bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
344 Effects of blended microbial feed additives on receiving cattle performance and health
Authors: VanDerWal Allison , Zeltwanger Josh , Compart Devan Paulus , DiCostanzo Alfredo
Published: July 2019

Weaning and transit negatively affects DMI of newly received cattle. Restoring DMI is imperative to ensure rapid recovery and adequate response to immunological challenges. Eubiotics have the potential to increase DMI. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding a pre- and probiotic blend or a DFM-prebiotic blend on health and performance response by newly received crossbred cattle. Ninety-two Angus crossbred (Ranch 1) steers (n = 60; average BW 271 + 11 kg) and heifers (n = 32; Average BW 245 + 15 kg) and 89 Red Angus crossbred (Ranch 2) steers (average BW 264 + 11 kg), weaned immediately before trucking 1,520 km to the feedlot, were randomly allocated (5 to 7 hd/pen) within ranch and sex to one of 15 pens in each of two (north or south side) locations within a deep bedded confindment barn. Cattle were fed once daily for 49 d, orts were collected and weighed prior to feeding. Additives were incorporated daily into the total mixed ration as a premix using dried distillers grains. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pen and sex as random effects. Morbidity data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. By day 7, cattle fed either additive tended (P < 0.10) to have greater DMI; this effect did not persist past 7 d. Cattle fed either microbial blend had heavier BW and ADG (P < 0.003) at day 28 and 49, which led to greater feed conversion efficiency (P < 0.03). Fewer (P = 0.001) cattle fed microbial blends were treated for BRD. Feeding either the prebiotic/probiotic blend or a DFM-prebiotic blend reduced morbidity and improved cattle performance during a 49-d receiving period.
370 Predicting nitrogen and phosphorous flows in beef open lots
Authors: Homolka Megan , Erickson Galen E , Koelsch Richard
Published: July 2019

This research summarizes a large existing data base collected over fifteen years to examine origin and fate of nitrogen and phosphorous in an open lot beef system, as impacted by seasonal changes, diets, and management practices. Data from 15 winter trials, including 200 pens, and 15 summer trials, including 216 pens were reviewed for nutrient mass balance, which was then used to determine the correlations of season, diet, and management with nitrogen and phosphorous intake, retention, manure harvested, loss, and runoff. All relationships were evaluated using linear regression SAS. Results suggested N in harvested manure for winter and summer averaged 90 and 51 g/steer daily, respectively (compared to ASABE standard of 88.5) and P harvested in manure for winter and summer averaged 26 and 17.7 g/steer daily, respectively (compared to ASABE standard of 37.5). Results of this summary show that the amount of nitrogen lost and retained in the manure is correlated to season (winter versus summer feeding period). Nitrogen in the manure (R2=0.21) and amount lost (R2=0.65) correlations with N intake in the summer were greater compared to winter (R2=0.06) and (R2=0.22). There is a greater correlation of phosphorous intake with amount harvested in manure (R2=0.32) in the winter versus the summer (R2=0.19). Results of the mass balance data compared with ASABE standards suggest greater observed dietary nutrient intakes than assumed by these standards. For example, average winter and summer nitrogen intakes of 220 and 250 g/steer daily exceeds the ASABE standard of 192 g/steer daily. These unique data describe the variability of nutrient recovery and losses from beef systems—and the importance of basing standard planning estimates on dietary concentration and evolving with current practices.
PSII-23 Meat quality of Santa Inês lambs slaughtered at different backfat thickness
Authors: Ribeiro Edson Luis de A , Fernandes Jr Francisco , Constantino Camila , Grandis Fernando Augusto , Koritiaki Natália Albieri , Castro Filipe Alexandre B , Giotto Francine Mezzomo
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and meat characteristics of castrated and intact Santa Inês male lambs slaughtered at three different thicknesses of subcutaneous fat. Thirty-four lambs, approximately 3 months of age, 19.37 ± 3.73 kg of body weight were used. Four weeks prior to the experiment, half of the animals were castrated. Lambs were further divided into three groups, according to the criteria for slaughter: fat thicknesses of 1, 3 and 6 mm; measured with an ultrasound equipment. All animals received the same diet. Criteria of 1 and 3 mm were achieved after 39 and 84 days in feedlot. As the criterion of 6 mm was not attained up to 130 days of confinement, lambs were slaughtered at that time, with 4 mm of fat thickness. Fat thickness measured with a caliper on the carcasses were 0.87, 3.11 and 3.60 mm. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between sexual conditions and slaughter criteria. Average daily gain was similar (P > 0.05). Among criteria (average of 0.267 ± 0.052 kg/day). However, final body weight (29.94 ± 2.03; 40.42 ± 2.67 and 53.85 ± 2.03 kg) and feed conversion (4.17 ± 0.39; 4.71 ± 0.43 and 6.01 ± 0.39) were different (P0.05) among criteria, panelists found that lambs slaughtered with 3.6 mm of fat thickness were less (P < 0.05) desirable. Average daily gain (0.283 ± 0.013 vs 0.247 ± 0.012 kg) was greater (P < 0.05) for intact than castrated lambs; however, the meat of intact lambs was less desirable. The other traits were similar for both sexual conditions. We can conclude by the performance and meat results that it is better to slaughter Santa Inês lambs with 3 mm of fat cover, and for the best acceptability of the meat the lambs should be castrated.
PSIII-18 Standardized total tract digestibility of Ca by growing pigs in different sources of calcium carbonate and dicalcium phosphate
Authors: Lee Su A , Walk Carrie L , Stein Hans H
Published: July 2019

