bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levonorgestrel Microneedle Array Patch for Sustained Release Contraception: Formulation, Optimization and In Vivo Characterization
Authors: Rajput Amarjitsing , Osmani Riyaz Ali M. , Khire Achyut , Jaiswal Sanket , Banerjee Rinti
Published: April 2022

Background: The goal of this work was to develop a levonorgestrel liposome-loaded microneedle array patch for contraception. Methods: Levonorgestrel-loaded liposome was formulated by a solvent injection technique, characterized, and studied. Results: The formulated liposomes were characterized for particle size (147 ± 8 nm), polydispersity index (0.207 ± 0.03), zeta potential (−23 ± 4.25 mV), drug loading (18 ± 3.22%) and entrapment efficiency (85 ± 4.34%). A cryo high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and cryo field emission gun scanning electron microscopy study showed spherical shaped particles with a smooth surface. The in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed sustained behaviour of Levonorgestrel for 28 days. Conclusion: The levonorgestrel liposome-loaded microneedle array patch showed better contraception than the drug-loaded microneedle array patch.
Bioactive Terphenyls Isolated from the Antarctic Lichen Stereocaulon alpinum
Authors: Phi Kim-Hoa , Shin Min-Ji , Lee Seulah , So Jae Eun , Kim Ji Hee , Suh Sung-Suk , Koo Man Hyung , Shin Seung Chul , Kim Jin-Hyoung , Lee Jun Hyuck , Youn Ui Joung
Published: April 2022

Three p-terphenyls (2–4)—2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-p-terphenyl (2), 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-p-terphenyl (3), and 2,3,5,6-tetramethoxy-p-terphenyl (4)—were isolated for the first time as natural products along with seven known compounds (1, 5–10) from the Antarctic lichen Stereocaulon alpinum. Structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analyses of 1D and 2D NMR and HREIMS experiments. Compound 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells with the IC50 value of 3.76 ± 0.03 μM and also inhibited NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages with the IC50 value of 22.82 ± 0.015 μM.
Volumetric Scalability of Microfluidic and Semi-Batch Silk Nanoprecipitation Methods
Authors: Matthew Saphia A. L. , Rezwan Refaya , Perrie Yvonne , Seib F. Philipp
Published: April 2022

Silk fibroin nanoprecipitation by organic desolvation in semi-batch and microfluidic formats provides promising bottom-up routes for manufacturing narrow polydispersity, spherical silk nanoparticles. The translation of silk nanoparticle production to pilot, clinical, and industrial scales can be aided through insight into the property drifts incited by nanoprecipitation scale-up and the identification of critical process parameters to maintain throughout scaling. Here, we report the reproducibility of silk nanoprecipitation on volumetric scale-up in low-shear, semi-batch systems and estimate the reproducibility of chip parallelization for volumetric scale-up in a high shear, staggered herringbone micromixer. We showed that silk precursor feeds processed in an unstirred semi-batch system (mixing time > 120 s) displayed significant changes in the nanoparticle physicochemical and crystalline properties following a 12-fold increase in volumetric scale between 1.8 and 21.9 mL while the physicochemical properties stayed constant following a further 6-fold increase in scale to 138 mL. The nanoparticle physicochemical properties showed greater reproducibility after a 6-fold volumetric scale-up when using lower mixing times of greater similarity (8.4 s and 29.4 s) with active stirring at 400 rpm, indicating that the bulk mixing time and average shear rate should be maintained during volumetric scale-up. Conversely, microfluidic manufacture showed high between-batch repeatability and between-chip reproducibility across four participants and microfluidic chips, thereby strengthening chip parallelization as a production strategy for silk nanoparticles at pilot, clinical, and industrial scales.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Manganese Complexes Bearing Anionic PNP- and PCP-Type Pincer Ligands toward Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Kuriyama Shogo , Wei Shenglan , Kato Takeru , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: April 2022

A series of manganese complexes bearing an anionic pyrrole-based PNP-type pincer ligand and an anionic benzene-based PCP-type pincer ligand is synthesized and characterized. The reactivity of these complexes toward ammonia formation and silylamine formation from dinitrogen under mild conditions is evaluated to produce only stoichiometric amounts of ammonia and silylamine, probably because the manganese pincer complexes are unstable under reducing conditions.
Potential Immunogenic Activity of Computationally Designed mRNA- and Peptide-Based Prophylactic Vaccines against MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: A Reverse Vaccinology Approach
Authors: Khan Taimoor , Khan Abbas , Ansari Jawad Khaliq , Najmi Muzammil Hasan , Wei Dong-Qing , Muhammad Khalid , Waheed Yasir
Published: April 2022

The continued emergence of human coronaviruses (hCoVs) in the last few decades has posed an alarming situation and requires advanced cross-protective strategies against these pandemic viruses. Among these, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been highly associated with lethality in humans. Despite the challenges posed by these viruses, it is imperative to develop effective antiviral therapeutics and vaccines for these human-infecting viruses. The proteomic similarity between the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) among the three viral species offers a potential target for advanced cross-protective vaccine designs. In this study, putative immunogenic epitopes including Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTLs), Helper T Lymphocytes (HTLs), and Beta-cells (B-cells) were predicted for each RBD-containing region of the three highly pathogenic hCoVs. This was followed by the structural organization of peptide- and mRNA-based prophylactic vaccine designs. The validated 3D structures of these epitope-based vaccine designs were subjected to molecular docking with human TLR4. Furthermore, the CTL and HTL epitopes were processed for binding with respective human Lymphocytes Antigens (HLAs). In silico cloning designs were obtained for the prophylactic vaccine designs and may be useful in further experimental designs. Additionally, the epitope-based vaccine designs were evaluated for immunogenic activity through immune simulation. Further studies may clarify the safety and efficacy of these prophylactic vaccine designs through experimental testing against these human-pathogenic coronaviruses.
Modelling of Breath and Various Blood Volatilomic Profiles—Implications for Breath Volatile Analysis
Authors: Mochalski Paweł , King Julian , Mayhew Chris A. , Unterkofler Karl
Published: April 2022

