bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Tape and Diamond Process Developed for Polishing Hard Substrates
Authors: Yeh Rong Hwei , Chao T.M. , Lee Cheng Kuo , Tan A.H.
Published: July 2015

A nanoscale polish process with improved desired characteristics of low roughness and low scratch counts has been developed using a novel polish tape and diamond abrasive on hard glass substrates. For an improved polishing performance with high removal rate properties and preventing scratches, a novel tape was developed having a nanofiber level, densified surface and a flatter surface by slenderizing the fiber and dispersing ultrafine fiber using an innovative technique. Using this novel polishing tape with a fiber size of 200nm, one can produce a 17% lower surface roughness (Ra) (from 1.05A to 0.87A) and a reduced polished surface scratch count of 53 reduced to 18. The novel nanocluster diamond abrasive is synthesized from carbon atoms of explosives created by detonation in a closed chamber under an oxygen leaked atmosphere ambient. Several crystals are bonded together by layers of non-diamond carbon and other elements, forming aggregates with a nanocluster structure. Using this novel nanocluster diamond along with an ultra-fine diamond mixture with a nominal size of 15nm, one is able to produce an improvement of a 48% lower surface roughness Ra (from 0.87A to 0.45A) and a lower polishing surface scratch count reduced from 18 to 7. Overall, these results indicate that a smoother and a reduced scratch polished substrate results in a significant improvement in disk defects and related magnetic performances.
Electric Arc Furnace Dust Treatment Process by Iron Powder
Authors: Polsilapa Sureerat , Khamsriraphap Piyakarnt , Wangyao Panyawat
Published: July 2015

Electric arc furnace dust is a byproduct from steelmaking, contained up to 50%wt of zinc ferrite. It also contains about 10-20%wt of zinc oxide and the other metal oxides. Approximately 100,000 tons of EAF dust are generated per annum within Thailand. All of the dust has been sent to landfill. The objective of this research is to investigate the kinetics mechanism of the decomposition of zinc ferrite in EAF dust to obtain zinc oxide and iron oxide by using iron powder as a reducing agent. The process was carried out by mixing zinc ferrite or EAF dust with iron powder then compressed them in a mold. The samples from compression were treated by pyrometallurgical process. The factors required to be concerned were temperatures, particle sizes of iron powder, and mole ratios of zinc ferrite per iron powder, respectively. The treated samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to characterize zinc ferrite phase transformation. It was found that the quantity of zinc ferrite, both either pure zinc ferrite and zinc ferrite in EAF dust, were decreased after treating by the pyrometallurgical process when increasing treating time from 30 to 180 minutes at 600°C, the particle size of iron powder at 10 micron, and the mole ratio of zinc ferrite per iron powder at 1:3. Moreover about 70%wt of zinc ferrite was decomposed and the products obtained were zinc oxides (ZnO) and iron oxides (Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3). The reduction of zinc ferrite with iron powder was well-defined taking place by diffusion thru product layer control. The activation energy of the reduction process was found to be 47.21±2.83 kJ/mol. Therefore, the decomposition of zinc ferrite by iron powder could be carried out at 1 atm with low pyrometallurgical temperature (600°C) and equipped with hydrometallurgical process to obtain high zinc yield.
Heat Treatment and Mechanical Testing of AISI H11 Steel
Authors: Qamar Sayyad Zahid
Published: July 2015

Belonging to the class of chromium tool steels, AISI H11 possesses very good toughness and hardness, and is therefore suitable for hot metalforming jobs performed at very high loads. Mostly used in fabrication of helicopter rotor blades, H11 also has great potential as a die steel in hot-work forging and extrusion. This alloy steel can be heat treated to increase the service life and dimensional accuracy of the die and tooling. Main aim of the current investigation was to formulate an optimum heat treatment strategy for H11 steel, especially for hot work applications. High-speed milling and electric discharge machining were used to fabricate samples for tensile and impact testing. After various types of heat treatment (annealing, austenitizing, air cooling or oil quenching, single and double tempering), these samples were tested for hardness, toughness (impact), yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility. Microstructural analysis was also performed to analyze the effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties. As tempering temperature increases, hardness initially increases and then starts to gradually decrease; impact strength first decreases and then increases; and yield strength exhibits a fluctuating pattern of initial decline followed by an increase and another decrease. Even though H11 steel is highly suitable for both hot and cold-work, it is surprisingly not a common choice for metalworking dies and tools. Results presented here can encourage die designers and hot-work practitioners to explore the versatility of this tool steel, and to adopt appropriate heat treatment strategies for different applications.
Smoothing of GaN Substrate by Ultraviolet Assisted Polishing in KOH Solution
Authors: Takita Takahiro , Ando Hiroaki , Kubota Akihisa , Touge Mutsumi
Published: July 2015

