bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles and Apterous Green Peach Aphid on Burley Tobacco, 1981
Authors: Jones G. A. , Knipper E. T
Published: March 2022

Burley tobacco ‘Ky 14’ was transplanted Jun 8 at Northfarm, Lexington in Maury silt loam soil. Prior to spraying, plots were laid out in single 25 ft x 3.5 ft rows with an untreated row adjacent to each treated row. Rows were spaced 42 inches apart with 18 inches between plants. Eleven foliar insecticides were tested in a randomized block design replicated 3 times. One insecticide application was applied Aug 21 with 0.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 10 gal/acre. Live flea beetle counts and apterous aphid ratings were taken from 5 plants in each replication 2 days after application and 5 days after application to measure the longevity of the insecticide’s effect.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening Against Wireworms, Yakima, Washington, 1980
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E. , Hill W. Nob
Published: March 2022

The soil was Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidlc Haploxerolls) with an organic matter content of less than 0.5/6. The larvae were field-collected and of medium size. The bioassays were conducted as follows: Insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell blender for 10 min, distilled water was added (6.8 parts:100 parts soil by weight) and mixed for another 10 mln, and the treated soil was placed in 0.5 pt glass fruit jars. Dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials 6 inches deep in soil. One boiled wheat grain was pushed down ca 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was then placed on the soil of each jar; only those that burrowed into the soil within 2 min were used in the test. The jars were covered with plastic lids and were held In a laboratory maintained at ca 20-25°C. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars (replicates), and Dyfonate was included in each test as a standard. Once a week, each jar was checked to determine mortality, the soil and larva were returned to the jar, new boiled wheat grain was added, and moisture, if required, was added to the soil as required. Percent mortality for any given week was based on the weekly cumulative total of dead larvae and moribund larvae that died the following week.
Scots Pine, Control of a Pine Needle Scale, Lake Co., Ohio, 1979
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Pinus sylvestris growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate effectiveness of 2 insecticides against newly settle crawlers. A KWH mistblower operating at peak rpm’s was used to deliver ca 105 ml (15 sec) or 210 ml (30 sec) of finished spray to each of 3, single tree replicates per treatment on May 23. Ambient temperature was 24°C with partly cloudy skies and a slight breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated May 30 by collecting infested needle fascicles from each tree and placing them in individual coin envelopes. Foliage was transported in an airconditioned vehicle to the laboratory where control was assessed by counting the number of living and dead nymphs in the first 100 encountered under a dissecting microscope. All insecticidal treatments gave excellent c
Commercial Traps for the Gypsy Moth, 1981
Authors: Cameron E. Alan , Loerch C. R. , Cameron Bain A.
Published: March 2022

Commercially available traps are being marketed by at least 2 companies for use in an “Integrated pest management program” for gypsy moth control. Two examples of each of 3 types of traps were deployed in a residential neighborhood in State College, PA. Moth capture data obtained during the peak adult flight period (Jul 10-July 21, i.e., 24 traps-days per trap type) were used to assess the relative efficiency of the traps. Traps were at a density of 1 per 9375 ft2; manufacturers’ recommendations are 1 trap/10,000 ft . A hypergeometric design was used, in which each trap was placed for 24 hr in each of the 6 positions exactly once in each of the 2 successive 6-day periods. The 2 Health-Chem traps are essentially 2 qt cardboard milk cartons, with a laminated Luretape wick containing racemic disparlure and an insecticidal strip containing 2-(1-Methylethoxy) phenol methyl carbamate, within the trap. Two ports, each 1“x3/8” and protected by a hood, are cut in each side of the trap. The Lure ‘n Kill homeowner trap is green, the Hereon community use trap is orange; otherwise the traps are identifical. The Bag-A-Bug gypsy moth trap has a clear plastic hood on a green container (volume cal-1/3 qt); six 15/16“x3/8” entrance ports are located under the hood. Hollow fibres dispense the (t)-disparlure bait; 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate is the active ingredient in the toxic insect strip for killing moths which enter the trap.
Bagworm Control on Arborvitae, 1981
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Parneil L. A.
Published: March 2022

One heavily infested arborvitae ca 30 ft high was selected for treatment. Insecticides were applied on Jun 29 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer, and were applied to runoff. On Jun 30, mortality was determined by collecting 4 samples from each treatment, and placing them in the greenhouse at 120°F for 30 minutes. Live larvae began moving immediately.
Control of Oystershell Scale on Green Ash, Carroll Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A commercial planting of 304 m tall ash trees was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against oystershell scale crawlers. Infested trees were selected, tagged, and sprayed Jun 5, using a KWH mistblower applying ca 1380 ml per min. Thorough coverage was applied to 3 single-tree replicates per treatment. Ambient temperature was 22°C with clear skies and a slight breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 days post-treatment. Sampling was conducted by removing 2-3 small branches with numerous crawlers. A dissecting microscope was used to observe samples in the laboratory for living and dead first stage nymphs.
Control of Fall Webworm on Birch and Crab Apple, Wayne and Carroll Co., Ohio, 1981
Authors: Akers R. C. , Nielsen D. G.
Published: March 2022

