bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homocysteine and risk of wet age‐related macular degeneration: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Pinna A. , Zaccheddu F. , Boscia F. , Solinas G.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Wet age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is an important cause of vision loss. We performed a meta‐analysis review of the literature to assess the role of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration a as risk factor for wet AMD.

Methods

Data sources included PubMed searches and searching reference lists of relevant articles and reviews. The literature review was performed according to the guidelines of Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE). Case‐control studies were eligible for inclusion. Meta‐analysis summary estimates were obtained using a random‐effects model to account for between‐study heterogeneity.

Results

9 case‐control studies were identified, for a total of 422 cases and 467 controls. The mean tHcy was on average 1.18 μmol/L (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.33) greater in the wet AMD cases compared with the controls (P < 0.001), but patients’ and controls’ ages showed a high degree of between‐study heterogeneity. After exclusion of the two studies with higher age heterogeneity, there were 243 cases and 277 controls and the mean tHcy was on average 0.7 μmol/L (95% CI = 0.52–0.88) greater in the wet AMD patients compared to the controls (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

There is some weak evidence that elevated tHcy might be associated with wet AMD; however, this result should be interpreted cautiously because of a marked heterogeneity between the study estimates and the possible effect of publication bias on the tHcy findings.
23‐Gauge versus 25‐Gauge vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A comparison of surgical outcomes
Authors: Magill H. , Guthrie G. , Steel D.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

This study compared clinical outcomes and complications between 23‐gauge (23 g) and 25‐gauge (25 g) transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Methods

It was a retrospective study using data prospectively defined and collected. 80 eyes underwent 23 g transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy, and 80 eyes underwent 25 g surgery using the same vitrectomy system by one surgeon. Primary outcome measures were best‐corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Results

Vision was significantly improved after intervention in both groups (p ≥ 0.0001). There was no significant difference in visual outcomes between the groups (p = 0.43) or in the type and frequency of retinal breaks occurring during surgery (p = 0.63). The 23 g group had significantly more patients with a day 1 IOP of <6 mm Hg (p = 0.034) and significantly more patients requiring a sclerostomy suture postoperatively (p = 0.014).Conclusions

Both gauges are equally effective for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Posterior vitreous detachment: more a case of the fibronectin interface than the inner limiting membrane?
Authors: Etienne I. , Jonckx B. , Feyen J.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Use the periodic acid shift and immunohistochemical staining to visualize the distribution of the inner limiting membrane components on eyes presenting Posterior Vitreal Detachment (PVD) as detected by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

Methods

Porcine eyes with PVD confirmed by OCT were processed into paraffin tissue blocks. Transverse, serial 15 mm thick sections were cut. After deparaffinization and antigen retrieval stages, slides were incubated with selected primary antibodies. Amplification stages were performed before fluorescence visualization of the specified marker. Among the markers stained were collagen II and IV, laminin beta 2 and fibronectin. Periodic acid shift staining was also performed on adjacent cross sections to assess potential structural change (PVD). Images were acquired on a Zeiss microscope and image analysis performed using Metamorph software (Leica).

Results

Different distribution patterns in the retina were observed for the selected markers. The inner retina blood vessels were labelled by laminin beta 2, collagen II and IV. Laminin beta 2 and collagen II was revealed on the Bruch membrane. Collagen II, IV, fibronectin and laminin beta 2 were detected at the inner limiting membrane. PVD area could be detected not only by periodic acid shift but also by fibronectin staining. Upon PVD, fibronectin staining completely migrated with the PVD front, cleanly detaching from the retinal cell layers.

Conclusions

Fibronectin staining can be used to detect and therefore confirm PVD presence in histological sections, even if the PVD has evolved beyond the point where it can still be detected by OCT.
Spontaneous subretinal pigment epithelium hemorrhage
Authors: Halfeld Furtado De Mendonca R. , De Oliveira Maia O.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To describe a case of spontaneous subretinal pigment epithelium hemorrhage in a high myopic patient.

Setting

Subretinal hemorrhage is an accumulation of blood between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Sub‐RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) hemorrhage is located between the RPE and Bruch's membrane.

Methods

A 22 year old high myopic Brazilian man complained of acute blurred vision in his left eye over the past 2 days. The patient had no trauma and systemic pathology. Visual acuity in the right eye was 20/20 and in the left eye counting fingers (3 m). The intraocular pressure and biomicroscopy were normal. Fundus examinationof the right eye was normal. Fundus examination of the left eye showed a macular hemorrhage with well‐defined borders.

Results

The patient underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (FA) and Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography. In the OCT was evident the sub‐RPE hemorrhage. Choroidal neovascularisation was not detected in any exam including ICG. No surgery was performed, only observation. At 30‐days follow‐up, the visual acuity in the left eye was 20/40. Fundus examinationshowed an absorption of the sub‐RPE hemorrhage.

Conclusions

Subretinal hemorrhage may cause retinal damage through a number of mechanisms. Sub‐RPE hemorrhages have well‐defined borders attributed to the tight cell junctions among RPE cells. Good visual outcome is sometimes possible in selected patients with submacular hemorrhage managed without surgical intervention. The OCT is an important tool to localize the level of the hemorrhage. The recover of the visual acuity of the present case is probably due to the healthy retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors prior to the hemorrhage.
Choroidal osteoma in deep range imaging OCT (DRI‐OCT)
Authors: Markiewicz A. , Romanowska Dixon B. , Bogdali A. , Jakubowska B.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

A study presents features of choroidal osteoma in Deep Range Imaging Optical Coherent Tomography (DRI‐OCT).

