bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Blueblood to Trueblood: Ngugi wa Thiongo’s and Ralph Ellison’s Rewritings of Conrad’s "Lord Jim"
Authors: Pióro Tadeusz
Published: January 2020

Postcolonial re-writings of Joseph Conrad’s works rarely make use of Lord Jim, Ngugi wa Thiongo’s A Grain of Wheat being one of the few exceptions. It is also a rare example of a re-writing in which evident intertextual connections ( in this case to Under Western Eyes and Heart of Darkness, as well as The Tempest) conceal other, more deeply embedded ones (Lord Jim). Ngugi’s version of Lord Jim has at its center John Thompson, the British antagonist of all the Gikuyu characters in the novel, and a parodic embodiment of Lord Jim’s dreams of power and glory. The most salient difference between Thompson and Jim lies in the way in which they perceive their own status within the British colonial enterprise. The Oxonian Thompson is fully conscious of the ideological implications of his occupation, while uneducated Jim can barely see the surface of his. Thompson’s state-sanctioned escape from Kenya on the day of its regaining independence, read as a parody of Jim’s escape from the Patna, opens the fi eld for an incisive ideological critique of the colonial contexts of Jim’s tragedy. Ralph Ellison’s rewriting of Lord Jim is limited to the Trueblood episode of Invisible Man and focuses on the main character’s breaking of the incest taboo, which may be compared to Jim’s abandoning ship. Trueblood’s attempt to „move without moving” echoes Jim’s account of his purportedly unconscious jump from the Patna. While Jim, as well as Marlow, present these events and those that occur later, in Patusan, as versions of the Greek tragic paradigm of human transgression and divine retribution, Ellison brings Trueblood’s transgression down to a more quotidian level, substituting a family tragedy in which the gods do not intervene for the pathos with which Conrad endows Jim. Norton in this version of Conrad’s novel serves a similar purpose – he is the parodic, downsized equivalent of Brierly, the captain who commits suicide after realizing that if he had found himself in Jim’s position on the Patna he would have done the same thing. Compared with the reality of a black sharecropper’s life in Alabama, Jim’s obsession with valor and honor, as well as his lust for adventure, are simply infantile, and the imperialist underpinnings of his transgression make it a parody of taboo-breaking. Ellison’s „signifying” on Lord Jim, as far as I know, has not been hitherto noticed by critics.
The Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors
Authors: Ratajczak Wiesław
Published: January 2020

The article describes Piotr Mitzner’s attitude, as poet and essayist, to the past.
In his biographical book Gabinet cieni (2007, The Shadow Cabinet) and other works,
he uses the techniques of portraying characters that complicate the simplifi ed, obvious
and trivialized visions of history. Literary strategies that produce analogous effects can
be found in Mitzner’s latest volume of poetry titled i po kropce (After the full stop). Here,
the biographer and the poet enable the shadows to tell their story, and attempt to discover the principles behind the „vestigial” presence of the shadows among the living.
Black humour, comicality, parody
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

The article is an attempt to present the category of black humour in reference to comicality and parody. The fi rst part encompasses a description of its theoretical aspects such as André Breton’s concept of black humour as well as studies by Freud, Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Bergson and Beatrix Müller-Kampel. Additionally, Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts of the carnival and the grotesque are addressed. The second part focuses on an exemplary employment of black humour: Sławomir Mrożek’s dark parody of Adam Mickiewicz’s Dziady II.
The tee-hee of Michaśka (Michał Witkowski). Dangerous liaisons
of black humor and camp in "Lubiewo" by Michał Witkowski
Authors: Czardybon Marcin
Published: January 2020

The article traces the similarities and differences between the categories of black
humour and camp. Despite differing creative strategies, it turns out that they both have
a subversive potential that undermines the social status quo. Lubiewo by Michał Witkowski can be seen as a model example of combining black humour and camp. These two
categories, both employing distance, deconstruct each other through specifi c literary
strategies. In Lubiewo, humour noir helps to fi nd out how the effect described by Susan
Sontag in her Notes on ‘Camp’ is created. The black humour of Witkowski’s prose shows
the tragic dimension behind the camp aesthetics.
The coexistence of the grotesque and politics
– Tom Stoppard’s Squaring the Circle
Authors: Uchman Jadwiga
Published: January 2020

The article discusses Tom Stoppard’s screenplay Squaring the Circle presenting Polish history between August 1980 and August 1982, that is the period of the strikes
on the coast, the rise of the Free Independent Trade Union Solidarity and the introduction of the marshal law by general Wojciech Jaruzelski. Being aware of the fact that
it is not possible to fully reconstruct the past, the artist uses a number of disclaimers
– the Narrator who often claims that reality might have been slightly different, fi ve
Witnesses, who often correct him, presentation of different versions of the same scene and numerous symbols (chess, card games, references to gangsters). While dealing
with serious, political matters Stoppard employs the grotesque, a specifi c combination
of th e tragic and the comic which is one of the characteristic features of postmodern
literature and also of the theatre of the absurd. The article briefl y mentions the similarities in the use of grotesque in Stoppard’s screenplay and the political plays of Samuel
Beckett, Harold Pinter and Sławomir Mrożek, the artists who are also often discussed
as representatives of the theatre of the absurd.
Madame Bovary and Marks
Authors: Apter Emily
Published: January 2020

