bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of wall properties on the magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic flow of a Maxwell fluid with heat transfer and porous medium
Authors: Hayat T. , Hina S. , Ali N.
Published: December 2009

The elastic effect of the flexible walls is analyzed on the peristaltic motion of Maxwell fluid in a channel with heat transfer. An incompressible and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid fills the porous space. The series solution of the modeled problem is derived by considering small wave number. The influence of pertinent parameters is shown and discussed with the help of graphs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Structural estimation of particle arrays at air–water interface based on silica particles with well‐defined and highly grafted poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Moon Jung‐Min , Kim Bong‐Soo , Paik Hyun‐Jong , Lee Jang‐Oo , Mouri Emiko , Yoshinaga Kohji
Published: December 2009

Silica nanoparticles with well‐defined, highly grafted dense poly(methyl methacrylate) (MMA) were prepared by surface‐initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) of methyl methacrylate with an initiator‐fixed silica particle in the presence of air. Two different polymerizations of MMA were carried out under the same conditions using tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN) and N,N,N′,N′,N″‐pentamethyldiethylene‐triamine (PMDETA) as the ligand, respectively. In the CuCl2/PMDETA system, polymerization appeared to be more controlled with a lower polydisperisty compared with the CuCl2/Me6TREN system. The monolayer of these particles was formed at the air–water interface using Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) technique. Multilayers of the particles were fabricated by repetition of LB depositing. A surface pressure–area (π–A) measurement and SEM observation were used to characterize the particle arrays. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
The differential effects of two self‐managed math instruction procedures: Cover, Copy, and Compare versus Copy, Cover, and Compare
Authors: Grafman Joel M. , Cates Gary L.
Published: December 2009

This study compared the fluency and error rates produced when using the Cover, Copy, and Compare (CCC) and a modified CCC procedure (MCCC) called Copy, Cover, and Compare to complete subtraction math problems. Two second‐grade classrooms consisting of 47 total students participated in the study. The following items were administered to participants: (a) a timed pretest, (b) a timed CCC worksheet, (c) a timed MCCC worksheet, and (d) a timed posttest. Then the participants were asked which procedure they liked best. Results revealed significantly higher digits correct per minute (i.e., fluency scores) on the posttest when compared with the pretest scores. Likewise, students' fluency scores were significantly higher under the CCC condition when compared to the MCCC condition. There were no significant differences in accuracy from pretest to posttest nor between the CCC and MCCC conditions. Discussion focuses on implications for modifying instructional strategies, measuring student progress, implications for practice, and directions for future research. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Kanalbeobachter
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: December 2009

Als der Science‐Fiction Autor Kurd Lasswitz 1897 sein Bild vom Mars entwirft, weiß er genau, was die Leser erwarten: Zwanzig Jahre zuvor hat der Italiener Giovanni Schiaparelli mit seiner Entdeckung von “Canali” auf dem Mars für Furor in den Medien gesorgt. Marskanäle dürfen jetzt in keinem Science‐Fiction‐Roman mehr fehlen. Doch fast zur selben Zeit will ein amerikanischer Geschäftsmann der Sache wissenschaftlich auf den Grund gehen.
Der Knall im Lawinenhang. Die Ursache von Schneebrettlawinen
Authors: Heierli Joachim , Zaiser Michael , Gumbsch Peter
Published: December 2009

Der Scherbruch gilt allgemein als Ursache für Schneebrettlawinen. Scherbrüche können sich allerdings in einer wenig geneigten Schneedecke nicht ausbreiten, da keine ausreichenden Scherkräfte vorliegen. Dennoch wird Bruchausbreitung im flachen Gelände oft beobachtet und führt auch zu zahlreichen Lawinenunfällen durch Fernauslösung. Dieser Widerspruch wurde von der Schneeforschung bisher nicht erkannt. Ein Ansatz aus der Materialforschung erklärt nun diesen Zusammenhang: Beim Bruchprozess eines kohäsiv‐granularen Materials wie Schnee werden die abgebrochenen Schneekörner in die porösen Zwischenräume gepresst, so dass die ungewöhnliche Versagensform des Antirisses zum Tragen kommt. Es lässt sich erklären, warum sich Antirisse selbst bei beliebig großer Bruchflächenreibung durch eine horizontale Schneedecke ausbreiten können.
Psychosocial effects of mastectomy on married African women in Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Odigie V. I. , Tanaka Rika , Yusufu L. M. D. , Gomna A. , Odigie E. C. , Dawotola D. A. , Margaritoni Marko
Published: December 2009

Objectives: Few studies have examined the psychosocial impact of breast cancer and its treatment on African women who come from a poverty‐stricken, uneducated background in a developing country. The purpose of this study was to describe the specific psychosocial effects of breast cancer on married African women in order to help physicians educate and counsel future women and their families in Northwestern Nigeria.

Methods: Two semi‐structured, self‐report questionnaires were given to 81 consenting married African women treated with unilateral total mastectomy secondary to operable breast cancer at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital. Questionnaires were answered at the time of the diagnosis and treatment consultation and at 6 months postmastectomy and included questions about demographics, frequency of conjugal relations and how the woman's sense of femininity was affected. Marital status was also tracked up to 3 years.

