bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation of temperature gradient metamorphism in snow by X-ray computed microtomography: measurement of microstructure parameters and simulation of linear elastic properties
Authors: Srivastava P.K. , Mahajan P. , Satyawali P.K. , Kumar V.
Published: May 2010

The process of temperature gradient metamorphism in snow strongly affects the microstructure and associated mechanical properties of the snow. The purpose of this study was to: (1) examine the temporal variations in three-dimensional snow microstructure under the influence of a strong temperature gradient for 6 days using X-ray computed microtomography (μCT); and (2) numerically simulate the linear elastic properties of snow from microtomographic data using a voxel-based finite-element technique. The temporal changes in the snow structure were analyzed in terms of density, specific surface area (SSA), thickness distribution of ice matrix and pores, structure model index and mean intercept length (MIL) fabric tensor. The structural indices and orthotropic elastic compliance matrix were computed over several sub-volumes within the reconstructed volume to account for statistical uncertainties. The mean density increased by about 14% on day 1 and no significant trend was observed thereafter. The SSA decreased by 22%, whereas both the ice and pore thickness distributions widened with time. The computed Young’s moduli were 1.5–4 times larger than previously published dynamic measurements and found to be significantly correlated with ice volume fraction and MIL fabric measures. The increasing trend in computed moduli during the experiment is consistent with the observed development of thicker vertical ice structures. Multiple linear regression models of elastic compliances using fabric tensor formulation and ice volume fraction could explain 89.9–93.0% of the variance. Our results suggest a strong dependence of elastic properties on both density and microstructural fabric.
Growth of melt–freeze clusters and formation of impeding layers to water flow in snow irradiated by a sun simulator under controlled laboratory conditions
Authors: Kapil J.C. , Prasher C. , Datt P. , Satyawali P.K.
Published: May 2010

Stratigraphic boundaries at fine-to-coarse transitions in snow can introduce impeding layers to infiltrating water. In our present investigation, such impeding horizons were observed within sub-freezing homogeneous snow as a consequence of subsurface melting caused by the penetration of solar radiation. This new texture impeded the further downward flow of meltwater at fine-to-coarse transitions, leading to the formation of low-permeability melt–freeze crusts following multiple melt–freeze cycles. In this work, a large sub-freezing (–6°C) homogeneous sample, consisting of small rounded grains, was periodically exposed to intense radiation generated by a sun simulator. Due to the penetration of shortwave radiation into the snow, subsurface melting caused the growth of melt–freeze polycrystals from clustered rounded crystals. Variations in mass growth (%) of melt–freeze polycrystals and mass loss (%) of grain clusters were studied within the sub-freezing snow with respect to different melt–freeze cycles. In this work, we study the growth of melt–freeze polycrystals in the top and bottom sub-layers with respect to collective saturation. Saturation profiles from the snow were recorded with a parallel-probe saturation profiler (PPSP) device, sampling at vertical intervals of 7mm, after each melting cycle. Intrinsic permeabilities across different stratified sub-layers were monitored in relation to saturation as a function of different melt–freeze cycles. Our observations revealed that there is a significant decrease in intrinsic permeability for the first few top sub-layers. Also, permeability in the second topmost sub-layer was less than that in the topmost sub-layer directly interacting with the radiation. These results support the evolution of a new coarse grain texture within the homogeneous snow that subsequently converts into a layer of low permeability. In the various transects of the snow sample, two melt–freeze crusts and one ice crust were manually identified through stratigraphic mapping. A correlation was also established between the saturation spikes recorded with the help of the PPSP and corresponding depth positions of the crusts.
Frictional relaxation in avalanches
Authors: Bartelt Perry , Buser Othmar
Published: May 2010

We use velocity profile measurements captured at the Vallée de la Sionne test site, Switzerland, to find experimental evidence for the value of extreme, Voellmy-type runout parameters for snow avalanche flow. We apply a constitutive relation that adjusts the internal shear stress as a function of the kinetic energy associated with random motion of the snow granules, R. We then show how the Voellmy dry-Coulomb and velocity-squared friction parameters change (relax) as a function of an increase in R. Since the avalanche head is characterized by high random energy levels, friction decreases significantly, leading to rapidly moving and far-reaching avalanches. The relaxed friction parameters are near to values recommended by the Swiss avalanche dynamics guidelines. As the random kinetic energy decreases towards the tail, friction increases, causing avalanches to deposit mass and stop even on steep slopes. Our results suggest that the Voellmy friction model can be effectively applied to predict maximum avalanche velocities and maximum runout distances. However, it cannot be applied to model the full range of avalanche behaviour, especially to find the distribution of mass in the runout zone. We answer a series of questions concerning the role of R in avalanche dynamics.
Impact energy of an avalanche on a structure
Authors: Thibert E. , Baroudi D.
Published: May 2010

