bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human-Centered AI for Migrant Integration Through LLM and RAG Optimization
Authors: Castellanos-Nieves Dagoberto , García-Forte Luis
Published: December 2024

The enhancement of mechanisms to protect the rights of migrants and refugees within the European Union represents a critical area for human-centered artificial intelligence (HCAI). Traditionally, the focus on algorithms alone has shifted toward a more comprehensive understanding of AI’s potential to shape technology in ways which better serve human needs, particularly for disadvantaged groups. Large language models (LLMs) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) offer significant potential to bridging gaps for vulnerable populations, including immigrants, refugees, and individuals with disabilities. Implementing solutions based on these technologies involves critical factors which influence the pursuit of approaches aligning with humanitarian interests. This study presents a proof of concept utilizing the open LLM model LLAMA 3 and a linguistic corpus comprising legislative, regulatory, and assistance information from various European Union agencies concerning migrants. We evaluate generative metrics, energy efficiency metrics, and metrics for assessing contextually appropriate and non-discriminatory responses. Our proposal involves the optimal tuning of key hyperparameters for LLMs and RAG through multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to ensure the solutions are fair, equitable, and non-discriminatory. The optimal configurations resulted in a 20.1% reduction in carbon emissions, along with an 11.3% decrease in the metrics associated with bias. The findings suggest that by employing the appropriate methodologies and techniques, it is feasible to implement HCAI systems based on LLMs and RAG without undermining the social integration of vulnerable populations.
Infrared Image Detection and Recognition of Substation Electrical Equipment Based on Improved YOLOv8
Authors: Tao Haotian , Paul Agyemang , Wu Zhefu
Published: December 2024

To address the challenges associated with lightweight design and small object detection in infrared imaging for substation electrical equipment, this paper introduces an enhanced YOLOv8_Adv network model. This model builds on YOLOv8 through several strategic improvements. The backbone network incorporates PConv and FasterNet modules to substantially reduce the computational load and memory usage, thereby achieving model lightweighting. In the neck layer, GSConv and VoVGSCSP modules are utilized for multi-stage, multi-feature map fusion, complemented by the integration of the EMA attention mechanism to improve feature extraction. Additionally, a specialized detection layer for small objects is added to the head of the network, enhancing the model’s performance in detecting small infrared targets. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLOv8_Adv achieves a 4.1% increase in mAP@0.5 compared to the baseline YOLOv8n. It also outperforms five existing baseline models, with the highest accuracy of 98.7%, and it reduces the computational complexity by 18.5%, thereby validating the effectiveness of the YOLOv8_Adv model. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the model in detecting small targets in infrared images makes it suitable for use in areas such as infrared surveillance, military target detection, and wildlife monitoring.
Nanocarriers-Assisted Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Levodopa: Current Progress and Prospects
Authors: Dangova Mariya , Ivanova Nadezhda , Andonova Velichka
Published: December 2024

A challenge to contemporary medicine is still the discovery of an effective and safe therapy for symptomatic control, if not cure, of Parkinson’s disease. While the potential century’s break-through is sought and foreseen by many scientists in gene therapy, immunotherapy, new drug combinations, and neurosurgical approaches, the not-yet-conventional intranasal administration of “classic” levodopa (L-DOPA) also stands out as a perspective from which Parkinson’s patients may benefit in the short term. With the main drawbacks of the standard oral L-DOPA treatment being the extremely low systemic and cerebral bioavailability, it is widely recognized that the nasal route may turn out to be the better administration site, for it offers the alternative of direct brain delivery via the olfactory bulb (the so-called nose-to-brain axis). However, such advancement would be unthinkable without the current progress in nano-scaled drug carriers which are needed to ensure drug stability, mucosal retention and permeation, olfactory uptake, and harmlessness to the sensory neurons and respiratory cilia. This study aims to review the most significant results and achievements in the field of nano-particulate nose-to-brain delivery of L-DOPA.
The Atmospheric Deposition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Year 2022/2023
Authors: Ianiri Giuseppe , Settimo Gaetano , Soggiu Maria Eleonora , Inglessis Marco , Di Giorgi Sabrina , Avino Pasquale
Published: December 2024