In this study, we investigated the possibility of smoothing a GaN substrate utilizing ultraviolet (UV) assisted polishing method in potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. In this polishing method, GaN substrate was excited by an UV radiation, and then an oxide layer on the GaN substrate was formed by photochemical reaction. Simultaneously, generated oxide layer was removed by synthetic quartz tool and chemically etched by KOH solution. Finally, smoothed GaN surface could be realized. The surface quality and removal depth were measured and evaluated using a scanning white light interferometer and Normalski type differential interference microscopy. Obtained results show that the surface morphology and the removal rate are strongly dependent on the existence of the UV irradiation. Moreover, the processed surface has revealed that many scratches on the preprocessed GaN surface could be completely removed. The microroughness of the processed GaN surface profile was improved to be 0.18 nm (Rms), 1.06 nm (Rz).
Effects of Focusing Condition on Micro-Welding Characteristics of Borosilicate Glass by Picosecond Pulsed Laser
Authors: Takekuni Tomohiro , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Fujiwara Takahiro , Okada Akira , Miyamoto Isamu
Published: July 2015

Glass materials are widely used in products such as optical components and semiconductor devices. In these products, precision welding techniques of glass are required to manufacture small and complicated shape. The laser welding method can perform the joining without an intermediate layer and an adhesive agent. In addition, an ultra-short pulse laser can reduce the heat affected zone with the high space accuracy. However, heating and cooling cycles are repeated even in the case of ultra-short pulsed laser. The temperature distribution and change of molten area are influenced not only by laser energy condition but also focusing condition. Therefore in this study, effects of focusing condition of laser beam on micro-welding characteristics of glass were experimentally investigated by using a picosecond pulsed laser. A usage of object lens with the spherical aberration correction led to a large molten area even at the same pulse energy, which related to the efficient welding of glass materials. An optical system with the spherical aberration correction led to stabilizing the shape of molten area, which resulted in the reliable weld joint.
Gloss Evaluation of Hairline-Finished Metal Surface Using Patterned Area Illumination Method: Reproduction of Gloss Evaluation by Ray Tracing
Authors: Sugino Tadanori , Yamane Yasuo
Published: July 2015

Gloss of a metal surface is an important aspect for product quality evaluation. Evaluating the specular reflection is almost the same as evaluating the gloss. We propose a method that uses patterned area illumination to evaluate specular reflection. In specular reflection, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Consequently, when light (ray) of the area illumination, which has a striped pattern, are projected on a glossy metal surface, a striped pattern forms on the reflected image as a mirror-like reflection, and the sharpness of the striped pattern of the image provides information about the specular reflection on the surface. This characteristic is applied to a metal with a hairline surface finish. A hairline surface presents different glossiness at different viewpoints. When the direction of the striped pattern of illumination is changed, the sharpness of striped pattern on the reflected image varies owing to the surface roughness of the hairline finish. Therefore, we can evaluate the glossiness in various directions by rotating the pattern. The relationships between gloss evaluation value and surface roughness were indicated in our study. We tried the reproduction of the gloss evaluation by ray tracing to obtain the more detailed relationships between them. Ray tracing is a technique to generate an image in computer graphics. The approximate reproduction of gloss evaluation was obtained by the simulation.
Tensile Strength and Metallurgical Analysis in Anodized Al/Cu Joint Using Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Ting Pei Lun , Tsai Chi Ying , Chiu Liu Ho , Cheng Chin-Pao
Published: July 2015

Tensile strength, metallographic and structural analyses of anodized aluminum sheet–copper sheet dissimilar welds produced under various friction stir welding (FSW) conditions were conducted. The 6061 specimens were heated to 530~570 oC, held for 1 hour, followed by water quenching and furnace cooling. AA 6061-T6 Al sheets were anodized to thicknesses of 5μm and 12μm, respectively. FSW joints were characterized using microstructural analysis, microhardness measurements and tensile testing. The tensile strength of the 6061-T6/6061-T6 joint using FSW is 145 MPa. However, the tensile strength of the 6061-T6/Cu joint using FSW is decreased to 100 MPa. When the anodized layer was increased the tensile strength of the 6061-T6/Cu joint using FSW was decreased to a value below 50 MPa. Increasing the anodized layer thickness disturbed material mixing and the formation of increasing amounts of oxide rich structures. The oxide phase content and the mixed area homogeneity were increased with increasing layer thickness, decreasing the tensile strength of the FSW joints.
Viscous Dissipation Effects on the Coating Resin Flow Characteristics in High-Speed Optical Fiber Coating Process
Authors: Kim Kyoung Jin
Published: July 2015

Since the fiber drawing speed continues to increase in the modern mass manufacturing of optical fibers, the effects of viscous heating on the coating liquid flow could be significant in the capillary coating die of optical fiber coating applicator. Present study investigates the viscous coating resin flows in the micron-sized channel of coating die with temperature dependent viscosity. The computational results find the substantial temperature increase near the die wall and plug-like velocity distribution due to localized viscous heating. Also, final coating thickness is affected by the change of coating die diameter when the fiber drawing speed is high. Thus, the design of glass fiber coating process at high drawing speed requires careful consideration of several key operational parameters.
Simulation of the Effective of Friction on the Deformation in Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)
Authors: Pham Quang , Nghiep Do Minh , Kim Hyoung Seop
Published: July 2015

