bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
K2-265 b: a transiting rocky super-Earth
Authors: Lam K. W. F. , Santerne A. , Sousa S. G. , Vigan A. , Armstrong D. J. , Barros S. C. C. , Brugger B. , Adibekyan V. , Almenara J.-M. , Delgado Mena E. , Dumusque X. , Barrado D. , Bayliss D. , Bonomo A. S. , Bouchy F. , Brown D. J. A. , Ciardi D. , Deleuil M. , Demangeon O. , Faedi F. , Foxell E. , Jackman J. A. G. , King G. W. , Kirk J. , Ligi R. , Lillo-Box J. , Lopez T. , Lovis C. , Louden T. , Nielsen L. D. , McCormac J. , Mousis O. , Osborn H. P. , Pollacco D. , Santos N. C. , Udry S. , Wheatley P. J.
Published: October 2018

We report the discovery of the super-Earth K2-265 b detected with K2 photometry. The planet orbits a bright (Vmag = 11.1) star of spectral type G8V with a period of 2.37 days. We obtained high-precision follow-up radial velocity measurements from HARPS, and the joint Bayesian analysis showed that K2-265 b has a radius of 1.71 ± 0.11 R⊕ and a mass of 6.54 ± 0.84 M⊕, corresponding to a bulk density of 7.1 ± 1.8 g cm−3. Composition analysis of the planet reveals an Earth-like, rocky interior; this object has a rock mass fraction of ~80%. The short orbital period and small radius of the planet puts it below the lower limit of the photoevaporation gap, where the envelope of the planet could have eroded owing to strong stellar irradiation, leaving behind an exposed core. Knowledge of the planet core composition allows us to infer the possible formation and evolution mechanism responsible for its current physical parameters.
Deutschsprachige Leitlinien für die Aphasie- und
Dysarthriebehandlung nach Schlaganfall
Authors: Mandl Lena , Schindel Daniel , Deutschbein Johannes , Frick Johann , Schenk Liane
Published: October 2018

Ziel Evaluation deutschsprachiger Leitlinien zur Aphasie- und
Dysarthriebehandlung im Vergleich mit internationalen Leitlinien.

Methoden Die nach strukturierter Recherche eingeschlossenen 6
deutschsprachigen Leitlinien wurden mit AGREE II evaluiert und den
Ergebnissen eines systematischen Reviews von 19 englischsprachigen
Leitlinien gegenübergestellt.

Ergebnisse Die Qualität der deutschsprachigen Leitlinien
erwies sich als heterogen. In 2 von 6 zu evaluierenden Domänen sowie
in der Gesamtbewertung konnte keine der deutschsprachigen Leitlinien den
Cut-Off-Wert von 66,67% für gute Leitlinienqualität
erreichen. Mit Ausnahme der Domäne Redaktionelle
Unabhängigkeit blieben diese auch unter den Wertungen der
internationalen Referenzen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Qualität kann teilweise mit einfachen
Mitteln erhöht werden. Ressourcenintensiver, aber zentral sind
Suchstrategien und Umgang mit recherchierter Evidenz transparent zu machen.
Eine Harmonisierung der deutschsprachigen Leitlinien erscheint
wünschenswert.
An Update in the Use of JJ Stents
Authors: Ortiz Zableh Ana María , Bastidas Rosas Danielle , López Ramos Hugo
Published: October 2018

Introduction Ureteral stents are widely used tools in the daily practice of the urologist due to the fact that they solve the endo- and extraluminal ureteral obstructions, enabling an adequate urine flow. They are the preferred tool because they are easy to insert and versatile, and are used to treat various urologic pathologies; nonetheless, they are not exempt from complications.

Objectives To present an update in the use of JJ stents, describing their main associated symptoms and complications, indications and newest developments.

Materials and Methods We performed a literature review in the Embase, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases, with the following terms and cross-references: ureteral stent; diagnosis; treatment; and urology, restricting the search to the past 7 years. A total of 428 articles were found, and 49 were used in the revision.

Results We described the symptoms and complications associated with the use of JJ stents and their prevention, their use in the treatment of lithiasis and oncologic diseases, the utility of metallic stents, and new designs and improvements in their development.

Conclusions JJ stents remain a very useful tool in the daily practice of the urologist, but are not exempt from having adverse effects and complications. There have been advances that decrease the adverse effects associated with their use, mainly infection, symptoms associated to the insertion, and risk of incrustation.
Long-Term Outcome after Joint Bleeds in Von Willebrand Disease Compared to Haemophilia A: A Post Hoc Analysis
Authors: van Galen Karin , Timmer Merel , de Kleijn Piet , Leebeek Frank , Foppen Wouter , Schutgens Roger , Eikenboom Jeroen , Meijer Karina , Fijnvandraat Karin , Laros-van Gorkom Britta , Twisk Jos , Mauser-Bunschoten Eveline , Fischer Kathelijn ,   on behalf of the WiN Studygroup
Published: October 2018

