bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BREAST MILK IRON—A DECLINING CONCENTRATION DURING THE COURSE OF LACTATION
Authors: SIIMES MARTTI A. , VUORI ERKKI , KUITUNEN PEKKA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Siimes, M. A., Vuori E. and Kuiunen P. (Children's Hospital and Department of Public Health Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland). Breast milk iron—a declining concentration during the course of lactation. Acta Pædiatr Scand, 68: 29, 1979.—The present investigation is the first longitudinal study of the concentration of iron in breast milk and is based on 229 milk samples obtained from 27 mothers during their period of lactation up to 9 months. The samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each feed during a 24‐h period to reflect as accurately as possible the actual concentration of iron. The median value declined during the course of lactation from 0.6 to 0.3 mg/l with a large range of values. The results indicate that the concentration is lower than is generally stated or is unusually low in Finnish mothers. As a consequence some infants may require iron supplementation during prolonged breast feeding although in general, the high bioavailability of breast milk iron prevents the development of iron deficiency.
COMPARISONS BETWEEN SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF THYROXINE AND THYROXINE‐BINDING PROTEINS IN SAMPLES SIMULTANEOUSLY OBTAINED FROM CAPILLARY, PERIPHERAL VEIN, CENTRAL VEIN AND AORTA IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: JACOBSEN B. BROCK , PEITERSEN B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Jacobsen, B. B. and Peitersen, B. (University Clinic of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, Fuglebakken, Copenhagen, Denmark). Comparisons between serum concentrations of thyroxine and thyroxine‐binding proteins in samples simultaneously obtained from capillary, peripheral vein, central vein and aorta in newborn infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, 68: 43, 1979.—A total number of 40 newborn infants with various maturity were studied: 13 babies without perinatal events, 19 infants recovered from transient diseases, 6 infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and 2 infants with asphyxia indicating artificial ventilation. Comparisons were performed between serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), thyroxine‐binding globulin (TBG), prealbumin (TBPA) and albumin (Alb) in capillary versus peripheral vein, aorta versus central vein and, finally, in peripheral versus central veins. In healthy infants serum T4 concentrations in capillary blood and peripheral vein did not differ significantly. Although serum concentrations of thyroid hormone‐binding proteins tended to be increased in aortic compared to central venous specimens no statistically significant differences appeared. In infants in good clinical conditions serum T4, TBG, TBPA, and Alb levels were 6–8% higher in peripheral than in central veins, possibly primarily due to a hemo‐concentrating effect of venous stasis. Therefore, in evaluation of the thyroid variables in newborn infants the technique of blood sampling must be considered. In most infants with idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and in one asphyxiated baby a remarkable tendency to a low serum TBG and T4 concentration in peripheral compared to central vein samples, were observed.
SERIAL DETERMINATIONS OF SERUM FERRITIN IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA Evaluation of its Usefulness as a Prognostic Index
Authors: ROLLER M.‐E. , ROMSLO I. , FINNE P. H. , HANEBERG B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Thirty children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were monitored with serial serum ferritin determinations for up to 17 months. In children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia before initiation of therapy, or in relapse, the mean serum ferritin concentration was 636 μg/l. In children who went into primary remission, the mean serum ferritin concentration fell from 265 μg/l prior to start of treatment, to 161 μg/l after 3 months of treatment. Five patients relapsed. Their serum ferritin levels prior to the relapses ranged from 7 to 135 μg/l. At the time of relapse a further increase in serum ferritin was found in only 2 of the children. Thus, whereas high serum ferritin levels may signal disease activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a normal serum ferritin level does not exclude disease activity or impending relapse.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDS OF DIFFERING COMPOSITION ON ENTERO‐INSULAR HORMONE SECRETION IN THE FIRST HOURS OF LIFE IN HUMAN NEONATES
Authors: AYNSLEY‐GREEN A. , LUCAS A. , BLOOM S. R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Little is known on the enteral stimuli for gastro‐intestinal hormone release in newborn infants. We have compared the effect of the first feed of human breast milk (5 ml/kg) or 10% dextrose (5 ml/kg) on blood glucose and plasma gastrin, enteroglucagon, Gastric Inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), pancreatic glucagon, and insulin in 21 full‐term infants at 4–6 hours of age. The first feed of human milk caused a rise in blood glucose and plasma insulin, gastrin and enteroglucagon, but no change occurred in GIP or pancreatic glucagon. The 10% dextrose feed did not stimulate enteroglucagon release, although similar changes occurred in blood glucose and plasma insulin and gastrin. We conclude that the composition of the feed influences the pattern of gastro‐intestinal hormone release during the first hours of life and that the entero‐insular responses to feeding differ in the neonate and the adult.
CONGENITAL ASCITES DUE TO MESENTERIC VESSEL CONSTRICTION CAUSED BY MALROTATION OF THE INTESTINES
Authors: HERTEL J. , PEDERSEN P. VOLSTED
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A newborn premature girl with congenital, non‐chylous ascites is presented. The ascites recurred although laparocentesis was performed three times. The ascites was probably due to a superior mesenteric vein constriction caused by a malrotation of the intestines. After division of the Ladd‐bands no ascites recurred. Non‐chylous, congenital ascites may have a surgically treatable cause.
