bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) uses roadside European ash trees Fraxinus excelsior L. - an unexpected habitat of an endangered species
Authors: Michalcewicz Jakub , Ciach Michał
Published: April 2012

Rosalia longicornRosalia alpina(L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) uses roadside European ash treesFraxinus excelsiorL. - an unexpected habitat of an endangered species

The paper reports the discovery of the rosalia longicornRosalia alpinaon European ash treesFraxinus excelsiorin the Magura National Park (Beskid Niski Mts, SE Poland) in August 2011. Imagines were found on dead trees growing by the side of a road running between a forest and a meadow. At least eleven individuals were observed, including mating beetles. The data on this previously unknown habitat of the rosalia longicorn in Poland are discussed in the context of its trophic relationships and habitat requirements, as well as species conservation issues.
The Accumulation of Cadmium in Soils and Selected Vegetables Cultivated in the Allotment Gardens of Rzeszów
Authors: Właśniewski Stanisław , Hajduk Edmund
Published: April 2012

Akumulacja Kadmu W Glebach I Wybranych Warzywach Uprawianych W Ogrodach Działkowych Rzeszowa
Curve Parameterization and Curvature via Method of Hurwitz-Radon Matrices
Authors: Jakóbczak Dariusz
Published: April 2012

Curve Parameterization and Curvature via Method of Hurwitz-Radon Matrices

Parametric representation of the curve is more appropriate in computer vision applications then explicit form y = f(x) or implicit representation f(x, y) = 0. Proposed method of Hurwitz-Radon Matrices (MHR) can be used in parameterization and interpolation of curves in the plane. Suitable parameterization leads to curvature calculations. Points with local maximum curvature are treated as feature points in object recognition and image analysis. This paper contains the way of curve parameterization and computing the curvature in the range of two successive interpolation nodes via MHR method. Proposed method is based on a family of Hurwitz-Radon (HR) matrices. The matrices are skew-symmetric and possess columns composed of orthogonal vectors. The operator of Hurwitz-Radon (OHR), built from these matrices, is described. It is shown how to create the orthogonal OHR and how to use it in a process of curve parameterization and curvature calculation.
History Aware Device-free Passive (DfP) Localisation
Authors: Deak Gabriel , Curran Kevin , Condell Joan
Published: April 2012

History Aware Device-free Passive (DfP) Localisation

A novel Device-free Passive (DfP) Localisation technique that monitors wireless communications and location dependent signal characteristics is presented in this paper. The human body contains more than 70% water which is causing variances in the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurements. DfP is a technique to detect a person without the need for any physical devices i.e. tags or sensors. This paper focuses on communication protocols such as Radiogram Protocol, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), outlining the possibility of using these protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Histograms and historical data are new concepts in a DfP scenario which can improve the accuracy of location estimation in DfP Localisation.
The Dynamics of Reactions of O(3P) Atoms with Saturated Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds
Authors: Ausfelder Florian , McKendrick Kenneth G.
Published: April 2012

We review the experimental and theoretical work which has been carried out on the dynamics of reactions of O(3P) with saturated hydrocarbons and related systems. We concentrate primarily on gas phase reactions, but also cover in less detail the more limited work on condensed phase and interfacial reactions. Although O(3P) + saturated alkane reactions are the primary focus, the dominant features of their dynamics are compared and contrasted with those of unsaturated alkanes, functionalised alkanes, and inorganic hydrides (including silanes, germanes, H2S, and hydrogen halides). The principal experimental techniques are reviewed. The experimentally determined quantities are identified, including excitation functions, OH rovibrational and fine-structure partitioning, the rather limited equivalent results for the organic radical co-product, and differential cross-sections. The dynamical conclusions that have been inferred are discussed and compared with the predictions of various levels of theory from semi-empirical models through to rigorous ab initio treatments. For many organic systems, most of the evidence points to OH being formed via a direct abstraction mechanism in which the O(3P) atom attacks along an isolated C–H bond. Outstanding problems with this basic interpretation and gaps in the current knowledge base are identified.
Mechanism of Action of Titanium Dioxide Pigment in the Photodegredation of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Other Polymers
Authors: Kemp Terence J. , McIntyre Robin A.
Published: April 2012

The extensive use of titanium dioxide as a pigment and optical agent in polymers, particularly poly(vinyl chloride), polyethylene and alkyd resins, has prompted many investigations of the various deleterious effects (loss of gloss and mechanical properties, chalking, pinking) of long-term exposure to sunlight of the pigmented polymers. This short review summarises the fundamental semiconductor processes undergone by TiO2 on UV irradiation and the consequent chemical action of the reactive intermediates so generated. It also describes the strategies developed to counteract photodegradation induced by TiO2, in particular its encapsulation in a coating by near-UV transparent metal oxides, such as Al2O3 and SiO2, with wide band gaps. The effects of doping TiO2 with transition metal ions are also noted.
Kinetics and Mechanism of 1,10-Phenanthroline Catalysed Chromium(VI) Oxidation of D-Glucose in Aqueous Micellar Media
Authors: Saha Bidyut , Pal Kalyan K.
Published: April 2012