The objective was to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and the response to microbial phytase is constant among different sources of calcium carbonate and different sources of dicalcium phosphate (DCP). In Exp. 1, 80 pigs (19.0 ± 1.9 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to 10 diets. Four calcium carbonate-containing diets and a Ca-free diet were formulated without or with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). Feces were collected for 4 d after a 5 d adaptation period. Data were analyzed using a model that included calcium carbonate source, phytase, and the interaction between source and phytase as fixed effects and replicate as random effect. There were no interactions between phytase and source. The basal endogenous loss (BEL) of Ca from pigs fed phytase was less (P = 0.037) than from pigs fed no phytase. Values for STTD of Ca in calcium carbonate differed (P < 0.05) among the 4 sources, but increased (P < 0.05) if phytase was used (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (14.9 ± 1.3 kg) were allotted to a basal diet where all Ca was supplied by calcium carbonate, 3 diets containing calcium carbonate and DCP, and a Ca-free diet. Pigs were placed in metabolism crates and feces were collected as in Exp. 1. Data were analyzed using a model that included DCP-source as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the STTD of Ca in DCP was not different among sources. In conclusion, use of microbial phytase reduces the BEL of Ca and increases Ca digestibility in calcium carbonate, but the STTD of Ca varies among sources of calcium carbonate. However, no difference in STTD of Ca among sources of DCP were observed.
PSIV-8 Effect of selenium and superoxide dismutase supplementation on heat stressed pigs
Authors: Le Hieu H , Vidacs Eva , Phillips Deborah J , Zhao Weicheng , Furness John B , Gabler Nicholas K , Renaudeau David , Wijffels Gene , Dunshea Frank R , DiGiacomo Kristy , Roura Eugeni , Leury Brian J , Cottrell Jeremy J
Published: July 2019

Heat stress (HS) compromises efficient production of pigs, in part by increasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore the aim of this experiment was to investigate if supplementation of the anti-oxidants selenium or superoxide dismutase (SOD) could ameliorate HS in the pig. Sixty-four female Large White x Landrace pigs (av. 27.75) were acclimated one of the following diets: control (standard grower diet), selenium (Se, + 0.3 ppm organic Se), recombinant SOD (rSOD, 50 IU/d) and Se plus rSOD (SS) for 14 days under thermoneutral conditions (TN, 200C). All rSOD was administered top dressed in liquid form. Pigs were then moved to climate rooms and housed under TN or heat-stress (8 h 350C, 16h 280C/d) for 3 days and blood, urine and tissue collected for analysis terminally on d3. All data was analysed using an ANOVA with Tukeys post-hoc tests. Heat stress increased respiration rate (RR), reduced blood pCO2 and HCO3-, which coupled with a lower base excess indicated that the pigs were experiencing respiratory alkalosis. Furthermore HS increased rectal and skin temperatures, and reduced thyroid hormone (T4) concentrations, however HSP 27 and 70 concentrations were not influenced. Heat stress increased plasma adiponectin and IL-1b, reduced SOD and TNF-a, while no changes in IL-6 and leptin were observed. The effects of the anti-oxidant diets were that Se and SS increased RR, however parameters of respiratory alkalosis were not negatively influenced. The Se diet reduced T4 independently of HS. No improvement in plasma SOD was observed with the rSOD diets, but rSOD reduced adiponectin in HS pigs and both rSOD and SS reduced IL-6 overall. In conclusion a reduction in inflammatory responses were observed with the antioxidants Se and rSOD, including during HS and therefore may be a useful addition to existing amelioration strategies to ameliorate seasonal heat stress in pigs.
PSIV-3 Comparison of nursery pig feed programs with or without spray dried plasma
Authors: Crenshaw Joe D , Campbell Joy M , Polo Javier
Published: July 2019

The objective was to determine if a 3-phase feed program (CON) without spray-dried bovine plasma (SDP) using a budgeted amount of phase 1 diet (2.3 kg/pig), followed by phase 2 diet offered to d 21 post-weaning results in similar pig performance and economics compared to a 3-phase program (SDP) using 5% SDP in phase 1 diet provided d 0-14, 1.25% SDP in phase 2 diet offered d 14-21 post-weaning, with both programs using a common phase 3 diet without SDP offered d 21-48 post-weaning. Female weaned pigs (18–21 d of age; 5.02 ± 0.07 kg initial BW) were randomly allotted by BW to pens in 2 rooms to provide 23–24 pigs/pen (666 total pigs) and 14 pens/feed program. Pen data was analyzed using a randomized complete block design for effects of room and feed program using the covariance of initial BW. By d 14 pigs fed program SDP had higher (P < 0.01) ADG (159 vs 111 g/d), GF (0.85 vs 0.54), BW (7.3 vs 6.6 kg) and tended (P = 0.06) to have lower ADFI (191 vs 205 g/d) compared to CON program. By d 48 pigs fed SDP program had higher (P < 0.05) final BW (25.2 vs 24.2 kg), GF (0.60 vs 0.57) and tended (P = 0.09) to have higher ADG than CON program. Pig mortality and culls did not differ (P > 0.10) between feed programs. Assuming $4.40 kg BW, income and feed cost/pig was higher (P < 0.05) for SDP vs CON program with a value over cost advantage (P = 0.12) of $2.95/pig fed SDP. In conclusion lower cost feed programs without SDP can result in less income due to reduced final BW and GF by the end of the nursery.
PSIV-13 Basal endogenous loss, standardized total tract digestibility, and retention of Ca in sows change throughout gestation, but microbial phytase reduces basal endogenous loss of Ca by gestating sows
Authors: Lee Su A , Walk Carrie L , Stein Hans H
Published: July 2019