Methods

We analysed 5 cases with choroidal osteoma. All patiens were diagnosed, treated and follow‐up at the Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology Department of University Hospital in Cracow during 2013 and 2015 years. Diagnosis of osteoma was established on basis of typical features found during fundus and ultrasonography examnations. Additionaly, DRI‐OCT was performed in all choroidal osteoma cases. Images were evaluated by four experienced physicians in using DRI‐OCT in differential diagnosis of intraocular tumors.

Results

In all cases choroidal osteoma were observed smooth undulating tumor surface, multiple intralesional layers, sponge bone structure, transparency with visibility of sclero‐choroidal junction and presence of vessels.

Conclusions

Choroidal osteoma is a rare, benign tumor presents mainly at posterior pole of eye globe in young woman. Especially it should be distinguish from amelanotic choroidal melanoma or metastatic tumors. In these controversial cases DRI‐OCT is very useful due to present very characteristic features of choroidal osteoma in this examination.
Glaucoma patient satisfaction after switching from preserved treatment to preservative‐free latanoprost; results from the PASSY survey in three European countries
Authors: Munoz‐Negrete F.J. , Lemij H. , Erb C.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

An European survey was implemented to evaluate patient satisfaction especially after the switch from a preserved prostaglandin to the preservative‐free (PF) latanoprost (Monoprost®)

Methods

Multicentre, epidemiological, retrospective survey. OHT/glaucoma patients treated with Monoprost® for 3 months were included. The following data were collected: glaucoma history, previous treatment, reasons for change, tolerance, patient satisfaction, ocular signs and surface disease.

Results

1541 patients were included (213 from Germany, 25 from the Netherlands and 1303 from Spain). These results focus on the patients who previously received a preserved treatment (n = 1058; 69.4% of patients). Regarding tolerance, 94.8% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied with PF latanoprost. In comparison to the previous preserved treatment, 75.1% of the patients considered that PF latanoprost was better or much better tolerated, and for 21% of them was the same. The tolerance evaluated with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS: 0 mm: very bad tolerance – 100 mm: very good) was 82.4 ± 17.08 for PF latanoprost and 56.1 ± 27.30 for the previous preserved treatment (mean difference: 26.3 mm; 47% of increase). Switching to PF latanoprost increased the VAS value whatever the previous preserved treatment: +31.1 switching from travoprost, +23.7 from latanoprost, +37.7 from bimatoprost 0.03%, +33.2 from bimatoprost 0.01% and +23.5 from beta‐blockers (p < 0.0001) In relation with previous preserved treatment, Monoprost® unidoses was considered as easier or much easier to use by 38.8% of the patients and as the same by 50.6%. The use of artificial tears decreased for 28.4% after switching to PF Latanoprost.

Conclusions

After 3 months of Monoprost® treatment, patients that had switched from a preserved treatment were more satisfied concerning tolerance and needed fewer artificial tears.
The Effect of Hypertension on Intraocular Pressure and Apoptosis of Retinal Ganglion Cell Through ET‐1 Signaling Pathway Activation in Trabecular Meshwork of Hypertension Rat Model
Authors: Prayitnaningsih S. , Sujuti H. , Abdullah Hamid A. , Permatasari N. , Aris Widodo M.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of Deoxycorticoacetate (DOCA)‐salt Hypertension model on IOP,retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis, ratio of endothelin (ET‐1)/ endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS), ETA and ETB Receptor (ETRA and ETRB), Myosin Light Chain Kinase (MLCK), and Caldesmon (CaD) in endothelial cells of Trabecular Meshwork (TM).

Methods

Experimental study was performed on 20 male Spraque Dawley rats divided into control group(1), hypertension group (2–4): DOCA subcutaneous 10 mg/kg BW twice a week+ NaCl 0.9% daily for 2, 6, and 10 weeks respectively. Blood pressure were measured by BP analyzer with animal tail‐cuff method and IOP measured by handheld tonometry before study and before enucleation. ET‐1 signaling pathway and RGC apoptosis were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining, then observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Data were analyzed by one way Anova.

Results

Peak of IOP elevation occurred on 2 weeks of hypertension (7.78 ± 4.14 mmHg). The average ratio of ET‐1/eNOS was highest on 2 weeks (1.31 ± 0.025 au). The ETRA were significantly increased in 2 and 6 weeks (1476.3 ± 20.9 au and 1209.7 ± 6.1 au), while ETRB only in 2 weeks (1160.5 ± 18.2 au).The highest average of MLCK (1916.68 ± 6.41 au), CaD (1676.37 ± 7.72 au), and RGC apoptosis (576.15 ± 33.28 au) were found in 2 weeks hypertension.

Conclusions

Hypertension induced by DOCA‐salt stimulated significant activation of ET‐1 signaling pathway on TM, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The peak of activation was achieved at 2 weeks of hypertension.
Complementary effects of PlGF inhibition and MMC in the improvement of surgical outcome after glaucoma filtration surgery
Authors: Van Bergen T. , Jonckx B. , Moons L. , Feyen J. , Stalmans I.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

We previously showed that inhibition of placental growth factor (PlGF) was more effective than anti‐VEGF‐R2 treatment in improving surgical ouctome of glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). In this study, we investigated the complementary effects of mitomycin‐C (MMC) and anti‐PlGF therapy and compared it to the combined administration of MMC with aflibercept.

