bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visibility and Responsibility
Authors: Yancy Nina M.
Published: April 2022

The conclusion begins with a discussion of the book's key findings. It then reflects on the theme of visibility as it appears throughout the book, and discusses the epistemic and theoretical imperative to make White Americans visible as those who primarily construe Black Americans as threatening. The chapter further discusses the book's major implications. These include the need for a greater diversity of perspectives within the social sciences; the potential attitudinal consequences of racial diversity, residential segregation, and racial inequality in U.S. cities; and the possibilities and risks that arise as more White Americans embrace tolerant or antiracist attitudes.
“The Brilliant Teaching Turned toward the Tang Empire”
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo
Published: April 2022

The Chinese Christian texts produced in the Tang dynasty can be read only against the political, cultural, and religious background in which the Christian communities lived in the Chinese Tang Empire. This chapter offers a summary of the historical data that have come down to us and are attested to by the sources (Chinese, Syriac, Arabic, and others), together with an attempt to reconstruct the geographical location of Christian monasteries in the Chinese territory, the ethnic composition and internal hierarchical structure of Christian communities, as well as the different denominations of Christianity in China between about 635 and 845.
Personal Religion
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The prominence of the Bible in antebellum American public life depended upon the secure place it occupied for individuals and families and in nonpolitical civil society. Weekly sermons remained the public discourse most widely spread throughout the nation. Reading by countless individuals and in a wide variety of family settings consistently featured the Bible and Bible-based material. The scriptural context of personal religion is illustrated especially well by two of the many notable hymn books of the era. Hymns may have been a more effective medium for disseminating biblical language, concepts, and teaching throughout the population. The two books examined are from Richard Allen, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and from leaders of Andover Seminary, one of the nation’s most respected theological institutions. With sermons and personal reading, the wide spread of hymnody sustained a rich base structure from which the superstructure of public biblical usage emerged.
The African American Bible
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

A great proportion of the literature produced by African Americans in this era, 1790–1860, dealt with religious themes; the great majority of those themes resonated with the Scriptures. Black Americans appropriated Scripture in somewhat different ways, from the first authors in the 1760s, through the expansion of literacy that followed, and with the publication of many memoirs and antislavery advocacy in the era of Frederick Douglass. Most Black deployment of Scripture had a Methodist character in foregrounding the need for individual repentance and exalting the possibility of divine redemption. It differed, however, by maintaining a steady liberationist emphasis—biblical religion not only saved for eternity but rescued in this life. The hermeneutics of Black biblical usage differed considerably from white usage, primarily because the Bible was active among Black Americans by oral transmission, a focus on narratives, and emphasis on exemplars taken from Scripture.
Whose Bible? (Catholics)
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The growing swell of newcomers to the United States put the Protestants’ aspirational Bible civilization in jeopardy. By the 1830s, the number of Catholic Americans from Ireland and Germany presented the most serious challenge. Catholics were loyal to Scripture, but not as followed by Protestants. Important early leaders like Bishop John Carroll achieved some success in claiming that Catholics could both follow their version of Christianity and conform to American republican ideals. As Catholic numbers grew, so too did tensions. Bishops who led the church in this transitional period included John England of Charleston, John Hughes of New York, and Francis Patrick Kenrick of Philadelphia and Baltimore, all of whom tried to show that, despite the fears of Protestants, loyalty to Catholicism and loyalty to America were compatible. Bishop Kenrick’s work was particularly important since he labored many years to prepare an English translation of the Bible that could supersede the Catholics’ older Douay-Rheims version and so provide a stronger resource for Catholics in a culture dominated by the Protestants’ King James Version.
Scriptural Arguments in Context
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

Although abolitionists using Scripture to attack slavery offered arguments as strong or stronger than those provided by defenders of slavery, those defenders carried the day with most of the white American population before the Civil War itself changed white northern opinion. The cause of biblical abolitionists suffered from the willingness of some abolitionists to argue that if Scripture could be shown to approve slavery, they would repudiate the Scriptures. The association of those radicals with “infidelity” made it relatively easy for proslavery defenders to label all scriptural attacks on the institution as perilous. Of great significance was the fact that antebellum divisions over what Scripture said about slavery foreshadowed what would become the major postbellum American divisions over the character and application of the Bible.
Protestant Wounds of War
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The Civil War and Reconstruction exacerbated the fragmentation of American white Protestantism that had begun with sectarian-custodial differences and with intense contentions over slavery. Southern white Protestants of all sorts were united in their support of Jim Crow segregation. Most Methodists moved in the direction of proprietary Protestantism, while a few moved in the other direction. Northern Presbyterians also took on sectarian characteristics in focusing so heavily on their internal doctrinal debates. Church leaders and theologians pledged themselves to “common sense,” but a divide opened between those who emphasized common sense about historical development and those who stressed traditional epistemological fixity. The result was a broad spectrum of Protestant thinking that ranged from very progressive to very conservative, and all keyed to approaches to Scripture.
Marginal No More (Jews and Catholics)
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