The objective was to test the hypothesis that standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and Ca and P retention and the response to microbial phytase in diets fed to sows are constant throughout gestation. Thirty-six sows (parity = 3.3) were allotted to 4 diets on d 7 post-breeding. Two corn-based diets in which calcium carbonate was the sole source of Ca and 2 Ca-free diets were formulated without or with phytase (500 units per kg). Sows were housed individually in metabolism crates during early-gestation, mid-gestation, and late-gestation, and feces and urine were quantitatively collected. Data were analyzed by repeated measures using a model that included phytase, period of gestation, and the interaction between phytase and period as fixed effects, and block and replicate as random effects. Interactions between period and phytase were not observed. The basal endogenous loss (BEL) of Ca was greater (P < 0.05) in early-gestation than in mid- and late-gestation, but phytase reduced (P = 0.002) BEL of Ca and tended (P = 0.099) to increase apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in the Ca-free diet. Phytase did not affect ATTD of DM, STTD of Ca, ATTD of P, or Ca and P retention in sows fed the diet containing calcium carbonate (Table 1). The ATTD of DM was not affected by period, but Ca retention and ATTD of Ca and P were least (P < 0.05) in mid-gestation, followed by early- and late-gestation, and the STTD of Ca in mid-gestation was also reduced (P < 0.05) compared with early- or late-gestation. Phosphorus retention was greater (P < 0.05) in late-gestation than in the earlier periods. In conclusion, BEL of Ca, STTD of Ca, ATTD of P, and Ca and P retention in sows change throughout gestation regardless of use of phytase.

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PSIV-17 Effect of a 1-monoglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride of butyric-, caproic- and caprilic acid, C. butyricum probiotic and avilamycin on performance on pigs challenged with Salmonella
Authors: Coelho Michael , Ader Peter
Published: July 2019

This study examined the effect of 1-monoglycerides and 1,2-diglycerides of butyric-, caproic- and caprylic acid (SILOHealth™ 104L [monoglycerides]), 2.5*105 CFU/g, Clostridium butyricum probiotic (probiotic) and avilamycin on grow-fin performance of day 5 Salmonella (S. enterica) challenged pigs fed corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. A total of 96, Choice Genetics CG32, male pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (3 pig/pen x 4 treatments x 8 replications). Pigs were orally dosed with 5x105 CFU/g, Salmonella enterica at day 5 (Se) of trial start. The treatment groups were: NC= Se; T1=NC + 80 ppm avilamycin. T2=NC+ 3 kg/MT monoglycerides, T3=NC+ 5 kg/MT monoglycerides, T4= 0.5 kg/MT probiotic and T5= 1.0 kg/MT probiotic. P < 0.05 was used to determine the level of significance. Least significant difference was used to compare means of treatment groups. T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 increased ADG versus NC at d28 (663, 868, 738, 834, 718 and 798 g, P < 0.05) and d77 (910, 1093, 1032, 1073, 966 and 1004 g, P < 0.05), decreased FCR at d77 (2.84, 2.73, 2.81, 2.75, 2.81 and 2.74, P < 0.05), and decreased fecal Salmonella, log 10 of CFU/g, at d77 (3.64, 2.13, 2.89, 2.66, 2.99 and 2.69, P < 0.05). Five kg of monoglycerides and 1.0 kg of probiotic performance, mortality and fecal Salmonella, log 10, were not significantly different than avilamycin at P < 0.05. In conclusion, the use of 1-monoglycerides and 1,2-diglycerides of butyric-, caproic- and caprylic acid and clostridium butyricum probiotic improved ADG, reduced FCR and reduced fecal Salmonella, log 10, at day 70 and were not significant different (P < 0.05) than avilamycin.
PSIV-18 Effect of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function
Authors: Mille Carson De , Helm Emma T , Loving Crystal L , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: July 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline (CTC) and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs (4.51 ± 0.21 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 21 d (n = 8/treatment): 1) Control diet (NC), 2) NC + Zinc oxide at 3000 ppm for 7 d followed by 2000 ppm for 14 d (ZnO), and 3) NC + 40 ppm CTC for 21 d (sCTC). Pig ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. At d 21, all pigs were euthanized for tissue collection. Jejunum and ileum ex vivo transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecule (FD4) flux, and active glucose and glutamine transport were assessed in modified Ussing Chambers. Additionally, jejunum brush border enzyme and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were determined. Morphology and T-cell abundance were determined in all ileum sections by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Compared to the NC, sCTC and ZnO increased ADG (0.14, 0.20 and 0.23 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.020). Overall ADFI was increased by 150% due to sCTC compared to the NC and ZnO pigs (P < 0.05). G:F was increased due to ZnO and sCTC compared to the NC (0.82, 0.63 and 0.47, respectively, P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum ex vivo function and integrity did not differ. Ileal villus height was increased in the NC compared to sCTC treatment (P < 0.01), but not different from the ZnO treatment. In the ileum, total T-cell number per unit area was significantly lower in the ZnO segments compared to sCTC and NC (0.95, 2.29 and 2.59 count per μm2, respectively, P = 0.05). These data indicate that ZnO and sCTC improved pig performance but did not directly alter small intestinal integrity and function. However, mucosal T cell abundance was altered.
PSIV-23 A strong correlation between mini and commercial pigs in phosphorus digestibility of feed ingredients
Authors: Jo Hyunwoong , Kim Beob G
Published: July 2019

