bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical performance characteristics of high‐level female soccer players 12–21 years of age
Authors: Vescovi J. D. , Rupf R. , Brown T. D. , Marques M. C.
Published: April 2010

Performance assessment has become an invaluable component of monitoring player development and within talent identification programs in soccer, yet limited performance data are available for female soccer players across a wide age range. The aim of this study was to describe the physical performance characteristics of female soccer players ranging in age from 12 to 21 years. High‐level female soccer players (n=414) were evaluated on linear sprinting (36.6 m with 9.1 m splits), countermovement jump (CMJ), and two agility tests. Separate one‐way ANOVAs were used to compare performance characteristics between (1) each year of chronological age and (2) three age groups: 12–13 years, n=78, 14–17 years, n=223, and 18–21 years, n=113. Mean linear sprint speed over 9.1 m was similar across all chronological ages, however sprint speed over the final 9.1 m, CMJ height and agility scores improved until approximately 15–16 years. Outcomes from the group data indicated better performance on all tests for the 14–17‐year‐old group compared with the 12–13‐year‐old group. Additionally, sprint speed on the second and fourth 9.1 m splits and 36.6 m sprint speed as well as performance on the Illinois agility test was better in the 18–21‐year‐old group compared with the 14–17‐year‐old group. The findings from this study indicate that marked improvements of high intensity short duration work occur up until 15–16 years. Smaller gains in performance were observed beyond 16 years of age as evidenced by better performance on 36.6 m sprint speed, several sprint splits and the Illinois agility test in the college aged players (i.e., 18–21‐year‐old group).
Idiosyncratic control of the center of mass in expert climbers
Authors: Zampagni M. L. , Brigadoi S. , Schena F. , Tosi P. , Ivanenko Y. P.
Published: April 2010

Here, we studied posture and movement coordination adopted by expert climbers. The investigation of such expertise might be of particular interest to gain understanding about the mechanisms underlying the biomechanical control of vertical quadrupedal locomotion. A novel custom setup was developed to analyze the motion of the center‐of‐mass (COM) and complementary information about the dynamic distribution of vertical reaction forces under the feet during climbing in nine elite climbers (EC) and nine control subjects. Two adaptive features were found in EC. First, unexpectedly they tended to maintain larger COM distances from the wall relative to controls, during both the static and dynamic phases of vertical motion (by ∼5 cm in both cases). Second, while the control subjects tended to restrain the lateral motion of the COM, all EC demonstrated systematic COM oscillations (∼1.3 times larger) associated with a significant alternating dynamic redistribution of the body weight between the limbs during the double support phase. The latter phenomenon likely reflects an adopted basic climbing strategy in experts. Furthermore, a convergence of the optimal solution towards a more diagonal climbing strategy in EC may shed light on the origin of the diagonal gait in primates and early hominids habituated to quadrupedal vertical locomotion.
Relative safety of 4 weeks of blood flow‐restricted resistance exercise in young, healthy adults
Authors: Clark B. C. , Manini T. M. , Hoffman R. L. , Williams P. S. , Guiler M. K. , Knutson M. J. , McGLynn M. L. , Kushnick M. R.
Published: April 2010

This study evaluated the effect of 4 weeks of low‐load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFRE) on increasing strength in comparison with high‐load resistance exercise (HLE), and assessed changes in blood, vascular and neural function. Healthy adults performed leg extension BFRE or HLE 3 days/week at 30% and 80% of strength, respectively. During BFRE, a cuff on the upper leg was inflated to 30% above systolic blood pressure. Strength, pulse‐wave velocity (PWV), ankle‐brachial index (ABI), prothrombin time (PT) and nerve conduction (NC) were measured before and after training. Markers of coagulation (fibrinogen and D‐dimer), fibrinolysis [tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)] and inflammation [high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP)] were measured in response to the first and last exercise bouts. Strength increased 8% with BFRE and 13% with HLE (P<0.01). No changes in PWV, ABI, PT or NC were observed following training for either group (P>0.05). tPA antigen increased 30–40% immediately following acute bouts of BFRE and HLE (P=0.01). No changes were observed in fibrinogen, D‐dimer or hsCRP (P>0.05). These findings indicate that both protocols increase the strength without altering nerve or vascular function, and that a single bout of both protocols increases fibrinolytic activity without altering selected markers of coagulation or inflammation in healthy individuals.
Parameters for Successful Implant Integration Revisited Part I: Immediate Loading Considered in Light of the Original Prerequisites for Osseointegration
Authors: Bahat Oded , Sullivan Richard M.
Published: April 2010

Purpose: With the increasing popularity and publication of loading implants at the time of placement, including at time of dental extraction and simultaneous with reconstructive procedures, the objective was to evaluate known variables identified for a traditional unloaded healing period and determine the applicability of these variables to immediate loading.

Materials: A total of 124 published reports available as of January 2008 that contained information about loading from the time of surgery up to 3 months postsurgically were examined in light of published variables affecting osseointegration based on a 2 stage surgical approach.

Methods: The articles were examined to differentiate between immediate loading (within the initial 48 hours) and early/delayed loading of implants. Success or survival criteria were noted, and where reasons for failure were available, categorized according to six variables considered as determinants for maintaining a long‐term bone‐to‐implant contact.

Results: Approximately 60 of the 124 reports described immediately loading implants within 48 with single‐tooth, partial, and full‐arch restorations, as well as implant overdentures. The implant success or survival rates ranged from 70.8% to 100%. Most studies considered implant survival to be the only criterion for success.

