bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satellite-based assessment of climate controls on US burned area
Authors: Morton D. C. , Collatz G. J. , Wang D. , Randerson J. T. , Giglio L. , Chen Y.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Climate regulates fire activity through the buildup and drying of fuels and the conditions for fire ignition and spread. Understanding the dynamics of contemporary climate–fire relationships at national and sub-national scales is critical to assess the likelihood of changes in future fire activity and the potential options for mitigation and adaptation. Here, we conducted the first national assessment of climate controls on US fire activity using two satellite-based estimates of monthly burned area (BA), the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED, 1997–2010) and Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity (MTBS, 1984–2009) BA products. For each US National Climate Assessment (NCA) region, we analyzed the relationships between monthly BA and potential evaporation (PE) derived from reanalysis climate data at 0.5° resolution. US fire activity increased over the past 25 yr, with statistically significant increases in MTBS BA for the entire US and the Southeast and Southwest NCA regions. Monthly PE was strongly correlated with US fire activity, yet the climate driver of PE varied regionally. Fire season temperature and shortwave radiation were the primary controls on PE and fire activity in Alaska, while water deficit (precipitation – PE) was strongly correlated with fire activity in the Plains regions and Northwest US. BA and precipitation anomalies were negatively correlated in all regions, although fuel-limited ecosystems in the Southern Plains and Southwest exhibited positive correlations with longer lead times (6–12 months). Fire season PE increased from the 1980's–2000's, enhancing climate-driven fire risk in the southern and western US where PE–BA correlations were strongest. Spatial and temporal patterns of increasing fire season PE and BA during the 1990's–2000's highlight the potential sensitivity of US fire activity to climate change in coming decades. However, climate-fire relationships at the national scale are complex, based on the diversity of fire types, ecosystems, and ignition sources within each NCA region. Changes in the seasonality or magnitude of climate anomalies are therefore unlikely to result in uniform changes in US fire activity.
Additions to the smut fungi of Pakistan. 1.
Authors: Denchev Cvetomir M. , Fiaz Muhammad , Denchev Teodor T. , Ahmad Habib , Khalid Abdul Nasir
Published: January 2013

A new smut fungus, Sporisorium pakistanense on Pennisetum lanatum, is described and illustrated from Pakistan. Two species, Bauhinus tenuisporus on Persicaria maculosa and Sporisorium dinteri on Bothriochloa bladhii, are reported for the first
time from Pakistan.
Two new microfungi from Portugal: Magnohelicospora iberica gen. & sp. nov. and Phaeodactylium stadleri sp. nov.
Authors: Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F. , Hernández-Restrepo Margarita , Gené Josepa , Guarro Josep , Minter David W. , Saikawa Masatoshi
Published: January 2013

Two new microfungi are described and illustrated from a forest in Portugal. Magnohelicospora iberica gen. & sp. nov. is distinguished by polyblastic, integrated, sympodial conidiogenous cells and solitary, doliiform or conical, multi-euseptate, brown conidia tightly coiled
in three planes. Phaeodactylium stadleri sp. nov. is characterized by obovoid to clavate, 0- to 2-septate, coarsely verruculose, subhyaline to very pale brown conidia. A key to accepted Phaeodactylium species is provided.
Kuehneola warburgiana comb. nov. (Phragmidiaceae, Pucciniales), causing witches' brooms on Rosa bracteata
Authors: Ono Yoshitaka
Published: January 2013

Caeomatoid rust infection has been observed on Rosa bracteata plants at a single site in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, since 1995. The fungus (not previously known in Japan) was identified as Caeoma warburgiana by its characteristic systemic infection causing witches'
brooms and its spore morphology. Uredinial and telial sori were found on the leaves of the witches' brooms of the infected rose plants at the same site in 2009. The urediniospores were pedicellate and echinulate. The teliospores were composed of two to four linearly arranged, thin-walled cells
on a short pedicel. Caeoma-type aecia, Uredo-type uredinia and pedicellate teliospores with two to four linearly arranged cells are characteristic of the genus Kuehneola. Identical telia and teliospores were found in the lectotype of C. warburgiana. Caeoma warburgiana
is recombined as Kuehneola warburgiana.
A new species of Inonotus (Basidiomycotina, Hymenochaetales) from tropical Yunnan, China
Authors: Li Hai-Jiao , He Shuang-Hui
Published: January 2013

Inonotus puerensis sp. nov. is reported from tropical China. It is characterized by having a perennial habit, duplex context, a monomitic hyphal structure, presence of both hyphoid setae and hymenial setae, and coloured basidiospores. Detailed descriptions with illustration are
provided for the new species, and its relationships with similar species are discussed.
Two new species of white truffle from China
Authors: Fan Li , Cao Jin-Zhong
Published: January 2013

Two new white truffle species from China are described and illustrated. Tuber pseudomagnatum is characterized by yellow white ascomata with blackish gleba and small elliptic ascospores with a large meshed reticulum. Tuber liyuanum is separated from other species by its
white ascomata, brown gleba, and elliptic to long elliptic ascospores with a regular reticulum. ITS based sequence analyses support the erection of the two new species.
New records of Lecanora for Bolivia
Authors: Liwa Lucyna , Wilk Karina , Flakus Pamela Rodriguez , Flakus Adam
Published: January 2013

