bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the relationship among nutrients on yield of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) clones
Authors: Puentes Paramo Yina Jazbleidi , Goméz Carabalí Arnulfo , Menjivar Flores Juan Carlos
Published: April 2016

Las relaciones entre nutrientes afectan la nutrición de las plantas, favoreciendo el crecimiento y el rendimiento. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la influencia de las relaciones entre nutrientes a nivel foliar, sobre el rendimiento de cuatro clones de cacao fino (Theobroma cacao L.), dos clones autoincompatibles, TSH-565–ICS-39, y dos autocompatibles, CCN-51–ICS-95. Se aplicaron diferentes dosis de fertilización para determinar cuál de estas relaciones afecta más el rendimiento, para ello se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos al azar con cinco tratamientos (TC (control), T1, T2, T3, y T4) consistentes en incrementos sucesivos de NPK, respectivamente de 25%, 50%, 75% y 100% sobre el tratamiento control (TC) y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados muestran diferencias en la concentración de nutrientes a nivel foliar por influencia del clon, tratamiento e interacción clon*tratamiento; por efecto del clon en P, Mg2+, B, Mn2+ y Zn2+; por efecto del tratamiento en todos los nutrientes y por efecto de la interacción clon*tratamiento en N, P, Mg2+, B, Fe2, Mn2+ y Zn2+; lo cual indica que los niveles de fertilización aplicados influyen en la disponibilidad y absorción de nutrientes. En general todos los clones presentan afinidad por Mg2+, S, P; en diferente orden de preferencia por N, K+, Ca2+ y en los elementos menores, por Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Na+, B y Cu2+. De las sesenta y seis relaciones entre nutrientes estudiadas a nivel foliar, se encontró que las relaciones que más se asocian con el rendimiento son: N/Mg, N/P, N/S, N/K; las primeras dos tienen efecto positivo y el resto efecto negativo sobre el rendimiento.
The Influence of Content on the Development of Students' Critical Thinking in the Initial Teaching of Mathematics/Utjecaj sadržaja na razvijanje kritičkog mišljenja učenika u početnoj nastavi matematike
Authors: Maričić Sanja , Špijunović Krstivoje , Lazić Bojan
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper points out the importance of developing critical thinking in the initial teaching of mathematics and highlights some of the problems associated with its realization. In this context, the authors draw attention to the definition of critical thinking and the role of content (tasks) in its development. Starting from the specificity of initial teaching of mathematics and students' age, critical thinking is operationalized through specific skills (formulation of the problem, reformulation of the problem, evaluation, sensitivity to the problems), that become apparent in work with mathematical content. On a sample of 246 students (9.5–10.4 years old), an experimental study (experiment with parallel groups) was organized in order to examine whether, with the selection of appropriate content (tasks), critical thinking in the initial teaching of mathematics can be developed. The results show that, with the appropriate choice of content, students' critical thinking, viewed as a whole, can be developed and that, in that process, we can significantly influence the development of each of its skills (formulation of the problem, reformulation of the problem, evaluation, sensitivity to the problems).Key words: evaluation; formulation of the problem; mathematics; reformulation of the problem; task.---SažetakU radu se ukazuje na važnost razvijanja kritičkog mišljenja učenika u početnoj nastavi matematike i ističu neki od problema koji prate njegovo ostvarivanje. U tom kontekstu autori skreću pozornost na određenje pojma kritičko mišljenje i ulogu sadržaja (zadataka) u njegovu razvijanju. Polazeći od specifičnosti početne nastave matematike i dobi učenika, kritičko mišljenje operacionaliziraju kroz konkretne sposobnosti (formuliranje problema, reformuliranje problema, evaluacija, osjetljivost za probleme) koje dolaze do izražaja u radu s matematičkim sadržajima. Na uzorku od 246 učenika (dobi od 9,5 do 10,4 godina) organizirali su eksperimentalno istraživanje (eksperiment s paralelnim skupinama) s ciljem da ispitaju može li se izborom odgovarajućih sadržaja (zadataka) razvijati kritičko mišljenje učenika u početnoj nastavi matematike. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se adekvatnim izborom sadržaja kritičko mišljenje učenika, promatrano u cjelini, može razvijati i da se pri tome može značajno utjecati na razvijanje svake od njegovih sposobnosti (formuliranje problema, reformuliranje problema, evaluacija, osjetljivost za probleme).Ključne riječi: evaluacija; formuliranje problema; matematika; reformulacija problema; zadatak.
Manual therapy and segmental stabilization in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy
Authors: Aquaroli Rafael Souza , Camacho Elder Soares , Marchi Luis , Pimenta Luiz
Published: April 2016

