bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un des premiers hydrogéologues du karst : l'Abbé Paramelle, «hydroscope»
Authors: Taisne Jean , Choppy Jacques
Published: March 2017

L'Abbé Parameile naquit en 1790 à Felzins, département du Lot. Humble curé d'une petite paroisse, il acquit une grande célébrité à son époque en indiquant avec une précision étonnante où et comment il fallait creuser pour trouver de l'eau. On l'appelait de tous les coins de France, et c'est ainsi qu'en 25 ans il indiqua plus de 10.000 «sources» dans au moins 40 départements. Ce n'était pas un «sourcier» : ce sont ses connaissances géologiques, son expérience et ses dons d'observation qui lui permirent d'obtenir de tels résultats. Les calcaires lui apparurent comme «défavorables à la découverte des sources» : mais en les étudiant, il put mettre en évidence trois notions nouvelles pour l'époque : le fait que les dolines alignées soient fréquentes dans les vallées sèches, la superposition habituelle des vallées de surface et des circulations souterraines, la généralité des systèmes perte-résurgence. Il publia en 1856 «L'art de découvrir les sources», ouvrage dans lequel il expose ses principes et sa méthode et présente les justificatifs des résultats. Il mourut et fut enterré à Saint-Céré en août 1875.
Présentation spéléologique du massif des Fanges et du chaînon du Roc Paradet (Fenouillèdes, Aude et Pyrénées Orientales)
Authors: Ournie Bernard
Published: March 2017

Le massif des Corbîères de Fanges-Roc Paradet, d'une superficie de 40 km2, renferme un complexe souterrain, le réseau Fanges-Paradet, constitué par la jonction de deux cavités : le Cthulhu Démoniaque et le Puits de l'Engoulevent d'un développement connu de 13 km. Cette région du Fenouillèdes se caractérise par une diversité de formes karstiques : lapiés de diaclases, dolines, vallées sèches, canyons, cavités recoupées. La complexité du drainage souterrain actuel, éclairée en partie par la complexité même du réseau exploré, est sans doute en relation avec un creusement endo-karstique mio-pliocène, lors de l'installation du réseau hydrographique de surface sur l'ancienne surface d'aplanissement éogène.

L'association ARKHAM créée en 1983 a pour but de coordonner et de promouvoir les recherches sur ce massif en réalisant notamment des publications de synthèse.
Une marmite remarquable du Trou qui Souffle (Vercors, France)
Authors: Lismonde Baudouin , Landry François , Landry Laurent , Laroche-Joubert Eric , David Nicole
Published: March 2017

Dans la galerie du Quai aux Fleurs au Trou qui Souffle (Méaudre, Isère) on trouve une marmite très profonde (5,4 m) et d'un diamètre assez régulier (1 à 1,3 m). Les parois sont tapissées de vagues d'érosion qui permettent, grâce à la relation de Curl (1966), d'apprécier les vitesses près de la paroi. On en déduit le champ de vitesse approximatif de l'écoulement tourbillonnaire dans une marmite.
Les portes de la biodiversité
Authors: Perrin Jean-François
Published: March 2017

The doors of biodiversity

The Rhone-Alpes region is situated at the confluence of the alpine, Atlantic and Mediterranean biogeographical zones. It is also the crossroads of several roads of the exile. Certain passages, as the major passes and the river valleys, indeed offer to the naturalists some exceptional sites of observation. The pass of Mont-Cenis in Savoy is one of the most interesting places to appreciate the variety of the alpine flora and detect potential immigrant animals.
Pourquoi multiplier les taxons ? Les excès de la conchyliologie
Authors: Audibert Cédric
Published: March 2017

Les mollusques se placent au second rang après les Arthropodes avec plus de 100 000 espèces connues à ce jour dont 35 000 terrestres et 10 000 dulcicoles. Mais depuis Linné, c'est sans doute plus d'un million de noms attribués, certaines espèces ayant reçu plus de 500 noms différents, notamment en France au XIXe siècle, sous l'égide de Bourguignat et de Locard. La malacologie s'est en effet réduite à de la conchyliologie, étudiant essentiellement la coquille qui n'est qu'une production animale très variable. En effet, sa variabilité phénotypique reflète des conditions telles que : pH du sol, disponibilité en carbonate de calcium, pluie et ensoleillement, température et altitude, rayonnement solaire. L'enroulement est un processus géométrique également complexe à décrire chez les Gastéropodes dont 650 espèces vivent en France. La faune rhonalpine, très riche car bénéficiant de climats variés, en compte plus de 270 espèces : 225 avant 1960 dont une dizaine non retrouvée, mais près de 50 nouvelles. La connaissance actuelle des Mollusques progresse avec les inventaires en Réserves naturelles, mais un atlas des mollusques semble prématuré à cause des problèmes taxinomiques rencontrés. France au XIXe siècle, sous l'égide de Bourguignat et de Locard. La malacologie s'est en effet réduite à de la conchyliologie, étudiant essentiellement la coquille qui n'est qu'une production animale très variable. En effet, sa variabilité phénotypique reflète des conditions telles que : pH du sol, disponibilité en carbonate de calcium, pluie et ensoleillement, température et altitude, rayonnement solaire. L'enroulement est un processus géométrique également complexe à décrire chez les Gastéropodes dont 650 espèces vivent en France. La faune rhonalpine, très riche car bénéficiant de climats variés, en compte plus de 270 espèces : 225 avant 1960 dont une dizaine non retrouvée, mais près de 50 nouvelles. La connaissance actuelle des Mollusques progresse avec les inventaires en Réserves naturelles, mais un atlas des mollusques semble prématuré à cause des problèmes taxinomiques rencontrés.
Le paradoxe de la biodiversité du milieu souterrain
Authors: Turquin Marie-José
Published: March 2017

