bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Context and paradigms
Authors: Cohen Clara
Published: March 2016

A small but growing body of research on English and Dutch has found that pronunciation of affixes in a word form is sensitive to paradigmatic probability – i.e., the probability of using that form over other words in the same morphological paradigm. Yet it remains unclear (a) how paradigmatic probability is best measured; (b) whether an increase in paradigmatic probability leads to phonetic enhancement or reduction; and (c) by what mechanism paradigmatic probability can affect pronunciation. The current work examines pronunciation variation of Russian verbal agreement suffixes. I show that there are two distinct patterns of variation, corresponding to two different measures of paradigmatic probability. One measure, pairwise paradigmatic probability, is associated with a pronunciation pattern that resembles phonetic enhancement. The second measure, lexeme paradigmatic probability, can show enhancement effects, but can also yield reduction effects more similar to those of contextual probability. I propose that these two patterns can be explained in an exemplar model of lexical storage. Reduction effects are the consequence of faster retrieval and encoding of an articulatory target, while effects that resemble enhancement result when the pronunciation target of both members of a pair of competing word forms is shifted towards the more frequent of two.
The personal names on the Loveden Hill urn and the Watchfield case fitting
Authors: Nedoma Robert
Published: March 2016

This paper deals with graphophonematic and onomastic problems arising from two early English runic inscriptions. Since Pre-OE /ā̆/ and /ɔ̄̆/ were apparently graphemicized as ᚪ a2 and ᚩ a3 at (about) the same time during the late fifth century, it is possible to identify rune no. 6  on the Loveden Hill urn as a variant of theāc-rune ᚪ,  (~ ). Thus, the initial runic sequence there, sïþa1ba2d, renders a correctly shaped male name Pre-OESīþæbad(= WFranc./Hispano-Goth.Sendebadus). The Watchfield case fitting is at least 50 years younger, and the first part of its inscription, ha1riboki, may have undergone sub-phonemic umlaut (/hæribōki/ phonetically [ˈhærɪˌboːcɪ] or [ˈhεrɪˌbøːcɪ]?). The second sequence, wusa1, represents a female nickname Pre-OEWusæ‘that one who bustles about’, a name which has an exact male counterpart in Langob.Vuso.
Are the Petites Heures d’Anne de Bretagne really the Petites Heures de Jeanne de France?
Authors: Coombs Bryony
Published: March 2016

Several authors in recent years have expressed doubts that the so-called Petites Heures d’Anne de Bretagne (BnF, n. a. lat. 3027) has any connection to this queen. François Avril summarised some of the discrepancies in 1994: the monogram does not easily fit the name ‘Anne’ and differs from the monogram used for Anne in other works, and a small animal featured throughout the manuscript, often identified as the Brittany ermine, is depicted more often with a brown pelt and thus appears closer to a civet. In this paper I argue that this manuscript was commissioned as a gift for Jeanne de France (1464–1505), Louis XII’s first wife, rather than his second wife, Anne de Bretagne. I argue that the monogram is a cipher of the name ‘Jeanne’ and that the small animal and white flower, used throughout the manuscript in the border decoration, are the genet and the ‘janette’, each a play on the name Jeanne. The strong connection to Louis and to the House of Orléans, indicated throughout the work, suggests that it was produced before the annulment of his and Jeanne’s marriage in 1498. Furthermore, the unusual choice of iconography in the illuminations may reflect Louis’ involvement in the Italian campaigns at this time. BnF, n. a. lat. 3027 is one of the finest works attributed to the Master of the Petrarch Triumphs, an artist active in Rouen and Paris c.1500. A clarification of the origin, circumstances, and purpose of this manuscript is important not only for our understanding of the role of Jeanne as a collector, but also for our understanding of the career of this artist.
John Gay, Court Patronage, and The Fables
Authors: Gardner Kevin J.
Published: March 2016

John Gay’s fables comprise an extended satire on the artifice of court life and of the hypocrisy and vanity of courtiers, an ironic perspective from a satirist whose own life was marked by the pursuit of court preferment and patronage. This essay explores the central themes of Gay’s fables and sets them within the context of his letters and earlier poems. His earliest efforts to achieve court preferment through panegyrical poetry lack consistency in high standards of poetic accomplishment; however, Gay’s two extraordinary sets of fables, rich in humour and satire in their varied explorations of the morality of courtiers and court life, succeed in spite of his antithetical impulses about court patronage.
La fidélité du lévrier et de la femme dans la préhistoire du Tristan en prose
Authors: Hess Dominik
Published: March 2016

