bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Not All Porcine Intestinal Segments Are Equal in Terms of Breaking Force, but None Were Associated to Allometric Parameters
Authors: Kratz Tobias , Dauvergne Jan , Kronberg Anne-Sophie , Katzer David , Ganschow Rainer , Bernhardt Marit , Westeppe Sarah , Bierbach Benjamin , Strohm Joanna , Oetzmann von Sochaczewski Christina
Published: October 2023

Biomechanics are gaining ground in gastroenterology in the creation of educational models and to describe the necessary forces to perforate hallow organs during endoscopy. We thus investigated the breaking forces of porcine intestinal segments and whether they could be predicted based on body weight or crown–rump length. Based on a priori power-analyses, 10 pigs were included. The breaking forces were determined with a motorized test stand. We found that the breaking forces of intestinal segments were different (H(6) = 33.7, p < 0.0001): Ileal breaking force (x¯ = 24.14 N) was higher than jejunal (x¯ = 14.24 N, p = 0.0082) and colonic (x¯ = 11.33 N, p < 0.0001) breaking force. The latter was also smaller than cecal breaking force (x¯ = 24.6 N, p = 0.0044). Likewise, rectal (x¯ = 23.57 N) breaking force was higher than jejunal (p = 0.0455) and colonic (p = 0.0006) breaking force. Breaking forces were not correlated to body weight or crown–rump length (R < 0.49, p > 0.148). Intestinal segments differ in their breaking forces. The colon had the least resistance to traction forces. It remains to be determined if similar relationships exist in humans in order to validate porcine models for endoscopy and surgery.
Ladder-like Poly(methacryloxypropyl) silsesquioxane-Al2O3-polybutadiene Flexible Nanocomposites with High Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Mingarelli Pietro , Romeo Chiara , Callone Emanuela , Fredi Giulia , Dorigato Andrea , D’Arienzo Massimiliano , Parrino Francesco , Dirè Sandra
Published: October 2023

Ladder-like poly(methacryloxypropyl)-silsesquioxanes (LPMASQ) are photocurable Si-based gels characterized by a double-stranded structure that ensures superior thermal stability and mechanical properties than common organic polymers. In this work, these attractive features were exploited to produce, in combination with alumina nanoparticles (NPs), both unmodified and functionalized with methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), LPMASQ/Al2O3 composites displaying remarkable thermal conductivity. Additionally, we combined LPMASQ with polybutadiene (PB) to produce hybrid nanocomposites with the addition of functionalized Al2O3 NPs. The materials underwent thermal stability, structural, and morphological evaluations via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both blending PB with LPMASQ and surface functionalization of nanoparticles proved to be effective strategies for incorporating a higher ceramic filler amount in the matrices, resulting in significant increases in thermal conductivity. Specifically, a 113.6% increase in comparison to the bare matrix was achieved at relatively low filler content (11.2 vol%) in the presence of 40 wt% LPMASQ. Results highlight the potential of ladder-like silsesquioxanes in the field of thermally conductive polymers and their applications in heat dissipation for flexible electronic devices.
Identification of the Porcine Vascular Endothelial Cell-Specific Promoter ESAM1.0 Using Transcriptome Analysis
Authors: Kim Sang Eun , Sun Wu-Sheng , Oh Miae , Lee Seunghoon , No Jin-Gu , Lee Haesun , Lee Poongyeon , Oh Keon Bong
Published: October 2023

The vascular endothelium of xenografted pig organs represents the initial site of rejection after exposure to recipient immune cells. In this study, we aimed to develop a promoter specific to porcine vascular endothelial cells as a step toward overcoming xenograft rejection. Transcriptome analysis was performed on porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs), ear skin fibroblasts isolated from GGTA knockout (GTKO) pigs, and the porcine renal epithelial cell line pk-15. RNA sequencing confirmed 243 differentially expressed genes with expression changes of more than 10-fold among the three cell types. Employing the Human Protein Atlas database as a reference, we identified 34 genes exclusive to GTKO PAECs. The endothelial cell-specific adhesion molecule (ESAM) was selected via qPCR validation and showed high endothelial cell specificity and stable expression across tissues. We selected 1.0 kb upstream sequences of the translation start site of the gene as the promoter ESAM1.0. A luciferase assay revealed that ESAM1.0 promoter transcriptional activity was significant in PAECs, leading to a 2.8-fold higher level of expression than that of the porcine intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2) promoter, which is frequently used to target endothelial cells in transgenic pigs. Consequently, ESAM1.0 will enable the generation of genetically modified pigs with endothelium-specific target genes to reduce xenograft rejection.
A Study on the Longitudinal Relationship between Changes in Depression and Cognitive Function among Older Adults Living Alone
Authors: Park Soyoung , Jeong Kyuhyoung , Lee Seoyoon
Published: October 2023