Contrairement aux milieux de surface, l'écosystème cavernicole est si simple qu'il ne peut abriter que quelques espèces qui exhibent les mêmes exigences dans toutes les grottes du monde. Paradoxalement une diversité spécifique faible est donc un gage de qualité, et on peut même parler de climax depuis 15 000 ans au minimum. De fait, 150 ans après la découverte d'une vie spécialisée dans les grottes, les inventaires des divers massifs calcaires sont achevés, avec rarement la découverte d'une espèce nouvelle. En revanche, lorsque le milieu souterrain devient eutrophe à cause d'une fréquentation excessive ou d'une pollution par la surface, des espèces allochtones à plus grande valence écologique, s'y installent. En soixante ans certaines grottes se sont dégradées, d'autres améliorées en fonction des aléas de leur utilisation. Mais les troglobies survivent et se dispersent dans les mésocavernes, fissures, et drains qui constituent le Milieu Souterrain Superficiel.
Grands traits de l'évolution du peuplement de mammifères rhonalpins depuis 40 ans
Authors: Ariagno Daniel
Published: March 2017

On constate la rareté de données fiables sur le peuplement mammalien de Rhône-Alpes, hormis pour les espèces chassables, les grands carnivores, et les chiroptères. Cela tient au faible ombre d'observateurs habilités à pratiquer des inventaires complexes, et à la discrétion des espèces. Par rapport à la situation évaluée en 1976, la diversité est passée de 84 à 93 espèces ; sans que l'on note de disparition. Deux musaraignes, un mulot, et quatre chauves-souris sont des espèces indigènes nouvelles, tandis que cinq espèces exotiques ont été introduites. L'année 1975 marque le retour naturel du lynx et de la loutre, puis le signalement du loup en 1997. Après le succès des mesures de protection qui ont sauvé dès 1950 des espèces comme le bouquetin, le chamois et le castor, de nombreuses espèces sont à ce jour en liste rouge ; la chasse n'est plus aujourd'hui le facteur principal de menace, mais toutes sont confrontées au morcellement de l'espace, et à la mortalité induite par la traversée des grandes infrastructures (autoroutes, voies ferrées, canaux fluviaux).
Les papillons de jour du département du Rhône, survivants dans un environnement incertain (Insecta, Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera)
Authors: Cowles Timothy
Published: March 2017

Butterflies of the Rhone district surviving in an uncertain environment (Insecta, Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera)

This article gives a general presentation of butterflies and their environment, and a comparison with the biodiversity in the Rhone 50 years ago. Complete lists are included of possible extinctions, doubtful and new observations, as well as a selection of the more remarkable species, declines and expansions. The reader will appreciate that whilst the number of species has remained relatively constant, the future remains uncertain for butterflies with so many habitats under threat. About 240 species are known in continental France, many of them living in southern region and mountains, or exhibiting ecological requirements in special biotopes ; 107 species are recorded from Rhone district since 2000.
Les Coléoptères endogés du site des grottes d'Azé (Saône-et-Loire). Description d'une nouvelle espèce du genre Anommatus Wesmael (Coleoptera Bothridendae)
Authors: Orousset Jean , Vincent Roger
Published: March 2017

Des prélèvements de sol et des piégeages aux environs immédiats des grottes d'Azé (Saône-et-Loire) ont révélé la présence de sept espèces de Coléoptères endogés : Gynotyphlus perpusillus (Dodero) (Staphylinidae Leptotyphlinae), Cephennium (Geodytes) minutissimum (Aubé) (Scydmaenidae Scydmaeninae), Anommatus duodecimstriatus (Millier), Anommatus diecki Reitter, Anommatus fallax n. sp. (Bothrideridae Anommatinae), Lange landia anophthalma Aubé (Zopheridae Colydiinae), Ferreria marqueti (Aubé) (Curculionoidea Raymondionymidae Raymondionyminae).
Inventaire des Hyménoptères Symphytes du département de Haute-Savoie
Authors: Chevin Henri , Hamon Jacques
Published: March 2017

Les auteurs énumèrent les 309 espèces d'Hyménoptères Symphytes présentes en Haute-Savoie, précisant pour chacune d'elles la ou les plantes-hôtes, le nombre et le sexe des individus récoltés, lieux et dates de capture, altitude. Dans les conclusions ils attirent l'attention sur les localités particulièrement bien prospectées, mentionnent les espèces rares en basse et haute altitude et comparent la faune des Symphytes de Haute-Savoie avec celles des différents départements de la région Rhône-Alpes.
Carex hartmann Cajander en région Rhône-Alpes
Authors: Galtier Justin , Guillerme Nicolas
Published: March 2017

