bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VITAMINA, INFECTION,ANDIMMUNEFUNCTION*
Authors: Stephensen Charles B
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In populations where vitamin A availability from food is low, infectious diseases can precipitate vitamin A deficiency by decreasing intake, decreasing absorption, and increasing excretion. Infectious diseases that induce the acute-phase response also impair the assessment of vitamin A status by transiently depressing serum retinol concentrations. Vitamin A deficiency impairs innate immunity by impeding normal regeneration of mucosal barriers damaged by infection, and by diminishing the function of neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Vitamin A is also required for adaptive immunity and plays a role in the development of T both-helper (Th) cells and B-cells. In particular, vitamin A deficiency diminishes antibody-mediated responses directed by Th2 cells, although some aspects of Th1-mediated immunity are also diminished. These changes in mucosal epithelial regeneration and immune function presumably account for the increased mortality seen in vitamin A–deficient infants, young children, and pregnant women in many areas of the world today.
PEROXISOMALβ-OXIDATION ANDPEROXISOMEPROLIFERATOR–ACTIVATEDRECEPTORα: An Adaptive Metabolic System
Authors: Reddy Janardan K , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  β-Oxidation occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Mitochondria catalyze the β-oxidation of the bulk of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids derived from diet, and this pathway constitutes the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy. Peroxisomes are involved in the β-oxidation chain shortening of long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme (CoAs), long-chain dicarboxylyl-CoAs, the CoA esters of eicosanoids, 2-methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoAs, and the CoA esters of the bile acid intermediates di- and trihydroxycoprostanoic acids, and in the process they generate H2O2. Long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are also metabolized by the cytochrome P450 CYP4A ω-oxidation system to dicarboxylic acids that serve as substrates for peroxisomal β-oxidation. The peroxisomal β-oxidation system consists of (a) a classical peroxisome proliferator–inducible pathway capable of catalyzing straight-chain acyl-CoAs by fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, L-bifunctional protein, and thiolase, and (b) a second noninducible pathway catalyzing the oxidation of 2-methyl-branched fatty acyl-CoAs by branched-chain acyl-CoA oxidase (pristanoyl-CoA oxidase/trihydroxycoprostanoyl-CoA oxidase), D-bifunctional protein, and sterol carrier protein (SCP)x. The genes encoding the classical β-oxidation pathway in liver are transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor α (PPARα). Evidence derived from mice deficient in PPARα, peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, and some of the other enzymes of the two peroxisomal β-oxidation pathways points to the critical importance of PPARα and of the classical peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase in energy metabolism, and in the development of hepatic steatosis, steatohepatitis, and liver cancer.
METALLOTHIONEIN: An Intracellular Protein to Protect Against Cadmium Toxicity
Authors: Klaassen Curtis D. , Liu Jie , Choudhuri Supratim
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Metallothioneins (MT) are low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich, metal-binding proteins. MT genes are readily induced by various physiologic and toxicologic stimuli. Because the cysteines in MT are absolutely conserved across species, it was suspected that the cysteines are necessary for function and MT is essential for life. In attempts to determine the function(s) of MT, studies have been performed using four different experimental paradigms: (a) animals injected with chemicals known to induce MT; (b) cells adapted to survive and grow in high concentrations of MT-inducing toxicants; (c) cells transfected with the MT gene; and (d) MT-transgenic and MT-null mice. Most often, results from studies using the first three approaches have indicated multiple functions of MT in cell biology: MT (a) is a “storehouse” for zinc, (b) is a free-radical scavenger, and (c) protects against cadmium (Cd) toxicity. However, studies using MT-transgenic and null mice have not strongly supported the first two proposed functions but strongly support its function in protecting against Cd toxicity. Repeated administration of Cd to MT-null mice results in nephrotoxicity at one tenth the dose that produces nephrotoxicity in control mice. Human studies indicate that 7% of the general population have renal dysfunction from Cd exposure. Therefore, if humans did not have MT, “normal” Cd exposure would be nephrotoxic to humans. Thus, it appears that during evolution, the ability of MT to protect against Cd toxicity might have taken a more pivotal role in the maintenance of life processes, as compared with its other proposed functions (i.e. storehouse for zinc and free radical scavenger).
THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRATHIN OXIDE FILMS
Authors: Street S. C. , Xu C. , Goodman D. W.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Thin oxide films (from one to tens of monolayers) of SiO2, MgO, NiO, Al2O3, FexOy, and TiO2 supported on refractory metal substrates have been prepared by depositing the oxide metal precursor in a background of oxygen (ca 1 × 10−5 Torr). The thinness of these oxide samples facilitates investigation by an array of surface techniques, many of which are precluded when applied to the corresponding bulk oxide. Layered and mixed binary oxides have been prepared by sequential synthesis of dissimilar oxide layers or co-deposition of two different oxides. Recent work has shown that the underlying oxide substrate can markedly influence the electronic and chemical properties of the overlayer oxide.