THE ACIDIFICATION DEFECT IN THE SYNDROME OF RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS WITH NERVE DEAFNESS
Authors: SIMÓN H. , ORIVE B. , ZAMORA I. , MENDIZABAL S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An 8‐year‐old boy with renal tubular acidosis and nerve deafness, has been followed for seven years. Repeated studies of his renal acidification defect showed that until the age of six years the tubular defect was mixed, proximal and distal (type 1,2 hybrid). After that age the defect of proximal acidification disappeared and the patient only presented a distal renal tubular acidosis type 1. When this is associated with nerve deafness, it is considered a distinct nosological entity.
CLINICAL COURSE OF WHOOPING COUGH IN CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN SIX MONTHS
Authors: TROLLFORS B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The patient records of 59 children aged 2–26 weeks with culture‐verified pertussis were analysed. Twenty‐four of them were hospitalized, in most cases for social reasons. Only one child with hypothyroidism and a complicating pneumonia was critically ill. Seventeen of the 35 non‐hospitalized patients had a mild disease without developing typical whooping attacks. Thirteen children were treated with erythromycin in the catarrhal stage. There was a tendency towards milder disease in this group but the differences compared to untreated children were not statistically significant.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF SYMPTOMS AND CLEAN‐VOIDED URINE SPECIMEN IN CHILDHOOD URINARY TRACT INFECTION
Authors: PYLKKÄNEN J. , VILSKA J. , KOSKIMIES O.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In diagnosing urinary tract infection (UTI) the symptoms of 477 infants and children and the findings in their clean‐voided urine specimens were evaluated. 322 patients were considered infected, when a bacterial culture of suprapubic aspirate was used as a diagnostic reference. No diagnosis was attempted on the basis of symptoms only. Numerous bacteria or ≤200 leuc./mm3 in an uncentrifuged clean‐voided urine specimen or ≤105 bact./ml in quantitative bacterial culture were found in 59%, 42% and 81% of the infected symptomatic patients. The diagnostic accuracies of these indices were 88%, 94% and 95%, respectively. In asymptomatic patients the accuracies were considerably lower. Among these infected patients normal or equivocal isolated findings in the clean‐voided urine specimens were frequently seen, and could not markedly be reduced by the various related factors, such as technique of urine collection, urine specific gravity or pH of urine. None of the above mentioned indices of the clean‐voided urine specimens seems to be alone accurate and sensitive enough for diagnosing UTI, and therefore these should be used in combination. The advantage of immediately obtaining results supports the use of urine microscopy as a primary diagnostic method in symptomatic UTI of childhood in particular.
A VIRILIZING ADRENAL TUMOR WITH BORDERLINE ELEVATION OF URINARY 17‐KETOSTEROIDS AND HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF A DEFICIENCY IN THE δ5/δ4‐ISOMERASE, 3β‐HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ENZYMATIC SYSTEM
Authors: NETO R. MONTELEONE , OLIVEIRA J. A. MELLO DE , SA M. F. S. , CORNICELLI J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A 3‐year‐old girl affected by a virilizing tumor of the adrenal gland, without significant elevation in the levels of 17 ketosteroids (17‐KS) urinary excretion, was studied clinically. Her symptoms started abruptly at the age of 2, with progressive enlargement of the clitoris and the appearance of pubic hair. In various tests, the 17‐KS levels barely exceeded the upper normal limits and at times remained within normal limits. The retropneumoperitoneum X‐ray suggested an enlargement of the right adrenal gland and the presence of a neoplasm, which was actually discovered during surgery. Histopathological examination revealed a well‐defined neoplasm, without capsule invasion and with accentuated cell polymorphism. Histoenzymology showed that the tissue lacked the enzymatic system involving 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD). Indoxylesterase (I.EST‐A) activity identified the tumor as originating from the internal layers of the adrenal cortex. The histochemical findings were correlated to the clinical picture and the levels of urinary 17‐KS.
SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY—EFFECTS ON THE FETUS AND ON THIOCYANATE LEVELS IN MOTHER AND BABY
Authors: MEBERG A. , SANDE H. , FOSS O. P. , STENWIG J. T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Twenty‐eight mothers smoking 10–20 cigarettes daily during pregnancy had significantly higher serum thiocyanate concentrations at delivery compared to 25 non‐smoking controls. The thiocyanate levels were positively correlated to cigarette consumption and inversely correlated to the birth weights of the infants. A highly significant correlation existed between serum thiocyanate levels of the mother and umbilical cord serum thiocyanate levels, reflecting a nearly complete equilibration. The thiocyanate concentrations in human milk on the 4th day after delivery were considerably lower than the serum concentrations, and no correlation existed between serum and milk concentrations. The infants of smoking mothers had significantly decreased weight and length at birth compared to infants of non‐smokers. Birth weights were 3344±434 g and 3620±504 g respectively (p<0.05), and lengths 49.8±1.7 cm and 51±1.6 cm respectively (p<0.05). No differences were found between smokers and non‐smokers in placental and umbilical cord histology, and umbilical cord artery medial area. It is concluded that serum thiocyanate concentration in smokers may be used as an objective measure for smoke exposure, and that maternal cigarette smoking acts as an exogenous factor which interferes with intrauterine development of the fetus in a dose related way.
