bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glacial‐interglacial variability in diatom abundance and valve size: Implications for Southern Ocean paleoceanography
Authors: Nair Abhilash , Mohan Rahul , Manoj M. C. , Thamban Meloth
Published: September 2015

Antarctic sea ice extent along with Southern Ocean biological productivity varied considerably during glacial‐interglacial periods, and both are known to have played a considerable role in regulating atmospheric CO2 variations in the past. Here we present data on diatom absolute abundance (valves/g of sediment) and size over the past ~ 42 ka B.P. and how they link to glacial‐interglacial changes in Antarctic sea ice extent, Southern Ocean frontal systems, and aeolian dust flux. Our records of sea ice and permanent open ocean zone diatom abundances suggest a shift in the Antarctic winter sea ice limit and Polar Front respectively up to the modern‐day Polar Frontal Zone during marine isotopic stages (MIS) 2 and late MIS 3. In addition to glacial shifts in the Polar Front, diatom assemblages also recorded a plausible northward shifts in Polar Front during few intervals of MIS 1. Glacial periods north of the Polar Front in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean were characterized by higher total diatom abundance, larger Fragilariopsis kerguelensis apical length, and Thalassiosira lentiginosa radius. This is probably a consequence of (1) a northward expansion of the opal belt, a region characterized by high production and export of biogenic silica; (2) an increase in terrigenous input, via erosion of Crozet Islands; and (3) the alleviation of iron deficit by high input of Fe‐bearing dust. The larger and highly silicified diatoms such as F. kerguelensis and T. lentiginosa may have mainly contributed in transporting biogenic silica and organic carbon to the seabed for the last 42 ka, in the northern Polar Frontal Zone of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean.
Explicitly representing soil microbial processes in Earth system models
Authors: Wieder William R. , Allison Steven D. , Davidson Eric A. , Georgiou Katerina , Hararuk Oleksandra , He Yujie , Hopkins Francesca , Luo Yiqi , Smith Matthew J. , Sulman Benjamin , Todd‐Brown Katherine , Wang Ying‐Ping , Xia Jianyang , Xu Xiaofeng
Published: September 2015

Microbes influence soil organic matter decomposition and the long‐term stabilization of carbon (C) in soils. We contend that by revising the representation of microbial processes and their interactions with the physicochemical soil environment, Earth system models (ESMs) will make more realistic global C cycle projections. Explicit representation of microbial processes presents considerable challenges due to the scale at which these processes occur. Thus, applying microbial theory in ESMs requires a framework to link micro‐scale process‐level understanding and measurements to macro‐scale models used to make decadal‐ to century‐long projections. Here we review the diversity, advantages, and pitfalls of simulating soil biogeochemical cycles using microbial‐explicit modeling approaches. We present a roadmap for how to begin building, applying, and evaluating reliable microbial‐explicit model formulations that can be applied in ESMs. Drawing from experience with traditional decomposition models, we suggest the following: (1) guidelines for common model parameters and output that can facilitate future model intercomparisons; (2) development of benchmarking and model‐data integration frameworks that can be used to effectively guide, inform, and evaluate model parameterizations with data from well‐curated repositories; and (3) the application of scaling methods to integrate microbial‐explicit soil biogeochemistry modules within ESMs. With contributions across scientific disciplines, we feel this roadmap can advance our fundamental understanding of soil biogeochemical dynamics and more realistically project likely soil C response to environmental change at global scales.
Eddy‐Kuroshio interaction processes revealed by mooring observations off Taiwan and Luzon
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Ju , Andres Magdalena , Jan Sen , Mensah Vigan , Sanford Thomas B. , Lien Ren‐Chieh , Lee Craig M.
Published: September 2015

The influence and fate of westward propagating eddies that impinge on the Kuroshio were observed with pressure sensor‐equipped inverted echo sounders (PIESs) deployed east of Taiwan and northeast of Luzon. Zero lag correlations between PIES‐measured acoustic travel times and satellite‐measured sea surface height anomalies (SSHa), which are normally negative, have lower magnitude toward the west, suggesting the eddy‐influence is weakened across the Kuroshio. The observational data reveal that impinging eddies lead to seesaw‐like SSHa and pycnocline depth changes across the Kuroshio east of Taiwan, whereas analogous responses are not found in the Kuroshio northeast of Luzon. Anticyclones intensify sea surface and pycnocline slopes across the Kuroshio, while cyclones weaken these slopes, particularly east of Taiwan. During the 6 month period of overlap between the two PIES arrays, only one anticyclone affected the pycnocline depth first at the array northeast of Luzon and 21 days later in the downstream Kuroshio east of Taiwan.
THEMIS observations of tangential discontinuity‐driven foreshock bubbles
Authors: Liu Zixu , Turner Drew L. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Omidi Nick
Published: September 2015

