bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scoping review of oral health outcomes for people with cerebral palsy
Authors: Lansdown Karen , Irving Michelle , Mathieu Coulton Kimberly , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Good oral health is important for good overall health. Studies have reported poorer oral health outcomes for people with cerebral palsy, but there has been no synthesis of the evidence surrounding this and, there are no clear oral health recommendations for people with cerebral palsy globally. This review synthesizes the existing knowledge base on oral health in people with cerebral palsy and provides recommendations for future research.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted to assess the current literature. Databases were searched using relevant search terms. Study outcomes were synthesized according to their reported outcomes.

Results

One hundred seventy three studies were included in this review. Children with cerebral palsy have an increased risk for dental caries and untreated caries. Higher saliva osmolality is a major contributor to increased dental caries. People with cerebral palsy are more likely to experience tooth wear and bruxism. Children and their care‐givers have poor oral health related quality of life. There is a large unmet need for oral healthcare in this group. There is no suggested plan for the prevention of poor oral health for this group. A high number of studies included related to research is conducted in low‐ and middle‐income countries, care should be taken in applying results outside this context. There is a lack of research conducted in people with cerebral palsy, 18 years and over.

Conclusion

There is a higher risk for poor oral health in people with cerebral palsy and there is a large unmet need to dental care in this group. This study highlights the need for further research to focus on adults with cerebral palsy and an of understanding the oral health care outcomes in the context of settings. The authors recommend the inclusion of classification systems and the integration of disability inclusive language in future studies.
Breaking up and making up – reworking of Holocene calcarenite platform into rapidly‐forming beachrock breccias on a high energy coastline (St. Lucia, South Africa)
Authors: Falkenroth Michaela , Green Andrew N. , Cooper J. Andrew G. , Menzel Manuel D. , Hoffmann Gösta
Published: October 2021

Beachrocks are a common characteristic of tropical and subtropical coastlines. It is known that they have a substantial influence on beach morphodynamics and they are commonly utilised as indicators of palaeo‐sea levels. At the same time, facies variability in beachrocks is understudied and their effect on shoreline evolution is poorly understood. At Mission Rocks on the KwaZulu‐Natal coastline of South Africa a narrow beach with isolated sand patches occupies low points of an otherwise continuous 3 m thick, raised shore platform of sandy and gravelly beachrocks. These beachrocks are in the process of disintegrating into megagravel deposits through chemical and mechanical weathering in a wave‐dominated, high‐energy setting. The breakdown is potentially slowed by a contemporary, fast‐forming beachrock facies, that blankets the surface and fills fractures and potholes within the older platform. The accumulation and cementation of this recent beachrock is the focus of this study. The beachrock is dated by historical evidence to post‐World War II. Data from field observations, petrographic and geochemical methods reveal that the cementing agents of the beachrock were precipitated from marine water in a phreatic setting despite its position above the intertidal zone. Not only does this facies have implications for the interpretation of palaeo‐beachrock as a sea‐level indicator, it also raises further questions regarding modelling of coastal erosion of beaches associated with outcrops of beachrock.
Leisure‐time physical activity and incidence of objectively assessed hearing loss: The Niigata Wellness Study
Authors: Kawakami Ryoko , Sawada Susumu S. , Kato Kiminori , Gando Yuko , Momma Haruki , Oike Hideaki , Miyachi Motohiko , Lee I‐Min , Tashiro Minoru , Horikawa Chika , Ishiguro Hajime , Matsubayashi Yasuhiro , Fujihara Kazuya , Sone Hirohito
Published: October 2021

Previous cohort study reported that high physical activity was associated with a low risk of self‐reported hearing loss in women. However, no studies have examined the association between physical activity and the development of hearing loss as measured using an objective assessment of hearing loss in men and women. Here, we used cohort data to examine the association between leisure‐time physical activity and incidence of objectively assessed hearing loss in men and women. Participants included 27 537 Japanese adults aged 20–80 years without hearing loss, who completed a self‐administered physical activity questionnaire between April 2001 and March 2002. The participants were followed up for the development of hearing loss as measured by audiometry between April 2002 and March 2008. During follow‐up, 3691 participants developed hearing loss. Compared with the none physical activity group, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for developing hearing loss were 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–1.01) and 0.87 (0.81–0.95) for the medium (<525 MET‐min/week) and high (≥525 MET‐min/week) physical activity groups, respectively (p for trend = 0.001). The magnitude of risk reduction was slightly greater in vigorous‐intensity activity than in moderate‐intensity activity (p for interaction = 0.01). Analysis by sound frequency showed that the amount of physical activity was inversely associated with high frequency hearing loss development (p for trend <0.001), but not with low frequency hearing loss development (p for trend = 0.19). Higher level of leisure‐time physical activity was associated with lower incidence of hearing loss, particularly for vigorous‐intensity activities and high sound frequencies.
Editors' Introduction to Tasks, Tools, and Techniques
Authors: Gray Wayne D. , Osiurak François , Heersmink Richard
Published: October 2021