Lecanora cavicola, L. laxa, L. stenotropa, and L. subaurea are reported as new to South America, and L. flowersiana and L. semipallida as new to Bolivia. Distributions of the species are discussed and information on their chemistry and diagnostic
characters are provided.
Amanita chocoana—a new species from Ecuador
Authors: Wartchow Felipe , Gamboa-Trujillo J. Paúl
Published: January 2013

Amanita chocoana, an interesting new species of section Vaginatae, is described from the Chocó region of Ecuador.
Heteroconium bannaense sp. nov. and a new record of the genus from China
Authors: Xia Ji-Wen , Ren Shou-Cai , Ma Li-Guo , Zhang Xiu-Guo
Published: January 2013

Two species of the anamorphic genus Heteroconium were discovered from tropical forests in southern China. Heteroconium bannaense sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on a specimen collected on dead stems of Phragmites communis. Heteroconium arundicum
is newly recorded from China.
Mycobilimbia and Rinodina species new to Turkey
Authors: Yazıcı Kenan
Published: January 2013

Mycobilimbia pilularis and Rinodina balanina were determined as new to Turkey and the Middle East following a recent lichenological foray in Iğdır region (Turkey). Geographic distribution, substrate, chemistry, and comparisons with morphologically similar
taxa are presented.
Lactarius annulocystidiatus sp. nov. from India
Authors: Sharma Samidha , Kaur Munruchi , Atri N. S.
Published: January 2013

Lactarius annulocystidiatus, a new species of subgenus Tristes, is found associated with Quercus leucotrichophora. It is characterized by its granular pleurocystidia, with granulations clustered in annular rings around the cystidial tips. Macro- and microscopic
features and data on ecological distribution are presented.
Tricholomopsis in Europe — phylogeny, key, and notes on variability
Authors: Holec Jan , Kolařík Miroslav
Published: January 2013

Tricholomopsis (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) species in Europe were studied by classical and molecular methods (morphology, anatomy; sequences of nuclear rDNA containing ITS1, ITS2, 5.8S and part of 28S regions). The identity of four species was confirmed: T. rutilans,
T. flammula, T. decora, T. osiliensis. Within T. flammula, two well-supported groups were recovered. An identification key based on a better understanding of the species limits was prepared. All species are briefly characterized and their variability is discussed.
Tricholomopsis ornata should be rejected; it is considered a doubtful, poorly documented taxon, and the name has been variously interpreted.
Ganoderma in Brazil: known species and new records
Authors: Torres-Torres Mabel Gisela , Guzmán-Dávalos Laura , de Mello Gugliotta Adriana
Published: January 2013

Eighteen species of Ganoderma (Basidiomycota, Polyporales, Ganodermataceae) are recorded from Brazil based on specimens deposited at EMBRAPA and SP. Twenty type specimens from Brazil, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Finland, France, Grenada, Guinea, Mexico, Nicaragua,
Panama, USA, and Venezuela were studied in order to establish the proper identity of specimens. Three species (G. mexicanum, G. perzonatum, G. pulverulentum) are new reports for Brazil, G. weberianum is recorded for the first time for America, and
G. mexicanum, G. perturbatum, and G. perzonatum, are recorded for the first time since their original description. All species with laccate pileus (except G. vivianimercedianum) and the non-laccate G. amazonense and G. brownii are described
in detail and illustrated.
A Case Study of Selected Volatile Phenols from Brettanomyces and Micronutrients Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn in Chianti Red Wines
Authors: Tamasi Gabriella , Owens Natalie F. , Cascella Fabio , Cerqua Marco , Cini Renzo
Published: January 2013

Volatile phenols 4-Ethylphenol (EtP) and 4-Ethylguaiacol (EtG), and selected metals Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in Chianti red wines were determined via Head-Space Solid Phase Micro-Extraction pretreatment and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The wine samples were Chianti Classico DOCG (CdB) and Toscana IGT (CF) from seven vintages 2008-2003, 2001. The concentration for EtP was in the range 283-862 (CdB) and 155-643 ug L-1 (CF), whereas the content of EtG ranged 40-116 (CdB) and 11-104 ug L-1 (CF). The content for metals ranged 1.42-1.82, 0.93-4.68, <0.10-0.20, and 0.53-1.10 mg L-1 for Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, respectively. The concentrations for EtP and EtG have high relative values for wines from 2004 and 2007 harvests. Interestingly, Manganese concentration follows a similar trend. Data about the metals and phenols are in agreement with much care at vine/grape and fermentation-aging-refinement procedures.
Partial Characterization of Bacteriocins Produced by Lactobacillus reuteri 2-20B and Pediococcus acidilactici 0-11A Isolated from Fura, a Millet-Based Fermented Food in Ghana
Authors: Owusu-Kwarteng James , Tano-Debrah Kwaku , Akabanda Fortune , Nielsen Dennis S. , Jespersen Lene
Published: January 2013