The objectives were to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating ATTD and STTD of P in feed ingredients for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Twelve 13-week-old commercial pigs (42.8 ± 4.4 kg BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and twelve 33-week-old mini pigs (66.8 ± 9.3 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were allotted to a replicated 6 × 5 incomplete Latin square design, respectively, and the pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates. Five diets were prepared to contain soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten feed (CGF), copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM), and sesame expellers (SEP) as the sole source of P. A P-free diet was formulated to estimate basal endogenous losses of P. The ATTD of P in SBM, CGF, CM, PKE, and SEP were 22.7, 23.5, 34.9, 37.6, and 8.3% in mini pigs and 30.6, 29.5, 57.3, 45.9, and 19.7% in commercial pigs. The STTD P of SBM, CGF, CM, PKE, and SEP were 41.5, 39.8, 60.0, 64.4, and 22.3% in mini pigs, and 40.9, 35.3, 71.4, 60.5, and 27.4% in commercial pigs. The mini pigs and commercial pigs showed a strong positive correlation for both ATTD (r = 0.91) and STTD P (r = 0.94). Prediction equations for ATTD and STTD of P of commercial pigs were developed: ATTD of P (%) = (1.159 × ATTD of P in mini pigs) + 7.17 with r2 = 0.82 and P < 0.05; STTD of P (%) = (0.9882 × STTD of P in mini pigs) + 2.64 with r2 = 0.88 and P < 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating P digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.
PSV-9 Effects of insoluble fiber source (cellulose or distillers dried grains with solubles) on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Allerson Matt W
Published: July 2019

A total of 3,171 pigs (PIC 327×L42; initially 5.8 kg) were used in a 39-d study. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 0 or 1% cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI) and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 5% in phase 1 and 0 or 15% in phase 2). Dietary phases 1 and 2 were offered from d 0 to 10 and 10 to 25, respectively. From d 25 to 39, pigs received a common diet with 25% DDGS. Pens were blocked by weight and allotted to treatments in a randomized complete block design. Experimental unit was two pens (66 pigs) sharing a fence-line feeder with 12 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with block as random effect. From d 0 to 25 and d 0 to 39, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between cellulose and DDGS for ADG. Pigs fed diets with both DDGS and cellulose had lower ADG than those fed diets without DDGS, with pigs fed diets with DDGS without the addition of cellulose being intermediate. From d 25 to 39, there was a tendency (P = 0.080) for an interaction for ADFI. Pigs previously fed diets without DDGS and with cellulose had higher ADFI than those fed diets with DDGS and cellulose, and pigs previously fed diets without cellulose had similar ADFI regardless of DDGS inclusion. There was a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.070) for pig removals. Adding cellulose to diets without DDGS numerically decreased pig removals, but the inclusion of cellulose to diets with DDGS resulted in increased pig removals. In summary, adding fiber to the diet as cellulose or DDGS resulted in a less pig removals; however, adding both cellulose and DDGS decreased ADG and ADFI.
PSV-12 Effects of increasing iron dosage in newborn pigs on preweaning performance and hematological criteria
Authors: Williams Hayden E , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Holtcamp Andrew
Published: July 2019

Newborn pigs (n = 336; 1.7 kg BW) were used in a 21-d study evaluating the effects of increasing injectable Fe on preweaning pig performance and blood Fe status. A total of 28 litters were used and at processing (d 3 after farrowing) all piglets were weighed and six barrows and six gilts/litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a CRD. Treatments consisted of a negative control receiving no Fe injection and increasing injectable Fe (Gleptoforte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) to achieve 50, 100, 150, 200-mg, or 200-mg plus a 100-mg injection on d 11 post-farrowing. Piglets were weighed and bled on d 3, 11, and 21 of age to determine growth performance and blood Fe status. Preweaned pig growth data and hematological criteria were evaluated using individual pig as the experimental unit with hematological criteria analyzed as a repeated measure. Increasing injectable Fe up to 100-mg improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) ADG and d 21 BW with no further improvement thereafter (Table 1).There were no evidence of differences (P > 0.10) between the 200-mg and 200 + 100-mg treatments for growth. Significant treatment×day interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct). The interactions were the result of decreased values for pigs receiving no Fe injection or an Fe injection of 100-mg or less, while pigs receiving an Fe injection greater than 100-mg had increased values at d 21. Pigs receiving the 200 + 100-mg treatment had increased (P < 0.05) Hgb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving a single 200-mg Fe injection on d 21. Results suggest that a 100-mg Fe injection is sufficient for growth performance during the preweaning phase, but an Fe injection greater than 100-mg is needed to maximize blood criteria. An extra 100-mg Fe injection at d 11 did not influence growth performance but does increase Hgb and Hct at weaning.
PSVI-12 Evaluation of amino acid digestibility in several feed ingredients fed to growing pigs
Authors: Hu Qiong , van de Ligt Chris , Paton Neil
Published: July 2019

