bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 2 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on cardiology, including arrhythmias, clinical syndromes, cardiac physical examination, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, vascular medicine, and hypertension. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Nephrology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 10 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on nephrology including electrolyte disorders, acid-base disorders, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, and glomerular disease. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Allergy Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 11 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on allergic diseases including seasonal allergies, angioedema, anaphylaxis, asthma, drug allergy, and stinging insect allergy. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Introduction to EEG
Authors: Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

EEG is a key instrument aiding the identification of seizures and diagnosis of epilepsy. Additionally, EEG is used in patients with confirmed epilepsy to assist medical treatment by identifying the type of discharge, and assist surgical treatment by localizing and characterizing the seizure focus. Terminology is first presented followed by a discussion of the role of EEG in diagnosis and management.
Basic Science of EEG
Authors: Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

Basic science of EEG includes neurophysiology as well as electronics. First discussed is an overview of basic neurophysiology as it pertains to generation of cerebral electrical activity. Subsequently, basic electronics is presented with a focus on physics and circuit theory as applied to EEG. Include in this is discussion of the science behind EEG equipment including electrodes, amplifiers, filters, and displays. Lastly, the physiologic generators of normal and abnormal EEG activity are discussed, as a foundation for understanding the basis for what we see in clinical EEG.
EEG Technology
Authors: Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

EEG technology concerns the equipment and methods of EEG performance as well as essentials of technical EEG interpretation. EEG quality is greatly determined by the skill and performance of the technologist, especially since EEG is a fluid study, which evolves depending on real-time impression of the EEG and clinical behaviors of the patient. EEG methodology is first discussed followed by approaches to EEG evaluation during and after the study by technician and electroencephalographer.
Seizure Management
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

Seizure management consists of medical therapy, surgical therapy, non-medical therapy, and counseling. Medical therapy is prominently discussed with subsequent presentation of non-medical and surgical therapies. Counseling is discussed with the understanding that some of the specific topics of counseling are dependent on regional laws and practice and patient-specific considerations.
Audiovisual Palimpsests
Authors: Brown Julie
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines questions about musical scores of silent films. It highlights the ephemeralityof exhibition practices for the silent film and describes the reconstruction and exhibition of “special scores” composed for individual films. It discusses the main objectives for undertaking a project to resynchronize a “special score” with a silent film and identifies the elements of an “edition” of a silent film score that could have meaning in various forms.
Gender, Sexuality, and the Soundtrack
Authors: Buhler James
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines issues about film soundtrack in relation to gender and sexuality. It analyzes the connection of soundtrack theory to feminist and queer theories, and it considers the adjustments to these two theoretical positions that are necessary when attention is brought to bear on the soundtrack. It reviews the films Suddenly, Last Summer and The Hours, and suggests that it is often difficult to neatly separate feminist and queer readings because both bear on sexuality as it relates to power.
Music and the Ontology of the Sound Film
Authors: Buhler James , Neumeyer David
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the history of the transitional decade between the 1920s and the 1930s, which saw the shift from sound in silent film performance practices to music in the soundtrack of the sound film. It traces the specific stages of this transition, focusing on music’s passage into the soundtrack, and suggests that sound film markedly transformed nearly every facet of filmmaking. It also argues that there are continuities in the treatment of music that have important impacts on the integrated soundtrack of the classical Hollywood sound film, which served as the benchmark for sound feature films generally.
The Origins of Musical Style In Video Games, 1977–1983
Authors: Lerner Neil
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the history of music in video games, particularly arcade games, during the period from 1977 to 1983. It identifies the factors that influenced early video game music and describes the process of creating the musical score for games such as Space Invaders and Donkey Kong. It suggests that the early history of video game music has parallels with the early film music practices and shows that video games adopted many of the same strategies for fitting music to screen action.
“The Tunes They Are A-changing”
Authors: Smith Jeff
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the history of interactions between the film and music industries. It suggests that this history shows a pattern of several long-term business cycles and that each cycle was influenced by an important change, in film technology, music technology, industry structures, or in some combination of these. It also highlights the trend of declining sales of music compact discs and the reduction in filmmakers’ music budget.
Composing for Film
Authors: Schweinhardt Peter , Gall Johannes C. , Dahin Oliver
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the career of film music composer Hanns Eisler. It explains that Eisler wrote music for films in virtually every year of his adult life and has covered more cultural and political ground than any prominent composer in the twentieth century. It describes Eisler’s experience as an early practitioner in sound, film including the experimental Film Music Project. This chapter also summarizes the motivations and methods associated with Eisler’s “lifelong film music project” and analyzes the book Composing for the Films, which Eisler coauthored with musicologist and philosopher Theodor W. Adorno.
Performing Prestige
Authors: Platte Nathan
Published: February 2014