Cette étude est consacrée à un épisode de la préhistoire du Tristan en prose, soit l’histoire des ancêtres de Tristan. Y apparaissent un lévrier et une femme qui sont introduits, respectivement, comme l’ami et l’ennemie du roi Apollo, protagoniste de ce mini-récit. Notre analyse montre, en examinant le réseau intertextuel du récit en question, que le recours à ce stéréotype qui oppose le chien à la femme est trompeur: si la femme est aussi volage que le chien est fidèle, à la fois dans la tradition tristanienne en vers et dans la tradition folklorique, on voit que la femme d’Apollo, Gloriande, impose au contraire le modèle de la femme fidèle qui, telle une véritable Lucrèce médiévale, se suicide pour sauver l’honneur marital quand elle est sur le point d’être violée par l’émule d’Apollo. En fin de compte, nous verrons que le lévrier et la femme jouent, en vertu de leur fidélité envers leur ‘maître’, deux rôles-pivot qui confèrent à ce mini-roman sa structure narrative; deux rôles qui, quant à eux, ne sont pas interchangeables.
Chevaux et ânes humanisés dans la littérature catalane
Authors: Martín Llúcia
Published: March 2016

Dans cet article, nous présentons deux œuvres catalanes médiévales, l’anonyme Disputació d’en Buch ab son cavall et la Disputa de l’Ase d’Anselm Turmeda, qui ont comme thème principal le dialogue entre un animal (un cheval ou un âne) et un homme, avec un ton satirique et une intention parodique. Même s’il s’agit d’œuvres présentant de grandes différences formelles et de complexité narrative, toutes deux sont à considérer comme très originales par l’humanisation de l’animal qui, pendant quelques moments du récit, acquiert un degré de subtilité qui dépasse celui de son interlocuteur.L’exemplum animalier dans la littérature catalane est un genre encore peu étudié. Outre les bestiaires, on peut mentionner les œuvres d’origine orientale, comme les exemples du Llibre de les bèsties de Ramon Llull au XIIIe siècle, très proches de ceux du Calila et Dimna, ou bien des collections d’exempla, récits et fables contenues dans des œuvres plus volumineuses à caractère doctrinal. Dans cette contribution, nous nous occuperons des récits et disputes mettant en scène des équins qui donnent l’exemple, et qui parlent avec les hommes.
“Plus blans que flours de lis”
Authors: Vassilieva-Codognet Olga
Published: March 2016

Un ours blanc nommé Blanchart apparaît à plusieurs reprises dans Renart le Nouvel, la continuation satirique du Roman de Renart que Jacquemart Gielée écrivit aux alentours de 1288. Les caractéristiques comportementales que Gielée attribue à son personnage animal, et dont il tire habilement profit tout au long de son récit, frappent par leur vérité zoologique: comme un véritable ours polaire, Blanchart se nourrit principalement de “poisson de mer” et il sait plonger aussi bien que nager sous l’eau. Nous passons en revue les sources qui ont pu être celles de l’auteur de Renart le Nouvel. Si l’ours polaire est absent des textes antiques comme des bestiaires médiévaux et qu’il est confiné à la seule Scandinavie jusqu’au XIIe siècle, il fait ensuite une apparition remarquable dans l’Europe du XIIIe siècle: on le retrouve tant dans les encyclopédies d’Alexandre Nequam, de Thomas de Cantimpré, de Barthélémy l’Anglais et d’Albert le Grand que dans les ménageries de l’empereur Frédéric II, d’Henri III d’Angleterre et de Philippe le Bel dont les animaux, probablement d’origine groenlandaise, constituent des cadeaux diplomatiques des souverains norvégiens.
L’accord sujet-verbe en français contemporain
Authors: Tristram Anna
Published: March 2016

This article presents an analysis of synchronic variation and diachronic change in verbal agreement with the French nounfoule. This noun, like many collective nouns in French and other languages, can show variation between singular and plural verbal agreement (la foule des habitants exulteSING de joie dans les ruesvs.une foule de gens pressés s’attardentPLU). A novel combination of data, including data from sociolinguistic interviews, a gap-fill exercise, and a corpus of written French, is used to investigate this variation and change, to elucidate some of the factors that play a role in this type of agreement, and to examine the differences between this form used with the definite and indefinite determiner (la foulevs.une foule). Some theoretical issues concerning the definition of collective nouns are also addressed.
Quantifying the Sources of Firm Heterogeneity
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Authors: Hottman Colin J. , Redding Stephen J. , Weinstein David E.
Published: March 2016

We develop and structurally estimate a model of heterogeneous multiproduct firms that can be used to decompose the firm-size distribution into the contributions of costs, “appeal” (quality or taste), markups, and product scope. Using Nielsen barcode data on prices and sales, we find that variation in firm appeal and product scope explains at least four fifths of the variation in firm sales. We show that the imperfect substitutability of products within firms, and the fact that larger firms supply more products than smaller firms, implies that standard productivity measures are highly dependent on implicit demand system assumptions and probably dramatically understate the relative productivity of the largest firms. Although most firms are well approximated by the monopolistic competition benchmark of constant markups, we find that the largest firms that account for most of aggregate sales depart substantially from this benchmark, and exhibit both variable markups and substantial cannibalization effects.
In-vivo evaluation of apocynin for prevention of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Horemans Tessa , Boulet Gaëlle , van Kerckhoven Marian , Bogers Johannes , Thys Sofie , Vervaet Chris , Vervaeck Anouck , Delputte Peter , Maes Louis , Cos Paul
Published: March 2016