Background: As South Korea faces unprecedented population aging, this longitudinal study examined the relationship between depression and cognitive function changes in older individuals living alone. Methods: The study used data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). A total of 1354 participants with data available over a period of at least three years, from 2016 (wave 1) to 2020 (wave 8), were included, and latent growth modeling (LGM) was used for analysis. Results: Depression levels increased gradually among older individuals living alone and cognitive function declined over time among older adults living alone. Moreover, higher initial depression levels were associated with lower initial cognitive function levels and a more rapid cognitive decline over time. Therefore, it is imperative that depression be addressed as a potential cause of cognitive impairment and dementia. Furthermore, rapid increases in depression corresponded to rapid declines in cognitive function, indicating the need for continuous monitoring and intervention in cases of escalating depression, as it may negatively affect cognitive abilities. Conclusions: These findings highlight the complex interplay between depression and cognitive function among older individuals living alone. Policy support to encourage participation in these programs is crucial to enhance the well-being of this vulnerable population.
The Natural Alternatives: The Impact of Plant Extracts on Snowbush (Breynia disticha Forst.) Cuttings’ Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics
Authors: El-Banna Heba , Haroun Samia A. , Albishi Tasahil S. , Rashed Afaf Abdullah , Albadrani Muayad , Abdelaal Khaled , Alkhateeb Omar Abdullah , Abdou Ahmed Hassan
Published: October 2023

The utilization of cuttings remains a prevalent method for vegetative propagation in various plant species. Synthetic rooting hormones have conventionally been employed to enhance the rooting process; however, their high cost and potential environmental risks have necessitated the exploration of natural alternative compounds. In this study, the efficacy of natural plant extracts (pure honey, aloe extract, willow extract, moringa extract, and cinnamon powder) and synthetic auxin derivatives (indole-3-butyric acid and α-naphthaleneacetic acid) at a concentration of 2000 ppm was compared for their influence on rooting and vegetative growth of snowbush (Breynia disticha) cuttings, a significant ornamental and medicinal shrub. Results demonstrated that while the synthetic hormones produced the highest survival percentages and root number, the roots were consistently short, thick, friable, and largely void of secondary roots. Conversely, the alternative natural plant extracts, particularly aloe extract, exhibited promising outcomes, showcasing good rooting percentage and root number, significantly increased root length, and fresh and dry root weight. Furthermore, aloe extract demonstrated the potential to enhance shoot length and alter the chemical constituents of the cuttings. The highest values of total phenols and nitrogen percentage were recorded with cuttings treated with indole-3-butyric acid, followed by cuttings treated with aloe extract. While using aloe extract, we recorded the highest values of total carbohydrates, phosphorus, and potassium percentages. Notably, the highest endogenous levels of indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid, along with the lowest abscisic acid concentration in cutting tissues, were associated with the highest rooting percentage observed with indole-3-butyric acid, followed by the use of aloe extract. We hypothesized that natural plant extracts, specifically aloe extract, have potential as a viable alternative for synthetic auxins in promoting successful rooting and vegetative growth in snowbush cuttings. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and optimize the application of these natural compounds in vegetative propagation techniques.
The Role of Melatonin to Ameliorate Oxidative Stress in Sperm Cells
Authors: Makris Achilleas , Alevra Alexandra I. , Exadactylos Athanasios , Papadopoulos Serafeim
Published: October 2023

It is widely accepted that oxidative stress (OS) coming from a wide variety of causes has detrimental effects on male fertility. Antioxidants could have a significant role in the treatment of male infertility, and the current systematic review on the role of melatonin to ameliorate OS clearly shows that improvement of semen parameters follows melatonin supplementation. Although melatonin has considerable promise, further studies are needed to clarify its ability to preserve or restore semen quality under stress conditions in varied species. The present review examines the actions of melatonin via receptor subtypes and its function in the context of OS across male vertebrates.
Notopterol Suppresses IL-17-Induced Proliferation and Invasion of A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Modulation of STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1 Activation
Authors: Inthanon Sirinada , Dejkriengkraikul Pornngarm , Yodkeeree Supachai
Published: October 2023

Interleukine-17 is a proinflammatory cytokine that promotes lung cancer growth and progression though the activation of the STAT3, NF-κB, and AP-1 signaling pathways. Therefore, blocking the IL-17-induced oncogenic pathway is a new strategy for the treatment of lung cancer. Notopterol, a furanocoumarin, has demonstrated anti-tumor effects in several types of tumors. However, its molecular function in relation to the IL-17-induced proliferation and invasion of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells remains unknown. Here, notopterol exhibited an inhibitory effect on IL-17-promoted A549 cell proliferation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Western blot analysis revealed that notopterol inhibited the expression of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins, including cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK4, and E2F. Moreover, notopterol blocked IL-17-induced A549 cell migration and invasion by regulating the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reducing the expression of extracellular degradation enzymes. At the molecular level, notopterol treatment significantly down-regulated the IL-17-activated phosphorylation of Akt, JNK, ERK1/2, and STAT3, leading to a reduced level of transcriptional activity of NF-κB and AP-1. Collectively, our results suggest that notopterol blocks IL-17-induced A549 cell proliferation and invasion through the suppression of the MAPK, Akt, STAT3, AP-1, and NF-κB signaling pathways, as well as modulating EMT.
Transcriptome Profiling of Etridiazole-Exposed Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos Reveals Pathways Associated with Cardiac and Ocular Toxicities
Authors: Vasamsetti Bala Murali Krishna , Chon Kyongmi , Yoon Chang-Young , Kim Juyeong , Choi Ji-Yeong , Hwang Sojeong , Park Kyeong-Hun
Published: October 2023

