bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encapsulating Copper Nanocrystals into Metal–Organic Frameworks for Cascade Reactions by Photothermal Catalysis
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Shu‐Rong , Chen Yu‐Zhen , Jiang Hai‐Long
Published: January 2021

Composite materials with multifunctional properties usually possess synergetic effects in catalysis toward cascade reactions. In this work, a facile strategy to the encapsulation of octahedral Cu2O nanocrystals (NCs) by metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is reported, and an oriented growth of MOF enclosures (namely, HKUST‐1) around Cu2O NCs with desired feedstock ratio is achieved. The strategy defines the parameter range that precisely controls the etching rate of metal oxide and the MOF crystallization rate. Finally, the Cu@HKUST‐1 composites with uniform morphology and controlled MOF thickness have been successfully fabricated after the reduction of Cu2O to Cu NCs in HKUST‐1. The integration of Cu NCs properties with MOF advantages helps to create a multifunctional catalyst, which exhibits cooperative catalytic activity and improved recyclability toward the one‐pot cascade reactions under mild conditions involving visible‐light irradiation. The superior performance can be attributed to the plasmonic photothermal effect of Cu NCs, while HKUST‐1 shell provides Lewis acid sites, substrates and H2 enrichment, and stabilizes the Cu cores.
2D Redox‐Active Covalent Organic Frameworks for Supercapacitors: Design, Synthesis, and Challenges
Authors: Li Miao , Liu Jingjuan , Zhang Ting , Song Xiaoyu , Chen Weihua , Chen Long
Published: January 2021

Due to the tunable skeletons, variable pore environments, and predesignable structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be served as a versatile platform to tailor redox activities for efficient energy storage. Redox‐active COFs with specific functional groups can not only promote high‐speed mass transport in the permanently open channels, but also provide dense active sites for reversible redox reactions so as to efficiently adsorb the electrolyte ions, thus becoming emerging and promising electroactive materials. This review summarizes the design principles and synthetic methods of redox‐active COFs, with a focus on surveying the representative advances in supercapacitors. The key progress, major challenges, and future directions in this promising field are highlighted as well.
Nickel Iron Diselenide for Highly Efficient and Selective Electrocatalytic Conversion of Methanol to Formate
Authors: Li Junshan , Xing Congcong , Zhang Yu , Zhang Ting , Spadaro Maria Chiara , Wu Qianbao , Yi Yunan , He Shenglan , Llorca Jordi , Arbiol Jordi , Cabot Andreu , Cui Chunhua
Published: January 2021

The electro‐oxidation of methanol to formate is an interesting example of the potential use of renewable energies to add value to a biosourced chemical commodity. Additionally, methanol electro‐oxidation can replace the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction when coupled to hydrogen evolution or to the electroreduction of other biomass‐derived intermediates. But the cost‐effective realization of these reaction schemes requires the development of efficient and low‐cost electrocatalysts. Here, a noble metal‐free catalyst, Ni1−xFexSe2 nanorods, with a high potential for an efficient and selective methanol conversion to formate is demonstrated. At its optimum composition, Ni0.75Fe0.25Se2, this diselenide is able to produce 0.47 mmol cm−2 h−1 of formate at 50 mA cm−2 with a Faradaic conversion efficiency of 99%. Additionally, this noble‐metal‐free catalyst is able to continuously work for over 50 000 s with a minimal loss of efficiency, delivering initial current densities above 50 mA cm−2 and 2.2 A mg−1 in a 1.0 m KOH electrolyte with 1.0 m methanol at 1.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. This work demonstrates the highly efficient and selective methanol‐to‐formate conversion on Ni‐based noble‐metal‐free catalysts, and more importantly it shows a very promising example to exploit the electrocatalytic conversion of biomass‐derived chemicals.
Engineering Heterogeneous NiS2/NiS Cocatalysts with Progressive Electron Transfer from Planar p‐Si Photocathodes for Solar Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Sijie , Yang Gaoliang , Ge Peng , Lin Huiwen , Wang Qi , Ren Xiaohui , Luo Shunqin , Philo Davin , Chang Kun , Ye Jinhua
Published: January 2021

The sluggish transfer of electrons from a planar p‐type Si (p‐Si) semiconductor to a cocatalyst restricts the activity of photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution. To overcome such inefficiency, an elegant interphase of the semiconductor/cocatalyst is generally necessary. Hence, in this work, a NiS2/NiS heterojunction (NNH) is prepared in situ and applied to a planar p‐Si substrate as a cocatalyst to achieve progressive electron transfer. The NNH/Si photocathode exhibits an onset potential of +0.28 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) and a photocurrent density of 18.9 mA·cm−2 at 0 VRHE, as well as a 0.9% half‐cell solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency, which is much superior compared with those of NiS2/Si and NiS/Si photocathodes. The enhanced performance for NNH/Si is attributed to the contact between the sectional n‐type semiconducting NNH and the planar p‐Si semiconductor through a p‐Si/n‐NiS/n‐NiS2 manner that functions as a local pn‐junction to promote electron transfer. Thus, the photogenerated electron is transferred from p‐Si to n‐NiS within NNH as the progressive medium, followed by to Ni2+ and/or S22− of the defect‐rich n‐NiS2 phase as the key active sites. This systematic work may pave the way for planar Si‐based PEC applications of heterogeneous metal sulfide cocatalysts through the progressive transfer of electrons.
Near‐Infrared‐Responsive Photocatalysts
Authors: Yang Yi , Tan Haiyan , Cheng Bei , Fan Jiajie , Yu Jiaguo , Ho Wingkei
Published: January 2021

