bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A New Focused Microwave Approach to the Synthesis of Amino‐Substituted Pyrroloisoquinolines and Pyrroloquinolines via a Seqential Multi‐Component Coupling Process.
Authors: Hopkin Mark D. , Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of a Novel Chiral Piperazine (VIII)
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Chabayashi Takashi , Umeda Yasuhiro , Iwamoto Akihisa , Tanabe Kazuhisa , Ohkata Katsuo
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel, Microwave‐Assisted Method for the Synthesis of Alicyclic‐Condensed 5H‐1,4,6,7‐Tetrahydro‐1,4‐diazepin‐5‐ones.
Authors: Balazs Arpad , Van der Eycken Erik , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Novel 3‐Sulfonamido‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines from 2‐(Bromomethyl)‐ or 2‐(Sulfonyloxymethyl)aziridines.
Authors: Karikomi Michinori , D'hooghe Matthias , Verniest Guido , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Induced Ene‐Type Reaction in the Thermal Conversion of Enolates to β‐Silyl Enones with Molecular Dioxygen.
Authors: Hwu Jih Ru , Chen Chien Hsien , Hsu Chuan‐I , Das Asish R. , Li Yen Cheng , Lin Lung Ching
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenylenediamine Catalysis of “Click Glycosylations” in Water: Practical and Direct Access to Unprotected Neoglycoconjugates.
Authors: Baron Aurelie , Bleriot Yves , Sollogoub Matthieu , Vauzeilles Boris
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes and Imines
Authors: Merino Pedro , Marques‐Lopez Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Boronic Acids in Molecular Self‐Assembly
Authors: Fujita Norifumi , Shinkai Seiji , James Tony D.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Seven‐Membered Rings by Cyclization at Transition Metals: [4 + 3], [3 + 2 + 2]. [5 + 2]
Authors: Butenschoen Holger
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling of Allenes and the Related Allylation Reactions
Authors: Jeganmohan Masilamani , Cheng Chien‐Hong
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Conjugated Linoleic Acids
Authors: Kellersmann Carolin , Lehmann Lutz , Francke Wittko , Steinhart Hans
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymes in Protein Ligation: The Coupling of Peptides, Peptide Nucleic Acids and Proteins by Sortase A
Authors: Pritz S.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendrimers and Their Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Singh I. , Rehni A. K. , Kalra R. , Joshi G. , Kumar M.
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleic Acid Encoding to Program Self‐Assembly in Chemical Biology
Authors: Pianowski Zbigniew L. , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Monitoring of Single Cell Secretion: Vesicular Exocytosis and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Amatore Christian , Arbault Stephane , Guille Manon , Lemaitre Frederic
Published: September 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reclassification of Patients for Aggressive Cholesterol Treatment: Additive Value of Multislice Coronary Angiography to the National Cholesterol Education Program Guidelines
Authors: Scridon Tudor , Novaro Gian M. , Bush Howard S. , Asher Craig R. , Dandes Eric , Kabirdas Deepa , Scridon Cristiana , Bruce T. Kuo , Whiteman Mitch , Shen Michael Y.
Published: September 2008

Background

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines have been used to define treatment goals in patients with hypercholesterolemia. However, epidemiology‐based guidelines are unable to identify all subjects with coronary artery disease for aggressive lipid intervention.

Objective

We sought to evaluate the additive value of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) angiography to the NCEP guideline classification for lipid treatment.

Methods

Multislice computed tomography was performed in 114 consecutive patients (mean age 57 ± 14 y; 59% male) without known coronary artery disease. Subjects were classified into 3 categories (low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk) according to their Framingham risk scores (FRS).

Results

Traditional cardiac risk factors were common: hypertension 59%, diabetes 13%, and smoking 22%. On the basis of the FRS, 11% (n= 12/114) of the patients met high‐risk criteria requiring aggressive cholesterol reduction. Of those in the low‐ and intermediate‐risk groups, MSCT found coronary plaque in 76% (n= 77/102), with moderate or severe plaque in 38% (n=39/102), thus reclassifying them in the high‐risk category. Use of statin drugs increased from 32% at baseline to 53% (p= 0.002) based on MSCT results; statin dose was increased in 31% of the patients who were already on a statin. The mean low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) decreased from 114 mg/dL to 91 mg/dL after MSCT (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Multislice computed tomography reclassifies a high percentage of patients considered to be low‐ to intermediate‐risk into the high‐risk category based on their coronary artery lesions. Thus, the rise in MSCT use at present may have a large impact on clinician practice patterns in lipid‐lowering therapy. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Myocardial Performance Index an Independent Echocardiographic Marker of Death in Children with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy?
Authors: Azevedo Vitor Manuel P. , Albanesi Filho Francisco M. , Santos Marco Aurélio , Castier Márcia B. , Tura Bernardo R. , Amino José Geraldo , Da Cunha Maria Ourinda Mesquita
Published: September 2008

Background

Myocardial performance index (MPI) was reported as a parameter of ventricular systolic and diastolic function, as well as a useful tool to predict the outcome in patients with ventricular dysfunction.

