bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mid-Holocene variability of the East Asian monsoon based on bulk organic δ13C and C/N records from the Pearl River estuary, southern China
Authors: Yu Fengling , Zong Yongqiang , Lloyd Jeremy M , Leng Melanie J , Switzer Adam D , Yim Wyss W-S , Huang Guangqing
Published: October 2011

Understanding the mid-Holocene dynamics of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) is integral to improving models of the Holocene development of the global climate system. Here we reconstruct the mid-Holocene EAM history from the Pearl River estuary, southern China, using bulk organic carbon isotopes (δ13C), total carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. Sedimentary δ13C, C/N and TOC are potentially good indicators of changes in monsoonal precipitation strength. Sediments buried during a period of high precipitation exhibit a high proportion of terrigenous material, and have low δ13C and high C/N, and vice versa during a period of low precipitation. Results suggest a general decreasing trend in monsoonal precipitation from 6650 to 2150 cal. yr BP because of the weakening Northern Hemisphere insolation most likely related to the current precession circle. Superimposed on this trend are apparent dry–wet oscillations at centennial to millennial timescales most likely in response to solar activity. Mismatches between our δ13C record and results from the Dongge Cave in southern China at millennial timescales may indicate that the δ13C from the Pearl River estuary reveals changes in precipitation over a broader area than the δ18O from Dongge Cave.
Is there any correlation between high sensitive CRP and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus?
Authors: Rezaieyazdi Z , Sahebari M , Hatef MR , Abbasi B , Rafatpanah H , Afshari J Tavakol , Esmaily H
Published: October 2011

The role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as an inflammatory marker is still controversial. Recently, more sensitive methods, such as high sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) have been used to detect micro-inflammation. The role of hs-CRP in lupus flare has not been documented well. We conducted this study to examine the correlation between hs-CRP serum concentrations and disease activity in lupus. Ninety-two SLE patients and 49 healthy controls contributed to our study. Most confounding factors influencing the hs-CRP values were excluded. Disease activity was estimated using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K). hs-CRP values were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Serum values of hs-CRP were significantly higher ( p < 0.001, z = 3.29) in patients compared with healthy controls. The cutoff point for hs-CRP between patients and controls was 0.93 mg/L (Youden’s Index = 0.39). There was no correlation between hs-CRP serum levels and disease activity. Furthermore, hs-CRP values did not correlate with any of the laboratory parameters, except for C3 ( p = 0.003, rs = −0.2) and C4 ( p = 0.02, rs = −0.1). Although hs-CRP serum levels were significantly higher in lupus patients compared with healthy controls, it seems that this marker is not a good indicator for disease activity.
Pioglitazone improves the cardiovascular profile in patients with uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Juárez-Rojas JG , Medina-Urrutia AX , Jorge-Galarza E , Caracas-Portilla NA , Posadas-Sánchez R , Cardoso-Saldaña GC , Goycochea-Robles MV , Silveira LH , Lino-Pérez L , Mas-Oliva J , Pérez-Méndez O , Posadas-Romero C
Published: October 2011

Objective: We studied the effect of pioglitazone on insulin levels, inflammation markers, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) composition and subclasses distribution, in young women with uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods: This double-blind trial included 30 premenopausal women (30 ±8 years old) with SLE, who were randomized to pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or placebo treatment for 3 months. Plasma and HDL lipids were determined by colorimetric enzymatic assays, insulin by radioimmunometric assay, inflammation by immunonephelometry and HDL size and subclasses distribution by a native 4–30% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis.

Results: Compared with placebo, pioglitazone significantly increased HDL-cholesterol plasma levels (14.2%), reduced fasting insulin plasma levels (23.6%) and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (31.7%). C-reactive protein (70.9%) and serum amyloid A (34.9%) were also significantly reduced with the pioglitazone use, whereas the HDL particle size was increased (8.80 nm vs. 8.95 nm; p = 0.044) by changes in the distribution of HDL2b, HDL3b, and HDL3c subclasses. The change in HDL size correlated with a rise in free and cholesterol–ester content in the HDL particles.

Conclusion: Pioglitazone significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, and modified HDL characteristics, suggesting a potential beneficial effect of this drug in patients with SLE with a risk to develop cardiovascular disease.

Trial registration: This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration System, with the number NCT01322308.
Upregulation of Chemoprotective Enzymes and Glutathione by Nigella sativa (Black Seed) and Thymoquinone in CCl4-Intoxicated Rats
Authors: El-Sayed Wael M.
Published: October 2011

To examine the hepatoprotective activities of Nigella sativa (Ns) and thymoquinone (TQ) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity, the effects of water extract of Ns seeds (50 mg/kg) or TQ (5 mg/kg in corn oil) by gavage for 5 days on detoxifying enzymes and glutathione were compared in healthy and CCl4-challenged (1 mL/kg in corn oil, intraperitoneally [ip], a single dose) rats. Both Ns and TQ countered the elevations in serum alanine aminotransferase activity, oxidized glutathione level, and stress ratio caused by CCl4. Both Ns and TQ ameliorated the reductions in the activities and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of glutathione S-transferase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase, and microsomal epoxide hydrolase, as well as the reductions in reduced glutathione and cysteine levels produced by CCl4. In many instances, Ns was much superior to TQ in providing protection against the damaging effects caused by CCl4. This protection could be attributed to the induction of chemoprotective enzymes probably through increasing transcription.
Novel Lipid-Soluble Thiol-Redox Antioxidant and Heavy Metal Chelator, N,N′-bis(2-Mercaptoethyl)Isophthalamide (NBMI) and Phospholipase D-Specific Inhibitor, 5-Fluoro-2-Indolyl Des-Chlorohalopemide (FIPI) Attenuate Mercury-Induced Lipid Signaling Leading to Protection Against Cytotoxicity in Aortic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Secor Jordan D. , Kotha Sainath R. , Gurney Travis O. , Patel Rishi B. , Kefauver Nicholas R. , Gupta Niladri , Morris Andrew J. , Haley Boyd E. , Parinandi Narasimham L.
Published: October 2011