Long-term outcome after joint bleeds in von Willebrand disease (VWD) (von Willebrand factor activity ≤ 30 IU/dL) could differ from moderate or severe haemophilia A (HA) (factor VIII [FVIII] 1–5 IU/dL or FVIII < 1 IU/dL). We performed a post hoc analysis on Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS, 0–124), X-ray Pettersson scores (PS, 0–13/joint) and the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL, 0–100), using multivariable regression to adjust for age (rate ratio [RR] or odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval]). We included 48 VWD (median age, 47 years, type 3 VWD, n = 19), 39 moderate HA (median, 39 years) and 59 severe HA patients (median, 25 years) with documented joint bleeds. VWD patients suffered repeated bleeding (lifetime > 5/joint) less often than moderate and severe HA patients (52% vs. 77% vs. 98%). HJHS and PS in VWD were similar to moderate HA (median HJHS 5 vs. 6, RR 0.9 [0.5–1.4] and PS > 3 of ≥ 1 joint OR 0.3 [0.1–1.4]), but better than in severe HA patients (median HJHS 5 vs. 9, RR 1.8 [1.1–2.9]; PS > 3 in any joint OR 0.1 [0.0–0.3]). Self-reported limitations in activities were comparable across VWD, moderate HA (HAL score < 95: 67% vs. 49%; OR 1.4 [0.5–3.6]) and young adults with severe HA (67% vs. 48%; OR 1.7 [0.7–4.4]). Despite fewer joint bleeds, joint outcome after joint bleeds was similar in VWD and moderate HA patients. Type 3 VWD patients had worst joint outcome, comparable to younger intensively treated severe HA patients. Limitations in activities occurred as often in VWD as in both moderate and severe HA.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): A Review
Authors: Gupta Ram Rattan , Gupta Manu , Bhickta Shivani
Published: October 2018

In the late 1950's free radicals and antioxidants were almost unheard of in the clinical and biological sciences but chemists had known about them for years in the context of radiation, polymer and combustion technology. Daniel Gilbert, Rebeca Gerschman and their colleagues related the toxic effects of elevated oxygen levels on aerobes to those of ionizing radiation, and proposed that oxygen toxicity is due to free radical formation.
Philately and Radiology
Authors: Kapila Rishabh , Subash B
Published: October 2018

Information can be transmitted to the public in various ways. Postage stamps act as one of them. The information that they carry may be direct in the form of color and subject of the stamp or indirect through repeated sublime exposures. Postage stamps depicting various aspects of radiologic science ranging from theoretical radiation physics to clinical radiologic imaging and treatment are illustrated in this article.
Correlating Dental Caries with Tooth Brushing Frequency, Type of Toothpaste and Dental Visits
Authors: Munjal Vaibhav , Jindal Ritu , Dua Rohini , Garewal Ripin , Bathla Parveen
Published: October 2018

Aim: This study was done to evaluate correlation of Dental Caries status with frequency of tooth brushing, type of toothpaste and regular dental visits in children. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out randomly on 2500 school children of two age groups viz. 12 and 15 years, and caries examination was done using WHO (World Health organization) 1997 criteria in order to correlate with various risk factors viz. brushing frequency, use of fluoridated/non-fluoridated toothpaste and frequency of child's visit to dental clinic. Results: In both the age groups brushing frequency and type of toothpaste used insignificantly affected caries while evidence that frequency of child's visit to dental clinic reduces caries risk was also not substantial. Conclusion: The present study implicates that due to complex multifactorial nature of dental caries, its prevention still remains an enigma for the dental professional and society.
Management of Dental Radiographic Waste
Authors: Koneru Jyothirmai , Mahajan Neha , Mahalakshmi Mallika
Published: October 2018

Radiographs are used by the dentists for the diagnosis, and/or treatment of patients in the majority of the cases. These radiographs have become a third eye to the dentist. Even with the advent of digital imaging there are a large number of dental offices that use conventional methods to obtain the radiographic images. Unfortunately, the conventional radiographic procedures generate certain substances that present as potential challenge to the environment. Although individual dentists generate only small amount of environmentally hazardous wastes, the accumulated waste produced by the profession may have a significant environmental impact, which in turn may pose a risk to the human health. Thus, it becomes extremely important for the proper disposal of materials originated from conventional radiographic methods, in order to minimize the negative environmental impact. This paper addresses the environmental impact of dental radiographic waste and describes measures that can be taken by dentists and their team to reduce the production of potentially harmful wastes.
The Battle in Endodontics: A Review
Authors: Kaur Artinder , Chaudhary Devendra , Kukreja Navneet , Bansal Abhishek , Bansal Jyoti , Kukreja Urvashi
Published: October 2018

Nickel titanium rotary shaping files fundamentally changed everything in endodontics; conceptually, procedurally and economically as well. NiTi rotary files made root canal therapy more accessible and kind of fun for dentists, and dental companies were loved for making files that cost four times more than stainless steel hand files but delivered a ten times improvement. The single file systems need no disinfecting, cleaning, sterilizing and organizing the NiTi files, provide optimal cutting efficiency along with better control of file breakage and thus increased patient safety and no risk for cross contamination.
Evaluation and Applicability of Moyers Mixed Dentition Arch Analysis in Himachal Population
Authors: Kaur Avninder , Singh Reetu , Mittal Sudhir , Sharma Sunila , Bector Aditi , Awasthi Surabhi
Published: October 2018

