bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dielectric properties of high‐Tc ceramics based on BaTiO3 with (111) texture characteristics
Authors: Kuang S. J. , Tang X. G. , Cheng T. D. , Ding N. , Liu Q. X.
Published: February 2009

0.94BaTiO3–(0.06–x)Bi0.5Li0.5TiO3–x Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (abbreviated as BT–BLT–BNT with x = 0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.045, 0.06) ceramics were prepared by the traditional ceramic processing route. The structure, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the samples were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, the temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity, and hysteresis loop measurements. These results showed that all compositions have the perovskite tetragonal phase structure, and the phase‐transition temperature Tc is increasing with increasing x, the Tc is 163 °C for x equal 0.06; and the samples have good ferroelectric properties with lower coercive field and higher remanent polarization. BT–BLT–BNT ceramics prove to be a promising candidate for high‐Tc lead‐free ceramics. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thin‐film intermediate band photovoltaics: advanced concepts for chalcopyrite solar cells
Authors: Marrón David Fuertes , Martí Antonio , Luque Antonio
Published: February 2009

We have studied the potential of thin‐film photovoltaic devices provided with an intermediate band (IB). Cu‐containing chalcopyrites appear as promising candidates, with maximum theoretical efficiencies above 45% under ideal conditions. This figure has been re‐evaluated by considering a number of non‐idealities, like optical and current losses and nonradiative recombination that affect current chalcopyrite‐based devices. Strategies for the practical implementation of IBs in chalcopyrite hosts will be discussed, including the incorporation of foreign impurities in the chalcopyrite structure at substitutional sites of the cation sublattice and the realisation of nanostructured devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Type‐II excitons in ZnTe/ZnSe quantum dots
Authors: André Régis , Najjar Rita , Besombes Lucien , Bougerol Catherine , Tatarenko Serge , Mariette Henri
Published: February 2009

We present the photoluminescence and time resolved photoluminescence properties of an ensemble of ZnTe quantum dots embedded in a ZnSe matrix. Those heterostructures exhibit a type‐II band alignment with holes confined within the dots and electrons kept in the close vicinity of the dots by coulomb attraction. We show that the structural and optical features of the samples, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, are highly sensitive to the growth conditions. Depending on the Se to Zn flux ratio, the ZnTe islands can disappear and lead to a thin 2D quantum well, or be preserved and localize excitons, as evidenced by photoluminescence experiments. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theory of light‐induced force microscopy to observe collective excited states in quantum‐dot‐array
Authors: Iida Takuya , Ishihara Hajime
Published: February 2009

We theoretically clarify the possibilities to observe the quantum properties of collective excited states in a QD‐array by a new type of scanning force microscopy based on light‐induced force (LIF). It has been clarified that eigenenergies of an electromagnetically coupled QD‐array can be determined through the photon energy spectra of LIF on a probe‐tip. When a collective excited state is selectively excited, the attractive or repulsive LIF is exerted on a probe above particular QDs reflecting the various spatial pattern of excited collective mode of QDs. Obtained results indicate the potential of the LIF microscopy for the direct observation of the spatial structures of quantum states in coherently coupled QDs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quality assurance considerations in chemical analysis
Authors: Rauf M. A. , Hanan A.
Published: February 2009

Quality Assurance (QA) for an analytical laboratory is an essential tool to ensure good comparability of data. In order to achieve this purpose, processes are monitored and performance problems are systematically solved. A variety of texts exists such as Good Laboratory Practice and the Quality Assurance Systems ISO 9001 and ISO 17025. However, these international standards provide only general rules to install and maintain a quality system. It remains the responsibility of the laboratory to define appropriate procedures to ensure that proper quality is achieved. Adherence to QA guidelines, participation in inter‐laboratory studies, use of reference materials (RM) and certified reference materials (CRM) are all means of achieving good data quality for determinations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current challenges for FDA‐regulated bioanalytical laboratories performing human BA/BE studies; Part III: selected discussion topics in bioanalytical LC/MS/MS method validation
Authors: Chow Frank , Ocampo Arlene , Vogel Paul , Lum Steven , Tran Nhan
Published: February 2009

This article is the third of a three‐part series that deals with current compliance issues/challenges for bioanalytical laboratories performing analysis for bioavailability (BA)/bioequivalence (BE) studies. Part 1 of this series discusses the application of key elements from the FDA Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and the current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) regulations as the framework for the implementation of sound Quality Systems in a bioanalytical laboratory to be in compliance with current regulatory expectations. Part 2 discusses recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspection trends for bioanalytical laboratories and provides an overview of the recent FDA 483 observations related to LC/MS/MS method validation issued to bioanalytical laboratories. This current article provides a more in‐depth analysis of the scientific and compliance aspects of different approaches for selected validation parameters of LC/MS/MS bioanalytical methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anvil clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems in monsoon regions
Authors: Cetrone Jasmine , Houze Robert A.
Published: February 2009

