bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutiny on the Black Prince
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

In 1768, the slave ship Black Prince departed Bristol, England, bound for West Africa. Before reaching Old Calabar, the ship’s crew seized control of the ship, murdering the captain and his officers. The rebels renamed the ship “Liberty,” elected new officers, and set sail for Brazil. Mutiny on the Black Prince traces the dramatic story of this sailor uprising and its aftermath, following European, African, and Native American workers through the worlds of the Atlantic slave trade. At the same time, the book offers the first in-depth study of the commercial strategies of England’s most prolific eighteenth-century slaving merchants. The owners of the Black Prince conducted a relentless, eight-year manhunt for the ship’s fugitive sailors, who scattered across the Atlantic world. Though laboring people challenged their exploitation during the era of revolutions, slaving interests systematically captured crucial parts of the state apparatus, protecting their economic capital and expanding their political power. The Black Prince’s owners seized control of state surveillance, policing, extradition, capital punishment, and international diplomacy in order to protect their wealth. The immediate political gains of the revolutionary era obscure this corporate counter-revolution and its long-term negative impacts on the economic freedom of the majority of working people. Mutiny on the Black Prince demonstrates how slave merchants and their families capitalized their wealth and power across multiple generations, investing in early British banks, railroads, insurance companies, and industrial manufacturing. Ultimately, slaving interests profoundly shaped the industrializing Atlantic economy and the evolution of the modern corporate state.
Masters of Ships
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

The principal owners of the Black Prince, John Fowler and James Laroche Jr., were titans in the trade in human beings. Despite their partnership and apparent similarities, Fowler and Laroche Jr. could not have been more different. Laroche Jr. was born into privilege. His father served as a Member of Parliament, while his uncle became Bristol’s most prolific eighteenth-century slave trader. Laroche Jr. lacked initiative in business, preferring to rely on the financial patronage of his family and friends. Meanwhile, John Fowler was a bootstrap entrepreneur. After starting out as a shipboard worker, he scaled the ranks to become a ship captain and eventually eighteenth-century Bristol’s second-most-prolific slave merchant. On the eve of the Black Prince’s launch in November 1768, Laroche had just been elected to his father’s old Parliamentary seat, and Fowler was entering his ascendancy as a merchant/trader. Together, they formed a powerful political and economic partnership.
The Politics of the Sea
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

In the fall of 1768, John Fowler and James Laroche prepared the Black Prince to launch on its voyage to Africa and the Caribbean. Fowler purchased trade goods from across Britain. He also gathered intelligence on the state of trade in Africa. Among Fowler’s most important tasks was his selection of a commander for the voyage. He ultimately chose an unproven, rookie captain named William Hawkins. As a rule, the slave trade promoted states of mind altered by alcohol, opiates, fevers, exhaustion, and gratuitous violence. This volatile mix could become lethal for captains, crews, and enslaved Africans. Two years prior, one of Fowler’s captains severely beat a sailor named Stephen Porter. Porter retaliated by murdering the captain and hijacking the ship. Fowler spared no effort in seeking justice, leveraging the British Crown to prosecute Porter in New York. Ultimately, Crown justice stood as a proxy for Fowler’s sprawling financial interests.
Afterlives
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

After the Black Prince saga, the fortunes of James Laroche and John Fowler moved in divergent directions. Laroche served in Parliament for twelve years, but then twice declared bankruptcy before dying broke in 1804. Fowler stopped working as a financier for slaving voyages in 1778, but he retained a robust portfolio of financial assets. He owned properties in England and the Caribbean. He also held shares in gunpowder manufacturing, ropeways, turnpike trusts, insurance companies, and banks. When Fowler died in 1789, his accumulated slaving wealth served as a catalyst for his heirs to attain higher education, take risks on overseas ventures in Latin America, purchase offices in the Anglican Church, and invest in Britain’s docks, canals, bridges, and railroads. Multiplying the cumulative impacts of slave trading over the breadth of British economy, society, and politics in the nineteenth century leaves no doubt that slaving contributed mightily to modern British life.
Sustainment and Support Uses of AI in Defence: The Case of AI-Augmented Intelligence Analysis
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