Introduction: The determination of a tooth-size to arch length discrepancy in mixed dentition requires an accurate prediction of the mesiodistal width of the unerupted permanent teeth. The Moyers mixed dentition space analysis is the non-radiographic method for detecting tooth-size arch length discrepancies. Moyers analysis was developed for North American children. Anthropological studies reveal that tooth size varies among different races and ethnicities. Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the applicability of Moyers mixed dentition arch analysis in children of Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and methods: Dental study models of 120 children in age group of 13- 16 years, were analysed who presented with complete eruption of permanent mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canines & premolars. All dentitions were required to be free of any signs of dental pathology or anomalies. Measurements of the mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular and maxillary teeth were made using a digital caliper with a Vernier scale that was calibrated to the nearest 0.01mm. The values were then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: All tooth groups showed highly significant differences (p<0.001) between mesiodistal widths in male and female subjects. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between actual widths and the Moyers tables at almost all percentile levels, including the recommended 75%. Conclusion: The differences noted between predicted values from the Moyers tables and that of the present investigation might be the result of racial and ethnic diversity.
Mixed Dentition Analysis: A Revised Equation for New Generation
Authors: Dua Varun , Kaur Avninder , Kaur Manjeet
Published: October 2018

Abstract: Aim: Racial difference is an important factor in tooth size variability. The present study was thus aimed to assess the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston method for predicting the mesiodistal dimensions of canine and premolars in children of Panchkula, Haryana. Methods: Dental study models of 200 children were analysed to check the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston method of mixed dentition analysis. Results: Differences have been found in the means of actual dimensions of canine & premolars and values derived by regression equation of Tanaka and Johnston by Student’s t-test and therefore formulated a new equation. Conclusion: Tooth size differences amongst races are an important variable that must be considered before the formulation of prediction equation. The proposed new prediction equations derived in the present study are possibly more appropriate to be used for mixed dentition analysis in a population of Panchkula, Haryana.
Plastisch-rekonstruktive Therapieoptionen bei Verätzung nach Betonexposition
Authors: Könneker Sören , Paprottka Felix , Hebebrand Detlev , Ahmadli Gulschan , Vogt Peter M. , Ipaktchi Ramin
Published: October 2018

Hintergrund Im beruflichen und privaten Bereich ist Zement nach wie vor ein häufig verwendetes Baumaterial. In unseren Kliniken stellen sich immer wieder
Patienten mit Verätzungen nach Betonexposition vor. Unser Ziel war es unsere gesammelten Fälle zu analysieren und Empfehlungen zur Behandlung bei Exposition und
deren Folgen zu geben.

Patienten und Methoden Im Zeitraum von 2013–2017 wurden in zwei deutschen plastisch-chirurgischen Kliniken insgesamt 7 Patienten, welch nach Beton-,
Zement- oder Estrich-Exposition Verätzungen in unterschiedlichen Körperregionen entwickelten, behandelt. Hierbei erfolgte im Verlauf eine systematische
retrospektive Analyse der Patientendaten.

Ergebnisse Bei allen Fällen war eine chirurgische Behandlung erforderlich. Die mittlere stationäre Behandlungsdauer betrug 9,8 Tage (n = 6). Die
durchschnittliche Operationsdauer für eine Spalthautdefektdeckung belief sich auf 1:04 Stunden (n = 5). Es wurden im Rahmen der chirurgischen Behandlung im
Durchschnitt 1,4 Operationen durchgeführt (n = 7). In allen Fällen erfolgte eine nachhaltige Wundheilung.

Schlussfolgerung Bei Betonverätzungen ist eine schnelle und kompetente Erstbehandlung erforderlich, um einem Nachtiefen in den exponierten Arealen
erfolgreich entgegenwirken zu können. Diese chirurgisch therapiebedürftigen seltenen Verätzungsverletzungen sollten demnach nur in speziellen
Verbrennungskliniken therapiert werden.
How Burkina Faso used evidence in deciding to launch its policy of free healthcare for children under five and women in 2016
Authors: Ridde Valéry , Yaméogo Pierre
Published: October 2018

In March 2016, the newly elected government of Burkina Faso decided on a major change in health financing policy: it abolished direct payment for healthcare for women and children under five. Unlike other countries in Africa, this decision took a long time, given that the first pilot projects for this policy instrument date from 2008. This article describes that political process and presents a reflexive analysis by two authors who were at the heart of events between 2008 and 2018. The analysis shows that, while the decision took a long time and certainly amounted to a policy paradigm shift, it was the result of a complex series of events and activities whose specific contributions are difficult to identify. Crucial to the decision was long-term funding of pilot projects to test the new policy instrument, associated with the generation of evidence mobilised through a myriad of knowledge transfer activities. Moreover, it took the continued mobilisation of advocacy coalitions, action to counter preconceived notions about this instrument, and the emergence of an essential window of opportunity—the 2014 popular uprising—for the decision to be possible. In this discussion, we generalise to the conceptual and theoretical levels, but also share practical lessons learned for those interested in engaging in evidence-informed decision-making. The main lessons are: recruit, train, and mobilise people and/or services responsible for knowledge transfer activities; identify and partner with political entrepreneurs early and regularly; be persistent and consistent in producing rigorous and useful knowledge; favour independent evaluation teams using mixed methods; train researchers in policy decision-making processes and decision-makers in knowledge production issues; adapt (content, format, vocabulary, language, etc.) the evidence to the needs of the knowledge users in close collaboration with researchers and disseminate it to target audiences; understand the sometimes different logics of researchers and decision-makers and encourage their interaction; to seize opportunities, regularly analyse the political decision-making processes specific to the national context as well as the social and political contexts favourable (or not) to decision-making.
Gender, work, non-work and the invisible migrant: au pairs in contemporary Britain
Authors: Cox Rosie
Published: October 2018