In the article professor Emily Apter tells the story of an English translation of Flaubert’s Madame Bovary – of an infl uential English rendition prepared by the daughter of Karl Marx, Eleanor. Apter analyses some of the decisions taken by Eleanor Marx, compares them to solutions found by other translators, including Paul de Man and Lydia Davis, and observes how much the ideological work of Karl Marx might have infl uenced the con cept of „diligent translation” that Eleanor followed in her rendition of Flaubert’s masterpiece. At the same time the article offers insight into textual detail of the novel, bringing to light some of its scarcely noticed features.
An Absent Stylization of English Literature in Polish Translation
Authors: Rudolf Krzysztof Filip
Published: January 2020

The article addresses the issue of the diffi culties connected with translations of polyphonic texts, especially those containing examples of rustic dialects. It appears that even though the authors of the original works go to extraordinary lenghts to create/recreate dialectal forms and are rigorously consistent in this respect, translators generally ignore their efforts and produce a bland rendering, absolutely free from any nonstandard forms whatsoever. This is precisely the case with the analyzed translations of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights and Eugene O’Neill’s Desire under the Elms. However, the alternative translations produced by graduates and undergraduates prove conclusively that it is perfectly feasible to fi nd equivalents for the rustic speech of the protagonists thus creating the atmosphere corresponding to that of the original.
Failure in Translation: On the Negative Discourse in Translation Studies
Authors: Crickmar Marta
Published: January 2020

The discourse of translation has always seemed to lean towards the negative. Over
the years translation scholars have discussed refractions and deformities in translation,
as well as losses that need to be compensated for and infi delities committed by unwary
representatives of this treacherous craft. Regardless of the specifi c subject of research,
there usually is some sense of implied failure on the part of the target text. The situation becomes even more complex, when the source text itself exhibits a failure of some
kind, as is the case with Dorota Masłowska’s debut novel. The young Polish author
in question intentionally breaks the rules of her native language and challenges Polish
literary conventions, thus causing a translational dilemma. The article poses the question, whether the translator should carry the said failure into the target text or should
(s)he ‘correct’ it and, as a result, conventionalize (domesticate) the translation. In other
words, is the translator always bound to fail… to fail?
Translating – Tricking the Crowd. A Gloss to Michel Leiris
Authors: Swoboda Tomasz
Published: January 2020

The article analyses Polish translations of Michel Leiris’s writings, tries to distinguish the specifi city of his texts and, consequently, the specifi city of the translator’s work. Leiris, the author of a wide range of texts including experimental poetry, ethnographic and autobiographical prose, represents a particular case for the translator as his writings quite often focus on puns and other linguistic experiments. Leiris’s translators also have to deal with long, proustian sentences as well as with intertextual plays. The status of subject in Leiris’s texts is also at stake in the translator’s work since one has to establish his identity within the realm of things.
On Translating Ilse Aichinger’s Poetry into English
Authors: Görtschacher Wolfgang , Malcolm David
Published: January 2020

The article juxtaposes three different English translations of two Ilse Aichinger’s poems
– prepared by Michael Hamburger, James C. Alldridge and by the authors of the article,
Wolfgang Görtschacher and David Malcolm. Görtschacher and Malcolm draw our attention
to a special feature of Aichinger’s poems – their conciseness, and to the problems this quality
may pose to the process of translation. The article examines predominantly semantic, syntactic, and cultural differences between German and English equivalents proposed by the three
(four) translators, but also emphasizes the fact that translation is never fi nished, only published.
Literary theory as an oxymoron
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

The article is concerned with the crisis of postmodern literary theory. It has always been ambiguous and hybryd because it combines two fundamentally different discourses: scientifi c (formalist, structuralist etc.) and artistic. Ultimately, nowadays the diversity of theories of literary interpretation is responsible for their particular drawbacks.
The Transformation of Theory – from Distraction to Recombinant Poetics
Authors: Szczęsna Ewa
Published: January 2020

The article examines the status of the theory of literature in the contemporary humanities. Today, literary studies are epistemological representations of literatu re, with
blurred or fl exible distinctions. The fundamental differences among arts, media, discourses, especially between the theory of art and artistic practice, creates a new ontology
of the texts of culture. Recombinant texts require a recombinant poetics and a new theory
established through dialogue. The analysis of trans-semiotic, trans-medial and trans-discursive texts shows the necessity of an open theory of text. This theory is shaped through
the interplay of various domains (e.g. semiotics, comparative studies, media studies,
literary studies).
Between Theory and Practice: Literary Theory and Analytic Aesthetics
Authors: Stopel Bartosz
Published: January 2020

