bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
URBANISTINIS GENOTIPAS: KAI KURIE ASPEKTAI IR JŲ KAITOS TYRIMAI
Authors: Zaleckis Kęstutis , Matijošaitienė Irina
Published: June 2011

A city is an open complex system. It should change in order to survive. Besides the need to change there is another one – to preserve stability of a valuable spatial structure. Two contradictory needs can create a problem, which is hard to solve. Concepts of urban genotype and phenotype help integrating both of the two above-mentioned needs. The same genotype can be expressed in different forms thus creating preconditions for evolution of an urban structure. On the basis of historical analogues, a conclusion was made that it is possible to describe an urban genotype in a utilitarian form in the article. The described research focuses on some aspects of urban genotype and investigation of code changes. As an experimental site for research, Kaunas downtown area was selected. This area is of crucial importance for preservation of Kaunas identity, which – at least at first glance – was protected from significant architectural and urban changes during the Soviet era… Results of the investigation reveal revolutionary changes of the genotype of the investigated area despite the fact that the street network and urban morphotype did not change much. It confirms the complex nature of the urban spatial structure and potential presence of the “butterfly effect”. Santrauka Miestas – atvira, kompleksiška sistema, kuri turi keistis tam, kad išliktų. Poreikis keistis ir išsaugoti miesto savitumui svarbias erdvines jo charakteristikas dažnai verčia rinktis vieną iš dviejų: kaitą ar stagnaciją. Urbanistinio genotipo ir fenotipo koncepcija leidžia išspręsti minėtą dilemą: keičiantis formai urbanistinis kodas ar genotipas gali išlikti nepakitęs ir taip užtikrinti evoliucinę urbanistinės struktūros kaitą. Straipsnyje, remiantis istoriniais analogais, teigiamai įvertinus urbanistinio kodo utilitaraus užrašymo galimybes, pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas kai kuriems kodo aspektams tirti ir jų kaitai įvertinti. Kaip tyrimų poligonas naudojamas istorinis Kauno centras – miesto savasčiai svarbi ir architektūriniu požiūriu radikaliai nepakeista miesto dalis. Tyrimų rezultatai atskleidžia įvykusius didelius teritorijos urbanistinio genotipo pokyčius ir kartu patvirtina vieną iš tyrimo pradžioje padarytų prielaidų: miestui kaip kompleksiškai sistemai gali būti būdingas „drugelio efektas“ – ir nedideli pakeitimai fenotipe gali sukelti gana dideles mutacijas genotipe.
REMEMBERING IN THE CITY: CHARACTERISING URBAN CHANGE
Authors: Dobson Stephen
Published: June 2011

City form conveys two images – the experiential and the remembered. The urban environment therefore is a cacophony of complex visual stimuli experienced with the often conflicting memory associations we attribute to them. Our appreciation of the rapidly changing built environment is therefore relative rather than absolute. In this sense the temporal and spatial components of the city merge to form our interpretation of city space. This paper presents emerging retrogressive landscape analysis, from the domains of landscape planning and heritage, to examine the possibility of a city-wide assessment of its potential to create ‘double exposure’ – walking simultaneously in the past and the present. This is not simply derived from our experience of individual architectural structures (urban form), but also our interpretation of past movement routes, boundaries and morphology (urban code). For this reason it may be necessary to look beyond a heritage which focuses on distinct ‘special’ places and protected buildings and look toward a heritage of temporal change processes and ubiquitous urban evolution; since it is also our interpretation and understanding of these which contributes to our full appreciation of city ‘character’. Santrauka Miestas turi du vaizdus – tiesiogiai suvokiamą ar patiriamą ir besiformuojantį atmintyje, o urbanistinės aplinkos kompleksiškų vizualinių stimulų kakofonija dažnai konfliktuoja ar nesutampa su atmintyje iškylančiomis asociacijomis. Galima teigti, kad mums būdingas urbanizuoto kraštovaizdžio pokyčių suvokimas yra daugiau sąlyginis negu absoliutus, nes trumpalaikiai ar pastovūs erdviniai elementai ir atminties fragmentai susilieja į vieną visumą formuodami konkrečios miesto erdvės interpretaciją. Šiame straispnyje pristatoma retrogresinė kraštovaizdžio analizė, žvelgiant iš kraštovaizdžio planavimo ir paveldo apsaugos pozicijų – jame siekiama įvertinti miestovaizdžio „dvigubos ekspozicijos“ potencialą, t. y. galimybę vienu metu vaikštant po miestą judėti dabartyje ir praeityje. Ši galimybė sukuriama ne tik patiriant atskiras architektūrines ar urbanistines formas, bet suvokiant bei interpretuojant ir individualius buvusius judėjimo kelius, ribas ir morfostruktūras (urbanistinį kodą). Saugant kultūros paveldą ir atsižvelgiant į miesto aplinkos suvokimo kompleksiškumą yra būtina ne tik susitelkti į atskirų objektų ar vietų apsaugą, bet ir skirti dėmesio aplinkos naudojimo ir kaitos procesams bei urbanistinės evoliucijos respektavimui. Šie aspektai svarbūs išsamiam miesto charakterio suvokimui.
Matrix Gla Protein Polymorphism, But Not Concentrations, Is Associated with Radiographic Hand Osteoarthritis
Authors: MISRA DEVYANI , BOOTH SARAH L. , CROSIER MICHEAL D. , ORDOVAS JOSE M. , FELSON DAVID T. , NEOGI TUHINA
Published: July 2011

Objective.