This chaptertraces the history of orchestral music in silent films in the United States during the period from 1910 to 1958. It provides a case study of short films of symphonic performances from the 1950s to illustrate the role of the orchestra not only in the cinema but also more broadly in American culture. It suggests that while orchestral scores continue to play an important role in certain genres of American cinema, they no longer characterize a particular theater’s exhibition style or studio’s soundtrack.
Two Post-Keynesian Approaches to Uncertainty and Irreducible Uncertainty
Authors: O'Donnell Rod
Published: February 2014

Uncertainty, especially irreducible uncertainty, is an essential component of Keynes’s General Theory and of post-Keynesian economics. Within post-Keynesianism, however, two contrasting understandings of uncertainty and its cognate concepts have emerged over the last few decades. These are the Human Abilities/Characteristics approach and the Ergodic/Nonergodic approach, which are often portrayed as epistemological uncertainty and ontological uncertainty respectively. According to the former, uncertainty is ultimately grounded on certain inescapable limitations in human knowledge and abilities to acquire knowledge, regardless of the ontology of the domain being investigated. According to the latter, uncertainty is ultimately grounded on the ontology of the domain being investigated, regardless of any limitations in human knowledge or ability. This chapter provides a detailed dissection and explanation of the core constituents of the two approaches, and concludes by summarizing their differences and posing some questions for reflection.
A Personal View of Post-Keynesian Elements in the Development of Economic Complexity Theory and Its Application to Policy
Authors: Rosser Barclay
Published: February 2014

This chapter looks at three schools of post-Keynesian thought, dynamic/Kaleckian, Sraffian/neo-Ricardian, and uncertainty/Davidsonian, and two schools of economic complexity theory, dynamic and computational. It argues that while the origins of complexity theory in general are mathematical, with the earliest applications often in physics or biology, the earliest applications in economics for both the dynamic and computational complexity schools have come from post-Keynesian sources, with all three schools involved. Probably the deepest and most direct link between any of these is between the dynamic/Kaleckian and dynamic complexity schools. Dynamic complexity has been defined as endogenous trajectories that do not converge to a point, a limit cycle, or a simple expansion or implosion, in short some sort of more erratic pattern that may involve catastrophic discontinuities or aperiodic chaotic dynamics, among other possibilities. The Kaleckian branch of post-Keynesian economics arguably preceded even the publication of John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), initiated by Michal Kalecki (1935) himself, with a “macrodynamic” model capable of generating endogenous cycles due to a nonlinear investment function.
Marx and the Post-Keynesians
Authors: Sardoni Claudio
Published: February 2014

John Maynard Keynes never showed much sympathy toward Karl Marx, largely due to their very different political and ideological stances. Despite these differences, however, there are important points of contact between their analyses of the working of market economies. This chapter looks at the relationship between Marxian and post-Keynesian economics from the perspective that was suggested by Joan Robinson beginning in the 1950s. Such a perspective concentrates on Marxian schemes of reproduction. The basic condition for a balanced process of reproduction is that the whole produced surplus is sold in the market, so that there are no imbalances between supply and demand. This raises an analytical issue that requires an analysis of the role of money in the process. The chapter also considers a generalized version of Marx’s schemes, presented in a way that makes it easier to relate them to the Kaleckian and Keynesian approaches. Finally, it looks at Michal Kalecki’s approach as well as E. D. Domar’s and R. F. Harrod’s theories of growth.
Theorizing About Post-Keynesian Economics in Australasa
Authors: Dalziel Paul , Nevile J. W.
Published: February 2014

There was much in common in the development of post-Keynesian economics in Australia and New Zealand, but there were also many differences. Both countries shared a common heritage in higher education. In the first twenty-five years after World War II, both countries adopted broadly Keynesian policies and experienced very low levels of unemployment. Increasingly over these years more theorizing about macroeconomic policy had what now would be called a post-Keynesian content, but this label was not used till after the event. In both countries, apart from one important factor, the experience of actual monetary policy and theorizing about it were similar. Keynesian ideas were more rapidly adopted in Australia than in many other countries. Not surprisingly for a couple of decades after 1936, analysis of policy and its application was Keynesian rather than post-Keynesian, with fiscal policy playing the major role. The conduct of both monetary and fiscal policy depends on the theory of inflation. This chapter examines post-Keynesian economics in Australasia, focusing on aggregate demand, economic growth, and income distribution policy.
Keynesianism and the Crisis
Authors: Taylor Lance
Published: February 2014

