bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can seasonal and interannual variation in landscape CO2 fluxes be detected by atmospheric observations of CO2 concentrations made at a tall tower?
Authors: Smallman T. L. , Williams M. , Moncrieff J. B.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The coupled numerical weather model WRF-SPA (Weather Research and Forecasting model and Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model) has been used to investigate a 3 yr time series of observed atmospheric CO2 concentrations from a tall tower in Scotland, UK. Ecosystem-specific tracers of net CO2 uptake and net CO2 release were used to investigate the contributions to the tower signal of key land covers within its footprint, and how contributions varied at seasonal and interannual timescales. In addition, WRF-SPA simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations were compared with two coarse global inversion models, CarbonTrackerEurope and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's CarbonTracker (CTE-CT). WRF-SPA realistically modelled both seasonal (except post harvest) and daily cycles seen in observed atmospheric CO2 at the tall tower (R2 = 0.67, rmse = 3.5 ppm, bias = 0.58 ppm). Atmospheric CO2 concentrations from the tall tower were well simulated by CTE-CT, but the inverse model showed a poorer representation of diurnal variation and simulated a larger bias from observations (up to 1.9 ppm) at seasonal timescales, compared to the forward modelling of WRF-SPA. However, we have highlighted a consistent post-harvest increase in the seasonal bias between WRF-SPA and observations. Ecosystem-specific tracers of CO2 exchange indicate that the increased bias is potentially due to the representation of agricultural processes within SPA and/or biases in land cover maps. The ecosystem-specific tracers also indicate that the majority of seasonal variation in CO2 uptake for Scotland's dominant ecosystems (forests, cropland and managed grassland) is detectable in observations within the footprint of the tall tower; however, the amount of variation explained varies between years. The between years variation in detectability of Scotland's ecosystems is potentially due to seasonal and interannual variation in the simulated prevailing wind direction. This result highlights the importance of accurately representing atmospheric transport used within atmospheric inversion models used to estimate terrestrial source/sink distribution and magnitude.
Challenges and opportunities to reduce uncertainty in projections of future atmospheric CO2: a combined marine and terrestrial biosphere perspective
Authors: Dalmonech D. , Foley A. M. , Anav A. , Friedlingstein P. , Friend A. D. , Kidston M. , Willeit M. , Zaehle S.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric CO2 and climate projections for the next century vary widely across current Earth system models (ESMs), owing to different representations of the interactions between the marine and land carbon cycle on the one hand, and climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 on the other hand. Several efforts have been made in the last years to analyse these differences in detail in order to suggest model improvements. Here we review these efforts and analyse their successes, but also the associated uncertainties that hamper the best use of the available observations to constrain and improve the ESMs models. The aim of this paper is to highlight challenges in improving the ESMs that result from: (i) uncertainty about important processes in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and their response to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2; (ii) structural and parameter-related uncertainties in current land and marine models; (iii) uncertainties related to observations and the formulations of model performance metrics. We discuss the implications of these uncertainties for reducing the spread in future projections of ESMs and suggest future directions of work to overcome these uncertainties.
Microbial responses to chitin and chitosan in oxic and anoxic agricultural soil slurries
Authors: Wieczorek A. S. , Hetz S. A. , Kolb S.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer in terrestrial ecosystems and is subject to microbial degradation. Chitin can be deacetylated to chitosan or can be hydrolyzed to N,N′-diacetylchitobiose and oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine by aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Which pathway of chitin hydrolysis is preferred by soil microbial communities has previously been unknown. Supplementation of chitin stimulated microbial activity under oxic and anoxic conditions in agricultural soil slurries, whereas chitosan had no effect. Thus, the soil microbial community likely was more adapted to chitin as a substrate. In addition, this finding suggested that direct hydrolysis of chitin was preferred to the pathway that starts with deacetylation. Chitin was apparently degraded by aerobic respiration, ammonification, and nitrification to carbon dioxide and nitrate under oxic conditions. When oxygen was absent, fermentation products (acetate, butyrate, propionate, hydrogen, carbon dioxide) and ammonia were detected, suggesting that butyric and propionic acid fermentation were along with ammonification likely responsible for apparent anaerobic chitin degradation. In total, 42 different chiA genotypes were detected of which twenty were novel at an amino acid sequence dissimilarity of >50%. Various chiA genotypes responded to chitin supplementation and affiliated with a novel deep-branching bacterial chiA genotype (anoxic conditions), genotypes of Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria (oxic and anoxic conditions), and Planctomycetes (oxic conditions). Thus, this study provides evidence that detected chitinolytic bacteria were catabolically diverse and occupied different ecological niches with regard to oxygen availability enabling chitin degradation under various redox conditions at the level of the community.
The CRUTEM4 land-surface air temperature data set: construction, previous versions and dissemination via Google Earth
Authors: Osborn T. J. , Jones P. D.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The CRUTEM4 (Climatic Research Unit Temperature, version 4) land-surface air temperature data set is one of the most widely used records of the climate system. Here we provide an important additional dissemination route for this data set: online access to monthly, seasonal and annual data values and time series graphs via Google Earth. This is achieved via an interface written in Keyhole Markup Language (KML) and also provides access to the underlying weather station data used to construct the CRUTEM4 data set. A mathematical description of the construction of the CRUTEM4 data set (and its predecessor versions) is also provided, together with an archive of some previous versions and a recommendation for identifying the precise version of the data set used in a particular study. The CRUTEM4 data set used here is available from doi:10.5285/EECBA94F-62F9-4B7C-88D3-482F2C93C468.
What makes Darwinian hydrology "Darwinian"? Asking a different kind of question about landscapes
Authors: Harman C. , Troch P. A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. There have been repeated calls for a Darwinian approach to hydrologic science, or for a synthesis of Darwinian and Newtonian approaches, to deepen understanding of the hydrologic system in the larger landscape context, and so develop a better basis for predictions now and in an uncertain future. But what exactly makes a Darwinian approach to hydrology "Darwinian"? While there have now been a number of discussions of Darwinian approaches, many referencing Harte (2002), the term is potentially a source of confusion because its connections to Darwin remain allusive rather than explicit. Here we suggest that the Darwinian approach to hydrology follows the example of Charles Darwin by focusing attention on the patterns of variation in populations and seeking hypotheses that explain these patterns in terms of the mechanisms and conditions that determine their historical development. These hypotheses do not simply catalog patterns or predict them statistically – they connect the present structure with processes operating in the past. Nor are they explanations presented without independent evidence or critical analysis – Darwin's hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying present-day variation could be independently tested and validated. With a Darwinian framework in mind, it is easy to see that a great deal of hydrologic research has already been done that contributes to a Darwinian hydrology – whether deliberately or not. We discuss some practical and philosophical issues with this approach to hydrologic science: how are explanatory hypotheses generated? What constitutes a good hypothesis? How are hypotheses tested? "Historical" sciences – including paleohydrology – have long grappled with these questions, as must a Darwinian hydrologic science. We can draw on Darwin's own example for some answers, though there are ongoing debates about the philosophical nature of his methods and reasoning. Darwin used a range of methods of historical reasoning to develop explanatory hypotheses: extrapolating mechanisms, space for time substitution, and looking for signatures of history. Some of these are already in use, while others are not and could be used to develop new insights. He sought explanatory hypotheses that intelligibly unified disparate facts, were testable against evidence, and had fertile implications for further research. He provided evidence to support his hypotheses by deducing corollary conditions ("if explanation A is true, then B will also be true") and comparing these to observations. While a synthesis of the Darwinian and Newtonian approaches remains a goal, the Darwinian approach to hydrologic science has significant value of its own. The Darwinian hydrology that has been conducted already has not been coordinated or linked into a general body of theory and knowledge, but the time is coming when this will be possible.