Tasks, tools, and techniques that we perform, use, and acquire, define the elements of expertise which we value as the hallmarks of goal‐driven behavior. Somehow, the creation of tools enables us to define new tasks, or is it that the envisioning of new tasks drives us to invent new tools? Or maybe it is that new tools engender new techniques which then result in new tasks? This jumble of issues will be explored and discussed in this diverse collection of papers. Individually, few of the papers are related to each other by topic or by techniques of analysis. Collectively, all focus on tasks performed using tools and discuss the techniques of tool use which enable differences in performance and expertise across individuals, societies, and (even) species.
Reversal effects of atipamezole, flumazenil, and 4‐aminopyridine on bradycardia and increases in blood pressures induced by medetomidine, midazolam, and ketamine in isoflurane‐anesthetized cats
Authors: Kamohara Hirokazu , Kamohara Toshiko , Hikasa Yoshiaki
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the effects of a fixed dose of atipamezole (AT), flumazenil (FL), and 4‐aminopyridine (AP), both alone and in combination, on changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate induced by medetomidine (ME), midazolam (MI), and ketamine (KE) under isoflurane anesthesia with controlled ventilation in healthy cats.

Design

Prospective experimental study.

Setting

University animal research facility.

Animals

Healthy adult mixed‐breed cats were used for 8 investigation groups (6 cats per group), with ≥2 weeks between interventions.

Interventions

Cats were anesthetized with an end‐tidal isoflurane concentration of 2% under controlled ventilation. A catheter was inserted into the right or left femoral artery for arterial pressure monitoring and blood gas sampling, and ECG electrodes were placed. Upon completed preparations, cats were administered a mixture of ME (0.05 mg/kg) and MI (0.5 mg/kg), followed 10 minutes later by intramuscular KE (10 mg/kg). Twenty minutes after KE injection, the cats received IV injection with either a physiological saline solution at 0.1 mL/kg (control), or 1 of 7 variations of experimental drugs, alone or in combination: AT (0.2 mg/kg), FL (0.1 mg/kg), AP (0.5 mg/kg), AT+FL, FL+AP, AT+AP, and AT+FL+AP. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were continuously measured over 120 minutes after administration of potential antagonists.

Measurements and Main Results

ME+MI+KE induced an increase in blood pressure and bradycardia. Potential antagonists alone or in combination did not significantly alter the bradycardia. FL, AP alone, and FL+AP did not significantly alter the changes in blood pressures induced by ME+MI+KE. Meanwhile, administration of AT alone or in combination reversed the increase in blood pressure induced by ME+MI+KE but transiently caused excessive hypotension.

Conclusion

These results revealed that AT alone or in combination is effective for antagonizing hypertension induced by ME+MI+KE; however, attention should be paid to temporary hypotension in cats anesthetized with isoflurane.
Hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate combined with the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic and hypoglycaemic clamp technique in skeletal muscle in a large animal model
Authors: Bengtsen Mads Bisgaard , Hansen Esben Søvsø Szocska , Tougaard Rasmus Stilling , Lyhne Mads Dam , Rittig Nikolaj Fibiger , Støy Julie , Jessen Niels , Mariager Christian Østergaard , Stødkilde‐Jørgensen Hans , Møller Niels , Laustsen Christoffer
Published: October 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Is it possible to combine the hyperpolarized magnetic resonance technique and the hyperinsulinaemic clamp method in order to evaluate skeletal muscle metabolism in a large animal model?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The logistical set‐up is possible, and we found substantial increments in glucose infusion rates representing skeletal muscle glucose uptake but no differences in ratios of [1‐13C]lactate to [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]alanine to [1‐13C]pyruvate, and 13C‐bicarbonate to [1‐13C]pyruvate, implying that the hyperpolarization technique might not be optimal for detecting effects of insulin in skeletal muscle of anaesthetized animals, which is of significance for future studies.

In skeletal muscle, glucose metabolism is tightly regulated by the reciprocal relationship between insulin and adrenaline, with pyruvate being at the intersection of both pathways. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance (hMR) is a new approach to gain insights into these pathways, and human trials involving hMR and skeletal muscle metabolism are imminent. We aimed to combine the hyperinsulinaemic clamp technique and hMR in a large animal model resembling human physiology. Fifteen anaesthetized pigs were randomized to saline (control group), hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp technique (HE group) or hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemic clamp technique (HH group). Skeletal muscle metabolism was evaluated by hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate injection and hMR at baseline and after intervention. The glucose infusion rate per kilogram increased by a statistically significant amount in the HE and HH groups (P < 0.001). Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance showed no statistically significant changes in metabolite ratios: [1‐13C]lactate to [1‐13C]pyruvate in the HH group versus control group (P = 0.19); and 13C‐bicarbonate to [1‐13C]pyruvate ratio in the HE group versus the control group (P = 0.12). We found evidence of profound increments in glucose infusion rates representing skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but interestingly, no signs of significant changes in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism using hMR. These results imply that hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate might not be optimally suited to detect effects of insulin in anaesthetized resting skeletal muscle, which is of significance for future studies.
A Comparative Study of Methane Combustion Characteristics With Different Additions in an Optical Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Chen Lin , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Ren , Zhao Wanhui
Published: October 2021

