bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Serum ACTH, Melatonin, and Cortisol Levels in Patients with Hormone Imbalance and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mohammed Mosa jassim Muslim
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-term inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system due to an abnormal immune response. Hormonal and enzyme changes in these patients can influence the progression and prognosis of the disease. In this research, the levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melatonin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood of MS patients were studied.Methods: This study involved 50 MS patients and 50 healthy individuals. The levels of ACTH, melatonin, and cortisol in the blood were measured using specific ELISA kits. The data obtained were then analyzed statistically using SPSS software.Results: The findings revealed a significant increase in the levels of cortisol and LDH in MS patients (P<0.05), while the levels of melatonin and ACTH showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). The elevated cortisol levels may be attributed to chronic stress and inflammation associated with MS. An increase in LDH levels can indicate tissue damage caused by myelin destruction. On the other hand, decreased melatonin levels may lead to sleep disturbances and increased stress in these patients, while decreased ACTH levels may be linked to disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Conclusion: The hormonal and enzyme changes observed in MS patients illustrate the wide-ranging impact of the disease on various body systems. The increase in cortisol and LDH as well as the decrease in melatonin and ACTH could serve as useful biomarkers for predicting disease progression and managing the condition. These findings align with previous studies and contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms of MS.
Traditional African Vegetables Knowledge Translation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Mdimi Meab Clara , Thomas Preetha , Reid Simon , Benjamin Dent , Jeremia Makindara
Published: September 2024

Traditional African vegetables (TAV) are an important component of an ecologically sustainable approach to addressing food and nutrition security in Africa (countries?). This review aims to identify the scope of the knowledge translation literature that exists across multiple aspects of the TAV value chain and to identify gaps in knowledge translation research. A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was conducted. The Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) framework was used to guide the development of inclusion and exclusion criteria for this review. Web of Science, Scopus, Science direct and ABI/Inform databases were searched to identify relevant studies which were then screened using the Covidence online software to select studies and extract information for analysis and reporting. A total of 182 studies/articles were selected and examined. The most significant knowledge documented about TAVs is their vast genetic diversity contributing to their rich nutritional and medicinal properties, their ability to withstand harsh environmental conditions such as drought, pests, and diseases as well as the effects of various post-handling techniques on nutrient content of TAVs with the production phase of TAVs value chain being the most studied. This review found that although there is a breadth of knowledge created about TAVs, there is still little documentation of transferring and utilizing of this knowledge across the TAVs value chain. This review identified that more research is needed to document strategies and practices for the transfer and utilisation of knowledge to ensure it is utilized to enhance nutritional outcomes across Africa.
Diversity and Ecological Functions of Anthocyanins
Authors: Grünig Nele , Horz Jakob Maximilian , Pucker Boas
Published: September 2024

Anthocyanins are well known as colorants of flowers, but many other invisible functions might have been more important during the evolution of complex biosynthesis networks in plants. The number of anthocyanin decorating enzymes, the subtle control of structural genes by numerous transcription factors, and routes of intracellular anthocyanin transport are reviewed here. Various ecological functions of anthocyanins hold the key to understanding evolutionary trajectories that lead to the success of these pigments. Proposed functions include carbon sinks that prevent excessive sugar levels, sun blockers protecting the photosynthesis apparatus, antioxidants scavenging reactive oxygen species, providing camouflage, and attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers. Anthocyanins clearly fulfill different functions in different plant organs. It is currently believed that protective functions in leaves gave rise to the biosynthesis network and that flower and fruit coloration evolved later.
Safety and Efficacy of Incorporating Actellic 300CS into Soil Wall Plaster for Control of Malaria Vectors in Rural Northeastern Uganda
Authors: Owalla Tonny Jimmy , Okurut Emmanuel , Ssaka Kenneth , Apungia Gonsaga , Cemeri Barbara , Akileng Andrew , Ojakol Basil , Paine Mark J.I , Ismail Hanafy , Egwang Thomas G.
Published: September 2024