Factors associated with mineralization and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis (OA) are incompletely understood. Genetic polymorphisms of matrix Gla protein (MGP), a mineralization inhibitor, have been associated clinically with conditions of abnormal calcification. We therefore evaluated the relationship of MGP concentrations and polymorphisms at the MGP locus to hand OA.

Methods.

Ours was an ancillary study to a 3-year randomized trial assessing the effect of vitamin K supplementation on vascular calcification and bone loss among community-dwelling elders. We studied participants who had serum MGP concentration measured and DNA genotyped for 3 MGP genetic polymorphisms (rs1800802, rs1800801, and rs4236), and who had hand radiographs. We evaluated the cross-sectional associations of serum MGP and the 3 MGP genetic polymorphisms, respectively, with radiographic hand OA using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results.

Radiographic hand OA in ≥ 1 joint was present in 71% of the 376 participants (mean age 74 years, mean body mass index 28 kg/m2, 59% women). No significant association between serum MGP concentrations and radiographic hand OA was found [adjusted OR 1.0 (ref), 1.40, 1.21, and 1.21 for quartiles 1–4, respectively]. Homozygosity of the rs1800802 minor allele was associated with 0.56 times lower prevalence of hand OA compared with having ≥ 1 major allele at this locus (95% CI 0.32–0.99, p = 0.046).

Conclusion.

There may be an association between hand OA and genetic polymorphism at the MGP locus that is not reflected by total MGP serum concentrations. Further studies are warranted to replicate and elucidate potential mechanisms underlying these observed associations.
Plectranthus amboinicus Attenuates Inflammatory Bone Erosion in Mice with Collagen-induced Arthritis by Downregulation of RANKL-induced NFATc1 Expression
Authors: HSU YU-CHIEH , CHENG CHIA-PI , CHANG DEH-MING
Published: July 2011

Objective.

Plectranthus amboinicus has been known to treat inflammatory diseases or swelling symptoms. We investigated whether P. amboinicus exhibited an inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and inflammatory bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. We attempted to identify the active component of P. amboinicus involved in regulation of osteoclastogenesis.

Methods.

We treated M-CSF- and RANKL-stimulated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) and RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells with different concentrations of P. amboinicus or rosmarinic acid, a phytopolyphenol purified from P. amboinicus, to monitor osteoclast formation by TRAP staining. The mechanism of the inhibition was studied by biochemical analysis such as RT-PCR and immunoblotting. CIA mice were administered gavages of P. amboinicus (375 mg/kg) or placebo. Then clinical, histological, and biochemical measures were assessed to determine the effects of P. amboinicus on synovial inflammation and bone erosion by H&E staining of the inflamed joints and ELISA.

Results.

Rosmarinic acid strongly inhibited RANKL-induced NF-κB activation and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) nuclear translocation in BMM, and also inhibited RANKL-induced formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells. A pit formation assay and the CIA animal model showed that P. amboinicus significantly inhibited the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts.

Conclusion.

We postulated that rosmarinic acid conferred the inhibitory activity on P. amboinicus for inhibition of osteoclastogenesis via downregulation of RANKL-induced NFATc1 expression. Our results indicated the possibility of P. amboinicus as a new remedy against inflammatory bone destruction.
Association of Baseline Knee Bone Size, Cartilage Volume, and Body Mass Index with Knee Cartilage Loss Over Time: A Longitudinal Study in Younger or Middle-aged Adults
Authors: ANTONY BENNY , DING CHANGHAI , STANNUS OLIVER , CICUTTINI FLAVIA , JONES GRAEME
Published: July 2011

Objective.

To determine the association of knee bone size, cartilage volume, and body mass index (BMI) at baseline with knee cartilage loss over 2 years in younger or middle-aged adults.

Methods.

A total of 324 subjects (mean age 45 yrs, range 26–61) were measured at baseline and about 2 years later. Knee cartilage volume and bone size were determined using T1-weighted fat-saturated magnetic resonance imaging.

Results.

In multivariable analysis, baseline knee bone size was negatively associated with annual change in knee cartilage volume at medial and lateral tibial sites (ß = −0.62% to −0.47%/cm2, all p < 0.001). The associations disappeared at medial tibial site after adjustment for baseline cartilage volume and became of borderline statistical significance at lateral tibial site after adjustment for both baseline cartilage volume and osteophytes (ß = −0.29, p = 0.059). Baseline knee cartilage volume was consistently and negatively associated with annual change in knee cartilage volume at all 3 medial tibial, lateral tibial, and patellar sites (ß = −4.41% to −1.37%/ml, all p < 0.001). Baseline BMI was negatively associated with an annual change in knee cartilage volume, but only in subjects within the upper tertile of baseline cartilage volume, even after adjusting for cartilage defects (ß = −0.16% to −0.34%/kg/m2, all p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

Our study suggests that both higher baseline tibial bone area and knee cartilage volume (most likely due to cartilage swelling) are associated with greater knee cartilage loss over 2 years. A higher BMI was associated with greater knee cartilage loss only in subjects with higher baseline cartilage volume.
Is There an Advantage Over SF-36 with a Quality of Life Measure That Is Specific to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Authors: TOUMA ZAHI , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , IBAÑEZ DOMINIQUE , UROWITZ MURRAY B.
Published: July 2011

Objective.

