bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature measurement of GaN‐based blue‐violet laser diodes in operation by Raman microprobe
Authors: Takahashi Kenji , Matsuoka Daisuke , Harima Hiroshi , Kisoda Kenji , Tsuda Yuhzoh , Yuasa Takayuki , Taneya Mototaka
Published: June 2007

Blue‐violet GaN‐based laser diodes have been characterized by microscopic Raman scattering to obtain temperature distributions in the chip during operation. The local temperature increased steeply in the vicinity of the light‐emitting layer at distance < ∼20 μm. At injection current I = 120 mA with laser output of 150 mW, the local temperature at the light emitting layer was about 50 °C higher than that of the chip mount, 25 °C. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ionization energy of GaN point defects
Authors: Béré A. , Belabbas I. , Nouet G. , Ruterana P. , Chen J. , Segda G. , Koulidiati J.
Published: June 2007

The ionization or transition energies of gallium or nitrogen vacancy in bulk GaN were investigated by density‐functional based tight‐binding calculations. Calculations of the formation energy of neutral configurations are in agreement with previous DFT determination. It is shown that for the defect configurations, the metallic character of gallium atoms needs to adjust the level of the valence band maximum. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Direct growth of a‐plane GaN on r‐plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Araki Masahiro , Hoshino Katsuyuki , Tadatomo Kazuyuki
Published: June 2007

We have investigated a direct growth of non‐polar a‐plane GaN on r‐plane sapphire substrate by metalorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy (MOVPE). We found that high‐density nucleation of GaN islands was grown on r‐plane sapphire substrate at an initial stage of high temperature growth without a buffer layer, which resulted in a flat surface of the a‐plane GaN. We also studied an effect of growth conditions on surface morphologies and the growth features of the a‐plane GaN. The results showed that inverse‐triangular pits surrounded with facets were formed at a relatively high V/III ratio, and the lateral growth rate along the c‐axis direction was enhanced at a relatively low V/III ratio. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study on the sublimation growth of GaN using different powder sources and investigation on the sublimation behaviour of GaN powder by means of thermogravimetry
Authors: Kallinger B. , Meissner E. , Seng D. , Sun G. , Hussy S. , Friedrich J. , Müller G.
Published: June 2007

The goal of this work is to study the sublimation growth of GaN and the evaporation behaviour of GaN powders. The reactor design and growth parameters, i.e. gas pressure, gas flow, growth temperature and hot zone design together with the RF heating system, were optimized by using numerical simulation and thermogravimetric (TG) studies. Numerical modelling using the software packages CrysVUn and CrysMAS was used to adjust the flow pattern with respect to a maximum species transport towards the growth interface and to find an appropriate pressure range. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of MOVPE InN films grown on 3c‐SiC/Si(111) templates
Authors: Cho M. S. , Sawazaki N. , Sugita K. , Hashimoto A. , Yamamoto A. , Ito Y.
Published: June 2007

An experimental study has been made on the correlation between the fabrication conditions for 3c‐SiC/Si (111) template and electrical and crystallographic properties of InN films grown on the templates. The template has been prepared by C+‐ion implantation into Si (111). Although the 3c‐SiC layers show a large (170 arcmin) FWHM of XRC (111) diffraction, InN films with a considerably small (about 50 arcmin) FWHMs for (0002) and (10‐10) diffraction are grown on the layers. A lower implantation dose brings a smaller XRC FWHMs for 3c‐SiC. The post implantation annealing is found to be effective to improve the quality of the 3c‐SiC layer and, therefore, to improve the quality of InN films. Hall mobility in InN is found to be markedly increased by decreasing FWHM of InN (0002) diffraction. The best data of carrier concentration and Hall mobility are 6.2×1018 cm–3 and 630 cm2/Vs, respectively. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of electrical properties of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on vicinal substrates by rf‐MBE
Authors: Shen X. Q. , Furuta K. , Nakamura N. , Okumura H.
Published: June 2007

Electrical properties of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on vicinal sapphire and 4H‐SiC (0001) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are investigated. It is found that electrical properties of the 2‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the heterostructures grown on vicinal substrates are superior to those grown on conventional on‐axis substrates. Furthermore, samples grown on 2.0°‐off vicinal substrates show better 2DEG mobility than those grown on the 0.5°‐off vicinal substrates both at room‐ and low‐temperature. Anisotropic phenomenon of the 2DEG mobility in the heterostructures grown on 1.0°‐ and 2.0°‐off substrates is demonstrated, which strongly relates to the macro‐step structures on the surface. The 2DEG mobility exceeding 2000 cm2/Vs is obtained at the room temperature from our all‐MBE‐grown sample measured in the direction parallel to the macro‐step. It is suggested that the direction effect should be taken into account when designing the device structure. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photo‐catalysis effect of III‐V nitride film
Authors: Sumiya Masatomo , Ohara Keisuke , Ohsawa Takeo , Kawai Yu. , Shirai Masato , Fuke Shunro , Koinuma Hideomi , Matsumoto Yuji
Published: June 2007

