bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FUTURE SITUATION AND PERSONALITY
Authors: Mann J.W.
Published: May 2006

Expectations about the future were elicited from a class of 322 South African university students who were divided into four groups. Subjects completed a questionnaire about the near or far future and about the expected influence of either the outside situation or personality. The main
finding was that subjects tilted towards the expectation that their personalities would dominate their futures, whether five or twenty-five years hence.
GENDER AS SCHEMATIC CATEGORY: A ROLE CONSTRUCT APPROACH
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Maslach Christina
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to examine the hands of unprimed constructs people use in an openended social perception task (Kelly Rep Test, Kelly, 1955). Three samples of subjects used their own natural categories or person schemes in judgments of familiar others. Results indicated that whereas the most prevalently used constructs with familiar others are best described as idiosyncratic, gender related trait sets of Agency and Communion were used widely by most subjects, with some individual differences associated with gender role. Masculine and Feminine subjects used constructs consistent with their own gender role (Agency and Communion, respectively) more than gender role inconsistent constructs (Communion and Agency, respectively), or constructs unrelated to gender Androgynous subjects were equally likely to use Agentic and Communal categories when describing others, and used gender-related categories overall more than Undifferential subjects. Results are discussed in relationship to gender schema and self-schema theory predictions.
THE INFLUENCES OF KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS AND SELF-ESTEEM ON THE SEXUAL PRACTICES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Hollar Danielle S. , Snizek William E.
Published: May 2006

Using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical starting point, the present study extends previous research on health protective behavior by exploring the relationship among knowledge, self-esteem and students' proclivity to engage in risky sexual behavior. To test the Model, data
were analyzed from a sample of undergraduate students at a large land-grant university. Results indicate that students with high levels of self-esteem, as well as high levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, report engaging in safer behavioral practices, for the non conventional sexual behaviors,
more so than those with low and moderate levels of selfesteem. With respect to those more conventional sexual behavioral practices, such as unprotected vaginal/penile intercourse and unprotected sex with multiple sex partners, those with high self-esteem surprisingly reported more risky
sexual behaviors than those with low and moderate self-esteem. These results indicate that both self-esteem and knowledge operate differently depending on the type of sexual behavior involved – conventional or non conventional. Such differences need to be taken into account when using
the Health Belief Model in evaluating HIV/AIDS protective behavior among US college students.
PERSONALITY PROFILES OF WOMEN WHO REPORT AND WHO DO NOT REPORT PHYSICAL ASSAULT OR SEXUAL HARASSMENT: COMPARISONS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Authors: Dubois Stephanie L. , Persinger M. A.
Published: May 2006

Standardized personality profiles of young, university women who reported they had been either: 1) never assaulted or harassed, 2) sexually harassed or assaulted, or 3) physically assaulted, were compared with each other and with a group of age- and educationally-matched women, who
had sustained verified traumatic brain injuries; 49% of the university volunteers reported the experience of either physical or sexual assault. The groups who had reported a history of physical assault or who had sustained brain trauma, displayed significantly higher scores for scales
that infer egocentricity and deviations from rule systems, relative to the group who reported no history of assault. The possibility that even mild brain trauma (from physical assault or from injury during a motor vehicle incident) can adversely affect the sense of self is discussed.
OPTIMISM AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS: A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY
Authors: Schutte James W. , Valerio John K. , Carrillo Victor
Published: May 2006

This research examined the relationship between optimism and socioeconomic status (SES) in a sample (N=245) of Anglo- and Mexican-Americans. Study I found small but significant correlations between both situational (measured by the Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale-Revised; GESS-R)
and dispositional optimism (measured by the Life Orientation Test; LOT) and SES. Correlations were stronger for Anglo-Americans than for the sample as a whole and were not statistically significant for Mexican-American subjects. Study 2 used a purely Mexican-American sample (N=254), performed
exploratory factor analysis on both the LOT and GESS-R, and correlated the rotated factor scores with SES. A GESS-R factor involving themes of social interaction correlated positively with SES (r=.17). Results are interpreted in terms of cultural differences between the two ethnic groups,
particularly in light of the collectivist/individualist culture dichotomy.
SUBJECTIVE PSEUDOCYESIS IN NORMAL WOMEN WHO EXHIBIT ENHANCED IMAGININGS AND ELEVATED INDICATORS OF ELECTRICAL LABILITY WITHIN THE TEMPORAL LOBES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE “MISSING EMBRYO SYNDROME”
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: May 2006

About one-fifth of 371 university women (mean age 26 years) reported that they had experienced symptoms of subjective pseudocyesis (false pregnancy). These women displayed markedly elevated indicators of complex partial seizure-like signs (particularly olfactory experiences, automatic
behaviors and depersonalization), dissociative experiences, memory disruptions, hypomania, and right hemispheric arousal compared to women who did not report subjective pseudocyesis; for this phenomenon the ratio of women who were Roman Catholic vs Protestant was 8.2:1. This cluster of symptoms
and experiences are very similar to those reported by women who believe their embryos have been removed after “impregnation” by non-human entities. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND THE COMPLEXITY OF PRIVATE AND PUBLIC ASPECTS OF IDENTITY
Authors: Davies Martin F.
Published: May 2006

