bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface cracks—geomorphological indicators for late Quaternary halotectonic movements in Northern Germany
Authors: Hardt Jacob , Norden Ben , Bauer Klaus , Toelle Ole , Krambach Jenny
Published: August 2021

Loading and unloading effects of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet triggered halotectonic movements in Northern Germany. We present newly detected geomorphological features—termed surface cracks—which indicate a relation between ice sheet‐induced salt movement and surface processes. As a part of the Central European Basin System, numerous Zechstein salt structures are abundant in the North German Basin. On the basis of high‐resolution digital terrain data, more than 160 surface cracks were mapped in Northern Germany, which were grouped into 30 clusters. Almost all of the surface cracks occur above the top regions of Zechstein salt structures. The surface cracks can be several kilometres long, up to more than 20 m deep and more than 100 m wide. The comparison of the shape of the salt structures and the orientation of the cracks reveals a geometric dependency, indicating that the cracks preferably occur near the crest margins of the salt structures. Furthermore, 3D seismic data from two sites show that subsurface faults originating from salt movement exist beneath the surface cracks. We interpret the cracks as surface ruptures due to ice sheet‐induced halotectonic movements. The cracks occur in a variety of Quaternary sediments and landforms. This indicates that widespread halokinetic movements occurred in the region after the last (Weichselian) deglaciation and likely before the thawing of the permafrost, possibly in a time frame from c. 30–20 ka until c. 15 ka.
Protective effects of tea extracts against alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via modulating cytochrome P450 2E1 expression and ameliorating oxidative damage
Authors: Li Bang‐Yan , Mao Qian‐Qian , Gan Ren‐You , Cao Shi‐Yu , Xu Xiao‐Yu , Luo Min , Li Hang‐Yu , Li Hua‐Bin
Published: August 2021

The alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) has been a severe public health problem. Oxidative stress is involved in the initiation and progression of AFLD. Tea is a popular beverage worldwide with strong antioxidant activity. In this research, our purpose is to explore and compare the effects of 12 selected teas on AFLD. The ethanol liquid diet was used to feed the mice, and 12 tea extracts were administrated at 200 mg/kg body weight every day for 4 weeks. The results showed that the application of several tea extracts exhibited different inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation induced by sub‐acute alcohol consumption based on the determination of triglyceride concentration and the histological alteration in the liver. In addition, several teas significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, inhibited the cytochrome P450 2E1 expression, and promoted alcohol metabolism (p < .05). Besides, compared with the model group, several teas obviously elevated superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as glutathione content, and remarkably decreased malondialdehyde level (p < .05). In general, Fried Green Tea, Fenghuang Narcissus Oolong Tea, and Pu‐erh Dark Tea possessed potential preventive effects on AFLD. Moreover, the main phytochemicals in the three tea extracts were determined and quantified via high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the most commonly detected ingredients were catechins and caffeine, which could exert the protective effects on AFLD.
Dietary intake of creatine and risk of medical conditions in U.S. older men and women: Data from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Ostojic Sergej M. , Korovljev Darinka , Stajer Valdemar
Published: August 2021

We examined dietary intake of creatine in U.S. men and women aged 65 years and over, and evaluated the association between creatine intake and risk of self‐reported medical conditions, and physical functioning/disability variables using data from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The NHANES 2017–2018 target population included the noninstitutionalized civilian resident population of the United States aged 65 years and over. Detailed dietary intake data from NHANES elderly were obtained by dietary interview component through a 24‐h dietary recall interview, with estimated individual values for total grams of creatine consumed per day for each respondent. A threshold for dietary intake of creatine used to calculate risk between creatine intake and medical conditions was set at 1.00 g/day. The sample population included 1500 participants aged 65 years and older, of which 1221 individuals (627 men and 594 women) provided detailed dietary data via a dietary interview. Creatine intake across all participants was 0.76 ± 0.79 g/day (95% CI from 0.72 to 0.81). As much as 70% of U.S. elderly consume <1.00 g of creatine per day, with about 1 in 5 individuals (19.8%) consume no creatine at all. Elderly with the suboptimal intake of creatine were found to have 2.62 times higher risk of angina pectoris (adjusted OR = 2.62, 95% CI from 1.14 to 6.01, p = .023) and 2.59 times higher risk of liver conditions (adjusted OR = 2.59, 95% CI from 1.23 to 5.48, p = .013), compared with older counterparts who consume ≥1.00 g of creatine per day after controlling for demographic and nutritional variables. The considerable shortage of dietary creatine is associated with an increased risk of heart and liver conditions, which calls for public measures that foster diets rich in creatine‐containing foods, and additional research to investigate the role of creatine in age‐related diseases.
Phosphorylation of androgen receptor by mTORC1 promotes liver steatosis and tumorigenesis
Authors: Ren Qian‐Nan , Zhang Hong , Sun Chao‐Yue , Zhou Yu‐Feng , Yang Xue‐Feng , Long Jian‐Wu , Li Xiao‐Xing , Mai Shi‐Juan , Zhang Mei‐Yin , Zhang Hui‐Zhong , Mai Hai‐Qiang , Chen Min‐Shan , Zheng X.F. Steven , Wang Hui‐Yun
Published: August 2021

Background and Aims

Androgen receptor (AR) has been reported to play an important role in the development and progression of man’s prostate cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is also male‐dominant, but the role of AR in HCC remains poorly understood. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) also has been reported to be highly activated in HCC. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of AR phosphorylation and its relationship with mTORC1 in hepatocarcinogenesis.

