bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jokes in a Garment Workshop in Hanoi: How Does Humour Foster the Perception of Community in Social Movements?
Authors: Lien Huong Nghiem
Published: November 2007

This article will demonstrate how jokes are used to foster the perception of community among workers on the shopfloor of a garment workshop in Hanoi, Vietnam. Although jokes cannot be considered as overt resistance on the part of workers, by containing an element of collective reality and desire a sense of collectivity among the workers is heightened. The article will analyse two jokes in their embedded contexts to highlight the importance of humour in the workers' struggle against management.
Humour in Nazi Germany: Resistance and Propaganda? The Popular Desire for an All-Embracing Laughter
Authors: Merziger Patrick
Published: November 2007

Two directions in the historiography of humour can be diagnosed: on the one hand humour is understood as a form of resistance, on the other hand it is taken as a means of political agitation. This dichotomy has been applied especially to describe humour in National Socialism and in other totalitarian regimes. This article argues that both forms were marginal in National Socialism. The prevalence of the “whispered jokes”, allegedly the form of resistance, has been exaggerated. The satire, allegedly the official and dominant form of humour, was not well-received by the National Socialistic public. This article will reconstruct the rise of a third form, the “German humour”, and discuss the reasons for its success by looking at why satire failed.
Humour and Protest: Jokes under Communism
Authors: Davies Christie
Published: November 2007

The largest corpus of jokes we have ridiculing both rulers and a political system comes from the former Soviet Union and the then communist countries of eastern Europe. These forbidden jokes were important to those who told them at some risk to themselves. They can be construed as a form of protest, but the relationship between jokes and protest is not a simple one. The number of jokes told was greater, and the telling more open, in the later years of the regimes than in the earlier years of terror and extreme hardship. The number of jokes is a product of the extensiveness of political control, not its intensity. Such jokes probably have no effect either in undermining a regime or in acting as a stabilizing safety valve. However, they were a quiet protest, an indication that the political system lacked stability and could collapse quickly.
Forging New Labor Activism in Global Commodity Chains in Latin America
Authors: Anner Mark
Published: November 2007

International industrial restructuring has fomented a decline in unionization in Latin America and has forced labor organizations to pursue new forms of activism. Due to the segmentation of the production process and the dispersion of the locations of production sites, the coordination of collective action has become more difficult. At the same time, labor law reforms have failed to respond to the challenges presented by market-oriented industrial reforms. As a result, labor activists are resorting to new or modified forms of labor organizing, ranging from domestic cross-class collaboration to international alliances and sporadic campaigns with labor and nongovernmental organizations. The sources of this variation in new labor actions can be found not only in contemporary political and economic contexts, but also in labor histories and ideational influences. An exploration of labor actions in the Salvadoran export apparel sector and the Brazilian automobile industry illustrates these processes.
Brazil's Telecom Unions Confront the Future: Privatization, Technological Change, and Globalization1
Authors: Guimarães Sonia M.K.
Published: November 2007

The article presents a narrative of technological change, privatization, and globalization as they have affected Brazil's telecommunications industry. It is divided into three parts: A) A brief account of process of privatization in the telecom industry in Brazil; B) An analysis of the changes in work and employment relations in the industry; and C) A discussion of the implications of these changes for unions, focusing on problems they face and the strategies they are adopting to overcome their difficulties. A final section presents the implications of the article's findings, which are based on semistructured interviews with industry managers and workers and published company and union documents.
Globalization, Labor, and Violence in Colombia's Banana Zone
Authors: Chomsky Aviva
Published: November 2007

This article examines how globalization and violence have shaped workers' organizations in the Urabá banana zone in northern Colombia from the 1960s to the present. Early unions found allies in leftist political and guerilla organizations. The banana growers relied on the neoliberal state and rightist paramilitaries to unleash an extraordinary wave of violence to crush the leftist unions. They also wooed the right within the unions by pleading a set of common interests in reforming the global banana trade to the benefit of Colombian producers. By the 1990s, a newly right-dominated union in Urabá proved adept at labor-management collaboration in the interest of their joint regional stake in the industry, but it also promoted international labor unity aimed at pressuring banana transnationals to accept minimum labor standards.
“If Business and the Country Will Be Run Right:” The Business Challenge to the Liberal Consensus, 1945–1964
Authors: Phillips-Fein Kim
Published: November 2007

“‘If Business and the Country Will Be Run Right:’ The Business Challenge to the Liberal Consensus, 1945–1964,” by Kim Phillips-Fein, looks at the mobilization of conservative businessmen against the liberal political economy that emerged from the New Deal and the Second World War. These businessmen were sharply critical of the expanded federal government and strong labor unions throughout the postwar period. They sought to challenge the liberal economic order by helping to build think tanks critical of liberalism, by fighting labor unions, and ultimately by participating in political activities like the right-to-work campaigns of 1958, the gubernatorial bid of William F. Knowland in California that same year, and the presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater. By demonstrating the development of a network of conservative businessmen during this period, the article challenges the idea that “consensus” is the appropriate framework for thinking about postwar political economy. It also suggests the centrality of issues of political economy in the rise of conservatism in the postwar United States.
Wide geographical distribution of internationally rareCampylobacterclones within New Zealand
Authors: McTAVISH S. M. , POPE C. E. , NICOL C. , SEXTON K. , FRENCH N. , CARTER P. E.
Published: November 2007

