bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of retinal disease in patients with bipolar disorder: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hsu Tien‐Wei , Bai Ya‐Mei , Tsai Shih‐Jen , Chen Tzeng‐Ji , Liang Chih‐Sung , Chen Mu‐Hong
Published: January 2022

Aims

Patients with brain diseases have been associated with several retinal abnormalities. This study aimed to assess the risk of retinal diseases in patients with bipolar disorder (BD).

Methods

This nationwide cohort of 73,271 patients with BD was enrolled between 2001 and 2009. To identify newly diagnosed retinal diseases, the patients were followed to the end of 2011. The control group included 293,084 patients, matched for demographic characteristics and medical and ophthalmological comorbidities. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate incidence rates of retinal diseases. Cox regression was applied to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for confounders.

Results

Patients with BD had higher incidence rates of any retinal disease than the controls (1.27% vs 0.48%, P < 0.001), and retinal diseases were diagnosed at a young age (54.23 years [±12.68 years] vs 57.01 years [±13.12 years], P < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, physical and ophthalmological comorbidities, and medications, the HR was 3.24 (95% CI, 2.18–4.82) for retinal detachment, 2.35 (95% CI, 1.83–3.03) for primary retinopathy, 2.26 (95% CI, 1.91–2.68) for diabetes retinopathy, 2.39 (95% CI, 1.49–3.82) for hypertensive retinopathy, and 3.46 (95% CI, 2.45–4.89) for retinal vascular complications in patients with BD vs controls. The cumulative daily dose of bipolar medications was not associated with the incidence of any retinal disease.

Conclusion

Patients with BD were associated with a higher risk of retinal detachment, primary retinopathy, diabetes retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and retinal vascular complications than the controls. Further studies are needed to examine the mechanisms mediating these retinal diseases in patients with BD.
Why is corneal donation so rare in children’s hospices? A survey of multidisciplinary team members attitudes, knowledge, practice, and experience
Authors: Giugni Cristina , Cecchi Costanza , Santucci Claudia , Giometto Sabrina , Lucenteforte Ersilia , Ricci Zaccaria
Published: January 2022

Background

Corneal donation is a rare event among pediatric patients dying in children's hospices in Italy. Previous research suggests that lack of knowledge and negative attitude of Health Care Professionals (HCPs) are the most relevant factors for low donation rates in hospice, rather than patient ineligibility or public refusal. We conducted a national survey to explore children's hospice staff's knowledge and attitude toward corneal donation, to survey HCPs confidence in discussing the subject with patients and families, to investigate whether staff members receive specific training about corneal donation and its potential impact on the willingness to raise the topic with patients and families.

Methods

An anonymous web‐based survey with multiple‐choice responses was delivered to the team members of seven Italian children's hospices to test their knowledge and attitude about corneal donation.

Results

Of the seven children's hospices approached, four agreed to participate with a response rate of 48.5%. Among respondents, 70% declared that they had not received specific training about corneal donation. Results of statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in responses between trained and non‐trained staff and among the different professionals (nurses, doctors, psychologists, AND social workers) regarding confidence in discussing the subject with patients and families.

Conclusions

In our sample of HCPs working in Italian children's hospices, there was no difference in self‐reported trust between professionals who reported receiving specific cornea donation training and those who did not. It is remarkable that training on corneal donation was endorsed by a minority of the sample.
CMV infection and management among pediatric solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Downes Kevin J. , Sharova Anna , Boge Craig L. K. , Vader Daniel , Mitrou Marina , Hayes Molly , Galetaki Despoina M. , Gianchetti Lauren , Vella Laura A. , Li Yun
Published: January 2022

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. However, the impact of asymptomatic CMV infections (ie, DNAemia) on clinical outcomes is not well established.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of children undergoing first SOT at our institution from January 2012 to June 2018. We evaluated the epidemiology of CMV infections and performed multivariable Cox regression to assess the association between CMV DNAemia without disease or CMV disease (syndrome or end‐organ disease) on negative outcomes (death, re‐transplantation, or moderate/severe rejection) within the first year after SOT.

Results

Among 271 individuals, 43 (15.9%) developed ≥1 CMV infection during the first year after SOT. There were 56 unique CMV infections including 14 episodes of CMV disease. In 167 patients offered CMV prophylaxis, only 8 (4.8%) developed their first CMV DNAemia episode while on prophylaxis 32 developed CMV DNAemia after prophylaxis completion; only 1 episode of CMV disease occurred while on antiviral prophylaxis. When accounting for receipt of ATG, oral steroids, and number of immunosuppressives on a given day, CMV disease was more strongly associated with negative outcomes (Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.28, 95% CI: 0.73–14.64; p = .12) than CMV DNAemia without disease (HR 1.42, 95% CI: 0.19– 10.79; p = .74), although not to a statistically significant degree.

