bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Transferin Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative Procurement Documents:The Differencebetween The United Kingdom and Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Nooriha , Asenova Darinka , Bailey Stephen J.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this paper is to analyse the risk transfer issue in Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative (PPP/PFI) procurement documents in the United Kingdom (UK) and Malaysia. It utilises qualitative research methods using documentation and interviews for data collection. The UK documents (guidelines and contracts) identify the risks related to this form of public procurement of services and makeexplicittheappropriateallocation of those risks between the public and the private sector PPP/PFI partners and so the types of risks each party should bear. However, in Malaysia, such allocation of risks was not mentioned in PPP/PFI guidelines. Hence, a question arises regarding whether risk transfer exists in Malaysian PPP/PFI projects, whether in contracts or by other means. This research question is the rationale for the comparative analysis ofdocumentsand practicesrelatingtorisk transfer in the PPP/PFI procurements in both countries. The results clarify risk-related issues that arise in implementing PPP/PFI procurement in Malaysia, in particular how risk is conceptualised, recognised and allocated (whether explicitly or implicitly), whether or not that allocation is intended to achieve optimum risk transfer, and so the implications forachievement ofvalue for moneyor other such objectivesinPPP/PFI.
Linking ‘Halal’ Friendly Hotel Attributes and Customer Satisfaction:The Islamic Tourism Sector
Authors: Putit Lennora , Muda Mazzini , Mahmood Ainul Nadzirah , Ahmad Taufek Nor Zafirah , Wahib Norhayati
Published: June 2020

An increasing demand for Islamic tourism has driven the concept of a ‘Halal’ (or permissible) friendly hotel into another level of business insight within the consumers’ travel market. The concept via its unique value proposition has rapidly become very attractive not only to Muslim tourists, but also to non-Muslim tourists globally. This study aims to examine the relationship linking ‘Halal’ friendly hotel attributes and customer satisfaction. Using purposive sampling, a total of 410 survey questionnaires were distributed to targeted respondents with only 323 usable feedbacks and used for data analysis. Regression results revealed that four main “Halal-friendly hotel” attributes have significant relationships with customer satisfaction. These include prayer facilities, Halal food, Islamic dress code and general Islamic morality. Of these four attributes, prayer facilities proved to have the most significant impact on customer satisfaction. Findings and managerial implications were further discussed in this article.
Factors predicting financial security of female headed households
Authors: Ahmad Siti Yuliandi , Sabri Mohamad Fazli , Rahim Husniyah Abd , Othman Syuhaily
Published: June 2020

In microeconomic perspective, financial security is often linked with the individual level of saving, the ability to meet the emergency, an adequate fund during retirement and the stability of income. Current macro economic volatility caused several consequences and indirectly affect on consumer saving and spending. Additionally, with a higher cost of living influenced consumers consumption especially among female-headed households with a number of dependents and dual domestic/work roles. This study investigates the relationships between financial strains, self-coping mechanisms, financial literacy, financial practices and financial security. A cross-sectional study of multistage random sampling has been used in the data collection. A structured questionnaire used in the survey method to collect data from 521 female-headed households from six single mothers associations in Malaysia. The results predicted that financial strains, self-coping mechanisms, financial literacy and financial practices explained 42.3% of the variance in financial security. The two strongest predictors are the self-coping mechanisms and financial practices. The implications of findings for policy makers, single mothers associations and financial practitioners were discussed.
Re-assessing political, social and economic determinants of economic growth: An analysis from selected Asian developing economies
Authors: Sarwar Saima , Haq Noor ul
Published: June 2020

This study aimed to reassess the impact of different political, social and economic determinants of the economic growth in selected Asian developing economies. The variables which are being used in this regard are gross domestic product, government spending, democracy, economic freedom, foreign direct investment, primary education, labour participation and life expectancy at birth. According to the estimated results from fixed effect model, it has been found that political factors are affecting more to the economic performance of these nations as compared to the other dimensions i.e. social and economic determinants. Both sizes of bureaucracy and democracy are positively related with economic growth supporting ‘Webrian theory’ of bureaucracy. Moreover, when discussing each variable, findings shed light on this fact that in these nations except corruption, FDI, Trade openness, economic freedom, life expectancy, primary education and employment rate are positively related with GDP.
Exchange rate volatility and non-oil exports in Nigeria: An empirical investigation
Authors: Akanbi Sa’ad Babatunde , Alagbe Halimah Adedayo , Yusuf Hammed Agboola , Oluwaseyi Musibau Hammed
Published: June 2020

The adoption of a flexible exchange rate system since 1986 in Nigeria has made the country witnessed varying rate of the naira vis-à-vis the U.S dollar. This paper examines exchange rate volatility with ARCH model and its various extensions (GARCH, TGARCH, and EGARCH) using quarterly exchange rate series from 1986-Q1 to 2014-Q4.The impact of exchange rate volatility on non-oil exports was also examined using Error Correction Model (ECM) with two different measures of volatility. The results obtained confirm the existence of exchange rate volatility and also found a significant negative effect on non-oil export performance in Nigeria. Therefore, the Nigerian government should ensure an appropriate policy mix that not only ensures a stable and realistic exchange rate but also conducive atmosphere for production and exportation.
Investigating Islamic advertising ethics: Perceptions of Indonesian Muslims
Authors: Purnama Fadhil Akbar , Safira Anya
Published: June 2020