Hypothesis

To compare MPI with classical echocardiographic parameters as an independent marker of death in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM).

Methods

Fifty‐five children (13 deaths) underwent 104 echocardiograms from January 1996 to May 2005. Right ventricle (RV) MPI and left ventricle (LV) MPI, and 9 classical echocardiographic parameters (left atrium [LA]/body surface area [BSA], distance between mitral E point and ventricular septum, LV mass/body surface area, RV shortening fraction, LV end‐systolic and end‐diastolic dimensions/body surface area, LV ejection fraction, fiber circumferential shortening velocity, and mitral deceleration time) were compared. Statistical analysis was performed by chi‐square, Pearson's correlation and Student t‐test, Kaplan‐Meier method, Cox's method, and receiver operating curve (ROC). Statistical significance was considered with α< 0.05 and p = 0.80].

Results

Univariate analysis showed that all studied parameters were markers of death. There was a high correlation between RVMPI and LVMPI (r = 0.847]–p = 0.0001]); therefore, to avoid bias, RVMPI was discharged from multivariate analysis. In the deceased group, moderate/severe mitral regurgitation was frequent (76.9%; confidence interval [CI[ 95% = 46.2%– 94.9%) and it was considered in multivariate analysis. In Cox's multivariate analysis, LVMPI was the only independent marker of death (p = 0.0213]). The ideal cut‐off was 0.63 with 92.3% sensitivity, 66.7% specificity, and fitted ROC area = 0.918].

Conclusions

In children with IDCM, LVMPI is an independent marker of death. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Value of Serial C‐reactive Protein Measurements in Non ST‐segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Kosuge Masami , Ebina Toshiaki , Hibi Kiyoshi , Ishikawa Toshiyuki , Endo Mitsuaki , Mitsuhashi Takayuki , Hashiba Katsutaka , Umemura Satoshi , Kimura Kazuo
Published: September 2008

Background

Elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels at admission are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with non ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE‐ACS).

Hypothesis

C‐reactive protein measurement not only at admission, but also after admission, may be useful for predicting adverse outcomes in NSTE‐ACS.

Methods

We measured high‐sensitivity CRP levels at admission and at 24 h in 215 patients with NSTE‐ACS. An elevated CRP level at admission (admission elevation) was defined as a CRP level of ≥ 0.300 mg/dL. An increase in the CRP level after admission (increase at 24 h) was considered present when the CRP level at 24 h was higher than the level at admission. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the presence or absence of admission elevation and increase at 24 h. Coronary angiography was performed at a mean of 3 d after admission.

Results

There were no significant differences among the 4 groups in age, sex, coronary risk factors, or multivessel disease. Patients with both admission elevation and increase at 24 h had higher rates of ST‐segment depression and positive troponin T at admission. Multivariate analysis showed that admission elevation (odds ratio [OR] 1.50, p < 0.05) and increase at 24 h (OR 6.56, p = 0.03) were independent predictors of 30‐d events (e.g., death, myocardial infarction, or refractory angina). The highest risk of 30‐d events was associated with both admission elevation and increase at 24 h.

Conclusions

Serial CRP measurements are useful for predicting the risk of subsequent ischemic complications in patients with NSTE‐ACS. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐terminal Pro‐brain Natriuretic Peptide in the Elderly with Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Szadkowska Iwona , Goch Jan Henryk , Kawiński Janusz , Chiżyński Krzysztof
Published: September 2008

Background

The myocardial infarction (MI) results in the change of the levels of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in blood. In addition, attention is paid to the dependence of NT‐proBNP levels on the patients' age. However, the behavior of natriuretic peptide levels has not been recognized well enough in the elderly with MI treated with invasive methods.

Hypothesis

The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of age on NT‐proBNP levels in patients with first MI, and treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with complete coronary revascularization.

Methods

One hundred and sixty‐one consecutive patients with first ST‐elevation MI, and treated with primary PCI with stent implantation (occlusion in infarct‐related artery was the patient's only lession) were included. Determination of NT‐proBNP level and echocardiography were performed on the 4th‐5th day of MI.

