bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phonetic cue weighting in perception and production
Authors: Schertz Jessamyn , Clare Emily J.
Published: October 2019

Speech sound contrasts differ along multiple phonetic dimensions. During speech perception, listeners must decide which cues are relevant, and determine the relative importance of each cue, while also integrating other, signal‐external cues. The comparison of cue weighting in perception and production bears on a range of theoretical issues including the processes underlying sound change, the time course of learning, the nature of cues, and the perception‐production interface. Research examining the relative alignment of cue weighting across the modalities, on both a community and individual level, has revealed both parallels and asymmetries between the modalities. The extraordinarily wide range of ways that have been used to conceptualize and quantify cue weights reflects the inherent theoretical, methodological, and analytical differences between the two modalities. More consideration of the choices of analytical metrics, explicit discussion of the theoretical assumptions that underlie them, and systematic investigations of different types of cues will lead to more generalizable findings that can be incorporated into computational implementable models of speech processing.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain

Psychology > Language
On the torus compactifications of Z2 orbifolds of E-string theories
Authors: Zafrir Gabi
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We consider the torus compactifications with flux of a class of 6d (1, 0) SCFTs that can be engineered as the low-energy theories on M5-branes near an M9-plane on a C
2 / Z
2 singularity. Specifically, we concentrate on the two SCFTs where the Z
2 orbifold action acts non-trivially on the E
8 global symmetry. We analyze this problem by compactifying to 5d, where we can exploit the relation to 5d duality domain walls. By a suitable guess of the domain wall theories, the resulting 4d theories can be conjectured. These can then be tested by comparing their properties, notably anomalies and symmetries, against the 6d expectations. These constructions lead to various interesting 4d phenomena like dualities and symmetry enhancements.
Janus interface in two-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories
Authors: Goto Kanato , Okuda Takuya
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We study the Janus interface, a domain wall characterized by spatially varying couplings, in two-dimensional

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (2, 2) supersymmetric gauge theories on the two-sphere. When the variations of the couplings are small enough, SUSY localization in the Janus background gives an analytic continuation of the sphere partition function. This directly demonstrates that the interface entropy is proportional to the quantity known as Calabi’s diastasis, as originally shown by Bachas et al. When the variations are not small, we propose that an analytic continuation of the sphere partition function coincides with the Janus partition function. We give a prescription for performing such analytic continuation and computing monodromies. We also point out that the Janus partition function for the equivariant A-twist is precisely the generating function of A-model correlation functions.
Generalized model of interacting integrable tops
Authors: Grekov A. , Sechin I. , Zotov A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We introduce a family of classical integrable systems describing dynamics of M interacting gl
N
integrable tops. It extends the previously known model of interacting elliptic tops. Our construction is based on the GL
N

R-matrix satisfying the associative Yang-Baxter equation. The obtained systems can be considered as extensions of the spin type Calogero-Moser models with (the classical analogues of) anisotropic spin exchange operators given in terms of the R-matrix data. In N = 1 case the spin Calogero-Moser model is reproduced. Explicit expressions for gl
NM
-valued Lax pair with spectral parameter and its classical dynamical r-matrix are obtained. Possible applications are briefly discussed.
Head-to-head comparison of tau positron emission tomography tracers [18F]flortaucipir and [18F]RO948
Authors: Smith Ruben , Schöll Michael , Leuzy Antoine , Jögi Jonas , Ohlsson Tomas , Strandberg Olof , Hansson Oskar
Published: October 2019

Purpose

[18F]flortaucipir binds to paired helical filament tau and accurately identifies tau in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, “off-target” binding interferes with the quantification of [18F]flortaucipir in several brain regions. Recently, other tau PET tracers have been developed. Here, we compare [18F]flortaucipir with the novel tau tracer [18F]RO948 head-to-head in vivo.

Methods

We included 18 participants with AD, three with amyloid-β-positive amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and four healthy controls. All underwent [18F]flortaucipir (80–100 min) and [18F]RO948 (70–90) PET scans within approximately 1 month. Four study participants underwent 0–100-min dynamic scanning. Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were created using an inferior cerebellar reference region.

Results

Neocortical tracer retention was highly comparable using both SUVR and distribution volume ratio-1 values obtained from dynamic scans. However, [18F]RO948 retention was significantly higher in the entorhinal cortex and lower in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and choroid plexus compared with [18F]flortaucipir. Increased off-target binding was observed with age for both tracers. Several cases exhibited strong [18F]RO948 retention in the skull/meninges. This extra-cerebral signal, however, did not affect diagnostic accuracy and remained relatively unchanged when re-examining a subsample after 1 year. Kinetic modeling showed an increase in [18F]flortaucipir SUVR over the scanning interval, compared with a plateau for [18F]RO948.