Foreshock bubbles (FBs), transient ion foreshock phenomena formed from highly concentrated suprathermal foreshock ions upstream of solar wind discontinuities, produce intense disturbances in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and can accelerate particles to even higher energies. Rotational discontinuities are known to drive FBs. Tangential discontinuities (TDs), however, have not previously been considered as drivers of FBs because they have no normal magnetic field component, preventing access of field‐aligned particles upstream. However, given that suprathermal foreshock ions have gyroradii larger than the width of TDs, they may pass upstream of TDs and generate FBs. Using multipoint observations from Advanced Composition Explorer, WIND, and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), we report on two cases of TD‐driven FBs. The FBs were identified using classical FB selection criteria, and the driving TDs were identified using ideal MHD criteria, to within the limits of observational error. Our results add another potential solar wind driver of FBs and imply that FBs may be even more common than previously thought.
Simulating complex storm surge dynamics: Three‐dimensionality, vegetation effect, and onshore sediment transport
Authors: Lapetina Andrew , Sheng Y. Peter
Published: September 2015

The 3‐D hydrodynamics of storm surge events, including the effects of vegetation and impact on onshore transport of marine sediment, have important consequences for coastal communities. Here, complex storm surge dynamics during Hurricane Ike are investigated using a three‐dimensional (3‐D), vegetation‐resolving storm surge‐wave model (CH3D‐SWAN) which includes such effects of vegetation as profile drag, skin friction, and production, dissipation, and transport of turbulence. This vegetation‐resolving 3‐D model features a turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) closure model, which uses momentum equations with vegetation‐induced profile and skin friction drags, a dynamic q2 equation including turbulence production and dissipation by vegetation, as well as vegetation‐dependent algebraic length‐scale equations, and a Smagorinsky‐type horizontal turbulence model. This vegetation model has been verified using extensive laboratory tests, but this study is a comparison of 2‐D and 3‐D simulations of complex storm surge dynamics during Hurricane Ike. We examine the value of 3‐D storm surge models relative to 2‐D models for simulating coastal currents, effects of vegetation on surge, and sediment transport during storm events. Comparisons are made between results obtained using simple 2‐D formulations for bottom friction, the Manning coefficient (MC) approach, and physics‐based 3‐D vegetation‐modeling (VM) approach. Last, the role that the 3‐D hydrodynamics on onshore transport and deposition of marine sediments during the storm is investigated. While both the 3‐D and 2‐D results simulated the water level dynamics, results of the physics‐based 3‐D VM approach, as compared to the 2‐D MC approach, more accurately captures the complex storm surge dynamics.
Hydrodynamic analysis of fully developed turbidity currents over plane beds based on self‐preserving velocity and concentration distributions
Authors: Cantero‐Chinchilla Francisco Nicolás , Dey Subhasish , Castro‐Orgaz Oscar , Ali Sk Zeeshan
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a hydrodynamic analysis for the fully developed turbidity currents over a plane bed stemming from the classical three‐equation model (depth‐averaged fluid continuity, sediment continuity, and fluid momentum equations). The streamwise velocity and the concentration distributions preserve self‐similarity characteristics and are expressed as single functions of vertical distance over the turbidity current layer. Using the experimental data of turbidity and salinity currents, the undetermined coefficients and exponents are approximated. The proposed relationships for velocity and concentration distributions exhibit self‐preserving characteristics for turbidity currents. The depth‐averaged velocity, momentum, and energy coefficients are thus obtained using the proposed expression for velocity law. Also, from the expressions for velocity and concentration, the turbulent diffusivity and the Reynolds shear stress distributions are deduced with the aid of the diffusion equation of sediment concentration and the Boussinesq hypothesis. The generalized equation of unsteady nonuniform turbidity current is developed by using the velocity and concentration distributions in the moments of the integral scales over the turbidity current layer. Then, the equation is applied to analyze the gradually varied turbidity currents considering closure relationships for boundary interaction and shear velocity. The streamwise variations of current depth, velocity, concentration, reduced sediment flux, and Richardson number are presented. Further, the self‐accelerating and depositional characteristics of turbidity currents including the transitional feature from erosional to depositional modes are addressed. The effects of the streamwise bed slope are also accounted for in the mathematical derivations. The results obtained from the present model are compared with those from the classical model.
Zn(II)‐Protoporphyrin IX‐Based Photosensitizer‐Imprinted Au‐Nanoparticle‐Modified Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical Applications
Authors: Metzger Tzuriel Simcha , Tel‐Vered Ran , Albada Hendrik Bauke , Willner Itamar
Published: September 2015

The electropolymerization of thioaniline‐modified Au nanoparticles (NPs) on thioaniline monolayer‐functionalized electrodes in the presence of Zn(II)‐protoporphyrin IX yields bis aniline‐crosslinked Au NPs matrices that include molecular imprinted sites for binding the Zn(II)‐protoporphyrin IX photosensitizer. The binding of the photosensitizer yields photoelectrochemically active electrodes that produce anodic photocurrents in the presence of the electron donor benzohydroquinone. The efficient photocurrents formed in the presence of the imprinted electrode are attributed to the high‐affinity binding of the photosensitizer to the imprinted sites, Ka = 3.2 × 106 m−1, and to the effective transport of the photoejected electrons to the bulk electrode via the bridged Au NPs matrix. Similarly, a N,N′‐dialkyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium‐modified Zn(II)‐protoporphyrin IX photosensitizer‐electron acceptor dyad is imprinted in the bis aniline‐crosslinked Au NPs matrix. The photocurrent generated by the imprinted matrix is approximately twofold higher as compared to the photocurrent generated by the Zn(II)‐protoporphyrin IX‐imprinted Au NPs matrix. The efficient photocurrents generated in the presence of the bipyridinium‐modified Zn(II)‐protoporphyrin IX‐imprinted matrix are attributed to the effective primary charge separation of the electron–hole species in the dyad structure, followed by the effective transport of the photoejected electrons to the electrode via the bis aniline‐crosslinked Au NPs matrix.
The Mantis Shrimp Saddle: A Biological Spring Combining Stiffness and Flexibility
Authors: Tadayon Maryam , Amini Shahrouz , Masic Admir , Miserez Ali
Published: September 2015

