bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERNAL FRICTION BEHAVIOR OF THE STANDARD ANELASTIC SOLIDS IN LOW FREQUENCY INTERNAL FRICTION MEASUREMENT
Authors: SHUI JIA-PENG  , LIU YONG-SONG  ,   中国科学院固体物理研究所内耗与固体缺陷开放研究实验室，合肥  230031
Published: November 2020

Internal friction behavior of the standard anelastic solid has been described by τσ (the relaxation time at constant stress) and τε (the relaxation time at constant strain) of a three-parameter mechanical model. The effect of the inertia member in a vibration system on the internal friction values measured is not avoidable in a forced vibration experiment. When the measured internal friction values of a material are larger and the measuring frequency and resonant frequency of the vibration system are comparable to each other, the effect of the inertia member of the vibration system cannot be neglected.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL BISOLITON STATE IN THE ANISOTROPIC SQUARE CRYSTAL LATTICES
Authors: HUI PING  , LUO  YI-PING  ,   广东教育学院物理系，广州  510303
Published: November 2020

By considering the anisotropy in the quasi-two-dimensional Cu—O plane for the cuprate compound,on the basis of the two-dimensional bisoliton model estabished,the nonlinear local coupling efects caused by the interactions between electrons and phonons in the strongly anisotropic Cu—O plane are investiged.The formation of bisoliton and its bound states are discussed.The periodic bisoliton solution is given in the form of conoidal elliptic integral.The pairing energy for the two quasi-particles,the effective mass and the stability of the bisoliton are analysed in terms of the anisotropy.
A PRIMARY MODEL INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC FERROMAGNETS
Authors: WU CHANG-QIN  , ZHANG YU-ZHONG  , FU RONG-TANG  , SUN XIN  ,   复旦大学物理系，上海  200433
Published: November 2020

By using a simple tight-binding model,we study the magnetic properties of the substituted polyacetylene with lateral radicals R*.It includes the effects of π electron hopping between the alternate radicals and associated carbons on the bond order wave along the polyacetylene chain,the formation of charge density wave,and the effects of next-nearest-neighbor hoppings and electronic interactions.Our results are compared with and used to understand the ab initio calculations on the organic ferromagnet(C3H3)n,substituted polyacetylene with lateral radical R* as the organic segment CH2.
RETARDED EFFECT,LIFE TIME AND COHERENT CONDI-TIONS OF THE SUPERRADIATION PULSES EMITTED BY THE PREBUNCHED ELECTRON BEAM
Authors: DING WU  ,   北京应用物理与计算数学研究所，北京  100088
Published: November 2020

In this paper,we have discussed the retarded effect,life time and coherent conditions of the superradiation pulses emitted by the prebunched electron beam in Super-Reltron.
EXCITON DYNAMICS IN SELF-ORGANIZED InAs/GaAs QUANTUM DOTS
Authors: LV ZHEN-DONG  , LI QING  , XU JI-ZONG  , ZHENG BAO-ZHEN  , XU ZHONG-YING  , GE WEI-KUN  ,   (1)半导体超晶格国家重点实验室，中国科学院半导体研究所，北京  100083; (2)香港科技大学物理系，九龙  香港
Published: November 2020

Using a newly-developed population mixing technique we have studied the exciton dynamics in self-organized InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs).It is found that the exciton lifetime in self-organized InAs/GaAs QDs is around 1ns, almost independent of InAs layer thickness.The temperature dependence of the exciton lifetime varies from sample to sample,but no obvious experimental evidence was found that the lifetime is related to the δ-function of density of states in QDs.We have also found that the population mixing technique can be used to directly reveal the band-filling effect in the excited states of the QDs.
TUNNELING GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE IN Fe-Al2O3 GRANULAR FILMS
Authors: ZHU TAO  , WANG YIN-JUN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所，凝聚态物理中心，磁学国家重点实验室，北京  100080
Published: November 2020

Tunneling giant magnetoresistance(TGMR) in Fe-Al2O3 granular films which were prepared by co-sputtering have been reported.MR ratio of the film with Fe volume fractions fV≈0.45 takes a maximum of 4.4% at room temperature when a magnetic field of 1T was applied parallel to the film plane,accompanying huge specific electrical resistivities of the order of 105 μΩ·cm.Field dependence of the MR is well described by the form proportional to the square of the magnetization of the film.Temperature dependence of the MR ratio of the film has also been investigated.The MR exhibits strong temperature dependence.The MR below 50K remarkably increases with decreasing temperature resulting in MR＝14.9% and 26% at 20 and 4.2K，respectively.The anomalous increase of the MR at low temperature seems to arise from the successive onset of higher-order processes of spin-dependent tunneling between large granules through intervening small ones with strong Coulomb blockade.
QUANTUM JUMP AND CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT IN MULTI-LEVEL ATOM
Authors: CHEN YI-XIN  , SHANGGUAN WANGZUO  , JI DA-REN  ,   (1)浙江大学环境科学系,杭州 310028; (2)浙江大学浙江近代物理中心和物理系,杭州 310027
Published: November 2020

In this paper we investigate the quantum jump in a multi-level atom and construct a formal solution to the optical Block equation describing the interaction system of the multi-level atom with incident resonant laser. It is proved that pure state analysis theory is no longer applicable to a multi-level atom system, so a mixed one is developed, concluding that the resetting density of a multi-level atom should be described by mixed state analysis theory. We also discuss the continuous quantum measurement along with quantum jumping in a multi-level atom.
MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN A LASER FIELD ARROUND A PLASMA INTERFACE
Authors: DU CHUN-GUANG  , XU ZHI-ZHAN  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所强光光学开放研究实验室，上海  201800
Published: November 2020