AI-augmented intelligence refers to the use of AI to support intelligence analysis. This is one of the most relevant examples of uses of AI for sustainment and support purposes. In defence, AI can be crucial to gain and maintain information asymmetry with the opponent, by enabling analysts to meet the deluge of data created by digital communications and facilitating their analysis. This chapter reviews the ethical challenges presented by the use of AI for augmented intelligence analysis. It identifies five sets of ethical risks relating to intrusion, explainability and accountability, bias, authoritarianism and political security, and collaboration and classification. It then offers a series of recommendations targeted at intelligence agencies to address and mitigate these risks.
Adversarial and Kinetic Uses of AI: The Definition of Autonomous Weapon Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the definition of autonomous weapons systems (AWS). It offers a comparative analysis of existing official definitions of AWS as provided by state actors and international organisations, like the International Committee of the Red Cross and NATO. The analysis highlights that the definitions focus on different aspects of AWS and hence lead to different approaches to address relevant ethical and legal problems. The lack of a shared definition of AWS and the difference in regulatory approaches facilitate the current gap of regulation of the use of these weapons. The chapter closes this gap and builds on the comparative analysis to identify essential aspects of AWS —autonomy, learning capabilities of AWS, human control, and purpose of use—and to offer a definition of AWS with the goal of providing a value-neutral, shared ground for the debate on the ethical and legal problems related to these weapin systems.
Just War Theory and the Permissibility of Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

