bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL COLITIS, AND THE RELATION OF COLITIS IN ANIMALS AND MAN
Authors: Flexner Simon , Sweet J. Edwin
Published: June 2004

1. The facts described in this paper are intended to bear upon the pathogenesis of colitis in man and animals.

2. The toxin of the Shiga dysentery bacillus is liberated from the bacillus through the process of autolysis.

3. In rabbits the toxin is not absorbed directly in an active form by the gastro-intestinal tract; in man, however, absorption of an active poison does take place from the intestine.

4. The toxin is excreted in rabbits, and probably in man as well by the intestine, chiefly probably by the large intestine, which being injured by the act of elimination, reacts by the development of inflammation, etc.

5. In rabbits the characteristic action of the toxin depends upon the integrity of the biliary secretion into the intestine. When the bile is prevented from entering the intestine, either by ligature and section of the duct or by establishment of a biliary fistula, no lesions whatever of the large intestine appear, or they are inconsiderable in extent.

6. The loss of toxin through a biliary fistula does not prevent in rabbits the lethal effects which are caused, apparently, by a nervous poison. The tying off of the bile duct seems to prevent the passage of the toxin, in amounts sufficient to cause the large intestinal lesions, into the blood. The liver, therefore, in this condition tends to hold back the toxin from the general circulation.

7. The peculiar effects of the toxin on the large intestine in rabbits is not produced at once, but would appear to depend upon successive acts of excretion of the poison by the bowel.

8. The establishment of biliary fistula reduces the intensity of action of corrosive sublimate upon the large intestine in rabbits; and the lesions of ricin poisoning in these animals are also modified by this operation.

9. Dysentery toxin is destroyed by peptic digestion, and also, though probably more slowly, by tryptic digestion. The absence of power of the toxin to cause poisoning in rabbits when it is brought directly into the lumen of the intestine, is not explained by the destructive action of trypsin.

10. The character of the histological changes in the cæcum of rabbits caused by the dysentery toxin points to an action upon the substance and not primarily upon the surface of the intestine.
THERAPEUTIC EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTICROTALUS AND ANTIMOCCASIN SERA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

1. The action of different antivenins is highly, although not absolutely, specific for the venoms for which they are prepared. The antivenomous effect is demonstrable by experiments on toxicity (in vivo) and on hæmolysis (in vitro).

2. Anticrotalus and antimoccasin sera possess therapeutic properties of high degree. By their employment before the stage of extreme prostration has been reached, poisoned guinea-pigs can be saved.

3. The standardization of antivenins must be made separately for the antitoxic and antihæmolytic actions, since these do not bear a constant and invariable relation to each other.
THE EFFECTS OF INTRASPINAL INJECTION OF MAGNESIUM SALTS UPON TETANUS
Authors: Meltzer S. J. , Auer John
Published: June 2004

Intraspinal injections of magnesium sulphate, in doses which do not affect the respiratory centre or other vital function, are capable of abolishing completely all clonic convulsions and tonic contractions in cases of human tetanus, and experimental tetanus in monkeys. The relaxing effects of the injections may last twenty-four hours or longer.

In experimental tetanus in monkeys early intraspinal injections of magnesium salts are capable of retarding the progress and development of the tetanic symptoms.
THE THERMOSTABILE ANTICOMPLEMENTARY CONSTITUENTS OF THE BLOOD
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Blood serum contains normally certain principles which inhibit serum hæmolysis by interfering with the action of complement. In the case of most sera the anticomplementary action appears only after heating to 56° C. or higher.

The inhibiting action of this principle is directed against alien as well as native complements, and is non-specific in character.

It would appear as if the inactivation of serum at 50° C. or thereabouts were due to a partial liberation of the antilytic principle which just about suffices to neutralize the action of the native complement. As the temperature of the serum is raised, up to a certain point, more and more of the antilysin is set free until the serum comes to contain an overplus, in excess of the quantity neutralizing its own complement, which is capable of interfering with the action of additional native or alien complements.

Serum heated to 90° C. is less antilytic than serum heated to 70° C., either because the antilysin has entered into new, more stable compounds which prevent its action, or, as is more probable, because of the liberation from the serum of a second group of principles in themselves hæmolytic directly, or indirectly by increasing the power of serum hæmolysins (auxilysins). This latter action tends to mask and to suppress the inhibitory influences of the antilysin.

The antilysin is removed from serum by digestion with many kinds of blood corpuscles which, apparently, absorb the principle. While, by reason of this treatment, the serum is deprived of its inhibitory power, the corpuscles have acquired greater resistance to serum hæmolysins.

By treating blood serum and corpuscles with ether the antilysin can be extracted. The ethereal extract, freed from lecithin and certain related bodies, contains the antilysin in a concentrated but not in a pure form, which can now be taken up in saline solution in which it dissolves.

The saline solution of the antilysin, which for convenience has been denominated "protectin," behaves in all respects like the native antilytic sera except that it is uninfluenced by temperatures of 90°C. or even higher temperatures. Protectin inhibits serum hæmolysis directly by neutralizing complement and indirectly after absorption by corpuscles by increasing their resistance. Hence it is highly probable that the antilytic principle of heated serum and protectin extracted from serum and corpuscles are the same substance.

