bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Devotional Likeness of Christ
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

While explicit millennialist theology ebbed and even all but vanished among many Protestants in the second half of the nineteenth century, the rhetoric, national expectations, and cultural politics of postmillennialism remained very much in place. Many American Protestants still thought of their faith as world-redeeming; as constitutive of a nation that enjoyed a manifest and now global destiny; as capable of unifying and mobilizing Christendom into a single force that would champion religious and political liberty; and as the mainstay of a church that should recognize no bounds in disseminating its evangelical message, adapting every technological means at its disposal.
Religious Art and the Formation of Character
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

The task confronting Protestant educators was how to incorporate mass-produced images of fine art into the pedagogy of nurture. Efforts at solving this resulted in innovations in religious education and lesson plan publication as well as a devotionalizing of artistic imagery. In order to understand the new context for the deployment of images it is necessary to examine important changes in Sunday school teaching in the first decade of the twentieth century.
Gandhi’s Passion
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Mahatma Gandhi passionately courted suffering thoroughout most of his life. The intensity of Gandhi's yogic resolve to dedicate himself to the nationalist struggle for liberating India from British imperial rule inspired millions of ordinary people to follow his passionate lead on the arduous road to freedom. Gandhi taught his followers to set aside fear of prison, physical punishment, or death, while at the same time insisting that violence had no place in the Satyagraha campaign, arguing that non-violence or love was the essence of God. Early influenced by the non-violence teachings of Jainism, Jesus Christ, and Buddha, Gandhi insisted throughout the last six decades of his life on the primacy of love for one's adversary in any conflict, convinced that this mighty power would ultimatle disarm the cruelest enemy. He developed passionate techniques of non-violent struggle against the racial and political discrimination and injustice first in South Africa and then in India. In addition to his political leadership, Gandhi was also a religious reformer, who worked to try to remove the stain of untouchability from Hinduism's outcasts. Inspired by Ruskin, Tolstoy and Thoreau, he also renounced industrial violence and pollution and took up cotton-spinning, revitalizing India's handicrafts industry, which had been all but destroyed by foreign industrial competition. Paradoxically, though hailed as free India's father, Gandhi was never invited by his closest Congress disciples to join them in running India's first government. And though he was worshipped by millions of Hindus as their virtual god, a Brahman of his own faith, supported by many others, assassinated him. Gandhi's face adorns India's currency today and his birthday is still nationally celebrated, yet the long-term impact of his message of love and non-violence is unclear in modern India's nuclear-armed industrial state.
Introduction
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Gandhi’ s passion has Indian historical roots that predate Jesus by more than two thousand years. Hinduism’ s Great God Shiva, yogic Lord of Beasts and of the Dance, was first depicted on an Indus Valley seal dating back to the third millennium B.C. Among the skills honed by yogis, including breath and mind control, none is more potent or important than tapas, a Sanskrit word meaning “suffering.”
Brief Interlude at Home
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

His wife and son had remained in Rajkot, but before returning to them Gandhi accompanied his elder brother on a purification pilgrimage to the Hindu city of Nasik, where he washed away his pollution, acquired from crossing “dark waters,” in the mud-yellow meandering streams of the temple-lined Dama River.
Introduction
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

This book is about competitive advantage—and more specifically about how firms create competitive advantages through effective inter firm collaboration. During the past two decades we have wit-nessed the rise: of “strategic management” as a distinct field of study, the goal of which is to help firms achieve sustainable competitive advantage. With the emergence of the strategy field has come a plethora of new approaches for achieving a competitive edge, each offering new ideas for improving profits and performance.
Down and Out in Vegas
Authors: Garcia Malcolm
Published: November 2023

I follow Alan to the park. We emerge from the sour kitchen and cross the parking lot to the corner of Owens Avenue and main Street. The afternoon glare of the Las Vegas sun hurts my eyes, and the dry air constricts my throat. Alan squints at the ground, stopping from time to time to inspect sudden flashes of light. Loose change or an aluminum-foil gum wrapper? He carries a plastic shopping bag steaming with wet clothes. we wade through sheaths of heat in what was once a shopping mall but now resembles a reservation for outcasts.
Water for the Desert Miracle
Authors: Ward Jenna
Published: November 2023

from the window of an airplane, the city of Las Vegas appears like a vast oasis in the middle of the drab .Mojave desert. The emerald green of golf courses contrasts with the flashes of aqua from thousands of backyard pools and the deeper blue of scattered artificial lakes and ponds. On almost any day in the streets below, you can sec water flowing along the curbs and into the gutters, runoff from sprinkled lawns of Kentucky bluegrass and dusty driveways being hosed dean.
Houses of the Holy
Authors: Leibovich Lori
Published: November 2023

