bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wood biomass for energy in Montenegro
Authors: Danon Gradimir , Andjelic Milosav , Glavonjic Branko , Kadovic Ratko , Furtula Mladen
Published: July 2010

Wood biomass has got its place in the energy balance of Montenegro. A little more than 6% of the total energy consumption is obtained by burning wood. Along with the appropriate state measures, it is economically and environmentally justified to expect Montenegro to more than double the utilization of the existing renewable energy sources including wood biomass, in the near future. For the purpose of achieving this goal, ?Commercial utilization of the Wood Residue as a Resource for Economic Development in the North of Montenegro? project was carried out in 2007. The results of this project were included in the plan of the necessary interventions of the Government and its Agencies, associations or clusters, non-government organizations and interested enterprises. The plan was made on the basis of the wood residue at disposal and the attitude of individual subjects to produce and/or use solid bio-fuels and consists of a proposal of collection and utilization of the wood residue for each individual district in the north of Montenegro. The basic factors of sustainability of future commercialization of the wood residue were: availability of the wood raw material, and thereby the wood residue; the development of wood-based fuel markets, and the size of the profit.
Influence of temperature on behavior of the interfacial crack between the two layers
Authors: Djokovic Jelena , Nikolic Ruzica , Tadic Srdjan
Published: July 2010

In this paper is considered a problem of the semi-infinite crack at the interface between the two elastic isotropic layers in conditions of the environmental temperature change. The energy release rate needed for the crack growth along the interface was determined, for the case when the two-layered sample is cooled from the temperature of the layers joining down to the room temperature. It was noticed that the energy release rate increases with the temperature difference increase. In the paper is also presented the distribution of stresses in layers as a function of the temperature and the layers? thickness variations. Analysis is limited to the case when the bimaterial sample is exposed to uniform temperature.
Morphology of the Inner Ear in Mammals with Different Ecological Peculiarities in Ontogeny
Authors: Solntseva G.
Published: July 2010

Morphology of the Inner Ear in Mammals with Different Ecological Peculiarities in Ontogeny

The inner ear is the first to form, as the core, phylogenetically most ancient formation of the peripheral auditory system both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis. As the development of the inner ear continues, the other parts of the peripheral auditory system of different evolutionary age start to be formed, and the outer ear is the evolutionary youngest among them. All parts of the peripheral auditory system are multicomponent formations. As opposed to the outer and middle ears, which are characterized by different structural variations and a wide spectrum of adaptable transformations connected with the peculiarities of species ecology, the inner ear possesses a variety of functions in the repre-sentatives of different ecological groups and, therefore, keeps a similar structural organization. Usually, both in the cochlear and vestibular analyzers the topography, form and size of separate components vary. Basically, the anatomic formation of the structures of the inner ear finishes in the early prefetal period, while the cellular differentiation of the sensory epithelium of the cochlea, maculas and cristae in immature-born species continues up to the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis. In mature-born species (cetaceans, ungulates), the differentiation of the inner ear structures is complete by the moment of birth.
The First Eocene Species of the Genus Micrambe (Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Cryptophagidae)
Authors: Lyubarsky G. , Perkovsky E.
Published: July 2010

The First Eocene Species of the GenusMicrambe(Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Cryptophagidae)

Based on a fossil specimen from the Late Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine),Micrambe sarnensisLyubarsky et Perkovsky, sp. n., the first Eocene species of this genus is described. The new species is similar to the extantMicrambe abietis(Paykull) andM. ulicis(Stephens), differing by having the callosity with an acutangular caudolateral corner.
Pulmonary hypertension after ventriculoatrial shunt implantation
Authors: Kluge Stefan , Baumann Hans Jörg , Regelsberger Jan , Kehler Uwe , Gliemroth Jan , Koziej Barbara , Klose Hans , Meyer Andreas
Published: July 2010

Object

Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts inserted for the treatment of hydrocephalus are known to be a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of pulmonary hypertension among adult patients with VA shunts.

Methods

All patients who had received a VA shunt at one of two institutions between 1985 and 2000 were invited for a cardiopulmonary evaluation. The investigation included a thorough history taking, clinical examination, echocardiography, and pulmonary function testing including diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Pulmonary hypertension was defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure > 35 mm Hg at rest.

Results

The study group consisted of 86 patients, of whom 38 (44%) could be examined. The patients' mean age was 47.1 ± 18.4 years; the median interval between shunt insertion and cardiopulmonary evaluation was 15 years (range 5–20 years). Of the 38 patients, 20 (53%) had Doppler velocity profiles of tricuspid regurgitation that were adequate for the estimation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Doppler-defined pulmonary hypertension was observed in 3 patients (8%), 2 of whom underwent right heart catheterization. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension was confirmed in both patients, and medical therapy, including anticoagulation, was started. The VA shunt was removed in both cases and replaced with a different type of device. Pulmonary function tests revealed a restrictive pattern in 15% and typical obstructive findings in 9% of patients. In 30% of patients the DLCO was less than 80% of predicted, and blood gas analysis showed hypoxemia in 6% of patients. No significant differences in pulmonary function tests were noted between the patients with and without echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension. However, patients with pulmonary hypertension had significantly lower DLCO values.