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and use of insecticide treated bed nets for malaria vector control have contributed substantially to reduction in malaria disease burden. However, these control tools have important shortcomings including being donor-dependent, expensive, and often fail because of insufficient uptake. We assessed the safety and efficacy of a user-friendly, locally tailored malaria vector control approach dubbed ‟House Decoration for Malaria Control” (HD4MC) based on incorporation of a WHO-approved insecticide, pirimiphos-methyl CS (Actellic 300CS), into a customary hut decoration practice in rural Uganda where millions of the most vulnerable and malaria-prone populations live in mud-walled huts. Three hundred and sixty households were randomly assigned to either HD4MC (120 households), IRS (120 households) or control group without any wall treatment (120 households). Entomological indices were assessed using pyrethrum spray catch, CDC Light traps and human landing catches. Organophosphate (OP) toxicity on acetyl cholinesterase activity among applicators of HD4MC was evaluated using Test-mate (Model 400) erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) test V.2 whereas toxicity in household occupants was monitored clinically. OP level in house dust was analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Entomological indices were compared between the 3 study arms at 1.5, 3- and 6-months post intervention. HD4MC- and IRS-treated huts had significantly reduced malaria vector density and feeding rate compared to control huts. There was no significant reduction in acetylcholinesterase activity at 1.5- and 24-hours post exposure. Organophosphate exposure did not result in any serious adverse event among the household occupants. In conclusion, HD4MC was safe and had comparable efficacy to canonical IRS.
The Regulation Impact of Foreign Ownership on the Cooperation Projects Air Transportation
Authors: Palguna I Dewa Gede , Santosa Anak Agung Gede Duwira Hadi , Shara Made Cinthya Puspita , Karunian Alia Yofira
Published: September 2024

This study aims to identify, locate, and analyze constitutional issues regarding the impact of foreign capital ownership above 50% (fifty percent) in government-business cooperation projects, particularly in the area of public interest projects involving air transportation infrastructure. This normative research examines legal texts, mainly primary and secondary legal materials. This research found that, first, the changes in the Presidential Regulation regarding foreign investment in the field of public interest, such as airport services, were incompatible with the Constitution. The changes abolished the maximum percentage limit of foreign investment regulated in the previous provisions so that currently, foreign investment may carry out Government Cooperation with Business Entities on air transportation infrastructure projects without a percentage limit. Second, based on the Indonesian Constitution, ownership of air transportation should be under the state's authority, learning from China, which excessively applies foreign investors in the air transportation sector, causing consumer welfare to be affected by very high airplane ticket prices.
The Regulations of the Supervisory Officer Personal Data Protection-Based Accountability Principle
Authors: Yuspin Wardah , Rajput Trisha , Basu Bal Abhinayan , Wardiono Kelik , Absori Absori
Published: September 2024

This study examines The Model of Regulations Supervisory Officer Personal Data Protection-Based Accountability Principle: Lessons from Sweden. This study is a qualitative approach by reviewing and analyzing legal aspects and comparing laws. Even though Indonesia has a personal data protection law, misuse of personal data is still excessive. Owing to accountability basis PDP supervision arrangements have not been properly implemented. Meanwhile, Sweden was chosen as a comparison country since it was one of the first countries to have a personal data protection law. The result shows that in Sweden, personal data is regulated in the General Data Protection Regulation and the personal data supervisor well implemented the principle of accountability therefore it worked effectively. Meanwhile in Indonesia, given that a data protection supervisor has not been established, Protection of personal data is still carried out by each agency appointed by law on a sectoral basis and it deemed less effective in providing personal data protection. Therefore, the personal data supervisor with a single rule and direct responsibility to the president is the perfect model for Indonesia.
Nigeria's Adoption of Robotic Lawyers: Legal and Socio-Economic Challenges
Authors: Aidonojie Paul Atagamen , Eregbuonye Obi , Adebayo Adesoji Kolawole , Ekpa Shedrack , Putra Perbawa Ketut Sukewati Lanang
Published: September 2024

Technological advancement has greatly enhanced the global environment, it has improved every facet of the global industry. Currently in Nigeria, the Legal Profession has taken a bold dive by incorporating the use of technology in enhancing the practice of law. However, the current innovation of robotic lawyers in most countries may seem to be consistent with their legal systems. In this regard, it suffices to opine that given the fact that Nigeria is a developing country, there are legal and socio-economic issues that may affect or truncate the adoption of a robotic lawyer in Nigeria. It is in this regard that this study adopted a hybrid method of research in ascertaining the relevance of robotic lawyers, and the legal and socio-economic issues. Questionnaires were distributed to 305 respondent residents in Nigeria. The study found that the current trend of robotic lawyers is quite impressive, however, the nomenclature of law concerning the study and practice of Law in Nigeria does not recognize a robotic lawyer. Furthermore, some socio-economic issues such as internet fraudster, unemployment, insecurity, and poor maintenance culture may pose a challenge to the adoption of a robotic lawyer in Nigeria. In this regard, it was therefore concluded and recommended that for a smooth adoption of robotic lawyers in Nigeria, there is a need for legal approval and streamlining their roles to mere advisory to a client, training of Nigerian lawyers and judges to enhance the legal profession.
Potency of green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract on antibody titers of laying chickens in the starter phase
Authors: Darmansyah Darmansyah , Mujnisa A , Pakiding Wempie
Published: September 2024

Objective: Andrographolide, biological component, is present in Green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata), as an immunomodulator and feed additive for laying hens, has been potential to be explored. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract on the levels of antibodies against Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) in laying hens during the initial phase of egg production.