SPONTANEOUS PERFORATION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT
Authors: ENELL H. , CAVELL B. , MALMFORS G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. An 18‐week‐old baby boy suffered an episode of acute abdominal symptoms followed by a silent period with mild obstructive jaundice, abdominal distension and failure to thrive. During the clinical workup he deteriorated suddenly, with progressive abdominal distension and ascites. At laparotomy a perforation of the common bile duct with bile peritonitis was found. Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct is seldom listed as a cause of obstructive jaundice. The clinical picture is characteristic. Awareness of this diagnosis may help to avoid time‐consuming and unnecessary investigations and to lead to surgical treatment in good time.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE FAMILY AND HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE PRESCHOOL CHILD. LACK OF CORRELATION IN A SWEDISH SAMPLE
Authors: SUNDELIN C. , VUILLE J.‐C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Sundeiin, C. and Vuille, J.‐C. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden, and Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland). Socio‐economic status of the family and health problems in the preschool child. Lack of correlation in a Swedish sample. Recent reports from countries with a highly developed economic status point out the association of well‐being of children with socio‐economic factors. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the extent to which health problems, i.e. functional impairments, diseases and handicaps, in 4‐year‐old children are related to socio‐economic factors. The analysis was based on data from 7173 children who had undergone the routine general health screening of 4‐year‐olds in the county of Uppsala. In the statistical analysis the main emphasis was laid on an explanation of the variance on the individual plane. The results showed that the correlations between health problems and socio‐economic factors in general were weak or non‐existent. An explanation of the lack of correlation in our sample might be that Sweden had succeeded in largely eliminating the health problems associated with external living conditions of the family. If differences between population groups do exist— and in the light of findings from other investigations it seems highly probable that they do— then these differences are probably to be sought in families' way of functioning, in the internal and external pattern of communication, in the general emotional climate and in the degree of social integration in the society.
GUT TRANSIT TIME AND LACTOSE MALABSORPTION DURING PHOTOTHERAPY
Authors: EBBESEN F. , EDELSTEN D. , HERTEL J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ebbesen, F., Edelsten, D. and Hertel, J. (Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet and Department of Dairy Chemistry and Dairy Bacteriology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Denmark). Gut transit time and lactose malabsorption during phototherapy. I. A study using lactose‐free human mature milk. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:65, 1980.—Sixty newborn infants with normal birth weight suffering from uncomplicated hyperbilirubinemia were studied. They were fed human mature milk from which lactose had been eliminated, whereafter either sucrose (“sucrose milk”) or lactose (“lactose milk”) was added. 30 infants received ordinary phototherapy and 30 intensive phototherapy (blue double light). 15 in each group had “sucrose milk” and 15 “lactose milk”. There was no significant difference between the increase in blood glucose (ΔBS) by lactose tolerance tests performed before phototherapy (LTT1) and by those performed during phototherapy (LTT11), neither in infants treated with ordinary nor with intensive phototherapy. All infants had normal ΔBS‐LTT11 except one receiving ordinary phototherapy. There was no significant difference in gut transit time between infants having “sucrose milk” and infants having “lactose milk”, neither in those treated with ordinary nor with intensive phototherapy. Gut transit time was significantly shorter in infants treated with intensive phototherapy than in infants treated with ordinary phototherapy without there being any significant difference in ΔBS‐LTT11. The infant with flat LTT11 may have developed lactose malabsorption during the phototherapy. Thus, lactose malabsorption is not the usual cause of the reduced gut transit time during phototherapy and must be a rare complication in phototherapy
VITAMIN B12 IN HUMAN COLOSTRUM AND MILK
Authors: SAMSON R. R. , McCLELLAND D. B. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Samson, R. R. and McClelland, D. B. L. (University Department of Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, Edinburgh, Scotland). Vitamin B12 in human colostrum and milk. Quantitation of the vitamin and its binder and the uptake of bound vitamin B12 by intestinal bacteria. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:93, 1980.—The concentration of vitamin B12 was measured by microbiological assay in 229 samples of normal human colostrum and milk taken at various stages of lactation. Colostrum obtained within 48 hours of delivery contains high concentrations of vitamin B12 (mean 2431 pg/ml), but within a few days the levels fall to a range similar to the levels in normal serum. The vitamin B12 binding capacity of 111 samples of colostrum and milk was estimated by gel filtration or charcoal binding. Colostrum samples have a mean binding capacity of 72 ng/ml, while the binding capacity in milk is only one third of this value. The ability of a range of intestinal bacteria to take up colostrum‐bound vitamin B12, was assessed. All the organisms took up free vitamin B12, but when the vitamin was bound in colostrum, there was little or no uptake even after 24 hours incubation
PERSISTENT LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Authors: BJERREGAARD P. , LAURSEN H. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Bjerregaard, P. and Laursen, H. B. (University Department of Cardiology, Aarhus Kommunehospital, Aarhus, Denmark). Persistent left superior vena cava. Incidence, associated heart defects and frontal plane P‐wave axis in a paediatric population with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:105, 1980.—Among 3671 patients aged 0–15 years with congenital heart disease diagnosed by cardiac catheterization and/or autopsy, 49 or 1.3 % had a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSBC). The distribution of PLSVC among patients with various types of congenital heart disease did not suggest any causal relationship except in patients with pulmonary atresia and in patients with anomalous pulmonary venous connection, in whom PLSVC was found more frequently than expected by a mere chance relationship. Abnormal frontal plane P‐wave suggesting ectopic pacemaker activity was found in 35% of the patients with PLSVC. The potential importance of PLSVC for the surgical risk during operation for congenital heart disease and for instability of the cardiac rhythm is emphasized.
