bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Separate from Foreign Alliances”
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the practice of the Atlantic slave trade, which is now deemed a crime against humanity. As time progressed, the economic development of America's slaveholding regions significantly affected the domestic politics of slave trade suppression. The chapter explains the struggles of the US constitution to end the slave trade in 1808. It elaborates on the context of colonization of freed slaves as the Atlantic tested the limits of America's willingness to become involved in international connections and cooperation. The Anglo-American conversation on the suppression of the trade revolved around the British urge for cooperation and unilateralism. Moreover, the United States would have to sacrifice its long-held policy against the right of search to achieve a more pressing goal in the Civil War, which was also brought on by slavery.
“Only Cowards Fear and Oppose It” Texas and Cuba
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines cases of slavery in Texas and Cuba to elaborate on the extent to which slavery influenced American attempts at expansion. It explains how the Lone Star Republic could only join with the United States as a slave state. On the other hand, Cuba provides an equally clear case of a proslavery foreign policy since the island had to stay in Spain's possession during the time of mandate. The chapter looks into the dominance of a proslavery elite in the making of US foreign policy. It also tackles the Africanization scheme that Spain was hatching in Cuba and the efforts of Ostend conspirator James Buchanan to acquire Cuba.
“Its Peculiar Moral Force”
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the role of slavery in US international relations amidst the war. It explains how European intervention is the key to diplomatic success while referencing the stance of Russia, France, and Britain. The administration of President Abraham Lincoln appeared to have had a strong motivation for stressing slavery as the cause of the war while simultaneously aiming for emancipation. The chapter looks into the Trent Affair that resulted in the greatest threat of a third Anglo-American war. It explicates how slavery proved to be less of an advantage that the United States could actively exploit in its diplomacy through colonization and emancipation.
Epilogue
Authors: Brady Steven J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains that slavery is one of the issues that shaped and compelled the United States to engage in international relations. It notes how the nation was forced to deal with Great Britain and Spain in order to avoid legitimation of slave escape. Policymakers and laypeople deemed slavery to be central to US interactions with four continents. Moreover, racism persists in shaping US foreign relations even though the United State finally managed to abolish slavery. The chapter highlights the significance of race within American decisions. It clarifies that the impact and legacy of slavery on America's relations with the world are needed to understand the diplomatic history of America.
Diversity in the Dakotas
Authors: Erickson Jennifer
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the benefits and the challenges resulting from refugee resettlement in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and Fargo, North Dakota. Before the region began to prosper from a natural gas boom, both communities became refugee resettlement destinations during the 1990s. Using long-term ethnographic research with an emphasis on everyday practices, the chapter reviews the tensions arising in largely white, native-born cities experiencing a significant influx of international migrants. It argues that developing a framework for intercultural policy benefits cities both economically and socially, describing best practices for small cities in accommodating and welcoming international migrants. The chapter also contends that seemingly homogeneous small cities should embrace their urban and diverse identities, resulting in a competitive advantage in an age of intensified global economic exchange and international migration.
Shaking Off the Rust in the American South
Authors: Holt William Grady
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the revitalization efforts in Bessemer, Alabama, which emphasizes that industrial decline is not limited to the Rust Belt. It explains the circumstances shaping redevelopment work in Bessemer, a deeply impoverished small city lying just southwest of Birmingham that was once the home to US Steel's southern headquarters and a major Pullman Standard railcar facility. Bessemer's majority-black population peaked in 1970 and has declined considerably since as its industrial base withered. By offering a snapshot of a southern, suburban city attempting to revive its fortunes, the chapter provides a good sense of what is required to achieve inclusive economic redevelopment. It demonstrates that the needs and desires of local residents have not matched up perfectly with local economic development agendas.
Where do Small Cities Belong?
Authors: Fannin J. Matthew , Dangal Vikash
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the vagaries of the federal government's regional classifications, underscoring the dependent status of smaller cities and towns. Citing examples from Louisiana, the chapter traces shifting official Micropolitan Statistical Area definitions and considers the people- and place-based development challenges that small cities and other intermediate population density regions face. It also analyzes categorizations that set federal funding distributions to hospitals and local governments for programs, such as Medicare and Community Development Block Grants. The chapter proposes reforms to federal statistical organizations and agencies implementing place- and people-based programs. It reviews strategies for small cities that are not close to metropolitan centers to navigate vulnerabilities arising from the volatility in policy-leveraged regional definitions.
