bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entropy principal component analysis and its application to nonlinear chemical process fault diagnosis
Authors: Deng Xiaogang , Tian Xuemin
Published: April 2014

Most chemical processes generally exhibit the characteristics of nonlinear variation. In this paper, an improved principal component analysis method using information entropy theory, called entropy principal component analysis (EPCA), is proposed for nonlinear chemical process fault diagnosis. This approach applies information entropy theory to build an explicit nonlinear transformation, which provides a convenient way for nonlinear extension of principal component analysis. The information entropy can capture the Gaussian and non‐Gaussian information in the measured variables via probability density function estimation. With the entropy of original measured variables, the entropy principal components are calculated using a simple eigenvalue decomposition procedure, and two monitoring statistics are built for fault detection. Once a fault is detected, EPCA similarity factors between the occurred fault dataset and historical fault pattern datasets are computed for fault recognition. Simulations on a continuous stirred tank reactor system show that EPCA performs well in terms of fault detection and recognition. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersal of two freshwater invasive macroinvertebrates, Procambarus clarkii and Physella acuta, by off‐road vehicles
Authors: Banha Filipe , Marques Monica , Anastácio Pedro M.
Published: April 2014

The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and the bladder snail (Physella acuta) are two invasive aquatic macroinvertebrate species with worldwide distribution that are plagues in rice fields.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of accidental human dispersal of these two species by off‐road vehicles.

An experimental approach was used owing to the difficulty of obtaining field data on low‐probability events such as passive dispersal. Experiments were performed testing the probability of attachment of both organisms to mudguards of off‐road vehicles as well as successful transport and release into the receiver water body. Recently‐hatched P. clarkii and all P. acuta sizes available in the field were used.

Results showed that P. clarkii and P. acuta can be transported in mud adhering to an off‐road vehicle. No differences were found in the proportions of adhered organisms between species or for each species at the different densities used because of low overall retrieval. For P. acuta, the attachment probability varied between 0.5% both for 50 and 200 individuals m‐2 and 1% for 100 ind. m‐2. For P. clarkii, no individuals adhered at 50 ind. m‐2, but the probabilities were 1% and 1.5% for 100 and 200 ind. m‐2, respectively.

A transport‐survival experiment showed a mean survival distance of 83.2 km for P. clarkii and 92.2 km for P. acuta under dry conditions. Rain or wet conditions severely reduced successful transport.

The proportion of organisms falling into a receiving water body increased with the vehicle's speed while crossing the water.

Although the results demonstrated a low probability of occurrence of attachment, they also showed that, if attachment occurs, aquatic organisms have a high chance to be released successfully in a suitable environment after long‐distance transport by vehicle.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantiospecific Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Ligudentatol: A Programmed Aromatization Approach to the 2,3,4‐Trisubstituted Phenolic Motif via Visible‐Light‐Mediated Group Transfer Radical Cyclization
Authors: Moustafa Gamal A. I. , Suizu Hiroshi , Aoyama Hiroshi , Arai Masayoshi , Akai Shuji , Yoshimitsu Takehiko
Published: April 2014

A facile enantiospecific approach to (+)‐ligudentatol (1) and (−)‐ligudentatol (ent‐1) is reported. The approach features the construction of a trisubstituted phenolic motif fused to a chiral aliphatic ring by a sequence of visible‐light‐mediated radical seleno transfer cyclization, bromination, concomitant selenoxide elimination–dehydrobromination, and demethoxycarbonylation, namely, a programmed aromatization. Biological evaluation of the enantiomers of ligudentatol obtained by the present route revealed for the first time their cytotoxicity towards various cancer cell lines.
Two new rhodamine‐based fluorescent chemosensors for Fe3+ in aqueous solution
Authors: Liu Yaqi , Xu Zhanhui , Wang Jinhui , Zhang Di , Ye Yong , Zhao Yufen
Published: April 2014

Two new rhodamine‐based fluorescent probes were synthesized and characterized by NMR, high resolution mass spectrometer (HR‐MS) and IR. The probes displayed a high selectivity for Fe3+ among environmentally and biologically relevant metal ions in aqueous solution (CH3OH–H2O = 3 : 2, v/v). The significant changes in the fluorescence color could be used for naked‐eye detection. Job's plot, IR and 1H NMR indicated the formation of 1: 1 complexes between sensor 1 and Fe3+. The reversibility establishes the potential of both probes as chemosensors for Fe3+ detection. The probe showed highly selectivity in aqueous solution and could be used over the pH range between 5 and 9. A simple paper test‐strip system for the rapid monitoring of Fe3+ was developed, indicating its convenient use in environmental samples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assertive Women as Expert Witnesses: A Study of Assertive and Defensive Responses in Male and Female Experts
Authors: Larson Bridget A. , Brodsky Stanley L.
Published: April 2014

