bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Learning Abilities Impact Structure Addition: Better Learners Create More Structured Languages
Authors: Johnson Tamar , Siegelman Noam , Arnon Inbal
Published: August 2020

Over the last decade, iterated learning studies have provided compelling evidence for the claim that linguistic structure can emerge from non‐structured input, through the process of transmission. However, it is unclear whether individuals differ in their tendency to add structure, an issue with implications for understanding who are the agents of change. Here, we identify and test two contrasting predictions: The first sees learning as a pre‐requisite for structure addition, and predicts a positive correlation between learning accuracy and structure addition, whereas the second maintains that it is those learners who struggle with learning and reproducing their input who add structure to it. This prediction is hard to test in standard iterated learning paradigms since each learner is exposed to a different input, and since structure and accuracy are computed using the same test items. Here, we test these contrasting predictions in two experiments using a one‐generation artificial language learning paradigm designed to provide independent measures of learning accuracy and structure addition. Adults (N = 48 in each study) were exposed to a semi‐regular language (with probabilistic structure) and had to learn it: Learning was assessed using seen items, whereas structure addition was calculated over unseen items. In both studies, we find a strong positive correlation between individuals' ability to learn the language and their tendency to add structure to it: Better learners also produced more structured languages. These findings suggest a strong link between learning and generalization. We discuss the implications of these findings for iterated language models and theories of language change more generally.
Do supervisory enforcement actions affect board composition?
Authors: Cotugno Matteo , D'Amato Antonio , Gallo Angela , Stefanelli Valeria
Published: August 2020

Research Question/Issue

Do enforcement actions impact banks' board composition? Based on a unique sample of sanctions imposed on Italian banks by the country's banking supervisory authority from 2009 to 2015, we investigate whether supervisory enforcement actions affect changes at the board level. Moreover, we examine whether changes at the board level after a sanction are effective in reducing the probability of further sanctions in the future.

Research Findings/Insights

The findings reveal that sanctioned banks change their board composition following a supervisory sanction. We further test whether these changes improve bank governance and find that, under certain conditions, they may reduce the probability that the board is sanctioned again. Robustness tests confirm the results.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study provides empirical evidence that supports the role of supervisory enforcement actions in inducing banks to adopt changes at the board level. Given that the relationship between supervisory sanctions and changes in board characteristics is still neglected, we contend that our results may increase the understanding of the effectiveness of enforcement actions in improving board characteristics.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

We believe that our results have policy implications by making a clear and concrete contribution to the ongoing debate on the revision of the principles for enhancing corporate governance and banking supervision.
A Phase I Study of Dinaciclib in Combination With MK‐2206 in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Murphy Adrian G. , Zahurak Marianna , Shah Mirat , Weekes Colin D. , Hansen Aaron , Siu Lillian L. , Spreafico Anna , LoConte Noelle , Anders Nicole M. , Miles Tearra , Rudek Michelle A. , Doyle L. Austin , Nelkin Barry , Maitra Anirban , Azad Nilofer S. ,   for the ETCTN‐9231 Study Team
Published: August 2020

The combination of drugs targeting Ral and PI3K/AKT signaling has antitumor efficacy in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer. We combined dinaciclib (small molecule cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor with MK‐2206 (Akt inhibitor) in patients with previously treated/metastatic pancreatic cancer. Patients were treated with dinaciclib (6–12 mg/m2 i.v.) and MK‐2206 (60–135 mg p.o.) weekly. Tumor biopsies were performed to measure pAKT, pERK, and Ki67 at baseline and after one completed cycle (dose level 2 and beyond). Thirty‐nine patients participated in the study. The maximum tolerated doses were dinaciclib 9 mg/m2 and MK‐2206 135 mg. Treatment‐related grade 3 and 4 toxicities included neutropenia, lymphopenia, anemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, and leukopenia. No objectives responses were observed. Four patients (10%) had stable disease as their best response. At the recommended dose, median survival was 2.2 months. Survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 11% and 5%, respectively. There was a nonsignificant reduction in pAKT composite scores between pretreatment and post‐treatment biopsies (mean 0.76 vs. 0.63; P = 0.635). The combination of dinaciclib and MK‐2206 was a safe regimen in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer, although without clinical benefit, possibly due to not attaining biologically effective doses. Given the strong preclinical evidence of Ral and AKT inhibition, further studies with better tolerated agents should be considered.
Perniosis during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Negative anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunohistochemistry in six patients and comparison to perniosis before the emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Ko Christine J. , Harigopal Malini , Damsky William , Gehlhausen Jeff R. , Bosenberg Marcus , Patrignelli Robert , McNiff Jennifer M.
Published: August 2020

Background

Acral inflammatory lesions that have some resemblance to idiopathic or autoimmune‐associated perniosis (chilblains) have been described in multiple countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

We examined histopathologic findings in six consecutive such cases from five patients received in mid‐May to mid‐June of 2020, evaluating immunohistochemical staining for the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein. We compared these six cases to eight cases diagnosed as perniosis between January and June of 2019.

