bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study the causes of pitting corrosion in carbon steel water pipeline at the site of advanced chemical industries complex
Authors: OMER KHALID , ELBASHER HAIDER , MUSTAFA AHMED ELTYB
Published: January 2022

There are many factors that affect the pitting corrosion of carbon steel (Q235A) some of them are related to the pipeline material such as material chemical composition specifications and other related to water specifications such as water temperature, pH of the water, and chemical and physical specification of water. In this study, the investigation was done for both water quality and materials of pipelines (Q235A), four samples from on a piece of same rolled sheet welded pipe(carbon steel (Q235A) were prepared and tested for chemicals composition, microstructure, roughness, and thickness, the test results shown that no difference observed for all results only on one sample have difference roughness value near to the welded joint, these test applied for 4 pieces took from one pipe to check the effect of rolling of these pipes that can cause dissimilarity .which enhance corrosion rates. Then the water quality was investigated for temperature 45C, pH equal to 9, chloride, TDS, and water pressure, the test result showed that the temperature of the water was 45 C pH 9 and contain chloride with a concentration quite enough to initiate pitting. From the collected data this study specified the causes of pitting corrosion in the studied area of water pipelines and summarized in the flowing, this pipelines exposed to high pressure than the required, and temperature of water reach over 45C in summer, and chloride iron have the main contribution on pitting corrosion of these pipes.
The Relation between Burning Time and Burning Energy of HTPB - Based Composite Propellant
Authors: Awad Ebrahim Osman Ameer
Published: January 2022

This paper represented a result of several visions of chemical phenomenon and several extractions and extrapolations of experimental works which included a relationship between energy related to a  chemical process and the relevant time which is required to achieve this process, but it must be taken into account that those mentioned experimental works hadn’t aimed substantially to study and state this relationship neither implicitly nor explicitly, but the results of those works have been exploited for another field after being compared with the relevant thermodynamic calculations. The  selected case study for this paper was the relation between the burning time of Hydroxyl terminated poly butadiene propellant ( HTPB)  and the caloric value of this material. The results reflected some relationship between the burning time and the change of the system energy during the burning process.
Analysis and Simulation of Tandem Charge
Authors: M. Zain Ali , Abdelgadir Mohamed , M. Ahmed Nizar
Published: January 2022

In the present work, the PG-7 (40mm) anti-tank hollow charge has been developed to double (tandem) hollow charge warhead by using a simulation program. The interaction of the precursor warhead with the Explosive Reactive Armor ERA was studied and the delayed time between the precursor head and the main charge was found which about 50 µs is with 350 mm penetration depth. The effect of precursor charge on the main charge was also studied and this effect was isolated in the delay period, in addition to the effect of precursor warhead jetting on the rear warhead the optimum delay time was found. This study was carried out using the ANSYS AUTODYN simulation program. And the model worked in several ways to reach these goals.
The Lethal Range Testing of Effective 80mm Air to Ground Warhead
Authors: M. Zain Ali , A. Abdalla Mohammed , Ahmed Mohamed F. M. , Badreldin Salaheldin A.M. , Montaga Mouhamed
Published: January 2022

The air force is the most important weapon during wars and battles. Through it, armies can control and isolate enemy territory, carry out their own operations and missions, allow for the increased bombing, tactical air support for ground forces, parachuting, airdrops, and the passage of cargo planes. Countries are working to enhance their air force by increasing the number of their aircraft and providing them with the latest modern technologies in monitoring targets, accurate and efficient missiles. This paper will present a completely new design of 80 mm controlled fragmentation warhead for air to surface missile has been designed and tested, the results of the experiment showed a good performance for tactical characteristics such as lethal range which is about 19 meters.
Design of Electronic Circuit for Mining Explosive Detonator
Authors: Elrayah Adil , I.A. Ahmed Ausabah , Jabbar Abdlrasool
Published: January 2022

Designing of mining exclusive electronic circuit, safety for work environment is vital and important. The system devices contained transmitter block, which are containing computer monitoring software and internet modem. The other one is receiver block which is included explosive circuit and their components (i.e., a digital component mobile phone, ICs, and detector). To control the operation steps process used software program written with C++ language. The system was successfully built and designed. Besides that, it could capabilities of components set in the designed circuit. Moreover, the circuit and their components were operated carefully according to program sequence. The results are achieved the general objectives of the research. Also, it was match standards, specified in national standards for performances and appearances of such devices.
Improvement of Composite Propellants Energy Using Explosive Materials
Authors: O. Saeed Amjad , M. Elamin Nagmeldin
Published: January 2022