The article aims to determine the relation between literary theory and the analytic
philosophy of literature. The former is understood mostly as a body of ideologically
and culturally focused normative reading strategies, and the latter as an inquiry into
the foundations, assumptions and aims of reading and appreciating works of literature. Although at fi rst it might seem that both approaches seem radically incompatible,
a closer inspection reveals that, in some cases, they are complementary, while, in others,
the relation is more hierarchical, with aesthetic judgments being logically primary to theory-driven research. At the same time, literary theory is always partly a philosophy of literature, as no theoretical inquiry is free from basic aesthetic considerations on the nature
of meaning, authorship, or value judgments. In the end, radically anti-theoretical stances of neopragmatists, literary darwinists, or some analytic aestheticians are misguided
to the extent that what impedes or suppresses certain types of research in the humanities
is literary theory’s institutionally dominant position, rather than its claims, or the type
of research it encourages.
Whether or not to be afraid of demons? The theory at the time of posttheory
Authors: Dalisiński Tomasz
Published: January 2020

The article shows an attempt to answer the elementary question: the status of the theory of text interpretation in contemporary literary studies. This problem has already been
analyzed from many perspectives, but today the most important issue seems to be theory
remaining in its present form (which resembles a demon within the meaning of A. Compagnon – a kind of fi ction). According to the author, a solution is the general consensus
about the fi ctional nature of theoretical assumptions, but the condition of consciousness,
that the fi ctional nature of theory is – on constructivistic way – operative.
Soundscape in Complicite, or Mnemonic as a radio play
Authors: Wiśniewski Tomasz
Published: January 2020

Deprived of visual elements, the radio play Mnemonic by Complicite is analysed
as a curious exploration of the sonic elements of communication. As a recorded text,
the radio play constitutes, on the one hand, an autonomous and complete artistic entity,
and on the other should be treated as part of a more general sequence of artistic nature (theatre performances, dramatic texts). Detailed analysis of the initial four minutes
and thirty three seconds of the recording reveals the whole spectrum of technical devices,
which – as it turns out in the second part of the argument – are pivotal for the semantics
of the entire piece.
Semiotic, Media, Discourses Comparative Studies. Perspectives of their Development
Authors: Szczęsna Ewa
Published: January 2020

The paper discusses the status, the research problems and the goals of comparative studies in the area of diverse media and discourses. It explores the differences between inter-semiotic, inter-media and inter-discursive approaches. It characterizes the media comparison in the synchronic and diachronic models. It emphasizes the advantages of media comparative studies, the impact of inter-semiotic, inter-media and inter-discursive studies on media communications and texts of culture in general.
Swimming Upstream: Integrative Challenges of Comparative Studies
Authors: Łukaszyk Ewa
Published: January 2020

In his satirical novel Meetings of the Mind, David Damrosch shows comparative literature as a dying discipline, unable to grasp the world’s complexity. Nonetheless, it is precisely the new global reality that makes the comparative approach more valid than ever before. The challenges of the discipline are not only cognitive, but also ethical. The comparative studies unifying the world’s patrimony should create a cross-cultural and truly universal basis of solidarity. Such an endeavor is to be found in the works of universally-oriented intellectuals, Giorgio Agamben and George Steiner.
Three Versions of Modernity: Witkacy, Schulz,
Gombrowicz
Authors: Jarzębski Jerzy
Published: January 2020

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, known as Witkacy (1885–1939), Bruno Schulz (1892 –1942), and Witold Gombrowicz (1904–1969) were all born during the time of the Partition of Poland: Witkacy and Gombrowicz in the Russian Partition, and Schulz in the Austro-Hungarian one. The Polish literature with which they came in contact in childhood and youth still had as its chief function to provide Poles with uplift and to waken hope that independence would be returned to the fatherland. In truth, no one knew how this was supposed to happen (Poland was divided among the three greatest military powers in Europe), but a belief in the recovery of self-determination was somehow maintained in Polish lands. But in 1918, when those dreams came true, Polish literature was not prepared. It was necessary to invent it anew, to ﬁnd new subjects that would be suitable for a society entering into independence (a short-lived one, unfortunately, only lasting twenty years), but also to face up to problems that modernity had brought to the whole world. The three writers mentioned above, at ﬁrst less appreciated than those who were engaged in social matters and who were nationalist writers, such as Andrzej Strug, Juliusz Kaden-Bandrowski, Zoﬁ a Nałkowska, and Maria Dąbrowska, won recognition after the Second World War and became Polish “classics of modernity”. This does not alter the fact that each of them saw modernity differently, and, as a result, solved the problems of literary form differently from his colleagues. At the start of the 1960s, Gombrowicz deﬁ ned the difference among them – the “three musketeers” of modern Polish literature.
Witkacy around the World
Authors: Degler Janusz
Published: January 2020

Fifty years have passed since the publication of the ﬁrst translations of Witkiewicz. Today, the number of translations and the languages in which his work functions is more than impressive. Plays, novels, theoretical dissertations, and philosophical treatises have been translated into 25 languages: English, Arabic, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, Greek, Spanish, Dutch, Japanese, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Ukrainian, Hungarian and Italian. There have been over three hundred productions in twenty-six countries and sixteen exhibitions of paintings, portraits and photographs have been organized in ten countries. There are several factors that have turned out to be decisive for Witkiewicz’s international fame.
Romantic Dialectics: Schulz, Gombrowicz, Witkacy
Authors: Mackiewicz Tomasz
Published: January 2020