Etridiazole (EDZ) is a thiadiazole-containing fungicide commonly used to control Pythium and Phytophthora spp. Although previous studies have shown that EDZ is teratogenic, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying its toxicity remain unknown. In this study, a zebrafish (Danio rerio; ZF) model was used to explore the molecular pathways associated with EDZ toxicity. The whole transcriptome of ZF embryos exposed to 96 h of EDZ was analyzed, along with developmental abnormalities. EDZ-induced malformations were primarily related to the eyes, heart, and growth of the ZF. Compared to untreated ZF, etridiazole-treated ZF had 2882 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), consisting of 1651 downregulated genes and 1231 upregulated genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were involved in biological processes, such as sensory perception, visual perception, sensory organ development, and visual system development, and showed transmembrane transporter and peptidase regulator activities. Metabolism, phototransduction, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and vascular smooth muscle contraction were among the most enriched KEGG pathways. The qPCR analyses of the eight random genes were in good agreement with the transcriptome data. These results suggest several putative mechanisms underlying EDZ-induced developmental deformities in ZF.
Transcriptome and Biochemical Analyses of a Chlorophyll-Deficient Bud Mutant of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Chenyu , Ma Chunlei , Chen Liang , Yao Mingzhe
Published: October 2023

Tea leaf-color mutants have attracted increasing attention due to their accumulation of quality-related biochemical components. However, there is limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind leaf-color bud mutation in tea plants. In this study, a chlorina tea shoot (HY) and a green tea shoot (LY) from the same tea plant were investigated using transcriptome and biochemical analyses. The results showed that the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents in the HY were significantly lower than the LY’s, which might have been caused by the activation of several genes related to chlorophyll degradation, such as SGR and CLH. The down-regulation of the CHS, DFR, and ANS involved in flavonoid biosynthesis might result in the reduction in catechins, and the up-regulated GDHA and GS2 might bring about the accumulation of glutamate in HY. RT-qPCR assays of nine DEGs confirmed the RNA-seq results. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism of the chlorophyll deficient-induced metabolic change in tea plants.
Bayesian Regression Quantifies Uncertainty of Binding Parameters from Isothermal Titration Calorimetry More Accurately Than Error Propagation
Authors: La Van N. T. , Minh David D. L.
Published: October 2023

We compare several different methods to quantify the uncertainty of binding parameters estimated from isothermal titration calorimetry data: the asymptotic standard error from maximum likelihood estimation, error propagation based on a first-order Taylor series expansion, and the Bayesian credible interval. When the methods are applied to simulated experiments and to measurements of Mg(II) binding to EDTA, the asymptotic standard error underestimates the uncertainty in the free energy and enthalpy of binding. Error propagation overestimates the uncertainty for both quantities, except in the simulations, where it underestimates the uncertainty of enthalpy for confidence intervals less than 70%. In both datasets, Bayesian credible intervals are much closer to observed confidence intervals.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Biopolymer Pectin/Ethanolic Extract from Olive Mill Wastewater: In Vitro Safety and Efficacy Tests on Skin Wound Healing
Authors: Aiello Francesca , Malivindi Rocco , Motta Marisa Francesca , Crupi Pasquale , Nicoletti Rosa , Benincasa Cinzia , Clodoveo Maria Lisa , Rago Vittoria , Spizzirri Umile Gianfranco , Restuccia Donatella
Published: October 2023

Wound-healing delay is one of the major problems of type 2 diabetes, representing also a clinical emergency in non-healing chronic wounds. Natural antioxidants show interesting wound-healing properties, including those extracted from waste derived from olive oil production. Olive mill wastewater is one of the main by-products of the olive oil-making process, and it is rich in high-value secondary metabolites, mainly hydroxytyrosol. We proposed an eco-friendly extraction method, employing both ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet techniques and ethanol as a solvent, to recover valuable molecules from Roggianella cv (Olea europea L.) olive mill wastewater, which was further entrapped in a pectin polymer via an enzymatic reaction using porcine pancreatic lipase. Pectin, in combination with other substances, promoted and accelerated wound healing and demonstrated good potential to produce a biomedical conjugate for wound treatment. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and conjugate were evaluated against lipophilic (IC50 equal to 0.152 mg mL−1) and hydrophilic (IC50 equal to 0.0371 mg mL−1) radical species as well as the in vitro cytotoxicity via NRU, h-CLAT, and a wound-healing scratch assay and assessment. The pectin conjugate did not exert hemolytic effects on the peripheral blood, demonstrating interesting wound-healing properties due to its ability to stimulate cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.
Slc11 Synapomorphy: A Conserved 3D Framework Articulating Carrier Conformation Switch
Authors: Cellier Mathieu F. M.
Published: October 2023