A influence of friction on the deformation behavior and strain homogeneity during ECAP has been studied by conducting 2D and 3D finite element simulations for a range of friction conditions m = 0 – 0.2. The deformation was more uniform in central steady zone as compared to the ends of the sample. The calculated ram load was higher in 3D simulations than 2D simulations. For a frictionless condition, the ram load was similar in both 2D and 3D simulations. Keywords: ECAP, SPD, FEM, Coulomb friction model, friction condition, ram load.
Concentration Gradient Effect on the Capturing Ratio of Nanopore for DNA
Authors: Sha Jing Jie , Si Wei , Zhang Yin , Chen Yun Fei
Published: July 2015

As the single molecules detection tool, nanopore is applied in more and more fields, such as medicine controlled delivery, ion conductance microscopes, nanosensors and DNA sequencing. When molecules pass through a nanopore, they will physically block the pore and produce measurable changes in ionic currents under an external electrical potential. Based on analyzing the resultant electrical signals, it is possible to detect various bio-molecules.Generally, the capturing ratio of nanopre for molecules is dependent on the intensity of electrical potential, to which the duration time of event is inversely proportional. It is difficult to analyze the too short duration time. Therefore, we investigate the study on concentration gradient of ionic solution effect on the capturing ratio of nanopore for DNA, which is in order to get the higher capturing ratio with the invariant duration time.In the experiments, we add different concentration solution in trans and cis parts of naopore separately to form the concentration gradient. We use three different types nanopore (α-hemolysin nanopore, Si3N4 membrane nanopore, glass capillary nanopore) to compare and get the similar results. The events of DNA translocating through nanopore are observed more compressed during the fixed time under the higher concentration gradient and there is no change to the duration time of DNA passing through the nanopore. It is demonstrated that concentration gradient could increase the capturing ratio of nanopore for DNA.
Development of a Portable Optical Interferometry Microscope System
Authors: Nishimoto Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Kenji , Kimura Katsunori , Suzuki Yoshiaki , Uehara Kazutake , Fujita Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2015

Optical interferometry methods are widely used for measuring microdisplacement with nanometer accuracy. However, most commercially available optical interferometry systems are large and expensive for manufacturing applications. In this study, we report the development of a low-cost portable optical interferometry microscope for factory use. The light source was a tungsten–halogen white lamp with an optical filter. The microscope has an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.3, a magnifying power of 10, and field depth of 3.056 μm. Interference images were collected with an NTSC CCD-video camera. The resolution of the interference image is 320 × 240 pixels and stored in BMP format. To obtain phase shifted interferometry images, a piezoelectric actuator was used to monitor the table movement along the optical axis. The total cost of all system parts is approximately 7000 to 8000 US dollars. To evaluate the basic performance of the developed interferometry microscope, we measured a steel ball, the penetration mark of a Rockwell scale hardness indenter, and a gauge block surface with a bump. The developed interferometry microscope can measure continuous and gently sloping surfaces. The processing time is approximately 10–20 s.
ESD-Reliability Analysis and Strategy of the GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chen Shen Li , Chang Shawn , Shih Chun Hsing , Chen H.H.
Published: July 2015

Compounds such as GaN, ZnSe, and SiC are the compounds that currently hold the most potential in developing blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and blue laser diodes (LDs). Speaking of the physical property, the gallium nitride belongs to a direct bandgap material with an obviously super luminous efficiency; therefore, the gallium nitride has the dominate tendency than that of others materials. Although the gallium nitride has excellent physical properties, but in actually it is suffered many challenges during the manufacture process. Especially, it is extremely sensitive to the electrostatic discharge (ESD) threat. In other words GaN diodes generally exhibit very low anti-ESD capabilities when in HBM, MM reversed bias modes. These LEDs in the MM stress situation, its ESD immunity level usually is only about 50-V extremely low anti-ESD ability. Therefore, in this paper, GaN LED DUTs will be stressed and investigated under HBM and MM pulses bombardments, and the aim of this work is to describe a detailed investigation of the factors that limit the robustness of GaN-based LEDs under ESD transient events; finally they will provide some countermeasures in ESD reliability consideration.
Kinetics of Microwave Vacuum Drying of “Cat Chu” Mango in Mekong Delta - Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Van Cuong , Tran Tan Hau
Published: July 2015