Schulz, Gombrowicz, and Witkacy are often mentioned in one breath as the greatest representatives of the avant-garde of the interwar period – the three innovators who revolutionized Polish literature. However, the deeper we examine their works, the more differences appear, thus making it impossible to talk about them in terms of one literary school and revealing how superﬁ cial these apparent similarities really are. Naturally, this does not mean that comparative studies are ruled out. Yet, they would require much more than the narrow horizon of their personal relations and a much wider context of literary afﬁliations. All three authors (paradoxically) disagreed with some romantic principles, yet they did so in the name of other romantic principles. Mocking the legendary Mickiewicz and Słowacki and writing Pan Tadeusz à rebours, Gombrowicz is the romantic advocator of youth: that eternal revolutionist. Schulz, in turn, focussed his romantic treatises (in The Street of Crocodiles and Sanatorium Under the Sign of Hourglass) on being, nature, and poetry, with an ironic upbeat. Finally, Witkacy, who expressed the utmost dislike for messianic ideals and for Mickiewicz’s call to “love one another”, as well as attacking the romantic worship of homeland – was a romantic dandy and valued, above all, individuality and art: the last shelter of metaphysics.
Characters in the Prose Works of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Bruno Schulz, and Witold Gombrowicz
Authors: Siatkowska-Callebat Kinga
Published: January 2020

Literary characters in the works of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Bruno Schulz, and Witold Gombrowicz lets us discern several typical features of their writing. Most importantly, we may observe a pioneering approach to character. It differs from the reading habits of the inter-war period. This is confirmed by the reviewers who invariably criticized the constructions of characters and interpreted them as a sign of writer’s block or the writers’ inclination towards sickness and weirdness. The ﬁ rst readers of these texts rarely considered such construction of characters to be a deliberate choice. The innovation of these three Polish authors in terms of character creation was only discovered and appreciated by scholars after World War II. In the light of texts belonging to various theoretical movements such as psychology and psychoanalysis, gender studies, theory of the grotesque, and contemporary anthropology, and considering the signiﬁ cance of corporeality in the works of these three authors, we can now accurately read their goals in the creation of characters.

The openly ﬁ ctional status of characters, common to all the three writers but realized by them in an individual way, is quite striking. We will not ﬁ nd attempts to construct psychologically believable “real people” in any of them. Deformation, fragmentariness, lack of consistence and of individualisation serve to demonstrate the problems that the subject faced in Modernism, looking for his/her own elusive identity. If we assume that the characters created by all the three authors, characterized by a marked ﬁ ctional existence (from Witkacy to Gombrowicz to Schulz), constitute a wider metaliterary reﬂ ection, we should add that these constructions are not limited to a game with conventions, and rather constitute an “indirect form of existential and anthropological reﬂ ection through poetics and style – they articulate [...] individual and collective realizations and experiences”.
Witkacy: First of All, a Painter – Searching
for an Individual Style
Authors: Żakiewicz Anna
Published: January 2020

Nowadays, Witkacy is known as a multi-talented artist: painter, photographer, art theoretician, playwright, but also the author of four novels and a philosopher. However, ﬁrst of all, he was a painter. He painted and drew from early childhood, encouraged by his father Stanisław Witkiewicz, himself a painter, critic and theoretician of art.
A Tribute to the Tower of Babel: The Future of Comparative Studies and Multilingualism
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

The article evokes the story of the tower of Babel as the symbolic beginning of multilingualism and comparative studies, highlighting the positive, original and optimistic meaning of this symbol. The ﬁ eld of comparative studies addresses a whole variety of crucial problems. Therefore the continuing discussions about the discipline’s end appear to be sign of its vivacity rather than of its death. Like many other disciplines, comparative studies is still in process, undergoing a constant adaptation to the changing conditions, but its place in the humanities must not be underestimated.
Poetry and Philosophy: Four Pillars of Tradition
– A Comparative Study of Discourses
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

It is now a very well known truth that poetry and philosophy are not, and have never been, linked through a stable algorithm1. Any discussion of the two must, then, inevitably start with the historical and synchronic diversity of poetic output, on the one hand, and with the diversity of philosophical concepts, languages, and world models, on the other. Other forms of poetry and philosophy have developed outside Europe and the Mediterranean world – in Islamic, Eastern, and Native American cultures – and must be also taken into account, with all their different rules and relations. It is also necessary to remember that poetry shapes its attitude towards philosophy by shaping its own relation to itself, while philosophy does a similar thing: it shapes its attitude towards poetry by shaping a relation to itself. In other words we can say that in poetry philosophy functions most often as a poetical argument, while in philosophy poetry works as a philosophical argument. The author of the article focuses on relations between literature and philosophy, and their tradiotions such as Plato's ideas, Giambattista Vico's concepts, Frierdich Schlegel's and Novalis's practice, Hegel's convictions and Wilhelm Dilthay works.
Embracing Postmodernity:
Recycling and Rhetoric Instead of Knowledge?
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