The motion of electrons in the laser pulse field arround a plasma interface is studied.The equations which present the general relationship between the longitudinal and the transverse momenta of the particle are derived.Results from the analysis show that the inhomogeneity leads to great changes in the characters of the motion of the particle.This inhomogeneity is helpful to the acceleration of injected electrons under some conditions.
CHAOS MODULATION EFFECT OF AN HCOUSTOOPTIC BISTABLE SYSTEM
Authors: LIU YU-HUAI  , WANG SHENG-YUAN  , GAO MING-GUANG  , LU YI-QUN  ,   中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所,合肥 230031
Published: November 2020

A new dynamical system under external sinusoidal modulation based on acousto-optic bistable it-erative model is consturcted and investigated numerically. The results show that the state of the system takes on hysterical chaos and several kinds of evolution pattern under the modulation of the sinusoidal signal. As the amplitude of the modulation increases, the number of some evolution patterns in a modulation period will increase, the iterations needed for the first period window of the system will decrease, and the sketch amplitude of the modulated system will increase. In addition, the modulation frequency has no effect on the dynamical characteristics, only changing the number of the evolution pattern.
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM ORIENTATION OF C2H221 AND ITS COLLISIONAL DECAY AND TRANSFER
Authors: CAO WEN-BING  , A.D.RUDERT  , J.MARTIN  , H.ZACHARIAS  , J.B.HALPERN  ,   (1)Chemistry,Howard University,Washington DC 20059 USA; (2)Physikalisches Institut,Universitaet Muenster,Wilhelm-klemm str. 10,48149 Muenster,BRD; (3)杭州电子工业学院，杭州 310037
Published: November 2020

The rotational angular momentum orientation of acetylene in vibrationally excited discrete rotational state (X1Σ+g，ν″2＝1，J″) has been selectively prepared by circularly polarized laser stimulated Raman pumping. From the induced fluorescence by a circularly polarized UV laser, A1Au(ν′3＝1)←X1Σ+g(ν″2＝1), the orientation of C2H2(X1Σ＋g，ν″2＝1，J″＝4，7，8，…，13）is measured for the first time. The decay rate constants and transfer of the orientation from the initial excited level to neighboring rotational states have been extracted.
TWO NEW CLASSES OF CONDITIONALLY EXACTLY SOLVABLE POTENTIAL AND THEIR NONLINEAR SPECTRUM-GENERATING ALGEBRAS
Authors: MA TAO  , NI ZHI-XIANG  ,   阜阳师范学院物理系，安徽阜阳 236032
Published: November 2020

Using ideas of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, two new classes of conditionally exactly solvable potentials are constructed from the displaced harmonic oscillator potential. The supersymmetry as well as the space symmetry is broken in one class of them. Furthermore we construct the nonlinear spectrum-generating algebras for them.
PATTERN FORMATION AND QUASICRYSTAL STRUTURE IN AZOBENZENE POLYMER FILM
Authors: XU ZE-DA  , CAI  ZHI-GANG  , ZHANG LING-ZHI  , LIU YAN-FA  , YANG JIE  , SHE WEI-LONG  , ZHOU JIAN-YING  ,   中山大学超快激光光谱国家重点实验室，广州  510275
Published: November 2020

Pattern formation and transverse effect are reported for azobenzene polymer film.We show,through scanning electron microscopy and polarizing optical microscopy investigation of azobenzene polymer film after being irradiated by degenerate four-wave mixing,that many peak-like islands of azobenzene polymer molecules array in some patterns.Experimental evidence that it is possible to control the photoinduced micro-patterns of the nonlinear organic film via adequately polarized write beams and appropriate power of the write beams,thus making easy growth of nanostructures crystals in azobenzene polymer film.
HOLE-HOLE SCATTERING OF PHOTOEXCITED HEAVY-HOLES IN GaAs
Authors: ZHANG HAI-CHAO  , WEN JIN-HUI  , GUO BING  , LAI TIAN-SHU  , LIN WEI-ZHU  ,   中山大学超快速激光光谱学国家重点实验室，物理学系，广州  510275
Published: November 2020

The heavy-hole—heavy-hole scattering in GaAs has been investigated by taking into account the static screening of the excited carrier Gaussian distribution. It has been shown that the scattering rate decreases strongly with the decrease of the initial energy of heavy holes. This can be attributed to the effects of static screening and the overlap of the |p〉 like wave functions of excited carriers. The overlap of the |p〉 like wave functions reduces the scattering rate by a factor of 3 for the low heavy-hole energy. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.
POPULATION BRANCHING RATIO MODEL——AN EFFECTIVE QUALITIVE ANALYSIS METHOD ABOUT UP-CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
Authors: CHEN XIAO-BO  , MENG CHAO  , WANG YA-FEI  , MA HUI  , LI MEI-XIAN  ,   (1)北京师范大学分析测试中心，北京  100875; (2)首都经济贸易大学安全工程系，北京  100026
Published: November 2020

This article analyze the physics of up-conversion process excited by CW laser. The key metastable state is very important because it initiates the up-conversion process.By analyzing the dynamic process of the key metastable state, a qualitative “population branching ratio β” model is proposed. The physical significance of this method is that it helps to understand the general characteristics of up-conversion.Further analysis indicates, spontaneous emission Ａ and non-radiative relaxation Wn do act simultaneously.And the reason why the up-conversion fluorescence of quartz,pentaphosphate non-crystalline is about ten thousand times smaller than that of fluoride glass is that their multi-phonon nonradiative relaxation rate Ｗn is much larger than the spontaneous emission rate Ａ. We also report the benefit value and the condition Wn＜A of phonon for up-conversion.
FURTHER STUDY OF INTERIOR CRISES IN SYSTEMS OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: HONG LING  , XU JIAN-XUE  ,   西安交通大学非线性动力学研究所，西安  710049
Published: November 2020

