bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oikophobia in Britain
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on Britain and English awareness. It first discusses Alfred the Great's unification of large stretches of England in the late ninth century, the repulsion of Vikings, and the use and encouragement of the Old English language. The chapter also looks at the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 between King John and rebellious barons. It then assesses the importance of the development of university life in Oxford and Cambridge in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The chapter then jumps to recount the beginning of a Parliament proper in 1295, noting that it is this increased cohesiveness and sense of belonging, stretching into the very bottom of the social hierarchy, that facilitates effective wars of conquest. The chapter turns to elaborate on an important contributor to English stalwartness on the oikophobic trajectory: the Reformation. It also considers other instances of a new British self-awareness and how oikophobia becomes full-blown in Britain after World War II.
The Confluence of the West
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter emphasizes that oikophobia is now everywhere in Europe and North America. It describes the present philosophical state of the West as a whole in this regard. The chapter then looks at some milestones within the West that led to differences among the microcultures becoming blurrier, and the whole macrocivilization hardening into something more monolithic, events that slowly shifted the smaller streams into a river's confluence. It points out that the modern confluence of the West can be seen in the ever broader cross-microcultural appeal of a certain set of ideas and hermeneutical fads. The chapter then underlines that the two most important strains of these philosophical roots were planted by the so-called Frankfurt School, and by the French postmodernists of a few decades later. Ultimately, the chapter considers postmodernism within the context of oikophobia, and presents some postmodern claims which are better than others.
Introduction
Authors: King Matt
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter discusses how the scholarship about medieval North Africa is sparse when compared to works that focus on the histories of Europe, the Middle East, and Iberia. What little has been written about the Zirid dynasty has largely been defined by a tradition of French colonial scholarship dating back to the nineteenth century. It is important to realize that the Zirids were one of a handful of lords in Ifriqiya who tried to leverage the post-Hilalian political landscape to their advantage, both near their base of Mahdia and across the Mediterranean in Sicily. The chapter then considers how scholars have critiqued the nature of tolerant multiculturalism in Norman Sicily. Bringing the histories of these two dynasties into dialogue forces a new narrative of the dynamics of the central Mediterranean during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Zirid dynasty, so long obfuscated by the shadow cast by colonial interpretations of Ibn Khaldun and the Banu Hilal, deserves a thorough reappraisal as an active player in the medieval Mediterranean. So, too, should Norman Sicily be considered against this backdrop of a reinvigorated Zirid dynasty, whose proximity to and interactions with the court of Palermo makes its presence crucial to the understanding of the Normans.
Reacting to Deteriorating Health
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes a look at attempts to address the health problems of the working-class and poor people. While the westernization of medicine that the Meiji government conducted from the top down continued to be solidified, the new health care system could not adequately respond to workers' health problems at the turn of the century. Most doctors did not have much motivation to provide medical care for low-income people. To make matters worse, a strong deflationary policy at the end of the century resulted in fewer local public hospitals. There were some grassroots efforts to meet the needs of poor workers with lower-cost health care services. But these measures had only limited impact in meeting workers' health care needs. However, the combination of the growing labor movement, the formation of party governance, and the introduction of male suffrage resulted in a changed political environment. The government decided it needed to study how Western countries dealt with health care financing.
Making Universal Health Insurance Survive
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the challenges the Japanese health care system faced during the late 1960s to the 1970s. During this time, the country entered a new phase of economic and political circumstances in which the economy showed it was not as strong as the Japanese people had thought. Government officials began to realize that the era of Japan's rapid economic growth was over. In this period, Japan experienced peak health insurance expansion and then the beginning of the retrenchment of benefits. This was due to economic stagnation and rapidly rising health care costs. As the chapter shows, how much the government can succeed avoiding blame for the sacrifices made during this period depends not only on the political and economic environment but also on the institutional arrangements of health insurance policy.
Vulnerability Reduction
Authors: Vanderhurst Stacey
Published: January 2023

This chapter investigates the meaning of rehabilitation, especially for women who were rescued pre-emptively and were not believed to have suffered trauma. It shows how rehabilitation was not invoked as a psychological paradigm but as an institutionalized form of “personal development.” It also examines how shelter programs are aimed to discipline women's interior selves, highlighting thoughts, desires, and dispositions that allegedly made them vulnerable to trafficking in the first place. The chapter shows how counselors of the Lagos rehabilitation center adapted the therapeutic elements of rehabilitation to suit the women they saw as victims, arguing that the National Agency for the Prohibition on Trafficking in Persons and Other Related Matters (NAPTIP) designed therapy to convince migrant women to change their minds and cooperate with the anti-trafficking agenda. The language of rehabilitation and vulnerability facilitates and legitimizes the evolving state project to govern women's migration through detention and personal reform projects.
