bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of chronic, in vivo, PPAR's stimulation on the myocardial subcellular redistribution of FAT/CD36 and FABPpm
Authors: Kalinowska Agnieszka , Górski Jan , Harasim Ewa , Harasiuk Dorota , Bonen Arend , Chabowski Adrian
Published: July 2009

This study reveals that the activation of either PPARα (WY 14 643) or PPARβ (GW0742) each induce the translocation of FAT/CD36 from an intracellular pool(s) to the plasma membrane, while PPARβ also induces the subcellular redistribution of FABPpm(Got2) to the plasma membrane. In contrast, activation of PPARγ failed to induce the subcellular redistribution of FAT/CD36 and FABPpm. These PPARα‐, and PPARβ‐induced changes in the plasmalemmal content of these fatty acid transporters were associated with the concurrent upregulation of fatty acid triacylglycerol esterification (PPARβ) and oxidation (PPARα and PPARβ). Observed effects of chronic PPAR stimulation were not related to either AMPK or ERK1/2 activation.
Factor VIII‐hydrolyzing IgG in acquired and congenital hemophilia
Authors: Wootla Bharath , Mahendra Ankit , Dimitrov Jordan D. , Friboulet Alain , Borel-Derlon Annie , Rao Desirazu N. , Uda Taizo , Borg Jeanne-Yvonne , Bayry Jagadeesh , Kaveri Srinivas V. , Lacroix-Desmazes Sébastien
Published: July 2009

Anti‐factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitory IgG may arise as alloantibodies to therapeutic FVIII in patients with congenital hemophilia A, or as autoantibodies to endogenous FVIII in individuals with acquired hemophilia. We have described FVIII‐hydrolyzing IgG both in hemophilia A patients with anti‐FVIII IgG and in acquired hemophilia patients. Here, we compared the properties of proteolytic auto‐ and allo‐antibodies. Rates of FVIII hydrolysis differed significantly between the two groups of antibodies. Proline‐phenylalanine‐arginine‐methylcoumarinamide was a surrogate substrate for FVIII‐hydrolyzing autoantibodies. Our data suggest that populations of proteolytic anti‐FVIII IgG in acquired hemophilia patients are different from that of inhibitor‐positive hemophilia A patients.
Adiponectin promotes migration activities of endothelial progenitor cells via Cdc42/Rac1
Authors: Nakamura Nobuhisa , Naruse Keiko , Matsuki Takashi , Hamada Yoji , Nakashima Eitaro , Kamiya Hideki , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Enomoto Atsushi , Takahashi Masahide , Oiso Yutaka , Nakamura Jiro
Published: July 2009

MINT‐7217644: PAK1 (uniprotkb:Q13153) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Rac1 (uniprotkb:P63000) by pull down (MI:0096)
The proteostasis boundary in misfolding diseases of membrane traffic
Authors: Hutt Darren M. , Powers Evan T. , Balch William E.
Published: July 2009

Protein function is regulated by the proteostasis network (PN) [Balch, W.E., Morimoto, R.I., Dillin, A. and Kelly, J.W. (2008) Adapting proteostasis for disease intervention. Science 319, 916–919], an integrated biological system that generates and protects the protein fold. The composition of the PN is regulated by signaling pathways including the unfolded protein response (UPR), the heat‐shock response (HSR), the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and epigenetic programs. Mismanagement of protein folding and function during membrane trafficking through the exocytic and endocytic pathways of eukaryotic cells by the PN is responsible for a wide range of diseases that include, among others, lysosomal storage diseases, myelination diseases, cystic fibrosis, systemic amyloidoses such as light chain myeloma, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's. Toxicity from misfolding can be cell autonomous (affect the producing cell) or cell non‐autonomous (affect a non‐producing cell) or both, and have either a loss‐of‐function or gain‐of‐toxic function phenotype. Herein, we review the role of the PN and its regulatory transcriptional circuitry likely to be operational in managing the protein fold and function during membrane trafficking. We emphasize the enabling principle of a ‘proteostasis boundary (PB)’ [Powers, E.T., Morimoto, R.T., Dillin, A., Kelly, J.W., and Balch, W.E. (2009) Biochemical and chemical approaches to diseases of proteostasis deficiency. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 78, 959–991]. The PB is defined by the combined effects of the kinetics and thermodynamics of folding and the kinetics of misfolding, which are linked to the variable and adjustable PN capacity found different cell types. Differences in the PN account for the versatility of protein folding and function in health, and the cellular and tissue response to mutation and environmental challenges in disease. We discuss how manipulation of the folding energetics or the PB through metabolites and pharmacological intervention provides multiple routes for restoration of biological function in trafficking disease.
Buyer perceptions of supply disruption risk: A behavioral view and empirical assessment
Authors: Ellis Scott C. , Henry Raymond M. , Shockley Jeff
Published: July 2009

