bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examiner's Sex and Children's Rorschach Productivity
Authors: Greenberg Roger P. , Gordon Michael
Published: September 2011

Studies with adults have established that sex of examiner and patient can interact to modify the number of Rorschach responses produced. This investigation tested whether sex pairing could also affect children's Rorschach productivity. Research supports the idea that a child's identification with a same-sex adult is heightened between the ages of 6 and 12 yr. It was hypothesized that children in this age range would produce the most responses when tested by an adult of the same sex. Protocols obtained from 83 children supported the hypothesis. The findings demonstrate that interpersonal factors can influence the testing of children.
Reciprocity of Trust between Professionals and Their Secretaries
Authors: Butler John K.
Published: September 2011

This paper proposes and tests a model of interpersonal trust. It is hypothesized that trust between professionals and their secretaries is a reciprocally-reinforcing phenomenon. Participants were 21 attorneys, 31 high-school principals, 28 university department heads, and the secretaries of these professionals. Exogenous variables are locus of control, power expressed, power wanted, perceptions of power expressed and wanted by the other person, and the duration of the superior-subordinate relationship. Explanatory endogenous variables are boss' trust in their secretaries and secretaries' trust in their bosses. These two variables are specified as mutual reinforcers in a nonrecursive structural model, which is tested with a two-stage least squares confirmatory analysis. The reciprocal effects of trust overwhelmed the effects of the exogenous variables on the amount of trust bosses and secretaries had in each other.
About Some Psychological Variables Correlated with Dogmatism
Authors: Di Maria Francesco , Di Nuovo Santo
Published: September 2011

The relationships between dogmatism and some perceptual-cognitive, personality, and attitudinal indices were investigated for 40 men and 40 women. Dogmatism scores correlated negatively with the scores in Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test and on the Flexibility scale from Gough's California Psychological Inventory. Correlations were positive for a favorable attitude towards concepts like Discipline, Obedience, Social order, measured by the semantic differential. Some incongruities between obtained data and Rokeach's (1960) findings are pointed out.
Reinforcement Survey Schedules: Scoring, Administration, and Completed Research
Authors: Cautela Joseph , Lynch Eileen
Published: September 2011

Cautela has developed since 1977 a variety of reinforcement survey schedules to aid in the identification of reinforcing consequences. The history of the development of these scales, as well as directions for administration and scoring are presented. Suggestions for clinical use include developing rapport, shaping behavior during therapeutic sessions, devising specific treatment plans, and assessing treatment goals, among others. These suggestions concerning the application of the scales are categorized as private practice, institutional settings, and research strategies. A review of the studies which pertain to reinforcement survey schedules is included.
Effect of Teachers' Empathy on Students' Motivation
Authors: Waxman Hersholt C.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigates whether teachers' empathy toward students affects students' motivation. The Teacher Empathy Questionnaire and the Multi-dimensional Motivational Instrument were administered to 83 students in Grades 3 to 8 from a metropolitan inner-city parochial school. The analyses indicate that teachers' empathy significantly affected students' post-academic self-concept and post-achievement motivation, even after controlling for the effects of students' prior motivation.
Factor Structure of the Australian Sex-Role Scale
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook , Kavanagh Karren , Tippett Vivienne
Published: September 2011

The two forms of the Australian Sex-role Scale developed by Antill, Cunningham, Russell, and Thompson (1981) were administered to 164 male and 131 female Australian high school students. Principal axis factor analyses yielded six factors on Form A and six on Form B. These factors did not reflect the six sub-scales. Moreover, the differing factor structure did not support the original authors' claim that the two forms are parallel lists. Further analyses using mean scale scores, scale intercorrelations and coefficients alpha showed some agreements and disagreements with previous studies on the scale's characteristics. Evidence for the factorial complexity of the scale, and suggestions for further refinement, particularly with the social desirability and masculine negative scales, were presented.
The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Normative Data and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Radtke H. Lorraine , Hodgins David C. , Stam Henderikus J. , Bertrand Lorne D.
Published: September 2011