Local Government Responses to Property Tax Caps
Authors: Faulk Dagney , Taylor Charles D. , Schaal Pamela
Published: January 2023

This chapter uses data from 2007 to 2014 on 28 municipal governments in Indiana to examine two policy options available for managing declining revenues: reducing spending and employment or raising additional revenue through local income taxes and annexation. It discusses revenue losses from property tax caps that are a significant determinant of decreases in municipal budgets and spending and in a reduction in local government employment. These cuts appear to have a particularly negative effect on highway department and parks and recreation employment. The chapter indicates how smaller cities sought to use the tools that the state provided to offset revenue losses. It offers findings that raise interesting questions about why these communities do not, or cannot, take advantage of the tools at their disposal to address severe budgetary difficulties.
De-escalation and the Collapse of an Industry
Authors: Boczar Amanda
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses the impact of the Paris Peace Accords on sexual relationships in South Vietnam and on the economy driven by American spending. Between 1973 and 1975, the withdrawal of US troops left prostitutes without clients and resulted in a complete dismantling of the industry, forcing many civilians with former American ties into destitution or worse. Indeed, from the signing of the accords in Paris to the last helicopter taking off from the roof of the American embassy during “Black April” two years later, uncertainty characterized the lives of the South Vietnamese people. The startling number of war orphans, mostly of mixed Amerasian heritage, also created a humanitarian crisis that lasted long after the fall of Saigon. While the American presence in South Vietnam ended abruptly in the spring of 1975, Vietnamese citizens, refugees, and American service members have wrestled with the memory of the war well into the twenty-first century.
Radical Resilience
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This book relates narratives of Athenians struggling to survive the impoverishment of relentless austerity measures, compounding emergencies, and human disasters of successive national crises in Greece since 2010. Drawing on eight years of fieldwork, the book's author examines the effects of injury, erosion, and upheaval on individuals already pushed beyond their limits but holding on against all odds. Through analysis of everyday scenes across different social locations in the city, the author documents the often slow, difficult work of picking up the pieces of one's life and moving them around—and the worlds that fade and the ones that become visible in the process. The author shares the stories of a disillusioned anarchist organizer, an exhausted nurse helping a father search for his lost daughter, a misunderstood Romani man rejected by his friends and family, and an undocumented migrant who discovers hope in the trash—stories of individuals finding solace and possibility within, with, and against the tragedies of their lives. The book shows how these stories lead to a potentially transformative coming to resilience. It traces the bare edges of radical possibility from within the efforts of those continuing on beyond their limits.
Epilogue
Authors: Alexandrakis Othon
Published: January 2023

This chapter recalls the narratives of resilience covered across the book. It highlights the aftermath of each interlocutor mentioned in each chapter. Some had remained from their initial situation with better outlooks, while others have left. However, some interlocutors lost contact immediately after the interview. The chapter highlights their narratives as a complex of love as counterpower despite its various forms, intensities, and expressions between people of varying backgrounds and social topography across Athens. Despite the inevitable uncertainty, the imprints of coming to resilience grow the wherewithal of change charged of durative forms with radical possibility.
Mobilizing Cassava Networks in Mondulkiri
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the formation of contemporary cassava trading networks in the Cambodian border province of Mondulkiri, which neighbors Tbong Khmum. In response to a boom in global demand for derivatives of industrial—or “bitter”—cassava over the last decade, the chapter unfolds how large tracts of the Cambodia–Vietnam frontier have come under smallholder cassava cultivation to supply processing industries in Vietnamese border provinces. The chapter recounts how the subtle material and social variations in Mondulkiri have produced two distinct commodity networks circulating dried cassava chips and fresh cassava tubers. The chapter then distills the key actors and relationships in these networks and the negotiations and practices involved in mobilizing the cassava trade. It then turns to the specific role of migration in the development of new agricultural lands, where cassava has been a crucial pioneer crop. The chapter emphasizes that cassava networks have both adapted to and shaped diverse localities through related processes, such as migration and land claiming. The commodification processes that migration and cassava have set in train ensure that market formation continues even if cassava-specific networks are disrupted.
Conclusion
Authors: Mahanty Sango
Published: January 2023

This chapter views actor networks and commodity chains as parts of a broader market rhizome. It highlights how the case studies presented in the book have illuminated the mechanisms that produce change in frontier markets. The chapter also describes the tendency for specific commodity networks to rupture, which could produce innovation but also inflict pressures on local producers. It then reveals the formative role of individual and collective desires and practices within frontier landscapes and markets. A recurring theme in these network dynamics was the market's unruly and ungovernable character. The chapter concludes by noting that frontier peoples, landscapes, and their relationships coproduced a continually expanding market, with deep, tangled, and consequential roots.