Methods: A total of 100 Isa Brown strain laying hens were were used ini this study consisted of 20 box cages with 60x50x50 cm. The study employed a completely randomised design (CRD) with 5 treatments, i.e.  T0 = Drinking water without EEGC, T1 = Drinking water + 0.5% EEGC, T3 = Drinking water + 1% EEGC, T4 = Drinking water + 1.5% EEGC, T5 = Drinking water + 2% EEGC. The study was replicated four times for each treatment.

Results: The analysis of variance revealed that the treatment with green chiretta leaf extract did not show a significant impact on AI and ND antibody titers at 3, 4, and 5 weeks of age. However, this treatment significant affect on AI and ND antibody titers at 6 weeks of age.

Conclusions: The addition of green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract to drinking water boosts up the development of AI and ND antibody levels. It exhibited superior antibody levels in comparison to the control treatment. To clarify, applying green chiretta (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract to drinking water can maintain AI and ND antibody levels.
The Effect of Incubation Time on the Quality of Post-Thawed Ram Sexed Sperm
Authors: Solihati Nurcholidah , Rasad Siti Darodjah , Setiawan Rangga
Published: September 2024

Objective: The sperm sexing using an albumin column requires an incubation process at a certain temperature for sperm to move through the albumin layer. It is thought that the incubation time can influence the quality of the semen resulting from post-thawing sexing. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of incubation time on the quality of sexed sperm post-thawing and to find out the optimum incubation time that provide the best sperm quality.

Methods: This research was carried out in a completely randomized design, using three incubation times (T1= 45 minutes, T2= 60 minutes, T3= 75 minutes) with six replications. The parameters consisted of motility, abnormality and acrosome integrity of sexed sperm in the upper and bottom fractions. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (Anova) and continued with the Duncan test.

Results: The results showed that the incubation time had a significant effect on motility, intact acrosome cap and recovery rate, but had no significant effect on abnormality of post thawed sexed sperm. For both the upper and bottom fraction, incubation times of 45 and 60 minutes produced the best motility and recovery rate compared to 75 minutes, but the best intact acrosome cup was obtained from an incubation time of 45 minutes.

Conclusions: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the length of incubation time influences the quality of post thawed ram sexed sperm, and 45 minutes is the optimal incubation time to provide the best quality.
Integrated Workflow with Hydraulic Fracture Propagation and Numerical Simulation Technology for Production Enhancement
Authors: Jiang Mingyu , Zhang Qinghui , Gao Pan , Wu Kunyu , Wang Zhuanzhuan , Zhang Menglin , Huang Jianhong , Li Yichao , Huang Xingning
Published: September 2024

Hydraulic fracturing technology, as an effective means to increase single well production, has been widely used in the production of various types of oil and gas reservoirs, achieving significant production enhancement. However, the heterogeneity of reservoirs determines that different reservoirs with different characteristics require different fracturing parameters. Using the same construction parameters for different reservoirs may increase operational costs and have adverse effects on production. In order to accurately obtain the optimal fracturing scheme, this study focuses on the following four aspects: 1) Regional geological research to accurately characterize the geological features of the reservoir; 2) Simulation research on the three-dimensional propagation of fractures to visualize the fracture network formed by different construction scales in three-dimensional space; 3) Numerical simulation research on productivity, combining the results of fracturing simulation to predict post-fracturing productivity; 4) Comparison and optimization of different fracturing schemes, considering factors such as fracturing construction cost, post-fracturing productivity, and effectiveness. The research results provide technical support for the design and optimization of fracturing schemes for production wells.
Energy Consumption Prediction and Optimization of Electrical Submersible Pump Well System Based on DA-RNN Algorithm
Authors: Lu Xin , Han Guoqing , Dong Peng , Wang Luting , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , Liang Xingyuan
Published: September 2024

Electrical submersible pump(ESP) well system is widely used in the oil industry due to its advantages of high displacement and lift capability. However, it is associated with significant energy consumption. In order to conserve electrical energy and enhance the efficiency of petroleum companies, a deep learning-based energy consumption calculation method is proposed and utilized to optimize the most energy-efficient operating regime.

The energy consumption of the ESP well system is precisely determined through the application of the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis method, which is utilized to examine the relationship between production parameters and energy usage. This process aids in identifying the input parameters of the model. Following this, an energy consumption prediction model is developed using the dual-stage attention-based recurrent neural network(DA-RNN) algorithm. To evaluate the accuracy of the DA-RNN model, a comparison of its errors is carried out in comparison to three other deep learning algorithms: Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Transform. Lastly, an orthogonal experiment is executed using the chosen model to pinpoint the most energy-efficient operating regime.