A charismatic host welcomes one thousand spectators to a night of singing, sharing, and live entertainment. Lite rock wafts from a dimly lit stage as ushers hand out programs and escort older women to their sea ts. The crowd sits on folding chairs, eyes gazing at the large movie screen unfurled before them. A catchy TV tune begins playing over the sound system; whispers hiss through the audience as it recognizes the theme song from The Andy Grfffeth Show. Anxiously, the crowd waits for the main event.
Impossibility
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

In Impossibility, John D. Barrow—one of our most elegant and accomplished science writers—argues convincingly that there are limits to human discovery, that there are things that are ultimately unknowable, undoable, or unreachable. Barrow first examines the limits of the human mind: our brain evolved to meet the demands of our immediate environment, and much that lies outside this small circle may also lie outside our understanding. He investigates practical impossibilities, such as those imposed by complexity, uncomputability, or the finiteness of time, space, and resources. Is the universe finite or infinite? Can information be transmitted faster than the speed of light? The book also examines deeper theoretical restrictions on our ability to know, including Godel’s theorem, which proved that there were things that could not be proved. Finally, having explored the limits imposed on us from without, Barrow considers whether there are limits we should impose upon ourselves. Weaving together this intriguing tapestry, Barrow illuminates some of the most profound questions of science, from the possibility of time travel to the very structure of the universe.
The Scandal Of Particularity:Hans Urs Van Balthasar And The Limits Of Ecumenical Dialogue
Authors: Oakes Edward T
Published: November 2023

Few theologians of this century have demonstrated a more consistent commitment to the demands of ecumenical theology than Geoffrey Wainwright. In season and out, he has keyed his work to Christ’s prayer that “they may all be one, as you, Father, are one in me and I in you” (John 17:21). Indeed it would hardly be an exaggeration to say that every major essay, article, and book Wainwright has written has ecumenical implications. Moreover, he has maintained this ecumenical modulation at a time when, in both Church and society, one can detect a massive “retrenchment into particularity” (a trend often misleadingly labeled “funda-mentalism” by an unthinking press). The attentive observer cannot help but notice how individual Churches are increasingly stressing their specific heritage and theological uniqueness while the culture at large moves almost en masse into postmodern philosophies that explicitly deny the possibility of finding any common ground of discourse across disciplines or cultures. In fact, the postmodern temper would condemn at the outset any such search for a common ground as being inherently “hegemonic” and “controlling.”
Methodist Identity And Ecumenical Perspective
Authors: Klaiber Walter F
Published: November 2023

The ecumenical future of Methodism in Europe is still open. On the one hand, there are many visible signs of increased unity. The British Conference is making another attempt to come into a closer relationship to the Church of England.1 Most of the “daughters” of British Methodism on the continent have found their way into Church unions (with the exception of the Methodist Church in Portugal, which recently became autonomous). In the last ten years, United Meth But on the other hand, when we look at ecumenical life on the practical level, we have to admit that-although there is in principle an agreement on communion in faith and sacramental life-communion in mission is rather weak. One of the strange features of ecumenical life in Europe is that in Great Britain, where there is still no defined communion between the Anglican and Methodist Churches, there are hundreds of”Local Ecumenical Partnerships” -whereas in Germany, where we have full communion between the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland and the Methodist Church, there are only two or three such partnerships.
Second-Person Accounts and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: November 2023

It has become customary in philosophy to distinguish between what is often called a third-person point of view and a first-person point of view. The difference is hard to define precisely but easy to illustrate; it is perhaps most notable in philosophy of mind.1 When, from my first-person point of view, I observe the mind I know best, my own, I am aware of beliefs, doubts, questions, desires, inclinations, willings, and things of this sort. But if a neurologist were to examine me, what he would perceive from his third-person point of view is something very different. He would observe synapses, neurochemicals and their receptors, neurons, clumps of nuclei and bands of fibers, topological maps, and things of this sort. He would not see beliefs and desires. None of the things he finds from his third-person point of view are observable to me from my first-person point of view when I introspect; and what I find from my first-person point of view, beliefs and desires and the rest, is not apparent to the neurologist from his third-person point of view.
Social Transformation as Return of Story Tradition
Authors: Billington James
Published: November 2023

There are, I take it, two premises underlying this discussion. One is that story rather than theory is the better way to understand reality as far as human beings are concerned; and the second is that the Judeo-Christian tradition is best understood as story rather than as theory. The astonishing developments in Russia in August 1991, which I was privileged to witness, illustrate, I believe, both of these propositions in a rich, interconnected way that I will try to describe.
Conclusion
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S
Published: November 2023