Introduction
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter traces the origin and evolution of vultures, which are scavenging birds of prey that, unlike raptors, feed principally or exclusively on carcasses they have not killed, but rather have died of other causes. The fossil remains of vultures, like those of other large-boned birds, are relatively well represented in the avian fossil record. Several key innovations, including hyper-efficient, low-cost soaring, and gliding searching flight, along with a reliance on visual cues from the flight behavior of other vultures to discover carcasses, enable vultures to achieve their obligate scavenging lifestyle. The chapter then looks at the three living ancient lineages that are ancestral to all living vultures: the Cathartidae, Gypaetinae, and Aegypiinae. Two of the largest western hemisphere or New World vultures are called condors and a few of the larger Old World vultures are called griffons. Nevertheless, ornithologists consider them all to be vultures.
Pair Formation and Reproduction
Authors: Bildstein Keith L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines pair formation and reproduction, which is an essential aspect of the biology of scavenging birds of prey. Vultures breed seasonally, especially in response to carcass and updraft availability. Excepting several larger and often more predatory species in which females are notably more massive than their male counterparts, males and females differ little in body mass, except for Andean Condors, in which males are larger than females. The Bearded Vulture, a species in which siblicide occurs, also exhibits reversed sexual size dimorphism—that is, the females are larger. Almost all vultures and condors delay maturity, most likely because it takes multiple years to develop carcass-searching and territorial skills necessary for successful breeding. Multi-year pair fidelity is typical in scavenging raptors, but extra-pair copulations do occur, as does within-year mate switching. Territoriality occurs in some, but not all, vultures. Breeding success, which varies with food availability, weather, and predation, appears to be high in many species, although this may be so because it has been studied in areas with relatively dense and, presumably highly successful, populations.
Memento Mori
Authors: Goble Andrew Edmund
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on documentary evidence, and particularly correspondence, to illuminate the close and multifaceted relationship between the Mōri, a powerful warrior family, and the Manase family of medical practitioners. It explores the initial contacts between the Mōri and the Manase and then the emergence of the Mōri and Manase patient–physician information network. The chapter uncovers important ways in which warrior political and military power were connected to the cultural sphere of medical learning and medical practitioners. Highlighted Manase figures likened governing to healing and otherwise took part in the nonmedical ambitions of their high-placed Mōri patients. In drawing attention to personal communications, the chapter illustrates a human dimension of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaigns and the ways individuals positioned themselves and their families—with an eye toward an uncertain future—at this pivotal historical moment.
Willing Combatants
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter talks about local school officials in Rochester who drew school attendance boundaries and sited new construction to reinforce and extend residential housing segregation. When budget or physical space got tight, schools in Black neighborhoods suffered the first and deepest cuts, contending with shortened school days, loss of nonessential opportunities, and portable classrooms parked on ballfields. The chapter considers Isabella Dorsey, one of the most memorable figures in Black education in the early twentieth century who operated outside the school system in Rochester. The chapter reviews the demographic change contributing to the growing restlessness of Black people in northern cities like Rochester. It cites how a series of federal court decisions regarding equal access to colleges created a new set of integrationist precedents that contended with the harsh facts of Plessy.
Considering the Metropolis
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews various attempts over the last century to implement metropolitan-level solutions for Rochester's educational ills. It looks at small desegregation programs that took take place, which were intended to build goodwill and demonstrate success on the way to further, unspecified advances in desegregation. It also mentions other programs that ran aground or failed to launch, causing left proponents dejected and contributing to the community's learned helplessness when it comes to addressing racial and socioeconomic injustice. The chapter talks about the cross-district Brockport Center for Innovation in Education and the Metropolitan World of Inquiry School, which drew intense interest from Black families in the city and white families in the suburbs alike. It describes how the Times-Union urged consideration of a joint arrangement between Irondequoit and the Rochester City School District to accommodate students across the city line.
The Urban-Suburban Program
Authors: Murphy Justin
Published: January 2023

This chapter deals with the Urban–Suburban Inter-District Transfer Program, which is considered a momentous experiment in education. The chapter mentions the State education commissioner James Allen's 1963 letter about the desegregation efforts, which had created a stir in the Rochester City School District. It also looks at a series of community conversations and closed-door school board meetings that culminated in March 1965 with a unanimous board resolution on recognizing the racial makeup of Rochester. The chapter considers the Urban–Suburban program as the most prominent plank in Monroe County's meager desegregation platform. Through the program, generations of minority children have found an alternative to the Rochester City School District, even as the vast majority of applicants have been turned away.
