bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hygiene improvement: Essential to improving child health in remote Aboriginal communities
Authors: McDonald Elizabeth , Bailie Ross
Published: September 2010

It is generally recognised that poor living conditions and poor hygiene underlie the high burden of infection experienced by Indigenous (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) children living in remote communities. There has been little research on this topic. Taking an ecological approach, our study aimed to identify the key factors contributing to poor hygiene in one remote Aboriginal community and to determine appropriate approaches for improving hygiene and reducing the burden of infection among children. Key findings include that multifaceted interventions are required to ensure that household water and sanitation technology are functional, hygiene behaviour change is achieved and environments that enable good hygiene behaviour are created. Many of the factors contributing to the problem of poor living conditions and poor hygiene in these communities are outside the control of the health system. Intersectoral collaboration and action is required to identify acceptable, effective and sustainable solutions.
Indigenous child health in New Zealand: Some surgical issues
Authors: Koea Jonathan B , Beban Grant R
Published: September 2010

New Zealand Maori make up nearly 15% of the population of New Zealand, and their population has increased significantly in the last 20 years. Because of this, the average age of Maori is only 22.7 years with 35% of Maori aged 15 years or less. In spite of this youthful profile, the Maori population has high health needs with trauma, ear disease, respiratory disease and infectious diseases as significant causes of hospitalisation and death. The role of surgery in the management of three potentially preventable but significant health issues affecting Maori children – trauma, cutaneous sepsis (cellulitis and superficial abscess) and obesity – is reviewed.
Factors affecting improved glycaemic control in youth using insulin pumps
Authors: Wilkinson J. , McFann K. , Chase H. P.
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1174–1177 (2010)

Aims  The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with insulin pump therapy resulting in lower HbA1c levels in young people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods  Insulin pumps were downloaded from 150 youth (81 male), ages 5–20 years. Consecutive insulin pump downloads, 3 months apart, were available for 85 (43 male) of the 150 youth and changes in pump use were correlated with changes (≥ 0.5%, ≥ 6 mmol/mol) in HbA1c levels.

Results  Using cross‐sectional data, lower HbA1c values correlated with use of more frequent daily insulin boluses (r = –0.46, P < 0.0001) and more frequent blood glucose checks/day (r = –0.35, P < 0.0001). Young people with HbA1c levels < 7.5% (58 mmol/mol) vs. values of 7.5–9.0% (58‐75 mmol/mol) or ≥ 9.0% (75 mmol/mol) tested blood glucose more frequently/day (P < 0.0001), bolused more frequently/day (P < 0.0001), reported more grams of carbohydrates eaten/day (P < 0.05) and had a higher per cent bolus insulin/day (P < 0.05) compared with the ≥ 9.0% of youth. Using longitudinal data, 48 of 85 patients had a change in HbA1c level of ≥ 0.5% (6 mmol/mol) between downloads (24 improved). Increased bolus insulin (OR = 1.15, P = 0.03) and time of temporary basal rate use (OR = 1.017, P = 0.01) predicted ≥ 0.5% (6 mmol/mol) decrease in HbA1c in logistic regression.

Conclusions  This study emphasizes the importance of blood glucose testing, of bolus insulin administration and of an increase in the time of temporary basal rate use in relation to improving glycaemic control.
A method for broad spectrum classification of sunscreens
Authors: DIFFEY B.L.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

A method is described and evaluated for classifying sunscreen products into different broad spectrum categories. The method is based on spectrophotometric analysis of products applied to a suitable substrate and obviates the need for human or animal studies utilizing clinical endpoints which may be of dubious value in relation to protection from sun exposure. The absorbance spectrum obtained by spectrophotometric assay is reduced to a single index by determining that wavelength λc where the area under the spectrum from 290 nm (the approximate lower wavelength limit of terrestrial sunlight) to λc is 90% of the integral of the absorbance spectrum from 290 to 400 nm. A five‐point scale is used to classify products as follows:

The method makes no underlying assumptions about the form of action spectra for either acute or chronic photobiological damage. However, acknowledgement is made of the fact that the efficiency of ultraviolet radiation to induce a given photobiological endpoint tends to decrease with increasing wavelength by adopting wavelength intervals for classifying the Broad Spectrum Rating which increase in an approximately logarithmic manner.
An inorganic biocide using a novel presentation of silver
Authors: CORBETT R.J.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

