bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Content of Diet and Body Fat of Alaskan Natives
Authors: Durham William F. , Armstrong John F. , Upholt William M. , Heller Christine
Published: October 2006

A study was made of the DDT and DDE content of the diet and body fat of native Alaskans who lived in isolated, primitive areas and had minimal contact with insecticides. No DDT or DDE was detected in any of the native Alaskan foods analyzed with the exception of two white owls, both of which contained low levels of DDE. Eskimos store considerably less DDT and DDE in their body fat than the general population in the United States. These low dietary levels and the resultant low levels in body fat are consistent with previously published data on the relationship between intake and storage of DDT.
Complement Fixation by Antibody Fragments
Authors: Taranta Angelo , Franklin Edward C.
Published: October 2006

Rabbit antibodies (7
S
) degraded by papain into univalent 3.5
S
fragments fail to fix complement when they combine, but do not precipitate, with the homologous antigens. Divalent 5
S
fragments obtained by pepsin digestion (composed of fragment I linked to II, but lacking fragment III) also fail to fix complement although they precipitate with homologous antigens. The amount of specific precipitate formed by the 5
S
antibody fragment is not increased by exposure to complement.
Leukemogenesis by Urethan in C57B1 Mice Bearing Isologous Tissues from X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Berenblum I. , Trainin N.
Published: October 2006

A single exposure of mice of a low-leukemic strain (C57B1/6) to 400 r of total-body x-irradiation caused the early appearance of a factor which, though not itself capable of inducing leukemia in adult C57B1 recipients, did cause its appearance when the recipients also received urethan by injection. Positive results were obtained with seven different tissues from irradiated animals, whether urethan was injected 1 day or 30 days after the irradiation. No such effect was obtained in either series in the absence of urethan treatment. When urethan was injected into normal C57B1 mice, or into mice previously implanted with tissues from nonirradiated mice, only marginal leukemogenic activity was evinced. The possible involvement of a precursor virus is discussed.
Biomedical Electronics: Potentialities and Problems
Authors: Ledley Robert S. , Lusted Lee B.
Published: October 2006

The present annual expenditure in the biomedical sciences, now less than 2 percent of the funds appropriated for defense, must be significantly increased if the great gain that can result from the adequate application of electronic technology in biomedical science is to be realized. Such use of electronics in biomedical science holds promise of tremendous advances in the study of the origins of the life processes; it may result in spectacular advances in medical science, which could have a definite effect on individual health and longevity; it might pave the way for the discovery and development of whole new technologies based on intimate knowledge of biological processes. Great strides can be made in surmounting the major obstacles by combating apathy, through making the public and the industrial community aware of the potentialities of modern biomedical research, and by giving scientists adequate cross-disciplinary training and using the abilities of those so trained.
Thermodilution Method for Measuring Cardiac Output of Rats by Using a Transistor Bridge
Authors: Richardson Alfred W. , Cooper Theodore , Pinakatt Teresa
Published: October 2006

Featuring an interlocking bridge amplifier, our new method measures cardiac output in animals from man to the rat, and one can perform many multiple assays with safety in the same animal with accuracy and reliability as reported, using room-temperature saline, whether the animal is in the normal or hyperthermic condition.
Accelerated Exchange of Oxygen-18 Through a Membrane Containing Oxygen-Saturated Hemoglobin
Authors: Hemmingsen Edvard
Published: October 2006

Membranes containing hemoglobin solution were subjected to identical oxygen pressures on both sides, which were high enough to fully saturate the hemoglobin. The exchange of oxygen through the membrane was studied by means of oxygen-18, and it grossly exceeded that obtained with membranes containing methemoglobin or only water.
Distribution of Nerve Endings in the Pulmonary Artery of the Cat
Authors: Verity M. Anthony , Bevan John A.
Published: October 2006

The density distribution of nerve endings in the wall of the extrapulmonary portion of the cat's pulmonary artery was studied in serial sections after staining by a supravital methylene blue procedure. The greatest concentration of endings occurred at the bifurcation, in the adjacent parts of the pulmonary artery, and in its right and left main branches. The morphology and distribution of these endings is consistent with a pressoreceptor function.
Imidazole Aminoaciduria in Cerebromacular Degeneration
Authors: Bessman Samuel P. , Baldwin Ruth
Published: October 2006

Three families in which there are five patients with cerebromacular degeneration have been studied, and preliminary findings show that both the patients and some of the members of their immediate families have generalized imidazole aminoaciduria. The patients excrete large amounts of carnosine and anserine as well as histidine and 1-methyl histidine. The urinary defect appears to be transmitted as a dominant trait and the cerebromacular degeneration as a recessive trait. The fact that the two traits have been found in three unrelated families makes it likely that the two are manifestations of the same gene.
Electrostatic Fields: Their Effect on the Surface Tension of Aqueous Salt Solutions
Authors: Hurd Ray M. , Schmid Gerhard M. , Snavely Earl S.
Published: October 2006

Electrostatic fields of up to 7000 volt/cm have been applied across air/solution interfaces by means of parallel-plate electrodes, and the resulting surface tension changes were obtained by measuring, through a balance linkage, the deflection of mica plates floating on the surface. Surface tension changes (always negative) of up to 0.5 dyne/cm have been observed in both distilled water and dilute sodium chloride solutions.
Parathyroid Carcinoma in Parabiont Rats
Authors: Warren Shields , Chute Rosanna
Published: October 2006

A nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma with metastases developed in an irradiated rat of a parabiont pair. The differentiation of this tumor from one of thyroid origin is discussed.
Established Eurythermic Line of Fish Cells in vitro
Authors: Wolf Ken , Quimby M. C.
Published: October 2006

An established line of fish cells has been propagated in vitro for 21 months and 48 subcultivations. Important characteristics of the cells are described.
Synergism between Streptomycin and Penicillin: A Proposed Mechanism
Authors: Plotz Paul H. , Davis Bernard D.
Published: October 2006

Brief treatment of growing
Escherichia coli
with penicillin hastened subsequent killing of these cells by streptomycin. It also hastened the secondary uptake of streptomycin, which represents an increase in the number of freely accessible binding sites. In contrast, brief treatment with streptomycin failed to affect subsequent killing by penicillin. These findings suggest that the synergism of penicillin with streptomycin depends on the damaging effect of penicillin on the cell membrane, which promotes further damage by streptomycin and increases its subsequent access to intracellular sites. Observations on a streptomycin-resistant mutant are also reported.
Calcium-Dependent Transmitter Secretion Reconstituted in
Xenopus
Oocytes: Requirement for Synaptophysin
Authors: Alder Janet , Lu Bai , Valtorta Flavia , Greengard Paul , Poo Mu-ming
Published: October 2006

Calcium-dependent glutamate secretion was reconstituted in
Xenopus
oocytes by injecting the oocyte with total rat cerebellar messenger RNA (mRNA). Co-injection of total mRNA with antisense oligonucleotides to synaptophysin message decreased the expression of synaptophysin in the oocyte and reduced the calcium-dependent secretion. A similar effect on secretion was observed for oocytes injected with total mRNA together with an antibody to rat synaptophysin. These results indicate that synaptophysin is necessary for transmitter secretion and that the oocyte expression system may be useful for dissecting the molecular events associated with the secretory process.
A Point Mutation of the α
2
-Adrenoceptor that Blocks Coupling to Potassium but not Calcium Currents
Authors: Surprenant Annmarie , Horstman Debra A. , Akbarali Hamid , Limbird Lee E.
Published: October 2006

The α
2A
-adrenergic receptor (adrenoceptor) was stably expressed in AtT20 mouse pituitary tumor cells; adrenoceptor agonists inhibited adenylyl cyclase, inhibited voltage-dependent calcium currents, and increased inwardly rectifying potassium currents. An aspartic acid residue (Asp
79
) highly conserved among guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors was mutated to asparagine; in cells transfected with the mutant α
2
-receptor, agonists inhibited adenylyl cyclase and calcium currents but did not increase potassium currents. Because distinct G proteins appear to couple adrenoceptors to potassium and calcium currents, the present findings suggest that the mutant α
2
-adrenoceptor cannot achieve the conformation necessary to activate G proteins that mediate potassium channel activation.
Strontium-90 in Alaska
Authors: Schulert Arthur R.
Published: October 2006

Strontium-90 concentrations have been determined in a variety of foods used by the native population. Caribou from the tundra carry 10 to 20 times the level of domestic cattle. Eskimos for whom caribou is a staple in the diet are found to have four times the strontium-90 content of the average for the world population of the North Temperate Zone.
Enhancement of Cesium-137 Excretion by Rats Treated with Acetazolamide
Authors: Rama Sastry B. V. , Bush Milton T.
Published: October 2006

Acetazolamide (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) increases the urinary excretion of cesium-137 in the rat. Meralluride (6.8 mg of Hg per kilogram, subcutaneously) blocks the effect of acetazolamide on the cesium-137 excretion without any influence on the urine volume and
p
H of the urine. This indicates that acetazolamide increases the urinary excretion of cesium-137 by increasing its secretion through the renal tubule in the same manner as it increases the excretion of potassium and rubidium-86.
Early Experience and Sexual Behavior in the Domestic Chicken
Authors: Bambridge R.
Published: October 2006

Newly hatched chickens were imprinted to one of two moving objects. From the fifth day of life on, the chickens were injected with male sex hormone. When later presented with a choice between the two objects, they addressed induced sexual responses to the object to which they were imprinted.
Alimentary Responses Evoked from Forebrain Structures in
Macaca mulatta
Authors: Robinson Bryan W. , Mishkin Mortimer
Published: October 2006

Previous work on the mechanisms of hunger-satiety in mammals has led to the localization of these functions in the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic areas. The present work indicates that portions of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cingulate gyrus, septum, and thalamus are involved as well.
Peach Mesocarp Explant Enlargement and Callus Production in vitro
Authors: Sommer N. F. , Bradley Muriel V. , Creasy Min T.
Published: October 2006

Explants from fruits of the peach were stimulated to grow by cell enlargement, cell division, or both when placed on media containing kinetin. Callus cultures have been obtained, even occasionally from ripening fruits, long after cessation of normal cell division.
Age of
Zinjanthropus
Authors: Straus William L. , Hunt Charles B.
Published: October 2006