Analysis of 325 ESP wells in the Bohai PL oil field indicated that ten parameters, including choke diameter, casing pressure, pump inlet pressure, pump outlet pressure, motor temperature, frequency, oil production, gas production, water production, and GOR significantly impact the energy consumption of the ESP well system. Consequently, these parameters were selected as input variables for the deep learning model. Due to the attention mechanisms employed in the encoding and decoding stages, the DA-RNN algorithm achieved the best performance during model evaluation and was chosen for constructing the energy consumption prediction model. Furthermore, the DA-RNN algorithm demonstrates better model generalization capabilities compared to the other three algorithms. Based on the energy consumption prediction model, the operating regime of the ESP system was optimized to save up to 12% of the maximum energy.

The energy consumption of the ESP well system is affected by numerous parameters, and it is difficult to comprehensively evaluate and predict quantitatively. Thus, this work proposes a data-driven model based on the DA-RNN algorithm, which has a dual-stage attention mechanism to rapidly and accurately predict the energy consumption of the ESP well system. Optimization of production parameters using this model can effectively reduce energy consumption.
Enhancing Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness with the Offshore Factory Batch Sand Control Strategy: Challenges and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Choodesh A. , Rutland Marvin Gary , Direkmahamongkol S. , Prachitmutita I. , Piyakunkiat N. , Hnuruang K.
Published: September 2024

Sand production poses significant challenges in oil and gas well operations, impacting production rates, equipment integrity, and overall safety. The Cased Hole Gravel Pack (CHGP) technique is a widely used sand control method, but the CHGP completion process involves multiple steps that can vary in duration, and complexity. This variability often leads to inefficiencies, increased costs, and inconsistencies in the quality of sand control well. High rig day rates further exacerbate these issues, necessitating a more efficient and standardized approach.

The Factory-Batch strategy seeks to optimize the CHGP process by implementing batch operations and standardized procedures, reducing the learning curve and mitigating potential risks. The "Factory-Batch CHGP Completion Strategy," was introduced to the company on the last development campaign in 2016. This process mainly involves fit-for-purpose both engineering and operation, standardize operating procedure, and day to day lesson learnt review and continuous improvement. This process not only meets the fit-for-purpose equipment requirements but also equips personnel with the necessary skills to master complex controls, minimize operational downtime, and reduce errors in sand control execution within a shorter timeframe.

The results indicate that factory batch sand control strategy has the potential to revolutionize sand control operations, streamlining processes, and significantly reducing the associated learning curve, leading to improved safety outcomes. In conclusion, by applying factory batch sand control strategy enhance operational efficiency and shorten the learning curve, the current campaign has managed to reduce completion operation time.
Case Study Southern Oil Field Oman: Novel Approach in Optimizing Dispersed Acid System for Matrix Stimulation in Water Injectors to Improve Injectivity
Authors: Al Hinai M. I. , Al-Yaaribi A. , Al Qassabi H. A. , Al Aamri G. , Al-Hinai N. , Al Saadi F. , Abdullah I. Bin , Al Zadjali A.
Published: September 2024

The injectivity declines in water injector wells is one of challenges in water flooding fields located in Southern Sultanate of Oman. The main root cause of the injection rate decline in these injectors due to scale or damage formation in the well bore or at the sand face. This scale is mainly inorganic scale like calcium carbonate but recently it has been found that a combination of inorganic and organic scales are formed together at the same well making the clean out operation costly and sometime not very effective.

Initially downhole samples were collected from water injector wells for analysis. Lab testing showed the sample is partially dissolved in an aromatic solvent and partially in hydrochloric acid (HCl). Produced water is utilized as source for injector wells which has a lack of treatment process including high Oil-in-water (OIW) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) resulting in precipitations of commingle scale of organic and inorganic. The conventional way to treat both scales separately increases the operation time, foot print, cost of the intervention & complicates the operation. Hence, a system that tackles both damages simultaneously was used upon series of enhancement and lab tests. This system has been selected for the next well interventions.

Several dispersed acid systems were evaluated at both lap and field stages. The successful dispersed system selected was implemented in a number of field trials. The treated wells showed a good success and injectivity were restored. The injectivity index increased significantly, from 17% to more than 200%. Furthermore, the injectivity has been sustained for more than six months so far, indicating the effectiveness and durability of the treatment. The same stimulation fluids replicated across the water injector wells in the same field.