A normative sample of 400 subjects was administered the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) in small groups. The Carleton scale yields three suggestibility scores for each subject; objective (CURSS:O) scores reflect overt response to suggestion, subjective (CURSS:S) scores reflect experiential response to suggestion, and objective-involuntariness (CURSS:OI) scores reflect the extent to which objectively “passed” responses were experienced as occurring involuntarily. Guttman scale analyses and factor analyses indicate that each dimension is primarily unidimensional and cumulative. CURSS:O scores had a bell-shaped distribution while CURSS:OI scores were much more strongly skewed toward the low suggestibility end of the distribution. Subjects who “passed” suggestions by objective criteria frequently rated their responses as primarily voluntary rather than involuntary. Implications of these findings for the measurement of hypnotic susceptibility are discussed.
Pensioners Who Die Soon after Retirement Can Be Discriminated from Survivors by Post-Retirement Activities
Authors: Cameron K. A. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaires were read to the wives of 26 living pensioners and to the widows of 20 age-matched contemporaries who had died within 5 years of retirement. The two groups of men were healthy at retirement and had worked for comparable durations in similar areas of a local mining industry. Only post-retirement measures discriminated the groups. Pensioners who died after retirement demonstrated more decreased interaction with friends, hobby time, and travel activity relative to survivors' activities. A discriminant function containing seven variables correctly classified 98% of the cases. Death occurred sooner for those pensioners who decreased their activity after retirement relative to those who demonstrated no change in activity. The data indicate that compensatory increase in activity after retirement may attenuate the risk factors associated with this sudden shift in a major reinforcement schedule.
Biorhythmic Patterns of Victims of Mountain Climbing Accidents
Authors: Ellis Seth R. , Walka Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

It is asserted by some that individuals possess biorhythmic cycles which begin at birth and continue through life. Further, these cycles and their interrelationships are hypothesized to affect human performance. Information on climbing accidents at Grand Teton National Park was collected and analyzed to test these possible influences. The data did not support predictions derived from biorhythm charts.
Internal and External Locus of Control in Relation to Beliefs in Free Will and Determinism
Authors: Waldman David A. , Viney Wayne , Bell Paul A. , Bennett Jacqueline B. , Hess Susan
Published: September 2011

Responses of 85 male and 56 female undergraduates to a scale designed to measure beliefs in free will or determinism were correlated with responses to an internal/external locus of control questionnaire. Analysis gave only a low-order correlation between scores on the scales, and factor analysis led to the conclusion that beliefs in free will or determinism are not necessarily related to beliefs in internal or external locus of control. Explanations were offered for why those who believe in free will might nevertheless believe in many external constraints upon behaviors and why determinists might believe in the so-called internal locus of control.
An Assessment of the Sex-Role Status of Dental Hygienists Located in Three States
Authors: Hamby Carol L. , Shapiro Stewart
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the psychological androgyny of female dental hygiene students. The Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to 38 dental hygiene students at the University of Oklahoma, 34 at Baylor University, and 23 at Louisiana State University. About 26% of the students at Baylor and LSU were classified as undifferentiated and 21% at Oklahoma. Baylor students had the highest combined proportion (55.9%) classified as androgynous or undifferentiated. However, employing Bem's traditional subtractive method, the majority of subjects in all groups were classified as either near-feminine or feminine. Similarity of classification among these groups was demonstrated by non-significant differences for androgynous, masculine, and feminine scores. This study demonstrates that place of geographic residence and training locations have little impact upon influencing the sex-role status for female dental hygienists.
Psychosocial Antecedents of Narcissistic Personality Syndrome
Authors: Wilson John P. , Prabucki Kenneth
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the psychosocial antecedents of narcissistic personality syndrome as defined in DSM-III. 60 undergraduate students completed the Constantinople Inventory of Psychosocial Development as a measure of Erikson's stages of ego-development, a measure of narcissism derived from the explicit diagnostic criteria presented in DSM-III, and the Machiavellian V scale. In support of both Kohut's and Erikson's theories, the results indicated that there were stage-specific predictors of the different dimensions of narcissistic personality syndrome.
Empathy and Birth Order
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

Previous conflicting results have been found in studying the relation between empathy and birth order. 194 school students aged 9 to 12 yr. completed an adapted version of the Mehrabian and Epstein scale of emotional empathy. The social background data including birth order were gathered during home interviews. The mean differences in empathy for ordinal positions were not statistically significant, although the difference between third- and fourth-borns approached significance. It appears that middle-born children seem more prone to empathize than firstborns.
Gender Differences on the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire
Authors: Edwards Patrick W. , Zeichner Amos , Greene Paul
Published: September 2011

Recently the Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire has seen renewed use in the study of differential effectiveness of relaxation techniques in the amelioration of anxiety, yet few normative data exist. To explore several methodological limitations of a prior study in which the questionnaire was introduced, the present work assessed 123 college students. Gender differences appear on the subscales and the directions of the differences question work upon which the test was based. Further validation is required.
Empathy in Adults and Social Class
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

