bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pig Platelet Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase–Subcellular Localization and Possible Activation by Thrombin
Authors: Fukami M. H. , Salganicoff L. , Bauer J.
Published: June 2019

Glycogenolysis in washed pig platelets incubated without glucose at 37° for ) hour was biphasic. The initial rate (4–6 nmoles/min/mg of protein) decreased by 70–80% when approximately 50% of the original glycogen had disappeared. The rate of glycogenolysis in platelets treated with thrombin did not decrease until more than 70% of the glycogen was broken down. These observations suggested that some mechanism to control excessive glycogen depletion exists in platelets and that thrombin can alter this control. Since glycogenolysis requires the action of 2 enzymes, phosphorylase (2.4.1.1) and amylo-1,6-glucosidase (3.2.1.33), the debranehing enzyme, their subcellular distribution was investigated. Pig platelets homogenized by a French press were fractionated into a 12,000 g pellet (granules) a 100,000 g pellet (microsomes) and a 100,000 g supernatant fraction, (soluble fraction). The specific activity of phosphorylase in pig platelets was 100-fold greater than that of amylo-l,6-glueosidase. Less than 1% of the phosphorylase was found in the granule fraction, about 3–4% in the microsomes and 96% in the soluble fraction. Only 2–3% of the amylo-l,6-glucosidase was present in the granule fraction, 25–30% in the microsomes, and about 70% in the soluble fraction. Most of the glycogen (70–80%) sedimented at 100,000 g and the rest was solubilized. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that half of the glycogen in the resting platelet can be readily degraded to a limit dextrin or inner core by phosphorylase and part of the amylo-l,6-glueosidase; the further breakdown of glycogen in thrombin-activated platelets may depend on the exposure of a cryptic portion of the debranehing enzyme, perhaps by the intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes, a large proportion of which is also found in the 100,000 g pellet.
Platelet Interaction with Tumor Cells
Authors: Gasic G. , Gasic T. , Hsu B. , Koch P. , Niewiarowski S.
Published: June 2019

Previous investigations demonstrated that mouse tumors cause platelet aggregation (PA) and increase platelet turnover. Depletion of platelets by neuraminidase and inhibition of PA by aspirin reduced the munber of metastases (Gasic et al., Int. J. Cancer 11, 704, 1973). The purpose of this investigation was to study further interaction of cells from various mouse and human tumors with platelets. Cells of 7 mouse tumors (1 mammary adenocarcinomas, 5 sarcomas, I melanoma) and 14 human tumors (8 breast, 3 colonic adenocarcinomas, 1 cancer of the ureter, 1 Wilms tumor, and 1 neuroblastoma) aggregated homologous platelets suspended in heparinized plasma. Three mouse tumors (2 mammary and 1 sarcoma) and 5 human tumors (2 breast, 1 sarcoma, 1 Wilms, and 1 neuroblastoma) did not. PA was accompanied by the release of radio-activity from 14C-serotonin labeled platelets (range 15–90%). PA activity was not correlated with fibrinolytic or procoagulant activity. The contribution of plasminogen activators, thrombin, and tumor immune complexes has been excluded. However, gamma globulin of tumor bearing mice contained a “blocking factor” which delayed PA. Since enzymatic removal of ADP reduced PA it is possible that the ADP release either by tumors or by platelets played a contributory role. The pattern of PA by tumor cells rossembled that induced by collagen. Indeed preliminary evidence suggests that collagen-like material associated with tumor cells might be involved in platelet adherence to these cells and subsequent aggregation.

(Supported by NIH Grants CA-15728, HL 14217. HL 15226, and by a Univ. of Penna.’s General Research Support Grant.)
Quantitative Estimation of Thrombin-Antithrombin III and Plasmin-Alpha1-Antiplasmin Complexes in Human Plasma
Authors: Collen D.
Published: June 2019

During activation of the coagulation or fibrinolytic system in human plasma neo-antigens evolve, associated with the thrombin-antithrombin III (T-AT) and plasmin-α1-antiplasmin (P-AP) complexes (D. Collen and P. De Cock, Thromb, Res., 5, 777, 1974), A tanned red cell hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) has been adapted to the quantitation of these complexes in plasma. Experiments with partially absorbed antisera revealed that fresh plasma had a titer of 4 to 32 in the TRCHII for T-AT and of 4 to 16 in the TRCHII for P-AP. Serum reacted 8 to 16 times better than plasma in the TRCHII for T-AT and urokinase activated plasma 32 to 128 times better than plasma in the TRCHII for P-AP.

During streptokinase (SK) therapy in 3 patients (infusion of 600,000 HI Kabikinase® over 30 min) a marked increase in the P-AP complex titer, approaching or equalling that of the subject’s plasma activated in vitro with urokinase, was observed at the end of the SK infusion. The titer remained high during the first three hours and was still higher than the pre-infusion value after 24 hours, suggesting that this complex has a half-life of several hours in vivo. During reptilase therapy in 3 patients (infusion of 2 ml Defibrase® over 1 hour) the P-AP complex titer increased gradually but submaximally over a period of several hours and remained elevated for at least 48 hours, indicating that the plasminogen consumption observed during reptilase therapy is due, at least in part, to a secondary fibrinolytic response.