This article presents the analysis of present situation in literary research. It shows the consequences of postmodern criticism of methodology and the distrust towards the subject knowledge. The author of the article points out the causes of crisis in the sphere of the discipline and subjects the criticism of methodology in literary research to criticism. The author also notices the phenomena of recycling – a hidden paraphrasing of methodological concepts which are negated and the conversion of the knowledge into rhetorical practice.
A Requiem for Folklore?: Myth, Truth, and Folklorism
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

Requiem for Folklore?… The Myths and Truths of Folklorism The article is concerned with the present state of folklore. There is a fundamental difference between what folklore really meant when it existed and what it means nowadays, in the era of global media. Original folklore was connected to a speciﬁ c type of local culture and community relations, whereas currently it expresses a false commercial identity. Additionally, the article examines the risks involved in building an ideology or a political agenda on folklore and folklorism on the examples of nazism and communism, which were both based on social and nationalist myths of traditional culture.
Romanticism – Folklore – Literature: On the Romantic Fascination with Folklore
Authors: Wnuk Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

Although the term ‘folklore’ was invented in the epoch of romanticism, romantic literature was not objective toward traditional rural culture. Artists, writers and musicians included elements of rural culture (songs, proverbs, etc.) in their works, trying to prove that the folk tradition expressed national values. In such Polish texts as Zamek kaniowski or Dziennik podróży do Tatrów by Seweryn Goszczyński, folklore is subordinated to the romantic conventions. This is why such literary works cannot be considered as records of folklore, but instead as cases of romantic stilization.
“The broken silence of generations”:
Twentieth-century Inheritors of Peasant Culture
Authors: Pilot Marian
Published: January 2020

The new book about Stanisław Czernik (Wacław Przybyła, Stanisław Czernik. Człowiek i pisarz, Ostrzeszów 2010), the founder of the poetic group called „Okolica Poetów” (The Area of Poets) provides a pretext to discuss twentieth-century poets and novelists, who were born in rural areas and, in their works, were concerned with the life of peasants. The articles offers an overview of the difﬁcult situation of Polish peasants in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Whereas such writers as Marian Czuchnowski or Stanisław Młodożeniec treated their works as vehicles for political agitation, Stanisław Czernik advocated „authenticity” as a primary literary aim. As editor and leader of a literary group, Czernik contributed signiﬁ cantly to the strengthening of the rural trend in Polish literature (W. Myśliwski, E. Redliński, J. Kawalec).
Children’s Folklore and Its History in Poland
Authors: Papuzińska-Beksiak Joanna
Published: January 2020

The article discusses the phenomenon of children’s folklore in the age of the Internet, especially with respect to the forms of communication that the Internet facilitates. Children’s folklore has always been connected with the evolving philosophy of childhood. The turn of the turn of the twentieth century marks the emergence of serious studies in children’s oral and textual folklore. This kind of creative output has been recognized as a subcategory of children’s literature (J. Korczak, J. Brzechwa, J. Tuwim etc.). Nowadays the theory of anti-pedagogy (R. Dahl) seems to be the most closely related to children’s folklore.
Different Faces of the Spectacle
Authors: Kasperski Edward
Published: January 2020

The article ﬁrst reﬂects upon Guy Debord’s concept of the society of the spectacle and discusses some of its aspects, such as the theatricality of all human gestures and relations, the marginalization of privacy, and the inﬂuence of mass culture on the human imagination. The boundary between art and entrepreneurship has blurred, and there are not any permanent aesthetic or ethic criteria of assessing the value of art. Subsequently, the article describes three possible relations between the modern society of the spectacle and its literature: 1) (popular) literature and its attachment to the logic of the spectacle, 2) (high) literature as a vehicle for cultural criticism, 3) the theatrical/ dialogical aspect of all human enunciations.
Rozczarowanie, konsumpcja i niespodzianka – estetyczne uwarunkowania odbioru współczesnego słuchowiska
Authors: Łastowiecki Janusz
Published: January 2020

The article refers to Leopold Blaustein’s conceptual framework for radio studies so as to address the problem of the contemporary reception of radio drama. The current understanding of radio art, convergence and hybridization can be elucidated through a reference to Blaustein’s concept of acousion, itself an idea to be examined in the context of contemporary media studies. The categories introduced in the article: surprise, consumption and disappointment, are meant to encourage further research on the functions of radio drama in the digital era of the radio.
Lecture on OBERIU
Authors: Woroszylski Wiktor
Published: January 2020

This is a lecture by Wiktor Woroszylski on the Russian avant-garde group OBERIU that functioned in the Soviet Union in the years 1926–1930. The lecture was given in 1979 as part of the independent Scientific Courses Society. OBERIU was a group of poets and playwrights whose works represented a variety of surrealism and anticipated the literature/theater of the absurd. Their inspiration, however, was not philosophy, but the Soviet reality itself and the tradition of the grotesque in Russian literature. The works of most of the OBERIU writers did not appear until long after their deaths.
Czesław Miłosz: The Years of Learning and Wandering
Authors: Takáts József
Published: January 2020