A group of 341 parents making up 215 different families were tested during home interviews with Mehrabian and Epstein's emotional empathy scale. Significant differences in empathy were not found between social classes among the mothers, although Class I mothers seemed to be somewhat more empathetic than Class II and III mothers. Significant differences between social classes were noted among the fathers. Fathers of Class II (middle-class) were most empathetic. Results support earlier findings of the positive relationship between empathy and middle-social class only for the fathers but not for the mothers.
Measurement of Risk Takers' Personality
Authors: Keinan Giora , Meir Elchanan , Gome-Nemirovsky Tsafrira
Published: September 2011

An inventory was constructed to assess risk takers' personality characteristics, enhance the understanding of risk takers' personality in general, and provide a tool for the selection of candidates for high-risk jobs. On the basis of extant knowledge on risk takers' personality attributes, items were selected for the construction of a questionnaire which assessed respondents' attitudes towards situations and actions characterized by tension, risk, and adventure. An item analysis was carried out on the first version of the questionnaire, administered to 124 men and 68 women aged 20 to 45 yr., from different education levels and occupations. At a 3-wk. retest, reliability was high (0.90, N = 43). A test of concurrent validity yielded significant differences between the means of groups differing in the extent of risk involved in their occupations. To assess predictive validity, the final version was administered to 40 policemen in a voluntary high-risk unit. A significant r of .64 was obtained between inventory scores of these policemen and the evaluations by their commanders of their job performance. Theoretical and practical implications of the inventory were discussed.
Alternative Measures of Agreement for Ranked Data
Authors: Rae Gordon
Published: September 2011

Combinatorial matching paradigms are used to derive kappa-type statistics for measuring agreement with ranked data. Significance tests for these statistics are presented, based on the Poisson distribution and Cantelli's inequality.
The Dissipation Hypothesis of Hypnotic Amnesia: More Disconfirming Evidence
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Bertrand Lorne D. , Tkachyk Mary E. , Weekes John R.
Published: September 2011

Hypnotic subjects were administered a suggestion to forget a previously overlearned word list. Before cancellation of the suggestion they were challenged twice to try and recall the words. Subjects in one group received a second challenge immediately after response to the first. Those in the second group were given a 15-min. delay before their second challenge. Subjects in both groups showed less amnesia after the second challenge than after the first, but the length of delay between challenges had no effect on amnesia scores. These findings are inconsistent with the hypothesis that hypnotic amnesia involves an involuntary blockage of memory that decays spontaneously with time.
Loneliness and Attributes of Movie-Going
Authors: Austin Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis of data from 493 college students gave three dimensions of loneliness derived from the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Lonely and less-lonely persons on each of the three dimensions were compared on their pattern of movie attendance, frequency of attendance, how far in advance they decided to go to the movies, and the size of the attendance unit. Significant differences were found only for the attendance unit.
Social Power Need and Gender among College Students
Authors: Booth Rachel Z. , Vinograd-Bausell Carole R. , Harper Doreen C.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 483 freshmen to the Good and Good Social Orientation Inventory were analyzed. The 28-item inventory was comprised of statements indicating behaviors that reflected a social power motive. The mean scores for the social power motive for men and women showed no significant differences between power motive by gender. These findings did not support those by Good and Good as reported in this Journal in 1972.
Student-Taught Seminar Groups as an Instructional Alternative in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

1747 students enrolled in student-taught seminars were compared with 2680 students in faculty-taught seminars. Four rating items discriminated between the groups; three items favored the use of student-apprentice teachers.
Video Game Players: Personality Characteristics and Demographic Variables
Authors: McClure Robert F. , Mears F. Gary
Published: September 2011

This study examined some personality characteristics and demographic variables of frequent video game users. A survey of video-game-playing attitudes, personality characteristics, and entertainment choices of high school teenagers was made. Frequent video-game players were young, male, and liked competitive activities, such as playing sports. They were bright and liked challenges and science fiction movies. Infrequent players tended to be older, female, not as bright and to like noncompetitive activities. These infrequent players did not like video games, were anxious about computers, and did not read very many books.
Predictive Validity of the PPVT-R for Navajo Children
Authors: Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2011

The predictive validity of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised was examined for a sample of 33 Navajo children in Grades 1 to 6. Test scores correlated .65 and significantly with scores obtained 10½ mo. later on the Peabody Individual Achievement Test Total score. Implications for interpretation are discussed.
Job Status and Employees' Responses: Effects of Demographic Characteristics
Authors: Dubinsky Alan J. , Skinner Steven J.
Published: September 2011