Several studies have found that Muslims have different attitudes towards advertising compared to people of other faiths, which makes Muslims an especially interesting group of consumers to study. This research attempts to contribute to the understanding of Islamic advertising by investigating ethical advertising from the eyes of Indonesian Muslim consumers. More specifically, this study investigates whether there are differing ethical perceptions of advertisements between Indonesian Muslims of different age, gender, ethnicity, and levels of religiosity. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent sample t-test were used to compare the varying perceptions of the respondents towards the Islamic ethical advertising elements.
Comparative empirical analysis on the effect of mortgage loan on capital adequacy ratio
Authors: Dinç Yusuf
Published: June 2020

Capital adequacy ratio is the main indicator for banks to proceed with their operations. Standards for the calculation of the ratio are based on Basel Accord. Key factor for the calculation is credit risk. Credit risk is a function of credit and collateral type. In this case, mortgage has lower risk weight based on its collateral structure on credit risk. This research evaluates the effects of mortgages on capital adequacy ratio to understand the effects of collateral based credits. The findings show positive results between capital adequacy ratio and mortgages of participation banks. However, mortgages have negative impact on capital adequacy ratio of conventional banks. Participation and conventional banks of Turkey are compared on linear regression to analyse the effects of mortgages on capital adequacy ratio. Results are important for further research and professionals.
Maqasid-al-Shariah-based socio-economic development index (SCECDI): The case of some selected Islamic economies
Authors: Ullah Sana , Kiani Adiqa Kausar
Published: June 2020

The main objective of this study is to develop a socio-economic development index (SCECDI), which is composed of social development index (SCDI) and economic development index (ECDI). For the analysis, we have included 14 Islamic countries which are Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and U.A.E for the years 2010 and 2015.Pakistan’s spending on education and health is quite low during last five years on average, while value added agriculture is the highest among all Muslim countries. Meanwhile, spending on health and education in Saudi Arabia is quite high, besides having quite high export value added and capital formation. These are required for better economic development. Highest educational profile is observed in Malaysia, while the employment rate is highest in Kuwait among all. We have diversified the summary profile for all countries of the variables included for the analysis in the study. Expected outcome is that those Islamic economies which have better economic conditions, will have more than 0.50 values for SCECDI, while others may have the value in between 0-0.50. We also demonstrate the importance of SCECDI focusing the dynamic characteristics of all Islamic countries included in the study.
Can gold dinar replace fiat money as currency?
Authors: Peie Noraini , Mohamed Saadiah , Yusoff Nur Syahirah Mohamad , Joreme Aidaty Aqilah , Rosli Mohd Azizam
Published: June 2020

Currency instability often leads to economic crisis. This can be seen in period of worldwide economic recession in 1933, Mexican Peso crisis in 1995, currency depreciation in Southeast Asia  in 1997 and 1998, and the  Russian Ruble crisis in 1998. These crises have led to a discourse on fiat money as a possible culprit to  the crises due to its inherent promotion of speculation, debt and interest related economy. The currency crises have also resurfaced  the discourse on  using gold as a currency. This paper discusses the advantages of using gold dinar that enables it to be a superior currency than the existing fiat money. The paper further examines the possibility of replacing fiat money with the gold dinar and recognises that the implementation of gold dinar proves to be problematic under current realities. One of the major problems related to fiat money is that of credit creation. The paper argues that if the Islamic banking industry under the control of central bank could limit credit creation to prevent excessive growth of money, then the use of fiat money could be defended. In addition, current developments in crypto and digital  currency could make the discourse of going back to gold in the future  rather obsolete.
Determinants of capital structure: Empirical evidence from Shariah compliant plantation firms in Malaysia
Authors: Jaafar Mohamad Nizam , Muhamat Amirul Afif , Ahmad Ismail , Syed Alwi Sharifah Faigah
Published: June 2020

Capital structure choice is vital in corporate financial management due to its effect on both return and risk to investors. As such, the objective of this research is to analyse the capital structure of listed shariah compliant plantation companies in Bursa Malaysia. The factors that influence the level of debt in this research are profitability, tangibility and liquidity respectively. The research is conducted by observing financial data of 34 listed shariah compliant plantation firms in Malaysia from period 2006 to 2016. The study has used panel data and the regression analysis is based on ordinary least square (OLS). Capital structure is the dependaple variable referring to debt ratio of the companies, decomposed into total debts over total assets. The independent variables are profitability, liquidity and tangibility. Three theories of capital structure have guided this study i.e. the Trade-Off Theory, Asymmetric Information and the Pecking Order Theory. The study shows that profitability and tangibility have significant positive relationship capital structure. Nevertheless, liquidity does not have any significant relationshipwith the debt ratio. It is most likely that liquidity is not taken into account by listed plantation companies in Malaysia in making their capital structure decision. Since profitability and tangibility have significant relationship with the level of debt, the Theory of Capital Structure such as Trade Off Theory is applicable to plantation shariah compliant firms listed in Bursa Malaysia.
General Takaful claims: An experience of Takaful operator in Malaysia
Authors: Muhamat Amirul Afif , Jaafar Mohamad Nizam , Alwi Sharifah Faigah Syed
Published: June 2020