Crises in systems of ordinary differential equations are investigated by means o f Generalized Cell Mapping Digraph (GCMD) method. We show that a boundary crisis results from a collision between a chaotic attractor and a periodic saddle on i ts basin boundary. In such a case the chaotic attractor, together with its basin of attraction, is suddenly destroyed as the parameter passes through a critical value, leaving behind a nonattracting chaotic saddle in the place of the origin al chaotic attractor in phase space. We focus here on a sudden change in the siz e of a chaotic attractor, namely an interior crisis. We demonstrate that at an i nterior crisis the chaotic attractor collides with a chaotic saddle within its b asin of attraction. This chaotic saddle is an invariant and nonattracting set an d resembles the new portion of the larger chaotic attractor just after the inter ior crisis. We also investigate the origin and evolution of the chaotic saddle. The local refining procedures of persistent and transient self-cycling sets are given.
THEORY OF SMALL-SCALE SELF-FOCUSING OF INTENSE LASER BEAMS IN MEDIA WITH GAIN AN D LOSS
Authors: WEN SHUANG-CHUN  , FAN DIAN-YUAN  ,   中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所高功率激光物理国家重点实验室，上海  201800
Published: November 2020

The Bespalov-Talanov theory is extended to include the effects of gain and loss of the medium. An analytic expression for the growth rate of the ripples is obta ined and it reveals some new properties of small-scale self-focusing. For a give n input power, the cutoff spatial frequency, the fastest growing frequency and t he maximum perturbation growth, in an amplifying medium, increase with the incre ase of the gain of the medium and propagation distance. For a given output power , as the medium gain increases, the maximum perturbation growth, and thus the B- integral, decreases, while the fastest growing frequency shifts to lower frequen cy. Also, the expression for the distance at which the filaments are formed is o btained by means of a phenomenological approach, and it is found that the gain ( loss) of the medium extends (reduces) the distance. It is thus concluded that it is an effective way to suppress the small-scale self-focusing by increasing the gain of the medium.
ULTRAFAST SPECTROSCOPY AND APPLICATIONS BASED ON TI:SAPPHIRE FEMTOSECOND LASER
Authors: YANG HONG  , ZHANG TIE-QIAO  , WANG SHU-FENG  , GONG QI-HUANG  ,   北京大学物理系，人工微结构和介观物理国家重点实验室，北京  100871
Published: November 2020

The development of Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser is reviewed. The basic principl es of its mode-locking, ultrashort pulse generation and its amplifiers are intro duced. The ultrafast time-resolved laser spectroscopy, including femtosecond flu orescence up-conversion and optical Kerr effect as well as its applications are presented.
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF ERBIUM-DOPED HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SiOx(0<x<2)
Authors: LIANG JIAN-JUN  , WANG YONG-QIAN  , CHEN WEI-DE  , WANG ZHAN-GUO  , CHANG YONG  ,   (1)中国科学院半导体研究所，北京  100083; (2)中国科学院半导体研究所，北京  100083；中国科学院凝聚态物理中心和表面物理国家重点实验室，北京  100080; (3)中国科学院上海技术物理研究所红外物理国家重点实验室，上海  200083
Published: November 2020

Hydrogenated amorphous SiOx films are fabricated via plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. After erbium implantation and rapid thermal annealing, photoluminescence (PL) are measured at 77K and room temperature (RT) , respectively. We observed the strong PL at 1.54μm at RT. The 1.54μm PL inten sity changes with the variation of concentration of oxygen. The most intense PL at 77K in a-SiOx∶H (Er) corresponds to O/Si=1.0 and at RT to O/Si=1. 76. Based on our results, we propose that Er ions contributed to PL come from O- rich region in the film. Er ions in Si-rich region have no relation with PL. Tem perature dependence of the intensity of the 1.54μm line of the Er3+ transition displays a very weak temperature quenching in Er-doped hydrogenated a morphous Si. The PL intensity at 250K is a little more one half of that at 15K.
THE ALTERNATE OSCILLATION OF HIGH-REPETITIONRATE PULSE LASER BY TWO DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES IN ALKALINE-EARTH METAL VAPORS
Authors: FANG BEN-MIN  , YAO ZHI-XIN  , PAN BAI-LIANG  , CHEN XING  , CHEN GANG  ,   浙江大学物理系，杭州  310027
Published: November 2020

A new laser experimental phenomenon has been discovered by high-repetition-rate pulse discharge in the calcium-ion and strontium-ion vapor, that is, the alternate oscillation of self-terminating transition laser pulse and collisional radiative recombination laser pulse. On the basis of analyzing similarities and differences of their prompting mechanisms, some preparatory contrast experimental studies were undertaken.
Neural Networks Models on Threshold Electric Field of Field Emission
Authors: Yu Li－juan  , Zhu Chang－chun  ,   西安交通大学电信工程学院电子系,西安710049
Published: November 2020

This article uses the model of BP neural networks　proposes the forecasting model of neural networks in combination with the characteristics of field emission co ld cathode　and applies the data of threshold electric field of diamond thin film to test.The results show that the relative error of the model is within 6\^6% a nd the model possesses good forecast characteristics through simulation and imi tation.
ELECTRONIC SPIN RESONANCE STUDY OF PEROVSKITE-TYPE MANGANITES
Authors: JIANG YONG  , LI GUANG  , ZENG XIANG-YONG  , YANG YING-PING  , YUAN SONG-LIU  , JIN SI-ZHAO  ,   (1)华中科技大学物理系，武汉  430074; (2)中国科学技术大学结构分析中心，合肥  230026
Published: November 2020