Composite propellants are energetic materials have ability to ignite, burn fast and cause several simultaneous exothermic chemical reactions which produce huge amounts of gases under high pressures and temperatures which can spread spontaneously. 1n the present study, the explosive material hexogen (Cyclo tri-methylene tri-nitramine) was used to improve the performance properties of composite propellants, especially the specific impulse. For several formulations of hexogen at different added percentages, the specific impulse was calculated using thermodynamic calculations program of composite propellants. The results given were compared with those formulations not including hexogen. It was seen that; hexogen caused a significant positive effect in the specific impulse. Accordingly, the energy of composite propellant was improved positively in the samples containing hexogen till 40% of the oxidizer ratio. Also, it was noticed that the specific impulse began to decrease gradually for the oxidizers containing more than 40% of hexogen which caused in a decreasing of composite propellant energy. Finally, it was concluded that, the use of some amount of explosive materials like hexogen can improve composite propellants energy successfully.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENARI ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI KEGIATAN TARI KREASI “YAMKO RAMBE YAMKO” DI KELOMPOK B PAUD AN-NAZWA KECAMATAN CIKEUSAL
Authors: Larasati Nur Indah Prawesti
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas yang dilakukan secara kolaborasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain PTK Kemmis dan Mc.Taggart yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan 2 siklus dan 2 kali pertemuan. Jika pada siklus ke 2 penelitian belum mencapai keberhasilan maka akan dilakukan penelitian lanutan pada siklus selanutnya. Masing-masing siklus terdiri dari 4 tahapan penyusunan rencana tindakan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi atau pengamatan dan refleksi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah anak kelompok B. Jumlah anak yang diteliti sebanyak 15 anak. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan ditempat tugas peneliti yaitu PAUD An-Nazwa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi dan dokumentasi. Alat-alat yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan data lengkap adalah pedoman observasi, arsip-arsip dan kamera foto. Analisis data dilakukan untuk mengolah dan menginterpretasi data dengan tujuan memperoleh informasi yang sesuai untuk tujuan penelitian. Analisis data yang menggunakan teknik deskriptif kualitatif digunakan untuk menentukan peningkatan proses belajar melalui tindakan yang diberikan. Pada penelitian ini triangulasi atau membandingkan dengan bantuan teman sejawat yang samasama melakukan penelitian, guru kolabolator dan dosen pembimbing sebagai pihak ahli dalam hal penelitian. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah terdapat peningkatan kemampuan menari anak usia dini di kelompok B PAUD An Nazwa dari siklus 1 sebesar 33% naik menjadi 100% pada siklus 2 dengan dengan jumlah anak 15 orang yang memiliki perkembangan Berkembang Sesuai Harapan dan Berkembang Sangat Baik. Persentase pada pertemuan 2 sudah mencapai keberhasilan maka keputusannya adalah penelitian dihentikan.. Keberhasilan penelitian ini didukung oleh peningkaan kemampuan guru dalam menerapkan metode demonstransi pada penerapan tindakan penelitian dengan nilai 100 di siklus 2.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI KEGIATAN MEWARNAI DI KELOMPOK B PAUD TUNAS MAWAR KECAMATAN PETIR
Authors: Heni Herlina
Published: January 2022

Kegiatan coret mencoret ini adalah bagian dari perkembangan motorik anak, sehingga  dengan dorongan guru dan kesempatan yang diberikan, anak akan termotivasi membuat gambar. Salah satu kegiatan fisik motorik bagi anak khususnya motorik halus yaitu mewarnai. Mewarnai merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dapat merangsang dan meningkatkan kemampuan motorik halus anak usia dini. Tujuan penelitian dalam skripsi ini ialah untuk mengetahui dan memperoleh data serta informasi tentang peningkatan kemampuan motorik halus anak usia dini melalui kegiatan mewarnai di kelompok B PAUD Tunas Mawar Kecamatan Petir. Model penelitian tindakan kelas yang digunakan adalah model Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart. Jumlah siklus penelitian yang akan digunakan sebanyak 2 siklus dengan masingmasing siklus terdiri dari 2 kali pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi pada guru dan pada murid dalam catatan anekdot serta dokumentasi berupa foto, video dan LKA. Pada penelitian ini digunakan teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu suatu metode penilaian yang bersifat menggambarkan kenyataan atau fakta sesuai dengan data yang diperoleh. Pengecekan teman sejawat merupakan teknik pengujiian keabsahan data melalui cara mengekspos hasil penelitian kepada teman sejawat dalam bentuk diskusi untuk menghasilkan pemahaman yang lebih luas, komprehensif, dan menyeluruh. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan membuktikan bahwa terdapat persentase keberhasilannya hanya sebesar 73% pada siklus 1 naik pada siklus 2 menjadi sebesar 100% dengan 3 orang anak yang mendapat nilai BSH (Berkembang Sesuai Harapan) dan 12 orang anak mendapat nilai BSB (Berkembang Sangat Baik). Adapun tindakan guru pada siklus ini dengan mengajarkan cara mewarnai menggunakan pensil warna mendapatkan nilai 100 sehingga kemampuan motorik halus anak pada siklus ini pada perkembangan sangat meningkat dan meningkat. Persentase peningkatan perkembangan motorik halus tersebut didukung oleh tindakan guru pada siklus 2 yang mengajarkan cara mewarnai menggunakan pensil warna mendapatkan nilai 100 sehingga kemampuan motorik halus anak pada siklus ini pada perkembangan sangat meningkat dan meningkat.
ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN METODE EKSPERIMEN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL WARNA PADA ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Alvan Hazhari  , Marini Magdalena  , Warsih
Published: January 2022

Permasalahan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana analisis penggunaan metode eksperimen terhadapa kemampuan mengenal warna pada anak usia dini? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui analisis penggunaan metode eksperimen terdahap kemampuan mengenal warna pada anak usia dini. Penelitian yang peneliti lakukan ini berupa studi literatur yang terdiri dari sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Hasil penelitian dari data yang sudah dianalisis oleh peneliti dari setiap penelitian adanya perbedaan peningkatan presentase kemampuan mengenal pada anak usia dini. Kesimpulan bahwa analisis penggunaan metode ekperimen terhadap kemampuan mengenal warna pada anak usia dini mengalami peningkatan.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA STICK POUCH (KANTONG STIK) SEBAGAI MEDIA PENGEMBANGAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF MENGENAL KONSEP BILANGAN 1-10 ANAK TK
Authors: Larasati Nur Indah Prawesti  , Mustika Dewi
Published: January 2022

Melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran berupa media stick pouch (kantong stik) agar anak mampu dengan mudah mengenal angka 1-10 dengan benar. Penelitian yang peneliti lakukan ini berupa penelitian studi literature atau studi kepustakaan. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Berdasarkan dari berbagai sumber yang berhasil dihimpun oleh peneliti, dapat dilihat bahwa penggunaan media kantong stik untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak dalam mengenal bilangan 1-10 meningkatkan secara signifikan, yaitu dari 37.69% sebelum menggunakan media stik angka dengan kantong stik tersebut naik menjadi 60.45% setelah menggunakan media stik angka dengan kantong stik, dan naik lagi menjadi 86.23% pada siklus terakhir, sehingga terjadi peningkatan sebesar rata-rata 61.46%.
STUDI LITERATUR PENGGUNAAN MEDIA FLASHCARD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL HURUF ANAK
Authors: Maya Sih Hika Pamungkas  , Marini Magdalena  , Siti Zaenab
Published: January 2022