To assess whether the Lupus Quality of Life (LupusQoL) questionnaire contributed additional information not obtained using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods.

Forty-one patients seen at a single center were followed at monthly intervals for 12 months. The LupusQoL and the SF-36 questionnaires were coadministered monthly. Disease activity was determined by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) every 30 days. We determined the correlation of the 4 comparable domains of both questionnaires. For the 4 noncomparable domains of the LupusQoL we determined the correlation between each domain with the Physical Component Summary scores (PCS) and the Mental Component Summary scores (MCS) of the SF-36. The effect size (ES) and the standardized response mean (SRM) were used to compare the responsiveness of both questionnaires when a clinically significant change in disease activity occurred as determined by SLEDAI-2K.

Results.

Three hundred seventy-six patient visits were recorded. There was a strong correlation between comparable domains in both questionnaires. For the 4 noncomparable domains of the LupusQoL, there was a correlation with the MCS and PCS of SF-36. The mean scores for comparable domains in both questionnaires were similar. Both questionnaires displayed responsiveness, as determined by ES and SRM among patients who flared and improved, but not among patients in remission, when compared to the previous visit.

Conclusion.

LupusQoL and SF-36 were equivalent in assessing quality of life over time in this group of patients. Both questionnaires are responsive measures of quality of life in patients with SLE flares and improvement.
Safety and Efficacy of Febuxostat Treatment in Subjects with Gout and Severe Allopurinol Adverse Reactions
Authors: CHOHAN SAIMA
Published: July 2011

Objective.

Allopurinol, a purine base analog inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, remains the standard for pharmacologic urate-lowering management of gout. Allopurinol is efficacious and safe in most patients, but intolerance is estimated to occur in up to 10% of treated patients. Severe or life-threatening allopurinol adverse reactions (AE) occur much less frequently, and include severe cutaneous allopurinol reactions, vasculitis, and/or a multisystem allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. During clinical development of febuxostat (FEB), a recently approved non-purine analog inhibitor of XO, subjects with severe allopurinol intolerance were excluded from randomized double-blind FEB/allopurinol comparative trials.

Methods.

In this retrospective study, safety and urate-lowering efficacy of FEB was assessed in 13 successively encountered gout patients with prior documented severe allopurinol reactions.

Results.

FEB was well tolerated in 12 of 13 patients, each of whom remains on treatment. One patient previously hospitalized with documented exfoliative erythroderma during allopurinol treatment, developed biopsy-confirmed cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. None of the other 12 patients treated with FEB showed rash, worsening hepatic function, blood cytopenia or eosinophilia.

Conclusion.

In 12 of our 13 gout patients with previously documented severe allopurinol AE, FEB treatment was safe. However, the development of a hypersensitivity type cutaneous vasculitis (likely but not definitively FEB-related) early in treatment mandates caution, careful dose escalation, and close monitoring when FEB urate-lowering therapy of allopurinol-intolerant patients is considered.
Minimally Important Differences of the UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument
Authors: KHANNA DINESH , FURST DANIEL E. , MARANIAN PAUL , SEIBOLD JAMES R. , IMPENS ANN , MAYES MAUREEN D. , CLEMENTS PHILIP J. , GETZUG TERRI , HAYS RON D.
Published: July 2011

Objective.

To provide minimally important difference (MID) estimates for the UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract 2.0 (UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0) in a longitudinal observational cohort.

Methods.

We administered the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 to 115 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) at 2 timepoints 6 months apart. The UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 has 7 multi-item scales: Reflux, Distension/Bloating, Diarrhea, Fecal Soilage, Constipation, Emotional Well-being, and Social Functioning and a total GIT score. All scales are scored from 0 [better health-related quality of life (HRQOL)] to 3 (worse HRQOL) except the diarrhea and constipation scales (ranges 0–2 and 0–2.5, respectively). Patients also rated their overall and upper and lower GIT involvement during the second visit using a response scale with options “much better; somewhat better; almost the same; somewhat worse; or much worse.” The minimally changed group was defined by those reporting they were somewhat better or somewhat worse compared to first visit.

Results.

Study participants were 84% female and 81% white with a mean disease duration of 6.9 years. The MID estimates for improvement ranged from 0.07 for the Social Functioning scale to 0.36 for the Emotional Well-being scale. For worsening, the MID estimates ranged from 0.06 for the Fecal Soilage scale to 0.21 for the Social Functioning scale.

Conclusion.