After 2022, with the war in Ukraine, the need to define internationally agreed regulation for permissible uses, if any, of these AWS has become more pressing than ever. However, the current polarisation of the debate hinders efforts in this direction. This chapter argues that this polarisation is also the result of starkly different interpretations of Just War Theory, which rely excessively on either its consequentialist or its deontological elements. To overcome this polarization, this chapter identifies a shared set of normative assumptions that can be accepted by both those who argue for and against the use of AWS and which provide the ground to develop a more constructive debate on the permissibility of AWS. To this end, the chapter offers an interpretation of Just War Theory that balances military necessity with the rights of combatants and non-combatants. By analysing the principles of necessity and distinction, the chapter shows that this interpretation enables the identification of limit cases for the use of AWS while also identifying criteria to determine possible permissible uses.
Cognitive Aging and the Federal Circuit Courts
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Cognitive aging affects all people. Judges are people. Therefore, cognitive aging must affect judges. Today’s federal circuit court judges are older than ever. Yet scholars know next to nothing about the consequences of cognitive aging on these judges. The central effort of this book is to examine the effects of cognitive aging on federal circuit court judges. The authors undertake a rigorous empirical approach, focusing on a variety of judicial behaviors, including opinion writing, bargaining, voting, and more. The book uncovers a number of sobering trends. Judges require more time to craft their opinions as they age. They tend to rely more on cognitive shortcuts when they bargain over opinion content. Their written opinions become less cognitively complex as they age. Aging judges increasingly rely on their law clerks to write their opinions and borrow more language from party briefs. Their judicial colleagues are less likely to cite older judges’ opinions. Aging judges apply Supreme Court precedent in an increasingly ideological manner. And their legal influence on panels wanes while susceptibility to persuasion increases. Cognitive aging appears to influence nearly everything federal circuit court judges do. These findings speak to a broader policy debate about judicial tenure. The authors test public support for a handful of reforms and find surprisingly high support for them. There is no utopian or perfect cure for the problems associated with cognitively aging judges. But incremental changes that remain loyal to judicial independence might alleviate some of the most pernicious consequences.
Cognitive Aging, Law Clerks, and Party Briefs
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 6 analyzes whether judges are more likely to rely on law clerks and party briefs as they age. Judges often rely on law clerks and party briefs when writing their opinions. But aging judges may rely on them more than younger judges to compensate for their cognitive decline. The chapter analyzes over 370,000 opinions that were authored by approximately 2430 unique judges. First, it shows how the linguistic variability of judges’ opinions increase significantly as they age, thereby suggesting that older judges rely more on their law clerks. Second, the empirical analysis shows how older judges’ opinions exhibit greater textual similarity with, and verbatim copying of, party briefs submitted in a case.
Aging, Opinion Quality, and the Diffusion of Precedent
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 7 examines how judges across the federal judiciary treat opinions written by other judges. In particular, it analyzes whether aging judges write opinions that receive fewer citations and positive precedent treatments from their colleagues. Citations and positive treatments may reflect opinion quality and legal influence. The quality of older judges’ opinions may decrease as they experience the effects of cognitive decline. Other judges should be less likely to cite and follow higher their opinions. Using data from more than 35 million precedent-opinion pairs, the empirical results show that judges are significantly less likely to cite older colleagues’ opinions, even those from within the same circuit that are supposed to be legally binding. Older judges appear to suffer from diminished legal influence.
Cognitive Aging and Panel Composition
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 9 considers whether judges are more likely to be influenced by panel composition as they age. Most decisions made by circuit court judges take place on a panel of three judges. Panel effects occur when the specific composition of those three judges shapes the votes they cast. For example, a panel example would exist if the presence of a Democrat judge, alongside two Republican judges, produced different outcomes as compared to a panel comprised of three Republican judges. The results of this chapter reveal that as they age, judges are less successful at persuading their colleagues to support their positions. The results also reveal that aging judges become more reliant on their panel colleagues. Panel effects, in short, are conditioned by the age of the judges on the panel.
Public Attitudes toward Aged Judges
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 10 considers the effects of an aging judiciary on public support for courts. It presents the results of a survey experiment that exposes respondents to a newspaper-styled vignette about a court decision. The vignettes varied with respect to the age of the judge and cognitive health, whether a photograph of the judge was provided, and whether the outcome reached in a case about affirmative action in higher education was consistent with a respondent’s policy preferences. After exposure to the vignette, a host of questions gauge how the public perceives an aging judiciary. The results show some evidence that cognitive concerns dampen support for judges.
Conclusion
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 12 concludes the book. It provides a summary of the statistical findings across the eight previous empirical chapters, all of which point to undeniable evidence of cognitive aging's impact on the federal judiciary. Given that, it next engages with the broader implications of those findings, especially as they relate to the institution of lifetime tenure for federal judges. The chapter carefully highlights the tradeoffs that come with lifetime tenure. It concludes with a discussion of potential reforms to the federal judiciary and their potential ability to address the empirical manifestation of cognitive aging discussed in the book. It concludes by arguing for incrementalism and keeping in mind the profound importance of judicial independence, a bedrock principle upon which the federal judiciary was established.
Catholicism Evolving
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Profound changes in religious affiliation have been a defining feature of American life for at least three decades. Although the United States is still home to more Christians than any other country, the increasing prevalence of religious nones rightfully attracts the most attention from researchers, the popular press, and religious leaders because this increase could potentially affect the organization of U.S. religious groups for decades. But how extensive have exits from Catholicism been? This chapter studies movement into and out of the Church and the reasons that former Catholics give for disaffiliating. The chapter shows that many Catholics have, indeed, left the Church. However, the chapter also shows that large numbers of people have joined and stayed with the Church. The author explores differences among these groups and uncovers unique reasons for patterns of joining and leaving.
Religious Beliefs and Practices
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Religious beliefs and practices are fundamental to who people are, and they are critical to the well-being of individuals, families, and societies. Religion gives purpose to individuals’ lives, can motivate hard work and moral behavior, and can have enormous positive physical and psychological benefits. This chapter explores differences among Catholics and between Catholics and other Americans in their religious beliefs and practices. It shows that white and Latino Catholics have similar religious beliefs and practices, including levels of religious strength, participation in Mass and other religious practices, and views of issues with religious significance. They differ in their reports of having a born-again experience and views of divorce. However, both white and Latino Catholics diverge notably from Church teaching on key beliefs and practices.
Love
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 shows how love is a location of freedom, as it is often experienced as a pushback against cultural norms that make romantic love oddly lewd, even unruly, shameful, and dirty. At the same time, however, it also becomes a form of unfreedom as violence finds its way in through the ragged intimacies of personal relationships.
Dialectical Aunties
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

Chapter 4, “Dialectical Aunties,” illustrates how social norms impact the intimacies of middle-class transnational Bangladeshi women. The chapter highlights the centrality of sociality on young women’s behaviors and desires as women navigate a dense web of aunties that play discursive roles in determining their futures through both gossip and support, often without even knowing it. This chapter theorizes that fictive kin, in this case, aunties, are the human containers of social norms who work toward making other women into patriarchy-abiding governors of their bodies and those of their daughters and daughters-in-law. In doing so, they become governors of all of society’s girls and young women, and the intimate and public spaces they navigate, while creating just enough fissures, fractions, and frictions to foster resistance against the patriarchy, thereby establishing their dialectical role in maintaining systems of oppression.
Home
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta
Published: October 2024

