bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Massive Re-Fracturing Modeling Study to Optimize Water Injection Strategy for Zhou-6 Tight Oil in Daqing Field, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Jibin , Zhuang Xiangqi , Chen Shuli , Wen Heng , Wang Yunlong , Xiang Chuangang , Zhang Qinbin , Tian Hong , Wang Lizhi , Chen Yingru
Published: May 2017

Massive hydraulic fracturing and re-fracturing jobs have become very popular operations for developing tight oil & gas reservoir and unconventional shale gas reservoir in China. Experiencing long period of production and injection, in-situ pore pressure, stresses and saturation field were significantly changed. Reservoir re-characterization, fracturing modeling and dynamic simulation efforts are necessary to help understand massive re-fracturing impact on production performance and water injection optimization. In this study, a new integrated geomechanics, hydraulic fracturing model and reservoir simulation workflow is formulated and applied to optimize post-frac injection and production in Zhou-6 tight oil block, Daqing field.

With this new workflow, the injection volume of Zhou-6 field was successfully optimized through this more realistic reservoir simulation model. The production of the re-fractured wells was successfully maintained for more than 1 year with the optimized injectivity. The workflow will be widely applicable to other tight oil fields which are involved in massive hydraulic fracturing treatment and water injection development.
Core-Scale Modeling of Surfactant-Induced Spontaneous Imbibition in Carbonates
Authors: Bu Xingang , Han Ming , AlSofi Abdulkareem M.
Published: May 2017

Water imbibition into the reservoir matrix is an important recovery mechanism especially for fractured reservoirs. In this study, we numerically investigate surfactant effects on water imbibition in carbonate reservoirs that exhibit oil-wet to intermediate-wet states. The objective is to understand and quantify the impact of various factors including interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability on capillary and gravity forces, and hence the eventual oil recovery. In this work, an open boundary core-scale imbibition model with 9×9×10 gridblocks was used in UTCHEM to simulate carbonate core plugs exposure to a vast water body. Water imbibition tests conducted at elevated temperatures using Amott cells were used to benchmark the simulation model. Those imbibition tests investigated surfactant effects in both secondary and tertiary modes. Capillary and gravity forces were captured by history matching the experiments. Through this history matching, the inputs for surfactant adsorption and diffusion, capillary pressure and relative permeability were calibrated. The simulation model was then used to investigate the effects of various parameters including the volume of the surrounding water body and the properties of the surfactant, oil, water and rock. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the importance of water imbibition and its significant contribution to oil recovery. In the case of tertiary application, water imbibition occurs along with wettability alteration, where the effect of capillary forces became stronger with decreasing wetting phase saturation. The oil recovery increases with the increase in the volume of surrounding water and finally approaches a constant. Furthermore, changes in contact angle and IFT had a clear effect on the fluid displacement. At high IFTs, positive capillary forces drove the oil out in all directions; while at low IFTs, negative capillary forces led to a vertically dominant flow. This study presents a mechanistic approach to better understand the water imbibition process, and provide better understanding of the relative impact of the various key factors including oil, rock and, surfactant properties on oil recovery from the matrices of fractured systems.
Two Phase Flow Coupled to Geomechanics with Dual Porosity Model: Simulating Fractured Reservoirs by Finite Element Method
Authors: Wang Yarlong
Published: May 2017

A dual porosity formulations coupled geomechanics to two-phase fluid Flow in fractured reservoirs are developed and a Petrov-Galerkin finite element method is utilized. Formulations for saturation, with a time variable only, is incorporated with the displacement and pore pressures, which are fully coupled and solved simutaneously. A linear shape function is used for the pressures and saturation, and a quadratic one for displacement to avoid numerical oscillation. A consistent weighting function similar to the linear shape function is used for all interpolated variables. Solutions for pore pressures, stresses, and saturations near a wellbore and a hydraulic fracture in the dual porosity system simulating a fractured reservoir and in different phases are presented
Yield Response of Tolerant and Susceptible Soybean to the Soybean Aphid
Authors: Marchi‐Werle Lia , Pereira Renata Ramos , Reese John C. , Heng‐Moss Tiffany M. , Hunt Thomas E.
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Soybean aphid‐tolerance in KS4202 soybean is plant age dependent.

Soybean aphid infestation occurring at the V1 stage impacts both susceptible and tolerant soybean.

KS4202 during late vegetative and early reproductive stage tolerated high aphid pressure.

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most economically important soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest of North America. Multiple studies have identified soybean expressing antibiosis and/or antixenosis; however, soybean tolerance remains underexplored. Tolerance to soybean aphid injury was previously identified in soybean KS4202. This research examined the yield response of KS4202 infested with soybean aphid at specific plant stages and identified at what plant stage tolerance initiates. A preliminary study evaluated the yield parameters of the tolerant genotype at low (4000–5500 cumulative aphid‐days [CAD]) and high aphid pressure (7500–8500 CAD) at different growth stages (V1, V3, and R1). A second study compared the yield response of the tolerant and a susceptible genotype (K03‐4686) at both V1 and V3 stages. In addition, low and high aphid pressure increased to 9,000 to 12,000 and 18,000 to 25,000 for V1 and V3 stages, respectively. Preliminary evaluations indicated that the yield parameters of the tolerant genotype infested at V3 and R1 were not significantly different from the respective controls. Conversely, plants were unable to compensate for of high aphid pressure at the V1 stage. In study 2, high aphid pressure negatively influenced yield of both tolerant and susceptible V1‐plants infested, although the tolerant genotype compensated for low aphid pressure. Aphid pressures applied at the V3 stage did not influence the yield parameters of tolerant genotype; however, both aphid pressures were detrimental to the susceptible genotype. Tolerance in KS4202 begins as early as V3, and maintains as plants mature.
Southern Corn Leaf Blight: A Story Worth Retelling
Authors: Bruns H. Arnold
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

A history of corn leaf blight and its host.