We provide MID estimates for the UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 scales. This information can aid in interpreting scale scores in future randomized controlled trials and observational studies.
Des pratiques professionnelles sous tension
Authors: Bachet Daniel
Published: July 2011

Résumé Depuis 1946 les services de médecine du travail puis de santé au travail (SST) sont dirigés, organisés et financés par les employeurs et leurs représentants. De nombreux médecins s’accommodent de cette situation tout en exprimant un malaise diffus mais certain. L’enquête qualitative menée auprès de médecins du travail et de salariés montre que les pratiques médicales en santé au travail, sous leurs formes passées et actuelles, ne parviennent pas vraiment à produire un ensemble d’actions cohérentes au regard des objectifs affichés (préservation de la santé au travail, adaptation du travail à l’homme). Ces pratiques s’inscrivent dans le cadre de structures institutionnelles qui ont privilégié la visite médicale d’aptitude au détriment de l’action dans l’entreprise en lien avec l’organisation et les conditions de travail. Les analyses d’entretiens de médecins du travail et de salariés permettent de rendre compte de la portée et des limites de pratiques professionnelles en quête de légitimité mais aussi de la cohérence des solutions qui se cherchent aujourd’hui.
Le monopole professoral en question
Authors: Sébileau Arnaud
Published: July 2011

Résumé Le cas des professeurs d’éducation physique et sportive attire l’attention de la sociologie des enseignants sur une discipline pour laquelle l’École ne dispose pas du monopole de la définition et de la certification des savoirs enseignés. Ces enseignants sont mis en concurrence avec d’autres professionnels des activités physiques, auxquels l’État accorde des prérogatives similaires en matière d’encadrement éducatif de la « jeunesse », ainsi que par leurs collègues, les parents et les élèves qui les assimilent à des entraîneurs ou à des éducateurs sportifs. Pour faire valoir leur utilité professorale et défendre la valeur scolaire de leur discipline minorée relativement aux autres, les professeurs d’EPS ne disposent pas tous des mêmes ressources. Consignés au rôle d’éducateur plus que d’enseignant, ils mettent en œuvre des stratégies de légitimation démontrant leur inégale propension à penser l’École comme une institution nécessairement distincte des univers au sein desquels peut aussi être éduquée, selon d’autres normes et d’autres valeurs, la « jeunesse ».
Contraintes environnementales et opportunités paysagères : Nancy « rives de Meurthe »
Authors: Salles Sylvie
Published: July 2011

Résumé Les rives de Meurthe, à Nancy, interrogent la relation paysage-environnement dans les pratiques d’aménagement. Les enjeux environnementaux, économiques et sociaux des collectivités territoriales s’expriment par la réappropriation d’un milieu de vie qui convoque le paysage. Les contraintes d’inondations deviennent une opportunité pour relier la ville à la rivière et les aménagements hydrauliques font émerger un paysage, en installant des continuités et de nouveaux usages. Projet hydraulique, projet politique, projet de paysage convergent pour initier un changement de regard sur la Meurthe et ses dangers qui permet la réappropriation des berges et des quartiers riverains. Ce chemin ouvert vers la rivière, combinant les savoir-faire de l’environnement et du paysage, donne une réalité à la trame verte et bleue de l’agglomération. Il ouvre aussi une voie pour redéfinir les pratiques d’aménagement.
Moustiques et territoire. Quand Ædes caspius, Ædes detritus et d'autres s'invitent en presqu'île guérandaise
Authors: Pécaud Dominique
Published: July 2011

Résumé La volonté de réduire les gênes et les nuisances que représente la présence de moustiques dans la presqu’île de Guérande a permis de rendre compte d’une sédimentation sociale et culturelle des rapports entre les acteurs concernés et l’espace dans lequel ils agissent. Des manières de voir qui renvoient à des manières d’agir se sont manifestées à travers un conflit né dans les années 1970 et dont perdurent encore des traces : luttes d’intérêts, d’usages et de représentations. Il s’agit de dresser l’inventaire de ce qui constitue, au delà de l’espace physique, le territoire symbolique. De ce point de vue, les moustiques participent à part entière à la construction du territoire , soit directement en influençant les décisions prises, soit indirectement à travers les rôles que les uns et les autres leur font jouer.
Innovations processuelles et rapidité de décision dans les négociations européennes : l'exemple du paquet énergie-climat
Authors: Vivet Emmanuel
Published: June 2011

Résumé Cet article 2 examine les moyens qui ont été mis en œuvre, du point de vue de la présidence en exercice et de la Commission, pour surmonter les obstacles et aboutir à un accord dans une importante négociation environnementale européenne, à Bruxelles à l’automne 2008. L’accent est mis sur l’effet de la pression du temps sur les négociations, d’une part, et la gestion du processus, d’autre part. Le processus est ici entendu comme la planification des négociations au sens large. Ces dernières ont donné lieu à un resserrement des débats dans le temps et dans l’espace, qui permet en partie d’expliquer leur aboutissement à un accord. L’effet de la suspension volontaire et inattendue de la majorité qualifiée prévue par les traités, au profit d’une procédure plus exigeante au consensus, fait aussi l’objet d’un examen particulier.
Guérillas et terrorismes
Authors: Chaliand Gérard
Published: June 2011

Guérillas et guerres de partisans se dressent contre les puissances coloniales, avant de se transformer dans la deuxième partie du xx e  siècle en guerres révolutionnaires. Le terrorisme d’aujourd’hui est à la fois publicitaire et idéologique, appuyé sur la montée de l’islam radical. Il demeure néanmoins limité, en dépit de la « guerre globale » lancée par l’Administration de George W. Bush. Plus complexe est le problème de la guerre d’usure, posé par l’intervention en Afghanistan. politique étrangère
Cœurs et esprits en Afghanistan : pourquoi la victoire se dérobe
Authors: Exum Andrew M. , Ryder Elsa
Published: June 2011

