bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep‐Soil‐Mixing für eine Dammabdichtung in Österreich
Authors: Rathmair Franz , Sigmund Christian
Published: June 2011

Ein oberwasserseitig des Traunkraftwerks Pucking, Österreich, liegender Damm wies Undichtigkeiten im Bereich der bestehenden Bitumenabdichtung am Dammfuß und der Dichtwand auf. Eine vorgesetzte Dichtwand samt neuem Dichtwandkopf wurde nach dem Deep‐Soil‐Mixing Verfahren ausgeführt. In Bereichen mit Blocklagen wurde die Dichtwand mit dem Soilcrete®‐Düsenstrahlverfahren hergestellt. Zur Sicherung der Qualität bzw. der Erosionsstabilität der verwendeten Dichtwandsuspension wurden neben zahlreichen Festigkeitsuntersuchungen auch Durchlässigkeitsversuche in der fertiggestellten Dichtwand durchgeführt. Durch die Anwendung eines Mehrfachmischwerkzeugs konnte die Ausführungszeit auf wenige Wochen reduziert werden.

Deep Soil Mixing for a dam sealing in Austria. The upstream part of a dam at the Traun river power plant in Austria has been found to be permeable at the existing bitumen sealing, the dam base and the inner sealing wall. A new sealing wall including a new sealing wall head has been executed by means of the deep soil mixing technique. Areas containing granite blocks were executed with the Soilcrete® jet‐grouting technique. To ensure the quality and the stability of the grout used for the sealing wall, permeability tests were executed in the finished wall in addition to compressive strength tests. Due to the application of a multi rod mixing tool, the execution time of this job could be reduced to a few weeks.
Identification of a novel human Acyl‐CoA binding protein isoform with a unique C‐terminal domain
Authors: Ludewig Andreas H. , Nitz Inke , Klapper Maja , Döring Frank
Published: June 2011

Seven isoforms of the multifunctional human Acyl‐coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP) have been characterized so far. Through ab initio analysis of expressed sequence tag (ESTs), we identified a novel high‐abundant ACBP splice variant ACBP1e encoding an ACBP isoform with a unique C‐terminus of 81 amino acid residues. Bioinformatic analysis shows that this domain is evolutionary conserved and shares no significant homology with other known proteins, and its function is not known. Quantitative RT‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that ACBP1e is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue and hippocampus. Protein expression studies showed perinuclear clustering of ACBP1e. These clusters were not seen in ACBP1e mutants with an altered putative subtilisin/kexin isozyme‐1 cleavage site within the C‐terminus, indicating that this domain is required for proper localization of ACBP1e. Conclusively, we identified a novel ACBP isoforms with an unique C‐terminal domain encoded by a high‐abundant splice variant. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(7): 547–552, 2011
Metabolic pathways and intracellular trafficking of gangliosides
Authors: Daniotti Jose Luis , Iglesias‐Bartolomé Ramiro
Published: June 2011

Gangliosides constitute a large and heterogeneous family of acidic glycosphingolipids that contain one or more sialic acid residues and are expressed in nearly all vertebrate cells. Their de novo synthesis starts at the endoplasmic reticulum and is continued by a combination of glycosyltransferase activities at the Golgi complex, followed by vesicular delivery to the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, gangliosides participate in a variety of physiological as well as pathological processes. The cloning of genes for most of the glycosyltransferases responsible for ganglioside biosynthesis has produced a better understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of the ganglioside metabolism. In addition, the ability to delete groups of glycosphingolipid structures in mice has been enormously important in determining their physiological roles. Recently, a number of enzymes for ganglioside anabolism and catabolism have been shown to be associated with the plasma membrane, which might contribute to modulate local glycolipid composition, and consequently, the cell function. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(7): 513‐520, 2011
Identification of galectins as novel regulators of platelet signaling and function
Authors: Romaniuk Maria Albertina , Negrotto Soledad , Campetella Oscar , Rabinovich Gabriel Adrian , Schattner Mirta
Published: June 2011

Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury leads to the formation of a hemostatic plug. Activation of platelets is therefore crucial for normal hemostasis. However, uncontrolled platelet activation may also lead to the formation of occlusive thrombi that can cause ischemic events. Platelets can be activated by soluble molecules including thrombin, TXA2, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and serotonin or by adhesive extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as von Willebrand factor and collagen. In this article, we review recent advances on the role of galectins in platelet physiology. By acting in either soluble or immobilized form, these glycan‐binding proteins trigger platelet activation through modulation of discrete signaling pathways. We also offer new hypotheses and some speculations about the role of platelet–galectin interactions not only in hemostasis and thrombosis but also in inflammation and related diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(7): 521–527, 2011
Red blood cell extrudes nucleus and mitochondria against oxidative stress
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Wei , Cheng Jian , Xu Fei , Chen Yang‐Er , Du Jun‐Bo , Yuan Ming , Zhu Feng , Xu Xiao‐Chao , Yuan Shu
Published: June 2011