Stomatopods are aggressive crustacean predators that use a pair of ultrafast raptorial appendages to strike on prey. This swift movement is driven by a power amplification system comprising components that must be able to repetitively store and release a high amount of elastic energy. An essential component of this system is the saddle structure, in which the elastic energy is stored by bending prior to striking. Here, a comprehensive study that sheds light on the microstructural and chemical designs of the stomatopod's saddle is conducted. MicroCT scans combined with electron microscopy imaging, elemental mapping, high‐resolution confocal Raman microscopy, and nanomechanical mapping show that the saddle is a bilayer structure with sharp changes in chemical composition and mechanical properties between the layers. The outer layer is heavily mineralized whereas the inner layer contains a high content of chitin and proteins, leading to a spatial organization of phases which is optimized for load distribution during saddle bending. The mineralized outer layer sustains compressive stresses, whereas the inner biopolymeric layer provides tensile resistance. These findings reveal that the saddle chemical composition and microstructure have been spatially tuned to generate a stiff, yet flexible structure that is optimized for storage of elastic energy.
Beyond Efficiency: the Challenge of Stability in Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Rong Yaoguang , Liu Linfeng , Mei Anyi , Li Xiong , Han Hongwei
Published: September 2015

Over the past five years, the rapid emergence of a new class of solar cell based on mixed organic–inorganic halide perovskite semiconductors has captured the attention of scientists and researchers in the field of energy conversion. Benefiting from the optimization of perovskite film deposition approaches, the design of new material systems, and the diversity of device concepts, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has increased from 2.19% in 2006 to a certified 20.1% in 2014, making this the fastest‐advancing solar cell technology to date. However, as a photovoltaic technology, which needs to meet the requirements of working under long‐term sunlight, PSCs suffer stability concerns for both materials and devices. Evolved from dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), PSCs usually contain a mesoporous electron transporting layer or scaffold layer, a perovskite active layer, a hole transporting layer and a back contact to construct a mesoscopic‐structured device. Using interface engineering, mesoscopic PSCs (MPSCs) have obtained exciting stability with a hole‐conductor‐free printable triple‐layer architecture or conventional heterojunction version. Herein, the achievements of mesoscopic solar cells from solid‐state DSSCs to MPSCs are outlined and summary of recent progress in the stability of MPSCs is presented. Possible degradation mechanism and solutions are presented and, finally, challenges for the commercialization of this photovoltaic technology are discussed.
Preparation and properties of a novel bio‐based and non‐crystalline engineering elastomer with high low‐temperature and oil resistance
Authors: Gao Sihang , Wang Runguo , Fang Bowen , Kang Hailan , Mao Lixin , Zhang Liqun
Published: September 2015

A series of poly(succinic acid/sebacic acid/itaconic acid/butanediol/propanediol) bio‐based and non‐crystalline engineering elastomers (BEE) were obtained by changing the molar ratio of succinic acid (SA) to sebacic acid (SeA) from 5:5 (BEE‐5) to 8:2 (BEE‐8). We prepared bio‐based engineering elastomer composites (BEE/CB) by mixing BEE with carbon black N330. The low‐temperature and oil resistance properties of the BEE/CB composites were investigated in terms of low‐temperature brittleness, coefficient of cold resistance under compression, oil resistance test at different temperatures, and tensile properties. The results showed that the low‐temperature brittleness temperature of the BEE/CB composites ranged from −50 to −60°C and the coefficient of cold resistance under compression was 0.18 high at −60°C for BEE‐7/CB and 0.23 high at −40°C for BEE‐8/CB. The oil resistance properties of BEE‐7/CB were higher than those of nitrile‐butadiene rubber N240S (NBR N240S), and the oil resistance properties of BEE‐8/CB were even as high as those of nitrile‐butadiene rubber N220S (NBR N220S). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 132, 42855.
Cyclopentadiene‐functionalized polyketone as self‐cross‐linking thermo‐reversible thermoset with increased softening temperature
Authors: Toncelli Claudio , Bouwhuis Stephan , Broekhuis Antonius Augustinus , Picchioni Francesco
Published: September 2015