Crab apple trees (2.5 -4m tall) growing in a nursery and birches (3 - 4 m tall) growing at the OARDC were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A KWH mistblower operating at peak rpm’s was used to deliver 946 ml of finished spray to each of 3 replicate trees, each containing at least 1 active web. Caterpillars were ca 12-14 mm long on the day of treatment (Aug 6) when skies were partly cloudy, 27°C, with a 10 kph breeze. Finished spray was directed toward both webbing and surrounding foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1 week after application by pulling webs apart and counting living and dead larvae. Bacillus treatments on birch were re-evaluated 2 and 3 weeks post-treatment; crab apples were sprayed with MetaSystox-R by the nurseryman after the first sampling, precluding further evaluation.
Japanese Beetle Grub Control in Turf, 1980
Authors: Hellman John L. , Frishman Maria , Wilson Alvin
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied to a 2 yr old sod near Goldsboro, Caroline County. Turf damage at time of treatment was light and the thatch measured less than 0.2 inch. Precounts averaged 18 grubs per 3 sq ft. Precounts and treatments were made on Sep 16. Plots were 10 x 10 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. All grub count samples were made with a sod cutter adjusted to cut 1/2 inch below the thatch. Granular treatments of Diazinon and Dursban were applied with a Scott’s drop spreader and the remaining granules by hand shaker can. Liquid treatments were applied in 2 gal of water distributed in 2 directions across the plot with a sprinkling can. All plots received 2 gal of water immediately after the treatments were applied. Plots received an additional 0.5 inch rain within 6 hr after treatment application. Post-treatment counts were made on Oct 1 and Oct 10.
Control of White Grubs in Turfgrass, 1981
Authors: MacMonegle C. W. , Randell R.
Published: March 2022

Several insecticides were evaluated for control of annual white grubs (larvae of the southern masked chafer) infested a lawn in Urbana, Illinois. A single application of each insecticide was applied to an established Kentucky bluegrass lawn with less than 0.5 inch of thatch on Jul 27, approximately 3 weeks after peak adult flight. Plots were 10 x 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Sprays were applied with a hose-end sprayer and granular formulations were applied using a rotary granular spreader. All treatments were irrigated immediately after application with sufficient water to wet the first 0.5 inch of soil. Post-treatment counts of larvae were made on Sep 8 by examining 10 random 4.25 inch diameter plugs (1 sq ft) from each plot. Number of live larvae (grubs) found in a 2 inch zone below the soil line were recorded.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1980
Authors: Potter Daniel A.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted in a heavily infested (ca 40 grubs/0.1 m2) golf course fairway in Lexington, Kentucky, with a mixed population of C. immaculata and C. borealis. Thatch accumulation was 1.25-1.60 cm, and temperature at the time of treatment (Aug 1) was 30.6°C, with sunny skies and wind velocity ca 15 km/h. Egg hatch was estimated at greater than 90%, and all grubs were 1st or 2nd instars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Individual plots were 1.8 x 2.5 m, with a 0.31 m boundary between all plots. Granular materials were] mixed with sand and hand shaken over the pots. Liquid formulations were mixed with water at the proper rates and applied with an Amchem Meter Miser sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal per 5,000 sq ft. After treatments were applied, the entire site was irrigated with 1.5 cm of water using the golf course sprinkler system. Grub populations were sampled at 1 and 3 weeks post-treatment by taking five 20 cm diameter by 7.5 cm deep turf plugs from each plot. Grub counts were transformed to X + 1 prior to analysis of variance, and the means re-transformed for presentation in the table.
Dipping Containers to Control Black Vine Weevil Larvae on Yew, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Two yr old yews growing in #2 containers with a medium consisting of 1 part sandy (by volume) to 5 parts PAYGRO composted hardwood bark (with 1 lb magnesium, 2 lb sulphur, =1 lb iron sulphate (0-46-0), and 4 lb nitrogen/cubic yard), to which Osmocote 932 g/container) and Scotts Plus 21-3-11 fertilizer (19 g/container) were added, were used for evaluating usefulness of selected insecticides as pot dips to control larvae. Only containers with plants showing moderate to heavy leaf notching were used. Ten containers (replicates) per treatment were submersed in 1 of 4 treatments for 1 min and then allowed to drain for 4 min over the dipping container on Oct 27. Plants were left outdoors overnight and then moved to a polyhouse and not watered for 2 weeks. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated Nov 10 by inspecting the contents of each container for larvae.
Deltic 21EC Phytotoxicity Test on Woody Ornamentals, Alabama, 1981
Authors: Cobb Gary S. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Foliar applications of Deltic 21EC were applied to 9 container-grown woody ornamental species to evaluate phytotoxicity or ornamentals that might be oversprayed during lawn treatments for flea or tick control. The experiment was conducted oudoors in full sun at the Auburn University Ornamental Horticulture Field Station, Mobile, AL. Treatments were replicated 4 times for each species in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was a single plant growing in a 1 gal plastic pot filled with a growing medium of milled pine bark and sandy clay, 5:1, v/v. Sprays were applied over the top of the plants to run-off using a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer equipped with fan nozzle on Jul 14.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Propargite, Virginia, 1981
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Parnell L. A.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 9 species of field-grown ornamental plants at X, 2X and 4X rates. This corresponds to 0.45, 0.9 and 1.8 lb ai/100 gal of Omite 30W. Treatments were applied on Jul 28 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off. Evaluation for possible injury was conducted on Aug 6 and 13. Temperature at the time of treatment was 75°F. Rainfall from Jul 28 to Aug 13 was 2.02 inches. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the 9 species tested.
Apple, Insecticide Trials on Apple Aphid, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Single tree plots of 6 year old Golden Delicious trees in a randomized block design were used for this experiment. There were 4 replications of each treatment. Apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 randomly selected terminals per tree for aphids. Infestation was found to range from 96-100 percent of the terminals. Treatments were applied on Jun 4 with a Bean 35 gal/min (132.49 liters/min) hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi (21.09 kg/cm ). Trees were sprayed to run-off. A second application was made in a similar manner on Jun 15. In addition to the materials being evaluated, others used included metiram (Polyram), mancozeb (Manzate), thiophanate-methyl (Topsin), phosalone (Zolone), azinphosmethyl (guthion) and captan.
Field Test of Ectiban Permethrin in 3 Methods of Application For Control of Horn Flies and Face Flies on Pastured Cattle, 1981
Authors: Turner E. C. , Beck Andrew F.
Published: March 2022