Conclusions

The authors detected pulmonary hypertension by using Doppler echocardiography in a significant proportion of patients with VA shunts. It is therefore recommended that practitioners perform regular echocardiography and pulmonary function tests, including single-breath DLCO in these patients to screen for pulmonary hypertension to prevent hazardous late cardiopulmonary complications.
Relationship between bacterial colonization of external cerebrospinal fluid drains and secondary meningitis: a retrospective analysis of an 8-year period
Authors: Hetem David J. , Woerdeman Peter A. , Bonten Marc J. M. , Ekkelenkamp Miquel B.
Published: July 2010

Object

A frequent complication of CSF drains is secondary meningitis. This study was designed to assess the predictive value of a positive culture from a CSF drain tip for the development of secondary meningitis.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective study of an 8-year period in which patients were treated in a tertiary care hospital in The Netherlands. Patients with positive cultures from CSF drain tips were identified from the microbiology database. Patient charts were reviewed to retrieve demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression to determine significant risk factors for the development of secondary meningitis.

Results

A total of 139 patients with positive CSF-drain cultures were included; 72 patients (52%) suffered secondary meningitis at the time of CSF drain removal, or developed it consecutively. Development of secondary meningitis was associated with use of ventricular drains (OR 3.4 vs lumbar drains; 95% CI 1.7–6.8), with age less than 18 years (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.3–17.3), and with colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (OR 3.1 vs other microorganisms; CI 1.2–8.5). Thirty-two patients (44% of total secondary meningitis) were diagnosed with secondary meningitis 24 hours or more after CSF drain removal; in 13 patients (18%) the diagnosis was made after 48 hours or more.

Conclusions

Positive CSF-drain cultures are strongly associated with development of secondary meningitis. A positive CSF-drain culture may precede clinical symptoms and should therefore be communicated to the treating physician by the microbiological laboratory as soon as possible, and prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be considered.
A General Strategy for the Preparation of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide Decorated with PdO Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: He Hongkun , Gao Chao
Published: July 2010

The preparation of carbon nanotube (CNT)/PdO nanoparticles and graphene oxide (GO)/PdO nanoparticle hybrids via a general aqueous solution strategy is reported. The PdO nanoparticles are generated in situ on the CNTs and GO by a one-step “green” synthetic approach in aqueous Pd(NO3)2 solution under ambient conditions without adding any additional chemicals. The production of PdO is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The morphologies of the resulting CNT/PdO and GO/PdO nanohybrids are characterized by transmission and/or scanning transmission electron microscopy. PdO nanoparticles with an average size of 2–3 nm in diameter are decorated evenly along the surfaces of CNTs and GO. This synthesis strategy is demonstrated to be compatible for 1) CNTs with different modifications, including pristine, oxidized, and polymer-functionalized CNTs; 2) different types of CNTs, including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs); and 3) different shapes of carbon materials, including tubular CNTs and planar GO. The as-prepared CNT/PdO and GO/PdO nanohybrids can be transformed into CNT/Pd and GO/Pd nanohybrids by reduction with NaBH4, and can then be used as a heterogeneous catalyst in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
In Silico Screening of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Their Combined Action on Prostaglandin H Synthase-1
Authors: Goltsov Alexey , Lebedeva Galina , Humphery-Smith Ian , Goltsov Gregory , Demin Oleg , Goryanin Igor
Published: July 2010

The detailed kinetic model of Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 (PGHS-1) was applied to in silico screening of dose-dependencies for the different types of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as: reversible/irreversible, nonselective/selective to PGHS-1/PGHS-2 and time dependent/independent inhibitors (aspirin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, etc.) The computational screening has shown a significant variability in the IC50s of the same drug, depending on different in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. To study this high heterogeneity in the inhibitory effects of NSAIDs, we have developed an in silico approach to evaluate NSAID action on targets under different PGHS-1 microenvironmental conditions, such as arachidonic acid, reducing cofactor, and peroxide concentrations. The designed technique permits translating the drug IC50, obtained in one experimental setting to another, and predicts in vivo inhibitory effects based on the relevant in vitro data. For the aspirin case, we elucidated the mechanism underlying the enhancement and reduction (aspirin resistance) of its efficacy, depending on PGHS-1 microenvironment in in vitro/in vivo experimental settings. We also present the results of the in silico screening of the combined action of sets of two NSAIDs (aspirin with ibuprofen, aspirin with celecoxib), and study the mechanism of the experimentally observed effect of the suppression of aspirin-mediated PGHS-1 inhibition by selective and nonselective NSAIDs. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of the obtained results to the problems of standardization of NSAID test assay, dependence of the NSAID efficacy on cellular environment of PGHS-1, drug resistance, and NSAID combination therapy.
La prospection archéologique systématique sur le tracé de l'autoroute A 71 (section Bourges-sud du Cher). 3e partie / Systematic archaeological survey along the route of the A 71 motorway (section from Bourges to the southern limit of the department of the Cher) (Part three)
Authors: Ferdière Alain , Rialland Yannick
Published: July 2010

