bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyclic Loading of TiCN Coating by Vickers Indentation
Authors: Saarna Mart , Lind Liina , Peetsalu Priidu , Sergejev Fjodor
Published: December 2016

Physical Vapour Deposited (PVD) coatings are used in wide range of industrial applications where requirements differ. For example, in cutting applications adhesive-abrasive wear along with high contact stresses prevail and PVD coating with thickness of ~2 μm are used. In forming applications adhesive wear usually dominates and relatively thick PVD coatings (~5 μm) are preferred. For both the applications coatings are subjected to cyclic stress and therefore it is a point of interest to learn the behaviour of PVD coatings with different thickness under cyclic loading. Cracking resistance and fatigue properties of gradient TiCN on hard metal substrate was evaluated by means of the cyclic Vickers indentation method. Hard metal was chosen as a substrate material to avoid pile-up effect and support the hard coating during indentation. The results of the single indentation Vickers test show that secondary radial and circumferential cracks appear in tested coatings already after the first indent. With increasing cycles the cracks grow up to a critical crack length after which the crack length doesn’t increase further. The tested coating thickness has no significant effect on cracking behaviour.
Microstructure and Properties Characterization of Polycrystalline Ni-Fe-Cr-Based Superalloy EP-718E after Electric Upsetting
Authors: Kommel Lembit
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of electric upsetting on the microstructure defects eliminating and mechanical properties evolution of the Ni-Fe-Cr-based polycrystalline superalloy EP718E. The microstructure was examined by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometry techniques. The material mechanical properties were characterized by nanoindentation, by tension testing of micro samples and high cycle fatigue testing at room temperature. The results show, that the microstructure defects on confluence of grain boundaries (depending on the processing stages) were step-by-step eliminated. The tension stress was lowered but elongation was increase. As a result of such changes in microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy the fatigue strength (δ-1) was increased from δ-1 = 300 MPa to δ-1 = 540 MPa and the number of cycles to failure was increased from N1 = 2·107 up to N4 = 4 x (2·107), respectively.
Planning for Deactivation of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators at the End of Life in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Brady Destiny R.
Published: December 2016

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) may be burdensome in end-stage heart failure. At the end of life, as many as one-fifth to one-third of patients experience an ICD shock. Critical care nurses should be aware of the potential burden of these shocks at the end of life as well as the ethics and organizational policies surrounding ICD deactivation. This literature review examines the issues surrounding ICD therapy at the end of life. Based on this author’s findings, recommendations for discussing and implementing ICD deactivation are offered. Health care organizations should have clear policies addressing ICD deactivation to provide for seamless integration of palliative care services throughout the course of heart failure. These policies should empower nurses to activate resources in a timely manner and should clearly outline processes for ICD deactivation.
Good Bye,
Authors: De Silva D.A.M.
Published: December 2016

My personal, “Multidisciplinary Research” adventure, which began in 2007, when I took over as coordinating editor of the SUSL journal, has now come to its natural conclusion and the time has come to pass the baton to our new editor in chief, Dr. Aruna Shantha, a colleague and enthusiastic academic. It was the wish of Prof. Dayananda Somasundara, former vice chancellor and founder of the SUSL journal and all later vice chancellors to give scientific direction, guidance and courage. Journal stands today on the strong foundation they laid and an enthusiasm and hard work of the editorial staff.I wish to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks and great appreciation to Mr. Prasad C. Iddamalgoda, for his valuable contribution in designing the volumes, Printing companies for their cooperation on quality production of the journal, Sri Lanka Journals Online (SLJOL), National Science Foundation and especially Ms. Sioux Cumming for her excellent support on entire journal editing, production and dissemination process. This is my final touches on SUSL journal and with this issue, then my editorship comes to an end. My dream, the SUSL journal will fly high strides and wish all the very best for better tomorrow.
Holiness in spirituality
Authors: Waaijman Kees
Published: December 2016

This article investigates the keyword of ‘holiness’. It will analyse how holiness names and frames the field of spirituality in a specific manner. In this analysis, a phenomenological and dialogical approach will be compared and weighed, followed by a discussion of the paradigmatic method that will focus on themes from five biblical texts, namely the revelation of Jahwe’s name, the holiness of Jahwe’s people, the holiness of creation, the holy order of justice and peace and holiness as a mystagogical process. Some reflections will be offered in conclusion.
The sense of God’s presence in prayer
Authors: Immink Gerrit
Published: November 2016

The awareness of God’s presence and the experience of his works – key notions in practices of prayer – find reasonable doubt in our secular age. Meanwhile, there are, worldwide, many communities of faith where people enthusiastically pray and hold that they hear the voice of God. How can we understand this sense of God’s presence?In prayer, people express their hope and fear, and they do so with heart and mind. This subjective involvement is characteristic for prayer. At the same time, supplicants address God in the conviction that God is present and active. Critics of religion, however, criticise this ‘external’ realm of the divine and consider prayer a superstitious delusion. Passages of William James and John Calvin help us to get some insight in the ‘object’ of our religious consciousness. Furthermore, William Alston defends a non-sensory mystical perception of the divine. Using these insights, the author explores prayer as a conversation with God and reflects on the notion: hearing the voice of God.
Jesus as healer in the Gospel of Matthew, part 1: Methodology
Authors: Culpepper Richard A.
Published: November 2016

