bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Āṇṭāḷ
Authors: Nagarajan Vijaya
Published: November 2018

Combining personal narrative, analytic insight, and poetics, in this chapter the author explores the parallels between the popular ninth century Tamil saint Āṇṭāḷ and the ritual of the kōlam in Tamil Nadu. The links between Āṇṭāḷ, her devotion to Vishnu, and the kōlam present a fragmented landscape of oral and written narrative, folk wisdom, and ideology. The author finds four similar themes between the story of Āṇṭāḷ and the ritual of making the kōlam: sacred time, waking up, forgiveness, and generosity. Āṇṭāḷ maintains a lively presence in the kōlam ritual even today. The author traces the possible origins of the kōlam in medieval Tamil texts.
Finding a Spanish Voice for Carmen
Authors: Christoforidis Michael
Published: November 2018

In Chapter 7, the focus returns to Spain, where Sevillian opera singer Elena Fons built on her own local heritage to create a new authenticity as Carmen, applauded throughout the Latin world. The influence of verismo in tandem with the acceptance of Carmen in Spain was to have a significant impact on Spanish composers searching for a national operatic voice, their new lyric works leading to comparison with and ambivalence toward Bizet’s opera. The chapter ends with a case study of Maria Gay, the internationally renowned Catalan opera singer who created a reading of Carmen that was both modern and Spanish, defining it as a verismo role while critically engaging with the layers of Hispanic stereotype it had accrued.
The Bible in the Twentieth-Century Anglophone World
Authors: Hutchinson Mark P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter looks at the tensions between biblical interpretation and the political, social, and cultural context of dissenting Protestant churches in the twentieth century. It notes that even a fundamental category, such as the ‘inspiration’ of Scripture, shifted across time as the nature of public debates, social and economic structures, and Western definitions of public knowledge shifted. The chapter progresses by looking at a number of examples of key figures (R. J. Campbell, Harry Emerson Fosdick, H. G. Guinness, R. A. Torrey, and R. G. McIntyre among them) who interpreted the Bible for public comment, and their relative positions as the century progressed. Popularization of biblical interpretation along the lines of old, new, and contemporary dissent, is explored through the careers of three near contemporaries: Charles Bradley ‘Chuck’ Templeton (b. 1915, Toronto, Canada), William Franklin ‘Billy’ Graham, Jr (b. 1918, North Carolina), and Oral Roberts (b. 1918, Oklahoma).
Mission, Evangelism, and Translation
Authors: Longkumer Atola
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides broad brush strokes of Christian mission in the twentieth century, highlighting the emergence of native education, translation, native elites, and nationalism. It reviews the nature of charismatic Christianity, its engagement with expansive American Christianity and the unprecedented change contingent on the expansive globalization and revolution of technology. It surveys important themes such as: the demographic shift of Christianity, the rise of religio-cultural fundamentalism, women’s empowerment, the global movement of peoples, rising socio-economic inequality and conflicts of many types. In the face of a growing moratorium on Christian foreign missions, minority world missionary agencies were forced to deal with growing grass-roots missions movements, and to hand over agency of the Christian project in many localities around the world. Rising nationalist movements, fuelled by native educational efforts, informed a turn to contextualizing theologies, in which women and the Pentecostal upsurge have played an important role.
From Reverse to Inverse to Omni-Nodal Dissenting Protestant Mission
Authors: Hutchinson Mark P.
Published: November 2018

This chapter traces the shift from unidirectional Protestant foreign missions at the beginning of the twentieth century to globalized missionary efforts at the end of the century, often fuelled by global migration patterns. These can originate in any country or culture, and end up (along relatively predicable paths dictated by rational markets in education, migration, business, and national interest) in almost any other country. The chapter compares the ‘World Missionary Conference 1910’ in Edinburgh with the 1989 ‘Global Consultation on World Evangelization’ held in Manila, as ‘bookends’ for a period of rapid change and indigenization of Christianity around the world. It points to four key vectors as determinative: the rise of short-term missional experientialism, the co-option of non-missionary globalized settings, diasporic mission, and conversion as resistance. The counter-logical global upsurge of grass-roots Christianity after Edinburgh 1910 demonstrates that people appropriating new futures start from where they are, and go to unpredictable places.
Interpretation and Audience
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: November 2018

