bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Unsteady and Quasi‐Unsteady Flow Models in Simulating Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Arizona Stream1
Authors: Hummel Ryan , Duan Jennifer G. , Zhang Shiyan
Published: May 2012

Hummel, Ryan, Jennifer G. Duan, and Shiyan Zhang, 2012. Comparison of Unsteady and Quasi‐Unsteady Flow Models in Simulating Sediment Transport in an Ephemeral Arizona Stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 987‐998. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00663.x

Abstract:  Hydrodynamic and sediment transport models are useful engineering tools for predicting unsteady flood flow and sediment transport. Many models such as HEC‐RAS, HEC‐6, and IALLUVIAL apply quasi‐unsteady flow model, whereas others apply the unsteady flow model. It remains unknown if a quasi‐unsteady flow model is sufficiently accurate for simulating sediment transport in rapidly varied unsteady flood events, especially in ephemeral rivers in arid and semiarid regions. This study compared the quasi‐unsteady HEC‐RAS 4.1 model with one‐dimensional (1D) Finite Volume Method (FVM) based model in simulating flood flow and sediment transport in the Pantano Wash, a dryland river in the state of Arizona. The objective is to determine which sediment transport method is appropriate in predicting bed elevation changes in an ephemeral stream, Pantano Wash, and if an unsteady model is more accurate than a quasi‐unsteady flow model in predicting sediment transport. Results showed that the quasi‐unsteady HEC‐RAS model and the 1D FVM yielded similar results of bed degradation and aggradation for this dryland stream, although the FVM model predicted better flood hydrographs. Among the seven sediment transport formulas embedded in HEC‐RAS, Yang’s and Engelund‐Hansen’s equations gave the best matches with the field measurements for this particular case study.
Clinical features of a paediatric asthma population in Trinidad
Authors: Matthew Jason , Bekele Isaac , Pinto Pereira Lexley Maureen
Published: May 2012

Aim

Clinical features and management of paediatric asthma, highly prevalent in the Caribbean, was explored in Trinidadian children.

Materials

Children (2–16 years) with acute [visiting Accident and Emergency (A&E) in the past 12 months (50.2%, 120)] or stable asthma [controlled during the previous 3 months (49.8%, 119)] were studied.

Results

There were more (P < 0.001) boys (71.5%) than girls. Asthma was associated with asthmatic mothers (48.5%), fathers (19.2%) and both parents (15.1%) (P < 0.001). Children's average age of first wheeze was 2.5 (standard deviation = 1.3) years; 30.1% were nebulized before 1 year. In the past 12 months, frequencies of A&E visits were once (20.6%), >1 (61.9%) and >3 times (26.4%) (P < 0.001). Sufferers of exacerbations showed negative logistic regression for age (−0.129, standard error = 0.039, P < 0.001) independent of gender. Acute asthmatics who suffered cough, fever and sore throat in the preceding week were respectively 15.2 [odds ratio (OR) = 15.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.8–34.0], 13.7 (OR = 13.7, 95% CI = 6.7–28.2) and 3.4 (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.7–6.7) times more likely to suffer wheeze exacerbations than stable children. Most stable children (76.5%) inhaled corticosteroids with salbutamol reliever compared with 22.5% of acute asthmatics, whereas 40.8% of the latter group used salbutamol alone compared with 19.3% of stable children (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Childhood wheeze occurs before 3 years and is associated with maternal asthma. Cough, fever and sore throat in the previous week are strongly associated with exacerbations. Defining these associations could enhance preventive approaches to combat childhood asthma.

Please cite this paper as: Matthew J, Bekele I and Pinto Pereira LM. Clinical features of a paediatric asthma population in Trinidad. Clin Respir J 2012; 7: 189–196.
Interviews and Focus Groups With Children: Methods That Match Children's Developing Competencies
Authors: Gibson Jennifer E.
Published: May 2012

Although researchers have not always recognized the value of engaging children in qualitative studies, it is now widely accepted that interviews and focus groups with children can provide a rich understanding of family life. As qualitative research with children continues to mount, the literature explicating good practice for conducting interviews and focus groups with children has not kept pace. Differences between children and adults need to be considered throughout the interview process. Researchers need guidance in flexibly adapting their methods to match children's developing cognitive, linguistic, social, and psychological competencies. This article draws on extant literature and lessons learned by a novice qualitative researcher to provide concrete recommendations for conducting interviews and focus groups with school‐age children.
Qualitative Data Analysis Software: A Call for Understanding, Detail, Intentionality, and Thoughtfulness
Authors: Humble Áine M.
Published: May 2012

Qualitative data analysis software (QDAS) programs have gained in popularity, but family researchers may have little training in using them and a limited understanding of important issues related to their use. This article urges increased understanding, detail, intentionality, and thoughtfulness with regard to QDAS. A brief history of QDAS is provided. Family‐focused research trends in qualitative research and QDAS use are presented. Factors to be considered when choosing a qualitative software program are described, and current debates in the field noted. Suggestions for increasing dialogue about QDAS in the field of family studies are included.
Predicting Heat Transfer From Unsteady Synthetic Jets
Authors: Arik Mehmet , Icoz Tunc
Published: May 2012