Large scale 3-D modeling by integration of resistivity models and borehole data through inversion
Authors: Foged N. , Marker P. A. , Christansen A. V. , Bauer-Gottwein P. , Jørgensen F. , Høyer A.-S. , Auken E.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We present an automatic method for parameterization of a 3-D model of the subsurface, integrating lithological information from boreholes with resistivity models through an inverse optimization, with the objective of further detailing for geological models or as direct input to groundwater models. The parameter of interest is the clay fraction, expressed as the relative length of clay-units in a depth interval. The clay fraction is obtained from lithological logs and the clay fraction from the resistivity is obtained by establishing a simple petrophysical relationship, a translator function, between resistivity and the clay fraction. Through inversion we use the lithological data and the resistivity data to determine the optimum spatially distributed translator function. Applying the translator function we get a 3-D clay fraction model, which holds information from the resistivity dataset and the borehole dataset in one variable. Finally, we use k means clustering to generate a 3-D model of the subsurface structures. We apply the concept to the Norsminde survey in Denmark integrating approximately 700 boreholes and more than 100 000 resistivity models from an airborne survey in the parameterization of the 3-D model covering 156 km2. The final five-cluster 3-D model differentiates between clay materials and different high resistive materials from information held in resistivity model and borehole observations respectively.
Experimental and numerical study on the design of a deposition basin outlet structure at a mountain debris cone
Authors: Gems B. , Wörndl M. , Gabl R. , Weber C. , Aufleger M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Mountain debris cones in the Alpine region often provide space for dense population and cultivation. Hence, a great number of buildings are exposed to torrential hazards. In order to protect the settlement areas against flooding and overbank sedimentation, torrent defence structures are implemented at various locations within catchments. Directly at the debris cones, these protection measures often include a deposition basin at the fan apex and/or a confined channel that passes through the settlement. The work presented within this paper deals with the effect of specific outlet structure layouts, situated at the lower end of a selected deposition basin, on bed-load transport processes and flood protection. A case study analysis was accomplished comprising a 3-D numerical model (FLOW-3D) and a physical scale model test (1 : 30). The subject of investigation was the deposition basin of the Larsennbach torrent in the Austrian Northern Limestone Alps. The basin is situated on a large debris cone and opens out into a paved channel. Since the basin is undersized and the accumulation of sediment in the outlet section reduces the available cross section during floods, adjoining settlements are considerably endangered of lateral overtopping of both clear water and sediment. Aiming for an upgrade in flood protection, certain layouts for a "closing-off structure" at the outlet were tested within this project. For the most efficient design layout, its effect on flood protection, a continuous bed-load output from the basin and the best possible use of the retention volume are pointed out. The simple design of the structure and the key aspects that have to be taken into consideration for implementation are highlighted.
Comparison of event landslide inventories: the Pogliaschina catchment test case, Italy
Authors: Mondini A. C. , Viero A. , Cavalli M. , Marchi L. , Herrera G. , Guzzetti F.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Event landslide inventory maps document the extent of populations of landslides caused by a single natural trigger, such as an earthquake, an intense rainfall event, or a rapid snowmelt event. Event inventory maps are important for landslide susceptibility and hazard modelling, and prove useful to manage residual risk after a landslide-triggering event. Standards for the preparation of event landslide inventory maps are lacking. Traditional methods are based on the visual interpretation of stereoscopic aerial photography, aided by field surveys. New and emerging techniques exploit remotely sensing data and semi-automatic algorithms. We describe the production of two event inventories prepared for the Pogliaschina catchment, Liguria, NW Italy. The two inventories show landslides triggered by an intense rainfall event on 25 October 2011, and were prepared through the visual interpretation of digital aerial photographs taken three days and thirty-three days after the event, and processing a very high resolution image taken by the WorldView II satellite four days after the event. We compare the two inventories qualitatively and quantitatively, using established and new metrics, and we discuss reasons for the differences and the similarities between the landslide maps. We expect that the results of our work can help deciding on the most appropriate method to prepare reliable event inventory maps, and to outline advantages and the limitations of the different methods.
Constraining the recent mass balance of Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, West Antarctica with airborne observations of snow accumulation
Authors: Medley B. , Joughin I. , Smith B. E. , Das S. B. , Steig E. J. , Conway H. , Gogineni S. , Lewis C. , Criscitiello A. S. , McConnell J. R. , van den Broeke M. R. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Bromwich D. H. , Nicolas J. P. , Leuschen C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In Antarctica, uncertainties in mass input and output translate directly into uncertainty in glacier mass balance and thus in sea level impact. While remotely sensed observations of ice velocity and thickness over the major outlet glaciers have improved our understanding of ice loss to the ocean, snow accumulation over the vast Antarctic interior remains largely unmeasured. Here, we show that an airborne radar system, combined with ice-core glaciochemical analysis, provide the means necessary to measure the accumulation rate at the catchment-scale along the Amundsen Sea Coast of West Antarctica. We used along-track radar-derived accumulation to generate a 1985–2009 average accumulation grid that resolves moderate- to large-scale features (> 25 km) over the Pine Island-Thwaites glacier drainage system. Comparisons with estimates from atmospheric models and gridded climatologies generally show our results as having less accumulation in lower-elevation coastal zone but greater accumulation in the interior. Ice discharge, measured over discrete time intervals between 1994 and 2012, combined with our catchment-wide accumulation rates provide an 18 yr mass balance history for the sector. While Thwaites Glacier lost the most ice in the mid-1990s, Pine Island Glacier's losses increased substantially by 2006, overtaking Thwaites as the largest regional contributor to sea-level rise. The trend of increasing discharge for both glaciers, however, appears to have leveled off since 2008.
Prospectively Isolated NGN3-Expressing Progenitors From Human Embryonic Stem Cells Give Rise to Pancreatic Endocrine Cells
Authors: Cai Qing , Bonfanti Paola , Sambathkumar Rangarajan , Vanuytsel Kim , Vanhove Jolien , Gysemans Conny , Debiec-Rychter Maria , Raitano Susanna , Heimberg Harry , Ordovas Laura , Verfaillie Catherine M.
Published: February 2014

