bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of handwriting and computer typing in note-taking by university students
Authors: Aragón-Mendizábal Estíbaliz , Delgado-Casas Cándida , Navarro-Guzmán José-I. , Menacho-Jiménez Inmaculada , Romero-Oliva Manuel-F.
Published: May 2016

Taking notes is a common strategy among higher education students, and has been found to affect their academic performance. Nowadays, however, the use of computers is replacing the traditional pencil-and-paper methodology. The present study aims to identify the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of computer (typing) and pencil-and-paper (handwriting) for taking notes by college students. A total of 251 social and health science students participated in the study. Two experimental conditions were chosen: taking notes by hand (n=211), and taking notes by computer (n=40). Those that used computer-written notes performed better on tasks based on reproducing the alphabet, writing sentences, and recognizing words (p<.05). However, those using handwritten notes performed better on free recall tasks (p<.05). Differences between the two conditions were statistically significant rejecting the hypothesis of equality between groups (X2=60.98; p<.0001). In addition, the discriminant analysis confirmed that 77.3% of students were correctly classified by the experimental conditions. Although the computer allowed for greater velocity when taking notes, handwriting enhanced students’ grades when performing memory tasks.

La toma de apuntes es una estrategia generalizada del alumnado de Educación Superior y se ha constatado su influencia en el rendimiento académico. El uso del ordenador está desplazando al método tradicional de lápiz y papel. El presente estudio pretende arrojar luz sobre las ventajas y los inconvenientes derivados del uso de uno u otro método en la toma de apuntes en las aulas universitarias. Un total de 251 estudiantes universitarios de ciencias sociales y ciencias de la salud participaron en el estudio. Se plantearon dos condiciones experimentales: toma de notas de forma manual (n=211) y de manera electrónica (n=40). Se hallaron diferencias a favor del grupo que usó el ordenador en las tareas basadas en completar el abecedario, escribir frases y reconocer palabras anotadas previamente (p<.05). Sin embargo, en la tarea de recuerdo libre los resultados reflejaron un mejor desempeño del grupo que tomó notas manualmente (p<.05). Se rechazó la hipótesis de igualdad entre los grupos (X2=60,98; p<.0001). Además, el análisis discriminante confirmó que el 77,3% de los alumnos fueron clasificados correctamente según su condición experimental. El uso del ordenador resultó muy útil cuando se trataba de anotar datos con rapidez; sin embargo, en las tareas de recuerdo los alumnos de escritura manual obtuvieron mejores puntuaciones que los de escritura electrónica.
Entre déviance et défense : la consommation de cannabis chez les ouvriers de l’assistance aéroportuaire
Authors: Brugière Fabien
Published: May 2016

Cet article se propose d’étudier la consommation de cannabis sur le lieu et lors du temps de travail chez les ouvriers de l’assistance en piste aéroportuaire. Pour ce faire, il se fonde sur une enquête ethnographique par observation participante réalisée de 2010 à 2012 sur un aéroport d’Île-de-France. Le contexte de précarisation de l’emploi et d’intensification du travail met les salariés de l’assistance en piste sous-traitée sous pression et accroît le mal-être au travail. On observe par ailleurs la présence (minoritaire) d’une consommation de cannabis, en dépit des règles et des contrôles de sécurité, dans les « coulisses » et les « à-côtés » du travail. On peut rendre compte de la poursuite d’une telle pratique malgré les risques encourus en l’analysant comme le support d’une stratégie de défense visant à mettre à distance la souffrance au travail.
L’ouverture d’une salle de consommation à moindre risque. Un défi pour les professionnels de l’addictologie
Authors: Dos Santos Marie
Published: May 2016

Un projet d’ouverture d’une salle de consommation à moindre risque est en 2015 en cours d’élaboration à Strasbourg, porté par l’association Ithaque. L’auteure, chercheure en sociologie, a assisté aux différentes réunions de préparation du projet. À travers l’exercice d’une redéfinition collective des missions attendues d’une telle salle se dessinent les contours de la logique de réduction des risques telle qu’elle est appliquée en France. L’ouverture de la salle au sein d’un hôpital est un indice de l’importance de la médicalisation de la prise en charge des usagers de drogues. Si la création de ce nouveau dispositif, en France, est une avancée majeure en termes de santé publique, le développement de nouvelles manières de penser la prise en charge et l’accompagnement, à travers la valorisation de l’expertise de l’expérience des usagers, semble toujours en suspens.
La consommation pathogène d’alcool comme idéologie défensive de métier
Authors: Castilhos Karam Heliete Maria
Published: May 2016