The measurement of atmospheric deposition fluxes is an excellent tool for assessing the contamination of territory and the subsequent exposure of the population to major contaminants through the food chain. In this context, the aim of this study was to measure the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) deposition fluxes in the city of Rome (ISS Station) during the year 2022/2023 at two different heights above the ground (vertical profile), in order to evaluate the influence that the vertical profile has on PAH deposition. Two measuring positions were identified, one at street level and one at a height of 20 m. The collection of bulk atmospheric depositions was carried out approximately every 30 days, and the PAHs were determined according to the indications given in ISTISAN Report 06/38 and Standard UNI EN 15980:2011. The results show that throughout the year, the deposition rates of settleable dust were always higher at the lower (annual average of 48.5 mg m−2 day−1) collection position than at the higher position (annual average of 17.5 mg m−2 day−1). Despite this difference, the concentrations and profiles of the main PAHs analyzed, as indicated in EU Directive 2024/2881, in the dust collected at the two positions were almost similar, showing that the vertical profile did not influence the composition and concentration of PAHs in the collected settleable dust. Furthermore, a comparison of the deposition rates of sedimentable dust and PAHs with the legislative references currently present in Europe was made, highlighting that in the city of Rome during the monitoring period of this study, the values of dust and PAHs were lower than the limit and guide values and were also in line with other Italian urban locations.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Characterization and Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Frequency Selection
Authors: Xiao Yuechan , Huang Xinrong , Meng Jinhao , Zhang Yipu , Knap Vaclav , Stroe Daniel-Ioan
Published: December 2024

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly employed in electric vehicles due to their efficient energy storage and conversion capabilities. Nevertheless, to ensure reliable and cost-effective operation, their internal states must be continuously monitored. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an effective tool for assessing the battery’s state. Different frequency ranges of EIS correspond to various electrochemical reaction processes. In this study, EIS measurements were conducted at seven temperatures, ranging from −20 °C to 10 °C, and across 21 states of charge (SOCs), spanning from 0% to 100%. A regression model was utilized to examine the unidirectional factorial characteristic impedance relative to temperature and SOC. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) table was created with temperature and SOC as independent variables and the impedance value as the dependent variable. These models accurately capture the behavior of lithium-ion batteries under different conditions. Based on this research, the battery electrochemical processes are better understood. This paper establishes a mathematical expression for a temperature–SOC-based impedance model at specific frequencies, i.e., 1 Hz, 20 Hz, and 3100 Hz. When comparing the models at these three frequencies, it was found that the model fitting accuracy is highest at 20 Hz, making it applicable across a wide range of temperatures and SOCs. Consequently, the accuracy of the impedance model can be enhanced at a specific frequency, simplifying the impedance model and facilitating the development of advanced battery state estimation methods.
Safety and Reliability Analysis of Reconfigurable Battery Energy Storage System
Authors: Xu Helin , Cheng Lin , Paizulamu Daniyaer , Zheng Haoyu
Published: December 2024

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) because of their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, good cycling performance, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, with the extensive utilization of LIBs, incidents of fires and explosions resulting from thermal runaway (TR) have become increasingly prevalent. The resolution of safety concerns associated with LIBs and the reduction in operational risks have become pivotal to the operation and control of ESSs. This paper proposes a model for the TR process of LIBs. By simplifying the modeling of TR reactions, it is possible to calculate the starting temperature of the battery self-heating reaction. Subsequently, this paper puts forth an operational reliability evaluation algorithm for a reconfigurable battery energy storage system (BESS). Finally, this paper develops a control algorithm for reliability improvement, with the objective of ensuring safe and stable control of the ESS.
Spectral Analysis of Light-Adapted Electroretinograms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Classification with Machine Learning
Authors: Constable Paul A. , Pinzon-Arenas Javier O. , Mercado Diaz Luis Roberto , Lee Irene O. , Marmolejo-Ramos Fernando , Loh Lynne , Zhdanov Aleksei , Kulyabin Mikhail , Brabec Marek , Skuse David H. , Thompson Dorothy A. , Posada-Quintero Hugo
Published: December 2024

Electroretinograms (ERGs) show differences between typically developing populations and those with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In a series of ERGs collected in ASD (n = 77), ADHD (n = 43), ASD + ADHD (n = 21), and control (n = 137) groups, this analysis explores the use of machine learning and feature selection techniques to improve the classification between these clinically defined groups. Standard time domain and signal analysis features were evaluated in different machine learning models. For ASD classification, a balanced accuracy (BA) of 0.87 was achieved for male participants. For ADHD, a BA of 0.84 was achieved for female participants. When a three-group model (ASD, ADHD, and control) the BA was lower, at 0.70, and fell further to 0.53 when all groups were included (ASD, ADHD, ASD + ADHD, and control). The findings support a role for the ERG in establishing a broad two-group classification of ASD or ADHD, but the model’s performance depends upon sex and is limited when multiple classes are included in machine learning modeling.
The Role of AMPS in Parkinson’s Disease Management: Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tedeschi Roberto , Donati Danilo , Giorgi Federica
Published: December 2024