A synopsis of southern corn leaf blight.

Lessons for the future.

The southern corn (Zea mays L.) leaf blight (SCLB) epidemic of 1970–1971 was one of the most costly disease outbreaks to affect North American agriculture, destroying 15% of the crop at a cost of US$1.0 billion (≥$6.0 billion by 2015 standards.). It resulted from an over reliance on cytoplasmic Texas male sterile (cms‐T) lines in hybrid seed production and a natural mutation of a race of SCLB Bipolar maydis that for years was seldom of economic importance. This mutation discovered in the Philippines in 1961 first appeared in the Corn Belt in 1969, damaging not only leaves, but stalks, ears, and developing kernels of hybrids containing cms‐T genetics. A favorable environment, combined with >85% of the hybrids grown being of cms‐T genetics set the stage for an epidemic. The cms‐T was discontinued in 1971 and hybrid seed production returned to using detasseling for the female parent. This serves as warning to the seed production business never to purify the genetics of our crops to such an extent as this again and to preserve genetic diversity.
Influence of Row Spacing and P and N Applications on Seed Yield Components and Seed Yield of Siberian Wildrye (Elymus sibiricusL.)
Authors: Wang Mingya , Hou Longyu , Zhang Qiang , Yu Xiaona , Zhao Li , Lu Jixiao , Mao Peisheng , Hannaway David B.
Published: May 2017

Siberian wildrye (Elymus sibiricusL.) is a globally important cool‐season forage grass for semiarid regions. However, its seed yield is often low or inconsistent. As previous studies examined the effects of row spacing and P and N levels on seed production of Siberian wildrye separately, this study was focused on the combined effects of four row spacings (30, 45, 60, 75 cm), four P application levels (0, 60, 90, 120 kg P ha−1), and four N application levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha−1). Treatments were established within a split‐split‐plot factorial arrangement, with main plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The field experiment was conducted on a Lithic Haprendoll soil type at the Guyuan farm in Hebei Province, China, during the 2010, 2011, and 2012 growing seasons with no supplemental irrigation. Narrow row spacing improved seed yield by increasing fertile tillers m−2, with 30 cm being the optimal row spacing. Phosphorus application increased seed yield by increasing spikelets per fertile tiller, with 90 kg P ha−1being the optimal P application level. Nitrogen application had no significant influence on seed yield in any year. Path analysis structural equation modeling revealed that spikelets per fertile tiller and fertile tillers m−2had significant and direct path coefficients with variances in seed yield. The best management practices for optimal seed yield of Siberian wildrye was 30‐cm row spacing, 90 kg P ha−1, and no additional N beyond 109 g kg−1available soil N under rain‐fed conditions with annual rainfall <300 mm.
Phenotypic and Ionome Profiling of Triticum aestivum × Aegilops tauschii Introgression Lines
Authors: Jaradat Abdullah A.
Published: May 2017

Eighty‐five single homozygous introgressions of the Aegilops tauschii D genome in the cultivar Chinese Spring hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic background were used to study phenotypic and ionome profiles during 2 yr of field experiments. An augmented design with a repeated bread wheat check was implemented to adjust for spatial soil variability. Percent significant pairwise differences between substitution lines ranged from low (e.g., 28.6% for the ionome) to large (e.g., 78.6% for seed area). The large (>60.0%) significant differences between substitution lines in grain crude protein, spike harvest index, and spike fertility index estimates are of value for wheat agronomic improvement. Differences among substitution lines accounted for 63.8 and 67.7% in macro‐ and micronutrient concentration in kernels, respectively; and caused significant differences between macro‐ and micronutrients as to their functional relationships in leaves and grains; the latter showed more positive responses than the former. The ionome validation variance was smallest for Chines Spring (81.0%) as compared to 83.7% (6D) to 96.0% (4D) for introgression lines. Plasticity can be deduced from the ionome's phenotypic (28.6%) and genotypic (27.9%) coefficients of variation, and heritability estimate (41.5%). Most substitution lines exhibited high genetic potential for increasing grain micronutrient concentrations, especially Fe and Zn by 12.0 and 8.0%, respectively, above Chinese Spring as a model bread wheat cultivar; however, their genetic drag on grain yield is yet to be determined.
Broadening the Base, Narrowing the Task: Prioritizing Crop Wild Relative Taxa for Conservation Action
Authors: Kell Shelagh P. , Ford‐Lloyd Brian V. , Brehm Joana Magos , Iriondo José M. , Maxted Nigel
Published: May 2017