Self‐cross‐linkable thermo‐reversible thermosets were obtained by a two‐steps post‐functionalization of aliphatic alternating polyketones yielding two different cyclopentadiene functionalization degree of 9 and 22% (with the respect of initial 1,4‐dicarbonyl units). Thermo‐reversibility was verified by gelation experiments and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans displayed a broad transition varying from 75–100°C till 160°C that can be related to retro‐Diels Alder de‐bonding of the dicyclopentadienyl moieties. The dynamic mechanical thermal (DMTA) analysis showed the complete thermo‐mechanical recovery of the material up to six thermal cycles with a softening temperature around 210°C, thereby ensuring a suitable application window for high‐temperature resistant thermosets. Independently of the exact mechanism at the molecular level and in addition to previous studies which used the same Diels‐Alder diene‐dienophile system, it must be noticed that all prepared materials retained their mechanical behavior during at least six consecutive thermal cycles, thus indicating the re‐workability of the system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42924.
American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network 2015 Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Ward Michael M. , Deodhar Atul , Akl Elie A. , Lui Andrew , Ermann Joerg , Gensler Lianne S. , Smith Judith A. , Borenstein David , Hiratzka Jayme , Weiss Pamela F. , Inman Robert D. , Majithia Vikas , Haroon Nigil , Maksymowych Walter P. , Joyce Janet , Clark Bruce M. , Colbert Robert A. , Figgie Mark P. , Hallegua David S. , Prete Pamela E. , Rosenbaum James T. , Stebulis Judith A. , van den Bosch Filip , Yu David T. Y. , Miller Amy S. , Reveille John D. , Caplan Liron
Published: September 2015

Objective

To provide evidence‐based recommendations for the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods

A core group led the development of the recommendations, starting with the treatment questions. A literature review group conducted systematic literature reviews of studies that addressed 57 specific treatment questions, based on searches conducted in OVID Medline (1946–2014), PubMed (1966–2014), and the Cochrane Library. We assessed the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method. A separate voting group reviewed the evidence and voted on recommendations for each question using the GRADE framework.

Results

In patients with active AS, the strong recommendations included use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) when activity persists despite NSAID treatment, not to use systemic glucocorticoids, use of physical therapy, and use of hip arthroplasty for patients with advanced hip arthritis. Among the conditional recommendations was that no particular TNFi was preferred except in patients with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease or recurrent iritis, in whom TNFi monoclonal antibodies should be used. In patients with active nonradiographic axial SpA despite treatment with NSAIDs, we conditionally recommend treatment with TNFi. Other recommendations for patients with nonradiographic axial SpA were based on indirect evidence and were the same as for patients with AS.

Conclusion

These recommendations provide guidance for the management of common clinical questions in AS and nonradiographic axial SpA. Additional research on optimal medication management over time, disease monitoring, and preventive care is needed to help establish best practices in these areas.
Keeping time in the brain: Autism spectrum disorder and audiovisual temporal processing
Authors: Stevenson Ryan A. , Segers Magali , Ferber Susanne , Barense Morgan D. , Camarata Stephen , Wallace Mark T.
Published: September 2015

A growing area of interest and relevance in the study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) focuses on the relationship between multisensory temporal function and the behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive impairments observed in ASD. Atypical sensory processing is becoming increasingly recognized as a core component of autism, with evidence of atypical processing across a number of sensory modalities. These deviations from typical processing underscore the value of interpreting ASD within a multisensory framework. Furthermore, converging evidence illustrates that these differences in audiovisual processing may be specifically related to temporal processing. This review seeks to bridge the connection between temporal processing and audiovisual perception, and to elaborate on emerging data showing differences in audiovisual temporal function in autism. We also discuss the consequence of such changes, the specific impact on the processing of different classes of audiovisual stimuli (e.g. speech vs. nonspeech, etc.), and the presumptive brain processes and networks underlying audiovisual temporal integration. Finally, possible downstream behavioral implications, and possible remediation strategies are outlined. Autism Res 2016, 9: 720–738. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy in the process of adipose‐derived stromal cell differentiation into astrocytes
Authors: Yuan Xiaodong , Zhang Lili , Wang Shujuan , Ou Ya , Wang Quanquan , Peng Wei , Luo Hongjie , Cheng Zanzan , Zhu Xuhong
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy in the process of adipose‐derived stromal cell (ADSC) differentiation into astrocytes for 48 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting indicated that the expression of GFAP reached a peak on the 7th day (P < 0.05). The expression of Bcl‐2 was decreased (P < 0.05), but Bax, Cyt‐c, and LC3 increased with time and reached a maximum on the 14th day (P < 0.05). TEM was used to observe the ultrastructure of mitochondria, apoptosis, and autophagy. An MTT assay indicated that the number of surviving cells decreased. During ADSC differentiation into astrocytes, the effect of Bcl‐2 inhibition on apoptosis decreased, whereas mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy were enhanced; however, this selective autophagy could not eliminate all the damaged mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial apoptosis.
Pulmonary vein dilatation in a case of total pulmonary vein occlusion: Contemporary approach using a combination of 3D‐mapping system and image integration
Authors: Hilbert Sebastian , Sommer Philipp , Bollmann Andreas
Published: September 2015

