bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Image Analysis of Standard Pilling Photographs Using Wavelet Reconstruction
Authors: Kim Soo Chang , Kang Tae Jin
Published: March 2006

A new approach to pilling evaluation based on the wavelet reconstruction scheme using undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT), which is shift-invariant and redundant, was investigated. A method of digital image analysis to attenuate the repetitive patterns of fabric surface and enhance the pills is presented. A preliminary evaluation of the proposed method was conducted to SM50 European standard pilling images. The results show that reconstructed resolution level, wavelet bases and subimage used for reconstruction can affect the segmentation of pills and thus pilling grading. The area ratio of pills to total image was effective as a pilling rating factor. The results suggest that the proposed method in this paper is applicable to the practical evaluation of pilling.
Pilot-scale Enzymatic Decolorization of Industrial Dyeing Process Wastewater
Authors: Soares Graça M. B. , Teresa M. , Amorim P. , Lageiro Manuela , Costa-Ferreira Maria
Published: March 2006

Manuela Lageiro and Maria Costa-Ferreira1 Bioengineering and Bioprocessing Unit, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Industrial Engineering and Technology (INETI), Portugal Abstract An enzymatic cocktail was used for the decolorization of process wastewater, containing mainly three reactive azo dyes, from a textile dyeing and printing company. Water sampled from different processing streams and combinations thereof was decolorized to different extents. The decolorization was greatest for C.I. Reactive Black 5, followed by C.I. Reactive Red 158, whereas C.I. Reactive Yellow 27 was the least decolorized. As wastewater from the printing process was inhibitory, the 1 mistirred tank type reactor prototype was installed near the outlet prior to the discharge of wastewater from the printing process. Temperature and pH control systems were installed to ensure optimal enzymatic decolorization, this being about 45 ° C and pH 6.4. The average temperature observed at the reactor was 42.1 ° C, which indicated the need for improved temperature control. Laboratory scale tests were done to assess the reuseability of the biotreated wastewater for the washing of dyed cotton fabrics.
A Novel Approach for Evaluating the Air Permeability of Airbag Fabrics
Authors: Wang X. H. , Kainuma M. , Bao L. M. , Nakazawa M.
Published: March 2006

An approach based on the shock tube experiment is proposed to evaluate the permeability of airbag fabrics. Shock tube experiments were conducted to imitate airbag inflation by fixing an airbag fabric sample near the end of an open driven section. When a plane shock wave impinges the airbag fabric, it will be reflected. Meanwhile, an increase in pressure will form at the front face of the airbag fabric and this will lead to a flow through the fabric, due to the permeable structure of the fabrics. The air permeability of airbag fabrics can therefore be determined by measuring the velocity of the reflected shock wave. It was found that at relatively high pressure the dynamic permeability results from the shock tube experiment were lower than the static results from the conventional permeability testing method. This phenomenon appears to be related to the different influences on the airbag fabric structure of the steady pressurization that occurred in the static experiments and the instantaneous pressurization that occurred in the shock tube experiments.
Effect of Finishing on Woven Fabric Structure and Compressional and Cyclic Multiaxial Strain Properties
Authors: Manich A. M. , Mart' M. , Saur' R. M. , de Castellar M. D. , Carvalho J.
Published: March 2006

Twenty-three woolen, mixed and worsted woven fabrics made of wool, polyester/ wool, polyester/cellulosic and waste fibers underwent four different finishing treatments. The effect of the finishing on gray goods was studied by comparing the structural parameters and the results obtained by compressive and cyclic multiaxial strain testing. It was observed that finishing lead to a more fully, dimensionally stable and more relaxed fabric structure. By comparing the results obtained from finished fabrics it was possible to distinguish between the different groups of finished fabrics: Pure wool fabrics, non-pure wool fabrics, woolen fabrics made of warp worsted yarns (mixed fabrics) and pure worsted fabrics. The measured structural parameters were fabric density, thickness and mass per square meter, Eurotex and image analysis cover factors, air permeability and sonic velocity. The results given by compressional testing were compressibility, the Onions compressive index and Kawabata's linearity of compression. The results of the cyclic multiaxial strain testing were initial deformation, relaxation and creep indexes and bagginess after five deformation cycles.
Three-dimensional Garment Simulation Based on a Mass-Spring System
Authors: Ji Feng , Li Ruqin , Qiu Yiping
Published: March 2006

In order to perform virtual reality fitting of a garment through the Internet, an effective method of three-dimensional (3-D) garment modeling is developed. The garment is simulated using a 3-D quadrangular mesh based on a mass– spring system. To demonstrate the dynamical draping behavior of particular woven fabrics, the material properties adopted in the simulation, including tensile, shear, and bending, were measured using the Kawabata system. In animating the garment, a method of minimal enclosure was introduced to facilitate fast and reliable detection of cloth–body and cloth–cloth collisions.
Low-temperature Dyeing of Wool Processed for Shrinkage Control
Authors: Cardamone Jeanette M. , Damert William C.
Published: March 2006