Conclusions

Most CMV infections occurred after completion of antiviral prophylaxis. CMV disease was more strongly associated with negative outcomes than asymptomatic CMV DNAemia and should be the focus of CMV prevention practices.
Impact of de novo donor‐specific HLA antibodies on pediatric kidney transplant prognosis in patients with acute declined or stable allograft function
Authors: Fylaktou Asimina , Karava Vasiliki , Vittoraki Angeliki , Zampetoglou Argyroula , Papachristou Marianthi , Antoniadis Nikolaos , Iniotaki Aliki , Mitsioni Andromach , Printza Nikoleta
Published: January 2022

Background

This retrospective multicenter long‐term cohort study investigates de novo donor‐specific HLA antibodies (dnDSA) impact on allograft survival in pediatric kidney transplantation (KTx), depending on allograft function at dnDSA detection.

Methods

Seventy patients with dnDSA screening in the context of acute allograft dysfunction (AAD) (>50% serum creatinine increase) or routine follow‐up were included during a 20‐year period. Number of dnDSA specificities and HLA total mean fluorescence intensity (MFI‐sum) were collected.

Results

Median follow‐up time was 8.6 years. Among the 22 dnDSA+ patients, 8 patients presented AAD. Compared with dnDSA− patients, allograft survival was shorter only in dnDSA+/AAD+ patients, regardless of dnDSA detection during the 5‐year post‐transplant period (9 patients) or later (13 patients) (log rank p < .001 and p < .001, respectively). One dnDSA+/AAD−, 7 dnDSA+/AAD+, and 5 dnDSA− patients lost their allograft. Allograft survival was shorter in dnDSA+/AAD+ patients compared with the 16 dnDSA−/AAD+ patients (log rank p < .001) but did not differ between dnDSA+/AAD− and dnDSA−/AAD− patients (log rank p = .157). dnDSA+/AAD+ and dnDSA−/AAD+ patients presented higher risk of allograft failure compared with the other patient groups after adjustment for recipient age at KTx, donor type, and incidence of delayed graft function (HR 11.322, 95% CI 3.094–41.429, p < .001). Concurrent MFI‐sum >10 000 and multiple dnDSA specificities were more significantly associated with AAD, compared with each factor separately (p < .001).

Conclusions

In pediatric KTx, AAD shortens allograft survival in dnDSA+ patients, regardless of dnDSA time detection, and is commonly observed when high MFI‐sum concurs with multiple dnDSA specificities. dnDSA without AAD incidence does not determinately affect allograft survival.
Seed predator preferences are associated with seed traits but an unlikely mechanism of local extinction
Authors: Johnson Sarah E. , Zettlemoyer Meredith A.
Published: January 2022

Certain traits, including those that make species more vulnerable to consumption by predators, may make species inherently susceptible to population declines and local species loss (i.e. extirpation). To examine whether small mammal and arthropod granivory is a mechanism of community change via association with extirpation events, we studied seed predation on six phylogenetically paired extirpated and extant species from Kalamazoo, Michigan, using a seed removal experiment in a restored prairie. We also examined differences in granivore preferences for seed traits (seed mass, water content, C:N content) and differences in seed traits between extirpated and extant taxa. Granivory was independent of extirpation status but was affected by seed traits. Small mammals consumed more seeds than arthropods and preferentially consumed large seeds, while arthropods consumed small seeds and those with higher C:N ratios (lower nitrogen content). Extirpated and extant taxa did not differ in seed traits, perhaps explaining why they did not differ in granivory. Granivory was phylogenetically conserved, suggesting that certain plant families are more susceptible to granivores than others. This study indicates that granivory varies across species and seed traits in a prairie restoration, but does not likely influence extirpation in this system. Understanding granivore preferences may help managers predict establishment success for rare or extirpated species with particular traits being introduced into prairie restorations.
Paint it White: Segregationist Logics in Advertising and the Electric Guitar
Authors: Chaudhary Ali R.
Published: January 2022

Sociologists recognize that symbolic boundaries may be activated and reinforced through the production and consumption of cultural objects. Less attention, however, has been paid to the role of advertising as an ascriptive boundary‐making mechanism in the life cycles of objects. Using the case of the electric guitar, this study examines how a cultural object‐pioneered and popularized by Black celebrity guitarists became homologous with White masculinity through the production and circulation of visual images featured in advertising materials. Data come from product catalogs circulated by the two preeminent electric guitar brands during the instrument’s large‐scale production and consumption in the United States (1955–1982). I conduct a content analysis of annual product catalogs focusing on the proportional representation of visual images of Black and White celebrity guitarists. Findings indicate that Black celebrity guitarists were rarely featured in advertising materials despite their exclusive use of both brands’ instruments. Consistent with segregationist logics embedded in modern advertising, Black celebrity guitarists were rendered non‐existent and replaced with images of White celebrity guitarists and depictions of middle‐class White masculinity. I interpret my findings as evidence of the prevalence of segregationist era logics in the advertising and construction of the electric guitar as a racialized and gendered cultural object. I conclude by discussing how this study advances recent scholarship concerning racial inequities in the consumer marketplace and the significance of ascriptive boundaries in the production and consumption of cultural objects.
The motivational value of listening during intimate and difficult conversations
Authors: Weinstein Netta , Itzchakov Guy , Legate Nicole
Published: January 2022