A broad definition of a crop wild relative is any taxon within the same genus as a crop species, or in the case of some crop genepools, other closely related genera. Given the large number of species cultivated for human and animal food, and medicinal, ornamental, environmental, and industrial purposes, the number of taxa related to these crops is inevitably vast, one estimate being >58,000 species globally. Limited resources for conservation management demands careful planning so that taxa in most urgent need of conservation are given priority. Various prioritization criteria have been used to target wild taxa for conservation action; however, in the case of crop wild relatives, a specific approach is needed to take account of their particular value as potential sources of traits for crop improvement. A surge in conservation planning for crop wild relatives since the turn of the century has resulted in a wide range of different crop wild relative prioritization criteria and methods being applied. This paper reviews those criteria and methods and presents a harmonized, logical, and pragmatic means of assigning priority status to crop wild relative taxa on the basis of three main criteria: (i) the socioeconomic value of crops, (ii) the relative potential value of the wild relatives of socioeconomically valuable crops for variety improvement, and (iii) the relative threat status of the wild relatives of socioeconomically valuable crops.
Analytical Solution of a One‐Dimensional Horizontal‐Absorption Equation Based on the Brooks–Corey Model
Authors: Su Lijun , Wang Quanjiu , Qin Xinqiang , Shan Yuyang , Wang Xing
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Least‐action and variational principles were used to analyze soil water content distribution.

An analytical solution of a one‐dimensional horizontal‐absorption equation was proposed.

A new method to predict the distribution of SWC and estimate the Brooks–Corey model parameters.

A simple and approximate analytical solution of a one‐dimensional horizontal‐absorption equation is of great importance for measuring soil hydraulic properties. Several methods for determining the parameters of the Brooks–Corey (BC) model are promising, but all are based on assumptions to some degree. We have developed a new analytical solution for one‐dimensional horizontal constant‐saturation absorption based on the least‐action and variational principles. The profiles of soil–water content (SWC) calculated by the new method were very agreeable with numerical solutions, especially for high water contents. A comparison with a numerical solution calculated by HYDRUS‐1D indicated that the analytical solution accurately estimated the BC model parameters for calculating the profile of SWC, cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, and wetting‐front distance (WFD). We also compare the merits and demerits between the new analytical method and other approximate methods. The proposed analytical method provides a new and approximate method to predict the distribution of SWC and estimate the BC model parameters.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Irrigated Dairy Forage Rotation as Influenced by Fertilizer and Manure Applications
Authors: Dungan Robert S. , Leytem April B. , Tarkalson David D. , Ippolito James A. , Bjorneberg David L.
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas

Urea formulated with urease and nitrification inhibitors can reduce N2O emissions.

Nitrous oxide‐N emission losses as a percentage of total N applied were ≤0.21%.

Timing of manure application did not affect N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes.

Soil was a CH4 sink and emissions were not influenced by N source.

Information is needed regarding the effect of N source on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from irrigated semiarid agricultural soils. We report N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions from a silage corn (Zea mays L.) (2013)–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (2014)–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (2015) rotation under conventional tillage and sprinkler irrigation. We evaluated the effectiveness of an enhanced‐efficiency fertilizer (SuperU, a stabilized granular urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors) to reduce N2O emissions compared with granular urea and to determine GHG emissions from fall‐applied dairy manure or composted dairy manure and spring‐applied dairy manure. Nitrogen was applied during the first 2 yr of the study. SuperU plots emitted 53% less N2O than urea with corn, whereas no emission reductions occurred in 2014 with barley. The N2O‐N emission losses as a percentage of total N applied were 0.21 and 0.04% for urea and SuperU in 2013, respectively, with losses of 0.05% from both urea fertilizers in 2014. On average, N2O fluxes from fall and spring manure were statistically similar and greater than the other N treatments in 2014 and a lasting manure treatment effect on emissions occurred under alfalfa. Carbon dioxide fluxes were greatest from fall‐ and spring‐applied manure during the first 2 yr. Methane fluxes were negative, indicating microbial oxidation, and no differences occurred among the treatments. Corn, barley, and alfalfa yields were similar among all N treatments. This work demonstrates that SuperU can reduce N2O emissions from irrigated cropping systems in the semiarid western United States without affecting yields.
ANALISIS PRAKTEK PERWAKAFAN UANG PADA LEMBAGA KEUANGAN SYARIAH
Authors: Furqon Ahmad
Published: May 2017

Waqf of money curently become focus of interest among Muslim community. One of the banks executed the waqf of money is BSM. Some conclusions drawn from this research: (1) Information dissemination on waqf of money is still relatively limited compared to the wealth of medium and experiences that the bank had, (2) BSM has no specific counter for giving services, so any customer visiting the bank for applying waqf of money, customer service and the officials of the bank will serve them, without the nāẓir, and witness present; and (3) Two models of investation of the waqf of money in bank: riil sector for building mother and child hospital, and financial sector, in which the money was deposited in Deposito Syariah Mandiri.