Results

Thirty‐seven patients (23%) aged ≥ 65 y were considered as a study group. The NT‐proBNP levels were nearly 4‐fold higher in older patients than in younger patients. Only systolic and diastolic dysfunction, mitral regurgitation, troponin T levels, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were independent risk factors of the occurrence of elevated NT‐proBNP concentration above median.

Conclusions

The patients' age was not a factor independently affecting the increase of NT‐proBNP level above the median in patients with first MI and treated successfully with primary PCI. Independently associated elevated levels of NT‐proBNP were as follows: presence of diastolic dysfunction, mitral regurgitation, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, troponin T concentration, and GFR. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic Programming‐Based Empirical Model for Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Estimation
Authors: Guven Aytac , Aytek Ali , Yuce Mehmet Ishak , Aksoy Hafzullah
Published: September 2008

Genetic programming (GP) is presented as a new tool for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration by using daily atmospheric variables obtained from the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) database. The variables employed in the model are daily solar radiation, daily mean temperature, average daily relative humidity and wind speed. The results obtained are compared to seven conventional reference evapotranspiration models including: (1) the Penman‐Monteith equation modified by CIMIS, (2) the Penman‐Monteith equation modified by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO 56), (3) the Hargreaves‐Samani equation, (4) the solar radiation‐based ET0 equation, (5) the Jensen‐Haise equation, (6) the Jones‐Ritchie equation, and (7) the Turc method. Statistical measures such as average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, as well as criteria such as mean square error and determination coefficient are used to measure the performance of the model developed by employing GP. Statistics and scatter plots indicate that the new equation produces quite satisfactorily results and can be used as an alternative to the conventional models.
Accurate pre‐operative localization of pathological parathyroid glands using 11C‐methionine PET/CT
Authors: Tang Bich‐Ngoc‐Thanh , Moreno‐Reyes Rodrigo , Blocklet Didier , Corvilain Bernard , Cappello Matteo , Delpierre Isabelle , Devuyst France , Van Simaeys Gaetan , Goldman Serge
Published: September 2008

Objective

The pre‐operative technique most routinely used to localize pathological parathyroid glands (PPG), prior to minimal access surgery (MAS), relies on 99mTc‐sestamibi (MIBI) scintigraphy. Positron emission tomography (PET) using the radiolabelled amino acid 11C‐methionine as the tracer agent offers a technological alternative to localize PPG. In this study we evaluated the sensitivity of 11C‐methionine PET/CT (MET‐PET/CT) for PPG detection and the extent to which MET‐PET/CT images may contribute to the planning of surgical procedures.

Design

Thirty patients were included, 22 with primary hyperparathyroidism and eight with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Patients suspected of suffering from parathyroid hyperplasia underwent a complete surgical exploration of the neck region. In those suspected of parathyroid adenoma, surgery was limited to the presumed localization described by MET‐PET/CT. To specifically address the additional benefit of the MET‐PET/CT in terms of surgical planning and procedure, the surgeon classified the patients into two categories depending on the type of benefit, or the reason for the absence of benefit, occurring in each case. We also compared the sensitivity of MET‐PET/CT and MIBI scintigraphy.

Results

The total number of lesions removed was 46 (24 adenomatous and 22 hyperplastic). Globally, MET‐PET/CT provided additional benefit to surgery in 15 out of 30 cases (50%). The sensitivity of 11C‐methionine PET/CT and MIBI scintigraphy was respectively 92% and 95% for adenoma, and 68% and 59% for hyperplasia, on the basis of available resected lesions.

Conclusion

MET‐PET/CT appears a reliable technique to guide MAS of parathyroid glands. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calbindin‐D28k and calretinin expression in the forebrain of anuran and urodele amphibians: Further support for newly identified subdivisions
Authors: Morona Ruth , González Agustin
Published: September 2008