The anvil clouds of tropical mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in West Africa, the Maritime Continent and the Bay of Bengal have been examined with TRMM and CloudSat satellite data and ARM ground‐based radar observations. The anvils spreading out from the precipitating cores of MCSs are subdivided into thick, medium and thin portions. The thick portions of anvils show distinct differences from one climatological regime to another. In their upper portions, the thick anvils of West Africa MCSs have a broad, flat histogram of reflectivity, and a maximum of reflectivity in their lower portions. The reflectivity histogram of the Bay of Bengal thick anvils has a sharply peaked distribution of reflectivity at all altitudes with modal values that increase monotonically downward. The reflectivity histogram of the Maritime Continent thick anvils is intermediate between that of the West Africa and Bay of Bengal anvils, consistent with the fact this region comprises a mix of land and ocean influences. It is suggested that the difference between the statistics of the continental and oceanic anvils is related to some combination of two factors: (1) the West African anvils tend to be closely tied to the convective regions of MCSs while the oceanic anvils are more likely to be extending outward from large stratiform precipitation areas of MCSs, and (2) the West African MCSs result from greater buoyancy, so that the convective cells are more likely to produce graupel particles and detrain them into anvils. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Behavior modes, pathways and overall trajectories: eigenvector and eigenvalue analysis of dynamic systems
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo
Published: February 2009

One of the most fundamental principles in system dynamics is the premise that the structure of the system will generate its behavior. Such a philosophical position has fostered the development of a number of formal methods aimed at understanding the causes of model behavior. Behavior, to most in the field of system dynamics, is commonly interpreted as modes of behavior (e.g., exponential growth, exponential decay, and oscillation) because of their direct association with the feedback loops (e.g., reinforcing, balancing, and balancing with delays, respectively) that generate them. Hence, traditional research on formal model analysis has emphasized which loops cause a particular “mode” of behavior, with eigenvalues representing the most important link between structure and behavior. The main contribution of this work arises from a choice to focus our analysis on the overall trajectory of a state variable, instead of only a specific behavior mode. Since the overall behavior trajectory of state variable xi(t) is determined by a linear combination of the product of eigenvector components (rji) and behavior modes ($e^{l_jt}$) generated by eigenvalues (λj), contributions from both eigenvalues and eigenvectors are important. By studying how the overall trajectory changes due to changes in link (or loop) gains, we observe that the derivatives of eigenvectors are more closely associated with the short‐term transient impact of those changes, whereas derivatives of eigenvalues are associated with the long‐term impact. Since we care deeply about both the short‐ and the long‐term impact of those changes, there is value in looking at the contributions from both eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinking strategically about thinking strategically: the computational structure and dynamics of managerial problem selection and formulation
Authors: Moldoveanu Mihnea
Published: February 2009

A new model of managerial problem formulation is introduced and developed to answer the question: ‘What kinds of problems do strategic managers engage in solving and why?’ The article proposes that a key decision metric for choosing among alternative problem statements is the computational complexity of the solution algorithm of alternative statements. Managerial problem statements are grouped into two classes on the basis of their computational complexity: P‐type problems (canonically easy ones) and NP‐type problems (hard ones). The new model of managerial cognitive choice posits that managers prefer to engage with and solve P‐type problems over solving NP‐type problems. The model explains common patterns of managerial reasoning and decision making, including many documented ‘biases’ and simplifying heuristics, and points the way to new effects and novel empirical investigations of problem solving‐oriented thinking in strategic management and types of generic strategies, driven by predictions about the kinds of market‐ and industry‐level changes that managers will or will not respond to. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational shaping of liquid crystalline diacylaminophenyl platforms equipped with chelating fragments, fluorescent dyes, and square planar platinum complexes
Authors: Ziessel Raymond , Camerel Franck , Donnio Bertrand
Published: February 2009

Recent investigations from our laboratory have described compelling experimental evidences that the use of a central 4‐methyl‐3,5‐diacylaminophenyl platform functionalized with two lateral aromatic rings each bearing three appended aliphatic chains is well‐suited to produce liquid crystalline materials, some of which carrying at the tips (A‐substitution position) chelating fragments such as phenanthroline, terpyridine, alkynyl functions, crown ethers or highly luminescent subunits such as difluoroboradiazaindacene or cationic platinum‐terpyridine complexes. An important carvet of this research program is that the presence of amide functions likely stabilizes the mesophases by hydrogen bondings. Judicious grafting of polycatenar tails to the platform insures formation of mesomorphic materials over a large temperature range. Careful design of the system by the direct connection of the platform via alkyne bonds to square planar platinum centers give rise to intriguing phosphorescent metallomesogens. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 1–23; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20164
Homologation and alkylation of boronic esters and boranes by 1,2‐metallate rearrangement of boron ate complexes
Authors: Thomas Stephen P. , French Rosalind M. , Jheengut Vishal , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: February 2009