The paper highlights the importance of conducting laboratory studies to select the optimum tailored dispersed acid system that is effective in treating specific formation damage, which can be useful for other oil and gas production fields facing similar challenges in injectivity decline. The new approach can be replicated across other fields in comparison with the conventional acid system.
Success Story of Joint Operation in Overlapping Areas Between Two Operators to Maximize Potential Revenue and Cost Optimization in Sanga Sanga Block, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Sebayang A. S. , Putra S. P. , Kabisat A. , Permana R. C. , Wijaya I. Pandu , Wildani T. , Mayrissa H.
Published: September 2024

In Sanga Sanga Block, there are two different contractors which have several overlapping areas. The overlapping areas are limited by depth rights. The development of these areas will bring out an expensive cost because each contractor will develop the area stand alone. In other hand, collaboration between contractors will maximize the economics of development and led to an efficient operation thru synergy of drilling, production and commercial.

To maximize the potential hydrocarbon in overlapping areas, several synergies have been applied. They were:

Integrated technical engineering:Subsurface static and dynamic integration between operators to identify area of interest and hydrocarbon targets from shallow to deeper reservoirs.Optimize well and completion design by using dual-monobore and artificial lift design by using gas lift or pumps.Integration of existing production facility for surface facilities. Joint Operation Agreement: A bilateral agreement. It outlines terms and intents of the collaboration. Preparation for execution of joint drilling and production activities in the forms of procurement and permits. Performance quantification monitoring

Cost benefit analysis was used to compare stand-alone and synergy operations in overlapping areas. Based on the integrated subsurface evaluation, 3 areas of interest were identified for drilling and production synergies. Well design & completion are converted from conventional to dual monobore and artificial lift can use pumps and gas lift. The two operators agreed to sign joint agreement and implement the 1st phase of synergy work plans which covers 21 development wells and work over of existing wells.

The benefits of these synergy initiatives are: potential revenue of US$ 245 MM, cost optimization of US$ 98 MM and production acceleration. Despite the operational challenges, the benefits above have been delivered safely and excellent risk assessment and implementation of operational procedures.

The novelty of this new operating model is the ability to complete synergy in drilling, production operations and commercial. This synergy is the first method application in Indonesia and become a benchmark for other contractors who have similar issue in overlapping area.
Accurate Material Balance Simulation Tool Using Spreadsheet Application
Authors: Pratiwi B. N.
Published: September 2024

Low oil price has forced oil and gas industry rearrange their business strategy. One of efficiencies that could be done is replacing commercial software with in-house made software. Technology has become more practical and less exclusive nowadays, making in-house software achievable. Material balance simulation is essential thus making the amount of license in each oil and gas company significant. Author proves that advanced material balance simulation tool can be built individually using common spreadsheet application.

Classic material balance equation and PVT correlation is used as basis for calculation. Visual Basic for Applications as programming language is chosen due to its flexibility. Newton Raphson numerical method, due to its rapid convergence and wide usage on programmable devices, is chosen to calculate simulation pressure. Material balance simulation is performed on 7 observed oil & gas tanks (modeled with/without aquifer) Pertamina Hulu Indonesia (PHI) fields using both the tool built by author and existing material balance software. Material balance simulation results are then compared.
Production Sustainability Through Compressor Change-Out - Challenges & Lesson Learnt
Authors: Koh L. , Ngatiman L. , Baharin K. Kamarul , Mahmud N.
Published: September 2024

Gas Hub A is located 170 km north of Bintulu in approximately 94.10m water depth comprising a drilling platform, bridge-linked to a processing platform and a compression platform. The initial average annual gas production was 500 MMscfd, with a capacity to produce at 600 MMscfd. Over the years since the first gas in 2003, gas production has been gradually reducing. In March 2018, an Improved Gas Recovery (IGR) study identified an opportunity to improve gas recovery from Gas Hub A by lowering the suction pressure of export compressor. This opportunity was to realise additional reserves of 213 Bscfd of gas and 3.0 MMstb of condensate.

Operations decided to replace the current compressor from single stage to dual stage compressor and gradually reduce its operating pressure from 48 barg to 20 barg between 2021 and 2025. This will allow the hub to operate the gas wells at lower suction pressure through the compressor and maximise the reserve recovery factor. This will also prolong the field life and delay the cease of production by five years and ensure steady upstream production from other upstream sources and continue its role as production hub.