Synthetic jets are piezo-driven, small-scale, pulsating devices capable of producing highly turbulent jets formed by periodic entrainment and expulsion of the fluid in which they are embedded. The compactness of these devices accompanied by high air velocities provides an exciting opportunity to significantly reduce the size of thermal management systems in electronic packages. A number of researchers have shown the implementations of synthetic jets on heat transfer applications; however, there exists no correlation to analytically predict the heat transfer coefficient for such applications. A closed form correlation was developed to predict the heat transfer coefficient as a function of jet geometry, position, and operating conditions for impinging flow based on experimental data. The proposed correlation was shown to predict the synthetic jet impingement heat transfer within 25% accuracy for a wide range of operating conditions and geometrical variables.
Computational Design of Self-Assembling Protein Nanomaterials with Atomic Level Accuracy
Authors: King Neil P. , Sheffler William , Sawaya Michael R. , Vollmar Breanna S. , Sumida John P. , André Ingemar , Gonen Tamir , Yeates Todd O. , Baker David
Published: May 2012

Design and Build

Self-assembling biomolecules are attractive building blocks in the development of functional materials. Sophisticated DNA-based materials have been developed; however, progress in designing protein-based materials has been slower.

King
et al.

(p.
1171
) describe a general computational method in which protein building blocks are first symmetrically docked onto a target architecture, and then binding interfaces that drive self-assembly of the building blocks are designed. As a proof of principle, trimeric building blocks were used to design self-assembling 12-subunit complexes with tetrahedral symmetry and 24-subunit complexes with octahedral symmetry.

Lai
et al.

(p.
1129
) were able to build a 12-subunit tetrahedral protein cage from fused oligomeric protein domains.
Whole-Genome Sequencing: The New Standard of Care?
Authors: Brunham Liam R. , Hayden Michael R.
Published: May 2012

Whole-genome sequencing may dramatically alter medicine, but there are obstacles to broad implementation.
To Flourish in the Online World
Net Smart
How to Thrive Online

by Howard Rheingold

MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012. 332 pp. $24.95. ISBN 9780262017459.
Authors: Hendler James A.
Published: May 2012

Rheingold lays out a set of social norms and practices to help people more efficiently tap the power of the Web while avoiding the traps of its demands and distractions.
Sharing Wonder in Nature
Companions in Wonder
Children and Adults Exploring Nature Together

Julie Dunlap and Stephen R. Kellert, Eds.

MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012. 328 pp. $21.95, £15.95. ISBN 9780262516907.
Authors: Rowell Kirsten
Published: May 2012

With this collection of essays on adventures with children in the natural world, the editors seek to help restore nature's place in young people's lives.
Speeding Up Quantum Field Theories
Authors: Hauke Philipp , Tagliacozzo Luca , Lewenstein Maciej
Published: May 2012

An efficient quantum algorithm for solving quantum field theory equations can be applied even to difficult cases that include strong particle interactions.
When Less Signaling Is More
Authors: Bannard Oliver M. , Cyster Jason G.
Published: May 2012

Negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling may contribute to B cell selection and cell fate determination in germinal centers.
Competitions to Support STEM
Authors: Eisenkraft Arthur
Published: May 2012

To prosper in the global economy, each nation must focus on growing its next generation of scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs. Success will require exciting many more young students about science and mathematics. When appropriately organized and directed, science and engineering competitions can provide a lifelong appreciation of, interest in, and enjoyment of science and engineering activities in much the same way that involvement in sports competitions provides a lifetime enjoyment of sporting events. In February, the second-ever White House Science Fair celebrated the student winners of a broad range of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) competitions from across the United States. And this year will see monetary and scholarship prizes awarded to students by longstanding prestigious competitions that include the Intel Science Talent Search; the Siemens Competition in Math, Science and Technology; the Google Science Fair; the FIRST Robotics Competition; and the Toshiba/National Science Teachers Association ExploraVision competition, among others. But these competitions require financial support in much the same way that extracurricular sports and Olympic teams do. More private industries, large and small, are needed to support STEM education by sponsoring such competitions.
Telescope Project Splits Array to Avoid Division
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: May 2012

The member states of the Square Kilometre Array radio telescope have decided to split the €1.5 billion project between the two potential hosts: South Africa and Australia/New Zealand.
Early Dates for Artistic Europeans
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: May 2012

New radiocarbon dates of artworks found in a cave in southwest Germany suggest to some researchers that certain artistic behaviors emerged first in Europe rather than Africa.
Molecular Characterization and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Patterns of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from the Northern Region of South Africa
Authors: Said Halima M. , Kock Marleen M. , Ismail Nazir A. , Mphahlele Matsie , Baba Kamaldeen , Omar Shaheed V. , Osman Ayman G. , Hoosen Anwar A. , Ehlers Marthie M.
Published: May 2012