Takaful is interchangeably referred as Islamic insurance. In Malaysia, the takaful sector is part of the main components for Islamic finance industry. The business can be divided into two: general and family takaful. To ease understanding on this niche sector; general takaful is comparable to general insurance while family takaful is akin to life insurance with special reference needs to be given on the requirement of the business to adhere to the Islamic precepts. The main business in general takaful is motor takaful and this line of business is faced with high takaful claims. This study appraised the factors which affect the general takaful claims based on the experience of one takaful operator in Malaysia (the name of takaful operator is not disclosed due to confidentiality). The factors are: number of claims; fraud; and coverage for protection. The limitation of this study is that the observation period is only 10 years which limits rigorous analysis to be done. Nevertheless, previous studies in this area depict the same limitation – constraint in gathering data that has long observation period. On the bright side, the data in this study is still capable to produce meaningful results to be referred with regards to this issue – general takaful claims.
Acceptance towards Goods and Services Tax (GST) among local business communities
Authors: Asmuni Shahariah , Yusoff Sabariah , Ses Nur Syuhadah Mohd
Published: June 2020

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been introduced in Malaysia to replace the Sales and Services Tax (SST) to improve the efficiency of indirect tax collection. However, its implementation has not been fully understood by business people.  This research aims to examine the key factors that have contributed to the level of acceptance towards GST among business communities in a local city, Johor Bharu. In this study, three variables were selected namely awareness, understanding and attitude. Using questionnaire as a research instrument, 100 sets of questionnaires were distributed. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the relationship among awareness, understanding and attitude with the level of acceptance among business communities towards GST. The results revealed that the mean score for all independent variables is moderate. Awareness and attitude were found to have significant impact on the level of acceptance among business community towards GST, while understanding is not significant. The business community in Johor Bahru shows a moderate or positive level of acceptance and attitude towards GST.
Logistics and supply chain management: The importance of integration for business processes
Authors: Azmi Izwan , Hamid Norlida Abdul , Hussin Md Nasarudin Md , Ibrahim Nik Ibtishamiah
Published: June 2020

This conceptual paper outlines the importance of integration in supply chain management (SCM) by linking the functions of logistics as it applies in strategic business process. Often, business processes are developed at the strategic level but are never identified precisely in logistics or in SCM. Strategic business processes like Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supplier Relationship Management (SRM), Customer Service Management (CSM) and Demand Management are not directly linked to logistics or SCM. This paper identifies the literature that expressed the importance of integration and how business processes can be relevant in the execution of key logistics activities in the supply chain context.
Managing economic and Islamic research in big data environment: From computer science perspective
Authors: Bakar Nordin Abu
Published: June 2020

Research in economic and Islamic fields are facing a major challenge in the surge of big data. The landscape and the environment produce problems of massive magnitude and demand robust solutions. The traditional method might not be able to cater for this huge challenge; so, researchers must embark on the mission to seek new and versatile methods to solve the complex problem. If not, the research output would end up with sub-optimal results. In computer science, there are machine learning algorithms that have been used to solve problems in a such complex environment. This article explains the current demanding situation facing many researchers and how those algorithms have successfully solved some of the problems. The potential applications of the methods should be learned and utilised to improve the outcome of the research in these fields.
Islamic banks’ fee income, characteristics and risk: Panel data analysis evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Isa Siti Sarah Mat , Ma’in Masturah , Hanif Azlina
Published: June 2020

One of the non-operating income in Islamic banking operation, which is fee income has become progressively vital in expanding their income to counter decreasing net earnings due to rivalry from other financial competitors. However, it is important for Islamic banks to find out any potential risk that will distress their performance due to this activity. This is because, mixed results on this issue derived from the previous studies especially in the Western context such as in the US, Germany and other European countries. Using Indonesian Islamic bank’s quarter data between 2009 and 2013, this study adopts the panel data regression analysis to examine the relationship between Indonesian Islamic banks fee income and risk. The empirical results signified that fee income activities able to reduce Indonesian Islamic bank’s risk.
Green attitude and purchase intention towards environmental friendly product
Authors: Phuah Kit Teng , Ow Mun Waei , Sandhu Sukjeet Kaur , Kassim Umi Kalsom
Published: June 2020