Mammal red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain neither nucleus nor mitochondria. Traditional theory suggests that the presence of a nucleus would prevent big nucleated erythrocytes to squeeze through these small capillaries. However, nucleus is too small to hinder erythrocyte deformation. And, there is no sound reason to abandon mitochondria for the living cells. Here, we found that mammal erythrocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels kept stable under diabetes, ischemia reperfusion, and malaria conditions orin vitrosugar/heme treatments, whereas bird erythrocyte ROS levels increased dramatically in these circumstances. Nuclear and mitochondrial extrusion may help mammal erythrocytes to better adapt to high‐sugar and high‐heme conditions by limiting ROS generation. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(7): 560–565, 2011
Moonlighting proteins in neurological disorders
Authors: Ovádi Judit
Published: June 2011

Noabstract.
Physiologic estrogen replacement increases bone density in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Misra Madhusmita , Katzman Debra , Miller Karen K , Mendes Nara , Snelgrove Deirdre , Russell Melissa , Goldstein Mark A , Ebrahimi Seda , Clauss Laura , Weigel Thomas , Mickley Diane , Schoenfeld David A , Herzog David B , Klibanski Anne
Published: June 2011

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is prevalent in adolescents and is associated with decreased bone mineral accrual at a time critical for optimizing bone mass. Low BMD in AN is a consequence of nutritional and hormonal alterations, including hypogonadism and low estradiol levels. Effective therapeutic strategies to improve BMD in adolescents with AN have not been identified. Specifically, high estrogen doses given as an oral contraceptive do not improve BMD. The impact of physiologic estrogen doses that mimic puberty on BMD has not been examined. We enrolled 110 girls with AN and 40 normal-weight controls 12 to 18 years of age of similar maturity. Subjects were studied for 18 months. Mature girls with AN (bone age [BA] ≥15 years, n = 96) were randomized to 100 µg of 17β-estradiol (with cyclic progesterone) or placebo transdermally for 18 months. Immature girls with AN (BA < 15 years, n = 14) were randomized to incremental low-dose oral ethinyl-estradiol (3.75 µg daily from 0 to 6 months, 7.5 µg from 6 to 12 months, 11.25 µg from 12 to 18 months) to mimic pubertal estrogen increases or placebo for 18 months. All BMD measures assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were lower in girls with AN than in control girls. At baseline, girls with AN randomized to estrogen (AN E + ) did not differ from those randomized to placebo (AN E–) for age, maturity, height, BMI, amenorrhea duration, and BMD parameters. Spine and hip BMD Z-scores increased over time in the AN E+ compared with the AN E– group, even after controlling for baseline age and weight. It is concluded that physiologic estradiol replacement increases spine and hip BMD in girls with AN. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
High temporal and spatial resolution 3D time‐resolved contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the hands and feet
Authors: Haider Clifton R. , Riederer Stephen J. , Borisch Eric A. , Glockner James F. , Grimm Roger C. , Hulshizer Thomas C. , Macedo Thanila A. , Mostardi Petrice M. , Rossman Phillip J. , Vrtiska Terri J. , Young Phillip M.
Published: June 2011

Methods are described for generating 3D time‐resolved contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiograms of the hands and feet. Given targeted spatial resolution and frame times, it is shown that acceleration of about one order of magnitude or more is necessary. This is obtained by a combination of 2D sensitivity encoding (SENSE) and homodyne (HD) acceleration methods. Image update times from 3.4–6.8 seconds are provided in conjunction with view sharing. Modular receiver coil arrays are described which can be designed to the targeted vascular region. Images representative of the technique are generated in the vasculature of the hands and feet in volunteers and in patient studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional high frequency power Doppler ultrasonography for the assessment of microvasculature during fracture healing in a rat model
Authors: Sun Ming‐Hui , Leung Kwok‐Sui , Zheng Yong‐Ping , Huang Yan‐Ping , Wang Li‐Ke , Qin Ling , Leung Andraay Hon‐Chi , Chow Simon Kwoon‐Ho , Cheung Wing‐Hoi
Published: June 2011

We aimed to establish a novel approach with 3D high frequency power Doppler ultrasonography (3D‐HF‐PDU) to assess microvasculature at the fracture site in rat femurs by comparing with microCT‐based microangiography. Twenty‐four 9‐month‐old ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporotic rats and age‐matched sham‐ovariectomized (Sham) rats were used for establishing closed fracture models on right femora. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks post‐operatively, four rats in each group underwent in vivo 3D‐HF‐PDU scanning for evaluation of vascularization and blood flow at the fracture site. Then the fractured femora were harvested for ex vivo microangiography, and neovasculatures within the callus were reconstructed for vascular volume analysis. Correlation between the vascular volumes of the two methodologies was examined. Both 3D‐HF‐PDU and microangiography showed a decline of vascular volume at the fracture site from 2 to 8 weeks and a significantly larger volume in the Sham group than the OVX group. A significant linear positive correlation (r = 0.87, p < 0.001) was detected between the volumes measured by the two methodologies. Osteoporotic rats had a diminished angiogenic response and lower blood perfusion than Shams. We believe 3D‐HF‐PDU is feasible and reproducible for in vivo assessment of microvasculature during femoral fracture healing in rats. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:137–143, 2012
Long‐term spruce budworm outbreak dynamics reconstructed from subfossil trees
Authors: Sonia Simard , Morin Hubert , Krause Cornelia
Published: June 2011