The impact energy of an avalanche on the flat surface of an instrumented structure has been quantified by full-scale experiments performed at the Lautaret avalanche test site, France. The deformation and acceleration of the structure were measured during the avalanche. The impact energy of the avalanche was calculated from an energy balance via the mechanical energy theorem. First the elastic potential energy and kinetic energy of the structure were calculated from the measured deformations and an adequate mechanical model of the structure. Internal energy dissipation due to material damping and potential plastic deformation was calculated. Finally the mechanical work done on the structure by the avalanche forces was deduced from the energy balance. Results show that the elastic energy is the main component of the energy injected in the structure. The kinetic and viscous components are negligible because of the very low displacement rate of the structure during the impact. Another important result is that the maximum of the mechanical power (work rate) is done when the head of the avalanche impacts the structure. This occurs before the pressure reaches its nominal value, approximately when the product of the pressure by the pressure rate is maximum.
Snowpack tests for assessing snow-slope instability
Authors: Schweizer Jürg , Bruce Jamieson J.
Published: May 2010

Information on snowpack instability is crucial for assessing avalanche risk in backcountry operations as well as for operational forecasting of the regional avalanche danger. Since slab avalanche release requires both fracture initiation and fracture propagation in a weak snowpack layer, field observations should ideally provide reliable information on the probability or propensity of both fracture processes. Even simple field observations that do not require digging a snow pit can provide useful information. Traditional snowpack tests include the shovel shear test, the shear frame test, the compression test (CT) and the rutschblock test (RB). Interpretation of the test results for the CTand RB has been improved by considering the appearance or type of the fracture in addition to the score. More recently, two tests have been developed that focus on fracture propagation rather than initiation: the extended column test (ECT) and the propagation saw test (PST). We compare the sensitivity, specificity and unweighted average accuracy of various stability tests. Comparative studies indicate that the RB, ECT and PST have comparable accuracy. For most test methods the unweighted average accuracy of a single test was 70–90% depending on the dataset. Test methods such as the RB, ECT and PST, which fracture an area large enough to include fracture propagation, are generally more accurate than test methods that fracture smaller areas (e.g. the CT). The threshold-sum method was also less accurate. Even with very experienced observers for the RB, ECT and PST an error rate of at least about 5–10% has to be expected. Performing a second, adjacent test on the same slope improves test reliability.
Back analysis of drifting-snow measurements over an instrumented mountainous site
Authors: Naaim-Bouvet Florence , Bellot Hervé , Naaim Mohamed
Published: May 2010

The NEMO numerical model of drifting snow, whose general outlines are presented in this paper, is based on a physical model for saltation and turbulent diffusion. The model needs a set of input parameters including fall velocity, threshold shear velocity, shear velocity, mass concentration and roughness, which are obtained from empirical formulae and wind speed measured at a given height. To better determine the required field data in an alpine context, our experimental site, Col du Lac Blanc (2700ma.s.l.), French Alps, was first equipped with one anemometer and blowing-snow acoustic sensors, which proved not to be accurate enough for research purposes in the current state of development even though a new calibration curve was used. We therefore set up a Snow Particle Counter and we returned to the traditional, robust mechanical traps and a 10 m mast with six anemometers, two temperature sensors and a depth sensor to better determine friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness. Based on the studied drifting-snow events we conclude: (1) the proportionality of the aerodynamic roughness to the square of the friction velocity was confirmed, but with a varying proportionality ratio depending on the snowdrift event; (2) values of σsUF were relatively well approximated by empirical formulae from data originating from Antarctica, and (3) snowdrift concentration profiles obtained by Pomeroy’s semi-empirical formulae for the saltation layer coupled with a theoretical approach for the diffusion layer overestimated the concentration profiles for the studied blowing-snow event.
Estimation of equivalent permeability of snowpack using a snowmelt lysimeter at Patsio, northwest Himalaya
Authors: Datt Prem , Srivastava P.K. , Sood G.K. , Satyawali P.K.
Published: May 2010

The meltwater percolation process through the snowpack greatly influences its physical and mechanical properties. The percolation process is important for understanding the spring avalanche phenomenon as well as the meltwater runoff for basin hydrology studies. The permeability of individual snow layers depends on parameters such as porosity, pore connectivity and the geometrical shape of the pores. Snowpack equivalent permeability plays an important role in governing the transmission of meltwater through the different layers of the snowpack. In this paper, we present the design, fabrication and installation of a snowmelt lysimeter at Patsio field research station, Himachal Pradesh, India, and determine the snowpack equivalent permeability using lysimeter discharge data. The snowmelt lysimeter, having a collector area of 6.25 m2 and a high-capacity snowmelt measuring tipping bucket, was installed on flat ground near the observatory with a data acquisition system. Snowmelt discharge measurements were made for two melt seasons, 2006/07 and 2007/08. Snow and meteorological data were collected at 15 min intervals using a semi-automatic weather station. The hourly surface snowmelt was estimated using an energy-balance approach. The maximum daily discharge was >2 mm w.e.h−1 for most of the observation period. The daily mean wave speed of the meltwater front varied from 109 to 285 mm h−1 for a daily mean discharge range of 0.6–1.8 mm w.e.h−1, while wave speeds for a particular melt flux of 2 mm w.e.h−1 varied between 113 and 486 mm h−1. The pore-size distribution index was estimated using the power-fit relation between wave speed and discharge. The equivalent permeability of the snowpack was found to vary between 3.4 × 10−8 and 9.9 × 10−12 m2.
Selective Binding of Distamycin A Derivative to G‐Quadruplex Structure [d(TGGGGT)]4
Authors: Pagano Bruno , Fotticchia Iolanda , De Tito Stefano , Mattia Carlo A. , Mayol Luciano , Novellino Ettore , Randazzo Antonio , Giancola Concetta
Published: May 2010