Here, we investigated thiol-redox-mediated phospholipase D (PLD) signaling as a mechanism of mercury cytotoxicity in mouse aortic endothelial cell (MAEC) in vitro model utilizing the novel lipid-soluble thiol-redox antioxidant and heavy metal chelator, N, N′-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI) and the novel PLD-specific inhibitor, 5-fluoro-2-indolyl des-chlorohalopemide (FIPI). Our results demonstrated ( i) mercury in the form of mercury(II) chloride, methylmercury, and thimerosal induced PLD activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner; ( ii) NBMI and FIPI completely attenuated mercury- and oxidant-induced PLD activation; ( iii) mercury induced upstream phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) leading to downstream threonine phosphorylation of PLD1 which was attenuated by NBMI; ( iv) mercury caused loss of intracellular glutathione which was restored by NBMI; and ( v) NBMI and FIPI attenuated mercury- and oxidant-induced cytotoxicity in MAECs. For the first time, this study demonstrated that redox-dependent and PLD-mediated bioactive lipid signaling was involved in mercury-induced vascular EC cytotoxicity which was protected by NBMI and FIPI.
Class music learning activities: Do students find them important, interesting and useful?
Authors: Lowe Geoffrey
Published: October 2011

Retaining students in elective class music programmes is an issue in many secondary schools. Retention is particularly problematic among lower secondary students. Eccles (2005) states that the subjective task values students attach to learning activities in any elective subject are key indicators of future enrolment decisions. Accordingly, this article reports on a study which utilized subjective task values as a theoretical foundation for investigating why many students drop out of elective class music programmes at this early stage. Specifically, the article reports on a study into students’ valuing of class music learning activities in Western Australia. Participating students were in their first year at secondary school (age 12–13 years), and their values for class music learning activities were measured at the start and end of the academic year. Findings revealed a decline in all values components, particularly situational intrinsic value, mirroring declines reported across other subjects among students of this age. Given criticism of the theoretical frameworks and methodologies associated with much past research into retention in music education, this study promotes subjective task values as a valid and reliable framework for progressing research in the field of class music. The article briefly synthesizes recommendations for enhancing student task values drawn from the general motivational literature with the finding of this study, and concludes by considering issues and possible directions for future research.
The effect of gender in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): a meta-analysis
Authors: Dobson Ruth , Ramagopalan Sreeram , Giovannoni Gavin
Published: October 2011

Background/Objective: A clinically isolated syndrome compatible with demyelination (CIS) is the initial presentation for the majority of people that go on to develop multiple sclerosis (MS). There has previously been little work examining the effect of gender on the development and progression of CIS.

Methods: Data from observational studies of CIS were used. In total, 33 suitable studies with 4732 subjects were identified.

Results: The overall relative risk (RR) of CIS in females compared with males was 2.12 (95% CI 1.94–2.32). The RR of females developing MS following CIS was 1.20 (95% CI 0.98–1.46) compared with males.

Conclusions: These data imply that the gender bias seen in MS is caused by factors acting early in the disease process.
Spousal relationships in which one partner has early cognitive problems
Authors: Prakke Helena M.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this literature review was to get an overview about the research on lived experiences of elderly spousal dyads, in which one partner has early cognitive problems.

Couples might first experience forgetfulness as something normal for old age. If symptoms become too great, the dyad will go and search for meaning. Through medical assessment the affected spouse will be diagnosed as either non-demented or demented. Both situations are experienced as hard and worrisome. However, if diagnosed with non-dementia, the dyad remains confused about what is going on and how to anticipate the future. In spite of the enormous impact of early cognitive problems on the relationship, both partners are still able to contribute to the quality of it and seem to have few reciprocity issues. How couples are different and what this means for the experience of early cognitive problems remains largely unexplored.
Never Amputate a Patient With Diabetes Without Consulting With a Specialized Unit
Authors: Aragón-Sánchez Javier , Cano-Jimenez Francisco , Lázaro-Martínez Jose L. , Campillo-Vilorio Nalini , Quintana-Marrero Yurena , Hernández-Herrero Maria J.
Published: October 2011

This study presents a case report of a patient who underwent a severe infection following revascularization because dry necrosis became infected. A major amputation had been indicated because the infection did not respond to antibiotics and advanced wound care with topical negative pressure wound therapy with silver. The patient did not accept the major amputation and attended the authors’ specialized unit. Persistent osteomyelitis was diagnosed with a simple X-ray, a cheap tool. Local surgery, antibiotics, appropriate wound care, and split-skin grafting achieved limb salvage in 12 weeks in this patient who had been scheduled for major amputation. Major amputation in patients with an infected foot can sometimes be avoided by correct diagnosis of infection and managing appropriately with specialized support.
Single nucleotide polymorphism –799C/T in matrix metalloproteinase-8 promoter region in arterial disease
Authors: Pradhan-Palikhe Pratikshya , Pussinen Pirkko J , Vikatmaa Pirkka , Palikhe Anil , Kivimäki Anne S , Lepäntalo Mauri , Salo Tuula , Sorsa Timo
Published: October 2011