This book presents a great deal of evidence, based on close analysis of both extant and lost plays, that harm to philoi is a generic characteristic of ancient Greek tragedy. Chapter 1 surveyed the nature of biological and social philia relationships in Greek literature and society and showed that tragedy differs from epic in emphasizing incidents in which philos harms philos. Chapters 2-6 examined in detail five of the extant plays, in each of which harm to philoi is important in a different way. In Iphigenia in Tauris, killing of blood kin is first threatened and then avoided by recognition.
Rufus Anderson and the Historiography of Missions
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

Those words of the Apostle Paul could have served as the watchword of midnineteenthcentury American Protestant missionaries, much as ‘‘the evangelization of the world in this generation’’ rallied missionaries of a later era. The verse seemed to capture the simplicity of apostolic missionary methods and thus served as the theological basis for policies designed to promote a similar economy in modern missions. To preach the gospel pure and simple became the ideal of missionary practice, which resulted in relegating schools and the press (and medical work to the extent that it was regarded as a distinct department) to a subordinate place. Those priorities were also justified by rejecting the theory that ‘‘civilization must precede Christianization’’ in the conversion of ‘‘heathen’’ nations. Flushed with the success of evangelical revivals during the Second Great Awakening, mid-nineteenth-century Protestants proclaimed their confidence in the ability of the Holy Spirit to convert sinners without elaborate preparatory measures. Yet despite the general consensus that preaching was the ‘‘grand instrumentality’’ in missions, considerable disagreement existed over the practical implications of that ideal.
Self-Denial and Civilization
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

In bestowing the name of Brainerd on their first station among the Cherokees, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) honored the eighteenth-century missionary more for his character than for his methodology. The reverence bestowed on the memory of David Brainerd was one of the most lasting—and, to contemporary historians, one of the most puzzling—features of evangelical missionary culture. As noted in the previous chapter, Brainerd’s brief missionary career was not particularly distinguished. Although his achievements in the field had given him a measure of celebrity while he lived, Brainerd’s enduring sainthood rested on the posthumous publication of his diary as edited by Jonathan Edwards. The Life of David Brainerd embodied the Edwardsian doctrine of ‘‘disinterested benevolence’’ and made Brainerd a powerful inspiration and role model for generations of missionary recruits.
Educational Ends and Means
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

Schooling has served many different, sometimes contradictory purposes during American history. As a socializing institution, education has always served to instill the values of the dominant culture in the nation’s youth, often in ways deeply destructive to the student’s ethnic identity. The trade-off for such a loss of identity has been the promise of social acceptance and economic opportunity, so that schools have served simultaneously to perpetuate the status quo and to promote social mobility. Broader tensions in the dominant culture have also found their way into the socializing experiences taking place in schools. For example, although many educators and parents have defined the values of the dominant culture in terms of their own Protestant beliefs, public schooling has also had a profound secularizing influence on American culture, both because of the demand for nonsectarianism in a pluralist society and because the wider world of learning to which students are introduced can be corrosive of traditional verities. In other ways as well, students often put their school experience to uses unintended by the educational system. They may value schooling primarily for the opportunity to socialize with their peers, for instance, thus creating the potential for the educational system to spawn generational conflict and undermine the values it is supposed to uphold.
The Deputation to India
Authors: Harris Paul William
Published: November 2023

Leonard Bacon called it ‘‘the coup d’e´tat of 1854.’’ That year, the Prudential Committee of the A.B.C.F.M. delegated Rufus Anderson and the Reverend Augustus Thompson, a committee member and Anderson’s pastor at the Eliot Church in Roxbury, to visit the board’s missions in India and Sri Lanka. They hoped that in face-to-face meetings with the missionaries, Anderson and Thompson could resolve a number of thorny issues, the most pressing of which involved educational policy. That same year, the British government launched a major initiative to furnish grants in aid to missionary schools that offered advanced instruction in English. Their action gave added impetus to educational policies that were already two decades old, and missionaries who were feeling pressured by a growing demand for English-language instruction now rushed to take advantage of governmental largesse. A request from the Bombay Mission to open such an English high school provided the immediate occasion for sending the American Board deputation.
The Kinship of Soul and Platonic Form
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

For the most part, we in the West still take it for granted that we can talk about an inmost self and conceive of it as an inner world, a sort of private interior realm where we are most at home and most ourselves. Many still find this concept indispensable, as if we human beings would lose sight of some important part of ourselves without it. Yet such talk is hardly universal or necessary for human life. It is not an inevitable part of human self-description, in contrast (say) to such concepts as perception, life, and mortality. Nor is it as widespread in the cultures of the world as the notion that human beings seek happiness, want to know the truth, can be good or evil, can come close to the divine or be far away. Human beings can describe themselves in emotional, ethical, and religious terms without recourse to the conception of a private inner world. Indeed before Augustine everyone seems to have found it natural to do so, having no notion that there was an alternative.