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains impacts the efficacy of eradication therapy and promotes the development of alternative treatment strategies. Apocynin inhibits neutrophil NADPH oxidase and hence may decrease reactive oxygen species-mediated tissue damage in H. pylori-infected stomach tissue. Apocynin was tested in vitro for its cytotoxic and direct antibacterial effects. The therapeutic efficacy of orally administered apocynin (100 mg/kg/day through drinking water or 200 mg/kg/day through combined administration of drinking water and slow-release formulation) was assessed at 9 weeks after infection in the Mongolian gerbil model. Bacterial burdens were quantified by viable plate count and quantitative PCR. Histopathological evaluation of antrum and pylorus provided insight into mucosal inflammation and injury. Apocynin showed no cytotoxic or direct antibacterial effects in vitro or in vivo. Nine weeks of apocynin treatment at 200 mg/kg/day reduced active H. pylori gastritis as neutrophil infiltration in the mucous neck region and pit abscess formation decreased significantly. In our gerbil model, prolonged high-dose apocynin treatment significantly improved H. pylori-induced pit abscess formation without indications of drug toxicity and thus further investigation of the dosage regimen and formulation and the long-term impact on neoplastic development should be carried out.
Implementing the patient-centered medical home in complex adaptive systems
Authors: Flieger Signe Peterson
Published: March 2016

Background:

This study explores the implementation experience of nine primary care practices becoming patient-centered medical homes (PCMH) as part of the New Hampshire Citizens Health Initiative Multi-Stakeholder Medical Home Pilot.

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to apply complex adaptive systems theory and relationship-centered organizations theory to explore how nine diverse primary care practices in New Hampshire implemented the PCMH model and to offer insights for how primary care practices can move from a structural PCMH to a relationship-centered PCMH.

Methodology/Approach:

Eighty-three interviews were conducted with administrative and clinical staff at the nine pilot practices, payers, and conveners of the pilot between November and December 2011. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed using both a priori and emergent themes.

Findings:

Although there is value in the structural components of the PCMH (e.g., disease registries), these structures are not enough. Becoming a relationship-centered PCMH requires attention to reflection, sensemaking, learning, and collaboration. This can be facilitated by settings aside time for communication and relationship building through structured meetings about PCMH components as well as the implementation process itself. Moreover, team-based care offers a robust opportunity to move beyond the structures to focus on relationships and collaboration.

Practice Implications:

(a) Recognize that PCMH implementation is not a linear process. (b) Implementing the PCMH from a structural perspective is not enough. Although the National Committee for Quality Assurance or other guidelines can offer guidance on the structural components of PCMH implementation, this should serve only as a starting point. (c) During implementation, set aside structured time for reflection and sensemaking. (d) Use team-based care as a cornerstone of transformation. Reflect on team structures and also interactions of the team members. Taking the time to reflect will facilitate greater sensemaking and learning and will ultimately help foster a relationship-centered PCMH.
Living Arrangements Modify the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Self-care in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Lee Kyoung Suk , Lennie Terry A. , Yoon Ju Young , Wu Jia-Rong , Moser Debra K.
Published: March 2016

Background:

Depressive symptoms hinder heart failure patients’ engagement in self-care. As social support helps improve self-care and decrease depressive symptoms, it is possible that social support buffers the negative impact of depressive symptoms on self-care.

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of living arrangements as an indicator of social support on the relationship between depressive symptoms and self-care in heart failure patients.

Methods:

Stable heart failure patients (N = 206) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depressive symptoms. Self-care (maintenance, management, and confidence) was measured with the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. Path analyses were used to examine associations among depressive symptoms and the self-care constructs by living arrangements.

Results:

Depressive symptoms had a direct effect on self-care maintenance and management (standardized β = −0.362 and −0.351, respectively), but not on self-care confidence in patients living alone. Depressive symptoms had no direct or indirect effect on any of the 3 self-care constructs in patients living with someone.

Conclusions:

Depressive symptoms had negative effects on self-care in patients living alone, but were not related to self-care in patients living with someone. Our results suggest that negative effects of depressive symptoms on self-care are buffered by social support.
Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinoma Arising in a Mature Cystic Teratoma of the Ovary
Authors: Clark Mary E. , Will Micah D.
Published: March 2016

Here, we present a rare case of intestinal type adenocarcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma (MCT) and review all previously reported similar cases with emphasis on the immunohistochemical characteristics of prior cases. Nine prior cases of intestinal type adenocarcinoma arising in MCT have been previously reported. Two of the prior cases as well as this case have been associated with CA19-9 elevation. CK20 is consistently strongly positive and CK7 is usually negative in cases of intestinal type adenocarcinoma arising in MCT. This contrasts with mucinous tumors of the ovary which are known to be usually CK7 strongly positive and inconsistently CK20 positive. The pattern of strong CK20 staining and often negative or weak CK7 staining is common to mucinous neoplasms arising in MCT. These findings suggest that the less common subset of primary mucinous ovarian tumors that have strong CK20 staining and partial or negative CK7 staining may represent a group of tumors with germ cell origin rather than the more common surface epithelial origin.
Treatment Outcomes and Resistance Patterns of Children and Adolescents on Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Asia
Authors: Prasitsuebsai Wasana , Teeraananchai Sirinya , Singtoroj Thida , Truong Khanh Huu , Ananworanich Jintanat , Do Viet Chau , Nguyen Lam Van , Kosalaraksa Pope , Kurniati Nia , Sudjaritruk Tavitiya , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Kerr Stephen J. , Sohn Annette H. ,   on behalf of the TASER-Pediatrics Study Group
Published: March 2016

Background:

Data on pediatric treatment outcomes and drug resistance while on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed to guide HIV care in resource-limited countries.