Abstract Introduction: Cervical radiculopathy (CR) is one of the diseases that most affect the cervical spine, causing radicular symptoms in the ipsilateral limb. Conservative treatment aim recover of both mechanical and physiological functions through neural mobilization techniques, along with the activation of the deep neck flexors with cervical segmental stabilization, combining techniques of joint mobilization and manipulation, which seeks mobility improvement of crucial areas of the cervical spine. The objective of this study was to evaluate a multimodal treatment to enhance the outcomes of conservative care in patients diagnosed with CR. Methods: The sample consisted of 11 patients with CR, between 21 and 59 years old, 3 female and 8 male. It was recorded the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the Functional Development of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale (NPDS) and the goniometry during shoulder abduction. The intervention plan was composed by neural mobilization, intermittent cervical traction, pompages, stretching, myofascial inhibition techniques, manipulative techniques and cervical segmental stabilization exercises. After 12 weeks of treatment, subjects underwent a new evaluation process. Results: Before the treatment, subjects reported an average pain of 7 (± 1.48) in VAS, whose dropped to average 1.18 (± 1.99) (p < 0.01). Functional disability evaluated in NPDS was 36 (± 10.95) before treatment decreasing to 11.45 (± 9.8) (p < 0.01) after the treatment. Range of motion of the ipsilateral upper limb was restores by increasing from 9.2° (± 8.2) to 137° (± 24.4) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The proposed treatment approach was effective, significantly improving the results of analgesia and functional disability a series of cases of patients diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy. {#}
Influence of inspiratory muscle training on weaning patients from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review
Authors: Volpe Márcia Souza , Aleixo Andrezza Aparecida , Almeida Pedro Rodrigo Magalhães Negreiros de
Published: April 2016

Abstract Introduction: The inability of respiratory muscles to generate force and endurance is recognized as an important cause of failure in weaning patients from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Thus, inspiratory muscle training (IMT) might be an interesting treatment option for patients with prolonged IMV weaning. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training in weaning patients from mechanical ventilation and to identify the most effective type of training for this particular purpose. Methods: We searched PubMed, LILACS, PEDro and Web of Science for randomized clinical trials published in English or Portuguese from January 1990 until March 2015. Results: Eighty-nine studies were identified of which five were selected. A total of 267 patients participated in the five randomized clinical trials analyzed here. IMV duration before onset of training varied greatly among subjects. Three studies performed IMT using a threshold device and two studies used adjustments of ventilator pressure sensitivity. Four studies have shown that IMT resulted in a significant increase in inspiratory maximal pressure. Only two studies, however, have reported that IMT resulted in higher success rates in weaning patients from IMV. One study has found that patients showed a shorter ventilator weaning duration after IMT. Conclusion: IMT using pressure threshold devices results in increased inspiratory muscle strength and can therefore be considered a more effective treatment option and with the potential to optimize ventilator weaning success in patients at risk of prolonged IMV.
Evaluation of the surface roughness of a nanofilled composite resin submitted to different smoothing and finishing techniques
Authors: ANSUJ Micheli Del Frari , SANTOS Iuri Silveira dos , MARQUEZAN Marcela , DURAND Letícia Brandão , POZZOBON Roselaine Terezinha
Published: April 2016

Abstract Introduction: Controlling the surface smoothness characteristics of the composite resin when performing a direct restorative technique is one of the factors involved in achieving restorative success. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness of a nanofilled composite resin submitted to different smoothing and finishing techniques. Material and method: Fifty test specimens were made with the Z350 XT composite resin (3M ESPE) and then divided into five study groups according to the smoothing and finishing method applied, as follows: G1 (control), polyester strip; G2, composite spatula; G3, brush cleaned with absolute alcohol and dried; G4, brush cleaned with absolute alcohol, dried and moistened with Single Bond (3M ESPE); and G5, brush cleaned with absolute alcohol, dried and moistened with Natural Glaze surface sealant (DFL). After fabrication, the specimens were stored for 24 h in deionized water. The surface roughness of the specimens was measured using a profilometer. Surface roughness means were compared by analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test at a level of significance of 5%. Result: The lowest surface roughness was observed in G1 (control group) and the highest, in G3. G5 had lower surface roughness values compared to the other test groups, and presented values similar to those of the control group. Conclusion: The smoothing and finishing techniques influenced the surface roughness of the composite resin. Application of the surface sealant by the copolymerization technique resulted in lower roughness values. The use of a clean, dry brush promoted roughness values beyond the acceptable limit, and is therefore liable to compromise the performance of composite resin restorations.
O Potencial Evocado Auditivo com estímulo de fala pode ser uma ferramenta útil na prática clínica?
Authors: Rocha-Muniz Caroline Nunes , Filippini Renata , Neves-Lobo Ivone Ferreira , Rabelo Camila Maia , Morais Aline Albuquerque , Murphy Cristina Ferraz Borges , Calarga Karenina Santos , Leite Libia Camargo Ribeiro , Pires Mayra Monteiro , Sena-Yoshinaga Taise Argolo , Schochat Eliane
Published: April 2016

