bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Esophageal diverticulum: a case report
Authors: Amador Olga E. , Gutierrez Gabriel , Echeverry Miguel A. , Ayón Francisco , Miguel Sánchez Jessica Esmeralda , Tirado Cruz Alberto , Soto Faustino Rubio , Ruelas Arturo Ramos
Published: March 2024

Esophagic diverticulum’s are a rare entity. The prevalence in the world population is reported to be less than 1%. They are generally diagnosed incidentally, have a higher peak of prevalence in the fifth decade of life, affecting men and women equally. The most common esophageal diverticula are epiphrenic and the main symptom is usually dysphagia. A case of a 74-year-old female with diagnosis of epiphrenic esophageal diverticulum is reported, which is treated with conservative management. The objective of this study was to describe a clinical case of esophageal diverticulum, as well as its etiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic conduct. The screening of these patients must be focused on what the literature indicates, symptomatic patients with long-term evolution, the treatment will be surgical and with minimally invasive techniques so clinical evolution will be more favorable, reducing possible complications.
A case of abdominal tuberculosis presenting as obstructive jaundice
Authors: Naik Suresh , Kulkarni Bahar , Shrotriya Siddhant , Ghade Kirankumar B.
Published: March 2024

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is notorious for its many manifestations, which can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. In particular, abdominal tuberculosis is easily overlooked because the incidence is low and because it can mimic common non-infectious abdominal syndromes. We describe here a 45-year-old female presenting with obstructive jaundice. In this patient, a pancreatic mass was found and tuberculosis was first diagnosed after a diagnostic laparoscopic. Tuberculosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of intra-abdominal mass lesions, especially in persons originating from regions where tuberculosis is endemic. Invasive procedures are often required to obtain adequate diagnostic samples.
Cracking of enigma of Evans: a rare association with Sjogren and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Prakash Kumar Gyan , Bari H. M. Faizul , Ratan Piyush , Mishra Tanya , Kumar Ashutosh , Jha P. N. , Kumar Ashok
Published: March 2024

Evans syndrome (ES) is characterized by the simultaneous or consecutive occurrence of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) along with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and less commonly, autoimmune neutropenia. It may manifest spontaneously or as a result of autoimmune, malignancy or lymphoproliferative disease. Clinical manifestations may be associated with hemolysis and thrombocytopenia, potentially leading to life-threatening outcomes. ES is a rare diagnosis of exclusion. Due to its infrequency, the treatment is typically empirical, relying largely on intravenous corticosteroids or immunoglobulins. We are presenting case of a 46-year-old- female with bleeding from the mouth and gums and rashes all over the body with no prior diagnosis of rheumatological disorder. This case is pivotal as it highlights a key factor contributing to ES and presents a pragmatic method for addressing the condition.
A rare nexus: G6PD deficiency's uncommon affiliation with rapidly progressive renal failure through the prism of pigment nephropathy
Authors: Thakur Ayush , Admane Vandana , Jawandhiya Pankaj , Bahekar Shital , Jaiswal Akshay
Published: March 2024

Acute kidney injury (AKI) with evidence of hemolysis is associated with tropical infections. However, pigment-induced AKI can happen with relatively uncommon genetic causes of hemolytic anemia, i.e., glucose 6-phosphate deficiency (G6PD). We share our experience of one such patients whose clinical presentation was rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. On evaluation, she had a history of usage of some drugs and with G6PD estimation revealing deficient status even during the episode while other tests such as Coomb's test and bone marrow biopsy was normal. The kidney biopsy revealed diffuse tubular injury with presence of several coarse granular/pigmented casts in tubular lamina. She was managed with hemodialysis and showed complete recovery. Thus, in tropical countries G6PD deficiency although is not common, should be considered among patients who presented as rapidly progressive renal failure (RPRF) and having history of precipitating factors for G6PD deficiency and a detailed hemolytic work-up needs to be carried out as an important cause of preventable recurrent AKI in tropical countries.
Artificial intelligence and mental health: a review article
Authors: Deka Debajani
Published: March 2024

The term AI was originally coined by a computer scientist, John McCarthy, who defined it as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines. The father of AI authored a 1950 article, “Computing Machinery and intelligence” that discussed the reasons for considering a machine to be intelligent. Artificial intelligence is useful to facilitate faster disease detection. It helps to understand disease progression, improve medication/treatment dosages, and discover innovative treatments. The artificial intelligence tools mostly used for psychosis risk screening are chatbots and large-scale social media data analysis. Chatbot is a computer program that allows human-computer interactions in the form of textual dialogue based on the technology of natural language processing. The world's first chatbot, ELIZA, was designed in the 1960s and responds to special rules by recognizing keywords in user-entered text. Chatbots in the mental healthcare field include Tess, Florence, Buoy Health, and Your. Md. In addition to natural language processing, the machine learning methods adopted by chatbots also include natural language understanding, artificial neural networks, and recurrent neural networks.
Bacterial vaginosis and the role of prebiotics and probiotics: current practices
Authors: Gupta Mukesh , Tiwari Brajbala
Published: March 2024