Historically, financial crises have been commonplace. Why did the latest episode almost derail the world economy? The macroeconomics developed by John Maynard Keynes and his close followers provides the only plausible set of answers, including rising income inequality that spilled over into debt accumulation at the same time as household consumption rose, low real interest rates, massive expansion of financial assets and liabilities as investors borrowed heavily (increased leverage) to buy assets with rising prices, and an ample supply of imports and capital inflows from the rest of the world to the United States. In an accommodating political economy environment these factors linked the real and financial sides of the US economy to create the crisis.
Data in Construction Grammar
Authors: Gries Stefan Th.
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the types of data used in constructionist approaches and the parameters along which data types can be classified. It discusses different kinds of quantitative observational/corpus data (frequencies, probabilities, association measures) and their statistical analysis. In addition, it provides a survey of a variety of different experimental data (novel word/construction learning, priming, sorting, etc.). Finally, the chapter discusses computational-linguistic/machine-learning methods as well as new directions for the development of new data and methods in Construction Grammar.
Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Broccias Cristiano
Published: February 2014

This chapter offers an overview of Ronald Langacker's Cognitive Grammar (CG), with special reference to the relation between CG and constructionist approaches. It explains that although CG was developed prior to constructionist approaches, it shares many assumptions with them. CG views language as being grounded in embodied human experience and language-independent cognitive processes, and it assumes grammar to be inherently meaningful, and that language consists of form-meaning pairings or assemblies of symbolic structures. The chapter also addresses the relation between lexemes and constructions and discusses semantic and grammatical roles in CG.
Radical Construction Grammar
Authors: Croft William
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses the theory of Radical Construction Grammar (RCG). The typological diversity of languages leads to the hypothesis that all grammatical categories are language specific and construction specific and so constructions are basic units of syntactic representation. It also leads to the hypothesis that there is no formal syntactic structure other than the part/whole structure of constructions and the grammatical roles that occur in constructions, and that constructions are language specific. The chapter offers innovative approaches to grammatical categories, generalizations and universals, and integrates both language-internal and cross linguistic variation into construction grammar.
Abstract Phrasal and Clausal Constructions
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines abstract phrasal and clausal constructions, the most complex and schematic end of the constructicon cline. It outlines how constructionist approaches can describe and model even the most abstract of syntactic structures. The chapter discusses the arrangement of declarative, interrogative, imperative, and relative clauses in default inheritance networks and points out differences between those Construction Grammar frameworks that take a usage-based approach and those which do not. It also analyzes English comparative correlative construction and provides empirical evidence for a specific intonational signature of this construction.
Psycholinguistics
Authors: Bencini Giulia M. L.
Published: February 2014

This chapter focuses on psycholinguistics of language production. It provides empirical evidence for and against the two-stage model of language production, which assumes separate levels for functional (semantic and syntactic) processing, as well as for positional processing. The chapter also discusses the results of studies supporting the existence of lexically independent structure building operations in language production in addition to lexical representations. It also contends that lexically independent structural processes often receive a straightforward interpretation as abstract constructions in a Construction Grammar framework.
Ecology and Environment
Authors: McCann James
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the ecological and environmental history of modern Africa. It explores the range of environmental challenges faced by Africa’s peoples over the past two centuries of imperialism and globalization and considers the extent to which these challenges were particular to the African continent. After setting out the diversity of Africa’s environments and climatic patterns, it examines levels of biodiversity and endemism, the creation of the forest fallow agricultural system in West Africa, the impact of New World crops, the interaction between disease and landscape in East Africa, and finally the ecological impact of the ‘urban footprint’ in the postcolonial period.
Demography and Disease
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses the literature relating to demography and disease in Africa. It evaluates the impact on patterns of morbidity and mortality of Africa’s accelerating integration into globalized trading networks in the nineteenth century, and subsequently of its conquest by European empires. The debate about the role played by colonial rule in stimulating Africa’s shift from historic underpopulation towards extremely rapid growth forms the heart of the chapter. The later sections consider competing theories which seek to explain the distinctiveness of fertility decline within Africa and the literature which has tried to evaluate and explain the demographic impact of Africa’s HIV pandemic.
The African Diaspora
Authors: Parker John
Published: February 2014