Researchers looking for biomarkers from different sources, such as breath, urine, or blood, frequently search for specific patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), often using pattern recognition or machine learning techniques. However, they are not generally aware that these patterns change depending on the source they use. Therefore, we have created a simple model to demonstrate that the distribution patterns of VOCs in fat, mixed venous blood, alveolar air, and end-tidal breath are different. Our approach follows well-established models for the description of dynamic real-time breath concentration profiles. We start with a uniform distribution of end-tidal concentrations of selected VOCs and calculate the corresponding target concentrations. For this, we only need partition coefficients, mass balance, and the assumption of an equilibrium state, which avoids the need to know the volatiles’ metabolic rates and production rates within the different compartments.
Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Activities of Indian Camphorweed (Pluchea indica): A Multi-Potential Medicinal Plant of Nutritional and Ethnomedicinal Importance
Authors: Ibrahim Sabrin R. M. , Bagalagel Alaa A. , Diri Reem M. , Noor Ahmad O. , Bakhsh Hussain T. , Mohamed Gamal A.
Published: April 2022

Pluchea indica (L.) Less. (Asteraceae) commonly known as Indian camphorweed, pluchea, or marsh fleabane has gained great importance in various traditional medicines for its nutritional and medicinal benefits. It is utilized to cure several illnesses such as lumbago, kidney stones, leucorrhea, inflammation, gangrenous and atonic ulcer, hemorrhoids, dysentery, eye diseases, itchy skin, acid stomach, dysuria, abdominal pain, scabies, fever, sore muscles, dysentery, diabetes, rheumatism, etc. The plant or its leaves in the form of tea are commonly used for treating diabetes and rheumatism. The plant is a rich source of calcium, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and β-carotene. Various biomolecules have been isolated from P. indica, including thiophenes, terpenes, quinic acids, sterols, lignans, phenolics, and flavonoids. The current review reports detailed information about the phytoconstituents and pharmacological relevance of P. indica and the link to its traditional uses. The reported studies validated the efficacy and safety of P. indica, as well as supported its traditional uses for treating various ailments and promoting health and well-being. Thus, this could encourage the development of this plant into a healthy food supplement or medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. However, further studies on the drug interactions, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and metabolism, as well as clinical trials, should be carried out.
Hydrogel Emulsion with Encapsulated Safflower Oil Enriched with Açai Extract as a Novel Fat Substitute in Beef Burgers Subjected to Storage in Cold Conditions
Authors: Hanula Monika , Szpicer Arkadiusz , Górska-Horczyczak Elżbieta , Khachatryan Gohar , Pogorzelski Grzegorz , Pogorzelska-Nowicka Ewelina , Poltorak Andrzej
Published: April 2022

This study evaluates the effects of using a fat substitute in beef burgers composed of a hydrogel emulsion enriched with encapsulated safflower oil and açai extract. The influences of the fat substitute on the chemical (TBARS, fatty acids, and volatile compounds profile) and physical (weight loss, cooking loss, water-holding capacity, color, and texture analyses) characteristics of the burgers were analyzed after 0, 4 and 8 days of storage at 4 ± 1 °C. The obtained results were compared with control groups (20 g of tallow or 8 g of safflower oil). The fat substitute used improved burger parameters such as chewiness, hardness and the a* color parameter remained unchanged over storage time. The addition of açai extract slowed the oxidation rate of polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced the changes in the volatile compounds profile during the storage of burgers. The utilization of a fat substitute enriched the burgers with polyunsaturated fatty acids and lowered the atherogenic index (0.49 raw, 0.58 grilled burger) and the thrombogenicity index (0.8 raw, 1.09 grilled burger), while it increased the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (2.59 raw, 2.09 grilled burger) of consumed meat. Thus, the application of the presented fat substitute in the form of a hydrogel enriched with açai berry extract extended the shelf life of the final product and contributed to the creation of a healthier meat product that met the nutritional recommendations.
Defining the Role of Isoeugenol from Ocimum tenuiflorum against Diabetes Mellitus-Linked Alzheimer’s Disease through Network Pharmacology and Computational Methods
Authors: Martiz Reshma Mary , Patil Shashank M. , Abdulaziz Mohammed , Babalghith Ahmed , Al-Areefi Mahmoud , Al-Ghorbani Mohammed , Mallappa Kumar Jayanthi , Prasad Ashwini , Mysore Nagalingaswamy Nagendra Prasad , Ramu Ramith
Published: April 2022