This chapter establishes the interpretative methodology underpinning how medieval urban panegyric can be utilized. It examines the hybrid nature of the sources and the blurred lines between fiction, fact, and hyperbole encountered within many of the sources. It also demonstrates how urban panegyric should not be viewed as detached from the urban world as a result of its authors (who were often ecclesiastics) and their often conservative and formulaic language. Instead it emphasizes how many authors of these texts were embedded within urban culture and how the intertextual borrowings in their text, drawn from earlier works, were re-adapted for contemporary purposes. Thus, these works reflect valuable resources for understanding the urban experience. Moreover, this chapter suggests that panegyric had a wider audience than previously imagined as a result of rising literacy rates, changes in cultural consumption, material symbols, performance, new indicators of civic consciousness, and participation in urban government.
The Holy City
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines praise of cities through the prism of their religious virtues. It does so through the two main, but interrelated, approaches within which the medieval city was linked to the sacred. The first embedded the role of the city within wider Christian narratives about man’s salvation. It was invariably rooted in biblical and other patristic texts (particularly St Augustine’s City of God) and later connected to medieval Christian thinking on Jerusalem, the Heavenly City, and the triumph of Christianity. The second approach drilled down onto specific manifestations of the sacred character of a particular city—its patron saints, its religious buildings and shrines, its religious officials, its place within the universal Church hierarchy, and its pious citizenry.
The City of Abundance
Authors: Oldfield Paul
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines one of the most prominent themes which recur in urban panegyric: the city’s ability to generate and apply commerce and resources. This was deemed a specifically urban phenomenon and, especially from the twelfth century onwards, received the most scathing critique. But commerce stands equally as the prime example to show how alternative positive discourses could operate effectively and develop as a source of pride and identity within urban communities. This chapter then explores urban panegyric which focuses on commerce and which was linked to the so-called medieval commercial revolution. It also fits this analysis into demographic change and examines broader representations of the city as a paradise of abundant resources, enriched by trade, a fertile hinterland, and a plentiful population.
Causation in Science and the Methods of Scientific Discovery
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Some of the chief goals of science are understanding, explanation, prediction, and application in new technologies. Only if the world has some significant degree of constancy in what follows from what can these activities be conducted with any purpose. But what is the source of such predictability and how does it operate? This is a question that goes beyond science itself and inevitably requires a philosophical approach. It is argued in such terms that causation is the main foundation upon which the possibility of science rests. But what methods should we adopt in order to identify causes in science? The choice of methods will inevitably reflect what one takes causation to be, making an accurate account of causation an even more pressing matter. The enquiry concerns the correct norms for the empirical study of the world. This matters a lot. Some of the greatest challenges that we face will only be solved if we understand what has caused the problem and what, if anything, could then cause its alleviation.
Do We Need Causation in Science?
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Some claim that there is no causation to be found in the mature sciences, as Russell did in a famous and often quoted paper. Physics deals with equations, for example, which are symmetric rather than directed. Causal talk gets dismissed as primitive ‘folk’ science. However, it cannot be concluded that there is no asymmetric causation simply because a science does not represent it. We often will read an equation directionally as we know we can intervene on one variable to change another. This shows that scientific notions of experiment, intervention, and even observation presuppose the reality of causation. All three of these would be impossible if there were no causation.
Same Cause, Same Effect
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Hume gave the classic formulation of the regularity theory. The causal laws are fixed by the pattern of regularity in events. We have a conceptual constraint on the notion of causal law: the effects that laws describe must be repeatable and robust, applying at every time and place. From the same cause, therefore, we can infer the same effect. And by modus tollens, from a different effect, we infer a different cause. Apparent counterexamples can be marginalized, treated as exceptions, outliers, non-respondents, or effects of background noise or interference. This suggests that scientists accept the broadly Humean notion of causation as regularity.
What Probabilistic Causation Should Be
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Irrespective of degrees of belief, there are cases where the world itself seems to work in a probabilistic way. But there are different accounts of what this means. One view is that the facts of probability are fixed ultimately by the relative frequency of an occurrence. A propensity theory, however, says that real-world probabilistic facts are what generate any such frequencies. The latter is associated with epistemic humility: because there is no guarantee that the generated frequencies match the real facts of probability, we cannot know for sure what those probabilities are even if we know all the facts of frequency. Furthermore, the strength of a propensity cannot be probabilistically defined since the former might be doubled indefinitely while probabilities are measured on a bounded scale.
Calculating Conditional Probability?
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