We reconstructed the long‐term spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreak dynamics in the boreal forest of Quebec (Canada) using a dendrochronological approach with subfossil trees. Although the majority of the excavated wood belonging to the genus Picea could potentially reveal the past activity of spruce budworms in the tree rings, very few were cross‐dated due to a lack of marker rings. All cross‐dated trees were found within a particular zone of the peat bogs and the floating chronology was radiocarbon dated to ca. 5.1 cal ka BP. The results presented in this study suggest that the dynamics of SBW outbreaks in the studied area fluctuated during the last millennia and that severe outbreaks as observed during the 20th century seldom occurred in that part of the boreal forest since the end of the last glaciation. These results are in agreement with observations from other parts of eastern North America. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Al2O3/TiO2 composite sol–gel fiber for headspace solid‐phase microextraction of chlorinated organic solvents from urine
Authors: Farhadi Khalil , Maleki Ramin , Tahmasebi Raheleh
Published: June 2011

A new solid‐phase microextraction fiber based on alumina/titania sol–gel‐coated on copper wire for headspace sampling of chlorinated organic solvents (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene) from urine samples is introduced. The influences of fiber coating composition and microextraction conditions (extraction temperature, extraction time, and ionic strength of the sample matrix) on the fiber performance were investigated. Also, the influence of temperature and time on desorption of analytes from fiber was studied. The proposed fiber has high capacity and demonstrates fast sampling of chlorinated organic solvents from urine samples with high sensitivity. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n=5) for all analytes was below 6.5%.
Monolithic polymer layer with gradient of hydrophobicity for separation of peptides using two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography and MALDI‐TOF‐MS detection
Authors: Urbanova Iva , Svec Frantisek
Published: June 2011

Superhydrophobic monolithic porous polymer layers supported onto glass plates with a gradient of hydrophobicity have been prepared and used for 2‐D thin layer chromatography of peptides. The 50 μm‐thin poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) layers prepared using UV‐initiated polymerization in a simple mold were first hydrolyzed using dilute sulfuric acid and then hydrophilized via two‐step grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate to obtain superhydrophilic plates. The hydrophobicity was then formed by photografting of lauryl methacrylate. The exposure to UV light that initiates photografting was spatially controlled using moving shutter that enabled forming of the diagonal gradient of hydrophobicity. This new concept enables the solutes to encounter the gradient for each of the two sequential developments. Practical application of our novel plates was demonstrated with a rapid 2‐D separation of a mixture of model peptides gly‐tyr, val‐tyr‐val, leucine enkephalin, and oxytocin in dual reversed‐phase mode using different mobile phases in each direction. Detection of fluorescent‐labeled peptides was achieved through UV light visualization while separation of native leucine enkephalin and oxytocin was monitored directly using MALDI mass spectrometry.
Effects of process parameters on supercritical CO2 extraction of total phenols from strawberry (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits: An optimization study
Authors: Akay Seref , Alpak Ilknur , Yesil‐Celiktas Ozlem
Published: June 2011

The aim of this work was to optimize total phenolic yield of Arbutus unedo fruits using supercritical fluid extraction. A Box–Behnken statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of various values of pressure (50–300 bar), temperature (30–80°C) and concentration of ethanol as co‐solvent (0–20%) by CO2 flow rate of 15 g/min for 60 min. The most effective variable was co‐solvent ratio (p<0.005). Evaluative criteria for both dependent variables (total phenols and radical scavenging activity) in the model were assigned maximum. Optimum extraction conditions were elicited as 60 bar, 48°C and 19.7% yielding 25.72 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) total phenols/g extract and 99.9% radical scavenging capacity, which were higher than the values obtained by conventional water (24.89 mg/g; 83.8%) and ethanol (15.12 mg/g; 95.8%) extractions demonstrating challenges as a green separation process with improved product properties for industrial applications.
Do Immigrants Enhance International Trade in Services? The Case of US Tourism Services Exports
Authors: Tadesse Bedassa , White Roger
Published: June 2011

That immigrants affect trade in goods between their home and host countries is well established in the literature. Little evidence exists, however, as to whether immigrants also affect trade in services. Using data on international tourist arrivals from 86 countries to the United States during the years 1995–2004, we provide the first empirical evidence on the effect of immigrants on exports of tourism services. Our results suggest that immigrants significantly enhance exports of tourism services (as measured by the number of tourist arrivals in the US from different home countries). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gesundheitsprodukte: Wo hört das Lebensmittel auf, wo fängt das Arzneimittel an?
Authors: Hahn Andreas
Published: June 2011

Mit Lebensmitteln und Arzneimitteln hat der Gesetzgeber zwei Produktkategorien geschaffen, die er wegen ihrer angenommenen unterschiedlichen Ansprüche und Risiken verschieden handhabt. Das allerdings setzt voraus, dass in jedem Einzelfall eindeutig entschieden werden kann, in welche Kategorie ein Erzeugnis einzuordnen ist. Als (Funktions)Arzneimittel gelten Produkte, die “pharmakologisch” wirken; Lebensmittel weisen im Gegensatz dazu eine (ernährungs)physiologische Wirkung auf. Theoretisch und praktisch zeigt sich allerdings, dass das Abgrenzungskriterium “pharmakologische Wirkung” untauglich ist und keine sachgerechte Unterscheidung beider Produktgruppen ermöglicht. Weder an den Wirkungen noch an den zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen lässt sich in vielen Fällen ein Unterschied zwischen Lebensmitteln und Arzneimitteln festmachen.

