bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional integration across oscillation frequencies by cross‐frequency phase synchronization
Authors: Palva J. Matias , Palva Satu
Published: November 2017

Neuronal oscillations and their inter‐areal synchronization may be instrumental in regulating neuronal communication in distributed networks. Several lines of research have, however, shown that cognitive tasks engage neuronal oscillations simultaneously in multiple frequency bands that have distinct functional roles in cognitive processing. Gamma oscillations (30–120 Hz) are associated with bottom‐up processing, while slower oscillations in delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), alpha (8–14 Hz) and beta (14–30 Hz) frequency bands may have roles in executive or top‐down controlling functions, although also other distinctions have been made. Identification of the mechanisms that integrate such spectrally distributed processing and govern neuronal communication among these networks is crucial for understanding how cognitive functions are achieved in neuronal circuits. Cross‐frequency interactions among oscillations have been recognized as a likely candidate mechanism for such integration. We advance here the hypothesis that phase–phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations in two different frequency bands, cross‐frequency phase synchrony (CFS), could serve to integrate, coordinate and regulate neuronal processing distributed into neuronal assemblies concurrently in multiple frequency bands. A trail of studies over the past decade has revealed the presence of CFS among cortical oscillations and linked CFS with roles in cognitive integration. We propose that CFS could connect fast and slow oscillatory networks and thereby integrate distributed cognitive functions such as representation of sensory information with attentional and executive functions.
Climate mediates the success of migration strategies in a marine predator
Authors: Abrahms Briana , Hazen Elliott L. , Bograd Steven J. , Brashares Justin S. , Robinson Patrick W. , Scales Kylie L. , Crocker Daniel E. , Costa Daniel P.
Published: November 2017

Individual behavioural specialisation has far‐reaching effects on fitness and population persistence. Theory predicts that unconditional site fidelity, that is fidelity to a site independent of past outcome, provides a fitness advantage in unpredictable environments. However, the benefits of alternative site fidelity strategies driving intraspecific variation remain poorly understood and have not been evaluated in different environmental contexts. We show that contrary to expectation, strong and weak site fidelity strategies in migratory northern elephant seals performed similarly over 10 years, but the success of each strategy varied interannually and was strongly mediated by climate conditions. Strong fidelity facilitated stable energetic rewards and low risk, while weak fidelity facilitated high rewards and high risk. Weak fidelity outperformed strong fidelity in anomalous climate conditions, suggesting that the evolutionary benefits of site fidelity may be upended by increasing environmental variability. We highlight how individual behavioural specialisation may modulate the adaptive capacity of species to climate change.
CEO talent: A dime a dozen, or worth its weight in gold?
Authors: Donatiello Nicholas E. , Larcker David F. , Tayan Brian
Published: November 2017

Very little sophisticated research exists on the size, quality, and efficiency of the labor market for CEO talent. This paper sheds light on this labor market by considering the perspectives of directors directly responsible for hiring and firing the CEOs of the largest publicly traded corporations in the United States. We find that directors overwhelmingly believe that the CEO job is exceptionally challenging and only a handful of executives are qualified to run their company and others in their industry. This suggests that the labor market for outstanding CEO talent is significantly tighter and more competitive than governance experts might realize.
Differential impact of landscape‐scale strategies for crop cultivar deployment on disease dynamics, resistance durability and long‐term evolutionary control
Authors: Papaïx Julien , Rimbaud Loup , Burdon Jeremy J. , Zhan Jiasui , Thrall Peter H.
Published: November 2017

A multitude of resistance deployment strategies have been proposed to tackle the evolutionary potential of pathogens to overcome plant resistance. In particular, many landscape‐based strategies rely on the deployment of resistant and susceptible cultivars in an agricultural landscape as a mosaic. However, the design of such strategies is not easy as strategies targeting epidemiological or evolutionary outcomes may not be the same. Using a stochastic spatially explicit model, we studied the impact of landscape organization (as defined by the proportion of fields cultivated with a resistant cultivar and their spatial aggregation) and key pathogen life‐history traits on three measures of disease control. Our results show that short‐term epidemiological dynamics are optimized when landscapes are planted with a high proportion of the resistant cultivar in low aggregation. Importantly, the exact opposite situation is optimal for resistance durability. Finally, well‐mixed landscapes (balanced proportions with low aggregation) are optimal for long‐term evolutionary equilibrium (defined here as the level of long‐term pathogen adaptation). This work offers a perspective on the potential for contrasting effects of landscape organization on different goals of disease management and highlights the role of pathogen life history.
Clinical presentation and surgical repair of traumatic lateral patellar luxation associated with a complete tear of the vastus medialis muscle in a neonatal Cob foal
Authors: Ogden N. , Doyle C. , Fraser B. , Norton J.
Published: November 2017

