bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framing a Transdisciplinary Research Agenda in Health Education to Address Health Disparities and Social Inequities: A Road Map for SOPHE Action
Authors: Gambescia Stephen F. , Woodhouse Lynn D. , Auld M. Elaine , Green B. Lee , Quinn Sandra Crouse , Airhihenbuwa Collins O.
Published: June 2006

SOPHE leaders continue to challenge us to be true to the call for an “open society.” SOPHE has supported the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities through its Strategic Plan. SOPHE held an Inaugural Health Education Research Disparities Summit, Health Disparities and Social Inequities: Framing a Transdisciplinary Research Agenda in Health Education, August 8 and 9, 2005. This article explains the process used at the Summit where more than 80 researchers, academicians, practitioners, and students from across the country convened to ask fundamental questions about health disparity associated with race and ethnicity and how a health education research agenda could help in eliminating these disparities. From this Summit, about a dozen questions and/or recommendations have been developed to frame our future discussions about health disparities. Through its Research Agenda Committee, SOPHE has developed a process of translation and dissemination, including community participation, review, dialogue, and action
Images of Circular Time and Spiral Repetition: The Generative Life Cycle Model
Authors: Yamada Yoko , Kato Yoshinobu
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this article is to propose the Generative Life Cycle Model (GLCM) in two versions. The ecological version of the GLCM focuses on the cyclical images of successive generations beyond an individual’s life and death within ecological contexts. The spiral version of the GLCM is represented by the repeated spirals with variants, and is characterized by the multiple time concepts and the generative processes of life and death. The linear time concept, represented as a horizontal arrow, reflects an individual’s life characterized by a single stream of time from birth to death. Certainly, each individual is unique and can never be reproduced. Nevertheless, people can image and narrate stories in which their lives are regarded as being reproducible. These life stories based on repetition, reproduction, recovery and renewal have significant meanings for generative connections from past generations to future generations, and for the imaginations of continuities of multiple human lives within different historical eras
The Wandering Soul in Relation to Time
Authors: Diriwächter Rainer
Published: June 2006

The unidirectional, linear-progressive view of time for psychology may need an overhaul. In this article, I comment upon Yamada and Kato’s (2006) findings and further discuss the underlying axiom that gives time its structure: We stand in relation to things. This relationship is key to understanding the world in which we are embedded. The trajectories of time reveal the course of a particular development, be it the psyche in the historical-cultural temporal context as illustrated through Wilhelm Wundt’s Elemente der Völkerpsychologie (1912), or how certain people conceive of their soul’s voyage through life and death cycles. However, the supposedly ‘observed’ developmental trajectories—of whatever nature they may be—emerge due to our situatedness towards a particular event. In the end, we must remember that time is nothing but an ‘infused’ component of the complex qualities of phenomena, whose Gestalt reveals itself once the researcher’s finite perspective has cut somewhere into the spatio-temporal totality of the objective world
The Fullness of Time
Authors: Rudolph Lee
Published: June 2006

In this speculative article, I question the postulation of homogeneity in models of time intended for use in developmental, social or cultural psychology. After surveying extant models, I propose a new kind of model, which is highly inhomogeneous and one-dimensional only in a global sense: locally such a model can be very ‘full’. My aim is to capture in mathematical form one common hypothesis about psychological time (that it reckons ‘acts of attention’), somewhat amplified by a further claim (that these acts are interpolated by states of ambivalence), and to do so precisely enough that the resulting models can be used effectively in further collaborations between mathematicians and psychologists
Mathematical Theorizing versus Mathematical Metaphorizing: A Commentary on Rudolph
Authors: Dzhafarov Ehtibar N.
Published: June 2006

Science may benefit from aesthetically pleasing and intellectually stimulating mathematical metaphors. To make them into mathematical theories, however, one has to complement them by links to well-defined theoretical primitives in turn linked to well-defined empirical procedures and observable phenomena. Rudolph’s (2006) mathematical metaphors for psychological time are fascinating, but the mathematical rigor with which they can be described does not compensate for the conspicuous lack of both theoretical and operational clarity in the notions these metaphors are supposed to pertain to, including the very notion of psychological time
Psychological Models of Time: Arrows, Cycles and Spirals
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Giesbrecht Gerald F.
Published: June 2006

This article examines the models of time presented by Yamada and Kato (2006) and Rudolph (2006). Although we agree with Yamada and Kato that the subjective experience of time is not linear and homogeneous, we argue that cyclical models of time are not good models of representing normative ontogenetic development. We also critically examine Rudolph’s suggestion that the experience of time is derived from a succession of discrete acts of attention and ‘states of ambivalence’ that interpolate between the discrete acts of attention.
Directionality of Development and the Ryoko Model: Reply to Four Commentaries
Authors: Yamada Yoko , Kato Yoshinobu
Published: June 2006