Despite South Africa being one of the high-burden multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) countries, information regarding the population structure of drug-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains is limited from many regions of South Africa. This study investigated the population structure and transmission patterns of drug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
isolates in a high-burden setting of South Africa as well as the possible association of genotypes with drug resistance and demographic characteristics. A total of 336 consecutive MDR-TB isolates from four provinces of South Africa were genotyped using spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. Drug susceptibility testing for ofloxacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin was performed using the agar proportion method. The results showed that 4.8% of MDR-TB isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, 2.7% were resistant to kanamycin, and 4.5% were resistant to capreomycin, while 7.1% were extensively drug resistant (XDR), and the remaining 83.6% were susceptible to all of the second-line drugs tested. Spoligotyping grouped 90.8% of the isolates into 25 clusters, while 9.2% isolates were unclustered. Ninety-one percent of the 336 isolates were assigned to 21 previously described shared types, with the Beijing family being the predominant genotype in the North-West and Limpopo Provinces, while the EAI1_SOM family was the predominant genotype in the Gauteng and Mpumalanga Provinces. No association was found between genotypes and specific drug resistance patterns or demographic information. The high level of diversity and the geographical distribution of the drug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
isolates in this study suggest that the transmission of TB in the study settings is not caused by the clonal spread of a specific
M. tuberculosis
strain.
Comparison of PapType to Digene Hybrid Capture 2, Roche Linear Array, and Amplicor for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Women with Previous Abnormal Pap Smears
Authors: Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Stevens Matthew P. , Khan Zaheer A. , Chow Conan , Devitt Martin A. , Garland Suzanne M.
Published: May 2012

PapType human papillomavirus (HPV) assay was compared to Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2), Amplicor (Amp), and Linear Array (LA) HPV tests in 894 women undergoing management for a high-grade Pap smear abnormality. The sensitivity in detection of underlying high-grade histological diagnosis by PapType was 90.3% and by HC2 was 79.8%, while by Amp and LA it was 92.4% and 91.6%, respectively. The specificities were 52.5%, 55.3%, 49.4%, and 51.7% for PapType, HC2, Amp, and LA, respectively.
Detection of Babesia hongkongensis sp. nov. in a Free-Roaming Felis catus Cat in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Samson S. Y. , Poon Rosana W. S. , Hui Janet J. Y. , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: May 2012

Intraerythrocytic
Babesia
-like trophozoites were seen in postmortem kidney sections of a free-roaming cat in Hong Kong. DNA sequences of the 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome
b
genes had only 96.7% and 90.4% nucleotide identity with known
Babesia
sequences. We propose that this new species be named
Babesia hongkongensis
.
Vpu-Deficient HIV Strains Stimulate Innate Immune Signaling Responses in Target Cells
Authors: Doehle Brian P. , Chang Kristina , Fleming Lamar , McNevin John , Hladik Florian , McElrath M. Juliana , Gale Michael
Published: May 2012

Acute virus infection induces a cell-intrinsic innate immune response comprising our first line of immunity to limit virus replication and spread, but viruses have developed strategies to overcome these defenses. HIV-1 is a major public health problem; however, the virus-host interactions that regulate innate immune defenses against HIV-1 are not fully defined. We have recently identified the viral protein Vpu to be a key determinant responsible for HIV-1 targeting and degradation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a central transcription factor driving host cell innate immunity. IRF3 plays a major role in pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) signaling of innate immunity to drive the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including a variety of HIV restriction factors, that serve to limit viral replication directly and/or program adaptive immunity. Here we interrogate the cellular responses to target cell infection with Vpu-deficient HIV-1 strains. Remarkably, in the absence of Vpu, HIV-1 triggers a potent intracellular innate immune response that suppresses infection. Thus, HIV-1 can be recognized by PRRs within the host cell to trigger an innate immune response, and this response is unmasked only in the absence of Vpu. Vpu modulation of IRF3 therefore prevents virus induction of specific innate defense programs that could otherwise limit infection. These observations show that HIV-1 can indeed be recognized as a pathogen in infected cells and provide a novel and effective platform for defining the native innate immune programs of target cells of HIV-1 infection.
Genome-Wide Patterns of Intrahuman Dengue Virus Diversity Reveal Associations with Viral Phylogenetic Clade and Interhost Diversity
Authors: Parameswaran Poornima , Charlebois Patrick , Tellez Yolanda , Nunez Andrea , Ryan Elizabeth M. , Malboeuf Christine M. , Levin Joshua Z. , Lennon Niall J. , Balmaseda Angel , Harris Eva , Henn Matthew R.
Published: May 2012

Analogous to observations in RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, genetic variation associated with intrahost dengue virus (DENV) populations has been postulated to influence viral fitness and disease pathogenesis. Previous attempts to investigate intrahost genetic variation in DENV characterized only a few viral genes or a limited number of full-length genomes. We developed a whole-genome amplification approach coupled with deep sequencing to capture intrahost diversity across the entire coding region of DENV-2. Using this approach, we sequenced DENV-2 genomes from the serum of 22 Nicaraguan individuals with secondary DENV infection and captured ∼75% of the DENV genome in each sample (range, 40 to 98%). We identified and quantified variants using a highly sensitive and specific method and determined that the extent of diversity was considerably lower than previous estimates. Significant differences in intrahost diversity were detected between genes and also between antigenically distinct domains of the Envelope gene. Interestingly, a strong association was discerned between the extent of intrahost diversity in a few genes and viral clade identity. Additionally, the abundance of viral variants within a host, as well as the impact of viral mutations on amino acid encoding and predicted protein function, determined whether intrahost variants were observed at the interhost level in circulating Nicaraguan DENV-2 populations, strongly suggestive of purifying selection across transmission events. Our data illustrate the value of high-coverage genome-wide analysis of intrahost diversity for high-resolution mapping of the relationship between intrahost diversity and clinical, epidemiological, and virological parameters of viral infection.
Various formulations of oral transmucosal fentanyl for breakthrough cancer pain: an indirect mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis
Authors: Jandhyala Ravi , Fullarton John
Published: May 2012

