bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcome in Preterm Twins
Authors: Iannone Giovanni , Tripaldi Clelia , Chindemi Antonino , Piscitelli Lorenzo , Mastrorocco Antonio , Palazzo Silvano , Esposito Luigi
Published: May 2007

Few long-term studies have yet described neuropsychological outcome in preterm twins. Our aim was to assess, by long-term evaluation, neuropsychological outcome in preterm twins in order to define a correct follow-up program. Our study was a cohort one, with an index and a comparison group. Neonatal medical records of all preterm newborns admitted to our centre between 1991 and 1997 were reviewed and selected patients were recalled. The sample population included two matched groups of children aged 6—12 years, 86 twins and 86 singletons, submitted to paediatric, neurological, psychological, and ophthalmological examinations. Inclusion criteria were twin pregnancy and gestational age 27—36 weeks for index group; same gestational age, but single pregnancy, for the comparison group. All children underwent paediatric and neuropsychiatric examinations, cognitive assessment, and psychological evaluation by standardized tests for screening of learning specific disorders and language difficulties, and finally, ophthalmological examination. In order to study their role in predicting neuropsychological outcome, we examined some perinatal prognostic factors by statistical analysis. Unfavourable neuropsychological outcome was observed in 55/172 (32%) children, with different prevalence in the two groups, 42/172 (24%) in twins and 13/172 (8%) in singletons. Statistical analysis performed for examined prognostic factors showed significant differences in neuropsychological outcome with regard only to gestational age < 32 weeks, low birth weight, intraventricular haemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia. The incidence of neuropsychological diseases in the two groups showed significant difference about language and learning difficulties. Our data suggest that preterm twins represent a particular high-risk category of premature babies, mostly regarding the risk of so-called “minimal brain dysfunction”, so a careful follow-up is recommended.
ER-Associated Degradation of Membrane Proteins in Yeast
Authors: Pety de Thozée Cédric , Ghislain Michel
Published: May 2007

Proteins destined for the secretory pathway are translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are subjected to a variety of post-translational modifications before they reach their final destination. Newly synthesized proteins that have defect in polypeptide folding or subunit assembly are recognized by quality control systems and eliminated by the 26S proteasome, a cytosolic ATP-dependent proteolytic machinery. Delivery of non-native ER proteins to the proteasome requires retrograde transport across the ER membrane and depends on a protein-unfolding machine consisting of Cdc48p, Ufd1p, and Npl4p. Recent studies in yeast have highlighted the possible function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in ER-associated degradation of some lumenal and membrane proteins.
Antimicrobial Properties of α-MSH and Related Synthetic Melanocortins
Authors: Catania A. , Colombo G. , Rossi C. , Carlin A. , Sordi A. , Lonati C. , Turcatti F. , Leonardi P. , Grieco P. , Gatti S.
Published: May 2007

The natural antimicrobial peptides are ancient host defense effector molecules, present in organisms across the evolutionary spectrum. Several properties of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) suggested that it could be a natural antimicrobial peptide. α-MSH is a primordial peptide that appeared during the Paleozoic era, long before adaptive immunity developed and, like natural antimicrobial molecules, is produced by barrier epithelia, immunocytes, and within the central nervous system. α-MSH was discovered to have antimicrobial activity against two representative pathogens,Staphylococcus aureusandCandida albicans. The candidacidal influences of α-MSH appeared to be mediated by increases in cell cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The cAMP-inducing capacity of α-MSH likely interferes with the yeast's own regulatory mechanisms of this essential signaling pathway. It is remarkable that this mechanism of action in yeast mimics the influences of α-MSH in mammalian cells in which the peptide binds to G-protein-linked melanocortin receptors, activates adenylyl cyclase, and increases cAMP. When considering that most of the natural antimicrobial peptides enhance the local inflammatory reaction, the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of α-MSH confer unique properties to this molecule relative to other natural antimicrobial molecules. Synthetic derivatives, chemically stable and resistant to enzymatic degradation, could form the basis for novel therapies that combine anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
The Antiapoptotic RBM5/LUCA-15/H37 Gene and Its Role in Apoptosis and Human Cancer: Research Update
Authors: Maarabouni Mirna M , Williams Gwyn T
Published: May 2007

The candidate tumour-suppressor gene, LUCA-15/RBM5/H37, maps to the lung cancer tumour-suppressor locus 3p21.3. The LUCA-15 gene locus encodes at least four alternatively spliced transcripts that have been shown to function as regulators of apoptosis, a fact which may have major significance in tumour regulation. This review highlights recent evidence that further implicates the LUCA-15 locus in the control of apoptosis and cell proliferation, and focuses on the observations that confirm the tumour-suppressor activity of this gene.
The Origin of Individual Differences in the Course and Severity of Diseases
Authors: Rumyantsev Sergey N.
Published: May 2007