Risk Assessment
Authors: Vanderhurst Stacey
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the regular arguments between shelter staff and residents of the Lagos rehabilitation center regarding the merits of migration. It recounts how they sparred over the appeals of traveling abroad, the kind of work they hoped to find there, and the risks they were willing to take. By situating ethnographic accounts from the shelter with the National Agency for the Prohibition on Trafficking in Persons and Other Related Matters' (NAPTIP) broader enlightenment materials, the chapter shows how ostensibly neutral information campaigns depict migrant women as naive and immoral and incapable of making decisions for themselves. It shows how migration deterrence messages reframe the common desire to leave Nigeria into a personal, moral flaw. The chapter also argues that migration deterrence is a gendered and classed distinction, validating the mobility of Nigerian elites while demonizing migrants without access to visas as naive and undeserving.
Sexual Ambition
Authors: Vanderhurst Stacey
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes how sex, money, and mobility are intertwined in Nigeria, how these issues were taken up within the rehabilitation agenda, and how they were discussed in counter-trafficking campaigns more broadly. It explores the ambiguous categories of transactional sex that women navigate, and it situates these relationships vis-à-vis their expectations for work abroad. It also shows how counselors spurned residents' ambition as greedy and impatient, echoing broader discourses about the menacing sexual appetites of young unmarried women in Nigeria. The chapter explores how conversations in Nigeria often move swiftly from talking about greed to talking about sex because many young women use sexual exchange relationships to support themselves. It considers the conflation of sexual exchange and prostitution as immoral “shortcuts” to wealth.
Soviet Samizdat
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: January 2023

This book traces the emergence and development of samizdat, one of the most significant and distinctive phenomena of the late Soviet era, as an uncensored system for making and sharing texts. Based on extensive research of the underground journals, bulletins, art folios, and other periodicals produced in the Soviet Union from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, the book analyzes the role of samizdat in fostering new forms of imagined community among Soviet citizens. Dissidence has been dismissed as an elite phenomenon or as insignificant because it had little demonstrable impact on the Soviet regime. The book challenges these views and demonstrates that the kind of imagination about self and community made possible by samizdat could be a powerful social force. The book explains why participants in samizdat culture so often sought to divide “political” from “cultural” samizdat. The study provides a controversial umbrella definition for all forms of samizdat in terms of truth-telling, arguing that the act is experienced as transformative by Soviet authors and readers. This argument will challenge scholars in the field to respond to contentions that go against the grain of both anthropological and postmodern accounts. The book's combination of literary analysis, historical research, and sociological theory makes sense of the phenomenon of samizdat for readers today. It shows that samizdat was not simply a tool of opposition to a defunct regime. Instead, samizdat fostered informal communities of knowledge that foreshadowed a similar phenomenon of alternative perspectives challenging the authority of institutions around the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter treats samizdat (“self-publishing”) as an alternative textual culture that facilitated the formation of new public communities in the Soviet Union after Stalin. A powerful alternative to Soviet print, samizdat did not replace or displace the dominant order of official print production in the USSR. However, samizdat did facilitate alternative epistemologies and new ways of imagining one's self and the world for its readers. Richly generative of original creative work in art and literature, the samizdat system also afforded new potentials for the construction of communities in the form of underground publics. One can begin to account for these potentials by reviewing the role of print culture in establishing the modern forms of social imagination. Samizdat, in retrospect, looks intriguingly like a low-tech predecessor of the current digital and global age of extra-Gutenberg textual production and circulation, which poses such challenges to established ideas about how publics function.
Samizdat and the Historical Self
Authors: Komaromi Ann
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the role of samizdat in light of the Thaw and de-Stalinization. These concepts have received nuanced treatment in scholarship; the liberalization of the Thaw and the process of reckoning with Stalin and correcting the course of Soviet society initiated by Khrushchev were prone to ambiguity and contradictions. Attempts to deal with the history of the Stalin era led to the reevaluation of the role of individuals and the intelligentsia relative to the larger society and its path through history. Stimulated but also frustrated in many cases by the party's leadership, people explored options in official culture and print, turning to unofficial samizdat when other options seemed closed. Samizdat writing did not simply oppose the official order. It facilitated a creative reconstruction of models for thinking about self and society in the Soviet Union among samizdat authors and readers.
