bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Synthesis, Full Characterisation and Utilisation of Template‐Free Silica Sodalite, a Novel Polymorph of Silica
Authors: King R. S. P. , Dann S. E. , Elsegood M. R. J. , Kelly P. F. , Mortimer R. J.
Published: April 2009

Empty glass: Subjecting ethylene glycol silica sodalite to heat (680 °C) under a nitrogen atmosphere (i) successfully removes the templating agent to give cubic silica sodalite, which, upon consequent heating under an oxygen atmosphere (ii), transforms into a rhombohedral form of the empty sodalite, in effect a novel polymorph of silica.

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Dihydrogen Bonding: Donor–Acceptor Bonding (AH⋅⋅⋅HX) versus the H2 Molecule (AH2X)
Authors: Hugas David , Simon Sílvia , Duran Miquel , Fonseca Guerra Célia , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias
Published: April 2009

Dihydrogen bond or H2 molecule? The central HH bond in linear H4 can exist in two qualitatively different bonding modes corresponding to two different electronic states, namely a donor–acceptor dihydrogen bond (DHB) and a central H2 molecule with an electron‐pair bond (see figure). This insight evolves from Kohn–Sham density functional analysis and it is further applied here to understand the bonding in more realistic model systems.

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Dihydrogen bonds (DHBs) play a role in, among others, crystal packing, organometallic reaction mechanisms, and potential hydrogen‐storage materials. In this work we have analyzed the central HH bond in linear H4, LiH⋅⋅⋅HX, BH4−⋅⋅⋅HX, and AlH4−⋅⋅⋅HX complexes with various X by using the quantitative molecular orbital model contained in Kohn–Sham density functional theory at the BP86/TZ2P level of theory. First, we address the questions of if and how one can distinguish, in principle, between a H⋅⋅⋅H donor–acceptor DHB and the formation of an H2 molecule by using the simple H4 model system. The results of these analyses have been used to gain an understanding of the bonding in more realistic model systems (some of which have been studied experimentally), and how this differs from the bonding in H4.
DNA‐Assisted Self‐Assembly of Pyrene Foldamers
Authors: Häner Robert , Samain Florent , Malinovskii Vladimir L.
Published: April 2009

Folding in the tides: Upon hybridization, pyrene molecules assemble through interstrand stacking interactions to form double‐stranded, helical structures. Structural organization of the pyrene molecules is an intrinsic property of the oligoaryl part and takes place independently of the sequence of the attached DNA. Pyrene helicity is most pronounced in a bi‐segmental chimera, in which a DNA stem is present only at one end of the pyrene section.

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The self‐organization of oligopyrene foldamers is described. Bi‐ and tri‐segmental oligomers composed of nucleotides and non‐nucleosidic, achiral pyrene monomers form double‐stranded helical structures, as shown by absorbance, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy. The mixed nature of alternating aromatic and phosphate groups ensures water solubility which, in turn, favors folding of the aromatic units. Pyrene molecules also assemble though interstrand stacking interactions. Structural organization of the pyrene units is an intrinsic property of the oligoaryl part and takes place independently from the sequence of the attached DNA. Chirality transfer from DNA to the pyrene segment leads to formation of a double helix, in which neighboring pyrene units are, in the present case, twisted in a right‐handed manner. Pyrene helicity is most pronounced in a bi‐segmental chimera, in which a DNA stem is present only at one end of the pyrene section.
Three‐Component Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 5‐Acetyloxazoles
Authors: Lechel Tilman , Lentz Dieter , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: April 2009

By a flexible three‐component synthesis, alkoxy‐substituted enamides are easily available from lithiated alkoxyallenes, nitriles and carboxylic acids (see scheme). The treatment of these versatile intermediates with trifluoroacetic acid provided 5‐acetyloxazoles in moderate to good yields. Different substituents are possible at C‐2 and C‐5 and the 5‐acetyl group is a suitable handle for further synthetic transformations.

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Thermodynamic Controlled Hierarchical Assembly of Ternary Supramolecular Networks at the Liquid–Solid Interface
Authors: Li Yibao , Ma Zhun , Deng Ke , Lei Shengbin , Zeng Qingdao , Fan Xiaolin , De Feyter Steven , Huang Wei , Wang Chen
Published: April 2009

Building and networking: Ternary supramolecular networks have been formed by coadsorption of dissimilar ternary building units at the liquid–solid interface. The structural characteristics of the networks undergo distinctive transformations as the building units change from binary to ternary components (see graphic).

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Gold‐Catalyzed Reactions of 1,5‐ and 1,6‐Enynes with Carbonyl Compounds: Cycloaddition vs. Metathesis
Authors: Escribano‐Cuesta Ana , López‐Carrillo Verónica , Janssen Dominic , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: April 2009

Gold and rings: The gold(I)‐catalyzed addition of aldehydes to 1,6‐enynes gives 1,3‐dienes, by a cycloaddition/fragmentation process. 1,5‐Enynes react with aldehydes and ketones by the 5‐endo‐dig pathway to give the corresponding cycloadducts.