Further studies to show whether these assays can be converted to rapid, simple and specific tests for the diagnosis of low grade or regional in vivo coagulation or fibrinolysis in clinical conditions are in progress.
Inactivation of Factor VII by Heparin and Antithrombin III
Authors: Godal H. C. , Gravem K. , Laake K. , Rygh M.
Published: June 2019

In the presence of heparin and antithrombin III, activated factor VII was progressively inactivated. Inactivation occurred in plasma as well as in preparations of highly purified factor VII and antithrombin III. The inactivation process was slow, and could only be demonstrated at temperatures below 37° C. Neutralisation of heparin with polybrene (after incubation) did not lead to regain of factor VII activity, suggesting that inactivation is irreversible. Whether also non-activated factor VII is affected by heparin and antithrombin III, remains to be settled.
The Biophysical and Functional Properties of Antithrombin III (AT III) in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Chandra S. , Bang N. U.
Published: June 2019

Human and rabbit AT III were purified by a two-step procedure of heparin-agarose affinity chromatography and Sephadex G150 gel filtration. The resulting preparation purified approximately 900 fold over plasma was homogeneous by SDS gel electrophoresis (SDSE), immunoelectrophoresis and gel exclusion chromatography (GEC). Both human and rabbit AT III possessed mol wt’s of approximately 68,000 daltons. As previously observed (Rosenberg and Damus: J. Biol. Chern., 248, 0490, 1973), we noted that human as well as rabbit AT III form firm stoichiometric complexes with thrombin demonstrable by SDSE and GEC. 125I labeled rabbit AT III possessing biophysical and biological properties identical to the unlabeled product was injected into rabbits. Radiolabeled AT III displayed complex multiphasic disappearance curves with a half-life of the major component of 36 hours. The apparent mol wt of AT III in vivo was reduced to approximately 30,000 daltons within minutes after its administration into rabbits as evidenced by GEC and SDSE. The 30,000 dalton AT III was as capable as the 68.000 dalton AT III to form firm stoichiometric complexes with thrombin. Thus, AT III may exist in different molecular forms possessing similar biological activities.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients Undergoing Aortocoronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: McEnany M. T. , Mundth E. D. , Weintraub R. M. , DeSanctis R. W. , Harthorne J. W. , Gates S. , Daggett W. M. , Buckley M. J. , Austen W. G. , Salzman E. W.
Published: June 2019

Over 25,000 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures, involving more than 50,000 saphenous vein grafts, are performed yearly in the United States. The recognized one-year graft failure rate of 20-30% would imply thrombosis of at least 5,000 vein grafts per year. To improve graft patency rates, we have investigated the benefits of aspirin (ASA), warfarin (Coumadin®), or placebo in a randomized prospective study involving 216 patients undergoing CABG operations. A total of 412 vein grafts were performed. Clinical and angiographic follow-up at 1 to 2 years after operation is not yet completed, but preliminary results show 71% of grafts patent in ASA-treated patients, 64% in warfarin-treated patients, and 52% in the placebo group. 89% of warfarin-treated patients have at least one graft patent compared with 73% of placebo- and 75% of ASA-treated patients. The incidence of late myocardial infarctions has been lower in warfarin-treated (1.4%) and ASA-treated (4%) patients than in the placebo group (8%). Relief from angina is also markedly improved in treated groups, with 44% of ASA-treated and 56% of warfarin-treated patients angina free, compared to 27% of patients in the placebo group. There have been only 4 cardiac-related deaths, (3 in the placebo group and 1 in the ASA group). Eight patients were dropped from the study because of drugrelated problems. Four patients bled on warfarin therapy, one ASA patient bled, while two had ASA-allergic reactions and one developed gastritis. Follow-up is continuing.

Preliminary results suggest that antithrombotic therapy is feasible in CABG patients and appears to promote graft patency, relieve angina pectoris and increase longevity.
Endothelaemia in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Angina Pectoris
Authors: Přerovský I. , Hladovec J.
Published: June 2019

The previously published method (Thrombosis Res. 3, 665, 1973) was used for the estimation of endothelaemia. The method is based on an ennumeration of endothelial cells after a differential centrifugation and removal of platelets by an addition of adenosine-diphosphate. The normal values in humans are from 4-5 cells in one microlitre of plasma. Significant increases were found in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in patients with severe angina pectoris. The increase attains maximum values on the first days of myocardial infarction and within 3-5 days they return gradually to original values. A series of clinical as well as animal experiments was carried out to elucidate this phenomenon.
Platelet Survival Time in Coronary Artery Disease: Incidence and Significance
Authors: Steele P. , Genton E.
Published: June 2019