Introduction
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter surveys the common tropes and motifs of murder mysteries, detective stories, thrillers, film noir, and other forms of fiction which involve crime solving. Here, the detective story proceeds from disclosure to closure; from the discovery of the body in the first chapter to the identification of the murderer in the last; from secrets and signs amassed and analyzed to the final grouping of the suspects, like the return of the cast at the end of a well-made play. The villain or villains are marked for banishment. And, during curtain calls, absolution is conferred on the poor players strutting and fretting their hour upon the stage. Murder thus becomes a “religious subject,” if one believes in a last judgment.
Poetry Noir
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter dives deeper into the fascination American poets hold for noir. Noir here begins as a style and becomes a way of confronting experience. The chapter analyzes several poets and pieces of poetry with noir distinctions to unpack how noir as a style, an attitude, and a bundle of useful conventions has entered American poetry in an emphatic way. Additionally, the chapter provides commentary from various poets on their particular attractions to noir and what it means for contemporary American poetry. Poets such as Suzanne Lumis, James Cummins, Lynn Emmanuel, Diann Blakely, and L. S. Asekoff weigh in with their own experiences with noir. Samples of their poetry and other writings as they relate to noir are also discussed.
Five Noir Poems
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter contains five noir poems: Perfidia, Laura, Witness to a Murder, The Formula, and Just a Couple of Mugs.
Among My Souvenirs
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the music of noir films. It argues that music is as necessary in black-and-white movies of the 1940s—especially hard-boiled detective movies or noir thrillers—as the drinks the characters imbibe, the suits the men wear, the chic hats worn by the women, and the nightspots they frequent. Nor do the songs suffer from being relegated to background music, shorn of lyrics, of voice. The sound is the sound of the big city—swing and jazz. The integration of the music into the various plots helps to govern transitions from one narrative to another. Additionally, no noir would be complete without a soundtrack that either underscores or undermines what one sees on-screen.
Dashiell Hammett’s Priceless Patter
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes a look at the works of Dashiell Hammett, including The Thin Man (1934) as well as The Maltese Falcon. It contends that Hammett's strengths are that he does not waste words and does not editorialize, and his simple declarative sentences have a lot in common with Ernest Hemingway's. Hammett can, in short, slam a story shut. Furthermore, if a strength of the classic detective story as practiced by Agatha Christie and Nicholas Blake is the cleverness of the detective in bypassing the blind alleys to arrive at the true, if often outlandishly improbable, solution, in Hammett quite a different pleasure awaits the reader—that of his depiction of a criminal milieu. “Poisonville” is the default landscape of Hammett's imagination, a place lacking the central superego that was considered vital to civilization. Very few of Hammett's characters do the right thing except when it coincides with their own self-interest. Many more are as aloof from the concepts of right and wrong as from those of good and evil.
“Grim Grin” (Graham Greene)
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents a poem, The Escape Artist, which briefly deals with English author Graham Greene's work and experiences.
Rex Stout
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the strengths of Rex Stout as an author of detective fiction, particularly in his mysteries starring Nero Wolfe. Here, the chapter argues that Stout's singular achievement was to refresh and refashion the partnership of mastermind sleuth and good-hearted narrator. He adapted the model of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson from late Victorian England to metropolitan Manhattan, circa 1935–1965. The cogitation is done by the obese, beer-drinking, orchid-loving detective with the imperial name who does not budge from his West Thirty-fifth Street brownstone; his right-hand man-about-town Archie Goodwin does the work on the ground and tells the tale. The chapter asserts that one reads a Nero Wolfe mystery not for the plot or puzzle but for the richness of the two leading characters and the evocation of New York City as the capital of glamour.
Ida Lupino
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses director Ida Lupino. At a time when female directors were few, Lupino directed several important taboo-busting films. The Bigamist (1953), which she directed and acted in, for example, is among the most unconventional of all movies that connoisseurs tag as noirs. A theme in her work is that self-pity sabotages the will and must be warded off. Also, two of the films she directed address the subject of female independence. The focus in this chapter, however, is how The Bigamist shatters the usual norms of noir and criticizes the conventional moral standards regarding romantic triangles. No one gets beaten up or shot in The Bigamist. No one robs a bank or steals a payroll, and the culprit's downfall is signaled by nothing more violent than a baby's sudden cry from out of the dark. Yet the chapter maintains that it qualifies as a noir—this smoky black-and-white study in human failure, thwarted desire, and quiet desperation.