During the southern hemisphere winter of 2006 New Zealand experienced a significant increase in the number of reported cases ofCampylobacterinfection. In total, 112Campylobacterisolates from eight district health boards (DHBs) located across New Zealand were submitted for PFGE, MLST and Penner serotyping analysis. Distinct clusters ofCampylobacterisolates were identified, several of which were composed of isolates from up to five different DHBs located on both the North and South islands of New Zealand. One sequence type, ST-474, was identified in 32 of the 112 isolates and may represent an endemic sequence type present in New Zealand. The spatial pattern of genotypes, combined with the generalized increase in notifications throughout the country is consistent with a common source epidemic, most likely from a source contaminated with the dominant sequence types ST-474 and ST-190 and may also represent widely distributed stable clones present in New Zealand.
Ungewöhlicher Wirkungsverlust von Oxcarbazepin
Authors: Lampert  , Rätz Bravo  , Brugger  , Haschke
Published: November 2007

Bei einer 52-jährigen Frau mit Trigeminusneuralgie kam es nach monatelanger, erfolgreicher Schmerztherapie mit Oxcarbazepin plötzlich zu heftigen Schmerzattacken, die regelmässig abends zu etwa derselben Zeit auftraten. Bei Nachfragen bezüglich Veränderungen in der Tagesgestaltung und in den Essgewohnheiten berichtete die Patientin über die Einnahme von Heilerde morgens vor dem Frühstück. Die Einnahme der Heilerde wurde gestoppt, worauf eine weitgehende Schmerzfreiheit ohne Änderung der initialen Pharmakotherapie wieder hergestellt war. Interaktionen, welche die Resorption von Arzneimitteln signifikant beeinflussen können, werden in der Praxis oft übersehen. Ihre Dokumentation in Interaktionsdatenbanken, Fachinformationen und in der Literatur ist trotz klinischer Relevanz mangelhaft. Durch zeitlich getrennte Einnahme interagierender Substanzen können Wechselwirkungen nicht immer verhindert werden. Dies ist vor allem bei retardierten kationenhaltigen Präparaten und bei Medikamenten mit entero-hepatischem Kreislauf zu beachten.
Die nicht-alkoholische Steatohepatitis – eine neue Epidemie
Authors: Maier
Published: November 2007

Die nicht-alkoholische Steatohepatitis (NASH), das metabolische Syndrom der Leber, pathophysiologisch durch die Folgen des Übergewichtes (Insulinresistenz, Freisetzung freier Radikale, chronische Entzündungskonstellationen) gekennzeichnet, hat in den Vereinigten Staaten, aber auch in Europa epidemische Ausmasse gewonnen. Die Diagnose, bei Übergewicht, fehlendem Alkoholabusus und entsprechenden Zusatzerkrankungen (Hypertonie, Diabetes mellitus, Hyperlipidämie, etc.) vermutet, wird durch die feingewebliche Untersuchung gesichert. Während die blande Fettleber eine günstige Prognose aufweist, gilt dies nicht für eine bereits vorhandene Fibrose. In solchen Fällen kann die Erkrankung zur Zirrhose und sogar zum Leberzellkarzinom voranschreiten. Die Therapiemöglichkeiten sind limitiert. Langsame Reduktion des Körpergewichtes, vermehrte Bewegung, Behandlung der Kofaktoren, insbesondere der Hypertonie und des Diabetes mellitus sind zentrale Therapieaspekte. Ob die – pathophysiologisch sinnvolle – Behandlung mit Glitazonen einen definitiven Stellenwert in der NASH-Therapie erlangen wird, bleibt abzuwarten.
21-jähriger Patient mit linksthorakalen Schmerzen und Pleuraerguss
Authors: Joost  , Chatterjee  , Peter
Published: November 2007

Die Tuberkulose ist weltweit der häufigste Grund für einen Pleuraerguss. Häufig bleibt diese Form der Tuberkulose jedoch unbemerkt. Die diagnostische Methode der Wahl ist die Untersuchung der Pleuraflüssigkeit (Ausstrich, Kultur sowie PCR auf M.-tuberculosis-Komplex). Meist löst sich der Erguss prompt mit Beginn einer tuberkulostatischen Therapie auf. Ein Verlauf mit Ausbildung eines Thoraxwandabszesses ist selten.
Contemporary tectonic motion of the eastern Snake River Plain: A campaign global positioning system study
Authors: Chadwick D. J. , Payne S. J. , Van Hove T. , Rodgers D. W.
Published: November 2007