Complexity of private and public aspects of the self was investigated as a function of private and public self-consciousness. Using a sorting task to assess self-complexity, it was found that private self-consciousness was associated with greater complexity of private aspects but not
public aspects of the self, whereas public self-consciousness was associated with greater complexity of public aspects but not private aspects of the self. These findings complement and extend previous research on the articulation of self-schemas as a function of self-consciousness.
TO TRUST OR NOT TO TRUST: SITUATIONAL AND DISPOSITIONAL DETERMINANTS
Authors: Goto Sharon G.
Published: May 2006

The effects of situational uncertainty, social distance of the target person, and the actor's disposition, on the level of trusting behavior were investigated using a series of scenarios. The results indicate that measures of dispositional trust can predict specific trusting behaviors,
and that the situational factors interact. Specifically, in situations of low uncertainty, acquaintance level targets are trusted like intimate targets. Yet, in situations of high uncertainty acquaintances are trusted merely as acquaintances. Further, trusting behaviors are more likely to
occur in situations of low uncertainty, and individuals of small social distance are more likely to be trusted than those of large social distance. Implications for empirical research requiring subjects' trust, group membership, and theories of organizational climate are discussed.
THE EMERGENCE OF HOLOCAUST MEMORIES IN THE MORAL DILEMMAS OF OBJECTING ISRAELI SOLDIERS DURING THE INTIFADA
Authors: Linn Ruth
Published: May 2006

In the search for their moral identity, Israeli soldiers seem to have turned to their collective memories for guidance (Shapira, 1971, Young, 1989). This paper focused on this search among objecting reserve soldiers during the Intifada. It showed that Holocaust symbols and metaphors were being used as a frame of reference against which one's moral confusion was judged (Linn, 1991). As noted by Young (1989) “What is remembered of the Holocaust depends on how it is remembered, and how events are remembered depends in turn on the text now giving them form” (p. 1) The Intifada seems to create this text. The memories of the Holocaust, seem to provide the Israeli reserve soldier who is also the reader and the actor of and in this text, new psychological tools to assert his moral self.
BODY HEIGHT AND ROMANTIC ATTRACTION: A META-ANALYTIC TEST OF THE MALE-TALLER NORM
Authors: Pierce Charles A.
Published: May 2006

Two meta-analyses were conducted to assess whether females desire male romantic partners who are as tall or taller than themselves more so than males desire female romantic partners who are of equal or shorter stature than themselves. A directional significance test of the difference
between the weighted mean effect sizes (rs) for males and females showed that the strength of the effect of body height on dating/mating preference was greater for females evaluating males (r=.41)than for males evaluating females (r=.36). Homogeneity tests indicated,
however, that the height effect was not consistent across studies included in each of the analyses. Overall, the findings render support for the male-taller norm in romantic attraction. Directions for future research based on potential moderators of the relationship between body height and
dating/mating preference are provided.
PERSONALITY, LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, AND ALCOHOL USE BY FIRST YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Scanlan Patricia
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction of personality, living arrangements, and alcohol consumption amongst first year University students. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Ontario Life Styles Survey were
administered to 94 Laurentian University Students. The subjects resided in one of three living arrangements; on campus, off campus, or with their parents. There was a significant difference between gender on the total weekly consumption scores and on risk for alcohol addiction. Male students
living off campus and in residence showed greater risk for alcohol addiction than did students living with their parents. Those students who were at risk for alcohol addiction showed higher mean scores on clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory including psychopathic
deviance and mania. A significance was also noted in self-esteem and living arrangements with the students living off campus having higher self-esteem than those students living with parents or in residence.
THE VALIDITY OF AN UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURE OF SOCIAL IDENTITY
Authors: Nicholas Hamid P.
Published: May 2006

A simple method of measuring social and national identity (SIM) is described based on the mapping of social category placements in a defined field. The meaning of placements was investigated using judgments of similarity, attraction, closeness and trust for interpersonal groups and
similarity, attraction of life style and trust for national groups. The validity and reliability of the measure of rank ordered distance placements was established. The utility of the measure when applied to social groups is demonstrated in the contexts of an emerging group, in an organizational
setting and with national stereotypes. The measure is easy to apply and could be useful in research where a relatively unobtrusive measure of interpersonal, social or cross-cultural conflict is sought.
THE EFFECTS OF INTERPERSONAL TRUST AND GROUP STATUS ON PROSOCIAL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS
Authors: Christian Cadenhead Alton , Richman Charles L.
Published: May 2006