Approach and Results

In vitro experiment, we observed that mTORC1 interacts with hepatic AR and phosphorylates it at S96 in response to nutrient and mitogenic stimuli in HCC cells. S96 phosphorylation promotes the stability, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity of AR, which enhances de novo lipogenesis and proliferation in hepatocytes and induces liver steatosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice independently and cooperatively with androgen. Furthermore, high ARS96 phosphorylation is observed in human liver steatotic and HCC tissues and is associated with overall survival and disease‐free survival, which has been proven as an independent survival predictor for patients with HCC.

Conclusions

AR S96 phosphorylation by mTORC1 drives liver steatosis and HCC development and progression independently and cooperatively with androgen, which not only explains why HCC is man‐biased but also provides a target molecule for prevention and treatment of HCC and a potential survival predictor in patients with HCC.
The association between Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance and depressive symptoms among Chinese middle‐aged and older adults: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: Sun Jian , Yao Nengliang , Lyu Shoujun
Published: August 2021

It is unclear that whether Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) is associated with depressive symptoms among middle‐aged and older adults. To fulfill this research gap, this study aimed to investigate the association between URRBMI and depressive symptoms among the middle‐aged and older adults in China. This data of this study was sourced from the 2018 wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models were used to explore the association between URRBMI and depressive symptoms. Instrumental variable (IV) method was employed to address potential endogeneity problem which is caused by reverse causation and omitted variable bias. Propensity score matching (PSM) and doubly robust estimation were employed to conduct robustness checks. We provide robust evidence indicating that participation of URRBMI was significantly correlated with a reduced depression score. Moreover, we find that improving the utilization of inpatient and outpatient care may be important channels through which URRBMI relieved depressive symptoms.
Ultrafast presodiation of graphene anodes for high‐efficiency and high‐rate sodium‐ion storage
Authors: Zheng Ganyu , Lin Qiaowei , Ma Jiabin , Zhang Jun , He Yan‐Bing , Tang Xian , Kang Feiyu , Lv Wei , Yang Quan‐Hong
Published: August 2021

The low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) is a significant problem hindering the practical uses of carbon anodes in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), especially for the carbons with large surface area. Presodiation is an effective way to solve the above problem, but it always needs complicated operations and cannot suppress the unavoidable electrolyte decomposition in the assembled battery. Herein, we develop an ultrafast chemical presodiation method for reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using sodium naphthalene (Na‐Nt) dissolved in dimethoxyethane (DME) solvent as a presodiation reagent. The presodiation effectively improves the ICE of rGO to 96.8% and forms an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on its surface due to the decomposition of the formed complex between Na+ and DME. The formed artificial SEI suppresses the excessive decomposition of electrolytes in the assembled battery, leading to a formation of uniform and inorganic component–rich SEI on rGO surface, which enables a rapid interfacial ion transfer. Therefore, the presodiated rGO showed excellent rate performance with a high capacity of 198.5 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1. Moreover, excellent cycle stability indicated by the high capacity retention of 68.4% over 1000 cycles was also achieved, showing the potential to promote the practical uses of high‐rate rGO anode in SIBs.

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A Bayesian approach to account for misclassification in prevalence and trend estimation
Authors: van Hasselt Martijn , Bollinger Christopher R. , Bray Jeremy W.
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we present a Bayesian approach to estimate the mean of a binary variable and changes in the mean over time, when the variable is subject to misclassification error. These parameters are partially identified, and we derive identified sets under various assumptions about the misclassification rates. We apply our method to estimating the prevalence and trend of prescription opioid misuse, using data from the 2002–2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Using a range of priors, the posterior distribution provides evidence that among middle‐aged White men, the prevalence of opioid misuse increased multiple times between 2002 and 2012.
Methodology, selection, and integration of fracture healing assessments in mice
Authors: Knox Adam M. , McGuire Anthony C. , Natoli Roman M. , Kacena Melissa A. , Collier Christopher D.
Published: August 2021

Long bone fractures are one of the most common and costly medical conditions encountered after trauma. Characterization of the biology of fracture healing and development of potential medical interventions generally involves animal models of fracture healing using varying genetic or treatment groups, then analyzing relative repair success via the synthesis of diverse assessment methodologies. Murine models are some of the most widely used given their low cost, wide variety of genetic variants, and rapid breeding and maturation. This review addresses key concerns regarding fracture repair investigations in mice and may serve as a guide in conducting and interpreting such studies. Specifically, this review details the procedures, highlights relevant parameters, and discusses special considerations for the selection and integration of the major modalities used for quantifying fracture repair in such studies, including X‐ray, microcomputed tomography, histomorphometric, biomechanical, gene expression and biomarker analyses.
Baseline soundscapes of deep‐sea habitats reveal heterogeneity among ecosystems and sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts
Authors: Chen Chong , Lin Tzu‐Hao , Watanabe Hiromi Kayama , Akamatsu Tomonari , Kawagucci Shinsuke
Published: August 2021