Pancreatic endocrine progenitors obtained from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) represent a promising source to develop cell-based therapies for diabetes. Although endocrine pancreas progenitor cells have been isolated from mouse pancreata on the basis of Ngn3 expression, human endocrine progenitors have not been isolated yet. As substantial differences exist between human and murine pancreas biology, we investigated whether it is possible to isolate pancreatic endocrine progenitors from differentiating hESC cultures by lineage tracing of NGN3. We targeted the 3′ end of NGN3 using zinc finger nuclease-mediated homologous recombination to allow selection of NGN3eGFP+ cells without disrupting the coding sequence of the gene. Isolated NGN3eGFP+ cells express PDX1, NKX6.1, and chromogranin A and differentiate in vivo toward insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin single hormone-expressing cells but not to ductal or exocrine pancreatic cells or other endodermal, mesodermal, or ectodermal lineages. This confirms that NGN3+ cells represent pancreatic endocrine progenitors in humans. In addition, this hESC reporter line constitutes a unique tool that may aid in gaining insight into the developmental mechanisms underlying fate choices in human pancreas and in developing cell-based therapies.
Concise Review: Drug Discovery in the Age of the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
Authors: Ko Huaising C. , Gelb Bruce D.
Published: February 2014

For decades, the paradigm of drug discovery and development has relied on immortalized cell lines, animal models of human disease, and clinical trials. With the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in 2007, a new human in vitro drug testing platform has potentially augmented this set of tools by providing additional ways to screen compounds for safety and efficacy. The growing number of human disease models made with patient-specific iPSCs has made it possible to conduct research on a wide range of disorders, including rare diseases and those with multifactorial origin, as well as to simulate drug effects on difficult-to-obtain tissues such as brain and cardiac muscle. Toxicity and teratogenicity assays developed with iPSC-derived cells can also provide an additional layer of safety before advancing drugs to clinical trials. The incorporation of iPSC technology into drug therapy development holds promise as a more powerful and nuanced approach to personalized medicine.
Handicap mental, sexualité et institution : une macro-analyse de la documentation francophone
Authors: Toniolo Anne-Marie , Schneider Benoît , Claudel Mélanie
Published: February 2014