By the 1870s and 1880s, Jewish and Catholic approaches to understanding Scripture became ever better established. Both groups continued to protest against the persistence of “nonsectarian” readings of the King James Bible in public schools. Jewish efforts were led by Solomon Schechter, a scholar with an international reputation who supported a number of initiatives that included the production of a complete English translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. Increasing Catholic numbers led to stronger public statements, including a landmark book by Bishop (then Cardinal) James Gibbons, The Faith of Our Fathers, which used Scripture after a Catholic fashion to stress the compatibility of his faith with American principles. Worries from the Vatican about Catholics becoming too enamored of American ways (“Americanism”) and too comfortable with contemporary intellectual assumptions (“Modernism”) kept Catholic engagement with Scripture mostly separate from currents among the nation’s Protestants.
An Enduring Cultural Landmark
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

In postbellum decades the number of individuals who rejected traditional reverence of the Scripture increased; Robert Ingersoll was a notable example. Books drawing on Scripture became runaway bestsellers, the prime example being Lew Wallace’s Ben-Hur. American newspapers continued to employ many scriptural expressions, with phrases from the New Testament much more popular than from the Old. Artists like Henry Ossawa Tanner, the first Black painter to be exhibited in major American galleries, often turned to biblical themes. Novelists and poets drew on Scripture in many ways as material for their works, with the poet Emily Dickinson especially noteworthy. Although the Bible’s salience for the law decreased, it still occasionally appeared as at least a casual reference in court decisions.
Victimhood Nationalism in Israel
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how Israel wrestled with the legacy of the Holocaust over time. In so doing, it theorizes a variant of trauma-based identity called victimhood nationalism, which refers to political leaders’ strategic redirection of grievances. It applies this new concept to Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion’s re-narration of Israel’s foundational collective trauma according to his government’s priorities during the 1961 trial of former high-ranking Nazi Adolf Eichmann. Ben-Gurion strategically directed grievances away from Germany, with which he had pursued a rapprochement, and toward Israel’s Arab adversaries, whom he portrayed as the leading forces of global anti-Semitism in the decades following the fall of the Third Reich. This victimhood nationalism had a lasting impact on Israel’s international orientation, helping to integrate hundreds of thousands of Jewish immigrants from the Arab world while also framing security discourses in the lead-up to the 1967 Six-Day War.
Conclusion
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: April 2022

This concluding chapter considers the larger research agenda of orienting scholarly attention to collective trauma’s multifaceted role in the international system—the need for a “trauma turn” in international relations, as well as an “international politics turn” in trauma studies. Too often, collective trauma’s role is neglected in IR, as scholars solely consider mass violence via the lens of concrete events with immediately apparent outcomes. Recognizing the complete legacy of mass violence as collective trauma unveils pivotal yet often latent dynamics that shape international politics over the long term. Alternatively, by incorporating insight from IR into the interdisciplinary field of trauma studies, scholars can better account for how international political systems both reflect and govern trauma’s diffusion. While this book only begins this vital new dialogue, its theoretical lens and case studies reveal the enormous potential of a two-way engagement between IR and trauma studies.
Measuring Historical Bias
Authors: Goedert Nicholas
Published: April 2022

This chapter briefly examines several existing measures of partisan bias and responsiveness: mean/median difference, partisan symmetry, and efficiency gap. It argues that while these measures tend to be well-adapted when applied to swing states under close electoral conditions, they are inappropriate when applied to noncompetitive states and wave elections. It introduces a new measure referred to as “historically weighted efficiency gap” (HWEG) that estimates bias under the expected range of electoral conditions for any given state. It shows how this measure can be adapted to visualize bias and responsiveness across all plausible election results. The chapter details the data and steps used in the calculation and shows three examples of its use in recently contested gerrymanders (in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Arizona). The chapter also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of HWEG and describes which states stand out as extreme results under this measure.
Driverless Finance
Authors: Allen Hilary J.
Published: April 2022