La campagne de contre-insurrection vise à créer un espace pour le développement de solutions politiques menant à la paix. En Afghanistan, les moyens dévolus ont été bridés par la priorité irakienne. Le soutien pakistanais aux insurgés afghans demeure. La faiblesse du gouvernement afghan interdit d’en faire un relais efficace de l’action internationale et de valoriser au maximum l’aide reçue. Tous ces problèmes expliquent largement l’échec à créer l’espace de la sortie de guerre. politique étrangère
Jeux de puissance en Afrique : le Nigeria et l'Afrique du Sud face à la crise ivoirienne
Authors: Darracq Vincent
Published: June 2011

Dans les coulisses de la crise ivoirienne s’est déroulé un affrontement diplomatique entre le Nigeria, qui a immédiatement soutenu Alassane Ouattara, et l’Afrique du Sud, qui s’est montrée plus ambiguë vis-à-vis de Laurent Gbagbo. Les positions du Nigeria, chef de file de la CEDEAO, ont finalement prévalu et ont ouvert la voie à l’intervention française qui a conduit à l’arrestation de Gbagbo par les forces fidèles à Ouattara. politique étrangère
La vocation au croisement des espaces de socialisation
Authors: Bertrand Julien
Published: June 2011

Résumé Le texte présente les résultats issus d'une enquête socio-ethnographique (entretiens, observations) à l'intérieur d'une structure qui prépare au métier de footballeur professionnel. Cet apprentissage exige un engagement intensif et la production d'une vocation à l'intérieur d'une organisation particulièrement enveloppante, le club professionnel. Cependant, cette conversion au métier sportif n'est pas indépendante des relations sociales nouées à l'extérieur du monde sportif, notamment à l'école, dans la famille et dans les réseaux de sociabilité. Ces relations, transformées par l'ascension sportive, apportent leur contribution à ce processus d'engagement.
Lectins of beneficial microbes: system organisation, functioning and functional superfamily
Authors: Lakhtin M. , Lakhtin V. , Alyoshkin V. , Afanasyev S.
Published: June 2011

In this review our last results and proposals with respect to general aspects of lectin studies are summarised
and compared. System presence, organisation and functioning of lectins are proposed, and accents on beneficial
symbiotic microbial lectins studies are presented. The proposed general principles of lectin functioning allows for
a comparison of lectins with other carbohydrate-recognition systems. A new structure-functional superfamily of
symbiotic microbial lectins is proposed and its main properties are described. The proposed superfamily allows for
extended searches of the biological activities of any microbial member. Prospects of lectins of beneficial symbiotic
microorganisms are discussed.
Viability and delivery of immobilised Lactobacillus reuteri DPC16 within calcium alginate gel systems during sequential passage through simulated gastrointestinal fluids
Authors: Zhao Q. , Lee S. , Mutukumira A. , Maddox I. , Shu Q.
Published: June 2011

The objective of the study was to design and produce calcium alginate beads that can deliver immobilisedLactobacillus reuteriDPC16 to a target site of the colon in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, several factors that might affect the effectiveness of calcium alginate gel beads entrappingL. reuteriDPC16 cells were investigated. Anin vitroGI tract model was used to simulate the pH variation and the existence of enzymes. Firstly, by varying the concentration of alginate at a constant concentration of CaCl2the survival of immobilised DPC16 cells in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was observed; secondly, the physical stability of calcium alginate beads containing skim milk during sequential incubation in the GI fluids was observed using optimal concentrations of alginate; finally, the survival of DPC16 cells immobilised within alginate beads containing skim milk were compared when the beads were incubated for different times during sequential exposure to the simulated fluids. The results demonstrated that non-encapsulated DPC16 cells were sensitive to an acidic environment, and no viable cells were detected after 90 min exposure in SGF (pH 1.2). With the protection of calcium alginate gel, the survival rate of immobilised DPC16 cells was slightly improved. An alginate concentration of 4% (w/v) was the most effective of those tested, but due to the irregular shape it formed, an alginate concentration of 3% (w/v) was used in further investigations. When skim milk (8% (w/v)) was added to the alginate solution, the cell survival was improved markedly. The optimal concentration of calcium chloride was 0.3 M, because the beads maintained their integrity in SGF and simulated intestinal fluid while disintegrating in simulated colonic fluid. The beads made from 3% alginate, 8% skim milk and 0.3 M CaCl2proved to be an effective delivery and release system for DPC16 cells.
Changes in Blood Pressure and Related Autonomic Function During Cervical Traction in Healthy Women
Authors: Tsai Chien-Tsung , Chang Wen-Dien , Kao Mu-Jong , Wang Chung-Jieh , Lai Ping Tung
Published: June 2011

Cervical traction is a physical therapy procedure frequently used to treat cervical disk lesions, cervical spondylosis, and cervical facet joint lesions. We have observed rare cases of side effects in elderly patients, but not in women younger than 30 years.

In this pilot study, 96 young women were randomly divided into 3 groups to study the effect of cervical traction with different traction weights on blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and correlated autonomic adjustment. Cervical traction weight used was 10% of the patient’s body weight in group A (n=32), 20% in group B (n=32), and 30% in group C (n=32). Assessments of blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, percentage of high- and low-frequency signals, and low-frequency/high-frequency ratio were performed before, during, and 20 minutes after traction. We found that systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate variability elevated during cervical traction and returned nearly to original levels immediately after traction in group C, but not in groups A or B. There were no significant changes in heart rate, percentage of high- or low-frequency signals, and low-frequency/high-frequency ratio in all 3 groups during or after cervical traction.