This exploration of the healing narratives in Matthew 8 and 9, guided by current scholarship in the fields of medical anthropology and social-scientific study of ancient Mediterranean culture, shows that when viewed in their historical and cultural context these biblical narratives point toward a more holistic understanding of healing that may encourage contemporary movements in this direction. In this context, the goal is ‘healing’ the person rather than simply ‘curing’ the disease. The goal of restoring persons to a state of well-being and social reintegration into their families and communities requires attention to the emotional, social, and spiritual well-being of persons as well as their physical health. A critically and culturally informed interpretation of Matthew’s healing narratives may therefore promote the broader understanding of healing in view in these biblical stories.
Sentential negation in South African Sign Language: A case study
Authors: De Barros Courtney , Siebörger Ian
Published: November 2016

As with other sign languages, South African Sign Language (SASL) expresses negation using both manual and non-manual features. In this case study, naturalistic data provided by two native signers of SASL are analysed to show the syntactic relationship between these two sets of features. Using a Principles and Parameters approach and Government and Binding Theory, we investigate the syntactic scope of negation in our SASL data. We observe that side-to-side headshake, as a non-manual feature, appears to be the chief clausal negator in SASL, with a clause-final manual negative particle, NOT, playing a secondary role. We describe the negative headshake as a featural affix which is base-generated in the head of NegP and triggers V-to-Neg raising. The negative particle NOT appears to be base-generated in the Specifier of NegP. Suggestions for further syntactic research on SASL are provided.
Ototoxicity management: An investigation into doctors’ knowledge and practices, and the roles of audiologists in a tertiary hospital
Authors: Wium Anna , Gerber Berna
Published: December 2016

Background: A significant number of medications that are prescribed by doctors to treat cancers, tuberculosis and infections are ototoxic. Disclosure of ototoxic risks is ethical practice as patients have the right to be properly informed about and involved in decisions about their health care. Often, doctors fail to disclose such information.Aim: This research investigated whether a group of doctors working in a South African academic hospital inform their patients about the ototoxic risks associated with specific medications, and if not, explore the reasons for it. It was determined what the participants’ knowledge levels of ototoxicity were as knowledge is seen as a precursor to disclosing information to their patients. A further aim of the research was to determine whether audiologists should expand their role by sharing information with patients and other professionals in the management of ototoxicity and in the hospital.Method: There were 90 participants included in the study through convenience sampling, which represented interns, medical officers, registrars and consultants in the neonatal intensive care unit, intensive care unit, ear–nose–throat, and internal and family medicine departments. The research made use of a descriptive survey design that collected mainly quantitative data and a limited amount of qualitative data through questionnaires. The data were descriptively analysed, and the qualitative data were listed and quantified.Results: The research firstly determined the participants’ knowledge and understanding of ototoxicity, and it was found that there was room for improvement. With reference to the current practices of doctors in the prescription of ototoxic medicines, it was found that disclosure of ototoxic risks was limited, mostly because of a lack of time and insufficient knowledge. In comparing knowledge and practices between levels of employment, it was found that particular post levels performed better than others. The participants regarded the role of the audiologist as team member important, although very few referred their patients for audiological monitoring when they prescribe ototoxic medication.Conclusion: A need for additional support to doctors was identified, which indicates that audiologists should expand their role to include the provision of continued professional development activities and to renew their efforts to advocate their role in the hospital so that doctors are made aware of the importance to refer their patients for ototoxic screening and monitoring.
О неэквивалентности $\mathrm{C}$- и $\mathrm{QC}$-норм в пространстве тригонометрических полиномов
Authors: Radomskii Artyom Olegovich
Published: November 2016

Получена нетривиальная оценка снизу величины $\sup_{t\in L}\|t\|_{\mathrm{QC}}/\|t\|_{\infty}$ для подпространства $L\subset\mathrm{T}(2^{m}-1)$, удовлетворяющего определенному условию на размерность.
Библиография: 8 названий.
EFFECTIVE TESTING PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING PLANT SANITATION1
Authors: Sing E. L. , Elliker P. R. , Christensen L. J. , Sandine W. E.
Published: December 2016

Continuing problems with post-pasteurization contamination of milk and cream have stimulated dairy plants to undertake intensive programs to improve sanitation practices. Sources of contamination such as air, water, containers, fillers, pumps, joints, valves, cleaners and sanitizers have received more attention by the more progressive plants. Basic steps have been found to be necessary for improved keeping quality. These are a standardized reference test such as the Moseley 5 days at 45 F test, application of trouble shooting procedures, and application of additional sanitary measures. Comparisons using the Moseley keeping quality test and CVT test showed little correlation between them. A newly designed sampler has provided means of monitoring sanitary conditions and product keeping quality. It is a 3/8-inch drilled hole with a rubber insert clamped in by a stainless steel clamp. The sampler has withstood any pressure applied to it internally under normal dairy processing and can be permanently located in any pipe line system.