This experiment aimed to determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in common feed ingredients fed to pigs: two sources of soybean meal, two sources of high-fat rice bran, one wheat middlings and one wheat. Six diets were formulated containing one of the above ingredients as the only source of protein and AA. An N-free diet was formulated to assess basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was used in diets as an indigestible marker. Eight barrows (BW: 35.2 ± 1.9 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were randomly allotted to an 8 x 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and 8 periods. A standard grower diet was used as the eighth diet. Pigs were fed for eight 7-d periods and ileal digesta was collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. Results showed that SID of CP between the two soybean meals (87.2 ± 8.1% vs 88.4 ± 5.7%) and two high-fat rice brans (77.1 ± 4.9% vs 75.8 ± 7.6%) were not different. Averages of SID for CP in wheat middlings and wheat were 63.1 ± 8.3% and 91.2 ± 3.3%, respectively. Differences were detected (P < 0.01) for AID and SID of indispensable AA between the two high-fat rice brans, but not the two soybean meals. The AID and SID of dispensable AA except Glu and Pro were different (P < 0.05) between the two high-fat rice brans. The SID of indispensable AA ranged from 50.1% for Lys to 72.8 % for Met in wheat middlings, and from 81.0% for Lys to 89.4% for Met in wheat. In conclusion, the AID and SID of CP and AA in soybean meals were similar, but differed between the two high-fat rice brans.
PSII-19 Social structures, social ties, and development of tail biting in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Johnston Lee J
Published: July 2019

The association between social structure and development of tail biting was evaluated in this study. Pigs with intact tails (n = 96, initial weight = 25.0 ± 3.0 kg) were assigned to treatment based on their litter origin: littermates, non-littermates, and half-group littermates (4 pigs per litter). Four pens (8 pigs/pen) of each litter origin treatment were studied for 14 weeks. Tail injury was assessed weekly. Pigs with visible blood were considered victims of tail-biting. Behavior of pigs was video-recorded between 0900h and 1500h at 4-week intervals starting one week after study initiation. Video-recordings were viewed continuously to identify tail-biting events and tail biters in each pen. A pig that bit the tail of another pig causing reactions of the recipient was identified as a tail-biter. Pigs that were neither biters nor victims were classified as “others”. For social network analysis, video-recordings were scanned at 10-min intervals to register pigs that were lying together (1) or not (0) in binary matrices. Half weight association index was used for social network construction. Social network analysis was performed using the UCINET software. Litter origin treatment did not affect growth performance. Fifty nine percent of the littermate treatment (Chi-square = 11.6; P = 0.02), 34% of the half-group littermate treatment, and 22% of the non-littermate treatment were identified as victims. Littermate treatment had lower network density (Table 1) and fewer social ties than the non-littermate treatment, indicating that littermates were less socially connected with each other at the pen level. At the dyad level, the littermate treatment formed more social ties between biters and victims, and fewer ties between victims and others than non-littermates (Table 1). These results suggest that more social ties between biters and victims, and fewer social ties between victims and others may predispose littermates to development of tail biting.
PSVI-8 Evaluation of National 4-H Hippology and Livestock Skillathon Contests
Authors: Tomoson Savanna , Nold Rosemarie , Bertolini Katherine
Published: July 2019

Youth enrolled in 4-H can participate in livestock skillathon and hippology contests to increase knowledge and leadership skills. Our objectives were to determine how contest involvement impacts youths’ content knowledge, 21st century skills, and plans following high school. Participants were selected from 2017 National 4-H Livestock Skillathon (LS) and 2018 Western National 4-H Roundup Hippology Contests (HP). Respondents (HP n = 17, LS n = 33) completed a survey consisting of binary and Likert scale questions to assess impact on post-high school plans, 21st century skill development and content knowledge gain. Two focus groups (HP n = 2, LS n = 5) were also asked 12 questions, with responses recorded by video and scribe, then transcribed and coded using axial codes. The HP contestants gained knowledge (signed rank t test; P < .05) in nutrition (gain of 1.6 on Likert scale of 1-5), visual judging (.9), equipment (.8), reproduction (1.3), and anatomy (1.3). The LS contestants gained knowledge in nutrition (.9), performance evaluation (.9), meat evaluation (1.4), equipment (1.2), breeds (1.2), quality assurance (1.0), and hay and wool judging (1.8). No significant difference (Wilcoxson rank sum test; P > .05) in development of 21st century skills between HP and LS was observed. Similarly, there was no significant difference between contests in knowledge gained in the common areas, nutrition, equipment, and breeds. For both contests, frequency of 4 and 5 responses on the Likert scale was >80% for teamwork, >60% for public speaking and leadership, and >70% for work ethic, responsibility, and ability to understand complex information. Focus group participants valued these contests for developing career and academic preparatory skills. Participation in 4-H Livestock Skillathon and Hippology contests resulted in significant knowledge increases in content areas. No difference was observed between contests on impact of 21st century skill development or youths’ career plans following high school.
PSI-23 Injectable Trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) on milk yield performance after an aflatoxin challenge in multiparous Holstein cows
Authors: Nye Juliette
Published: July 2019