Conclusions: Of six parameters identified in 1981 as influencing osseointegration, two parameters (the status of the bone/implant site and implant loading conditions) appear to have diagnostic implications, whereas three (implant design, surgical technique, and implant finish) may affect immediate loading positively or adversely.
Contribution of Vasoactive Eicosanoids and Nitric Oxide Production to the Effect of Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitor, NS‐398, on Endotoxin‐Induced Hypotension in Rats
Authors: Tunctan Bahar , Korkmaz Belma , Cuez Tuba , Kemal Buharalioglu C. , Sahan‐Firat Seyhan , Falck John , Malik Kafait U.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Our previous studies with the use of non‐selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, indomethacin, demonstrated that prostanoids produced during endotoxaemia increase inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and nitric oxide synthesis, and decrease cyctochrome P450 (CYP) 4A1 protein expression and CYP 4A activity. The results suggest that dual inhibition of iNOS and COX by indomethacin restores blood pressure presumably due to increased production of 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20‐HETE) derived from CYP 4A in endotoxaemic rats. The present study examined whether increased levels of vasoconstrictor eicosanoids, 20‐HETE, prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)and thromboxane A2(TxA2), would contribute to the effect of selective COX‐2 inhibition to prevent endotoxin (ET)‐induced fall in blood pressure associated with an increase in the production of vasodilator prostanoids, prostaglandin I2(PGI2) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and nitric oxide synthesis. Mean arterial blood pressure fell by 31 mmHg and heart rate (HR) rose by 90 beats/min. in male Wistar rats treated with ET (10 mg/kg, i.p.). The fall in mean arterial pressure and increase in HR were associated with increased levels of 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α(6‐keto‐PGF1α), PGE2, TxB2, and nitrite in the serum, kidney, heart, thoracic aorta and/or superior mesenteric artery. Systemic and renal 20‐HETE and PGF2αlevels were also decreased in endotoxaemic rats. These effects of ET were prevented by a selective COX‐2 inhibitor,N‐(2‐cyclohexyloxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)methansulphonamide (10 mg/kg, i.p.), given 1 hr after injection of ET. These data suggest that an increase in 20‐HETE and PGF2αlevels associated with decreased production of PGI2, PGE2, and TxA2, and nitric oxide synthesis contributes to the effect of selective COX‐2 inhibitor to prevent the hypotension during rat endotoxaemia.
Evaluation of Cisplatin in Combination with β‐Elemene as a Regimen for Prostate Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Li Qingdi Quentin , Wang Gangduo , Reed Eddie , Huang Lan , Cuff Christopher F.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Cisplatin is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of many types of solid tumours. Nevertheless, it is not the first‐line drug for prostate cancer chemotherapy, because prostate tumour cells exhibit intrinsic and acquired resistance to cisplatin. We have previously demonstrated that β‐elemene, a novel plant‐derived anti‐neoplastic with low toxicity, inhibits lung and ovarian carcinoma cell growth in vitro. In the present study, we explored the therapeutically chemosensitizing effect of β‐elemene on cisplatin anti‐tumour efficacy in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells as well as the underlying mechanism. β‐Elemene significantly increased cisplatin cytotoxicity in the androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145 and PC‐3. In addition, β‐elemene markedly promoted cisplatin‐induced apoptotic cell death in both cell lines, as determined by three different apoptosis assays. β‐Elemene augmented the cisplatin‐induced activation of caspase‐3/7/10 and caspase‐9, cleavage of caspase‐3 and ‐9, suppression of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL expression, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in these cells. Thus, β‐elemene enhancement of cisplatin‐induced apoptosis via mitochondrial activation of the caspase‐mediated apoptotic pathway may account for the augmented anti‐cancer potency of cisplatin in prostate cancer. Cisplatin combined with β‐elemene as a chemosensitizer or adjuvant warrants further study and may be potentially useful as a first‐line treatment of androgen‐independent prostate carcinomas.
Confluent hepatic fibrosis mimicking malignant hepatic neoplasm on ultrasonography
Authors: Pang Kit‐Yi , Liu Shirley Y.W. , Lee Kit‐Fai , Wong John , Ng Wilson W.C. , Chau Luen‐Fai , Lai Paul B.S.
Published: April 2010

Confluent hepatic fibrosis is a special entity of liver cirrhosis that can result in gross distortion of the normal liver anatomy. Rarely, its distorted appearance can mimic malignant liver neoplasm on screening ultrasonography that might introduce diagnostic confusion. Computed tomography scanning with three‐dimensional reconstruction is crucial in making accurate diagnostic differentiation. Here, we report an unusual case of confluent hepatic fibrosis that presented as a suspicious liver mass on ultrasonography.
Basal meningitis and hydrocephalus: Complications of external beam radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Tsui Tsun‐Miu , Chan Danny T.M. , To Edward W.H. , Poon Wai‐Sang
Published: April 2010

Bacterial meningitis is a rare complication of external beam radiation therapy to anterior skull base lesions. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common malignancies in Hong Kong. External beam radiotherapy is the established standard treatment for primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The present study reports one of the fatal complications of radiotherapy, basal meningitis. Clinical presentation and pathogenesis of this rare complication leading to mortality will be discussed.
Using ‘failure mode and effects analysis’ to design a surgical safety checklist for safer surgery
Authors: Chan Danny T.M. , Ng Simon S.M. , Chong Yee Hung , Wong John , Tam Yuk‐Him , Lam Yuk‐Hoi , Chan Chi‐Kwok , Wong David S.Y. , Wan Innes Y.P. , Wong Simon K.H. , Ng Bobby K.W. , Cho Amy M.W. , Yu Kwok‐Hung , Chan Hing‐Sang , Li Wing See , Ng Alex , Wu Terry S.F. , Chiu Alick , Fong Ada S.L. , Liu Yat Wo , Lai Paul B.S.
Published: April 2010

Aims:  To describe the process of designing a new surgical safety checklist for the prevention of wrong patient and wrong site/side surgery using ‘failure mode and effects analysis’ (FMEA), and to carry out a compliance audit on the use of the new checklist in a surgical department.

