bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of L-Band SAR Backscatter to Aboveground Biomass of Global Forests
Authors: Yu Yifan , Saatchi Sassan
Published: June 2016

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter measurements are sensitive to forest aboveground biomass (AGB), and the observations from space can be used for mapping AGB globally. However, the radar sensitivity saturates at higher AGB values depending on the wavelength and geometry of radar measurements, and is influenced by the structure of the forest and environmental conditions. Here, we examine the sensitivity of SAR at the L-band frequency (~25 cm wavelength) to AGB in order to examine the performance of future joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Indian Space Research Organisation NASA-ISRO SAR mission in mapping the AGB of global forests. For SAR data, we use the Phased Array L-Band SAR (PALSAR) backscatter from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) aggregated at a 100-m spatial resolution; and for AGB data, we use more than three million AGB values derived from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) LiDAR height metrics at about 0.16–0.25 ha footprints across eleven different forest types globally. The results from statistical analysis show that, over all eleven forest types, saturation level of L-band radar at HV polarization on average remains ≥100 Mg·ha−1. Fresh water swamp forests have the lowest saturation with AGB at ~80 Mg·ha−1, while needleleaf forests have the highest saturation at ~250 Mg·ha−1. Swamp forests show a strong backscatter from the vegetation-surface specular reflection due to inundation that requires to be treated separately from those on terra firme. Our results demonstrate that L-Band backscatter relations to AGB can be significantly different depending on forest types and environmental effects, requiring multiple algorithms to map AGB from time series of satellite radar observations globally.
Erratum: Dupuy, E.; et al. Comparison of XH2O Retrieved from GOSAT Short-Wavelength Infrared Spectra with Observations from the TCCON Network. Remote Sensing 2016, 8, 414
Authors:   Remote Sensing Editorial Office
Published: June 2016

In the published paper [1], the plot sizes of Figures 4, 6 and 9 were incorrect.[...]
Posterior Probability Modeling and Image Classification for Archaeological Site Prospection: Building a Survey Efficacy Model for Identifying Neolithic Felsite Workshops in the Shetland Islands
Authors: Megarry William , Cooney Gabriel , Comer Douglas , Priebe Carey
Published: June 2016

The application of custom classification techniques and posterior probability modeling (PPM) using Worldview-2 multispectral imagery to archaeological field survey is presented in this paper. Research is focused on the identification of Neolithic felsite stone tool workshops in the North Mavine region of the Shetland Islands in Northern Scotland. Sample data from known workshops surveyed using differential GPS are used alongside known non-sites to train a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier based on a combination of datasets including Worldview-2 bands, band difference ratios (BDR) and topographical derivatives. Principal components analysis is further used to test and reduce dimensionality caused by redundant datasets. Probability models were generated by LDA using principal components and tested with sites identified through geological field survey. Testing shows the prospective ability of this technique and significance between 0.05 and 0.01, and gain statistics between 0.90 and 0.94, higher than those obtained using maximum likelihood and random forest classifiers. Results suggest that this approach is best suited to relatively homogenous site types, and performs better with correlated data sources. Finally, by combining posterior probability models and least-cost analysis, a survey least-cost efficacy model is generated showing the utility of such approaches to archaeological field survey.
Quantifying Fertilizer Application Response Variability with VHR Satellite NDVI Time Series in a Rainfed Smallholder Cropping System of Mali
Authors: Blaes Xavier , Chomé Guillaume , Lambert Marie-Julie , Traoré Pierre , Schut Antonius , Defourny Pierre
Published: June 2016

Soil fertility in smallholder farming areas is known to vary strongly on multiple scales. This study measures the sensitivity of the recorded satellite signal to on-farm soil fertility treatments applied to five crop types, and quantifies this fertilization effect with respect to within-field variation, between-field variation and field position in the catena. Plant growth was assessed in 5–6 plots per field in 48 fields located in the Sudano-Sahelian agro-ecological zone of southeastern Mali. A unique series of Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images were used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In this experiment, for half of the fields at least 50% of the NDVI variance within a field was due to fertilization. Moreover, the sensitivity of NDVI to fertilizer application was crop-dependent and varied through the season, with optima at the end of August for peanut and cotton and early October for sorghum and maize. The influence of fertilizer on NDVI was comparatively small at the landscape scale (up to 35% of total variation), relative to the influence of other components of variation such as field management and catena position. The NDVI response could only partially be benchmarked against a fertilization reference within the field. We conclude that comparisons of the spatial and temporal responses of NDVI, with respect to fertilization and crop management, requires a stratification of soil catena-related crop growth conditions at the landscape scale.
Environmental Impact Analysis of Acidification and Eutrophication Due to Emissions from the Production of Concrete
Authors: Kim Tae , Chae Chang
Published: June 2016

