bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chain Elongation and Cyclization in Type III PKS DpgA
Authors: Wu Hai‐Chen , Li Yi‐San , Liu Yu‐Chen , Lyu Syue‐Yi , Wu Chang‐Jer , Li Tsung‐Lin
Published: April 2012

Chain elongation and cyclization of precursors of dihydroxyphenylacetyl‐CoA (DPA‐CoA) catalyzed by the bacterial type III polyketide synthase DpgA were studied. Two labile intermediates, di‐ and tri‐ketidyl‐CoA (DK‐ and TK‐CoA), were proposed and chemically synthesized. In the presence of DpgABD, each of these with [13C3]malonyl‐CoA (MA‐CoA) was able to form partially 13C‐enriched DPA‐CoA. By NMR and MS analysis, the distribution of 13C atoms in the partially 13C‐enriched DPA‐CoA shed light on how the polyketide chain elongates and cyclizes in the DpgA‐catalyzed reaction. Polyketone intermediates elongate in a manner different from that which had been believed: two molecules of DK‐CoA, or one DK‐CoA plus one acetoacetyl‐CoA (AA‐CoA), but not two molecules of AA‐CoA can form one molecule of DPA‐CoA. As a result, polyketidyl‐CoA serves as both the starter and extender, whereas polyketone‐CoA without the terminal carboxyl group can only act as an extender. The terminal carboxyl group is crucial for the cyclization that likely takes place on CoA.
Recovery of Ionic Substances from Wastewater by Seeded Reaction Crystallization
Authors: Shimizu Y. , Hirasawa I.
Published: April 2012

Crystallization is a suitable process for selective separation of a target ion since ions can be removed and recovered as purified and stable materials. Methods of recovery and recycling of phosphate and fluoride ions have been investigated to determine the optimum crystallization conditions like supersaturation, temperature, pH, impurities, and kind of solvents. As a result, by selecting the optimum crystal operation conditions for each wastewater composition, spherical‐shape crystals with desired purity and size are obtained and generation of sludge is minimized.
Algorithm combination strategy to obtain the second‐order advantage: simultaneous determination of target analytes in plasma using three‐dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Yu Yong‐Jie , Wu Hai‐Long , Kang Chao , Wang Yu , Zhao Juan , Li Yuan‐Na , Liu Ya‐Juan , Yu Ru‐Qin
Published: April 2012

Although a number of algorithms have established to obtain the well‐known second‐order advantage that quantifies analytes of interest in the presence of interferents, each has associated problems. In this work, for the first time, the optimization procedure of trilinear decomposition has been divided into three subparts, and a novel strategy is developed for assembling the advantages of the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm, the self‐weighted alternating trilinear decomposition (SWATLD) algorithm, and the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm. The performance of the proposed strategy was evaluated using a simulated data set, a published fluorescence data set together with a new fluorescence data set that simultaneously quantifies procaine and tetracaine in plasma. Results show that the novel method can accurately and effectively estimate the qualitative and quantitative information of analytes of interest. Besides, the resolved profiles are very stable with respect to the number of components as long as the employed number is chosen to be equal or larger than the underlying one. Additionally, the study confirms that better prediction can be obtained by the new strategy when compared with ATLD, SWATLD, and PARAFAC as well as the strategy that employs direct trilinear decomposition method as initial values for PARAFAC. Moreover, the strategy can be directly extended to third‐order or higher‐order data analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Ammine Dual‐Cation (Li, Mg) Borohydride: Synthesis, Structure, and Dehydrogenation Enhancement
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Chen Xiaowei , Gu Qinfen , Wallwork Kia S. , Tan Yingbin , Tang Ziwei , Yu Xuebin
Published: April 2012

A new ammine dual‐cation borohydride, LiMg(BH4)3(NH3)2, has been successfully synthesized simply by ball‐milling of Mg(BH4)2 and LiBH4⋅NH3. Structure analysis of the synthesized LiMg(BH4)3(NH3)2 revealed that it crystallized in the space group P63 (no. 173) with lattice parameters of a=b=8.0002(1) Å, c=8.4276(1) Å, α=β=90°, and γ=120° at 50 °C. A three‐dimensional architecture is built up through corner‐connecting BH4 units. Strong NH⋅⋅⋅HB dihydrogen bonds exist between the NH3 and BH4 units, enabling LiMg(BH4)3(NH3)2 to undergo dehydrogenation at a much lower temperature. Dehydrogenation studies have revealed that the LiMg(BH4)3(NH3)2/LiBH4 composite is able to release over 8 wt % hydrogen below 200 °C, which is comparable to that released by Mg(BH4)3(NH3)2. More importantly, it was found that release of the byproduct NH3 in this system can be completely suppressed by adjusting the ratio of Mg(BH4)2 and LiBH4⋅NH3. This chemical control route highlights a potential method for modifying the dehydrogenation properties of other ammine borohydride systems.
Deciphering the Activation Sequence of Ferrociphenol Anticancer Drug Candidates
Authors: Messina Pierluca , Labbé Eric , Buriez Olivier , Hillard Elizabeth A. , Vessières Anne , Hamels Didier , Top Siden , Jaouen Gérard , Frapart Yves Michel , Mansuy Daniel , Amatore Christian
Published: April 2012