Methods

The effect of PlGF inhibitor (5D11D4; ThromboGenics NV) and MMC on surgical outcome was investigated in a mouse model of GFS. The 1st group was treated during surgery with MMC 0.02% for 2 minutes; the 2nd group received a combination of MMC and an intracameral (IC) injection of 5D11D4 (1 µl; 5.4 µg). MMC together with IC administration of aflibercept (1 µl; 3.4 µg) was given to the 3rd group. Treatment outcome was studied by clinical investigation of the bleb every other day. Fibrosis was investigated on postoperative day 52 by performing a Sirius Red staining.

Results

The combination of MMC and 5D11D4 was able to significantly improve bleb area as compared to MMC (n = 20; p < 0.001) by an additional reduction of fibrosis with 10% at day 52 (n = 6; p < 0.001). Moreover, all blebs from the combination group survived until day 52, whereas blebs treated with MMC were failed at postoperative day 34 (n = 20; p < 0.001). As compared to MMC together with aflibercept, the combined administration of MMC and 5D11D4 was equally effective in improving surgical outcome (n = 15; p = 0.88) and reducing the postoperative fibrotic process in the bleb (n = 15; p = 0.49).

Conclusions

We know that inhibition of PlGF is more effective that anti‐VEGF treatment. These data suggest that MMC together with PlGF inhibition may even have complementary effects in the improvement of surgical outcome and might be equally effective as the combined treatment of MMC and aflibercept.
Treatment of circumscribed choroidal haemangioma in 2015
Authors: Maschi C. , Thariat J. , Baillif S. , Caujolle J.P.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To assess local control and visual outcomes in patients treated for circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas either by photodynamic therapy (PDT) or proton beam therapy (PBRT) delivering 20 Gy (RBE) in 4 fractions after clip placement.

Methods

this single institution series included all consecutive patients (pts) treated between 1994 and 2014. Before 2006, PBRT was the sole treatment available with PDT starting in 2006 and becoming the first option with PBRT for select cases or relapses. Descriptive statistics were performed.

Results

There were 48 patients, 32 males, 16 females. Twenty and 208 patients were treated with PBRT and PDT respectively. Median follow up was 44 months, longer for PBRT pts. Initial visual acuity (VA) was no different between the 2 groups. More patients undergoing PDT as first option underwent retreatment (PDT 9/28 with 1 or 2 salvage PDT and/or PBRT, PBRT 1/20 with one salvage PDT) (p = 0.023). There were more complications with PDT (macular atrophy 7, dsne 1, macular edema 2) than with PBRT (dep 5) (p = 0.006). Post treatment visual acuity was not significantly different between the 2 groups (VA ≥ 4 in 84% of PBRT pts, and 59% of PDT pts, p = 0.082). Post treatment thickness was better after PBRT (p = 0.014).

Conclusions

PDT more frequently required retreatments. PBRT is more invasive than PDT but yields better local control rates. VA was similar between PDT and PBRT with a trend for better results with PBRT. VA after PBRT might be improved with lower doses per fraction; subsequently patients are now treated with 8 fractions up to 20 Gy (RBE).
AMD Drusenoid deposits “L”, Lipid type, characterization, structural analysis with multimodal imaging and morphology‐structural software
Authors: Gonzalez C. , Lay B.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To study AMD drusenoid deposits “L” with multimodal imaging and morphology‐structural software and see all the input of this technique and software.

Methods

25 eyes of 25 patients, 8 men, 17 women, with AMD drusenoid deposits “L”, Lipid Type (soft Drusen, Drusenoid PED “L”). Deposits were evaluated by Autofluorescence, IR imaging, OCT, notably OCT en FACE (Spectralis HRA‐OCT, spectral domainOCT), and Morphology‐Structural software (M‐S software). ETDRS visual acuity (VA), complete ophthalmic examination with Fundus exam were added. Size, characteristics, number, topography of the “L” deposits, their environment above and below (particularly IS‐OS, plexiform layer, choriocapillaris structure and thickness) were evaluated, each element was studied, compared cut to cut, layer to layer and time to time. M‐S software let analyze drusenoid deposit volume and contours, let a 3D deposit reconstruction, display in 3D space, let volume, density (grey levels of deposits), structure (structural measures, texture parameters),composition (density calculation) evaluation and characterization of those “L”, lipid type deposits

Results

AMD Drusenoid Deposits “L” Lipid Type (soft Drusen, Drusenoid PED) are larger, roughly uniform, dome‐shaped, dark grey, translucent, optical empty, equal and the same in all cross‐section, as lipid pearl drops, fatty, mounds of deposit under the RPE, abnormal Pigment epithelium above, but layer quite preserved. M‐S software allows lipid composition confirmation, selective lipid characterization, to better differentiate lipid and more components

Conclusions

Multimodal Imaging, Morphology‐Structural Software contribute to and improve AMD Drusenoid deposits “L”, Lipid type, study and knowledge and so AMD etiopathogeny understanding.
Three family cases with Retinitis pigmentosa rod‐cone dystrophy with autosomal dominant inheritance
Authors: Koev K.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Three family cases with Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) rod‐cone dystrophy with autosomal dominant inheritance according to American Academy of Ophthalmology classification were diagnosed and studied: the grandmother G. D., 83 years old; the son A.D., 61 years old and granddaughter A.B., 27 years old.