Because some of the Olduvai Gorge dates are inconsistent, some must be inaccurate; they may all be. Until further tests determine which materials give dependable dates, we do not know which dates are accurate. Until this is learned, the indicated ages must be taken
cum grano salis
.
New Biological Effect of the Gases of the Helium Group
Authors: Schreiner H. R. , Gregoire R. C. , Lawrie J. A.
Published: October 2006

The mold
Neurospora crassa
ATCC 5297a was grown in gaseous environments of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, or nitrogen containing approximately 5 percent oxygen. A close correlation of the growth rate
R
(in millimeters per hour at 30°C) with the molecular weight
MW
of the chemically inert gas was observed. This correlation is described by the empirical equation: R = 3.88 - 0.1785 (
MW
)
½
.
Conditioning in Fish: Effects of X-irradiation
Authors: Scarborough Barron B. , Addison Robert G.
Published: October 2006

Fish were subjected to different levels of high intensity x-irradiation to ascertain the effects of x-rays on acquisition and retention of conditioning. Lethal dosages were also determined. Light was the conditioned stimulus, and electric shock the unconditioned stimulus. Responses were forward darting and backward swimming movements accompanied by increased gill movement. Acquisition of conditioned responses was suppressed by higher dose levels.
Effect of Monochromatic Rearing on the Control of Responding by Wavelength
Authors: Peterson Neil
Published: October 2006

The wavelength of a discriminative stimulus exerted no control over the behavior of ducklings raised in a monochromatic environment. Stimulus control was established, however, when responding was reinforced in the presence of one wavelength and not in the presence of another.
Effect of Background Illumination on the Retinal Action Potential
Authors: Naka Ken-ichi , Eguchi Eisuke
Published: October 2006

A study of the relation between the membrane potential and the amplitude of the slow component of the retinal action potential obtained from inside a single insect photoreceptor cell suggests that the slow component is equivalent to the change in the membrane potential caused by background illumination.
Fourier Treatment of Some Experiments in Visual Flicker
Authors: Matin Leonard
Published: October 2006

This report analyzes some experiments in visual flicker recently described by Forsyth and Brown. The assumption that only the first Fourier component of their stimuli is at the flicker threshold, the other components being below threshold, provides a model that accurately predicts their data. Hence, contrary to the conclusions drawn by Forsyth and Brown, no new nonlinear property of the visual system has been demonstrated.
Roles of SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 Proteins for Transcriptional Enhancement by Steroid Receptors
Authors: Yoshinaga Steven K. , Peterson Craig L. , Herskowitz Ira , Yamamoto Keith R.
Published: October 2006

The SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 proteins, which are required for regulated transcription of numerous yeast genes, were found also to be essential for rat glucocorticoid receptor function in yeast; the receptor failed to activate transcription in strains with mutations in the
SWI1
,
SWI2
, or
SWI3
genes. Certain mutations in genes encoding components of chromatin, identified as suppressors of
swi
mutations, partially relieved the SWI
-
requirement for receptor function. Immunoprecipitation of glucocorticoid receptor derivatives from wild-type (
SWI
+
) yeast extracts coprecipitated the SWI3 protein; such receptor-SWI3 complexes were not detected in
swi1
-
or
swi2
-
mutant strains, implying that a complex of multiple SWI proteins may associate with the receptor. Prior incubation of a
Drosophila
embryo transcription extract with the yeast SWI3-specific antibody inhibited receptor function in vitro whereas the antibody had no effect if added after initiation complex formation. Thus, positive regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor in vivo and in vitro appears to require its interaction, at an early step, with one or more SWI proteins.
Excitable Cells in
Mimosa
Authors: Sibaoka Takao
Published: October 2006

By inserting microelectrodes into cells of various tissues, it was shown that elongated parenchyma cells in the phloem and protoxylem, which have larger membrane potential than inexcitable cells of other types, generate action potentials with conduction. The electrical features of these cells are essentially similar to those of nerve and muscle cells.
An Apparently New Lethal Virus Disease of Infant Mice
Authors: Kraft Lisbeth M.
Published: October 2006

A hitherto unreported disease of infant mice is described. The agent reproduces upon passage, is filterable, is confined mainly to the gastrointestinal tract in infant and adult mice, causes death in infants and inapparent infection in adults, and is sensitive to mild heat, ether, and sodium deoxycholate. Unique and characteristic morphologic changes occur in the epithelial cells of the intestine in infected infant mice. These consist in the development of multinucleated giant cells designated "balloon cells.".
Protective Effects of Human Milk in Experimental Staphylococcus Infection
Authors: Gyorgy Paul , Dhanamitta Sakorn , Steers Edward
Published: October 2006

Mice were given human milk and sublethal doses of virulent
Staphylococcus aureus
subcutaneously on 7 to 14 consecutive days. When mice of this group and mice of control groups were later challenged through intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of the same
Staphylococcus aureus
, the death rate for the experimental group was found to be much lower than the death rate for the controls.
Repeated Homing Exhibited by a Female Pallid Bat
Authors: Davis Russell , Cockrum E. Lendell
Published: October 2006

A pallid bat (
Antrozous pallidus
) returned home from eight consecutive releases from six distinctly different directions and from distances ranging from 21 to 68 miles. This performance indicates that chance alone cannot be a major factor in homing, and that certain abilities possessed by this bat, and not simply randomness, must have been in operation.
Alfvén Waves
Authors: Boley Forrest I. , Wilcox John M.
Published: October 2006