In recent decades, research on the African diaspora has increasingly expanded from its established focus on the northern Atlantic to Latin America, the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean world, and the African continent itself. This chapter discusses differing definitions of the diaspora, considers the role of pioneering scholars in early twentieth-century Cuba, Brazil, and the United States, and examines the debate between those who have stressed lines of cultural continuity between Africa and African American peoples, on the one hand, and those who have stressed cultural transformation or ‘creolization’ in the Americas, on the other. Recent research on African American religions has moved the field beyond the search for African origins by showing how the practitioners of these belief systems creatively and strategically imagined and reimagined ‘African’ ritual identities and Africa itself. Finally, the process of creolization in the African continent itself and in the Indian Ocean are considered.
Chieftaincy
Authors: Willis Justin
Published: February 2014

Across Africa, the term chief has been—and still is—used to describe individuals whose status and influence is extremely diverse; no single analytical model can explain the multiple phenomena of ‘chieftaincy’. But a broad pattern can be observed. Across much of the continent, individuals who possessed political authority in precolonial societies did so most effectively not by monopolizing a single kind of power, but by dealing in multiple forms of powerful knowledge. In the colonial period and subsequently, this brokering of knowledge has acquired a new productive potency, serving as a means to both mediate and reproduce a distinction between tradition on the one hand and the state on the other.
Between the Present and History
Authors: Allman Jean
Published: February 2014

It is now a half-century since most countries on the African continent saw the end of colonial rule. The first sustained scholarly attention to decolonization was authored largely by social scientists in the 1950s, who focused on ruling elites, party politics, constitutional development, and the transfer of power. Their successors, in the 1960s–1970s, brought new interpretive tools to the study of decolonization, including dependency theory, in order to make sense of the contemporary realities of political instability and economic underdevelopment. Since the 1980s, historians have brought the insights of women’s history, labour history, and social history to the table in order to demonstrate that nationalist scripts were often written ‘from below’. More recently, a focus on political imagination and political cultures, as well as the utilization of comparative and transnational approaches, has worked to free decolonization from its moorings as either the triumphal ‘end’ of colonial history or the opening scene in a postcolonial tale of ‘what went wrong’.
New Religious Movements
Authors: Hanretta Sean
Published: February 2014

The late twentieth century saw the rise of new forms of religiosity and a growing consensus about the utility of the concept of ‘religion’ to describe a wide range of beliefs and practices. The idea that Africa was perpetually in need of modernization and socio-economic ‘development’ influenced the theological and practical evolution of Christianity, Islam, and various ‘indigenous’ spiritual traditions. Pentecostalism and reformist Islam shared a turn towards the personalization of spiritual quests and a sense of rupture with the recent past. New movements attacked existing institutions, paths to religious knowledge and authority, and the perceived routinization of spiritual guidance. New patterns of connection between Africa and the rest of the world produced complex mixings and inventions separate from the movement of peoples or the territorial expansion of empires. Further research is needed into the links between the political and financial institutions shaping recent forms of globalization and the intellectual and social content of new religious movements.
Urbanization and Urban Cultures
Authors: Parker John
Published: February 2014

Urbanization and the creation of distinctive urban cultures are amongst the most dramatic social transformations in modern African history. This chapter considers the emergence of the field of African urban studies in the late colonial period, as sociologists began to research new forms of town life, and traces the development of a fully fledged urban history of the continent through to current concerns with ‘urban imaginaries’. The cosmopolitan nature of African towns and cities is traced from the nineteenth century to the colonial and postcolonial cities of the twentieth century by way of the key themes in urban history: built environments and urban networks, social and economic life, urban politics, and the arts.
Health and Healing
Authors: Hunt Nancy Rose
Published: February 2014

The ‘Health and Healing’ field emerged in the late 1970s as a way to focus more on vernacular healing practice and the politics of health. The essay covers an earlier generation of colonial anthropological work; key concepts like public healing, the social costs of production, drums of affliction, ambivalence, translation, debility, care, and therapeutic citizenship; and major themes, including colonial medicine, health workers, reproductive health, the psychiatric, experimentality, global health, and conjoined healing and harming dynamics. It argues that the field produced a now vibrant and quite presentist genre, ethnographic history; that the new STS-influenced work on materialities, memory, and war is vital; but that this field in African history is also worthy of robust research producing a deeper past.
Economic Growth
Authors: Jerven Morten
Published: February 2014

