bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method of surgical correction of glaucoma in a dog
Authors: Raffan P. J.
Published: April 2008

A new surgical technique is described for the attempted relief of glaucoma in a dog. To achieve aqueous drainage a Supramid thread was placed in the anterior chamber, threaded subconjunctival^ across the globe and inserted into the nasolacrimal duct via the dorsal lacrimal punctum. It is hoped that the level of success achieved in this one case will prompt others, to investigate the nasolacrimal duct as a possible drainage route for aqueous fluid.
Studies on canine pregnancy using B‐mode ultrasound: Diagnosis of early pregnancy and the number of conceptuses
Authors: England G. C. W. , Allen W. Edward
Published: April 2008

The ultrasonic (B‐mode) detection of canine pregnancies was first achieved 21 to 23 days after the calculated luteinising hormone peak when daily examinations were made in six bitches. In 51 pregnant bitches examined for the first time between 20 and 35 days, one bitch was incorrectly diagnosed as non‐pregnant 24 days after the calculated luteinising hormone peak. In only 31‐8 per cent of pregnancies was conceptal number accurately determined. The greatest tendency was to underestimate the number of conceptuses.
Fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna in dogs: A study of 109 cases
Authors: Read R. A. , Armstrong S. J. , O'Keefe J. D. , Eger C. E.
Published: April 2008

The results of a combined retrospective and prospective study of 130 cases of fragmented coronoid process (FCP) in 109 dogs are presented. Sixty‐eight cases were treated surgically by medial elbow arthrotomy and 62 were treated medically (rest and anti‐inflammatories). Case records were searched with the emphasis on the severity of lameness, physical abnormalities and in surgical cases, the appearance of the coronoid process lesion. Long term follow‐up was obtained by a telephone survey. Analysis of case histories and physical data revealed no correlation between severity of lameness before treatment, severity of radiographic changes in the elbow joint and the type of lesion found at surgery. Surgical treatment did not decrease the incidence of post treatment lameness, but the surgically treated dogs were more active and less severely lame than those treated without surgery. It was concluded that young dogs with mild lameness due to FCP in the elbow probably do not benefit from surgical treatment but dogs with chronic, moderate to severe lameness have a better prognosis if treated surgically.
Successful treatment of suspected essential thrombo‐cythaemia in the dog
Authors: Simpson J. W. , Else R. W. , Honeyman P.
Published: April 2008

Essential thrombocythaemia in an eight‐year‐old Irish setter is described. The condition is characterised by an autonomous overproduction of thrombocytes in the absence of overt leukaemia. This is believed to be the first recorded case of this condition in the dog. The paper describes the diagnosis and treatment by combination chemotherapy using vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone.
An ‘over‐the‐top with tibial tunnel’ technique for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog
Authors: Bennett D. , May C.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a modification of the ‘over‐the‐top’ technique for cranial cruciate ligament substitution in the dog. The results are subjectively evaluated in 70 cases.
Regulation of salt and water balance
Authors: Michell A. R.
Published: April 2008

In the period 1945–1965 the key features of the regulation of salt and water balance seemed to have emerged yet the next 20 years revealed an increasing disparity between physiological theory and clinical fact. During the 1980s it was recognised, belatedly, that the physiological defence against excess salt is almost as important as that against depletion and that two main types of hormone were vital in this defence. There was also increasing emphasis on the role of non‐renal factors in the regulation of salt and water balance. Despite this rapid progress the paradox remains: all we know about the physiology of sodium balance still does not enable us to explain convincingly its three most obvious disturbances; cardiac, hepatic and nephrotic oedema. In this subject, clinical problems continue to provide the force behind the scientific advances.
Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in four dogs with pulmonic stenosis
Authors: Brownlie S. E. , Cobb M. A. , Chambers J. , Jackson G. , Thomas S.
Published: April 2008

Four young dogs with severe pulmonic stenosis were treated by percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Pressure gradients between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery were markedly reduced by the procedure resulting in dramatic improvements in growth rate and clinical condition. No postoperative problems were encountered.
Validation of a radioassay for the determination of serum folate and cobalamin concentrations in dogs
Authors: Batt R. M. , McLean L. , Rutgers H. C. , Hall E. J.
Published: April 2008

Determinations of serum folate and cobalamin concentrations in dogs have proved of considerable value for the identification and characterisation of chronic small intestinal disorders, but the microbiological assays used are time‐consuming and technically demanding. Dual isotope radio‐assays are more convenient and have been developed for the determination of folate and cobalamin in human beings. This study has evaluated such an assay for the determination of serum folate and cobalamin concentrations in dogs by direct comparison with microbiological assays used previously. Assays were performed on samples from 77 dogs, including controls and animals with confirmed or suspected chronic small intestinal disease. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between the two assays for serum folate concentrations (R=0–85; P=0–0001) and a definite trend for radioassay to give lower results than bioassay. There was also a significant relationship between bioassay and radioassay data for serum cobalamin (R=0–91; P=0–0001) with comparable absolute values for these two assays. Radioassay of serum samples from 31 clinically healthy dogs gave control ranges of 3–7 to 8‐8 4mUg/litre for folate and 205 to 490 ng/litre for cobalamin. These ranges were similar to those calculated by comparison with the established ranges for bioassay using regression analysis, which predicted ranges of 4‐4 to 8‐4 μg/litre and 217 to 398 ng/litre for radioassay of serum folate and cobalamin, respectively. These data indicate that a dual isotope radioassay of serum folate and cobalamin may be used for dogs, and emphasise the need for laboratories to validate and establish their own control ranges for different assays.
Bilateral flank ovariectomy in the dog ‐surgical technique and sequelae in 72 animals
Authors: Janssens L.A.A. , Janssens G.H.R.R.
Published: April 2008