Cervical traction with a traction weight approximately 10% to 20% of body weight can be safely provided without significant compromise of cardiovascular function. However, heavy traction weight (30% of body weight) should be avoided, especially for a patient with cardiovascular disease.
The Surgical Treatment of Andersson Lesions Associated With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Wang Guodong , Sun Jianmin , Jiang Zhensong , Cui Xingang
Published: June 2011

Eight men with Andersson lesions associated with ankylosing spondylitis who underwent surgical treatment were reviewed for this study. Eight Andersson lesions were found in the 8 patients, and all presented as pseudoarthrosis. Including a patient with obvious vertebral body destruction, no obvious local kyphosis was observed. Spinal cord compression and neural deficit were observed in 1 patient. Without established instructions for the surgical treatment of Andersson lesions, we alternated the surgical technique for each patient. Therefore, 5 patients, including the patient with obvious anterior destruction requiring reconstruction, underwent surgical treatment with lesion curettage and anterior bone graft and fusion; 3 other patients underwent surgical treatment without lesion curettage and anterior bone graft. All surgeries were performed from a posterior approach. Posterolateral autograft was supplemented to posterior instrumentation with or without anterior bone graft.

All 8 patients experienced pain relief immediately postoperatively. No evidence of non-union was observed on radiographs at the level of pseudoarthrosis at final follow-up, and no neural and infectious complications were observed. Based on these results, surgical treatment with only posterior instrumentation supplemented by posterolateral autograft was effective for patients with Andersson lesions without obvious vertebral body destruction requiring reconstruction. Anterior lesion curettage and bone graft were not necessary. Solid immobilization, achieved by posterior instrumentation, should be the focus of the treatment of Andersson lesions with ankylosing spondylitis.
Microsculpture of cypselae surface of Baccharis sect. Caulopterae (Asteraceae) from Brazil
Authors: Schneider Angelo Alberto , Boldrini Ilsi Iob
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to characterize the microsculpture of the cypselae surface of the Brazilian species of Baccharis L. sect. Caulopterae DC. (Asteraceae), and to compare this data it with the taxonomy of the group. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the cypsela surface of 25 taxa of Baccharis sect. Caulopterae from Brazil. According to the micromorphology of the cypsela surface, the species can be classified into five distinct groups. The cypselae of the species of the Baccharis trimera species complex (B. crispa, B. cylindrica, B. jocheniana, B. myriocephala, and B. trimera) share the same micromorphological features.
A taxonomic revision of the Campanula lusitanica complex (Campanulaceae) in the Western Mediterranean region
Authors: Cano-Maqueda Jara , Talavera Salvador
Published: July 2011

The systematics of the annual species of the Campanula lusitanica complex in the Western Mediterranean is reviewed using ITS sequences, karyology and morphology of all species of the complex. The information provided by these three sources is consistent, and the species are reorganized into two groups with the rank of section: Campanula sect. Rapunculus Boiss. and Campanula sect. Decumbentes, the latter described as new in this work. These sections comprise two well-defined subclades in the phylogenetic analyses. Sect. Rapunculus is composed, in the W Mediterranean region, by C. lusitanica L. and C. matritensis A. DC., both with 2n = 18 chromosomes, and C. cabezudoi Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, C. specularioides Coss., C. transtagana R. Fern., and C. broussonetiana Schult., all with 2n = 20 chromosomes. In the Iberian Peninsula, Sect. Decumbentes com prises two endemic species, C. decumbens A. DC. with 2n = 32 chromosomes and C. dieckii Lange with 2n = 28 chromosomes. In C. decumbens a new subspecies is described: C. decumbens subsp. baetica Cano-Maqueda & Talavera, which occurs in the Guadalquivir valley. In the formal systematic part we provide a key to identify these annual species of the Western Mediterranean, with a description and typification, photographs of flowers and fruits, distribution maps, and comments on the habitat for each taxon.
Self-incompatibility, floral parameters, and pollen characterization in the narrow endemic and threatened species Artemisia granatensis (Asteraceae)
Authors: Peñas Julio , Lorite Juan , Alba-Sánchez Francisca , Taisma María Angélica
Published: July 2011

Artemisia granatensis Boiss. is a paradigmatic species for plant conservation in Spain and Europe. It is a critically endangered (CR) endemic species growing above 2500 m in the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Natural populations have been considerably devastated in the past due to intensive human exploitation for folk medicine. The sparse available data concerning the reproductive biology of this species under natural conditions indicate a low reproductive success. To provide additional information on the reproductive biology of A. granatensis, and consequently information useful for the management and conservation of this species, we studied the breeding system through pollen-tube growth. In addition, some floral and pollen traits were recorded. No differences were found between populations in terms of the morphological traits of flowers and inflorescences. A. granatensis is an anemophilous species, and the data indicate that pollen transfer may be limited between isolated populations, and so contributing to an extremely low fruit-set. Results show A. granatensis is selfincompatible, probably with a sporophytic self-incompatibility system, and with no evidence of partial self-incompatibility. Reproductive traits, related to pollen morphology and settling speed may explain the low rate of recruitment in the small populations separated by geographical barriers.
L’échéance des Jeux Olympiques de 2016 et les stratégies de restructuration du transport métropolitain de Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Beyer Antoine
Published: July 2011