In this modern era, societal marketing business ethics and corporate social responsibility has become the guideline for green marketing strategies and practices. Consumer concerns towards the environment are the evidence which steadily increases the ecologically conscious marketplace. Consumers' awareness and attitude on food products which market in green marketing is important in guiding their purchasing intention of environmental friendly food products. The purpose of this research is to determine the moderation of consumer attitude on the relationship of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control and consumer purchase intention towards environmental friendly food products. Simple random sampling was used in this study and 151 respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Descriptive analysis, reliability test and hierarchical multiple regression were used to accomplish the objective of this study. The results indicate that there is evidence to conclude that the consumer attitude is moderator in the relationship between subjective norms and their intention to purchase environmental friendly food products. However, attitude is not a moderator variable in the relationship between perceived behaviour control and consumer intention to purchase environmental friendly food products.
Determinants of household financial vulnerability in Malaysia and its effect on low-income groups
Authors: Abid Abidullah , Shafiai Muhammad Hakimi Mohd
Published: June 2020

Household financial vulnerability is an important area of research in household economic studies. Hence, a number of studies have attempted to identify the factors that make households vulnerable to financial shocks. In Malaysia, the research is scant on this topic especially when it comes to low-income households. Therefore, the study aims to identify the macroeconomic factors that make the household vulnerable to financial shocks. For this purpose, the study uses the autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach as an estimation technique. The results revealed that household debt, prices of goods, interest rate and unemployment have a positive long-run relationship with household financial vulnerability while income has a negative relationship. Further analysis confirms that these predictors of financial vulnerability also affect the low-income groups. This study would be of interest to the academicians and policy makers in the area of household economics.
Shariah compliant credit cards: Disputes and steps forward
Authors: Johan Zaimy Johana
Published: June 2020

The major studies on Islamic credit card (ICC) started in 2011 until 2013 specifically examining operations and structures of ICC and behavioural studies.  The other studies mostly explored and investigated behaviour and intention to utilise ICC.  There are however, few studies comparing between ICC and conventional credit card (CCC) preference.  On the same note, only a small number of studies have explored the importance of shariah compliance in influencing the behaviour of ICC adoption.  Since shariah compliant credit cards are not popular as compared to the conventional ones, it is timely to review the breadth and depth of ICC studies in order to acknowledge the existence of the product in the market.  Whether the product has been unattractive, lack of marketing and promotion from the bankers’ part or the public’s ignorance, insensitivity and unconsciousness about the products, the paper will provide an overview of the research work that has been conducted thus far.  The studies on ICC are still limited in numbers and the focus areas are only skewed towards behaviour, satisfaction and the structure of the cards.  The key features of ICC that differentiate the product with CCC still remain invisible and unnoticed.  There is a critical need to further investigate another perspective of ICC by identifying the key features of shariah compliance and leverage on the benefits to consumers by protecting and preserving basic needs as well as promoting healthy banking environment.
Insight into the reasons for the lack of Waqf reporting
Authors: Daud Dalila
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the attributes or factors contributing to the lack of reporting by Islamic councils. To gain feedback on how such problems can be solved, the researcher conducted interviews with experts from Islamic organisations. The findings of this paper may provide insights into how the waqf accounting is accepted by the Islamic Religious Council and the importance of the role of councils in ensuring transparency in reporting.
Length of business operation and its relationship with compliance behaviour of business zakat among owners of SMEs
Authors: Khamis Mohd Rahim , Kamarudin Mohd Faizal , Arifin Nur Afizah Muhamad , Hashim Maryam Jameelah
Published: June 2020

Length of business operation and its relationship with zakat compliance behaviour are hardly found in the literature. This is because many studies mainly discussed zakat on income compared zakat on business. Thus, this paper aims to identify the relationship between the length of business operation and compliance behaviour of business zakat among owners of SMEs through the new application namely Rasch Measurement Model. 276 questionnaires managed to be collected from SMEs and only 253 respondents fit with the Rasch Measurement Model. The statistical indicators such as Person Item Distribution Map revealed that among 253 respondents, 41.1 percent denoting the group that complies with paying business zakat and 58.9 percent denoting the group that does not comply with paying business zakat. Interestingly, this shows the length of business operation can be said as not influenced at all in compliance behaviour of business zakat among owners of SMEs. The implication of this paper provides evidence of the usefulness of Rasch Measurement Model in identifying the relationship between the length of business operation and compliance behaviour of zakat on business that has not been explored yet by other studies.
Are sukuk debt or equity? A classification of sukuk by regulatory bodies and credit rating agencies
Authors: Radzi Rafisah Mat , Muhamed Nurul Aini
Published: June 2020

Sukuk (Islamic bonds) are the Shariah (Islamic law) instrument that serves as an alternative to conventional bonds that are used in the modern capital market. In theory, sukuk represent a form of equity as they represent certificates conferring ownership to holders of an asset or pool of assets or claim to its cash flows. In practice, they have become known as Islamic bonds with their investors holding debt. Following the question of whether sukuk are debt or equity, this paper aims to classify sukuk from the perspective of regulatory bodies and credit rating agencies. Furthermore, to what extent the innovations in this Islamic instrument make it differ substantially from conventional bonds in practice will be examined.
Takayama Test as a Blood Spot Test Tool in Blood Samples Exposed to Freshwater Decomposition Media
Authors: PRAWESTININGTYAS ERIKO
Published: June 2020

In forensic examination, the findings on the inspection of the victim as well as on evidence in the form of spots on both the victim and the scene of the case in any amount can be used to assist the investigation process to help out in clarifying the case. The evidence, which is left behind and can be found and also examined, is blood spots. Blood spots found do not rule out the possibility to be exposed to decomposition media, in this case is water, because one of some efforts to omit an evidence is by disposing it into a watery area. Therefore, besides media decomposition exposure, the duration of exposure will also affect the results of identification of the spots findings. Water exposure as decomposition media will affect the integrity of identification of blood spots for the importance of forensic examination.