Outcomes of conversations, including those dealing with controversial, deeply personal, or threatening disclosures, result not only from what is said but also from how listeners receive these messages. This article integrates the motivational framework of self‐determination theory (SDT) and the expanding literature on interpersonal listening to explore the reasons why high‐quality listening is so impactful during these conversations. We describe why high‐quality listening is a specific and distinguishable autonomy‐supportive motivational strategy, and argue that there is much to gain by considering that listening can satisfy basic psychological needs, in particular for autonomy and relatedness. We argue that SDT can help explain why high‐quality listening is effective, especially in reducing defensiveness, bridging divides, and motivating change. The discussion focuses on ways motivation science can build more effective interventions for behavioral change by harnessing listening as an interpersonal strategy.
Why in Spanish “Nos Ponemos Contentos” But not “Satisfechos”: A Cognitive‐Linguistic Review of The “Change‐of‐State Verb Ponerse + Adjective” Construction*
Authors: Martín‐Gascón Beatriz
Published: January 2022

Constructionist approaches to language have often viewed metaphors and metonymies either as motivating factors or constraints on lexical‐constructional integration (Goldberg 1995, 2006; the Lexical‐Constructional Model: Butler & Gonzálvez 2014, Gonzálvez 2020, Ruiz de Mendoza & Mairal 2008, Ruiz de Mendoza & Galera 2014). In a similar spirit, the present article provides a detailed study of the role of metaphor in the analysis of the Spanish resultative change‐of‐state construction “ponerse (‘put CL’) + adjective” by examining a list of metaphorical motion constructions of this kind, which are frequent in everyday language when describing temporary arousal states. By paying special attention to constraints in its lexical and constructional structure, we aim to examine whether the metaphor a change of temporary state is a change of temporary location is attested in this type of construction in the Spanish language (i.e., whether it plays a role and, if so, of what kind). It is presumed that the metaphors under analysis in connection to “ponerse + adjective” constructions systematically motivate the meaning of this change‐of‐state verb in Spanish when coappearing with an evaluative adjective, as long as the fact that the latter profiles a normally temporary (short duration) arousal state.
Multilocus species delimitation and phylogeny of the genus Calommata (Araneae, Atypidae) in southern China
Authors: Li Fan , Xu Xin , Zhang Zengtao , Liu Fengxiang , Yang Zizhong , Li Daiqin
Published: January 2022

Species delimitation is critical to our understanding of evolution, biodiversity, and conservation. However, delimiting species boundaries can be challenging, especially when intraspecific divergence is high (and interspecific divergence is low), and gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting are present. Mygalomorph spiders have become models for examining a variety of evolutionary and biogeographical questions. However, their extreme morphological homogeneity and high genetic structuring make delimiting mygalomorph species especially challenging. Integrative approaches to species delimitation, which combine multiple lines of evidence, have been used to infer the limits of many mygalomorph groups in an independent and reproducible way. Yet molecular species delimitation and phylogenetic relationships of the purseweb spider family Atypidae remain scarce. In this study, we explored the phylogeny and species delimitation of Calommata spiders from southern China using data sets including three mitochondrial (COI, 16S, and 12S) and two nuclear (28S, H3) markers. Our phylogenetic analyses yielded a well‐supported clade containing all southern Chinese Calommata and a sister relationship between C. signata and three new species within it. Based on the single‐locus and multilocus species delimitation analyses, we delimited four Calommata species from southern China: one known species (C. signata) and three new species (C. yuanjiangica sp. n., C. hangzhica sp. n. and C. jinggangica sp. n.). This study thus provides a framework for determining the limits of C. signata sensu lato species and calls for further study of systematics and evolutionary relationships within Calommata and other atypid lineages.
Ink Rheology Regulates Stability of Bioprinted Strands
Authors: Talluri Dhanvanth J. S. , Nguyen Huan T. , Avazmohammadi Reza , Miri Amir K.
Published: January 2022

Three-dimensional (3D) extrusion bioprinting typically requires an ad hoc trial-and-error optimization of the ink composition toward enhanced resolution. The ink solutions are solidified after leaving cone-shaped or cylindrical nozzles. The presence of ink instability not only hampers the extrusion resolution but also affects the behavior of embedded cellular components. This is a key factor in selecting (bio)inks and bioprinting design parameters for well-established desktop and handheld bioprinters. In this work, we developed an analytical solution for the process of ink deposition and compared its predictions against numerical simulations of the deposition. We estimated the onset of ink instability as a function of ink rheological properties and nozzle geometry. Our analytical results suggest that enhancing the shear-thinning behavior of the ink shortens the toe region of the deposition. Such an extrusion process is often desired, as it leads to faster depositions. However, we demonstrated that such conditions increase the possibility of lateral buckling of the strand once touching the substrate defined as instability in this study. The present study serves as a benchmark for detailed simulations of the extrusion process for optimal bioprinting.
A Multi-Objective Optimization Approach for Multi-Vehicle Path Planning Problems Considering Human–Robot Interactions
Authors: Chirala Venkata Sirimuvva , Venkatachalam Saravanan , Smereka Jonathon M. , Kassoumeh Sam
Published: January 2022

