bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Criteria and rules for privacy management prior to self-disclosures on social network sites (SNSs)
Authors: Choi SoeYoon
Published: April 2021

This study applied a novel theoretical framework of communication privacy management theory (CPM) to examine how criteria such as context, culture, and privacy motivation influence information boundary coordination rules (boundary linkage, ownership, and permeability rules) on Facebook. In particular, the current study has made an initial attempt to examine how the CPM’s boundary coordination rules are related as a process to make disclosures; how to manage connections (boundary linkage rule) and how to regulate information flow (boundary ownership rule) influence how much to disclose (boundary permeability rule) on Facebook. The study recruited active Facebook users (N = 397, Mage = 20.68, SDage = 3.63) in a large northeastern US university to complete an online survey in fall 2015. A structural equation model was proposed to test the hypothesized paths among variables proposed to build the model. Findings reveal that context (perceptions of boundless communication) and privacy motivation led to the coordination of strict boundary ownership rules for disclosure on Facebook. The context and privacy motivation however differ in their influence on the coordination of boundary linkage rule; the more individuals felt the greater need for privacy, the less likely that they attempted to create connection whereas perceiving a lack of boundaries in communication did not influence the pursuance of future connections. The culture (the goal of using Facebook for making friends) did not predict either the coordination of the boundary linkage rule or the boundary ownership rule. As expected, the coordination of the boundary linkage rule positively influenced the coordination of the permeability rule (depth of disclosure), but the coordination of the boundary ownership rule negatively influenced it. The statistical test suggested an addition of a path from the boundary ownership to the boundary linkage rule, generating an implication that the regulation of information flow (privacy desire) and managing networks (connection desire) work together in disclosure decisions. Implications of the findings on different roles of privacy motivation and context in forming privacy management and disclosure tendency are discussed to advance the modeling of comprehensive information boundary management for disclosures on SNSs.
Social network sites and obsessive-compulsive disorder: An investigation with suppression analyses
Authors: Lee Soon Li
Published: April 2021

This research examined the relationship between social network site (SNS) intensity, SNS addiction, and the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), alongside its factors of obsession and compulsion. The overlap of SNS intensity and SNS addiction was controlled in the study to predict the measured severity of OCD. In this study, 204 Malaysian undergraduate students were recruited to complete the revised Facebook Intensity Scale, the revised Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, and the self-report version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The overlap of SNS intensity and SNS addiction was supported by their significant positive correlation. Furthermore, SNS addiction significantly correlated with the measured OCD and its corresponding factors. The hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the entry of SNS intensity enhanced the facilitative effect of SNS addiction on OCD and its factors. Therefore, the role of SNS intensity as a suppressor was supported. In the same regression model, SNS intensity predicted the severity of OCD and its compulsion subscale negatively. Implications and directions for future research were also discussed in this manuscript.
The association between media multitasking and executive function in Chinese adolescents: Evidence from self-reported, behavioral and fNIRS data
Authors: Luo Jiutong , Li Hui , Yeung Pui-sze , Chang Chunqi
Published: April 2021

This study examined the association between media multitasking and executive function in Chinese adolescents by comparing heavy/high and light/low media multitaskers, i.e., HMMs and LMMs, with self-reports, behavioral measures and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The participants were 12 HMMs (media multitasking scores above the 75th percentile) and 10 LMMs (media multitasking scores below the 25th percentile) chosen from a sample of 61 adolescents. Each participant completed a self-reported questionnaire on executive function and three executive function cognitive tasks: 2-back, Color Stroop, and Number-letter Determination) while wearing the fNIRS. The results indicated that: (1) the HMMs showed more impairment in executive function than the LMMs based on questionnaire data analysis; (2) there were no significant differences between the HMMs and LMMs in their performance on the cognitive tasks; and (3) the HMMs showed greater prefrontal activation than the LMMs during the 2-back and Color Stroop tasks. These findings implied that media multitasking might be associated with the reduced effectiveness in the brain areas responsible for executive function. These findings provide evidence of the negative relationship between media multitasking and executive function; and indicated the benefits of using multiple assessment methods in studying this topic.
Gandhi for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Allen Douglas , Lal Sanjay , Struhl Karsten ,   Eastern Illinois University
Published: April 2021

In this author-meets-critics dialogue, Douglas Allen, author of argues that Gandhi-informed philosophies and practices, when creatively reformulated and applied, are essential for developing positions that are ethical, nonviolent, truthful, and sustainable, providing resources and hope for confronting our ‘Gandhi after 9/11’ crises. Critics Sanjay Lal and Karsten Struhl applaud Allen’s demonstration that Gandhi’s nonviolence is serious and broadly adaptable to the twenty-first century. Yet, Lal poses two philosophical challenges, arguing first that the nonviolent message of the Bhagavad Gita is perhaps more essential than Allen allows. Second, Lal raises difficulties involved in placing the needs of others first, especially in response to terrorism. Struhl wonders if the Gita is not more violent than Gandhi or Allen represent it to be. Struhl also questions whether relative claims are always resolved in the direction of Absolute Truth, as Gandhi and Allen assert. Finally, critic Struhl wonders how we can restrain institutions from escalating cycles of violence once we grant Gandhi-based exceptions that would allow violence to suppress terrorism. Against Lal’s objections, Allen defends a more open-ended reading of the Gita and agrees that our service to the needs of others cannot go so far as to embrace their terrorism. In response to Struhl, Allen agrees that there are indeed problems with a nonviolent reading of the Gita, but there are resources to support Gandhi’s view. Likewise, regarding relations between our limited truths and the Absolute, Allen grants that Struhl has identified real problems but that a final defense is possible, especially when we consider motivational factors. As for limiting cycles of violence, Allen argues that a Gandhi-informed use of violence implies considerations that limit its use.
Does Liberal Democracy Require a Gandhian Approach to Religion?
Authors: Lal Sanjay , Jose Jeff Shawn , Allen Douglas , Allen Michael ,   Eastern Illinois University
Published: April 2021