The complete oxidation sequence of a model for ferrociphenols, a new class of anticancer drug candidate, is reported. Cyclic voltammetry was used to monitor the formation of oxidation intermediates on different timescales, thereby allowing the electrochemical characterization of both the short‐lived and stable species obtained from the successive electron‐transfer and deprotonation steps. The electrochemical preparation of the ferrocenium intermediate enabled a stepwise voltammetric determination of the stable oxidation compounds obtained upon addition of a base as well as the electron stoichiometry observed for the overall oxidation process. A mechanism has been established from the electrochemical data, which involves a base‐promoted intramolecular electron transfer between the phenol and the ferrocenium cation. The resulting species is further oxidized then deprotonated to yield a stable quinone methide. To further characterize the transient species successively formed during the two‐electron oxidation of the ferrociphenol to its quinone methide, EPR was used to monitor the fate of the paramagnetic species generated upon addition of imidazole to the electrogenerated ferrocenium. The study revealed the passage from an iron‐centered to a carbon‐centered radical, which is then oxidized to yield the quinone methide, namely, the species that interacts with proteins and so forth under biological conditions.
Medium‐Sized Rings versus Macrocycles through Rhodium‐Catalyzed Ring‐Expansion Reactions of Cyclic Acetals
Authors: Ballesteros‐Garrido Rafael , Rix Diane , Besnard Céline , Lacour Jérôme
Published: April 2012

α‐Diazo β‐ketoesters and diketones react with cyclic acetals under RhIIcatalysis to yield unprecedented polyoxygenated 8‐ and 9‐membered rings in one pot. The reactions occur under mild conditions with yields up to 90 %. A perfect regioselectivity is obtained, which can be rationalized through a mechanistic hypothesis that considers 1) the formation of an oxonium ylide, 2) its transformation into an unsaturated acyclic oxocarbenium electrophilic intermediate, and 3) an intramolecular nucleophilic attack in a direct application of Baldwin’s rules.
Gated Photochromism and Acidity Photomodulation of a Diacid Dithienylethene Dye
Authors: Massaad Julie , Micheau Jean‐Claude , Coudret Christophe , Sanchez Rafael , Guirado Gonzalo , Delbaere Stéphanie
Published: April 2012

The present study quantitatively analyses the gated photochromism and the acidity photomodulation properties of a diacid dithienylethene compound. Photoisomerisation between the open and closed isomers was investigated by UV/visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that the photocyclisation quantum yield of the diacid form was remarkably high (around 90 %). Partial neutralisation of the open isomer revealed a gated photochromism as the photocyclisation quantum yield of the mono‐ and dianion were 50 and 67 %, respectively. A considerable photomodulation of the acidity was observed: the closed isomer is more acid than the open one by more than one pKa unit. This effect has been shown to be exploitable for a reversible photo‐acid generation. This is the first time that a complete quantitative investigation that allows for the determination of the main photochromic, spectral and thermodynamic parameters of a base‐sensitive photochromic diarylethene has been carried out.
High‐Throughput Bioprocess Development in Shaken Microbioreactors
Authors: Wenk Pamela , Hemmerich Johannes , Müller Carsten , Kensy Frank
Published: April 2012

Der effiziente Betrieb von Fermentationsprozessen spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für den Erfolg der modernen Biotechnologie. Neu konzipierte Mikrotiterplatten mit blumenförmigen Wells (Flowerplate) und integrierter Online‐Sensorik bieten Möglichkeiten bereits in einem sehr frühen Stadium der Bioprozessentwicklung ein tieferes Prozessverständnis zu erhalten. Die zusätzliche Automatisierung der Stofftransfer‐optimierten Flowerplates im RoboLector birgt weiteres Potenzial zur systematischen, hochparallelen Untersuchung von Bioprozessen und kann entscheidend zur Verkürzung von Entwicklungszeiten beitragen. Der Artikel liefert eine Übersicht über den Stand der Technik von geschüttelten Mikrobioreaktoren mit Online‐Sensorik und deren Automatisierung.
Metal‐Free and Fluorescent Diketopyrrolopyrrole Fluorophores for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hablot Delphine , Islam Ashraful , Han Liyuan , Ziessel Raymond
Published: April 2012

Novel metal‐free and fluorescent dipyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes consisting of a central bis(lactam)‐bearing pendent benzyl or branched hydrocarbon groups as solubilizing fragments and two orthogonal side arms (dimethylaminopropyne and benzoate anion) have been designed and synthesized. The UV/Vis absorption spectra recorded in THF are dominated by intense low‐energy π–π* absorptions centered at 488 nm or 602 nm, respectively, for the phenyl‐ or thiophene‐based DPP dyes. The fluorescence spectra also display broad bands at 555 nm (ΦF=0.57 and τF=4.6 ns) for the phenyl‐ and at 624 nm (ΦF=0.31 and τF=3.5 ns) for the thiophene‐based molecular structures. Under standard global AM 1.5G irradiation a maximum photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency of 2.54 % was achieved with dye‐sensitized solar cells based on nanocrystalline TiO2 (Jsc=7.5 mA cm−2, Voc=0.49 V, and FF=0.70) for the phenyl‐based DPP dye and 1.89 % (Jsc=7.1 mA cm−2, Voc=0.41 V, and FF=0.65) for the thiophene‐based DPP dye.
Development of CAD tools for nanomagnetic logic devices
Authors: Csaba György , Becherer Markus , Porod Wolfgang
Published: April 2012

