bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shaping spaces: representing people of Algerian heritage
Authors: McGonagle Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter builds on existing studies of how Algerian heritage has been represented across cinema by considering a range of case studies taken from different media, including visual arts, a TV film franchise by the director Yamina Benguigui and autobiographical trilogy by the author Leïla Sebbar. It pays particular attention to how gender and ethnicity interact in this area by focusing on works that have probed the role of women among Algerian diasporas and people of Algerian heritage more generally. As such it additionally aims to counteract the implicit focus on men and masculinity that has characterised many cinematic representations of people of Algerian heritage.
“The ground of Storie”: genealogy in biblical exegesis and the Legend of Temperance
Authors: Christian Margaret
Published: May 2017

Elizabethans thought genealogy offered a key to character, as shown by their analyses of the discrepancies between the lists of Christ’s forebears in the gospels of Matthew and Luke. Since spiritual kinship was a criterion for inclu¬sion in such a list, preachers like Richard Curteys and Edwin Sandys demonstrate that Elizabeth’s family tree properly included biblical ancestors. In the chronicle history cantos, Spenser, with a similar concern to capture Elizabeth’s essential nature, provided the queen with spiritually significant ancestors from pre-history and from invention. Awareness of the cultural resources Spenser used in creating (and his first readers used in making sense of) these lists of ancestors relieves us of the burden of distilling a consistent moral and political message from Briton moniments and Antiquitie of Faerie lond.
“Now lettest thou thy servant depart”: scriptural tradition and the close of The Faerie Queene
Authors: Christian Margaret
Published: May 2017

Preachers had reminded the queen of her own mortality from time to time throughout her reign: Thomas Drant in 1570, Richard Curteys in 1575, the anonymous “L.S.” in 1593, and Anthony Rudd in 1596. In the context of the memento mori sermon, the Cantos of Mutabilitie, in particular the two stanzas of the “unperfite” eighth canto, emerges as a nunc dimittis in Elizabeth’s voice, meant to be understood as the queen’s response to Muta¬bilitie’s challenge and Na¬ture’s vindication of Cynthia. The pun on Sabaoth/Sabbath in the final line echoes a pun in a 1589 Accession Day sermon by Thomas White (Elizabeth/Eloi Sabaoth/Eloi Sabbath), preached and printed while Spenser was in London overseeing the 1590 publication of The Faerie Queen.
Conclusion
Authors: Christian Margaret
Published: May 2017

Some 20th and 21st century literary critics treat allegoresis as a project fraught with psychological and philosophical complexity and The Faerie Queene as deliberately obscure or ironic. Most early marginal comments demonstrate that Spenser’s first readers found the poem’s allegorical message accessible and mainstream. Sermons, aspiring like Spenser (in this work) to orthodoxy, are similarly didactic. When a preacher addressed a public audience, biblical types of Elizabeth like Moses, David, and Hezekiah, appeared without reference to unedifying details. The implication for The Faerie Queene (though not for all of Spenser’s work): ostensible praise and blame may be taken at face value.
Epilogue: segretation
Authors: Fend Mechthild
Published: May 2017

The epilogue focuses on Charles Blanc's 1867 Grammaire des arts du dessin, a normative theory of the visual arts. The author takes the traditional view that drawing unites all art forms and is superior to colour, but the way he establishes this point is very much a product of his time as many of his arguments are biologically grounded. He argues for the supremacy of drawing by associating it with the allegedly natural hierarchy between the genders, and for the supremacy of white skin by linking it to drawing. What is more, discussing the then newly theorised principles of optical mixture he connects the non-mixing of colours in divisionist painterly practices with the segregation of humans of different colours and makes a biologist plea for political segregationism. Arguing that the superiority of humans is expressed in the nakedness and monochromy of their skin, Blanc divides between skin and the colourful materiality of flesh which he confines to the inner body. Summarising the argument of the book, the epilogue concludes that early modern notions of flesh tones do not draw such a line between skin and flesh, and open up the possibility of seeing any body as being fluid and multicoloured.
Spenser’s satire of indirection: affiliation, allusion, allegory
Authors: Hile Rachel E.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 begins by discussing previous scholarly work on Spenserian satires with reference to the ideas on indirect satire outlined in chapter 1 before moving to an application of these ideas to two Spenserian contexts. First, the chapter considers Spenser’s self-designation as “the New Poet” in The Shepheardes Calender as an allusion that signals satirical intent. Whereas the “Old Poet” referenced is clearly Chaucer, the phrase “new poet” itself serves as an allusion, setting up a satiric genealogy connecting Spenser to John Skelton and, through him, to Catullus (a poet who, though “new” to Cicero, was an “old” poet when the young Virgil briefly imitated him before rejecting his style to form his own). The second half of the chapter examines Spenser’s use of allegorical satire and allegory as satire in Daphnaïda, analyzing the ways that Spenser signals readers to interpret the poem satirically through playful use of allegory and metaphor.
The 2012 study ‘Public Perceptions of Threat in Britain’
Authors: Stevens Daniel , Vaughan-Williams Nick
Published: May 2017