Chapter 6, “Home,” explores the question of what home means for transnational Bangladeshi women. This chapter shows that the multiple homes of migrant women come into conflict with one another, making certain forms of safety unsafe when the institution of home is where violence is enacted. This chapter illustrates how some forms of violence are subsumed to prevent other forms of violence.
Free Exercise
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: October 2024

Free Exercise traces the routes by which Americans arrived at the First Amendment’s religion clauses, the cultural currents that shaped their meaning, and the consequences that flowed from them. The book also demonstrates how white women, African Americans, Jews, Roman Catholics, and nonbelievers expanded the application of religious liberty—and illuminated its boundaries. Free Exercise uses the religion clauses’ contested phrases to take stock of the era’s social environment and collective imagination, explaining how provisions for religious liberty became attractive to early national voters and lawmakers. It investigates what the founding generation agreed about, what they disagreed about, and what they could not bear mentioning. The book’s early chapters consider how the religion clauses came into being and what they likely meant for contemporaries. Later chapters examine their relationship to memories of religious violence, free market practices, religious civility, gender and racial exclusion, and unbelief.
Changes
Authors: Beneke Chris
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on James Madison’s journey toward the religion clauses, beginning with his experiences in his home state of Virginia and at the College of New Jersey (Princeton). It follows him through his early work on Virginia’s religious liberty provisions, then to the First Amendment’s religion clauses. The chapter describes the political exigencies that drove Madison, as well as the principles that guided him. It explores the closely argued debates over the Constitution and the turn that it forced in Madison’s approach to a bill of rights in general and to religious liberty protections in particular. The chapter then takes readers through the congressional deliberations that shaped the religion clauses, demonstrating both their consistency with the age’s “moderate” sensibilities, as well as their formative role in American life.
Martial Sound
Authors: McGuire Colin P.
Published: October 2024

Martial Sound is an ethnographic book examining the music of traditional Chinese martial arts. More specifically, the book investigates the gong and drum percussion used to accompany the lion dance and kung fu, as practised by the Hong Luck Kung Fu Club in Toronto, Canada. Hong Luck’s history and character are distinctive, but the club’s practices and approaches are typical of many styles of Southern Chinese martial arts, both in China and abroad. The book proposes a theory of martial sound, which is the way we can hear music as martial arts and listen to hand combat as musicking, providing a way of discussing fighting rhythms in musical terms and a conceptual framework for analyzing how music can function as a form of self-defence. Participant-observation fieldwork for the book was undertaken over the course of eight years and spanned a time of significant transition. Both of the founding masters passed away, marking the end of an era and a time of reflection for the membership. The first female lion dancers also began performing during the fieldwork period, which reconfigured traditional constructions of gender. The book argues that while kung fu practitioners have traditionally used their interdisciplinary performances as a ritual to disperse negative energy for patrons, they extend that martial function in diaspora to become an empowering performance that challenges a history of race-based discrimination in Canada. Some audiences, however, now treat the ritual as an entertaining performance or a marker of identity, revealing multivalent meanings.
Histories and Stories
Authors: McGuire Colin P.
Published: October 2024

The second chapter is dedicated to providing context and background for the fieldwork depicted in the rest of the book. It presents the histories of kung fu and the lion dance in China. It goes on to explain Chinese experiences in Canada, including their recruitment as cheap labour in the 1800s and the discrimination they faced thereafter. The specifics of the Hong Luck Kung Fu Club’s history in Toronto since 1961 are then positioned in relation to the broader histories. It also attends to the importance of myths and stories, which are treated as being real inasmuch as they structure people’s lived realities—regardless of their lack of empirical facticity.
Martial Sound in Motion
Authors: McGuire Colin P.
Published: October 2024