L’action en santé dans le domaine des substances psychoactives reste un défi pour les intervenants. Au Brésil, elle se heurte à de graves obstacles, notamment à la résistance des usagers, retranchés derrière les systèmes défensifs pathogènes – ce qui devient une source de souffrance pour ces intervenants. À partir de la méthode clinique en psychodynamique du travail, cet article reprend comme objet de ses analyses le rôle de la consommation d’alcool comme idéologie défensive de métier et cherche à dévoiler la dramaturgie ouvrière brésilienne où l’addiction à l’alcool ne se résume pas à un syndrome ou à une maladie. Elle est aussi une résistance-symptôme et si sa syntaxe n’est pas prise en compte par un diagnostic qui différencie ladite résistance et l’alcoolisme, suivi d’une action qui laisse parler le symptôme, on surmontera difficilement le recul de nos politiques de santé.
Création de dispositif pour une psychanalyse impliquée Ateliers d’artistes à l’hôpital avec des adolescents
Authors: Gassmann Xavier , Masson Céline
Published: May 2016

À partir du dispositif proposé à l’Esquisse, hôpital de jour de Pontoise pour adolescents, où des artistes rencontrent les adolescents dans le cadre d’ateliers, l’article interroge un nouveau type de dispositif référé au champ psychanalytique et donc fondé sur la prise en compte de la dynamique transférentielle. Ni art-thérapie, ni médiations thérapeutiques, ce dispositif est original et permet que la psychanalyse, malgré les résistances rencontrées dans les lieux de soin, continue autrement. En cela, l’article s’inscrit dans le quatrième axe proposé par la thématique de la revue, à savoir « comment la psychanalyse se réinvente-t-elle ? Qu’en est-il du cadre analytique et de la psychanalyse hors les murs ? ».
Figures de la vengeance dans la postmodernité : le héros et le barbare
Authors: Delhaye Pascaline
Published: May 2016

Arme dangereuse qui peut attiser la haine, la vengeance peut également être envisagée comme moyen de réclamer justice et de contrôler socialement la violence, à condition d’être prise dans une organisation et une dynamique culturellement définies. Son traitement social amenant à y renoncer reflète alors le système de valeurs de chaque société et révèle ainsi les structures symboliques en jeu. Dans la postmodernité de nos sociétés occidentales, quelle contenance permet ce renoncement ? Le présent article, issu d’une thèse de doctorat en psychologie, se propose de traiter cette question et révèle deux figures du vengeur, à savoir le héros et le barbare, qui, l’un et l’autre, parlent du rapport à l’altérité et à la culture.
Identité martiniquaise et dynamique du conflit : une étude de cas
Authors: Misantrope Yasmine , Costalat-Founeau Anne-Marie
Published: May 2016

Cette étude explore l’impact d’un important conflit sur l’identité psychosociale en Martinique. Il s’agit d’une situation complexe étant donné la récurrence du conflit dans l’histoire de la Martinique et c’est sur la base d’une recherche longitudinale, effectuée en situation naturelle, que l’on a tenté de révéler des mécanismes identitaires. Les auteurs ont choisi de l’appréhender grâce au modèle de l’ego-écologie et de la méthode imis (investigateur multistades de l’identité sociale), appliqués à plusieurs cas. Les résultats présentés ici concernent un cas emblématique des discours étudiés. Ont ainsi pu être mis en lumière l’utilisation des stéréotypes et un rejet du groupe des Français ainsi que la mise en place de stratégies de reconnaissance. La quête de reconnaissance s’est révélée à la fois génératrice de conflit et régulatrice de l’identité.
Sport et socialisation professionnelle. Le cas d’un raid organisé par une entreprise du CAC 40
Authors: Bernardeau Moreau Denis , Hingant Marie
Published: May 2016

Résumé En nous appuyant sur une trentaine d'entretiens menés auprès des salariés d'une grande entreprise du CAC 40, notre intention est de réfléchir sur les formes de socialisation professionnelle qu'induit un événement sportif interne de grande ampleur. Le fait de participer à l'une des éditions du Raid organisé par leur employeur renforce-t-il l'appropriation des valeurs de l'entreprise par les salariés ? Ces derniers portent-ils un regard différent sur leur entreprise et sa hiérarchie ? La socialisation particulière vécue durant les épreuves sportives conduit-elle les participants à modifier les relations professionnelles avec leurs collègues de travail ? Le sport peut-il être considéré comme un outil efficace de cohésion interne ?
L’émergence d’une enclave organisationnelle non gestionnaire. Le travail de l’imaginaire sportif au sein des espaces de compétition d’un championnat du monde
Authors: Philippe Xavier
Published: May 2016

Résumé Le sport est aujourd'hui perçu comme une activité économique à part entière. Ainsi, de manière croissante, l'univers sportif adopte des pratiques gestionnaires importées du secteur marchand. Que devient alors l'imaginaire sportif ? C'est la question posée dans cet article. L'analyse sociologique conduite ici s'inspire des travaux de Castoriadis (1975) sur l'imaginaire et mobilise la grille d'analyse de l'institution définie par Lallement (2007, 2008). Notre étude porte sur les Jeux équestres mondiaux 2014 dont nous avons observé la préparation et le déroulement pendant plus de dix-huit mois. Ici, les pratiques gestionnaires instituées par les organisateurs et basées sur la mise en place de procédures et le respect du budget se confrontent à un imaginaire sportif, porté par certains acteurs, fondé sur la performance et la mise en valeur des athlètes, et conduisant à l'émergence d'une enclave organisationnelle spécifique.
Vivre sa passion. Quand les sportifs deviennent entrepreneurs et les entrepreneurs se mettent au sport
Authors: Dubois Fanny , Terral Philippe
Published: May 2016