COMPOSITION OF THE INTESTINAL FLUID AND THE FUNCTIONAL JEJUNOILEAL JUNCTION IN SECRETORY DIARRHEA OF CHOLERA IN CHILDREN
Authors: MAHALANABIS D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Mahalanabis, D. (Johns Hopkins University International Centre for Medical Research and Training and Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Kothari Centre of Gastroenterology, Calcutta, India). Composition of the intestinal fluid and the functional jejunoileal junction in secretory diarrhea of cholera in children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 225, 1980.—The study critically evaluates the changes in the chemical composition of the luminal fluid along the whole length of the small intestine in four children with acute cholera and in one with acute noncholeraic diarrhea. In the children with cholera the total CO2 content rose abruptly from a mean of 7.1 mEq/l to 19.6 mEq/l at about two thirds the tube distance from the ligament of Trietz to the end of the ileum and increased further distally. At around the same point the pH also rose and the chloride fell. It is proposed that this level of the small intestine where a sharp transition in total CO2 content occurs be regarded as the functional jejunoileal junction. Sodium and potassium levels were similar in the jejunum and the ileum and the measured osmolality could be accounted for by them. The child with noncholera diarrhea had a very different small intestinal composition i.e. the total CO2 and pH as well as the sodium level remained low while the measured osmolality was high, indicating a high osmotic gap. The presence of a large amount of organic acid anions of bacterial origin and carbohydrate breakdown products may fully explain the findings in this child. More studies, however, are needed on children with noncholera diarrhea to confirm these findings.
SEVERE POLYARTHRITIS FOLLOWING CAMPYLOBACTER ENTERITIS IN A 12‐YEAR‐OLD BOY
Authors: BÉAKÁSSY A. N. , ENELL H. , SCHALÉAN C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Békássy, N. A., Enell, H. and Schalén, C. (Departments of Paediatrics and Medical Microbiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). Severe polyarthritis following Campylobacter enteritis in a 12‐year‐old boy. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 269, 1980.—A severe attack of acute polyarthritis following a verified Campylobacter jejuni enteritis is described in a 12‐year‐old boy. The patient possesses the HLA‐B27 antigen—often found in postinfectious arthritis following acute enteric infections. The ASO titre showed a significant rise, but other serological findings and the clinical course made streptococcal infection unlikely. Investigations to elucidate cross‐reactivity between the two micro‐organisms turned out negative.
PARA‐INFLUENZA PNEUMONIA IN DiGEORGE SYNDROME TWO YEARS AFTER THYMIC EPITHELIAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: BEARD LORRAINE J. , ROBERTSON EVELYN F. , THONG Y. H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Beard, Lorraine J., Robertson, Evelyn F. and Thong, Y. H. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide and Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital Inc.). Para‐influenza pneumonia in DiGeorge syndrome two years after thymic epithelial transplantation. Acta Paediatr Scand 69:403, 1980.—A patient with DiGeorge syndrome developed pneumonia caused by para‐influenza virus type 3 two years after immunological reconstitution with foetal thymic epithelium. There was a transient reduction of mitogen‐induced lymphocyte transformation at the time of the pneumonia. Although she recovered from the pneumonia, bronchitis persisted and the virus could still be isolated from her pharyngeal secretions 3½ months later.
PARIETAL CELL ANTIBODIES AND GASTRIC SECRETION IN CHILDREN WITH DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: KOKKONEN J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Kokkonen, J. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland). Parietal cell antibodies and gastric secretion in children with diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:485, 1980.—Circulating parietal cell antibodies (PCA) were found in 8 (5.4 %) out of 147 diabetic children screened. Both sexes were equally represented, but the titres were higher in the girls. No clear relationship between the presence of these antibodies and age or the duration of diabetes was observed. Gastric studies were performed on 8 children with PCA (group A) and 41 without PCA (group B). Both basal (BAO) and maximal acid output (MAO) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower and fasting serum gastrin elevated (p < 0.01) in group A as compared with the control group. Two patients were achlorhydric. In group B, 17 patients out of the 41 studied had hyposecretion and one achlorhydria. The result became most obvious in the group with a duration of diabetes over 10 years, where MAO was significantly diminished (p < 0.05). Gastric morphology revealed atrophic gastritis in 3 patients from seven biopsies in group A and one out of five biopsies for severe hyposecre Lion in group B. Two other children in group A had superficial gastritis. Serum ferritin levels decreased along with the duration of diabetes. Those with gastritis mucosa had the lowest values.