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a known complication of PV isolation procedures for atrial fibrillation. In this report a case of recurring PV occlusion after repeated percutaneous procedures has been described. Focus is on a novel interventional technique employing a three‐dimensional mapping system which enables targeting total occlusion of PVs and on the use of a drug eluting balloon. A focused review of the current literature regarding ongoing limitations of PV stenosis treatment has been provided. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Appearance of a colovesical fistula at cystoscopy
Authors: Aiken William D. , Reid Gareth , Powell Leo‐Paul
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical Message

Colovesical fistulae typically present with pneumaturia and/or fecaluria. Diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and malignancies of the colon are the commonest causes. The fistulous tract and adjacent organs are best demonstrated by contrast‐enhanced CT scan with rectal contrast or MRI. Biopsy at cystoscopy/colonoscopy is necessary for complete evaluation and treatment planning.
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of Copper Corrosion in Cooling Seawater under Flowing Conditions by Novel Pyrophosphate.
Authors: Deyab M. A. , Essehli R. , El Bali B.
Published: September 2015

SrNiP2O7 (SNP) is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, NiCO3, and (NH4)H2PO4 (1123 K, 10 h) and used in concentrations of 20‐180 mg/L in seawater corrosion tests.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Keggin‐Like Niobium‐Phosphate Cluster That Reacts Reversibly with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Son Jung‐Ho , Casey William H.
Published: September 2015

The cluster (Me4N) 9H3Nb9P5O41 ·28H2O is hydrothermally prepared from an aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of cis‐1,2‐Disubstituted Cyclopropanols and Cyclopent‐3‐enols via SmI2 Mediated C—N(Bt) Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Xie Tingting , Zhou Liejin , Shen Mengmeng , Li Jianyong , Lv Xin , Wang Xiaoxia
Published: September 2015

in readily available β‐benzotriazolyl ketones
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkenes Using Molecular Oxygen and Hydroxylamines: Synthesis and Reactivity of α‐Oxygenated Ketones.
Authors: Andia Alexander A. , Miner Matthew R. , Woerpel K. A.
Published: September 2015

The oxidation is general for both styrenes and enynes and involves a radical process in which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the resulting ketone.
ChemInform Abstract: Cp*Co(III)‐Catalyzed Direct Functionalization of Aromatic C—H Bonds with α‐Diazomalonates.
Authors: Liu Xu‐Ge , Zhang Shang‐Shi , Wu Jia‐Qiang , Li Qingjiang , Wang Honggen
Published: September 2015

A highly regioselective alkylation of arenes and heteroarenes with α‐diazomalonates is achieved under the assistance of pyrazolyl and pyrimidinyl directing groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Decarboxylative Alkylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes with Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Premi Chanchal , Dixit Ankit , Jain Nidhi
Published: September 2015

Pyrimidine, pyridine, and azo groups act as directing groups in the regioselective reaction of aromatic substrates with acids (II) to give alkylated indolines, 2‐arylpyridines, and azobenzenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Z‐Selective, anti‐Markovnikov Addition of Alkoxides to Terminal Alkynes: An Electron Transfer Pathway?
Authors: Cuthbertson James , Wilden Jonathan D.
Published: September 2015

N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine enhances the diastereoselective addition of potassium alkoxides to aryl alkynes to yield enol ethers.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Symmetric Thiosulfonates by Oxidation of Disulfide with Oxone/MX (MX: KBr, KCl, NaBr and NaCl).
Authors: Natarajan Palani
Published: September 2015

Disulfides (I) are efficiently oxidized using Oxone/KBr to yield thiosulfonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Regioselective Magnesiation or Lithiation of Bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl‐Substituted Heteroaryls for the Generation of Highly Functionalized Heterocycles.
Authors: Klatt Thomas , Werner Veronika , Maximova Marina G. , Didier Dorian , Apeloig Yitzhak , Knochel Paul
Published: September 2015

A wide range of bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl (BTSM)‐substituted heteroaryl derivatives is prepared by using Kumada—Corriu or Negishi cross‐coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Temperature Dependence of Turnover in a Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Schmidt Reaction.
Authors: Fehl Charlie , Hirt Erin E. , Li Sze‐Wan , Aube Jeffrey
Published: September 2015

Starting from azide‐tethered ketones the title reaction is applied to the preparation of amides and lactams.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino C—H/N—H Functionalization: An Efficient Approach to Nitrogen‐Bridged Heteroacenes.
Authors: Kamimoto Natsuyo , Schollmeyer Dieter , Mitsudo Koichi , Suga Seiji , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: September 2015

The Pd‐catalyzed reaction of 3‐arylamino‐substituted benzothiophenes with vicinally dibrominated arenes and hetarenes is developed to yield condensed thienoindole type heterocycles (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Asymmetric Organocatalytic [3 + 2] Cyclization Between Enecarbamates and 3‐Indolylmethanols: Rapid Access to 3‐Aminocyclopenta[b]indoles.
Authors: Lebee Clement , Kataja Antti O. , Blanchard Florent , Masson Geraldine
Published: September 2015