The article presents a reﬂ ection on the reception of Rodzinna Europa in Hungary and Western Europe (on the example of France) as well as a critical review of this intellectual autobiography of Czesław Miłosz which recently had its new edition in Hungary on the occasion of the centenary of his birth. Two important generic aspects of the book are described: its status as a bildungsroman and a traveller’s account, to show that one of the main ideas of the book derives from an old theory of geographical culture: the place where you live creates your character. Miłosz’s book could be read as an essay on the character of a person from Central Europe. The title and the history of the book’s translation highlight the paradox of experience described by the Polish Nobel laureate: a man from Central Europe feels estranged in the countries of Western Europe, but nevertheless when he encounters Russian or American civilizations he discovers that Europe has its unity and is a familiar rather than an alien place.
INFLUENCE OF THE REFORM OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, CONDUCTED IN THE YEARS 2009-2016, ON THE SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY IN THE OPINION OF CITIZENS
Authors: Lipińska Justyna
Published: January 2020

The conflict in Ukraine in 2014 raised questions in Poland about the legitimacy and effectiveness of the reform of the Polish army, which began in 2009. The abandonment of universal conscription and professionalization of the army resulted in a decrease in the number of people who underwent military training. And this began to raise concerns about the security of the state and its citizens. Research on the professionalization of the army and the impact of this decision on the increase or decrease of threats is important for Polish citizens. The article presents social opinions on this topic
TRAINING OF PERSONNEL HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN AIR TRANSPORT
Authors: Bogusz Dariusz , Sidor Izabela
Published: January 2020

Safe air transport and handling of hazardous substances and objects are affected by training of personnel handling dangerous goods. The carrier or cargo agent is responsible for the acceptation and control process as well as the storage and loading of hazardous materials in accordance with obligatory regulations. The article describes the minimum knowledge of specific sections of the instructions for given persons according to the Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR), which deal with the transport of hazardous substances. Attention was also paid to the professional training of personnel handling hazardous shipments affecting compliance with safety rules in air transport.
SECURITY PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
Authors: Nowacki Gabriel , Paszukow Bohdan
Published: January 2020

The aim of the paper is to present the problems of international airport security. As a result of new types of threats and a significant increase in the number of passengers, new technological solutions are introduced which influence the security of security restricted areas and public areas. This problem, because of its complexity and unpredictability, still leaves a wide margin for improvement and efficiency. On the basis of the studies carried out the work hypothesis, that the professional competence of security personnel and the appropriate selection of electronic assistive devices play an important role in the security of an international airport
WEIMAR TRIANGLE STATES MARINE FORCES
Authors: Nowakowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2020

In the paper shows general information about the Organization and the Weimar Triangle States as well as analysed legislation on cooperation within the framework of this organization. In the following subsections, the author has analyzed the potential of marine forces in Poland, Germany and France
COMMERCIAL OPERATION OF THE SEAPORTS AND THE ASPECT OF CRUISE SHIPS AND DRONE THREATS
Authors: Zawadzki Józef
Published: January 2020

This article discusses the problem that concerns the impact of cruise ships and drone threats to the commercial operation of the seaport. The author presents the correlation between the issues contained in the title of the publication, while citing information necessary to confirm the thesis. Therefore, an appropriate classification of seaport threats, factors affecting competitiveness and examples of incidents involving drones affecting port security were presented
A comparison of methods for obtaining nanocellulose using acid and ionic
liquid hydrolysis reactions
Authors: BABICKA MARTA , RATAJCZAK IZABELA , DWIECKI KRZYSZTOF
Published: January 2020

A comparison of methods for obtaining nanocellulose using acid and ionic liquid hydrolysis reactions.
In this study, two methods were compared, i.e. acid hydrolysis using sulphuric acid (VI) and ionic liquid
hydrolysis using 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium chloride to obtain nanocellulose from Sigmacell Cellulose Type
20. The efficiency of both processes was tested for weight loss of the material during the reaction. The study
showed that much more material can be obtained using ionic liquid hydrolysis than using acid hydrolysis. A
dynamic light scattering study was performed to determine material particle size before and after these
processes. Particles of nanometric size were recorded only for cellulose after the reaction with an ionic liquid. In
addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to determine the chemical structure of the
materials tested.
Comparison results of visual and machine strength grading of Scots pine
sawn timber from the Silesian Forestry Region in Poland
Authors: KRZOSEK SŁAWOMIR , BURAWSKA-KUPNIEWSKA IZABELA , MAŃKOWSKI PIOTR , GRZEŚKIEWICZ MAREK
Published: January 2020

Comparison results of visual and machine strength grading of Scots pine sawn timber from the
Silesian Forestry Region in Poland. The paper presents an analysis of the strength grading results performed by
two methods – visual (appearance) and machine, carried out for sawn timber obtained from the Silesian Forestry
Region in Poland. Visual strength grading was performed in accordance with PN-D-94021:2013, while the
machine strength grading with the use of MTG device from Brookhuis Electronics BV. As a result of the tests, it
was confirmed that the machine grading results in a very small share of sawn timber classified as rejects. At the
same time, during machine strength grading there were some sawn timber pieces that were not classified for any
class or a reject. Based on its visual appearance, such timber elements should be graded as rejects.
Dual study possibilities in selected EU countries
Authors: FABISIAK BEATA , JANKOWKSA ANNA , KŁOS ROBERT
Published: January 2020