Methods

The diagnosis was confirmed clinically, ERG, OCT, Angiography, (with colour tests) ATL, Ishihara table and Rabkin chart, All color Anomaloscope IF‐2 TOMEY, Test 28 HUE de Roth Farnsworth‐Munsell, with kinetic Kugel perimeter and automated Humphrey perimeter using the SITA‐Fast computerized perimetric threshold strategy.

Results

During the photopic test with ERG, there was observed retinogram with normal morphology and polarity but with drastic decline of the amplitude by 50 mV on average. In the process of dark adaptation, a decline of bioelectric activity was detected: from subnormal to non‐recording ERG during white and blue flashes at 30 Hz. In all of the three different generations’ cases, there was established reduction in residual bioelectric activity with the advancing of age of the patients with progressive degenerative RP disease. During the colour test, the grandmother and the father could read only ATL, which proves there was no acquired colour vision disorder. This is in confirmation to the autosomal dominant inheritance. In the process of anomaloscopic test and the colour tables and charts of Ishihara and Rabkin, as well as Test 28 HUE de Roth Farnsworth‐Munsell, the grandmother and the father were found to be with deuteranomaly. The granddaughter had a normal trichromacy. The perimetric tests showed concentric narrowing of the visual field to tubular vision.

Conclusions

Serum for genetic tests was taken from the three family cases in order to confirm the diagnosis and administer a gene therapy.
AMD Drusenoid deposits “P”, Protein‐Cellular Type: Characterization and Evolution. Multimodal imaging and OCT, OCT en Face, Evaluation and Interest
Authors: Gonzalez C.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To study AMD drusenoid deposits “P”, Protein‐Cellular Type with multimodal imaging,to characterize their morphologic type, evolution, to consider etiopathogeny, biomarker features

Methods

148 eyes of 74 AMD patients. AMD drusenoid deposits “P”,Protein‐Cellular Type:Cuticular drusen,Drusenoid PED “P”, Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD),Pseudovitellifom AMD were evaluated by Autofluorescence,IR imaging,ETDRS visual acuity (VA),ophthalmic examination with Ocular Fundus,Ocular Confocal Tomography exam(spectral domain OCT, OCT en Face software). Size, characteristics, number, topography of the lesions, growth way were evaluated, also their environment above, below and evolution. Each element was studied, compared cut to cut,layer to layer,time to time.

Results

VA stabilized in 90%. Pseudovitelliform AMD are little, irregular upper limit drusenoid PED. Cuticular drusen appear, uniform, round, white, under retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). SDD deposits are white, homogeneous,quite similar in all cross‐section, FA and ICG too, nearby upper side RPE layer. Drusenoid PED “P” were dense,white, granular,different in all cross‐sections,heterogeneous PED, below RPE,with abnormal RPE above,heavily unstructured.Multimodal imaging,especially OCT en Face, let individualize “P” drusenoid deposits.Evolution was‐choriocapillaris change‐pigment epithelium involution:more dense, irregular, inhomogeneous, crumbled‐inflammation‐neovascular signs even net.Specific metabolic defect outcome, etiopathogenic pathways appear: “P” drusenoid deposit is mostly enrolled in protein‐cellular metabolic pathway dysfunction with rather evolution to neovascular complication. So it would build up its biomarker feature.

Conclusions

AMD Drusenoid deposits “P”, Protein‐Cellular type study,knowledge,evolution,notably with multimodal imaging, OCT en Face contribute to and improve AMD understanding, prognosis, etiopathogic concept.
Corneal and optic nerve head biomechanical changes after deep sclerectomy
Authors: Munoz‐Negrete F.J. , Rebolleda G. , Díez L. , Oblanca‐Llamazares N. , De Juan V. , Casas‐Llera P.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To evaluate corneal and optic nerve head (ONH) biomechanical changes following nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (DS).

Methods

Forty‐nine eyes undergoing DS were prospectively studied. Changes in corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) using the Ocular Response Analyzer, as well as changes in prelaminar thickness, cupping and lamina cribrosa (LC) position using EDI technology before surgery and 3 months postoperatively were obtained. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to determine predictors of ONH changes including age, corneal central thickness (CCT) and axial length (AL).

Results

Mean corneal compensated IOP significantly decreased by 27.9% (P < 0.001). Mean CH increased and CRF decreased by 18.4% and 10.1% respectively (P < 0.001) and both were significantly correlated with IOP reduction (P < 0.001). There was a significant reversal of ONH cupping mainly due to a prelaminar tissue thickening (P < 0.001). Mean preoperative AL correlated with the preoperative LC thickness (−0.459, P = 0.012) and a further anterior displacement of LC postoperatively (0.377, P = 0.044). A significant association was found between ONH cupping reversal and both preoperative IOP (P = 0.046) and preoperative CRF (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

CH increased and CRF decreased significantly 3 months after NPDS and these changes correlated with IOP reduction. A significant cupping reversal mainly due to changes in prelaminar tissue thickness was observed. The magnitude of IOP reduction was the most significant factor in both corneal and ONH biomechanical changes.
Quantitative assessment of fixational saccades in school children. A new method
Authors: Larsen D.A. , Bek T.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To develop and validate a technique for automatic analysis of fixational saccades in clincal practise, and to study age‐related changes in these parameters among normal children.