Underwater soundscapes, though invisible, are crucial in shaping the biodiversity of marine ecosystems by acting as habitat‐specific settlement cues for larvae. The deep sea has received little attention in soundscape research, but it is being targeted for mineral extraction to feed the ever‐growing needs of our society. Anthropogenic impacts on soundscapes influence the resilience of key shallow‐water habitats, and the same likely applies to the deep. Japan is a forerunner in deep‐sea mining, but virtually no deep soundscape baselines exist for Japanese waters. Here, we report baseline soundscapes from four deep‐sea locations in Japan, including the Suiyo Seamount hydrothermal vent, the abyssal plain around the Minamitorishima Island home to manganese nodule fields and muds rich in rare‐earth elements, twilight depths off Sanriku, as well as a typical bathyal system in Suruga Bay. Long‐duration audio recordings were visualized and factorized by an unsupervised machine learning model, revealing differing characteristics among the habitats. Two locations near the coast are highly influenced by shipping noise. The Suiyo vent is characterized by low‐frequency sounds from venting, and the abyssal Minamitorishima is quiet with a flat spectral shape. Noise from observation platforms is likely sufficient to alter soundscape characteristics, especially in offshore locations, suggesting offshore mining‐targeted areas are susceptible to impacts from anthropogenic noise. We argue that the monitoring of soundscapes is an indispensable component for assessing potential mining impacts on deep‐sea ecosystems. Our results establish reference points for future soundscape monitoring and assessment in Japanese waters as well as similar ecosystems globally.
Mesh distortion insensitive and locking‐free Petrov–Galerkin low‐order EAS elements for linear elasticity
Authors: Pfefferkorn Robin , Betsch Peter
Published: August 2021

One of the most successful mixed finite element methods in solid mechanics is the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method developed by Simo and Rifai in 1990. However, one major drawback of EAS elements is the highly mesh dependent accuracy. In fact, it can be shown that not only EAS elements, but every finite element with a symmetric stiffness matrix must either fail the patch test or be sensitive to mesh distortion in bending problems (higher order displacement modes) if the shape of the element is arbitrary. This theorem was established by MacNeal in 1992. In the present work we propose a novel Petrov–Galerkin approach for the EAS method, which is equivalent to the standard EAS method in case of regular meshes. However, in case of distorted meshes, it allows to overcome the mesh‐distortion sensitivity without loosing other advantages of the EAS method. Three design conditions established in this work facilitate the construction of the element which does not only fulfill the patch test but is also exact in many bending problems regardless of mesh distortion and has an exceptionally high coarse mesh accuracy. Consequently, high quality demands on mesh topology might be relaxed.
Temperature effect on thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of Ag nanoparticle filled thermoplastic polyurethane composites
Authors: Chen Xin‐Gang , Li Ang , Zhang Yang‐Fei
Published: August 2021

Ag nanoparticle filled thermoplastic polyurethane (AgNPs/TPU) composites are widely used in medical, energy, packaging, electronic devices, additive manufacturing and many other fields, where the service temperature fluctuates easily, making it necessary to study the temperature effect on the properties of composites. In this work, multifunctional AgNPs/TPU composites with different AgNP contents were prepared by a mixing and hot‐pressing method. The results show that the phase change property of TPU is not affected by the addition of AgNPs, but the thermal diffusivity is improved. As the content of AgNPs increases, the thermal conductivities of AgNPs/TPU composites increase significantly, whereas the temperature has an opposite effect. The results of elongation at break and tensile strength show a decreased trend with the increase in the AgNP content and a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase in temperature. As the temperature increases, the tensile moduli of AgNPs/TPU composites decrease significantly. For the temperature higher than 50°C, the electrical percolation thresholds of composites decrease from 5.5 vol% to a lower content. The results prove that the temperature has a significant influence on the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of AgNPs/TPU composites.
Cartilage polymers: From viscoelastic solutions to weak gels*
Authors: Horkay Ferenc , Douglas Jack F.
Published: August 2021

The dynamic properties of the polymeric components of cartilage are important for understanding the many biological functions of this biological tissue. Knowledge of the rheology of these materials is also crucial for the development of therapeutic treatments for diseases, such as arthritis, in which cartilage loses its functional physiological properties. In the present work complementary noninvasive techniques, rheology and dynamic light scattering (DLS) are used to probe the structural and dynamic properties of solutions of the principal proteoglycan components of cartilage extracellular matrix at different levels of structural hierarchy (chondroitin sulfate, aggrecan, aggrecan‐hyaluronic acid complex). It is shown that the bottlebrush shaped aggrecan molecules form large, loosely organized polyelectrolyte domains comprised of molecules organized into diffuse branched polymer network structures permeated by a diffuse cloud of counter‐ions. The rheological behaviors of these polymer solutions vary from viscoelastic solutions, consistent with the formation of dynamic polymer clusters in solution, to “weak gel” materials exhibiting approximate power law shear stress relaxation or creep over a wide range of timescales.
Reaction of hydroxyl radical with arenes in solution—On the importance of benzylic hydrogen abstraction
Authors: Waggoner Abygail R. , Abdulrahman Yahya , Iverson Alexis J. , Gibson Ethan P. , Buckles Mark A. , Poole James S.
Published: August 2021