The texts of the Western tradition bear witness to this. Not only the Bible but Plato and Aristotle and the rest of classical philosophy could say what they had to say about human nature without invoking the private inner space that modern Westerners find so familiar and intimate a part of themselves.
The Origin of Inner Space
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters we have seen that Augustine’s mature brand of inwardness requires a conception of the human soul as a place in which to find God, that is neverthless not the same as God and therefore can be separated and cut off from him. Augustine needs to conceive the fallen soul as an inner space that is private—quite a different kind of place from the intelligible world, which is the inner self of the Plotinian soul. Hence in this chapter we must see how Augustine actually goes about conceiving or constructing this new kind of inner space. For of course it is not literally a space and therefore it takes some special work to conceive of it. The crucial conceptual question about it is: in what sense of the word “in” are things present in it? Especially urgent for Augustine, of course, is the more specific question: in what sense can God be found in it?
Quantum Connections: Wave-Particle Dualism
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

The logical framework of complementarity was originally formulated in an effort to resolve some ambiguities concerning wave-particle dualism in quantum physics. The essential paradox of wave-particle dualism is easily demonstrated. View the particle as a point-like something, like the period at the end of this sentence, and the wave as continuous and spread-out. The obvious logical problem is how a particular something localized in space and time, the particle, cari also be the spread-out and continuous something, the wave. Quantum physics not only says unequivocally that quanta exhibit both properties but also provides mathematical formalism governing what we can possibly observe, or “see;” when we coordinate our experience with this reality in actual experiments.
Mind Matters: Metaphysics In Quantum Physics
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas
Published: November 2023

Anyone who has studied modern physics cannot escape the impression, grandly reinforced by Bell’s theorem and the results of experiments testing that theorem, that the universe is a vast and seamless web of activity. For many physicists, however, the sense that the cosmos is fundamentally unified does not appear very comforting. “The more the universe seems comprehensible;’ wrote Steven Weinberg, “the more it seems pointless.” “Man,” said Jacques Monod, “lives on the boundary of an alien world. A world that is deaf to his music, just as indifferent to his sufferings or his crimes:’ And “life;’ lamented Gerald Feinberg, appears to be merely a “disease of matter.”
Y1 Hyperbaton in Prose
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

Our first chapter gives a preliminary syntactic account of premodifier hyper-baton (left branch discontinuity) in Greek prose. This type of discontinuity may at first sight appear to be a particularly strong indication of flat unstructured serial word order, but a closer analysis of the data reveals consistent cross-categorial patterning for premodifiers in both discontinuous and continuous phrases, which clearly calls for a phrase structural account.
The Meaning of Y1 Hyperbaton in Prose
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

We start with a test designed to corroborate the idea that Y1 hyperbaton encodes focus in prose. The next sections are devoted to an analysis of the contribution of Y1 hyperbaton to the meaning of a clause. In the final section we discuss the relationship of form to function, asking how fragmenting noun phrases into discontinuous subconstituents could turn out to be a natural way to encode modifier focus.
Phonological Garden Paths
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

According to a perception of hyperbaton quite different from that suggested in this work, it is not a syntactic phenomenon at all, but phonologically motivated. There are a number of possible variations on this idea. E. Norden, for instance, emphasized the desire to avoid hiatus and to achieve a good rhythmic clausula (Norden 1958:65). Here we shall consider first phonological interpretations of non-configurationality which have implications for, and can be generalized to, hyperbaton; and then clitic theories of hyperbaton and of prepositional phrase hyperbaton.
Was There a King David?
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

The November 21, 1997, issue of the Chronicle of Higher Education contained an unusual article. The Chronicle monitors trends in higher education, typically reporting on matters like tuition costs, tenure, and the impact of technology. The lead for this article on the cover read, “Did King David Exist? Bitter Divisions Among Biblical Scholars.” Even more provocative was the one-line synopsis: “Biblical scholars get nasty in a transatlantic debate over whether King David existed:’ The article lived up to its billing, with quotations from biblical scholars and archaeologists characterizing one another as “fundamentalist,” “minimalist,” and “anti-Zionist;’ and each others’ views as “scandalous,” “absurd;’ and “insanity.”
Deists and The Scandal of Particularity
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

For some time now, historians have regarded the first half of the eighteenth century in England as an “Age of Reason” that fairly overwhelmed visions of faith inherited from the Reformation and before. While there is much to be said for this perspective, we permit it to mislead us if we overlook the fact that even the shrillest arguments of the time for the supremacy of reason were grounded in a religious view ofreality. A recent historian has noted that John Locke bequeathed to the age “an almost pathological fear of religious emotion.” True enough, but Locke also assumed the divine origin of the New Testament, and all who claimed his mantle—which includes nearly everyone who published on religion and philosophy in the eighteenth century—were as committed as he to the principle that the stability of society depends on religion.
Our Noblest Faculty
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

one day New England’s philosopher was musing about the deists’ refusal to accept any Christian doctrine that seemed to contradict common sense. Deciding to conduct an experiment that would amount to a theological object lesson, he asked a thirteen-year-old boy in his parish if he believed that a two inch cube was eight times as big as a one-inch cube.