The project involved a randomized complete block design study assessing the effect of a commercially available mineral supplement on Holstein cow milk production after a mycotoxin challenge using Aflatoxin B1. 63 multiparous Holstein cows were used in the study, housed in tie stall barns, with 21 cows per period in each of three, 63 day periods. Milk yield was taken three times daily over the experimental period, and the total amount of milk produced over the experimental time period was assessed both before and after the Aflatoxin challenge. Composite milk samples from 2 days in the last week were analyzed for contents of fat, true protein, urea nitrogen content, lactose, total solids, and somatic cell count. The decreased number of positive SNAP tests in Treatment Period 3 (12.19 average positive SNAP tests) with the use of a mineral supplement after the aflatoxin challenge in comparison to Treatment Period 2 (12.95 average positive SNAP tests) in which there was no mineral supplement used, it can be concluded that the use of a mineral supplement is effective at reducing Aflatoxin content in milk yield.
PSI-20 Effects of management system on heifer growth performance and fescue toxicity
Authors: Olander Laura C , Henley Parker A , Ireland Frank A , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W
Published: July 2019

The objective was to determine the effects of beef heifer management system on growth performance and fescue toxicity. Fall-born Angus × Simmental heifers (n = 199; BW = 229 ± 24 kg] were stratified by BW into 12 groups and groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: dry-lot developed (DL); grazing endophyte-infected fescue supplemented with 2.3 kg dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean hulls per heifer daily (GF); grazing endophyte-infected fescue supplemented with 4.5 kg DDGS and soybean hulls per heifer daily from the midpoint of experimental period until breeding (GFLate); and grazing novel endophyte-infected fescue (GNF). The DL heifers were ad-lib fed a diet consisting of 70% hay and 30% DDGS. Experiment began in May and ended at time of AI. There was a treatment × time interaction (P < 0.01) for BW, BCS, HCS, and RR. There were no BW differences (P = 0.99) at trial initiation; however, on d 28, 56, 84, 112, and 148, DL heifers had greatest (P < 0.01) BW, with GF intermediate, and GFLate and GNF having the lightest BW. There were no BCS differences (P = 0.42) at trial initiation; however, on d 56 and 84, DL heifers had greatest (P < 0.01) BCS, with GF intermediate, and GFLate and GNF the lowest. On d 148, DL heifers had greater (P < 0.01) BCS than GF, GFLate, and GNF which were not different from each other. There were no HCS differences (P = 0.51) at trial initiation; however, on d 28, 84,112, and 148, GFLate had the greatest (P ≤ 0.03) HCS. For RR, DL had the greatest (P < 0.01) RR on d 28; on d 56, GNF had greatest (P < 0.01) RR; and at d 112, GFLate had greatest (P < 0.01) and DL least (P < 0.01) RR. Heifer management system impacted symptoms of fescue toxicity and heifers developed in a dry lot had the greatest BW and BCS.
PSI-18 Effects of supplementing polyunsaturated fatty acids during late gestation on performance of fall-calving cows
Authors: Black Trenton L , Shao Taoqi , Ireland Frank A , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W
Published: July 2019

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementing calcium salts of PUFA or SFA + MUFA during late gestation on performance of fall-calving beef cows through calving. Mature, Simmental x Angus cows confirmed pregnant to a synchronized artificial insemination (AI) and fetal sexed were selected prior to the start of the experiment. At 200 d of gestation, cows (n = 96; BW = 603 ± 72 kg) were stratified by age, AI service sire, fetal sex and BW and allotted to 8 groups. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (4 groups per treatment): SFA + MUFA (0.155 kg of EnerGII per cow per day on a DM basis) and PUFA (0.08 kg of Strata and 0.08 kg of Prequel per cow per day on a DM basis). The SFA + MUFA supplement included palmitic and oleic acid. The PUFA supplement included eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and linoleic acid. All cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue and were supplemented 2 kg DM per cow per d of soybean hulls for 78 d during late gestation in addition to their treatment supplement. Body condition score and BW were collected at trial initiation, during supplementation, before calving, and after calving. Pen was the experimental unit and BW, BCS, and calf BW were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The BW and BCS at trial initiation, during supplementation, before calving, and after calving of the cows supplemented PUFA were not different (P ≥ 0.38) than the BW and BCS of cows supplemented SFA + MUFA. Calf birth BW from cows supplemented with PUFA were not different (P = 0.87) than calf birth BW from cows supplemented with SFA + MUFA. Supplementing cows PUFA during late gestation in fall-calving cows did not affect BW, BCS or calf birth BW.
Contraction with Unpacking: When Unpacking Leads to Lower Calorie Budgets
Authors: Jia Miaolei (Liam) , Li Xiuping , Krishna Aradhna
Published: July 2019

