bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial and cytosolic expression of human peroxiredoxin 5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae protect yeast cells from oxidative stress induced by paraquat
Authors: Tiên Nguyên-nhu Nhu , Knoops Bernard
Published: May 2003

Human peroxiredoxin 5 is a recently discovered mitochondrial, peroxisomal and cytosolic thioredoxin peroxidase able to reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. To gain insight into peroxiredoxin 5 antioxidant role in cell protection, we investigated the resistance of yeast cells expressing human peroxiredoxin 5 in mitochondria or in the cytosol against oxidative stress induced by paraquat. The herbicide paraquat is a redox active drug known to generate superoxide anions in mitochondria and the cytosol of yeast and mammalian cells leading to the formation of several reactive oxygen species. Here, we report that mitochondrial and cytosolic human peroxiredoxin 5 protect yeast cells from cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by paraquat.
Improvement of exogenous DNA nuclear importation by nuclear localization signal‐bearing vectors: a promising way for non‐viral gene therapy?
Authors: Hébert Eric
Published: May 2003

Abstract Several vectors have been developed in order to target genes to specific cells. Virus‐based vectors lead to a high transfection efficiency in vitro, but display important disadvantages such as pathological risks, which they expose to patients. Plasmid‐associated chemical vectors lack these disadvantages, but allow only a very low efficiency of transgene expression. Most of the non‐viral‐based gene transfer techniques developed until now mainly focused their efforts to overcome the problem of DNA entry into the cell. Some recent works, however, have begun to investigate the nucleus entry problem and suggest that the trafficking of DNA from cytosol to the nucleus may be improved by using the nuclear localization signal (NLS) found in some nuclear proteins. If the vector contains one or several NLS, either as covalently or non‐covalently DNA‐linked peptides, a competition may take place between the rate of dissociation of the DNA‐vector complexes and the rate of loading of the complexes to the NLS‐mediated nucleus importation machinery. This equilibrium may be displaced towards the importation pathway by the use of NLS‐bearing proteins instead of peptides. The possibility of recruiting normal endogenous cellular pathways of nuclear uptake to promote entry of exogenously applied DNA through the nuclear pore complex would, thus, seem promising. Nevertheless, attempts to improve the transport of DNA to the nucleus through the use of NLSs have achieved limited success. Although these systems show improved transgene expression, little is known about how they function in transfected cells, and the optimal formulation for gene expression is yet to be determined.
The role of mRNA 5′‐noncoding and 3′‐end sequences on 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment, and how RNA viruses successfully compete with cellular mRNAs to ensure their own protein synthesis
Authors: Kean Katherine M.
Published: May 2003

Since the elaboration of the scanning model to explain eukaryotic translation initiation, alternative hypotheses have gained support. Cap and 5′ end‐independent recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit conferred by the presence of an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) in the 5′UTR of the mRNA is widely accepted, and has been formally and definitively proven for a picornavirus. However, the mechanism of IRES function remains essentially a black box. Using the complex viral IRESes as model systems, approaches taken to shed light on the mystery include systematic comparisons and molecular genetic analyses. The hypothesis that actively translated mRNAs are circular, rather than linear, molecules is based on rather indirect evidence. This model has invoked a revision of the image of 40S ribosomal subunit recruitment, to include recycling from the mRNA 3′‐ to the 5′‐end in addition to true de novo 5′‐end directed entry. Biochemical and genetic studies are used to define the network of interactions necessary for efficient ribosome recruitment. This has lent weight to the concept of mRNA 5′–3′ cross‐talk and clarified the mechanics of how this enhances translation efficiency. These refinements and revisions to the model of translation initiation form the core of this review, with current knowledge being considered from the perspective on how host‐cell translation could yield to selective viral translation via the phenomenon of translational shut‐off.
Generation of protein isoform diversity by alternative initiation of translation at non‐AUG codons
Authors: Touriol Christian , Bornes Stéphanie , Bonnal Sophie , Audigier Sylvie , Prats Hervé , Prats Anne‐Catherine , Vagner Stéphan
Published: May 2003

The use of several translation initiation codons in a single mRNA, by expressing several proteins from a single gene, contributes to the generation of protein diversity. A small, yet growing, number of mammalian mRNAs initiate translation from a non‐AUG codon, in addition to initiating at a downstream in‐frame AUG codon. Translation initiation on such mRNAs results in the synthesis of proteins harbouring different amino terminal domains potentially conferring on these isoforms distinct functions. Use of non‐AUG codons appears to be governed by several features, including the sequence context and the secondary structure surrounding the codon. Selection of the downstream initiation codon can occur by leaky scanning of the 43S ribosomal subunit, internal entry of ribosome or ribosomal shunting. The biological significance of non‐AUG alternative initiation is demonstrated by the different subcellular localisations and/or distinct biological functions of the isoforms translated from the single mRNA as illustrated by the two main angiogenic factor genes encoding the fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Consequently, the regulation of alternative initiation of translation might have a crucial role for the biological function of the gene product.
The puzzling lateral flexible stalk of the ribosome
Authors: Gonzalo Philippe , Reboud Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2003