Guanine‐rich nucleic acid sequences can adopt G‐quadruplex structures stabilized by layers of four Hoogsteen‐paired guanine residues. Quadruplex‐prone sequences are found in many regions of human genome and in the telomeres of all eukaryotic organisms. Since small molecules that target G‐quadruplexes have been found to be effective telomerase inhibitors, the identification of new specific ligands for G‐quadruplexes is emerging as a promising approach to develop new anticancer drugs. Distamycin A is known to bind to AT‐rich sequences of duplex DNA, but it has recently been shown to interact also with G‐quadruplexes. Here, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and NMR techniques have been employed to characterize the interaction between a dicationic derivative of distamycin A (compound 1) and the [d(TGGGGT)]4 quadruplex. Additionally, to compare the
binding behaviour of netropsin and compound 1 to the same target, a calometric study of the interaction between
netropsin and [d(TGGGGT)]4 has been performed. Experiments show that netropsin and compound 1 are
able to bind to [d(TGGGGT)]4 with good affinity and comparable thermodynamic profiles. In both cases the interactions
are entropically driven processes with a small favourable enthalpic contribution. Interestingly, the structural modifications of compound 1 decrease the affinity of the ligand toward the duplex, enhancing the selectivity.
Incident Diabetes in Women With Patterns of Gestational Diabetes Occurrences Across 2 Pregnancies
Authors: Mussa Joseph , Rahme Elham , Dahhou Mourad , Nakhla Meranda , Dasgupta Kaberi
Published: May 2024

Importance

Gestational diabetes is a type 2 diabetes risk indicator, and recurrence further augments risk. In women with a single occurrence across 2 pregnancies, it is unclear whether first- vs second-pregnancy gestational diabetes differ in terms of risk.

Objective

To compare the hazards of incident diabetes among those with gestational diabetes in the first, in the second, and in both pregnancies with women without gestational diabetes in either.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a retrospective cohort study with cohort inception from April 1, 1990, to December 31, 2012. Follow-up was April 1, 1990, to April 1, 2019. Participants were mothers with 2 singleton deliveries between April 1, 1990, and December 31, 2012, without diabetes before or between pregnancies, who were listed in public health care insurance administrative databases and birth, stillbirth, and death registries in Quebec, Canada. Data were analyzed from July to December 2023.

Exposure

Gestational diabetes occurrence(s) across 2 pregnancies.

Main outcomes and measures

Incident diabetes from the second delivery until a third pregnancy, death, or the end of the follow-up period, whichever occurred first.

Results

The 431 980 women with 2 singleton deliveries studied had a mean (SD) age of 30.1 (4.5) years at second delivery, with a mean (SD) of 2.8 (1.5) years elapsed between deliveries; 373 415 (86.4%) were of European background, and 78 770 (18.2%) were at the highest quintile of material deprivation. Overall, 10 920 women (2.5%) had gestational diabetes in their first pregnancy, 16 145 (3.7%) in their second, and 8255 (1.9%) in both (12 205 incident diabetes events; median [IQR] follow-up 11.5 [5.3-19.4] years). First pregnancy–only gestational diabetes increased hazards 4.35-fold (95% CI, 4.06-4.67), second pregnancy–only increased hazards 7.68-fold (95% CI, 7.31-8.07), and gestational diabetes in both pregnancies increased hazards 15.8-fold (95% CI, 15.0-16.6). Compared with first pregnancy–only gestational diabetes, second pregnancy–only gestational diabetes increased hazards by 76% (95% CI, 1.63-1.91), while gestational diabetes in both pregnancies increased it 3.63-fold (95% CI, 3.36-3.93).

Conclusions and relevance

In this retrospective cohort study of nearly half a million women with 2 singleton pregnancies, both the number and ordinal pregnancy of any gestational diabetes occurrence increased diabetes risk. These considerations offer greater nuance than an ever or never gestational diabetes dichotomy.
The COVID-19 Pandemic Period, SARS-CoV-2 Infection, and Perinatal Health
Authors: Jung Shelley , Liu Emily F. , Goin Dana E. , Rudolph Kara E. , Mujahid Mahasin S. , Dow William H. , Ahern Jennifer
Published: May 2024

This cohort study assesses population-level associations of COVID-19 with birth parent and infant health, distinguishing the COVID-19 pandemic period from individual SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer and Combination Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Hussain Maha , Fizazi Karim , Shore Neal D. , Heidegger Isabel , Smith Matthew R. , Tombal Bertrand , Saad Fred
Published: May 2024

Importance

Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer is currently an incurable disease. Despite a high response rate to androgen-deprivation therapy, most cases progress to castration-resistant disease, the terminal phase. This review provides a summary of the most recent evidence for current and emerging management strategies, including treatment intensification with combinations of therapies. It also provides recommendations on applying the evidence in clinical practice to encourage appropriate treatment to improve survival outcomes among patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer.