Questions about time are fundamentally connected to development. In addition to the Generative Life Cycle Model (GLCM), this article explores a new way of looking at the concept of life-span development. In particular, it examines principal ideas expressed in the Ryoko (Parallel Going) Model, which casts doubts on the Western system of meaning and master narrative of progressivism. For example, Baltes’ multi-dimensional model of life-span development indicates that gain always implies growth and loss implies decline. In contrast, the Ryoko Model is able to handle simultaneous dual changes in opposite and reverse tendencies: a change toward gain implies a change toward loss, and vice versa. This approach allows us to become aware of how opposite meanings can coexist within different perspectives and contexts and to reintroduce the values of ‘loss’ and ‘death’ as positive aspects of human development and the generative cycle of time.
Film tourism and destination marketing: The case of Captain Corelli's Mandolin
Authors: Hudson Simon , Ritchie J. R. Brent
Published: June 2006

Film tourism is a growing phenomenon worldwide. However, many tourism organizations have been slow to tap the potential benefits of film tourism, perhaps due to a lack of knowledge, research, or evidence that explains the potential of film tourism. This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the film tourism phenomenon and, then, using a case study method, reports on the tourism impacts of Captain Corelli's Mandolin on the Island of Cephalonia in Greece. The case supports previous research claiming that films can have a powerful influence on travel decisions. It also shows that film tourism is not always directly related to the success of a film or the marketing activities of Destination Marketing Organizations. Implications for destination marketers are discussed.
Rural tourism revitalization of the leisure farm industry by implementing an e-commerce strategy
Authors: Huang Leo
Published: June 2006

This article investigates recent trends in the burgeoning leisure farm industry throughout Taiwan's rural regions. These leisure farms have developed quite fast and have increasingly thrived following government deregulation and encouragement. The leisure farm businesses have proven remarkably resilient, while the fallout from Taiwan's recent economic recession will no doubt produce new opportunities and challenges in rural economic development. The study herein uses both qualitative interviews and quantitative analyses. The study uses Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) for analyzing the Structural Equation Model (SEM) that is developed and tested, which measures the causal relationships among resource, competitive, and performance advantages by implementing e-commerce for the leisure farm industry. Finally, the research proposes an optimal e-commerce strategic model for the leisure farm industry and management implications of this study are presented.
Who buys what? Who does that? The case of Golden Week in Hawaii
Authors: Rosenbaum Mark S. , Spears Daniel L.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this case study is to explore demographic, motivation, and consumption behaviours among Japanese tourists during Golden Week. Data for this study came from questionnaires collected from ‘non-Golden’ and ‘Golden’ Japanese tourists who were vacationing in Waikiki (Honolulu, Hawaii). The results reveal that Golden Week Japanese tourists spend about $900 on gifts during their stay. This dollar figure is nearly $300 more than average spending among non-Golden Week tourists. In addition, Golden Week tourists are employed, well-educated, and primarily interested in vacationing and leisure activities. Overall, the results of this case study are useful to both academics and to marketing/tourism planners.
Body Image and Health
Authors: Grogan Sarah
Published: June 2006

There has been a significant increase in research into body image in men, women and children in the last 20 years. This editorial reviews definitions of the concept of body image, and considers potential health consequences of lowered body satisfaction and increased body concern. The articles that form this Special Issue are contextualized within contemporary research literature around relevant themes. These include sociocultural influences, gender, effects of weight and appearance and perceptual factors. Implications of findings for health psychologists involved in designing health promotion interventions are discussed.
Peer Influences, Body-image Dissatisfaction, Eating Dysfunction and Self-esteem in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Shroff Hemal , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: June 2006

A sample of 344 adolescent girls completed a variety of measures designed to index the associations among peer influences, body-image dissatisfaction, eating dysfunction and self-esteem. Results indicated that participants were significantly similar to their nominated friends on self-esteem, but not body image or eating disturbance. Peer measures were significantly associated with body dissatisfaction, eating problems and self-esteem. Peer suppression of feelings, internalization of the thin-ideal and appearance comparison were significant mediators in path analyses testing the direct and indirect role of peer influences on outcome variables. Implications for intervention and prevention programs are discussed.
The Contribution of Physical Activity and Media Use during Childhood and Adolescence to Adult Women's Body Image
Authors: Slater Amy , Tiggemann Marika
Published: June 2006