A general pattern of organization of the forebrain shared by amphibians, mainly anurans, and amniotes has been proposed considering the relative topography of the territories, their connectivity, and their neurochemistry. These criteria were needed because the amphibians possess limited cell migration from the ventricle that precludes a parcellation into circumscribed nuclei. In the present study we have tested the identity of most newly described forebrain territories in anurans and urodeles with regard to their content in calbindin‐D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR). By means of immunohistochemistry, these proteins were demonstrated to be particularly abundant and specifically distributed in the amphibian forebrain and were extremely useful markers for delineating nuclear boundaries otherwise indistinguishable. In the telencephalon, labeled cells in the pallium allowed the identification of particular regions with marked differences between anurans and urodeles, whereas the subpallium showed more conservative patterns of distribution. In particular, the components of the amygdaloid complex and the basal ganglia were distinctly labeled. The distribution in the nonevaginated secondary prosencephalon and diencephalon showed abundant common features between anurans and urodeles, highlighted using the prosomeric model for the comparison. In the pretectum, thalamus, and prethalamus of urodeles, the CB and CR staining was particularly suitable for the identification of diverse structures within the simple periventricular gray layer. However, the analysis across species also revealed a considerable degree of heterogeneity, even within comparatively well‐defined neuronal populations. Therefore, the content of a particular calcium binding protein in a neuronal group is not a fully reliable criterion for considering homologies. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:187–220, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simplified meshless method for cohesive cracks
Authors: Zhang Y. Y. , Gao L. S.
Published: September 2008

We present a discrete rotating crack method embedded in the element‐free Galerkin method. The crack is represented by discrete cohesive crack segments only passing through nodes. The discrete crack segments are introduced when the tensile strength in the material is exceeded and the crack segments are perpendicular to the direction of the maximum principal stress. The orientation of the crack segments is rotated when directional changes in the maximum principal stress occur. It will be shown that fixed crack models lead to over‐smearing the crack and too stiff responses of the system. The advantage of this method is that no representation of the crack surface is needed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling integrated Earth System Model components with BFG2
Authors: Armstrong C. W. , Ford R. W. , Riley G. D.
Published: September 2008

GENIE is a suite of modular Earth System Model components coupled in a variety of configurations used to investigate climate phenomena. As part of the GENIEfyproject, there is a desire to make the activity of coupling GENIE configurations more flexible in order to ease the integration of new components, permit experimentation with alternative model orderings and connectivity, and execute GENIE components in distributed environments. The current coupling framework is inflexible because models are run in a fixed order by a prescriptive main code. This paper shows how the BFG2 (Bespoke Framework Generator—version 2) coupling tool offers significantly more flexibility. Using BFG2, scientists describe GENIE configurations as metadata that can then be transformed automatically into the desired framework. It is demonstrated that BFG2 provides flexibility in composition and deployment, improvements that are brought without modification to the GENIE components, without loss of performance and in a such a manner that it is possible to produce exactly the same results as under the original framework. We also demonstrate how BFG2 may be used to improve the performance of future GENIE coupled models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault tolerant and prioritized scheduling in OGSA‐based mobile Grids
Authors: Litke Antonios , Halkos Dimitrios , Tserpes Konstantinos , Kyriazis Dimosthenis , Varvarigou Theodora
Published: September 2008

Grids and mobile Grids can form the basis and the enabling technology for pervasive and utility computing due to their ability to being open, highly heterogeneous and scalable. In this paper we present a scheme for advancing quality of service (QoS) attributes, such as fault tolerance and prioritized scheduling, in OGSA‐based mobile Grids. The fault tolerance is achieved by producing and managing sufficient replicas of tasks submitted for execution on the mobile Grid resources. We design a simple and efficient prioritization scheme, which allows the scheduling of the tasks submitted by the Grid users as distinguished priorities that can be managed and exploited as a QoS parameter by the Grid infrastructure operator. The results that are presented show the efficiency of the proposed scheme in being simple and additionally enriching with reliability and QoS features the applications that are built on the concept of mobile Grids. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for dissemination and retrieval of information in wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Miranda H. , Leggio S. , Rodrigues L. , Raatikainen K.
Published: September 2008

Replication of data items among different nodes of a wireless infrastructure‐less network may be an efficient technique to increase data availability and improve data access latency. This paper proposes a novel algorithm to distribute data items among nodes in these networks. The goal of the algorithm is to deploy the replicas of the data items in such a way that they are sufficiently distant from each other to prevent excessive redundancy but, simultaneously, they remain close enough to each participant, such that data retrieval can be achieved using a small number of messages. The paper describes the algorithm and provides its performance evaluation for different configurations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A metric of fairness for parallel job schedulers
Authors: Ngubiri John , van Vliet Mario
Published: September 2008