Concrete is a major material used in the construction industry that emits a large amount of substances with environmental impacts during its life cycle. Accordingly, technologies for the reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of concrete from the perspective of a life cycle assessment (LCA) must be developed. At present, the studies on LCA in relation to greenhouse gas emission from concrete are being carried out globally as a countermeasure against climate change. However, the studies on the impact of the substances emitted in the concrete production process on acidification and eutrophication are insufficient. As such, assessing only a single category of environmental impact may cause a misunderstanding about the environmental friendliness of concrete. The substances emitted in the concrete production process have an impact not only on global warming but also on acidification and eutrophication. Acidification and eutrophication are the main causes of air pollution, forest destruction, red tide phenomena, and deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. For this reason, the main substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that have an impact on acidification and eutrophication were deduced. In addition, an LCA technique through which to determine the major emissions from concrete was proposed and a case analysis was carried out. The substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that are related to eutrophication were deduced to be NOx, NH3, NH4+, COD, NO3−, and PO43−. The substances among those emitted in the concrete production process that are related to acidification, were found to be NOx, SO2, H2S, and H2SO4. The materials and energy sources among those input into the concrete production process, which have the biggest impact on acidification and eutrophication, were found to be coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.
Charged and Electromagnetic Fields from Relativistic Quantum Geometry
Authors: Arcodía Marcos , Bellini Mauricio
Published: June 2016

In the recently introduced Relativistic Quantum Geometry (RQG) formalism, the possibility was explored that the variation of the tensor metric can be done in a Weylian integrable manifold using a geometric displacement, from a Riemannian to a Weylian integrable manifold, described by the dynamics of an auxiliary geometrical scalar field θ, in order that the Einstein tensor (and the Einstein equations) can be represented on a Weyl-like manifold. In this framework we study jointly the dynamics of electromagnetic fields produced by quantum complex vector fields, which describes charges without charges. We demonstrate that complex fields act as a source of tetra-vector fields which describe an extended Maxwell dynamics.
Flume Experiments for Optimizing the Hydraulic Performance of a Deep-Water Wetland Utilizing Emergent Vegetation and Obstructions
Authors: Shih Shang-Shu , Hong Shang-Shang , Chang Tsang-Jung
Published: June 2016

Constructed ponds and wetlands are widely used in urban areas for stormwater management, ecological conservation, and pollution treatment. The treatment efficiency of these systems is strongly related to the hydrodynamics and hydraulic residence time. In this study, we developed a physical model and used rhodamine-WT as a tracer to conduct flume experiments. An equivalent Reynolds number was assumed, and the flume was a 1/25-scale model. Emergent obstructions (EOs), submerged obstructions (SOs), and high- and low-density emergent vegetation were placed along the sides of the flume, and 49 tracer tests were performed. We altered the density, spatial extent, aspect ratio, and configurations of the obstructions and emergent vegetation to observe changes in the hydraulic efficiency of a deep-water wetland. In the cases of low-aspect-ratio obstructions, the effects of the EOs on the hydraulic efficiency were significantly stronger than those of the SOs. In contrast, in the cases of high-aspect-ratio obstructions, the improvement effects of the EOs were weaker than those of the SOs. The high-aspect-ratio EOs altered the flow direction and constrained the water conveyance area, which apparently caused a short-circuited flow phenomenon, resulting in a decrease in hydraulic efficiency. Most cases revealed that the emergent vegetation improved the hydraulic efficiency more than the EOs. The high-density emergent vegetation (HEV) improved the hydraulic efficiency more than the low-density emergent vegetation (LEV). Three cases involving HEV, two cases involving LEV, and one case involving EOs attained a good hydraulic efficiency (λ > 0.75). To achieve greater water purification, aquatic planting in constructed wetlands should not be overly dense. The HEV configuration in case 3-1 achieved optimum hydraulic performance for compliance with applicable water treatment standards.
Dispersal largely explains the Gondwanan distribution of the ancient tropical clusioid plant clade
Authors: Ruhfel Brad R. , Bove Claudia P. , Philbrick C. Thomas , Davis Charles C.
Published: June 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

The clusioid clade (Malpighiales) has an ancient fossil record (∼90 Ma) and extant representatives exhibit a pantropical distribution represented on all former Gondwanan landmasses (Africa, Australia, India, Madagascar, and South America) except Antarctica. Several biogeographers have hypothesized that the clusioid distribution is an example of Gondwanan vicariance. Our aim is to test the hypothesis that the modern distribution of the clusioid clade is largely explained by Gondwanan fragmentation.

METHODS:

Using a four gene, 207‐taxon data set we simultaneously estimated the phylogeny and divergence times of the clusioid clade using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. Ancestral Area Reconstructions (AARs) were then conducted on a distribution of 1000 trees and summarized on a reduced phylogeny.

KEY RESULTS:

Divergence time estimates and AARs revealed only two or four cladogenic events that are potentially consistent with Gondwanan vicariance, depending on the placement of the ancient fossil Paleoclusia. In contrast, dispersal occurred on > 25% of the branches, indicating the current distribution of the clade likely reflects extensive recent dispersal during the Cenozoic (< 65 Ma), most of which occurred after the beginning of the Eocene (∼56 Ma).