The structural, electronic, and chemical properties of these ultrathin oxide films have been probed using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS), ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), infrared reflectance absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS).
STRUCTURE AND TRANSFORMATION: Large Molecular Clusters as Models of Condensed Matter
Authors: Bartell Lawrence S.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This paper reviews investigations of homogeneous nucleation in phase transitions in large molecular clusters. The principal techniques brought to bear are electron diffraction analyses of transformations in clusters formed by condensation of vapor in supersonic expansions and computer simulations of spontaneous phase changes in clusters. Results obtained to date are contrasted with those of larger systems and interpreted in terms of nucleation theory. The review also refers to some unresolved aspects of nucleation theory.
SPECIFIC, NONGENOMIC ACTIONS OF STEROID HORMONES
Authors: Wehling M.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Traditionally, steroid hormone action has been described as the modulation of nuclear transcription, thus triggering genomic events that are responsible for physiological effects. Despite early observations of rapid steroid effects that were incompatible with this theory, nongenomic steroid action has been widely recognized only recently. Evidence for these rapid effects is available for steroids of all clones and for a multitude of species and tissues. Examples of nongenomic steroid action include rapid aldosterone effects in lymphocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, vitamin D3 effects in epithelial cells, progesterone action in human sperm, neurosteroid effects on neuronal function, and vascular effects of estrogens. Mechanisms of action are being studied with regard to signal perception and transduction, and researchers have developed a patchy sketch of a membrane receptor-second messenger cascade similar to those involved in catecholamine and peptide hormone action. Many of these effects appear to involve phospholipase C, phosphoinositide turnover, intracellular pH and calcium, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinases. The physiological and pathophysiological relevance of these effects is unclear, but rapid steroid effects on cardiovascular, central nervous, and reproductive functions may occur in vivo. The cloning of the cDNA for the first membrane receptor for steroids should be achieved in the near future, and the physiological and clinical relevance of these rapid steroid effects can then be established.
PATHOGEN QUIESCENCE IN POSTHARVEST DISEASES
Authors: Prusky Dov
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This chapter examines the quiescence period during different stages of fungal attack of postharvest pathogens: quiescence during spore germination and initial hyphal development, during and after appressorium formation, and quiescence of germinated appressorium and subcuticular hyphae. The different mechanisms for quiescence are reviewed: factors affecting quiescence of germinated spores, appressoria formation and germination, and fungal colonization. Special emphasis is given to mechanisms of quiescence involving fungal colonization: 1. the pathogen's nutritional requirements, 2. preformed antifungal compounds, 3. the elicitation of phytoalexins and preformed compounds, and 4. the activation of factors in fungal pathogenicity.
CONTROL OF PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS IN PAPAYA: A Case Study
Authors: Gonsalves Dennis
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The papaya crop is severely affected by papaya ringspot virus (PSRV) worldwide. This review focuses on efforts to control the destructiveness of the disease caused by PSRV in Hawaii, starting from the use of cross protection to parasite-derived resistance with transgenic papaya expressing the PSRV coat protein gene. A chronology of the research effort is given and related to the development of technologies and the pressing need to control PSRV in Hawaii. The development of commercial virus-resistant transgenic papaya provides a tangible approach to control PSRV in Hawaii. Moreover, the development of transgenic papaya by other laboratories and employment of a mechanism of effective technology transfer to different countries hold promise for control of PSRV worldwide.
EXPERT AND EXCEPTIONAL PERFORMANCE: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints
Authors: Ericsson K. A. , Lehmann A. C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Expert and exceptional performance are shown to be mediated by cognitive and perceptual-motor skills and by domain-specific physiological and anatomical adaptations. The highest levels of human performance in different domains can only be attained after around ten years of extended, daily amounts of deliberate practice activities. Laboratory analyses of expert performance in many domains such as chess, medicine, auditing, computer programming, bridge, physics, sports, typing, juggling, dance, and music reveal maximal adaptations of experts to domain-specific constraints. For example, acquired anticipatory skills circumvent general limits on reaction time, and distinctive memory skills allow a domain-specific expansion of working memory capacity to support planning, reasoning, and evaluation. Many of the mechanisms of superior expert performance serve the dual purpose of mediating experts' current performance and of allowing continued improvement of this performance in response to informative feedback during practice activities.
Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain
Authors: Tulving Endel
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]

▪ Abstract  Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.
SOCIAL NETWORKS AND STATUS ATTAINMENT
Authors: Lin Nan
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This essay traces the development of the research enterprise, known as the social resources theory, which formulated and tested a number of propositions concerning the relationships between embedded resources in social networks and socioeconomic attainment. This enterprise, seen in the light of social capital, has accumulated a substantial body of research literature and supported the proposition that social capital, in terms of both access and mobilization of embedded resources, enhances the chances of attaining better statuses. Further, social capital is contingent on initial positions in the social hierarchies as well as on extensity of social ties. The essay concludes with a discussion of remaining critical issues and future research directions for this research enterprise.
THE ESTIMATION OF CAUSAL EFFECTS FROM OBSERVATIONAL DATA
Authors: Winship Christopher , Morgan Stephen L.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  When experimental designs are infeasible, researchers must resort to the use of observational data from surveys, censuses, and administrative records. Because assignment to the independent variables of observational data is usually nonrandom, the challenge of estimating causal effects with observational data can be formidable. In this chapter, we review the large literature produced primarily by statisticians and econometricians in the past two decades on the estimation of causal effects from observational data. We first review the now widely accepted counterfactual framework for the modeling of causal effects. After examining estimators, both old and new, that can be used to estimate causal effects from cross-sectional data, we present estimators that exploit the additional information furnished by longitudinal data. Because of the size and technical nature of the literature, we cannot offer a fully detailed and comprehensive presentation. Instead, we present only the main features of methods that are accessible and potentially of use to quantitatively oriented sociologists.
The Touch through Time: Raoul Hausmann, Nam June Paik and the Transmission Technologies of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Blom Ina
Published: July 2002