A role for platelets in the etiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its complications has been suggested. In 68 men with angiographically defined CAD platelet survival (SURV) (51Chromium) was shortened (3.2±.04 days; AVE±SEM; normal 3.7±.04 days; p < 0.001) and 41 (60%) had shortened SURV (< 3.3 days). SURV did not correlate with severity of CAD, angina, or history of infarction. Of 37 with hyperlipoproteinemia SURV was shortened (3.1 ±.12 days) in 27 (73%) and different from 31 with normal lipids (3.3±. 12 days; p < 0.05). SURV was performed in 35 following aorto-coronary saphenous vein bypass (ACB). Of 15 with all grafts open, SURV was normal (3.5±.11 days) in 10 (67%). Of 20 with one or more grafts occluded SURV was shortened (2.6±.08 days) in 19 (95%). In 11 with normal SURV, one of 23 (4%) grafts was occluded while in 24 with shortened SURV 26 of 46 (56%) grafts were occluded, Clofibrate prolonged shortened SURV (2.6 ±.09 to 3.4±14 days; p < 0.001) and altered lipids. Sulfinpyrazone prolonged shortened SURV (2.8 ±.12 to 3.6 ±.21 days; p < 0.001) and failed to alter lipids. Data suggest that shortened SURV is frequently present in CAD, can be altered by platelet suppressant agents and is associated with ACB occlusion.
Platelet Survival and Platelet Production in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: Bergström A.-L. , Kutti J.
Published: June 2019

In 16 patients (3 males and 13 females) with SLE platelet survival and platelet production were determined. At the time of study 3 patients received no therapy, 10 were treated with corticosteroids, and the remaining 3 received corticosteroids and azathioprin. The control group consists of 21 healthy male volunteers. In all experiments autologous platelets labelled with 51Cr were employed.

The mean peripheral platelet count for the SLE patients was 222,000/μl, range 122,000-347,000/μl. In this group the mean for platelet mean life span (MLS) was 6.8±0,3 (S. E.), range 5.5-9.7 days, and did not differ from the mean for the controls (6.9±0.3 days). In the SLE group the mean platelet turnover was 49,000 ±8,000/μl/day. The corresponding value for the controls was 43,000 ± 3,000/μl/day. The values for platelet MLS and platelet turnover in SLE patients were not related to given therapy.

Previously it has been suggested that a state of compensated thrombocytolysis is present i SLE. Our results could, however, not confirm this.
Platelet Kinetic in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Authors: Mitrakul S.
Published: June 2019

In an attempt to reveal certain aspects of pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in DHF, the studies were carried out in a total of sixty-one children with this disease. As has been shown by others, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia were the two most prominent hemostatic defects constantly discovered. Increased consumption in intravascular clotting .seemed to be one responsible factor for the hemostatic defect, though not quite outstanding. This was evident by mildly and variably low factor II, VII, IX, X and XII; and mild to moderate increase of FDP, besides low platelets and fibrinogen. Platelet kinetic study, in eleven cases, revealed increased destruction as a main cause for thrombocytopenia, and most probably was by the underlying immunologic mechanism.
Platelet Kinetics in Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Gehrmann G.
Published: June 2019

The pathogenesis of alcoholic platelet depression was studied in twenty patients (average ethanol consumption about 400 g daily). Using 51Cr-labelled platelets, turnover rate, survival time and splenic storage rate were determined and it was found that chronic alcohol intake has a harmful effect on production, destruction and distribution of platelets. The combination and effectiveness of the three pathological mechanisms differs from case to case. A decreased platelet production was, however, most frequent and also proved to quantitatively the most important mechanism. It, therefore, would seem that alcoholic depression of platelets is largely due to suppression of megakaryocyte production.
Activation of Human Platelets by Endotoxin
Authors: Das John , Ausprunk Dianna , Folkman Judah
Published: June 2019

Endotoxin-like activity (ELA) can be detected in platelets in human Gram-negative sepsis1. With our photometric version of the Limulus test, we quantified the ELA of platelets in 12 children with gastroenteritis of Gram-negative origin. 5 severe cases had thrombocytopenia (41 × 103/μl), and an ELA-equivalent of 10.4 ± 6.9 ng in platelets from 1 ml PRP; 4 died of DIC. 7 patients wore moderately ill, with platelets 138 × 103/μl, and an ELA of 5.3 ± 3.9 ng. In fi controls with a background platelet-ELA of 1.9 ng, incubation with endotoxin (50 ng/ml PRP) raised the ELA by 3 ng. In the one infant surviving severe enteritis, a similar incubation raised the platelet-ELA by 16 ng, the platelet count being 26 × 103/μl. In DIC, we routinely find platelet-ELA at 20 ng and platelet counts of 25 χ 103/μl. In in-vitro EM studies, endotoxin complexed with Cu2+ adhered to human platelet surfaces; pseudopods and degranulation were also seen along with fragmentation of endotoxin particles. The membrane changes suggested peroxidation.

We postulate that endotoxin adheres to an activates human platelets to release materials with procoagulant properties in the Limulus test, and capable of precipitating DIC. As sensitized platelets are phagocytized by the RES, platelets may prove to be a system for clearing circulating endotoxin.

1 Das, Schwartz and Folkman: Surgery 74, 235, 1973.
The Interaction of Factor V with Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Breederveld K. , Giddings J. , Cate J. W. ten , Bloom A. L.
Published: June 2019

The coagulant activity of gel filtered human platelets in the factor V assay is low. Lysis of these platelets by repeated freezing and thawing exposes a high coagulant activity, which is due to liberation of the factor V molecule from the damaged cells. Freezing and thawing of gel filtered platelets of a severe factor V deficient patient did not expose any coagulant activity.

Supernatants of centrifugated gel filtered platelet lysates contained specific factor V-antibody neutralizing capacity.

Fluorescence of normal platelets with FITC conjugated with sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was inhibited by previous incubation of rabbit anti factor V-antibody with lysates of gel filtered normal platelets.