Cell-free supernatants (CFS) produced by 369 LAB strains previously isolated from fura and identified based on sequencing of their 16S rRNA genes were screened for their antagonistic activities against pathogenic bacteria including Bacillus cereus PA24, Escherichia coli SKN 541, Enterococcus faecalis 103907 CIP, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 19095 and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, using the agar well diffusion method. Bacteriocins of Lactobacillus reuteri 2-20B and Pediococcus acidilactici 0-11A were further evaluated for their stability when subjected to a range of pH conditions, enzymatic and heat treatments. Growth and bacteriocin production rates as well as influence of media composition on bacteriocin production were also evaluated. Cell free supernatants of Lb. reuteri and Pd. acidilactici strains exhibited the widest inhibitory activities whereas CFS of Lb. fermentum exhibited the least inhibitory activity towards the tested pathogens. Bacteriocins of Lb. reuteri 2-20B and Pd. acidilactici 0-11A retained their antibacterial activities over a wide range of pH. Whereas the antimicrobial activity of Lb. reuteri 2-20B was lost after being subjected to temperature of 90°C for 1 h, CFS of Pd. acidilactici 0-11A remained stable after autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min. Again, the antimicrobial activities of both Lb. reuteri 2-20B and Pd. acidilactici 0-11A were lost when the CFSs were subjected to the action of proteolytic enzymes but remained active under the actions of catalase, lipase and a-amylase. Production of bacteriocins by both Lb. reuteri 2-20B and Pd. acidilactici 0-11A were growth associated and influeced by media composition.
Distributed Approach for Coverage and Patrolling Missions with a Team of Heterogeneous Aerial Robots under Communication Constraints
Authors: Acevedo Jose Joaquin , Arrue Begoña C. , Maza Ivan , Ollero Anibal
Published: January 2013

Using aerial robots in area coverage applications is an emerging topic. These applications need a coverage path planning algorithm and a coordinated patrolling plan. This paper proposes a distributed approach to coordinate a team of heterogeneous UAVs cooperating efficiently in patrolling missions around irregular areas, with low communication ranges and memory storage requirements. Hence it can be used with small-scale UAVs with limited and different capabilities. The presented system uses a modular architecture and solves the problem by dividing the area between all the robots according to their capabilities. Each aerial robot performs a decomposition based algorithm to create covering paths and a ‘one-to-one’ coordination strategy to decide the path segment to patrol. The system is decentralized and fault-tolerant. It ensures a finite time to share information between all the robots and guarantees convergence to the desired steady state, based on the maximal minimum frequency criteria. A set of simulations with a team of quad-rotors is used to validate the approach.
Combining Pulsed and DC Gradients in a Clinical MRI-Based Microrobotic Platform to Guide Therapeutic Magnetic Agents in the Vascular Network
Authors: Martel Sylvain
Published: January 2013

Magnetic Resonance Navigation (MRN) relies on the use of an upgraded clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner to navigate therapeutic, imaging, or diagnostic magnetic micro-agents in the vascular network. Although the high homogeneous field in the tunnel of the MRI scanner increases the magnetization of the navigable agents towards full saturation, the magnetic gradients superposed on such a high homogeneous field, generated by the Imaging Gradient Coils (IGC) typically used for MR-image slice selection, allow the induction of pulling forces to steer such agents in the targeted branches at the vessel's bifurcations. However, increasing the magnitude of such gradients leads to a significant decrease of the duty cycle, leading to a substantial reduction of the effective steering force being applied. To increase such a duty cycle, a Steering Gradient Coils (SGC) assembly capable of higher magnitudes while maintaining a 100% duty cycle can be installed at the cost of a much slower slew rate. Here, the use and the potential effectiveness of IGC and/or SGC for guiding such agents are briefly investigated on the basis of known specifications and experimental data.
Fuzzy Logic Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance by a Mobile Robot in an Unknown Dynamic Environment
Authors: Faisal Mohammed , Hedjar Ramdane , Al Sulaiman Mansour , Al-Mutib Khalid
Published: January 2013

Mobile robot navigation has remained an open problem over the last two decades. Mobile robots are required to navigate in unknown and dynamic environments, and in recent years the use of mobile robots in material handling has considerably increased. Usually workers push carts around warehouses and manually handle orders which is not very cost-effective. To this end, a potential method to control a swarm of mobile robots in a warehouse with static and dynamic obstacles is to use the wireless control approach. Further, to be able to control different types of mobile robots in the warehouse, the fuzzy logic control approach has been chosen. Therefore, in this paper, an on-line navigation technique for a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) in an unknown dynamic environment using fuzzy logic techniques is investigated. In this paper, we aim to use the robot in application in a warehouse. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
LMF Algorithm Based on Hyper-Chaos for the Solving of Forward Displacement in a Parallel Robot Mechanism
Authors: Luo Youxin , Liu Qiyuan , Che Xiaoyi , He ZheMing
Published: January 2013