Broadening the absorption of light to the near‐infrared (NIR) region is important in photocatalysis to achieve efficient solar‐to‐fuel conversion. NIR‐responsive photocatalysts that can utilize diffusive solar energy are attractive for alleviating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Over the past few years, considerable progress on the component and structural design of NIR‐responsive photocatalysts have been reported. This study aims to systematically summarize recent progress toward the material design and mechanism optimization of NIR‐responsive photocatalysts in this area. Depending on the main strategies for harvesting NIR photons, NIR‐responsive photocatalysts can be categorized as direct NIR‐light photocatalysts, indirect NIR‐light photocatalysts, and photothermal photocatalysts. Furthermore, the construction and application of different NIR‐responsive photocatalytic systems are summarized. Conclusions and perspectives are presented to further explore the potential of NIR‐responsive photocatalysts in this field.
Ultraefficiently Calming Cytokine Storm Using Ti3C2Tx MXene
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Sun Xiaoyu , Guo Xin , Zhang Jinqiang , Yang Jian , Tao Shouxuan , Guan Jun , Zhou Lin , Han Jie , Wang Chengyin , Yao Hang , Wang Guoxiu
Published: January 2021

During the global outbreak of COVID‐19 pandemic, “cytokine storm” conditions are regarded as the fatal step resulting in most mortality. Hemoperfusion is widely used to remove cytokines from the blood of severely ill patients to prevent uncontrolled inflammation induced by a cytokine storm. This article discoveres, for the first time, that 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene sheet demonstrates an ultrahigh removal capability for typical cytokine interleukin‐6. In particular, MXene shows a 13.4 times higher removal efficiency over traditional activated carbon absorbents. Molecular‐level investigations reveal that MXene exhibits a strong chemisorption mechanism for immobilizing cytokine interleukin‐6 molecules, which is different from activated carbon absorbents. MXene sheet also demonstrates excellent blood compatibility without any deleterious side influence on the composition of human blood. This work can open a new avenue to use MXene sheets as an ultraefficient hemoperfusion absorbent to eliminate the cytokine storm syndrome in treatment of severe COVID‐19 patients.
Microfluidic‐Based Exosome Analysis for Liquid Biopsy
Authors: Lin Bingqian , Lei Yanmei , Wang Junxia , Zhu Lin , Wu Yuqi , Zhang Huimin , Wu Lingling , Zhang Peng , Yang Chaoyong
Published: January 2021

Liquid biopsy offers non‐invasive and real‐time molecular profiling of individual patients, and is thus considered a revolutionary technology in precision medicine. Exosomes have been acknowledged as significant biomarkers in liquid biopsy, as they play a central role in cell–cell communication and are closely related to the pathogenesis of most human malignancies. Nevertheless, in biofluids exosomes always co‐exist with other particles, and the cargo components of exosomes are highly heterogeneous. Thus, the isolation and molecular characterization of exosomes are still technically challenging. Microfluidics technology effectively addresses this challenge by virtue of its inherent advantages, such as precise manipulation of fluids, low consumption of samples and reagents, and a high level of integration. Recent advances in microfluidics allow in situ exosome capture and molecular detection with unprecedented selectivity and sensitivity. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art developments in microfluidics‐based exosome research, including exosome isolation approaches and molecular detection strategies, with highlights of the characterization of exosomal biomarkers in cancer liquid biopsy is summarized. The major challenges are also discussed and some perspectives for the future directions of exosome‐based liquid biopsy in microfluidic systems are presented.
Effective communication now more critical than ever
Authors: Enos Gary A.
Published: January 2021

As an undergraduate math major, Tyler Hayes envisioned a career in K–12 teaching. However, his experiences in college opened his eyes to the life‐changing effect higher education can have on young people and their families.
High‐temperature stabilization of polypropylene using hindered phenol–thioester stabilizer combinations, Part 1: Optimization and efficacy via nondust blends
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Jones Andrew P. , Liauw Christopher M. , Edge Michele , Keck‐Antoine Klaus , Yeo Joeng‐Ho
Published: January 2021

The thermal degradation of unstabilized polypropylene has been investigated under long‐term processing (twin extruder) and thermal aging at 150°C, with additive concentration studies on combinations of an established hindered phenolic antioxidant (pentaerythritol tetrakis (3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) propionate) [S1010] and two popular thioesters (distearyl‐3,3′‐thiodipropionate [DSTDP] and didodecyl‐3,3′‐thiodipropionate [DLTDP]) using melt flow rate, carbonyl index and powder diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (oxidation induction time [OIT]) and ultimate embrittlement time (Fracture) on injection‐molded test pieces. It was found that 20:80 phenol:thioester ratios provided the best long‐term thermal stability (LTTS); however, this was the reverse for processing stabilization (80:20), underlining the antioxidant nature of the two stabilizers (long term vs. melt). Melt preblending of the stabilizers (to form a no‐dust blend) gave rise to improved LTTS. DRIFTS FTIR indicated that there was an improvement in preblending the additives, which removed any volatile impurities. Increased additive dispersion and localized potential efficacy in the stabilization cycle is important, as well as possible improved addition of the additives to the extruder rather than fine powder. The data are discussed in relation to the long‐term stabilization of polypropylene in high‐temperature applications such as under the bonnet of automobiles where minimizing stabilizer losses and maximizing synergy are important.
PassEye: Sniffing Your Password from HTTP Sessions by Deep Neural Network
Authors: Rui Zhiqing , Wu Jingzheng , Shao Yanjie , Luo Tianyue , Yang Mutian , Wu Yanjun , Wu Bin
Published: January 2021