Pengenalan huruf pada anak usia dini harus menggunakan metode yang baik dan menggunakan cara-cara yang menarik agar anak dapat betul-betul memahami huruf dengan baik dan benar, oleh sebab itu pengembangan yang paling tepat untuk merangsang perkembangan pengenalan huruf harus menstimulus anak dengan benar. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, maka perlu digunakannya media yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mengenal huruf terhadap anak usia dini. Salah satu alternatif untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut adalah melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran berupa media Flashcard agar anak mampu dengan mudah mengenal huruf dengan benar. Penelitian yang peneliti lakukan ini berupa penelitian studi literature atau studi kepustakaan. Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Berdasarkan dari berbagai sumber yang berhasil dihimpun oleh peneliti, dapat dilihat bahwa penggunaan media Flashcard untuk meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa anak dalam mengenal huruf meningkat secara signifikan, yaitu Potensi Media FlashCard terhadap Kemampuan Mengenal Huruf Anak Usia Dini telah memberikan dampak yang sangat signifikan, sangat efektif diterapkan pada anak usia dini, karena memberikan ruang bagi anak usia dini untuk lebih aktif dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas.
PENGGUNAAN PLASTISIN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA DINI KELOMPOK B DI TK AL FIRMANSYAH
Authors: Nia Kurniasih  , Destri Astrianingsih  , Iis Sholehah
Published: January 2022

Plastisin merupakan suatu jenis permainan yang membutuhkan keahlian motorik halus dan membutuhkan suatu kreativitas yang tinggi, motorik halus adalah  gerakan yang melibatkan bagian tubuh tertentu yang di lakukan oleh otot-otot kecil (halus). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan motorik halus anak dengan menggunakan media plastisin di kelompok  B TK Al Firmansyah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas  dengan jenis penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Adapun alat pengumpulan datanya menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi.Dengan subjek penelitian yaitu berjumlah 9 anak yang terdiri dari 5 anak perempuan dan 4 anak laki-laki.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa media plastisin dapat meningkatkan perkembangan motorik halus anak usia dini. Dari kegiatan dua siklus tersebut peneliti mendapatkan hasil yang sangat signifikan, yaitu meningkatnya perkembangan motorik halus anak pada siklus I sebanyak 44,4% dari presentasi anak dengan kriteria BSH 3 anak, BSB 1 anak,   dan siklus II sebesar 77,7% dari presentasi anak dengan kriteria BSH 3 anak dan BSB 4 anak.  Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, maka dapat penulis simpulkan bahwa media plastisin dapat meningkatkan perkembangan motorik halus anak pada siswa kelompok B di Tk Al Firmansyah cikande dengan hasil yang sangat memuaskan.
PENERAPAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN TABUNG ANGKA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERKEMBANGAN KOGNITIF ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Tubagus Rahman  , Nia Kurniasih  , Iis Aisyah
Published: January 2022

Media Pembelajaran  Tabung Angka yaitu sebuah alat yang berbentuk tabung yang di hias dan diberi symbol angka digunakan untuk  kegiatan belajar mengenal angka dan menigkatkan perkembanagan kognitif anak usia dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif anak usia dini melalui kegiatan permaian tabung angka.Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan studi literature,Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan data primer (skripsi terdahulu , jurnal dan artikel) dan Data skunder  (buku penelitan). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan yang telah diuraikan pada bab sebelumnya ,maka dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa berdasarkan penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan melalui jurnal,artikel dan skripsi terdahulu. Dari data hasil analisis diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada siklus I rata-ratanya sebesar 54.4%, pada siklus ke II rata-rata sebesar 72.6% dan untuk di siklus III Nilai rata-rata  89 %. Sedangkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Mery Rositasari dan Dewi Komalasari dengan metode eksperimen hasil skor yang diperoleh mengalami perbuahan ,sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa kemampuan anak mengenal lambing bilangan dengan bukti pretest dengan jumlah 111 dengan rata-rata 6.16 kemudian mengalami peningkatan dengan total skor posttest berjumlah 136 dengan rata-rata 7.56. Hasil dari Penelitian  Resi Hamalia Fitri menggunkan metode R & D ( Research & Development )untuk pengenbangan media tabung angka  hasil analisis yang diperoleh dari ahli media yaitu 4,67 dengan kategori sangat layak . Dan hasil analisis media tabung angka oleh ahli materi 4,25 sangat baik. Maka dapat disimpulkan terjadi peningkatan secara signifikan Penerapan media Pembelajaran tabung angka berpotensi dalam meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif  pada anak usia dini. Oleh karenanya guru perlu meningkatkan kreativitas mengajarnya agar menarik minat belajar anak salah satunya melalui penerapan media pembelajaran  tabung angka sebagai upaya yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas dan pencapaian target kemampuan  kognitif  (pengetahuan) anak usia dini.
KITAB-KITAB HADIST SESUDAH ABAD KE 3 H
Authors: Wahab Syakhrani Abdul
Published: January 2022

The writing of hadith after the 3rd century H is to rearrange the previous hadith books thematically, both in terms of matan and sanad to make it easier for Muslims to study them, for example Al-Mawdhu'at which is collecting hadiths that are mawdhu '(false) only to in a book, Al-Ahkam, namely collecting hadiths about the law, such as fiqh, and others.
63 Virtual Community Outreach Simulation Programme
Authors: Boult Andrew
Published: January 2022

The community outreach programme paused during the global pandemic as schools were closed and we were unable to go into schools and colleges to use simulation-based training to educate and inspire young adults to consider a career in the National Health Service. Now that schools and colleges are open it is still difficult to go into schools and colleges due to COVID-19 restrictions. We needed a way to continue to reach out to these schools and colleges using simulation to educate and inspire young adults.