CONCLUSIONS:

These results support growing evidence that suggests many traditionally recognized angiosperm clades (families and genera) are too young for their distributions to have been influenced strictly by Gondwanan fragmentation. Instead, it appears that corridors of dispersal may be the best explanation for numerous angiosperm clades with Gondwanan distributions.
Copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of (phenylethynyl)di-p-tolylstibane with organic azides
Authors: Yamada Mizuki , Matsumura Mio , Uchida Yuki , Kawahata Masatoshi , Murata Yuki , Kakusawa Naoki , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Yasuike Shuji
Published: June 2016

Trisubstituted 5-stibano-1H-1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields by the Cu-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of a ethynylstibane with organic azides in the presence of CuBr (5 mol %) under aerobic conditions. The reaction of 5-stibanotriazole with HCl, I2, and NOBF4afforded 1-benzyl-4-phenyltriazole, 1-benzyl-5-iodo-4-phenyltriazole, and a pentavalent organoantimony compound, respectively.
Sahaptin: Between stress and tone
Authors: Hargus Sharon , Beavert Virginia
Published: June 2016

The Yakima dialect of Sahaptin has been described as a pitch accent language, but lately the category “pitch accent” has been questioned as a prosodic primitive. In this article we bring to light new data from reduplicated verbs found in texts. Trisyllabic and longer reduplicated verbs appear to have secondary stress, which is unexpected in a pitch accent language. We suggest that secondary stress surfaces in a PStem domain which meets certain minimal conditions of length. We conclude by sketching a two-dimensional typology of prosodic function with two scales, Word demarcation and Lexical contrast, and situate “canonical” stress, “canonical” tone and some in-between cases like Yakima Sahaptin within this typology.
Asymmetric Generalisation of Harmony Triggers
Authors: Kimper Wendell
Published: June 2016

In vowel harmony systems, certain classes of segments may be preferred as triggers; in particular, Kaun (1995) notes that rounding harmony is preferentially triggered by non-high vowels. There is a plausible phonetic explanation for this: non-high vowels manifest F2 contrasts less prominently (Linker, 1982; Terbeek, 1977) and therefore benefit more from the boost in perceptual salience that harmony affords.  In this paper, I present the results of an artificial grammar experiment suggesting, following Wilson (2006), that learners are systematically biased towards phonetically natural generalisations.  Learners trained on a harmony system triggered by high vowels extended the generalisation to mid vowels, but learners trained on mid vowels varied in the breadth of their generalisation.  I also show that a Maximum Entropy learner can successfully mimic the behaviour of human subjects if biases are included for both generality and phonetic naturalness.
A Gestural Account of Neutral Segment Asymmetries in Harmony
Authors: Smith Caitlin
Published: June 2016

Harmony is a process by which some property (e.g. nasality, lip rounding, tongue root position) spreads throughout some domain. Neutral segments are those that do not participate in harmony; they may block the spread of a harmonizing property or remain transparent to it. Typical analyses of neutral segments in harmony often make use of feature co-occurrence restrictions between a harmonizing feature and some feature of an intended target. However, any co-occurrence restriction responsible for blocking behavior can also be employed to induce transparency, over-generating possible patterns of transparency in harmony. Within rounding harmony and nasal harmony, the set of crosslinguistically attested transparent segments is a proper subset of attested blockers. These asymmetrical patterns of distribution are not predicted by standard approaches to neutrality in harmony in which neutral segments are the result of a single mechanism within the phonological grammar. This paper proposes that the adoption of a gestural representation of harmony accounts for the comparatively limited sets of transparent segments in rounding harmony and nasal harmony, and it does so via two distinct driving forces responsible for transparency and blocking.
Learning Opaque and Transparent Interactions in Harmonic Serialism
Authors: Jarosz Gaja
Published: June 2016

This paper presents initial modeling results comparing the relative learnability of four basic types of process interactions: bleeding, feeding, counterfeeding and counterbleeding. The principle finding is that the learning model does not predict an absolute hierarchy of learning difficulty based on the type of process interaction involved. Rather, relative learning difficulty depends on numerous interacting factors, including how evidence for the target language is quantitatively distributed in the learning data, how distant the target language is from the initial grammar, and what alternative hypotheses the learner must rule out during learning. The model predicts that under some circumstances transparent orderings (Kiparsky 1971) are easier to learn but that under different conditions, orderings that maximize process utilization (Kiparsky 1968) are learned more easily.  The model also predicts that different aspects of interactions can be difficult to learn under different circumstances: in some cases it is the orderings themselves that are difficult to learn, while in others, the model is slow to learn one of the processes involved in an interaction. The discussion relates these learning difficulties to Kiparsky’s (1968, 1971) discussion of diachronic rule reordering and rule loss and highlights directions for further research.
Adjunction and Branchingness Effects in Syntax-Prosody Mapping
Authors: Bellik Jennifer , Kalivoda Nick
Published: June 2016