Differences in attitudinal responses of part-time and full-time employees have been described in prior investigations which, however, generally did not control statistically for demographic variables. Some researchers contend that the results may be spurious. This paper reports differences between 74 part-time and 83 full-time retail department store employees' role perceptions, general job satisfaction, internal work motivation, organizational commitment, task perceptions, and self-rated performance. Differences, assessed while controlling for age, sex, job tenure, and education, suggest that job status is related to employees' variety, autonomy, task-identity, and self-rated performance when controls for demographic variables are appropriate.
An Investigation of Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory: Social Desirability and Normative Scoring
Authors: Beutell Nicholas J. , Kressel Stuart S.
Published: September 2011

Adjectives from Kolb's Learning Styles Inventory were correlated with social desirability scores for 146 business students. Four out of 20 correlations were statistically significant. Since these ipsative scales were based on social desirability assumptions, i.e., homogeneity within scales, it is suggested that normative formats be explored.
The Closing at Canadian Admiral: Correlates of Individual Well-Being Sixteen Months after Shutdown
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined correlates of individual well-being among 183 former employees of Canadian Admiral 16 mo. following plant shutdown. The period was characterized by unusually high rates of unemployment, a somewhat different condition than existed in the early studies of job loss following plant closings. The experience of job loss had a negative effect on satisfaction and well-being. In addition, reemployment on a poorer job during this period was also associated with less satisfaction and well-being. During chronically high levels of unemployment a large number of individuals were unable to find any job during the 16-mo. period, others found and subsequently lost their jobs through other lay-offs, and some were forced to take poorer jobs than the ones they lost.
Age-Group Classification of Male Alcoholics as a Function of MMPI Experimental Scales
Authors: Carey Michael P. , Faulstich Michael E. , Delatte Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

91 male alcoholics were assigned to one of four groups according to chronological age. Discriminant analysis using 15 experimental scales as variables indicated that the percentage of correctly classified alcoholics was approximately equivalent with the results of an earlier study by Faulstich, et al. employing the 10 clinical and three validity scales as predictors. These findings are discussed in reference to directions for further research.
The Assertion Inventory: Its Relationship to Social Desirability and Sensitivity to Rejection
Authors: McNamara J. Regis , Delamater Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

The Assertion Inventory and measures of social desirability and sensitivity to rejection were administered to 355 undergraduates. Mixed findings on the Assertion Inventory's validity were noted. Scorers low in assertion have greater sensitivity to rejection. This corroborates earlier research and strengthens the usefulness of the measure, however, the inventory is confounded with social desirability responding. A comparison of the present undergraduate sample with historically earlier samples indicated: assertive responding has changed little over the last 10 years; the current Ohio University student sample reports lower need for social approval than an Ohio State University student sample of 20 years ago; and there is more sensitivity to rejection now than there was 8 yr. ago.
Effects of Role Familiarity on Measures Derived from a Behavioral Decision Theory Method
Authors: Butler John K. , Cantrell R. Stephen
Published: September 2011

Using a method of measurement derived from behavioral decision theory, 73 undergraduate students projected themselves alternatively into roles of “hypothetical subordinates” and “hypothetical bosses.” Role familiarity correlated significantly with only one of the focal within-subject measures and the sign of this correlation was opposite to the hypothesis. The results support the robustness of measures generated by this method.
Sexual Dissatisfaction of Female Alcoholics
Authors: Peterson James S. , Hartsock Nancy , Lawson Gary
Published: September 2011

Four groups of women ( N = 59) were compared on Hudson's Index of Sexual Satisfaction. Alcohol's effect on these women's sexual experience was investigated. Alcoholic women and wives of alcoholics showed significantly more sexual dissatisfaction than normal women and those in treatment for non-alcoholic problems.
Stress, Role Ambiguity, and Role Conflict
Authors: Stout John K. , Posner Jody L.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of the study were to determine the relationships between stress, role ambiguity, and role conflict and to correlate these measures with job satisfaction. Direct service workers ( n = 138) in mental health, mental retardation, and physical restoration facilities participated. All variables were significantly intercorrelated. Highest correlations were between stress, role ambiguity, and job satisfaction. Role conflict was not significantly correlated with job satisfaction when stress and role ambiguity were partialed out. Leaders' structuring behaviors should be studied as a potential moderator of stress and role ambiguity.
Alcohol, Frustration, and Direct Physical Aggression: A Methodological Point of View
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experiment tested the hypothesis that alcohol in moderate doses will interact with frustration and increase aggression measured within the Buss teacher-learner paradigm. The hypothesis was not possible to evaluate because subjects developed behavioral strategies to speed up learning by their partners. These strategies, which kept subjects from using high shocks, obscured potential effects of alcohol. The results were discussed in terms of methodology and a need for a modification of the standard learning “cover explanation.”
Behavioral Treatment of Trichotillomania
Authors: Stevens Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The frequency of a 29-yr.-old woman's chronic hair pulling was reduced by training in awareness of the habit and the application of a mildly aversive stimulus. This report presents a review of the relevant literature on behavior therapy, a description of assessment and treatment procedures, data supporting the elimination of hair pulling, and a discussion of factors which might have influenced behavioral change.
Development of a Heart Disease Locus of Control Scale
Authors: O'Connell Janelle K. , Price James H.
Published: September 2011