The aim was to continue the outreach programme but virtually, via live streams and some pre-recorded simulations. Aiming to help to increase awareness of the different careers, routes into the National Health Service and skills required to work in healthcare. ‘A virtual learning environment is intended not simply to reproduce a classroom environment -’on-line’, but to use the technology to provide a new way of learning’, Britain and Liber

Streaming live simulations sessions with tutor groups from schools and colleges via platforms such as Microsoft Teams and Zoom using a variety of simulation scenarios. These simulations will be mainly focussing on human factors with some teaching on specific subjects depending on the need of the learners. Example: Virtual work experience for young adults interested in medicine. We plan to mock up our simulation centre to replicate an accident and emergency department and have three admissions of different severity. We will be streaming this to two schools simultaneously and they will have the chance to help prioritize the three patients and explain their choice. The simulations will display good teamwork, good communications skills and leadership. One of the simulations will not include these skills and display poor communication, this will be intentionally included in a simulation for the learners to identify.

Feedback forms will be given to all learners to complete asking them if the session has inspired them to consider a career in the National Health Service, feedback will then be used to adjust the way we deliver the virtual side of the outreach programme and perfect the programme so we can continue to educate and inspire young adults.
125 Introducing An in situ Simulation Programme in an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bateman Harry , Johnston Karen , Badacsonyi Andrew , Clarke Natalie , Conneally Kathleen , Dissanayake Iruka , Finkel Sara , Liao Bruce , Stallworthy Simon , Worley Daniel , Griffiths Megan , Yeo Sheila , Ma Louise
Published: January 2022

This North London hospital has a 14-bed Intensive Care Unit (ICU). As a small District General ICU, staff exposure to emergency scenarios can be infrequent. Lack of practice can lead to a reduction in staff confidence and knowledge when these scenarios are encountered, especially during the COVID pandemic. The ICU had not previously undertaken

The aim of the study was to introduce a novel programme of MDT simulation sessions in the ICU and provide feedback with the aim of increasing both staff confidence in managing emergency scenarios and staff understanding of the impact of human factors.

A team of ICU Simulation Champions created emergency scenarios that could occur in the ICU. Pre-simulation and post-simulation questionnaires were produced to capture staff opinion on topics including benefits and barriers to simulation training and confidence in managing ICU emergencies. Members of the ICU MDT would be selected to participate in simulation scenarios. Afterwards, debrief sessions would be facilitated by Simulation Champions and Airline Pilots with a particular focus on competence in managing the emergency and human factors elements, such as communication and leadership. Participants would then be surveyed with the post-simulation questionnaire.

Nine simulation sessions were conducted between October 2020 and June 2021. The sessions occurred within the ICU during the working day in a designated bay with the availability of all standard ICU resources and involved multiple MDT members to aid fidelity. Feedback by Simulation Champions mainly focussed on knowledge related to the ICU emergency, whilst the Airline Pilots provided expert feedback on human factors training. Fifty-five staff members completed the pre-simulation questionnaire and 37 simulation participants completed the post-simulation questionnaire. Prior to simulation participation, 28.3% of respondents agreed they felt confident managing emergency scenarios on ICU – this figure increased to 54.1% following simulation participation. 94.4% of simulation participants agreed that their knowledge of human factors had improved following the simulation and 100% of participants wanted further simulation teaching. Figure 1 shows a thematic analysis of the responses from 31 participants who were questioned about perceived benefits from simulation teaching. Following the success of the programme, the Hospital Trust will continue to support and develop inter-speciality and inter-professional training, and have funded the appointment of an ICU Simulation Fellow to continue to lead and enhance future
Adolescent Obesity – Emerging Public Health Problem of 21st Century
Authors: Grace G Angeline , Edward Shanthi , S Gopalakrishnan
Published: January 2022

Many Countries struggle to tackle the consequences of under nutrition and infectious diseases. At the same time, they are also now showing a rapid increase in non-communicable diseases and their risk factors like obesity and overweight, especially in urban areas. In the present era, it is quite common to find co-existence of under nutrition and obesity within a country, within a community and even within a household. Children living in developing and under-developed countries are more susceptible to poor nutrition during antenatal period, infancy and childhood. On the contrary, children also have easy access to food products with increased salt and fat percentage, decreased levels of micro nutrients and more junk calories. The synergistic effects of high calorie intake and low physical activity lead to increase in prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. This article discusses about the aetiology, epidemiology and determinants of adolescent obesity.
Covid Vaccine Side Effects and Covid Infection after Vaccination- A Cross Sectional Study in Hubballi, Karnataka
Authors: Andanigoudar Kashavva B , Bant Dattatraya D , H Shalini , U Oshin
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Vaccination against Covid-19 has become the promising strategy in controlling rise in Covid cases. Covishield and Covaxin were the two vaccines initially available in India which have been administered to all those >18years of age. These vaccines exhibit a spectrum of side effects, which may affect vaccination rates. The study was conducted to estimate the frequency of side effects of Covid vaccines in India and their relationship with co-morbidities and prior Covid-19 infection.

Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire-based online survey was conducted for duration of one month among 1800 participants who had received at least one dose of Covid vaccine at KIMS Hospital, Hubballi, Karnataka, selected using systematic random sampling and information about vaccination, comorbidities and covid infection after vaccination was collected.

Results: The most common side effects were fever, headache and generalised body ache. The prevalence of infection after complete vaccination with Covishield (4.45%) was higher than Covaxin (1.08%) and difference was statistically significant. The prevalence of side effects and Covid-19 infection after vaccination did not vary with co-morbidities.