Passwords are the most widely used method for user authentication in HTTP websites. Password sniffing attacks are considered a common way to steal password. However, most existing methods have many deficiencies in versatility and automation, such as manual analysis, keyword matching, regular expression and SniffPass. In this paper, to better describe the problem, we propose a HTTP Sessions Password Sniffing (HSPS) attack model which is more suitable in HTTP environment. Furthermore, we propose PassEye, a novel deep neural networkbased implementation of HSPS attack. PassEye is a binary neural network classifier that learns features from the HTTP sessions and identifies Password Authentication Session (PAS). We collected 979,681 HTTP sessions from the HTTP and HTTPS websites for training the binary classifier. The results show that PassEye is effective in sniffing the passwords with an accuracy of 99.38%. In addition, several measures are provided to prevent HSPS attacks in the end.
Boundary value problems of elliptic and parabolic type with boundary data of negative regularity
Authors: Hummel Felix
Published: January 2021

We study elliptic and parabolic boundary value problems in spaces of mixed scales with mixed smoothness on the half-space. The aim is to solve boundary value problems with boundary data of negative regularity and to describe the singularities of solutions at the boundary. To this end, we derive mapping properties of Poisson operators in mixed scales with mixed smoothness. We also derive $$\mathcal {R}$$
R
-sectoriality results for homogeneous boundary data in the case that the smoothness in normal direction is not too large.
Equivalence of viscosity and weak solutions for a p-parabolic equation
Authors: Siltakoski Jarkko
Published: January 2021

We study the relationship of viscosity and weak solutions to the equation$$\begin{aligned} \smash {\partial _{t}u-\varDelta _{p}u=f(Du)}, \end{aligned}$$∂tu-Δpu=f(Du),where$$p>1$$p>1and$$f\in C({\mathbb {R}}^{N})$$f∈C(RN)satisfies suitable assumptions. Our main result is that bounded viscosity supersolutions coincide with bounded lower semicontinuous weak supersolutions. Moreover, we prove the lower semicontinuity of weak supersolutions when$$p\ge 2$$p≥2.
Correction to: Mate attraction, chemical defense, and competition avoidance in the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina pacifica
Authors: Böttinger Lea C. , Hüftlein Frederic , Stökl Johannes
Published: January 2021

While typesetting the article the below errors are occurred.
Genetic engineering in organoids
Authors: Teriyapirom Isaree , Batista-Rocha Andreia S. , Koo Bon-Kyoung
Published: January 2021

Three-dimensional organoids have been widely used for developmental and disease modeling. Organoids are derived from both adult and pluripotent stem cells. Various types are available for mimicking almost all major organs and tissues in the mouse and human. While culture protocols for stepwise differentiation and long-term expansion are well established, methods for genetic manipulation in organoids still need further standardization. In this review, we summarized different methods for organoid genetics and provide the pros and cons of each method for designing an optimal strategy.
Application of grouping and read-across for the evaluation of parabens of different chain lengths with a particular focus on endocrine properties
Authors: Fayyaz Susann , Kreiling Reinhard , Sauer Ursula G.
Published: January 2021

This article presents the outcomes of higher-tier repeated-dose toxicity studies and developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) studies using Wistar rats requested for methyl paraben and propyl paraben under the European Union chemicals legislation. All studies revealed no-observed adverse effects (NOAELs) at 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. These findings (absence of effects) were then used to interpolate the hazard profile for ethyl paraben, further considering available data for butyl paraben. The underlying read-across hypothesis (all shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens are a ‘category’ based on very high structural similarity and are transformed to a common compound) was confirmed by similarity calculations and comparative in vivo toxicokinetics screening studies for methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben and butyl paraben. All four parabens were rapidly taken up systemically following oral gavage administration to rats, metabolised to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and rapidly eliminated (parabens within one hour; p-hydroxybenzoic acid within 4–8 h). Accordingly, for ethyl paraben, the NOAELs for repeated-dose toxicity and DART were interpolated to be 1000 mg/kg body weight/day. Finally, all evidence was evaluated to address concerns expressed in the literature that parabens might be endocrine disruptors. This evaluation showed that the higher-tier studies do not provide any indication for any endocrine disrupting property. This is the first time that a comprehensive dataset from higher-tier in vivo studies following internationally agreed test protocols has become available for shorter-chained linear n-alkyl parabens. Consistently, the dataset shows that these parabens are devoid of repeated-dose toxicity and do not possess any DART or endocrine disrupting properties.
Comparison of Performance Score for Female and Male Residents in General Surgery Doing Supervised Real‐Life Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Is There a Norse Shield‐Maiden Effect?
Authors: Skjold‐Ødegaard Benedicte , Ersdal Hege Langli , Assmus Jörg , Soreide Kjetil
Published: January 2021

Background

Gender bias may represent a threat to resident assessment during surgical training, and there have been concerns that women might be disadvantaged. There is a lack of studies investigating gender differences in ‘entry‐level’ real‐life procedures, such as laparoscopic appendectomy. We aimed to explore potential gender disparities in self‐evaluation and faculty evaluation of a basic surgical procedure performed by junior surgical residents in general surgery.