Single‐domain models are widely used for the approximate description of nanoscale magnetic switching. The goal of this article is to demonstrate them as a computationally efficient and physically established tool for the modeling and design of nanomagnetic logic (NML) devices. We introduce a systematic method for deriving single‐domain parameters from numerical magnetic field calculations and investigate the validity of the single‐domain description for lithographically fabricated nanomagnets in the sub‐100‐nm size range. We illustrate how a library of NML building blocks can be constructed and aid the design of complex circuitry. It will be demonstrated how single‐domain models can be used to understand error formation in NML structures. The methods described here serve as a theoretical framework for a Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE)‐like modeling tool for NML devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncontrolled admixture and loss of genetic diversity in a local Vietnamese pig breed
Authors: Berthouly‐Salazar Cécile , Thévenon Sophie , Van Thu Nhu , Nguyen Binh Trong , Pham Lan Doan , Chi Cuong Vu , Maillard Jean‐Charles
Published: April 2012

The expansion of intensive livestock production systems in developing countries has increased the introduction of highly productive exotic breeds facilitating indiscriminate crossbreeding with local breeds. In this study, we set out to investigate the genetic status of the Vietnamese Black H’mong pig breed by evaluating (1) genetic diversity and (2) introgression from exotic breeds. Two exotic breeds, namely Landrace and Yorkshire used for crossbreeding, and the H’mong pig population from Ha Giang (HG) province were investigated using microsatellite markers. Within the province, three phenotypes were observed: a White, a Spotted and a Black phenotype. Genetic differentiation between phenotypes was low (0.5–6.1%). The White phenotypes showed intermediate admixture values between exotic breeds and the Black HG population (0.53), indicating a crossbreed status. Management practices were used to predict the rate of private diversity loss due to exotic gene introgressions. After 60 generations, 100% of Black private alleles will be lost. This loss is accelerated if the admixture rate is increased but can be slowed down if the mortality rate (e.g., recruitment rate) is decreased. Our study showed that a large number of markers are needed for accurately identifying hybrid classes for closely related populations. While our estimate of admixture still seems underestimated, genetic erosion can occur very fast even through indiscriminate crossbreeding.
Environmental Monitoring and Enforcement in Europe: A Review of Empirical Research
Authors: Tosun Jale
Published: April 2012

Environmental concerns have been moving up on the agendas of policy makers in industrialized states, mostly involving debates about the stringency of environmental regulation. There are, however, two sides to environmental regulation that deserve attention. On the one side, there are factors that affect the definition of environmental law. On the other side, laws cannot clean up the environment unless they are properly monitored and enforced by governments and their responsible agencies. Comparatively scant attention has been paid by political scientists to this latter aspect. This article addresses the issue of environmental monitoring and enforcement and reviews the empirical research on European states. While there is some promising research on individual states, cumulative knowledge is hampered by the limited number of comparative empirical assessments. The main reason for this deficit, however, can be seen in difficulties regarding measurement and data availability. Inspired by the reviewed literature, the article suggests a measurement that takes into account changes in the legal competences of the agencies responsible, which might be helpful in overcoming the impediment to comparative analysis. Yet improving our insights by means of comparison is only one of several points that constitute the research agenda with respect to the study of environmental monitoring and enforcement in Europe. Thus, another contribution of this article is the identification of promising avenues for future research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
FeCl3·6H2O and TfOH as Catalysts for Allylic Amination Reaction: A Comparative Study
Authors: Trillo Paz , Baeza Alejandro , Nájera Carmen
Published: April 2012

The use of FeCl3·6H2O and TfOH as readily available and easy‐to‐handle catalysts for the direct allylic amination reaction using a wide variety of nitrogenated nucleophiles onto different free allylic alcohols is described. Comparative studies between these catalysts, as representative Lewis and Brønsted acids are conducted, concluding that both are suitable catalysts for this transformation. The reactions are performed in a flask open to air and using technical grade 1,4‐dioxane. In light of the results obtained from this study it can be asserted that TfOH turned out to be slightly superior than the FeIII salt since similar or better yields are obtained in most of the cases using lower catalyst loadings and milder reaction conditions. A similar trend is observed when carbonucleophiles were employed in the allylic substitution reaction. Studies for the elucidation of the reaction mechanism are in agreement with a carbocationic intermediate, being the regioselectivity governed by the stability of the final product.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Amidation and Amination of 8‐Iodopurine
Authors: Chevot Franciane , Vabre Roxane , Piguel Sandrine , Legraverend Michel
Published: April 2012

The synthesis of 8‐amido‐ and 8‐aminopurines by a single palladium‐catalyzed protocol is reported. The method proceeds efficiently and tolerates a wide range of amides and amines as coupling partners, including aryl, alkyl, sulfone, and acetal amides, as well as deactivated m‐ and p‐nitroanilines. In this way, a library of new 6,8,9‐trisubstituted purines has been synthesized.
‘Too black or not black enough’: Social identity complexity in the political rhetoric of Barack Obama
Authors: Augoustinos Martha , De Garis Stephanie
Published: April 2012