This essay outlines the historiographic implications of the strange convergence between Berlin Dadaist Raoul Hausmann's Optophon (1920–1936)—a “synaesthetic” instrument designed to transform sound signals into light signals and vice versa—and Nam June Paik's pioneering 1960s television work. Hausmann articulated a new, “televisual” form of presence, which also implied a new form of tele-tactility. As his notion of tactility returns in Paik's work, the Optophon might be construed as the historical origin of the genre called “video art.” Yet, it could be argued that Hausmann's technological reasoning produced an interruption at the very site where such art-historical legacies are constituted.
Mental Imagery of Faces and Places Activates Corresponding Stimulus-Specific Brain Regions
Authors: O'Craven K. M. , Kanwisher N.
Published: July 2002

What happens in the brain when you conjure up a mental image in your mind's eye? We tested whether the particular regions of extrastriate cortex activated during mental imagery depend on the content of the image. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we demonstrated selective activation within a region of cortex specialized for face perception during mental imagery of faces, and selective activation within a place-selective cortical region during imagery of places. In a further study, we compared the activation for imagery and perception in these regions, and found greater response magnitudes for perception than for imagery of the same items. Finally, we found that it is possible to determine the content of single cognitive events from an inspection of the fMRI data from individual imagery trials. These findings strengthen evidence that imagery and perception share common processing mechanisms, and demonstrate that the specific brain regions activated during mental imagery depend on the content of the visual image.
Representation of Concept Lattices by Bidirectional Associative Memories
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim
Published: July 2002

This article presents a concept interpretation of patterns for bidirectional associative memory (BAM) and a representation of hierarchical structures of concepts (concept lattices) by BAMs. The constructive representation theorem provides a storing rule for a training set that allows a concept interpretation. Examples demonstrating the theorems are presented.
Statistical Procedures for Spatiotemporal Neuronal Data with Applications to Optical Recording of the Auditory Cortex
Authors: François O. , Abdallahi L. Mohamed , Horikawa J. , Taniguchi I. , Hervé T.
Published: July 2002

This article presents new procedures for multisite spatiotemporal neuronal data analysis. A new statistical model—the diffusion model—is considered, whose parameters can be estimated from experimental data thanks to mean-field approximations. This work has been applied to optical recording of the guinea pig's auditory cortex (layers II—III). The rates of innovation and internal diffusion inside the stimulated area have been estimated. The results suggest that the activity of the layer balances between the alternate predominance of its innovation process and its internal process.
Linear Constraints on Weight Representation for Generalized Learning of Multilayer Networks
Authors: Ishii Masaki , Kumazawa Itsuo
Published: July 2002

In this article, we present a technique to improve the generalization ability of multilayer neural networks. The proposed method introduces linear constraints on weight representation based on the invariance natures of training targets. We propose a learning method that introduces effective linear constraints into an error function as a penalty term. Furthermore, introduction of such constraints leads to reduction of the VC dimension of neural networks. We show bounds on the VC dimension of the neural networks with such constraints. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by some experiments.
A Biologically Motivated Solution to the Cocktail Party Problem
Authors: Sagi Brian , Nemat-Nasser Syrus C. , Kerr Rex , Hayek Raja , Downing Christopher , Hecht-Nielsen Robert
Published: July 2002

We present a new approach to the cocktail party problem that uses a cortronic artificial neural network architecture (Hecht-Nielsen, 1998) as the front end of a speech processing system. Our approach is novel in three important respects. First, our method assumes and exploits detailed knowledge of the signals we wish to attend to in the cocktail party environment. Second, our goal is to provide preprocessing in advance of a pattern recognition system rather than to separate one or more of the mixed sources explicitly. Third, the neural network model we employ is more biologically feasible than are most other approaches to the cocktail party problem. Although the focus here is on the cocktail party problem, the method presented in this study can be applied to other areas of information processing.
A Comparative Study of Feature-Salience Ranking Techniques
Authors: Wang W. , Jones P. , Partridge D.
Published: July 2002

We assess the relative merits of a number of techniques designed to determine the relative salience of the elements of a feature set with respect to their ability to predict a category outcome-for example, which features of a character contribute most to accurate character recognition. A number of different neural-net-based techniques have been proposed (by us and others) in addition to a standard statistical technique, and we add a technique based on inductively generated decision trees.