Organoboranes and boronic esters readily undergo nucleophilic addition, and if the nucleophile also bears an α‐leaving group, 1,2‐metallate rearrangement of the ate complex results. Through such a process a carbon chain can be extended, usually with high stereocontrol and this is the focus of this review. A chiral boronic ester (substrate control) can be used for stereocontrolled homologations with (dichloromethyl)lithium in the presence of ZnCl2. Subsequent alkylation by an organometallic reagent also occurs with high levels of stereocontrol. Chiral lithiated carbanions (reagent control) can also be used for the reaction sequence with achiral boronic esters and boranes. Aryl‐stabilized sulfur ylide derived chiral carbanions can be homologated with a range of boranes including vinyl boranes in good yield and high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Lithiated alkyl chlorides react with boronic esters, again with high stereocontrol, but both sets of reactions are limited in scope. Chiral lithiated carbamates show the greatest substrate scope and react with both boronic esters and boranes with excellent enantioselectivity. Furthermore, iterative homologation with chiral lithiated carbamates allows carbon chains to be “grown” with control over relative and absolute stereochemistry. The factors responsible for stereocontrol are discussed. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 24–39; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20168
A new method to assess fetal head descent in labor with transperineal ultrasound
Authors: Barbera A. F. , Pombar X. , Perugino G. , Lezotte D. C. , Hobbins J. C.
Published: February 2009

Objectives

To assess the feasibility and reproducibility of measuring fetal head station and descent during labor using transperineal ultrasound (TPU) imaging, to compare the evaluation of fetal station through digital examinations with concurrent TPU assessments, and to assess its utility in distinguishing patients whose pregnancy will result in spontaneous vaginal delivery from those who will require operative vaginal delivery or Cesarean section for failure to progress.

Methods

TPU and digital examinations were performed in 88 term laboring patients with a singleton fetus in cephalic presentation. Using TPU imaging, head descent was quantified by measuring the angle between the long axis of the pubic symphysis and a line extending from its most inferior portion tangentially to the fetal skull. Intraobserver and interobserver variability were calculated using variance component analysis. TPU imaging was used to measure the angle of head descent during the second stage of labor in 23 of the women.

Results

Analysis of replicated measurements on 75 subjects, by the same observer at approximately the same time, yielded an average SD (intraobserver variability) of approximately 2.9° for the measurement of angle of head descent on TPU examination. A separate variance component analysis on a subset of 15 assessments for which measurements were repeated by a second observer, with two to four replicate measurements obtained by each, yielded an interobserver error estimate of 1.24°. A significant linear association was found between clinical digital assessments and measurement of angle of head descent by TPU examination (P < 0.001). An angle of at least 120° measured during the second stage of labor was always associated with subsequent spontaneous vaginal delivery. In six pregnancies ending in Cesarean section the mean angle of descent measured at last TPU examination was only 108°.

Conclusions

The angle of head descent measured by TPU imaging provides an objective, accurate and reproducible means for assessing descent of the fetal head during labor. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving toward exposure and risk evaluation of nanomaterials: challenges and future directions
Authors: Thomas Treye , Bahadori Tina , Savage Nora , Thomas Karluss
Published: February 2009

Nanotechnology, the commercial development of engineered nanomaterials, promises breakthrough innovations by enhancing the performance of existing consumer products and enabling development of new devices, architectures, and applications. Although these materials and applications are being developed at an explosive pace, a fundamental understanding of any potential human health and environmental risks resulting from exposure throughout the lifecycle of these materials has not advanced as rapidly. Past experience has demonstrated that successful introduction of a new technology occurs more readily if it is precipitated by a robust appreciation for any inherent risks associated with the technology. Such understanding allows the timely development of occupational and consumer exposure standards that might be needed to protect human health and the environment. Although risk is recognized as the product of hazard and exposure, too often exposure patterns are poorly characterized, and risk is based primarily or exclusively on the hazard characterization. The extent of exposure to nanomaterials in currently available commercial products is relatively unknown. Given the number of commercial products that claim to contain engineered nanomaterials, it is possible that human and environmental exposure to these materials is widespread. This paper is intended to highlight the importance of exposure assessment for determining the potential risks of nanomaterials. In essence, this is a call to action to the community of exposure scientists, toxicologists, and risk assessors to develop, consider, and incorporate requisite exposure information in the risk assessment of nanomaterials. Without an integrated approach, it will be difficult to meaningfully assess the risks of nanomaterials, realize their potential benefits, and foster their sustainable development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Disease recurrence in paediatric renal transplantation
Authors: Cochat Pierre , Fargue Sonia , Mestrallet Guillaume , Jungraithmayr Therese , Koch-Nogueira Paulo , Ranchin Bruno , Zimmerhackl Lothar Bernd
Published: February 2009