In this author-meets-critics dialogue, Sanjay Lal, author of , argues that Gandhian values of nonviolence raise aspirations of liberal democracy to a higher level. Since Gandhian values of nonviolence are closely associated with religious values, liberal democracy should make public commitments to religions on a non-sectarian basis, except for unreasonable religions. Critic Jeff Shawn Jose agrees that Gandhian values can strengthen liberal democracy. However, Jose finds a contradiction in Lal’s proposal that a liberal state should support reasonable religions only. A more consistent Gandhian approach would focus on everyday interactions between citizens and groups rather than state-directed preferences. Critic Douglas Allen also welcomes Lal’s project that brings Gandhian philosophy into relation with liberal democratic theory; however, he argues that universalizing the Absolute Truth of genuine religion is more complicated than Lal acknowledges. D. Allen argues for a Gandhian approach of relative truths, which cannot be evaluated apart from contingency or context, and he offers autobiographical evidence in support of his critical suspicion of genuine religion. Critic Michael Allen argues that Lal’s metaphysical approach to public justification violates a central commitment of political liberalism not to take sides on any metaphysical basis. M. Allen argues that democratic socialism is closer to Gandhi’s approach than is liberalism. Lal responds to critics by arguing that Gandhi’s evaluation of unreasonable religions depends upon an assessment of violence, which is not as problematic as critics charge, either from a Gandhian perspective or a liberal one. Furthermore, by excluding unreasonable or violent religions from state promotion, Lal argues that he is not advocating state suppression. Finally, Lal argues that Gandhian or Kingian metaphysics are worthy of support by liberal, democratic states seeking to educate individuals regarding peaceful unity in diversity.
A Wold on the Bus
Authors: Wallace Matthew ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: April 2021