Carex hartmann Caj. est une espèce de laîche très rare en France et considérée comme disparue de Rhône-Alpes. Historiquement confondu avec Carex buxbaumii Wahl., ce taxon s'avère encore délicat à identifier. Après de nombreuses prospections, il a été découvert dans la plaine du Forez (Loire) et sur le plateau annonéen (Ardèche). Carex hartmanii Caj. se rencontre dans les prairies humides acidiclines de basse altitude. Ce type de milieu est aujourd'hui fortement menacé et il est représentatif des modifications des pratiques agricoles modernes et de l'urbanisation.
La physiologie appliquée dans les stations maritimes françaises de biologie entre 1880 et 1930 et les recherches de Raphaël Dubois à Tamaris
Authors: Bange Christian
Published: March 2017

En 1859, Victor Coste établit à Concarneau la première station maritime permanente, spécialement destinée à des recherches appliquées à la pisciculture et à l'ostréiculture. Plusieurs autres laboratoires maritimes furent fondés sur les côtes françaises au cours des décennies suivantes, principalement consacrés à des recherches pures dans les domaines de la zoologie et de l'embryologie ; deux stations seulement (Arcachon et Tamaris) ont été munies d'un équipement permettant d'accomplir des recherches physiologiques. Nous examinons dans cet article quelques-unes des recherches physiologiques appliquées menées en France entre 1880 et 1930 en décrivant plus en détail celles qui ont été réalisées au laboratoire maritime de Tamaris par Raphaël Dubois et ses élèves.
MONITORING OF MASJED-SOLEIMAN EMBANKMENT DAM’S DEFORMATION USING A COMBINATION OF INTERFEROMETRIC SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (INSAR) AND FINITE ELEMENT MODELING
Authors: AMINJAFARI Saeed
Published: March 2017

The fresh water shortage is one the most important challenges in many countries like Iran. So there have been incentives to manipulate and manage water resources by constructing dams. Clay core embankments are one of the most popular dam structures. A layer of clay can be a reliable obstacle in front of water stream. However, because of the soil’s nature, these kinds of dams have the potential of instability. Thus deformation of clay core dams should be monitored frequently. The aim of this study is to use the combination of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar technique (InSAR) and Finite Element Modeling (FEM) for dam’s deformation monitoring. For the InSAR analysis we used data from ENVISAT sensor and processed those using Small BAseline Subset (SBAS). We show that InSAR is an invaluable approach to monitor clay core dam’s deformation in specific circumstances. The deformation derived from InSAR was used as an initial condition in Finite Element Modeling. The case study is Masjed Soleiman Dam which is situated in South West of Iran. We used 19 ASAR images of ENVISAT sensor from 2003/8/22 to 2010/5/7. The process of ASAR images showed maximum velocity of 11 mm/year in LOS direction at central lower areas of dam. These results were compared with Geodetic Surveying Operations at four points on dam and the average agreement of 77 percent was obtained. The results of ENVISAT data have a good consistency with FEM results. Horizontal and vertical displacements derived from instrumentations and modeling are plotted versus depths. There is a good agreement between modeling results and instrumentations data.
SPACE BASED INPUTS FOR HEALTH SERVICE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN RURAL AREAS USING GIS
Authors: BANU Vijaya , UNIYAL Swati , NAGARAJA R.
Published: March 2017

The use of Geospatial Techniques for quick decision making is the demand of the time. Geospatial techniques play a very important role to help decision makers, stakeholders and citizens for planning at various levels of governance. Geospatial technology is fast and accurate enough to make analysis and derive the useful results to help the decision makers in planning process. This has augmented the need for development of a model utilising the geospatial datasets to automatize the process which can aid in quick decision making for effective planning and development at village level. The objective of this research work is to build a spatial model for identifying suitable sites for hospital in rural areas. A pilot study has been carried out which aims to identify and prioritize the potential sites for hospitals/Clinic utilizing the 1:10 k scale database with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Hisar, Harayana, India. This study identifies the following factors as indicators of suitability for landscape: road connectivity, demography and location of existing facilities. The evaluating process for suitable hospital/clinic sites have been carried out based on five chosen criteria including land use/cover type, road network and settlement location, proximity to existing facilities and population. The outcome of the model has been further used as input to Location-allocation tool in GIS to select the suitable location for medical and health facilities. The adopted methodology identifies the 10 new suitable sites for medical and health facilities by putting all the criteria with the actual resources of the region. The proposed approach can be effectively utilized by the Government for Health Service Development Planning in Rural areas where medical and health facilities are poor.
DEVELOPING AND TESTING A METHOD FOR DEFORMATIONS MEASUREMENTS OF STRUCTURES
Authors: El-ASHMAWY Khalid L. A.
Published: March 2017