The electron spin resonance behavior of two typical systems with Mn3+ /Mn4+=2∶1 and 1∶1 within the temperature range T>TC is s tudied experimentally. The results show that there exists a temperature Tmi n(>TC)dividing the magnetic behavior above TC into t wo distinguishable regime. While T>Tmin, The ESR spectrum consists of one symmetrical resonance line. The Lande factor is independent of temperature and close to the value of free electron (～20023)， and the linewidth increase s linearly with increasing temperature. Some distortions are observed when the t emperature is lower than Tmin. The line shape becomes unsymmetrical. The g factor become dependent on the temperature and the linewidth increases ano malously with decreasing temperature. These results point out that the complete paramagnetism exits only in the temperature range T>Tmin. When T Cmin,the anomalous paramagnetic behavior may be caused by t he magnetic inhomogeneity. The mechanism of resonance linewidth broadening is di scussed based on an analysis of the linewidth above Tmin, suggesting that the exchange narrowing spin-spin interaction and the spin-lattice interacti on are two possible reasons of linewidth changes in the high temperature regime.
Dynamics of Two－Mode SU(2) Coherent States Interacting With Two C onpled Atoms
Authors: Tian Yong－hong  , Peng Jin－sheng  ,   (1)华中师范大学物理系，武汉　430070; (2)华中师范大学物理系，武汉　430070;荆州师范学院物理系，荆州　434100
Published: November 2020

The dynamic behavior of atoms and nonclassical properties of the two－mode field in the system of nondegenerate two－photon interacting of SU(2) coherents tates with two atoms are studied. Influences of the total photon number　the par tition parameter and the dipole－dipole interaction on the atomic dynamic behav ior and the quantum statistics properties of the two－mode field are discussed.
A Quick-Look Model to Predict Gas Hydrate Formation in Gas Pipelines using Modified Navier-Stokes Correlation
Authors: Oluwatoyin Akinsete O. , Olatunji Oladipo O. , Sunday Isehunwa O.
Published: November 2020

Major challenges associated with the smooth production operations in the oil and gas industry that has raised technical curiosity are formation of natural gas hydrates in production facilities and flow lines which introduces significant cost to operators. Accurate modeling is therefore paramount; most existing models are based on constitutive conservation laws neglecting other dissipative energy types.

To predict “if” and “where” gas hydrate would be formed in gas pipeline, the Navier-Stokes equation was modified by incorporating dissipative forces of viscosity and gravity; the equation that emerged was solved analytically to determine the hydrate formation pressure (HFP) and the position of hydrate formation along gas pipelines.

The developed model, used as a quick-look tool for where and if hydrates will form revealed that when the predicted HFP is positive hydrates was formed but when it is negative hydrates were not formed. The model also showed that HFP is a function fluid composition, mass flowrate, changes in fluid and surrounding conditions and changes in elevation and direction confirming the results of earlier work done.
Symbiotic and Agronomic Performance of Cowpea Rhizobial Inoculants from Soil of Ethiopia under Field Conditions
Authors: Nandeshwar B. C. , Kenasa Girmaye , Assefa Fassil
Published: November 2020

The effect of inoculating indigenous cowpea nodule bacteria of Ethiopia on the crop performance was not tested under field condition with the ultimate goal of selecting effective inoculants. Root nodule bacteria which showed strong symbiotic effectiveness under greenhouse condition were selected for field experiment. Under field conditions, inoculation of cowpea with ECR-0+ECE-21 and ECR-101+ECE-21 resulted in a maximum grain yield (GY, 2713 kg ha-1) and above ground biomass (BW, 506 g m-2), respectively. The co-inoculation of cowpea with ECR-0 and ECE-21 and ECR-24 and ECE-21 significantly improved (p<0.05) the N-content and GY as compared to their single rhizobial inoculation. The native strains performed better than the exotic strain (Biofix). Performance of the strains was similar at the two test locations except ECR-14 and ECR-24 that resulted 13% greater of BW at Uke than at Bako. Symbio-agronomic performance of native rhizobia under field condition showed direct correlation (r>0.5; p<0.01) to each other except nodule number. In general, both single and co-inoculation of the native rhizobacterial inoculants improved cowpea performance. This is a promising biofertilizer to enhance cowpea production in Ethiopia, where the farmers cannot afford to buy chemical fertilizers.
Proximate Composition and Glycemic Index Profiling of Differently Composed Nutri-Cereal Biscuits
Authors: Hymavathi T. V. , Robert Pradeepa , Thejasri V. , Jyosthna E.
Published: November 2020

An increasing body of evidence suggests that a low-glycemic-index (GI) diet has a therapeutic as well as a preventive potential in relation to the insulin resistance syndrome. Interest in development of low GI foods is growing worldwide; hence there is a need for more diversified food with low GI. At the same time the demand for nutri-cereals is also growing due to its nutrient density, hence in the present study, six types of nutri-cereal (millets) based biscuits made from sorghum, pearl millet and foxtail millet were estimated for their proximate composition and glycemic index (GI). There is significant difference in the nutritional composition of all the biscuits, except ash content of SPB and PB, moisture content of SSB and FB, available carbohydrates of SWB and SCB. The protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and dietary fibre content ranged from 5.88 g to 9.01 g, 19.98 g to 23.78 g, 59.67 to 64.20 g, 0.61 g to 1.04 g and 8.80 g to 12.20 g /100 g respectively. All the biscuits were found to have low GI (less than 55) and order of GI and GL is PB>SWB>SSB>FB>SPB>SCB.
Comparison between Cuff Leak Test and Ultra Sound Assessment of Laryngeal Edema in Predicting Successful Extubation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Authors: Ismail Manar Mohammed , Soliman Sohair Mostafa , Ezz Hoda Alsaid Ahmed , Elbadry Amr Arafa
Published: November 2020