Microwave vacuum drying is one of innovative drying techniques that is today used in drying of foods, medical products and other high quality products. In this drying technology, heat is generated by directly transforming the electromagnetic energy into kinetic molecular energy of water, thus the heat is produced deep within the material to be dried under vacuum environment. This paper presents the results of research on microwave vacuum drying of “Cat Chu” mango in Mekong Delta – Vietnam. “Cat Chu” mango, with moisture content of (80 ± 1) % (wet basis - wb), was sliced into 5 cm thickness, and was dried in mWaveVac0150-lc dryer (Püschner - Germany). The drying vacuum was from 60 to 120 mbar. Three levels of microwave power were established: the first phase from 600 to 800 W, the second phase from 300 to 500 W, the last one from 150 to 250 W. The control sample was dried by convective drying method at 60 °C; and vacuum drying at 70 mbar, 60 °C. The results of this research showed that high quality product in terms of color, surface shrinkage and structure was obtained by microwave vacuum drying. The drying time was about 45 min, 450 min and 870 min with microwave vacuum drying, vacuum drying and convective hot-air drying, respectively. In addition, Fick’s equation and Crank’s solution were applied to analyze and calculate the accessibility and diffusion coefficient of microwave vacuum drying process. Starting accessibility of process was significantly increased; the diffusivity obtained was within a range from 6.44*10-10 m2/s to 16.16*10-10 m2/s. The results also indicated that there was a higher exchange in surface and a greater internal diffusion of experimental microwave vacuum drying samples compared to the control vacuum and hot-air drying samples.
A Novel Mechanical Design of Automatic Laser Target-Scoring Systems
Authors: Bui Huu Phu , Nguyen The Anh , Nguyen Thien Binh , Nguyen Quang Dung
Published: July 2015

This paper describes mechanical design of automatic target-scoring machine. Automatic target-scoring system use array of laser beams to define coordination of bullet through. The mechanical design accord to modular easy to installation, repairand upgrades. The system includes:emitter module, detector module, adjustment mechanism, andmechanical frame. All modules were design by CAD-CAM and machinedby CNC machines to high accuracy In additionfor accuracy using adjustment mechanisms to adjust modules.
Theoretical Modeling and Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Microstructures by Using Micro-Anode-Guided Electroplating with Real-Time Image Processing
Authors: Ciou Yong Jie , Hwang Yean Ren , Lin Jing Chie
Published: July 2015

the purpose of this research was to develop a new micro-anode-guided electroplating (MAGE) system equipped by an image-guided positioning controller, to fabricate two-dimensional microstructures. From real-time image, the relative positions of the micro-anode and the microstructures tip can be located and maintained. When the relative position is adjusted, the deposition direction of the microstructures can be controllable and microstructures with different geometries can be fabricated. Moreover, the results of experiment can be explained by the distribution of electro field strength simulated by Comsol Multiphysics 4.2.
An Analysis of the Lubrication Characteristics of Mechanical Seals with Parallel Sealing Faces Using an Average Flow Model
Authors: Oyabu Mikiko , Tomioka Jun
Published: July 2015

A new average flow model to analyze the lubrication characteristics of mechanical seals with parallel sealing faces is proposed. The present model determines the flow factors considering the side leakage under the operating condition equivalent to that in the mechanical seal. The correction factor for the expected hydrodynamic pressure generated by the relative motion of rough surfaces is also defined. The results are compared with those based on the Patir’s average flow model and show that the present model can be effective for the analysis of the lubrication characteristics of mechanical seals with parallel sealing faces.
Analysis of Dynamic Contact and Carrying Capacity Factors for Super-Modulus Pinion and Rack
Authors: Wang Qing Guo , Wei Jing , Chen Li Zhi , Gao Pan
Published: July 2015

Jack-up platform jacking system which undertakes the weight of the platform and working load is very important during the lifting, and its performance exerts a direct influence on the safety and application effect of the whole platform. The super-modulus pinion and rack of jack-up platform jacking system are most likely to damage by fracture and fatigue pitting, which are due to the hostile environments. As a result of dynamic load, the analysis of dynamic contact has important engineering significance in an actual project. For strengthening the carrying capacity of pinion and shortening the design period, the research of carrying capacity factors is very meaningful. In this paper, the changing of stresses on the pinion and rack are gained by FEM, and main parameters that influence the carrying capacity of the pinion in a jacking system are analyzed according to the calculation method in GB standard. The study results shows the contact stresses and bending stress are higher throughout the meshing process, which implies the dangerous position of the pinion. In single meshing period, the trend of bending stress in the compression side of pinion and rack is opposite, while the bending stress in the tension side of both rack and pinion are minimum near the pitch circle. The carrying capacity of pinion can be strengthened by changing the main parameters, such as tooth width, normal modulus, pressure angle, modification coefficient, but the influence degree of each parameter is different.
Concentrated Photovoltaic System with Multi-Curvature Fresnel Concentrator
Authors: Wei An Chi , Du Hsiu Ming
Published: July 2015

A multi-curvature Fresnel concentrator is proposed in this study for a concentrated photovoltaic system (CPV) to suppress aberrations. Unlike a conventional Fresnel concentrator with a single curvature, the proposed one integrates several Fresnel concentrators with individual curvatures. An embodiment is designed for a PMMA concentrator comprising four curvatures. The simulated efficiency of the embodiment is 86.4%. The tolerance analyses and the fabrication considerations of the CPV are provided and discussed.
Development of Herringbon-Grooved Aerodynamic Journal Bearing Systems for Ultra-High-Speed Rotations
Authors: Miyanaga Norifumi , Tomioka Jun
Published: July 2015