Chapter Two outlines the 2012 study ‘Public Perceptions of Threat in Britain’ designed in order to address the gaps in the literature identified in Chapter One, along with the approach to analysis of the data. The study combined representative macro-level insights into public opinion with non-representative micro-level thick descriptive accounts of individuals’ everyday stories, experiences, and (de)constructions. The chapter sets out how an initial tranche of ten mini-focus groups, or ‘triads’, of three people, was conducted to explore questions such as how participants conceptualise ‘security’ and ‘security threat’ and whether they agree or disagree with and/or are affected by a range of government messages about security. Observations of the mini-focus groups and analysis of the transcripts were used to reflexively inform the development of an online survey that was administered to 2004 respondents in June 2012. The chapter outlines the questions asked, and why. A second wave of ten mini-focus groups was then conducted in September 2012, which concentrated on more specific areas of concern in the light of the first two stages of research. The last part of the chapter discusses the approach to analysis.
Security threats and their consequences
Authors: Stevens Daniel , Vaughan-Williams Nick
Published: May 2017

Chapter Four examines the consequences of identifying both more or less security threats, and also specific security threats such as from immigration, for political attitudes and behaviours. Using the survey data, it looks at the effects of the breadth of global, national, community and individual threats identified, and then with respect to specific security threats individuals identify from terrorism, immigration, the economy and the environment, on voting behaviour, attitudes towards immigrants and minorities, and policy preferences. Among the findings are that voting is unique in that only global and national considerations appear influential—thus the fact that it is often the focus of studies of, for example, economic threat is misleading. The Chapter also demonstrates and explains differences in the effects of threats such as terrorism and immigration from the economy and the environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Stevens Daniel , Vaughan-Williams Nick
Published: May 2017

The Conclusion sums up the research, explores its implications, and draws lessons for the future for both academic and policy-making communities. The implications of the research are several, spanning government and its understandings of how the public views security threats and how the public perceives, experiences, and responds to messages about security threats, academic research in IR and Security Studies and how it conceives of public opinion and the role of the citizen in the risk management cycle; and academic research in Political Psychology and its understandings of the origins and consequences of threat perceptions.
Free State–free press?
Authors: O'Brien Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how a conservative climate impacted on journalism in the newly independent Free State. It surveys the moral crusades against what was viewed as vulgar journalism and the lobbying by vigilance associations to cleanse journalism of content, such as crime reporting, that was considered undesirable. It examines the impact the Censorship of Publications Act 1929 had on journalism by looking at the Waterford Standard case of 1929 and the lesser-known ‘kissing case’ of 1937 – both of which had a long-lasting chilling effect on journalism in Ireland – particularly in relation to media coverage of certain types of crime.
A red republic
Authors: O'Brien Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the 1950s, a decade of rancorous division among journalists. Alongside economic depression and political instability and against the backdrop of the Cold War came church-fuelled allegations of communism within Dublin journalism. The red-scare that followed exposed deep divisions within the formally untied ranks of the union and the declaration of a republic in 1949 led some journalists to object to being represented by a London-based trade union. Thus emerged the short-lived, but extremely divisive, Guild of Irish Journalists. It was, in some respects, a last attempt by political parties and the church to re-assert control over journalists in Ireland.
The Troubles and censorship
Authors: O'Brien Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the fraught relationship that emerged between journalists and government and amongst journalists themselves during the 1970s. As the Northern Troubles escalated the dangers for journalists, both physically and politically, quickly became apparent and the imposition of censorship brought the journalist–politician relationship to a new low. While the government was concerned about the security of the state, journalists were concerned about the survival of free speech. As the conflict wore on the debate on censorship became more fractious as did relations among and between journalists, editors and government.
British questions
Authors: Bell Geoffrey
Published: May 2017

This chapter revisits a series of interviews conducted with leading British politicians in 1991 for the Channel Four documentary Pack Up the Troubles. Drawing on material not used in the final broadcast, it provides a snapshot of an important group of British protagonists in the conflict, seven years before the Good Friday Agreement, analysing their attitudes and understanding of the situation.
Memories of Sinn Féin Britain, 1975–85
Authors: O’Halloran Susan
Published: May 2017