We have studied the photo catalysis effect in III‐V nitride film having the potential overall water splitting under UV‐ or visible light irradiation. It was found that the photo catalysis effect was greater on the surface of GaN film with Ga‐face (+c) polarity than that with N‐face (‐c) polarity. This polarity dependence was discussed in term of band profile caused by the spontaneous polarization. Alloying InN mole fraction with GaN made it possible to generate the photo catalysis effect for visible light in III‐V nitride film. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Origins of n‐type residual carriers in RF‐MOMBE grown InN layers
Authors: Iwao Kosuke , Yamamoto Akio , Hashimoto Akihiro
Published: June 2007

We have investigated quantitatively on the origins of residual electrons in InN layers to make clear some roles of oxygen incorporation for band‐gap widening. It has been found out that a linear relation was observed between oxygen and residual electron concentrations for InN layers grown by RF‐MOMBE using TMIn source, although the residual electron concentration is super‐linearly dependent on oxygen concentration for InN layers grown by RF‐MBE using metal In source. The experimental results strongly indicate that oxygen atoms and/or nitrogen vacancies induced by oxygen incorporation are major origins of the residual carrier concentrations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Ni/Au, ITO, and ATO‐based current spreading layers for near‐ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Chong Wing Cheung , Lau Kei May
Published: June 2007

Current‐voltage (I‐V) characteristics, optical transmittance, and light output power measurements were performed to investigate different contact schemes including Ni (5 nm)/Au (5 nm), Ag (0.5 nm)/ITO (100 nm), and Ag (0.5 nm)/ITO (5 nm)/ATO (150 nm) for near‐ultraviolet (∼400 nm) III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Ag/ITO contacts show the highest transmittance of 98.73% at 406 nm when annealed at a temperature of 700 °C for 5 minutes in air. The lowest forward voltage of LEDs with Ag/ITO contacts is 3.29 V at 20 mA compared to 3.16 V of Ni/Au contacts annealed at 570 °C for 5 minutes in air. E‐beam evaporated Ag/ITO/ATO contacts, on the other hand, give somewhat higher forward voltage at 3.36 V after annealing, but high transmittance of ATO‐based contacts at short wavelength regions shows its potential applicability to very short wavelength UV LEDs. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of A‐plane (11‐20) In‐rich InGaN on R‐plane (10‐12) sapphire by RF‐MBE
Authors: Noda M. , Kumagai Y. , Takado S. , Muto D. , Na H. , Naoi H. , Araki T. , Nanishi Y.
Published: June 2007

Non‐polar A‐plane (11‐20) high In content (In‐rich) InGaN was grown on R‐plane (10‐12) sapphire with an InN template by radio‐frequency plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE). Nitridation of R‐plane sapphire was carried out at 300 °C for 2 hours by RF‐nitrogen plasma. A template of A‐plane InN was grown at 400 °C. The In‐rich InGaN films were then grown at the same temperature on the InN template. We characterized the films using reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photo‐luminescence (PL). These results indicated clearly that non‐polar In0.71Ga0.29N was successfully obtained with a PL emission at approximately 1.1 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
1.2‐eV GaAsN/InGaAs strain‐compensated superlattice structures for high efficiency solar cells
Authors: Wu Pei‐Hsuan , Su Yan‐Kuin , Chen I‐Liang , Chiou Chih‐Hung , Hsu Jung‐Tsung , Chen Wen‐Ray
Published: June 2007

In this work, we investigate the suitability of MOCVD‐grown of GaAsN/InGaAs strain compensated superlattice cells for the application in solar cells. Limitations of lattice‐mismatch could be overcome because the compressive strain in the InGaAs layers matched the tensile strain in the GaAsN layers. GaAsN/InGaAs strained layer superlattice cells, lattice matched to GaAs, are proposed as a means of extending the long wavelength absorption of the bottom cell in a cascade solar cell structure. A strain‐compensated superlattice solar cell with 0.2 μm GaAsN/InGaAs incorporated in the intrinsic‐region of p‐i‐n GaAs cells was fabricated. The higher In incorporation extended the absorption of the long wavelength. This was accomplished by using a strain‐compensated structure. The spectrum of internal quantum efficiency could be extended to 1.2‐eV and a high short‐circuit current density of about 20.87 mA/cm2 was obtained by increasing the In. It should be noted that the efficiency of the GaAsN/InGaAs superlattice cell was 4.3%, which is comparable to that of the InGaNAs cell. The GaAsN/InGaAs strain‐compensated superlattice structures showed many of the characteristics required to make it a candidate for the next generation of multi‐junction solar cells, which means this design can be used as the third junction in a future generation of ultrahigh‐efficiency three‐ and four‐junction devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaAs/c‐GaN/GaAs multi‐layered structure fabricated by using RF‐plasma source nitridation technique
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Mori M. , Otsubo H. , Maruyama T. , Naritsuka S.
Published: June 2007