What is the best way for those discriminated against to “change hearts and minds?” Should those discriminated against fight back or focus on helping others see the errors taking place? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the narrator is simply going about her life riding the bus home from work. A few stops later, a wolf gets on the bus, pays the bus ticket, and has a seat. The woman has heard about wolves and is apprehensive. At the next stop a few teenagers get on the bus. They see the wolf and immediately begin teasing it. The wolf refuses to fight back until, eventually, the narrator stands up for the wolf. The teenagers get off and the woman speaks to the wolf. Police, having been notified of a disturbance, get on the bus and begin the process of arresting the wolf based on the call received. The narrator, and the other bus patrons, stand up for the wolf and explain it was the teenagers who initiated the altercation. The police leave. The wolf explains to the narrator that if he defends himself, he will be confirming the stereotypes about wolves and that it is only through others standing up on his behalf, that opinions can change.
Sofrimento psíquico dos universitários de enfermagem no contexto da vida acadêmica
Authors: Lima Deivson Wendell da Costa , Gonçalves Jaciara Sampaio , Azevedo Lívia Dayane Sousa , Vieira Alcivan Nunes , Pessa Rosane Pilot , Luis Margarita Antonia Villar
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: analisar o sofrimento psíquico entre universitários de enfermagem no contexto da vida acadêmica. Método: pesquisa descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada com 20 universitários do último semestre de enfermagem, de uma universidade pública no Nordeste, Brasil. Os dados foram produzidos por perguntas abertas, entre março de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017, e avaliados pela análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os motivos de sofrimento psíquico foram as dificuldades de adaptação dos universitários no início do curso, conflitos durante a formação e expectativas quanto ao término da graduação. Diante disso, as consequências identificadas foram dificuldades alimentares, estresse e sintomas de depressão. Os modos de viver dos universitários são influenciados pelas vivências acadêmicas, inclusive os hábitos alimentares, excesso de trabalho e falta de lazer. Eles podem ser precursores de problemas graves de saúde, como ideação suicida. Conclusão: sugere-se ampliar estratégias de prevenção e manejo clínico na universidade articulado aos serviços de saúde mental.
Avaliação e manejo da dor oncológica crônica em unidade de internação pediátrica
Authors: Silva Thiago Privado da , Silva Laura Johanson da , Silva Ítalo Rodolfo , Ferreira Maria José Carvalho , Costa Luana Dos Santos , Leite (In Memorian) Joséte Luzia
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: compreender a complexidade da avaliação e do manejo da dor oncológica crônica da criança hospitalizada. Método: estudo qualitativo baseado na Teoria da Complexidade e na Grounded Theory. Participaram da pesquisa 21 profissionais de saúde. A entrevista semiestruturada e a observação não participante foram usadas para coletar os dados. A análise seguiu as etapas de codificação. Resultado: a avaliação da dor pelos profissionais está embasada no relato do familiar, da criança e na observação do comportamento da mesma. Utilizaram-se escala analógica de cores, escala de faces e escala numérica. A analgesia farmacológica é a prescrição médica e na não farmacológica realizam-se lúdico, conversa, massagem, banho, compressa morna ou fria e promoção de conforto. Conclusão: a avaliação e o manejo da dor oncológica crônica da criança hospitalizada solicitam dos profissionais de saúde preparo técnico e científico para lidar com aspectos objetivos e subjetivos que envolvem esse cuidado
Práticas educativas em saúde sobre responsabilidades pelo cuidado do idoso dependente
Authors: Anjos Karla Ferraz dos , Boery Rita Narriman Silva de Oliveira , Menezes Tânia Maria de Oliva , Menezes Maria Do Rosário de , Santos Vanessa Cruz , Santa Rosa Darci De Oliveira
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: descrever as perspectivas de enfermeiros, agentes comunitários de saúde e cuidadores familiares integrantes de práticas educativas em saúde sobre responsabilidades pelo cuidado do idoso dependente. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado em 2016 com dois enfermeiros, oito agentes comunitários de saúde e seis cuidadores familiares vinculados a duas estratégias saúde da família, a partir do desenvolvimento de práticas educativas em saúde. A análise dos dados foi feita de acordo com a técnica da configuração triádica, humanista-existencial-personalista. Resultados: cada envolvido no cuidado ao idoso tem responsabilidades diferenciadas, singulares e complementares. Para os profissionais, suas ações desenvolvidas não estão sendo efetivadas na prática e/ou tendo efeito positivo esperado, sendo influenciadas por questões cultural, de valores e estrutural. Conclusão: as responsabilidades pelo cuidado dos idosos são de todos e precisam ser compartilhadas entre a família, os profissionais da saúde, a comunidade e o Estado.
Fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial em uma comunidade quilombola
Authors: Araújo Dinah Alencar Melo , Moura Tatiana Victoria Carneiro , Júnior Denival Nascimento Vieira , Neto Francisco João de Carvalho , Júnior José De Siqueira Amorim , Silva Ana Roberta Vilarouca da
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: avaliar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da Hipertensão Arterial (HA) em indivíduos residentes de uma comunidade quilombola. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 74 participantes. Os dados foram coletados por meio do preenchimento de dois formulários, sendo eles: sociodemográfico/socioeconômico e sobre estilo de vida. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: predominou o sexo feminino, raça preta, casados, ensino fundamental incompleto e a classe econômica C2. 37,8% autorreferiu presença da HA, destes, 22,9% eram mulheres e 14,9%, homens. Obteve-se maiores percentuais de não obesos, não tabagistas, não alcoólatras e praticantes de algum tipo de atividade física. Quanto aos hábitos alimentares, observou-se o consumo de frutas, legumes, hortaliças, temperos industrializados, alimentos ultraprocessados e processados. Quanto as recomendações sobre alimentação saudável, 64,9% afirmaram nunca ter recebido orientações e 48,6% não procura o serviço de saúde.
Práticas de atenção ao parto na experiência de puérperas: análise à luz da humanização
Authors: Gonzalez Pâmela Da Rosa , Prates Lisie Alende , Schmalfuss Joice Moreira , Lipinski Jussara Mendes , Escobal Ana Paula de Lima , Silva Mari Luci Chalme da
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: analisar as experiências de puérperas acerca das práticas profissionais desenvolvidas na atenção ao parto à luz do aporte teórico da humanização. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, com a participação de dez puérperas que vivenciaram parto vaginal, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, desenvolvida entre setembro e novembro de 2019. Adotou-se a análise temática. Resultados: predominaram práticas que se distanciaram da humanização, como enema, restrição hídrica e alimentar, exames vaginais frequentes, episiotomia, manobras de Valsalva e de Kristeller. As práticas que se aproximaram da humanização foram a presença do acompanhante, utilização de métodos de alívio da dor no parto e contato cutâneo precoce entre mãe e bebê. Conclusão: as experiências das puérperas foram marcadas, principalmente, por condutas profissionais prejudiciais ou ineficazes, realizadas de forma inadequada e com poucas evidências científicas sobre a sua eficácia. Espera-se subsidiar a reflexão quanto à necessidade de revisão e atualização quanto às boas práticas de atenção ao parto.
Monetary policy observed through the prism of general conditions regarding the valuation of immovable assets based on the database of licensed appraisers
Authors: Radović Milan
Published: April 2021