Observations

Androgen-deprivation therapy is the backbone of treatment for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer; however, it is insufficient alone to provide sustained disease control and long-term survival. Addition of an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor and/or docetaxel significantly improves survival, as demonstrated by several international phase 3 randomized clinical trials. Triplet therapy composed of androgen-deprivation therapy plus an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor plus docetaxel has been shown to improve overall survival over androgen-deprivation therapy plus docetaxel. In the ARASENS trial (darolutamide), the hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.68 (95% CI, 0.57-0.80) in the overall population; 0.71 (95% CI, 0.59-0.85) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.35-1.05) in patients with de novo and recurrent disease, respectively; 0.69 (95% CI, 0.57-0.82) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.41-1.13) in patients with high-volume and low-volume disease, respectively; and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.58-0.86) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.42-0.90) in patients with high-risk and low-risk disease, respectively. In the PEACE-1 trial (abiraterone acetate + prednisone), the HRs were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.59-0.95; all de novo) in the overall population and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.55-0.95) and immature in the high-volume and low-volume subgroups, respectively. In the ENZAMET trial (enzalutamide), the HRs were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.63-1.06) in the overall population; 0.73 (95% CI, 0.55-0.99) and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.65-1.86) in the de novo and recurrent subgroups, respectively; and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.66-1.17) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.33-1.10) in the high-volume and low-volume subgroups. Combination regimens are generally well tolerated, with adverse effects dependent on the profiles of the component drugs.

Conclusions and relevance

The findings of this review show compelling evidence from phase 3 randomized clinical trials in favor of initiating triplet combination therapy for patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer for the best overall survival. Patients who are eligible for chemotherapy should be offered androgen-deprivation therapy plus an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor plus docetaxel, particularly patients with high-volume, high-risk, or de novo metastatic disease.
Steering Interfacial Renovation with Highly Electronegative Cl Modulated Trinity Effect for Exceptional Durable Zinc Anode
Authors: Zhao Qiwen , Liu Wen , Ni Xuyan , Yu Huaming , Zhang Chunxiao , Wang Bin , Jiang Liangliang , He Hanwei , Chen Yuejiao , Chen Libao
Published: May 2024

The poor anode/electrolyte interface triggered by abysmal dendritic growth and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) hinders the development of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). Here, a highly efficient electrolyte is formulated with sucralose (Sucral) additive to refresh solvated structure and steer interfacial renovation, for building highly electronegative Cl‐modulated trinity effect in the bulk‐interface between electrolyte and electrode. Experiment results and theoretical studies jointly reveal that Sucral with highly zincophilic and hydrophilic hydroxyl groups can remodel primary Zn2+ solvation shell and interrupt strong H‐bond network from H2O molecules, thus boosting fast de‐solvation and restricting undesirable HER. Simultaneously, three highly electronegative chlorides in the adsorbed Sucral possessing hydrophobic features can enable a H2O‐poor electric double‐layer (EDL), thus remodeling the Zn surface against corrosion. Additionally, it realizes preferential exposure of the Zn (002) plane for helping uniform interfacial deposition. The synergy of the above factors achieves a prolonged lifespan of 3000 h (1.0 mA cm−2, 1.0 mAh cm−2), much better than that with Sucrose (Suc) electrolyte. The Zn//V2O5 full cell at 5 A g−1 also maintains enhanced stability of 1500 cycles with 160 mAh g−1.
Bio‐Inspired Crystalline Core‐Shell Guanine Spherulites
Authors: Alus Lotem , Houben Lothar , Shaked Noy , Niazov‐Elkan Angelica , Pinkas Iddo , Oron Dan , Addadi Lia
Published: May 2024

Spherical particles with diameters within the wavelength of visible light, known as spherulites, manipulate light uniquely due to their spatial organization and their structural birefringence. Most of the known crystalline spherulites are branched, and composed of metals, alloys, and semi‐crystalline polymers. Recently, a different spherulite architecture is discovered in the vision systems of decapod crustaceans ‐ core‐shell spherulites composed of highly birefringent () organic single‐crystal platelets, with exceptional optical properties. These metastructures, which efficiently scatter light even in dense aqueous environments, have no synthetic equivalence and serve as a natural proof‐of‐concept as well as synthetic inspiration for thin scattering media. Here, the synthesis of core‐shell spherulites composed of guanine crystal platelets (() is presented in a two‐step emulsification process in which a water/oil/water emulsion and induced pH changes are used to promote interfacial crystallization. Carboxylic acids neutralize the dissolved guanine salts to form spherulites composed of single, radially stacked, β‐guanine platelets, which are oriented tangentially to the spherulite surface. Using Mie theory calculations and forward scattering measurements from single spherulites, it is found that due to the single‐crystal properties and orientation, the synthetic spherulites possess a high tangential refractive index, similarly to biogenic particles.
Bi‐Interlayer Strategy for Modulating NiCoP‐Based Heterostructure toward High‐Performance Aqueous Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Xu Jian , Gong Xiliang , Meng Zeshuo , Chen Peiyuan , Nan Haoshan , Li Yaxin , Deng Ting , Wang Dong , Zeng Yi , Hu Xiaoying , Tian Hongwei , Niu Zhiqiang , Zheng Weitao
Published: May 2024