RESUMO Objetivo: Discutir a aplicabilidade clínica do Potencial Evocado Auditivo com Estímulo de Fala (PEATEf) no auxílio à identificação dos transtornos do processamento auditivo. Métodos : Foram selecionados os prontuários de 27 crianças e adolescentes, com idade entre sete e 15 anos, que apresentaram alteração no PEATEf. Foram levantados os dados referentes à avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo desses indivíduos. Resultados: Observou-se que das 27 crianças com PEATEf alterado, 23 também apresentaram alteração de processamento auditivo. A partir dessa amostra, foi possível apontar probabilidade de 85,15% em observar avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo alterada em uma criança que apresentou PEATEf também alterado. Conclusão: Sugere-se que o PEATEf pode ser utilizado na prática clínica como uma ferramenta importante no diagnóstico do Transtorno do Processamento Auditivo, uma vez que neste estudo uma alteração do PEATEf quase sempre representou, também, uma alteração nos resultados da avaliação comportamental do processamento auditivo, portanto pode ser utilizado para obter informações acerca da percepção dos sons da fala em crianças menores de sete anos ou de difícil avaliação comportamental.
Efeito imediato da terapia manual laríngea em indivíduos disfônicos
Authors: Reimann Ana Paula , Siqueira Larissa Thaís Donalonso , Rondon Ana Vitória , Brasolotto Alcione Ghedini , Silverio Kelly Cristina Alves
Published: April 2016

RESUMO Objetivos: Verificar o efeito imediato da terapia manual laríngea (TML) na dor musculoesquelética, na voz e nas sensações autorreferidas em indivíduos com disfonia funcional/organofuncional de origem comportamental e em indivíduos sem disfonia. Métodos: Participaram 30 indivíduos do gênero feminino e masculino, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos. Foram divididos em grupo disfônico (GD), 15 indivíduos com disfonia funcional/organofuncional; e grupo controle (GC), 15 indivíduos com vozes saudáveis, sem queixas vocais. Todos preencheram questionário de investigação de dor e foram submetidos a registro vocal para posterior avaliação perceptivo-auditiva e acústica da voz. Aplicou-se a TML por 20 minutos em ambos os grupos e repetiu-se a avaliação inicial. Após a TML, os indivíduos realizaram autoavaliação referente às sensações vocais, laríngeas, articulatórias e respiratórias. Resultados: No GD observou-se diminuição da dor após aplicação da TML nas regiões: temporal, laringe, parte posterior do pescoço, punhos/mãos/dedos, parte superior e inferior das costas, quadril/coxas, não observado no GC. A análise perceptivo-auditiva da vogal /a/ revelou que não houve diferença significante em nenhum parâmetro de ambos os grupos após TML. Na fala espontânea, houve piora no parâmetro rugosidade após a TML apenas no GD. Os indivíduos do GD relataram melhor sensação na laringe e articulação após a TML, o mesmo não foi observado no GC. Conclusão: A TML diminuiu a intensidade da dor corporal em disfônicos, o que não ocorreu com os indivíduos sem alterações vocais. Apesar da análise perceptivo-auditiva revelar aumento da rugosidade vocal, foram relatadas sensações positivas na laringe e na articulação pelos disfônicos após a TML.
Armonización conceptual en las ciencias forenses: una mirada terminológica desde la clínica forense
Authors: Plested María Cecilia , Betancur-Jaramillo Alejandra
Published: April 2016

Introducción: resaltamos el valor terminológico de la armonización conceptual del ámbito médico-legal, cuyo enfoque se aplicó en el área de clínica forense a partir de los resultados de la investigación. Buscamos ddeterminar un sistema conceptual integral de términos técnico-científicos en contextos específicos del campo forense. Metodología: aplicación cualitativa en contexto de la TGT y la modelación terminológica, que permitió el rastreo de documentación del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, sede Medellín, con el software Cratilo. El resultado del análisis fue sometido, en Talleres de Validación, a la evaluación por parte de expertos. Resultados: a partir de la delimitación y el análisis para la precisión conceptual, se obtuvo un total de 136 conceptos básicos, que constituyen este sistema conceptual. Conclusiones: el lenguaje en todas las áreas del conocimiento es transversal y la precisión depende siempre de su contexto, lo cual facilita la comunicación, de manera fluida y fiable, entre las diferentes disciplinas existentes. Al evitar opacidades en el lenguaje técnico-científico de uso cotidiano para los que intervienen en el sistema judicial, se optimiza la comunicación entre expertos, y la de estos con los legos y con profesionales de otras ramas del conocimiento.

 
Evaluación de los métodos fenol-cloroformo y columnas de sílice para extracción de ADN a partir de tejido óseo
Authors: Alvis-Arango Alveiro Antonio
Published: April 2016

Propósito: encontrar factores para seleccionar métodos de extracción de
material genético como el fenol-cloroformo y las columnas de sílice, a fin de utilizarlos en el análisis genético, en el marco de las políticas del Gobierno de Colombia de la Ley de Justicia y Paz. Descripción: se hizo un estudio descriptivo aplicando los dos principales métodos de extracción de adn óseo; se analizaron muestras problema que inicialmente no arrojaron resultados reproducibles y verificables. Punto de vista: según los resultados obtenidos, se halló que el tiempo de digestión para las muestras óseas sometidas a extracción de adn por el método de columnas de sílice mejora cuando se hace a las dos horas. Conclusiones: el adn extraído por el método de columnas de sílice es mejor en la recuperación, pero debe ser analizado lo más pronto posible; de lo contrario, el material se degrada si se conserva refrigerado. Este fenómeno no ocurre en extracciones con fenol-cloroformo.