There has been unprecedented development in the field of unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) over the past few years. UGVs have been used in many fields including civilian and military with applications such as military reconnaissance, transportation, and search and research missions. This is due to their increasing capabilities in terms of performance, power, and tackling risky missions. The level of autonomy given to these UGVs is a critical factor to consider. In many applications of multirobotic systems like “search-and-rescue” missions, teamwork between human and robots is essential. In this article, given a team of manned ground vehicles (MGVs) and UGVs, the objective is to develop a model that can minimize the number of teams and total distance traveled while considering human–robot interaction (HRI) studies. The human costs of managing a team of UGVs by a MGV are based on human–robot interaction (HRI) studies. In this research, we introduce a combinatorial, multi-objective ground vehicle path planning problem that takes human–robot interactions into consideration. The objective of the problem is to find: ideal number of teams of MGVs-UGVs that follow a leader–follower framework where a set of UGVs follow an MGV and path for each team such that the missions are completed efficiently.
Simultaneous Human-Robot Matching and Routing for Multi-Robot Tour Guiding Under Time Uncertainty
Authors: Fu Bo , Kathuria Tribhi , Rizzo Denise , Castanier Matthew , Yang X. Jessie , Ghaffari Maani , Barton Kira
Published: January 2022

This work presents a framework for multi-robot tour guidance in a partially known environment with uncertainty, such as a museum. In the proposed centralized multi-robot planner, a simultaneous matching and routing problem (SMRP) is formulated to match the humans with robot guides according to their selected places of interest (POIs) and generate the routes and schedules for the robots according to uncertain spatial and time estimation. A large neighborhood search algorithm is developed to efficiently find sub-optimal low-cost solutions for the SMRP. The scalability and optimality of the multi-robot planner are evaluated computationally under different numbers of humans, robots, and POIs. The largest case tested involves 50 robots, 250 humans, and 50 POIs. Then, a photo-realistic multi-robot simulation platform was developed based on Habitat-AI to verify the tour guiding performance in an uncertain indoor environment. Results demonstrate that the proposed centralized tour planner is scalable, makes a smooth tradeoff in the plans under different environmental constraints, and can lead to robust performance with inaccurate uncertainty estimations (within a certain margin).
Effects of Mustard Husk, Wheat Straw, and Flaxseed Residue Blending on Combustion Behavior of High Ash Coal and Petroleum Coke Blends
Authors: Kumar Pritam , Nandi Barun Kumar
Published: January 2022

This present work reports the combustion studies of coal, petroleum coke (PC) and biomass blends to assess the effects of the mustard husk (MH), wheat straw (WS), and flaxseed residue (FR) blending toward improvement of coal combustion characteristics. Ignition temperature (TS), maximum temperature (TP), burnout temperature (TC), activation energy (AE), and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS) were analyzed to evaluate the impact of biomass and PC blending on coal combustion. Experimental results indicate that coal and PC have inferior combustion characteristics compared to MH, WS, and FR. With the increase in WS content in blends from 10 to 30%, TS reduced from 371 to 258 °C and TP decreased from 487 to 481 °C, inferring substantial enhancements in combustion properties. Kinetic analysis inferred that blended fuel combustion could be explained mostly using reaction models, followed by diffusion-controlled and contracting sphere models. Overall, with the increase in FR mass in blends from 10 to 30%, AE decreased from 108.97 kJ/mol to 70.15 kJ/mol signifying ease of combustion. Analysis of synergistic effects infers that higher biomass addition improves coal and PC blends’ combustion behavior through catalytic effects of alkali mineral matters present in biomass. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters signified that combustion of coal and PC is challenging than biomasses; however, blending of biomass makes the combustion process easier.
Center-Oriented Aiming Strategy for Heliostat With Spinning-Elevation Tracking Method
Authors: Waghmare Sainath A. , Puranik Bhalchandra P.
Published: January 2022

Spinning-elevation (SE) tracking system produces a decent image on the receiver surface; however, it is subjected to large variations in tracking speed. In this research, a graphical ray tracing (GRT) model for center-oriented spinning-elevation (COSE) tracking method is developed to evaluate tracking angles. Instead of a target, a heliostat is pointed toward the on-field center point of the tower. Therefore, a spinning-axis of rotation is a line joining a heliostat, and a center of the tower and elevation-axis is perpendicular to it. This aiming strategy has shown a substantial reduction in rotations of spinning-motor. In contrast, the elevation-motor runs at slightly higher rotations than the target-oriented SE method for the same application. Also, COSE tracking method obtains better shape of the reflected image with less aberration on the receiver surface as compared with SE and the traditional Azimuth-elevation (AE) method.
Aerodynamic Design and Wind Tunnel Tests of Small-scale Horizontal-axis Wind Turbines for Low Tip Speed Ratio Applications
Authors: Siram Ojing , Kesharwani Neha , Sahoo Niranjan , Saha Ujjwal K.
Published: January 2022