As supply chains become more complex, firms face increasing risks of supply disruptions. The process through which buyers make decisions in the face of these risks, however, has not been explored. Despite research highlighting the importance of behavioral approaches to risk, there is limited research that applies these views of risk in the supply chain literature. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on behavioral risk theory to investigate the causal relationships amongst situation, representations of risk, and decision‐making within the purchasing domain. We operationalize and explore the relationship between three representations of supply disruption risk: magnitude of supply disruption, probability of supply disruption, and overall supply disruption risk. Additionally, we draw on exchange theories to identify product and market factors that impact buyers’ perceptions of the probability and magnitude of supply disruption. Finally, we look at how representations of risk affect the decision to seek alternative sources of supply. We test our model using data collected from 223 purchasing managers and buyers of direct materials. Our results show that both the probability and the magnitude of supply disruption are important to buyers’ overall perceptions of supply disruption risk. We also find that product and market situational factors impact perceptions of risk, but they are best understood through their impact on perceptions of probability and magnitude. Finally, we find that decisions are based on assessments of overall risk. These findings provide insight into the decision‐making process and show that all three representations of risk are necessary for fully understanding risky decision‐making with respect to supply disruptions.
On the genital armature of the males of Glossina medicorum, Austen, and Glossina tabaniformis, Westwood
Authors: Newstead Robert
Published: July 2009

Since the publication of my paper dealing with the taxonomic characters of the genital armature of the males of all the then known species of tsetse-flies* Mr. E. E. Austen has very kindly allowed me to examine a paratype of his Glossina medicorum; and Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, on behalf of the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical Africa), has submitted to me the specimen of G. tabaniformis, Westwood, upon which Mr. Austen based his re-description† of the male of this species. I am extremely indebted to these gentlemen for giving me the opportunity of making a microscopical examination of these insects, as thereby it has enabled me to complete my observations on the male armature of the tsetse-flies, and also to complete the set of drawings illustrative of the main morphological characters of these organs.
The African species of Culex and allied genera
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

The writer's original intention in publishing this paper was to give a key for the identification of those African mosquitos which might be taken by the nonspecialist for species of Culex, without attempting to form any opinions as to the value or limits of allied genera. A study of the insects, however, led to the realisation that scale characters, in this group at least, are not of very great value for separating genera, and consequently the present paper gives the author's views of the classification of the Culex group, and is more complete than it might otherwise have been. Time has not yet been available to deal with those species which have flat scales on the top of the head or on the scutellum (Stegomyia group).
Observations on the breeding haunts of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Jack Rupert W.
Published: July 2009

The first puparium of Glossina morsitans found in nature, as mentioned in Mr. E. E. Austen's recently published “Handbook of the Tsetse-Flies,” was taken in November, 1910, from the collection of mould and humus between the roots of a large tree (Ficus sp.) near the Gorai river below the Escarpment in the Lomagundi District, Southern Rhodesia. The tree is situated about 60 to 70 yards from the actual bank of the river, as it runs at present. It is in reality growing on what was the old bank of the river, which is changing its bed gradually owing to the soft nature of the ground through which it flows. At the time of the visit “fly” was abundant in the shade of the trees bordering the river, the sandy bed of which then contained no water on the surface, the nearest open water being twelve to fifteen miles away in the Hunyani river. It was thought at the time that this was the only pupa-case secured, and a search all along the river bank produced no others. A number of empty pupa-cases of other Diptera and Lepidoptera were, however, placed in a corked phial and labelled, and on going over these later in the laboratory, the anal end of a second tsetse pupa-case was found amongst them, showing the characteristic protuberances. This spot was again visited in April, 1911, and under the same tree five more empty puparia were found, but, as before, the most diligent search elsewhere failed to produce any more. A photograph of the tree taken in November is reproduced (Pl. XVII, fig. 2).
A Synopsis of the species of African Culicidae, other than Anopheles
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

Little is needed by way of introduction, beyond the statement that this paper is really a continuation of a previous one (“The African Species of Culex and allied Genera,” Bull. Ent. Res., Oct. 1911, pp. 241–268). In the present paper a complete synopsis is given of all the African species, with the exception of some of those already tabulated and of the genus Anopheles and its sub-divisions. Through the kindness of Prof. R. Newstead, the author has now been able to examine the types in the collection of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, so that the number of undetermined species has been considerably reduced, and all have now been accounted for except those given as doubtful in the paper referred to.
The transmission of pathogenic Micro-Organisms by Flies in Saint Lucia
Authors: Nicholls Lucius
Published: July 2009

The mechanical conveyance of germs by flies and other insects is of importance not only to the sanitary officer, but to the agriculturist and even to the merchant, for the more the matter is enquired into, the more numerous become the cases in which the origin of fermentation or disease in plants and animals can be traced primarily to this agency. Whatever may be the significance of this question in temperate climates, it is obviously of far greater importance in the tropics, where insects are present in greater profusion throughout all seasons of the year. The subject certainly merits more attention than has yet been bestowed upon it.
Notes on Glossina Morsitans, Westw., in the Luangwa Valley, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Lloyd Ll.
Published: July 2009