La problématique de la sexualité des personnes handicapées mentales se décline en termes de conduites individuelles, pratiques professionnelles et processus organisationnels. Elle est accessible par le biais de sources nombreuses, disparates, hétérogènes qui traduisent l’urgence de préoccupations émanant essentiellement du terrain et de la difficulté de l’évolution conceptuelle et réglementaire à prendre ancrage dans les pratiques. Pour réduire les problèmes inhérents à cette multiplicité d’informations, une analyse est faite de la documentation francophone relative au handicap mental à partir d’un fonds documentaire informatisé constitué à l’occasion de projets de recherche interdisciplinaires. Cette analyse met en exergue les problèmes qui persistent pour rendre la problématique opérationnelle malgré les signes d’évolution.
Impact d’un entraînement de la mémoire à court terme verbale sur le langage d’enfants ayant une déficience intellectuelle
Authors: Bussy Gérald , Rigard Caroline , des Portes Vincent
Published: February 2014

La mémoire à court terme verbale (MCTV) agit en interaction avec d’autres fonctions cognitives (langage, raisonnement, lecture, etc.) Or, les personnes ayant une déficience intellectuelle (DI) présentent un trouble de ce système mnésique. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer l’impact d’un entraînement de la MCTV sur le langage oral d’enfants présentant une DI. Nous avons proposé un programme de rééducation de la MCTV à sept enfants qui ont un tel diagnostic et une rééducation de la catégorisation à un groupe contrôle de six enfants ayant une DI. Une augmentation de l’empan à court terme a ainsi été démontrée, mais également une amélioration de certains aspects du langage. Un entraînement de la MCTV serait nécessaire chez ces enfants afin d’aider au développement de leur langage oral.
ИСПИТИВАЊЕ И ИСЉЕЂИВАЊЕ ОСУМЊИЧЕНИХ НА ОКОЛНОСТИ ИЗВРШЕЊА КРИВИЧНИХ ДЈЕЛА
Authors: Келеман Горан
Published: February 2014

У раду је приказан појам, значај, начин испитивања иисљеђивања осумњичених, методологија које би се требала већина полицијских службеника придржавати приликом њиховог саслушавања, почевши од услова које просторија треба да задовољава, вербалне и невербалне комуникације обострано (осумњичени–испитивач), сам ток разговора, иузимање изјаве, као и нека практична искуства и препоруке које могу допринијети подизању квалитета испитивања и исљеђивања.
ДИРEКTНA СTРAНA УЛAГAЊA И EФEКTИ НA РAЗВOJ
Authors: Косорић Српко
Published: February 2014

Директнa стрaнa улaгaњa кao oблик мeђунaрoднoг крeтaњaкaпитaлa прeдстaвљajу дoпринoс eфикaсниjeм пoслoвaњу приврeдe, из-лaзaк нa мeђунaрoднo тржиштe, пoдизaњe живoтнoг стaндaрдa друштвa.У тoм кoнтeксту врeднoвaњe eфикaснoсти инвeстициja прeдстaвљaoснoву дoнoшeњa oдлукa o инвeстирaњу, из jeднe у другу зeмљу, у циљуунaпрeђeњa пoслoвaњa приврeдe. Стрaнa улaгaњa прeдстaвљajу кључнирaзвojни фaктoр у сaврeмeнoj приврeди, уз тргoвину, нajзнaчajниje срeд-ствo пoслoвaњa прeдузeћa, oргaнизoвaњe прoизвoдњe, снaбдиjeвaњe рo-бом и услугaмa у свjeтским рaзмjeрaмa. Кoд дирeктних стрaних улaгaњaнe рaди сe сaмo o трaнсфeру кaпитaлa из jeднe зeмљe у другу, вeћ o инвe-стициoнoм пaкeту кojи сaдржи нoвe тeхнoлoгиje, мeнaџeрскa знaњa, нoвaтржиштa. Дирeктнa стрaнa улaгaњa су aутoнoмнe трaнсaкциje дугoрoчнoгкрeтaњa кaпитaлa мoтивисaнe eкoнoмским интeрeсимa, мeђу кojимa je нaпрвoм мjeсту прoфит.
КОМПОНЕНТЕ УЗРАСТА И СТАРОСНЕ ГРАНИЦЕ У МАЛОЉЕТНИЧКОМ КРИВИЧНОМ ПРАВУ
Authors: Грбић Павловић Николина
Published: February 2014

Малољетник је лице одређеног старосног узраста, посеб-них биопсихичких особина, које се разликује од дјеце и одраслих у степе-ну емоционалне и интелектуалне зрелости. Појам „малољетник“ је настаои тијесно је везан за кривичноправну проблематику противдруштвеногпонашања младих. Он се у кривичном праву (али и прекршајном праву)углавном одређује лимитирањем граница узраста учинилаца кривичнихдјела. С обзиром на то да се на основу узраста одређује да ли ће неко лицеодговарати за учињено кривично дјело, који поступак ће се водити про-тив њега, које санкције му се могу изрећи и друго, у раду ће се најприједати основне одреднице о појму малољетника (како у међународним до-кументима, тако и према домаћим прописима), затим одредити компо-ненте узраста и приказати старосне границе малољетника у упоредниммалољетничким кривичноправним системима. На крају, одредиће се појаммалољетника и старосне границе малољетства у малољетничком кривич-ном праву Републике Српске.
ПСИХИЈАТРИЈСКО ВЈЕШТАЧЕЊЕ УРАЧУНЉИВОСТИ
Authors: Драговић Свјетлана
Published: February 2014