A comparison of precision campaign GPS data from 1995 and 2004 from 10 benchmarks on the eastern Snake River Plain (eSRP) has revealed that the province moved 2.8 ± 0.3 mm/a to the SW (232.4 ± 6.3°) relative to a fixed North American reference frame. The benchmarks had no measurable displacement relative to one another at the resolution of the GPS during the 9‐annum study, evidence that the province moves as a rigid, nonextending block. This scenario is supported by the aseismic nature of the province and the lack of measurable horizontal stress in boreholes. However, an additional small component of intraplain extension must also be invoked to account for the observed NW‐trending volcanic rift zones that transect the eSRP. We suggest that intraplain extension is too slow (<1 mm/a) to measure using our campaign GPS methods, but may be sufficient over millennial timescales to accommodate rift zone formation. Slower velocities measured on three benchmarks within the neighboring Basin and Range “seismic parabola” are consistent with this region serving as a zone of detachment between the North American craton and the faster‐moving eSRP.
Solar wind parameters for magnetospheric magnetic field modeling
Authors: Qin Z. , Denton R. E. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Wolf S.
Published: November 2007

Magnetospheric magnetic field models are crucial for many space weather applications. However, the latest empirical models require solar wind and IMF data, which are not always available. Data gaps are especially common for times before the launch of the WIND spacecraft at the end of 1994, but even after then there are data gaps. We present a method to interpolate the solar wind characteristics across data gaps and to evaluate the W parameters needed for the TS05 model (Tsyganenko and Sitnov, 2005). Within some distance from the edge of a data gap, the solar wind parameters from our method yield a better estimate of the observed magnetic field than that which could be found using average values of the parameters. Deep within data gaps (far from measured values), the interpolated parameters are reasonable, or typical values, no better or worse than average values. We have created a database of hourly data with solar wind characteristics, G, and W parameters from 1963 to 31 May 2007, which is sufficient for use in all the Tsyganenko models, including the latest TS05 model. Our comparisons of the model and observed magnetic field at geosynchronous orbit give an estimate of the error in the model field as a function of status parameters defined by the interpolation scheme. We also show that the model field is on average just as accurate using the hourly data as that based on 5 min data (at least at geosynchronous orbit).
Geochemical processing in a three‐dimensional regional spherical shell model of mantle convection
Authors: Huang Jinshui , Davies Geoffrey F.
Published: November 2007

A three‐dimensional, regional spherical model of processing of oceanic crust, through subduction, stirring, and remelting, confirms the main results from previous two‐dimensional models and from three‐dimensional models with low Rayleigh number and only depth‐dependent viscosity. The new model features high Rayleigh number, strongly temperature‐dependent viscosity, a set of realistic surface plates, and oceanic crust simulated by passive tracers. It confirms that the processing timescale is the main determinant of the age distributions and mean ages of mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and ocean island basalt (OIB) samples, and also of the present degree of processing of the mantle, which is 99%. In this model the melting depth decreases with time, accounting for its temperature dependence, and so the processing timescale increases with time. An approximate processing theory reveals that MORB and OIB ages depend mainly on the recent processing timescale, whereas the degree of processing depends mainly on the initial processing timescale.
Stability of carbonated magmas at the base of the Earth's upper mantle
Authors: Ghosh Sujoy , Ohtani Eiji , Litasov Konstantin , Suzuki Akio , Sakamaki Tatsuya
Published: November 2007

We measured the density of carbonated basaltic melt containing 5.0 wt.% CO2 at 2573 K and in the pressure range from 16.0 to 20.0 GPa by using the sink/float method with single crystal diamond as a density marker. We observed sinking of diamond at 19.0 GPa and flotation of diamond at 20.0 GPa and 2573 K. Using the third order Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state, the calculated isothermal bulk modulus (KT) of the carbonated basaltic melt (5.0 wt.% CO2) and its pressure derivative (K′) are 16.0 ± 1.0 GPa and 5.2 ± 0.2, respectively. Our result implies that magmas can contain up to 3.0–4.0 wt.% CO2 to be denser than the surrounding mantle at the top of the 410 km discontinuity.
A feedback dynamo generating Mercury's magnetic field
Authors: Glassmeier Karl‐Heinz , Auster Hans‐Ulrich , Motschmann Uwe
Published: November 2007

Planet Mercury has a global magnetic field of internal origin. Its low intensity, 340 nT at the equatorial surface, indicates that the Hermean dynamo is special as much stronger fields are to be expected. Here, we suggest a feedback dynamo model where Mercury is embedded in an external field which is generated by the Chapman‐Ferraro current of the small magnetosphere of Mercury. This self‐generated ambient field has a pronounced influence on the dynamo action. Based on a kinematic α‐Ω‐dynamo model we show that the feedback dynamo has two solutions, a Hermean‐type solution with a weak magnetic field and an Earth‐like one with a strong field. The Hermean solution is that one where the external field opposes dynamo action, while an Earth‐like solution results as the Chapman‐Ferraro field is negligible in the dynamo region.
Insights into the dynamic processes of the 2007 Stromboli eruption and possible meteorological influences on the magmatic system
Authors: Patanè Domenico , Mattia Mario , Di Grazia Giuseppe , Cannavò Flavio , Giampiccolo Elisabetta , Musumeci Carla , Montalto Placido , Boschi Enzo
Published: November 2007