The regioselectivity of hydroxyl radical reactions with alkylarenes was investigated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based methodology capable of trapping and quantifying addition and hydrogen abstraction products of the initial elementary step of the oxidation process. Abstraction products are relatively minor components of the product mixtures (15–30 mol%), depending on the magnitude of the overall rate coefficient and the number of available hydrogens. The relative reactivity of addition at a given position on the ring depends on its relation to the methyl substituents on the hydrocarbons under study. The reactivity enhancements for disubstituted and trisubstituted rings are approximately additive under the conditions of this study.
Modification of the Mechanical Properties of Core‐Shell Liquid Gallium Nanoparticles by Thermal Oxidation at Low Temperature
Authors: Catalán‐Gómez Sergio , Redondo‐Cubero Andrés , Morales Miguel , de la Mata María , Molina Sergio I. , Palomares Francisco J. , Carnicero Alberto , Pau Jose L. , Vázquez Luis
Published: August 2021

Gallium nanoparticles (Ga NPs) are attracting increasing attention because of their appealing physical‐chemical properties. In particular, their mechanical properties play a key role in the implementation of these core‐shell structures on certain applications, such as soft and stretchable electronics. Thus, efforts are being addressed to modulate them mainly by chemical means. In contrast, this study investigates how the mechanical properties of the outer gallium thin oxide shell change when its thickness is increased through a thermal oxidation strategy. Specifically, as‐deposited Ga NPs, as well as those subjected to thermal oxidation at 300 °C for three different times, are studied by performing single‐particle indentations by atomic force microscopy over a wide range of NP radius. This analysis helps to confirm that the Reissner's thin‐shell model for small deformations within the elastic regime is obeyed. From these data, the dependence of the shell stiffness and the Young's modulus of the gallium oxide on the thermal treatment is obtained. It is found that the shell stiffness increases with the annealing time, even by a factor of 50 under prolonged thermal oxidation, while the gallium oxide Young's modulus, close to 30 GPa, does not change significantly.
Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist in ventilated very preterm infants: A crossover study
Authors: Oda Arata , Parikka Vilhelmiina , Lehtonen Liisa , Azimi Sepinoud , Porres Ivan , Soukka Hanna
Published: August 2021

Objective

To assess the effects of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) ventilation on oxygenation and respiratory parameters in preterm infants.

Study Design

An observational crossover study with a convenience sample of 19 infants born before 30 gestational weeks. Study parameters were recorded during 3‐h periods of both NAVA and conventional ventilation. The proportion of time peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and cerebral regional oxygen saturation (cRSO2) were within their target ranges, plus the number and severity of desaturation episodes were analyzed. In addition, electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi), neural respiratory rates, and peak inspiratory pressures (PIPs) were recorded.

Results

Infants were born at a median age of 264/7 gestational weeks (range: 230/7–293/7); the study was performed at a median age of 20 days (range: 1–82). The proportion of time SpO2 was within the target range, the number of peripheral desaturations or cRSO2 did not differ between the modes. However, the desaturation severity index was lower (131 vs. 152; p = .03) and fewer manual supplemental oxygen adjustments (1.3 vs. 2.2/h; p = .006) were needed during the period of NAVA ventilation following conventional ventilation. The mean Edi (8.1 vs. 11.4 µV; p < .006) and PIP values (14.9 vs. 19.1; p < .001) were lower during the NAVA mode.

Conclusions

Although NAVA ventilation did not increase the proportion of time with optimal saturation, it was associated with decreased diaphragmatic activity, lower PIPs, less severe hypoxemic events, and fewer manual oxygen adjustments in very preterm infants.
Pharmacokinetic modeling of R and S‐Methadone and their metabolites to study the effects of various covariates in post‐operative children
Authors: Aruldhas Blessed W. , Quinney Sara K. , Overholser Brian R. , Heathman Michael A. , Masters Andrea R. , Ly Reynold C. , Gao Hongyu , Packiasabapathy Senthil , Sadhasivam Senthilkumar
Published: August 2021

Methadone is a synthetic opioid used as an analgesic and for the treatment of opioid abuse disorder. The analgesic dose in the pediatric population is not well‐defined. The pharmacokinetics (PKs) of methadone is highly variable due to the variability in alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) and genotypic differences in drug‐metabolizing enzymes. Additionally, the R and S enantiomers of methadone have unique PK and pharmacodynamic properties. This study aims to describe the PKs of R and S methadone and its metabolite 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) in pediatric surgical patients and to identify sources of inter‐ and intra‐individual variability. Children aged 8–17.9 years undergoing orthopedic surgeries received intravenous methadone 0.1 mg/kg intra‐operatively followed by oral methadone 0.1 mg/kg postoperatively every 12 h. Pharmacokinetics of R and S methadone and EDDP were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assays and the data were modeled using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling in NONMEM. R and S methadone PKs were well‐described by two‐compartment disposition models with first‐order absorption and elimination. EDDP metabolites were described by one compartment disposition models with first order elimination. Clearance of both R and S methadone were allometrically scaled by bodyweight. CYP2B6 phenotype was a determinant of the clearance of both the enantiomers in an additive gene model. The intronic CYP3A4 single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2246709 was associated with decreased clearance of R and S methadone. Concentrations of AAG and the SNP of AAG rs17650 independently increased the volume of distribution of both the enantiomers. The knowledge of these important covariates will aid in the optimal dosing of methadone in children.
Electron–Hole Plasma‐Induced Dephasing in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Neuhaus Josefine , Stroucken Tineke , Koch Stephan W.
Published: August 2021