The lateral flexible stalk of the large ribosomal subunit is made of several interacting proteins anchored to a conserved region of the 28S (26S) rRNA termed the GTPase‐associated domain or thiostrepton loop. This structure is demonstrated to adopt puzzling changes of conformation following the different steps of the elongation cycle. Some of these proteins termed the P‐proteins in eukaryotes and L10 and L7/L12 in bacteria, present little structural similarities between Eubacteria on one side and Archae and Eukaryotes on the other side. However, up to now, these proteins seem to present a similar macromolecular organisation and they have been involved in the same functions. Convincing evidence attests that these proteins participate in elongation factor binding to the ribosome, and it has been suggested that these proteins might be evolved in a GTP hydrolysis activating protein activity. Involvement of these proteins in the translational mechanism is discussed. Moreover, in eukaryotes, small P‐proteins are also found as isolated proteins in a cytoplasmic pool that exchanges with the ribosome‐associated P‐proteins. Moreover, a part of the ribosomal proteins is phosphorylated (hence their P‐protein names). The biological signification of these particularities is discussed.
East of EDEN was a poly(A) tail
Authors: Paillard Luc , Osborne H. Beverley
Published: May 2003

Post‐transcriptional regulations of gene expression (control of mRNA stability and translation) play a central role in achieving cellular functions. In a large number of cases, post‐transcriptional regulations are dependent on mRNA poly(A) tails, as mRNAs with a long poly(A) tail are generally much more stable and actively translated than deadenylated mRNAs. In this review, we will discuss the activities that modify poly(A) tail lengths in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. We will particularly focus on one activity, the “EDEN” mechanism, that provokes specific poly(A) tail shortening rapidly after fertilization. EDEN‐dependent deadenylation is mediated by the specific binding of a protein, EDEN‐BP. The EDEN mechanism will be compared with several other mechanisms that provoke deadenylation in a large variety of species. The proposal that the EDEN mechanism is probably a mechanism of widespread importance in the metazoan world will be discussed.
Transaction cost framework in operations and supply chain management research: theory and measurement
Authors: Grover Varun , Malhotra Manoj K.
Published: May 2003

Over the past decade, transaction cost theory (TCT) has received considerable attention from researchers in various disciplines of business. Unfortunately, the rich theoretical base of TCT has seen limited application in the operations and supply chain management research. This article seeks to change that by providing a cogent synthesis of TCT, its assumptions, constructs, and propositions. It also summarizes existing empirical work in management and other disciplines that draws from the TCT perspective and examines relationships in manufacturing organizations. A measurement model of transaction costs is subsequently presented using data from 203 manufacturing firms in the OEM electronics industry. Guidelines and recommendations for researchers are then presented regarding both the uses of the theory and its measurement. It is hoped that this study will stimulate work in the important areas of inter‐firm relationships that draw from this rich but underutilized theoretical lens, and thereby add another perspective to the knowledge base in related areas of the operations and supply chain management fields.
Acceleration of cartilage repair by genetically modified chondrocytes over expressing bone morphogenetic protein‐7
Authors: Hidaka Chisa , Goodrich Laurie R. , Chen Chih‐Tung , Warren Russell F. , Crystal Ronald G. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: May 2003

Background: Cartilage has a limited capacity to heal. Although chondrocyte transplantation is a useful therapeutic strategy, the repair process can be lengthy. Previously we have shown that over expression of bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP‐7) in chondrocytes by adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer leads to increased matrix synthesis and cartilage‐like tissue formation in vitro. In this context we hypothesized that implantation of genetically modified chondrocytes expressing BMP‐7 would accelerate the formation of hyaline‐like repair tissue in an equine model of cartilage defect repair.

Methods: Chondrocytes treated with adenovirus vector encoding BMP‐7 (AdBMP‐7) or as control, an adenovirus vector encoding an irrelevant gene (Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase, AdCD) were implanted into extensive (15 mm diameter) articular cartilage defects in the patellofemoral joints of 10 horses. Biopsies were performed to evaluate early healing at 4 weeks. At the terminal time point of 8 months, repairs were assessed for morphology, MRI appearance, compressive strength, biochemical composition and persistence of implanted cells.

Results: Four weeks after surgery AdBMP‐7‐treated repairs showed an increased level of BMP‐7 expression and accelerated healing, with markedly more hyaline‐like morphology than control. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the repair tissue 8 months after surgery showed that few implanted cells persisted. By this time, the controls had healed similarly to the AdBMP‐7‐treated defects, and no difference was detected in the morphologic, biochemical or biomechanical properties of the repair tissues from the two treatment groups.

Conclusions: Implantation of genetically modified chondrocytes expressing BMP‐7 accelerates the appearance of hyaline‐like repair tissue in experimental cartilage defects.