A silver‐based preservative system has been developed which overcomes difficulties often associated with metals, namely solubility, dispersion and toxicity. It comprises a silver chloride titanium dioxide composite which allows the controlled release of silver ions. Microbiological data has shown the composite to be active at concentrations less than 25 ppm against a wide range of micro‐organisms, including Gram‐negative non‐fermentative bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The composite has satisfactory preservative activity against bacteria and fungi at application concentrations of between 50 ppm and 500 ppm, depending on the formulation. At high concentrations (>300 ppm) there may be some grey discoloration of the product, but the composite remains effective. To overcome this problem, a system of enhancing antimicrobial activity was devised, based on a sulphosuccinate salt dispersing agent. This allows lower concentrations of composite to be used whilst maintaining equivalent antimicrobial activity.
Skin color and makeup strategies of women from different ethnic groups
Authors: Caisey L. , Grangeat F. , Lemasson A. , Talabot J. , Voirin A.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The development of a world‐wide makeup foundation range requires a thorough understanding of skin color features of women around the world. To understand the cosmetic needs of women from different ethnic groups, we measured skin color in five different groups (French and American Caucasian, Japanese, African‐American, and Hispanic‐American) and compared the data obtained with women's self‐perception of skin color, before or after applying their usual foundation product. Skin color was measured using a spectro‐radiometer and a spheric lighting device with CCD camera ensuring a highly reliable imaging and data acquisition. The diversity of skin types involved in the study lead to define a large, continuous color space where color spectra from various ethnic groups overlap. Three types of complexion – dark, medium, or light – were distinguished in each group. Only Japanese women did not identify with this lightness scale and considered it makes more sense to classify their skin according to a pink–ocher–beige color scale. The approach however revealed the great variety of skin colors within each ethnic group and the extent of unevenness. A fairly good agreement appeared between women's self‐perception and data from color measurements but in Hispanic‐American group. Data recorded, after foundation was applied, showed overall consistency with makeup strategy as described by volunteers except for the latter group whose approach looked more uncertain and variable. The findings of the study demonstrate the advantage of combining qualitative and quantitative approach for assessing the cosmetic needs and expectations of women from different ethnic origin and cultural background.
A study on neck skin physiology and its application to development of cosmetics
Authors: Kunizawa N. , Masuda Y. , Takada K. , Inomata S. , Oki M. , Oomura T. , Tsuda T. , Takahashi M.
Published: September 2010

The neck is a sun‐exposed area. It seems to show the symptoms of photo‐ageing as well as facial skin in the elderly. However, the physiological study of neck skin has hardly been reported. We examined the change of skin physiological properties at a neck site with ageing for 61 women (18—69 years old) compared with a cheek site. Water content in stratum corneum (SC) was higher, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was lower and the turnover rate of SC judged from corneocyte area was slower at the neck site compared with the cheek site. Skin thickness was thinner, skin extensibility and elasticity were higher, skin grooves were deeper, and anisotropy of skin furrows was lower at the neck site than those at the cheek site. It was shown that the neck was also affected by sunlight but not so much as the cheek from the result of gelatinase activity detected in the tape stripped SC. Skin elasticity decreased with ageing at the neck site as well as the cheek site. Fine wrinkles were remarkably increased in the direction of Langer's line with ageing at the neck. Most skin physiological parameters at the neck showed the value between the cheek (heavily sun‐exposed area) and back (not sun‐exposed area). From these results, it was considered that not only intrinsic ageing but also photo‐ageing affected the neck skin. We developed the prototype of cosmetics corresponding to neck skin physiology based on these results, and evaluated the effectiveness of the prototype product by a consumer test including skin measurement for 4 weeks. After treatment, water content increased, and it gave satisfaction in the skin colour brightness, skin elasticity and skin texture improvements for almost all volunteers. It was concluded that the prototype product was useful in neck skin treatment.
The riddle of genuine skin microrelief and wrinkles
Authors: Quatresooz P. , Thirion L. , Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Piérard G.E.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

Wrinkles result from distinct structural changes occurring in specific parts of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. There is a need for evidenced‐based cosmetology identifying and quantifying the different aspects of wrinkling. Histology allows to detect specific changes associated with particular types of wrinkles. Four main types of wrinkles can thus be recognized, including the atrophic crinkling rhytids, the permanent elastotic creases, the dynamic expression lines, and the gravitational folds. Each type usually develops on specific skin regions exhibiting distinct microanatomical characteristics. Whereas skin microrelief, expression lines and skin folds appear clearly marked at the histological level, only little dermal changes are identified under other reducible or permanent wrinkles compared with the skin immediately adjacent to them. Distinguishing different types of wrinkles brings more precision to the clinical practice. This is of importance because the different types of wrinkles respond differently to cosmetic, dermatological and surgical treatments.
Equivalence of face and volar forearm for the testing of moisturizing and firming effect of cosmetics in hydration and biomechanical studies
Authors: Bazin R. , Fanchon C.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The objective of the study was to compare measurements of skin hydration and of biomechanical properties performed on different zones of face and volar forearm. Two short‐term (1 h) and two long‐term (3 weeks) studies were conducted with a moisturizing and a firming product, respectively, on groups of female volunteers with dry skin. Measurements (Corneometer® and Dermal Torque Meter® or DTM) were performed on different zones of the face and of the volar forearm, 1 h after product application, and after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of repeated twice daily application. While the sebaceous‐gland rich T‐zone behaves differently, probably due to sebum/skin, sebum/product and/or sebum/measuring device interactions, there are no statistically significant differences between measurements made on temple, cheek, maxilla and volar forearm. The volar forearm is representative of the face for measuring skin hydration and biomechanical properties, and relevant for the assessment of the efficacy of cosmetic products destined for facial use.
TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATION: A PRACTICAL REVIEW
Authors: Van Beveren Ilke
Published: September 2010