Најстарије, најпознатије и најчешће психијатријско вјешта-чење у кривичном поступку јесте психијатријско вјештачење урачунљи-вости учиниоца кривичног дјела. Психијатријско вјештачење урачунљи-вости се састоји у процјењивању душевног здравља учиниоца кривичногдјела у односу на извршено кривично дјело. С обзиром на то да овај видвјештачења припада граничном подручју права и психијатрије, у раду ћебити представљено психијатријско вјештачење урачунљивости и са прав-ног и са психијатријског аспекта.
ПРАВНИ МЕХАНИЗМИ ЗА ЗАШТИТУ ОСНОВНИХ ЉУДСКИХ ПРАВА И СЛОБОДА ОСУМЊИЧЕНОГ ОДНОСНО ОПТУЖЕНОГ У ФАЗИ ИСТРАГЕ
Authors: Вујић Драгана , Ракић Невена
Published: February 2014

За људска права се може рећи да су то они стандарди безкојих људи не могу живјети у достојанству као људска бића. Људска пра-ва су темељ слободе, правде и мира. Њихово поштивање омогућава поје-динцу и заједници да се потпуно развију. Људска права су само она субјек-тивна права која се не дугују држави и њеној вољи, већ их људско бићеима самим тим што је људско биће, односно стиче их самим рођењем а невољом и милошћу државе. То су елементарни политички и социјално-еко-номски захтјеви грађана у односу на државну власт и друштво у цјелини,чије остваривање је предуслов за биолошку, политичку и културну егзи-стенцију појединца, односно живот у условима достојним човјека и њего-вог достојанства. Људска права, односно вриједности које су у њима садр-жане, имају изузетно важну социјално-политичку функцију у одређивањулегитимитета државне власти, јер само она власт која поштује људскаправа је легитимна и може нормално функционисати. Овим радом настојисе указати каквим то правним механизмима располаже осумњичени, од-носно оптужени у кривичном поступку, тачније у фази истраге, а којимасе обезбјеђује заштита његових основних људских права и слобода гаран-тованих не само Уставом Републике Српске (односно БиХ), већ и другиммеђународним правним актима потписаним и ратификованим од страненаше земље.
КРАЂА ИЗВРШЕНА ОД СТРАНЕ ВИШЕ ЛИЦА КОЈА СУ СЕ УДРУЖИЛА У ЦИЉУ ВРШЕЊА КРАЂА, С ОСВРТОМ НА КРИВИЧНО ПРАВО РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Поповић Предраг , Гајић Миодраг
Published: February 2014

У овом раду се говори о кривичном дјелу крађе која је извр-шена од стране више лица која су се удружила у циљу вршења крађа. Овокривично дјело, поред своје сталне присутности, има веома дугу тради-цију у кривичном праву. Оно представља један од тежих облика крађе, збогповећане опасности која се огледа у самом начину извршења овог дјела.У вези с тим, велику пажњу привлачи тај начин његовог извршења, као ипитање какав облик удруживања (саучесништва) ово кривично дјело зах-тијева.
УЛОГА РАДНЕ И ОБРАЗОВНЕ АКТИВНОСТИ У ФУНКЦИЈИ РЕСОЦИЈАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ
Authors: Драгојловић Јоко , Кушић Игор , Савић Зоран
Published: February 2014

Суштинско питање савремене пенолошке мисли и праксесвакако јесте проналажење дубљег друштвеног смисла и садржине извр-шења казне лишења слободе, а све то кроз општи циљ који се означавакао ресоцијализација осуђених лица, те стварање претпоставки за њихо-во успешно укључивање у живот на слободи. Основни проблем са којимсе суочавамо у нашим заводима за извршење кривичних санкција пред-стављају неадекватни услови, услед којих је могућност спровођења радноги образовног третмана, који представљају један од темеља преваспитања,крајње ограничена. Циљ овог истраживања се састоји у потреби да се ут-врди у којој су мери успешне радне и образовне активности осуђених лица,тј. у којој мери оне доприносе оспособљавању таквих лица за друштвеноприхватљив начин живота након изласка на слободу.
Raman spectral analysis of Si films solid-phase-crystallized on glass substrates using pulse laser with crystallization-induction layers of yttria-stabilized zirconia
Authors: Lien Mai Thi Kieu , Horita Susumu
Published: February 2014

The solid-phase crystallization of amorphous Si films with/without a crystallization-induction (CI) layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was performed using a Nd:YAG pulse laser. We investigated the crystallinity of the Si films by Raman spectroscopy. It was found that, at the same crystalline fraction, the FWHM of the crystalline silicon (c-Si) peak for Si/YSZ/glass was smaller than that for Si/glass. The result is considered to be due to the CI effect of the YSZ layer. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy observation, which showed that the grain size of Si on YSZ layers was more uniform than that on glass substrates. On the other hand, at a lower beam energy, the crystalline quality of the Si films was found to be better although the increase in the crystallization rate with the pulse number N is smaller. On the basis of the above results, the crystallization model of an a-Si film on a YSZ layer is speculated.
Fabrication and characterization of BaSi2 epitaxial films over 1 µm in thickness on Si(111)
Authors: Takabe Ryouta , Nakamura Kotaro , Baba Masakazu , Du Weiji , Khan M. Ajmal , Toko Kaoru , Sasase Masato , Hara Kosuke O. , Usami Noritaka , Suemasu Takashi
Published: February 2014