Patellar luxation associated with traumatic injury is rare in the horse, and surgical correction has not been adequately described. This case report describes the clinical findings associated with traumatic lateral patellar luxation in a 2‐day‐old cob colt, and the technique used for successful surgical repair. A combination of computed tomography (CT), radiography and ultrasound was used to diagnose lateral luxation of the patella due to a complete tear of the vastus medialis muscle. All patellar ligaments were intact and no congenital abnormalities associated with the patellar luxation were present. Surgical correction of the patellar luxation was achieved using a lateral release of the patella performed by transection of the lateral femoropatellar ligament along with overlying fascia, and stabilisation of the patella by medial imbrication of the medial patellar ligament and parapatellar fascia to the distal tendon of the sartorius muscle. Radiographs at 18 weeks of age showed the patella in a normal position in a well‐developed trochlear groove. At 1 year of age the foal was walking and trotting sound, with normal range of motion of the affected stifle.
Changes in US Monetary Policy and Its Transmission over the Last Century
Authors: Breitfuß Sebastian , Huber Florian , Feldkircher Martin
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we investigate US monetary policy and its time-varying effects over more than 130 years. For that purpose, we use a Bayesian time-varying parameter vector autoregression that features modern shrinkage priors and stochastic volatility. Our results can be summarized as follows: First, we find that monetary policy transmits jointly through the interest rate, credit/bank lending and wealth channels. Second, we find evidence for changes of both responses to a monetary policy shock and volatility characterizing the macroeconomic environment. Effects on the macroeconomy are significantly lower in the period from 1960 to 2013 than in the early part of our sample, whereas responses of short- and long-term interest rates are nearly unaltered throughout the sample. Changes in the way the Fed conducts monetary policy and different economic environments may account for that.
Health democracy in Europe: Cancer patient organization participation in health policy
Authors: Souliotis Kyriakos , Peppou Lily E. , Agapidaki Eirini , Tzavara Chara , Debiais Dominique , Hasurdjiev Stanimir , Sarkozy Francois
Published: November 2017

Background

Patient organization participation in health policy decision making is an understudied area of inquiry. A handful of qualitative studies have suggested that the growing number of patient organizations in Europe and their increasing involvement in policy issues do not result in high political effectiveness. However, existing research is largely country‐specific.

Objective

To examine the degree and impact of cancer patient organization (CPO) participation in health policy decision making in EU‐28 and to identify their correlates.

Methods

A total of 1266 members of CPOs participated in this study, recruited from a diversity of sources. CPO participation in health policy was assessed with the Health Democracy Index, a previously developed instrument measuring the degree and impact of patient organization participation in various realms of health policy. Additional questions collected information about participants' and the CPO's characteristics. Data were gleaned in the form of an online self‐reported instrument.

Results

The highest degree of CPO participation was observed with respect to hospital boards, reforms in health policy and ethics committees for clinical trials. On the contrary, the lowest was discerned with regard to panels in other important health‐related organizations and in the Ministry of Health. The reverse pattern of results was observed concerning the Impact subscale. As regards the correlates of CPO participation, legislation bore the strongest association with the Degree subscale, while organizational factors emerged as the most important variables with regard to the Impact subscale.

Conclusions

Research findings indicate that a high degree of CPO participation does not necessarily ensure a high impact. Efforts to promote high and effective CPO participation should be geared towards the establishment of a health‐care law based on patient rights as well as to the formation of coalitions among CPOs and the provision of training to its members.
Patients' perceptions of their doctors' notes and after‐visit summaries: A mixed methods study of patients at safety‐net clinics
Authors: Belyeu Brittaney M. , Klein Jared W. , Reisch Lisa M. , Peacock Sue , Oster Natalia V. , Elmore Joann G. , Jackson Sara L.
Published: November 2017

Background

Patients are increasingly offered electronic access to their doctors' notes, and many consistently receive paper After‐Visit Summaries. Specific feedback from patients about notes and summaries are lacking, particularly within safety‐net settings.

Design

A mixed methods study

Setting and Participants

Patients with poorly controlled diabetes attending two urban safety‐net primary care clinics in Washington State.

Methods

Patients read their own most recent clinic note and After‐Visit Summary, then completed a brief survey followed by a focus group discussion (3 groups in a large general medicine teaching clinic and 1 in an HIV/AIDS clinic) about their perceptions of the clinic note and After‐Visit Summary.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients participated; 70% were male, 41% were Black, 48% were unemployed or disabled, 56% reported fair/poor health, and 37% had accessed the electronic patient portal. A majority of patients felt their note content was useful (89%); a minority reported that their notes were not accurate (19%), had too much medical jargon (29%), or were too long (26%). Themes identified from the discussions included reliance on the provider to explain confusing content; a desire for more rather than less detail; and perceived inaccuracies, particularly in heavily templated notes. In each focus group, one or more portal users were enthusiastically willing to teach other patients.