Background: Automated Mechanical Peripheral Stimulation (AMPS) is emerging as a potential therapeutic tool for managing motor and non-motor symptoms in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD), particularly in terms of improving gait, balance, and autonomic regulation. This scoping review aims to synthesize current evidence on AMPS’s effectiveness for these outcomes. Methods: A review was conducted on MEDLINE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, PEDro, and Web of Science. Studies were included if they examined AMPS interventions for PD patients and reported outcomes related to gait, balance, neurological function, or autonomic regulation. Data extraction focused on study design, intervention details, sample characteristics, and key outcomes. Quality was assessed using the PEDro and RoB-2 scales. Results: Six randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. AMPS consistently improved gait kinematic parameters, including step length and gait velocity, and reduced gait asymmetry. In addition, increased brain connectivity between motor regions was correlated with enhanced gait speed, suggesting neuroplastic effects. Some studies reported improved autonomic regulation, with enhanced heart rate variability and blood pressure stability. However, limitations such as small sample sizes, short follow-ups, and varied protocols affected the consistency of the findings. Conclusions: AMPS shows potential as an adjunct therapy for PD, improving gait, balance, and possibly autonomic function. These preliminary findings will support further research into establishing standardized protocols, confirming long-term efficacy, and exploring AMPS’s impact on non-motor symptoms. With robust evidence, AMPS could complement existing PD management strategies and improve patient outcomes.
Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials
Authors: Messer-Hannemann Philipp , Wienhold Max , Esbak Hoda , Brunner Alexander , Schönebaum Andreas , Schwendicke Falk , Effenberger Susanne
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) is widely used in the dental industry as a photoinitiator for resin-based materials, while its use may be further limited given its toxicological risks. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyze the residual TPO content of 3D-printed resin-based dental splint materials. Methods: Six resin-based splint materials were analyzed: LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (DMG), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (Detax), optiprint splint (Dentona), KeySplint Soft (KeyPrint), FREEPRINT ortho (Detax), V-Print splint comfort (Voco). Grid-shaped specimens were fabricated using the recommended workflow of each manufacturer (n = 18). TPO extraction was conducted using a maximum of eight extraction cycles of 72 h at a temperature of 37 °C until no more TPO eluates were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The margin of safety (MoS) was calculated as the ratio between the Derived No-Effect Level (DNEL) and the estimated exposure based on the amount of TPO extracted. Results: The total amount of extracted TPO was the lowest for LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (Mean ± SD; 44.0 ± 17.1 ng/mL), followed by optiprint splint (80.6 ± 21.1 ng/mL), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (127.4 ± 25.3 ng/mL), FREEPRINT ortho (2813.2 ± 348.0 ng/mL), V-Print splint comfort (33,424.6 ± 8357.9 ng/mL) and KeySplint Soft (42,083.5 ± 3175.2 ng/mL). For all tested materials, the calculated MoS was above the critical value of 1, demonstrating toxicological safety in the cured, clinically relevant state. Conclusions: Large differences in the residual TPO content were observed between the materials. Although the TPO content in the uncured state may exceed toxicological safety limits, appropriate curing of the investigated materials resulted in a significant reduction in TPO elution and, thus, in products with a very low toxicological risk for the patient.
Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins as Predictors of Valvular Calcifications and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Palamar Marcel , Grosu Iulia Dana , Schiller Adalbert , Petrica Ligia , Bodea Madalina , Sircuta Alexandru , Gruescu Elisabeta , Matei Oana Daniela , Tanasescu Maria Daniela , Golet Ionut , Bob Flaviu
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Vitamin K deficiency in chronic kidney disease (CKD) could potentially occur due to multiple factors, leading to an increased risk of vascular and valvular calcifications. Vitamin K status can be indirectly assessed by measuring the blood levels of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs), such as matrix GLA protein (MGP). This study aims to examine the relationship between the levels of inactive MGP (dp-uc MGP) and the presence of valvular calcifications, as well as its association with mortality in hemodialysis patients. Methods: We conducted a single-center study that included 45 CKD G5D patients (hemodialysis for 6 months to 10 years) followed up for 24 months. All patients have been assessed at baseline regarding cardiovascular disease (medical history, echocardiography). Moreover, using standard methods, we determined blood biochemistry, complete blood count, and matrix GLA protein. At 24 months of follow-up, we assessed all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Results: In the studied hemodialysis patients, mean dp-uc MGP was 3285.93 +/− 2092.85 pmol/L. Patients with valvular calcifications had higher levels of dp-uc MGP compared to those without (4521.08 +/− 2263.82 vs. 2487.53 +/− 1446.94 pmol/L, however not statistically significant). The presence and severity of valvular calcifications were significantly associated with the history of treatment with vitamin K antagonists (p < 0.05). After 24 months of follow-up, we found an all-cause mortality rate of 24.4%. The level of dp-uc MGP was higher in the group of patients that died (3884.81 +/− 2439.20 vs. 3133.09 +/− 1925.26 pmol/L, p > 0.05). Patients with more than one valvular calcification on echocardiography had a significantly higher all-cause mortality risk (p = 0.04). In terms of traditional risk factors, we observed an increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with a history of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.02) and aortic stenosis (p = 0.01). However, other cardiovascular markers, such as coronary heart disease and ejection fraction < 50%, did not have a statistically significant impact on mortality in our patients. Conclusions: In our study, we found that vitamin K deficiency, measured indirectly using the level of VKDP, especially dp-uc MGP, is a predictor of valvular calcifications. Severe valvular calcifications, aortic stenosis, and the presence of diabetes mellitus are risk factors for all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients.
White Matter-Gray Matter Correlation Analysis Based on White Matter Functional Gradient
Authors: Li Zhengjie , Liu Jiajun , Zheng Jianhui , Li Luying , Fu Ying , Yang Zhipeng
Published: December 2024