Preliminary evidence suggests that interpersonal trust is associated with both aggression and prosocial behavior, but little research has been conducted to investigate these relationships in nonclinical samples. It has been suggested by Scott (1980) that general trust is not as useful
in predicting behavior in organizational settings as is situational trust. However, if moderated by in-group - out-group status, general trust may be useful in predicting general response tendencies such as aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Building on the norm of reciprocity as described
by Kaufmann (1970) and Rushton (1980), it was hypothesized that: a) subjects identified as high trusters would show low levels of aggression and high levels of prosocial behaviors towards both in- and outgroup members; b) low trusters would show high levels of aggression and low levels of
prosocial behavior towards both in- and out-groups members; and c) moderate trusters would show lower levels of aggression towards the in-group than towards the outgroup and higher levels of prosocial behavior towards the in-group than towards the out-group. These hypotheses were not confirmed.
Participants reported higher levels of prosocial behavior towards the in-group than towards the out-group, regardless of the level of trust. Group differences also emerged on the aggression measures regardless of trust level. Trend analyses revealed that as trust h∼creases, overall prosocial
behavior increases.
SEX ROLES AND SEXUAL ATTITUDES OF YOUNG IRANIAN WOMEN: IMPLICATIONS FOR CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING
Authors: Hanassab Shideh , Tidwell Romeria
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which young Iranian women in Los Angeles have held on to their traditional Iranian values concerning sex roles and intimate relationships. The primary focus of the investigation was to look at the effect of the educational level and other demographic factors on young Iranian women's attitudes toward sex roles and sexual issues. Results of the study indicate that the educational level of young Iranian women is related to their attitudes regarding sex roles and sexual issues. The findings also indicate a positive relationship between subjects' permissive attitudes and the length of time they have been away from Iran. There is a significant negative relationship between the age of the subject when she left Iran and the attitudes she now holds: The younger she was when she came to this country, the more her attitudes resemble those of the majority culture. Implications for cross-cultural counseling are discussed.
PERSONALITY AND SELF-ESTEEM IN PARENTS OF DISABLED CHILDREN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN ESTONIA AND SWEDEN
Authors: Lawenius Maria , Veisson Marika
Published: May 2006

The main purpose of this study was to measure differences with respect to personality characteristics and self-esteem between parents of disabled children and parents of non-handicapped children in Sweden and Estonia.A total of 270 parents were included in this study, 154 parents
with a disabled child and 116 parents in a control group. The methods used were the Adjective Check List by Gough & Heilbrun, the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories, Adult form.Few statistically significant differences were found between the parents
of handicapped and non-handicapped children with respect to answers on the three tests. Some sex differences were found. There were a lot of cross-cultural differences, Swedish people being more extrovert and Estonian more neurotic. Swedish people also have significantly higher self-esteem.
THE EFFECT OF A LUDUS LOVE STYLE ON SEXUAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Hensley Wayne E.
Published: May 2006

This study examined the effects of a game-playing love style – ludus – (Hendrick & Hendrick, 1991) with sexual experience. In a sample of American college students (N=305) the study found that sexual experience was related to the ludus (game-playing) subscale. As the tendency to endorse items of the ludus scale increases, the individual reported an ever larger number of sexual partners. Neither the gender of the respondent nor the effect of being in a deepening interpersonal relationship mollifies the tendency to endorse the ludic items.
THE EFFECTS OF INGRATIATION AND SELF-PROMOTION TACTICS ON EMPLOYEE CAREER SUCCESS
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: May 2006

To examine the relations between political influence behavior and career success, 137 managers completed measures of ingratiation and self-promotion, the two most widely used types of such behaviors. Each manager also indicated how much their salary had grown and how many promotions
they had received since joining their current employer at least five years earlier. Significantly positive correlations were obtained between ingratiation and the indicators of career success. However, the correlations between self-promotion and the indicators were both nonsignificant, as
hypothesized.
A RELIGIOUS FEMALE WHO ENGAGES IN CASUAL SEX: EVIDENCE OF A BOOMERANG EFFECT
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Vietor Nathaniel A.
Published: May 2006

A religious “halo” effect has been identified wherein religiously active individuals are perceived more positively than nonreligious individuals. Religious individuals, when compared to nonreligious individuals, however, may fall further from social grace if they are perceived
as behaving in a manner inconsistent with religious ideal, (the religious “boomerang” effect). In the present study, male and female college students evaluated a frequent, occasional, or never church-goer on dimensions of morality, trustworthiness and friendship appeal. Later they
rated the female target on these dimensions following knowledge of her involvement in casual sex. Results demonstrated the presence of a religious halo operating in subjects' initial ratings of the religious female target, but following knowledge of her involvement in casual sex, a boomerang
effect was revealed on the subjects' morality ratings.
A CROSS-CULTURAL INVESTIGATION OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AMONG ARAB AND AMERICAN BUSINESS STUDENTS
Authors: Hozik Jennifer , Wright J.W.
Published: May 2006

