bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outsiders‐within‐Library and Information Science: Reprioritizing the marginalized in critical sociocultural work
Authors: Cooke Nicole A. , Kitzie Vanessa L.
Published: January 2021

While there are calls for new paradigms within the profession, there are also existing subgenres that fit this bill if they would be fully acknowledged. This essay argues that underrepresented and otherwise marginalized scholars have already produced significant work within social, cultural, and community‐oriented paradigms; social justice and advocacy; and, diversity, equity, and inclusion. This work has not been sufficiently valued or promoted. Furthermore, the surrounding structural conditions have resulted in the dismissal, violently reviewed and rejected, and erased work of underrepresented scholars, and the stigmatization and delegitimization of their work. These scholars are “outsiders‐within‐LIS.” By identifying the outsiders‐within‐LIS through the frame of standpoint theories, the authors are suggesting that a new paradigm does not need to be created; rather, an existing paradigm needs to be recognized and reprioritized. This reprioritized paradigm of critical sociocultural work has and will continue to creatively enrich and expand the field and decolonize LIS curricula.
Single‐cell profiling for advancing birth defects research and prevention
Authors: Knudsen Thomas B. , Spielmann Malte , Megason Sean G. , Faustman Elaine M.
Published: January 2021

Cellular analysis of developmental processes and toxicities has traditionally entailed bulk methods (e.g., transcriptomics) that lack single cell resolution or tissue localization methods (e.g., immunostaining) that allow only a few genes to be monitored in each experiment. Recent technological advances have enabled interrogation of genomic function at the single‐cell level, providing new opportunities to unravel developmental pathways and processes with unprecedented resolution. Here, we review emerging technologies of single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) to globally characterize the gene expression sets of different cell types and how different cell types emerge from earlier cell states in development. Cell atlases of experimental embryology and human embryogenesis at single‐cell resolution will provide an encyclopedia of genes that define key stages from gastrulation to organogenesis. This technology, combined with computational models to discover key organizational principles, was recognized by Science magazine as the “Breakthrough of the year” for 2018 due to transformative potential on the way we study how human cells mature over a lifetime, how tissues regenerate, and how cells change in diseases (e.g., patient‐derived organoids to screen disease‐specific targets and design precision therapy). Profiling transcriptomes at the single‐cell level can fulfill the need for greater detail in the molecular progression of all cell lineages, from pluripotency to adulthood and how cell–cell signaling pathways control progression at every step. Translational opportunities emerge for elucidating pathogenesis of genetic birth defects with cellular precision and improvements for predictive toxicology of chemical teratogenesis.
Die Ultraschall‐Echomethode – von der Messung zur bautechnischen Kenngröße
Authors: Maack Stefan , Küttenbaum Stefan , Epple Niklas , Aligholizadeh Mohammad
Published: January 2021

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren liefern wichtige Informationen zur Beurteilung von Bauwerken. Mit ihnen können Materialeigenschaften bestimmt oder die innere Struktur von Bauteilen beschrieben werden. Für letzteres werden in der Regel Volumenverfahren angewandt. Einen besonderen Stellenwert haben in der Praxis die Radar‐ und die Ultraschall‐Echoverfahren. Ihre Anwendung erfordert lediglich eine einseitige Zugänglichkeit zum Bauteil. Zudem lassen sich zahlreiche unterschiedliche Prüfaufgaben lösen. Zum Stand der Technik gehören beispielsweise die Ortung von Bewehrung und Spannkanälen, die Bestimmung der Dicke von Bauteilen oder die Fehlerlokalisierung. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie mithilfe von Ultraschall‐Echomessungen gesammelte Messwerte in ein quantitatives Messergebnis überführt werden können, das wiederum in ingenieurtechnische Berechnungen einfließen kann. Einleitend werden die Prüfmethode und die Messtechnik erläutert. Anschließend wird das Vorgehen von der Auswertung der Messergebnisse bis zur Bestimmung der bautechnischen Kenngröße – Bauteildicke – gezeigt. Abschließend wird die Methodik an einem Referenzprüfkörper aus Polyamid demonstriert und den Ergebnissen von Messungen an Beton gegenübergestellt.
Two Facile General Methods for the Conjugation of Three Different Molecules
Authors: Oh Keumrok , Shin Dong Seok , Kim Hyeong Baik , Sirion Uthaiwan , Chi Dae Yoon
Published: January 2021

In the quest to synthesize compounds that are uniquely optimized for fighting each individual target disease, the importance of developing a new methodology for the bioconjugation of compounds with different functional groups or biological activities cannot be overemphasized. This study investigates two novel methods for click reaction: coupling a molecule with three functional compounds by repetitive copper(I) catalyzed azide/alkyne 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. Method A uses three copper(I) catalyzed azide/alkyne 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions in series. Method B uses two copper(I) catalyzed azide/alkyne 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions and one conjugation reaction of amine and isothiocyanate.
Preparation and Evaluation of Gallate Ester Derivatives Used as Promising Antioxidant and Antibacterial Inhibitors
Authors: Wang Xuan , Li Cuiping , Yun Fei , Jiang Xiaohui , Yu Liangmin
Published: January 2021