Résumé Depuis une enquête par questionnaires et entretiens biographiques sur les petites entreprises de tourisme sportif de pleine nature d'un département rural du centre de la France, nous considérons deux types de carrières entrepreneuriales : des sportifs devenant entrepreneurs, et des entrepreneurs, qui, par goût du sport, investissent ce secteur. Dans le premier cas, la dynamique entrepreneuriale est principalement marquée par une socialisation sportive associative. La création de l'entreprise n'est pas un projet ancien mais se présente souvent comme une perspective professionnelle nécessaire à laquelle les sportifs sont plus ou moins préparés. Le second profil révèle des techniques de commercialisation plus abouties et des carrières plus fluides. L'analyse se centre également sur la façon dont ces professionnels parviennent à concilier cultures sportives et activités lucratives et à se coordonner avec plus ou moins de difficultés sur le territoire étudié.
Management of Persistent Obstructive Sleep Apnea after Adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Pomerantz Jonathan
Published: May 2016

Adenotonsillectomy is widely considered to be an effective treatment for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the pediatric population. However, in some patients, SDB and OSA can persist despite surgical treatment with adenotonsillectomy. Options to manage persistent SDB/OSA depend on symptoms and severity. Many patients with mild residual OSA can be managed with nasal steroids and observed. Those with more moderate-to-severe residual pathology often can be managed with conservative measures that usually include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. However, some patients cannot tolerate CPAP, and are therefore candidates to be evaluated for addition surgical therapies.

[
Pediatr Ann.
2016;45(5):e180–e183.]
Gender and Sexuality in Pediatrics
Authors: Merens Teri A.
Published: May 2016

The terms gender and sexuality, once rarely discussed in a public forum, are now dominant topics of conversation on social media, in all forms of entertainment, politics, law, and medicine. The pediatric primary care physician, like all people and institutions involved in the delivery of health care, must be diligent about providing compassionate and competent care to patients and families contending with gender issues. The complex variety of obstacles these patients may face require a well-informed, sensitive clinician who can offer sound medical advice and appropriate referral. This article guides pediatricians through some of the challenges related to gender identity so they can assist their patients in navigating through any difficulties.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(5):e158–e161.]
Effect of Body Mass Index on Blood Transfusion in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Frisch Nicholas , Wessell Nolan M. , Charters Michael , Peterson Ed , Cann Brett , Greenstein Alex , Silverton Craig D.
Published: May 2016

Perioperative blood management remains a challenge during total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and perioperative blood transfusion during THA and TKA while attempting to resolve conflicting results in previously published studies. The authors retrospectively evaluated 2399 patients, 896 of whom underwent THA and 1503 of whom underwent TKA. Various outcome variables were assessed for their relationship to BMI, which was stratified using the World Health Organization classification scheme (normal, <25 kg/m
2
; overweight, 25–30 kg/m
2
; obese, >30 kg/m
2
). Among patients undergoing THA, transfusion rates were 34.8%, 27.6%, and 21.9% for normal, overweight, and obese patients, respectively (
P
=.002). Among patients undergoing TKA, transfusion rates were 17.3%, 11.4%, and 8.3% for normal, overweight, and obese patients, respectively (
P
=.002). Patients with an elevated BMI have decreased rates of blood transfusion following both THA and TKA. This same cohort also loses a significantly decreased percentage of estimated blood volume. No trends were identified for a relationship between BMI and deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, discharge location, length of stay, 30-day readmission rate, and preoperative hemoglobin level. Elevated BMI was significantly associated with increased estimated blood loss in patients undergoing THA and those undergoing TKA. There was a statistically significant trend toward increased deep surgical-site infection in patients undergoing THA (
P
=.043). Patients with increased BMI have lower rates of blood transfusion and lose a significantly smaller percentage of estimated blood volume following THA and TKA. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(5):e844–e849.]
Porter plainte en justice
Authors: Lantin Mallet Mickaële
Published: May 2016

Cet article analyse les modalités langagières et les processus par lesquels des individus s’adressent à l’institution judiciaire afin d’obtenir une reconnaissance et une prise en charge de ce qu’ils estiment être des situations insupportables. Dans le cours d’un conflit interpersonnel, lorsqu’un des participants décide de porter plainte en justice, cet acte constitue une prise de parole publique déplaçant ce qui était jusqu’alors un conflit d’ordre privé vers une arène judiciaire. L’examen des lettres de plainte adressées au procureur de la République de la Martinique et l’analyse des échanges qui se sont tenus, ultérieurement, dans le cadre des rencontres de médiation pénale permettent d’identifier d’une part les évènements ayant contribué à une telle prise de parole, mais aussi les moyens rhétoriques mobilisés par les plaignants pour faire de leur cause une affaire judiciaire et pour se constituer en plaignant légitime.
Formation professionnelle et employabilité dans les pays de l’OCDE : promesses et défis
Authors: Charbonnier Éric , Jamet Stéphanie
Published: May 2016