Natural gas is a promising fuel for internal combustion (IC) engines with minimal modification, whereas its low power output and slow flame propagation speed remain a challenge for automobile manufacturers. To find a method of improving the natural gas engines, methane combustion with different additions was comparatively studied. High-speed direct photography and simultaneous pressure were performed to capture detailed combustion evolutions. First, the results of pure methane combustion confirm its good antiknock property, and no pressure oscillation occurs even there is an end-gas auto-ignition, indicating that high compression ratio and high boosting are effective ways to improve the performance of natural gas engines. Second, adding heavy hydrocarbons can greatly improve engines' power output, but engine knock should be considered if low antiknock fuel was used. Third, as a carbon-free and gaseous fuel, hydrogen addition can not only increase methane flame propagation speed but reduce cyclic variations. However, a proper fraction is needed under different load conditions. Last, oxygen-enriched combustion is an effective way to promote methane combustion. The heat release becomes faster and more concentrated, specifically, the flame propagation speed can be increased by more than 2 times under 27% oxygen concentration condition. The current study shall give insights into improving natural gas engines' performance.
Supporting Preschool Teachers to Teach Physics in Mexico
Authors: Betance Gabriela Nieto , Díaz Mario Humberto Ramírez , Martínez Soraida Cristina Zúñiga
Published: October 2021

The preschool level is often the first formal opportunity for children to experience science. There are many examples of appropriate experiments and scientific experiences aimed at young children, both in Mexico and around the world. Even the formal public preschool program in Mexico includes sections called Academic Training Topics, one of which is “Knowledge of the Natural and Social World” that can be addressed through physics. For this standard, the Mexican Secretary of Education has four standards in science: science attitudes, scientific knowledge, abilities associated to science, and applications of scientific knowledge and technology, and teachers are required to address all of them.
Separation of Peas and Carrots in Boiling Water
Authors: Levine Zachary H.
Published: October 2021

Frozen peas and carrots are commonly available in grocery stores in the United States. The carrots are cut into cubes roughly 8 mm on a side, while the peas are roughly spherical with a diameter of about 6 mm. They are prepared together in water that is brought to a boil. The peas and carrots, which are initially mixed together, separate as the water is heated. By counting the number of border vs. non-border vegetables before and after boiling, the decrease of the number of vegetables on the border demonstrates separation rather than chance rearrangement with the highly significant value p < 0.00001. The demonstration is a kitchen physics example of pattern formation in nonequilibrium systems.
An Analogy on the Difference Between Boiling and Evaporation: A Strange Prison
Authors: Kizilcik Hasan Şahin
Published: October 2021

Students may have some confusion understanding certain physical concepts and principles because of their abstract nature. Using analogies is one of the useful methods to help them more easily grasp abstract concepts to promote conceptual understanding. Bilaloğlu classified analogies in four groups: (a) simple analogies, (b) storified analogies, (c) gamified analogies, and (d) analogies made with painting. In storified analogies, it is attempted to teach an event, phenomenon, concept, or principle by using an oral or written story.
200 HTML5 Simulations for Introductory Physics
Authors: Duffy Andrew G.
Published: October 2021

In the teaching and learning of physics, simulations have many applications. Simulations can help to illuminate concepts (such as the motion of electrons in electric or magnetic fields) that cannot usually be seen with the unaided eye, or to slow down things that happen over short time periods or at high speeds. They can also be used to help students explore physics for themselves and allow students to see things from multiple perspectives, such as with accompanying graphs, bar charts, or motion diagrams. Other papers have expanded on the many uses of simulations, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of simulations for student learning, as evidenced by student interviews, for instance. In this pandemic era, in which much teaching and learning is happening online, simulations can also be useful for remote learners, who can benefit from simulation-based labs.
How Golden Age’s Comics Heroes Can Make Your Physics Lessons Great Again
Authors: Abed Mohamed El
Published: October 2021

For the past 20 years, a constant effort has been made by physics teachers and communication specialists to promote the use of characters from comics or science fiction films in physics teaching practice, because of its positive impact on student motivation and attention. This implementation often comes up against the problem of obtaining permissions to use copyrighted images, leading some authors to avoid using images and simply mention the character’s name and others to resort to avatars.
Vessel Drainage Under the Influence of Gravity
Authors: Williams Hollis
Published: October 2021

The physical problem of a body of water in a tank that drains through a hole in the base is a classical problem that has been studied since at least the time of Torricelli. To fixate this in a student’s mind, one could ask them to visualize a bathtub that is being drained through the plughole or a bottle being drained through a tap. This problem is an ideal one to propose at the secondary school level, since it provides a nice example of a physically relevant elementary ODE that can be studied by students with some calculus skills, and it also provides an opportunity to start introducing some concepts from fluid dynamics, as well as general mathematical modelling skills. Like the brachistochrone, the draining vessel and variants of it have been studied many times in the literature. We will focus on a simple pedagogical example, but there are many other possibilities. For example, Castro de Oliveira et al. performed experiments to measure the speed of water flowing through a pinhole at the bottom of a cylindrical bottle as a function of time and the level of water. In the process, they made an empirical correction to Torricelli’s law. Cross studied three different arrangements whereby air and water can flow into or out of two small holes in the side of a water bottle. Hong studied the unsteady draining problem for an incompressible, non-viscous fluid to obtain an exact solution of the unsteady Bernoulli equation, showing that once again Torricelli’s law must be modified in this situation. In a more mathematically involved treatment, Digilov showed that one can obtain an analytic solution for time evolution of a liquid column draining under gravity through a capillary tube in terms of a special function called the Lambert W function. More recently, Durbin studied vessel drainage of fluids of different viscosities through tubes of varying lengths.
Using Math in Physics: 3. Anchor equations
Authors: Redish Edward F.
Published: October 2021