Methods:

HIV-infected children <18 years who were switched or switching to second-line ART after first-line failure were enrolled from 8 sites in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Genotyping was performed at virologic failure (VF; HIV-RNA >1000 copies/mL). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate factors predicting VF.

Results:

Of 277 children, 41% were female. At second-line switch, age was 7.5 (5.3–10.3) years, CD4 count was 300 (146–562) cells per cubic millimeter, and percentage was 13 (7–20%); HIV-RNA was 5.0 (4.4–5.5) log10 copies per milliliter. Second-line regimens contained lamivudine (90%), tenofovir (43%), zidovudine or abacavir (30%), lopinavir (LPV/r; 91%), and atazanavir (ATV; 7%). After 3.3 (1.8–5.3) years on second-line ART, CD4 was 763 (556–1060) cells per cubic millimeter and 26% (20–31%). VF occurred in 73 (27%), with an incidence of 7.25 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.77 to 9.12). Resistance mutations in 50 of 73 children with available genotyping at first VF included M184V (56%), ≥1 thymidine analogue mutation (TAM; 40%), ≥4 TAMs (10%), Q151M (4%), any major LPV mutation (8%), ≥6 LPV mutations (2%), and any major ATV mutation (4%). Associations with VF included age >11 years (hazard ratio [HR] 4.06; 95% CI: 2.15 to 7.66) and HIV-RNA >5.0 log10 copies per milliliter (HR 2.42; 95% CI: 1.27 to 4.59) at switch and were seen more commonly in children from Vietnam (HR 2.79; 95% CI: 1.55 to 5.02).

Conclusions:

One-fourth of children developed VF while on second-line ART. However, few developed major mutations to protease inhibitors.
Anal Sphincter Injuries After Operative Vaginal Versus Spontaneous Delivery—Is There a Difference in Postpartum Symptoms?
Authors: Davé Bhumy A. , Leader-Cramer Alix , Mueller Margaret , Johnson Lisa Labin , Kenton Kimberly , Lewicky-Gaupp Christina
Published: March 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in pelvic floor symptoms between women who had obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) after an operative vaginal delivery versus those who had OASIS after a spontaneous delivery.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of women who sustained OASIS. Women were evaluated at 1 week postpartum and again at 12 weeks; at both of these visits, they completed a battery of validated questionnaires including a visual analog scale for pain, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression inventory, Fecal Incontinence Severity Index, Urogenital Distress Inventory 6, and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire 7.

Results

Two hundred sixty-eight women with OASIS were included in this analysis (194 operative vaginal, 74 spontaneous). Ninety-one percent of those with operative vaginal delivery had a forceps-assisted delivery. After multivariate regression, operative OASIS was independently associated with greater Urogenital Distress Inventory 6 scores (P = 0.02), Fecal Incontinence Severity Index scores (P = 0.04), and visual analog scale pain scores (P = 0.03) and higher rates of urgency urinary incontinence (P = 0.04), stress urinary incontinence (P = 0.02), and anal incontinence (P = 0.04) at 1 week postpartum. At 3 months postpartum, symptoms were no different between the groups.

Conclusions

Women who sustain OASIS secondary to operative vaginal delivery report more bothersome urinary symptoms and higher rates of anal incontinence immediately postpartum as compared with women with OASIS secondary to spontaneous delivery. These differences may resolve by 3 months postpartum.
Validation of the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index in a Turkish Population
Authors: Kucukbas Mehmet , Selçuk Selçuk , Asoglu Mehmet Resit , Akdemir Yesim , Karateke Ates , Cam Cetin
Published: March 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to validate the Turkish-translated version of the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) for Turkish-speaking patients.

Methods

This prospective cohort study included 58 patients: 22 (37.9%) scored 0 (no incontinence), and the remaining 36 (62.1%) scored at least 1 (any level of gas, mucus, liquid, solid incontinence, pad wear, or lifestyle alteration). Test-retest reliability analysis, internal consistency analysis, content-face validity, and criterion validity were used to evaluate the Turkish version of the FISI. Validity of the criteria was assessed through correlation analyses between patient and surgeon scores of FISI and manometric measurement between patients with or without anal incontinence symptoms.

Results

The 2-week test-retest revealed significant correlation (P < 0.001). The Cronbach α values of the translated version for total scores of the scale were 0.735 and 0.734 for patient-rated scores and surgeon-rated scores, respectively, and indicate a high degree of internal consistency in each item of the questionnaire. Total and all subgroup scores of the FISI scale showed significant correlation with the maximal squeeze pressure and resting pressure values. Comparison of maximal squeeze pressure and resting pressure values of both groups showed significant differences between women with no incontinence and women with any form of incontinence.