Black Friday (David Goodis)
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores David Goodis' noir mystery novel, Black Friday (1954). It shows how Goodis' mysteries can be bitter and chilling, how his stories highlight the “loser.” In Black Friday, the theft of an overcoat kicks off a plot that has the immediacy of a nightmare without any of the comforting commentaries, interpretations, and explanations that occur upon waking. The chapter details this novel's bleak tale as it follows the characters' increasingly complicated and ultimately doomed lives. The simple last sentence of Black Friday, as the chapter shows, sums up much of the noir impulse and the strange appeal it continues to exert: “He had no idea where he was going and he didn't care.”
Straight Down the Line
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the noir film, Double Indemnity (1944). It argues that Double Indemnity is the ne plus ultra of noir movies by detailing various parts of the film that are particularly outstanding, from the screenplay to the actors to the dialogue. The chapter explores the movie's plot, which begins with a love triangle that grows ever more complicated as adultery shifts to murder. Several scenes and dialogues are analyzed, their literary subtleties examined as the screenplay was co-written between director Billy Wilder and Raymond Chandler. Finally, the chapter closes with a brief summary of the film's critical reception at the time of its release.
Strangers and Mirrors
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter studies two late forties films by Orson Welles. Welles starred and directed in two of these: The Stranger (1946) and The Lady from Shanghai (1947). He is the hapless hero in one; in the other, the dastardly villain. In The Lady from Shanghai, Welles cast himself as the itinerant Irish sailor Michael O'Hara, who narrates the film and is the fall guy in an intricate homicidal plot. In The Stranger, Welles plays an unrepentant Nazi. The chapter reviews the acting—not only of Welles but the rest of the cast as well—and direction of both films, describing the ways in which each film can leave an impact on the viewer.
Shadow of Evil
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the 1962 version of the film, Cape Fear, and how it conveys menace. Menace, unlike horror and terror, is a feeling that attracts even as it repels. Menace is embodied in the film in the form of Robert Mitchum as Max Cady, newly released from an eight-year prison sentence, a cigar in his mouth and a Panama hat on his head, into the heat of summer in a small southern town. Although he plays an unreformed sex offender who beats up women and has no business gaining control of the viewer's attention, the chapter asserts Cape Fear is Mitchum's picture from the moment he appears on the scene, confronting the attorney who put him behind bars. Indeed, as the chapter makes clear, the presence of Mitchum's character is deeply felt throughout the entirety of the film, with those he comes into contact with rarely coming out unscathed.
Gangsters in Love
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses Sergio Leone's Once Upon a Time in America (1984). The movie is a gangster epic that doubles as an exploration of friendship and betrayal, male competition masked as sexual desire, greed, violence, and the American dream. The gangsters here are first-generation Jews, the locale is New York City's Lower East Side, and there are three distinct time periods. Most of the film is told in memories and dreams, languorous flashbacks and an abrupt flash-forward to 1968, the transition to which is managed by the appearance of a tossed Frisbee and the sound of a Muzak version of the Beatles' “Yesterday.” The chapter briefly explores the soundtrack, the acting, and the movie's complex structure to show how it stands as Sergio Leone's masterpiece.
Why Not New York?
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses New York as a noir setting and provides several examples of the ways New York is featured in several notable noir films. It argues that New York can stand as its own “capital of crime” alongside other noir destinations such as San Francisco and Chicago. After all, the city hosts such popular TV crime dramas as the Law & Order franchise, Blue Bloods, NYPD Blue in the nineties and Kojak in the seventies. Landmarks such as the Statue of Liberty, the subway, and Broadway have all been transformed into noir settings in films by directors such as Hitchcock and Kubrick. And in true noir fashion, New York as a setting is not simply celebrated—oftentimes it is also criticized and denounced by the characters in the films themselves.