The present study involves the integrated network pharmacology and phytoinformatics-based investigation of phytocompounds from Ocimum tenuiflorum against diabetes mellitus-linked Alzheimer’s disease. It aims to investigate the mechanism of the Ocimum tenuiflorum phytocompounds in the amelioration of diabetes mellitus-linked Alzheimer’s disease through network pharmacology, druglikeness and pharmacokinetics, molecular docking simulations, GO analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy analyses. A total of 14 predicted genes of the 26 orally bioactive compounds were identified. Among these 14 genes, GAPDH and AKT1 were the most significant. The network analysis revealed the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway to be a prominent pathway linked to GAPDH with 50.53% probability. Upon the molecular docking simulation with GAPDH, isoeugenol was found to possess the most significant binding affinity (−6.0 kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation results also predicted that isoeugenol forms a stable protein–ligand complex with GAPDH, where the phytocompound is predicted to chiefly use van der Waal’s binding energy (−159.277 kj/mol). On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that isoeugenol from Ocimum tenuiflorum could be taken for further in vitro and in vivo analysis, targeting GAPDH inhibition for the amelioration of diabetes mellitus-linked Alzheimer’s disease.
β-Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Recognition of bis-Cationic Dithienylethenes
Authors: Bianchini Giulio , Bazan Mattia , Fabris Fabrizio , Scarso Alessandro
Published: April 2022

The supramolecular interactions in water between β-cyclodextrin and the open and closed photochromic forms of two bis-cationic dithienylethenes, characterized by different electronic properties, were investigated aiming at underlying the key aspects of the recognition process. The dithienylethene equipped with the cyclopentenyl unit showed a difference in binding free energies to the β-cyclodextrin between the open and closed photochromic forms of about 1 kJ/mol. Conversely, the dithienylethene equipped with the perfluorinated cyclopentenyl unit not only was a better guest but showed a three times higher difference in the binding of free energies between the open and closed isomers.
Less Virulent Leptosphaeria biglobosa Immunizes the Canola Plant to Resist Highly Virulent L. maculans, the Blackleg Pathogen
Authors: Padmathilake Kaluhannadige Rasanie Eranka , Fernando Wannakuwattewaduge Gerard Dilantha
Published: April 2022

Leptosphaeria biglobosa is a less virulent Leptosphaeria spp. that causes blackleg disease in canola. Previous studies from our lab have shown that inoculation with the less virulent L. biglobosa can boost the resistance of canola plants against the highly virulent L. maculans. The objective of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of L. biglobosa as a biocontrol agent against L. maculans utilizing morphology, fluorescence microscopy, gene quantification, and transcriptomic analysis. The in planta development of two Leptosphaeria species inoculated at different time points was assessed using fluorescent protein-tagged isolates which are GFP-tagged L. maculans and DsRed-tagged L. biglobosa. The growth inhibition of L. maculans by pre-and co-inoculated L. biglobosa was supported by no lesion development on cotyledons and no or weak fluorescence protein-tagged mycelia under the confocal microscope. The host defense-related genes, WRKY33, PR1, APX6, and CHI, were upregulated in L. biglobosa inoculated Westar cotyledons compared to L. maculans inoculated cotyledons. The quantification of each pathogen through qPCR assay and gene expressions analysis on host defense-related genes by RT-qPCR confirmed the potential of L. biglobosa “brassicae’ in the management of the blackleg disease pathogen, L. maculans ‘brassicae’, in canola.
Detection of QTLs for Plant Height Architecture Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Association Mapping and the RSTEP-LRT Method
Authors: Sitoe Hélder Manuel , Zhang Yuanqing , Chen Siqi , Li Yulong , Ali Mehtab , Sowadan Ognigamal , Karikari Benjamin , Liu Erbao , Dang Xiaojing , Qian Hujun , Hong Delin
Published: April 2022

Plant height (PH) and its component traits are critical determinants of lodging resistance and strongly influence yield in rice. The genetic architecture of PH and its component traits were mined in two mapping populations. In the natural population composed of 504 accessions, a total of forty simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with PH and its component traits were detected across two environments via association mapping. Allele RM305-210 bp on chromosome 5 for PH had the largest phenotypic effect value (PEV) (−51.42 cm) with a reducing effect. Allele RM3533-220 bp on chromosome 9 for panicle length and allele RM264-120 bp on chromosome 8 for the length of upper first elongated internode (1IN) showed the highest positive PEV. Among the elongated internodes with negative effects being desirable, the allele RM348-130 bp showed the largest PEV (−7.48 cm) for the length of upper second elongated internode. In the chromosome segment substitution line population consisting of 53 lines, a total of nine QTLs were detected across two environments, with the phenotypic variance explained (PVE) ranging 10.07–28.42%. Among the detected QTLs, q1IN-7 explained the largest PVE (28.42%) for the 1IN, with an additive of 5.31 cm. The favorable allele RM257-125 bp on chromosome 9 for the 1IN increasing was detected in both populations. The favorable alleles provided here could be used to shape PH architecture against lodging.
The Dynamics of Phosphorus Uptake and Remobilization during the Grain Development Period in Durum Wheat Plants
Authors: El Mazlouzi Mohamed El , Morel Christian , Robert Thierry , Chesseron Coralie , Salon Christophe , Cornu Jean-Yves , Mollier Alain
Published: April 2022