In the fifth chapter, the focus continues to tighten from broader histories to ethnographic specificities, getting down to relationships between sound and movement in order to uncover choreomusical meanings in the musicking of kung fu, lion dance, and percussion. In order to do so, this chapter draws on two theories of embodied meaning. The first lies with schemata that position bodily cognition as the foundation of knowing, which draws on the idea of entrainment to parse martial and musical (a)synchronicity. It then turns to Master Jim’s ideas about lion dance meaning stemming from the interaction of its four constituent components: sound, movement, structure, and emotion.
A Critical Discussion of the Theory of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter briefly introduces the so-called theory of social closure, which was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Frank Parkin and Raymond Murphy. Referring to the critical debate surrounding this theory at the time, and arguing that it has been used mainly in a metaphorical sense, the chapter identifies a number of social fields where this application has occurred, such as gender, education, positional competition, labour markets, age discrimination, migration, and so forth. Because the general nature of the theory has been neglected in these analyses, the chapter argues that a radically new and fundamental approach to closure theory is inevitable, one that will develop a sociological tool that enables the analysis of social life as collective struggle from a distinct closure perspective.
Critical Shortcomings of the Theory of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter concludes the critical discussion about the approaches of both Frank Parkin and Raymond Murphy and identifies both conceptual problems and missing concepts. It argues that the theory of social closure has been conceptualized in a much too narrow way. Thus, it only offers an economically restricted concept; it sticks too much to the idea of closure necessarily implying exclusion and usurpation and presents a teleological perspective for social closure. The chapter further argues that two inevitable concepts—group action and power—are missing in the theory of social closure. Finally, it rejects the theory’s structuralist methodology.
Reconsidering, Problematizing, and Introducing Critical Concepts for Closure Theory
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter to Part II of the book claims that we must develop an alternative approach for a new theorizing of social closure. It emphasizes the need to reconsider basic terms and concepts to avoid the serious pitfalls discussed in Part I. The chapter outlines what must be done to have all the tools—concepts, terms, and methodology—available to begin with newly theorizing social closure. In the first step it argues, that Weber’s critical concepts of open and closed social relationships have to be put into context with other critical basic concepts he developed, while his empirical analyses are shown to be insufficient and have to be rejected. In the second step it argues that new concepts—group action and acting in solidarity, power, and life chances / chances of survival—have to be developed and brought in because they are indispensable for a proper understanding of social closure.
Three Forms of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