Wool fabrics treated for shrinkage control by applying a novel two-step ARS process3 involving an activated peroxide bleach followed by enzyme treatment were dyed at lower temperatures within shorter dyeing times than conventional dyeing with acid dyes which require 90 ° C or higher for 60 minutes or longer. The shrinkage control process involved bleaching pretreatment with dicyandiamide in alkaline hydrogen peroxide and with gluconic acid additive at 30 ° C (86 ° F) for 30 minutes followed by sulfite-assisted serine protease treatment for biopolishing and shrinkage prevention at 45 ° C (113 ° F) for 40 minutes. Dye uptake with time over the temperature range of dyeing showed that untreated fabrics and pretreated fabrics exhibited sigmoidal dyeing behavior with exhaustion within 55–70 minutes at 55–60 ° C. Fabrics pretreated and subsequently treated with enzyme exhibited exponential dyeing behavior with exhaustion within 20–30 minutes at 30–55 ° C. We attributed low temperature dyeing with reduced dyeing times to changes in wool morphology and chemical structure as documented by both scanning electron and confocal fluorescent microscopy. The ARS process provides shrinkage control with greater ease of bleaching and dyeing.
Investigating the Applicability of Metal Ion Implantation Technique (MEVVA) to Textile Surfaces
Authors: Öktem T. , Özdogan E. , Namligöz S. E. , Öztarhan A. , Tek Z. , Tarakçioglu I. , Karaaslan A.
Published: March 2006

Polyethylene terephalate (PET) samples were modified by Cu, C, Ti, and Cr implantation using a metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) implanter. The ions were implanted at an accelerating voltage of 30 kV with a dose ranging from 1 × 1014 to 1 × 1017 ions/cm2. In the first part of this study, Cu ions were implanted to improve the electrical properties of PET woven fabrics, and in the second part, C, Ti and Cr ions were implanted to enhance the mechanical properties of PET membrane fabrics. After implantation, the results showed that the half-charge decay time of implanted fabric lessened to milliseconds, and the friction coefficient and wear loss values decreased significantly. The surface morphologies of the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The changes in chemical structure were observed by IR spectra.
Group creativity: musical performance and collaboration
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith
Published: March 2006

In this article, I focus on three defining characteristics of group creativity: improvisation, collaboration and emergence. To demonstrate these three characteristics, I present several examples of group creativity in both music and theater. Then I explore how structure and improvisation are always both present in group creativity. Improvisations contain elements of structure and structured performances contain improvisational elements. I conclude by suggesting some implications for musical education and for education in general.
Shared performance cues in singing and conducting: a content analysis of talk during practice
Authors: Ginsborg Jane , Chaffin Roger , Nicholson George
Published: March 2006

How do musicians performing together coordinate their actions to achieve a unified performance? We observed a singer (the first author) and pianist/conductor (the third author) as they prepared for two performances of Ricercar 1 from Stravinsky's Cantata, one for voice and piano and one for voice and ensemble. This article reports a content analysis of the musicians’ verbal commentaries made in two individual practice sessions and their discussions during two joint rehearsals at the beginning and end of the rehearsal period. In their individual sessions, the musicians began identifying features of the music to use as performance cues that would serve as landmarks to guide their performances. In their joint sessions, some of these features were turned into shared performance cues that could be used to coordinate their actions. The musicians’ comments show how they resolved differences in their conceptualizations of the compositional structure of the piece and how they coordinated their music-making through the use of shared performance cues.
‘Creative collaboration’: an ‘eminence’ study of teaching and learning in music composition
Authors: Barrett Margaret
Published: March 2006

The image of the composer as a lone seeker of creative inspiration is embedded in popular views of the creative artist. This isolationist view ignores the ‘thought communities’ on which composers draw in their development as musicians, composers and teachers, the relationships that hold between composer-teacher and student-composer, and the role of these relationships in the ongoing development of allparticipants in the teaching and learning process. This article draws on ‘eminence’ studies of creativity to investigate the teaching and learning beliefs, processes and practices, of an eminent composer-teacher when working with a tertiary-level student-composer over the course of one academic semester. The emergent view of the teaching and learning process in music composition is one of a dyad working towards shared goals in a process characterized by collaboration, joint effort, and social support. This suggests that the teaching and learning process in composition may be a form of creative collaboration.
Men in chorus: collaboration and competition in homo-social vocal behaviour
Authors: Faulkner Robert , Davidson Jane W.
Published: March 2006