When it comes to conducting monetary policy in the Republic of Serbia, it is necessary to emphasize that the basic framework for regulating the mentioned policy was adopted and the Law on the National Bank of Serbia was adopted. The author of this paper emphasizes the need to respect the required primary goal of the National Bank of Serbia, i.e. it is necessary to respect the achievement and maintenance of price stability, which contributes to preserving the stability of the financial system and sustainable economic growth of the Serbian economy as a whole. There are numerous ways of influencing the National Bank of the Republic of Serbia on the realization of monetary policy, but in this paper the author emphasizes only some of the most important ones: achieving price stability, implementation of the inflation targeting regime by the National Bank of Serbia and others. In addition, in order to achieve a sound monetary policy, it is necessary to make an expression in a given interval through the disclosed annual consumer price indices, as well as with the recommended expression of the estimated allowed deviation. In order to complete the monetary policy, it is possible to apply a realistic representation of the reference interest rate. It is the basic instrument of monetary policy in the inflation targeting regime that the National Bank seeks to maintain at a real level in a given observation period. In addition, the National Bank, through other monetary instruments, creates the overall conditions in which monetary policy instruments will operate, such as interventions in the foreign exchange market, conducting open market operations, prescribing required reserves, providing credit and deposit facilities and performing continuous interventions in the foreign exchange market Republic of Serbia. In this paper, the author emphasizes the existence of some other significant conditions of influence on the conduct of general monetary policy in the economy of the Republic of Serbia. The author of the paper emphasized the importance of the implementation of real estate appraisal of legal entities in the Republic of Serbia, as well as the importance of forming a database of appraised real estate by licensed appraisers.
Hyponatremia: Is it related to the seasons?
Authors: Altuntas Atila
Published: April 2021

Background: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder in inpatients related to morbidity and mortality. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there is a relationship between the incidence of hyponatremia and the seasons among the patients hospitalized in our nephrology department. Methods: The inpatients in our Nephrology Department between 2012 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients with serum sodium levels below 135 mmol/L were included in the study. Hyponatremia incidence was calculated as the proportion of inpatients with low sodium levels in a season to the total number of inpatients in the same season. Results: Out of 1950 inpatients in four years, 509 were found to have hyponatremia (26.1%). The mean serum sodium level of the patients was 129.7±4.7 mmol/L. Hyponatremia incidences in autumn, winter, spring, and summer were found to be 28.7%, 15.4%, 20.4%, and 36.6%, respectively. Upon comparing the incidence of hyponatremia in patients hospitalized in winter and summer seasons, there was a significantly higher incidence of hyponatremia in summer (p<0.001). We found a positive correlation between hyponatremia incidence and temperature (r=0.867, p=0.001). However, there was a negative correlation between hyponatremia incidence and relative humidity (r=-0.735, p=0.001). Conclusions: The highest hyponatremia incidence was observed in summer in a four-year period. Loss of sodium by perspiration, along with increased temperature and/or excessive hypotonic fluid intake, might contribute to the development of hyponatremia.
The sovereign seeress
Authors: Jessen Mads Dengsø , Majland Kamilla Ramsøe
Published: April 2021

The South Scandinavian chair pendants of the late Viking Age form a famous and much debated find category. They have been associated with the cult of Odin as well as female seeresses. However, their find contexts clearly link the amulets intimately to a female use-sphere and their condition shows that they have been worn intensely. With a new pendant emerging from the detector finds from Gudme, Denmark, the connection between chair amulets and dominant settlements is further strengthened. The female prerogative, the locational aristocratic reference in combination with the chairs association with royal privileges lead to the argument that the amulets must be connected with the deep historical presence of the seeress as a sovereign power across Northern Europe. Her position is explained as a triangulation of Seeress, Odin and King which are all represented as being seated. Consequently, seating is regarded as a main attribute and a recurring and noticeable privilege for all three characters. Thus, the chair en miniature is argued to function as a material anchoring of the socio-symbolic understanding of the seated sovereign seeress.
Gruppe-ekspertise i pædagogik med henblik på omsorgsarbejde
Authors: Engelsen Søren
Published: April 2021

ResumeArtiklen argumenterer for, at pædagogisk ekspertise kan tilskrives grupper og ikke kun individer. Hvordan skal vi helt fundamentalt forstå pædagogisk gruppe-ekspertise? Artiklen anlægger et pædagogisk-filosofisk perspektiv på dette spørgsmål. Med et fokus på pædagogisk omsorgsarbejde afklarer den, hvad de fundamentale forudsætninger er for gruppeekspertise. Første del undersøger minimumsbetingelserne for, hvad man kan kalde pædagogisk ekspertise. Idealet om pædagogisk ekspertise må forstås bredt, hvis vi skal fastholde det som et meningsfuldt forbillede for pædagogisk teori og praksis. Artiklen analyserer og kategoriserer væsentlige aspekter af ekspertise i en pædagogisk sammenhæng. Pædagogisk ekspertise må rumme en pluralisme af former for viden og kompetencer, både praktiske, teoretiske, før-refleksive og refleksive, samt adfærdsdispositioner, emotionel opmærksomhed og intellektuelle kapaciteter. Artiklens anden del undersøger de filosofiske betingelser for gruppe-ekspertise og drager nogle vigtige distinktioner. Det argumenteres således, at grupper kan have overlegen viden qua gruppe, som de enkelte medlemmer hver især ikke besidder, og denne viden kan under de rette betingelser udgøre ekspertise. For at anskueliggøre denne forståelse af gruppeekspertise illustrerer artiklen til slut idéen i en sammenhæng af pædagogisk omsorgsarbejde. Her eksemplificeres det, hvordan gruppe-ekspertise i pædagogisk omsorgsarbejde kan bestå af samspillet mellem konstitutive delelementer.