In this research, it was done an identification test of blood spot testing through a confirmation test using Takayama test for blood spots exposed to freshwater decomposition media. The research used true experimental design and analyzed by using descriptive analysis based on observations followed for 30 days.

The results of observation for 30 days serially in the control and treatment sample showed that blood spots exposed to freshwater decomposition media could still be identified as blood by obtaining hemochromogen crystals. The differences in the results of the control and treatment sample appeared with the presence of differences in color quality, namely pink hemochromogen crystals on the blood spot control and brownish yellow in the sample exposed to water, and could still be identified until exposure to water media on day 20. After day 20 to day 30 the color changed to pale yellow.

Keywords: identification of blood spots, decomposition media, Takayama test
STUDI CEMARAN MIKROBA PADA PRODUK PANGAN TRADISIONAL “LAWAR PUTIH DAGING BABI” DI KECAMATAN DENPASAR UTARA
Authors: Agustini Ni Ketut Sri , Putra I Nengah Kencana , Permana Dewa Gde Mayun
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to know microbial contamination of white lawar pork and hygiene sanitation practices in some restaurants that sell white lawar pork in North Denpasar subdistrict. The study used a survey method with simple random sampling technique. Sampling was carried out in several restaurants in the North Denpasar subdistrict. The result from this research was served in table, and the data was analyzed by descriptive method. The variables observed were total microbes, E.coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that as 45% of white lawar comply the total microbial requirements of processed meat with heat treatment in Indonesia (< 1x106 koloni/g), 100% lawar did not comply the requirements of E.coli in processed meat with heat treatment in Indonesia, and 100% white lawar had comply the requirements of Staphylococcous aureus in processed meat with heat treatment in Indonesia. 100% of lawar is processed in the morning. The practice of sanitation and hygiene at restaurants in the district of Denpasar Utara is quite good.

Keywords: white lawar, microbial contamination, hygiene sanitation
PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN TEPUNG KETAN PUTIH DENGAN TEPUNG KACANG MERAH (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK TEMERODOK
Authors: Hs Intan Azizah , Yusa Ni Made , Wiadnyani A.A. Istri Sri
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the study was to find the optimum ratio of glutinous rice flour and red kidney bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to produce temerodok with the best characteristics. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used in the research with treatment that is the ratio of glutinous rice flour with red kidney bean flour which consists of 6 levels: 100%:0%,90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40%, 50%:50%. The treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 18 units of the experiment. The data obtained were analyzed by variance and if the treatment had an effect on the observed variable then continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test.The ratio of glutinous rice flour and red kidney beans flour has a very significant effect on water content, ash content, protein content, fat content, carbohydrate content, color (scoring), texture (hedonic and scoring), taste (scoring) and significant effect against the levels of crude fiber, color (hedonic), taste (hedonic) and overall acceptance (hedonic). The ratio of glutinous red kidney bean flour (50%: 50%) produces the best characteristic temerodok based on the matrix table, namely: water content 5.49%, 2.53% ash content, 15.19% protein content, fat content 15.46%, 61.31% carbohydrate content, crude fiber content 5.54%, brown color, hard texture, taste very red beans, color, texture, taste and overall acceptancered kidney bean taste and neutral color, texture, taste and and overall acceptability.

Keywords : Tradisional food,temerodok, red kidney bean flour,glutinous rice flour.
PENGARUH JENIS PELARUT TERHADAP AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ECENG PADI (Monochoria vaginalis Burm F. C. Presel.)
Authors: Padmawati Ida Ayu Gede , Suter I Ketut , Hapsari Arihantana Ni Made Indri
Published: June 2020

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different solvents on the antioxidant activity of rice hyacinth extract and to find out the right type of solvent used to extract rice hyacinth with the highest antioxidant activity. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design with various types of solvents as a treatment using maceration method. The treatment consisting of four type of solvents i.e water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. All treatments were repeated four times to obtained 16 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed by variance and if the treatment had significant effect then followed by Duncan test. The results showed that the various types of solvent treatments had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on antioxidant activity. The results showed that ethanol solvent had the best treatment which produced an antioxidant activity based on IC50 of 0,49 mg/mL, yield of 26.17%, total phenol content of 11.12 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content of 8.26 mg QE/g, total tannin content of 5.18 mg TAE/g.