Renal transplantation (Tx) is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. The incidence of acute rejection after renal Tx has decreased because of improving early immunosuppression, but the risk of disease recurrence (DR) is becoming relatively high, with a greater prevalence in children than in adults, thereby increasing patient morbidity, graft loss (GL) and, sometimes, mortality rate. The current overall graft loss to DR is 7–8%, mainly due to primary glomerulonephritis (70–80%) and inherited metabolic diseases. The more typical presentation is a recurrence of the full disease, either with a high risk of GL (focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis 14–50% DR, 40–60% GL; atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome 20–80% DR, 10–83% GL; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 30–100% DR, 17–61% GL; membranous nephropathy ∼30% DR, ∼50% GL; lipoprotein glomerulopathy ∼100% DR and GL; primary hyperoxaluria type 1 80–100% DR and GL) or with a low risk of GL [immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy 36–60% DR, 7–10% GL; systemic lupus erythematosus 0–30% DR, 0–5% GL; anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis]. Recurrence may also occur with a delayed risk of GL, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, sickle cell disease, endemic nephropathy, and sarcoidosis. In other primary diseases, the post-Tx course may be complicated by specific events that are different from overt recurrence: proteinuria or cancer in some genetic forms of nephrotic syndrome, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies-associated glomerulonephritis (Alport syndrome, Goodpasture syndrome), and graft involvement as a consequence of lower urinary tract abnormality or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nephropathy. Some other post-Tx conditions may mimic recurrence, such as de novo membranous glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, microangiopathy, or isolated specific deposits (cystinosis, Fabry disease). Adequate strategies should therefore be added to kidney Tx, such as donor selection, associated liver Tx, plasmatherapy, specific immunosuppression protocols. In such conditions, very few patients may be excluded from kidney Tx only because of a major risk of DR and repeated GL. In the near future the issue of DR after kidney Tx may benefit from alternatives to organ Tx, such as recombinant proteins, specific monoclonal antibodies, cell/gene therapy, and chaperone molecules.
Femtosecond Carrier Dynamics in In2O3Nanocrystals
Authors: Othonos Andreas , Zervos Matthew , Tsokkou Demetra
Published: February 2009

We have studied carrier dynamics in In2O3nanocrystals grown on a quartz substrate using chemical vapor deposition. Transient differential absorption measurements have been employed to investigate the relaxation dynamics of photo-generated carriers in In2O3nanocrystals. Intensity measurements reveal that Auger recombination plays a crucial role in the carrier dynamics for the carrier densities investigated in this study. A simple differential equation model has been utilized to simulate the photo-generated carrier dynamics in the nanocrystals and to fit the fluence-dependent differential absorption measurements. The average value of the Auger coefficient obtained from fitting to the measurements was γ = 5.9 ± 0.4 × 10−31 cm6 s−1. Similarly the average relaxation rate of the carriers was determined to be approximately τ = 110 ± 10 ps. Time-resolved measurements also revealed ~25 ps delay for the carriers to reach deep traps states which have a subsequent relaxation time of approximately 300 ps.
Primary versus secondary tracheoesophageal puncture in salvage total laryngectomy following chemoradiation
Authors: Emerick Kevin S. , Tomycz Luke , Bradford Carol R. , Lyden Teresa H. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Wolf Gregory T. , Teknos Theodoros N.
Published: February 2009

Objective

To compare the rate of postoperative wound‐healing complications and voice fluency in primary vs secondary tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) following chemoradiation.

Methods

Between 1998 and 2005, 30 patients underwent laryngectomy after chemoradiation therapy. Twenty patients underwent primary TEP and 10 patients underwent secondary TEP. Comorbidities, postoperative complications, speech fluency, and time to speech fluency were evaluated in each patient.

Results

Pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) occurred in 10 of 20 (50%) patients who underwent primary TEP and in 0 of 10 (0%) patients in the secondary TEP group (P < 0.05). Overall, 25 of 25 (100%) patients who had placement of a tracheoesophageal prosthesis achieved fluent speech. Median time to fluency was 63 days in the primary TEP group and 125 days in the secondary TEP group.

Conclusion

There is an increased risk of PCF in patients undergoing primary TEP compared with secondary TEP following chemoradiation. No difference in acquisition of speech fluency was identified between the two groups. Patients undergoing primary TEP achieved fluent speech 62 days sooner than their secondary TEP counterparts.
Outcome of tracheostomy in patients over 85 years old (oldest‐old patients)
Authors: Drendel Michael , Primov‐Fever Adi , Talmi Yoav P. , Roziner Ilan , Wolf Michael , Migirov Lela
Published: February 2009

Objective

To investigate morbidity, complication rate, and mortality in oldest‐old patients who undergo tracheostomy.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Subject and Methods

The medical records for 64 patients (>85 years) who underwent standard or percutaneous tracheostomy between 2001 and 2005 in a tertiary care hospital were reviewed for in‐hospital and out‐of‐hospital mortality, complications, and decannulation rate.

Results

Twenty‐eight (43.8%) patients were discharged from the hospital and all remained tracheotomized at that time. Postoperative mortality had not been related to the procedure itself and the mortality rate reached 75 percent within the first three postoperative months and 93.8 percent within the first year post‐tracheostomy. The post‐tracheostomy course was complicated in three (4.7%) patients. There was no significant correlation between the length of hospital stay or survival and demographic parameters, pneumonia as the reason for mechanical ventilation, or performance of surgery before tracheostomy.