Clinical relevance: Rehabilitation after cell‐based cartilage repair can be prolonged, leading to decreased patient productivity and quality of life. This study shows the feasibility of using genetically modified chondrocytes to accelerate cartilage healing. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Shear movement at the fracture site delays healing in a diaphyseal fracture model
Authors: Augat Peter , Burger Johannes , Schorlemmer Sandra , Henke Thomas , Peraus Manfred , Claes Lutz
Published: May 2003

This study tested the hypothesis that interfragmentary axial movement of transverse diaphyseal osteotomies would result in improved fracture healing compared to interfragmentary shear movement. Ten skeletally mature merino sheep underwent a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy of the right tibia, stabilized by external fixation with an interfragmentary gap of 3 mm. A custom made external fixator allowed either pure axial (n = 5) or pure shear movement (n = 5) of 1.5 mm amplitude during locomotion by the animals. The movement of the osteotomy gap was monitored weekly in two sheep by an extensometer temporarily attached to the fixator. After 8 weeks the sheep were killed, and healing of the osteotomies was evaluated by radiography, biomechanical testing, and undecalcified histology. Shear movement considerably delayed the healing of diaphyseal osteotomies. Bridging of the osteotomy fragments occurred in all osteotomies in the axial group (100%), while in the shear group only three osteotomies (60%) were partially bridged. Peripheral callus formation in the shear group was reduced by 36% compared to the axial group (p < 0.05). In the axial group bone formation was considerably larger at the peripheral callus and in between the osteotomy gaps but not in the intramedullary area. The larger peripheral callus and excess in bone tissue at the level of the gap resulted in a more than three times larger mechanical rigidity for the axial than for the shear group (p < 0.05). In summary, fixation that allows excessive shear movement significantly delayed the healing of diaphyseal osteotomies compared to healing under axial movement of the same magnitude. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Caution regarding the combined effects of extracellular matrices and nutrient media on cultured endothelial cells
Authors: Bareille R. , Villars F. , Rémy M. , Fernandez Ph. , Bordenave L.
Published: May 2003

To study the influence of smooth muscle cells (SMC) on endothelial cells (EC), different co‐culture designs are available, including EC seeding on SMC extracellular matrix (ECM). We explored human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) adhesion and proliferation on either in situ or coated ECM, elaborated by HUVECs or human arterial smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs), in the presence of different nutrient media containing varying amounts of fetal calf serum. Coating wells with HUVEC or HUASMC ECMs did not improve HUVEC adhesion 1 h after cell seeding, compared with uncoated wells. HUVEC adhesion on in situ HUVEC—ECM and HUASMC—ECM was significantly increased compared with uncoated wells. The substratum upon which cells are maintained was found to play a crucial role, in conjunction with the medium to which HUVECs are exposed for their proliferative response. These results stress the importance of selecting media in relation to the particular substratum, in order to avoid misinterpretation of data.
Diaphragmatic hernia in a cat mimicking a pulmonary mass
Authors: White JD , Tisdall PLC , Norris JM , Malik R
Published: May 2003

A seven-year-old castrated British shorthair cross cat was presented for coughing of five-weeks duration. Thoracic radiographs and an unguided bronchoalveolar lavage showed changes consistent with inflammatory airway disease. In addition, a soft tissue density was evident in the thoracic films between the heart and the diaphragm. Exploratory thoracotomy demonstrated a diaphragmatic hernia, probably congenital in origin, with incarceration of a portion of the hepatic parenchyma. The herniated portion of liver was resected surgically and the defect in the diaphragm closed. The cat was given a 10-day course of doxycycline post-operatively and the cough did not recur subsequently. In retrospect, the hernia was potentially an incidental problem, the cat's coughing being attributable to inflammatory airway disease.
The prevalence of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to Microsporum canis antigens in cats
Authors: Moriello KA , DeBoer DJ , Greek J , Kuhl K , Fintelman M
Published: May 2003

Spontaneous recovery from Microsporum canis infections in cats is thought to be dependent on the development of a competent immune response. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of positive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in cats with and without dermatophytosis. Four groups of cats were intradermally skin tested with M canis extract and test sites were evaluated both subjectively and objectively at 0, 24 and 48 h after injection. Delayed intradermal testing (IDT) reactions were absent in cats not exposed to dermatophytosis ( n=20); infected–recovered cats ( n=38 culture negative lesion negative and n=43 lesion negative but culture positive) had significantly larger IDT reactions than unexposed cats and cats that were still actively infected ( n=18). Based on the results of this study, IDT with M canis extract can be used to assess the cellular immune response of cats with dermatophytosis.
Hydrotherapy—a new approach to improve function in the older patient with chronic heart failure
Authors: Cider Åsa , Schaufelberger Maria , Sunnerhagen Katharina Stibrant , Andersson Bert
Published: May 2003

Aims:

Hydrotherapy, i.e. exercise in warm water, as a rehabilitation program has been considered potentially dangerous in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) due to the increased venous return caused by the hydrostatic pressure. However, hydrotherapy has advantages compared to conventional training. We studied the applicability of an exercise programme in a temperature‐controlled swimming pool, with specific reference to exercise capacity, muscle function, quality of life and safety.

Methods and results:

Twenty‐five patients with CHF (NYHA II–III, age 72.1±6.1) were randomised into either 8 weeks of hydrotherapy (n=15), or into a control group (n=10). The training program was well tolerated with no adverse events. Patients in the hydrotherapy group improved their maximal exercise capacity (+6.5 vs.−5.9 W,P=0.001), isometric endurance in knee extension (+4 vs.−9 s,P=0.01) together with an improvement in the performance of heel‐lift (+4 vs. −3 n.o.,P=<0.01), shoulder abduction (+12 vs. −8 s,P=0.01) and shoulder flexion (+6 vs. +4,P=0.01) in comparison to patients in the control group.