Methods

A structured training program in laparoscopic appendectomy was implemented before undertaking evaluation of real‐life consecutive laparoscopic appendectomies by junior residents in general surgery. Resident and faculty gender‐pairs were assessed. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated using a single‐rater, consistency, 2‐way mixed‐effects model.

Results

A total of 165 paired sessions were completed to evaluate resident–faculty scores for the procedure. Overall, 19 residents participated (43% women) and 26 faculty (42% women) were involved. The overall correlation between faculty and residents was good (ICC > 0.8). The female–female pairs scored higher for most steps, achieving excellent (ICC ≥ 0.9) for several steps and for overall performance. Female residents were more likely to give a higher self‐evaluated score on own performance particularly if evaluated by a female faculty. Also, female trainees had highest correlation‐score with male faculty.

Conclusions

This study found higher performance scores in female surgical residents evaluated during real‐time laparoscopic appendectomy. No negative gender bias toward women was demonstrated. Better insight into the dynamics of gender‐based interaction and dynamics in both training, feedback and influence on evaluation during training is needed when evaluating surgical training programs.
Robotic Gastrectomy Compared with Laparoscopic Gastrectomy for Clinical Stage I/II Gastric Cancer Patients: A Propensity Score‐Matched Analysis
Authors: Hikage Makoto , Fujiya Keiichi , Kamiya Satoshi , Tanizawa Yutaka , Bando Etsuro , Notsu Akifumi , Mori Keita , Terashima Masanori
Published: January 2021

Background

Robotic gastrectomy (RG) has been developed to address the drawbacks of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG); however, whether or not RG is superior to conventional LG remains to be seen. The present study aimed to clarify the impact of RG on clinical stage I/II gastric cancer patients.

Methods

The present study included 1208 patients with clinical stage I/II gastric cancer who had minimally invasive gastrectomy from January 2012 to March 2020 at the Shizuoka Cancer Center. The short‐ and long‐term outcomes of RG and LG were compared after propensity score matching.

Results

This study involved 835 LG and 345 RG patients. After propensity score matching, there were 342 patients each in the RG and LG groups, with an improved balance of confounding factors between the two groups. RG was associated with a significantly longer operative time and lower amylase concentration in the drainage fluid on the first postoperative day than LG. Furthermore, the incidence of intra‐abdominal infectious complications in the RG was lower than that in the LG (4.4% vs. 9.4%; P = 0.015). The survival of the RG and LG groups was equivalent.

Conclusions

RG reduced the risk of intra‐abdominal infectious complications in comparison with LG in the propensity score‐matched analysis. Patients treated by the two approaches showed equivalent survival.
Anatomo-sonographic identification of the longissimus capitis and splenius cervicis muscles: principles for possible application to ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia
Authors: Brumpt Eleonore , Aubry Sebastien , Vuillier Fabrice , Tatu Laurent
Published: January 2021

Objective

The main objective of this study was to define and verify anatomo-sonographic landmarks for ultrasound-guided injection of botulinum toxin into the longissimus capitis (LC) and splenius cervicis (SC) muscles.

Methods and results

After a preliminary work of anatomical description of the LC and SC muscles, we identified these muscles on two cadavers and then on a healthy volunteer using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish a radio-anatomical correlation. We defined an anatomo-sonographic landmark for the injection of each of these muscles. The correct positioning of vascular glue into the LC muscle and a metal clip into the SC muscle of a fresh cadaver as verified by dissection confirmed the utility of the selected landmarks.

Discussion

For the LC muscle, the intramuscular tendon of the cranial part of the muscle appears to be a reliable anatomical landmark. The ultrasound-guided injection can be performed within the cranial portion of the muscle, between the intra-muscular tendon and insertion into the mastoid process at dens of the axis level. For the SC muscle, the surface topographic landmarks of the spinous processes of the C4–C5 vertebrae and the muscle body of the levator scapulae muscle seem to be reliable landmarks. From these, the ultrasound-guided injection can be carried out laterally by transfixing the body of the levator scapulae.

Conclusion

The study defined two cervical anatomo-sonographic landmarks for injecting the LC and SC muscles.
Tick-borne zoonoses and commonly used diagnostic methods in human and veterinary medicine
Authors: Springer Andrea , Glass Antje , Probst Julia , Strube Christina
Published: January 2021

Around the world, human health and animal health are closely linked in terms of the One Health concept by ticks acting as vectors for zoonotic pathogens. Animals do not only maintain tick cycles but can either be clinically affected by the same tick-borne pathogens as humans and/or play a role as reservoirs or sentinel pathogen hosts. However, the relevance of different tick-borne diseases (TBDs) may vary in human vs. veterinary medicine, which is consequently reflected by the availability of human vs. veterinary diagnostic tests. Yet, as TBDs gain importance in both fields and rare zoonotic pathogens, such as Babesia spp., are increasingly identified as causes of human disease, a One Health approach regarding development of new diagnostic tools may lead to synergistic benefits. This review gives an overview on zoonotic protozoan, bacterial and viral tick-borne pathogens worldwide, discusses commonly used diagnostic techniques for TBDs, and compares commercial availability of diagnostic tests for humans vs. domestic animals, using Germany as an example, with the aim of highlighting existing gaps and opportunities for collaboration in a One Health framework.
Average-Case Approximation Ratio of Scheduling without Payments
Authors: Zhang Jie
Published: January 2021