The forward displacement problem of the parallel robot mechanism can be converted to nonlinear equations in order to find solutions, but it is very difficult to find all solutions because of the strong coupling of the nonlinear equations. Given the problems of having only one solution and sometimes no convergence when solving the nonlinear equations with the Newton method and quasi-Newton method, a LMF algorithm based on hyper-chaos is proposed to solve the general 6-6 platform parallel mechanism, based on the combination of the hyper-chaos system and the Levenberg-Marquardt-Fletcher (abbreviated as LMF) algorithm. This method uses the hyper-chaotic system to produce the initial point of the LMF algorithm, and takes advantage of the characteristics of the chaotic sequence and the LMF algorithm to find all the real solutions. The numerical example shows that the new method has some characteristics such as that it runs in the initial value range, it has fast convergence, it finds all the real solutions that can be found, and it proves the correctness and validity. It provides a new approach to mechanism design.
Multikulturalita Ruské federace a její reflexe ve školním vzdělávání
Authors: Ježková V.
Published: January 2013

Ruská federace je značně multikulturní země. Tato skutečnost se projevuje také ve škole. Předmětem studie jsou dvě hlavní oblasti: řešení národnostní otázky a jazyková politika Ruské federace, a to na úrovni celé společnosti a na úrovni školního vzdělávání. Ve shrnutí je stručně porovnána situace v Ruské federaci se situací v dříve sledovaných zemích: Německu, Velké Británii, Švédsku (a České republice).
Mineral Content in Dehydrated Mango Powder
Authors: Mujahid Hussain Leghari  , Saghir Ahmed Sheikh  , M.B. Kumbhar  , A.F. Baloch
Published: January 2013

The study was carried out to explore mineral content in dehydrated mango powder made from immature green stage fruits. For the purpose, two type of slices from peeled and unpeeled fruits of four commercial grown varieties viz. Desi, Sindhri, Langra and Chaunsa were prepared. These slices were categorized into three groups A, B and C. In group A, slices were kept in controlled conditions in electric cabinet chamber (dehydrator) at 65oC temperature, while in group B, slices were dried by open sun drying method using muslin cloth over the cots at (43 ± 5 oC) and in group C, slices were kept in wooden glass dehydrator at (48 ± 4 oC).
The statistical analysis reveals highly significant differences for all main factors including varieties, dehydration methods, type of mango powder and their interactions. Chaunsa had the highest mean calcium (389.54 mg kg-1), potassium (912.07 mg kg-1) and magnesium (90.92 mg kg-1). However, only sodium was observed more in variety Langra (467.59 mg kg-1). On the basis of dehydration methods, mean calcium (407.06 mg kg-1) and magnesium (90.11 mg kg-1) content were observed more in wooden glass drying method as compared to rest of the drying methods. The sodium (511.83 mg kg-1) and potassium (811.35 mg kg-1)content were recorded the highest in open sun drying method. The powder made from fruits without peel was observed more in all mineral content including sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium.
Grain Phytic Acid Accumulation of Domestic and Exotic Rice Genotypes in Zinc-Deficient Soil
Authors: Nizamuddin Depar  , Inayatullah Rajpar  , Nabi Bux Sial  , Muhammad Ibrahim Keerio
Published: January 2013

Micronutrient malnutrition in humans living in rice growing areas is increasing rapidly due to less absorption of mineral nutrients chelated by phytic acid (anti-nutrients) present in rice grains. A field study was conducted to evaluate the grain phytic acid and zinc (Zn) accumulation of 10 field grown rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes on a Zn deficient soil. Both the Zn- efficient (Shua-92, IR-9, Shandar, IR-36, and IR-6) and Zn-inefficient (Sarshar,. UPL-48, Khushboo-95 and RG-120) rice genotypes were included in the study. The two Zn treatments (0 and 15 kg ha-1) were arranged in a two factor randomized complete block design with three replications. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P2O5) were applied at the rate of 120 and 80 kg ha-1. The rice genotypes IR-36, UPL-79, Shandar and Shua-92 were the most Zn accumulators whereas; Sarshar, IR-9 and Khushboo-95 the least accumulator in Zn deficiency. Zinc in-efficient genotype Sarshar was the highest Zn accumulator in response to Zn application. Phytic acid content of rice genotypes was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the application of Zn fertilizer. Phosphorus concentration in rice grains decreased with Zn application. Zinc in-efficient genotypes accumulated more phytic acid in their food reserves than Zn-efficient genotypes. Phytic acid: zinc ratio decreased significantly more in Zn-inefficient genotypes as compared to Zn efficient genotypes, with application of Zn fertilizer. Zinc efficient genotype Shua-92 accumulated low concentration of phytic acid. The rice genotypes Shua-92, IR-9, Shandar and IR-36 low accumulators of phytic acid performed successfully and contained higher concentrations of Zn than other genotypes.
Black Watermelon Bug, Coridius viduatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Dinidoridae) in Hatay Region of Turkey
Authors: Şener Tarla  , Halit Yetişir  , Gülcan Tarla
Published: January 2013