Conclusion: The side effects reported were not serious and the prevalence was similar in both the vaccines. The prevalence of infection still remains high after vaccination; hence Covid Appropriate Behaviour should be continued.
Family Environment and Its Effect on Self Esteem and Adjustment Behaviour among School Children: A Cross Sectional Study from Hubli Taluka, Dharwad, Karnataka
Authors: Sarvar Rana , Joshi Anjana , Bant Dattatraya D
Published: January 2022

Background: Family environment plays a significant role in socio-emotional and educational adjustment in adolescents. In the present scenario, parents are in hurry to improve their standard of living and they have no time to engage in child-bearing activities. Low self-esteem is creating mental and psycho-social problems such as poor academic achievement, inadequate adjustments among the siblings and peers, impaired social functioning, suicide, and substance abuse among adolescents.
Methodology: A School-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents of Hubli taluka. Information was collected by a self-administered questionnaire with components for Systematic assessment of family environment (SAFE), Self-esteem scale, and Adjustment inventory for school students (AISS).
Results: Among 600 adolescents, 85.6% of adolescents had Normal self-esteem, 95%of families were competent, however only 1-7% of the students had an excellent adjustment. Emotional and social adjustment was better compared to Educational adjustment. Adjustment behavior and family environment had a positive association. There was a significant difference in the adjustment scores among low self-esteem and normal self-esteem (p<0.001) and also among discordant and competent families.
Conclusion: The adjustment behavior depends on a better family environment and normal self-esteem. The Family environment has a positive effect on self-esteem as well as adjustment behavior. School mental health services should be initiated.
Bifurcation Behaviour of the Buck Converter
Authors: Chiang Dr Ng Kok , Lin Dr Nadia Tan Mei , Tien Tien Dr Michelle Tan
Published: January 2022

The bifurcation and chaos phenomena appeared in power system have become a focus subject at present. It has become apparent about a decade ago that power converters exhibit various types of non-linear behaviour which includes all kinds of bifurcations and chaos. Even basic DC/DC converters exhibit bifurcation and chaos phenomena as well as parallel-connected DC/DC converters and PFC system. The main source of such non-linearity is the switching mechanism of the converters. Non-linear components of the converter circuit and control scheme such as the use of naturally-sampled, constant-frequency PWM further contribute to the non-linear behaviour of converters such as a DC-to-DC buck converter. Thus, all feedback controlled power converters exhibit certain non-linear phenomena over a specific breadth of parameter values. Despite being commonly encountered by power electronics engineers, these non-linear phenomena are by and large not thoroughly understood by engineers. This paper examines the bifurcation behaviour of the buck converter in an ideal case when the input voltage is varied. The computer simulation scheme, PSPICE is employed to model the behaviour of the ideal buck converter. For certain values of the input voltage, Vin instability occurs. The analysis and conclusion presented in this paper will provide an overview of the bifurcation behaviour of the DC-to-DC buck converter, aspiring to draw attention of the power electronics and the circuits and systems communities to a field that is not often researched and examined.
Novel Bimetallic Tin-Manganese Oxides/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite and Their Charge Storage Properties
Authors: Chiang Ir. Dr Ng Kok , Lim Ms. Siew Shee , Peng Dr Chuang
Published: January 2022

The synthesis of CNTs/(Sn+Mn)Ox nanocomposites were first attempted through combining the hydro-oxidation of SnCl2 to SnO2 and the reduction of KMnO4 to MnO2 onto CNTs in this work. The reducing presence of SnCl2 accelerated the deposition of MnO2 from 7 days to a day. Subsequently, CNTs/(Sn+Mn)Ox nanocomposites were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge-discharge. These microstructure and electrochemical results indicated that this nanocomposite showed synergetic effect in term of specific capacitance, charge storage capacities and exceptional cycling stability. All these enhanced electrochemical properties were attributed to increased surface area, increased utilisation of co-deposited cassiterite-type SnO2 nanoparticulates and birnessite MnO2 monolayer. Additionally, their improved electronic conductivity facilitated better mass transport of ions during charging and discharging process. Based on the findings above, CNTs/(Sn+Mn)Ox nanocomposite will be served as promising and affordable positive electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors.
सामाजिक समरसता के संवाहक संत रविदास
Authors: मिश्र नरेन्द्र
Published: January 2022

संत रविदास उत्तर भारत के 15वीं से 16वीं शताब्दी के बीच भक्ति आंदोलन के एक कवि, विचारक, दार्शनिक, समाज सुधारक एवं संत शिरोमणि थे। गुरु रविदास कबीर के समसामयिक थे। भक्त रविदास जी के समय में जातिगत भेदभाव चरम सीमा पर था। समाज में व्याप्त रूढ़ियों, अंधविश्वासों एवं भेदभाव के खिलाफ रविदास जी जन जागरण का अभियान चलाया। धार्मिक कट्टरता का जबर्दस्त विरोध किया तथा भक्ति एवं सेवा के सहज एवं सरल स्वरूप को अपनाने का संदेश दिया। धार्मिक भावनाओं के आधार पर प्रचलित रूढ़ियों को दूर करने के लिए उन्होंने "मन चंगा तो कठौती में गंगा" जैसी सूक्तियों के आधार पर कांति का बिगुल फूंका। समाज व्याप्त असमानता को दूर करने के लिए वे निरंतर प्रयासरत रहे। उन्हें सामाजिक समरसता का अग्रदूत कहा जाता है। आज राष्ट्र के सम्मुख व्याप्त समस्याओं के समाधान में संत रविदास के बताए हुए मार्ग अत्यन्त कारगर साबित होंगे।
Śrauta Yajña and Environment
Authors: Pataskar Bhagyalata
Published: January 2022

According to the ancient thinking an environment is constituted of 5 elements - earth, water, light, air, space. A reference from Chandogya Upanishad 5.24.5 clearly sheds light on the close relationship between Yajña and environment. The verse is as follows
यथेह क्षुधिता बाला मातरं पर्युपासते एवं सर्वाणि भूतान्यग्निहोत्रमुपासते ।।
आचार्य राधावललभा त्रिपाठीनामलकारदर्शनम्
Authors: दीक्षित आयुश
Published: January 2022