Consumers set a lower consumption budget when they set individual calorie budgets for constituent categories (e.g., breakfast, lunch, dinner, and snacks; categorical approach) versus when they set a total budget (overall approach). This contraction effect of unpacking a judgment is driven by motivated reasoning. Consumers are motivated to reduce calorie consumption, and this motive directs their cognitive elaboration for the budget decision to be on what to cut and how much to cut. Furthermore, the categorical (vs. overall) approach brings to mind more thoughts that are consistent with the motive to reduce consumption, which then leads to a lower calorie budget. Consistent with this explanation, the level of elaboration on reducing calorie intake—especially on occasions where overconsumption is less salient—mediates the contraction effect. In addition, the contraction effect is attenuated when the motive to reduce consumption is deactivated. Finally, while the contraction effect occurs when consumers have a motive to reduce consumption, the classic expansion effect of unpacking occurs when consumers are prompted to think about what to consume or are motivated to increase consumption. The results for calorie budgeting are shown to have downstream consequences on actual food consumption.
Greek Prehistory Through the Bronze Age
Authors: Burke Brendan
Published: July 2019

The history of archaeology of Greece as we know it today begins with prehistoric investigations that took place in the 19th century. Early excavations by Heinrich Schliemann, Arthur Evans, and Wilhelm Dörpfeld, along with Greek colleagues like Christos Tsountas, Panagiotis Stamatakis, Valerios Stais, and Antonios Keramopoulos laid the foundation for systematic, stratigraphic excavations. Research was heavily directed by ancient Greek texts, primarily the epic poems of Homer. Efforts to find archaeological truth to the legendary tales of the ancient heroes continue to be problematic, but, to a degree, early excavations revealed a rich and fascinating period of Greece’s development. Although the archaeological discoveries of Greek prehistory date to an age centuries older than Homer, the discoveries shed light on a vast, rich archaeological history, one upon which the Homeric tales were, at least partially, based. Early discoveries of prehistoric texts, especially on Crete with scripts in Hieroglyphic Minoan, Linear A (non-Greek), and Linear B (Greek), along with the enigmatic Phaistos disc, have expanded our understanding of the history of the Greek language and Greek people.
Flora and Fauna of the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Joerstad Mari
Published: July 2019

The flora and fauna of the Hebrew Bible has long fascinated scholars and lay readers alike. From illustrated volumes aimed at children, to the detailed tables and charts of archaeozoology and archaeobotany, the plants and animals of the Bible fascinate because of their many ties to daily life. What did people in ancient Israel eat? How did they garden? What wildflowers and trees grew around their homes? Which animals did they encounter in the desert? Animals and plants also feature centrally in some of the most memorable stories of the Bible: Noah’s ark, Balaam’s ass, Isaiah’s vineyard, Jonah in the belly of the fish, the Song’s lush gardens, God’s menagerie in Job—the list goes on. Because flora and fauna touch on topics historical, archaeological, literary, and symbolic, the study of the Bible’s flora and fauna is by necessity many-pronged. It requires multiple methodologies, as well as attention to a host of topics, including but not limited to law and purity regulations, agriculture and husbandry, metaphor theory, fables and parables, history of domestication, and so on. The recent growth in interest in ecological readings of the Bible has added a new, normative dimension to the study of flora and fauna in the Bible. While many early (and contemporary) studies focus on identification and classification of mentioned species in the Bible, ecological readings instead look at the quality of relationships between humans and their plants and animals, God’s relationship to non-human creatures, as well as relationships among non-human creatures. Scholars in the ecological vein often attempt either to derive ecological guidelines for present-day practice from the text or to critique the text’s lack of attention to responsible human conduct toward the natural world.
Susan Stebbing
Authors: Beaney Michael , Chapman Siobhan
Published: July 2019

L. Susan Stebbing (1885–1943) was an important figure in British philosophy between the two world wars. Converted to analytic philosophy in 1917 by G. E. Moore, she played a major role in the development of analytic philosophy in the 1930s through her contribution to the so-called Cambridge School of Philosophy, which drew its inspiration from the work of Russell, Moore, and the early Wittgenstein. She published A Modern Introduction to Logic, which can be regarded as the first textbook of analytic philosophy, in 1930, and she was the first in the Anglophone philosophical community to critically engage with logical positivism. Her ideas were central to the debates about analysis that took place in the 1930s. In her later work, addressing a more general readership, she focused increasingly on ordinary language and its everyday use. She became interested in the ways in which language can be used to persuade and potentially to manipulate opinion—by scientists, the clergy, advertisers, journalists, and politicians, among others—and saw it as a philosopher’s duty to analyze and where necessary expose such uses. Stebbing’s work has been relatively neglected since her death but can be seen as prescient of how the study of language would develop subsequently in some areas of philosophy and also of the relatively new discipline of linguistics.
Vrātyas
Authors: Harzer Edeltraud
Published: July 2019

