bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Steel Fibers and Thermal Cycles on Fracture Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Authors: Hakeem Ibrahim , Azad Abul K. , Ahmad Shamsad
Published: April 2013

The advent of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC), a new generation of cementitious material having excellent material properties, has generated a great deal of interest in the field. In this study, the fracture properties of UHPC mixtures reinforced with steel fiber (fiber content varying from 0 to 6.2 % by weight) and subjected to thermal cycles were investigated to examine the effect of heat–cool cycles. The standard prism of 100 × 100 × 400 mm3 with a central notch was used in a three-point bend test to determine fracture properties that include critical stress-intensity factor (Kic), critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc), energy release rate, and total fracture energy. All specimens were water-cured for 28 days. Two exposure conditions were used: a 6-month thermal cycling and a 6-month laboratory exposure for further self-curing. The thermal cycling comprised heating in an oven at 60°C for 2 days and then cooling them at room temperature for the next 2 days over a period of 6 months. Test results show that UHPC reinforced with 6.2 % steel fiber exhibited excellent fracture properties with significant ductility. Both thermal cycling and prolonged self-curing of water-cured UHPC specimens enhance fracture properties because of more complete hydration of cement in UHPC. This improvement in properties signals an additional advantage of water-cured UHPC for its application in hot climatic conditions.
Association of Anthracycline-Related Cardiac Histological Lesions With NADPH Oxidase Functional Polymorphisms
Authors: Cascales Almudena , Pastor-Quirante Francisco , Sánchez-Vega Beatriz , Luengo-Gil Ginés , Corral Javier , Ortuño-Pacheco Guzmán , Vicente Vicente , Peña Francisco Ayala
Published: April 2013

Objective.

Treatment with anthracyclines may cause cardiac dysfunction, but the sequence of anthracycline-induced heart lesions has been incompletely characterized. NADPH oxidase, a key mediator of oxidative cardiac damage and remodeling, modulates anthracycline clinical cardiotoxicity. Our aim was to determine which cardiac histological lesions are specifically induced by anthracycline treatment and to investigate the role of NADPH functional genetic polymorphisms in their development.

Patients and Methods.

Using a retrospective case–control design, we evaluated cardiac histological lesions and NADPH genotype (polymorphisms rs1883112, rs4673, and rs13058338) in 97 consecutive decedents with a cancer diagnosis (48 treated with anthracyclines).

Results.

Myocytolysis (60%), patched myocardial necrosis (19%), and myocardial fibrosis (diffuse and patched; 62% and 23%, respectively) were associated with anthracycline treatment. In patients receiving anthracyclines, NADPH oxidase polymorphism rs4673 protected against focal myocardial necrosis (odds ratio [OR], 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20–0.63) whereas rs1883112 was strongly associated with cardiac fibrosis (OR, 5.11; 95% CI, 1.59–16.43), which was present in all homozygotes.

Conclusion.

Anthracyclines induce a cardiac remodeling pattern characterized by interstitial or patched fibrosis. The contribution of the functionally relevant NADPH polymorphisms rs1883112 and rs4673 to anthracycline-related heart lesions provides a plausible explanation for their modulation of cardiotoxicity. If confirmed, these findings may lead to better individualized strategies for early detection and prevention of anthracycline cardiotoxicity.
Toxicity of Bevacizumab in Combination with Chemotherapy in Older Patients
Authors: Mohile Supriya G. , Hardt Molly , Tew William , Owusu Cynthia , Klepin Heidi , Gross Cary , Gajra Ajeet , Lichtman Stuart M. , Feng Tao , Togawa Kayo , Ramani Rupal , Katheria Vani , Hansen Kurt , Hurria Arti ,   Cancer and Aging Research Group.
Published: April 2013

Learning Objectives

Compare characteristics of older patients that receive bevacizumab plus chemotherapy to those treated with chemotherapy alone for advanced NSCLC and CRC. Compare outcomes between older patients treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy to chemotherapy alone for advanced NSCLC and CRC. Describe toxicities in older patients treated with bevacizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC and CRC.

Background.

Bevacizumab leads to improved survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) when added to chemotherapy. Little is known about factors associated with receipt of bevacizumab, or whether bevacizamab is associated with increased toxicity when added to chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods.

We conducted a prospective study of patients aged ≥65 years, which evaluated the association between geriatric assessment (GA) metrics and chemotherapy toxicity. We examined differences in characteristics and outcomes of patients with CRC and NSCLC cancers who received bevacizumab with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone.

Results.

From a total of 207 patients, 27 (13%) received bevacizumab plus chemotherapy and 180 (87%) received chemotherapy alone. Groups were similar in sociodemographic and cancer characteristics. There were no baseline differences in GA domains except that patients with heart disease were less likely to receive bevacizumab (4% vs. 26%, p = .01). Seventy-eight percent of patients who had bevacizumab had grade 3–5 toxicity compared to only 57% who received chemotherapy alone (p = .06). Patients receiving bevacizumab were more likely to develop grade 3 hypertension than those who received chemotherapy alone (15% vs. 2%, p < .01). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with grade 3 or more toxicity included: bevacizumab (OR: 2.86, p = .04), CRC (OR: 2.54, p < .01), and baseline anemia (OR: 2.58, p = .03).