Apart from the principles and methodologies inherited from Economics and Game Theory, the studies in Algorithmic Mechanism Design typically employ theworst-case analysisand design ofapproximation schemesof Theoretical Computer Science. For instance, theapproximation ratio, which is the canonical measure of evaluating how well an incentive-compatible mechanism approximately optimizes the objective, is defined in the worst-case sense. It compares the performance of the optimal mechanism against the performance of a truthful mechanism, for all possible inputs. In this paper, we take theaverage-case analysisapproach, and tackle one of the primary motivating problems in Algorithmic Mechanism Design—the scheduling problem (Nisan and Ronen, in: Proceedings of the 31st annual ACM symposium on theory of computing (STOC), 1999). One version of this problem, which includes a verification component, is studied by Koutsoupias (Theory Comput Syst 54(3):375–387, 2014). It was shown that the problem has a tight approximation ratio bound of$$(n+1)/2$$(n+1)/2for the single-task setting, wherenis the number of machines. We show, however, when the costs of the machines to executing the task followanyindependent and identical distribution, theaverage-case approximation ratioof the mechanism given by Koutsoupias (Theory Comput Syst 54(3):375–387, 2014) is upper bounded by a constant. This positive result asymptotically separates the average-case ratio from the worst-case ratio. It indicates that the optimal mechanism devised for a worst-case guarantee works well on average.
Trends in the differences between homogenized ground surface temperature and surface air temperature in China during 1961–2016 and its possible causes
Authors: Shi Xiaohui , Chen Jinqiu
Published: January 2021

Based on the latest series of homogenized ground surface temperature (GST) and surface air temperature (SAT) data for China, this study performed a detailed analysis of the trend of the differences between the two homogenized series in 1961–2016. The differences, referred to as surface–air temperature differences (SATDs) in this study, were separately averaged by month, season, and year. The long-term and spatial changes in the trends of SATDs were investigated. Moreover, interdecadal trend breakpoints were identified to understand the characteristics of trends in fluctuation. The possible influences of precipitation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and global warming on SATDs were also analyzed. The results showed that during the 12 months of a year, only three months, March, April, and May, exhibited increasing trends of station-averaged, monthly mean SATDs while the other nine months exhibited decreasing trends. In addition, the station-averaged annual and seasonal mean SATDs of summer, autumn, and winter all showed significant decreasing trends, while the spring mean SATDs showed a significant increasing trend. The spatial distribution pattern of the linear trends of monthly, seasonal, and annual SATDs in meteorological stations indicated that SATDs had more obviously increasing trends in the northern regions than the southern regions of China. The trends of station-averaged monthly mean SATDs (except for April) and station-averaged seasonal and annual mean SATDs experienced interdecadal breakpoints, fully indicative of obvious interdecadal fluctuations with temporal complexity among China’s SATD trends. By the regression analysis of monthly STADs against simultaneous precipitation, as well as the comparative analysis of their linear trends, we found that both amount of precipitation and the change of precipitation type have important influences on SATDs. The results of convergent cross mapping analysis also revealed the causal effect of precipitation on SATDs.
Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Lang-Stereotests
Authors: Entacher Sigrid , Resch Ruth E.
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund

Der Lang-Test ist ein beliebter Stereotest und wird immer wieder auch als Screeningtool angewandt. Er ist einfach zu handhaben und bereits im Säuglingsalter einsetzbar. Dennoch ist im Alltag nicht immer klar, wie Testergebnisse am geeignetsten dokumentiert bzw. interpretiert werden soll(t)en. Besonders für den Ausschluss eines (Mikro‑)Strabismus und/oder einer Amblyopie scheint es relevant, die Erkenntnislage bezüglich der Grenzen und Möglichkeiten des Lang-Stereotests etwas exakter zu beleuchten.

Material und Methode

Es wurden im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche die Ergebnisse von Studien zur Messgenauigkeit und Durchführbarkeit des Lang-Stereotests bei Augengesunden, manifesten Schielern und Amblyopen gesammelt und dargestellt.

Resultate

Obwohl das Evidenzniveau gering ist, bestätigen die Ergebnisse einiger Studien, dass weder der Lang I noch der Lang II dafür geeignet ist, einen (Mikro‑)Strabismus und/oder eine Amblyopie auszuschließen. Bis zu 36 % der Kinder mit (Mikro‑)Strabismus erreichen ein positives Ergebnis beim Lang I. Bei Amblyopie ex Anisometropie sind es sogar 20–75 %, wobei die Tiefe der Amblyopie verantwortlich für diese große Streuung zu sein scheint.