Fairness is an important aspect in queuing systems. Several fairness measures have been proposed in queuing systems in general and parallel job scheduling in particular. Generally, a scheduler is considered unfair if some jobs are discriminated whereas others are favored. Some of the metrics used to measure fairness for parallel job schedulers can imply unfairness where there is no discrimination (and vice versa). This makes them inappropriate. In this paper, we show how the existing approach misrepresents fairness in practice. We then propose a new approach for measuring fairness for parallel job schedulers. Our approach is based on two principles: (i) as jobs have different resource requirements and find different queue/system states, they need not have the same performance for the scheduler to be fair and (ii) to compare two schedulers for fairness, we make comparisons of how the schedulers favor/discriminate individual jobs. We use performance and discrimination trends to validate our approach. We observe that our approach can deduce discrimination more accurately. This is true even in cases where the most discriminated jobs are not the worst performing jobs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of Poly(rA) on the Carbon Nanotube Surface and its Hybridization with Poly(rU)
Authors: Karachevtsev Victor A. , Gladchenko Galyna O. , Karachevtsev Maksym V. , Valeev Vladimir A. , Leontiev Victor S. , Lytvyn Oksana S.
Published: September 2008

Adsorption of poly(rA) on a single‐walled carbon nanotube surface in aqueous suspension and the subsequent hybridization of this polymer with free poly(rU) is studied. A comparison of the temperature dependence of the absorbance of free poly(rA) and poly(rA) adsorbed on the nanotube surface [poly(rA)NT] at νmax=38 500 cm−1 shows that the thermostability of the adsorbed polymer is higher. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that more than half of the adenines are not stacked on the tube surface and some of them undergo self‐stacking. After addition of a complementary poly(rU) to the poly(rA)NT suspension, a double‐stranded polymer is formed as confirmed by the characteristic S‐like form of its melting curve. However, the melting temperature of this polymer is lower than that of the free poly(rA)⋅poly(rU) duplex. This result indicates that poly(rU) hybridization with poly(rA)NT occurs with defects along the whole length of the polymer because of π–π stacking between nitrogen bases and the nanotube surface, which hinders the usual hybridization process. Computer modeling demonstrates different possible structures of hybridized polymers on the nanotube surface.
Electric‐Field Distribution at the End of a Charged Capillary—A Coupling Imaging Study
Authors: Wang Kang , Jia Wen‐Zhi , Xia Xing‐Hua
Published: September 2008

The electric‐field distribution at the end of a charged capillary system is detected using a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) coupling imaging mode. A theoretical model based on the resistance of solution at the capillary end describes the three‐dimensional distribution of the electric field. The effect of the detection electrode position and separation high voltage on solution potential is observed and analyzed. Results demonstrate that the electric field at the end‐channel shows an isopotential contour changing from a disk shape into a hemispherical shape when leaving the capillary opening. The solution potential decreases along the central axis of the capillary to the detection reservoir. In the same scanning plane, the solution potential decreases along the radial direction. Increase of the separation high voltage results in the increase of the absolute solution potential but does not change the relative spatial electric‐field distribution.
An Organometallic Approach for Very Small Maghemite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Glaria Arnaud , Kahn Myrtil L. , Falqui Andrea , Lecante Pierre , Collière Vincent , Respaud Marc , Chaudret Bruno
Published: September 2008

Maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles stabilized by long‐alkyl‐chain amines are synthesized by using an organometallic approach. This method consists of the hydrolysis and oxidation of an organometallic precursor, Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2, in the presence of amine ligands as stabilizing agent in an organic solvent, namely tetrahydrofuran or toluene. Whatever the experimental conditions, particles with a diameter of 2.8 nm are obtained. The use of high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, together with Mössbauer spectroscopy and SQuId magnetometry, allows a complete characterization of these particles. Herein, we show that their structure is composed of a well‐ordered core surrounded by a more disordered shell. The size of the latter varies from 0.65 to 0.50 nm depending on the experimental conditions and is of prime importance for the understanding of the magnetic properties. We demonstrate that the shorter the alkyl chain length of the amine 1) the better the crystallinity of the particle’s core and 2) the stronger the interparticle interactions.
Tracking antigen‐driven responses by flow cytometry: Monitoring proliferation by dye dilution
Authors: Wallace Paul K. , Tario Joseph D. , Fisher Jan L. , Wallace Stephen S. , Ernstoff Marc S. , Muirhead Katharine A.
Published: September 2008