 

 
Diagnostic Genesis Features of Au-Ag Selenide-Telluride Mineralization of Western Java Deposits
Authors: Yuningsih Euis Tintin , Matsueda Hiroharu , Rosana Mega F.
Published: April 2016

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.3.1.67-76The ore mineralogy of the westernmost part of West Java such as Pongkor, Cibaliung, Cikidang, Cikotok, and Cirotan are characterized by the dominance of silver-arsenic-antimony sulfosalt with silver selenides and rarely tellurides over the argentite, whereas the eastern part of West Java including Arinem and Cineam deposits are dominated by silver-gold tellurides. Mineralogy of Se-type deposits at Pongkor, Cikidang, Cibaliung, Cisungsang, and Cirotan and Te-type deposits at Arinem and Cineam shows their different geochemical characteristics. Mineralogical and geochemical differences can be explained by variation of physico-chemical conditions that existed during gold-silver deposition by applying the phase relation among sulfide, telluride, and selenide mineral association in the deposits. The relative values of ƒSe2(g), ƒTe(g), and ƒS2(g) control the actual presence of selenide or telluride minerals within the West Java deposits, which also depend on their concentrations in the hydrothermal fluid. Even though the concentration of selenium in the hydrothermal fluid of Te-type deposits might have been similar or even higher than that in the Se-type, early substitution of selenium in the sulfide minerals prevents its concentration in the hydrothermal fluid to the levels for precipitating selenide minerals. Therefore, early sulfide mineral deposition from reduction fluids will not increase the ƒSe2(g)/ƒS2(g) ratio to form selenide minerals in Te-type deposits of Arinem and Cineam, other than selenium-bearing sulfide mineral such as Se-bearing galena or Se-bearing pyrargyrite-proustite.
WHERE DID WE GO WRONG? A critical assessment of crime prevention
Authors: Pelser Eric , Louw Antoinette
Published: April 2016

The success of any policy is measured by how it is implemented and its effect. Given this, the implementation of crime prevention policy in South Africa has not had a promising start. This is hardly surprising, considering that the lead responsibility for crime prevention lies with the police, rather than with the government departments specifically focused on social issues. It is argued that the establishment of a national crime prevention centre that offers support to local communities be prioritised.
THE PROS AND THE CONS: Public-private partnerships (PPP) in South African prisons
Authors: Sekhonyane Makubetse
Published: April 2016

A decision to introduce new generation prisons, based on the concept of unit management, was aimed at easing overcrowding and promoting the rehabilitation of offenders. The two new privately run prisons in South Africa are based on this concept, and have been in operation for a little over a year. It is too early to say much about their effectiveness and the performance of their staff, but a visit reveals well-run and well-managed facilities which bode well for the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). Nonetheless, within government there seems to be some dissatisfaction with the private prisons.
WHEN CAN I FIRE? Use of lethal force to defend property
Authors: Du Plessis Anton
Published: April 2016

Can you use lethal force to protect your property, and if so, when? South Africans are confused about how much force they can use in defending themselves from crime, and mistakes in this area could have disastrous consequences. While the law remains unclear, the constitutional right to life is likely to be given precedence over the right to protect property.
DO NEW CRIMES NEED NEW LAWS? Legal provisions available for prosecuting human trafficking
Authors: Pithey Bronwyn
Published: April 2016

South Africa seems well on the way to creating specialised human trafficking legislation. The country is a signatory to the United Nations Protocol on Trafficking in Persons, and the SA Law Reform Commission is investigating the issue of trafficking. But there are many legal provisions currently available for prosecuting those engaging in this practice. Perhaps a greater challenge for the prosecution is how to identify acts that constitute ‘trafficking in persons’.
MISSING PIECE IN THE PUZZLE: The health sector’s role in implementing the DVA
Authors: Doolan Katherine
Published: April 2016

Successful implementation of the Domestic Violence Act is impeded by the absence of specific duties and responsibilities for health sector personnel. This article considers the role that the health sector could play. Although amending the Act would be ideal, alternatives include standardising domestic violence screening guidelines and developing an abuse management protocol for the effective implementation of the DVA. In this way, the health sector can make a significant contribution to reducing levels of domestic violence.
OPERATION IRON FIST AFTER SIX MONTHS: Provincial police strategy under review
Authors: Cachalia Firoz
Published: April 2016

At the beginning of July last year, the Gauteng MEC for Community Safety publicly announced the launch of a six month, high intensity police operation called Operation Iron Fist. This article draws from a media statement delivered by the MEC on 2 February 2007 in which the achievements of Iron Fist between July and December 2006 were discussed. Given that little information on policing strategy is currently provided to the public, the SA Crime Quarterly hopes, by publishing extracts of the MEC’s statement, to assist in documenting and publicising anti-crime efforts and to help hold accountable those in positions of leadership on crime in South Africa.
Inside information: Sourcing crime intelligence from incarcerated house robbers
Authors: ZINN RUDOLPH
Published: April 2016