Abstract Group expertise in pedagogy for care workThe article argues that pedagogical expertise can be attributed to groups and not just individuals. How should we fundamentally understand pedagogical group expertise? The article takes a pedagogical-philosophical perspective on this issue. With a focus on pedagogical care work, it clarifies the fundamental prerequisites for group expertise. The first part examines the minimum conditions for what can be called pedagogical expertise. If we are to maintain it as a meaningful ideal of pedagogical theory and practice, pedagogical expertise must be understood broadly. The article analyzes and categorizes significant aspects of expertise in a pedagogical context. Pedagogical expertise must accommodate a pluralism of knowledge forms and competencies. These include practical, theoretical, pre-reflexive and reflexive competencies, behavioral dispositions, emotional awareness, and intellectual capacities. The second part of the article examines the philosophical conditions of group expertise and draws some important distinctions. Groups can have superior knowledge, which the individual members do not possess individually, and this knowledge can, under the right conditions, constitute expertise. Finally, an example of how constitutive elements of group expertise in pedagogical care work can unfold illustrates the main idea of group expertise in a specific pedagogical care work context.
Da krisen ramte: Genforhandlingerne af amerikansk-jødiske samfundsværdier
Authors: Zuckerman Maja Gildin
Published: April 2021

Jeg viser i denne artikel, hvordan corona-pandemien sammen med sommerens raceuroligheder har rystet de amerikansk-jødiske samfund i deres fundament. Nødvendighed og krise, usikkerhed, nye tankeformer og idealisme er tilsammen i gang med at omforme, hvordan jødisk liv bliver levet i dagens Amerika. Empirisk beskriver jeg fire forskellige faser, som det amerikansk-jødiske samfund foreløbig har undergået gennem krisen. Teoretisk argumenterer jeg for, at disse faser viser, hvordan krisen har igangsat en omkalfatring af amerikansk-jødiske kerneværdier, hvor jødisk solidaritet og enhed igen fremstår som centrale værdier, der samler det jødiske samfund og jøder som gruppe. Samtidig udfordrer denne nyfundne solidaritet jøderne i deres forhold til landets øvrige problemstillinger og befolkningsgrupper.
Compartment-specific opioid receptor signaling is selectively modulated by different dynorphin peptides
Authors: Kunselman Jennifer M , Gupta Achla , Gomes Ivone , Devi Lakshmi A , Puthenveedu Manojkumar A
Published: April 2021

Many signal transduction systems have an apparent redundancy built into them, where multiple physiological agonists activate the same receptors. Whether this is true redundancy, or whether this provides an as-yet unrecognized specificity in downstream signaling, is not well understood. We address this question using the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), a physiologically relevant G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is activated by multiple members of the Dynorphin family of opioid peptides. We show that two related peptides, Dynorphin A and Dynorphin B, bind and activate KOR to similar extents in mammalian neuroendocrine cells and rat striatal neurons, but localize KOR to distinct intracellular compartments and drive different post-endocytic fates of the receptor. Strikingly, localization of KOR to the degradative pathway by Dynorphin A induces sustained KOR signaling from these compartments. Our results suggest that seemingly redundant endogenous peptides can fine-tune signaling by regulating the spatiotemporal profile of KOR signaling.
DISCURSOS MORAIS E ÉTICOS DE ADOLESCENTES CABO-VERDIANOS E BRASILEIROS SOBRE REALIZAÇÃO DE ATIVIDADES FÍSICAS REGULARES E HÁBITOS NUTRICIONAIS ADEQUADOS
Authors: Marinho Julio Cesar Bresolin , Silva João Alberto da
Published: April 2021

O objetivo do artigo reside em analisar as percepções morais e éticas dos adolescentes no que tange à duas temáticas da saúde: realização de atividades físicas regulares e hábitos nutricionais adequados. A pesquisa é qualitativa e a técnica empregada foi a realização de grupos focais com a utilização de um dilema moral. Participaram 45 adolescentes de Cabo-Verde e Brasil. Os dados obtidos foram analisados mediante técnica da análise do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Evidenciamos que a realização de atividades físicas de forma adequada, bem como os hábitos nutricionais saudáveis, irá depender da força de vontade dos adolescentes. Aqueles que não se consideram “suficientemente bons”, poderão agir de forma prejudicial a saúde. No entanto, os que possuem “boa confiança em si”, poderão buscar outras saídas para não colocar sua saúde/vida em risco.
The Role of Permeability in Drug ADME/PK, Interactions and Toxicity, and the Permeability‐Based Classification System (PCS)
Authors: Fagerholm Urban
Published: April 2021