Conclusions

The majority of focus group participants at this safety‐net site had not accessed the electronic patient portal, but those who had were willing to promote the portal benefits and assist others. Patients identified specific opportunities to improve clinic notes and After‐Visit Summaries.
A review of shampoo surfactant technology: consumer benefits, raw materials and recent developments
Authors: Cornwell P. A.
Published: November 2017

Surfactants form the core of all shampoo formulations, and contribute to a wide range of different benefits, including cleansing, foaming, rheology control, skin mildness and the deposition of benefit agents to the hair and scalp. The purpose of this review was to assist the design of effective, modern, shampoo surfactant technologies. The mechanisms through which surfactants help deliver their effects are presented, along with the appraisal techniques through which surfactant options can be tested and screened for product development. The steps that should be taken to select the most appropriate blend of surfactants are described, and useful information on the most widely used surfactants is provided. The review concludes with an examination of recent developments in ‘greener’ surfactants, ‘sulphate‐free’ technologies and structured liquid phases for novel sensory properties and for suspending benefit agents.
The use of Nannochloropsis sp. as a source of omega‐3 fatty acids in dry pasta: chemical, technological and sensory evaluation
Authors: Rodríguez De Marco Estefanía , Steffolani María Eugenia , Martínez Marcela , León Alberto E.
Published: November 2017

Nannochloropsis is a microalga characterised by having high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fatty acid known for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to elaborate dry pasta with a significant contribution of EPA using Nannochloropsis sp., without affecting the quality product and with good consumer acceptance. Technological quality was analysed in terms of cooking properties and texture profile. Cooked pasta was characterised through proximal composition, phenolic compound, fatty acid content and sensorial analysis. It was possible to replace up to 30% of wheat flour with microalgae without affecting the technological quality of pasta and with a significant contribution of EPA to the daily diet (0.237 g per 100 g pasta). The incorporation of 10% and 20% Nannochloropsis in pasta formulation allowed to decrease the n6:n3 ratio from 25:1 to 5:1 and 2:1, respectively. Therefore, the microalgae are an interesting ingredient to increase EPA consumption in products like pasta, while the sensory evaluation confirms the possibility towards a commercial approach.
A preliminary investigation into differences in hops’ aroma attributes
Authors: Barry Susan , Muggah Elizabeth M. , McSweeney Matthew B. , Walker Shane
Published: November 2017

Consumers are welcoming the use of locally sourced ingredients in their beer, and hops are now beginning to be grown in new regions. One new region is the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Four different hop varieties (Cascade, Mt. Hood, Golding and Nugget) were sourced from Nova Scotia, and matching varieties (Cascade, Mt. Hood and Nugget) were sourced from Oregon, USA, and England, UK. The main objective of this study was to identify whether differences in the hop aroma exist based on their geographic origin. Projective mapping trials (n = 2) were conducted for the aroma of all eight hops varieties. The first trial utilised crushed whole‐leaf hops, while the second consisted of a dry‐hopped conventional Canadian lager. Results indicated that there are differences in the hop aromas of both whole‐leaf hops and dry‐hopped lager.
Antecedents and associations of sickness presenteeism and sickness absenteeism in nurses: A systematic review
Authors: Brborović Hana , Daka Qëndresë , Dakaj Kushtrim , Brborović Ognjen
Published: November 2017

Aims

This study comprehensively analysed and systemized the elements associated with nursing sickness presenteeism (SP) and sickness absenteeism (SA).

Background

Both behaviours represent a real challenge to nursing departments because they can increase costs, cause health care adverse events, and impact the quality of health care.

Design

The systematic review of cohort studies was designed to be consistent with the PRISMA guidelines.

Data sources

PubMed, ProQuest, and Emerald were systematically searched for peer‐reviewed articles published from the 1950s to December 2016.

Review methods

Cohort studies were included (12 SA and 1 SP) in the review if they examined the association between one or more exposures and SP and/or SA in nurses. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale.

Results

Twenty‐three antecedents were associated with SA and grouped as work and organizational, mental and physical health, and demographic; 3 antecedents were associated with SP (job demands, burnout, and exhaustion). Exhaustion (fatigue) and job demands were associated with SA and SP. Depersonalization was an outcome of SP over time.

Conclusion

The ability to predict presenteeism and absenteeism in nursing is useful to constrain costs and ensure that quality care is delivered.
High neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio predicts worse overall survival in patients with advanced/metastatic urothelial bladder cancer
Authors: Tan Yu Guang , Eu Ernest Wen Cong , Huang Hong Hong , Lau Weber Kam On
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To study the role of the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio in predicting survival outcomes for patients with advanced bladder cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 150 patients diagnosed with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer between January 2004 and June 2014. The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio was computed on diagnosis and after the first cycle of chemotherapy. A neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio cut‐off of 3.0 was determined, with a concordance index of 0.89. Kaplan–Meier curves, log–rank tests, Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models were used to predict the association of the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio with survival outcomes.