Epilogue
Authors: Sposato Peter W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the fate of Florentine chivalry in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. It recounts the chivalric life of Buonaccorso di Nero Pitti, the scion of a prominent banking family, whose ricordanza records his remarkable efforts to fashion and claim a chivalric identity. By considering Buonaccorso's life as an example, the chapter highlights developments within that culture, as chivalric practitioners modified their behavior in certain contexts in order to preserve their access to the political and economic benefits accrued from participation in civic society. The chapter emphasizes that Buonaccorso provided a powerful example of a new model of chivalric practitioner in early Renaissance Florence: one who straddled the line between the chivalric and civic cultural communities. It concludes by showing that chivalric ideology exercised a powerful influence among a sizeable segment of the lay elite in late medieval Florence from the late twelfth through the early fifteenth centuries.
Montjuich, Dreyfus, and el Desastre
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on turn-of-the-century London. It discusses the United Kingdom's relatively broad civil liberties and open asylum policy which provided anarchists on the run with a safe haven in troubled times. However, as the chapter argues, for the revolutionary anarchists who lived for the smoldering tension of latent class war, safety could be stultifying. Many exiles struggled to survive, although some found work, and the Spanish Atrocities Committee and the anarchist German Club provided material support and food. Apart from linguistic and cultural challenges, they faced a powerful anti-Spanish prejudice. Therefore, many emigrated to continental Europe or the Americas. The chapter pays attention to some of those who journeyed across the ocean and were turned away at every port. It also uncovers how Catalan anarchist Joan Montseny and Teresa Mañé hatched a plan to launch a press campaign to free the remaining prisoners in Montjuich. The chapter assesses the implications of Montseny's decision to return to Spain on the reinvigoration of the Montjuich campaign. It considers the two monumental developments that were well out of Montseny's control: the Dreyfus affair in France and the Spanish–American War.
Tossing the Bouquet at the Royal Wedding
Authors: Bray Mark
Published: January 2023

This chapter delves into the true objective of the young Spanish king Alfonso XIII's diplomatic voyage in 1905: to find a bride. In part, the urgency of finding the next queen of Spain hinged on the need for a royal heir. However, as the chapter argues, finding a bride was not just about royal succession. After the loss to the United States in 1898, Spain could no longer afford to remain aloof to international relations. The once-massive Spanish Empire had shrunk with the loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines while imperial competition was heating up and the alliance system that would culminate in the carnage of the First World War was falling into place. The chapter highlights that liberal and reform-minded conservative politicians favored union with a British princess so that the formidable British navy could support Spain while it rebuilt its decimated fleet. The chapter concludes by following the journeys of Catalan anarchist Mateo Morral Roca and King Alfonso XIII, which would soon intersect—possibly for the second time—with deadly consequences.
Roots *
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter tracks Barack Obama's childhood and collegiate years. It follows Obama's birth, less than eight months after John F. Kennedy's inauguration as the nation's thirty-sixth president. The chapter recounts how Obama left his adopted city of Chicago twenty-seven years later to attend Harvard Law School. Notwithstanding the love he received from his mother and grandparents, he often felt lonely and abandoned by both his parents. The chapter also looks at Obama's sensitivity to being biracial. Much of his young adult life was spent on a redemptive search for his roots and his own sense of racial identity. Although he left for Harvard still conflicted about issues of race, he no longer felt rootless. The chapter emphasizes Obama's clearly defined sense of purpose and confidence in his own ability to achieve the goals he set for himself.
From Organizer to Politician
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the time Barack Obama grew up in Indonesia and Hawaii until he became a community organizer and then decided to go to law school. It highlights Obama's intent of learning about the nature of America's power structure, which he planned to apply politically, probably by running for office, after he returned to Chicago. The chapter notes that during these years, his views on how to bring about change in his adopted city of Chicago crystallized, and he launched his political career. What stands out in this period was that the future president was a pragmatist, who believed in the art of compromise, yet he could be ruthless in pursuit of his goals and ambitions. The chapter also talks about his election as the first Black president of the Harvard Law Review. It stresses the significance of his election: he viewed it as more an accomplishment for American Blacks and minorities than as a personal success. The chapter argues that Obama was a middle-of-the-road progressive and conservative, who rejected extremist views, either from the left or the right of the nation's political center. It then considers his belief that the road to a more perfect union was through the expansion of the middle class.