Campaigns by Uber drivers, Deliveroo riders and McDonalds workers have highlighted problems with the new world of platform economies and zero-hour contracts. At the same time, the Brexit process has opened up debates about the UK’s dependence on low-waged workers from the EU. Together these trends raise questions about who is going to do low-paid, labour intensive work in the future and what their rights will be. Within these debates, au pairs have been largely invisible despite the fact that they are EU workers who are depended upon by perhaps 100,000 families in the UK, and the fact that their status excludes them from protections available to other workers. This paper explores the current UK situation to examine how this invisibility is related to the gendering of the work au pairs do. While traditionally masculine jobs, such as construction work, have tended to be reimagined as self-employment, au pairing is an example of the way that traditionally feminine tasks are produced by policy discourses as ‘help’. Despite this invisibility au pairs do large amounts of work, on average working 37.8 h per week for ‘pocket money’ at about half the level of the National Minimum Wage and they are increasingly taking on tasks, such as the care for very young children, that would have been done by qualified nannies in the past. In addition to the current debates over the rights of workers in new ‘platform’ economies, and the possible problems arising from Brexit, we need a broader conversation about work, what it is and how gendered assumptions inform government policy and curtail the rights of workers.
High-throughput screening of perovskite oxynitride and oxide materials for visible-light photocatalysis
Authors: Sawada Keisuke , Nakajima Takahito
Published: October 2018

We performed a high-throughput screening of 29 160 perovskite oxynitrides and oxides in order to discover novel photocatalysts for water splitting by visible light. Efficient high-throughput simulations with density functional theory were performed on the K computer, which is a massively parallel multi-core supercomputer in Japan. By applying the screening procedure to the entire set of compounds in the database, 42 potential perovskite-photocatalyst candidates for visible-light water splitting were discovered, including 34 newly proposed perovskites. Of the 42 potential candidates, six perovskites, viz., NaWO2N, KWO2N, MgWON2, CaVO2N, CaAl1/3W2/3O2N, and CaV2/3Fe1/3O3, are desirable in terms of cost.
Highly sensitive detection of photo-thermal transient stress by a sub-nanosecond pump probe with surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Ichihashi Hayato , Hayashi Hiromichi , Takayanagi Shinji , Matsukawa Mami , Watanabe Yoshiaki
Published: October 2018

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has attracted increasing attention for non-invasive functional imaging in biomedicine and biomedical studies. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is a potential acoustical detector with high sensitivity and wide bandwidth for use in high-resolution 3D PAM. In this study, we investigated a simple Kretschmann SPR sensor, demonstrating highly sensitive stress detection in the sub-nanosecond timescale by directly inducing photo-thermal transient stress. To do this, we designed and used a sub-nanosecond pump probe system. The SPR sensor clearly detected the transient response from the thermal elastic effect, while a simple pump-probe sensor without SPR did not detect it. Our experimental results demonstrate a simple SPR sensor that can detect stress with high sensitivity and sub-nanosecond time resolution. This technique could be used in high-resolution 3D PAM by mounting a small biomedical sample on the sensor.
Research Update: Tricritical point and large caloric effect in a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite
Authors: Szafrański Marek , Wei Wen-Juan , Wang Zhe-Ming , Li Wei , Katrusiak Andrzej
Published: October 2018

The tricritical point (TCP) and the character of phase transitions are essential for understanding the properties of versatile materials. This has been demonstrated for a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite, (CH3)2NH2Mg(HCOO)3, undergoing an order-disorder phase transition. Its tricritical point and the p-T phase diagram have been determined. Pressure gradually reduces the 1st-order character of the transition, which finally becomes continuous at 247 K/400 MPa. The structural origin of this tricritical point is associated with the compression of voids hosting the [(CH3)2NH2]+ cations. We show that above the tricritical point, in the continuous region, despite the absence of latent heat, a high transition entropy is retained. Owing to this property, the continuous region of this transition in the vicinity of TCP is well suited for solid-state cooling. The adiabatic temperature change of about 8.1 K at 206.5 MPa is one of the highest reported so far. Owing to the negative pressure coefficient dTc/dp = −45.9 K GPa−1, (CH3)2NH2Mg(HCOO)3 can be combined with another material transforming with dTc/dp > 0 into a highly efficient tandem system, where both the compression and decompression cycles contribute to the cooling process.
Pt-doped single-walled CNT as a superior media for evaluating the operation status of insulation devices: A first-principle study
Authors: Xiao Song , Zhang Jun , Zhang Xiaoxing , Cui Hao
Published: October 2018