These notes are intended as a summary of the early investigations into the habits of Glossina morsitans carried out in connection with the Luangwa Sleeping Sickness Commission. The part of the valley that has been examined is that lying between 12° S. and 13° 50' S., but it has been practicable to make only one journey to the eastern side of the river. This journey was undertaken in September and consisted of an examination of the Rukususi and Rukusi Rivers from the Luangwa almost to the Nyasaland boundaries. Hence these remarks apply mainly to the district immediately surrounding Nawalia, the headquarters of the Commission. The observations have been made during the period from August 1911 to the beginning of March 1912.
On the Characteristics of the Newly Discovered Tsetse-Fly, Glossina Austeni, Newstead; with Descriptions of the Genital Armature of Glossina Fuscipleuris, Austen, and Glossina Longipennis, Corti
Authors: Newstead R.
Published: July 2009

In pursuing my studies of the genital armature of the tsetse-flies, I have been fortunate in securing some valuable and interesting material from various parts of the African continent which has enabled me to offer a further contribution on the specific characters of the recently discovered Glossina austeni, Newst., from British East Africa; to present a detailed account of the armature of the apparently rare G. fuscipleuris, Aust., and to clear up some doubtful points in regard to the structural details of the male genital armature in G. longipennis, Corti. Later I hope to be able to offer some further remarks on G. palpalis, R.D., especially in regard to the colour and structural variations existing in this species. Meanwhile I may here state, for the guidance of the student, that G. fuscipes, Newst., which was described by me as a distinct species, must sink as a well-marked race of G. palpalis.
On Two New Parasitic Acari of the Genus Leiognathus, Cn. (Gamasidae)
Authors: Hirst S.
Published: July 2009

Most of the species of Leiognathus are parasitic on small mammals (bats, rodents, etc.), others occur on birds and a few also on reptiles. A number of the species of this genus have been described under the name Liponyssus, butpersonally I do not think that Liponyssus setosus, Kolenati (the type and first described species of the genus Liponyssus) falls into the same natural genus as the species described by recent authors under that generic name or under the name Leiognathus. On the other hand, Kolenati's genera Ischoronyssus, Macronyssus, Lepronyssus, Steatonyssus and Pimelonyssus certainly seem to me to be congeneric with Leiognathus, Cn., and ultimately one of these names will have to replace Canestrini's.
A New Species of Hippobosca from Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

♀.—Length (1 specimen) 3·5 mm.; width of head 1·4 mm.; width of front at vertex 0·6 mm.; length of wing 5 mm.
Lygus simonyi, Reut. (Hem. Capsid.), a Pest of Coffee in Kenya Colony
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H.
Published: July 2009

1. A serious form of coffee flower abortion that occurred in Kenya Colony in 1930 is described.

2. A Capsid, Lygus simonyi, Reut., is shown by experiments to be capable of causing this abortion.

3. It is shown that by feeding on the stamens at an early stage in the bud's development, the bug causes their early blackening and abortion, resulting in the complete failure of the flower.

4. Some notes on the life-history, habits, and natural enemies are included.

5. It is shown that owing to abnormal flowering conditions in 1930 the bug was enabled to do very serious damage.

6. Some other abnormal conditions of the buds, not considered to be caused by the bug are described.

7. A number of control measures that proved unsatisfactory are shortly described.

8. A detailed description is given of the application of a spray prepared by extracting the insecticidal properties of pyrethrum with paraffin. This spray is inexpensive, easy to apply quickly, and seems likely to prove efficacious on a large scale.

9. It is suggested that such sprays may have a considerably wider application.

My acknowledgements are due to the Senior Entomologist, Mr. T. J. Anderson, for kindly reading the manuscript; also to a large number of coffee-planters, in particular to Mr. P. J. Coldham, on whose estate much of the above work was done, and to whose interest and help, particularly with regard to cultural questions, I owe much.
Observations on the Reproductive Behaviour of Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.), with special Reference to the Phenomenon of Insect Resistance in Raspberries
Authors: Hill A. R.
Published: July 2009

Sixteen varieties of Rubus, comprising four species, were tested with the Aphid, Amphorophora rubi (Kalt.), which is a vector of virus diseases of Rubus in Europe and N. America, to establish the range of resistance to the development of populations of the insect. The phenomenon of resistance was then further investigated from the aspect of fecundity, reproductive rate, length of life, growth rate and behaviour of the Aphid. In these latter investigations only four varieties of raspberry were employed. The varieties Malling Promise and Lloyd George showed no resistance. Malling Landmark proved to be highly resistant but showed a slight reduction in resistance in the autumn. Newburgh appeared to occupy an intermediate position between Malling Landmark and the other two varieties. There were indications, however, that under field conditions its degree of aphid resistance may be greater than was observed under experimental conditions. Resistance seems to involve a slowing down of the reproductive rate, a shortening of the length of life of adults and prevention of development of the nymphs. The practicability of using aphid-resistant varieties of raspberry to minimise virus spread is discussed.
Ephialtes brevicornis(Grav.) as an External Parasite of the Diamond-back Moth,Plutella maculipennis(Curt.)
Authors: Stuart A. M.
Published: July 2009

Ephialtes brevicornis(Grav.) has been found to parasitise the prepupal stage ofPlutella maculipennis(Curt.) under laboratory conditions.