The unrest of Stromboli volcano leading to the February 27–April 2, 2007 eruptive period and to the March 15 paroxysm is constrained by combining broad‐band seismic data and 1‐Hz GPS (High Rate GPS – hereinafter HRGPS) measurements. During the pre‐eruptive stage, the simultaneous examination of seismic and HRGPS data, together with weather parameters, suggests the possible influence of external perturbations on the magmatic system, which evolved toward a critical state after January 2007. Some days after the onset of the eruption, a sudden change of the seismic and eruptive behaviour was recognized, while ground deformation began to show a deflation. The March 15 paroxysm was preceded, about two days before, by a peak of the HRGPS spectral power densities (a small inflation) and by the occurrence of a few VT earthquakes located at depths down to 3.5 km b.s.l. These findings constrain, for the first time at Stromboli volcano, the deep origin of a fast rising magma batch, rich in gas, that led to a strong explosive event.
Transition warming and cooling remanences in magnetite
Authors: Dunlop David J.
Published: November 2007

Insight into the size and morphology of assemblages of magnetite particles can be gained by comparing temperature variations of remanence or susceptibility after zero‐field cooling (ZFC) and after field cooling (FC) through the Verwey transition around Tv = 120 K. At 10 K a sample is demagnetized following ZFC, but in the FC initial state before warming the sample has a transition cooling remanence (TrCRM) acquired in crossing Tv. The matching transition warming remanence (TrWRM) acquired as a result of heating a demagnetized sample from low temperature across Tv is often called inverse thermoremanent magnetization (ITRM). In TrCRM experiments, initially demagnetized samples were cooled in a 2 mT field from 300 K to 10 K. Magnetization M was measured at 1 K to 5 K intervals, the highest‐resolution data being taken between 140 K and 90 K. The field was zeroed at 10 K, and the TrCRM was monitored during zero‐field warming back to 300 K. The properties of TrCRMs are generally similar to those of TrWRMs produced by heating a ZFC sample in a 2 mT field from 10 K. In 10 of 12 samples (grain sizes from 0.6 to 135 μm), M of monoclinic magnetite produced by field cooling through Tv exactly equals M of cubic magnetite produced by field warming through Tv, even though the ultimate TrCRM and TrWRM values when H → 0 are entirely different. Mirror‐image symmetry was observed between in‐field warming curves tracking the acquisition of TrWRM and zero‐field warming curves of TrCRM between 10 and 300 K. The symmetry, with increases in the field‐on M curves mirroring decreases in the field‐off Mr curves, was almost perfect from 10 to 110 K. Approximate symmetry was also observed between in‐field cooling curves tracking TrCRM production and zero‐field cooling curves of TrWRM between 300 K and Tv. Detailed study of the properties and mechanism(s) of transition remanences will help clarify why the ZFC/FC method is diagnostic in some instances and not in others.
Bioluminescence in a complex coastal environment: 2. Prediction of bioluminescent source depth from spectral water‐leaving radiance
Authors: Oliver Matthew J. , Moline Mark A. , Mobley Curtis D. , Sundman Lydia , Schofield Oscar M. E.
Published: November 2007

Many bioluminescence observations are made from the ocean's surface. However, the depth of the bioluminescent source is difficult to estimate on the basis of surface observations alone, given the variable light attenuation of unknown concentrations of water column constituents such as phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter, and detritus. Part 1 of this paper showed that bioluminescent water‐leaving radiance signals are detectable, even in extremely turbid and dynamic coastal waters. Here, in part 2 of this paper, we analyze the water‐leaving radiance patterns of bioluminescence modeled by HydroLight 4.2 to determine if the depth of the bioluminescent source can be estimated from its spectral signature. We find that the depth of the bioluminescent source is contained within the spectral signal and can be elucidated by simple neural networks. These networks can predict the depth of a bioluminescent layer with great accuracy, solely on the basis of the spectral shape of bioluminescent water‐leaving radiance in a variety of water column and bottom type conditions. In addition, we found that as little as three wavelengths from the spectrum of water‐leaving radiance are sufficient for an accurate determination of the depth of the bioluminescent source.
Coercivity engineering of exchange biased magnetic multilayer samples for digital encoding applications
Authors: van Belle F. , Hayward T. J. , Bland J. A. C. , Lew W. S.
Published: November 2007