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Pharmacokinetics of nateglinide enantiomers and their metabolites in Goto‐Kakizaki rats, a model for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tamura Masafumi , Shiba Sachiko , Kudo Naomi , Kawashima Yoichi
Published: April 2009

The pharmacokinetics of (−)‐N‐(trans‐4‐isopropylcyclohexanecarbonyl)‐D‐phenylalanine (nateglinide) and its enantiomer (L‐enantiomer) was studied in Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats after intravenous administration of nateglinide or L‐enantiomer at a dose of 40 μmol/kg body weight. Nateglinide, its L‐enantiomer and their metabolites in serum, bile and urine were determined. The total clearance (CLtot) and the volume of distribution (Vd) was slightly higher for nateglinide than those for L‐enantiomer in control rats, although the differences were not statistically significant. The cumulative excretions of L‐M1 (major metabolite of L‐enantiomer) and L‐M2 (major metabolite of L‐enantiomer) into bile were almost the same as that of M1 (major metabolite of nateglinide)and M2 (major metabolite of nateglinide). In GK rats, CLtot and Vd were higher for nateglinide than those for L‐enantiomer. The cumulative excretion of L‐M1 and L‐M2 were not different from those of M1 and M2, respectively, into bile or urine. CLtot and Vd for nateglinide or L‐enantiomer in GK rats were not different from those in control rats. The total excretion of M1, M2, L‐M1, and L‐M2 into bile or urine in GK rats was not substantially different from that of control rats. These results suggest that the L‐enantiomer of nateglinide shows higher CLtot and Vd compared with nateglinide, especially in the diabetic state. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and chiroptical properties of chiral azoaromatic dendrimers with a C3‐symmetrical core
Authors: Angiolini Luigi , Benelli Tiziana , Giorgini Loris
Published: April 2009

New chiral azoaromatic dendrimeric systems have been synthesized starting from 1,3,5‐benzenetricarbonyl trichloride as the core molecule. The simultaneous presence of the (S)‐3‐hydroxy pyrrolidinyl ring as the optically active moiety and the azobenzene donor‐acceptor conjugated system as the photochromic group with permanent dipole moment, makes these systems potentially interesting as materials for advanced applications in nanotechnologies. All the compounds obtained have been characterized with particular attention to the effects induced by changing the electron‐withdrawing group in the chromophoric moiety and to their optical activity. A strong nonlinear enhancement of chiroptical properties related to the number of chiral units linked to the symmetrical core is observed in these derivatives, which indicates the presence of conformationally chiral substructures. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective cyanoformylation of aldehydes catalyzed with solid base mediated chiral V(V) salen complexes
Authors: Khan Noor‐Ul H. , Agrawal Santosh , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Pathak Kavita , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: April 2009

Polymeric and monomeric V(V) chiral salen complexes‐catalyzed enantioselective ethyl cyanoformylation of aldehydes using ethyl cyanoformate as a source of cyanide was accomplished in the presence of several basic cocatalysts viz., NaOH, KOH, basic Al2O3 and hydrotalcite. Excellent yield (>95%) of chiral ethyl cyanohydrincarbonate with high enantioselectivity up to 94% was achieved in 24–36 h when hydrotalcite was used as an additive. The polymeric catalyst 1 is more reactive than the monomeric catalyst 2 to produce chiral ethyl cyanohydrincarbonate in high optical purity. The chiral polymeric catalyst 1 and cocatalysts hydrotalcite and basic alumina used in this study were recoverable and recyclable several times with retention of its performance. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Simplified Numerical Approach to Feedback Controller Design
Authors: Bechtel Tom B.
Published: April 2009

A generalized parameter optimization method for computing feedback controller parameters is proposed. The method utilizes the downhill simplex method (DSM), a pattern search algorithm, to determine the optimal parameters that minimize an objective function or performance index. The system model, expressed in terms of state‐space equations is integrated with respect to time at each DSM iteration in order to determine the states. A fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta scheme is used for integrating the state equations. A penalty function approach is used for problems with inequality constraints on the state variables or controls. Though relatively inefficient in terms of the number of function evaluations, DSM requires only that the user provide the model equations, and not their derivatives. Additionally, the DSM code is very compact. Thus, a small and straightforward program allows for controller parameter determination for a variety of state‐space and classical PID feedback control design problems.
Flocculation: a key process in the sediment flux of a large, glacier‐fed lake
Authors: Hodder Kyle R.
Published: April 2009

This study investigates the consequences of flocculation for sediment flux in glacier‐fed Lillooet Lake, British Columbia based on density, fractal dimension, in situ profiles of sediment concentration and size distribution, and settling velocity equations presented in the literature. Sediment flux attributed to macroflocs during the late spring and summer accounts for a significant portion of sediment flux in the lake, equivalent to at least one‐quarter of the average annual sediment flux. Fine sediment is reaching the lake floor faster in flocs than occurs if settling as individual grains. This flux varies both spatially and temporally over the observation period, suggesting a link between deposition via flocculation and the properties of bottom sediments. Macrofloc flux increased through June, reached a peak during July, and then declined into August. Macrofloc flux was greatest in the distal end of the first basin, approximately 10 km from the point of inflow. Relatively high excess densities (∼0·1 g cm–3 at 500 µm) for flocs in situ are consistent with a composition dominated by inorganic primary particles. Microlaminations within Lillooet Lake varves have been linked by earlier workers to discharge events, and the action of turbidity currents, emanating from the Lillooet River. While turbidity currents undoubtedly occur in Lillooet Lake, these results demonstrate flocculation as an adjunct process linking discharge, lake level, macrofloc flux, bulk density and microlaminations. In situ measurements of sediment settling velocity in glacier‐fed lakes are required to better constrain flux rates, and permit comparison between flocculation in lacustrine environments with existing studies of estuarine, marine and fluvial flocculation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pumped rainfall simulators: the impact of rain pulses on sediment concentration and size
Authors: Armstrong A. , Quinton J. N.
Published: April 2009