Three herds of cattle were treated with Ectiban permethrin, either as impregnated bands, as a low-pressure, high-concentration spray, or as a high-pressure, low-concentration spray. A fourth herd was treated with Ectrin eartags, and a fifth, untreated herd served as a control. Counts of horn flies and face flies and face flies were made on 10 animals in each treatment group (herd) on days 1, 3, and 5, and then each week for 13 wk. All herds except the controls were mixed-breed or Hereford cow-calf herds; the control herd was mixed-breed, yearling cattle. The 2 spray treatments were applied to all animals in the herd, but impregnated bands and eartags were not applied to calves. Percent control is defined as the difference between the treated count and the untreated count, divided by the untreated count and multiplied by 100%.
Field Test of Larvadex for the Control of House Flies and Certain Other Diptera in Caged-Layer Manure, 1981
Authors: Beck Andrew F. , Turner E. C.
Published: March 2022

Larvadex 0.3% premix was added to a layer diet at a final dosage of 1.5 ppm ai and fed to 2 groups of ca 700 laying hens each, housed separately on a poultry farm in Pulaski, VA. Each house also contained ca 700 untreated birds. Treatment was continuous for 14 wk, 17 Jun-23 Sep. Each week, 3, 200 ml subsamples of manure were collected from each treatment in each house and held for 25 days, at which time adult house flies, lesser house flies, and calliphorid flies (predominately Phormiaregina (Meigen)) were counted and recorded. Data were pooled for all days and, after preliminary analyses, each taxon was analyzed independently as a 2-way test (‘House’ and ‘Treatment’) with subsamples nested within treatments.
Evaluation of Atroban and Ravap for Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 1980
Authors: Combs Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Eighty birds that were 8 weeks old and free of northern fowl mites were obtained for the study. Eight birds were maintained mite free and the remaining 72 birds were artificially infested with mites received from a large commercial flock. All infested birds supported a colony of mites at 21 days. The birds were placed in standard caged-layer cages, two birds per cage, in a cool room (ca 21°C). Each treatment contained 8 birds and was replicated 4 times in a random block design. Treatments consisted of Atroban (0.025, 0.05 and 0.10 percent sprays), Ravap 0.5% spray and untreated (control). Between each cage of treatment birds, 2 infested birds were caged. These birds were not treament birds but served as a constant source for reinfestation of the treatment birds. Atroban 25%WP and Ravap EC were diluted in water for the treatments. Each bird was sprayed individually in a chamber away from the olding cages with a 37 ml dosage at 345 kpa. The entire dosage was applied to the vent area. At selected days post-treatment, all treatment birds were examined for mites. Feathers were parted below the vent and the number of motile mites on the skin were counted for 15 seconds. This was done 3 times, at 2-minute intervals and the counts averaged for each bird and each treatment. When mites were observed to be actively breeding in the feathers (presence of eggs and larvae), the treatment was no longer considered effective.
Control of Flies on Horses with Permethrin Wipe-On or Cypermethrin Plastic Strips, 1981
Authors: Doisy K. E. , Hall R. D. , English L. M.
Published: March 2022