Match Theory (Selkirk 2011) and approaches to syntax-prosody mapping involving alignment and Wrap(XP) (Truckenbrodt 1995, 1999) insist that syntatic phrases at least partially map onto phonological phrases. Each approach specifies that certain XPs are visible for mapping, while others are not. Both Truckenbrodt (1999) and Selkirk (2011) suggest that when an XP hosts an adjunct, only the lower segment of that XP is visible at the interface. We undertake several case studies of these theories' predictions, drawing primarily on data from phrasing in the Bantu language Kinyambo (Bickmore 1990), in order to address the proper interpretation of syntactic adjunction structures at the syntax-phonology interface. To do so, we employ a new JavaScript application which we have developed, Syntax-Prosody in Optimality Theory (SPOT; Bellik, Bellik, & Kalivoda 2016) allowing us to automatically generate and evaluate prosodic tree structures of arbitrary length and depth. We conclude that high segments of XP in syntactic adjunction structures must be visible to Match (pace Selkirk 2011) in order to predict attested prosodic phrasings in Kinyambo, and that treatments of adjunction which ignore the highest segment of a maximal projection make surprising and possibly problematic predictions.
Does Learning Alternations Affect Phonotactic Judgments?
Authors: Pizzo Presley , Pater Joe
Published: June 2016

It has long been recognized that alternations often serve to resolve violations of the phonotactic constraints of a language, and it has often been claimed that this entails a unified analysis. However, alternations and phonotactics do not always reflect identical constraints or processes. We provide experimental evidence that the learning of an alternation may affect phonotactic judgments.Participants were trained on one of two artificial languages. Each language contained evidence for one of two alternations, while not excluding the possibility that the other alternation occurs. The constraints motivating the alternations were not violated in either language. All participants were then tested on their phonotactic preference for the sequences avoided by each alternation. Experiment 1 found a significant interaction between alternation trained on and phonotactic preference, supporting the hypothesis that the learning of an alternation to avoid a sequence reduces the phonotactic acceptability of that sequence. Experiment 2 found a nonsignificant trend in the same direction. We conclude that while further investigation is needed, there is reason to consider potential interactions between alternations and phonotactics in the modeling of phonological learning.
THE SUBSTANTIATION OF URBAN HABITATS PEER LAND EXCHANGE IN UKRAINE
Authors: Malashevskyi Mykola , Bugaienko Olena
Published: June 2016

Land exchanges have been used around the world and are recognized as one of the principal ways of land reallocation. At the moment, placement of facilities and socially and environmentally important objects in the existing housing is of special importance in Ukraine. There is a need for finding ways of increasing the effectiveness of such projects with the help of peer exchange. With this aim, engineering solutions for the built-up land exchange should be found.

Research, provided in this paper, aims at substantiating peer land plot exchange calculation at the inhabited locality improvement. Key factors defining value of the built-up land (or the land to be built-up) have been defined. Placement and physical characteristics, which should be taken into consideration to achieve the land exchange equality, have been singled out.

Based on the existing calculation of peer agricultural land exchange in Ukraine a methodology for built-up (or to be built-up) land, which considers the peculiarities of the land usage, has been proposed.

Calculation of peer built-up (or that to be built-up) urban land exchange has been presented. Technical data characterizing the main influence factors in the discourse of the provided land exchange approach have been offered. The calculation algorithm on the example of peer residential housing land plot exchange in Kyiv has been provided.
BALLOON-BORNE SUBMILLIMETER POLARIMETRY OF THE VELA C MOLECULAR CLOUD: SYSTEMATIC DEPENDENCE OF POLARIZATION FRACTION ON COLUMN DENSITY AND LOCAL POLARIZATION-ANGLE DISPERSION
Authors: Fissel Laura M. , Ade Peter A. R. , Angilè Francesco E. , Ashton Peter , Benton Steven J. , Devlin Mark J. , Dober Bradley , Fukui Yasuo , Galitzki Nicholas , Gandilo Natalie N. , Klein Jeffrey , Korotkov Andrei L. , Li Zhi-Yun , Martin Peter G. , Matthews Tristan G. , Moncelsi Lorenzo , Nakamura Fumitaka , Netterfield Calvin B. , Novak Giles , Pascale Enzo , Poidevin Frédérick , Santos Fabio P. , Savini Giorgio , Scott Douglas , Shariff Jamil A. , Soler Juan Diego , Thomas Nicholas E. , Tucker Carole E. , Tucker Gregory S. , Ward-Thompson Derek
Published: June 2016

We present results for Vela C obtained during the 2012 flight of the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope for Polarimetry. We mapped polarized intensity across almost the entire extent of this giant molecular cloud, in bands centered at 250, 350, and 500 μm. In this initial paper, we show our 500 μm data smoothed to a resolution of 2.′5 (approximately 0.5 pc). We show that the mean level of the fractional polarization p and most of its spatial variations can be accounted for using an empirical three-parameter power-law fit,