A 20-item Heart Disease Locus of Control Scale was given to 50 health fair attenders and 51 nonattenders. The scale has three subscales: internal (7 items), chance (8 items), and powerful others (5 items). Reliability assessed by test-retest was .83 and Cronbach alphas for the subscales were internal .83, chance .86, and powerful others .76. Validity was examined through content validity, criterion-related validity, construct validity, and discriminant validity. Reading was at the ninth grade. It is recommended that the more specific Heart Disease Scale be utilized when conducting studies of heart disease.
A Projective Assessment of the Effects of Freudian Sexual Symbolism in Liquor Advertisements
Authors: Ruth William J. , Mosatche Harriet S.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation provided a projective assessment of the effects of Freudian symbolism in advertising. 48 male and 48 female undergraduates served as subjects. Liquor advertisements containing phallic and vaginal symbols and advertisements lacking such symbols were presented to the experimental and control groups, respectively. Subjects were then administered a standard Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). All subjects believed that they were participating in a study of memory and retrieval. Clark's scoring system for TAT sexuality content was used to assess the effects of both sets of advertisements. Analyses of variance indicated group differences for two of the three dependent TAT sexuality variables. Results supported the psychoanalytic assumption that genital symbols promote sexual arousal without an observer's conscious awareness. Specifically, the effects of the utilization of Freudian symbolism as a manipulative variable in advertising were demonstrated.
Depth of Meaning in Life: Explicit Rating Criteria
Authors: De Vogler-Ebersole Karen , Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

The present study is a development of a method of measuring meaning in life depth using outside judges' rating of the participants' in-depth statements describing their meaning. Adequate interrater agreement was obtained when five explicit depth of meaning criteria were utilized. The potential problem of rater bias because of the judges' preference for their own life meanings was discussed. In addition, three other issues previously investigated to some degree were again approached: whether a significant proportion of participants reported a feeling of meaninglessness (they did not), how many different types of meaning in life would be reported (an average of 4.26 were, implying that people do not prefer just one meaning in life), and what percentage of life meanings fell into each of the eight categories previously developed by DeVogler and Ebersole.
Specific versus Generalized Locus of Control Scales Related to Job Satisfaction
Authors: Pettersen Normand
Published: September 2011

This study compared, in the area of job satisfaction, scores on Rotter's I-E scale and on a new internal-external locus of control scale designed specifically for the work context. The correlation of .39 with the Job Descriptive Index arrived at by using the specific scale is significantly higher than the correlation of —.16 obtained with the Rotter scale. Data suggest this new scale could be useful.
Correlates of Use and Expected Use of Smokeless Tobacco among Kindergarten Children
Authors: Young Michael , Williamson Doug
Published: September 2011

Kindergarten children ( n = 112) were interviewed concerning recognition, use, and expected use of smokeless tobacco. Analysis of the data indicated significant relationships between personal use of smokeless tobacco and (1) knowing someone who used smokeless tobacco, (2) sex of the student, (3) expected use, and (4) having seen the product used at home. Significant relationships also existed between expected use and knowing someone who used the product, sex of the student, and having seen the product used at home.
Can Applicants' Characteristics Explain the Sex-Structuring of Organizations?
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Schmidt-Posner Jackie , Randolph W. Alan
Published: September 2011

This study investigates attitudes towards the job search held by a sample of 60 male and 55 female college seniors. Respondents completed a questionnaire which included hypothetical job-search situations and items to gauge attitudes about seeking a job. There were no significant differences in the responses of men and women, suggesting that differential behavior of job applicants along gender lines is not a valid explanation for the sex-structuring of organizations. Implications for future research are offered.
Academic Course Grades as Better Predictors of Graduation from a Commuter-Type College Than SAT Scores
Authors: White William F. , Nylin William C. , Esser Patricia R.
Published: September 2011

High school transcripts of 400 college freshmen were randomly selected from an enrollment of 1990 students who entered an urban, commuter-type college in 1979. Those who were graduated four years later or who were still enrolled in good standing provided academic profiles in which the number of academic courses taken in high school was the best predictor of college success. High school rank was the second best predictor, while the high school grade point average was third best, and the SAT score, fourth. When academic courses were considered alone, the number of high school units passed in mathematics was the best predictor.
Perpetrator and Family Characteristics Related to Child Abuse and Neglect: Comparison of Substantiated and Unsubstantiated Reports
Authors: Hawkins Wesley E. , Duncan David F.
Published: September 2011