This investigation of expert witness gender used scenarios addressing threats to the expert, sexuality, parenting by the expert, and lying, and in which intrusive and non‐intrusive gender cross‐examinations were presented to 352 mock jurors. Male and female experts were matched carefully on attractiveness and other social desirability dimensions. In half of the situations the expert witnesses replied with defensive answers, and in the other half, they replied assertively. The assertive responses were found to be significantly more effective on a number of dependent measures, including perceived credibility. In results consistent with other studies, the male experts were evaluated more positively than the female experts. Sexism and other attitudes of the mock jurors were unrelated to credibility and expert gender. The results are discussed in the context of managing aggressive cross‐examinations, role demands for women in the courtroom, and methodological approaches to the study of expert witness gender. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Glimpse into the Molecular Journey inside an Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Reactor
Authors: Choudhary Tushar V. , Gong Kening , Ellison Phillipp , Subbiah Ayyappan
Published: April 2014

Rapid advances in increasing the efficiency of the ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD) process are hindered owing to the lack of realistic understanding that could be obtained by looking inside an operating ULSD reactor. Herein, quantitative information about the molecular journey of the sulfur, nitrogen, and aromatic compounds from the inlet to the outlet of a ULSD reactor has been provided. The improved understanding resulting from this work is expected to significantly assist catalyst development and mechanistic pathway determination efforts in this important area of research.
Tandem Deprotection–Dimerization–Macrocyclization Route to C2 Symmetric cyclo‐Tetrapeptides
Authors: Ha Khanh , Lebedyeva Iryna , Hamedzadeh Sadra , Li Zhiliang , Quiñones Ryan , Pillai Girinath G. , Williams Byron , Nasajpour Amir , Martin Kristin , Asiri Abdullah M. , Katritzky Alan R.
Published: April 2014

Dimerization–macrocyclization has been a long‐standing problem in the cyclization of peptides since, together with the desired cyclic product, many cyclic oligomers and linear polymers may also be formed during the reaction. Therefore, the development of a process that affords the cyclic dimer predominantly is difficult. A novel and versatile strategy for the synthesis of symmetric cyclo‐tetrapeptides by palladium‐promoted tandem deprotection/cyclo‐dimerization from readily available Cbz‐dipeptidoyl benzotriazolides is reported (Cbz=carboxybenzyl).
Probing the Origin of Magnetic Anisotropy in a Dinuclear {MnIIICuII} Single‐Molecule Magnet: The Role of Exchange Anisotropy
Authors: Singh Saurabh Kumar , Rajaraman Gopalan
Published: April 2014

Using ab initio calculations all the components of the magnetic anisotropy in a dinuclear [MnIIICuIICl(5‐Br‐sap)2(MeOH)] single‐molecule magnet (SMM) have been computed. These calculations reveal that apart from the single‐ion anisotropy, the exchange anisotropy also plays a crucial role in determining the sign as well as the magnitude of the cluster anisotropy. Developed magneto‐structural correlations suggest that a large ferromagnetic exchange can in fact reduce the ground‐state anisotropy, which is an integral component in the design of SMMs.
Generation of C2F5CHN2 In Situ and Its First Reaction: [3+2] Cycloaddition with Alkenes
Authors: Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: April 2014

The novel chemical reagent, C2F5CHN2, is generated in situ from C2F5CH2NH2⋅HCl and sodium nitrite. It reacts with mono‐ and disubstituted electron‐deficient alkenes at room temperature to afford C2F5‐pyrazolines in excellent yields.
Understanding the Fundamental Role of π/π, σ/σ, and σ/π Dispersion Interactions in Shaping Carbon‐Based Materials
Authors: Alonso Mercedes , Woller Tatiana , Martín‐Martínez Francisco J. , Contreras‐García Julia , Geerlings Paul , De Proft Frank
Published: April 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the ALGC Quantum Chemistry group of the Free University of Brussels (VUB) in collaboration with the LCT group in Paris. The image depicts how π/π and σ/σ stacking interactions are surprisingly equal in strength for the benzene and cyclohexane dimers, but different in origin, and how π‐stacking becomes more important as the size of the dimer increases. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201400107.
Heat Transfer in Scraped Surface Heat Exchangers
Authors: Hillmann Jörg , Walzel Peter
Published: April 2014

An den Wänden geschabte Apparate werden großtechnisch häufig als Wärmetauscher für Systeme mit Feststoffbildungen oder hohen Viskositäten eingesetzt. Bei geringen Länge/Durchmesser‐Verhältnissen hat dabei die Rückvermischung einen maßgeblichen Einfluss auf den prozessseitigen Wärmetransport. In dieser Arbeit zeigt sich, dass bei laminarem Durchfluss eines Rührbehälters mit wandschabenden Einbauten der Wärmetransport durch Erhöhung der Drehzahl reduziert wird. In dem vergleichsweise kurzen Apparat kann dieses Verhalten auf die Abhängigkeit des Wärmetransports vom Strömungsprofil zurückgeführt werden.
Photochemical Behavior of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Propylamine
Authors: Maeda Yutaka , Hasuike Yuhei , Ohkubo Kei , Tashiro Atsushi , Kaneko Shinya , Kikuta Masayuki , Yamada Michio , Hasegawa Tadashi , Akasaka Takeshi , Zhou Jing , Lu Jing , Nagase Shigeru , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: April 2014