Dynamic monitoring of structures is an important task in civil engineering that aims to determine the stability and safety of a structure by using information about its deformations. This paper describes the development of a method for the determination of structures deformations. The proposed method is developed to add a new solution to traditional methods of angle intersection and trigonometric leveling. It is designed to provide a simultaneous solution to all observations in one step using least squares solution to improve the expected accuracy and to generate the necessary data for statistical analysis. A practical experiment was made, where the observations of 7 deformation points on a simply supported steel beam with concentrated load were measured using the proposed method, total station and linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs). Deflections measured directly from LVDTs were used as a reference for assessment of the serviceability of the beam. The results show that for the maximum deflection at mid-span of the beam, the differences between the measured deflections from LVDTs and proposed method are less than 0.87 mm corresponding to an error of 4.3%, while they are less than 1.32 mm causing an error of 12.5% for the case of total station measurements. Based on root mean square error values, the accuracy of point displacements determination using the proposed method is much better than total station measurements. The proposed method is suitable for the accurate determination of horizontal and vertical displacements and provides a realistic solution for monitoring structures at both entire structure and member levels.
Applications of AI in Financial System
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Sharma Roopali
Published: March 2017

Role of computers are widely accepted and well known in the domain of Finance. Artificial Intelligence(AI) methods are extensively used in field of computer science for providing solution of unpredictable event in a frequent changing environment with utilization of neural network. Professionals are using AI framework into every field for reducing human interference to get better result from few decades. The main objective of the chapter is to point out the techniques of AI utilized in field of finance in broader perspective. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the background of AI in finance and its role in Finance Market mainly as investment decision analysis tool.
Using a Live Simulation to Teach Human Anatomy and the Diagnostic Process to High School Students
Authors: Piecka Debra C. Burkey , Calinger Manetta
Published: March 2017

This chapter describes and defines role-play simulations. Reviews of two undergraduate role-play studies highlight the advantages and benefits of using simulations. Few secondary students participate in science or STEM role-plays during their high school careers. This chapter portrays the CyberSurgeons live simulation where teams of students use critical thinking skills and scientific knowledge to solve emergency medical problems. During their virtual mission students become part of an emergency medical team aboard a National Institutes of Health (NIH) mercy ship traveling up the Amazon River. Authors describe CyberSurgeons' learning goals, design features, mission day experiences, and the summative evaluation. Findings from the summative evaluation indicate that the CyberSurgeons program provides an authentic context for high school students to apply their knowledge of biology, physiology, and the diagnostic process to analyze data and make decisions as professionals in the biomedical field. Recommendations and future research considerations close this chapter.
Clinical Engineering in India
Authors: Sriraam Natarajan , Deepak Nikitha , Kumar Pratibha Ashok , Gopakumar Priyanka , Sridhar Shreya , Setlur Ashwini B. , Rani Megha , R. Pooja , Eepsa
Published: March 2017

Clinical Engineering (CE), an interdisciplinary field derived from classical engineering emphasize on the importance of two important domains, medical and engineering. The field comprises of major themes that include medical terminology, clinical measurement and instruments, human factor engineering, medical ethics. As a clinical engineer, he/she makes sure on safety aspects in the hospital, ensures regular preventive maintenance procedures, evaluates new technologies, and develops a close relationship with clinicians. All this process ensures effective patient care and successful outcome of treatment. If clinical engineering procedures are incorporated in a larger scale in greater number of hospital and healthcare centers, a better patient-care outcome can be expected. The proposed work reports on the case study on need for clinical engineering and clinical engineers in India to bridge the crucial gap between engineering and medical domains. A survey was conducted to know from the public on initiating a new post graduate program on clinical electronics engineering. The outcome of the survey clearly shows an indication on the need for initiating the course in the post graduate level engineering program.
Student Nurse Simulation Training Incorporating Disease Management and Telenursing for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Patients
Authors: McLaughlin Mary Ann Siciliano
Published: March 2017

Telehealth is an ideal situation to combine with simulation in the education of the nursing students. Educating students in the care of chronically ill patients and preparing them to care for these patients in the community is a recurring theme that nurses will continue to face in the future. This chapter delineates the development and study of a student nurse simulation training incorporating disease management and telenursing for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) patients. The chapter lays the foundation for replicating the activity at other universities. In addition, the chapter depicts the study results of the initiated pilot program. The surveys completed prior to the simulation activity found the students felt the need for such an exercise before graduation. The students also responded that simulation in education is a useful tool. They were also interested in learning more about CHF patients in the simulation lab. Following the study, the students reported feeling that the inclusion of disease management and telehealth was helpful. The students also weighed in on which level of nursing student they believed was most appropriate for learning the content. Overall, the response by the students was positive regarding this activity and simulation education, in general, as based upon their survey comments.
Medical Errors
Authors: Poduval Jayita
Published: March 2017

The impact of medical errors on the delivery of health care is massive, and it significantly reduces health care quality. They could be largely attributed to system failures and not human weakness. Therefore improving health care quality and ensuring quality control in health care would mean making systems function in a better manner. In order to achieve this all sections of society as well as industry must be involved. Reporting of medical error needs to be encouraged and this may be ensured if health care professionals as well as administrators and health consumers come forward without fear of being blamed. To get to the root of the problem- literally and metaphorically- a root cause analysis and audit must be carried out whenever feasible. Persons outside the medical care establishment also need to work with medical service providers to set standards of performance, competence and excellence.
Increasing the Participation of Women and Minority Populations in Clinical Trials
Authors: D'Abundo Michelle Lee , Akhtar Saliha , Israel Cynthia
Published: March 2017