Conclusion

Tracheostomy is a safe surgical procedure in the oldest‐old patients. The high rate of the postoperative mortality is not related to the procedure itself. The possibility of permanent stoma should be considered and discussed with the patients and their families during the preoperative counseling.
Value of the cytological diagnosis in the treatment of parotid tumors
Authors: Jafari Alice , Royer Benedicte , Lefevre Marine , Corlieu Pascal , Périé Sophie , St Guily Jean Lacau
Published: February 2009

Objective

A cytological diagnosis is frequently used in the management of parotid tumor to distinguish benign from malignant tumors before surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of the cytological diagnosis in parotid tumors.

Study Design

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology was performed in 110 patients undergoing a parotidectomy. The results were compared with the definitive histopathological findings, which are considered the standard diagnostic reference for comparative analysis.

Setting

University hospital.

Results

Correlation with histopathological results was observed in 83 (82.1%) cases. Discordance was observed in eight (8.2%) cases. The sensitivity and the specificity of the cytological diagnosis in the detection of malignant tumors were 67 and 96 percent, respectively.

Conclusions

The cytological diagnosis performed in parotid tumors permits differentiation of a benign from a malignant tumor in the majority of cases; however, it underestimates the diagnosis of malignant tumors.
Corporate‐physician relationships: A need for education
Authors: Shah Udayan K. , Smith Gina M. , Devaiah Anand , Setzen Gavin , Roth Maurice , Reilly James S.
Published: February 2009

Knowledge is lacking among Otolaryngologist–Head and Neck Surgeons (ORL‐HNS) regarding basic ethical situations in corporate‐provider relationships. A pilot educational program demonstrates the need and potential for improvement by structured intervention. “At risk” areas specifically identified regard acceptable gifts, and payments for meetings and travel. Recommendations are made to educate otolaryngologists in standards for compliant behavior in corporate‐physician relationships. Further work to formalize and tailor education to the needs of ORL‐HNS is warranted, including continued education through the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO‐HNSF). A checklist is provided here as a first step in enabling more compliant behavior as surgeons engage in corporate relationships.
Piezosurgery in otologic surgery: Four years of experience
Authors: Salami Angelo , Dellepiane Massimo , Proto Ernesto , Mora Renzo
Published: February 2009

Objectives

Piezosurgery (Mectron Medical Technology, Genoa, Italy) is a new ultrasound instrument (24.7‐29.5 kHz) that is able to cut the bone without necrosis and nonmineralized tissues damage. The aim of this work has been to report our experience with the piezoelectric device in otologic surgery.

Study Design

We have used the piezoelectric device in 50 patients affected by otosclerosis, 50 by chronic otitis media, 20 by posttraumatic facial nerve palsy, 10 by type A glomus tympanicum tumor, and in three patients with a B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma.

Subjects and Methods

Patients underwent platinotomy, mastoidectomy, antroatticotomy, posterior tympanotomy, facial nerve decompression, and excision of middle ear tumors. Before and 6 months after surgery, all the patients underwent the following instrumental examinations: pure‐tone audiometry, tympanometry, transient‐evoked otoacoustic emissions, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem response, and electronystamographic recording.

Results

In each surgical technique, the piezoelectric device provided excellent control without side effects on the adjacent structures of the middle and inner ear.

Conclusions

The piezoelectric device is a new and revolutionary bony scalpel using the microvibrations at ultrasonic frequency so that soft tissue will not be damaged even on accidental contact with the cutting tip; this renders the piezoelectric device ideal for otologic bone surgery.
Petromastoid canal and cochlear aqueduct in cochlear implant candidates
Authors: Migirov Lela , Kronenberg Jona
Published: February 2009

Objective

To present temporal bone fine channels in cochlear implantation candidates.

Methods

Review of the axial sections of 108 temporal bone CTs. In type I, the petromastoid canal (PMC) was invisible but appeared as channels in type II and type III, <0.5 and 0.5‐1 mm wide, respectively, and in type IV was >1 mm wide. The cochlear aqueduct (CA) was visualized up to the vestibule in type 1, the medial two thirds in type 2, the external aperture and/or the medial third in type 3, and was undetectable in type 4.

Results

The PMC size and shape differed significantly between the young (aged <5 years) and older (aged 5‐16 years) children and between the young children and adults. A wide PMC (>2 mm) was found in only children younger than 2 years. Children up to 2 years of age and those aged 2 to 5 years demonstrated similar findings. The CA types differed among the pediatric and adult CI candidates, with the main difference appearing after the age of 16 years. There was no correlation between CA and PMC types.

Conclusions

It is likely that the age‐related changes in CA and PMC are attributable to the developmental or age‐related changes in skull base growth.
Head and neck dog bites in children
Authors: Monroy Angelo , Behar Philomena , Nagy Mark , Poje Christopher , Pizzuto Michael , Brodsky Linda
Published: February 2009

Objectives

1) Demonstrate patterns of dog bite injury to the head and neck in children. 2) Identify treatment outcomes of dog bite injuries to the head and neck.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Subjects and Methods

Children aged 0 to 19 years, treated for head and neck dog bites at our tertiary care children's hospital (1999‐2007), were included. Demographics, dog breed and ownership, seasonal incidence, wound location, characteristics, management, and complications were recorded.