It is absolutely important for ultra-compact rotational machineries to achieve sable shaft rotation at ultra-high-speed. This paper discussed herringbone-grooved aerodynamic journal bearing systems developed for the purpose. In this system, the bearings are supported by rubber-O-rings for accurate and stable operations. To grasp the possibility for stabilization, two types of O-rings with different stiffness and damping properties under bearing supporting were tested in the experiment. As the results, the bearing system demonstrated the maximum rotational speed over 460,000 rpm without unstable phenomenon called whirl. However, the difference in rubber O-rings definitely affected the stability of the bearing system.
Preparation and Characterization of Protective LSM Coatings Produced by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Chang Chun Liang , Hwang Chang Sing , Tsai Chun Huang , Yang Sheng Fu , Shong Wei Ja , Huang Te Jung Daron , Jhuang-Shie Zong Yang
Published: July 2015

Lanthanum strontium manganite oxides with perovskite structure are widely employed materials for protective coatings on chromium-contained metallic interconnectors in the intermediated temperature solid oxide fuel cells (ITSOFCs). The application of protective coatings is used to decrease the growth of chromium oxide and the evaporation of chromium trioxide and chromium hydroxide from the surfaces of metallic interconnectors. In this study, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ (LSM) protective coatings are produced by the promising atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) technique on the substrates of Crofer 22 H, Crofer 22 APU and SS441 ferritic steels with or without pre-oxidation treatment. The substrates with pre-oxidation treatment were heated to 800°C and dwelled for 12 hrs in air before APS coating process. The cross-sectional micrographs show that the LSM coatings produced by APS technique are quiet dense without penetrating cracks. The XRD results identify that the LSM coatings produced by APS under 50 kW torch power reveal desired perovskite structure without any X-ray detectable second phase. After 600 hrs ageing in air at 800°C, the initial and final ASR values of the coated Crofer 22 APU sample with pre-oxidation treatment are 1.350 and 1.694 mΩcm2, respectively. The measured ASR increasing rate is only about 0.573 μΩcm2/hr. Thus, LSM coating prepared by APS technique can dramatically decrease the growth of chromium oxide to protect the metallic interconnector and the generation of gaseous Cr-contained species to avoid cathode poisoning at the operating temperatures of ITSOFCs.
Optimization of Low-Noise and Large Air Volume Blower Based on Load Characteristic
Authors: Chen Jian Dong , Sun Bei Bei
Published: July 2015

The blower is a kind of garden machinery, which blows strong wind to clean up leaves by a centrifugal fan, but it causes a loud aerodynamic noise. To compromise the contradiction between large air flow rate and low fan noise, some optimizations are proposed to reduce fan noise without lowering its air volume. In this paper, a CFD numerical model to compute airflow field of blower is established, where the centrifugal fan is simulated by the MRF model, and theturbulent model is selected. By smoothing the transition section, improving the volute tongue and optimizing the shape and optimizing number of fan blade, the blower work performance is increased obviously. In order to find out the actual working point, both the fan and motor load characteristic curves are drawn out. The simulation results show that, at the actual working point, the speed of the centrifugal fan is reduced, while the flow rate of blower is raised up. The optimizations are applied to the blower, and the experiment of the improved blower shows the flow rate is increased 5%, and the noise is reduced 2dB.
The Effects of High Pressure Gas Burner Parameters on Thermal Efficiency for 2014 International Conference on Machining, Materials and Mechanical Technology (IC3MT)
Authors: Srisathit Suttikiat , Aroonjarattham Panya
Published: July 2015

The KB 5 high pressure gas burners are popularly and widely used at the food stands in Thailand. The gas burner models are of various properties depending on the each factory’s design. The differences of the designs affect the Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) consumption to a different extent. This study aimed to evaluate the parameters: the degrees of outer and inner ports; and the number of outer and inner ports of high pressure gas burners which are sold in Thailand. The thermal efficiency was tested with reference to the Standard Industrial stoves in household with liquid petroleum gas (TIS 2312-2549). The result showed that, by increasing the degrees of outer ports from 45 to 80, the thermal efficiency increased by 0.24%; while by increasing the degrees of inner ports from 50 to 60, the thermal efficiency increased 0.11%. By increasing the number of the outer ports from 35 to 38, the thermal efficiency increased 0.44%; while by increasing the number of inner ports from 9 to 15, the thermal efficiency increased by 0.22%. The development of high pressure gas burners should focus on adjusting the degrees and number of inner and outer ports for the overall improvement of the thermal efficiency.
Thermal-Structural Analysis for the Optimization of a Low Beam Projector Headlight Design
Authors: You Jiing Hung , Trejos Tamara , Chou Huann Ming , Wang Song Hao
Published: July 2015