Many gallate esters have been applied as food additives due to their good biological properties. Herein, nine novel gallate ester derivatives were synthesized by a Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction and characterized by melting point (m.p.), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR) spectra, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HR‐ESI‐MS). Their antioxidant and antibacterial activities were measured using a series of classical assays. Studies found that the products showed favorable antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Their 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH⋅) scavenging effect IC50 values were less than 5.00 μg mL−1 and their reducing power was not less than that of vitamin C (Vc). Furthermore, the antibacterial results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the products were not greater than 8.00 μg mL−1, and their antibacterial rates were over 95 % at 300 μg mL−1. The above data add valuable and novel information that gallate ester derivatives can be considered potential food additives to address food safety issues because of their high biological activity and health benefits.
Rare enough ? Cardiac Device‐related pocket Infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum
Authors: Golamari Reshma , Sahu Nitasa , Vunnam Rama , Bhatt Dhirisha , Thapa Rameet , Patel Ravi , Jain Rohit
Published: January 2021

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are rare causes of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED)‐related infections and may lead to device‐related endocarditis, so preventing them is key. We present a case of CIED‐related pocket infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum which highlights the challenges in management of such infections.
Microwave‐Irradiated Green Synthesis of a Silver/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite from Atalantia monophylla (L.) Leaf Extract
Authors: Verma Ravikant , Basheer Khan Anisa
Published: January 2021

A silver/zinc oxide nanocomposite (Ag/ZnONC) was synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Atalantia monophylla as a reducing and capping agent, under controlled and effective microwave heating with silver nitrate (AgNO3) and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZnNO3·6H2O) serving as precursor salts. The X‐ray diffraction spectra peak and selective area electron diffraction patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized nanocomposite particles. High‐resolution scanning electron microscopy images and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs of Ag/ZnONC showed an aggregated net‐like structure containing small spherical Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) supported by the large aggregated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs). The eco‐friendly synthesized Ag/ZnONC shows great relevance in areas like photonics, catalysis, electronics, and biomedicals.
A Superconcentrated Water‐in‐Salt Hydrogel Electrolyte for High‐Voltage Aqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Yibo , Zhou Zhuqing , Deng Wenjun , Li Chang , Yuan Xinran , Hu Jun , Zhang Man , Chen Haibiao , Li Rui
Published: January 2021

We report a high‐voltage aqueous full potassium‐ion battery (AFKIB) with a superconcentrated water‐in‐salt hydrogel electrolyte (WISHE). This WISHE exhibits an expanded electrochemical stability window (ESW) of 3.0 V as well as a high ionic conductivity of 4.34 mS cm−1. The hydrogen bonds between the polymer network and the water phase help to further widen the ESW over a liquid‐type water‐in‐salt electrolyte, and prevent liquid leakage. The assembled AFKIB exhibits a considerable capacity of 135 mA h g−1 and a superior stability after 3000 cycles. This work provides a meaningful way of designing high‐voltage aqueous energy storage devices.
Optimizing the Electrochemiluminescence of Readily Accessible Pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidines through “Green” Substituent Regulation
Authors: Zhang Ruizhong , Cheng Jun , Yang Liuqing , Wong Jonathan M. , Ralph Adsetts Jonathan , Wang Ruiyao , Liu Jiyan , Ding Zhifeng , Wang Hong‐Bo
Published: January 2021

Bright and low‐cost emitting organic molecules are very desirable for electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Here, we report a facile one‐step, three‐component reaction of readily available precursors to synthesize pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidine derivatives (1–4), all which give off green photoluminescence (PL). In contrast, the electrochemistry and ECL properties of these luminophores are affected by the extent of the conjugation and the nature of the peripheral substituents. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations identified the aromatic chain substitution could extend the conjugation of pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidine core and stabilize the electrogenerated radicals required for generation of an excited state, affording pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidine 3 the highest ECL activity among the studied samples. ECL in annihilation route confirmed weak emission, but great improvement was made using oxidizing co‐reactant species (benzoate radical from benzoyl peroxide, BPO) with an efficiency of 43 % relative to that of Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2. The pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidine 3/BPO system is more robust than those of reducing co‐reactant species [tri‐n‐propylamine radical or 2‐(dibutylamino) ethanol radical] and is one of the highest among the reported organic electrochemiluminophores. ECL spectroscopy revealed that the monomeric excited states were the main species to emit light. Their straightforward, one‐step, green synthesis, and their structure tunability represent significant advantages in the development of readily accessible dyes for PL and especially ECL applications.
Surface Engineered Li Metal Anode for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries with High Capacity
Authors: Shi Yanan , Zhou Dong , Li Mengqi , Wang Chao , Wei Weng , Liu Gaozhan , Jiang Miao , Fan Wentong , Zhang Zhihua , Yao Xiayin
Published: January 2021