A general description of the life-cycle ofE. brevicornisonP. maculipennisis given and it is found to occupy 16 days from egg to adult at 20°C. and a R.H. of 60 per cent. Comparative descriptions are given of the five larval instars. The egg is also described.
Estimation of Humidity with Cobalt Thiocyanate Papers and Permanent Colour Standards
Authors: Solomon M. E.
Published: July 2009

The method of measuring relative humidity by matching the colours of tissue paper impregnated with cobalt thiocyanate has now been made more convenient by the commercial production of impregnated paper and coloured glass standards.

Although the method as used straightforwardly is not at all precise, it is especially useful for the measurement of humidity in small or relatively inaccessible spaces,e.g., cracks in floors, air spaces in stored grain, under bark, or inside small tubes, etc., and for general use when elaborate equipment cannot be employed.

A piece of the paper is exposed to the humidity to be measured, preferably for two hours, then mounted on white opal glass in oil (liquid paraffin) and matched, in a simple comparator, against the coloured glass standards. When matching is done at a temperature other than 20°C., corrections are required as tabulated.

Tables of error are given, showing the range of variation from different causes, with estimates of 95 per cent, confidence limits. To cover all the sources of variation normally affecting the measurements under various conditions, limits up to ±5 are allowed for relative humidities down to 70 per cent.; these limits increase at lower humidities to a maximum of ±15, about 30 per cent. Various ways of avoiding errors are described, and it is shown that if special precautions are taken the method can be used with considerable accuracy, particularly at relative humidities above 65 per cent.
Age-groups and the Biting Cycle in Anopheles gambiae. A preliminary Investigation
Authors: Gillies M. T.
Published: July 2009

A technique for dividing populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles into three age-groups, on the basis of the degree of ovarian development and on the presence of sporozoites in the salivary glands, has previously been described. Using this method, the proportions of the three age-groups amongst females feeding during the three periods into which the night was divided were established for this mosquito in the coastal region of Tanganyika. The feeding activity of newly emerged females followed fairly closely that of older mosquitos, in which entry into experimental huts reached a peak in the period between 2200 and 0200 hr. but remained high from 0200–0530 hr. The younger females were, however, slightly more active in the period before 2200 hr. No difference in fertilisation rate was observed amongst newly emerged females caught in different periods of the night. Infective females were caught in all three periods of the night.

It is not considered that the main features of the biting cycle in A. gambiae can be explained in terms of the differential activity of the age-groups recognised in this paper.
The Maize and Sorghum Stalkborer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), in Peasant Agriculture in Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Swaine G.
Published: July 2009

Busseola fusca (Fuller) is a serious pest of maize and sorghum in Tanganyika where it occurs mainly at altitudes of 4,000 ft. and over.

Laboratory work on the life-cycle and on the diapause of the larva is described. Diapause is terminated by contact with water.

Field work at Nzega, Western Province, indicates that the first sowings, made within two to three weeks of the beginning of the rains, are likely to be heavily attacked by larvae of the first generation. These are the progeny of a “raininduced” flight of adults of Busseola derived from diapause larvae in the maize and sorghum left in the fields from the previous season, the larvae being induced to pupate when the stems are wetted by rain.

The number of generations in the main crop season, November–June/July, is two. A third generation occurs in sorghum tillers produced after June/July.

No alternate hosts of importance comparable with maize and sorghum have been found.

Cultural control by burning the crop residues left in the field after harvest, in order to destroy the diapause larvae, is not practicable in peasant agriculture as these residues are required for such purposes as palisading, building of contour banks and for grazing cattle and goats during the dry season.

Chemical control of the first generation of Busseola in young maize can be achieved by the application of a dust containing 2·5 per cent. DDT into the funnel of the plant. In 13 experiments on peasant-owned plots at Mbeya, in which a dust containing 2·5 per cent. DDT was applied four times, at weekly intervals, beginning about 18 days after germination, and at the rate of 10 lb. per acre, the average weight of maize cobs from 100 plants was increased from 12·46 to 22·82 kg., an increase of 83·1±19·0 per cent. Factors other than Busseola which affect the yield are discussed and it is suggested that control measures would probably be worthwhile only where a combination of a suitably fertile soil, early planting and adequately distributed rainfall obtains.
The Uptake of DDT and other lipophilic Particles by Blowflies walking over Deposits
Authors: Gratwick M.
Published: July 2009

Estimations have been made of the weight of material accumulated by adults of Phormia (Protophormia) terraenovae R.-D. from deposits of DDT and other lipophilic particles on different types of substrate on which the flies were exposed.