Results

Five of six lesions with perniosis‐like histopathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic had distinctive tight cuffing of lymphocytes; intravascular material was present in one case. SARS‐CoV‐2 immunohistochemical staining using an antibody directed at the nucleocapsid protein was negative in all six cases. Only one of eight specimens with microscopic findings of perniosis received prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic had tightly cuffed perivascular lymphocytes, and none had obvious intravascular occlusion.

Conclusions

A tightly cuffed pattern of perivascular lymphocytes is a feature of perniosis during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein in these cases suggests against the virus being directly present in these lesions.
Island biogeography of native and alien plant species: Contrasting drivers of diversity across the Lesser Antilles
Authors: Rojas‐Sandoval Julissa , Ackerman James D. , Tremblay Raymond L.
Published: August 2020

Aim

Understanding the factors driving the diversity of alien and native species on islands is crucial for predicting the spread of alien species and for proposing management practices to protect the unique native biodiversity that often occurs in insular ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether native and alien plant species respond similarly to natural biogeographic and human‐related drivers.

Location

Lesser Antilles, Caribbean.

Methods

We compiled a dataset with the verified status of native and alien plant species occurring on 15 islands across the Lesser Antilles. We assessed the relationship of native and alien plant species richness and identified the biogeographic and socio‐economic variables that best explain the diversity patterns of both alien and native species on these islands by combining correlation analysis and generalized linear models.

Results

The final dataset comprises a total of 2,438 plant species with 1,825 native species and 613 alien species. For the 15 islands analysed, native and alien species richness is strongly and positively correlated, but different variables explained their diversity patterns. We found that biogeographic drivers such as island area, elevation and distance to the mainland best explain patterns of native species richness. On the other hand, alien species richness was well predicted by a combination of geographic and socio‐economic variables, with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and island area having the strongest effect. Species composition of alien floras is also significantly influenced by the historical colonial identity of these islands.

Main conclusions

While native species are clearly associated with biogeographic variables, alien species are strongly influenced by variables related to human activities and therefore anthropogenic disturbance processes. Modification of natural areas by human activities can result in high alien species richness even on islands with high native species richness.
Consistent effects of empagliflozin on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes irrespective of diabetic kidney disease categories: Insights from the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial
Authors: Wanner Christoph , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Zinman Bernard , Koitka‐Weber Audrey , Mattheus Michaela , George Jyothis T. , von Eynatten Maximilian , Hauske Sibylle J. ,   EMPA‐REG OUTCOME Investigators
Published: August 2020

Aim

To explore the cardiovascular (CV) and kidney effects of empagliflozin in patients with different clinical phenotypes of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (i.e. with the presence or absence of overt albuminuria) participating in the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial.

Materials and methods

EMPA‐REG OUTCOME randomized participants (1:1:1) to empagliflozin 10 mg, 25 mg or placebo, added to standard of care. Post hoc, patients with different clinical phenotypes of DKD at baseline were categorized in three subgroups: (a) overt DKD (overt albuminuria [urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of >300 mg/g] with any estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]; n = 769); (b) non‐overt DKD (kidney impairment [eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2] without overt albuminuria [urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio of ≤300 mg/g]; n = 1290); and (c) ‘all others’ (eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 without overt albuminuria; n = 4893). Analyses included CV (death, hospitalization for heart failure, all‐cause hospitalization) and selected kidney outcomes, change in eGFR and kidney safety. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the consistency of treatment effect across subgroups.

Results

Empagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of CV and kidney outcomes across all subgroups (P‐values for interaction >.05), consistent with the overall trial population findings. Empagliflozin also significantly reduced the yearly loss of eGFR, assessed by chronic slopes, in all subgroups. The adverse event profile of empagliflozin was similar across all subgroups.

Conclusions

Empagliflozin may improve CV and kidney outcomes and slow the progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients with DKD, irrespective of its clinical form, both with or without the presence of overt albuminuria.
Land distribution and inequality in a black settler colony: the case of Sierra Leone, 1792–1831†
Authors: Galli Stefania , Rönnbäck Klas
Published: August 2020

Land distribution is considered to be one of the main contributors to inequality in pre‐industrial societies. This article contributes to the debate on the origins of economic inequality in pre‐industrial African societies by studying land inequality at a particularly early stage of African economic history. The research examines land distribution and inequality in land ownership among settlers in the Colony of Sierra Leone for three benchmark years over the first 40 years of its existence. The findings show that land inequality was low at the founding of the Colony but increased substantially over time. We suggest that this increase was enabled by a shift in the type of egalitarianism pursued by the colonial authorities, which was reflected in a change in the redistributive policy applied, which allowed later settlers to appropriate land more freely than had been previously possible.
Genetic structure across urban and agricultural landscapes reveals evidence of resource specialization and philopatry in the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica L.
Authors: Ballare Kimberly M. , Jha Shalene
Published: August 2020