NEONATAL SEPSIS DUE TO GROUP G STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: APPELBAUM PETER C. , FRIEDMAN ZVI , FAIRBROTHER PAUL F. , HELLMANN JONATHAN , HALLGREN ELIZABETH J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Appelbaum, P. C., Friedman, Z., Fairbrother, P. F., Hellmann, J. and Hallgren, E. J. (Departments of Pathology, Paediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA). Neonatal sepsis due to group G streptococci. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 559, 1980.—Two cases of neonatal septicaemia due to group G streptococci (Streptococcus canis) are described. In one patient, infection coexisted with transient neonatal hyperthyroidism, while, in the other, concomitant group G streptococcal septicaemia and endometritis in the mother was seen. Group G streptococci are rare causes of infection, especially in the paediatric age group. Bacteria were identified by serological and biochemical methods. Both neonates responded well to penicillin therapy, but the maternal infection required combination therapy with penicillin G, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. The literature on systemic group G streptococcal infection is briefly reviewed. With increasing use of serotyping in the identification of β‐haemolytic streptococci, non‐group A organisms will probably be identified more frequently from neonatal and other infections.
RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS IN OSLO 1972–1978
Authors: ØRSTAVIK I. , CARLSEN K.‐H. , HALVORSEN K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Ørstavik, I., Carlsen, K.‐H. and Halvorsen, K. (Microbiological Laboratory, Ullevaal Hospital, and the Departments of Paediatrics, Ullevaal and Aker Hospital, Oslo, Norway). Respiratory syncytial virus infections in Oslo 1972–1978. I. Virological and epidemiological studies. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:717, 1980.—Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was diagnosed in 464 children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory disease from autumn 1972 to spring 1978. The virological surveillance was approximately 70%. As a rule, RSV infections occurred in distinct outbreaks in late autumn and winter together with a marked increase in the number of children admitted to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract disease. The incidence in children less than 1 year of age was about 10/1000 children/year. Spread of the infection from one end of the city to the other was discernible in 2 outbreaks. More children than expected with siblings were admitted to hospital because of RSV infection, but no correlation could be observed with some other socioeconomic factors. A negative correlation was observed between RSV disease and mean air temperature and hours of sunshine per month. Rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis of RSV on cells from nasopharyngeal secretions was adopted and became comparable to cell culture technique. The rapid method has become an important adjunct to the clinical management of these patients and the method will form the basis for further epidemiological studies.
NEUROLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF NEWBORN INFANTS DELIVERED BY VACUUM EXTRACTION ON MATERNAL INDICATION
Authors: LEIJON INGEMAR
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Leijon, I. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden). Neurology and behaviour of newborn infants delivered by vacuum extraction on maternal indication. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:625, 1980.—23 full‐term neonates delivered by vacuum extraction (VE) on maternal indication (primary or secondary uterine inertia) but with no sign of fetal asphyxia and a control group of 16 infants were studied. The infants were examined on the 1st and 5th days after birth with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale and by a standardized neurological examination. On day 1 the VE‐infants showed lower visual and auditory responsiveness in the behavioural assessment, and fewer optimal responses in the neurological examination than did the controls. Obstetrical factors such as abnormal presentation, long duration of the second stage of labour, and long duration of VE (≥15 minutes) may explain the differences. The differences between the groups had largely disappeared by day 5.
β2‐MICROGLOBULIN IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT DISEASES
Authors: IBSEN K. KAAS
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Kaas Ibsen, K. (The University Clinic of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Fuglebakken, Copenhagen, Denmark). β2‐microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid from children with different diseases. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 633, 1980.—β2‐microglobulin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in a prospective study on 56 children 0–12 years old. In all the patients with virus meningitis values of β2‐microglobulin exceeded 3000 µg/l (x̄=10.825 µg/l). The highest value (48.096 µg/l) of β2‐microglobulin in CSF was found in a 13‐day‐old infant with serious herpes simplex meningitis. The value was 50 times the values found in normal children. None of the patients with fever of other origin had values exceeding 3500 µg/l, except for one patient with facial nerve paresis and 3 patients with sepsis. Some correlation between the concentrations of β2‐microglobulin and albumin was found in the diagnostic groups as a whole, while this correlation disappeared when considering each patient individually. The significance of β2‐microglobulin as a guide in serious infections is discussed.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL TRAINING
Authors: HOLM G. , BJÖRNTORP P.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Holm, G. and Björntorp, P. (Department of Medicine I, Sahlgren's Hospital, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden). Metabolic effects of physical training. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 9, 1980.—Effects of physical training on factors associated with diabetes mellitus and its increased risk for cardiovascular disease are reviewed. Plasma insulin levels are decreased by training particularly in obesity and glucose tolerance seems to be improved. Training leads also in general to diminished body fat, but this is not obligatory for the plasma insulin decrease. There are no changes in concentrations of amino acids growth hormone or catecholamines, which can explain the insulin decrease. Cortisol is decreased the days after an acute exercise as well as after training in parallel with the plasma insulin decrease. The cortisol decrease may lead to changes in insulin receptor density in tissues leading to increased insulin sensitivity. The insulin decrease seems to be due to both a decreased production (to about 2/3) and an increased clearance (to about 1/3). Physical training leads to a decrease in plasma triglycerides and to a decrease in blood pressure. All these effects of physical training seem to be beneficial in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
MUSCLE HISTOCHEMISTRY AND MUSCLE FUNCTION
Authors: HENRIKSSON K. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Henriksson, K. G. (Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Pathology I, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden). Muscle histochemistry and muscle function. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 283: 15, 1980.—A short review of the histochemical characteristics of the different muscle fibre types is given. The possibility of changing contraction time, strength, and endurance by physical training is discussed.