When the boy replied that it seemed impossible, Edwards marched him out to his workshop and carefully cut out a two-by-two-by-two-inch block of wood. Then, to the boy’s amazement, he cut the block into eight pieces, each measuring one inch on a side. But even then, the boy was not convinced. He continued to count the blocks, comparing them to another cube two inches on a side. The boy could not bring himself to believe it and wondered if magic had been at work.
Parables In All Nations
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

Eighteenth-century deists imagined they had deflated the overweening pretensions of Christian theology. Toland, Chubb, and Tindal figured they had exposed traditional Christianity’s universal claims as in fact restricted to a small corner of the planet .and shown the volumes of Calvinist thought to have been the product of fanciful imaginations. The deists’ challenge to orthodoxy was a formidable one: the God of orthodoxy, they avowed, had not revealed himself in history and the Bible. The true God whose will was enshrined in a few simple moral dictates could be discovered by the human mind. But the God of Calvin and Edwards was nowhere to be found in the real world because his supposed revelations were in fact chimerical. To put it charitably, he was silent.
Judaism
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

The eighteenth century marked the beginning of a reevaluation of Judaism. For the first time since Marcion, Jews were regarded as religiously unrelated to Christians. The deists, who dominated intellectual life in England at the beginning of the century and were the leaders of this reappraisal, portrayed Judaism as essentially pagan, unspiritual, unnecessary to Christianity, and in fact the source of all that was wrong with traditional Christianity. They learned from Johann Buxtdorf the Elder (1564—1629), whose guide to synagogue life depicts Judaism as a “con fused” and “disorderly” religion obsessively devoted to empty ritual. Voltaire, who studied the deists when in London in the 1720s, Bolingbroke, Gibbon, and other Enlightenment thinkers began to regard Jews as simply another political entity, unprotected by divine covenant. Pogroms against them were considered natural consequences of their creation of a cruel and irrational god. Gibbon, for example, argued that Rome fell because of the Jewish character in the Christian religion which had infected the empire. It was against this background of deist severance of the religious link between Christians and Jews that Jonathan Edwards argued for one covenant binding the two religions.
Wittgenstein, Empiricism, And Language
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

This provocative study exposes the ways in which Wittgenstein’s philosophical views have been misunderstood, including the failure to recognize the reductionist character of Wittgenstein’s work. Author John Cook provides well-documented proof that Wittgenstein did not hold views commonly attributed to him, arguing that Wittgenstein’s later work was mistakenly seen as a development of G. E. Moore’s philosophy--which Wittgenstein in fact vigorously attacked. He also points to an underestimation of Russell’s influence on Wittgenstein’s thinking. Cook goes on to show how these misunderstandings have had grave consequences for philosophy at large, and proposes that a more subtle appreciation of linguistic philosophy can yield valuable results.
The Ontological and Linguistic Aims of Reductionism
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

I have said that in his later years Wittgenstein replaced the analytic reductionism of the Tractatus with a subtler version of reductionism. In this chapter I want to explain how these two versions differ. I will also try to show how Wittgenstein’s later version of reductionism might be mistaken for something else.
Standard Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein is, without doubt, a very difficult philosopher, and those who have tried to understand him have gone about this in various ways. Some have picked out a few passages whose meaning seemed unproblematic and used them as a Rosetta stone for deciphering Wittgenstein’s more obscure remarks. (A favorite seems to be the passage about bringing words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use, as though there could be no doubt about which uses Wittgenstein took to be metaphysical and which not.) Others have tried to locate Wittgenstein’s philosophical position by employing a triangulation procedure, using as their coordinates G. E. Moore, common sense, and ordinary language.
Moore’s Method
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

G. E. Moore’s various attempts to defend common sense against philosophical skepticism and prove the existence of an external world1 have left many philosophers puzzled. I am not aware of anyone who thinks that Moore was entirely successful in this endeavor. Yet there is something seductive about Moore’s way of replying to the skeptic, and one can easily come to think, as Malcolm did, that even if it is not entirely satisfactory, there is nevertheless something right and important-in his procedure. In this chapter, then, I mean to inquire into the seductiveness of Moore’s procedure and decide whether some part or aspect of it can be successfully defended.
New World, New Leadership:A Fundamental Shift
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