The present article is part of an ongoing research project investigating the role of singing in the everyday lives of contemporary Icelandic men. Men in the study group are all members of a large male-voice choir based in a remote rural area of north-east Iceland. Whilst two other papers illustrate how the wider study implicates singing as a central construct of self and gender identity, this article focuses on men's perceptions of social processes in the learning, rehearsing and performing of songs. Emerging through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, themes are examined here within the theoretical framework of competition and cooperation and the context of the study's idiographic setting. Whilst competition and cooperation feature prominently in wide-ranging social science disciplines and are often perceived as having simplistic gender connotations, findings from this study illustrate the complexities of competitive and collaborative interaction as these particular men sing together in chorus. Furthermore, men's perception of singing in harmony implies that this vocal behaviour is not only a metaphor for human relationships, but an essential and enriching way of relating to others, fulfilling basic needs for vocal and social connectedness.
‘Negotiating Life’
Authors: Prainsack Barbara
Published: March 2006

Israel endorses one of the world's most liberal regulations of embryonic stem cell (ESC) research and human cloning. After an introduction to the technologies and their regulation in many Western countries and on an international level, I discuss ethical and moral concerns formulated in Western countries, many of which have no room in the bioethical discourse in Israel. The traditional argument is to explain this with religion: particularly, by arguing that Jewish religious teachings lead to a conception of ESC research and cloning as morally unproblematic. Nevertheless, in order to fully understand the Israeli situation, I argue that we have to take into consideration prevalent political narratives. The ‘demographic threat’ that the Jewish majority population in Israel will be outnumbered by non-Jews in the not too distant future provides a context of risk to the discourse on ‘Israeli cells’. Contexts of risk extend the scope of self-governing of individuals by predetermining ways of preventing particular risks. Instead of there being a consistent governmental policy on how to regulate medical technologies, the Israeli bioethics discourse shaped the regulations on ESC research and human cloning by providing decision-makers with particular understandings of what is ‘thinkable and sayable’. A discussion of the deliberation of the Prohibition of Genetic Intervention Law of 1999, which was extended in March 2004 for another 5-year period, will illustrate this claim.
The Politics of Talk
Authors: Irwin Alan
Published: March 2006

Talk of public dialogue and engagement has become fashionable internationally, and particularly within Europe. Building especially upon recent British experience, this paper argues that ‘public talk’ (that is, talk both by and about the public) represents an important site for science and technology studies analysis. The relationship between ‘new’ and ‘old’ approaches to scientific governance is considered. Drawing upon a series of official reports, and also the GM Nation? public debate over genetically modified food, the paper suggests that, rather than witnessing the emergence of a new governance paradigm, the current approach can more accurately be portrayed as an uneasy blend of ‘old’ and ‘new’ assumptions. Eschewing a straightforward normative account, the paper explores the social construction of public talk, the relationship between talk and trust, the search for the ‘innocent’ citizen, and the pursuit of social consensus. Current initiatives should not simply be criticized for their inadequacies, but should also be viewed as symptomatic of the state of science–society relations. In that way, stresses and strains within the politics of public talk assume wider analytical significance than the ‘mere talk’ epithet would suggest.
Mirror, Mirror on the Wall
Authors: Sommer Marianne
Published: March 2006

This paper investigates an historical episode that involved an object that was both scientific and popular. In 1908, the first almost complete Neanderthal skeleton was discovered at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. From its very rebirth, the specimen became an object of interest to scientists holding different views of human evolution. It also was of interest for a public whose Catholic and anti-clerical stances were voiced through the press, and for the modernist clerical prehistorians who had discovered it. Conceiving of reconstruction as referring to either verbal or visual representation of the caveman from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, this paper discusses the multiplication of Neanderthal images in newspaper articles and illustrations that expressed particular scientific and political interests. This treatment of the newspaper as a site of encounters and knowledge production among these various constituencies is afforded by a set of newspaper excerpts on the specimen collected by the first person to physically reconstruct the bones, Marcellin Boule, at the Mus éum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. While the newspapers were welcome allies in the dissemination of the discovery and of the scientist's renown at home and abroad, Boule might have been less content with the way in which the various papers represented his work – or was he? As an object associated with such large issues as religion, evolutionism and nationalism, the ‘Old Man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints’ had to fulfil contradictory desires and his images multiplied accordingly.
Involving Children in Health and Social Research
Authors: Balen Rachel , Blyth Eric , Calabretto Helen , Fraser Claire , Horrocks Christine , Manby Martin
Published: March 2006