Detecting SF6 decomposed species by chemical gas sensors has been accepted as a workable method to estimate the operation status of insulation devices in electrical engineering. Functioned by transition metals, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) would be provided with enhanced sensitivity and response towards gas molecules due to the high catalytic activity of metals for gas interaction. This has been the focus of attention in recent years. In this paper, the adsorption of three SF6 decomposed components (SO2F2, SO2 and H2S) onto Pt-doped CNT were simulated based on density function theory method. Results indicated that Pt-CNT has the best sensitivity to H2S causing remarkably conductivity change accordingly, followed by SO2, and the last one comes to SO2F2. Pt dopant exerts great impacts on adsorption of gas molecules onto CNT surface through providing active adsorption sites for CNT support. Our calculation results would be meaningful to suggest advanced sensing materials being applied in the field of electrical engineering.
Ants know the secret to avoiding traffic jams
Authors: Berkowitz Rachel
Published: October 2018

In a confined environment, ants divide labor to optimize nest excavation.
Free-falling nanoparticle helps to detect tiny forces
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: October 2018

A miniature mechanical sensor works by repeatedly dropping and catching a particle.
Viable cyanobacteria in the deep continental subsurface
Authors: Puente-Sánchez Fernando , Arce-Rodríguez Alejandro , Oggerin Monike , García-Villadangos Miriam , Moreno-Paz Mercedes , Blanco Yolanda , Rodríguez Nuria , Bird Laurence , Lincoln Sara A. , Tornos Fernando , Prieto-Ballesteros Olga , Freeman Katherine H. , Pieper Dietmar H. , Timmis Kenneth N. , Amils Ricardo , Parro Víctor
Published: October 2018

Cyanobacteria are ecologically versatile microorganisms inhabiting most environments, ranging from marine systems to arid deserts. Although they possess several pathways for light-independent energy generation, until now their ecological range appeared to be restricted to environments with at least occasional exposure to sunlight. Here we present molecular, microscopic, and metagenomic evidence that cyanobacteria predominate in deep subsurface rock samples from the Iberian Pyrite Belt Mars analog (southwestern Spain). Metagenomics showed the potential for a hydrogen-based lithoautotrophic cyanobacterial metabolism. Collectively, our results suggest that they may play an important role as primary producers within the deep-Earth biosphere. Our description of this previously unknown ecological niche for cyanobacteria paves the way for models on their origin and evolution, as well as on their potential presence in current or primitive biospheres in other planetary bodies, and on the extant, primitive, and putative extraterrestrial biospheres.
Copper inhibits peptidoglycan LD-transpeptidases suppressing β-lactam resistance due to bypass of penicillin-binding proteins
Authors: Peters Katharina , Pazos Manuel , Edoo Zainab , Hugonnet Jean-Emmanuel , Martorana Alessandra M. , Polissi Alessandra , VanNieuwenhze Michael S. , Arthur Michel , Vollmer Waldemar
Published: October 2018

Significance

The antimicrobial effect of copper has been known since ancient times and it is well known that copper alloy surfaces kill various disease-causing bacteria, fungi, and viruses, preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer between pathogens. However, there is little knowledge about specific targets of copper toxicity in bacteria. Here we show that copper inhibits peptidoglycan LD-transpeptidases, causing higher permeability in the outermembrane and precluding strains of
Escherichia coli
and
Enterococcus faecium
to utilize these enzymes in a bypass mechanism to achieve β-lactam resistance. Hence, copper affects bacterial cell envelope biogenesis at low concentration that does not affect growth rate.
New applications of the polynomial method: The cap set conjecture and beyond
Authors: Grochow Joshua
Published: October 2018

The cap set problem asks how large can a subset of

(

Z

/

3

Z

)
n

(\mathbb {Z}/3\mathbb {Z})^n

be and contain no lines or, more generally, how can large a subset of

(

Z

/

p

Z

)
n

(\mathbb {Z}/p\mathbb {Z})^n

be and contain no arithmetic progressions. This problem was motivated by deep questions about structure in the prime numbers, the geometry of lattice points, and the design of statistical experiments. In 2016, Croot, Lev, and Pach solved the analogous problem in

(

Z

/

4

Z

)
n

(\mathbb {Z}/4\mathbb {Z})^n

, showing that the largest set without arithmetic progressions had size at most

c
n

c^n

for some

c
>
4

c > 4

. Their proof was as elegant as it was unexpected, being a departure from the tried and true methods of Fourier analysis that had dominated the field for half a century. Shortly thereafter, Ellenberg and Gijswijt leveraged their method to resolve the original cap set problem. This expository article covers the history and motivation for the cap set problem and some of the many applications of the technique: from removing triangles from graphs, to rigidity of matrices, and to algorithms for matrix multiplication. The latter application turns out to give back to the original problem, sharpening our understanding of the techniques involved and of what is needed for showing that the current bounds are tight. Most of our exposition assumes only familiarity with basic linear algebra, polynomials, and the integers modulo

N
N

.
Faith or Ideology? Religiosity, Political Islam, and Anti-Americanism in Iran
Authors: Asadzade Peyman
Published: October 2018

The Middle East, particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a reputation for harboring very strong forms of anti-Americanism. Why are some individuals more hostile to the United States than others? What factors are associated with anti-American sentiments? This article offers the first systematic study of anti-Americanism in Iran, a country in which anti-Americanism has been a guiding policy of the government since the 1979 revolution. Based on original survey data from 2016, I seek to explain how religiosity and political Islam influence public attitudes toward the United States. Distinguishing between political and cultural anti-Americanism, I find that, while support for political Islam is significantly associated with both types of anti-Americanism, religiosity predicts only cultural anti-Americanism. The findings challenge the literature that associates anti-American sentiments with religiosity in the Islamic world.
A Survey on Fever Monitoring and Management in Patients With Acute Brain Injury: The SUMMA Study
Authors: Picetti Edoardo , Oddo Mauro , Prisco Lara , Helbok Raimund , Taccone Fabio Silvio
Published: October 2018

Background:

Fever is common in patients with acute brain injury and worsens secondary brain injury and clinical outcomes. Currently, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of fever and its management. The aims of the survey were to explore: (a) fever definitions, (b) thresholds to trigger temperature management, and (c) therapeutic strategies to control fever.