Thermostability is one of the characteristic properties of protectin. Serum and corpuscles, first dried, may be heated to 150°C. without losing the protecting principle, and the principle persists in such heated products for at least two years. Protectin in solution is unaffected by a temperature of 100° C. maintained for one hour, and suffers only slight reduction in activity at the expiration of two hours; while temperatures ranging from 135° to 150°C. bring about marked reduction in protective power. As these alterations are produced by high temperatures the reaction of the solution changes from acid, through neutral, to alkaline.
CALCIFICATION OF THE BREAST FOLLOWING A TYPHOID ABSCESS
Authors: Thayer W. S. , Hazen H. H.
Published: June 2004

1. In a patient with typhoid fever, who had taken, during eleven days, 132 grammes of lactate of calcium by the mouth, as well as 5 grammes of chloride of calcium subcutaneously, there developed, eleven days after the subcutaneous infusion, a large abscess of the breast from which Bacillus typhosus and Staphylococcus aureus were obtained on culture. The abscess was opened and the wound packed with iodoform gauze. Eleven days later a deposit of calcium appeared in the granulation tissue bordering the wound. This rapidly increased until the rim of the opening and the lining granulation tissue were converted into a hard, calcareous mass. A number of nodules of an apparently similar character appeared in other parts of the breast.

2. A month later the iodoform packing was removed and the patient was put on a carbohydrate free diet. This was continued for twenty-four of the next thirty-six days. Under this treatment the abscess almost entirely healed with complete disappearance of the deposit of calcium.

3. Studies of the intake and output of calcium showed that, during three days under a diet of milk and eggs there was a material calcium retention (I.346 grammes) : (b) That during two periods amounting to three weeks in all, under a carbohydrate free diet, there was an excess of Ca elimination over the intake of 3.672 grammes, (c) That during ten days following the last carbohydrate free period, under a normal diet, there was a retention of calcium amounting to 0.602 gramme.

4. The disappearance of calcium from the breast was associated in time with the carbohydrate free diet and the excessive elimination of calcium.

3. Under the carbohydrate free diet acetone and diacetic acid appeared on two occasions in the urine, but were not accompanied by any increase in the elimination of calcium.

6. With regard to the cause of the calcification, we cannot speak with certainty. The remarkable association of the deposition of calcium at the seat of an injection of calcium chloride in an individual who had been receiving large quantities of lactate of calcium by the mouth—a deposition occurring in tissues which were in direct connection with or in the immediate neighborhood of a dressing containing iodoform, a poison which in certain animals produces degenerative changes in the kidneys and liver which are peculiarly prone to calcification, is striking and worthy of note.

7. In how far the decalcification of the affected area may have been due to the carbohydrate free regime with the consequent excess in calcium elimination, it is impossible, on the basis of a single case, to say. The coincidence in time of the disappearance of calcium from the breast with this treatment is, however, remarkable and extremely suggestive.
THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE OF TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN
Authors: Field Cyrus W. , Teague Oscar
Published: June 2004

1. Both diphtheria and tetanus toxin and their antitoxins arc electro-positive, that is, they pass to the cathode under the influence of an electric current.

2. The character of the charge is not altered by a change in the reaction of the solvent.

3. The combination of toxin and antitoxin would seem to represent not a true chemical reaction but the adsorption of one colloid by another.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY INTO THE CAUSE OF THE INCREASED PORTAL PRESSURE IN PORTAL CIRRHOSIS
Authors: Herrick Frederick C.
Published: June 2004

1. In the liver of portal cirrhosis there is a far freer communication between the arterial and portal currents than in the normal liver.

2. Factors contributing to the increased portal pressure in portal cirrhosis are (1) the direct communication of the arterial pressure to the portal vessels through dilated capillaries, (2) the larger volume-flow of the hepatic artery in proportion to the portal flow in cirrhosis as compared to that in the normal liver.

3. A portal cirrhotic liver gives passage to an amount of portal fluid proportionate to .its weight. There is no obstruction to the portal vessels from fibrosis in the large portal cirrhotic liver.

4. From an arterial inflow there is a free return flow through the portal as well as through the hepatic veins in both normal and cirrhotic livers.

5. From a portal inflow the return is through the hepatic vein only. The Gad's theory of valves and the arterial capillary network account for this fact.

6. The portal pressure has a decided influence on the arterial volume-flow and vice versa. This influence is more marked in the cirrhotic than in the normal liver.

7. The communication of the arterial pressure to the portal pressure is an important factor in an explanation of the increased portal pressure in portal cirrhosis.
THE EXPERIMENTAL VASCULAR LESIONS PRODUCED BY BACILLUS MALLEI
Authors: Duval Charles W.
Published: June 2004

1. Bacillus malleiand its poison produce a variety of vascular lesions in the rabbit and the guinea pig.

2. The type of the lesion depends upon, (a) the virulence of the culture, (b) the sex of the animal and (c) the degree of acquired immunity.