Two pastured horses were treated with Durmectrin plastic strips on Jun 19 by attaching 1 ca 6 cm strip to each side of the test animals’ halters. On 11, a similar group of 3 horses was treated with Ectiban pour-on insecticide. The material was applied liberally to the entire body of each animal via a large sponge. Proximate herds of untreated horses served as controls during the course of this test. Flies were counted weekly via visual inspection of all treated and untreated animals. Counts were made on the entire face, a single side, and 4 legs of each animal examined. In general, face and house flies were confined to the face, horn flies to the side, and stable fies to the legs of these horses; however, we could not reliably distinguish species in this field situation.
Evaluation of Insecticides as Baits for Imported Fire Ants in Laboratory Sreening Tests, 1979
Authors: Williams D. F. , Lofgren C. S.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides that show promise in preliminary screening tests by causing delayed toxicity are further tested against entire laboratory colonies of imported fire ants. The chemicals are formulated in a bait and fed to colonies that have been starved for 5 days just prior to the test. The toxic bait (5 g/colony) is placed in a tray containing the colony for 24-96 h after which it is replaced with the standard laboratory diet. Observations on colony activity and mortality are recorded weekly. The test is continued until the queen, brood (larvae and pupae) and an estimated 90% or more of the workers are dead or the colony recovers and returns to normal.
Susceptibility of Lone Star Ticks to Chlorypyrifos and Diazinon, 1981
Authors: Mount G. A. , Dunn J. E. , Roberts J. M.
Published: March 2022

A disposable pipette method adapted from Kigaye, M. K., and Matthysse, J. G., 1973, Bull. Epizoot. Dis. Afr. 21: 429-35, was used to assay acarlcides against the active life stages, i.e., larva, nymph, adult males and adult females. This method consisted of dipping disposable glass pipettes into acetone-based concentrations of the acaricides and then confining the ticks to the interior treated surface (after 20 mln drying time) for an 18 hr period of time. Pipettes used for larvae and nymphs were 1 ml In size and those used for adults were 3 ml in size. Adults and nymphs were anesthetized with CO^ before aspiration Into the pipettes. Larvae were aspirated without anesthesia. The large ends of the pipettes were covered with organdy cloth and the transfer ends were plugged with modeling clay. Larvae were assayed in groups of ca 30 while adults and nymphs were assayed in groups of 10. Unfed larvae were assayed at 1-2 wk of age after hatching while unfed adults and nymphs were assayed at ca 2 mo of age after molting. All ticks were held at 80°F and ca 95% RH.
Area Control of the Lone Star Tick with Ultralow Volume and Low Volume Air-Blast Applications of Dursban, 1981
Authors: Mount G. A. , Williams R. D.
Published: March 2022

Improved recreational areas in 2 Oklahoma parks infested with adults and nymphs were treated with ail-blast sprays of undiluted Dursban 2E (LV-0.125 gal/a) and Dursban 2E diluted in a H2O base (LV-5 gal/a). ULV applications were made with a modified, tractor-mounted, air-blast sprayer (Myers Model A32, F. E. Myers and Bro. Co., Ashland, OH) equipped with a 2-way row crop volute. The modifications consisted of 91) displacing a 100 gal fiberglass formulation tank with a 13 gal stainless steel formulation tank and micrometering system (Constant Volume Flow Control, Lowndes Engineering Co., Inc., Valdosta, GA) and (2) displacing hydraulic disc-core nozzles with 2 rotary sleeve atomizers (Beecomist Models 360 and 360A, Beeco Products Co., Ft. Washington, PA). A conventional, tractor-mounted, air-blast sprayer (FMC Model TM-1229) equipped with a 2-way row crop volute was used to apply the LV sprays. Both sprayers were operated at a speed of 2.5 mph at swaths of 50 ft.
Area Control-Lone Star Tick Acaricide Tests, 1978-81
Authors: Mount G. A. , Williams R. D.
Published: March 2022

Wooded plots (80 ft sq) in eastern OK infested with adults and nymphs were treated in May and Jun with H2O based (5-7.5 gal spray/a) and ULV formulations of various acaricides. Applications were made with motorized knapsack mist blowers.
Area Control of Late-Season Nymphs with Acaricides, 1980-81
Authors: Mount Gary A. , Williams R. D. , Dunn J. E.
Published: March 2022

Wooded plots (80 ft-sq) in eastern OK infested with late-season nymphs were treated with acaricides in late Aug. These infestations of late-season nymphs consisted mostly of nymphs that had molted during summer from engorged larvae. The objective of these tests was to compare the efficacies of acaricides against newly molted nymphs to efficacies obtained previously against overwintered infestations of nymphs. Water-based formulations of acaricides (7.5 gal spray/a) were made with a motorized knapsack mist blower. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 blocks.
Pear, Pest Control, 1981
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Seventeen-yr-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replications in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-wk intervals. Adults were counted by taking 5 beating-tray samples/rep. Nymphs were counted on 5 fruiting spurs through Jun 1 and on 5 growing terminal shoots/rep thereafter. All tissues on fruiting spurs were examined with a dissecting microscope. Five leaves were examined from each shoot including the proximal and distal leaves and 3 evenly-spaced leaves from the area between. Phytophagous mites were counted from 25-leaf samples/rep by the brushing technique. Harvest samples of 10 fruits/rep were weighed, tested for firmness with a penetrometer and for soluble solids with a refTactometer. Fruit and fol iage were examined for phototoxicity after each spray.
Ovicidal Effects of Lorsban and Dimilin on Peachtree Borer Eggs, 1979
Authors: Yonce Carroll E.
Published: March 2022