Results

Just five patients were alive at the end of the study; the rest died from metastatic bladder cancer. On multivariate analysis, higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status, lymphadenopathy, visceral metastases and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio ≥3.0 were associated with poorer overall survival (hazard ratio 1.67, P = 0.03; hazard ratio 1.97, P = <0.01; hazard ratio 2.02, P = <0.01; hazard ratio 5.06, P = <0.01), whereas chemotherapy conferred better overall survival (hazard ratio 0.546, P = 0.01). Furthermore, the role of chemotherapy prolonged survival longer in patients with a neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio <3.0 (median overall survival 13.0 vs 22.0 months, hazard ratio 0.273, P = 0.008) compared with a neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio ≥3.0 (median overall survival 4.0 vs 7.0 months, hazard ratio 0.452, P = 0.020). More importantly, when dichotomized to the four different pre‐ and post‐chemotherapy groups, patients with a pre‐ and post‐chemotherapy neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio <3.0 had the best additional median overall survival of 19.0 months compared with patients with a pre‐ and post‐chemotherapy neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio ≥3.0 (3.0 months).

Conclusions

Elevated neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio is independently associated with poorer chemotherapeutic response and overall survival in patients with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio can be an inexpensive novel factor in prognosticating disease progression and providing better patient counseling.
Technical Analysis Profitability Without Data Snooping Bias: Evidence from Chinese Stock Market
Authors: Jiang Fuwei , Tong Guoshi , Song Guokai
Published: November 2017

We perform a comprehensive analysis on the profitability of a large number of technical analysis based trading rules in Chinese stock market. To counter data snooping bias, we employ a stepwise superior predictive ability test to identify genuinely profitable trading rules among more than 28,000 technical signals. Using 19 years of daily data on Chinese aggregate stock market return, we find substantial evidence on the profitability of technical trading rules measured by either the market timing ability or Sharpe ratio gain. Our results on the profitability of technical rules hold during different subperiods and remain valid under the presence of transaction costs.
Antipsychotics and the Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia in Individuals Hospitalized for Nonpsychiatric Conditions: A Cohort Study
Authors: Herzig Shoshana J. , LaSalvia Mary T. , Naidus Elliot , Rothberg Michael B. , Zhou Wenxiao , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Marcantonio Edward R.
Published: November 2017

Background/Objectives

Off‐label use of antipsychotics is common in hospitals, most often for delirium management. Antipsychotics have been associated with aspiration pneumonia in community and nursing home settings, but the association in hospitalized individuals is unexplored. We aimed to investigate the association between antipsychotic exposure and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Large academic medical center.

Participants

All adult hospitalizations between January 2007 and July 2013. We excluded outside hospital transfers, hospitalizations shorter than 48 hours, and psychiatric hospitalizations.

Measurements

Antipsychotic use defined as any pharmacy charge for an antipsychotic medication. Aspiration pneumonia was defined according to a discharge diagnosis code for aspiration pneumonia not present on admission and validated using chart review. A generalized estimating equation was used to control for 43 potential confounders.

Results

Our cohort included 146,552 hospitalizations (median age 56; 39% male). Antipsychotics were used in 10,377 (7.1%) hospitalizations (80% atypical, 35% typical, 15% both). Aspiration pneumonia occurred in 557 (0.4%) hospitalizations. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia was 0.3% in unexposed individuals and 1.2% in those with antipsychotic exposure (odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.2–4.8). After adjustment, antipsychotic exposure was significantly associated with aspiration pneumonia (adjusted OR = (aOR) = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2–1.9). Similar results were demonstrated in a propensity‐matched analysis and in an analysis restricted to those with delirium or dementia. The magnitude of the association was similar for typical (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.94–2.2) and atypical (aOR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1–2.0) antipsychotics.

Conclusion

Antipsychotics were associated with greater odds of aspiration pneumonia after extensive adjustment for participant characteristics. This risk should be considered when prescribing antipsychotics in the hospital.
Fracturing, fluid flow and shear zone development: Relationships between chemical and mechanical processes in Proterozoic mafic dykes from southwestern Montana, USA
Authors: Condit Cailey B. , Mahan Kevin H.
Published: November 2017

Fluids can play an important role in the localization of deformation in the deep crust, yet the specific mechanisms active during the complex interactions between metasomatism, metamorphism and deformation remain elusive. Precambrian metagabbronorite dykes in southwest Montana contain fractures filled with Hbl±Grt and discrete cm‐scale shear zones with well‐preserved strain gradients. This system offers an ideal opportunity to constrain the chemical and mechanical processes that facilitated strain localization. An early M1 assemblage of Grt1+Cpx1+Pl1+Qz developed at conditions of 0.51–0.85 GPa and 500–700°C and is preserved largely as a static replacement of relict igneous phases (Opx, Pgt, Pl) in coronitic textures. An M2 assemblage characterized by Grt2+Pl2±Cpx2+Hbl+Scp+Qz developed at 0.86–1.00 GPa and 660–730°C coincided with fluid flow and deformation associated with shear zone development. Microstructural observations in marginal protomylonite/mylonite and laminated ultramylonite suggest a shear zone evolution that involved (1) nucleation from pre‐existing fractures that were sites for major fluid infiltration, (2) initial widening coincident with grain‐size reduction by microfracturing, dislocation creep, and synkinematic metamorphic reaction by solution transfer, and (3) a switch in the dominant deformation mechanisms active in the ultramylonite from grain‐size insensitive mechanisms to grain‐size sensitive granular flow accommodated by fluid‐assisted diffusion. Throughout this evolution, the effective bulk compositions of the rock volumes responding to metamorphism changed through a combination of mechanical and metasomatic processes.
Effectiveness of fetal cardiac screening for congenital heart disease using a combination of the four‐chamber view and three‐vessel view during the second trimester scan
Authors: Itsukaichi Mina , Serikawa Takehiro , Yoshihara Kosuke , Suzuki Hiroshi , Haino Kazufumi , Yamaguchi Masayuki , Enomoto Takayuki ,   Niigata Fetal Cardiac Screening Study Group, Takakuwa Koichi
Published: November 2017