Methods:  Using FMEA as a tool, a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals in the New Territories East Cluster of the Hospital Authority sought to identify key steps at‐risk associated with a patient's journey through elective surgery. The whole process was redesigned and incorporated into a new safety checklist with a view to preventing wrong patient and wrong site/side surgery. A compliance audit was carried out after implementation of the checklist.

Results:  The newly designed safety checklist, known as ‘123‐Surgical Safety‐123’, involved a longitudinal series of checkpoints from upstream to downstream with repeated/redundant cross‐checking at key steps. The checkpoints included consenting process, sending of patient to the theatre, theatre reception, sign‐in, time‐out, and sign‐out. At each step, one designated person (either a doctor or a nurse) was responsible for checking the correctness of those items listed on the checklist. The new checklist was implemented in February 2009. A compliance audit on the use of the checklist was carried out between 13 February and 17 April 2009. A total of 322 patients were operated on during the study period. The overall compliance rate was 95%.

Conclusion:  By using FMEA as a platform, a new surgical safety checklist for prevention of wrong patient and wrong site/side surgery was designed and successfully implemented in a surgical department. A high compliance rate was achieved. However, whether or not the implementation of this new checklist will improve the outcome of surgical patients still awaits further evaluation.
Incidence of cereal and pasture viruses in New Zealand's native grasses
Authors: Delmiglio C. , Pearson M.N. , Lister R.A. , Guy P.L.
Published: April 2010

This study provides evidence for frequent and multiple invasions of New Zealand's native grasses by exotic cereal and pasture viruses. Fifteen native and three exotic grasses from 29 North Island and six South Island sites were surveyed for the presence of viruses using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Barley yellow dwarf virus and Cereal yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, CYDV: Luteoviridae) and Cocksfoot mottle virus (CoMV, Sobemovirus) are widespread throughout New Zealand. CoMV, previously considered to have a natural host range restricted to Dactylis and Triticum, was detected in Poa anceps, P. cita, Festuca novae‐zelandiae, and Chionochloa rubra. New virus host reports include BYDV‐PAV in Microlaena stipoides and Dichelachne crinita; BYDV‐MAV in P. cita, F. novae‐zelandiae and Hierochloe redolens; and CYDV‐RPV in P. cita and M. stipoides. Nominal logistic regression analyses showed a correlation between the presence of exotic grass species and virus incidence. Host range experiments for BYDV‐PAV and CoMV were performed with selected native and exotic grasses, and the results are discussed in context of the field‐survey findings.
Constraining blazar distances with combined Fermi and TeV data: an empirical approach
Authors: Prandini E. , Bonnoli G. , Maraschi L. , Mariotti M. , Tavecchio F.
Published: April 2010

We discuss a method to constrain the distance of blazars with unknown redshift using combined observations in the GeV and TeV regimes. We assume that the Very High Energies (VHE) spectrum corrected for the absorption through the interaction with the extragalactic background light cannot be harder than the spectrum in the Fermi/Large Area Telescope (LAT) band. Starting from the observed VHE spectral data we derive the EBL-corrected spectra as a function of the redshift z and fit them with power laws to be compared with power-law fits to the LAT data. We apply the method to all TeV blazars detected by LAT with known distance and derive an empirical law describing the relation between the upper limits and the true redshifts that can be used to estimate the distance of unknown redshift blazars. Using different EBL models leads to systematic changes in the derived upper limits. Finally, we use this relation to infer the distance of the unknown redshift blazar PKS 1424+240.
COMBINATION EFFECTS OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE PROPERTIES OF GOATFISH SURIMI GEL
Authors: BENJAKUL SOOTTAWAT , YARNPAKDEE SUTHASINEE , VISESSANGUAN WONNOP , PHATCHARAT SUTTIRUG
Published: April 2010

Effect of whey protein concentrate (WPC) in combination with calcium chloride (50 mmol/kg) on the gel properties of surimi produced from goatfish (Mulloidichthys martinicus) was investigated. Breaking force and deformation of both kamaboko (40/90C) and modori (60/90C) gel increased with increasing WPC (0–3%) (P < 0.05). Myosin heavy chain (MHC) band intensity of all gels was more retained as WPC concentration increased. The coincidental increase in water‐holding capacity was obtained, however, the whiteness was slightly decreased. At all levels of WPC added, kamaboko gels added with CaCl2 exhibited the superior properties to those without CaCl2 (P < 0.05). On the other hand, CaCl2 addition resulted in the poorer gel properties of modori gel, regardless of WPC addition. The microstructure of surimi gels added with 3% WPC generally became denser and more ordered, compared with the control gel, irrespective of CaCl2 addition.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Goatfish is the new raw material for surimi production; however, it yields the gel with poor quality. The addition of WPC and CaCl2 at the appropriate levels can be a promising means to improve the gel quality via the inhibition of endogenous proteinases and the enhancement of setting phenomenon, respectively. As a consequence, surimi industry is able to produce surimi from goatfish with the quality equivalent to that of surimi from commonly used species. Thus, the greater benefit can be gained from goatfish, especially for the surimi industry.
The Novel Endomorphin Degradation Blockers Tyr‐Pro‐DClPhe‐Phe‐NH2 (EMDB‐1) and Tyr‐Pro‐Ala‐NH2 (EMDB‐2) Prolong Endomorphin‐2 Action in Rat Ileum In Vitro
Authors: Fichna Jakub , Perlikowska Renata , Gach Katarzyna , Do‐Rego Jean‐Claude , Cravezic Aurore , Janecka Anna , Storr Martin A.
Published: April 2010