The kinetics and mechanism of CrVI oxidation of D-glucose in the presence and absence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in aqueous acid media have been studied under the conditions, [sugar]T ≥ [CrVI]T at different temperatures. The monomeric species of CrVI has been found to be kinetically active in the absence of phen whereas in the phen-catalysed path, the CrVI - phen complexes have been found to be the active oxidants. Both the paths show a first order dependence on [sugar]T and [CrVI]T. The uncatalysed path shows a second order dependence on [H+], while the catalysed path shows a first order dependence on [H+]. The phen-catalysed path is first-order in [phen]T. These observations remain unaltered in the presence of externally added surfactants. CPC inhibits both pathways while SDS catalyses the reactions.
Kinetic Modelling of Global Evolution of Titan's Atmosphere
Authors: Dimitrov Vasili
Published: April 2012

Methane CH4 is the only highly reactive and short-lived background component in Titan's atmosphere, so its overall reserve predetermines both features and duration of atmospheric chemical activity. Current methane atmospheric abundance is provided by its global circulation. There are two sources of methane replenishment, i.e. recycling of the primordial reserve trapped in Titan's interior and reconversion of non-saturated final products of the atmospheric photochemical process, reconversion being the minor constituent in the global methane balance. The total bulk of primordial methane gas hydrate depends on the packing index (cage-filling efficiency) α, the latter being limited to 7.2 × 10−4< α < 5 × 10−2 {kg CH4/kg clathrate}. The specification of α seems to be one of the most relevant problems of the experimental modelling of Titan's chemistry.

The total number of methane renewal cycles so far equals Np ∼ 200.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Organic Sulfides by [Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene
Authors: Banerji Jayshree , Sharma Pradeep K. , Banerji Kalyan K.
Published: April 2012

The oxidation of organic sulfides by [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene (TFAIB), to the corresponding sulfoxides, is first order with respect to TFAIB, hydrogen-ions, and the sulfide. The correlation analyses of the rate of the oxidation of thirty-five sulfides were performed in terms of various single and multiparametric equations. For the aryl methyl sulfides, the best correlation is obtained with Charton's LDR and LDRS equations. The oxidation of alkyl phenyl sulfides exhibited a very good correlation in terms of the Pavelich-Taft equation. The polar regression coefficients are negative. A mechanism involving formation of a sulfonium-cation intermediate in the slow step has been proposed.
Micellar Effect on the Catalytic Co-Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Oxalic Acid by Chromium(VI) in Aqueous Acid Media: A Kinetic Study
Authors: Saha Bidyut , Islam Monirul , Das Asim K.
Published: April 2012

The CrVI oxidation of a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and oxalic acid (OXH2) in aqueous acid media occurs much faster than that of either of the two substrates alone (DMSO reacts extremely slowly under the experimental conditions). In the mixture, both substrates undergo oxidation simultaneously in a ternary complex of CrVI through a three electron transfer step (i.e. CrVI → CrIII), two electrons from DMSO and one electron from oxalic acid. Hitherto there has been a debate regarding the existence of a 3e transfer in a single step. The micellar effect may be considered as a probe for 3e transfer in a single step.
Registration of ‘Tom’ Wheat
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Wiersma J. J. , Linkert G. L. , Kolmer J. A. , Jin Y. , Dill-Macky R. , Wiersma J. V. , Hareland G. A. , Busch R. H.
Published: April 2012

‘Tom’ (Reg. No. CV‐1069, PI 656383) hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2008. Tom was tested as MN01311‐A or MN01311‐A‐1 in statewide yield trials from 2005 to 2007 and in the Uniform Hard Red Spring Wheat Regional Nursery in 2004 and 2005. Tom was released based on its high grain yield, moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight (caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe), and adult‐plant resistance to race TTKSK (Ug99) of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.). Tom is well adapted to the hard red spring wheat growing regions in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest.
Registration of ‘Barduro’ Mid‐Dormant Red Clover
Authors: Quesenberry Kenneth H. , Blount Ann R.
Published: April 2012

‘Barduro’ (Reg. No. CV‐31, PI 664479) red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a synthetic cultivar selected for mid‐dormancy and high resistance to root‐knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.). Pest resistance and plant dormancy are critical factors for adaptation of red clover into the southeastern United States. The objective of this program was to select for a mid‐dormancy response between transitional‐zone cultivars and the nondormant ‘Southern Belle’, while maintaining RKN resistance. A population of 3250 plants comprising approximately 50% Southern Belle, 15% ‘Scarlet’, 15% ‘Cinnamon’, 15% ‘Kenstar’, and 5% creeping red clover introductions was the base population from which vigorous plants with intermediate spring dormancy were selected for vigor, pest resistance, and dormancy response. Approximately 1000 selected plants were allowed to interpollinate in spring 1997. Four such cycles were conducted, with the final population intercrossed in summer 2000. This population was released as the cultivar ‘Barduro’ by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station in 2009. First‐harvest and total seasonal yields of Barduro have been similar to the most nondormant cultivars when grown at locations across the lower Coastal Plains. Barduro dry‐matter yields were among the top‐yielding cultivars when grown in the upper Coastal Plains and lower transition‐zone states. Barduro was not different in RKN gall and egg mass scores from Southern Belle and was superior in resistance to Kenstar. The spring dormancy response was intermediate between that of Southern Belle and ‘Kenton’.
Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Prolongs Islet Allograft Survival
Authors: Wang Hongjun , Wu Hongju , Rocuts Fredy , Gu Zhuoying , Bach Fritz H. , Otterbein Leo E.
Published: April 2012