Aim

We aimed to assess the accuracy and effectiveness of fetal cardiac screening for congenital heart disease (CHD) during the second trimester by general obstetricians in a non‐selected population.

Methods

In this multicenter, prospective cohort study of fetal cardiac screening, four‐chamber and three‐vessel views were recorded by obstetricians at 18–21 gestational weeks (GW). A total of 3005 fetuses that were scheduled for delivery at our institution were included.

Results

Thirty‐seven newborns were born with CHD (1.2%). On excluding 23 cases of ventricular septal defects, the prenatal detection rate of CHD was 42.8%. Although six cases (75.0%) of severe structural abnormality were diagnosed prenatally, the prenatal detection rate of valvular abnormalities was 0%.

Conclusion

One‐point ultrasound screening of the fetal heart using a combination of four‐chamber and three‐vessel views at 18–21 GW by general obstetricians in a non‐selected population may be useful for detecting severe structural abnormalities but not valvular abnormalities. However, this limitation may be improved by conducting another fetal cardiac screening at approximately 30 GW along with the routine use of color Doppler.
Metformin as a prophylactic treatment of gestational diabetes in pregnant patients with pregestational insulin resistance: A randomized study
Authors: Valdés Enrique , Sepúlveda‐Martínez Alvaro , Candia Paula , Abusada Nancy , Orellana Rodrigo , Manukian Bárbara , Cuellar Eduardo
Published: November 2017

Aim

We aimed to assess the use of metformin (MTF) in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in patients with pregestational insulin resistance (PIR).

Methods

A double blind, multicenter, randomized trial was carried out in patients with a history of PIR and pregestational MTF treatment. Groups were allocated either to MTF 1700 mg/day or placebo. Patients were recruited between 12+0 and 15+6 gestational weeks, and treatment was extended until week 36. A multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the relation between the use of metformin and the development of GDM.

Results

One hundred and forty one patients were randomized (68 patients in the MTF group and 73 in the placebo group). A total of 30 patients withdrew from the study during follow‐up. Administration of MTF was not associated with a decrease in the incidence of GDM as compared to placebo (37.5% vs 25.4%, respectively; P = 0.2). Moreover, MTF administration was associated with a significant increase in drug intolerance as compared to placebo (14.3% vs 1.8%, respectively; P = 0.02).

Conclusion

The use of MTF is not effective in prevention of GDM in populations with PIR. The use of MTF shows a significantly higher frequency of drug intolerance than placebo.
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and androgen levels in vitamin‐D‐deficient polycystic ovary syndrome patients
Authors: Karadağ Cihan , Yoldemir Tevfik , Yavuz Dilek Gogas
Published: November 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and androgen levels in vitamin‐D‐deficient polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients.

Methods

Sixty‐seven vitamin‐D‐deficient (25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels below 20 ng/mL) PCOS patients and 54 vitamin‐D‐deficient non‐PCOS volunteer subjects matched for age and body mass index were enrolled to this prospective study. All participants were given 50 000 IU/week cholecalciferol orally for 8 weeks and 1500 IU/day for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was calculated with the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI) based on an oral glucose tolerance test. Matsuda ISI, gonadal hormones (estrogen, testosterone, androstenedione), and 25(OH)D levels were studied before and at the end of the 12th week of vitamin D load.

Results

After vitamin D supplementation, serum androstenedione levels had decreased significantly (P = 0.007) and Matsuda ISI values had increased significantly (P = 0.001) in the PCOS group but no significant changes were seen in those parameters in controls. We observed positive correlations between 25(OH)D levels and Matsuda ISI (r = 0.307; P < 0.01), and negative correlations between 25(OH)D levels and total testosterone (r = −0.306; P < 0.01) and androstenedione (r = −0.275; P < 0.01) levels in the PCOS group.