Many pumped rainfall simulators used in soil erosion studies use pulsed rain to control the rainfall intensity. We examined the effect of the rain pulsing on sediment concentration and size using three different pulse cycles with the same rainfall intensity. There was considerable variation in sediment concentration through the pulse cycle: the highest concentration was up to four times that of the lowest concentration. Furthermore, the particle size distribution also varied: the peak median particle size was double the lowest median particle size. The magnitude of differences in sediment concentration and particle size were greater the longer the pulse cycle and these dynamics will vary between rainfall simulators and studies. We suggest the impact of the pulsing on sediment is significant and should be investigated prior to experimentation so that sampling periods are designed to avoid bias introduced by fine temporal scale sediment dynamics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lower Paleolithic of the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Chauhan Parth R.
Published: April 2009

This broad overview highlights the Indian subcontinent as an important and exciting source of new discoveries regarding Lower Paleolithic hominins and their biological and behavioral evolution. Broadly situated in the center of the Old World, the region arbitrarily encompasses Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Bhutan; it represents the richest easternmost domain of classic Acheulean bifaces in the Old World.1 The region comprises diverse ecological zones with complex geological and climatic histories, including a bi‐annual monsoon prevalent since the Miocene, all of which had major impacts on faunal and floral distributions and associated hominin adaptations.
Prevalence and longitudinal stability of negative symptoms in healthy participants
Authors: Emmerson Lindsay C. , Ben‐Zeev Dror , Granholm Eric , Tiffany Megan , Golshan Shah , Jeste Dilip V.
Published: April 2009

Objective

Although negative symptoms are prominent in older patients with schizophrenia, it is unknown whether this pattern is prevalent in healthy participants. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether negative symptoms are present in healthy populations and to determine whether they are linked to illness‐related processes or normal aging.

Methods

A systemic review of 26 studies that have administered negative symptom assessments to healthy participants was conducted. In addition, 213 (age > 40 years old) healthy participants completed PANSS and SANS ratings at both baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. One‐hundred participants also completed ratings after 3 years.

Results

Across all reviewed studies, negative symptoms were absent in the majority of participants. Comparable results were found in the current study's large longitudinal evaluation with middle‐aged to older adults.

Conclusions

Taken together, the data suggest that healthy volunteers do not suffer from prominent negative symptoms. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the greater prevalence and severity of negative symptoms in older patients is not related to normal aging but to illness‐related processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No gender differences in brain activation during the N‐back task: An fMRI study in healthy individuals
Authors: Schmidt Heike , Jogia Jigar , Fast Kristina , Christodoulou Tessa , Haldane Morgan , Kumari Veena , Frangou Sophia
Published: April 2009

Gender differences have been well established in verbal and spatial abilities but few studies have examined if these differences also extend into the domain of working memory in terms of behavioural differences and brain activation. The conclusions that can be drawn from these studies are not clear cut but suggest that even though gender differences might not be apparent from behavioural measures, the underlying neural substrate associated with working memory might be different in men and women. Previous research suggests activation in a network of frontal and parietal regions during working memory tasks. This study aimed to investigate gender differences in patterns of brain activation during a verbal version of the N‐back working memory task, which incorporates the effects of increased demands on working memory. A total of 50 healthy subjects, aged 18 to 58 years, that were equally split by gender were recruited matched for age, levels of education and ethnicity. All subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found that men and women performed equally well in terms of accuracy and response times, while using similar brain regions to the same degree. Our observations indicate that verbal working memory is not affected by gender at the behavioural or neural level, and support the findings of a recent meta‐analysis by Hyde ([ 2005]: Sex Roles 53:717–725) that gender differences are generally smaller than intra‐gender differences in many cognitive domains. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remodeling pharmaceutical care in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) amidst human resources challenges and the HIV/AIDS pandemic
Authors: King Rosalyn C. , Fomundam Henry N.
Published: April 2009