Wesentlicher Grund hierfür ist, dass Lebensmittel viel umfänglichere Wirkungen ausüben als früher angenommen. Sie tragen nicht nur zur Nährstoffversorgung im engeren Sinne bei, sondern besitzen gleichermaßen präventive und diätetisch‐therapeutische Effekte. Dies spiegelt sich auch in einigen speziellen Gruppen von Lebensmitteln wider, die darauf abzielen, die Leistung zu optimieren, Krankheiten vorzubeugen und die Situation bei bestehenden Krankheiten zu verbessern.

Da es schwierig ist, Lebensmittel und Arzneimittel anhand ihrer Wirkungen zu differenzieren, stellt sich die Frage, ob es ggf. ein dem Ziel besser entsprechendes Unterscheidungskriterium geben könnte. Von zentraler Bedeutung für beide Produktgruppen ist die Sicherheit. Während allerdings Lebensmittel per se sicher sein müssen, orientiert sich die Zulassung von Arzneimitteln an einer Nutzen‐Risiko‐Abwägung. Möglicherweise bietet es sich daher an, die Einstufung von Lebensmitteln und Arzneimitteln an ihrem Risikoprofil zu orientieren. Aber auch das dürfte schwierig werden: Wollte man nur eindeutig und in allen Fällen sichere Produkte zulassungsfrei als Lebensmittel erlauben, so wären bereits zahlreiche traditionelle Produkte nicht mehr verkehrsfähig, weil ihr Verzehr mit unerwünschten Wirkungen verbunden sein kann. Hier sei nur an Milch (Laktoseintoleranz), Nüsse (Allergien bis zum anaphylaktischen Schock) oder nicht zuletzt Branntwein erinnert. Kartoffeln beispielsweise dürften, sollten sie heute neu auf den Markt gebracht werden, schon wegen ihres Gehaltes an Glykoalkaloiden und der fehlenden Erfahrungen mit diesem Lebensmittel an den lebensmittelrechtlichen Vorgaben scheitern.

Da es auch bei Lebensmitteln kein Nullrisiko geben kann, wäre dann eine neue Abgrenzungsfrage zu beantworten: Wie (un)sicher darf ein Produkt sein, um noch als Lebensmittel zu gelten? Und das dürfte ebenso wenig festzulegen sein wie die Grenze zwischen physiologischer und pharmakologischer Wirkung.
Abgrenzung bei pflanzlichen Produkten
Authors: Schraitle Rose
Published: June 2011

Produkte, deren wertbestimmende Inhaltsstoffe Pflanzen oder Pflanzenzubereitungen sind und die “in abgeteilter Form” vorliegen, waren in Deutschland bis vor einigen Jahren als Arzneimittel auf dem Markt; pflanzliche Nahrungsergänzungsmittel waren die Ausnahme. Diese nationale Tradition wird inzwischen durch die europäische Sichtweise zumindest teilweise überlagert.
Klinische Studien mit Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln
Authors: Steffen Christian
Published: June 2011

In den letzten Jahrzehnten drangen viele neue Lebensmittel auf den Markt, die neben dem Ernährungszweck von traditionellen Lebensmitteln einen zusätzlichen Gesundheitsnutzen aufweisen sollen. Dazu gehören zum Beispiel funktionelle Lebensmittel (functional food) wie Margarine mit Inhaltsstoffen, die die Resorption von Cholesterin vermindern, diätetische Lebensmittel für besondere medizinische Zwecke und Nahrungsergänzungsmittel.
Programmierter Zelltod bei Bakterien
Authors: Winckler Thomas
Published: June 2011

Wissenschaftler vom Max‐Planck‐Institut für Medizinische Forschung haben ein neues, in vielen humanpathogenen Bakterien vorhandenes Toxin‐Antitoxin‐System entdeckt – ein Ansatzpunkt für neuartige Antibiotika?
MassChroQ: A versatile tool for mass spectrometry quantification
Authors: Valot Benoît , Langella Olivier , Nano Edlira , Zivy Michel
Published: June 2011

Recently, many software tools have been developed to perform quantification in LC‐MS analyses. However, most of them are specific to either a quantification strategy (e.g. label‐free or isotopic labelling) or a mass‐spectrometry system (e.g. high or low resolution). In this context, we have developed MassChroQ (Mass Chromatogram Quantification), a versatile software that performs LC‐MS data alignment and peptide quantification by peak area integration on extracted ion chromatograms. MassChroQ is suitable for quantification with or without labelling and is not limited to high‐resolution systems. Peptides of interest (for example all the identified peptides) can be determined automatically, or manually by providing targeted m/z and retention time values. It can handle large experiments that include protein or peptide fractionation (as SDS‐PAGE, 2‐D LC). It is fully configurable. Every processing step is traceable, the produced data are in open standard formats and its modularity allows easy integration into proteomic pipelines. The output results are ready for use in statistical analyses. Evaluation of MassChroQ on complex label‐free data obtained from low and high‐resolution mass spectrometers showed low CVs for technical reproducibility (1.4%) and high coefficients of correlation to protein quantity (0.98). MassChroQ is freely available under the GNU General Public Licence v3.0 at http://pappso.inra.fr/bioinfo/masschroq/.
Identification of immunodeficient molecules in neonatal mononuclear cells by proteomic differential displays
Authors: Yu Hong‐Ren , Kuo Hsing‐Chun , Huang Hsin‐Chun , Kuo Ho‐Chang , Chen Tai‐Yuan , Huang Li‐Tung , Tain You‐Lin , Chen Chih‐Cheng , Sheen Jiunn‐Ming , Lin I‐Chun , Ou Chia‐Yo , Hsu Te‐Yao , Jheng Yi‐Jyun , Yang Kuender D.
Published: June 2011