Background: The spontaneous fluctuations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals of the brain’s gray matter (GM) have been interpreted as representations of neural activity variations. In previous research, white matter (WM) signals, often considered noise, have also been demonstrated to reflect characteristics of functional activity and interactions among different brain regions. Recently, functional gradients have gained significant attention due to their success in characterizing the functional organization of the whole brain. However, previous studies on brain functional gradients have predominantly focused on GM, neglecting valuable functional information within WM. Methods: In this paper, we have elucidated the symmetrical nature of the functional hierarchy in the left and right brain hemispheres in healthy individuals, utilizing the principal functional gradient of the whole-brain WM while also accounting for gender differences. Results: Interestingly, both males and females exhibit a similar degree of asymmetry in their brain regions, albeit with distinct regional variations. Additionally, we have thoroughly examined and analyzed the distribution of functional gradient values in the spatial structure of the corpus callosum (CC) independently, revealing that a simple one-to-one correspondence between structure and function is absent. This phenomenon may be associated with the intricacy of their internal structural connectivity. Conclusions: We suggest that the functional gradients within the WM regions offer a fresh perspective for investigating the structural and functional characteristics of WM and may provide insights into the regulation of neural activity between GM and WM.
Exploring Machine Learning Classification of Movement Phases in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients: A Controlled EEG-tDCS Study
Authors: Suresh Rishishankar E. , Zobaer M S , Triano Matthew J. , Saway Brian F. , Grewal Parneet , Rowland Nathan C.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can boost motor recovery after a stroke. Certain movement phases are more responsive to NIBS, so a system that auto-detects these phases would optimize stimulation timing. This study assessed the effectiveness of various machine learning models in identifying movement phases in hemiparetic individuals undergoing simultaneous NIBS and EEG recordings. We hypothesized that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a form of NIBS, would enhance EEG signals related to movement phases and improve classification accuracy compared to sham stimulation. Methods: EEG data from 10 chronic stroke patients and 11 healthy controls were recorded before, during, and after tDCS. Eight machine learning algorithms and five ensemble methods were used to classify two movement phases (hold posture and reaching) during each of these periods. Data preprocessing included z-score normalization and frequency band power binning. Results: In chronic stroke participants who received active tDCS, the classification accuracy for hold vs. reach phases increased from pre-stimulation to the late intra-stimulation period (72.2% to 75.2%, p < 0.0001). Late active tDCS surpassed late sham tDCS classification (75.2% vs. 71.5%, p < 0.0001). Linear discriminant analysis was the most accurate (74.6%) algorithm with the shortest training time (0.9 s). Among ensemble methods, low gamma frequency (30–50 Hz) achieved the highest accuracy (74.5%), although this result did not achieve statistical significance for actively stimulated chronic stroke participants. Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms showed enhanced movement phase classification during active tDCS in chronic stroke participants. These results suggest their feasibility for real-time movement detection in neurorehabilitation, including brain–computer interfaces for stroke recovery.
The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels (BNDF): A Systematic Review
Authors: Mielniczek Milosz , Aune Tore Kristian
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) alternates short periods of intense exercise with recovery, effectively enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance, and strength in various populations. Concurrently, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports neuronal resilience and activity-dependent plasticity, which are vital for learning and memory. This study aims to systematically review changes in BDNF levels in response to HIIT, with three primary objectives: evaluating the benefits of HIIT for BDNF modulation, assessing methodological quality and the risk of bias in reviewed studies, and identifying patterns in BDNF response based on HIIT protocols and population characteristics. Methods: Comprehensive database searches were conducted in PubMed and SPORTDiscus to identify relevant studies published up to April 2024. Given the diversity in study designs and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was performed rather than a meta-analysis. Bias was evaluated using visualization tools such as RobVis, and the review was conducted by a single researcher, which may limit its comprehensiveness. Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, with most indicating significant increases in BDNF levels post-HIIT, suggesting HIIT’s potential to enhance neuroplasticity and cognitive functions. However, variations in BDNF responses were observed across different HIIT protocols and study populations. Some studies reported decreases or no change in BDNF levels, reflecting the complex regulation of BDNF influenced by factors such as exercise intensity, duration, and individual variability. Conclusions: HIIT shows promise as an intervention for increasing BDNF levels, with potential benefits for brain health and cognitive function. These findings underscore the need for further research to confirm the optimal conditions under which HIIT can effectively enhance neurological outcomes. Future studies should explore standardized HIIT protocols and the long-term impact of HIIT on BDNF and neuroplasticity.
Addressing the Triple Trauma of Factors Leading to Perinatal Health and Mental Health Consequences in Two Upstate New York Communities
Authors: Keefe Robert H. , Rubinstein Robert A. , Van Brackle Kiara , Music Sanid , Nnam Zikora , Lane Sandra D.
Published: December 2024