'House robbery' is the term formulated by the South African Police Service (SAPS) to describe a robbery where the perpetrators overpower, detain and rob the residents (occupants) of a residential premise inside their residence. There is evidence that the police have not been successful in preventing or investigating this kind of crime. Part of the problem appears to be that the police do not have sufficient crime intelligence about house robbers. This article focuses on the value of incarcerated offenders of house robberies as an additional source of crime intelligence to the police on the basis of research conducted by the author in Gauteng in 2007.
On the record: Interview with Advocate Menzi Simelane
Authors: Matthews Iole
Published: April 2016

The National Director of Public Prosecutions, Advocate Menzi Simelane, has faced critical and often hostile media attention since his appointment on 1 December 2009. Both the fact of his appointment and his actions as NDPP have been dogged by controversy. In this interview with Iole Matthews, Adv Simelane speaks candidly about the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) and the changes he is making to the way in which the prosecuting authority operates.
On the record: Interview with the Deputy Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, Yunus Carrim
Authors: Jara Mazibuko K
Published: April 2016

Mazibuko K. Jara  interviews Yunus Carrim,Deputy Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, about the Traditional Courts Bill and its implications.
On the record: Interview with Francois Beukman, Executive Director of the Independent Complaints Directorate
Authors: Faull Andrew
Published: April 2016

The Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD) is South Africa’s primary independent agency responsible for investigating complaints against the police. It was established in 1997 under Chapter 10 of the South African Police Service Act. The Act makes the ICD’s sole compulsory mandate the investigation of deaths in police custody or as a result of police action. However, the ICD has also been open to receipt of complaints of police involvement in criminal activity, and failure to comply with the Domestic Violence Act. A new Bill, the Independent Police Investigations Directorate (IPID) Bill, is likely to be adopted in the third quarter of 2011. The new Act will significantly change the current functions of the ICD and will guide the transformation of the ICD into the Independent Police Investigations Directorate (IPID), providing it with its own legislation (independent of the SAPS Act). Under the new legislation the IPID will be mandated to investigate not only deaths in police custody or as a result of police action, but also complaints relating to the discharge of an official firearm by a police official; rape by a police official, rape of any person in police custody; complaints of torture or assault against a police official in the execution of his or her duties; and systemic corruption. The Bill also puts an onus on SAPS managers to report to the IPID on action taken against members following the submission of post-investigation IPID recommendations. Andrew Faull speaks to ICD Executive Director, Francois Beukman, about the changes taking place.
Fear or failure: Why victims of domestic violence retract from the criminal justice process
Authors: Artz Lillian
Published: April 2016

In 2008/9 MOSAIC,with the assistance of the Gender, Health & Justice Research Unit (UCT), embarked on research that sought to identify the factors that contribute to domestic violence victims withdrawing from the legal process before they finalise protection orders (POs) applied for under the Domestic Violence Act (DVA). This study was based on the 2008 work of this author who, in partnership with MOSAIC, interviewed 365 domestic violence victims in the Western Cape about their engagement with and retraction from the criminal justice process.The second tier of this project – reported on here – emerged with more focused interview schedules and the addition of eight jurisdictions from which the sample was drawn. The findings from this study were extensive and pointed to a range of personal, systemic and structural reasons why Domestic Violence Act [DVA] applicants disengage from the criminal justice process. This article will limit its focus on three areas that are relevant to the decision by survivors to withdraw their applications for protection orders: the history and severity of violence, deadly threats, and key findings relating specifically to experiences of DVA applicants with the courts.
On the record: Interview with Peter Tinsley, Executive Director of the Institute for Justice Sector Development, Canada
Authors: Botha Chris
Published: April 2016

As reported by Andrew Faull in the previous edition of SA Crime Quarterly (36), the Independent Police Investigative Directorate (IPID) Bill is expected to be promulgated into South African law towards the end of the year. Once adopted, the new law will significantly change the functions of the Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD), which is currently South Africa’s primary independent agency responsible for investigating complaints against the police. Chris Botha met up with Peter Tinsley, recognised as an expert on the rule of law and the oversight of security forces, at a recent United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) conference on policing reform in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and discussed Canadian developments on issues of police oversight.
On the record: Professor Rachel Jewkes
Authors: Gould Chandré
Published: April 2016

Chandré Gould speaks to Professor Rachel Jewkes, Director of the Gender and Health Unit of the Medical Research Council and a member of the newly formed National Council on Gender-Based Violence. Professor Rachel Jewkes and her colleagues at the Gender and Health Unit have undertaken foundational research on gender-based violence in South Africa for many years; most recently this includes research conducted to assess the levels of rape perpetration in South Africa,and a national study of child and female homicide. The unit has also developed and tested the South African version of the Stepping Stones programme that was shown to be effective in changing men’s sexual risk-taking behaviour and ‘reduced their use of violence’, while also reducing sexually transmitted infections in women.
Control, discipline and punish? Addressing corruption in South Africa
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2016

This article provides a ‘high level’ view of current debates about the causes of and remedies for corruption in South Africa, with a view to reflecting on how to address corruption. The article starts by providing an overview  of the current integrity framework and initiatives to strengthen it within the domains of public administration and criminal justice. Alongside this, the article briefly reviews historical and sociological accounts of corruption in South Africa. This provides the basis for a discussion of the moral economy of corruption. Instead of focusing on questions of surveillance or deterrence, this strand of analysis implies that addressing corruption is not simply about addressing ‘moral deficits’ but engaging with questions about how to advance justice and fairness in South African society.
‘We want the bread, not the crumbs’: Challenging traditional authority in the platinum belt
Authors: Matlala Boitumelo
Published: April 2016