Methods

Thirty‐six normal children (19 boys and 17 girls, mean age = 9.8 years, range 5‐16 years) were examined. Eye movements were recorded during two repeated 30‐s fixation tasks from left eye with a video based eye‐tracking system (iView XTM High‐Speed, version 2.7.09 Senso Motoric Instruments, Berlin, Germany). Type). A special software programme was developed for the detection and quantification of fixational saccades including information about the length velocity and back shoot of the movements. The number of saccades within a 0.05‐degree amplitude intervals were plotted as a function of the amplitude and the plots were fitted to a biexponential function. The amplitude and number defining the maximum of this saccade distribution curve as well as the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated.

Results

The total number of saccades per examination was 115.5 ± 71.3 (mean ± SD), range 14–276, which amounted to a total of 8315 saccades during the duplicate recordings from all 36 children. There was no correlation between age and the number of saccades per second (r2 = 0.07, p = 0.11), the number and amplitude of saccades at the maximum of the saccade distribution curve (r2 = 0.0002, p = 0.93) and (r2 = 0.002, p = 0.79), respectively, and the AUC (r2 = 0.09, p = 0.08).

Conclusions

The technique allows computerized quantification of small fixational eye movements and the extraction of measures of fixation in children that are independent of age. Studies of visual development using these parameters in children will not need a correction for age.
Intraocular pressure in Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Authors: Pinna A. , Blasetti F. , Campesi I. , Scanu B. , Scanu B.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common human genetic abnormalities, with a high prevalence in Sardinia, Italy, where the reported rates range from 10% to 15%. Hemizygous males have totally deficient erythrocytes. We are unaware of any previous report investigating intraocular pressure (IOP) in G6PD deficiency. The purpose of this study was to assess IOP in G6PD‐deficient and G6PD‐normal Sardinian men and ascertain whether there are significant differences between the two groups.

Methods

IOP was measured by applanation tonometry in 104 G6PD‐deficient and 104 age‐matched G6PD‐normal men. The Student t test was used to assess differences in IOP values between the two groups.

Results

Mean IOP was 13.94 ± 2.62 mm Hg in G6PD‐deficient men and 14.29 ± 2.84 mm Hg in G6PD‐normal men, a not statistically significant result (P = 0.096).

Conclusions

Results suggest that men with G6PD deficiency do not have a higher risk of increased IOP.
Contribution of virtual reality in clinical practice in ophthalmology
Authors: Flores M. , Mauris N. , Anne Charlotte L. , Thibaud M.F. , Saleh M.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Feasibility study of a device allowing recording, transmission and viewing by another operator of a stereoscopic clinical examination at the slit lamp.

Methods

Two medical cameras (CM900, Haag‐Streit, Bern, Switzerland) were mounted on a slit lamp (BQ900, Haag‐Streit, Bern, Switzerland) equipped with a beam splitter allowing to record stereoscopic videos. The video footage associated with the patient's clinical data were then remotely transmitted to another examiner located in another room via a secure server dedicated to telemedicine. The data was then visualized through augmented reality glasses type Oculus Rift DK2 (Oculus VR, California) for stereoscopic viewing of the recorded consultation.

Results

Five patients consulting for diseases of the anterior and posterior segments were examined remotely and the diagnosis was consistent with that of the first examiner in all cases.

Conclusions

The success of this experience of telemedicine and augmented reality offers significant opportunities in the fields of education and remote consultation.
Visual functions in children with congenital myopia and with amblyopia with the same refraction
Authors: Boychuk I. , Mukhina A.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Was to compare visual functions in children with amblyopia and with congenital myopia of the same refraction. Principal causes of decrease in sight at children with congenital myopia is, besides high myopic refractions, this or that degree of undevelopement of the visual analyzer. The diagnosis at the given pathology is complicated, as often complicated congenital myopia and undevelopement of the visual analyzer identify as amblyopia.

Methods

93 children (186 eyes) at the age from 5 to 18 years were observed. Children with myopia of the same age with the same refraction have made group of 36 (72eyes). All ophthalmologic observations including visual acuity without and with correction, refractometry, skyaskopy, in conditions of cycloplegia, definition of reserves of accommodation, echobiometry of visual axies, ophthalmoskopy, biomicroscopy were carried out. Colour thresholds by Rabkin tables, an electrosensitivity threshold by phosphen, critical frequency of disappearance of flashings by phosphen, binocular vision by colour test, stereoacuity by stereograms (Lang's test II) and time of occurrence of stereoeffect were conducted.

Results

The comparative analysis has shown, that at amblyopia with myopic refraction visual functions, such as visual acuity with correction, colour vision, stereoacuity are decreased more, than at congenital myopia with the same refraction. It is established, that at children with amblyopia colour vision on all colours is significantly decreased (espacially dark blue colour thresholds 7.5 ± 4.8 in comparison with 3.2 ± 3.3) in the absence of visible changes on an eye fundus.

Conclusions

Children of both groups had decreased stereovision in the presence of binocular vision. Thresholds of stereovision by Lang's test II (random‐dot pictures) were specially high.
Leuven Eye Study ‐ Baseline and methods
Authors: Abegao Pinto L. , Willekens K. , Van Keer K. , Shibesh A. , Vandewalle E. , Molenberghs G. , Stalmans I.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Glaucoma is known to be associated with vascular dysfunction. However, integrating this knowledge in the clinical setting has been limited, considering the majority of vascular oriented studies have been either underpowered or only addressed a small segment of the vascular parameters in strictly selected patients. The Leuven Eye Study aims at bridging this gap by prospectively collecting the largest amount of vascular oriented data in a large real‐life glaucoma clinic setting.