This article draws on the authors’ experiences of undertaking health and social research involving children in Australia and England and focuses on securing the informed consent of children to participate in such research. A clear trend within literature, service provision, legislation and international conventions recognizes children as ‘active beings’ in all aspects of their lives. The services that are the focus of the research and evaluation projects in which the authors have been involved sought to empower children as active agents and decision-makers. Crucially, not only were these services available directly to children without requiring parental permission, but many children were also accessing these services without their parents’ knowledge. However, when it came to researching and evaluating users’ experiences of these services, the authors faced the problem that existing research gatekeeping systems tended to construct children as dependent, in need of protection and as ‘human becomings’. The authors found that research ethics committees would permit the research to take place only if both the child’s informed consent and that of his or her parents was obtained. The authors outline the implications of such dilemmas, which may not only be counter productive in terms of research objectives but also risk failing to afford children rightful regard in contemporary society. While the authors conclude that there are no quick fixes to the resolution of such dilemmas, they believe that researchers need to engage with the gatekeepers of research to ensure that the laudable effort to protect potentially vulnerable participants avoids overprotection, paternalism and the further disenfranchisement of already marginalized young people.
‘We Had to be There to Make Sure it was What We Wanted’
Authors: Holland Sally , O’Neill Sean
Published: March 2006

The article reports from a qualitative study of family group conferencing in Wales. Family group conferences are meetings of extended family networks that are convened in order to plan for a child’s care and welfare. They are an attempt to enable families to have a greater say in welfare decisions and often particularly encourage children’s participation in the meetings. The research was a qualitative study of 17 family meetings. Twenty-five children and young people were interviewed within 1 month of the meeting and 13 were reinterviewed 6 months later. Adult participants were also interviewed. The findings and discussion are related to the following broad areas: the risks and benefits for children of taking part in such interventions, some of the different priorities for children and adults regarding participation and the potential tensions between individual needs and rights and those of ‘the family’ as a whole.
Structural Reform Litigation
Authors: Bertelli Anthony M. , Feldmann Sven E.
Published: March 2006

Initiated by interest groups representing the interest of a class of agency clients, structural reform litigation shapes the administration of important policy domains, particularly in the social services. Employing a spatial bargaining model we show that, instead of holding the agency to its mandate, structural reform litigation constitutes an institutional tool that creates bureaucratic drift even if courts are policy neutral. Since courts permit negotiation between agency and interest group plaintiff in designing remedies, it is very difficult for a legislature to enforce statutory constraints via judicial oversight and to stem this form of policy drift.
Success Versus Decisiveness
Authors: Laruelle Annick , Martınez Ricardo , Valenciano Federico
Published: March 2006

In this article, we vindicate the relevance of the notion of success or satisfaction for the normative assessment of voting rules. We provide arguments in support of this view and emphasize the conceptual and analytical differences between this notion and that of decisiveness. The conclusions are illustrated in the case study provided by three different voting rules that have been proposed for the Council of Ministers of the European Union.
Evolutionary psychology as public science and boundary work
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: March 2006

This paper explores the phenomena of public scientific debates, where scientific controversies are argued out in public fora such as the mass media, using the case of popular evolutionary psychology in the UK of the 1990s. An earlier quantitative analysis of the UK press coverage of the subject (Cassidy, 2005) suggested that academics associated with evolutionary psychology had been unusually active in the media at that time, particularly in association with the publication of popular science books on the subject. Previous research by Turner, by Gieryn, and by Bucchi has established the relationship between such appeals to the public domain and the establishment of scientific legitimacy and academic disciplinary boundaries. Following this work, I argue here that popular science has, in this case, provided a creative space for scientists, outside of the constraints of ordinary academic discourse, allowing them to reach across scientific boundaries in order to claim expertise in the study of human beings.
Ficta: remixing generalized symbolic media in the new scientific novel
Authors: Brier Søren
Published: March 2006

This article analyzes the use of fictionalization in popular science communication as an answer to changing demands for science communication in the mass media. It concludes that a new genre—Ficta—arose especially with the work of Michael Crichton. The Ficta novel is a fiction novel based on a real scientific problem, often one that can have or already does have serious consequences for our culture or civilization. The Ficta novel is a new way for the entertainment society to reflect on scientific theories, their consequences and meaning. Jurassic Park is chosen for an in-depth analysis in order to bring out the essential characteristics of Ficta, showing how its reflections on complexity, fractals, self-reference, non-linearity and unpredictability in science transform our view of scientific knowledge as being the tool for deterministic control into a second order reflection on complexity and the limits of control and predictability.
Television wildlife programming as a source of popular scientific information: a case study of evolution
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Aldridge Meryl
Published: March 2006