A new wind is blowing, a wind that is changing the leadership climate around the world. The time-worn foundations of authoritarian, competitive, and ruggedly individualistic leadership are eroding. Even the more current leadership architecture, desperately seeking to fuse competition and collaboration, seems des tined to topple before the gusts of change.
A New Era:Intimations of New Leadership
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

The universal psychological and existential foundations of leader ship, combined with our unique American experience, predispose us to a distinctive image of leaders. In this chapter, we turn to the global forces that are creating a new era in which we need to re-evaluate those old leadership concepts.
Connective Leadership:More than the Sum of Its Parts
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

The future of American institutions, both corporate and political, depends upon our willingness to relinquish the tattered leadership legacy of Stage . As the leadership paradigm shifts from indepen dence to intedependence, from control to connection, from competition to collaboration, from individual to group, and from tightly linked geopolitical alliances to loosely coupled global networks, we need to encourage a new breed of leaders who can respond effectively to such conditions. To do so means reaching far beyond the narrow set of strategies we now recognize as Stage 2 leadership.
The Connective Organization:Matching Leadership and Organizational Styles
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean
Published: November 2023

In the dynamic landscape of Stage 3, organizations take many new and varied forms. New, small, transient organizations, as Bennis and Slater predicted in the 1960s, will stand alongside older, larger organizations, now battle-scarred from mergers, acquisitions, down sizings, flattenings, and bouts with reengineering. Leaders face many challenges as they work to build and revitalize organizations that can work effectively in a Stage 3 world, a world both buffeted and braced by the tensions of interdependence and diversity.
Om, the Vedas, and the Status of Women with Special Reference to Śrīvaisnauism
Authors: Young Katherine K
Published: November 2023

Much of women’s status in classical and medieval Hinduism hangs precariously on the sacred syllable om (which combines a-u-m, according to Sanskrit rules of phonetic combination, or sandhi). To date, there have been few attempts to trace the history of om. Despite its sacrality, it does not appear in the Vedas.
Introduction
Authors: Ray Reginald A
Published: November 2023

The issue of ideal types, or saints, in Buddhism is a difficult and complicated problem in Buddhology. In this magisterial work, Reginald Ray offers the first comprehensive examination of the figure of the Buddhist saint in a wide range of Indian Buddhist sources.
Saints of the Theragatha and Therfgatha
Authors: Ray Reginald A
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, it was proposed that certain fundamental themes, arranged according to a particular logic, make up the paradigm provided by Buddha Sakyamuni. It was also suggested that this paradigm was in more general use as a presupposition in Indian Buddhism, identifying not just the Buddha but also others understood as Buddhist saints. As a first step in the testing of this hypothesis, the present chapter contains an analysis of two works, the Pali Theragáthá and Theragáthá, which provide a relatively complete definition of the Buddhist saint, this time as arhant. The Theragáthá and Therígáthá, books 6 and 7 of the Khuddakanikáya in the Suttapifaka of the Pali canon, contain the songs of some 240 men and women saints who lived during and after the time of the Buddha. Like other of the more ancient texts in the Khuddakanikaya-for example, the Suttanipdta, Dhammapada, Udiina, and Itivuttaka-the Theragáthá and Theragáthá show us saints who live primarily in the forest and practice forest renunciation. In contrast to these other texts, however, in the Theragáthá and Theragáthá these forest saints provide the primary focus of discussion.
Bodhisattva Saints of the Forest in Mahayana Siitras
Authors: Ray Reginald A
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, the three major types of Buddhist saint prominent in pre-Mahayana Indian Buddhism have been examined: the buddha, the pratyekabuddha, and the arhant. This chapter contains discussion of a fourth type of Buddhist holy person, who comes into prominence only in the Mahayana sutras, the bodhisattva. The bodhisattva is not unique to the Mahayana; in the Nikaya traditions, as we have seen, this type is understood as defining the ideal of a buddha from the time of his vow to complete enlightenment until the moment when he attains buddhahood. The Nikaya evidence, in fact, preserves an extensive tradition of stories (jiitaka) told about Sakyamuni as a bodhisattva prior to his final life and similarly attributes to all other world-redeeming buddhas previous existences as bodhisattvas. In addition, as is well known, the Nikaya texts also contain descriptions and discussions of the bodhisattva and his career. For the pre-Mahayana, the bodhisattva is an important type of saint but is relatively rare, because the arhant functions as the primary enlightened ideal of Nikaya Buddhism, whereas buddhas were few and those who aspired to become buddhas were not commonly known. The distinctive Mahayana doctrine of the bodhisattva represents, then, not so much the invention of a new type of saint as the bringing into prominence and fleshing out of a type that was already understood to exist, but that had been-at least in the evidence-recessive.
The Buddhist Saints and the Stūpa
Authors: Ray Reginald A
Published: November 2023