Personal testimony of a former member of Sinn Féin Britain.
Writing as survival
Authors: Casey Maude
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the writing of Over the Water (first published in 1987) as a process of exploration, commemoration and resistance. It considers the narratives of a second generation Irish teenager and her mother, each constrained by the context of Britain’s occupation of Ireland and resultant attacks on the civil liberties of Irish people in Britain. Noting the importance of second wave feminism and the development of women’s presses in generating resistance to these constraints, it also considers the empowering role of the Irish in Britain Representation Group (IBRG). It celebrates the writing of fiction as a process of surviving and thriving, using the transformative power of language to imagine new spaces of resistance and hope.
The Birmingham pub bombings, the Irish as a ‘suspect community’ and the memories of the O’Reilly family
Authors: O’Reilly Laura
Published: May 2017

In the immediate aftermath of the Birmingham Pub Bombings in 1974, the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) was introduced as British politicians struggled to deal with the increasing threat of the Provisional IRA on British soil. This reactionary measure intensified the already contested policy of Internment and would have severe implications for the Irish communities in England. This chapter argues that through the implementation of this legislation, alongside a media campaign that failed to put the conflict into context, a 'suspect community' was created, in which civil liberties were taken away from Irish people simply because of their ethnicity. However, the PTA not only created this 'suspect community' in the eyes of the police and the government, but also - and perhaps most crucially - for the public too. The negative impact this had 'ordinary', innocent Irish people is therefore analysed through the personal experiences of one Irish family as they discuss the institutionalised racism they faced living in Birmingham throughout the period. The chapter concludes by drawing on the importance of oral history, as it has taken almost half a century for the family to openly recount their experiences.
‘I’d find a way to contribute to peace’
Authors: Berry Jo
Published: May 2017

Personal testimony of the daughter of Sir Anthony George Berry, a Conservative MP killed in the Brighton hotel bombing.
Political inertia
Authors: Aveyard S.C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how the period that followed the end of the Convention was characterised by political inertia. It deals with the perception that under Roy Mason politics was pushed to one side in favour of a focus on the economy and security. This is extended to relations with the parties, including a congenial relationship with the Ulster Unionists and a steadily worsening one with the Social Democratic and Labour Party.
The voice of comedy: Gracita Morales
Authors: Vernon Kathleen M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the typification and standardisation of the voice in Spanish cinema, which is argued as the result of a long history of film dubbing, with its strict codification of vocal types according to gender and role. This practice has resulted in a series of unwritten rules and expectations that continue to shape and restrict the kinds of voices that Spanish audiences hear on screen. Under these norms, while non-standard voices may be permitted and are even cultivated for comic and character parts, leading roles continue to demand what the chapter calls the ‘phonogenic’ expression of unproblematically feminine and masculine identities. With her unmistakable, high-pitched voice, the chapter shows how Gracita Morales was inevitably slotted into supporting roles, her child-like affect and lack of verbal inhibition put to classic comic ends as weapons used to skewer the pretensions of a would-be upwardly mobile and modernizing middle class. Despite being categorised in this manner, Gracita Morales become an example of what Kathleen Rowe calls ‘unruly women’, female comics who by talking back and laughing loudly claim their right to a traditionally male privilege, thereby challenging the notion of comedy as a male-dominated genre.
Becoming Mario: performance and persona adaptation in Mario Casas’s career
Authors: Mira Alberto
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the body of work of one of Spain’s most ubiquitous young stars. Analysing Mario Casas’s on-and offscreen performances of masculinity and the role that his star persona plays in his filmography, it argues that the actor’s career has revolved around his carefully sculpted physique and behaviour—and that Casas is indicative of a new generation of young male stars in Spain. As ‘The Great Hope of Spanish Cinema’, Casas comes to represent a shift in public perceptions of manhood and is evocative of a new type of manufactured, cinematic masculinity. With ties to the work of Susan Bordo and Richard Dyer, this chapter underscores the importance of physicality to Casas’s performance of masculinity, as made evident in his iconic roles in films such as Tres metros sobre el cielo/Three Steps Above Heaven (Fernando González Molina, 2010) and Tengo ganas de ti/I Want You (Fernando González Molina, 2012).
‘Every human life is a national importance’: the impact of the First World War on attitudes to maternal and infant health
Authors: Walsh Fionnuala
Published: May 2017

