bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation and genetics of New Zealand parakeets
Authors: Triggs S. J. , Daugherty C. H.
Published: May 2010

Recent genetic analysis of New ZealandCyanoramphusparakeets has direct implications for conservation management. A subspecies of Yellow-crowned Parakeet, Forbes's Parakeet C.auriceps forbesi, is genetically distinct from mainland Yellow-crowned Parakeets C.a. auricepsand should be elevated to species status. Even amongst mainland populations of Yellow-crowned Parakeets there was extensive genetic diversity. Interspecific hybridization is a major concern ofCyanoramphusconservation. The near-extinction of Forbes's Parakeets by genetic swamping through hybridization with Chatham Islands Red-crowned Parakeets C.novaezelandiae chathamensishas been averted by active management, involving culling of hybrid and Red-crowned Parakeets and habitat enhancement. Despite two decades of hybridization between these species a distinct Forbes genetic type still exists, probably due to a tendency for hybrids to backcross with Red-crowned Parakeets. Hybridization betweenCyanoramphusspecies may also be a problem in other highly modified habitats, such as parts of the Auckland Islands. More information is needed to determine the extent of this problem. Captive populations include a significant proportion of interspecific hybrids and therefore should not be used as founder stock for releases into the wild, as has been done in the past. The Orange-fronted Parakeet should be reinstated as a separate species,Cyanoramphus malherbi, rather than a colour morph of Yellow-crowned Parakeet, at least until conclusive evidence is available to resolve the question of its taxonomic status. The conservation of this very rare species (and indeed all species ofCyanoramphus)- has been severely handicapped by lack of scientific information on which to base management decisions.
Translocation of Ultramarine Lories Vini ultramarina in the Marquesas Islands: Ua Huka to Fatu Hiva
Authors: Kuehler C. , Lieberman A. , Varney A. , Unitt P. , Sulpice R. M. , Azua J. , Tehevini B.
Published: May 2010

The Ultramarine Lory (Ultramarine Lorikeet, Marquesas Lorikeet, Pihiti) Vini ultramarina is one of the most threatened insular Lory species. Endemic to the Marquesas Islands, where it probably once ranged throughout the archipelago, it has been nearly extirpated from all but the tiny island of Ua Huka. Given the vulnerability of a single population inhabiting one small island, and the decline of the species in recent years, establishment of the Ultramarine Lory on another less disturbed island within its historic range has been proposed as a conservation strategy. This paper describes a 1991 survey evaluating the status of the Ultramarine Lory in the Marquesas Islands, and three subsequent translocations of birds from the island of Ua Huka to the island of Fatu Hiva. Twenty-nine birds were relocated during the period from 1992 to 1994 at the request of the Delegation de L'Environnement, French Polynesia. A preliminary survey, prior to the third translocation, indicates that previously transferred birds are surviving and may be reproducing; an intensive survey is planned in 1997.
A method for establishing bird conservation value at a landscape level
Authors: Fornasari Lorenzo , de Carli Elisabetta , Bottoni Luciana , Massa Renato
Published: May 2010

To produce conservation indices from bird community data, with the aim of identifying and comparing areas of regional conservation concern, we selected bird community samples randomly over a large study area, without including habitat featuresa prioriin the sampling procedure. Subsequently, we subjected the samples to a cluster analysis to identifya posterioribird communities to be indexed together with their associated habitat and distribution/abundance on a regional scale. We identified 15 bird community types and were able to characterize each of them by a community conservation index (CCI) taking into account three different components of rarity: habitat selectivity, geographical distribution, and abundance. A cluster of four communities was associated with lowland farmland and woodland; another cluster of five was found at higher average altitudes and degree of urbanization; a third one of six showed a montane distribution. This third cluster showed much higher CCI values in comparison with the first two suggesting that the index here proposed is very sensitive to a high community selectivity and a restricted distribution/abundance.
The conservation status of birds on the Cordillera de Colán, Peru
Authors: Davies C. W. N. , Barnes R. , Butchart S. H. M. , Fernandez M. , Seddon N.
Published: May 2010

In July and August 1994, we surveyed two areas in the south of the Cordillera de Colán, Amazonas department, Peru, above the north bank of the río Utcubamba. We found a high rate of deforestation, with trees being felled for timber, forest being cleared for the cultivation of cash crops, and elfin forest being burned for pasture. Most of the forest on the mountain range may have been cleared in 10 years. We recorded a number of important bird species, highlighting the significance of the area for the conservation of biodiversity; globally threatened birds included Peruvian Pigeon Columba oenops, Military Macaw Ara militaris and Royal Sunangel Heliangelus regalis. Elfin forest is under particular threat in the area, but probably still holds species such as Long-whiskered Owlet Xenoglaux loweryi. We recommend that a protected area containing areas of cloud-forest and elfin forest be established on the Cordillera de Colán.
Distribution and conservation status of Congo Peafowl Afropavo congensis in eastern Zaire
Authors: Hart John A. , Upoki Agenoga
Published: May 2010

summary

Between 1993 and 1995 the occurrence and status of Congo Peafowl Afropavo congensis were assessed at 89 sites in eastern Zaire based on interviews with local hunters (114 locations) and forest surveys (24 locations). The survey region covered approximately 125,000 km2 and was bounded by the Lomami River (24° 30′) to the west, the Albertine Rift Highlands (29°) to the east, the Aruwimi River (20° 30′) to the north and the Kahuzi Biega Park (3° S) to the south. Congo Peafowl have been extirpated or were only doubtfully present at 16 of 65 sites where survey coverage was adequate and where the species was reported to have occurred in the past. Occurrence of the species was confirmed or probable at the remaining 49 sites. Congo Peafowl were reported as locally common (> five reported encounters since 1990) at only 12 sites. We observed or heard peafowl at five sites. A single nest was found which contained two eggs. Observations on group size and habitat associations were also made. Congo Peafowl were considered to be seriously threatened at 19 of the 65 sites. Captures in snares set for small mammals and antelope are a major threat to Congo Peafowl throughout most of the survey region. Mining, shifting cultivation and logging leading to habitat loss were significant threats in several locations. Congo Peafowl appear to have disappeared from several sites where human activity was frequent, but habitat loss was not extensive. The mass movements of Rwandan refugees into eastern Zaire, which began in 1994, pose, a threat to Congo Peafowl in a number of areas. Conservation of the Congo Peafowl in eastern Zaire is best assured in the Maiko National Park where the species appears to be locally common. Further surveys within the Congo Peafowl's range in central Zaire, and study of the behaviour and ecological needs of the species are recommended.
Shifting cultivation along the Trans-African Highway and its impact on the understorey bird community in the Ituri Forest, Zaire
Authors: Plumptre Andrew J.
Published: May 2010

summary

Since the 1940s, horticulturalists (the Lese) have been settled along the sides of the roads that traverse a large part of the forest in eastern Zaire. These people have maintained their lifestyle of shifting cultivation and trade with the Mbuti pygmies. This has resulted in corridors of heavily disturbed and regenerating forest. The results of a study of the understorey bird community at three sites in the Okapi Reserve in the Ituri forest in Zaire are reported here. Two primary forest sites (one monodominant Gilbertiodendron forest) in the Reserve were compared with an area of forest disturbed by shifting cultivation. The two primary forest sites were more similar in species composition than they were to secondary forest created by shifting cultivation. Shifting cultivation had a more severe impact on the bird community than selective logging does in forests in Uganda and Malaysia. There was a shift following disturbance from a bird community dominated by insectivores to one with more frugivore-insectivores and nectarivores. Ground thrushes Zoothera spp. and flycatchers were abundant in the monodominant Gilbertiodendron forest and appear to suffer from the change in forest structure following disturbance. The Okapi Reserve currently conserves some important bird species and at least 333 birds have been reported to occur there.
Rediscovery and status of the Brown-banded Antpitta Grallaria milleri in the central Andes of Colombia
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H. , Beltrán J. William
Published: May 2010

The Brown-banded Antpitta was last recorded in the Central Andes of Colombia in 1942 but a population of the species has been rediscovered in the Ucumarí Regional Park.

Grallaria milleri era una especie conocida de solo diez especímenes colectados en dos localidades de la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Central de Colombia. Nueve de los especímenes fueron colectados en la cuenca del Río Quindío, a elevaciones entre 2, 745 y 3,140 m, en 1911 y 1942. El décimo especimen fue colectado en 1918, a 3 km de la ciudad de Manizales. Durante trabajo ornitológico realizado en el Parque Regional Ucumarí desde 1994, individuos de esta especie han sido capturados en redes y observados, lo cual revela la presencia de una población en este sitio intermedio entre las dos localidades originales. El Parque Ucumarí tiene 4,240 ha y protege la cuenca alta del Río Otún entre 1,800 y 2,600 m. G. milleri ha sido registrada solamente en un estrecho rango entre 2,400 y 2,600 m, en donde se han contado 93 individuos a lo largo de 6.3 km de transectos en tres tipos de hábitat: rastrojos de regenración temprana, plantaciones de aliso (Alnus acuminata) y bosques de regeneratión de treinta años. En esta localidad G. milleri es simpátrica con otras cuatro especies de Grallaria (squamigera, nuchalis, ruficapilla y rufocinerea) y con Grallaricula nana, por lo cual Ucumarí es un sitio de gran interés para la conservatión de este grupo de aves neotropicales.
Distribution and conservation status ofHylorchiluswrens (Troglodytidae) in Mexico
Authors: de Silva Hector Gomez
Published: May 2010

The two species of Hylorchilus wrens are endemic to Mexico and were considered “Vulnerable” by Collaret al.(1994). They are restricted to humid tropical forest growing over karstic terrain, but large areas of apparently suitable habitat exist where they have not yet been recorded. I explored areas of potentially suitable habitat as well as a few localities where they were already known to occur in order to gather new data for a re-evaluation of the conservation status of these species. My records, together with six localities where these species have been reported by others in the past few years, add 15 localities to the 12 listed by Collar et al. (1992). Based on this and other new information, I recommend “Endangered” status for Nava's Wren, H.navai, based on criterion B of Mace-Lande (extent of occurence <5000 km2) and on the strongly fragmented state of its habitat. I would retain “Vulnerable” status for Sumichrast's Wren,H. sumichrasti, owing to its slightly larger range which is still relatively unfragmented and its apparently larger population density
The rediscovery of Giant IbisPseudibis giganteawith a review of previous records
Authors: Thewlis Richard M. , Timmins Robert J.
Published: May 2010

The Giant IbisPseudibis giganteawas formerly more widespread in mainland South-East Asia, being found in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. However, it has always been scarce throughout its range and has declined dramatically over the past 50 years as a result of habitat destruction, disturbance and hunting. This paper documents the species's decline with a review of all previous records including the recent sightings between 1993 and 1995, and suggests conservation measures to be taken for its continued survival.
The conservation status of forest birds on Flores and Sumbawa, Indonesia
Authors: Butchart Stuart H. M. , Brooks Thomas M. , Davies Charles W. N. , Dharmaputra Gunawan , Dutson Guy C. L. , Lowen James C. , Sahu Alo
Published: May 2010

Forest birds were surveyed on the islands of Flores and Sumbawa, Indonesia, in July-September 1993. Assessments were made of the conservation status and habitat requirements of the restricted-range, threatened, and near-threatened species. Semi-evergreen rainforest was found to be more important than moist deciduous monsoon forest for the conservation of these species, but such habitat is being rapidly degraded at mid-altitudes and in the lowlands. Moist deciduous monsoon forest is still widespread in the lowlands but it is also being degraded by human activities. Only one significant protected area exists in the region: Taman Nasional Komodo. This harbours an important population of Yellow-crested CockatooCacatua sulphureabut it is too dry o t support any semi-evergreen rainforest. Ten of the 24 restricted-range species found on these islands are of particular conservation importance mainly because of combinations of intolerance of degraded habitat, dependence on semi-evergreen rainforest, restriction to the lowlands, and low population densities. The highest priority species are Flores MonarchMonarcha sacerdotumand Wallace's Hanging-parrotLoriculus flosculus, which were only found in semi-evergreen rainforest at about 450-950 m at one site in the Tanjung Kerita Mese proposed protected area in south-west Flores. Effective protection of this site is urgently required in order to help secure the future of these species. Recommendations are presented for the protection of further areas on Flores and Sumbawa.
Seasonal changes in the abundance and diversity of birds in threatened juniper forest in the southern Asir mountains, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Newton Stephen F. , Newton Anne V.
Published: May 2010

Juniper forest once covered much of the upper slopes (2,000-3,000 m) of the Rift Valley escarpment in the Asir mountains of south-west Saudi Arabia. One of the best preserved tracts is at Raydah near Abha, where a complete altitudinal floristic zonation persists. Although only about 125 bird species have been recorded in the area, the community is of considerable conservation interest due to high densities of endemic species and resident or breeding Afrotropical forest species, together with a wide range of diurnal raptors, owls and nightjars. The forest does not appear to support many Palearctic— African migrants during periods of passage, although several Palearctic species overwinter in considerable numbers. Scrub and mixed deciduous and riparian forest scattered throughout the junipers hold highest bird diversities but the juniper stands are vitally important to the well-being of Yemen ThrushTurdus menachensis, Yemen WarblerParisoma buryiand Yemen LinnetCarduelis yemenensispopulations. The disappearance of juniper forest from neighbouring Yemen necessitates that highest priority conservation action should be given to the remaining intact forests such as Raydah, in an attempt to preserve their unique biodiversity.
Seasonal breeding in birds and its implications for the conservation of biodiversity in the Oku region, Cameroon
Authors: Fotso Roger C.
Published: May 2010

The breeding activity of birds in the Oku region of Cameroon appears to be highly seasonal, with the majority of species breeding exclusively during the months of the dry season, November to April. Forest fires, which in the dry season often destroy large areas of suitable habitat, are likely to strongly influence nest failures in many species, including some endemic and endangered ones.
The taxonomic and conservation status of the Spectacled PetrelProcellaria conspicillata
Authors: Ryan Peter G.
Published: May 2010

The Spectacled PetrelProcellaria [aequinoctialis] conspicillataonly breeds at Inaccessible Island, central South Atlantic Ocean. During the early 1980s the population was estimated to be at most 1,000 pairs, but hundreds of Spectacled Petrels have been killed annually in longline fisheries off the east coast of South America since at least 1987. Although the population is characterized by a unique plumage trait, it is still regarded as a subspecies of the White-chinned PetrelP. aequinoctialis. Analysis of calls and playback experiments show that the Spectacled Petrel is vocally distinct from White-chinned Petrels and should be regarded as a valid biological species. It is also slightly smaller and breeds earlier than the White-chinned Petrel. Given its small population size and known mortality on longlines, the Spectacled Petrel is Endangered in terms of IUCN criteria C1 and C2b. Longline fisheries operating off South America should institute measures to reduce seabird by-catch. A survey of the breeding population at Inaccessible Island is required to assess the rate at which the population is decreasing.
Saving the Kakapo: the conservation of the world's most peculiar parrot
Authors: Clout Mick N. , Merton Don V.
Published: May 2010

We review the conservation history and describe the current status of the Kakapo Strigops habroptilus, a large New Zealand parrot which has been reduced to only 54 individuals through predation by introduced mammals, and is now threatened with extinction. Unique amongst parrots, Kakapo are both flightless and nocturnal. They have an unusual mating system in which females nest and raise their young unaided by males, after mating at traditional “courts” at which males display visually and vocally. Mating occurs naturally only in seasons of heavy fruiting of podocarp trees. A decline in range and abundance of Kakapo followed the introduction of alien mammals last century, and culminated in their reduction to a single breeding population on Stewart Island. Following a severe episode of predation by feral cats Felis catus, all known birds from this last population were translocated to a series of cat-free offshore islands. Adult survival on these island sanctuaries has been high (c. 98% per annum), but productivity has been low, with only six young (including a single female) raised to independence since 1982. Reasons for this low productivity are the naturally intermittent breeding of Kakapo, the low numbers of nesting females, high rates of egg infertility (~ 40%), and the early death of most nestlings through starvation or suspected predation by Polynesian rats Rattus exulans. These rats are present on both of the island sanctuaries where nesting has occurred. The Kakapo sex ratio is biased in favour of males (34:20) and only 8 of the 19 adult females are known to have laid fertile eggs in the past 10 years. Management of all remaining birds is now highly intensive, involving radio-tagging of all individuals, the provision of supplementary food, attempts to manipulate matings, nest surveillance, and protection against rat predation.
Bird diversity and abundance on two different shade coffee plantations in Guatemala
Authors: Calvo Lorena , Blake John
Published: May 2010

Many studies have examined differences in bird communities between shade and sun coffee plantations but less is known about how different management practices within shade coffee plantations affect bird populations. This study compares diversity and abundance of resident and migrant birds in two shade coffee plantations located in Palajunoj, Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, that differ in their farming practices (e.g. pruning schedules and fertilizer regimes) and, consequently, in vegetation structure. One plantation represents a traditional, polyculture shade system whereas the second represents a more modernized, monoculture shade system. Both plantations supported many resident and migrant birds. Bird abundance and diversity were significantly greater during both wet and dry seasons on the traditional farm, due largely to the vegetation structure resulting from the different management practices. All plantations typically classified as ‘shade coffee’ are not equivalent, much of their conservation value coming from the more diverse and structurally complex traditional polycultures rather than from the newer, monocultural systems. Coffee production techniques that affect the structural and floristic diversity of the vegetation (e.g. pruning, application of chemicals) have important consequences for birds.
The Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone corvina on La Digue: population size, habitat requirements and management options
Authors: Watson J.
Published: May 2010

The conservation of the Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher on La Digue is reviewed and compared with an earlier investigation (1978). The status of the bird and its habitat on the western plateau, which holds nearly 80% of the world population, was investigated, as was the Special Reserve, notably the validity of the present boundary and the need for management initiatives. The population on the western plateau has changed little in 10 years, with one pair less but more individuals, and there has been a small (<5%) decline in preferred breeding habitat. The number of pairs using the reserve was unchanged from 1978. The carrying capacity is small (c.6 pairs). Only one significant trend was isolated in an investigation of 10 habitat variables, suggesting that more birds occurred where trees were larger. The reserve boundary should be redrawn to include a significant part of the main freshwater marsh: earlier study showed that highest densities were found in woodland close to wetland, and conservation of the marsh is vital. The reserve requires a non-interventionist woodland policy, creation of ponds to extend wetland, improved boundary marking, provision of interpretation facilities and development of educational use. Away from the reserve, statutory zonation of land on the plateau for woodland and sustainable timber production is needed as part of an overall land-use policy.
The status and conservation of Jamaica's threatened and endemic forest avifauna and their habitats following Hurricane Gilbert
Authors: Varty Nigel
Published: May 2010

Despite serious and widespread hurricane damage to the natural forests of Jamaica (43% of trees either toppled or with crowns broken in the John Crow Mountains, for instance), the populations of the endemic Ring-tailed PigeonColumba caribaea, Crested Quail-doveGeotrygon versicolor, Black-billed ParrotAmazona agilis, Yellow-billed ParrotA. collaria, Blue Mountain VireoVireo osburniand Jamaican BlackbirdNesopsar nigerrimusappear to have survived Hurricane Gilbert well. However, the expected reduction in food supplies, notably for the frugivores, caused by the severe damage to many trees, coupled with continuing and in some cases increasing human destruction and disturbance of the forests, puts the longer-term survival of these species in some doubt. The establishment of functioning protected areas encompassing the key forest regions for these birds; upgrading and more rigorous enforcement of the legislation governing conservation and management of wildlife and the natural forests; and the control and improvement of agricultural practices around forest areas, would greatly help to ensure the preservation of the forest avifauna and are recommended.
Improved breeding success of Great-winged Petrels Pterodroma macroptera following control of feral cats Felis catus at subantarctic Marion Island
Authors: Cooper John , Fourie André
Published: May 2010

A population of feral domestic cats Felis catus has existed at subantarctic Marion Island since 1951. From 1977 to 1990 an ongoing programme has utilized an introduced disease, shooting and gin-trapping in an endeavour to control cat numbers, with the eventual aim of their eradication. Burrowing petrels (Procellariidae) form the majority of the cats' diet. The breeding success of the winter-breeding Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera has varied between nil and 20.5% in the period from 1979 to 1984, due primarily to cat predation of chicks causing up to 100% mortality. In 1990, by which time cat numbers had been greatly reduced from their 1970s' peak, Great-winged Petrels had a breeding success of 59.6%, with chick mortality being zero. No signs of cat predation were observed. This finding provides good reason to continue the control programme until cats are finally eradicated from Marion Island.
Conserving the Seychelles Warbler Acrocephalus sechellensis by translocation: a transfer from Cousin Island to Aride Island
Authors: Komdeur Jan , Bullock Ian D. , Rands Michael R. W.
Published: May 2010

The Seychelles Warbler was once a highly threatened single-island endemic species with a population of 26 individuals confined to Cousin Island in the inner Seychelles. Following long-term management of Cousin, the population steadily recovered to around 300- 360 birds. Given the vulnerability of one small island in the Indian Ocean, the possibility of establishing the species on additional islands had been proposed as a priority conservation measure. This paper describes the successful translocation of 29 Seychelles Warblers from Cousin to Aride, summarizes the ecological studies carried out prior to, during and after the translocation and documents the subsequent establishment of the new population. It is considered that the Seychelles Warbler will soon no longer be a globally threatened species.
Conservation status of endemic Galliformes on Hainan Island, China
Authors: Yu-ren Gao
Published: May 2010

The Hainan Hill-partridge Arborophila ardens is endemic to the island of Hainan, which lies off the south coast of China. Distinct subspecies of the Silver Pheasant Lophura nyethemera xvhiteheadi and Grey Peacock-pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum katsumatae are also endemic to the island. All three taxa are considered endangered and are very poorly known in the wild. Surveys of remaining patches of forest were undertaken between 1987 and 1994 during which local people were interviewed and some forest areas were visited. The hill-partridge was confirmed from three blocks of forest and reported from a further four. The Silver Pheasant was found in six areas of forest and probably occurs in all remaining patches of well-developed secondary and primary forest. The Grey Peacock-pheasant was recorded in five forests and reported from a further four. The hill-partridge was more restricted in its habitat use than the other two species, the latter using well-developed secondary forest in addition to primary forests. Provisional density estimates made at Ba Wang Ling National Nature Reserve were 6–8 Hainan Hill-partridges/km2, 7.5 Silver Pheasants/km2 and 3.75 Grey Peacock-pheasants/km2.
The conservation status of birds in Laos: a review of key species
Authors: Thewlis R. M. , Timmins R. J. , Evans T. D. , Duckworth J. W.
Published: May 2010

Laos is an important country for bird conservation. Bird surveys between 1992 and 1996, the first since 1949, covered 20 main areas, with incidental records from many others.

This paper reviews the status of all Lao species reported to be of elevated conservation concern (key species) in any of the following categories: Globally Threatened or Globally Near-Threatened (sensuCollar and Andrew 1988 and Collaret al. 1994), and At Risk or Rare in Thailand (sensuRound 1988 and Treesucon and Round 1990). Several additional species are covered which have clearly undergone a National Historical Decline in Laos. A comprehensive review of other Lao species was not possible, and some species which are in truth of conservation concern have doubtless been overlooked. Historical and modern records were reviewed and population trends identified where possible.

Current global status listings (Collaret al. 1994) were supported, except that consideration should be given to changing Red-collared WoodpeckerPicus rabieriand Sooty BabblerStachyris herbertifrom Threatened to Near-Threatened. If the Lao situation is representative of the species throughout their range, then consideration should also be given to placing Ratchet-tailed TreepieTemnurus temnurusand River LapwingVanellus duvauceliias Near-Threatened.

Twenty-seven Globally Threatened species are known from Laos, of which there are recent records of 22. There are recent unconfirmed records of two more. Forty-seven Globally Near-Threatened species are known from Laos, of which there are recent records of 39; there are unconfirmed records of one further species. Five Globally Threatened and five Near-Threatened species were recorded for the first time in Laos in recent years, suggesting that further species of elevated conservation concern remain to be found.
Population trends of Black VultureAegypius monachusin Dadia Forest, north-eastern Greece following the establishment of a feeding station
Authors: Vlachos Christos G. , Bakaloudis Dimitri E. , Holloway Graham J.
Published: May 2010

Dadia Forest in north-eastern Greece is well known for its diversity of breeding birds of prey. In 1980, the area was declared a wildlife reserve. One of the most endangered species at that time was the Black VultureAegypius monachus. To help the population of Black Vultures a feeding station was established in 1987. A monitoring programme from 1984 until present indicates that the operation of the feeding station has coincided with an increase in the numbers of Black Vultures wintering in Dadia by nearly threefold, an increase in the number of breeding pairs from 10 to 21, and an increase in breeding success from 40% to a peak of 95%. A slight faltering in the continued rise in the numbers of Black Vultures in Dadia is attributed to a poisoning event in 1995.
Winter bird numbers and land-use preferences in an arable landscape in eastern England
Authors: Mason Christopher F. , Macdonald Sheila M.
Published: May 2010

The winter bird assemblage and habitat preferences were studied in a largely arable landscape, dominated by winter cereals, in eastern England in one winter. A total of species was recorded on 70 l-km transects but 11% of transects had no birds. Overall densities were low, Skylark Alauda arvensis being the most abundant species. Bird was highest in the first winter period (October-December). Species richness varied proportion to the available habitat in the first winter period but there was a preference for stubble, grass and tilled land (harrow) in the second winter period (January-February) Skylarks preferred stubbles in the first winter period and stubbles and grass in the second winter period. Some 34% of all birds fed on winter cereals despite a lack of preference for this habitat, while 94% of seed specialists (finches and buntings) were recorded on stubbles. The areas of preferred habitats (stubbles, grass) were probably too limited to allow more than small populations to persist. Only by the widespread adoption of agricultural extensification and/or farming some of the land specifically for conservation benefits can the declines in bird populations on intensively managed arable farmland be reversed.
Densities and habitat preferences of Andean cloud-forest birds in pristine and degraded habitats in north-eastern Ecuador
Authors: Cresswell W. , Hughes M. , Mellanby R. , Bright S. , Catry P. , Chaves J. , Freile J. , Gabela A. , Martineau H. , Macleod R. , Mcphie F. , Anderson N. , Holt S. , Barabas S. , Chapel C. , Sanchez T.
Published: May 2010

The montane cloud-forests of the north-central Andes and the montane grassland and transitional elfin forest of the central Andean páramo contain a high diversity of bird species including several restricted range and uncommon species. Little is known of how densities of Andean cloud-forest species are affected by habitat degradation. Bird densities within pristine and degraded habitats at the Guandera Biological Reserve, Carchi province, Ecuador were recorded over a 10-week period. Densities were calculated for 48 species; where densities could be compared, 69% of species occurred at a higher density in pristine habitats. Pristine forest had the highest species richness with 72 species and páramo contained 44 species. In total, 26% of pristine forest species were only found in pristine forest, 39% of páramo species only in páramo, 13% of farmland species only in farmland and there were no exclusively secondary scrub species; 47% of species found in pristine forest, and 50% found in páramo were found in both secondary scrub and farmland. Restricted range species recorded at Guandera included the Carunculated Caracara Phalcobenus carunculatus, Black-thighed Puffleg Eriocnemis derbyi, Chestnut-bellied Cotinga Doliornis remseni, Crescent-faced Antpitta Grallaricula lineifrons, Masked Mountain-tanager Buthraupis wetmorei and Black-backed Bush-tanager Urothraupis stolzmanni. Three further species that occurred at Guandera of relatively local occurrence were the Grey-breasted Mountain Toucan Andigena hypoglauca, Golden-breasted Puffleg Eriocnemis mosquera and Mountain Avocetbill Opisthoprora euryptera. Of these nine species at least five used degraded habitats, while three occurred only in pristine treeline habitats.
Annual migration of Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii from the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Launay Frédéric , Combreau Olivier , Bowardi Mohammed Al
Published: May 2010

The Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii is a regular winter visitor from northern breeding grounds to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) but the migration routes and origin of these birds are still poorly known. Five bustards were fitted with platform transponder terminals in UAE in the winter of 1996-1997. The overall distances covered by the birds were very variable, ranging from 3,747 km to 11,938 km. The return migration date of Houbara from UAE ranged from 19 March to 2 April 1997, while the outward migration began from 10 September to 7 November 1997. The Houbara spent the summer n i different areas, namely China (north of lake Nor), Kazakhstan (Kyzyl Kum desert and north of the Aral Sea), Uzbekistan (south of the Aral Sea) and north Afghanistan. These results are the first to describe an annual cycle of migration for Houbara Bustards and should aid the development of appropriate conservation measures for this species.
Habitat exploitation by landbirds in the changing Western Samoan environment
Authors: Evans S. M. , Fletcher F. J. C. , Loader P. J. , Rooksby F. G.
Published: May 2010

The avifauna of Western Samoa is dominated by indigenous species, including several endemic ones. They are primarily birds of the rainforest and, since the islands have already suffered severe loss of this habitat and there is likely to be increased pressure on it in the future, their long-term prospects are not good. At present, introduced, non-native birds are not a threat to indigenous species, being confined largely to urban habitats, and there is little interaction with forest species. Several indigenous species exploit manmodified habitats, however, and it is possible that, as has occurred elsewhere, some of them may adapt fully to urban life.
The effect of rearing experience on subsequent behavioural traits in Hawaiian GeeseBranta sandvicensis: implications for the recovery programme
Authors: Marshall Ann P. , Black Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2010

The risk of the NeneBranta sandvicensisbecoming extinct has been minimized by the release of over 2,000 captive-reared geese, but the population (now at 500) is yet to achieve a self-sustaining status. The majority of birds released have been reared in gosling-only groups, thus missing out on the opportunity to learn social and feeding skills from adults. In this paper we test the hypothesis that rearing experience affects the subsequent behavioural traits of Nene goslings. We raised 42 goslings under four conditions: a gosling group not exposed to adults, a gosling group exposed to adults from 16 days onward, three groups in view of “foster” adults for 14 days, and four groups reared continuously by parents. All birds were eventually released into an 8 ha pen where a flock of adult Nene roamed. The method by which Nene goslings were raised had a significant effect on dominance, flock integration, and vigilance. Parent-reared birds were dominant to and more vigilant than goslings raised without parents or goslings reared in sight of adults. Parent-reared birds also integrated into the adult flock sooner than other goslings. Growth rate and final body size were not affected by rearing regime (with or without parents or foster parents). In future, managers should provide goslings with as much “parental” experience as possible in order to equip them with appropriate skills to cope once released in the wild.
Censusing Laysan Ducks Anas laysanensis: a lesson in the pitfalls of estimating threatened species populations
Authors: Marshall Ann P.
Published: May 2010

The Laysan Duck Anas laysanensis is a threatened species endemic to Laysan Island, Hawaü U.S.A., with a population that appears subject to severe fluctuation, although this may be attributable to different census methods. The most effective method used so far has been one that notes the ratio of marked to unmarked birds seen on censuses conducted at dusk around the central lake. In 1986 and 1987, weekly censuses were made from which population estimates were derived with the Lincoln—Petersen Index: the current population is approximately 500. The ducks were least visible during the nesting and moulting periods of spring and summer, and population estimates were significantly lower during that period in both 1986 and 1987. This phenomenon calls in doubt other estimates and probably accounts for the fluctuations noted in previous years. Thus careful attention should be given to potential problems in monitoring threatened species populations, because without a clear understanding of the ecology of the threatened species, population estimates could suggest inappropriate management measures.
Distribution, status and taxonomy of the near-threatened Black-bodied WoodpeckerDryocopus schulzi
Authors: Nieto A. Madroño , Pearman M.
Published: May 2010

Studies of records of the Black-bodied WoodpeckerDryocopus schulzithrough literature searches, communications with ornithologists, personal observations and data from museum specimens show that the distribution of the species is basically limited to xero-phytic chaco woodlands in western Paraguay, northern and central Argentina, and southern Bolivia. Its western limit is defined by the transition zone between the chaco and the semi-humid montane forest on the east Andean slopes of southern Bolivia and north-west Argentina; in the extreme south it extends into the dry deciduous woodlands n i the sierras of Córdoba and north-eastern San Luis. The taxonomic history of the species has been chequered; we present morphological and vocal differences from its closest relative that reaffirm its specific validity. It appears to have suffered an alarming decline over much of its former range in Argentina, and appears to survive only in two isolated population centres of significant importance, in Córdoba and adjacent San Luis and in the central part of the Paraguayan chaco. The main cause of its rarity is destruction of habitat for timber extraction and expansion of agriculture and cattle-raising.

El estudio de registros del Carpintero NegroDryocopus schulzimediante revision biblio-gráfica, comunicaciones de ornitólogos, observaciones personales e información adjunta a especímenes en museos, muestra que la distribución de la especie básicamente se circunscribe al bosque chaqueño de carácter xerófilo del oeste de Paraguay, norte y centro de Argentina y sur de Bolivia. Su extremo occidental alcanza la zona de transición entre el chaco y los bosques semihúmedos montanos en las sierras orientales andinas del sur de Bolivia y del noroeste argentino; en el extremo sur se extiende hasta los bosques secos decíduos de las sierras cordobesas y del noreste de San Luis. La historia taxonómica de l a especie ha sido confusa; las diferencias morfológicas y vocales que aquí se presentan y comparan con su pariente más próximo reafirman su validez específica. Parece haber sufrido una disminución preocupante en la mayor parte de su distribución original en Argentina, y quedan aparentemente tan solo un par de núcleos poblacionales aislados de cierta importancia, en Córdoba y zona adyacente de San Luis y en la zona central del chaco paraguayo. La principal causa responsable de su rarefacción se debe a la destrucción del hábitat por la explotación de los recursos madereros y a la creciente expansión de la frontera agrícola y ganadera.
The conservation status of the birds of Negros, Philippines
Authors: Brooks Thomas M. , Evans Tom D. , Dutson Guy C. L. , Anderson Guy Q. A. , Asane Desiderio C. , Timmins Robert J. , Toledo Angela G.
Published: May 2010