Transmembrane carriers of the Slc11 family catalyze proton (H+)-dependent uptake of divalent metal ions (Me2+) such as manganese and iron—vital elements coveted during infection. The Slc11 mechanism of high-affinity Me2+ cell import is selective and conserved between prokaryotic (MntH) and eukaryotic (Nramp) homologs, though processes coupling the use of the proton motive force to Me2+ uptake evolved repeatedly. Adding bacterial piracy of Nramp genes spread in distinct environmental niches suggests selective gain of function that may benefit opportunistic pathogens. To better understand Slc11 evolution, Alphafold (AF2)/Colabfold (CF) 3D predictions for bacterial sequences from sister clades of eukaryotic descent (MCb and MCg) were compared using both native and mutant templates. AF2/CF model an array of native MCb intermediates spanning the transition from outwardly open (OO) to inwardly open (IO) carriers. In silico mutagenesis targeting (i) a set of (evolutionarily coupled) sites that may define Slc11 function (putative synapomorphy) and (ii) residues from networked communities evolving during MCb transition indicates that Slc11 synapomorphy primarily instructs a Me2+-selective conformation switch which unlocks carrier inner gate and contributes to Me2+ binding site occlusion and outer gate locking. Inner gate opening apparently proceeds from interaction between transmembrane helix (h) h5, h8 and h1a. MCg1 xenologs revealed marked differences in carrier shape and plasticity, owing partly to an altered intramolecular H+ network. Yet, targeting Slc11 synapomorphy also converted MCg1 IO models to an OO state, apparently mobilizing the same residues to control gates. But MCg1 response to mutagenesis differed, with extensive divergence within this clade correlating with MCb-like modeling properties. Notably, MCg1 divergent epistasis marks the emergence of the genus Bordetella-Achromobacter. Slc11 synapomorphy localizes to the 3D areas that deviate least among MCb and MCg1 models (either IO or OO) implying that it constitutes a 3D network of residues articulating a Me2+-selective carrier conformation switch which is maintained in fast-evolving clades at the cost of divergent epistatic interactions impacting carrier shape and dynamics.
MicroRNA Expression Profile in Bone Marrow and Lymph Nodes in B-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Veryaskina Yuliya A. , Titov Sergei E. , Kovynev Igor B. , Pospelova Tatiana I. , Fyodorova Sofya S. , Shebunyaeva Yana Yu. , Sumenkova Dina V. , Zhimulev Igor F.
Published: October 2023

Hodgkin’s lymphomas (HL) and the majority of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) derive from different stages of B-cell differentiation. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiles change during lymphopoiesis. Thus, miRNA expression analysis can be used as a reliable diagnostic tool to differentiate tumors. In addition, the identification of miRNA’s role in lymphopoiesis impairment is an important fundamental task. The aim of this study was to analyze unique miRNA expression profiles in different types of B-cell lymphomas. We analyzed the expression levels of miRNA-18a, -20a, -96, -182, -183, -26b, -34a, -148b, -9, -150, -451a, -23b, -141, and -128 in lymph nodes (LNs) in the following cancer samples: HL (n = 41), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 51), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (n = 15), follicular lymphoma (FL) (n = 12), and lymphadenopathy (LA) (n = 37), as well as bone marrow (BM) samples: HL (n = 11), DLBCL (n = 42), MCL (n = 14), FL (n = 16), and non-cancerous blood diseases (NCBD) (n = 43). The real-time RT-PCR method was used for analysis. An increase in BM expression levels of miRNA-26b, -150, and -141 in MCL (p < 0.01) and a decrease in BM levels of the miR-183-96-182 cluster and miRNA-451a in DLBCL (p < 0.01) were observed in comparison to NCBD. We also obtained data on increased LN levels of the miR-183-96-182 cluster in MCL (p < 0.01) and miRNA-18a, miRNA-96, and miRNA-9 in FL (p < 0.01), as well as decreased LN expression of miRNA-150 in DLBCL (p < 0.01), and miRNA-182, miRNA-150, and miRNA-128 in HL (p < 0.01). We showed that miRNA expression profile differs between BM and LNs depending on the type of B-cell lymphoma. This can be due to the effect of the tumor microenvironment.
Exploring Hydrophilic PD-L1 Radiotracers Utilizing Phosphonic Acids: Insights into Unforeseen Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Krutzek Fabian , Donat Cornelius K. , Stadlbauer Sven
Published: October 2023

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in cancer patients, is a promising oncological treatment. However, the number of non-responders remains high, causing a burden for the patient and the healthcare system. Consequently, a diagnostic tool to predict treatment outcomes would help with patient stratification. Molecular imaging provides said diagnostic tool by offering a whole-body quantitative assessment of PD-L1 expression, hence supporting therapy decisions. Four PD-L1 radioligand candidates containing a linker-chelator system for radiometalation, along with three hydrophilizing units—one sulfonic and two phosphonic acids—were synthesized. After labeling with 64Cu, log D7.4 values of less than −3.03 were determined and proteolytic stability confirmed over 94% intact compound after 48 h. Binding affinity was determined using two different assays, revealing high affinities up to 13 nM. µPET/CT imaging was performed in tumor-bearing mice to investigate PD-L1-specific tumor uptake and the pharmacokinetic profile of radioligands. These results yielded an unexpected in vivo distribution, such as low tumor uptake in PD-L1 positive tumors, high liver uptake, and accumulation in bone/bone marrow and potentially synovial spaces. These effects are likely caused by Ca2+-affinity and/or binding to macrophages. Despite phosphonic acids providing high water solubility, their incorporation must be carefully considered to avoid compromising the pharmacokinetic behavior of radioligands.
Transportation Asset Management Decision Support Tools: Computational Complexity, Transparency, and Realism
Authors: Atolagbe Babatunde , McNeil Sue
Published: October 2023