This study identifies differences in the scores of Jordanian and American business students on the Keirsey Temperament Sorter personality test. The test was administered to 137 students at the University of Jordan in Amman, Jordan, and Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland. The
research results show that, although there are significant differences in personality traits in two of four categories, there are more similarities than differences between the traits identified by these groups of students. This indicates that the personalities and temperaments of business
students in Jordan and the United States are not remarkably different.
BEHAVIORAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADAPTION-INNOVATION: II. ADAPTION-INNOVATION AND MOTIVATION FOR UNIQUENESS
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

The heuristic similarity between innovativeness and uniqueness motivation was investigated. Fifty-eight male and 107 female first-year undergraduates completed the Need for Uniqueness Scale (NUS; Snyder and Fromkin, 1980) and Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI; Kirton, 1976).
As predicted, Innovators obtained significantly higher scores on uniqueness motivation than did Adaptors (p < .001), and Need for Uniqueness correlated substantially with Innovation (r=0.55). These findings provide support for the hypothesis that uniqueness-seeking may simply
be a manifestion of extreme innovativeness rather than an independent dimension of personality.
AN EXAMINATION OF LOCUS OF CONTROL/FATALISM FOR BLACKS, WHITES, BOYS, AND GIRLS OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD OF ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Joel Wade T.
Published: May 2006

Locus of control/fatalism was assessed for an adolescent sample during ages 11–17 and again from ages 13–19. It was hypothesized that blacks and girls would be more external than whites and boys both during early and late adolescence. Additionally, it was hypothesized
that effect sizes would be greater during late adolescence. Results obtained partially supported these hypotheses. Girls were more external than boys only during late adolescence. However, blacks scored higher in externality than whites at both time periods and effect sizes were greater during
late adolescence. These findings are discussed in terms of restricted opportunities and socialization differences for blacks and girls.
A FACTORIAL COMPARISON OF PRIVACY QUESTIONNAIRES
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: May 2006

Types of privacy preferences and their measurement have been obtained through factor analysis. Two prevalent measures are the Privacy Preference Scale (Marshall, 1974) and the Privacy Questionnaire (Pedersen, 1979, 1982). In their development, each yielded six privacy preference scales
(some with similar names). To evaluate the comparability of the scales, an analysis was completed using the responses of 174 research participants on the two instruments. Correlations revealed little similarity between the scales of the two measures. Factor analyses showed the Privacy Questionnaire
to be more stable in replication than those of the Privacy Preference Scale.
THE DESTRUCTIVE NARCISSISTIC PATTERN
Authors: Brown Nina W.
Published: May 2006

Identifying characteristics of the Destructive Narcissistic Pattern (DNP) in the workplace are presented. The DNP is most easily recognized by the reactions of those who have to work with him/her. Characteristics are derived from the literature on pathological narcissism which differs
only in intensity and degree. Strategies to develop constructive working relationships with the DNP are presented.
SELECTED PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD FEMINISM
Authors: Smith Steven M. , De Man Anton F.
Published: May 2006

Sixty-five men and fifty-one women took part in a study of attitudes toward feminism. The question of attitude similarity mediated error in perceived attractiveness was addressed, and the relationship between selected personal characteristics and attitudes toward feminism was assessed.
Results confirmed that men and women view people with attitudes similar to their own as more attractive. Best predictors of negative attitudes towards feminism among men were conservativism and limited familiarity with feminist issues, whereas among women, trait-anxiety was the best predictor.
CONTEXT EFFECTS IN ETHICAL EVALUATIONS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Hagner Paul R. , Randall Donna M. , Geoghegan Ceara
Published: May 2006

Context effects have traditionally been explored as a reliability concern and detected through the use of univariate, test/retest techniques. We argue that context effects may actually represent a threat to validity and, as a consequence, traditional univariate measurement techniques
will fail to detect their full impact. Using an experimental design which manipulates the context of questions involving ethics, we demonstrate that priming influences the relationship of variables to each other and has an effect on the dimensional reduction of the responses for the two experimental
groups. We conclude that the problem posed by context effects is not just one of reliability, but also one of validity. Implications for future basic research on attitude formation are drawn.
A THEORY OF THE VALENCED OTHER: THE INTERSECTION OF THE LOOKING-GLASS-SELF AND SOCIAL PENETRATION
Authors: Hensley Wayne E.
Published: May 2006

This paper considers the relationships between the looking-glass-self (Cooley, 1902) and social penetration (Altman & Taylor, 1973). This theoretical intersection yields a conceptual other whose reflected image of us is both affect and cognition: the valenced other. This theoretical
analysis produces a curvilinear relationship which is hypothesized to exist between image accuracy and the penetration level of the reference person. The most accurate images are, in descending order: casual acquaintance, friend, intimate and stranger. The distortion in the intimate's
image is due to their emotional involvement rendering them blind to otherwise obvious information. This paper argues that neither the looking-glass-self nor social penetration is complete alone. This resultant unified system gives rise to the valenced other concept.
ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN SUICIDE IDEATORS AND NON-IDEATORS
Authors: Ellis Jon B. , Jones Leslie N.
Published: May 2006