Lithium metal is being hailed as the holy grail of next‐generation high‐energy‐density all‐solid‐state batteries. However, the poor interfacial compatibility between Li and solid electrolyte and formation of lithium dendrite strongly impedes its practical application. Herein, a facile surface modification strategy is proposed to reconstruct the Li/Li10GeP2S12 interface in order to address these problems. Beneficial from amorphous Li3PO4 by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on Li, parasitic side reactions between Li and Li10GeP2S12 is strongly suppressed, resulting in a stable cycling performance in symmetric Li/Li cell with a low polarization voltage (about ±180 mV) up to 1000 hours. Moreover, the Li/Li10GeP2S12/LiCoO2 cell displays a reversible discharge capacity of 104.5 mA h/g at 0.1 C after 50 cycles. It indicates that Li3PO4 layer is not only favorable to improve interfacial stability between Li/Li10GeP2S12 but also advantageous to homogenize Li deposition.
Regeneration Potential of Alginite for the Depletion of Organic Contaminants from Wastewater
Authors: Kropp Anne‐Christin , Unz Simon , Beckmann Michael , Schmidt André , Guhl Andrea C. , Bertau Martin , Knoblich Aron , Heide Gerhard
Published: January 2021

Endokrin wirksame Substanzen (EDC, endocrine‐disrupting chemicals) in Abwässern bekommen zunehmend mehr Aufmerksamkeit, da die schädliche Wirkung für das Hormonsystem von Lebewesen bestätigt wurde. Das kostengünstige Gestein Alginit als neuartiges Adsorbens ist aufgrund der guten Abreicherungsraten gegenüber EDC neben der herkömmlich genutzten Aktivkohle für ein Reinigungsverfahren als 4. Reinigungsstufe geeignet. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen zeigten, dass mehrmalige Beladungs‐ und Regenerationszyklen bei Aufrechterhaltung einer hohen Beladungskapazität mit dem Alginit möglich sind.
Hydroisomerization of Renewable and Fossil n‐Alkanes over Bifunctional Dealuminated ZSM‐5 Catalysts
Authors: Schmutzler Felix , Zschiesche Christopher , Titus Juliane , Poppitz David , Freiding Jens , Rakoczy Rainer , Reitzmann Andreas , Gläser Roger
Published: January 2021

The hydroisomerization of two long‐chain n‐alkane mixtures was investigated over bifunctional Pt/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts before and after dealumination of preshaped zeolite/binder pellets. The hydroisomerization over the dealuminated catalysts leads to more isomers and less cracking products. Consequently, higher ratios of multi‐ to mono‐branched isomerization products are formed as expected for large‐ rather than medium‐pore zeolites. This indicates a higher availability of space in the vicinity of the active sites and provides an attractive route to make medium‐pore zeolites suitable for upgrading higher boiling hydrocarbon feeds.
Electrodeposition of Pt3Sn Nano‐alloy on NiFe‐Layered Double Hydroxide with “Card‐house” Structure for Enhancing the Electrocatalytic Oxidation Performance of Ethanol
Authors: Xiang Qiankun , Xu Yanqi , Chen Rongrong , Yang Caihong , Li Xuemei , Li Guangyao , Wu Di , Xie Xiangli , Zhu Wenfeng , Wang Linjiang
Published: January 2021

Catalysts are an important part of the ethanol fuel cell. However, catalysts present certain problems such as high cost, low conversion efficiency, and poor durability, which hinder the commercialization of direct ethanol fuel cells. The method of loading the catalyst on the carrier and alloying can effectively improve the dispersion, enhance the anti‐poisoning ability, improve stability, and reduce cost of the catalyst. In this work, NiFe‐layered double hydroxide (NiFe‐LDH) with a “card‐house” structure was grown vertically on nickel foam by electrochemical deposition. Pt3Sn nano‐alloy particles were then deposited on NiFe‐LDH/NF by electrochemical deposition to generate the ethanol electrocatalytic material (denoted as Pt3Sn NPs/NiFe‐LDH/NF). The “card‐house” structure formed by NiFe‐LDH thin nanosheets (thickness of 14.63 nm) improved the dispersion and uniformity of the Pt3Sn nano‐alloy particles (5.34 nm). The introduction of the oxyphilic metals Ni and Fe enhanced the anti‐toxicity of the Pt3Sn nano‐alloys. The synthesized catalyst exhibited a large electroactive surface area with a specific activity of 21.74 mA cm−2 and a If/Ir of 1.23, which were higher than those of traditional ethanol electrocatalysts. The catalyst also presented better catalytic performance for ethanol oxidation, excellent stability and anti‐poisoning ability.
Reduction Mechanism of Transition Metal Oxide Particles in Thermally Induced Nanobubbles during Pulsed Laser Melting in Ethanol
Authors: Suehara Kentaro , Takai Ryosuke , Ishikawa Yoshie , Koshizaki Naoto , Omura Kazunobu , Nagata Harunori , Yamauchi Yuji
Published: January 2021