Quest for a Common Purpose
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how the Affordable Care Act met a frosty reception by the American public and how it became the target of repeated attacks by Republicans and conservative groups throughout the country. The chapter also looks at Barack Obama's $787 billion stimulus package, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) which also received a harsh public reception. It argues that ARRA became a target of outrage both from the political left and from the political right. This chapter then discusses Obama's foreign policy which was an extension of his domestic policy. As the chapter highlights, Obama advocated a world order that restrained authoritarianism, brought democratic accountability to global capitalism, tackled the ever-present danger of nuclear proliferation, and confronted other transnational challenges, such as climate change. The chapter concludes by elaborating on the widespread concern about the activism of the Obama presidency and a political movement known as the Tea Party.
The Postpresidency
Authors: Kaufman Burton I.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the emergence of the “office of postpresident,” in which former presidents became increasingly public figures, complete with generous pensions for ex-presidents and their wives, substantial office space, free postage, funds to hire staff and maintain an office, and discretionary funds for the former presidents. It examines how former presidents made millions of dollars writing and promoting their memoirs and other books and going on the lecture circuit. The chapter also emphasizes that former presidents lent their names and joined together to raise millions of dollars for disaster relief. They also established their own foundations and become involved in international philanthropy. The chapter highlights what has separated Obama from other ex-presidents: he felt it increasingly necessary to assume a more active political role than other recent ex-presidents or what he intended for himself.
Introduction
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores how the evangelical community utilized different concepts of nature, largely throughout the 1970s, to help create the religious right movement. It discusses the dichotomy between being “natural” versus “unnatural,” which was used to justify political causes, such as the fight against abortion and gay rights. It also looks at the way conservative evangelicals went beyond ideas regarding nature protection that took place during the 1970s when they constructed a sense of nationalism by reimagining the United States' historical origin stories. The chapter reviews stories that contributed to the development of a unique identity, which provided a common culture or a connective historical tissue that bound together conservative evangelicals nationwide. It highlights how the national understanding of American politics and culture explains why and how the religious right's conception of the natural world became an important political barrier against nature protection initiatives.
Humanity’s Proper Place between God and Nature
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains the primary use of Reconstructionism and dominion theology through its connection to politically conservative evangelical understandings of the natural world. It explores Reconstructionist ideas along with dominion theology concerning the Genesis creation story in which God set up a hierarchical relationship with humanity and the rest of the natural world. The book utilizes an aspect of Reconstruction as it proved attractive to the founders of the religious right movement. The chapter discusses the differentiation between “unnatural” and “natural” justified in the eyes of politically conservative evangelicals, noting that the latter is seen as a product destroying the ordained hierarchy by replacing God as creator with humanity's medical science. Politically conservative evangelicals believed that when humanity restored its God-ordained design or natural design, then all social ills would be remedied.
Nature In A Religious Right Perspective
Authors: Pogue Neall W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter investigates Reconstruction theology by demonstrating that the idea of nature played other roles in the quest to save humanity's proper place in God's hierarchical creation, such as through the religious community's construction of Christian nationalism. During the 1970s, religious communities built a unique history of the United States by making their faith a primary reason for the success of the country. The chapter highlights the idea of humanity as a creation of God and the idea of earth's wilderness as the realm where humans were meant to dominate, but not abuse. The chapter discusses politically conservative evangelicals who depicted the unconquered forests of North America as healthy obstacles, which encouraged “real Americans” of the past to conform to their God-ordained, gender-specific family norms. It describes the struggle with the wilderness that politically conservative evangelicals believed their religious ancestors gained ownership of the land, which became the United States.
Lessons From the Spanish Inquisition
Authors: Hassner Ron E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter draws on two types of sources for information about contemporary torture. It cites from the testimonies of junior interrogators, who took an active part in torture, to establish current torture practices. The chapter also draws on this second source, high-ranking intelligence officials, whenever their testimonies are in broad agreement with one another or where their statements about torture run counter to, or are neutral with respect to, their organizational preference. The chapter hopes to show that what little we know about contemporary torture confirms some of the patterns that emerge from the author's analysis of the Spanish Inquisition. As the chapter suggests, information about contemporary torture is sparse and untrustworthy. The chapter concludes with a note of caution: there is a lot more about contemporary torture that we do not know than we do know. It then argues that such utilitarian claims are also an unhelpful distraction from the moral problem of torture.