It is postulated, based upon these facts that factor V is localized intracellularly.

During collagen-induced aggregation of gel filtered normal platelets, endogenous serotonin is released within ten seconds, in contrast to factor V, which is slowly liberated, parallel with pf-3 activity.
Prothrombin Determination by Means of a Chromogenic Peptide Substrate
Authors: Korean-Bengtsen K. , Axelsson G.
Published: June 2019

A two stage method to determine prothrombin with a chromogenic peptide substrate benzoyl-phe-val-arg-p-nitroanilid (Bofors, Göteborg, Sweden) has been worked out. Citrated plasma (10 μl) was diluted in 600 μl tris buffer pH = 8.2 μ 0.15 and activated with 250 μl of a commercial rabbit brain-lung thromboplastin (Simplastin, General Diagnostics Division, Warner-Lambert, Morris Plain, U.S.A.) After 5 minutes incubation at 37° C 200 μl of a 1 mM solution of the chromogenic substrate was added and the increase in optical density was recorded in a LKB-Beckman 8000 enzyme analyzer. A reading time of 1 minute was used which permitted 60 analyses per hour to be carried out. A linear relationship was found between ΔOD and dilutions of normal plasma in prothrombin deficient plasma or adsorbed plasma. The method is insensitive to variations in factor V, VII and X. Less than 5% of normal plasma was needed to “normalize” plasmas deficient in factor V or VII or X. The method can be used to control dicumarol treatment. A group if dicumarol treated patients has been investigated with the present method and with Quick’s prothrombin time and with a P & P-method using Simplastin A (General Diagnostics Division, Warner-Lambert, Morris Plains, U.S.A.) as a reagent. The results of this comparison is presented.
The Activation of Factor VII
Authors: Gonggrijp R. , Hemker H. C.
Published: June 2019

Native factor VII (F. VIIn) can be activated by thromboplastin or by the kallikrein-system. This gives rise to two different forms of activated factor VII. We thus discern Factor VIIn, cold activated factor VII (C.P.A-F. VIIa) and thromboplastin activated factor VII (T-F. VIIa).

We developed one- and two-stage assays that distinguish between these forms and we tried to establish their interrelationship.

T-F. VIIa could be obtained in a form devoid of lipid components and still clearly distinguishable both from factor VIIn and from C.P.A.-F. VIIa. It activates factor X in a thromboplastin-independent process, whereas C.P.A.-F. VIIa is unable to do so.

The difference between F. VIIn and C.P.A.-F. VIIa is that the latter is converted into T-F. VIIa much more quickly in a process that shows less species specificity with regard to the type of thromboplastin used.

No differences could be seen between T-F. VIIa obtained from V, VIIn directly or via C.P.A.-F. VIIa.
Preparation of Highly Purified Human Thrombin and Factor Xa in a Simultainous Procedure
Authors: Miller-Andersson M.
Published: June 2019

A preparation procedure that purifies Thrombin and activated factor X in a simultainous process has been worked out. Prothrombin complex was first prepared from fresh frozen plasma by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Prothrombin activator was prepared from human brain thromboplastin and bovine serum factors. The activation was performed at 20° C and followed by assaying thrombin activity. After activation the brain material was removed by centrifugation. The protein mixture was immediately adsorbed on to Amberlite IRC-50 and both enzymes were fully adsorbed to the resin. They were eluted in a CaCl2 gradient and the two enzymes eluted in two slightly owerlapping peaks.

The thrombin obtained in this procedure was highly purified with a specific activity of 2100 U per mg protein. The activated factor X contained traces of thrombin. It was fully suitable for anti Xa assays of heparin. When higher degree of purity was needed the activated factor X was further purified in an iron-exchange or affinity chromatography step.
Mechanism of Platelet Dependent Retraction of Reptilase Clots
Authors: Kubisz P. , Suranová J.
Published: June 2019

Effects of agents affecting cyclic AMP and microtubule function.

Human platelets stimulated by ADP or collagen caused retraction of fibrin formed in the presence of highly purified Bothrops atrox thrombin like enzyme (Reptilase®).

Incubation of normal human platelets with compounds increasing cyclic AMP levels in the cells or with exogenous db-cyclic AMP, reduced considerably or almost completely (depending on the concentration and incubation time) the retraction of ADP-, or collagen — reptilase clots. This type of retraction requires the presence of Ca2+ - ions and is strongly influenced by the agents which directly affect the platelet microtubules.

The data suggest that this manifestation of platelet contractile activity depend upon functional state of microtubular structures and may be modulated by the platelet cyclic AMP/Ca2+ ratio.
Competitive Investigations to the Development of Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MHA) in two Different Animal Tumors
Authors: Klein P. J. , Schunn H. , Schaefer H. E. , Lacroix W. Féaux de , Fischer R.
Published: June 2019

The MHA, characterized by schistocytes in blood smears, is mainly due to fibrin strands in the micro vasculature and can be one cause of anemia in patients with metastasing tumors or tumors forming atypical vessels. The relationship between MHA and tumor grwoth was analysed in a transplantable hemangioendothelioma and a transplantable mamma-carcinoma of the mouse.