Les filières d’enseignement et la formation professionnelle (EFP) ont été négligées par le passé et reléguées au second rang dans le débat politique, souvent éclipsées par l’attention croissante accordée à l’enseignement académique général. Pourtant, les employeurs, enseignants et étudiants des pays de l’OCDE se tournent de plus en plus nombreux aujourd‘hui vers l’EFP dans leur recherche de passerelles propices à une transition sans heurt de l’école à la vie active. Alors que les jeunes générations sont durement touchées par le chômage, de récentes données de l’OCDE mettent en lumière des atouts et des défis de l’EFP pour ce qui est d’accroître les chances de réussite des diplômés sur le marché du travail.
L’engagement des entreprises dans le dispositif de formation professionnelle en Allemagne
Authors: Mouillour Isabelle Le , Geiben Marthe
Published: May 2016

La formation professionnelle duale en Allemagne ne saurait fonctionner sans l’engagement des acteurs représentant le monde professionnel. Entreprises, associations professionnelles, chambres consulaires, organisations syndicales sont partie prenante au même titre que les ministères fédéraux et les ministères des Länder en charge de la formation et de l’éducation. La coopération tripartite est en fait une coresponsabilité établie législativement. Cet article donne un aperçu des différents domaines d’action et de responsabilité des acteurs du monde professionnel.
Une réforme systémique de la formation professionnelle
Authors: Symela Krzysztof
Published: May 2016

En Pologne, un enseignement professionnel de qualité est une priorité politique. L’article décrit les principaux changements survenus dans le système de la formation professionnelle initiale depuis 2012. La réforme a démarré par l’identification, pour chaque métier, des qualifications comprenant les connaissances, les savoir-faire et les compétences personnelles et sociales, indiquées dans le socle de programmes de formation aux métiers, en conformité avec la classification des métiers de l’enseignement professionnel et le cadre des qualifications polonais. La segmentation des métiers en qualifications et la collaboration des établissements d’enseignement professionnel avec les employeurs sont essentielles pour améliorer la qualité de la formation professionnelle initiale et la rapprocher d’un marché du travail en constant changement.
Les mutations de l’enseignement professionnel supérieur en Chine
Authors: Yang Guo , Lin Yang
Published: May 2016

L’enseignement professionnel supérieur en Chine est récent et connaît d’ores et déjà un essor remarquable, tant en ce qui concerne la hausse des inscriptions que l’employabilité des diplômés. Il s’agit, pour le gouvernement, de mettre en place une politique de formation des techniciens qualifiés pour la production industrielle, la construction, les services et la gestion et d’inventer un modèle académique prenant en compte les besoins des entreprises. Au cours de la dernière décennie, l’effort a porté sur la création d’établissements modèles et sur l’amélioration de la qualité, afin de développer un modèle de formation professionnelle distinct de celui des universités. Devant un tel développement, à une telle échelle et à un tel rythme, de nombreux défis restent à relever, et notamment ceux de l’adaptation des établissements d’enseignement aux mutations du secteur industriel et de l’engagement des entreprises dans la formation professionnelle.
The Role of Irrigation in the Development of Agriculture
Authors: Popović Vesna Ž. , Subić Jonel V. , Kljajić Nataša Ž.
Published: May 2016

The Srem district is home to producers of corn, oilseeds, sugar beet and tobacco, a leading region in the production of pome fruits (apples, pears) and drupes (plums, peaches, cherries) in the country and a perspective area for the development of organic plant and livestock production in protected areas. The current irrigation policy in the Republic of Serbia was not directed at systematic water use with the goal of forming an optimal structure of a market propulsive and a highly profitable agricultural production. The authors in the paper analyse the structure of agricultural production in the Srem district in Serbia and its market potentials as well as the economic effects of irrigation in light of the planned integral irrigation system construction in the Srem district in order to reflect economic benefits of irrigation and its role in the development of agriculture.
Trends in the Evolution of Romania's Agricultural Resources in the Context of Sustainable Development
Authors: Lazăr Cornel , Lazăr Mirela
Published: May 2016

Although its share in Romania's Gross Domestic Product is relatively small (about 5%), agriculture is one of the important activities of the national economy, with direct implications on ensuring food security. Achieving an efficient modern agriculture represents a major strategic objective for Romania, imposed both by the need of ensuring food security and the role of this activity in supporting export. In this chapter it is analysed the evolution of Romanian agriculture in the context of sustainable development's objectives, through the resources available in this activity: land, technical means, human resources and financial resources. In doing so, we considered an analysis of the agricultural real estate, labour force, investments and loans used in agriculture on the period 2008 – 2014.
Sensory Evaluation in Food Manufacturing
Authors: Caliman Bogdan Florin , Ene Corina
Published: May 2016