This paper is to demonstrate the application of modern Engineering Software to improve and advance the mechanical desig processes of a low beam projector headlight. Nowadays, advanced finite element tools are able to run and coupled different physics modules to analyze complex geometries and their material combinations. The particular issue in this study is the light switching mechanism in a headlight structure design. During lighting, the jam of the low beam projector solenoid actuated pivot due to thermal expansions has been distressing the normal operation of the overall headlight structure. A comparison between the original and a new convection enhanced head lamp design is therefore scrutinized. For both cases, heat transfer analysis, where it was included natural convection, conduction, and radiation with a concentrated heat source are proposed in order to obtain the temperature distribution fields at the light switching mechanism. The results were used to run future structural stresses analyses where the average thermal expansion of the crankshaft mechanism was determined.
On the Development of Virtual Inner Loops for Feature Recognition
Authors: Wang Ming Hsuan , Lai Jiing Yih , Chiu Yu Kai , Hsu Chia Hsiang , Tsai Yao Chen , Huang Chung Yi
Published: July 2015

Typical feature recognition algorithms in industrial applications are primarily used for solving cases where a feature locates on a single face only. A feature locating on multiple surfaces is quite common in real CAD models, but it has not been received extensive study yet. The reason is because the loop data in current B-rep model is limited to a face only. The aim of this study is to develop a method to search for all kinds of inner loops on a CAD model, including the ones within a face and those across multiple faces. These inner loops are called virtual inner loops because they do not exist in current B-rep model. Several realistic examples are also presented to illustrate the meaning and feasibility of the proposed method.
The Dependence of ECR-CVD Processing Parameters on Deposition Uniformity of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) Films
Authors: Hu Li Cheng , Li Yong Shiang , Lee Chien Chieh , Cheng Jeng Yang , Chen I Chen , Li Tomi T.
Published: July 2015

The uniformity improvement of high deposition rate in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film deposited by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECR-CVD) is very essential for a large substrate in PV solar industry. In order to improve the uniformity in depositing thin film in large area, the auxiliary magnetic coils were designed and installed in ECR-CVD to modify the distribution of magnetic field. In addition, the dependence of the other ECR-CVD processing parameters such as resonance position, microwave power, working pressure, and substrate temperature were investigated. The results indicated that more uniform a-Si:H film could be obtained when working pressure was decreased. By using finite element analysis, it was found that location of turbo pump would impact gas flow field and this effect would become more significant at high pressure. Increasing microwave power, increasing horizontal gradient of the magnetic field to the substrate, and forming Cusp magnetic field could enhance ECR-CVD deposition uniformity greatly. However, the plasma location and substrate temperature were not major factors affecting a-Si:H film uniformity in ECR-CVD process. Finally, the optimal and the best 3.8% in uniformity could be achieved in 150mm diameter when the ratio of magnetic field strength at wafer edge to wafer center is 215%, working pressure is 1.5 mtorr, microwave power density is 4W/cm2, and substrate temperature is 180°C.
Simulation Model of Four Stroke, Six Cylinder Marine Diesel Engine
Authors: Kluczyk Marcin , Grządziela Andrzej
Published: July 2015

The paper presents a model of dynamics of six-cylinder inline diesel engine executed in the Matlab software. The basic equations necessary to describe the forces acting during the engine operation was presented. Application of some simplifications allowed to present proposal of a mathematical model of the engine, which allows analysis of changes of forces in the crank-piston system, depending on the technical condition of the fuel system elements. Operational experience indicate that one of the most common cause of failure of the fuel system is reduced fuel charge supplied by a defective fuel injection pump. Calculations of gas forces had been replaced by the implementation into the model indication charts recorded from tests on a engine test stand. Simulation results were presented as a result of FFT spectra of modeled tangential forces.
Resistance to wheat midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in winter wheat and the origins of resistance in spring wheat (Poaceae)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. , Wise I.L. , McKenzie R.I.H.
Published: July 2015

Nine winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum Linnaeus) (Poaceae) were the source of the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in spring wheat. All nine showed antibiosis characteristic of Sm1, as expected. They also showed oviposition deterrence and reduced hatch, which contributed to overall resistance. The overall level of resistance of the nine winter wheat cultivars was usually lower than that of resistant spring wheat lines in laboratory trials, but equally high in a field trial. Five of seven other North American winter wheat cultivars also showed resistance. Three of these were grown in the 1920s and earlier, before wheat varieties were officially registered. One of these, “Mediterranean”, came from Europe in the 1880s and may be the origin of Sm1 in North America. Two of 11 Chinese winter wheat lines showed resistance to wheat midge but at a lower level than that characteristic of Sm1. Widespread resistance in North American winter wheat cultivars was unexpected because wheat midge has not been a pest of winter wheat for many decades. North American winter wheat cultivars can provide sources of resistance to wheat midge, particularly high levels of oviposition deterrence as exhibited by “Goens” and “Rawhide”.
Till composition across the MacAlpine Moraine System: results from the GEM-2 Thelon tectonic zone project, Nunavut (NTS 76-H and NTS 76-I)
Authors: McMartin I , Berman R G
Published: July 2015