Human newborns are known to be susceptible to microbial infection. This susceptibility is generally attributed to immaturity of the newborn immune system. However, the mechanisms for impaired immunity in newborns are still incompletely defined. In this study, we sought to elucidate the protein differential display between adult and neonatal mononuclear cells (MNC) using a proteomic approach. MNC samples from cord blood and adult peripheral blood were subjected to 2‐D PAGE analysis. Differential protein displays between cord blood and adult MNC were determined and validated. There were 34 differentially expressed proteins between cord blood and adult MNC identified by 2‐D PAGE. The differentially displayed proteins were clustered into two major signal pathways, cellular processing and purine metabolism. After validation by Western blot, we found more abundant arginase‐1 (ARG1) and Rho GDP‐dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2), while less adenosine deaminase (ADA) and β‐actin in cord blood MNC. In functional validation, we found that lower ADA was proven to enhance the TNF‐α production by cord blood monocytes. The results from this study discovered the proteomic displays for altered immunity between adult and neonatal MNC that support a understanding of the correction of impaired immune response in newborns.
End‐functionalization of isotactic polypropylene via consecutive chain transfer reaction to norbornadiene and hydrogen
Authors: Lee Jing‐Yu , Tsai Jing‐Cherng
Published: June 2011

Structurally well‐defined end functionalized isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is prepared by conducting a selective chain transfer reaction during the isospecific polymerization of propylene in the presence of norbornadiene (NBD) and hydrogen using rac‐Me2Si(2‐Me‐4‐Ph‐Ind)2 ZrCl2/MAO as the catalyst. The production of NBD‐capped iPP involves a unique consecutive chain transfer reaction, first to NBD and then to hydrogen, for situating the incorporated NBD at the iPP chain end. The NBD end group of NBD‐capped iPP can be converted into other reactive functional group through functional group transformation reactions. The resulting functional group end‐capped iPP can be used for the construction of stereoregular block copolymers (e.g., iPP‐b‐PMMA and iPP‐b‐PS) through postpolymeriztion reactions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis of polymers bearing proline moieties in the side chains and their application as catalysts for asymmetric induction
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Terada Kayo , Shiotsuki Masashi , Sanda Fumio
Published: June 2011

Novel polyphenylacetylene and polystyrene derivatives carrying L‐proline moieties at the side chains were synthesized by the rhodium‐catalyzed and radical polymerizations of the corresponding monomers. The polyphenylacetylene derivatives showed Cotton effects at the absorption region of the main chain, indicating that the polymers adopt helical conformations with predominantly one‐handed screw sense. The polymers catalyzed the asymmetric aldol reactions of acetone with aromatic aldehydes, and cyclohexanone with p‐nitrobenzaldehyde. The enantioselectivities largely depended on the reaction conditions. In the asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with aromatic aldehydes, the R‐enantiomeric products were predominantly obtained except the cases with the polymer catalyst in CHCl3. The ee of the products became higher as the reaction temperature was decreased. The polymeric catalysts were recoverable from the reaction mixture by filtration, and the recovered ones catalyzed the asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with p‐nitrobenzaldehyde without decreasing the product yield and ee. The ee was improved using the copolymers of L‐proline‐based and nonchiral monomers as catalysts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Half‐lanthanocene/dialkylmagnesium‐mediated coordinative chain transfer copolymerization of styrene and hexene
Authors: Valente Andreia , Zinck Philippe , Mortreux Andre' , Bria Marc , Visseaux Marc
Published: June 2011

The Cp*La(BH4)2(THF)2/n‐butylethylmagnesium (BEM) catalytic system has been assessed for the coordinative chain transfer copolymerization of styrene and 1‐hexene. Poly(styrene‐co‐hexene) statistical copolymers were obtained with number‐average molecular weight up to 7600 g/mol, PDI around 1.4 and 1.5 and up to 23% hexene content. The occurence of chain transfer reactions in the presence of excess BEM is established in the course of the statistical copolymerization. Thanks to this transfer process, the quantity of 1‐hexene in the copolymer is increased by a factor of about 3 for high ratio of hexene in the feed, extending the range of our concept of a chain transfer induced control of the composition of statistical copolymers to poly(styrene‐co‐hexene) copolymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Investigation of terahertz waves through semiconductor subwavelength slits with dielectric coating layers
Authors: He Xiaoyong , Cai Genwang , Li Rui , Zhang Junde
Published: June 2011