From the earliest moments in time, humans relied on their senses in order to survive. The mechanism of sensory evaluation was not only used to assess the environment where they were living but also the food they were consuming. Manufacturing good food is a direct result of having the right ingredients, recipe and process in place. In this chapter we aim to share some practical guidelines on how to manage when dealing with a bigger kitchen, as in food manufacturing there is always the need of having a systematized sensory evaluation. Given the high complexity of this topic, authors will tackle the subject by generally approaching sensory analysis and its role in organoleptic quality evaluation and will further go through the practical steps of setting the sensory panel room, selection and training of panel participants, setting up a testing panel and interpreting the results.
Research Subsidies and Innovation Improve Productivity
Authors: Kumar Manoj
Published: May 2016

Most productivities theorists agree that understanding the economics of innovation and technological change is central to understanding why some suppliers grow faster than other suppliers. The driving force behind recent developments in innovation models of productivity is a desire to incorporate quality. Incorporating quality of produced products without the addition of restrictive razor's edge conditions implies that policy impacts the productivity. This paper makes productivity modeling along the lines of Barro and Becker (1989) and models an array of government policies to demonstrate how some policies can impact productivity in a productivity model without the addition of restrictive razor's edge conditions. In the author's model government policies are categorized according to whether they have profits only, profits and productivity, or no impact on profits and/or productivity. The model also predicts that a research subsidy promotes long run productivity.
Estado, religião e educação do cidadão
Authors: Hornich Daner , Evangelista Francisco , Miranda Antonio Carlos
Published: May 2016

Este artigo objetiva apontar os entraves e os conflitos entre Estado e religião e as perspectivas atuais sobre os desdobramentos dessa relação com a educação do cidadão. Faz uma reflexão e análise da fundação do Estado Moderno, e sua influência na formação das sociedades modernas e contemporâneas, bem como evidencia os impactos dos pressupostos da separação entre religião e Estado para considerar que a educação do cidadão passa pelo esclarecimento, e que esse esclarecimento democrático e republicano dos cidadãos passa pelas “[...] regras de uma educação pública” (Diderot, 2000, p. 268), pois o Estado deve ser o responsável pela educação, em diálogo constante com os diversos setores da sociedade, de tal forma que ‘o objeto do ensino e a extensão das lições devem proporcionar-se à pluralidade’. A ideia central é a de que pode existir um espaço para as questões religiosas dentro do Estado laico, mas elas devem ser orientadas pela razão que esclarece o cidadão e seja expressão da subjetividade e da liberdade humana. Nas relações entre o Estado, a religião e a educação do cidadão, cabe refletir sobre a desigualdade social e o impacto da religião na manutenção ou transformação de estruturas sociais injustas.
A Educação nas Páginas da Imprensa Católica (Ribeirão Preto-SP, 1949-1959)
Authors: Sant’Ana Andréa Márcia , Souza Rosa Fátima de
Published: May 2016

Este texto analisa as representações sobre educação veiculadas na imprensa católica entre 1949 e 1959, período de redemocratização da sociedade brasileira, no qual ocorreu uma grande expansão do ensino público, resultando na contenção da educação confessional e nos embates entre católicos e liberais em torno da discussão da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases. Para a análise, tomamos como referência o jornal Diário de Notícias que circulou na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, interior do estado de São Paulo, publicado pela Cúria Diocesana. O estudo assinala como a imprensa católica abordou a temática da infância, os objetivos e a expansão do ensino primário, a inserção das classes populares na escola, a Campanha de Alfabetização de Adultos e as finalidades do ensino secundário propedêutico ou profissionalizante, apresentando posições conservadoras, pautadas na valorização dos valores cívico-patrióticos e na formação religiosa como fundamento da família e da sociedade.
Referees
Authors: Education Acta Scientiarum.
Published: May 2016

Referees for Volume 38, n. 2 of the Acta Scientiarium. Education, 2016
Tbet or Continued RORγt Expression Is Not Required for Th17-Associated Immunopathology
Authors: Brucklacher-Waldert Verena , Ferreira Cristina , Innocentin Silvia , Kamdar Shraddha , Withers David R. , Kullberg Marika C. , Veldhoen Marc
Published: May 2016

The discovery of Th17 cell plasticity, in which CD4+ IL-17–producing Th17 cells give rise to IL-17/IFN-γ double-producing cells and Th1-like IFNγ+ ex-Th17 lymphocytes, has raised questions regarding which of these cell types contribute to immunopathology during inflammatory diseases. In this study, we show using Helicobacter hepaticus-induced intestinal inflammation that IL-17ACre– or Rag1Cre-mediated deletion of Tbx21 has no effect on the generation of IL-17/IFN-γ double-producing cells, but leads to a marked absence of Th1-like IFNγ+ ex-Th17 cells. Despite the lack of Th1-like ex-Th17 cells, the degree of H. hepaticus-triggered intestinal inflammation in mice in which Tbx21 was excised in IL-17–producing or Rag1-expressing cells is indistinguishable from that observed in control mice. In stark contrast, using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we show that IL-17ACre–mediated deletion of Tbx21 prevents the conversion of Th17 cells to IL-17A/IFN-γ double-producing cells as well as Th1-like IFN-γ+ ex-Th17 cells. However, IL-17ACre–mediated deletion of Tbx21 has only limited effects on disease course in this model and is not compensated by Ag-specific Th1 cells. IL-17ACre–mediated deletion of Rorc reveals that RORγt is essential for the maintenance of the Th17 cell lineage, but not immunopathology during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results show that neither the single Th17 subset, nor its progeny, is solely responsible for immunopathology or autoimmunity.
The accepted values for the internal Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) 9107 Rock-Eval 6 standard (Upper Cretaceous Second White Speckled Shale, Colorado Group), western Canada
Authors: Ardakani O H , Sanei H , Snowdon L
R , Outridge P M , Obermajer M , Stewart R , Vandenberg R , Boyce K
Published: May 2016