Research has shown that college students have a high risk of engaging in suicidal behaviors. Gaining more information about the belief systems of students and the adaptive reasons for living, lacking in suicide ideators, may provide valuable information about these behaviors and ways to prevent them. This study examined reasons for living in male and female college student suicide ideators and non-ideators in order to identify adaptive reasons for living, lacking in suicide ideators. Mean scores of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) subscales and total score were used. Each subject answered a demographic questionnaire, a suicide questionnaire and the RFL. Analyses of Variance revealed a main effect for ideation status with non-ideators scoring higher than ideators on Survival and Coping Beliefs, Responsibility to Friends, and on the RFL total score. A main effect for sex was found on Fear of Suicide and Responsibility to Family subscales with women scoring higher than men. Women did not describe themselves as suicide ideators more often than did men.
CULTURE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF-ESTEEM OF COLLEGE STUDENTS: A FOUR-COUNTRY COMPARISON
Authors: Watkins David , Akande Adebowale , Cheng Christopher , Regmi Murari
Published: May 2006

The responses of 268 Hong Kong and 399 Nigerian first- or second-year social science undergraduate university students to the Personal and Academic Self-Concept Inventory (PASCI; Fleming & Whalen, 1990) were compared to previously reported findings with similar groups of American
and Nepalese students. Country × Gender analyses indicated clear, statistically significant mnain and interaction effects which varied according to the area of self-esteem under investigation. Support was found for the tendency found in research with secondary school students for subjects
from non-Western cultures to report higher academic but lower nonacademic self-esteem than their Western peers. However, the gender differences did not generalize across cultures.
FEMININITY, DEPRESSION AND STRESS IN COLLEGE WOMEN
Authors: Brazelton Elizabeth W. , Greene Katherine S. , Gynther Malcolm
Published: May 2006

This study evaluated the relationships among femininity, depression, and stress. One hundred eighty-six college females were given the Beck Depression Inventory, the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity and the Psychological Distress Inventory. Positive correlations were found between
femininity and depression. Lower femininity and lower depression scores tended to be associated with reports of high stress. Further work is needed to clarify the relationships among these important variables.
SOME ATTITUDINAL AND LITERACY CORRELATES OF PROENVIRONMENTALISM
Authors: Iwata Osamu
Published: May 2006

Two studies were conducted. Study I tested two hypotheses: there is a positive relationship between proenvironmentalism and need for achievement; there is a positive relationship between proenvironmentalism and a positive attitude toward social welfare. Subjects were 129 undergraduates
and 27 college level students (45 males and 111 females). The hypotheses were generally supported. Study II investigated relationships of proenvironmental attitudes with beliefs facilitating intercultural adjustment and environmental knowledge. Subjects were 96 undergraduates and 26 college
level students (32 males and 88 females). One of the beliefs (belief that national borders are needless) and environmental knowledge was not correlated with proenvironmental attitudes. The other belief that global communities are bound together by common fate was generally correlated with
proenvironmental attitudes.
MARSH'S SELF-DESCRIPTION QUESTIONNAIRE III (SDQ III): ADAPTATION STUDY WITH PORTUGUESE COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Faria Luisa
Published: May 2006

The Self-Description Questionnaire III (SDQ III) is one of a series of Australian self-concept instruments designed to measure self-concept of pre-adolescents (SDQ I), in early to middle adolescents (SDQ II), late adolescents and early adults (SDQ III). It was designed by Marsh (1988)
and is based on the Shavelson, Hubner, and Stanton (1976) hierarchical and multidimensional model. This study presents the various steps followed in the adaptation of this Australian self-concept instrument using 691 Portuguese college students from Northern Portugal. In general the internal
consistency of the instrument, assessed by Cronbach's alpha, proved to be good and similar to the Australian version, but the factorial structure of the Portuguese version revealed twelve factors instead of the thirteen of the original scale. The presence of the global self-concept dimension
in several factors questions its independence from the other dimensions in the Portuguese version.
TELEVISION VIEWING AND MEAN WORLD VALUE IN HONG KONG'S ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Cheung Chau-Kiu , Chan Chi-Fai
Published: May 2006

Past theory and research have held television responsible for cultivating the viewer's materialism and trivialization of crime, that is, mean world value. The cultivation effect occurs when the viewer watches television intensely and trustfully. It leads to hypotheses that one
who watches television longer on a day and watches television serials repeatedly, and/or believes in the reality of television portrayals endorses mean world value to a greater extent. These effects reflect mechanisms of heuristic and peripheral processing. With data collected from 402
high school students in Hong Kong, this study supports the mediating hypotheses concerning perceived reality and its interaction with repeated exposure. These variables and the amount of television viewing on a weekday, exerted relatively strong cultivation effects on the adolescent viewer's
mean world value, in terms of materialism and trivialization of moral value. The cultivation effect is attributable to the profusion of violence and consumerism on commercial television in Hong Kong.
SUICIDE AND HOMICIDE RATES AMONG U.S. INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE AREAS: THE INCOME INEQUALITY HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A.
Published: May 2006