When dealing with probability in causal claims, conditional reasoning seems unavoidable since we will want to know the probability of an effect, if the cause occurs. Conditional probability is typically defined in terms of the ratio of the unconditional probabilities of the elements. But when it comes to cause and effect, there are good reasons to think that this does not hold and that the conditional probability is primitive. It can be shown that a number of problematic but valid inferences from classical logic reproduce in the calculation of conditional probability if the ratio analysis is employed. The primitivist response is to take the conditional connection as unanalysable.
Learning from Causal Failure
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

There is a diminishing return to repeated confirmations, since each new instance adds less to the case for a causal theory. In such a situation, experimental failure, unexpected findings, and negative results can be what make for the bigger theoretical breakthroughs. Such results should contribute to theory development and not, as Popper urged, their outright falsification. The failure can show where a theory is to be improved or refined: it is an opportunity for the growth or new knowledge in response to a discrepancy experience. Such a norm is reflected in the non-monotonic reasoning that is useful in thinking about causation.
Getting Real about the Ideals of Science
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Science is experiencing a crisis of reproducibility, where many published experimental results fail to reproduce when repeated. This crisis can, among other interpretations, be taken as indicating some misconceptions about the nature of causation itself. Such assumptions have led us to underplay the significance of interference, preserving instead a commitment to same cause, same effect. A consequence has been a widening gap between the ideal and the real. The danger, if this gap continues to widen, is that science has less and less practical application. The crisis of reproducibility need not be taken as a failure of science in every case since it could also reflect the natural variety that can arise in a world of tendencies.
Conclusion: New Norms of Science
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Nine new norms of science are proposed, having been supported by the arguments of the book. They are the metaphysics norm, the causal norm, the norm of involvement, the tendency norm, the norm of deep understanding, the norm of negative results, the symptoms norm, the fallible norm, and the contextual norm. We began by listing some candidate default norms of science but noted that they remain contested. We have said some things that explain why this is so. Not only have we shown that some of the existing perceived norms of science lacked the support we might have thought they had, but we have also developed new arguments and conclusions. It is from these that our new norms have emerged.
The “Third Way”
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The interwar years saw the flourishing of agrarian populist ideology all over East Central Europe. However, rather than a homogeneous movement, there were several types of agrarianism, responding to local exigencies and often marked by considerable internal cleavages. The main common denominator was the doctrine of a “third way,” which usually meant a critique of both liberal Western capitalism and socialist collectivism. While the private ownership of land was unquestioned, agrarian theoreticians argued that this did not fit the logic of capitalistic production. There was no consensus, however, whether in the future these countries would eventually become industrialized or whether the international division of labor would keep them forever agrarian. Agrarian populism had many intersections with ethno-populism and the stress on the peasantry as the only “uncontaminated” social class could also have nationalistic connotations. Nevertheless, most peasant parties rejected the radical nationalism characterizing neo-conservative and extreme-rightist political camps.
The Postwar “Transition Years”
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