Materials and Methods:

A questionnaire (26 items) was made available to members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine via its website between July 2016 and December 2016.

Results:

Among 231 respondents, 193 provided complete responses to the questionnaire (84%); mostly intensivists (n=124, [54%]). Body temperature was most frequently measured using a bladder probe (n=93, [43%]). A large proportion of respondents considered fever as a body temperature >38.3°C (n=71, [33%]). The main thresholds for antipyretic therapy were 37.5°C (n=74, [34%]) and 38.0°C (n=86, [40%]); however, lower thresholds (37.0 to 37.5°C) were targeted in cases of intracranial hypertension and cerebral ischemia. Among first-line methods to treat fever, ice packs were the most frequently utilized physical method (n=90, [47%]), external nonautomated system was the most frequent utilized device (n=49, [25%]), and paracetamol was the most frequently utilized drug (n=135, [70%]). Among second-line methods, intravenous infusion of cold fluids was the most frequently utilized physical method (n=68, [35%]), external computerized automated system was the most frequently utilized device (n=75, [39%]), and diclofenac was the most frequently utilized drug (n=62, [32%]). Protocols for fever control and shivering management were available to 83 (43%) and 54 (28%) of respondents, respectively.

Conclusions:

In this survey we identified substantial variability in fever definition and application of temperature management in acute brain injury patients. These findings may be helpful in promoting educational interventions and in designing future studies on this topic.
Comparison of Pain-reducing Effect After Selective Nerve Root Block According to the Type of Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
Authors: Ko Sangbong , Kwon Jaibum , Lee Youngsik , Chae Seungbum , Choi Wonkee
Published: October 2018

Study Design:

This was a nonrandomized controlled cohort study (level 3).

Objective:

This study was designed to compare the differences in clinical features among patients with various degrees of lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS), and the therapeutic effect of selective nerve root block (SNRB).

Summary of Background Data:

Symptomatic improvement rate was lower in grade IV (0.377) than in other grades (1T: 0.612, 2:0.527, 3:0.551), with statistical significance (P=0.03).

Patients and Methods:

A total of 233 patients with radiating pain, concurrent with neurological and radiologic findings, were assigned to receive SNRB for at least 1 level, and screened for ≥6 months. The degree of foraminal stenosis was classified by perineural fat obliteration, and the degree of radiating pain was assessed by visual analog scale. After SNRBs were performed, symptomatic improvement was assessed after 2, 12, and 24 weeks after injection.

Results:

There were no significant differences in visual analog scale with regard to the degree of stenosis. Improvements were significantly higher after 2 weeks (P=0.030), and there were no significant differences in symptomatic improvement rates over time except LFS grade 1V. At 2 weeks after injection, there was no significant difference in the extent of symptomatic improvement between the grades. At 12 and 24 weeks after injection, patients with LFS grade 1T, 2, 3 showed significantly higher symptomatic improvement rates than patients with LFS grade 1V.

Conclusions:

Among the patients with LFS, SNRB reduced pain by 51% after 2 weeks. At after 12 weeks, SNRBs were more effective in patients with LFS grade 1T, 2, 3, compared with patients with grade 1V. All patients showed persistent symptomatic relief, whereas those with grade 1T showed a reduced degree of symptomatic relief after 2 weeks.
Ventricular fibrillation recorded and analysed within an area the size of a mobile phone: could it enable cardiac arrest recognition?
Authors: Syväoja Sakari , Rissanen Tuomas T. , Hiltunen Pamela , Castren Maaret , Mäntylä Pirjo , Kivelä Antti , Uusaro Ari , Jäntti Helena
Published: October 2018

Background

Recognition of out-of-hospital-cardiac arrests (OHCAs) at emergency medical communication centres is based on questions of OHCA symptoms, resulting in 50–80% accuracy rates. However, OHCAs might be recognized more promptly using ‘rhythm-based’ recognition, whereby a victim’s cardiac rhythm is recorded with mobile phone technology that analyses and transmits recordings to emergency medical communication centres for further interpretation.

Objective

To examine whether the quality of normal cardiac rhythm and the rhythm with the best prognosis in OHCA, ventricular fibrillation (VF), is sufficient for ‘rhythm-based’ OHCA recognition when recorded within a mobile phone-sized device.

Patients and methods

mid-sternum within an area the size of a mobile phone and analysed by automated external defibrillator (AED) software and two cardiologists. The rhythms were categorized as shockable or nonshockable. The cardiologists assessed the quality of the recordings.

Results

The AED software correctly analysed all normal rhythms and 15 of 22 VF rhythms. The VF duration was too short for automatic detection in seven cases. The cardiologists analysed all the normal rhythms and VF sequences correctly and graded them as high quality.