In developing a new conceptualization of social closure, I emphasize its fundamental role in societal functioning, drawing from Weber’s concepts of open and closed social relationships. However, the full importance of social closure has not been fully explored by either Weber or traditional social closure theory, which tend to focus narrowly on specific aspects rather than its broader social implications. Two key premises are fundamental to my approach: first, that closure is pervasive in social life, essential for shaping any kind of associational and communal relations; second, that social life inherently involves unresolved conflicts linked to closure struggles for life chances and survival. This chapter identifies three forms of closure—exclusion, exploitation, and elimination—each rooted in global dynamics, establishing distinct social relations and shaping contemporary struggles. These forms interact but are distinct, influencing societal directions and outcomes, as elaborated more fully throughout this part of the book.
Explaining Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter empirically analyses social closure using the new methodological, theoretical, and conceptual approach. It aims to make the explanatory logic of the new approach plausible. The logic of the explanation is developed in specific contexts of closure, focusing on the predominant structural resource(s) of power and critical event(s) that lead to new strategies of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. It defines the principal strategy of the powerful in these struggles and analyses this strategy in terms of triggering social mechanisms such as denial of access and intervention into community closure. The chapter also discusses the effects of these mechanisms on four dimensions of life chances / chances of survival: resources, rights, networks/institutions, and communities. The analysis first explains exclusion in the context of neoliberal politics of marketization. Second, it explains exploitation in the context of an historically ongoing capitalism/slavery nexus. Third, the chapter explains elimination in the context of settler colonialism.
Empirical Data on Inequality and the Dual Economy
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter further expands the book’s main explanation of how economic inequalities come about and are perpetuated: rent seeking and rent extraction by the elite, in combination with wage suppression and policies that promote the financialization and de-industrialization of economies. It draws on econometric data that quantifies the rent-seeking hypothesis to show calculate how the US economy would have developed in the absence of this large-scale rent extraction. This data illustrates the large sums of money extracted through rent by the wealthy from the rest. The chapter discusses how workers are displaced into a large and low-productivity service sector and how employers adapt to this pool of cheap labour.
Addressing Inequality
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses Scanlon’s objections to inequality and how it can be unfair and enable concerning forms of domination. It discusses the importance of the false evaluative belief held by many people that the social world should be structured by status distinctions. In line with Rawls’s analysis, it argues that domination can arise from selfish motives but can also be a defensive response to (the anticipation of) social anxiety. It introduces the distinction between weak and strong egalitarianism in relation to these worries about the ways in which inequality can produce domination.
Rousseau, Smith, and Hegel on the Emotional Regimes of Commercial Society
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter develops an historical approach and examines the works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel to explain their views on the commercial society that was emerging in their time. It explains Rousseau’s critique of commercial society and how it inflames self-love. It explains Smith’s more optimistic take and connects it to Hegel’s view that work, when properly mediated by corporations, can emancipate and help citizens to avoid ending up as part of the rabble of the rich (extravagance) and the rabble of the poor (misery). After connecting these insights to those of contemporary authors such as Boucoyannis, Rasmussen, and Preiss, it relates them to the kinds of inequalities as they exist today. It concludes by stressing what Rousseau, Smith, and Hegel agree on: that commercial society inflames positional competition and triggers and sustains an insatiable desire for wealth and distinction.
Positional Goods and Opportunity Hoarding
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyses two mechanisms that play a key role in creating and perpetuating the economic inequalities in capitalist societies: positionality and opportunity hoarding. Building on the work of Fred Hirsch, it explains what positional goods are and how they factor into a drift towards oligarchy. It discusses Charles Tilly’s notion of opportunity hoarding: how the elites succeed in shaping social structures that serve their interests and their position of domination. In addition, the elites constitute a cultural avant-garde, who legislate taste and determine what exactly signals distinction and what is regarded as shameful. To reverse the increasing and devastating role played by positionality and positional competition, the chapter discusses the strategy of de-marketizing the important public goods of education and healthcare.
Liberal and Republican Emotional Regimes Revisited
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter clarifies the distinction between strong and weak egalitarianism and connects it to Rawls’s liberalism and Pettit’s republicanism. It proposes more just, anti-capitalist alternatives to the current system that create genuine equal opportunity and solidarity. It proposes and defends a jobs guarantee provided by the state, policies to invest in public goods, to de-commodify labour, and to de-marketize goods vulnerable to positional competition. It formulates fiscal policies that benefit everyone instead of only the wealthy. It proposes associationalist political principles to decrease the extent of positional competition in society and to foster a ethos of solidarity. It discusses how a prioritarian focus ensures that these proposals will also play a role in improving the positions of those who face systemic marginalization and discrimination, as these groups are over-represented amongst the financially worst-off.
Roots of Counterterrorism
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

It seems beyond doubt, since 9/11, that the main responsibility of intelligence and security services is to prevent ticking bombs from going off. The thing is, though, that the West has been confronted with international terrorism and domestic political violence throughout the 1970s as well. And although intelligence organizations countered terrorism, prevention did not become the name of the game. In a case study of the Netherlands, this book explores—based on unique primary sources and from a novel conceptual approach—how the threat of terrorism was looked upon and what kind of intelligence activities were carried out to contain or counter it. The book puts into focus how the rise of terrorism in the 1970s challenged the existing perceived core functions about intelligence. Based on the work of social geographer Ben Anderson, who investigates how interventions in the present are legitimated in the name of imagined (catastrophic) futures, it is analyzed how the Dutch domestic security service Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) scrutinized traces of terrorism between 1968 and 1978. It confronts these insights with the post-9/11 counterterrorism efforts. By doing so, the book paints a fascinating picture of core functions of intelligence more generally.
Historiography
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, the various strands of research are explored over which are scattered insights into Western security services’ responses to international terrorism and domestic political violence from the late 1960s onward. The most important intellectual developments in the fields of Cold War studies, historical terrorism and counterterrorism studies, and intelligence studies are discussed in order to understand how the topic of intelligence and counterterrorism is perceived. This reveals that most authors seem to see terrorism only as something truly relevant after 9/11: the literature on how qualitatively different terrorism is as a threat and how it necessitates a completely different kind of intelligence community is central to many works. Many scholars then go on to show how the interaction between intelligence producers and consumers has changed and how the rise of terrorism has impacted human intelligence, signals intelligence, intelligence liaison, and intelligence analysis.
Counterterrorism Intelligence
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores how terrorism was fought using Cold War institutions, practices, and concepts of intelligence. It asks how, during the Cold War, when Western security regimes were “relatively simple,” operating in a binary world (of the East–West conflict) and focused on “bounded” political and military systems, they were able to cope with a threat that was, as the literature claims, inherently complex and difficult to ward off and so radically different from the communist threat they knew. It construes a conceptual approach to study the perceived core functions of intelligence through the lens of time. By departing from Barbara Adam’s work on the way humankind tries to control time, it continues to explore Ben Anderson’s work on traces of catastrophic futures. Their work is used to formulate the main questions about threat perception and practices of folding the future into the present and thus the change of perceived functions.
Traces of Spanish Anarchists
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