Abstract This paper aims to provide empirical researchers with an overview of the methodological issues that arise when estimating total factor productivity at the establishment level, as well as of the existing (parametric and semi‐parametric) techniques designed to overcome them. Apart from the well‐known simultaneity and selection bias, attention is given to methodological issues that have emerged more recently and that are related to the use of deflated values of inputs and outputs (as opposed to quantities) in estimating productivity at the firm level, as well as to the endogeneity of product choice. In discussing the estimation procedures applied in the literature, attention is given to recent developments in the field. Using data on single‐product firms active in the Belgian food and beverages sector, the most commonly applied estimators are illustrated, allowing for comparison of the obtained productivity estimates by way of a simple evaluation exercise.
MAPS FOR MANAGERS: WHERE ARE WE? WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
Authors: Fiol C. Marlene , Huff Anne Sigismund
Published: September 2010

Research on managerial cognition in genetal, and on cognitive mapping in particular, is receving a great deal of attention in Europe and the US, but the work being done is currently disparate and loosely coupled. Furthermor, the development of maps as a decision aid has tended to focus on specific sub‐areas of cognition. In this article we argue that the broad strategic concerns of managers require a portfolio of different kinds of cognitive maps. The interactions among these maps are as important as the functions of each one separately. We develop a framework for classifying cognitice maps and argue for the importance of managing multiple maps.
THE ANALYSIS OF CAUSE MAPS
Authors: Eden Colin , Ackermann Fran , Cropper Steve
Published: September 2010

Cause maps are coded following many different conventions. It is therefore arguable that there can be no general approach to their analysis. Indeed the interpretation and meaning of the analysis can only be undertaken in relation to both the purpose of the research and the theoretical basis of the form of representation to be analysed, be it a cause map, network, or any other graphical picture. Given these reservations, this article outlines a number of techniques for the analysis of cause maps.

In order to make the arguments about cause‐map analyses concrete, the article suggests what the various analyses described might imply for an understanding and evaluation of cognitive complexity. It does not address the difficult issue relating to the status of cognitive complexity as measured in these ways but rather simply notes that they are each as plausible or more plausible than many others that are often used. Ultimately the measures are to be taken as a portfolio of indicators of the complexity of the map itself.
MAPPING OF AN IDIOSYNCRATIC SCHEMA*
Authors: Cossette Pierre , Audet Michel
Published: September 2010

Among researchers interested in organizations and management, some of those who use cognitive mapping share a common objective: to improve organizational action. Some intervene directly at the level of the organization while others prefer to achieve this indirectly, by working at the individual level. Nevertheless those who work at the individual level rely on the ‘emancipatory’properties of a cognitive map, which facilitates reflectiveness.

After calling upon the notions of natural logic, schematization, contextuality, representation, knowledge and schema to characterize the cognitive map and its construction, we present a case, that of the idiosyncratic map of the owner‐manager of a small business. We describe the mode of construction of the map and its content. A critical discussion follows underlining the traps to avoid, the elements to be improved and those that should be kept for construction of future idiosyncratic maps.
Corporate Governance in Emerging Economies: A Review of the Principal–Principal Perspective
Authors: Young Michael N. , Peng Mike W. , Ahlstrom David , Bruton Garry D. , Jiang Yi
Published: September 2010

abstract  Instead of traditional principal–agent conflicts espoused in most research dealing with developed economies, principal–principal conflicts have been identified as a major concern of corporate governance in emerging economies. Principal–principal conflicts between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders result from concentrated ownership, extensive family ownership and control, business group structures, and weak legal protection of minority shareholders. Such principal–principal conflicts alter the dynamics of the corporate governance process and, in turn, require remedies different from those that deal with principal–agent conflicts. This article reviews and synthesizes recent research from strategy, finance, and economics on principal–principal conflicts with an emphasis on their institutional antecedents and organizational consequences. The resulting integration provides a foundation upon which future research can continue to build.
The effects of flooding upon buildings in developing countries
Authors: Hughes Richard
Published: September 2010

The genera] effects of flooding on buildings and structural materials in developing countries are comprehensively reviewed. The aim of the paper is to stimulate further field based research as to how and what type of building improvements can be introduced, given the prevailing economic and cultural constraints of many communities, and to examine the appropriateness of floodproofing measures in developing countries where there are often few floodplain management or large scale flood prevention schemes. Proposals are suggested as to the method and type of information which is required for detailed studies prior to developing new and more effective building designs.
An examination of community flood warning systems: Are we providing the right assistance?
Authors: Schware Robert , Lippoldt Douglas
Published: September 2010