Dummies and Doppelgängers
Authors: Dailey Alice
Published: January 2023

This chapter studies the dynamics of observation and performativity between living and dead characters in 1 Henry VI. The discussion is framed by Jeff Wall's Dead Troops Talk (1992), a staged, large-scale photo that reimagines a scene from the Soviet–Afghan war in which men blown apart in an ambush reanimate to speak to each other. Because it is a still photo, however, their speech must be supplied by the viewer. Wall's photo and the critical literature around it illustrate how the dead men's still, silent absorption in their liminal state hosts scenes of histrionic ventriloquism for viewers while attributing speech to the dead themselves. The chapter observes this fundamentally theatrical phenomenon in a series of scenes in 1 Henry VI, a play that repeatedly figures living characters ventriloquizing the dead, who act as silent, sentient onlookers to the performances of the living. Working with performance theory, art criticism, philosophy, and psychoanalysis, the chapter challenges critical truisms about both the history plays and performance phenomena by examining how living characters like Lord Talbot appropriate the dead as dramatic doppelgängers through whom they conjecture hypothetical and future actions.
Worker Cooperatives
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter clarifies the types, potentials, and limitations of worker ownership and particularly the worker cooperative. It also raises the key themes of the rest of the book: worker control and workplace inequality, the relationship between organizational structure and organizational inequality, and why two initially similar organizations develop into ones that were very different from each other and from most other cooperatives of their era. The chapter asks if organizational structure can significantly minimize or eliminate inequalities of class, race/ethnicity, and/or gender within an economic system built on differentiation and exclusion. It also explores how conditions of worker ownership change the meaning of the term “worker” itself, as well as how worker identities are produced in organizations owned by the workers. How worker cooperatives conceive of those who labor together within them and how these conceptions can interrupt or facilitate the reproduction of the inequality found in the larger labor market are also considered. Finally, the chapter asks what worker cooperatives might offer beyond their own boundaries.
“By Deed Instead of by Argument”
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter sketches a history and terrain of American worker cooperation in aid of mapping the choices made by contemporary cooperatives. It first explains how cooperatively owned businesses may benefit workers. The chapter then offers an overview of the past 150 years of worker cooperatives in the United States. Identifying three distinct eras, the chapter explores the extent and breadth of worker empowerment within them. It turns to the origins of the mass creation of worker cooperatives, the way these organizations were structured, the imagined worker they aimed to promote, their connection to labor and other social movements, and the reasons their era ended.
People’s Daily Bread Bakery
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the ability of a worker cooperative to function as a democratic organization benefiting workers within the structure and national culture of managerial capitalism. It first reviews People's Daily Bread Bakery members' economic rewards in relation to the local community, and how these rewards differed by member role. The chapter then explores the bakery's workplace political rights—the ability of workers to legitimately participate in the direction and day-to-day operations of the organization and themselves—and reveals some of the outcomes of dividing workplace control into governance and management functions. The degree to which these rewards and rights were egalitarian—that is, accessible and enjoyed across class, race/ethnicity, and gender—are also explored. The chapter concludes with a summary of how the bakery challenges commonsense assumptions about the limits of democratic workplaces, as well as questions about how the bakery's managerial bureaucracy limited integration with a broad workers' movement.
Bureaucracies, Democracies, and Economies
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter returns to People's Daily Bread Bakery and One World Natural Grocery and describes what they faced, and what has changed or stayed the same. Compared to worker cooperation in earlier periods, these cooperatives have in many ways found greater success. However, they have also sharpened the contradictions of bureaucracy as a tool for working-class empowerment. The survival of these differently democratic bureaucracies offers important lessons about the possibilities of worker self-management, worker empowerment within more gender-diverse and ethnoracially diverse conditions, and the significance of organizational identities in sustaining democratic and egalitarian workplace control. The chapter provides a critical lens with which to view the relationship of worker cooperatives not only to other forms of worker ownership or cooperative organizations, but more broadly to the overlapping sets of economic arrangements practicing and prefiguring new and different economic and social relations of work.
A Clouded Leopard in the Middle of the Road
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This book is an eye-opening introduction to the ecological impacts of roads. Drawing on over ten years of active engagement in the field of road ecology, the author sheds light on the challenges roads pose to wildlife—and the solutions taken to address them. One of the most ubiquitous indicators of human activity, roads typically promise development and prosperity. Yet they carry with them the threat of disruption to both human and animal lives. The author surveys the myriad, innovative ways stakeholders across the world have sought to reduce animal–vehicle collisions and minimize road-crossing risks for wildlife, including efforts undertaken at the famed fauna overpasses of Banff National Park, the Singapore Eco-Link, “tunnels of love” in the Australian Alps, and others. Along the way, the book acquaints readers with concepts and research in road ecology, describing the field's origins and future directions. The book brings to the foreground an often-overlooked facet of humanity's footprint on earth.