Results: Six months after surgery, the survey responses revealed that 67.9% of women felt inadequate as a woman because of the mastectomy and that 79.0% experienced a decrease in frequency of conjugal relations. Three years after primary breast cancer treatment, 61.7% of the participants were still married while 38.3% reported being divorced/separated from their husbands.

Conclusions: These results indicated that married African women face significant physical, emotional and social changes and difficulties following primary breast cancer treatment. Culturally sensitive therapeutic groups and interventions should be established to help Nigerian women with breast cancer and their spouses and families understand and cope with the disease and its long‐term health and quality‐of‐life implications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐traumatic growth: finding positive meaning in cancer survivorship moderates the impact of intrusive thoughts on adjustment in younger adults
Authors: Park Crystal L. , Chmielewski Jennifer , Blank Thomas O.
Published: December 2009

Objective: We examined whether post‐traumatic growth would moderate the impact of intrusive thoughts on a range of dimensions of well‐being in a sample of younger adult survivors of various types of cancer.

Methods: 167 participants completed questionnaires regarding intrusive thoughts, post‐traumatic growth, mental and physical health‐related quality of life, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and spiritual well‐being. Multiple regression analyses controlling for relevant background and cancer‐related variables tested the interaction effects of post‐traumatic growth and intrusive thoughts.

Results: Intrusive thoughts were related to poorer adjustment on all indices except physical health‐related quality of life. However, post‐traumatic growth moderated the effects of intrusive thoughts on positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and spiritual well‐being in a protective fashion. That is, for those higher in post‐traumatic growth, higher levels of intrusive thoughts were related to better adjustment.

Conclusions: The positive meaning that individuals assign to their cancer experience as reflected in their reports of post‐traumatic growth appears to be important in determining the impact of intrusive thoughts on post‐cancer adjustment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic voltammetry: A new strategy for the evaluation of oxidative damage to bovine insulin
Authors: Zong Wansong , Liu Rutao , Sun Feng , Wang Meijie , Zhang Pengjun , Liu Yihong , Tian Yanmin
Published: December 2009

Research on protein oxidative damage may give insight into the nature of protein functions and pathological conditions. In this work, the oxidative damage of bovine insulin on Au electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The experimental results show that there are two anodic peaks for the oxidative damage of bovine insulin, which arise from the oxidation of the exposed disulfide bond SSCYS7A,CYS7B, forming sulfenic acid RSOH (1.20 V, vs. SCE), sulfinic acid RSO2H and sulfonic acid RSO3H (1.35 V, vs. SCE). These in vitro findings not only demonstrate the applicability of CV in simulating/evaluating the oxidative damage of nonredox proteins but also find two promising candidates (two anodic peaks) for measuring insulin.
Amyloidogenic sequences in native protein structures
Authors: Tzotzos Susan , Doig Andrew J.
Published: December 2009

Numerous short peptides have been shown to form β‐sheet amyloid aggregates in vitro. Proteins that contain such sequences are likely to be problematic for a cell, due to their potential to aggregate into toxic structures. We investigated the structures of 30 proteins containing 45 sequences known to form amyloid, to see how the proteins cope with the presence of these potentially toxic sequences, studying secondary structure, hydrogen‐bonding, solvent accessible surface area and hydrophobicity. We identified two mechanisms by which proteins avoid aggregation: Firstly, amyloidogenic sequences are often found within helices, despite their inherent preference to form β structure. Helices may offer a selective advantage, since in order to form amyloid the sequence will presumably have to first unfold and then refold into a β structure. Secondly, amyloidogenic sequences that are found in β structure are usually buried within the protein. Surface exposed amyloidogenic sequences are not tolerated in strands, presumably because they lead to protein aggregation via assembly of the amyloidogenic regions. The use of α‐helices, where amyloidogenic sequences are forced into helix, despite their intrinsic preference for β structure, is thus a widespread mechanism to avoid protein aggregation.
Mobile loop mutations in an archaeal inositol monophosphatase: Modulating three‐metal ion assisted catalysis and lithium inhibition
Authors: Li Zheng , Stieglitz Kimberly A. , Shrout Anthony L. , Wei Yang , Weis Robert M. , Stec Boguslaw , Roberts Mary F.
Published: December 2009

The inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Methanocaldococcus jannaschii requires Mg2+ for activity and binds three to four ions tightly in the absence of ligands: KD = 0.8 μM for one ion with a KD of 38 μM for the other Mg2+ ions. However, the enzyme requires 5–10 mM Mg2+ for optimum catalysis, suggesting substrate alters the metal ion affinity. In crystal structures of this archaeal IMPase with products, one of the three metal ions is coordinated by only one protein contact, Asp38. The importance of this and three other acidic residues in a mobile loop that approaches the active site was probed with mutational studies. Only D38A exhibited an increased kinetic KD for Mg2+; D26A, E39A, and E41A showed no significant change in the Mg2+ requirement for optimal activity. D38A also showed an increased Km, but little effect on kcat. This behavior is consistent with this side chain coordinating the third metal ion in the substrate complex, but with sufficient flexibility in the loop such that other acidic residues could position the Mg2+ in the active site in the absence of Asp38. While lithium ion inhibition of the archaeal IMPase is very poor (IC50∼250 mM), the D38A enzyme has a dramatically enhanced sensitivity to Li+ with an IC50 of 12 mM. These results constitute additional evidence for three metal ion assisted catalysis with substrate and product binding reducing affinity of the third necessary metal ion. They also suggest a specific mode of action for lithium inhibition in the IMPase superfamily.
Crystal structure of a super leucine zipper, an extended two‐stranded super long coiled coil
Authors: Diao Jiasheng
Published: December 2009