The endogenous opioid system is involved in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The potential use of endogenous MOR ligands, endomorphins (EMs), as therapeutics is limited because of their rapid enzymatic degradation and short duration of action. Targeting enzymatic degradation is an approach to prolong EM activity. In the present study, we characterized the effects of novel blockers of EM degradation in GI tissue preparation in vitro. The effects of actinonin, diprotin A (DIP) and the novel peptide EM degradation blockers Tyr‐Pro‐DClPhe‐Phe‐NH2 (EMDB‐1), Tyr‐Pro‐Ala‐NH2 (EMDB‐2) and Tyr‐Pro‐Ala‐OH (EMDB‐3) on EM‐2‐mediated inhibition of electrically induced cholinergic twitch contractions were compared in rat ileum in vitro using an organ bath. EMDB‐1 and EMDB‐2 significantly prolonged the inhibitory effect of EM‐2 on smooth muscle contractility in rat ileum. EMDB‐2 extended the EM‐2 action for up to 60 min compared to 10 min in controls and was more potent than the conventional peptidase inhibitor DIP. EMDB‐1 and EMDB‐2 are potent EM degradation blockers, which prolong the inhibitory effects of EM‐2 on smooth muscle contractility in rat ileum. These novel compounds may be of future use when targeting the endogenous opioid system in the treatment of GI motility disorders such as diarrhea.
Sex differences in the coronary vasodilation induced by 17 β‐oestradiol in the isolated perfused heart from spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Santos R. L. , Marin E. B. , Gonçalves W. L. S. , Bissoli N. S. , Abreu G. R. , Moysés M. R.
Published: April 2010

Aim:  The relaxation induced by oestrogen in the coronary vascular bed from normotensive rats has been well described. However, almost nothing is known about this action in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We investigated the effect of 17 β‐oestradiol (E2) in coronary arteries from SHR as well as the contribution of the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscle to this action.

Methods:  Coronary arteries from male and female rats were used. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and baseline coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) were determined. The effects of 10 μm E2 were assessed by in bolus administration before and after endothelium denudation (0.25 μm sodium deoxycholate) or perfusion with 100 μmNω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), 2.8 μm indomethacin, 0.75 μm clotrimazole, 100 μm l‐NAME after endothelium denudation (0.25 μm sodium deoxycholate), 100 μm l‐NAME plus 2.8 μm indomethacin, 0.75 μm clotrimazole plus 2.8 μm indomethacin and 4 mm tetraethylammonium (TEA).

Results:  MAP was higher in the male group, while CPP was higher in the female group (P < 0.05). There were no differences in E2‐induced relaxation between females and males (−17 ± 1.6 vs. −17 ± 2% respectively). Only in the female group the E2 response was significantly attenuated after endothelium removal or perfusion with clotrimazole. The response to E2 was reduced in both groups with l‐NAME, l‐NAME plus indomethacin, l‐NAME after endothelium removal or TEA.

Conclusions:  Nitric oxide, endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor and potassium channels may have the most important role to E2 response in the female group, whereas nitric oxide and potassium channels may have the most important role in the male group.
Exogenous ghrelin accentuates the acute hypoxic ventilatory response after two weeks of chronic hypoxia in conscious rats
Authors: Schwenke D. O. , Pearson J. T. , Kangawa K. , Cragg P. A. , Shirai M.
Published: April 2010

Aim:  Ghrelin has been implicated as a modulator of numerous physiological pathways. To date, there have not been any studies describing the role of ghrelin in modulating the chemoreflex control of pulmonary ventilation. Yet the respiratory system impacts, at least to some degree, on virtually all homeostatic control systems. Chronic hypoxia (CH) can cause fundamental changes in ventilatory control, evident by alterations in the acute hypoxia ventilatory response (HVR). As ghrelin plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis, which is tightly linked to ventilatory control, we hypothesized that ghrelin may modulate HVR, especially following CH.

Methods:  Whole body plethysmography was used to measure the HVR (8% O2 for 10 min) in male Sprague–Dawley rats (body wt ∼180–220 g) before and after 14 days of CH (CH = 10% O2). During CH, rats received daily subcutaneous injections of either saline (control; n = 5) or ghrelin (150 μg kg−1 day−1; n = 5). The HVR was measured in another four rats that had received daily injections of ghrelin during normoxia for 7 days.

Results:  Ghrelin did not significantly alter basal ventilatory drive or acute HVR in normoxic rats. However, the acute HVR was accentuated following CH in ghrelin‐treated rats compared with saline‐treated rats.

Conclusions:  These results describe the impact that ghrelin has in altering ventilatory control following CH and, although the mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, provide guidance for future ghrelin‐based studies interpreting physiological data indirectly related to the chemoreflex control of pulmonary ventilation.
Acid sensing by visceral afferent neurones
Authors: Holzer P.
Published: April 2010