In the examination of the Buddha and other Buddhist saints in preceding chapters, attention has been focused upon the living saints, as defined by their hagiographies, ascetic traditions, and cults. However, for most Indian Buddhists, the saints while alive probably provided a less frequent reference point for religious devotion than when they had passed away and were venerated in their stiipas. This is because while they were alive, the saints may often have been relatively inaccessible: they spent much of their time in seclusion in remote places. Moreover, they typically had no fixed abode but wandered from place to place without definite itinerary, and their wandering could carry them to far-flung places. Thus the suppliant ‘s longing to see and venerate the living saints must, by its very nature, have remained to some extent unfulfilled. But when the saints had passed beyond and their relics were enshrined in stiipas, they finally became available to all and could become the objects of an ongoing cult. It is perhaps for this reason that within a few centuries of the Buddha ‘s passing stiipas were to be found throughout the Indian subcontinent, becoming for Buddhism “the religious edifice par excellence “ (Foucher 1905-22, 1:59) and even “the chief emblem of the Buddhist faith “ (Mitra 1971, 21).
The Buddhist Saints and the Process of Monasticization
Authors: Ray Reginald A
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have several times referred to the ‘ ‘process of monasticization, ‘ ‘ whereby phenomena that were originally connected with the Buddhist saints of the forest were translocated and transplanted into a settled monastic context. In some cases, this process involved the appropriation of one or another individual element of the forest saints ‘ traditions by settled monasticism. For example, the forest saint Mahiikasyapa was adopted by settled monasticism to serve its need for a charismatic leader. Upagupta, Pil}.cyolabharadvaja, Devadatta, and perhaps also Sariputra, originally essentially forest saints, similarly came to have-through different means and in varying degrees-relations with settled monasticism. The initially nonmonastic ideals of Buddha (and bodhisattva), arhant, and pratyekabuddha came, again in various ways, to be understood in relationship to settled monasticism. And ideals and practices such as the magical powers, the dhutagurias, and the stupa also came to be increasingly integrated into the monastic context. In addition to describing individual forest elements undergoing the process of monasticization, the foregoing has made reference to this process on a grand scale, by which traditions that were entirely or primarily ones of forest renunciation became converted into those of settled monasticism. Such has been discussed in relation to the original form of Buddhism itself and mentioned briefly in connection with the Mahayana.
/ Charles’s Personal Pentecost
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

By December 5, 1736, Charles Wesley began discharging the responsibilities General Oglethorpe had given him upon leaving Georgia. He met with Mr. Towers and the other Trustees of the Colony, and deposited his dispatches and records into their hands. Within another month Oglethorpe arrived in England. He found Charles’s record of the events in the New World a bit melodramatic, commenting that the journal was “writ with a great deal of spirit.” Wesley retorted, “all I could answer for was, that it was writ with a great deal of truth.’’ Charles’s next two years were filled with serious bouts of illness, and with his efforts to give a full report of the affairs of the colony and to raise support on behalf of the religious mission there. George Whitefield offered himself for service in Georgia, and the younger Wesley also resolved to return, “if I could be of any use as a Clergyman; but as to my Secretary’s place, I begged [Oglethorpe] to tell me where, when, and how I should resign it.” Between visits with dignitaries of the colony and the church, as well as with his physicians and sickbed, these two years held happier moments. Relationships with family and friends were rekindled. Visits to Tiverton and Oxford were frequent, as were Charles’s opportunities to enjoy Christian fellowship or preach, and in these happier moments some of his sense of failure in the Georgia mission seemed relieved. But his illness was unabated; it had the result of forestalling Charles’s return to the New World until John Wesley’s arrival in England in February of 1738.
/ A Man in the Middle
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

With its rapid growth, Methodism’s relations with the Anglican religious establishment became increasingly strained. In Charles’s mind, Methodists were simply another religious society within the Church of England, but several of the societies in which the Wesleys participated (Shaw’s and Fetter Lane) were drifting away from Anglicanism-if not becoming openly hostile to it. The Wesleys’ association with the societies hurt their standing in the eyes of their fellow churchmen, as did their emphasis upon religious experience and “vehement” preaching of “justification by faith only.’’ The fall of 1738 and summer of 1739 were full of irony for Charles; he found himself chiding his friends Shaw, Bray, and Stonehouse for not conforming to the rubrics of the Church of England, at exactly the same time as the Anglican establishment questioned Wesley’s own “regularity,” or ecclesiastical propriety.
/ He Offers Christ to All
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

Excluded from the Anglican churches, Charles took his evangelistic work directly to the unchurched masses. Preaching in the open air, he addressed multitudes of people and was simultaneously exposed to the hostility of his opposition. Occasionally the local clerics were among the instigators. Wesley’s ability to win silence, if not to win the opposition over to his point of view, allowed him to make the best of these confrontations. His travels increased, and wherever he went he evangelized the masses, established Methodist societies, and visited already existing classes.
/ Domestic Life
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