A rapid and highly stereoselective cycloaddition of N‐Cbz‐enecarbamates (I) with substituted 3‐indolylmethanols (II) and (IV) is achieved in the presence of a BINOL derived phosphoric acid as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization by Intramolecular Heck Insertion of an Allene—Allylic Amination Sequence: Application to the Synthesis of 3,4‐Fused Tricyclic Indoles.
Authors: Nakano Shun‐ichi , Inoue Naoya , Hamada Yasumasa , Nemoto Tetsuhiro
Published: September 2015

A novel protocol for the cascade cyclization of allenes derivatives to form three types of 3,4‐fused tricyclic indoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation of 5‐(3‐Chlorobenzo[b]thien‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione with Epichlorhydrin and the Role of MW and Solid Support in the Reaction.
Authors: Rezki Nadjet , Aouad Mohamed Reda , Messali Mouslim , El Ashry El Sayed H.
Published: September 2015

An efficient eco‐friendly approach is developed for the selective synthesis of 2,3‐ epoxypropylsulfanyltriazole (IV) by reaction of epoxy‐propane (II) with triazole‐3‐thione (I) under solvent‐free microwave conditions in the presence of a solid support.
ChemInform Abstract: Symmetrical and Non‐symmetrical 2,5‐Diaryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties.
Authors: Paraschivescu Codruta C. , Hadade Niculina D. , Coman Anca G. , Gautier Arnaud , Cisnetti Federico , Matache Mihaela
Published: September 2015

Diaryl substituted oxadiazoles are efficiently synthesized from aldehydes and hydrazides via oxidation of the acylhydrazone intermediates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: The First Catalyst and Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 2‐Arylimidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles: A Comparative Assessment of Greenness.
Authors: Wadhwa Preeti , Kaur Tanpreet , Sharma Anuj
Published: September 2015

A simple, straightforward and eco‐friendly protocol for the microwave‐assisted one‐pot three‐component Groebke—Blackburn—Bienayme reaction between 5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐amines (I), benzaldehydes (II) and isocyanides (III) furnishing the title compounds in excellent yields is established.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation Between Diarylamines and α,β‐Unsaturated Acids Through C—H Activation: Direct Access to 4‐Substituted 2‐Quinolinones.
Authors: Kancherla Rajesh , Naveen Togati , Maiti Debabrata
Published: September 2015

The title reaction is readily achieved in the presence of excess TFA to suppress the decarboxylation of α,β‐unsaturated acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Small Molecule Synthesis by Carbon Dioxide Fixation Using a Dual Broensted Acid/Base Organocatalyst.
Authors: Vara Brandon A. , Struble Thomas J. , Wang Weiwei , Dobish Mark C. , Johnston Jeffrey N.
Published: September 2015

This metal‐free method uses inexpensive, nontoxic carbon dioxide as a substrate for the enantioselective synthesis of cyclic carbonates using a dual Broenstedt acid/base organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Borylation of Primary and Secondary Alkyl Bromides Catalyzed by Cu2O Nanoparticles.
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Feng , Wu Ya‐Dong , Dai Jian‐Jun , Li Yong‐Jia , Huang Yu , Xu Hua‐Jian
Published: September 2015

Cu2O nanoparticles supported on carbon black are developed as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of alkylboronic esters (III) and (V) directly from the corresponding alkyl halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Prenylated Diphenyl Ethers from the Mantis‐Associated Fungus Aspergillus versicolor GH‐2
Authors: Hu Sha‐sha , Jiang Nan , Wang Xin‐lei , Chen Chao‐jun , Fan Jing‐yang , Wurin Gege , Ge Hui‐ming , Tan Ren‐xiang , Jiao Rui‐hua
Published: September 2015

five new compounds (I)‐(III) are isolated, together with 11 known ones
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Enantioseparation of Atropisomers of Serotonin Dimer.
Authors: Dai Zhipeng , Chauhan Sitara , Green Thomas K.
Published: September 2015

It is found that the primary amino function of serotonin (I) plays a crucial role for the dimerization reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Reduction of Molecular Dinitrogen into Ammonia under Ambient Reaction Conditions
Authors: Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: September 2015

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Routes for Synthesis of Salicylaldiminate Derivatives of Group 4 Metals [Titanium(IV) and Zirconium(IV)]
Authors: Kumar Dubey Raj , Pratap Singh Avadhesh
Published: September 2015

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sunlight‐Driven Trifluoromethylation of Olefinic Substrates by Photoredox Catalysis: A Green Organic Process
Authors: Akita Munetaka , Koike Takashi
Published: September 2015

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Directing Group‐Assisted Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Vinylic C—H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Wang Kang , Hu Fangdong , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: September 2015

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The ′Ireland′ One‐Pot Alcohol Oxidation Coupling Reactions: Celebrating 30 Years of Diverse Synthesis
Authors: Jeena Vineet , Robinson Ross S.
Published: September 2015

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphole‐Based Ligands in Catalysis
Authors: Fourmy Kevin , Nguyen Duc Hanh , Dechy‐Cabaret Odile , Gouygou Maryse
Published: September 2015

Review: 193 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Design of Graphene for Use in Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Chen Kunfeng , Song Shuyan , Liu Fei , Xue Dongfeng
Published: September 2015