Electron–hole plasma‐induced dephasing and its influence on the excitonic absorption and the degenerate four‐wave mixing spectra in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides are investigated. A systematic microscopic theory is presented that combines density functional calculations for the linear material properties with a many‐body equation of motion approach for the optical response. Numerical results are obtained for the example of an hBN‐encapsulated layer of . It is shown that the influence of the excitation‐induced dephasing depends only weakly on the exact shape of the carrier distribution for small densities, whereas distribution details become more important with increasing density.
Transient Anisotropic Photocurrent Induced Terahertz Emission from the Surface of Black Phosphorus
Authors: Zhu Lipeng , Huang Yuanyuan , He Chuan , Wu Yue , Zhou Yixuan , Fan Zeyu , Dong Jun , Zhang Kai , Xu Xinlong
Published: August 2021

Anisotropic second‐order nonlinear optical effects have not been experimentally observed in bulk black phosphorus (BP) because of the presence of inversion symmetry. Herein, it is experimentally shown that the anisotropic second‐order nonlinear optical effect can be observed at the surface of BP with inversion symmetry breaking by terahertz emission spectroscopy. The dependence of the terahertz emission on the azimuthal angle, pump power, and polarization states is investigated in a reflection configuration. The results can be well fitted by photogalvanic theory, which proves that the terahertz emission process is dominated by a second‐order nonlinear optical effect. In addition, it is demonstrated that the oxidization process at the surface can protect the terahertz surface emission from the bulk BP. These results prove the BP crystal can be used as an alternative terahertz emitter and the radiation mechanism shows that the second‐order nonlinear optical effect can occur at the surface of the bulk BP crystal.
The role of geometric phase in dissociation dynamics of the molecule
Authors: Gao Wei , Ren Lu‐Lu , Liu Run‐Qin , Han Yong‐Chang
Published: August 2021

This work explores the role of geometric phase (GP), which results from light induced conical intersection (LICI), in photodissociation process of the molecule through solving the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation. The dissociation results between two cases including GP and excluding GP are compared. Different from the case including GP, the angular distribution of photofragments excluding GP is non‐vanishing at which is the angle between the molecular axis and the polarization direction of laser field. Furthermore, in strong field, when the initial vibrational energy is higher than the energy of LICI point, not only the photofragments distributions present obvious quantum interference structures, but also the angular distributions of the photofragments of two cases have opposite oscillatory structure around . This also shows that the GP effect and nonadiabatic effect of LICI are unified in photodissociation processes.
4: Study on the Heat Dissipation of Flexible Vehicle AMOLED Display
Authors: Mou Xin , Zhao Hui , Zhang Lin , Huang Xing , Feng You-Xiong
Published: August 2021

A 12.3 inch FHD flexible AMOLED display module for vehicle application was produced and the heat dissipation was studied. Passive thermal management technology was investigated and a simplified steady heat transfer model was established to analysis the thermal properties of the vehicle AMOLED display module. The simulation results were good consistent with the measured data. By optimizing the structure and materials of heat dissipation, the surface temperature of the AMOLED display module with the luminance of 800 cd/m2 at full white pattern can be decreased to 42.5 °C which was 4.1 °C lower than that of without any dissipation films.
3.3: Fabricating Self‐Powered E‐paper on Paper Substrates and Driven by Triboelectric Nanogenerator Module
Authors: Liu Guangyou , Gu Yifan , Zhong Min , He Zhi , Wang Li , Qin Zong , Hou Tingting , Pu Xiong , Yang Bo-ru
Published: August 2021

The electronic paper (E‐paper) has the advantages of low power consumption, flexibility, small form factor, and eye‐friendliness. However, most E‐paper substrates are made by indium tin oxide (ITO) glasses or plastic substrates, which are hard to degrade in the natural environment. Our previous work introduced a self‐powered E‐paper (SPEP) integrated with triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Here, a paper‐based SPEP was further demonstrated, driven by a TENG module without any other power module. By combining the self‐powered driving mode and paper substrates, this work showed novel possibilities for E‐paper devices, which provided great potential in future Internet of things (IoT) displays.
4.4: An EMI Reduction Source Driver for Lager Size Panel
Authors: Guo Xiaoyu , Li Hongge , Xue Xiangyu , Li Junfu , Ji Fulu
Published: August 2021