Permeability (
P
e
) is one of the key determinants in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/pharmacokinetics (ADME/PK) of drugs and their metabolites. Predictions of ADME/PK, interactions, elimination routes, exposures, and toxicity require, therefore, that the role of permeability in different organs is considered, investigated and understood. That includes studies of and knowledge about the relation between
P
e
and fraction absorbed (
f
a
) (or fraction reabsorbed;
f
ra
) in various organs, and the interplay between passive permeability and active permeability, metabolism and solubility/dissolution. Relationships between passive
P
e
and
f
a
in the human intestine, liver, renal tubuli (
f
ra
), and brain have been established, and these are the basis of the Permeability‐Based Classification System (PCS). This system demonstrates sigmoidal
P
e
versus
f
a
and
f
ra
relationships of different shapes and shifts, and is divided into four permeability categories (very high/high/intermediate/low). Results show or indicate that the liver and brain have comparably high intrinsic passive uptake capacities, metabolism (rather than uptake, diffusion, and dissociation) is the general rate‐limiting step in hepatic metabolic clearance (CL
H
), and few high permeability compounds have dissolution‐limited gastrointestinal
f
a
. Active transport processes contribute to the intestinal and hepatic uptake, and renal, biliary, and intestinal drug excretion, of many drugs with limited passive
P
e
. Active transport could be clinically relevant for brain uptake of both low and high passive permeability compounds. Related drug–drug interactions and polymorphism appear most pronounced for drugs actively absorbed and excreted by the liver. Combined with intrinsic metabolic CL data, the PCS is useful for predictions of CL
H
, renal and biliary excretion potential, gut‐wall extraction ratio, oral bioavailability and effects of polymorphism, and for assessment of potential drug–drug or drug–metabolite interactions, and drug and metabolite organ/cell trapping.
Current and Emerging Therapies in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Montana John G. , Dyke Hazel J. , Fox J. Craig , Ray Nicholas C.
Published: April 2021

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with an overall prevalence in adults >40 years estimated at 9–10%. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that, by 2020, COPD will be the third leading cause of mortality and the fifth leading cause of morbidity in the world. This smoking‐related disease is characterized by progressive airway obstruction that, unlike asthma, is relatively insensitive to bronchodilators and to the classic anti‐inflammatory therapy, corticosteroids. Current therapy focuses mainly on reducing symptoms using inhaled short‐acting and long‐acting bronchodilators either as monotherapies or in combination with inhaled corticosteroids. During the last decade, the pharmaceutical industry has focused on treating COPD distinctly from asthma but no novel agents that target the disease itself have been launched as therapies for this disease. As our understanding of the pathology of COPD has increased it has been established that the progressive pulmonary inflammation that is associated with COPD relates to disease severity. Thus, it is anticipated that drugs that reduce pulmonary inflammation will provide effective, disease‐modifying therapies. Here, we consider the potential of anti‐inflammatory drugs that are currently in clinical development for COPD and discuss how these might reduce pulmonary inflammation in this disease.
Drug Discovery and Development for Kinetoplastid Diseases
Authors: Caffrey Conor R. , Steverding Dietmar , Ferreira Rafaela S. , de Oliveira Renata B. , O'Donoghue Anthony J. , Monti Ludovica , Ballatore Carlo , Bachovchin Kelly A. , Ferrins Lori , Pollastri Michael P. , Zorn Kimberley M. , Foil Daniel H. , Clark Alex M. , Mottin Melina , Andrade Carolina H. , de Siqueira‐Neto Jair L. , Ekins Sean
Published: April 2021

In this article, we review the disease, biology, and biochemistry of kinetoplastids, as well as the new drugs and drug candidates that have entered the clinic in the last decade. We also describe examples of the preclinical exploration of small molecules against various protein targets (e.g. cysteine proteases, the proteasome, and tubulin), as well as cutting‐edge molecular and computational strategies and technologies being brought to bear to discover and develop new antitrypanosomal drugs. For comprehensive descriptions of the disease, biology, and drug therapies prior to 2011, the reader is encouraged to review the article by P.M. Woster that appeared in 2010 in the seventh edition of Burger's Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Discovery, and Development, entitled Antiprotozoal/Antiparasitic Agents.
Health Outcomes Research
Authors: McCollam Pat , Birt Julie , Hunter Theresa
Published: April 2021

What is health outcomes research? For the purpose of this article, we use a broad definition of health outcomes research and discuss three major domains of research – patient‐reported outcomes (PROs), real‐world evidence (RWE), and health economic evaluations.

An important question is – who uses this information? The audience is very diverse. The pharmaceutical industry might use RWE data to inform clinical trial design, to suggest substudies in populations of interest, to examine secondary endpoints, or perhaps use PROs to apply for promotional claims with regulators. Through collaboration with manufacturers, academics publish from clinical trials, use registries and other large databases to publish RWE, and sometimes use these data to develop treatment algorithms or policy statements. Managed care organizations in the United States and other payers around the globe may use health outcomes data in an attempt to position the most cost‐effective use of a new technology. Healthcare practitioners and patients may use PRO data to target important specific symptoms.
The Design and Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design
Authors: Meanwell Nicholas A.
Published: April 2021