Acidosis in the gastrointestinal tract can be both a physiological and pathological condition. While gastric acid serves digestion and protection from pathogens, pathological acidosis is associated with defective acid containment, inflammation and ischaemia. The pH in the oesophagus, stomach and intestine is surveyed by an elaborate network of acid‐sensing mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Deviations from physiological values of extracellular pH (7.4) are monitored by multiple acid sensors expressed by epithelial cells and sensory neurones. Protons evoke multiple currents in primary afferent neurones, which are carried by several acid‐sensitive ion channels. Among these, acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) and transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) ion channels have been most thoroughly studied. ASICs survey moderate decreases in extracellular pH whereas TRPV1 is activated only by severe acidosis resulting in pH values below 6. Other molecular acid sensors comprise TRPV4, TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPP2 (PKD2L1), epithelial Na+channels, two‐pore domain K+(K2P) channels, ionotropic purinoceptors (P2X), inward rectifier K+channels, voltage‐activated K+channels, L‐type Ca2+channels and acid‐sensitive G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Most of these acid sensors are expressed by primary sensory neurones, although to different degrees and in various combinations. As upregulation and overactivity of acid sensors appear to contribute to various forms of chronic inflammation and pain, acid‐sensitive ion channels and receptors are also considered as targets for novel therapeutics.
Plasmid addiction systems: perspectives and applications in biotechnology
Authors: Kroll Jens , Klinter Stefan , Schneider Cornelia , Voß Isabella , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: April 2010

Biotechnical production processes often operate with plasmid‐based expression systems in well‐established prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. Genetically engineered organisms produce important chemicals, biopolymers, biofuels and high‐value proteins like insulin. In those bioprocesses plasmids in recombinant hosts have an essential impact on productivity. Plasmid‐free cells lead to losses in the entire product recovery and decrease the profitability of the whole process. Use of antibiotics in industrial fermentations is not an applicable option to maintain plasmid stability. Especially in pharmaceutical or GMP‐based fermentation processes, deployed antibiotics must be inactivated and removed. Several plasmid addiction systems (PAS) were described in the literature. However, not every system has reached a full applicable state. This review compares most known addiction systems and is focusing on biotechnical applications.
Anti‐melanoma efficacy of internal radionuclide therapy in relation to melanin target distribution
Authors: Bonnet M. , Mishellany F. , Papon J. , Cayre A. , Penault‐Llorca F. , Madelmont J. C. , Miot‐Noirault E. , Chezal J. M. , Moins N.
Published: April 2010

Targeted internal radionuclide therapy (TRT) could be an efficient, specific way to treat disseminated melanoma. Based on a previous pharmacomodulation study, we selected a quinoxaline‐derived molecule (ICF01012) for its melanin specificity and kinetic properties suitable for TRT. Here, we determined the efficacy of [131I]ICF01012 radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo in relation to melanogenesis using human melanoma models. [125I]ICF01012 uptake was first assessed in relation to melanin content. We found that melanin distribution in different models was representative of pathology seen in human tumours: melanin content was high in the extracellular space of SKMel3 tumours, and accumulated primarily in melanophages in M4Beu tumours. Targeted [131I]ICF01012 radiotherapy had a strong anti‐tumoural efficacy in pigmented versus unpigmented tumours, regardless of target distribution and content. This study supports the use of melanin targeting with 131I‐labelled iodoquinoxaline for effective treatment of melanoma.
Chemokines in aqueous humour before and after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in eyes with macular oedema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Kunikata Hiroshi , Shimura Masahiko , Nakazawa Toru , Sonoda Koh‐Hei , Yoshimura Takeru , Ishibashi Tatsuro , Nishida Kohji
Published: April 2010

Purpose:  To determine the aqueous humour levels of chemokines before and after an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) in eyes with macular oedema associated with a branch retinal vein occlusion (ME‐BRVO).

Design:  Single‐centre, prospective, consecutive interventional case series.

Participants:  Seventeen eyes of 17 consecutive patients with ME‐BRVO who underwent IVTA were studied. Seven eyes without retinal vascular disease served as control.

Intervention:  All patients with ME‐BRVO underwent IVTA.

Main outcome measures:  The optical coherence tomographically determined foveal thickness (FT) and the aqueous humour levels of inflammatory chemokines of the C‐C subfamily, including eotaxin, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α), β (MIP‐1β), and RANTES was determined before the IVTA (baseline) and at 1 week after the IVTA.

Results:  At the baseline, only MCP‐1 and MIP‐1β were detected in the aqueous, and MIP‐1β was significantly higher in eyes with a ME‐BRVO than in controls (p = 0.004). The level of both of these chemokines was not correlated with the FT (p = 0.654 and p = 0.608, respectively). One week after IVTA, the FT was significantly decreased (p < 0.001), and the levels of MCP‐1 and MIP‐1β were also significantly reduced (p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). The decrease in the FT was correlated with the decrease in only MIP‐1β (r = 0.58, p = 0.020).

Conclusions:  Alterations of the aqueous level of MIP‐1β reflect the improvement of the macular oedema after IVTA in eyes with ME‐BRVO. This indicates that the steroid‐dependent ME‐BRVO was closely related with the level of MIP‐1β.
Delayed epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C treatment
Authors: Kremer Israel , Ehrenberg Miriam , Levinger Shmuel
Published: April 2010

Purpose:  To evaluate the epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) 0.02%.

Methods:  A total of 1520 eyes of 760 patients with myopia with spherical equivalent between −1.5 and −8.0 dioptres underwent PRK during 2004–2008. The epithelium was removed mechanically, and laser ablation was followed by topical application of MMC (0.02%) for 20 seconds. A therapeutic contact lens (TCL), kept in 4°C, was fitted and worn until complete epithelialization. Antibiotic, steroid and diclofenac drops were instilled during the healing phase. Steroid drops were used for 6–8 weeks and gradually reduced. The results were compared with a retrospective analysis of 500 myopic eyes which underwent PRK without MMC therapy during 2002–2004.