An important step in learning to use math in science is learning to see symbolic equations not just as calculational tools, but as ways of expressing fundamental relationships among physical quantities, of coding conceptual information, and of organizing physics knowledge structures. In this paper, I propose “anchor equations” as a construct to support teaching and learning in introductory physics. I define anchor equation, provide examples, and suggest ways anchor equations can be used in instruction to support the development of students’ mathematical sense-making.
The Reliability and Validation of the Aquatic Movement Protocol as an Instrument for Assessing Aquatic Motor Competence in Primary Aged Children
Authors: Pratt Nicole A. , Duncan Michael J. , Morris Martyn G. , Oxford Samuel W.
Published: October 2021

There is a dearth of research in aquatic motor competency, a key requirement for primary physical education in order to become physically literate. This study proposes a new assessment protocol for aquatic motor competence and sets out to examine the validity of the Aquatic Movement Protocol (AMP) in children between 7 and 9 years of age. Testing of Gross Motor Development—second edition was implemented to assess general motor competence, including a composite of 10-m running sprint time and standing long jump distance. Aquatic motor competence was assessed by the AMP. Univariate analyses of covariance were used to examine whether assessment of general motor competence differed as opposed to aquatic motor competence. Process and product measures of dryland motor competence were analyzed using male and female subjects measuring three aquatic motor competences (low, medium, and high). Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analyses were implemented to show both construct and concurrent validity of the AMP. Children classified as high for aquatic motor competence had significantly higher general motor competence (p = .001). Those who achieved a higher composite score for faster sprint speeds and longer jump distances had significantly higher aquatic motor competence (p = .001). Cronbach’s alpha of .908, showed internal consistency of the AMP. Results extracted one factor from analysis with an eigenvalue = 6.2; %variance = 62.1, with loadings higher than 0.5. This data suggests that the items on the AMP measure a single construct that we would call “Aquatic Motor Competence.” This study demonstrates that the AMP is a valid measure of aquatic motor competence in primary aged children.
High-Impact Educational Practices in Kinesiology: Examples of Curricular Advancements to Prepare Students for the Future of Work
Authors: Wheeler Wendy , Van Mullem Heather
Published: October 2021

A 21st century college education should prepare students to meet workforce demands and contribute to an educated citizenry. This paper provides examples of the ways in which two institutions are adjusting kinesiology program design and delivery through the adoption of high-impact educational practices to prepare students to meet these goals. The authors describe first-year experiences to develop critical information literacy, a series of collaborative community-based health projects, and a unique internship experience for work-integrated learning. The authors reflect on the similarities between their efforts to implement high-impact teaching practices to prepare kinesiology students for the future of work. Keys to success include: (a) shifting to idea-based, learner-centered curriculum design; (b) developing strategic partnerships with college services, programs, and administrators; and (c) recognizing the significant impact of the changes on the student learning experience.
Brain inflammation triggers macrophage invasion across the blood-brain barrier in
Drosophila
during pupal stages
Authors: Winkler Bente , Funke Dominik , Benmimoun Billel , Spéder Pauline , Rey Simone , Logan Mary A. , Klämbt Christian
Published: October 2021

Macrophages can invade the fly brain triggered by inflammation and show phagocytotic responses reducing longevity.
Ectopic expression of
Irx3
and
Irx5
in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes to defects in
Sim1
haploinsufficiency
Authors: Son Joe Eun , Dou Zhengchao , Wanggou Siyi , Chan Jade , Mo Rong , Li Xuejun , Huang Xi , Kim Kyoung-Han , Michaud Jacques L. , Hui Chi-chung
Published: October 2021

Irx3
and
Irx5
misexpression in paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus leads to hyperphagic obesity in Sim1 haploinsufficiency.
Identification and optimization of molecular glue compounds that inhibit a noncovalent E2 enzyme–ubiquitin complex
Authors: St-Cyr Daniel , Ceccarelli Derek F. , Orlicky Stephen , van der Sloot Almer M. , Tang Xiaojing , Kelso Susan , Moore Susan , James Clint , Posternak Ganna , Coulombe-Huntington Jasmin , Bertomeu Thierry , Marinier Anne , Sicheri Frank , Tyers Mike
Published: October 2021

Small-molecule stabilization of weak ubiquitin-enzyme interactions to selectively target the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
An unexpected role for Dicer as a reader of the unacetylated DNA binding domain of p53 in transcriptional regulation
Authors: Yang Xin , Wang Xingwu , Li Zhiming , Duan Shoufu , Li Huan , Jin Jian , Zhang Zhiguo , Gu Wei
Published: October 2021