Conclusions

The Turkish-translated version of the FISI is a reliable, consistent, and valid instrument for assessing the patient-rated symptom severity among women with anal incontinence in a Turkish-speaking population.
An ATM/Wip1-dependent timer controls the minimal duration of a DNA-damage mediated cell cycle arrest
Authors: Jaiswal Himjyot , Benada Jan , Müllers Erik , Akopyan Karen , Burdova Kamila , Koolmeister Tobias , Helleday Thomas , Medema René H , Macurek Libor , Lindqvist Arne
Published: March 2016

After DNA damage, the cell cycle is arrested to avoid propagation of mutations. In G2 phase, the arrest is initiated by ATM/ATR-dependent signalling that blocks mitosis-promoting kinases as Plk1. Interestingly, Plk1 can counteract ATR-dependent signalling and is required for eventual resumption of the cell cycle. However, what determines when Plk1 activity can resume remains unclear. Here we use FRET-based reporters to show that a global spread of ATM activity on chromatin and phosphorylation of targets including Kap1 control Plk1 re-activation. These phosphorylations are rapidly counteracted by the chromatin-bound phosphatase Wip1, allowing a cell cycle restart despite persistent ATM activity present at DNA lesions. Combining experimental data and mathematical modelling we propose that the minimal duration of a cell cycle arrest is controlled by a timer. Our model shows how cell cycle re-start can occur before completion of DNA repair and suggests a mechanism for checkpoint adaptation in human cells.
A time- and cost-effective strategy to sequence mammalian Y Chromosomes: an application to the de novo assembly of gorilla Y
Authors: Tomaszkiewicz Marta , Rangavittal Samarth , Cechova Monika , Sanchez Rebeca Campos , Fescemyer Howard W. , Harris Robert , Ye Danling , O'Brien Patricia C.M. , Chikhi Rayan , Ryder Oliver A. , Ferguson-Smith Malcolm A. , Medvedev Paul , Makova Kateryna D.
Published: March 2016

The mammalian Y Chromosome sequence, critical for studying male fertility and dispersal, is enriched in repeats and palindromes, and thus, is the most difficult component of the genome to assemble. Previously, expensive and labor-intensive BAC-based techniques were used to sequence the Y for a handful of mammalian species. Here, we present a much faster and more affordable strategy for sequencing and assembling mammalian Y Chromosomes of sufficient quality for most comparative genomics analyses and for conservation genetics applications. The strategy combines flow sorting, short- and long-read genome and transcriptome sequencing, and droplet digital PCR with novel and existing computational methods. It can be used to reconstruct sex chromosomes in a heterogametic sex of any species. We applied our strategy to produce a draft of the gorilla Y sequence. The resulting assembly allowed us to refine gene content, evaluate copy number of ampliconic gene families, locate species-specific palindromes, examine the repetitive element content, and produce sequence alignments with human and chimpanzee Y Chromosomes. Our results inform the evolution of the hominine (human, chimpanzee, and gorilla) Y Chromosomes. Surprisingly, we found the gorilla Y Chromosome to be similar to the human Y Chromosome, but not to the chimpanzee Y Chromosome. Moreover, we have utilized the assembled gorilla Y Chromosome sequence to design genetic markers for studying the male-specific dispersal of this endangered species.
Genome-wide A-to-I RNA editing in fungi independent of ADAR enzymes
Authors: Liu Huiquan , Wang Qinhu , He Yi , Chen Lingfeng , Hao Chaofeng , Jiang Cong , Li Yang , Dai Yafeng , Kang Zhensheng , Xu Jin-Rong
Published: March 2016