We attempted to fabricate a-axis-oriented BaSi2 epitaxial films up to 2180 nm in thickness. First, we investigated the influence of growth temperature and growth rate on the crystalline quality of approximately 400-nm-thick BaSi2 layers, and then optimized the above two growth conditions based on X-ray diffraction measurements. We next grew BaSi2 films with various layer thicknesses at 580 °C in the range between 100 and 2180 nm, and characterized their properties. The a-axis-oriented BaSi2 thick epitaxial films had three epitaxial variants rotating 120° with each other around the surface normal. The microwave photoconductive decay measurements for the 1640-nm-thick BaSi2 epitaxial film showed that the minority-carrier lifetime was approximately 8 µs at room temperature. These achievements open up the possibilities of thin-film solar cell applications of BaSi2.
The Use of Dual Vacuum Stabilization Device to Reduce Kidney Motion for Stereotactic Radiotherapy Planning
Authors: Pham Daniel , Kron Tomas , Styles Colin , Whitaker May , Bressel Mathias , Foroudi Farshad , Schneider Michal , Devereux Thomas , Dang Kim , Siva Shankar
Published: February 2014

Abdominal stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy is aided by motion management strategies to ensure accurate dose delivery as targets such as the kidney are easily influenced by breathing motion. Commercial devices such as compression plates and dual vacuum technology have been demonstrated to reduce the motion of lung and liver tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a dual vacuum system in reducing kidney motion as well to investigate any relationship between abdominal wall motions with kidney motion. Ten healthy volunteers were set up with and without vacuum compression (Elekta BodyFIXTM) to simulate free and dampened breathing. Ultrasound imaging was used to visualize kidney motion at the same time an abdominal surface marker was monitored using infrared imaging (Varian, Real Time Position Management). The resulting kidney and abdominal motion tracks were imported into motion analysis (PhysmoTM) and custom built software (Matlab) to calculate amplitude of motion independent of shifting baselines. Thirty-four kidney datasets were available for analysis, with six datasets unable to be retrieved. With vacuum compression six out of nine participants showed a mean reduction of kidney motion ranging between 1.6 and 8 mm ( p < 0.050). One participant showed an increase in motion of 8.2 mm ( p < 0.001) with vacuum compression. Two participants showed no significant change (<1 mm) in kidney motion. No relationship was observed for abdominal wall motion and motion changes in the left kidney ( r = 0.345, p = 0.402) or right kidney ( r = 0.527, p = 0.145). Vacuum compression reduced kidney motion in the majority of participants; however larger breathing motion can also result from its use. No pattern emerged regarding which patients may benefit from vacuum immobilization as abdominal wall motion was not found to be an adequate surrogate for kidney motion.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Spinal Metastases
Authors: Park Hae Jin , Kim Hee Jung , Won Jong-Ho , Lee Sang Chul , Chang Ah Ram
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate local control and survival in patients with spinal metastases who were treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using a CyberKnife, with or without a prior history of irradiation, and to identify prognostic factors predicting them. Between August 2008 and November 2012, 59 spinal metastatic lesions in 39 patients were treated with SBRT. Fourteen lesions (23.7%) were re-irradiated to treat recurrence after prior radiotherapy. Patients were treated with a median radiation dose of 27 Gy (range, 18-35 Gy) in a median of three fractions (range, one to five) using the CyberKnife Xsight Spine tracking system. Median planning target volume of the 59 spinal metastatic lesions was 37.4 cm3 (range, 0.9-301.4 cm3). Radiation was prescribed to the median 80% isodose line that encompassed at least 90% of the tumor volume. The revised Tokuhashi scoring system and the Tomita scoring system were adopted to predict survival of patients. Local progression was defined as tumor progression by imaging, or if other therapy such as surgery or re-irradiation was given after SBRT, as salvage treatment. The median follow-up period was 7.4 months (range, 1.1-42.5 months). Four of 59 (6.8%) lesions experienced local progression, and all of them occurred within 1-year. Two of four local progressions occurred in re-irradiated tumors, which received 21 Gy in three fractions. With respect to treatment site-specific survival (TSS), better performance status and no visceral metastases were associated with a superior outcome ( p = 0.011 and p = .001, respectively). With respect to overall survival (OS), better performance status was marginally related to superior outcome ( p = 0.096). The revised Tokuhashi scoring system and the Tomita scoring system predicted OS and TSS in patients treated with SBRT. Two patients developed vertebral compression fractures at 1.2 and 1.4 months after SBRT with no evidence of tumor progression. There was no radiation-induced myelopathy. SBRT with a CyberKnife is a safe and effective treatment modality to achieve local control in spinal metastases patients, including those with a previous history of conventional RT. SBRT should be considered for those patients with a relatively indolent primary tumor, good performance status, and no visceral metastases. Survival of these patients can potentially be prolonged by long-term control of spinal metastases.
Die gerichtliche Zuständigkeit gem. Art. 27 EuGVVO bei Klageerhebung in zwei EU-Staaten
Authors: Goltz Philipp-Christopher , Janert Ingo
Published: February 2014