Conclusion

[18F]RO948 and [18F]flortaucipir bound comparably in neocortical regions, but [18F]RO948 showed higher retention in the medial temporal lobe and lower intracerebral “off-target” binding. Time-dependent bias of SUVR estimates may prove less of a factor with [18F]RO948, compared with previous tau ligands.
Synthesis and characterization of isophorondiamine-based oligoamides: catalytic effect of amides during the curing of epoxy resins
Authors: Kárpáti Levente , Ganyecz Ádám , Nagy Tibor , Hamar Gergely , Banka Eszter , Kállay Mihály , Vargha Viktória
Published: October 2019

The aminolysis products of PET could be applied in several fields. The purpose of this study was to explore their use as a dual-purpose component as cross-linkers and catalysts in epoxy curing. PET aminolysis was carried out with 1:1.5 and 1:2 PET/amine ratios to produce amides with different molecular weights. The reaction products were characterized with functional group analysis, NMR, FTIR, MALDI-TOF, and solution viscosimetry. The terephthalamides were dissolved in isophorondiamine and used as cross-linkers. Reaction kinetics studies with DSC, viscosimetry, and quantum chemical computational methods were used to characterize their accelerative effects. Our studies have shown that terephthalamides are active catalyst and their efficiency can be tuned with their molecular weight. The quantum chemical simulations suggested that the terephthalamides are in the same order of magnitude in effectiveness as phenolic accelerators. Consequently, terephthalamides are valued materials that can serve as double-purpose components in epoxy curing.
Generation of crowd arrival and destination locations/times in complex transit facilities
Authors: Ricks Brian , Dobson Andrew , Krontiris Athanasios , Bekris Kostas , Kapadia Mubbasir , Roberts Fred
Published: October 2019

In order to simulate virtual agents in the replica of a real facility across a long time span, a crowd simulation engine needs a list of agent arrival and destination locations and times that reflect those seen in the actual facility. Working together with a major metropolitan transportation authority, we propose a specification that can be used to procedurally generate this information. This specification is both uniquely compact and expressive—compact enough to mirror the mental model of building managers and expressive enough to handle the wide variety of crowds seen in real urban environments. We also propose a procedural algorithm for generating tens of thousands of high-level agent paths from this specification. This algorithm allows our specification to be used with traditional crowd simulation obstacle avoidance algorithms while still maintaining the realism required for the complex, real-world simulations of a transit facility. Our evaluation with industry professionals shows that our approach is intuitive and provides controls at the right level of detail to be used in large facilities (200,000+ people/day).
The Effect of Lingual Resistance Training Interventions on Adult Swallow Function: A Systematic Review
Authors: Smaoui Sana , Langridge Amy , Steele Catriona M.
Published: October 2019

Lingual resistance training has been proposed as an intervention to improve decreased tongue pressure strength and endurance in patients with dysphagia. However, little is known about the impact of lingual resistance training on swallow physiology. This systematic review scrutinizes the available evidence regarding the effects of lingual resistance training on swallowing function in studies using Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Studies (VFSS) with adults. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria and underwent detailed review for study quality, data extraction, and planned meta-analysis. Included studies applied this intervention to a stroke and brain injury patient populations or to healthy participants, applied different training protocols, and used a number of outcome measures, making it difficult to generalize results. Lingual resistance training protocols included anterior and posterior tongue strengthening, accuracy training, and effortful press against hard palate with varying treatment durations. VFSS protocols typically included a thin barium stimulus along with one other consistency to evaluate the effects of the intervention. Swallowing measures included swallow safety, efficiency, and temporal measures. Temporal measures significantly improved in one study, while safety improvements showed mixed results across studies. Reported improvements in swallowing efficiency were limited to reductions in thin liquid barium residue in two studies. Overall, the evidence regarding the impact of lingual resistance training for dysphagia is mixed. Meta-analysis was not possible due to differences in methods and outcome measurements across studies. Reporting all aspects of training and details regarding VFSS protocols is crucial for the reproducibility of these interventions. Future investigations should focus on completing robust analyses of swallowing kinematics and function following tongue pressure training to determine efficacy for swallowing function.
Perioperative chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer in Japan: current and future perspectives
Authors: Tokunaga Masanori , Sato Yuya , Nakagawa Masatoshi , Aburatani Tomoki , Matsuyama Takatoshi , Nakajima Yasuaki , Kinugasa Yusuke
Published: October 2019

The standard treatment for locally advanced gastric cancer differs across the world. In western countries, perioperative chemotherapy or postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy are the preferred treatment options, whereas in Asia, D2 gastrectomy followed by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is standard. In Japan, adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 is the standard treatment for pStage II gastric cancer, whereas adjuvant chemotherapy with a doublet regimen is preferred for pStage III gastric cancer. The efficacy of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy using S-1 plus cisplatin, has been investigated in selected patients with expected poor survival outcomes. To expand the indications for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, a clinical trial investigating the efficacy of preoperative S-1 plus oxaliplatin in patients with cStage III (cT3-4N1-3) gastric cancer (JCOG1509) is ongoing in Japan. The addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors to cytotoxic chemotherapy also seems promising and is being investigated in international randomized clinical trials. Although we have to await the final results of these studies, preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a promising treatment strategy and likely to become standard treatment for locally advanced gastric cancer in Japan.
Machine learning friendly set version of Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma
Authors: Kłopotek Mieczysław A.
Published: October 2019