Increasing the participation of women and minorities in clinical trials is a challenge for the healthcare industry. The lack of diversity in clinical trials prevents the tailoring of healthcare interventions specifically for women and minorities. The purpose of this paper is to explore how technology-oriented strategies can be applied in the clinical trial research process to increase the recruitment of women and minorities in clinical trials. An overview of clinical trials, the stakeholders, and current issues in diversifying recruitment are provided. In order to recruit diverse participant populations, the use of online advertising, social media, e-newsletters, tablets, smartphones, and apps are detailed. Lessons from previous use of technology in recruitment are outlined as well as future trends. With the support of clinical trial stakeholders, the current technology-oriented strategies available seem promising as methods for increasing the participation of women and minorities in clinical trials.
Informed Consent in Electronic Medical Record Systems
Authors: Yu Bo , Wijesekera Duminda , Costa Paulo Cesar G.
Published: March 2017

Informed consents, either for treatment or use/disclosure, that protect the privacy of patient information subject to law that in certain circumstances may override patient wishes, are mandatory practice in healthcare. Although the healthcare industry has widely adopted Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems, consents are still obtained and stored primarily on paper or scanned electronic documents. Integrating a consent management system into an EMR system involves various implementation challenges. The authors show how consents can be electronically obtained and enforced using a system that combines medical workflows and ontologically motivated rule enforcement. Finally, the authors describe an implementation that uses open-source software based addition of these components to an open-source EMR system, so that existing systems needn't be scrapped or otherwise rendered obsolete.
Study of Nano-Fe3O4 Addition on Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of HMDI-Based Polyurethane
Authors: Chalid Mochamad , Masrudin  , Mustafa Jaka Haris
Published: March 2017

Polyurethane has a wide range of chemical structures available led to the design of materials that easily can meet requirements to shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) due to its ability to retain its shape after deformation through giving a certain disturbance like magnetic field. Based on the previous study, polyurethanes synthesized by reacting 4,4’-methylenebis (cyclohexyl isocyanate) to poly(ethylene glycol) Mw: 6000 as polyurethane chain with 1,1,1-trimethylol propane as chain extender, is a potential candidate for shape memory polyurethane (SMPU). Furthermore this study was performed by adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a filler to provide magnetic behavior. In this study, The magnetic and mechanical properties of the SMPU after adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles were evaluated by observing compatibility between the filler and matrix, morphology, ability in retaining shape, and mechanical properties through measuring FTIR, FESEM, Vibrating Magnetometer and UTM, respectively. This study reported a good compatibility between Fe3O4 and the polyurethane, and lack agglomeration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles indicated FTIR and FESEM-EDAX, the fastest ability on retaining its shape obtained from materials with lowest Fe3O4 (3 wt%). Meanwhile the best mechanical and magnetic was resulted from adding 11 wt% of Fe3O4
Philippine Kaolinite Clay as Reinforcing Filler for Rubber
Authors: Galvan Mitch Irene Kate N. , Yorro Miguel Lorenzo H. , Villarias Joann A. , Ambait Johanna Michelle , Diaz Leslie Joy L.
Published: March 2017

Philippine clay systems containing kaolinite obtained from Manito, Albay and San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte were prepared as fillers for rubber tire tread. Compositional analysis via X-ray diffraction revealed that Manito clay (MC) contains 1:3 kaolinite to quartz ratio whereas San Nicolas clay (SNC) consists of 1:2 kaolinite and smectite. The morphology of local clays was also analyzed and compared to reference Dixie clay (DC) that is typically used as filler by the rubber industry. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the platelet size of DC is smaller and more loose than both MC and SNC. Rubber compound filled with DC exhibited highest tensile strength (18.7 MPa), tensile modulus (3.23 MPa) and hardness (66.5 Shore A and 70.4 IRHD) as well as tan δ (0.115) and storage modulus, ∆G’ (851.88 kPa). This is thought to be brought about by the surface area for filler-elastomer interaction wherein DC is higher considering the its loose occurrence that would allow ease in dispersion in rubber. Nevertheless, MC could be a potential clay substitute for rubber tire tread application considering the obtained tensile strength (16.8 MPa), hardness (59.0 Shore A and 64.2 IRHD) and ∆G’ (756.91 kPa) when it is compounded with rubber. On the other hand, rubber compound filled with SNC showed poor mechanical strength but high % elongation at break, which could be contributed by swelling behavior of smectite.
Unintended possible consequences of fuel input taxes for individual investments in greenhouse gas mitigation technologies and the resulting emissions
Authors: Klingelhöfer Heinz E.
Published: March 2017