This article focuses on the impact of trauma experienced by individuals, families and groups, and neighborhoods in Rochester and Syracuse, New York. Using the levels of analysis put forward in Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (i.e., individual, family, and community), we argue that trauma operates at each of those levels. This mixed-methods study reviews the findings of seven previously published studies (with data collection ranging from 2000 to 2019), each of which addresses trauma among low-income residents. Specific methods include secondary analyses of births, qualitative interviews of persons who delivered a baby within the past two years, a community survey of residents living in high-crime areas, and secondary birth data to document the impact of socio-ecological risk factors on the trauma of birthing persons, their children, and their partners. Individuals and families living in high-risk neighborhoods (e.g., where residents experience frequent gun shots, racially disproportionate incarceration, and poverty) had more negative health outcomes including posttraumatic stress disorder, intrauterine growth restriction, and depression. Interventions focused on community-based practices that address individual, family, and community-level trauma must also address the multiple risk factors for trauma located in the environmental and social stressors.
The Relationship Between Mental Health Literacy and Social Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study in China
Authors: Pan Jiali , Xu Tianyu , Li Dan
Published: December 2024

In this study, 793 college students were examined through the utilization of the socioeconomic status scale, mental health literacy scale, and social well-being questionnaire at T1 and T2, respectively, with the aim of exploring the relationship between mental health literacy and social well-being and the relative static and dynamic development of the two. The results indicated that mental health literacy was significantly and positively correlated with social well-being to a moderate extent (T1: r = 0.31; T2: r = 0.35). Furthermore, the across-lagged model was employed to determine the relationship between mental health literacy and social well-being over time, revealing that mental health literacy and social well-being merely have a unidirectional predictive relationship; social well-being at T1 can significantly and positively predict mental health literacy at T2, but mental health literacy at T1 cannot predict social well-being at T2. We carried out the latent change score model and discovered that a higher level of T1 social well-being can facilitate the enhancement of mental health literacy subsequently.
Cultural Heritage Evaluation Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Control: Case Study of the South Manchuria Railway in China
Authors: Qiao Wenqi , Pang Siyi , Guo Mengjin
Published: December 2024

The South Manchuria Railway, being the earliest constructed railway in Northeast China, has preserved a vast array of modern architectural heritage along its route, which holds significant research value. This study takes the urban agglomerations along the Shenyang–Yingkou section of the South Manchuria Railway as the research object, convening scholars from various fields to construct a hierarchy analysis model for heritage value and using fuzzy control tools to mitigate the impact of subjective cognition on the experimental results, thereby determining the weight values of the influencing factors of modern architectural heritage along the South Manchuria Railway. We invited professional scholars and stakeholders to score the modern architectural heritage, and after combining the weight values derived from the hierarchy analysis model and calculating the weighted average, the heritage value scores were determined for each piece of modern architectural heritage. This study utilizes heritage value scores to measure the degree of danger and the extent of protection required for these architectural heritages, identifies the current shortcomings and insufficiencies in the protection and renewal of these heritages, and compares the effectiveness of heritage conservation efforts in various cities and towns.
Heat Transmission Coefficient of Wooden House—Comparison of Infrared Thermography Measurements and Calculation
Authors: Chang Yoon-Seong
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the thermal insulation performance of a wooden house was evaluated with infrared thermographies which were captured by a non-contact and non-destructive method. Heat transmissions were determined by the difference between surface temperature of outdoor and indoor sides of the walls, which were measured with an IR ray signal, and indoor and outdoor air temperatures. The heat transmission coefficient, which was determined by IR thermography, was compared to the coefficient calculated with thermal conductivities of wall component materials. The heat transmission coefficient calculated through wall components was 0.24 W/m2·K, while the coefficients determined with IR thermography ranged from 0.27 to 4.61 W/m2·K. The invisible thermal insulation defects in the wall, such as heat losses from the premature deterioration of thermal insulation material and air leakage through windows, were observed by IR thermography. It is expected that the results of this study could be used effectively not only for improving thermal insulation performance but also for suppressing decay occurrence in wooden building materials.
Impact of Physical Features on Visual Walkability Perception in Urban Commercial Streets by Using Street-View Images and Deep Learning
Authors: Huang Gonghu , Yu Yiqing , Lyu Mei , Sun Dong , Dewancker Bart , Gao Weijun
Published: December 2024