Methods

Prospective, cross‐sectional, case‐control hospital‐based study. Patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), glaucoma suspect or ocular hypertension (OHT) and healthy volunteers were recruited. In addition to an ophthalmological examination, a vascular‐oriented questionnaire was completed and ocular blood flow assessment (color Doppler imaging of retrobulbar vessels, retinal oximetry, dynamic contour tonometry, optical coherent tomography enhanced depth imaging of the choroid) was performed in each subject.

Results

620 subjects (297 male) were recruited between March and December 2013 (POAG: 214, NTG: 192; glaucoma suspect: 41; OHT: 27; healthy controls: 146). Mean age was 68.4 ± 12.9 years. Other than IOP, there was no difference in demographic variables between glaucoma groups and healthy volunteers. Values for the ocular blood flow parameters are in line with the current literature.

Conclusions

The Leuven Eye study stands as the largest clinical trial on ocular blood flow in glaucoma. The creation of this vast database may help integrate the vascular aspects of glaucoma into the clinical practice of glaucoma.
Cystic macular edema induced by Latanoprost
Authors: Pérez I. , Ascaso F.J. , Caramello C.M. , Almenara C. , Esteban O. , Martinez M. , Sánchez J.I. , Idoate A. , Nuñez E.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Prostaglandin analogues are powerful ocular hypotensives that can change the blood‐aqueous barrier, developing an CME in patients with some risk factor associated such as previous ocular surgery, aphakia, rupture of the posterior capsule, uveitis history, diabetic retinopathy. We present a case of CME after the administration of Latanoprost

Methods

OCT‐SD were used in the diagnosis and follow‐up of the patient.

Results

A 32 years old patient, with surgery of congenital cataratas at 9 months, and treated with Latanoprost due to a open‐angle glaucoma. After one month of treatment, the patient referred decreased visual acuity on his left eye, being the exploration compatible with the development of a CME which had decreased the visual acuity to 0,4. The diagnose was confirmed by OCT. Latanoprost was suspended; It was prescribed nepafenac eyedrops each 8 hours and brimodine each 12 hours. One month later, the AV had improved to 0.7 and showed a decrease OCT macular thickness, with disappearance of cysts and recovery foveal depression

Conclusions

Although in healthy eyes it has not been posible to establish a causal relationship between the prostaglandin analogues and the development of a CME, it looks obvious that could favor its appearance in eyes with a blood‐aqueous barrier alteration especially with previous surgery and rupture of the posterior capsule. In our case, the patient had been previously operated of congenital cataract with no IOL implantation. The OCT appears as a useful non‐invasive method for the diagnosis and follow‐up of this complication.
Improvement in retinal vessel oxygen saturation after vitrectomy
Authors: Lim S.L. , Tan L. , Perera S.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of vitrectomy on retinal vascular oxygen saturation.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study. 27 eyes of 27 patients who underwent vitrectomy for macular conditions were included. Retinal oximetry was performed using the Oxymap (Oxymap Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland) prior to vitrectomy and 3 months after surgery. The mean retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation were measured and the arterial‐venous difference (AVD) was calculated as the difference between the arterial and venous saturations.

Multivariate linear regression models were constructed to compare oxygen saturation before and after surgery, with adjustments for age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and indication for surgery.

Results

The mean age of the subjects was 68.4 ± 8.9 years, 15 (55%) were male and the majority were of Chinese ethnicity (93%). The mean arterial saturation increased significantly after vitrectomy (101.93 ± 8.36% vs 96.16 ± 14.14%, p = 0.01). The mean venous saturation also increased significantly after surgery. (59.76 ± 8.52% vs 50.40 ± 11.72%, p = 0.02). The mean AVD significantly decreased from 45.76 ± 12.18% before surgery to 42.17 ± 10.94% after surgery (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation are significantly increased after vitrectomy, while the AVD is decreased after vitrectomy. Our results suggest that vitrectomy enhances retinal oxygenation. This may account for the apparent benefit of vitrectomy on conditions with retinal hypoxia such as diabetic retinopathy.
Aplication of low‐level Laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)
Authors: Koev K.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss of cells in the retina. The objective of this study is to examine long‐term effects of low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with (RP).

Methods

The research was implemented for a period of 3 years. For LLLT, a He‐Ne Laser with continuous emission at 633 nm (01 mW/cm2) was used in patients with RP. In total, 14 patients (7 men and 6 women ‐ 28 eyes) with RP of 56.5 ± 3.2 years were included in the study. Laser radiation was applied transpupillary 10 times for 3 min once in two days to the macula. Visual acuity was followed for a 3‐year period. The ERG, Anomaloscope IF‐2 TOMEY, Test 28 HUE de Roth Farnsworth‐Munsell, Kugel perimeter, Humphrey perimetry, Fluorescein angiogram and Amsler test was used.