Background: South Africa is planning to introduce a carbon tax as a Pigouvian measure for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, one of the tax bases designed as a fuel input tax. In this form, it is supposed to incentivise users to reduce and/or substitute fossil fuels, leading to a reduction of CO2 emissions.Aim: This article examines how such a carbon tax regime may affect the individual willingness to invest in greenhouse gas mitigation technologies.Setting: Mathematical derivation, using methods of linear programming, duality theory and sensitivity analysis.Methods: By employing a two-step evaluation approach, it allows to identify the factors determining the maximum price an individual investor would pay for such an investment, given the conditions of imperfect markets.Results: This price ceiling depends on the (corrected) net present values of the payments and on the interdependencies arising from changes in the optimal investment and production programmes. Although the well-established results of environmental economics usually can be confirmed for a single investment, increasing carbon taxes may entail sometimes contradictory and unexpected consequences for individual investments in greenhouse gas mitigation technologies and the resulting emissions. Under certain circumstances, they may discourage such investments and, when still undertaken, even lead to higher emissions. However, these results can be interpreted in an economically comprehensible manner.Conclusion: Under the usually given conditions of imperfect markets, the impact of a carbon tax regime on individual investment decisions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions is not as straight forward as under the usually assumed, but unrealistically simplifying perfect market conditions. To avoid undesired and discouraging effects, policy makers cannot make solitary decisions, but have to take interdependencies on the addressee´s side into account. The individual investor´s price ceiling for such an investment in imperfect markets can be interpreted as a sum of (partially corrected) net present values, which themselves are a generalisation of the net present values known from perfect markets
La maqueta: herramienta esencial en el proceso de diseño de Richard meier
Authors: Cabas García Mauricio
Published: March 2017

El proceso de creación de maquetas utilizado por el arquitecto Richard Meier es de gran importancia en la concepción general y diseño arquitectónico de todos sus proyectos. Cada maqueta cuenta una historia mediante unos principios organizativos, un manejo del espacio interior basado en figuras geométricas, retículas, proporciones que deben ser precisamente estudiadas y calculadas mediante maquetas y pruebas para poder tener en cuenta cosas intangibles como la luz. La maravillosa estética y forma de los proyectos de Meier radican en la materialización de una idea abstracta en un sin número de maquetas. El recorrido por el análisis de las maquetas de Richard Meier, nos permite concluir que el proceso de maquetación de Meier existe como gesto inicial junto al dibujo en el proceso de diseño arquitectónico; no existe improvisación en las ideas que lo generan y la maqueta no es solo un elemento primario de comunicación sino de creación.
Antonio Palacios, una singularidad arquitectónica de la modernidad vista a través de sus dibujos
Authors: Franco Taboada José Antonio
Published: March 2017

En este artículo se aborda el estudio de los dibujos del arquitecto Antonio Palacios, una de las grandes figuras arquitectónicas españolas de la primera mitad del siglo xx. Dada la amplitud y complejidad de su obra se analizarán únicamente algunos de los que realizó para edificios que finalmente construyó en el centro de Madrid y sus proyectos urbanísticos más característicos, ninguno de los cuales llegó a ser realizado. Se trata de una figura cuya importancia ha sido muy debatida pero que finalmente ha sido aceptada como uno de los arquitectos cuya obra construida más ha marcado una ciudad como Madrid. Analizaremos hasta qué punto sus dibujos son “una sombra prometedora” y sus edificios responden a la “sugestión” que ofrecen. Y cómo sería la posible realidad de sus utópicas ensoñaciones urbanísticas situando a Palacios en el contexto de la modernidad en la que se proponen.
Las cúpulas de Félix Candela. Análisis y reconstitución de las instalaciones deportivas de la Universidad Brown, 1965-1972
Authors: Del Blanco García Federico Luis , García Ríos Ismael
Published: March 2017

El trabajo que se expone a continuación es parte del resultado de un trabajo de investigación realizado en la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. A lo largo de este artículo se analiza el proyecto para las instalaciones deportivas de la Universidad Brown, realizado por Félix Candela en asociación con Cutting-Praeger durante los años 1965-1972.
En el artículo se incluye la documentación original conservada en el depósito de la “Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library”, así como algunos de los planos e infografías realizados para la reconstitución gráfica del proyecto. A partir de éstos hemos podido analizar el complejo trazado geométrico de la cúpula generado a partir de una subdivisión de la esfera que determina la disposición de las bóvedas parabólico-hiperbólicas que conforman el cerramiento.

El trabajo realizado nos permite a su vez visualizar un proyecto que por diversas circunstancias no llegó a construirse nunca.
Developing an Assessment Framework for Affordable and Sustainable Housing
Authors: Pullen Stephen , Arman Michael , Zillante George , Zuo Jian , Chileshe Nicholas , Wilson Lou
Published: March 2017

Sustainable housing has been subject to research, practice and policy making for some considerable time. More recently attention has been drawn to the separate problem of declining affordability in housing. This paper describes research aimed at developing an assessment framework for both affordability and sustainability as part of the effort to incorporate both of these features into new housing projects. The research has a particular focus on developments aimed at urban densification. Background literature on both affordability and sustainability is reviewed as well as emerging schemes aimed at dealing with both aspects of housing developments. Performance indicators are identified and these are incorporated in an interim assessment framework which is tested using a group of industry experts. The research has highlighted areas where further development is required to attain quantitative assessments of affordable and sustainable housing developments
Pelvic Discontinuity Associated With Total Hip Arthroplasty: Evaluation and Management
Authors: Abdel Matthew P. , Trousdale Robert T. , Berry Daniel J.
Published: March 2017