The study of long-term growth in Africa has recently been invigorated by the work of economists. To date, this literature has been motivated by explaining a divergence of income and has focused on finding persistent factors that can explain a chronic failure of growth in Africa. This chapter reviews some periods of economic growth in the past two centuries, and suggests that there must be more to learn from studying these periods of economic change and accumulation, particularly because they were accompanied by significant changes in institutions, or how the economy and the society was organized. The African economic history literature does emphasize dynamism—as opposed to persistence, and diversity in outcomes across time and space—in contrast to the average stagnation that has prompted the economic literature. In sum, there is more to learn from studying the history of economic growth in the African past than can be gauged from a search for a root cause of African economic underdevelopment.
African Literary Histories and History in African Literatures
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: February 2014

This chapter offers a series of approaches to, and questions about, the different types of historical engagement to be found in African literatures. History, in African literatures, is not a term that applies simply to narratives that engage with the past: African literatures offer historians examples of the imagination in history and the imagination as history. The chapter proposes a three-tiered methodology: first, consideration of the time and place of literary production; second, consideration of the ways in which works of literature engage with the concepts of time, memory, and historical consciousness; and third, consideration of the temporal and geographical distances separating literary works from their current audiences.
Communications and Media in African History
Authors: Brennan James
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines how media technologies have constituted and transformed Africa’s multiple public spheres over the past two centuries. Exogenous and often ‘colonial’ in origin, print and electronic media have nonetheless induced new intellectual communities in which African actors played a determinative role. Knowledge and power had previously been tightly linked under the purview of precolonial elites. Colonial-era media transformed this relationship by attempting to democratize knowledge while monopolizing power, providing key opportunities for African political challengers. Newspapers and radio in particular extended the promise of political accountability, but often delivered the less-satisfying experience of state and corporate monopoly. Greater attention to the political economies in which media are embedded offers historians opportunity to integrate the material and economic lives of African actors with the better-studied intellectual trajectories of Africa’s varied public spheres.
‘A Dirtier Reality?’ Archaeological Methods and the Urban Project
Authors: Schofield John
Published: February 2014

Strait Street in Malta’s capital Valletta is an extraordinary street, and one that has fascinating stories to tell about its resident population and visitors over nearly 300 years. For Strait Street (part of which was also known as The Gut) was a focal point for visiting navies, from Nelson’s time until the departure of the British Royal Navy in the 1960s and early ’70s. But such was the contradiction between this street’s activities and Catholic society that the street has remained empty post-abandonment. This situation is only now beginning to change. This chapter briefly summarizes a project which set out to record, interpret, and present Strait Street to diverse audiences, focusing here on the field methods used in the investigation. While this is primarily an archaeological study, the methodology also incorporates ethnographic and historic components to construct a complex narrative of coexistence and tolerance in the heart of the Mediterranean.
Absence
Authors: Fowles Severin , Heupel Kaet
Published: February 2014

Archaeological methodologies direct our attention towards the study of present, material things. This is frequently praised as its greatest contribution to social theory. But humans cultivate relationships with absent things as well, and these absent things can be marked and assertive, exerting a powerful influence on society despite their immateriality. How, then, to engage in an archaeological study of absent things? And how might we undertake this project without slipping into the romantic notion that absences are necessarily mournful, in the sense that so many authors now write of the absence of the past as tragedy of the present? Here, it is argued that this issue has a special relevance to the archaeology of the contemporary past, and the authors draw upon recent excavations at the New Buffalo Commune-a 1960s and 1970s hippie commune in New Mexico-to explore the shifting relationships between modernity and absence on the one hand, and between absence and desire on the other.
Actor-Network-Theory Approaches to the Archaeology of Contemporary Architecture
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: February 2014

The chapter contributes to unravelling how Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) as a method of inquiry might inform the archaeological understanding of the contemporary world. To illustrate this, the author engages in an inquiry on Shin Takamatsu’s architecture following Guattari’s fascination with his architectural machines in the 1980s. Drawing on two epistemological figures-the hasty sightseer and the slow ethnographer-the chapter demonstrates two different approaches to contemporary architecture. It is argued that ANT methodologies can help to create a space in which the past, present, and future are combined and are still in the process of becoming. Equipped with ANT-inspired methods, contemporary archaeologists can engage in explorations of vibrant processes and emergent world-making techniques.
Autoanthropology, Modernity, and Automobiles
Authors: Lemonnier Pierre
Published: February 2014