Historians have proven relatively inattentive to the impact of the First World War on Irish civilian health and infant welfare. Presumptions prevail that the conflict generated relatively few anxieties about civilian well-being. Contrarily, this chapter demonstrates that heavy wartime losses of young Irish men produced apprehension about the survival of the next generation. Simultaneously, concern about poor infant health and high maternal mortality levels deepened; one outcome being new forms of charitable work undertaken by groups including the United Irishwomen and the Women’s National Health Association. Also, legislative changes were also designed or planned to bolster Irish maternal and infant health. The Imperial Treasury also made funds available for local government maternity and child welfare schemes in 1916 and 1918. This chapter charts the implementation of voluntary and state-led initiatives on local and national levels in Ireland. It also maps trends in wartime mortality to quantitatively assess how war impacted on infant and maternal health in Ireland and consider whether the benefits of separation allowances and increased employment actually outweighed the hardships of war (e.g. rising food costs, severe milk shortages and declining housing conditions in urban areas).
Ireland’s British Army doctors and the treatment of Irish nationalists, 1916–23
Authors: Durnin David
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of Ireland’s British Army doctors in treating the wounded in the three primary conflicts in Ireland from 1916 to 1923: the Easter Rising (April 1916), Irish War of Independence (January 1919 to July 1921) and Irish Civil War (June 1922 to May 1923). As part of their wartime duties within the British Army, a contingent of Irish doctors tended to those wounded in the Easter Rising, including separatist Irish nationalists. Ex-Royal Army Medical Corps officers from Ireland also became professionally immersed in the War of Independence and the Civil War. As these wars transpired, many of the Irish doctors enlisted in the RAMC on temporary commissions for the duration of the First World War demobilised and returned to Ireland. Subsequently, some of these men provided health care to wounded IRA members and, later, to the Irish National Army.
Introduction
Authors: Lomas Daniel W. B.
Published: May 2017

Clement Richard Attlee, the Labour Party’s longest serving leader and Prime Minister during an unprecedented period of change for Britain, stands in the ‘top flight’ of post-war premiers.1 A poll of MPs in 2015, seventy years after Labour’s first ever majority in Parliament, rated Attlee as the greatest post-war prime minister, with an average score of 7.2 out of 10 for overall impact....
Lacking intelligence? British intelligence, ministers and the Soviet Union
Authors: Lomas Daniel W. B.
Published: May 2017

Chapter Two looks at Ministerial use of, and attitude towards, intelligence after Labour’s 1945 Election victory, drawing on the papers of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). While it has been argued that Attlee, a committed internationalist, was opposed to any hostility towards the Soviet Union, the chapter shows that he was kept fully aware of Soviet interests and intentions despite his commitment to renewed Anglo-Soviet relations. In addition to highlighting the role of intelligence in early Cold War crises, particularly the Berlin Blockade, it also looks at Ministerial doubts about the intelligence community, particularly those of Attlee himself. By 1949, he had grown increasingly critical of the intelligence services and, a year later, ordered a review of the intelligence community by the Cabinet Secretary, Sir Norman Brook, which is explored here for the first time.
The special relationship? Ministers, atomic espionage and Anglo-American relations
Authors: Lomas Daniel W. B.
Published: May 2017

Chapter Five studies Ministerial reactions to the spy scandals that threatened Anglo-American nuclear exchanges. Considering the cases of Alan Nunn May, Klaus Fuchs, Bruno Pontecorvo, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, it argues that Ministers were sensitive to claims from the United States that Britain was weak in the field of security. After the Fuchs and Pontecorvo scandals, Ministers reacted quickly to repair any damage to transatlantic relations by introducing new security procedures known as ‘Positive Vetting’. The chapter also uses newly released archival material to shed light on Ministerial reactions to the disapperance of the Foreign Office diplomats, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, in the spring of 1951. Their defection provoked widespread outrage and, once again, prompted a review of security in government, on this occasion the Foreign Office, on the instructions of the Foreign Secretary, Herbert Morrison, now Foreign Secretary, which is explored here for the first time.
Uneven conversions: how did laywomen become nuns in the early modern world?
Authors: Lehfeldt Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2017

Accustomed as we are to the presence of nuns in the religious landscape of early modern Europe, we imagine a straightforward trajectory by which secular women who entered a convent took vows and donned a veil. This chapter interrogates the seemingly simple process by which laywomen were “converted” into nuns. Upon entering convents, women crossed a border that separated the profane from the sacred. The cloister setting, in turn, required them to adapt to a very different type of existence. They were expected to adhere to monastic principles, many of which were distinctly gendered. Using evidence from English and Spanish convents between 1450 and 1650, this paper will analyze the mechanisms, and the material considerations, that shaped this transformation. How did religious rules, convent architecture, male ecclesiastical oversight, material culture, the rhythms of daily life within the convent, and other factors shape the process by which secular women became nuns? Ultimately, the chapter argues, these conversions were uneven or incomplete. The mechanisms listed above that conditioned this conversion permitted and sometimes even encouraged a complicated identity that blurred the distinction between sacred and secular worlds.
Afterword
Authors: Dimmock Matthew
Published: May 2017