Schlussfolgerung

Der Lang-Stereotest hat besonders im Säuglings- und Kleinkindalter unbestreitbare Vorteile. Gerade bei diesem „einfachen“ Test ist der ordnungsgemäßen Durchführung und sauberen, kritischen Interpretation der Antworten große Bedeutung zuzuschreiben. So darf reines auf die Figuren Zeigen nicht als positive Testantwort interpretiert werden. Einmal mehr bestätigen die Studien: Der Lang-Stereotest eignet sich als ergänzendes Tool, erlaubt aber niemals als alleiniges Screeningtool eine Aussage über Schielen oder Nichtschielen der kleinen PatientInnen.
Hair cortisol-a stress marker in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders? A large European cross-sectional study
Authors: Buse Judith , Rothe Josefine , Uhlmann Anne , Bodmer Benjamin , Kirschbaum Clemens , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Dietrich Andrea , Roessner Veit ,   EMTICS collaborative group, Apter Alan , Baglioni Valentina , Ball Juliane , Benaroya-Milshtein Noa , Bodmer Benjamin , Bognar Emese , Burger Bianka , Buse Judith , Cardona Francesco , Vela Marta Correa , Dietrich Andrea , Ferro Maria Cristina , Garcia-Delgar Blanca , Gulisano Mariangela , Hagen Annelieke , Hagstrøm Julie , Hedderly Tammy J. , Heyman Isobel , Hoekstra Pieter J. , Huyser Chaim , Madruga-Garrido Marcos , Martino Davide , Mir Pablo , Morer Astrid , Müller-Vahl Kirsten , Münchau Alexander , Nagy Peter , Neri Valeria , Openneer Thaïra J. C. , Pellico Alessandra , Plessen Kerstin J. , Porcelli Cesare , Rizzo Renata , Roessner Veit , Ruhrman Daphna , Schnell Jaana M. L. , Schrag Anette , Silvestri Paola Rosaria , Skov Liselotte , Steinberg Tamar , Gloor Friederike Tagwerker , Tarnok Zsanett , Weidinger Elif
Published: January 2021

Background

There is clear evidence that tic disorders (TDs) are associated with psychosocial stress as well as emotional and behavioral problems. Studies have shown that individuals with TDs have higher acute physiological stress responses to external, single stressors (as reflected by saliva cortisol). The aim of the present study was to examine a physiological marker of longer-term stress (as reflected by hair cortisol concentration) in children and adolescents with TDs and unaffected siblings of individuals with TDs.

Methods

Two samples of a European cohort were included in this study. In the COURSE sample, 412 children and adolescents aged 3–16 years with a chronic TD including Tourette syndrome according to DSM IV-TR criteria were included. The ONSET sample included 131 3–10 years old siblings of individuals with TDs, who themselves had no tics. Differences in hair cortisol concentration (HCC) between the two samples were examined. Within the COURSE sample, relations of HCC with tic severity and perceived psychosocial stress as well as potential effects and interaction effects of comorbid emotional and behavioral problems and psychotropic medication on HCC were investigated.

Results

There were no differences in HCC between the two samples. In participants with TDs, there were no associations between HCC and tic severity or perceived psychosocial stress. No main effects of sex, psychotropic medication status and comorbid emotional and behavioral problems on HCC were found in participants with TDs.

Conclusion

A link between HCC and TDs is not supported by the present results.
Reibungsverhalten nasslaufender Lamellenkupplungen am Übergang Haftreibung – Gleitreibung
Authors: Völkel Katharina , Meingaßner Georg Johann , Pflaum Hermann , Stahl Karsten
Published: January 2021

Nasslaufende Lamellenkupplungen übernehmen in industriellen und automobilen Antriebssträngen meist sicherheits- und komfortrelevante Funktionen. Kenntnisse zum übertragbaren Drehmoment bei den entsprechenden Belastungen und Betriebsbedingungen sind die Basis für eine betriebssichere Auslegung und Dimensionierung der Lamellenkupplung. In einigen Anwendungsfällen wird trotz konservativer Dimensionierung ein unerwünschtes Kriechen der Lamellenkupplung bei langer und häufig stationärer Drehmomentbelastung festgestellt, wodurch Funktion und Sicherheit beeinträchtigt sein können.

Zum Reibungsverhalten bei Mikroschlupf und der ohne Schlupf übertragbaren Reibungszahl liegen bisher nur wenige Erkenntnisse vor. Im Rahmen grundlegender experimenteller Untersuchungen wurden deswegen das Reibungsverhalten bei Mikroschlupf sowie die übertragbare Haftreibungszahl untersucht. Es wurde eine Test- und Auswertemethodik entwickelt und in experimentellen Untersuchungen exemplarisch an einer Kupplung aus einer Automatikgetriebe-Anwendung umgesetzt. Die Methodik ermöglicht eine Untersuchung des Reibungsverhaltens nasslaufender Lamellenkupplungen bei sehr niedrigen Gleitgeschwindigkeiten und die Einordnung zum Lastschalt-Reibungsverhalten.
Chinese and Indian FDI in Hungary and the role of Eastern Opening policy
Authors: Völgyi Katalin , Lukács Eszter
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to assess the main features of Chinese and Indian investments in Hungary and the role of the Hungarian Government’s Eastern Opening policy in the attraction of investments from these two Asian giants. This paper covers the sectoral distribution, modes of market entry, and motivations of Chinese and Indian foreign direct investments. The automotive sector is the most attractive sector for investors from both countries. ICT manufacturing (electronics) and services, and the renewable energy sector are also very attractive for Chinese companies. The same is true for IT/BPO services and the chemical sector in the case of Indian companies. Chinese and Indian companies enter the Hungarian economy mainly through green-field investments or acquisitions. Market-seeking and strategic asset-seeking motives are dominant in the case of investors from both countries. This paper also puts a special emphasis on studying the impacts of Hungary’s Eastern Opening policy (launched in 2012) on Chinese and Indian investments. The findings show that the Eastern Opening policy has had a significant impact on the investment decision (location choice) of new Chinese and Indian investors and further expansion of investments by Chinese and Indian companies located in Hungary due to four factors, namely high-ranking political meetings, strategic cooperation agreements, cash grants from the Hungarian Government and supportive services of HIPA.
Instability thresholds for thermal convection in a Kelvin–Voigt fluid of variable order
Authors: Straughan B.
Published: January 2021