Uptake of dry DDT particles is shown to be similar to that of dry lipophilic dye particles of similar size so that conclusions on the contamination of insects by dry lipophilic dyestuff may be extended to contamination by DDT dust.

The presence of oil greatly reduces the uptake of DDT particles from a fibrous substrate, the uptake decreasing logarithmically with increase in the amount of oil applied to the substrate. The viscosity of the oil has no more than a very small effect on the uptake of lipophilic particles from oily deposits and the solubility of the particles in the oil has no significant effect.

A reduction in the uptake of dry lipophilic particles from filter paper and from a hard, waxy substrate occurs when a wetting agent solution is applied immediately before the particles. When the particles are applied after the drying of the wetting agent on the substrate, a reduction in uptake also occurs on the non-absorbent, waxy surface, but is not so large as when the particles are applied before drying of the wetting agent. No reduction in uptake occurs on the absorbent substrate under these conditions.

On the basis of the experimental results the variations in the adhesion of lipophilic particles to substrates are discussed.

While differences in the affinity of particles for substrates of different types cause variations in adhesion, the physical structure of the surface may be more important in determining the amount picked up from it. The presence of oil or wetting agent on the surface increases adhesion, probably by increasing both the affinity of the lipophilic particles for the substrate and the area of contact between the particles and the substrate.
The Contamination of Insects of different Species exposed to Dust Deposits
Authors: Gratwick M.
Published: July 2009

The quantities of lipophilic dyestuff picked up by specimens of five insect species, namely Vespula vulgaris (L.), Feronia madida (F.), Rhagonycha fulva (Scop.), Dysdercus fasciatus Sign, and Notostira erratica (L.), in their first few steps on a dust deposit of the dyestuff have been estimated. The uptakes per step by insects of different size and structure were shown to differ only slightly. While the uptake was found to be greater for the larger insects, the smaller insects picked up more particles per unit body weight at each step.

The ratios of the actual amounts (estimated by a colorimetric method) picked up by the different pairs of legs are similar for all the insects that have been studied and in all cases the hind legs were shown to pick up an amount at least equal to the sum picked up by the fore- and middle legs.
Seasonal changes in larval populations of Leptoconops becquaerti (Kieff.) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae) in Jamaica, with observations on the ecology
Authors: Linley J. R.
Published: July 2009

Seasonal changes in two natural larval populations of Leptoconops becquaerti (Kieff.), a biting sandfly of economic importance in the Caribbean area, are described from studies in 1963–64 near Montego Bay. Aspects of the ecology arising from these observations are included. An attempt is made to relate the seasonal changes in the larval populations to the seasonal distribution of adults, and in addition, a separation is made between the autogenous and anautogenous forms of the insect.

Larvae of both autogenous and anautogenous forms lived together in the same breeding sites and did not appear to differ in their spatial distribution. The two populations studied consisted mainly of larvae associated with the small, autogenous form. Drastic reduction in both populations occurred following events such as wave action and heavy rain that had a mechanical action on the sand in which the larvae lived. The distribution of both forms of larvae was dependent upon the surface elevation with respect to the level of free soil water, since this to a large extent, owing to the upward capillary movement of water, governs moisture content of the surface sand. Elevations between about 9 and 17 in. appeared to be the most favourable. Permanent breeding probably does not occur in sand at elevations greater than about 21 in., though temporary breeding may occur at higher elevations if some other source of moisture (e.g., frequent rain) is available.

In the autogenous form, a prolonged period was spent in the third larval instar. This was probably induced by some factor associated with lack of moisture in the sand, and appears to be broken (causing completion of development) by an effect of increased moisture content after heavy rain. This phenomenon probably does not occur in the anautogenous form.
The taxonomy, distribution, biology and economic importance of the millet grain midge,Geromyia penniseti(Felt), gen. n., comb. n. (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Coutin R. , Harris K. M.
Published: July 2009

Geromyiagen.n. is erected to accommodate the millet grain midge,Itonida pennisetiFelt, 1920, a species that attacks developing grain of bulrush millet,Pennisetum typhoidesand other species ofPennisetum.Cecidomyia pennisetiFelt, 1920,Itonida seminisFelt, 1921 andCecidomyia pennisetoidesBarnes, 1956 are synonymised underG. penniseti. The male, female and larva are described and illustrated in detail and the life-cycle and seasonal biology are described from field observations at Bambey, Senegal.G. pennisetiis recorded from P. typhoides in India, the Sudan, Nigeria, Senegal, Niger and Upper Volta and is provisionally recognised in collections fromP. polystachyonandP. pedicellatumin Ghana, Uganda, Madagascar and Nigeria.
Development of the thoracic muscle and flight behaviour of Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank
Authors: Dame David A. , Birkenmeyer Dale R. , Bursell Einar
Published: July 2009