The chapter deals both with the changing relations boys and men have had and have with ‘classic’ cars of the 1950s–1960s (notably British sports cars), and with the social relations classic cars aficionados have had and have between them apropos these machines that have survived and are still used, and therefore illustrate what has to be done so that artefacts do not become archaeological items. It raises an anthropological question having to do with what is at the core of the anthropology of objects, techniques, and material actions, namely: What do interactions with the material world do that words alone could not do? The answer the chapter proposes is that by doing and making things in relation to these cars, men build, in a partially non-verbal way, a core of shared representations. In turn, this shared mixture of thoughts and actions is central to diverse social groupings and manifestations.
Building Thought into Things
Authors: de Léon David
Published: February 2014

This chapter retraces the steps of BÃ¦rentsen’s (1989) cognitive analysis of the evolution of the rifle. BÃ¦rentsen’s central thesis is that the actions and thought processes required to operate a rifle, at any one stage of its development, are ‘built into’ subsequent generations of the artefact. In the process of retracing and critically evaluating BÃ¦rentsen’s analysis, a different view gradually emerges, in which greater attention is paid to the interplay between the physical properties of artefacts and the structure of tasks. Throughout the chapter, the interdependencies between artefact design, task structure, task goals, and cognitive tasks are explored and developed.
Contemporary Archaeology in the Postcolony
Authors: Shepherd Nick
Published: February 2014

A salient feature of contemporary contexts of practice is that disciplinary archaeology no longer holds a monopoly on driving intellectual agendas and on the formation of theory. New and challenging forms of theorization are emerging among social movements mobilized around archaeological/sacred sites, material cultures, and human remains. At the same time, disciplinary archaeology has increasingly moved in the direction of cultural resource management, an instrumentalized form of practice framed by a set of largely unquestioned protocols and procedures. This chapter poses a series of questions around the meanings and implications of doing archaeology in and on the contemporary world, so that its point of focus becomes the discipline itself. In what ways do local, subaltern, and fugitive knowledges and regimes of care cause us to rethink and reimagine key disciplinary ideas and practices? In what ways do they challenge us to think about the forms of epistemic violence that lie at the heart of disciplinary regimes of care in archaeology? How, in a spirit of humility, openness, and listening, do we begin a conversation about the things that each of us know? And what sort of archaeology might be the result? The chapter considers these questions from the perspective of the global south, and a set of subaltern struggles framed as a challenge to disciplinary thinking and a discourse on heritage. It aims to explore particular forms of disciplinary entrapments, and the subaltern epistemologies which offer fresh openings and ways out of a certain kind of uncreative assertion of discipline.
Disaster
Authors: Gould Richard A.
Published: February 2014

As recent events have shown, mass-fatality disasters can have long and painful aftermaths for the relatives and friends of victims. Archaeologists are becoming increasingly involved in applying their scientific skills to medical/legal issues such as victim identification and disaster-scene investigation, with the understanding that their evidence may be challenged in court later on when matters such as inheritance of property or liability arise. Although their findings refer specifically to the ‘court of law’, an argument is presented to apply similar standards in the ‘court of history’ in which most archaeological scholarship takes place. Disaster archaeologists work as teams under the direction of a controlling authority and in close coordination with law-enforcement and emergency services, so special training and procedures (such as ‘chain-of-custody’) are required along with special health-and-safety protocols. In short, disaster archaeology is an evidence-driven, problem-solving use of archaeology to assist the authorities to find out ‘what happened’ at a disaster scene and to aid the families affected by the disaster in the recovery process. It often takes place under stressful conditions and may not be for everyone, but it makes a difference to the people involved in such a disaster.
Forensic Archaeology
Authors: Powers Natasha , Sibun Lucy
Published: February 2014

Forensic archaeology, the application of archaeological methods in a criminal framework, has undergone a rapid process of acceptance and development. From the initial occasional involvement of archaeologists in the search for and recovery of murder victims in the late 1970s, to the general acceptance of archaeological methods, such as shallow level geophysics, this chapter provides a brief history of forensic archaeology in the United Kingdom and beyond. It outlines the ways in which an archaeologist’s understanding of formation processes and skills in the interpretation of human behaviour from physical alterations to the landscape can be of benefit to different stages and types of investigation. Discussing the way in which the archaeologist can usefully contribute to the investigation of a crime, the chapter looks at the methods which have been successfully applied in a number of high-profile cases and the considerations which the forensic archaeologist must make which are not an issue for ‘traditional’ archaeology. In a discipline which has reached a critical point in its development with the acknowledgement that archaeological skills should regularly form an integral part of crime scene investigation and an increase in professional training, the authors explain how forensic archaeology is now moving to increased standardization and attempts at quality assurance.
Global Media and Archaeologies of Network Technologies
Authors: Cubitt Sean
Published: February 2014