Objective

To compare the efficacy of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablet (FBT), sublingual oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (ODT) and compressed lozenge oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP).

Methods

Randomised, controlled trials of FBT, ODT and OTFC in the treatment of BTcP were identified via a systematic literature review. Pain intensity difference (PID) data were extracted from all eligible studies for all recorded time points. A mixed treatment comparison of these data was undertaken with placebo as the indirect comparator. The primary outcome was improvement in PID during the first 60 min after dosing (15–60 min).

Results

There was a 66% probability of FBT producing a greater improvement in PID during the first 60 min after dosing than ODT (mean improvement in PID 0.54) and a 68% probability versus OTFC (mean PID 0.48). ODT and OTFC produced a similar level of pain relief during the 60-min time period (53% probability; mean PID 0.10, in favour of ODT). When data for OTFC versus morphine sulphate immediate release (MSIR) were included, it was found that FBT and ODT both produced better PID scores over the 60-min time period than MSIR (FBT: 68% probability, mean PID 0.75; ODT: 57% probability, mean PID 0.35). The improved outcome for FBT and ODT over MSIR was evident from 15 min after dosing.

Conclusion

FBT may have some efficacy advantages over ODT and OTFC and all oral fentanyl preparations appear superior to MSIR in the treatment of BTcP.
The future developments in endoscopy
Authors: Haycock Adam , Oppong Kofi W
Published: May 2012

Gastrointestinal endoscopy has seen great changes over recent years, and the future seems bright. Looking forward, some advances in technology can be predicted, but the current financial climate may limit their widespread adoption. Increasing subspecialisation with continuing service development and quality assurance are likely to form the basis of the major changes over the next 5 years. Increasing juxtaposition between laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures presents the most exciting opportunities over the 10-year timeframe. This article extrapolates current trends to try to predict the different possibilities for endoscopy over the next decade.
The future developments in hepatology: no need for a jaundiced view
Authors: Elsharkawy Ahmed Mohamed , Hudson Mark
Published: May 2012

There have been major advances in the diagnosis and management of all forms of liver disease since the British Society of Gastroenterology first came into existence 75 years ago. In this review some of the exciting developments that are likely to enter into routine clinical practice over the next 5 years are highlighted. It is suggested that some critical changes need to take place in UK hepatology over the next decade to ensure that the management of liver disease in this country continues to be among the best in the world.
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT PHONON TRANSPORT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL SILICON AND DIAMOND THIN FILMS
Authors: YILBAS B. S. , BIN MANSOOR S.
Published: May 2012

Phonon transport in two-dimensional silicon and aluminum films is investigated. The frequency dependent solution of Boltzmann transport equation is obtained numerically to account for the acoustic and optical phonon branches. The influence of film size on equivalent equilibrium temperature distribution in silicon and aluminum films is presented. It is found that increasing film width influences phonon transport in the film; in which case, the difference between the equivalent equilibrium temperature due to silicon and diamond films becomes smaller for wider films than that of the thinner films.
DEFINING REUSABLE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESSES USING A GENERIC ONTOLOGY
Authors: PRIETO ALVARO E. , LOZANO-TELLO ADOLFO
Published: May 2012

Administrative processes are a type of business process commonly used in public institutions and large companies. The workflow definitions of these processes are frequently reused within the organizations. The reuse of these workflow definitions can be easier if they are divided into three separate but related definitions: on the one hand, the definition of the data structures to be managed by the process activities, on the other, the users that can perform each activity and, finally, the process activities together with the relationships among the three definitions. The use of ontologies can facilitate these workflow definitions in the three related parts. In this paper, we describe OntoMetaWorkflow, a generic ontology to represent canonical workflow terms in the domain of administrative processes, and the methods for using it in defining administrative processes. This ontology is the basis of the WEAPON Model, a complete model supported by tools, for defining and managing administrative process workflows.
THE EMERGENT ASSESSMENT OF SUPRACONDYLAR FRACTURES OF THE PAEDIATRIC HUMERUS
Authors: Patel K. , McCann P. A.
Published: May 2012

Supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus are a common and serious paediatric injury, often accompanied by neurovascular compromise. Accurate neurovascular evaluation of the injured limb is essential in order to guide emergent treatment. To assess whether trainees are proficient in the assessment and management of supracondylar fractures, performance was audited against objective standards drawn from the literature.
CONCOMITANT AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF THE SCAPHOID AND LUNATE
Authors: Bhardwaj Praveen , Sharma Chetna , Sabapathy S. Raja
Published: May 2012