This report releases the field database and analytical results from a targeted till sampling survey completed during 8 days in 2014 over NTS 76H and 76I as part of the Geological Survey of Canada's GEM-2 Thelon tectonic zone project, mainland Nunavut. The survey
covers parts of the Thelon tectonic zone and adjacent Slave craton, and crosses the western end of the MacAlpine Moraine System. Quaternary field observations were recorded at 55 field stations; 28 of these included the collection of surface till samples. Samples were analyzed mainly for matrix
geochemistry, gold grain counts, indicator mineral picking of the sand fraction, and pebble lithology analysis. The interpretation of till provenance and the implications for mineral exploration and economic potential will be provided elsewhere (McMartin, in prep.).
A tropospheric chemistry reanalysis for the years 2005–2012 based on an assimilation of OMI, MLS, TES, and MOPITT satellite data
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Eskes H. J. , Sudo K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present the results from an 8-year tropospheric chemistry reanalysis for the period 2005–2012 obtained by assimilating multiple data sets from the OMI, MLS, TES, and MOPITT satellite instruments. The reanalysis calculation was conducted using a global chemical transport model and an ensemble Kalman filter technique that simultaneously optimises the chemical concentrations of various species and emissions of several precursors. The optimisation of both the concentration and the emission fields is an efficient method to correct the entire tropospheric profile and its year-to-year variations, and to adjust various tracers chemically linked to the species assimilated. Comparisons against independent aircraft, satellite, and ozonesonde observations demonstrate the quality of the analysed O3, NO2, and CO concentrations on regional and global scales and for both seasonal and year-to-year variations from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The data assimilation statistics imply persistent reduction of model error and improved representation of emission variability, but they also show that discontinuities in the availability of the measurements lead to a degradation of the reanalysis. The decrease in the number of assimilated measurements increased the ozonesonde-minus-analysis difference after 2010 and caused spurious variations in the estimated emissions. The Northern/Southern Hemisphere OH ratio was modified considerably due to the multiple-species assimilation and became closer to an observational estimate, which played an important role in propagating observational information among various chemical fields and affected the emission estimates. The consistent concentration and emission products provide unique information on year-to-year variations in the atmospheric environment.
Several notes on the OH* layer
Authors: Grygalashvyly M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This brief note introduces several analytical approaches to OH* layer parameters. The number density and height of the OH* layer peak are determined by the distributions of atomic oxygen and temperature, and by corresponding vertical gradients. The theory can be applied to satellite-borne and ground-based airglow measurements, as well as to model results.
The evolution of mode-2 nonlinear internal waves over the northern Heng-Chun Ridge south of Taiwan
Authors: Ramp S. R. , Yang Y. J. , Reeder D. B. , Buijsman M. C. , Bahr F. L.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Two research cruises were conducted from the R/V OCEAN RESEARCHER 3 during 05–16 August 2011 to study the generation and propagation of high-frequency nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) over the northern Heng-Chun Ridge south of Taiwan. The primary study site was on top of a smaller ridge about 15 km wide by 400 m high atop the primary ridge, with a sill depth of approximately 600 m. A single mooring was used in conjunction with shipboard observations to sample the temperature, salinity and velocity structure over the ridge. All the sensors observed a profusion of mode-2 NLIWs. Some of the waves were solitary, while others had as many as seven evenly spaced waves per packet. The waves all exhibited classic mode-2 velocity structure with a core near 150–200 m and opposing velocities in the layers above and below. At least two and possibly three most common propagation directions emerged from the analysis, suggesting multiple generation sites near the eastern side of the ridge. The turbulent dissipation due to overturns in the wave cores was very high at order 10−4–10−3 W kg−1. The energy budget suggests that the waves cannot persist very far from the ridge and likely do not contribute to the South China Sea transbasin wave phenomenon.
A dynamical systems perspective on the absence of debris associated with the disappearance of flight MH370
Authors: García-Garrido V. J. , Mancho A. M. , Wiggins S. , Mendoza C.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 on the morning of the 8 March 2014 is one of the great mysteries of our time. Perhaps the most relevant aspect of this mystery is that not a single piece of debris from the aircraft has been found. Difficulties in the search efforts, due to the uncertainty in the plane's final impact point and the time that has passed since the accident, bring the question on how the debris has scattered in an always moving ocean, for which there are multiple data sets that do not uniquely determine its state. Our approach to this problem is based on the use of Lagrangian Descriptors (LD), a novel mathematical tool coming from dynamical systems theory that identifies dynamic barriers and coherent structures governing transport. By combining publicly available information supplied by different ocean data sources with these mathematical techniques, we are able to assess the spatio-temporal state of the ocean in the priority search area at the time of impact and the following weeks. Using this information we propose a revised search strategy by showing why one might not have expected to find debris in some large search areas targeted by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA), and determining regions where one might have expected impact debris to be located and that have not been subjected to any exploration.
Exploring the isopycnal mixing and helium–heat paradoxes in a suite of Earth system models
Authors: Gnanadesikan A. , Pradal M.-A. , Abernathey R.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. This paper uses a suite of Earth system models which simulate the distribution of He isotopes and radiocarbon to examine two paradoxes in Earth science, each of which results from an inconsistency between theoretically motivated global energy balances and direct observations. The helium–heat paradox refers to the fact that helium emissions to the deep ocean are far lower than would be expected given the rate of geothermal heating, since both are thought to be the result of radioactive decay in Earth's interior. The isopycnal mixing paradox comes from the fact that many theoretical parameterizations of the isopycnal mixing coefficient ARedi that link it to baroclinic instability project it to be small (of order a few hundred m2 s−1) in the ocean interior away from boundary currents. However, direct observations using tracers and floats (largely in the upper ocean) suggest that values of this coefficient are an order of magnitude higher. Helium isotopes equilibrate rapidly with the atmosphere and thus exhibit large gradients along isopycnals while radiocarbon equilibrates slowly and thus exhibits smaller gradients along isopycnals. Thus it might be thought that resolving the isopycnal mixing paradox in favor of the higher observational estimates of ARedi might also solve the helium paradox, by increasing the transport of mantle helium to the surface more than it would radiocarbon. In this paper we show that this is not the case. In a suite of models with different spatially constant and spatially varying values of ARedi the distribution of radiocarbon and helium isotopes is sensitive to the value of ARedi. However, away from strong helium sources in the southeastern Pacific, the relationship between the two is not sensitive, indicating that large-scale advection is the limiting process for removing helium and radiocarbon from the deep ocean. The helium isotopes, in turn, suggest a higher value of ARedi below the thermocline than is seen in theoretical parameterizations based on baroclinic growth rates. We argue that a key part of resolving the isopycnal mixing paradox is to abandon the idea that ARedi has a direct relationship to local baroclinic instability and to the so-called "thickness" mixing coefficient AGM.
Estimation of Acacia melanoxylon unbleached Kraft pulp brightness by NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Santos António J.A. , Anjos Ofélia , Pereira Helena
Published: July 2015