Conclusion

Vitamin D supplementation increased insulin sensitivity and decreased androgen levels in vitamin‐D‐deficient women with PCOS but did not have any effect in vitamin‐D‐deficient non‐PCOS women. These results may indicate the possible role of vitamin D in the complex pathogenesis of PCOS.
Cesarean section rates and local resources for perinatal care in Japan: A nationwide ecological study using the national database of health insurance claims
Authors: Maeda Eri , Ishihara Osamu , Tomio Jun , Sato Aya , Terada Yukihiro , Kobayashi Yasuki , Murata Katsuyuki
Published: November 2017

Aim

High cesarean section (CS) rates in middle and high‐income countries are partly attributable to provider factors, such as staffing patterns and fear of litigation. However, the relationship between CS rates and healthcare resources in the community is poorly understood. Official data on CS rates has been particularly limited in Japan. In this study, we examined nationwide CS statistics and evaluated the association with local resources for perinatal care.

Methods

We used accumulated data for CS registered in the Japan National Database of health insurance claims in 2013 and calculated crude and age‐standardized CS rates at national and prefectural levels. We analyzed the ecological associations with supply of obstetricians and institution and scale of obstetric facilities using multiple regression models.

Results

There were 190 361 cesarean deliveries in 2013, giving an overall CS rate of 18.5% (elective CS rates 11.0%), which varied by prefecture from 14.0% to 25.6%. In multiple regression analyses, the areal number of obstetricians (standardized regression coefficient [β] = −0.58), the proportion of births at small‐scale institutions (β = 0.36) and the number of beds at neonatal intensive care units per birth (β = −0.20) were significantly associated with the age‐standardized elective CS rate after adjusting for socioeconomic factors (R2 for the model = 0.40).

Conclusions

Higher elective CS rates might be associated with limited or unconsolidated medical resources. Policymakers should be aware of regional differences and the possible effects of perinatal care resources on CS rates.
Rate of intrapartum cesarean section and related factors in older nulliparous women at term
Authors: Muto Haruka , Ishii Keisuke , Nakano Takahiro , Hayashi Shusaku , Okamoto Yoko , Mitsuda Nobuaki
Published: November 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of maternal age on emergency cesarean section (CS) during labor, and to identify the independent risk factors for emergency CS.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study using data from 2009 to 2014 from a tertiary perinatal care center in Japan. Inclusion criteria were maternal age ≥ 35 years, nulliparous singleton pregnancy at term and a cephalic presentation without indication of elective CS at onset of labor. The primary outcome was rate of emergency CS, while independent risk factors were elucidated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

Of 953 women, 199 (20.9%) delivered by emergency CS. Rates of emergency CS were 18.3% (129/706) in women aged 35–39 years and 28.3% (70/247) in those aged ≥ 40 years (P < 0.01). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of independent risk factors were 1.50 (1.03–2.18) for maternal age ≥ 40 years, 1.51 (1.06–2.17) for body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, 2.22 (1.24–3.98) for hypertensive disorder during pregnancy, 3.43 (1.31–8.95) for large‐for‐date fetus and 4.64 (3.23–6.69) for induction of labor.

Conclusions

The rate of intrapartum emergency CS in older nulliparous women at term was approximately 21%. Induction of labor should be recognized as a significant factor for emergency CS.
Is emission intensity or output U‐shaped in the strictness of environmental policy?
Authors: Dijkstra Bouwe R. , Gil‐Moltó Maria J.
Published: November 2017

We show that, in a range of market conditions, an ever stricter environmental policy does not always lead to ever cleaner production methods and ever lower production of polluting goods. We consider an integrated technology, where firms can reduce their emission intensities in a continuous fashion. Analogous to the previous literature we find that firms' emission intensities can be U‐shaped in the strictness of policy, but we show that this applies only under low profitability conditions. Under high profitability conditions, output levels are U‐shaped in the strictness of the policy. The latter result is new in the literature. In the case where the U‐shape arises in emission intensities, the minimum is reached where the marginal abatement cost curves intersect.
The Imitator's Dilemma: Why Imitators Should Break Out of Imitation
Authors: Doha Ahmed , Pagell Mark , Swink Morgan , Johnston David
Published: November 2017

Imitation and innovation are two primary R&D approaches that firms follow in technology development, especially in R&D‐intensive industries. That imitation and innovation share R&D resources and investments gives rise to what is coined in this article as the imitator's dilemma. The imitator's dilemma tells a story of why firms should break out of imitation‐oriented R&D and move toward innovation‐oriented R&D in order to sustain their innovation output and profit performance. This article contributes to the technology and innovation management literature by illuminating the imitator's dilemma both theoretically and empirically. To this end, this study develops and tests hypotheses to investigate the influence of a firm's imitation activity on its innovation output and profit performance, which represent a gap in the current literature. A longitudinal research design is followed on an unbalanced panel dataset between 1991 and 2010 from a sample of 227 firms in three R&D‐intensive manufacturing industries in the United States, including computer, semiconductor, and pharmaceutical. The results of this research reveal a dilemma for imitators. Imitation activity can generate positive returns in terms of a firm's innovation output and return on assets ROA (a measure of short‐term profits). However, these returns are unsustainable. Excessive levels of imitation activity within the firm results in negative returns in terms of its innovation output and ROA. Additionally, any level of imitation activity, low or high, negatively impacts a firm's Tobin's Q (a measure of long‐term corporate valuation). Accordingly, this article makes novel contributions to the technology and innovation management literature by explaining the imitator's dilemma and how firms may effectively manage it.
Effects of dietary protein levels and 2‐methylbutyrate on ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradability, bacterial populations and urinary purine derivatives in Simmental steers
Authors: Wang C. , Liu Q. , Guo G. , Huo W. J. , Pei C. X. , Zhang S. L. , Yang W. Z.
Published: November 2017