Seventy‐two dogs of 27 breeds were ovariec‐tomised and followed for six years minimum. Trie technique used was a bilateral surgical flank approach, removing the ovaries and leaving the uterus in situ. The main technical advantages of the technique are the better ovarian exposure, the possible deep placement of the ligatures and the small incisions. The disadvantages are the need to turn the animal, to redrape it and the difficulty in finding the ovarian bursa in some animals as well as the difficulty of removing the uterus when necessary. Post surgical complications were minimal and consisted mainly of seroma formation in 16 dogs (26 per cent) for a maximum of two weeks. In the long term the major complications were weight gain (60 per cent), excessive hair shedding (26 per cent), aggressiveness towards other dogs (22 per cent), sedentary behaviour (29 per cent) and urinary incontinence (18 per cent). The latter started approximately 1–5 years after surgery and occurred periodically in one half and continuously in the other half of the dogs. Over the mean 10 years follow‐up period no cases of pyometra occurred.
Spinal dysraphism in the weimaraner
Authors: van den Broek A. H. M. , Else R. W. , Abercromby R. , France M.
Published: April 2008

Two weimaraner pups manifested the tetrad of clinical signs typical of spinal dysraphism: hopping gait; crouched stance; hmdlimb abduction and poor hindpaw proprioception. Histopatho‐logical examination revealed spinal cord anomalies, asymmetry of dorsal grey matter and syringomyelia, consistent with spinal dysraphism in one case. There was a poor correlation between the severity of the clinical signs and the histopathological lesions.
Hep atop athy and dermatitis in a dog associated with the ingestion of mycotoxins
Authors: Little C. J. L. , McNeil P. E. , Robb J.
Published: April 2008

A five‐year‐old German shepherd dog was presented with a severe scrotal dermatitis of four weeks duration which had failed to respond to antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy. Dermato‐histopathology indicated that the lesion was a necrolytic process suggestive of the hepatocuta‐neous syndrome. Clinical biochemistry investigations indicated the presence of acute hepatocellular damage and cholestasis. The animal was fed a biscuit meal which was damp and mouldy. Penicillium vindication was grown from this feedstuff and three mycotoxins, citrinin, ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin, were found; substances which have been associated with renal and hepatic lesions in dogs and laboratory animals. Symptomatic therapy and nutritional management, led to rapid clinical improvement. Subsequent plasma biochemistry confirmed that hepatic enzyme activities were returning to normal levels.
Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophils in 14 dogs
Authors: Corcoran B. M. , Thoday K. L. , Henfrey J. I. , Simpson J. W. , Burnie A. G. , Mooney C. T.
Published: April 2008

Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophils was diagnosed in 14 dogs, whose age ranged from three months to 13 years. The predominant clinical sign was coughing. Dyspnoea, tachypnoea and pruritus were also observed. An absolute circulating eosinophilia was seen in eight dogs and basophilia in five dogs. Thoracic radiographic changes were variable and were not diagnostic. Bronchoscopic evidence of mild to severe bronchitis was present in 12 dogs. Abnormal numbers of eosinophils were found in bronchoalveolar lavage samples and, or, bronchial washings in all 14 cases, but no significant bacteria were recovered. Respiratory compliance was measured in five dogs and was abnormal in three. Faecal examination for helminth parasites was carried out in four cases, a large ascarid burden being identified in one. Intradermal skin testing was carried out in three dogs but was negative in all cases. Complete remission of signs was achieved with prednisolone in 12 cases with six dogs requiring continuous or repeated treatment. Three dogs died as a direct consequence of progression of the disease.
Treatment of canine nasal aspergillosis/penicilliosis with fluconazole (UK‐49,858)
Authors: Sharp N. J. H. , Harvey C. E. , O'Brien J. A.
Published: April 2008

Fluconazole was given orally at dose rates of 2–5 mg/kg to five dogs, and at 5‐0 mg/kg in a further five dogs, to treat naturally occurring rhinitis/sinusitis caused by Aspergillus or Penicillium species. Infection was confirmed in all dogs by clinical, radiological, rhinoscopical, serological and mycological examination. Treatment was well tolerated. Infection was eliminated in two dogs with penicilliosis, two dogs with aspergillosis, and two dogs where the organism was identified as either Aspergillus or Penicilli‐um species on the basis of immunohistochemical labelling. These six dogs were disease free at reexamination, and have remained so over a median follow‐up period of 27 months.
Treatment of encephalomyelitis due toNeospora caninumin a litter of puppies
Authors: Mayhew I. G. , Smitht K. C. , Dubey J. P. , Gatward L. K. , McGlennon N. J.
Published: April 2008