Conclusion

The recordings of normal ECG rhythm and VF within an area the size of a mobile phone are of sufficient quality and could be used in ‘rhythm-based’ OHCA recognition. The VF period was too short for an accurate analysis by the AED software in some cases.
Testis Involvement in Neuroblastoma: Report of 3 Cases in the Turkish Pediatric Oncology Group-Neuroblastoma Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kebudi Rejin , Koc Begum Sirin , Akici Ferhan , Cakir Fatma Betul , Gorgun Omer , Olgun Nur
Published: October 2018

Background:

Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood. Primary and secondary testicular involvement is extremely uncommon in neuroblastoma.

Procedure:

All children with neuroblastoma treated with the Turkish Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG)-Neuroblastoma (NB) Study and who had testis involvement either at diagnosis or at relapse were retrospectively evaluated. A review of all cases with neuroblastoma and testis involvement in the literature was done.

Results:

There were 3 children with NB documented to have involvement of the testis, 2 at diagnosis, 1 at recurrence, within the 559 cases (0.5%) treated with the Turkish Pediatric Oncology Group (TPOG)-Neuroblastoma Protocol. All had advanced stage. Two were infants. A total of 57 cases of testicular or paratesticular neuroblastoma have been reported in children, and most cases represent metastases as in the 3 cases in our series.

Conclusions:

Neuroblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular mass and work-up for neuroblastoma should be done before orchiectomy. Scrotal ultrasonography should be used as the first diagnostic tool and abdominal ultrasonography shall be done additionally. Testis examination should be performed at diagnosis and regularly during follow-up for boys diagnosed with neuroblastoma. Testes may be sanctuary sites when neuroblastoma is metastatic, as is the case in leukemia.
Evolving optimum camouflage with Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Talas Laszlo , Fennell John G. , Kjernsmo Karin , Cuthill Innes C. , Scott-Samuel Nicholas E. , Baddeley Roland J.
Published: October 2018

We describe a novel method to exploit Generative Adversarial Networks to simulate an evolutionary arms race between the camouflage of a synthetic prey and its predator. Patterns evolved using our methods are shown to provide progressively more effective concealment and outperform two recognised camouflage techniques. The method will be invaluable, particularly for biologists, for rapidly developing and testing optimal camouflage or signalling patterns in multiple environments.
Disentangling unspecific and specific transgenerational immune priming components in host-parasite interactions
Authors: Ben-Ami Frida , Orlic Christian , Regoes Roland R.
Published: October 2018

Exposure to a pathogen primes many organisms to respond faster or more efficiently to subsequent exposures. Such priming can be unspecific or specific, and has been found to extend across generations. Disentangling and quantifying specific and unspecific effects is essential for understanding the genetic epidemiology of a system. By combining a large infection experiment and mathematical modeling, we disentangle different transgenerational effects in the crustacean model Daphnia magna exposed to different strains of the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa. In the experiments, we exposed hosts to a high-dose of one of three parasite strains, and subsequently challenged their offspring with multiple doses of the same or a different strain, i. e. homologously or heterogously. We find that exposure to Pasteuria decreases the susceptibility of a host’s offspring by approximately 50%. This transgenerational protection is not larger for homologous than for heterologous parasite challenges. Our work represents an important contribution not only to the analysis of immune priming in ecological systems, but also to the experimental assessment of vaccines. We present for the first time an inference framework to investigate specific and unspecific effects of immune priming on the susceptibility distribution of hosts — effects that are central to understanding immunity and the effect of vaccines.

Author summary

Immune memory is a feature of immune systems that forms the basis of vaccination. In opposition to textbook accounts, the ability to specifically remember previous exposures has been found to extend to invertebrates and shown to be able to be passed on from mother to off-spring, i. e. to be transgenerational. In this paper, we investigate the extent of this specificity in unprecedented detail in water fleas. We exposed water flea mothers to different strains of a bacterial pathogen and challenged their offspring with a wide range of doses of a strain that were either identical to (homologous) or different from (heterologous) the strain, to which the mother had been exposed. We find that, while exposure of the mother reduces the susceptibility of the offspring, this effect is not specific. This work outlines the limits of specific transgenerational immune memory in this invertebrate system.
Urbanization and species-energy relationships
Authors: Leveau Lucas M.
Published: October 2018

Species-energy relationships (SER) have been used scarcely to predict responses of biodiversity to changes in land use. In this work, two hypothesis of the SER were tested on bird communities along urbanization gradients: the increasing population size (IPS) and the niche position (NP) hypotheses. The IPS hypothesis states that sites with more primary productivity have more individuals, decreasing the probability of extinction and increasing species richness. The HPN predicts that sites with greater primary productivity and environmental heterogeneity allow the availability of a greater variety of resources and the presence of specialist species, thus increasing species richness. The hypothesis of habitat heterogeneity was evaluated by which more complex habitats provide more variety of resources and greater species richness. Birds were counted along three urban-rural gradients in the Pampean region of Argentina during the breeding season. The productive energy was measured from the NDVI and the environmental heterogeneity through the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, calculated with the percentage coverage of different substrates. Bird richness and habitat diversity were higher at intermediate levels of urbanization, while primary productivity had a negative relationship with urbanization. Although there was a positive relationship between bird richness and abundance, there was no positive relationship between bird abundance and primary productivity. Bird richness showed a positive relationship with habitat diversity and primary productivity; although path analysis revealed that the habitat diversity increased bird richness through an increase of bird abundance. The NP hypothesis was the most consistent to predict the bird richness along urban-rural gradients.
Unveiling the molecular basis of disease co-occurrence: towards personalized comorbidity profiles
Authors: Sánchez-Valle Jon , Tejero Hector , Fernández José María , Juan David , Capella-Gutiérrez Salvador , Al-Shahrour Fatima , Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael , Pancaldi Vera , Valencia Alfonso
Published: October 2018