In the new geo-political circumstances that developed in the aftermath of the collapse of the USSR, and in particular the new prominence of a widely perceived antagonism between Islam and ‘the West’, conversion has once again taken a central role. The much vaunted ‘religious turn’ in early modern studies has followed in its wake, generating new perspectives on the complexities of post-Reformation devotional worlds and their interaction, work that is finding in conversion a means to better understand these worlds and our own. Moving between early modern and modern conversions, with a particular focus upon Mozart’s Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The abduction from the seraglio) as a transitional moment, this Afterword outlines the continuing urgency of the contributions collected in this volume in the context of contemporary debates.
G. J. Holyoake (1807–1906): a resource for a journey of hope?
Authors: Yeo Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores life and ideas of George Jacob Holyoake, one of the leading figures of the British co-operative movement in the nineteenth century. An Owenite socialist and secularist who became well known as the last Briton imprisoned for blasphemy, Holyoake was a powerful orator and journalist on behalf of the developing co-operative movement. The chapter argues that Holyoake’s life and work offer key insights for the present co-operative movement, by offering a set of ideas that offer a moral and social dimension conspicuously absent from the profit-maximising individualism of neoliberal theory and modern capitalism.
The wasted years? The Co-operative party during the 1930s
Authors: Whitecross Angela
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the development of Co-operative Party policy in 1930s Britain, investigating the extent to which it advocated co-operative forms of ownership. Although the Co-operative and Labour Parties had an electoral alliance from 1927, there remained organisational and ideological differences. The chapter explores the tensions between the more dominant Labour Party’s focus on nationalisation and the smaller Co-operative Party’s efforts to promote social ownership. It argues that internal struggles within the co-operative movement over its political identity and structural limitations on the Co-operative Party limited its ability to offer an alternative vision to Labour’s statist model, while the complex relationship between the two parties further inhibited the Co-operative Party’s potential to mainstream co-operative methods in Labour policies and in politics more generally.
The re-emergence of the co-operative model for architects
Authors: McCusker Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the development of co-operatives, collectives, and employee owned enterprises that provide architectural services in Britain, and the growth of such architectural practices, particularly in periods of economic recession since the 1980s. In the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, new architectural co-operatives developed as architects sought to share resources and combat high levels of unemployment and underemployment in the profession. Architects surveyed noted the better work-life balance and flexibility of co-operative practices, and cited the importance of collaboration, transparency, and a sense of shared purpose among the advantages. The author offers insights from his own experience of creating and working in a co-operative architectural practice.
The co-operative identity: good for poverty reduction?
Authors: Hannan Rowshan
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the impact of co-operatives and co-operative identity on poverty reduction, based around the author’s research on a dairy co-operative in a semi-arid province of Eastern Kenya. The study found that the co-operative’s dual economic and social goals, which emphasise member and community priorities across a range of concerns, have helped it to engage in multiple areas of activity, ranging from the provision of goods and services to education and training, all of which led to a reduction of household poverty for members and nonmembers. The chapter suggests a nee for further research to explore the links between co-operative identity and poverty reduction in other regions and economic sectors.
‘Madly mated’: The Taming of the Shrew and odd-couple comedy
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

As a satirical or native English comedy, The Taming of the Shrew has been contentious in modern times for its inescapable patriarchal assumptions, but also extremely popular on stage and screen. However, there have been periodically ingenious solutions to the cultural problems which are visible in movies. During the 1930s strong, independent women were cast in ‘screwball comedies’ in which they were more than a match for the men, while later versions of the same kind of genre based on The Shrew made when feminism was developing present a different kind of antagonistic dynamic between a strong woman and strong man. This chapter traces these and other versions of ‘madly mated’ people who become marriage partners.
‘The guy’s only doing it for some doll’: musical comedy
Authors: White R. S.
Published: May 2017

Shakespeare’s comedies of love are much more dependent on musical effects than nowadays meets the eye, since the texts make brief references to many popular songs that would, in the performances, have been rendered. This changes the tone of his romantic comedies significantly, as they come to depend as much on interpolated music as verbal exchanges. This was another facet of the structure of his genre that fed into the Hollywood musical, either in its ‘backstage’ version or musical comedy. A wide range of musicals are analysed to develop the argument of this influence.
Men in reserve: recovering the civilian man
Authors: Pattinson Juliette , Mcivor Arthur , Robb Linsey
Published: May 2017