Pharmaceutical care, meant to complement a proper drug supply system, is a key component of a robust health care system and is the direct, responsible provision of medication‐related care designed to achieve definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life. Beyond simply dispensing medicine, pharmaceutical care promotes adherence to therapeutic regimens and addresses problems such as overdosage, sub‐therapeutic dosage, adverse drug reactions, medication errors, and untreated indications. The dearth of health care workers trained in pharmaceutical care coupled with inadequate access to medications creates multiple disease management challenges in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), which has 25% of the world's disease burden but only 1.3% of the world's health workforce. To prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, and other maladies, the need is urgent to train and integrate the contributions of current workers who handle medications for major and minor health problems, especially those in licensed pharmacies and drug shops. On the aggregate in SSA, pharmaceutical care is in a nascent stage in most countries but needs to grow as a discipline as well as be tailored to specific country needs. The SSA solution lies in establishing health care system components where cadres of workers engage in pharmaceutical care practices, as well as store and distribute medications. Curriculum changes in pre‐service education, more continuing education for the health workforce in place, and training pharmacists to supervise a lower cadre of assistants and others are among the elements in a pharmaceutical care paradigm shift which is the focus of this article. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the CYP2D6*10 alleles and co‐medication with CYP2D6‐dependent drugs on risperidone metabolism in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Yagihashi Tatsuhiko , Mizuno Masafumi , Chino Bun , Sato Yuji , Sakuma Kei , Takebayashi Toru , Takao Takahashi , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: April 2009

Objective

Risperidone is converted to 9‐hydroxyrisperidone by CYP2D6. Two parameters were used to examine the influences of CYP2D6 polymorphism and of co‐medication on risperidone metabolism: the risperidone:9‐hydroxyrisperidone concentration ratio (R:9‐OHR ratio) and the sum of the risperidone and 9‐hydroxyrisperidone concentrations divided by the dose (C:D ratio). We evaluated the effect of the CYP2D6*10 allele, which is a prevalent mutant allele among East Asians.

Methods

Genotyping using the P450 microarray system was performed for 89 Japanese patients with schizophrenia receiving risperidone. The patients with CYP2D6*1/*1, *1/*2, or *2/*2 were classified as Group 1, those with one CYP2D6*10 allele (CYP2D6*1/*10 or *2/*10) were classified as Group 2, and those with two CYP2D6*10 alleles were classified as Group 3. The R:9‐OHR and C:D ratios were analyzed using two‐way ANOVAs with the CYP2D6 genotype and co‐medication with CYP2D6‐dependent drugs as independent variables.

Results

Both the “genotype” and the “co‐medication” factors had significant impacts on the R:9‐OHR ratio (p = 0.011,p < 0.001). The “genotype” factor also had a significant impact on the C:D ratio (p = 0.032). However, the “co‐medication” factor did not have a significant impact on the C:D ratio (p = 0.129).

Conclusions

The CYP2D6*10 polymorphism and the presence of co‐medication exerted significant influences on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma from a nonendemic area: Protective role of HLA allele products presenting conserved EBV epitopes
Authors: Pasini Elisa , Caggiari Laura , Maso Luigino Dal , Martorelli Debora , Guidoboni Massimo , Vaccher Emanuela , Barzan Luigi , Franchin Giovanni , Gloghini Annunziata , De Re Valli , Sacchi Nicoletta , Serraino Diego , Carbone Antonino , Rosato Antonio , Dolcetti Riccardo
Published: April 2009

The role of genetic factors involved in the development of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (UNPC) in nonendemic areas has been poorly investigated. High‐resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genotyping carried out in 82 Italian UNPC patients and 286 bone marrow donors born in the same province showed that A*0201, B*1801, and B*3501, known to efficiently present Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐derived epitopes, were significantly under‐represented in UNPC patients. Moreover, the A*0201/B*1801 haplotype was significantly less frequent in UNPC cases, with a 90% reduced risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.0–0.5) to develop UNPC, suggesting an additive effect. Notably, all 5 BARF1 epitopes and 7 of the 8 LMP‐2 epitopes known to bind A*0201 showed a fully conserved sequence in all the 31 Italian EBV isolates investigated. The 4 amino acid changes affecting the 436–447 LMP‐2 epitope do not reduce, but rather increase in two cases, the predicted ability of “variant” epitopes to bind the HLA‐A*0201 allele, as shown by immunoinformatic analysis. Moreover, a significantly increased risk for UNPC was associated with A*2601 (OR 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1–4.9) and B*4101 (OR 9.2, 95% CI = 2.5–34.3). These findings indicate that Italian UNPC patients have a distinct HLA‐A and ‐B genotypic profile and suggest that the decreased risk for UNPC conferred by definite HLA class I molecules is probably related to their ability to efficiently present LMP‐2 and BARF1 epitopes that are highly conserved in EBV isolates from this geographic region. These results have practical implications for the immunotherapy of UNPC. © 2009 UICC
Methylation‐associated silencing of SFRP1 with an 8p11‐12 amplification inhibits canonical and non‐canonical WNT pathways in breast cancers
Authors: Yang Zeng‐Quan , Liu Gang , Bollig‐Fischer Aliccia , Haddad Ramsi , Tarca Adi L. , Ethier Stephen P.
Published: April 2009