Black watermelon bug, Coridius viduatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Dinidoridae) is one of the most important pest of watermelon in many of African countries. This species is known to be present in Turkey. Although several studies on this species have been done in countries where it is present, it was not sufficiently studied in Turkey. This pest was observed first time on squirting cucumber [Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Richard (Cucurbitaceae)] in Hatay province in 2004. This plant species is the natural host of several viruses creates significant problems in cucurbit plants in the Mediterranean basin. The studies were conducted in both laboratoryand natural conditions in 2007 and 2008. Biological stages of the pest was investigated and determined. Furthermore, damage of the pest on four different cucurbit species [watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Matsum. and Nakai), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), squirting cucumber (E. elaterium) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Stadl.)] was investigated. In these studies, it was observed that the pest was able to complete its life cycle when only squirting cucumber and watermelon were used as food sources.
Analyse des antécédents de l’intention entrepreneuriale de porteurs de projets français1
Authors: Delanoë Servane , Brulhart Franck
Published: January 2013

Dans la littérature entrepreneuriale, la phase de l’émergence organisationnelle apparaît comme nécessitant des recherches approfondies. Cette phase, caractérisée par l’intention d’une personne de créer une organisation et les actions qu’elle entreprend à cet effet, recouvre des réalités diverses. Afin de contribuer à sa meilleure compréhension, nous utilisons un modèle d’intention, mettant en relation l’impact de l’attitude envers l’entrepreneuriat, de la norme subjective et de l’auto-efficacité entrepreneuriale perçue, sur l’intention de comportement entrepreneurial (intention entrepreneuriale) exprimée par des porteurs de projets français. En complément de l’intention entrepreneuriale, nos résultats nous conduisent à faire émerger la notion de détermination entrepreneuriale : l’intention fait référence à la volonté de devenir entrepreneur, et la détermination rend compte du degré de priorité de cette volonté dans la vie de la personne. Notre analyse montre que les trois antécédents retenus paraissent avoir une influence significative positive à la fois sur l’intention et sur la détermination entrepreneuriale. En outre, si le poids relatif de chaque antécédent diffère entre les deux aspects, l’importance de l’attitude des individus envers l’entrepreneuriat, autrement dit leur attrait pour une carrière indépendante par rapport à une carrière salariée, apparaît dans les deux cas comme l’élément explicatif prépondérant.
Les dispositifs de gestion des compétences dans les PME : mythe ou réalité ?
Authors: Abraham Jocelyne , Brillet Franck , Coutelle Patricia , Hulin Annabelle
Published: January 2013

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser la présence de dispositifs de gestion des compétences au sein des PME par la réalisation d’une étude empirique auprès de 28 entreprises de la Région Centre (France). Notre analyse s’inscrit dans le champ de recherches récentes comme celles s’intéressant à la gestion des compétences dans les TPE et les PME. Elle consistera, dans un premier temps, à identifier quels sont ces dispositifs et comment les classer pour, dans un second temps, en révéler les enjeux et les principaux enseignements. La problématique de cette recherche est donc de savoir quels sont les types de GEC (gestion des emplois et des compétences) mis en oeuvre au sein des PME, pour quelles raisons et comment elles procèdent. Pour répondre à cette problématique, une collecte de données primaires, par récits de pratiques, a été réalisée auprès de 28 dirigeants de PME de la Région Centre. L’analyse des données collectées laisse apparaître trois dimensions clés : les enjeux stratégiques, l’instrumentation et la transmission des connaissances.
Making Sense of the Shift in Paradigm on Cartel Enforcement: The Case for Applying a Desert Perspective
Authors: Quaid Jennifer A.
Published: January 2013

Soon after the coming into force of changes to the criminal provisions in the Competition Act, the commissioner of competition signalled that cartel enforcement would start to reflect a new mindset, one that treats cartels as truly criminal. But while the impetus for this shift in paradigm is well-intentioned—to give effect to a stronger criminal law mandate following the amendments—it is poorly explained, because its defenders continue to refer to the predominant deterrence rationale used in competition law, even though applying a harm-based view of crime and punishment to cartels fails to explain why criminal enforcement is needed.

I believe that applying a desert perspective offers a compelling alternative explanation for this shift toward treating cartels as truly criminal. Drawing on the work of Arthur Ripstein, I offer an account of cartel enforcement that focuses on the inherently wrongful disregard for competition that characterizes cartels. I argue that seeing cartels as a particularly serious misuse of the competitive system, one that is so fundamentally at odds with the notion of a competitive marketplace that it cannot be tolerated, is what justifies recourse to the consistent and uniquely public response of the criminal law. Seen in this light, bringing a more criminal law-oriented mindset to bear on cartel enforcement makes sense in way that this shift in paradigm does not when justified in deterrence terms.
General Dispersant Theory
Authors: Canevari Gerard P.
Published: January 2013

Chemical dispersants have a role in the cleanup of oil spills. However, neither dispersion nor any other current technique is a panacea for this purpose. There are situations where dispersants can be used for the benefit of our natural resources; but there are also instances where they should not be used. Similarly, there are conditions under which they are effective, as well as limits where they become ineffective. These aspects of the subject, as well as the mechanism of and basis for dispersing oil slicks, will be discussed.