***
Waqf uang saat ini menjadi fokus kajian yang menarik di kalangan masyarakat Islam. Salah satu bank yang menjalankan waqf uang adalah BSM. Ada beberapa kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari kajian ini: (1) Penyebaran informasi waqf uang masih relatif terbatas dibandingkan dengan kekayaan media dan peng­alaman yang dimiliki oleh bank, (2) BSM tidak memiliki meja khusus yang dapat melayani pelanggan yang datang ke bank untuk mendaftarkan waqf uang sehingga ketika pelanggan datang untuk mendaftarkan waqf uang petugas layanan pelanggan dan petugas bank akan melayani mereka tanpa nadzir dan saksi; dan (3) Dua model investasi wakaf uang di bank: sektor riil untuk pem­bangunan rumah bersalin, dan sektor finansial, di mana uang didepositkan dalam Deposito Syariah Mandiri.
RADIKALISME ISLAM DAN UPAYA DERADIKALISASI PAHAM RADIKAL
Authors: Rokhmad Abu
Published: May 2017

Educational institutions are supposedly not immune from the influence of radical ideology. This research concluded that: (1) Some teachers acknowledged that the concept of radical Islam may have been spread among students because of their lack of religious knowledge; (2) The units of Islamic study in the schools is progressing well but there is no guarantee of immune from radicalism since most of the learning process is released to a third sides; (3) In the textbooks and worksheets there are various statements that may encourage students to hate other religions and other nations. It can be concluded that the strategy of deradicalization may be implemented are preventive deradicalization and preservative deradicalization of moderate Islam, andcurative deradicalization.

***
Lembaga-lembaga pendidikan diduga tidak kebal terhadap pengaruh ideologi radikal. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa: (1) Beberapa guru mengakui ada­nya konsep Islam radikal yang mungkin menyebar di kalangan siswa karena kurangnya pengetahuan keagamaan; (2) Unit-unit kajian Islam di sekolah-sekolah berkembang baik namun tidak ada jaminan adanya kekebalan dari radikalisme karena proses belajarnya diserahkan kepada pihak ketiga; (3) Di dalam buku rujukan dan kertas kerja terdapat beberapa pernyataan yang dapat mendorong siswa untuk membenci agama atau bangsa lain. Dapat disimpulkan  bahwa ada beberapa strategi deradikalisasi yang dapat diimplementasikan  yaitu deradikalisasi preventif, deradikalisasi preservatif terhadap Islam mo­derat, dan deradikalisasi kuratif.
INDONESIA IS COMBATING CORRUPTION: A Struggle between the Extra-Ordinary Measurement and Extraordinary People
Authors: Heniarti Dini Dewi
Published: May 2017

Currently, the practices of mafia of  law in Indonesia is getting more rampant. Law enforcement is very slow, many cases of corruption offenses as crimes extra ordinary crime are addressed will slow grind lower law. Ineffective of  law in Indonesia is also dependent on these factors. Primarily extraordinary people. Several law enforcement officials  are easily bribed by corrupt actors with the aim to escape punishment, or lighten their sentences. Laws are formulated to deal with corruption seem barren. Factually  Indonesia show that is still ranked below Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong, as well as Vietnam and the Philippines. Outcome in the form of impacts and benefits of combating corruption unclear to this day. This paper will to describe that law enforcement combating corruption will be support by extra ordinary measure and extra ordinary people. Especially, Indonesia, a majority Muslim country in fact the largest Muslim country in the world, a large number of Islam is really potential become a leader in the combating corruption.

***
Praktek mafia hukum di Indonesia saat ini lebih merajalela. Penegakan hukum saat ini sangat lambat, banyak kasus tindak pidana korupsi sebagai ke­jahatan extra ordinary ditangani lambat laun akan  menggiring hukum yang lebih rendah. Tidak efektifnya hukum di Indonesia tergantung juga pada faktor-faktor ini: pejabat penegak hukum yang mudah disuap oleh pelaku korupsi dengan tujuan untuk menghindari hukuman, atau meringankan hukuman mereka; hukum yang  diformulasikan untuk menangani korupsi tampaknya mandul. Secara faktual Indonesia masih berada di bawah peringkat Malaysia, Singapura, dan Hong Kong, serta Vietnam dan Filipina dalam hal penanganan korupsi. Tulisan ini akan menjelaskan bahwa penegakan hukum dalam pemberantasan korupsi mem­butuhkan dukungan dengan tindakan luar biasa dan orang luar biasa. Terutama Indonesia, yang mayoritas penduduknya Muslim benar-benar potensial bagi kelahiran  pemimpin yang mampu memerangi korupsi.
SEEKING INTERSECTION OF RELIGIONS: An Alternative Solution to Prevent the Problem of Religious Intolerance in Indonesia
Authors: Chanifah Nur , Mustapa Arif
Published: May 2017

Indonesia consisted of multiculture, ethnic and religion. There are six legal religions in Indonesia. Religious plurality is part of Indonesian life. In Religion, adherents always tried to compare between their own religion with other religions that can cause a truth claim of superiority of their religion. This caused any conflict like the case of GKI Yasmin in Bogor, three massive bomb blasts of Bali, and conflict of Ambon.  This is a library reseach applying sosiological approach. To analyze the problem, author used the conflict theory of Gillin and Gillin saying that conflict can be caused by deferences. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the intersection of religions in order to prevent the conflict, included religious intolerence.  This research find that the intersection of religion can be found in values of humanity or the horizontal aspect (ḥabl  min al-nās). While the vertical aspect (ḥabl  min Allāh), they are different. By understanding the intersection of religions and nature of these differences, it is expected that religious harmony can be reinforced.