The Early National Period
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the early national period and the crucial election of 1800. In the years following the enactment of the Bill of Rights, public attention turned to pressing issues of establishing a national government, developing monetary policy, expanding the frontier, and international intrigue. The chapter looks at events that revealed an ongoing evolution in attitudes about church and state, such as Pennsylvania amending its constitution of 1776 in 1790. It explores the religious issues that returned to the public spotlight in the closing years of the 1790s, which was brought about by the perceived rise of deism in the United States and its connection to the French Revolution. The chapter talks about how the advent of political partisanship and the presidential election of 1800 set the stage for Thomas Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in which he announced the metaphor of a “wall of separation between church and state.”
Atomic Americans
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

At the dawn of the Atomic Age, Americans encountered troubling new questions brought about by the nuclear revolution: In a representative democracy, who is responsible for national public safety? How do citizens imagine themselves as members of the national collective when faced with the priority of individual survival? What do nuclear weapons mean for transparency and accountability in government? What role should scientific experts occupy within a democratic government? Nuclear weapons created a new arena for debating individual and collective rights. In turn, they threatened to destabilize the very basis of American citizenship. As this book shows, people negotiated the contours of nuclear citizenship through overlapping public discussions about survival. Policymakers and citizens disagreed about the scale of civil defense programs and other public safety measures. As the public learned more about the dangers of nuclear fallout, critics articulated concerns about whether the federal government was operating in its citizens' best interests. By the early 1960s, a significant antinuclear movement had emerged, which ultimately contributed to the 1963 nuclear testing ban. The book tells the story of a thoughtful body politic engaged in rewriting the rubric of rights and responsibilities that made up American citizenship in the Atomic Age.
The Man in the White Lab Coat
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the scientific authority present in civil defense. It explains how civil defense media was a major contributor to public education on nuclear matters, but civil defense itself served as a reminder of the perils of nuclear science. The Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) played a more prominent public image of being a research body, while the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) took control over nuclear information. The chapter explains most civil defense materials elaborated on the science and technological paraphernalia behind nuclear weapons, while civil defense films helped establish scientific authority, education, and future peace possibilities of nuclear technologies. However, by the 1950s, nuclear science was caught between policymakers trying to support Cold War strategic aims and domestic politics deeming nuclear science as a potential liability.
The Fallout from Fallout
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter expounds on the nuclear fallout awareness that spread differently across communities. It also covers the repertoire of Americans' tools, information, and opinions used to influence their attitudes about nuclear testing. The individualized nature of the fallout's danger made nuclear policy reprehensible to Americans, while concerned citizens thought their health and safety were jeopardized by the militarized Cold War policies and actions of the state. Moreover, citizens demanded transparency from the nuclear state due to the suspicion of politicizing the science around the fallout. The chapter then looks into the effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in controlling public discussions over the matter. It also discusses the emergence of test ban activism among Americans.
Atomic America
Authors: Robey Sarah E.
Published: January 2023

This chapter tackles the American interest in civil defense in line with the increasing public knowledge of the dangers of fallout and the rapidly changing Cold War threat environment. It cites how nuclearization raised uncomfortable questions about American democracy and the national community. The public debates on civil defense, nuclear testing, and weapons policies highlighted a major fracture in American culture in the early Cold War. The needs of surviving the Atomic Age disrupted the visions of the American culture. The chapter explores the public opinion revolving around deterrence strategy and the rhetoric wherein officials discussed nuclear policies. It also includes the public conversation about the philosophical and cultural meaning of survival in the Atomic Age.
The Postwar JA Model
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses Japan's postwar (1945–1990) interpretation of agricultural cooperation. In their traditional form, co-ops put farmers first by serving their material and social-welfare interests through the provision of low-cost services and by giving them sovereign oversight of co-op management. Some co-ops fall short of these ideals, however, and Japan Agricultural Cooperatives (JA) more than most. By the early 1980s, JA's powerful national associations resembled large, self-interested corporations that trampled the freedoms of local cooperatives and raised costs for farmers. The chapter then examines the legal/regulatory, normative, organizational, and strategic foundations of the JA system that emerged out of the critical juncture of the early postwar period. It also analyzes the synergies between the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) government's redistributive policy stance toward the farm sector and JA's economic dominance. Finally, the chapter explains the divergent predispositions toward institutional change at the national and local levels of the JA system.