The investigations have shown, that the degree of MHA was correlated with the extent of microangiopathy including thrombosis within the nonmetastasing tumors. The following parameters were used for MHA: Fall of thrombocytes, increase of schistocytes in blood smear, hemoglobinemia, hyperbilirubinemia and siderosis of the kidneys. Additionally, the morphological signs of MHA were re electron-microscopically observed in the hemangioendothelioma.

The results have shown parallels to the MHA in cancer patients.
A Series of Thrombosis Models and Some of their Applications
Authors: Hladovec J.
Published: June 2019

A series of techniques used to induce experimental thrombosis or prethrombotic states is described. All experiments were performed in rats. They included an arterial thrombosis induced by electric current, a venous thrombosis of mesenteric vessels produced by stasis and contact activation and prethrombotic states produced by endothelial lesions and resulting either in a decrease of circulating platelets or in an increase of circulating endothelial cells. In the design of models a particular attention was paid to the participation of the vessel wall. In all models, the possibility to obtain quantitative results or a continuous record of the process was emphasized. This battery of models was used to survey the effects of some thrombosis inducing agents as well as antithrombotics. Among these agents particularly those were amphasized which affect the properties of vessel walls as flavonoids and antiphlogistics. The possibility to use such drugs in the prevention of some types of thrombosis is discussed.
Haemophilia in a Girl with XX/XXX Mosaicism
Authors: Kernoff P. B. A. , Fieldhouse G. , Williams J. , McNicol G. P.
Published: June 2019

Investigations performed on a 17 yr. old girl with factor VIII deficiency indicated haemophilia rather than von Willebrand’s disease. She had a life-long history of defective haemostasis but was otherwise normal and had normal menstruation. There was no definite family history of a bleeding disorder. She had a low level of factor VIII clotting activity (12%) but normal factor VIII-related antigen (126%), bleeding time, ristocetin aggregation of platelets in PRP, ristocetin co-factor and platelet glass bead adhesion. There was no evidence of circulating anti-VIII. Following transfusion of cryoprecipitate there was an immediate rise and then rapid fall-off in the level of factor VIII clotting activity (50% disappearance time about 11.5 hours). Levels of antigen paralleled these changes.

Chromosomal analysis of peripheral lymphocytes showed 46XX/47XXX mosaicism. It is suggested that the clinical expression of haemophilia was due to this chromosomal abnormality, the pathophysiology of which probably included non-dysjunction of a haemophilia-carrying X chromosome.
Evaluation of Platelet Production by 75Se-IHethionine (75Se-Me) in Patiente with Bone Marrow Failure and Preleukaemia
Authors: Gugliotta L. , Tura S.
Published: June 2019

The in vivo labelling technique with --Se-Me has been employed in order to study platelet production in four patients with aplastic anaemia (AA), two patients with isolated megakaryocytic hypoplasia (IMH), four patients with acquired diserythropoietic idiopathic anaemia (ADIA), and one patient with smouldering leukaemia (SL). Platelet production was reduced by a factor of 5 to 13 in the four patients with AA, and to a lesser degree (by a factor of 3) in the two patients with IMH. In the four patients with ADIA, who showed a normal or even an higher than normal proportion of megakaryocytes in the marrow, platelet production was decreased by a factor of 1.5 to 5, indicating ineffective thrombocytopoiesis. In the patient with SL a biphasic curve was observed (with two peaks at day 4 and 14), suggesting the existence of two abnormal megakaryocyte populations.
Sonographic Diagnosis of Neonatal Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Sawhney Harpreet , Sharma Pranav , Soin Priti , Pirreca Caitlin , Schwartz Dana , Kochar Puneet Singh
Published: June 2019

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an uncommon but fatal disease in the pediatric age group, with a neonatal preponderance. The clinical presentation is nonspecific. Within the first 48 hours, the neonate usually presents with nonspecific signs such as respiratory distress, poor tone, and asphyxia. Neurological signs such as seizures, lethargy, apnea, and poor feeding set in later. We present the case of a neonatal CVT, presenting as asphyxia and respiratory depression on day 1 of life. CVT was diagnosed on neonatal cranial ultrasound. The patient died 3 days later.
Mesoscale observations of the thermal decomposition of energetic composites under ultrasonic excitation
Authors: Roberts Z. A. , Wickham J. A. , Sorensen C. J. , Manship T. D. , Gunduz I. E. , Son S. F. , Rhoads J. F.
Published: June 2019

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) have exhibited localized heating and, in some cases, subsequent reactions in response to ultrasonic excitation. The objectives of this work are to investigate the conditions for, and locations of, hot spot initiation of energetic crystals embedded within a polymer binder subjected to periodic mechanical excitation from a contacting transducer operating at 210.5 kHz. Crystal and binder interactions and events such as delamination, solid-solid phase change, and gas production were observed in real time via optical microscopy. We conclude that there are two main pathways of heat generation which are capable of driving an explosive to decomposition in the systems of interest: frictional heating from a delaminated and moving binder interface and viscoelastic heating in the binder near an embedded crystal. Formulations that address the vibration initiation sensitivity of PBX composites require knowledge of the key internal heat generation mechanisms. The results included here indicate that improving binder adhesion to energetic crystals or improving crystal morphology to reduce heating during cyclic loading may only address one of the available pathways of energy dissipation and that binder and crystal selection should be done concurrently. Furthermore, the results presented herein appear to indicate that rounded particles, in contrast to faceted crystals, with strong adhesion to the binder are expected to result in decreased heating rates under ultrasonic excitation.
Spontaneous multi-keV electron generation in a low-RF-power axisymmetric mirror machine
Authors: Swanson C. , Cohen S. A.
Published: June 2019