The wildlife television documentary is an important but problematic genre, located between education and entertainment. Noting that the genre has characteristics that may increase its impact on the audience, this paper reviews its potential significance for science communication through a case study of the presentation of issues relating to evolution. First, the continuing popular and political support for creationism is examined, and then the new movement in support of Intelligent Design Creationism outlined. Based on an extensive sample of internationally produced programs, the research findings discussed in the paper focus on two dominant sub-genres: “blue chip” and “presenter-led.” While the former has higher production values and asserts greater authority, the pressures for a strong narrative discourage explorations of the contingency and amorality of evolution. The outcome is, typically, a text that does not challenge creationist accounts and may even implicitly endorse them. Paradoxically, we argue, although the presenter-led format is regarded as lower status within the media industry, it may offer more opportunities for conveying the complexity that is associated with evolutionary accounts. The authors conclude that the market context of television wildlife programming means that educational and entertainment aims and claims are indeed in tension, but with a counter-intuitive outcome.
Science in advertising: uses and consumptions in the Italian press
Authors: Pitrelli Nico , Manzoli Federica , Montolli Barbara
Published: March 2006

Among the social practices that the world of advertising draws upon in order to convey its message, science is used to convince the target audience of the effectiveness of the product it is promoting. The study of the presence and use of science to encourage consumer spending provides information on the public perception of science itself. The present work analyzes these aspects with reference to the Italian press. A quantitative study was carried out on a sample of daily, weekly and monthly publications throughout 2002 and 2003, using a coding frame that enabled the identification of the frequency of scientific messages in advertising, the occurrence of scientific content in the images, the context in which they are set and the type of language used. The results demonstrate that science has a consistent presence in advertising and the image of science that derives from this is a positive one.
Do we need a public understanding of statistics?
Authors: von Roten Fabienne Crettaz
Published: March 2006

This paper explores arguments in favor of a public understanding of statistics and suggests its possible contributions to the analysis of surveys of attitudes toward science. Statistics permeates all aspects of life—from education, work, media, and health, to citizenship. For example, most media reporting includes statistical references to health, social and demographic trends, education, and economics. The pervasiveness of statistics poses a problem, as statistics is a difficult discipline associated with misunderstandings, which ruin trust and lead to misgivings. Civic scientific literacy covers statistics insufficiently, both theoretically and empirically. Finally, this paper formulates new explanations, built on statistical literacy, of empirical results found in surveys of attitudes toward science and suggests modes for the development of statistical literacy in this context.
The Impact of Culture on Technology and Business: An Interdisciplinary, Experiential Course Paradigm
Authors: Tchaïcha Jane D. , Davis Mark M.
Published: March 2006

In today’s global environment, companies continue to seek new customers and suppliers on an international level. However, the “rules” for doing business can differ from country to country. Business schools, therefore, need to develop courses that will sensitize their students to these differences. This article presents an innovative, interdisciplinary approach for a short-term study tour to Europe that addresses this challenge. In addition to the underlying theory and pedagogy behind the course, this article includes a detailed description of the structure, implementation, and focus of the course that provides multilens analyses at the intersection of culture, technology, and business practices and how these three influence one another.
All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten: How Dr. Seuss Reinforces Management Concepts and Promotes Community Citizenship
Authors: Comer Debra R. , Holbrook Robert L.
Published: March 2006

The authors recommend that management educators add the works of Dr. Seuss to their repertoire of teaching tools. After describing why instructors should use Dr. Seuss’s stories to foster understanding of concepts in management and organizational behavior, the authors describe a Seuss-based project at two levels that (a) helps students identify and apply course concepts and (b) cultivates their sense of civic responsibility. The authors also provide story recommendations, plots, and sample concepts, and end by encouraging others to design new pedagogical techniques using other culturally relevant media.
The Academic Journal Review Process as a Framework for Student Developmental Peer Feedback
Authors: Rubin Robert S.
Published: March 2006

Developmental peer feedback has been suggested as a method for providing students with individual feedback critical to the learning process. However, many faculty members are reluctant to employ peer feedback citing fear of student responses, student feedback capabilities, unfamiliarity with the process, and time constraints in and outside of class. Addressing faculty concerns, this article describes a peer feedback intervention, which adapts the academic journal review process and creates mutually beneficial outcomes for both faculty and students. Students build feedback capacity while improving project quality. Faculty members share the responsibility for providing feedback while enhancing student learning.
In Defense of Silos: An Argument Against the Integrative Undergraduate Business Curriculum
Authors: Campbell Noel D. , Heriot Kirk C. , Finney R. Zachary
Published: March 2006