This paper will address the challenges and solutions related to changing and operating the new centrifugal compressor system at site. It will cover how to adjust the suction pressure to meet the process needs at different production stages to increase the recovery and sustain the production level. It will also discuss the operational issues such as vibration monitoring, material compatibility and stability of the new operating envelope with varying inlet gas pressure and its effects on the machine performance. The performance and reliability of compressors is a critical task and requires continuous monitoring for stable operation.
Unlocking Oil Reserves Sustainably : CO2 Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in the Sarir C-Field
Authors: Rajandran K. V. , Bataee M. , Bennour Z.
Published: September 2024

The ever rising global demand for energy and the need to reduce greenhouse emissions have led to the exploration of sustainable oil extraction methods. At the forefront of these methods, Carbon Dioxide ( O2) Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has peaked the interest of many throughout the industry as a means of Carbon Sequestration while still increasing production rates. This thesis will explore the feasibility and potential of CO2 injection and sequestration in a mature reservoir that has been exhibiting declining production rates as of late. The Upper Sarir Sandstones has tremendous potential for EOR and given the petrophysical and fluid properties of the reservoir, it is the perfect case study to assess the feasibility of CO2 injection and sequestration in a mature oil reservoir. This study will be carried out by reservoir characterisation and modelling in which a 3D Model of the Upper Sarir Sandstones will be built and CO2 injection simulation will be employed. This thesis canters on optimizing production rates in the Upper Sarir Sandstones, with a specific focus on the Sarir C Field. The study employs modelling techniques to evaluate the efficacy of immiscible and miscible CO2 injection methods in enhancing oil recovery over a 20-year production cycle. Comparative analysis reveals that while natural production achieves an EOR of 34.2%, both miscible and immiscible CO2 injection methods significantly elevate the recovery factor (RF) to 47.9% and 43.5%, respectively, emphasizing the substantial production benefits of both approaches. An in-depth exploration of the underlying mechanisms influencing RF enhancement distinguishes the pressure-based displacement mechanism of immiscible CO2 injection, which improves reservoir fluid mobility, from the solubility-driven approach of miscible CO2 injection, reducing oil viscosity and fostering sustained high production rates. Despite the initial advantage of immiscible injection, the thesis underscores the superior long-term recovery and sequestration suitability of miscible CO2 injection, attributed to its solubility trapping potential.

A preliminary model assessing CO2 trapping capabilities, rooted in rock-fluid hysteresis, indicates the Sarir C Field's promise for trapping injected CO2. Although lacking certain geological considerations, the field demonstrates increasing dynamically trapped gas saturation across the 20-year production cycle, suggesting its viability for future sequestration initiatives. The findings of this thesis aims to contribute and deepen the knowledge in the CO2 injection and sequestration methodology while promoting sustainable and responsible practices in the Oil & Gas Industry
Site-Level Carbon Storage Potential Estimation in Offshore China
Authors: Li Jiudi , Sheng Zhichao , Huang Yongjie , Yan Shumei , Zhang Le , Zhu Ruizhe , Liu Yuan , Tian Yutong , Wu Jiayi
Published: September 2024

To counteract the trend of global warming and to achieve the objective of "net zero emissions by 2050", many countries are conducting pilot research projects or experiments on carbon storage by exploring the technologies and practices for future deployment. One of the most critical elements for carbon storage is the storage capacity. Many previous authors have proposed their own methods to evaluate storage capacity in the saline aquifer environment, yet those methods are mainly designed for basin or depression-level evaluations. Because the methods vary from each other significantly make them impractical for a site-level storage capacity evaluation.

The work this paper presents aims to estimate the storage capacity by means of a geoengineering approach in the site-level with an actual offshore China example. The key components of this approach include creating the geology and geomechanical model, evaluating the containment properties, and estimating the barrier stress conditions, etc. Considering the actual geology model properties and the dominant saline aquifer storage mechanisms, the authors chose multiple hot areas to conduct reservoir simulations with carbon dioxide injection, where saturation attack tactics were used to withdraw the storage efficiency factor and maximum capacity in different scenarios. This approach eventually allowed the authors to evaluate the true capacity of this site.

This paper provides a systematic example of evaluating carbon storage capacity in the site level. The geoengineering approach also covers optimization of the injectivity and the containment of the barriers with an actual example, which is an important supplement to the existing carbon dioxide storage method, which focused mainly on the large-scale evaluation. Because this site-level workflow drops down to the actual geology and geomechanical environment, it may well prove better value towards the implementation of CO2 injection planning, operation, and monitoring in the later stages.
Gas Hydrate-Assisted CO2 Storage in Subsurface Systems
Authors: Hamdi Z. , Cheong W. C. , Bataee M. , Partoon B.
Published: September 2024

The Hydrate-based CO2 Storage/Sequestration technique has the potential to contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 13 by enabling efficient and safe storage of CO2. This paper explores the potential of CO2 storage through gas hydrate formation in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, an innovative approach to mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. The current applications and potentials of gas hydrates are examined, highlighting their role in energy production, CO2 reduction via oceanic injection, energy storage, and other uses. Geological considerations are analyzed, emphasizing the self-sealing potential of CO2 hydrates, the mechanisms of CO2 sequestration through hydrate formation, and the impact of hydrate presence on reservoir permeability. Simulation studies provide insights into the feasibility and efficiency of this method. Various approaches for CO2 hydrate sequestration are discussed, outlining the practical steps and technological requirements involved. The environmental implications and potential challenges of CO2 hydrate sequestration are evaluated, considering the ecological impacts and long-term sustainability. This comprehensive review suggests that while CO2 storage through gas hydrate formation in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs holds significant promise, it necessitates further research and technological advancements to address the identified challenges and fully realize its potential as a viable climate mitigation strategy.
A Digital Avatar for Field Surveillance – Integrated Sand Production and Erosion Program
Authors: Dabholkar D. S. , Gupta G.
Published: September 2024