The chapter examines the consensus among historians that civilian men were compared unfavourably to the disciplined soldier, were emasculated by women’s new wartime roles and were rendered invisible in wartime representations. Having established the high status enjoyed by the ‘soldier hero’ in wartime discourse and by contrast, the fragile position of the male civilian, with reference to Connell’s concept of ‘hegemonic masculinity’, the chapter asserts that the construction of masculinity in fact remained open to contestation. Sources where the reserved man are depicted in a positive way are analysed. The chapter examines the rich array of source material that historians can, but have so far failed to, draw upon, including archival documents, visual sources and our newly conducted oral history interviews.
Facing facts: the empirical turn of Irish Catholic sociology in the 1950s
Authors: Murray Peter , Feeney Maria
Published: May 2017

Catholic sociology in Ireland changed significantly during the 1950s and 1960s. This change had four principal strands. First, the joint action of the Maynooth Professor and Muintir na Tire to secure European and US help in fostering rural sociology. Second, the use made by Archbishop McQuaid of his power within UCD to establish social science teaching in the state’s largest university. Third, the tension between useful and critical social science that emerged as the growing number of Irish Catholic immigrants in an increasingly secular Britain became a focal point for research proposals. Finally, the manner in which Ireland’s initially abundant, but later faltering, supply of religious vocations and the maximization of its clergy’s contribution to worldwide Catholic missionary efforts was studied. All of these strands are tied together by a broad turn away from exclusive preoccupation with ethical principles and towards increasing involvement in empirical social investigations.
Ethnic activities and leisure cultures
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

Charity and mutual aid—hierarchical and reciprocal types of ethnic associationalism—divided the St George’s societies from the Sons of St George and the Sons of England. However, such divisions did not create intra-ethnic hostility between them. Regardless of this significant turn in the history of English ethnic associational culture in North America, all associations were united in their patriotism to England, which remained a constant. And despite their different social composition and emphases, the elite and middle-class St George’s societies still shared a number of characteristics with the more working-class organisations focused on providing collective self-help. Chapter 4 traces the inner workings and activities of the different organisations to explore these commonalities both in terms of their structures and membership, but also with respect to the events and socio-cultural pursuits they promoted. St George’s Days, dinners, dances, lectures, day trips and sports, were all used to emphasize shared identity in the new communities. Moreover, the somewhat chauvinistic deployment of Anglo-Saxon rhetoric and of pugnacious, loud expressions of loyalty to the monarchy were critical for all of these English groups, united them behind common principles. Such shared values were customarily expressed at dinners and parades, but also at more specific events organized for coronations and jubilees. War also played a significant role, heightening the sense of loyalty to the crown and shared roots—even in the republican United States. Indeed wars afforded an opportunity for the English in North America to send funds home to aid widows and orphans, with large sums generated. Each of these aspects is explored here.
The making of a global diaspora
Authors: Bueltmann Tanja , MacRaild Donald M.
Published: May 2017

Transnational connections and communication were critical for English ethnic associations. But this was by no means restricted to the United States and Canada as English associational connections linked all geographies of the English-speaking world. Consequently, chapter 7 extends the geographical focus, placing our North American research in the broader context by examining the spread of English societies around the world, and adopts a transnational framework to explore levels of communication between territories. In particular we investigate the spread of St George’s societies to locations beyond their first formation, examining developments in Africa and Australasia, While Australasian St George’s societies developed at about the same time as those in the Mid-West of America, and thus reflected the internal colonisation of both British and American worlds, they were not in any sense joined up at that point. Enduring connection did not in fact occur till the Royal Society of St George appeared in 1894 to bond Anglo-world’s various English societies. Celebrations of monarchy and Empire were critical in this globalization, providing a communal adhesive for English migrants wherever they were located. A similar anchor—albeit for a very different reason—was war. Not only did it heighten a sense of belonging among many, invigorating shared roots as the common denominator, it was, critically, a belonging often framed by Britishness rather than Englishness, and one paramount among those keen to stress the shared cultural characteristic of the English, British, Americans and neo-Britons in Empire. Still, Englishness was employed within that wider identity to help the ‘motherland’. English associations around the world collected funds in support of the war effort, or to help the widows and orphans of soldiers who had made the ultimate sacrifice, during both world wars, and, more directly and actively, the Toronto St George’s Society provided homes for children who had been sent over from England during the Second World War. All of these actions and communications criss-crossing the world—connecting diaspora English not only with the old homeland, but also each other—point not just to what Anderson called an ‘imagined community’, but also to an ‘imagined community’ made real through consistent practical connection.
Contemporary comments on the Festival
Authors: Smyth Jonathan
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the author attempts to evaluate the genuine reaction within the whole of France by analysing the comments made by persons and organisations who were either involved in the organisation of the Festival or were present at one or other of the actual events. The records are divided between those from official sources and those from individuals and demonstrate. The level of belief which can be given to many of these records, often written in the aftermath of the events of Thermidor is evaluated. Finally the chapter discusses what conclusion can be drawn from the majority of the records
Soviet–Israeli relations after the Suez War (1956–61)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