A case of encephalomyelitis and polyradiculoneuritis caused by the protozoan parasiteNeospora caninumis described in a 17‐week‐old bloodhound puppy exhibiting progressive paraplegia, Exposure of the dam and litter toN caninumwas confirmed by serological testing for specific antibodies. A successful treatment regimen was employed in a littermate, and in two puppies from a subsequent litter from the same dam, all showing ataxia and hindlimb proprioceptive deficits.
Renal dysplasia in a Brie sheepdog
Authors: Font A. , Ferrer L. , Closa J. M. , Mascort J.
Published: April 2008

Renal dysplasia was diagnosed in a five‐month‐old female Brie sheepdog. Clinical signs included vomiting, diarrhoea, coughing, polyuria/ polydipsia, bone pain, carpal and tarsal deviation and small, irregular kidneys. Non‐regenerative anaemia, azotaemia, isosthenuric urine and hyperphosphataemia were the most prominent laboratory abnormalities. Juvenile renal disease was diagnosed. Histopathological evaluation of the kidneys showed lesions of renal dysplasia.
Radiological assessment of the cervical spine of the dobermann with reference to cervical spondylo‐myelopathy
Authors: Lewis D. G.
Published: April 2008

Plain and myelographic studies were carried out on 28 dobermanns clinically affected with cervical spondylomyelopathy. The radiographic appearance identified was compared with that found in studies of 24 similar sized dogs of other breeds, and also 115 mature dobermanns clinically normal at presentation. Twenty‐eight of these clinically normal dobermanns were considered to possess radiographic changes similar to those identified in the affected animals. During the next five years 20 (71‐8 per cent) of the animals developed signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy. The remaining 87 dobermanns are considered by their owners to have remained normal. It is suggested that careful radiographic assessment offers a real basis for the identification of potential ‘wobblers’. It also offers a means of identifying sound breeding stock as one method of reducing the incidence of an increasingly serious multifactorial disease.
Effect of the synthetic androgen mesterolone upon seminal characteristics of dogs
Authors: England G. C. W. , Allen W. E.
Published: April 2008

The synthetic androgen mesterolone given at 1–5 mg/kg daily in divided doses significantly increased the total sperm output of normal dogs. A dose of 3‐0 mg/kg daily in divided doses significantly improved sperm morphology of an oligoasthenoteratozoospermic dog. The effects upon plasma testosterone concentration were not conclusive.
Effects of dietary protein/phosphate restriction in normal dogs and dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Polzin D. J. , Osborne C A. , Lulich J. P.
Published: April 2008

The effects of three dietary protein intakes (1–9, 1–3, and 0–6 g protein/kg bodyweight/day) on selected aspects of protein, mineral and electrolyte balance as well as renal functions was studied in normal dogs with moderate chronic renal failure. Dietary phosphate levels varied according to the quantity of phosphate in protein sources. Within the ranges of protein intake examined in this study, protein intake did not have a significant effect on glomerular filtration rates as measured by inulin clearance or 24‐hour creatinine clearance. Restricting protein intake to less than 1–9 g protein/kg bodyweight/day further reduced retention of nitrogenous waste products as measured by serum urea nitrogen concentrations, but at the expense of adequate protein nutrition. Diets providing less than 1–9 g protein/kg bodyweight/day promoted protein malnutrition characterised by hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia in both normal dogs and dogs with renal failure. Serum protein concentrations were similar in normal and renal failure dogs, suggesting that, under the conditions of this study, normal and renal failure dogs may have similar protein requirements. Progressive dietary protein/phosphate restriction improved but did not normalise phosphate balance in renal failure dogs.
Delayed ossification of the femoral head in dogs with hip dysplasia
Authors: Madsen J. S. , Reimann I. , Svalastoga E.
Published: April 2008

In humans, delayed ossification of the caput femoris is often seen associated with hip dysplasia in babies. This phenomenon may possibly exist in dogs. In this study, the radiographic appearance of the caput femoris of 13 German shepherd dogs was examined. The dogs underwent pelvic radiography at the age of 14 to 15 days, six weeks, and 12 months. A significant relationship was shown between hip dysplasia and the late appearance of the epiphysis of the caput femoris (P=0–02). At the age of 14 to 15 days it was not possible to see both epiphyses in 54 per cent of the dogs. All of these dogs had hip dysplasia when they were 12 months old. This was in contrast to the six dogs which had both epiphyses visible when they were 14 to 15 days old. At 12 months of age, four of these dogs (67 per cent) did not show any sign of hip dysplasia.
Small animal digestive disease
Authors: HALL E. J.
Published: April 2008

Digestive Disease in the Dog and Cat J. W. Simpson and R. W. Else.
Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation with atlantoaxial subluxation in a cat
Authors: Jaggy A. , Hutto V. L. , Roberts R. E. , Oliver J. E.
Published: April 2008

Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation and atlantoaxial subluxation was diagnosed in a three‐year‐old castrated male domestic shorthair cat. Clinical signs included ataxia, postural reaction deficits, abnormal spinal reflexes, and behaviour changes. Radiographic examination revealed malformation and hypoplasia of the occipital condyles, hypoplasia of the dens, and atlantoaxial subluxation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) findings included high voltage slow activity and sharp waves with superimposed low voltage fast activity in the occipital leads and sinusoidal beta waves in the frontal leads. Basilar artery compression as a result of atlantoaxial instability is suspected to have caused the behavioural changes and EEG abnormalities in this patient. The cat was treated by stabilisation of the atlantoaxial subluxation by ventral cross pin fixation, odontectomy, and arthrodesis of the atlantoaxial articulation. The patient responded well to treatment and was neurologically normal 18 months after surgery.
Miliary dermatitis in the cat
Authors: Grant D. I.
Published: April 2008

Miliary dermatitis is a cutaneous response to disease states seen in the cat. It is not in itself a diagnosis. Conditions which may lead to miliary dermatitis lesions can be divided into hypersensitivity disorders, parasitic causes, infections and miscellaneous causes. A thorough investigation frequently leads to a diagnosis which enables specific therapy. Symptomatic, empirical therapy is less satisfactory and may in the long term cause side effects, The single most important cause of miliary dermatitis in the UK and elsewhere in the world is flea‐bite hypersensitivity. Other important and increasingly recognised causes include atopy and food hypersensitivity. With determination and a thorough approach to diagnosis the number of idiopathic cases of miliary dermatitis are small.
Essential hypernatraemia in a young dog
Authors: Hawks D. , Giger U. , Miselis R. , Bovee K. C.
Published: April 2008

A five‐month‐old great dane puppy was presented with hypernatraemia and clinical signs of vomiting, depression, disorientation, hyperi‐rritability and adipsia. A diagnosis of essential hypernatraemia was based on the observation of adipsia, severe hypernatraemia, ability to concentrate urine only when hypovolaemic, normal serum aldosterone levels, normokalaemia and normotension. No abnormalities were found on histopathology of the neurocircuitry of the brain. This dog is compared with other reported cases of hypernatraemia in both dogs and humans.
Canine spinal ‘arachnoid cysts’
Authors: Dyce J. , Heritage M. E. , Houlton J. E. F. , Palmer A. C.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiological findings of five cases of so‐called spinal ‘arachnoid cysts’ in dogs are reported. Four cases presented with neurological syndromes suggestive of focal compression of the spinal cord whereas one was clinically asymptomatic. The diagnosis was confirmed in each case by myelography and supported, in three instances, by histopathology. Evidence of spinal dysraphism was common to these cases. The findings are discussed in relation to four previously described cases.
Use of polyester fibre as a prosthetic cranial cruciate ligament in small animals
Authors: Stead A. C. , Amis A. A. , Campbellt J. R.
Published: April 2008

Multifilament polyester was used as a prosthesis for the ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments in 66 dogs and two cats (75 stifles). Three different surgical techniques were used. The polyester was anchored distally through a hole in the tibial tuberosity and either passed ‘over the top’ of the lateral femoral condyle, or through combined femoral and tibial tunnels, or through a single tibial tunnel and over the top of the lateral femoral condyle. The clinical results from the two ‘over the top’ methods were superior. Follow‐up radiographs showed widening of anchor holes and bone tunnels and marginal osteophytes were present in all but one case.
Radiological evaluation of ‘wobbler’ syndrome ‐caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy
Authors: Sharp N. I. H. , Wheeler S. J. , Cofone M.
Published: April 2008

Caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy (‘wobbler’ syndrome) is a common neurological disorder of large and giant breed dogs. Diagnostic evaluation requires radiological assessment, including plain radiography and myelography. Computed tomography can be used to give additional information on vertebral and spinal cord disease. This paper reviews plain radiographic and myelographic techniques and findings in caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy. The value of computed tomographic myelography is also reviewed. The relevance of the conventional radiological and computed tomographic findings to surgical treatment are discussed. Similarities between this condition and cervical spondylotic myelopathy in man are also examined.
Vaginal cytology and cervicovaginal mucus arborisation in the breeding management of bitches
Authors: England G. C. W.
Published: April 2008

Fifty bitches were mated on the basis of results of vaginal cytological and cervicovaginal mucus arborisation examination. When these were compared with a control group of 50 bitches mated on days 10 and 12 after the onset of proestrus there was a significant increase in pregnancy rate from 78 to 92 per cent. The litter size and bitch productivity was also increased, although this was not statistically significant. Forty‐two per cent of bitches had two peaks of anuclear epithelial cells in the vaginal smear, separated by a mean of 3–6 ± 1–5 (SD) days. For these bitches, the maximum percentage of anuclear cells at the second peak was between 57 and 98 per cent, and the mean interval between the calculated day of the surge in plasma luteinising hormone (LH) and the second peak of anuclear cells was 4‐4 ± 2‐0 days. In bitches with one peak of anuclear epithelial cells, the maximum percentage of anuclear cells was between 43 and 94 per cent and the mean interval between the calculated day of the LH surge and the peak of anuclear cells was 1–9 ± 2‐1 days. Arborisation of mucus collected from the anterior vagina was noted in all bitches; the mean interval between the calculated day of the LH surge and the peak of ferning was 2–3 ± 2‐1 days. The collection of exfoliative cells by aspiration from the cranial vagina and the assessment of the anuclear cell index, may allow the identification of the fertile period after the surge of plasma LH. The anuclear cell index offers advantages over other methods of classification of exfoliative vaginal cells. When used in combination with examination of arborisation of cervicovaginal mucus this method can improve the breeding management of bitches.
Pathology of surgically resected tissue from 305 cases of anal furunculosis in the dog
Authors: Day M. J. , Weaver B. M. Q.
Published: April 2008