This report describes the photochemical behavior of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in the presence of propylamine. The SWNTs are characterized by absorption and Raman spectroscopy. The spectral changes due to photoirradiation indicate that reactions occur predominantly with the metallic SWNTs and small‐diameter SWNTs. The detection of amine radicalcation species by ESR spectroscopy reveals photoinduced electron transfer from the amine to the excited SWNTs. After exposure of the photoirradiated SWNTs to air, the characteristic spectra were recovered, except for that of the small‐diameter SWNTs. The results suggest that, after photoreduction of the SWNTs, subsequent selective sidewall functionalization of the small‐diameter SWNTs occurs.
Reducing Mass‐Transport Limitations in Cobalt‐Electrolyte‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells by Photoanode Modification
Authors: Trang Pham Thi Thu , Koh Teck Ming , Nonomura Kazuteru , Lam Yeng Ming , Mathews Nripan , Mhaisalkar Subodh
Published: April 2014

Mass transport has been identified as a limiting problem in the photovoltaic performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells based on electrolytes consisting of ionic liquids or cobalt complexes. A mixed TiO2 macroporous–mesoporous morphology employed as photoanode is demonstrated to assist the diffusion of electrolytes with higher viscosity or consisting of bulky redox mediators, such as cobalt di‐tert‐butyl bipyridine [Co(dtb)3]2+/3+. This morphology with large pores improves the non‐linearity of photocurrent response to light intensity indicating better diffusion. The incorporated sub‐micrometer pores also reduce recombination and decrease diffusion resistance, as revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Enhanced Conversion of Carbohydrates to the Platform Chemical 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Designer Ionic Liquids
Authors: Siankevich Sviatlana , Fei Zhaofu , Scopelliti Rosario , Laurenczy Gabor , Katsyuba Sergey , Yan Ning , Dyson Paul J.
Published: April 2014

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a key platform chemical that may be obtained from various cellulosic (biomass) derivatives. Previously, it has been shown that ionic liquids (ILs) facilitate the catalytic conversion of glucose into HMF. Herein, we demonstrate that the careful design of the IL cation leads to new ionic solvents that enhance the transformation of glucose and more complex carbohydrates into HMF significantly. In Situ NMR spectroscopy and computational modeling pinpoint the key interactions between the IL, catalyst, and substrate that account for the enhanced reactivities observed.
Expression pattern of an evolutionarily conserved splice variant in the rat Tacc2 gene
Authors: Padhi Bhaja K. , Zigler J. Samuel , Padhi Piyush , Hose Stacey , Sinha Debasish
Published: April 2014

The transforming acidic coiled‐coil containing protein 2 (Tacc2) gene and its paralogs, Tacc1 and Tacc3 encode proteins that are associated with the centrosome and involved in microtubule assembly during the cell cycle. Tacc2 produces several splice variants, which are poorly characterized, especially in the rat. Characterization of the temporal/spatial expression patterns of these isoforms would be useful in understanding their distinct and overlapping functions. By comparative sequence analyses of Tacc2 in multiple species, we identified a third splice variant in rat, which is much shorter in size (1,021 aa) than the longest isoform (2,834 aa). This newly identified Tacc2 splice variant (isoform 3) uses a distinct first exon and generates a different open reading frame. Although Isoform 3 is expressed predominantly during developmental stages, the long Tacc2 isoform (isoform 1) is distributed mainly in adult tissues. Multiple protein sequence analyses revealed that Tacc2 Isoform 3 could be the ancient form, as it is conserved in mammals, birds, and amphibians; whereas the long Tacc2 isoforms may have evolved in the mammalian lineage by adding exons toward the 5′ region of the ancient isoform. genesis 52:378–386, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Centralspindlin is required for thorax development during Drosophila metamorphosis
Authors: Sfregola Michael
Published: April 2014

Epithelial morphogenesis is an essential process in all metazoans during both normal development and pathological processes such as wound healing. The coordinated regulation of cell shape, cell size, and cell adhesion during the migration of epithelial sheets ultimately gives rise to the diversity of body plans among different organisms as well as the diversity of cellular structures and tissues within an organism. Metamorphosis of the Drosophila pupa is an excellent system to study these transformative events. During pupal development, the cells of the wing imaginal discs migrate dorsally and fuse to form the adult thorax. Here I show centralspindlin, a protein complex well known for its role in cytokinesis, is essential for migration of wing disc cells and proper thorax closure. I show the subcellular localization of centralspindlin is important for its function in thorax development. This study demonstrates the emerging role of centralspindlin in regulating cell migration and cell adhesion in addition to its previously known function during cytokinesis. genesis 52:387–398, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamics of sex ratio and female unmatedness under haplodiploidy
Authors: Gardner Andy
Published: April 2014

Haplodiploid sex determination allows unmated females to produce sons. Consequently, a scarcity of males may lead to a significant proportion of females remaining unmated, which may in turn give rise to a surfeit of males in the following generation. Stable oscillation of the sex ratio has been predicted by classic models, and it remains a puzzle as to why this is not observed in natural populations. Here, I investigate the dynamics of sex allocation over ecological and evolutionary timescales to assess the potential for sustained oscillation. I find that, whilst stable oscillation of the sex ratio is possible, the scope for such dynamical behavior is reduced if sex allocation strategies are evolutionary labile, especially if mated females may facultatively adjust their sex allocation according to the present availability of mating partners. My model, taken together with empirical estimates of female unmatedness in haplodiploid taxa, suggests that sustained oscillation of the sex ratio is implausible in natural populations. However, this phenomenon may be relevant to artificially introduced biological control agents.
Evaluation of a rice bran oil‐derived spread as a functional ingredient
Authors: Bakota Erica L. , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Liu Sean X.
Published: April 2014