Results:  In 30 MMC treated eyes (2%), epithelial healing was delayed with a stellate defect which healed after 12–14 days. Another fifteen eyes (1%) revealed loose midperipheral epithelium and complete epithelialization took 10–14 days after scraping. Two of these eyes developed recurrent erosion treated by scraping and TCL. Seven eyes (0.5%) revealed delayed healing with paracentral epithelial plaques which were scraped and complete healing took 12–14 days. No final haze was found in the MMC‐treated eyes. In comparison, only 0.8% of the eyes which had undergone PRK without MMC revealed epithelial problems. Haze was found in 8% of these eyes. A statistically significant difference was found between the rate of epithelial problems of the two groups (p ≤ 0.002).

Conclusions:  MMC (0.02%) applied for 20 seconds post‐PRK was found to delay epithelial wound healing up to 14 days in 3.5% of patients with myopia compared to 0.8% of PRK eyes without MMC application. Final haze was not found despite delayed epithelialization because of MMC treatment.
Topical levofloxacin 1.5% overcomes in vitro resistance in rabbit keratitis models
Authors: Kowalski Regis P. , Romanowski Eric G. , Mah Francis S. , Shanks Robert M. Q. , Gordon Y. J.
Published: April 2010

Purpose:  To determine whether topical levofloxacin 1.5% will successfully treat both levofloxacin‐resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in rabbit keratitis models.

Methods:  For levofloxacin‐resistant and susceptible SA, respectively, 32 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were intrastromally injected with 1000 colony‐forming units (CFU). After 4 hr, the corneas of eight rabbits were homogenized to determine onset CFU/ml. Twenty‐four rabbits were divided into three treatments: levofloxacin, vancomycin (cefazolin for levofloxacin‐susceptible SA) and saline. Twenty‐one drops were administered over 5 hr. One hour post‐treatment, the corneas were homogenized for CFU/ml. For levofloxacin‐resistant and susceptible PA, respectively, 32 NZW rabbits were intrastromally injected with 1000 CFU. After 16 hr, the corneas of eight rabbits were homogenized for CFU/ml. Twenty‐four rabbits were divided into three treatments: levofloxacin, tobramycin (ciprofloxacin for levofloxacin‐susceptible PA) and saline. Nineteen drops were administered over 8 hr. One hour post‐treatment, the corneas were homogenized for CFU/ml. The CFU/ml data were analysed for sterilization and non‐parametrically for reduction.

Results:  Levofloxacin 1.5% significantly reduced more (p < 0.05) levofloxacin‐resistant SA than vancomycin; was equivalent to cefazolin (p > 0.05) for levofloxacin‐susceptible SA; was equivalent to tobramycin for levofloxacin‐resistant PA; was equivalent to ciprofloxacin for levofloxacin‐susceptible PA; and significantly reduced more SA and PA than saline and onset. Levofloxacin 1.5% sterilized the corneas in the levofloxacin‐resistant and susceptible PA groups (32/32) and levofloxacin‐susceptible SA group (16/16), but not the levofloxacin‐resistant SA group (0/16).

Conclusion:  Levofloxacin 1.5% was effective for reducing SA and PA in the rabbit keratitis models regardless of in vitro resistance.
Fimbrial adhesins from extraintestinal Escherichia coli
Authors: Klemm Per , Hancock Viktoria , Schembri Mark A.
Published: April 2010

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) represent an important subclass of E. coli that cause a wide spectrum of diseases in human and animal hosts. Fimbriae are key virulence factors of ExPEC strains. These long surface located rod‐shaped organelles mediate receptor‐specific attachment to host tissue surfaces (tissue tropism). Some ExPEC fimbriae have additional functions such as the promotion of biofilm formation, cell aggregation and adherence to abiotic surfaces. Here we review the structure, function and contribution to virulence of fimbriae associated with ExPEC strains.
An Introduction to Allergy and Its Treatment
Authors: INGHAM B. , LARGE B. J.
Published: April 2010

This review is intended to acquaint veterinarians with current concepts of allergy and to rationalise some of the measures presently employed in the treatment of allergic diseases.

Both immediate and delayed types of hypersensitivity reactions are described, and a brief classification of antigens and anti‐bodies is included.

The pharmacological properties are summarised of some biologically active substances known to be released from tissues after antigen‐antibody union has occurred. An account is given of typical laboratory procedures which may be used to evaluate the activity potential anti‐allergic drugs; finally, various categories of drugs are detailed which are considered to have therapeutic value in some allergic disorders.

On souhaite ici familiariser le Vétérinaire avec les conceptions actuelles sur l'allergie et indiquer quelques unes des méthodes utilisées pour le traitement des maladies allergiques.

Les réactions d'hypersensitivité immédiates et retardées sont décrites et une classification succincte des antigènes et des anticorps est donnée. Les propriètés pharmacologiques de quelques substances biologiques connues pour etre libèrées des tissus après la production d'une réaction antigène‐anticorps sont résumées.

On passe en revue les procèdés de laboratoire les plus importants qui peuvent etre employés pour évaluer le pouvoir anti allergique de certains médicaments. Enfin plusieurs types de médicaments connus pour leur valeur thérapeutique dans les troubles allergiques sont mentionnés.

Diese Betrachtung verfolgt den Zweck, die Tierärzte mit den gängigen Ansichten über Allergien vertraut zu machen und die heutigen Behandlungsmethoden allergischer Krankheiten zu begründen.

Plötzlich auftretende und protrahierte Uberempfindlichkeitsreaktionen werden beschrieben unter Einschluss einer kurzen Klassierung von Antigenen und Antikörpern.