This study aimed to investigate the effects of both past and current physical activity and media use on women's body image. A sample of 144 female undergraduate students completed measures of current physical activity, media use and body image, as well as providing retrospective reports of their physical activity participation and media usage during childhood and adolescence. Regression analyses showed that childhood experiences of physical activity and media use predicted adult body-image concerns more strongly than current activities. It was concluded that early experiences of both physical activity and media use during childhood and adolescence play an important role in the development of adult women's body image.
Self-concept, Self-esteem and Body Weight in Adolescent Females
Authors: O'Dea Jennifer A.
Published: June 2006

Eighty girls aged 12.8 (0.6) years, completed self-concept, depression and anxiety scales over three years and had their height and weight measured. All nine self-concept domains were lower in the Highest BMI group, compared to the Lower BMI group and this trend was stable over three years. Highest BMI girls were substantially lower than population norms on all nine scales. Over three years, the Physical Appearance and Close Friendship scores of Highest BMI girls decreased compared to Lower BMI girls. This pattern was similar for all of the other self-concept domains. Several aspects of early adolescent girls' self-image may be adversely influenced by a heavy weight status.
Depression and Body Image among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Himelein Melissa J. , Thatcher Samuel S.
Published: June 2006

Common features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including hyperandrogenism, ovarian dysfunction and obesity, can be highly distressing. We compared 40 women with PCOS to women with infertility but not PCOS, and to women with neither PCOS nor infertility, on measures of depression and body image. Women with PCOS reported higher depression scores and greater body dissatisfaction ( p < .001) than comparison group women. Body image was strongly associated with depression overall, even after controlling body mass. Among women with PCOS, body dissatisfaction measures and education explained 66 percent of the variance in depression, suggesting explanations of the PCOS–depression link should consider the role of potentially mediating psychosocial variables.
A ‘Rubber-hand’ Illusion Reveals a Relationship between Perceptual Body Image and Unhealthy Body Change
Authors: Mussap Alexander J. , Salton Nancy
Published: June 2006

The ‘rubber-hand’ illusion, in which individuals misattribute tactile sensations felt by their hand to a rubber prosthetic hand that they see being stimulated, was employed to examine the relationship between perceptual body image and unhealthy body change in 128 volunteers. Variance in unhealthy body development in males (22%) and in bulimic symptomatology in both females and males (10%), was explained by susceptibility to the illusion. The illusion, which is relatively free from cognitive and emotional ‘contamination’, could be used to identify individuals most responsive to therapies designed to correct inaccurate body perceptions–individuals whose perceptual body image is malleable.
The Antipodean social laboratory, labour and the transformation of the welfare state
Authors: Cox Lloyd
Published: June 2006

The Australian and New Zealand welfare states have undergone dramatic transformations since the early 1980s. This has led some commentators to redeploy the ‘social laboratory’ metaphor widely used to describe Australasia at the turn of the 19th century. This article analyses the disjunctures in Australia’s and New Zealand’s experience of transforming the welfare state, and seeks to account for them. Drawing inspiration from comparative political sociology, it suggests that the differences can be explained with reference to variations in the political-economic starting point of transformation, variations in the institutional context of political decision-making, and variations in the balance of social and political power in the two countries
Leading the horses to water
Authors: Gunasekara Chrys
Published: June 2006

Since the 1960s, Australian universities have come to be regarded as important enablers, even drivers, of regional development. This has been accompanied by the renewal of their third mission in regional engagement. Theorization of this development has neglected the individual level of analysis, tending to focus on the institutional level. This article draws on interviews with academic staff and managers in four Australian regional universities to discuss some of the dilemmas faced by academics and managers as they seek to make sense of regional engagement. These are labelled institutional, policy and individual identity dilemmas. These experiences carry implications for the management of engagement initiatives in universities and for policy-makers who seek to foster stronger links between regional universities and their proximate spaces
Integration and retention of international medical graduates in rural communities
Authors: Han Gil-Soo , Humphreys John S.
Published: June 2006

Many rural communities throughout Australia depend on international medical graduates (IMGs) for the provision of primary health care. To date, however, it is not clear how well they integrate into rural communities or how long they intend to stay in practice there. This study reports the results of in-depth interviews undertaken in 2003 with 57 IMGs practising in rural Victoria with the aim of identifying which factors facilitate or inhibit their integration into rural communities and consequently affect their intention to stay in rural practice. Based on the interview results, four different types of IMGs were identified according to their level of integration into rural communities. They are ‘satellite operators’ (city-oriented), ‘fence-sitters’ (affiliated with city fringe areas), the ‘ambivalent’ (unsure about their future settlement place) and those ‘integrated’ into rural communities. Recognition of such a typology is useful in assisting to better target support and incentives designed to increase IMG rural retention rates towards those doctors most likely to remain in rural practice on completion of their mandatory period
Mobile phone call openings: tailoring answers to personalized summonses
Authors: Arminen Ilkka , Leinonen Minna
Published: June 2006