Data are presented from a series of 305 cases of canine anal furunculosis in which the German shepherd dog was over‐represented (n = 255) compared with dogs of other breeds (n = 50). The age and sex distribution in each group was similar. The nature and severity of pathological change in surgically resected tissue from German shepherd dogs was compared to that in dogs of other breeds. The microscopic appearance of lesions in each group was similar and did not suggest a simple reason for the breed predisposition in this disorder.
Inherited hyperchylomicro‐naemia in the cat: Lipoprotein lipase function and gene structure
Authors: Watson T. D. G. , Gaffhey D. , Mooney C. T. , Thompson H. , Packard C. J. , Shepherd J.
Published: April 2008

Hyperchylomicronaemia was identified in a four‐week‐old Siamese kitten with lethargy, in‐appetence, hindlimb ataxia and profound anaemia. The kitten was euthanased and at necropsy a thrombus was found occluding the caudal aorta. Two littermates later presented with lethargy, inappetence and hypertriglyceri‐daemia which resolved after being weaned on to a low fat diet. A similar condition was subsequently diagnosed in a kitten born to the same sire but a different queen. The expression of hyperchylomicronaemia in two related litters was suggestive of an inherited, familial defect in the function of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The activity of this enzyme was reduced in all three parents, the two recovered cases and two related, but apparently unaffected kittens, compared with a control group of unrelated cats belonging to the breeder. This reduction in activity was not attributable to defective activation of LPL by its serum cofactor apolipoprotein C‐II or the presence in plasma of a factor that inhibited LPL. The gene that codes for LPL was examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using a human LPL cDNA probe. The results showed that the cat has a similar, but not identical, LPL gene to man. However, there were no differences in the restriction fragment patterns obtained from affected, unaffected and control animals.
Total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotorny in J the cat
Authors: Williams J. M. , White R. A. S.
Published: April 2008

Eighteen total ear canal ablations combined with lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA/LBO) procedures were performed in 15 cats over a period of 30 months. The indications for surgery included neoplastic disease, ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma of the horizontal canal or middle ear (10 ears), squamous cell carcinoma extending from the pinna (four), polyps emanating from the middle ear (three), and chronic unremitting middle ear disease (one). Complications associated with surgery included facial paralysis (seven cases), facial neuropraxia (four), Horner's syndrome (three), and wound dehiscion (one). Eleven cats were alive and disease‐free six months after the surgery. The results indicate that the major indication for TECA/LBO in the cat is neoplastic disease involving the ear. Unlike the procedure in the dog, for which the usual indication is benign end‐stage ear disease, neurological complications are common despite meticulous surgical dissections. In addition, the postoperative prognosis is guarded because of malignant disease in many cases.
Giardia infection in a group of experimental dogs
Authors: Zajac A. M. , Leib M. S. , Burkholder W. J.
Published: April 2008

Twelve experimental dogs were monitored for Giardia infection over a 17 month period by both duodenal aspirate and zinc sulphate flotation of faeces. Each animal was found to be Giardia‐pos‐itive at least twice during this time despite treatment of positive animals. Giardia was frequently identified by both faecal examination and aspirate, but in some cases only one technique proved positive. The results indicated that faecal examinations are as effective as duodenal aspirates in the diagnosis of infection. At the end of the 17 month period six dogs were treated with corticosteroid: three of these treated dogs and one of six untreated animals became positive for Giardia.
Legg‐Calve‐Perthes disease in dogs: Genetic aetiology
Authors: Robinson R.
Published: April 2008

The incidence of Legg‐Calve‐Perthes disease among litters with affected individuals is examined for four of the smaller breeds of dog, with special regard to the West Highland white terrier and the Yorkshire terrier. In these two breeds, the incidence is such to indicate monogenic recessive inheritance of the condition. The symbol pd is proposed for the gene. The available evidence suggests a similar aetiology for the miniature poodle and pug.
Large granular lymphoma in an FIV‐positive and FeLV‐negative cat
Authors: Buracco P. , Guglielmino R. , Abate O. , Bocchini V. , Cornaglia E. , DeNicola D. B. , Cilli M. , Ponzio P.
Published: April 2008

The clinical course of a feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)‐negative and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)‐positive cat affected with a large granular lymphocyte lymphoma is presented. Cyto‐logical examination showed neoplastic cells in the pleural effusion and in two abdominal masses. Bone marrow and peripheral blood were moderately involved and chemotherapy was used to control the tumour. Cytochemistry, immunohis‐tochemistry and ultrastructural studies were applied to define the cellular lineage; cytochemistry suggested a T‐cell lineage.
Intrapericardial neoplasia in 14 dogs
Authors: Cobb M. A. , Brownlie S. E.
Published: April 2008

Fourteen cases of intrapericardial neoplasia seen over a three year period are reviewed. The clinical details and the electrocardiographic, radiographic and laboratory findings are summarised. The usefulness of two‐dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of intrapericardial mass lesions is emphasised. The prognosis was generally very poor, even in cases in which surgery was performed.
Eosinophilic leukaemoid reaction in a dog
Authors: Jensen A. L. , Nielsen O. L.
Published: April 2008