Oil and gas field face several unique flow assurance challenges during production lifecycle. Among all, sand production poses one of the most severe flow assurance risks. Large sand particles tend to settle in the pipeline forming pockets of sand beds while the small particles are carried away with fluid and causes erosion in (subsea and onshore) production facilities. Sand build-up in pipelines significantly reduces operational efficiency due to higher pressure demands on the system. Operational inefficiencies and frequent field shutdowns not only translate into increased operational expenditure (OPEX) but also results in higher carbon emissions and carbon footprints in the environment.

An integrated sand production and erosion program (ISPEP) was developed with the aim to provide faster and precise digital solutions to enhance field surveillance and pipeline integrity. It uses comprehensive approach to understand sand transport in the system and tracks the deposition and bed forming conditions by utilizing field measurements and multiphase software outputs data ingestion, acquisition, processing, transformation, and conceptualization. It provides real-time actionable insights at locations that are experiencing erosional issues in complex production networks, and erosion rate estimates along with total metal loss due to erosion issues. Several methods are included and compared simultaneously in this program which make it robust and accurate.

Field specific operational envelopes obtained from ISPEP are deployed as part of the digital solution. The program continuously monitors field conditions against these envelopes, identifies risks and alert operations personnel upon exceeding various preset thresholds. This empowers operators to better assess the erosion risks, allowing them to take the necessary corrective actions to mitigate or prevent failure. Machine learning algorithm in the backend provides automatic calibration functionality based on field's operating scenarios, sand production rates, etc. that ensures the solution is always representative of field and continue to provide reliable information.

Currently, deployed at various fields with European and Asian operators, the advisory program has proven to be an asset for field's safety and integrity and is positively impacting OPEX by reducing downtime through early intervention and increasing uptime through real-time surveillance.
Evaluation of Custom Acid Formulations in Sand Control Operation: Case Studies and Key Lessons
Authors: Choodesh A. , Chantarataneewat W. , Peerakham C.
Published: September 2024

Cased hole gravel packing is a widely used sand control technique in the oil and gas industry to prevent sand production and maintain well productivity. In reservoirs with unconsolidated sand, implementing effective sand-control practices is crucial to prevent the production of reservoir sand. In addition to sand production, clay and fines migration pose major challenges, potentially resulting in production impairment or leading to failures. Certain reservoirs may contain fine particles or other obstructions that can hinder the effectiveness of gravel pack placement and well productivity.

For this case, improvements to conventional cased hole gravel pack placement were initially pursued using high-rate water pack (HRWP) or fracture and pack gravel (FPG) techniques. Along with these placement technique improvements, there is also the risk of formation damage from incompatible brine or other introduced fluids/solids, as well as formation fines content, especially in Plio/Pleistocene sandstones with low resistivity. Sandstone acidizing is also considered to enhance reservoir permeability and productivity by dissolving and removing formation damage, such as formation fines, mud solids, and potential scale from the pore spaces and near-wellbore region of sandstone reservoirs.

This paper provides insights into the custom acid formulations comparing to the conventional sandstone acid/mud acid recipe (with hydrofluoric acid (HF) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).) treatments, with a comprehensive laboratory testing results focused on improvement, not only for near-wellbore treatment but also for deeper penetration and fines stabilization wherever possible. The importance of these formulations being tailored to the specific needs of the reservoir ensures that they are not only effective but also efficient for the sand control.
Real-Time Well Status Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Accurate Rate Allocation
Authors: Al Kadem Mohammad , Alajmi Abdulrahman , Ansari Najmul , Alali Mohammed
Published: September 2024

Knowing well operating conditions can help to allocate the rate accurately; however, there are several factors that govern the well status such as wellhead or downhole temperature and pressures. In this study, artificial intelligence techniques will be used to estimate and predict well status using combination of surface and subsurface parameters in offshore areas.

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have proven their robustness in tackling petroleum engineering problems. Several techniques can be customized to what each problem requires in terms of accuracy and utilization. In this paper, four Machine Learning algorithms (ML) were used to estimate and then predict well operating status. The four algorithms were Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DecT), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Surface parameters were fed into each model to estimate well operating status. Data were sub-categorized based on well type. Upstream wellhead pressure, downstream wellhead pressure, choke valve position and upstream wellhead temperature were used as features to create each model. Moreover, a prediction model was developed to specify well status at specific circumstances.