Conversation analytical (CA) methodology was used to specify the new opening practices in Finnish mobile call openings, which differ systematically from Finnish landline call openings. Since the responses to a mobile call orient to the summons identifying the caller, answers have changed and diversified. A known caller is greeted. The self-identification opening that was canonical in Finnish landline calls is mainly used for answering unknown callers, while channel-opener openings involve orientation to ongoing mutual business between the speakers. Some of these changes reflect real-time coordination of the social action that the mobility of mobile phones enables. In all, the adoption of new ways of answering a call shows that people orient themselves to affordances that new technologies allow them. Mobile phone communication opens a salient new area both for the analysis of talk-ininteraction itself and also for understanding communicative behaviour in the era of ubiquitous information technology.
Activating memories in interviews: an instance of collaborative discourse construction
Authors: Fratila Andreea , Sionis Claude
Published: June 2006

The article attempts to account for some conversational strategies for the thematic construction of discourse in a 30,000 word corpus of contemporary oral French. The sub-genre studied is that of the ‘memory-activation interview’, a speech situation, or ‘activity-type’ (Levinson, 1992) in which dialogues and meaning are co-constructed with the purpose of reviving memories. The general analytical framework is that of ‘interactional sociolinguistics’ as defined by Schiffrin (1998), in which the more specific aspects of ratification, legitimization and modes of contribution are redefined and diversified. Also central in the memory-activation process is the interviewer%'s role which, although not of a therapeutical nature (the interviewees suffer no particular memory impairments) is shown as being fully involved both at macro- (organizational) and micro- (interlocutive and turn-taking) levels. The article also tries to widen the range of the currently available tools for the analysis of speech seen as a thematic–rhematic process through the alternation of speech turns. The notion of thematic-discursive perimeter is introduced to account for thematic consistency.
Where the state kills in secret
Authors: Johnson David T.
Published: June 2006

The secrecy that surrounds capital punishment in Japan is taken to extremes not seen in other nations. This article describes the Japanese state's policy of secrecy and explains how it emerged as the product of an historical imperative (the Meiji need to appear ‘civilized' to western powers) and the self-interested actions of powerful elites in the Occupation and in the Ministry of Justice. Prosecutors in Japan offer several justifications for their secrecy policy, none of which is cogent. If transparency and accountability are hallmarks of a healthy democracy, then the secrecy that conceals this system of capital punishment is decidedly undemocratic. Secrecy also helps explain the low salience of capital punishment in Japan, and it illustrates a Japanese penchant for governance through ‘bureaucratic informalism’. Central to this model of law is the elite's attempt to retain control over the processes of social conflict and change.
Is there a deterrent effect of pains of imprisonment?
Authors: Windzio Michael
Published: June 2006

Juvenile offenders who have been sent to prison for the first time must arrange their everyday social interactions with inmates and prison staff. Under the assumption that social integration is a basic need, negative subjective experience with interactions inside of prison is an important aspect of pains of imprisonment. Hence, this experience could have a deterrent effect on committing crime after release from first imprisonment. In addition, a deterrent effect could occur if inmates suffered from deprivation of contact with persons outside of prison. Moreover, prisoners who keep their distance from other inmates might suffer, because the basic social need of interaction is not satisfied. It will be shown that indeed, there seems to be a deterrent effect of suffering from deprivation of contacts with persons outside. In addition, the more prisoners isolate themselves from other inmates, the lower the rate of recidivism is. But with respect to fear of other inmates, no deterrent effect can be found. Rather the opposite is the case: the higher the fear of other inmates, the higher the rate of recidivism.
T.S. Eliot’s Idea of the Clerisy, and its Discussion by Karl Mannheim and Michael Polanyi in the Context of J.H. Oldham’s Moot
Authors: Mullins Phil , Jacobs Struan
Published: June 2006

In 1938, Joseph Oldham, a leading British Christian ecumenist, formed a discussion group that came to be known as the Moot. The Moot met in a retreat setting for several long weekends each year until early 1947, its discussions carefully organized and convened by Oldham. More than anything else, the discussions of the Moot revolved around the topic of order and, more particularly, around the problem of how order might be restored in British society and culture in the context of a ‘world turned upside down’. Oldham and most members of the group sought a central place for Christian ideas and ideals in British social life.