Analysis of data for all 12 U.S. Indian Health Service (IHS) areas yielded a significant Spearman's correlation coefficient of .65 between absolute poverty and suicide and a significant Rho of .52 with homicide rates. Nonsignificant correlation coefficients were found for relative
poverty and suicide and homicide rates. Implications for the income inequality hypothesis are discussed.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MORAL DEVELOPMENT AND ACQUISITION: A REVIEW OF KOHLBERG'S AND GILLIGAN'S MODELS OF JUSTICE AND CARE
Authors: Woods Cindy J. P.
Published: May 2006

Issues of moral development and moral action have been explored by psychologists by both empirical and nonempirical methods. Lawrence Kohlberg's moral stages have been of particular interest and scrutiny since his longitudinal study of boys was first published in 1969. Harvard's
Carol Gilligan contests Kohlberg's findings in her 1982 book In A Different Voice, as well as other publications, claiming that girls' morality developed differently from boys' and that Kohlberg's stages were not universal as he asserted. The debate over gender differences
in moral development has focused primarily on these two theories. Numerous studies and articles have been published deliberating about both Kohlberg's and Gilligan's theories with most concluding there is no significant difference in the way the sexes make moral decisions. This article
reviews the current literature of both theories, providing a context in which to view morality, and offers suggestions for future research.
SUICIDAL IDEATION AMONG THE ELDERLY: PERSONAL VARIABLES, STRESS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT
Authors: Mireault Maria , de Man Anton F.
Published: May 2006

Fifty-three elderly men and 51 elderly women participated in a study of the relationship between suicidal ideation and selected personal, stress, and social support variables. A multifactor theory formed the basis for the selection of variables, which included age, gender, marital status, living arrangements, perceived religiousness, alcohol use, self-esteem, depression, negative stress, satisfaction with health, social isolation, and satisfaction with social support. Bivariate correlation analyses found suicidal ideation to be related to infrequent alcohol consumption, high depression, high social isolation, and dissatisfaction with health and social support. Results of a multiple regression analysis identified (dis)satisfaction with social support, gender, living arrangements, and (in)frequency of alcohol use as significant predictors.
THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL AND RELATIONAL MENTAL INCONGRUITY ON IDENTITY FORMATION
Authors: Iedema Jurjen , Meeus Wim , De Goede Martijn
Published: May 2006

We elaborated an integrated theoretical model of identity within Nurmi's general framework of adolescent life-planning by combining concepts of Tazelaar's mental incongruity theory and Marcia's identity model. Mental incongruity is what people experience when there is
a discrepancy between how they think a situation should be (the standard) and how they experience the actual situation or their own behavior (the cognition). The mental incongruity theory is domain specific which connects well with Marcia's domain specific identity model. We studied the
influence of adolescents' standards - how they would like their educational status to be or how they would like their social relations to be - and mental incongruity on the development of identity in the respective domains. By means of Lisrel, we tested hypotheses on a sample of 1230
Dutch adolescents, between the ages of 15 to 24. As expected, a higher standard led to more exploration and commitment and thus to a more developed identity, but also to more mental incongruity. More mental incongruity led in its turn to a less developed identity. Thus, a higher standard directly
led to a more mature identity, but caused indirectly - via mental incongruity - a less mature identity. Furthermore, a low relational mental incongruity induced a low educational mental incongruity, and likewise a high relational identity somewhat increased the educational identity. Finally,
the expected crisscross effects of the standard in one domain decreasing the mental incongruity in the other domain were found.
PERSONALITY AND PRAYER AMONG ADULT CHURCHGOERS: A REPLICATION
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Astley Jeff
Published: May 2006

A sample of 398 adult churchgoers completed the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Francis, Brown, & Philipchalk, 1992) together with an index of frequency of personal prayer. No significant relationships were found between personality and prayer.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A SELF-CONCEPT QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HONG KONG CHINESE ADULTS WHO HAVE PHYSICAL DISABILITY
Authors: Tam Sing-Fai , Watkins David
Published: May 2006

Previous research (Tam & Watkins, 1995) provided an understanding of the self-concepts of Hong Kong Chinese adults who have physical disability. Through constructing a hierarchical multidimensional self-concept model for the disabled population, a theoretical basis was established
for the development of a questionnaire to measure their self-concepts. Subsequent efforts focused on validating this instrument, the Self-Concept Questionnaire for Physically Disabled Hong Kong Chinese (SCQPD). The results provided evidence that this instrument is psychometrically sound. The
scales have satisfactory internal consistency reliability and factor analysis of these scales makes conceptual sense. Some evidence for construct validity is also presented.
EFFECTS OF BEHAVIORAL MONITORING ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF EXERCISE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect behavioral monitoring had on female adults' physical activity behavior and the psychosocial determinants of their exercise behavior. The sample consisted of 23 adults (M age=33.5 yr.). Those in the experimental group
(n=12) attended a onehour educational seminar, were taught to monitor their behavior using a Caltrac accelerometer, and were issued a Caltrac accelerometer to wear for 14 consecutive days. Those in the control group (n=11) attended the educational program only. At pre- and post-intervention,
measures of physical activity and exercise behavior, adherence, identity, and self-efficacy were obtained. A 2 × 2 repeated measures MANOVA revealed no significant between, within, or interaction effects.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ETHICAL REASONING AMONG LAW STUDENTS
Authors: White Judith , Manolis Chris
Published: May 2006

