of the Bight of Benin and open culturally productive spaces and identities through mimetic bodily performance.
Sinking “Like a Corpse” or Living the “Soul’s Full Desire”: Shaker Women in Fiction and History
Authors: Marshall Richard M.
Published: January 2016

This article examines the disparity between fictional and historical accounts of Shaker women. Th e fiction, influenced by pervading social beliefs like the cult of true womanhood, usually portrays a woman who becomes dissatisfied with her Shaker life, concluding that it is a sort of living death that isolates her from love, marriage, and motherhood. Historical records reveal independent and fulfilled women who became Shakers for religious reasons but also for secular opportunities unknown in the outside world, including companionship, refuge from sexual predation, and a chance for professional or governmental fulfillment.
The Face Inversion Effect: Roles of First and Second-Order Configural Information
Authors: Civile Ciro , McLaren Rossy , McLaren Ian P. L.
Published: January 2016

the face inversion effect (fie) is a reduction in recognition performance for inverted faces compared with upright faces. several studies have proposed that a type of configural information, called second- order relational information, becomes more important with increasing expertise and gives rise to the fie. However, recently it has been demonstrated that it is possible to obtain an fie with facial features presented in isolation, showing that configural information is not necessary for this effect to occur. in this article we test whether there is a role for configural information in producing the fie and whether second- or first- order relational information is particularly important. in experiment 1, we investigated the role of configural information and local feature orientation by using a new type of “thatcherizing” transformation on our set of faces, aiming to disrupt second-order and local feature orientation information but keeping all first- order properties unaltered. the results showed a significant reduction in the fie for these “new” thatcherized faces, but it did not entirely disappear. experiment 2 confirmed the fie for new thatcherized faces, and experiment 3 establishes that both local feature orientation and first-order relational information have a role in determining the fie.
Psychodynamic Emotional Regulation in View of Wolpe’s Desensitization Model
Authors: Rabinovich Merav
Published: January 2016

the current research belongs to the stream of theoretical integration and establishes a theoretical platform for integrative psychotherapy in anxiety disorders. Qualitative metasynthesis procedures were applied to 40 peer- reviewed psychoanalytic articles involving emotional regulation. the concept of psychodynamic emotional regulation was found to be connected with the categories of desensitization, gradual exposure, containment, and transference. this article presents a model according to which psychoanalytic psychotherapy allows anxiety to be tolerated while following the core principles of systematic desensitization. it is shown that despite the antiresearch image of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, its foundations obey evidence- based principles. the findings imply that anxiety tolerance might be a key goal in which the cumulative wisdom of the different therapies can be used to optimize psychotherapy outcomes.
The Categorization and Structural Prediction of Transition Metal Carbonyl Clusters Using 14n Series Numerical Matrix
Authors: Kiremire Enos Masheija Rwantale
Published: January 2016

A matrix table of valence electron content of carbonyl clusters has been created using the 14n-based series. The numbers so generated form an array of series which conform precisely with valence electron contents of carbonyl clusters. The renowned 18 electron rule is a special case of 14n+4 series. Similarly, the 16 electron rule is another special case of the 14n+2 series. Categorization of the carbonyl clusters using the matrix table of series has been demonstrated. The table is so organized that clusters numerically represented can easily be compared and analyzed. The numbers that are diagonally arranged from right to left represent capping series. The row from right to left represents a decrease in valence electron content with increase in cluster linkages. The variation of cluster shapes of constant number of skeletal elements especially four or more may be monitored or compared with the variation with the valence electron content.
The Stalin Prize and the Soviet Artist: Status Symbol or Stigma?
Authors: Johnson Oliver
Published: January 2016

How did the Stalin Prize function in the Soviet fine art establishment of the 1940s and 1950s and how were the awards interpreted by members of the artistic community and the public? This examination of the discussions of the Stalin Prize Committee and unrehearsed responses to the awards reveals an institution that operated at the intersection of political and expert-artistic standards within which the parameters of postwar socialist realism were negotiated and to some extent defined. The Stalin Prize for the Fine Arts played an important part in the development of the leader cult and contributed to the self-aggrandizement of an elite minority. The symbolic capital of the Stalin Prize was compromised by its role, perceived or actual, in the consolidation of a generational and ideological hegemony within the Soviet art world and the establishment of an aesthetic blueprint for socialist realism.
Transition of Long-Term Care in Hungary : Problems and Solutions
Authors: Széman Zsuzsa
Published: January 2016

Problems and Solutions: The study presents the challenges of long-term care for the elderly from 1993 to the present, which arise from the poor state of health of the population over 65. It analyses the related trend in policy on the elderly, how a positive trend up to 2008 took a negative turn. Against this background, it examines the role family carers play in caregiving. Their task has become increasingly difficult as a result of the state shifting responsibility to the families, strong demographic ageing and the appearance of declining health in an early stage of the life cycle. Alternative solutions must be found to relieve this burden, and one possible direction is the incorporation of ICT into long-term care. The study presents innovative solutions facilitating care: the WebNurse developed for family carers and Skype Care to ease the loneliness of the elderly.
Formal and Informal Long-Term Care and the Role of Family Carers: Czech Republic
Authors: Wija Petr
Published: January 2016

Formal and Informal Long-Term Care and the Role of Family Carers: Czech Republic: The article discusses developments in long-term care and the availability of support for informal carers in the Czech Republic. Population forecast suggests that the process of demographic ageing in the Czech Republic will accelerate with the ageing of the baby boom cohorts of the 1940s and 1950s. Health and social policy has to address challenges of availability and quality of long-term care, and to develop support services to meet the needs of an ever growing number of older people and their families. The article analyses the long-term care system and the situation of family carers, and explores the challenges to be faced on the way to a more comprehensive long-term care system.