L'opération de prospection systématique préalable à la construction de l'autoroute A. 71 (Bourges- sud du département du Cher) a été conduite par les auteurs de 1979 à 1983, dans le cadre d'une opération globale incluant ensuite (jusqu'à 1989) la réalisation des évaluations et des fouilles des sites repérés, puis la surveillance des travaux, et enfin l'exploitation des données. C'est cette seule phase de prospection qui est présentée ici. La publication des principales fouilles devrait suivre. Il s'agissait d'une opération alors expérimentale, destinée à harmoniser la coordination entre archéologues et aménageurs, dans le cadre de ce type de travaux de grands équipements, à expérimenter les méthodes et techniques de prospection les plus adéquates selon les périodes et les conditions, à étudier enfin, dans la diachronie, l'occupation du sol de cette région du Berry (Champagne, Vallée du Cher, Boischaut sud), depuis la Préhistoire jusqu'à la période contemporaine, dans une optique globale, incluant aussi bien l'archéologie du paysage et des parcellaires que la dimension ethnologique. Outre l'exposé des principes qui ont guidé cette opération et des méthodes mises en œuvre — dont les résultats relatifs seront discutés —, les acquis sont présentés sur les différentes périodes de l'occupation humaine.
Des bâtiments circulaires du Néolithique moyen à Auneau (Eure-et-Loir) et Orval (Cher). Note préliminaire / Middle neolithic circular buildings in Auneau (Eure-et-Loir) and Orval (Cher). First data
Authors: Verjux Christian , Agogué Olivier , Dubois Jean-Pierre , Hamon Tony
Published: July 2010

Des bâtiments circulaires récemment découverts en région Centre à Auneau (Eure-et-Loir) et Orval (Cher) sont rapportés au Néolithique moyen sur la base du matériel archéologique et de datations radiocarbones. La mise en évidence de ce type d'architecture, peu connu jusqu'alors pour une période aussi ancienne, conduit à un ré-examen d'autres structures similaires découvertes dans le nord de la France et apporte des éléments nouveaux à la réflexion sur l'évolution des constructions néolithiques dans le Bassin parisien après la phase de tradition danubienne.
Note sur le sciage des pierres dures à l'époque romaine / Note on stone sawing in roman period
Authors: Seigne Jacques
Published: July 2010

L'examen des traces attribuables à des opérations de sciage de pierre, observées sur le site des

thermes gallo-romains de Vieil-Evreux et sur deux tambours de colonne du sanctuaire d' Artémis à Jerash/Gérasa (Jordanie), conduit à restituer une scie à lames multiples, lisses, montées sur un cadre rigide vertical, guidée par un bâti indépendant, pour la préparation simultanée de trois ou quatre plaques de pierre dure, de faible épaisseur mais de grandes dimensions.
Système de retraite et vieillissement de la population
Authors: Diamond Peter A.
Published: July 2010

Pensions for an Aging Population After presenting the Gruber- Wise analysis showing a strong effect on retirement of implicit taxes from pension rules, it is shown that there is no effect of these implicit taxes on unemployment. This supports the argument for avoiding high implicit taxes on continued work. Also discussed are methods for adjusting benefits and taxes for increases in life expectancy, with particular attention to increasing "the retirement age". Calculations are presented showing the decreases in benefits for an increase in the normal retirement age in the US and the years of service for a full benefit in France.
Vers une analyse économique des politiques publiques des drogues ?
Authors: Poret Sylvaine
Published: July 2010

Syivaine Poret Vers une analyse économique des politiques publiques des drogues ? Cet article présente l'évolution des politiques publiques en matière de drogues en mettant en évidence l'introduction progressive des arguments économiques dans l'analyse. Après des siècles de production et de consommation, quelques substances psycho- actives ont été peu à peu stigmatisées. Pour certains produits, au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle, la prohibition est alors devenue le modèle international. Les justifications de cette politique ont évolué au cours du temps, du paternalisme à la disparition des externalités causées par les drogues. Nous distinguerons les externalités en termes de santé et de violence, mais aussi en fonction de leurs causes réelles. Le relatif échec des politiques publiques fortement répressives menées dans de nombreux pays depuis trois décennies pose certaines questions quant à leur efficacité et avive le débat entre prohibition et légalisation, dont les termes seront discutés.
Evolution du service public et principe de subsidiarité
Authors: Tosi Gilbert
Published: July 2010