Post-anthesis phosphorus (P) uptake and the remobilization of the previously acquired P are the principal sources of grain P nutrition in wheat. However, how the acquired P reaches the grains and its partitioning at the whole plant level remain poorly understood. Here, the temporal dynamics of the newly acquired P in durum wheat organs and its allocation to grain were examined using pulse-chase 32P-labeling experiments at 5 and 14 days after anthesis. Durum wheat plants were grown hydroponically under high and low P supplies. Each labeling experiment lasted for 24 h. Plants were harvested 24, 48, and 96 h after labeling. Low and high P treatments significantly affected the allocation of the newly acquired P at the whole plant level. Three days (96 h) after the first 32P-labeling, 8% and 4% of the newly acquired P from exogenous solution were allocated to grains, 73% and 55% to the remainder aboveground organs, and 19% and 41% to the roots at low and high P supplies, respectively. Three days after the second labeling, the corresponding values were 48% and 20% in grains, 44% and 53% in the remainder aboveground organs, and 8% and 27% in roots at low and high P supplies, respectively. These results reveal that the dynamics of P allocation to grain was faster in plants grown under low P supply than under high supply. However, the obtained results also indicate that the origin of P accumulated in durum wheat grains was mainly from P remobilization with little contribution from post-anthesis P uptake. The present study emphasizes the role of vegetative organs as temporary storage of P taken up during the grain filling period before its final allocation to grains.
A Combined Elevation Angle and C/N0 Weighting Method for GNSS PPP on Xiaomi MI8 Smartphones
Authors: Li Yanjie , Cai Changsheng , Xu Zhenyu
Published: April 2022

Traditionally, an elevation-angle-dependent weighting method is usually used for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning with a geodetic receiver. As smartphones adopt linearly polarized antenna and low-cost GNSS chips, different GNSS observation properties are exhibited. As a result, a carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0)-dependent weighting method is mostly used for smartphone-based GNSS positioning. However, the C/N0 is subject to the effects of the observation environment, resulting in an unstable observation weight. In this study, we propose a combined elevation angle and C/N0 weighting method for smartphone-based GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) by normalizing the C/N0-derived variances to the scale of the elevation-angle-derived variances. The proposed weighting method is validated in two kinematic PPP tests with different satellite visibility conditions. Compared with the elevation-angle-only and C/N0-only weighting methods, the combined weighting method can effectively enhance the smartphone-based PPP accuracy in a three-dimensional position by 22.7% and 24.2% in an open-sky area, and by 52.0% and 26.0% in a constrained visibility area, respectively.
Alleviation of Salt-Inhibited Germination and Seedling Growth of Kidney Bean by Seed Priming and Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid (SA) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Authors: Tania Shaila Shermin , Rhaman Mohammad Saidur , Rauf Farjana , Rahaman Md. Moklasur , Kabir Muhammad Humayun , Hoque Md. Anamul , Murata Yoshiyuki
Published: April 2022

Salinity is a dominant obstacle to the proper germination of seeds, growth of seedlings, and, consequently, the production of crops. The priming of seeds with different treating agents can efficiently impart salinity tolerance. Kidney bean is a nutritious and popular vegetable crop in the world. Literature shows that salt stress negatively disturbs the germination and growth of kidney beans. In the present research, we investigated the potentiality of salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as priming and exogenous agents to alleviate the salinity-inhibited germination and growth of kidney beans. The seeds were pretreated with SA (1 mM and 2 mM) and H2O2 (0.1 mM and 0.15 mM) and soaked in normal tap water (hydro-priming) for 60 min. In addition, for the control experiment, untreated seeds were used. Finally, primed seeds were subjected to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). Our results exhibited that salt stress considerably lowered the percentage of germination (GP), germination index (GI), seed vigor index (SVI), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot–root fresh and dry biomass, and plant growth. The results also exhibited that salt stress significantly decreased the relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, and beta-carotene contents. The SA- and H2O2- and hydro-priming stimulated the GP, GI, SL, RL, SVI, and seedling growth. Data also revealed that the supplementation of SA and H2O2 enhanced RWC and photosynthetic pigments. When compared to other treatments, pretreatment with 1 mM SA was determined to be comparatively more effective at imparting the salt tolerance of kidney beans. Overall, these results, via a heatmap and principal component analysis, uncovered that priming and exogenous applications of SA and H2O2 can improve salt tolerance and enhance germination and seedling characteristics of kidney beans.
Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Their Part towards Sustainable Community Development
Authors: Abiddin Norhasni Zainal , Ibrahim Irmohizam , Abdul Aziz Shahrul Azuwar
Published: April 2022

Background: Alternative healthcare, community development, social justice, and education are all areas where non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are increasingly being recognised or promoted, but these efforts are hampered by government inefficiency and resource constraints. However, the statement of non-profit organisations is more complicated than simply comparing them to the government, as they may also suffer from a lack of resources and ineffective management, just like the government. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and impact of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) towards Sustainable Community Development in and to identify the challenges these organisations face. Method: Throughout this investigation, a wide range of sources from academic journals, reports, and even company websites were consulted to gather data. This article includes data on the number of NGOs in Malaysia, which can help us obtain a better sense of the sector. To find out just how rapidly these non-profits are expanding, the project’s goal is to track their progress. A systematic literature review method was used to screen the retrieved articles from three online databases. Findings: Eight articles have been chosen for further analysis in this study. In total, four challenges and four recommendations have been identified. Conclusions: To that end, this article offers some suggestions for improving already-existing non-profit organisations so that they serve the community as a whole.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Lignin-Derived High Surface Area Carbons
Authors: Suzanowicz Artur M. , Lee Youngjin , Schultz Abigail , Marques Otavio J. J. , Lin Hao , Segre Carlo U. , Mandal Braja K.
Published: April 2022