Results

Eighty‐four children, aged 10 months to 19 years (mean, 6.19 years) underwent primary repair of head and neck dog bite injuries. The cheek (34%) and lips (21%) were involved most commonly. Average wound length was 7.15 cm. Dog bite incidence peaked during summer months. Infection occurred in 10.7 percent. Pulsed dye laser was used to improve cosmesis.

Conclusions

Children are vulnerable to head and neck dog bite injuries. Wound healing is excellent despite a contaminated wound. Infections occur infrequently. Pulsed dye laser improves cosmesis.
Feasibility of balloon dilatation in endoscopic sinus surgery simulator
Authors: Stamm Aldo , Nogueira Joao Flavio , Lyra Macos
Published: February 2009

Objective

Assess the feasibility of the use of a life‐size model for ESS to perform balloon catheter dilatation of the paranasal sinus ostia.

Study Design and Setting

Four validated sinus models were enrolled in this study. One experienced endoscopic surgeon performed all the dilatations of the paranasal sinus ostia. We used the Relieva Sinus Balloon Catheter System (Acclarent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA), and its described technique for fluoroscopic guided sinuplasty.

Results

Twenty‐four ostia were available. All sinuses were successfully catheterized and dilated. The total fluoroscopic time was 18 minutes and 8 seconds (mean, 45.3 seconds per sinus) and the total procedure time was 50 minutes and 56 seconds (mean, 2 minutes and 7 seconds per sinus).

Conclusion

It was feasible to perform a successful dilatation of the 24 available sinus ostia of the models: 8 maxillary, frontal and sphenoid. No major technical difficulties were encountered.

Significance

This model could help surgeons in the training of sinus ostia balloon dilatation.
The imperative of the Sistrunk operation: Review of 160 thyroglossal tract remnant operations
Authors: Hirshoren Nir , Neuman Tzahi , Udassin Raphael , Elidan Josef , Weinberger Jeffrey M.
Published: February 2009

Objective

Analysis of the pre‐ and postoperative features, long‐term follow‐up, and complications.

Study Design and Methods

Case series with chart review of 160 thyroglossal tract remnant excisions over a 20‐year period (1988‐2007).

Results

The mean age of diagnosis was 10.9 ± 14.2 years with 63.8 percent male predominance. There was a prior history of thyroglossal tract remnant infections in 70 percent of patients, and 30 percent presented with cutaneous fistulas. The majority had ultrasound imaging that identified cysts mainly (66.7%) in the infrahyoid region. Preoperative fine‐needle aspirations in 18 patients were benign. On pathological reevaluation, 26.5 percent had thyroid tissue inside the remnant, with one case of papillary carcinoma. After the Sistrunk operation, postoperative complications occurred in 7.5 percent including a 1.9 percent recurrence rate.

Conclusions

All age groups had similar clinical presentations and outcomes. Ultrasound is a reliable and appropriate imaging modality for most patients. Surgery must effectively incorporate the tract and cyst to allow low recurrence rates (<2%). Clinically diagnosed thyroglossal tract remnant may, in fact, be other pathologies in 10 percent of cases. Nevertheless, our recommendation is a Sistrunk procedure for all midline neck lesions suspected to be a thyroglossal tract remnant.
Revisiting the interpretation of positive sinus CT findings: A radiological and symptom‐based review
Authors: Wittkopf Maria L. , Beddow Peter A. , Russell Paul T. , Duncavage James A. , Becker Samuel S.
Published: February 2009

Objective

It is widely believed that a high percentage of normal, healthy patients without sinusitis symptoms have abnormal findings on sinus CT. Experiences of the authors of this study suggest otherwise.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Subjects and Methods

Head/sinus CT scans of 50 consecutive patients from each of three study groups were reviewed. Group 1 consisted of patients without any sinus symptoms. Group 2 consisted of patients with acute headache symptoms. Group 3 consisted of patients with complaints consistent with chronic sinusitis. CT scans were evaluated with the Lund‐Mackay scoring system.

Results

In the asymptomatic patient group (group 1), six (3%) patients had positive sinus CT scan findings, compared with 11 (5.5%) in the acutely symptomatic group (group 2), and 32 (64%) in the chronically symptomatic group (group 3). In the chronically symptomatic group (group 3), 64 percent of patients were allergic compared with 18% of the acute headache group (group 2) and 8 percent of the asymptomatic patient group (group 1).

Conclusion

Results of this study suggest that symptomatic sinus patients are much more likely to have positive sinus CT scan findings than asymptomatic patients. Conversely, normal healthy patients should not be expected to have abnormal sinus CT scans.
The usefulness of new serum tumor markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Marcos César Álvarez , Martínez Daniel Al Kassam , de los Toyos Juan Ramón , Domínguez Iglesias Francisco , Hermsen Mario , Guervós Marta Alonso , Pendás José Luis Llorente
Published: February 2009

Objective

To determine the usefulness of specific and reliable serum biomarkers to predict cervical lymph node metastasis.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of cases and controls. Thirty‐nine serum samples of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were collected from patients during neoplasm resection. Another 10 serum samples were collected from healthy individuals as a control group. Selected serum biomarkers were E‐cadherin, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, active MMP‐13, and p53 autoantibodies.