Nickel‐cobalt (NiCo) phosphides (NCPs) possess high electrochemical activity, which makes them promising candidates for electrode materials in aqueous energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and zinc (Zn) batteries. However, the actual specific capacitance and rate capability of NCPs require further improvement, which can be achieved through reasonable heterostructural design and loading conditions of active materials on substrates. Herein, novel hierarchical Bi‐NCP heterogeneous structures with built‐in electric fields consisting of bismuth (Bi) interlayers (electrodeposited on carbon cloth (CC)) are designed and fabricated to ensure the formation of uniform high‐load layered active materials for efficient charge and ion transport. The resulting CC/Bi‐NCP electrodes show a uniform, continuous, and high mass loading (>3.5 mg) with a superior capacitance reaching 1200 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 4129 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2 combined with high‐rate capability and durable cyclic stability. Moreover, assembled hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), supercapatteries, and alkaline Zn‐ion (AZBs) batteries constructed using these electrodes deliver high energy densities of 64.4, 81.8, and 319.1 Wh kg−1, respectively. Overall, the constructed NCPs with excellent aqueous energy storage performance have the potential for the development of novel transition metal‐based heterostructure electrodes for advanced energy devices.
Synthesis of n‐Propanol from CO2 Electroreduction on Bicontinuous Cu2O/Cu Nanodomains
Authors: Zhang Renjie , Zhang Jianling , Wang Sha , Tan Zhonghao , Yang Yisen , Song Yi , Li Meiling , Zhao Yingzhe , Wang Hao , Han Buxing , Duan Ran
Published: May 2024

n‐propanol is an important pharmaceutical and pesticide intermediate. To produce n‐propanol by electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a promising way, but is largely restricted by the very low selectivity and activity. How to promote the coupling of *C1 and *C2 intermediates to form the *C3 intermediate for n‐propanol formation is challenging. Here, we propose the construction of bicontinuous structure of Cu2O/Cu electrocatalyst, which consists of ultra‐small Cu2O nanodomains, Cu nanodomains and large amounts of grain boundaries between Cu2O and Cu nanodomains. The n‐propanol current density is as high as 101.6 mA cm−2 at the applied potential of −1.1 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode in flow cell, with the Faradaic efficiency up to 12.1 %. Moreover, the catalyst keeps relatively stable during electrochemical CO2 reduction process. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations reveal that the bicontinuous structure of Cu2O/Cu can facilitate the *CO formation, *CO‐*CO coupling and *CO‐*OCCO coupling for the final generation of n‐propanol.
Advancing Pore‐Space‐Partitioned Metal–Organic Frameworks with Isoreticular Cluster Concept
Authors: Xiao Yuchen , Chen Yichong , Wang Wei , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun
Published: May 2024

Trigonal planar M3(O/OH) trimers are among the most important clusters in inorganic chemistry and are the foundational features of multiple high‐impact MOF platforms. Here we introduce a concept called isoreticular cluster series and demonstrate that M3(O/OH), as the first member of a supertrimer series, can be combined with a higher hierarchical member (double‐deck trimer here) to advance isoreticular chemistry. We report here an isoreticular series of pore‐space‐partitioned MOFs called M3M6 pacs made from co‐assembly between M3 single‐deck trimer and M3x2 double‐deck trimer. Important factors were identified on this multi‐modular MOF platform to guide optimization of each module, which enables the phase selection of M3M6 pacs by overcoming the formation of previously‐always‐observed same‐cluster phases. The new pacs materials exhibit high surface area and high uptake capacity for CO2 and small hydrocarbons, as well as selective adsorption properties relevant to separation of industrially important mixtures such as C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/C2H4. Furthermore, new M3M6 pacs materials show electrocatalytic properties with high activity.
Synthesis of Stable 2D Conductive Lanthanide Organic Frameworks (Lu‐HHTP) for High‐Performance Humidity Sensors
Authors: Jiang Shan , Mo Xichao , Zhao Xuefei , Yan Xiaohui , Zhang Zhaorui , Liu Jiahao , Hu Huashuai , Wang Nan , Yang Minghui
Published: May 2024

Two‐dimensional conductive metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring structural diversity and high porosity represent promising platforms for chemiresistive humidity sensing. The precise control of the structure of lanthanide‐based MOFs and an exploration of its impact on charge transport and sensing applications have consistently been focal points for researchers. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of Lu‐HHTP (HHTP=2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene) as highly crystalline and conductive porous materials. The polymeric framework of Lu‐HHTP encompasses 1D hexagonal channels and exhibits interlayer π–π stacking, resulting in a material with a high surface area and uniform rod‐like microstructure. Benefiting from its elevated electrical conductivity, the Lu‐HHTP‐based humidity sensor exhibited commendable sensing properties within the relative humidity range of 33 % to 95 % at room temperature (25 °C), achieving a response value as high as 19 at 95 % relative humidity. Furthermore, the sensor displayed superior repeatability, characterized by rapid response and recovery speeds in the presence of moisture. These findings indicate that Lu‐HHTP holds substantial promise as a material for humidity sensors.
Green‐Emissive Carbon Dots with a High Quantum Yield Applied for Photoconversion Film to Prevent from Blue Light Damage
Authors: Li Longchuang , Li Yuan , Zhang Tao , Li Yan , Li Zijian , Bi Hong
Published: May 2024