काव्यस्यस्यामोदप्रमोदके कविकर्मोल्लासलसिते विषये अलङ्कारशास्त्रिणः काव्यशास्त्रिणो वा तत्स्वरूपं निर्धारयन्ति ।काव्यशास्त्रिणां मतभिन्यादुपलभ्यन्ते विविधप्रस्थानानि यत्र विविधैराचार्यैः काव्यतत्त्वनिर्धारणं कृतम्। तत्र रसालङ्काररीतिध्वनिवक्रोक्यौचित्यानि षट्-प्रस्थानान्याविर्भूतानि प्रस्थानेष्वेतेषु माहात्म्यं कस्येति निर्धारणं प्राचीनालङ्कारिकैः विवधैः कृतम। अर्वाचीनसाहित्यशास्त्रपरम्परायामप्याचार्यैः प्रस्थानेषु क: गुरुरिति निर्धारितम। सम्प्रति स्वातन्योत्तरभारतस्यालङ्कारशास्त्रिणांचिन्तनंक्रियतेचेत् प्रमुखेष्वाचार्येषु आचार्यराधावल्लभत्रिपाठिवर्याःअन्यतमाः ।एतेषाम् अलङ्कारप्रस्थानावदानोपकारकत्वं काव्यमर्मज्ञैः सहृदयैःनितरामेवानुभूयते।
Kirtilata ka punarpath
Authors: Chouhan Bindu
Published: January 2022

भारतीय वाङ्ग्मय में राजप्रशस्ति काव्यों की अविछिन्न परंपरा रही है। चौथी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व में पाणिनी के ‘पातालविजय’ और ‘जम्बावतीविजय’ से लेकर वामन, उदभट्ट, धनंजय के ‘दसरूपक’ से होते हुए तेरहवी शताब्दी में विद्याधर, सत्रहवी शताब्दी में पंडित जगन्नाथ कृत ‘रसगंगाधर’ तक अपने आश्रयदाता की प्रशस्ति में रचित काव्यों की समृद्ध परंपरा मौजूद है। भारतवर्ष में राजप्रशस्ति काव्य की परंपरा और उसकी निर्मिति के कारकों की पड़ताल शोध का दिलचस्प विषय रहा है। आचार्य हजारी प्रसाद दिवेदी ने आदिकालीन साहित्य की सामग्रियों के परिरक्षण में जिन तीन सूत्रों का उल्लेख किया उनमे ‘राजाश्रय’ को सबसे प्रबल और प्रमुख कारक माना था। पूर्वी भारत में दक्षिण और पश्चिम भारत की तुलना में राज्याश्रित काव्यों की परंपरा का सूत्रपात पहले हुआ। चौदहवी शताब्दी में तिरहुत राज्य ( वर्तमान बिहार का उतरी भाग) में बिसइबार-वंश में जन्मे ‘मैथिल कोकिल’ महाकवि विद्यापति ठाकुर रचित ‘कीर्त्तिलता’ ऐतिहासिक चरित-काव्यों की परिपाटी में मील का पत्थर है। ‘कीर्त्तिलता’ महाकवि विद्यापति की सबसे पहली रचना है,जिसमे राजा कीर्त्तिसिंह की वीरता और प्रशस्ति की गाथा है। विद्यापति ठाकुर का आविर्भाव हिन्दी साहित्य के जिस पटल पर हुआ वह दौर भाषा, साहित्य और इतिहास की दृष्टि से ‘संधिकाल’ का काल रहा है। भाषायी विविधता और साहित्यिक वैविध्य के लिहाज से आदिकाल हिन्दी साहित्य का सबसे विवादास्पद किन्तु विचारो के मंथन का काल रहा है। संस्कृत के विद्वान विद्यापति ने कीर्त्तिलता की रचना देसी भाषा ‘अवहट्ट’ में की है। कीर्त्तिलता आदिकालीन हिन्दी साहित्येतिहास की कालजयी रचना है जिसमे दो संस्कृतियो के संक्रमण से निकली अनुगूँज भी है और शिष्ट भाषा संस्कृत से देसी भाषा के बदलने की आहट भी। दरबारी ऐतिहासिक चरित-काव्य परंपरा की परिपाटी का अनुगमन करते हुए भी विद्यापति अपने समय और समाज से मुह मोड़कर नही चले। कीर्तिलता कालजीवी रचना होने के कारण ही कालजयी रचना है। यह रचना मध्यकालीन भारतीय संस्कृति और जीवन का सर्वोत्कृष्ट सार-संग्रह है। चार पल्लवों में रचित कीर्तिलता में अपने प्रिय राजा कीर्त्तिसिंह की वीरता के गुणगान के साथ ही तदयुगीन भारतीय समाज में तुर्की संस्कृति के आगमन से उपजे नए बाज़ार, स्थापत्य-कला, इस्लाम की असहिष्णुता, हिन्दूओ और स्त्रियो की दयनीय स्थिति, सैन्य संचरण, शासन-प्रणाली के साथ-साथ तुर्की-भोज्य संस्कृति की छाप बिखरी पड़ी है। भाषायी करवट और दो संस्कृतियो के संक्रमण से निर्मित एक नए भारतीय समाज और इतिहास को बया करता यह ग्रंथ मध्यकालीन इतिहास का मूल्यवान धरोहर है।
Self- Identity and Black American Community in Toni Morrison’s Beloved
Authors: Singh Sharda , Bhatt Priti
Published: January 2022

Independent and integrated identity is coveted by every human being. Each one longs to be called an intelligent, aware, talented, responsive and creative individual. Black men and women are no exception .The two needs of home and wholeness; for which they yearn; are not available to them on this earth. And they lose in the game of searching identity. But it is well said that EVERY CLOUD HAS A SILVER LINING. The present article pinpoints self-esteem and desires of the identify as the core of her protagonists. Sethe,protagonist of the novel Beloved prefers to kill her daughter rather than to re-slave her .Sethe finds that the prevailing definitions of women,mother and wife are challenged by her racist masters…but it is SHE WHO EXERTS HER IDENTY BY PAVING THE TORTOUS PATH..AND REFUTES ALL OBSTACLES WHICH she was sure that being black and women she can never get love and status.
भासकृत रूपकों में वैदिक वामन-विष्णु तथा बलि आख्यान एक अध्ययन
Authors: राधा अधु
Published: January 2022