Exposing donor mice to carbon monoxide (CO) protects transplanted islet allografts from immune rejection after transplantation (referred as the “donor” effect). In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of the donor effect of CO, we found that donor treatment with CO upregulates expression of peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ), a transcriptional regulator, in isolated islets. In this study, we evaluated whether PPARγ contributes to the survival and function of transplanted islets and whether PPARγ mediates the protective effect of CO in a major mismatch islet allogeneic transplantation model. BALB/c (H-2d) islets in which PPARγ activity was induced by its agonists, 15-deoxy-Δ12–14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) or troglitazone were transplanted into C57BL/6 (H-2b) recipients that had been rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ). Blood glucose levels of recipients were monitored to determine the function of transplanted islets. Our data indicated that PPARγ activation in islets led to a high percentage of BALB/c islets survived long-term in C57BL/6 recipients. Activation of PPARγ in the donor suppresses expressions of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in transplanted islets. Blocking PPARγ activity by its antagonist, GW9662, abrogated the donor effect of CO in vivo and in vitro. Our data demonstrate that PPARγ plays a critical role in the survival and function of transplanted islets after transplantation in the recipient. The protective effects of CO are at least in part mediated by PPARγ.
Intraventricularly Injected Olig2-NSCs Attenuate Established Relapsing–Remitting EAE in Mice
Authors: Sher Falak , Amor Sandra , Gerritsen Wouter , Baker David , Jackson Samuel L. , Boddeke Erik , Copray Sjef
Published: April 2012

In multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory relapsing demyelinating disease, failure to control or repair damage leads to progressive neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Implantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been shown to promote repair and functional recovery in the acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model for MS; the major therapeutic mechanism of these NSCs appeared to be immune regulation. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of intraventricularly injected NSCs in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CREAE), the animal disease model that is widely accepted to mimic most closely recurrent inflammatory demyelination lesions as observed in relapsing–remitting MS. In addition, we assessed whether priming these NSCs to become oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) by transient overexpression of Olig2 would further promote functional recovery, for example, by contributing to actual remyelination. Upon injection at the onset of the acute phase or the relapse phase of CREAE, NSCs as well as Olig2-NSCs directly migrated toward active lesions in the spinal cord as visualized by in vivo bioluminescence and biofluorescence imaging, and once in the spinal cord, the majority of Olig2-NSCs, in contrast to NSCs, differentiated into OPCs. The survival of Olig2-NSCs was significantly higher than that of injected control NSCs, which remained undifferentiated. Nevertheless, both Olig2-NSCs and NSC significantly reduced the clinical signs of acute and relapsing disease and, in case of Olig2-NSCs, even completely abrogated relapsing disease when administered early after onset of acute disease. We provide the first evidence that NSCs and in particular NSC-derived OPCs (Olig2-NSCs) ameliorate established chronic relapsing EAE in mice. Our experimental data in established neurological disease in mice indicate that such therapy may be effective in relapsing–remitting MS preventing chronic progressive disease.
Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Pancreatic Endoderm Reveals a Site-Specific Survival, Growth, and Differentiation
Authors: Sui Lina , Mfopou Josué K. , Chen Bing , Sermon Karen , Bouwens Luc
Published: April 2012

Development of β-cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) could compensate for the shortage of islet donors required for diabetes therapy. Although pancreatic progenitors have been derived from hESCs using various protocols, no fully functional β-cells could be generated in vitro. We evaluated the in vivo growth and differentiation of PDX1+ pancreatic endoderm cells obtained from hESCs. Here we show site-specific survival and differentiation when comparing cells grafted in the epididymal fat pad or the subcutaneous space of NOD/SCID mice after 12 weeks follow-up. Subcutaneous grafts persisted and expressed PDX1 at all time points analyzed, showed PDX1 and NKX6.1 coexpression after 6 weeks, and contained NGN3+ cells after 12 weeks. These findings suggest that further specification along the pancreatic lineage occured at the subcutaneous site. In sharp contrast, in the fat pad grafts only a minority of PDX1+ cells remained after 2 weeks, and no further pancreatic differentiation was observed later on. In addition, contaminating mesenchymal cells present in the implants further developed into cartilage tissue after 6 weeks implantation in the fat pad, but not in the subcutaneous space. These findings indicate that the in vivo microenvironment plays a critical role in the further differentiation of transplanted pancreatic endoderm cells.
SUITO Index for Evaluation of Clinical Islet Transplantation
Authors: Takita Morihito , Matusmoto Shinichi
Published: April 2012