Conclusion.

Heart disease was more common in those who did not receive bevacizumab. Older patients who receive bevacizumab with chemotherapy have a higher odds of developing a grade 3–5 toxicity compared with those who receive chemotherapy alone.
Antiangiogenic Therapies for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sampat Keeran R. , O'Neil Bert
Published: April 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant cause of death worldwide. HCC is a highly vascular tumor, and proangiogenic cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor may play crucial roles in this disease. Sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that blocks VEGF and PDGF signaling, was the first systemic therapy to demonstrate improved survival in patients with advanced HCC. Several other drugs targeting VEGF are in development. Because of the anticipation of eventual resistance to anti-VEGF therapies, drugs that also target alternative proangiogenic pathways are being investigated. Recent clinical and preclinical data along with ongoing studies are reviewed.
Approval Summary: Cetuximab in Combination With Cisplatin or Carboplatin and 5-Fluorouracil for the First-Line Treatment of Patients With Recurrent Locoregional or Metastatic Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Cohen Martin H. , Chen Huanyu , Shord Stacy , Fuchs Chana , He Kun , Zhao Hong , Sickafuse Sharon , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard
Published: April 2013

Learning Objectives

Compare survival outcomes among patients with SCCHN treated with a platinum/5 -FU regimen with and without cetuximab. Compare adverse event profiles among patients with SCCHN treated with a platinum/5 -FU regimen with and without cetuximab. Describe potential risk-benefit issues identified in the EU and US studies.

On November 7, 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved cetuximab in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil for the first-line treatment of patients with recurrent locoregional or metastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer. Approval was based on a randomized study of 442 patients conducted outside the U.S. Cisplatin (100 mg/m2 intravenously) or carboplatin (area under the curve 5 intravenously) on day 1 with 5-fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2/day continuous intravenous infusion days 1–4) were administered every 3 weeks. Cetuximab, 400 mg/m2 intravenously, was administered initially followed by cetuximab, 250 mg/m2 intravenously weekly. After completion of six planned treatment courses, cetuximab patients without progression continued cetuximab 250 mg/m2 weekly. The study used European Union (EU)-approved cetuximab rather than U.S.-approved cetuximab. U.S.-approved cetuximab provides approximately 28% higher exposure relative to EU-approved cetuximab in a pharmacokinetic comparability study in monkeys. Overall survival, the primary efficacy endpoint, was significantly improved in cetuximab-treated patients (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–0.98; p = .034, stratified log-rank test). Median survival times were 10.1 and 7.4 months, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) was also significantly improved in patients receiving cetuximab (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.46–0.72; p < .0001). Median PFS times were 5.5 and 3.3 months, respectively. Response rates were 35.6% and 19.5% (odds ratio: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.50–3.60; p = .0001). Adverse reactions (≥25%) from cetuximab plus chemotherapy treatment included nausea, anemia, vomiting, neutropenia, rash, asthenia, diarrhea, and anorexia. Conjunctivitis occurred in 10% of cetuximab patients. Other adverse reactions, sometimes severe, included infusion reactions, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia.
The Eating Habits Confidence Survey: Reliability and Validity in Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Decker Jonathan Wright , Dennis Karen E.
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose: Psychometric properties of the Eating Habits Confidence Survey (EC) were evaluated in a sample of 86 overweight and obese postmenopausal women. Methods: Inter-item correlations and coefficient alphas of the total and subscale scores were conducted. Correlations of the EC to the Eating Self-Efficacy Scale (ESES), Eating Behavior Inventory (EBI), and Binge Eating Scale (BES) were examined as approaches to concurrent and contrast validity. Results: Cronbach’s alphas were adequate for total (.83) and subscale (.64–.80) scores. Only the EC subscale “sticking to it” correlated with the other eating scales. This correlation demonstrates concurrent validity with the other scales that reflected persistence in healthy eating, and contrast validity with them in that the other scales measured different issues under the rubric of eating self-efficacy and behaviors. Conclusions: Thus, the EC performed well among a different demographic than those used during its development. This inexpensive and easily administered survey manifests credible validity and reliability. Nevertheless, evidence for its validity and reliability needs to be accrued when it is used in diverse populations.
The Reasoning and Regulating Medication Adherence Instrument for Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Development and Psychometric Evaluation
Authors: Lehane Elaine , McCarthy Geraldine , Collender Valerie , Deasy Ann , O’Sullivan Kathleen
Published: April 2013