Gem. Art. 27 EuGVVO besteht bei Klageerhebung wegen desselben Anspruchs zwischen denselben Parteien bei Gerichten verschiedener Mitgliedstaaten für das später angerufene Gericht eine Aussetzungspflicht. Die Anwendung dieser Vorschrift hat verschiedene deutsche Gerichte beschäftigt, so dass der BGH mit Beschl. v. 18.9.2013 - V ZB 163/12, MDR 2013, 1480 zu den einzelnen Tatbestandsmerkmalen der Vorschrift Stellung genommen hat. Der folgende Beitrag geht auf die verschiedenen Aspekte der Rechtsprechung ein.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Rechtsprechung zum Wohnungseigentumsrecht
Authors: Riecke Olaf , Rechenberg Hartmut v.
Published: February 2014

Der folgende Beitrag schließt an die Rechtsprechungsübersicht in MDR 2013, 1 ff. an; er stellt schwerpunktmäßig die Rechtsprechung aus den letzten gut 12 Monaten zu den Regelungen des WEG inklusive seiner Besonderheiten im Rahmen des ZPO- und ZVGVerfahrens dar. Dabei werden nicht nur die Entscheidungen des V. Zivilsenats des BGH (vgl. Schmidt- Räntsch, ZWE 2013, 429 ff), sondern auch die der Instanzgerichte behandelt.
Effects of entrainment and mixing on droplet size distributions in warm cumulus clouds
Authors: Krueger Steven K.
Published: February 2014

A long‐standing problem in cloud physics is the broadening of the cloud droplet spectrum in warm cumulus clouds. To isolate the changes of the droplet size distribution (DSD) due to entrainment and turbulent mixing, we used the Explicit Mixing Parcel Model (EMPM). The EMPM explicitly represents spatial variability due to entrainment and turbulent mixing down to the smallest turbulence scales in a one‐dimensional domain. Several thousand individual droplets evolve by condensation or evaporation according to their local environments. We used EMPM results to characterize the evolution of the DSD due to entrainment and isobaric mixing for a wide range of conditions in a 20 m domain, including variations in entrained environmental air fraction, the turbulence dissipation rate, the size of the entrained blobs, and the relative humidity of the entrained air. We found that the broadening of the DSD due to entrainment and isobaric mixing for a specific value of the entrained air relative humidity depends only on the eddy mixing time scale and the LWC after mixing. Broadening increases substantially as the evaporation time scale decreases due to decreasing relative humidity of the entrained air. Our results also show that it is possible to parameterize the effects of entrainment and mixing on the droplet number concentration. The comprehensive results obtained for one set of values of entrained air relative humidity, droplet size, and droplet concentration should be extended to other values.
Patterns of regional hydroclimatic shifts: An analysis of changing hydrologic regimes
Authors: Coopersmith E. J. , Minsker B. S. , Sivapalan M.
Published: February 2014

Temporal shifts in precipitation and runoff regime curves appear throughout the continental United States, but differ from region to region. This paper explores these regime shifts by building upon a hydroclimatic classification system that partitions the United States into clusters of similarly behaved catchments using four simple hydroclimatic indicators. Hydroclimate data from over four hundred catchments over a 55 year period (belonging to the MOPEX data set) are analyzed to reveal how the indicators have shifted before and after 1970, before and after 1975, and before and after 1980. Statistically significant hydroclimatic changes in these indicators are explored qualitatively, suggesting which catchments today might resemble other catchments tomorrow. Thus, a preview of current locations in one class under future conditions is provided by observing existing locations of another class. The classification system structure enables organization of these data, allowing patterns of regime change to emerge without highly specified models at each individual site. Regional analyses explore changes in mean seasonal precipitation/runoff regimes, including shifts in the daily variability of precipitation and runoff. Additionally, changes in regime curves of minimum and maximum precipitation/runoff observations are analyzed and discussed. Results indicate that after 1980, classifications typically found in the southeastern quarter of the United States have expanded northward and westward. Regionally, the Midwest and Rocky Mountains seem to demonstrate more frequent, but less intense storms after 1980, while southeastern catchments receive much less water in the form of precipitation and runoff than in previous years.
Introducing a terrestrial carbon pool in warm desert bedrock mountains, southwestern USA
Authors: Harrison Emma J. , Dorn Ronald I.
Published: February 2014

Growth of the Phoenix metropolitan area led to road cut or house platform exposures of the internal bedrock material of surrounding semiarid mountain ranges. Similar exposures in the surrounding Sonoran and Mojave Deserts reveal the presence of sedimentary calcium carbonate infilling the preexisting fracture matrix of the bedrock. Field surveys at 31 sites with bedrock fractures filled with carbonate, referred to as BFFC in the following text, reveal an average of 0.079 ± 0.036 mTC/m2 stored in the upper 2 m of analyzed bedrock exposures. Backscattered electron microscopy images indicate the presence of carbonate at the micron scale, not included in this estimate of carbon storage. Pilot radiocarbon and Sr isotope analyses suggest that one of the surveyed BFFC veins was flushed into the bedrock from a nonbedrock source during the wetter last glacial period in the late Pleistocene.
CO2 and CH4 emissions from streams in a lake‐rich landscape: Patterns, controls, and regional significance
Authors: Crawford John T. , Lottig Noah R. , Stanley Emily H. , Walker John F. , Hanson Paul C. , Finlay Jacques C. , Striegl Robert G.
Published: February 2014