The Evolution of Public Service and Subsidiarity Principle. This paper discusses the modernization of the french public service. To study this subject, we have deliberately adopted an evolutionary approach. Then in this perspective, can we defend "le service public à la française" on identity and cohesiveness principles or take another way that proposes a total liberalisation even if we sacrify egality and solidarity ? This paper shows that a modern public service, combining efficiency and equity, is a proximity one, based openly on the subsidiarity principle. As example of subsidiary public service we study the water sector.
Théorie et modélisation macro-économiques, d'hier à aujourd'hui
Authors: De Vroey Michel , Malgrange Pierre
Published: July 2010

The Evolution of Macroeconomic Theory and Modelling Along the Last Fifty Years. An outline of the evolution from the birth up to present days of the macroeconomics is laid out, its emergence during the thirties, then the period of the domination of the Keynesian macroeconomics of the years 1950 to 1970. The following stage of the evolution has been the attack from Milton Friedman and Robert Lucas against Keynesian macroeconomics. We consider the works of these authors deserve the label of a "scientific revolution à la Kuhn", with the emergence of the dynamic and stochastic macroeconomics. Associated with this, the focus of macroeconomics has shifted. Themes linked to market failures, and especially to unemployment disappear, in favour of cycle and growth analysis, these last being studied from the pos- tulate of efficient working of the system. These last years have seen the emergence of a "New Neoclassical Synthesis" mimicking the old synthesis in combining keynesian and classical elements, while adopting the new methodology of equilibrium discipline and of agents rational behaviour.
Les intellectuels dans le siècle
Authors: Winock Michel
Published: July 2010

The worldly intellectuals, Michel Winock

« Where are Gide, Malraux, Alain ? » lamented Mr. Max Gallo, the government spokesman, during the summer of 1983. Indeed, after the death of J.-P. Sartre and R. Aron, the French intelligentsia has been struck by lethargy ; it is less involved in politics and is more modestly trying to find a new ethics. Is this a sign of a civilization's exhaustion, or a promise of a new spurt of intelligence ? The author shows how much the history of the intellectuals, born at the time of the Dreyfus affair, was woven in ambiguities : the scholars have often turned coats ; the moralists of the 1930s resigned at Munich ; the committed partisans of the 1950s covered up the worst excesses of totalitarianism. The 1970s have brought doubt and often silence.
Des parités aux monnaies flottantes
Authors: Pogorel Gérard
Published: July 2010

From parity to floating currencies : the political debate on the international monetary System since 1940, Gérard Pogorel

During the second world war, within the framework of the allies negotiations on the post war, the Americans, the English and the French established the foundations of a future international monetary System. The Bretton Woods conference set up in July 1944 the two key institutions — the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The liveliness of the discussions on exchange parity and the use of the gold standard, and the weight of the dollar and of the pound sterling prevented the system from becoming operative until the end of the 1950s. The creation of the European Common Market and the competitiveness of Europe and Japan then aggravated the tensions between the United States and the rest of the world, especially General de Gaulle's France. A compromise was reached in 1967 with the creation of the Special Drawing Rights. But the economic crisis of the 1970s and the imbalance of international exchanges resulted in the tri-polar monetary System : the dollar, the yen and the ECU, created in 1979 within the European Monetary System. The failure of an international fiduciary currency is compensated by the flexibility of the new System, even if some heads of state are in the early 1980s speaking of a new Bretton Woods.
Luther, citoyen des deux Allemagnes en 1983
Authors: Thadden Rudolf (von
Published: July 2010

Luther, a citizen of both Germanies in 1983, Rudolf von Thadden

Why were the celebrations of the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther's birth in '1983, so successful in both Germanies ? In East Germany, because the communist power is sufficiently confident to enlist Luther at no risk : his teachings are used in the policy of separation between the Church and the socialist state, unlike Catholic Poland, and of emphasis on the work ethic. In West Germany, where the celebration was to concern only the man of faith, the Lutheran heritage still provides a good explanation of national characteris-tics, such as the taste for theory, the primacy of substance over form, and the protestants' singular devotion to the policy of peace.
Nouvelle régulation ou retour à la normale ?
Authors: Rowley Anthony
Published: July 2010

New regulation or return to normal? The British case after 1918, Anthony Rowley.

At the end of the First World War, the return to the gold standard in Great Britain illustrated the difficulty of maintaining both a deflationary policy and measures aimed at helping employment and creating a system of unemployment benefits. During this period, the role of the state in financial matters grew while maintaining at the same time a heterogeneous character. This development, begun at the end of the 19th century, picked up speed with the war economy and the necessities of a new economic regulation in the 1920s.
Autant en emporte la guerre. Les régimes politiques à l'épreuve
Authors: Becker Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2010

Gone with the war: the testing of political regimes, Jean-Jacques Becker Unlike previous wars, 20th century conflicts do upset existing political regimes. The relation between war and political change is, however, not mechani-cal. In some instances, such as the growth of communism or fascism, war has played a crucial role. In others — the breakdown of the Central Empires in 1918, or the fall of France in 1940 — war accelerates change, but is not its prime cause. In the last analysis, Clausewitz's conclusions are no longer sufficient : explanation must at times take into account irrational elements.
Une généalogie guerrière de l'histoire
Authors: Chevrier Yves
Published: July 2010