Results

The patients had complained of nyctalopia and decreasing vision. Biomicroscopy showed optic nerve atrophy, and narrow retinal vessels with a typical pattern of retinal pigmentation. Visual fields were reduced to a central residual of 10 degrees. Visual acuity remained unchanged in all patients with RP. There was a statistically significant increase in visual acuity (p < 0.001, end of study versus baseline) for RP patients for the period of 3 years after the LLLT. The mid‐peripheral absolute concentric scotoma in RP was reduced after LLLT. No side effects were observed during the therapy.

Conclusions

This study shows that LLLT may be a novel long‐lasting therapeutic option for RP. This is highly effective treatment that improves visual acuity for a long time.

References

1. Ivandic BT1, Ivandic T. Low‐level laser therapy improves vision in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(3):181‐4. 2. E. Mitschischek: â€œRetinale Laser‐Stimulation‐ Ein neues Therapiekonzept beiTrockener AMD. der Augenspiegel 3/2003, pp. 20‐24
Inhibition of micro‐fibrillar associated protein 4 as a potential therapy targeting choroidal neovascularisation in age related macular degeneration
Authors: Blackley Z. , Ved N. , Schlosser A. , Holmskov U. , Bates D. , Sorensen G.L.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To evaluate inhibition of Micro‐Fibrillar Associated Protein 4 (MFAP4) on choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods

All experiments complied with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to laser‐induced CNV, and intravitreally injected with either 1 µg ±MFAP4, 5 µg ±MFAP4, 1 µg mouse IgG or 1 µg ±VEGF‐A on day 0 and day 7. Fluorescein angiography (FA) was undertaken at day 7 and day 14, and choroids stained for inflammation (CD45) and vasculature (isolectin B4, IB4).

Results

FA showed that injection of αMFAP4 reduced average lesion size and density on day 7 compared to IgG (p < 0.01) and αVEGF‐A positive controls (p < 0.05) and both αMFAP4 and αVEGF‐A reduced average lesion size and density by day 14 compared to IgG (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05 respectively). IB4 staining indicated that both αMFAP4 and αVEGF‐A reduced lesion fluorescence intensity (p < 0.05). Both αMFAP4 and αVEGF‐A treatments also reduced infiltration of macrophages into the lesion site (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05).

Conclusions

These results show that inhibition of MFAP4 results in a significant decrease in neovascular lesions in an animal model of AMD. The reduction in macrophage infiltration suggests a potential mechanism of action for anti‐MFAP4 treatment. Together, this suggests that inhibition of MFAP4 could be a potential novel AMD therapeutic.
Diplopia as presenting sign of Turcot syndrome
Authors: Ninclaus V. , Walreadt S. , Baert E. , Laureys G. , De Zaeytijd J.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To describe a patient with diplopia who was diagnosed with Turcot syndrome.

Methods

A 10‐year old boy presented with a history of left‐sided sixth and seventh nerve palsy. He underwent imaging of the brain and colon, full ophthalmologic and genetic work‐up.

Results

A 10‐year old boy was referred with combined left‐sided sixth and seventh nerve palsy since one month without symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. BCVA was 6/6 in both eyes. Fundoscopy revealed bilateral, multiple, oval pigmented ocular fundus lesions (POFLs) in the 4 quadrants. These POFLs, together with the cranial nerve palsies raised the suspicion of Turcot syndrome, a familial neoplasia syndrome characterised by familial adenomatous polyposis and tumours of the central nervous system. Urgent MRI scan of the brain and stereotactic biopsy showed a primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) at the pons. Coloscopy revealed multiple polyps. DNA analysis of the APC gene confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Turcot syndrome. The PNET was treated with combined radio‐ and chemotherapy. The patient underwent a prophylactic total colectomy as virtually all patients develop a carcinoma of the colorecal region if left untreated.

Conclusions

Diplopia in childhood is rare and seldom innocuous. It requires a prompt and thorough diagnostic evaluation. The presence of POFLs should alert the clinician to the possiblility of Turcot syndrome. Recognition of this rare syndrome can lead to earlier diagnosis, which is vital to appropriate surveillance and early surgical intervention of the highly frequent neoplasias in Turcot Sydrome.
Agreement between ophthalmoloscopy and ultrawide field image analysis in an outpatient clinic setting
Authors: Bordet J. , Caliot J. , Vardi K. , Barbe C. , Ducasse A. , Angioi K. , Arndt C.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

Ultrawide field imaging of the retina is a rapidly developing technology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concordance between fundoscopy and ultrawide field image reading both performed by an ophthalmologist.

Methods

A prospective two center study was performed at two university hospitals (Nancy, Reims) from January 2011 to November 2014. The first eligible patient presenting at the outpatient every working day was included. A wide field imaging optomap® (optos) was performed by a nurse or an orthoptist before the medical examination. Indirect slit lamp fundoscopy was performed, with or without dilated pupils according to the clinical situation. Then the image lecture was performed by the ophthalmologist. In both cases, the characteristics of the optic disc, the vessel and the retina were noted. The agreement between both examination methods was considered excellent when kappa coefficient (k) was >0.8.

Results

901 patients were included in the study. A highly substantial agreement between both examination methods was found with the overall results of k = 0.88 [0.85–0.90]. When comparing the agreement with retinal findings, (k = 0.83 [0.80–0.86]), optic disc findings (k = 0.89 [0.86–0.92]) and vessel analysis (k = 0.84 [0.79–0.89]), it was highly substantial. An abnormal finding was detected on ultrawide field image analysis only and was missed with fundoscopy in 42 eyes. In 12 eyes, an abnormal finding was seen with fundoscopy and was not detected on ultrawide field imaging.