Activated carbons play an essential role in developing new electrodes for renewable energy devices due to their electrochemical and physical properties. They have been the subject of much research due to their prominent surface areas, porosity, light weight, and excellent conductivity. The performance of electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is highly related to the morphology of porous carbon electrodes, where high surface area and pore size distribution are proportional to capacitance to a significant extent. In this work, we designed and synthesized several activated carbons based on lignin for both supercapacitors and Li-S batteries. Our most favorable synthesized carbon material had a very high specific surface area (1832 m2·g−1) and excellent pore diameter (3.6 nm), delivering a specific capacitance of 131 F·g−1 in our EDLC for the initial cycle. This translates to an energy density of the supercapacitor cell at 55.6 Wh·kg−1. Using this material for Li-S cells, composited with a nickel-rich phosphide and sulfur, showed good retention of soluble lithium polysulfide intermediates by maintaining a specific capacity of 545 mA·h·g−1 for more than 180 cycles at 0.2 C.
proses sekuritisasi pandemi covid-19 di indonesia
Authors: Nugroho Wahyudiono Tegar Ongky Heri
Published: April 2022

Berdasarkan laporan World Health Organization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan yang telah menjadi epidemik di kurang lebih 213 negara di seluruh dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Sebelum kasus COVID-19 pertama yang dikonfirmasi di Indonesia, tanggapan pemerintah Indonesia, yang diwakili oleh pejabat tingkat tinggi, menunjukkan kurangnya kesadaran. Beberapa situasi kemudian menjadi titik balik bagi Pemerintah Indonesia yang sejak saat itu lebih fokus menangani wabah COVID-19. Melalui penelitian ini, penulis bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlakuan Pemerintah Indonesia terhadap COVID-19 dari masalah kesehatan hingga masalah keamanan. Oleh karena itu, teori sekuritisasi yang berfokus pada komponen sekuritisasi dari Buzan akan digunakan sebagai kerangka analisis dalam penelitian ini. Selain itu, tata kelola kesehatan global juga digunakan sebagai acuan untuk mendukung pernyataan penulis. Untuk menjelaskan tindakan Pemerintah Indonesia, penelitian ini akan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan fokus pada observasi literasi melalui berita online yang berkaitan dengan isu tersebut.
MOLECULAR, MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTINOMYCETES AND THEIR ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY AGAINST PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI
Authors: Pérez-Corral Daniel Alonso , Ornelas-Paz José de Jesús , Olivas-Orozco Guadalupe Isela , Acosta-Muñiz Carlos Horacio , Salas-Marina Miguel Ángel , Berlanga-Reyes David I. , Ruiz-Cisneros María Fernanda , Rios-Velasco Claudio
Published: April 2022

Plants are susceptible to a wide variety of pathogens that can affect their physiology, growth and cause death. Synthetic fungicides are used for fungal control; however, these chemicals can be harmful to the environment and favor the development of resistance; therefore, as a viable alternative, antagonistic fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes can be used in agriculture as biocontrol agents. A total of 1763 isolates of actinomycete were obtained from soil samples from different agroecosystems in Chihuahua, Mexico. Forty-four isolates were analyzed for their morphology, molecular characteristics, ability to hydrolyze various substrates, ability to use different energy sources and antagonistic activity. The isolated actinomycetes belong to the genera Amycolatopsis,  Saccharopolyspora, Nocardioides and Streptomyces, according to molecular identification of the 16S rRNA gene. Streptomyces was the most abundant (90.9 %). Most of the selected isolates produced siderophores (93.2 %) and indole acetic acid (66 %). Isolates preferably used soluble starch among 19 tested energy sources. Confrontation studies of isolates with Fusarium equiseti, F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternata and Sclerotium rolfsii showed inhibition of radial growth (IRG) of 0.3- 92.1 %, 0-98.5 %, 0.4-96.9 %, and 0.2-100 %, respectively. Isolates A07 (Streptomyces cangkringensis CIAD-CA07), A27 (Streptomyces misionensisCIAD-CA27) and A45 (Streptomyces kanamyceticus CIAD-CA45) showed IRG values larger than 50 % against the four fungi. Isolate A27 caused the highest IRG values (92.1- 99.1 %), with S. rolfsii being the most susceptible fungus and F. equiseti the most resistant one. Results demonstrated the wide abundance and diversity of actinomycetes in agroecosystems. Some of the isolated actinomycetes showed high antagonistic activity and might be used as biological control agents of phytopathogenic fungi.
El derecho natural comunitario y la comunidad prepolítica: una contribución de Francisco Suárez a la “defensa de los indios” en América
Authors: Boceta Fernández Roberto
Published: April 2022