As consumers continue to become more interested in the health properties of the food ingredients they purchase, the market potential for new functional ingredients, such as structured lipids and spreadable products, continues to grow. Recently we reported a solvent fractionation procedure for the production of a spreadable product derived from rice bran oil. This material is enriched in phytosterols and rice bran wax relative to crude rice bran oil and has rheological properties that differ vastly from the constituent oil. Here we evaluate the suitability of such a spread for use as a functional ingredient. Two potential avenues are explored: the use of the material as an antioxidant source in frying oils, and the use of this material as a fat replacer in baked goods. As an additive, the material was shown to impart oxidative stability to the oil. This spread was also successfully incorporated into two baked goods with consistently high acceptability ratings for both baked goods tested.

Practical applications: We have created a novel semisolid material from crude rice bran oil that can serve as a functional ingredient in a variety of capacities. In this work we incorporate the material into edible oils and baked goods to evaluate its suitability for continued development as an ingredient. In a frying oil, this material may extend the life of the oil by protecting the oil from oxidation during heating. We also show through sensory studies that this material can be successfully used in a bread or granola as a substitute for a portion of the butter or margarine. The high stability and positive sensory reception of this ingredient suggest that this spread might be suitable for further development into a functional food that is allergen‐free, trans‐fat free, and high in antioxidants.
Effects of astrocyte‐targeted production of interleukin‐6 in the mouse on the host response to nerve injury
Authors: Almolda Beatriz , Villacampa Nàdia , Manders Peter , Hidalgo Juan , Campbell Iain L. , González Berta , Castellano Bernardo
Published: April 2014

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a key role in the control of inflammatory/immune responses. In the central nervous system (CNS), an increase in IL‐6 occurs in a wide range of pathological conditions such as excitotoxicity and traumatic brain injury. We evaluated the effects of astrocyte‐targeted production of IL‐6 in the CNS in the sterile‐nerve injury model of facial nerve axotomy. To accomplish this, facial nerve transection was performed in transgenic mice (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]‐IL6Tg) with IL‐6 production under the GFAP promoter. Neuronal death, glial activation, lymphocyte recruitment, and integrin expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry from 3 to 28 days postinjury. Our findings revealed an increase in motor neuron cell death in GFAP‐IL6Tg mice correlating with changes in the microglial activation pattern, characterized principally by less attachment to neurons and reduced expression of both CD11b and CD18. We also found a higher CD4+T‐lymphocyte recruitment in GFAP‐IL6Tg mice. In addition, changes in the expression pattern of different integrins and their receptors were observed in transgenic animals. Specifically, alterations in osteopontin expression in motor neurons and its receptors CD44 and CD49e in lymphocytes and microglia, respectively, which may account for the variations related to glial reactivity and lymphocyte infiltration. In conclusion, our results indicated that forced local production of IL‐6 has a direct impact on the outcome of nerve injury in the CNS inducing an increase in neurodegeneration, changes in glial response, and lymphocyte recruitment as well as in the expression of different integrins and their receptors. GLIA 2014;62:1142–1161
Epigenetic alterations in metastatic cutaneous carcinoma
Authors: Darr Owen A. , Colacino Justin A. , Tang Alice L. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Bellile Emily L. , Bradford Carol R. , Prince Mark P. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Rozek Laura S. , Moyer Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2014

Background

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are the 2 most common cutaneous carcinomas. Molecular profiles predicting metastasis of these cancers have not been identified.

Methods

Epigenetic profiles of 37 primary cases of cutaneous SCC and BCC were quantified via the Illumina Goldengate Cancer Panel. Differential protein expression by metastatic potential was analyzed in 110 total cases by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.

Results

Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that metastatic BCCs had a methylation profile resembling cutaneous SCCs. Metastatic cutaneous SCCs were found to be hypermethylated at FRZB (median methylation: 46.7% vs 4.7%; p = 4 × 10−5). Metastatic BCCs were found to be hypomethylated at MYCL2 (median methylation: 3.8% vs 83.4%; p = 1.9 × 10−6). Immunohistochemical staining revealed few differences between metastatic and nonmetastatic cancers.