The literature urges business schools to change their undergraduate curricula in response to changes in the models and methods currently used by corporate America. Critics contend that business schools should place more emphasis on teamwork and integrative models. Business schools are urged to “break down the silos” between functional subjects by integrating traditional courses in the undergraduate business curriculum. This article argues such criticism is based on confusing the need for changes in business pedagogy with the need for change in business curricula, and on an incomplete appreciation of the specialization, signaling, and hedging embedded in the current curricula. Most existing MBA curricula and undergraduate “capstone” courses already address the critics' concerns. This article emphasizes individual courses should be modified to ensure students gain additional appreciation for collaborative, interdisciplinary projects; however, such modification should not sacrifice the current depth of specialized learning in individual courses.
Complexity: A Frontier for Management Education
Authors: Axley Stephen R. , McMahon Timothy R.
Published: March 2006

This article critiques the mechanistic grounding of traditional management education and proposes complexity science as a fitting explanatory model for an age of complexity, contributing timely and important educational content and instructional processes to management education. It highlights some of those contributions and reviews instructional methods exemplifying key features of complex adaptive systems and suggesting the value in harnessing natural tendencies of systems by working in harmony with them. The article concludes with a consideration of issues facing teachers who contemplate teaching in accordance with the implications of complexity science.
A Cross-Cultural Exercise: Expat in the Marketplace
Authors: Oddou Gary R.
Published: March 2006

With the increasing importance of the global marketplace, students need tobe more effectively prepared to manage themselves in the context of different cultures. This article explains an effective cross-cultural exercise that is simple to set up yet effective in its simulation of a cross-cultural interaction. Debriefing notes are included to help maximize the effectiveness of the learning.
Unsavory Problems at Tasty’s: A Role-Play about Whistle-Blowing
Authors: Comer Debra R. , Vega Gina
Published: March 2006

This article presents a role-play exercise to make the topic of whistle-blowing personally salient to undergraduates. Students identify with the prospective whistle-blower, whose decision affects several stakeholders. The protagonist merely suspects her manager of stealing, until she hears concrete evidence of his thefts from her assistant manager, who does not want to take action. The exercise helps prepare students to decide how to act if they observe workplace wrongdoing, demonstrates that different ethical frameworks may point to different decisions, promotes examination of possible consequences of whistle-blowing, and highlights how organizational factors affect employees’ ethical behavior and the outcomes of their behavior.
University Professors and Teaching Ethics: Conceptualizations and Expectations
Authors: Dean Kathy Lund , Beggs Jeri Mullins
Published: March 2006

After the spectacular ethical breaches in corporate America emerged, business school professors were singled out as having been negligent in teaching ethical standards. This exploratory study asked business school faculty about teaching ethics, including conceptualizations of ethics in a teaching context and opinions of the extent to which teaching ethics could positively affect student behavior. This research also identified respondents’ various pedagogical approaches to teaching ethics. Major results indicate that faculty generally do not believe they can change students’ ethical behaviors and that faculty’s conceptualizations of ethics do not match their classroom approaches. Discussion and possible explanations are offered.
Breaking Down the Barriers: Bringing Initiatives and Reality into Business Ethics Education
Authors: Jackson Kevin T.
Published: March 2006

A new paradigm imposes special demands on business ethics education: (a) merging financial and social imperatives; (b) stemming recurrent scandals without being compliance obsessive; (c) infusing ethics awareness into all areas of business to remain relevant to the real world, motivate students, and keep up with innovations; (d) mediating cross-cultural differences to promote competitiveness and foster positive social integration. However, four barriers—assumptions, goals, disciplines, and context—impede the ability of business ethics education to meet those demands. Identifying and analyzing the barriers, this article advocates breaking them down. To breathe life into the suggestion of bringing more reality into ethics education, the article offers practical recommendations for business schools in redesigning ethics initiatives.
The Ethical Intention and Prediction Matrix: Reducing Perceptual and Cognitive Biases for Learning
Authors: Payne Stephen L.
Published: March 2006

Perceptual and cognitive biases are significant factors influencing ethical judgment, conduct, and learning. These biases inhibit the quality of students’ personal engagement, inquiry, and learning on cases and exercises assigned in business ethics courses. The purpose of this article is to describe certain common biases involved in the perception and interpretation of ethical dilemmas and to introduce a survey-feedback tool that can help students recognize and reduce some of these biases for ethical decision making.
Applying the Transtheoretical Model of Change to the Sequencing of Ethics Instruction in Business Education
Authors: Tyler Catherine L. , Tyler J. Michael
Published: March 2006

Although there is widespread agreement on the importance of ethics instruction in business education, there is not agreement on the best approach or timing of instruction. This article uses J. O. Prochaska and DiClemente’s transtheoretical model of change as the basis for a developmental model of student readiness for learning about ethics. By focusing on student development, the model suggests how to best sequence educational activities in ethics instruction. After introducing the model, it is applied to this specific area. Extensive ideas for practical educational activities are offered connected to each of the four stages of student change.
Cost Estimation of Machined Parts within an Aerospace Supply Chain
Authors: Watson P. , Curran R. , Murphy A. , Cowan S.
Published: March 2006