Proper timing of insecticide applications for effective peachtree borer (PBC) control is very important. Peachtree borer larvae are well protected and virtually unaffected by insecticides once they burrow into the bark and establish their feeding chennefs in the cambium tissue of the tree (unpublished data). Controls must be aimed at the vulnerable eggs and young larvae before they enter the tree. Lorsban and dimilin were tested in the laboratory for their ovicidal capabilities on PTB eggs and to determine if timing of applications was Important. PTB eggs were obtained via the collection of viable pupae from infested peach orchards. These were brought into the laboratory and held in sand-filled trays until adults emerged. Eclosed females were taken to the orchard, mated with wild males, then returned to the laboratory and placed on moist filter paper in disposable 4 inch plastic petri dishes. Females were allowed to oviposit for 24 hr. Chemicals were applied to the filter paper by a laboratory aerosol mister to wet either one day (-1) prior to or 3 days (+3) after oviposition. The test was replicated 3 times.
Soil Treatment with Chlorpyrifos for Control of First Instar Grape Root Borers, 1981
Authors: All J. N. , Saunders M. C. , Dutcher J.D.
Published: March 2022

Soil around 14-18-yr-old concord grape vines was treated with a full cone spray using 3.8 liter per vine. A swath 0.75 m wide x 1 .0 m long was sprayed on each side of a vine. Plots were 5 consecutive vines located at random within a 2.5 ha vineyard (Gainesville, GA) and a 0.5 ha vineyard (BlairsviIle, GA). Soil within the treated areas was scraped 7 cm deep 7 and 14 days after treatment for bioassay of efficacy to first instar grape root borers. Bioassays used vials (1 cm dia x 4 cm) with young grape roots at the bottom. Treated soil was added to fill 2 cm of the vial. Five freshly hatched grape root borer larvae were placed on the soil surface in each vial. Seven days later soil and roots were removed, examined, and the number dead/iive larvae determined. Each treatment was replicated 3-8 times.
Evaluation of Insecticides on Grape Cutworms, 1980
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated for control of cutworms to minimize bud damage of grapes in Fayetteville. Five blocks (replicates) contained 7 treatments randomized within each block of 7 vine cuttings. Each cutting was 3 ft long and placed vertically in the ground and encircled by a 6 inch tall x 6 in diameter aluminum sheet arena coated with Vaseline along the top edge. On Apr 15 at noon a hand sprayer was used at 40 psi to apply 0.2 qt/vine (25 gpa) to runoff with an adjustable conejet nozzle. Cutworms were collected on previous nights from grapes in Springdale and Clarksville, AR. Cutworms (3 to 4) were placed in each vine arena at 8:00 pm, Apr 15. Sampling involved counting the number of live and dead larvae at 1 day post-treatment.
Omnivorous Looper Control on Avocados, Jan 1980
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P. , Olsen K.N.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested for control of late instar omnivorous looper (OL) larvae on 6-yr-old avocado trees (18 ft x 22 ft spacing) located in Ventura County, CA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied on jan 30 by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (4 gal/tree - 400 gal/acre). At least 1 unsprayed buffer tree separated treated trees both within and between rows. Treatments were evaluated by examining 30 randomly selected OL nests per tree for live larvae. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Efficacy of thuricide Hpc for Control of Omnivorous Looper, Aerial Appliction, Jul 1980
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P.
Published: March 2022

In an unreplicated test, the mortality of omnivorous looper (OL) larvae in an avocado grove treated by helicopter with thuricide HPC was compared with OL larvae mortality In an adjacent and comparable untreated grove. Both groves were commercial operations and were located in San Diego County, CA. The application was made on Jul 3, when most 0L were first or second instar. Early instar OL and their damage were readily visible on young terminal growth, so our pre-treatment sample consisted of examining 10, 6-inch-long damaged terminals for larvae. Post-treatment counts were similar except terminals were 18 inches long and had at least 1, 6-inch-long side branch. Pre- and post-treatment counts were made on 12 randomly selected trees in both groves.
Avocados, Tests of Acaricides, Aug 1981
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P. , Olsen K. N.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were evaluated for control of the avocado brown mite (ABM) and their effec on its natural enemies. A randomized block experimental design was used with 4 single-tree replicates. All treated trees were separated by at least 1 untreated buffer tree within and between the rows (20 ft x 20 ft spacing). Treatments were applied on Au 11 to 9-yr-old avocado trees located in a commercial grove in San Diego County, CA. Applications were made by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (ca 6 gal/tree = 600 gal/acre) at 7 days post-treatment. Fifteen leaves were randomly selected per tree at a height of 3-7 ft above ground. One-half of each leaf was examined on both sides with a dissecting microscope for all motile stages of ABM and natural enemies. Leaves were stored at 40 F and were examined within 3 days of being picked.
Control of Sixspotted Mite on Avocados, Sep 1981
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Hoffmann M. P. , Olsen K.N.
Published: March 2022