Coiled coil is a ubiquitous structural motif in proteins, with two to seven alpha helices coiled together like the strands of a rope, and coiled coil folding and assembly is not completely understood. A GCN4 leucine zipper mutant with four mutations of K3A, D7A, Y17W, and H18N has been designed, and the crystal structure has been determined at 1.6 Å resolution. The peptide monomer shows a helix trunk with short curved N‐ and C‐termini. In the crystal, two monomers cross in 35° and form an X‐shaped dimer, and each X‐shaped dimer is welded into the next one through sticky hydrophobic ends, thus forming an extended two‐stranded, parallel, super long coiled coil rather than a discrete, two‐helix coiled coil of the wild‐type GCN4 leucine zipper. Leucine residues appear at every seventh position in the super long coiled coil, suggesting that it is an extended super leucine zipper. Compared to the wild‐type leucine zipper, the N‐terminus of the mutant has a dramatic conformational change and the C‐terminus has one more residue Glu 32 determined. The mutant X‐shaped dimer has a large crossing angle of 35° instead of 18° in the wild‐type dimer. The results show a novel assembly mode and oligomeric state of coiled coil, and demonstrate that mutations may affect folding and assembly of the overall coiled coil. Analysis of the formation mechanism of the super long coiled coil may help understand and design self‐assembling protein fibers.
Docking of insulin to a structurally equilibrated insulin receptor ectodomain
Authors: Vashisth Harish , Abrams Cameron F.
Published: December 2009

The insulin receptor (IR) is a homo‐dimeric, disulfide‐linked, membrane‐spanning tyrosine kinase. IR displays negative cooperativity in insulin binding to its two pockets, suggesting “see‐sawing” between symmetry‐inverted conformations. The crystal structure of the dimeric IR ectodomain, IRΔβ [PDB code 2DTG (McKern et al., Nature 2006 443:218–221)], provides structural bases for this speculation. Unfortunately, neither binding pocket of the crystallographic IRΔβ structure allows steric accommodation of insulin. During almost 70‐ns of all‐atom, explicit‐water MD simulation (∼0.5 million atoms), IRΔβ undergoes significant asymmetric interdomain and intersubunit conformational fluctuations that do not alter its quaternary structure. Subtle variations in intersubunit buried surface area coincide with these conformational fluctuations, resulting in one easily‐accessible insulin binding pocket with the other blocked. We use a combination of Metropolis Monte‐Carlo and MD simulations to dock both T‐ and R‐state insulin into the open binding pocket. Both complexes remain stable during 30‐ns of MD simulation. In these complexes, “hexamer interface” residues on insulin directly contact the “site‐2” epitope on the first type‐III fibronectin domain (F1) of IR. Our results support the hypothesis that intersubunit flexibility of IR, governed by alternating modulation of buried intersubunit surface area, is the physical mechanism underlying a “see‐saw” model of negative cooperativity. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circular permuted proteins in the universe of protein folds
Authors: Schmidt‐Goenner Tobias , Guerler Aysam , Kolbeck Bjoern , Knapp Ernst Walter
Published: December 2009

Finding and identifying circular permuted protein pairs (CPP) is one of the harder tasks for structure alignment programs, because of the different location of the break in the polypeptide chain connectivity. The protein structure alignment tool GANGSTA+ was used to search for CPPs in a database of nearly 10,000 protein structures. It also allows determination of the statistical significance of the occurrence of circular permutations in the protein universe. The number of detected CPPs was found to be higher than expected, raising questions about the evolutionary processes leading to CPPs. The GANGSTA+ protein structure alignment tool is available online via the web server at http://gangsta.chemie.fu‐berlin.de. On the same webpage the complete data base of similar protein structure pairs based on the ASTRAL40 set of protein domains is provided and one can select CPPs specifically. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studying pressure denaturation of a protein by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Sarupria Sapna , Ghosh Tuhin , García Angel E. , Garde Shekhar
Published: December 2009