Human activity continues to impact global ecosystems, often by altering the habitat suitability, persistence, and movement of native species. It is thus critical to examine the population genetic structure of key ecosystemservice providers across human‐altered landscapes to provide insight into the forces that limit wildlife persistence and movement across multiple spatial scales. While some studies have documented declines of bee pollinators as a result of human‐mediated habitat alteration, others suggest that some bee species may benefit from altered land use due to increased food or nesting resource availability; however, detailed population and dispersal studies have been lacking. We investigated the population genetic structure of the Eastern carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica, across 14 sites spanning more than 450 km, including dense urban areas and intensive agricultural habitat. X. virginica is a large bee which constructs nests in natural and human‐associated wooden substrates, and is hypothesized to disperse broadly across urbanizing areas. Using 10 microsatellite loci, we detected significant genetic isolation by geographic distance and significant isolation by land use, where urban and cultivated landscapes were most conducive to gene flow. This is one of the first population genetic analyses to provide evidence of enhanced insect dispersal in human‐altered areas as compared to semi‐natural landscapes. We found moderate levels of regional‐scale population structure across the study system (GʹST = 0.146) and substantial co‐ancestry between the sampling regions, where co‐ancestry patterns align with major human transportation corridors, suggesting that human‐mediated movement may be influencing regional dispersal processes. Additionally, we found a signature of strong site‐level philopatry where our analyses revealed significant levels of high genetic relatedness at very fine scales (<1 km), surprising given X. virginica's large body size. These results provide unique genetic evidence that insects can simultaneously exhibit substantial regional dispersal as well as high local nesting fidelity in landscapes dominated by human activity.
Authority updating: An expert authority evaluation algorithm considering post‐evaluation and power indices in social networks
Authors: Shi Ruili , Guo Chunxiang , Gu Xin
Published: August 2020

In group assessment, the focus is on finding high‐authority experts to improve the reliability of assessment results. In this study, we propose an authority updating algorithm while considering the power and judgement reliability of an expert on the basis of social networks and post‐evaluations. A network power index is established and used to reflect the power of an expert while considering social networks. The measurement of the judgement reliability of an expert considers the post‐evaluation of the objects selected by experts, thereby more scientifically reflecting the reliability of experts. The analysis shows the following: although the social‐network structure influences the authority of experts, the influence weakens when the assessment group is a highly or even fully connected group; the network effect may increase the authority of some experts and reduce that of others, and it will weaken as the network connectivity increases; moreover, the judgement reliability and authority of an expert while considering post‐evaluation can encourage him/her to make fair assessments and strive to reduce his/her motivation and cognitive biases.
Serial and parallel memetic algorithms for the bounded diameter minimum spanning tree problem
Authors: Vuppuluri Prem Prakash , Chellapilla Patvardhan
Published: August 2020

Given a connected, weighted, undirected graph G = (V, E) and an integer D ≥ 2, the bounded diameter minimum spanning tree (BDMST) problem seeks a spanning tree of minimum cost, whose diameter is no greater than D. The problem is known to be NP‐hard, and finds application in various domains such as information retrieval, wireless sensor networks and distributed mutual exclusion. This article presents a two‐phase memetic algorithm for the BDMST problem that combines a specialized recombination operator (proposed in this work) with good heuristics in order to more effectively direct the exploration of the search space into regions containing better solutions. A parallel meta‐heuristic is also proposed and shown to obtain very good speedups – super‐linear, in several cases – vis‐à‐vis the serial memetic algorithm. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first parallel meta‐heuristic proposed for the BDMST problem, and potentially paves the way for handling much larger problems than reported in the literature. Some observations and theorems are presented in order to provide the underlying framework for the proposed algorithms. Further, the proposed memetic algorithm and parallel meta‐heuristic are shown, in the course of several computational experiments, to in general obtain superior solution quality with much lesser computational effort in comparison to the best known meta‐heuristics in the literature over a wide range of benchmark instances.
Clinical Supervision of Couple and Family Therapy during COVID‐19
Authors: Sahebi Bahareh
Published: August 2020

This paper addresses the need for a swift transition from in‐person clinical supervision to telesupervision during the time of the COVID‐19 global pandemic. Five specific areas will be discussed in the effort to enhance the quality of clinical supervision provided to couple and family therapists in training at this time including the following: (1) COVID‐19 and the structural changes and technological adaptation of supervision; (2) culturally and contextually sensitive guidelines for clinical supervision during COVID‐19; (3) the supervisee’s competence and the clinical supervisory process; (4) the new set of boundaries and the supervisory role; (5) and the supervisory alliance and supervisees’ vulnerabilities in the face of COVID‐19.
Narcissistic T cells: reactivity to self makes a difference
Authors: Paprckova Darina , Stepanek Ondrej
Published: August 2020

It has been appreciated for more than three decades that the interactions between the T‐cell antigen receptor and self‐antigens are the major determinants of the cell fates of developing thymocytes and the establishment of central tolerance. However, recent evidence shows that the level of self‐reactivity substantially contributes to fate choices of positively selected mature T cells in homeostasis, as well as during immune responses. This implies that individual clones of peripheral T cells are predisposed to specific functional properties based on the self‐reactivity of their antigen receptors. Overall, the relative difference in the self‐reactivity among peripheral T cells is an important factor contributing to the diversity of T‐cell responses to foreign antigens.
Climate change and perishable food hoards of an avian predator: Is the freezer still working?
Authors: Masoero Giulia , Laaksonen Toni , Morosinotto Chiara , Korpimäki Erkki
Published: August 2020