The salience of the features that compose a proposed set is an important problem to solve efficiently and effectively, not only for neural computing technology but also in order to provide a sound basis for any attempt to design an optimal computational system. The focus of this study is the efficiency and the effectiveness with which high-salience subsets of features can be identified in the context of ill-understood and potentially noisy real-world data. Our two simple approaches, weight clamping using a neural network and feature ranking using a decision tree, generally provide a good, consistent ordering of features. In addition, linear correlation often works well.
Correlation Between Uncoupled Conductance-Based Integrate-and-Fire Neurons Due to Common and Synchronous Presynaptic Firing
Authors: Stroeve Sybert , Gielen Stan
Published: July 2002

We investigate the firing characteristics of conductance-based integrate- and-fire neurons and the correlation of firing for uncoupled pairs of neurons as a result of common input and synchronous firing of multiple synaptic inputs. Analytical approximations are derived for the moments of the steady state potential and the effective time constant. We show that postsynaptic firing barely depends on the correlation between inhibitory inputs; only the inhibitory firing rate matters. In contrast, both the degree of synchrony and the firing rate of excitatory inputs are relevant. A coefficient of variation CV > 1 can be attained with low inhibitory firing rates and (Poisson-modulated) synchronized excitatory synaptic input, where both the number of presynaptic neurons in synchronous firing assemblies and the synchronous firing rate should be sufficiently large. The correlation in firing of a pair of uncoupled neurons due to common excitatory input is initially increased for increasing firing rates of independent inhibitory inputs but decreases for large inhibitory firing rates. Common inhibitory input to a pair of uncoupled neurons barely induces correlated firing, but amplifies the effect of common excitation. Synchronous firing assemblies in the common input further enhance the correlation and are essential to attain experimentally observed correlation values. Since uncorrelated common input (i.e., common input by neurons, which do not fire in synchrony) cannot induce sufficient postsynaptic correlation, we conclude that lateral couplings are essential to establish clusters of synchronously firing neurons.
Sparse On-Line Gaussian Processes
Authors: Csató Lehel , Opper Manfred
Published: July 2002

We develop an approach for sparse representations of gaussian process (GP) models (which are Bayesian types of kernel machines) in order to overcome their limitations for large data sets. The method is based on a combination of a Bayesian on-line algorithm, together with a sequential construction of a relevant subsample of the data that fully specifies the prediction of the GP model. By using an appealing parameterization and projection techniques in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, recursions for the effective parameters and a sparse gaussian approximation of the posterior process are obtained. This allows for both a propagation of predictions and Bayesian error measures. The significance and robustness of our approach are demonstrated on a variety of experiments.
Temporal-Code to Rate-Code Conversion by Neuronal Phase-Locked Loops
Authors: Ahissar Ehud
Published: July 2002

Peripheral sensory activity follows the temporal structure of input signals. Central sensory processing uses also rate coding, and motor outputs appear to be primarily encoded by rate. I propose here a simple, efficient structure, converting temporal coding to rate coding by neuronal phase-locked loops (PLL). The simplest form of a PLL includes a phase detector (that is, a neuronal-plausible version of an ideal coincidence detector) and a controllable local oscillator that are connected in a negative feedback loop. The phase detector compares the firing times of the local oscillator and the input and provides an output whose firing rate is monotonically related to the time difference. The output rate is fed back to the local oscillator and forces it to phase-lock to the input. Every temporal interval at the input is associated with a specific pair of output rate and time difference values; the higher the output rate, the further the local oscillator is driven from its intrinsic frequency. Sequences of input intervals, which by definition encode input information, are thus represented by sequences of firing rates at the PLL's output. The most plausible implementation of PLL circuits is by thalamocortical loops in which populations of thalamic “relay” neurons function as phase detectors that compare the timings of cortical oscillators and sensory signals. The output in this case is encoded by the thalamic population rate. This article presents and analyzes the algorithmic and the implementation levels of the proposed PLL model and describes the implementation of the PLL model to the primate tactile system.
Cardew as a Basis for a Discussion on Ethical Options
Authors: Aharonián Coriún
Published: July 2002

The author discusses the relationship between the music and the politics of Cornelius Cardew, placing it in the context of his background and the period in which he worked. As a socially committed composer trained in elite and avant-garde conventions, Cardew struggled to create a music “for the people.” The results, if contradictory, have nevertheless proven to be of enduring value for his contemporaries and successors.
Cooperative Coevolution: An Architecture for Evolving Coadapted Subcomponents
Authors: Potter Mitchell A. , Jong Kenneth A. De
Published: July 2002

To successfully apply evolutionary algorithms to the solution of increasingly complex problems, we must develop effective techniques for evolving solutions in the form of interacting coadapted subcomponents. One of the major difficulties is finding computational extensions to our current evolutionary paradigms that will enable such subcomponents to “emerge” rather than being hand designed. In this paper, we describe an architecture for evolving such subcomponents as a collection of cooperating species. Given a simple string- matching task, we show that evolutionary pressure to increase the overall fitness of the ecosystem can provide the needed stimulus for the emergence of an appropriate number of interdependent subcomponents that cover multiple niches, evolve to an appropriate level of generality, and adapt as the number and roles of their fellow subcomponents change over time. We then explore these issues within the context of a more complicated domain through a case study involving the evolution of artificial neural networks.
MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE OBLIGATION TO EMIGRATE TWO FATWĀS FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY GRANADA TO ISLAMIC TERRITORY:
Authors: Miller Kathryn
Published: July 2002