A warlike genealogy of history. Mac-Neill's paradigm, Yves Chevrier

History is produced by war, not the contrary. Such is the thesis of W.H. MacNeill, an American historian familiar with wide-ranging frescoes, in The Pursuit of Power (1982). This critical review places MacNeill's thinking in the wake of famous predecessors : Braudel, Weber, Marx, Clausewitz and Gibbon. It also defines his originality : thinking about war no longer in terms of its waging, causes and consequences, but seeing in it the mode of production of civilization and society. Like the class struggle, war is a motor of history. This is a revolutionary thesis, which raises many critical questions.
Les guerres de succession du Kremlin (1924-1984)
Authors: Carrère d'Encausse Hélène
Published: July 2010

The Kremlin wars of succession (1924-1984), Hélène Carrère d'Encausse.

The difficulties of succession which the Soviet System experienced on the deaths of Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, and Andropov are discussed. No apparent rule could ever be established in the USSR to ensure the transfer of power without a crisis. But a careful examination of the circumstances and the stakes of the wars of succession clarifies successively the roles of individuals until 1953, of the apparatus until 1982, and of the generational conflict within the party since the death of Brezhnev. History seems to reinforce Max Weber's analysis of the routinization of power and the final victory of the System over the individuals.
Colonisation, décolonisation et capitalisme (1880-1960)
Authors: Marseille Jacques
Published: July 2010

Colonization, decolonization and capitalism (1880-1960). Divorce, French style, Jacques Marseille.

Decolonization has not been, as some politicians had predicted, a catastrophe for the French economy, far from it. In the decade which followed the downfall of the colonial empire, the growth of capitalism, seldom as vigorous, was accompanied by the structural transformations necessary to modernization. The business community seemed to understand that well before the state since, as early as the 1930s, certain economic agents were already feeling unsatisfaction. Public opinion relayed by political forces, became passionately and unexpectedly interes in the empire, just as the world of business and finance was moving away from it. A painful divorce, which only General de Gaulle alone could declare.
Histoire et pouvoir dans 1984
Authors: Bédarida François
Published: July 2010

History and power in 1984, François Bédarida.

A visionary and iconoclastic book, going against the mainstream antifascist progressivism of the 30s and 40s, George Orwell's 1984, published in 1949, has put before the historian the issue of the subjection of the past to power in a totalitarian System. Big Brother's theocracy has conquered memory and denies ail forms of objective historical truth. The future, however, needs the past : Orwell's message is a defense and illustration of the pedagogical and civic function of history.
Le siècle de la contingence ?
Authors: Rémond René
Published: July 2010

The century of contingency ?, René Rémond

Virtually all forecasts have corne to naught during the 20th century. This chronic discrepancy between prediction and reality confronts the contemporary historian with the central role of contingency, the irritating challenge to his desire to explain logically the passing of time. Population, economy, culture, and above all, politics — no field of human activity manages to escape the accident of contingency. The historian, therefore, has to avoid two contrary excesses : attributing to events a spurious logic, and making the flow of things depend on minor causes. Only the historian can show that all situations have a variety of possible future scenarios, and that choice is always irreversible.
Le cas très singulier de la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Droz Bernard
Published: July 2010

The very singular case of the Algerian war, Bernard Droz

In the history of Franco-French wars, the Algerian war is quite singular. Long indifferent to the colonial question, French public opinion showed little interest in Indochina, Tunisia or Morocco while Algeria unleashed passion. Although clearly the left was as a whole favorable to independence and the right opposed the loss of Algeria, the drama disturbed the traditional left-right confrontation. Moreover, the conflict in France was much more violent at the level of discourse than in reality. If there was a civil war, it took place more in Algeria. Paradoxically, the very bitterness of the conflict in France made it easier for Algeria to accede to independence, but in no way was independence achieved through the unanimity of a people.
Regards d'outre-hexagone
Authors: Borejsza Jerzy W , Hoffmann Stanley , Romano Sergio , Stengers Jean , Tilly Charles
Published: July 2010

Views of France from abroad, Jerzy W. Borejsza, Stanley Hoffmann, Sergio Romano, Jean Stengers, Charles Tilly.

Five foreign historians give their points of view on Franco-French wars. Civil war no longer has following in the France of the 20th century, event if fighting speeches ang aggressive attitudes proliferate and are player out. French-style clashes are compared by them with the civil wars or the divisions in their own countries : the Civil war in the USA, the problem of Belgian national identity, Polish resistance and Italian « syncretism ».
Une guerre de deux cents ans ?
Authors: Azéma Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

A two-hundred year war ?, Jean-Pierre Azéma

The hypothesis of rippling waves of games of memory, faults and replays, of the determining role of ideological conflicts, of verbal inflation in Franco-French wars of the 20th century seems stimulating and operational at the end of this voyage through history. But one must not jump to conclusions. A truce is not an armistice. Events since May 1981, the opposition's attacks against the new Jacobins in power and the rise in xenophobia show that the French still keep their powder dry.
Lieux et métiers des étrangers en France depuis 1851
Authors: Le Bras Hervé
Published: July 2010