In recent times, the application of small-scale horizontal axis wind turbines (SHAWTs) has drawn interest in certain areas where the energy demand is minimal. These turbines, operating mostly at low Reynolds number (Re) and low tip speed ratio (λ) applications, can be used as stand-alone systems. The present study aims at the design, development, and testing of a series of SHAWT models. On the basis of aerodynamic characteristics, four SHAWT models viz., M1, M2, M3, and M4 composed of E216, SG6043, NACA63415, and NACA0012 airfoils, respectively have been developed. Initially, the rotors are designed through blade element momentum theory (BEMT), and their power coefficient have been evaluated. Thence, the developed rotors are tested in a low-speed wind tunnel to find their rotational frequency, power and power coefficient at design and off-design conditions. From BEMT analysis, M1 shows a maximum power coefficient (Cpmax) of 0.37 at λ = 2.5. The subsequent wind tunnel tests on M1, M2, M3, and M4 at 9 m/s show the Cpmax values to be 0.34, 0.30, 0.28, and 0.156, respectively. Thus, from the experiments, the M1 rotor is found to be favourable than the other three rotors, and its Cpmax value is found to be about 92% of BEMT prediction. Further, the effect of pitch angle (θp) on Cp of the model rotors is also examined, where M1 is found to produce a satisfactory performance within ±5° from the design pitch angle (θp, design).
An In-Depth Experimental Investigation of the Outdoor Performance of Wafer and Thin Film Photovoltaics Technologies in a Tropical Climate
Authors: Ramgolam Yatindra Kumar , Shamachurn Heman , Coret Jonathan Yannick
Published: January 2022

The photovoltaics (PV) industry is booming at an impressive rate. Knowledge of the outdoor performance of different PV technologies under different climatic conditions is becoming increasingly important for all stakeholders. The aim of this research was to perform the outdoor characterization of three PV technologies in a tropical climate and evaluate their performances with the aid of a set of key performance indicators. An innovative energy autonomous outdoor test facility has been used to measure the weather conditions and the IV curves of mono-Si, poly-Si, and Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) PV modules. Each IV curve was sampled within less than a second, for every 10 min, between sunrise and sunset for a whole year, representing a data set of around 28,000 IV curves of 240 points each. The variations of current, voltage, and power were thoroughly studied for changes in temperature and irradiance. This paper reports the variations of temperature coefficients of current, voltage, and power with the intensity of light. While PV module documentation only presents the temperature coefficients of the short circuit current and open circuit voltage at standard test conditions, this paper additionally provides highly valuable information to PV system designers on the variation of these coefficients in the field. The research is also the first to report the variations of the fill factor with temperature and irradiance. In general, the wafer technologies were found to have a better performance than the thin film technology. Moreover, the open-circuit temperature coefficient was found to improve for higher irradiances only for the wafer technologies, while that for the thin-film technology experienced a degradation. The temperature coefficient of current for the mono-Si module was found to be positive at low irradiance levels, but negative at higher irradiance levels.
Assessing Early Stage Design Sketches and Reflections on Prototyping
Authors: Das Madhurima , Yang Maria C.
Published: January 2022

Designers routinely create informal “thinking” sketches to explore a design space, “talking” sketches to communicate design ideas during the early phases of the design process, and “learning” prototypes to test potential concepts. This study presents two new tools to assess novice designers’ sketch attributes and prototyping reflections in the context of an introductory design course. First, it proposes a rubric for assessing the quality of early-stage design sketches including line smoothness, proportion, and understandability. Of particular note is the contribution of assessing understandability as a metric for sketches as communication tools. This study also presents a tool to capture designer reflections after each iteration of a prototype. Not only does this record what is learned about a design but also designers’ personal and emotional reactions to the process. Sketching-related results show a positive correlation between sketch quality and understandability, indicating the importance of sketch quality especially when designers use sketches to communicate. Results also indicate that early-stage sketch quantity, but not quality, is linked with design outcomes. This study also finds a link between the frequency of sketching and higher maximum sketch quality scores (i.e., at least one highly rated sketch) as well as a correlation between individuals’ maximum sketch quality scores and overall design outcomes. Preliminary results around prototyping indicate that reflection on both the technical and emotional aspects of prototyping may be a worthwhile area of further study. Finally, several results point to novice designers’ lack of consistent focus on users in their prototyping reflections and presentations.
An Articulated Robotic Forceps Design With a Parallel Wrist-Gripper Mechanism and Parasitic Motion Compensation
Authors: Bazman Merve , Yilmaz Nural , Tumerdem Ugur
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a novel four degrees-of-freedom (4DOF) articulated parallel forceps mechanism with a large orientation workspace (±90deg in pitch and yaw, 360deg in roll rotations) is presented for robotic minimally invasive surgery. The proposed 3RSR-1UUP parallel mechanism utilizes a UUP center leg that can convert thrust motion of the 3RSR mechanism into gripping motion. This design eliminates the need for an additional gripper actuator, but also introduces the problem of unintentional gripper opening/closing due to parasitic motion of the 3RSR mechanism. Here, position kinematics of the proposed mechanism, including the workspace, is analyzed in detail, and a solution to the parasitic motion problem is provided. Human-in-the-loop simulations with a haptic interface are also performed to confirm the feasibility of the proposed design.
The Application of Ethnographic Methods to Engineering for Global Development: The Case of the Improvised Betel Nut Cutter
Authors: Bhattacharjya Bibhuti Ranjan , Medhi Saurav Kamal , Kakoty Sashindra Kumar
Published: January 2022