GASTRIC EMPTYING IN INFANTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: CAVELL B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Cavell, B. (Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden). Gastric emptying in infants with cystic Fibrosis. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:635,.–Gastric emptying of meals of pasteurized human milk or infant formula was studied in 4 infants aged 5 weeks to 4 months with cystic fibrosis (CF) and pancreatic insufficiency. A marker dilution technique was used. Three of the patients showed gastric emptying rates higher than those of controls during the first hour after receiving the meal. The gastric emptying rate of the remaining patients, both after a meal of human milk and of infants formula, was similar to that of the controls.
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF MATERNAL ANTI‐RABBIT IgG CAUSING FALSELY ELEVATED TSH LEVELS IN NEONATES
Authors: LARSSON A. , HEDENBORG G. , CARLSTRÖM A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Larsson, A., Hedenborg, G. and Carlström, A. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Institute, St. Göran's Children's Hospital, and the PKU Section, Department of Bacteriology, National Bacteriological Laboratory, Stockholm, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd's Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden). Placental transfer of maternal anti‐rabbit IgG causing falsely elevated TSH levels in neonates. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:699,.–Two infants were found to have markedly increased TSH levels, 104 and 154 mU/l of plasma, respectively, in a routine screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism. The recall limit used was 50 mU/l of plasma. On follow‐up, both infants were clinically euthyroid and had normal serum T4 and T3. The elevated TSH levels were confirmed only with some commercial radioimmunoassay kits–but not with others. Similar results were obtained in TSH assays of samples from their mothers, who had no other biochemical or clinical evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Both mothers had intense contact with rabbits over long periods. The apparent TSH activity was found to be associated with the IgG fraction. It was neutralized by the addition of normal rabbit serum to the samples and was caused by antibodies to rabbit immunoglobulin. The activity was eliminated from the circulation of both infants with a half‐life of approximately one month. Apparently, the heterophilic antibodies were of maternal origin and were transferred to the foetus via the placenta. Infants with so‐called transient hyperthyrotropinaemia identified in screening programmes have to be reevaluated to exclude false TSH elevations of this type.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APNOEA AND BRADYCARDIA IN PRETERM INFANTS
Authors: VYAS H. , MILNER A. D. , HOPKIN I. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Vyas, H., Milner, A. D. and Hopkin. I. E. (Department of Child Health, Department of Neonatal Medicine and Surgery, City Hospital, Nottingham, England). Relationship between apnoea and bradycardia in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 785, 1981.‐Nine studies were carried out on seven babies who were having repeated episodes of bradycardias without any clinically obvious apnoea. Their mean gestational age was 31.7 weeks (range 29 to 36 weeks) and the mean birth weight was 1.56 kg (range 1.08 kg to 2.16 kg). Investigations were carried out in a total body plethysmograph. Face mask with a pneumotachograph attached to it measured flow. Tidal volume was obtained by integrating these signals. An oesophageal balloon measured intrathoracic pressure changes and the heart rate was measured from ECG chest electrodes. A total of 172 episodes of apnoea were observed. In 50 % of these apnoeas, the airway was closed as determined by the absence of cardiac artefact on the flow signals. Apnoea was associated with bradycardia in just over 25 % of all apnoea. It tended to occur early (11 to 14 sec). Whether the apnoea was central or obstructive had no effect on the pattern provided the baby did not make any inspiratory efforts. Inspiration against a closed airway produced bradycardia in over 50 % of obstructive apnoea, the heart rate falling precipitously within 1 to 2 sec. These findings indicate that often bradycardias occur too early‐in apnoea to be due to central hypoxia and must be due to a peripheral mechanism.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF OBSTETRIC REGIONAL ANALGESIA AND OF ASPHYXIA IN THE NEWBORN INFANT DURING THE FIRST TWO HOURS AFTER BIRTH: II. Arterial Plasma Concentrations of Glycerol, Free Fatty Acids and Beta‐hydroxybutyrate
Authors: SWANSTRÖM S. , BRATTEBY L.‐E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Swanstrom, S. and Bratteby, L.‐E. (Perinatal Research Unit of the Department of Paediatrics and the Unit of Paediatric Physiology of the Department of Clinical Physiology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden). Metabolic effects of regional analgesia and of asphyxia in the newborn infant during the first two hours after birth. II. Arterial plasma concentrations of glycerol, free fatty acids and beta‐hydroxybutyrate. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70: 801, 1981.‐Effects of obstetric regional analgesia and of asphyxia on the arterial blood concentrations of the lipid metabolites: glycerol, free fatty acids and beta‐hydroxybutyrate were investigated in 85 newborn infants divided into a control group, an asphyxia group, a continuous epidural, an intermittent epidural and a paracervical + pudendal block group; lidocaine was the drug used in the analgesia groups. The postnatal changes in lipid metabolites followed three different patterns. After marked increases in glycerol and free fatty acids a steady level was reached after one hour in the control group and not before two hours in the regional analgesia groups. In the asphyxia group, however, a steady level was found already 10 min after birth. Between 30 and 120 min after birth the beta‐hydroxybutyrate concentration increased in the control group, decreased in the asphyxia group and did not change in the three regional analgesia groups. The different patterns of lipid metabolites may indicate differences in sympathetic tone and/or in hormonal influences after birth.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN INFANTS UNDER SIX MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: MORGAN JANE , MUMFORD PAMELA