X-ray emission shows the existence of multikilo-electron-volt electrons in low-temperature, low-power, capacitively coupled RF-heated magnetic-mirror plasmas that also contain a warm (300 eV) minority electron population. Though these warm electrons are initially passing particles, we suggest that collisionless scattering—μ nonconservation in the static vacuum field—is responsible for a minority of them to persist in the mirror cell for thousands of transits during which time a fraction is energized to a characteristic temperature of 3 keV, with some electrons reaching energies above 30 keV. A heuristic model of the heating by a Fermi-accelerationlike mechanism is presented, with μ nonconservation in the static vacuum field as an essential feature.
Electric field-induced pinch-off of a compound droplet in Poiseuille flow
Authors: Santra Somnath , Das Sayan , Chakraborty Suman
Published: June 2019

We address the pinch-off dynamics of a compound droplet that is suspended in a carrier fluid in a parallel plate microchannel. The droplet is subjected to a transverse electric field in the presence of an imposed pressure-driven flow. When a concentric compound droplet migrates in a pressure driven flow, the inner droplet deviates from the concentric position and forms an eccentric configuration that finally leads to the pinch-off of the outer shell. Our results reveal that the temporal evolution of droplet eccentricity as well as the kinetics of the thinning of the outer droplet is markedly influenced by the strength of the electric field as well as the electric properties of the fluids. We also bring out the conversion of different modes of droplet pinch-off, such as the equatorial cap breakup or the equatorial hole-puncture mode, by altering the electric field strength and electrical properties of the fluids. We also identify the relevant pointers that dictate the pinch-off time as well as the location of the pinch-off. This, in turn, opens up novel means of modulating the morphology of double emulsion in a confined channel by applying an electric field.
Tuning the electronic properties of epitaxial strained CaFeO3−δ thin films
Authors: Huang Tongtong , Wang Yujia , Li Haobo , Wang Meng , Lyu Yingjie , Shen Shengchun , Lu Nianpeng , He Qing , Yu Pu
Published: June 2019

Strain engineering of transition metal oxides due to their desirable properties has long been a focal point in both physics and material sciences. Here, we investigate the strain dependence of electronic and optical properties of the high valence iron-based perovskite CaFeO3−δ. Using substrates with various lattice constants, we achieve a wide range of tunable epitaxial strain states in CaFeO3−δ thin films ranging from compressive −0.37% to tensile 3.58%. Electrical transport and optical absorption measurements demonstrate a distinct strain-dependent behavior, in which larger tensile strain leads to higher electrical resistivity and a larger optical bandgap. We attribute these modulations to tensile strain suppressed p-d hybridization in CaFeO3−δ, as evidenced by soft X-ray absorption spectra measurements.
First passage time distribution of multiple impatient particles with reversible binding
Authors: Lawley S. D. , Madrid J. B.
Published: June 2019

Consider N independently diffusing particles that reversibly bind to a target. We study a problem recently introduced by Grebenkov of finding the first passage time (FPT) for K of the N particles to be simultaneously bound to the target. Since binding is reversible, bound particles may unbind before the requisite K particles bind to the target. This so-called “impatience” leads to a delicate temporal coupling between particles. Recent work found the mean of this FPT in the case that N = K = 2 in a one-dimensional spatial domain. In this paper, we approximate the full distribution of the FPT for any N ≥ K ≥ 1 in a broad class of domains in any space dimension. We prove that our approximation (i) is exact in the limit that the target and/or binding rate is small and (ii) is an upper bound in any parameter regime. Our approximation is analytically tractable and we give explicit formulas for its mean and distribution. These results reveal that the FPT can depend sensitively and nonlinearly on both K and N. The analysis is accompanied by detailed numerical simulations.
The signal and the noise
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: June 2019

Studies on the effect of bilingualism on executive functioning have sometimes failed to find significant differences between performance of monolingual and bilingual young adults. This paper examines the interpretation of these null findings and considers the role of three factors: definition of bilingualism, appropriateness of statistical procedures and interpretations, and the range of data considered. The conclusion is that a correct interpretation of this important issue will require careful consideration of all the data and scrupulous attention to design details.
Prematurity, executive functions and language
Authors: Pérez-Pereira Miguel , Peralbo Manuel , Veleiro Vidal Alberto
Published: June 2019

This chapter aims to compare language development and executive functions (EFs) in healthy preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) children, and to explore the influence of EFs and other factors on language abilities. One group of 111 low-risk PT children and another group of 34 FT children were followed from 4 to 5 years of age, and predictors of language abilities were analysed. The PT children in our study did not obtain significantly lower results than the FT children in any EF task. Cognitive score was the main predictor of linguistic results. EFs, verbal memory and non-verbal working memory in particular, had a moderately significant effect on morphosyntactic production and on grammar understanding. The results seem to reinforce the declarative/procedural model.
Word segmentation and mapping in early word learning
Authors: Bosch Laura , Teixidó Maria , Agut Quijano Thais
Published: June 2019