Objects: Endotracheal intubation commonly leads to local complications, including mechanical lesions, such as friction and compressions between the tube and the anatomic structures of the larynx leading to laryngeal edemamanifested as ‘‘stridor’’ after extubation. There is no standard method to predict patients at risk of post-extubation stridor. This study was conducted to compare between cuff leak test and ultra sound in predicting successful extubation in mechanically ventilated patients.

Patients and Methods: We included a total of 83 mechanically ventilated patients with endotracheal intubation > 24 hours. They were divided according to the outcome after extubation into 72 patients who didn’t develop laryngeal edema and 11 patients who developed laryngeal edema. The patients were extubated when they fulfilled the criteria of extubation and become negative to cuff leak test. All patients underwent both cuff leak test (CLT) and ultra-sound to assess air column width difference (ACWD) after intubation and before extubation.

Results: All patients were matched as regard demographic data. There was a significant increase in the duration of mechanical ventilation in the LE group. No significant difference was detected between the two groups regarding CLT and ACWD after intubation. However, cases with laryngeal edema had significantly lower CLT and ACWD before extubation. Using a cut off value of 1.52 mm, ACWD had sensitivity and specificity of 90.9 and 91.7% respectively to predict laryngeal edema after extubation.

Conclusions: Laryngeal Ultrasonography could be a useful, reliable, non-invasive method in the evaluation of vocal cords, laryngeal morphology and airflow passing through the vocal cords or subglottic area in intubated patients in comparison with cuff leak test.
Modeling and Assessing Nailing Conduct Utilizing FEM Method
Authors: Davoudinezhad Siamak
Published: November 2020

The nailing method is utilized for temporary and permanent stabilization of the drilled excavations and walls. In most instances, nailing is much more cost-efficient than other excavation stabilization alternatives, hence the popularity and rapid development of nailing technology have been increased. In this research, several parameters such as changes in the height of the excavation, alterations in the soil environmental parameters, changes in the nails’ layouts, and their lengths were analyzed to evaluate the conduct of the nailing system. The findings of this study demonstrated that each of the mentioned parameters makes changes in the locations, and the forces of the system. Further examination of the impact of each parameter, the maximum and minimum impact of the changes are assessed and ultimately, a general insight is created for designing each constituent of this study.
Balancing risks of injury and disturbance to marine mammals when pile driving at offshore windfarms
Authors: Thompson Paul M. , Graham Isla M. , Cheney Barbara , Barton Tim R. , Farcas Adrian , Merchant Nathan D.
Published: November 2020

1. Offshore windfarms require construction procedures that minimize impacts on protected marine mammals. Uncertainty over the efficacy of existing guidelines for mitigating near‐field injury when pile‐driving recently resulted in the development of alternative measures, which integrated the routine deployment of acoustic deterrent devices (ADD) into engineering installation procedures without prior monitoring by marine mammal observers.

2. We conducted research around the installation of jacket foundations at the UK's first deep‐water offshore windfarm to address data gaps identified by regulators when consenting this new approach. Specifically, we aimed to (a) measure the relationship between noise levels and hammer energy to inform assessments of near‐field injury zones and (b) assess the efficacy of ADDs to disperse harbour porpoises from these zones.

3. Distance from piling vessel had the biggest influence on received noise levels but, unexpectedly, received levels at any given distance were highest at low hammer energies. Modelling highlighted that this was because noise from pin pile installations was dominated by the strong negative relationship with pile penetration depth with only a weak positive relationship with hammer energy.

4. Acoustic detections of porpoises along a gradient of ADD exposure decreased in the 3‐h following a 15‐min ADD playback, with a 50% probability of response within 21.7 km. The minimum time to the first porpoise detection after playbacks was > 2 h for sites within 1 km of the playback.

5. Our data suggest that the current regulatory focus on maximum hammer energies needs review, and future assessments of noise exposure should also consider foundation type. Despite higher piling noise levels than predicted, responses to ADD playback suggest mitigation was sufficiently conservative. Conversely, strong responses of porpoises to ADDs resulted in far‐field disturbance beyond that required to mitigate injury. We recommend that risks to marine mammals can be further minimized by (1) optimizing ADD source signals and/or deployment schedules to minimize broad‐scale disturbance; (2) minimizing initial hammer energies when received noise levels were highest; (3) extending the initial phase of soft start with minimum hammer energies and low blow rates.
Development of a New International Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria Phase I/II Report: Generation and Reduction of Candidate Criteria
Authors: Barbhaiya Medha , Zuily Stephane , Ahmadzadeh Yasaman , Amigo Mary‐Carmen , Avcin Tadej , Bertolaccini Maria Laura , Branch D. Ware , de Jesus Guilherme , Devreese Katrien M. J. , Frances Camille , Garcia David , Guillemin Francis , Levine Steven R. , Levy Roger A. , Lockshin Michael D. , Ortel Thomas L. , Seshan Surya V. , Tektonidou Maria , Wahl Denis , Willis Rohan , Naden Ray , Costenbader Karen , Erkan Doruk ,   the New APS Classification Criteria Collaborators
Published: November 2020

Objective

An international multidisciplinary initiative, jointly supported by the American College of Rheumatology and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, is underway to develop new rigorous classification criteria to identify patients with high likelihood of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) for research purposes. The present study was undertaken to apply an evidence‐ and consensus‐based approach to identify candidate criteria and develop a hierarchical organization of criteria within domains.