Pulsed laser melting in liquid (PLML) is a technique to fabricate spherical submicrometer particles (SMPs) wherein nanosecond pulsed laser (several tens to several hundreds of mJ pulse−1 cm−2) irradiates raw particles dispersed in liquid. Raw particles are transiently heated above the melting point to form spherical particles, which enables pulsed heating of surrounding liquid to form thermally induced bubbles by liquid vaporization. These transient bubbles play an important role as a thermal barrier to rapidly heat the particle. Reduced SMPs are generated from raw metal‐oxide nanoparticles by PLML process in ethanol. This reduction cannot be explained by high‐temperature thermal decomposition, but by mediation of molecules decomposed from ethanol. Computational simulations of ethanol decomposition by pulsed heating for 100 ns at the temperature 1000–4000 K revealed that ethylene is generated as the main product. Gibbs free energies of oxide reduction reactions mediated by ethylene greatly decreased compared to those without ethylene mediation. This explanation can be applied to reductive SMP formation from various transition metal oxides by PLML.
Proton Transfer and SN2 Reactions as Steps of Fast Selenol and Thiol Oxidation in Proteins: A Model Molecular Study Based on GPx
Authors: Dalla Tiezza Marco , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Flohé Leopold , Orian Laura
Published: January 2021

Invited for this month's cover are collaborating groups from Università degli Studi di Padova, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Universidad de la República Uruguay. The cover picture shows two lorries along the road directed to the destination ‘H2O2 reduction’, and the selenol (SeH) lorry is faster than the thiol (SH) lorry. This cartoon represents the situation of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in which the presence of selenium rather than sulfur warrants a significantly faster hydroperoxide reduction along the same mechanistic path. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202000660.
Biocatalysis in the Recycling Landscape for Synthetic Polymers and Plastics towards Circular Textiles
Authors: Jönsson Christina , Wei Ren , Biundo Antonino , Landberg Johan , Schwarz Bour Lisa , Pezzotti Fabio , Toca Andreea , M. Jacques Les , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Syrén Per‐Olof
Published: January 2021

Although recovery of fibers from used textiles with retained material quality is desired, separation of individual components from polymer blends used in today's complex textile materials is currently not available at viable scale. Biotechnology could provide a solution to this pressing problem by enabling selective depolymerization of recyclable fibers of natural and synthetic origin, to isolate constituents or even recover monomers. We compiled experimental data for biocatalytic polymer degradation with a focus on synthetic polymers with hydrolysable links and calculated conversion rates to explore this path The analysis emphasizes that we urgently need major research efforts: beyond cellulose‐based fibers, biotechnological‐assisted depolymerization of plastics so far only works for polyethylene terephthalate, with degradation of a few other relevant synthetic polymer chains being reported. In contrast, by analyzing market data and emerging trends for synthetic fibers in the textile industry, in combination with numbers from used garment collection and sorting plants, it was shown that the use of difficult‐to‐recycle blended materials is rapidly growing. If the lack of recycling technology and production trend for fiber blends remains, a volume of more than 3400 Mt of waste will have been accumulated by 2030. This work highlights the urgent need to transform the textile industry from a biocatalytic perspective.
Targeting cyclooxygenase enzyme for the adjuvant COVID‐19 therapy
Authors: Prasher Parteek , Sharma Mousmee , Gunupuru Ravi
Published: January 2021

Despite vigorous efforts, the COVID‐19 pandemic continues to take a toll on the global health. The contemporary therapeutic regime focused on the viral spike proteins, viral 3CL protease enzyme, immunomodulation, inhibition of viral replication, and providing a symptomatic relief encouraged the repurposing of drugs to meet the urgency of treatment. Similarly, the representative drugs that proved beneficial to alleviate SARS‐CoV‐1, MERS‐CoV, HIV, ZIKV, H1N1, and malarial infection in the past presented a sturdy candidature for ameliorating the COVID‐19 therapeutic doctrine. However, most of the deliberations for developing effective pharmaceuticals proved inconsequential, thereby encouraging the identification of new pathways, and novel pharmaceuticals for capping the COVID‐19 infection. The COVID‐19 contagion encompasses a burst release of the cytokines that increase the severity of the infection mainly due to heightened immunopathogenicity. The pro‐inflammatory metabolites, COX‐2, cPLA2, and 5‐LOX enzymes involved in their generation, and the substrates that instigate the origination of the innate inflammatory response therefore play an important role in intensifying and worsening of the tissue morbidity related to the coronavirus infection. The deployment of representative drugs for inhibiting these overexpressed immunogenic pathways in the tissues invaded by coronaviruses has been a matter of debate since the inception of the pandemic. The effectiveness of NSAIDs such as Aspirin, Indomethacin, Diclofenac, and Celecoxib in COVID‐19 coagulopathy, discouraging the SARS viral replication, the inflammasome deactivation, and synergistic inhibition of H5N1 viral infection with representative antiviral drugs respectively, have provided a silver lining in adjuvant COVID‐19 therapy. Since the anti‐inflammatory NSAIDs and COXIBs mainly function by reversing the COX‐2 overexpression to modulate the overproduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, these drugs present a robust treatment option for COVID‐19 infection. This commentary succinctly highlights the various claims that support the status of immunomodulatory NSAIDs, and COXIBs in the adjuvant COVID‐19 therapy.
Aquatic models of human ciliary diseases
Authors: Corkins Mark E. , Krneta‐Stankic Vanja , Kloc Malgorzata , Miller Rachel K.
Published: January 2021