A generic, hierarchical, and multifidelity unit cost of acquisition estimating methodology for outside production machined parts is presented. The originality of the work lies with the method’s inherent capability of being able to generate multilevel and multifidelity cost relations for large volumes of parts utilizing process, supply chain costing data, and varying degrees of part design definition information. Estimates can be generated throughout the life cycle of a part using different grades of the combined information available. Considering design development for a given part, additional design definition may be used as it becomes available within the developed method to improve the quality of the resulting estimate. Via a process of analogous classification, parts are classified into groups of increasing similarity using design-based descriptors. A parametric estimating method is then applied to each subgroup of the machined part commodity in the direction of improved classification and using which, a relationship which links design variables to manufacturing cycle time may be generated. A rate cost reflective of the supply chain is then applied to the cycle time estimate for a given part to arrive at an estimate of make cost which is then totalled with the material and treatments cost components respectively to give an overall estimate of unit acquisition cost. Both the rate charge applied and the treatments cost calculated for a given procured part is derived via the use of ratio analysis.
Remote Control of Quality Using Ethernet Vision and Web-enabled Robotic System
Authors: Kwon Yongjin , Rauniar Shreepud , Chiou Richard , Sosa Horacio
Published: March 2006

A dynamic, globalized and customer driven market brings opportunities and threats to companies, depending on the response speed and production strategies. One strategy is concurrent engineering (CE) that focuses on improving the product development process, by the consideration of various factors associated with the life cycle of the product from the early stages. Design for manufacturing (DFM) has proven to be an effective approach to implement CE concept. Recently, an important DFM concept in product quality has drawn much attention from both academia and industry. This is because intense domestic and international competition has put more emphasis on quality. This study investigates the feasibility of integrating Ethernet-based vision system and assembly robot for the purpose of remote quality control. The accuracy and repeatability of the system were tested and verified over the Internet, prior to the quality inspection. The web-enabled quality check and robotic operations present many benefits, such as ubiquitous access, remote control/programming/monitoring capability, and integration of production equipment into information networks for improved efficiency and product quality within the framework of CE and DFM.
Development Process with Regard to Customer Requirements
Authors: Duhovnik Jože , Kušar Janez , Tomaževič Rok , Starbek Marko
Published: March 2006

Today, it can be maintained that the customer is a ‘king’ as he will buy only the products that satisfy his needs and wants. The companies of today are facing new challenges: global business and local operation, standardization, and individualization of products, demanding customers and fierce competition. The company wants to achieve shorter product development time, lower costs, high quality of the product, and finally, customer satisfaction. In order to achieve the set goals, the company has to take into account the customers wants and needs during the new-product-development process. This article presents the mode of description of processes that allow recognition of suitable natural systems and their transformation into technical systems and a model for management of development process. The phases of quality functions deployment (QFD) during the new product development process along with the location for collecting customer needs and wants are presented. A detailed description is given on information resources for obtaining data on customer needs; the methods for obtaining, structuring, and evaluation of the data obtained. The results of testing the proposed methodology of taking into account the voice of the customer in the process of developing a new Vario Flow product in a company that produces and sells medical equipment in domestic and foreign markets are also included.
Gender Equality and Women’s Absolute Status
Authors: Martin Kimberly , Vieraitis Lynne M. , Britto Sarah
Published: March 2006

Feminist theory predicts both a positive and negative relationship between gender equality and rape rates. Although liberal and radical feminist theory predicts that gender equality should ameliorate rape victimization, radical feminist theorists have argued that gender equality may increase rape in the form of male backlash. Alternatively, Marxist criminologists focus on women’s absolute socioeconomic status rather than gender equality as a predictor of rape rates, whereas socialist feminists combine both radical and Marxist perspectives. This study uses factor analysis to overcome multicollinearity limitations of past studies while exploring the relationship between women’s absolute and relative socioeconomic status on rape rates in major U.S. cities using 2000 census data. The findings indicate support for both the Marxist and radical feminist explanations of rape but no support for the ameliorative hypothesis. These findings support a more inclusive socialist feminist theory that takes both Marxist and radical feminist hypotheses into account.
Electroshock as a Form of Violence Against Women
Authors: Burstow Bonnie
Published: March 2006