Asset management decision support tools determine which action (maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction) is applied to each facility in a transportation network and when. Sophisticated tools recognize uncertainties and consider emerging priorities. However, these tools are often computationally complex and lack transparency, the models are difficult to evaluate, and the outputs are challenging to validate. This paper explores computational complexity, transparency, and realism in transportation asset management decision support tools to better understand how to select the right tools for a particular context. Descriptions of how state departments of transportation in the United States make use of optimization in their mandated transportation asset management plans to make decisions are used to understand the needs of states. This qualitative analysis serves as a review of the goals and practices of state agencies. An existing asset management tool is then used to demonstrate the tradeoffs involved in accurately capturing the decision-making process and complexity. The results provide examples of strategies that agencies can use when selecting decision support tools and for researchers and tool developers working toward developing the right tool for an application.
Spontaneous Ventilation Combined with Double-Lumen Tube Intubation during Thoracic Surgery: A New Anesthesiologic Method Based on 141 Cases over Three Years
Authors: Szabo Zsolt , Fabo Csongor , Szarvas Matyas , Matuz Maria , Oszlanyi Adam , Farkas Attila , Paroczai Dora , Lantos Judit , Furak Jozsef
Published: October 2023

Background: Non-intubated thoracic surgery has not achieved widespread acceptance despite its potential to improve postoperative outcomes. To ensure airway safety, our institute has developed a technique combining spontaneous ventilation with double-lumen tube intubation (SVI). This study aimed to verify the feasibility and limitations of this SVI technique. Methods: For the SVI method, anesthesia induction involves fentanyl and propofol target-controlled infusion, with mivacurium administration. Bispectral index monitoring was used to ensure the optimal depth of anesthesia. Short-term muscle relaxation facilitated double-lumen tube intubation and early surgical steps. Chest opening preceded local infiltration, followed by a vagal nerve blockade to prevent the cough reflex and a paravertebral blockade for pain relief. Subsequently, the muscle relaxant was ceased. The patient underwent spontaneous breathing without coughing during surgical manipulation. Results: Between 10 March 2020 and 28 October 2022, 141 SVI surgeries were performed. Spontaneous respiration with positive end-expiratory pressure was sufficient in 65.96% (93/141) of cases, whereas 31.21% (44/141) required pressure support ventilation. Only 2.84% (4/141) of cases reversed to conventional anesthetic management, owing to technical or surgical difficulties. Results of the 141 cases: The mean maximal carbon dioxide pressure was 59.01 (34.4–92.9) mmHg, and the mean lowest oxygen saturation was 93.96% (81–100%). The mean one-lung, mechanical and spontaneous one-lung ventilation time was 74.88 (20–140), 17.55 (0–115) and 57.73 (0–130) min, respectively. Conclusions: Spontaneous ventilation with double-lumen tube intubation is safe and feasible for thoracic surgery. The mechanical one-lung ventilation time was reduced by 76.5%, and the rate of anesthetic conversion to relaxation was low (2.8%).
Special Issue “Post-COVID-19 Symptoms in Long-Haulers: Definition, Identification, Mechanisms, and Management”
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Palacios-Ceña Domingo
Published: October 2023

The worldwide spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a condition caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen, led to the most unprecedented disease outbreak of this century, provoking around 770 million confirmed cases and nearly 7 million deaths globally [...]
Dynapenia and Sarcopenia in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Hospitalized Patients Are Associated with Severe Reduction in Pulmonary Function
Authors: Orea-Tejeda Arturo , Robles-Hernández Robinson , González-Islas Dulce , Jimenez-Gallardo Luz , Gochicoa-Rangel Laura , Castorena-Maldonado Armando , Hernández-Zenteno Rafael , Montañez-Orozco Alvaro , Valderrábano-Salas Benigno
Published: October 2023

Background: After hospital discharge, post-COVID-19 syndrome has been observed to be associated with impaired diffusing capacity, respiratory muscle strength, and lung imaging abnormalities, in addition to loss of muscle mass/strength, sarcopenia, and obesity impact exercise tolerance, pulmonary functions, and overall prognosis. However, the relationship between lung function and the coexistence of obesity with low muscle strength and sarcopenia in post-COVID-19 patients remains poorly investigated. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the association between lung function and the coexistence of obesity with dynapenia and sarcopenia in post-COVID-19 syndrome patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study included subjects who were hospitalized due to moderate to severe COVID-19, as confirmed by PCR testing. Subjects who could not be contacted, declined to participate, or died before the follow-up visit were excluded. Results: A total of 711 subjects were evaluated; the mean age was 53.64 ± 13.57 years, 12.4% had normal weight, 12.6% were dynapenic without obesity, 8.3% had sarcopenia, 41.6% had obesity, 21.2% had dynapenic obesity, and 3.8% had sarcopenic obesity. In terms of pulmonary function, the dynapenic subjects showed decreases of −3.45% in FEV1, −12.61 cmH2O in MIP, and -12.85 cmH2O in MEP. On the other hand, the sarcopenic subjects showed decreases of −6.14 cmH2O in MIP and −11.64 cmH2O in MEP. The dynapenic obesity group displayed a reduction of −12.13% in PEF. Conclusions: In post-COVID-19 syndrome, dynapenia and sarcopenia—both with and without obesity—have been associated with lower lung function.
Evaluating Retinal Disease Diagnosis with an Interpretable Lightweight CNN Model Resistant to Adversarial Attacks
Authors: Bhandari Mohan , Shahi Tej Bahadur , Neupane Arjun
Published: October 2023