Cilia are microtubule‐based structures that either transmit information into the cell or move fluid outside of the cell. There are many human diseases that arise from malfunctioning cilia. Although mammalian models provide vital insights into the underlying pathology of these diseases, aquatic organisms such as Xenopus and zebrafish provide valuable tools to help screen and dissect out the underlying causes of these diseases. In this review we focus on recent studies that identify or describe different types of human ciliopathies and outline how aquatic organisms have aided our understanding of these diseases.
Consistent concentrations of critically endangered Balearic shearwaters in UK waters revealed by at‐sea surveys
Authors: Phillips Jessica Ann , Banks Alex N. , Bolton Mark , Brereton Tom , Cazenave Pierre , Gillies Natasha , Padget Oliver , van der Kooij Jeroen , Waggitt James , Guilford Tim
Published: January 2021

Aim

Europe's only globally critically endangered seabird, the Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus), is thought to have expanded its postbreeding range northwards into UK waters, though its at sea distribution there is not yet well understood. This study aims to identify environmental factors associated with the species’ presence, map the probability of presence of the species across the western English Channel and southern Celtic Sea, and estimate the number of individuals in this area.

Location

The western English Channel and southern Celtic Sea.

Methods

This study analyses strip transect data collected between 2013 and 2017 from vessel‐based surveys in the western English Channel and southern Celtic Sea during the Balearic shearwater's postbreeding period. Using environmental data collected directly and from remote sensors both Generalized Additive Models and the Random Forest machine learning model were used to determine shearwater presence at different locations. Abundance was estimated separately using a density multiplication approach.

Results

Both models indicated that oceanographic features were better predictors of shearwater presence than fish abundance. Seafloor aspect, sea surface temperature, depth, salinity, and maximum current speed were the most important predictors. The estimated number of Balearic shearwaters in the prediction area ranged from 652 birds in 2017 to 6,904 birds in 2014.

Main conclusions

Areas with consistently high probabilities of shearwater presence were identified at the Celtic Sea front. Our estimates suggest that the study area in southwest Britain supports between 2% and 23% of the global population of Balearic shearwaters. Based on the timing of the surveys (mainly in October), it is probable that most of the sighted shearwaters were immatures. This study provides the most complete understanding of Balearic shearwater distribution in UK waters available to date, information that will help inform any future conservation actions concerning this endangered species.
Pliant pathogens: Estimating viral spread when confronted with new vector, host, and environmental conditions
Authors: Porath‐Krause Anita , Campbell Ryan , Shoemaker Lauren , Sieben Andrew , Strauss Alexander T. , Shaw Allison K. , Seabloom Eric W. , Borer Elizabeth T.
Published: January 2021

Pathogen spread rates are determined, in part, by the performance of pathogens under altered environmental conditions and their ability to persist while switching among hosts and vectors.

To determine the effects of new conditions (host, vector, and nutrient) on pathogen spread rate, we introduced a vector‐borne viral plant pathogen, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus PAV (BYDV‐PAV) into hosts, vectors, and host nutrient supplies that it had not encountered for thousands of viral generations. We quantified pathogen prevalence over the course of two serial inoculations under the new conditions. Using individual‐level transmission rates from this experiment, we parameterized a dynamical model of disease spread and projected spread across host populations through a growing season.

A change in nutrient conditions (increased supply of phosphorus) reduced viral transmission whereas shifting to a new vector or host species had no effect on infection prevalence. However, the reduction in the new nutrient environment was only temporary; infection prevalence recovered after the second inoculation.

Synthesis. These results highlight how robust the pathogen, BYDV‐PAV, is to changes in its biotic and abiotic environment. Our study also highlights the need to quantify longitudinal infection information beyond snapshot assessments to project disease risk for pathogens in new environments.
Soil physicochemical properties drive the variation in soil microbial communities along a forest successional series in a degraded wetland in northeastern China
Authors: Sui Xin , Zhang Rongtao , Frey Beat , Yang Libin , Liu Yingnan , Ni Hongwei , Li Mai‐He
Published: January 2021

The Sanjiang Plain is the biggest freshwater wetland locating in northeastern China. Due to climate change and human activities, that wetland has degraded to a successional gradient from the original flooded wetland to dry shrub vegetation and a forest area with lower ground water level, which may result in changes in soil microbiologic structure and functions. The present study investigated the microbial diversity and community structure in relation to soil properties along that successional gradient. The soil physico‐chemical properties changed significantly with degradation stage. The Shannon diversity index of both soil bacteria (5.90–6.42) and fungi (1.7–4.19) varied significantly with successional stage (both p < .05). The community structures of soil bacteria and fungi in the early successional stages (i.e., the wetland) were significantly determined by water content, total nitrogen, and available nitrogen concentrations in soils, while those in the later successional stages (i.e., forests) were significantly structured by soil organic carbon, soil pH, and available phosphorus concentrations. These results suggest that the soil microbial structure is mainly determined by soil properties rather than by plant community such as plant species composition along successional stages.
Roads, forestry, and wolves interact to drive moose browsing behavior in Scandinavia
Authors: Loosen Anne E. , Devineau Olivier , Zimmermann Barbara , Cromsigt Joris P. G. M. , Pfeffer Sabine E. , Skarpe Christina , Marie Mathisen Karen
Published: January 2021