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels and 2‐methylbutyrate (MB) supplementation on ruminal fermentation, bacterial populations, microbial enzyme activity and urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in Simmental steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers, averaging 18 months of age and 465 ± 8.6 kg of body weight (BW), were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design by a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Low protein (98.5 g CP/kg dry matter [LP] or high protein (128.7 g CP/kg dry matter [HP]) diets were fed with MB supplementation (0 g [MB−] or 16.8 g steer−1 day−1 [MB+]). Steers were fed a total mixed ration with dietary corn straw to concentrate ratio of 50:50 (dry matter [DM] basis). The CP × MB interaction was observed for ruminal total VFA, molar proportions of acetate and propionate, acetate to propionate ratio, ammonia‐N, effective degradability of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and CP, microbial enzyme activity, bacterial populations and total PD excretion (p < .05). Ruminal pH decreased (p < .05), but ruminal total VFA concentration increased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. Acetate molar proportion increased (p = .043) with MB supplementation, but was not affected by dietary CP level. Propionate molar proportion decreased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. Consequently, acetate‐to‐propionate ratio increased (p = .001) with MB supplementation, but was not affected by dietary CP level. Ruminal ammonia‐N content increased (p = .034) with increasing dietary CP level, but decreased (p = .012) with MB supplementation. The effective degradability of NDF and CP increased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. Microbial enzyme activity, bacterial populations and total PD excretion also increased (p < .05) with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation. The results indicated that ruminal fermentation, nutrient degradability, microbial enzyme activity, ruminal bacterial populations and microbial protein synthesis improved with increasing dietary CP level or MB supplementation in steers.
Outcome of reconstruction of cutaneous limb defects in dogs using hygroscopic “self‐inflating” tissue expanders
Authors: De Lorenzi M. , Swan M. C. , Easter C. , Chanoit G. P. A.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

To describe the placement of self‐inflating tissue expanders and clinical outcomes in 12 consecutive cases of reconstruction of distal cutaneous limb defects in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Cases of distal cutaneous limb defect were divided into three groups based on the location of the placement of the self‐inflating tissue expanders: Group A (n=4): on, or proximal to, the elbow and stifle; Group B (n=4): distal to the elbow or stifle and proximal to the carpus or tarsus; and Group C (n=4): distal to the carpus or tarsus. Owner satisfaction and clinical outcome were documented.

Results

Thirteen cases were originally included, but one was excluded because of incomplete follow‐up. In one case, the self‐inflating tissue expanders were removed before expansion started. A mean of five expanders were implanted per dog (range 2 to 9). Devices were removed after a mean of 24 days (range 13 to 42 days). Primary closure was achieved in eight of 11 cases, including all cases from Group A and 75% and 33% of cases from Groups B and C, respectively. All incompletely reconstructed defects or areas of wound dehiscence healed by second intention. Eight of 12 owners were satisfied.

Clinical Significance

Self‐inflating tissue expanders can be used as an alternative for the reconstruction of limb defects in dogs in which direct primary closure would otherwise not be achievable. Defects below the carpus and tarsus are more challenging to treat with this method.
Chronic sleep restriction differentially affects implicit biases toward food among men and women: preliminary evidence
Authors: Alkozei Anna , Killgore William D. S. , Smith Ryan , Dailey Natalie S. , Bajaj Sahil , Raikes Adam C. , Haack Monika
Published: November 2017

Chronic sleep restriction and obesity are two major public health concerns. This study investigated how chronic sleep restriction changes implicit attitudes towards low‐ and high‐calorie foods. In a randomized, counterbalanced cross‐over design, 17 participants (eight females, nine males) underwent two laboratory testing sessions where they were either sleep‐restricted for 3 weeks (i.e. underwent three weekly cycles of 5 nights of 4 h of sleep followed by 2 nights of 8 h of sleep opportunity) or received 3 weeks of control sleep (i.e. 8 h of sleep opportunity per night for 3 weeks). There was evidence for a significant sleep condition x sex interaction (F(1, 20) = 4.60, P = 0.04). After chronic sleep restriction, men showed a trend towards a significant decrease in their implicit attitudes favouring low‐calorie foods (P = 0.08), whereas women did not show a significant change (P = 0.16). Men may be at increased risk of weight gain when sleep‐deprived due to a reduced bias towards low‐calorie foods.
Identification and Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DJ1990 on Tail and Fin Rot Disease in Spotted Snakehead
Authors: Saikia Dibya J. , Chattopadhyay Pritam , Banerjee Goutam , Talukdar Bandita , Sarma Dandadhar
Published: November 2017