We have described a set of laboratory experiments which establish the primary properties of Alfvén waves and have mentioned natural phenomena in which these waves exert a strong influence. To date, there have been few technological applications of Alfvén waves, although the waves are being considered for use in hydromagnetic amplifiers and in connection with plasma heating techniques associated with controlled thermonuclear fusion devices. As with any new findings, detailed prediction of future applications is impossible.
Operant Conditioning of Heart Rate
Authors: Shearn Donald W.
Published: October 2006

Delay of shock was made contingent upon acceleration of heart rate in human subjects. The number of accelerations rose across sessions for these subjects and fell for their yoked-controls who received equal amounts of noncontingent shock. A shorter delay produced more accelerations but faster adaptation. Interpretation of changes in heart rate is confounded by related respiratory changes.
Spinal Cord Convulsions in Developing Rats
Authors: Vernadakis Antonia
Published: October 2006

Tonic hind-limb convulsions were elicited by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. The flexor-extensor pattern characteristic of adult animals was observed in rats as young as 1 day old.
Action of Acetylcholine on Bivalve Hearts
Authors: Greenberg Michael J. , Windsor Donald A.
Published: October 2006

The isolated hearts of a comprehensive selection of bivalves were tested to determine the distribution of the excitor and depressor effects of acetylcholine. No broad relationships are obvious although some intrafamily uniformity of response exists. The hearts of most species were both excited and depressed, probably by separate actions of acetylcholine. From these data we can conclude that bivalve heart muscle conforms closely to other molluscan muscle in its pharmacological reactions to acetylcholine.
Effect of Rotation on Flowering Response of
Xanthium pennsylvanicum
Authors: Hoshizaki Takashi , Hamner K. C.
Published: October 2006

The flowering response of
Xanthium pennsylvanicum
Wallr. is attenuated when the plant is rotated around a horizontal axis at the rate of 0.25 rev/min. Rotation prior to an inductive dark period has the strongest effect.
Substituted Uracil Herbicides
Authors: Bucha Harry C. , Cupery Willis E. , Harrod James E. , Loux Harvey M. , Ellis Linus M
Published: October 2006

Explorations in the pyrimidine series have led to the discovery of highly active herbicides, of which 3-butyl-6-methyluracil and 5-bromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyluracil are examples.
Molecular Changes in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Induced by X-rays
Authors: Guda H. E. , Frajola W. J. , Lessler M. A.
Published: October 2006

A chromatographic study of molecular changes in DNA after in vitro exposure to x-rays revealed little effect on the DNA macromolecule when either intact red cells of frog or DNA isolated from these cells was exposed to 1000 r. Increasing the dose to 10,000 r resulted in a significant shift from gradients of lower molecular weight to the higher gradients. These data suggest that cross-linking of DNA occurred at the higher radiation level.
A Law for Loudness Discrimination
Authors: Stewart John L.
Published: October 2006

A law for loudness is proposed which implies detection and averaging in a general nonlinear device with excitation by a complex signal-noise wave form. This law provides a mechanistic explanation for subjective intensity in the general time varying case. Mathematical solutions to the general law may be obtained in certain elementary cases, the well-known power-law characteristic being an example. A modified Weber law is derived which is in good agreement with experiments at both small and moderate stimulus intensities.
Angular Displacement of the Visual Feedback of Motion
Authors: Gould John , Smith Karl U.
Published: October 2006

The hypothesis is that such displacement produces no disturbance of behavior within a limited "normal" range, but that a breakdown angle can be found beyond this range which will produce disturbance in motion in proportion to the magnitude of the feedback displacement. Results with two tasks specifically support the hypothesis that limiting angles of neurogeometric control of motion and variation in performance occur with varying magnitudes of angular displacement of feedback.
Oxygen-Motivated Behavior in the Goldfish,
Carassius auratus
Authors: van Sommers Peter
Published: October 2006

Goldfish placed in deoxygenated water learned to interrupt a light beam in order to obtain brief exposure to aerated water. The training procedure brought this behavior under the control of arbitrary visual stimuli.
Harmonic Analysis of Visual Stimuli below Fusion Frequency
Authors: Brown John Lott
Published: October 2006

Data which represent the relation between modulation amplitude and frequency of a sinusoidally modulated light stimulus for constant flicker appearance have been employed to predict characteristics of rectangular waveforms which will be of the same flicker appearance. Predictions are compared with the results of an experiment in which such rectangular waveforms were employed.
Pigment Effector Cells in a Cnidarian
Authors: Mackie G. O.
Published: October 2006

Chromatophore complexes are described in the siphonophore
Nanomia cara
. The dispersion and concentration of pigment are related to variation in light intensity and do not appear to be endogenously influenced. The pigment, possibly an ommochrome, has an absorption maximum at 465 to 470 mμ.
Interaction of Olfactory and Other Environmental Stimuli on Implantation in the Deer Mouse
Authors: Eleftheriou Basil E. , Bronson F. H. , Zarrow M. X.
Published: October 2006

Recently inseminated female deer mice were exposed to changes in physical environment, including size of available space, newness of environment, and a stud or strange male in order to test the hypothesis that a strange male decreases the incidence of pregnancy in recently inseminated females (Bruce effect). The data confirm the Bruce effect but also indicate that changes in physical environment produced great effects on implantation in recently inseminated females.
On the Decay Retardant Properties of Some Tropolones
Authors: Anderson A. B. , Scheffer T. C. , Duncan C.
Published: October 2006