Conclusion:

Physical training in warm water was well tolerated and seems to improve exercise capacity as well as muscle function in small muscle groups in patients with CHF. This new approach broadens the variety of training regimes for older patients with CHF.
Pneumatosis intestinalis and diarrhea in a child following renal transplantation*
Authors: Chelimsky G. , Blanchard S. , Sivit C. , Davis I. , Czinn S.
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Pneumatosis intestinalis is an uncommon finding beyond the neonatal period, but it has been reported in immunocompromized pediatric patients. The association of pneumatosis intestinalis in children following renal transplantation has to the best of our knowledge been only reported once in children. We describe a 4‐year‐old female who developed intermittent emesis, weight loss, and intermittently loose bloody stools after cadaveric renal transplantation at age 3.5 years. An abdominal x‐ray demonstrated extensive pneumatosis in the colon. The infectious work‐up was negative. Histologically, she had increased eosinophils throughout the lamina propria in the rectum. A glucose breath test was suggestive of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. She was treated with 10 days of metronidazole with resolution of the diarrhea and occult blood in stools. One month after the treatment she had radiologic resolution of her pneumatosis. Based on this report, pneumatosis intestinalis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children after organ transplant suffering from diarrhea, abdominal pain, or blood in the stool.
Use of appendix for complete transplant ureteral necrosis
Authors: Blaszak Richard T. , Dunn John F. , Finck Christine M.
Published: May 2003

Abstract: A 3‐yr‐old boy with posterior urethral valves underwent cadaveric renal transplant. On the ninth day after transplantation the patient developed a urinary leak, with complete ureteral necrosis. There was insufficient length of undamaged ureter to permit ureteroneocystostomy, unavailability of a native ureter to permit ureteroureterostomy, and an inability to mobilize the transplant kidney or bladder sufficiently to permit direct pyelovesicostomy. As the kidney was otherwise functioning perfectly, we decided to create an appendiceal conduit in the hope of salvaging the patient's renal allograft. At present, 7 months post‐transplant, the child is clinically well with a serum creatinine of 0.7 mg/dL. Complete ureteral necrosis is an infrequent but devastating complication following renal transplantation. We report a novel method that allowed an otherwise normally functioning cadaveric graft to be salvaged.
What are the best pulmonary function test parameters for early detection of post‐lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in children?
Authors: Sritippayawan Suchada , Keens Thomas G. , Horn Monica V. , Starnes Vaughn A. , Woo Marlyn S.
Published: May 2003

Abstract:  Post‐lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is defined as an unexplained fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) ≥20% of baseline (B). There have been reports in adults that FEF25−75% (>30% decline from B) is more sensitive than FEV1 for the early diagnosis of BOS. Yet, it is not known if other pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters – forced expiratory flow rates at 25–75% of vital capacity (FEF25−75%) and maximal expiratory flow rate at 80% (Vmax80%), 70% (Vmax70%) and 60% (Vmax60%) – are more sensitive indicators for early diagnosis of BOS than FEV1 in post‐lung transplant children. We reviewed serial PFTs of 18 patients (ages 14.1 ± 3.7 yr, 50% female) who had lung transplantation at our institution from 1993 to 1999, and who met the criteria for BOS diagnosis. There was no significant difference in post‐transplant days when decline in FEV1 ≥20% of B, FEF25−75% >30% of B, and Vmax80%, Vmax70% and Vmax60% from normal occurred (635 ± 431, 551 ± 422 and 454 ± 287 days, respectively; p = 0.4). However, a decline in FEV1 was the first abnormality in only 39% of the patients, while a decline in FEF25−75% and Vmax at specific lung volume were the first abnormality in 78% and 56% of the patients, respectively. The earliest signs of BOS would be missed in 61% of patients if FEV1 was the primary parameter used for the diagnosis. In order to improve the sensitivity of the diagnosis of post‐lung transplant BOS; we speculate that the diagnosis should be based on decreases in FEF25−75% rather than on FEV1.
Pretransplant peritoneal dialysis and graft thrombosis following pediatric kidney transplantation: A NAPRTCS report
Authors: McDonald Ruth A. , Smith Jodi M. , Stablein Donald , Harmon William E.
Published: May 2003