This technical brief is an attempt to report a case analysis of Engineering for Global Development (EGD) research from India. As a part of the engineering design and research project, two models of improvised betel nut cutter (IBNC) are designed, manufactured and field-tested. Engineering ethnography is adopted as a research tool during the design process of IBNC. The “engineering ethnography” facilitated the participation of local stakeholders in the design process which is found to be effective for contextual understandings of the target community’s needs, aspirations, constraints, and socio-cultural norms and values. The technological intervention is expected to solve the problems like finger cut and health drudgery (musculoskeletal pain, back pain, etc.) of the women involved in the supari business in Assam, India. It will also improve productivity and efficiency in the supari cutting practices of women. This case analysis depicts the effectiveness of trans-disciplinary effort in solving complex engineering problems at the bottom of the pyramid (BoP). Evidence gathered from this study is expected to be a useful resource for future endeavors in EGD research.
Deep Generative Tread Pattern Design Framework for Efficient Conceptual Design
Authors: Lee Mingyu , Park Youngseo , Jo Hwisang , Kim Kibum , Lee Seungkyu , Lee Ikjin
Published: January 2022

Tire tread patterns have played an important role in the automotive industry because they directly affect automobile performances. The conventional tread pattern development process has successfully produced and manufactured many tire tread patterns. However, a conceptual design process, which is a major part of the whole process, is still time-consuming due to repetitive manual interaction works between designers and engineers. In the worst case, the whole design process must be performed again from the beginning to obtain the required results. In this study, a deep generative tread pattern design framework is proposed to automatically generate various tread patterns satisfying the target tire performances in the conceptual design process. The main concept of the proposed method is that desired tread patterns are obtained through optimization based on integrated functions, which combine generative models and tire performance evaluation functions. To strengthen the effectiveness of the proposed framework, suitable image pre-processing, generative adversarial networks (GANs), two-dimensional (2D) image-based tire performance evaluation functions, design generation, design exploration, and image post-processing methods are proposed with the help of domain knowledge of the tread pattern. The numerical results show that the proposed automatic design framework successfully creates various tread patterns satisfying the target tire performances such as summer, winter, or all-season patterns.
Triple Crossed Flexure Pivot Based on a Zero Parasitic Center Shift Kinematic Design
Authors: Thalmann E. , Henein S.
Published: January 2022

Thanks to their absence of play, absence of contact friction and possible monolithic fabrication, flexure pivots offer advantages over traditional bearings in small-scale, high accuracy applications and environments where lubrication and wear debris are proscribed. However, they typically present a parasitic center shift that deteriorates their rotational guidance accuracy. Existing solutions addressing this issue have the drawbacks of reducing angular stroke, prohibiting planar design, or introducing overconstraints or underconstraints. This article presents a new triple crossed flexure pivot we have named TRIVOT whose kinematics theoretically nullify its parasitic center shift without overconstraints nor internal mobility. In the physical implementation, the center shift is non-zero but we show using the finite element method (FEM) that it is reduced by one order of magnitude in comparison to the widely used crossed flexure pivot (CFP). This allows to choose a crossing ratio of the flexures that either maximizes the angular stroke limit for given flexures or results in a compact planar design with the possibility of a remote center of compliance (RCC). Based on a pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM), formulas for the rotational stiffness and angular stroke limit of the TRIVOT are derived, which are then validated by FEM. Finally, we show that a high support stiffness can be achieved based on a preliminary study for a mechanical watch time base application. We expect this new pivot to become a competitive alternative to the standard CFP for applications where high accuracy and compactness are required.
Biological parameters and host preference of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) on different Pleurotus ostreatus cultivars
Authors: Hou Zi Qiang , Liu Jun Jie , Li Hui Ping , Luo Xin , Ma Lin , QU Shao Xuan
Published: January 2022

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae) is a destructive pest of edible fungi. Different species of edible fungi have variable effects on the growth, development and fecundity of T. putrescentiae, but it is unclear whether these effects exist in the same species. We used nine cultivars of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) to evaluate the development and reproduction parameters of T. putrescentiae at 26 ± 1°C and 80 ± 5% humidity. Different P. ostreatus cultivars had significant effects on the immature stages, female fertility, and reproductive lifespan. Total egg-to-adult development time ranged from 10.0 ± 1.2 d (on Po389 cultivar) to 12.5 ± 1.0 d (on Po62 cultivar). Mite mortality ranged from 54.3 ± 4.2% (on Po86 cultivar) to 100.0 ± 0.0% (on Po62 cultivar). The number of eggs laid per female ranged from 3.2 ± 0.4 (on Po45 cultivar) to 9.1 ± 1.1 (on Po86 cultivar). The average lifespan of females ranged from 3.0 ± 0.5 d (on Po45 cultivar) to 16.3 ± 1.7 d (on Po86 cultivar). Host preference of the mite was significantly different among the nine cultivars with a preference for cultivars Po65, Po80, Po389, and Po86. These results indicate that P. ostreatus cultivars significantly affect the biology of T. putrescentiae and the relationship between mite damage and mushroom yield.
Numerical modeling of mesoscale infrasound propagation in the Arctic
Authors: Wilson D. Keith , Shaw Michael J. , Ostashev Vladimir E. , Muhlestein Michael B. , Alter Ross E. , Swearingen Michelle E. , McComas Sarah L.
Published: January 2022