Changing climate can modify predator–prey interactions and induce declines or local extinctions of species due to reductions in food availability. Species hoarding perishable food for overwinter survival, like predators, are predicted to be particularly susceptible to increasing temperatures. We analysed the influence of autumn and winter weather, and abundance of main prey (voles), on the food‐hoarding behaviour of a generalist predator, the Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum), across 16 years in Finland. Fewer freeze–thaw events in early autumn delayed the initiation of food hoarding. Pygmy owls consumed more hoarded food with more frequent freeze–thaw events and deeper snow cover in autumn and in winter, and lower precipitation in winter. In autumn, the rotting of food hoards increased with precipitation. Hoards already present in early autumn were much more likely to rot than the ones initiated in late autumn. Rotten food hoards were used more in years of low food abundance than in years of high food abundance. Having rotten food hoards in autumn resulted in a lower future recapture probability of female owls. These results indicate that pygmy owls might be partly able to adapt to climate change by delaying food hoarding, but changes in the snow cover, precipitation and frequency of freeze–thaw events might impair their foraging and ultimately decrease local overwinter survival. Long‐term trends and future predictions, therefore, suggest that impacts of climate change on wintering food‐hoarding species could be substantial, because their ‘freezers’ may no longer work properly. Altered usability and poorer quality of hoarded food may further modify the foraging needs of food‐hoarding predators and thus their overall predation pressure on prey species. This raises concerns about the impacts of climate change on boreal food webs, in which ecological interactions have evolved under cold winter conditions.
Beyond Tobler’s Hiking Function
Authors: Goodchild Michael F.
Published: August 2020

Waldo Tobler introduced his hiking function in a little‐known article in 1993, as a formal representation of the relationship between topographic gradient and the velocity of an average hiker, with parameters estimated from some previously collected data. Such functions are becoming more useful as apps for route guidance proliferate. Numerous practical issues are raised by any effort to validate these functions empirically. Hiking functions in general allow routes to be measured on various criteria, including travel time, travel distance, or energy consumption, yet, few efforts have been made to calibrate similar functions for other modes of travel, other traveler profiles, and other route criteria. Connected and autonomous vehicles raise the possibility that route choice may take on greater significance in the context of system‐wide goals, rather than the current individual self‐interest.
Non‐Matrix‐Matched Determination of Th‐Pb Ages in Zircon, Monazite and Xenotime by Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Luo Tao , Zhao He , Li Qiuli , Li Yang , Zhang Wen , Guo Jingliang , Liu Yongsheng , Zhang Junfeng , Hu Zhaochu
Published: August 2020

Similar to the U‐Pb system, the 232Th‐208Pb decay scheme is also widely utilised in geochronology of Th‐rich accessory minerals. The matrix‐dependent systemic deviations observed between different accessory minerals and the paucity of well‐characterised reference materials for some minerals of interest (e.g., xenotime and allanite) are the major obstacles to yield accurate and precise Th‐Pb ages with laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). In this study, we investigated the effects of the addition of nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour before the ablation cell on the accuracy of Th‐Pb dating of accessory minerals (i.e., zircon, monazite and xenotime) using NIST SRM 610 glass as the calibrating reference material. Our results demonstrate that the measured 208Pb/232Th ages in zircon, monazite and xenotime were approximately 9–24% lower than their isotope dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (ID‐TIMS) ages in normal ablation (without addition of additional gases). The measured 208Pb/232Th ages of zircon (Plešovice, M257 and Qinghu), monazite (44069 and Trebilcock) and xenotime (BS‐1 and MG‐1) showed excellent agreement with their respective reference values with the addition of small amounts of water vapour before the ablation cell. This may be due to the dramatically reduced biases for the down‐hole fractionation of Pb/Th intensity ratios in NIST SRM 610 and accessory minerals in the presence of water vapour. The Th‐Pb ages of zircon, monazite and xenotime were successfully analysed using NIST SRM 610 glass as the calibrating reference material with both 193 nm ArF excimer laser ablation‐quadrupole‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐Q‐ICP‐MS) and 213 nm Nd:YAG laser ablation‐sector field‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐SF‐ICP‐MS) in combination with the developed water vapour‐assisted method. This method is an effective and notably simple approach for non‐matrix‐matched analysis of Th‐Pb ages in zircon, monazite and xenotime by LA‐ICP‐MS.
“West by East‐West”: combination repair of wide or multiple distal nasal defects
Authors: King Brian J. , Tolkachjov Stanislav N.
Published: August 2020

Background

Surgical defects of the distal nose can pose reconstructive challenges when function, cosmesis, and morbidity are considered.

Aims

We aim to present a reproducible, single‐stage reconstruction of the distal nose when defects are wide, multiple, or span multiple cosmetic subunits.