Yeasts and filamentous fungi do not have adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) orthologs and are believed to lack A-to-I RNA editing, which is the most prevalent editing of mRNA in animals. However, during this study with thePUK1(FGRRES_01058) pseudokinase gene important for sexual reproduction inFusarium graminearum, we found that two tandem stop codons, UA1831GUA1834G, in its kinase domain were changed to UG1831GUG1834G by RNA editing in perithecia. To confirm A-to-I editing ofPUK1transcripts, strand-specific RNA-seq data were generated with RNA isolated from conidia, hyphae, and perithecia.PUK1was almost specifically expressed in perithecia, and 90% of transcripts were edited to UG1831GUG1834G. Genome-wide analysis identified 26,056 perithecium-specific A-to-I editing sites. Unlike those in animals, 70.5% of A-to-I editing sites inF. graminearumoccur in coding regions, and more than two-thirds of them result in amino acid changes, including editing of 69PUK1-like pseudogenes with stop codons in ORFs.PUK1orthologs and other pseudogenes also displayed stage-specific expression and editing inNeurospora crassaandF. verticillioides. Furthermore,F. graminearumdiffers from animals in the sequence preference and structure selectivity of A-to-I editing sites. Whereas A's embedded in RNA stems are targeted by ADARs, RNA editing inF. graminearumpreferentially targets A's in hairpin loops, which is similar to the anticodon loop of tRNA targeted by adenosine deaminases acting on tRNA (ADATs). Overall, our results showed that A-to-I RNA editing occurs specifically during sexual reproduction and mainly in the coding regions in filamentous ascomycetes, involving adenosine deamination mechanisms distinct from metazoan ADARs.
Supporting faculty mentoring through the use of creative technologies
Authors: Franko Debra L. , Rinehart Jan , Kenney Kathleen , Loeffelholz Mary , Guthrie Barbara , Caligiuri Paula
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– Mentoring of junior faculty members (i.e. professors) in higher education has been documented to be critical to their academic success which most often takes the form of receiving tenure and/or promotion to higher academic ranks at universities in the USA. A “junior faculty member” would be defined as someone who has not yet been tenured or promoted and is usually within the first five years of their academic appointment. However, mentoring relationships can sometimes be difficult to build and momentum for continuous mentoring throughout the pre-tenure period can be a challenge to maintain. One of the concerns identified by mentees is the importance of regular meetings with mentors and the concomitant difficulty of knowing what to address in these meetings so as to make them productive and helpful. Mentors, most often senior faculty members, note that they do not always know the most relevant issues to discuss with junior faculty during mentoring meetings. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– In an effort to address these issues, the authors describe here the development of using creative technology to support a new mentoring system that provides structured prompts and reminders to both mentors and mentees and uses tools to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the mentoring relationship.

Findings

– This paper highlights a pilot program, describing the rationale for and stages in the development of an e-mail-based and mobile-based program to improve the quality of mentoring for junior faculty at one higher education institution. Focus group data provided by stakeholders (e.g. faculty, department chairs, and associate deans) are provided.

Originality/value

– Professional development and academic success for junior faculty members may be strengthened by greater attention to formal mentoring strategies such as the one described here.
Strategic management of technical university: structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Dandagi Shivaprasad , Bhushi Umesh , Bagodi Virupaxi , Sinha Deepankar
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the constructs and establish causal relationship between factors for strategically governing a technical university in Indian context. Further, the paper carries out a systemic study to emphasize on the need for these universities to design strategies that are endurable and sustainable.

Design/methodology/approach

– A structured questionnaire survey was carried out (207 responses). Factor analysis was carried out to bring out the latent variables representing the attributes, and later, the causality between these variables was established using structural equation modelling (SEM). These relationships between the factors helped in developing a robust system dynamic model for strategic management of technical universities.

Findings

– The peak points on the contours for varying strategic orientation revealed the adaptability and the time required for attaining that level of adaptability. The contour plots also revealed the limiting values in each case. Finally, it is concluded that university adaptability increases with increasing strategic orientation. The analysis also revealed that the process by which the technical universities formulate their strategies is an important determinant of various factors.

Originality/value

– Universities looking to implement strategic management-related methodologies for the improved management focusing on developing effective methods for developing strategy can be expected to yield better performance, rather than concentrating on the technologies and supporting infrastructures.
Multi-criteria supplier selection model using the analytic hierarchy process approach
Authors: Yadav Vinod , Sharma Milind Kumar
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a supplier selection model for an automobile company using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach. Supplier selection is now growing to be an important but complex issue, as it involves a large number of factors and decisions. These factors have complicated operational and financial implications.

Design/methodology/approach

– A case study of an Indian automobile company is used to illustrate and propose a supplier selection model using AHP approach.

Findings

– Key criteria of the supplier selection problem are identified based on the literature review and case study. Then, a model is proposed for supplier selection using AHP approach followed by a detailed sensitivity analysis.

Practical implications

– This paper contributes to supplier selection process, and points out the importance of supplier selection. It proposes a supplier selection model for an automobile industry which often faces heterogeneous supply environments. The proposed model provides key criteria for supplier selection in Indian context. This model may have high acceptability, where a large number of suppliers are available to supply the materials or provide the services.

Originality/value

– The proposed model can provide guidelines and directions for managers involved in purchasing function to effectively select suppliers on the basis of the identified criteria in the heterogeneous manufacturing environment.
A conceptual model of the drivers and outcomes of mobile CRM application adoption
Authors: Rodriguez Michael , Trainor Kevin
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– Many organizations still struggle with sales force technology implementation because of low user adoption rates. The ubiquity of mobile computing devices, such as smartphones and tablets, and the proliferation of mobile customer relationship management (mCRM) applications, may lead to increased CRM adoption and higher returns on CRM technology investments. The purpose of this study is to attempt to extend the current literature by developing a model of mCRM antecedents and outcomes by incorporating the idiosyncratic mCRM characteristics that have not yet been examined in the sales technology literature.

Design/methodology/approach

– This research utilizes the technology acceptance model and the technology-to-performance chain as the foundation of a conceptual model of the drivers and outcomes of mCRM adoption.

Findings

– This conceptual study provides several contributions to both the sales technology literature and to practitioners within sales organizations. The proposed conceptual model outlines the benefits of providing mCRM capabilities to sales professionals. These benefits include increased productivity, sales activity and collaboration among both internal stakeholders (management and peers) and external stakeholders (prospects and customers).