This paper presents an EMI (Electromagnetic interference) reduction high‐voltage source driver circuits for large‐size printed OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) panel. The proposed 10‐bit source driver output glitch reduces by 94.2% because the coding mode is changed from traditional binary to Gray code. The EMI of source driver to pixel circuit and touch panel is reduced owing to smaller glitch. The proposed Gray code source driver decreases power consumption at the same time.
5.3: Quantifying Natural Light for Lighting and Display Design
Authors: Yu Cehao , Pont Sylvia
Published: August 2021

In natural scenes, the wavelength‐dependent sunlight scattering in the atmosphere and the presence of occluders and mutual reflections cause variations in the local illumination's magnitude, direction, and spectral composition as a function of time and space. Yet, unlike the characterization of temporal changes of natural light, these spatial variations have received relatively limited attention. In this paper, we employed the light field concept to quantify those variations and empirically demonstrated that they are significant and how the different contributions of the diffuse and directed parts can be measured.
11.2: Invited Paper: Three‐sided Borderless Low IR Drop Mini‐LED Display Based on High Mobility Oxide TFT
Authors: Zhou Lei , Xu Miao
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we introduce a Mini‐LED display based on high mobility oxide thin film transistor (TFT) panel. The Mini‐LED display panel has a 160 × 160RGB pixel array with a pixel pitch of 0.6mm A new power line structure is adopted to minimize the IR drop of power line to achieve a uniform display. In this Mini‐LED display panel, a high mobility Ln‐IZO TFT is used, which helps to reduce the power of Mini‐LED panel. Both gate IC, source IC and fanout lines are placed at the top of the display, and a three‐sided borderless Mini‐LED display can be realized after laser cutting. Then 2×N display can be spliced by this 160×160RGB three‐sided borderless panel, such as 320×480 RGB(2×3 spliced). At last, a PWM driving method is introduced, which can achieve a better grayscale display.
11.3: A Truly Borderless Design for Tiled Micro‐LED Display
Authors: Dai Wenjun , Feng Yaming , Gong Hua , Chen Haijing , Xing Liang , Wu Tianyi , Ding Yuan
Published: August 2021

Compared with LCD and OLED, micro/mini LED display has been proved to be more suitable for tiled display. For tiled display, tiled seams visibility is one of the critical concerns. To achieve seamless tiled display, several aspects have to be carefully handled, such as panel border design, process realization, and encapsulation method and so on. This article discusses these related technical solutions for seamless tiled display.
12.1: Invited Paper: Efficiency enhancement in dual emission OLEDs
Authors: Yan Zhimin , Liu Qiang , Su Shengxun , Zhang Dongdong , Liu Yawei , Liu Xiang , Du Zhe , Li Junfeng , Duan Lian
Published: August 2021

Transparent displays are attracting more and more attentions nowadays, benefited from its widely application in TVs, automobiles and shopwindows. Dual emission Organic Light Emitting Devices (OLEDs) are efficient solution to increase the transmittance of OLED displays, while the device efficiency is always low. Here we introduce a thin metal film to enhance the device efficiency by building a weak micro‐cavity. To further increase the efficiency, lifetime and maximum luminance, tandem device is established with the efficiency comparable to single top emission device
19.4: Pixel‐Level Color Measurement Used for MicroLED Inspection Based on Imaging Spectrometer
Authors: Luo Shiwen , Hong Zhikun , Zheng Zengqiang , Zhao Biao , Yin Zhengzheng , Zheng Jiong
Published: August 2021

With the development of MicroLED technology, MicroLED displays show attractive potential because of high brightness, high efficiency, low energy consumption and long lifetime. However, it's difficult to deal with MicroLED displays' defect inspection and color measurement because MicroLED displays usually contain millions of pixels which emit light separately. In this paper, pixel‐level color measurement based on imaging spectrometer is introduced which can be used for MicroLED inspection. The imaging spectrometer offers high color measurement accuracy under different conditions including luminance, spectral shape, bandwidth. Compared with colorimeter based on color camera, the imaging spectrometer offers better accuracy and robustness.
20.1: Invited Paper: High Performance Top‐Emission Inkjet Printed OLEDs with Printed Electron Transport Layer
Authors: Wang Shipan , Wang Ziqi , Su Liang , Dong Ting , Zhuang Jinyong , Fu Dong
Published: August 2021

High performance top‐emission inkjet printed (IJP) OLEDs have been successfully developed with printed electron transport layer (ETL). The major challenge of multilayer IJP OLEDs is that the solution deposition of the upper layer will cause penetration, dissolution, or intermixing of the under‐layer film. Through optimization of ETL ink formulation and employing the solvent‐resistant EML materials, the damage of the ink solvent to the EML film can be well alleviated.
24.2: Invited Paper: Design of multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Jingxiang , Matulaitis Tomas , Pagidi Sudhakar , Zysman-Colman Eli
Published: August 2021

Two strategies to improve the performance of multiresonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) compounds are explored. These include incorporation of units to turn on aggregation‐induced emission so as to permit use of MR‐TADF compounds at high doping concentrations, and the use of heavy atoms to increase spin‐orbit coupling to enhance reverse intersystem crossing rates. Preliminary photophysical investigations are presented.
25.1: Invited Paper: Overcoming the Challenges in microLED Inspection and Manufacturing
Authors: Lewis David , Dechter Rimma , Ley Ryan , Wong Matthew , Khoury Michel
Published: August 2021