Materials & Methods

Retrospective case series of selected patients with distal nose defects repaired with the “West by East‐West” combination flap.

Results

Three patients with distal nasal tip defects were identified to show the use of the “West by East‐West” combination flap, and one of these patients had an adjacent full‐thickness skin graft as part of the reconstruction.

Discussion

A combination of CAF and BAF is useful for distal nasal reconstruction when the surgical defect is greater than 2 cm, spans multiple subunits like the nasal tip/supratip/dorsum/sidewall/ala, and where CAF or BAF alone would distort the free margins or give insufficient laxity for defect closure. In our experience, the BAF accomplishes the required medially based laxity with superior cosmesis and less nasal asymmetry created by the redundancy of a traditional medially based back cut. The combination repair can also be used for simultaneous repair of multiple distal nasal defects.

Conclusions

The “West by East‐West” reconstruction is designed to incorporate the CAF and the BAF utilizing the paranasal cheek tissue reservoir, midline nasal dorsum supra‐perichondrial movement, and a shared standing tissue cone (STC). It provides a reproducible, single‐stage reconstruction of the distal nose when defects are wide, multiple, or span multiple cosmetic subunits.
Job seekers' attitudes toward cybervetting: Scale development, validation, and platform comparison
Authors: Cook Ryan , Jones‐Chick Rachael , Roulin Nicolas , O'Rourke Kim
Published: August 2020

The present research describes the development and validation of a measure of job seekers' attitudes toward cybervetting (ATC). Study 1 involved a sample of participants completing an initial pool of items focusing on one platform (i.e., Facebook) and conducting an exploratory factor analysis. Study 2 included a confirmatory factor analysis and an exploratory structural equation model to establish convergent and discriminant validity. Results of both studies confirmed that the hypothesized three‐factor structure (perceived justice, privacy invasion, and face validity) provided a good fit to the data, explained over 67% of total variance, with all three factors demonstrating high internal consistencies. Study 3 examined the measurement equivalence of the ATC measure, and demonstrated its factor structure and reliability, across four social media platforms (Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram). Comparing applicants' attitudes across platforms showed significantly more favorable perceptions toward LinkedIn‐based cybervetting than for the other three platforms.
U.S. Laws, Regulations, and Policies Important to Managers of Nonhuman Primate Colonies
Authors: Johnson David K. , Morin Martin L.
Published: August 2020

The various animal welfare laws, regulations, policies, accreditation standards, and welfare groups have an obvious impact on the activities of managers of nonhuman primate colonies. Federal organizations such as the Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Interior, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Transportation, and the Justice Department regulate many aspects of animal management. Pertinent guidance is available through scientific organizations such as the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care and the National Academy of Sciences. Finally, the recommendations of responsible animal welfare organizations should also receive careful consideration.
The Intestinal Entodiniomorph Ciliates of Wild Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Gabon, West Africa
Authors: Goussard B. , Collet J.‐Y. , Garin Y. , Tutin C.E.G. , Fernandez M.
Published: August 2020

Examination of 109 fecal samples from wild lowland gorillas revealed the presence of five species of entodiniomorph ciliates: Troglodytella ahrassarti, Troglodytella gorillae, and three unclassified species. These latter three species were also found in the feces of a captive gorilla in Gabon and are considered to be intestinal parasites or commensals.
The Animal Welfare Act as Applied to Primate Animal Laboratories
Authors: Schwindaman Dale F.
Published: August 2020

The Animal Welfare Act (Publie Law 89‐544, as amended) was passed by Congress to assure the humane care and treatment of certain warmblooded animals bought, sold. held. or transported for purposes of research, exhibition, or for use as pets. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is responsible for administering the minimum care and treatment requirements promulgated under the authorities of this law. This paper presents in some detail the requirements and responsibilities of users of nonhuman primates for research, testing, or experimentation.
Monitoring Ovulation and Implantation in the Cynomolgus Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Through Evaluations of Urinary Estrone Conjugates and Progesterone Metabolites: A Technique for the Routine Evaluation of Reproductive Parameters
Authors: Monfort S.L. , Jayaraman S. , Shideler S.E. , Lasley B.L. , Hendrickx A.G.
Published: August 2020

Investigations were undertaken to determine the applicability of recently reported specific radioimmunoassays for urinary estrone conjugates and progesterone metabolites for monitoring ovarian function in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fasciularis) and other macaque species. Mean estrone conjugate measurements appear to accurately reflect the preovulatory estrogen peak in both conceptive (n = 5) and nonconceptive (n = 6) cycles, as well as to indicate early pregnancy through increases which are significantly elevated by Day + 15 (p < 0.049) post estrone conjugates peak. The mean luteal phase levels of these progesterone metabolites are significantly elevated by Day + 14 (p < 0.012) in conceptive cycles when compared to the mean values for nonconceptive cycles.
Sheep Red Blood Cell Receptor and the Epitope Detected by Leu‐5 Monoclonal Antibody in Primates
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Fukao Katashi , Noguchi Atsuo , Takenaka Osamu
Published: August 2020