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is an imperative symptomatic tool empowering the diagnosis of retinal diseases and anomalies. The manual decision towards those anomalies by specialists is the norm, but its labor-intensive nature calls for more proficient strategies. Consequently, the study recommends employing a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the classification of OCT images derived from the OCT dataset into distinct categories, including Choroidal NeoVascularization (CNV), Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), Drusen, and Normal. The average k-fold (k = 10) training accuracy, test accuracy, validation accuracy, training loss, test loss, and validation loss values of the proposed model are 96.33%, 94.29%, 94.12%, 0.1073, 0.2002, and 0.1927, respectively. Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) is employed to introduce non-random noise aligned with the cost function’s data gradient, with varying epsilon values scaling the noise, and the model correctly handles all noise levels below 0.1 epsilon. Explainable AI algorithms: Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are utilized to provide human interpretable explanations approximating the behaviour of the model within the region of a particular retinal image. Additionally, two supplementary datasets, namely, COVID-19 and Kidney Stone, are assimilated to enhance the model’s robustness and versatility, resulting in a level of precision comparable to state-of-the-art methodologies. Incorporating a lightweight CNN model with 983,716 parameters, 2.37×108 floating point operations per second (FLOPs) and leveraging explainable AI strategies, this study contributes to efficient OCT-based diagnosis, underscores its potential in advancing medical diagnostics, and offers assistance in the Internet-of-Medical-Things.
Analysis of Flow-Induced Vibration Control in a Pontoon Carrier Based on a Pendulum-Tuned Mass Damper
Authors: Du Libin , Cui Yongchao , Ma Yanqun , Liu Jie , Liu Zezheng
Published: October 2023

The pendulum-tuned mass damper (PTMD) is a widely used vibration-damping device capable of transferring and dissipating structural vibration energy, resulting in reduced structural amplitude, and offering both structural and performance advantages. Given the susceptibility of the submerged expendable conductivity, temperature, and depth profiler (SSXCTD) buoyancy platform to flow-induced vibrations during the upwelling process, the PTMD effectively suppresses the main structure’s amplitude under flow field effects. To this end, we investigated the application and design of the PTMD in the SSXCTD buoyancy platform and analyzed its vibration reduction performance. Moreover, we conducted finite volume simulations of the structure using ANSYS FLUENT fluid simulation software, providing insights into its motion under flow field effects and validating the PTMD’s effectiveness in mitigating the buoyancy platform’s flow-induced vibrations. Our research results demonstrate that the PTMD effectively alleviates the impact of seawater flow on the buoyancy platform, leading to a significant improvement in its operational stability. The proposed research methodology and findings serve as valuable references for the design and optimization of other expendable marine detection equipment.
The Effect of Public Traffic Accessibility on the Low-Carbon Awareness of Residents in Guangzhou: The Perspective of Travel Behavior
Authors: Li Qingyin , Dai Meilin , Zhang Yongli , Wu Rong
Published: October 2023

The demand for transportation among urban residents in China is increasing in tandem with the nation’s population growth, rising consumption levels, and increasing car ownership rates. Breaking the existing high-carbon travel practices and reshaping positive low-carbon awareness represents an inevitable way to change existing transportation structures and reduce urban traffic congestion and carbon emissions. A mediating effect model was employed and we found that community satisfaction is an essential variable in the effect of traffic accessibility and travel behavior on low-carbon awareness. First, the impact of residents’ zero and low-carbon actions on their low-carbon awareness is mediated by community satisfaction. Furthermore, compared to high-income groups, community satisfaction exerts a robust mediating influence on low-income groups. The mediating effect of community satisfaction on the relationship between residential proximity to commercial centers and low-carbon awareness among individuals with low incomes is evident. Based on these findings, this paper explores the heterogeneity and associated measures of low-carbon awareness among residents. The conclusion of this study provides suggestions to promote residents’ low-carbon awareness by improving their travel experience from the perspective of community construction, providing scientific reference and a basis for the formulation of transportation policies for low-carbon city construction.
Simulation and Experimental of Infiltration and Solidification Process for Al2O3(3D)/5083Al Interpenetrating Phase Composite for High Speed Train Prepared by Low-Pressure Infiltration
Authors: Jiang Yanli , Xu Pianpian , Zhang Chen , Jin Fengjun , Li Yichao , Cao Xiuling , Yu Liang
Published: October 2023