Francisco Suárez tuvo una gran visión histórica en descubrir el derecho natural comunitario. Este derecho era esencial para la “defensa de los indios” en América. Los castellanos encontraron numerosos territorios sin organización estatal en América. Ginés de Sepúlveda consideró que esta situación, de no tener Estado, los remitía a la situación de «esclavos por naturaleza» y por lo tanto no tenían derecho a la propiedad y al gobierno propio. Para combatir esa nefasta idea, que era apoyada por los conquistadores, Suárez defendió que las comunidades y poblaciones desprovistas de estructura política, seguían teníendo una amplia capacidad jurídica y por lo tanto eran sujetos de derecho privado y público en virtud de un derecho natural comunitario. El derecho natural comunitario de Suárez, equivaldría actualmente, al derecho natural público, un campo que hoy en día prácticamente no es tratado, ya que los especialistas solo hablan del derecho público positivo. El derecho natural comunitario de Suárez es una institución divina preestatal y prepolítica que sirve de base al derecho positivo en todas sus ramas, lo mismo que la ley natural es fundamento de todas las leyes positivas. Este derecho natural comunitario se caracteriza por: a) por ser natural, es anterior al Estado y por tanto afecta a la familia, a la tribu y a las agrupaciones sociales imperfectas, que tienen obligaciones y derechos naturales congénitos a los pueblos y a los individuos en cualquier situación cultural y política; b) por ser preestatal y prepolítico el derecho natural comunitario es derecho natural social, propio de personas jurídicas integrantes de la comunidad humana universal.
Fraternidad, descolonización y educación los caminos descolonizadores de la educación boliviana
Authors: Ariñez Roca Néstor S.
Published: April 2022

El artículo escrito en 2011 tiene como telón de fondo una marcha de pueblos indígenas violentamente reprimida por el gobierno de Evo Morales. El tema central del texto aborda la idea de fraternidad como condición y horizonte de la igualdad, y al mismo tiempo la igualdad como retroalimentadora y dinamizadora de la fraternidad. Desde esta mirada, el autor reflexiona acerca de las posibilidades fraternizadoras que supone el discurso descolonizador e intercultural presente en la ley educativa Avelino Siñani – Elizardo Pérez promulgada el año 2010. Más que proporcionar respuestas se plantean interrogantes para superar algunas prácticas colonizadoras presentes en la educación boliviana a través de caminos de fraternidad.
Trabajo social: ¿disciplina o tecnología social? Algunas puntualizaciones de orden epistemológico
Authors: Chinche Calizaya Saúl
Published: April 2022

Los inicios del trabajo social bien pueden ser considerados como turbulentos e inestables en términos de su precisión y solidez teórico-conceptual, principalmente en razón a la debilidad estructural con la que irrumpe en el escenario del mundo académico enmarcado en las ciencias sociales. Esta situación de algún modo, ha contribuido a la profundización del debate epistemológico en torno a identificarla como tecnología social o bien visualizarla como disciplina científica adscrita al ámbito de las Ciencias Sociales. De ahí que resulta interesante observar que en el proceso de su construcción histórica, se encuentre impregnada por una fuerte heterogeneidad que a modo de péndulo, la sitúa en torno a dos orientaciones: por un lado la investigación y, por el otro, la acción como tal.
Abordaje Teórico del proceso comunicacional asociado al cine
Authors: Aguirre Borcezi Nataniel Octavio
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo expone la importancia de la formación profesional como condición para la agencia de procesos comunicacionales que afectan la dimensión simbólica del cine. La cultura y la identidad son aspectos esenciales, mutuamente afectados en los procesos interpretativos. Por este motivo, la hermenéutica adquiere relevancia, como herramienta para hacer efectivo el abordaje práctico de los diferentes elementos y actores de dicho proceso de comunicación en sus contextos. En este sentido, se plantean las perspectivas del sistemismo a través del pensamiento complejo (Morin) y la teoría de la estructuración (Giddens) como puntos de partida para el presente enfoque teórico. Esta propuesta teórica es uno de los aspectos abordados por un amplio trabajo de investigación social llevado a cabo por el autor.
Estructuralismo en ciencias sociales. El estructuralismo general y sus modalidades disciplinarias
Authors: Ojeda Copa Alex
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un enfoque general del estructuralismo que abarque todas las ciencias sociales, para luego mostrar sus variantes en los estructuralismos particulares de algunas de sus disciplinas más importantes. La motivación detrás de ello consiste en mostrar la vigencia, riqueza y utilidad del concepto de estructura y del estructuralismo, frente al desplazamiento hacía la subjetividad que en el último tiempo la hermenéutica, los estudios culturales y el pensamiento posmoderno han operado en la investigación social.
La motivación hacia la carrera musical, en estudiantes de música de una escuela cochabambina
Authors: Gaver Calderón Belén
Published: April 2022

El presente artículo muestra la síntesis de un estudio que tuvo como objetivo investigar los tipos de motivación hacia el estudio de la carrera musical y las atribuciones causales en estudiantes de una escuela de música ubicada en la ciudad de Cochabamba. Gracias a esta investigación se logró identi- ficar los tipos de motivación en esta población y los factores que afectan directa o indirectamente al incremento o disminución de los mismos. Cabe mencionar que esta investigación aportará una mirada novedosa hacia el desarrollo y desempe- ño de la carrera musical en Bolivia. Esta información servirá tanto, a la escuela participante, como a la carrera de psicología; ya que existen muy pocas investigaciones en Bolivia que traten este tema. Además, la investigación aporta de manera metodológica con la adaptación que se hizo de la escala CEAP48 y con la construcción de los modelos de entrevistas semi estructuradas, sin mencionar que la investigación en sí, es un aporte procedimental importante.
Implementación del tratamiento penitenciario de preliberación en la ley de ejecución penal y supervisión
Authors: Camacho Rocabado Gabriela
Published: April 2022