3. The vascular changes of a proliferative and degenerative nature produced by the slow action of the glanders poison in rabbits and guinea pigs are analogous to the vascular lesions caused by sub-acute glanders infection in man.

4. The most common site of the glanders vascular lesions of animals and man is the peripheral vessels, and especially the smaller visceral arteries.

5. The aorta is a less common site of the experimental lesions.

6. The vascular lesions produced experimentally by Bacillus mallei and its poison consist of three processes, (a) exudation, (b) proliferation, (c) degeneration.

7. The lesions produced by sub-acute glanders in man consist of two processes, proliferation and degeneration.

8. The primary reaction of the vessels in experimental animals and in sub-acute human glanders consists of a proliferation of the endothelium of the intima.

9. The first degenerative changes observed in experimental animals and in sub-acute human glanders occur in the "innermost layer" of the media and not in the so-called " middle zone."

10. The cause of the degenerative change in the inner layer of the media appears to be interference with the nourishment of the circular muscle fibres of the media by proliferation of the endothelium of the intima.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF SOLUTIONS OF PANCREATIC TISSUE; WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CAUSE OF COLLAPSE IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Authors: Egdahl Anfin
Published: June 2004

From these results it is permissible to draw the following conclusions which may be used to explain certain phenomena associated especially with the onset of acute pancreatitis.

1. The sudden marked collapse of acute pancreatitis has as its most important cause a toxin or toxins derived from broken down pancreatic tissue. This toxin or toxins seem to be most powerful in the stage of degradation just after the disappearance of the biuret reaction and are probably of the nature of aromatic and amino-compounds.

2. There are various contributing factors of toxic action as peptone and trypsin, but these are to be regarded as of secondary importance.

3. Mechanical irritation as stretching of the peritoneum and irritation of the caeliac plexus is a secondary cause.

4. The glycerine produced through the action of steapsin cannot be regarded as an important cause of collapse.
EXPERIMENTAL LIVER NECROSIS; IV. NUCLEIN METABOLISMS
Authors: Jackson Holmes C. , Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

In necrosis of the liver of the dog produced by haemotoxic immune sera, the increased excretion of uric acid, purin bases and inorganic phosphorus pentoxide is the result of the hydrolysis of nuclear material occurring during the autolysis of the necrotic tissue.
ON THE CHEMISTRY AND STAINING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF THE METHYLENE BLUE GROUP WHEN COMBINED WITH EOSIN
Authors: Wilson Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

1. Eosinate of thionin gives very satisfactory staining for blood smears. It is easily prepared and dissolves readily in methylated spirits.

2. In the methods heretofore employed for making mixtures of eosin and methylene blue derivatives, the eosinates of methylene violet and methylene azure are present in very small quantities or are altogether absent.

3. Thionol and thionin are probably formed in methylene blue which has been long boiled with dilute alkalies and silver oxide.

4. Good stains of eosin and methylene blue derivatives can be obtained by a variety of manipulations.

5. Methylated spirits is more economical as a solvent for this stain and better adapted for the simple technique above described than is methyl alcohol. There is some evidence that the staining act is of a chemical nature.
Hilbert-Schmidt Hankel operators on the Segal-Bargmann space
Authors: Bauer Wolfram
Published: June 2004

This paper considers Hankel operators on the Segal-Bargmann space of holomorphic functions onCn\mathbb {C}^nthat are square integrable with respect to the Gaussian measure. It is shown that in the case of a bounded symbolg∈L∞(Cn)g \in L^{\infty }(\mathbb {C}^n)the Hankel operatorHgH_gis of the Hilbert-Schmidt class if and only ifHg¯H_{\bar {g}}is Hilbert-Schmidt. In the case where the symbol is square integrable with respect to the Lebesgue measure it is known that the Hilbert-Schmidt norms of the Hankel operatorsHgH_gandHg¯H_{\bar {g}}coincide. But, in general, if we deal with bounded symbols, only the inequality‖Hg‖HS≤2‖Hg¯‖HS\|H_g\|_{HS}\leq 2\|H_{\bar {g}}\|_{HS}can be proved. The results have a close connection with the well-known fact that for bounded symbols the compactness ofHgH_gimplies the compactness ofHg¯H_{\bar {g}}.
G-structure on the cohomology of Hopf algebras
Authors: Farinati Marco , Solotar Andrea
Published: June 2004

We prove that

E
x
t

A

∙

(
k
,
k
)

\mathrm {Ext} ^{\bullet }_A(k,k)

is a Gerstenhaber algebra, where

A
A

is a Hopf algebra. In case

A
=
D
(
H
)

A=D(H)

is the Drinfeld double of a finite-dimensional Hopf algebra

H
H

, our results imply the existence of a Gerstenhaber bracket on

H

G
S

∙

(
H
,
H
)

H^{\bullet }_{GS}(H,H)

. This fact was conjectured by R. Taillefer. The method consists of identifying
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper H Subscript upper G upper S Superscript bullet Baseline left-parenthesis upper H comma upper H right-parenthesis approximately-equals normal upper E normal x normal t Subscript upper A Superscript bullet Baseline left-parenthesis k comma k right-parenthesis">