The technology transfer of flood warning systems offers a large potential for reducing human losses and property damage in flood‐prone regions; much of the technology and methodology is readily transferable from developed countries and “appropriate” for developing countries. This paper examines some community folk warning systems in the United States that could be incorporated into a rational strategy for technology transfer. It discusses why official organized systems should not be relied on completely and how participation in and transfer of highly cost‐effective and reliable community warning systems by development assistance agencies could greatly benefit the people as well as the governments of developing countries.
Planning for human settlements in disaster‐prone areas: The Chinese experience
Authors: Qingkang Yu
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the necessity and the possibilities for mitigating the effects of natural disasters as exemplified by the Chinese experiences in Tangshan and Sichuan etc. With the dynamic viewpoint as a guiding concept the paper advocates the “prevention first” policy as well as planning strategies for human settlements in disaster‐prone areas. It covers emergency and reconstruction planning as well as recommendations for prevention and mitigation planning. The paper also reviews the Chinese experience.
Women and children last: An essay on sex discrimination in disasters
Authors: Rivers J.P.W.
Published: September 2010

In general, little attention has been given to differential survival between the sexes in disasters. Consideration of physiological differences between males and females would suggest that, all things being equal, morbidity and mortality after disaster, particularly where food shortage is involved, should indicate an excess male mortality. Such statistics as exist in disasters, as in chronic underdevelopment, show that it is females and especially girl children who are at highest risk. The basis of this lies in sex discrimination which is implicit in most social systems.
WHAT’S MEASURED IS WHAT MATTERS: TARGETS AND GAMING IN THE ENGLISH PUBLIC HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Authors: BEVAN GWYN , HOOD CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2010

In the 2000s, governments in the UK, particularly in England, developed a system of governance of public services that combined targets with an element of terror. This has obvious parallels with the Soviet regime, which was initially successful but then collapsed. Assumptions underlying governance by targets represent synecdoche (taking a part to stand for a whole); and that problems of measurement and gaming do not matter. We examine the robustness of the regime of targets and terror to these assumptions using evidence from the English public health service on reported successes, problems of measurement, and gaming. Given this account, we consider the adequacy of current audit arrangements and ways of developing governance by targets in order to counter the problems we have identified.
SITUATING ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY: A COMPARISON OF MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHT
Authors: JORDAN SARAR.
Published: September 2010

Contemporary studies of administrative thought allow only a limited range of viability for medieval and non‐Western thought on the subject of public administration. This tendency belies the wealth of thought embedded within this broad literature. This paper investigates the matter of administrative accountability and responsibility through the lens of a comparative theorist of historical administrative thought. In order to assess the explanatory potential of early and non‐Western administrative studies, two texts have been chosen, both previously unanalysed in conjunction (to the best of my knowledge) from the perspective of the administrative theorist – John of Salisbury’s Policraticus and Abu al‐Hassan Al‐Mawardi’s Al‐Akham al‐Sultaniyya w’al‐Wilayat al Diniyya (The Ordinances of Government). Through an analysis of ideas of delegation and responsibility within these texts, the paper seeks to develop a critique of the place of revealed religious authority in the solution to the questions ‘who are administrators responsible to?’ and ‘what are administrators responsible for?’
PUBLICS, PATIENTS, CITIZENS, CONSUMERS? POWER AND DECISION MAKING IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Authors: CALLAGHAN GILLIAN. D. , WISTOW GERALD
Published: September 2010

This article uses theoretical approaches to the discussion of power in order to consider the role of public and patient participation in primary health care organizations in the UK. There is considerable evidence to suggest that, despite major national initiatives to extend participation in health services, the role of participation in decision making remains underdeveloped. The primary purpose of this article is to understand how and why this should be the case. Using findings from qualitative research that explored approaches taken by the dominant professional groups on primary care groups (PCGs) to involving patients and the public, we consider how these approaches reflect the exercise of different forms and levels of power. The explanation combines Lukes’ categorization of three forms of power with Bourdieu’s dynamic conceptualization of the relations of habitus and field. It is argued that the models observed represent different opportunities for the operation of power with implications for the role that participation can play.
ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP IN THE ENGLISH PUBLIC SECTOR: PARADOX OR POSSIBILITY?
Authors: CURRIE GRAEME , HUMPHREYS MIKE , UCBASARAN DENIZ , McMANUS STEVE
Published: September 2010