Many globular proteins unfold when subjected to several kilobars of hydrostatic pressure. This “unfolding‐up‐on‐squeezing” is counter‐intuitive in that one expects mechanical compression of proteins with increasing pressure. Molecular simulations have the potential to provide fundamental understanding of pressure effects on proteins. However, the slow kinetics of unfolding, especially at high pressures, eliminates the possibility of its direct observation by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Motivated by experimental results—that pressure denatured states are water‐swollen, and theoretical results—that water transfer into hydrophobic contacts becomes favorable with increasing pressure, we employ a water insertion method to generate unfolded states of the protein Staphylococcal Nuclease (Snase). Structural characteristics of these unfolded states—their water‐swollen nature, retention of secondary structure, and overall compactness—mimic those observed in experiments. Using conformations of folded and unfolded states, we calculate their partial molar volumes in MD simulations and estimate the pressure‐dependent free energy of unfolding. The volume of unfolding of Snase is negative (approximately −60 mL/mol at 1 bar) and is relatively insensitive to pressure, leading to its unfolding in the pressure range of 1500–2000 bars. Interestingly, once the protein is sufficiently water swollen, the partial molar volume of the protein appears to be insensitive to further conformational expansion or unfolding. Specifically, water‐swollen structures with relatively low radii of gyration have partial molar volume that are similar to that of significantly more unfolded states. We find that the compressibility change on unfolding is negligible, consistent with experiments. We also analyze hydration shell fluctuations to comment on the hydration contributions to protein compressibility. Our study demonstrates the utility of molecular simulations in estimating volumetric properties and pressure stability of proteins, and can be potentially extended for applications to protein complexes and assemblies. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dimerization of protein G B1 domain at low pH: A conformational switch caused by loss of a single hydrogen bond
Authors: Tomlinson Jennifer H. , Craven C. Jeremy , Williamson Mike P. , Pandya Maya J.
Published: December 2009

A number of signals in the NMR spectrum of the B1 domain of staphylococcal protein G (GB1) show a chemical shift dependence on the concentration of the protein at pH 3 but not at neutral pH, implying the existence of self‐association at low pH. NMR backbone relaxation experiments show that GB1 undergoes a slow conformational exchange at pH 3, which is not seen at higher pH. Analysis of relaxation dispersion experiments yields a self‐association constant of 50 mM, and shows that 15N chemical shift changes in the dimer interface are up to 3 ppm. The shift changes measured from concentration‐dependent HSQC spectra and from relaxation dispersion show good consistency. Measurements of chemical shifts as a function of pH show that a hydrogen bond between the sidechains of Asp44 and Gln40 is broken when Asp44 is protonated, and that loss of this hydrogen bond leads to the breaking of the (i, i + 4) backbone helical hydrogen bond from Asp44 HN to Gln40 O, and therefore to a loss of two residues from the C‐terminal end of the helix. This weakens the helix structure and facilitates the loss of further helical structure thus permitting dimerization, which is suggested to occur in the same way as observed for the A42F mutant of GB1 (Jee et al., Proteins 2007;71:1420–1431), by formation of an antiparallel β‐sheet between the edge strands 2 in two monomers. The monomer/dimer ratio is thus a finely balanced equilibrium even in the wild type protein. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Piezoresistive cantilever array sensor for consolidated bioprocess monitoring
Authors: Kim Seonghwan , Rahman Touhidur , Senesac Larry R. , Davison Brian H. , Thundat Thomas
Published: December 2009

Cellulolytic microbes occur in diverse natural niches and are being screened for industrial modification and utility. A microbe for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) development can rapidly degrade pure cellulose and then ferment the resulting sugars into fuels. To identify and screen for novel microbes for CBP, we have developed a piezoresistive cantilever array sensor which is capable of simultaneous monitoring of glucose and ethanol concentration changes in a phosphate buffer solution. 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid and polyethyleneglycol‐thiol are employed to functionalize each piezoresistive cantilever for glucose and ethanol sensing, respectively. Successful concentration measurements of glucose and ethanol with minimal interferences are obtained with our cantilever array sensor. SCANNING 31: 204–210, 2009. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Missing data in the exposure of interest and marginal structural models: A simulation study based on the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Shortreed Susan M. , Forbes Andrew B.
Published: December 2009

Missing data are common in longitudinal studies and can occur in the exposure interest. There has been little work assessing the impact of missing data in marginal structural models (MSMs), which are used to estimate the effect of an exposure history on an outcome when time‐dependent confounding is present. We design a series of simulations based on the Framingham Heart Study data set to investigate the impact of missing data in the primary exposure of interest in a complex, realistic setting. We use a standard application of MSMs to estimate the causal odds ratio of a specific activity history on outcome. We report and discuss the results of four missing data methods, under seven possible missing data structures, including scenarios in which an unmeasured variable predicts missing information.

In all missing data structures, we found that a complete case analysis, where all subjects with missing exposure data are removed from the analysis, provided the least bias. An analysis that censored individuals at the first occasion of missing exposure and includes a censorship model as well as a propensity model when creating the inverse probability weights also performed well. The presence of an unmeasured predictor of missing data only slightly increased bias, except in the situation such that the exposure had a large impact on missing data and the unmeasured variable had a large impact on missing data and outcome. A discussion of the results is provided using causal diagrams, showing the usefulness of drawing such diagrams before conducting an analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐Dispersible, Multifunctional, Magnetic, Luminescent Silica‐Encapsulated Composite Nanotubes
Authors: Zhou Hongjun , Chen Jingyi , Sutter Eli , Feygenson Mikhail , Aronson M. C. , Wong Stanislaus S.
Published: December 2009