, where N is the hydrogen column density and S is the polarization-angle dispersion on 0.5 pc scales. The decrease of p with increasing S is expected because changes in the magnetic field direction within the cloud volume sampled by each measurement will lead to cancellation of polarization signals. The decrease of p with increasing N might be caused by the same effect, if magnetic field disorder increases for high column density sightlines. Alternatively, the intrinsic polarization efficiency of the dust grain population might be lower for material along higher density sightlines. We find no significant correlation between N and S. Comparison of observed submillimeter polarization maps with synthetic polarization maps derived from numerical simulations provides a promising method for testing star formation theories. Realistic simulations should allow for the possibility of variable intrinsic polarization efficiency. The measured levels of correlation among p, N, and S provide points of comparison between observations and simulations.
ZFIRE: THE KINEMATICS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AS A FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENT AT z ∼ 2
Authors: Alcorn Leo Y. , Tran Kim-Vy H. , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Nanayakkara Themiya , Straatman Caroline , Yuan Tiantian , Allen Rebecca J. , Cowley Michael , Davé Romeel , Glazebrook Karl , Kewley Lisa J. , Labbé Ivo , Quadri Ryan , Spitler Lee R. , Tomczak Adam
Published: June 2016

We perform a kinematic analysis of galaxies at z ∼ 2 in the COSMOS legacy field using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy from Keck/MOSFIRE as part of the ZFIRE survey. Our sample consists of 75 Ks-band selected star-forming galaxies from the ZFOURGE survey with stellar masses ranging from log(M
⋆/M
⊙) = 9.0–11.0, 28 of which are members of a known overdensity at z = 2.095. We measure Hα emission-line integrated velocity dispersions (σ
int) from 50 to 230 km s−1, consistent with other emission-line studies of z ∼ 2 field galaxies. From these data we estimate virial, stellar, and gas masses and derive correlations between these properties for cluster and field galaxies at z ∼ 2. We find evidence that baryons dominate within the central effective radius. However, we find no statistically significant differences between the cluster and the field, and conclude that the kinematics of star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 are not significantly different between the cluster and field environments.
À l'heure du punk !
Authors: Robène Luc , Serre Solveig
Published: June 2016

Cet article s’attache à étudier la réception du punk dans la presse musicale spécialisée française. En analysant les publications des deux principaux magazines musicaux ( Rock & Folk et Best ) qui dominent l’actualité musicale en France entre 1976 et 1979, nous montrons de quelle manière ces médias ont joué un rôle important dans la diffusion d’une musique qui, loin de se réduire à l’émotion de l’écoute, fut aussi une musique « lue », faite de mots et d’images, de chroniques et de points de vue. En accompagnant le punk, en se focalisant sur certains aspects, en grossissant le trait et parfois en inventant certains de ses codes au fil de mises en scènes inédites, cette presse a rendu plus familière une culture de résistance émergente, rétive et rugueuse, qu’elle a contribué à transformer. Notre travail questionne les mécanismes médiatiques et les processus qui ont accompagné, voire induit, les transformations de l’image du punk en France, déplaçant sensiblement les frontières entre contre-culture et mainstream.
Sociologie du cinéma et théorie des réseaux. Pour une analyse structurale des « Européens à Hollywood »
Authors: Delaporte Chloé
Published: June 2016

La théorie des réseaux offre un certain nombre d’outils qui peuvent apporter un éclairage complémentaire à l’étude des sociabilités artistiques ; la constitution de sociogrammes, notamment, se révèle fort utile dans le cadre de recherches en sociologie du cinéma. Dans cette voie, nous proposons une analyse structurale de la communauté des réalisateurs européens expatriés à Hollywood, durant l’âge classique du cinéma américain. Cet article développe ainsi trois exemples d’exploitation sociométrique d’une recherche préalablement menée sur ce transfert culturel singulier, mettant à jour la dimension nécessairement plurielle du phénomène.
Le capital social, l’art contemporain et les carrières
Authors: Moureau Nathalie , Zenou Benoit
Published: June 2016

Depuis les travaux de Mark Granovetter sur le marché du travail, le rôle joué par les réseaux et le capital social a maintes fois été souligné, notamment dans le domaine culturel. Selon Blaug (1985), les trois S, i.e. skilling, screening et socialisation, sont aussi importants pour les activités artistiques que les trois Rs pour les secteurs traditionnels. Acquérir des compétences, évaluer ses capacités et obtenir des recommandations de professionnels reconnus contribuent à favoriser la carrière des artistes. En nous appuyant sur une enquête conduite dans la région Languedoc Roussillon autour du parcours d’une vingtaine d’artistes plasticiens (entretiens semi directifs), nous analysons comment le capital social intervient en début de parcours (différences dans les dotations initiales individuelles) puis au cours de la carrière.
Peurs millénaristes et visions futuristes face au déclin d’un bassin industriel : Saint-Étienne à la fin du XIX e siècle
Authors: Lorcin Jean
Published: June 2016

Résumé Le déclin du vieux bassin houiller de Saint-Étienne, au terme d’une prodigieuse croissance, a alimenté, à la fin du XIX e  siècle, un pessimisme que traduisent, sous la plume d’un poète ouvrier, Jacques Vacher, d’un journaliste, Claude Le Marguet, et d’un écrivain, Émile Zola, de sombres visions. L’effondrement de la ville, rongée par le travail souterrain de la mine, illustre l’entropie qui, pour Michelet, était le terme inéluctable du siècle de la machine. L’abîme où s’engloutit la ville minière, devenue une ville fantôme, est la traduction imagée d’une crise sociale, politique et intellectuelle qui alimente chez les trois auteurs un sentiment de déréliction très « fin de siècle ». Seule vision d’avenir à l’aube du XX e  siècle, l’utopie de la ville électrique que décrit Zola, hôte de pionniers de l’électrométallurgie, reflète un certain optimisme.
« Catachronisme » de la ville morte : la capitale du XIX e siècle et l’Anthropocène
Authors: Lee Daryl , Oscarson Marie-Laure
Published: June 2016