This article reframes electroconvulsive therapy as a form of violence against women. Drawing on women’s testimony and on scientific research, it establishes that this “treatment,” which is overwhelmingly given to women, results in extensive cognitive and physical impairment. Correspondingly, it functions and is experienced as a form of assault and social control, not unlike wife battery. Emergent themes include electroshock as life destroying, a sign of contempt for women, punishment, a means of enforcing sex roles, a way to silence women about other abuse, an assault, traumatizing for those who undergo it and those forced to witness it.
Coping and Violence Exposure as Predictors of Psychological Functioning in Domestic Violence Survivors
Authors: Lewis Carla S. , Griffing Sascha , Chu Melissa , Jospitre Tania , Sage Robert E. , Madry Lorraine , Primm Beny J.
Published: March 2006

This study examines the differential effects of adult and childhood physical and psychological abuse, abuse-specific coping, and psychological adjustment in battered women seeking emergency shelter. Multivariate regression analyses confirmed the devastating impact of psychological abuse (childhood and concurrent) on battered women’s adjustment. The results corroborated prior research suggesting a cumulative vulnerability to psychological victimization in a substantial proportion of residents. Unexpectedly, frequency of physical violence was unrelated to women’s distress. The study argues that modes of coping traditionally considered adaptive (e.g., engaged, proactive) may be unsafe for battered women and children. The multifaceted nature of survivors’ coping choices is discussed.
Arresting Developments
Authors: DeLeon-Granados William , Wells William , Binsbacher Ruddyard
Published: March 2006

This article represents an effort to generate more systematic and specified discussion on the topic of unintended consequences in the movement to decrease violence against women. In this case, the consequence is increases in female arrests for domestic violence. This article builds on recent discussions by first using a sample of data to examine felony domestic violence arrest rates for men and women. The data support the conclusion that domestic violence arrests of women have increased. Second, the article presents six explanations that are derived from existing literature. Although the authors do not offer empirical tests of these explanations, this presentation can play an important part in better understanding the outcomes of criminal justice policies that are aimed at increasing victim safety.
Higher-order Closed-form Solutions for Free Vibration of Laminated Composite and Sandwich Shells
Authors: Garg Ajay Kumar , Khare Rakesh Kumar , Kant Tarun
Published: March 2006

Closed-form formulations of 2-D higher-order shear deformation theories (HOSTs) for the free vibration analysis of simply supported cross-ply laminated composite and sandwich doubly curved shells are presented. The formulation includes the Sanders theory for doubly curved shells. Two of the HOSTs account for the effects of both transverse shear strains/stresses and the transverse normal strain/stress, while the third includes only the effects of transverse shear deformation. In these developments, a realistic parabolic distribution of transverse shear strains through the shell thickness is assumed. The equations of motion are obtained using Hamilton’s principle. Solutions are obtained in closed-form using Navier’s technique and by solving the eigenvalue equations. Numerical results are presented for the natural frequencies of laminated composite and sandwich shallow shells. The closed-form solutions presented herein for laminated composite plates and shells are compared with the available 3-D elasticity and analytical solutions and it is believed that the solutions for sandwich laminates using various higher-order displacement models will serve as the benchmark in future.
Localized Effects near Non-vertical Core Junctions in Sandwich Panels - A High-order Approach
Authors: Frostig Yeoshua , Thomsen Ole Thybo
Published: March 2006

The article investigates the role of localized effects in the vicinity of junctions between core materials of different stiffness when these joints are non-vertical and may take any shape. The mathematical formulation uses a variational approach, and the proposed analysis incorporates the effects of the vertical flexibility of the core following the high-order sandwich panel theory (HSAPT) approach. The proposed analysis is geometrically non-linear. The presented study examines various joint types in the vicinity of the boundaries between cores of different stiffness in the load introduction zone, including: straight vertical (traditional ‘butt’ junction), straight non-vertical with different inclination angles, a double line joint, and finally a double line joint with extremely large difference between the stiffness properties of the joined cores. The response is described in terms of deflections and stress resultants in the face sheets, as well as in terms of the interfacial stresses at the upper and lower face-core interfaces near the edges of the stiffened core. The concept of equivalent modulii for the modulus of elasticity and the shear modulus of the core is presented and validated through numerical examples. It is shown that the stress concentrations induced near junctions between core materials of different stiffness can be reduced significantly, if non-vertical junctions are used instead of the traditional vertical (‘butt’) junctions.
Re-tooling the Network
Authors: Elmer Greg
Published: March 2006

This article discusses the emergence of experimental Internet research software or ‘toolkits’ that trace the dynamics of web networking. The author argues that such projects have focused too heavily on web hyperlinks as an indicator of social and political association. The article concludes by offering a broader vision for the analysis of web code, expanding beyond the mapping of HREF tags (hyperlink code) toward an understanding of the larger structure and deployment of all web code and content (including text, images, met tags, robot.txt commands and so on).