Methods

During phase I, the APS classification criteria steering committee used systematic literature reviews and surveys of international APS physician scientists to generate a comprehensive list of items related to APS. In phase II, we reviewed the literature, administered surveys, formed domain subcommittees, and used Delphi exercises and nominal group technique to reduce potential APS candidate criteria. Candidate criteria were hierarchically organized into clinical and laboratory domains.

Results

Phase I generated 152 candidate criteria, expanded to 261 items with the addition of subgroups and candidate criteria with potential negative weights. Using iterative item reduction techniques in phase II, we initially reduced these items to 64 potential candidate criteria organized into 10 clinical and laboratory domains. Subsequent item reduction methods resulted in 27 candidate criteria, hierarchically organized into 6 additive domains (laboratory, macrovascular, microvascular, obstetric, cardiac, and hematologic) for APS classification.

Conclusion

Using data‐ and consensus‐driven methodology, we identified 27 APS candidate criteria in 6 clinical or laboratory domains. In the next phase, the proposed candidate criteria will be used for real‐world case collection and further refined, organized, and weighted to determine an aggregate score and threshold for APS classification.
Two‐Photon Laser‐Written Photoalignment Layers for Patterning Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymer Orientation
Authors: Shi Yuping , Salter Patrick S. , Li Mo , Taylor Robert A. , Elston Steve J. , Morris Stephen M. , Bradley Donal D. C.
Published: November 2020

Systematic tuning of chemical and physical structure allows fine control over desired electronic and optical properties, including those of conjugated polymer semiconductors. In the case of physical structure, orientation via liquid crystalline alignment allows access to fundamental optical anisotropies and the associated refractive index modification offers great potential for fabrication of photonic structures. In this paper, photoalignment is used to orient the liquid crystalline conjugated polymer poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), specifically involving two‐photon infrared laser writing of patterns in an azobenzene sulphonic dye (SD1). These patterns are transferred into the overlying film by thermotropic orientation in the nematic melt, then frozen in place by quenching to a room temperature nematic glass. Optimization of laser power and scan speed allows features with linewidths ≤ 1 µm. Photoluminescence (PL) peak anisotropy values reach PLII/PL⊥ = 13 for laser writing, compared with PLII/PL⊥ = 9 for polarized ultraviolet light emitting diode exposure of the same SD1 layer. These two approaches also result in different film microstructures; evidenced by characteristic changes in PL spectra. The anisotropic PL spectra provide information on emissive excited states that complements previous studies on non‐oriented F8BT and related copolymers, also suggesting two emissive states.
An Artificial Neuron Using a Bipolar Electrochemical Metallization Switch and Its Enhanced Spiking Properties through Filament Confinement
Authors: Kim Taehyun , Kim Seung‐Hwan , Park Jae‐Hyeun , Park June , Park Euyjin , Kim Seung‐Geun , Yu Hyun‐Yong
Published: November 2020

Neural networks composed of artificial neurons and synapses mimicking the human nervous system have received much attention because of their promising potential in future computing systems. In particular, spiking neural networks (SNNs), which are faster and more energy‐efficient than conventional artificial neural networks, have recently been the focus of attention. However, because typical neural devices for SNNs are based on complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductors that exhibit high consumption of power and require a large area, it is difficult to use them to implement a large‐scale network. Thus, a new structure should be developed to overcome the typical problems that have been encountered and to emulate bio‐realistic functions. This study proposes a versatile artificial neuron based on the bipolar electrochemical metallization threshold switch, which exhibits four requisite characteristics for a spiking neuron: all‐or‐nothing spiking, threshold‐driven spiking, refractory period, and strength‐modulated frequency. Furthermore, unique features such as an inhibitory postsynaptic potential and the bipolar switching characteristic for changing synaptic weight are realized. Additionally, by using a filament confinement technique, a high on/off ratio (≈6 × 107), a low threshold voltage (0.19 V), low variability (0.014), and endurance over 106 cycles are achieved. This research will serve as a stepping‐stone for advanced large‐scale neuromorphic systems.
High‐Efficiency Spin–Orbit Torque Switching Using a Single Heavy‐Metal Alloy with Opposite Spin Hall Angles
Authors: Bekele Zelalem Abebe , Liu Xionghua , Cao Yi , Wang Kaiyou
Published: November 2020

Spin–orbit torque (SOT) induced perpendicular magnetization switching in Pt1‐xGdx/Co/Al2O3 heterostructure with x = 0, 0.02, 0.14, 0.30, and 0.33 is investigated. With in‐plane charge current flowing through the Pt1‐xGdx layer, field‐free current‐induced magnetization switching is observed for all nonzero x due to the existence of opposite spin Hall angles (θSHA) from Pt1‐xGdx alloys. Furthermore, the large θSHA of about 0.27 is obtained in the optimal Pt0.70Gd0.30 alloy films, which is about four times larger than that of the pure Pt. This work suggests a simple and scalable method for realizing field‐free SOT switching, and provides potential candidates of spin Hall materials that can be used to produce highly efficient SOTs.
Short Alkyl Chain Engineering Modulation on Naphthalene Flanked Diketopyrrolopyrrole toward High‐Performance Single Crystal Transistors and Organic Thin Film Displays
Authors: Liu Qian , Chavhan Sudam , Zhang Hantang , Sun Huabin , Brock Aidan J. , Manzhos Sergei , Chen Yingqian , Feron Krishna , Bottle Steven E. , McMurtrie John C. , Jou Jwo‐Huei , Chen Ho‐Shin , Nagar Mangey Ram , Hu Wenping , Noh Yong‐Young , Zhen Yonggang , Sonar Prashant
Published: November 2020