Pelvic discontinuity is a challenging complication encountered during revision total hip arthroplasty. Pelvic discontinuity is defined as a separation of the ilium superiorly from the ischiopubic segment inferiorly and is typically a chronic condition in failed total hip arthroplasties in the setting of bone loss. After a history and a physical examination have been completed and infection has been ruled out, appropriate imaging must be obtained, including plain hip radiographs, oblique Judet radiographs, and often a CT scan. The main management options are a hemispheric acetabular component with posterior column plating, a cup-cage construct, pelvic distraction, and a custom triflange construct. The techniques have unique pros and cons, but the goals are to obtain stable and durable acetabular component fixation and a healed or unitized pelvis while minimizing complications.
Kino i kultura popularna w Piotrkowie przed pierwszą wojną światową
Authors: Piestrzeniewicz Marta
Published: March 2017

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SHORT CONSIDERATIONS ON BETTER REGULATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: ȘERBAN-BARBU Sorina
Published: March 2017

The paper aims to identify the importance of better regulation at EU level and also presents the strategies used to simplify the regulatory environment and to reduce the regulatory administrative burden. We analyze the principles set out by the European Commission and we identify methods of simplifying the regulatory environment.
Opinion on the amendment - we move away from Europe
Authors: Wysocki Bartosz
Published: March 2017

Legal confusion which caused political turmoil surrounding the selection of judges of the Constitutional Court continues in Poland for almost a year. Unfortunately, we still do not see the finals of the dispute. In an attempt to solve it involved not only professional groups, and citizens. Very hard in an attempt to resolve the conflict have joined international organizations. Especially those for whom democratic values ​​are the foundation of the modern state. In his work focuses on the analysis of the Opinion of the Venice Commission, which concerns the Act of 22 December amending the Constitutional Tribunal Act 2015. From the point of view zaistniałego conflict, it is very important hug. Expert sheds light on the issue which is a political attempt sprzeciwieniu to democratic rule. It is the opinion of so much importance that expressed by a group of experts. The institution, which enjoys the opinions presented an extraordinary recognition and respect, and her opinions in democratic circles are treated very seriously. Often the institutions of the European Union treat the opinions of the Commission as the result to formulate its own position. Therefore, for Polish it is important because from her perspective will assess our democratic Europe. This is how Poland will respect the recommendations of the Commission, as will be seen in Europe.
The Vilnius icon of the Mother of God and its cult in the Greek Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity
Authors: Janonienė Rūta
Published: March 2017

The article discusses the icon of the  Hodegetria Mother of God, formerly placed in Vilnius.The currently missing piece of art was considered very important in the Vilnius spiritual life inthe 16th – early 20th centuries and was respected by Orthodox, Greek Catholic (Uniate) andRoman Catholic churches. A significant influence on the cult of icons was inspired by the au-thorship attributed to St. Lukas (later – only its prototype) and historical links with the familyof the Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon (the icon was brought as a dowry in 1495by his wife Elena, the daughter of the Grand Duke of Moscow).In the 16th century, the icon was stored in the Orthodox Cathedral of the Blessed Mother ofGod. At that time it was possibly renewed (two side boards were replaced and the icon was re-painted with the egg-tempera technique). It is supposed that at that time the partial amendmentwas made in the oldest silver casings consisting of separate ornamented plates that were coveringthe background of the icon. Most of the knowledge about the existence of the icon exists fromthe beginning of the 17th century, when it was transferred into the church of the Vilnius Basilianmonastery of St. Trinity. There it became a major factor of Vilnius Latin and Greek Catholicreligious integration. The altar of The Mother of God in the church of St. Trinity was patronizedby the fraternity of the Immaculate Conception of Holy Mary.The image of the icons is known from the descriptions, lithographs, photographs and copiesof the 19th century. It should be noted that there are two different iconographic variations ofthe copies of the Vilnius Hodegetria (characterized by the different position of the feet of Jesus).The article raises an assumption that the icon could be repainted in the 17th century. The slightchange of the image or its iconography may have been adjusted with the silver casings made in1677. Once again the Vilnius icon was possibly renewed after the fire in 1706. In the middle ofthe 18th century, the head of Holy Mary was decorated with a new pure gold filigree crown. In1839, after the repeal of the union and the takeover of the St. Trinity‘s church by the Orthodox,the altar of Holy Mary was demolished and the icon was added to the new iconostasis. In 1866,the old artistic silver casings were melted and from the resulting material the new casing wasmade in St Petersburg, corresponding to the requirements of the Orthodox. In the same year,the icon was restored. Its oil paints were cleaned. The image unveiled at that time perhaps wasnot the first original image, but the one created after the icon base corrections, most likely inVilnius in the 16th century.
The adaptive value of habitat preferences from a multi-scale spatial perspective: insights from marsh-nesting avian species
Authors: Jedlikowski Jan , Brambilla Mattia
Published: March 2017

Background

Habitat selection and its adaptive outcomes are crucial features for animal life-history strategies. Nevertheless, congruence between habitat preferences and breeding success has been rarely demonstrated, which may result from the single-scale evaluation of animal choices. As habitat selection is a complex multi-scale process in many groups of animal species, investigating adaptiveness of habitat selection in a multi-scale framework is crucial. In this study, we explore whether habitat preferences acting at different spatial scales enhance the fitness of bird species, and check the appropriateness of single vs. multi-scale models. We expected that variables found to be more important for habitat selection at individual scale(s), would coherently play a major role in affecting nest survival at the same scale(s).