Originality/value

– Despite the increased use of mobile applications in sales, research on this particular form of technology is limited, and sales researchers have yet to examine mCRM or its relationship to sales performance. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to forward a conceptual model that allows researchers to explore the drivers of mCRM use and how mCRM influences individual and organizational-level outcomes.
Omni-channel research framework in the context of personal selling and sales management
Authors: Cummins Shannon , Peltier James W. , Dixon Andrea
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to develop an omni-channel framework in the context of sales and sales management related to six areas: sales contexts, impact of technology, stages in the sales process, impact on relationships, impact on firm performance and the role of various communication tools and platforms. The paper also offers future reach needs in each of these areas.

Design/methodology/approach

– Literature review and research needs development.

Findings

– Research in omni-channel marketing in the context of sales and sales management is virtually silent. The authors identify key research gaps and offer recommended future research opportunities.

Originality/value

– To date, little research in sales and sales management has studied multi-channel marketing. The omni-channel research framework reported here is unique and will help guide research in this area.
The contribution of developmental experience vs. condition to life history, trait variation and individual differences
Authors: DiRienzo Nicholas , Montiglio Pierre‐Olivier
Published: March 2016

1. Developmental experience, for example food abundance during juvenile stages, is known to affect life history and behaviour. However, the life history and behavioural consequences of developmental experience have rarely been studied in concert. As a result, it is still unclear whether developmental experience affects behaviour through changes in life history, or independently of it.

2. The effect of developmental experience on life history and behaviour may also be masked or affected by individual condition during adulthood. Thus, it is critical to tease apart the effects of developmental experience and current individual condition on life history and behaviour.

3. In this study, we manipulated food abundance during development in the western black widow spider, Latrodectus hesperus, by rearing spiders on either a restricted or ad lib diet. We separated developmental from condition‐dependent effects by assaying adult foraging behaviour (tendency to attack prey and to stay on out of the refuge following an attack) and web structure multiple times under different levels of satiation following different developmental treatments.

4. Spiders reared under food restriction matured slower and at a smaller size than spiders reared in ad lib conditions. Spiders reared on a restricted diet were more aggressive towards prey and built webs structured for prey capture, while spiders reared on an ad lib diet were less aggressive and built safer webs. Developmental treatment affected which traits were plastic as adults: restricted spiders built safer webs when their adult condition increased, while ad lib spiders reduced their aggression when their adult condition increased. The amount of individual variation in behaviour and web structure varied with developmental treatment. Spiders reared on a restricted diet exhibited consistent variation in all aspects of foraging behaviour and web structure, while spiders reared on an ad lib diet exhibited consistent individual variation in aggression and web weight only.

5. Developmental experience affected the average life history, behaviour and web structure of spiders, but also shaped the amount of phenotypic variation observed among individuals. Surprisingly, developmental experience also determined the particular way in which individuals plastically adjusted their behaviour and web structure to changes in adult condition.
‘Asset Price Urbanism’ and Financialization after the Crisis: Ireland's National Asset Management Agency
Authors: Byrne Michael
Published: March 2016

The impact of the global financial crisis on cities is the subject of an important body of research. One aspect which has received surprisingly little attention is the urban dimension of government interventions in the financial sector, particularly given the integration of finance and real estate is widely understood as a key driver of the crisis. This article examines one such intervention, the National Asset Management Agency (NAMA), a ‘bad bank' established by the Irish government to acquire and manage ‘toxic' real estate loans from the banking sector. Although envisaged as an intervention in the financial sector, the relationship between finance and real estate is such that the agency has a significant impact on urban development and, at the same time, that the management of urban space plays a key role in resolving the financial crisis and restoring the flow of credit in the economy. The article develops the concept of ‘asset price urbanism' to capture the way in which urban space and its relationship to finance is managed to bolster the relationship between real estate and credit, and theorizes this as a significant aspect of contemporary accumulation. The article thus makes an empirically grounded conceptual contribution to literature on the urban dimension of financialization.
Influence of fetal blood flow redistribution on fetal and childhood growth and fat distribution: the Generation R Study
Authors: Kooijman MN , Gaillard R , Reiss IKM , Hofman A , Steegers EAP , Jaddoe VWV
Published: March 2016

Objective

A suboptimal intrauterine environment leads to fetal blood flow redistribution and fetal growth restriction. Not much is known about childhood growth consequences. We examined the associations of fetal blood flow redistribution with birth outcomes, and repeatedly measured fetal and childhood growth and fat mass measures.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Population‐based.

Population

One thousand one hundred and ninety‐five pregnant women and their children.

Methods

We measured umbilical and cerebral artery blood flow at a gestational age of 30.3 weeks (95% range, 28.5–32.6 weeks). A higher umbilical/cerebral (U/C) pulsatility index ratio is an indicator of preferential blood flow to the brain cerebral circulation at the expense of the lower body parts.

Main outcome measures

Fetal and childhood growth were repeatedly measured from the third trimester until childhood. We measured the total body fat mass, lean fat mass and android/gynoid fat mass ratio by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry and preperitoneal fat by ultrasound at 6 years.