The dependence of the exchange bias field and coercivity enhancement on ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AF) layer thickness in exchange biased bilayers has been systematically investigated in CoFe/FeMn and CoFe/PdMn bilayers for digital encoding applications in biotechnology. A magnetic multilayer structure can be used as a digitally encoded tag if each (bi)layer has two magnetic states, positive and negative saturation, available at remanence and if each layer can be uniquely identified by its coercivity. We will demonstrate that by adjusting the AF and FM layer thickness in an AF/FM bilayer, both the bias field and the coercivity of the bilayer can be controlled. By contrasting CoFe/FeMn bilayers with CoFe/PdMn bilayers, it becomes apparent that the relative magnitudes of the coercivity enhancement and bias field depend on the particular AF material, although the qualitative behavior remains unchanged. In order to create a multilayer that can retain one of many magnetic states at remanence, a large coercivity enhancement but absent or small bias field are preferred. Analysis of the bilayers suggest that PdMn is a better choice of AF layer for this purpose and results on some multilayer films are shown which validate this claim.
Determination of trap distributions from current characteristics of pentacene field-effect transistors with surface modified gate oxide
Authors: Scheinert Susanne , Pernstich Kurt P. , Batlogg Bertram , Paasch Gernot
Published: November 2007

It has been demonstrated [K. P. Pernstich, S. Haas, D. Oberhoff, C. Goldmann, D. J. Gundlach, B. Batlogg, A. N. Rashid, and G. Schitter, J. Appl. Phys. 96, 6431 (2004)] that a controllable shift of the threshold voltage in pentacene thin film transistors is caused by the use of organosilanes with different functional groups forming a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the gate oxide. The observed broadening of the subthreshold region indicates that the SAM creates additional trap states. Indeed, it is well known that traps strongly influence the behavior of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). Therefore, the so-called “amorphous silicon (a-Si) model” has been suggested to be an appropriate model to describe OFETs. The main specifics of this model are transport of carriers above a mobility edge obeying Boltzmann statistics and exponentially distributed tail states and deep trap states. Here, approximate trap distributions are determined by adjusting two-dimensional numerical simulations to the experimental data. It follows from a systematic variation of parameters describing the trap distributions that the existence of both donorlike and acceptorlike trap distributions near the valence band, respectively, and a fixed negative interface charge have to be assumed. For two typical devices with different organosilanes the electrical characteristics can be described well with a donorlike bulk trap distribution, an acceptorlike interface distribution, and/or a fixed negative interface charge. As expected, the density of the fixed or trapped interface charge depends strongly on the surface treatment of the dielectric. There are some limitations in determining the trap distributions caused by either slow time-dependent processes resulting in differences between transfer and output characteristics, or in the uncertainty of the effective mobility.
Electronic and structural properties of MgB2 by the linear combination of atomic orbitals method
Authors: Joshi K. B. , Sharma B. K.
Published: November 2007

In this paper theoretical calculations of electronic and structural properties, namely Compton profiles and structure factors of MgB2, are presented. The calculations are performed using periodic linear combination of atomic orbitals method. Exchange and correlation has been treated under the Perdew–Wang generalized gradient approximation (PW-GGA) and the hybrid Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) schemes. The Compton profiles at 15, 55, and 293 K are calculated by considering only the thermal expansion of the lattice keeping all other computational parameters identical. The calculated Compton profiles have been compared with the published experimental data measured using synchrotron radiation. The calculated profiles under the PW-GGA scheme are well in accordance with the measurements. The best agreement at the level of first and second order derivatives of Compton profiles has, however, been found with the B3LYP hybrid function. In the superconducting state the momentum density shows sharper changes than the normal state around Fermi momentum. The structure factors for a number of reflection lines have also been computed and compared with the published electron diffraction and the synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction data. The calculations are found to be in good agreement with the measurements. The calculation supports the charge transfer from Mg plane (001) to the (002) plane containing boron atoms, well in agreement with the prediction of the measurement.
High accuracy plasma density measurement using hybrid Langmuir probe and microwave interferometer method
Authors: Deline C. , Gilchrist B. E. , Dobson C. , Jones J. E. , Chavers D. G.
Published: November 2007

High spatial resolution plasma density measurements have been taken as part of an investigation into magnetic nozzle physics at the NASA/MSFC Propulsion Research Center. These measurements utilized a Langmuir triple probe scanned across the measurement chord of either of two stationary rf interferometers. By normalizing the scanned profile to the microwave interferometer line-integrated density measurement for each electrostatic probe measurement, the effect of shot-to-shot variation of the line-integrated density can be removed. In addition, by summing the voltage readings at each radial position in a transverse scan, the line density can be reconstituted, allowing the absolute density to be determined, assuming that the shape of the profile is constant from shot to shot. The spatial and temporal resolutions of this measurement technique depend on the resolutions of the scanned electrostatic probe and the interferometer. The measurement accuracy is 9%–15%, which is on the order of the accuracy of the rf interferometer. The measurement technique was compared directly with both scanning rf interferometer and standard Langmuir probe theory. The hybrid technique compares favorably with the scanning rf interferometer, and appears more accurate than probe theory alone. Additionally, our measurement technique is generally applicable even for nonaxisymmetric plasmas.
Piezoelectric properties of K4CuNb8O23 modified (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 lead-free piezoceramics
Authors: Chen Qiang , Chen Lin , Li Qishou , Yue Xi , Xiao Dingquan , Zhu Jianguo , Shi Xiaoluo , Liu Zhiqian
Published: November 2007