The widely discussed and applied Johnson–Lindenstrauss (JL) Lemma has an existential form saying that for each set of data points Q in n-dimensional space, there exists a transformation f into an $$n'$$n′-dimensional space ($$n'<n$$n′<n) such that for each pair $$\mathbf {u},\mathbf {v} \in Q$$u,v∈Q$$(1-\delta )\Vert \mathbf {u}-\mathbf {v}\Vert ^2 \le \Vert f(\mathbf {u})-f(\mathbf {v})\Vert ^2 \le (1+\delta )\Vert \mathbf {u}-\mathbf {v}\Vert ^2 $$(1-δ)‖u-v‖2≤‖f(u)-f(v)‖2≤(1+δ)‖u-v‖2 for a user-defined error parameter $$\delta $$δ. Furthermore, it is asserted that with some finite probability the transformation f may be found as a random projection (with scaling) onto the $$n'$$n′ dimensional subspace so that after sufficiently many repetitions of random projection, f will be found with user-defined success rate $$1-\epsilon $$1-ϵ. In this paper, we make a novel use of the JL Lemma. We prove a theorem stating that we can choose the target dimensionality in a random projection-type JL linear transformation in such a way that with probability $$1-\epsilon $$1-ϵ all of data points from Q fall into predefined error range $$\delta $$δ for any user-predefined failure probability $$\epsilon $$ϵ when performing a single random projection. This result is important for applications such as data clustering where we want to have a priori dimensionality reducing transformation instead of attempting a (large) number of them, as with traditional Johnson–Lindenstrauss Lemma. Furthermore, we investigate an important issue whether or not the projection according to JL Lemma is really useful when conducting data processing, that is whether the solutions to the clustering in the projected space apply to the original space. In particular, we take a closer look at the k-means algorithm and prove that a good solution in the projected space is also a good solution in the original space. Furthermore, under proper assumptions local optima in the original space are also ones in the projected space. We investigate also a broader issue of preserving clusterability under JL Lemma projection. We define the conditions for which clusterability property of the original space is transmitted to the projected space, so that a broad class of clustering algorithms for the original space is applicable in the projected space.
Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Decreases Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines in A549 Cells
Authors: Wieczfinska Joanna , Sitarek Przemyslaw , Skała Ewa , Kowalczyk Tomasz , Pawliczak Rafal
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Various experimental models strongly support the hypothesis that airway inflammation can be caused by oxidative stress. Inflammatory airway diseases like asthma and COPD are characterized by higher levels of ROS and inflammatory cytokines. One of the sources of ROS is NADPH oxidase. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate influence of NADPH oxidase inhibition on the expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF, TSLP, CD59, and PPAR-γ in vitro. A549 cells were incubated with apocynin in three concentrations (0.5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, and 3 mg/ml). Cells were trypsinized and RNA isolated after 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h of apocynin incubation at each concentration. Afterwards, reverse transcription was performed to evaluate mRNA expression using real-time PCR. The time-response and dose-response study showed that apocynin significantly influenced the relative expression of chosen genes (IL-6, IL-8, TNF, PPAR-γ, TSLP, and CD59). Apocynin decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α at all concentrations used, and of IL-6 at concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/ml (p < 0.05). TSLP mRNA expression was also reduced by apocynin after 1 h and 2 h, and CD59 mRNA after 1 h, but only at the highest concentration. The expression of PPAR-γ was reduced after apocynin in the highest concentrations only (p < 0.05). The results might suggest that proinflammatory agents’ expression levels are strongly connected to the presence of oxidative stress generated by NADPH oxidase and this might be at least partially eliminated by anti-oxidative action. Apocynin, as an effective inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, seems to be useful in potential anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory therapy.
Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Disaster Medicine
Authors: Duan Yu-yu , Zhang Jia-yao , Xie Mao , Feng Xiao-bo , Xu Song , Ye Zhe-wei
Published: October 2019

The occurrence of major emergencies often leads to environmental damage, property damage, health challenges and life threats. Despite the tremendous progress we have made in responding to the many challenges posed by disasters in recent years, there are still many shortcomings. As an emerging technology widely used in recent years, virtual reality (VR) technology is very suitable for many fields of disaster medicine, such as basic education, professional training, psychotherapy, etc. The purpose of this review article is to introduce the application of VR technology in the disaster medical field and prospect its trend in the future.
The design of a laboratory apparatus to simulate the dust generated by longwall shield advances
Authors: Shahan Michael R. , Reed William Randolph
Published: October 2019