Methods

We considered habitat preferences of two Rallidae species, little crake (Zapornia parva) and water rail (Rallus aquaticus), at three spatial scales (landscape, territory, and nest-site) and related them to nest survival. Single-scale versus multi-scale models (GLS and glmmPQL) were compared to check which model better described adaptiveness of habitat preferences. Consistency between the effect of variables on habitat selection and on nest survival was checked to investigate their adaptive value.

Results

In both species, multi-scale models for nest survival were more supported than single-scale ones. In little crake, the multi-scale model indicated vegetation density and water depth at the territory scale, as well as vegetation height at nest-site scale, as the most important variables. The first two variables were among the most important for nest survival and habitat selection, and the coherent effects suggested the adaptive value of habitat preferences. In water rail, the multi-scale model of nest survival showed vegetation density at territory scale and extent of emergent vegetation within landscape scale as the most important ones, although we found a consistent effect with the habitat selection model (and hence evidence for adaptiveness) only for the former.

Discussion

Our work suggests caution when interpreting adaptiveness of habitat preferences at a single spatial scale because such an approach may under- or over-estimate the importance of habitat factors. As an example, we found evidence only for a weak effect of water depth at territory scale on little crake nest survival; however, according to the multi-scale analysis, such effect turned out to be important and appeared highly adaptive. Therefore, multi-scale approaches to the study of adaptive explanations for habitat selection mechanisms should be promoted.
EMPIRE: A robust empirical reconstruction of solar irradiance variability
Authors: Yeo K. L. , Krivova N. A. , Solanki S. K.
Published: March 2017

We present a new empirical model of total and spectral solar irradiance (TSI and SSI) variability entitled EMPirical Irradiance REconstruction (EMPIRE). As with existing empirical models, TSI and SSI variability is given by the linear combination of solar activity indices. In empirical models, UV SSI variability is usually determined by fitting the rotational variability in activity indices to that in measurements. Such models have to date relied on ordinary least squares regression, which ignores the uncertainty in the activity indices. In an advance from earlier efforts, the uncertainty in the activity indices is accounted for in EMPIRE by the application of an error‐in‐variables regression scheme, making the resultant UV SSI variability more robust. The result is consistent with observations and unprecedentedly, with that from other modeling approaches, resolving the long‐standing controversy between existing empirical models and other types of models. We demonstrate that earlier empirical models, by neglecting the uncertainty in activity indices, underestimate UV SSI variability. The reconstruction of TSI and visible and IR SSI from EMPIRE is also shown to be consistent with observations. The EMPIRE reconstruction is of utility to climate studies as a more robust alternative to earlier empirical reconstructions.
Causality and Correlation
Authors: Sassower Raphael
Published: March 2017

Causality and correlation are often confused with each other by an eager public when a relationship between two events is claimed to be necessary (or inevitable) rather than occasional (or coincidental). Correlation, in contrast to causation, is commonly discussed in statistical terms and it describes the degree or level of association between or the expected rate of appearance of two unrelated or random variables. Even when statistically significant correlation exists between two observable events (or sets of events), the degree to which there is in fact a causal relation between these events remains unclear. Causal connections are more difficult to establish and therefore will be found less frequently than correlations, which occur much more frequently.
Cognitive Impairment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Meade Tanya , Manolios Nicholas , Cumming Steven R. , Conaghan Philip G. , Katz Patricia
Published: March 2017

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not commonly associated with central nervous system and brain changes. However, a number of studies have reported high rates of cognitive impairment in adults with RA. The objective of this systematic review was to identify and explore the rates and types of cognitive impairment in RA.

Methods

Multiple databases were searched for articles published between 1994 and 2016, to identify studies that have included: adults with RA; standardized neuropsychological tests; and sufficient information to ascertain the relationship between cognitive impairment and demographic, clinical, and psychological factors. Of 1,980 titles, 75 were retained at the abstract level, 36 at the full‐text level, and 15 studies in the final review. These were evaluated using a modified Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale, and the findings were synthesized using a narrative approach.

Results

Ten of 15 studies compared RA to other clinical groups and/or a control group. Based on summed effect size analyses, individuals with RA significantly underperformed on cognitive function tests compared to the control groups, particularly on verbal function, memory, and attention. Less clear differences were found between RA and other clinical groups. Some demographic (age and education), clinical (disease activity), and psychological (depression) factors were associated with cognitive impairment, but inconsistently so across studies. A number of limitations were identified: small and predominantly female samples, limited cognitive domain inclusion, lack of study details, and management of confounding variables.

Conclusion

There is evidence of cognitive impairment in adults with RA. Further studies are needed to confirm prevalence rates and examine potential mechanisms.