Results

We found a correlation between active MMP‐13 (>685 pg/mL; ROC curve analysis 95% CI for sensitivity 79.6‐99.3; specificity 49.2‐95.1; positive predictive value 65‐100; and negative predictive value 36‐100) as well as the presence of p53 autoantibodies and lymph node metastasis. Multimarker analysis using MMP‐13 and p53 autoantibodies together provided better sensitivity (76%) and specificity (100%).

Conclusions

The combined determination of active MMP‐13 and p53 autoantibodies could improve diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and aid therapeutic decision making.
Old welfare state theories and new welfare regimes in Eastern Europe: Challenges and implications
Authors: Aidukaite Jolanta
Published: February 2009

This paper reviews some theoretical and empirical literature written on welfare state development in post-communist Eastern Europe in the light of the theories and approaches that have been developed to study affluent capitalist democracies. The aim of this discussion is to critically reassess the old welfare state theories, definitions and approaches and their implications regarding the study of post-communist Eastern Europe.

The paper ends with the conclusion that the exclusion of ‘communist’ countries for more than twenty years from welfare state theorising has created an empirical and theoretical gap. This creates fresh challenges for welfare state research and calls for a new paradigm. It is evident that the not so well explored Eastern European region with regards to social policy research suggests that it is necessary not only to test already existing welfare state theories, definitions, typologies and approaches on these countries, but also to advance them.
NILPOTENCY OF THE GROUP OF UNITS OF A FINITE RING
Authors: DOLŽAN DAVID
Published: February 2009

In this paper we find all finite rings with a nilpotent group of units. It was thought that the answer to this was already given by McDonald in 1974, but as was shown by Groza in 1989, the conclusions that had been reached there do not hold. Here, we improve some results of Groza and describe the structure of an arbitrary finite ring with a nilpotent group of units, thus solving McDonald’s problem.
KRASNOSELSKI–MANN ITERATION FOR HIERARCHICAL FIXED POINTS AND EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEM
Authors: MARINO GIUSEPPE , COLAO VITTORIO , MUGLIA LUIGI , YAO YONGHONG
Published: February 2009

We give an explicit Krasnoselski–Mann type method for finding common solutions of the following system of equilibrium and hierarchical fixed points: where C is a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H, G:C×C→ℝ is an equilibrium function, T:C→C is a nonexpansive mapping with Fix(T) its set of fixed points and f:C→C is a ρ-contraction. Our algorithm is constructed and proved using the idea of the paper of [Y. Yao and Y.-C. Liou, ‘Weak and strong convergence of Krasnosel’skiĭ–Mann iteration for hierarchical fixed point problems’, Inverse Problems24 (2008), 501–508], in which only the variational inequality problem of finding hierarchically a fixed point of a nonexpansive mapping T with respect to a ρ-contraction f was considered. The paper follows the lines of research of corresponding results of Moudafi and Théra.
Proposal of a Mediterranean diet index for pregnant women
Authors: Mariscal-Arcas Miguel , Rivas Ana , Monteagudo Celia , Granada Alicia , Cerrillo Isabel , Olea-Serrano Fatima
Published: February 2009

Numerous studies have addressed the nutritional needs of pregnant women. The nutritional status of the woman before and during gestation affects the growth of the fetus and the course of the pregnancy and influences the risk of obesity for mother and infant. The aim of this study was to propose a diet quality index for pregnancy based on a Mediterranean-type diet (MDS-P), evaluating the diet of a group of pregnant women by applying the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and evaluating their intake of micronutrients required in optimal amounts during pregnancy, such as Fe, folic acid and Ca. The data used to construct this index (MDS-P) were gathered by means of a FFQ specifically designed for pregnant women. The mean MDS of this group, was 4·31 (sd 1·32), considered to represent satisfactory compliance with the Mediterranean diet (range 0–8). The mean MDS-P (range 0–11), which also takes account of dietary intake or supplements of folic acid, Fe and Ca was 7·53 (sd 1·44), indicating a compliance of around 70 %. The present study findings suggest that the MDS-P, which evaluates the adequacy of folic acid, Fe and Ca as well as compliance with the Mediterranean diet, may represent a valid tool for the specific assessment of the diet of pregnant women living in countries in the Mediterranean area. Further studies are required to complete the validation process.
Quantifying N response and N use efficiency in rice–wheat (RW) cropping systems under different water management
Authors: JING Q. , VAN KEULEN H. , HENGSDIJK H. , CAO W. , BINDRABAN P. S. , DAI T. , JIANG D.
Published: February 2009

About 0·10 of the food supply in China is produced in rice–wheat (RW) cropping systems. In recent decades, nitrogen (N) input associated with intensification has increased much more rapidly than N use in these systems. The resulting nitrogen surplus increases the risk of environmental pollution as well as production costs. Limited information on N dynamics in RW systems in relation to water management hampers development of management practices leading to more efficient use of nitrogen and water. The present work studied the effects of N and water management on yields of rice and wheat, and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUEs) in RW systems. A RW field experiment with nitrogen rates from 0 to 300 kg N/ha with continuously flooded and intermittently irrigated rice crops was carried out at the Jiangpu experimental station of Nanjing Agricultural University of China from 2002 to 2004 to identify improved nitrogen management practices in terms of land productivity and NUE.