Dicer acts as an unexpected cofactor in modulating promoter-specific regulation of p53 targets in an acetylation-dependent manner.
Miniaturized soft centrifugal pumps with magnetic levitation for fluid handling
Authors: Zhou Mingxing , Qi Zhijie , Xia Zhiqiang , Li Ya , Ling Wei , Yang Jingxuan , Yang Zhen , Pei Ji , Wu Dazhuan , Huo Wenxing , Huang Xian
Published: October 2021

Miniaturized and soft magnetically levitated centrifugal pumps can handle various fluids for wearable applications.
Flexible Doppler ultrasound device for the monitoring of blood flow velocity
Authors: Wang Fengle , Jin Peng , Feng Yunlu , Fu Ji , Wang Peng , Liu Xin , Zhang Yingchao , Ma Yinji , Yang Yingyun , Yang Aiming , Feng Xue
Published: October 2021

Flexible, angled transducer arrays offer direct blood flow measurements.
Hidden patterns of insect establishment risk revealed from two centuries of alien species discoveries
Authors: MacLachlan Matthew J. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Yamanaka Takehiko , Springborn Michael R.
Published: October 2021

Many non-native insect establishments are undetected—across regions, this estimated “establishment debt” ranges from 10 to 52%.
Chronic Release of Tailless Phage Particles from Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Liu Yue , Alexeeva Svetlana , Bachmann Herwig , Guerra Martínez Jesús Adrián , Yeremenko Nataliya , Abee Tjakko , Smid Eddy J.
Published: October 2021

In complex microbial consortia such as fermentation starters, bacteriophages can alter the dynamics and diversity of microbial communities. Bacteriophages infecting
Lactococcus lactis
are mostly studied for their detrimental impact on industrial dairy fermentation processes.
Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes
Authors: Bliska James B. , Brodsky Igor E. , Mecsas Joan
Published: October 2021

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
is an
Enterobacteriaceae
family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine,
Y. pseudotuberculosis
can invade through Peyer’s patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs).
Genomic Analysis of a Hospital-Associated Outbreak of Mycobacterium abscessus: Implications on Transmission
Authors: Davidson Rebecca M. , Nick Sophie E. , Kammlade Sara M. , Vasireddy Sruthi , Weakly Natalia , Hasan Nabeeh A. , Epperson L. Elaine , Strong Michael , Nick Jerry A. , Brown-Elliott Barbara A. , Stout Jason E. , Lewis Sarah S. , Wallace Richard J. , Baker Arthur W.
Published: October 2021

Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has recently been used to investigate acquisition of
Mycobacterium abscessus
. Investigators have reached conflicting conclusions about the meaning of genetic distances for interpretation of person-to-person transmission.
Evaluation of Commercial Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays and Comparison of Standardized Titers in Vaccinated Health Care Workers
Authors: Saker Kahina , Escuret Vanessa , Pitiot Virginie , Massardier-Pilonchéry Amélie , Paul Stéphane , Mokdad Bouchra , Langlois-Jacques Carole , Rabilloud Muriel , Goncalves David , Fabien Nicole , Guibert Nicolas , Fassier Jean-Baptiste , Bal Antonin , Trouillet-Assant Sophie , Trabaud Mary-Anne
Published: October 2021

With the availability of vaccines, commercial assays detecting anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 antibodies (Ab) evolved toward quantitative assays directed to the spike glycoprotein or its receptor binding domain (RBD). The main objective of the present study was to compare the Ab titers obtained with quantitative commercial binding Ab assays, after one dose (convalescent individuals) or two doses (naive individuals) of vaccine, in health care workers (HCW).
Sequencing Directly from Clinical Specimens Reveals Genetic Variations in HCMV-Encoded Chemokine Receptor US28 That May Influence Antibody Levels and Interactions with Human Chemokines
Authors: Waters Shelley , Agostino Mark , Lee Silvia , Ariyanto Ibnu , Kresoje Nina , Leary Shay , Munyard Kylie , Gaudieri Silvana , Gaff Jessica , Irish Ashley , Keil Anthony D. , Price Patricia , Allcock Richard J. N.
Published: October 2021

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common viral pathogen of solid organ transplant recipients, neonates, and HIV-infected individuals. HCMV encodes homologs of several host genes with the potential to influence viral persistence and/or pathogenesis.
Capsicumicine, a New Bioinspired Peptide from Red Peppers Prevents Staphylococcal Biofilm
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
via a Matrix Anti-Assembly Mechanism of Action
Authors: Gomes Von Borowski Rafael , Chat Sophie , Schneider Rafael , Nonin-Lecomte Sylvie , Bouaziz Serge , Giudice Emmanuel , Rigon Zimmer Aline , Baggio Gnoatto Simone Cristina , Macedo Alexandre José , Gillet Reynald
Published: October 2021

Pathogenic biofilms are a global health care concern, as they can cause extensive antibiotic resistance, morbidity, mortality, and thereby substantial economic loss. So far, no effective treatments targeting the bacteria in biofilms have been developed.
Establishment of a Publicly Available Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Abdel-Glil Mostafa Y. , Thomas Prasad , Linde Jörg , Jolley Keith A. , Harmsen Dag , Wieler Lothar H. , Neubauer Heinrich , Seyboldt Christian
Published: October 2021