Attempts to identify, locate, and generally clarify the name “Vrātya,” as well as their social and religious role and localization, have been made many times, but such matters have not been completely resolved. Early scholars, such as Held and Hauer, considered the Vrātyas to be part of Vedic society, though a little tentively. As no direct identification has been detected, a number of other scholars settled on the hypothesis that the Vrātyas were outside of the Vedic fold or at least on the fringes of it. The scholarly community falls roughly into two categories: one studies the Vedic ritual texts, draws on the inconsistencies and changes in the rules, and practices to reconstruct the assimilation of Vrātya practice into the śrauta ritual; the other category, although studying material that is directly labeled Vrātya—material that was recorded later than the ritual texts—considers them heterodox. In the recent research, Pontillo and colleague drawing on the work of Hauer, Heesterman, Falk, etc., concur that the Vrātyas date back to pre–Rig Vedic Indo-Āryan culture, including that from geographical locations other than South Asia. They focused on possible traces found in that culture, though there is no explicit evidence. The clearest explanation of the name “Vrā́tya,” signifying a member of a sodality, is derived from vrā́ta, “sodality,” whose leader observes a particular behavior vratá, cf. Falk 1986 (cited under General Overviews), p. 17. The Vrātyas as a sodality were identified as a warrior band, mostly on the move. When they performed a ritual session (sattra) in secret in a wilderness spot, they would approach in a crouching position, holding on to each other, as they likely could not see in the darkness of the thicket. When they got up from the sattra, they would resume their accustomed wandering. They have been compared to the Maruts, who had for their leader Rudra. An early, but not explicit, resemblance is found in the Rig Veda, where Dārbhya is named the leader. (Cf. Rig Veda 5.61.17; the name Dārbhya can be taken as a clue for the comparison.) Dārbhya/Dālbhya, known also as the king of the Pañcālas and as a leader of a raiding expedition, is found in various texts. The Vrātyas’ religious aspirations were to reconnect to the divine, having lost access. It seems that they had hope. The gods to whom they appealed were Indra, Agni, and Savitṛ.
Beavers as Agents of Landscape Change
Authors: Westbrook Cherie J.
Published: July 2019

Beavers ingeniously alter environments to suit their needs of predator protection and food access, creating widespread effects on surface waters throughout their range. Beaver are thus considered the quintessential ecosystem engineer. They “engineer” landscapes largely by building dams across low-order streams to retain water. Dam building changes a wide range of ecological, hydrologic, and geomorphic processes that transform rivers into complex wetland systems capable of supporting a diversity of aquatic and terrestrial species. Although less studied, beavers live in and can significantly impact landscape processes in large rivers, wetlands, and lakes and unexpected places like landslides, brackish deltas, and glacial discharge environments. The earliest works on beaver are from a time when beaver were very much still being trapped to supply the fashion market in Europe with pelts (c. late 1800s to early 1900s). Works from this period primarily document the natural history of beaver. Research interest in beaver waned for several decades, coincident with low beaver populations. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, researcher interest in beaver was again piqued, which led to a little over a decade of studies documenting a range of ecosystem effects of beaver. Research on beaver ecosystem engineering was reinvigorated again in the mid- to late-2000s, coincident with rewilding efforts in Europe, beaver use in stream restoration activities in the United States, and rapid spread of the exotic, invasive beaver population in Tierra del Fuego. This encyclopedia entry provides a summary of the hydrogeomorphic processes known to be beaver-mediated, as well as the state of knowledge of how beaver form stream valleys and shape wetland ecosystems. Included are brief annotations of key literature. Ecological and biogeochemical impacts of beaver ponds are extensive, but a full description of them are beyond the scope of this annotated bibliography. The topic could benefit from greater synergistic and integrative research among biologists, geomorphologists, ecologists, and hydrologists.
Sustainable Finance
Authors: Archer Matthew
Published: July 2019

Sustainable finance refers to the integration of environmental, social, and governance (or ESG) considerations in processes of financial decision-making. It includes a number of strategies and financial instruments, such as green bonds, screening, impact investing, socially responsible investing, and so on. Over the past few decades, sustainable finance has evolved from a strategy employed by ethical investors (such as religious institutions) to screen “bad” companies (arms, alcohol, and tobacco manufacturers; casinos; etc.) from their portfolios to an increasingly central part of banks’ and other financial institutions’ risk management strategies. Over the next few years, scholars and practitioners expect sustainable finance to evolve even further, becoming a strategy for investors to actively pursue new opportunities that traditional financial analyses fail to reveal or accurately value. In that sense, sustainable finance has evolved alongside corporate sustainability, shifting from a values-based focus on social responsibility to a more explicitly financial focus on long-term, strategic growth. For the purposes of this essay, sustainable finance refers to a number of trends, including impact investing, socially responsible investing, financing for sustainable development, and so on. Early analyses of sustainable finance were focused on establishing correlation between the integration of social and environmental concerns in investment decisions and the performance of those investments. More recent analyses have started trying to understand the causal relationships between impacts and investments, and between social-environmental performance and financial performance. The role of financial institutions like mutual funds and insurance companies in mitigating climate change and promoting sustainable development has become an important topic for practitioners and policymakers, as well as for academics interested in sustainable development, corporate sustainability, and a range of other issues. However, sustainable finance has remained more or less marginal within mainstream academic finance, owing in part to the idea that it does not offer anything theoretically new to study. And yet, as a number of scholars have shown, sustainable finance offers a novel lens through which to study emergent forms of risk and their interaction with each other, as well as more classic theoretical problems such as governance, performativity, and valuation. Because this is an emerging and rapidly evolving field, many of the works cited are relatively recent. A growing contingent of critical scholars, especially in economic geography and political ecology, has also formed around the notion of natural capital and the valorization/financialization of nature it engenders.