When Christian forces conquered the entire eastern regions (sharq al-Andalus) of the Iberian peninsula in the thirteenth century, a large population of Muslims became subject to Christian rule. Now known as Mudejars, these Muslims continued to practice their religion and regulate their communities according to Islamic law, but their residence in dār al-Harb (abode of war) became the subject of divided legal discourse among Mālikī jurists. Some of the controversies which surrounded a Mudejar's obligation to emigrate to Islamic lands are preserved in fatwā s issued by jurists in Granada, the Maghrib, and Ifrīqiya. The aim of this essay is to present two previously unknown fatwās, issued by al-Haffār and al-Mawwāq, that address two particular aspects of the Mudejar predicament: the validity of sadāq contracts authenticated by Mudejar judges and the obligations of Muslims to their Mudejar families and communities living under Christian rule.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CREATIVE JURISPRUDENCE IN LATE BRONZE AGE SYRIA
Authors: Westbrook Raymond
Published: July 2002

The private legal documents from Emar and its vicinity (late 14th to early 12th centuries B.C.E.) show evidence of creative jurisprudence in their attempts to reconcile the wishes of the parties with the norms of general law imposed by the courts, in particular the principles of social justice. Two areas are examined: i) contracts of sale and their relationship with the right of redemption by an impoverished seller; ii) testaments and their relationship with the customary status of women within the family. Les actes de droit privé provenants de la ville d'Emar et de ses environs (fin 14ème siècle jusqu'au commencement du 12ème siècle av.n.ère) font état d'une jurisprudence créative qui permet de réconcilier le volonté des contractants avec les normes du droit général imposés par les tribunaux, et en particulier avec les principes de la justice sociale. L'enquête porte sur deux domaines: i) les contrats de vente et leur relation au droit de rachat d'un vendeur appauvri; ii) les testaments et leur relation au statut coutûmier de la femme au sein de la famille.
The Poet at Colonus: Nightingales in Sophocles
Authors: Suksi Aara
Published: July 2002

The presence of the nightingales in Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus evokes associations of a long mythico-poetic tradition in which the nightingale is known not only for her sweet song, but also for her association with lament, arising from the tragic myth of Procne and Tereus. These associations make the nightingale an important symbol of tragic poetry and its transformative function, and their presence at Colonus reminds us that Sophocles himself was born there.
THE BASIS OF THE TEXT OF PLATO'S CHARMIDES
Authors: Murphy David
Published: July 2002

Building on the classification of manuscripts established in Mnemosyne 43 [1990], 316-40, this paper examines the relations among textual witness to the Charmides. Despite horizontal transmission of variants, the primary MSS. form a bipartite stemma: B|WQ || T (sc. Oxon. Bodl. Clarke 39, Vind. suppl. gr. 7, Par. gr. 1813, and Ven. Marc. gr. app. cl. 4.1). Against recent doubts, Q's independence is supported by its maiuscule errors that the first hands of B or W correct, by its freedom from false corrections introduced by those hands, and by a host of minor W errors of the sort that correctors generally overlook. The known Greek exemplars of Ficino's Latin version lack words that he did translate. These recur in the W tradition, of which he may have used Flor. conv. soppr. 54. Poliziano's fragmentary Latin translation rests on a copy of T. Both translators solve certain textual problems. No new source of Cornarius' translation shows itself. Stobaeus confirms the antiquity of certain variants, which agree most often with B. The few quotations in other ancient authors are too scanty to reveal their place in the tradition.
A MATTER OF SUBSTANCE: CATO'S PREFACE TO THE DE AGRI CULTURA
Authors:   Gratwick
Published: July 2002

The discussion as a whole raises literary and philological questions concerning Cato's thought and style, focussing on a locus classicus, the preface to his

De agri cultura

. It is argued that the first and last of the six sentences of this at once laconic and highly mannered piece are corrupt in the MSS tradition. This undermines the coherence, logic, and point of Cato's train of thought. The gist should run as follows. 'Backing mercantile enterprise with capital can sometimes be to make capital but is always risky, usury is less risky but is virtually as disreputable as theft, high praise has traditionally gone to the good farmer for his skill, the merchant is plucky and enterprising too but as indicated open to hazard; besides, farming is praiseworthy for various purely moral and social reasons; but the alpha and omega of all the professions I have cited (including farming properly undertaken) is to make capital earn capital'. To secure this the two sentences require emendation as follows:

Est interdum praestare  mercaturis rem quaerere, ni tam periculosum sit; et item fenerari, si tam honestum sit

and

Nunc ut ad rem redeam, quod prom(p)si institutum, principium hoc erit, .
ΣARΞ MOY EΞ AYTΩN (LXX-HOSEA IX 12) ZUR THEOLOGIE DER SPRACHE DER SEPTUAGINTA
Authors: Dafni Evangelia
Published: July 2002

Bei seinem Versuch, den ursprünglichen Wortlaut des hebräischen Textes Hos. ix 12 zu rekonstruieren, hat Nyberg die LXX-Lesart σ ρξμoυ ξατν nicht bloß als Fehldeutung ausgewertet, sondern sogar als ''ganz töricht'' bezeichnet. Doch schon ein erster Blick auf den diesbezüglichen Kontext zeigt, daß weder die betreffende LXXLesart, noch ihre hebräische Entsprechung ganz zufällig sein können. Meines Erachtens handelt es sich hier vielmehr um theologisch motivierte Textvariationen . Das Verständnis von wird im allgemeinen davon bestimmt, daß Gott kein Fleisch ist (vgl. Hos. xi 9). Die LXX-Lesart σρξμoυ ξατν geht aber vom Gedanken aus, daß das Verhältnis zwischen Gott und Volk in Hos. i-iii mit der Beziehung zwischen Mann und Frau bildhaft dargestellt wird, und führt durch σρξ μoυ diesen Gedanken weiter, indem sie nunmehr eindeutig auf das Schema "Mann-Frau-Einfleisch" nach Gen. ii 23-25 anspielt. Der Sinn von σ ρξ μoυ ξατν wurde zum Gegenstand der vorangehenden Untersuchung.
The foraging ecology of the gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides). II. Influence of habitat structural complexity when searching for arboreal avian prey
Authors: Cooper Robert , Mullin Stephen
Published: July 2002

A predator's behavior and success when foraging can be compromised by a variety of environmental factors. We examined the effect of variation in habitat structural complexity on the predatory success of the semiarboreal gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides) foraging for arboreal bird nest contents. Individual snakes searched for nests in enclosures containing one of five levels of vegetation density that reflected the range of structural complexity measured at a field site where predator and prey species are common. Subjects were most proficient at locating prey in enclosures having low levels of structural complexity, and experienced decreased predatory success in barren or highly-complex habitats. Ten behaviors comprised over 95% of the trial durations, and four of these occurred more often than the other six regardless of variation in structural complexity within the enclosure. We suggest that low levels of structural complexity offer snakes concealment from predation while not obscuring their view of provisioning activity at the nest.
Effect of Radopholus similis on plant growth and yield of plantains (Musa, AAB)
Authors: Fogain Roger
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted over two growth cycles in a field naturally infested with Radopholus similis to assess the effect of this nematode on plant growth and yield of plantains (Musa, AAB) in Njombe, Cameroon. The nematicide Cadusaphos was used to control R. similis and the improvement in yield was measured. No significant reductions in plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of functional leaves or in the duration of the plant growth cycle between treated and untreated plots were recorded. Bunch weights did not differ between treatments. However, a significant difference was found in the number of uprooted plants between nematicide treated and untreated plots with 2.5 and 18.3% losses during the first crop and 7.5 and 52.5% during the second crop, respectively. In plots treated with Cadusaphos, yields were two times greater than untreated plots during both cycles. Une étude a été réalisée pendant deux cycles de production en plein champ infesté naturellement par Radopholus similis pour évaluer l’effet de ce nématode sur le rendement des plantains (Musa, AAB) à Njombé, Cameroun. L’utilisation du nématicide Cadusaphos a permis de mesurer le gain de rendement dss au contrôle de ce nématode. Les résultats n’ont pas révélé de diminution significative des paramètres de croissance (hauteur, circonférence et nombre de feuilles vivantes) et de la précocité des plants dans les parcelles non traitées par rapport aux parcelles traitées. Le poids des régimes n’a pas significativement varié entre les traitements. Cependant, nous avons observé une différence significative du nombre de plants déracinés entre les traitements; le taux de chute a été de 2.5 et 18.3% au premier cycle et de 7.5 et 52.5% au second cycle, respectivement pour les parcelles traitées et non traitées. Pendant les deux cycles de production les rendements des parcelles traitées au nématicide ont été deux fois supérieurs à ceux des parcelles non traitées.
Effects of the biological nematicide, DiTera , on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Perry Roland , Warrior Prem , Kerry Brian , Twomey Ursula
Published: July 2002