A multifunctional one‐dimensional nanostructure incorporating both CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) within a SiO2‐nanotube matrix is successfully synthesized based on the self‐assembly of preformed functional NPs, allowing for control over the size and amount of NPs contained within the composite nanostructures. This specific nanostructure is distinctive because both the favorable photoluminescent and magnetic properties of QD and NP building blocks are incorporated and retained within the final silica‐based composite, thus rendering it susceptible to both magnetic guidance and optical tracking. Moreover, the resulting hydrophilic nanocomposites are found to easily enter into the interiors of HeLa cells without damage, thereby highlighting their capability not only as fluorescent probes but also as possible drug‐delivery vehicles of interest in nanobiotechnology.
Ultrathin Alumina Membranes for Surface Nanopatterning in Fabricating Quantum‐Sized Nanodots
Authors: Wu Minghong , Wen Liaoyong , Lei Yong , Ostendorp Stefan , Chen Kai , Wilde Gerhard
Published: December 2009

Using ultrathin alumina membranes (UTAMs) as evaporation or etching masks large‐scale ordered arrays of surface nanostructures can be synthesized on substrates. However, it is a challenge for this technique to synthesize quantum‐sized surface structures. Here an innovative approach to prepare UTAMs with regularly arrayed pores in the quantum size range is reported. This new approach is based on a well‐controlled pore‐opening process and a modulated anodization process. Using UTAMs with quantum‐sized pores for the surface patterning process, ordered arrays of quantum dots are synthesized on silicon substrates. This is the first time in realizing large‐scale regularly arrayed surface structures in the quantum size range using the UTAM technique, which is an important breakthrough in the field of surface nanopatterning.
Formal methods applied to high‐performance computing software design: a case study of MPI one‐sided communication‐based locking
Authors: Pervez Salman , Gopalakrishnan Ganesh , Kirby Robert M. , Thakur Rajeev , Gropp William
Published: December 2009

There is a growing need to address the complexity of verifying the numerous concurrent protocols employed in the high‐performance computing software. Today's approaches for verification consist of testing detailed implementations of these protocols. Unfortunately, this approach can seldom show the absence of bugs, and often results in serious bugs escaping into the deployed software. An approach calledModel Checkinghas been demonstrated to be eminently helpful in debugging these protocols early in the software life cycle by offering the ability to represent and exhaustively analyze simplified formal protocol models. The effectiveness of model checking has yet to be adequately demonstrated in high‐performance computing. This paper presents a case study of a concurrent protocol that was thought to be sufficiently well tested, but proved to contain two very non‐obvious deadlocks in them. These bugs were automatically detected through model checking. The protocol models in which these bugs were detected were also easy to create. Recent work in our group demonstrates that even this tedium of model creation can be eliminated by employing dynamic source‐code‐level analysis methods. Our case study comes from the important domain of Message Passing Interface (MPI)‐based programming, which is universally employed for simulating and predicting anything from the structural integrity of combustion chambers to the path of hurricanes. We argue that model checking must be taught as well as used widely within HPC, given this and similar success stories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Liver: A Cohort Study
Authors: Tang Liang , Lai Eric C. H. , Cong Wen‐ming , Li Ai‐jun , Fu Si‐yuan , Pan Ze‐ya , Zhou Wei‐ping , Lau Wan Yee , Wu Meng‐Chao
Published: December 2009

Background

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare condition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes for IMT of the liver in our large cohort of patients.

Methods

From January 2001 to December 2007, all patients with a pathological diagnosis of IMT of the liver who underwent partial hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

During the study period, 64 patients underwent partial hepatectomy for IMT of the liver in our tertiary referral center. The commonest clinical presentation was abdominal pain (53%), followed by fever (41%); 15.6% of patients were asymptomatic. Preoperative diagnosis of IMT was suspected in only five patients (8%). The indications for surgery included suspicion of malignancy (60.9%), uncertain diagnosis (40.6%), symptomatic disease (26.6%), and spontaneous rupture (3.1%). The postoperative complication rate was low (17.2%). There was no hospital mortality. After a median follow‐up of 30 months, no patient developed recurrence.

Conclusions

Although there are various treatment options for IMT of the liver, surgical resection for good risk patients is preferred.
Intraoperative Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Cholangiography (NIRFC) in Mouse Models of Bile Duct Injury
Authors: Figueiredo Jose‐Luiz , Siegel Cory , Nahrendorf Matthias , Weissleder Ralph
Published: December 2009

Background

Accidental injury to the common bile duct is a rare but serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Accurate visualization of the biliary ducts may prevent injury or allow its early detection. Conventional X‐ray cholangiography is often used and can mitigate the severity of injury when correctly interpreted. However, it may be useful to have an imaging method that could provide real‐time extrahepatic bile duct visualization without changing the field of view from the laparoscope. The purpose of the present study was to test a new near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent agent that is rapidly excreted via the biliary route in preclinical models to evaluate intraoperative real‐time near infrared fluorescent cholangiography (NIRFC).