Nitrogen uptake by rice and wheat increased with increasing N rates, while agronomic NUE (kg grain/kg N applied) declined at rates exceeding 150 kg N/ha. The highest combined grain yields of rice and wheat were obtained at 150 and 300 kg N/ha per season in rice and wheat, respectively. Carry-over of residual N from rice to the subsequent wheat crop was limited, consistent with low soil nitrate after rice harvest. Total soil N hardly changed during the experiment, while soil nitrate was much lower after wheat than after rice harvest. Water management did not affect yield and N uptake by rice, but apparent N recovery was higher under intermittent irrigation (II). In one season, II management in rice resulted in higher yield and N uptake in the subsequent wheat season. Uptake of indigenous soil N was much higher in rice than in wheat, while in rice it was much higher than values reported in the literature, which may have consequences for nitrogen fertilizer recommendations based on indigenous N supply.
Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder are impaired in associative learning based on external feedback
Authors: Nielen M. M. , den Boer J. A. , Smid H. G. O. M.
Published: February 2009

Background

Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) have to repeat their actions before feeling satisfied that the action reached its intended goal. Learning theory predicts that this may be due to a failure in the processing of external feedback.

Method

We examined the performance of 29 OCD patients and 28 healthy volunteers on an associative learning task, in which initial learning is based solely on external feedback signals. Feedback valence was manipulated with monetary gains and losses.

Results

As predicted, OCD patients were impaired during initial, external feedback-driven learning but not during later learning stages. The emotional salience of the feedback modulated learning during the initial stage in patients and controls alike. During later learning stages, however, patients approached near-normal performance with rewarding feedback but continued to produce deficient learning with punishing feedback.

Conclusion

OCD patients have a fundamental impairment in updating behavior based on the external outcome of their actions, possibly mediated by faulty error signals in response selection processes.
Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2009

Papyri from Egypt constitute the largest body of contemporary documentary evidence for the reign of Muʿāwiya. Most notable among them are the 107 texts in the archive of Flavius Papas, a local official of Upper Egypt in the 670s. Most are in Greek and provide insight into the administration, society and economy of a provincial centre. Since many deal with taxes and requisitions, they illustrate the incessant demands of the Islamic regime in Fusṭāṭ and the way local officials dealt with them. In particular, the archive shows the importance of Egypt for providing the men, materials and supplies essential for the war fleet of the caliphate. A few other documents from Upper Egypt hint at the economic role of the Church. This is the first of two parts, the second dealing with Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria.
The foundations of the house (Q 2: 127)
Authors: Witztum Joseph
Published: February 2009

In Quran 2: 127 Ibrāhīm founded “the house” (most probably a reference to the Kaʿba) together with his son Ismāʿīl. This scene does not appear in the Bible and none of the attempts to find a literary precedent for it are satisfactory. This paper argues that this scene reflects post-biblical traditions concerning Genesis 22. The argument is based on a comparison of the Quran, quranic commentaries, rabbinic sources and Syriac homilies on Gen. 22. After suggesting an origin for the story, the paper analyses the ways in which the Quran adapted and appropriated the story to its needs. The replacement of Isaac with Ismāʿīl is a central point addressed in this context.
Kṣṇa and his rivals in the Hindu and Jaina traditions
Authors: Geen Jonathan
Published: February 2009

This paper compares the relationship between thevāsudevaKr̥ṣṇa and hisprativāsudevarival Jarāsandha in the Jaina tradition (primarily in Hemacandra'sTriṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacarita) with Kr̥ṣṇa Vāsudeva's rivalries with Jarāsandha, Śiśupāla and Pauṇḍraka in theMahābhārataand Hindupurāṇas. Three main points arising from this comparison are proposed. First, the Jainas conflated characteristics of the Hindu figures Jarāsandha, Śiśupāla and Pauṇḍraka in order to create a new Jarāsandha, who was now a single powerful nemesis for Kr̥ṣṇa. Second, this new relationship between Kr̥ṣṇa and Jarāsandha provided the template for a new class of Illustrious Beings (śalākāpuruṣas) in the Jaina Universal History: the recurring and paradigmaticvāsudevasandprativāsudevas. And third, this evolution of Kr̥ṣṇa mythology in the Jaina tradition may have influenced the parallel development in the Hindu tradition, including the creation of thevaiṣṇavatenavatārasdoctrine, and the expansion of the purāṇic mythology surrounding both Jarāsandha and Śiśupāla.
Consistency and character in the Mahābhārata
Authors: Smith John D.
Published: February 2009

It is well known that the Mahābhārata sometimes contains narrative inconsistencies. In this article I consider a number of these, particularly certain cases in which one or more characters appear to be presented in an inconsistent manner. After considering possible explanations for the existence of such seeming discrepancies, I put forward the possibility that they are more apparent than real, and that the Mahābhārata was never intended to be read as a smooth-flowing temporal sequence.