Background: Many patients experience difficulty taking medications resulting in suboptimal adherence. Ambiguity surrounding adherence issues in chronic illness has been exacerbated by a lack of patient-centered, medication-specific, and theoretically integrative measurement instruments. Aim: To develop a reliable and valid instrument to measure the factors that influence adherence in patients prescribed pharmacotherapy for coronary artery disease. Methods: Phase 1 involved the development of instrument structure and content. Constructs to be measured were defined through an analysis of adherence literature and qualitative interviews with patients. Phase 2 established the psychometric properties of the instrument. Exploratory factor analyses, reliability, and validity estimations were undertaken with a sample of patients (n= 404) from 3 tertiary cardiology referral centers. Results: Factor analyses resulted in a logically coherent, 16-item, three-factor solution that explained 50.5% variance. The factors were labelled: “Medication Planning Strategies,” “Health Risk, and Health Protection.” Internal consistency reliability met acceptable standards (α = .700 to α = .785). Fair to excellent intraclass correlations for temporal stability were demonstrated (.498–.882). Preliminary construct validity was supported by promising findings in relation to content validity results and factor structure stability. Conclusions: A new adherence instrument for patients on pharmacotherapy for coronary artery disease has been developed and initial psychometric properties have been established. Additional instrument validation will be directed at further establishing construct and criterion-related validity. It is intended that this measure will be useful in identifying factors that impede or facilitate adherent behavior and contribute to advancing the science of instrument development within adherence research.
Revision of the Beginning Breastfeeding Survey: A Cumulative Assessment of Breastfeeding
Authors: Mulder Pamela
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose: Women use their cumulative breastfeeding experiences, in combination with other factors, to make their infant feeding decisions. This pilot study assessed the reliability and predictive validity of the revised Beginning Breastfeeding Survey-Cumulative (BBS-C). Methods: 25 women were recruited prenatally from a university hospital. The BBS-C was completed before hospital discharge. Infant feeding outcomes were measured at 1 and 3 months postpartum. Results: Participants were 17–40 years old, mostly married, Whites, and well-educated. Coefficient alpha was .92–.94. The BBS-C predicted an infant not receiving breast milk, not feeding from the breast, and receiving infant formula feedings. Conclusions: In this sample, the BBS-C had strong reliability and predictive validity. Further testing should assess reliability and predictive validity in a wider range of populations and settings.
Query Fever Endocarditis
Authors: Ang Lee Boon , Andrews Tracy D.
Published: April 2013

Acute query (Q) fever caused by Coxiella burnetii infection can present with various signs and symptoms such as flulike illness, pneumonia, or hepatitis, creating a diagnostic challenge. Patients with previous valve surgery are at a higher risk of developing chronic Q fever endocarditis, several months or years following initial infection despite treatment. Q fever was primarily seen in patients who have contact with farm animals. It is being seen in military or contracted personnel returning from Middle East deployment or in close proximity to a farm. The incidence has increased nearly seven times because it became a nationally reported disease in 1999. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists C. burnetii as a potential bioterrorism agent caused by its inhalation transmission and bacterial resistance to heat and chemicals. Currently, vaccination is not available in the United States. In Australia, vaccination has resulted in a decrease in prevalence.
Obesity Self-Management Education: A Community-Based Project for an Underserved Population
Authors: Madden Ruth Ann , Kane Heather , Eisner Reina
Published: April 2013

Obesity is a disease linked to several cardiovascular and endocrine dysfunctions as well as decreased life expectancy and quality of life. Obesity management is a prevalent and persistent concern in primary care. We implemented an educational intervention to promote self-management for 10 patients in a medically underserved clinic to support patients in addressing weight management through positive self-care behaviors. Lifestyle interventions for these participants resulted in self-reported minimal weight loss with significant and sustained lifestyle modifications, such as healthier food choices, portion control, and increased exercise. Recommendations for the future include the use of health care professionals to educate patients about self-management and goal setting with sustained follow-up in treatment of chronic disease.
Spirituality as a Coping Mechanism for Chronic Illness
Authors: Lewis Mary Beth , Peterson Eric J.
Published: April 2013

Chronic illness and sickness includes more than just the physical treatment of a disease process. Health care relational models emphasize that adequate care for an illness involves ensuring that a patient’s emotional health and well-being is addressed along with one’s physical well-being. During a health care assessment, a doctorally prepared advanced practice nurse (APN) should take into consideration the patient’s physiological, social, neurological, and spiritual health. Today’s health care arena does not allow or reimburse for lengthy assessments or extensive health histories, practices, and support systems. The time allotted instead is spent listening to each patient’s current issues, making an assessment and diagnosis, and formulating a treatment plan and educating the patient accordingly. Because of the drive for efficiency, mainly because of reimbursement reductions, providers may doubt the necessity to discuss spirituality in the management of chronic illness. Patients that lack a social support system especially may benefit from a doctorally prepared APN’s nurturing of their spirituality for emotional comfort. Spirituality influences the ability of the patient to cope with chronic pain, either negatively or positively, and is acknowledged by doctorally prepared APNs as an important coping mechanism. For these reasons, doctorally prepared APNs should be aware of community resources to support patients with their spiritual growth and well-being.
Ultrasonic irradiation as pretreatment for the reduction of excess sludge by Fenton-acclimation treatment
Authors: Qiu Song , Xia Mengjing , Li Zhenshan
Published: April 2013