The major endpoints for clinical islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes are insulin independence and reduction of hypoglycemic episodes. Both endpoints are influenced by patients' and physicians' preferences regarding the use of exogenous insulin. Therefore, development of an objective endpoint for assessing clinical islet transplantation is desirable. HOMA-beta score is useful in assessing functional β-cell mass. However, this score uses blood insulin levels that are influenced by exogenous insulin injection and therefore is not suitable for patients who receive exogenous insulin. For assessing functional β-cell mass for type 1 diabetic patients after islet transplantation, we created the Secretory Unit of Islet Transplant Objects (SUITO) index using fasting C-peptide and fasting glucose. The formula of the SUITO index is fasting C-peptide (ng/ml)/[fasting blood glucose – 63 (mg/dl)] x 1500. We demonstrated that, within 1 month of islet transplantation, an average SUITO index of >26 was an excellent predictor of achieving insulin independence. In addition, daily SUITO index scores correlated with a reduction of insulin dose and adversely correlated with blood glucose levels during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Other important endpoints, reduction of hypoglycemic episodes and quality of life, also correlated with the SUITO index. Thus, the SUITO index is excellent for assessing important endpoints (insulin independence, reduction of hypoglycemia, improved quality of life) after allogeneic islet transplantation.
Intracerebroventricular Transplantation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Progenitor Cells in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS-I)
Authors: Nan Zhenhong , Shekels Laurie , Ryabinin Oleg , Evavold Carrie , Nelson Matthew S. , Khan Shaukat A. , Deans Robert J. , Mays Robert W. , Low Walter C. , Gupta Pankaj
Published: April 2012

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I; Hurler syndrome) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by lack of the functional lysosomal glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-degrading enzyme α-l-iduronidase (IDUA). Without treatment, the resulting GAG accumulation causes multisystem dysfunction and death within the first decade. Current treatments include allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and enzyme replacement therapy. HSCT ameliorates clinical features and extends life but is not available to all patients, and inadequately corrects the most devastating features of the disease including mental retardation and skeletal deformities. Recent developments suggest that stem cells can be used to deliver needed enzymes to the central nervous system. To test this concept, we transplanted bone marrow-derived normal adult human MultiStem® cells into the cerebral lateral ventricles of immunodeficient MPS-I neonatal mice. Transplanted cells and human-specific DNA were detected in the hippocampal formation, striatum, and other areas of the central nervous system. Brain tissue assays revealed significant long-term decrease in GAG levels in the hippocampus and striatum. Sensorimotor testing 6 months after transplantation demonstrated significantly improved rotarod performance of transplanted mice in comparison to nontransplanted and sham-transplanted control animals. These results suggest that a single injection of MultiStem cells into the cerebral ventricles of neonatal MPS-I mice induces sustained reduction in GAG accumulation within the brain, and modest long-term improvement in sensorimotor function.
Mutational analysis of a phenazine biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces anulatus 9663
Authors: Saleh Orwah , Flinspach Katrin , Westrich Lucia , Kulik Andreas , Gust Bertolt , Fiedler Hans-Peter , Heide Lutz
Published: April 2012

The biosynthetic gene cluster for endophenazines, i.e., prenylated phenazines from Streptomyces anulatus 9663, was heterologously expressed in several engineered host strains derived from Streptomyces coelicolor M145. The highest production levels were obtained in strain M512. Mutations in the rpoB and rpsL genes of the host, which result in increased production of other secondary metabolites, had no beneficial effect on the production of phenazines. The heterologous expression strains produced, besides the known phenazine compounds, a new prenylated phenazine, termed endophenazine E. The structure of endophenazine E was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry and by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. It represented a conjugate of endophenazine A (9-dimethylallylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid) and L-glutamine (L-Gln), with the carboxyl group of endophenazine A forming an amide bond to the α-amino group of L-Gln. Gene inactivation experiments in the gene cluster proved that ppzM codes for a phenazine N-methyltransferase. The gene ppzV apparently represents a new type of TetR-family regulator, specifically controlling the prenylation in endophenazine biosynthesis. The gene ppzY codes for a LysR-type regulator and most likely controls the biosynthesis of the phenazine core. A further putative transcriptional regulator is located in the vicinity of the cluster, but was found not to be required for phenazine or endophenazine formation. This is the first investigation of the regulatory genes of phenazine biosynthesis in Streptomyces.
Safety and Efficacy of Romiplostim in Patients with Severe, Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Meyer Oliver , Salama Abdulgabar
Published: April 2012

Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibody-mediated destruction of platelets. In general, the goal of therapy is the prevention of bleeding complications. Since the risk of life-threatening bleeding complications (eg, intracranial hemorrhage) is extremely rare, the most optimal treatment must remain individualized on the basis of all clinical conditions related to the affected patient. Based on this finding and on our own experiences the majority of affected patients may not require treatment. If indicated, the accepted standard therapies are corticosteroid-base treatments, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) or anti-D, and in severely affected and unresponsive cases, splenectomy.