Comorbidity is an impactful medical problem that is attracting increasing attention in healthcare and biomedical research. However, little is known about the molecular processes leading to the development of a specific disease in patients affected by other conditions. We present a disease interaction network inferred from similarities in patients’ molecular profiles, which significantly recapitulates epidemiologically documented comorbidities, providing the basis for their interpretation at a molecular level. Furthermore, expanding on the analysis of subgroups of patients with similar molecular profiles, our approach discovers comorbidity relations not previously described, implicates distinct genes in such relations, and identifies drugs whose side effects are potentially associated to the observed comorbidities.
Relationship between ecological stoichiometry and community diversity of plant ecosystems in the upper reaches of the Tarim River, China
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Gong Lu , Chen Xin
Published: October 2018

Aim

Although it is commonly proposed that nutrient cycling can impact plant community diversity, this relationship has not been fully examined in arid and semi-arid zones. Here, we expand on the framework for evaluating the relationship between biodiversity and ecological stoichiometry by scaling up from the level of the community.

Location

The upper reaches of the Tarim River (Northwest China, 80°10’-84°36’E, 0°25’-41°10’N).

Methods

We used multivariate analysis of variance to compare the stoichiometric characteristics and species diversity indices of sampled plant communities. We also measured carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) content of plants. We then assessed correlations between community stoichiometry and species diversity through structural equation models (SEM) and redundancy analysis (RDA).

Results

We found that the differences between stoichiometric characteristics and community diversity indices were highly significant. The Margalef index was strongly related to C and P content. The Simpson’s index and Shannon-Weaner index were most strongly correlated with C content. Pielou’s index was closely related to C and N contents, and the C:N and C:P ratios were important at driving ecological dominance.

Main Conclusions

Our study highlights the importance of ecological stoichiometry in driving community assembly and diversity within a desert ecosystems in northwestern China. The relationship between eclogical stoichiometry in the desert plant community had an effect on species diversity, and it was a good indicator of plant community diversity.
A seleno-hormetine protects bone marrow hematopoietic cells against ionizing radiation-induced toxicity
Authors: Desirée Bartolini , Yanzhong Wang , Jie Zhang , Daniela Giustarini , Ranieri Rossi , Wang Gavin Y. , Pierangelo Torquato , Townsend Danyelle M. , Tew Kenneth D. , Francesco Galli
Published: October 2018

2,2’-diselenyldibenzoic acid (DSBA) is a mild thiol peroxidase agent presently in preclinical development. This study reports that the drug has novel seleno-hormetic properties in both murine bone marrow and human liver cells. According with previous in vitro findings, mechanistic aspects of such properties were confirmed to include the activation of Nrf2 transcription factor and an increased expression of downstream stress response genes in the liver and in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of the myeloid lineage. These genes include glutathione S-transferase that is reported to represent a major player in the metabolism and pharmacological function of seleno-organic compounds. As a practical application, DSBA administration prevented bone marrow toxicities following acute exposure to sub-lethal doses of ionizing radiation in C57 BL/6 mice.

In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the pharmacological properties of DSBAin vivo. The findings suggest applications for this selenohormetine in radioprotection and prevention protocols.
Social networks in the presence and absence of visual cues
Authors: Bierbach David , Krause Stefan , Romanczuk Pawel , Lukas Juliane , Arias-Rodriguez Lenin , Krause Jens
Published: October 2018

We compared the social dynamics of two populations of the live-bearing Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) that live in adjacent habitats with very different predator regimes: cave mollies that inhabit a low-predation environment inside a sulfidic cave with a low density of predatory water bugs (Belostomasp.), and mollies that live directly outside the cave (henceforth called “surface” mollies) in a high-predation environment with a high density of fish-eating birds. We filmed the social interactions of marked fish in both environments and analysed their social network dynamics using a Markov model under two different fish densities of 12 and 6 fish per 0.36 m2. As expected, surface mollies spent overall much more time social than cave mollies. This difference in overall social time was a result of surface mollies being less likely to discontinue social contact (once they had a social partner) and being more likely to resume social contact (once alone) than cave mollies. Interestingly surface mollies were also less likely to leave a current social partner than cave mollies. At low density, mollies (in both environments) were expected to show reduced social encounters which should dramatically change their social dynamics. Surface mollies, however, displayed an ability to maintain their social dynamics at low density (primarily by reducing the convex polygon spanned by the group) which was not observed in cave mollies. Despite the fact that we only compared two populations, our data provide a mechanistic explanation for density compensations of social dynamics that have also been observed in other fish species and give an example of how comparisons between the social dynamics of different populations can be made that go beyond conventional network analyses.