High‐energy blue light is highly detrimental to health as it can penetrate the lens into the retina, potentially causing atrophy or even death of retinal pigment epithelial cells. To prevent the harmful effects of high‐energy blue light on our health, here the preparation of a photoconversion film specifically designed to block high‐energy blue light is reported, which is composed of green‐emissive carbon dots (G‐CDs) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY = 95%) dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. Notably, such a film (named as G‐CDs@PVA) not only converts an incident laser light with a short wavelength into a fluorescence with a longer wavelength, but also exhibits concentration‐dependent (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%) blue light barrier rate and green‐emissive intensity. With the increase of the concentration of G‐CDs in the film, the blue light barrier rate of the film as well as the maximum intensity of the green emission are also increased. When the concentration of G‐CDs reaches 30 wt.%, the blue light barrier rate of G‐CDs@PVA achieves up to 97%. Furthermore, G‐CDs@PVA film is attached to a blue light‐emitting diode (LED) chip to explore its practical application in the field of blocking blue light damage.
Threatened cetaceans off the coast of Israel and long‐range movement of a sperm whale
Authors: Thompson Kirsten F. , Gordon Jonathan , Webber Thomas , Zuriel Yotam , Kobo Kim , Tchernov Dan , Airoldi Sabina , Violi Biagio , Verga Alessandro , Gannier Adrien , Fontanesi Elena , Ascheri Davide , Scheinin Aviad P.
Published: May 2024

Research in the western Mediterranean has shown that sperm (Physeter macrocephalus) and Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) are present as small, globally distinct populations that face numerous threats.

The eastern Mediterranean is not well studied, and few surveys have investigated the composition of cetacean communities. In this study, visual‐acoustic surveys were conducted off the coast of Israel during April–May 2022 to characterize the cetacean community.

Sperm whales (three encounters), Cuvier's beaked whales (one encounter), bottlenose dolphins (one encounter (Tursiops truncatus)) and unidentified delphinids (17 encounters) were acoustically detected.

Sperm whales were foraging ~10 km off Haifa, at 370–1220 m deep and social vocalizations (codas) corresponded to the Mediterranean dialect. One immature male that was photographed is known from 12 previous encounters in the Ligurian Sea, indicating a west–east movement of approximately 2800 km.

Automated passive acoustic monitoring of narrow, relatively shallow areas such as the Sicily Channel could provide an opportunity to reduce mortality of individuals making long‐distance movements within Mediterranean basins. Israeli waters provide habitat for cetaceans, with two threatened subpopulations—sperm and Cuvier's beaked whales—that are negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities, including those that introduce underwater noise. More data are needed on densities of these deep‐water species, and an evaluation of the threats faced in the wider Levantine basin.
Synergistic cytotoxicity and in vitro antioxidant activity of hederagenin and its glycoside from quinoa
Authors: Zhang Guangjie , Zhao Hongmei , Li Junfeng , Guan Tianzhu , Zhang Jie
Published: May 2024

Although a series of studies confirm the bioactivities of hederagenin and its glycosides, their synergistic effects and potential mechanisms are still worthy of further exploration. This work investigated the synergistic cytotoxicity and in vitro antioxidant activity of hederagenin and hederagenin 28‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (28‐Glc‐hederagenin). Hederagenin and 28‐Glc‐hederagenin inhibited HeLa cell growth and their combination further strengthened this effect. The combination of hederagenin and 28‐Glc‐hederagenin significantly increased the rate of apoptotic cells, suggesting the presence of a synergistic effect between the two substances. This combination also enhanced in vitro antioxidant activity compared with individual treatments. A network pharmacology and molecular docking‐based approach was performed to explore the underlying mechanisms of hederagenin and 28‐Glc‐hederagenin against cervical cancer and oxidant damage. This work identified 18 related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways, 202 related biological process terms, 17 related CC terms, and 35 related molecular function terms and then revealed 30 nodes and 196 edges. Subsequently, two highly connected clusters and the top four targets were identified. Molecular docking showed potent binding affinity of hederagenin and 28‐Glc‐hederagenin toward core targets associated with both cervical cancer and oxidant damage. This work may provide scientific basis for the combined use of hederagenin and its glycosides as dietary supplements.
Introducing AnatomyGPT: A customized artificial intelligence application for anatomical sciences education
Authors: Collins Bradley R. , Black Erik W. , Rarey Kyle E.
Published: May 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are poised to become an increasingly important part of education in the anatomical sciences. OpenAI has also introduced generative pretrained transformers (GPTs), which are customizable versions of the standard ChatGPT application. There is little research that has explored the potential of GPTs to serve as intelligent tutoring systems for learning the anatomical sciences. The objective of this study was to describe the design and explore the performance of AnatomyGPT, a customized artificial intelligence application intended for anatomical sciences education. The AnatomyGPT application was configured with GPT Builder by uploading open‐source textbooks as knowledge sources and by providing pedagogical instructions for how to interact with users. The performance of AnatomyGPT was compared with ChatGPT by evaluating the responses of both applications to prompts of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) sample items with respect to accuracy, rationales, and citations. AnatomyGPT achieved high scores on the NBME sample items for Gross Anatomy, Embryology, Histology, and Neuroscience and scored comparably to ChatGPT. In addition, AnatomyGPT provided several citations in the responses that it generated, while ChatGPT provided none. Both GPTs provided rationales for all sample items. The customized AnatomyGPT application demonstrated preliminary potential as an intelligent tutoring system by generating responses with increased citations as compared with the standard ChatGPT application. The findings of this study suggest that instructors and students may wish to create their own custom GPTs for teaching and learning anatomy. Future research is needed to further develop and characterize the potential of GPTs for anatomy education.
When the therapist's and the client's woundedness meet: Dialogical selves of Filipino self‐identified wounded healers
Authors: Topacio Anne Marie D. , Ofreneo Mira Alexis P.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The dominant literature on wounded healers assumes that the healer must be healed of one's wounds to be an effective therapist and that countertransference, moments in therapy when a healer's wounds are activated, must be successfully managed. Lacking in the literature is an understanding of the internal dynamics of wounded healers as they navigate moments of countertransference. Veering away from a unitary and static view of the self, we argue for a shift in how we understand wounded healers using the lens of a multiple and dynamic self. Through Herman's dialogical self‐theory, we conceptualise the wounded healer as having multiple selves—the wounded self (WS) and the therapist self (TS). Each self is an I‐position with its own unique voices and narratives.