Quite unlike his older brother John, Charles Wesley was happily married, a devoted husband and doting father. Although his published journal is relatively silent about his private life, his hymns and correspondence intersect to form a revealing picture of the younger Wesley. Courtship and marriage were complicated matters in proper eighteenth-century England. In Charles’s case, affairs of the heart were further complicated by the public character of his work, by his tenuous financial situation, and by a covenant Charles and John Wesley had made not to marry without the other’s approval.
/ The Old Ship
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

Charles’s undying loyalty to the Church of England was one of his theological constants. While his churchmanship was tempered with a dose of Wesleyan pragmatism, allegiance to the established church was for Charles an ideal from which there could be no willful deviation. He came by his staunch churchmanship quite naturally. The two Samuels (father and older brother) both possessed intense loyalty to the Mother Church, and both men were models for Charles in his formative years.
/ Expositor of Scripture
Authors: Tyson John R
Published: November 2023

As Charles explained in his laconic preface to the 1762 Short Hymns on Select Passages of Scripture, “God, having graciously laid His hand upon my body, and disabled me for the principal work of the ministry, has thereby given me an unexpected occasion of writing the following hymns.’’ The recurrent illnesses of the last thirty years of his life, along with family obligations (which his brother never knew) turned Charles’s primary attention from pulpit to poems.
Fragments of a Faith Forgotten
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

WHAT DID THEY KNOW and when did they know it? Though the documentary finds of mid-century have encouraged scholars to map the alternative vistas of early Christianity, it is striking how little truly new information emerged from those texts, or how few are the discoveries which would have surprised earlier generations. This may sound strange, given the tendency of modern New Quest scholars to assume that their predecessors simply lacked the critical sources they needed to understand the complexity of early Christianity; sometimes, too, we find the added charge that earlier scholars were too hidebound by religious preconceptions to speculate about such matters. In the Jesus Seminar’s edition of The Complete Gospels, the editors claim that until very recently, anyone interested in finding out about Jesus was confined to the New Testament texts: “Many interested in Jesus were not even aware of the existence of other gospels, or if they knew of them, did not know where to find them.”1
Gospel Truth
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

The remaining writings which have been compiled or been recognized by heretics or schismatics, the catholic and apostolic Roman church does not in any way receive; of these we have thought it right to cite … some which have been handed down, and which are to be avoided by catholics.
Hiding Jesus: The Church and the Heretics
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

ASSERTING THE AUTHORITY of a hidden gospel has implications far beyond the strictly defined agendas of textual scholarship, as claims are also being made for the ideas contained in the documents. To argue that alternate gospels possess a value equivalent to the canonical texts is also to declare that their messages, long dismissed as heretical, are statements of Jesus’ vision just as authentic as what would become orthodoxy. In rediscovering Q and Thomas, scholars also try to portray the “Q community” and “Thomas Christianity” as varieties of heresy which actually predated orthodoxy. By rediscovering these heresies-that-were-not-heresies, such as Gnosticism, modern scholars are validating other visions of early Christianity, with countless implications for the shape of Christianity today. Generally, too, these new visions follow the prescriptions of liberal and radical reformers within the respective churches.
Daughters of Sophia
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

FEMINIST SCHOLARS AND THEOLOGIANS have been the most ambitious in using the newly found gospels to reconstruct the early churches in their own image. This is not surprising, given that gender issues have been so central in the study of religion over the last quarter-century, the period during which the Nag Hammadi texts have come into public view. As Elaine Pagels has written, “The Nag Hammadi source, discovered at a time of contemporary social crises concerning sexual roles, challenges us to reinterpret history—and to re-evaluate the present situation.”1 The new sources seem all the more valuable because they feature women so centrally as companions and apostles of Jesus, while women are known to have played an important role in the historical Gnostic movement. The hidden gospels might preserve memories of an age when women were far more important in the Jesus movement than later writings would indicate, when women were apostles and prophets, leaders and bishops. And if that was the case in the first century, how could a similar role be denied to any succeeding generation? Mary Magdalen is sometimes portrayed in modem writing as a founding mother of Christianity with a primacy equivalent to that held by Peter in Catholic sources. For a society engaged in endemic controversy over women’s ordination and feminist revisions of liturgy and scriptural language, this is all highly relevant evidence.
The Gospels in the Media
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

NEW FINDINGS IN JESUS SCHOLARSHIP have been made widely available through the mass media, which clearly recognize the existence of a profitable general market. The media try to fill the needs of this market by offering ample coverage, which in turn sustains popular interest in what can be quite arcane historical and textual arguments. As a result, the once-hidden gospels have very much been brought into the light of day.