A striking feature of the Moot was the intellectual stature and the diversity of interests of its members. Among its 16 or so regular members were Oldham (1874-1969), his close friend T.S. Eliot (1888-1963) and Karl Mannheim (1893-1947). Among the later ‘visitors’ to Moot meetings was Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), who first came to the 20th Moot meeting in June of 1944.1

This article presents several papers that were produced for the Moot discussion of 15-18 December 1944 by Eliot, Mannheim and Polanyi. These papers have intrinsic and historical interest, and are published together for the first time here. The initial paper, written by Eliot, treats the role in society of ‘the clerisy’2 - a term borrowed from Samuel Taylor Coleridge that points to an intellectual elite or vanguard. Eliot requested that Oldham solicit responses to his paper from Mannheim and Polanyi. Mannheim’s response was a set of detailed answers to four questions that Eliot posed at the end of his essay. Polanyi’s response was a short, coherent essay, which he identified as ‘my own position with respect’ to Eliot’s discussion; his essay outlines a brief account of the role of the clerisy in science.3 Eliot wrote short comments on the responses of both Mannheim and Polanyi. These five pieces, which have a natural unity, should be of interest to anyone working in the history of social thought. We have abridged only Mannheim’s lengthy response and have eliminated a few lines of illustrative material from Eliot’s reply to Mannheim, but these excisions in no way detract from the clarity of the authors’ perspectives in this rich trilogue.
Conscience Collective or False Consciousness?
Authors: Hagens Tobias Garde
Published: June 2006

When Durkheim’s Sociologie et philosophie was first translated into German in 1967, Adorno wrote a critical introduction to the book. This article first presents the main thoughts in Durkheim’s sociology of morals - that is, his concept of societally instituted morality as a reality sui generis that must be obeyed because the state of society constitutes a ‘reason’ beyond that of the individual. The article then presents Adorno’s critique of Durkheim. Departing from a general critique of Durkheim’s disregard for individuality in establishing obligatory social morality, Adorno utilizes the Marxian concepts of ‘second nature’, ‘continued natural history’ and true and false consciousness to show how Durkheim’s concept of conscience collective is merely expressive of what society ‘believes itself to be’. In conclusion, the article demonstrates how the respective positions of Durkheim and Adorno may serve as each other’s correctives.
Theoretical and philosophical implications of postmodern debates: some challenges to modern marketing
Authors: Fırat A. Fuat , Dholakia Nikhilesh
Published: June 2006

Buffeted by the twin forces of postmodern cultural shifts and momentous technological developments, the conceptual structure of marketing that had crystallized during the 1960s and 1970s is being strained. This article analyses the impact of postmodernism and of new information technologies on the conceptual foundations of marketing. Six main areas of challenge are identified. Cases that illustrate the technology-driven cultural shifts, affecting the very foundation of marketing, are presented.
The ordering of marketing theory: the influence of McCarthyism and the Cold War
Authors: Tadajewski Mark
Published: June 2006

Following Peter and Olson’s seminal contribution to the marketing of ideas literature, this article explores the marketing of theory. It is argued that marketing discourse should be viewed as an ordering attempt, not as an order. From this perspective it becomes important that we explore how marketing theory comes to be ordered in the way it presently is, and the manner in which certain ideas develop or face extinction, in order to better understand what can or cannot be said in marketing theory. In response, this article argues that a much needed turn in the paradigm debate should be toward the exploration of the institutionalization of marketing theory. It examines the social, economic and institutional logic underpinning theory production in marketing and demonstrates the influence of McCarthyism and the Cold War climate on marketing theory.
Research Note: Marketing ideology and criticism: Legitimacy and legitimization
Authors: Marion Gilles
Published: June 2006

The analysis of the dialectical relationships between marketing ideology and criticism is supported by the distinction between legitimacy and legitimization. Marketing ideology is defined as a relatively stable set of arguments that provide legitimacy to marketers and the market economy. However it does not preclude contradictions and the dissenting voice of criticism. Marketing doctrine also produces legitimization to lessen the tensions between the marketer’s claim to legitimacy and other people’s belief in this legitimacy. As marketing doctrine develops through incorporation of criticism, it follows that the critical process is a never-ending one.
Crime in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Gilinskiy Yakov
Published: June 2006

Like other sciences, criminology is international and global. But it is well known that for many decades Russian criminology was isolated from scholarship in other countries and under rigorous political and ideological control. However, during the 1960s a ‘parallel’ theoretical and empirical criminology evolved in the former Soviet Union without party or state approval. This parallel tradition both accumulated empirical data and advanced a theoretical perspective which, in contrast with Soviet ideology, saw crime as a social phenomenon influenced by factors such as inequality, intergroup conflicts, strain arising from blocked opportunities, living conditions, and so on. This tradition emerged from underground only at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s when, thanks to Gorbachev’s Perestroika[rebuilding, reconstruction], Russian scholars gained the freedom to teach, to carry out research and to foster professional contacts with foreign colleagues. Emerging from the ‘parallel tradition’, this article summarizes facts about contemporary Russian society that constitute the essential framework for understanding the crime situation. It discusses crime trends, organized crime, drug abuse and corruption. Finally it provides some basic information about social control and punishment in Russia.
International Trends in the Facilitation of Witness Co-operation in Organized Crime Cases
Authors: Fyfe Nicholas , Sheptycki James
Published: June 2006