***

Indonesia terdiri dari beragam budaya, etnis dan agama. Terdapat enam agama yang diakui di Indonesia. Pluralitas tersebut merupakan bagian dari kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia. Pada kenyataannya, seseorang selalu ingin mem­banding­kan antara agama mereka sendiri dengan agama-agama lain, sehingga yang dapat menyebabkan klaim kebenaran. Kondisi ini menyebabkan terjadinya konflik seperti kasus GKI Yasmin di Bogor, tiga bom Bali, dan konflik Ambon. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi. Analisis kajian menggunakan teori konflik Gillin dan Gillin yang menyatakan bahwa konflik dapat disebabkan oleh perbedaan. Oleh karena itu, perlu untuk memahami bagaimana titik pertemuan antar agama untuk mencegah konflik, termasuk intoleransi agama. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pertemuan agama dapat ditemukan dalam nilai-nilai kemanusiaan atau aspek horizontal (ḥabl  min al-nās). Sedangkan aspek vertikal (ḥabl  min Allāh), mereka berbeda. Dengan memahami pertemuan antar agama dan sifat perbedaan ini, diharapkan kerukunan beragama dapat diperkuat.
Removal of lead (II) from aqueous solutions using rice straw
Authors: Amer Hayam , El-Gendy Ahmed , El-Haggar Salah
Published: May 2017

Lead (Pb2+) is a heavy metal which is utilized in several industries and can have severe impact on the environment and human health. Research work has been carried out lately on the feasibility of using various low cost materials in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In this study, the feasibility of utilizing raw rice straw for removal of Pb2+ from water through biosorption was investigated using batch equilibrium experiments. The effect of several operating parameters on the removal of Pb2+ using rice straw was studied, revealing the optimum parameters at an initial Pb2+ concentration of 40 mg/l were: 30 min contact time at a pH of 5.5, particle size 75–150 μm and a dose of 4 g/l. A maximum removal of 94% was achieved under optimum conditions. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used for the evaluation of the equilibrium experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity of rice straw calculated using the Langmuir isotherm was 42.55 mg/g.
A novel electro-catalytic degradation method of phenol wastewater with Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 anodes in high-gravity fields
Authors: Gao Jing , Yan Junjuan , Liu Youzhi , Zhang Jiacheng , Guo Zhiyuan
Published: May 2017

In the electro-catalytic degradation process of phenol wastewater, bubbles and mass transfer limitation will result in the decrease in wastewater degradation efficiency, a long electrolysis time and a high energy consumption. Self-made Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 anodes and a high-gravity electro-catalytic reactor were used to improve them. The Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 anode was prepared with a thermal decomposition method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under optimum conditions, the removal efficiencies of phenol, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) respectively reached 94.77%, 50.96% and 41.2% after 2 h electrolysis in the high-gravity field, which were respectively 10.93%, 16.72% and 24.84% higher than those in the normal gravity field. For about the same removal efficiencies, the electrolysis time and energy consumed in the high-gravity field were 33.3% and 15.4% lower than those consumed in the normal gravity field, respectively. The degradation pathway of phenol detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was unchanged in the high-gravity field, but the degradation rate of phenol increased. The Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5 anode provided good stability because the removal efficiencies of phenol and TOC decreased slightly and the surface morphology of the coating was almost unchanged when it had been used in electrolysis for 11 months, about 1,200 h, in the high-gravity field. Results indicated that the phenol wastewater degradation efficiency was improved, the time was shortened, and the energy consumption was reduced in the high-gravity field.
Estrus Induction and Fertility Response following Ovsynch Alone and Ovsynch plus PRID Protocol in Postpartum Anestrus Surti buffaloes
Authors: Khasatiya C. T. , Savani H. R. , Saxena Swati , Patel M. D.
Published: May 2017

The study was undertaken to find out the estrus induction and conception rate in 18 postpartum
anestrus Surti buffaloes divided equally into three groups and treated with Ovsynch protocol alone
and in combination with PRID, keeping one group as control. The use of Ovsynch alone and Ovsynch
+ PRID protocols with fixed-time artificial insemination resulted in 100% estrus induction with 66.66%
and 50.00% conception rate at induced estrus, respectively, and the overall conception rate was
83.33% in both the groups. In untreated anestrus control (n=6), only four (66.66%) buffaloes
exhibited spontaneous estrus within 120 days of follow-up and conceived giving the first service
and overall conception rate as 75.00% and 66.66%, respectively. The mean number of services
per conception did not differ significantly among the treatment and control groups. The service
periods of buffaloes under both the treatment groups were significantly (p less than 0.05) shorter (57.00±2.81
and 61.20±3.11 days) than the control group (104.00±20.22 days). Thus, the Ovsynch and Ovsynch
+ PRID protocol can be successfully used to induce fertile estrus in postpartum anestrus buffaloes.
TLR6 Gene Polymorphism, Sequence Analysis, and Phylogenetic Tree in Susscrofa
Authors: Kumari Nandani , Singh L. B.
Published: May 2017