Abstract:Graft thrombosis is a common cause of graft failure in pediatric renal transplantation. Several previous studies, including a North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS) review of pretransplant dialysis status and graft outcomes, have described a potential correlation of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and graft thrombosis. This issue is of particular concern for pediatric transplant programs as more than 65% of children with end stage renal disease are treated with PD. We reviewed 7247 pediatric renal transplants performed between 1987 and 2001. Thrombosis was the cause of graft loss in 2.7% (199) of all the transplants performed. Among failed transplants, thrombosis was the third most common cause of graft loss in both index (11.6%) and subsequent transplants (14.5%). Thrombosis becomes the most common cause of graft failure (21%, 61/294) if one looks at transplants in the later cohort, from 1996 to 2001. This change is primarily because of a decrease in the incidence of acute rejection. In the PD group, 3.4% of all grafts were lost as a result of thrombosis. This compares with 1.9% in the hemodialysis group, 2.4% in the pre‐emptive transplant group, and 4.1% among patients who received both dialysis modalities. There was a statistically significant difference in thrombosis failure risk in the different dialysis groups (p = 0.005) with those who received only peritoneal dialysis having the highest risk. Additional significant risk factors for graft thrombosis included; cadaver donor source (p < 0.001), cold ischemia time >24 h (p < 0.001), history of prior transplant (p < 0.001), donor age <6 yr (p < 0.001), and >5 pretransplant blood transfusions (p = 0.02). Using stepwise proportional hazards modeling, only pretransplant peritoneal dialysis, >24 h cold ischemia time, prior transplant, and donor age <6 yr were simultaneously associated with an increased risk of thrombosis. We conclude that pretransplant PD is associated with an increased risk of graft thrombosis. Special precautions should be undertaken in pediatric renal transplant patients who have received PD, especially infants and young children.
Limitations of EBV–PCR monitoring to detect EBV associated post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
Authors: Axelrod David A. , Holmes Ronald , Thomas Susan E. , Magee John C.
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) represents a significant threat to the survival of pediatric transplant recipients. Epstein–Barr (EBV) viral load monitoring using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been reported to have a variable sensitively with relatively higher specificity as in an indicator of the development of PTLD. We report two cases of pathologically confirmed PTLD in children who failed to develop sustained increases in their EBV–PCR determined viral loads. We suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential for false‐negative results of EBV–PCR in pediatric transplant recipients.
RANKL expression in a case of follicular lymphoma
Authors: Barcala V. , Ruybal P. , Garcia Rivello H. , Waldner C. , Ascione A. , Mongini C.
Published: May 2003

Abstract: The TNF‐family molecule, RANKL, is a key regulator of bone remodeling and essential for the development and activation of osteoclasis. Bone involvement signals diesease activity in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and influences the progenesis. The molecular mechanism and soluble factors involved in osteoclastic activation in haematological malignancies remain unclear except for Multiple Myeloma and Adult T‐cell Leukemia. The aim of this paper is to report the first case of Follicular Lymphoma with bone involvement displaying an aberrant expression of RANKL in malignant cells. The detection of RANKL in Follicullar Lymphoma may help to prevent bone lesion in patients by determining an appropriate treatment.
High‐resolution comparative genomic hybridisation yields a high detection rate of chromosomal aberrations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Kristensen Tim D. , Wesenberg Finn , Jonsson Olafur G. , Carlsen Niels T. , Forestier Erik , Kirchhoff Maria , Lundsteen Claes , Schmiegelow Kjeld
Published: May 2003

Abstract:Background:Cytogenetic aberrations are of prognostic significance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemias and a high detection rate could improve the biological understanding and classification of these diseases.

Methods:Bone‐marrow samples from 92 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were studied by high‐resolution comparative genomic hybridisation (HRCGH) using dynamic standard reference intervals that enhance both specificity and sensitivity in the detection of aberrations.

Results:In 80 patients (87%) HRCGH revealed a total of 405 aberrations, mostly whole chromosome gains (n = 265) and partial losses (n = 80). The 25 leukaemias with a gain of more than five whole chromosomes by HRCGH harboured only 7% of all losses. With G‐band karyotyping 59 patients (64%) had aberrations. HRCGH revealed more aberrations per patient than did G‐band karyotyping (median: 3 vs. 1,P = 0.005), revealed aberrations in 27 of the 34 patients for whom the G‐band karyotyping failed or was found to be normal, and specifically revealed more 9p losses (21% vs. 5%,P < 0.005), 12p losses (12% vs. 2%,P < 0.05) and 17q gains (11% vs. 1%,P < 0.01). Compared to the present study, the frequency of patients with aberrant karyotypes was significantly lower in previous conventional CGH studies (64% vs. 87%,P < 0.0001), as was the rate of partial aberrations per patient (1.1% vs. 1.7,P < 0.001), particularly with fewer 6q losses, 9p losses and 17q gains detected.

Conclusion:HRCGH is superior to conventional CGH as an adjunct to G‐band karyotyping as it detects recurrent aberrations at a significantly higher rate than both these techniques.
Serum levels of cytokines correlate to donor chimerism and acute graft‐vs.‐host disease after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Remberger Mats , Jaksch Marie , Uzunel Mehmet , Mattsson Jonas
Published: May 2003

Background: Some patients become full donor chimeras (DC) early after stem‐cell transplantation (SCT), while others remain mixed chimeras for a longer time. Little is known about the mechanism behind these phenomena.

Methods: Serum cytokine levels during conditioning and during the first month after SCT were analysed in 30 patients. Of the 21 patients who became full T‐cell DC from the first analysed sample, 12 developed grade II–IV acute graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD) and the other nine, mild or no acute GVHD. Another nine patients were T‐cell mixed chimeras (MC). All MC patients had no or mild acute GVHD.