Comparative study with infants differing in gestational age at birth, tested on a dual word segmentation and mapping task with natural language passages and visual cues to facilitate word extraction and word-referent association, two abilities linked to vocabulary building. Infants were tested at 9 months corrected age for gestation, with preterm infants having longer language experience than full-terms, but similar maturational age. Only full terms succeeded on the word mapping test. While visual cues were expected to facilitate word extraction, unsuccessful mapping is possibly related to the cognitive demands of the task, requiring simultaneous processes for the young learner. Differences in language development levels were also identified, suggesting a complex interplay of factors behind preterm infants’ early language learning skills.
Profiles of grammatical morphology in Spanish-speaking adolescents with Williams Syndrome and Down Syndrome
Authors: Diez-Itza Eliseo , Miranda Manuela , Pérez Vanesa , Martínez Verónica
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents a comparative perspective on the morphological profiles of Williams Syndrome (WS) and Down Syndrome (DS). The initial research described these neurodevelopmental disorders as cases of specific preservation and delay of grammar, respectively, whereas later approaches have challenged such assumptions. The present study aimed to contribute to this discussion with data from 18 Spanish-speaking adolescents in three groups (WS, DS and typical development). Spontaneous speech was analysed with the tools of the CHILDES Project, transcribing and coding the parts of speech and morphological errors. While errors are less frequent in WS than in DS, their type and distribution remain atypical in both syndromes which points towards differential trajectories of language development.
Evaluative language and component structure of oral narratives in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Shiro Marta , Diez-Itza Eliseo , Fernández-Urquiza Maite
Published: June 2019

Williams Syndrome narratives tend to display atypically frequent uses of evaluative language. The aim of the present study is to determine the narrative language profiles of a group of 12 WS participants. We video-recorded their oral recounts of a wordless animated video and compared them to those of typically developing children matched for verbal abilities (matched by MLU). We analyzed narrative structure and evaluative devices referring to internal states and to evidentiality. Our findings suggest that the narrative length and structure of WS and TD groups were similar, but the WS narratives lacked overall coherence and clarity. The use of evaluative language in WS was at the level expected for verbal age, and thus, not significantly excessive.
Recommendations for controlling Newcastle disease virus by producing a highly efficient vaccine.
Authors: Liu HaiJin Liu HaiJin , Almeida R. S. de , Teng QingYuan Teng QingYuan , Albina E.
Published: June 2019

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent avian avulavirus 1, is a serious poultry disease and a major threat for the poultry industry. Vaccination is the most effective way to control the disease. However, there are still ND outbreaks occurring all around the world despite large-scale immunization, which suggests current vaccination programmes need to be improved for better prevention. Since the efficiency of vaccine is easily affected by the quality of antigens, the interference of maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) and the immunization programme, this review focuses on directions to improve viral thermal stability, circumvent MDA interference and antigenotype match between vaccine and wild strains with a view to increasing the efficiency of ND vaccination.
Theory and simulations of spherical and cylindrical Langmuir probes in non-Maxwellian plasmas
Authors: Darian D , Marholm S , Mortensen M , Miloch W J
Published: June 2019

The collected current by spherical and cylindrical Langmuir probes immersed in an unmagnetized and collisionless non-Maxwellian plasma at rest are theoretically studied, and analytical expressions for the currents of attracted and repelled plasma particles are presented. We consider Kappa, Cairns and the generalized Kappa–Cairns distributions as possible models for the velocity field in the plasma. The current–voltage characteristics curves are displayed and discussed. Furthermore, comparisons with the collected currents in Maxwellian plasmas are given. The results of Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations of spherical and cylindrical probes in non-Maxwellian plasmas are also presented, and compared with the theoretical expressions. The results for the collected currents by the Langmuir probes obtained by PIC simulations are in good agreement with the corresponding analytical expressions.
Comparison of the cobas Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) Test Using the cobas 4800 System With COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Test and Abbott RealTime HIV-1 Assay and Performance Evaluation of cobas HIV-1
Authors: Shin Kyung-Hwa , Lee Hyun-Ji , Lee Jin Hyeon , Chang Chulhun L , Kim Hyung-Hoi
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To compare quantified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load quantified using the cobas HIV-1 test with that obtained using the CAP/CTM HIV-1 and Abbott RealTime HIV-1 tests and evaluate the performance of cobas HIV-1 using the cobas 4800 system.

Methods

Clinical samples (n = 123) were quantitatively analyzed using the CAP/CTM HIV-1, Abbott RealTime HIV-1, and cobas HIV-1 tests, and the precision, linearity, and limit of detection of the cobas HIV-1 test were evaluated.

Results

Comparable results were obtained by both methods: ([log CAP/CTM HIV-1 value] = 0.979 * [log cobas HIV-1 test value] + 0.034) and ([log Abbott RealTime HIV-1 value] = 0.985 * [log cobas HIV-1 test value] + 0.027). cobas HIV-1 test results for 89.4% and 93.5% were within 0.5 log10 IU/mL of the CAP/CTM HIV-1 and Abbott RealTime HIV-1 results, respectively.