Romiplostim is a 60 kDa molecule that is composed of four TPO-mimetic peptides that are attached via glycine bridges to an IgG heavy-chain Fc molecule. It effectively competes with eTPO for binding to TPO-receptor, leading to an increase in platelet counts within five to ten days after weekly subcutaneous injection. Romiplostim has been approved for the treatment of ITP in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of this review is to summarize results the current data from controlled clinical trials on the safety an efficacy of romiplostim in the treatment of ITP.
Anthrax Outbreaks in Bangladesh, 2009–2010
Authors: Chakraborty Apurba , Khan Salah Uddin , Hasnat Mohammed Abul , Parveen Shahana , Islam M. Saiful , Mikolon Andrea , Chakraborty Ranjit Kumar , Ahmed Be-Nazir , Ara Khorsed , Haider Najmul , Zaki Sherif R. , Hoffmaster Alex R. , Rahman Mahmudur , Luby Stephen P. , Hossain M. Jahangir
Published: April 2012

During August 2009–October 2010, a multidisciplinary team investigated 14 outbreaks of animal and human anthrax in Bangladesh to identify the etiology, pathway of transmission, and social, behavioral, and cultural factors that led to these outbreaks. The team identified 140 animal cases of anthrax and 273 human cases of cutaneous anthrax. Ninety one percent of persons in whom cutaneous anthrax developed had history of butchering sick animals, handling raw meat, contact with animal skin, or were present at slaughtering sites. Each year, Bacillus anthracis of identical genotypes were isolated from animal and human cases. Inadequate livestock vaccination coverage, lack of awareness of the risk of anthrax transmission from animal to humans, social norms and poverty contributed to these outbreaks. Addressing these challenges and adopting a joint animal and human health approach could contribute to detecting and preventing such outbreaks in the future.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Leishmania donovani Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Kumar Dinesh , Chakravarty Jaya , Rai Madhukar , Sundar Shyam
Published: April 2012

Despite several drawbacks, rK39-based rapid immunochromatographic test is widely used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent. There is an urgent need to develop a better antigen. In this study we separated crude soluble antigens of Leishmania donovani by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hybridized with pool sera from pre- and post-treated VL patients, 6 months follow-up, endemic healthy (EHC), and nonendemic healthy controls (NEHC) by Western blotting. The sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with identified protein was 95% (confidence interval [CI] = 89.6–98.01%), whereas the specificity for EHC, NEHC, and different disease groups were 96.3% (CI = 89.8–98.6%), 100% (CI = 95.8–100%), and 97.4% (CI = 91.02–99.3%), respectively. This specific antigen was subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and after tryptic digestion, antigen was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Further analysis showed that it is a member of the heat shock protein family of 70 kDa, designated as BHUP1, and has great potential in the diagnosis of VL.
Development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Its Natural Sandfly Vector Lutzomyia longipalpis
Authors: Freitas Vanessa C. , Parreiras Klívia P. , Duarte Ana Paula M. , Secundino Nágila F. C. , Pimenta Paulo F. P.
Published: April 2012

We analyzed the development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in its natural sandfly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. In addition, we compared sandfly infections initiated with axenic amastigotes or promastigotes. Our data showed no important difference between Lu. longipalpis infection rates resulting from either type of infections. Furthermore, development of infection was equivalent in both cases. All promastigote forms were found inside the sandfly and, after blood digestion, most of the population consisted of procyclics and nectomonads. A low percentage of metacyclic forms was coincident with a high number of nectomonads during late stages of infection, but which form gives rise to metacyclic forms in L. infantum chagasi is unknown. These results also show that the promastigote infection model, at least for this situation, is suitable for obtaining of infected sandflies because it is easier and less laborious.
Collapse of Anopheles darlingi Populations in Suriname After Introduction of Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs); Malaria Down to Near Elimination Level
Authors: Hiwat Hélène , Mitro Sutrisno , Samjhawan Ashok , Sardjoe Prem , Soekhoe Treyanti , Takken Willem
Published: April 2012

A longitudinal study of malaria vectors was carried out in three villages in Suriname between 2006 and 2010. During 13,392 man hours of collections, 3,180 mosquitoes were collected, of which 33.7% were anophelines. Of these, Anopheles darlingi accounted for 88.1%, and An. nuneztovari accounted for 11.1%. The highest mean An. darlingi human biting rate (HBR) observed per survey was 1.43 bites/man per hour outdoor and 1.09 bites/man per hour indoor; 2 An. darlingi of the 683 tested were infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The anopheline HBR decreased to zero after the onset of malaria intervention activities, including insecticide-treated net (ITN) distribution, in 2006. Malaria transmission decreased to pre-elimination levels. It is concluded that the combination of ITN and climatic events has led to the collapse of malaria vector populations in the study sites in the interior of the country. The results are discussed in relation to the stability of malaria transmission in areas with low-density human populations.
Fatal Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in the United States, 1999–2007
Authors: Dahlgren F. Scott , Holman Robert C. , Paddock Christopher D. , Callinan Laura S. , McQuiston Jennifer H.
Published: April 2012