Any disease manifests itself individually either by a bright or restricted spectrum of clinical signs and resultant clinical courses that range from asymptomatic to deadly, from acute to chronic, etc. Until recently, the origin of this kind of biodiversity was poorly investigated and understood, but advances in immunology — especially in identifying constitutional (genetic) mechanisms of immunity — have contributed to our understanding of the origin of individual diversity in diseases. Any disease destroys only focal areas in the affected organisms, and the amounts, sizes, and distribution of such focal lesions vary from patient to patient. In a population predilected to a relevant pathogenic agent, individuals can be conveniently divided into three categories: totally resistant organisms that contain no susceptible structures and are not affected; mildly susceptible organisms in which a few foci appear and in which the disease runs a benign course; organisms in which the number of constitutionally susceptible structures is high and the disease develops in a severe form. The diversity is formed by the mating of genetically different parents that determines the differences in susceptibility of genetically various parts of the descendant organism.
The Evolution of Sensory Placodes
Authors: Mazet Francoise
Published: May 2007

The vertebrate cranial sensory placodes are ectodermal embryonic patches that give rise to sensory receptor cells of the peripheral paired sense organs and to neurons in the cranial sensory ganglia. Their differentiation and the genetic pathways that underlay their development are now well understood. Their evolutionary history, however, has remained obscure. Recent molecular work, performed on close relatives of the vertebrates, demonstrated that some sensory placodes (namely the adenohypophysis, the olfactory, and accoustico-lateralis placodes) first evolved at the base of the chordate lineage, while others might be specific to vertebrates. Combined with morphological and cellular fate data, these results also suggest that the sensory placodes of the ancestor of all chordates differentiated into a wide range of structures, most likely to fit the lifestyle and environment of each species.
The 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: A Gene Dosage Perspective
Authors: Baldini Antonio
Published: May 2007

The 22q11.2 deletion/DiGeorge syndrome is a relatively common “genomic” disorder that results from heterozygous deletion of a 3-Mbp segment of chromosome 22. Of the more than 30 genes deleted in this syndrome,TBX1is the only one that has been found to be mutated in some patients with a phenotype that is very similar to that of patients with the full deletion, suggesting thatTBX1haploinsufficiency is a major contributor to the syndromes phenotype. Multi- and single-gene mouse models have provided a considerable amount of information about the consequences of decreased and increased dosage of the genomic region (and in particular of theTbx1gene) on mouse embryonic development. Modified alleles ofTbx1, as well as conditional ablation strategies have been utilized to mapin vivothe tissues and developmental stages most sensitive to gene dosage. These experiments have revealed substantially different sensitivity to gene dosage in different tissues and at different times, underlying the importance of the developmental context within which gene dosage reduction occurs.
Function and Diversification of MADS-Box Genes in Rice
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahiro , Hirano Hiro-Yuki
Published: May 2007

MADS-box genes play critical roles in a number of developmental processes in flowering plants, such as specification of floral organ identity, control of flowering time, and regulation of fruit development. Because of their crucial functions in flower development, diversification of the MADS-box gene family has been suggested to be a major factor responsible for floral diversity during radiation of the flowering plants. Inflorescences and flowers in the grass species have unique structures that are distinct from those in eudicots. Thus, it is plausible that the diversification of the function of MADS-box genes may have been a key driving force in the morphological divergence of the flowers and inflorescences in the grasses. Indeed, recent progress in genetic studies has shown that MADS-box genes function in flower development inOryza sativa(rice), in support of the idea that functional diversification of the MADS-box genes was involved in evolution of the angiosperms. In this review, we summarize the functions of the major subfamilies of the MADS-box genes in rice and discuss their role in the development and evolution of rice flowers and inflorescences.
The Orchid MADS-Box Genes Controlling Floral Morphogenesis
Authors: Tsai Wen-Chieh , Chen Hong-Hwa
Published: May 2007

Orchids are known for both their floral diversity and ecological strategies. The versatility and specialization in orchid floral morphology, structure, and physiological properties have fascinated botanists for centuries. In floral studies, MADS-box genes contributing to the now famous ABCDE model of floral organ identity control have dominated conceptual thinking. The sophisticated orchid floral organization offers an opportunity to discover new variant genes and different levels of complexity to the ABCDE model. Recently, several remarkable research studies done on orchid MADS-box genes have revealed the important roles on orchid floral development. Knowledge about MADS-box genes' encoding ABCDE functions in orchids will give insights into the highly evolved floral morphogenetic networks of orchids.
Two Different Transgenes to Study Gene Silencing and Re-Expression During Zebrafish Caudal Fin and Retinal Regeneration
Authors: Thummel Ryan , Burket Christopher T. , Hyde David R.
Published: May 2007