The expression of the epitope detected by the monoclonal antibody Leu‐5 and the rosette formation with sheep red blood cells was examined for the mononuclear cells of 25 primate species including human subject. The plot of rosette‐forming cells against Leu‐5‐positive cells enabled us to classify these species into three large groups: hominoids–Old World monkeys (Leu‐5‐positive cells ≧ rosette‐forming cells), New World monkeys (Leu‐5‐positive cells < rosette‐forming cells), and prosimians (Leu‐5‐positive cells <5%, some of them with both Leu‐5‐positive cells and rosette‐forming cells <5%).
Species of the Genus Papio (Cercopithecidae, Primates) as Subjects of Biomedical Research: II. Quantitative Characteristics of Contemporary Use of Baboon Species in Medical and Biological Investigations
Authors: Fridman E.P. , Popova V.N.
Published: August 2020

Independence of the five Papio species is evaluated. Baboons appear to be more similar to man than are other monkey species, which makes them a desirable model for use in experimental research to approximate human health conditions. They arc, however, used less widely than macaques. Publications on baboons account for 10.3% of literature on the use of primates in experimental research. Baboons were most intensively used in surgery, then in hematology, cardiology, endocrinology. They were most rarely used in stomatology and in studies on infectious diseases.
Cardiac Allotransplantation Across Major Blood Group Barriers in the Baboon
Authors: Cooper D.K.C. , Lexer G. , Rose A.G. , Keraan M. , Rees J. , Du Toit E. , Oriol R.
Published: August 2020

In heterotopic heart transplantation experiments in Chacma baboons, some of the animals were significantly immunosuppressed with cyclosporine, resulting in prolonged cardiac allograft survival. ABO blood group incompatibility between recipient and donor did not significantly influence mean allograft survival, but early hyperacute (vascular) or acute (cellular) rejection occurred only when ABO incompatibility was present.
Appropriate Conditions for Maintenance of Chimpanzees in Studies With Blood‐Borne Viruses: An Epidemiologic and Psychosocial Perspective
Authors: Prince Alfred M. , Goodall Jane , Brotman Betsy , Dienske Herman , Schellekens Huub , Eichberg Jorg W.
Published: August 2020

Based on the known epidemiology of the viruses that account for the bulk of the need for chimpanzees in biomedical research—hepatitis B virus (HBV), non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis virus, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—as well as the psychosocial needs of this species, requirements for appropriate isolation conditions for these animals have been reviewed. We believe that animals should generally be housed in groups of at least two in the same cage, and that cages encased in solid‐walled isolator boxes for housing of single chimpanzees are unnecessary for virologically adequate isolation for studies of HBV, NANB and HIV, and cause sensory and psychosocial deprivation, which contravenes their psychological well‐being.
Bilateral Posterior Parietal Atrophy in an Infant Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Brack M. , Gatesman T.J.
Published: August 2020

A case of severe neurological deficiency syndrome marked by visual impairment, motor disturbances, and bilateral extensive glial scarring of the posterior parietal cortex is described in an infant rhesus monkey. Although morphologically resembling perinatal asphyxia, the possibility of a perinatal or postnatal Herpesvirus simiae infection is discussed.
Movement Characteristics of Ejaculated Sperm From Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) Analyzed by Manual and Automated Computerized Image Analysis
Authors: Yeung C.H. , Weinbauer G.F. , Nieschlag E.
Published: August 2020

Sperm motility is an important indicator of male reproductive function. An automated computerized system was used to measure the movement characteristics of cynomolgus monkey sperm. Swimming velocities were in good agreement with data derived from tracking sperm heads manually with a digitizer, but sperm counting by the system was erroneous. In some ejaculates, there were two subpopulations of sperm with different curvilinear velocities, linearities of swim‐paths, and lateral movements of the heads.
Nonhuman Primates and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Union of Necessity
Authors: Fultz Patricia N.
Published: August 2020

Because of the close phylogenetic relationship, nonhuman primates are highly susceptible to human pathogens, including infection of chimpanzees by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS. This, and the existence of a highly related simian virus, SIV, which causes an AIDS‐like disease in macaques, emphasizes the continued importance of using nonhuman primates as model systems for identifying and developing prophylaxis and therapy for infectious agents and, in particular, for fighting the pandemic AIDS.
UH Series of Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Antigen(s) of Japanese Monkeys (Macacafuscata)
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Ishida Takafumi , Hashiba Katsuko , Noguchi Atsuo , Takenaka Osamu
Published: August 2020

Six mouse monoclonal antibodies were developed by immunization with a Japanese monkey cell line. These monoclonal antibodies, designated the UH series, reacted with large populations of peripheral B cells and monocytes, but not with T cells. The distribution of reactivities and the molecular weight of the membrane antigens recognized were similar to those of the HLA‐DR monoclonal antibody; one inhibited the binding of HLA‐DR. Human interferon‐7 induced increased expressions of all the UH antigen epitopes.
Characterization of Inheritance Patterns of Blood Pressure in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Hartley L. Howard , Rodger Richard F. , Herd J. Alan
Published: August 2020