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by overgrowth of opportunistic bacteria and a decrease in the levels of Lactobacilli. BV is commonly encountered by gynaecologists practicing in India. The opinions of 21 gynaecologists across India regarding diagnosis and management of BV were sought via focussed group discussions. In Indian women, BV is more common in the reproductive age group, perimenopausal women, women with polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD), pregnant women, and in teenagers/pubertal age group. BV is often underestimated as it is not diagnosed by family physicians. The panel of experts opined that they preferred to conduct screening for BV in all high-risk pregnant cases, women with bad obstetric history such as premature abortions and women with a history of tuberculosis. One challenge faced by clinicians in the real-world setting is recurrent infections of BV in their patients. For the treatment of BV, antibiotics can be prescribed along with pre-probiotics to avoid dysbiosis and to prevent recurrence of BV. Pre-probiotics should be administered in sufficient amounts for adequate management of BV. More than 80% of Lactobacilli species should be present in an ideal pre-probiotic to ensure adequate production of acid and bacteriocins for the destruction of unhealthy bacteria and prevention of microfilm formation. The results with the pre-probiotics used will depend on the quality of the formulation and the maintenance of the cold chain. Prebiotic -probiotic supplementation may be considered a new adjuvant treatment for BV.
Benefits of core strengthening exercise in osteoarthritis knee patients: a narrative review
Authors: Rastogi Aavrati , B. Kalia Roop , K. Meena Pradeep
Published: March 2024

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease results from breakdown of cartilage that covers the ends of bones in joint. Breakdown causes bones to rub each other leading to pain, stiffness, swelling, loss of function in joint and can be accompanied by synovitis with or without joint fluid effusion. Muscle atrophy may develop if patient was inactive and did not perform exercises, which will affect functionality and stability of joint including activities of daily life. The aim of the study was to evaluate current literature and provide comprehensive overview of benefits of core muscle strengthening exercise in managing OA. The objective of this study was to discuss effectiveness of core muscle strengthening exercise in reducing pain, improving physical function, and enhancing quality of life in individuals with osteoarthritis knee. A systematic search was conducted to identify all relevant studies related to core muscle strengthening, database such as Pubmed, Cochrane library, Scopus had been used. Studies demonstrating clinical importance of core strengthening in treatment of osteoarthritis knee are limited. By performing randomized controlled trials with a big sample size, new researchers should produce more unique findings.
Therapeutic potential of vitamin supplements in dry eye disease: A comprehensive review
Authors: Kallur Santosh , Suryawanshi Aditya , Kashid Shruti , Gawade Aishwarya , Papade Anushka , Bhise Tanaya , Shendage Sujata
Published: March 2024

Dry eye disease (DED) stands as a widespread global health issue that impacts people's quality of life, productivity at work, and financial stability significantly. It is identified by either a decrease in tear production, heightened evaporation of tears, or the presence of low-quality tears. These factors collectively contribute to inflammation, damage to the surface of the eye, and unusual perception of pain. The development of DED involving instability in the tear film, increased tear fluid concentration (hyperosmolarity), and inflammation. This cycle tends to sustain itself. Conventional treatments like artificial tear replacements and corticosteroids have proven to be ineffective in addressing this condition. Alongside conventional anti-inflammatory medications, nutrients that possess both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have gained attention as potential DED treatments. Emerging data shows a connection between vitamin deficiencies and a significant DED risk, highlighting the role of vitamins in ocular health. Evidence supports that vitamins may interrupt the vicious cycle of DED pathogenesis and ameliorate inflammation. The review explores the efficacy of vitamins like vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, and vitamin E in mitigating the Complications of DED. The findings suggest that vitamin supplementation holds promise as a complementary approach to managing DED.
A review on pathophysiology and managements of allergic conjunctivitis
Authors: Patel Arvind Kumar , Chandra Phool , Sachan Neetu , Singh Neha
Published: March 2024

Allergic disorder is a serious issue affecting 40% of the population. The most well-known visual illness in clinical practise is undoubtedly visual sensitivity. The impact of numerous variables, including genetics and pollution, is taken into account by experts. Therefore, this review is intends to provide the detailed description related to pathophysiology and managements of allergic conjunctivitis.

The study was performed by literature survey of original research articles published in Pubmed, Science direct, Web of Science, Scopus and Google etc.

The two primary types of allergic conjunctivitis are perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC). The common effects of SAC and PAC are shivers, weeping, mucus production, and redness; nonetheless, these structures do not impair vision. However, vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) are the most alarming types of visual allergic conjunctivitis, which impact the cornea and can impair vision if not properly recognised and treated. Allergic conjunctivitis symptoms include itchy, stinging red eyes and yellow pus during sleep. The major objectives of treatment for allergic conjunctivitis are to lessen and manage symptoms and raise quality of life. This involves minimising itchiness, as well as redness, tears, edoema of the conjunctiva or the eyelids, and other related disorders. Breaking the pattern of inflammation and reducing it are additional therapy objectives for patients with chronic allergen exposure and persistent illness. Mast cell stabilisers, corticosteroids, antihistamines, NSAIDs, dual-acting antiallergics, anti-leukotrienes, anti-IgE, and some other drugs are used to treat allergic conjunctivitis.