We used the 500-bpXenopusef1-α promoter and the 2-kb zebrafish histone2A.F/Zpromoter to generate several independent transgenic zebrafish lines expressing EGFP. While both promoters drive ubiquitous EGFP expression in early zebrafish development, they are systematically silenced in several adult tissues, including the retina and caudal fin. However, EGFP expression is temporarily renewed in the adult during either caudal fin or retinal regeneration. In the Tg(H2A.F/Z:EGFP)ntline, EGFP is moderately expressed in both the wound epithelium and blastema of the regenerating caudal fin. In the Tg(ef1-α:EGFP)ntline, EGFP expression is reinitiated and restricted to the blastema of the regenerating caudal fin and colabels with BrdU, PCNA, andmsxc-positive cells. Thus, these two ubiquitous promoters drive EGFP transgene expression in different cell populations during caudal fin regeneration. We further analyzed the ability of theef1-α:EGFPtransgene to label nonterminally differentiated cells during adult tissue regeneration. First, we demonstrated that the transgene is highly methylated in adult zebrafish caudal fin tissue, but not during fin regeneration, implicating methylation as a potential means of transgene silencing in this line. Next, we determined that theef1-α:EGFPtransgene is also re-expressed during adult retinal regeneration. Specifically, theef1-α:EGFPtransgene colabels with PCNA in the Müglia, a specialized cell that is the source of neuronal progenitors during zebrafish retinal regeneration. Thus, we concluded that Tg(ef1-α:EGFP)nt line visually marks nonterminally differentiated cells in multiple adult regeneration environments and may prove to be a useful marker in tissue regeneration studies in zebrafish.
Cross-Cultural Medicine in the Middle East at the Start of the 21st Century: Where East and West Meet
Authors: Urkin Jacob , Morad Mohammed , Merrick Joav , Henkin Yaakov
Published: May 2007

The “global village” has resulted in the need to tackle cross-cultural issues in the medical school curriculum. The southern region of Israel (the Negev) provides a unique opportunity to study the interaction between medicine and culture. The Negev population is a multicultural society, with Bedouin Arabs comprising almost a fifth of its population. This imposes tremendous challenges to the medical establishment in the region and serves as a “cross-cultural laboratory” for educating medical students in global health issues. Both the traditional Israeli medical school track, as well as the newly established Medical School for International Medicine, incorporate studies of cross-cultural issues in various forms and to different degrees. Studies suggest that the exposure of students to international medical experiences increases their cross-cultural sensitivity and knowledge. We feel that in a region characterized by such ethnic diversity, all medical schools should adopt cross-cultural studies as an integral part of their curriculum.
Sense of Coherence (SOC) Among Psychotherapists in Austria, Differentiated According to Number of Individually Completed Training Therapy Sessions
Authors: Binder Heinz P. , Mesenholl-Strehler Elke , Paß Paul , Endler P. Christian
Published: May 2007

The sense of coherence (according Aaron Antonovsky, 1923—1994, when a persons sense that his/her own life and the world are sufficiently comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful) of Austrian psychotherapists was assessed and compared with a standard sample, as well as with the sense of coherence (SOC) of members of other professions. In addition, the question as to whether psychotherapists who had completed more extensive individual training therapy/self-awareness sessions had a higher SOC than do those with fewer, was addressed. Forty psychotherapists who worked in private practices and various psychosocial health care institutions in Styria, Austria took part in the study. The investigation was conducted in the form of a questionnaire assessment. The evaluation showed that the overall SOC value of the professional group in question was significantly higher than that of the standard sample (162.3 vs. 145.7), as well as other samples (physicians: SOC = 153.8; teachers: SOC = 156.1; physiotherapists SOC = 158.1). Concerning whether psychotherapists who had completed more individual training therapy/self-awareness sessions had higher SOC values than did those with fewer, we found no difference in regard to the overall SOC score or SOC scores for individual components. The SOC of psychotherapists did not seem to depend on the number of additional training therapy/self-awareness sessions.
Implementation of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S.: Interim Evaluation Findings
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Sun Rachel C.F.
Published: May 2007

To understand the implementation quality of the Tier 1 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S., 25 schools and three school social service units were randomly selected to participate in telephone interviews regarding the quality of the implementation process of the Tier 1 Program of the P.A.T.H.S. Project. In the telephone interviews, the participants described the responses of the students and the workers to the program, the perceived benefits of the program, their assessment of the positive and negative features of the program, as well as difficulties involved in the implementation process. Results showed that most workers perceived that the students had positive responses to the program and half of the workers had positive experiences about the program, although negative comments on the program design and difficulties in the implementation were also recorded. Nearly all workers (97.1%) regarded the program to be beneficial to the students and most of them (78.6%) had positive global evaluation of the project. In short, while the program implementers expressed concerns about the program design and the implementation process, they generally regarded the program as helpful to the students and they had positive global evaluation of the program.
Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction (SD) after Radical Pelvic Urological Surgery
Authors: Gontero Paolo , Fontana Francesco , Kocjancic Ervin , Frea Bruno , Tizzani Alessandro
Published: May 2007

Major pelvic urological surgery comprises radical prostatectomy and radical cystectomy in the male patient and radical cystectomy in the female. Postsurgical sexual dysfunction (SD) has been reported with a high prevalence in both sexes and is becoming increasingly important in the patient's view as a result of improved cancer prognosis, refinements in surgical technique, and increased awareness of quality of life aspects that involve sexual satisfaction. The pathophysiology of the problem is essentially related to the disruption of the nerves during the procedure, although a vascular impairment may also be implicated. Nerve-sparing surgery enables the recovery and/or maintenance of sexual functioning in a significant proportion of patients and it is now also adopted for women. Validated questionnaires to assess preoperative baseline sexual function and postoperative outcomes have become available and their use in clinical practice should be promoted. A number of erectile aids are available to treat postsurgical male erectile dysfunction successfully. As far as female SD is concerned, a number of potential treatment options is currently under investigation.
Antenatal Hydronephrosis: Differential Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment Options
Authors: Herndon C.D. Anthony
Published: May 2007