Everyone is talking about fintech, and they’re usually saying good things. Driverless Finance provides a balance to that conversation, exploring the threats that different fintech innovations pose for our financial system. With in-depth and accessible descriptions of new financial technologies and business models—ranging from distributed ledgers to machine learning, cryptoassets to robo-investing—this book helps readers to think more critically about fintech, and about how the law should respond to it. This book highlights the increased speed, complexity, and coordination inherent in new fintech innovations, and shows how these features could come together in a massive financial system failure. It makes the case for a precautionary approach to regulating fintech, erring on the side of caution to avoid a financial crisis that could have irreversible and catastrophic effects for our society. Because fintech’s system risks aren’t fully addressed by existing financial regulation (or by experimental new approaches like regulatory sandboxes), this book makes several bold new proposals for regulation designed to make fintech-inspired financial crises less likely. These proposals include new forms of disclosure and supervision, new forms of technological tools (known as suptech), and a new licensing regime for financial technologies. This book finishes by discussing how fintech’s impact on financial stability relates to pressing debates about innovation, expertise, cybersecurity, privacy, and competition.
Precautionary Regulation of Fintech Innovation
Authors: Allen Hilary J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter proposes a variety of precautionary regulatory strategies for addressing the rise of driverless finance, but before doing so, it reckons with the resource and jurisdictional challenges that impede such regulatory responses. Having settled on some ways of addressing those challenges, it recommends a variety of regulatory responses ranging from licensing regimes for crypotassets and robo-investing models to so-called “suptech” technological interventions to principles-based oversight regimes for risk management and operational technologies used internally by financial firms. These reform proposals seek to respond to the problems of speed, coordination, and complexity identified in Part II of the book.
Survival of the Virtuous
Authors: Krebs Dennis L.
Published: April 2022

Survival of the Virtuous offers an account of how moral traits evolved in the human species. It explains why we are not necessarily bad by nature, why we are not evolved to look out only for number one, and why nice guys need not finish last. It offers an account of how virtuous behaviors such as altruism, justice, honesty, loyalty, self-control, purity, and respect for authority evolved in our species (and in other species as well). It argues that the key to solving puzzles of morality such as what it is, how we acquire moral traits, why we sometimes behave badly, and how we make moral decisions lies in figuring out what adaptive functions moral traits served in early human environments and how they are influenced by social learning, culture, and strategic social interactions in the modern world. It offers evidence that the primary function of virtuous behaviors is to enable individuals to advance their interests by cooperating with others and that moral decision-making mechanisms evolved and develop in a Russian doll manner. Uniquely human “new brain” mechanisms that enable us to make moral decisions in rational ways evolved on top of “old brain” mechanisms that induce us (and some other animals) to make moral decisions in more emotional-intuitive ways. Although we tend to become increasingly rational as we develop, we retain the capacity to make moral judgments in primitive ways, and reason is a tool that can be used for good or evil.
Respect for Authority
Authors: Krebs Dennis L.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the biological and psychological sources of respect for authority and explores its status as a moral virtue. It reviews evidence that young children view morality primarily in terms of obedience to authority, with older children and adults viewing morality in more autonomous and cooperative ways. It traces the evolutionary roots of respect for authority and shows that primitive forms of deference are regulated by essentially the same neurological and hormonal processes in humans as they are in other primates. It argues that, like other primates, we are naturally inclined to form dominance and status hierarchies that create social order in groups, but that there is an inevitable tension in social hierarchies because it is in the interest of lower-ranking members to change the status quo. It asserts that externally imposed morality reinforced by punishment is inferior to internally motivated morality based on cooperation, because the latter is more balanced and stable.
The Corporation as Technology
Authors: Bruner Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

Recent decades have witnessed environmental, social, and economic upheaval, spawning a host of interconnected crises to which major corporations have contributed. This book examines dynamics of the corporate form and corporate law that incentivize harmful corporate excesses, and advances an alternative vision to render corporate activities more sustainable. The corporate form is widely described by reference to a set of purportedly fixed characteristics that strongly prioritize shareholders’ interests. Bruner, however, argues that such rigid and static depictions fundamentally misconstrue the nature of the entity and reinforce harmful corporate pathologies that include excessive risk-taking, externalization of costs, and insufficient regard for environmental and social impacts. Bruner presents the corporation not as a fixed and rigid set of legal characteristics, but rather as a dynamic legal technology that policymakers can re-calibrate in varying contexts, and over time, in response to a dynamic landscape. On this view, the corporation represents a set of flexible capacities that facilitate differing approaches to the structure and operations of the board, the allocation of governance powers among various stakeholders, and exposure to liability for corporate decision-making. Bruner conceptualizes these flexible capacities as governance levers that policymakers can adjust in various ways, and in differing combinations, to achieve a range of decision-making structures and levels of risk tolerance, toward a range of potential ends. The book explores theoretical and practical ramifications of this alternative vision, focusing on how the corporate form—properly understood—can help secure an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable future.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Bruner Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