Methods

To investigate probe function and excretion, a lipophilic near‐infrared fluorescent agent with hepatobiliary excretion was injected intravenously into one group of C57/BL6 control mice and four groups of C57/BL6 mice under the following experimentally induced conditions: (1) chronic biliary obstruction, (2) acute biliary obstruction (3) bile duct perforation, and (4) choledocholithiasis, respectively. The biliary system was imaged intravitally for 1 h with near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF) with an intraoperative small animal imaging system (excitation 649 nm, emission 675 nm).

Results

The extrahepatic ducts and extraluminal bile were clearly visible due to the robust fluorescence of the excreted fluorochrome. Twenty‐five minutes after intravenous injection, the target‐to‐background ratio peaked at 6.40 ± 0.83 but signal was clearly visible for ~60 min. The agent facilitated rapid identification of biliary obstruction and bile duct perforation. Implanted beads simulating choledocholithiasis were promptly identifiable within the common bile duct lumen.

Conclusions

Near‐infrared fluorescent agents with hepatobiliary excretion may be used intraoperatively to visualize extrahepatic biliary anatomy and physiology. Used in conjunction with laparoscopic imaging technologies, the use of this technique should enhance hepatobiliary surgery.
Measurement of Ulnar Variance on Uncalibrated Digital Radiographic Images
Authors: Vries Johannes de , Souer J. Sebastiaan , Zurakowski David , Ring David
Published: December 2009

Uncalibrated digital radiographs used in multicenter trials hinder quantitative measures such as articular step and ulnar variance. This investigation tested the reliability of alternative measures of ulnar variance that are scaled to the length of the capitate. A sample of 30 sets of radiographs from patients enrolled in a prospective study of operative treatment of fractures of the distal radius were blinded and randomized. Five observers measured the ulnar variance (UV) and longitudinal length of the capitate (CH) on two separate occasions with greater than 2 weeks between measurements. During each measurement session, the observers made the measurements on both a calibrated and a noncalibrated workstation. The ratio of the ulnar variance to the length of capitate was calculated (UV/CH ratio). Paired t tests were used to compare two rounds of measurements for both methods. Intra- and interobserver reliability was assessed by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. The ratios were compared using analysis of variance with a Bonferroni correction. The intraobserver reliability was excellent for each of the three variables (UV, CH, UV/CH ratio) for each workstation. The interobserver reliability of the UV/CH ratios obtained for each workstation was moderate to excellent as judged by the Pearson correlations between observers. The Bland—Altman method indicated a mean difference in UV/CH between calibrated and uncalibrated measurement techniques of 0.002 with limits of agreement of -0.11 to 0.11. Measurements of ulnar variance that are scaled to the length of the capitate may be useful measures of deformity in studies that utilize uncalibrated digital radiographs.
You Know what I Mean?
Authors: Wajnryb Ruth
Published: December 2009

Does a word mean what it says? Sometimes - but not always. Everyone thinks that meaning is contained within words - like sardines in a tin, or milk in a bottle. After all, words are nice stable things that you can look up in a dictionary aren't they? But dictionaries only take us so far… If you eavesdropped on a teenage conversation, rushing to a dictionary - with its definitions frozen in time - wouldn't help much. Who's using a word and to whom, in what context, for what purpose - all these influence the meaning of the language we use. The word's origins and history (its 'genetics') also help. Try teaching yourself another language from a phrasebook and you'll soon learn that you can be correct, in the formal sense, but still way behind the times in reality. In this book Wajnryb considers these and other questions to explore how and why our language works the way it does.
The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861
Authors: Eyal Yonatan
Published: December 2009

The phrase 'Young America' connoted territorial and commercial expansion in the antebellum United States. During the years leading up to the Civil War, it permeated various parts of the Democratic party, producing new perspectives in the realms of economics, foreign policy, and constitutionalism. Led by figures such as Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and editor John L. O'Sullivan of New York, Young America Democrats gained power during the late 1840s and early 1850s. They challenged a variety of orthodox Jacksonian assumptions, influencing both the nation's foreign policy and its domestic politics. This 2007 book offers an exclusively political history of Young America's impact on the Democratic Party, complementing existing studies of the literary and cultural dimensions of this group. This close look at the Young America Democracy sheds light on the political realignments of the 1850s and the coming of the Civil War, in addition to showcasing the origins of America's longest existing political party.
Yankee Merchants and the Making of the Urban West
Authors: Adler Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2009

By the early 1850s, St Louis was one of the fastest-growing cities in America. In this book, Jeffrey Adler analyzes the forces that determined the role of western cities in the national economy. He devotes particular attention to the ways in which Yankee merchants forged ties that linked St Louis to the New York and Boston markets. Northeastern businessmen fuelled the ascent of St Louis and made the city a Yankee colony in the West. During the mid-1850s powerful political and cultural forces altered the sources of urban growth in the West. As a result, the economy of St Louis collapsed. Yankee merchants stopped migrating to the city and ceased investing in local businesses. This book demonstrates that the sectional crisis abruptly transformed St Louis's role in the national economy, redirecting the flow of capital and migrants away from St. Louis and toward a smaller western city - Chicago.
Zwingli
Authors: Potter G. R.
Published: December 2009