Product filling equipment is still the main contributor of contamination. It was found that manual cleaning instead of CIP cleaning was a necessity in equipment that had many product sealing joints. These areas particularly vulnerable due to heavy lubricants often used. Spraying filling areas with sanitizers during processing is essential. Plant conditions change every hour during production, therefore, adjustments in procedures to avoid contamination must be exercised. Cursory examination of plants to evaluate sanitation is insufficient. The best criterion still is the bacteriological and flavor condition of the product at the consumer level.
QUANTITATIVE MICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF SOME MILKS AND MEAT PRODUCTS DURING STORAGE BY A REPLICA PLATING TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Vanderzant C. , Patel G. D.
Published: December 2016

A replica plating method is described for a quantitative analysis of the microbial flora of certain milk and meat products. Species of Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium or Cytophaga were present at the beginning of refrigerated storage. After holding for 10–20 days, species of Pseudomonas type I and II predominated in the milk samples. The microbial flora of the stored meats included species of greater number of genera.
WHAT THE SANITARIAN SHOULD KNOW ABOUT STAPHYLOCOCCI AND SALMONELLAE IN NON-DAIRY PRODUCTS.
Authors: Bryan Frank L.
Published: December 2016

After a review of the nature of salmonellae, including data on the survival of these organisms under both natural and food processing conditions, the epidemiology of salmonellosis is discussed. Salmonellosis caused by salmonellae other than Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C are considered zoonoses, diseases or infections transmitted between vertebrate animals and man. This transmission is seldom direct, but usually occurs from the consumption of foods of animal origin. However, other products such as soya milk, yeast, coconut, cottonseed protein, and carmine dye have been, incriminated in outbreaks. A number of circumstances must be fulfilled for foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks to occur; these include: a reservoir for the infectious agent, a mode of dissemination of the organism, contamination of a food capable of supporting bacterial growth, enough time at a temperature suitable for bacterial growth, and ingestion of sufficient organisms by susceptible hosts. Control measures must be based on these circumstances. Principles of control, therefore, include limitation of contamination, inhibition of growth, and destruction of the organism. Control of salmonellosis must be aimed at feed ingredient and feed manufacturing plants, farms, hatcheries, animal-transporting and holding facilities, abattoirs, and food processing plants as well as places where food is prepared.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS MUST BE TWO-WAY1
Authors: Willson L. S.
Published: December 2016

The subject of communications is very much like the weather; everybody talks about it and nobody does anything about it. Today we have the hardware for communicating with each other from any spot on earth and even from outer space. But in our correspondence, our letters, our advertising, and our face-to-face contacts we run into great difficulties because we think too much in terms of one-way communication.

A human communications system is very much like an electrical circuit: until the current flows in both directions, there cannot be the green light of understanding. There are three specific areas where we fall down when we try to communicate: (a) words, (b) inferences we make, and (c) appreciation of people.

Good two-way communications can exist when we question each other, when we make sure that we both mean the same thing when we use a certain word. And when we stop talking and start listening, the understanding curve goes shooting upward.

All of these things can be remembered if we think in terms of the familiar VIP initials: “V” for vocabulary, “I” for inferences, and “P” for people. Two-way communication is after all a “people problem.” If we put ourselves in the other fellow's shoes, if we think less of ourselves and more of him to whom we are communicating, we'll start putting on the green light.
INFLUENCE OF CONDITIONS OF REHYDRATION ON THE ENUMERATION OF BACTERIA FROM FREEZE-DEHYDRATED MODEL FOOD SYSTEMS1
Authors: Vanderzant Carl , Hyder K.
Published: December 2016

Model systems, consisting of solutions of 2% gelatin, 2% gelatin and 6% glucose, and 9% skimmilk were inoculated with cultures of Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Arthrobacter globiformis and Microbacterium lacticum. Viable counts of rehydrated freeze-dehydrated samples usually were highest in skimmilk. Reductions in viable count after rehydration with peptone or tryptone solutions were somewhat smaller than with distilled water. In general, the number of survivors was highest when rehydration was at 25 C with a volume of medium equal to that removed during freeze-dehydration. Rate of rehydration had a marked effect on the number of surviving bacteria. Highest numbers were found when rehydrated at a rate of 10−1 mg/sec/mg dry material.
SURVEILLANCE METHODS FOR VIRUSES IN FOODS1
Authors: Cliver D. O. , Grindrod J.
Published: December 2016

Viruses contaminate foods and sometimes cause illnesses in consumers. Methods have been needed for detection of foodborne viruses both in routine field samples and in samples associated with outbreaks of disease. Viruses are detected by inoculating living hosts such as tissue cultures or laboratory animals. Food samples, made fluid if necessary, can be inoculated directly into the test host. This approach has resulted in several isolations of viruses from field samples of foods. If greater sensitivities are desired, larger samples must be tested. This usually requires that the sample be concentrated before inoculation into the test host, and concentration can be performed only if food solids in the suspension are at a minimum. A family of methods has been developed for extraction and detection of enteroviruses from food samples. More recently, a procedure for dislodging enteroviruses from food surfaces has been devised. These procedures do not possess all of the desired properties of an ideal test method. In particular, they cannot detect all of the viruses known to be transmitted in foods. They do offer the possibility that several samples could be tested per day, with good sensitivity, at a moderate cost per sample. The means for routine surveillance of foods for virus contamination are at hand. Growing points for further development of surveillance methods are discussed.
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DETECTION OF MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS-CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS1
Authors: Hall Herbert E.
Published: December 2016