Résumé Les représentations de Paris comme ville morte du XIX e  siècle font le bilan de facteurs écologiques dans sa destruction. C’est le cas pour un ensemble de romans d’anticipation qui imagine la capitale soumise à la catastrophe des milliers d’années à venir, comme s’il s’agissait d’une ruine archéologique. Moins prophétique qu’il n’y paraît, le composant écologique de ces récits se valorise pourtant aujourd’hui par le biais du débat autour de l’« Anthropocène », cette période géologique proposée pour donner sens au monde moderne dans lequel le changement climatique dû à l’activité anthropique fixe irréversiblement le destin catastrophique du système planétaire. Une relecture selon le « catachronisme » (Aravamudan) – un concept de déterminisme catastrophique façonné par le changement climatique – illumine ces récits, dans lesquels Paris devient la ville-phare l’Anthropocène.
Intraoperative 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography and Navigation in Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Chowdhary Ashwin , Drittenbass Lisca , Dubois-Ferrière Victor , Stern Richard , Assal Mathieu
Published: June 2016

Computer-assisted orthopedic surgery has developed dramatically during the past 2 decades. This article describes the use of intraoperative 3-dimensional computed tomography and navigation in foot and ankle surgery. Traditional imaging based on serial radiography or C-arm–based fluoroscopy does not provide simultaneous real-time 3-dimensional imaging, and thus leads to suboptimal visualization and guidance. Three-dimensional computed tomography allows for accurate intraoperative visualization of the position of bones and/or navigation implants. Such imaging and navigation helps to further reduce intraoperative complications, leads to improved surgical outcomes, and may become the gold standard in foot and ankle surgery. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(5):e1005–e1010.]
Effects of Cobalt and Chromium Levels Following Modular Hip Stem Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Koziara Christopher R. , Lombardo Daniel J. , Petersen-Fitts Graysen R. , Jildeh Toufic R. , Morawa Lawrence
Published: June 2016

Due to the increased number of revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs) to correct pain secondary to fretting from modular hip stems, this study was conducted in an effort to correlate objective findings of serum cobalt (Co) levels, serum chromium (Cr) levels, and/or reactive tissue seen on metal artifact reduction sequence (MARS) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a patient's need for revision THA. The study group comprised 66 patients, 18 of whom received MARS MRI. Serum Co levels, serum Cr levels, and standard numeric rating scale for pain were documented for all patients. Statistical analysis was then performed to determine whether there was a correlation between the aforementioned variables and the need for revision THA. Serum Cr levels were higher in patients with positive reactive tissue findings on MARS MRI, although this only approached significance (
P
=.083). Serum Co levels were higher in those undergoing revision THA, but this also only approached significance (
P
=.076). Pain scores were significantly different between those undergoing revision and those not (
P
<.001). It is the opinion of the authors that there is no objective finding in this study that can be used to identify patients who require revision THA secondary to fretting of a modular hip stem prosthesis. Only a patient's stated pain level can assist a surgeon in the decision-making process regarding the need for revision THA secondary to fretting. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(5):288–292.]
Conservation Law of Energy Using Fractional Taylor Series
Authors: Soroush Ali , Farahmand Farzam
Published: June 2016

Customary conservation law of energy is commonly derived using first-order Taylor series, which is only valid for situation of linear changes in the flow of energy in control volume. It is shown that using high-order Taylor series will approximate non-linear changes in the flow of energy but in fact some error remains. We used fractional Taylor series which exactly represent non-linear flow of energy in control volume. By replacing the customary integer-order Taylor series approximation with the fractional-order Taylor series approximation, limitation of the linear flow of energy in the control volume and the restriction that the control volume must be infinitesimal is omitted. The innovation of this paper is we show that as long as the order of fractional differentiation is equal with flow power-law, the fractional conservation law of energy will be exact and it can be used for fluid in a porous medium.
Real Power and Frequency Control – Case Study for a Synchronous Generator from the Structure of a Hydroelectric Power Plant
Authors: Mureşan Vlad , Abrudean Mihail , Coloşi Tiberiu , Clitan Iulia , Bondici Cristian , Ungureşan Mihaela Ligia , Sita Valentin
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a solution for the real power control, generated by a synchronous generator belonging to a small hydroelectric power plant. The proposed control system is based on the simple feedback structure which contains also, a frequency correction loop. The mathematical models of all the elements from the control structure are detailed. Also, starting from these models, the real power controller (of Proportional – Integral – Derivative type) tuning procedure is presented. In the end of the paper, the simulations results of the control system are presented highlighting the obtained control performances. The proposed solution is a general one and it can be adapted with relative minor changes to any hydroelectric power plant.
Solutions for Measuring Weight of Bead Wires
Authors: Varga Jozef , Sukop Marek , Jánoš Rudolf , Hajduk Mikuláš , Duchovič Peter , Bezák Martin
Published: June 2016