Keywords: rice hyacinth, maceration, anioxidant activity
AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT DARI AIR SUSU IBU (ASI) TERHADAP Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156
Authors: Antari Made Juli , Puspawati Ni Nyoman , Wipradnyadewi Putu Ari Sandhi
Published: June 2020

The aim of the research was to find the potency of Lactic Acid Bacteria isolated from breast milk on inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156 and to find the magnitude of lactic acid bacteria from breast milk in inhibiting L. monocytogenes FNCC 0156. This reseach consists of two phase: antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from breast milk and activity of bacteriocin against L. monocytogenes FNCC 0156. Isolate used in this research was A1, A3, A6, A8, A9, B3, B7, B8, and B10b. Antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from breast milk against L. monocytogenes FNCC 0156 was performed cell free supernatant, cell free neutral supernatant, and cell free neutral heated supernatant. The test was performed by well-agar diffusion method and contact method. The activity of bacteriocin was carried out according to the optimum incubation time of bacteriocin production in cell free heated neutral supernatant. The highest antimicrobial activity was supernatant treatment by well-agar diffusion method and contact method showed by isolate A1 with inhibition diameter of 10.60 mm and a decrease of 1.66 log cycle. The highest antimicrobial activity was neutral supernatant treatment by well-agar diffusion method and contact method showed by isolate B8 with inhibition diameter of 5.11 mm and increased only by 0.18 log cycle. The highest antimicrobial activity on the heated neutral supernatant treatment by well-agar diffusion method and contact method showed by isolate A6 with inhibition diameter of 0.85 mm and a decrease of 0.48 log cycle. The two isolates of cell free neutral heated supernatant treatment was isolate A6 and isolate B8 suspected to have bacteriocin compounds was then continued with isolation of bacteriocin. The result of the second phase showed that optimum time for bacteriocin production of isolate A6 was 36 hours and B8 was 60 hours. The highest antimicrobial activity of bacteriocin was showen by isolate A6 with an average inhibition diameter of 5.36 mm, followed by B8 with an average inhibition diameter of 2.44 mm.

Keywords: lactic acid bacteria, breast milk, Listeria monocytogenes FNCC 0156, antimicrobial activity, bacteriocin
Kajian Efisiensi Energi di Industri Pulp dan Kertas
Authors: Paminto Ari Kabul , Surya Sitorus Rudy , Firmansyah Rizki , Sahari Laili Nurus
Published: June 2020

Pertumbuhan industri pulp dan kertas diproyeksi akan mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan. Menurut asosiasi industri, pertumbuhan itu antara lain karena terdorong oleh peningkatan permintaan dan produksi seiring dengan beroperasinya beberapa pabrik baru. Industri pulp dan kertas memberikan sumbangan yang cukup besar terhadap PDB (Produk Domestik Bruto) mencapai 101,76 triliun rupiah (harga berlaku). Sumber energi utama industri ini meliputi energi panas dalam bentuk steam dan energi listrik. Dari keseluruhan proses, penggunaan energi panas mencapai 70-80% dari total energi yang dikonsumsi, dimana sebagian besar energi digunakan di proses pulping dan pengeringan. Steam dapat dibangkitkan dari black liquor dan bahan bakar lainnya seperti batubara, minyak, gas dan biomassa. Kebutuhan energi industri pulp dan kertas akan meningkat rata-rata 2,49% per tahun dari 108,5 juta SBM pada tahun 2018 menjadi 135,4 juta SBM pada tahun 2027, sehingga termasuk industri dengan konsumsi energi yang cukup besar. Sehingga perlu adanya inovasi penggunaan teknologi dengan efisiensi tinggi sehingga mengurangi penggunaan energi. Sampai saat ini lindi hitam (black liquor) dari pabrik pulp dan kertas di Indonesia pada umumnya belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal sebagai bahan bakar boiler. Upaya pemanfaatan black liquor dan penerapan teknologi yang efisien di industri pulp dan kertas mampu membantu mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil serta mengurangi emisi dari bahan bakar fosil. Dengan skenario efisiensi energi, kebutuhan energi industri pulp dan kertas akan menurun sebesar 12,5% pada tahun 2027. Potensi penghematan energi industri pulp dan kertas mulai tahun 2023 sebanyak 8,4 juta SBM dan menjadi 16,9 juta SBM pada tahun 2027. Besar peluang penghematan dan reduksi emisi bervariasi dan bergantung pada berbagai faktor, antara lain tingkat efisiensi proses dan teknologi yang telah diimplementasikan di industri tersebut.
Pengaruh katalis zeolit alam pada pirolisis plastik polyethylene terephthalate dan polypropylene
Authors: Anggono Yudan Priyo , Ilminnafik Nasrul , Adib Rosyadi Ahmad , Jatisukamto Gaguk
Published: June 2020