Individual differences in ethical reasoning were examined among first-year law school students to determine, among other things, whether gender moderates the process of ethical reasoning. Individuals bring a variety of psychological, philosophical, and ethical orientations to professional life, potentially challenging traditional assumptions concerning appropriate responses to ethical dilemmas. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this research demonstrates that the individual differences of gender, learning style, and world view are significantly more influential in the use of an ethic of care and justice (i.e., ethical reasoning), compared with personality and moral orientation factors.
ON THE ORIGINS OF A SENSE OF COHERENCE: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, OR NARCISSISM AS A PERSONALITY TRAIT
Authors: Cohen Orna
Published: May 2006

This study had three main objectives: (1) to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics - such as religion, age, economic situation and education - and a sense of coherence; (2) to explore the relationship between a narcissistic personality trait and a sense of
coherence, and (3) to find which of the variables, sociological or personality, best explains the sense of coherence. The results indicate a link between economic situation, education and a narcissistic trait, and coherence. Moreover, the study found that among all the variables, from the
narcissistic personality questionnaire, those main themes linked to feelings of entitlement and self-satisfaction made the most significant contribution to a sense of coherence. The article discusses the research significance of the study results.
A COSMOLOGY OF HAWAIIAN AND WESTERN VALUES
Authors: Freitas Ka'ipo B. , Dixon Paul W.
Published: May 2006

A value study was conducted using a modified form of Rokeach's Value Schedule (D) on a research sample of 96 divided into four groups of 24, with an equal number of men and women. This sample included incarcerated men and women and non-incarcerated men and women. As this study was conducted in Hawaii, it was hypothesized that the now dominant, competitive corporate societal model would give rise to societal pressures which would force those holding the traditionalAlohaor love-oriented model of societal values into a conflicting role in this current society. This hypothesis was borne out in these transgenerational observations which showed that when using a Varimax orthogonal rotation on eighteen values, both the incarcerated men and women had factors which showed retention of the traditional family-oriented system of values. The non-incarcerated men had a very subordinate factor which included love-oriented values while the non-incarcerated women had no family-oriented value factor. This last group's absence ofAlohawas interpreted as showing a non-conflicting integration into the now dominant, materialistic corporate value structure of Hawaiian society.
PERCEPTIONS OF VULNERABILITY TO AIDS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN MEN: CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRIMARY PREVENTIVE COUNSELING FOR UNDERGRADUATES
Authors: Stephens Torrance T. , Watkins Joseph , Braithwaite Ronald , Taylor Sandra , James Felicia , Durojaiye Mustapha
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this paper is to suggest some factors counselors should consider in dealing with perceptions of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among African American college-age males. For this study, perceived vulnerability to AIDS is a latent variable that refers to an individual's belief of their likelihood of contracting HIV when not using a condom. The objective of the study is to contribute to the knowledge needed by counselors, school educators, and health professionals to develop and implement effective educational programs and counseling interventions that are race and gender specific. In particular, programs that promote the use of AIDS risk-reduction practices among African American male, college-age adolescents. We acknowledge that any potent effort to prevent the spread of the disease among men in the African American community must: a) evaluate existing prevention strategies used with a similar population, b) utilize activities that focus on collective cultural experience, c) utilize activities that enhance communication and accent collective participation, d) utilize strategies that focus on acceptance of sexuality, e) focus on reccurring patterns of communication, f) base intervention on the current social and political climate, g) consider threats and belief in genocide as real, h) include messages which consistently emphasize the potential benefits and gains of community and i) consider racial/ethnic composition in the counselor-client relationship.
THE LEVENSON LOCUS OF CONTROL SCALES: CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSES AND EVALUATION
Authors: Presson Paul K. , Clark Steven C. , Benassi Victor A.
Published: May 2006

Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the factor structure of several versions of Levenson's (1973) locus of control scales. Two- and three-factor models based on all 24 of Levenson's items and on 20 of her items were tested. The 3-factor models provided a good
fit. Models proposed by R. M. Shewchuk, G. A. Foelker Jr., and G. Niederehe (1990) and R. M. Shewchuk, G. A Foelker Jr., C. J. Camp, and F. Blanchard-Fields (1992) also provided a good fit of the data. In concurrent and prospective tests of the predictive ability of the various models, the
24 and 20 item versions of Levenson's models accounted for a significant amount of variance In depressive symptomatology. The three-factor models revealed that only scores on the chance scale reliably predicted time 2 depressive symptomatology. Neither of the models proposed by Shewchuk
and colleagues accounted for a significant amount of variance.
POLITICAL CHANGE AND SOCIAL ATTITUDES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Stones Christopher R. , Heaven P. C. L. , Bester C.
Published: May 2006