Our study explores the possibility for the enactment of entrepreneurial leadership in the English public sector under the Labour government’s modernization agenda. To substantiate our analysis, we draw upon data gathered from leaders in three public sector arenas – the National Health Service, secondary schools, and further education (FE) colleges. Our study proposes a definition of public sector entrepreneurship that extends beyond existing literature. In essence, we contend that public sector entrepreneurship is characterized by the combination of three distinct agencies: ‘stakeholder’, ‘entrepreneurial’ and ‘political’. The public sector entrepreneur identifies market opportunities within the political landscape, optimizes the performance‐enhancing potential of innovation for the public sector organization, and carries stakeholders in a way that both permits risk and recognizes the stewardship of public sector resources.
UNDERSTANDING GOVERNMENT: FOUR INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS IN THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Authors: RAADSCHELDERS JOS C.N.
Published: September 2010

In this article a conceptual map of the identity of the study of public administration is developed that encompasses its theoretical diversity and richness. It organizes public administration scholarship into four main intellectual traditions: practical wisdom, practical experience, scientific knowledge and relativist perspectives. The objective is to outline the study’s fundamental heterodoxy and interdisciplinarity. While the study clearly has strong national components everywhere, the four main intellectual traditions go across and beyond national traditions of government and of its study.
Students' Spirituality and “Big Questions” in Introductory Religion Courses
Authors: Walvoord Barbara E.
Published: September 2010

Abstract.  A study of sixty‐six highly effective teachers of introductory theology and religion courses in various types of institutions reveals very complex challenges for instructors. The majority of students have as a goal their own religious and spiritual development. Faculty members' most frequent goal is critical thinking. Students much less frequently mention critical thinking, and their expectations and voices may be more appropriate for a place of worship or a counseling center. To meet these complex challenges, faculty encourage four student “voices”: the questioner, the applier, the thinker/arguer, and the autobiographer. These voices can help students explicitly to bring their own experiences and beliefs into relationship with course material and critical thinking. Careful planning and guidance for students are the key to making these voices work well.
CAPTURING IMAGINATION: A COGNITIVE APPROACH TO CULTURAL COMPLEXITY
Authors: Severi Carlo
Published: September 2010

With few exceptions, it has been assumed that the production of a generalizing anthropological theory of human cognition must necessarily entail a reduction of ethnographic complexity. No case‐centred analysis has been offered to show that a cognitive approach to cultural complexity is possible. In this article, I want to show that a different cognitive perspective can improve our understanding of ethnographic facts and help us critically to revise a number of traditional anthropological concepts. In order to do so, I will discuss the example of a messianistic religious movement born among the Western Apache of San Carlos and White Mountain (Arizona).
IMPOSSIBLE GIFTS: BODIES, BUDDHISM AND BIOETHICS IN CONTEMPORARY SRI LANKA
Authors: Simpson Bob
Published: September 2010

The ethical concerns generated by transactions in human tissue touch on fundamental ideas of the body, society, and the nature of giving. These issues have generally been discussed using Euro‐American terms of reference. Drawing on fieldwork carried out in Sri Lanka, this article describes the ways in which a distinctively Theravāda Buddhist notion of giving and charity has been linked to the development of strategies to encourage the donation of human tissue. Eye and blood donation are used as illustrations of the linkages that have been forged between religious duty, other‐wordly aspirations, and nationalist sentiment in the development of national donation services. The key question which is then addressed is how these distinctive beliefs and values inform attempts to frame donations of sperm and ova which are now beginning to take place in Sri Lanka. In religious and cultural terms the candidacy of sperm and ova as gifts appears to be evaluated very differently. Explaining these differences opens up the possibility of a more thoroughgoing anthropological critique of bioethics and the manner of its diffusion both within and beyond the Euro‐American context.
A GIS‐Based Procedure for Downscaling Climate Data for West Africa
Authors: Akinyemi Felicia O , Adejuwon James O
Published: September 2010

Local studies aimed at assessing the impact of climate variability on crop yield at the individual farm level require the use of weather and climate data. These are often collected at points known as meteorological stations. In West Africa, meteorological stations are sparsely distributed and as a result, are often unable to satisfy the data requirements for such studies. One major problem arising from this is how to estimate values for locations where primary data is not available. General Circulation Models (GCMs) have recently been deployed for weather forecasting and climate change projections but the resolution of their outputs is low requiring downscaling. This article describes a GIS‐based procedure for downscaling GCMs’ outputs for use in studies assessing the impacts of climate variability on crop yield at the farm level. The procedure is implemented with the Hadley Centre's GCM (HadCM2) data, although any other GCM can be used. Results in this study show that the model works best when representing drier months as compared to wet months in all three domains tested. For example, it estimated the rainfall for January (the driest month) better than that of July which is the peak of the rainy season in West Africa. There is also a north‐south pattern influencing the accuracy of estimated rainfall distribution, with stations in the south better represented than those in the north. For the greater part of West Africa where similar climatic conditions persist as in Nigeria, this procedure can be considered suitable for interpolation and downscaling.
ON ‘TENSENESS’ IN MODERN ICELANDIC1
Authors: ALLEN W. SIDNEY
Published: September 2010