Arterial disease is associated with elevated serum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 concentration. We studied the role of two promoter region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MMP-8 gene in the arterial disease. The population comprised patients with arterial disease ( n = 124) and healthy blood donors ( n = 100) as a reference group for MMP-8 SNPs (−799C/T and −381A/G) genotypes and serum concentrations. Genotype frequencies for MMP-8 −799C/T SNP in arterial disease were C/C (43.5%), C/T (32.3%) and T/T (24.2%), and in the reference group they were C/C (50.0%), C/T (40.0%) and T/T (10.0%; P = 0.012). The −799C allele frequency was lower in the patients (59.7%) than in the reference group (70.0%; P = 0.023). The −799C allele showed protective effects against the arterial disease with an odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] of 0.372 (0.141–0.980, P = 0.045) after adjustment for age, gender, and serum MMP-8 and TIMP-1 concentrations. Only in the reference group and whole study population ( n = 224), the −799TT genotype significantly associated with an increase in serum MMP-8 concentrations ( P = 0.047, 0.025). The −799C allele appeared protective against the arterial disease. The genotype may have an effect on systemic MMP-8 levels which could not, however, be seen in the arterial disease patients probably as a result of the strong inflammation involved in the disease pathogenesis.
Pleiotropic platelet defects in mice with disrupted FOG1-NuRD interaction
Authors: Wang Yuhuan , Meng Ronghua , Hayes Vincent , Fuentes Rudy , Yu Xiang , Abrams Charles S. , Heijnen Harry F. G. , Blobel Gerd A. , Marks Michael S. , Poncz Mortimer
Published: October 2011

Understanding platelet biology has been aided by studies of mice with mutations in key megakaryocytic transcription factors. We have shown that point mutations in the GATA1 cofactor FOG1 that disrupt binding to the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex have erythroid and megakaryocyte lineages defects. Mice that are homozygous for a FOG1 point mutation (ki/ki), which ablates FOG1-NuRD interactions, have platelets that display a gray platelet syndrome (GPS)–like macrothrombocytopenia. These platelets have few α-granules and an increased number of lysosomal-like vacuoles on electron microscopy, reminiscent of the platelet in patients with GATA1-related X-linked GPS. Here we further characterized the platelet defect in ki/ki mice. We found markedly deficient levels of P-selectin protein limited to megakaryocytes and platelets. Other α-granule proteins were expressed at normal levels and were appropriately localized to α-granule–like structures. Treatment of ki/ki platelets with thrombin failed to stimulate Akt phosphorylation, resulting in poor granule secretion and platelet aggregation. These studies show that disruption of the GATA1/FOG1/NuRD transcriptional system results in a complex, pleiotropic platelet defect beyond GPS-like macrothrombocytopenia and suggest that this transcriptional complex regulates not only megakaryopoiesis but also α-granule generation and signaling pathways required for granule secretion.
Aberrant DNA methylation of drug metabolism and transport genes in nodular goiter
Authors: Zhang Lihong , Shi Jing , Xu Li , Shi Bingyin , Hou Peng , Ji Meiju
Published: October 2011

The genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters play an important role in maintaining the normal life processes of human body. Their disorder or defect will lead to the occurrence and development of various diseases. Currently, most of studies have focused on genetic variations in these genes, however, in the present study, we analyzed promoter methylation of 11 drug metabolism and transport genes in a cohort of nodular goiter and normal thyroid tissues using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Our data first revealed a distinct methylation profiling in drug metabolism and transport genes between nodular goiter and normal thyroid tissues, particularly ABCB4, CYP1B1 and CYP24A1 and SLC1A2. Given these genes contribute to the development and progression of various diseases, such as multidrug resistance and tumorigenesis, these epigenetic events may thus play a critical role in the pathogenesis of nodular goiter.
Bone destruction by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand-expressing T cells in chronic gouty arthritis
Authors: Lee Sung-Ji , Nam Kwang-Il , Jin Hye-Mi , Cho Young-Nan , Lee Song-Eun , Kim Tae-Jong , Lee Shin-Seok , Kee Seung-Jung , Lee Keun-Bae , Kim Nacksung , Park Yong-Wook
Published: October 2011

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cellular expressions of pro-resorptive cytokines in gouty tophus tissues, to determine the capacity of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals to induce these cytokines, and to understand the mechanisms of bone destruction in chronic gout.

Methods

Fourteen fixed, paraffin-embedded, uninfected tophus samples were analyzed immunohistochemically. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in vitro with MSU crystals, and gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In vitro osteoclastogenesis was performed using PBMCs and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs).