Conclusion

Metastatic primary BCCs and cutaneous SCCs had distinct epigenetic profiles when compared to their nonmetastatic counterparts. Epigenetic profiling may prove useful in future diagnosis and prevention of advanced nonmelanoma skin cancers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 994–1001, 2015
Integrins, myofibroblasts, and organ fibrosis
Authors: Fausther Michel , Dranoff Jonathan A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Myofibroblasts are the major source of extracellular matrix components that accumulate during tissue fibrosis, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are believed to be the major source of myofibroblasts in the liver. To date, robust systems to genetically manipulate these cells have not been developed. We report that Cre under control of the promoter of Pdgfrb (Pdgfrb-Cre) inactivates loxP-flanked genes in mouse HSCs with high efficiency. We used this system to delete the gene encoding αV integrin subunit because various αV-containing integrins have been suggested as central mediators of fibrosis in multiple organs. Such depletion protected mice from carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis, whereas global loss of β3, β5 or β6 integrin or conditional loss of β8 integrins in HSCs did not. We also found that Pdgfrb-Cre effectively targeted myofibroblasts in multiple organs, and depletion of the αV integrin subunit using this system was protective in other models of organ fibrosis, including pulmonary and renal fibrosis. Pharmacological blockade of αV-containing integrins by a small molecule (CWHM 12) attenuated both liver and lung fibrosis, including in a therapeutic manner. These data identify a core pathway that regulates fibrosis and suggest that pharmacological targeting of all αV integrins may have clinical utility in the treatment of patients with a broad range of fibrotic diseases.
Performance characteristics of a new electronic snow water equivalent sensor in different climates
Authors: Johnson Jerome B. , Gelvin Arthur B. , Duvoy Paul , Schaefer Garry L. , Poole Garry , Horton Glenn D.
Published: April 2014

The US Army ERDC CRREL and the US Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service developed a square electronic snow water equivalent (e‐SWE) sensor as an alternative to using fluid‐filled snow pillows to measure SWE. The sensors consist of a centre panel to measure SWE and eight outer panels to buffer edge stress concentrations. Seven 3 m square e‐SWE sensors were installed in five different climate zones. During the 2011–2012 winter, 1.8 and 1.2 m square e‐SWE sensors were installed and operated in Oregon. With the exception of New York State and Newfoundland, the e‐SWE sensors accurately measured SWE, with R2 values between the sensor and manual SWE measurements of between 0.86 and 0.98. The e‐SWE sensor at Hogg Pass, Oregon, accurately measured SWE during the past 8 years of operations. In the thin, icy snow of New York during midwinter 2008–2009, the e‐SWE sensors overmeasured SWE because of edge stress concentrations associated with strong icy layers and a shallow snow cover. The New York e‐SWE sensors' measurement accuracy improved in spring 2009 and further improved during the 2011–2012 winter with operating experience. At Santiam Junction, measured SWE from the 1.8 and 1.2 m square e‐SWE sensors agreed well with the snow pillow, 3 m square e‐SWE sensor, and manual SWE measurements until February 2013, when dust and gravel blew onto the testing area resulting in anomalous measurements. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Predicting Desistance or Persistence in the Substance‐Abusing, Mentally Ill, Supervised Offender Population Using Laub and Sampson's (2001) Social Controls and Individual Factors Theory
Authors: Delaney Rodney B. , Laux John M. , Piazza Nick J. , Ritchie Martin H. , Jenkins Morris
Published: April 2014

This study investigated the relationship that social controls and individual factors have on the persistence rate in the substance‐abusing, mentally ill, supervised offender population (N = 886). The data predicted 83% of persistence.
Predicting Criminal Recidivism Following Drug Court: Implications for Drug Court Practice and Policy Advocacy
Authors: Gallagher John R.
Published: April 2014

This study evaluated a drug court located in Texas. Participants that had a violation within the first 30 days of drug court, and terminated participants were most likely to recidivate. Implications for drug court practice and policy advocacy are discussed.
The Effect of Social Anxiety and Self‐Esteem on College Adjustment, Academics, and Retention
Authors: Nordstrom Alicia H. , Goguen Lisa M. Swenson , Hiester Marnie
Published: April 2014

In a survey of 271 undergraduates conducted during the 2nd and 11th week of their 1st semester of college, the authors found that self‐esteem mediated relations between social anxiety and academic, social, and institutional adjustment. Implications for 1st‐year college students with social anxiety are discussed, with an emphasis on early identification and recommendations for counselors to adapt cognitive behavior therapy interventions for use with college populations.
Exploring Pretreatment Expectancies in a Campus Mental Health Setting: The Validation of a Novel Expectancies Measure
Authors: Aubuchon‐Endsley Nicki L. , Callahan Jennifer L.
Published: April 2014

Treatment expectancies and outcome have been robustly associated, although these constructs are understudied within college mental health populations. This is partially because of the lack of psychometrically sound expectancy measures for campus clinics. This study examined the validity, reliability, and clinical utility of a novel expectancy measure developed for use in campus clinics. The measure was found to have sound psychometric properties and may prospectively identify pretreatment expectancies that adversely affect treatment outcomes.
Multidimensional Perfectionism, Coping, and Depression: Differential Prediction of Depression Symptoms by Perfectionism Type
Authors: Noble Christina L. , Ashby Jeffrey S. , Gnilka Philip B.
Published: April 2014

Perfectionism has consistently been implicated as a significant contributor to negative outcomes, including depression, in college student populations. This study examined the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, coping, and depression in a sample of 405 undergraduate students. Maladaptive perfectionists, adaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionist college students differed significantly on levels of depression and exhibited different patterns of coping. Avoidant coping mediated the relationship between both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and depression.
Minority College Student Mental Health: Does Majority Status Matter? Implications for College Counseling Services
Authors: Smith Kellie M. , Chesin Megan S. , Jeglic Elizabeth L.
Published: April 2014

This study compared mental health among diverse college students to understand whether majority status buffered hypothesized relationships between poor mental health outcomes and minority status. Contrary to expectations, students at the majority‐minority college (i.e., the college in which the majority of students were ethnic minorities), regardless of race or ethnicity, reported poorer mental health than their White peers at the predominantly White college. Internalizing symptoms were associated with minority race or ethnicity. These findings may inform the adaptation of college mental health services for diverse student bodies.