Results: During the pretransplant conditioning, DC patients had higher levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and lower levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β and interleukin (IL)‐10, compared with MC patients. During the first week after SCT, lower levels of TGF‐β and IL‐10 and higher levels of soluble Fas (sFas) were found in DC patients compared with MC patients. During the second and third weeks after SCT, increased levels of TNF‐α, interferon (IFN)‐γ and sFas were found among DC patients compared with MC patients. Patients who developed moderate‐to‐severe acute GVHD had higher levels of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐10 and sFas at 2 weeks post‐SCT than in those with less GVHD. Patients homozygous for the TNFd microsatellite alleles 3 or 4 had significantly higher TNF‐α levels during conditioning and more often developed acute GVHD grades II–IV.

Conclusion: These results indicate that an imbalance between pro‐inflammatory and immune‐ modulating cytokines are involved in the development of chimerism and acute GVHD after allo‐SCT. The Fas/FasL pathway is probably involved in the elimination of recipient cells leading to full donor chimerism.
Construction of a new porcine whole‐genome framework map using a radiation hybrid panel
Authors: Hamasima N. , Suzuki H. , Mikawa A. , Morozumi T. , Plastow G. , Mitsuhashi T.
Published: May 2003

We have constructed a radiation hybrid (RH) map of the porcine genome using an RH panel generated by an irradiation dose of 5000‐rad (Sus scrofa radiation hybrid map, SSRH map). Normal porcine aortic endothelial cells were irradiated and fused with a thymidine kinase‐deficient mouse cell line, L‐M (TK–). A total of 110 cell lines were selected and used for further analysis. Among 1091 microsatellite (MS) markers selected for mapping, 842 markers (77%) could be typed on the panel. The framework map comprised 342 MS markers and an additional 247 MS markers were then added to generate the whole‐genome map. The average retention frequency for the data set was 30.6%. The total map length was 5596.2 centiRay (cR). Using an estimated physical length of 2718 Mbp, the average ratio between cR and physical distance over the porcine genome was estimated to be 0.49 Mb/cR.
Estimation of genetic variability of the founder population in a conservation scheme using microsatellites
Authors: Toro M. A. , Barragán C. , Óvilo C.
Published: May 2003

In a conservation programme with genealogical records it is possible to estimate the amount of variability of the founder population from a measure of the similarity among the individuals in the current population based on microsatellite markers. Here we compare three available methods and we shown that the one based on the molecular coancestry coefficient should be preferred.
Molecular cloning of the porcine inhibin‐βB gene and reassignment to chromosome 15
Authors: Nonneman D. , Rohrer G. A.
Published: May 2003

Inhibins are gonadal glycoproteins belonging to the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily that act to suppress pituitary follicle stimulating hormone and are composed of a common α‐subunit linked by disulphide bonds to either a βA‐ or βB‐subunit. The porcine inhibin‐α, ‐βA (INHBA) and ‐βB (INHBB) subunit genes have previously been mapped to chromosomes 15, 18 and 12, respectively. Over 6.7 kb of the INHBB gene was sequenced from a porcine genomic cosmid clone and found to contain two microsatellites, one in intron 1 and the other in the 3′‐untranslated region. Both microsatellites mapped to pig chromosome 15 at relative position 48 cm. This sequence was greater than 99% identical to two previously reported partial non‐contiguous cDNAs for porcine INHBB. Non‐coding regions also had a high degree (79–88%) of identity with the corresponding regions of the human gene. Based on sequence information and mapping of two novel microsatellite markers, we reassigned porcine INHBB to chromosome 15, which is consistent with comparative physical and linkage maps of this chromosome and human chromosome 2.
Use of a novel outbred by inbred F1 cross to detect genetic markers for growth
Authors: Deeb N. , Lamont S. J.
Published: May 2003

A unique outbred by inbred F1 resource population was established. The population structure facilitated the unique opportunity of examining gene by genetic background interaction through crossing two modern broiler sires with dams from two unrelated inbred lines, with no selection for growth rate, to produce about 600 F1 chicks. Pools of DNA were generated from the phenotypic extremes (20% high and low) for 8‐week body weight for each of the four combinations of sire and dam line. For one sire family, pools were also separately generated for each sex. The pools were genoyped with 25 informative (segregating) microsatellites. This unique F1 cross between outbred and inbred populations allowed use of the inbred alleles as an ‘internal control’ for polymerase chain reaction amplification quality in DNA pools. Ten microsatellites showed marked differences (P < 0.05) in allele frequencies between high and low pools, suggesting an association between marker and quantitative trait loci (QTL). These differences were verified using selective genotyping. For many markers, differences in allele frequencies between the high and the low pools, or marker effect, varied between the two dam lines and the two sexes, suggesting an interaction between some genes and the genetic background as represented by different dam lines or sexes. The suggestive marker–QTL associations identified in this F1 population demonstrate the efficiency of this population design while different QTL effects in different genetic line crosses and sexes highlight the importance of gene by genetic background interaction in QTL detection.
Retention of copper by a calcareous soil and its textural fractions: influence of amendment with two agroindustrial residues
Authors: Rodriguez‐Rubio P. , Morillo E. , Madrid L. , Undabeytia T. , Maqueda C.
Published: May 2003