DiTera® (Valent Biosciences Corp.), a novel biological nematicide, did not stimulate hatch of Globodera rostochiensis or G. pallida, but exposing cysts to 1 and 10% DiTera® in distilled water for 5 weeks irreversibly prevented hatch when the cysts were transferred to the natural hatching stimulus potato root diffusate (PRD). Similarly, exposing cysts of both species for 5 weeks to 1 and 10% DiTera® dissolved in PRD resulted in a significant inhibition of hatch which was irreversible when cysts were transferred to PRD alone. Tests on free eggs indicated that, when mixed with PRD, DiTera® prevented eggshell permeability change, normally caused by PRD as an initial phase in the hatching process, in a majority of eggs. This indication that DiTera® interfered with the specific hatching mechanism of G. rostochiensis was reinforced by the lack of hatch inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita. The potential for DiTera® as a novel control agent to prevent hatch of G. rostochiensis or G. pallida in the field is discussed.Das neuartige biologische Nematizid DiTera® (Valent Biosciences Corp.) regte das Schlüpfen von Globodera rostochiensis und G. pallida nicht an. Wenn Zysten 5 Wochen lang in 1 und 10%igen Lösungen von DiTera® in destilliertem Wasser gehalten wurden, war das Schlüpfen auch nach Überführung in das natürliche Schlüpfmedium Kartoffelablaufwasser (PRD) irreversibel blockiert. In ähnlicher Weise trat eine signifikante Schlüpfhemmung auf, wenn die Zysten für 5 Wochen in 1 und 10%igen Lösungen von DiTera® in PDR waren. Diese Schlüpfhemmung war irreversibel, auch wenn die Zysten anschliessend in reines PRD gebracht wurden. Versuche mit freien Eiern zeigten, dass DiTera® in Mischung mit PRD den Wechsel in der Durchlässigkeit der Eischale verhindert, der normalerweise bei den meisten Eiern als Anfangsphase des Schlüpfvorganges durch PRD verursacht wird. Dieser Hinweis darauf, dass DiTera® den spezifischen Schlüpfmechanismus von G. rostochiensis stört, wurde dadurch bestätigt, dass das Schlüpfen von Meloidogyne incognita nicht gestört wurde. Die Verwendungdsmöglichkeiten von DiTera® als neuartiges Bekämpfungsmittel zur Verhinderung des Schlüpfens von G. rostochiesis oder G. pallida im Freiland werden diskutiert.
Observations of some species of Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 (Nematoda: Criconematidae) with proposals of new synonyms
Authors: Choi Young Eoun , Kim Ji-In , Brzeski Michał
Published: July 2002

Four species of Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 are discussed and the following new synonyms are proposed. C. pleriannulatus Ebsary, 1979, C. mutabilis Eroshenko, 1980 nec Taylor, 1936, C. striatellus Eroshenko, 1980, C. multiannulatus Eroshenko, 80, C. echinopanaxi Mukhina, 1981 and C. eroshenkoi Siddiqi, 1986 are considered as junior synonyms of C. annulatus Taylor, 1936; C. tulaganovi (Kirjanova, 1948) Raski, 1958, C. mongomorgum Darekar & Khan, 1979 and C. sabulosus Eroshenko, 1981 of C. informis (Micoletzky, 1922) Taylor, 1936; C. amorphus De Grisse, 1967 and C. tafoensis Luc, 1970 of C. mongolensis Andrássy, 1964. C. myungsugae (Choi & Geraert, 1975) Loof & De Grisse, 1989 is redescribed from paratypes.Quatre espèces de Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 sont discutées et de nouvelles synonymies sontproposées. C. pleriannulatus Ebsary, 1979, C. mutabilis Eroshenko, 1980, nec Taylor, 1936, C. striatellus Eroshenko, 1980, C. multiannulatus Eroshenko, 1980, C. echinopanaxi Mukhina, 1981 et C. eroshenkoi Siddiqi, 1986 sont considérés comme synonymes mineurs de C. annulatus Taylor, 1936; C. tulaganovi (Kirjanova, 1948) Raski, 1958, C. mongomorgum Darekar & Khan, 1979 et C. sabulosus Eroshenko, 1981 de C. informis (Micoletzky, 1922) Taylor, 1936; C. amorphus De Grisse, 1967 et C. tafoensis Luc, 1970 de C. mongolensis Andrássy, 1964. C. myungsugae (Choi & Geraert, 1975) Loof & De Grisse, 1989 est redécrit à partir des paratypes.
Single pass cDNA sequencing - a powerful tool to analyse gene expression in preparasitic juveniles of the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Bakker Jaap , Gommers Fred , Smant Geert , Abad Pierre , Rosso Marie-Noëlle , Dautova Makedonka
Published: July 2002

Expressed sequence tags (EST) have been widely used to assist in gene discovery in various organisms (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens). In this paper we describe an EST project, which aims to investigate gene expression in Meloidogyne incognita at the onset of parasitism. Approximately 1000 5′-end sequence tags were produced from a cDNA library made of freshly hatched preparasitic second stage juveniles (J2). The EST were identified in the primary transformants of the cDNA library, and assigned to nine different functional groups, including (candidate) parasitism genes. A large fraction of the EST (45%) did not have a putative homologue in public databases. Sixty five percent of the EST that could be clustered into a functional group had putative homologues in other nematode species. EST were found for virtually all parasitism related genes that have been cloned from M. incognita to date. In addition, several novel genes were tagged, including a xylanase and a chitinase gene. The efficiency of EST projects, which produce sequence data for thousands of genes in months time without any difficult pre-selections of mRNA pools, makes random sequencing cDNA libraries a superior method to identify candidates for parasitism related genes in plant-parasitic nematodes. The sequences in this paper are retrievable from Genbank with the accession numbers BE191640 to BE191741, BE217592 to BE217720, BE225324 to BE225598, BE238852 to BE239221, and BE240829 to BE240865.
Popular Gymnastics and the Military Spirit in Germany, 1848–1871
Authors: Dencker Berit Elisabeth
Published: July 2002