A laboratory apparatus (shield dust simulator) was designed and constructed to simulate the dust generated during the advance of longwall hydraulic roof supports, or shields. The objective of the study was to develop a tool that could be used to test the hypothesis that foam applied to a mine roof prior to a shield advance could be used to reduce the respirable dust generated during shield advances. This paper will outline the design parameters for the development of the system, as well as describe baseline testing of coal and limestone dust. Results show that the average instantaneous respirable dust concentrated during simulated shield advance. Confidence intervals were calculated from the instantaneous respirable dust data to determine the repeatability of the data produced by the device.
U.S. Grass-Fed Beef Producers: Goal Structure and Reasons for Enterprise Selection
Authors: Sitienei Isaac , Gillespie Jeffrey , Scaglia Guillermo
Published: October 2019

We examine the relative importance of eight goals U.S. grass-fed beef (GFB) producers have for their farms and the relative importance of nine reasons for selecting the GFB enterprise. We further analyze factors affecting goal structure and reasons for selecting the enterprise. The data used for this study are from a 2013 mail survey of U.S. GFB producers. The most important reasons for selecting the GFB enterprise included “producing healthy beef” and “GFB is good for the environment,” classified in the study as social and environmental sustainability reasons, respectively. Reasons such as “profitability” and “strong demand for GFB” were generally of lower importance.
Nervous System Hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Cohen-Inbar Or
Published: October 2019

The management of patients harboring central nervous system (CNS) hemangiopericytomas (HPCs) is a partially answered challenge. These are rare locally aggressive lesions, with potential for local recurrence, distal neural metastasis (DNM), and extraneural metastasis (ENM). Resection, when feasible, remains the initial treatment option, providing histological diagnosis and immediate relief of tumor-related mass effect. Patients receiving surgery alone or surgery and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) show improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival as compared to those undergoing a biopsy alone (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Yet, in many instances, patient and tumor-related parameters preclude complete resection. EBRT or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) shares a significant role in achieving local tumor control, not shown to impact OS in HPC patients. The benefits of SRS/EBRT are clearly limited to improved local tumor volume control and neurologic function, not affecting DNM or ENM development. SRS provides acceptable rates of local tumor volume control coupled with treatment safety and a patient-friendly apparatus and procedure. Single-session SRS is most effective for lesions measuring <2 cm in their largest diameter (10 cm3 volume), with prescription doses of at >15 Gy. Systemic HPC disease is managed with various chemotherapeutic, immunotherapeutic, and anti-angiographic agents, with limited success. We present a short discussion on CNS HPCs, focusing our discussion on available evidence regarding the role of microsurgical resection, EBRT, SRS, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy for upfront, part of adoptive hybrid surgery approach or for recurrent HPCs.
A comprehensive unit-based safety program for the reduction of surgical site infections in plastic surgery and hand surgery
Authors: Lenherr Ramos Laura , Weber Rainer , Sax Hugo , Giovanoli Pietro , Kuster Stefan P.
Published: October 2019

Objective:

To reduce surgical site infection (SSI) incidence in plastic surgery and hand surgery.

Design:

Uncontrolled before-and-after study.

Setting:

Department of plastic surgery and hand surgery of a tertiary-care teaching hospital.

Patients:

Patients undergoing surgery between January 2016 and April 2018.

Intervention:

A comprehensive unit-based safety program (CUSP) consisting of a bundle of evidence-based SSI prevention strategies and a change in safety culture was fully implemented after a 14-month baseline surveillance and implementation period. SSI surveillance was performed over an intervention period of another 14 months, and differences in SSI rates between the 2 periods were calculated. Adherence with bundle components and risk factors for SSI were further evaluated in a case-cohort analysis.

Results:

Of 3,321 patients, 63 (1.9%) developed an SSI, 38 of 1,722 (2.2%) in the baseline group and 25 of 1,599 (1.6%) in the intervention group (P = .20). The CUSP was associated with an adjusted relative SSI risk reduction of 41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4%–65%; P = .048) in multivariable analysis, whereas the need for revision surgery increased SSI risk (odds ratio [OR], 2.63; 95% CI, 1.31–5.30; P = .007). During the intervention period, the proportion of checklists completed was 62.4%, and no difference in adherence with bundle components between patients with and without SSI was observed.

Conclusions:

This CUSP helped reduce SSI in a surgical specialty with a low baseline SSI incidence, even though adherence with checklist completion was moderate and the main modifiable risk factors remained unchanged over time. Programs that include safety culture change may more effectively promote SSI reduction than prevention bundles alone.
Do all aspects of learning benefit from iconicity? Evidence from motion capture
Authors: SATO ASHA , SCHOUWSTRA MARIEKE , FLAHERTY MOLLY , KIRBY SIMON
Published: October 2019