Numerous reports describe the characteristics of child-abusing families but most of these lack a comparison group of non-abusers. This study compares substantiated reports of abuse and neglect to unsubstantiated reports. The 733 reports investigated involved 923 children and 682 adults. Age, prior insult, and unemployment were associated with substantiated cases. Substantiated cases were more likely than unsubstantiated cases to come from intact two-parent homes. Minority children were more likely to be seriously injured than were nonminority children. Younger women and those having legal relationships with the other adult in their household were more likely to inflict severe abuse.
Questionnaire Distribution: A Method That Significantly Improved Return Rates
Authors: Bush David W. , White Karl R.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaires are commonly used in psychological research because they are easily administered, but several limitations often reduce the effectiveness and validity of such research. Key among those limitations are the uncertain representativeness and associated bias of data collected from volunteer samples with typically obtained return rates of 50 to 60% or less. As a result, any method for questionnaire distribution which cost-effectively increases the rate of return without compromising other facets of the design, would be extremely valuable. Such a method is proposed, and an application of that method, resulting in a 94% return rate at approximately the same cost as conventional mailing approaches, is described.
Effectiveness of the Hutt Adaptation of the Bender-Gestalt Test Configuration Scale in Differentiating Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: Hutt Max L. , Monheit Sylvia
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of this scale was evaluated on a population of 90 normal adolescents and 91 severely emotionally disturbed adolescents in the age range from 13 to 16 yr. All subjects were boys. Both in the initial evaluation on a random sample as well as on a cross-validation, using the remainder of the sample, the scale significantly differentiated the disturbed group from the normals. Using a cut-off score of 6 or above, 98.9% of the disturbed group were identified and 70.0% of the normals were excluded. A cut-off score of 8 or above yielded 90.1% correct identification of the disturbed group and 93.3% of the normals were excluded. Use of the scale is suggested for screening purposes. Replication with girls is also suggested, although sex has not previously been reported as significant.
Rapid Reduction of Off-Task Behavior in Retarded Children by Use of Light-Out
Authors: Drash Philip W. , Murrin Mary R. , Jordan Sheldon E. , Clark Hewitt B.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of a light-out procedure in reducing periods of off-task behavior in retarded children was evaluated. Four children ages 3 to 10 yr. (mean IQ 32) were trained on a lever-pressing task as an analogue to discrete-trial training procedures. Positive reinforcement sessions were alternated with concurrent escape/avoidance procedures during which light-out was contingent upon nonresponding in an alternating treatment design. The light-out contingency rapidly and effectively reduced the length of time off-task and slightly increased response rate. Educational and therapeutic implications for retarded and autistic children include adaptation of the procedure for decreasing off-task behavior during discrete-trial training, such as in speech and language remediation.
Psychology of the Scientist: LIII. Expressions of Uncertainty in Social Psychology
Authors: Joshi Purushottam
Published: September 2011

An analysis of frequencies for five words (“however,” “but,” “yet,” “nevertheless,” “nonetheless”) and expressions such as “more research is needed” of 19 chapters contained in three volumes (1980, 1981, 1982) of the series “Advances in experimental social psychology” shows a massive use of such words (1,393), an average of 73.3 words per chapter.
Innovativeness and Information Processing Confidence
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the hypothesis that there should be a positive and significant relationship between innovativeness and information-processing confidence. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .43 ( N = 41, p < .05) confirmed the hypothesis.
Sensation Seeking and the Sensing-Intuition Scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Sensing-Intuition scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator were hypothesized to be correlated with scores on two sensation-seeking scales. A random sample of 62 adult grocery shoppers was chosen. The sample was 75% female with a mean age of 39.97 years. As hypothesized, Sensing scores were negatively correlated (—.67, —.67), and Intuition scores were positively correlated (.56, .59) with the Arousal Seeking Tendency Instrument and the General Sensation Seeking Scale, respectively.
Self-Enhancement, Self-Protection as a Function of Esteem-Related Feedback and Success Contingency
Authors: McNicoll Madeleine , Annamunthodo Terri , McCarrey Michael , Kamal Fouad
Published: September 2011