There are the different types of allergic conjunctivitis among which the more prevalence types of allergic conjunctivitis are SAC and PAC while the more severe types are VKC and AKC. There are different types of medicines available for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
Navigating competency-based medical education in ophthalmology: Addressing challenges and charting future trajectories
Authors: Singh Rahul , Chaudhary Disha , Kushwaha Brijesh Kr , Maurya Rajendra P
Published: March 2024

Based Medical Education (CBME) has emerged as a transformative approach to medical training, emphasizing skills acquisition and holistic competence over traditional knowledge retention. Ophthalmology, as a specialized field, presents unique challenges and opportunities within this framework. This article critically examines the implementation of CBME in ophthalmology, highlighting challenges faced and proposing strategies for enhancement. By addressing stakeholder perspectives and strategic interventions, this viewpoint aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of CBME's implications for ophthalmological education.
Is amblyopia of any severity fully treatable, irrespective of a patient’s age?
Authors: Irfan Sameera , Aadil Nausherwan , Maurya Rajendra P , Saqib Mohammad
Published: March 2024

: : To find out the level of visual improvement and the time it takes in amblyopia of any severity. : To find out whether the level of visual improvement is influenced by a patient's age at presentation.

: To note whether the level of visual recovery is influenced by previous amblyopia therapy. To note any regression of visual acuity with time after initial improvement by therapy. To note complications of full-time occlusion therapy, especially occlusion amblyopia.

: In a prospective interventional study, 1701 consecutive cases with poor vision were included irrespective of a patient’s age. After wearing refractive correction for 8-12 weeks and no further improvement in the BCVA, amblyopia therapy was started comprising of full-time patching of the good eye along with active use of the amblyopic eye by reading and writing at least 6 hours daily. Regular two weekly follow-ups were conducted. The endpoint of therapy was achieving a BCVA equal to that of the good eye. A regular post-patching follow-up was conducted for 1-3 years. Statistical analysis comparing the visual acuity at the start and the end of therapy was performed by a paired t-test for each group.

: There were 896 male and 805 female cases. 1383 cases (81.3%) had previously failed amblyopia therapy. 49 cases (2.9%) dropped out of the study due to poor compliance with therapy or an incomplete follow-up. For a simplified analysis of results, the 1701 cases were divided into three age groups: Group A: age 4-7 years (473 cases), Group B: age 8-12 years (618 cases) and Group C: age 13-46 years (610 cases). The overall success in Group A and B cases was 98% and 96.9% in Group C cases.

Full visual recovery is possible in amblyopia of any severity and age. The age of a patient at presentation should not preclude therapy.
Cataract surgery clinical features, treatment and operational difficulties in management of cluster endophthalmitis
Authors: Maurya Rajendra P , Rathi Rishabh , Rana Rimpi , Nema Nitin , Gaur Neeraj , Jain Amisha , Patel Siddharth , Verma Abha , Subedaar Vaishnavi
Published: March 2024

: Cataract surgery is the most common ophthalmic surgery performed. Postoperative endophthalmitis is a rare but devastating situation for both patient and doctor. Cluster endophthalmitis is defined as five or more cases of endophthalmitis occurring on a particular day in a single operating room at one centre. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can salvage the affected eye. There are various factors that determine the prognosis in endophthalmitis. Polymicrobial etiology, family support, accessibility to health services, time-lapsed between onset of symptoms and initiation of treatment play an important role in final visual outcome.

: To evaluate clinical features, management and final outcome in 64 cases of cluster endophthalmitis, and to identify the operational difficulties in managing cluster endophthalmitis in eye camp setting.

: This is a retrospective study done in 64 out of 94 patients, operated for cataract surgery in an eye camp setting, who presented with features of endophthalmitis. The demographic details, clinical features at presentation and management were evaluated from medical records. Assessment of problems faced by the patients during this period was done on the basis of detailed history given by the patient. Further, the reason for these operational difficulties were discussed with camp organizers.

: Out of 64 patients there were 31(48.4%) males and 33(51.6%) female. Mean age of patients was 60 ± 15.3 years. The patients presented between postoperative day 7to 30. Visual acuity of all 64(100%) patients was poor where 59(92.2%) cases ranged between hand movement to perception of light while 5(7.8%) denied perception of light. The cultures were positive in 43(67.18%) cases out of 64 patients. The cultures reported with polymicrobial etiology with fungal growth in 31(48.43%) patients while 12(18.75%) cases showed bacterial growth. Management was done on the basis of Endophthalmitis vitrectomy study (EVS) guidelines. Only 6(9.37%) cases showed improvement in vision from baseline although all 64(100%) cases showed clinical and symptomatic improvement at the time of discharge. There was delay in presentation as no patient reported in 1 postoperative week. 31(48.4%) patients reported in 2 post-operative week causing delay due to attitudinal problems. 19(29.6%) cases reported in 3 week which was due delay in transportation and 14(21.8%) cases reported in 4 week due to illiteracy and neglect.