We present numerical techniques for calculating instability thresholds in a model for thermal convection in a complex viscoelastic fluid of Kelvin–Voigt type. The theory presented is valid for various orders of an exponential fading memory term, and the strategy for obtaining the neutral curves and instability thresholds is discussed in the general case. Specific numerical results are presented for a fluid of order zero, also known as a Navier–Stokes–Voigt fluid, and fluids of order 1 and 2. For the latter cases it is shown that oscillatory convection may occur, and the nature of the stationary and oscillatory convection branches is investigated in detail, including where the transition from one to the other takes place.
Advanced fractionation process for wine-based products diversification
Authors: Di Giacomo Gabriele , Romano Pietro
Published: January 2021

Wine fractionation is an old practice widely applied for many reasons, including the production of food-grade alcohol and spirits, alcohol-reduced wines and beverages, functional products, and aromas. The purpose is the need to satisfy different lifestyles and legal constraints. The raw material, usually called industrial wine, includes wine overproduction and wine not used as such: mainly table wine, the fermented juice of unsold table grapes, and quality wine. Three technologies are currently in use: Vacuum distillation, Reverse osmosis in dialyzing mode, and the Spinning cone column. The process developed in this work results from the integration of a multistage reverse osmosis section operating in dialyzing mode, with the Atmospheric distillation of the permeate stream; the two most applied technologies for fractionating liquid mixtures. This process allows the fractionation of the wine into four products (the vegetation water, the azeotropic Ethanol, a concentrated aqueous solution of the solid extract, and a concentrated alcoholic solution of volatile aroma compounds) while preserving sensorial, nutritional and functional properties of the individual compounds. Then, the proper recombination of these products gives rise to a wide variety of wine-based products to meet the specifications of each market segment. The process is environmentally friendly and, in comparison with the competitors, is less energy-intensive, other than resilient and flexible regarding the production potentiality.
Short life–fast death: decomposition rates of woody plants leaf- and herb-litter
Authors: Rawlik Katarzyna , Nowiński Mirosław , Jagodziński Andrzej M.
Published: January 2021

•Key message

Decomposition of forest herb species litter was not always completed in less than a year and was not always faster than decomposition of tree leaf litter in an oak-hornbeam forest in Western Poland. Litter decomposition of herbaceous plants is connected with their life strategy and functional traits of their leaves.

•Context

Forest understories are frequently ignored in ecological research on decomposition, although they play an important role in biomass and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.

•Aims

We hypothesized that the decomposition process of herbaceous species was completed in less than a year, as opposed to tree leaf litter. The second aim of our study was to determine if life strategy affects the rate of litter decomposition.

•Methods

We performed the decomposition experiment in the oak-hornbeam forest in Czmoń (Western Poland) using the litter bag method to determine decay constants (k) for all species studied. The influence of species identity, functional group, and functional traits of leaves and other effects on the decomposition process was assessed.

•Results

The decomposition process was significantly dependent on the functional group of plants, time of exposure in the field, species identity, and precipitation. We found a significant correlation between leaf traits and decay rates of the species studied.

•Conclusion

Litter decomposition of herbaceous plants is connected with their life strategy and functional traits of their leaves in an oak-hornbeam forests.
A parameter-free total Lagrangian smooth particle hydrodynamics algorithm applied to problems with free surfaces
Authors: Low Kenny W. Q. , Lee Chun Hean , Gil Antonio J. , Haider Jibran , Bonet Javier
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a new Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics computational framework for the solution of inviscid free surface flow problems. The formulation is based on the Total Lagrangian description of a system of first-order conservation laws written in terms of the linear momentum and the Jacobian of the deformation. One of the aims of this paper is to explore the use of Total Lagrangian description in the case of large deformations but without topological changes. In this case, the evaluation of spatial integrals is carried out with respect to the initial undeformed configuration, yielding an extremely efficient formulation where the need for continuous particle neighbouring search is completely circumvented. To guarantee stability from the SPH discretisation point of view, consistently derived Riemann-based numerical dissipation is suitably introduced where global numerical entropy production is demonstrated via a novel technique in terms of the time rate of the Hamiltonian of the system. Since the kernel derivatives presented in this work are fixed in the reference configuration, the non-physical clumping mechanism is completely removed. To fulfil conservation of the global angular momentum, a posteriori (least-squares) projection procedure is introduced. Finally, a wide spectrum of dedicated prototype problems is thoroughly examined. Through these tests, the SPH methodology overcomes by construction a number of persistent numerical drawbacks (e.g. hour-glassing, pressure instability, global conservation and/or completeness issues) commonly found in SPH literature, without resorting to the use of any ad-hoc user-defined artificial stabilisation parameters. Crucially, the overall SPH algorithm yields equal second order of convergence for both velocities and pressure.
Inklusive Bildung und Fachdidaktik in Grundschulen. Erkenntnisse, Reflektionen und Perspektiven
Authors: Seitz Simone , Simon Toni
Published: January 2021