Recent work on Clostridium perfringens foodborne disease has established that any type, whether classical or “food-poisoning,” may cause illness if present in sufficiently large numbers. Cultural methods for detection and enumeration of the organism have been suggested, and some of these methods have proven satisfactory in field trials. New approaches, such as the cultural or serological examination of patients' feces or the direct examination of foods for toxin content, have been suggested. The problem has been shown to be of sufficient importance to warrant continued and increased study.
FACTORS AFFECTING SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA IN CHEDDAR AND COLBY CHEESE1
Authors: Hargrove R. E. , McDonough F. E. , Mattingly W. A.
Published: December 2016

Factors affecting the growth and survival of salmonellae in the experimental manufacture of 7 lots of Colby and 65 lots of' Cheddar cheese were studied. Milk was artificially contaminated just prior to making of cheese. Manufacturing variables tested included effects of milk pasteurization, size of starter inoculum, titratable acidity and cheese pH, type of lactic culture, chemical additives, salt and moisture content, supplemental cheese microorganisms, and curing temperatures. The rate and amount of acid produced during making, the pH of the cheese, and the type and size of starter inoculum had significant effect in suppressing the growth and survival of salmonellae. Salt, moisture, chemical additives and pasteurization of the milk, had little or no effect on the salmonellae. Addition of large numbers of Propionibacterium and Leuconostoc seemed to favor survival of salmonellae. Lactobacilli and enterococci tested had no effect.
APPLES FROM ARGENTINA: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS USEFUL FOR TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Rotstein Enrique , Namor Melhem S.S. , Sica Ana M. , Aruannd Jorge
Published: December 2016

With a look to apple industrialization in Argentina, apples were analyzed to evaluate them as a raw material. The 9 more important varieties harvested in 1967 were: Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Rome Beauty, Delicious, Black Wine-sap, King David, Yellow Newtown Pippin, Jonathan, and Golden Delicious. They were analyzed for: specific gravity, pH, total acidity (as malic acid), soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, pectin, tannin, ascorbic acid, moisture, starch (qualitative test), dry matter, and texture. Analysis were made on fruit harvested at the picking date, and on samples from the same tree held 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks (the latter for Delicious and Red Delicious only). All analyses were completed within 24 hr of harvesting time. A review is made of similar data from other countries. Argentinian apples are similar to those grown in other countries.
BEHAVIORAL STRESS AND THE CELL COUNT OF BOVINE MILK
Authors: Whittlestone W. G. , Kilgour R. , de Langen H. , Duirs G.
Published: December 2016

Normal dairy cows were “stressed” by simple isolation from the herd and chasing by a dog. Quarter milk samples showed, in some instances, a marked rise in cell count, the quarters responding having, in general, a history of infection though the counts were normal before stressing. An injection of 50 units of ACTH produced similar though less marked effects.
FATE OF COLIFORMS IN YOGURT, BUTTERMILK, SOUR CREAM, AND COTTAGE CHEESE DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE1
Authors: Goel M. C. , Kulshrestha D. C. , Marth E. H. , Francis D. W. , Bradshaw J. G. , Read R. B.
Published: December 2016

Aerobacter (Enterobacter) aerogenes and Escherichia coli were inoculated separately into commercially produced samples of yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, and cottage cheese. Inoculated products were stored at 7.2 C and were tested daily for up to 10 days to determine changes in numbers of coliforms and in pH values. The number of viable coliforms in yogurt declined dramatically and was markedly different from the initial value after only 24 hr of storage. Usually, survival of coliforms in yogurt did not exceed 3 days of holding. In buttermilk, most often a marked decline in numbers of coliforms was evident after 24 hr of storage. A substantial reduction in numbers (>50% of organisms present initially) of A. aerogenes B199 occurred in sour cream during the first 24 hr of storage, but a similar decline in numbers of E. coli and A. aerogenes FD was not evident until after 3 days of storage. Changes in numbers of E. coli and A. aerogenes in cottage cheese generally were not as rapid as in other products during the first days of storage. A few cottage cheese samples, however, did support rapid increases in test culture numbers. Because of the rapid decline in numbers of coliforms in yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream, the provision in Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products that permits examination of some of these products for up to 48 hr after manufacture seems inadvisable.
DESTRUCTION OF SALMONELLAE BY MICROWAVE HEATING OF FISH WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR FISH PRODUCTS1
Authors: Baldwin Ruth E. , Fields M. L. , Poon William C. , Korschgen Bernice
Published: December 2016

Since salmonellae are potential contaminants of fish, this study was undertaken to determine the adequacy of microwave heating for destruction of this microorganism. Exposure of 270 g portions of carp to microwaves (2450 MHz) for 195 sec was not adequate for complete destruction of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 6994 or Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311 inoculated on the surface of the fish. One-serving portions of tuna pies, tuna casseroles, fish fillets, and fish sticks required from 49 sec to 390 sec to achieve a lethal temperature of 55 C when heated by microwaves. Under normal usage of electronic ranges one-serving portions of food would not be heated for as long as 390 sec.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD INTOXICATIONS. A REVIEW
Authors: Minor T. E. , Marth E. H.
Published: December 2016