An understanding of the mechanism of dispersency is of prime importance in order to appreciate the behavior and variation in effectiveness of various generic types of surface active agents in promoting oil-in-water dispersions. In this regard, the presence of naturally occurring surfactants in crude oil and their properties are discussed. Even for the same chemical agent, its efficiency can vary due to the influence of many factors such as method of application, degree of mixing, type of oil, temperature of water, amount of circulation in the body of water, etc. Some chemicals can be more sensitive to a specific factor than others. Therefore, an appreciation of mechanism and the effect of environmental and application factors is necessary in order to assess the appropriate scope of application for dispersants as a tool for the handling of oil spills.
United Kingdom Oil Industry Research And Plans To Deal With Sea Pollution By Oil
Authors: Jagger H.
Published: January 2013

The Institute of Petroleum has consistently provided for the exchange of knowledge and opinions on technical matters of a non-commercial nature relating to the oil industry. It has also provided a link between Government departments and the U.K. oil industry on a wide variety of technical matters ranging from measurement, sampling and testing to the conditions of license for the storage of petroleum spirit (gasoline). It is not surprising therefore that the Institute is the focal point of coordination between U.K. oil companies on the prevention of pollution by oil and provides a link between these oil companies, interested Government departments, the tanker industry and a number of international organizations. This paper traces the development of the Institute's role in the field of prevention of oil pollution and reviews the present position of cooperative research and response plans.
Confinement And Control Of Oil Pollution On Water With Monomolecular Surface Films
Authors: Garrett William D.
Published: January 2013

Under favorable conditions monomolecular surface films can be used to guide, confine and condense petroleum spills on water. Composed of water-insoluable, non-toxic organic material, these films spread rapidly and spontaneously into a one-molecule-thick layer. Consequently, small quantities of piston-film material will clear thin oil layers from large areas of a water surface. The effects of wind, the chemical character of the pollution and its thickness upon the usefulness of the piston film will be discussed. In addition to clearing water surfaces of oil, one of the most useful applications may be the ability of the surface film to confine and condense a small oil spill into layers as thick as one centimeter. Since the petroleum is thickened and compressed into a much reduced surface area, the efficiency of oil retrieval techniques would be enhanced.
NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Authors: Charter Commander Daniel B.
Published: January 2013

World production and transportation of petroleum products have reached such magnitudes that the United States must be prepared to cope with a massive pollution disaster near its coast. The problems of advance planning for cleanup of oil spills have been recognized for many years but received little active interest before the Torrey Canyon disaster in 1967. Following that incident the United States began developing national and regional oil spill contingency plans, and the first national plan was published in late 1968. The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 spurred additional efforts, resulting in publication of a more comprehensive national plan and completion of detailed regional plans. These plans created national and regional response teams and established responsibilities and procedures for responding to spills of oil and hazardous materials in U.S. waters with appropriate cleanup and control measures. The need for international contingency planning has been recognized during the past year, and some work has begun in this area.
A DISCUSSION OF THE FUTURE OIL SPILL PROBLEM IN THE ARCTIC
Authors: Glaeser J.L.
Published: January 2013

Future oil production in Arctic regions will present the opportunity for oil pollution as a result of human error and equipment failures. In order to attain an insight into what may be expected, an assessment of the magnitude of future oil spillage is presented. In addition, factors affecting the fate and behavior of spilled oil are discussed based on the results of the U.S. Coast Guard's Arctic Oil Spill Test Program.
THE MOVEMENT OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Schwartzberg Henry G.
Published: January 2013

The effects of winds, waves, and currents, and the physical properties of oil and water on the drift rates of oil spills were studied in tests carried out in a combined water basin wind tunnel On calm water, oil drifted at a fairly constant percentage of the wind speed regardless of the nature and spreading tendencies of the oil, the spill size, and water temperature, depth, and salinity. Percent drift varied with wind tunnel height. Extrapolation to infinite height indicated that on calm open water wind drift should be 3.7%.

Shallow water waves, which produced no significant drift themselves, reduced wind drift. Analysis indicated that deep water waves produced by the wind should produce significant drift, complicating wind drift prediction, but the magnitude of the wind wave interaction effects is not yet known. Test wind drifts and current drifts were found not to be directly additive.
THE STATE'S ROLE IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Harper John D.
Published: January 2013

With the policy of the Federal Government to respond generally to oil and hazardous material spills beyond the response capability of state and local governments, it has become necessary for the Fifty States and other governmental units to initiate measures whereby Strike Forces can be deployed by the states to contain and recover the numerous minor oil and hazardous material spills that increasingly occur. Since the states and local governments provide police and fire protection for their citizens, they are now being asked to furnish a capable team of trained personnel with necessary equipment to safeguard the environment, the marine in particular, from the abuses of accidental oil and hazardous material spills.