Debates on the postwar “transition” are symbolically linked to the year 1945, but in many cases they had already started in 1943–4 and lasted until 1948. A general feeling of rupture with the past dominated throughout East Central Europe. Symbolic geographical references underwent important change, stressing some sort of synthesis between East and West. The experience of the Holocaust resulted in reflections on the responsibility of the region’s societies for the genocide. The debates of the immediate postwar period were also concerned with the relationship of democracy and socialism, the nationalization of communism, the conflict of neo-Romantic, neoclassicist, and modernist aesthetic sensitivities, and the clash between a strict adherence to Moscow and dissenting options. The noncommunist thought of the period ranged from social democratic and Christian democratic streams to various versions of nationalism. In turn, the armed anti-communist resistance rarely went beyond devising a mobilizing rhetoric, the most important exception being the Ukrainian underground, which produced relatively developed theoretical reflection.
Law and Police as Modes of Governance
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Part I of Dual Penal State investigated various ways in which criminal law doctrine and scholarship (or “science”) have failed to address the challenge of legitimating penal power in a modern liberal democratic state. Part II explores an alternative approach to criminal law discourse that puts the legitimacy challenge of modern penal law front and center: critical analysis of criminal law in a dual penal state. Dual penal state analysis differentiates between penal law and penal police, two conceptions of penal power, and state power more generally, rooted in autonomy, equality, and interpersonal respect, on one hand, and in heteronomy, hierarchy, and patriarchal power, on the other. Chapter 3 introduces the distinction between law and police as fundamental modes of governance rooted in the beginnings of Western political history, the Greek city-state and its distinctions between (public) agora and (private) oikos, and between (subject) oikonomikos and (object) oikos.
Introduction
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

The introduction outlines the overall purpose, rationale, and contribution of the book. Its first theme is an exploration of the production, absorption, and adaption of various management knowledges within a set of English health care organizations. Since the 1980s, there has been a significant expansion of a management knowledge production and consumption system within public agencies, as well in private-sector firms. While there is now a substantial academic literature on management knowledge, we here distinctively relate preferred management knowledges found locally within health care organizations to the influence of the macro-level political economy of public services ‘reforming’. Its second theme is the analysis of the overall and national trajectory of public management reform in England in the period since the global financial crisis (2008) under the Coalition government (2010–15), which updates our own, and others’, prior work. Finally, the introduction provides signposts to the later chapters.
Case study 1
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter is the first of a set of four chapters exploring the themes of the book more empirically within particular health care organizations. This chapter analyses the bureaucratic career of a succession of national-level service improvement agencies apparent in the English health care sector since around 2000. There have also been a series of reorganizations in this domain which have consistently failed to secure a high level of autonomy; their bureaucratic career as agencies has therefore been somewhat disappointing. We also examine the types of preferred management knowledge espoused by these agencies, which absorbed and then disseminated to the health care field conventional forms of private firm related and business school produced knowledge, which has been highly influential in the latest cycle. However, there is also evidence of some interesting exceptions (public value, social movements) to this pattern which we had not expected and which complicate the assessment.
Case study 2
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyses the role of think tanks in generating a distinctive mode of policy knowledge, pragmatically orientated to inform and shape issues of importance to civil society. Drawing on political science literature, we argue that think tanks exploit niche areas of expertise and influence to actively mobilize policy analyses and recommendations across diverse stakeholders. Through our exploratory mapping of think tanks, geographically concentrated within London, we characterize their influence as significantly boosting knowledge intensity across the regional ecosystem. In particular, we study the empirical case of one London-based think tank which powerfully mobilized policy knowledge through its formal and informal networks to build influential expert consensus amongst key stakeholders. We conclude that such organizations act as key knowledge producers and mobilizers, with significant potential to influence policy discourses and implementation.
Case study 3
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

The chapter discusses management consultants and consulting knowledge in health care, highlighting significant expenditure on consultancy and how consultants have shaped thinking in public services, which some critics suggest has served consultants’ own (financial) interests. The chapter then discusses the way consultants mobilize management knowledge and frame clients’ problems and solutions. It discusses an empirical case study of a consultancy project to redesign NHS organizations to make substantial ‘efficiency savings’. Here, consultants framed the NHS’s problem and solution, and then imposed an organizational redesign. Local NHS managers and clinicians framed the NHS’s problem differently, doubting the consultants’ framing and proposing redesign, but feeling unable to engage in dialogue about these concerns. Consequently, they engaged with the project in a calculated and defensive way, superficially accepting the redesign while waiting for its implementation to fail. Thus, the chapter demonstrates framing politics surrounding management consulting knowledge.
Case study 4
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews the role and high impact of management knowledge on a specialist health care provider in the independent sector. The chapter highlights the role of the government-wide austerity programme, QIPP, in the importing of operations management. Specifically, the chapter considers the impact of the balanced scorecard in transforming the organization’s practice and financial position in a period of austerity. It begins by offering a review of the increasing private-sector involvement in the NHS, as well as the emergence of hybrid organizations and social enterprises. It then describes the history of the specialist health care provider under scrutiny in this case. Finally, the chapter reflects on the impact of formal management knowledge being complemented by a range of other sources of more experiential knowledges, for example, education and development activities, and the importance of embedded agency in achieving organizational change.
Concluding discussion
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Dopson Sue , Bennett Chris , Fischer Michael D. , Ledger Jean , McGivern Gerry
Published: November 2018