The aftermath of the Sinai campaign found Israel increasingly fearful the Soviets would fulfil their threats, while Israel was without any security guarantee from the west. Ben-Gurion explained to western leaders including De Galle, that Khrushchev was serious in his threats against Israel and the west in general. Khrushchev believed capitalism was doomed and that communism would dominate the world.
In addition, anti-Semitism was prevalent both in the Kremlin and the country at large. Khrushchev denial was merely a lip service. The Israeli government was afraid lest Khrushchev tried to either assimilate the Soviet Jews or expel them to Birobidzhan. Ben-Gurion was particularly frightened by the implications for Israel’s security of the successful launching of the Soviet Sputnik. He appreciated that the USSR had supplied Egypt with a nuclear reactor as well as missiles.
Was Kennedy the ‘father’ of the US–Israeli alliance? (1962–63)
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter debunks the myth that President Kennedy was the ‘father’ of the American alliance. Once he became predident he had to bow before the constraints of the state department, the Pentagon and the professional staff at the White House. he accepted the beliefs and assessments of Dean Rusk, the secretary of state and Robert McNamara, the secretary of defence. The US national archives show that American diplomats in the Middle East killed Kennedy’s idea of granting an American security guarantee to Israel. Any security they warned, would be followed by deeper Soviet involvement in the region. American commitment was limited to a presidential declaration of territorial integrity of al the regional states. Thus it was no surprise chief-of-staff Rabin failed to convince the US administration to provide a more cogent commitment to Israel.
Conclusions
Authors: Heller Joseph
Published: May 2017

Was Israel an asset or liability to the west during the cold war?
Primary sources present a clear picture of Israel as a constant liability to the west, However, it was regarded as an asset as well at some cold war hot spots such as the Korean war, and as a guardian of Jordan. It held important cards, such as conventional and nuclear liabilities, but without global detente Israel could not survive in the long run.
That was why America refused to be more than Israel’s economic patron, and declined to be Israel’s main arms supplier.
Israel’s leadership could be criticised for failing to prevent the Six Day War, and American Jewish leadership for failing to influence American presidents. However, all these ‘might have been’ are baseless. The underlying factors coild not be altered: Arab enmity Soviet hatred, absence of a security guarantee, and lack of detente.
Setting the redline
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 applies the strategic interpretation outlined previously to US foreign policy on Syria, explicitly understood as a reference to Obama’s redline. It demonstrates that this is not the hardline ultimatum it was made out to be; but is in fact a calculated construct that expresses Obama’s own preferences concerning US involvement in the crisis. Specifically, it analyses Obama’s real intentions in setting the redline to reveal that these have been misinterpreted. More specifically, that pre-existing ideas surrounding the chemical weapons taboo have caused Obama’s statement to be misconstrued as a be-all-and-end-all of US foreign policy on Syria. It examines the wider policy context at the time to demonstrate that this interpretation was diametrically opposed to Obama’s professed position and that the redline actually comprises a much softer and moderate allusion to the taboo.
Ghouta and ideological innovation
Authors: Bentley Michelle
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 examines Obama’s rhetorical employment of the taboo as the situation in Syria progressed. Whatever his views against intervention, Obama would engage with the taboo as a core theme of his rhetoric on Syria. This is explained as a strategic move on the part of Obama; explicitly, that it comprises the construction of a strategic narrative. While his inadvertent reference to the taboo forced him towards a more interventionist stance, this also gave him the discursive tools to limit expectations for greater action to a policy that – while this did not reflect his preferences perfectly – was a significantly better fit with his desires than full-on intervention.
Secular millenarianism as a radical utopian project in Shaftesbury
Authors: Müller Patrick
Published: May 2017

Patrick Müller asks whether a new interpretation of third Earl the Earl of Shaftesbury as a radical political theorist is justifiable and whether the term “radical” can be applied to a man who has traditionally been regarded as an aesthete and a moralist rather than a political writer. To answer this question he proposes a chronological survey of Shaftesbury’s development as an actor on the political scene. He first reviews Shaftesbury’s early political career and shows the influence of his grandfather, who helped to forge a new, distinctively Whig ideology, on Shaftesbury’s political socialisation. Patrick Müller then discusses Shaftesbury’s early years in Parliament, when he was committed to the tenets of Old Whiggism and conversed with a number of radical figures, especially Toland. Finally, Müller studies Shaftesbury’s Characteristicks as a utopian text which makes a case for dispensing with the political influence of the Church and even all established forms of religion.
The diffusion and impact of Baron d’Holbach’s texts in Great Britain, 1765–1800
Authors: Treuherz Nick
Published: May 2017