Location and jobs of foreigners in France since 1851, Hervé Le Bras

The cartographic projection of the 1851 census clearly shows a distribution of foreigners influenced by a neighborhood effect. During the foliowing decades, the effect took root and opened on to a spatial and also social specialization of foreigners. The study of the 1936 data shows moreover a great consistency in national temperaments, geographically as well as professionally. May the recent drop in industrial employment not upset the economic and social results of a century-old process ?
Une intégration difficile : les polonais en France dans le premier 20e siècle
Authors: Ponty Janine
Published: July 2010

A diffîcult integration : the Poles in France in the first part of the 20th century, Janine Ponty.

After World War I, a large Polish community of a half million people emigrated to France. It was composeed of original Poles and of " Westphalians ", established since the 19th century in the Ruhr and having German citizenship. This specific community, which maintained strong national feelings, settled essentially in Northern France and worked in the coal fields. Originally opposed to any assimilation, its members tried to recreate a specific religious and cultural milieu, which caused them to be rejected by the French. The second World War broke this process, facilitated the integration of some, while about 100,000 others decided to return to and work in the new socialist Poland.
Le parc de la villette entre Thélème et Disneyland
Authors: Voldman Danièle
Published: July 2010

The Parc de la Villette, between Thélème and Disneyland, Danièle Voldman

The plan to equip the eastern part of Paris with a big park has since 1981 become a more ambitious scheme : to invent the urban garden of the 21st century. Hundreds of architects and landscap specialists wor-ked on this adventure. But it is just as difficult to plan urban development as to plan the needs of the population of the post-industrial age. Should city dwellers get fresh air or games ? How does one design an amusement park in the French tradition without making a pale copy of its far-off American model ? Will La Villette become a new Disneyland ?
Le recrutement des inspecteurs des finances de 1892 à 1946
Authors: Carré de Malberg Nathalie
Published: July 2010

The recruitment of Finance Inspectors from 1892 to 1946, Nathalie Carré de Malherg.

The French Inspection des Finances corps is often presented as a private hunting ground of the Paris upper bourgeoisie, and a pure product of the Ecole libre des sciences politiques. The reality was far more complex. The Inspection archives and particularly the files of candidates for the competitive entrance examination allow for a more subtle profile of the Finance Inspector. A careful study of the sociological, geographic and intellectual characteristics of the candidates and of those admitted leads to the conclusion that the competition, studied over half a century, was never a simple reproduction machine for « inheritors ».
Les Bantous, de la philologie allemande à l'authenticité africaine
Authors: Chrétien Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

The Bantus, Jean-Pierre Chrétien

The « Bantu » model which serves to designate the black populations of austral Africa was a pure creation, first of linguistics and German philology, then of the race science of the colonial era, and finally of contemporary African ethno-philosophy. Created from the outside, it belongs more to the grand Western racial theories than to African reality.
L'apport des historiens aux études électorales
Authors: Rémond René
Published: July 2010

The contribution of historians to electoral studies, René Rémond

The historian's interest in elections is not new, and the record of their contribution in this area is generally positive. Several generations of students of political history have contributed to the progress of electoral studies, despite the discredit which once fell on that discipline. Its strong comeback has opened new fields which it is already possible to chart.
Les cycles de la modernisation en Chine (1842-1949)
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: July 2010

Modernization cycles in China (1842-1949), Marie-Claire Bergère.

Since 1842, China has been going through a series of modernization drives repetitive enough to be called cycles. The first one, ending with the First World War, was marked by the predominant role of the State. It was a modernization from the top, characterized by belated reforms, insufficient to save the Empire. In the second one, during the 1920s, there was a spontaneous modernization which corresponds to the golden age of Chinese capitalism. But the failures at the end of this period were evidence of the inability of Chinese society alone to perform the tasks of modernization. That explains, despite its distrust of the State, why the bourgeoisie did not renounce the advantages of a centralizing order. Since even liberalism needs the State, the third cycle, that of the Kuomintang, could thus be understood as an attempt to set up a non-bureaucratic capitalism under which the integration of the bourgeois elites to the bureaucracy was to be the expression of a national political culture.
Vichy était-il fasciste ?
Authors: Slama Alain-Gerard
Published: July 2010

Was Vichy fascist ?, Alain-Gérard Slama.

In order to understand the Vichy regime, one must focus on what differentiates it from all the other authoritarian experiments and makes it an element of the political originating in the Revolution and the Empire. This makes it possible to determine to what extent the components of the Petain myth are elements traditional in French culture : the soldier, the peasant and the school teacher. And how the weight of cultural references favored the pluralism of political debate within the regime and led its political discourse toward continuity. Culture more than conjuncture thus probably saved Petain's France from the fascist epidemic.
Guerre froide et progressisme chrétien. La quinzaine (1950-1953)
Authors: Tranvouez Yvon
Published: July 2010

Cold War and Christian progressivism. La Quinzaine (1950-1953), Yvon Tranvouez.