वैदिक काल में हमारे ऋषियों ने वेदों के गूढ़तम रहस्य को समझाते हेतु अनेक रोचक प्रसंगों का वेदों में समावेश किया जिससे मानवीय चेतना को जाग्रत एवं प्रेरित किया जा सके और वेदों में निर्दिष्ट ज्ञान सरलता से प्राप्त हो सके। यही रोचक प्रसंग आख्यान से सम्बोधित किये गए।
Role of English in the Modern Era
Authors: Singh Sharda
Published: January 2022

The article is mainly focusing on estimated development of the uses of English in today's modern era. With the arrival of 20th century Computer Science and Information Technology Is in boom. So, Knowledge of English is must for the survival of human beings as they could never survive in isolation. English language is the key to success and walks side by side towards achievement in goal. As a social being, we need to communicate because communication is the backbone of society as well as Community world. Besides, we all belong to different culture with our own lingua franca but English is an international language .It connects everyone together as the entire nations are globally connected. Either it is work place, a trade or commerce centre across the nation knowing English is compulsory as many terms and words are borrowed from it, due to which learning English is quite essential.
आधुनिक काव्यगीतों में युगबोध
Authors: मिश्र राजदेव
Published: January 2022

प्रस्तावना ईश्वर निर्मित प्रकृति परिवर्तनशीला है, इसलिए संसार शब्द जगत वाची माना गया है। “संसरति इति संसारः” अर्थात् जो हमेश चलता रहे उसे संसार कहते हैं। काल के इस अविच्छन्न धारा को भले ही विभाजित किया हो, लेकिन समसामयिक अद्यतन को आधुनिक काल के रूप में परिभाषित किया है। पूर्व घटित घटनाओं को भूतगत एवं अनागत को भविष्यकाल के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है।
Kalidasa's Dushyantha and Shakuntala: A Behaviour Study
Authors: CR Lt. Lisha
Published: January 2022

Abhinjanasakunthala is a world famous kavya in Sanskrit literature. In this paper, I make an observation of the character of Dushyantha and Sakuntala, who are described as rich in virtue in this kavya, and set an example to the best couples all over the world. Here we can see the the genius ofKalidasa and the male-dominated society of that time, using his characters to adapt the needs of a society.
Biographical Literature in Modern Sanskrit Language
Authors: Brahmbhatt Sanjaykumar K.
Published: January 2022

Biographical literature in modem Sanskrit language Biographies of great people have been the source of modem Sanskrit literary creation. Many biographies are available in the form of epic, prose and champu kavyas in Sanskrit literature. There are two master pieces of biographies on the iron man of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel written in modem Sanskrit language. These two master pieces are 'Lohpurusavadanam"by Dr. Shivprasad Bharadwaj and "Vallabhcharitam" by Dr. Satyapal Sharma. The first one is complete biography in the form of historical epic and the second one is a biography in the form of prose work. Key words: biography, creation, literature, modem Sanskrit, master pieces, epic and prose work.
Two Seminal Poems, Malalacharitam and Sayajigauravm Mahakavyam of Rabindra Kumar Panda
Authors: Gamit Jayshree R.
Published: January 2022

Malalacharitam is a biographical poem written on Malala Yousufzai, a Pakistani activist passionately working for the Girls' education. This is written for children in Sanskrit. The language of this Charitakavya is simple and lucid. The poet has described that why she is called Malala. The poet writes about her childhood, her family and friends as well as her teachers. The torturing of Taliban is very nicely described. The poet also describes about the problems of women in Pakistan, the attack of Taliban to kill her and her survival and how Malala is working for the cause of education with courage. She is honoured with the Nobel prize and many other awards. There are also beautiful pictures of Malala in the poem which add additional beauty to the book. Dr. Sweta Prajapati has contributed Upodghata in Hindi describing entire life and struggle of Malala. The charitakavya is writen in very easy language.So it's useful for those who start to learn Sanskrit.
Vedon main Gau ka Mahatva aur uski Prasangikta /वेदों में गौ का महत्व और उसकी प्रासंगिकता
Authors: दीवान जनेन्द्र कुमार
Published: January 2022

प्राचीन काल से अभी तक देश और दुनियां के लोग गौ नामक इस प्राणी का सदैव ऋणि रहा है । इसका कारण उसका किसी धर्म विशेष से जुडाव के कारण नहीं अपितु उसका सामाजिक, आर्थिक और वैज्ञानिक महत्व है। आज विश्व में पर्यावरण प्रदूषण, भूमि का अनुपजाउपन तथा कुपोषण और भूखमरी जैसी अनेक समस्यायें मुंह खोले खडी हैं उसके लिये एक समाधान यह गौ नामक प्राणी ही है। गायों की महिमा का जितना वर्णन हमारे वेद-शास्त्रों में किया गया है उससे प्रतीत होता है कि गाय का स्थान उस समय क्या रहा होगा । गौ के सभी उत्पाद दूध से लेकर गोबर ,गोमूत्र तक सभी मानव और धरती के लिये अत्यन्त उपयोगी है।
Meghdoot main Prakriti Chitran / मेघदूत में प्रकृति चित्रण
Authors: अलेंद्र महेश  कुमार
Published: January 2022