Three-yr-old avocado trees (30 ft x 30 ft spacing) located in a commercial grove in Santa Barbara County, CA, were treated on Sep 29. A randomized block experimental design was used. Applications were made by hand-gun with an FMC hydraulic orchard spray rig at 400 psi to run-off (ca 3 gal/tree = 150 gal/acre). Treated trees were separated by at least 1 untreated buffer both within and between rows. On Oct 7, fifteen leaves with light sixspotted mite (SSM) damage were randomly picked from each tree at a height of 2-6 ft above the ground. The undersides of the leaves were examined with a dissecting microscope foe all stages of SSM within 2 days of being picked.
Control of Citrus Red Mite with Carbamate, Pyrethroids, and Avermectin B1, 1981
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

A number of materials were tested for efficacy against citrus red mite in a lemon grove in Riverside, California. Treatments were applied on Apr 28-29 by handgun (450 psi) with about 1200 gal per acre. Naked eye counts of mites on 32 leaves per tree (two 4-leaf terminals per quadrant) were made. There were four single-tree replicates.
Yuma Spider Mite Control on Lemons, 1981
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were evaluated in this experiment compared to an untreated check. One-tree plots were replicated 4x on 10-yr-old trees in the Yuma Valley during May. Sprays were applied from a John Bean Sprayer with an orchard hand-gun at the rate of 2.5 gai/tree (150 gpa) and 300 psi on May 7. This amount was adequate for thorough coverage (TC with a minimum run-off. The number of mites (all motile stages) were counted by means of a mite wash and seprator apparatus. Samples of 25 leaves/tree were picked at random 4, 14 and 21 days following spraying. Although the mite population was not heavy, the distribution in the test area was uniform.
Control of Insects of Snap Bean, 1981
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Stretch’ snap beans were planted Jun 2 in 36 inch rows at the Rosemount Agric. Exp. Stn., Dakota Co., MN. Plots were 18 row-ft, separated by border rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The center 5-ft of each plot was infested Jul 23 with 20 European corn borer egg masses in the “blackhead” stage of development. Insecticide applications were made Jul 24 using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 25 psi. Evaluations of potato leafhopper populations were made Aug 6 by randomly selecting 20 trifoliate leaves in each plot. Evaluations of European corn borer injury were made Aug 24 by examining all plants in the center 8-ft of the plots and recorded larval tunneling.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1981
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated Jun 16 at our Vegetable Entomology Research Farm near Geneva, NY in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds were planted at 10 ft and treatments were applied using cone seeders. Germination counts were made Jul 9. The crop was then thinned to ca 1 plant every 18 inches. Plots consisted of a single row, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were based on a 24 inch row width. All sprays were applied at 75 GPA using a CO2-powered sprayer mounted on a cone seeder. Incorporation treatments were applied in a band 4 inches wide using a hand-pushed Gandy applicator. Granules were worked in lightly with a hand rake before planting. Injury ratings were made Aug 16 by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper Control on Cabbage, 1981
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted Jun 19 at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows, each with 36 inch centers and 16 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a Randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom operating at 60 psi and delivering 31 gal/acre with 3 nozzles/row was used to apply a single application to each trial. One-half tablespoon of sticker-spreaders was added to all treatments except Kryocide alone. Treatments were applied Sep 30. Evaluations were made from Oct 5-7 by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting the above mentioned species.
Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper Control on Cauliflower and Brussel Sprouts, 1981
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Cauliflower and Brussel sprouts were transplanted Jun 19 at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10 ft rows, each with 36 inch centers and 16 inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom operating at 60 psi and delivering 31 gal/acre with 3 nozzles/row was used to apply a single application to each trial. One-half tablespoon of sticker-spreader was added to all treatments. Treatments were applied Sep 30. Evaluations were made Oct 7-9 by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting the above mentioned species.
Insect Control in Celery, 1981
Authors: Grafius E. , Morrow E. A. , Russel J. , Love A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications (= blocks). Each plot was 3 rows by 25 ft long. Treatments were applied on Jun 30; Jul 8, 16, 22, 29; Aug 5, 12 and 25 with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with drop nozzles at 30 gpa. Sweep samples were taken weekly from each plot, all insects from the sweep samples, beneficial or pests, were recorded. Plots were checked for early damage due to carrot weevil on Jun 23. Weekly observations for early signs of aster yellows disease were made in each plot. Five plants from each plot were harvested on Jul 23 for estimation of early season damage and 15 additional plants were harvested on Sep 1.
Leafminer Control on Celery, Spring, 1981
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted Apr 15 into Lauderhill muck soil on the University of Florida, Agricultural Research and Education Center’s farm in Zellwood, FL. Treatments were applied to single row plots 15 ft long (36 inch row spacing and 7 inch plant spacing) and replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by weed-free 10 ft alleys. The sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized, 2.5 gal, B & G sprayer. SD-52618, Vydate, GS Mixture and the 0.5 and 1.0 rates of Monitor were applied as foliar sprays with a boom and 1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles with D3 orifice plates and #45 cores. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 45 psi and a speed of 3 mph. The 2.0 lb rates of Monitor and Orthene were applied as a 4 inch band to the soil at the base of each side of the celery plant. The delivery rate was 119 gpa using a single nozzle with a D6 orifice plate and #56 core, a boom pressure of about 45 psi and a speed of 3 mph. RH-9358 and CC-11242 granules were applied as a 10 inch band over the top of the celery plants using a calibrated hand-held granular applicator.
Corn Earworm Control in Sweet Corn with Sprays, 1980
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