The optical properties of terahertz (THz) waves through the heavily doped semiconductor slits with dielectric layers coated on the slits surfaces have been investigated. The influence of the dielectric coating layer, radiation frequencies, and temperatures on the propagation properties of surface modes have been shown. The results show that the propagation losses have been reduced by coating dielectric layers on the slit surfaces. As the thickness of the dielectric layer increases, the effective indices increase, the propagation losses decrease. The numerical contour results demonstrate that with the increasing of carrier concentration, the effective indices of the surface modes decrease, the propagation losses of surface modes decrease. As temperatures increase, the carrier concentration and dielectric constants of the semidonductor slits increase, resulting in the propagation constants of surface modes decreasing. The numerical results are very useful and important in the fields of THz sensing, spectroscopy and waveguides.
Interference of coherent spin waves in micron‐sized ferromagnetic waveguides
Authors: Pirro Philipp , Brächer Thomas , Vogt Katrin , Obry Björn , Schultheiss Helmut , Leven Britta , Hillebrands Burkard
Published: June 2011

We present experimental observations of the interference of spin‐wave modes propagating in opposite directions in micron‐sized Ni81Fe19‐waveguides. To monitor the local spin‐wave intensity distribution and phase of the formed interference pattern, we use Brillouin light scattering microscopy. The two‐dimensional spin‐wave intensity map can be understood by considering the interference of several waveguide eigenmodes with different wavevectors quantized across the width of the stripe. The phase shows a transition from linear dependence on the space coordinate near the antennas characteristic for propagating waves to discrete values in the center region characteristic for standing waves.
Energy landscape of silicon tetra‐interstitials using an optimized classical potential
Authors: Du Yaojun A. , Lenosky Thomas J. , Hennig Richard G. , Goedecker Stefan , Wilkins John W.
Published: June 2011

Mobile single interstitials can grow into extended interstitial defect structures during thermal anneals following ion implantation. The silicon tetra‐interstitials present an important intermediate structure that can either provide a chain‐like nucleation site for extended structures or form a highly stable compact interstitial cluster preventing further growth. In this paper, dimer searches using the tight‐binding (TB) model by Lenosky et al. and density functional calculations show that the compact ground‐state $I_{4}^{a} $ and the I4‐chain are surrounded by high‐lying neighboring local minima.

To furthermore explore the phase space of tetra‐interstitial structures an empirical potential is optimized to a database of silicon defect structures. The minima hopping method combined with this potential extensively searches the energy landscape of tetra‐interstitials and discovers several new low‐energy I4 structures. The second lowest‐energy I4 structure turns out to be a distorted ground‐state tri‐interstitial bound with a single interstitial, which confirms that the ground‐state tri‐interstitial may serve as a nucleation center for the extended defects in silicon.
Optical properties of single InGaN quantum dots and their devices
Authors: Sebald K. , Kalden J. , Lohmeyer H. , Gutowski J.
Published: June 2011

Nitride‐based quantum dots have many attractive optical properties for the realization of quantum dot (QD) based devices which will be presented in this contribution. We will analyze the basic characteristics of single InGaN QDs and their electroluminescence (EL) as well as the optical properties of QD stacks and their gain spectra. The single QDs are characterized by the high temperature stability of their emission up to 150 K in PL and EL and even up to room temperature for stacked QD samples. Furthermore, the polarization of individual QD emission lines was analyzed giving an insight into their geometrical shape. Time‐resolved microphotoluminescence (µ‐PL) measurements on the excitonic and biexcitonic transition of a single QD as well as on the influence of piezoelectric fields on them and on their binding energy were performed. Further, we present an analysis of electrically driven luminescence from single InGaN QDs embedded into a light emitting diode structure showing single sharp emission lines in the green spectral region with a high temperature stability up to 150 K. Furthermore, for the possible integration within optical devices in the future the threshold power density as well as the modal gain were investigated for samples with stacked InGaN QD layers. They show a modal gain per QD being comparable to that of II–VI and III‐As compounds. These results give a good insight into the basic optical properties of InGaN QD based devices and showing their high potential for electrically driven single photon emitters as well as for bright, low‐threshold InGaN QD based light emitting devices in the near future.
Valence band localized states in double quantum wells from first principles
Authors: Medina Arcesio Castañeda , Gutiérrez Rafael M.
Published: June 2011

The electrostatic potentials and electronic structure of an AlAs/GaAs double quantum well (DQW) heterostructure are determined through ab initio computations. The study of the potentials along the growth direction establishes a clear relation between the microscopic structure and the relevant macroscopic properties of the heterostructure, namely, the DQW dimensions and the band offsets. At nanometric scale, the one electron effective potential energy is a DQW and the valence band edge electronic states are confined along the growth direction. Such states coincide qualitatively with those analytically obtained through the so‐called envelope function/effective mass approximation.
The economic performance of the Shewhart t chart
Authors: Celano, Giovanni , Castagliola, Philippe , Trovato Enrico , Fichera Sergio
Published: June 2011