Results

CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells and mast cells infiltrated tophus tissues. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)+ osteoclasts were present around tophi and in osteolytic lesions. Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were produced from infiltrated mononuclear cells, whereas receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) was strongly expressed in T cells. However, osteoprotegerin (OPG) was not or was weakly expressed in tophus tissues. MSU crystals induced the expressions of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and RANKL in PBMCs, but inhibited OPG expression. In addition, the pro-resorptive cytokines were highly expressed in SFMCs of gouty arthritis patients. Furthermore, in vitro osteoclastogenesis was enhanced in SFMC cultures, but inhibited in T cell-depleted SFMC cultures.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that RANKL-expressing T cells and TRAP+ osteoclasts are present within gouty tophus tissues, and that infiltrating cells express pro-resorptive cytokines. Furthermore, our data show that MSU crystals have the potential to induce pro-resorptive cytokines, and T cells are involved in osteoclastogenesis in chronic gout.
High False-Negative Rate of HER2 Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction of the Oncotype DX Test: An Independent Quality Assurance Study
Authors: Dabbs David J. , Klein Molly E. , Mohsin Syed K. , Tubbs Raymond R. , Shuai Yongli , Bhargava Rohit
Published: October 2011

Purpose

HER2 (ERBB2) status is an important prognostic and predictive marker in breast carcinoma. In recent years, Genomic Health (GHI), purveyors of the Oncotype DX test, has been separately reporting HER2 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to oncologists. Because of the lack of independent evaluation, this quality assurance study was undertaken to define the concordance rate between immunohistochemistry (IHC)/fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and GHI RT-PCR HER2 assay.

Methods

All patients at three participating laboratories (Magee-Womens Hospital [Pittsburgh, PA], Cleveland Clinic [Cleveland, OH], and Riverside Methodist Hospital [Columbus, OH]) with available HER2 RT-PCR results from GHI were included in this study. All IHC-positive and equivocal patient cases were further evaluated and classified by FISH at respective laboratories.

Results

Of the total 843 patient cases, 784 (93%) were classified as negative, 36 (4%) as positive, and 23 (3%) as equivocal at the three institutions using IHC/FISH. Of the 784 negative patient cases, 779 (99%) were also classified as negative by GHI RT-PCR assay. However, all 23 equivocal patient cases were reported as negative by GHI. Of the 36 positive cases, only 10 (28%; 95% CI, 14% to 45%) were reported as positive, 12 (33%) as equivocal, and 14 (39%) as negative.

Conclusion

There was an unacceptable false-negative rate for HER2 status with GHI HER2 assay in this independent study. This could create confusion in the decision-making process for targeted treatment and potentially lead to mismanagement of patients with breast cancer if only GHI HER2 information is used.
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Long-Term Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Survivors: Does Time Heal?
Authors: Smith Sophia K. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Williams Christianna S. , Benecha Habtamu , Abernethy Amy P. , Mayer Deborah K. , Edwards Lloyd J. , Ganz Patricia A.
Published: October 2011

Purpose

Little is known about the trajectory of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in cancer survivors, despite the fact that such knowledge can guide treatment. Therefore, this study examined changes in PTSD symptoms among long-term survivors of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and identified demographic, clinical, and psychosocial predictors and correlates of PTSD symptomatology.

Patients and Methods

Surveys were mailed to 682 NHL survivors who participated in an earlier survey and now were at least 7 years postdiagnosis. Information was obtained regarding PTSD symptoms, positive and negative perceptions of the cancer experience (ie, impact of cancer), and other potential correlates of PTSD.

Results

A total of 566 individuals participated (83% response rate) with a median of 12.9 years since diagnosis; respondents were 52% female and 87% white. Although half (51%) of the respondents reported no PTSD symptoms and 12% reported a resolution of symptoms, more than one-third (37%) reported persistence or worsening of symptoms over 5 years. Survivors who reported a low income, stage ≥ 2 at diagnosis, aggressive lymphoma, having received chemotherapy, and greater impact of cancer (both positive and negative) at the initial survey had more PTSD symptoms at follow-up. In multivariable analysis, income and negative impacts of cancer were independent predictors of PTSD symptoms.

Conclusion

More than one-third of long-term NHL survivors experience persisting or worsening PTSD symptoms. Providers should be aware of enduring risk; early identification of those at prolonged risk with standardized measures and treatments that target perceptions of the cancer experience might improve long-term outcomes.
An evaluation of muscle maintenance costs during fiber hypertrophy in the lobster Homarus americanus: are larger muscle fibers cheaper to maintain?
Authors: Jimenez Ana Gabriela , Dasika Santosh K. , Locke Bruce R. , Kinsey Stephen T.
Published: October 2011

Large muscle fiber size imposes constraints on muscle function while imparting no obvious advantages, making it difficult to explain why muscle fibers are among the largest cell type. Johnston and colleagues proposed the ‘optimal fiber size’ hypothesis, which states that some fish have large fibers that balance the need for short diffusion distances against metabolic cost savings associated with large fibers. We tested this hypothesis in hypertrophically growing fibers in the lobster Homarus americanus. Mean fiber diameter was 316±11 μm in juveniles and 670±26 μm in adults, leading to a surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) that was 2-fold higher in juveniles. Na+/K+-ATPase activity was also 2-fold higher in smaller fibers. 31P-NMR was used with metabolic inhibitors to determine the cost of metabolic processes in muscle preparations. The cost of Na+/K+-ATPase function was also 2-fold higher in smaller than in larger diameter fibers. Extrapolation of the SA:V dependence of the Na+/K+-ATPase over a broad fiber size range showed that if fibers were much smaller than those observed, maintenance of the membrane potential would constitute a large fraction of whole-animal metabolic rate, suggesting that the fibers grow large to reduce maintenance costs. However, a reaction–diffusion model of aerobic metabolism indicated that fibers in adults could attain still larger sizes without diffusion limitation, although further growth would have a negligible effect on cost. Therefore, it appears that decreased fiber SA:V makes larger fibers in H. americanus less expensive to maintain, which is consistent with the optimal fiber size hypothesis.
Identification of ATF2 as a transcriptional regulator of renin gene
Authors: Desch Michael , Hackmayer Gerit , Todorov Vladimir T.
Published: October 2011