The book opens with a discussion of environmental, social, and economic crises—including climate change and persistent inequalities—and how corporate conduct has contributed to them. It then provides a brief overview of the landscape of international standards and domestic regulatory structures affecting corporate sustainability, focusing particularly on rules and standards of corporate law and governance. The chapter introduces Bruner’s reconceptualization of the corporate form as a dynamic legal technology that can be re-calibrated in varying contexts, and over time, in response to a dynamic landscape, and provides an overview of the book’s structure, summarizing the subjects addressed in each chapter.
Ready When You Are
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter reminds the practitioner to pay attention to a dying person’s caretaker(s) and ask how they are coping, if they are eating, sleeping, exercising, and getting time off from the weight of caring for their loved one who is dying. It also reminds the reader to ask the patient and primary caregiver if they would like to know what the end will look and feel like.
Plan B
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores how to prepare a child or children for the death of a family member, and how to raise discussions on these difficult and distressing topics. It acknowledges how people of all ages usually manage grief better with some preparation, where possible, and how children can cope with difficult information. It encourages the reader to show the family how they can pay close attention to children in the family and listen to their fears and concerns.
Clearing the Path
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses life after bereavement, and how normalization can be used to assist those in treatment. When patients or family members wish to discuss disease or death—whether real or anticipated—the professional can help normalize those fears and tensions, reassure them, and help the mourner avoid pathology, such as chronic grief.
Refresh
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter acknowledges how, after death, our tendency is to try to hold onto that person. Holding on can drive us to cherish objects, such as photographs, letters, clothing, or other things they created, as cherished objects. It explores how these cherished objects can serve as “transitional objects” to help a family member through grief.
Hand-Me-Down Death
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses how words—particularly blessings or curses, which evoke images from antiquated cultures in Western societies—can have an impact. Sometimes blessings or curses can have a very powerful and even life-altering effect on someone who is vulnerable to them. The case explores how health professionals, as authority figures, can use their words in powerful ways.
Senicide
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter contains a clinical tale about peer pressure, or social and familial pressure. Additionally, it explores the traditional role of the elderly in passing on acquired wisdom, and how this role has been reduced and sometimes erased by the accessibility of online information. The chapter also discusses how the elderly are keepers of their family history.
Dancing on Blood
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses how to outline a successful recovery plan for a life-threatening condition, and how to reorder everyday priorities. Also discusses the practitioner’s responsibility in helping their patients to look ahead and understand and accept the inevitable life changes they will need to make, particularly when not adhering to those changes could be life-threatening.
The Ocean of Inquiry
Authors: Allen Michael S.
Published: April 2022

Advaita Vedānta is one of the best-known schools of Indian philosophy, but much of its history—a history closely interwoven with that of medieval and modern Hinduism—remains surprisingly unexplored. This book focuses on a single remarkable work and its place within that history: The Ocean of Inquiry, a vernacular compendium of Advaita Vedānta by the North Indian monk Niścaldās (ca. 1791–1863). Though not well known today, Niścaldās’s work was once referred to by Vivekananda (himself a key figure in the shaping of modern Hinduism) as the most influential book in India. The present book situates The Ocean of Inquiry as a representative of both a neglected genre (vernacular Vedānta) and a neglected period (ca. 17th–19th centuries) in the history of Indian philosophy. It argues that the rise of Advaita Vedānta to a position of prestige began well before the period of British rule in India, and that vernacular texts like The Ocean of Inquiry played an important role in popularizing Vedāntic teachings. It also offers a new appraisal of the period of late Advaita Vedānta, arguing that it should not be seen as one of barren scholasticism. For thinkers like Niścaldās, intellectual “inquiry” (vicāra) was not an academic exercise but a spiritual practice—indeed, it was the central practice on the path to liberation. The book concludes by arguing that without understanding both vernacular Vedānta and the scholasticism of the period, one cannot fully understand the emergence of modern Hinduism.
Why Epistemology Matters
Authors: Allen Michael S.
Published: April 2022