Death from Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is preventable with prompt, appropriate treatment. Data from two independent sources were analyzed to estimate the burden of fatal RMSF and identify risk factors for fatal RMSF in the United States during 1999–2007. Despite increased reporting of RMSF cases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, no significant changes in the estimated number of annual fatal RMSF cases were found. American Indians were at higher risk of fatal RMSF relative to whites (relative risk [RR] = 3.9), and children 5–9 years of age (RR = 6.0) and adults ≥ 70 years of age (RR = 3.0) were also at increased risk relative to other ages. Persons with cases of RMSF with an immunosuppressive condition were at increased risk of death (RR = 4.4). Delaying treatment of RMSF was also associated with increased deaths. These results may indicate a gap between recommendations and practice.
Association of In Utero Sensitization to Schistosoma haematobium with Enhanced Cord Blood IgE and Increased Frequencies of CD5– B Cells in African Newborns
Authors: Seydel Larsen S. , Petelski Annika , van Dam Govert J. , van der Kleij Desiree , Kruize-Hoeksma Yvonne C. M. , Luty Adrian J. F. , Yazdanbakhsh Maria , Kremsner Peter G.
Published: April 2012

This study investigated in utero priming as a consequence of maternal parasitic infections. Cord blood plasma samples of 63 African newborns were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their content of total and schistosome-specific or filaria-specific IgE and IgG4. The frequencies of lymphocyte phenotypes in cord blood were also determined by using flow cytometry, and were compared with those of European newborns. We found significantly increased schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA)–specific IgE in cord plasma of those born to mothers with schistosome infections and correlations between fetal and maternal SEA-specific and filaria antigen–specific IgE. These data are evidence for in utero priming of the fetal immune system to maternal helminth infections. Furthermore, we show significantly enhanced percentages of CD5– B cells in African newborns cord blood compared with Europeans, which is consistent with earlier maturation of the African fetal immune system.
Controlled Human Blood Stage Malaria Infection: Current Status and Potential Applications
Authors: Duncan Christopher J. A. , Draper Simon J.
Published: April 2012

Controlled human malaria infection by blood stage parasite (BSP) inoculation is an alternative to the well-established model of infection with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites delivered by mosquito bites. The BSP model has been utilized less frequently, but its use is increasing. Advantages of BSP challenge include greater ease of administration, better standardization of the infecting dose per volunteer, and good inter-study reproducibility of in vivo parasite dynamics. Recently, a surprising reduction in clinical symptoms at microscopic patency in the BSP model has been identified, which has an undefined and intriguing pathophysiologic basis, but may make this approach more acceptable to volunteers. We summarize clinical, parasitologic, and immunologic data from all BSP challenges to date, explore differences between the BSP and sporozoite models, and propose future applications for BSP challenge.
Training Laboratory Technicians from the Ethiopian Periphery in the MODS Technique Enables Rapid and Low-Cost Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Elinav Hila , Kalter Henry D. , Caviedes Luz , Moulton Lawrence H. , Lemma Eshetu , Rajs Andrea , Block Colin , Maayan Shlomo
Published: April 2012

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and is frequently complicated by emergence of drug-resistant strains. Diagnosis of TB in developing countries is often based on the relatively insensitive acid-fast staining that does not enable susceptibility profiling. Microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS) is an inexpensive, simple method that enables rapid TB culture coupled with susceptibility testing. A 3-week MODS training of three Ethiopian laboratory technicians was conducted at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Israel. Results of the trainee readings were blindly assessed by an experienced instructor. Two hundred fifty-five (255) trainee culture readings were evaluated throughout the course. The sensitivity and specificity were 75–100% and 31.5–100%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that sensitivity and duration of incubation were positively correlated, although specificity was positively correlated with the length of training. MODS can be reliably performed by laboratory technicians inexperienced in culture techniques in developing countries, with high sensitivity and specificity reached after a brief learning period.
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses during Acute M. tuberculosis Infection in Adult Household Contacts in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Mahan C. Scott , Zalwango Sarah , Thiel Bonnie A. , Malone LaShaunda L. , Chervenak Keith A. , Baseke Joy , Dobbs Dennis , Stein Catherine M. , Mayanja Harriet , Joloba Moses , Whalen Christopher C. , Boom W. Henry
Published: April 2012

Contacts of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients are at risk for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Because most infections are controlled, studies during MTB infection provide insight into protective immunity. We compared immune responses of adult household contacts that did and did not convert the tuberculin skin test (TST). Innate and adaptive immune responses were measured by whole blood assay. Responses of TST converters (TSTC) were compared with persistently TST negative contacts (PTST–) and contacts who were TST+ at baseline (TST+). TLR-2, TLR-4, and IFN-γR responses to IFN-γ did not differ between the groups, nor did γδ T cell responses. T cell responses to MTB antigens differed markedly among TSTC, PTST–, and TST+ contacts. Thus, no differences in innate responses were found among the three household contact groups. However, adaptive T cell responses to MTB antigens did differ before and during MTB infection among PTST–, TSTC, and TST+ contacts.
High Degree of Plasmodium vivax Diversity in the Peruvian Amazon Demonstrated by Tandem Repeat Polymorphism Analysis
Authors: Kosek Margaret , Yori Pablo P. , Gilman Robert H. , Calderon Maritza , Zimic Mirko , Chuquiyauri Raul , Jeri Cesar , Pinedo-Cancino Viviana , Matthias Michael A. , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro , Vinetz Joseph M.
Published: April 2012