The cAMP response element (enhCRE) in the distal enhancer regulatory region of renin gene is believed to play a major role in the control of renin transcription. enhCRE binds the CRE-binding protein (CREB), which is the main transcription factor target of cAMP signaling. Using the mouse renin-producing cell line As4.1 we found that activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) also binds to enhCRE. N-terminal phosphorylation of ATF2, which controls its transactivation, is associated with downregulation of renin gene expression by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). The ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor MG132 also phosphorylates ATF2 and inhibits renin expression. Knockdown of ATF2 attenuated the suppression of renin gene expression by MG132, thus demonstrating that ATF2 mediates the inhibitory effect of MG132. In addition, MG132 increased the DNA-binding of ATF2 as well as the ratio of bound ATF2 to CREB. Using ATF2- and CREB-Gal4 fusion protein constructs coupled with luciferase reporter system we showed that ATF2 has a weaker transactivating capacity than CREB. These data suggest that ATF2 represses renin expression by drifting the transcriptional control of renin gene away from CREB. Accordingly, TNFα completely abrogated the cAMP-dependent stimulation of renin gene expression.
Multiplexed and Robust Representations of Sound Features in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Walker Kerry M. M. , Bizley Jennifer K. , King Andrew J. , Schnupp Jan W. H.
Published: October 2011

We can recognize the melody of a familiar song when it is played on different musical instruments. Similarly, an animal must be able to recognize a warning call whether the caller has a high-pitched female or a lower-pitched male voice, and whether they are sitting in a tree to the left or right. This type of perceptual invariance to “nuisance” parameters comes easily to listeners, but it is unknown whether or how such robust representations of sounds are formed at the level of sensory cortex. In this study, we investigate whether neurons in both core and belt areas of ferret auditory cortex can robustly represent the pitch, formant frequencies, or azimuthal location of artificial vowel sounds while the other two attributes vary. We found that the spike rates of the majority of cortical neurons that are driven by artificial vowels carry robust representations of these features, but the most informative temporal response windows differ from neuron to neuron and across five auditory cortical fields. Furthermore, individual neurons can represent multiple features of sounds unambiguously by independently modulating their spike rates within distinct time windows. Such multiplexing may be critical to identifying sounds that vary along more than one perceptual dimension. Finally, we observed that formant information is encoded in cortex earlier than pitch information, and we show that this time course matches ferrets' behavioral reaction time differences on a change detection task.
Soluble Aβ Seeds Are Potent Inducers of Cerebral β-Amyloid Deposition
Authors: Langer Franziska , Eisele Yvonne S. , Fritschi Sarah K. , Staufenbiel Matthias , Walker Lary C. , Jucker Mathias
Published: October 2011

Cerebral β-amyloidosis and associated pathologies can be exogenously induced by the intracerebral injection of small amounts of pathogenic Aβ-containing brain extract into young β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. The probable β-amyloid-inducing factor in the brain extract has been identified as a species of aggregated Aβ that is generated in its most effective conformation or compositionin vivo. Here we report that Aβ in the brain extract is more proteinase K (PK) resistant than is synthetic fibrillar Aβ, and that this PK-resistant fraction of the brain extract retains the capacity to induce β-amyloid deposition upon intracerebral injection in young, pre-depositing APP23 transgenic mice. After ultracentrifugation of the brain extract, <0.05% of the Aβ remained in the supernatant fraction, and these soluble Aβ species were largely PK sensitive. However, upon intracerebral injection, this soluble fraction accounted for up to 30% of the β-amyloid induction observed with the unfractionated extract. Fragmentation of the Aβ seeds by extended sonication increased the seeding capacity of the brain extract. In summary, these results suggest that multiple Aβ assemblies, with various PK sensitivities, are capable of inducing β-amyloid aggregationin vivo. The finding that small and soluble Aβ seeds are potent inducers of cerebral β-amyloidosis raises the possibility that such seeds may mediate the spread of β-amyloidosis in the brain. If they can be identifiedin vivo, soluble Aβ seeds in bodily fluids also could serve as early biomarkers for cerebral β-amyloidogenesis and eventually Alzheimer's disease.
A Three-Dimensional Spatiotemporal Receptive Field Model Explains Responses of Area MT Neurons to Naturalistic Movies
Authors: Nishimoto Shinji , Gallant Jack L.
Published: October 2011

Area MT has been an important target for studies of motion processing. However, previous neurophysiological studies of MT have used simple stimuli that do not contain many of the motion signals that occur during natural vision. In this study we sought to determine whether views of area MT neurons developed using simple stimuli can account for MT responses under more naturalistic conditions. We recorded responses from macaque area MT neurons during stimulation with naturalistic movies. We then used a quantitative modeling framework to discover which specific mechanisms best predict neuronal responses under these challenging conditions. We find that the simplest model that accurately predicts responses of MT neurons consists of a bank of V1-like filters, each followed by a compressive nonlinearity, a divisive nonlinearity, and linear pooling. Inspection of the fit models shows that the excitatory receptive fields of MT neurons tend to lie on a single plane within the three-dimensional spatiotemporal frequency domain, and suppressive receptive fields lie off this plane. However, most excitatory receptive fields form a partial ring in the plane and avoid low temporal frequencies. This receptive field organization ensures that most MT neurons are tuned for velocity but do not tend to respond to ambiguous static textures that are aligned with the direction of motion. In sum, MT responses to naturalistic movies are largely consistent with predictions based on simple stimuli. However, models fit using naturalistic stimuli reveal several novel properties of MT receptive fields that had not been shown in prior experiments.
Computerassistierte Präzisionschirurgie am Ohr
Authors: Bell Brett , Gerber Nicolas , Gavaghan Kate , Stieger Christoph , Caversaccio Marco , Weber Stefan
Published: October 2011