Global epidemiological surveillance of bacterial pathogens is enhanced by the availability of standard tools and sharing of typing data. The use of whole-genome sequencing has opened the possibility for high-resolution characterization of bacterial strains down to the clonal and subclonal levels.
Nonpathogenic Cutibacterium acnes Confers Host Resistance against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tsuru Ayano , Hamazaki Yumi , Tomida Shuta , Ali Mohammad Shaokat , Komura Tomomi , Nishikawa Yoshikazu , Kage-Nakadai Eriko
Published: October 2021

Cutibacterium acnes
is one of the most common bacterial species residing on the human skin. Although the pathogenic properties of
C. acnes
, such as its association with acne vulgaris, have been widely described, its beneficial aspects have not been well characterized.
Nosema bombycis microRNA-like RNA 8 (Nb-milR8) Increases Fungal Pathogenicity by Modulating
BmPEX16
Gene Expression in Its Host, Bombyx mori
Authors: Dong Zhanqi , Zheng Ning , Hu Congwu , Deng Boyuan , Fang Wenxuan , Wu Qin , Chen Peng , Huang Xuhua , Gao Na , Lu Cheng , Pan Minhui
Published: October 2021

A thorough understanding of fungal pathogen adaptations is essential for treating fungal infections. Recent studies have suggested that the role of small RNAs expressed in fungal microsporidia genomes are important for elucidating the mechanisms of fungal infections.
An overview of strains in the Sevier thin-skinned thrust belt, Idaho and Wyoming, USA (latitude 42° N)
Authors: Craddock John P. , Malone David H.
Published: October 2021

Calcite twinning analysis across the central, unbuttressed portion of the Sevier thin-skin thrust belt, using Cambrian–Cretaceous limestones (n = 121) and synorogenic calcite veins (n = 31), records a complex strain history for the Sevier belt, Idaho and Wyoming, USA. Plots of fabric types (layer-parallel shortening, layer-normal shortening, etc.), shortening and extension axes for the Paris thrust (west, oldest, n = 11), Meade thrust (n = 46), Crawford thrust (n = 15), Absaroka thrust (n = 55), Darby thrust (n = 13), Lander Peak klippe (n = 5), eastern Prospect thrust (n = 6), and distal Cretaceous foreland (n = 3) reveal a W-E layer-parallel shortening strain only in the Prospect thrust and distal foreland. Calcite twinning strains in all western, internal thrust sheets are complex mixes of layer-parallel (LPS), layer-normal (LNS), and non-plane strains in limestones and synorogenic calcite veins. This complex strain fabric is best interpreted as the result of oblique convergence to the west and repeated eastward overthrusting by the Paris thrust.
Zircon (U-Th)/(He-Pb) double-dating constraints on the interplay between thrust deformation and foreland basin architecture, Sevier foreland basin, Utah
Authors: Pujols E.J. , Stockli D.F.
Published: October 2021

The Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin strata exposed in the Book Cliffs of eastern Utah and western Colorado have motivated important concepts linking thrust belt deformation and foreland basin evolution largely on the basis of sequence stratigraphy, stratal architecture, and sediment provenance evolution. However, these methods and approaches generally cannot provide critical insights into the temporal or causal linkages between foreland basin architecture and thrust belt deformation. This is in part due to discrepancies in age resolution and lack of evidence with which to directly couple sediment supply and basin-fill evolution to thrust belt unroofing. New detrital zircon (DZ) geothermochronometric data from Upper Cretaceous proximal to distal foreland basin strata in the Book Cliffs provide new quantitative insights into sediment origin and dispersal in relation to thrust belt deformation and exhumation. Detailed DZ U-Pb and (U-Th)/He double dating reveals that the Book Cliffs foredeep detritus was mainly delivered by transverse routing systems from two major sources: (1) Neoproterozoic and Lower Paleozoic strata from the central Utah Sevier thrust belt, and (2) Permian–Jurassic and synorogenic Cretaceous strata recycled from the frontal part of the thrust belt. A dramatic increase in Sierran magmatic arc and Yavapai-Mazatzal DZ U-Pb ages, as well as Paleozoic DZ He ages, in the deeper marine portions of the foreland basin points to axial fluvial and littoral sediment input from the Sierran magmatic arc and Mogollon highland sources. Both transverse and axial transport systems acted contemporaneously during eastward propagation of the Late Cretaceous thrust belt. DZ He depositional lag time estimates reveal three distinct exhumation pulses in the Sevier thrust belt in the Cenomanian and Campanian. The exhumation pulses correlate with shifts in sediment provenance, dispersal style, and progradation rates in the foreland basin. These new data support conceptual models that temporally and causally link accelerated exhumation and unroofing in the thrust belt to increases in sediment supply and rapid clastic progradation in the foreland basin.
Cardioversion in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation: observational study using prospectively collected registry data
Authors: Pope Marita Knudsen , Hall Trygve S , Schirripa Valentina , Radic Petra , Virdone Saverio , Pieper Karen S , Le Heuzey Jean-Yves , Jansky Petr , Fitzmaurice David A , Cappato Riccardo , Atar Dan , Camm A John , Kakkar Ajay K
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent cardioversion compared with those who did not have cardioverson in a large dataset of patients with recent onset non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Design

Observational study using prospectively collected registry data (Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-AF—GARFIELD-AF).