Tail and fin rot disease (TFRD) is a big issue in the production of spotted snakehead, Channa punctata Bloch. The aims of the present study were to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen causing TFRD, to detect histopathological changes in tissues (fin, tail, liver, and kidney), and to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolate. Out of six bacterial isolates, only the isolate DJ1990 was found to be the causal candidate of TFRD in C. punctata. Identical histopathological changes were detected in tail, fin, liver, and kidney under light and scanning electron microscope in both collected diseased fish and artificially infected fish. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DJ1990 (National Center for Biotechnology Information Ace. No. KX709967) based on the biochemical characterization tests and 16S rDNA sequence‐based phylogeny analysis. Artificial challenge test demonstrated that the strain DJ1990 was highly virulent (100% mortality at 48 h of postinjection period at the concentration of 1.5 × 107 CFU/g of body weight) for C. punctata. The isolate exhibited sensitivity to the broad‐spectrum antibiotics but was resistant against aztreonum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aeruginosa as a TFRD‐causing candidate in C. punctata.
Green dialysis survey: Establishing a baseline for environmental sustainability across dialysis facilities in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Barraclough Katherine A , Gleeson Alice , Holt Stephen G , Agar John WM
Published: November 2017

Aim

The Green Dialysis Survey aimed to (i) establish a baseline for environmental sustainability (ES) across Victorian dialysis facilities; and (ii) guide future initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of dialysis delivery.

Methods

Nurse unit managers of all Victorian public dialysis facilities received an online link to the survey, which asked 107 questions relevant to the ES of dialysis services.

Results

Responses were received from 71/83 dialysis facilities in Victoria (86%), representing 628/660 dialysis chairs (95%). Low energy lighting was present in 13 facilities (18%), 18 (25%) recycled reverse osmosis water and seven (10%) reported use of renewable energy. Fifty‐six facilities (79%) performed comingled recycling but only 27 (38%) recycled polyvinyl chloride plastic. A minority educated staff in appropriate waste management (n = 30;42%) or formally audited waste generation and segregation (n = 19;27%). Forty‐four (62%) provided secure bicycle parking but only 33 (46%) provided shower and changing facilities. There was limited use of tele‐ or video‐conferencing to replace staff meetings (n = 19;27%) or patient clinic visits (n = 13;18%). A minority considered ES in procurement decisions (n = 28;39%) and there was minimal preparedness to cope with climate change. Only 39 services (49%) confirmed an ES policy and few had ever formed a green group (n = 14; 20%) or were currently undertaking a green project (n = 8;11%). Only 15 facilities (21%) made formal efforts to raise awareness of ES.

Conclusion

This survey provides a baseline for practices that potentially impact the environmental sustainability of dialysis units in Victoria, Australia. It also identifies achievable targets for attention.
Facultative root‐colonizing fungi dominate endophytic assemblages in roots of nonmycorrhizal Microthlaspi species
Authors: Glynou Kyriaki , Nam Bora , Thines Marco , Maciá‐Vicente Jose G.
Published: November 2017

There is increasing knowledge on the diversity of root‐endophytic fungi, but limited information on their lifestyles and dependence on hosts hampers our understanding of their ecological functions. We compared diversity and biogeographical patterns of cultivable and noncultivable root endophytes to assess whether their occurrence is determined by distinct ecological factors.

The endophytic diversity in roots of nonmycorrhizal Microthlaspi spp. growing across Europe was assessed using high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) and compared with a previous dataset based on cultivation of endophytes from the same root samples.

HTS revealed a large fungal richness undetected by cultivation, but which largely comprised taxa with restricted distributions and/or low representation of sequence reads. Both datasets coincided in a consistent high representation of widespread endophytes within orders Pleosporales, Hypocreales and Helotiales, as well as similar associations of community structure with spatial and environmental conditions. Likewise, distributions of particular endophytes inferred by HTS agreed with cultivation data in suggesting individual ecological preferences.

Our findings support that Microthlaspi spp. roots are colonized mostly by saprotrophic and likely facultative endophytes, and that differential niche preferences and distribution ranges among fungi importantly drive the assembly of root‐endophytic communities.
miRNA expression profile of mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Binmadi NO , Basile JR , Perez P , Gallo A. , Tandon M , Elias W , Jang SI , Alevizos I
Published: November 2017

Objectives

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single‐stranded RNAs that have been implicated in cancer initiation and progression and act as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. In this study, miRNA profiling was conducted on the most frequent malignancy of salivary glands, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), in comparison with normal tissues.

Materials and Methods

The TaqMan Human miRNA Cards Array was used for the miRNA profiling of MEC and normal tissues. To validate the differentially expressed miRNAs in MEC, we used real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR).

Results

miR‐302a was the most significantly increased miRNA in cancer tissues (p < .05). Here, we demonstrate that the upregulation of miR‐302a expression in SGT cell lines induced cancer cell invasion in vitro.

Conclusions

These promising results suggest the need for further studies to establish mir‐302a as a marker of invasion and aggressiveness in MEC.