Laboratory and field studies were made to study the flight behaviour and development of thoracic musculature in male Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank collected as adults near Kariba, Rhodesia, or emerged from puparia collected there. Muscular development, measured as thoracic residual dry weight, was significantly inhibited by confinement in the laboratory and flight activity declined when laboratory-emerged flies were maintained in the laboratory. Survival of laboratory-emerged flies in the field was only 17% that of field-emerged flies. Irreversible behavioural and physiological inhibition in flight and in flight musculature is therefore believed to occur within the first few hours of adult life as a result of confinement; 70–80% of the confined population was affected. These inhibitions can be avoided by using field-emerged adults for field trials.
Growth and development of khapra beetle,Trogoderma granariumEverts (Col., Dermestidae) on pulses
Authors: Bhattacharya A. K. , Pant N. C.
Published: July 2009

Rearing experiments withTrogoderma granariumEverts were conducted to determine why the larvae fail to develop in certain pulses. The larvae were unable to penetrate whole grains of any of the nine pulses tested. In flour form, the pulses fell into three main groups. On flours of green, black, Bengal and kabuli grams, and cowpea and pigeon pea, development was as successful and rapid, or nearly so, as on wheat flour and showed little improvement from the addition of yeast. Development on flours of soybean and lentil was markedly slower, and showed marked improvement when yeast was added. By adding increased proportions of balanced diet, it was shown that the performance of larvae on soybean, lentil and even on French bean flours could be improved, but with the last two was not as good as with cellulose. It is concluded that lentils and French beans lack essential nutrients and may also contain a growth inhibitor.
The timing of adult eclosion in blackflies (Dipt., Simuliidae) in West Cameroon
Authors: Disney R. H. L.
Published: July 2009

A description is given of an artificial stream for studying pupation times and pupal periods of Simulium spp., of emergence traps for studying emergence times in rivers, and of a convenient arrangement for rearing batches of pupae in the laboratory.

S. damnosum Theo., S. kenyae De Meillon and S. unicornutum Pomeroy pupate mainly by day, each species having a characteristic period of peak pupation.

In S. damnosum and S. kenyae the time of pupation influences the pupal period, and for these and other species the pupal period is prolonged by lower temperatures. The pupal period is partly independent of these influences in so far as emergence by night is normally avoided.

The timing of adult eclosion is influenced by the temperature on the day of eclosion. On warm days (midday temperature of the river 24·1–28°C) S. damnosum and other forest zone species show a peak of emergence between 06.00 and 09.00 h, while on cool days (midday temperature of the river 20·1–24°C) the peak is delayed until 09.00 to 12.00 h. On artificially cold days (refrigerator temperature 16–20°C), the peak is shifted to the late afternoon.

The study of the timing of adult eclosion from pupae brought into the laboratory is complicated by the fact that the normal pattern of emergence is liable to disturbance.

In the laboratory a seasonal fluctuation in the sex ratio of emerging flies occurred in S. damnosum.
A study in East Africa of the bean flies (Dipt., Agromyzidae) affecting Phaseolus vulgaris and of their natural enemies, with the description of a new species of Melanagromyza Hend
Authors: Greathead D. J.
Published: July 2009

Examination of infested bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) showed that “bean fly” in East Africa consists of three species, Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon), M. spencerella sp. n. and Ophiomyia centrosematis (de Meij.). M. spencerella is described, and notes are given on the life-cycle, host-plants and distribution for all three species. Their importance in East Africa is discussed and it is concluded that M. spencerella is the most damaging because it oviposits and feeds in the hypocotyl, is frequently the most abundant species and is less effectively parasitised. Bean plants able to produce adventitious roots freely are able to grow away from the important early attack in the stems. Published work on chemical control measures is summarised.

The parasite complex associated with bean fly in East Africa was studied, and notes are given on the species present, the recognition of their early stages, their host ranges and abundance. Parasitism is discussed in relation to the infestations found on beans, with special reference to Opius melanagromyzae Fisch., the most important parasite of M. phaseoli, and Eucoilidea sp., the most important parasite of M. spencerella. It is concluded from graphical analysis that O. melanagromyzae is density-dependent and an important factor in limiting M. phaseoli populations in East Africa. Eucoilidea sp., on the other hand, shows signs of delayed density-dependence and is less effective in controlling its principal host. O. melanagromyzae has recently been sent to Hawaii for release against M. phaseoli; some field recoveries have been made already.
Orientation of flying locusts,Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.), in migrating swarms
Authors: Waloff Z.
Published: July 2009