La question des transports a joué un rôle décisif dans la candidature de Rio aux Jeux Olympiques de 2016. Pour remporter d’adhésion du CIO, les autorités locales ont fait la promesse d’une restructuration radicale de l’offre. L’ambitieux plan à réaliser s’appuie sur les divers projets laissés jusque-là sans suite. Faute de financements ? En partie seulement. La raison plus profonde est à chercher dans l’incapacité structurelle des politiques à modifier le cadre d’exercice du service public des transports, laissé au puissant cartel des sociétés d’autobus. L’organisation actuelle répond de plus en plus mal aux besoins de mobilité d’une métropole de plus de 11 millions d’habitants et contribue à approfondir les déséquilibres sociaux et spatiaux que l’offre de transport informel suscitée par la carence du système contribue encore à le fragiliser. La situation de Rio est d’autant plus paradoxale que la seconde ville du pays est restée à l’écart des innovations retenues par l’emblématique ville de Curitiba, dont les solutions de Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) ont été adoptées dans la plupart des métropoles du pays. Pour Rio, l’échéance des Olympiades est donc un défi de taille. Présentés comme des investissements d’infrastructure, les projets de BRT doivent relier entre eux les sites olympiques et au-delà assurer l’émergence de pôles d’échange structurants à l’échelle métropolitaine. La question est alors de savoir si les aménagements planifiés vont parvenir à agir comme un levier pour restructurer en profondeur de l’offre. Un pari encore incertain dont l’enjeu est la redéfinition des rapports de pouvoir entre les sociétés de transport privées et les autorités publiques.
O trabalho de campo em biogeografia - Homenagem ao Prof. Dr. Felisberto Cavalheiro (1945-2003)
Authors: Junior Gerson de Freitas
Published: July 2011

Os trabalhos de campo constituem-se em Biogeografia em importante procedimento da pesquisa científica. No texto a seguir, buscou-se caracterizar os trabalhos de campo de forma geral de acordo com sua importância para o processo de pesquisa em Geografia (especificamente para os ramos da Geografia Física) e para a formação dos geógrafos, além de conceituá-los e destacar algumas de suas especificidades para a Biogeografia.
Fabrication of Super-Hydrophobic Textile Surface with Aminopolysiloxane and Nano-Silica via a Solution Immersion Process
Authors: Xu Wei , An Qiu Feng , Xu Wei
Published: July 2011

In this article, we exploited a solution immersion method to conveniently construct a superhydrophobic textile surface with N-β-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyl polysiloxane (ASO-1) and nano-silica and then investigated its micro-morphology and ultra-hydrophobic property using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Static water contact angle analyzer, respectively. Results show that a hydrophobic film and many lotus-leaf-like micro-nano scale tubercles are coated on the textile surface, which are the reasons why the textile changed from hydrophilicity to super-hydrophobicity. Optimal ASO-1 dosage and processing time are 0.25 wt% ASO-1 in toluene solution and 15 minutes. In addition, with increase of the experimental nano-silica diameters at 30-280.7 nm, super-hydrophobicity of the treated textile surface slightly increases.
Construction the Rural Entrepreneurial Support System
Authors: Liu Ying , He Yun Jing
Published: July 2011

Starting a business is the impetus of the increase and in economy ,and it is also the basic which makes the economy of a nation, a region, or a corporation full of continuable developmental energy. In entrepreneurial society, whether person, social or government maybe the entrepreneurs. Personal entrepreneurship is to create wealth; Social entrepreneurs are to support individuals to create wealth, and to support the formation of entrepreneurial ability and practice; Governmental entrepreneurship is to organize and guide the community to build the Entrepreneurial support systems. In the entrepreneurship, the Government's responsibility is not only to develop the policies of entrepreneurship promotion, but also to build the entrepreneurial support systems. The Government is the first entrepreneurs, that is , the creator of the Entrepreneurial support system.
Ontology Mapping Based on Domain Framework
Authors: Li Shun Xin , Shi Lei Jun
Published: July 2011

For service-oriented software engineering, the basic problem faced is the sharing and interaction of information between software, and in essence, is to make the software to communicate from the semantic level. Ontology is as a carrier of information and expression methods and is used to describe software entities. We may want to take into account the reuse of ontology modules, meanwhile different ontology libraries may face ontology heterogeneity and other problems, and all the above problems can be resolved through ontology mapping. Based on the process of ontology construction, the ways of presenting information by ontology and the reference to the practical process of ontology mapping, we put forward a framework of ontology mapping and ontology mapping algorithm which analyze from the ontology concept, instance, structure, hierarchy, and while take advantage of WordNet thesaurus and manual adjustments and other means to improve the accuracy of mapping discovery and mapping process.
The Study of Three-Dimensional Hairstyle Database System
Authors: Wang Li Mei , Liu Bin
Published: July 2011

This paper introduces a kind of three-dimensional human hairstyle database system based on structure optical measurement. The human body three-dimensional data, hair extraction of three-dimensional data, three-dimensional body hairstyle design process; real-time three-dimensional imaging of hairstyle and other issues are discussed in detail.
Encrypted XML Data Query Processing with Range Query
Authors: Liu Bao Long , Chen Hua , Guo Yi
Published: July 2011