Studying multi‐purpose applications of a specific material is a challenging topic in the organic electronics community. In this work, through molecular engineering and smart device structure design strategy, high performance in transistors and thin film display devices is simultaneously achieved by applying a simple new dye molecule, naphthalene flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPPN), as the active layer material. Short alkyl chains (hexyl or octyl side groups for H‐DPPN and O‐DPPN, respectively) are adapted to improve the hole mobility in organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) and single crystal transistors (SCTs). Specifically, H‐DPPN shows a similar hole mobility in either OTFTs or SCTs, while O‐DPPN exhibits a dramatically enhanced mobility, reaching 0.125 cm2 V−1 s−1 in SCTs. Additionally, a smart organic light emitting diode (OLED) device is designed by using DPPN molecule as the dopant with a host matrix. The promising external quantum efficiencies of 4.0% and 2.3% are achieved for H‐DPPN and O‐DPPN fabricated OLEDs. Overall, in this work, it is reported that DPP‐based small molecules can simultaneously function well in both transistors and thin film displays with high device performance through molecular and smart device engineering.
Core–Sheath Fiber‐Based Wearable Strain Sensor with High Stretchability and Sensitivity for Detecting Human Motion
Authors: Li Wenyue , Zhou Yanfen , Wang Yuhao , Jiang Liang , Ma Jianwei , Chen Shaojuan , Zhou Feng‐Lei
Published: November 2020

Fiber‐based strain sensors are considered to be an important part of smart wearables due to their flexible performance, lightness, and easily processing into various structures. However, the low sensitivity of fiber‐based strain sensors has limited their real‐life applications for detecting human movements. In this work, a poly(styrene‐butadiene‐styrene) (SBS)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) core–sheath fiber (SSCCSF) strain sensor is fabricated via a simple and facile coaxial wet‐spinning method. The cross‐sectional morphology, the mechanical properties, and the electromechanical performance of the SSCCSFs are investigated. Scanning electron microcopy results show that SSCCSFs have a bean‐like cross‐section with SBS as the core and SBS/MWCNTs as the sheath. Electromechanical performance evaluation confirms that the SSCCSF show a high sensitivity in a broad working range (gauge factor = 25832.77 at 41.5% strain) and excellent durability (5000 cycles at 10% strain). Furthermore, the SSCCSF displays outstanding sensing performance for detecting large motions in human movements including hand joint bending (such as knuckles and wrists) and subtle motions in physiological activities, involved in swallowing behavior, breathing, and pulse beat. This study demonstrates the potential application of SSCCSFs for wearable electronics with activity monitoring sensors.
Beta‐propeller protein–associated neurodegeneration presenting Rett‐like features: A case report and literature review
Authors: Kano Kanako , Yamanaka Gaku , Muramatsu Kazuhiro , Morichi Shinichiro , Ishida Yu , Takamatsu Tomoko , Suzuki Shinji , Miyajima Tasuku , Nakagawa Eiji , Nishino Ichizo , Kawashima Hisashi
Published: November 2020

Several patients with beta‐propeller protein–associated neurodegeneration (BPAN)/static encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood have been reported to present Rett syndrome (RTT)‐like features. This report presents an individual with BPAN showing clinical features of RTT. Psychomotor delay and epilepsy onset were noted at 1 year, and regression began at 4 years. Screening of the methyl‐CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) did not show variants. At 22 years, basal ganglia iron deposits were found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the WD‐domain repeat 45 gene (WDR45) variant was identified. Review of the literature showed that BPAN with RTT‐like features is associated with more epileptic seizures and less deceleration of head growth, breathing irregularities, and cold extremities than classic RTT with MECP2 variants. These clinical presentations may provide clues for differentiating between these two disorders. However, both WDR45 and MECP2 should be screened in patients presenting a clinical picture of RTT without specific MRI findings of BPAN.
Testing, testing, one, two, three: Service user evaluation of three standard measures of mental health and well‐being in an online counselling and support service for children and young people
Authors: Sefi Aaron , Frampton Ian
Published: November 2020

Assessment measures have been widely adopted into mental health settings incorporating idiographic (personalised) and nomothetic (standardised) approaches. Online mental health support services have developed significantly, but with very little testing of these measures. This study assesses the relative merits of acceptability, applicability and appropriateness of assessment measures online for children and young people. Acceptability was determined by whether users elected to complete the measure, applicability by whether they understood the questions, and appropriateness by their experience of completing the measure. Three measures, the Short Warwick‐Edinburgh Emotional and Mental Well‐Being Scale (SWEMWBS), the Young Person's Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation (YP‐CORE) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), were randomly offered to 7,235 new registrations to assess relative acceptability of the measures, and two follow‐up questions were asked to assess applicability and appropriateness. The chi‐square tests of independence were calculated to compare response rates for each measure, followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons and effect size calculations. There was a high level of acceptability of the measures, with statistically significant differences between the less‐accepted SDQ and more‐accepted SWEMWBS. For applicability, the SWEMWBS was less understood and relatable than the other assessment measures. All the measures demonstrated a tolerable appropriateness. All differences were indicated at a small effect size. These findings support the acceptability, applicability and appropriateness of the use of assessment measures in an online setting. The SWEMWBS demonstrated surprisingly low applicability against the more clinical measures, suggesting further investigation into how young people ascribe meaning to the measures, and their motivations for completing them.
The effects of different levels of heat‐treated legume flour on nutritional, physical, textural, and sensory properties of gluten‐free muffins
Authors: Jeong Duyun , Hong Jung Sun , Liu Qiang , Choi Hee‐Don , Chung Hyun‐Jung
Published: November 2020

Background and objectives

There is an increasing interest in the development of gluten‐free products for patients with celiac disease and nonceliac consumers. Three different ratios (80:20, 65:35, and 50:50) of legume flour to waxy rice flour and two legume species (mungbean and cowpea) were used to prepare gluten‐free muffins. Chemical composition, physical properties, texture, and sensory attributes of these muffins were evaluated.