Aim of the study: The ability of NIR spectroscopy for predicting the ISO brightness was studied on unbleached Kraft pulps of Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.Area of study: Sites covering littoral north, mid interior north and centre interior of Portugal.Materials and methods: The samples were Kraft pulped in standard identical conditions targeted to a kappa number of 15. A Near Infrared (NIR) partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed for the ISO brightness prediction using 75 pulp samples with a variation range of 18.9 to 47.9 %.Main results: Very good correlations between NIR spectra and ISO brightness were obtained. Ten methods were used for PLS analysis (cross validation with 48 samples), and a test set validation was made with 27 samples. The 1stDer pre-processed spectra coupling two wavenumber ranges from 9404 to 7498 cm-1 and 4605 to 4243 cm-1 allowed the best model with a root mean square error of ISO brightness prediction of 0.5 % (RMSEP), a r2 of 99.5 % with a RPD of 14.7.Research highlights: According to AACC Method 39-00, the present model is sufficiently accurate to be used for process control (RPD ≥ 8).Key words:  Acacia melanoxylon; unbleached Kraft pulps; ISO Brightness; NIR; RPD.
Evaluating appropriate maximum holding times for private well water samples
Authors: Maier Allison , Krolik Julia , Fan Stephanie , Quintin Patricia , McGolrick Danielle , Joyce Alan , Majury Anna
Published: July 2015

Privately maintained groundwater wells are often located at a great distance from laboratories, creating a barrier to bacteriological testing (a necessity for determining drinking water potability). Extending the acceptable holding time between testing and collection could potentially diminish this barrier. Using seven Escherichia coli strains isolated from private well waters, the acceptability of Ontario's current allowable sample maximum holding time (48 h) was compared with time of collection. Additionally, the acceptability of extending the holding time from 48 h to 72 h was investigated. All analyses were performed using noninferiority statistical approaches to determine if later holding times had no meaningful difference in bacterial growth (determined by colony forming unit enumeration). All strains did not statistically decrease below the acceptable 10% difference during the two time periods. However, variations in the survival rates of isolates were observed, suggesting that a risk management approach should be employed when determining maximum holding times.
Estimativa do volume de madeira partindo do diâmetro da cepa em uma área explorada de Floresta Amazônica de Terra Firme.
Authors: Leite Flávia Saltini , Rezende Alba Valéria
Published: July 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o volume de árvores de uma floresta tropical de terra firme, considerando apenas o diâmetro da cepa (d0) como variável independente. A área de estudo está localizada no município de Breu Branco, PA. Um total de 113 árvores com DAP ≥ 51 cm, pertencentes a diferentes espécies e classes de diâmetro, foram cubadas rigorosamente. A cubagem rigorosa foi feita pelo método de Hohenadl, considerando a divisão do tronco comercial em dez seções de comprimentos iguais e o cálculo do volume de cada seção da tora foi feito pela fórmula de Smalian. Equações de volume foram ajustadas para estimar o volume comercial das árvores em função de d0e também em função do DAP, para efeito de comparação. Os resultados mostraram que d0 apresentou boa relação com o volume comercial de árvores em floresta de terra firme, e pode ser utilizado no ajuste de modelos matemáticos visando a estimar o volume comercial de árvores. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os valores reais de volume comercial de árvores e os volumes estimados, gerados partindo de uma equação linear ajustada em função de d0, demonstrando que é possível obter com precisão, informações de volume partindo de d0.