In the production of small batches of customized parts, high flexibility and frequent switching of production from one product variant to another could not allow for the implementation of a control chart to monitor the process. In fact, when a short‐run production should be started, the distribution parameters of the quality characteristics to be monitored are frequentlytextitunknown and the production run is too short to get sufficient Phase I samples. To overcome this problem, the statistical properties of Shewhart t charts monitoring a short production run have been recently discussed in literature. In this paper, we investigate their economic performance: the SPC inspection cost optimization is constrained by the manufacturing and the inspection activities configuration. The decision variables of the problem include the chart design parameters and the size of batches of parts to be worked and released to the local inspection area. A numerical analysis aimed at evaluating the economic performance of the Shewhart t chart vs the Shewhart chart with known parameters has been performed. The expected economic loss associated with the implementation of the Shewhart t chart is acceptable with respect to the ‘ideal’ condition of the control chart with known parameters when the cost optimization is achieved without a statistical constraint limiting the number of expected false alarms. Finally, the effect of an erroneous initial set‐up on the correctness of the inspection cost estimation has been investigated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of neural networks in statistical process control charts
Authors: Psarakis Stelios
Published: June 2011

Neural networks (NNs) are massively parallel computing mechanism emulating a human brain. It has been proved that they had a satisfactory performance when they were used for a wide variety of applications. In the recent years, the efficiencies that provided the NNs also began to be applied in statistical process control (SPC). SPC charts have become one of the most commonly used tools for monitoring process stability and variability in today's manufacturing environment. These tools are used to determine whether the process is statistically under or out of control but in some cases such as the presence of autocorrelation as well as the presence of a specific pattern in the data do not provide the possibility of correctly and quickly detecting and classifying the existing fault. These problems have led many researchers to propose alternative methods for monitoring processes such as the use of NNs. In this paper, we discuss issues concerning the combination of both tools. Specifically, we study the NNs for the detection and determination of mean and/or variance shifts as well as in pattern recognition in the SPC charts. Furthermore, the use of NNs when the data are correlated is discussed. Finally, the use of NNs in multivariate control charts is addressed. The networks architectures that were used for each case, the way of operation and the performance of the proposed NNs applications are pointed out. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CUSUM charts for monitoring a zero‐inflated poisson process
Authors: He Shuguang , Huang Wandi , Woodall William H.
Published: June 2011

A zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) process is different from a standard Poisson process in that it results in a greater number of zeros. It can be used to model defect counts in manufacturing processes with occasional occurrences of non‐conforming products. ZIP models have been developed assuming that random shocks occur independently with probability p, and the number of non‐conformities in a product subject to a random shock follows a Poisson distribution with parameter λ. In our paper, a control charting procedure using a combination of two cumulative sum (CUSUM) charts is proposed for monitoring increases in the two parameters of the ZIP process. Furthermore, we consider a single CUSUM chart for detecting simultaneous increases in the two parameters. Simulation results show that a ZIP‐Shewhart chart is insensitive to shifts in p and smaller shifts in λ in terms of the average number of observations to signal. Comparisons between the combined CUSUM method and the single CUSUM chart show that the latter's performance is worse when there are only increases in p, but better when there are only increases in λ or when both parameters increase. The combined CUSUM method, however, is much better than the single CUSUM chart when one parameter increases while the other decreases. Finally, we present a case study from the light‐emitting diode packaging industry. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint optimization of independent multiple responses
Authors: Erdbrügge Martina , Kuhnt Sonja , Rudak Nikolaus
Published: June 2011

Most of the existing methods for the analysis and optimization of multiple responses require some kinds of weighting of these responses, for instance in terms of cost or desirability. Particularly at the design stage, such information is hardly available or will rather be subjective. An alternative strategy uses loss functions and a penalty matrix that can be decomposed into a standardizing (data‐driven) and a weight matrix. The effect of different weight matrices is displayed in joint optimization plots in terms of predicted means and variances of the response variables. In this article, we propose how to choose weight matrices for two and more responses. Furthermore, we prove the Pareto optimality of every point that minimizes the conditional mean of the loss function. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Bake Hardening Effect on Laser Welded Hot Rolled Ferrite‐Bainite Dual Phase Steels
Authors: Asadi Mehdi , Schlosser Nicole , Palkowski Heinz
Published: June 2011

The influence of bake hardening (BH) effect on laser welded hot rolled ferrite‐bainite dual phase steel (FBS) with respect to the process conditions was investigated. The samples were firstly laser welded and then pre‐strained. Pre‐strained the samples with defined degrees of deformation and a subsequent aging treatment leads to enhanced hardness and strengthening for both conditions. The microstructure of the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) was studied. A high volume fraction of martensite could be observed in the FZ as well as in the HAZ. Both steels exhibited a clear BH effect in both, the as‐received and the laser welded conditions. The BH effect is more pronounced in the pre‐strained laser welded condition.
Influence of Heat Treatment on the Performance Characteristics of a Plastic Mold Steel
Authors: Hill H. , Raab U. , Weber S. , Theisen W. , Wollmann M. , Wagner L.
Published: June 2011

Processing of polymers depends on corrosion‐ and wear resistant tool materials being in direct contact with the feedstock material. Plastic mold steels, a special group of tool steels, are successfully applied here, offering both a good wear and corrosion resistance. The lifetime of tools used for plastic processing not only depends on wear and corrosion resistance but also on the mechanical properties of the tool material for example, its flexural strength. In this work, mechanical tests of a commercial plastic mold steel were performed and related to the heat treatment. A close correlation of the amount of retained austenite and carbides and the mechanical properties was encountered. The paper discusses strategies to optimize the mechanical properties by an adequate heat treatment with regard to the resulting corrosion and wear resistance.
Fostering a disability‐friendly institutional climate
Authors: Huger Marianne S.
Published: June 2011