During the Cold War, La Quinzaine, recently founded by Dominican fathers and transfered to lay hands, threw itself into the « struggle for peace » after some Christians heard the communist Stockholm Appeal. « Hypocritical ravages » of American civilization, « new world » in the East : everything apparently led this bi-monthly from Christian progressivism to a manichean view of international relations. The political trials in the people's democracies nevertheless revealed a deep split within the editorial team which displayed greater diversity than the monolithic image conveyed by its opponents. Condemned by the Holy Office in 1955, the magazine had in extremis distinguished fellow traveller Christians from followers of a nascent « new left ».
De l'ouvrier-masse au travailleur fléxible
Authors: Gaudemar Jean-Paul (de
Published: July 2010

From mass worker to flexible worker, Jean-Paul de Gaudemar.

Starting with the imperatives of productivity in industrial societies since the 19th century, the author examines the emergence of taylorism, then of the labor movement, and the progress of individual skill acquisition through education. He considers the need for flexibility, as common now in the office as in the factory, and thus gives a historical answer to the main question : how has the relation of the masses to the individual been expressed in terms of labor economy ?
Raoul Dautry, la conscience du social
Authors: Baudouï Rémi
Published: July 2010

Raoul Dautry and social consciousness, Rémi Baudouï.

More than any other French engineer of his generation, Raoul Dautry embodied the hopes of those for whom the exercice of power belonged exclusively to those with technical competence. Nevertheless his exemplary career which took him from railroads to responsibility for two ministerial departments raises the question of the apolitical expert. For him, social consciousness implied choices of a political nature. This leads to the question of the definition of state service and of technocracy.
Itinéraire d'un ingénieur
Authors: Beltran Alain , Bungener Martine
Published: July 2010

Itinerary of an engineer. Pierre Massé before the Plan, André Bertran, Martine Bungener.

Pierre Massé, polytechnicien, engineer to the corps of Ponts et Chaussées, had an exemplary career, from the Lozère, where he introduced tar, to a mission in the Rhineland, and to the office of General Commissioner for the Plan. It was mostly during his involvement with electricity that he implemented his economic and technical theories, and won a reputation as a modernizing expert, who stressed the essential roles of energy and energy policy. When in 1959 Pierre Massé stopped his activity in the electricity industry to become General Commissioner for the Plan, he confirmed his role as an economist to whom no area was alien.
L'histoire religieuse de la France au 20e siècle
Authors: Rémond René
Published: July 2010

The religious history of contemporary France, René Rémond.

Not long ago, caught in the straitjacket of outdated problematiques and methods, neglected or suspected by dominant schools or currents, religious history seemed a poor relative in the family of French history. Today, it is fully recognized and integrated in the research landscape, thanks to a complete overhaul of its questions and means of investigation. The arrival of new generations of historians, internal developments in the various Churches, the contribution of pluridisciplinarity and the constants broadening of perspectives, which are responsible for this aggiornamento, are now ensuring the diversity and vitality of a renewed history. Rene Remond's stock taking suggests paths for the future, between the desire to place the religious aspect within the field of the multiple social interactions and the will to respect its specificity and its autonomy.
Les juifs et la vie politique
Authors: Kaspi André
Published: July 2010

Jews and politics, André Kaspi.

The Jewish lobby is often mentioned in the United States. The « power of the Jews » is however exaggerated neither through inadvertence nor through ignorance. On one hand, they represent one of several mino-rities. On the other, while they do have a homogeneous political behavior (their vote is traditionally Democratie), their influence has rarely been decisive. Their gradual but spectacular Americanization causes fear and admiration : their harshest opponent are to be found within the minority which has not succeeded to become part of the American way of life.
Villes coloniales et histoire des Africains
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine
Published: July 2010

Colonial cities and history of the Africans, Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch.

Africa has long been considered a vast rural continent in which urbanization developed at the impulse of colonizers. In fact, although marginal, African cities are ancient and have had a life of their own alongside western establishments. Since the early 1960s, urbanism has become the major phenomenon in black Africa. In 1990, the urban population will be larger than the rural population. The colonial city, from this point of view, initiated this process. But African town planners, trained in Western techniques and molds, will nevertheless have to integrate their customary heritage and the necessities of modern planning.
La loi de 1948 sur les loyers
Authors: Voldman Danièle
Published: July 2010

The 1948 law on rents, Danièle Voldman.

The 1948 law on rents which was meant to encourage real estate investment, did not produce the intended effects. Wanting to cater to both landlords and tenants — two incompatible parts — the parliamentarians missed their goal. The new law froze the situation it was supposed to open up, and by increasing rents substantially without increasing the value of housing for rent, it disgruntled everyone.
Nationalisme et internationalisation au Japon
Authors: Seizelet Éric
Published: July 2010

Nationalism and internationalization in Japan, Eric Seizelet.