Method

Through in‐depth interviews with Filipino self‐identified wounded healers, we examine the internal voices of the WS and TS during moments of countertransference, as the WS meets the client's wounded self.

Findings

Results show that the participants' characterisation of their WS, or where they are in their journey of healing or recovery, shapes their countertransference experience. Participants with recovered WS channelled the voices of calm recognition and differentiation. Voices of identification, re‐experiencing and differentiation surfaced among participants with recovering WS. Participants with emerging WS transitioned from a voice of not knowing to a voice of identification.

Conclusion

Being aware of and listening to the voices of the WS alongside the TS is key in navigating countertransference. The implications of a dialogical understanding of wounded healers in clinical practice are discussed.
Radiofrequency atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation ablation in a patient with deep brain stimulation
Authors: Nguyen Thomas , Ganse Gildas , Berdaoui Brahim , Verbeet Thierry , Castro‐Rodriguez José
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter is feasible in patients with deep brain stimulation but with extreme caution given the possibility of life‐threatening complications.
A case of SIADH following uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury: Did cognitive bias delay treatment?
Authors: Rothka Andrew Joseph , Jonik Sarahrose , Nelsen Jacob , Patel Shivani , Cherin Neyha
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

To optimize clinical care, it is imperative for providers to recognize their own inherent cognitive biases and the impact that has on their clinical decision making, thereby minimizing complications such as prolonged hospitalization, unnecessary healthcare spending, and impaired patient satisfaction and functional outcomes.
Eculizumab for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Two cases of successful pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Ilic Jovanka , Pujic Borislava , Jakovljevic Branislava , Sekulic Borivoj , Agic Danijela , El Farra Amir , Micanovic Branimir , Vejnovic Tihomir , Urosevic Ivana , Savic Aleksandar
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare disease with the incidence ranging from 0.08 to 0.57 per 100,000 person‐years. Up to 25% of cases in women are detected during pregnancy. We report two cases of successful pregnancy outcomes in patients treated with eculizumab, pointing out the importance of interdisciplinary approach in these high‐risk pregnancies.
Chemical Design Strategy of Ionizable Lipids for In Vivo mRNA Delivery
Authors: He Zepeng , Liu Zhijia , Chen Yongming
Published: May 2024

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically successful drug delivery systems that have accelerated the development of mRNA drugs and vaccines. Among various structural components of LNPs, more recent attention has been paid in ionizable lipids (ILs) that was supposed as the key component in determining the effectiveness of LNPs for in vivo mRNA delivery. ILs are typically comprised of three moieties including ionizable heads, linkers, and hydrophobic tails, which suggested that the combination of different functional groups in three moieties could produce ILs with diverse chemical structures and biological identities. In this concept article, we provide a summary of chemical design strategy for high‐performing IL candidates and discuss their structure‐activity relationships for shifting tissue‐selective mRNA delivery. We also propose an outlook for the development of next‐generation ILs, enabling the broader translation of mRNA formulated with LNPs.
A 3X and X/3 voltage conversion‐based bidirectional CuK converter for supercapacitor‐assisted electric vehicles
Authors: Kumar Singh Ankit , Kumar Mishra Anjanee
Published: May 2024