This chapter is the first of three chapters that build on one another to develop a sustained argument about the relationship of scholasticism to spiritual practice. The present chapter lays the groundwork by exploring the epistemology contained—implicitly and explicitly—in The Ocean of Inquiry. It shows that for Niścaldās, the kind of knowledge that liberates exists on a continuum with everyday knowledge. The key distinction is not between “academic” knowledge and transcendent knowledge, but rather between doubt-laden awareness and doubt-free awareness. The chapter also draws attention to a dimension of Vedāntic epistemology that has hitherto gone unnoticed: what might be termed “material epistemology,” which relates to the better-known pramāṇa-framework (“instrumental epistemology”) in roughly the same way that, in contemporary discourse, neuroscience relates to philosophy of mind.
The Path to Liberation
Authors: Allen Michael S.
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on Niścaldās’s understanding of inquiry as a spiritual practice. It begins with an examination of the qualifications which seekers of liberation are supposed to meet before undertaking the practice of inquiry, and it explores the logic behind them, pointing again to the importance of the “material epistemology” discussed in the previous chapter. The chapter then turns to the path of liberation as understood by Niścaldās, showing how, for properly qualified seekers, the central practice is primarily intellectual, consisting in a dialectical process of raising and removing doubts. The chapter concludes with a comparison of Niścaldās’s view of inquiry with Pierre Hadot’s well-known idea of “spiritual exercises” in Greco-Roman philosophy.
Languages as Things in their Own Right
Authors: Wiggins David
Published: April 2022

Chomsky has said that the notions of a public language is unknown to empirical inquiry and “raises what seem to be irresolvable problems”. This chapter takes an opposing view – namely the common sense view which sees a language as something with a history, and the common possession as often as not of far-flung communities. In following this line of argument the author takes John Foster’s side in his well-known exchange with Crispin Wright, where Foster claimed that semantic theorists of English should concern themselves with the way in which English itself functions, rather than the way in which its speakers function.
On the Road Again (6.1–4)
Authors: Montiglio Silvia
Published: April 2022

Sections 1–4 of Book 6 are filled with narrative devices to keep the reader’s interest alert after the novel has reached midpoint and several crucial developments have already taken place. Heliodorus begins and ends the episode with pictures of restlessness and excited movement, which incite the readers to ‘move on’, while the retelling of Cnemon’s story ties together the two halves of the novel by harking back to Calasiris’ performance in a number of details, which we are challenged to unearth. Readers are also called upon to appreciate Heliodorus’ more explanatory style of narration when confronting Nausicles’ decision not to tell his story, which they know. In short, they are asked to engage with the text intellectually as well as emotionally; to read with enough care to catch the subtle intratextual and intertextual references scattered in the episode and its meta-literary qualities, detectable in the compliments Heliodorus pays to his narrative at this transitional juncture
Sending the Reader Round the Bend (8.14–17)
Authors: Repath Ian
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyses a passage concerned with transition, as the protagonists leave Memphis and make their way towards Ethiopia. The characters experience a variety of fluctuating emotions which, combined with narratorial interventions, affect the reader’s expectations. Particular attention is devoted to the pause in a bend in the Nile, a locus amoenus where the erotics of the novel are highlighted by the news of the death of Arsace in a place whose description evokes and is part of a network of intertextuality with Plato’s Phaedrus. There are also metaliterary and intratextual aspects, with the role of the sun being emphasized and the description of the bend in the river evoking the narrative technique of the novel and foreshadowing specific episodes, in particular the siege of Syene. Finally, intertextuality with Achilles Tatius in the ambush by Ethiopians suggests the importance of watery siege and human sacrifice in what will follow.
The Siege of Syene
Authors: Webb Ruth
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyses the account of the siege of Syene as an ekphrasis of the manner (tropos) in which something is made. It is a crucial passage in the novel, providing the context for Charicleia’s reunion with her father and introducing Hydaspes to the reader who is well aware how much will depend on his character and choices. His actions at Syene can be read, as in panegyric, as signs of his inner qualities, but a more focused reading brings out the ambiguous nature of his portrayal here, creating fresh doubts for the reader. The account of the siege-works also lends itself to a different type of interpretation that takes into account both the form traced by Hydaspes’ works, with its combination of the circular and the straight, level and the matter used (earth and water) which lend themselves to metaliterary and metafictional readings.
Social Contexts
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: April 2022