Huldrych Zwingli was widely known as a humanist and admirer of Erasmus when he came to Zurich from Glarus and Einsiedeln in 1519. The stages of the Zwinglian Reformation there were marked by the attack on compulsory fasting, images in churches and the doctrine of purgatory, culminating in the rejection of the sacrificial nature of the mass. Like Luther, Zwingli accepted sola scripture as the only criterion by which religious beliefs were to be judged, but he parted company with Luther on the central issue of the nature of the eucharist. Their confrontation at Marburg failed to bring about agreement. A further important challenge came from the Anabaptists, who rejected infant baptism, military service, oaths and payment of tithe. Zwingli's many verbal and written discussions with them and his relations with Grebel, Mentz, Blaurock and Hubmaier form part of the story.
Bachelard: Science and Objectivity
Authors: Tiles Mary
Published: December 2009

This is the first critically evaluative study of Gaston Bachelard's philosophy of science to be written in English. Bachelard's professional reputation was based on his philosophy of science, though that aspect of his thought has tended to be neglected by his English-speaking readers. Dr Tiles concentrates here on Bachelard's critique of scientific knowledge. Bachelard emphasised discontinuities in the history of science; in particular he stressed the ways of thinking about and investigating the world to be found in modern science. This, as the author shows, is paralleled by those debates among English-speaking philosophers about the rationality of science and the 'incommensurability' of different theories. To these problems Bachelard might be taken as offering an original solution: rather than see discontinuities as a threat to the objectivity of science, see them as products of the rational advancement of scientific knowledge. Dr Tiles sets out Bachelard's views and critically assesses them, reflecting also on the wider question of how one might assess potentially incommensurable positions in the philosophy of science as well as in science itself.
High-starch diets induce precocious adipogenic gene network up-regulation in longissimus lumborum of early-weaned Angus cattle
Authors: Graugnard Daniel E. , Berger Larry L. , Faulkner Dan B. , Loor Juan J.
Published: December 2009

Adipocyte differentiation is probably controlled by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Longissimus lumborum from Angus steers (aged 155 d; seven animals per diet) fed high-starch or low-starch diets for 112 d (growing phase) followed by a common high-starch diet for an additional 112 d (finishing phase) was biopsied at 0, 56, 112 and 224 d for transcript profiling via quantitative PCR of twenty genes associated with adipogenesis and energy metabolism. At 56 d steers fed high starch had greater expression of PPARγ as well as the lipogenic enzymes ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), fatty acid synthase (FASN), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, mitochondrial (GPAM), and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homologue 2 (DGAT2), and the adipokine adiponectin (ADIPOQ). Expression of insulin-induced gene 1 (INSIG1) was also greater with high starch at 56 d. Steers fed low starch experienced a marked increase in FASN, FABP4, SCD, DGAT2 and thyroid hormone-responsive (SPOT14 homologue, rat) (THRSP) between 56 and 112 d of feeding. A greater expression of the transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and MLX interacting protein-like (MLXIPL) was observed at 224 d in steers fed high starch, suggesting a nutritional imprinting effect. Carryover effects of low starch feeding were discerned by greater expression at 224 d of THRSP, FABP4, SCD and DGAT2. These steers also had greater PPARγ at 224 d. Despite these responses, low starch led to greater expression at 224 d of nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2 (NR2F2), a known repressor of rodent adipocyte differentiation through its negative effects on PPARγ, ADIPOQ and FABP4. Results suggested that early exposure to high starch induced precocious intramuscular adipocyte proliferation and metabolic imprinting of lipogenic transcription regulators. Low starch might have blunted the PPARγ-driven adipogenic response through up-regulation of NR2F2 but the endogenous ligand for this nuclear receptor remains unknown.
Predicting in vivo starch digestibility coefficients in newly weaned piglets from in vitro assessment of diets using multivariate analysis
Authors: Doucet Frederic J. , White Gavin A. , Wulfert Florian , Hill Sandra E. , Wiseman Julian
Published: December 2009

The study was based on correlating a dataset of in vivo mean starch digestibility coefficients obtained in the immediate post-weaning phase of piglets with a range of dietary in vitro variables. The paper presents a model that predicts (R2 0·71) in vivo average starch digestibility coefficients in the 0·5 small-intestinal region of newly weaned piglets fed cereal-based diets using seven in vitro variables describing starch properties that are fundamentally associated with the quality of feed materials, i.e. hydration, structure and amylolytic digestion. The variables were: Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA; measures the viscosity of materials when sheared under defined hydration and temperature regimens); RVA end viscosity; RVA (gelatinisation) peak viscosity; ΔH (gelatinisation enthalpy that provides an estimate of helical order or degree of crystallinity in starch); water solubility index (WSI; that denotes the amount of soluble polysaccharides released from starch granules to the aqueous phase); grain endogenous amylase (concentration of endogenous α-amylase in cereals, assessed by pasting cereal flours in 25 g of AgNO3, an amylase inhibitor v. water using RVA).
Physiological concentrations of dietary polyphenols regulate vascular endothelial cell expression of genes important in cardiovascular health
Authors: Nicholson Sonja K. , Tucker Gregory A. , Brameld John M.
Published: December 2009