A breeding colony of Macaca fascicularis was established at the New England Regional Primate Center in 1977 and continued through 1984. Characterization of the offspring of this colony at 18 and 30 months of age suggested that higher blood pressure levels are hereditary in M. fascicularis, but evidence to date cannot determine if this condition is harmful to the animals.
Serum Hormone Levels in Pregnant Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Hein P.R. , Schatorjé J.S.J.O. , Frencken H.J.A.A.M. , Segers M.F.G. , Thomas C.M.G.
Published: August 2020

Serum levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), prolactin (Prl), monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and cortisol (C) in pregnant cynomolgus monkeys are described. mCG, E2, and Prl patterns resembled those of pregnant rhesus monkeys. P patterns differed from data from the literature. DHEAS patterns did not follow E2 patterns. C levels did not change during pregnancy.
Plasma Alpha‐Tocopherol, Retinol, Cholesterol, and Mineral Concentrations in Captive Gorillas
Authors: McGuire Jane T. , Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Poppenga Robert H. , Brazelton W. Emmett
Published: August 2020

Vitamins A, E, cholesterol, and mineral (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, sodium, and zinc) concentrations were examined in the plasma of 74 captive lowland gorillas aged newborn to 41 years. Effects of age or sex on measured parameters were not significant. Plasma Mg and Ca concentrations were lower than reported captive gorilla means, whereas Na and P were higher. Since comparative gorilla values for certain blood components (vitamins E and A, copper, and selenium) are lacking, normal human values may provide the best available indicators for evaluating the plasma levels of these components in gorillas.
Serologic and Virologic Analysis of Type D Simian Retrovirus Infection in a Colony of Celebes Black Macaques (Macaca nigra)
Authors: Shiigi Stanley , Wilson Billie , Leo Gaila , MacDonald Nancy , Toyooka Daniel , Hallick Lesley , Karty Robert , Belozer Mary Lou , McNulty Wilbur , Wolff Joann , van Bueren Antonia , Howard Charles , Axthelm Michael
Published: August 2020

Celebes macaques were tested for type D simian retrovirus (SRV) infection. SRV infection was first detected in one serum sample collected during 1980. By 1983, 32 of 46 monkeys (70%) were infected. Serotyping of the SRV isolates determined that 0/26 of the isolates were SRV‐1; 24/26 were SRV‐2; 1/26 was SRV‐5; and 1/26 could not be typed. Restriction endonuclease mapping confirmed the SRV‐2C and SRV‐5 isolates. In addition, two SRV‐2C variants were detected.
Mucosal Epithelial Cells and Langerhans Cells are Targets for Infection by the Immunosuppressive Type D Retrovirus Simian AIDS Retrovirus Serotype 1
Authors: Lackner Andrew A. , Schi⊘dt Morten , Armitage Gary C. , Moore Peter F. , Munn Robert J. , Marx Preston A. , Gardner Murray B. , Lowenstine Linda J.
Published: August 2020

Simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome (SAIDS) caused by the type D retrovirus SRV‐1 results in opportunistic infections and a spectrum of oral lesions similar to those seen in humans with AIDS. To better understand the pathogenesis of these oral lesions we have retrospectively examined the oral mucosa from ten rhesus monkeys that died with SAIDS and prospectively examined the oral mucosa of ten additional animals inoculated with SRV‐1 to determine at what time, and in what cells SRV‐1 infection of the oral mucosa occurs. Using single and double label immunohistologic techniques, and electron microscopy we detected SRV‐1 in clusters of oral epithelial cells and rare Langerhans cells as early as 1 month postinoculation.
Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Macaque Lymph Nodes With a SIVmac Envelope Probe
Authors: Wyand M.S. , Ringler D.J. , Mattmuller M. , Daniel M.D. , Desrosiers R.C. , King N.W.
Published: August 2020

A tritium‐labeled DNA envelope gene probe was used to detect Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in formalin fixed lymph nodes from rhesus monkeys experimentally inoculated with SIVmac251. Cells containing SIV RNA produced strong hybridization signal and were present in small numbers in biopsy specimens and in much greater numbers in lymph nodes collected at autopsy. SIV‐infected cells were morphologically identified as lymphocytes and macrophages.
Transmission of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmne in Macaques and Baboons
Authors: Morton W.R. , Kuller L. , Benveniste R.E. , Clark E.A. , Tsai C.‐C. , Gale M.J. , Thouless M.E. , Overbaugh J. , Katze M.G.
Published: August 2020

A primate lymphotropic lentivirus was isolated on Hut 78 cells after cocultivation of a lymph node from a macaque that died with malignant lymphoma. In earlier studies SIV/Mne was inoculated into 17 macaques and two baboons. All of the macaques became viremic and seropositive. Fifteen of the macaques succumbed to a classic AIDS‐like disease, whereas the baboons did not become viremic. The SIV/Mne virus has now been molecularly cloned and inoculated into Macaca nemestrina and baboons. A new transmission study has been initiated to test the effects of route and dosage on disease.
Infection of Macaque Monkeys With Simian Immunodeficiency Virus From African Green Monkeys: Virulence and Activation of Latent Infection
Authors: Gravell Maneth , London William T. , Hamilton Rebecca S. , Stone Gary , Monzon Marta
Published: August 2020