Urban commercial streets are a crucial component of urban life, serving as the central hubs of commercial activity and providing vital spaces for both residents and visitors to engage in various activities. Walkability is commonly used as a key indicator of environmental quality, playing a significant role in improving residents’ health, community interaction, and environmental quality of life. Therefore, promoting the development of a high-quality walking environment in commercial districts is crucial for fostering urban economic growth and the creation of livable cities. However, existing studies predominantly focus on the impact of the built environment on walkability at the urban scale, with limited attention given to commercial streets, particularly the influence of their physical features on walking-need perceptions. In this study, we utilized Google Street-View Panorama (GSVP) images of the Tenjin commercial district and applied the Semantic Differential (SD) method to assess four walking-need perceptions of visual walkability perception, including usefulness, comfort, safety, and attractiveness. Additionally, deep-learning-based semantic segmentation was employed to extract and calculate the physical features of the Tenjin commercial district. Correlation and regression analysis were used to investigate the impact of these physical features on the four walking-need perceptions. The results showed that the different walking-need perceptions in the Tenjin commercial district are attractiveness > safety > comfort > usefulness. Furthermore, the results show that there are significant spatial distribution differences in walking-need perceptions in the Tenjin commercial district. Safety perception is more prominent on primary roads, all four walking-need perceptions in the secondary roads at a high level, and the tertiary roads have generally lower scores for all walking-need perceptions. The regression analysis indicates that walkable space and the landmark visibility index have a significant impact on usefulness, street cleanliness emerges as the most influential factor affecting safety, greenness is identified as the primary determinant of comfort, while the landmark visibility index exerts the greatest influence on attractiveness. This study expands the existing perspectives on urban street walkability by focusing on street-level analysis and proposes strategies to enhance the visual walkability perception of commercial streets. These findings aim to better meet pedestrian needs and provide valuable insights for future urban planning efforts.
Analysis of Inflammatory Features in Suspicious Lesions for Significant Prostate Cancer on Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Are They Mimickers of Prostate Cancer?
Authors: Morote Juan , Celma Ana , Semidey María E. , Antolín Andreu , Miró Berta , Méndez Olga , Trilla Enrique
Published: December 2024

Background. Inflammatory features can mimic PCa in suspicious MRI-lesions. Objectives: To assess the incidence of inflammatory features in targeted biopsies to suspicious lesions. Methods. A prospective analysis was conducted of 531 MRI-suspicious lesions with Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores of 3 to 5 in 364 men suspected of having PCa. Results. The incidence of inflammatory features in the MRI-suspicious lesions without PCa was 69.6%, compared to 48.1% in those with PCa (p < 0.001). Among the suspicious lesions without PCa, the incidence of inflammatory features ranged from 68.6% to 71.2% across the PI-RADS categories (p = 0.870). Mild chronic prostatitis increased with higher PI-RADS scores, while acute prostatitis decreased, and granulomatous prostatitis was exclusively observed in patients with PI-RADS scores of 4 and 5. The incidence of inflammatory features in the lesions with insignificant PCa (grade group 1) was 66.7%, compared to 42.7% in those with significant PCa (grade group 2 to 5; p = 0.027). The detection of inflammatory features in MRI-suspicious lesions was identified as an independent predictor of a lower likelihood of significant PCa detection, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.326 (95% CI 0.196–0.541). Mild chronic prostatitis was the only type of prostatitis which was an independent predictor of a lower likelihood of significant PCa, with an OR of 0.398 (95% CI 0.268–0.590). Conclusions. These data suggest that inflammatory features may be considered mimickers of significant PCa on MRI.
Discharge Against Medical Advice in Cancer Patients: Insights from a Multicenter Study in Germany
Authors: Krieg Sarah , Loosen Sven H. , Roderburg Christoph , Krieg Andreas , Kostev Karel
Published: December 2024

Background: Discharge against medical advice (DAMA) disrupts continuity of care and is associated with increased readmission rates, morbidity, and mortality. While extensively studied in general hospital populations, its prevalence and associated factors in cancer patients, where treatment adherence is critical for outcomes, remain underexplored. Methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional study analyzed anonymized data from the IQVIA hospital database, including cancer patients hospitalized in 36 German hospitals between January 2019 and December 2023. Multivariate logistic regression assessed associations between DAMA and factors such as age, sex, cancer type, metastases, and comorbidities. Results: Among 51,505 cancer patients, DAMA occurred in 0.9% of hospitalizations. The highest rates were observed in cancers of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (2.1%), larynx (2.0%), and liver (1.8%). DAMA was more frequent in younger patients (≤50 years) (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.30–2.14) and males (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.23–1.72). Distant metastases showed no significant association (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.81–1.13). Conclusions: The findings suggest that DAMA in cancer patients is more strongly associated with demographic and social factors than with disease severity. These results provide a basis for exploring strategies that address underlying psychosocial and economic challenges during hospitalization, particularly in younger and male patients. Further research is needed to better understand these associations and their implications for clinical practice.
Synergistic Potential of Antibiotics with Cancer Treatments
Authors: Nardo Giuseppe , Pantziarka Pan , Conti Matteo
Published: December 2024