This trial was conducted at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station where the soil type is Laveen clay loam. Golden Bantam T-51 sweet corn was planted in a single row per 40 inch wide moist seed bed on Aug 18. Seedling corn was not irrigated until it was 6-8 inches tall. A complete randomized block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 4 beds wide, 13.2 ft and 28 ft long or .0085 acres. Sprays were applied with a CO2, pressurized bak-pak sprayer with a single nozzle having a D-3 tip, No. 45 core and 50 mesh screen. This operated at 55 psi applying ca 35 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Beginning at silking, sprays were applied ca every other day for a total of 3 sprays. Evaluation of effectiveness of sprays was by examining 25 ears from the middle 2 rows of each plot, these were rated as clean -no worm, no damage; or infested - presence of earworm and feeding.
Foliar Sprays to Control European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in single row plots 25 ft long on May 4 (trial 1) and Jun 4 (trial 2) at our research station near Painter, VA. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied to the ear and an area ca 15 inches above and below the ear with a D. B. Smith 5 gal, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer delivering 25 gal water/acre (40 psi) using a spraying systems cone jet Y-8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated in both trials when the corn was ca 10% silking. Trial 1 received treatments on Jul 7, 10, 13, 15, and 17 and was harvested on Jul 21. Damage to ears in trial 1 resulted from feeding by European corn borer larvae. Trial 2 received treatments on Jul 24, 27, 29, 31 and Aug 3 and was harvested on Aug 8. Damage to ears in trial 2 resulted from feeding by the corn earworm. Evaluation criteria for insecticide efficacy was the number of clear ears out of 10 ears examined/replicate.
Thrips Control in Onions, 1980
Authors: Grafius E. , Quartey S. , Phelps S.
Published: March 2022

Onions were planted on Jun 4. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Each plot was 3 rows by 25 ft long. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gpa on the following dates: Jul 14, 21; aug 4, 11, 18 and 25. Counts of numbers of thrips per plant were taken approximately weekly from 20 plants from the center row of each plot. Onions were harvested on Oct 28.
Wireworm and Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1979
Authors: Bishop Guy W. , Hart D. S.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted Apr 29, at Roswell, ID, in silt loam soil. Granular insecticides were applied in the furrow (RIF) or in the covering soil (SIF) at planting time, or sidedressed (SD) on each side of the row 1-2 inches below the seed pieces at 75% plant emergence. Treatments were replicated in 2-row 30 ft plots with 36 inch row spacing in a randomized complete block design. Numbers of Colorado potato beetles were determined by counting adults and larvae on all plants in each plot. All tubers from each plot were harvested and examined for injuries.
Control of Leafminers and Pod Borers on Yardlong Beans, 1982
Authors: Bjork C. , Nafus D. , Schreiner I.
Published: March 2022

The test was located at the Agriculture Experiment Station in Inarajan, Guam. The beans were planted 20 Oct. 1982, at the transition between the wet and dry season. Seeds were planted 6 in apart, in rows 3 ft apart. Plots consisted of three trellised rows 10 ft long. Each plot was replicated four times. The beans were fertilized preplant with 10-20-20 at the rate of 40 lb N per acre, and sidedressed at the same rate at the time of first flowering. Plots were sprayed twice weekly with a Solo backpack sprayer 425. Triton B 1956 was added to all pesticide treatments at the rate of 1 tsp/3 gal. Mines were counted on 36 mature leaflets per plot. Live miners and parasites were estimated from a sample of 15 mature leaflets examined through a backlit microscope. To determine how treatments affected leaf retention, on 20 Dec, the number of leaves per plot was estimated by taking a transect from the bottom to the top of the trellis and counting the number of leaves intersecting the line. Bean yield was measured for the center row only.
Control of Worms and Aphids on Cabbage, 1983
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