Ultrasonic irradiation as a pretreatment of Fenton-acclimation treatment was investigated to enhance the efficiency of sludge reduction and effectiveness of operating cost. A series of batch experiments were conducted to optimize the reaction conditions for ultrasonic–Fenton treatment. Separate ultrasonic treatment suggested that input power of 0.4 W/mL and ultrasonic time of 10 min were the optimal conditions for sludge disintegration, and the efficiency was reduced with the increase of sludge mixed liquor suspended solids. Separate Fenton treatment revealed that 9 g/L and 40 mg/L were the optimal dosages of H2O2 and Fe2+ respectively for sludge lysis under pH of 3. Particle distribution (75.49% of the particles distributed between 7.18 and 31.11 μm after Fenton treatment while 93.35% of the particles distributed between 4.62 and 18.50 μm after ultrasonic–Fenton treatment) and chemical oxygen demand (51.89% higher in ultrasonic–Fenton treatment than that in Fenton treatment) demonstrated that combined ultrasonic–Fenton treatment was effective in sludge disintegration compared to separate Fenton treatment. With ultrasound as pretreatment, sludge reduction rate increased from 26.53 to 63.59% with operating cost reduction of 51.46%, indicating ultrasonic irradiation was effective in improving both sludge reduction efficiency and operating cost-effectiveness.
Use of pressure manifestations following the water plasma expansion for phytomass disintegration
Authors: Maroušek Josef , Kwan Jason Tai Hong
Published: April 2013

A prototype capable of generating underwater high-voltage discharges (3.5 kV) coupled with water plasma expansion was constructed. The level of phytomass disintegration caused by transmission of the pressure shockwaves (50–60 MPa) followed by this expansion was analyzed using gas adsorption techniques. The dynamics of the external surface area and the micropore volume on multiple pretreatment stages of maize silage and sunflower seeds was approximated with robust analytical techniques. The multiple increases on the reaction surface were manifest in up to a 15% increase in cumulative methane production, which was itself manifest in the overall acceleration of the anaerobic fermentation process. Disintegration of the sunflower seeds allowed up to 45% higher oil yields using the same operating pressure.
Impact of sulfate and chloride on sediment phosphorus release in the Yangtze Estuary Reservoir, China
Authors: Jin Xiaodan , He Yiliang , Zhang Bo , Hassan Younas , George Kirumba
Published: April 2013

The impact of sulfate (SO42−) and chloride (Cl−) on phosphorus (P) release from sediment in the drinking water reservoir of Yangtze River Estuary was studied systematically. A significant correlation between sodium (Na+), Cl−, SO42− and total P was found, suggesting that P was directly or indirectly associated with these ions. SO42− and Cl− were important factors that had an impact on P release from the sediment. The results showed that both sulfate and chloride enhanced phosphorus release from sediment. In the sulfate treatment, the decrease of organic phosphorus (OP) suggested that the mineralization of OP enhanced P release from sediment. Phosphonate was the main factor affecting the P release under sulfate condition. In chloride treatment, the sediment composition of iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) increased. The P fractions of Fe/Al-P, Ca-P and OP in sediment also increased. However, the increase of P was unstable after chloride treatment and was easy to release under disturbance. In this study, it was observed that sulfate and chloride could increase the risk of eutrophication in the Yangtze River Estuary drinking water reservoir.
Bimodal and multimodal descriptions of soil-water characteristic curves for structural soils
Authors: Liu Shiyu , Yasufuku Noriyuki , Liu Qiang , Omine Kiyoshi , Hemanta Hazarika
Published: April 2013

In the last decades several approaches have been developed to describe bimodal or multimodal soil-water characteristic curves (SWCCs). Unfortunately, most of these models were derived empirically. In the presented study, physically based bimodal and multimodal SWCC functions have been developed for structural soils. The model involved two or more continual pore series; the probability density functions for each pore series were assumed to be lognormal distribution and can be superposed to obtain the overall probability density function of the structural soils. The proposed functions were capable of simulating bimodal or multimodal SWCCs using parameters which can be related to physical properties of the structural soils. The experimental SWCC data were used to verify the proposed method. The fitting results showed that the proposed approaches resulted in good agreement between measurement and simulation. These functions can potentially be used as effective tools for indentifying hydraulic porosities in the structural mediums.
The effect of different percentages of bulking agent (sawdust) on microbial quality of faecal sludge
Authors: Mensah P. Y. , Kuffour R. A. , Baidoo P. K. , Awuah E.
Published: April 2013