The concluding chapter further develops the overall themes explored throughout the book. We critique the evidence-based management movement empirically by suggesting its absence in a sector which should have been fertile territory for it (given the strong evidence-based medicine inheritance). We highlight instead the importance of the macro context of public services reforming (with political and ideological components) in shaping which preferred management knowledges become influential in local health care organizations. We also complement this macro-level perspective with an awareness of the role of micro-level knowledge leadership. We then bring in some academic literature on business schools (‘the Business School Business’) and consider how business schools might properly operate in this domain given their importance as management knowledge producers. Finally, we reflect on the implications of what might have changed since we completed our research, including the populist rise of an anti-expert backlash.
Academic Freedom
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the volume and to each of the individual chapters, and it is divided into three sections. In the first section, the rationale for academic freedom is discussed, focusing particularly on truth-based and justice-based arguments, as well as on the connection between academic freedom and free speech. The parameters of academic freedom are taken up in the second section, where three issues are addressed: the scope of outside threats to academic freedom, whether academic freedom protects extramural speech, and the extent to which academic freedom permits a change to research areas. In the last section, academic freedom is discussed in connection with specific issues, including silencing, microaggressions, content warnings, campus protests, civil disobedience, and no platforming.
Two Concepts of Free Speech
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: November 2018

Free speech is sometimes conceptualized as unhindered speech, sometimes as protected speech. On the first view, the protection of the law is just one of many possible means for removing hindrances to speech; on the second it is essential. Free speech is better conceptualized in the second way, albeit the first has become more popular in jurisprudence and politics. In that second conception, you cannot enjoy free speech by the gift or tolerance or indifference of others: to enjoy it is to have the robustly entrenched rights of a free speaker. That ideal fits better with traditional assumptions and has more compelling credentials. Let the right to speak be legally protected and speakers gain a publicly marked status as persons with opinions of their own; silence becomes enfranchised, so that someone’s saying nothing can say a lot; and people cannot easily duck responsibility for what they choose to say or not to say. To illustrate them with a case study, these are benefits that argue, in the context of a suitable culture, for the importance of academic freedom.
Freedom of Research Area
Authors: Weatherson Brian
Published: November 2018

Some writers have said that academic freedom should extend to giving academics complete freedom over what they choose to research. I argue against this: it is consistent with academic freedom for universities to hire people to research particular subjects, and to make continued employment conditional on at least some of the academic’s research being in the areas they were hired to work in. In practice, many academics think that their fellow academics should be free to choose to work on anything that’s within the disciplinary boundaries of the department they were hired into. I argue that’s both too narrow and too broad. Academic freedom implies that researchers should be allowed to have their research focus drift over time. But the boundaries of permissible drift do not correspond to anything like the boundaries of contemporary academic departments.
Natural Resources and Human Rights
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie
Published: November 2018

The management of natural resources is linked to broad issues of economic development, as well as to political stability, peace, and security, but it is also intimately connected to the political, economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and communities relying on these resources. Bad management of natural resources often leads to ill-planned development, misappropriation of land, corruption, bad governance, misaligned budget priorities, lack of strong institutional reforms, and weak policies coupled with a continued denial of human rights of local communities. This book analyses in details the connections that exist between the management of natural resources and human rights, offering a new innovative human rights-based approach to natural resources management. To do it offers a comprehensive analysis of the different norms, procedures, and approaches developed under human rights law that are relevant to the management of natural resources. Advocating for a less market and corporate approach to the control, ownership, and management of natural resources, this book supports the development of holistic and coherent integration of human rights law in the overall international legal framework governing the management of natural resources.
The Epistemology of Essence
Authors: Tahko Tuomas E.
Published: November 2018