Members of the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela traditional community have attempted to hold their traditional leader to account for decisions affecting the community. This article describes the interactions between some community members, traditional leaders, the state and courts, as members of the community have sought to challenge unilateral action by the traditional leader with regard to how community assets and revenue are managed and accounted for. The article examines the various actions groups and individuals have resorted to in an effort to confront traditional leadership and appeal to politicians, officials and the North West provincial government.
Pervasive, but not politicised: everyday violence, local rule and party popularity in a township in Cape Town
Authors: Wheeler Joanna S
Published: April 2016

This paper explores relationships between political actors, local governance and violence in a community, through the case of security provision in the township of Imizamo Yethu in Cape Town. It traces the actions of key actors including SANCO, the City of Cape Town and ordinary residents in respect of crime, taxi violence, xenophobic attacks, protection rackets and service delivery protests. The extensive and varied nature of violence in Imizamo Yethu is related to uneven political legitmacy. Further, this weak governance is attributable to a lack of legitimacy of both the City of Cape Town and informal community leaders. The latter are take the form of the local branch of a civic association, the South African National Civic Organisation (SANCO) allied to the national ruling party, the Africa National Congress (ANC). In Imizamo Yethu, SANCO is weak and riven by factionalism, but the legitimacy of the ANC remains high and there is no violent contest for local leadership positions. Social cohesion in IY is in flux, and violence is alternately used to shore up particular notions of social cohesion; while in other examples violence erodes social cohesion. In short, inadequate state governance and informal rule co-exist with high levels of political support for the ANC and its allies, high levels of violence and uncertain implications for social cohesion. This account runs against three common key assumptions. The first is that, under conditions of weak rule, violence is primarily about contests over political power. The pervasiveness of violence by a variety of social actors in Imizamo Yethu, but not so much by SANCO or the ANC, challenges this assumption. The second is that the violence is constitutive of informal rule in such contexts. However, in Imizamo Yethu the importance of party identification and ability to extract resources from the local state are more important to effective local rule than violent capacities. Lastly, the case of IY illustrates that effective local rule is not necessarily an important condition of party legitimacy, which is rooted in larger dynamics of national and race politics. Indeed, such is the extent of political adherence , as opposed to social cohesion, that violence forms no part of competition within the ANC family for local office and political control.
Pulling us apart? The association between fear of crime and social cohesion in South Africa
Authors: Roberts Benjamin J. , Gordon Steven L.
Published: April 2016

Fear of crime, like crime itself, is thought to be a factor that constrains efforts by government and non-state actors at promoting socially cohesive communities and a caring society. As concern  over South Africa's social fabric have mounted, increasing policy attention has been directed at perceptions of safety and nation-building. In this study, we use nationally representative survey data to examine recent theoretical models on the link between fear of crime and social cohesion within communities. The results do not offer strong support for the hypothesis that higher fear of crime is associated with lower levels of social trust, neighbouthood ties and civic cohesion, although fear does have a moderate, adverse influence on attitudes towards law enforcement.
Efecto del programa “muévete por tu salud” sobre la composición corporal, presión arterial, calidad de sueño y estrés académico en estudiantes residentes de una universidad privada confesional
Authors: Salinas Arias Saulo , Pérez Rivera Jessica , Castro Rodríguez Elda
Published: April 2016

universitaria como parte del cumplimiento de la reforma pro salud. Objetivo: Determinar la
eficiencia del programa “Muévete por tu salud” en la composición corporal, presión arterial,
calidad de sueño y estrés académico en los estudiantes residentes UPeU sede Tarapoto.
Método: Se desarrolló el programa de actividad física denominado “Muévete por tu salud”
con 79 estudiantes (F59 – M20) entre las edades de 16 y 19 años que residen en el campus
universitario. Las variables consideradas fueron: Composición corporal (IMC-P.ABD), presión
arterial (S-D), calidad de sueño (PQSI) y estrés académico (SISCO). El diseño del estudio fue pre
experimental con pre y post prueba. El análisis de datos fue mediante el software estadístico
SPSS (20.0). Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de las características sociodemográficas y la prueba
t de Student para muestras relacionadas, en las variables composición corporal y presión
arterial, en el caso de calidad de sueño y estrés académico se empleó la prueba Wilcoxon,
por ser variables cualitativas sin distribución normal (p < 0.05). Resultados: Las diferencias en
las medias en el pre y post del IMC y P.ABD son mínimas. En la PA, PSQI Y SISCO son amplias.
En la prueba t para muestras relacionadas pre y post test se observa que en el IMC Y P.ABD
de las FCS y FIA no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas excepto el P.ABD de la
FCE con p=.033. Finalmente, en las tres Facultades, las variablesPAS–D, presentan diferencias
estadísticamente significativas, con p< 0.05. y en el PSQI y SISCO la FIA, no presenta diferencias.
Conclusiones: El programa de actividad física desarrollado tuvo efecto significativo en el
PA, PSQI y SISCO; sin embargo, para el IMC y P.ABD no se lograron los resultados esperados.
Construcción y validación de la Escala del perdón (VAPPER 490)
Authors: Aranda Jessica , Palacios Aranza , Villalba Anais
Published: April 2016