This article surveys the existing literature on the facilitation of witness cooperation in the USA and a variety of European countries. It highlights trends in the evolution of the legal landscape concerning the use of criminal informants and witnesses as the central approach to the investigation and prosecution of organized crime. It also looks at the use of plea-bargaining, witness immunity, and criminal informant and undercover police testimony. It provides comparisons in the development of these techniques and it does so by reference to the narrative histories of practice and legal debate about the efficacy of these measures in various countries. The article concludes that, although significant moral hazards are associated with these developments, and although the efficacy of these techniques has not been fully demonstrated by solid empirical research, they are likely to remain in force for the foreseeable future.
Leveling the Playing Field
Authors: Brighouse Harry
Published: June 2006

This article comments on Fullinwider and Lichtenberg's Leveling the Playing Field. It reviews their central claims and comments on both their arguments and their reform proposals, and suggests alternative, bolder, egalitarian proposals which involve a higher degree of effective privatization than theirs.
Discussion of Fullinwider and Lichtenberg's Leveling the Playing Field
Authors: Strike Kenneth A.
Published: June 2006

This article emphasizes the diversity argument for affirmative action and seeks to build on the discussion of it by Fullinwider and Lichtenberg. I try to defend a view of affirmative action that depends on the notion that what is required by justice is restoration of voice to those whose voices were unfairly excluded, and I claim that such a view does not presuppose perspective unity or depend on the idea that affirmative action benefits the education of all. I also take up what Fullinwider and Lichtenberg call the legitimacy argument. I claim that the legitimacy of American society does not depend on the representation of diverse groups in positions of leadership per se. It depends on not unfairly excluding people from positions of leadership. When a group has been unfairly excluded, affirmative action can be an effective tool for restoring legitimacy.
Interpersonal Rejection as a Determinant of Anger and Aggression
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Twenge Jean M. , Quinlivan Erin
Published: June 2006

This article reviews the literature on the relationship between interpersonal rejection and aggression. Four bodies of research are summarized: laboratory experiments that manipulate rejection, rejection among adults in everyday life, rejection in childhood, and individual differences that may moderate the relationship. The theoretical mechanisms behind the effect are then explored. Possible explanations for why rejection leads to anger and aggression include: rejection as a source of pain, rejection as a source of frustration, rejection as a threat to self-esteem, mood improvementfollowing aggression, aggression as social influence, aggression as a means of reestablishing control, retribution, disinhibition, and loss of self-control.
Impulsivity and the Self-Defeating Behavior of Narcissists
Authors: Vazire Simine , Funder David C.
Published: June 2006

Currently prominent models of narcissism (e.g., Morf & Rhodewalt, 2001) primarily explain narcissists' self-defeating behaviors in terms of conscious cognitive and affective processes. We propose that the disposition of impulsivity may also play an important role. We offer 2 forms of evidence. First, we present a meta-analysis demonstrating a strong positive relationship between narcissism and impulsivity. Second, we review and reinterpret the literature on 3 hallmarks of narcissism: self-enhancement, aggression, and negative long-term outcomes. Our reinterpretation argues that impulsivity provides a more parsimonious explanation for at least some of narcissists' self-defeating behavior than do existing models. These 2 sources of evidence suggest that narcissists' quest for the status and recognition they so intensely desire is thwarted, in part, by their lack of the self-control necessary to achieve those goals.
Process Energy Analysis for Aluminium Alloy and Stainless Steel in Laser-Assisted Jet Electrochemical Machining
Authors: Pajak P T , De Silva A K M , Harrison D K , McGeough J A
Published: June 2006

Laser-assisted jet electrochemical machining (LAJECM) is a hybrid process that combines a relatively low-power laser beam (typically 375 mW) with an electrolyte jet to facilitate metal removal. The main purpose of the laser is to enhance the localization effect of electrochemical dissolution from the workpiece, thus giving better precision and efficiency. The laser thermally activates the material surface where it impinges, thereby increasing the electrochemical current density in that localized zone. This paper reports recent investigations of LAJECM process energy distribution and explains the influence of laser assistance on dissolution removal rates using theoretical as well as experimental analysis. It was found that laser assistance increases energy in the LAJECM process by up to 45 per cent compared with jet electrochemical machining (JECM). The process energy has also been related to volumetric removal rate, and the specific energy required for machining with given variables has been calculated. It has been proved that LAJECM is more effective then JECM as the calculated specific energy was lower by up to 30 per cent.
Machine Tools Mechatronic Analysis
Authors: Maj R , Modica F , Bianchi G
Published: June 2006