Chirurgische Eingriffe am Ohr stellen aufgrund der komplexen Anatomie und der Grössenverhältnisse der beteiligten anatomischen Strukturen eine Herausforderung für den HNO-Chirurgen dar. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Ansatz für die roboterbasierte Navigation zur Hörgeräteimplantation vorgestellt. Insbesondere wird auf die Möglichkeit des Fräsens von Implantatlagern im Felsenbein eingegangen. Je präziser ein Implantat im Schädel verankert werden kann, desto einfacher ist der chirurgischen Ablauf. Weiterhin, profitieren Patienten von verkürzten Operationszeiten und weniger schmerzhaften Eingriffen.
Zeitgeschichte in der Welt der Sozialwissenschaften. Legitimität und Originalität einer Disziplin
Authors: Graf Rüdiger , Priemel Kim Christian
Published: October 2011

Vorspann

Seit die Zeitgeschichte die zweite Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts als Forschungsfeld erschlossen hat, steht sie mehr denn je vor der Herausforderung, wie sie mit den Deutungsangeboten der Sozialwissenschaften umgehen soll. Bloße Adaption oder selbstbewusste Behauptung und damit Beharrung auf den spezifischen Regeln, die der Zeitgeschichte eigen sind? Rüdiger Graf und Kim Priemel, Protagonisten einer gegenwartsnahen Zeitgeschichte, stellen sich diesen Fragen. Sie kritisieren (und illustrieren) die unbekümmerte Entlehnung sozialwissenschaftlicher Theorien und Methoden, plädieren aber gleichzeitig dafür, das eigene Methodenarsenal zu erweitern – durch die reflektierte behutsame Nutzung der Nachbardisziplinen, deren Begriffe und Methoden historisiert, kontextualisiert und mit der genuinen Herangehensweise der Zeitgeschichte verbunden werden müssen.
Alterações tireoidianas associadas à radiação externa em crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Bonato Cassiane Cardoso , Elnecave Regina Helena
Published: October 2011

O efeito da radiação ionizante sobre a tireoide vem sendo estudado há várias décadas, e os acidentes nucleares têm sido a maior fonte de informação. Existe associação de hipotireoidismo, hipertireoidismo, nódulos e câncer de tireoide com a radiação, mas os limiares de dose, mecanismos de lesão e alguns fatores de risco ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. Crianças são mais suscetíveis à lesão tireoidiana por radiação e necessitam de seguimento prolongado após a exposição. Esse tema adquire maior relevância atualmente, pois um grande número de pessoas tratadas com radioterapia para câncer na infância sobrevive e poderá apresentar sequelas. Exames radiodiagnósticos também representam fonte de exposição à radiação na população pediátrica. Nesta revisão, analisamos as diferentes alterações clínico-patológicas e os mecanismos de lesões tireoidianas provocadas por tratamento radioterápico e tomografia computadorizada em crianças e adolescentes. É importante conhecer esses dados para prevenção, detecção precoce e tratamento da disfunção tireoidiana.
Carotid artery rupture following radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Cunha Danilo da Silva , Simões Maria Izilda Previato , Viviani Dionísio Nepomuceno , Boldrini Domingos , Rocha Euclides Timóteo da , Morini Sandra Regina , Moriguchi Sonia Marta
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION: Radioiodine therapy for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer aims at reducing tumor recurrence by eradicating residual macro- and microscopic foci. Side effects are generally rare, tenuous and transient, with little clinical significance. OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of differentiated thyroid carcinoma presenting a large expansive solid mass at the base of the skull, with invasion of the left masticatory muscle and adjacent subcutaneous tissue, and without invasion of the carotid space, which evolved to carotid artery rupture following radioiodine therapy. DISCUSSION: Side effects are uncommon after radioiodine therapy and when present, have mild intensity. Serious adverse events are very rare, especially those arising from structures not directly invaded by metastatic tissue with radioiodine uptake, as occurred in this case. This occurrence serves to raise awareness of the need for increased care when using radioiodine therapy on high-avidity masses located close to important structures.
Mineralogia e química dos sedimentos de fundo do médio e baixo Madeira e de seus principais tributários: Amazonas - Brasil
Authors: Queiroz Maria Mireide Andrade , Horbe Adriana Maria Coimbra , Moura Candido Augusto Veloso
Published: October 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a variação composicional e mineralógica dos sedimentos de fundo transportados pelos grandes rios da Amazônia, com nascentes nos Andes provenientes de rochas cratônicas. O estudo foi realizado com base em análises granulométricas, mineralógicas e químicas, incluindo isótopos de Pb, no rio Madeira e seus tributários. O conjunto de dados mostra que os sedimentos de fundo do rio Madeira são granulométrica, mineralógica e quimicamente distintos de seus principais tributários. Os sedimentos do rio Madeira são mais arenosos; têm maior quantidade de quartzo; menor conteúdo de Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, Na2O, PF, TiO2, P2O5, MnO e elementos-traço; e a maturidade aumenta de montante para jusante. Dentre os sedimentos dos tributários, os rios Machado e secundariamente o rio Marmelos são os que mais se aproximam da composição dos sedimentos do rio Madeira, enquanto que o Jamari com sedimentos com maior proporção de TiO2, Zr, Y, Nb, Ga, Hf, U, Ta e ETR, é o mais distinto. Apesar do ambiente de intenso intemperismo e erosão, em condições tropicais úmidas, a que estão submetidas as rochas drenadas pela bacia do rio Madeira, os valores das razões Th/Co, Th/Pb, Th/Yb, Al/Pb, Zr/Co e a composição isotópica de Pb indicam fontes distintas para os sedimentos de fundo estudados. Os sedimentos do rio Madeira são provenientes, principalmente, de rochas máficas, enquanto que os sedimentos de seus tributários têm como fonte essencialmente rochas félsicas.
Efeito dos cofatores hidroquinona, prolina e triptofano no enraizamento de miniestacas de clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla
Authors: Goulart Patrícia Bueno , Xavier Aloísio , Dias José Maria Moreira
Published: October 2011