Dual study possibilities in selected EU countries. The idea of dual study courses is more and more common in the EU due to the raising problem of the lack of qualified employees. Although the dual studies are very similar in their form such as internships in companies, case studies etc., their scope differs significantly among the analyzed countries. It was observed that, on average, about 70% of students take part in the vocational education and training in Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Netherlands, Slovakia and Slovenia but only 20% in Cyprus and Hungary. In countries such as: Germany, Netherlands and Austria over 40% of companies employ vocational education and training participants while the average costs of continuing vocational training for the EU-28 is calculated at the level of around 1500 Purchasing Power Standard per participant. The research was based on the data obtained from the EUROSTAT.
Testing the tightness of a square joint between oak wood elements
Authors: DOBROWOLSKA EWA , KARWAT ZBIGNIEW , KUPIEC DANIEL
Published: January 2020

Testing the tightness of a square joint between oak wood elements. The study was carried out to
determine the tightness of square joints between elements made of oak wood. To determine the degree of
tightness of these joints, a device measuring the swelling pressure of oak wood under the influence of water
humidification was designed. Checking the tightness of joints was carried out for surfaces obtained by
machining through: grinding, milling, machine planing and manual planing. Contact angles at the phase
boundary wood-water and their roughness achieved as a result of machining were also determined. During the
wood swelling pressure test, the values of the preload of square joints were changed. The analysis of the results
showed that the tightness of the square joint is influenced mainly by the roughness of the surface obtained as a
result of machining and the size of the force of the initial load exerted on the moistened surfaces.
Traditional ornaments of Świdermajers’ style windows in the town of
Otwock
Authors: DWORNIK MARTA , ROŻAŃSKA ANNA , BEER PIOTR
Published: January 2020

The paper provides an analysis of windows in antique Świdermajers’ style wooden buildings, located
in Otwock. It has been discovered that many of them have been already replaced with new ones. Attention was
paid to the traditional Polish casement window structure with transom and the main part below, additionally
divided into smaller areas by wooden horizontal or vertical muntins. Analysis of traditional window carpentry
elements such as shutters, window sills, cornices and batten frames was made together with their classification
based on different kinds of decorative motifs.
Wood fibreboard paraffin hydrophobization and the impact of this
treatment on the board surface finishing quality
Authors: KÚDELA JOZEF
Published: January 2020

Wood fibreboard paraffin hydrophobization and the impact of this treatment on the board surface
finishing quality. The aim of this paper is to analyse the causes of surface treatment defects in commercially
produced wood fibreboards (FB). The analysis of: the obtained (measured and calculated) thermodynamic
characteristics and of the results of microscopic examinations demonstrated that the excessive FB
hydrophobization with paraffin may cause the paraffin to release from the FB surface and to migrate into the first
primer layer. For the sanded FBs, similar paraffin migration was also observed into the second primer layer. This
entailed lowered drying rate for the coating materials applied on FB, lower adhesion of the coating materials to
the substrate and also lower adhesion between the particular coating layers applied. At the same time, the
occurring frequency of surface treatment defects increased.
Influence of the ion implantation of nitrogen and selected metals on the
lifetime of WC-Co indexable knives during MDF machining
Authors: BARLAK MAREK , WILKOWSKI JACEK , SZYMANOWSKI KAROL , CZARNIAK PAWEŁ , PODZIEWSKI PIOTR , WERNER ZBIGNIEW , ZAGÓRSKI JERZY , STASZKIEWICZ BOGDAN
Published: January 2020

Influence of the ion implantation of nitrogen and selected metals on the lifetime of WC-Co indexable
knives during MDF machining. The paper presents the results of durability tests for WC-Co indexable knives
during the machining of MDF. The knives were implanted with nitrogen, zirconium, molybdenum and tin, using
MEVVA type implanter with non-mass separated beam. Additionally, the Monte Carlo simulation results of the
main parameters of the depth profiles of the implanted elements are presented in this paper. A higher correlation
of tool life with the project range and range straggling than with the parameter of the peak volume dopant
concentration was demonstrated.
Modelling of nitrogen implantation processes into WC-Co indexable knives for wood-based material machining using ion implanters with or without direct ion beam
Authors: BARLAK MAREK , WILKOWSKI JACEK , WERNER ZBIGNIEW
Published: January 2020

Modelling of nitrogen implantation processes into WC-Co indexable knives for wood-based material machining using ion implanters with or without direct ion beam. The paper presents the results of modelling of the depth profiles of nitrogen implanted to W-C-Co material using ion implanters with or without direct ion beam. The modelling was performed using the Monte Carlo method. The results were obtained for one fluence of the implanted ions and three different values of the acceleration voltage.
The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on nano-scale hardness and elastic modulus of WC-Co indexable knives for wood materials machining
Authors: WILKOWSKI JACEK , BARLAK MAREK , BÖTTGER ROMAN , WERNER ZBIGNIEW
Published: January 2020