In eastern Africa between 1951 and 1955 and in south-western Morocco in 1960, orientations and densities of flying locusts in migrating swarms ofSchistocerca gregariaForsk. were recorded photographically, with supplementary visual observations. The densities ranged from 0·0006 to 1·23 locusts/m3(mean spacing between nearest locusts 12 and 1 m, respectively) with a median value of 0·024 locusts/m3; in 50% of the samples mean spacing was 2–4 m, suggesting a preferred distance of that order. The orientations were affected by gregarious reactions to neighbouring fliers, and to locusts in a mass. In the swarms there was a preponderance of streaming groups in which locusts headed in the same general direction; in about half of these groups the angular deviation about the mean orientation was only ±20°. In comparatively dense swarms the orientations of the lower fliers in the interiors of swarms were diverse and random in relation to wind and to the swarm track. But at the leading, the trailing and the lateral edges they were predominantly into the swarm, as the result of observed changes of headings back towards the swarm in locusts flying out beyond the main mass. The orientations of locusts photographed at about 100 m and 200–400 m above the ground were found to be predominantly in the direction of the swarm track,i.e., with wind; it is suggested that they arose from compensatory optomotor responses to retinal velocities of substrate patterns, and are consistent with Kennedy's hypothesis of optomotor orientation to wind. Among lower-flying locusts such responses appeared to become important in diffuse formations and in strong winds. Thus flight on consistently into-wind courses was repeatedly seen in low-flying diffuse formations of sexually mature locusts migrating in light winds. In stronger winds the orientations of lower fliers in all types of swarms suggested responses to unacceptable retinal velocities, which interfered with the into-the-swarm orientations on the swarm edges; the continued cohesion of swarms may thus require a wind profile in which they are not evoked below a certain level. In persistent strong wind in excess of locusts' air speeds, flight activity was reduced, and swarms exhibited low into-wind flight by locusts in small numbers. It is suggested that the characteristic downwind tracks of discrete immature swarms are set primarily by the downwind orientations of their higherflying members. In sexually mature swarms the downwind displacements are probably performed mainly by the denser and the higher-rising swarms, while the into-wind flights of low diffuse formations would slow down movement, and could result in limited displacement up-wind.
Mortalities of the larvae of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex and detection of predators by the precipitin test
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: July 2009

Larval populations of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex (species A and B) were sampled in Kenya, and from the frequencies of the age distribution of the immature stages time-specific life-tables were constructed. Daily survival rates and instar mortalities showed that there was high mortality amongst fourth-instar larvae, due at least in part to infections of larval nematodes, Coelomomyces and epibionts. Antiserum to the A. gambiae complex was prepared in rabbits so that the precipitin test could be employed to detect the presence of A. gambiae in gut smears taken from possible predators. By this serological technique various spiders, Diptera, Coleoptera and amphibia were identified as predators. These may be very important in regulating populations of A. gambiae even in small collections of water.
Observations on the flight periods of aphids in a Sitka spruce plantation in north-eastern Scotland
Authors: Parry W. H.
Published: July 2009

Flight activity of aphids during 1969–71 in a Sitka spruce plantation in north-eastern Scotland was recorded by means of sticky traps. Two flight periods occurred, June–August and September–October. Fewer aphids were caught at 120 and 180 cm than at 60 cm above ground during June–August, while fewer were caught at 60 cm in September–October. After accounting for differences in wind speed at these heights, it was shown that aerial density was consistently higher at 60 cm. The first flight which comprised mostly Elatobium abietinum (Wlk.) was three weeks early in 1971; this was associated with the rapid increase in aphid population on spruce shoots, due to the preceding mild winter. Reinfestation by this species after spraying could follow under similar circumstances. Adelges laricis Vail. and A. viridis (Ratz.) sexuparae were caught in the first flight, and A. cooleyi (Gill.) gallicolae in the second; all galls on Sitka were by gallicolae of A. cooleyi. Aphis fabae Scop, was the most common species in the second flight.
Laboratory observations on the biology of Cicadulina spp. (Hom., Cicadellidae), with particular reference to the effects of temperature
Authors: Rose D. J. W.
Published: July 2009

Laboratory cultures of Cicadulina mbila (Naudé), C. storeyi China and C. parazeae Ghauri derived from field wheat at Salisbury, Rhodesia, during August 1967 were maintained on caged pots of dwarf wheat seedlings. At constant temperatures of 23, 25 and 30°C developmental periods for eggs and adults were similar for all three species. Cultures of C. mbila were reared at a wider range of temperatures (15–30°C) and developmental rates for eggs, and male and female adults were shown to be well expressed by logistic equations. Mean durations are given for the five nymphal stages reared at 26°C. In C. mbila males and females had a similar life span, fecundity was greatest at 28°C, and there was a predominance of males reared from eggs laid by females less than 15 days old.
Distances flown by Cicadulina spp. (Hem., Cicadellidae) in relation to distribution of maize streak disease in Rhodesia
Authors: Rose D. J. W.
Published: July 2009

Distances moved by Cicadulina spp. were investigated at Salisbury, Rhodesia, during 1968–69, by using small plots of oats to trap adults dispersing from populations breeding in Pennisetum clandestinum or Eleusine indica grasses. The shape of the curves constructed for fall of numbers with distance confirmed laboratory findings that populations are composed of long and short distance fliers. The curve for numbers of infective Cicadulina punctures estimated from the gradient of maize streak infection falling from adjoining cereals was also of similar shape. Mean flight times indicated that a steep fall for about 10 m from source is due largely to short distance fliers making trivial movements, and the subsequent gentle fall is due to long distance fliers which may disperse many kilometres depending on the wind speed. There were higher proportions of long distance fliers amongst C. mbila (Naudé) compared to C. storeyi China, and amongst females compared to males dispersing downwind. A predominance of long distance fliers dispersing from drying grasses during April–September, and of short distance fliers present in irrigated grasses and cereals during October–March, causes seasonal differences in the patterns of maize streak infection and in the effectiveness of barriers of clear ground as a preventive measure.
The feeding habits of some West African Culex (Dipt., Culicidae) mosquitoes
Authors: Snow W. F. , Boreham P. F. L.
Published: July 2009