Cell‐tracking reagents such as the green‐fluorescent protein labeling dye CFSE and the red‐fluorescent lipophilic membrane dye PKH26 are commonly used to monitor cell proliferation by flow cytometry in heterogeneous cell populations responding to immune stimuli. Both reagents stain cells with a bright homogeneous fluorescence, which is partitioned between daughter cells during each cell division. Because daughter cell fluorescence intensities are approximately halved after each division, the intensity of a cell relative to its intensity at the time of staining provides information about how many divisions it has undergone. Knowing how many rounds of division have occurred and the relative number of cells in each daughter generation, one can back‐calculate the number of cells in the original population (i.e., cells present at the time of stimulus) that went on to respond by proliferating. Using this information, the precursor cell frequencies and extent of expansion to a specific antigen or mitogen of interest can be calculated. Concurrently, the phenotype of the cells can be determined, as well as their ability to bind antigen or synthesize cytokines, providing more detailed characterization of all cells responding to the antigen, not just effector cells. In multiparameter flow cytometric experiments to simultaneously analyze antigen‐specific tetramer binding, cytokine production and T‐cell proliferation, we found that only approximately half of the cells that exhibited specific binding to influenza tetramer also proliferated, as measured by dye dilution, and synthesized IFNγ in response to antigen. We expect the advent of new cell tracking dyes emitting from the violet to the near infrared combined with the increasing number of lasers and detectors on contemporary flow cytometers to further expand the usefulness of this approach to characterization of complex antigen‐driven immunological responses. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Macrophages in the embryo and beyond: Much more than just giant phagocytes
Authors: Ovchinnikov Dmitry A.
Published: September 2008

Originally recognized as an essential part of the innate and acquired immune systems, macrophages emerged as omnipresent and influential regulators of embryo‐ and organo‐genesis, as well as of tissue and tumor growth. Macrophages are present essentially in all tissues, beginning with embryonic development and, in addition to their role in host defense and in the clearance of apoptotic cells, are being increasingly recognized for their trophic function and role in regeneration. Some tissue macrophages are also found to posses a substantial potential for autonomous self‐renewal. Macrophages are associated with a significant proportion of malignant tumors and are widely recognized for their angiogenesis‐promoting and trophic roles, making them one of the new promising targets for cancer therapies. Recent expression profiling of embryonic macrophages from different tissues revealed remarkable consistency of their gene expression profiles, independent of their tissue of origin, as well as their similarities with tumor‐associated macrophages. Macrophages are also capable of fusion with other cells in tissue repair and metastasizing tumors, as well as with each other in the immune response and osteoclastogenesis. genesis 46:447–462, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of Cyp17iCre transgenic mice and their application to conditionally delete estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) from the ovary and testis
Authors: Bridges Phillip J. , Koo Yongbum , Kang Dong‐Wook , Hudgins‐Spivey Susan , Lan Zi‐Jian , Xu Xueping , DeMayo Francesco , Cooney Austin , Ko CheMyong
Published: September 2008

A transgenic mouse line that expresses iCre under regulation of the Cytochrome P450 17α‐hydroxylase/17, 20‐lyase (Cyp17) promoter was developed as a novel transgenic mouse model for the conditional deletion of genes specifically in the theca/interstitial cells of the ovary and Leydig cells of the testis. In this report, we describe the development of Cyp17iCre mice and the application of these mice for conditional deletion of the estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) gene in the theca/interstitial and Leydig cells of the female and male gonad, respectively. These mice will prove a powerful tool to inactivate genes in the gonad in a cell‐specific manner. genesis 46:499‐505, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emulsifier type, metal chelation and pH affect oxidative stability of n‐3‐enriched emulsions
Authors: Haahr Anne‐Mette , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: September 2008

Recent research has shown that the oxidative stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions is affected by the type of surfactant used as emulsifier. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of real food emulsifiers as well as metal chelation by EDTA and pH on the oxidative stability of a 10% n‐3‐enriched oil‐in‐water emulsion. The selected food emulsifiers were Tween 80, Citrem, sodium caseinate and lecithin. Lipid oxidation was evaluated by determination of peroxide values and secondary volatile oxidation products. Moreover, the zeta potential and the droplet sizes were determined. Tween resulted in the least oxidatively stable emulsions, followed by Citrem. When iron was present, caseinate‐stabilized emulsions oxidized slower than lecithin emulsions at pH 3, whereas the opposite was the case at pH 7. Oxidation generally progressed faster at pH 3 than at pH 7, irrespective of the addition of iron. EDTA generally reduced oxidation, as evaluated by volatiles formation in all emulsions, irrespective of pH and emulsifier type, except in the lecithin and caseinate emulsions where a pro‐oxidative effect was observed for some volatiles. The different effects of the emulsifier types could be related to their ability to chelate iron, scavenge free radicals, interfere with interactions between the lipid hydroperoxides and iron as well as to form a physical barrier around the oil droplets.
Effect of phytosterol structure on thermal polymerization of heated soybean oil
Authors: Winkler Jill Kristine , Warner Kathleen
Published: September 2008