Analysis of the material properties of the Internet reveals its true weight: the mass of component routers, switches, cables, satellites, cellnet masts, and of course computers, and the vast network of resource extraction, manufacturing, energy generation, and waste in which its functioning is embedded. Equally important is understanding the massless but highly regulated system of software and legislation affecting the ostensibly free and open evolution of network media. The chapter traces some exemplary standards bodies responsible for the design of key features such as protocols and codecs, and discusses the vexed dialectic of intellectual property rights and the notion of an information commons, arguing that the Internet bears the hallmarks of three major types of institutional construction, those proper to the nation-state, to commerce, and to network systems themselves. It concludes with a critical challenge to future archaeology: the ephemerality of digital files.
Heritage
Authors: Harrison Rodney
Published: February 2014

This chapter is both an exploration of the relationship between contemporary archaeology and heritage, and a contemporary archaeology of heritage. This first part of this chapter explores heritage as a manifestation of a late modern experience society in which the past is perceived to be both immanent (contained within) and imminent (impending) in the present. The second explores the role of archaeology in investigating heritage as a contemporary social phenomenon. Drawing on two brief examples, it considers the production of heritage ‘experiences’ as a key manifestation of the nature of heritage in late modern experience societies. Each heritage site is understood to represent an assemblage (or agencement) composed of a number of different ancient and modern devices, technologies, and apparatuses (dispositifs) which might be subject to archaeological investigation.
Heritage and Modernism in New York
Authors: Wilkie Laurie A.
Published: February 2014

Archaeology is a powerful tool for understanding how heritage, through discourses of modernity, has been scripted into a binary relationship that places it in opposition to progress, change, and development. This has been particularly true in the recent past in debates regarding quality of life issues for urban dwellers, with preservationists and developers representing diametrically opposed visions. This chapter blurs the boundaries between the categories of development and heritage, not only to bring complexity to the histories that are told about the heritage movement, but also to encourage a different perception of the ways that heritage contributes to the quality of life in contemporary cities. The author’s methodological approach for this work is what might best be labelled a documentary contemporary archaeology, not unlike the documentary archaeology approaches she has employed to study sites created in the more remote past. The chapter explores these issues in relation to two cases studies: one showcasing the historical narratives of the preservation movement that focus on the struggle to save Washington Square Park, in New York City; the second, a consideration of the development and use of High Line Park, also in New York.
Homelessness
Authors: Zimmerman Larry J.
Published: February 2014

Archaeological studies of homelessness are recent and mostly exploratory, offering an evidenced-based approach to understanding lifeways of homeless people outside shelters. Carried out in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, research includes ethnography, collaborative survey and excavation with homeless people, and numerous other approaches. Results challenge stereotypic dominant narratives that most roofless people are uneducated, addicted, or mentally ill, or responsible for their own situation. Homeless people often prove to be extremely adaptable to difficult situations, and some even choose to live ‘home free’. Artefact analysis shows what is or is not useful in campsites, suggesting ways to improve support services, while archaeological interpretation demonstrates that homelessness is a complex heritage of postmodern society that ought to be recognized, but to reach full value, such archaeological research must be translated into activism.
Introduction
Authors: Graves-Brown Paul , Harrison Rodney , Piccini Angela
Published: February 2014

This book is about archaeologies both in and of the present. Its aim is to identify the challenges and pitfalls of an archaeology of the contemporary world, but not to be an authorized manual. Archaeology has become a case limit for interdisciplinarity, as it is the one discipline that is so freely and exuberantly adopted, complicated, and transformed by other disciplines. In that they all study contemporary material culture, it is clear that other disciplines also do ‘archaeology’ in one way or another. The study of the present opens up issues of ownership not normally addressed by archaeologists. If it is an archaeology of us, who is the ‘us’ that we are concerned with? The archaeology of the contemporary is thus inevitably drawn into politics in terms of the extent to which work in the field constitutes or necessitates advocacy. Archaeologies of the contemporary extend our understanding of the mobility of matter, a mobility that suggests the operation of matter as media, and evokes the materiality of media. Here, the ephemeral event becomes a productive site for extending our understandings of matter, media, and mobility. Methodologically, archaeologies of the contemporary must overcome the banalization of everyday experience, studying people, places, and things in action. As such, archaeologists must see themselves as participants, and shape their participation to contemporary circumstances.
Material Animals
Authors: Holtorf Cornelius
Published: February 2014