Findings

Legume‐based muffins had lower specific volume but higher firmness than control muffin due to decreased number and area of air cells. Protein content in gluten‐free muffins was increased with increasing levels of legume flour. However, muffins with 80% legume flour had the lowest specific volume with increased gummy layers in crumb structure. Muffins containing 1:1 legume‐waxy rice flour mixtures showed the greatest physical properties, textural behavior, visual appearance, sensory score of texture, and overall acceptability comparable to control muffin.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the 1:1 legume‐waxy rice flour mixture might be suitable as an ingredient for gluten‐free bakery products with considerable potential.

Significance and novelty

This study suggests that the legume‐based muffins could be a promising alternative to wheat flour for making gluten‐free bakery products.
Tailoring Oxygen Vacancies in CoMoO4 for Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Tao Yuanxue , Wang Pei , Liang Chennan , Yang Nan , Huang Dekang , Chen Hao , Luo Yanzhu
Published: November 2020

The application of transition‐metal oxides in the energy storage field is hampered by its low electronic conductivity, sluggish Li+ diffusion, and huge volume changes. The construction of oxygen vacancy defects can effectively modify the electronic structure of the active materials, accelerating the charge transfer process. Herein, the CoMoO4 nanorods with different oxygen vacancy concentrations are synthesized through the facile calcination process under N2 and Air atmospheres. The ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐Vis DRS) analysis and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation results confirm that the bandgap reduces along with the increment of the oxygen vacancy content. The CoMoO4‐N2 with higher oxygen vacancy concentration exhibits more superior electrochemical performance than CoMoO4‐Air, which delivers an ultrahigh specific capacity (999 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 A g−1), remarkable rate capacity (477 mA h g−1 at 9 A g−1), and excellent cycling stability (650 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1).
Polyethylene oxide‐Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 hybrid electrolytes: Lithium salt concentration and biopolymer blending
Authors: Wirtz Maike , Linhorst Max , Veelken Philipp , Tempel Hermann , Kungl Hans , Moerschbacher Bruno M. , Eichel Rüdiger‐A.
Published: November 2020

Hybrid electrolytes are developed to meet the requirements of safety, performance, and manufacturing for electrolytes suitable for Li‐ion batteries with Li‐anodes. Recent challenges—in addition to these key properties—emphasize the importance of sustainability. While compromising between these three objectives, the currently available materials are still well below the targeted goals. Three important issues for the design of hybrid electrolytes are (i) the role of the morphology and surface state of the ceramic particles in the polymer matrix, (ii) the dependence of salt concentration and ionic conductivity and, (iii) the effects of substituting part of the polyethylene oxide (PEO), with biopolymers. Electrolyte films were prepared from PEO, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZO:Ta), and biopolymers with varying contents of these components by a solution casting method. The films were analyzed with respect to structural and microstructural characteristics by DSC, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM. Ionic conductivity was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Most interesting, when comparing films with LLZO:Ta versus without, the content of LiTFSI required for the maximum conductivity in the respective systems is different: a higher LiTFSI concentration is required for the former type. Overall, addition of LLZO:Ta as well as partial substitution of PEO by chitosan mesylate or cellulose acetate decrease the ionic conductivity. Thus—at least in the present approaches—a loss in performance is the drawback from attempts to enhance the safety by LLZO:Ta additions and sustainability by biopolymer blending of hybrid electrolytes.
The cost of partners’ genetically modified organisms regulatory index on U.S. corn and soybean exports
Authors: Addey Kwame Asiam
Published: November 2020

Food insecurity continues to be a lurking global problem. To overcome this challenge, appropriate agricultural production technologies should be adopted. The introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in 1994 sparked persistent disagreements among countries. Some countries have strongly opposed it while adoption continues to grow slowly in others. The United States is one of the largest producers and exporters of GMOs. This paper examines the cost of U.S. trade partners’ GMO regulatory index (GMORI) on U.S. corn and soybean exports. Using a multilevel mixed‐effects model, a 1% increase in the GMORI leads to US$ 71.8 million and US$ 144 million loss in U.S. corn and soybean export revenue, respectively. A 1% increase in Japan's GMORI leads to US$20 million and US$ 9 million loss while that of China leads to US$ 2.4 million and US$ 74 million loss in revenue for U.S. corn and soybean export sectors, respectively. The findings suggest that even though GDP, geographical distance, exchange rate, and price ratios are important factors, the restrictions imposed by countries on GMOs have significant effects on U.S. corn and soybean exports. The study draws the conclusion that the restrictions imposed by countries on GMOs have differential cost implications on U.S. corn and soybean exports. Despite this prognosis, previous studies have shown that global adoption of GMOs continue to grow, though slowly. Hence, it is recommended that the United States continues with the information dissemination effort to enhance the adoption rate and have a consistent measure of adoption evaluation rate among trade partners.