Ausgehend von der Frage, inwiefern die Grundschule ihrem eigenen Anspruch gemäß ein Ort allgemeiner Bildung für alle Kinder ist, wird ein Überblick über Theorien und Modelle inklusiver (grund)schulischer Bildung und deren Entwicklung von der frühen Integrationsforschung bis zur aktuellen Inklusionsforschung mit Fokus auf fach- bzw. lernbereichsdidaktische Fragestellungen in Grundschulen gegeben. Auf dieser Basis wird exemplarisch der Sachunterricht, dem im Hinblick auf die Lernbereiche der Grundschule eine exponierte Position zukommt, genauer beleuchtet, bevor dann abschließend Perspektiven für die zukünftige grundschulpädagogische Forschung im Feld inklusiver Bildung und inklusionsbezogener Fachdidaktiken abgeleitet werden.
Using the unscented transform to reduce the number of measurements in drive tests
Authors: Fernandes Leandro Carísio , de Menezes Leonardo Rodrigues Araújo Xavier , Loureiro Alexandre José Figueiredo
Published: January 2021

In a drive test, it is common to measure the electric field strength (or other related quantity) at fixed intervals to calibrate propagation models or to optimize wireless network coverage. We propose to select the measurement locations based on the unscented transform. Using just a few points (tens rather than thousands), we show that the statistics of the measurement tends to the correct value, which can save time and reduce the cost of drive tests.
Shallow hot-point drill system for active layer temperature measurement along Zhongshan–Dome A traverse, Antarctica
Authors: Li Yazhou , Fan Xiaopeng , Talalay Pavel G. , Dou Yinke , Lu Siyu , Kang Shichang , Li Xiao , Hong Jialin
Published: January 2021

In glaciology, snow–firn temperature at 10 m is considered a representation of the mean annual air temperature at the surface (MAAT) of the studied site. Although MAAT is an important parameter in ice-sheet investigations, it has not been widely measured in Antarctica. To measure the 10 m snow–firn temperature in Antarctica, a shallow hot-point drill system is designed. In this simple and lightweight system, a hot-point drill can melt boreholes with a diameter of 34 mm in the snow–firn to a depth of 30 m and a temperature sensors string can measure the borehole temperature precisely. In the 2018/19 field season, 16 boreholes along the Zhongshan–Dome A traverse were drilled, and the borehole temperature was measured. Although certain problems existed pertaining to the hot-point drill, a total depth of ~244 m was successfully drilled at an average penetration rate of ~10 m h−1. After borehole drilling, ~12–15 h were generally required for the borehole to achieve thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. Preliminary results demonstrated that the 10 m snow–firn temperature along the traverse route was affected by the increasing altitude and latitude, and it decreased gradually with an increase in the distance from Zhongshan station.
SPT-CL J2032–5627: A new Southern double relic cluster observed with ASKAP
Authors: Duchesne S. W. , Johnston-Hollitt M. , Bartalucci I. , Hodgson T. , Pratt G. W.
Published: January 2021

We present a radio and X-ray analysis of the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J2032–5627. Investigation of public data from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) at 943 MHz shows two previously undetected radio relics at either side of the cluster. For both relic sources, we utilise archival Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) data at 5.5 GHz in conjunction with the new ASKAP data to determine that both have steep integrated radio spectra ($\ensuremath{{\alpha_\mathrm{SE} = -1.52 \pm 0.10}}$and$\ensuremath{{\alpha_\mathrm{NW,full} = -1.18 \pm 0.10}}$for the southeast and northwest relic sources, respectively). No shock is seen in XMM-Newtonobservations; however, the southeast relic is preceded by a cold front in the X-ray–emitting intra-cluster medium. We suggest the lack of a detectable shock may be due to instrumental limitations, comparing the situation to the southeast relic in Abell 3667. We compare the relics to the population of double relic sources and find that they are located below the current power–mass scaling relation. We present an analysis of the low-surface brightness sensitivity of ASKAP and the ATCA, the excellent sensitivity of both allow the ability to find heretofore undetected diffuse sources, suggesting these low-power radio relics will become more prevalent in upcoming large-area radio surveys such as the Evolutionary Map of the Universe.
Minimum Wage and Corporate Investment: Evidence from Manufacturing Firms in China
Authors: Geng Heng (Griffin) , Huang Yi , Lin Chen , Liu Sibo
Published: January 2021

This article studies how minimum-wage policies affect capital investment using the industrial census of manufacturing firms in China, where minimum-wage policies vary across counties. Exploiting discontinuities in minimum-wage policy at county borders, we find that minimum wages increase capital investment. The investment response to minimum wages is stronger for firms that are labor intensive, that have more room for technological improvement, and that cannot sufficiently pass on labor costs to consumers. A natural experiment based on county jurisdictional changes further assures the causal relationship.