As wild ungulate densities increase across Europe and North America, plant–herbivore interactions are increasingly important from ecological and economic perspectives. These interactions are particularly significant where agriculture and forestry occur and where intensive grazing and browsing by wild ungulates can result in economic losses to growing crops and trees. We studied plant–herbivore interactions in a moose (Alces alces)‐dominant system where forestry is a primary economy, the primary and secondary road networks are extensive, and wolves (Canis lupus) are recolonizing. Wolves and humans use low‐traffic, secondary roads, yet roadsides provide high‐quality and quantity browse for moose. Foraging theory predicts that moose will respond to riskier landscapes by selecting habitats that reduce predation risk, sacrificing feeding time or food quality. As food becomes limiting, however, animals will accept higher predation risk in search of food. We predicted that road avoidance behavior would be strongest within wolf territories. In areas without wolves, moose should select roadsides for their high forage availability. To test these predictions, we measured moose browsing and counted pellet groups as a proxy for habitat use each spring in Norway and Sweden between 2008 and 2018, in areas with and without wolves and at different distances from primary and secondary roads. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate drivers of the probability of browsing occurrence and browsing pressure. We found that browsing occurrence increased closer to secondary roads but decreased closer to primary roads. We also found browsing patterns to vary among tree species. For Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), the browsing occurrence was two times higher in young forests relative to non‐young forests and decreased further from secondary roads. Wolf territory presence and probability had neutral or positive effect on browsing occurrence and pressure for all species. However, wolf territory presence had negative effects on browsing occurrence and pressure when interacting with secondary roads, young forest, or snow cover. We showed that roads can influence browsing patterns in Norway and Sweden. However, further research is needed, particularly in the face of continued infrastructure development in Scandinavia.
Production of natural colorants by liquid fermentation with Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Laetiporus sulphureus and prospective applications
Authors: Zschätzsch Marlen , Steudler Susanne , Reinhardt Olena , Bergmann Pia , Ersoy Franziska , Stange Stephanie , Wagenführ André , Walther Thomas , Berger Ralf Günter , Werner Anett
Published: January 2021

The replacement of potentially hazardous synthetic dyes with natural dyes and pigments are of great interest for a sustainable economy. In order to obtain cost‐efficient, environmentally friendly and competitive products, improvements in the cultivation and extraction of pigment‐producing organisms and in dyeing processes are necessary. In our study, we were able to scale up the production of xylindein by Chlorociboria aeruginascens from 3 to 70 L bioreactor cultivations. We have identified important bioprocess parameters like low shear stress (150 rpm, tip speed <0.5 m/s) for optimal pigment yield (4.8 mg/L/d). Additionally, we have demonstrated the potential of laetiporic acid production by Laetiporus sulphureus in various cultivation systems and media, achieving dried biomass concentrations of almost 10 g/L with a 7 L bioreactor cultivation after 17 days. Extractions performed at 70°C and 15 min incubation time showed optimal results. To the best of our knowledge, we have described for the first time the use of this pigment in silk dyeing, which results in a brilliant hue that cannot easily be produced by other natural pigments.
Exogenous exposure to dihydroxyacetone mimics high fructose induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Mehta Raj , Sonavane Manoj , Migaud Marie E. , Gassman Natalie R.
Published: January 2021

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a three‐carbon sugar that is the active ingredient in sunless tanning products and a by‐product of electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) combustion. Increased use of sunless tanning products and e‐cigarettes has elevated exposures to DHA through inhalation and absorption. Studies have confirmed that DHA is rapidly absorbed into cells and can enter into metabolic pathways following phosphorylation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), a product of fructose metabolism. Recent reports have suggested metabolic imbalance and cellular stress results from DHA exposures. However, the impact of elevated exposure to DHA on human health is currently under‐investigated. We propose that exogenous exposures to DHA increase DHAP levels in cells and mimic fructose exposures to produce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gene and protein expression changes. Here, we review cell line and animal model exposures to fructose to highlight similarities in the effects produced by exogenous exposures to DHA. Given the long‐term health consequences of fructose exposure, this review emphasizes the pressing need to further examine DHA exposures from sunless tanning products and e‐cigarettes.
Low‐Cost Carbon Xerogels Derived from Phenol–Formaldehyde Resin for Organic Electric Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Yoo Jihoon , Yang Inchan , Kwon Dahye , Jung Meenkyoung , Kim Myung-Soo , Jung Ji Chul
Published: January 2021

In this study, low‐cost carbon xerogels (CXs) are successfully prepared by condensation of phenol and formaldehyde and applied to electrode materials for organic electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs). Condensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde is the most commonly used method for the synthesis of CXs because although resorcinol is more expensive than phenol, it has better reactivity with formaldehyde. For this reason, research on the synthesis of CXs derived from phenol–formaldehyde resin is potentially useful for decreasing CX cost. Thus, CXs are synthesized using phenol and formaldehyde while gradually increasing the amount of the catalyst to increase the reactivity between the two compounds. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis, successful synthesis of phenol–formaldehyde CXs is confirmed and it is found that a CX prepared with a phenol‐to‐catalyst molar ratio of 50 (PC_50) exhibits the largest surface area among the prepared CXs. Moreover, PC_50 shows good electrochemical performance as an electrode material for organic EDLCs due to its large surface area. In summary, a low‐cost CX with a large surface area and good electrochemical performance is successfully synthesized as an electrode for EDLCs using a phenol precursor, which offers greater cost efficiency compared to resorcinol.
An experimental investigation of injection timings and injection pressures on a compression ignition engine fueled with hybrid fuel‐1 derived from waste cooking oil
Authors: Singh Deepak , Sarma Anil K. , Sandhu Sarbjot S.
Published: January 2021