Review: 248 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cluj and Omega Polynomials in PAHs and Fullerenes
Authors: Diudea Mircea V. , Szefler Beata
Published: September 2015

Review: 80 refs.
Effects of pension fund freezing on firm performance and risk
Authors: Champagne Claudia , Chrétien Stéphane , Coggins Frank
Published: September 2015

This study considers the effect of freezing defined benefit pension funds on shareholder risk and returns. The conditional models used in this study directly assess the effects of a pension fund freeze on returns and on systematic and residual risk. While pension fund freezes do not significantly affect performance or systematic risk, they do significantly reduce short‐term residual risk. Pension fund freezes therefore do not generally present significant financial advantages to shareholders. Only shareholders of firms with pension funds in crisis would benefit from significant systematic risk reductions. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High CO2/CH4 Selectivity of a Flexible Copper(II) Porous Coordination Polymer under Humid Conditions
Authors: Noro Shin‐ichiro , Matsuda Ryotaro , Hijikata Yuh , Inubushi Yasutaka , Takeda Sadamu , Kitagawa Susumu , Takahashi Yukiko , Yoshitake Masashi , Kubo Kazuya , Nakamura Takayoshi
Published: September 2015

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Shin‐ichiro Noro from Hokkaido University, Japan. The cover picture shows a copper(II) porous coordination polymer that can adsorb CO2 over CH4 at high selectivity under CO2/CH4 mixed gas conditions, even with the coexistence of water. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201500278.
Reflections and Perspectives on the Future of Organization Development Interventions: Honoring Christina Sickles Merchant's Life
Authors: Gasser Linda S.
Published: September 2015

This short piece honors contributions of Christina Sickles Merchant by reflecting on what she felt deeply about OD, how she transcended the boundaries between OD practice and the conflict resolution management fields, and reviewing some concerns and thoughts about the future of OD interventions within this context.
The Future of Public Participation: Better Design, Better Laws, Better Systems
Authors: Nabatchi Tina , Ertinger Emma , Leighninger Matt
Published: September 2015

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, conflict resolution practitioners faced a dilemma: they understood how to design better ADR processes but were often unsure of their authority to offer ADR and were entrenched in systems that made it difficult to use ADR. Today, public participation faces a similar dilemma. We know what good participation looks like, but using better participation is challenging because of legal and systemic impediments. This need not be the case. In this article, we assert that tapping the full potential of public participation requires better designs, better laws, and better systems.
Design methodology for common‐mode stability of OTA‐based gyrators
Authors: Ghamari Saeed , Tasselli Gabriele , Botteron Cyril , Farine Pierre‐André
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a design methodology for common‐mode (CM) stability of operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)‐based gyrators. The topology of gm − C active inductors is briefly reviewed. Subsequently, a comprehensive mathematical analysis on the CM stability of OTA‐based gyrators is presented. Sufficient requirements for the gyrator's CM stability, which easily can be considered during the design process of common‐mode feedback (CMFB) amplifiers, are defined. Based on these stability requirements, a design methodology and a design procedure are proposed. Finally, in order to validate the proposed procedure, a resonator with 20 MHz resonance frequency and a quality factor of 20 is fabricated with UMC 180 nm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor technology, and its CM stability is examined. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐wide analyses suggest parallel selection for universal traits may eclipse local environmental selection in a highly mobile carnivore
Authors: Stronen Astrid Vik , Jędrzejewska Bogumiła , Pertoldi Cino , Demontis Ditte , Randi Ettore , Niedziałkowska Magdalena , Borowik Tomasz , Sidorovich Vadim E. , Kusak Josip , Kojola Ilpo , Karamanlidis Alexandros A. , Ozolins Janis , Dumenko Vitalii , Czarnomska Sylwia D.
Published: September 2015

Ecological and environmental heterogeneity can produce genetic differentiation in highly mobile species. Accordingly, local adaptation may be expected across comparatively short distances in the presence of marked environmental gradients. Within the European continent, wolves (Canis lupus) exhibit distinct north–south population differentiation. We investigated more than 67‐K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for signatures of local adaptation in 59 unrelated wolves from four previously identified population clusters (northcentral Europe n = 32, Carpathian Mountains n = 7, Dinaric‐Balkan n = 9, Ukrainian Steppe n = 11). Our analyses combined identification of outlier loci with findings from genome‐wide association study of individual genomic profiles and 12 environmental variables. We identified 353 candidate SNP loci. We examined the SNP position and neighboring megabase (1 Mb, one million bases) regions in the dog (C. lupus familiaris) genome for genes potentially under selection, including homologue genes in other vertebrates. These regions included functional genes for, for example, temperature regulation that may indicate local adaptation and genes controlling for functions universally important for wolves, including olfaction, hearing, vision, and cognitive functions. We also observed strong outliers not associated with any of the investigated variables, which could suggest selective pressures associated with other unmeasured environmental variables and/or demographic factors. These patterns are further supported by the examination of spatial distributions of the SNPs associated with universally important traits, which typically show marked differences in allele frequencies among population clusters. Accordingly, parallel selection for features important to all wolves may eclipse local environmental selection and implies long‐term separation among population clusters.
Utilization of proteins from AluProt‐CGNA (a novel protein‐rich lupin variety) in the development of oil‐in‐water multilayer emulsion systems
Authors: Burgos‐Díaz César , Gallardo Miguel , Morales Eduardo , Piornos José A. , Marqués Ana M. , Rubilar Mónica
Published: September 2015