The John Muir oil spill in Wausau, Wisconsin, in October - November, 1970, has shown how necessary it is for assistance at the state or local government level to be available for those spills not requiring federal or industry response. It is recognized that the states and local governments are increasingly being burdened with fiscal responsibilities in excess of revenues for the services they provide their citizens. This could be one area where the Federal Government could work in partnership with the state and local governments by providing financial assistance.
STATE JURISDICTION OVER OIL SPILLS IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM
Authors: Wilkes Daniel
Published: January 2013

A comparison of the bases for state and federal jurisdictions, in the light of Canadian Arctic, Florida, Maine and Federal Water Pollution Control Acts, shows when, how and why state and federal officials will find they have overlapping jurisdictions. The results of this preliminary study point to several areas in which the overlaps should be kept and some key ways in which they may be more rationally related, especially in preventive measures and contingency planning.
Volumetric Determination of Marine Oil Spills Using Coordinated Airborne and Surface Sampling Data
Authors: Estes J. E. , Mikolaj P. G. , Thaman R. R. , Senger L. W.
Published: January 2013

The detection, measurement, and monitoring of oil pollution in the marine environment are receiving increased attention owing to: I) the growing incidence of oil spills; 2) the associated need for improved cleanup procedures; and, 3) the need for more effective surveillance systems, capable of gathering legal evidence for the prosecution of violators. The Geography Remote Sensing Unit and the Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara for 2 1/2 years has been conducting experiments related to the application of remotely sensed data to these problem areas. As part of a United States Coast Guard test of a high seas oil containment device, a system for estimating the volume of oil loss resulting from oil pollution incidents was developed. This system involved the coordination of remote sensing data acquisition with simultaneous collection of surface sampling data. Results indicate that remotely sensed data, when effectively correlated with surface sampling data, can provide a base for volumetric estimations of a given oil slick. Refinements of these techniques can lead to more efficient, real-time day/night, operational monitoring of marine oil pollution incidents.
Comparative Identification of Oil Spills by Fluorescence Spectroscopy Fingerprinting
Authors: Coakley William A.
Published: January 2013

A simple and rapid method for the comparative identification of oil spills with suspect source oils is described using fluorescence spectroscopy. The method involves the excitation of an oil, diluted in cyclohexane, at a distinct wavelength and obtaining a “fingerprint” in the form of an emission spectrum. Contamination and weathering of the environmental oil is considered. The method is applied to two different oil spills occurring near the same area at about the same time. Results are confirmed by gas chromatography.
High Seas Oil Recovery System
Authors: March Frank A. , Beach Robert L.
Published: January 2013

A system for recovery of petroleum products from accidental offshore spills has been developed and tested. The testing has included both model testing and full scale testing of a 60 foot long system capable of recovering oil at a rate of 2,000 gallons/minute.

The tests have shown the system capable of recovering spilled oil at high efficiencies (less than 10 percent water in the recovered oil) at the 2,000 GPM rate under environmental conditions ranging from calm to low State five Seas (8 feet significant wave height) and in currents up to three knots.

The system efficiency (percent of oil in the recovery stream) is relatively independent of oil specific gravity, viscosity, oil film thickness, wind and wave conditions, oil-water interfacial tension, surface temperature and variation in significant oil type when towed at speeds of one to three knots. As indicated, efficiencies of 90–100 percent can be expected under these conditions.

The oil recovery rate is relatively independent of wind and wave conditions, surface temperature, oil specific gravity, oil-water interfacial tension and significant oil type variation. It is not affected by viscosity except for discharge hose pressure limitations above 10,000 SSU.

The oil recovery system is air and truck transportable for rapid deployment to a remote spill location. It is completely self-contained having its own power unit, control system, and pumps. In its preferred deployment configuration it is used with oil containment booms for funneling the oil to the recovery system.

A double weir system is employed to obtain the high performance of the system. The system is operated in such a way that oil thickens in front of the primary weir and then further thickens in front of the secondary weir, where it is withdrawn. Typically, the system concentrates free slicks from a thickness of 0.1 inches or less to a depth of approximately two feet in front of the secondary weir.

The testing reported upon includes both model testing and full scale testing of the system. The work reported upon was partially supported by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Oil Spill Prevention Measures for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
Authors: Wellbaum E. W.
Published: January 2013

Oil spills only occur after the start-up of a facility but oil spill prevention for a pipeline-terminal-tanker complex begins with route selection and continues through design, construction, personnel training, operation and maintenance. The trans-Alaska pipeline project has faced all of the usual, and some unusual, problems which needed solutions to give maximum assurance that oil spills would not occur during the operating life of the facilities.

This conference today is considering the prevention of oil spill incidents associated with tanker and pipeline operations, refineries, and transfer and storage terminals. The trans-Alaska pipeline system is concerned with each of these functions of the petroleum industry.

Alyeska Pipeline Service Company is responsible for design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the pipeline system which will move crude oil produced on the Alaskan North Slope along a route to Valdez, an ice free port located on an arm of Prince William Sound. At Valdez, the oil will be transferred to ocean going tankers.