H

G
S

∙

(
H
,
H
)
≅

E
x
t

A

∙

(
k
,
k
)

H^{\bullet }_{GS}(H,H)\cong {\mathrm {Ext}}^{\bullet }_A(k,k)

as a Gerstenhaber subalgebra of

H

∙

(
A
,
A
)

H^{\bullet }(A,A)

(the Hochschild cohomology of

A
A

).
𝐸(2)-invertible spectra smashing with the Smith-Toda spectrum 𝑉(1) at the prime 3
Authors: Ichigi Ippei , Shimomura Katsumi
Published: June 2004

Let

L
2

L_2

denote the Bousfield localization functor with respect to the Johnson-Wilson spectrum

E
(
2
)

E(2)

. A spectrum

L
2

X

L_2X

is called invertible if there is a spectrum

Y
Y

such that

L
2

X
∧
Y
=

L
2

S
0

L_2X\wedge Y=L_2S^0

. Hovey and Sadofsky, Invertible spectra in the

E
(
n
)

E(n)

-local stable homotopy category, showed that every invertible spectrum is homotopy equivalent to a suspension of the

E
(
2
)

E(2)

-local sphere

L
2

S
0

L_2S^0

at a prime

p
>
3

p>3

. At the prime

3
3

, it is shown, A relation between the Picard group of the

E
(
n
)

E(n)

-local homotopy category and

E
(
n
)

E(n)

-based Adams spectral sequence, that there exists an invertible spectrum

X
X

that is not homotopy equivalent to a suspension of

L
2

S
0

L_2S^0

. In this paper, we show the homotopy equivalence

v
2
3

:

Σ

48

L
2

V
(
1
)
≃
V
(
1
)
∧
X

v_2^3\colon \Sigma ^{48}L_2V(1)\simeq V(1)\wedge X

for the Smith-Toda spectrum

V
(
1
)

V(1)

. In the same manner as this, we also show the existence of the self-map

β
:

Σ

144

L
2

V
(
1
)
→

L
2

V
(
1
)

\beta \colon \Sigma ^{144}L_2V(1)\to L_2V(1)

that induces

v
2
9

v_2^9

on the

E
(
2

)
∗

E(2)_*

-homology.
Aspects of compact quantum group theory
Authors: Murphy G. , Tuset L.
Published: June 2004

We show that if a compact quantum semigroup satisfies certain weak cancellation laws, then it admits a Haar measure, and using this we show that it is a compact quantum group. Thus, we obtain a new characterization of a compact quantum group. We also give a necessary and sufficient algebraic condition for the Haar measure of a compact quantum group to be faithful, in the case that its coordinate

C
∗

C^*

-algebra is exact. A representation is given for the linear dual of the Hopf

∗
*

-algebra of a compact quantum group, and a functional calculus for unbounded linear functionals is derived.
The densest lattice in twenty-four dimensions
Authors: Cohn Henry , Kumar Abhinav
Published: June 2004

In this research announcement we outline the methods used in our recent proof that the Leech lattice is the unique densest lattice in

R

24

\mathbb {R}^{24}

. Complete details will appear elsewhere, but here we illustrate our techniques by applying them to the case of lattice packings in

R

2

\mathbb {R}^2

, and we discuss the obstacles that arise in higher dimensions.
Nck-dependent Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase-1 and Regulation of Cell Survival during Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Nguyên Duc Thang , Kebache Sem , Fazel Ali , Wong Hetty N. , Jenna Sarah , Emadali Anouk , Lee Eun-hye , Bergeron John J.M. , Kaufman Randal J. , Larose Louise , Chevet Eric
Published: June 2004

In response to stress, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signaling machinery triggers the inhibition of protein synthesis and up-regulation of genes whose products are involved in protein folding, cell cycle exit, and/or apoptosis. We demonstrate that the misfolding agents azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (Azc) and tunicamycin initiate signaling from the ER, resulting in the activation of Jun-N-terminal kinase, p44MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 (ERK-1), and p38MAPKthrough IRE1α-dependent mechanisms. To characterize the ER proximal signaling events involved, immuno-isolated ER membranes from rat fibroblasts treated with ER stress inducers were used to reconstitute the activation of the stress-activated protein kinase/mitogen-activate protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in vitro. This allowed us to demonstrate a role for the SH2/SH3 domain containing adaptor Nck in ERK-1 activation after Azc treatment. We also show both in vitro and in vivo that under basal conditions ER-associated Nck represses ERK-1 activation and that upon ER stress this pool of Nck dissociates from the ER membrane to allow ERK-1 activation. Moreover, under the same conditions, Nck-null cells elicit a stronger ERK-1 activation in response to Azc stress, thus, correlating with an enhanced survival phenotype. These data delineate a novel mechanism for the regulation of ER stress signaling to the MAPK pathway and demonstrate a critical role for Nck in ER stress and cell survival.
Expression of a Major Surface Protein ofTrypanosoma bruceiInsect Forms Is Controlled by the Activity of Mitochondrial Enzymes
Authors: Vassella Erik , Probst Matthias , Schneider André , Studer Erwin , Renggli Christina Kunz , Roditi Isabel
Published: June 2004