Intratumoral microbiota, the diverse community of microorganisms residing within tumor tissues, represent an emerging and intriguing field in cancer biology. These microbial populations are distinct from the well-studied gut microbiota, offering novel insights into tumor biology, cancer progression, and potential therapeutic interventions. Recent studies have explored the use of certain antibiotics to modulate intratumoral microbiota and enhance the efficacy of cancer therapies, showing promising results. Antibiotics can alter intratumoral microbiota’s composition, which may have a major role in promoting cancer progression and immune evasion. Certain bacteria within tumors can promote immunosuppression and resistance to therapies. By targeting these bacteria, antibiotics can help create a more favorable environment for chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to act effectively. Some bacteria within the tumor microenvironment produce immunosuppressive molecules that inhibit the activity of immune cells. The combination of antibiotics and other cancer therapies holds significant promise for creating a synergistic effect and enhancing the immune response against cancer. In this review, we analyze several preclinical studies that have been conducted to demonstrate the synergy between antibiotics and other cancer therapies and discuss possible clinical implications.
Ternary MoWNi Alloy as a Bifunctional Catalyst for Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Zhao Yongxin , Tian Chaofan , Zhai Yuzhu , Li Xinyue , Li Jingbei , Chen Huishan , Cheng Longzhen , Zhao Hui , Dai Pengcheng
Published: December 2024

The hydrogen economy, as an emerging paradigm for sustainable energy, relies on efficient hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). These reactions require effective catalysts to enhance reaction kinetics and reduce costs. Platinum (Pt) is widely used but faces issues such as high cost and CO poisoning. Non-precious metal catalysts, particularly Ni-based alloys, are being explored as viable alternatives. This study introduces a ternary MoWNi alloy catalyst synthesized via microwave-assisted methods and annealing. The MoWNi alloy catalyst achieves a current density of 3.5 mA·cm−2 at an overpotential of 100 mV in HOR and requires only 25 mV overpotential to reach a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 in HER, making it comparable to commercial 20% Pt/C catalysts. Notably, the catalyst also exhibits superior stability and resistance to CO toxicity. These findings underscore the potential of MoWNi alloy catalysts in advancing hydrogen-based energy systems.
Alkali-Boosted Catalytic Activity of Co-Based Catalysts Supported by Nanoporous Carbon in the Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol
Authors: Matos Juan , Samudio-González Diana , Blanco Elodie , Poon Po S. , Escalona Néstor
Published: December 2024

The catalytic activity and selectivity of Co-based catalysts supported on home-made nanoporous carbon was studied as a function of the type of alkali promoter (Ca and Mg). The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, temperature-programmed reduction, CO chemisorption, and X-ray diffraction patterns. The catalysts were compared against carbon-supported alkali-promoted Ni-based catalysts and Re-containing catalysts. The catalytic activity of the Co-based catalyst was clearly enhanced in the presence of Ca and Mg, and it was higher than the Ni-based catalysts and comparable to that obtained using an ReC catalyst. The initial activity of the Mg-promoted catalyst increased by a factor of up to 2.5 times higher compared to the non-promoted catalyst. Moreover, this catalyst showed a turnover frequency of up to 5 times higher than equivalent carbon-supported Re-based catalysts. Significant changes were not observed in the selectivity of products after the incorporation of alkali, with cyclohexane being the main product. However, it was demonstrated that the presence of alkali led to a faster and higher production of cyclohexane from the demethoxylation of phenol and the dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol. The present results suggest that Co-based catalysts are an economical alternative for the catalytic conversion of representative target molecules from bio-oil feed.
Metronidazole Electro-Oxidation Degradation on a Pilot Scale
Authors: Maldonado Domínguez Sandra María , Barrera-Díaz Carlos Eduardo , Balderas Hernández Patricia , Amado-Piña Deysi , Torres-Blancas Teresa , Roa-Morales Gabriela
Published: December 2024