Reading sixteenth-century poetry divorced from its social context is a problematic enterprise that can distort our understanding of such work. This chapter provides a survey of some of the most important contexts for writing in the period. The first section analyses rhetoric, poetry, and poetics, and considers the ways in which poets sought to manipulate the affective responses of the reader. The second section considers how a range of poets responded to the Reformation, the anxieties it generated and the ways they tried to produce religious poetry faithful to the Word of God. The third section explores the significance of political thought on poetry, in particular the tradition of the ‘mirror for princes’, the danger of tyranny and treason and the problem of speaking truth to power. Authors studied include William Baldwin, Richard Barnfield, John Donne, Christopher Marlowe, Philip Sidney, Mary Sidney Herbert, Edmund Spenser, and Richard Stanyhurst.
Miscellany
Authors: MacFaul Tom
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the most significant poetic miscellanies of the sixteenth century, focusing on Tottel’s Miscellany, A Mirror for Magistrates, and England’s Helicon, showing how these volumes attempted to fashion a reading and writing nation. Songes and Sonettes (commonly known as Tottel’s Miscellany) was first printed at a time of great national crisis and presents poetry as a way of enduring various kinds of suffering, even if its focus seems largely on love. A Mirror for Magistrates construes national history through verse as an object of proper contemplation for those with civic responsibilities. In England’s Helicon, though the focus on pastoral tries to establish a poetic community, we see the emergence of a new, more atomistic society, which poetic ideals struggle to bind together.
The Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Schoenfeldt Michael
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores some of the remarkable changes in literary style and substance that occur around the turn of the sixteenth to the seventeenth century. A period of immense religious anxiety and political volatility, the beginning of the seventeenth century is also marked by a change in monarchs when Elizabeth I dies in 1603. On close inspection, the turn of the seventeenth century appears to be not an arbitrary chronological demarcation but rather something of a watershed moment in the literary and political landscape of England, marking changes both seismic and glacial. The chapter analyses how the Elizabethan heritage of Petrarchan poetry becomes the seedbed for the metaphysical lyrics of the seventeenth century.
Leaving the Space—Opening the Gap?
Authors: Weßels Bernhard
Published: April 2022

Examining the German case in the wider Western European context for the period 1996–2017, the chapter investigates the role of supply and demand factors for vote switching in general and switching to right-wing populist parties in particular. Combining survey data from the CSES with party data from the Manifesto Project, the chapter shows that the growing success of right-wing populist parties, in Germany just as in other Western European countries, was a response to programmatic moves of mainstream center-left and center-right parties to the left. In general, voters’ movements between parties did not follow a symmetric pattern. Changes to parties further left came about as responses to increasing voter-party distances on the socio-economic dimension. In the more recent past, switches to parties further right and, in particular, right-wing populist parties like the German AfD became more frequent, and they were associated with increasing distances on the socio-cultural dimension.
(In-)Consistent Voting in the 2009, 2013, and 2017 German Federal Elections
Authors: Melcher Reinhold
Published: April 2022

Choosing the “right” party has been especially challening for German voters due to considerable changes in the German political landscape, with the AfD’s rise in 2013 being just the tip of the iceberg. The chapter aims to answer the question of how these changes have influenced attitude-consistent voting in Germany and specifically whether the reasons for (in-)consistent voting have changed between the German federal elections of 2009, 2013, and 2017. Using GLES cross-sectional survey data and online tracking surveys, the chapter suggests that, regardless of the crises and the rise of a new political actor, most German voters voted (or would have voted) consistently between 2009 and 2017. In 2009 and 2017, inconsistent voting was strongly associated with low levels of political knowledge. By contrast, in 2013 inconsistent voters were primarily dissatisfied with democracy and the political elites and sympathetic to the AfD.
The Relationships between the Institutional Actors
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter studies the main principles governing the relationships between the European Union's institutional actors. The European Union constitutes a level of government in its own right: institutions of the Union draw up legislation which has to be implemented and complied with within the Member States. For the sound functioning of the Union, it is important to have clear rules on the normative relationship between acts adopted at Union level, on the one hand, and national law, on the other. From a political point of view, it is equally important to adequately organize the way in which the various interests existing both within the Member States and across borders are being reconciled through the interplay of the actors involved in Union decision-making. In this connection, attention should be paid to the specific interests which are structurally embodied in the various institutions of the Union and to the balance between institutions required by the Treaties.
The Implementation of Union Legislation
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter explains decision-making in the European Union for the purpose of implementing legislation. It looks at implementation by the Member States and implementation by Union institutions, bodies, offices, or agencies. The Treaties did not set up a uniform system for the implementation of Union legislation: where necessary, each act determines its implementation procedures itself; where the act in question does not do so, the principle applies that 'Member States shall take any appropriate measure, general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties or resulting from the acts of the institutions of the Union'. Since the Lisbon Treaty, the Treaties state that Member States are to adopt 'all measures of national law necessary to implement legally binding Union acts'. Accordingly, Union law is implemented as a rule by administration communautaire indirecte. Whether a legislative act provides for implementation at Union level or leaves implementation entirely to the Member States, the enforcement of the rules of Union law and the imposition of sanctions for breaches thereof fall primarily to the national administrative and judicial authorities. The Commission is empowered to conduct administrative inquiries itself and to fine individuals only very exceptionally.
Introduction
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