Modern Icelandic presents phonological oppositions between two series of stop consonants and two series of vowels. Unlike in Old Icelandic, these are not phonetically characterized by voice in the former case or length in the latter, and the modern distinguishing features have commonly been described in both cases as ‘tenseness’ (versus ‘laxness’). There has, however, been no adequate definition of this feature, and the distinctions involved are fully describable in terms of various more traditional and observable processes. There is in fact no one feature common to the consonantal and vocalic oppositions in question; and even within each of these some problems arise when one attempts to find a single defining criterion. Various possible solutions are examined and evaluated. Some consideration is also given to the relevant historical and dialectal dimensions.
COLOUR TERMS IN CATALAN: AN INVESTIGATION OF EIGHTY INFORMANTS, CONCENTRATING ON THE PURPLE AND BLUE REGIONS1
Authors: DAVIES IAN , CORBETT GREVILLE , MARGALEF JOSÉ BAYO
Published: September 2010

We set out to establish the ‘basic’ colour term inventory of Catalan, and to see if the inventory was consistent with Berlin and Kay's theory of colour universals. Pilot work had indicated that, like Russian, Catalan might have more than the maximum eleven ‘permissible’ basic colour terms allowed by Berlin and Kay's theory, and have more than one basic term for blue. A sample of adults and a sample of children performed a colour list task (in which they were asked to give as many colour terms as they knew) and a colour naming task. The list task provided a general indication of the likely basic colour terms, and the naming task indicated the referents of these terms. The results show that Catalan is best described as a standard stage seven Berlin and Kay language with just eleven basic colour terms. However, it has more than one salient term in the blue region and these correspond to the exceptional blue terms of Russian. Furthermore, whilst Catalan has a basic term for purple, its focus is unusually displaced from Berlin and Kay's ‘universal’ focus for purple, and this may be related to the way in which Catalan segments the blue region.
BARRIERS TO THE STANDARDIZATION OF THE BRETON LANGUAGE1
Authors: PRESS J. IAN
Published: September 2010

The decline of many European languages is related to their marginalization by recent sociopolitical developments: modernization, centralization, industrialization; but in the case of Celtic Breton it is also linked to long‐standing isolation. The concepts of codification and standardization are separable. Breton, in spite of a fine literature, has, through lack of prestige and of public presence, dialectal fragmentation, the ‘mentalities forged by history’ (Hagège 1987:198), and dissension among speakers, never achieved real standardization. It is feared that current support may be too late, though the untiring efforts being made by activists give cause for hope.
Constructing ethnicity in interaction
Authors: Schilling‐Estes Natalie
Published: September 2010

In the present study, I continue ongoing efforts to incorporate social constructionist viewpoints into sociolinguistics by demonstrating how two interlocutors use linguistic resources to project and shape ethnic (and other facets of) identity in unfolding talk. The interaction is a sociolinguistic interview from a large‐scale sociolinguistic study of a rural tri‐ethnic community in the southeastern U.S. I examine a range of features and types of features and in addition use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Further, I examine the linguistic usages of both the researcher (the interviewer) and the research subject. The analysis confirms that identity is dynamic and multifaceted and is very much a product of ongoing talk, although pre‐existing linguistic and social structures also come into play. In addition, the analysis demonstrates that identity is dialogic as well as dynamic and that researchers play a large role in shaping the linguistic usages of those they study.
AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSING INCOME CONVERGENCE*
Authors: O'NEILL DONAL , VAN KERM PHILIPPE
Published: September 2010

We develop an integrated framework for studying income convergence that incorporates traditional measures of β‐convergence and σ‐convergence. These concepts are formally linked by a measure of re‐ranking (or leapfrogging). Our proposed measure of β‐convergence allows for nonlinearities in the growth process and explicitly identifies the contribution of faster growth among low‐income regions to reductions in overall inequality. To develop our framework we exploit the close links that exist between studies of income convergence and studies that examine the progressivity of the tax system. We illustrate our approach by examining both cross‐country and regional income dynamics.
MODELLING THE SLOW MEAN‐REVERSION OF THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES' REAL EXCHANGE RATES*
Authors: DUFRENOT GILLES , GRIMAUD ELISABETH , LATIL EUGÉNIE , MIGNON VALERIE
Published: September 2010

In this paper we propose a new modelling approach of the exchange rate misalignments in four transition countries: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. We provide an empirical framework that takes into account two characteristics of these misalignments: while the fundamentals and policies adjust to restore equilibrium towards the long‐term exchange rate, there are factors that hinder a fast mean‐reverting dynamics. When the exchange rates adjust slowly to their equilibrium long‐run values, the standard regressions that assume zero‐mean misalignments present some drawbacks and one needs a model that helps to capture the time‐varying aspects of the misalignment dynamics. The model proposed in this paper reproduces well the periods of overvaluation and undervaluation observed in the four countries.
RECTANGULARIZATION AND THE RISE IN LIMIT‐LONGEVITY IN A SIMPLE OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL*
Authors: PONTHIERE GREGORY
Published: September 2010