Penggunaan plastik akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah populasi penduduk dan meningkatnya perkembangan teknologi. Meningkatnya sampah plastik menjadi masalah besar bagi kehidupan dan ekosistem, Karena plastik sulit terurai di dalam tanah dan membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk dapat terurai. Dengan  adanya permasalahan tentang banyaknya sampah plastik yang sulit di uraikan  maka dapat dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis, metode pirolisis adalah proses pemanasan sampah plastik dengan menggunakan sedikit oksigen atau tanpa oksigen di dalamnya. Untuk memperbaiki minyak hasil pirolisis maka ditambahkan katalis sebagai katalisator sehingga memperoleh hasil minyak pirolisis lebih baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan minyak PET (polyethylene terephthalate) dan PP (polypropylene), untuk membandingkan hasil pirolisis dari penggunaan katalis dan tidak menggunakan katalis terhadap viskositas minyak yang dihasilkan,  serta pengaruh waktu pemanasan terhadap hasil volume minyak pirolisis. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan didapatkan hasil minyak terbanyak dengan bahan plastik PP dengan katalis 33 ml atau 8,46 %,  PET katalis 23 ml atau 8,943 % dan minyak PP tanpa katalis 76  ml atau 19,26 %, PET tanpa katalis 65 ml atau 17,23%.

The use of plastic will increase along with the increasing population and increasing technological development. Increased plastic waste is a big problem for life and ecosystems, because plastic is difficult to decompose in the soil and requires a long time to be decomposed. With the problem of the amount of plastic waste that is difficult to describe, it can be done with the pyrolysis method, the pyrolysis method is the process of heating plastic waste using little or no oxygen in it. To improve the pyrolysis oil, the catalyst is added as a catalyst to obtain better pyrolysis oil results. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PP (polypropylene) oils, to compare the results of pyrolysis from the use of catalysts and not use catalysts to the viscosity of the oil produced, as well as the effect of heating time on the results of the pyrolysis oil volume. The results of the research showed that most PP plastic catalyst oils were 33 ml or 8.46%, catalyst PET 23 ml or 8.943% and PP oil without catalyst 76 ml or 19.26%, PET without catalyst 65 ml or 17.23%.
Studi eksperimental karakteristik semprotan air pada airblast atomizer
Authors: Swastika I Dewa Gede Putra
Published: June 2020

Pengujian eksperimental telah dilakukan untuk mengamati karaktristik semprotan air pada airblast atomizer. Atomiser yang diuji merupakan nosel yang digunakan untuk keperluan pembakaran (burner). Untuk atomiser tipe ini cairan dan udara bercampur di dalam nosel sebelum disemprotkan ke lingkungan (ambient air). Air yang digunakan dalam pengujian mewakili bahan bakar pada burner yang sebenarnya, disuplai menggunakan pompa sedangkan udara disuplai menggunakan kompresor. Pengujian dilakukan dengan beberapa variabel, yaitu rasio udara dan air, tekanan injeksi air, dan pengujian pemanasan awal air sebelum bercampur dan disemprotkan ke lingkungan. Pengujian ini merekam gambar evolusi semprotan menggunakan kamera berkecepatan tinggi pada 1000 fps dengan durasi 2 detik dan ukuran gambar 1244x240 pixels. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel pengujian mempengaruhi karakteristik atomisasi yang terjadi (dimensi spray dan tingkat penguapan). Hasil pengujian juga dijelaskan dalam analisis gambar evolusi semprotan mulai dari kemunculan awal di ujung nosel sampai terbentuk spray yang stabil. Analisis gambar evolusi spray menunjukkan bahwa rasio udara-air yang tinggi menghasilkan sudut semprotan yang kecil, atomisasi yang lebih cepat, dan ukuran droplet yang lebih kecil.

Experimental testing has been carried out to observe the characteristics of water spray on the airblast atomizer. The atomiser tested is a nozzle used for burners. For this type of atomiser the liquid and air mix in the nozzle before being sprayed into the environment (ambient air). The water used in the test represents the fuel in the actual burner, it is supplied using a pump while the air is supplied using a compressor. The test is carried out with several variables, namely the ratio of air and water, water injection pressure, and preheating water test before mixing and spraying into the environment. This test records the evolution of the spray using a high-speed camera at 1000 fps with a duration of 2 seconds and images size of 1244x240 pixels. The test results show that the test variables affect the characteristics of the atomisation (spray dimensions and evaporation rate). The test results are also explained in the analysis of spray evolution images starting from the initial appearance at the tip of the nozzle to forming a stable spray. Analysis of spray evolution images shows that high air-water ratios produce smaller spray angles, faster atomization, and smaller droplet sizes.
Pengaruh Perbandingan Bahan dengan Pelarut dan Waktu Maserasi terhadap Ekstrak Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan
Authors: Widhiana Putra I Kadek , Ganda Putra G.P , Wrasiati Luh Putu
Published: June 2020

The cocoa beans husk contains a polyphenol compound with total phenolic compounds 5.78 percent. Waste cacao beans husk can be used more optimally by extracting, its countent of polyphenol compounds which can be used as natural antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of the comparison of ratio between material and solvent and maceration time on the extract of cocoa beans husk powder as a source of antioxidants and to determine the best type of ratio between material and solvent and maceration time to produce extracts of cocoa bean powder as a source of antioxidants. This experiment was disegred by using factorial randomized block design. The first factor is a ratio between material and solvent consisting of 3 levels, namely 1:10, 1:15, 1:20. The second factor is maceration time for 24, 36 and 48 hours. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the comparison of ratio between material and solvent and maceration time had a very significant effect on yield, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of cocoa beans husk extract. Interactions between treatments had a very significant effect on total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but did not significantly affect the yield of cocoa pod husk extract. The yield of the best cocoa beans husk powder extract was using ratio between material and solvent 1:20 and 48 hours of maceration with a yield of  14.49±0.19 percent. The best total phenolic and antioxidant capacity results were using ratio between material and solvent 1:15 and 48 hours with a total phenolic yield of 85.50±1.74 mg GAE/g and antioxidant capacity 55.18±0.22 mg GAEAC/g.