: Cluster endophthalmitis can be prevented by taking aseptic precautions. Delay in initiation of treatment results in poor visual outcome. However, quick and timely decision helps in early intervention which provides a better chance to salvage eye and vision. There are certain modifiable factors in camp surgery which should be addressed properly to improve the final outcome.
The pattern of eye disease in a provincial ophthalmic hospital of Viet Nam
Authors: Le Tran-Anh , Tran Thang T , Hoang Canh D , Cao Loi Ba
Published: March 2024

: To describe the pattern of eye disease in a provincial ophthalmic hospital in Viet Nam.

: We retrospectively analyzed records of 1735 patients with disorders of the eye and adnexa admitted to the Nghe an Eye Hospital, Nghe an province, Vietnam between January 2022 and May 2023.

: The mean age of patients was 60.4± 16.6 years old and 54.7% were females. The most common cause of hospitalizations were disorders of sclera, cornea, iris, and ciliary body (55.0% of cases) followed by glaucoma (29.2%) and disorders of the eyelid, lacrimal system, and orbit (15.8%). Keratitis was the most common ocular morbidity (40.1%), followed by glaucoma (29.20%), and iridocyclitis (13.5%). The average highest age was in patients with disorders of the eyelid, lacrimal system, and orbit (67.3 ± 13.4 years) followed by those with glaucoma (62.2 ± 13.8 years) and lesions on the sclera, cornea, iris, and ciliary body (57.5 ± 17.9 years). The female/male rate among those with disorders of eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit was higher than among cases with the other disorders (1.6/1 vs 1.1/1, p = 0.008). The mean length of hospital stay was 8.6 days and patients with disorders of sclera and cornea had the most extended average length of hospital stay (more than 10 days).

Keratitis, glaucoma, and iridocyclitis were the major ocular conditions seen in this study. Prevention of keratitis should decrease both morbidity and health expenditure for eye disease.
Correlation of retinopathy of prematurity with oxygen saturation in preterm babies in a tertiary care center: A noble guide
Authors: Maurya Rajendra P , Praveen Shahjadi , Ali Syed Manazir , Akhtar Naheed , Abdul Waris
Published: March 2024

To find the correlation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with oxygen saturation among preterm babies in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary care centre.

This Prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 64 premature neonates of gestational age < 36 weeks who were on oxygen and were admitted in NICU after obtaining ethical clearance. We compare the effect of two oxygenation strategies on development of ROP in two groups. Oxygen ranged from 86-90% in one group (32 neonates) and 91-94% in another group (32 neonates). Screening of all neonates were done by one examiner.

The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. For categorical data, Chi-square test was used. For continuous data, Mann Witney U test were used and p- value-<0.05 was taken as significant.

Among 64 babies, 32 babies were on 86-90% of oxygen, 5 babies had disease and the remaining 32 babies who were on 91-94% of oxygen, 14 babies had developed disease showed a statistically significant relationship between ROP and oxygen saturation (p=0.014).

High oxygen saturation target is one of the important risk factors leading to the development of ROP. Lower oxygen saturation reduced the prevalence as well as had no deleterious effect on general health of baby. Therefore, accurate measurement of oxygen concentration by probe and proper monitoring of SpO2 levels must be done in every NICU.
To evaluate macular thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in semi-urban population of eastern U.P
Authors: Tiwari Deepti , Gupta Alka , Trivedi Astha , Maurya Rajendra P , Sharma Kumudini
Published: March 2024

To evaluate macular thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre (pRNFL) layer thickness in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in semi-urban population of eastern U.P.

: Cross-sectional observational study carried out on 72eyes of 42 POAG patients and 72 eyes of 36 normal individuals above 40 years from January 2023 – August 2023 in eye OPD of Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Barabanki. Best corrected visual acuity, anterior segment examination, Gonioscopy, tonometry, Central corneal thickness, perimetry, fundoscopy, peripapillary RNFL and macular thickness using OCT was done in all patients.

POAG patients had significantly lower mean pRNFL quadrant measurements in superior, inferior and temporal quadrants when compared with controls. 83.68 ± 13.55 vs.140.01 ± 4.53; p=0.001 for superior quadrant; 76.33 ± 12.96 vs. 141.99 ± 4.51; p=0.001 for inferior quadrant; 52.31 ± 8.67 vs. 74.36 ± 3.56; p=0.001 for temporal quadrant. Mean pRNFL thickness in the nasal quadrant was not found significant in our study (55.53±7.08 vs. 80.85±5.24; p=0.295). Significant differences in thickness in foveal, inferior outer, temporal inner and nasal inner sector between POAG and control patients (p<0.05) were found.

Superior, inferior and temporal pRNFL quadrants thickness and foveal, inferior outer, temporal inner and nasal inner macular thickness were found to be the best parameters to diagnose POAG at early stage.
Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) most common complication compare with diet or without diet
Authors: Sah Sushil Kumar , Gurung Rajya l , Sah Shrban , Mukherjee Tinku
Published: March 2024

Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is usually done when the patient is on an empty stomach. In case, if the patient is not, their FFA is rescheduled for the next day to avoid the risk of complications. The purpose of this study was to compare the complications in patients who had undergone an FFA procedure on an empty stomach to those who had breakfast immediately before the procedure.