Dense K4CuNb8O23 modified (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN:KCN) ceramics were synthesized by using conventional oxide mixing process. The maximum mechanical quality factor Qm of NKN:KCN ceramics reaches up to 1150, the piezoelectric constant d33 and the planar electromechanical coefficient kp still maintain relatively high levels, which are about 100 pC/N and 40%, respectively. Middle frequency (455 kHz) lead-free resonators were fabricated by using NKN:KCN, and remarkable improvements in resonance characteristics were found by KCN doping.
Behavior of rapid thermal annealed ZnO:P films grown by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Kim H. S. , Pearton S. J. , Norton D. P. , Ren F.
Published: November 2007

The transport properties of as-deposited and rapid thermal annealed phosphorus-doped ZnO films grown by pulsed laser deposition are reported. As-grown ZnO:P samples showed n-type characteristics, presumably due to the formation of antisite PZn defects. Rapid thermal annealing yielded a carrier-type conversion from n- to p-type for the ZnO:P films grown at ∼700 °C; samples grown at substantially lower or higher temperatures tended to remain n-type even after the thermal annealing process. The properties and behavior of the n-to-p conversion are most consistent with the formation of PZn-2VZn as the active acceptor state. Variable magnetic field Hall measurements confirmed the p-type behavior. Phosphorus doping concentrations in the range of 0.5−1.0 at. % were considered, with evidence for P segregation in the higher phosphorus concentrations.
The signal environment is more important than diet or chemical specialization in the evolution of warning coloration
Authors: Prudic Kathleen L. , Oliver Jeffrey C. , Sperling Felix A. H.
Published: November 2007

Aposematic coloration, or warning coloration, is a visual signal that acts to minimize contact between predator and unprofitable prey. The conditions favoring the evolution of aposematic coloration remain largely unidentified. Recent work suggests that diet specialization and resultant toxicity may play a role in facilitating the evolution and persistence of warning coloration. Using a phylogenetic approach, we investigated the evolution of larval warning coloration in the genusPapilio(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Our results indicate that there are at least four independent origins of aposematic larval coloration withinPapilio. Controlling for phylogenetic relatedness amongPapiliotaxa, we found no evidence supporting the hypothesis that either diet specialization or chemical specialization facilitated the origin of aposematic larvae. However, there was a significant relationship between the signal environment and the evolution of aposematic larvae. Specifically,Papiliolineages feeding on herbaceous or narrow-leaved plants, regardless of the plants' taxonomic affiliation, were more likely to evolve aposematic larvae than were lineages feeding only on trees/shrubs or broad-leaved plants. These results demonstrate that factors other than diet specialization, such as the signal environment of predator–prey interactions, may play a large role in the initial evolution and persistence of aposematic coloration.
Effect of flexibility and
cis
residues in single-molecule FRET studies of polyproline
Authors: Best Robert B. , Merchant Kusai A. , Gopich Irina V. , Schuler Benjamin , Bax Ad , Eaton William A.
Published: November 2007

Polyproline has recently been used as a spacer between donor and acceptor chromophores to help establish the accuracy of distances determined from single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. This work showed that the FRET efficiency in water is higher than expected for a rigid spacer and was attributed to the flexibility of the polypeptide. Here, we investigate this issue further, using a combination of single-molecule fluorescence intensity and lifetime measurements, NMR, theory, and molecular dynamics simulations of polyproline-20 that include the dyes and their linkers to the polypeptide. NMR shows that in water ≈30% of the molecules contain internal
cis
prolines, whereas none are detectable in trifluoroethanol. Simulations suggest that the
all-trans
form of polyproline is relatively stiff, with persistence lengths of 9–13 nm using different established force fields, and that the kinks arising from internal
cis
prolines are primarily responsible for the higher mean FRET efficiency in water. We show that the observed efficiency histograms and distributions of donor fluorescence lifetimes are explained by the presence of multiple species with efficiencies consistent with the simulations and populations determined by NMR. In calculating FRET efficiencies from the simulation, we find that the fluctuations of the chromophores, attached to long flexible linkers, also play an important role. A similar simulation approach suggests that the flexibility of the chromophore linkers is largely responsible for the previously unexplained high value of
R
0
required to fit the data in the classic study of Stryer and Haugland.
The phenomenology of ‘approach to studying’: the university student's studies within the lifeworld
Authors: Greasley Kay , Ashworth Peter
Published: November 2007

The Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI) was based on qualitative research by Marton and Säljö, which established ‘surface’ and ‘deep’ approaches to study. This article attempts a new qualitative explication of the meanings of study. A heuristic due to Husserl is employed which distinguishes between the ‘noema’, the subjective object of awareness, and the ‘noesis’, the manner of mental activity in which the object is grasped. It is argued that previous work on approaches to learning focused exclusively on the noesis. In‐depth interviews with university students show that approaches to studying, in their full meaning within the student lifeworld, are much richer than can be encapsulated by noetic descriptions of ‘depth’ or ‘superficiality’, even when elaborated as in later versions of the ASI or in phenomenography.
Learning and the development of social identities in the subjects Care and Technology
Authors: Volman Monique , Ten Dam Geert
Published: November 2007

This article discusses the way in which social identities structure the learning processes of students in two subjects in the Dutch secondary school curriculum—Care and Technology. It analyses interviews with 23 students and their teachers with a view to explaining the disappointing results in these subjects in terms of breaking through gender and class‐related preferences and learning outcomes. The subjects Care and Technology refer to social practices with which groups of students identify in different ways. On the other hand, students also appear to make active use of these subjects in their identity development. The authors argue for explicitly combining the notion that learning is peripheral participation in social practices with analyses of the power relationships that structure those practices. Also, the question should be addressed of how the relative autonomy of the school can be used for organizing learning experiences in such a way that the constraints of social position and identity are reduced, and the restrictive character of social identities is challenged.
‘Bridging work’ and its role in improving progression and continuity: an example from science education
Authors: Braund Martin
Published: November 2007

Science in English primary schools has been judged a success, yet few pupils make the progress in secondary schools that their performance at the end of primary school suggested. Projects where pupils start science work at the end of the primary school and complete it at the start of secondary school—known as bridging units—have been suggested as one solution. This article reports an evaluation of bridging work in science in the north‐east of England. Pupils' and teachers' views of bridging lessons were collected and data on pupils' performance before and after bridging lessons compared. Claims that pupils find this type of work repetitive and that their teachers would rather teach something else either side of transfer are challenged. Findings highlight areas that are still problematic, including the use made of transferred assessments and progression in pupils' abilities, to comment on relationships between variables and patterns in data. The future for bridging work is discussed.
The use of annotations in examination marking: opening a window into markers' minds
Authors: Crisp Victoria , Johnson Martin
Published: November 2007

This study investigated the functions of annotations, the role of annotations in markers' decision‐making processes, whether annotations conform to conventions, and whether these vary according to subject area. Across subjects a number of scripts were analysed to survey which annotations are subject specific and which are more general. Twelve examiners at different levels of responsibility marked the same General Certificate of Secondary Education Mathematics and Business Studies scripts as one another. The marking was analysed to identify whether there were any patterns in the use of annotations. Retrospective individual interviews were used to inform the analysis of the annotations. Findings showed that the frequency and type of annotations used differed between subjects and that within a subject team examiners drew from a common pool of annotations. Purposes for annotation use included supporting markers' judgements and explaining decisions.
Measuring standards in primary English: The validity of PIRLS—a response to Mary Hilton
Authors: Whetton Chris , Twist Liz , Sainsbury Marian
Published: November 2007

Hilton (2006) criticises the PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) tests and the survey conduct, raising questions about the validity of international surveys of reading. Her criticisms fall into four broad areas: cultural validity, methodological issues, construct validity and the survey in England. However, her criticisms are shown to be mistaken. Her claim of forced unidimensionality in the tests is not supported by statistical analyses and her claims of cultural strangeness are contradicted by the involvement of all the countries involved. She is concerned about linguistic diversity but this is actually reflected in the ways countries organise their surveys. Finally, Hilton suggests that the English sample was biased, but fails to recognise the stringent sampling requirements or the monitoring roles of external assessors and the sampling referee. A careful study of the evidence concerning PIRLS shows that it is actually a fair and robust measure of reading attainment in different countries.
The Contextual Sources of Slutsky's Effect: 1915, 1927, and After
Authors: Barnett Vincent
Published: November 2007

E. E. Slutsky's enduring but enigmatic fame as an economist far outweighs the limited understanding of most interested scholars as to his very productive life and unusually wide range of research interests. To begin to compensate for this deficit a previousJHETarticle entitled “E.E. Slutsky: Mathematical Statistician, Economist, and Political Economist?” provided some biographical information on Slutsky's life, together with an account of a few of his little-known contributions to political economy (see Barnett, 2004b). In this current article the inception and immediate influence of Slutsky's two most famous papers in economics written in 1915 and 1927 are considered directly, in addition to further discussion of relevant aspects of Slutsky's life and times. The full significance of the content of the two groundbreaking papers will not be discussed in detail, as this has been adequately covered elsewhere (see for example Barnett 2006, Weber 1999, and Klein 1999). Rather, an attempt will be made to provide a historical and intellectual context for Slutsky's two most important contributions in economics, given that the circumstances surrounding their composition are not sufficiently well known among economists in the West.
An Institutionalist's Journey into the Years of High Theory: John Maurice Clark on the Accelerator-Multiplier Interaction
Authors: Fiorito Luca
Published: November 2007