प्रकृति मानव की प्रारंभिक सहचरी रही हैं, जब से मानव ने इस भूपटल में जन्म लिया है, तभी से वह प्रकृति के साहचर्य में आया है। वह सूर्य चंद्रादि से प्रकाशित हुआ है, वृक्षों ने उसे छाया प्रदान कि है, भूमि ने उसे अन्न दिया है, झरनों ने उसे शीतल जल प्रदान किया है एवं समुद्र ने उसे रत्न दिए है, अतः मानव एवं प्रकृति का निरंतर संयोग रहा है। इसी सुन्दर प्रकृति ने उसे यदाकदा झंझावत, उत्पल-वर्षा व तिमिर से भयभीत एवं अस्थिर किया और इन सबके कारण उसने परमेश्वर का सहारा लेकर भय व कम्पन से छुटकारा पाने का प्रयास किया है, यही कारण है कि जगत के आदि ग्रंथो से ही हमें इंद्र, सूर्य, वरुण, चन्द्र, वायु, एवं पृथ्वी विषयक, गुणगान मिलते है। ऋग्वेद के ही एक मंत्र में इंद्र द्वारा पर्वतो को अचल करने, कम्पित पृथ्वी को स्थिर करने व गगन मण्डल को सँभालने का सुन्दर वर्णन मिलता है-
यःपृथ्वी व्यथमानामदृढं यः घौ पर्वतान्प्रकुपितां अरम्णादः ।
यो अन्तरिक्ष विषमे वरीयो यो द्यामस्तभनात्स जनास इंद्रः ।। 1
प्रकृति शब्द “प्र” उपसर्ग “ कृ “ धातु में क्तिन (स्त्री) प्रत्यय करने से निष्पन्न हुआ है । इस का आशय किसी वस्तु की नैसर्गिक स्थिति माया, जड-जगत, स्वाभाविक रूप, नैसर्गिक स्वभाव, मिजाज, स्वभाव आदत, बनावट, रूप, आकृति वंश परम्परा मूल श्रोत इत्यादि से है । वैसे प्रकृति शब्दमें “ प्र “का अर्थ हुआ उत्तम और कृति का अर्थ हुआ रचना या सर्वोत्कृष्ट रचना । जिसे इस प्रकार परिभाषित किया जा सकता है- “ प्रकृति ईश्वर (परमात्मा) की वह सर्वोत्तम रचना है, जिसके निर्माण में मानव कि कोई भूमिका नहीं है।” प्राचीनकाल से लेकर वर्तमान काल तक भारतीय चिंतन धारा के अंतर्गत दोनों का संचालन एक ही प्रकार से होता रहा है । अतः मानव और प्रकृति के मध्य पाए जाने वाले साहचर्य की अभिव्यक्ति करना कवियों का प्रिय व मधुर विषय रहा है।
POSITION OF WOMEN WITH SPECIA REFERENCE TO MANUSMRITI
Authors: Yeasmin Nurima
Published: January 2022

For centuries, women have played the secondary role to man. She was never held in esteem; only a mention about her pathetic status was mentioned here and there. But the advent of science and technology, growth of democratic ideas and impact of modern industrialization and general awareness and conscience among the masses has paved way for the emancipation of women. As per Encyclopedia of Women “women is as much human being as man; as she is equally entitled to develop her abilities, all her abilities, to choose the sort of life she wishes to lead and carry on all the activities and assume all the responsibilities that go to make up human dignity”. The Manusmriti (MS) of Manu is also called Manusamhita or Manavadharmasastra. It is a standard and the most authoritative work on Hindu law and present the normal form of Hindu society and civilization. It is a store house of information on the cultural, social, religious, ethical, educational, political, judicial and geographical life of the period and this is perfectly natural. Manusmriti has been upheld as the ultimate guide to lead a moral life, the digressing of which is to be treated with serious negative sanctions.
Contribution of Kramik Pustak Malika of Chatur Pandit in the field of Indian Music and its Relevance
Authors: Jani Pooja A. , Jejurkar Shweta
Published: January 2022

Indian Classical Music is the best gift of Indian culture to the world. Indian Classical Music is of two types – उत्तर हिन्दुस्तानी संगीत पद्धति एवं दक्षिण हिन्दुस्तानी संगीत पद्धति. The roots of Indian Music are found in Vedas. Sanskrit is the ancient language and we found it in the Vedas. Many treatises related to music systems are also found in Sanskrit Language. To learn music properly, every learner has to go through two paths – 1. Theoretical music (Ancient treatises) 2. Practical Music (which follows Guru Shishya tradition). Pandit Bhatkhande has given wonderful and helpful notation system to Indian Classical Music. With the help of it he has collected many Bandish from different people and made a large collection. This collection is known as Kramik Pustak Malika. (Parts 1 -6). All these six parts are having theory of 150 ragas divided Thata-wise, with introductory chapter on the general theory of music, besides a short description of every Raga, followed by Svar-vistar. They contain about 1000 traditional compositions including Pandit Bhatkhande’s own compositions which are about 300 in notation. To know the Raga deeply, one can refer the same book and can get many Bandish, Svar-vistar, information about Ragas, their descriptions given in Sanskrit treatises, Thata (थाट), Tala, etc. Therefore, Kramik Pustak Malika of Chatur Pandit is the treasure of Indian Music.
V KRISHNAN THAMPI'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE NURTURE OF SANSKRIT IN KERALA
Authors: P. SAPNA O.
Published: January 2022

The status of the Sanskrit in Indian society has changed over time. The unrequited efforts of linguists have played an important role in the preservation of this language. The establishment of the Thiruvananthapuram Sanskrit College was one of the major milestones in the study of the Sanskrit in Kerala. This article is about the intellectual life of V Krishnan Thampi who worked tirelessly to achieve the objectives of the Sanskrit College and how he transformed the Sanskrit College into a brilliant institution.
THE IMPACT OF GUESTS’ ATTITUDE AND SUBJECTIVE NORM ON WILLINGNESS TO PAY A PREMIUM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PRACTICES IN SRI LANKAN HOTEL INDUSTRY: AN APPLICATION OF THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA)
Authors:   SLIIT,  Faculty  of  Business,  Malabe,  Sri  Lanka, Kuruppu Chalani , Ketakumbura Nadeesha ,   Sri Lankan Aviation College, Technical Training, Katunayaka, Sri Lanka
Published: January 2022

This paper examines the guests’ willingness to pay a premium for renewable energy practices in Sri Lankan hotel industry in a context where the renewable energy considered as an alternative source of energy that has a growing consumer demand. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of guests’ attitude and subjective norm on their willingness to pay a premium for hotels’ ‘renewable energy practices’ by using the Theory of Reasoned Action. A structured questionnaire served as the main instrument in gathering primary data from 60 respondents. This study found that guests’ attitude and social norms have a positive relationship with their willingness to pay a premium and both independent variables lead to a strong impact on dependent variable suggesting that, the guests with positive attitude and stronger social norms are more likely to pay a premium for renewable energy practices.