In this study, 210 participants underwent FFA, of which 104 were fasting, and 106 had breakfast just before their procedure. In these two populations, we compare the immediate and post-procedure complications.

: Patients who had FFA on an empty stomach were more likely to experience nausea and vomiting (11.32% vs 7.69%), skin allergies (1.89% vs 1.92%), and unconsciousness (0.94% vs 2.88%). In either the fasting or control groups, no complications were statistically significant (P>0.05).

FFA is generally a safe procedure, however, previous studies have observed increased adverse events with people on empty stomachs. In individuals with various systemic disorders and diets, our study found no increase in adverse effects. Consequently, FFA shouldn’t be postponed in these individuals who are not on a diet or who have systemic co-morbidities.
Comparative efficacy of cyclosporine 0.1%, rebamipide 2%, and carboxymethylcellulose-cyclosporine 0.05% combination eye drops in the management of dry eye disease among the Indian population
Authors: Goyal Abhinav , Bansal Khushboo
Published: March 2024

This comparative research study aims to evaluate and compare the results of three different eye drop formulations of Cyclosporine 0.1%, Rebamipide 2%, and a combination of Carboxymethylcellulose & Cyclosporine 0.05%, in treating dry eye cases among the Indian population.

This investigation employed a randomized controlled trial design to assess the efficacy of three distinct eye drop formulations. A total of 120 patients diagnosed with dry eye disease participated in this study. Participants were assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group C (cyclosporine 0.1%), Group R (rebamipide 2%), or Group CC (combination of carboxymethylcellulose and cyclosporine 0.05%). Patients take prescribed medication for six weeks. Patients were evaluated at baseline for tear production time (TFBUT) at two weeks, four weeks, and six weeks, tear production score using the Schirmer test, and dry eye symptoms were assessed with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). The collected data were analyzed using appropriate tests to compare the effectiveness of three eye drop formulations in treating dry eye in the Indian population.

: Disease improvement compared to baseline was seen in all groups based on scoring of Schirmer's score, OSDI score, and TBUT.

: All three treatment groups demonstrated improvements in tear film stability, tear production, and a reduction in dry eye symptoms over the six-week treatment period. However, further research with larger sample sizes and longer treatment durations is needed to establish the long-term efficacy and compare the effectiveness of these treatments.
A prospective comparative study of conjunctival autograft (CAG) with dry amniotic membrane graft (AMG) transplantation in pterygium excision surgery
Authors: Gupta Avinash , Yadav Ramyash Singh , Kumar Ram
Published: March 2024

: Pterygium is a wing-shaped, fibrovascular proliferation of the bulbar conjunctiva which crosses the limbus and causes encroachment over the cornea. It is mainly treated by surgical excision. Management options for pterygium include conjunctival autografting, and the use mitomycin C, amniotic membrane graft, 5-fluorouracil, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, and β-irradiation along with excision, to avoid recurrence.

: To compare the efficacy and safety of conjunctival autograft (CAG) transplantation and dry amniotic membrane graft (AMG) transplantation in pterygium excision surgery.

: Prospective comparative study.

: The study was done on 43 eyes of 43 patients. CAG was transplanted on 23 patients & dry AMG was transplanted on 20 patients. All patients were followed up on day 1, day 7, 1 month and 6 months post operatively. On each visit pterygium recurrence, graft retraction, necrosis and visual outcomes were noted from all the patients.

: Fisher exact test.

: 28(65%) were males while 15(35%) were females. Most of the patients were <40 years of age. During the follow up period, best corrected visual acuity of 3(7%) patients remained same and improved in 40(93%) patients. CAG group had 2(8.69%) while dry AMG group had 4(20%) recurrences (p value = 0.39, non-significant).

: Although both the groups showed low recurrence rate but recurrence rate was more in dry AMG group as compared to conjunctival autograft group.

: AMG is not always the best option for treating pterygium, but in some situations—such as those with extensive pterygium, conjunctival scarring etc.—it may be more advantageous for the patient.
Factors affecting prevalence of myopia among undergraduate medical students: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Bansal Yashi , Sandhu Harkirat Kaur , Chouhan Vansh , Spal Simran , Kaur Tanishqdeep , Arora Priyanka , Sharma Umesh
Published: March 2024

Myopia, often known as nearsightedness, is the most common cause of vision impairment and is becoming more and more common globally. Presently it is effecting more among professional students who are busy in studies and having screen time more than usual. The aim of present study is to evaluate the factors affecting prevalence of myopia among medical undergraduates.

The present cross sectional study was conducted among 590 undergraduate medical students of Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab for a period of two months. The self-administered questionnaire was created and sent to students through google forms and whatsapp. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 keeping level of significance at p less than 0.05.

Prevalence of myopia among undergraduate medical students was found to be 70.3%. Maximum students were in the age group of 21-25 years (62.7%), females (58.7%) were more in number as compared to males (41.3%). Total 42.2% of students have family history related to myopia out of which 77.1% had myopia. Association between sociodemographic, parental, lifestyle factors and prevalence of myopia was done; only parental history showed significant results with p value 0.003.