In cycling between the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector, trypanosomes undergo major changes in energy metabolism and surface coat composition. Early procyclic (insect) forms in the tsetse fly midgut are coated by glycoproteins known as EP and GPEET procyclins. EP expression continues in late procyclic forms, whereas GPEET is down-regulated. In culture, expression of GPEET is modulated by glycerol or glucose. Here, we demonstrate that a glycerol-responsive element of 25 nucleotides within the 3′ untranslated region of GPEET mRNA also controls expression by glucose and during development in the fly. In trypanosomes, mitochondrial ATP is produced mainly by the acetate: succinate-CoA transferase/succinyl-CoA synthetase (ASCT) cycle, the citric acid cycle, and the cytochromes. Silencing of the pyruvate dehydrogenase or succinyl-CoA synthetase from the ASCT cycle by RNA interference induces reexpression of GPEET in late procyclic forms, whereas inhibition of the citric acid cycle or the cytochromes has no effect. In contrast, inhibition of the alternative oxidase, the second branch of the electron transport chain, with salicylhydroxamic acid overrides the effect of glucose or glycerol and causes a reduction in the level of GPEET mRNA. Our results reveal a new mechanism by which expression of a surface glycoprotein is controlled by the activity of mitochondrial enzymes.
Links between CD147 Function, Glycosylation, and Caveolin-1
Authors: Tang Wei , Chang Sharon B. , Hemler Martin E.
Published: June 2004

Cell surface CD147 shows remarkable variations in size (31-65 kDa) because of heterogeneous N-glycosylation, with the most highly glycosylated forms functioning to induce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production. Here we show that all three CD147 N-glycosylation sites make similar contributions to both high and low glycoforms (HG- and LG-CD147). l-Phytohemagglutinin lectin binding and swainsonine inhibition experiments indicated that HG-CD147 contains N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V-catalyzed, β1,6-branched, polylactosamine-type sugars, which account for its excess size. Therefore, CD147, which is itself elevated on invasive tumor cells, may make a major contribution to the abundance of β1,6-branched polylactosamine sugars that appear on invasive tumor cells. It was shown previously that caveolin-1 associates with CD147, thus inhibiting CD147 self-aggregation and MMP induction; now we show that caveolin-1 associates with LG-CD147 and restricts the biosynthetic conversion of LG-CD147 to HG-CD147. In addition, HG-CD147 (but not LG-CD147) was preferentially captured as a multimer after treatment of cells with a homobifunctional cross-linking agent and was exclusively recognized by monoclonal antibody AAA6, a reagent that selectively recognizes self-associated CD147 and inhibits CD147-mediated MMP induction. In conclusion, we have 1) determined the biochemical basis for the unusual size variation in CD147, 2) established that CD147 is a major carrier of β1,6-branched polylactosamine sugars on tumor cells, and 3) determined that caveolin-1 can inhibit the conversion of LG-CD147 to HG-CD147. Because it is HG-CD147 that self-aggregates and stimulates MMP induction, we now have a mechanism to explain how caveolin-1 inhibits these processes. These results help explain the previously established tumor suppressor functions of caveolin-1.
A practical and robust sequence search strategy for structural genomics target selection
Authors: Bray James E. , Marsden Russell L. , Rison Stuart C.G. , Savchenko Alexei , Edwards Aled M. , Thornton Janet M. , Orengo Christine A.
Published: June 2004

Motivation: Target selection strategies for structural genomic projects must be able to prioritize gene regions on the basis of significant sequence similarity with proteins that have already been structurally determined. With the rapid development of protein comparison software a robust prioritization scheme should be independent of the choice of algorithm and be able to incorporate different sequence similarity thresholds.

Results: A robust target selection strategy has been developed that can assign a priority level to all genes in any genome. Structural assignments to genome sequences are calculated at two thresholds and six levels (1–6) describe the prioritization of all whole genes and partial gene regions. This simple two-threshold approach can be implemented with any fold recognition or homology detection algorithms. The results for 10 genomes are presented using the SSEARCH and PSI-BLAST programs.

Availability: Programs are available on request from the authors.
Hoxb1 functions in both motoneurons and in tissues of the periphery to establish and maintain the proper neuronal circuitry
Authors: Arenkiel Benjamin R. , Tvrdik Petr , Gaufo Gary O. , Capecchi Mario R.
Published: June 2004