Recently, we analysed the 8p11‐12 genomic region for copy number and gene expression changes in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines and primary specimens. We found that SFRP1 (Secreted frizzled related protein 1) is frequently under expressed even in breast tumours with copy number increases in this genomic region. SFRP1 encodes a WNT signalling antagonist, and plays a role in the development of multiple solid tumour types. In this study, we analysed methylation‐associated silencing of the SFRP1 gene in breast cancer cells with the 8p11‐12 amplicon, and investigated the tumour suppressor properties of SFRP1 in breast cancer cells. SFRP1 expression was markedly reduced in both the breast cancer cell lines and primary tumour specimens relative to normal primary human mammary epithelial cells even when SFRP1 is amplified. Suppression of SFRP1 expression in breast cancer cells with an SFRP1 gene amplification is associated with SFRP1 promoter methylation. Furthermore, restoration of SFRP1 expression suppressed the growth of breast cancer cells in monolayer, and inhibited anchorage independent growth. We also examined the relationship between the silencing of SFRP1 gene and WNT signalling in breast cancer. Ectopic SFRP1 expression in breast cancer cells suppressed both canonical and non‐canonical WNT signalling pathways, and SFRP1 expression was negatively associated with the expression of a subset of WNT responsive genes including RET and MSX2. Thus, down‐regulation of SFRP1 can be triggered by epigenetic and/or genetic events and may contribute to the tumourigenesis of human breast cancer through both canonical and non‐canonical WNT signalling pathways. © 2009 UICC
What are the effects of fiscal policy shocks?
Authors: Mountford Andrew , Uhlig Harald
Published: April 2009

We propose and apply a new approach for analyzing the effects of fiscal policy using vector autoregressions. Specifically, we use sign restrictions to identify a government revenue shock as well as a government spending shock, while controlling for a generic business cycle shock and a monetary policy shock. We explicitly allow for the possibility of announcement effects, i.e., that a current fiscal policy shock changes fiscal policy variables in the future, but not at present. We construct the impulse responses to three linear combinations of these fiscal shocks, corresponding to the three scenarios of deficit‐spending, deficit‐financed tax cuts and a balanced budget spending expansion. We apply the method to US quarterly data from 1955 to 2000. We find that deficit‐financed tax cuts work best among these three scenarios to improve GDP, with a maximal present value multiplier of five dollars of total additional GDP per each dollar of the total cut in government revenue 5 years after the shock. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic transition and growth
Authors: Phillips Peter C. B. , Sul Donggyu
Published: April 2009

Some extensions of neoclassical growth models are discussed that allow for cross‐section heterogeneity among economies and evolution in rates of technological progress over time. The models offer a spectrum of transitional behavior among economies that includes convergence to a common steady‐state path as well as various forms of transitional divergence and convergence. Mechanisms for modeling such transitions, measuring them econometrically, assessing group behavior and selecting subgroups are developed in the paper. Some econometric issues with the commonly used augmented Solow regressions are pointed out, including problems of endogeneity and omitted variable bias which arise under conditions of transitional heterogeneity. Alternative regression methods for analyzing economic transition are given which lead to a new test of the convergence hypothesis and a new procedure for detecting club convergence clusters. Transition curves for individual economies and subgroups of economies are estimated in a series of empirical applications of the methods to regional US data, OECD data and Penn World Table data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uthethane dimethacrylate: A molecule that may cause confusion in dental research
Authors: Polydorou Olga , König Armin , Hellwig Elmar , Kümmerer Klaus
Published: April 2009

In recent years, the elution of monomers from dental materials has been a cause for public concern. Urethane dimethacrylate, commonly abbreviated to UDMA, is one of the monomers that are most often tested with regard to elution from and cytotoxicity of resin‐based materials. Although each chemical name represents the chemical type, chemical structure, and molecular weight of a molecule, it does not seem to be the same with UDMA. In the present paper, the different forms of UDMA are presented. These include those used by dental manufacturers to produce composite materials and the different types of urethane dimethacrylate used in studies concerning the elution of monomers from composite materials. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is usually used to detect the eluted monomers, but it does not appear to be adequate in determining the different forms of UDMA. The combination of HPLC with mass spectrometry is shown to be able to specifically identify the compounds eluted in addition to those compounds used as standards in the various studies. The fact that the same name is given to different molecules causes confusion about the results of studies testing the elusion of monomers from composite materials and their possible toxicity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
In vitro adherence of oral streptococci to zirconia core and veneering glass‐ceramics
Authors: Rosentritt Martin , Behr Michael , Bürgers Ralf , Feilzer Albert J. , Hahnel Sebastian
Published: April 2009