The heartwoods of tree species containing tropolone compounds in their extractive components are classed among the more durable woods. Two new tropolones, namely, α-thujaplicinol and pygmaein from the heartwood of
Cupressus pygmaea
, were also found to exhibit strong fungitoxic properties active against a number of wood-destroying fungi. The hydroxyl group appears to be the functional grouping which is largely responsible for the fungicidal action exhibited by this type of compound.
Neural Timing of Ovulation in Immature Rats
Authors: Strauss William F. , Meyer Roland K.
Published: October 2006

Thirty-two-day-old female rats, injected two days previously with gonadotrophin from pregnant mares' serum, were given barbiturate at different times during the afternoon to determine whether the ovulation that would occur the next day could be blocked. The results indicate that ovulation depends upon release of pituitary ovulating hormone during a "critical period" between 2 and 4 P.M.
Ellobiopsidae from the Pacific
Authors: McCauley James E.
Published: October 2006

The parasite
Amallocystis capillosus
has appeared on the shrimp
Pasiphaea pacifica.
This is the first report of this group of parasites from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The parasite causes a morphological modification of the rostrum of the host.
Endogenous Conditioning to Abnormal Cerebral Electrical Transients in Man
Authors: Stevens Janice R.
Published: October 2006

Ten subjects with epilepsy were trained to press a lever to avoid a mildly painful shock each time paroxysmal epileptiform activity occurred in their own electroencephalogram. All subjects learned to avoid the shock as long as they could hear the electroencephalogram and respond to the characteristic change in sound accompanying each spike-wave burst. When the audio component of the electroencephalogram was eliminated, only one subject was able to respond to the purely subjective effect of his own paroxysmal activity.
Ribonucleic Acid in "Transformation" of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Mannick J. A. , Egdahl R. H.
Published: October 2006

When incubated with "reactive" ribonucleic acid extracted from lymph nodes of rabbits immunized by skin homografts, "neutral" lymph node cells from nongrafted rabbits were apparently altered to a state of transplantation immunity, as manifested by a positive skin reaction upon injection of these cells into the donor of the skin homografts.
Convenient Assay of Xanthine Dehydrogenase in Single
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Glassman Edward
Published: October 2006

Each fruit fly is homogenized in buffer and treated with charcoal. The enzyme is subsequently assayed by following the conversion of 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine to isoxanthopterin in a sensitive fluorometer.
Strontium-90 Fallout from the 1961 Soviet Nuclear Detonations
Authors: Kuroda P. K. , Nix J.
Published: October 2006

A steady increase in the strontium-90 concentration in rain was observed at Fayetteville, Arkansas, after the 1961 Soviet nuclear test series. Experimental data indicate that the nuclear weapons tested in 1961 were "cleaner" on the average by a factor of five than those exploded in 1957 and 1958.
Discrimination and Generalization on a Dimension of Stimulus Difference
Authors: Honig Werner K. , Day Roberta W.
Published: October 2006

Four pigeons were trained to peck at one key when two identical stimuli were displayed, and at another key when the stimuli were displayed with a wavelength difference of 40 mμ. With stimulus combinations ranging in difference from 0 to 70 mμ in a generalization test, key preference was a function of the degree of difference between the stimuli.
Defect in Small Millipore Filters Disclosed by New Technique for Isolating Oral Treponemes
Authors: Loesche Walter J. , Socransky Sigmund S.
Published: October 2006

Three Millipore filters (100, 50, and 10 mμ) can effectively and easily be used to isolate oral spirochetes from a mixed oral inoculum. The spirochetes appear pure in the underlying agar, owing to their ability to grow through the filter. Their passage through the 10-mμ filters may be attributed to the instability of this pore size on storage.
Prediction of Ultrafiltration Membrane Performance
Authors: Clark W. E.
Published: October 2006

A theory for ultrafiltration is presented which makes possible the characterization of a membrane at a given temperature and solute concentration by a single experiment at that temperature and concentration. The theory is applied to data in the literature and is shown to be consistent with those data.
Air Pollution: Photooxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Altshuller A. P. , Cohen I. R. , Sleva S. F. , Kopczynski S. L.
Published: October 2006

A number of aromatic hydrocarbons participate as effectively as the olefins in atmospheric photooxidation reactions in the presence of nitrogen oxides and ultraviolet light. Judged both on the basis of reactivity and concentrations in the atmosphere, the aromatic hydrocarbons cannot be ignored as contributors to the photochemical type of air pollution.
Virus Neutralization Test in a Capillary Tube
Authors: Durand Donald P.
Published: October 2006

A simple and accurate virus titration method which requires extremely low numbers of cells per test vessel is described. Inhibition of metabolism was the criterion for 50 percent end point analysis when capillary tubing was used as the cell culture container. Virus neutralization titers were obtained within 24 hours.
Chemical Indexing: An "Atom Total" Based on Cyclic Features of Structure
Authors: Ruhl Mary Jane
Published: October 2006