Ultra thin nitrided layers on GaAs surfaces and GaAs/c‐GaN/GaAs multi‐layer, where c‐GaN thin layer plays a role as both insulating mask and intermediate layer of growth, were fabricated by using RF‐MBE. An effect of dislocation reduction with regard to the nitridation condition of c‐GaN intermediate layer was studied using cross sectional TEM observation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New developments in the theory of molecular K‐shell photoionization
Authors: Cherepkov N. A. , Semenov S. K.
Published: June 2007

A new version of the relaxed core Hartree–Fock approximation with a fractional charge of the molecular ion state is applied for calculations of molecular photoionization processes. The set of continuous spectrum wave functions obtained by that method is used when taking many‐electron correlations into account in the framework of the random‐phase approximation. The vibrational motion is also included into consideration. In that way, the most reliable results for the vibrationally resolved partial photoionization cross sections and the angular asymmetry parameter β for the K‐shells of CO and N2 molecules have been obtained. A good agreement with the state‐of‐the‐art experimental data is demonstrated. From our calculations it follows that the nondipole effects for the K‐shells of N2 and CO molecules are small near the ionization thresholds, in agreement with the latest experimental data. Two predictions have been made based on these calculations. One of them is the appearance of the correlational maximum in the photoionization cross section of the 1σu shell of N2 molecule near the σ* shape resonance, which is now fully confirmed by the experiment. The second prediction concerns the behavior of the nondipole parameters for the 1σg and 1σu shells of N2. According to our calculation, they oscillate in antiphase with rather large amplitudes around the unresolved values, so that after summation of the contributions of the two K‐shells, the oscillations practically disappear. This prediction does not yet have an experimental confirmation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Direct determination of phosphorylated intracellular anabolites of stavudine (d4T) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pruvost Alain , Becher François , Bardouille Patrick , Guerrero Catherine , Creminon Christophe , Delfraissy Jean‐François , Goujard Cécile , Grassi Jacques , Benech Henri
Published: June 2007

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2001; 15: 1401–1408.
Largest 4‐connected components of 3‐connected planar triangulations
Authors: Bender Edward A. , Richmond L. Bruce , Wormald Nicholas C.
Published: June 2007

Let Tn be a 3‐connected n‐vertex planar triangulation chosen uniformly at random. Then the number of vertices in the largest 4‐connected component of Tn is asymptotic to n/2 with probability tending to 1 as n → ∞. It follows that almost all 3‐connected triangulations with n vertices have a cycle of length at least n/2 + o(n).
Optimal sampling strategies for quicksort
Authors: McGeoch C. C. , Tygar J. D.
Published: June 2007

A well‐known improvement on the basic Quicksort algorithm is to sample from the subarray at each recursive stage and to use the sample median as the partition element. General sampling strategies, which allow sample size to vary as a function of subarray size, are analyzed here in terms of the total cost of comparisons required for sorting plus those required for median selection. Both this generalization and this cost measure are new to the analysis of Quicksort. A square‐root strategy, which takes a sample of size Φ(√n) for a subarray of size n, is shown to be optimal over a large class of strategies. The square‐root strategy has O(n1,5) worst‐case cost. The exact optimal strategy for a standard implementation of Quicksort is found computationally for n below 3000. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the impossibility of amplifying the independence of random variables
Authors: Cai Jin‐Yi , Chari Suresh
Published: June 2007

In this paper we prove improved lower and upper bounds on the size of sample spaces which which are required to be independent on specified neighborhoods. Our new constructions yield sample spaces whose size is smaller than previous constructions due to Schulman. Our lower bounds generalize the known lower bounds of Alon et al. and Chor et al. In obtaining these bounds we examine the possibilities and limitations of amplifying limited independence by fixed functions. We show that in general independence cannot be amplified from k‐wise independence to (k + 1)‐wise independence. Finally, we enumerate all possible logical consequences of pairwise independence random bits, i.e., events whose probabilities are a consequence of pairwise independence.
Hope as a factor in remission of illness
Authors: Udelman Harold D. , Udelman Donna Lou
Published: June 2007