This article describes the design options of sensing weight based on the principle of strain gauges. Measuring method is based on the measurement of deformations on the surface of the body, which is converted to the change in electrical resistance. This is an electrical resistance sensor, which consists of smaller cross-section wire of a suitable material and substrate for wire attached. Depending on what principle the sensor works, there are various types: such as bending, membrane, staple, ring and other. Moreover, the sensor can be made of different materials, most often of steel or aluminum alloy. The article describes two options of measuring the bead wires: measurement about the effector and measurement on the measuring stand.
Rotary Tables for Machine Tools
Authors: Prodan Dan , Bucuresteanu Anca , Dobrescu Tiberiu , Motomancea Adrian
Published: June 2016

In this paper the authors present some theoretical and experimental research carried out during the manufacture of a rotary table for CNC machine-tools AF type. There are shown the calculation methods in static and dynamic conditions for the indexable rotary tables and also for those that operate as numerically controlled “B” axes. The calculation methods were tested by manufacturing several such tables intended for the machines belonging to AF(P)100-180 range.
Numerical Control System of Conventional Milling Machine
Authors: Mikolajczyk Tadeusz
Published: June 2016

The paper presents a system of numerical control conventional milling machine, however with drives equipped with electromagnetic clutches. In control system was used relay controlled using PC. There are connected to buttons to manually panel milling machine with an electromagnetic system feeds. Developed using VB6 special software to control the machine with G-code.
An Introduction to Bipolar Single Valued Neutrosophic Graph Theory
Authors: Broumi Said , Smarandache Florentin , Talea Mohamed , Bakali Assia
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we first define the concept of bipolar single neutrosophic graphs as the generalization of bipolar fuzzy graphs, N-graphs, intuitionistic fuzzy graph, single valued neutrosophic graphs and bipolar intuitionistic fuzzy graphs.
Fractional Order Model Identification for a Billet Unloading Robotic Arm
Authors: Clitan Iulia , Mureşan Vlad , Clitan Andrei Florin , Abrudean Mihail
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a fractional model identification for a billet unloading robotic arm’s positioning system. First, an integer order model is obtained using a graphical identification method based on a set of experimental data. The experimental data represents the robotic arm’s position, measured using an encoder, at a constant billet displacement. The integer order model was obtained based on the overall performances of the measured robotic arm’s step response. The mean square error between the measured data and the model step response is high, thus, in order to decrease the error and to obtain a more accurate model, a fractional order model is determined using an iterative procedure.
Characteristics of and Approaches to Flocking in Swarm Robotics
Authors: Masehian Ellips , Royan Mitra
Published: June 2016

One of the basic collective behaviors of swarm robotic systems is flocking, which has been actively studied for more than a decade and mimics a natural phenomenon where a group of animals move together as a single entity. In flocking, each robot in the flock tries to adjust its velocity and align with other robots in the flock while maintaining a predetermined pattern (formation) and avoiding collisions with obstacle and other members of the flock. This paper presents an up-to-date review on the characteristics of flocking problems and tasks, as well as solution approaches to flocking problems. We have addressed flock characteristics from the formation type, robustness, leader-follower, information, and communication aspects. Also, various flocking tasks of exploration, motion planning and navigation, shepherding, covering, object transportation, and simultaneous object collection and shepherding are investigated. Also, a new categorization of approaches to flocking is presented, which contains Leader-Follower, Behavior-based, Control-based, Fault-Tolerant, and Hybrid approaches. Finally, a comparative table on the characteristics of flocking problems appeared in various works of the literature is presented.
Experimental Investigation of a Four Stroke Spark Ignition Engine Operated with Naphtha or Gasoline Blended LPG
Authors: Abdulhaleem Samer M. , Mohammed Hind A.
Published: June 2016

In this study experimental work has been conducted using liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as blended fuel with naphtha or gasoline in a spark ignition engine in order to reduce pollutants emissions and to improve engine performance. The fuel blended is done on energy replacement basis which means that the amount of LPG added has an amount of energy equivalent to the energy of naphtha or gasoline removed. The results showed that the LPG blended improve engine efficiency until about 20% blended ratio and reduces CO, CO2, and NOx but causes an increase in unburned hydrocarbon emission. The test carried out at constant compression ratio (6:1), under different load with variety percentage of LPG energy blending ratio of (10-25) %.
An H∞ Design Approach for the Heading Hold Autopilot of a Flying Wing UAV
Authors: Stoica Adrian Mihail , Parvu Petrişor Valentin , Bivolaru Mirela
Published: June 2016