The election of the first African‐American President of the United States, Barack Obama, has been widely recognised as an extraordinary milestone in the history of the United States and indeed the world. With the use of a discursive psychological approach combined with central theoretical principles derived from social identity and self‐categorisation theories, this paper analyses a corpus of speeches Obama delivered during his candidacy for president to examine how he attended to and managed his social identity in his political discourse. Building on a social identity model of leadership, we examine specifically how Obama mobilises political support and social identification by building an identity for himself as a prototypical representative of the American people, notwithstanding the protracted public debate within both the White and Black American communities that had questioned and contested Obama's identity. Moreover, we demonstrate how Obama managed the dilemmas around his identity by actively crafting an in‐group identity that was oriented to an increasingly socially diverse America—a diversity that he himself exemplified and embodied as a leader. As an ‘entrepreneur’ of identity, Obama's rhetorical project was to position himself as an exceptional leader, whose very difference was represented as ‘living proof’ of the widely shared collective values that constitute the ‘American Dream’. Drawing on social identity complexity theory, we suggest that by providing more inclusive and complex categories of civic and national identity, Obama's presidency has the potential to radically transform what it means to be a prototypical in‐group member in America. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitors of mitochondrial Kv1.3 channels induce Bax/Bak‐independent death of cancer cells
Authors: Leanza Luigi , Henry Brian , Sassi Nicola , Zoratti Mario , Chandy K. George , Gulbins Erich , Szabò Ildikò
Published: April 2012

Overcoming the resistance of tumours to chemotherapy, often due to downregulation of Bax and Bak, represents a significant clinical challenge. It is therefore important to identify novel apoptosis inducers that bypass Bax and Bak. Potassium channels are emerging as oncological targets and a crucial role of mitochondrial Kv1.3 in apoptosis has been demonstrated. Here we report for the first time that Psora‐4, PAP‐1 and clofazimine, three distinct membrane‐permeant inhibitors of Kv1.3, induce death by directly targeting the mitochondrial channel in multiple human and mouse cancer cell lines. Importantly, these drugs activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway also in the absence of Bax and Bak, a result in agreement with the current mechanistic model for mitochondrial Kv1.3 action. Genetic deficiency or short interfering RNA (siRNA)‐mediated downregulation of Kv1.3 abrogated the effects of the drugs. Intraperitoneal injection of clofazimine reduced tumour size by 90% in an orthotopic melanoma B16F10 mouse model in vivo, while no adverse effects were observed in several healthy tissues. The study indicates that inhibition of mitochondrial Kv1.3 might be a novel therapeutic option for the induction of cancer cell death independent of Bax and Bak.
Stability of algebraic multigrid for Stokes problems
Authors: Webster Ronald
Published: April 2012

An investigation is made of the performance of algebraic multigrid (AMG) solvers for the discrete Stokes problem. The saddle‐point formulations are based on the direct enforcement of the fundamental conservation laws in discrete spaces and subsequently stabilised with the aid of a regular splitting of the diffusion operator. AMG solvers based on an independent coarsening of the fields (the unknown approach) and also on a common coarsening (the point approach) are investigated. Both mixed‐order and equal‐order interpolations are considered. The dependence of convergence on the ‘degree of coarsening’ is investigated by studying the ‘convergence versus coarsening’ characteristics and their variation with mesh resolution. They show a consistency in shape, which reveals two distinct performance zones, one convergent the other divergent. The transition from the convergent to the divergent zones is discontinuous and occurs at a critical coarsening factor that is largely mesh independent. It signals a breakdown in the stability of the smoothing at the coarser levels of coarse grid approximation. It is shown that the previously observed, mesh‐dependent, scaling of convergence factors, which had suggested inconsistencies in the coarse grid approximation, is not a reliable marker of inconsistency. It is an indirect consequence of the breakdown in the stability of smoothing. For stable smoothing, reduction factors are shown to be largely mesh independent. The ability of mixed‐order interpolation to permit stable smoothing and therefore to deliver mesh‐independent convergence is explained. Two expedient options are suggested for obtaining mesh‐independent convergence for those AMG codes that are based on an equal‐order interpolation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting UK Industrial Production with Multivariate Singular Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Hassani Hossein , Heravi Saeed , Zhigljavsky Anatoly
Published: April 2012

In recent years the singular spectrum analysis (SSA) technique has been further developed and applied to many practical problems. The aim of this research is to extend and apply the SSA method, using the UK Industrial Production series. The performance of the SSA and multivariate SSA (MSSA) techniques was assessed by applying it to eight series measuring the monthly seasonally unadjusted industrial production for the main sectors of the UK economy. The results are compared with those obtained using the autoregressive integrated moving average and vector autoregressive models.

We also develop the concept of causal relationship between two time series based on the SSA techniques. We introduce several criteria which characterize this causality. The criteria and tests are based on the forecasting accuracy and predictability of the direction of change. The proposed tests are then applied and examined using the UK industrial production series. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memantine effects measured with the Relevant Outcome Scale for Alzheimer's disease in an open‐label, single‐arm, multicenter clinical study
Authors: Holthoff Vjera , Ferris Steven , Gauthier Serge , Ihl Ralf , Robert Philippe , Winblad Bengt , Sternberg Kati , Tennigkeit Frank ,   The ROSA Study Group
Published: April 2012

Objective

The Relevant Outcome Scale for Alzheimer's disease (ROSA) is a novel, valid, and reliable instrument for multidimensional assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms across all severity stages. The ROSA and four standard instruments — the Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive (ADAS‐cog), Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Disability Assessment for Dementia (DAD), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) — were used in an open‐label, multicenter, single‐arm clinical study to assess treatment‐induced changes in cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms in patients with AD at different severity stages.