Molecular tools to distinguish strains of
Plasmodium vivax are important for studying the epidemiology of malaria transmission. Two sets of markers—tandem repeat (TR) polymorphisms and MSP3α—were used to study
Plasmodium vivax in patients in the Peruvian Amazon region of Iquitos. Of 110 patients, 90 distinct haplotypes were distinguished using 9 TR markers. An MSP3α polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using
HhaI and
AluI revealed 8 and 9 profiles, respectively, and 36 profiles when analyzed in combination. Combining TR and PCR-RFLP markers, 101 distinct molecular profiles were distinguished among these 110 patients. Nine TR markers arrayed along a 100 kB stretch of a
P. vivax chromosome containing the gene for circumsporozoite protein showed non-linear linkage disequilibrium (ISA = 0.03,
P = 0.001). These findings demonstrate the potential use of TR markers for molecular epidemiology studies.
Pleural Involvement in Spinal Tuberculosis
Authors: Malhotra Hardeep Singh , Garg Ravindra Kumar , Raut Tushar Premraj
Published: April 2012

Spinal tuberculosis or Pott's disease of the spine associated with pleural involvement has long intrigued researchers regarding the nature and pathogenesis of their occurrence. We describe two interesting patients of spinal tuberculosis, one with cervical and another with thoracic spine disease, with pleural involvement, which developed after lateral extension of cold abscess involving the parietal pleura, and without any evidence of pulmonary disease.
Interpreting last glacial to Holocene dust changes at Talos Dome (East Antarctica): implications for atmospheric variations from regional to hemispheric scales
Authors: Albani S. , Delmonte B. , Maggi V. , Baroni C. , Petit J.-R. , Stenni B. , Mazzola C. , Frezzotti M.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Central East Antarctic ice cores preserve stratigraphic records of mineral dust originating from remote sources in the Southern Hemisphere, and represent useful indicators of climatic variations on glacial-interglacial time scales. The peripheries of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, where ice-free areas with the potential to emit dust exist, have been less explored from this point of view. Here, we present a new profile of dust deposition flux and grain size distributions from an ice core drilled at Talos Dome (TALDICE, Northern Victoria Land, East Antarctica), where there is a significant input of dust from proximal Antarctic ice-free areas. We analyze dust and stable water isotopes variations from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Late Holocene, and compare them to the EPICA Dome C profiles from central East Antarctica. The smaller glacial-interglacial variations at Talos Dome compared to Dome C and a distinctive decreasing trend during the Holocene characterize the TALDICE dust profile. By deciphering the composite dust signal from both remote and local sources, we show the potential of this combined proxy of source activity and atmospheric transport to give information on both regional and larger spatial scales. In particular, we show how a regional signal, which we relate to the deglaciation history of the Ross Sea embayment, can be superimposed to the broader scale glacial-interglacial variability that characterizes other Antarctic sites.
Insulinoma in Dogs: A Review
Authors: Goutal Caroline M. , Brugmann Bonnie L. , Ryan Kirk A.
Published: April 2012

Insulinomas are rare malignant functional pancreatic tumors of the β cells that retain the ability to produce and secrete insulin. Insulinomas are the most common pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in dogs that can induce a variety of clinical signs that result from hypoglycemia and secondary neuroglycopenic and adrenergic effects. Diagnosis and treatment is considered challenging, and the prognosis can be extremely variable depending on the therapeutic choices. This review aims to summarize and update classic knowledge with current trends in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of insulinomas.
Relationship between Duration of Fluoride Exposure in School-Based Fluoride Mouthrinsing and Effects on Prevention and Control of Dental Caries
Authors: Komiyama Eri , Kimoto Kazunari , Arakawa Hirohisa
Published: April 2012

The objective of this paper was to assess the effects of school-based fluoride mouthrinsing (S-FMR: weekly using 0.2% NaF solution) in two groups of school children with different periods of exposure to S-FMR in elementary school. Subjects were the S-FMR group consisted of 599 children, participated for six years. The control group consisted of 282 children, participated for less than one year in the sixth year of elementary school. From the results of the present survey, the caries reduction rate of S-FMR in the permanent teeth was 36.6% for DMFT and 42.8% for DMFS, and person rates with DMF, DMFT, DMFS, and CO (questionable caries under observation) were inhibited in both boys and girls. Girls in the control group showed clearly higher values for all parameters of dental caries because of earlier teeth eruption; however, no gender differences were observed in the S-FMR group. As caries prevalence in the first molars accounted for about 85% regardless of participation to S-FMR, and first molar caries were more common in the mandible than in the maxilla, consideration should be given to preventive measures against pit-and-fissure-caries in addition to S-FMR.
Les rêves en héritage. La possibilité et l’impossibilité de rêver
Authors: Kaës René
Published: April 2012