The four Machine Learning (ML) algorithms were utilized with datasets covering tens of gas wells. The ML models were optimized in terms of its unique parameters for better results. Random Forest (RF) was proved to provide better results with least average absolute relative error and accuracy of 99% between actual and predicted well status although the other two methods gave reasonable errors. Additionally, the selected model was integrated with a real-time dashboard along with all attainable well parameters. Also, accuracy of the rate allocation was achieved after considering the well status from the selected model including all wells. The prediction model demonstrated acceptable results when comparing to the actual well operating status considering the optimization runs for each dataset.

The well status prediction model can assist in monitoring well performance proactively by studying the relationship between well parameters which can further enhance the rate allocation process. Also, this can help with identifying opportunities for well profitability and maximizing revenue by avoiding production loss.
Projected changes in climate extremes over Tanzania
Authors: LUHUNGA PHILBERT MODEST
Published: September 2024

Understanding projected changes in climate extremes at local and regional scales is critical for reducing society’s vulnerability to such extremes, as it helps to devise informed adaptation strategies and contributes to informed decision-making processes. In this paper, we analyse projected changes in climate extremes across regions in Tanzania using outputs of high-resolution regional climate models from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX-Africa). The indices analysed here are those recommended by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) to characterise climate extremes over different regions. The results revealed that Tanzania would experience an increased number of warm days and nights during the present, mid, and end centuries under the RCP4.5 emission scenarios The number of consecutive wet days (CWDs) and consecutive dry days (CDDs) are likely to increase across regions. Areas along coastal regions would experience increased intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in the present, mid, and end centuries under the RCP4.5 emission scenario. These increases in extreme climate events are likely to pose significant damage to property, destruction of infrastructure, and other socioeconomic livelihoods for people in many regions of Tanzania. It is therefore recommended that appropriate policies are put in place to help different sectors and communities at large adapt the impacts of extreme climatic events.
Controllable tip exposure of ultramicroelectrodes coated by diamond-like carbon via direct microplasma jet for enhanced stability and fidelity in single-cell recording
Authors: Liu Jingquan , Du Zhiyuan , Xu Qingda , Xi Ye , Xu Mengfei , 曹 佳伟 , Wang Longchun , Li Xiuyan , Wang Xiaolin , Liu Qingkun , Lin Zude , Yang Bin
Published: September 2024

Precise and long-term electroanalysis at the single-cell level is crucial for the accurate diagnosis and monitoring of brain diseases. The reliable protection in areas outside the signal acquisition points at sharp ultramicroelectrode (UME) tips has a significant impact on the sensitivity, fidelity, and stability of intracellular neural signal recording. However, it is difficult for existing UMEs to achieve controllable exposure of the tip functional structure, which affects their ability to resist environmental interference and shield noise, resulting in unsatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio and signal fidelity of intracellular recordings. To address this issue, we chose a dense and electrochemically stable diamond-like carbon (DLC) film as the UME protection coating and developed a method to precisely control the exposed degree of the functional structure by directly fixed-point processing of the UME tip by the strong site-selectivity and good controllability of the atmospheric microplasma jet. By analyzing the interaction between the microplasma jet and the UME tip, as well as the changes in the removal length and microstructure of UME tips with processing time, the exposed tip length was precisely controlled down to the submicron scale. Biocompatibility experiments, electrochemical aging tests and real-time intracellular pH recording experiments have demonstrated that the DLC-UME with effective tip protection processed by microplasma jet has the potential to enable long-term detection of intracellular high-fidelity signals.
Preliminary Evaluation of Local Treatment Combined with Systemic Therapy for Tumor Recurrence after Surgery for Dual-Phenotype Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Heping , Shen Ruichao , li Peipei , Wang Fuqiang , Yin Zhenyu
Published: September 2024

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of interventional treatment combined with targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors（ICIs） in patients with postoperative recurrence of dual-phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma(DPHCC).
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the clinical data of 8 patients with postoperative recurrence of dual-phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma treated at Xiamen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2019 to March 2023. The clinical outcomes such as progression-free survival and overall survival after comprehensive treatment were analyzed and evaluated.
Results: All 8 patients received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE) or hepatic Artery InfusionChemotherapy(HAIC) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) and anti-angiogenic drugs, with a median survival time of 4.9 months (range 1-57.2 months) and a median progression-free survival of 1.5 months (range 0-21 months). Except for patients 2 and 4, tumors continued to progress in all cases, resulting in a disease control rate of only 25%. Conclusion: The efficacy of TACE/HAIC combined with ICIs and targeted drugs for treating dual-phenotype hepatocellular carcinoma may be limited.