Setting

1317 participating sites in 35 countries.

Participants

52 057 patients aged 18 years and older with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (up to six weeks’ duration) and at least one investigator determined stroke risk factor.

Main outcome measures

Comparisons were made between patients who received cardioversion and those who had no cardioversion at baseline, and between patients who received direct current cardioversion and those who had pharmacological cardioversion. Overlap propensity weighting with Cox proportional hazards models was used to evaluate the effect of cardioversion on clinical endpoints (all cause mortality, non-haemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism, and major bleeding), adjusting for baseline risk and patient selection.

Results

44 201 patients were included in the analysis comparing cardioversion and no cardioversion, and of these, 6595 (14.9%) underwent cardioversion at baseline. The propensity score weighted hazard ratio for all cause mortality in the cardioversion group was 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.63 to 0.86) from baseline to one year follow-up and 0.77 (0.64 to 0.93) from one year to two year follow-up. Of the 6595 patients who had cardioversion at baseline, 299 had a follow-up cardioversion more than 48 days after enrolment. 7175 patients were assessed in the analysis comparing type of cardioversion: 2427 (33.8%) received pharmacological cardioversion and 4748 (66.2%) had direct current cardioversion. During one year follow-up, event rates (per 100 patient years) for all cause mortality in patients who received direct current and pharmacological cardioversion were 1.36 (1.13 to 1.64) and 1.70 (1.35 to 2.14), respectively.

Conclusion

In this large dataset of patients with recent onset non-valvular atrial fibrillation, a small proportion were treated with cardioversion. Direct current cardioversion was performed twice as often as pharmacological cardioversion, and there appeared to be no major difference in outcome events for these two cardioversion modalities. For the overall cardioversion group, after adjustments for confounders, a significantly lower risk of mortality was found in patients who received early cardioversion compared with those who did not receive early cardioversion.

Study registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT01090362.
Clinical features and natural history of the first 2073 suspected COVID-19 cases in the Corona São Caetano primary care programme: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Leal Fabio E , Mendes-Correa Maria C , Buss Lewis Fletcher , Costa Silvia F , Bizario Joao C S , de Souza Sonia R P , Thomaz Osorio , Tozetto-Mendoza Tania Regina , Villas-Boas Lucy S , de Oliveira-da Silva Léa Campos , Grespan Regina M Z , Capuani Ligia , Buccheri Renata , Domingues Helves , Alexander Neal , Mayaud Philippe , Sabino Ester Cerdeira
Published: October 2021

Background

Despite most cases not requiring hospital care, there are limited community-based clinical data on COVID-19.

Methods

The Corona São Caetano programme is a primary care initiative providing care to all residents with COVID-19 in São Caetano do Sul, Brazil. It was designed to capture standardised clinical data on community COVID-19 cases. After triage of potentially severe cases, consecutive patients presenting to a multimedia screening platform between 13 April and 13 May 2020 were tested at home with SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR; positive patients were followed up for 14 days with phone calls every 2 days. RT-PCR-negative patients were offered additional SARS-CoV-2 serology testing to establish their infection status. We describe the clinical, virological and natural history features of this prospective population-based cohort.

Findings

Of 2073 suspected COVID-19 cases, 1583 (76.4%) were tested by RT-PCR, of whom 444 (28.0%, 95% CI 25.9 to 30.3) were positive; 604/1136 (53%) RT-PCR-negative patients underwent serology, of whom 52 (8.6%) tested SARS-CoV-2 seropositive. The most common symptoms of confirmed COVID-19 were cough, fatigue, myalgia and headache; whereas self-reported fever (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4 to 3.9), anosmia (OR 3.3, 95% CI 2.6 to 4.4) and ageusia (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.3 to 3.8) were most strongly associated with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis by RT-PCR or serology. RT-PCR cycle thresholds were lower in men, older patients, those with fever and arthralgia and closer to symptom onset. The rates of hospitalisation and death among 444 RT-PCR-positive cases were 6.7% and 0.7%, respectively, with older age and obesity more frequent in the hospitalised group.

Conclusion

COVID-19 presents in a similar way to other mild community-acquired respiratory diseases, but the presence of fever, anosmia and ageusia can assist the specific diagnosis. Most patients recovered without requiring hospitalisation with a low fatality rate compared with other hospital-based studies.
Exploring stakeholder views on intervening in hospital around childhood secondhand smoke exposure (Precedent): a protocol for a qualitative study
Authors: Ferris Erica , Cummins Carole , Chiswell Christopher , Jones Laura
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) in childhood is linked with increased morbidity and mortality. Hospital or secondary care contact may present a ‘teachable moment’ to provide parents with support to change their home smoking behaviours to reduce children’s SHSe. There is a lack of robust qualitative evidence around parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs) views on using this teachable moment to successfully initiate behavioural change. We aim to identify and understand what is important to stakeholders with a view to informing the development of a support package to help parents change their home smoking behaviours.