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência dos cofatores hidroquinona, prolina e triptofano, associados ao regulador de crescimento AIB (ácido indolbutírico) na propagação vegetativa pelo enraizamento de miniestacas de quatro clones de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. As miniestacas foram coletadas no minijardim clonal realizado em sistema de hidroponia em canaletas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constituído de quatro concentrações para cada cofator e quatro clones, em quatro repetições e parcelas compostas de 16 plantas/repetição. Foram realizadas avaliações na casa de vegetação, casa de sombra e ao sol nas miniestacas enraizadas. Concluiu-se que o triptofano (0,8 mg L-1) e a hidroquinona (0,2 a 0,4 mg L-1), aplicados associados ao AIB, melhoraram o enraizamento em três clones dos quatro clones avaliados; enquanto a prolina (0,2 a 0,4 mg L-1), aplicada associada ao AIB, promoveu melhoria expressiva no enraizamento das miniestacas nos quatros clones estudados, evidenciando ser entre os cofatores testados o mais eficiente.
Potencialidades das regiões brasileiras para instalação de uma fábrica de celulose
Authors: Orlandini Dario , Silva Elizabeth Neire da , Valverde Sebastião Renato , Gomes José Mauro
Published: October 2011

Procurou-se neste estudo, com base na teoria de localização, classificar o território brasileiro segundo o potencial para atender às exigências de uma fábrica de celulose com produção anual de 1.000.000 t ano-1. Consideraram-se quatro exigências mínimas do empreendimento para serem os indicadores em potencial. A sobreposição de todos os mapas forneceu regiões com valores de 0 a 4, sendo classificadas como inviável (0), de baixo potencial (1), de médio potencial (2), de bom potencial (3) e de excelente potencial (4) para a implantação da fábrica. A análise final para o território nacional possibilitou identificar 30,47% de suas terras como áreas de excelente potencial para instalação de fábrica de celulose, 34,36% como de bom potencial, 11,54% como de médio, 23,63% de baixo potencial e 0% como inviável. Concluiu-se, principalmente, que o Brasil é dotado de grande potencial para atrair grande parte da mudança do eixo da produção mundial de celulose do hemisfério Norte para o hemisfério Sul, o que poderia alavancar a economia da região com inúmeras melhorias ambientais.
Using Geographic Information Systems in science classrooms
Authors: Whitaker Diane
Published: October 2011

This qualitative study examines GIS use in two North Carolina classrooms and illustrates several GIS lessons that span the gamut of worksheet type lessons to independent student research. Using Geographic Information Systems, GIS, in the science classroom has a variety of benefits which the associated literature describes. The teachers in this study report that GIS is a technology that a wide range of students enjoy using. Visual learners find GIS a way to establish and communicate relationships that may be difficult for them to communicate with words and this makes their learning more enjoyable and rewarding. GIS use allows teachers to simplify many science concepts and again appeal to visual learners. Earthquake and volcano location relative to plate boundaries is a good example that is illustrated in a model lesson here. Additionally, GIS technologies allow students to practice and enhance their inquiry and problem solving skills. Students must select appropriate data layers, produce a map that communicates clearly to an audience, and calculate values like perimeter and area. GIS maps can be used to help students generate research questions and then answer those questions. An example student project is also included. GIS is a multi-faceted technology that is ready for use in the science curriculum.
Discursos para o feminino em páginas da revista Querida (1958-1968): aproximações
Authors: Salerno Laura Peretto , Cunha Maria Teresa santos
Published: October 2011

A imprensa feminina desempenha importante papel na educação de mulheres letradas. Nas décadas de 50 e 60 do século XX, as revistas femininas ocupavam um lugar de destaque na vida de suas leitoras, dialogando com elas sobre problemas cotidianos. Eram conselheiras e confidentes; companheiras de lazer. A partir disso é possível afirmar que tais periódicos podem colaborar para a manutenção de determinados padrões, veiculando papéis ditos tradicionais de mulher, de comportamento, de sexualidade e de relações de gênero. As fontes da pesquisa são compostas por 31 volumes da Revista Querida com exemplares que representam os anos compreendidos entre 1958 e 1968. O objetivo da pesquisa com tais revistas seria procurar compreender que modos de comportamento os discursos presentes na coluna Certo e Errado de Querida (1958-1968) teriam contribuído para sugerir e que representações de uma época esses discursos, veiculados nas páginas das revistas selecionadas, ecoaram.
O despontar da educação especial na ANPED
Authors: Masini Elcie F. Salzano
Published: October 2011