The paper presents a modified loop shaping approach for the design of the automatic flight control system of an unmanned air vehicle’s lateral-directional dynamics. The design objectives include robust stabilization with respect to modeling uncertainties, heading angle tracking of an ideal model, coordinated turn and reduced sensitivity with respect to low frequency measurement errors. Based on the resulting full order controller one determined a reduced order controller. The numerical results show that both the full order and the reduced order autopilots accomplish the design objectives.
A Real Options-Based Framework for Strategic Decision-Making in Hostile, Turbulent and Ultra-Volatile Environments
Authors: Boscoianu Mircea , Bacali Laura , Boscoianu Elena Corina , Popa Dragos , Codreanu Aura
Published: June 2016

The resources required by modern military action are essential in establishing a favorable force balance and thus become a critical landmark in strategic decision making. The imbalance in resources is of utmost importance and needs to be analyzed in full relation with the current dynamic and volatile environment. Decisions made based on such resource dynamics are rapid, intuitive and can be easily transferred into practical approaches provided that the complexity of the processes characteristic of combat environments is fully taken into account. Moreover, the dynamic management of portfolios needs to also include options. Additionally, strategic decisions must be harmonized with operational and tactical decisions while integrating all available means by which to employ resources and meeting the deadline set by the features of real time situations. Traditional approaches like discounted cash flow/ net present value (DCF/ NPV) cannot provide the flexibility required by the changes in combat environment. Unlike the financial options focused on bonds, stocks, financial rates, military real options (MRO) evaluate military resources and bonds and are thus advantageous under uncertain and ultra-volatile conditions. Thus, strategic decision makers need to not only deter against losses, but to also understand how to preserve the opportunity to act in turbulent times.
Control Oriented Modeling and Identification of Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Emami Ali , Banazadeh Afshin
Published: June 2016

This study describes a practical and systematic procedure for identifying and modeling nonlinear systems based on the input-output analysis. Frequency domain data is used to obtain a reduced linear models of nonlinear systems. A coherence function is introduced to specify the identification accuracy. The procedure is applied to a small vertical take-off and landing air vehicle. Control compensators are then designed based on the identified models and autonomous hovering is successfully achieved. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of this method in comparison with other classical approaches.
Approaches in Correlation Analysis and Application on Oil Field Data
Authors: Vališ David , Žák Libor
Published: June 2016

The paper deals with selected approaches which unite several correlation analysis principles. Field data very often has various forms and contents. The comparison of different approaches will help to determine more precisely which correlation analysis is better for assessing input and output data. In this paper we introduce several correlation principles which can help to select the most suitable correlation approach. We present a traditional correlation analysis and compare it with Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. The value of our article lies in comparing several different approaches of the correlation analysis in which the oil field data from diesel combustion engine are used
Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for Simulating 2D Elastodynamics Problems
Authors: Nguyen Van Tien , Canh Cao Xuan , Zuhal Lavi R.
Published: June 2016

SPH is a Lagrangian based computational method that can be used for solving fluids and solid mechanics problems. In this work, SPH is utilized to solve the two dimensional Navier’s equation for linear elastodynamics problems. The SPH technique computes the discrete particle properties using a smoothing distribution function, which takes into account the effect of neighboring particles. To investigate the performance of the developed method in solving solid mechanics problems, the problem of plate bending was simulated. The results show good agreement between the simulation and analytical solution. Additionally, the study found an indication that the current method of enforcing boundary conditions produces boundary effects at locations where the plate is attached to the wall and at the end of the plate.
The Modeling of a Propeller Turbine Runner in 3D Solid Using 3D Equation Curve in Autodesk Inventor 2015
Authors: Djodikusumo Indra , Diasta I. Nengah , Koeshardono Fachri
Published: June 2016

Published paper on modelling of propeller turbine blade and runner is not commonly found, especially those using Autodesk Inventor. One of them is titled CAD Modelling of Axial Turbine Blade using Autodesk Inventor. However, the road taken is quite complicated and should be repeated from the beginning whenever new geometrical characteristics of a new axial propeller turbine will be modelled. Currently, Autodesk Inventor has introduced the new tool that help sketching the spline lines either in 2D plane or 3D space simplifying the task of 3D modelling of propeller turbine blade, called Equation Curve. The Equation Curve tool requires the codes for creating the spline lines. To create the codes, two sources have been used: NACA report no. 460 and modelling methodology proposed by Milos in his paper. In NACA report no. 460, it is explained that NACA 4 Digit Series is created by combining mean line with the thickness variation curve of Gottingen 398 and Clark Y. This airfoil has 4 different lines with their own equation. The equations can be used for sketching in 2D plane. However, the solid model of the runner blade is formed from the airfoils in cylindrical surface. Then, as explained by Milos in his paper, the procedure is as follows: sketch the airfoil in 2D plane that is the tangent of cylindrical surface, move the airfoil to its center, rotate to its stagger angle, and project it to cylindrical surface. The result of this process will be the equations of lines in 3D space. Transform them to the Inventor codes. Input these codes to 3D Equation Curve tool to create the 4 lines for each cylindrical surface section of blade. Making the solid model of runner the following step is required: use loft command to create blade surfaces, use the stitch command to solidify, use the pattern command to create other blades, create hub, and lastly combine blades and hub. The solid model of the runner then is tested by simulating it using ANSYS Fluent. The hydraulic efficiency of the model is 85%.