TLRs (Toll like receptors) gene have a very important role in early defense against invading
pathogens, still we do not have sufficient literature available about them specially TLR6 gene in
swine. The current study deals with the characteristic polymorphic, sequencing and evolutionary
pattern of TLR6 gene in swine. SSCP based amplification and polymorphic pattern of TLR6 gene,
with the eight primers showed different polymorphism. Further, the evolutionary pattern of TLR6
gene was studied through phylogenetic tree analysis. Conclusively, the current comparative
phylogenetic and polymorphic analysis of vertebrate TLR6 gene in swine provided informative
insights into the process of gene evolution.
Relationship between management factors with days open in crossbred cattle and constraints faced by dairy farmers of Karnataka
Authors: Chandrasekar G. K. , Satyanarayan K. , Jagadeeswary V. , Shree J. Shilpa
Published: May 2017

The present study on relationship between management factors in crossbred cattle and days
openas well as the constraints faced by dairy farmers was purposively conducted in Bengaluru rural
district of Karnataka.The data were collected using a structured pretested interview schedule from
120 respondents selected randomly from four taluks viz; Devanahalli, Doddaballapur, Hoskote and
Nelamangala. The study revealed that number of artificial insemination (AI) in relation to conception
and voluntary waiting period had a positive significant correlation to days open in dairy cattle. Lack
of awareness on deworming of cattle was the major constraint among the respondents. Hence,
the authors conclude that extension activities like meetings, discussions, mass media, etc. are
to be planned and conducted by extension agencies to increase knowledge and thereby adoption
of recommended practices leading to increase production and income generation.
Gross Structure and Biometry of Ovary in Kadaknath and White Leghorn Breeds of Fowl
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Vaish R. , Bhardwaj J. K. , Pandey Y. , Gupta N. , Rajput N.
Published: May 2017

A Gross morphologic and biometric study was conducted on ovaries of a total 72 female chicks/
growers, 36 each of Kadaknath and White Leghorn (WLH) breeds. The birds were grouped
according to age into 6 (I-VI) groups, viz., 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks old. The gross observations
revealed that the left ovary was elongated triangular with base directed rostrally and conical apex
caudally in all the groups of Kadaknath and WLH, except in age group V and VI of WLH. The mean
weight of the ovary in age group I was 0.08±0.01g and 0.08±0.18 g, which increased to 0.31±0.04
g and 21.17±2.29 g in Kadaknath and WLH, respectively. The mean length of ovary in Kadaknath
was 0.68±0.03 cm in age group I, which increased to 2.02±0.09 cm in age group VI. The mean
length of ovary was slightly more in WLH than Kadaknath group I, which became more than twice
in age group VI.
Haemato-biochemical Study of Canine Babesiosis in Anand, Gujarat
Authors: Bilwal A. K. , Mandali G. C. , Rao Neha , Vasava P. R. , Mahida N. R.
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the haemato-biochemical alterations in dogs infected with
canine babesiosis presented at the College clinics at Anand, Gujarat. Blood was collected with and
without anticoagulant from naturally infected dogs, which were found positive for babesiosis by direct
blood smear examination. Statistical analysis of affected (n=24) and healthy (n=8) dogs revealed
significant decrease in the mean values of haemoglobin, total leucocyte count, packed cell volume,
platelets and lymphocytes and significant increase in the mean values of neutrophils and eosinophils
indicating anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and eosinophilia in infected dogs
as compared to healthy ones. Similarly significant increase in the mean values of serum ALP, ALT,
AST, globulin and BUN and decrease in albumin and A:G ratio were observed in infected dogs.
The results showed significant alterations in haemato-biochemical attributes in dogs affected with
canine babesiosis, and suggested need to rule out possibility of canine babesiosis in all anaemic
dogs.
Osteometry of Lumbar Vertebrae of Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo)
Authors: Pandya Sweta , Suman Alka , Shukla Vanila , Bhayani D.M.
Published: May 2017

The anatomy of lumbar vertebrae of Asiatic lion was studied. There were seven lumbar vertebrae.
The length of the body increased from the first to the sixth vertebrae, whereas the width increased
up to the last vertebra. The ventral ridge was absent in first and last vertebrae. The dorsal spinous
processes were short and flattened laterally and were cranially inclined, except L7 which was
vertical. The transverse processes of each lumbar vertebra were directed obliquely forward and
downward. The length of accessory processes decreased from L1 to L6 and it was absent in L7.
Dystocia due to Fetal Malposture in a Jenny: A Case Report
Authors: Solanki G. B. , Parmar K. H. , Raval R. J. , Vala K. B. , Odedra M. D.
Published: May 2017