Understanding the infiltration and solidification processes of liquid 5083Al alloy into Al2O3 three-dimensional reticulated porous ceramic (Al2O3(3D) RPC) is essential for optimizing the microstructure and properties of Al2O3(3D)/5083Al interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) prepared by low-pressure infiltration process (LPIP). This study employs ProCAST software to simulate the infiltration and solidification processes of liquid 5083Al with pouring velocities (PV) of 0.4 m/s infiltrating into Al2O3(3D) RPC preforms with varying porosities at different pouring temperatures (PT) to prepare Al2O3(3D)/5083Al IPCs using LPIP. The results demonstrate that pore diameter of Al2O3(3D) RPC preforms and PT of liquid 5083Al significantly influence the of the infiltration. Solidification process analysis reveals that the Al2O3(3D) RPC preform with smaller pore diameters allows the lower pouring velocity of 5083Al to solidify faster compared to the preform with larger pore diameters. Al2O3(3D)/5083Al IPCs were prepared successfully from Al2O3(3D) RPC porosity of 15 PPI with liquid 5083Al at PV 0.4 m/s and PT 800 °C using LPIP, resulting in nearly fully dense composites, where both Al2O3(3D) RPCs and 5083Al interpenetrate throughout the microstructure. The infiltration and solidification defects were reduced under air pressure of 0.3 MPa (corresponding to PV of 0.4 m/s) during LPIP. Finite volume method simulations are in good agreement with experimental data, validating the suitability of the simplified model for Al2O3(3D) RPCs in the infiltration simulation.
Editorial: Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Composites
Authors: Tam Lik-Ho , Zhou Ao , Yu Zechuan , Wu Chao
Published: October 2023

In recent years, with the fast development of the technology and the economy associated with the growth of the global population, the construction of economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly infrastructures with improved ductility, resistance to external elements, and durability has increased the need for the development of high-performance construction materials [...]
Mg, Zn Substituted Calcium Phosphates—Thermodynamic Modeling, Biomimetic Synthesis in the Presence of Low-Weight Amino Acids and High Temperature Properties
Authors: Rabadjieva Diana , Gergulova Rumiana , Sezanova Kostadinka , Kovacheva Daniela , Titorenkova Rositsa
Published: October 2023

The preparation of specially doped calcium phosphates (CaPs) is receiving a great deal of attention from researchers due to CaPs’ enhanced capabilities for application in medicine. Complexation and precipitation in a complicated electrolyte system including simulated body fluids that are enriched with Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions and modified with glycine, alanine and valine were first evaluated using a thermodynamic equilibrium model. The influence of the type and concentration of amino acid on the incorporation degree of Mg and Zn into the solid phases was predicted. Experimental studies, designed on the basis of thermodynamic calculations, confirmed the predictions. Amorphous calcium phosphates double-doped with Mg and Zn were biomimetically precipitated and transformed into Mg, Zn-β—tricalcium phosphates (TCP) upon calcination. The Rietveld refinement confirmed that Mg2+ and Zn2+ substituted Ca2+ only at the octahedral sites of β-TCP, and in some cases, fully displacing the Ca2+ from them. The resulting Mg, Zn-β–TCP can serve as a reservoir for Mg and Zn ions when included in the formulation of a biomaterial for bone remodeling. The research conducted reveals the effect of combining mathematical models with experimental studies to pre-evaluate the influence of various additives in the design of materials with predetermined properties.
Electronic, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Boron Nitride Holey Graphyne Monolayers
Authors: Mortazavi Bohayra
Published: October 2023

In a recent experimental accomplishment, a two-dimensional holey graphyne semiconducting nanosheet with unusual annulative π-extension has been fabricated. Motivated by the aforementioned advance, herein we theoretically explore the electronic, dynamical stability, thermal and mechanical properties of carbon (C) and boron nitride (BN) holey graphyne (HGY) monolayers. Density functional theory (DFT) results reveal that while the C-HGY monolayer shows an appealing direct gap of 1.00 (0.50) eV according to the HSE06(PBE) functional, the BNHGY monolayer is an indirect insulator with large band gaps of 5.58 (4.20) eV. Furthermore, the elastic modulus (ultimate tensile strength) values of the single-layer C- and BN-HGY are predicted to be 127(41) and 105(29) GPa, respectively. The phononic and thermal properties are further investigated using machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs). The predicted phonon spectra confirm the dynamical stability of these novel nanoporous lattices. The room temperature lattice thermal conductivity of the considered monolayers is estimated to be very close, around 14.0 ± 1.5 W/mK. At room temperature, the C-HGY and BN-HGY monolayers are predicted to yield an ultrahigh negative thermal expansion coefficient, by more than one order of magnitude larger than that of the graphene. The presented results reveal decent stability, anomalously low elastic modulus to tensile strength ratio, ultrahigh negative thermal expansion coefficients and moderate lattice thermal conductivity of the semiconducting C-HGY and insulating BN-HGY monolayers.
Ellipsometric Study on the Uniformity of Al:ZnO Thin Films Deposited Using DC Sputtering at Room Temperature over Large Areas
Authors: Guillén Cecilia , Trigo Juan Francisco
Published: October 2023

Al-doped ZnO combines high transparency and conductivity with abundant and non-toxic elements; making it suitable for optoelectronic devices with large-scale applications. In order to check the quality of the material deposited over large areas, spectroscopic ellipsometry is a powerful technique that allows the determination of various optical and electrical parameters by applying suitable oscillator models. This technique is used here to obtain sheet resistance and visible transmittance data at several equidistant points of Al:ZnO thin films deposited using DC sputtering on 15 cm × 15 cm glass substrates. Independent measurements using other optical (spectrophotometry) and electrical (four point probe) methods show analogous visible transmittance but somewhat higher resistance values than those obtained with ellipsometry, which is explained by the contribution of grain-boundary scattering compared to in-grain properties provided using ellipsometry. However, the mapping of the data gives a similar spatial distribution to the different types of measurement; therefore, proving the capacity of ellipsometry to study with a single tool the uniformity of the optical and electrical characteristics of large areas.
Influence of Butter Layer Thickness on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Wet 16Mn/304L Dissimilar Welded Joint
Authors: Han Ke , Cao Yunhu , Li Hongliang , Hu Chengyu , Wang Zeyu , Liu Duo , Wang Jianfeng , Zhu Qiang
Published: October 2023