Formation of neuronal circuits in the head requires the coordinated development of neurons within the central nervous system (CNS) and neural crest-derived peripheral target tissues. Hoxb1, which is expressed throughout rhombomere 4 (r4), has been shown to be required for the specification of facial branchiomotor neuron progenitors that are programmed to innervate the muscles of facial expression. In this study, we have uncovered additional roles for Hoxb1-expressing cells in the formation and maintenance of the VIIth cranial nerve circuitry. By conditionally deleting the Hoxb1 locus in neural crest, we demonstrate that Hoxb1 is also required in r4-derived neural crest to facilitate and maintain formation of the VIIth nerve circuitry. Genetic lineage analysis revealed that a significant population of r4-derived neural crest is fated to generate glia that myelinate the VIIth cranial nerve. Neural crest cultures show that the absence of Hoxb1 function does not appear to affect overall glial progenitor specification, suggesting that a later glial function is critical for maintenance of the VIIth nerve. Taken together, these results suggest that the molecular program governing the development and maintenance of the VIIth cranial nerve is dependent upon Hoxb1, both in the neural crest-derived glia and in the facial branchiomotor neurons.
iguana encodes a novel zinc-finger protein with coiled-coil domains essential for Hedgehog signal transduction in the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Wolff Christian , Roy Sudipto , Lewis Katharine E. , Schauerte Heike , Joerg-Rauch Gerd , Kirn Annette , Weiler Christian , Geisler Robert , Haffter Pascal , Ingham Philip W.
Published: June 2004

Signaling by lipid-modified secreted glycoproteins of the Hedgehog family play fundamental roles during pattern formation in animal development and in humans; dysfunction of Hedgehog pathway components is frequently associated with a variety of congenital abnormalities and cancer. Transcriptional regulation of Hedgehog target genes is mediated by members of the Gli zinc-finger transcription factors. The relative nuclear concentrations of Gli activator (Gliact) and repressor (Glirep) forms, together with their nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, appear to be critical determinants for target gene expression. Whereas such stringent controls of Gli activity are critical in ensuring appropriate levels of pathway activation, the mechanisms by which these processes are regulated remain inadequately understood. Here, using genetic analysis, we show that the zebrafish iguana gene product acts downstream of the Smoothened protein to modulate Gli activity in the somites of the developing embryo. Positional cloning reveals that iguana encodes the zebrafish ortholog of Dzip1, a novel zinc-finger/coiled-coil domain protein that we show can shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus in a manner correlated with Hedgehog pathway activity.
Postponement: a review and an integrated framework
Authors: Yang Biao , Burns Neil D. , Backhouse Chris J.
Published: June 2004

The concept of postponement has a long history of academic literature and practical applications. The recent literature has also well documented that the need for postponement is driven by today's market and business environment. However, its applications are still not as widespread as expected. Therefore, we are interested in what factors enable or hinder the successful implementation of postponement. After a review on postponement, we propose an integrated framework that will help to develop a set of general ideas on which further work can be based. The practical difficulties associated with moving toward postponement are also included in this framework. The objective is also to understand better the challenges that exist in implementing postponement strategies.
An examination of manufacturing organizations' performance evaluation
Authors: Gomes Carlos F. , Yasin Mahmoud M. , Lisboa João V.
Published: June 2004

The utilization of financial and non‐financial measures in the evaluation of manufacturing organizations' performance is studied for a sample of 79 Portuguese financial analysts. Cluster analysis and multiple regression analysis are used to study the extent of use, importance and availability of information for 63 financial and non‐financial measures. The results derived from this study point to the increasing importance of non‐financial measures in the evaluation of manufacturing performance. Organizational and managerial implications of the findings are discussed, and a framework for future research is presented.
Impact of flood characteristics on damage caused to UK domestic properties: the perceptions of building surveyors
Authors: Soetanto Robby , Proverbs David G.
Published: June 2004

Flood damage to domestic properties can be considered as a function of two key factors, that is, the flood characteristics and characteristics of the property. A thorough literature review identified that little or no consideration is given to the characteristics of flood when assessing flood‐damaged domestic properties. This paper presents the perceptions of 289 building surveyors regarding flood characteristics as part of a 2‐year research project to benchmark the assessment of flood‐damaged domestic properties in the UK. Surveyors perceived the sewage, fasciae and contaminant content, and depth of the floodwater. Findings also revealed that methods to determine these factors were primarily a function of individual subjective perceptions. Definitive guidance is therefore, needed to minimise variations in subsequent repair and reinstatement works.
Potential common law liability for privately provided flood defences
Authors: Wynn Peter
Published: June 2004

Public bodies have no statutory duty to provide flood defences and do not have enough funds to meet all their requirements. This has led to a recognition that flood prevention is not something to be left to others and now there is encouragement for householders to undertake “do it yourself” flood defences. Such measures are not without risk of damage to other properties. Therefore, an investigation has been undertaken to establish whether there is associated legal liability, should such damage occur. No cases have been published directly concerning liabilities for damage resulting from these activities. However, the Doctrine of Precedent declares that cases must be decided the same way when their material facts are the same. Cases which have similar relevant material facts, although not arising from modern “do it yourself” flood defence are identified. The ratio decidendi of cases concerning the receipt and passage of naturally flowing water, the increased passage of water to the property of others, and the overtopping or failure of structures that have held back water are examined. Then discusses these cases in the context of home flood defence. Concludes that protecting one's property from flooding is legally a relatively safe activity.
A framework for long‐term learning of topical user preferences in information retrieval
Authors: Mandl Thomas , Womser‐Hacker Christa
Published: June 2004