Several studies have strongly implicated the emotion of hope as a significant factor in the onset and/or course of illness. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic illness of unknown etiology, and the impact of hopelessness and helplessness spreads inexorably to family members. In conjunction with rheumatologists, we have begun a 12‐month study of rheumatoid patients who are receiving their first course of remission‐inducing therapy. If psychological and physiological responses can be shown to correlate, predictive profiles might be designed to identify ‘at risk’ populations. Therapeutic efforts might then be undertaken to increase hope.
Saliva: The misunderstood and underrated fluid
Authors: Morse Donald R. , Furst M. Lawrence , Schacterle George R.
Published: June 2007

This review begins with a brief consideration of the many roles of saliva. Then a summary is given of the eight studies by our laboratory on the physiological and psychological relationships of stress, relaxation and saliva. This is followed by a consideration of the effects of stress and relaxation on dental caries. Finally, a summary is provided of the two studies by our laboratory on the relationship of stress and relaxation to oral digestion of complex carbohydrates.
Perceived control and the cold pressor test
Authors: Kilminster Shaun G. , Jones Dylan M.
Published: June 2007

The cold pressor test was used as a stressor in 30 subjects who were randomly assigned to either a perceived control group or a group without perceived control over the stressor. Physiological response (frontalis EMG and heart rate) was measured during exposure to the stressor. The psychological aftereffects of stress were monitored with the Stroop test, which was administered following exposure to the stressor. Perceived control resulted in higher frontalis EMG during the cold pressor test. There was no significant effect of perceived control upon heart rate. Performance on three parts of the Stroop test (word, colour and colour‐word cards) was superior in the group having perceived control. Perceived control had no significant effect upon any Stroop interference scores. The pattern of results suggests that perceived control increases the amount of effort expended on a task. This increased effort results in superior performance of the Stroop test when subjects have perceived control over a stressor.
Statement of editorial policy
Authors: Schendel Dan , Ansoff Igor , Channon Derek
Published: June 2007

Systematic strategic management is a recent and still developing concern of both practitioners and students of management. It is necessary, therefore, to define in this first issue of the Strategic Management Journal (SMJ) both the limits and the contents of the subject which will be welcomed to its pages.

Since we hope to attract our readers and contributors from both practice and academia, it is appropriate to describe strategic management from their respective viewpoints.
Can top managers be strategists?
Authors: Hunsicker J. Quincy
Published: June 2007

Given the multiple calls on top excutive time and the increasingly complex and disparate makeup of most large diversified companies today, top management involvement in the strategic planning process in too often limited to little more than the basic allocation of corporate resources among previously selected options. This situation, the author suggests, is for from ideal; it is time to reassess top management's role in and generally orchestrating the diverse human elements of the planning process so as to steer it on a course between advocacy and consensus toward the best possible strategy for the corporation as a whole.
Corporate strategy and the concept of market failure
Authors: Dundas K. N. M. , Richardson P. R.
Published: June 2007

Market failure concepts together with a corporate strategy taxonomy have important implications for the direction of growth of firms and their possible success. This paper discusses the relationship between these concepts and shows how specific types of market failure give rise to specific classes of firms. Arguments are presented why specific types of firms will be more or less successful than others. Empirical research by Rumelt is then cited which supports the themes developed in the paper.
The Strategy and structure of top 100 Japanese industrial enterprises 1950–1970
Authors: Suzuki Y.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the strategic and structural development of the 100 largest Japanese manufacturing enterprises between 1950 and 1970. Unlike other studies of Japanese business the author focuses not only on some of the key differences between Western and Japanese firms such as the emergence of widely diversified industrial groups, but also on similarities. Using the model developed originally by Channon the author traces the development of diversification in Japan and the emergence of the multidivisional forms of organization which as in the West prove to be the major strategic and structural forms in Japan by 1970.
Entrepreneurship, strategy, and organization: Individual and organization in the behaviour of the firm
Authors: Minkes A. L. , Foxall G. R.
Published: June 2007

The main purpose of this paper is to set out a number of ideas on business policy and corporate strategy which underlie a larger research project. It arises in part from a University Seminar in Industrial Economics which for many years provided a forum for academics and businessmen to discuss the growth and organization of particular firms: in part from the upsurge of interest in teaching business policy: and in part from a growing preoccupation, especially among business historians, with the decision‐making processes within firms. These have wide implications for the understanding of the nature of entrepreneurship and strategy in the modern business corporation.
Autonomy strategies of government owned business corporations in Canada
Authors: Sexty Robert W.
Published: June 2007

State‐owned enterprises, referred to as “government owned business corporations” in this paper, are a common phenomenon in Canada, are increasing in number, and are contributing substantially to the economy. The environment for these corporations is examined to establish the principal components and to identify two dominating trends in public policy, privatization and commercialization.

The paper suggests that these trends, plus management's desire for flexibility, are resulting in the formulation of autonomy strategies designed to increase management's decision making capability relating to operating and strategic management with less government interference.