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Morgan, J. and Mumford, P. (Department of Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton and Department of Nutrition, Queen Elizabeth College, University of London, London, England). Preliminary studies of energy expenditure in infants under six months of age. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:15, 1981.–In the study energy expenditure measurements have been made by open circuit calorimetry on a number of occasions on four infants, with special reference to the energy cost of resting metabolism, activity and diet‐induced thermogenesis. In addition, for two subjects the energy cost of growth was determined. The energy expended with respect to activity was highly variable among all subjects and it was postulated that this was a factor of great importance in the energy balance of young infants; indeed, the effect of diet‐induced thermogenesis was enhanced by activity. A calculation of the total energy required to gain 1 g of wet. tissue in two infants was found to be different. As their intakes were ‘low’ and ‘high’ though their weight gains were accelerated and slow respectively, the difference in the energy cost of growth has been discussed as a reason for this paradox.
CIMETIDINE AS AN ADJUNCT TO ORAL ENZYMES IN THE TREATMENT OF MALABSORPTION DUE TO CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: BIEVILLE F. DE , NEIJENS H. J. , FERNANDES J. , CAILLIE M. VAN , KERREBIJN K.F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. de Biéville, F., Neyens, H. J., Fernandes, J., van Caillie, M. and Kerrebijn, K. F. (Department of Paediatrics, Subdepartments of Gastroenterology and Respiratory disease, University of Rotterdam, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands). Cimetidine as an adjunct to oral enzymes in the treatment of malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:33, 1981. The effects of two doses orally administered Cimetidine on gastric and acid production and on intestinal absorption in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis who were treated with pancreatin supplementation were studied. Although both doses of Cimetidine reduced the acid secretion significantly, no reduction in the steatorrhea and creatorrhea or increase in weight were found, although less pancreatin seemed to be inactivated while on cimetidine. It is concluded that pancreatic extract supplementation alone is not sufficient to normalise the digestion in cystic fibrosis.
DEFECT IN BILE ACID CONCENTRATING ABILITY OF THE GALLBLADDER IN CONGENITAL CHLORIDE DIARRHOEA
Authors: BAKKEREN J. , MONNENS L. , OS C. VAN
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Bakkeren, J., Monnens, L. and van Os, C. (Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands). Defect in bile acid concentrating ability of the gallbladder in congenital chloride diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:43, 1981.–Congenital chloride diarrhoea is assumed to be caused by a defect in the coupled NaCl influx mechanism in the ileum. As a similar coupled NaCl transport mechanism has been postulated in the gallbladder, the concentrating ability of the gallbladder was studied in a patient with congenital chloride diarrhoea. Bile acid concentrations were measured in the duodenal fluid before and after stimulation of gallbladder contraction by cholecysto‐kinin. In the chloride‐diarrhoea patient no increase in bile acid concentration was established after cholecystokinin injection, in contrast to a pronounced increase in three control children, suggesting that the absorption of salt and water by the gallbladder may be disturbed in the patient. The results support the postulated similarity of the NaCl transport mechanisms in the ileum and gallbladder. In congenital chloride diarrhoea one defect in a NaCl transport protein could explain the disturbances in electrolyte absorption.
INCIDENCE, AGE AT ONSET AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS IN NORWEGIAN CHILDREN, 1973–1977
Authors: JONER G. , SøVIK O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Joner, G. and Søvik, O. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Bergen, Norway). Incidence, age at onset and seasonal variation of diabetes mellitus in Norwegian children, 1973–1977. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:329, 1980.–A retrospective study was undertaken to estimate the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Norwegian children. Data were collected from all hospitals in the country and from a central insurance register. Eight hundred and forty‐five new cases in the age group 0–14 years and with onset in the five‐year study period 1973–1977 were detected. The calculated mean annual incidence was 17.6 per 100000 children, with a year‐to‐year variation of IS.4–19.3 per 100 000. The geographic variation in incidence was considerable with the lowest rate in the North (6.8/100 000/year) and the highest rates in the South‐Eastern part of the country (approx. 20/100000/year). There was a significantly higher incidence for boys (18.8/100 000/year) than for girls (16.4/100 000/year). The age variation in the incidence rates showed rising values towards a peak at 12 years for girls and a plateau at 12–14 years for boys, with an abrupt decline after 12 and 14 years, respectively. There were more cases with onset in the winter and autumn, with significant peaks in February and October. From these data the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the age group 0–14 years can be calculated to 1.2 per 1 000 children. In the whole of Norway, about 170 new cases of diabetes mellitus below the age of 15 years can be expected every year. Compared with previous studies, the present data suggest an increasing incidence of childhood diabetes in Norway.