This experiment was conducted to assess the impact of esteem-related feedback and success-contingency on the self-protective/self-enhancing aspects of self-handicapping behavior. Following feedback about either contingent or noncontingent success on an intellectual task provided by a male experimenter, 67 male subjects randomly received either ego-enhancing or ego-diminishing feedback on an unrelated task (social skills) provided by a female experimenter. It was hypothesized that the effect of esteem-related feedback on an unrelated task (social skills) provided by the female experimenter would generalize to other ego functions and activate self-protective/self-enhancing processes. It was predicted that those individuals whose self-esteem had been lowered, whether in the conditions of contingent or noncontingent success would self-protect more in that they would be more inclined (1) to attribute their success externally, (2) to self-handicap by choosing the performance-inhibiting drug more often, (3) to show a lower expectancy of future success on retest, and (4) to self-protect by refusing more often to volunteer in a proposed high-risk experiment than those subjects whose self-esteem had been raised via ego-enhancing feedback on the unrelated task. Analysis showed that esteem-related affect did not generalize from the intellectual domain to the social-skills area or from the male to the female experimenter. The findings are discussed in terms of the compartmentalization of affect such that risk-taking reflected self-protection on tasks associated with the female experimenter while the remaining variables associated with the male experimenter showed no such effects.
Practicing Counselors' Awareness of Gifted Students' Characteristics
Authors: Dillard John M. , Campbell N. Jo , Wilkinson J. Barbara
Published: September 2011

The objectives of this study were to determine to what extent counselors accurately identify gifted, average, and mentally retarded students according to students' described behavior and to identify the characteristics of gifted students. A total of 441 counselors employed in public schools throughout one southwestern state were involved. To collect the data a mailed questionnaire was developed. The results suggested by the mean scores on the two subscales indicated that the counselors lack information about behavioral characteristics of gifted students. The female counselors more accurately than male counselors identified behaviors associated with different types of students and the characteristics of gifted students.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XXVII. Magnetic Necklace: Its Therapeutic Effectiveness on Neck and Shoulder Pain: 2. Psychological Assessment
Authors: Lin James C. , Singleton Gary W. , Schaeffer Joseph N. , Hong Chang-Zern , Meltzer Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The efficacy of magnetic necklaces (maximum static magnetic field 0.13 T) in controlling chronic neck and shoulder pain was studied. A double-blind experiment was performed on four groups of human adults (Total N = 101). The experimental design involved 52 subjects with chronic pain (35 women, 17 men) and 49 without symptoms of pain (20 women, 29 men). They were assigned in near-equal numbers into subgroups in which magnetic or nonmagnetic necklaces were worn 24 hr. a day for 4 wk. Subjective reports and psychological testing indicated that there were no statistically significant differences among treatment subgroups before treatment. Subjects in the pain group reported a statistically significant reduction in frequency and severity of pain immediately after treatment. However, treatment condition (magnetic vs nonmagnetic) did not significantly affect subjective reports, indicating that the reported improvement is attributable to the placebo effect.
Decoding of Facial Affect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Mandal M. K. , Palchoudhury S.
Published: September 2011

12 schizophrenics and 12 nonpatient controls were asked to classify 8 photographs depicting 6 facial emotions each into categories of similar emotions and to pronounce the name of the emotion expressed in each photograph when multiple-choice alternatives were prompted. Patients had considerably more difficulty on the latter task than the former while controls were unaffected. Fearful faces were poorly recognized by both groups. Overall, controls were significantly better than schizophrenics in identifying all facial emotions.
Behavioral Effects of Response-Independent Termination of Aversive Stimulation
Authors: Matthews Michael D. , Chapman B. Robert , Boyd Stephen P.
Published: September 2011

In the current study, the effects of noncontingent termination of aversive stimulation on the development and organization of behavior were examined. Rats were removed from cold water independent of their behavior, and changes in their behavior when replaced in the cold water were observed. Contrary to a classic interpretation of the effects of noncontingent reinforcement as “superstition,” stable and predictable patterns of behavior developed under these conditions. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that reinforcers do not act arbitrarily on behavior, but their effects are instead closely related to the motivational state of an organism and its surrounding stimulus conditions.
Childrearing Attitudes in Appalachia Today: A Preliminary Look
Authors: Kennedy Janice H.
Published: September 2011

20 Appalachian mothers reported more enjoyment of child-rearing when their children were small but had unrealistically high expectations of their infants. They were restrictive of their older children's activities. Physical punishment was the primary form of discipline, but reasoning and rewards were used as well. Since only 19% of the mothers invited to participate in the study actually did so, the results may not be representative of the group.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Personality: Israel and England
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Yanai Orenia
Published: September 2011