The host range and feeding habits of seven species of Culex mosquitoes at Keneba, the Gambia, are described from precipitin tests of blood-meals and from observations on their attraction to calf, man, duck and pigeon baits. Feeding habits were classed nonspecific, mammalian or ornithophilic. Culex thalassius Theo. was non-specific, bloodmeals being identified from mammals (59·5%), birds (38·1%) and reptiles (2·4%). Large numbers were attracted to calf, man, ducks and pigeons. C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles fed almost exclusively on cattle: 17 of 19 blood-meals were identified as from cow. Many specimens were taken at calf, smaller numbers at man, and the few attracted to ducks fed readily. Birds were the main source of blood for C. decens Theo. (54·8%), C. invidiosus Theo. (87·5%), C. nebulosus Theo./cinereus Theo. (93·3%), C. tigripes Grp. & Charm. (98·3%), C. univittatus Theo. (two out of three) and C. weschei Edw. (one out of one). Reptile feeds were recorded for C. decens (14·3%), C. invidiosus (5·0%), C. nebulosus/cinereus (6·7%) and C. univittatus (one out of three). C. invidiosus and C. univittatus were common only at pigeon bait where some 13% fed on the birds.
Oviposition Stimuli of the Burr-seed Fly, Euaresta aequalis, Loew (Dipt. Trypetidae)
Authors: Currie G. A.
Published: July 2009

A Section of the Division of Economic Entomology of the Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research is devoted to the attempted control of noxious weeds by means of their insect enemies.
Notes on the natural Enemies of the Sugar-cane Froghopper (Tomaspis saccharina, Dist.) in Trinidad, with Descriptions of new Species
Authors: Pickles Alan
Published: July 2009

From the formation of the Froghopper Investigation Committee in 1925, the chemico-ecological relations of the froghopper have engrossed the greater part of the attentions of the scientific workers on this pest, and a considerable volume of precise knowledge on these lines has been accumulated by Hardy and his colleagues. From representations made by Dr. J. G. Myers, however, the necessity for more strictly entomological work was realised, work which should be “comparable in precision and in extent with that already amassed by the Committee.” The present paper is an account of a part of the work undertaken with this somewhat ambitious end in view. The studies of which an account is given here were commenced in September 1929, but owing to absence on duty abroad, the real beginning of the work did not occur until March 1930.
On the Control of Antestia lineaticollis, Stål (Hem., Pentatom.) on Coffee in Kenya Colony
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H.
Published: July 2009

1. The damage done to coffee by Antestia lineaticollis, Stål, is shortly described and notes on its life-history are given.

2. It is parasitised in the egg-stage by two important species of Proctotrupoid parasites, the percentage of parasitism usually varying around 80 per cent. and in one case quoted being as high as 91 per cent.

3. Of the control measures employed, contact-spraying has not proved satisfactory; hand-picking of the bugs and egg-clusters and liberation of the parasites are widely practised and, though troublesome and expensive, are of considerable value; another method of value and widespread adoption has been called the “poison-baitspray” method. This is described in detail; it consists in the application of a stomach-poison in the form of a solution of sodium arsenite and sugar to the tree by spraying. Laboratory observations show that the insect imbibes the poisoned solution by lifting the proboscis into small drops on the leaf surface, and there is a definite kill due to the use of this poison.

4. In Kenya, its use commercially, while often of proved value, has not been invariably successful. Experiments showed that the egg parasites of the bug were strongly attracted by the poison spray and quickly died after feeding on it. It is suggested that this may be the cause of some of the unsuccessful results.
Sodium Fluosilicate as a Poison against the Hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides, R. & F., in Nigeria
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

(1) For the first time sodium fluosilicate has been tested as a poison against the hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides. This poison was found to be as effective as sodium arsenite in baits when used at the same concentration, viz., 2·44%, but was slower in its action. When guinea-corn bran is used as the carrier it is necessary to add salt to the bait as an attractant; the reason for this is not known, fluosilicate baits containing sawdust, chopped hay and chaff from cereal crops respectively were effective without salt being added.

(2) From an examination of the results of experimental work on the relative toxicities of sodium fluosilicate and arsenical compounds to domesticated animals in various parts of the world, it is concluded that the former is less toxic to stock, but that the increased degree of safety acquired through the use of sodium fluosilicate is not so great as is popularly supposed. A definite advantage of baits containing fluosilicate is that they are repellent to many animals, whereas baits containing sodium arsenite are attractive to stock.