The atom-total of a compound may be obtained from an equation which substitutes cyclic features of structure for hydrogen atoms. This method is useful for checking a compound's molecular formula against its structural formula or systematic name. While it applies to all chemical compounds, it is of most value for compounds with complex ring structures.
Fate of a Synthetic Polynucleotide Directing Cell-Free Protein Synthesis I. Characteristics of Degradation
Authors: Barondes Samuel H. , Nirenberg Marshal W.
Published: October 2006

Tritiated-polyuridylie acid was degraded rapidly in extracts of
Escherichia coli
and degradation was not dependent on concomitant polyphenylalanine synthesis. Since a large portion of the polymer was degraded before appreciable polyphenylalanine was synthesized, the catalytic activity of the undegraded polyuridylic acid in directing protein synthesis was suggested. The predominant breakdown products were 5′-mononucleotide phosphates. Possible enzymatic routes of polyuridylic acid breakdown are discussed.
Application of an Additive Model to Impression Formation
Authors: Anderson Norman H.
Published: October 2006

A simple mathematical model, based on the hypothesis that the psychological process underlying behavior is additive, was applied to the data of an experiment on the formation of personality impressions. Of 12 subjects, only three made responses which deviated by statistically significant amounts from responses predicted from the additive model, and these discrepancies were relatively small.
Penetration of Fallout Fission Products into an Indiana Soil
Authors: Telfair David , Luetzelschwab John
Published: October 2006

Although most of the radioactive fallout reaching the earth stays in the leaf layer and the top inch of soil, some is carried further into the soil and can be detected to a depth of several inches. This report describes a gamma-ray spectrometric study of fallout activity as a function of depth of soil. Total gamma activity deposited from recent tests was found to be over 1.5 curies per square mile at a site in eastern Indiana during July, 1962.
Fatty Acids in Pollen of Some Coniferous Species
Authors: Ching Te May , Ching Kim K.
Published: October 2006

Fatty acids in pollen of five coniferous species were isolated and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. It was found that 0.76 to 0.89 percent of the dry weight of pollen was fatty acid in three species of
Pseudotsuga
and 1.25 to 1.33 percent in two species of
Pinus
. Major components in
Pseudotsuga
were oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids, whereas in
Pinus
they were linolenic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids.
Extrathyroidal Iodide Pump in Tadpoles (
Rana grylio
)
Authors: Lipner Harry , Hazen Samira
Published: October 2006

Large amounts of iodide are accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract of tadpoles despite the presence of ligatures on the bile duct or esophagus or on both structures. These ligatures exclude the possibility that the iodine-131 tracer reaches the gastrointestinal tract by way of the bile or esophagus. The iodide in the gastrointestinal tract localizes largely in the stomach. The stomach therefore acts as an iodide pump and may be responsible for the maintenance of the iodide levels that are needed in metamorphosis.
Sensory Deprivation: Its Effects on Human Learning
Authors: Arnhoff Franklyn N. , Leon Henry V. , Brownfield Charles A.
Published: October 2006

The rote learning ability of human subjects under conditions of sensory deprivation for 48 hours was compared with results for a control group. The performance of the two groups was essentially the same. No significant facilitation or decrement in performance was noted, and in no instance were hallucinations, delusions, or other unusual phenomena reported.
Neurosecretion in the
Ophiuroid Ophiopholis aculeata
Authors: Fontaine A. R.
Published: October 2006

Neurocrine activity has been demonstrated for the first time in the Ophiuroidea and for only the second time in the phylum Echinodermata. Three types of neurosecretory cells have been shown, by means of histological staining techniques, to occur in the principal motor ganglia. The secretory products are carried away from the cell bodies by axon transport but cannot be traced to special terminal reservoirs. It is possible that the neurosecretory products diffuse into adjacent coelomic spaces for further transport. It is suggested that in the echinoderms neurocrine secretions may be associated with control functions which in other phyla are regulated by endocrine products.
Synthetic Acrylic Gel: A New Medium for the Study of Immune Precipitates
Authors: Antoine Bernard
Published: October 2006

The physicochemical properties of photocatalyzed Cyanogum gel offer practical advantages in the analysis of specific immunological precipitation techniques: use of any buffer at any
p
H; most probable neutrality for stains or reagents; remarkable resolution of the immunological precipitates, visible microscopically; possibility of direct dark-background examination of the precipitates, so that their kinetics can be studied and they can be photographed before dyeing and staining. This gel seems particularly suitable for immunoanalysis of complex and unstable antigenic products, such as tissue homogenates.
Sound Stimulation and Its Effect on Dental Sensation Threshold
Authors: Carlin Sidney , Ward W. Dixon , Gershon Arthur , Ingraham Rex
Published: October 2006

The success of "auditory analgesia" in dental operations may be a result of distraction, suggestion, or cross-sensory masking, or of a combination of the three. An attempt to separate these influences was made by measuring the change in sensitivity to electrical stimulation of the teeth in typical dental patients upon presentation of loud white noise. No differences in this "tingle" threshold under noise and no-noise conditions were found, either when preliminary instructions were neutral or after implicit or explicit suggestion that the noise would raise the threshold. These results indicate that auditory analgesia is probably not an example of cross-sensory masking, and that its successful use in the clinical situation depends both on distraction and on suggestion.
The Fungus
Beauveria tenella
Authors: Cordon Theone C. , Schwartz Joseph H.
Published: October 2006