Zoos have a significant appeal to customers in the Experience Economy. At first glance, it seems rather obvious that one of the main appeals of zoos is to provide visitors with the opportunity of experiencing living animals. But how essential are live animals really for the zoo experience? Taking an archaeological approach, the chapter argues that live animals may be less essential for the visitors’ zoo experience than is often assumed, not the least by themselves, and that zoos can succeed in providing visitors with engaging experiences and a sense of wildlife without living animals. Things, in the form of material animals, can allow zoo visitors to experience animalness which is what zoos to a great extent are all about. It is also argued that living animals in zoos may in turn be reified, acquiring thingliness. It emerges therefore on the one hand that things and animals are nearly interchangeable in zoos and on the other hand that the zoo visitors’ satisfaction is dependent on what they experienced in their minds and with their senses (animalness, reified animals), not what they believe or say they have experienced (living animals). The chapter also demonstrates how an archaeological approach can help in understanding recent changes in zoo design in relation to trends connected to the economy at large.
Olympic City Screens
Authors: Piccini Angela
Published: February 2014

Archaeology and lens-based media have been central to the performance of the Olympic Games since Pierre de Courbertin’s Athens. Film, video, and photography link contemporary sporting bodies and cities with archaeology to produce highly affective nationalist narratives and aesthetics. Yet, how might archaeological investigation of the Games themselves intervene to complicate such a neat tale of ideology and spectacle? This chapter investigates the spaces, structures, and uses of Vancouver’s Olympic screens in an attempt to produce an archaeology of the global Olympic brand as ephemeral (g)local event. If the Olympics constitute collective ritual and if that ritual centres on the performance of place, then identifying and analysing the structures of screen media as key monuments producing that performance may contribute to a broader understanding of the material practices of such rituals and their role in enacting cultural change.
Performance and the Stratigraphy of Place
Authors: Hodge Stephen , Persighetti Simon , Smith Phil , Turner Cathy
Published: February 2014

This chapter is perhaps best treated as a ‘site’ rather than a treatise. It employs disrupted writing strategies, based in turn on ‘walking’ practices and the authors’ background in performance, as tools for playful debate, collaboration, intervention, and spatial meaning-making. The chapter, like our walking, is intended to be porous; for others to read into it and connect from it and for the specificities and temporalities of sites to fracture, erode, and distress it. It draws on the outcomes of previous works including site-specific performance works such as Mis-Guided Tours or published Mis-Guides (for example, A Mis-Guide To Anywhere, 2006), ‘drifts’, mythogeographic mapping, public art or installations, explorations of the Wienfluss, excavations of subterranean library stacks, and a recently installed network of plaques across an English seaside resort (Everything you need to build a town is here, 2010).
Photo Essay
Authors: Metelerkamp Peter
Published: February 2014

This project uses the photography of the interiors of buildings to inquire into the ways in which the character of a community reveals itself at a moment in time. Reflexively focused on a provincial British university, it considers spaces that construct and inscribe hierarchies, operate as vehicles for collective management, and produce social and psychic relations. It is also concerned with the nature of institutionalization, and the ambiguous ways that members of institutions retain necessary fictions of personal identity. In focusing on the ordinary and the everyday the photographs question the way significance is attributed. In the tradition of surrealism, they affirm the neglected and the overlooked as subjects for archaeological reflection and examination, and the complex ambiguities of the photograph as a subversive vehicle for uncovering meanings unintended by discourses of power.
Photo Essay
Authors: Desilvey Caitlin
Published: February 2014

This illustrated essay presents a series of photographic images documenting the contents of an abandoned cobbler’s workshop in Cornwall, UK. A reflection on the process of encountering and documenting this place accompanies the photographs, and problematizes the impulse to conduct ‘salvage archaeology’ through means of visual representation. The process of photographic mediation is traced through four distinct stages: invitation, intercession, intrusion, and invention. The essay draws on the work of Walter Benjamin and Michael Taussig to explore how the act of representation can be seen to be implicated in both the destruction and production of an object’s aura, particularly in relation to transient and ephemeral material cultures.