Japanese traditionalism is based on the restoration of monarchic prestige, the rehabilitation of the national ethics and patriotism. Its present resurgence transcends the traditional political division between liberais and conservatives. It has become the foundation of a new nationalism which is freeing itself from the inhibitions of the past but functions as a passive subversion of institutions. It is part of the vision of internationalization, an ambiguous and polysemic notion, will to conceived as a power.
Intellectuels, fascisme et antimodernité dans la France des années trente
Authors: Simard Marc
Published: July 2010

Intellectuals, fascism and anti-modernity in the 1930s in France, Marc Simard.

In the debate on the « fascism » of French intellectuals in the 1930s, the author suggests a shift in perspectives. Although the per-sonalist journals such as Esprit or L'Ordre Nouveau did not actually share the fascist fascination of intellectuals such as Brasillach and Drieu La Rochelle, they did have a common features : the rejection of modernity, the reaction against the rising era of the masses. Intellectual fascism might thus be only one aspect of a much wider current, that of anti-modernism. Partial proximities, which are not necessarily similarities, become more understandable, without the risks of reduction.
Les trajectoires territoriales du sionisme
Authors: Dieckhoff Alain
Published: July 2010

The territorial itineraries of Zionism, Alain Dieckhoff.

Since its origins, Zionism has had several territorial strategies. Between 1882 and 1897, the purpose of Jewish nationalism was settlement in Palestine ; its newness was its political nature. From 1897 to 1936, a strategy of settler colonies was implemented. From 1936 to 1948, a strategy of grafting was applied as a response to Arab hostility and to assure the territorial bases of a future state. After 1948 and until 1967, there was a methodical gridding of space simultaneously with the search for a new demographic balance. But the management of the occupied territories brought about new ambitions after 1967 now linked with the recovery of a highly symbolic space on the West Bank.
Renzo De Felice et l'histoire du fascisme
Authors: Musiedlak Didier
Published: July 2010

Renzo De Felice and the history of fascism, Didier Musiedlak.

The historical work of De Felice set off a storm in Italy because it goes against a whole historiographic tradition of analysis of the 20 black years of Fascism through the anti-fascism prism. De Felice claims an Italian specificity, which distinguishes it from German Nazism and post-1945 " neo-fascisms ". He bases the chronological analysis of its reign on the struggle, under Il Duce's omnipresent eye, between the intransigents, who dreamed of a revolution inspired by the movement, and the more conservative fellow-travelers, who wanted to strengthen the Italian state by making it fascist.
Les générations intellectuelles
Authors: Winock Michel
Published: July 2010

Intellectual generations, Michel Winock

The notion of generation can be particularly fruitful for the history of intellectuals, provided not too much is asked of it : it allows both description and explanation, emphasizes the major collective moments and helps relate individual itineraries better with them. It can be used to propose a stratigraphy of the history of the French intelligentsia, from the generation of the Dreyfus affair to that of 1968, and including e.g. the generation of the depression or that of the Cold War. Seemingly chaotic behavior, itineraries and phenomena become thereby more intelligible.
Les enfants terribles de la Nouvelle Vague
Authors: Capdenat Constance
Published: July 2010

The " Enfants Terribles " of the " New Wave ", Constance Capdenat.

The term " New Wave " was used by journalists to designate a movement of young directors who wanted to break with a certain tradition of the French cinema. They were in their thirties in 1960, having grown up in the post-World War II boom. They made claims to a special style, a way of writing and technique. Revolting against their fathers, these directors rejected academic training and asserted their desire for freedom. The " New Wave " represents French cinema's holiday period before the events of May 1968.
Soldats perdus des guerres orphelines
Authors: Beccaria Laurent
Published: July 2010

Lost soldiers of orphan wars, Laurent Beccaria.

Shocked by the defeat of 1940, lieutenants in the Indochina war, captains in the Algerian war, some officers of paratroop regiments or the Foreign legion lived as far as the putsch or the wreck a particular generation-effect. Their fate is ignored in French collective memory but the myths which they embodied still sometimes seem to continue seducing new generations of young officers.
Argent, politique et aviation. L'affaire de l'aéropostale (1931-1932)
Authors: Neiertz Nicolas
Published: July 2010

Money, politics and aviation. The Aéropostale affair, 1931-1932, Nicolas Neiertz.

In the 1920s and 1930s, thanks to the Compagnie Aéropostale and the exploits of its pilots, France seemed to occupy a choice place in the market of international air navigation, particularly in South America. But the early 1930s were marked by the « Aéropostale affair », which was the talk of the town as it revealed ambiguous links between the business and the political communities. An active and ambitious entrepreneur, Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont ; a series of Aviation Ministers conscious of State prerogatives ; important names on the political stage implicated (e.g. P.-E. Flandin) : all the ingredients were there for a complex political-financial scandai, whose analysis leads to a reflection on the nature and functions of this type of affair in a System of parliamentary democracy.