Previous cell culture-based studies have shown potential health beneficial effects on gene expression of dietary polyphenols, including those found in red wine and green tea. However, these studies have tended to use higher concentrations (2–100 μm) than those observed in blood (0·1–1 μm) after consuming polyphenol-rich foods or beverages. The present study investigated effects of physiological concentrations of different classes of dietary polyphenol on the expression of genes important in cardiovascular health (endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) by cultured vascular endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) in the absence or presence of H2O2. Resveratrol and quercetin (0·1–1 μm) increased eNOS and VEGF mRNA expression particularly in the absence of H2O2 (50 μm) and decreased H2O2-induced ET-1 mRNA expression (P < 0·001 for polyphenol × H2O2 interactions). Similarly, resveratrol and quercetin decreased endothelin secretion into the media, blocking the stimulatory effect of 50 μm-H2O2 (P < 0·001 for polyphenol × H2O2 interaction). Of the nine other polyphenols tested, only epigallocatechin gallate had similar effects on both the eNOS and ET-1 mRNA expression, but to a lesser extent than resveratrol at an equimolar concentration (0·1 μm). The observed effects on gene expression would be expected to result in vasodilation and thereby reduced blood pressure. Since only three of the eleven polyphenols tested had biological activity, it is unclear whether particular structures are important or whether the effects might relate to the relatively high antioxidant capacities of the three active polyphenols.
Film Melayu: Nationalism, modernity and film in a pre-World War Two Malay magazine
Authors: Barnard Timothy P.
Published: December 2009

Prior to World War Two many of the Malay-language films released in Singapore and Malaya were made in Java and the Philippines. Beginning in 1940 the Shaw Brothers began producing Malay films in Singapore for distribution to their theatre network throughout Malaya. The first Malay film magazine,Film Melayu, which began publishing in May 1941, documented the production and release of a number of these pre-war films in Singapore, providing one of the few avenues for a better understanding of the origins of Malay cinema. More importantly, this periodical was firmly ensconced within the Malay publishing community and thus reflects debates over issues ranging from the proper script to use in publishing to technology and its relationship to the nation (or community, bangsa).
The writings of Abdul Rahim Kajai: Malay nostalgia in a crystal
Authors: Maier Henk
Published: December 2009

Abdul Rahim Kajai (1894–1943), his life and his work, are discussed against the background of socio-cultural developments on the Malay Peninsula in the 1930s. A journalist, writer and author, Kajai played an important role in the emergence of notions of ‘Malayness’ which made Malays feel different from and hostile to the growing numbers of ‘others’ in the colony. In particular, his stories, splendid exercises in fragmentariness, suggest a strong nostalgia for the pastoral way of life, at variance with Kajai's own life in urban areas.
Not just fryers of bananas and sweet potatoes: Literate and literary women in the nineteenth-century Malay world
Authors: Hijjas Mulaika
Published: December 2009

I argue that women's literacy was more common than is usually supposed and that women engaged extensively with written literature, both as readers and writers. I also discuss the role of traditional Islamic education in transmitting literacy among girls. The article is based on the examination of a group of narrative poems written by women at the court of Penyengat.
I The Letters of William, Lord Paget of Beaudesert, 1547–63
Authors: Beer Barrett L. , Jack Sybil M.
Published: December 2009

List of Abbreviations viii

Introduction 1

I. Paget's Political Career 1

II. Paget's Letters 3

III. Editorial Procedure 9

Text 11

Appendices 135
III Report on Bolivia, 1827
Authors: Pentland Joseph Barclay , Fifer J. Valerie
Published: December 2009

Maps 170

Introduction 173

Text 182

Chapter III A Review of the Present State of the Mines, and of their Former Produce 182

Chapter IV A Review of the Commercial Relations, Foreign and Domestic 213

Chapter V A Short View of the Present Political State of Bolivia, Embracing the History of the Country Since its Independence, its Government, Laws and Institutions 240

Appendices 264
II ‘A Breviat of the Effectes devised for Wales’, c. 1540–41
Authors: Roberts P. R.
Published: December 2009

Introduction 31

Text 37

Appendix 46
V The Letters of Henry St. John to the Earl of Orrery 1709–1711
Authors: Dickinson H. T.
Published: December 2009

Introduction 137

Text 145
II Documents concerning the Negotiation of the Anglo-French Treaty of March 1550
Authors: Potter D.L.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

I The treaty of Boulogne and the documents 59

II The sources 65

III Notes on the main negotiators 70

IV Note on presentation and acknowledgements 71

Main series of documents 74

Appendices

I Documents related to Anglo-French negotiations included in the 1550 register 163

II The start of the negotiations, November 1549 170

III French negotiations with the Irish princes, 1549–50 172

IV List of extant correspondence of the English commissioners and related materials in English archives 176

Maps

I Fortifications around Boulogne, 1549 73

II The English position in Scotland, 1547–50 1301
III The Vita Mariae Angliae Reginae of Robert Wingfield of Brantham
Authors: Macculloch Diarmaid
Published: December 2009

Introduction 182

The manuscript 182

The author 183

The content of the manuscript 188

Politics and the Vita Mariae 192

Editorial procedure and acknowledgements 195

Text 196

Translation 244

Notes to the text 294