Over the course of the nineteenth century, a popular nationalist movement developed in the German states that had gained considerable strength by 1871, the year of unification. The German gymnastics association movement was one of the main forms in which popular nationalism was organized. It was started by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn early in the nineteenth century as a means to train young Germans to fight the French occupation. Gradually, it developed into a movement that sought to unify Germany, a project that was not, at first, supported by the German states. The movement was also guided by liberal and, especially before the revolution of 1848, democratic principles, and in this sense, too, was at odds with the reigning political system in Central Europe.
The Sleipner Effect: a subtle relationship between the distribution of diagenetic clay, reservoir porosity, permeability, and water saturation
Authors: Nadeau P. H.
Published: July 2002

Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical core analysis of Palaeocene turbiditic sandstones in the Sleipner East gas-condensate reservoirs show the importance of diagenetic clay distribution on porosity, permeability, and water saturation. An observed ‘high resistivity zone’ (HRZ) corresponds to intervals with low water saturation, a more restricted distribution of diagenetic clay (mainly chlorite), and up to 5% quartz cement. The underlying ‘low resistivity zone’ (LRZ) corresponds to intervals with more widely distributed diagenetic clay, which have lower degrees of quartz cementation, higher porosity, and variably reduced permeability. Crosscutting relationships of the HRZ/LRZ with mapped sedimentary depositional units, as well as fluid inclusion analysis data, suggest that the distribution of diagenetic clay was affected by an earlier (late Miocene?) oil charge, and more extensive chlorite formation in a palaeo-water zone. Recent gas condensate charge and structuring of these sandstones resulted in LRZ reservoirs with substantially higher water saturations than those in the HRZ.
A comparison of radiation effects in crystalline ABO4-type phosphates and silicates
Authors: Meldrum A. , Boatner L. A. , Ewing R. C.
Published: July 2002

The effects of ion irradiation in the ABO4-type compounds were compared by performing experiments on four materials that include the most common crystal structures (monazitevs.zircon) and chemical compositions (phosphatesvs.silicates) for these phases. Pure synthetic single crystals of ZrSiO4, monoclinic ThSiO4, LaPO4and ScPO4were irradiated using 800 keV Kr+ions. Radiation damage accumulation was monitored as a function of temperaturein situin a transmission electron microscope. The activation energies for recrystallization during irradiation were calculated to be 3.1–3.3 eV for the orthosilicates but only 1.0–1.5 eV for the isostructural orthophosphates. For the ion-beam-irradiated samples, the critical temperature, above which the recrystallization processes are faster than damage accumulation and amorphization cannot be induced, is >700°C for ZrSiO4but it is only 35°C for LaPO4. At temperatures above 600°C, zircon decomposed during irradiation into its component oxides (i.e. crystalline ZrO2plus amorphous SiO2). The data are evaluated with respect to the proposed use of the orthophosphates and orthosilicates as host materials for the stabilization and disposal of high-level nuclear waste. The results show that zircon with 10 wt.% Pu would have to be maintained at temperatures in excess of 300°C in order to prevent it from becoming completely amorphous. In contrast, a similar analysis for the orthophosphates implies that monazite-based waste forms would not become amorphous or undergo a phase decomposition.
Regulation of plasminogen binding to neutrophils
Authors: Herren Thomas , Burke Timothy A. , Jardi Merce , Felez Jordi , Plow Edward F.
Published: July 2002

Plasminogen plays an integral role in the inflammatory response, and this participation is likely to depend on its interaction with cell surfaces. It has previously been reported that isolation of human neutrophils from blood leads to a spontaneous increase in their plasminogen-binding capacity, and the basis for this up-regulation has been explored as a model for mechanisms for modulation of plasminogen receptor expression. Freshly isolated human peripheral blood neutrophils exhibited relatively low plasminogen binding, but when cultured for 20 hours, they increased this capacity dramatically, up to 50-fold. This increase was abolished by soybean trypsin inhibitor and was susceptible to carboxypeptidase B treatment, implicating proteolysis and exposure of carboxy-terminal lysines in the enhanced interaction. In support of this hypothesis, treatment of neutrophils with elastase, cathepsin G, or plasmin increased their plasminogen binding, and specific inhibitors of elastase and cathepsin G suppressed the up-regulation that occurred during neutrophil culture. When neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol ester, their plasminogen binding increased rapidly, but this increase was insensitive to the protease inhibitors. These results indicate that plasminogen binding to neutrophils can be up-regulated by 2 distinct pathways. A major pathway with the propensity to markedly up-regulate plasminogen binding depends upon the proteolytic remodeling of the cell surface. In response to thioglycollate, neutrophils recruited into the peritoneum of mice were shown to bind more plasminogen than those in peripheral blood, suggesting that modulation of plasminogen binding by these or other pathways may also occur in vivo.