Death, Dust, and Din
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that roads can be deadly, not only for wildlife but also for people. It reveals that a shocking number of humans are killed daily throughout the world because of collisions with animals, although a much larger number are injured or remain deeply affected by the event. The chapter also analyses the traditional perception of roadkill in general which has been that the succession of dead animals along the roadside is simply an indication of the relative abundance of wildlife in the area. It then investigates the first systematic roadkill survey conducted by Dayton Stoner in 1925 and discusses the colossal contribution of the world's vehicles to global greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions referred to in this chapter are the various particles or energy waves that emanate from the traffic as it moves along the road. The chapter paints a picture of the complex and multidimensional influences associated with the steady and growing stream of vehicles coursing through the landscape.
Working Together Works
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at the debates, discussions, disagreements, and discoveries that ensued during the many meetings held by this group of dedicated and passionate environmentalists. It examines the decisions that were made that eventually led to the installation of what was to be one of the largest arrays of crossing structures all in one location in the world: two large fauna underpasses; a row of glider poles; three rope ladders; and, of course, a large, fully vegetated overpass. The chapter also recalls the big challenge that the project faced: getting animals over the road. It details how a potential solution was found: to build concrete arches to span the road and to cover them with soil. The chapter provides a solid foundation in understanding how and why such an extraordinarily fortuitous project can work. It describes some very different examples of real-world projects that eventually worked—despite a difficult beginning, in one particular case—because the people involved saw the value of genuine cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter reminds us all of the large-scale impacts of road expansion in remote, poor, tropical regions. It emphasizes that road ecology has been the realization that roads and their mitigation need to be considered at the level of the landscape. Adopting a much wider view—taking in an entire catchment or valley, the flow of the water bodies, and the geography of the forested remnants—has allowed fresh insights into how animals might be able to move through the wider area and how a road might be routed to avoid sensitive locations. The chapter stresses that this approach has enabled the many practical solutions to be seen as part of an ecological whole, not just as a series of independent structures. It notes that the key to retaining our optimism is the realization that there are a multitude of proven solutions and that these are likely to work wherever they might be required.
Introduction
Authors: Petri Olga
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the late imperial St. Petersburg's queer milieu, which has remained largely obscure, although significant scholarly attention has been paid to past and present efforts to explicitly regulate homosexuality in Russia. The chapter explains that the period covered in this book begins in 1879, two years before the assassination of Tsar Alexander II, whose reforms ushered in an era of unprecedented population growth and modernization, but whose death supported the preservation of substantial leeway in state surveillance and arbitrary administrative repression. The book opens with the introduction of bathhouse reforms in 1879–1881, which targeted one of the city's premier spaces for homosexual sex and socialization. It ends in 1914, when the city became thoroughly militarized before entering its tumultuous revolutionary phase, during which it ceased to be the nation's capital and lost its dominant economic and cultural role, along with much of its population. The chapter explains that the book focuses on the negotiation between queer men and municipal authorities of spatial patterns of movement and encounter in the historical city.
Cruising in the Pays du Tendre
Authors: Petri Olga
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with a brief description of the Tavricheskii Garden as a physical space and a hub of queer sociability and spatial practices. The rambling paths, glades, and embankments of the garden played an important role as regular meeting places for queer men and for some it served as a relatively safe social setting—an emotional refuge among St. Petersburg's public spaces. The chapter then connects this description to an emotional or allegorical map of cruising that celebrated poet Mikhail Kuzmin and painter Konstantin Somov set out to make. It explores Kuzmin's experience of flirtation, friendship, love, and confrontation as he participated in cruising patterns that often started in the garden. Finally, the chapter looks at the interaction between cruising and friendship, tracing modes of queer socialization that suggest a more diffuse and less instrumental sexuality than that often attributed to queer men in the historical city.
Conclusion
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the renewal of medieval songs in paradoxical ways despite the conditions of their loss. It tackles the reimagination of medieval singing by referencing Giuseppe Verdi's Il trovatore. Verdi's work primarily focused on a medieval troubadour and involved life, death, loss, revenge, and the hope of renewal. The chapter explains how medieval singing could present itself as ecstatic and inspired while also being imagined through a live audience or page. Moreover, medieval songs will continue to be re-created and heard. The chapter then looks into the approach of studying medieval songs as vocal art, such as unexpected song placements, diffusion or derealization of song, and value of operatic reading.