abstract

Recent work suggests that not all aspects of learning benefit from an iconicity advantage (Ortega, 2017). We present the results of an artificial sign language learning experiment testing the hypothesis that iconicity may help learners to learn mappings between forms and meanings, whilst having a negative impact on learning specific features of the form. We used a 3D camera (Microsoft Kinect) to capture participants’ gestures and quantify the accuracy with which they reproduce the target gestures in two conditions. In the iconic condition, participants were shown an artificial sign language consisting of congruent gesture–meaning pairs. In the arbitrary condition, the language consisted of non-congruent gesture–meaning pairs. We quantified the accuracy of participants’ gestures using dynamic time warping (Celebi et. al., 2013). Our results show that participants in the iconic condition learn mappings more successfully than participants in the arbitrary condition, but there is no difference in the accuracy with which participants reproduce the forms. While our work confirms that iconicity helps to establish form–meaning mappings, our study did not give conclusive evidence about the effect of iconicity on production; we suggest that iconicity may only have an impact on learning forms when these are complex.
Evaluating pictorial charts as a means of collecting participant-recorded data on household dietary diversity in low-literacy communities in Tanzania
Authors: de Bruyn Julia , Msuya John , Ferguson Elaine
Published: October 2019

Innovative methods to collect dietary data at multiple times across the year are needed to better understand seasonal or temporal changes in household diets and measure the impact of nutrition-sensitive agricultural programmes in low-income countries. The present study aims to validate a picture-based research tool for participants to self-record their household’s dietary diversity each month in villages of Manyoni District, Tanzania. Pictorial record charts were developed to reflect local food resources. In 113 randomly selected households, the person responsible for food preparation was trained to mark all items consumed by any household member within the home, or prepared for consumption outside the home, for a single recording day. The next day, an interview-based household 24-h food recall (H24HR) was collected for the same period. Separate analyses tested agreement (a) between picture charts and H24HR and (b) between H24HR following chart completion and on an alternative day. Concordance between methods differed between food groups and items but was high to very high for all cereals, vegetables, pulses, legumes and nuts and almost all fruits. Recording of ten items (including non-cultivated fruits and ingredients of mixed dishes) differed significantly between H24HR assessments, all of which were reported by more households in interviews following chart completion. Results suggest potential for visual prompts and the contemporaneous nature of data collection to improve the accuracy of interview-based recall. With adequate investment in developing and implementing context-adapted tools, pictorial charts may also offer an effective standalone method for use at multiple time-points in agricultural programmes.
Tillage and crop rotations enhance populations of earthworms, termites, dung beetles and centipedes: evidence from a long-term trial in Zambia
Authors: Muoni T. , Mhlanga B. , Forkman J. , Sitali M. , Thierfelder C.
Published: October 2019

Macro-organisms contribute significantly to soil fertility improvement. The influence of conservation agriculture (CA) in southern Africa on their populations has not yet been fully understood. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of CA and conventional tillage on below ground biological activity in a CA long-term trial in Monze, Zambia from 2011 to 2013. The study had ten treatments which differed by tillage systems (conventional ploughing, planting basins and direct seeding) and crop diversification intensity (sole cropping, 2- or 3-year crop rotations) involving maize, cotton and sunn hemp. These factors were combined to create rotation-tillage (RotTill) treatments. Sampling of macrofauna was done once per year using a metal frame measuring 0.25 m2, hand-sorted to 30-cm depth. RotTill treatments had a significant effect on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris), termites (Coptotermes formosanus), dung beetles (Scarabaeus viettei) and centipedes (Lithobius forficatus). Earthworms and termites were more abundant in CA treatments than in conventionally ploughed (CP) treatments. Biota diversity was generally higher in CA treatments than in CP controls. Conventional mouldboard ploughing generally reduced macrofauna, thus affecting biological soil fertility and the beneficial effect of the interactions of these organisms with the soil. CA treatments had the highest maize grain yields throughout the study period. Based on the results, reduced tillage systems and crop rotations increase biological activity shown by increased densities of termites and earthworms.
Temporal changes of the fish community in a seagrass bed after disappearance of vegetation caused by disturbance of the sea bottom and sediment deposition
Authors: Yoshikawa Kentaro , Tomiyama Takeshi , Shoji Jun
Published: October 2019

To investigate the response of the fish community structure to a natural disturbance in their habitat, fish abundance, biomass and species composition were analysed in relation to temporal variability of environmental conditions in a seagrass Zostera marina bed. A total of 3024 fishes belonging to 46 taxa (22 families) were collected by quantitative sampling for 10 years from 2007 to 2016 in the Seto Inland Sea, south-western Japan. Seagrass shoot density decreased to less than 1/20 of its original density after disappearance of vegetation caused by heavy rain in the autumn of 2011 and the area did not recover for the next five years. In order to analyse temporal changes of fish community, the fishes were divided into three groups depending on their habitats or lifestyles: pelagic or migratory species (PM), sand or mud bottom-associated species (SM) and seagrass (Z. marina) – or substrate (rocky bottom including macrophytes) – associated species (ZS). Multiple regression analysis showed seagrass shoot density had the most significant effect on biomass of ZS among the three groups, with higher fish biomass under higher seagrass shoot density. Fish community composition changed after the disappearance of the seagrass vegetation coverage with an increase in abundance of SM during the five years of the post-disturbance period. Seagrass vegetation was concluded to affect temporal change of fish community structure through a stronger influence on fish species that are more dependent on seagrass beds as habitat.
Spanish-speaking English learners’ English language and literacy skills: The predictive role of conceptually scored vocabulary
Authors: Hwang Jin Kyoung , Mancilla-Martinez Jeannette , McClain Janna Brown , Oh Min Hyun , Flores Israel
Published: October 2019