The diagnosis, evaluation and management of antenatal hydronephrosis has undergone a two stage paradigm shift since the advent of prenatal ultrasonography in the early 1980s. Initially the identification of a large number of asymptomatic infants appeared to afford the surgeon the opportunity for preemptive intervention. However, it has now become apparent that antenatal hydronephrosis (AH) is far more difficult to interpret thanoriginally perceived. The initial enthusiasm for surgery has now been replaced by a much more conservative approach to ureteropelvic junction(UPJ) obstruction, multi-cystic dysplastic kidney(MCDK), vesicoureteral reflux and the non-refluxing megaureter. This review will highlight the postnatal evaluation of AH and include an overview of the Society for Fetal Urology grading system for hydronephrosis. The differential diagnosis and treatment options for UPJ obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, MCDK, duplication anomalies, megaureter, and posterior urethral valves will be discussed.
Tips on Establishing a Robotics Program in an Academic Setting
Authors: Steers William D.
Published: May 2007

Over the past 5 years, robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery has gone from being a novelty to an accepted approach for intra-abdominal and pelvic surgery. Driving this trend has been the large number of robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomies performed throughout the U.S. Nearly a quarter of the prostatectomies done for prostate cancer in the U.S. in 2006 will use robotic assistance, yet reports fail to confirm cost effectiveness. The most important predictor of a successful program is a champion at the institution. Studies have demonstrated safety and immediate benefits with regard to reduced surgical morbidity such as pain, loss of work, quality of life, and blood loss for a variety of surgeries patients. Specific to prostatectomy for cancer, long-term data on biochemical (PSA) failures and cancer cures, as well as validated secondary outcomes for continence and potency, are still unavailable. Benefits accrue for the surgeon as well with improved ergonomics and potential extension of a surgical career. Yet, enthusiasm for robotics must be tempered by this lack of data and economic limitations. However, if a thoughtful and thorough process in initiating a robotic program is undertaken, the risks to the institution can be minimized. With proper training, the risk to the patient is reduced and with due diligence with regard to market and operative resources, the risk to the surgeon can be eliminated. This report reviews the steps to assess, plan, initiate, and maintain a robotics program at an academic institution with the hope that other programs can benefit from lessons acquired by early adopters of this expensive technology.
Future Directions of Robotic Surgery: A Case Study of the Cornell Athermal Robotic Technique of Prostatectomy
Authors: Leung Robert A. , Kim Tara S. , Tewari Ashutosh K.
Published: May 2007

Robotic radical prostatectomy (RRP) has become an effective modality in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. We detail the experience at our institution and provide a perspective for future considerations of RRP with respect to improved preoperative imaging and surgical instrumentation.
Nitrogen Accumulation in Forests. Exposure Monitoring by Mosses
Authors: Pesch Roland , Schröder Winfried , Schmidt Gunther
Published: May 2007

At present, there is still little information on nitrogen (N) accumulation in forests contrasting with the crucial importance of N in forest ecosystems. This work analyzes the N bioaccumulation in mosses from forested areas from Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia (two of 16 federal states of Germany), the Weser Ems Region (part of Lower Saxony), and the Euro Region Nissa (covering the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland). The studies involved samples collected from 190 sites between 1998 and 2005. Different spatial scales and regional differences in land use were chosen to assess the factors affecting N bioaccumulation in forested areas. A continuous reduction of N bioaccumulation was found from Lower Saxony (a region where agriculture is most predominant) to North Rhine-Westphalia (mostly urban). The Weser Ems Region (an agricultural region) showed a higher N concentration in mosses than the Euroregion Nissa (a former industrial region). Statistical analyses performed at the different spatial scales revealed that the areas showing greater agricultural and livestock spatial densities favor N bioaccumulation in mosses. N concentration in mosses was moderately correlated with the N concentration in the leaves and needles of the surrounding trees. No significant relationships were found regarding the crown density of forest trees or N deposition estimations from a combination of atmospheric models and deposition measurements.
Isolated Scalp Nodule in Patient with Undiagnosed RCC
Authors: Pan David , Niall Owen , Sharma Harbinder , Gya Devan
Published: May 2007

An unexpected diagnosis of metastatic RCC after excision biopsy of a skin nodule can bring uncertainty. A case of isolated scalp metastasis from undiagnosed RCC was noted and a review of the literature was undertaken to aid management. RCCs often present with distant disease involving multiple organ systems. Single metastasis to the scalp region without other organ involvement is uncommon. Cytoreductive nephrectomy and limited metastectomy offer survival advantage in physically fit patients with RCC.
From the Behavioral Pharmacology of Beta-Carbolines to Seizures, Anxiety, and Memory
Authors: Venault Patrice , Chapouthier Georges
Published: May 2007