Dans La polyphonie du rêve (2002), l’auteur a exploré certains aspects de l’expérience onirique lorsque le rapport des rêveurs à leurs rêves est traversé par les rêves d’autres rêveurs. Dans cet article, la recherche se poursuit et porte sur le désir d’attribuer ses rêves à autrui et sur l’angoisse d’être dépossédé de son propre espace onirique. La clinique, relayée par l’analyse d’une nouvelle de J. Irving, montre que ces angoisses sont le plus souvent liées à la difficulté de constituer un espace interne qui soit pensable comme étant propre au sujet. L’empiètement ou l’intrusion de cet espace onirique crée un collage d’enveloppes psychiques, dont il n’est possible de se détacher qu’en se déchirant de la peau et la psyché maternelles.
Quand la mer se retire suivi de Les lieux-dits du rêve
Authors: Bournival Brigitte , Couzier Nane
Published: April 2012

Les lieux-dits du rêve : brigitte bournival

Une question est née entre deux femmes, l’une poète, l’autre psychanalyste : « Le Lieu à partir duquel le poète aspire à nommer le Monde, ne serait-il pas le Lieu d’où le psychanalyste tente d’entendre le Sujet dans son énonciation ? »

Dans son mouvement même, cette interrogation s’offrait à l’évidence d’une parenté certaine du Dire poétique et de l’Entendre psychanalytique avec l’espace du Rêve.

La femme psychanalyste choisit aujourd’hui de laisser au poète la parole, parole qui permet à la doublure nocturne du Vivant de se revêtir du Grand Jour.

Quand la mer se retire : nane couzier

Cette suite poétique propose un retour à la mer disparue — une avancée dans la dispersion des âges, des signes, des temps.

L’espace d’écriture, que sillonne une quête des commencements de soi, adhère à des étendues successives où regard et voix progressent en même temps que bougent les paysages traversés.

Au bout de cette « narration cachée » : le lieu primordial d’un Ailleurs à la langue de sable, aussi vaste que le Temps.
Quand vieillir ensemble fait mal : les mauvais traitements entre conjoints âgés
Authors: Gravel Sylvie , Beaulieu Marie , Lithwick Maxine
Published: April 2012

This article focuses on a rarely discussed and relatively unknown type of elder abuse: elder abuse by a spouse. The data presented comes from a study examining the dynamics of elder abuse cases in three CISC's in Quebec (Local Centre for Community Services). Firstly, the characteristics associated with forms of abuse and both the abused spouse and the abusive spouse are described. Cases of elder abuse by a spouse are also compared with the other cases of elder abuse in the sample: abuse by a child, another family member, a friend or an acquaintance. Secondly, the authors examine more specifics situations of elder abuse by a spouse such as situations where one of the spouses has cognitive impairment and how that differs from situations where both spouses are lucid. For each of these situations, the different elements having an impact on the dynamics of abuse are discussed.
Expérience communautaire pour les hommes pédophiles
Authors: Daigle Marc
Published: April 2012

The evaluation of the self-help program "Le groupe d'entraide Amorce" for pedophilic men showed they were progressing regarding certain pedophilic characteristics, particularly with respect to a better integration of their adult sexuality. However, nobody in this program claimed to be "treating" pedophilia directly. In fact, all of them relied upon the sharing and supporting dynamics of a self-help group to face other related problems and to reach the preliminary but necessary steps for deeper changes. The beneficial effect of the program was felt regarding mainly stopping withdrawal, changing attitudes, increasing empathy, motivating for change, improving communication skills, discharging emotions, clarifying immediate problems, repositionning as adults, supporting when depressed or decreasing anxiety. The triangulation of the points of view of facilitators, external parties, and participants did confirm these results both regarding pedophilia and other problems. Beyond these effects, the evaluation showed that the main strengths of the program were: the support and sharing of experiences between participants ; the motivation and availability of those involved ; the openness to external critics, novelty, uniqueness, pro-gressiveness, communal, non-medical, and preventive approach of pedophilia ; and the respect for and "responsibilisation" of the participants. Some aspects of the program also needed to be improved and specific recommendations were provided to the administrators.
Reform and Empire: The Case of Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1870s–1910s
Authors: Korneski Kurt
Published: April 2012

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a host of journalists, ministers, medical doctors, businessmen, lawyers, labour leaders, politicians, and others called for an assault on poverty, slums, disreputable boarding houses, alcoholism, prostitution, sweatshop conditions, inadequate educational facilities, and other “social evils.” Although they represented an array of political positions and advocated a range of strategies to deal with what they deemed problems, historians have come to term this impulse “urban reform” or the “urban reform movement.” Over the past several decades, there have developed two main approaches to the study of this flurry of activity in Canada. Some historians, mostly writing before the mid-1980s, argued that it was an effort to reconstitute “the nation,” which arose in response to the anonymity and social conflict and ills apparent in modern, urban-industrial society. More recently, scholars have emphasized that in Canada reform often preceded urban-industrial development, and that the institutions that reformers supported, like later state agencies, were focused upon moral regulation and in particular fostering and sustaining a liberal order premised on patriarchal concepts of gender and related notions of race. This article demonstrates that important as urban industrial development and moral regulation were, understanding reform in Canada requires the addition of another layer of complexity to already existing analyses. In particular, it shows that we must conceive of Canadian reformers and their institutions as rooted in and shaped by a broader and longer history of European, and particularly British, imperialism.