Introduction
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter follows US foreign policy toward the unprecedented global negotiations from the beginning of the early 1970s to their abrupt and unexpected end in 1982. It asks and answers two basic questions: How did successive US administrations respond to the South's challenge, both inside and outside the various economic forums in which the New International Economic Order (NIEO) was debated? What was the North–South dialogue's legacy for US foreign policy as it moved out of the crisis-ridden 1970s and toward a new era of neoliberal reform, intensive globalization, and eventually post-Cold War triumphalism? The chapter also places the NIEO's significance within the larger context of US grand strategy through the 1970s. In doing so, it reveals how both Democratic and Republican administrations tried to pacify the countries of the South through new policies on everything from food, finance, and foreign aid to apartheid and the Panama Canal. The chapter focuses on the US domestic political economy, then highlights how the NIEO and North–South dialogue became an inflection point for some of the greatest economic, political, and moral crises of the 1970s.
Debt, Development, and Human Rights
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter takes a regional perspective to evaluate the New International Economic Order's (NIEO) impact on the Carter administration's policy toward Latin America. Though remembered today for its censure of Southern Cone dictators, the chapter notes that the Carter administration intended its human rights policy to act as a positive incentive as well. The chapter also recounts how key Latin American leaders became frustrated with Jimmy Carter's evasive stance on structural North–South issues such as trade and debt. Many developing countries would pay a huge price for the lack of action on debt: the 1982 debt crisis, initiating what was known in Latin America as the “lost decade of development.” The chapter then turns to the Carter administration's efforts to transform the North–South dialogue from within.
Basic Needs and Appropriate Technology
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter demonstrates how, at secretary of state Cyrus Vance's urging, US policy for North–South negotiations came to focus on two “practical” development strategies: basic needs and appropriate technology transfer. It recalls how the United States found some support for these policies at UNCTAD V and the UN Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD), where the Overseas Development Council's (ODC) influential board chairman Father Theodore Hesburgh, headed the US delegation. Against Hesburgh's advice, Jimmy Carter and Vance refused to cede US control over any new development fund to Third World-dominated bodies. The chapter then analyses how the administration failed to secure congressional funding for its own basic needs and appropriate technology counterinitiatives. It investigates how this reduced the Carter administration's contributions to UNCTAD V and UNCSTD—the final two negotiating sessions of the North–South dialogue—to near zero.
The Reagan Revolution and the End of the North-South Dialogue
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter elaborates on how Ronald Reagan declined to continue any of Jimmy Carter's reforms to US development policy or to convince Congress to meet Carter's other international commitments. The chapter highlights what this meant: the link between basic needs and human rights was severed, with important consequences for both. It then narrates how human rights in US foreign policy reemerged in the 1980s as powerful weapons against Cold War adversaries accused of political abuses. The chapter looks at how the Reagan administration restored US leadership in international financial institutions. Under the direction of A. W. Clausen, the World Bank ended its involvement in global economic reform and turned instead to smaller-scale antipoverty projects. The chapter explains how the International Monetary Fund (IMF) where neoliberalism's policy trifecta—privatization, liberalization, and fiscal discipline—became dogma as the Washington Consensus. It then reviews the reconstruction of an essentially Anglo-American market-based world system that had very little to do with the New International Economic Order—the political, economic, and intellectual defeat of which enabled the new system's development and spread.
Epilogue
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This chapter places the New International Economic Order (NIEO) in a contemporary perspective by analysing trends in global inequality and income since the 1980s. It draws on the most recent data from scholars of US and global inequality. The chapter then reveals that although inequality between nations has in fact decreased under neoliberal globalization, the United States has returned to levels of economic inequality not seen since before the Great Depression. The chapter examines how neoliberal globalization created new inequalities within the South and beyond, ones that called into question the old political and economic utility of that category. It concludes by arguing that the greatest threat to the United States' global leadership and prosperity is not Americans' populism or isolationism but the gross maldistribution of income facilitated by political elites over the past four decades.