A number of beta-carbolines are inverse agonists of the GABA-A receptor complex, acting on the benzodiazepine site. They show convulsive properties when administered at high doses, anxiogenic properties at moderate doses, and learning-enhancing effects at low doses. These data suggest a possible physiological relationship, through the GABA-A receptor channel, between memory processes, anxiety, and ultimately, in pathological states, epileptic seizures. This relationship seems to be confirmed partially by experiments on mouse strains selected for their resistance (BR) and sensitivity (BS) to a single convulsive dose of a beta-carboline. These two strains also show differences in anxiety and learning abilities. However, some opposite results found while observing the behavior of the two strains suggest that in addition to pharmacologically induced anxiety, there is spontaneous anxiety, no doubt involving other brain mechanisms.
Trend in Ambient Ozone and an Attempt to Detect Its Effect on Biota in Forest Ecosystem. Step I of Lithuanian Studies
Authors: Augustaitis Algirdas , Augustaitiene Ingrida , Kliucius Almantas , Mozgeris Gintautas , Pivoras Gintaras , Girgzdiene Rasele , Arbaciauskas Kestutis , Eitminaviciute Irena , Mazeikyte Reda
Published: May 2007

The presented study aimed to explore the relationships between ambient ozone (O3) and tree defoliation, specific diversity, and abundance of soil microarthropods, stream macroinvertebrates, and small mammals (mainly rodents) in order to test the hypothesis that changes in the considered objects of the forest ecosystem could be related to changes in ambient O3, concentration of which is below critical level. The observations were carried out from 1994 at three integrated monitoring stations. The obtained data revealed that only peak O3concentrations (from 125–215 μg·m-3) had significant effect on changes in the considered components of forest biota.
Did the Ambient Ozone Affect Stem Increment of Scots Pines (Pinus sylvestrisL.) on Territories under Regional Pollution Load? Step III of Lithuanian Studies
Authors: Augustaitis Algirdas , Augustaitiene Ingrida , Cinga Gintautas , Mazeika Juozapas , Deltuvas Romualdas , Juknys Romualdas , Vitas Adomas
Published: May 2007

This study aimed to explore if changes in stem increment of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestrisL.) could be related to changes in ambient ozone concentration when the impact of tree dendrometric parameters (age, diameter) and crown defoliation are accounted for. More than 200 dominant and codominant trees from 12 pine stands, for which crown defoliation had been assessed since 1994, were chosen for increment boring and basal area increment computing. Stands are located in Lithuanian national parks, where since 1994–95 Integrated Monitoring Stations have been operating. Findings of the study provide statistical evidence that peak concentrations of ambient ozone (O3) can have a negative impact on pine tree stem growth under field conditions where O3exposure is below phytotoxic levels.
Preanesthetic Evaluation and Assessment of Children with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Santamaria Letterio B. , Di Paola Carmelo , Mafrica Federica , Fodale Vincenzo
Published: May 2007

During preoperative evaluation for anesthesia in the Down patient, it is important to focus attention on the functional conditions of the patient and systems that frequently show anomalies. One of the challenges of evaluating pre-operative conditions and potential risks in the Down patient is the lack of a gold-standard evaluation score; cervical spine abnormalities, reduced dimensions and malformations of the airways, neurological changes, respiratory and cardiac disease, as well as endocrinological and metabolic alterations. We suggest, as a possible method of evaluation for patients with mental retardation and possible malformations, a new scale which takes the functional and mental conditions into account: the Sensorial, Psychological, Anatomical, Biological, Operational and Surgical (SPABOS) Compliance Score.
Soil CO2Efflux in a Mixed Pine-Oak Forest in Valsaín (Central Spain)
Authors: Inclán Rosa , De la Torre Daniel , Benito Marta , Rubio Agustín
Published: May 2007

Soil-surface CO2efflux and its spatial and temporal variation were investigated in a southern Mediterranean, mixed pine-oak forest ecosystem on the northern slopes of the Sierra de Guadarrama in Spain from February 2006 to July 2006. Measurements of soil CO2efflux, soil temperatures, and moisture were conducted in nine 1963-m2sampling plots distributed in a gradient around the ecotone betweenPinus sylvestrisL. andQuercus pyrenaicaLam. forest stands. Total soil organic matter, Walkey-Black C, particulate organic matter, organic matter fraction below 53 μm, total soil nitrogen content, total soil organic carbon content, and pH were also measured under three representative mature oak, pine, and mixed pine-oak forest stands. Soil respiration showed a typical seasonal pattern with minimums in winter and summer, and maximums in spring, more pronounced in oak and oak-pine stands. Soil respiration values were highest in pine stands during winter and in oak stands during spring and summer.