Exploration of conventional/unconventional hydrocarbon resources relies on detailed analysis of source/reservoir rocks. Rock-Eval analysis is one of the major methods in screening and characterizing the organic matter type and quantity, thermal maturity, and
hydrocarbon potential of sedimentary rocks (Lafargue et al., 1998). In addition, Rock-Eval analysis is also widely used for characterization of organic matter in recent sediments and soil in wide range of environmental and soil fertility studies (e.g., Sanei et al., 2005; Carrie et al., 2012).
Fundamentals of Rock- Eval analysis are provided in detail in Lafargue et al. (1998) and Behar et al. (2001).
In order to determine the accuracy and precision of analysis, a formally certified standard reference material is typically analysed concurrently with samples to assure the consistency of measured data. However, no commercially available certified reference materials have been characterized for the
parameters measured during Rock-Eval analysis. Instead, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) Organic Geochemistry Laboratory uses an internal prepared standard (9107) that was calibrated against a rock standard provided by the instrument manufacturer. That standard was developed by using various
gravimetric approaches and external calibration of the Rock-Eval flame ionization (hydrocarbons) and thermal conductivity or infrared (CO and CO2) detectors. The 9107 standard is from the Upper Cretaceous Second White Speckled Shale, Colorado Group in western Canada, which is regarded as a typical
marine hydrocarbon source rock. This standard is run in a sample batch of 10 to 15 unknown samples to verify the analytical performance of Rock-Eval instrument and ensure the consistency of generated data throughout series of analyses.
This report presents the summary results of more than 2000 runs of the 9107 standard since the deployment of three completely refurbished Rock-Eval 6 instruments at the GSC in 2007documenting the accepted values of selected measured Rock-Eval 6 parameters and measurement precision and margin of
error for the 9107 standard.
Transorbital sonographic evaluation of normal optic nerve sheath diameter in healthy Nepalese adults
Authors: Shrestha Gentle
Published: May 2016

Background: Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is increasingly being used as a non-invasive technique for detecting raised intracranial pressure. Aims: The aim of this study is to find out the normal ONSD in healthy Nepalese adults. Settings and Design: It is a cross-sectional observational study. Subjects and Methods: ONSD was measured 3 mm behind the globe using 6–13 MHz linear probe. Subjects were examined in the supine position with their eyes closed and in neutral position. Transducer was placed horizontally and in each eye, an average of three readings were documented. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were represented as mean and standard deviation. Paired t-test was used to compare ONSD between the right and left eye. Independent t-test was used to compare ONSD between males and females. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between age and ONSD. Results: Eighty-eight healthy subjects above 18 years of age were enrolled in the study. The median ONSD was 4.1 mm with 95% of subjects in the range of 3.1–4.6 mm. There was no significant difference in ONSD measurement between males and females (P = 0.09) and between the right and left eye (P = 0.72). There was no relationship between ONSD and age ( R2=0.06, P = 0.55). Conclusions: The range for normal ONSD in healthy adult Nepalese subjects is 3.1–4.6 mm with no significant relationship with gender, age and side of the body.
Resectable Cholangiocarcinoma: Reviewing the Role of Adjuvant Strategies
Authors: Cidon E. Una
Published: May 2016

Cholangiocarcinoma is a very heterogeneous and rare group of neoplasms originating from the perihilar, intra-, or extrahepatic bile duct epithelium. It represents only 3% of gastrointestinal cancers, although their incidence is increasing as its mortality increases. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative option, but unfortunately the resectability rate is low. Overall, these malignancies have got a very poor prognosis with a five-year survival rate of 5–10%. Although the five-year survival rate increases to 25–30% in the cases amenable to surgery, only 10–40% of patients present with resectable disease. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the benefit of adjuvant strategies after surgery to increase the rate of curability. This study reviewed the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable bile duct cancers.
Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, and Metabolomics Approaches for Microbiome Analysis
Authors: Aguiar-Pulido Vanessa , Huang Wenrui , Suarez-Ulloa Victoria , Cickovski Trevor , Mathee Kalai , Narasimhan Giri
Published: May 2016