A Tale of Two Co-ops
Authors: Maclachlan Patricia L. , Shimizu Kay
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the story of two co-ops that have strived to do well by their farmers: JA Kamimashiki in Kumamoto Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture's JA Saku Asama. The Kumamoto case recounts how a local co-op employee and then independent farm organizer almost single-handedly mobilized one branch's deeply conservative rice farmers behind new production strategies that included diversification into vegetable production and the corresponding reconfiguration of farmland. The story of JA Saku Asama in Nagano Prefecture, by contrast, is one of cooperation between entrepreneurial vegetable farmers and responsive co-op leaders in the implementation of production and collection strategies that add value to member product. The chapter illustrates how an aging farm population can both motivate and constrain strategic reform. It also looks at the evolving relationship between co-ops and incorporated farm enterprises, and considers how co-op reform is a social as well as economic process.
Specters in the Schoolhouse
Authors: Kaminer Jenny
Published: January 2023

This chapter analyzes a controversial television serial that aired on state-run television in 2010—a show so scandalous it prompted President Vladimir Putin himself to admonish the Russian public against falling victim to “hysteria.” School (Shkola) (dir. Valeria Gai Germanika) takes place in a Moscow high school and follows the lives of one class, along with their teachers, over the course of several months. The chapter elucidates the particular chronotope, the conjunction of time and space, that Gai Germanika and her cocreators develop throughout School's sixty-nine episodes, focusing specifically on how the serial challenges the primacy of Nancy Lesko's concept of “panoptical time.” The interpersonal dynamics of School reflect a fluidity of age categories, upending stable definitions of both “teenager” and “adult.” The chapter then turns from the temporality of School to the spaces that the serial's teenage characters inhabit, detailing how they further challenge the possibility of progress. The young protagonists of School face what can be termed as the chronotopic dilemma: The physical remnants of Soviet society haunt Gai Germanika's characters, while the trappings of a postcommunist, consumerist culture that the teens desire remain out of reach for the majority of them.
Conclusion
Authors: Kaminer Jenny
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter assesses Russian media representations of a contemporary teenage crusader: the climate activist Greta Thunberg. The Swedish adolescent inspired vitriolic reactions among many Russian observers, who referred to her as a false prophet threatening to incite a wave of violence among her misguided young followers. Like the rest of the works discussed in this book, the heated Russian response to Thunberg suggests that the “romance with adolescence,” a belief in the extraordinary abilities of youth either to stabilize or to undermine society, has clearly survived into the twenty-first century in Russia. The figure of the adolescent occupies a prominent position as one of post-Soviet culture's most seductive “idealizing tableaux,” to return to cultural theorist Laura Berlant's formulation—a vital and enduring catalyst for a society's dreams, aspirations, and fears. Hence, adolescence as nightmare is the corollary of the “romance with adolescence,” rather than its opposite.
Anticommunism in Question
Authors: Kung Chien-Wen
Published: January 2023

This chapter gives an overview of the detention and trials of Chinese being charged with the accusation of being communalists by the Philippine military. It looks into the case of Koa Chian, who gave testimonies that led to three hundred arrests in December 1952. The other case involved a group of high school students from Cebu who self-radicalized and became communists. Moreover, the Chinese establishment of Republic of China diplomats and local Chinese leaders attempted to take advantage of the Philippine-Chinese Communist Party situation. The chapter explains how the mass arrest proved to be a massive intelligence failure for the Philippine military, while it had been a crisis of intelligence, diplomacy, and reputation for Taiwan and Chinese leaders.
Good Bird
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the author's birding trip to the Santa Rita Mountains and Bisbee, Arizona. The Santa Ritas are legendary for birding. Beyond the abundance of wondrous owls, Madera Canyon is famous for a range of fabulous birds, including the aptly named Elegant Trogon. The author visited Florida Canyon to find a Rufous-capped Warbler. It is a bird that lives mostly in Mexico, making guest appearances in Arizona or Texas. Meanwhile, Bisbee is a former copper mining town with a latter-day hippie, new age twist. On the author's first morning, she birded Whitewater, an open area with water impoundments that held a delicious array of ducks. The big draw were the Sandhill Cranes landing by the hundreds, thousands. The author also looked for the Black-chinned Sparrow.