Beauveria tenella,
an insect pathogen, grows well and sporulates freely in submerged culture. Enzymes that loosened bovine hair that were found in broth cultures were not produced in the presence of chitin, and substitution of peptone broth for peptone-glucose broth did not increase their concentration. Under certain conditions, oxalic acid was the main metabolic product in the peptone medium.
Origin and Biologic Individuality of the Genetic Dictionary
Authors: Giacomoni Dario , Spiegelman S.
Published: October 2006

Deoxyribonucleic acid contains sequences complementary to homologous amino-acid transfer ribonucleic acid molecules which serve as the translating device between polyribonucleotides and proteins. This implies that the RNA molecules have their primary origin in DNA. From the amount of DNA participating, one would infer that more than 20 complementary sequences exist per genome, a conclusion consistent with a degenerate code. The fact that complex formation occurs most readily with homologous RNA suggests that, while the language remains universal, each dictionary is uniquely identifiable with its own genome.
Four-Lead Electrical Resistance Measurements in Bridgman Anvils
Authors: Stromberg Harold , Jura George
Published: October 2006

A geometry is described which permits four-lead electrical determinations of the pressure coefficient of resistance of metals in Bridgman anvils. It is also possible in this geometry to mount more than one sample and to make independent measurements on each sample simultaneously.
Acetylcholine Receptor Channel Structure Probed in Cysteine-Substitution Mutants
Authors: Akabas Myles H. , Stauffer David A. , Xu Ming , Karlin Arthur
Published: October 2006

In order to understand the structural bases of ion conduction, ion selectivity, and gating in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, mutagenesis and covalent modification were combined to identify the amino acid residues that line the channel. The side chains of alternate residues—Ser248, Leu250, Ser252, and Thr254—in M2, a membrane-spanning segment of the α subunit, are exposed in the closed channel. Thus α
248-254
probably forms a β strand, and the gate is closer to the cytoplasmic end of the channel than any of these residues. On channel opening, Leu251 is also exposed. These results lead to a revised view of the closed and open channel structures.
The
met
Proto-Oncogene Receptor and Lumen Formation
Authors: Tsarfaty Ilan , Resau James H. , Rulong Shen , Keydar Iafa , Faletto Donna L. , Vande Woude George F.
Published: October 2006

The
met
proto-oncogene product (Met) and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), have been implicated in cell mitogenic response, cell motility, and the promotion of the ordered spatial arrangement of tissue. By means of confocal laser-scanning microscopy, it was shown that Met is expressed in cells bordering lumen-like structures that resemble ducts in the human mammary cell line T47D. In human breast tissue biopsies, Met staining was intense in normal cells bordering mammary ducts but was reduced in adjacent tumor tissue. Met staining in lumen-forming organs colocalizes with staining of antibody to phosphotyrosine, which suggests that the Met receptor and its substrates may be activated in lumen structures or ducts. HGF/SF treatment of human epithelial carcinoma cell lines resulted in the formation of lumen-like structures in vitro. Reduced expression of Met could be related to the extent of tumor cell differentiation.
Tropocollagen: Significance of Protease-Induced Alterations
Authors: Rubin Albert L. , Pfahl Dorthe , Speakman Peter T. , Davidson Peter F. , Schmitt Francis O.
Published: October 2006

Interaction properties of tropocollagen are markedly altered by treatment with pepsin. This treatment liberates terminal or near-terminal covalently bonded peptides whose amino acid composition is strikingly different from the composition of the pepsin-resistant triple-helix body of the macromolecule. Pepsin also converts most of the β-chains to α-chains. This fact indicates that the interchain link is also external to the body of the macromolecule and probably involves peptides. The role of these properties in bioregulative mechanisms is briefly discussed.
Feather Replacement in Birds
Authors: Watson George E.
Published: October 2006

During natural molt in many birds, feathers of the old generation are passively pushed out of the follicles attached to the tips of the sheaths of incoming feathers.
Purification of Gamma Globulin Fragments by Gel Filtration
Authors: Tan Margaret , Epstein Wallace V.
Published: October 2006

Treatment with papain of human 7 S gamma globulin which has specific hemagglutinating antibody activity results in 3.5 S univalent fragments contaminated by intact bivalent globulin. The technique described in this report permits separation of univalent antibody fragments from the contaminating undigested molecule.
Chronic Gamma Radiation Affects the Distribution of Radial Increment in
Pinus rigida
Stems
Authors: Woodwell G. M. , Miller Lee N.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of pitch pine trees to chronic ionizing radiation at rates between 1 and 5 roentgens per day for several years causes reduction of radial increment throughout the stem, the reduction being most pronounced near the base of the tree. Both the size of the tree crown and climate influence the severity of the effect, trees with large crowns showing little effect at low exposures except in years of environmental stress.
Erythrocyte Acid Phosphomonoesterase and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Caucasians
Authors: Oski Frank A. , Shahidi Nasrollah T. , Diamond Louis K.
Published: October 2006

Caucasian patients with erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency also have a deficiency in erythrocyte acid phosphomonoesterase. This acid phosphomonoesterase deficiency is not present in Negroes with the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
Age of Weaning in Two Subspecies of Deer Mice
Authors: King John A. , Deshaies John C. , Webster Ronald
Published: October 2006