The impacts of characteristic weather events and seasonal patterns on infrasound propagation in the Arctic region are simulated numerically. The methodology utilizes wide-angle parabolic equation methods for a windy atmosphere with inputs provided by radiosonde observations and a high-resolution reanalysis of Arctic weather. The calculations involve horizontal distances up to 200 km for which interactions with the troposphere and lower stratosphere dominate. Among the events examined are two sudden stratospheric warmings, which are found to weaken upward refraction by temperature gradients while creating strongly asymmetric refraction from disturbances to the circumpolar winds. Also examined are polar low events, which are found to enhance negative temperature gradients in the troposphere and thus lead to strong upward refraction. Smaller-scale and topographically driven phenomena, such as low-level jets, katabatic winds, and surface-based temperature inversions, are found to create frequent surface-based ducting out to 100 km. The simulations suggest that horizontal variations in the atmospheric profiles, in response to changing topography and surface property transitions, such as ice boundaries, play an important role in the propagation.
Prosodic cue weighting in the processing of ambiguous sentences by native English listeners and Korean listeners of English
Authors: Baek Hyunah
Published: January 2022

Differences in the perception of segmental contrasts by native and non-native listeners have been analyzed as the results of language-specific weightings of acoustic cues in their perception grammar [e.g., Escudero and Boersma, Stud. Second Lang. Acquis. 26, 551–585 (2004)]. However, less attention has been paid to the weighting of prosodic cues. This study investigated the relative importance of four prosodic cues—word duration, pauses, pitch, and intensity—in the resolution of English syntactic ambiguity by native English listeners and Korean learners of English. In a forced-choice processing task, English listeners' disambiguation relied most heavily on pitch, followed by pause and intensity cues, whereas pauses were the only heavily weighted cue for Korean listeners, indicating an influence from their native language. Moreover, Korean listeners' use of prosody for disambiguation was found to be influenced by their age of English acquisition and English proficiency.
Media Coverage of the Paralympics: Recommendations for Sport Journalism Practice and Education
Authors: Antunovic Dunja , Bundon Andrea
Published: January 2022

Researchers have extensively documented the issues in quantity and quality of media coverage of the Paralympic Games. The lack of coverage and stereotypical representations can be attributed to a variety of structural and cultural factors, notably including journalistic norms and values. This scholarly commentary proposes a reconsideration of journalistic values in order to argue that sports journalists have a professional responsibility to cover the Paralympics and issues of disability for at least three reasons: (a) The Paralympics are an elite-level, international sporting event and thus merit sport-focused coverage, (b) sport journalists have an ethical obligation to include diverse perspectives in reporting and to challenge stereotypes, and (c) sport is intertwined with social issues and requires contextualized reporting. The commentary concludes with recommendations for sport communication and journalism education.
Concurrent Validity of the Garmin Vivofit®4 to Accurately Record Step Count in Older Adults in Challenging Environments
Authors: Foster Jacinta I. , Williams Katrina L. , Timmer Barbra H.B. , Brauer Sandra G.
Published: January 2022

There is little evidence of the concurrent validity of commercially available wrist-worn long battery life activity monitors to measure steps in older adults at slow speeds and with real-world challenges. Forty adults aged over 60 years performed a treadmill protocol at four speeds, a 50-m indoor circuit, and a 200-m outdoor circuit with environmental challenges while wearing a Garmin Vivofit®4, the activPAL3™, and a chest-worn camera angled at the feet. The Garmin Vivofit®4 showed high intraclass correlation coefficients2,1 (.98–.99) and low absolute percentage error rates (<2%) at the fastest treadmill speeds and the outdoor circuit. Step counts were underestimated at the slowest treadmill speed and the indoor circuit. The Garmin Vivofit®4 is accurate for older adults at higher walking speeds and during outdoor walking. However, it underestimates steps at slow speeds and when walking indoors with postural transitions.
The National Academy of Kinesiology: Its Founding, Focus, and Future
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J.
Published: January 2022

This essay commemorates the National Academy of Kinesiology’s 90th anniversary meeting, even though the first meeting of fellows of an “[American] Academy of Physical Education” occurred in 1904, some 118 years ago. Clark W. Hetherington, Robert Tait McKenzie, William Burdick, Thomas A. Storey, and Jay B. Nash met in October 1926 to reignite the Academy of yesteryear. On December 31, 1930, just 14 months and 1 week into the Great Depression, they and 24 others formally launched what the Academy has become today. “Clearly, they were a bold, hearty, and optimistic group. Their determination, inspiration, and perspiration remain guiding lights for us to this day!” This essay aims to demystify and humanize the Academy by sharing stories of how it was formed and how it continues to inform all those working in kinesiology and related fields through its distinguished Fellows, one of whom is a Nobel Laureate.
International trade and the survival of mammalian and reptilian species
Authors: Mialon Hugo M. , Klumpp Tilman , Williams Michael A.
Published: January 2022

Bans on international trade in endangered species have helped mammalian species but hurt reptilian species.
Impact of close interpersonal contact on COVID-19 incidence: Evidence from 1 year of mobile device data
Authors: Crawford Forrest W. , Jones Sydney A. , Cartter Matthew , Dean Samantha G. , Warren Joshua L. , Li Zehang Richard , Barbieri Jacqueline , Campbell Jared , Kenney Patrick , Valleau Thomas , Morozova Olga
Published: January 2022