De acuerdo con la finalidad que cumple la sanción, debe acompañarse la búsqueda de la readaptación de la conducta del que fue sancionado y prepararlo para su libertad con una serie de mecanismos de apoyo. Con el vacío que tiene la Ley de Ejecución Penal y Supervisión (LEPS) Nº 2298, la preparación hacia el interno próximo a recuperar su libertad no estaría contemplada en la mencionada norma; por tanto, surgió la pregunta de cuáles son los lineamientos que debería contener la LEPS Nº 2298, para la implementación del tratamiento penitenciario de preliberación. El campo de estudio donde se desarrolló la investigación fue en los conocidos establecimientos penitenciarios San Sebastián Mujeres y Varones de la ciudad de Cochabamba. La metodología que se utilizó por la naturaleza de esta investigación fue en un primer momento el estudio de la doctrina referente al tema, seguida de la normativa y derecho comparado y por último se realizaron entrevistas a especialistas en el tema y se formuló una propuesta que ayude a mejorar estas condiciones.
La poética del círculo
Authors: Gutiérrez Moscoso Iván
Published: April 2022

“La poética del círculo” es una reflexión interpretativa acerca del trabajo narrativo del escritor Oscar Cerruto y su libro de cuentos “Cerco de penumbras”. Aporte valioso por sus cualidades narrativas, estéticas y conceptuales. Pero el interés principal en la obra se concentra en el desarrollo de características muy particulares de llevar la tensión en los relatos y como el estilo del autor se vuelve determinante para el manejo de atmosferas desconcertantes y de replanteamientos de la experiencia de la lectura en el intento de resolver el enigma literario de la obra. Lo que hace que sea una propuesta que nos puede conducir desde una lectura actual a indagar en una poética del terror o de lo siniestro desde la forma en la que se activa la violencia del misterio en lo cotidiano.
Wak ́a sayarisan. Formas (otras) de comunicación a partir de las interacciones desarrolladas en un ciclo ritual-festivo andino
Authors: Galindo Quispe Gari
Published: April 2022

Esta investigación estudia las interacciones, humanas y simbólicas, desarrolladas en el ciclo ritual-festivo 2017-2018 en comunidades de la provincia Tiraque-Cochabamba. Con base al enfoque de descolonización, se partió de la hipótesis de que estas interacciones podían propiciar formas (otras) de conocimiento en el campo de la comunicación. La meta fue trascender del entendido mediático de Comunicación hacia un área antropológica, social y comunitaria. Las wak ́as se levantan, vuelven a la vida (Wak ́a sayarisan) a través del ejercicio ritual de las interacciones. El respeto y la relación que tienen las comunidades hacia estas energías constituirán formas (otras) de ver el mundo, de conocer y sentir. El objetivo es indagar en la manera en que las interacciones, desarrolladas en un ciclo ritual-festivo, generan formas (otras) de comunicación distintas a la visión mediática de este campo.
Homenaje a José Carrasco Torrico: un constitucionalista postergado en su tierra
Authors: Cruz Apaza Rodrigo René
Published: April 2022

Motivado por el deber académico de rendir tributo a uno de nuestros constitucionalistas relegado por la historia y las bibliotecas públicas, el objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las enseñanzas constitucionales de José Carrasco Torrico, quien nos legó en su obra “Estudios Constitucionales” sabios consejos para una óptima dinámica de los órganos del Estado.
Alimento, territorio y desarrollo integral: potenciando sistemas alimentarios integrales
Authors: Nogales María Teresa
Published: April 2022

Los sistemas alimentarios se constituyen a partir de la suma de múltiples factores, actores, interacciones y transacciones que hacen posible alimentar a las personas, todos los días, a lo largo de los años, en todas las regiones del mundo. Frente a una población mundial en crecimiento, el acceso a los alimentos dependerá, sin duda, de la capacidad de garantizar el funcionamiento y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas alimentarios; así como de la mitigación de las desigualdades socioeconómicas y territoriales que impiden a millones de personas acceder a alimentos en el día a día. En este marco y con miras a generar empleo, reducir las vulnerabilidades ante el desabastecimiento y garantizar sostenibilidad a largo plazo, desarrollar sistemas alimentarios integrales se presenta como una oportunidad para generar múltiples beneficios sociales y económicos, que además irá repercutiendo en una mayor articulación entre lo urbano y lo rural, así como entre regiones. Sin duda, existen grandes potenciales de desarrollo en torno a cadenas alimentarias, tanto de alimentos frescos como secos; especialmente de aquéllas que ya se encuentran presentes en un territorio.
Estimación de la manutención infantil para hogares monoparentales en las ciudades capitales de Bolivia
Authors: Choque Edison , Salamanca Carla , Quehui Isabel
Published: April 2022

El estudio ofrece una metodología que combina el enfoque marginal y per cápita-promedio para la estimación de la manutención infantil. Se utiliza la encuesta de presupuestos familiares 2015-2016 para los hogares que están por encima de la línea de pobreza moderada de cinco ciudades capitales y la metrópoli de La Paz, en Bolivia. Según los resultados, la manutención infantil mensual se encuentra entre Bs. 1,045 (Sucre) y Bs. 1,509 (Trinidad) en hogares con un niño en educación pública. Si la educación es privada, este cálculo asciende a Bs 1,570 (La Paz-metrópoli) y Bs 1,959 (Trinidad). En la metrópoli de La Paz, la manutención infantil representa el 67% y 87% del salario mínimo nacional cuando el niño estudia en una escuela fiscal y privada, respectivamente. Se evidencia que estos porcentajes son superiores al mínimo del 20% que establece el Código de las Familias y del Proceso Familiar (Ley N°603, 2014).
Rational Bubbles and the S&P 500. An empirical approach
Authors: Martínez Óscar
Published: April 2022