Plaque formation on dental ceramics may cause gingival inflammation and secondary caries. This in vitro study compared the susceptibility of various dental ceramics to adhere oral streptococci, and verified the influence of substratum surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity. Three zirconia ceramic materials and three veneering glass‐ceramics were investigated. Fifteen test specimens were prepared for each material, polished, and surface roughness and hydrophobicity were determined. After incubation with artificial saliva (2 h, 37°C) for pellicle formation, specimens were incubated with suspensions of Streptococcus gordonii DSMZ 6777, Streptococcus mutans DSMZ 20523, Streptococcus oralis DSMZ 20627, or Streptococcus sanguinis DSMZ 20068, respectively, for 2.5 h at 37°C. Adherent bacteria were quantified using a fluorescence dye for viable cell quantification (Alamar Blue/Resazurin). Statistical analysis was performed using one‐ and two‐way ANOVA and the Tukey‐Kramer multiple comparison test for post hoc analysis (α < 0.05). Surface roughness and surface hydrophobicity differed significantly among the various ceramics; protein coating hydrophilized the surfaces, and led to a homogenization of the surface hydrophobicity of the various ceramics. Before protein coating, almost similar relative fluorescence intensities indicating similar adhesion of streptococci were found for the various ceramics; more distinct differences were observed after protein coating. Correlations between surface parameters and streptococcal adhesion were poor. Within the limitations of these experiments, the findings of this in vitro study indicate only little differences between zirconia and glass ceramic with regard to streptococcal adhesion. Judging from these results, it is unlikely that exposed zirconia surfaces yield more plaque than glass ceramic surfaces in vivo. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Grape seed proanthocyanidins protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia and reperfusion injury via Akt‐NOS signaling
Authors: Shao Zuo‐Hui , Wojcik Kimberly R. , Dossumbekova Anar , Hsu Chinwang , Mehendale Sangeeta R. , Li Chang‐Qing , Qin Yimin , Sharp Willard W. , Chang Wei‐Tien , Hamann Kimm J. , Yuan Chun‐Su , Hoek Terry L. Vanden
Published: April 2009

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in cardiomyocytes is related to excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and can be modulated by nitric oxide (NO). We have previously shown that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), a naturally occurring antioxidant, decreased ROS and may potentially stimulate NO production. In this study, we investigated whether GSPE administration at reperfusion was associated with cardioprotection and enhanced NO production in a cardiomyocyte I/R model. GSPE attenuated I/R‐induced cell death [18.0 ± 1.8% (GSPE, 50 µg/ml) vs. 42.3 ± 3.0% (I/R control), P < 0.001], restored contractility (6/6 vs. 0/6, respectively), and increased NO release. The NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, 200 µM) significantly reduced GSPE‐induced NO release and its associated cardioprotection [32.7 ± 2.7% (GSPE + L‐NAME) vs. 18.0 ± 1.8% (GSPE alone), P < 0.01]. To determine whether GSPE induced NO production was mediated by the Akt‐eNOS pathway, we utilized the Akt inhibitor API‐2. API‐2 (10 µM) abrogated GSPE‐induced protection [44.3% ± 2.2% (GSPE + API‐2) vs. 27.0% ± 4.3% (GSPE alone), P < 0.01], attenuated the enhanced phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 in GSPE‐treated cells and attenuated GSPE‐induced NO increases. Simultaneously blocking NOS activation (L‐NAME) and Akt (API‐2) resulted in decreased NO levels similar to using each inhibitor independently. These data suggest that in the context of GSPE stimulation, Akt may help activate eNOS, leading to protective levels of NO. GSPE offers an alternative approach to therapeutic cardioprotection against I/R injury and may offer unique opportunities to improve cardiovascular health by enhancing NO production and increasing Akt‐eNOS signaling. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 697–705, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schizotypy, depression, and anxiety in physical and social anhedonia
Authors: Rey Gwladys , Jouvent Roland , Dubal Stéphanie
Published: April 2009

Social anhedonia is a more promising indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia than physical anhedonia, both as assessed by Chapman scales. More broadly, the populations identified by these scales would have a propensity to different psychiatric disorders. This cross‐sectional study examined the respective profiles of schizotypy, anxiety, and depression in French students with physical and social anhedonia, using psychometric and interview‐based measures. Compared to controls (n=46), subjects with social anhedonia (n=19) reported higher schizotypal scores for interpersonal, paranoid, disorganization, and cognitive/perceptual dimensions, whereas subjects with physical anhedonia (n=35) had more extensive interpersonal deficits and paranoia. Both groups had more depressive and anxiety symptoms than controls, in particular subjects with social anhedonia. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1 –14, 2009.
Eating disorder behaviors and depression: a minimal relationship beyond social comparison, self‐esteem, and body dissatisfaction
Authors: Green Melinda A. , Scott Norman A. , Cross Susan E. , Liao Kelly Yu‐Hsin , Hallengren Jada J. , Davids Christopher M. , Carter Lindsey P. , Kugler David W. , Read Katherine E. , Jepson Amanda J.
Published: April 2009

Existing literature fails to comprehensively identify factors contributing to the comorbid relationship between eating disorder (ED) behaviors and unipolar depression. Maladaptive social comparison, body dissatisfaction, and low self‐esteem are disruptive psychological patterns common to both constructs. It is unclear whether a unique relationship exists between depression and eating disorder behaviors beyond the effects exerted by this negative cognitive triad. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether a unique relationship exists between depression and ED behaviors after controlling for maladaptive social comparison, body dissatisfaction, and low self‐esteem. We predict minimal unique variance in ED behaviors will be explained by depression after controlling for this negative cognitive triad. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–11, 2009.
Mindfulness and experiential avoidance as predictors and outcomes of the narrative emotional disclosure task
Authors: Moore Susan D. , Brody Leslie R. , Dierberger Amy E.
Published: April 2009