We are living in a time of unprecedented loss of biodiversity. Genetics and genomics can play a crucial role in protecting biodiversity. Conservation is an effort to protect the genetic and taxonomic diversity that has been produced by evolution over the past 3.5 billion years. Extinction is a demographic process, but the likelihood of extinction can be reduced by applying an understanding of genetics. Conservation genetics has origins beginning with Darwin. Although the field has become extremely broad, most published articles and applications dealing with conservation and genetics fit into one of five general categories described in this chapter. This is an exciting time to be interested in the genetics of populations. New technologies are promising to advance conservation, from managing wild and captive populations to tracking invasive species and pathogens. The application of innovative genetic technologies will play an important role in biodiversity conservation long into the future.
Population Genomics
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Sequencing all or part of the genome of individuals from different populations allows for many analyses of genetic variation that are not possible with a small number of unlinked markers. Genomic datasets may include sequences of anonymous regions scattered throughout the genome, sequences of targeted regions such as exomes, whole genome sequences, or genotypes for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or other targeted polymorphisms. Fully sequenced reference genomes were previously limited to model organisms and crop species, but can now be produced for any species, facilitating development of species-specific tools and sophisticated analyses. Next-generation sequencing can also quantify variation in gene expression, identify changes in DNA structure such as methylation involved in epigenetic responses, and characterize the multispecies metagenomics of communities and environments. While generating large genomic datasets has become much easier and faster, population genomic analyses now require stronger bioinformatic skills and more powerful computational resources.
Inbreeding Depression
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Populations may respond to environmental changes through phenotypic plasticity, adaptation, migration, or suffer demographic declines if they are unable to respond. Climate change is already causing shifts in species ranges, changes in phenotypes, and altered life history traits and interspecific interactions. The capacity for a population to adapt to new conditions is a function of the amount of genetic and phenotypic variation for traits under selection, fecundity, and the rate of environmental change per generation. Several genomic approaches are available for predicting the extent of maladaptation of populations resulting from climate change based on the mismatch between genotypes and new climates. The conservation of populations that are threatened by rapid climate change may in some cases require management tools including assisted gene flow to facilitate adaptation, and greater connectivity of habitats to facilitate range shifts and migration (i.e., gene flow).
Conservation Breeding and Restoration
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Captive breeding represents the last chance of survival for many species faced with imminent extinction in the wild. Captive breeding should be used sparingly because it is sometimes ineffective, and it can harm wild populations both indirectly and directly if not done correctly. There are a variety of crucial genetic issues to be considered in the founding of captive populations: How many individuals? Which source population(s)? A primary genetic goal of captive breeding programs is to minimize genetic change in captivity due to genetic drift and selection because genetic changes in captive populations can reduce the ability of captive individuals to reproduce and survive when returned to the wild. A variety of potentially valuable technologies (e.g., cloning, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated system), gene drives, etc.) are now available that have the potential to be valuable tools in conservation.
Conservation Genetics in Practice
Authors: Taylor Helen R.
Published: April 2022

The application of genetics to problems in conservation requires a firm understanding of the basic science, as well as an understanding of the practical management issues. Training to become a conservation geneticist requires both a strong basic science background in genetics and an understanding of the practical and social issues. Genetics is best incorporated into management programs through collaboration between geneticists and conservation managers. Making better use of scientific knowledge in the development of conservation policy is challenging. While scientific research is an essential input into the formulation of sound policy, it is only one of several sources of information that must be considered by policy-makers.
Keats, Burns, and Scotland
Authors: Barnard John
Published: April 2022