Staphylococcal food intoxication ranked first among reported food poisoning outbreaks and third in number of cases during 1970. The nature of the staphylococci as they relate to food intoxications is reviewed in this paper. After considering the taxonomy and general characteristics of these gram-positive, facultative-anaerobic, mainly parasitic cocci; characteristics suggested as indices of enterotoxigenicity are discussed. The coagulase test is the most widely used of these indices; but, production of hemolysin, phosphatase, urease, deoxyribonuclease, and protein A; hydrolysis of gelatin; pigmentation; and mannitol fermentation also have been suggested. Consideration has been given to isolation of staphylococci. Virtually all selective and differential media used to isolate staphylococci, which include those employing tellurite, egg yolk, pyruvate, glycine, fibrinogen, sodium chloride, mannitol, polymyxin, and sodium azide, are somewhat inhibitory to growth of these organisms. Some studies are cited which compare the relative recovery efficiencies of these media. Finally, studies are discussed which relate to growth and inhibition of staphylococci in bacteriological media.
A SURVEY OF THE ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL BACTERIAL KEEPING QUALITY OF PASTEURIZED MILK FROM 50 PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY PLANTS1
Authors: Watrous G. H. , Barnard S. E. , Coleman W. W.
Published: December 2016

The actual and potential keeping quality of milk from 50 Pennsylvania processing plants was determined by comparing Standard Plate, coliform, and psychrophilic counts on commercially processed and laboratory pasteurized portions held at 4.4 C and 7.2 C. Examinations were made on the day of processing and after 5 and 10 days storage at each temperature.

Bacterial data on fresh commercially pasteurized milk were of little or no value in predicting shelf life. As shown by previous studies, laboratory pasteurization destroys or inactivates coliform and psychrophilic organisms usually responsible for spoilage of commercially processed milk. Some laboratory pasteurized milk exhibited increases in counts when held 5 or 10 days at 7.2 C, even though freshly pasteurized portions were free of the psychrophilic or coliform organisms often found in commercially processed milk. The need for low temperature storage of pasteurized milk is clearly shown.

The most important fact illustrated by this study is that Standard Plate, coliform, or psychrophilic counts on fresh commercially processed milk are poor criteria of potential keeping quality. Even though this has been pointed out by others, official regulatory methods, as usually applied, have not recognized the need for new procedures to measure milk quality, especially at the consumer level.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN SKIMMILK AND MODEL SYSTEMS AND THEIR EFFECT ON BACILLUS CEREUS1
Authors: Mikolajcik E. M. , Choudhery A. K.
Published: December 2016

Immunoglobulins isolated from milk by ammonium sulfate fractionation were added to skimmilk and the rate of Bacillus cereus spore germination and subsequent vegetative cell growth was determined. At 1 hr incubation at 35 C, 96.6, 96.8, 91.4, and 74.3% of the spores bad germinated in pasteurized (62.8 C - 30 min) skimmilk without added immunoglobulins, skimmilk pasteurized with immunoglobulins added, pasteurized skimmilk supplemented with unheated immunoglobulins, and nonheated unsupplemented skimmilk, respectively. With respect to vegetative cell growth, the number of generations at 4 hr in these systems was 5.9, 5.6, 4.4, and 2.3. Nonheated skimmilk without added immunoglobulins depressed B. cereus spore germination and vegetative cell growth to a greater extent than did pasteurized skimmilk supplemented with unheated immunoglobulins. In model systems composed of protein-free skimmilk dialysate and heated or unheated immunoglobulins, the system with unheated immunoglobulins lowered spore germination by 20% and subsequent cell growth by one-half in comparison with the heated system indicating that vegetative cells of B. cereus 7 are more susceptible to the immunoglobulins than spores.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY1
Authors: Fri Robert
Published: December 2016

Each of us shares a concern for the deterioration of our environment, its abuse, and misuse. And I know that we share a sense of urgency about the need to halt this deterioration and win the struggle for a clean and wholesome relationship between man and his environment. This concern for the condition of the physical world is not a special interest, but cuts across social and economic strata and across generations. It is the product of a nearly universal understanding of the problem and of the deadly consequences of inaction. There is a growing realization among all of us that pollution control must become a way of life in this nation, and that it must remain a way of life. We know now that in exploiting our resources we have been exploiting ourselves.

The Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA), was born of public demand for a cohesive, national effort to defend and enhance the environment. Establishment of EPA as an independent agency, with Administrator William Ruckelshaus reporting directly to the President, has impressively heightened the efficiency and effectiveness of our national effort and insured the independent advocacy of our programs. The programs of EPA, present and projected, are action-oriented; we are moving quickly to solve the problems we can solve, and have taken steps to learn how to solve others we currently understand less well.
INHIBITION OF GROWTH OF AIRBORNE COLIFORMS AND OTHER BACTERIA ON SELECTIVE MEDIA1
Authors: Stersky Attila K. , Hedrick T. I.
Published: December 2016

Coliforms when sampled from air were inhibited or restricted in growth on regular selective media. For trials, growth on Standard Plate Count Agar ( SPC) was used as 100%. The percentage of colony growth of Escherchia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes on modified selective media or with SPC were respectively as follows: violet red bile/violet red bile (VRB/VRB) (overlay on base) <4, 15; desoxycholate/desoxyeholate (DES/DES) < 1, 17; tergitol/tergitol (TER/TER) 23,49; eosine methylene blue/eosine methylene blue (EMB/EMB) 122, 86; endo/endo (END/END) 40, 104; MacConkey/MacConkey (MAC/MAC) <2, 10; SPC/VRB <2, 22; SPC/DES <2, 23; VRB/SPC 54, 60; TER/SPC 72, 119; EMB/SPC 97, 119; END/SPC 95, 90; 1 VRB: 1 SPC, as overlay and base 14, 50. Recovery percentages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas fragi on modified selective media were greater than those of the coliform bacteria. Fewer Serratia marcescens colonies grew on DES or SPC/DES and more grew on the other modified selective media than did coliform colonies. Growth of airborne Salmonella newbrumwick ranged from <1% on SS agar to 118% on MAC/SPC. Aerosolization of coliforms with skim milk compared to distilled water resulted in growth of more colonies on selective media. Desoxycholate, Bile Salts No. 3, Tergitol No. 7, and crystal violet in the media definitely limited growth of airborne coliforms.
RELATIONSHIP OF FREEZING POINT OF HERD MILK TO PRODUCTION CONDITIONS1
Authors: Freeman T. R. , Kratzer D. D. , Bucy J. L.
Published: December 2016

A statistically significant relationship was found between freezing point and atmospheric temperature, season, roughage in the ration, breed of cow, and concentrate in the ration. Because of the narrow range in freezing points, however, the practical importance of these relationships appears questionable.
THE PROPIONIC-ACID BACTERIA-A REVIEWIII. MISCELLANEOUS METABOLIC ACTIVITIES1
Authors: Hettinga D. H. , Reinbold G. W.
Published: December 2016

This is the third and final section of a review of the propionic-acid bacteria. This section discusses some of their miscellaneous metabolic activities such as: erythritol metabolism, formation of diacetyl-acetoin and vitamin B12, production of volatile compounds not previously mentioned, propionin (an antiviral agent), lipids and phospholipids, and slime formation, Concluding comments provide a brief summary of particular points of interest.
COMPOSITION AND WASTE LOAD OF UNIT EFFLUENTS FROM A COMMERCIAL LEAFY GREENS CANNING OPERATION
Authors: Bough Wayne A.
Published: December 2016

Analysis of data on composite waste loads from canning of collard, turnip, mustard, spinach, and kale greens revealed no significant differences among the five types of greens. For unit effluents from the dunker washers, reel washers, and blancher, significant differences were found for solids load and total acidity. The most concentrated effluent was from the tumbler fillers. It contained 16% of the composite COD load and 1.3% of the total flow. Segregation and separate treatment of this effluent was recommened. Washing and blanching operations accounted for 77% of the composite COD load and 90% of the flow. The average composite waste load for all leafy greens was 20.2 ± 5.7 lb./ton COD, 8.5 ± 2.8 lb./ton BOD, 2.8 ± 1.2 lb./ton suspended solids, and 2,666 ± 427 gal/ton waste water. These values are less than one-half of those previously reported for wastes from spinach greens. These results suggest possible improvement for in-plant control of waste from leafy greens, and may also be relevant to the setting of effluent standards for the fruit and vegetable industry.
SOURCES OF SALMONELLAE CONTAMINATION OF MEAT FOLLOWING APPROVED LIVESTOCK SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURES. II
Authors: Childers A. B. , Keahey E. E. , Vincent P. G.
Published: December 2016

Samples were taken from 218 animals of 3 species slaughtered at 3 plants to determine the spread of bacterial contamination during slaughter. Salmonellae and Escherichia coli were cultured from swabs taken of the equipment during slaughter, from various carcass sites, and from fecal samples. The study indicated that some equipment contamination occurred during slaughter and that carcass washing did not remove contaminants but simply washed them lower on the carcass. Rumen/cecum samples were most effective for isolation of salmonellae from the gastrointestinal tract. The average level of salmonellae contamination of the carcass for all species was 10% and of the processed product, 2%. There were no salmonellae isolated from cattle carcasses. Isolation of the bung (rectum) with a plastic bag did not reduce contamination but sterilization of the bung dropper's knife between carcasses reduced the incidence by an average of greater than 50%. Salmonellae were isolated from boneless mutton but not from raw or cooked pork and beef products. Isolations from the hide were closely related with carcass contamination. Enrichment and non-enrichment media isolations of salmonellae were closely related.
EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC MEAT COMPONENTS ON GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS1,2
Authors: Schroder D. J. , Busta F. F.
Published: December 2016

The 16 ingredients used to fabricate synthetic soybeef (ground beef analog) were evaluated for stimulatory effects on growth of Clostridium perfringens. Four ingredients–beef-like flavor, corn flour, cocoa, and vegetable oil–stimulated growth of C. perfringens. The remaining 12 ingredients showed no significant effect. The most stimulatory ingredients, beef-like flavor and corn flour, were optimally stimulatory over a wide range of concentrations, Thus, control of growth of C. perfringens may not be obtained by manipulation of the concentration of these ingredients in the absence of other precautions.
HEALTH FOODS VERSUS TRADITIONAL FOODS: A COMPARISON1
Authors: Appledorf H. , Wheeler W. B. , Koburger J. A.
Published: December 2016