The effect of nitrogen ion implantation on nano-scale hardness and elastic modulus of WC-Co indexable knives for wood materials machining. The paper presents the results of a study investigating the effects of nitrogen ion implantation into the surface layer of WC-Co blades, used for machining wood materials, on their hardness and modulus of elasticity at the nano-scale. The modified blades were analyzed in six variants of implantation process parameters, and compared with control blades (virgin, unmodified). Three energies of accelerating nitrogen ions were used in the implantation process (5, 50 and 500 keV) and two doses of implanted ions (1e17 and 5e17 cm-2). The nano-hardness and elastic modulus of all blades were measured using an Anton Paar TriTec (UNHT) hardness tester.
Furniture use safety at early design stage
Authors: MAJEWSKI ADAM
Published: January 2020

Furniture use safety at early design stage. This paper presents a virtual method of determining the
usage safety of a bed frame. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different external loads
dictated by standards on the newly designed bed structure. Furthermore, it was decided to take into consideration
unusual ways of acting load. Finally, the test of dynamic load was carried out. The analysis was executed by
means of Finite Element Method in Computer Aided Engineering software. Results of stress distribution and
displacements were compared to previously investigated mechanical properties of the used materials, such
as elastic plywood and pine wood rigidity. Based on compared data, the safe use of bed frame was determined.
The numerical calculations performed proved that there are possibilities of design changes to improve user safety
and/or reduce production costs while ensuring sufficient mechanical properties of the furniture. Conclusions
of the analysis suggested a possibility to sub-optimize the tested solution.
The influence of temperature on selected strength properties of furniture
particleboard
Authors: BORYSIUK PIOTR , TETELEWSKA ANNA , RADOSŁAW AURIGA , JENCZYK-TOŁŁOCZKO IZABELLA
Published: January 2020

The influence of temperature on selected strength properties of furniture particleboard. As a part of
the study, the influence of temperature on selected properties of furniture particleboard was tested. P2 type
industrial particleboards in three finishing options: raw boards (1), boards covered with melamine film in white
(2) and black (3) (10 samples per variant) have been subjected to temperatures from -20oC to +120oC, at 10oC
intervals. The Time of exposure for individual temperatures was 7 days. MOR, MOE and IB were determined
for tested boards. It has been shown that temperatures above 50oC have a negative effect on strength properties
of boards. A large decrease in all tested parameters was observed in the temperature range from +60oC to
+120oC. It was also noted that finishing boards with melamine film did not improve their durability.
Decomposition of cutting forces in quasi-orthogonal CNC milling
Authors: KOPECKÝ ZDENĚK , HLÁSKOVÁ LUĎKA , ROUSEK MIROSLAV
Published: January 2020

Decomposition of cutting forces in quasi-orthogonal CNC milling. The paper is focused on the analysis of cutting forces in milling of MDF boards on the CNC machine called SCM Tech 99 L. The Kistler 9257 B is top-of-the-line dynamometer with DynoWare software used to measure power and analyse data. The forces were examined and analysed using quasi-orthogonal milling with a single-edged blade. The resulting force values were compared with each other depending on the conventional and climb milling of the edge of the MDF board at various feed speeds.
Evaluation of safety and arduousness of work conditions of feller with use
of modern measurement methods
Authors: DROBINA ROBERT , POMIETLORZ-LOSKA MARTA , MATUSZNY MARCIN , MALKIEWICZ JADWIGA
Published: January 2020

Evaluation of safety and arduousness of work conditions of feller with use of modern measurement
methods. An analysis of issues relating to the subject of widely understood science of ergonomics is shown.
Considerations of the authors concentrate on the assessment of arduousness of work of a worker in the
workplace of a feller with special consideration of modern measurement methods implementation. The article
also aims at establishing whether Body Media Sense Wear device and POLAR V800 with Polar Flow software
are useful in monitoring of physical activity parameters of wood industry workers while diagnosing strain of
their work.
Influence of apple wood waste from the annual care cut on the mechanical properties of particleboards
Authors: AURIGA RADOSŁAW , BORYSIUK, PIOTR , GUMOWSKA ANETA , SMULSKI PIOTR
Published: January 2020

Influence of apple wood waste from the annual care cut on the mechanical properties of particleboards. As part of the work, the influence of the share of apple wood waste from the annual care cut on the mechanical properties of 3-layer particle boards was examined. Particleboards were prepared using two variants of the specific maximum pressing pressure of 1.5 MPa and 2.5 MPa and mass share of particles from apple wood waste at the level of 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%. The results of the tests show a decrease in the value of the modulus of rapture and modulus of elasticity with the increase of the share of the additive in particleboard. In spite of the decrease of the value of the modulus of rapture and modulus of elasticity, all produced particleboards with the application of specific pressing pressure at the level of 2.5 MPa, met the requirements for P2 type particle board included in the PN 312: 2011 standard.