In recent years, hybrid fuels have gained more popularity as a substitute fuel for petro‐diesel over biodiesel, due to their comparable properties, renewable nature, and easy processing. The main objective of this study is to experimentally investigate the combined effect of injection timings (ITs) (21, 23, and 25° before top dead center [BTDC]) and injection pressures (IPs) (200, 250, and 300 bar) on the engine characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with hybrid fuel (HB‐1). The hybrid fuel was prepared by mixing waste cooking oil, ethanol, and n‐butanol in appropriate proportion, that is, 69:18:13 by vol %, respectively. The experimentation was carried out on a single‐cylinder CI engine having rated power of 3.5 kW, four‐stroke, eddy current loading, water‐cooled, and run at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The experimental results were obtained at 80% of full load for combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of hybrid fuel and comparison have made with original setting (IT‐23 BTDC and IP‐200 bar). The obtained results showed that advancement in IT leads to higher cylinder pressure and heat release peaks, whereas retardation leads to opposite trend as compared to the original setting. Moreover, at IT‐25° BTDC with IP‐300 bar, higher brake thermal efficiency was measured than all the altering parameters, whereas brake specific energy consumption and exhaust gas temperature were found to be increased slightly in all altering parameters as compared to original setting. The Carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbon emissions increased with all the altering parameters as compared to original setting. The advancement in IT with IP‐200 bar produced higher oxides of nitrogen (NOX) level than all other altering parameters, while other ITs and IPs emitted lower NOX level as compared to original setting. The IT‐25° BTDC with IP‐200 bar produced lowest smoke opacity as compared to other altering parameters.
Autonomous underwater vehicles support for enhanced performance in the Internet of underwater things
Authors: Al‐Bzoor Manal , Al‐assem Esraa , Alawneh Luay , Jararweh Yaser
Published: January 2021

The Internet of underwater things (IoUT) has become a promising and vibrant paradigm which mainly relies on the underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UASN). IoUT was first proposed to facilitate offshore real‐time monitoring and exploration of underwater environments. It is now becoming a key component for building and connecting the futuristic underwater smart cities. However, Acoustic waves used in underwater communication suffer from long propagation delays and high transmission energy requirements. Therefore, approaches for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) assisted data collection and cluster‐based routing were proposed to overcome these drawbacks. In this article, we present a smart genetic‐based AUV path planning algorithm for data collection to enhance the performance of UASN. In addition, we combine our smart data collection technique with a dynamic location‐unaware clustering algorithm to further reduce energy consumption with mobility consideration. Our simulation results showed that our genetic‐based technique achieves more than 145% increase in network lifetime and almost a 75% reduction in energy expenditure compared with traditional diagonal path selection technique. More simulations comparing our combined technique with a novel clustering technique showed that the network lifetime is twice as better, total energy consumption is nearly 30% less, and the delivery ratio is 15% more at low densities.
SecureDeepNet‐IoT: A deep learning application for invasion detection in industrial Internet of Things sensing systems
Authors: Altan Gokhan
Published: January 2021

Deep learning (DL) is a special field of artificial intelligence that has increased its use in various fields and has proved its effectiveness in classification. The feasibility of using many hidden layers and many neurons for each layer in the DL architectures enables a detailed analyzing capability for classification and segmentation issues. Advancing the learning performance and generalization capability of the models for big data is one of the major advantages of DL that makes it a mandatory requirement for especially the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Whereas tethering the sensing systems to the Internet enables remote control capabilities, communication, and coordination among the systems raises security vulnerability for many IoT devices. This study utilized DL algorithms, including deep belief networks and deep autoencoders, to perform an invasion detection application in IoT devices. The UNSW‐NB15 database, collected from a realistic network to evaluate cybersecurity applications, was utilized for training the DL models. The study aims to design a DL architecture for the implementation of secured IoT and to assess the performance and robustness of DL algorithms for detecting IoT‐based intrusions. The main contribution is SecureDeepNet‐IoT, which is an adaptive multikernel cybersecurity platform for sensing inputs. The SecureDeepNet‐IoT has achieved classification accuracy up to 95.05% and 94.39% for deep belief networks and deep neural networks, respectively. Deep autoencoder with extreme learning machine kernel has detected the IoT‐based invasion with accuracy rates of 97.86% and 98.15% for binary and multiinvasion classification, respectively. In addition to high generalization capability, the deep autoencoder kernel reached rapid enough speed in detecting abnormal sensing values in IoT.
A stabilized finite element method based on characteristic‐based polynomial pressure projection scheme for incompressible flows
Authors: Gao Guang‐Jun , Chen Qian‐Ru , Jiang Chen , Wang Tian‐Tian , Liu Ming‐Yang , Liu Gui‐Rong
Published: January 2021