Guided
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the author's experience on a guided trip to Gambell, Alaska, with a group of Siberian Chiffchaff chasers. In her pre-trip reading, the author sensed that Gambell was an Alaska few get to see, more rugged, more remote, more filled with adventure. Fueling her fantasies was the chapter on Gambell in Kenn Kaufman's 1973 memoir, Kingbird Highway. The book follows Kaufman as he traveled through the country on a footloose and thrilling “Big Year.” A Big Year is when birders take a year and see as many species as they can within a particular area—whether county, state, continent, or even world. During the guided trip, the author saw the Wagtail, Western Sandpipers, and Snow Buntings.
Surviving the Winter
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter reflects on the author's struggle to go birding on her own after she broke up with her partner. A student of hers joined her on her Wednesday morning walks instead, during which they admired the Snow Goose. This Snow Goose blew in with Hurricane Sandy, which pummeled the East Coast beginning on October 27, 2012. It landed on the South Tivoli Bay, just off of the Hudson River one hundred miles north of Manhattan. As flocks of Snow Geese migrated through, it never joined its comrades en route from the Arctic heading south, perhaps to the Texas coast. The chapter also looks at ornithologist artists.
Rusty Blackbird
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter details the author's experience walking down Cruger Island Road, where she saw a Downy Woodpecker and a White-breasted Nuthatch. It highlights the gift of learning bird songs. Now that the author could name the birds, she knew that it was the Gila Woodpecker that laughed in the Tucson mornings; the Northern Mockingbird and the Red-eyed Vireo signaled home in Pennsylvania; and the Herring Gull screamed of summer and family on Cape Cod. The chapter then looks at the Rusty Blackbird. Though it might be named for the rusty color that in fall adorns the neck of this jet-black bird, its name might describe its squeaky, almost unpleasant song that hardly passes for a song.
Little Blue
Authors: Rogers Susan Fox
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the author's experience of birding on the South Tivoli Bay. There she identified a juvenile Little Blue Heron. The juvenile Little Blue, despite that name, is white, and in size much like a Snowy Egret. The differences between the two species are subtle, except for the feet; the Snowy has great yellow feet that contrast with its black legs. The author also saw a Bald Eagle, Ring-billed Gulls, and a Spotted Sandpiper. The chapter then considers the author's reflection on bird preservation. Since Maunsell Crosby's first sighting in 1929, there have only been a few immature Little Blue Herons in Dutchess County.
Posthumous Lives
Authors: London Bette
Published: January 2023

This book explores the shifting significance of public and private efforts to commemorate British soldiers killed in World War I—as well as the less well-remembered casualties of the war, including Voluntary Aid Detachments, nurses, conscientious objectors, civilians, and soldiers executed for desertion or cowardice—and the compelling hold the First World War has had on the British imagination for more than a century. By using the concept of the posthumous life—the attempt to extend the presence of the dead into the lives of the living—the book demonstrates how this idea came to shape Britain's First World War memory practices and rituals. The book draws on a diverse range of source materials—from sentimental memorabilia books commissioned by bereaved families and canonical works of literature and art by Virginia Woolf, Wilfred Owen, and Sir Edwin Lutyens to centenary memorials and commemorative art installations—to uncover the surprising connections between memorialization practices, war writing, and modernism. Spanning the century from the middle of World War I to its centenary celebrations, the book illuminates, in a deeply moving narrative, how the dead are remembered to meet the shifting needs of the living.
Introduction
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the notion of anonymity, which is deeply rooted in the constitutional values and social norms of the United States. It defines anonymity as the condition of avoiding identification which allowed minorities to express unpopular political viewpoints. Moreover, anonymity empowerment lets people control what details of their identity could be revealed. The chapter also highlights how the First Amendment protections created a culture of anonymity empowerment when combined with technology that prevents identities from being associated with online activities. The culture of anonymity empowerment became an essential component of American democracy as it protected citizens to communicate and receive information without fear of persecution. The chapter considers the call for an end to online anonymity due to the wide range of online harm. It explains that courts and lawmakers should provide balanced protections that simultaneously benefit anonymity and reduce the likelihood of dangerous anonymous behavior.
Empowering Anonymous Association
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which led the court battles for civil rights. The chapter explains the NAACP's work of fighting against discriminatory laws and policies throughout the United States. The Supreme Court began recognizing a qualified First Amendment right to anonymity following the turmoil of civil rights battles in the 1950s. Meanwhile, the NAACP safeguards the anonymity of its members following concerns of facing the threat of severe physical harm or harassment. The chapter explains how NAACP v. Alabama protects a wide range of political and religious groups from being forced to disclose their membership rosters. It also notes how the rules for anonymity shaped anonymity online and offline decades later.