Keywords : cocoa bens husk, extraction, solvent, antioxidants.
Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel dan Lama Ekstraksi terhadap Karakteristik Ekstrak Pewarna Alami Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius R.)
Authors: Sayoga Made Hary , Wartini Ni Made , Suhendra Lutfi
Published: June 2020

Fragrant pandan leaves can be used as a natural coloring because they contain chlorophyll obtained through the extraction process. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of particle size and extraction time on the characteristics of natural pandanus fragrance leaf extract and determine the best treatment of particle size and extraction time to produce natural pandanus leaf extract dye. This study used a 2 factorial factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the particle size which consists of 3 levels, namely 40, 60, 80 mesh. The second factor is the extraction time which consists of 3 levels, namely 24, 36, and 48 hours. The results showed that the treatment of particle size and extraction time affected the yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, brightness (L *), redness (a *) and yellowish level (b *). The treatment of 60 mesh particle size and 36 hour extraction time are the best treatment to produce natural pandanus fragrance extract coloring with yield characteristics of 8.81% chlorophyll a level of 23.66%, chlorophyll b level of 3.92%, total chlorophyll content of 27.57%, the brightness level (L *) 21.06, the redness level (a *) 4.92, the yellowish level (b *) 6.21.

Keywords: Pandanus amaryllifolius R., chlorophyll, color, extraction
Karakteristik Ekstrak Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) sebagai Sumber Antioksidan pada Perlakuan Ukuran Partikel dan Waktu Maserasi
Authors: Rahmadhani Reren , Ganda Putra G.P. , Suhendra Lutfi
Published: June 2020

Cocoa beans husk is the highest waste of the cocoa fruit processing and has not been used optimally. The waste of cocoa beans husk contain polyphenol that can be used for antioxidants. Polyphenol on beans husk of cocoa can be extract using extraction method. This study aims were to determine the effect of the macerations and particle size on the extract beans husk of cocoa as a source of antioxidants and to determine the best of solvent concentration and particle size to produce extract of beans husk of cocoa a source of antioxidant. The study was the experimental research which designed by using randomized block desin (RBD) with two factors. The first factor was particle size that that consists of 40, 60 and 80 mesh. The second factor was maceration time, wich were done for  24, 36 and 48 hours.  The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that maceration time and particle size had a very significant effect on yield, total phenolics and antioxidant capacity on the extract of beans husk of cocoa. Interactions between treatments had a very signifiacant effect on total phenolic and antioxidant capacity but significantly effect the yield on the extract of beans husk of cocoa. 80 mesh of particle size and 48 hours maceration time was thebest treatment for extracting beans husk of cocoa as a source of antioxidants with characteristic 14.28±0.7 percent of yields, 92.2±1.66 mg GAE/g of total phenolics, and 57.71±0.27 mg GAEAC/g of antioxidant capacity.

Keywords : cocoa beans husk, extraction, particle size, antioxidants.
Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Penghasil Etanol dari Lingkungan Industri Arak Bali di Desa Merita dan Tri Eka Buana, Karangasem-Bali
Authors: Hakim Azis Akbar , Wijaya I M. Mahaputra , Gunam Ida Bagus Wayan
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this research is isolation and characterization to find potential bacteria which can produce the most optimal ethanol from the Arak Bali industry in Karangasem Regency, Bali. Bacteria were isolated by exposure method in open air using selective media Zymomonas Sucrose Medium (ZSMA) with the addition of nystatin as much as 0.18 g / L as an antifungal then samples were taken at three different points in one Arak Bali production location, namely the distillation place, the fermentation room for roomie, and the place of taking coconut juice under the coconut tree and the variation of time is 15, 30, and 60 minutes of exposure. Gas checking is done on the bacteria obtained to select its ability to produce ethanol. The results of the scanning of 11 best isolates using UV-visible spectrophotometry were fermented on 500 mL ZSM media for 10 days. BM1-CP14 is the best isolate to produce total ethanol of 15.33 mL through the fermentation process. The results of the characterization of BM1-CP14 isolates were Gram-positive bacteria in the form of bacilli, anaerobic and non-motile bacteria. The results showed that bacteria isolated from open-air also can produce ethanol.

Keyword: ethanol, Arak Bali, airborne bacterial exposure, isolation, characterization, UV-Visible spectrophotometry