In this paper, a characteristic‐based polynomial pressure projection (CBP3) scheme is proposed to stabilize finite element method for solving incompressible laminar flow. The characteristic‐Galerkin (CG) method is adopted as the stabilization for convection caused oscillation in CBP3 scheme. The pressure oscillation caused by incompressible constraint is stabilized by the polynomial pressure projection (P3) technique. Proposed scheme is suitable for any element using the equal‐order approximation for velocity and pressure. In this paper, the linear triangular and bilinear quadrilateral elements are adopted. The constant pressure projection is used for triangular elements. The CBP3 formulations for quadrilateral element are derived using both constant and linear pressure projections. Besides, the quasi‐implicit second‐order time stepping is adopted. The verification of CBP3 scheme implementation and validation of CBP3 scheme are accomplished by calculating several benchmarks. The results of CBP3 scheme reveal that the linear pressure projection for quadrilateral element is not appropriate due to its severe pressure oscillation. The well‐agreed results of CBP3 scheme using constant pressure projection demonstrate its good stabilization for FEM to solve both low and relatively high Reynolds number flows.
Photo‐Induced Dihydroxylation of Alkenes with Diacetyl, Oxygen, and Water
Authors: Masuda Yusuke , Ikeshita Daichi , Murakami Masahiro
Published: January 2021

Herein reported is a photo‐induced production of vicinal diols from alkenes under mild reaction conditions. The present dihydroxylation method using diacetyl (= butane‐2,3‐dione), oxygen, and water dispenses with toxic reagents and intractable waste generation.
FZD6 triggers Wnt–signalling driven by WNT10BIVS1 expression and highlights new targets in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Cassaro Adriana , Grillo Giovanni , Notaro Marco , Gliozzo Jessica , Esposito Ilaria , Reda Gianluigi , Trojani Alessandra , Valentini Giorgio , Di Camillo Barbara , Cairoli Roberto , Beghini Alessandro
Published: January 2021

Wnt/Fzd signaling has been implicated in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and in acute leukemia establishment. In our previous work, we described a recurrent rearrangement involving the WNT10B locus (WNT10BR), characterized by the expression of WNT10BIVS1 transcript variant, in acute myeloid leukemia. To determine the occurrence of WNT10BR in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL), we retrospectively analyzed an Italian cohort of patients (n = 20) and detected a high incidence (13/20) of WNT10BIVS1 expression. To address genes involved in WNT10B molecular response, we have designed a Wnt‐targeted RNA sequencing panel. Identifying Wnt agonists and antagonists, it results that the expression of FZD6, LRP5, and PROM1 genes stands out in WNT10BIVS1 positive patients compared to negative ones. Using MOLT4 and MUTZ‐2 as leukemic cell models, which are characterized by the expression of WNT10BIVS1, we have observed that WNT10B drives major Wnt activation to the FZD6 receptor complex through receipt of ligand. Additionally, short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs)‐mediated gene silencing and small molecule‐mediated inhibition of WNTs secretion have been observed to interfere with the WNT10B/FZD6 interaction. We have therefore identified that WNT10BIVS1 knockdown, or pharmacological interference by the LGK974 porcupine (PORCN) inhibitor, reduces WNT10B/FZD6 protein complex formation and significantly impairs intracellular effectors and leukemic expansion. These results describe the molecular circuit induced by WNT10B and suggest WNT10B/FZD6 as a new target in the T‐ALL treatment strategy.
Long‐term clinical outcome and mortality risks after paclitaxel‐coated balloon angioplasty in patients with peripheral artery disease: An observational clinical study
Authors: Schahab Nadjib , Prengel Ann‐Kathrin , Mahn Thorsten , Schaefer Christian , Fimmers Rolf , Nickenig Georg , Zimmer Sebastian
Published: January 2021

Background and aims

Drug‐eluting devices (DEDs) are usually used as a standard therapy for revascularization in femoropopliteal artery disease. Randomized controlled trails have found that DEDs with paclitaxel result in superior patency rates and decreased target lesion revascularization. A meta‐analysis by Katsanos et al indicated an increased long‐term mortality in patients treated with paclitaxel‐coated devices. The aim of this observational clinical study was to assess the long‐term clinical outcomes and mortality risk after paclitaxel‐coated balloon angioplasty in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 287 patients with peripheral interventions, including 173 drug‐coated balloon (DCB) angioplasties and 114 plain old balloon angioplasties (POBA), performed at our center between 2015 and 2018.

Results

There were no significant differences in mortality rates between patients who received DCB angioplasty and those who received POBA. In the first year, the hazard ratio (HR) for DCB angioplasty was 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31 to 1.12, P = .104). After 2 years, this HR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.36‐1.17, P = .145), while the 3‐year and 4‐year HR increased to 0.71 and 1.30 (3‐year: 95% CI 0.37‐1.33, P = ,283; 4‐year: 95% CI 0.55‐3.08, P = .546). No paclitaxel dose‐response relationship with mortality rate was identified when adjusted for key predictors of mortality.

Conclusions

Analyses of patient level data identified no significant mortality differences between DCB angioplasty and POBA after 4 years of follow‐up. Furthermore, there was no dose‐response relationship between paclitaxel and mortality. These findings demonstrate that paclitaxel DCB is safe. Further long‐term multicenter studies are needed to determine the risk of late mortality.