The current study revealed that there is high prevalence of myopia among undergraduate medical students specially in females. Positive parental history has significant association with prevalence of myopia.
Early detection of peripheral neuropathy and its correlation with retinopathy and HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Deekshanya J  , Ali H F Karnam , Roselin M  , Prasanth Hannah Ranjee , Ravichandran Kandasamy , Iqbal Nayyar
Published: March 2024

Screening of asymptomatic diabetes mellitus (DM) patients may reduce future complications. Despite having diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), about 50% of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM) patients are asymptomatic. If diabetic neuropathy is diagnosed early, the annual cost of treating diabetic neuropathy and associated complications can be decreased. The study objectives are to identify peripheral neuropathy at an early stage and to correlate peripheral neuropathy with diabetic retinopathy and HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) in asymptomatic type 2 DM patients.

: A cross-sectional analytical study was done during July and August 2022 using consecutive sampling on 105 patients who attended the General Medicine out-patient dept (OPD) at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences and the Primary Health Centre (PHC) Kalapet in Puducherry, India. Patients over 18 years old with type 2 DM, who were asymptomatic for peripheral neuropathy, and had their HbA1c levels checked within the last two months were included. Patients have undergone Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) examination, biothesiometer and monofilament testing for neuropathy and Fundus examination for retinopathy.

The average age of the study participants was 54.7±11.4 yrs, and they had a male-female ratio of 6:4. The retinopathy was present in 18.1% (95% CI:11.9-26.5). The prevalence of DPN by MNSI examination was 3.8% (95% CI:1.5-9.4), monofilament testing was 21.0% (95% CI:14.3-29.7) and biothesiometer was 98.1% (95% CI:93.3-99.5). A statistically significant association between DPN measured by a biothesiometer and HbA1c (p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between DR and HbA1c and between DPN measured by monofilament and HbA1c (p>0.05).

The objective assessment by the biothesiometer is the best tool for detecting peripheral neuropathy at an early stage in asymptomatic type 2 DM individuals than monofilament testing.
Pterygium – A clinicopathologic study
Authors: Lodhi Sikander A K , Katikaneni Priyanka , Dogga Sirisha , Pallam Aishwarya
Published: March 2024

To correlate histopathologic features with clinical types of pterygia that may influence the management strategies.

Prospective clinico-pathological study.

This study was conducted at Malla Reddy Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, affiliated to Malla Reddy Medical College for Women, between June 2020 and February 2022.

This study comprised of 52 eyes with primary pterygium that underwent surgical excision followed by a graft. Clinical features of the pterygia like their dimensions over the ocular surface, redness (congestion), fleshiness (assessed by amount of concealment of episcleral vessels) and flattening of Plica Semilunaris were evaluated. Excised pterygia were evaluated for histopatologic characteristics like vascularity, leucocyte infiltration, subepithelial and stromal fibrosis and leucocyte infiltraton.

The dimensions of the pterygium were positively correlated with the extent of redness and fleshiness. Plica semilunaris was flattened correlating with the length and width of the pterygium. Vascular density and stromal elastosis were reflected clinically in significant fleshiness of the pterygium.

Histopathology, with morphological and clinical characteristics, forms the basis of the assessment of the evolution and the growth of perygium. The clinical nature of the perygium is correlated with histopathological variables.
Clinical study of esodeviations in children
Authors: Addagarla Suresh Ramanarao
Published: March 2024

Esotropia or convergent strabismus is a common type of squint in children. The esodeviation, the refractive error and the amblyopia should be examined and treated early to achieve good cosmetic correction and to improve Visual acuity.

A meticulous history of 25 children up to age of 12 years who presented with esodeviations was taken including the age of onset, duration and previous treatment. They were examined for amount and type of deviation by cover test, hirschberg corneal reflex test, Prism bar cover test and evaluated for refractive error under full cycloplegic correction, for Binocular Single Vision, diplopia, suppression and amblyopia by Worth four-dot test and RAF ruler. Ocular movements and fundus findings were recorded.

11 male and 14 female children with esodeviations with age of presentation varying from 9 months to 12 years were evaluated for type of esotropia. In our study the most common type seen in 12 cases (48%) is refractive accommodative esotropia with high hypermetropia. Non-refractive accommodative esotropia greater for near with high AC/A ratio in 5 patients (20%), Partially accommodative (mixed) esotropia in 2 cases, acquired non-accommodative esotropia seen in 2 patients. 1 case each is seen in Infantile esotropia, in Sensory esotropia, in child with Duane’s retraction syndrome (DRS) and in child having cerebral visual impairment (CVI).

Our study aimed to diagnose and manage the various types of esodeviations at an early age so as to maintain binocular alignment and a good Visual acuity to avoid progression to amblyopia.
Assessment of ocular hygiene and compliance among contact lens users during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mathukumalli Sumalath Sai Keerthi , Sreenivas Srila
Published: March 2024

The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of contact lens users among medical students and professionals in a tertiary hospital regarding eye hygiene and access to Ophthalmological medical services in the pandemic.