Whereas overlapping generations (OLG) models with endogenous longevity do not distinguish between the rectangularization phenomenon and the rise in limit‐longevity, these constitute two different demographic phenomena requiring a distinct modelling. This paper presents a two‐period OLG model where the probability of survival from the first to the second period, as well as the maximum length of life, are endogenously determined and influenced by public policies. The issues of existence, uniqueness and stability of a steady state are studied. It is shown that the transition towards the steady state exhibits, under mild conditions, the observed succession of phases of rectangularization and derectangularization of survival curves.
MANUFACTURING WAGES IN THE ENLARGED EU: THE ROLE OF NEIGHBOUR‐COUNTRY EFFECTS*
Authors: MARQUES HELENA , METCALF HUGH
Published: September 2010

In this paper a New Economic Geography type wage equation is estimated for the EU‐25. The determinants of manufacturing wages are shown to be sector‐specific and the role of geography is limited. As a consequence, we show that the improvement of the EU's internal market and the evolution of European geography are likely to favour larger EU members and challenge smaller ones.
PRODUCTIVITY AND LABOUR DEMAND EFFECTS OF INWARD AND OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON UK INDUSTRY*
Authors: DRIFFIELD NIGEL , LOVE JAMES H. , TAYLOR KARL
Published: September 2010

We relate the technological and factor price determinants of inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) to its potential productivity and labour market effects on both host and home economies. This allows us to distinguish clearly between technology‐sourcing and technology‐exploiting FDI, and to identify FDI that is linked to labour cost differentials. We then empirically examine the effects of different types of FDI into and out of the UK on domestic (i.e. UK) productivity and on the demand for skilled and unskilled labour at the industry level.
EARNINGS‐BASED COMPENSATION CONTRACTS UNDER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION*
Authors: MIGLO ANTON
Published: September 2010

We analyse a model with two‐dimensional asymmetric information in which the employer has better information about the firm's earnings potential. The employee's contract consists of an annual bonus and stock options. We explain (1) how different degrees of asymmetric information about short‐term earnings versus long‐term earnings affect optimal contracts and (2) why firms offering more options have higher short‐term performance and lower long‐term performance. This provides new insights into the structure of earnings‐based compensation.
SWITCHING COSTS AND THE FOREIGN FIRM'S ENTRY*
Authors: KIKUCHI TORU
Published: September 2010

In this paper we consider a two‐period model of market entry with homogeneous products and switching costs. It is shown that the pro‐competitive effect of a foreign firm's entry (i.e. unilateral trade liberalization) emerges before the entry. Also, conditions that are conducive to a competitive environment in the second period are shown to yield a less competitive outcome in the first period. That is, when the marginal cost of the foreign entrant is relatively low, the first‐period output of a domestic monopolist is relatively low as well.
A NOTE ON HUMAN CAPITAL AND THE FELDSTEIN–HORIOKA PUZZLE*
Authors: KATSIMI MARGARITA , MOUTOS THOMAS
Published: September 2010

In this paper we re‐examine the Feldstein–Horioka finding of limited international capital mobility by using a broader view (i.e. including human capital) of investment and saving. We find that the decline in the economic significance of the Feldstein–Horioka result, found in studies using more recent data, holds also for our broader definition of saving and investment.
THE CHOICE OF OPENING PRICES ON EBAY*
Authors: MELNIK MIKHAIL I. , XU YONGSHENG , ALM JAMES
Published: September 2010

In this paper we examine the choice of the opening bid on eBay by sellers of US Morgan dollar coins. We find that the opening bid is a function of the observed characteristics of the past transaction prices for the coin, the seller's characteristics and the fee structure imposed by the auctioneer. The results demonstrate that increasing the opening bid fee structure induces a lower optimal opening bid, while an increase in the degree of risk in the price distribution increases the opening bid. These results have important implications for market structure of online auction sites.
STRATEGIC LICENSING AND SEQUENTIAL INNOVATIONS*
Authors: KAO TINA
Published: September 2010

We study inventors’ strategic licensing behaviour when there are two generations of technology. The innovations are sequential, with the second invention built on the first. We show that if the market size is large and if the second innovation is relatively significant, the early inventor licenses by royalty and the second‐generation inventor licenses by a fixed fee. The results suggest that royalty licensing may be more common in industries characterized by a high degree of cumulativeness in technology. Furthermore, we observe that early inventors license by royalty payments and subsequent inventors license by fixed fees.
THE CONVERGENCE HYPOTHESIS FOR OECD COUNTRIES RECONSIDERED: PANEL DATA EVIDENCE WITH MULTIPLE BREAKS, 1870–2003*
Authors: ROMERO‐ÁVILA DIEGO
Published: September 2010