The use of raw sludge spread on land as conditioner and fertilizer has been practised over the years in urban agriculture. However, this raw sludge (biosolids) is associated with a potential health risk as a result of the pathogenic microorganisms it contains. The study considered the dewatering of faecal sludge (FS) mixed with sawdust to produce biosolids that can be applied as manure for agricultural use. It assessed the bacterial and helminth egg qualities of the biosolids produced from FS–sawdust mixture. Bench-scale unplanted filter beds were used for dewatering of FS mixed with different percentages of sawdust. The sludge consisted of public toilet sludge and septage in the ratio of 1:3. An analysis of variance of the completely randomized design was undertaken and a P-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The sawdust–FS mixture analysed after complete dewatering showed significant reduction in microbial (bacteria) content (P < 0.05) and helminth eggs, making the biosolids produced safe for farmers and the environment. The bulking agent improved the quality of the biosolids, with greatest pathogen removal observed in the 150% sawdust, whilst the least reduction was recorded in the 0% sawdust (control).
The survival of mycobacteria in pure human urine
Authors: Orumwense Pedro Osagie , Torvinen Eila , Heinonen-Tanski Helvi
Published: April 2013

Mycobacterial pathogens can be excreted in human urine by some infected individuals. High numbers of pathogenic mycobacteria in the urine could represent a new transmission route for mycobacterial infections if the urine is used for crop fertilization. In this study, the survival of spiked Mycobacterium aurum and M. fortuitum as fast-growing mycobacteria and M. avium and M. bovis as slow-growing mycobacteria were tested in urine. The tests were conducted in fresh (<1 day old) and stored human urine (>6 months old) at temperatures of 15 and 30 °C. The results indicate that these mycobacterial strains survived less than 2 weeks in stored urine at 30 °C with a pH value of around 9.0. Mycobacteria had the longest survival time, up to 6 weeks, in fresh urine stored at 15 °C. There were negative correlations between the increase in pH and the number of spiked mycobacteria in urine. In conclusion, if human urine is to be used for fertilization, it is advisable to store it for more than 6 weeks at least at 15 °C in order to prevent survival and subsequent exposure to pathogenic mycobacteria.
Markov modulated Poisson process models incorporating covariates for rainfall intensity
Authors: Thayakaran R. , Ramesh N. I.
Published: April 2013

Time series of rainfall bucket tip times at the Beaufort Park station, Bracknell, in the UK are modelled by a class of Markov modulated Poisson processes (MMPP) which may be thought of as a generalization of the Poisson process. Our main focus in this paper is to investigate the effects of including covariate information into the MMPP model framework on statistical properties. In particular, we look at three types of time-varying covariates namely temperature, sea level pressure, and relative humidity that are thought to be affecting the rainfall arrival process. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to obtain the parameter estimates, and likelihood ratio tests are employed in model comparison. Simulated data from the fitted model are used to make statistical inferences about the accumulated rainfall in the discrete time interval. Variability of the daily Poisson arrival rates is studied.
Treatment of diazo dye C.I. Reactive Black 5 in aqueous solution by combined process of interior microelectrolysis and ozonation
Authors: Guo Xiaoyan , Cai Yaping , Wei Zhongbo , Hou Haifeng , Yang Xi , Wang Zunyao
Published: April 2013

Interior microelectrolysis (IM) as a pretreatment process was effective to treat Reactive Black 5 (RB5) in this study. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and color were 46.05, 39.99 and 98.77%, respectively, when this process was conducted under the following optimal conditions: the volumetric ratio between iron scraps and active carbon (AC) (V(Fe)/V(C)) 1.0, pH 2.0, aeration dosage 0.6 L/min, and reaction time 100 min. Contaminants could be further removed by ozonation. After subsequent ozonation for 200 min, the solution could be completely decolorized, and the COD and TOC removal rates were up to 77.78 and 66.51%, respectively. In addition, acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna showed that pretreatment by IM generated effluents that were more toxic when compared with the initial wastewater, and the toxicity was reduced after subsequent ozonation.
Application of cigarette filter rods as biofilm carrier in an integrated fixed-film activated sludge reactor
Authors: Sabzali Ahmad , Nikaeen Mahnaz , Bina Bijan
Published: April 2013

Bio-carriers are an important component of integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) processes. In this study, the capability of cigarette filter rods (CFRs) as a bio-carrier in IFAS processes was evaluated. Two similar laboratory-scale IFAS systems were operated over a 4-month period using Kaldnes-K3 and CFRs as IFAS media. The process performance was studied by using chemical oxygen demand (COD). The organic loading rate was in the range 0.5–2.8 kgCOD/(m3·d). The COD average removal efficiencies were 89.3 and 93.9% for Kaldnes-K3 (reactor A) and cigarette filters (reactor B), respectively. The results demonstrate that the performance of the IFAS reactor containing CFRs was comparable to the reactor using Kaldnes. The CFRs, which have a high porous surface area and entrapment ability for microbial cells, could be successfully used in biofilm reactors as a bio-carrier.
Spatial analysis for identifying hotspots of EDC and PPCP sources for monitoring systems
Authors: Park M. J. , Park M.-H.
Published: April 2013