A haematological disorder in a dog characterised by a massive leucocytosis, mainly composed of eosinophils and their precursors is reported here. The normal composition of cells in the bone marrow was displaced in favour of the eosinophils and their precursors. No apparent cause for the pronounced eosinophilia could be determined by clinical, haematological, clinical‐chemical, radiological or pathological examinations. A diagnosis of eosinophilic leukaemoid reaction was suggested as the criteria for the diagnosis of eosinophilic leukaemia in the dog but this was not firmly established.
Muscle relaxants in canine anaesthesia 1: History and the drugs
Authors: Jones R. S.
Published: April 2008

The history of the introduction of muscle relaxants into medical and veterinary anaesthesia is discussed. It is interesting to note that the compounds were used in animals for therapeutic purposes some 100 years before their introduction into human anaesthetic practice. The concept of the triad approach to anaesthesia by separate consideration of the three components of narcosis, reflex depression and muscle relaxation is considered. The properties of the depolarising and non‐depolarising muscle relaxant drugs are described. The only depolarising relaxant which is in common use is suxamethonium which produces an initial depolarisation of the muscle end‐plate which is accompanied by fasciculation of muscle and is non‐reversible. There are a number of non‐depolarising or competitive muscle relaxants which are available for use in the dog. They are reversible by anticholinesterase drugs and are potentiated by volatile anaesthetic agents. The properties of the more recently introduced compounds atracurium besylate and vecuronium bromide are considered in the light of their differences when compared with the older compounds.
Flexural deformity of the carpus in puppies
Authors: Vaughan L. C.
Published: April 2008

A flexural deformity affecting one or both forelimbs identified in 21 puppies of six to 12 weeks of age closely resembled a condition which has long been known in foals and farm animals at birth or shortly afterwards. In the puppies the characteristic feature was carpal hyperflexion which was associated with tautness of the tendons of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. The majority recovered spontaneously with conservative management but in two puppies it was necessary to section the shortened tendons to enable a normal limb posture to be regained. The fact that there was a preponderance of dobermann pinschers (17 out of 21) in the group opens speculation about an hereditary factor being involved, but further study is needed before such a correlation can be reached.
A regional curare test for evaluation of myotonia in dogs
Authors: Poncelet L. , Gilbert S. , Snaps F. , Balligand M.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a regional curare test performed in a dog suffering from myotonia and hyperadrenocorticism. The test prevented innervation to the pronator teres muscle of the left limb and allowed electrical activity to be observed in the muscle without the need for a general neuromuscular blockade; various types of spontaneous activity other than myotonic discharges were also observed. Details of the method are given and its usefulness in the evaluation of myopathies is discussed.
Paraprostatic cyst in a cat
Authors: Newell S. M. , Mahaffey M. B. , Binhazim A. , Greene C E.
Published: April 2008

A paraprostatic cyst and lymphosarcoma were found in a neutered male cat that was being evaluated for monoparesis and pollakiuria. The cyst was first detected on physical examination as a palpable caudal abdominal mass. Survey radiography, intravenous urography and ultrasonography were used to further evaluate the cyst. The exact histological nature of the cyst was determined by post mortem examination to be a paraprostatic cyst of prostatic origin that communicated with the urethra. The lining of the cyst consisted of one to two layers of transitional epithelium which was continuous with prostatic ductules in several locations. This is the first reported paraprostatic cyst of prostatic origin in a cat.
Measurement of feline intact parathyroid hormone: Assay validation and sample handling studies
Authors: Barber P. J. , Elliott J. , Torrance A. G.
Published: April 2008

A two‐site intact immunoradiometric assay was validated for the measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the cat, by assessment of precision, sensitivity and specificity. The mean intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation were 12·7 and 12·8 per cent, respectively. The sensitivity of the assay was 3·90 pgl/ml. The presence of carboxyl fragment interference was suspected from the non‐parallel dilution of two of seven feline samples and the decreased recovery of PTH on addition of carboxyl terminal fragment PTH to samples. The plasma PTH concentration, measured using this assay, in 40 clinically healthy cats was 10·9 ± 5·3 pg/ml (mean ± SD). The assay demonstrated appropriate responses in cases of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcaemia of malignancy and iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism. Storage characteristics would permit posting of samples. This assay will therefore provide a useful non‐invasive tool for the diagnosis of disorders of calcium metabolism in the cat.
Spontaneous oesophageal rupture in a dog — a Boerhaave‐like syndrome
Authors: Butinar J.
Published: April 2008

A six‐year‐old dobermann pinscher sustained a spontaneous rupture of the cervical oesophagus following severe tenesmus as a postoperative complication of abdominal surgery. The clinical and histopathological features of this case are described. Since this condition does not appear to have been reported to date in the dog the literature describing this condition in man is briefly reviewed.
Aortic body carcinoma and myocardial infarction in a dobermann pinscher
Authors: Bossbaly M. J. , Buchanan J. W. , Sammarco C.
Published: April 2008