Butter layers of different thicknesses were successfully deposited on ferritic steel by using the tungsten arc welding (TIG) process. The effects of butter layer thickness on the microstructural characteristics, elemental distribution, and mechanical properties of underwater wet 16Mn/304L dissimilar welded joints were investigated. The results showed that the butter layer significantly changed the microstructure and elemental distribution of 16Mn/304L joints. As the thickness of butter increased, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) at the ferritic steel side changed from the original 16Mn steel to the ERNiCrMo-3 butter layer. The martensite content in HAZ also exhibited a downward trend. When the thickness of the butter layer exceeded 6 mm, the microstructure of HAZ at the ferritic steel side was composed of ferrite and pearlite, instead of quenched martensite. The microhardness of underwater dissimilar steel welded joints significantly reduced due to the absence of martensite. The addition of the butter layer increased the ultimate tensile strength from 515 MPa to 565 MPa. The results of this work could provide a robust basis for future applications of dissimilar steel structures.
An Improved Method for Deriving the Heat Source Model for FCAW of 9% Nickel Steel for Cryogenic Tanks
Authors: Kim Younghyun , Kim Jaewoong , Park Hyeongsam , Hong Sungbin , Pyo Changmin , Park Gyuhae
Published: October 2023

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is tightening regulations on air pollutants. Consequently, more LNG-powered ships are being used to adhere to the sulfur oxide regulations. Among the tank materials for storing LNG, 9% nickel steel is widely used for cryogenic tanks and containers due to its high cryogenic impact toughness and high yield strength. Hence, numerous studies have sought to predict 9% nickel steel welding distortion. Previously, a methodology to derive the optimal parameters constituting the Goldak welding heat source for arc welding was developed. This was achieved by integrating heat transfer finite element analysis and optimization algorithms. However, this process is time-consuming, and the resulting shape of the weld differs by ~15% from its actual size. Therefore, this study proposes a simplified model to reduce the analysis time required for the arc welding process. Moreover, a new objective function and temperature constraints are presented to derive a more sophisticated heat source model for arc welding. As a result, the analysis time was reduced by ~70% compared to that previously reported, and the error rates of the weld geometry and HAZ size were within 10% and 15% of the actual weld, respectively. The findings of this study provide a strategy to rapidly predict welding distortion in the field, which can inform the revision of welding guidelines and overall welded structure designs.
A Comparative Study on Microstructure, Segregation, and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Mg Alloy Parts Processed by GISS-HPDC and SEED-HPDC
Authors: Gu Guo-Chao , Xiang Li-Xin , Li Rui-Fen , Xu Wen-Hua , Zheng Hong-Liang , Wang Wen-Hao , Lu Yu-Peng
Published: October 2023

There are multiple routes to prepare semi-solid slurries with a globular microstructure for semi-solid forming. The variations in the microstructure of semi-solid slurries prepared using different routes may lead to significant differences in the flow behavior and mechanical properties of rheo-diecasting parts. Therefore, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the microstructure evolution associated with different slurry preparation routes and their resulting effects. In this study, the gas-induced semi-solid process (GISS) and the swirl enthalpy equilibrium device (SEED) routes were employed to prepare semi-solid Al-Si-Mg slurries for their simplicity and productivity in potential industrial applications. The prepared slurries were then injected into the shoot sleeves of a high-pressure die casting (HPDC) machine to produce tensile test bars. Subsequently, the bars underwent T6 treatment to enhance their mechanical properties. The microstructure, segregation, and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated and compared with those of conventional HPDC. The results indicated that the GISS and SEED can produce semi-solid slurries containing a spherical α-Al primary phase, as opposed to the dendritic structure commonly found in conventional castings. The liquid fraction had a significant effect on the flow behavior, resulting in variations in liquid segregation and mechanical properties. It was observed that a higher solid fraction (>75%) had a suppressing effect on surface liquid segregation. In addition, the tendency for liquid segregation gradually increased along the filling direction due to the special flow behavior of the semi-solid slurry with a low solid fraction. Furthermore, under the same die-casting process parameters, the conventional HPDC samples exhibit higher yield stress (139 ± 3 MPa) compared to SEED-HPDC and GISS-HPDC samples, which may be attributed to the small grain size and the distribution of eutectic phases. After undergoing the T6 treatment, both SEED-HPDC and GISS-HPDC samples showed a significant improvement in yield and tensile strength. These improvements are a result of solution and precipitation strengthening effects as well as the spheroidization of the eutectic Si phase. Moreover, the heat-treated SEED-HPDC samples demonstrate higher ultimate strength (336 ± 5 MPa) and elongation (13.7 ± 0.3%) in comparison to the GISS-HPDC samples (307 ± 4 MPa, 8.8 ± 0.2%) after heat treatment, mainly due to their low porosity density. These findings suggest that both GISS-HPDC and SEED-HPDC processes can be utilized to produce parts with favorable mechanical properties by implementing appropriate heat treatments. However, further investigation is required to control the porosities of GISS-HPDC samples during heat treatment.