Vocabulary represents a key barrier to language and literacy development for many English learners. This study examined the relationship between Spanish-speaking English learners’ conceptually scored Spanish–English vocabulary, academic English proficiency, and English reading comprehension. Second- and fourth-grade English learners (N= 62) completed standardized conceptually scored vocabulary measures in the fall and state-administered standardized measures of academic English proficiency and English reading comprehension in the spring. Conceptually scored vocabulary measures are designed to tap knowledge of the number of known concepts, regardless of the specific language (Spanish or English) used to label the concept. Regression analyses revealed that academic English proficiency and English reading comprehension were not predicted by the conceptually scored measure of receptive vocabulary. However, both academic English proficiency and English reading comprehension were predicted by the conceptually scored measure of expressive vocabulary. In addition, the relationship between conceptually scored expressive vocabulary and English reading comprehension remained after controlling for academic English proficiency. Results underscore the utility of measures that incorporate English learners’ first and second language skills in understanding the vocabulary knowledge English learners bring to English language and literacy learning tasks.
Risk factors and patterns of household clusters of respiratory viruses in rural Nepal
Authors: Scott E. M. , Magaret A. , Kuypers J. , Tielsch J. M. , Katz J. , Khatry S. K. , Stewart L. , Shrestha L. , LeClerq S. C. , Englund J. A. , Chu H. Y.
Published: October 2019

Viral pneumonia is an important cause of death and morbidity among infants worldwide. Transmission of non-influenza respiratory viruses in households can inform preventative interventions and has not been well-characterised in South Asia. From April 2011 to April 2012, household members of pregnant women enrolled in a randomised trial of influenza vaccine in rural Nepal were surveyed weekly for respiratory illness until 180 days after birth. Nasal swabs were tested by polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses in symptomatic individuals. A transmission event was defined as a secondary case of the same virus within 14 days of initial infection within a household. From 555 households, 825 initial viral illness episodes occurred, resulting in 79 transmission events. The overall incidence of transmission was 1.14 events per 100 person-weeks. Risk of transmission incidence was associated with an index case age 1–4 years (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.35; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–3.96), coinfection as initial infection (IRR 1.94; 95% CI 1.05–3.61) and no electricity in household (IRR 2.70; 95% CI 1.41–5.00). Preventive interventions targeting preschool-age children in households in resource-limited settings may decrease the risk of transmission to vulnerable household members, such as young infants.
A randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of a peer-based social mobile game intervention to reduce smoking in youth
Authors: Scholten Hanneke , Luijten Maartje , Granic Isabela
Published: October 2019

Smoking is a major cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Almost no evidence-based intervention programs are available to help youth quit smoking. We argue that ineffective targeting of peer influence and engagement difficulties are significant barriers to successful youth smoking cessation. To address these barriers, we developed the mobile game intervention HitnRun. A two-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT; n = 144) was conducted and young smokers (Mage = 19.39; SDage = 2.52) were randomly assigned to either play HitnRun or read a psychoeducational brochure. Prior to, directly following the intervention period, and after three-month follow-up, weekly smoking behavior, abstinence rates, intervention dose, and peer- and engagement-related factors were assessed. Results indicated similar reductions in weekly smoking levels and similar abstinence rates for both groups. Yet, we found a dose effect with HitnRun only: The longer participants played HitnRun, the lower their weekly smoking levels were. In the brochure group, a higher dose was related to higher weekly smoking levels at all measurement moments. Exploratory analyses showed the most powerful effects of HitnRun for participants who connected with and were engaged by the intervention. Future work should build on the promising potential of HitnRun by increasing personalization efforts and strengthening peer influence components.
Polygenic Risk Scores for Psychiatric Disorders Reveal Novel Clues About the Genetics of Disordered Gambling
Authors: Piasecki Thomas M. , Gizer Ian R. , Slutske Wendy S.
Published: October 2019