A few years ago, an article by Arnold Heertje and Peter Heemeijer (2002) triggered an articulate and stimulating debate among scholars on the intellectual origins of Paul Samuelson's multiplier-accelerator model (1939a, 1939b). The discussion, which involved the participation of Samuelson himself, centered on whether, and to what extent, Samuelson's 1939 seminal contributions were inspired by Roy Harrod'sThe Trade Cycle(1936). Heertje and Heemeijer argue that “there is little factual support for Samuelson's suggestion ascribing the model mainly to Alvin Hansen, his mentor in the days of the creation of the model” (Heertje and Heemeijer 2002, p. 207). Instead, they provide convincing evidence indicating that it was Roy Harrod who actually played the major role in developing the ideas leading to the multiplier-accelerator interaction. “Theoretically speaking,” they assert, “it was Harrod who provided the most important contribution to the model. His interesting 1936 workThe Trade Cyclecontained valuable ideas regarding the combination of the multiplier and accelerator” (p. 217).
The effect of community nurses and health volunteers on child mortality: The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project
Authors: Wells Pence Brian , Nyarko Philomena , Phillips James F. , Debpuur Cornelius
Published: November 2007

Background: Despite effective treatments and preventive measures for the major causes of child illness and death in less wealthy nations, child mortality remains high in resource-poor settings due in part to ineffective health service delivery models. Methods: The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project is a longitudinal community trial of alternative organizational strategies for health service delivery in a rural, impoverished area of Ghana. In one area, nurses are placed in communities with doorstep visitation and service responsibilities. A second area includes training of a local health volunteer and community involvement in health delivery. A third area combines both strategies. Under-five mortality rates were calculated and Poisson regression was used to adjust for potential confounding characteristics. Results: In areas with village-based community nurse services, under-five child mortality fell by 14% during five years of program implementation compared with before the intervention, with reductions in infant (5%), early child (18%), and late child (39%) mortality. The volunteer intervention was associated with a 14% increase in mortality, primarily driven by a 135% increase in early child mortality. Areas with both nurses and volunteers saw an 8% increase, with small increases in all age groups. Mortality in a comparison area with standard Ministry of Health services fell by 4% during the same time period. Conclusions: These results suggest that convenient, accessible professional nursing care can reduce child mortality in impoverished African settings. However, they do not demonstrate a beneficial effect of community volunteers and suggest a possible negative impact on children's survival.
Gender differences in experiencing negative encounters with healthcare: A study of long-term sickness absentees
Authors: Upmark Marianne , Borg Karin , Alexanderson Kristina
Published: November 2007

Aim: In most countries there are gender differences in sickness absence and in absentees' return to work (RTW). According to different theories sick-listed persons' experiences of encounters with healthcare professionals can influence self-esteem and RTW. The aim was to analyse gender differences in sickness absentees' experiences of negative encounters with healthcare professionals. Methods: A questionnaire, comprising numerous questions on experiences of positive and negative encounters with professionals, was constructed and sent to 10,100 individuals who had been on sick leave for the last 6—8 months. The response rate was 58% (n=5,802). Results: Almost one-third (32%) of the female respondents and one-quarter of the male (24%), respectively, had experienced negative encounters. The most common of such experiences among both women and men were: that they were treated with indifference, with disrespect, that the professional did not take his/her time, did not listen, did not believe in, or doubted complaints. In regression analyses the women had higher significant crude odds ratios, ranging from 1.29 to 1.71, for agreeing to the separate statements on negative encounters. When adjusting for age, ethnicity, and level of education the gender differences were still significant for 14 of the 23 the statements. Conclusion: Women's high rate of sickness absence is considered a problem in most countries. The subjective experiences of women are an important factor to consider in efforts aiming at reducing the sick-leave rates. One important endeavour among professionals in healthcare could be to shift the focus towards a more empowering professional role.
Social capital and inequality in health between single and couple parents in Sweden
Authors: Westin Marcus , Westerling Ragnar
Published: November 2007

Aims: To study whether social capital is associated with health among parents and if so, whether existing inequalities in health between single and couple parents could be better understood by introducing social capital as a possible mechanism for how health is distributed. Material and methods: At total of 2,500 parents with children in the age range of 4—16 years were randomized from existing national registers and asked to participate in a nationally distributed postal questionnaire; 1,589 parents participated (277 single and 1,312 couple), giving a response rate of 64%. The questionnaire contained questions regarding sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, self-rated health, emotional and instrumental social support, civic and social participation, and trust. Social capital was measured by different levels of civic and social participation and trust. A multivariate analysis was used in order to find possible associations between social capital and health, when adjusted for social support, sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results: A low level of social capital (both social participation and trust), when adjusted for social support, socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables, was clearly and positively associated with less than good self-rated health. Social capital was unevenly distributed between single and couple mothers. Conclusions: Social capital is positively associated with self-rated health, at an individual level. The uneven distribution of social capital between single and couple mothers may be of some importance when trying to further understand and possibly alter the inequality in health that exists between single and couple parents.