This study determined the effect of phytosterol structure, including the degree of unsaturation and the presence of an ethylidene group in the side chain, on the thermal polymerization of heated soybean oil. Indigenous tocopherols and phytosterols were removed from soybean oil by molecular distillation. Pure phytosterols were added back to the stripped soybean oil at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 5 mg/g oil (0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt‐%). These oils were heated at 180 °C over a period of 8 h, and triacylglycerol dimers and polymers, fatty acid composition, and residual phytosterol content were determined. None of the phytosterols prevented triacylglycerol dimer and polymer formation when used at 0.5 mg/g; however, phytosterols with two or more double bonds, regardless of the presence of an ethylidene group in the side chain, provided slight protection when added at 1 mg/g. Ergosterol addition at 5 mg/g reduced polymer formation by 16–20% compared to the control oil, but at this level none of the other phytosterols provided protection of any practical significance. Thus, under the conditions used for this heating study, the degree of phytosterol unsaturation was more important for its anti‐polymerization activity than the presence of an ethylidene group.
[3]Ferrocenophane Ligands with an Inserted Methylene Group
Authors: Šebesta Radovan , Bilčík Filip , Horváth Branislav
Published: September 2008

New planar chiral [3]ferrocenophane aminosulfane and aminophosphane ligands displayed interesting results in model Pd‐catalyzed allylic substitution reactions. The phosphane derivative having a methylene group between the cyclopentadienyl ring and the phosphane group showed enantioselectivities up to 86 % ee, whereas the ligand without the methylene group afforded almost racemic allylation products. Analogous sulfane ligands showed the opposite trend. Tentative catalytic complexes were studied by 31P NMR spectroscopy and DFT computational methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Total Synthesis of Cyclotheonamide C by Use of an α‐Keto Cyanophosphorane Methodology for Peptide Assembly
Authors: Roche Stéphane P. , Faure Sophie , El Blidi Lahssen , Aitken David J.
Published: September 2008

The total synthesis of cyclotheonamide C (3), a macrocyclic pentapeptide incorporating an α‐keto homoarginine (k‐Arg) and a vinylogous dehydrotyrosine (V‐ΔTyr) unit, has been achieved. For comparison of macrocyclisation feasibility, two linear pentapeptides bearing free ketone functions at the k‐Arg units were prepared, by use of tandem oxidation/coupling reactions on α‐keto cyanophosphorane precursors as the key processes for pentapeptide elaboration. Successful activation and coupling at the pentapeptide V‐ΔTyr C terminus led to the target molecule core, and thus provided a short total synthesis of the target compound.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The New Metabolite (S)‐Cinnamoylphosphoramide fromStreptomycessp. and Its Total Synthesis
Authors: Quitschau Melanie , Schuhmann Tim , Piel Jörn , von Zezschwitz Paultheo , Grond Stephanie
Published: September 2008

The tunicate‐associated strainStreptomycessp. JP90 produces the unprecedented metabolite cinnamoylphosphoramide (1) among several other compounds. Structure elucidation was accomplished by NMR spectroscopic studies and efficient total synthesis. The absolute configuration at phosphorus was determined by synthesis of both enantiomers of1performing a resolution of the corresponding diastereomeric phosphoramides ofL‐phenylalanine ethyl ester. Unusual cinnamic acid derivative1represents the first bacterial organophosphoramide. As it matches the Schrader's formula for insecticidal organophosphates, its biological activity was investigated. A weak inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was observed in in vitro tests, and water‐soluble analogues of1were prepared. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Preparation and characterization of hexyl methacrylate monolithic columns for CEC
Authors: Cantó‐Mirapeix Amparo , Herrero‐Martínez José M. , Mongay‐Fernández Carlos , Simó‐Alfonso Ernesto F.
Published: September 2008

The preparation of hexyl methacrylate (HMA) monolithic columns for CEC separations has been investigated with two initiation systems: (i) ammonium peroxodisulphate and TEMED to activate the polymerization reaction, and (ii) by thermal initiation with AIBN. For both initiators, the influence of composition of porogenic solvent on morphological and chromatographic properties of monoliths was investigated. Two porogenic solvent systems, aqueous and non‐aqueous media, were also studied for monolithic beds polymerized with AIBN. Under optimal conditions, low minimum plate heights (9.6 μm for peroxodisulphate, 8.4 and 10.0 μm for AIBN in aqueous and non‐aqueous porogenic solvents, respectively) were obtained. A comparison in terms of chromatographic performance of HMA monoliths with butyl methacrylate columns polymerized with both initiators was also performed. The resulting HMA‐based stationary phases also exhibited a good repeatability and column‐to‐column reproducibility, with RSD values below 5.6% in the studied electrochromatographic parameters. The potential of HMA‐based columns was demonstrated by the analysis of complex mixtures of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and anabolic steroids.
Are Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa separate disorders? Challenging the ‘transdiagnostic’ theory of eating disorders
Authors: Birmingham C. Laird , Touyz Stephen , Harbottle Jane
Published: September 2008

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are classified as separate and distinct clinical disorders. Recently, there has been support for a transdiagnostic theory of eating disorders, which would reclassify them as one disorder.