Methods and analysis

This qualitative study will be theoretically underpinned by the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation Behaviour (COM-B) model of behavioural change. It will involve semistructured interviews and/or discussion groups with up to 20 parents who smoke and up to 25 HCPs. Stakeholders will be recruited from a single National Health Service children’s hospital in England. Interviews and/or discussion groups will be audio recorded, transcribed and anonymised. The transcripts and any field notes will be analysed using the framework method. Initially, we will apply COM-B to the data deductively and will then code inductively within each domain.

Ethics and dissemination

The protocol for this study received a favourable outcome from the East Midlands Leicester Central Research Ethics Committee (19/EM/0171). Results will be written up as part of a PhD thesis, submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at conferences.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN40084089.
Qualitative study of facilitators and barriers for continued follow-up care as perceived and experienced by young people with congenital heart disease in Sweden
Authors: Skogby Sandra , Goossens Eva , Johansson Bengt , Moons Philip , Bratt Ewa-Lena
Published: October 2021

In-depth understanding of factors perceived by young people with congenital heart disease (CHD) to affect continued follow-up care is needed to tailor preventive strategies for discontinuation of follow-up care. To identify facilitating factors, low-prevalence settings in terms of discontinuation should be investigated.

Objective

This qualitative study describes factors affecting continued follow-up as perceived and experienced by young adults with CHD.

Participants

Using a mixed purposive sampling technique, 16 young adults with CHD were included. Three participants had discontinued follow-up care and 13 had continued follow-up care after transfer.

Setting

Participants were recruited from all seven university hospitals in Sweden, which is considered a low-prevalence setting in terms of discontinuation.

Design

Individual interviews were performed and subjected to qualitative content analysis.

Results

The analysis resulted in three main categories, illuminating factors affecting continued follow-up: (1) motivation for follow-up care; (2) participation in care and sense of connectedness with healthcare provider (HCP) and (3) care accessibility. The choice of continuing follow-up or not was multifactorial. Knowledge of your CHD and the importance of continuing follow-up care was a central factor, as well as experiencing CHD-related symptoms and having ongoing or planned medical treatment or interventions. Sensing a clear purpose with follow-up care was facilitating, as was feeling well treated and cared for by HCPs. Practical aspects, such as travel distance was also stressed, as well as active invitations and reminders for visits.

Conclusion

Factors on both patient, hospital and healthcare system level were raised by participants, stressing the importance of holistic approaches when developing preventive strategies for discontinuation. There is a need for improved skills and competencies among HCPs, as well as a person-centred approach to follow-up care. In addition, specific healthcare needs and remaining transitional needs after transfer to adult care require careful consideration to prevent discontinuation.
Synergistic effect of hypoalbuminaemia and hypotension in predicting in-hospital mortality and intensive care admission: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Klang Eyal , Soffer Shelly , Zimlichman Eyal , Zebrowski Alexis , Glicksberg Benjamin S , Grossman E , Reich David L , Freeman Robert , Levin Matthew A
Published: October 2021

Objective

Hypoalbuminaemia is an important prognostic factor. It may be associated with poor nutritional states, chronic heart and kidney disease, long-standing infection and cancer. Hypotension is a hallmark of circulatory failure. We evaluated hypoalbuminaemia and hypotension synergism as predictor of in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission.

Design

We retrospectively analysed emergency department (ED) visits from January 2011 to December 2019.

Setting

Data were retrieved from five Mount Sinai health system hospitals, New York.

Participants

We included consecutive ED patients ≥18 years with albumin measurements.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Clinical outcomes were in-hospital mortality and ICU admission. The rates of these outcomes were stratified by systolic blood pressure (SBP) (<90 vs ≥90 mm Hg) and albumin levels. Variables included demographics, presenting vital signs, comorbidities (measured as ICD codes) and other common blood tests. Multivariable logistic regression models analysed the adjusted OR of different levels of albumin and SBP for predicting ICU admission and in-hospital mortality. The models were adjusted for demographics, vital signs, comorbidities and common laboratory results. Patients with albumin 3.5–4.5 g/dL and SBP ≥90 mm Hg were used as reference.

Results

The cohort included 402 123 ED arrivals (27.9% of total adult ED visits). The rates of in-hospital mortality, ICU admission and overall admission were 1.7%, 8.4% and 47.1%, respectively. For SBP <90 mm Hg and albumin <2.5 g/dL, mortality and ICU admission rates were 34.0% and 40.6%, respectively; for SBP <90 mm Hg and albumin ≥2.5 g/dL 8.2% and 24.1%, respectively; for SBP ≥90 mm Hg and albumin <2.5 g/dL 11.4% and 18.6%, respectively; for SBP ≥90 mm Hg and albumin 3.5–4.5 g/dL 0.5% and 6.4%, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that in patients with hypotension and albumin <2.5 g/dL the adjusted OR for in-hospital mortality was 37.1 (95% CI 32.3 to 42.6), and for ICU admission was 5.4 (95% CI 4.8 to 6.1).

Conclusion

Co-occurrence of hypotension and hypoalbuminaemia is associated with poor hospital outcomes.