This study utilized spatial analysis to identify hotspots for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs) using data from potential sources including wastewater treatment plants, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)-permitted pollution sources, septic systems, and agricultural and grazing areas. The study area is Lake Mead, to which the return of treated effluent is one of the largest water reuse practices in the USA. Based on Getis-Ord's Gi* statistic, clusters of pollution sources were identified based on the values of each feature and its neighboring features. Spatial analysis was applied to evaluate the impact from point and nonpoint source pollution. The results of spatial statistical analyses were used to evaluate the existing sampling locations in Las Vegas Wash. The results indicated that sampling locations with highest concentrations of EDCs/PPCPs were close to the outlets of subbasins with high susceptibility to EDCs/PPCPs, which confirms the suitability of sampling locations.
Effect of passivated iron powder on final-product distribution in Fe-supported denitrification
Authors: An Yi , Zhang Keqiang , Zhang Lei , Dong Qi
Published: April 2013

An integrated nitrate treatment using passivated iron powder (PIP) and Alcaligenes eutrophus, which is a kind of hydrogenotrophic denitrifying bacteria, was conducted to investigate the effect of iron oxide coating on final-product distribution in hydrogenotrophic denitrification. Based on the results, the autotrophic denitrification supported by PIP could completely remove about 50 mg·L−1 of nitrate within 4 days, and almost 80% of nitrate was changed into N2O (under acetylene blocking) without residual nitrite or ammonium. While only 53% of the nitrate was removed using acid-washed iron (AWI) instead of PIP, about 70% was converted into ammonium. Furthermore, a layer of FeOOH converted from hematite (α-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4), which may block direct chemical nitrate reduction, was observed on the iron surface when PIP was used to support hydrogenotrophic denitrification. In addition, increasing pH from 5 to 8 increased nitrite generation from 1.19 to 4.91%, and decreased ammonium formation from 4.23 to 0%.
Species density obtained for fish sampled with three seine nets hauled individually towards a stop net or a bank
Authors: Penczak Tadeusz
Published: April 2013

Researchers continuously search for adequate and inexpensive fish sampling methods and, as such, it is worth remembering the quantitative seine method with three identical nets hauled individually towards a stop net or a bank. A sample obtained by three nets is the absolute minimum for any accurate estimate employing a removal technique, and this procedure provides an estimate of density with a known error, because it allows for calculations of the variance value. Density (the number of individuals calculated from the model, as per defined area or volume), a popular term in the previous century when a secondary production and bioenergetics budget studies were considered to be modern investigations, but now when it is used with different meanings, an attempt has to be undertaken to sort out this terminology.
Comparison of ILMA Guided Tracheal Intubation in the Lateral Position with the Supine Position
Authors: Naithani Manish , Saxena Kirti N , Gaba Prachi , Dua C K
Published: April 2013

Background: The ILMA has been established as a valuable airway management device in the supine position, in both elective and emergency situations, for both ventilation and intubation. Intubation in lateral position might be necessary in some congenital syndromes, morbid obesity, or after accidental extubation in laterally positioned patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ILMA for intubation of patients in the lateral position and compare it with intubation in the supine position. Aims: To determine and compare the success rate, time taken, and complications of intubation with the ILMA in the lateral versus supine position. Settings and Design: Prospective, clinical investigation, in a tertiary level, multispecialty hospital. Methods and Material: Seventy ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective surgeries were randomly allocated into two groups of 35 patients each. The groups F1 and F2 consisted of patients who were intubated with the ILMA in the supine and lateral positions, respectively. The comparison of the two positions was based on: success of intubation, success at first attempt, number of attempts, intubation time, and incidences of oesophageal intubation, oxygen desaturation, mucosal injury and postoperative sore throat. Statistical Analysis used: The data was analysed, and for comparison of mean between two groups, unpaired student “t”-test was applied. ?2-test or Fischer exact test were applied for categorical variables like number of attempts, incidence of mucosal injury etc. Results: The intubation success rate was 100% in both positions. The success rate of intubation in the first attempt was 97.1% in supine, and 94.3% in the lateral position, and was comparable. The average intubation time was significantly more in the lateral, as compared to the supine position (45.82 versus 38.51 seconds). The incidence of intra, and post-operative complications was low in both the positions. Conclusion: These results suggest that the ILMA is a useful device for tracheal intubation in the lateral position. The difference in intubation time, though significantly more (statistically) in the lateral as compared to the supine position, had little clinical relevance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i4.5667 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.3(4) 2012 pp.32-38
A Study of Anthropometric and Socio-economic Factors Associated with Delayed Menarche in a Bengali Indian Population with Special Reference to BMI and 2D:4D Ratio
Authors: Ghosh Suddhasatta , Mukherjee Dilip , Dasgupta Riddhi
Published: April 2013