Este estudio comparó la salud mental de diversos estudiantes universitarios para comprender si el estatus de mayoría amortigua las hipotéticas relaciones entre el estatus de minoría y pobres resultados en salud mental. Contrariamente a lo que se esperaba, los estudiantes en universidades con mayoría minoritaria (es decir, universidades en las que la mayoría de estudiantes pertenece a minorías étnicas) reportaron peor salud mental, sin importar su raza o etnicidad, que sus compañeros blancos en universidades predominantemente blancas. Se asociaron síntomas de interiorización con raza o etnicidad minoritaria. Estos resultados pueden proporcionar información para la adaptación de los servicios de salud mental en campus para distintos grupos de estudiantes universitarios.
Social Support and Acculturation in Chinese International Students
Authors: Bertram David M. , Poulakis Mixalis , Elsasser Betsy Shaw , Kumar Ekta
Published: April 2014

This study investigated the effects of social support on acculturation and acculturative stress in Chinese international students. A consensual qualitative research method analysis was performed on data gathered from semistructured interviews with 8 Chinese international students. Results indicated that the students experienced differences between their pre‐ and postsojourn perceptions of the United States, encountered various forms of acculturative stress, and sought support from multiple sources. Study implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

Este estudio investigó los efectos del apoyo social sobre la aculturación y el estrés aculturativo en estudiantes internacionales chinos. Se realizó un análisis consensuado de investigación cualitativa sobre datos recopilados de entrevistas semiestructuradas con 8 estudiantes internacionales chinos. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes experimentaron diferencias entre sus percepciones de los Estados Unidos anteriores y posteriores a su estancia, se encontraron con varias formas de estrés aculturativo y buscaron apoyo en múltiples fuentes. Se discuten las implicaciones, limitaciones y direcciones para investigaciones futuras.
Hypomethylating Agent 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (DAC) Ameliorates Multiple Sclerosis in Mouse Models
Authors: Mangano Katia , Fagone Paolo , Bendtzen Klaus , Meroni Pier Luigi , Quattrocchi Cinzia , Mammana Santa , Di Rosa Michelino , Malaguarnera Lucia , Coco Marinella , Magro Gaetano , Di Marco Roberto , Nicoletti Ferdinando
Published: April 2014

Increasing evidence supports the role of epigenetics in the development of autoimmune disorders and the possibility of using epigenetic modifying drugs in the context of MS has not yet been investigated. We have explored the effect of the hypomethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (DAC) in two murine models of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). DAC treatment was associated with a significant amelioration of the clinical and histological hallmarks of EAE in both models. These effects were observed both in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens. The milder course of the disease was associated with a reduction in the number of spinal cord infiltrating lymphocytes and amelioration of the histopathological signs associated with EAE. In addition, increased transcript levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines and decreased mRNA expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators were also observed. Finally, DAC treatment increased the percentage of circulating regulatory T cells by inducing Foxp3 expression via demethylation of a CpG island in Foxp3. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1918–1925, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of iron‐loaded TiO2‐supported montmorillonite catalysts: β‐Naphthol degradation under UV‐A irradiation
Authors: Ökte A. Neren , Tuncel Duygu , Pekcan A.Hazal , Özden Taner
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

In this study, a ternary system was synthesized by Fe loading on TiO2‐supported montmorillonite catalysts (Fe‐TiO2‐MMT) and characterized by various means. The catalytic activities of the supported catalysts were examined in the presence of β‐Naphthol molecule under UV‐A irradiation.

RESULTS

The in situ growth of TiO2 nanoparticles and Fe species on the MMT surface varied the morphology of the raw clay. The supported catalysts exhibited higher surface areas, pore volumes and extended absorption profiles through longer wavelengths. The mesoporous structures of the supported catalysts improved their dark adsorption capacities and degradation abilities. The mixed valence existence of Fe enhanced the electron transfer reactions in the catalytic runs. Kinetics was controlled by following a Langmuir–Hinshelwood model.

CONCLUSION

The repeatability of the photocatalytic reactions provides an important practical advantage in the use of as‐prepared supported catalysts. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Research perspectives: The 2013 AAOS/ORS research symposium on Bone Quality and Fracture Prevention
Authors: Donnelly Eve , Lane Joseph M. , Boskey Adele L.
Published: April 2014

Bone fracture resistance is determined by the amount of bone present (“bone quantity”) and by a number of other geometric and material factors grouped under the term “bone quality.” In May 2013, a workshop was convened among a group of clinicians and basic science investigators to review the current state of the art in Bone Quality and Fracture Prevention and to make recommendations for future directions for research. The AAOS/ORS/OREF workshop was attended by 64 participants, including two representatives of the National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and 13 new investigators whose posters stimulated additional interest. A key outcome of the workshop was a set of recommendations regarding clinically relevant aspects of both bone quality and quantity that clinicians can use to inform decisions about patient care and management. The common theme of these recommendations was the need for more education of clinicians in areas of bone quality and for basic science studies to address specific topics of pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of altered bone quality. In this report, the organizers with the assistance of the speakers and other attendees highlight the major findings of the meeting that justify the recommendations and needs for this field. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:855–864, 2014.
Impact of nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE packaging on quality of fresh‐cut sugarcane
Authors: Luo Zisheng , Wang Yansheng , Wang Haohui , Feng Simin
Published: April 2014