Health and traditional foods ( 24 of each) were compared for proximate composition, cost, microbial content, pesticide levels, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination. Only minor differences were detected for proximate composition and microbial content. No pesticides were detected but 7 samples of health and 3 of traditional foods contained PCBs. The major difference between the samples was the greater cost of the health foods.
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW REFRIGERATED GROUND BEEF
Authors: Duitschaever C. L. , Arnott D. R. , Bullock D. H.
Published: December 2016

A total of 213 samples of various types of raw refrigerated ground beef from 51 different retail stores in Ontario were analyzed for their microbial content. Mesophilic and psychrotrophic counts on 64% of the samples were in excess of 10 million per gram. All samples yielded staphylococci with 98% containing >1000 organisms per gram. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 17% of the samples. Enterococcus counts ranged from <10 to 10,000 per gram. About 95% of the samples had coliform counts in excess of 100 per gram and counts in individual samples varied from <10 to 100,000 per gram. Salmonellae were not isolated.
CONFUSION ABOUT YOGURT–COMPOSITIONAL AND OTHERWISE1
Authors: Kroger Manfred , Weaver John C.
Published: December 2016

The fat, protein, total solids, and caloric contents of 44 yogurt samples obtained in the Central Pennsylvania area varied widely. Averages and ranges were: 1.18% and 0.82–2.04% for fat; 4.29% and 3.09–5.38% for protein; 24.97% and 15.10–30.73% for T.S.; 103.2 cal/100g and 62.3–127.0 cal/100g. Package overweight was often excessive. Yogurt composition is discussed in relation to often quoted, but outdated official, figures. Questions as to yogurt's role in the dairy industry and yogurt uniformity are raised.
CONDITION OF COLIFORM ORGANISMS INFLUENCING RECOVERY OF SUBCULTURES ON SELECTIVE MEDIA1
Authors: Maxcy R. B.
Published: December 2016

The effects of stress of coliform bacteria resulting from exposure to heat, radiation, or sodium chloride on behavior of the progeny were studied. After exposure to stress and subsequent growth on plating media, colonies were picked by random design and grown in nutrient broth for further comparison of their ability to form colonies on plate count and violet red bile agar. After 6 hr in nutrient broth, average counts on violet red bile agar were less than half those obtained with plate count agar. Sensitivity to the selective medium was lost by repeated transfer and growth in nutrient broth or by repeated picking from the selective medium and subculture of colonies.

Cultures with moderate sensitivity to violet red bile agar were obtained from raw sewage through picking of colonies from plate count agar. Attempts to obtain a stable sensitive strain through selective enrichment were unsuccessful. A laboratory strain of Escherichia coli, with extreme sensitivity to violet red bile agar, however, was used to determine that tolerance was acquired by stepwise adaptation to a selective medium. Occurrence of sensitive coliform cells in nature indicates their potential importance in tests for indicator organisms of public health significance.
MICROBIAL FLORA, CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND SHELF LIFE OF FOUR SPECIES OF POND-REARED SHRIMP1
Authors: Vanderzant C. , Cobb B. F. , Thompson C. A. , Parker J. C.
Published: December 2016

Fresh pond-reared shrimp stored on sterile ice developed serious off-odors (musty) and melanosis in 14–17 days. Initial microbial counts were 104–105/g. Counts were lower after 7 days of refrigerated storage, regained their initial level after 21–22 days, and then continued to increase. The initial microbial flora consisted of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio species. Coryneform bacteria were predominant after 21 days, and Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species after 28 days. Total volatile nitrogen (TVN) levels of freshly harvested pond shrimp were similar to those of fresh Gulf shrimp, amino-nitrogen (AA-N) levels of pond shrimp were about twice as high. During the first 14 days of storage, TVN levels increased and AA-N levels decreased. Values for TVN/AA-N of spoiled pond shrimp were lower than those of spoiled Gulf shrimp and were in the range of fresh white or brown Gulf shrimp. Amino acid analyses showed that during the first 14 days of iced storage increases occurred in lysine-ornithine, histidine, threonine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, with sharp decreases in proline and glycine.
MICROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF YOGURT PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN ONTARIO
Authors: Arnott D. R. , Duitschaever C. L. , Bullock D. H.
Published: December 2016

One hundred and fifty-two commercially-produced yogurts were subjected to microbiological examination for lactobacillus/streptococcus ratio, staphylococcus count, coliform count, enterococcus count, yeast and mold count, and psychrotrophic count. These yogurts were produced by 13 different manufacturers and sold in Ontario. The desired 1:1 ratio of lactobacillus to streptococcus was found in 15.1% of the samples. Streptococci were predominant in 40.8% and lactobacilli in 44.1% of the samples. Staphylococci were found in 27.6% of the samples, enterococci in 36.2%, and coliform in 13.8%. Yeast counts in excess of 1000/g were noted in 26.3% of the samples and mold counts >10/g in 17.8% of the samples. Psychrotrophs at levels >1000/g were found in 11.8% of the yogurts examined.
ELECTRONIC COUNTING OF SOMATIC CELLS IN FARM BULK TANK MILK
Authors: Newbould F. H. S.
Published: December 2016