The project will have at its ultimate design capacity of two million barrels per day:Almost 800 miles of 48-inch pipeline.Twelve pump stations with 650,000 installed HP.Twenty-million barrels of crude oil storage in fifty-two tanks.Five loading berths at a deep water terminal servicing a fleet of tankers ranging in size from 30,000 dwt to 250,000 dwt.Eight crude oil topping plants, manufacturing fuel for pump stations, each with a charge of 10,000 barrels per day.A ballast water treating plant capable of handling up to 800,000 barrels per day of dirty ballast.A 25,000 KW power generation plant.Several dozen mechanical refrigeration plants which will be freezing the ground in Alaska.
Case Studies of the USN Supervisor of Salvage, Salvage Related Oil Pollution Incidents
Authors: Irons Denis E.
Published: January 2013

As the United States Navy Supervisor of Salvage Oil Pollution Program Manager, Mr. Irons describes the involvement of the Navy salvage forces in oil pollution control, prevention and cleanup of spills generated by ships damaged by fire, groundings, collisions and overboard discharge. The six cases discussed include oil pollution threats to a major river, a major harbor, a turtle sanctuary on an isolated western Pacific island and the open ocean and the adjoining miles of beaches. Methods and equipments used to combat the spills are described in detail. Marshalling of forces, establishing liaison with interested civilian organizations and the Coast Guard are fully covered.

In addition, the Navy salvage forces including worldwide pools and bases of back-up equipment are discussed. The use of contract salvors to provide additional world-wide salvage coverage and to be capable of a quick reaction capability in the event of Navy created oil pollution incidents is described. Further, the stowage of oil pollution abatement equipments and materials at selected contractor yards are fully discussed. Training of Naval personnel in oil pollution abatement techniques and the use of the many and varied equipments and materials is described. Mr. Irons concludes with a report of the status of ongoing research and development programs which will provide improved methods and equipment to combat oil pollution.
Jet Oil Recovery Device
Authors: Stewart J. K.
Published: January 2013

Emphasis with most contemporary oil recovery schemes is directed toward recovering floating oil in as pure a form as possible at its source. Because of its operating characteristics, the jet oil recovery device described causes contact of jet water streams with the recovered oil and separates the fluids within it.

This concept involves the utilizing of the surface tension characteristic of oil along with the hydraulic jet action to lift floating oil over a non-adjustable weir.

As shown herein, a low pressure stream of water will carry with it an almost equal volume of contacted oil, depending on the type of oil, depth, jet angularity and outlet submersion, and other variable criteria.

This paper is purely descriptive and findings reflect actual physical construction and tests only.
Quantitative Evaluation of Mechanical Oil Spill Cleanup Devices
Authors: Der J. J. , Graham Douglas J.
Published: January 2013

A systematic quantitative method has been developed which can be used for preliminary screening and with the availability of more accurate performance data, used for final evaluation and selection of candidate oil removal devices.

This method has been applied to various types of devices available commercially. Although the lack of precision in available performance data precludes selection between devices with close rating, an outstanding score of a device under the present method is an indication of its potential for further study or development.

The result shows that for confined area operation inverted belts and a saucer weir with hydro-adjusting feature have high potential. A system based on the mechanized recovery of polyurethane foam rated high for the open area operation. The effectiveness indices for all of the open area devices considered fall in a narrow range, however, and final selection must be based on more accurate data from field and wave tank tests.
Microbial Ecology of Petroleum Utilization in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Walker John D. , Colwell Rita R.
Published: January 2013

Analysis of water and sediments collected at two stations in Chesapeake Bay demonstrated four to five times the concentration of petroleum in an oil polluted site in Baltimore Harbor compared with the station in Eastern Bay which served as a control. The numbers of petroleum-degrading microorganisms, measured by direct and replica plating, in the water and sediment samples were related to the concentration of oil in each sample. Total yields of petroleum-degrading microorganisms grown on an oil substrate were greater for those organisms exposed to oil in the natural environment. Microorganisms isolated from an oil-contaminated environment produced cell yields under “natural” conditions, i.e., laboratory simulation of growth conditions in the natural environment, which equaled the yields of microorganisms which had not been previously exposed to oil and were grown under optimum conditions. Microorganisms isolated from water and sediment samples collected in Baltimore Harbor grew on substrates representative of the aliphatic, aromatic and refractory hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon-utilizing fungus, Cladosporium resinae and actinomycetes were predominant among the hydrocarbon-utilizing isolates. Microbial degradation of petroleum in Chesapeake Bay appears to be mediated by the autochthonous microbial flora, the seasonal incidence of which is presently under study.
Effects of Water Soluble Extracts of Oil on Phytoplankton
Authors: Nuzzi Robert
Published: January 2013

Methods routinely employed in the cleanup of oil spills generally are intended to remove the oil to the level of invisibility, at which point it has been considered by many to be harmless or its effects negligible. This paper presents evidence indicating that soluble constituents of No. 2 fuel oil are toxic to phytoplankton cultured axenically and also exert an effect on natural phytoplankton populations.