Es folgt dann eine Charakterisierung der pharmakologischen Eigenschaften einiger biologisch aktiver Substanten, die bei Antigen‐Antikörperreaktionen aus den Geweben freigesetzt werden. Gebräuchliche Labormethoden zur Messung der Wirksamkeit antiallergischer Medikamente werden beurteilt und zu guter Letzt werden Angaben gemacht über verschiedene Medikamentengruppen, denen ein therapeutischer Wert bei allergischen Krankheiten zugeschrieben wird.
An Hypothesis on the Causation of Laryngeal Hemiplegia in Horses
Authors: ROONEY J. R. , DELANEY F. M.
Published: April 2010

Left‐side laryngeal hemiplegia is considered to be the result of damage to the middle third of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. There is greater tension in the left recurrent nerve and, particularly, in the left recurrent nerve of long neck and/or large bodied horses. The tensile force may cause “necking” and compression of the blood vessels, resulting in vascular insufficiency and nerve damage.

L'hémiplègie laryngée du coté gauche est considèrée comme résultant d'une lésion du tiers moyen du nerf récurrent gauche.

Il y aurait une plus grande tension du nerf récurrent gauche et notamment du nerf récurrent gauche des chevaux de grande taille ou ayant une grande encolure.

Sous l'effet de cette tension les vaisseaux sanguins seraient comprimés, et il en résulterait une insuffisance vasculaire donc une lésion des nerfs.

Linksseitige Hemiplegia laryngis wird als Ergebnis eines Schadens im mittleren Drittel des linken Recurrens betrachtet. Im linken Recurrens besteht eine ausgeprägtere Spannung, besonders bei langhalsigen und/oder grossen Pferden. Die Spannung mag zu einer Kompression von Blutgefässen führen, die ihrerseits in einer Gefässinsuffizienz und Nervenschäden enden können.
III Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Relating to Intestinal Surgery
Authors: LUCKE J. N.
Published: April 2010

The normal control of water and electrolyte balance is discussed and an attempt is made to relate the volumes of water and electrolyte involved to an animal as large as a 500Kg horse. The imbalance that may be expected in a case of bowel obstruction is assessed related to the pathological processes involved.

Diagnosis of the imbalance present and the clinical and laboratory investigations that may be carried out are described and some guidance on the management of a clinical case referred for surgery is given.

Le controle normal de l'équilibre hydrique et des électrolytes est exposé et l'on tente d'estimer les quantités d'eau et d'électrolytes nécessaires pour un animal de 500 kilos.

Le déséquilibre qu'on peut attendre lors d'obstruction intestinale dépend a priori des processus pathologiques en cours. Le diagnostic du déséquilibre et les éléments du diagnostic clinique et de laboratoire sont décrits. Quelques indications sur la manière de procéder lors d'intervention sont données.

Eine Besprechung der normalen Kontrolle des Wasser‐und Elektrolytgleichgewichts wird gefolgt vom Versuch, die Volumina von Wasser und Elektrolyten bei einem 500 kg wiegenden Pferd zu bestimmen. Die Gleichgewichtsstörungen, die bei einem Fall von Darmverschluss zu erwarten sind, werden in Abhängigkeit von den pathologischen Veränderungen abgeschätzt.

Die Diagnose einer Störung durch klinische Untersuchungen und Laborbefunde wird besprochen und Richtlinien für die Pflege entsprechender Fälle werden angegeben.

Sumario

Sev trata el control normal del balance hídrico y electrólitico como intento de relacionar el volumen de agua y electrolitos comptendidos en grandes animales como un caballo de 500 kilos. La falta de equilibrio puede sospecharse en casos de obstrucciones intestinales o cambios patológicos.

Se da el diagnóstico en los casos de falta de equilibrio presentados en casos clínicos e investigaciones de laboratorio que pueden llevar a guiar l manejo de ciertos casos clínicos referidos para cirugía.
V Review of Sixty Equine Laparotomies
Authors: PEARSON H. , GIBBS C.
Published: April 2010

The paper reviews a series of sixty equine laparotomies, excluding cryptorchidectomies and operations for the repair of hernias and ruptures. The intestinal disorders discovered at laparotomy are discussed in detail and the long term progress of successful cases is recorded.

Cet article passe en revue une série de soixante laparotomies chez le Cheval à l'exception des interventions pour cryptorchidies ou pour la cure chirurgicale de hernies ou d'éventrations.

Les lésions intestinales mises en évidence par laparotomie sont examinées en détail et le comportement à long terme des animaux guéris est indiqué.

Die Arbeit fasst eine Serie von 60 Laparotomien beim Pferd (exklusive Kryptorchidektomien, Operationen von Hernien und Rupturen) zusammen. Die bei der Laparotomie zutage getretenen Befunde werden näher besprochen und die Fortschritte erfolgreich operierter Fälle verfolgt.

Sumario

El tema repasa una serie de sesenta laporotomias equinas, inclueyndo criptoquidectomías, operaciones de la reparacíon de hernias y rupturas. Son indagadoslos desordenes intestinales descubiertos por laparotomies y en casos de tiempo los resultados son recopilados.
II Principles of Radiographic Interpretation
Authors: KEALY J. K.
Published: April 2010

The principles of radiographic interpretation are discussed. The geometry of shadow formation is explained. The importance of a methodical examination of films is emphasised. Some of the more common abnormalities encountered are outlined.

Les principes de l'interprétation radiographique sont exposés. La géometrie de la formation des ombres est expliquée. L'importance d'un examen méthodique des clichés est soulignée. Quelques unes des anomalies les plus fréquentes sont décrites.

Die Grundsätze für die Interpretation von Röntgenaufnahmen werden diskutiert. Die Geometrie von Verschattungen wird erklärt und die Bedeutung einer methodischen Untersuchung der Aufnahmen hervorgehoben. Einige häufig anzutreffende abnorme Befunde werden ebenfalls angegeben.

Sumario

Se siscuten los principios de interpretación radiografica, Se explican la formacíon geometrica de la sombra. Se enfatiza la impotancia del examen metódico de las placas. Algunas de las anormalidades mas comunes son subrayadas.
A Survey of the Results of the Tendon Splitting Operation for Chronic Tendinitis in the Horse
Authors: NILSSON GUNNAR
Published: April 2010

The tendon splitting operation for the treatment of chronic tendinitis is described. An analysis of the results show that after operation on the suspensory ligament of the foreleg 75 per cent and of the hindleg 71 per cent of cases returned to racing. Operations on the superficial digital flexor of the foreleg and hindleg resulted in 65 and 87 per cent of cases respectively returning to racing.

La section longitudinale du tendon pour le traitement de la tendinitechronique est décrite. L'analyse des résultats montre que 75% des chevaux opérés d'un suspenseur antérieur et que 71% des chevaux opérés d'un suspenseur postérieur ont pu courir de nouveau.

Die “Sehnenspaltung” (tendon splitting operation) zur Behandlung chronischer Tendinitiden wird beschrieben. Eine Analyse der Resultate zeigt, dass nach der Operation des Interosseus an den Vordergliedmassen 75% und an den Hintergliedmassen 71% der Fälle wieder Rennen bestreiten konnten. Operationen am oberflächlichen Beuger der Vordergliedmassen resultierten in 65%, der Hintergliedmassen in 87% der Fälle in der Wiederherstellung der Rennfähigkeit.
Laboratory Aids to Clinical Diagnosis in Equine Practice
Authors: DOXEY D. L.
Published: April 2010

The main ancillary diagnostic procedures are mentioned and their usefulness in relation to clinical findings is outlined. A general picture is drawn of the more widely used laboratory techniques, including those concerned with parasitology, urine analysis, biochemistry, transudates and exudates, and haematology. Normal values, deviations from normal during disease and the mistakes liable to be made during interpretation of the results are all briefly mentioned.

Les principaux procèdés auxiliaires du diagnostic sont indiqués et leur utilité compte tenu des constatations cliniques est prècisée.

On brosse ensuite un tableau des techniques les plus employées au laboratoire notamment celles ayant trait à la parasitologie, à l'analyse d'urine, à l'hématologie, à la biochimie, à l'étude des transsudats et des exsudats.

Les valeurs normales sont indiquées; les variations que subissent ces valeurs durant la maladie et les erreurs possibles dans leurs interprètations sont également mentionnées.

Die hauptsächlichen, diagnostischen Hilfsmethoden werden erwähnt und ihre Nützlichkeit in bezug auf klinische Befunde besprochen. Eine allgemeine Betrachtung der verbreiteten Laboratoriumsmethoden umfasst: Parasitologie, Urinanalyse, Biochemie, Transsudat und Exsudat und Haematologie. Normalwerte, Abweichungen bei Krankheiten und die häufigsten Interpretationsfehler werden kurz angegeben.

Sumario

El más importante medio de diagnostico ancilar se menciona y su uitiliaacion para ancontrar problemas clinicos es subrayada. Se muestra un vista general con ténicas mas amplias de laboratorio incluyendo aquellos que conciernen con parasitologia analisis de orina, bioquimica, trasudados y exudados y hematologia. Valores normales, desviaciones de lo normal durante la enfermedad y los errores que se hacen durante la interpretacion del resultado brevemente mencionado.
Pathological Changes in Atrial Fibrillation in the Horse
Authors: ELSE R. W. , HOLMES J. R.
Published: April 2010

The paper describes pathological findings in 45 cases of atrial fibrillation and discusses the possible nature of this arrhythmia in the horse.

Cet article décrit les constatations pathologiques faites dans 45 cas de fibrillation auriculaire chez le Cheval et discute de la nature possible de cette arythmie.

Die Arbeit beschreibt pathologische Befunde bei 45 Fällen von Vorhof‐Flattern und diskutiert das Wesen dieser Arrhythmie beim Pferd.

Sumario

El Trabajo describe los hallazcos clinicos en 45 casos de fibrilacion atrial y se discute la posible naturaleza de esta arritmia en el caballo.
Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in the Horse with Intravenous Dihydroquinidine Gluconate
Authors: GERBER H. , CHUIT P. , SCHATZMANN H. J.
Published: April 2010

The treatment of atrial fibrillation in two show jumpers is compared. The first horse received 1005 g quinidine sulphate by stomach tube and the second horse, a very similar case, received one dose of 10 g of dihydroquinidine gluconate intravenously and both were converted to a normal sinus rhythm. The possible advantages of the intravenous administration of a defibrillating drug are discussed.

Les traitements de la fibrillation auriculaire, chez deux chevaux de concours hippique, sont comparés.

Le premier cheval reçut au total 1005 g de sulfate de Quinidine par cathetérisme naso oesophagien. Le second cheval, présentant un cas très semblable, reçut une seule dose de 10 gr de gluconate de dihydroquinidine par voie intraveineuse. Un retour au rythme sinusal normal fut obtenu dans les deux cas.

Les éventuels avantages de l'administration intraveineuse d'une médication défibrillante sont discutés.

Die Behandlung des Vorhof‐Flattern bei zwei Springpferden wird beschrieben. Das erste Pferd erhielt 1005 g Chinidinsulfat per Nasen‐Schlundsonde und im zweiten, sehr ähnlichen Fall wurde eine Dosis von 10 g Dihydro‐chinidin‐Gluconat intravenös gegeben. Beide Pferde zeigten nach der Behandlung einen normalen Sinusrhythmus. Die möglichen Vorteile einer intravenösen Applikation von defibrillierenden Medikamenten werden diskutiert.