Metal availability in soils is strongly related with sorption processes and the possible association of the metal ions with a particular particle‐size fraction. Therefore, studies of metal retention by a soil will be aided if retention by different size fractions is also studied. Sorption of copper on a calcareous soil and its textural fractions was studied in batch assays. The soil was amended over 3 years with two agroindustrial residues, a composted olive mill sludge and vinasse. Sorption of Cu on the calcareous soil was very large (110 mmol kg−1) and was enhanced by both amendments. Metal retention by the clay fraction of the unamended soil was less than that of the whole soil, but increased dramatically after amendment with olive mill sludge. This was caused by the larger calcite content in this fraction as well as the increase in organic matter content. The amount of Cu sorbed was very large in the silt fraction, again because of the carbonate content of this fraction (300–460 g kg−1). Copper sorption decreased dramatically after removal of carbonate. Copper retention tended to be enhanced by organic amendments. This was particularly evident in the silt fraction, as a consequence of the organic matter accumulation in this fraction.

Copper sorption on the calcareous soil and its silt fractions (unamended and amended) was irreversible. By contrast, desorption was measurable from all the carbonate‐free samples (both whole soil and textural fractions), although in all cases a large hysteresis was observed. We conclude that carbonate was the main component responsible for the lack of reversibility.
Blue sucker stock characteristics in the upper Yazoo River basin, Mississippi, USA
Authors: Hand G. R. , Jackson D. C.
Published: May 2003

Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus (L.) in the upper Yazoo River basin, Mississippi, USA was studied using overnight hoop net sets (n = 4093) during 1988 and 1990–1998 to determine the influence of channel dredging. There were 264 blue suckers captured, ranging from 3 to 11 years of age. Length ranged from 265 to 700 mm and weight from 120 to 4700 g. Concurrent studies with smaller mesh hoop nets failed to capture any juvenile blue suckers. Catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE: fish net−1) declined throughout the study in the Yalobusha River, a river subjected to channel dredging during 1988 and 1994. With the exception of limited hydraulic dredging in the Tallahatchie River, there was no dredging in the other Yazoo River tributaries, nor were there declines in blue sucker catch rates in these rivers. Throughout the upper Yazoo River basin, blue sucker stocks were dominated by adult fish, and there was little evidence of reproduction or recruitment. Conservation of the blue sucker in the upper Yazoo River basin should include actions that ensure the functional integrity of this floodplain river ecosystem and elimination of channel dredging throughout the basin.
The detection of vegetational change by multitemporal analysis of LANDSAT data: the effects of goose foraging
Authors: Jano Andrew P. , Jefferies Robert L. , Rockwell Robert F.
Published: May 2003

1  The North American mid‐continent population of lesser snow geese now exceeds 3 million birds and the population is increasing in the order of 7% per annum. The foraging activities of the birds on Arctic breeding grounds are leading to loss of vegetation and habitat destruction, particularly in coastal areas bordering the Hudson and James Bays.

2  Multitemporal analysis of LANDSAT data has been carried out to detect vegetational change from 1973 to 1993 at La Pérouse Bay and its vicinity, the site of a breeding colony of snow geese.

3  Difference vegetation images (DVI) (difference between infra‐red and red images) were prepared from images obtained in late summer in 1973, 1984 and 1993, in order to enhance vegetation density. Pair‐wise differences were calculated between these DVI images, which resulted in three, secondary, classified images. Classification of the three secondary images (1973–84, 1984–93, 1973–93) yielded three well‐defined classes: water, vegetation decline and no change in vegetation.

4  Histogram counts gave the following values for areas of vegetation decline: 1973–84, 1026 ha; 1984–93, 1428 ha; 1973–93, 2454 ha.

5  The loss of vegetation and the destruction of habitat are discussed in relation to the foraging activities of the expanding goose population.
Spatial and temporal variation in disease levels of a floral smut (Anthracoidea heterospora) on Carex nigra
Authors: Ingvarsson Pär K. , Ericson Lars
Published: May 2003

1  Data are presented from a 4‐year study on the incidence of infection by the non‐systemic smut fungus Anthracoidea heterospora of florets of the sedge Carex nigra.

2  Beetles of the species Phalacrus substriatus may act as vectors, transmitting A. heterospora between different C. nigra tussocks. Path analysis clearly showed that the number of vectors on individual tussocks was an important factor explaining levels of infection of A. heterospora.

3  The year‐to‐year correlations in incidence of A. heterospora disease for individual C. nigra plants were high, indicating that the same plants consistently experience high levels of disease. There were also high year‐to‐year correlations in the abundance of P. substriatus beetles on individual plants.

4  A second natural enemy of the sedge, the gall mite Phytoptus caricis, also showed high between‐year correlations in levels of infestation. Since P. caricis competes for the same resource as A. heterospora, we predicted that high levels of P. caricis infestation should have a negative effect on disease levels. However, there was in general a positive effect of P. caricis infestation on A. heterospora disease levels.

5  This study shows that for understanding levels of disease of A. heterospora, both within‐year effects as well as transient effects must be included. Phenotypic variation among plants in susceptibility to infection by A. heterospora could explain the observed patterns of disease but they could also be the result of host choice by the beetle.
Forest fire and lake‐water acidity in a northern Swedish boreal area: Holocene changes in lake‐water quality at Makkassjön
Authors: Korsman Tom , Segerström Ulf
Published: May 2003

1  A Holocene sediment profile from a northern Swedish boreal forest lake was analysed for diatoms, pollen and charcoal. The diatom data were used for inferences of lake‐water pH, alkalinity and colour, while the pollen and charcoal records enabled assessment of catchment vegetation changes and fire. This palaeoecological study demonstrated long‐term changes in lake‐water acidity as a result of catchment vegetation changes and fire.