In this investigation, metronidazole was degraded in an aqueous solution through electro-oxidation. A DiaClean® cell was used to accommodate a stainless-steel electrode as a cathode and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode as anode. This setup provides several electrochemical advantages, including low currents, a high operational potential, and, frequently, low adsorption compared to conventional carbon materials. The physicochemical parameters were estimated after 180 min of treatment, applying different current densities. The concentration of metronidazole was monitored by HPLC to assess degradation, resulting in 30.67% for 30 mA cm−2, 79.4% for 50 mA cm−2, and 100% for 100 mA cm−2. The TOC mineralization percentages were 12.71% for 30 mA cm−2, 14.8% for 50 mA cm−2, and 29.9% for 100 mA cm−2. Also, biodegradability indices of 0.70 for 30 mA cm−2, 0.81 for 50 mA cm−2, and 0.93 for 100 mA cm−2 were obtained. The byproducts found were formic acid and acetic acid. A pseudo-first order kinetic model was thus obtained due to the quasi-stable concentration achieved through hydroxyl radicals, given that they do not accumulate in the medium, due to their high rate of destruction and short lifespan.
Learning from Tradition: Consumer Attitudes and Perceptions of Leaf and Plastic Food Wrapping and Packaging in Kumba, Southwest Cameroon
Authors: Kamda Aristide Guillaume Silapeux , Anjeh Pricillia , Asoba Gillian , Chiakeh Solange Nwobonche , Nebale Elizabeth , Baldi Francesca , Metugue Samuel , Ebong Fidelis , Frazzoli Chiara
Published: December 2024

Food contact materials release bioactive molecules that are potentially detrimental to health. Despite the relevance of this daily and repeated exposure, little attention is paid to single-use materials in contact with food. In Cameroon, despite the local tradition of using biodegradable and compostable leafy plants and the government’s decision to ban the use and marketing of plastics, they are still massively used in contact with food. The aim of this study was to explore the dynamics of the ongoing trend in the use of plastics for food handling. A cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2023 to investigate consumers’ perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of plastics and traditional leaves as food contact materials. Two hundred consumers were interviewed at eight restaurants in Kumba municipalities through a structured questionnaire. The result of this study revealed that consumers considered that plant-based materials do not affect human health; they know that leaves, compared to plastics, are easier to dispose of and that plastic is an environmental hazard. Age and education turned out to significantly affect all the answers, while income did not. The current study highlights the need to provide clear and updated information on the long-term danger posed to health and the environment by plastics used to cook, store, protect, and transport food. Despite the numerous advantages and benefits of traditional leaves as food contact material, their traditional use by the population has been lost. Consumers in Cameroon are at a critical juncture in choosing biodegradable and compostable food contact materials. This transition can be accelerated if governments invest in actions and measures to curb and potentially reverse the widespread adoption of plastics as a symbol of modernity. Scientific and technological research should engage in the innovation of traditional plant-based materials. This local example is also intended to provide impetus for more global investment in traditional plant-based materials for food packaging to support sustainability and the planetary health agenda.
Cerebral Ultrasound at Term-Equivalent Age: Correlations with Neuro-Motor Outcomes at 12–24 Months Corrected Age
Authors: Toma Adrian Ioan , Dima Vlad , Rusu Lidia , Nemeș Alexandra Floriana , Gonț Bogdan Florin , Arghirescu Alexandra , Necula Andreea , Fieraru Alina , Stoiciu Roxana , Andrășoaie Larisa , Mitran Loredana , Mehedințu Claudia , Isam Al Jashi
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Our research aimed to assess if correlations could be found between items evaluated at the cerebral ultrasound performed at term-equivalent age (TEA) and neuro-motor outcomes evaluated at 12 and 24 months of corrected age in a group of preterm infants. Methods: The following were assessed: the Levine Index, the diagonals of the lateral ventricles, the size of the ventricular midbody, the sinocortical distance, the width of the basal ganglia, the cortical depth at the level of the cingular sulcus and the maturation of the gyral folding. The neurologic evaluation was performed at 12 and 24 months of corrected age, according to the Amiel Tison neurologic examination, and the items from the calendar of motor acquisitions were used as outcome measures of the study—gross and fine motor subsets. The comparisons between the different groups were performed using the FANOVA test, with a statistically significant association for a p < 0.05. Results: The abnormal gross motor acquisitions at 12 months were significantly associated with an increased size of the ventricular midbody (p < 0.009) and a significantly decreased diameter of the basal ganglia (p < 0.011) on the TEA cerebral ultrasound. At 24 months, a significant association was found with increased size of the ventricular midbody (>10.33 mm) (p < 0.001), a decreased diameter of the basal ganglia (<12.9 mm) (p < 0.016), a decreased cortical depth (p < 0.021) and an immature gyral maturation pattern (p < 0.001). In the case of severely abnormal fine motor outcomes, at 12 months, there were statistically significant associations with an increased size of the ventricular midbody (p < 0.001) and an immature gyral folding pattern (p < 0.0180); at 24 months, significant associations were noted with the size of ventricular midbody (p < 0.001), a decreased diameter of the basal ganglia (p < 0.016), a decreased cortical depth (p < 0.021) and an immature gyration folding (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The abnormal gross and fine motor outcome in former premature infants at 12–24 months corrected age is significantly associated with abnormal findings in the head ultrasound examination performed at TEA reflecting both white matter (increased midbody distance) and grey matter (decreased diameter of the basal ganglia, decreased cortical depth and an immature gyration pattern) involvement.