Methods

A total of 451 patients were treated with memantine (initiated at 5 mg/day and up‐titrated with 5 mg weekly to a final dose of 20 mg/day) for 12 weeks. The study endpoints comprised changes from baseline in the scores of the ROSA, ADAS‐cog, SIB, DAD, and NPI as well as global changes on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI‐C). Analyses were performed for the overall population and by AD severity stage (early, middle, late).

Results

The ROSA scores increased significantly after a 12‐week treatment in all study groups except for early stage. Mean changes in the ADAS‐cog score indicated a trend towards worsening in early and middle stages. Non‐significant changes were shown by the SIB, NPI, and DAD assessments at week 12. The CGI‐C demonstrated ‘minimal improvement’ or ‘no change’ for most of the patients. Overall, memantine treatment was safe and well tolerated.

Conclusion

The results demonstrated the ROSA feasibility in daily practice for assessment of memantine effects over time in patients with moderate and late AD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyano‐Bridged ‘Oximato’ Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalase‐Like Activities
Authors: Karipcin Fatma , Culu Burcin , Sharma Saroj K. , Qanungo Kushal
Published: April 2012

The reaction of the ‘oximato’‐ligand precursor A (Fig. 1) and metal salts with KCN gave two mononuclear complexes [ML(CN)(H2O)n](ClO4) (1 and 2; L={N‐(hydroxy‐κO)‐α‐oxo‐N′‐[(pyridin‐2‐yl‐κN)methyl[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐ethanimidamidato‐κN′}; M=CoII (1), CuII (2); n=2 for CoII, n=0 for CuII; Figs. 2 and 3). The new cyano‐bridged pentanuclear ‘oximato’ complexes [{ML(H2O)n(NC)}4M1(H2O)x](ClO4)2 (3–6) and trinuclear complexes [{ML(H2O)n(NC)}2M1L](ClO4) (7–10) ([M1=MnII, CuII; x=2 for MnII, x=0 for CuII] were synthesized from mononuclear complexes and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, and IR and thermal analysis. The four [ML(CN)(H2O)n]+ moieties are connected by a metal(II) ion in the pentanuclear complexe 3–6, each one involving four cyano bridging ligands (Fig. 4). The central metal ion displays a square‐planar or octahedral geometry, with the cyano bridging ligands forming the equatorial plane. The axial positions are occupied by two aqua ligands in the case of the central Mn‐atom. The two [ML(CN)(H2O)n]+ moieties and an ‘oximato’ ligand are connected by a metal(II) ion in the trinuclear complexes 7–10, each one involving two cyano bridging ligands (Fig. 5). The central metal ions display a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry, with two cyano bridging ligands and the donor atoms of the tridentate ‘oximato’ ligand. Moreover catalytic activities of the complexes for the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were also investigated in the presence of 1H‐imidazole. The synthesized homopolynuclear CuII complexes 6 and 10 displayed eficiency in disproportion reactions of H2O2 producing H2O and dioxygen thus showing catalase‐like activity.
Highly cis‐Diastereoselective Synthesis of Coumarin‐Based 2,3‐Disubstituted Dihydrobenzothiazines by Organocatalysis
Authors: Khoobi Mehdi , Ramazani Ali , Foroumadi Alireza , Emami Saeed , Jafarpour Farnaz , Mahyari Amir , Ślepokura Katarzyna , Lis Tadeusz , Shafiee Abbas
Published: April 2012

An efficient and organocatalyzed asymmetric reaction of phenacyl halides with coumarin‐based dihydrobenzothiazoles was developed to afford cis‐2,3‐disubstituted 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzothiazines. This method provides a one‐step and highly diastereoselective route to a wide variety of coumarin‐based 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzothiazines using the cheap and commercially available Cinchona alkaloid quinine hydrochloride.
A New Prenylated Isoflavone and a New Flavonol Glycoside from Flemingia philippinensis
Authors: Fu Manqin , Feng Shixiu , Zhang Nenling , Zhou Xiaojun , Huang Riming , Huang Huijuan , Xu Zhifang , Li Xu‐e , Qiu Samuel X.
Published: April 2012

A new prenylated isoflavonoid, flemiphilippinin G (1), and a new flavonol glycoside, flemiphilippininside (2), along with eleven known isoflavonoids were obtained from the roots of Flemingia philippinensis (Merr. et Rolfe) Li. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. The in vitro cytotoxicities of compounds 1–13 against MCF‐7, A549, and Hep‐G2 cell lines were determined by using the MTT (=3‐(4,5‐dimethylthazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated by ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against all the tested cell lines with IC50 values of 4.8–7.3 μM, and compound 2 was found to be inactive. Both compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antioxidant activities with FRAP values of 110±15 and 124±16 μmol/g, respectively.
On‐Line Radical Scavenging Detection and Characterization of Antioxidants from Artemisia herba‐alba
Authors: Dahmani‐Hamzaoui Nacéra , Salido Sofía , Linares‐Palomino Pablo J. , Baaliouamer Aoumeur , Altarejos Joaquín
Published: April 2012