In this paper, a high‐gain bidirectional DC–DC converter is presented for electric vehicles where low terminal voltage source like a supercapacitor is used along with the battery. The supercapacitor provides or absorbs large amount power during acceleration and deacceleration and extends the life of main energy source, that is, battery. The supercapacitor terminal voltage varies considerably during charging and discharging activities; hence, a bidirectional DC–DC converter with a high‐voltage conversion ratio must be used to connect the lower supercapacitor voltage to the higher DC‐link voltage. Such application requires steep voltage conversion ratio along with continuous gain‐based bidirectional DC–DC converters. In this study, a typical CuK converter is employed to produce a voltage gain of 3X and X/3 with the ability to transmit power in both directions. The suggested bidirectional converter has a continuous current on both the low‐ and high‐voltage sides, which reduces the requirement for filter capacitance and increases the lifespan of the supercapacitor and DC‐link capacitor. Further, inherent inrush current safety is provided by the proposed converter as the inclusion of an inductor in the path of capacitor charging or discharging. Both in the charging and discharging phases, a detailed steady‐state analysis of the proposed circuit was performed. Moreover, a deep discharge analysis of the supercapacitor and its implication on the performance of the converter is also investigated.
Barriers to curriculum accessibility for students with visual impairment in general education setting: The experience of lower secondary school students in Senegal
Authors: Diasse Mbaye Dieng , Kawai Norimune
Published: May 2024

This study explores potential barriers to curriculum accessibility for lower‐secondary school students with visual impairment in Senegal. A qualitative case study approach was used with purposeful sampling to collect data at a special school for students with visual impairment, and the three junior high schools that offer placement to the students with visual impairment after primary graduation from the special school. The study comprised 22 participants including six students with visual impairment, six regular teachers, three paraeducators, three special education teachers, and the four administrators of the schools. Data were collected using semi‐structured interviews, focus group discussions, and classroom observations. The study concluded that students with visual impairment in lower secondary schools face several obstacles to having proper access to the general education curriculum. The results highlight a lack of training and skills for teachers having students with visual impairment in junior high schools, a shortage of curriculum materials and adaptations, inconvenience of classroom environment, and a restricted collaboration between actors.
Exploratory investigation of virtual lesions in gastrointestinal endoscopy using a novel phase‐shift method for three‐dimensional shape measurement
Authors: Sakamoto Taku , Oda Ichiro , Okamura Takuma , Cho Hourin , Toyoshima Naoya , Nonaka Satoru , Suzuki Haruhisa , Nakamura Tatsuya , Watanabe Daichi , Matsuo Keigo , Hanano Kazunari , Takeyama Tetsuhide , Yoshinaga Shigetaka , Saito Yutaka
Published: May 2024

Accurate measurement of the size of lesions or distances between any two points during endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal tract is difficult owing to the fisheye lens used in endoscopy. To overcome this issue, we developed a phase‐shift method to measure three‐dimensional (3D) data on a curved surface, which we present herein. Our system allows the creation of 3D shapes on a curved surface by the phase‐shift method using a stripe pattern projected from a small projecting device to an object. For evaluation, 88 measurement points were inserted in porcine stomach tissue, attached to a half‐pipe jig, with an inner radius of 21 mm. The accuracy and precision of the measurement data for our shape measurement system were compared with the data obtained using an Olympus STM6 measurement microscope. The accuracy of the path length of a simulated protruded lesion was evaluated using a plaster model of the curved stomach and graph paper. The difference in height measures between the measurement microscope and measurement system data was 0.24 mm for the 88 measurement points on the curved surface of the porcine stomach. The error in the path length measurement for a lesion on an underlying curved surface was <1% for a 10‐mm lesion. The software was developed for the automated calculation of the major and minor diameters of each lesion. The accuracy of our measurement system could improve the accuracy of determining the size of lesions, whether protruded or depressed, regardless of the curvature of the underlying surface.
The effect of drought‐induced leaf traits onFicusleaf palatability is species specific
Authors: Xiao Xue , Jorge Leonardo Ré , Volf Martin , Moos Martin , Gélin Uriel , Finnie Sam , Freiberga Inga , Jancuchova‐Laskova Jitka , Weiss Matthias , Novotny Vojtech , Sam Katerina
Published: May 2024

Drought has a significant impact on plant–insect interactions by altering plant survival, growth, leaf quality, and defense traits. Tropical plants are particularly vulnerable to water depression because of shallow root depth. In the context of climate change, drought events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity; however, their impact on tropical ecosystems remains poorly known. Insect herbivores represent the largest feeding guild of arthropods, and they devour four to five times more plant material than vertebrates do. Understanding how drought affects plant traits and leaf palatability in a keystone and ecologically diverse plant genus, such asFicus(Moraceae), is crucial for predicting how climate change might alter tropical plant–insect interactions. We examined the impact of drought intensity and duration on the leaf nutritional quality, defensive traits, and herbivory damage by caterpillars in three tropical and one MediterraneanFicusspecies in a greenhouse. We also conducted food choice trials with generalist caterpillars to evaluate the impact of drought on herbivores. Drought intensity and duration had no direct effect on leaf palatability across theFicusspecies. However, drought indirectly affected leaf palatability via drought‐induced leaf traits in a species‐specific manner. Drought intensity and duration decreased leaf water content, resulting in decreased leaf palatability inF. benjaminaandF. lyrata. Leaf defensive traits such as flavonoid concentration were affected by drought intensity and decreased leaf palatability inF. carica. Drought influenced the leaf traits ofF. elastica, but none of them affected leaf palatability. Overall, this study establishes the link between drought and insect feeding on plants via leaf traits. The species‐specific responses to drought highlight the significance of climate‐related plant life histories in relation to climate change, underscoring the need for further investigations.