Conclusions

The cobas HIV-1 test showed good performance, and its results correlated well with those of other two tests.
Rifampin-resistant Tuberculosis in the United States, 1998–2014
Authors: Sharling Lisa , Marks Suzanne M , Goodman Michael , Chorba Terence , Mase Sundari
Published: June 2019

Background

Monoresistance to rifamycins necessitates longer and more toxic regimens for tuberculosis (TB). We examined characteristics and mortality associated with rifampin-monoresistant (RMR) TB in the United States.

Methods

We analyzed Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture-positive cases reported to the National TB Surveillance System (excluding California) between 1998 and 2014. We defined RMR TB found on initial drug susceptibility testing and possible acquired rifampin-resistant (ARR) TB. We assessed temporal trends in RMR TB. For both classifications of rifampin resistance, we calculated adjusted risk ratios (adjRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for characteristics associated with mortality when compared with drug-susceptible TB in multivariable models using backward selection.

Results

Of 180 329 TB cases, 126 431 (70%) were eligible for analysis, with 359 (0.28%) of eligible cases reported as RMR. The percentage of RMR TB cases with HIV declined 4% annually between 1998 and 2014. Persons with HIV and prior TB were more likely to have RMR TB (adjRR, 25.9; 95% CI, 17.6–38.1), as were persons with HIV and no prior TB (adjRR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.4–4.1) vs those without either characteristic, controlling for other statistically significant variables. RMR cases had greater mortality (adjRR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.04–1.8), controlling for HIV and other variables. Persons with HIV had greater risk of ARR than persons without HIV (adjRR, 9.6; 95% CI, 6.9–13.3), and ARR was also associated with increased mortality, controlling for HIV and other variables.

Conclusions

All forms of rifampin resistance were positively associated with HIV infection and increased mortality.
Ecosystem-based reference points under varying plankton productivity states and fisheries management strategies
Authors: Guo Chuanbo , Fu Caihong , Forrest Robyn E , Olsen Norm , Liu Huizhu , Verley Philippe , Shin Yunne-Jai
Published: June 2019

In the context of ecosystem-based fisheries management, which should consider changing and uncertain environmental conditions, the development of ecosystem-based biological reference points (EBRPs) to account for important multi-species (MS) interactions, fishery operations, and climate change, is of paramount importance for sustainable fisheries management. However, EBRPs under varying plankton productivity states and fisheries management strategies are seldom developed, and the ecosystem effects of these changes are still largely unknown. In this study, ecosystem-based FMSY (fishing mortality rate at MSY) values were estimated within an end-to-end ecosystem model (OSMOSE) for three focused fish species (Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasii; Pacific Cod, Gadus macrocephalus; Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus) under three plankton productivity states of differing plankton biomass at high, current, and low levels. In addition, ecosystem effects were compared across different plankton productivity and fisheries management strategies with the latter consisting of two fishery scenarios (i.e. single-species-focused (SS) and MS-focused), various fishing mortality rates, and two harvest policies (with and without harvest control rules, HCRs). Main findings of this study include: (i) plankton productivity change affected the values of ecosystem-based FMSY, which increased as plankton productivity states changed from low to high plankton biomass; (ii) ecosystem-based FMSY for Pacific Herring and Pacific Cod stocks increased when fishery scenarios shifted from SS-focused to MS-focused; (iii) fisheries management incorporating HCR yielded more stable system catch and system biomass; and (iv) high plankton biomass combined with fisheries management using HCR could maintain stable ecosystem production and sustainable fisheries. Based on our findings, we highlight possible adaptive fisheries management strategies in the face of future climate and ocean changes. Overall, EBRPs complement SS stock assessments by incorporating key ecological processes and ecosystem properties, thus providing supporting evidence for better incorporation of ecosystem considerations into scientific advice for sustainable fisheries management.
Development, Spatial Distribution, and Presence on Grapevine of Nymphs of Orientus ishidae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a New Vector of Flavescence Dorée Phytoplasmas
Authors: Lessio Federico , Bocca Federico , Alma Alberto
Published: June 2019

Orientus ishidae (Matsumura) (subfamily Deltocephalinae) is an Asian species now widespread in Europe, and a vector of 16SrV phytoplasmas agents of grapevine Flavescence dorée (FDP). Embryonic and post-embryonic development, spatial distribution, and relationships with grapevine of nymphs were studied under field and laboratory conditions. Egg-hatching dynamics and post-embryonic development of nymphs were studied by collecting grapevine wood from managed and unmanaged vineyards (including bot European Vitis vinifera L., and wild American rootstocks) and storing it inside rearing cages at T = 21–23°C. Field sampling of nymphs were made on both grapevine and two elective host plants of O. ishidae: hazelnut and hornbeam. Taylor’s Power Law was applied to assess the aggregation coefficient of early- (first and second) and late- (third to fifth) life instars on leaves and shoots of host plants. More nymphs were obtained from wood collected in unmanaged rather than managed vineyards. Under lab conditions, the embryonic development lasted 34–48 d, whereas the whole post-embryonic development averaged 27 d. Under field conditions, early instars peaked at the end of May, and late instars peaked 2–4 wk later. The aggregation patterns decreased from early to late instars, and from leaves to shoots. Very few nymphs were observed on unmanaged grapevine, either European or American, and none on managed European grapevine. Some behavioral and FDP epidemiological consequences of the results obtained are discussed.