A final section integrates the environment and autonomy strategies discussions to develop a typology for classifying the behaviour of government owned business corporations. The paper concludes that managers of government owned business corporations in Canada are formulating and implementing autonomy strategies because of environmental factors, public policies, and management's desire for independence.
Strategic intelligence activity: The management of the sales force as a source of strategic information
Authors: Thietart R. A. , Vivas R.
Published: June 2007

Environmental information is very important to strategic management. Human sources are among the most commonly used sources of information and among them, boundary people, such as salesman, hold a privileged position. One dimension which measures the quality of a strategic response is its speed of implementation. Recognizing this, to ensure a good (fast) strategic response, fast communication of information is imperative.

This article focuses on factors which influence the speed of communication of environmental information. It is based on an exploratory research which has been carried out on a sample of salesmen of an industrial company. Management policies regarding the use of the sales force as an efficient source of strategic information are proposed in conclusion.
Research notes and communications. Toward the development of a planning scale: An example from the banking industry
Authors: Wood D. Robley , Laforge R. Lawrence
Published: June 2007

The study dealt with the degree of formal planning undertaken by the commercial banking industry during 1969, 1972, 1975, and 1978. The study found that the Guttman scaling method can be used to develop a corporate planning scale. An outline of the steps in the construction of a Guttman planning scale is presented. Future research into the relationship between formal planning efforts and organizational performance might incorporate this approach.
Long range planning in the mature corporation
Authors: Higgins Richard B.
Published: June 2007

The decade of the seventies has seen a dramatic surge in the acceptance and adoption of long range planning systems by U.S. firms. This paper examines the planning experiences of 86 Fortune 1000 companies, many of them with formal planning systems ten years of age or more. Data collected in this study suggests that planning systems move through different phases in a development cycle. The ability to cope with planning problems, the satisfaction of planning participants, and the extent to which companies formulate explicit policies to recognize managerial contributions to long range planning activities are associated with the age of a company's formal planning system and its phase of planning system development. Mature system companies do a better job in coping with planning problems, are more satisfied with their planning systems, and are more likely to recognize managerial contributions to long range planning.
Strategic planning for regulated companies
Authors: Mahon John F. , Murray Edwin A.
Published: June 2007

The need for strategic planning by firms to achieve an alignment with their environment is widely recognized. Various studies have analysed the structures and strategic processes utilized by firms in their attempts to establish domains and attain goals. Yet the problems faced by firms in regulated environments by and large have been ignored.

This paper examines the critical differences found in regulated environments that affect strategic planning. Propositions which can serve as the basis of future empirical research are offered and a theoretical framework in which to view the regulated industry situation is developed.
Research notes and communications. Some connections between corporate‐level planning and diversity
Authors: Leontiades Milton , Tezel Ahmet
Published: June 2007

Two accepted concepts of management literature are (a) increasing diversification as companies progress through ‘stages of growth’, and (b) the responsibility of the corporate level for diversification‐type planning. The thrust of this research note is to provide an empirical test of these independently developed concepts; that is, a test that focuses on the relationship between corporate‐level planning and diversity.
Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum
Authors: Miller Danny , Friesen Peter H.
Published: June 2007

Two very different models of product innovation are postulated and tested. The conservative model assumes that innovation is performed reluctantly, mainly in response to serious challenges. It therefore predicts that innovation will correlate positively with environmental, information processing, structural and decision making variables that represent, or help to recognize and cope with these challenges. In contrast, the entrepreneurial model supposes that innovation is always aggressively pursued and will be very high unless decision makers are warned to slow down. Thus negative correlations are predicted between innovation and the variables that can provide such warning. Correlational and curvilinear regression analyses revealed that each model was supported by conservative and entrepreneurial sub‐samples, respectively, in a diverse sample of 52 Canadian firms.
Dimensions of the public affairs/government relations function in major American corporations
Authors: Baysinger Barry D. , Woodman Richard W.
Published: June 2007

The public affairs/government relations (PA/GR) function appears to be growing in importance in large corporations. A survey of the 500 largest U.S. industrial concerns was undertaken to ascertain their views and practices with regard to the PA/GR function. 130 of the 163 firms responding to the survey have a formalized PA/GR function in place. Survey data supports the idea that top corporate decision makers are allocating significant staff and decision making authority to the PA/GR function and that this activity differs significantly from the traditional lobbying and public affairs activities of the past.
The modelling of business profitability: A new approach
Authors: Burgess Arthur R.
Published: June 2007

Various methods are in use for the ‘top down’ assessment and comparison of the future profitabilities of businesses. The most advanced is the PAR equation of the PIMS programme, which combines quantitative evaluations of the average effect of various business characteristics on profitability. However it is not a true model in the OR sense being essentially a linear regression equation. The proposed new approach is a first attempt to combine the characteristics in a way which models the bargaining of customers with suppliers who are in competition for the supply of a bulk product. All the constants in the resulting non‐linear equation (called 5C) are meaningful in marketing or production terms. The model is in a preliminary non‐optimized state, but seems to offer opportunities for ongoing development. It is in this spirit that it is offered for discussion.
Strategy, management design and firm performance
Authors: Horovitz J. H. , Thietart R. A.
Published: June 2007

One of the requirements for a strategy to be successful is the use of the proper management system to implement it.