Results

A higher fetal U/C ratio was associated with increased risks of preterm birth and small size for gestational age at birth [odds ratios, 1.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.85) and 1.63 (95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.19), respectively, per SDS increase in U/C ratio]. Longitudinal growth analyses showed that a higher fetal U/C ratio was associated with persistently lower head circumference, length and weight from third trimester fetal life until childhood (all P < 0.05). The fetal U/C ratio was not associated with total body and abdominal fat measures at 6 years.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that fetal blood flow redistribution affects fetal development and has persistent consequences for childhood growth.

Tweetable Abstract

Fetal blood flow redistribution affects fetal development and has persistent consequences for childhood growth.
Population structure of Atlantic mackerel inferred from RAD‐seq‐derived SNP markers: effects of sequence clustering parameters and hierarchical SNP selection
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta Naiara , Bradbury Ian R. , Mendibil Iñaki , Álvarez Paula , Cotano Unai , Irigoien Xabier
Published: March 2016

Restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq) and related methods are revolutionizing the field of population genomics in nonmodel organisms as they allow generating an unprecedented number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) even when no genomic information is available. Yet, RAD‐seq data analyses rely on assumptions on nature and number of nucleotide variants present in a single locus, the choice of which may lead to an under‐ or overestimated number of SNPs and/or to incorrectly called genotypes. Using the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) and a close relative, the Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias), as case study, here we explore the sensitivity of population structure inferences to two crucial aspects in RAD‐seq data analysis: the maximum number of mismatches allowed to merge reads into a locus and the relatedness of the individuals used for genotype calling and SNP selection. Our study resolves the population structure of the Atlantic mackerel, but, most importantly, provides insights into the effects of alternative RAD‐seq data analysis strategies on population structure inferences that are directly applicable to other species.
Importance of DNA and histone methylation in in vitro plant propagation for crop improvement: a review
Authors: Karim R. , Nuruzzaman M. , Khalid N. , Harikrishna J.A.
Published: March 2016

Epigenetic changes including DNA and histone methylation may reorganise the nuclear architecture during in vitro culture. The states of methylation resulting from in vitro cultures are often related to control the somatic embryogenesis and regeneration process via modulating gene expression. By changing the methylation profile, it is possible to alter gene expression which may be applicable to produce large number of high quality planting materials or to improve agronomic traits leading to crop improvement. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of methylation alterations and acquisition of developmental cell fate during in vitro cultures can help in the development of strategies to enhance the embryogenic capability and totipotency in recalcitrant plant species and genotypes. Moreover, the methylation profile may also be useful to adapt crops under adverse environment as the plants undergo through various stresses during in vitro cultures. In this article, we review the literature on the role of DNA and histone methylation in plant variation and discuss the potential of targeted epigenetic variation for crop improvement.
Attenuated frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia in cannabis users
Authors: Blanco‐Hinojo Laura , Pujol Jesus , Harrison Ben J , Macià Dídac , Batalla Albert , Nogué Santiago , Torrens Marta , Farré Magí , Deus Joan , Martín‐Santos Rocío
Published: March 2016

Heavy cannabis use is associated with reduced motivation. The basal ganglia, central in the motivation system, have the brain's highest cannabinoid receptor density. The frontal lobe is functionally coupled to the basal ganglia via segregated frontal–subcortical circuits conveying information from internal, self‐generated activity. The basal ganglia, however, receive additional influence from the sensory system to further modulate purposeful behaviors according to the context. We postulated that cannabis use would impact functional connectivity between the basal ganglia and both internal (frontal cortex) and external (sensory cortices) sources of influence. Resting‐state functional connectivity was measured in 28 chronic cannabis users and 29 controls. Selected behavioral tests included reaction time, verbal fluency and exposition to affective pictures. Assessments were repeated after one month of abstinence. Cannabis exposure was associated with (1) attenuation of the positive correlation between the striatum and areas pertaining to the ‘limbic’ frontal–basal ganglia circuit, and (2) attenuation of the negative correlation between the striatum and the fusiform gyrus, which is critical in recognizing significant visual features. Connectivity alterations were associated with lower arousal in response to affective pictures. Functional connectivity changes had a tendency to normalize after abstinence. The results overall indicate that frontal and sensory inputs to the basal ganglia are attenuated after chronic exposure to cannabis. This effect is consistent with the common behavioral consequences of chronic cannabis use concerning diminished responsiveness to both internal and external motivation signals. Such an impairment of the fine‐tuning in the motivation system notably reverts after abstinence.
Understanding type I and type II errors, statistical power and sample size
Authors: Akobeng Anthony K.
Published: March 2016

The results of a clinical trial may be subject to random error because of the variability in the measured data, which arises purely by chance. There are two types of random error – type I error and type II error. In this study, type I and type II errors are explained, and the important concepts of statistical power and sample size estimation are discussed.

Conclusion

The most important way of minimising random errors is to ensure adequate sample size; that is, a sufficient large number of patients should be recruited for the study.