Simultaneous avascular necrosis of multiple carpal bones is rare. Concomitant avascular necrosis of scaphoid and lunate has been reported only once. We report one more case of this rare condition which can be a cause of wrist pain. Steroid intake is a known risk factor for avascular necrosis but in our case the patient had been taking herbal medicines for joint pain the composition of which was not known. Probably the presence of steroid in these medicines was the cause of avascular necrosis in this case.
SYNOVIAL FRINGE (PLICA) OF SCAPHO-TRAPEZIAL JOINT FOLLOWING TRAUMA
Authors: Ishii Hideki , Asami Akihiko , Sonohata Motoki
Published: May 2012

We herein present a case of radial wrist pain following trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large area of abnormal soft tissue in the scapho-trapezial joint. The patient was treated successfully by complete resection of the soft tissue. The soft tissue was diagnosed to be synovial fringe based on a histological study. Synovial fringe is frequently reported as a cause of knee and elbow pain, however, it is a rare cause of wrist pain at the scapho-trapezial joint.
MYXOINFLAMMATORY FIBROBLASTIC SARCOMA OF THE FINGER: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Fukasawa Katsuyasu , Samejima Makoto , Kobayashi Koichi
Published: May 2012

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is a rare low-grade sarcoma that occurs in the subcutaneous tissue of the distal extremities.

MIFS was first described in 1998. There are many differential diagnoses, and it can often be mistaken for several different inflammatory and neoplastic processes, which may require different treatment.

There is much literature published for pathologists, but only a few reports for orthopedic surgeons to treat such tumors.

It is significant and important to report this additional case of MIFS that occurred in the right ring finger and to acknowledge the very existence of the tumor as a differential diagnosis to be made by hand surgeons.

Hand surgeons need to be mindful of MIFS, its nature, and the appropriate treatment necessary for this unique tumor.
STUDYING THE IMPACT OF LANGUAGE ON THE MIND BY CONSTRUCTING ROBOTS THAT HAVE LANGUAGE
Authors: PARISI DOMENICO
Published: May 2012

In this position paper we discuss how language influences the mind by comparing robots that have language with robots that do not have language. Robots with language respond more adaptively to objects belonging to different categories and requiring different behaviors compared to robots without language, and it is possible to show that categories of objects are represented differently in the neural network which controls the behavior of the two types of robots. By exposing the robots to sounds which co-vary systematically with specific aspects of their experience, the robots can distinguish nouns from verbs and can respond appropriately to simple noun–verb sentences. Robots can also be used to show that, while all animals develop a mental (neural) model of their environment which incorporates the co-variations among different aspects of their experiences, human beings develop a more analytical and modular model because specific sounds co-vary with different aspects of their experiences — and this may explain why human beings have a more articulated and creative behavioral repertoire.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein stimulates plasma renin activity via its anorexic effects on sodium chloride intake
Authors: Atchison Douglas K. , Westrick Elizabeth , Szandzik David L. , Gordish Kevin L. , Beierwaltes William H.
Published: May 2012

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) increases renin release from isolated perfused kidneys and may act as an autacoid regulator of renin secretion, but its effects on renin in vivo are unknown. In vivo, PTHrP causes hypercalcemia and anorexia, which may affect renin. We hypothesized that chronically elevated PTHrP would increase plasma renin activity (PRA) indirectly via its anorexic effects, reducing sodium chloride (NaCl) intake and causing NaCl restriction. We infused male Sprague-Dawley rats with the vehicle (control) or 125 μg PTHrP/day (PTHrP) via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps for 5 days. To replenish NaCl consumption, a third group of PTHrP-infused rats received 0.3% NaCl (PTHrP + NaCl) in their drinking water. PTHrP increased PRA from a median control value of 3.68 to 18.4 ng Ang I·ml−1·h−1( P < 0.05), whereas the median PTHrP + NaCl PRA value was normal (7.82 ng Ang I·ml−1·h−1, P < 0.05 vs. PTHrP). Plasma Ca2+(median control: 10.2 mg/dl; PTHrP: 13.7 mg/dl; PTHrP + NaCl: 14.1 mg/dl; P < 0.05) and PTHrP (median control: 0.03 ng/ml; PTHrP: 0.12 ng/ml; PTHrP + NaCl: 0.15 ng/ml; P < 0.05) were elevated in PTHrP- and PTHrP + NaCl-treated rats. Body weights and caloric consumption were lower in PTHrP- and PTHrP + NaCl-treated rats. NaCl consumption was lower in PTHrP-treated rats (mean Na+: 28.5 ± 4.1 mg/day; mean Cl−: 47.8 mg/day) compared with controls (Na+: 67.3 ± 2.7 mg/day; Cl−: 112.8 ± 4.6 mg/day; P < 0.05). NaCl consumption was comparable with control in the PTHrP + NaCl group; 0.3% NaCl in the drinking water had no effect on PRA in normal rats. Thus, our data support the hypothesis that PTHrP increases PRA via its anorexic effects, reducing NaCl intake and causing NaCl restriction.
Metabolic acidosis increases fibroblast growth factor 23 in neonatal mouse bone
Authors: Krieger Nancy S. , Culbertson Christopher D. , Kyker-Snowman Kelly , Bushinsky David A.
Published: May 2012