Soil respiration was highly correlated with soil temperatures in oak and pine-oak stands when soil moisture was above a drought threshold of 15%. Below this threshold value, soil moisture was a good predictor of soil respiration in pine stands. Greater soil organic matter, particulate organic matter, Walkey-Black C, total organic C, and total N content in pine compared to oak sites potentially contributed to the greater total soil CO2efflux in these stands during the winter. Furthermore, opposing trends in the organic matter fraction below 53 μm and soil respiration between plots suggest that in oak stands, the C forms are less affected by possible changes in use. The effects of soil properties on soil respiration were masked by differences in soil temperature and moisture during the rest of the year. Understanding the spatial and temporal variation even within small geographic areas is essential to assess C budgets at ecosystem level accurately. Thus, this study bears important implications for the study of large-scale ecosystem dynamics, particularly in response to climatic change.
Evaluating the Role of Wnt Signal Transduction in Promoting the Development of the Heart
Authors: Eisenberg Leonard M. , Eisenberg Carol A.
Published: May 2007

Wnts are a family of secreted signaling proteins that are encoded by 19 distinct genes in the vertebrate genome. These molecules initiate several signal transduction pathways: the canonical Wnt, Wnt/Ca2+, and Wnt/planar cell polarity pathways. Wnt proteins have major impact on embryonic development, tumor progression, and stem cell differentiation. Wnt signal transduction also influences the formation of the heart, yet many issues concerning the involvement of Wnt regulation in initiating cardiac development remain unresolved. In this review, we will examine the published record to discern (a) what has been shown by experimental studies on the participation of Wnt signaling in cardiogenesis, and (b) what are the important questions that need to be addressed to understand the importance and function of Wnt signal transduction in facilitating the development of the heart.
Twelve Tips for Better Communication with Patients During History-Taking
Authors: Rahman Aminur , Tasnim Saria
Published: May 2007

Eliciting proper history from a patient is of paramount importance to establish an accurate diagnosis and management in medical practice. Good communication skill is a prerequisite for an effective physician patient relationship. A systematic search of medical literature has been made to formulate a guideline for better communication during history taking. The guideline emphasizes on both physical environment and emotional encounter and the key points are expressed as tips on relevant issues.
Anorexia Nervosa and Refeeding Syndrome. A Case Report
Authors: Azumagawa Kohji , Kambara Yukiko , Kawamura Naohisa , Takenaka Yoshito , Yamasaki Takeshi , Tanaka Hidetaka , Tamai Hiroshi
Published: May 2007

This is a case story of a 14-year-old girl with severe anorexia nervosa (AN) (158 cm, 28 kg, –44.1% ideal body mass index), admitted with purpura, edema, and general fatigue. We treated her carefully and paid particular attention to prevent development of refeeding syndrome (RS), and her body weight increased satisfactorily. However, RS (edema, hypoalbuminemia, and heart failure) occurred despite careful treatment. We used albumin and diuretics for treatment of RS, but severe liver damage resulted. RS was aggravated by the medical treatment. More attention should have been paid to her weight gain and medical treatment should have been initiated more slowly to prevent dramatic changes in the patient's fluid and electrolyte status.
Ozone in Spain's National Parks and Protected Forests
Authors: Sanz María J. , Sanz Francisco , Calatayud Vicent , Sanchez-Peña Gerardo
Published: May 2007

In general, it is difficult to measure air pollutant concentrations in remote areas, as they are mostly national parks and protected areas. Passive samplers provide an accurate and inexpensive method for measuring cumulative exposures of different air pollutants. They have been used to collect ozone data in both laboratory and field at different geographical scales. The objective of the present study is to fill the knowledge gap regarding air quality in remote areas of Spain, such as national parks and protected areas. Because there were no systematic data sets on the main air pollutants that could affect these areas, an air quality measurement network was established between 2001 and 2004 on 19 locations inside Spanish national parks and protected areas. The data collected suggest that ozone levels in mountainous areas are high enough to affect sensitive vegetation. Most of the locations registered moderate-to-high ozone levels, with important interannual variability. Altitudinal ozone gradients were observed in most of the parks with complex topography due to the establishment of local circulations that incorporate polluted air masses from polluted airsheds or even long-range transport (i.e., Canary Islands). Different latitude-dependent, yearly cycles were also observed, showing two, one, or no clear peaks depending on the region. These findings extend to the most southerly locations, except in the Canary Islands, where pollution transported from other regions in the upper transport layers probably led to the high concentrations observed.
A Potential Concept In The Management of Tumors With Modulation of Prostaglandin, Nitric Oxide and Antioxidants
Authors: Al-Waili Noori S.
Published: May 2007

Prostaglandins (PGs), nitric oxide (NO), free radicals and chronic inflammation play a major role in tumorogenesis. We have foundin vivothat PGs suppress antibody production; reduce serum iron, and modulate bone marrow function. Tumors are associated with immunosuppression and anemia. We have hypothesized that the over-production of PGs is responsible for immunosuppression and anemia in conditions associated with increased production of PG such as tumor, and that PG inhibitors might help reversing immunosuppression and anemia, and play a role in eradication and prevention of tumors. This is supported by reports that demonstrate the immunosuppressive effects of PGs in tumors. PG inhibitors have also been shown to be crucial in the prevention of tumors such as esophageal and colon cancers. Others and we have found that high NO production was encountered in patients with cancer while antioxidants are decreased. Evidence supports the efficacy of PG inhibition in malignancies, and the concept of PG inhibition, NO modulation, anti-oxidants, immunotherapy with antibody or immune cells, and anti-inflammatory agents when used in the prevention and management of malignancies are discussed.
Similarities in the thermodynamics and kinetics of aggregation of disease‐related Aβ(1–40) peptides
Authors: Meinhardt Jessica , Tartaglia Gian Gaetano , Pawar Amol , Christopeit Tony , Hortschansky Peter , Schroeckh Volker , Dobson Christopher M. , Vendruscolo Michele , Fändrich Marcus
Published: May 2007