Dilated cardiomyopathy is the usual cause of congestive heart failure in the dobermann pinscher and was the presumptive diagnosis in an eight‐year‐old female dobermann pinscher presented for dyspnoea and syncope. This was supported by thoracic radiography and electrocardiographic evidence of ventricular tachycardia. An echocardiogram revealed a left atrial tumour as the principal cause of cardiac failure. Pathological examination confirmed that the tumour was a large aortic body carcinoma in an unusual location. Multifocal myocardial infarctions were also found. This unusual case demonstrates the importance of a complete cardiological examination as part of a diagnostic work up and confirms the necessity of echocardiography as one of the examination methods.
Treatment of periodontitis in dogs with tinidazole
Authors: Sarkiala E. M.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of tinidazole administered in addition to a single course of scaling was evaluated in the treatment of periodontitis in 14 small dogs. Periodontal parameters, such as pocket depth, gingival bleeding after probing, furcation involvements and tooth mobility, were examined at baseline, 14 days, and three and six months. After thorough scaling and root planing, tinidazole (15 to 25 mg/ kg) or placebo was given orally twice daily for seven days. Tinidazole plus scaling resulted in a statistically significant decrease from the baseline values in the mean pocket depth, percentage of deep (greater than 3 mm) pockets and frequency of gingival bleeding for six months. In the placebo plus scaling group, mean pocket depth, percentage of deep pockets, frequency of gingival bleeding and number of furcation involvements were significantly lower at 14 days than at baseline. The decrease in bleeding tendency was significantly greater in the tinidazole than in the placebo group at the first two follow‐up visits. Similarly, pocket depth and the percentage of deep pockets at the last two visits had decreased significantly more in the tinidazole group than in the placebo group. The use of tinidazole in addition to scaling seems to result in longer lasting improvement of the periodontal condition in dogs with periodontitis than scaling alone.
Fixation of cancellous bone and physeal fractures with biodegradable rods of self‐reinforced polylactic acid
Authors: Räihä J. E. , Axelson P. , Skutnabb K. , Rokkanen P. , Törmälä P.
Published: April 2008

The frequent need for removal of metallic implants after fracture healing, has stimulated research into biodegradable osteosynthesis materials. The ideal biodegradable implant should support the fracture during healing and would slowly lose strength as the bone became able to resist the distracting forces. Decades of research into biodegradable materials has given much information on biocompatibility, degradation rates and processability of resorbable polyglycolides and polylactides. This has aided the development of an ultra high strength self‐reinforcing composite construction allowing the manufacture of implants for several purposes. This study tested the use of self‐reinforced poly‐1‐lactic acid rods for the fixation of cancellous fractures and osteotomies in 20 fixations in dogs and cats. The operating technique, callus formation, healing pattern, and functional and radiological end result, were evaluated. Two fixations failed but the functional end result was judged to be excellent in all but one of the healed cases. There was no need for surgery to remove the implants.
Clinical, radiological and bacteriological findings in canine periodontitis
Authors: Sarkiala E. , Asikainen S. , Wolf J. , Kanervo A. , Happonen I. , Jousimies‐Somer H.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiological features and bacterial flora were studied in 16 small dogs with periodontitis. Gingival retraction, bleeding and alveolar bone loss were the most typical findings, whereas deep periodontal pockets were infrequently found. Periodontitis was frequently localised to certain regions of the dentition, most often in premolars or incisors. However, the deepest periodontal pockets were found in canine teeth. The mean pocket depth was 2·0 ± 0·4 mm (mean ± SD). The mean percentage of the sites with a pocket depth of more than 3 mm was 10·5 per cent. The mean occurrence of gingival bleeding after probing was 22·7 ± 12·7 per cent and the mean percentage of furcation lesions in multirooted teeth per dog was 46·0 ± 23·5 per cent. Tooth mobility was seen in 26·7 ± 13·3 per cent of the teeth. In each case subgingival plaque samples were taken for microbiological examination from two teeth with periodontitis and one healthy tooth. There was a clear difference between the diseased and healthy pockets in the detection frequency of the following Gram‐negative anaerobes: pigmented, non‐pigmented slime producing and fusiform rods. The counts of Gram‐negative pigmented, other non‐pigmented and fusiform rods as well as Gram‐positive cocci were clearly higher in the diseased pockets. Pigmented Gram‐negative rods (mainly asaccharolytic, Porphyromonas‐like species) were the most common finding in both diseased and healthy pockets.
Chronic upper airway obstruction caused by laryngeal adenocarcinoma in a cat
Authors: Willoughby K. , Kelly D. F.
Published: April 2008

An eight‐year‐old spayed female cat developed upper respiratory obstruction, abnormal vocalisation and anorexia over a period of a few months. Examination under general anaesthesia revealed unilateral laryngeal distortion by a soft tissue mass; there was no radiographic evidence of metastatic disease at this time. Over the next four months the upper respiratory obstruction became more severe as a result of progressive laryngeal stenosis and metastatic lung masses were observed radiographically four months after initial examination. Necropsy revealed an infiltrating laryngeal adenocarcinoma with metastases in the upper cervical lymph node and lungs. This case illustrates the value of early biopsy diagnosis to spare the patient the distress of progressive upper respiratory obstruction.
Intramedullary nailing of diaphyseal fractures with self‐reinforced polylactide implants
Authors: Räihä J. E. , Axelson P. , Rokkanen P. , Törmälä P.
Published: April 2008