A block of cabbage transplanted on 12 July on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, N. H., was utilized. Spray applications of various treatments were made on 29 July, 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug. and 8 Sept. to plots consisting of 20-ft rows replicated four times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made on both sides of the row using a B & G CO2, pressurized sprayer (40 lb/in2) at a rate of 29 gal/acre. All combination treatments were tank mixed at the time of application. Worm control evaluations were made on 30 Aug. by counting the number of each worm species on 5 plants per replicate and by foliage injury ratings. The categories used in rating the foliage injury were: 1, slight or trace holes; 2, less than 10% of leaves with feeding holes; 3, severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4, severe feeding on 50% of leaves; 5, severe feeding on 100% of leaves. Aphid control evaluations were also made on 30 Aug. by determining the percentage of plants per replicate with at least one established aphid colony. Percent marketability of heads was evaluated on 23 Sept. by counting the number of heads free of insect or disease injury.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Fall 1981
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 4 Nov. into Myakka fine sand on the Univ. of Florida Agric. Res. and Educ. Cent., Sanford. A plot consisted of one 30-ft row with 12-in. plant spacing. Each plot row was separated by two unplanted rows; row spacing was 30 in. Nemacur 15G 2 lbs (AI)/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-in. band for nematode control. Treatments were replicated in five randomized complete blocks separated by 25-ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers model G tractor. Three nozzles were used per row; one overhead (TX24) and one drop (TX12) on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gal/acre with a boom pressure of about 50 lb/in2 and a speed of 3 mph. The foliar sprays were applied weekly beginning 11 Dec. and ending 4 Feb. (eight applications). Baits were applied over-the-top in premeasured amounts using a shaker can. Ten plants were rated for damage on the head and first four wrapper leaves in each plot on 9 Feb. using a scale of 1 to 6 (as in Greene et al. 1969 J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 798-800). The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less. Head weights (avg. of 10 heads per plot) were taken for selected treatments to measure suspected phytotoxicity.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

‘Primepack’ cabbage was transplanted on 29 July, near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots 17.5 ft long on 30-in. centers were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied when an action threshold of 0.50 larvae per plant was reached. Five applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Aug., and 7 and 15 Sept. One additional application of Ambush 2E was made on 22 Sept. and two additional applications of Lannate 1.8L plus Dipel WP were made 22 Sept. and 4 Oct. Four applications of Ambush 6 ED were made on 15 and 29 Aug., and 15 and 25 Sept. Ambush 6 ED was applied with a handheld Electrodyn unit using one nozzle per row. All other treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow design, CO2 pressurized sprayer using two drop nozzles per row operated at 40 lb/in2 at a rate equivalent to 59 gal of water per acre. The number of larvae per 10 plants was recorded on a weekly basis from 8 Aug. to 4 Oct.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

‘Primepack cabbage’ was transplanted on 27 July, near Newark, Del. Two-row plots 20 ft long on 36-in. centers were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied when an action threshold of 0.50 larvae per plant was reached. Three applications were made on 25 Aug., and 2 and 8 Sept. One additional application of Dipel WP was made on 6 Oct. All treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow design, CO2 pressurized sprayer using two drop nozzles per row operated at 40 lb/in2 at a rate equivalent to 50 gal of water per acre. The number of larvae per 10 plants was recorded on a weekly basis from 17 Aug. to 6 Oct.
Fall Control of Imported Cabbageworm, 1982
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collard plants were transplanted 19 Aug. in single row plots near Benson, N.C. Plots, 10 ft long on 42-in. centers, were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treflan 4EC 0.75 lb (AI)/acre was used for weed control. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2. Treatments were applied on 23 and 31 Aug., 7, 14, 21, and 28 Sept. and 5 Oct. for a total of seven applications. Imported cabbageworm (ICW) larvae were counted on three plants within each plot on 28 Sept. and 12 Oct. Foliar damage ratings were also made on the same plants on 28 Sept. and 12 Oct.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards with Baculoviruses and

Bacillus

Thuringiensis,

1983
Authors: Tompkins George J. , Linduska James J. , Young Janet M. , Dougherty Edward M.
Published: March 2022

On 21 July ‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded in Norfolk “A” loamy sand in four row plots 20 ft long. Plants were spaced 4 to 6 in. apart in the row with 36 in. between rows. Each row was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 0.5 liter of water and applied with a trombone type garden sprayer calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. Because the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses do not infect the imported cabbageworm all of the microsporidian and virus treated rows had Artogeia rapae granulosis virus applied so that damage primarily caused by cabbage looper could be assessed. All rows were treated with their respective applications on 16, 23, and 29 Aug. and 7 Sept. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1, 0 to 3% damage (odd holes on leaves); 2, 4 to 10% damage (few leaves with holes); 3, 11 to 25% damage (moderate number of leaves with holes); 4, 26 to 50% damage (most leaves with holes); and 5, 51 to 100% damage (crown damage and all leaves with holes).
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm Control, 1983
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Dix D. E. , Sayia J. , Funderburk F.
Published: March 2022

Funks G80 planted 2 Apr.,. Univ. of Georgia Exp. Stn., Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling coarse sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with 2 row plots, 6.5-m long by 1-m row width by 1-m alleys. Five replicates. Plants treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 lb/in2 in a final volume of 500 liters directed on the plant ears. Sprayed nine times beginning at the initiation of silking on 24 June, and continuing 27 and 29 June and 4, 6, 8, 11, and 13 July. All ears in the center 6 m of row were examined on 15 July for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.