Close interpersonal contact measured using mobile device location data explains dynamics of COVID-19 transmission in Connecticut.
O-linked α2,3 sialylation defines stem cell populations in breast cancer
Authors: Walker Melanie R. , Goel Hira Lal , Mukhopadhyay Dimpi , Chhoy Peter , Karner Emmet R. , Clark Jennifer L. , Liu Haibo , Li Rui , Zhu Julie Lihua , Chen Shuhui , Mahal Lara K. , Bensing Barbara A. , Mercurio Arthur M.
Published: January 2022

A specific cell surface glycan enables the identification of breast cancer stem cells and contributes to their function.
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein adheres to replication organelles before viral assembly at the Golgi/ERGIC and lysosome-mediated egress
Authors: Scherer Katharina M. , Mascheroni Luca , Carnell George W. , Wunderlich Lucia C. S. , Makarchuk Stanislaw , Brockhoff Marius , Mela Ioanna , Fernandez-Villegas Ana , Barysevich Max , Stewart Hazel , Suau Sans Maria , George Charlotte L. , Lamb Jacob R. , Kaminski-Schierle Gabriele S. , Heeney Jonathan L. , Kaminski Clemens F.
Published: January 2022

Super-resolution optical imaging reveals the accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein at viral replication organelles.
Not just “leuko” after all: Epithelial leukotriene production in type 2 immunity
Authors: Henkel Fiona D. R. , Bieren Julia Esser-von
Published: January 2022

Epithelial tuft cells are major producers of lipid mediators (leukotrienes) that drive allergic inflammation and host defense against worm parasites. (see the related Research Article by Ualiyevaet al.).
Executive CoAching unleashes Tc22 anti-tumor capacity
Authors: Klein Geltink Ramon I. , Pillai Asha
Published: January 2022

CoA-driven mitochondrial metabolism enhances the anti-tumor properties of IL-22–producing CD8
+
T cells.
Supplemental Material: Hydrogeochemical evolution of formation waters responsible for sandstone bleaching and ore mineralization in the Paradox Basin, Colorado Plateau, USA
Authors: Kim Ji-Hyun , al. et
Published: January 2022

Table S1: (ST1). PHREEQC inverse mixing modeling for the Mississippian Leadville Ls brine (Solution 3) assumed to be evolved from a mixture of the meteoric water endmember (Solution 1) and evaporated paleo-seawater endmember (Solution 2); Table S2: (ST2). PHREEQC inverse mixing modeling for the salt anticline brine (Solution 3) assumed to be evolved from a mixture of the meteoric water endmember (Solution 1) and evaporated paleo-seawater endmember (Solution 2).
Supplemental Material: Early Paleozoic Cascadia-type active-margin evolution of the Dunhuang block (NW China): Geochemical and geochronological constraints
Authors: Soldner Jérémie , Jiang Yingde , al. et
Published: January 2022

Table S1: U-Pb LA-ICP-MS data for zircons from granulite and amphibolite. Table S2: U-Pb LA-ICP-MS data for zircons from metapelite and metapsammite. Table S3: Zircon trace-element compositions from granulite and amphibolite. Table S4: Hf isotopic compositions for zircons from granulite and amphibolite.
Postoperative fever secondary to enoxaparin usage with pork allergy
Authors: Gosnell Heather , Stein Andrew , Vanegas Acosta Diego E
Published: January 2022

Postoperative fevers are common in hospitalised patients and warrant workup beyond the early post-op period. A 50-year-old man was admitted after sustaining a tibial plateau fracture. Fevers began 3 days after external fixation and persisted through a second surgery despite initial negative workup. Careful review of medications revealed enoxaparin as the instigating agent of a febrile drug reaction, and the fevers resolved after discontinuing the drug. On further questioning, it was discovered the patient had an allergy to pork, from which the main components of enoxaparin are typically derived. To our knowledge, this is the first reported enoxaparin-induced fever in the setting of a pork allergy. Enoxaparin-induced fevers should be considered in patients with unexplained post-op fever. Our case demonstrates the importance of analysing newly administered medications. Simple detailed history may significantly reduce patient morbidity and help to broaden differentials during investigation.
Iron deficiency anaemia: pathophysiology, assessment, practical management
Authors: Kumar Aditi , Sharma Esha , Marley Alexandra , Samaan Mark A , Brookes Matthew James
Published: January 2022

The WHO has recognised iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) as the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, with 30% of the population being affected with this condition. Although the most common causes of IDA are gastrointestinal bleeding and menstruation in women, decreased dietary iron and decreased iron absorption are also culpable causes. Patients with IDA should be treated with the aim of replenishing iron stores and returning the haemoglobin to a normal level. This has shown to improve quality of life, morbidity, prognosis in chronic disease and outcomes in pregnancy. Iron deficiency occurs in many chronic inflammatory conditions, including congestive cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory bowel disease. This article will provide an updated overview on diagnosis and management of IDA in patients with chronic conditions, preoperative and in pregnancy. We will discuss the benefits and limitations of oral versus intravenous iron replacement in each cohort, with an overview on cost analysis between the different iron formulations currently on the market.