2  The pollen record showed the transition from a deciduous‐dominated forest (Betula and Alnus) 9000–8000 years
BP (calibrated years) to the present coniferous‐dominated forest (mainly Pinus) in the catchment of Makkassjön. Local peaks in the steadily decreasing Betula pollen curve corresponded with increases in the charcoal concentration. Picea pollen did not appear until the uppermost half of the sediment section (c. 2500
BP), and never exceeded 10% relative abundance.

3  The Holocene development in lake‐water chemistry, inferred from diatom analysis, was divided into three periods: a natural acidification, a natural alkalization and a fertilization/liming period. During the long‐term natural acidification period, the diatom‐inferred pH and alkalinity decreased by c. 1.3 pH units and c. 80 μeq l−1, respectively, while diatom‐inferred colour increased from 10 to 40 mg Pt l–1in the same period. These changes occurred simultaneously with a change from deciduous to coniferous forest. Using redundancy analysis (RDA) with the tree pollen as predictor variables, the Alnus, Betula or Pinus pollen record captured 41–85% of the variance in lake‐water pH and alkalinity.

4  During the period of natural alkalization fire became a dominant disturbance factor in the catchment. The charcoal record was a significant predictor of the variance in diatom‐inferred pH and alkalinity during the period with frequent fires, as determined by RDA analysis with a time‐restricted Monte Carlo permutation test. The inferred changes in pH and colour suggested that the reduction of soil humus played a major role in the alkalization of the acid‐sensitive lake.

5  The results highlight questions about the important mechanisms for predicting the long‐term effects of fire on surface‐water chemistry, which will be of crucial importance if changes in fire regime take place as a consequence of global warming.
Ecological correlates of seed persistence in soil in the north‐west European flora
Authors: Thompson Ken , Bakker Jan P. , Bekker Renée M. , Hodgson John G.
Published: May 2003

1  Using the data in a recently published seed bank database for north‐west Europe, we describe how a species’ seed bank behaviour can be characterized by a single ‘longevity index’, and investigate how representative the information in the database is of the north‐west European flora. We also test the hypotheses that seeds of short‐lived species are more persistent than those of long‐lived species, and long‐lived seeds are characteristic of species living in disturbed habitats.

2  The data are not representative of the north‐west European flora as a whole; they are a fair reflection of a research effort that has been largely directed towards grassland and arable weeds. Data for rare species, non‐agricultural habitats in general and wetlands, rocky habitats and native woodland in particular, are scarce or absent.

3  Annuals and biennials almost always have more persistent seeds than related perennials, and this difference is most striking when, as in Anagallis arvensis and Aphanes arvensis, the short‐lived species have moved well away from the ‘core’ habitat of the family. Confamilial monocarps and polycarps do not differ consistently in seed mass.

4  Gradients of habitat disturbance are accompanied by predictable changes in seed persistence, which are themselves often (but not always) accompanied by parallel shifts in seed size. These results suggest that increasing habitat disturbance (i.e. increasing density‐independent mortality) always selects for increased seed persistence, confirming both theory and previous analyses. However, increased seed persistence is not always associated with reduced seed size. This is because persistence depends not only on seed size, but on other traits, many of them physiological. In many habitats the probability of seed burial is strongly linked to seed size and shape, but in arable habitats cultural practices have broken this link.
The Arctic Oscillation and incidence of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Messner T. , Lundberg V. , Wikström B.
Published: May 2003

Abstract.  Messner T, Lundberg V, Wikström B (Kiruna District Hospital, Kiruna; Umeå University Hospital, Umeå; and Kalix District Hospital, Kalix; Sweden). The Arctic Oscillation and incidence of acute myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2003; 253: 666–670.

Objectives.  To describe the relation between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index and the incidence and mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the northern, partly subarctic area of Sweden.

Design.  Comparison of a time series of daily variations in the AO index and register data on the daily number of fatal and nonfatal AMIs.

Setting.  The northernmost two Swedish counties, Norrbotten and Västerbotten.

Subjects.  All inhabitants in the Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties were followed for the occurrence of an AMI between 1985 and 1999 within the framework of the WHO MONICA (multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants of CArdiovascular disease) Project.

Main outcome measure.  Fatal and nonfatal AMIs.

Results.  There was a consistent positive relation between increasing AO index and an increase in AMI incidence and mortality. The maximum impact on AMI incidence of the AO came after a lag phase of 3 days. A one unit increase in AO index was associated with an increase in: the daily number of AMIs (+3.8%), the case fatality in AMI within 28 days (+5.1%), the number of nonfatal AMIs (+3.4%), and the number of sudden cardiac deaths (+8.3%).

Conclusions.  An AO index increase, bringing warmer weather over Scandinavia, was associated with an increase in the incidence and mortality in AMI in northern Sweden.