Four caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) derivatives, 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (1), 3,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (3), 4,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (4), and 3,4,5‐tri‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (5), have been isolated from Artemisia herba‐alba growing wild in Algeria, using the on‐line HPLCDADDPPH radical‐scavenging detection technique as guidance. In the course of the purification work, the non‐frequent (E)‐2‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐4‐methoxycinnamic acid (2) has also been isolated. The CQAs showed fair‐to‐good antioxidant activities determined by the DPPH. scavenging assay. The structures of the five isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. The on‐line HPLCDADDPPH technique allowed for a rapid pinpointing of antioxidants in the studied plant, accomplishing the facile guided isolation of the target molecules. Algerian A. herba‐alba could be an interesting source of natural antioxidants that deserve further work.
New Labdane‐Type Diterpenoids from Leonurus heterophyllus
Authors: Gong Hai‐Qun , Wang Rui , Shi Yan‐Ping
Published: April 2012

Chemical investigation of the aerial part of Leonurus heterophyllus led to the isolation and characterization of the seven labdane‐type diterpenoids 1–7, including six new ones, 1–6. Compounds 4 and 5 were isolated as a C(15) epimer pair. The determination of the structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were mainly based on 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic methods, and comparison of their NMR data with related compounds. The structure of compound 7 was confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis.
Verification and Biophysical Characterization of a New Three‐Color Förster Resonance‐Energy‐Transfer (FRET) System in DNA
Authors: Altevogt née Kienzler Andrea , Flehr Roman , Gehne Sören , Kumke Michael U. , Bannwarth Willi
Published: April 2012

We report on a new three‐color FRET system consisting of three fluorescent dyes, i.e., of a carbostyril (=quinolin‐2(1H)‐one)‐derived donor D, a (bathophenanthroline)ruthenium complex as a relay chromophore A1, and a Cy dye as A2 (FRET=Förster resonance‐energy‐transfer) (cf. Fig. 1). With their widely matching spectroscopic properties (cf. Fig. 2), the combination of these dyes yielded excellent FRET efficiencies. Furthermore, fluorescence lifetime measurements revealed that the long fluorescence lifetime of the Ru complex was transferred to the Cy dye offering the possibility to measure the whole system in a time‐resolved mode. The FRET system was established on double‐stranded DNA (cf. Fig. 3) but it should also be generally applicable to other biomolecules.
A focused immune response targeting the homotypic binding domain of the carcinoembryonic antigen blocks the establishment of tumor foci in vivo
Authors: Abdul‐Wahid Aws , Huang Eric H.‐B. , Lu Huixin , Flanagan Jean , Mallick Amirul Islam , Gariépy Jean
Published: April 2012

Metastatic forms of cancers remain the main cause of death in cancer patients. In this study, we demonstrate that directing a sustained antibody response towards the homotypic binding function of CEA interferes with the implantation and development of tumor foci in CEA‐expressing transgenic (CEA.Tg) mice. Specifically, vaccinating CEA.Tg mice with a recombinant, altered self‐form of the CEA Ig V‐like N domain led to the production of circulating IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies that inhibited CEA‐mediated adhesion of murine carcinoma expressing CEA (MC38.CEA) and mediated antibody‐dependent lysis of tumor cells. Moreover, vaccinated CEA.Tg mice were resistant to the development of tumor nodules in the lungs and the peritoneal cavity, suggesting that mounting a focused antibody response to the CEA N domain may represent a simple therapeutic strategy to control the establishment of metastatic foci in cancer patients.
Occurrence of vaccine and non‐vaccine human papillomavirus types in adolescent Finnish females 4 years post‐vaccination
Authors: Palmroth Johanna , Merikukka Marko , Paavonen Jorma , Apter Dan , Eriksson Tiina , Natunen Kari , Dubin Gary , Lehtinen Matti
Published: April 2012

Control of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related cancers by inclusion of HPV vaccination into national vaccination programmes is likely. One open question is replacement of the vaccine types with other high‐risk (hr) HPV types in the vaccination era. We studied occurrence of HPV types in adolescent females participating in a population‐based vaccination trial. A total of 4,808 16‐ to 17‐year‐old females from Finland were enrolled in the 1:1 randomized phase III (PATRICIA) trial of the efficacy of vaccination with the AS04‐adjuvanted HPV‐16/18 virus‐like particle vaccine as compared to hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine. HPV infection was assessed from cervical samples taken every 6 months for 4 years post‐vaccination by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genital oncogenic HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 58, 59, 66, 68, and 73 as well as low‐risk types HPV‐6 and HPV‐11. The HPV‐16/18 vaccine coverage ranged between 1 and 22% by age‐cohort and study community. Odds ratios (ORs) for infections with different HPV types in baseline PCR negative HPV‐16/18 vs. HAV vaccinated women, and Poisson regression derived HPV incidence rate ratios (IRRs) in baseline positive vs. negative women were calculated. The OR and IRR estimates for acquisition of any genital HPV types showed no excess risk neither in baseline HPV DNA‐negative HPV‐16/18‐vaccinated women compared to baseline HPV DNA‐negative HAV vaccinated women nor in HPV‐16/18‐vaccinated baseline HPV‐16/18‐positive women compared to baseline HPV‐16/18‐negative women. In the HAV‐vaccinated, baseline HPV‐18‐positive women showed an increased risk of acquiring other clade A7 HPV types (39, 45, 59, 68) (IRR 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.01.‐3.1). We found no increased occurrence of non‐vaccine HPV types suggestive of type‐replacement 1–4 years post‐vaccination among HPV‐16/18‐vaccinated Finnish adolescents.
The transient receptor potential vanilloid‐2 cation channel impairs glioblastoma stem‐like cell proliferation and promotes differentiation
Authors: Morelli Maria Beatrice , Nabissi Massimo , Amantini Consuelo , Farfariello Valerio , Ricci‐Vitiani Lucia , di Martino Simona , Pallini Roberto , Larocca Luigi Maria , Caprodossi Sara , Santoni Matteo , De Maria Ruggero , Santoni Giorgio
Published: April 2012