High-speed machine tools show close interaction between the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical structure, drives, and numerical control. In order to support the designer of high-performance machines, a new analysis based on an integrated holistic mechatronic optimization technique is proposed and compared with the traditional approach. The proposed approach is applied to a three-axis milling machine for dies and mould production.
Studies of Electrodischarge and Electrochemical System for Dressing of Metal Bond Grinding Wheels
Authors: Gołabczak A , Kozak J
Published: June 2006

In this paper the development of an effective hybrid electrodischarge and electrochemical profiling/dressing system is depicted. To realize the profiling of superhard grinding wheels, an innovative segmental tool electrode has been designed and tested. The principle of operating this system, the case for its realization, mathematical modelling, and experimental results concerning dressing of grinding wheels is discussed. The results of the investigation demonstrate the usefulness of a hybrid system for the profiling of superhard grinding wheels and the shaping macro- and micro-geometry of the cutting surface grinding wheel (CSGW).
The Numerical Analysis of Residual Stresses in Surface Layers Deposited by Brush-Plating Method
Authors: Golański D A , Grześ J
Published: June 2006

The brush-plating method utilizes the galvanic approach to deposit surface layers onto the metallic and non-metallic substrates. One of the difficulties related to this process is the problem of layer delamination by an unfavourable residual stress state. The residual stresses play an important role in the process of surface layer deposition and during subsequent service life. This paper presents the results of the FEM analysis of residual stresses in surface layers produced by the brush-plating method. The Cu, (Cu + Al2O3), Ni, (Ni + Al2O3) materials in the form of composites and continuous layers deposited on low-carbon steel were analysed and compared.
Modelling White Layer Thickness Based on the Cutting Parameters of Hard Machining
Authors: Shi Jing , Wang Jia-Yeh , Liu C R
Published: June 2006

White layer is often formed in hard machined surfaces when a high cutting speed, a worn tool, or a tool with low thermal conductivity is used. A thicker white layer indicates severer thermal damage. To reveal the relationship between the thickness of white layer and a variety of cutting parameters, machining experiments are performed using hardened AISI 52100 steel as work material. The results show that the use of coolant, tool material with high thermal conductivity, and the reductions of feed rate, cutting speed, tool nose radius, and tool flank wear all tend to reduce the chance of white layer formation and decrease its thickness. Based on this, three statistical models are proposed for the prediction of the thickness of white layer in hard machining. A non-linear regression model is selected for its best fitting results among the three.
Evaluation of CO2 and Nd:YAG Lasers for the Selective Laser Sintering of HAPEX®
Authors: Savalani M M , Hao L , Harris R A
Published: June 2006

This paper evaluates and compares the performance of a CO2 and Nd:YAG laser for the selective laser sintering (SLS) of a commercial hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene (HA-HDPE) bioactive ceramic polymer composite material. Single-line and layer specimens were produced to compare the effects of different lasers on the material sintering. It was found that the processing window was much larger for the CO2 laser as compared to the Nd:YAG laser. Furthermore, the Nd:YAG processing window was highly dependent on the pulse width and pulse repetition rate parameter settings. Furthermore, the processing windows for both the laser systems were affected by the particle size of the HA-HDPE powders. The degree and mechanism of particle fusion existing in the composites layers were greatly influenced by the laser source and particle size. The results presented in this work clearly indicate that the CO2 laser would present a better performance than the Nd:YAG laser for the SLS of HAPEX® in terms of operation range, speed, processing efficiency, and, subsequently, greater potential as an SLS processing method for bioactive implant products.
New Methods for Tool Failure Detection in Micromilling
Authors: Gandarias E , Dimov S , Pham D T , Ivanov A , Popov K , Lizarralde R , Arrazola P J
Published: June 2006

A major issue in micromilling is unpredictable tool life and premature tool failure. The specific acoustic footprint and very small removal rates during machining as well as the use of small diameter cutters makes the detection of tool breakage a very difficult task. Thus, it is essential to develop new tool monitoring systems to increase the process productivity, reduce machining costs, and at the same time improve the precision and quality of machined components.