Objective

To determine whether AN and BN are a single disorder with one cause or separate disorders with different causes.

Method

Hill's Criteria of Causation were used to test the hypothesis that AN and BN are one disorder with a single cause. Hill's Criteria of Causation demand that the minimal conditions are needed to establish a causal relationship between two items which include all of the following: strength of association, consistency, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experimental evidence and analogy.

Results

The hypothesis that AN and BN have a single cause did not meet all of Hill's Criteria of Causation. Strength of association, plausibility, analogy and some experimental evidence were met, but not consistency, specificity, temporality, biological gradient, coherence and most experimental evidence.

Conclusions

The hypothesis that AN and BN are a single disorder with a common cause is not supported by Hill's Criteria of Causation. This argues against the notion of a transdiagnostic theory of eating disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Mobility‐dependent bifurcations in capillarity‐driven two‐phase fluid systems by using a lattice Boltzmann phase‐field model
Authors: Huang J. J. , Shu C. , Chew Y. T.
Published: September 2008

Bifurcations in capillarity‐driven two‐phase fluid systems, due to different mobilities in phase‐field models for such systems, are studied by using a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Specifically, two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) droplets on a flat wall with given wettability variations are investigated. It is found that the mobility controls the rate of diffusive relaxation of the phase field from non‐equilibrium toward equilibrium, and similar to previous findings on mechanically driven two‐phase systems, the mobility is closely related to the contact line velocity. For the cases investigated, different mobilities across a critical value result in fundamentally different system evolution routes and final stable equilibrium states. These results may provide some implications for phase‐field study of droplet manipulations by surface wettability adjustments in microfluidics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussions on driven cavity flow
Authors: Erturk Ercan
Published: September 2008

The widely studied benchmark problem, two‐dimensional‐driven cavity flow problem is discussed in detail in terms of physical and mathematical and also numerical aspects. A very brief literature survey on studies on the driven cavity flow is given. On the basis of several numerical and experimental studies, the fact of the matter is that physically the flow in a driven cavity is not two‐dimensional above moderate Reynolds numbers. However, there exist numerical solutions for two‐dimensional‐driven cavity flow at high Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimizing reduced PLSMFE formulation for non‐stationary conduction–convection problems
Authors: Luo Zhendong , Chen Jing , Navon I. M. , Zhu Jiang
Published: September 2008

In this paper, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is combined with the Petrov–Galerkin least squares mixed finite element (PLSMFE) method to derive an optimizing reduced PLSMFE formulation for the non‐stationary conduction–convection problems. Error estimates between the optimizing reduced PLSMFE solutions based on POD and classical PLSMFE solutions are presented. The optimizing reduced PLSMFE formulation can circumvent the constraint of Babuška–Brezzi condition so that the combination of finite element subspaces can be chosen freely and allow optimal‐order error estimates to be obtained. Numerical simulation examples have shown that the errors between the optimizing reduced PLSMFE solutions and the classical PLSMFE solutions are consistent with theoretical results. Moreover, they have also shown the feasibility and efficiency of the POD method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forced‐convection heat transfer from tandem square cylinders in cross flow at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Sohankar A. , Etminan A.
Published: September 2008

This paper presents the results of a numerical study on the flow characteristics and heat transfer over two equal square cylinders in a tandem arrangement. Spacing between the cylinders is five widths of the cylinder and the Reynolds number ranges from 1 to 200, Pr=0.71. Both steady and unsteady incompressible laminar flow in the 2D regime are performed with a finite volume code based on the SIMPLEC algorithm and non‐staggered grid. A study of the effects of spatial resolution and blockage on the results is provided. In this study, the instantaneous and mean streamlines, vorticity and isotherm patterns for different Reynolds numbers are presented and discussed. In addition, the global quantities such as pressure and viscous drag coefficients, RMS lift and drag coefficients, recirculation length, Strouhal number and Nusselt number are determined and discussed for various Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.