Malignant transformation of cells resulting from enhanced proliferation and aberrant differentiation is often accompanied by changes in transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels expression. In gliomas, recent evidence indicates that TRPV type 2 (TRPV2) negatively controls glioma cell survival and proliferation. In addition, cannabinoids, the ligands of both cannabinoid and TRPV2 receptors, promote glioblastoma stem‐like cells (GSCs) differentiation and inhibit gliomagenesis. Herein, we provide evidence on the expression of TRPV2 in human GSCs and that GSCs differentiation reduces nestin and progressively increases both the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and TRPV2 expression. Therefore, we evaluated the role of TRPV2 cation channel in GSC lines differentiation. Treatment of GSC lines with the TRPV antagonist Ruthenium Red, with ethylene glycol‐bis(2‐aminoethylether)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid or knockdown of TRPV2 gene during differentiation, decreases GFAP and class III beta‐tubulin (βIII‐tubulin) expression; conversely, phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate stimulates GSCs proliferation, reduces TRPV2 expression and partially reverts astroglial differentiation. In addition, forced TRPV2 expression in GSC lines by stable TRPV2 transfection increases GFAP and βIII‐tubulin expression and parallelly reduces proliferation. Finally, TRPV2 overexpression inhibits GSCs proliferation in a xenograft mouse model, as shown by reduced tumor diameter and mitotic index, and promotes the differentiation of GSCs toward a more mature glial phenotype. Overall, our results demonstrate that TRPV2 promotes in vitro and in vivo GSCs differentiation and inhibits their proliferation. Better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation of GSCs would lead to more specific and efficacious pharmacological approaches.
THE CHOICE OF AN INVOICING CURRENCY BY GLOBALLY OPERATING FIRMS: A FIRM‐LEVEL ANALYSIS OF JAPANESE EXPORTERS
Authors: Ito Takatoshi , Koibuchi Satoshi , Sato Kiyotaka , Shimizu Junko
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this paper is to identify determinants of currency invoicing among Japanese exporting firms with firm‐level data, overcoming the usual limitation of data availability, by interviewing 23 representative Japanese firms in three industries—automobile, electrical machinery and general machinery. Major findings are as follows. First, invoicing in the importer's currency is prevalent in exports to advanced countries, because most of exports by the globally operating firms are destined for local retail subsidiaries of respective firms, which conforms to the pricing‐to‐market behaviour discussed in the literature. Second, Japanese firms that export highly differentiated products or have a dominant share in the global market tend to invoice their exporting products in the yen both to advanced countries and to developing countries. Third, although Japanese firms have shifted their production bases to Asian countries, exports from Japan to these Asian production subsidiaries tend to be invoiced in US dollars as long as the final destination market is in the USA. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Values and Social Justice in Counseling
Authors: Crethar Hugh C. , Winterowd Carrie L.
Published: April 2012

The construct of social justice in counseling is defined and operationalized in this article. This is followed by a discussion about the intersection between social justice in counseling and philosophy, ethics, and spirituality. A call to action for counseling professionals is offered.
Christian Social Justice Advocate: Contradiction or Legacy?
Authors: Edwards Cher N.
Published: April 2012

In this article, the relationship between Christian religiosity and the principles of social justice is explored, including the sociopolitical aspects of faith and advocacy. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical legacy and theological relationships between Christianity and social justice. The author concludes with a call for increasingly overt and intentional social justice work among counselors who self‐identify as Christian.
Rejecting the Null: Research and Social Justice Means Asking Different Questions
Authors: Chapman Stephanie , Schwartz Jonathan P.
Published: April 2012

The focus of this article is on the specific ethical issues related to social justice research and the practical implications of engaging in social justice research, including the potential impact of research results on practice, policy, and advocacy at the local and national level. Specific recommendations are offered, including identifying research questions that advance social justice, managing researcher bias and power differentials, improving research methodologies, disseminating research, and giving back and advocating for social justice concerns.
Enhancing Social Justice by Promoting Prosocial Values in Career Development Interventions
Authors: Dik Bryan J. , Duffy Ryan D. , Steger Michael F.
Published: April 2012

In career counseling, social justice is typically integrated by helping oppressed groups navigate their way around obstacles of injustice while also working to dislodge the oppressive conditions from society. The authors affirm both of these courses of action while also advocating a third strategy: inviting clients to serve as agents of change by introducing and incorporating prosocial values into career development interventions. This article makes the case that this strategy may enhance client well‐being while simultaneously promoting harmony among organizations and society. Support for this strategy comes from theory, research, and the ethical approaches for working with values in counseling.
Forgive and Forget? Forgiveness, Personality, and Wellness Among Counselors‐in‐Training
Authors: Moorhead Holly J. Hartwig , Gill Carman , Minton Casey A. Barrio , Myers Jane E.
Published: April 2012