El objetivo de este estudio fue la construcción y evaluación de las
propiedades psicométricas de un instrumento que evalúa la capacidad de
perdonar en jóvenes y adultos entre las edades de 20 y 35 años. Para tal
fin en la primera etapa del estudio se realizó la delimitación conceptual del
constructo y se elaboró el instrumento preliminar (42 ítems) basado en la
revisión de la literatura referente al perdón, tanto a sí mismo, a otros y a
las situaciones. En la segunda etapa, se consideró una muestra piloto de
150 jóvenes y adultos, donde se efectuó el análisis factorial exploratorio a
fin de someter a un análisis riguroso la naturaleza teórica y dimensional del
constructo. Asimismo se obtuvo el coeficiente alpha de Cronbach tanto para
las dimensiones como para la escala global. Se concluye que el instrumento
evidencia buena consistencia interna y validez de constructo.
Estudio de la demanda de tasas de transferencia para determinar el ancho de banda requerido para el acceso a internet con calidad en instituciones universitarias
Authors: Valles Coral Miguel Ángel , Apaza Tarqui Edison Effer , Pérez Suárez Joel
Published: April 2016

Esta investigación es el resultado del estudio realizado a fines del año 2014
para determinar el ancho de banda mínimo requerido (a contratar) por la
Universidad Nacional de San Martín – Tarapoto [UNSM-T], en función a las
tasas de transferencia que a nivel de la red LAN demandan los estudiantes
que cuenta con un dispositivo de conexión inalámbrica y lo utilizan en el
campus universitario. Para determinar el ancho de banda requerido se
aplicó la fórmula de Contreras, O y Contreras. N. (2010). Este cálculo se
basó en la aplicación de métodos estadísticos que permiten determinar
una muestra que permite inferir los resultados a la población universitaria.
El matrimonio, ¿todavía importa?: Una evaluación de la convivencia a la luz de la Biblia
Authors: M. Davidson Richard , Iparraguirre Joel
Published: April 2016

Desde la perspectiva cristiana, el matrimonio “es una institución divina
de primordial importancia que, de acuerdo con la Escritura, fue dada por
Dios mismo”. Es, además, un “compromiso [mutuo] de exclusividad y
de permanencia”. Sin embargo, en muchas sociedades el matrimonio es
considerado como una opción, dando cabida a la convivencia como una
alternativa razonable. El presente ensayo no se enfoca en la investigación
científica en sí, al contrario, evalúa la práctica de la convivencia y sus
efectos a la luz de las Escrituras.
Ukrainas konstitutionella sicksackande. Regimförändring och partiutveckling under semipresidentialism
Authors: Sedelius Thomas
Published: April 2016

Ukraine has repeatedly shifted between the two sub-types of semi-presidentialism, i.e. between premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism. The aim of this article is to discuss to what extent theoretical arguments against premier-presidential and president-parliamentary systems are relevant for understanding the shifting directions of the Ukrainian regime. As a point of departure, I formulate three main claims from the literature: 1) “President-parliamentarism is less conducive to democratization than premier-presidentialism.” 2) “Semi-presidentialism in both its variants have built-in incitements for intra-executive conflict between the president and the prime minister.” 3) “Semi-presidentialism in general, and president-parliamentarism in particular, encourages presidentialization of political parties.” I conclude from the study’s empirical overview that the president-parliamentary system – the constitutional arrangement with the most dismal record of democratization – has been instrumental in strengthening presidential dominance and authoritarian tendencies. The premier-presidential period 2006–2010 was by no means smooth and stable, but the presidential dominance weakened and the survival of the government was firmly anchored in the parliament. During this period, there were also indications of a gradual strengthening of institutional capacity among the main political parties and the parliament began to emerge as a significant political arena.
(Published: April 2016)
Citation: Thomas Sedelius (2016) »Ukrainas konstitutionella sicksackande: Regimförändring och partiutveckling under semipresidentialism». Nordisk Østforum 30 [1] 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/nof.v30.389
Myndighetsutøver, ressursforvalter og livredder – den russiske kystvakten i støpeskjeen
Authors: Åtland Kristian
Published: April 2016