Nicholas Treuherz first looks at the bibliographical data in terms of translations, sales and circulation of d’Holbach’s works as well as press reactions to them. After a thorough description of his methodological approach, he analyses the results of his data processing. He argues that multiple intellectual networks and friendships could have potentially allowed d’Holbach’s texts to penetrate British markets. Then, Treuherz examines how d’Holbach’s texts were read by describing four case studies of British radicals whose reading of the French philosopher’s works was instrumental in circulating his ideas in Britain: William Godwin, Dr John Jebbs, Joseph Priestley and William Hodgson. This review allows Treuherz to shed light on the adjustment of French notions of radicalism to a British context.
A ‘grand stade’ for Paris: stadia, urban planning and the 1924 Olympics
Authors: Lewis Robert W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the debates over the construction of a monumental, 100,000-person stadium in advance of the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. The stadium’s advocates argued that it would spark a nationwide revival of French physical fitness, deemed critical in light of demographic anxieties generated by the First World War, while its detractors saw the stadium as an expensive space for parasitic mass spectatorship. Yet even the promoters of the Olympic Games (both in France and outside its borders) were leery of the crowds that they hoped to attract: they feared that the mass public was disorderly and dangerous, and that it showed an alarming propensity to seek out the ‘spectacle’ of sport rather than appreciate the latter’s higher moral and physical purpose. This ambivalence contributed to the Paris municipal council’s refusal to support the stadium. While the Olympics still took place, at a privately-owned stadium in the suburb of Colombes northwest of Paris, the Olympic stadium crisis ultimately revealed deep fractures over spectator sport as a matter of official public policy and in relation to urban development, and set the template for sporting practices and further debates that continued well into the 1950s.
Sportsmen or savages? Stadium sport and its spectators, 1900–60
Authors: Lewis Robert W.
Published: May 2017

The third chapter focuses on the stadium’s relationship to the efforts of French sporting elites to create a well-disciplined, deferential and masculine public at spectator sporting events in the period between 1918 and the mid-1950s. During this era, rugby, soccer and cycling became the pre-eminent spectator sports in France, promoted and analysed by a burgeoning media complex. Far from rejoicing at the burgeoning popularity of spectator sport, French sporting journalists and officials sought to ‘improve’ and reshape the crowd, both physically through the stadium and discursively in the narratives about ‘sporting education’ that surrounded it. However, these physical and rhetorical efforts to redefine the sporting public as respectable and masculine were continually undermined by the commercial logic of sport itself and the actual practices of male and female spectators present both inside and outside the stade. Faced with a public that resisted physical and rhetorical discipline and that created its own spectator experience, the journalists and sporting impresarios who promoted French sport slowly and somewhat begrudgingly came to recognize the crowd as a less overtly problematic public of male and female consumers which needed to be recruited and accommodated.
Postwar modernisation and the stadium, 1945–98
Authors: Lewis Robert W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the increasingly rapid changes to stadia and sporting practices in France during the last half of the twentieth century, while simultaneously connecting those transformations to parallel developments beyond French frontiers. The new Parc des Princes, rebuilt between 1967 and 1972, reflected the ongoing processes of modernisation and urbanisation in France during the first thirty years after the Second World War. But the changes to sport and its spaces evident in the new Parc also constituted another aspect of postwar modernisation across Europe itself, constituted by efforts to reinvent mass spectatorship and to accommodate television broadcasting. The Stade de France’s completion in advance of the 1998 World Cup also showcased the way that the stadium in France was now optimistically envisioned as an anchor for highly-symbolic international sporting competitions that projected positive messages about French national prestige and sporting identity. At the same time, the changes to sport and sporting spaces in France were part of a process of sporting globalisation that reflected the increasingly common values placed on stadia as urban spaces in France and other countries in Europe, North America, Oceania and Asia.
Images of the world, images of conflict
Authors: O’Loughlin Ben
Published: May 2017

In the short story Pascale’s Sphere Borges wrote, ‘universal history is the history of a few metaphors’. The history of world politics certainly seems marked by a few recurring concepts and metaphors: the universal and the particular, the inside and the outside, the balance of power, and the ideal of symmetry and actuality of chaos. Across eras, these concepts have shaped the image of world politics held by leaders, citizens and scholars. Such concepts are abstract but become visualised through diplomacy, war and cartography and through the lived experience of world affairs. For critical scholars of International Relations, these concepts and the images they translate into are responsible for conflict, for they become concrete in the states, borders and security dilemmas that propel us from conflict to conflict. It follows that there is a relationship between ‘the image of world politics’ and actual visual images of world politics; between abstract, conceptual understandings of the ontology and mechanics of International Relations and the horrific news and events we witness every day.