After obtaining consent, a Questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of 2 months among 102 candidates including medical professionals and students in a tertiary hospital using Contact lenses. Chi-square statistics was used to analyze categorical variables, considering p-value<0.05 as statistically significant.

83 users (81.37%) reported that their contact lens usage has reduced particularly during the pandemic, of whom 55 users (66.26%) stated to have had a fear of being more susceptible to COVID-19’. A significant number of users (n=35; p value=0.0015) even consider that it is necessary for contact lens users to switch to spectacles. A significant number of users (42 users; 41.18%) have confessed to touching their faces and eyes without proper hand washing. Only 16 participants (15.69%) were aware of the guidelines for contact lens usage and only 30 users (29.41%) availed tele-health services.

The existence of poor Contact lens compliance amongst users as reflected by this study and many alike highlights the responsibility of Ophthalmologists to make sure that proper practices are maintained by increasing awareness among the public by addressing their fears and explaining the detrimental effects of unhygienic contact lens usage.
Association of serum lipid level with age related cataract in north western Rajasthan
Authors: Gupta Manmohan , Manoher J. M , Chauhan Anil , Mangawa Vijay Singh , Joshi Gaurav , Halwai Devanshi
Published: March 2024

: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether serum lipids levels are associated with incidence and type of age related cataract (ARC).

: This was a analytical observational study conducted at Department of Ophthalmology of S.P. Medical College and Associated Group of Hospitals, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. A random sample size of 200 subjects who met the inclusion criteria was recruited.

: Data were analyzed and statistically evaluated using SPSS-PC-25 version.

In the present study we found that mean age for control group was 50.84 years and 60.91 years for case group. In control group 69% male patients were seen while in case group 53% male patients were present. The mean Serum CHO level was found to be 204.66 ± 50.76 mg/dl in control subjects and it was found to be 226.63 ± 59.63 mg/dl in the subjects with age-related cataract (ARC). The mean Serum TG level was found to be 113.70 ± 59.92 mg/dl in control subjects and it was found to be 149.35 ± 68.12mg/dl in the subjects with age-related cataract (ARC). The mean Serum HDL level was found to be 58.65 ± 15.25 mg/dl in control subjects and it was found to be 53.12 ± 11.28 mg/dl in the subjects with age-related cataract (ARC).

Our study found association between serum lipid profiles with age related cataract in the population. Our findings indicate a need for health promotional activities and health care access for controlling this modifiable factor among the ageing population of the country.
An interventional study on awareness, knowledge and services provided for the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma by optometrists in primary healthcare centre of Kolar district
Authors: Darshan S M  , Jayakumar Sangeetha , Bindumalini M  , Soumya H V  , Prabhu Pratheek , Shivarama Poojitha
Published: March 2024

Aim of this study was to assess the awareness, knowledge services provided for glaucoma among optometrists at primary health care.

A cross-sectional questionnaire based study involving 36 Optometrists from Primary Healthcare Centre and government hospitals of Kolar and Chikkaballapur district, who participated in the ‘World Glaucoma awareness program’. The responses were compiled and analyzed for each category of questions using paired t test.

Out of 36 participants 31 (86.11%) were males and 5 (13.89%) were females with an average age of 39.42+10.5 years and average duration of service in PHC/CHC/Taluk Hospital was 14.08 years. Among them 88.9% were aware about glaucoma being a disease due to increased intra ocular pressure (IOP). Although 69.4% knew that it leads to irreversible blindness, 75% were unaware of the symptoms that glaucoma presents with. 53% were unaware of the normal IOP of the eye and 41.7% the test to detect the same. 33.3% of hospitals had Shiotz tonometer but only 22.2% were aware of testing the IOP and peripheral visual field for diagnosing glaucoma. 61.1% were not familiar with any antiglaucoma drug and 52.8% about the duration of treatment. Post-test analysis was statistically significant with respect to the Awareness, Knowledge and Services (P=0.001, P=0.001, P=0.001).

This study reveals the lacunae and highlights the importance of routine eye examination of rural population by Optometrists for early detection of glaucoma through improved services and timely referral to Ophthalmologists for further evaluation, thereby reducing the burden of visual impairment.
A rare case of Radius Maumenee syndrome with unilateral open angle glaucoma
Authors: Shakya Rakesh , Ahluwalia Navjot Singh , Maurya Rajendra P , Shah Chintan , Gupta Nidhi , Jain B. K
Published: March 2024