We analyze if the dynamics of the S&P500 resemble those of a rational bubble. We find positive evidence in this question by applying the Kalman Filter to a suitable asset pricing model proposed and our conclusion is robust to three different stochastic discount factors SDFs considered: Linear Utility, Log Utility and CRRA utility. We also find evidence of a relationship between the type of SDF and the size of a bubble in the S&P500 case.
Una revisión a la Curva de Phillips en Bolivia
Authors: Mora Barrenechea Mauricio
Published: April 2022

El presente documento realiza una investigación empírica exploratoria sobre el estado de la pendiente de la Curva de Phillips para la economía boliviana con datos trimestrales, para el periodo entre 1992T2–2019T4, empleando el Método Generalizado de Momentos (GMM) con regresiones recursivas. Para tal efecto, se estimó una brecha de producto consistente con la teoría económica. Se encuentra que la brecha del producto tiene un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la inflación en el corto plazo, por lo que la Curva de Phillips se cumple. Más aún, se habría fortalecido el vínculo entre la inflación y el ciclo económico en los últimos años. Si bien la inercia inflacionaria es el principal determinante en la formación de precios, la importancia de las expectativas aumentó con el tiempo. Por su parte, el efecto del sector externo disminuyó en el último lustro.
Graphing and Measuring COVID-19’s First Wave Impact on the Bolivian Economy: Facing the Unknown.
Authors: Barja Gover
Published: April 2022

The Bolivian monthly index of economic activity along with ARMA models are used in an attempt to graph and measure the impact of COVID-19’s pandemic on the Bolivian economy. The accumulated difference between the observed and counterfactual values, show an overall 12.6% loss of economic activity in the 10 months from February to November 2020 of the first COVID-19 wave, with a tilted W-shape short-run recovery just before the beginning of the second wave in December 2020. Breakdown into the twelve Bolivian economic sectors show wide heterogeneity in depth of impact and speeds of recovery during the same period.
Música para el desarrollo sostenible: el caso de Bolivia
Authors: Fernández Bernardo
Published: April 2022

A pesar de la gran diversidad y riqueza que caracteriza a la música boliviana, la percepción general es que la industria musical boliviana es incipiente y sufre de grandes carencias que afectan su capacidad de crear y trascender dentro y fuera de sus fronteras. La falta de datos estadísticos y estudios de línea de base sobre este sector dificulta el análisis científico de su situación y la correspondiente generación de recomendaciones para potenciarlo. Mediante un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo pionero, basado en datos estadísticos e información relevante de fuentes nacionales e internacionales, el presente estudio busca ofrecer una descripción más objetiva de la situación prepandemia del profesional boliviano de la música y de la industria musical en Bolivia en su conjunto. A partir de dicho análisis, propone los lineamientos de un Plan Nacional de Música para el Desarrollo en Bolivia, instrumento de política pública valioso en un contexto en el que un número creciente de países del mundo vienen asimilado con éxito los conceptos de “economía naranja” e “industrias creativas”.
Breve análisis y prospectiva de la industria del gas natural boliviano: 1980-2021
Authors: Medinaceli Mauricio
Published: April 2022

En el presente documento se exploran las causas que llevaron a abrir nuevos mercados del gas natural en Bolivia, su evolución y posterior desaceleración; algunas medidas de política pública que podrían servir para incrementar la producción del sector hidrocarburos boliviano y, finalmente, el nuevo contexto de los mercados internacionales, que es poco favorable para Bolivia, debido a dos factores: 1) que tanto Brasil como Argentina tienen interesantes prospectos para incrementar la producción doméstica y; 2) la irrupción del GNL en América del Sur convierte a este producto en un competidor serio para el gas boliviano. Es claro que hace 30 años atrás ninguno de estos factores era una amenaza creíble.

Del breve análisis realizado en este documento se puede concluir: 1) la exportación de gas natural, en particular el proyecto Bolivia-Brasil, tuvo un impacto positivo sobre el desempeño del sector hidrocarburífero boliviano y la economía en general; 2) debido a la naturaleza de la inversión realizada en el sector, concentrada en la explotación de campos, y uno de los Government Take más altos de la región, se espera una declinación en la producción futura de gas natural; 3) por este motivo, Bolivia acordó con Brasil y Argentina (en 2019 y 2020, respectivamente) adendas a los contratos de exportación que disminuyen las obligaciones de entrega, y así evitar el pago de multas y; 4) hoy en día la posición negociadora de Bolivia frente a Brasil y Argentina es más débil que hace 30 años atrás, debido a varios factores, entre ellos, la decreciente capacidad de producción de gas natural boliviana, importantes descubrimientos de gas en Vaca Muerta en Argentina y el Pre Sal en Brasil, y la posibilidad de importar este producto a través de proyectos de GNL. Adicionalmente, el documento propone algunas medidas para impulsar el sector nuevamente, entre las cuales destacan la corporativización de YPFB y un sistema impositivo más flexible.
Ciberfeminismo: Sobre el uso de la tecnología para la acción política de las mujeres
Authors: Peñaranda Veizaga Ida
Published: April 2022

Este es un artículo que reflexiona la relación mujeres y la tecnología, desde una revisión teórica y conceptual desde los 80. En él se definirá el ciberfeminismo y la importancia de la acción política, sin olvidar la complejidad e importancia de entender la relación consumo y producción.