A framework for the long‐term learning of user preferences in information retrieval is presented. The multiple indexing and method‐object relations (MIMOR) model tightly integrates a fusion method and a relevance feedback processor into a learning model. Several black box matching functions can be combined into a linear combination committee machine which reflects the user's vague individual cognitive concepts expressed in relevance feedback decisions. An extension based on the soft computing paradigm couples the relevance feedback processor and the matching function into a unified retrieval system.
The North Yorkshire Unnetie Digitisation Project: from an idea to an opportunity
Authors: Anne Melrose Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

There are well‐funded national schemes that involve cross‐domain partnerships, linking archives, libraries and museums. The North Yorkshire Unnetie Digitisation Project (www.northyorks.gov.uk/unnetie) is a much smaller co‐operative digitisation undertaking. It started with very little experience of collaboration with partners, less funding and originally no idea of the process. Helped by the New Opportunities Fund and Resource, the library service is working with a County Record Office, a museum and a local history society to digitise the little‐known archive of a local photographer to provide a searchable Web site of images alongside several storylines illustrating life in the region in the mid‐twentieth century. The project team has been supported by these partners, overcoming lack of knowledge and various obstacles, such as the lack of commitment on the part of the IT developers. The benefits of working with colleagues were immeasurable and the relationships that have been built up will continue. This experience shows that what is needed is enthusiasm, energy, perseverance and the will to talk to associates in the same field.
Implementation of authority control in the Cobiss.SI library information system, Slovenia
Authors: Seljak Marta , Brešar Tadeja , Curk Lidija , Zalokar Matjaž , Tominac Andreja , Popović Gordana , Rogina Anka , Urbajs Alojz
Published: June 2004

Describes a process of gradual implementation of authority control in the COBISS library information system in Slovenia (COBISS.SI). The CONOR.SI initial authority database contained, at the time of its implementation, over 24,000 authority records for personal authors, mostly Slovenian, from publishing production of the last few years. It was created automatically based on personal bibliographies of Slovenian researchers and the Slovenian national bibliography for monographs in COBISS.SI. Also describes: major conceptual issues related to the entire implementation logic of authority control; the upgrading of software for shared cataloguing required by the implementation of authority control; and the implementation process itself. Presents some experiences related to cataloguing with authority control within COBISS.SI together with plans on the subsequent implementation of authority control for other types of headings.
Professional values in Norwegian librarianship
Authors: Vaagan Robert , Holm Sigrid
Published: June 2004

Value considerations and ethics are increasingly relevant in the library and information science (LIS) field, both in education, research and in the profession. Change management in LIS therefore needs input from studies of professional values among librarians and information professionals. The article presents some preliminary findings from the first survey of professional values in Norwegian librarianship. International surveys have shown that patron service, intellectual freedom, preservation of the record, equality of access, and information literacy are primary ethical and professional values for librarians and information professionals in many countries. The Norwegian survey in general supports these findings but also identifies and explains some nuances in value preferences among public librarians compared with college and university librarians.
Probability modeling applied to CAD systems for mammography
Authors: Maleyeff John , Newell Laura B. , Kaminsky Frank C.
Published: June 2004

A practical model based on basic probability theory is developed to evaluate the operational and financial performance of mammography systems. The model is intended to be used by decision makers to evaluate overall sensitivity, overall specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and expected cost. As an illustration, computer aided detection (CAD) systems that support a radiologist's diagnosis are compared with standard mammography to determine conditions that would support their use. The model's input parameters include the operational performance of mammography (with and without CAD), the age of the patient, the cost of administering the mammogram and the expected costs associated with false positive and false negative outcomes. Sensitivity analyses are presented that show the CAD system projecting financial benefit over ranges of uncertainty associated with each model parameter.
“No more tears!” A local TQM formula for health promotion
Authors: Arasli Huseyin , Ahmadeva Lillia
Published: June 2004

Given the fast diffusion and growing prominence of quality management in many industries, a new model for healthcare is designed which could serve as a serious contributor to health practices in third world countries. The aim of this research is to show the way that public and private hospitals in Cyprus function, and answer the question of how to increase total quality using public opinion in the healthcare industry in developing countries. Finally, having compared the total quality efforts of public and private hospitals in the Famagusta region of Cyprus, we conclude that the public sector is in a much worse position than the private sector in terms of total quality.
Hospital service quality: a managerial challenge
Authors: Che Rose Raduan , Uli Jegak , Abdul Mohani , Looi Ng Kim
Published: June 2004

While much is known generally about predictions of customer‐perceived service quality, their application to health services is rarer. No attempt has been made to examine the impact of social support and patient education on overall service quality perception. Together with six quality dimensions identified from the literature, this study seeks to provide a more holistic comprehension of hospital service quality prediction. Although 79 percent of variation is explained, other than technical quality the impact of the remaining factors on quality perception is far from constant, and socio‐economic variables further complicate unpredictability. Contrary to established beliefs, the cost factor was found to be insignificant. Hence, to manage service quality effectively, the test lies in how well healthcare providers know the customers they serve. It is not only crucial in a globalized environment, where trans‐national patient mobility is increasingly the norm, but also within homogeneous societies that appear to converge culturally.
Entrepreneur‐mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs
Authors: Bruni Attila , Gherardi Silvia , Poggio Barbara
Published: June 2004