Esta comunicação focaliza o nascimento do Grupo de Trabalho (GT) de Educação Especial na ANPEd. Constitui uma retomada histórica da proposta de um grupo de professores e pesquisadores, da área de Educação Especial, de diferentes universidades do Brasil, que discutiu a pertinência de constituir um GT de Educação Especial na ANPEd. Nesse sentido foi consolidado um calendário de encontros para discutir linhas de pesquisa e a legislação atinente à Educação Especial e encaminhado ofício à Diretoria da ANPEd requerendo, oficialmente, a abertura de um espaço para a Educação Especial nas Reuniões da ANPEd. Acompanhou o ofício a justificativa para tal solicitação, enfatizando que a inclusão da Educação Especial no âmbito do ensino superior, especificamente formação de professores em nível de graduação voltada para os vários aspectos de Educação Especial, fez surgir a necessidade de realização de pesquisas desenvolvidas e vinculadas a programas de pós-graduação em Educação. Em resposta à solicitação surgiu o Grupo de Estudos (GE) na ANPEd, em 1989. O artigo descreve o funcionamento do GE, da programação, dos participantes e de uma pesquisa coletiva envolvendo seis Estados do Brasil, que propiciou a passagem do GE a GT. A Educação Especial foi incluída como GT na XV Reunião da ANPEd, em 1992. São apresentadas decisões tomadas pelos participantes do GT, nessa Reunião, referentes aos objetivos e funcionamento do GT. No encerramento da XV Reunião da ANPEd, a primeira coordenadora do GT de Educação Especial - uma professora da Faculdade de Educação da USP, que coordenou o GT de Educação Especial, de 1989 a 1992 - passou a coordenação para uma professora da Faculdade de Educação da UERJ.
A formação do professor olhada no/pelo GT-15 - educação especial da anped: desvelando pistas
Authors: Jesus Denise Meyrelles de , Barreto Maria Aparecida Santos Corrêa , Gonçalves Agda Felipe da Silva
Published: October 2011

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma metanálise sobre a produção na área de formação de professor e Educação Especial. Analisar os trabalhos apresentados no GT15- Educação Especial da Associação Nacional de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação (ANPEd) no período (2000-2010). Foram analisados 14 textos que se organizam em torno de quatro eixos temáticos: análise do estado da arte na área; formação inicial; formação continuada e avaliação de programas de formação. Os apontamentos iniciais indicam que os principais objetos de análise são as organizações estruturais dos cursos de formação inicial, com ênfase no curso de Pedagogia. Estudam-se as produções discursivas tanto nos cursos de formação inicial, quanto continuada e como tais produções instituem sujeitos-alunos e sujeitos-professores na área de Educação Especial. As avaliações de programas mais amplos de formação apontam para ambiguidades e inconsistências conceituais com ênfase na relação Educação Especial - inclusão escolar. Há poucos apontamentos sobre práticas cotidianas de formação de professor em Educação Especial.
Influências das condições de trabalho do pai sobre o relacionamento pai-filho
Authors: Cia Fabiana , Barham Elizabeth Joan
Published: October 2011

O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar as condições de trabalho que influenciam no envolvimento do pai com seu filho. Participaram deste estudo 58 pais que tinham um filho na 5a ou 6a série do Ensino Fundamental. Os pais preencheram o questionário "Avaliação das condições de trabalho e do envolvimento do pai com seu filho - versão paterna". As medidas das condições de trabalho apresentaram correlações significativas com a satisfação do pai em relação ao seu desempenho familiar. Esta escala, por sua vez, estava positivamente correlacionada com as medidas do envolvimento do pai com seu filho. Assim, a relação entre as condições de trabalho e o envolvimento do pai com seu filho foi mediada pela satisfação do pai com seu desempenho familiar. Tais resultados demonstram a necessidade de identificar e alterar as normas e condições de trabalho que restringem as oportunidades para os pais participarem das rotinas familiares.
A estrutura das representações sociais de mães puérperas acerca da depressão pós-parto
Authors: Saraiva Evelyn Rúbia de Albuquerque , Coutinho Maria da Penha de Lima
Published: October 2011

Neste estudo, a depressão pós-parto foi abordada sob a ótica psicossociológica, objetivando apreender e descrever a estrutura central e periférica das representações sociais de mães puérperas. Foram aplicados a técnica de associação livre de palavras, um questionário biodemográfico e a Escala de Edinburg, em 84 participantes de baixa renda e usuárias de um serviço público de saúde. Observou-se uma incidência de 33% de mães puérperas com sintomatologia de depressão. Para o estímulo indutor "depressão", emergiram, no núcleo central, os elementos de tristeza e aperreio, e na zona periférica evidenciaram-se as representações sociais que se alternaram entre paraíso e padecimento. A condição de ser mãe e ter filho, de acordo com o núcleo central, causa contentamento, gera alegria e prazer e, simultaneamente, está associada ao sofrimento psíquico, à representação social da depressão pós-parto. A constatação desses elementos antagônicos presentes nas representações sociais sinaliza para a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados.