bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS ON THE CYTOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR/MONOCYTE‐DERIVED CYTOTOXIC FACTOR
Authors: Bjerve K.S. , Espevik T. , Kildahl‐Andersen O. , Nissen‐Meyer J.
Published: August 2010

The effect of different fatty acids on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐induced cytolysis of TNF‐sensitive WEHI 164 murine fibrosarcoma cells has been determined. The saturated fatty acids palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acid strongly potentiated the cytolytic activity of TNF. They also had a slight cytotoxic effect in the absence of TNF. Contrary to this, the unsaturated fatty acids oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), alpha‐linolenic (18:3), arachidonic (20:4), and eicosapentaenoic (20:5) acid were neither cytotoxic by themselves, nor did they have any significant effect on the cytolytic activity of TNF. Addition of either of the unsaturated fatty acids 18:2 or 20:5 together with 18:0 eliminated the potentiating effect 18:0 by itself had on TNF‐induced cytolysis. A mixture of fatty acids resembling that found in cell phospholipids had no cytotoxic effect by itself, nor any effect on the cytolytic activity of TNF. The potentiating effect of saturated fatty acids on TNF thus seems to depend on their relative amount compared to the amount of unsaturated acids. The results indicate that TNF does not exert its cytotoxic effect simply by suppressing hydrolysis of triglyceride, thereby inducing an insufficient cellular supply of fatty acids.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND INNATE FACTORS OF IMMUNITY IN SALIVA OF CHILDREN PRONE TO RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS
Authors: Lehtonen O.‐P. J. , Tenovuo J. , Aaltonen A. S. , Vilja P.
Published: August 2010

Serum and salivary total IgA, IgG and IgM as well as salivary innate non‐immunoglobulin antimicrobial factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary and leukocyte peroxidase systems) were measured in 13 children prone to recurrent respiratory infections and compared to their age‐matched healthy controls. Serum IgG and IgM levels were significantly elevated and salivary IgA remarkably low in infection‐prone children as compared to the controls. However, the levels of secretory piece‐bearing IgA were about the same in both groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in serum IgA levels or in any of the non‐immunoglobulin factors. The results indicate that low salivary IgA is associated with recurrent respiratory infections.
PARIETAL CELL DENSITY BEFORE AND AFTER PARIETAL CELL VAGOTOMY IN DUODENAL ULCER PATIENTS
Authors: BECK HENNING
Published: August 2010

Parietal cell density, mucosal height, grade of gastritis and pentagastrin‐stimulated acid production were assessed before and three months after parietal cell vagotomy (PCV) in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer. Parietal cell density was found to be unaltered after vagotomy and there was no difference in the parietal cell count in the neck and base of the glands. Both the basal acid production and the pentagastrin‐stimulated acid secretion were significantly reduced after PCV. No correlation could be shown between the stimulated acid production and the parietal cell count, either pre‐ or postoperatively, (r = 0,14 and r = 0,19). Mucosal height and grade of gastritic changes remained unchanged. It is concluded that PCV in duodenal ulcer patients causes no change in parietal cell density assessed at three months post‐operatively. Vagotomy causes no mucosal atrophy or gastritic changes within this period.
PARIETAL CELL DENSITY IN DUODENAL ULCER PATIENTS AFTER SHORT‐TERM TREATMENT WITH CIMETIDINE AND ANTACIDS
Authors: BECK H. , SHOKOUH‐AMIRI M. H. , CHRISTIANSEN L. A.
Published: August 2010

In a prospective study, 20 patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcers were randomised to be treated with cimetidine 1 g daily or with antacids 350 mmol daily. The duration of treatment was 30 days, but this was extended to three months in 3 patients in the cimetidine group and 4 patients in the antacid group. A morphological study of biopsies taken via a gastroscope from the corpus mucosa showed no change in mucosal height, parietal cell density per unit volume or changes in cellular infiltration after 30 and 90 days treatment in the two groups. Neither H‐2 receptor blockers nor antacids alter mucosal height or parietal cell density. Treatment was not found to induce gastritic changes in the mucosa.
IMMUNOBLOTTING ANALYSIS OF HUMAN IgM, IgG AND IgA RESPONSE TO CHROMOSOMALLY CODED ANTIGENS OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA 0:3
Authors: StåHlberg Tom H. , Granfors Kaisa , Pekkola‐Heino Kirsi , Soppi Esa , Toivanen Auli
Published: August 2010

Human antibody response after Yersinia enterocolitica infection was studied by immunoblotting sequentially collected sera against a whole‐cell homogenate of Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:3, grown under conditions restrictive for the plasmid. The antibodies observed were directed against a multitude of chromosomally coded antigens, and a considerable individual heterogeneity was found in the reactions of individual sera. The early (0–2 months) and late (≥11 months) responses were directed against the same antigenic determinants. Antibodies against different bacterial epitopes decreased evenly with time, indicating that several, if not all, antigenic epitopes of the bacteria are responsible for the prolonged antibody production. IgM responses by most patients declined within a few months but were surprisingly strong in some even one year after onset of the infection. IgG antibodies showed a strong reaction against a region corresponding to lipid A and core of the bacterial LPS, whereas IgM and IgA recognized this region less often. No other significant differences between IgM, IgG and IgA responses were observed. Immunoblotting of sera from patients with post‐infection complications (arthritis, iritis, erythema nodosum) did not reveal any additional or specifically involved antigens. Altogether, these findings suggest that Yersiniae causing the original infection may hide in some of the patients for prolonged periods.
THE ANTRAL GASTRIN‐PRODUCING CELLS IN DUODENAL ULCER PATIENTS A Study of Preoperative G‐Cell Densities, Fasting Serum‐Gastrin, Pre‐ and Postoperative Gastric Acid Secretion and Outcome after Parietal Cell Vagotomy
Authors: NIELSEN H. OVERGAARD
Published: August 2010

Antral gastrin‐producing cell densities, as well as serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion were obtained prior to parietal cell vagotomy from 60 patients suffering from chronic duodenal ulcer disease. Acid secretion was also measured postoperatively. The patients were followed for five years. The ulcer recurrence rate was 20%. No differences were found in the G‐cell densities, fasting serum‐gastrin or gastric acid secretion preoperatively between the two groups: recurrence and non‐reccurence. The acid secretion was higher postoperatively in patients with recurrent ulcer as compared to those without recurrence of the ulcer, suggesting that incomplete vagotomy is a reasonable explanation of the recurrence, even though postoperative G‐cell abnormality cannot definitely be ruled out.
COMPLEMENT COMPONENTS IN NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Johnson Ulf , Gustavii Björn
Published: August 2010

Sixteen complement components were analysed at three different occations during a normal pregnancy. Samples were also obtained at delivery and six weeks post partum. All factors but C1 IA and D increased during the pregnancy. Six weeks after the delivery, the levels of all components but C1s, C4 and C6 showed a beginning normalisation. In 15 per cent of the women, C1 IA was functionally inactive at delivery.
PINEOCYTOMA WITH NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION DEMONSTRATED IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICALLY A Case Report
Authors: COLLINS V. P.
Published: August 2010

Stereotactic biopsies were obtained from a tumor in the pineal gland of a 37 year old man. Histological and smear preparations were studied using conventional staining techniques as well as immunocytochemical methods with monoclonal antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the neurofilament proteins (NFP), the presynaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin as well as with antisera to neuronal specific enolase (NSE). The tumor was classified as a pineocytoma. The tumor cells uniformly contained no cytoplasmic GFAP but NFP, NSE and synaptophysin as shown by the immunocytochemical techniques. The pineocytoma could thus be subclassified as a pineocytoma with neuronal differentiation. The patient subsequently succumbed due to a hemorrhage into the tumor and autopsy confirmed the biopsy findings. We conclude that immunocytochemical techniques may prove invaluable in the subclassification of tumors of the pineal region.
MALAKOPLAKIA OF THE PANCREAS A Case Report
Authors: KULATUNGA ANANDA , KYLLÖNEN ATTE P. , DAMMERT KAI
Published: August 2010

During elective cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis of a 76‐year old male patient, a nodular soft tumor of 8 cm. in diameter was found in the caudal region of the pancreas. The tumor was suspected for malignancy during surgery. However during routine microscopical examination of the biopsy specimen, a large number of Michaelis‐Guttman bodies were found, thus establishing the diagnosis of classical malakoplakia.
HETEROGENEITY OF C4d and C3d AND THEIR COMPLEX FORMATION WITH SERUM ALBUMIN
Authors: Petersen N. E. , Teisner B. , Folkersen J. , Svehag S‐E.
Published: August 2010

High molecular weight (Mr around 175 KD) forms of C4d and C3d as well as free C4d and C3d (Mr about 40 KD) were demonstrable in normal human serum (NHS). Following in vitro C activation in NHS by ΔIgG, the 40 KD C4d component increased markedly. By immunofixation it was hown that the high molecular forms of C4d and C3d reacted with biotinylated anti‐human albumin IgG, whereas the 40 KD‐free C4d and C3d fragments did not. Furthermore, the incorporation of anti‐albumin IgG in the first dimensional gel in crossed Immunoelectrophoresis caused retention of the 175 KD C4d component but not of free C4d. The 175 KD form of C4d had a distinctly higher electrophoretic migration velocity (post‐albumin region) than the 40 KD C4d fragment. The C3d‐, C4d‐serum albumin complexes could not be dissociated by reducing agents (DTT, mercaptoethanol), a non‐ionic detergent, or exposure to high and low ionic strength.
PERIFERAL CYSTIC HYPERPLASIA OF THE PROSTATE GLAND
Authors: SØNDERGAARD GORM , VETNER MAX , CHRISTENSEN PREBEN OVERGAARD
Published: August 2010

Cystic transformation of the periferal prostate affecting at least 10 cm3 of tissue was found in 19 out of 300 consecutive prostatic glands at autopsy. The etiology is probably multifactorial and no correlation is found with nodular hyperplasia or carcinoma. Periferal cystic hyperplasia may be a cause of palpatoric enlargement of the prostate and thus may be a differential diagnostic possibility to nodular hyperplasia or cancer.
QUANTIFICATION OF CD8‐POSITIVE LYMPHOCYTES IN LYMPH NODE FOLLICLES FROM HIV‐INFECTED MALE HOMOSEXUALS AND CONTROLS
Authors: BRASK S. , HAGER H. , PALLESEN G. , PORWIT A. , BIBERFELD P. , GERSTOFT J.
Published: August 2010

The number of CD8‐positive cells in follicular centres of hyperplastic lymph nodes from 20 Danish and Swedish homosexual men with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and 43 control patients were enumerated in frozen tissue sections immunostained with monoclonal antibody reactive with the CD8‐antigen (“cytotoxic‐suppressor” T‐cell antigen). All the homosexuals were seropositive for HIV and histology showed changes characteristic of the early stage of HIV lymphadenitis. A significant increase (p > < 0.001) of CD8‐positive cells was demonstrated (mean 1,307 per mm2 follicular centre, SD 639) in HIV‐related lymphadenopathy compared with the controls (mean 161 CD8‐positive cells per mm2 follicular centre, SD 169). The results of this study show that the immunohistological demonstration of a significant increase of CD8‐positive cells in the follicles of hyperplastic lymph nodes is suggestive of HIV‐related lymphadenopathy.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SINONASAL CANCER IN DENMARK, 1943–1982
Authors: OLSEN JØRGEN H.
Published: August 2010

Long‐term trends in the incidence of cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were studied on the basis of notifications of cancer cases in Denmark over 40 years. A total of 1436 cases of sinonasal cancer were reported in 1943–1982, giving steady annual incidences of 0.8 per 100000 males and 0.5 per 100000 females. These contrast with the simultaneous increases in risk for cancers of the middle and lower respiratory tract, and incidate that cigarette smoking does not play any significant role in the aetiology of sinonasal cancer. Since this tumour type has many occupational aetiologies, the stable time trends observed further indicate that all the major risk factors have been present in work places in a relatively unchanged form for more than half a century. A curious time‐dependent distribution of cases according to subsite of the tumour, however, leaves open for possibility that some of the environmental carcinogens may have changed.
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF CHEMOTAXIS OF NEUTROPHIL POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Pedersen Maria Malling
Published: August 2010

Measurement of chemotaxis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) is often performed by micropore‐filter methods. However, most of these methods seem to involve considerable inter‐individual, intra‐individual, and day‐to‐day variations. The aim of this study was to compare two frequently used micropore‐filter methods – the Lower Surface Count (LSC) and the Leading Front (LF) methods – in order to find the more reproducible one. Blood samples from the same individual were drawn on two different days. PMN chemotaxis and random migration was tested by a micropore‐filter assay. The chemotaxis chambers were incubated for 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, respectively. In all, 144 filters were read by both methods. The LSC method showed large variations both among identically treated filters and among readings from the same filter. These variations were as much as 10 times higher than the variations shown by the LF method. Also, the day‐to‐day variation was higher with the LSC method than with the LF method. Furthermore, data from the LF method were normally distributed, in contrast to data from the LSC method. Thus, the present study suggests the LF method to be superior to the LSC method in terms of reproducibility.
CHEMOTACTIC LEUKOTRIENE B4 ACTIVITY IN PLASMA FROM CHILDREN WITH ARTHRITIS
Authors: Herlin T. , Fogh K. , Ternowitz T. , Storm K. , Bunger E.
Published: August 2010

Plasma from seventeen children with arthritis was investigated for the content of lipoxygenase products. Two of the patients had untreated juvenile chronic arthritis, three had a pyogenic joint infection, four had Henoch‐Schonlein purpura and eight had reactive arthropathy. After lipid extraction, the lipoxygenase products were identified by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemotactic material coeluting with leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was found in plasma from the arthritis patients. Enhanced chemotactic activity of this compound was found in juvenile chronic arthritis and pyogenic arthritis patients, compared to the chemotactic activity in plasma from patients with Henoch‐Schonlein purpura and reactive arthropathy. The findings may indicate that activation of lipoxygenases may play a role during the initiation of the inflammatory reaction in arthritis.
FUNCTION OF POKEWEED MITOGEN‐STIMULATED HUMAN T CELLS FOLLOWING VACCINATION WITH PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Heilmann C.
Published: August 2010

The T cell regulation of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS)‐specific B cells was investigated in poke‐weed‐mitogen (PWM)‐stimulated cultures. The numbers of anti‐PPS‐secreting cells (SC) increased in cultures of mononuclear cells (MNC) established two weeks after the vaccination, as compared to cultures established before vaccination (from 18/106 MNC to 45/106 MNC). This finding was most likely explained by an increase in the blood of B‐cell precursors with specificity for PPS. B cells spontaneously secreting anti‐PPS were found only in cultures established one week after vaccination. However, the presence of PWM and T cells increased the numbers of anti‐PPS‐SC also in these cultures, indicating that not all PPS‐specific B cells are fully differentiated in vivo one week after vaccination. The vaccination‐induced changes in T cell function were investigated by recombining cryopreserved T cells or T helper cells (CD8 negative cells) with freshly isolated autologous B cells from post‐vaccination day 15. The numbers of total Ig‐SC in cultures containing day 13 T cells were significantly lower than the numbers in cultures containing day 0 T cells (3958/106 MNC versus 5887/106 MNC). The same tendency was observed for anti‐PPS‐SC; this difference, however, was not significant. No differences were observed in the ability of T helper cells to support the generation of total Ig‐SC and anti‐PPS‐SC. Irradiation (2300 rad) of T cells from day 0 increased the numbers of anti‐PPS‐SC in the cultures significantly (three times), whereas irradiation of day 15 T cells did not have a significant augmenting effect. Most likely, following vaccination, in vivo‐activated suppressor cells appear in the blood, and these cells are less sensitive to irradiation than resting suppressor cells.
MODULATION OF β‐GALACTOSIDASE ACTIVITY IN PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES FROM C57B1 MICE AFTER EXPOSURE TO PROPRIONIBACTERIUM ACNES
Authors: Rhodes J. M. , Rasmussen S. E. , Burchardt S. , Larsen S. Olesen
Published: August 2010

Peritoneal macrophages (PMø) from untreated C57B1 mice contain high levels of β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) and these PMø are heterogeneous in their expression of this enzyme. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline caused a transient depression in the level of enzyme activiy in the PMø whereas i.p. injection of Proprionibactcrium acnes (P. acnes) gave rise to a marked decrease of β‐gal activity in these cells. This reduction in enzymatic activity persisted for as long as the PMø were activated for cytotoxicity towards the L929 tumor cell line, up to 35 days after injection, β‐gal activity was present in the lavage fluid from day 2–21 after injection of P. acnes but none was detected in the lavage fluid after injection of saline. It is proposed that the enzymatic activity in the lavage fluid is derived from monocytes which migrate from the blood into the peritoneal cavity. There was an influx of granulocytes in the P. acnes group which persisted up to 35 days after injection. In contrast none were observed in the saline group after 2 days. PMø harvested after 1–35 days were large, highly vacuolized and many contained bacteria; these PMø had the typical morphology of activated cells. It is suggested that the processing of P. acnes by granulocytes may play a role in the activation of macrophages in the early inflammatory response, with concurrent loss in β‐gal activity. However, in the later stages, interferon‐γ and other induced lymphokines may be instrumental in causing a decrease in β‐gal activity.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DIPHTHERIA IN POPULATIONS VACCINATED BEFORE AND AFTER ELIMINATION OF INDIGENOUS DIPHTHERIA IN DENMARK
Authors: Simonsen O. , Kjeldsen K. , Bentzon M. W. , Heron I.
Published: August 2010

The need for routine diphtheria revaccination is still controversial. Only single cases of diphtheria have been observed in Denmark since the mass vaccinations in the 1940s and the introduction of routine vaccination of infants in 1950, despite the fact that general revaccination has not been recommended. An investigation of antitoxin immunity in 1.188 probands 2–69 years of age, randomly or cluster selected, indicated that immunity in the Danish population is still above the limit generally believed to guard against diphtheria epidemics (around 70% being immune in a population). The highest frequency of susceptibility (46%) was found among females 30–39 years of age. Serum antitoxin concentrations in 529 subjects with documentation for complete primary vaccination 1–40 years previously corresponded to a continuous fall‐off. Relative to time from vaccination, individuals born when diphtheria occurred frequently in Denmark had significantly higher antitoxin levels than those born later, and among children susceptibility had increased considerably as compared to observations in the 1950s. These phenomena were explained by the effect of natural immune stimulation previously. The present concept of relatively high frequencies of immune subjects also in other western countries may not be valid in the future, when the number of subjects born after the elimination of indigenous diphtheria increases. General revaccinations seem required to maintain herd immunity.
GIANT‐CELL ARTERITIS Histological, Immunohistochemical and Electronmicroscopic Studies.
Authors: CHEMNITZ JOHN , CHRISTENSEN BENT COLLATZ , CHRISTOFFERSEN P. , GARBARSCH CHARLY , HANSEN TROELS MØRK , LORENZEN IB
Published: August 2010

Biopsies from the temporal artery of 32 patients suspected of giant‐cell arteritis were evaluated retrospectively by light microscopy, histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods, as well as by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At the clinical follow‐up the 32 patients included four clinical groups: temporal arteritis (8 patients), polymyalgia rheumatica (10 patients), rheumatoid arthritis (4 patients), and a group of miscellaneous diseases unrelated to inflammatory rheumatic diseases (10 patients). There were a number of similarities between age‐related alterations in the arteries and the changes in giant‐cell arteritis. The most important differences were the inflammatory cellular infiltration of the media, the perifocal accumulation of fibronectin, and the occurrence of deposits of fibrin/fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. In addition, alpha‐2 macroglobulin, lysozyme and factor VIII were also noted in giant‐cell arteritis. The alterations in giant‐cell arteritis show a number of similarities to the changes following experimental vascular injury of the rabbit aorta. The nature of the findings in human giant‐cell arteritis, as well as the similarity to the experimental arteritis, indicate that giant‐cell arteritis may reflect a non‐specific reaction to injury, independent of the cause of the disease.
DEGRADATION OF IgA1, IgA2, AND S‐IgA BY CANDIDA AND TORULOPSIS SPECIES
Authors: Reinholdt Jesper , Krogh Palle , Holmstrup Palle
Published: August 2010

Nine strains, isolated from leukoplakias or normal mucosa of the oral cavity, and representing the species Candida albicans, C.tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata were tested for the capacity to degrade IgA1, IgA2, and S‐IgA in liquid cultures. IgA fragments were characterized by SDS‐PAGE of culture supernatants in combination with immunoblotting analysis using antibodies specific for heavy chain and light chain determinants. Strains of C.albicans and C.tropicalis were found to express stronger proteolytic activity than a strain of T.glabrata. The three types of IgA were all degraded, α‐chains being the primary targets. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that divalent fragments corresponding to the deletion of one or both of the Fcα constant domains (F(abc)2α or F(ab)2α) were produced. Monovalent halfmolecules corresponding to these fragments could also be detected, suggesting that the yeast strains were capable of cleaving inter‐α‐chain disulphide bridges. The possible consequences of yeast‐induced degradation for the function of IgA antibodies are discussed.
DEMONSTRATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLOIDOSIS IN NEEDLE BIOPSIES OF THE KIDNEYS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AMYLOIDOSIS OF THE AA‐TYPE
Authors: LÖFBERG HELGE , THYSELL HANS , WESTMAN KERSTIN , LARSEN SVEND , BRUN CLAUS , GRUIC VINKA , GRUBB ANDERS
Published: August 2010

To examine whether sequence‐specific antibodies directed against serum amyloid A were useful in the demonstration and classification of amyloidosis, needle biopsy specimens from the kidneys of 152 cases with renal disorders were investigated using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex technique of immuno‐histochemistry. A distinct immunoreactivity of protein AA was seen in biopsies from all 42 individuals who were clinically classified as having the AA‐type of amyloidosis. The stained areas coincided with deposits stained by Congo red. Four of these cases demonstrated immunoreactivity of both protein AA and light immunoglobulin chains and all biopsies except one showed immunoreactivity for the amyloid P‐component. After treatment with potassium permanganate, the amyloid deposits in the biopsies of all 42 cases lost their affinity for Congo red. Ten patients with clinical and laboratory findings compatible with the AL‐type of amyloidosis were also investigated. All their biopsies demonstrated Congophilic amyloid deposits but none of them showed any immunoreactivity of protein AA. Amyloid deposits of Λ light immunoglobulin chains – but not k – were demonstrated in biopsies from four patients. The amyloid P‐component was found in biopsies from six individuals and positive Congo red staining after treatment with potassium permanganate was seen in biopsies from four of the cases. Biopsies of 100 patients suffering from non‐amyloid renal disorders were also examined. None of them displayed any immunoreactive deposits of protein AA. The investigation shows that amyloid deposits of the AA‐type can be identified in needle biopsies when sequence‐specific antibodies against serum amyloid A are used in the avidin‐biotinperoxidase complex technique. Both the diagnostic sensitivity (42 of 42) and specificity (110 of 110) of the assay were optimal (1.0). The method was found to be superior to other investigated techniques and useful for classifying amyloidosis in formalin‐fixed renal biopsies.
SODIUM TAUROCHOLATE‐INDUCED ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN PIGS
Authors: LIUM B. , RUUD T. E. , PILLGRAM‐LARSEN J. , STADAAS J. O. , AASEN A. O.
Published: August 2010

Acute pancreatitis was induced in anesthetized pigs by injection of Na‐taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. The pigs were allocated to 4 groups. One group remained untreated while the other groups received either C1‐inhibitor, aprotinin or methyl‐prednisolone intravenously as pretreatment. Extensive necroses of the pancreatic parenchyma, peripancreatic oedema and accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the abdominal cavity developed within a few hours in all experimental groups. Pretreatment significantly improved hemodynamics and increased the survival rate at 6 hours. It is concluded that the most essential effect of the pretreatments were reduction of proteolytic activities which are secondary to the pancreatic lesions.
Legal Adaptation among Vietanmese Refugees in the United States: How International Migrants Litigate Civil Grievances during the Resettlement Process
Authors: Hein Jeremy , Beger Randall R.
Published: August 2010

This article examines an overlooked dimension of adaptation among international migrants: how they use the host society's legal system to seek redress for grievances that arise during the resettlement process. The article terms this process legal adaptation and focuses on foreign-born plaintiffs in civil litigation. A sample (N=137) of state and federal civil cases with at least one Vietnamese litigant is used to analyze the temporal patterns in legal adaptation among Vietnamese refugees from 1975 to 1994. Several aspects of Vietnamese litigation match their macro-level resettlement process, such as civil rights and intraethnic litigation occurring later than other types of cases. But civil suits with a Vietnamese plaintiff and a native defendant tended to occur earlier than civil suits with a native plaintiff and a Vietnamese defendant. The article identifies the role of legal organizations and international grievances as the sources of Vietnamese refugees' rapid legal adaptation.

The best aspects of the American legal system are the appeals process, access to the courts, and especially the court of equity. This concept of equity never existed in Vietnam. We had the Napoleonic Code where everything is written, and if it is not written, it basically does not exist. You know, too, that under the Code you are guilty until proven innocent…I think the biggest problem is with translators. You know, at its worst, justice translated can be justice denied. So much can be lost in the translation, even by a very good translator. So many American legal concepts do not exist in Vietnamese law.
Overseas Foreign Workers in Israel: Policy Aims and Labor Market Outcomes
Authors: Amir Shmuel
Published: August 2010

The declared aim of the Israeli government, since 1996, was to reduce radically the presence in Israel of foreign overseas workers within five years. This aim has not been achieved due to a counteracting policy: yielding to strong political pressure, the government introduced regulations that virtually indentured legal overseas foreign workers indefinitely to their employers. This depressed their wages and transformed their employment into a source of easy gains, greatly increasing the demand for them and encouraging legal workers to turn illegal. As a result, their numbers have not declined significantly, even though the Israeli economy has been on a downtrend, most of the time, since 1997.
On the Determinants of International Migration in the Philippines: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Carlos Ma. Reinaruth D.
Published: August 2010

This article explores the roles of population, average earnings and employment rates in the sending and host countries on international migration. Using a model designed by Schultz (1982) for rural-urban migration, it also tests the validity of two hypotheses, namely, 1) the Harris-Todaro expected earnings hypothesis and 2) the symmetry hypothesis of effects of sending and host area variables on migration.

The empirical analysis examines international migration from the Philippines to 26 non-Middle Eastern countries in the period 1981–1995. It uses fixed effects panel data regression method to determine the impact of the economic variables in the sending and host countries. Finally, it looks into the influence of economic transformations in the Philippines and the host countries, as well as the relaxation of migration policies by the host countries on the actual migration of Filipinos in the period 1987–1995.
The Social Consequences of Participating in the Ethnic Economy
Authors: Fong Eric , Ooka Emi
Published: August 2010

This study examines the effects of working in ethnic economy on social integration of immigrants. The analysis is based on a recently completed survey of the Chinese ethnic economy in Toronto. Our findings show that working in ethnic economies hampers participation in the social activities of the wider society. Results also suggest that those who gave a favorable evaluation of their own group, those who are independent class and family class immigrants have a higher likelihood of participation in social activities in the wider society. However, if those immigrants participate in an ethnic economy, they have significantly less participation in social activities in the wider society. Although previous research has documented that employment in ethnic economy is an “alternative avenue” for immigrants to achieve economic advancement in a new country, our study suggests that the social cost is substantial.
The Living Arrangements of Children in Immigrant Families in the United States
Authors: Brandon Peter David
Published: August 2010

Little is known about the living arrangements of first- and second-generation immigrant children. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a multivariate approach, I compared living arrangements of immigrant children to U.S.-born white children with U.S.-born parents. Findings show, except for foreign-born black and some Hispanic children, that foreign-born children lived with married parents more frequently than did U.S.-born white children with U.S.-born parents. However, by the third generation, a pattern emerged showing a decline in living with married parents among some immigrant children and a rise in living with single parents. The noticeable “downward assimilation” among some second- and third-generation immigrant children fits a theory of segmented assimilation and is concerning because single-parent families confront more social problems and sociodemographic risks.
Rural Migrants in Shanghai: Living under the Shadow of Socialism
Authors: Feng Wang , Zuo Xuejin , Ruan Danching
Published: August 2010

This article examines the fate of rural migrants in Shanghai, China's largest metropolis. Relying on data from a representative survey, it provides a profile of recent rural migrants and analyzes the pattern of occupational and income determination among them. The economic status between migrants and local residents is also compared. The authors show that despite a marked income improvement, rural migrants in Shanghai are still segregated from urban residents and argue that the social divide between urban and rural areas created under socialism has continued to function and may contribute to the formation of a dual society in urban China.
Asylum Seeking in Australia
Authors: Stevens Christine A.
Published: August 2010

The rise in the number of asylum seekers in Australia presents considerable challenges to the state as they are a self-selected, demand-driven group, whose numbers, country of origin, ethnic background, and social demographic characteristics cannot be determined in advance of their arrival. People who apply for protection at the border are regarded primarily as illegal immigrants, and only secondarily as asylum seekers, and the illegality of their entry has become the primary factor in the way they are treated by the state, rather than their need for protection. Two streams of asylum seekers and two streams of refugees have been created. There are marked differences in the treatment given while claims for protection are examined and once decisions have been made in their favor. This article examines the development of asylum policy in Australia and sets the discussion within a review of the number of people who have applied for and been granted protection in recent years.
Between Spatial and Social Segregation among Immigrants: The Case of Immigrants from the FSU in Israel
Authors: Mesch Gustavo S.
Published: August 2010

Studies on immigrants' residential concentration have reported mixed findings. Some have argued that immigrants' residential concentration is a necessary step in the process of their social integration because there the newcomers find housing and employment opportunities as well as social support. As they learn the language and improve their socioeconomic status, they move to neighborhoods where they share space with the native population. Others have argued that the ethnic neighborhood delays the process of social integration in the new society because it nurtures informal ethnic social networks that provide incomplete information and retard the process of language acquisition. The study reported here investigated the effect of motivations, perceptions of attitudes of the host society, acculturation and socioeconomic factors on immigrants' residential concentration. It also sought to expand previous research by examining the relationship between immigrants' residential concentration and social relationships with nonimmigrants. Data for the study were collected in 1999 through a survey of immigrants from the FSU who had settled in one northern city in Israel after 1989. The results show a negative relationship of socioeconomic status and fluency in Hebrew with the percentage of immigrants residing in a given neighborhood. The higher the socioeconomic status and the more fluent the immigrant in Hebrew, the lower the percentage of immigrants in his or her neighborhood. Immigrants who expressed a proactive motivation for migration resided in neighborhoods with a low percentage of immigrants. Immigrants' residential concentration was not found to be related to the development of social relationships with the local population. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Welfare Reform and Immigrant Participation in Welfare Programs
Authors: Borjas George J.
Published: August 2010

This article examines the impact of the 1996 welfare reform legislation on welfare use in immigrant households. Although the data indicate that the welfare participation rate of immigrants declined relative to that of natives at the national level, this national trend is entirely attributable to the trends in welfare participation in California. Immigrants living in California experienced a precipitous drop in their welfare participation rate (relative to natives). Immigrants living outside California experienced roughly the same decline in participation rates as natives. The potential impact of welfare reform on immigrants residing outside California was neutralized because many state governments responded to the federal legislation by offering state-funded programs to their immigrant populations and because the immigrants themselves responded by becoming naturalized citizens. The very steep decline of immigrant welfare participation in California is harder to understand, but could be a by-product of the changed political and social environment following the enactment of Proposition 187.
Immigration and the Czech Republic (with a Special Focus on the Foreign Labor Force)
Authors: Drbohlav Dušan
Published: August 2010

This article presents an overview of international migration in the Czech Republic, with a special focus on labor immigration. Currently, the Czech Republic is an immigration and transit country. The most important immigratory segment — economic immigrants — create a colorful mosaic of various ethnicities (80% of them from Europe), each group with their own different economic strategy and niche. After sketching historical patterns and data problems, the focus is on the current situation of labor migrants in the country. A number of issues are addressed: e.g., the relationship between immigrant inflows and the economic situation of the country; immigrants’ regional concentration/deconcentration processes; the popularity of the capital city of Prague and western regions vis-a-vis eastern ones; and the different structural backgrounds of immigrants coming from the East versus the West. Special attention is placed on undocumented/illegal immigration, mainly in relation to the misuse and evasion of immigration legislation. Finally, the immature Czech migration policies and practices are discussed, as are needed policy improvements and the need for new immigration legislation. It is clear that the major trend over time leads to more restrictive migratory policies, in line with efforts to harmonize Czech migratory policies and practices with those of the European Union (EU).
Migration and other Modes of Transnationalism: Towards Conceptual Cross-Fertilization
Authors: Vertovec Steven
Published: August 2010

Sociological notions such as social network, social capital and embeddedness have proven valuable when adopted into a wide variety of social scientific fields. This has certainly been the case in the sociology of migration. Similarly, certain concepts drawn from studies on different modes of transnationalism – for instance, research and theory concerning the global activities of social movements and business networks — might serve as useful tools for understanding transnational social forms and practices among migrant groups.
The Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in the Netherlands: Divergent Trends between and Polarization within the Two Groups
Authors: Crul Maurice , Doomernik Jeroen
Published: August 2010

This article examines the socioeconomic and sociocultural status of the second-generation Turkish young people in the Netherlands, comparing them to their Moroccan counterparts. The comparative perspective can better highlight the characteristic features of the Turkish second generation. The educational status of both the Turkish and the Moroccan young people is still weak, especially by comparison with their ethnic Dutch peers. The obstacles that second-generation migrants encounter in their educational careers are many and diverse, and these derive both from inside their own groups and from institutional structures and other forces in Dutch society. Among the latter has been the delay in introducing professional second-language training, which resulted in Dutch language deficiencies and poor primary school achievements. This, in combination with early school selection mechanisms at age 12, has consigned the vast majority of second-generation children to short, dead-end lower vocational or secondary school tracks. Unemployment is extremely high among the second-generation migrants with short educational tracks, and discrimination in the labor market hits this group especially hard. Despite all this, the number of second-generation young people who have succeeded in getting a better education is growing, and they are now well equipped to seek employment. An important factor in their success has been the mutual help and support they have received from family and community networks.
Acculturation and Acculturation Stress: A Social-Epidemiological Approach to Mexican Migrant Farmworkers’ Health
Authors: Finch Brian Karl , Frank Reanne , Vega William A.
Published: August 2010

Utilizing a cluster sampling design to maximize representativeness, we look at the health effects of acculturation and acculturation stressors among 1,001 adult migrant farmworkers in Fresno, California. Using self-ratings of mental and physical health as well as the CES-D depression scale, we find that the amount of time one spends in the United States, the level of English-language usage, as well as the intensity of acculturation stresses that one reports, are all related to declines in health. In addition, acculturation stress has more deleterious effects on self-rated health (both physical and mental) among the more highly acculturated.
Contextualizing Gender and Migration: Galician Immigration to Switzerland
Authors: Richter Marina
Published: August 2010

Focusing on two main aspects of the Spanish-Galician migration experience, this article attempts to analyze how migrants’ actions and discourses are shaped by notions of gender. First, the discourse of returning will question notions of family and how differently men and women define their positions as members of a family. While men seem to link their social identity to immovable goods of prestige back in Galicia, women are able to redefine their social identity as they base it on social relations. The second aspect deals with the fact that cleaning is defined as women's work, but at the same time it is – under certain conditions – performed by men.
Beyond Miami: The Ethnic Enclave and Personal Income in Various Cuban Communities in the United States
Authors: Davis Carla P.
Published: August 2010

It is frequently noted that Cubans living in Miami are successful because they benefit from the formation of an enclave economy. Using the 1990 Census Public Use Microdata, this study broadens the examination beyond Miami to address the question of why Cubans living elsewhere have higher earnings than those in Miami. Specifically, I address the question of whether there is a relationship between Cuban ethnic enclave participation and Cuban income. Findings indicate that Cubans in Miami have the lowest personal income. Cubans living in areas with the lowest Cuban populations have the highest incomes. These findings are evidence against the enclave economy hypothesis.
Asian Americans and Voting Participation: Comparing Racial and Ethnic Differences in Recent U.S. Elections
Authors: Lien Pei-te
Published: August 2010

This research assesses the significance of race and ethnicity in the participation of Asian Americans in recent U.S. elections. It reviews the major characteristics of the nonwhite, multiethnic population in recent census surveys and discusses the necessity for voting behavior research to address effects of international migration on eligibility issues in voting participation. Results from analyzing U.S. Current Population Survey Voter Supplement files, 1994–2000, indicate that Asian Americans’ apparent deficit in voting participation among voting-age persons can be reduced, removed, or even reversed when restricting analyses only to eligible persons. Multivariate analyses controlling for a set of institutional, contextual, and individual factors show that being Asian and foreign born may have the net effect of increasing voting registration, while being U.S. born and Asian may have the contrary effect, compared to non-Hispanic whites of comparable background. Nativity is not significant in impacting turnout among registered Asians as a whole, but U.S.-born Asians are less likely to turn out compared to their white counterparts. Among other findings, being foreign born may enhance the registration likelihood for Chinese, Korean, and Asian Indian American citizens and the turnout likelihood of registered Korean Americans.
Immigrant Incorporation in Western Democracies
Authors: Freeman Gary P.
Published: August 2010

How much variation is there in immigrant incorporation policies and practices across the Western democracies? Concluding that the effort to capture variation in typologies of incorporation schemes is likely to prove both futile and misleading, I propose a radically dis-aggregated perspective that conceives of incorporation as the product of the intersection of migrant aspirations and strategies with regulatory frameworks in four domains – state, market, welfare, and culture. Because some but not all of the regulatory institutions in these domains were created with immigrant incorporation in mind, national incorporation frameworks are not fully cohesive, are constantly changing, and at best can be described as belonging to a handful of loosely connected syndromes.
Economic Cost of Human Capital Loss from Fiji: Implications for Sustainable Development
Authors: Reddy Mahendra , Mohanty Manoranjan , Naidu Vijay
Published: August 2010

Small island nations in the South Pacific are facing a serious problem of loss of human capital. The loss of skilled and qualified personnel from the small pool is causing a major setback in terms of providing the technical expertise to forge ahead with reform programs that these economies are undertaking. Fiji's policymakers are increasingly confronting this issue, because the nation has experienced a massive outflow of skilled labor following the political instability in 1987. While there is an outflow of skilled labor, the country is also losing a large amount of financial capital. The extent of the outflow has yet to be measured due to lack of a methodology. This study advances a methodology to measure the loss to the economy arising out of human capital loss in a small island economy.
Generational Patterns in Home Ownership and Housing Quality among Racial/Ethnic Groups in New York City, 1999
Authors: Rosenbaum Emily , Friedman Samantha
Published: August 2010

We use survey data for 1999 to evaluate how well the spatial assimilation model characterizes the generational patterns in housing conditions for racial/ethnic groups in New York City. Focusing on home ownership, crowding, and housing quality, bivariate analyses reveal that housing conditions improve across generations, but mainly for whites and other Hispanics. Among blacks, we find patterns of generational decline in housing conditions and socioeconomic status. Multivariate models reveal significant generational improvements among whites and Puerto Ricans with respect to home ownership and among whites, blacks, and other Hispanics, with respect to crowding. However, notable generational declines are evident for blacks in home ownership and housing quality. Broad support for spatial assimilation theory is evident in the associations of socioeconomic status with housing conditions, but the results for blacks raise questions about the overall primacy of the spatial assimilation model.