The purpose of this paper is to report on an empirical investigation dealing with this issue. Specifically the research attempts to answer the following general questions:

Do successful firms use a different type of match between their strategy and their management system than unsuccessful ones (description)?

If so, for a given strategy, what are the best ‘organizational arrangements’ (management system) which are likely to lead to a firm's success? Do firms using the prescribed fit or match between strategy and management system get better overall results (prediction)?

Management system or design is here defined as the processes of organizing, planning and controlling, staffing and directing in a company.
Strategic management in not‐for‐profit organizations
Authors: Hatten Mary Louise
Published: June 2007

With many executives spending at least part of their management careers in not‐for‐profit organizations, the application of viable principles from corporate experience to the not‐for‐profit situation is important if these managers are to transfer their talents between organizational forms effectively. Strategy identification, evaluation, and reformulation for the not‐for‐profit organization are discussed in this paper, as an adaptation of the principles developed for corporate strategic management.
Why sacrifice rigour for relevance? A proposal for combining laboratory and field research in strategic management
Authors: Schwenk Charles R.
Published: June 2007

Two of the most common objections to laboratory research in strategic management are presented and critically evaluated. Commonly accepted normative models of the research process in strategic management are based on the assumption that field research is appropriate in an emerging field and that laboratory research is only appropriate after sufficient field research has been done. The alternative normative model for research in strategic management presented in this paper involves the simultaneous use of laboratory and field methodologies.
A concept of entrepreneurial strategy
Authors: Murray John A.
Published: June 2007

Entrepreneurial strategy is characterized as strategy involving widespread and more‐or‐less simultaneous change in the pattern of decisions taken by an organization. The concept is distinguished from others which use ‘entrepreneurial’ to characterize a long‐term pattern of strategic behaviour. Entrepreneurial strategy will be enacted with some greater or lesser frequency by all firms, whether their long‐term behaviour is conservative or innovative. It is hypothesized that such strategy will be observed occurring in cycles at the single business‐unit level in response to both environmental and organizational stimuli and that it will reflect choice from a limited repertoire of basic strategic moves.
Neurotic style and organizational pathology
Authors: Kets De Vries Manfred F. R. , Miller Danny
Published: June 2007

Many parallels can be drawn between organizational and individual pathologies. We believe that the fantasies of top executives and the neurotic styles to which they give rise are important determinants of the nature of organizational dysfunctions. This is particularly true in centralized organizations where the top executives have a major impact upon organizational climate, structure, strategy and even the selection of the environment; and, where organizational recruitment and promotion processes ensure uniformity, or at least conformity, among the top ranks of executives. Using an empirically derived taxonomy, we have isolated five common pathological organizational types and related each of these to the fantasies and neurotic styles of their top executives. Each type is shown to reflect a large number of elements of structure and strategy that are consistent with and probably caused by the neurotic style of the cadre of top executives. The types are called paranoid, compulsive, histrionic, depressive and schizoid. Implications for management research and organizational change are discussed.
A strategic planning network for non‐profit organizations
Authors: Nutt Paul C.
Published: June 2007

Strategic planning processes are seldom treated from a contingency perspective. As a result, practitioners are unable to select a set of planning techniques for a particular situation they confront. This paper constructs methods, defined as sets of techniques, which are applicable to strategic planning for non‐profit organizations. These constructed planning methods are matched to strategic archetypes, defined by the sponsor's expectations for quality, acceptance, and/or innovation in the strategy. The contingency framework is presented as a network which identifies planning methods useful for each strategic archetype application.
Towards a contingency theory of corporate planning: Findings in 48 U.K. companies
Authors: Grinyer Peter , Al‐Bazzaz Shawki , Yasai‐Ardekani Masoud
Published: June 2007

Among 48 U.K. companies those with more vulnerable core technologies employ more specialist planners, more forecasting and evaluative techniques, in proposal generation and evaluation, irrespective of size. Allowing for size, hostility of market conditions is associated with greater scope, status and involvement of planners, and diversification and divisionalization with formality and scope of planning.
Environmental analysis units and strategic decision‐making: A field study of selected ‘leading‐edge’ corporations
Authors: Lenz R. T. , Engledow Jack L.
Published: June 2007