Conclusions

There appears to be an excellent agreement between ultrawide field image analysis and fundoscopy. However the false negative rate appears to be lower with fundoscopy and ultrawide field image analysis associated.
Efficacy of intravitreal Aflibercept in patients with neovascular AMD who were previously treated with Ranibizumab based on a Treat and Extend protocol
Authors: Turksever C. , Prünte C. , Hatz K.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To analyze the efficacy of Aflibercept in patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to Age related macular degeneration (AMD) who were previously treated with Ranibizumab based on a Treat and Extend protocol (T&E).

Methods

We have reviewed 30 eyes of 30 patients with CNV due to neovascular AMD. All patients were previously treated with Ranibizumab based on a T&E protocol. Therapy was converted to Aflibercept following the same T&E protocol. Lesion activity was determined based on fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis HRA+OCT®, Heidelberg engineering). Data were retrospectively evaluated for best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) variation from baseline, central retinal thickness (CRT), sub‐ and intraretinal fluid characteristics, structural changes of CNV, the total number of injections, as well as therapy interval with Aflibercept over 18 months. A t‐test was applied.

Results

The mean age was 81.5(+/‐6.5) years. The eyes had received a mean of 25.6(+/‐9.7) Ranibizumab injections. After the initiation of Aflibercept, at months 18, mean CRT was significantly improved from 470.2 µm (+/‐164.70) to 328.6 µm(+/‐91.23); mean maximum(MM) subretinal fluid height reduced from 88.72 µm(+/‐90.48) to 18.27 µm(+/‐39.13); MM vertical intraretinal cyst size reduced from 100.16 µm (+/‐143.45) to 49.33 µm (+/‐99.37), respectively. Mean height of pigment epithelial detachment reduced from 289.16 µm (+/‐219.17) to 240.16 µm (+/‐228.97), MM recurrence‐free interval increased from 6.27 (+/‐1.99) weeks to 8.05(+/‐2.43) weeks, as well as the mean BCVA (decimal) was improved from 0.37(+/‐0.23) to 0.41(+/‐0.22).

Conclusions

Switching from Ranibizumab to Aflibercept indicated a longer therapy interval as well as significantly reduced activity of lesion. Aflibercept allowed maintenance of BCVA and reduction of mean CRT.
Anterior chamber aqueous flare in retinal detachment surgery
Authors: Berrod J.P. , Kurun S. , Mouna A. , Jeancolas A.L. , Ferte A. , Conart J.B.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To investigate preoperative aqueous flare as a predictive factor for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) leading to relapse in patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repear.

Methods

Preoperatively, the aqueous flare of 100 consecutive patients with unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachement (RD) was measured with Kowa FM‐500 laser flare‐cell meter. All patients were evaluated at 1 month and 6 months or just after recurence.

Results

Twenty eyes underwent redetachment secondary to PVR developpement. The mean value of flare of patients that redetached was 48.12 pc/ms versus 17.74 pc/ms for those who did well (p = 0.002). We observed that 17/20 recurrences with PVR (85%) and 24/76 that did well (31.6%) had flare greater than 15 pc/ms (p = 0.0355). Moreover in patients without preoperative clinical signs of PVR, the sensitivity of the laser cell flare to predict post operative PVR when flare reached 15 pc/ms was 100% with 77.5% specificity and 31.25% positive predictive value.

Conclusions

Our study shows the effectiveness of the laser flare cell meter in detecting eyes at risk of developing post operative PVR leading to recurrences. The laser flare‐cell meter is a non invasive tool that informs the surgeon on the potential severity of the detachment.
Intravitreal anti‐VEGF treatment for refractory diabetic macular edema
Authors: Papavasileiou E. , Quijano C. , Younis S.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

To compare anti‐VEGF monotherapy with combination treatment of anti‐VEGF injections plus macular laser (focal or modified grid) for refractory diabetic macular edema (DMO).

Methods

We included patients with DMO who had more than 6 anti‐VEGF injections and were examined in the Macula clinic. Our outcomes were change in BCVA, CRT and number of anti‐VEGF injections.

Results

We included 22 patients (13 males and 9 females) with a mean follow up of 24 months. Mean age was 63.18 years (range: 47–77 years). 4 patients had Type 1 and 18 had Type II diabetes. 86.36% had hypertension and 68.18% hyperlipidaemia on treatment. 22.72% were pseudophakic, 45.45% had bilateral DMO and 45.45% had PRP laser. 70% of patients had Lucentis injections and 30% had Avastin injections. 70% were on anti‐VEGF monotherapy and 30% had combination therapy (macular laser plus anti‐VEGF injections). Mean baseline BCVA (in letters) was 27.24 and improved to 30.27 on last visit (+6 letters gain). Mean baseline Central Retinal Thickness (CRT) was 518.33 µm and decreased to 356.24 µm (−162.08 µm) on last visit. Mean number of injections was 8.88. Subgroup analysis showed that those who had anti‐VEGF monotherapy improved their BCVA during the follow up period to +7.6 letters and those on combination therapy improved to +5.82 letters. CRT decreased from baseline to last visit on both groups.

Conclusions

Both treatment groups improved their VA and CRT from baseline, however, anti‐VEGF monotherapy had better visual outcomes compared to combination treatment.