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) significantly increases with declining renal function, leading to reduced renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and increased left ventricular hypertrophy. Elevated FGF23 is associated with increased mortality. FGF23 is synthesized in osteoblasts and osteocytes; however, the mechanisms by which it is regulated are not clear. Patients with chronic kidney disease have decreased renal acid excretion leading to metabolic acidosis, which has a direct effect on bone cell activity. We hypothesized that metabolic acidosis would directly increase bone cell FGF23 production. Using cultured neonatal mouse calvariae, we found that metabolic acidosis increased medium FGF23 protein levels as well as FGF23 RNA expression at 24 h and 48 h compared with incubation in neutral pH medium. To exclude that the increased FGF23 was secondary to metabolic acidosis-induced release of bone mineral phosphate, we cultured primary calvarial osteoblasts. In these cells, metabolic acidosis increased FGF23 RNA expression at 6 h compared with incubation in neutral pH medium. Thus metabolic acidosis directly increases FGF23 mRNA and protein in mouse bone. If these results are confirmed in humans with chronic kidney disease, therapeutic interventions to mitigate acidosis, such as bicarbonate administration, may also lower levels of FGF23, decrease left ventricular hypertrophy, and perhaps even decrease mortality.
Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Liver Surgery and Transplantation: Pathophysiology
Authors: Weigand Kilian , Brost Sylvia , Steinebrunner Niels , Büchler Markus , Schemmer Peter , Müller Martina
Published: May 2012

Liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is caused by a heavily toothed network of interactions of cells of the immune system, cytokine production, and reduced microcirculatory blood flow in the liver. These complex networks are further elaborated by multiple intracellular pathways activated by cytokines, chemokines, and danger-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, intracellular ionic disturbances and especially mitochondrial disorders play an important role leading to apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes in IR injury. Overall, enhanced production of reactive oxygen species, found very early in IR injury, plays an important role in liver tissue damage at several points within these complex networks. Many contributors to IR injury are only incompletely understood so far. This paper tempts to give an overview of the different mechanisms involved in the formation of IR injury. Only by further elucidation of these complex mechanisms IR injury can be understood and possible therapeutic strategies can be improved or be developed.
Optimized Architecture Using a Novel Subexpression Elimination on Loeffler Algorithm for DCT‐Based Image Compression
Authors: Jridi Maher , Alfalou Ayman , Meher Pramod Kumar
Published: May 2012

The canonical signed digit (CSD) representation of constant coefficients is a unique signed data representation containing the fewest number of nonzero bits. Consequently, for constant multipliers, the number of additions and subtractions is minimized by CSD representation of constant coefficients. This technique is mainly used for finite impulse response (FIR) filter by reducing the number of partial products. In this paper, we use CSD with a novel common subexpression elimination (CSE) scheme on the optimal Loeffler algorithm for the computation of discrete cosine transform (DCT). To meet the challenges of low‐power and high‐speed processing, we present an optimized image compression scheme based on two‐dimensional DCT. Finally, a novel and a simple reconfigurable quantization method combined with DCT computation is presented to effectively save the computational complexity. We present here a new DCT architecture based on the proposed technique. From the experimental results obtained from the FPGA prototype we find that the proposed design has several advantages in terms of power reduction, speed performance, and saving of silicon area along with PSNR improvement over the existing designs as well as theXilinx core.
Numerical Solution of Solid Mechanics Problems Using a Boundary‐Only and Truly Meshless Method
Authors: Li Xiaolin
Published: May 2012

Combining the hybrid displacement variational formulation and the radial basis point interpolation, a truly meshless and boundary‐only method is developed in this paper for the numerical solution of solid mechanics problems in two and three dimensions. In this method, boundary conditions can be applied directly and easily. Besides, it is truly meshless, that is, it only requires nodes generated on the boundary of the domain, and does not require any element either for variable interpolation or for numerical integration. Some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
Plectranthus amboinicusandCentella asiaticaCream for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Kuo Yuan-Sung , Chien Hsiung-Fei , Lu William
Published: May 2012

Effects of a topical cream containingP. amboinicus(Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae) andC. asiatica(L.) Urban (Umbelliferae) were evaluated and compared to effects of hydrocolloid fiber wound dressing for diabetic foot ulcers. A single-center, randomized, controlled, open-label study was conducted. Twenty-four type 1 or type 2 diabetes patients aged 20 years or older with Wagner grade 3 foot ulcers postsurgical debridement were enrolled between October 2008 and December 2009. Twelve randomly assigned patients were treated with WH-1 cream containingP. amboinicusandC. asiaticatwice daily for two weeks. Another 12 patients were treated with hydrocolloid fiber dressings changed at 7 days or when clinically indicated. Wound condition and safety were assessed at days 7 and 14 and results were compared between groups. No statistically significant differences were seen in percent changes in wound size at 7- and 14-day assessments of WH-1 cream and hydrocolloid dressing groups. A slightly higher proportion of patients in the WH-1 cream group (10 of 12; 90.9%) showed Wagner grade improvement compared to the hydrocolloid fiber dressing group but without statistical significance. For treating diabetic foot ulcers,P. amboinicusandC. asiaticacream is a safe alternative to hydrocolloid fiber dressing without significant difference in effectiveness.
A Memory-Based Hysteresis Model in Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Zhang Guilin , Zhang Chengjin , Gu Jason
Published: May 2012