Weaning age in deer mice is defined as the age at which the young mice maintain or gain weight during a 24-hour period of isolation; mice younger than weaning age lose weight. Two subspecies of deer mice differed in weaning age; the age for
Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii
was 18 days; for
P. m. gracilis
, 24 days. Age and food consumption were better predictors of the weaning condition, as defined in terms of weight change with isolation, than body weight.
Electroencephalographic Changes during and after 14 Days of Perceptual Deprivation
Authors: Zubek John P. , Welch G. , Saunders M. G.
Published: October 2006

A progressive decrease in frequencies in the alpha range was observed during 14-day exposure to unpatterned light and white noise. The electroencephalographic records were still abnormal 1 week later, and long-lasting motivational losses were observed.
Disinhibition after Prefrontal Lesions as a Function of Duration of Intertrial Intervals
Authors: Brutkowski Stefan , Dabrowska Jadwiga
Published: October 2006

Dogs were trained preoperatively in both positive and inhibitory conditioned food reflexes on a schedule of either a 15-second or 1-minute intertrial interval. After lesions had been made in the medial surface of the prefrontal cortex, errors of disinhibition occurred in both schedules and in association with an increased "drive" for food. In contrast, lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex produced the disinhibition syndrome only in the group which was tested at short intertrial intervals, and no increase in food-directed activity was noticed. In each instance the postoperative recovery was very rapid. It is suggested that the quality of disinhibition in prefrontal animals is different, depending on the placement of the lesion.
Pattern of Uplifted Islands in the Main Ocean Basins
Authors: Wilson J. Tuzo
Published: October 2006

Most uplifted islands lie in one of three types of tectonic location: on mid-ocean ridges; between 200 and 750 km on the convex side of island arcs; and along a great circle across the southern Pacific, which may be a fault. Since the usual habit of islands is to subside, these islands may owe their uplift to their special tectonic positions. The regularity of this pattern of uplift supports the view that in the earth an elastic surface layer rests upon a plastic or viscous substratum.
Alteration in Learning Ability Caused by Changes in Cerebral Serotonin and Catechol Amines
Authors: Woolley D. W. , van der Hoeven Th.
Published: October 2006

Excess of cerebral serotonin decreased maze-learning ability of adult mice; deficiency of serotonin and catechol amines increased it slightly.
Abnormal Hemoglobin Studies in Taiwan Aborigines
Authors: Blackwell R. Quentin , Huang Jeanette Tung-hsiang
Published: October 2006

No abnormal hemoglobins were detected in a survey of blood samples from three of the largest aboriginal tribes of Taiwan. Samples from 655 individuals of the Ami, Paiwan, and Atayal tribes were examined by Smithies' method of vertical starch gel electrophoresis at
p
H 9.0. Only the A hemoglobins were found.
Diffusion of Gases from Alveolus to Precapillary Arteries
Authors: Jameson A. Gregory
Published: October 2006

A cardiac catheter with a platinum electrode just proximal to its tip, "wedged" in a branch of the pulmonary artery, was used to demonstrate the appearance of hydrogen or oxygen at the tip of the catheter after inhalation of these gases.
Antigens in Insulin Determinants of Specificity of Porcine Insulin in Man
Authors: Berson Solomon A. , Yalow Rosalyn S.
Published: October 2006

Porcine insulin, which is distinguished from human insulin only in the amino acid at the C terminal of the B chain, is antigenic in man. Even if the last amino acid or the last eight amino acids are removed from the C terminus of the B chain of insulin, the altered insulin still reacts with human antibodies to porcine insulin; thus, the antigenic determinant of porcine insulin is located in a part of the molecule where the amino acid sequence is the same as it is in the corresponding part of the human insulin molecule.
Plasma Protein Synthesis in the Liver: Method for Measurement of Albumin Formation in vivo
Authors: Reeve E. B. , Pearson J. R. , Martz D. C.
Published: October 2006

l-Arginine labeled with carbon-14 at the guanido group was injected into rabbits, and the ratio of the rates of entry of radioactivity into the protein and urea was determined. This ratio, multiplied by the rate of arginine utilization in urea synthesis and by the ratio of protein to protein arginine weights, gives the rate of protein synthesis. The method applies to albumin and should apply to any plasma protein synthesized in those liver cells which also synthesize urea.
Brownian Movement in Color Photomicrography
Authors: Sassoon H. F. , Parsons M. H. C.
Published: October 2006

Crystals, smaller than 1 micron, in Brownian movement have been photographed in color.
Mosquitoes: Comparative Serology of Four Species of
Aedes
(Ochlerotatus)
Authors: Downe Aylward E. R.
Published: October 2006

Antigens of female adult
Aedes communis
(DeG.),
A. punctor
(Kby.),
A. trichurus
(Dyar), and
A. excrucians
(Walk.) were compared by precipitin tests. There is a wider divergence among species than is indicated by external comparative morphology.
Crystal Structures Adopted by Black Phosphorus at High Pressures
Authors: Jamieson John C.
Published: October 2006

Black phosphorus undergoes two reversible structural transitions at high pressures. The first is to a structure of the type arsenic A7. This structure is transformed to a simple cubic structure at higher pressures. The reversibility between the A7 and simple cubic structures at 111 kilobars indicates that the transition obtainable at this pressure provides a good calibration point by which high-pressure x-ray data may be united with volumetric or resistance measurements, or both.