Microbiomes are ubiquitous and are found in the ocean, the soil, and in/on other living organisms. Changes in the microbiome can impact the health of the environmental niche in which they reside. In order to learn more about these communities, different approaches based on data from multiple omics have been pursued. Metagenomics produces a taxonomical profile of the sample, metatranscriptomics helps us to obtain a functional profile, and metabolomics completes the picture by determining which byproducts are being released into the environment. Although each approach provides valuable information separately, we show that, when combined, they paint a more comprehensive picture. We conclude with a review of network-based approaches as applied to integrative studies, which we believe holds the key to in-depth understanding of microbiomes.
Corneal Cross-Linking (with a Partial Deepithelization) in Keratoconus with Five Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Galvis Virgilio , Tello Alejandro , Carreño Néstor I. , Ortiz Alvaro I. , Barrera Rodrigo , Rodriguez Carlos Julian , Ochoa Miguel E.
Published: May 2016

We performed a retrospective interventional case series including 80 eyes of 48 patients with keratoconus (KC) who were treated with modified corneal cross-linking (CXL) for KC (with a partial deepithelization in a pattern of stripes). The average follow-up was 5.8 years (with a minimum of 5 years). At the last follow-up visit, compared with preoperative values, there were no significant changes in spherical equivalent, average keratometry, corneal thickness, corneal hysteresis, or corneal resistance factor. The distance-corrected visual acuity was 20/39 preoperatively and 20/36 postoperatively ( P = 0.3). The endothelial cell count decreased by 4.7% ( P < 0.005). These findings suggest that this modified corneal CXL technique is a safe and effective alternative to halt the progression of KC up to five years after the procedure. However, some concerns remain as to whether this technique can affect in some degree the corneal endothelial cells.
Improving Access to Long-Acting Contraceptive Methods and Reducing Unplanned Pregnancy among Women with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Black Kirsten I. , Day Carolyn A.
Published: May 2016