In response to increasing environmental change many corporations have developed specialized environmental scanning units. Previous research reveals conflicting findings regarding the viability of these units for introducing environmentally relevant information into strategic decision processes. A field study was conducted on 10 ‘leading‐edge’ corporations. The results show continuing experimentation with alternative administrative structures and the vulnerability of units that are not tightly linked with strategic planning processes.
Research note and communication mergers that last: A predictable pattern?
Authors: Montgomery Cynthia A. , Wilson Vicki A.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the current ownership of 434 large acquisitions made by publicly traded U.S. firms between 1967 and 1969. It is found that the majority of these acquisitions are still held by the acquiring firms. Unrelated acquisitions were resold at a moderately higher, though not significantly different, rate than related acquisitions. These results are discussed in the context of the commonly held view that unrelated acquisitions of that period were poorly conceived additions.
Gogos, yoyos and dodos: Company directors and industry performance
Authors: Norburn David
Published: June 2007

This research investigates the characteristics of 354 directors of Britain's largest companies. Three sections of independent variables were analysed: those relating to the economic environ; those relating to the domestic environ—family background and educational experiences; those relating to self‐concept. Directors were categorized according to the economic performance of their industries—GOGOs (industries in growth); YOYOs (industries in turbulence); and DODOs (industries in decline). Several differences emerged between the characteristics of directors and the economic success of their industries for which they were strategically influential.
Assessment of statistical power in contemporary strategy research
Authors: Mazen A. Magid M. , Hemmasi Masoud , Lewis Mary Frances
Published: June 2007

The concept of statistical power was reviewed, and the power of 44 recently published empirical studies in strategic management was analyzed. Using small, medium, and large estimates of effect size, standardized 0.05 α, and assuming nondirectional nulls, the mean power figures were 0.23, 0.59, and 0.83 for the three levels, respectively. These results were generally similar to findings in other social sciences and were considered particularly important for strategic management research, given the correlational nature of many strategic management investigations and the complexity and evolving stage of the field which make small effect size more likely. Ways to improve statistical power in strategic management research were discussed.
Corporate diversity and economic performance: The impact of market specialization
Authors: Capon Noel , Hulbert James M. , Farley John U. , Martin L. Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

This papers introduces a market‐based typology of corporate strategy, which builds on previous typologies (Rumelt 1974, 1982). We argue that, because different markets require different skills for success, firms which concentrate in one market area (consumer or industrial), at given levels of diversification, should achieve superior performance. Empirical tests with a sample of manufacturing firms support this proposed relationship between diversification strategy and financial performance.
Chief executive scanning, environmental characteristics, and company performance: An empirical study
Authors: Daft Richard L , Sormunen Juhani , Parks Don
Published: June 2007

Chief executives in 50 manufacturing companies were interviewed about the perceived strategic uncertainty in six environmental sectors, and the frequency and mode of scanning used for each sector. The findings suggest that customer, economic and competitor sectors generated greater strategic uncertainty than technological, regulatory and sociocultural sectors. When sector uncertainty was high, executives reported greater frequency of scanning and greater use of personal information sources. Chief executives in high‐performing companies scanned more frequently and more broadly in response to strategic uncertainty than their counterparts in low‐performing companies.
Joint ventures and competitive strategy
Authors: Harrigan Kathryn Rudie
Published: June 2007

A framework for using joint ventures (and other forms of cooperative strategy) within varying competitive environments is constructed, and hypotheses are developed concerning the impact of particular industry traits upon firms' options in pursuing them. Industry examples illustrate the framework's hypotheses. In this framework, demand traits suggest what types of cooperative strategies are needed. Competitor traits suggest how firms will respond to these needs for cooperation.

Since joint ventures can be inherently unstable organizational forms, it is important for managers to (1) select the right cooperative strategy option and (2) modify the autonomy from (and coordination with) sponsoring firms that ventures enjoy as their industry structures evolve. Familiarity with cooperative strategy options is important because (1) as growth slows, (2) as markets shrink or become crowded, (3) as industries become global, or (4) as technological change accelerates to speeds where individual firms cannot recover their initial investments, managers will have less margin for error. If managers do not learn how to use cooperative strategies advantageously their firms may encounter difficulties in delivering adequate value to their customers, replenishing their base of skills, and/or safeguarding their abilities to increase long‐term shareholder value.
The top management team and corporate performance
Authors: Norburn David , Birley Sue
Published: June 2007

This research tested the relationship between the characteristics and background of U.S. top executives, and measures of corporate performance. Data were obtained from 953 top managers; the dominant coalition of the largest 150 companies within five U.S. industries—dairy, footwear, tyres, mobile homes, and machine tools. Results were generally positive: managerial characteristics not only predicted performance variations within industries—the top performers having significantly different managerial profiles than poorly performing companies—but also that the characteristics of managers within high‐performing companies were similar across the five industries.
A taxonomy of technological settings, with related strategies and performance levels
Authors: Miller Alex
Published: June 2007