BACKGROUND

In order to evaluate the effects of nano‐CaCO3‐based low density polyethylene (nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE) packaging on the quality of fresh‐cut sugarcane, concentrations of O2 and CO2 within the packages, overall visual quality (OVQ), total bacterial count (TBC), yeast and mould count (YMC), reducing sugar content and total phenolic content, respiration, ethylene production, and the activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) were examined during storage at 10 °C for 5 days.

RESULTS

The transmission rate of O2 and CO2 of the nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE material was lower than that of LDPE, which lead to the more rapid formation of gas environment with low O2 and high CO2 concentration in the package. TBC and YMC counts of fresh‐cut sugarcane were significantly retarded by nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE packaging. Nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE packaging fresh‐cut sugarcane exhibited significantly lower activities of PAL, PPO, POD AI and NI than LDPE packaging fresh‐cut sugarcanes during the storage. Meanwhile, nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE packaging significantly inhibited the increase of browning index and total phenolic content, while improving OVQ.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that nano‐CaCO3‐LDPE packaging together with the cold storage is a promising approach in inhibiting browning and maintaining quality of fresh‐cut sugarcane. [[ArtCopyrightmsg]]
Impact of overexpression of Sushi repeat‐containing protein X‐linked 2 gene on outcomes of gastric cancer
Authors: Yamada Takanobu , Oshima Takashi , Yoshihara Kazue , Sato Tsutomu , Nozaki Akito , Shiozawa Manabu , Ota Mitsuyoshi , Yoshikawa Takaki , Akaike Makoto , Numata Kazushi , Rino Yasushi , Kunisaki Chikara , Tanaka Katsuaki , Imada Toshio , Masuda Munetaka
Published: April 2014

Background and Objectives

Sushi repeat‐containing protein X‐linked 2 (SRPX2) was first described as a downstream target gene for E2A‐HLA, which causes pro‐B acute leukemia. SRPX2 is considered to promote cellular migration and adhesion in cancers. Our objective was to evaluate the relative expression of the SRPX2 gene and to determine whether such expression correlates with outcomes in patients with gastric cancer.

Methods

Surgical specimens of cancer tissue and adjacent normal mucosa obtained from 227 patients with previously untreated gastric cancer were examined. SRPX2 mRNA expression levels of cancer tissue and adjacent normal mucosa were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. We evaluated the clinicopathological significance of the relative expression of SRPX2 in patients with gastric cancer.

Results

SRPX2 expression was higher in cancer tissue than in adjacent normal mucosa (P < 0.001). On analysis of the relations between gene expression and clinicopathological factors, SRPX2 expression correlated with tumor size and distant metastasis. Overall survival was significantly lower in patients whose tumors had high SRPX2 expression than in those who had low SRPX2 expression (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that high SRPX2 expression was an independent predictor of survival (HR = 2.028, 95% CI = 1.265–3.251).

Conclusions

SRPX2 expression was significantly higher in gastric cancer tissue than in adjacent normal mucosa, and overexpression of the SRPX2 gene is considered a useful independent predictor of outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:836–840. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct laser writing of symmetry‐broken spiral tapers for polarization‐insensitive three‐dimensional plasmonic focusing
Authors: Li Jiafang , Mu Jiajia , Wang Benli , Ding Wei , Liu Ju , Guo Honglian , Li Wuxia , Gu Changzhi , Li Zhi‐Yuan
Published: April 2014

Plasmonic focusing with metallic probes has attracted extensive studies due to its successful applications in advanced technologies such as near‐field scanning optical microscopy and tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Here the fabrication and characterization of a unique spiral metallic taper with polarization‐insensitive three‐dimensional (3D) plasmonic focusing properties are reported. Metallic probes with spiral corrugations are readily fabricated along the surfaces of the conical structures with a 3D direct laser writing method followed by a metal deposition process. With the broken structural symmetry induced by the spiral corrugations, plasmonic focusing is demonstrated under excitation of linearly polarized light with different polarization directions. Moreover, apertures with various sizes can be flexibly introduced at the apex of the conical probe structures with direct fabrication, which enables the observation of scattered light from waveguide modes, cutoff of waveguide modes and scattering from surfaces plasmons, respectively. The studies provide a novel methodology of design, realization, and application of 3D plasmonic focusing structures.
The effect of bumetanide on photodynamic therapy‐induced peri‐tumor edema of C6 glioma xenografts
Authors: Zhang Xufeng , Cong Damin , Shen Dawei , Gao Xin , Chen Lei , Hu Shaoshan
Published: April 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bumetanide on peri‐tumor edema caused by photodynamic therapy (PDT) of intraparenchymal C6 glioma xenografts.