688 men and 362 women were given the 101-item version of the Adult Eysenck Personality Questionnaire which had been translated into Hebrew. Factor comparisons indicated that identical factors of Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Social Desirability were observed in Israeli data. Reliabilities were satisfactorily high for all factors except Psychoticism which was rather weak. Means showed the usual sex differences, with men scoring higher than women on Psychoticism and Extraversion but lower on Neuroticism and Lie scales. Cross-cultural comparisons of means, computed on reduced scoring keys containing only items in common, indicated that Israeli subjects (both sexes) scored higher than the British ones on Extraversion and Lie scales but lower on Psychoticism and Neuroticism scales.
Organizational Commitment: A Multivariate Test within the Banking Industry
Authors: Flynn David M. , Solomon Esther
Published: September 2011

The concept of organizational commitment as an important contributor to behavior in organizations has been increasingly researched. This study seeks to distinguish the significant antecedents of organizational commitment within the banking industry. Analysis of data from the sample of 118 bank vice presidents of 713 contacted suggest a reduced set of antecedent variables. Specifically, personal characteristics, job characteristics, and perceived work experiences significantly contributed to the organizational commitment construct. These results support previously proposed multivariate models. However, the model proposed here may provide a more effective basis for organizational design and research as a reduced model, including seven antecedent variables. The analyses introduced from cross-cultural research a measure of uncertainty of validity within a single culture. Its utility for cross-cultural work is further enriched. Replication is needed.
Characteristics of the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale among Two Samples of Married Parents
Authors: James Dorothy E. , Schumm W. R. , Kennedy C. E. , Grigsby C. C. , Shectman K. L. , Nichols C. W.
Published: September 2011

Characteristics of the Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale were investigated in two samples of parents, 84 married mothers in the first sample and 52 married fathers and 85 married mothers in the second sample. In all cases, satisfactory estimates of internal consistency reliability, significant differences between item means, and significant correlations with self-esteem were obtained, providing preliminary support for the validity and future potential of the scale as a brief measure of personal satisfaction with oneself as a parent, with the behavior of one's children, and with one's relationship with one's children.
Mac Andrew Alcoholism Scale and Repression: Detection of False Negatives
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: September 2011

Evaluated were MMPI data of 105 male chronic alcoholics and drug addicts with a large proportion (21.9%) of false negatives on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (a measure of addictive personality). As expected, the proportion of elevated Repression Scale scores (T scores > 60) was significantly higher for false negatives (52.2%) than for true positives (11%) and also significantly higher than for true negatives in a control group of 20 non-addicted psychiatric outpatients (8.3%). Elevated Repression scores may serve as a warning sign of possible false negatives in routine MMPI screening for addictions.
Patterns of Weight Change: The Interval 6 to 10 Years after Initial Weight Loss in a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Program
Authors: Jordan Henry A. , Canavan Arlene J. , Steer Robert A.
Published: September 2011

29 men and 82 women who had achieved at least a 15-lb. weight loss in a 20-wk. cognitive-behavioral treatment program for obesity were asked 6 to 10 yr. after treatment about their current weights and January 1 weights for the past five years. Four types of weight change indices were then developed to ascertain whether or not the patients had maintained their postprogram weight losses since leaving treatment. Comparisons of pre- and postprogram mean weight differences indicated that the patients had gained an average of 7.15 lb. (3.24 kg) by 1983, but there had not been a mean increase in weight since an earlier follow-up in 1978. Importantly, 32.4% reported 1983 weights below their postprogram weights, and there were no mean differences between the sexes with respect to weight changes for either 1978 or 1983. A weight index based upon percentages of weight gain since leaving treatment indicated that 40.5% had gained back more than 67% of weight that they had lost during treatment. Inspection of 90 patients' weight fluctuations over the past five years above or below their postprogram weights showed 25 distinct patterns. Each of the four weight-change indices gave different perspectives about the patients' abilities to manage their weights over time. The complexity of employing different weight-change indices for evaluating the long-term efficacy of cognitive-behavioral treatment programs for obesity was discussed.
Unique and Common First Names of Males and Females
Authors: Anderson Timothy
Published: September 2011

This study examined sex differences in unique and common first names of 6125 infants born over a 5-yr. period. Females were more likely than males to receive unique first names. This helps explain the results of previous research which showed that males with unique names were more likely to be maladjusted while this was not true for females.
Relationship between Bem Sex-Role Inventory Groups and Attitudes of Sexism
Authors: Faulkender Patricia J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between scores on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and a newly developed scale designed to measure external sexism, internal sexism, and perceived innate sex differences. Both scales were administered to 85 female and 28 male undergraduates. There was a significant main effect for sex, with men having higher sexism scores than women. Both men and women scored significantly higher on internal sexism, the measure over familial division of labor. There was a significant interaction of sexism scores × sex-role groups; traditional sex-role groups scored highest on internal sexism and perceived innate sex differences.