Bioisosterism, the design of structural motifs that emulate established functionality to effect a biological response, has evolved into a powerful design principle in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery that can be implemented to address issues associated with intrinsic potency and/or a range of developability challenges. While bioisosterism has its origins in the concept of isosterism, which was invoked to explain the similarity of physicochemical properties between molecules with analogous size and shape, the contemporary interpretation of bioisosterism extends well beyond this simple definition to encompass relationships that reflect a recapitulation of biological properties by molecules that can be structurally quite disparate. This article provides a synopsis of established and emerging bioisosteric relationships that are discussed in the context of applications to solving problems in drug discovery and development. Bioisosteres that are described range from the replacement of hydrogen atoms by deuterium or fluorine to more esoteric higher order bioisosteres that convene intricate arrays of functionality. These are considered nonclassical in nature and offer functional mimesis of a range of simple and complex functionalities encompassing exchangeable groups, cyclic/noncyclic substructures capable of mimicking rings, and extends to include drug–water and drug–metal complexes.
Automated Synthesis
Authors: Masquelin Thierry , Kaerner Andreas , Bernhardt Ryan J. , Wang Jibo , Nicolaou Christos A.
Published: April 2021

In a world where budgets and head counts are increasingly constrained and environmental impact scrutinized, new automated laboratory capabilities spanning from organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, through mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering to robotics, computer science, and information technologies, are finding use as transformative methods for facilitating faster and better drug discovery operations as well as accelerated development of patient‐centric treatments and personalized medical applications.

A significant challenge for life sciences researchers is gaining rapid access to probe molecules to query biological targets or pathways identified through various screening activities. Additional challenges include the ability to quickly and interactively optimize molecules identified as hits from screening activities. In the past two decades, the race has been on to build an automated laboratory to address gaps in organic synthesis and thereby supporting biological and drug discovery research by providing rapid access to a synthetic chemistry resource that is both cost‐effective and robust. This review focuses on concepts and approaches that have already been introduced in the automated synthesis world and also innovative technologies that could radically change small and large molecules research and, thus, have far‐reaching implications in the intelligent automation drug discovery world in the near future.
Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Activators
Authors: Wagner Michael , Evers Andreas , Bossart Martin , Konkar Anish
Published: April 2021

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity have reached pandemic levels and represent a major health burden to modern society. Peptidic GLP‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) have been established as an effective therapy with respect to glycemic control and provide moderate body weight reduction. Marketed first‐generation GLP‐1RAs are suitable for once‐ or twice‐daily subcutaneous dosing. Their substantial benefit on glucose control led to the discovery and development of longer lasting therapeutic options to improve patient convenience and compliance. Recently reported positive cardiovascular outcome studies for some GLP‐1RAs further underscore their therapeutic value. Besides long‐lasting action, alternative delivery formats for injectable GLP‐1RAs have been explored, for example oral formulations. One such oral formulation of a GLP‐1 analog has completed Phase 3 studies and is now approved for the treatment of T2D. In contrast, the discovery of orally available small molecule agonists of the GLP‐1R has been historically challenging, and only recently a few compounds have reached early clinical development. To further improve the efficacy of GLP‐1RAs, so‐called GLP‐1R dual or triple agonists have been developed. These peptides show promising results in early clinical trials but are awaiting confirmation of their therapeutic benefit in late‐stage development.
Structure‐Based Drug Design for G Protein‐Coupled Receptors
Authors: Congreve Miles , Christopher John A. , de Graaf Chris
Published: April 2021

A transformation in the structural biology of membrane‐associated receptors, particularly of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), has occurred over the last 10 years and continues to build momentum today. Remarkable new protein–ligand X‐ray crystal and latterly cryo‐EM structures have been published giving a detailed appreciation of how molecules bind to a plethora of fascinating binding sites. The profound impact of these new data on design of ligands for drug discovery, a detailed consideration of the consequences to the computational chemistry community, and a description of some representative applications of Structure‐Based Drug Design (SBDD) are described in this article, with a focus on GPCRs.
The Design and Development of Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for the Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Tumey L. Nathan
Published: April 2021

Over the past 10 years, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have rapidly become an important player in the oncology therapeutic space. ADCs consist of three components: (i) A potently cytotoxic drug; (ii) An antibody that is designed to deliver the drug to specific antigen‐expressing cells; and (iii) A linker that holds these two components together but is rapidly cleaved by cancer cells. Tremendous technical advances have been made in the ADC field over the past 15 years that have culminated in the FDA approval of six ADCs and the clinical evaluation (currently) of nearly 100 ADCs. This article provides an overview of the history of ADCs and highlighted important developments in the selection of antigens, design of the linker, selection of conjugation chemistry, and the design of the payload itself. We will focus on promising preclinical strategies that are working their way toward clinical evaluation.
Eicosanoid Pathway Modulators: Prostaglandins, Prostacyclin, and Thromboxane
Authors: Mazaleuskaya Liudmila L. , Ricciotti Emanuela
Published: April 2021

Prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxane) are bioactive lipids, members of the eicosanoid class of compounds, derived from arachidonic acid (AA). They are involved in controlling homeostatic and pathophysiological processes. Their biosynthesis is the result of the coordinated actions of several enzymes. Cyclooxygenases (COXs) catalyze the committed step in the conversion of AA into prostanoids. There are two COX isozymes: the constitutive COX‐1 and the inducible COX‐2, both of which have different patterns of expression and biological functions. COX‐1 and COX‐2 are the targets of traditional nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs), which are used to relieve pain, fever and inflammation. Despite their clinical efficacy, tNSAIDs cause side effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. NSAIDs selective for COX‐2 inhibition (coxibs) were purposefully designed to spare GI side effects, but predisposed patients to increased cardiovascular (CV) risks. The GI and CV complications from existing NSAIDs prompted interest in the downstream effectors of the COX enzymes as novel drug targets. This article describes various safety issues with tNSAIDs and coxibs, and discusses the current development of novel classes of drugs targeting the AA pathway, including nitric oxide‐releasing and hydrogen sulfide‐releasing NSAIDs, inhibitors of prostanoid synthases, dual inhibitors, and prostanoid receptor agonists and antagonists.
Small‐molecule Effectors of
DNA
Repair Proteins: Applications for Development of Cancer Therapeutics and Research
Authors: Chheda Pratik , Spies Maria , Spies M. Ashley
Published: April 2021

A ubiquitous aspect of cellular life is the need to repair the many deleterious DNA lesions that arise due to environmental damage and as byproducts of normal cellular metabolism. The same DNA repair processes, which are critical for life, are also employed by cancer cells in their resistance to radiation and DNA‐damaging therapies. Inhibition of DNA repair or entrapment of the toxic DNA repair intermediates with the help of small molecules has both potential therapeutic and research utility. Although many proteins that maintain genome integrity and repair DNA damage appear to be attractive targets, they lack well‐defined small‐molecule binding determinants and clear structure–activity relationships. This article summarizes a number of studies that have led to the identification of small‐molecule drug lead compounds, which may also be useful in dissecting complex DNA repair networks. Systems that are particularly noteworthy are inhibition of PARP1, as it is a paradigm case for achieving successful clinical applications, and the emerging targets RAD51 recombinase, RAD52 DNA repair protein, MRE11 nuclease, and WRN DNA helicase.
Paramecium
Authors: Aufderheide Karl J
Published: April 2021

Members of the genus
Paramecium
(from the classical Greek, παραμηκης, meaning oblong or oval shaped) are ciliated protozoa with an elongated shape (length approximately three to four times the width), a uniform distribution of cilia over the cell surface and a ciliated oral groove leading from the anterior of the cell to a midventral deep oral cavity. The oral apparatus is shaped like a funnel, with 12 rows of oral cilia in a helical array inside. Each cell has two distinct types of nuclei: one large, transcriptionally active, polycopy macronucleus and one or more small, transcriptionally inactive micronuclei.

Many features make paramecia favourable organisms for the study of diverse cellular/developmental/genetic aspects of cells. Their large size allows microscopic observations as well as microinjections and cell surgery. They show Mendelian and non‐Mendelian inheritance and several different epigenetic inheritance patterns. The genomes of
Paramecium tetraurelia
and others have been sequenced and are available for analysis.

Key Concepts

Species of Paramecium are distributed worldwide in freshwater habitats and are easy to cultivate in the laboratory.

Morphological differences are not enough to distinguish some species of Paramecium.

The genomes of the macronucleus and micronucleus are not identical, even though both are derived from the same zygote nucleus.

The genomes of
Paramecium tetraurelia
have been sequenced; 30 000 genes have been identified.

Paramecia do not use two of the three ‘stop codons’ for translation termination.

The trichocysts of paramecia are examples of a regulated exocytotic process.

The cortex of the cell contains the cilia, basal bodies and associated accessory structures.

Paramecia can carry a number of different types of endosymbiotic organisms.
In Vivo Plain X‐Ray Imaging of Cancer Using Perovskite Quantum Dot Scintillators
Authors: Ryu Ilhwan , Ryu Jee‐Yeon , Choe Geunpyo , Kwon Hyemin , Park Hyeji , Cho Young‐Seok , Du Rose , Yim Sanggyu
Published: April 2021

Real‐time in vivo detection of cancer via attenuation‐based plain X‐ray imaging is proposed to fundamentally overcome the penetration depth limits of current fluorescence‐based imaging techniques. Using cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3, CPB) quantum dot (QD) scintillators, real‐time X‐ray detection of 5 mm‐sized Panc‐1 cell tumors grown in a mouse is successfully performed. The QDs are rapidly co‐synthesized and double‐encapsulated with silicon dioxide (SiO2) to completely prevent them from being aggregated, decomposed, or released; they are then conjugated with antibodies to target pancreatic cancer. Due to the dramatic X‐ray attenuation, the X‐ray signal from the CPB QDs placed under the 2 cm‐thick tissue is clearly observed, while their fluorescence signal is not detected at all. In in vivo mouse experiments, the injection of a tiny amount (2.8 μg on a QD basis) of the CPB–SiO2@SiO2–Ab nanoparticles gives rise to a bright spot at the location of the tumor. Cell viability assay and histological analysis confirm the biocompatibility and nontoxicity of the nanoparticles.