Introduction: The average age of menarche has declined over the last century but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remain subjects of contention. Aims and Objectives: To study a group with delayed menarche in a cohort of Bengali Indian females with low to normal body weight. To investigate anthropometric characteristics (height, mid-parental height, weight, BMI), Socio-economic Status, Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) stages and 2D: 4D ratio ( ratio of lengths of second and fourth digits of both hands) in those with delayed menarche. To analyse the correlation of these factors with delayed age of menarche. Materials and Methods: A total of 614 children , aged 11- 16 completed years, of low to middle income family groups and attending suburban schools, were evaluated on the basis of predetermined questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Correlation of factors with delayed age of menarche was done by appropriate statistical methods Results and Analysis: Out of 190 children having delayed menarche (cases) and 424 children with normal age of menarche (controls) , the height percentile (p value: 0.642), BMI ( p value: 0.091), weight (p value: 0.12)and Mid-Parental Height (p value: 0.26) had no significant correlation , while SMR ( p value:0.00), 2D:4D ratio (p value:0.002) and low Socio-economic Status (p value: 0.00) had a significant correlation with delayed menarche. Conclusion: This study is the first to examine such a wide variety of anthropometric and socio-economic factors at a time in a single cohort of females with delayed menarche. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i4.5902 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.3(4) 2012 pp.24-31
Prevalence and Factors associated with Reproductive Tract Infections among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Kaski District, Nepal
Authors: Paneru Damaru Prasad
Published: April 2013

Objectives: Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are common morbidities among women during reproductive age. These may lead to adverse health consequences including life threatening conditions. This study aims to identify prevalence and factors associated with RTIs among married women of reproductive age. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted in 7 randomly selected Primary Health Care Centres and Health Posts of Kaski district, Nepal. 282 participants attending in aforementioned health facilities were probed for RTI symptoms according to WHO syndromic case management guideline. Data were collected by using pretested semi-structured schedule and analyzed by SPSS (16.0 Version). Chi square, Fisher’s Exact Test, Odds ratio were calculated and P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Prevalence of RTI symptoms was estimated to be 78.9 percent. Common reported symptoms were backache (71%), low abdominal pain (67%), watery vaginal discharge (56%), genital itching (51%), burning urination (44%) and curdy discharge per vagina (26%). Most women with RTI were ?30 year’s age, ?19 year’s age at first pregnancy, had monthly income (NRs) <10000 and parity ?2, had sex during menstruation and did not clean genitalia after sex. Consistently, more than nine out of every ten illiterates, high parity (?4), having irregular menstrual cycle and abnormal bleeding had more RTIs as compared to their counterparts respectively. Illiterates, those who had sexual contacts during menstrual periods and those who do not clean genitalia after sexual act were significantly more at risk (OR=5.35,8.33 and 3.11) of having RTIs than those who do not had these attributes correspondingly. Illiterates, those who had sexual contacts during menstrual periods and those who do not clean genitalia after sexual act were significantly more at risk (OR=5.35,8.33 and 3.11) of having RTIs than those who do not had these attributes correspondingly. Conclusions: Burden of the RTIs among women is unexpectedly high; indicating the women’s vulnerability to reproductive morbidities, limited service accessibility and their reproductive fates. Further, majority were modifiable factors; reflecting the needs of information and empowerment and behavior changes for the effective prevention and management of RTIs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i4.6066 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.3(4) 2012 pp1-7
Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Center in New Delhi: A Three-Year Study
Authors: Tayal Devika , Goswami Binita , Gupta Nikhil , Chawla Ranjna , Gupta Vinod Kumar , Singh Bipin , Chawla Aparna
Published: April 2013

Background: Thyroid disorders constitute the most prevalent endocrine disorder in our country. Thyroid disorders are classified broadly as hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism depending on the functional capacity of the thyroid gland. These two entities are further segregated as sub clinical and overt dysfunction. The present study attempts to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid disorders in north Indian population which is more prone to hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency observed in the Himalayan belt. Materials and Methods: A total of 7474 patients presenting to the department of Biochemistry, G B Pant hospital, Delhi, were enrolled in the study. The patients were examined and asked to report after overnight fast for sample collection on a prescribed date. Thyroid hormone estimation was done with commercially available ELISA kits supplied by Cal biotech, USA. Statistical Analysis was done using Microsoft Office “Excel” with Windows 2007 Operating System and multiple comparisons were made using SPSS 12.0 statistical software package. Results: The majority of the patients (approximately 85%) were Euthyroid. Only 1.22% of the total number of referred patients turned out to be hyperthyroid. Hypothyroidism was more prevalent with the number of patients diagnosed with both sub clinical and overt hypothyroidism being 987 (13.2%). Conclusions: We have strived to provide a baseline orientation regarding the prevalence of thyroid disorders in the representative north Indian population in the post iodine fortification era. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i4.7705 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.3(4) 2012 pp.15-23
Early Experiences with Management of Extra Hepatic Portal Vein Obstruction
Authors: Rawal Sushil Bahadur , Malla Srijan , Giri Naresh Kumar , Rayamajhi Jyoti , Shah Kunda
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO), a rare condition, is increasingly being diagnosed due to easier availability of proper diagnostic tools and early referrals. Here we report our series of 16 cases of EHPVO who were treated at our hospital. The aim of this paper is to share our early experiences of managing this rare and difficult condition. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients’ records admitted with the diagnosis of EHPVO for a period of 18 months from Jan 2008 to June 2010 was performed. Patients were followed up for at least 9 months, their demographic data and outcome of surgery was analysed. Results: Of the 10 cases fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 9 underwent surgical therapy. Distal lienorenal shunt was performed in 4 patients, proximal lienorenal shunt in 2 patients and devascularisation procedure in 3 patients. Rebleeding was seen in 2 patients. The prognosis of EHPVO was good in patients without a severe underlying disease at a median follow up of  9 months. Conclusion: Conventional surgical therapies have a good outcome in management of EHPVO in our context. Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital; July-December 2012/vol.11/Issue2/4-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7898
Technology Introduction: Robots in Urosurgery
Authors: Hamal Bhairab Kumar
Published: April 2013