Aquatic ecosystems are important components of landscape carbon budgets. In lake‐rich landscapes, both lakes and streams may be important sources of carbon gases (CO2 and CH4) to the atmosphere, but the processes that control gas concentrations and emissions in these interconnected landscapes have not been adequately addressed. We use multiple data sets that vary in their spatial and temporal extent during 2001–2012 to investigate the carbon gas source strength of streams in a lake‐rich landscape and to determine the contribution of lakes, metabolism, and groundwater to stream CO2 and CH4. We show that streams emit roughly the same mass of CO2 (23.4 Gg C yr−1; 0.49 mol CO2 m−2 d−1) as lakes at a regional scale (27 Gg C yr−1) and that stream CH4 emissions (189 Mg C yr−1; 8.46 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1) are an important component of the regional greenhouse gas balance. Gas transfer velocity variability (range = 0.34 to 13.5 m d−1) contributed to the variability of gas flux in this landscape. Groundwater inputs and in‐stream metabolism control stream gas supersaturation at the landscape scale, while carbon cycling in lakes and deep groundwaters does not control downstream gas emissions. Our results indicate the need to consider connectivity of all aquatic ecosystems (lakes, streams, wetlands, and groundwater) in lake‐rich landscapes and their connections with the terrestrial environment in order to understand the full nature of the carbon cycle.
Dynamics of the correlation between polar cap radio absorption and solar energetic proton fluxes in the interplanetary medium
Authors: Kouznetsov A. , Knudsen D. J. , Donovan E. F. , Spanswick E.
Published: February 2014

During solar energetic particle (SEP) events, large fluxes of energetic particles spreading throughout the interplanetary medium (IPM) have access to the upper polar atmosphere where they play important roles in physical and chemical processes. We examine the dynamics of the relation between solar energetic proton (SEP) fluxes detected outside the magnetosphere by SOHO, at geosynchronous orbit by GOES 8, and in low earth orbit by NOAA 15 (POES) satellites on one hand, and ionospheric absorption measured by a NORSTAR riometer in the polar cap on the other. We attempt to isolate SEP‐related signals by rejecting periods influenced by electron precipitation and solar radio bursts. Under these conditions we find R2of up to 0.9 between the logarithms of SEP flux and absorption for all satellites, but with the additional restriction to periods beginning 10 h after event onsets and within tens of hours following times of maximum flux. We find that the flux‐absorption correlation is poor during the first few hours of an event, which we attribute to the fact that SEP angular distributions are often highly peaked along the interplanetary magnetic field during the early stages of an event. Such highly anisotropic distributions map to small regions inside the polar caps, making it unlikely that the corresponding absorption signal will be detected by a single riometer. These observations suggest that riometers in combination with a suitable numerical tool can be used as a diagnostic of properties of energetic proton populations in the interplanetary medium.
Slow mode structure in the nightside magnetosheath related to IMF draping
Authors: Erkaev N. V. , Farrugia C. J. , Mezentsev A. V. , Torbert R. B. , Biernat H. K.
Published: February 2014

We apply a semianalytic magnetohydrodynamic approach to describe effects in the nightside magnetosheath related to accelerated magnetosheath flows caused by the draping of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Assuming a northward IMF direction, we show the development of slow mode fronts in the far tail (tailward of approximately −60 RmE). We find that accelerated flows north and south of the equator start to converge toward lower latitudes. The ensuing plasma compression gives rise to slow mode waves in the equatorial region which, further down the tail, evolve into slow mode shocks. These fronts propagating along the magnetic field lines are characterized by sharp increases of plasma density, pressure, and temperature and a decrease in the magnetic field strength. The magnetic pressure exhibits an anticorrelation with the plasma pressure, but the total pressure is fairly constant across the fronts. The field‐aligned plasma velocity component anticorrelates with the plasma density, while the perpendicular velocity component does not have sharp variations at the fronts. For northward IMF, these fronts appear near the equatorial region and then propagate to higher latitudes. This effect is not very sensitive to the particular shape of the magnetopause. Lowering the upstream Alfvén Mach number increases the strength of the slow mode waves, which also develop closer to Earth. We predict that this effect can be observed by space probes skimming the far tail.
Northern PMC brightness zonal variability and its correlation with temperature and water vapor
Authors: Rong P. P. , Russell J. M. , Randall C. E. , Bailey S. M. , Lambert A.
Published: February 2014

Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) measured by the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size instrument on the AIM satellite show strong zonal asymmetries, with prominent planetary‐scale variations. The correlations between zonal variations of cloud brightness and temperature or water vapor (H2O) are determined in different stages of the PMC season. Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measured temperature and water vapor are used in the analysis. A zero‐dimensional (0‐D) PMC model was used to interpret the observation. Analyses of all days of the five northern seasons from 2007 to 2011 indicate that temperature and albedo daily zonal variations are anticorrelated in the season start and end, whereas in the core of the season the correlation is relatively poor. The albedo and H2O correlation in the zonal direction is poor throughout the season. Zero‐dimensional model physics indicates that when clouds are weaker, or the environment is warmer and drier, temperature plays an increasingly important role in determining the cloud ice mass variation, which explains the stronger correlation of temperature and albedo at the start and end of the season. Water vapor takes a strong role in determining the ice mass variation in the core of the season when the clouds are stronger and the environment is colder and wetter. However, on a daily basis the H2O depletion associated with the ice production will lead to significant shift of the ice maxima and “post‐ice” H2O maxima in the zonal direction, which leads to the poor correlation between the observed H2O and albedo.