The formation of multilayered interfaces around oil droplets in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions provides a novel means of improving the quality and stability of many food products. In this work, a system of O/W emulsions containing lipid droplets stabilized by different ionic biopolymers was developed, and their stability under different environmental stresses was evaluated. The protein isolate from a new lupin variety (AluProt‐CGNA) and two polysaccharides—chitosan and xanthan gum—were utilized. AluProt‐CGNA protein‐stabilized emulsions were unstable to aggregation at pH values around their isoelectric point (pI 4.6) and to all the temperatures and salt concentrations evaluated in this study. However, in the presence of chitosan (0.06 wt%), the droplets showed good stability to aggregation from pH 3 to 6, at 30–90°C and at ≤100 mM NaCl. Adding xanthan gum (0.1 wt%) to the system improved emulsion stability from pH 4 to 7, where no phase separation was observed. This study showed that the stability of O/W emulsions containing protein (AluProt‐CGNA)‐coated lipid droplets under environmental stresses can be improved by adding certain concentrations of chitosan and xanthan gum. These findings have important implications for the design of encapsulation and delivery systems for lipophilic compounds in the food industries.

Practical applications: The development of multilayer emulsions can be extremely useful to the encapsulation of lipophilic bioactive molecules for food applications, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), flavors, vitamins, etc. Moreover, this technique provides a system for the creation of O/W emulsions with improved stability to environmental stresses, protection of oil phase, and controlled and triggered release of microencapsulated compounds. In this work, the design of stable O/W emulsions containing PUFAs rich oil droplets surrounded by multiple layer interfacial membranes from food grade ingredients, such as lupin proteins (AluProt‐CGNA), chitosan, and xanthan gum membranes; has been performed. The designed emulsion proved to be stable under different environmental stresses found in many food products. Moreover, thermal stability exhibited by these emulsions could also be an important characteristic for its use in food products.

The diagram shows the formation of multilayer emulsions.
Redesign enrollment services to fit your students' needs
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2015

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS — “Learning doesn't begin at day one of classes — it begins at enrollment,” said Daniel Herbst, dean of student affairs at Chandler‐Gilbert Community College in Arizona.
Increase online enrollment by marketing outside your state
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2015

During his 25 years in the United States Air Force, Bill McClure was first exposed to working with adult learners as an adjunct instructor for the University of Maryland, the City Colleges of Chicago, and the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, Calif. In addition to teaching and working a 40 to 50‐hour work week with the Air Force, he was earning his two graduate degrees as an adult learner himself.
CRED: Criteria for reporting and evaluating ecotoxicity data
Authors: Moermond Caroline T.A. , Kase Robert , Korkaric Muris , Ågerstrand Marlene
Published: September 2015

Predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) and environmental quality standards (EQSs) are derived in a large number of legal frameworks worldwide. When deriving these safe concentrations, it is necessary to evaluate the reliability and relevance of ecotoxicity studies. Such evaluation is often subject to expert judgment, which may introduce bias and decrease consistency when risk assessors evaluate the same study. The Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED) project attempts to address this problem. It aims to improve the reproducibility, transparency, and consistency of reliability and relevance evaluations of aquatic ecotoxicity studies among regulatory frameworks, countries, institutes, and individual assessors. In the present study, the CRED evaluation method is presented. It includes a set of 20 reliability and 13 relevance criteria, accompanied by extensive guidance. Risk assessors who participated in the CRED ring test evaluated the CRED evaluation method to be more accurate, applicable, consistent, and transparent than the often-used Klimisch method. The CRED evaluation method is accompanied by reporting recommendations for aquatic ecotoxicity studies, with 50 specific criteria divided into 6 categories: general information, test design, test substance, test organism, exposure conditions, and statistical design and biological response. An ecotoxicity study in which all important information is reported is more likely to be considered for regulatory use, and proper reporting may also help in the peer-review process. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1297–1309. © 2015 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Modal decomposition‐based global stability analysis for reduced order modeling of 2D and 3D wake flows
Authors: Stankiewicz Witold , Morzyński Marek , Kotecki Krzysztof , Roszak Robert , Nowak Michał
Published: September 2015

The method for computation of stability modes for two‐ and three‐dimensional flows is presented. The method is based on the dynamic mode decomposition of the data resulting from DNS of the flow in the regime close to stable flow (fixed‐point dynamics, small perturbations about steady flow). The proposed approach is demonstrated on the wake flows past a 2D, circular cylinder, and a sphere. The resulting modes resemble the eigenmodes computed conventionally from global stability analysis and are used in model order reduction of the flow. The designed low‐dimensional Galerkin model uses continuous mode interpolation between dynamic mode decomposition mode bases and reproduces the dynamics of Navier–Stokes equations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.