In this vignette, the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s investigation into the First May Group’s bombing of early March 1968 is documented. This group of exiled Spanish anti-Francoist anarchists placed three bombs at the diplomatic missions of Spain, Greek, and Portugal in The Hague. Although the police launched a criminal investigation, the security service opened a parallel investigation to help find the perpetrators and to look into the political backgrounds of the anarchist attacks. By sending telexes, interviewing journalists, meeting with the investigating police officers, sitting down with the Public Prosecution Office, visiting hotels, meeting with partner services, and talking to informers and agents, the BVD hoped to find out who the perpetrators were and what was true of the First May Group.
The Language of Violence, 1968–1970
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

Between 1968 and 1970, the Netherlands were confronted by an attack of the Spanish anarchist First May Group (March 1968), the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (September 1969), and the storming of the residence of the Indonesian ambassador by South Moluccan youth (September 1970). The way in which the security service responded to these terrorist attacks was largely determined by their response to the rise of another new threat: student activism. In this chapter, the events, threat perception, underlying time conception, and responses to these events are explored. The first international deliberations in the Committee of the Nine, a multilateral intelligence platform, are analyzed as well. These first steps in the domain of counterterrorism were pragmatic and pivoted more toward past and present than to the future: the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) helped at the scene, later worked to find perpetrators of attacks, and they informed the police and Justice Department of the political context of these acts.
A Fragmentary Terrorist Net Spread over Europe, 1974–1975
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

In light of the continued activities of the Rode Jeugd and their successor, Rode Hulp, the Dutch security service explained more extensively why they took a major interest in collecting intelligence on them. Their Marxist-Leninist ideology accounted for this (as well as the fact that they acted accordingly), but it was also because the more “national and principal” and above all political nature of their violence, their connections with China, the fact that they had established illegal cells, and their connections with the Rote Armee Fraktion. This set them apart from other terrorist groups, even those who committed large-scale attacks, such as the Japanese Red Army (September 1974), the detainees in Scheveningen (who kidnapped a group in December 1974), the South Moluccans (who attacked the Vredespaleis in December 1974), and Al Saiqa. While internationally the BVD helped to set up the first European Course for intelligence officers, domestically the BVD was extremely successful: they thwarted the Al Saiqa plot aimed at hijacking the Warsaw Express from Amsterdam.
Traces from BVD Agents Among South Moluccans
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

In this vignette, an interview with a former intelligence officer and excerpts from several agent operations in South Moluccan communities are used to shed some light on the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s operational work against the violent South Moluccan youth. These sources show how difficult it was to separate the wheat from the chaff when it came to rumors about people who were willing “to do something”; real life is confusing and muddled, and clear traces of a more violent future were difficult to come by. In 1975, there was a plan to kidnap Queen Juliana, for instance, but it never became clear how serious were the people who spoke of this plan. During and in the aftermath of the train hijacking in Wijster and hostage-taking at the Indonesian consulate late 1975, in early 1976, the number of traces of people willing to do something skyrocketed.
Conclusion
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

This chapter reflects on the “contemporary wisdom” that this thorough analysis provides. Above all, it argues that prevention is not necessarily the name of the game. Providing knowledge, context, and support—admittedly, less catchy—can be the name of the game, too, even in urgent and swiftly changing phenomena. Only in some cases can intelligence help authorities act against catastrophic futures, but more often they help these authorities to understand the present. The challenges of the future—besides cyber, hybrid warfare, and espionage for “anti-institutional extremism”—might require exactly what Dutch authorities expected of their security service in the 1970s: a centrally positioned expert, well-embedded internationally, who keeps updating their knowledge through intelligence channels, and who advises and provides context.
Fatalism and the Logic of Time
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2024