The Russian Coast Guard, or Beregovaya okhrana, was formally established in 2007 and plays a crucial role in the management of natural resources located in the vast maritime areas under Russian jurisdiction. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the Coast Guard’s organisation, capabilities and operations in the maritime areas that surround the Russian Federation, and to discuss the service’s ability to effectively perform its missions, now and in the period up to 2020. Special emphasis is placed on the situation in the northern waters. In the Barents Sea, the Russian Coast Guard cooperates closely with its Norwegian counterpart. This cooperation has existed for a long time, and it has not been adversely affected by the general deterioration of Russian–Western relations after Russia’s 2014 intervention in Ukraine and the subsequent freeze in military-to-military cooperation. The article argues that Norway and Russia have a common interest in continuing the cooperation on non-military issues such as maritime search and rescue, fisheries management and law enforcement at sea.
(Published: April 2016)
Citation: Kristian Åtland (2016) «Myndighetsutøver, ressursforvalter og livredder – den russiske kystvakten i støpeskjeen». Nordisk Østforum 30 [1] 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/nof.v30.390
URBAN CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE THEORETICAL ARCHITECTURAL AND CITY PLANNING DISCOURSE
Authors: MONASTYRSKAIA Marina Evgen'evna
Published: April 2016

The author makes an att empt to thinking in terms of architectural science challenges of globalization. Globalization is seen by the author, not only as dissemination of the stereotypical image of urban forms, but also terrestrial civilization; the loss of diversity in urban areas, the unifi cation of the urban environment. The article presents several levels of study of the problem: statement; analysis and evaluation process with deducing its laws; refl ection in order to overcome the negative factors, and process optimization. The author supports the idea of regional identity as a condition for the existence of an original architecture in a globalizing world. The article presents the results of the analysis, systematization and generalization of theoretical research in the fi eld of architecture and construction, devoted to the problems of globalization as a factor of city planning. The semantic boundaries of the problem fi eld of modern urbanization have been defi ned according to the growth of globalization tendencies in urban planning development. The direction of the optimization of urban technologies has been denoted corresponding diff erent paradigms of city-formation.
Structure of Core-Shell Ni/Au Nanoparticles Synthesized in Two-Stage Process From Aqueous Salt Solutions
Authors: Zaharov Yu.A. , Dodonov V.G. , Pugachev V.M. , Russakov D.M. , Ivanova N.V. , Kolmykov R.P. , Yeremenko N.K. , Obraztsova I.I.
Published: April 2016

Core-shell Ni/Au nanoparticles are synthesized in a two-stage process in aqueous solutions. The core-shell structure of the synthesized particles is proven by using results of HRTEM, TEM, SAXS and CVA methods. The thickness of the core is estimated at 1 nm and it is formed from 1–2 layers of mutually oriented gold crystallites. The CVA results show that the Au-shells are nanoporous, and that a layer of nickel oxidation products is formed. These results were obtained by using Vis spectrophotometer, TEM, HRTEM, SAXS, CVA and elemental analysis.
Synthesis of BaTiO3-TiO2-Graphene Nanocomposites and Kinetics Studies on their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Li J. , Ko J.W. , Ko W.B.
Published: April 2016

BaTiO3-TiO2 nanoparticles were fabricated by a wet-chemical method using barium chloride dihydrate (BaCl2·2H2O), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and oxalic acid (C2H2O4) as precursors. BaTiO3-TiO2-graphene nanocomposites were obtained by heating the BaTiO3-TiO2 nanoparticles with graphene in an electric furnace at 700 °C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the resulting products were BaTiO3-TiO2-graphene nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the morphologyof the nanocomposites. UV-vis spectrophotometry was used to analyze the photocatalytic degradation of several organic dyes using the BaTiO3-TiO2-graphene nanocomposites as a photocatalyst under ultraviolet irradiation at 254 nm.
Pyrolysis of Polyacrylonitrile/Technical Hydrolytic Lignin Composites
Authors: Sazanov Y. , Kosyakov D. , Krutov S. , Kostereva T. , Kulikova Y. , Shkaeva N. , Ladesov A. , Ipatova Y. , Pokryshkin S. , Fedorova G.
Published: April 2016

One important problem is utilization of technical hydrolytic lignin (the waste formed paper-and-pulp and hydrolysis industry). For a practical implementation, the essential task of transforming insoluble hydrolytic lignin into low molecular weight products with high degree of functionalization should be performed. In prospect, these products can serve as raw materials for synthesis of various organic compounds demanded in chemical industry. Among other things, activation and fragmentation of hydrolytic lignin yields low molecular weight compounds which may be used for modifying synthetic polymers (polymer-analogous transformations). In the present work, the search for the optimal solvents (activators) for technical hydrolytic lignin has been conducted; the dimethyl sulfoxide/water binary mixture proved to be the best solvent. Methods of thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, TGA; differential thermal analysis, DTA; differential scanning calorimetry, DSC; thermal volumetric analysis, TVA) combined with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to determine the grades of technical hydrolytic lignin most suitable for activation and fragmentation. The necessary conditions for thermal treatment of lignin samples and concentrations of initial compounds (lignin and polyacrylonitrile, PAN) in the binary solvent mixture (dimethyl sulfoxide/water) facilitating maximum THL fragmentation and its successful interaction with PAN were found. When using the dimethylsulfoxide-water binary mixture (70:30 mass ratio) as a solvent, homogeneous forming solution of initial components (THL-PAN) was prepared. With the use of syringe method, form-stable fibers with a maximum lignin content of 80% and strength of about 50 MPa were obtained. Analytical pyrolysis of composites (products of THL-PAN interaction in the binary solvent) allowed us to suggest a mechanism for THL fragmentation involving the binary solvent.