A mathematical memory-based model is proposed to capture the hysteresis behavior in piezoelectric actuators. It is observed that the ascending (descending) hysteresis curves are alike and converge to one point without memory saturation. Therefore, two, dominant curves are determined and expressed as continuous functions, and the other hysteresis curves are modeled using two dominant curves through nonlinear transforming of coordinate axis. In the event of memory saturation, a new converging point is used to compensate the model prediction error. The experimental study has been carried out and our proposed model prediction method is compared with PI model and the linear model. It shows that the proposed model prediction method is better than other two methods.
Type‐K Exponential Ordering with Application to Delayed Hopfield‐Type Neural Networks
Authors: Wang Bin-Guo
Published: May 2012

Order‐preserving and convergent results of delay functional differential equations
without quasimonotone condition are established under type‐K exponential ordering.
As an application, the model of delayed Hopfield‐type neural networks with a type‐K
monotone interconnection matrix is considered, and the attractor result is obtained.
Technical Advances and Pitfalls in Head and Neck Radiotherapy
Authors: Parvathaneni Upendra , Laramore George E. , Liao Jay J.
Published: May 2012

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) is the standard of care in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) based on level 1 evidence. Technical advances in radiotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of HNSCC, with the most tangible gain being a reduction in long term morbidity. However, these benefits come with a serious and sobering price. Today, there is a greater chance of missing the target/tumor due to uncertainties in target volume definition by the clinician that is demanded by the highly conformal planning process involved with IMRT. Unless this is urgently addressed, our patients would be better served with the historically practiced non conformal radiotherapy, than IMRT which promises lesser morbidity. Image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) ensures the level of set up accuracy warranted to deliver a highly conformal treatment plan and should be utilized with IMRT, where feasible. Proton therapy has a theoretical physical advantage over photon therapy due to a lack of “exit dose”. However, clinical data supporting the routine use of this technology for HNSCC are currently sparse. The purpose of this article is to review the literature, discuss the salient issues and make recommendations that address the gaps in knowledge.
Metal‐Catalyst‐Free Synthesis and Characterization of Single‐Crystalline Silicon Oxynitride Nanowires
Authors: Xi Shuang , Shi Tielin , Xu Liangliang , Tang Zirong , Liu Dan , Li Xiaoping , Liu Shiyuan
Published: May 2012

Large quantities of single‐crystal silicon oxynitride nanowires with high N concentration have been synthesized directly on silicon substrate at 1200°C without using any metal catalyst. The diameter of these ternary nanowires is ranging from 10 to 180 nm with log‐normal distribution, and the length of these nanowires varies from a few hundreds of micrometers to several millimeters. A vapor‐solid mechanism was proposed to explain the growth of the nanowires. These nanowires are grown to form a disordered mat with an ultrabright white nonspecular appearance. The mat demonstrates highly diffusive reflectivity with the optical reflectivity of around 80% over the whole visible wavelength, which is comparable to the most brilliant white beetle scales found in nature. The whiteness might be resulted from the strong multiscattering of a large fraction of incident light on the disordered nanowire mat. These ultra‐bright white nanowires could form as reflecting surface to meet the stringent requirements of bright‐white light‐emitting‐diode lighting for higher optical efficiency. They can also find applications in diverse fields such as sensors, cosmetics, paints, and tooth whitening.
Classification of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B by SELDI-Based ProteinChip Analysis
Authors: Song Ya-Nan , Zhang Hui , Guan Yan , Peng Jing-Hua , Lu Yi-Yu , Hu Yi-Yang , Su Shi-Bing
Published: May 2012

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome, also called ZHENG, is the basis concept of TCM theory. It plays an important role in TCM practice. There are excess and deficiency syndromes in TCM syndrome. They are the common syndromes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Here we aim to explore serum protein profiles and potential biomarkers for classification of TCM syndromes in CHB patients. 24 healthy controls and two cohorts of CHB patients of excess syndrome (n=25) or deficiency syndrome (n=19) were involved in this study. Protein profiles were obtained by surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF/MS) and multiple analyses were performed. Based on SELDI ProteinChip data, healthy controls and CHB patients or excess and deficiency syndromes in CHB patients were obviously differentiated by orthogonal partial least square (OPLS) analysis. Two significant serum proteins (m/z 4187 and m/z 5032) for classifying excess and deficiency syndromes were found. Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.887 for classifying excess and nonexcess syndrome, and 0.700 for classifying deficiency and nondeficiency syndrome, respectively. Therefore, the present study provided the possibility of TCM syndrome classification in CHB patients using a universally acceptable scientific approach.
Numerical Simulation of Oil Spill in Ocean
Authors: Cho Yong-Sik , Kim Tak-Kyeom , Jeong Woochang , Ha Taemin
Published: May 2012