Universal fatalism, the thesis that something in the past necessitates the entire future, has been a fear since antiquity. Historically, there have been three arguments for universal fatalism that have been treated independently. One is the argument that the truth of propositions about future events makes those events necessary. The second is that infallible divine foreknowledge necessitates all future human acts. The third is that the history of the world in conjunction with universal causal laws necessitates the entire future. All three arguments depend on a premise of the necessity of the past. The book examines two interpretations of the necessity of the past. The oldest interpretation models it on necessity in the logical sense. The other interprets it as the causal closure of the past. Both interpretations presuppose an arrow of time that leads to inconsistency when combined with entailments between past and future. The problem is much broader than fatalism. It is a problem in the logic of time. The book concludes with conjectures on what is left of the modal, causal, and psychological arrows of time.
Does Time Have an Arrow?
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2024

This short concluding part describes conjectures used in this book on what is left of the arrow of time. It begins with Peter Strawson’s idea of a world of pure sound. Such a world would be a world of pure time and no space. The features of that world tell us what is required of the psychological arrow once a hearer is introduced into the world of pure sound. The conclusion is that there is no psychological arrow. There is no arrow of time.
Introduction
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 outlines the book’s research questions, explains the selection of the Uruguayan case study, and highlights the book’s contributions. The chapter reviews the literature on gender, representation, and electoral gender quotas—one of the recent decades’ most widespread electoral reforms and gender-equitable policy—to point to the lack of studies that focus on the role of men political elites in understanding gender quota policy failure in terms of nonadoption, poor design, and poor implementation. It argues that a focus on status quo defenders’ resistance strategies and how such strategies are adapted over time and across parties can contribute to increasing our understanding of the worldwide variation in gender quota laws and their impact.
Decision-Making
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 5 focuses on resistance to quotas in the decision-making phase. The chapter takes its starting point in the new mandate period (2005–2010) when the women’s caucus in Parliament makes a new attempt to pass a quota law. Pressure to adopt a quota has increased as the policy idea has become increasingly institutionalized and resistance attached to perceived sanctions: blame. Compared to the policy formulation phase, resistance now takes on more subtle forms as few dare to proclaim that they are against quotas. Due to increased pressure and blame concerns, status quo defenders feel forced to jump on the bandwagon and vote for a proposal they dislike. Yet to limit the policy’s damage, they succeed in reducing the quota to cover only one election and postponing its implementation.
The Social Roots of Authoritarianism
Authors: Forrat Natalia
Published: October 2024

Why are some authoritarian regimes highly competitive and others highly unified? Do they function differently? And what does it mean for our understanding of democracy and democratization? The Social Roots of Authoritarianism unpacks the grassroots mechanisms maintaining unity-based and division-based authoritarianisms. It argues that they develop in societies with opposite visions: the state as team leader or the state as outsider. Depending on which vision of the state is dominant in society, autocrats must use different tools to consolidate their regimes or risk pushback. The book demonstrates the grassroots mechanisms of authoritarian power comparing four Russian regions with opposite patterns of electoral performance—the Rostov region, the Kemerovo region, the Republic of Tatarstan, and the Republic of Altai. In two of them, public organizations formed centralized political machines and blended civic and political functions amplified by the teamwork logic. In the other two, clientelistic political machines ruled by the utility maximization logic dominated. The book uses the understanding of how unity-based authoritarianism works to shed new light on the history of state–society relations in Russia, focusing on the conflict between the ideal of a just state and the reality of a repressive state. The theory of unity- and division-based authoritarianisms developed in the book implies that these types of authoritarian regimes miss the opposite elements of democracy, and that democratization depends on cultivating these missing institutions over time.
Conclusion
Authors: Forrat Natalia
Published: October 2024

The theory developed in this book is applicable beyond Russia and can explain multiple phenomena beyond political machines. The conclusion uses the examples of China, Iran, Vietnam, and Ukraine to show how the ideal types of statist and antistatist societies can help analyze different countries. It discusses the caveats of such concept application, including coexistence of different logics and the historical dynamics of institutional rivalry. It also illustrates how the theory of statist and antistatist societies can help explain contradictory results related to the relationship between public good provision and political competition and between state institutions and democracy. On both of these topics, research done in statist and antistatist environments comes to opposite conclusions, and spelling out the differences between these environments helps reconcile these findings within one theoretical framework.