Reproductive aspect of Jenny is very similar to that of Mare being that they both belong to the
same genus Equus. The average length of gestation in donkeys varies between 10½ to 14½ months
(Kirby, 1989). Dystocia is defined as any birth that reduces neonatal viability, causes maternal injury
or requires assistance (Purohit and Honnappagole, 2009). Dystocia is much more common in
primipara than pluripara (Roberts, 1986). Dystocia in Jenny can be caused by abnormalities of either
maternal or foetal origin. In view of above facts a case of dystocia in Jenny due to right lateral
deviation of fetal head with flexed left shoulder and its delivery by mutation is placed on record.
Clinical and Histopathologic Characteristics Associated with Renal Outcomes in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Rijnink Emilie C. , Teng Y.K. Onno , Wilhelmus Suzanne , Almekinders Mathilde , Wolterbeek Ron , Cransberg Karlien , Bruijn Jan A. , Bajema Ingeborg M.
Published: May 2017

Background and objectives

The prognostic significance of histopathologic (sub)classes in the current classification of lupus nephritis (LN) is controversial. We analyzed clinical and histopathologic predictors of renal outcome in LN outside the framework of the classification.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Variables (50 histopathologic and ten clinical) were tested in mixed, linear, and Cox regression models for their association with renal flare, ESRD, and eGFR during follow-up (1, 5, and 10 years) in 105 patients with LN who underwent biopsy from 1987 to 2011. The Cockcroft–Gault (normalized to a body surface area of 1.73 m2) and Schwartz formulas were used to calculate eGFR for adults and children, respectively.

Results

During median follow-up of 9.9 years (25th–75th percentile, 5.9–13.8), 47 patients experienced a renal flare and 21 progressed to ESRD. Renal flare was predicted by fibrinoid necrosis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04 per %; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.00 to 1.07) and nonwhite race (HR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.23 to 4.04). ESRD was predicted by fibrinoid necrosis (HR, 1.08 per %; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.13), fibrous crescents (HR, 1.09 per %; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.17), interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) ≥25% (HR, 3.89; 95% CI, 1.25 to 12.14), eGFR at baseline (HR, 0.98 per ml/min per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.00), and nonwhite race (HR, 7.16; 95% CI, 2.34 to 21.91). A higher mean eGFR during follow-up was associated with normal glomeruli (+0.2 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per %; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.4). Like ESRD, a lower eGFR during follow-up was associated with fibrous crescents, IF/TA≥25%, and nonwhite race, as well as with cellular/fibrocellular crescents (−0.4 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per %; 95% CI, −0.6 to −0.2) and age (−0.8 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; 95% CI, −1.2 to −0.4).

Conclusion

The LN classification should include an index of evidence-based prognosticators. Awaiting validation of a formal index, we suggest that at least fibrinoid necrosis, fibrous crescents, and IF/TA warrant explicit independent scoring to assess the risk of progressive renal dysfunction in conjunction with clinical findings.
CLINICALLY STUDY OF TRANSPARENT SOLID SOAP CONTAINING INDONESIAN PROPOLIS WAX IN THREATED LEUKORRHEA CAUSED BY CANDIDA ALBICANS
Authors: Sahlan Muhamad , Rohmatin Etin
Published: May 2017

Objective: Candida albicans (CA) is one of leading cause leukorrhea due to microbial infection. Propolis wax is a fraction of propolis, and thus its remains as the side product of refined propolis are sufficient to inhibit CA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans growth. In this study, we used transparent solid soap containing Indonesian propolis wax to treated patients with leukorrhea disease.Methods: Quasi-Experimental designs that use for the Pre-Experimental design one group pretest-posttest design with a control group who performed on patients with leukorrhea in January 2014 in Tasikmalaya (West Java, Indonesia) district health center by using statistical analysis of T Test Dependent. The study conducted on 36 patients with leukorrhea and positively infected by CA. The transparent soap containing propolis wax 1% and 2% are used for to group I (20 respondents) and group II (10 respondents), and six respondents used as the negative control group.Results: The results showed that both groups could treat by the soap. The soap significantly effective in decreasing the number of CA, while six respondents in the control group showed a significant in increasing the number of CA. The results revealed that the content of propolis wax 1% and 2% in the preparation of transparent soap significantly influence on the subtraction of the number of patients with CA leukorrhea.Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated that the transparent soap containing propolis wax 1% and 2% have a potency to against leucorrhea disease caused by CA.
GROWTH CHARACTERIZATION OF CALCIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE CRYSTALS INFLUENCED BY COSTUS IGNEUS AQUEOUS EXTRACT
Authors: Yuvarani Thanikasalam , Manjula Kesavan , Gopu Perumal Ananda
Published: May 2017

Objective: To investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of leaves, stems and rhizome of Costus igneus on the growth of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals.Methods: Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (CHPD) crystals were grown by the single diffusion gel growth technique and the inhibitory effect of aqueous extracts of leaves, stems and rhizome of Costus igneus on the growth of CHPD crystals has been studied. The grown crystals were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-Ray diffraction (XRD) for further confirmations.Results: With an increase in the concentration of aqueous extract of Costus igneus, the weight of the formed crystals were gradually reduced from 2.03 g to 0.06 g (leaves), 0.05 g (rhizome), 0.03 g (stem) for the CHPD crystals, respectively. The crystals harvested from the CHPD were characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the functional groups, and Powder X-Ray Diffraction technique (XRD) analyses to confirm the crystalline phases of the CHPD and hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals. Results obtained indicated that Costus igneus (leaves, stems and rhizome) has the potential to inhibit the formation of calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate crystals.Conclusion: This study confirms that using an aqueous extract of stem and rhizome of Costus igneus can promote the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals and reduce the nucleation rate of CHPD crystals, a major component of calcium urinary stone.
GREEN SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES OF A MARINE RED ALGA SPYRIDIA FUSIFORMIS AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Murugesan Subbiah , Bhuvaneswari Sundaresan , Sivamurugan Vajiravelu
Published: May 2017