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital; July-December 2012/vol.11/Issue2/2-3 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7899
Treatment Outcome of Tennis Elbow by Percutaneous Needle Tenotomy
Authors: Kayatha Nirab , Joshi Amit , Chand Pankaj , Thapa Bishnu Babu , Rana Sushil , Singh Bharat Prasad , KC Bachhu Ram , Shah Bhanu Chandra
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Tennis elbow (TE), or lateral epicondylitis of the humerus, is a painful condition seen commonly in the daily practice of Orthopaedic surgeons. One of the myriad of treatment methods for TE is percutaneous needle tenotomy of the common extensor origin. It is a simple operation with minimal morbidity and good-to-excellent results in most of the patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome in patients with chronic TE. Methods: this was a prospective study in 33 consecutive patients of both sexes with TE who were above 30 years of age. An 18 Gauge hypodermic needle was used under local anaesthesia to percutaneously tenotomise the extensor origin at the point of maximum tenderness. Visual analogue score (VAS) was used to assess the pain prior to intervention and in subsequent follow-ups at first, third, sixth and 12th weeks. Persistence of pain and return to activities of the patients was used to evaluate outcome as excellent, good, fair or poor. Results: At the end of 12 weeks, eleven out of 30 elbows (36.7%) had an excellent outcome, 13 (43.3%) had good, 5 (16.7%) had fair and 1 patient (3.3%) had poor outcome. At first week follow-up, the mean pain at rest was 4.60, the same at night was 2.73 and activity pain was a mean of 7.70 (max-9, min-5). By 12 week follow-up, the mean VAS scores at rest, night and activites were 0.87, 0.63 and 1.53 respectively, showing significant decrease in pain. Conclusions:Percutaneous tenotomy is a simple, safe, patient friendly, effective and easily reproducible method of treating tennis elbow.Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital; July-December 2012/vol.11/Issue2/32-35 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7907
Crystalline Penicillin for Community Acquired Pneumonia: Does it still work?
Authors: Aryal Nirjala , Neopane Arun Kumar , Thapa Moon , Singh Umesh Kumar , Agrawal Keshav
Published: April 2013

Introduction: Pneumonia is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in children in underdeveloped countries. The common bacterial agents are Streptococcus pneumonia followed by Haemophilus influenzae type b. The only measure to treat bacterial pneumonia is the correct use of antibiotics along with oxygen in moderate to severe cases. The objectives of this study were to see the clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia and to observe the response to treatment with crystalline penicillin in hospitalized children. Methods: This study was a prospective study. The children aged between two months to 59 months with pneumonia were treated with intravenous crystalline penicillin. Response was observed by normalization of respiratory rate and absence of lower chest indrawing. Results: Out of 88 children treated, 79(89.8%) showed improvement in 48 hours. In children who had tachypnoea, 62.9% showed normalization in respiratory rate in the first 24 hours and 37.1 percent in 48 hours of treatment. Similarly, among children with lower chest indrawing; 61.1% showed improvement in 24hours and the remaining in 48hours.  In 24 hours of treatment 17.7% of children became afebrile and 46.8% in 48hours of treatment. Conclusion: The most common clinical features like cough, fever, tachypnoea and lower chest indrawing can be used to diagnose CAP where Chest X- ray is not possible. The response to treatment with Crystalline Penicillin is a very good and, thus, can be used as the first line drug in the treatment of children with CAP.Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital; July-December 2012/vol.11/Issue2/36-39 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v11i2.7908
“The Gateway to the Last Great West”: Spatial Histories of the Athabasca Landing Trail
Authors: Dyce Matt
Published: April 2013

Abstract:

The Landing Trail was a Hudson's Bay Company supply route used between metropolitan Edmonton and frontier Athabasca during the late nineteenth century. This article begins with the rediscovery of the trail in 1950s Alberta and analyzes its diverse archival life in the two communities. In three sections, it moves through a fifty-year period of attempts to commemorate, represent, and archive the history of the trail as it existed in the 1890s. As groups in Edmonton and Athabasca sought to reinvest the trail with meaning, they also represented dynamics of power between the two places, each articulating a different version of Alberta's historical geography. I show that the commemorative and archival practices that unfolded between the 1950s and the present used history to reflect and interpret contemporary geographical relationships between Edmonton and Athabasca. I conclude that these stories of the trail and the archives they produced constitute spatial histories, because their meanings were informed by representational spaces in the present. A theory for using spatial history is elaborated throughout the paper.