Forgiveness as a method of addressing “wounds” has been linked to enduring aspects of personality and improved physical and mental health outcomes. The aim of this study was to understand the effects of forgiveness on counseling students’ overall wellness. Counseling students (N= 115) from 5 universities completed self‐report measures of forgiveness, wellness, and personality. Results indicate that, when personality factors are controlled, forgiveness contributes a significant proportion (10%) of the variance in wellness for counseling students. Implications for counselor training and counseling are discussed.
Creating Personal Dispositions for a Professional Counseling Program
Authors: Spurgeon Shawn L. , Gibbons Melinda M. , Cochran Jeff L.
Published: April 2012

The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs requires counselor training programs to undergo systematic evaluation of trainees. This evaluation can be challenging at times. The authors posit the use of dispositions as a tool for ongoing assessment of student development by detailing the process used to establish dispositions in a counselor training program. Using an N= 1 intensive case study approach, they provide information about the relevance of dispositions in counselor training, the origin of dispositions for the program, and ongoing efforts to evaluate the dispositions in terms of their relevance to student growth. Implications for counselor training and curriculum development are discussed.
Collectivistic Self‐Construal and Forgiveness
Authors: Hook Joshua N. , Worthington Everett L. , Utsey Shawn O. , Davis Don E. , Burnette Jeni L.
Published: April 2012

This study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between collectivism and forgiveness. Participants (N= 298) completed measures of collectivistic self‐construal, forgiveness, and forgiveness‐related constructs. A collectivistic self‐construal was related to understanding forgiveness as an interpersonal process that involved reconciliation. Individuals with more collectivistic views reported higher trait forgivingness, which predicted the tendency to respond to specific offenses with decisional rather than emotional forgiveness. Individuals with a more collectivistic self‐construal may place more value on interpersonal harmony, reconciliation, and decisions to forgive rather than emotional peace. Implications suggest that counselors understand issues of conflict, hurts, and forgiveness within an assessment of clients’ self‐construal.
Applying Buddhist Practices to Recovery: What I Learned From Skiing With a Little Buddha Wisdom
Authors: Warren Jane
Published: April 2012

The author describes how 5 Buddhist practices—enlightenment, compassion, acceptance, mindfulness/meditation, and the spiritual community—can serve as a foundation for an integrated recovery model that incorporates numerous perspectives from the 12‐step program of Alcoholics Anonymous. An application of the model illustrates how it is applied to real‐life recovery.
A Social Support Intervention and Academic Achievement in College: Does Perceived Loneliness Mediate the Relationship?
Authors: Mattanah Jonathan F. , Brooks Leonie J. , Brand Bethany L. , Quimby Julie L. , Ayers Jean F.
Published: April 2012

The authors examined whether a social support intervention reduced loneliness and increased academic achievement among college freshmen. Eighty‐eight 1st‐year students randomly assigned to a social support group program reported less loneliness in the spring of their freshman year and obtained higher grade point averages in the fall of their sophomore year, compared with control participants, after controlling for demographic variables. Loneliness barely mediated the relationship between the social support intervention and academic achievement, suggesting other mechanisms by which the intervention enhanced academic performance.
Predictors of Familial Acculturative Stress in Asian American College Students
Authors: Castillo Linda G. , Zahn Marion P. , Cano Miguel A.
Published: April 2012

The authors examined the predictors of familial acculturative stress in 85 Asian American college students. Participants were primarily 1st‐ and 2nd‐generation U.S. citizens. Results showed that perceived acculturative family conflict and family intragroup marginalization were related to higher levels of familial acculturative stress for participants. Family intragroup marginalization accounted for a statistically significant proportion of the variance in familial acculturative stress after all variables were controlled. The findings emphasize the need to recognize culture‐specific stressors of college students. Implications for college counselors are discussed.
Calling and Career Counseling With College Students: Finding Meaning in Work and Life
Authors: Adams Christopher M.
Published: April 2012

College is often a period when students try to find purpose and meaning in their lives. As a result, counselors may need to help students understand their callings and how to meet these through school, work, and other life roles. This article introduces the concept of calling and reviews relevant research, offers suggestions for integrating it into career counseling with college students, and provides a case example.
An Acceptance and Mindfulness‐Based Approach to Social Phobia: A Case Study
Authors: Brady Victoria Popick , Whitman Sarah M.
Published: April 2012

Over the past few years, there has been a proliferation of theoretical discussions and empirical research on the use of acceptance and mindfulness‐based therapies to treat anxiety disorders. Because these treatment approaches are in their infancy, many clinicians may still be uncertain about how to apply such treatments in their work with clients. This case study demonstrates the successful use of an acceptance‐based approach for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in a student in a college counseling center.
Association for Humanistic Counseling: The Heart and Conscience of the Counseling Profession
Authors: PEREPICZKA MICHELLE , SCHOLL MARK B.
Published: April 2012

The history of the Association for Humanistic Counseling (AHC) can be traced back to 1931. Organization members documented the early development of the division and progress until the early 1980s in previous publications. In this article, AHC's dynamic history since the mid‐1980s is illustrated. The humanistic perspective of the division as well as its creed, leadership history, membership, publications, governance structure, and future directions are discussed.