Electronic counting of somatic cells in farm bulk tank milk, using chemical fat dispersion has been studied. The method used was the Pearson et al. modification of the original Tolle et al. procedure. It was found that fixation of the original sample with formalin was critical, and that with bulk tank milk this was best accomplished by the use of buffered formalin at 30–32 C for 24 h. No significant differences could be found, in samples kept up to 48 h at 4 C, between adding milk to buffered formalin and buffered formalin to milk. Good agreement was found between the DMSCC made on the day samples were taken, and electronic counts obtained following 24 and 48 h refrigeration storage before fixation, and 24 and 48 h following fixation after 24 h refrigeration. Correlation coefficients were + 0.876, + 0.924, and + 0.853, + 0.870, respectively. Replicate counts on both fresh bucket and bulk tank, and single counts on replicate samples from bulk tanks yielded coefficients of variation between 2.98% and 9.69%. The procedure shows promise of providing rapid, accurate somatic cell counts on large numbers of bulk tank milk samples.
EFFECT OF STORAGE AT 5 C ON SURVIVAL OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS IN PROCESSED MARYLAND OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA)1
Authors: Goatcher Lydia J. , Engler Sharon E. , Wagner David C. , Westhoff Dennis C.
Published: December 2016

Freshly processed Maryland oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were inoculated with various levels of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain 3525 (03:K30), Kanagawa negative, and Strain 8700 (04:K11), Kanagawa positive. Inoculated oysters were stored at 5 C for up to 13 days and numbers of viable cells determined at regular intervals by both a direct plating, method and a most probable number (MPN) method. The number of cells detected was dependent on strain, inoculum level, and method of enumeration. In general, the direct plating method was unreliable and results varied according to plating medium used. At an inoculum level of 106 cells/g, viable cells of Strain 3525 and Strain 8700 were not detected by the direct plating method after 3 and 5 days of storage, respectively, while by the MPN method low numbers of Strain 3525 and Strain 8700 were still detected after 7 and 13 days of storage, respectively. At inoculum levels of 104 and 102 cells/g, the direct plating method did not accurately enumerate viable cells. Neither strain was detected by the MPN method following 5 days of storage at these inoculum levels. Loss of viability of both strains occurred most rapidly within the first 24 h and in some instances was as great as 3 log cycles. In general, higher levels of survivors of Strain 8700 than Strain 3525 were noted throughout the study. The pH change of oysters during storage was slight and could not account for the loss of viability of either strain.
PROBLEMS IN THE RECOVERY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI FROM FOODS1
Authors: Mehlman Ira J. , Simon Nicholas T. , Sanders Arvey C. , Olson Joseph C.
Published: December 2016

During a recent outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with serogroup 0124:B17 of Escherichia coli, various problems complicated recovery and identification of the pathogen. Standard methods for E. coli were of limited value because of atypical behavior of isolates. Two modified recovery procedures have been presented. For rapid lactose fermenters, pre-enrichment in MacConkey broth with subsequent transfer to lauryl sulfate tryptose broth and incubation at 44 C is recommended. For slow lactose fermenters, pre-enrichment in nutrient broth with subsequent transfer to Mossel's enteric enrichment broth and incubation at 41.5 C is tentatively proposed. Isolation agars include Levine's eosin methylene blue for lactose fermenters and MacConkey agar for non-lactose fermenters. The merits of a direct streak are considered. To facilitate rapid differentiation of E. coli from closely related Enterobacteriaceae within 3 days a modified Lundbeck procedure is offered. Isolates are first screened for H2S formation, indole production, arabinose fermentation, urease and ONPG-ase. Secondary characterization based on results of the indole and TSI reactions includes Voges-Proskauer test (22 C), lysine decarboxylase activity, KCN tolerance, and fermentation of adonitol, cellobiose, sorbitol, or glucose. Confirmation by gram-reaction nitrate reduction, and cytochrome oxidase activity is required to differentiate from members of other families. Critical factors of serological analysis are stressed. Prospects for future research are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE TO HEAT AND SODIUM CHLORIDE IN STREPTOCOCCUS FAECIUM RECOVERING FROM THERMAL INJURY
Authors: Duitschaever C. L. , Jordan D. C.
Published: December 2016

Heating of Streptococcus faecium NRC 1261 at 55 C for 15 min produced injury. The injured population was sensitive to 2.5% NaCl but regained its tolerance when incubated in a recovery medium. Addition of penicillin and actinomycin D to the recovery medium showed that during recovery no cell division occurred and that this recovery was linked to RNA synthesis. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of uninjured and recovered cells by gas liquid chromatography showed an increased concentration of saturated fatty acids in recovered cells. A concurrent increase in resistance to heat shock at 55 C and salt tolerance in these recovered cells occurred with the change in fatty acid composition. It is suggested that a change in membrane structure as reflected by the modified fatty acid profile is related to an increased thermal resistance and salt tolerance.