Disordered gambling (DG) is a rare but serious condition that results in considerable financial and interpersonal harms. Twin studies indicate that DG is heritable but are silent with respect to specific genes or pathways involved. Existing genomewide association studies (GWAS) of DG have been substantially underpowered. Larger GWAS of other psychiatric disorders now permit calculation of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) that reflect the aggregated effects of common genetic variants contributing risk for the target condition. The current study investigated whether gambling and DG are associated with PRSs for four psychiatric conditions found to be comorbid with DG in epidemiologic surveys: major depressive disorder (MDD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). Genotype data and survey responses were analyzed from the Wave IV assessment (conducted in 2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a representative sample of adolescents recruited in 1994–1995 and followed into adulthood. Among participants classified as having European ancestry based on genetic analysis (N= 5215), 78.4% reported ever having gambled, and 1.3% reported lifetime DG. Polygenic risk for BD was associated with decreased odds of lifetime gambling,OR= 0.93 [0.87, 0.99],p= .045, pseudo-R2(%) = .12. The SCZ PRS was associated with increased odds of DG,OR= 1.54 [1.07, 2.21],p= .02, pseudo-R2(%) = .85. Polygenic risk scores for MDD and ADHD were not related to either gambling outcome. Investigating features common to both SCZ and DG might generate valuable clues about the genetically influenced liabilities to DG.
A Numerical Investigation on the Variation of Sodium Ion and Observed Thermospheric Sodium Layer at Cerro Pachón, Chile During Equinox
Authors: Cai Xuguang , Yuan Tao , Eccles J. Vincent , Pedatella N. M. , Xi Xiaoqi , Ban Chao , Liu Alan Z.
Published: October 2019

The extension of the neutral sodium (Na) layer into the thermosphere (up to 170 km) has recently been observed at low and high latitudes using a Na lidar. However, the geophysical mechanisms and implications of its formation are currently unknown. In this study, we conduct an advanced two‐dimensional numerical simulation of the Na and Na+ variations in the E and F regions at low latitudes. The numerical simulations are used to investigate the contributions of the electromagnetic force, neutral wind, diffusion, and gravity. The simulations lead to three major findings. First, Na+ in the subtropical region of the geomagnetic equator acts as the major reservoir of the neutral sodium, and its distribution during nighttime is mostly below 200 km due to the combined effect of the vertical component of the
drift and Coulomb‐induced drift. Second, we find that the fountain effect has little influence on the behavior of Na in the nighttime. Third, the probable explanation for the frequent generation of the thermospheric sodium layer during spring equinox at Cerro Pachón, Chile is attributed to the large vertical neutral transport generated by large vertical wind perturbations of unknown origin, with a magnitude exceeding 10 m/s that is closely associated with the semidiurnal tide.
Characteristic Time Scales of Decadal to Centennial Changes in Global Surface Temperatures Over the Past 150 Years
Authors: Le Mouël J. L. , Lopes F. , Courtillot V.
Published: October 2019

We apply singular spectral analysis (SSA) to series of monthly mean values of surface air temperatures T, International sunspot number (ISSN), and polar faculae PF (1850–2017 for T and ISSN). The efficiency of the SSA algorithm that we use has been regularly improved. For the T, ISSN, and PF series, the SSA eigenvalues and first components are shown with their Fourier spectrum. Components of T, ISSN, or PF share similar periods. Most are found in solar activity. The ~22‐ and ~11‐year components are modulated and drift in phase, reflecting slight differences in spectra. On the shorter‐period side, components at ~9, ~5.5, and ~4.7 years are in good agreement. They have been identified in solar activity. The 60‐year component is prominent in T. It is not immediately apparent in ISSN but can be extracted with an appropriate choice of SSA window. Other types of data allow one to explore longer periods and confirm climatic variations at ~60, ~35, and ~22 years and at 50–150 and 200–500 years. When we consider a longer ISSN series starting in 1700 and recalculate the SSA first component, the trends of solar activity and temperature over the time span from 1850 to 2017 are very similar, with slower rise before 1900 and after the late 1900s, separating a faster rise in much of the twentieth century. These trends, extracted over only 150 years, could be parts of longer, multicentennial changes in solar activity. Much of the variability of surface temperatures could be linked to the Sun.
A Global/Regional Integrated Model System‐Chemistry Climate Model: 1. Simulation Characteristics
Authors: Jeong Yong‐Cheol , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Lee Seungun , Park Rokjin J.
Published: October 2019

This study describes the simulation characteristics of a newly developed Global/Regional Integrated Model system‐Chemistry Climate Model (GRIMs‐CCM), which is listed in Chemistry Climate Model Initiative as a participating model. The GRIMs‐CCM was run using a standard set of forcings, and historical sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentration from the Hadley Centre were prescribed. The simulation results of GRIMs‐CCM were compared to the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data set 1. The GRIMs‐CCM satisfactorily simulated the climatological (1960–2010) atmospheric features and atmospheric teleconnections resulting from tropical sea surface temperature forcing. However, the GRIMs‐CCM also had some regional biases; for instance, particularly, the temperature bias over the Antarctic was noticeable. We further analyzed physical processes that caused such biases and the influence of coupled chemistry‐climate processes in the GRIMs‐CCM, which may provide further guidance to improve an earlier version of the GRIMs‐CCM and other climate‐chemistry models participating in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative.
A 3‐D Model of Gas Generation, Migration, and Gas Hydrate Formation at a Young Convergent Margin (Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand)
Authors: Kroeger K. F. , Crutchley G. J. , Kellett R. , Barnes P. M.
Published: October 2019