All members of a campus community have a role to play in increasing the academic and social integration of students with disabilities.
Education abroad for students with disabilities: Expanding access
Authors: Soneson Heidi M. , Fisher Shelly
Published: June 2011

This chapter focuses on the key support services and advising procedures that institutions of higher education should have in place for students with disabilities as they participate in education abroad opportunities.
Understanding the experiences of students with psychiatric disabilities: A foundation for creating conditions of support and success
Authors: Belch Holley A.
Published: June 2011

Understanding the issues, concerns, and experience of students with psychiatric disabilities assists colleges in creating conditions of inclusion and integration in the campus environment.
Rapid Assessment of Frying Performance Using Small Size Samples of Oils/Fats
Authors: Aladedunye Felix A. , Przybylski Roman
Published: June 2011

A rapid, effective test mimicking actual frying was developed to assess the frying performance of oils and fats using small size samples. To a small volume of the oil to be tested, a formulated food consisting of gelatinized potato starch, glucose and silica gel (4:1:1 w/w) were added and content heated at 185 ± 5 °C with mixing for 2 h. Thermo‐oxidative degradation of the oil was assessed by the measurement of the total amount of polar components and their composition, including degradation of tocopherols. The developed fast test accurately mimics actual frying done using an institutional fryer as assessed by the accumulation and composition of total polar components and the amount of residual tocopherols. The validity of the test was assessed using the following oils: regular canola, high oleic– low linolenic canola, and high oleic sunflower. Comparison of data between the fast frying test and institutional frying revealed a lack of significant differences. The developed frying test provides reliable quantitative and qualitative data describing the performance of the frying oil/fat. The rapid frying procedure allows assessment of the frying performance of oils at the early stages of development where usually only small amounts of the sample are available and when a large number of samples have to be tested assessing effects of oil additives.
Aberrant DNA hypermethylation of the ITIH5 tumor suppressor gene in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Oing Christoph , Jost Edgar , Dahl Edgar , Wilop Stefan , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Galm Oliver
Published: June 2011

Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA hypermethylation and modifications of histone amino acids are known to play an important role in the control of gene expression both in normal human development and tumorigenesis. Hypermethylation of CpG islands within promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes is associated with transcriptional inactivation and represents, in addition to genetic aberrations, an important mechanism of gene silencing in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Inter-α-trypsine inhibitors (ITIs) are a family of serine protease inhibitors consisting of one light chain (bikunin) and two heavy chains (ITI heavy chains, ITIHs). ITIHs stabilize the extracellular matrix (ECM) by interacting with hyaluronic acid, which is a major ECM component. Hypermethylation in the upstream region of the promoter-associated CpG island of ITIH5, the most recently described member of the ITIH family, has been previously detected in breast cancer and was associated with an adverse outcome. In this study, we determined the DNA methylation status of the promoter region near the transcription start site of the ITIH5 tumor suppressor gene in leukemia cell lines and primary samples from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as well as the potential use of demethylating agents to restore a demethylated state of the promoter. Aberrant ITIH5 promoter hypermethylation occurred in 15 of 104 (14.4%) diagnostic AML samples. There were no statistically significant correlations between the ITIH5 methylation status and clinical prognostic parameters. Our results indicate that aberrant ITIH5 promoter hypermethylation is a novel epigenetic event in AML.
The Uro-Clavien—Dindo System—Will the Limitations of the Clavien—Dindo System for Grading Complications of Urological Surgery Allow Modification of the Classification to Encourage National Adoption within the UK?
Authors: Myatt Andy , Palit Victor , Burgess Neil , Biyani Chandra Shekhar , Joyce Adrian
Published: June 2011

Although quality outcome assessment is gaining widespread recognition, there is still no consensus about grading postoperative complications in urology. There have been several attempts to grade surgical complications. The Clavien—Dindo system has been standardised and validated. However there are limitations when using the system to grade urological complications. We suggest modification of the Clavien—Dindo system to include intraoperative complications. Widespread implementation of the grading system could benefit the transparent reporting of complications to demonstrate quality outcomes.
A neural predictor of cultural popularity
Authors: Berns Gregory S. , Moore Sara E.
Published: June 2011

We use neuroimaging to predict cultural popularity — something that is popular in the broadest sense and appeals to a large number of individuals. Neuroeconomic research suggests that activity in reward‐related regions of the brain, notably the orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum, is predictive of future purchasing decisions, but it is unknown whether the neural signals of a small group of individuals are predictive of the purchasing decisions of the population at large. For neuroimaging to be useful as a measure of widespread popularity, these neural responses would have to generalize to a much larger population that is not the direct subject of the brain imaging itself. Here, we test the possibility of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to predict the relative popularity of a common good: music. We used fMRI to measure the brain responses of a relatively small group of adolescents while listening to songs of largely unknown artists. As a measure of popularity, the sales of these songs were totaled for the three years following scanning, and brain responses were then correlated with these “future” earnings. Although subjective likability of the songs was not predictive of sales, activity within the ventral striatum was significantly correlated with the number of units sold. These results suggest that the neural responses to goods are not only predictive of purchase decisions for those individuals actually scanned, but such responses generalize to the population at large and may be used to predict cultural popularity.