This investigation sought to determine the correlates of attitudes towards the new ANC-dominated government in South Africa among two groups of White university students. To a large extent, the research replicates an earlier project conducted in 1986 which investigated the predictors
of attitudes towards the ANC at a time when it was banned as were its leaders who were either imprisoned or in exile. Results indicate that conformity to group norms was of importance in the Afrikaans-speaking sample as was patriotism, authoritarian behavior and prejudiced attitudes. Conversely,
attitudes in the English-speaking group seemed to be held less strongly and attitudes towards the ANC-led government appeared no longer to be related to such factors as prejudice, authoritarianism, patriotism or self-esteem. Results are understood in terms of long-standing sociopolitical differences
between White English-speaking and Afrikaner groups in South Africa.
COLOR BIAS IN CHILDREN REVISITED: FINDINGS FROM PORTUGAL
Authors: Neto Félix , Williams John E.
Published: May 2006

Earlier studies of preschool children in the United States, Western Europe and Asia have demonstrated a bias favoring the color white relative to the color black, and a bias favoring light-skinned human figures relative to dark-skinned figures. In this study, procedures used in previous
studies were translated and administered to five- and eight-year-old children in Portugal. Both types of bias were found among the Portuguese children providing additional evidence that the pro-white and pro-light-skinned biases are pancultural tendencies. The biases were not different by
gender, but they were higher among eight-year-old children than five-year-old children and, hence, seemed more likely to be attributable to cultural learning.
THE ROLE OF DYSFUNCTIONAL ATTITUDES, NEGATIVE LIFE EVENTS, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT IN THE PREDICTION OF DEPRESSIVE DYSPHORIA: A PROSPECTIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Klocek John W. , Oliver J. M. , Ross Michael J.
Published: May 2006

The present study examined the role of dysfunctional attitudes, negative life events, and social support in predicting depressive dysphoria. Undergraduates (N = 196) completed the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS; Weissman, 1980); the Hammen Life Events Survey (HLES; Hammen,
Marks, Mayol, & deMayo, 1985); the Social Support Questionnaire-6 (SSQ-6; Sarason, Sarason, Shearin, & Pierce, 1987); and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) at three different times separated by five-week intervals. Multiple regression
analyses revealed a significant three-way interaction between dysfunctional attitudes, negative life events, and social support predicting subsequent levels of depressive dysphoria. Decomposition of the three-way interaction using residualized change scores indicated that the combination of
dysfunctional attitudes and negative life events, regardless of the size of their social support network, were associated with significantly higher levels of depressive dysphoria than individuals reporting lower levels of negative life events and larger social support networks, regardless
of level of dysfunctional attitudes. These findings are discussed in terms of Beck's (1967, 1976) theory of vulnerability to depression and the need for additional research to clarify further the role of each factor.
IDENTITY OVERLAP AND SITUATIONAL DIFFERENTIAL AMONG NIGERIAN STUDENTS
Authors: Olobatuyi Moses E.
Published: May 2006

This study examines the notion that Nigerian students will identify with their ethnic group and their nation at the same time because they are members of different ethnic groups and citizens of the same country. It also examines whether their perception of their identity will change from situation to situation. Data were collected from 306 Nigerian students in the Washington DC metropolitan area through a proportional stratified sampling procedure. The results confirm the hypothesis that the Nigerian students will identify with their ethnic groups and nation at the same time. It is also confirmed that how the Nigerian students will perceive themselves in different situations depends on the situation in which they find themselves. This negates the primordial approach which claims that an individual will identify him/herself in terms of his/her ethnic group because of a strong bond of ethnic attachment. Implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
PREDICTORS OF SHYNESS: A TEST OF VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-PRESENTATIONAL MODELS
Authors: Jackson Todd , Towson Shelagh , Narduzzi Karen
Published: May 2006

This study assessed the impact of several variables central to self-presentation theories on self-reported shyness. Data were collected from 286 Canadian college students who completed measures of shyness, expectations of rejection, interpersonal competence, and perfectionism. The sample
was randomly divided in half to allow for cross-validation. Consistent with hypotheses, shyness was predicted by expectations of rejection and interpersonal competence for the initial sample. However, contrary to self-presentation theories, shyness was not predicted by high self-standards
nor by perceptions that others held high expectations of the self. These findings were replicated in the cross-validation sample. Results partially support self-presentation theories of shyness and suggest that while interpersonal competence and fear of rejection are central to shyness, the
shy do not necessarily hold unrealistically high standards for themselves or view others as expecting perfection from them.