We present a three‐dimensional gas hydrate systems model of the southern Hikurangi subduction margin in eastern New Zealand. The model integrates thermal and microbial gas generation, migration, and hydrate formation. Modeling these processes has improved the understanding of factors controlling hydrate distribution. Three spatial trends of concentrated hydrate occurrence are predicted. The first trend (I) is aligned with the principal deformation front in the overriding Australian plate. Concentrated hydrate deposits are predicted at or near the apexes of anticlines and to be mainly sourced from focused migration and recycling of microbial gas generated beneath the hydrate stability zone. A second predicted trend (II) is related to deformation in the subducting Pacific plate associated with former Mesozoic subduction beneath Gondwana and the modern Pacific‐Australian plate boundary. This trend is enhanced by increased advection of thermogenic gas through permeable layers in the subducting plate and focused migration into the Neogene basin fill above Cretaceous‐Paleogene structures. The third trend (III) follows the northern margin of the Hikurangi Channel and is related to the presence of buried strata of the Hikurangi Channel system. The predicted trends are consistent with pronounced seismic reflection anomalies related to free gas in the pore space and strength of the bottom‐simulating reflection. However, only trend I is also associated with clear and widespread seismic indications of concentrated gas hydrate. Total predicted hydrate masses at the southern Hikurangi Margin are between 52,800 and 69,800 Mt. This equates to 3.4–4.5 Mt hydrate/km2, containing 6.33 × 108–8.38 × 108 m3/km2 of methane.
Intercolony δ18O and Sr/Ca variability among Porites spp. corals at Palmyra Atoll: Toward more robust coral‐based estimates of climate
Authors: Sayani Hussein R. , Cobb Kim M. , DeLong Kristine , Hitt Nicholas T. , Druffel Ellen R. M.
Published: October 2019

Quantitative estimates of natural climate variability are required to detect anthropogenic climate trends in the tropical Pacific; however, instrumental records from this region are too short and scarce. Coral oxygen isotopic (δ18O) and strontium to calcium (Sr/Ca) records are often used to extend instrumental observations; however, differences in the mean Sr/Ca and δ18O values of Porites spp. colonies from the same reef can introduce large uncertainties in coral‐based climate reconstructions. To quantify intercolony variability at Palmyra Atoll, we generate monthly resolved Sr/Ca and δ18O time series from five Porites spp. colonies that grew between 1980 and 2010. Monthly to interannual variability in Sr/Ca and δ18O is well‐reproduced among different colonies; however, we document intercolony offsets in mean Sr/Ca of ±0.09 mmol/mol (1σ) or ~1 °C, and in mean δ18O of ±0.12‰ (1σ) or ~0.1 °C. The sensitivity of each proxy to climate also varies across colonies, with Sr/Ca‐SST slopes ranging from −0.06 to −0.1 mmol mol−1 °C−1 and δ18O‐SST slopes ranging from −0.25 to −0.35‰ °C−1. Intercolony variability in both coral Sr/Ca and δ18O reduces the reproducibility of coral‐based δ18Osw reconstructions across overlapping colonies. Accounting for both intercolony variability and slope error suggests that SST reconstructions using Sr/Ca from a single Palmyra coral have an uncertainty of ±1.3 °C (1σ); however, replicating Sr/Ca records across multiple colonies can greatly reduce this uncertainty. A composite Sr/Ca record built using five modern cores, for example, offers a reduced error of ±0.6 °C (1σ) in mean SST reconstructions, ~2.5 times smaller than errors associated with reconstructions from single corals.
Thermal Evolution of Asymmetric Hyperextended Magma‐Poor Rift Systems: Results From Numerical Modeling and Pyrenean Field Observations
Authors: Lescoutre Rodolphe , Tugend Julie , Brune Sascha , Masini Emmanuel , Manatschal Gianreto
Published: October 2019

We investigate the thermal and structural evolution of asymmetric rifted margin using numerical modeling and geological observations derived from the Western Pyrenees. Our numerical model provides a self‐consistent physical evolution of the top basement heat flow during asymmetric rifting. The model shows a pronounced thermal asymmetry that is caused by migration of the rift center toward the upper plate. The same process creates a diachronism for the record of maximum heat flow and maximum temperatures (Tmax) in basal rift sequences. The Mauléon‐Arzacq basin (W‐Pyrenees) corresponds to a former mid‐Cretaceous asymmetric hyperextended rift basin. New vitrinite reflectance data in addition to existing data sets from this basin reveal an asymmetry in the distribution of peak heat (Tmax) with respect to the rift shoulders, where highest values are located at the former upper‐ to lower‐plate transition. This data set from the Arzacq‐Mauléon field study confirms for the first time the thermal asymmetry predicted by numerical models. Numerical modeling results also suggest that complexities in synrift thermal architecture could arise when hanging‐wall‐derived extensional allochthons and related Tmax become part of the lower plate and are transported away from the upper‐ to lower‐plate transition. This study emphasizes the limitations of the common approach to integrate punctual thermal data from pre‐rift to synrift sedimentary sequences in order to describe the rift‐related thermal evolution and paleothermal gradients at the scale of a rift basin or a rifted margin.