In this paper we investigate the existence of stochastic convergence of per capita real output in 19 OECD countries over 1870–2003. For that purpose, we employ panel techniques which incorporate an unknown number of structural breaks along with cross‐dependence. Overall, our analysis provides strong evidence of stochastic convergence over the 20th century. In addition, the examination of time‐series β‐convergence within the different regimes identified renders evidence supporting catching‐up for 16 countries. This implies that, despite a narrowing of the income gap, the convergence process has yet to be completed. Evidence of long‐run convergence is further provided for Finland, France and the USA.
Protective effect of collagen upon irritation response of detergents
Authors: MORGANTI P. , MUSCARDIN L. , FABRIZI G.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

In order to evaluate the protective effect of collagen solution on the skin in the case of an irritation response to detergents, it was measured, by a washing simulator, on collagen‐pretreated human skin (3% solution of native acid‐soluble collagen) after washing with different cleansers. Moreover, collagen protective effects were evaluated on human skin by chamber test methodology (fifty women aged 20–35). Human data obtained demonstrate a rather general property of collagen solution, used in protecting the skin from the harsh effects of various cleansing preparations.

L'effet protecteur du collagène a l'action irritante des détergents

On sait que la diminution de l'humidité relative de l'atmosphère qui entraine un dimunition de la teneur en eau de la couche cornée est le facteur principal de la perte de souplesse de la peau. Le vent ainsi que l'utilisation de l'eau et du savon peuvent constituer des facteurs agravants.

En fait, lorsque la peau est traitée de façon répétitive par des savons, des détergents, des lotions ou des crèmes de nettoyage, il se produit souvent une irritation des tissus dont l'importance dépend de la fréquence et de la durée du traitement, de la concentration des détergents et plus généralement de la formulation des produits utilisés. On a voulu évaluer l'effet protecteur des solutions de collagène sur la peau humaine avec des solutions à 3% de collagène natif acido soluble et on a utilisé un simulateur de lavage pour appliquer différents produits de nettoyage.

L'effet protecteur du collagène a été évalué par la ‘chamber test methodology’ sur 50 femmes agées de 20 à 35 ans. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la solution de collagène exerce un effet protecteur à l'encontre de l'irritation dûe aux produits de nettoyage. La raison de cette efficacité n'est pas claire.

Les réactions inflammatoires qui sont réduites de façon significative et la plus faible solubilisation de certaines fractions des protéines de la peau sont probablement dûes à une diminution du pouvoir dégraissant des solutions détergentes.

Le collagène forme vraisemblablement un film autour des micelles de détergent et modère de ce fait l'action des savons et des pains de détergents. Cet effet protecteur peut également être expliqué par un mécanisme qui met en oeuvre l'absorption du collagène sur la surface externe du stratum corneum.
Substantivity of perfume materials to hair
Authors: BLAKEWAY J. M. , SEU‐SALERNO M.
Published: September 2010

Synopsis

The substantivity of seven fragrance materials from a surfactant solution to human hair has been followed both olfactively and by gas chromatography. From an 0.5% solution in sodium lauryl 2 ethoxy sulphate solution between 0.13 mg g−1 hair and 0.72 mg g−1 hair were absorbed, giving strong retained odour on the hair; amyl salicylate showed the greatest absorption. After 24 h air drying, up to 0.01 to 0.08 mg g−1 hair remained, giving different odour strengths dependent on the molecule used.

Mixtures gave somewhat lower substantivity and increased concentration in the shampoo base gave an increase in the amount absorbed on the hair. The percentage uptake however decreased. The mechanism appears to be a simple partitioning of the organic molecules between the water phase and keratin, the effect being wholly reversible as the molecules evaporate when left in air.

The technique gives a method of objectively studying perfume substantivity to hair.

Substantivité des parfums aux cheveux

La substantivité aux cheveux humains de sept matiéres premières de parfumerie en shampooing, a été étudiée olfactivement et par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Les matières premières ont été incorporées dans la solution de shampooing (lauryl ether sulfate à raison de 0.5%). Les cheveux absorbent entre 0.13 mg g−1 et 0.72 mg g−1 donnant une forte rétention olfactive sur les cheveux. Le salicylate d'amyle montre l'absorption la plus importante. Après 24 heures à tempàrature ambiante, il persiste 0.01 à 0.08 mg g−1 sur les cheveux.

Les mélanges sont moins substantifs que les molécules prises individuellement, mais l'augmentation de la concentration dans la base shampooing permet l'accroissement de la quantité dc mélange absorbé par les cheveux. Le mécanisme de la substantivité ne parait être qu'une répartition des molécules organiques entre la phase aqueuse et la kératine, l'effet est totalement réversible du fait de l'évaporation des molécules lors du séchage des cheveux à température ambiante.

La technique donne un méthode objective pour étudier la substantivité des matières premières do parfumerie aux cheveux.