Without decrypting the encrypted blocks, it is difficult to query encrypted XML data. Inspired by Query-Aware decryption scheme, the paper extends the scheme to support range query with value index. Value index is based on order preserving encryption. The testing results indicate that the proposed scheme can complete a correct query processing, and support range query.
Design and Research on Remote Monitoring System of CNC Equipments Based on Web
Authors: Yue Min , Cheng Wu Shan , Zhang Min Liang
Published: July 2011

In this paper, a remote monitoring system of CNC Equipments is developed based on web. In this way, managers can not only remotely access, monitor and maintenance CNC equipments, but also realize remote monitoring and diagnosis. The system can decrease system running cost and improve maintaining efficiency. It has wide application prospect and great popularization value.
Research on Rough Set Based Weighted Grey Fault Diagnosis Algorithm and Practical Application
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhang Cai Li
Published: July 2011

Considering the poor accuracy of grey relational analysis method in fault diagnosis field, a rough set based weighted grey fault diagnosis algorithm is provided. The algorithm extracts the core characteristic parameters described the fault description and calculate their weight with rough sets and its attribute reduction method, the possible fault pattern of the unknown pattern is judged by the relation degree which calculated quantitatively with each typical fault pattern in history diagnosis record based on weighted grey relational analysis method. Experiment result of recognizing a diesel engine working state indicates that rough set based weighted grey fault diagnosis algorithm find effectively the optimization characteristics parameter for fault description, emphasize the importance of the different characteristics parameters, improve the accuracy of grey diagnose algorithm, and can play significant performance in actual application.
Pressure Vessel Optimization Design Based on the Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Zhang Cai Li , Yang Fan
Published: July 2011

According to pressure vessel material waste problem in the traditional design, the finite element technique is used to pressure vessel optimization design in this paper. Firstly, the finite element analysis is applied to carry out stress calculation, and we extracted the related results parameters for following calculation. Then we conducted the quantitative calculation after choosing optimization design method, and got the best design parameters which meet performance indexes. At last, we conducted the optimization design of pressure vessels using this technology. Practical results prove the validity and the practicability of this method in the pressure vessels design.
Event-Triggered Time Synchronization Algorithm in Medium and High Rate WSN
Authors: Wang Yue Chao , Cheng Liang Lun
Published: July 2011

Traditional WSN’s time synchronization does not fit the needs of data fusion and large data transmission in High and Medium Rate WSN (MHWSN). In the structure of fixed network topology, there exists the problem that the synchronization errors between neighbor nodes are relatively large. At the same time, the whole-network synchronization mechanism is not suitable for the case that the data processing cycle of MHWSN is longer. An event-triggered local synchronization mechanism is presented in this paper. Simultaneously, a routing algorithm for synchronization is designed to solve the neighbor synchronization problem. The simulation results show that: The proposed synchronization mechanism reduces the cost of synchronizing in the event area, and the synchronization error between interest nodes is lowered too.
Experimental Investigation into High Speed FD-OCT Imaging Based on Orthogonally Polarized Light
Authors: Cheng Hsu Chih , Shiu Ming Shiuan
Published: July 2011

A phase shifting method based on orthogonal polarized light is proposed over complex Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) to enhance the speed of OCT image scanning and to resist the environmental disturbance such as vibration. In the proposed approach, one simple wave plates (a quarter-wave plate ) are inserted into the system with appropriate rotational angles, the one interference data on orthogonal polarized directions will then manipulate with π/2 phase-shifting algorithm to reduce the scanning frequency. In other words, the proposed approach enables one-shot and full-range FD-OCT.
Delay-Dependent Robust Fault-Tolerant Control for Delta Operator Systems with D-Stability
Authors: Song Qing Hua , Ji Lina , Zhang Duan Jin , Meng Shan
Published: July 2011

This paper is concerned with the problem of delay-dependent robust fault-tolerant control for delta operator formulated uncertain systems with time-varying delays and regional pole assignment constraints. Based on Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, a sufficient condition of delay-dependent robust fault-tolerant D-stabilization for delta operator systems with time-delay and actuator failure is provided. When LMI is feasible, the state feedback control law of the delay- dependent systems is also obtained. A numerical simulation shows the advantages of delta operator approach and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Analysis and Discussion about Green Supply Chain Management of Oil Industry in China
Authors: Deng Ming Ming , Liu Li Jun
Published: July 2011

This paper analyzes the problems in the supply chain of oil industry, proposes a model of the green supply chain of oil industry, and uses a case to illustrate the application of the green supply chain management of oil industry. The process consists of: green raw material, green exploitation, green store, green transportation, green sale, green consumption, green return ,green recycling and green disposal. It is proved well in application.
The Design and Application of Pharmaceutical Factory Monitoring System Based on Ethernet
Authors: Yu Zhong An , Tan Wei Qin , Xie Zheng Hua
Published: July 2011

In view of the scale of current control system become more and more big, and the structure is more complex than before. So it is difficult to realize the information interaction between control layer and upper layer application software, even it's also hard to interconnect directly interoperability among each manufactory's system. In order to realize the effective operation of overall control system, this paper designed a pharmaceutical factory monitoring system based on Ethernet, which can realize the integration of each subsystem. This paper elaborated the structure of the system, and the implementation of hardware Interface transformation. This system has many advantages, such as effective human-computer interaction, stable performance, high degree of automation and convenient for remote browse or parameters modification. So it's a meaningful research.