The spreading of oil in an open ocean may cause serious damage to a marine environmental system. Thus, an accurate prediction of oil spill is very important to minimize coastal damage due to unexpected oil spill accident. The movement of oil may be represented with a numerical model that solves an advection‐diffusion‐reaction equation with a proper numerical scheme. In this study, the spilled oil dispersion model has been established in consideration of tide and tidal currents simultaneously. The velocity components in the advection‐diffusion‐reaction equation are obtained from the shallow‐water equations. The accuracy of the model is verified by applying it to a simple but significant problem. The results produced by the model agree with corresponding analytical solutions and field‐observed data. The model is then applied to predict the spreading of an oil spill in a real coastal environment.
Performance Comparison of Doppler Scale Estimation Methods for Underwater Acoustic OFDM
Authors: Wan Lei , Wang Zhaohui , Zhou Shengli , Yang T. C. , Shi Zhijie
Published: May 2012

Doppler scale estimation is one critical step needed by the resampling operation in acoustic communication
receivers. In this paper, we compare different Doppler scale estimation methods using
either cyclic‐prefixed (CP) or zero‐padded (ZP) orthogonal‐frequency division‐multiplexing (OFDM)
waveforms. For a CP‐OFDM preamble, a self‐correlation method allows for blind Doppler scale estimation
based on an embedded repetition structure while a cross‐correlation method is available with
the knowledge of the waveform. For each received ZP‐OFDM block, the existence of null subcarriers
allows for blind Doppler scale estimation. In addition, a pilot‐aided method and a decision‐aided method
are applicable based on cross‐correlation with templates constructed from symbols on pilot subcarriers
only and from symbols on all subcarriers after data decoding, respectively. This paper carries out
extensive comparisons among these methods using both simulated and real experimental data. Further,
the applicabilities of these methods to distributed multiuser systems are investigated.
Lenalidomide before and after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Tuchman S. A. , Chao N. J. , Gasparetto C. G.
Published: May 2012

Although multiple myeloma remains incurable outside of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, novel agents made available only in the last few decades have nonetheless tremendously improved the landscape of myeloma treatment. Lenalidomide, of the immunomodulatory class of drugs, is one of those novel agents. In the non-transplant and relapsed/refractory settings, lenalidomide clearly benefits patients in terms of virtually all meaningful outcomes including overall survival. Data supporting the usage of lenalidomide as part of treatment approaches incorporating high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support (ASCT) are less mature as pertains to such long-term outcomes and toxicity, and lenalidomide is not currently approved by regulatory agencies for use in the context of ASCT in either the United States or Europe. That said, relatively preliminary efficacy data describing lenalidomide as a component of ASCT-based treatment approaches to MM are indeed promising, and consequently lenalidomide’s role in ASCT-based treatment strategies is growing. In this review we summarize existing data that pertains to lenalidomide in the specific context of ASCT, and we share our thoughts on how our own group applies these data to approach this complex issue clinically.
Analysis of Mechanical Energy Transport on Free‐Falling Wedge during Water‐Entry Phase
Authors: Wang Wen-Hua , Huang Yi , Wang Yan-Ying
Published: May 2012

For better discussing and understanding the physical phenomena and body‐fluid interaction of water‐entry problem, here mechanical‐energy transport (wedge, fluid, and each other) of water‐entry model for free falling wedge is studied by numerical method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh. In this method, incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid are numerically calculated by the finite volume method. Then artificial compressibility method, dual‐time stepping technique, and Roe′s approximate Riemann solver are applied in the numerical scheme. Furthermore, the projection method of momentum equations and exact Riemann solution are used to calculate the fluid pressure on solid boundary. On this basis, during water‐entry phase of the free‐falling wedge, macroscopic energy conversion of overall body‐fluid system and microscopic energy transformation in fluid field are analyzed and discussed. Finally, based on test cases, many useful conclusions about mechanical energy transport for water entry problem are made and presented.
Metal Allergy and Systemic Contact Dermatitis: An Overview
Authors: Yoshihisa Yoko , Shimizu Tadamichi
Published: May 2012

Contact dermatitis is produced by external skin exposure to an allergen, but sometimes a systemically administered allergen may reach the skin and remain concentrated there with the aid of the circulatory system, leading to the production of systemic contact dermatitis (SCD). Metals such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, and zinc are ubiquitous in our environment. Metal allergy may result in allergic contact dermatitis and also SCD. Systemic reactions, such as hand dermatitis or generalized eczematous reactions, can occur due to dietary nickel or cobalt ingestion. Zinc-containing dental fillings can induce oral lichen planus, palmoplantar pustulosis, and maculopapular rash. A diagnosis of sensitivity to metal is established by epicutaneous patch testing and oral metal challenge with metals such as nickel, cobalt, chromium, and zinc.In vitrotests, such as the lymphocyte stimulating test (LST), have some advantages over patch testing to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis. Additionally, the determination of the production of several cytokines by primary peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures is a potentially promisingin vitromethod for the discrimination of metal allergies, including SCD, as compared with the LST.