Elevated episcleral venous pressure (EEVP) is a rare but important cause of raised intraocular pressure. The resultant glaucoma is often severe and refractory to routine anti glaucoma treatment. Usually it occurs due to arteriovenous fistulas or venous congestion. This entity is important to detect as it may be associated with serious pathologies like retrobulbar tumor, cavernous sinus thrombosis, mediastinal tumor to name a few. EEVP is considered idiopathic after ruling out such disorders. Here, we have described idiopathic EEVP also known as Radius-Maumenee syndrome along with a detailed diagnostic and therapeutic approach of management.
Investment decisions are reviewed based on financial literacy and Financial Behavior
Authors: Nurrokhmini Alfiati , Firdaus Muhamad Yusuf , Kamil Wisnu Distira
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine and measure the influence of financial literacy and financial behavior on investment decisions in students of the Salatiga State Islamic Institute (IAIN Salatiga). The method used in this research is quantitative method, with classical assumption test techniques, multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing, and coefficient of determination with the help of SPSS version 25 software. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires using random sampling techniques distributed to 90 respondents. or student. The results of the study based on t test analysis indicate that financial literacy has no effect on investment decisions. Meanwhile, financial behavior has a positive effect on investment decisions. The results of the study based on the F test analysis showed that financial literacy and financial behavior had a significant and simultaneous effect on investment decision making by students of IAIN Salatiga.
Peran Good Corporate Governance Pada Hubungan Antara Aktivitas Investasi dan Pendanaan Terhadap Nilai Saham Syariah
Authors: Kharisma Alya Balqis , Indriyani Fany
Published: March 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran Good Corporate Governance (GCG) dalam memoderasi keputusan investasi dan pendanaan terhadap nilai saham syariah perusahaan yang terdaftar di Jakarta Islamic Index antara tahun 2017 dan 2020. Penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan data sekunder, dengan populasi yang terdiri dari perusahaan yang terdaftar di Jakarta Islamic Index. Purposive sampling dengan kriteria tertentu digunakan untuk memperoleh sampel. Sampel terdiri dari 10 perusahaan yang terdaftar di Jakarta Islamic Index periode 2017-2020. Analisis regresi sederhana digunakan untuk melihat hubungan langsung dan Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) untuk menganalisis hubungan moderasi dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan pengujian variabel keputusan investasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan, yang berbanding terbalik dengan variabel keputusan pendanaan yang berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Selanjutnya, menurut uji Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA), GCG dapat memoderasi hubungan antara keputusan investasi dan pendanaan terhadap nilai perusahaan.
Analysis of factors affecting Murabaha Financing with third party funds as a moderating variable
Authors: Arfionita Asyifa Nur , Sa'adati Nila
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the results of the analysis of the effect of Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), and Operational Expenses on Operating Income (BOPO) on Murabahah Financing with Third Party Funds (DPK) as Moderating Variables in Islamic Commercial Banks. 2016-2020 period. This research is a quantitative research using secondary data obtained from the financial statements of each bank on their official website. By using 12 samples of Islamic commercial banks in the 2016-2020 period. The test results show that BOPO has a positive and significant effect on murabahah financing. Meanwhile, FDR and CAR have no effect on murabahah financing. And based on the results of the MRA test, it shows that DPK is not able to moderate the effect of FDR, CAR, BOPO on murabahah financing.
Non-linear Effect of Islamic Banks' Liquidity Risk to Financial Stability; Evidence from the Indonesian Banking Industry
Authors: Fakhrunnas Faaza
Published: March 2024

Liquidity risk is a pivotal aspect that determines the soundness of financial performance in the banking system. Therefore, the study aims to examine the influence of Islamic banks' liquidity risk on banking stability. Using time series data ranging from 2004m1 to 2022m8, the study adopts a non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach to examine the influence of liquidity risk on financial stability in the Indonesian banking sectors. The result of the study reveals that it has a non-linear and asymmetric relationship between liquidity risk and financial stability in the banking system. In the short run, an additional increase/decrease in the change of liquidity risk negatively affects financial stability. In addition, the long-run relationship shows that only an additional increase in change has a negative and significant relationship to financial stability. The COVID-19 pandemic also becomes a significant determinant that affects financial stability in the long-run relationship. The findings of the study imply that the Indonesian financial authorities should set suitable regulations to mitigate and address the issue of Islamic banks' liquidity risk, particularly in anticipating its non-linear and asymmetric impact on financial stability.
Exploring Satisfaction as a Mediator and Moderator of Customer Loyalty in Islamic Banking
Authors: Sulistyandari Sulistyandari , Kusumah Alum
Published: March 2024

This study was conducted to analyze the drivers of loyalty within the context of Islamic banking. Service quality, trust, and satisfaction were examined as exogenous variables influencing loyalty. Furthermore, this study adopted a comprehensive approach by investigating the role of satisfaction as a moderator and mediator in this relationship. The results showed that the exogenous variables significantly impacted loyalty and satisfaction, as well as moderated and mediated the links between service quality, trust, and loyalty. The implications were substantial, particularly for Islamic banks and regulatory authorities. To effectively retain customers in the face of competition, banks prioritized initiatives aimed at enhancing service quality, fostering trust, and monitoring customer satisfaction. Additionally, regulatory bodies contributed by formulating supportive policies and programs that encouraged these practices. The study also challenged conventional perspectives by conducting a thorough analysis of the multifaceted roles played by customer satisfaction, contributing to a framework for optimizing loyalty through quality and trust. Future analysis could build on the insights generated, analyzing the dynamics of customer relationships within the Islamic banking sector. This timely study elucidated pathways for sustaining the growth of Islamic banking.