This chapter gives additional proof of the importance of Burns to Keats, and explores the difficulties he experienced in making poetry out of Scottish scenery or paying tribute to Burns. The first part adds to the evidence of Burn’s popularity for Keats and his circle, and argues that Keats’s three early verse epistles are indebted to the example of Burns’s verse letters to fellow poets. The second explores the uncertain textual status of his three poems on Burns (‘On visiting the Tomb of Burns’, ‘This mortal body of a thousand days’, and ‘There is a joy in footing slow’), all composed during his Northern walk, and how they embody the extreme difficulty which Keats, despite his high expectations, experienced in coming to terms with Burns’s genius and the grandeur of Scottish scenery. Keats had to realize that neither Burns’s example or the grandeur of mountains was directly translatable into his own poetry. Instead, the experiences of his Northern walk were to be instrumental in the creation of Hyperion that autumn.
Lear’s Tears
Authors: Jagger Jasmine
Published: April 2022

This chapter contends that Edward Lear’s poetic composition is driven by his states of tearfulness (which he calls ‘The Morbids’). It furthers critical and theoretical studies by Eric Griffiths (1989), Susan Langer (1955), and Mutlu Blasing (2007), expands on formal readings by Isobel Armstrong and Yopie Prins (2011), and develops studies of tears by Mark Taylor (1990), Jeffrey Kottler (1996), Tom Lutz (2001), and Thomas Dixon (2015). Tracing the overlaps between tearful moments in Lear’s life and tearful rhythms in his poetry and drafts, it offers an unexpected view of the poet’s oeuvre and the rhythms of feeling contained within it.
Disease and Agent Detection
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Infection with a parasite/pathogen and the resulting disease are two distinct phenomena and should not be confused. Establishing a relationship between an infectious agent and a disease is a fundamental epidemiological task that requires careful observational and experimental studies. This chapter evaluates some of the basic approaches and attendant challenges in documenting the presence of infection and disease in a wildlife population. Furthermore, the text also discusses the different types of relevant investigation, including observational, cross-sectional, and cohort studies, which can be used to quantify the frequency of occurrence of a pathogen in a wildlife population.
Estimating Basic Epidemiological Parameters
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

To apply a model to a particular system, it is necessary to estimate the variables describing the current state of the system, such as host population size and infection status, and also to estimate the parameters of the model, such as the transmission rate and birth and death rates. In practice, this is often the most difficult part of the modeling process. Mark–recapture methods can estimate both population size and survival, with multistate designs capable of also estimating infection prevalence and the rates at which individuals acquire and lose infection. Recent developments do not require physical capture of animals, using trail cameras or DNA analysis of hair or feces. Parameters associated with disease transmission are difficult to estimate in a field situation, but a range of new tools are available. The best way to estimate R0 depends on whether individual contacts can be traced, whether an epizootic is in its early stages, or whether infection is endemic. Approximate Bayesian Computation is a computer-intensive method that estimates multiple parameters simultaneously by selecting the parameter sets that can match observed system behavior most closely.
Adiabatic approximation
Authors: Cina Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

This chapter spells out the description of molecular structure and dynamics in terms of the adiabatic or Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Adiabatic electronic eigenstates are defined using a unitary transformation parametrized by nuclear coordinate operators. Conditions are specified under which the Born-Oppenheimer approximation applies.
Calcium-dependent protein kinase 16 phosphorylates and activates the aquaporin PIP2;2 to regulate reversible flower opening in Gentiana scabra
Authors: Nemoto Keiichirou , Niinae Tomoya , Goto Fumina , Sugiyama Naoyuki , Watanabe Aiko , Shimizu Motoki , Shiratake Katsuhiro , Nishihara Masahiro
Published: April 2022

Flower opening is important for successful pollination in many plant species, and some species repeatedly open and close their flowers. This is thought to be due to turgor pressure changes caused by water influx/efflux, which depends on osmotic oscillations in the cells. In some ornamental plants, water-transporting aquaporins, also known as plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), may play an important role in flower opening. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in corolla movement are largely unknown. Gentian (Gentiana spp.) flowers undergo reversible movement in response to temperature and light stimuli; using gentian as a model, we showed that the Gentiana scabra aquaporins GsPIP2;2 and GsPIP2;7 regulate repeated flower opening. In particular, phosphorylation of a C-terminal serine residue of GsPIP2;2 is important for its transport activity and relates closely to the flower re-opening rate. Furthermore, GsPIP2;2 is phosphorylated and activated by the calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinase GsCPK16, which is activated by elevated cytosolic Ca2+ levels in response to temperature and light stimuli. We propose that GsCPK16-dependent phosphorylation and activation of GsPIP2;2 regulate gentian flower re-opening, with stimulus-induced Ca2+ signals acting as triggers.