Increasing evidence indicates that polypeptide aggregation often involves a nucleation and a growth phase, although the relationship between the factors that determine these two phases has not yet been fully clarified. We present here an analysis of several mutations at different sites of the Aβ(1–40) peptide, including those associated with early onset forms of the Alzheimer's disease, which reveals that the effects of specific amino acid substitutions in the sequence of this peptide are strongly modulated by their structural context. Nevertheless, mutations at different positions perturb in a correlated manner the free energies of aggregation as well as the lag times and growth rates. We show that these observations can be rationalized in terms of the intrinsic propensities for aggregation of the Aβ(1–40) sequence, thus suggesting that, in the case of this peptide, the determinants of the thermodynamics and of the nucleation and growth of the aggregates have a similar physicochemical basis.
Single molecule analyses of the conformational substates of calmodulin bound to the phosphorylase kinase complex
Authors: Priddy Timothy S. , Price E. Shane , Johnson Carey K. , Carlson Gerald M.
Published: May 2007

The four integral δ subunits of the phosphorylase kinase (PhK) complex are identical to calmodulin (CaM) and confer Ca2+ sensitivity to the enzyme, but bind independently of Ca2+. In addition to binding Ca2+, an obligatory activator of PhK's phosphoryltransferase activity, the δ subunits transmit allosteric signals to PhK's remaining α, β, and γ subunits in activating the enzyme. Under mild conditions about 10% of the δ subunits can be exchanged for exogenous CaM. In this study, a CaM double‐mutant derivatized with a fluorescent donor–acceptor pair (CaM‐DA) was exchanged for δ to assess the conformational substates of PhKδ by single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) ±Ca2+. The exchanged subunits were determined to occupy distinct conformations, depending on the absence or presence of Ca2+, as observed by alterations of the compact, mid‐length, and extended populations of their FRET distance distributions. Specifically, the combined predominant mid‐length and less common compact conformations of PhKδ became less abundant in the presence of Ca2+, with the δ subunits assuming more extended conformations. This behavior is in contrast to the compact forms commonly observed for many of CaM's Ca2+‐dependent interactions with other proteins. In addition, the conformational distributions of the exchanged PhKδ subunits were distinct from those of CaM‐DA free in solution, ±Ca2+, as well as from exogenous CaM bound to the PhK complex as δ′. The distinction between δ and δ′ is that the latter binds only in the presence of Ca2+, but stoichiometrically and at a different location in the complex than δ.
Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis with unusual clinical features in a patient with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: KONISHI Asako , FUKUOKA Miyuki , NISHIMURA Youichi
Published: May 2007

A 69‐year‐old woman presented with a 2‐year history of an eczematous lesion covering the genital area. Histopathological examination showed deposits of amorphous, eosinophilic material and an infiltrate of plasma cells through the entire dermis into the subcutaneous fatty tissue. Congo red‐stained deposits showed apple‐green birefringence with polarizing microscopy. On immunohistochemistry, the deposited material was positively stained with anti‐κ light chain antibodies but not with anti‐λ light chain. A diagnosis of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) was made, and the patient was also diagnosed as having Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) based on clinical and laboratory findings. The lesion of PLCA has spontaneously regressed over a period of 18 months. We report a unique case of PLCA and SjS that clinically demonstrated genital eczematous features and spontaneous involution, and we also describe a possible association between PLCA and SjS.
Two cases of pressure ulcer healing after liver transplantation in cirrhosis patients
Authors: INUI Shigeki , HARADA Toshiko , NAKAJIMA Takeshi , ITAMI Satoshi
Published: May 2007

We report two cases of pressure ulcers in liver cirrhosis patients. In case 1, a 64‐year‐old Japanese woman had suffered from liver cirrhosis caused by hepatitis C virus and developed a pressure ulcer on her sacral and coccygeal area due to long‐term bedrest. After she received a living donor liver transplantation from her child, the ulcer healed synchronizing with improvement of serum cholinesterase and bilirubin. Likewise, her systemic condition also got much better after the transplantation. In case 2, a 53‐year‐old Japanese man with hepatitis B virus cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma developed a pressure ulcer on his sacral area. Although he received a living donor liver transplantation from his brother, his general status and pressure ulcer were fluctuating in conformity with the variance of serum bilirubin. However, at 5 weeks after the transplantation, the ulcer gradually started improving, entrained to serum bilirubin decrease. From these findings, the condition of the pressure ulcer in liver cirrhosis patients synchronized with serum bilirubin as well as systemic condition, suggesting a possible influence of bilirubin for wound healing.
Diagnostic biomarker of asbestos‐related mesothelioma: Example of translational research
Authors: Okio Hino , Kazu Shiomi , Masahiro Maeda
Published: May 2007

Mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor arising from the mesothelium, and is usually associated with previous exposure to asbestos. The incubation period of asbestos‐related mesothelioma is estimated to be approximately 30–40 years. Once mesothelioma has occurred, there is no effective treatment. So, identification of tumor markers and a method for early diagnosis using such markers are urgently needed. Recently, several enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay systems for Erc/mesothelin have been developed, the reported usefulness of which has been assessed and demonstrated as a diagnostic tool. Asbestos‐related mesothelioma should be ascribed as a typical environmental carcinogen. In this review, we will present asbestos‐related mesothelioma for the study of problems in environmental carcinogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1147–1151)
Adverse drug reactions in a hospital general medical unit meriting notification to the Committee on Safety of Medicines
Authors: SMITH C. C. , BENNETT P. M. , PEARCE H. M. , HARRISON P. I. , REYNOLDS D. J. M. , ARONSON J. K. , GRAHAME‐SMITH D. G.
Published: May 2007

1We have retrospectively analysed data collected by a local adverse drug reactions reporting scheme in an acute hospital medical setting and have determined the numbers and types of reactions that would have merited notification as yellow card reports according to the guidelines of the Committee on Safety of Medicines.

2The data related to 20 695 consecutive acute general medical admissions on seven general medical wards (140 beds) and were collected over 3 years, from April 1990 to March 1993.

3Over 3 years there were 1420 reports of suspected adverse drug reactions, a rate of 68.7 per 1000 admissions.

4If the guidelines for reporting issued by the Committee on Safety of Medicines had been strictly followed, 477 yellow cards would have been sent (23.1 per 1000 admissions). In 357 of these reports (74.8%), the reaction had caused admission to hospital. Only 31 of the 477 potential cards (6.5%) involved black triangle drugs and 10 of these were for minor reactions.

5Only 30 of the 477 potential yellow cards (6.3%) were known to have been sent. The majority of those reactions not reported were for drug‐related admissions, most of which were for well‐known reactions to established drugs.

6We have confirmed and quantified the extent of under‐reporting of serious suspected adverse drug reactions to the Committee on Safety of Medicines from our hospital medical unit.
TSH concentration within the normal range is associated with cognitive function and ADHD symptoms in healthy preschoolers
Authors: Álvarez‐Pedrerol Mar , Ribas‐Fitó Núria , Torrent Maties , Julvez Jordi , Ferrer Carlos , Sunyer Jordi
Published: May 2007

Objective  Thyroid hormone concentrations outside the normal range affect brain development, but their specific influence on behaviour and mental abilities within normal values is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate whether thyroid hormone concentrations are related to neurodevelopment and ADHD (attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder) symptoms in healthy preschoolers.

Design subjects and measurements  Children from two general population birth cohorts in Menorca (n = 289) and Ribera d’Ebre (n = 53), Spain, were assessed in a cross‐sectional study at the age of 4. Thyroid hormones (free T4 and T3) and TSH concentrations were measured and mental and motor development was assessed using McCarthy's scales for neuropsychological outcomes and ADHD‐DSM‐IV for attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms.

Results  Children with TSH concentrations in the upper quartile of the normal range performed lower on McCarthy's scales and were at higher risk for attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. In the Menorca cohort, a decrease of 5·8 (P < 0·05) and 6·9 (P < 0·01) points was observed in memory and quantitative skills, respectively. In contrast, high T4 concentrations were associated with decreased risk of having 1–5 attention deficit symptoms (odds ratio: 0·25; P < 0·01); these findings were observed in both cohorts despite differences in mean TSH concentrations. No associations were observed with T3.

Conclusions  Despite being within the normal range, high TSH concentrations are associated with a lower cognitive function and high TSH and low free T4 with ADHD symptoms in healthy preschoolers. Statistically significant differences were observed in the highest quartiles of TSH, suggesting a need for re‐evaluation of the upper limit of the normal TSH range.
Should the laboratory assess the sampling adequacy of cervical smears?
Authors: DUVALL E.
Published: May 2007

Should the laboratory assess the sampling adequacy of cervical smears?

The results of a questionnaire answered by 14 out of the 18 NHS laboratories in Scotland reporting cervical smears showed that, since the publication of Guidelines for Judging the Adequacy of a Cervical Smear, by the British Society for Clinical Cytology (BSCC), rates of unsatisfactory smears had risen from a mean of 3.3% to 6.5%, with some laboratories reporting rates of over 10%. Four laboratories followed the guidelines closely in requiring the presence of two indicators of sampling of the transformation zone, i.e. endocervical cells, metaplastic cells or endocervical mucus. Seven laboratories required one indicator either in all smears or in a subset, whilst three did not require any indicator at all. The laboratories observing the guidelines closely had a higher mean unsatisfactory rate than those partially observing them. The main impediment to the full implementation of the BSCC guidelines appeared to be fear of an unmanageably high unsatisfactory smear rate. The accuracy of the assessment of adequacy is questioned, as is the cost effectiveness of doing so.