TRANSIENT GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS DURING INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD: A Follow‐up Study with Special Reference to Coeliac Disease
Authors: STENHAMMAR LARS
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Stenhammar, L. (Department of Paediatrics, Central Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden). Transient gastro‐intestinal disorders during infancy and early childhood–a follow‐up study with special reference to coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:383, 1981.–In a reappraisal study of coeliac disease (CD) 38 children and adolescents were studied: 20 (group A) had a previous diagnosis of CD from early childhood but had been lost to follow‐up, 18 (group B) had in infancy or early childhood been hospitalized for more than 1 month for different gastro‐intestinal symptoms without receiving a diagnosis of CD. In the present study the patients had a clinical examination and Hb, serum IgA and folate were analysed. These investigations did not prove helpful in selecting coeliac cases. Intestinal biopsy revealed CD in 8 patients in group A and in 6 patients in group B. Thus the frequency of CD was almost the same in the two groups. All 14 patients with CD had very few complaints, when a careful medical history was taken before biopsy. The present study shows the importance of performing intestinal biopsy on liberal indications on patients with an infancy or early childhood history of malabsorption‐related symptoms. Among these patients many coeliacs are likely to be found.
DISTRIBUTION OF LACTOFERRIN IN HUMAN FETAL TISSUES
Authors: REITAMO S. , KONTTINEN Y. T. , DODD S. , ADINOLFI M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Reitamo, S., Konttinen, Y. T., Dodd, S. and Adinolfi, M. (Fourth Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Paediatric Research Unit, The Prince Philip Research Laboratories, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London, England). Distribution of lactoferrin in human fetal tissues. Acta Paediatr Scand, 70:395, 1981.–We used an immunoperoxidase method to study the distribution of lactoferrin in seven human fetuses from 11 to 21 weeks of age. Lactoferrin was found in mononuclear cells, presumably granulocytes, in various organs from thirteen weeks of gestation onwards. In addition to the liver, spleen, lung and thymus, lactoferrin‐positive mononuclear cells were also found close to vessel walls in human pancreas in fetuses more than 20 weeks old. This finding might suggest that there is significant granulopoiesis in the pancreas at this stage of maturation. In addition to the mononuclear cells, lactoferrin could be found in Hassal's corpuscles of the thymus from 13 weeks and in glandular cells of the tongue from 20 weeks onwards. The present results are in good agreement with the maturation of humoral and cellular acquired immunity and the onset of synthesis of lysozyme and interferon.
METABOLIC EVENTS IN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS DURING FIRST 24 HOURS AFTER BIRTH I.
Authors: KÜHL CLAUS , ANDERSEN G. E. , HERTEL J. , MØLSTED‐PEDERSEN L.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Changes in plasma glucose, nonantibody‐bound insulin and glucagon concentrations were studied in 32 newborn infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) during the first 24 hours after birth. Ten infants were born to White class A mothers and 22 to class B‐F mothers. The infants were kept fasting during the investigative period and blood was sampled from an umbilical artery catheter. At birth, plasma glucose and glucagon levels were similar in the class A and B‐F infants, whereas nonantibody‐bound insulin levels were approximately 15‐fold higher in the class B‐F infants than in the class A infants (p<0.001). After birth, plasma glucose fell in all infants, the nadir being reached at two hours (p<0.01). Plasma glucose fell by approximately 35 % in the class A infants and 63 % in the class B‐F infants (p<0.01). Eight IDM had asymptomatic hypoglycemia (plasma glucose <1.9 mmol/l) and four of these infants had glucose levels below 1.7 mmol/l and were withdrawn from further study. In the remaining four hypoglycemic IDM, plasma glucose was about 1.6‐fold higher (p<0.01) and insulin about 11‐fold higher (p<0.001) at birth compared to the 24 normoglycemic IDM. The hypoglycemia was attended by unchanged insulin levels in the class A infants, whereas insulin fell in the class B‐F infant (p<0.01). However, during the whole investigative period, plasma insulin of the class B‐F infants was higher than that of the class A infants (p<0.01). After birth, plasma glucagon increased slowly in all IDM and peak values were reached after 12 hours in the class A infants (p<0.05) and 24 hours in the class B‐F infants (p<0.01). Only those infants who became hypoglycemic after birth exhibited a significant increment in plasma glucagon from 0‐2 hours (p<0.05). These results suggest that neonatal hypoglycemia of IDM results from high plasma levels of nonantibody‐bound insulin together with a very retarded increment in plasma glucagon levels. The degree of neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia of an individual IDM seems to be positively correlated to the severity of the diabetes of the mother.