The virulence of three isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys (SIVagm) was studied in rhesus and pigtailed macaques. None of 15 rhesus monkeys and one of four pigtailed monkeys died from infection during the time they were studied (up to 33 months). SIVagm was only isolated from rhesus monkeys for up to 2 months after inoculation. However, when these animals were secondarily infected with Simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus type 1 (SRV‐1), SIVagm was activated and isolated. Dual infection caused increased mortality.
Molecular Cloning of SIV From Sooty Mangabey Monkeys
Authors: Hirsch Vanessa M. , Dapolito George , McGann Christopher , Olmsted Robert A. , Purcell Robert H. , Johnson Philip R.
Published: August 2020

We derived two infectious molecular clones of SIV from sooty mangabey monkeys (Cercocebus atys) and compared them by restriction enzyme mapping and limited DNA sequencing to other known primate lentiviruses. These analyses show that SIVsmm is closely related to, but distinct from, SIVmac and HIV‐2. Our data suggest that SIVmac may have been derived from SIVsmm by cross‐species transmission in captivity.
Rhesus Macaques Inoculated With Molecularly Cloned Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Marthas Marta L. , Banapour Babak , Sutjipto Suganto , Siegel Mary E. , Marx Preston A. , Gardner Murray B. , Pedersen Niels C. , Luciw Paul A.
Published: August 2020

We have isolated a biologically active molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIVmac 1A11, originally obtained from a rhesus macaque at the New England Regional Primate Research Center. Virus derived from cells transfected with this clone is cytopathic for rhesus peripheral blood mononuclear cells, replicates in cultures of rhesus macrophages, and infects rhesus macaques when inoculated intravenously. Six macaques inoculated with SIVmac 1A11 all became infected and produced antibodies to viral envelope glycoproteins that neutralized virus. Antibodies to viral core proteins were detected in only one animal. No clinical signs of disease were observed throughout 7 months postinoculation.
Inoculation of New World Primates With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: McClure Myra O. , Schulz Thomas F. , Tedder Richard S. , Gow John , McKeating Jane A. , Weiss Robin A. , Baskerville Arthur
Published: August 2020

The susceptibility of common marmosets and cotton‐top tamarins to infection by HIV‐2 in vivo was tested. One year and 19 months, respectively, post‐inoculation, sera taken from three of four animals from each species are reactive for HIV‐2 antibodies and HIV‐specific nucleotide sequences were demonstrated in short‐term cultures of PBL from two cotton‐top tamarins. The animals remain in good health.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) From Experimentally Infected Chimpanzees: Isolation and Characterization
Authors: Castro B.A. , Walker C.M. , Tateno M. , Cheng‐Mayer C. , Heberling R. , Eichberg J.W. , Levy J.A.
Published: August 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) isolates obtained from chimpanzees that had undergone various immunosuppressive treatments were characterized by growth on various primary cells and cell lines as well as by restriction endonuclease analysis. Viruses recovered from animals inoculated with uncloned HIV showed genetic variation from the original inoculum, whereas viruses isolated from an animal infected with a molecular clone of HIV did not. In some cases, virus recovery was possible only after enrichment for CD4+ cells by panning, inoculation with a chimpanzee cytomegalovirus, or a combination of these procedures. These findings indicate a role for viral and host cofactors in the control of virus replication and suggest explanations for the absence of clinical manifestations in HIV‐infected chimpanzees.
Specificity of Chimpanzee Antibodies Binding a Strain‐Specific HIV‐1 Neutralization Epitope of the External Envelope
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap , Bakker Margreet , Smit Lia , Meloen Rob H.
Published: August 2020

Sera from three chimpanzees infected with a primary lymphadenopathy‐associated virus (LAV‐1) or human T‐lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV‐IIIB) passage, from two chimpanzees infected with blood from the primary infected chimpanzees, and from one chimpanzee infected with blood from a secondary passage animal all bound the peptides 3B and 3B/RF, sharing the sequence IQRGPGR, with equally high titers. Pepscan analysis confirmed the amino acids Q, R, G, P, and G as irreplaceable in order to retain antigenicity.
Proliferative T‐Cell Response to HIV Envelope Glycoprotein in Immunized and Infected Primates and Human Beings
Authors: Krohn Kai , Ranki Annamari , Lusso Paolo , Moss Bernard , Ashorn Per , Arthur Larry O. , Putney Scott D. , Gallo Robert C.
Published: August 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐specific helper T‐cell response was studied in human subjects and nonhuman primates either infected with HIV or immunized with different HIV protein preparations. A strong group‐specific T‐cell response involving T‐cell proliferation and lymphokine secretion was observed in immunized chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys as well as HIV‐infected chimpanzees and gibbons. HIV‐infected people demonstrated a low or no HIV‐specific T‐cell response. In contrast, five of 14 HIV antibody‐negative sexual partners of HIV‐infected men recognized one or more T‐cell epitopes in the envelope glycoprotein of HIV.