This randomized study examined whether narrative emotional disclosure improves mindfulness, experiential avoidance, and mental health, and how baseline levels of and changes in mindfulness and experiential avoidance relate to mental health. Participants (N=233) wrote repeated traumatic (experimental condition) or unemotional daily events narratives (control condition). Regression analyses showed neither condition nor gender effects on mental health or experiential avoidance at a 1‐month follow‐up, although the control condition significantly increased in one component of mindfulness. Decreased experiential avoidance (across conditions) and increased mindfulness (in the experimental condition) significantly predicted improved mental health. Narrative disclosure thus did not improve outcomes measured here. However, increasing mindfulness when writing narratives with traumatic content, and decreasing experiential avoidance regardless of writing content, was associated with improved mental health. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65: 1–18, 2009.
Amyloid‐β up‐regulates complement factor B in retinal pigment epithelial cells through cytokines released from recruited macrophages/microglia: Another mechanism of complement activation in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Wang Jiying , Ohno‐Matsui Kyoko , Yoshida Takeshi , Shimada Noriaki , Ichinose Shizuko , Sato Tetsuji , Mochizuki Manabu , Morita Ikuo
Published: April 2009

One of the earliest signs of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the formation of drusen which are extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). To investigate the relationship between drusen and AMD, we focused on amyloid β (Aβ), a major component of drusen and also of senile plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's patients. We previously reported that Aβ was accumulated in drusen‐like structure in senescent neprilysin gene‐disrupted mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Aβ on factor B, the main activator of the complement alternative pathway. The results showed that Aβ did not directly modulate factor B expression in RPE cells, but increased the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1). Aβ also increased the production of IL‐1β and TNF‐α in macrophages/microglia, and exposure of RPE cells to IL‐1β and TNF‐α significantly up‐regulated factor B. Co‐cultures of RPE cells and macrophages/microglia in the presence of Aβ significantly increased the expression of factor B in RPE. These findings indicate that cytokines produced by macrophages/microglia that were recruited by MCP‐1 produced in RPE cells stimulated by Aβ up‐regulate factor B in RPE cells. Thus, a combined mechanism exists for Aβ‐induced for the activation of the complement alternative pathway in the subretinal space; cytokine‐induced up‐regulation of activator factor B and dysfunction of the inhibitor factor I by direct binding to Aβ as suggested in our earlier study. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 119–128, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoid‐responsive transcriptional changes in epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Lee Ding‐Dar , Stojadinovic Olivera , Krzyzanowska Agata , Vouthounis Constantinos , Blumenberg Miroslav , Tomic‐Canic Marjana
Published: April 2009

Retinoids (RA) have been used as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases, from psoriasis to acne and wrinkles. While RA is known to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation, the molecular effects of RA in epidermis have not been comprehensively defined. To identify the transcriptional targets of RA in primary human epidermal keratinocytes, we compared the transcriptional profiles of cells grown in the presence or absence of all‐trans retinoic acid for 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h, using large DNA microarrays. As expected, RA suppresses the protein markers of cornification; however the genes responsible for biosynthesis of epidermal lipids, long‐chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids, are also suppressed. Importantly, the pathways of RA synthesis, esterification and metabolism are activated by RA; therefore, RA regulates its own bioavailability. Unexpectedly, RA regulates many genes associated with the cell cycle and programmed cell death. This led us to reveal novel effects of RA on keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis. The response to RA is very fast: 315 genes were regulated already after 1 h. More than one‐third of RA‐regulated genes function in signal transduction and regulation of transcription. Using in silico analysis, we identified a set of over‐represented transcription factor binding sites in the RA‐regulated genes. Many psoriasis‐related genes are regulated by RA, some induced, others suppressed. These results comprehensively document the transcriptional changes caused by RA in keratinocytes, add new insights into the molecular mechanism influenced by RA in the epidermis and demonstrate the hypothesis‐generating power of DNA microarray analysis. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 427–439, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric Distribution of UCH‐L1 in Spermatogonia Is Associated With Maintenance and Differentiation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells
Authors: Luo Jinping , Megee Susan , Dobrinski Ina
Published: April 2009

Asymmetric division of germline stem cells in vertebrates was proposed a century ago; however, direct evidence for asymmetric division of mammalian spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) has been scarce. Here, we report that ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase 1 (UCH‐L1) is expressed in type A (As, Apr, and Aal) spermatogonia located at the basement membrane (BM) of seminiferous tubules at high and low levels, but not in differentiated germ cells distant from the BM. Asymmetric segregation of UCH‐L1 was associated with self‐renewal versus differentiation divisions of SSCs as defined by co‐localization of UCH‐L1high and PLZF, a known determinant of undifferentiated SSCs, versus co‐localization of UCH‐L1low/− with proteins expressed during SSC differentiation (DAZL, DDX4, c‐KIT). In vitro, gonocytes/spermatogonia frequently underwent asymmetric divisions characterized by unequal segregation of UCH‐L1 and PLZF. Importantly, we could also demonstrate asymmetric segregation of UCH‐L1 and PLZF in situ in seminiferous tubules. Expression level of UCH‐L1 in the immature testis where spermatogenesis was not complete was not affected by the location of germ cells relative to the BM, whereas UCH‐L1‐positive spermatogonia were exclusively located at the BM in the adult testis. Asymmetric division of SSCs appeared to be affected by interaction with supporting somatic cells and extracelluar matrix. These findings for the first time provide direct evidence for existence of asymmetric division during SSCs self‐renewal and differentiation in mammalian spermatogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 460–468, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater in a periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) followed by further effluent purification via membrane separation technologies
Authors: Stamatelatou K. , Kopsahelis A. , Blika P.S. , Paraskeva C.A. , Lyberatos G.
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The combined treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMWW) by applying the anaerobic digestion process and further treatment in a system consisting of filters and membranes is presented. The anaerobic digestion of the OMWW took place in a high rate system, the periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR). Application of the membrane system aimed at purifying the anaerobic effluent.