In this study, businesses were categorized into six groups on the basis of their methods of production, rates of innovation, and product sophistication. Technology, strategy, and performance‐related variables were then used to successfully relate these categories to archetypes in three existing conceptual typologies. Although the strategies of the six groups differed significantly, their profitability levels did not.
Market structure and business performance: An evaluation of buyer/seller power in the pims database
Authors: Cowley P. R.
Published: June 2007

This paper explores the patterns of buyer and seller structure among business units in the PIMS database and how buyer/seller structure is related to profit outcomes, both long‐term through the product life cycle and short‐term between periods of boom and recession. Businesses with a favourable structure (few sellers, many buyers buying items of low importance) typically maintain margins through the product life cycle, but if there are many sellers facing few and determined buyers, margins and profitability are likely to deteriorate in recession and to continue to decline through the life cycle.
The role of human resources strategy in export performance: A longitudinal study
Authors: Gomez‐Mejia Luis R.
Published: June 2007

This longitudinal study examines the effect of human resources strategy on the export performance of 388 Florida firms. After controlling for differential firm advantages, managerial perceptions and aspirations, and marketing activities, results show that the way human resources are selected, deployed, compensated and motivated will play a significant role in subsequent export performance.
The concept of ‘impartition’ policies: A different approach to vertical integration strategies
Authors: Barreyre P. Y.
Published: June 2007

The inverse of vertical integration, ‘impartition’, is defined as an entrepreneurial behaviour which consists in casting other firms (partners) for different parts of its overall system of activities. A firm imparts when, in order to allocate its own resources to activities more congruent with its strategic objectives, it contracts out instead of doing in‐house. This concept also involves a cooperative attitude towards partners for a mutual profit based on external synergies. The developed pattern has a large range of applications: subcontracting, proxy agreements, agency contracts, international production sharing, product mandating, franchising, licensing and a growing number of intangibles. The use of the impartition leverage may amplify the strategic power of a firm and its capacity for fast growth. In response to severe worldwide competition and accelerating technological and social changes, four overall principles underlie an impartition policy: high turnover, organizational flexibility, strategic mobility and external synergies. In conclusion the author insists on the necessity of mastering the art of resources management.
External control, corporate strategy, and firm performance in research‐intensive industries
Authors: Hill Charles W. L. , Snell Scott A.
Published: June 2007

This paper explores the proposition that the divergence of interest between managers and stockholders has implications for corporate strategy and firm profitability. Stockholders prefer strategies which maximize their wealth. Managers prefer strategies which maximize their utility. It is theorized that in research‐intensive industries, when stockholders dominate, innovation strategies are favored. When managers dominate, diversification strategies are favored. In addition, innovation is argued to be associated with greater firm profitability than diversification. This theory is tested on 94 Fortune 500 firms drawn from research‐intensive industries. The results largely confirm theoretical expectations.
Global diversification strategy and corporate profit performance
Authors: Chan Kim W. , Hwang Peter , Burgers William P.
Published: June 2007

Based on a sample of 62 multinationals, this paper examines the impact of global diversification strategy on corporate profit performance by integrating the product and the international market dimensions of diversification. The results suggest that the corporate profit performance impact of related and unrelated diversification varies contingent upon the extent of a firm's international market diversification. One important lesson of this work is that both business strategy researchers and managers should review corporate diversification as having distinct yet interactive strategic dimensions—product and international market—and they would do well to recognize both the different and the joint effect of these dimensions on corporate profit performance.
Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments
Authors: Covin Jeffrey G. , Slevin Dennis P.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports the results of a study designed to investigate the effective strategic responses to environmental hostility among small manufacturing firms. Data on environmental hostility, organization structure, strategic posture, competitive tactics, and financial performance were collected from 161 small manufacturers. Findings indicate that performance among small firms in hostile environments was positively related to an organic structure, an entrepreneurial strategic posture, and a competitive profile characterized by a long‐term orientation, high product prices, and a concern for predicting industry trends. In benign environments, on the other hand, performance was positively related to a mechanistic structure, a conservative strategic posture, and a competitive profile characterized by conservative financial management and a short‐term financial orientation, an emphasis on product refinement, and a willingness to rely heavily on single customers.
Chief executive compensation: A study of the intersection of markets and political processes
Authors: Finkelstein Sydney , Hambrick Donald C.
Published: June 2007

A model of the determinants of chief executive (CEO) compensation is presented and tested. Based on a sample from the leisure industry, the study finds that CEO pay has complex links to several factors: firm size, complexity, performance, CEO power, board vigilance, and the CEO's human capital. The study includes a separate examination of CEO salary and bonus, as well as a test of pay determination across McEachern's (1975) ownership categories.