Methods

Seven days after inoculation with C6 cells, rats with MRI‐confirmed glioma received hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME)‐mediated PDT, injection of bumetanide or a combination of the two treatments. After treatment, tumor volume, tumor weight, brain water content, microvessel density, expression of NKCC‐1, Zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), and animal survival time were examined.

Results

In the PDT group, tumor growth was significantly inhibited and survival prolonged. Bumetanide enhanced the efficacy of PDT and reduced PDT‐induced peri‐tumor edema in the combined PDT + bumetanide treatment group where NKCC‐1 expression in response to PDT was significantly suppressed. ZO‐1 expression was significantly suppressed in the PDT‐only group. This suppression was not observed in the combined PDT + bumetanide treatment group.

Conclusion

PDT, in combination with bumetanide was seen to significantly inhibit the growth of C6 glioma, relieve peri‐tumor edema caused by PDT alone and prolong survival. These results suggest that PDT, in combination with bumetanide, may be a useful and promising strategy in the treatment of human glioma. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:422–430, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The asymptotic behavior of the linear transmission problem in viscoelasticity
Authors: Alves Margareth , Rivera Jaime Muñoz , Sepúlveda Mauricio , Villagrán Octavio Vera , Garay María Zegarra
Published: April 2014

We consider a transmission problem with localized Kelvin‐Voigt viscoelastic damping. Our main result is to show that the corresponding semigroup is not exponentially stable, but the solution of the system decays polynomially to zero as when the initial data are taken over the domain Moreover, we prove that this rate of decay is optimal. Finally, using a second order scheme that ensures the decay of energy (Newmark‐β method), we give some numerical examples which demonstrate this polynomial asymptotic behavior.
On unique continuation for Schrödinger operators of fractional and higher orders
Authors: Seo Ihyeok
Published: April 2014

In this note we study the property of unique continuation for solutions of , where V is in a function class of potentials including for . In particular, when , our result gives a unique continuation theorem for the fractional Schrödinger operator in the full range of α values.
Advances in Star‐Shaped π‐Conjugated Systems: Properties and Applications
Authors: Jarosz Tomasz , Lapkowski Mieczyslaw , Ledwon Przemyslaw
Published: April 2014

Until recently π‐conjugated organic materials are based mainly on linear systems. Recent years, however, have brought about increasing interest in molecules boasting a dendritic, branched, or star‐shaped architecture. This tendency is a direct result of the ongoing search for materials with progressively better properties. Such compounds, featuring novel, 3D architectures, exhibit a multitude of interesting qualities, making them stand out from well‐known materials. The direction of star‐shaped compound application is determined by whether they are able to form aggregates, π‐stacks. This feature is a source of some astounding properties, coveted in numerous applications. Among this class of compounds high charge mobility, high fluorescence efficiency, and good charge separation are all found. Depending on the structure of the core, the molecule may adopt various types of symmetry. Similarly, the conjugation of orbitals may extend over the whole structure or be interrupted at chosen segments. The number of papers pertaining to star‐shaped oligomers and polymers is ascending with each year, evidencing a growing interest in them. Consequently, this Review focuses particularly on the most recent reports concerning modification of the structure and properties of the aforementioned type of compounds, as well as on the development of devices based on them.

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pH‐Induced Inversion of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions to Oil‐in‐Water High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIPEs) Using Core Cross‐Linked Star (CCS) Polymer as Interfacial Stabilizer
Authors: Chen Qijing , Deng Xiaoyong , An Zesheng
Published: April 2014

A pH‐responsive core cross‐linked star (CCS) polymer containing poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) arms was used as an interfacial stabilizer for emulsions containing toluene (80 v%) and water (20 v%). In the pH range of 12.1‐9.3, ordinary water‐in‐oil emulsions were formed. Intermediate multiple emulsions of oil‐in‐water‐in‐oil and water‐in‐oil‐in‐water were formed at pH 8.6 and 7.5, respectively. Further lowering the pH resulted in the formation of gelled high internal phase emulsions of oil‐in‐water type in the pH range of 6.4‐0.6. The emulsion behavior was correlated with interfacial tension, conductivity and configuration of the CCS polymer at different pH.

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Stretchable Gas Barrier Achieved with Partially Hydrogen‐Bonded Multilayer Nanocoating
Authors: Holder Kevin M. , Spears Benjamin R. , Huff Molly E. , Priolo Morgan A. , Harth Eva , Grunlan Jaime C.
Published: April 2014

Super gas barrier nanocoatings are recently demonstrated by combining polyelectrolytes and clay nanoplatelets with layer‐by‐layer deposition. These nanobrick wall thin films match or exceed the gas barrier of SiOx and metallized films, but they are relatively stiff and lose barrier with significant stretching (≥10% strain). In an effort to impart stretchability, hydrogen‐bonding polyglycidol (PGD) layers are added to an electrostatically bonded thin film assembly of polyethylenimine (PEI) and montmorillonite (MMT) clay. The oxygen transmission rate of a 125‐nm thick PEI‐MMT film increases more than 40x after being stretched 10%, while PGD‐PEI‐MMT trilayers of the same thickness maintain its gas barrier. This stretchable trilayer system has an OTR three times lower than the PEI‐MMT bilayer system after stretching. This report marks the first stretchable high gas barrier thin film, which is potentially useful for applications that require pressurized elastomers.

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