MicroLED displays offer many advantages over existing display technologies, but manufacturing challenges remain before they can be commercially viable. InZiv is developing new microLED inspection tools with the highest resolution in optical, spectral, and structural characterization. This paper reviews critical challenges facing the industry and solutions to address them.
25.6: A Study on Micro‐LED Stamp Transfer Technology: Requirement and Challenges
Authors: Wang Yan , Dong Xiaobiao , Han Saisai , Song Yuhua , Sheng Cuicui , Wang Chenggong , Huang Xiuqi , Ge Yong
Published: August 2021

Micro‐LED is an emerging technology that is believed to be the next generation of display technology after OLED, due to its higher brightness and longer life time. Mass transfer is a key component towards the mass production of micro‐LED manufacture. Among all efforts to make micro‐LED display a reality, PDMS stamp transprint is the mainstream solution that is, so far, ahead of the game than all the other approaches. A key requirement for PDMS transfer is the quality of the stamp, more specifically, in the aspects of flatness uniformity, sticky force level, materials processing, and size enlarging. Based on these perceptions, we endeavored to achieve a ∼3cm×4cm area stamp that has overall flatness in the order of a few microns, through the efforts of optimizing fabrication hardware, materials processing and designing special tools.
26.3: Advanced Alignment and Metrology Concepts Using Photometric Robotics with Examples for Automotive Displays
Authors: Rotscholl Ingo , Liu Bob , Krüger Udo
Published: August 2021

The alignment quality and reproducibility in ILMD (Imaging Luminance Measurement Device) based display metrology has a great influence on the reproducibility of the obtained measurement data. In this context, this contribution outlines and introduces several advanced measurement and alignment concepts that can be performed with “photometric robotics.” The term describes machine vision performed with an ILMD supported by robotic movements.
26.4: A Quantitative Method for L0 Light Leakage Sensitivity of TFT‐LCD Based on JND Energy Ratio
Authors: Han-yan SUN , Ming-hui ZHANG , Wei-tao CHEN , Xiao-peng CUI , Xiao-jian YANG
Published: August 2021

In this paper, a quantitative evaluation method of L0 light leakage sensitivity based on JND energy ratio is established by studying the optical characterization and physical significance of L0 light leakage phenomenon. This method uses continuous quantitative indicators instead of human eye evaluation, which fully improves the accuracy and repeatability, and it can also predict the L0 light leakage level after the test module is assembled into the system set. An optical test system was built to simulate the influence of the system set. The liquid crystal module samples with different glass thickness and different sealant were tested. The test results were consistent with the qualitative judgment results of the human eye after the test module is assembled into tablet PC, and the similar level that the human eye can't be distinguished can be quantitatively distinguished. The repeatability error of the method was only 0.89%.
27.4: Improving Color Conversion of Quantum Dot Films by Bank Engineering
Authors: Duan Miao , Hou Jun , Geng Jing , Peng Wenxiang , Li Dongze
Published: August 2021

We fabricated patterned quantum dot films as c olor conversion layer using inkjet printing. Here, we studied the effect of black and gray bank p hotoresist on the color conversion of quantum dot films. Compared with black bank, the blue‐to‐red photo conversion efficiency of the gray ban k sample was improved by ∼30%.
31.2: Invited Paper: High Efficiency Red and Green InP‐Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lampande Raju , Jeong Kim Su , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: August 2021

We demonstrate high‐efficiency red and green indium phosphide (InP) quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) comprising low mobility electron transport layer and high mobility hole transport layer with deep HOMO level. Red and green InP‐QLEDs show maximum external quantum efficiency of 21.8% and 13.5%, respectively, and high device stability.
33.3: Adaptive Modulation System of the Liquid Crystal Phase Modulators
Authors: ZHANG HONGZHOU , ZHANG YUMENG , LU JIANGANG
Published: August 2021

An adaptive modulation system for a liquid crystal (LC) phase modulator is demonstrated. In order to achieve the highresolution phase distribution, the information of the transmittance distribution transformed by phase retardation is applied. By the adjustment algorithm and adaptive algorithm, the phase distribution of the LC phase modulator can perfectly match the designed phase profile in a short modulation time. The adaptive modulation system shows potential application in optical communication, wearable device and display.
35.1: Tabletop three‐dimensional floating autostereoscopic display system with 360‐degree continuous visualization
Authors: Zhang Nan , Huang Tianqi , Meng Yang , Zhang Xinran , Liao Hongen
Published: August 2021

Background Tabletop 3D display is one of the most challenging and exciting 3D displays. Among different 3D display technologies, the integral photography (IP) based tabletop 3D display is a promising 3D display with full‐color and real‐time rendering. Still, few can offer the in‐situ interaction in multi‐user scenes.

Methods In this study, we proposed a novel tabletop 3D floating autostereoscopic display system with 360‐degree continuous visualization according to the optical path and rotation design. As the brightness of the floating image will be changed due to the different angles between light source and AIP, we analyzed the AIP‐based light reflectivity and derived the relation formulas of the reflectivity. We also proposed a depth‐based multiple viewpoint rendering algorithm for real‐time face and gesture tracking to achieve the vertical parallax supplement and model control.