Much has been written about the consequences of substance use in pregnancy, but there has been far less focus on the prevention of unintended pregnancies in women with substance use disorders (SUDs). We examine the literature on pregnancy incidence for women with SUDs, the clinical and economic benefits of increasing access to long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods in this population, and the current hurdles to increased access and uptake. High rates of unintended pregnancies and poor physical and psychosocial outcomes among women with SUDs underscore the need for increased access to, and uptake of, LARC methods among these women. A small number of studies that focused on improving access to contraception, especially LARC, via integrated contraception services predominantly provided in drug treatment programs were identified. However, a number of barriers remain, highlighting that much more research is needed in this area.
Impact of buildings on surface solar radiation over urban Beijing
Authors: Zhao Bin , Liou Kuo-Nan , Gu Yu , He Cenlin , Lee Wee-Liang , Chang Xing , Li Qinbin , Wang Shuxiao , Tseng Hsien-Liang R. , Leung Lai-Yung R. , Hao Jiming
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The rugged surface of an urban area due to varying buildings can interact with solar beams and affect both the magnitude and spatiotemporal distribution of surface solar fluxes. Here we systematically examine the impact of buildings on downward surface solar fluxes over urban Beijing by using a 3-D radiation parameterization that accounts for 3-D building structures vs. the conventional plane-parallel scheme. We find that the resulting downward surface solar flux deviations between the 3-D and the plane-parallel schemes are generally ±1–10 W m−2 at 800 m grid resolution and within ±1 W m−2 at 4 km resolution. Pairs of positive–negative flux deviations on different sides of buildings are resolved at 800 m resolution, while they offset each other at 4 km resolution. Flux deviations from the unobstructed horizontal surface at 4 km resolution are positive around noon but negative in the early morning and late afternoon. The corresponding deviations at 800 m resolution, in contrast, show diurnal variations that are strongly dependent on the location of the grids relative to the buildings. Both the magnitude and spatiotemporal variations of flux deviations are largely dominated by the direct flux. Furthermore, we find that flux deviations can potentially be an order of magnitude larger by using a finer grid resolution. Atmospheric aerosols can reduce the magnitude of downward surface solar flux deviations by 10–65 %, while the surface albedo generally has a rather moderate impact on flux deviations. The results imply that the effect of buildings on downward surface solar fluxes may not be critically significant in mesoscale atmospheric models with a grid resolution of 4 km or coarser. However, the effect can play a crucial role in meso-urban atmospheric models as well as microscale urban dispersion models with resolutions of 1 m to 1 km.
Mapping the Antarctic Polar Front: weekly realizations from 2002 to 2014
Authors: Freeman Natalie M. , Lovenduski Nicole S.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We map the weekly position of the Antarctic Polar Front (PF) in the Southern Ocean over a 12-year period (2002–2014) using satellite sea surface temperature (SST) estimated from cloud-penetrating microwave radiometers. Our study advances previous efforts to map the PF using hydrographic and satellite data and provides a unique realization of the PF at weekly resolution across all longitudes (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.855640). The mean path of the PF is asymmetric; its latitudinal position spans from 44 to 64° S along its circumpolar path. SST at the PF ranges from 0.6 to 6.9 °C, reflecting the large spread in latitudinal position. The average intensity of the front is 1.7 °C per 100 km, with intensity ranging from 1.4 to 2.3 °C per 100 km. Front intensity is significantly correlated with the depth of bottom topography, suggesting that the front intensifies over shallow bathymetry. Realizations of the PF are consistent with the corresponding surface expressions of the PF estimated using expendable bathythermograph data in the Drake Passage and Australian and African sectors. The climatological mean position of the PF is similar, though not identical, to previously published estimates. As the PF is a key indicator of physical circulation, surface nutrient concentration, and biogeography in the Southern Ocean, future studies of physical and biogeochemical oceanography in this region will benefit from the provided data set.
Adaptation of water resource systems to an uncertain future
Authors: Walsh Claire L. , Blenkinsop Stephen , Fowler Hayley J. , Burton Aidan , Dawson Richard J. , Glenis Vassilis , Manning Lucy J. , Jahanshahi Golnaz , Kilsby Chris G.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Globally, water resources management faces significant challenges from changing climate and growing populations. At local scales, the information provided by climate models is insufficient to support the water sector in making future adaptation decisions. Furthermore, projections of change in local water resources are wrought with uncertainties surrounding natural variability, future greenhouse gas emissions, model structure, population growth, and water consumption habits. To analyse the magnitude of these uncertainties, and their implications for local-scale water resource planning, we present a top-down approach for testing climate change adaptation options using probabilistic climate scenarios and demand projections. An integrated modelling framework is developed which implements a new, gridded spatial weather generator, coupled with a rainfall-runoff model and water resource management simulation model. We use this to provide projections of the number of days and associated uncertainty that will require implementation of demand saving measures such as hose pipe bans and drought orders. Results, which are demonstrated for the Thames Basin, UK, indicate existing water supplies are sensitive to a changing climate and an increasing population, and that the frequency of severe demand saving measures are projected to increase. Considering both climate projections and population growth, the median number of drought order occurrences may increase 5-fold by the 2050s. The effectiveness of a range of demand management and supply options have been tested and shown to provide significant benefits in terms of reducing the number of demand saving days. A decrease in per capita demand of 3.75 % reduces the median frequency of drought order measures by 50 % by the 2020s. We found that increased supply arising from various adaptation options may compensate for increasingly variable flows; however, without reductions in overall demand for water resources such options will be insufficient on their own to adapt to uncertainties in the projected changes in climate and population. For example, a 30 % reduction in overall demand by 2050 has a greater impact on reducing the frequency of drought orders than any of the individual or combinations of supply options; hence, a portfolio of measures is required.
Tropical cyclone perceptions, impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific: an urban perspective from Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga
Authors: Magee Andrew D. , Verdon-Kidd Danielle C. , Kiem Anthony S. , Royle Stephen A.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The destruction caused by tropical cyclone (TC) Pam in March 2015 is considered one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu. It has highlighted the need for a better understanding of TC impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific (SWP) region. Therefore, the key aims of this study are to (i) understand local perceptions of TC activity, (ii) investigate impacts of TC activity and (iii) uncover adaptation strategies used to offset the impacts of TCs. To address these aims, a survey (with 130 participants from urban areas) was conducted across three SWP small island states (SISs): Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga (FVT). It was found that respondents generally had a high level of risk perception and awareness of TCs and the associated physical impacts, but lacked an understanding of the underlying weather conditions. Responses highlighted that current methods of adaptation generally occur at the local level, immediately prior to a TC event (preparation of property, gathering of food, finding a safe place to shelter). However higher level adaptation measures (such as the modification to building structures) may reduce vulnerability further. Finally, we discuss the potential of utilising weather-related traditional knowledge and non-traditional knowledge of empirical and climate-model-based weather forecasts to improve TC outlooks, which would ultimately reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity. Importantly, lessons learned from this study may result in the modification and/or development of existing adaptation strategies.
Natural streamflow simulation for two largest river basins in Poland: a baseline for identification of flow alterations
Authors: Piniewski Mikołaj
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The objective of this study was to apply a previously developed large-scale and high-resolution SWAT model of the Vistula and the Odra basins, calibrated with the focus of natural flow simulation, in order to assess the impact of three different dam reservoirs on streamflow using the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA). A tailored spatial calibration approach was designed, in which calibration was focused on a large set of relatively small non-nested sub-catchments with semi-natural flow regime. These were classified into calibration clusters based on the flow statistics similarity. After performing calibration and validation that gave overall positive results, the calibrated parameter values were transferred to the remaining part of the basins using an approach based on hydrological similarity of donor and target catchments. The calibrated model was applied in three case studies with the purpose of assessing the effect of dam reservoirs (Włocławek, Siemianówka and Czorsztyn Reservoirs) on streamflow alteration. Both the assessment based on gauged streamflow (Before-After design) and the one based on simulated natural streamflow showed large alterations in selected flow statistics related to magnitude, duration, high and low flow pulses and rate of change. Some benefits of using a large-scale and high-resolution hydrological model for the assessment of streamflow alteration include: (1) providing an alternative or complementary approach to the classical Before-After designs, (2) isolating the climate variability effect from the dam (or any other source of alteration) effect, (3) providing a practical tool that can be applied at a range of spatial scales over large area such as a country, in a uniform way. Thus, presented approach can be applied for designing more natural flow regimes, which is crucial for river and floodplain ecosystem restoration in the context of the European Union's policy on environmental flows.