Objective: In the present system, the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using marine the red alga Spyridia fusiformis and antibacterial activity was carried out.Methods: The seaweed extract was used for the synthesis of AgNPs at room temperature. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles was carried out by disc diffusion method against pathogenic bacteria.Results: The UV-visible spectroscopy revealed surface plasmon resonance at 450 nm. The FT-IR measurements showed the possible functional groups responsible for the formation of nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the particles were crystalline in nature. TEM micrograph has shown the formation of silver nanoparticles with the size in the range of 5–50 nm. The silver nanoparticles synthesized from the S. fusiformis showed higher activity and proved their efficacy in controlling the pathogenic bacterial strains. The nanoparticles showed highest inhibition activity on K. pneumaniae and S. aureus up to 26 and 24±0.01 mm at 100 μg/ml of nanoparticles.Conclusion: The synthesised AgNPs have shown the best antibacterial activity against human pathogens E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The above eco-friendly AgNPs synthesis procedure could be a viable solution for industrial applications in the future and therapeutic needs.
STUDY ON CAUSE–EFFECT RELATIONS AND OPTIMIZATION OF EXEMESTANE-LOADED NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS
Authors: Thang Le Quoc , Hanh Nguyen Duc , Duong Do Quang
Published: May 2017

Objective: Exemestane is an anti-breast cancer drug, possesses low water solubility and low permeability. This work aimed at the cause-effect relations and optimization of exemestane-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (EXE-NLCs) for oral delivery.Methods: Excipient screening was based on exemestane solubilities and the emulsification efficiency of surfactants. A D-optimal design based on three independent variables was applied to evaluate the cause-effect relations and optimise EXE-NLCs formulation. The particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL) were investigated with respect to three independent variables including liquid lipid to total lipid ratio (X1), surfactant concentration (X2), total lipid concentration (X3).Results: EXE-NLCs were prepared by a hot sonication method employing Labrafac CC and Compritol 888ATO as liquid and solid lipids, respectively, and Cremophor RH40 as a surfactant and Lutrol E-400 as a co-surfactant. All investigated factors: liquid lipid to total lipid ratio, surfactant concentration and total lipid concentration showed significant influences on physicochemical characteristics of EXE-NLCs. The optimal EXE-NLC formulation was composed of liquid lipid to total lipid ratio (X1) of 24 % (w/w), surfactant concentration (X2) of 4 % (w/v) and total lipid concentration (X3) of 4 % (w/v). The PS, PDI, EE and DL of the optimized EXE-NLCs were found to be 41.787 nm; 0.11; 97.605 % and 1.935 %, respectively. The optimized formulation was experimentally examined which demonstrated a good agreement between experimental and predicted values.Conclusion: The cause-effect relations and optimization of EXE-NLCs were investigated and reported for the first time. EXE-NLCs formulation was successfully optimized using D-optimal design and merits further study.
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, ORAL ACUTE TOXICITY AND LD50 DETERMINATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LEAVES
Authors: Hamed Manal Mortady , Abdalla Aboelfetoh Mohamed , Ghareeb Mosad Ahmed , Saleh Said Abdelhalim
Published: May 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was undertaken to estimate the total phenolic contents (TPCs), in vitro antioxidant of different solvent extracts of M. oleifera leaves, oral acute toxicity and LD50 determination of the 85% methanolic extract as well as the chromatographic isolation and identification of the extract constituents.Methods: The antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves were estimated using three antioxidant assays and the total phenolic contents (TPCs) were also evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay. The n-BuOH extract undergoes further chromatographic isolation owing to the high antioxidant activity using 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) method, which resulted in the isolation of seven compounds.Results: The results showed that the TPCs values of the tested extracts were varied from 309.52 to 43.28 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry extract. The reducing power antioxidant activities (RPAA) were 0.434, 0.402, 0.395, 0.149, 0.143 and 0.124, while the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were 316.43, 203.35, 181.56, 86.70, 76.62 and 50.83 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry extract; for n-BuOH, EtOAc, 85% MeOH, H2O, CH2Cl2, and pet. ether extracts, respectively. The oral acute toxicity study of the 85% methanol extracts of M. oleifera and M. peregrina revealed that; their LD50 values were 3458.3 and 4125 mg/kg respectively, thus the two plants could be classified as slightly toxic in the scale of Hodge and Sterner which reflected their nutrient values as edible plants. The isolated compounds were identified on the basis of their 1H and 13C-NMR spectra as; cis-p-coumaric acid 4-O-(2'-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), chlorogenic acid (2), niazirin (3), 3,4-dihydroxy-β-phenylethoxy-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(l→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), gallic acid (5), taxifolin (6), and benzyl-carbamo-thioethionate (7).Conclusion: The M. oleifera leaves showed promising antioxidant activities and slightly toxic behavior.