In fracture treatment, several adverse effects of metal, especially its excessive rigidity, often require the removal of the implants after a fracture has healed. Recent research with biodegradable polymers has contributed to the development of totally biodegradable polylactic acid implants with very high initial bending and shear strengths, but a modulus of elasticity comparable to that of bone. These implants were originally intended for use in fractures involving cancellous bone. Encouraging results from treating experimentally produced diaphyseal fractures led the authors to use these implants in a clinical trial on shaft fractures in dogs and cats. In this study, a total of 11 dogs and 14 cats had 28 diaphyseal fractures treated with one or several intramedullary pins of self‐reinforced left isomeric polylactic acid. Of the 25 treated cases, 23 healed. Four of these had an unsatisfactory end result attributed to the implants used and one developed an osteomyelitis. Thus, out of 25 fractures, 23 united (92 per cent] and 18 [72 per cent) had a good or excellent outcome.
Brain tumours in the dog: Treatment of 10 cases and review of recent literature
Authors: Jeffery N. , Brearley M. J.
Published: April 2008

This paper records preliminary results achieved in 10 dogs with histologically confirmed intracranial tumours treated by a variety of methods. One case was treated by surgical excision alone, three cases by surgical excision and external beam radiotherapy, one by surgical excision followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy (lomustine), two by radiotherapy alone, two by chemotherapy alone, and a combination of all modalities was used in one case. Palliation of clinical signs was acheived to varying degrees in all but one case and the quality of life was much improved in nine out of 10 animals. Survival times following first treatment varied from 10 days to 16 months. One dog is still alive with no deficits at 12 months following first treatment (surgery). These results and those reported else‐where are discussed.
Plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in the dog: The effects of age, breed, gender and endocrine disease
Authors: Barrie J. , Watson T. D. G. , Stear M. J. , Nash A. S.
Published: April 2008

A combined ultracentrifugation and precipitation technique was used to quantify the plasma lipoprotein concentrations of control dogs (n=33) and dogs with diabetes mellitus (n=11), hyper‐adrenocorticism (n=14), hypothyroidism (n=10) and obesity (n=20). In addition, the effect of breed type, age and gender on the lipoprotein phenotype was assessed. Breed type and age were found to have no effect upon cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations but the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentration was greater in intact females than intact males. Cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher than those of the control group in dogs with diabetes mellitus (P<0·01), hyper‐adrenocorticism (P<0·01) and hypothyroidism (P<0·001). In dogs with diabetes mellitus this was due to increased concentrations of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) (P<0·01) and HDL‐C (P<0·05). The concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) (P<0·05) were significantly increased in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, while in the hypothyroid dogs, VLDL‐C (P<0·05), LDL‐C (P<0·001) and HDL‐C (P<0·05) were significantly higher than the control group. The cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations in the obese population were not significantly different from control dogs.
Use of reconstruction plates for repair of acetabular fractures in 16 dogs
Authors: Dyce J. , Houlton J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

Acetabular fractures in 16 dogs were repaired using reconstruction plates. Notches cut into the plate permitted contouring in three planes to facilitate accurate articular reconstruction. There were three cranial, seven central, one caudal and five comminuted acetabular fractures. These acetabular fractures were invariably associated with multiple pelvic fractures. Repair of nonacetabular fracture/luxation was indicated in 10 cases. Follow‐up information was available for 15 dogs, of which 12 (80 per cent) had an excellent or good outcome. Fracture configuration and the presence of multiple fractures did not influence prognosis. Two dogs died suddenly, late in convalescence, but the cause of death was not established.
Leishmanial polyarthritis in two dogs
Authors: Spreng D.
Published: April 2008

Two cases of polyarthritis in the dog resulting from Leishmania species infection are reviewed. The clinical investigations, laboratory findings and serological tests are summarised. Leishmanial amastigotes were detected in synovial fluid samples of multiple joints with marked inflammatory signs. Diagnosis was made by biopsy of bone marrow, skin and synovial fluid. Both dogs were initially treated with pentavalent sodium stibogluconate. Other causes of canine polyarthritis were excluded.
Infectious epiphysitis and arthritis in a puppy
Authors: Bittegeko S. B. P. , Arnbjerg J. , Heje N. I.
Published: April 2008

An account of infectious juvenile osteomyelitis, epiphysitis and arthritis in a 14‐week‐old dalmation dog is described. It had a three‐week history of left forelimb lameness and a painful shoulder joint. Radiography revealed radiolucency of the proximal humeral epiphysis, with the physis and metaphysis slightly involved. A deformed epiphysis and a short left humerus were found at necropsy. Staphylococcus inter‐medius bacteria were isolated from the humeral epiphysis and shoulder joint. Histopathology demonstrated epiphyseal osteomyelitis, dyschondroplasia, fibrosis and arthritis.
Rabbit leg identification rings
Authors: PAIBA GILES
Published: April 2008

THE BSAVA has been aware of the reported problem of damage to rabbits' legs following the use of leg identification rings. A survey was conducted via regional meetings and newsletters together with a letter in The Veterinary Record to seek to establish the extent of the problem.