Ornithological surveys were carried out in the remnant forests of the island of Negros, in the central Philippines, over five weeks in the summer of 1991. From this work it is concluded that, without the implementation of immediate conservation measures, the global extinction of four bird species is likely to occur in the near future. These are Negros Fruit-dovePtilinopus arcanus, Negros Bleeding-heartGallicolumba keayi, Writhed-billed HornbillAceros waldeniand White-throated Jungle-flycatcherKhinomyias albi-gularis. Another four species restricted to the lowlands of Negros and the adjacent island of Panay, Visayan Tarictic HornbillPenelopides panini, White-winged Cuckoo-shrikeCora-cina ostenta, Flame-templed BabblerStachyris speciosaand Visayan FlowerpeckerDicaeum (australe) haematostictum, must be considered under extreme threat, and the endemic Negros Striped-babblerStachyris nigrorumis under considerable pressure. A further twelve species listed as globally threatened are also in serious danger of extinction on Negros. This paper details the results of fieldwork and presents our conclusions and suggestions for conservation, which must include the direct preservation of the last fragments of lowland forest on the island.
Stability and changes during the twentieth century in the breeding landbirds of Tahiti (Polynesia)
Authors: Monnet Claude , Thibault Jean-Claude , Varney Albert
Published: May 2010

The distribution of Tahitian landbirds in the early twentieth century and at presented here together with maps. Three categories may be recognized: (1) species with a declining distribution owing to changes in habitats (Green-backed Heron), (2) stable or increased species, including local and earlier introduced species, and (3) newly introduced species (Zebra Dove, Red-vented Bulbul, Silvereye and Crimson-backed Tanager). Moreover, owing to their low population numbers, two species, the Pacific Pigeon and the Tahiti Monarch, are on the verge of extinction even if their distribution has not changed notably during this century.

Les repartitions des oiseaux terrestres reproducteurs de Tahiti, au début et à la fin du 20e siècle, sont présentées sous forme de cartes. Trois catégories d'espèces sont dis-tinguées: (1) espèce dont la répartition est en déclin a la suite des modifications d'habitats (Héron vert), (2) espèces stable ou en légère augmentation, chez qui on trouve des oiseaux locaux et des oiseaux introduits, et enfin (3) les espèces introduites durant le 20e siècle (Tourterelle striée, Bulbul à ventre rouge, Zosterops à poitrine grise et Tangara cramoisi). II apparaît que deux espèces, le Carpophage du Pacifique et le Monarque de Tahiti, sont aujourd'hui très menacées, même si leur répartition n'a pas régressé d'une façon significative.
The conservation status in 1982 of the Aldabra White-throated RailDryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus
Authors: Collar N. J.
Published: May 2010

The Aldabra White-throated RailDryolimnas cuvieri aldabranusis confined to Middle Island (c. 7,700 birds), lie Polymnie (c. 270) and De aux Cèdres (c. 80) on Aldabra Atoll (now a World Heritage Site) in the Seychelles. It uses all available terrestrial habitats, but chiefly occurs in scrub cover and particularly in the densest types, where leaf-litter (and hence litter fauna) is richest. Its extinction on Assumption, Astove and Cosmoledo is attributable to widespread habitat loss and disturbance, and to human utilization as food; the extent to which rats and cats affect the form, which is flightless, is debatable.
Population monitoring for the flightless rail Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus
Authors: Hambler C. , Newing J. , Hambler K.
Published: May 2010

The last flightless bird of the western Indian Ocean, Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus survives only on Aldabra. Its population numbered some 8,000 in 1973–1976. Surveys suggest numbers remained roughly constant between 1968 and 1988 (with a fluctuation of only 4% in responses to call playback between 1983 and 1988), but distribution continued to contract. Longevity can reach over 8.5 years (but is probably lower on average), and some birds remain within 100 m of the site of ringing for at least five years. Feral predators remain a threat, and captive populations are recommended. The monitoring procedure may have value for other Gruiformes.
The effects of hurricanes on birds, with special reference to Caribbean islands
Authors: Wiley James W. , Wunderle Joseph M.
Published: May 2010

Cyclonic storms, variously called typhoons, cyclones, or hurricanes (henceforth, hurricanes), are common in many parts of the world, where their frequent occurrence can have both direct and indirect effects on bird populations. Direct effects of hurricanes include mortality from exposure to hurricane winds, rains, and storm surges, and geographic displacement of individuals by storm winds. Indirect effects become apparent in the storm's aftermath and include loss of food supplies or foraging substrates; loss of nests and nest or roost sites; increased vulnerability to predation; microclimate changes; and increased conflict with humans. The short-term response of bird populations to hurricane damage, before changes in plant succession, includes shifts in diet, foraging sites or habitats, and reproductive changes. Bird populations may show long-term responses to changes in plant succession as second-growth vegetation increases in storm-damaged old-growth forests.

The greatest stress of a hurricane to most upland terrestrial bird populations occurs after its passage rather than during its impact. The most important effect of a hurricane s i the destruction of vegetation, which secondarily affects wildlife in the storm's aftermath. The most vulnerable terrestrial wildlife populations have a diet of nectar, fruit, or seeds; nest, roost, or forage on large old trees; require a closed forest canopy; have special microclimate requirements and/or live in a habitat in which vegetation has a slow recovery rate. Small populations with these traits are at greatest risk to hurricane-induced extinction, particularly if they exist in small isolated habitat fragments.

Recovery of avian populations from hurricane effects is partially dependent on the extent and degree of vegetation damage as well as its rate of recovery. Also, the reproductive rate of the remnant local population and recruitment from undisturbed habitat patches influence the rate at which wildlife populations recover from damage.