Results We verified the continuous visualization and light reflectivity analysis results via simulation experiments. As a result, the brightest setting angle (the angle corresponding to the highest light reflectivity) of AIP was influenced by the AIP reflection unit parameters. The proposed tabletop display realized the aerial display of the 3D model and could provide a continuous 360‐degree observation point of view between different polyhedron faces.

Conclusions We proposed a tabletop autostereoscopic 3D display system and analyzed the AIP‐based light reflectivity. The light reflectivity formulas were worthy of reference for designing the AIP 3D or 2D displays. The proposed system could meet the observation of multiple users and offer in‐air interactions.
42.4: Compact Stereo Waveguide Display Using a Polarization‐Multiplexed In‐coupling Metagrating
Authors: Liu Zeyang , Zhang Cheng , Huang Zhanhua , Guo Lingjie Jay
Published: August 2021

Three‐dimensional (3D) vision in augmented reality (AR) displays can enable highly immersive and realistic viewer experience, hence attracts much attention. Most current approaches create 3D visions by projecting stereoscopic images to different eyes using two separate projection systems, which are inevitably bulky for wearable devices. Here, we propose a compact stereo waveguide AR display system using a single piece of thin flat glass integrated with a polarization‐multiplexed metagrating in‐coupler and two diffractive grating out‐couplers. Incident light of opposite circular polarization states carrying stereoscopic images are first steered by the metagrating to opposite propagation directions in the flat glass waveguide, subsequently extracted by the diffractive gratings and finally received by different eyes, forming 3D stereo vision. Experimentally we fabricated a display prototype and demonstrated independent projection of two polarization‐multiplexed stereoscopic images. This work paves a novel path towards the implementation of high‐performance stereo displays with compact size, light weight, and multi‐color compatibility.
44.3: Enhancing the Performance and Stability of Sky‐bule Perovskite Light‐emitting Diodes with Guanidinium Thiocyanate Additive
Authors: Luo Zhongming , Liu Baoxing , Luo Xi , Xu Ping , Kwok Hoi-Sing , Li Guijun
Published: August 2021

Using additives to regulate the morphology of perovskite film is an effective method to enhance the performance of Perovskite Light‐emitting Diodes (PeLEDs). Herein, we propose the strategy of introducing guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) additive to improve the crystallinity and reduce the defect density ofthe perovskite film. Compared with the control PLEDs, the PeLEDs added with GuSCN exhibits remarkable external quantum efficiency of 8.62% at 493 nm and a high luminance of 4000 cd/m2. Furthermore, the PeLEDs with GuSCN additive shows better stability. The EQE is improved instead of reduced after 30hours storage, and the EL luminescence spectrum shows excellent stability without red shift.
49.3: Invited Paper: Progress of naked eye 3D technology by 2021
Authors: Jiangshun
Published: August 2021

This paper introduces the problems and progress of naked eye 3D technology. Based on the public technology and information in the industry, this paper introduces the common solutions and common problems of naked eye 3D large screen and small screen display. And thus put forward an overall solution to these problems, the spring of naked eye 3D technology may have come.
50.1: Invited Paper: Organic Thin‐Film Transistors with Mobility of 3cm2/Vs at L=5µm and a Process Temperature of 80 Degrees Celsius
Authors: Ogier Simon , Sharkey Dan , Carreras Alejandro
Published: August 2021

Organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) devices have been fabricated using a maximum processing temperature of 80°C making them suitable for a range of low‐cost transparent substrates. Charge mobility at transistor channel length (L) of 5 µm is up to 3cm2/Vs making OTFT suitable for a wide range of voltage or current driven display devices on plastic or glass. OTFT driven mini‐LED backlights are demonstrated showing 85,000 nits luminance making OTFT a viable technology for low‐cost HDR displays with high front of screen brightness.
52.1: Invited Paper: Next Generation Technologies for OLED displays
Authors: Matsueda Yojiro
Published: August 2021

Lifetime and cost are still big challenging for OLED products. Newly developed OLED panels for automobile applications have been introduced. The trend of the backplane technologies for OLEDs has also been reviewed and discussed. If the Oxide TFT can achieve high mobility of 50cm2/Vs with Self‐alignment structure and sufficient stability, then LTPO TFTs are no more necessary for OLED backplanes.
54.5: Wide Viewing Angle Vertical Alignment Photoluminescent LCD
Authors: Tang Shu Tuen , Chiu Hon Wah , Tseng Man Chun , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: August 2021

Owing to the angular dependent birefringence, liquid crystal displays are subject to viewing angle issues. Various wide viewing angle LCD technologies have been developed to solve the problem. The concept of photoluminescent LCD (PLLCD) as a promising solution for wide viewing LCD has been proposed more than two decades ago. Recently quantum dot photo‐luminescent material has been applied in LCD TV in the form of backlight color enhanced film (QDEF). More recently quantum dot emissive color converter which essentially changes the LCD to becoming an emissive display is also proposed. Here we report our attempt to include a photo‐luminescent film in front of a conventional LCD to enhance the viewing angle and the challenges encountered.