Voices for the Unemployed
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the early attempts to advocate for the unemployed. It reveals the early disdain for the unemployed during the Warren Harding administration and how this began to shift over time. The chapter shows that the Harding Conference provided demonstrable public recognition that in an industrial economy the unemployed deserved attention and needed assistance. Though the deep but brief postwar recession would end, and the U.S. economy would prosper as never before, labor leaders, academics, and a nucleus of reform-minded politicians began focusing on the role technology was playing in displacing workers from their jobs. By decade's end, these early seeds planted out of concern for the unemployed would take root during an unprecedented unemployment crisis.
The Candidate's Dilemma
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This book tells the story of how three political candidates in Indonesia made decisions to resist, engage in, or otherwise incorporate money politics into their electioneering strategies over the course of their campaigns. As they campaign, candidates encounter pressure from the institutional rules that guide elections, political parties, and voters, and must also negotiate complex social relationships to remain competitive. For anticorruption candidates, this context presents additional challenges for building and maintaining their identities. Some of these candidates establish their campaign parameters early and are able to stay their course. For others, the campaign trail results in an avalanche of compromises, each one eating away at their sense of what constitutes “moral” and “acceptable” behavior. The book delves into the lived experiences of candidates to offer a nuanced study of how the political and personal intersect when it comes to money politics, anticorruptionism, and electoral campaigning in Indonesia.
4 Bowing to Pressure
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter tells the experience of Ayu, who was intent on promoting herself as a “clean” candidate but ended up engaging in the very practices she had previously condemned. The chapter explores how she eventually succumbed to pressure from voters and adopted vote-buying strategies. Campaigning in East Java, Ayu's efforts veered off course as she struggled to gain momentum through her grassroots campaign. Encouraged by her campaign team, the chapter recounts how she set her personal values aside and used commonplace vote-buying tactics in an attempt to shore up voter support. Unfortunately for Ayu, the investment did not pay off, leaving her thoroughly dejected when the results were tallied. She had made so many concessions for a chance at victory, but it had all been in vain.
Introduction Performances Of Democracy
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of performances of democratic politics in Russia and Ukraine. Independent Ukraine is widely seen as an unconsolidated democracy, while most outside observers describe Russia under Vladimir Putin as an authoritarian regime. Yet despite deep and consequent differences in the two countries' politics, much of the stagecraft and stage management widely used in Ukraine in command performances is also widely used in Russia. Indeed, political theater and its underlying political economy cut across regime types. Political theater involves the conversion of goods and services people previously regarded as entitlements into privileges—privileges that they then receive in return for loyalty and participation in political performance. In this, one can see the seeds of so-called populist logics of governance.
Setting The Stage
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the 1990s, a decade before parties of power in Russia and Ukraine began to threaten people's access to infrastructure, services, and pay to elicit widespread participation in command performances. Supply chain disruptions and new border regimes resulting from the dissolution of the Soviet Union reshaped local networks of reciprocity. Meanwhile, privatization foreclosed access to public goods people previously had used to support themselves, leaving people more dependent on employers and local authorities than before. Changes during those years structured people's future expectations about state power, while rising economic insecurity made even marginal gains newly important for household economies. The chapter follows a single workday in the lives of two women on either side of the Russia–
Ukraine border at the end of the twentieth century to illustrate how local changes shaped the repertoire of tactics that later became available to the stagehands of political theater.
Staging Performances
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This chapter investigates the threats of collective punishment around the turn of the millennium in two border regions of Ukraine whose populations supported parties of power at the ballot box. The significance of the Ukrainian referendum of President Leonid Kuchma lay less in its immediate legal implications than in the nature of its organization and execution and in the work it did to socialize the Ukrainian public to post-Soviet political theater. In retrospect, the value of the exercise seemed pedagogical: it taught people to comply with the demands of local state agents. For at least the next decade and a half, political parties would maintain their grip on political power by staging command performances. As local property relations and the organization of economic production shifted, people's vulnerability to local authorities' tools of persuasion and coercion also changed. What emerged from those changes were new forms of political stagecraft that affected some people while leaving others relatively untouched.
Meanings Of Participation
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses how, over time, the meaning and salience of political participation changed for people who were drawn into performances. The lengthy time horizons and social imbrication of the complex political and moral economies behind political theater produce their own universes of meaning and interpretive frames. Where politicians direct political theater, parallel interpretations of political participation can take hold within populations on the same territory. The chapter recounts an episode in Kyiv on the eve of the violence that would roil the Ukrainian capital over the following months. The episode illuminates the epistemological space between people mobilized for and socialized by political theater and drawn into its social contract, and those who held on to a vision of political participation as expression of choice, however limited the menu of options might be.