Uses the neologism “entrepreneur mentality” – paying implicit homage to Foucault's govermentality – to highlight how an entrepreneurial discourse is mobilized as a system of thinking about women entrepreneurs which is able to make some form of that activity thinkable and practicable, namely: who can be an entrepreneur, what entrepreneurship is, what or who is managed by that form of governance of economic relations? Discourses on women entrepreneurs are linguistic practices that create truth effects. Argues that social studies of women entrepreneurs tend to reproduce an androcentric entrepreneur mentality that makes hegemonic masculinity invisible. They portray women's organizations as “the other”, and sustain social expectations of their difference, thereby implicitly reproducing male experience as a preferred normative value. Taking a deconstructive gaze on how an entrepreneur‐mentality discourse is gendered, reveals the gender sub‐text underpinning the practices of the scientific community that study women entrepreneurs and, in so doing, open a space to question them.
Contested rationalities, contested organizations
Authors: Casey Catherine
Published: June 2004

Postmodernist contestations of modernist economic and organizational rationalities have made immense contributions to organizational analysis. A current direction in critical theory now, working through the postmodernist critique, seeks new conceptions of organizations and sources for the revitalization of organizational life. In particular, feminist criticism drawing on, and contributing to, postmodern forms of inquiry and interpretation, offers new visions of critical organizational analysis. This article addresses feminist postmodern critiques, and particularly discusses two feminist contributions developed out of serious critical engagement with postmodernist thought: eco‐feminism and conceptions of “relational autonomy”, of agentic, social subjectivity.
Diversity writ large
Authors: Bissett Ngaire
Published: June 2004

Both postmodernism and corporate culturalism, each in distinctly different ways, have had the effect of suppressing links between diverse populations and identity politics in regards to the work environment. For example, the “politics of difference” debates of the 1980s began to take on ominous developments in the 1990s with the dispersal of multiple identity characteristics into a fragmented morass. In turn, personal diversity attributes have been collapsed into the agenda of corporate cultural cloning such that an individual's presentation of self is expected to conform to malestream managerial characterisations. However, there is evidence of contradictory impulses associated with these events, which provides space to envisage a contemporary form of community‐orientated activism that avoids the dilemmas of overly disparate difference approaches and narrowly prescribed models of subjectivity. This article describes how such a committed social movement politic might be operationalised in organisational/teaching contexts. The objective is to demonstrate the relevance of poststructural feminist ideas of communities of practice and notions of relationalism as a substantial charter for enriching organisational life. Ironically, in the current “new economy” environment, the discourse of management itself provides a means for such an endeavour to be legitimated. The article addresses the crucial factors required to achieve this substantive change process via expanded notions of difference, diversity and hybridity.
How emotional intelligence can improve management performance
Authors: Langhorn Steve
Published: June 2004

This paper describes the research conducted in relating the emotional competencies of individual general managers to the key performance outputs under their direct control. The Bar‐On Eqi is the tool used to test emotional intelligence, and the participants in the study are a group of managers operating in the pub restaurant sector of the leisure industry in the UK. Evidence was found of correlation in key areas of profit performance relating to the emotional intelligence pattern of the general manager.
Balancing the demands of school and work: stress and employed hospitality students
Authors: Jogaratnam Giri , Buchanan Polly
Published: June 2004

Stress can be viewed as a positive or negative experience in the lives and performance of today's college students. This study examined exposure to stressors among student‐employees (i.e. those enrolled in hospitality programs while concurrently employed in the hospitality industry). Results could not only help employers, but also hospitality program administrators and faculty more aptly meet the needs of this group by providing services that would help manage student stress and thus enhance well‐being and increase retention. Based on responses obtained from a sample of students in the great lakes region of the USA, the results suggest no significant differences in stress ratings based on hours worked per week, GPA or the number of jobs held. However, females, freshmen and full‐time (versus part‐time) students reported a greater degree of exposure to stressors.
New economy – new business models – new approaches
Authors: Walters David
Published: June 2004

Towards the end of the twentieth century a number of changes occurred that suggest that organisational structures and management attitudes and behaviour in the foreseeable future will differ markedly from the traditional model. Not only had business become global in every respect, but in almost all markets end‐user expectations were undergoing significant change which were forcing business to come to terms with demands for increased choice and quality, flexible ordering and servicing systems, on‐line accessibility to suppliers and competitive prices. The response by business has been equally dramatic. Large organisations have reduced their activities down to core processes and capabilities, adopting the view that astute asset management and risk management are more about managing assets than about ownership. Consequently the largest international corporations can be seen divesting their non‐core businesses and adopting holonic structures. The holonic approach has been adopted by entire industries giving rise to renewed interest in the development of mutually supporting clusters of interdependent interorganisational business systems.