This paper analyses three cost-effective and reliable methods for tool breakage detection: an on-line laser system, an on-line tool-workpiece voltage monitoring system, and a programming solution employing an off-line laser system. In order to verify the capability of these three methods, a series of experiments were conducted on an ultra-precision micromilling machine. This involved the machining of test parts in brass, aluminium, steel, and polymethylmethacryate (PMMA) with cutters from 0.5 mm down to 0.1 mm in diameter. The results of these tests are analysed and the technological capabilities of the three studied monitoring approaches are then compared. In addition, the possibility of developing an integrated solution that combines the capabilities of these three monitoring methods is discussed and conclusions made about the feasibility of such an approach.
Triangular and Quadrilateral Finite Element Mesh Generation on Poorly Parameterized Free-Form Surfaces
Authors: Chae Soo-Won , Park Jung Min , Choi Young
Published: June 2006

The non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces are widely employed for the exchange of geometric models between different computer aided design and computer aided engineering systems. However, if the input surfaces are poorly parameterized, surface meshing algorithms may fail or the constructed meshes could be ill conditioned. This paper presents a new method that can generate well-conditioned meshes, even on poorly parameterized freeform surfaces, by regenerating NURBS surfaces. At the outset, adequate points are sampled on the poorly parameterized original surfaces. New surfaces are then created by interpolating these points. Finally, mesh generation is performed on the new surfaces. By employing this method, models with poorly parameterized surfaces can be successfully meshed.
Thermal Analysis and Compensation of a Double-Column Machining Centre
Authors: Wu Cheng-Hsien , Kung Yu-Tai
Published: June 2006

The objective of this work is to enhance the accuracy of a double-column machining centre by compensating thermal errors using software. Characteristics of the thermal errors were analysed by carrying out a sequence of tests. Temperature measurements were carried out with thermocouples. Capacitance probes were used to measure the thermal errors. A multiple linear regression-based technique was applied to correlate the thermal errors to the temperature distribution. The signals of the measured temperatures were sent to a central processing unit board inside a computer numerical controller. The predicted thermal errors, based on the regression model, were sent to the controller for real-time error compensation. Test results show that a 90 per cent reduction in thermal errors has been achieved after compensation.
Pareto Optimization of Energy Absorption of Square Aluminium Columns Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Nariman-zadeh N , Darvizeh A , Jamali A
Published: June 2006

Multi-objective genetic algorithms (GAs) are used for Pareto-approach optimization of the energy absorption of square aluminium columns both with and without aluminium foam filler. In this way, a new diversity-preserving algorithm is proposed to enhance the performance of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). The important conflicting energy-absorption objectives that have been considered in this work are weight and absorbed energy. The multi-objective optimization is considered for two different cases of energy absorption, namely, non-filled and foam filled. It is also demonstrated that the results of two-objective optimization include those of single-objective optimization and, therefore, provide more choices for optimal design of energy absorption for square aluminium columns with and without aluminium foam filler. Using the obtained Pareto front, it is further found that non-filled columns are preferred over foam-filled ones when the desired energy absorption is no more than 4.8 kJ for square aluminium columns.
The Effect of Cutting Tool Material and Edge Geometry on Tool Life and Workpiece Surface Integrity
Authors: Hughes J I , Sharman A R C , Ridgway K
Published: June 2006

Titanium alloys are used extensively in the aerospace industry and are generally classified as ‘hard to machine’. The combination of high strength at elevated temperatures, low thermal conductivity, low modulus of elasticity, and high chemical affinity with all available cutting tool materials means that there are inherent difficulties when machining. The extensive literature detailing all aspects of the machinability of titanium alloys is briefly reviewed; however, little of this refers specifically to surface integrity, which is critical to industries such as aerospace. This paper focuses on the effects that insert geometry had on tool life and workpiece surface integrity when cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were varied. Specifically the effects of edge radius, side cutting edge angle, and edge land are considered. The findings show that whatever combination of tool geometry and operating parameters were used, the surface integrity is remarkably similar, even at relatively high cutting speeds and feed rates.
Strain Path Analysis of an Axisymmetric Part Within a Controlled Forming Process
Authors: Wang L , Lee T C
Published: June 2006

Many researchers have attempted to design a controlled sheet metal forming process to achieve a desired product shape without defects. An optimal blank holder force (BHF) profile is an efficient way to control the material flow during the forming process. The study in this paper tried to find an optimal BHF profile for an axisymmetric part using the finite element method. Up to now, the two main methods used vary the BHF as a function of time or space. Thus, time-variant and space-variant BHF profiles, which are imposed on the integrated and the divided blank holder respectively, were studied and compared in this paper. Two time-variant BHF patterns, such as linearly shaped and stepped ones, and various trends, such as ascending and descending, are discussed. The paper also examines six space-variant BHF patterns. Based on the numerical simulation results, the strain path in different areas under the various BHF schemes was analysed and compared. The results revealed that the ascending BHF type is the optimal pattern used to prevent wrinkling and optimize the strain distribution during the forming process as compared to the descending BHF type. In terms of energy opinion, it is found that the ascending BHF is the most effective way to prevent wrinkling and achieve a desired product shape. Taking another aspect, the preferable space-variant BHF pattern is the type where less force is imposed on the corner area than on the straight flange area. This is confirmed by a the comparison of strain paths under six space-variant BHF patterns.