RESULTS: An increase in the organic loading rate was achieved by increasing the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and alternatively by decreasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT). The first option caused process failure, since the volatile fatty acids accumulation resulted in negligible biogas production. In contrast, the second change (decrease in HRT) led to stable operation that permitted the reduction of the HRT to 3.75 d and increase of the organic loading rate to 8.9 g tCOD L−1 d−1 with satisfactory total COD removal (72%). Higher total COD removal (up to 80%) was observed at lower organic loading rates (<3.5 g tCOD L−1 d−1). Further purification in the membrane units resulted in a final permeate of less than 0.1 g tCOD L−1. The membrane systems proved to be more efficient on the anaerobic effluent than on the raw OMWW (the final permeate in that case contained 1g tCOD L−1).

CONCLUSIONS: The anaerobic digestion of OMWW in a PABR was stable even at high organic loading rates. Filtering and membrane fractionation of the PABR effluent resulted in a final permeate stream of high quality, suitable for irrigation and/or reuse in the proposed operating scheme for diluting the OMWW prior to anaerobic digestion. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Pilot study on contact efficiency of gaseous and misty substrates through in situ sparging
Authors: Lin Chen H. , Kuo M. C. Tom , Fan Kai C. , Yang Sheng C.
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The efficiency of in situ bioremediation observed in the field is often lower than that found in the laboratory, which can be due to the contact efficiency of air, substrates and bacteria achieved in the field being lower than that obtained in the laboratory. In this study, in situ pilot tests of air injection were conducted to evaluate the contact efficiency of both gaseous (toluene) and misty (tritiated water) substrates in the subsurface environment.

RESULTS: Based on the observed distributions of air saturation, toluene and tritiated water in the pilot, the contact efficiency of the gaseous substrate was significantly better than that of the misty substrate with a median mist size of 10 µm.

CONCLUSION: The contact efficiency of the gaseous substrate is very close to that of air. The sweep volume of the misty substrate through in situ sparging is only present near the injection point and therefore the contact efficiency is very limited. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Dismantling Rube Goldberg: Cutting through chaos to achieve coordinated care
Authors: Pham Hoangmai H.
Published: April 2009

Dr. Pham, a practicing general internist and health policy researcher, recalls her experience, as a granddaughter, of how patients, families, and physicians are often complicit in foiling the good coordination of care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:259–260. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A 50‐year‐old man with stage 2 sarcoidosis with pleural involvement
Authors: Modrykamien Ariel , Arrossi Andrea , Reddy Anita
Published: April 2009

We present a case of a 50‐year‐old man who presented with progressive shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, and weight loss. His computer tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed a left‐sided pleural effusion, subpleural and peribronchovascular nodules, bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopaties. Traasbronchial biopsies of the lung parenchyma and Video‐Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) with pleural biopsies revealed the presence of noncaseating granulomas. A diagnosis of stage 2 sarcoidosis with pleural involvement was made and treatment with prednisone was started. The patient continued with persistent dyspnea and a left‐sided pleural effusion. Steroid treatment was tapered and leflunomide therapy was initiated. A significant improvement of his clinical condition was seen after 1 month on treatment.
Head morphology of the ricefish, Oryzias latipes (Teleostei: Beloniformes)
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar , Hertwig Stefan T.
Published: April 2009

The medaka, Oryzias latipes, is a model organism in experimental biology. Its ontogeny and osteology have been studied frequently, but no detailed description of its cranial anatomy exists. Based on manual dissections, histological slide sections, and 3D‐reconstructions, we describe the anatomy of the jaw apparatus of O. latipes, focusing on musculature, connective tissue elements, and the nervous system. The soft tissue anatomy of the head of O. latipes is characterized by several derived characters that seem to be related to the modification of the upper jaw and a reduced mobility of its bones, which is an evolutionary novelty of the Beloniformes. These apomorphies could also be influenced by the small size of O. latipes. The maxilla is medial to the premaxilla. The presence of extensive connective tissue elements severely limits the mobility of both bones against each other and against the neurocranium. The external section of m. adductor mandibulae is partly fused with the internal section, originates from the quadrate, and inserts to the lower jaw. The intermediate head of the internal section is narrow and forms a bend along the ventral margin of the orbit. The intramandibular section is a separate narrow muscle between retroarcticular and dentary. These characters need to be verified in other representatives of Beloniformes to test their contribution to the disputed phylogenetic relationships within this taxon and to improve the understanding of the evolution of beak‐like jaws in beloniform fishes. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.