The epistemology of essence is a topic that has received relatively little attention, although there are signs that this is changing. The lack of literature engaging directly with the topic is probably partly due to the mystery surrounding the notion of essence itself, and partly due to the sheer difficulty of developing a plausible epistemology. The need for such an account is clear especially for those, like E. J. Lowe, who are committed to a broadly Aristotelian conception of essence, whereby essence plays an important theoretical role. In this chapter, our epistemic access to essence is examined in terms of the a posteriori vs. a priori distinction. The two main accounts to be contrasted are those of David S. Oderberg and E. J. Lowe.
Essence and Necessity
Authors: Corradini Antonella
Published: November 2018

In this chapter I try to show what an ontology for normative nonnaturalism could look like. Firstly, I inquire into the modal nature of the supervenience relation within a normative nonnaturalist framework. I surmise that the necessity preceding a strong normative supervenience relation is neither analytical nor nomological, but metaphysical. Borrowing from E. J. Lowe’s essentialist theory of necessity I argue that among the metaphysical determinations of an object’s essence there is also the property of possessing a certain telic structure. Secondly, I analyze the normative constitution relation, whose function is to identify what grounds supervenience. This analysis highlights the fact that end-directedness is a component of constitution along with descriptive properties. Thirdly, I show that supervenience follows from constitution and that the supervenience relation between descriptive and normative properties is obtained by means of the constitution analysis of the telic structure of the object displaying such properties.
The Ontology of E. J. Lowe’s Substance Dualism
Authors: Carruth Alexander , Gibb Sophie
Published: November 2018

E. J. Lowe’s model of psychophysical causation offers a way of reconciling interactive substance dualism with the causal completeness principle by denying the homogeneity of the causal relata—more specifically, by invoking a distinction between ‘fact causation’ and ‘event causation’. According to Lowe, purely physical causation is event causation, whereas psychophysical causation involves fact causation, allowing the dualist to accept a version of causal completeness which holds that all physical events have only physical causes. But Lowe’s dualist model is only as plausible as the distinction between fact and event causation upon which it rests. In this chapter it is argued that a suitable distinction between fact and event causation is difficult to maintain within most common ontological systems. It is examined whether accepting the four-category ontology that Lowe defends can alleviate the problem, but it is argued that it is not clear that it can.
Simone Weil’s Uprooted
Authors: Stonebridge Lyndsey
Published: November 2018

For Simone Weil, deracination was the tragic condition of modern times, affecting not only refugees and the dispossessed, but all who capitalism and colonialism had torn from their roots. This chapter turns to her last works to connect her work on rootlessness to Weil’s critique of human rights. ‘To place the notion of rights at the centre of social conflicts is to inhibit any possible impulse of charity on both sides,’ she wrote. Rights are there to be fought for, contracted, defended; as such, they have served the same forces of expansion and domination that, as she demonstrated in her sublime wartime reading of the Iliad, relentlessly transform the living into ‘things’. Nobody from the period went further into the dark background of difference than Weil. The problem was that she could not find a way out. In the end, Weil’s efforts to live by charity alone—to root oneself in the suffering of others—were as death-driven as the forces of injustice and imperialism she railed against.
Virtue, Selfhood, and Intellectual Humility
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the recent turn to virtue in moral philosophy and theology, with a view to establishing some of the key principles that have driven this, here considered in relation to the specific topic of intellectual humility. The chapter highlights the need for an appropriately developed account of personhood and agency, which rightly acknowledges the social or relational elements of these. Theologically, the chapter’s account of these relations must be framed properly in terms of God’s economical dealings with the world, now understood through the incarnational reality. From this, the need for a genuinely Trinitarian and christologically sensitive account of virtue to be developed is highlighted. As part of the discussion, the author reflects on the rejection of certain accounts of virtue by the Reformers, ensuring that their Scripture-based concerns are not overlooked as the author’s own account of the particular virtue of intellectual humility is developed.
Humility in the Old Testament
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter offers a brief overview of the concept of humility as it is represented in the Old Testament. This is a necessary backdrop to the New Testament material; a canonical examination must be sensitive to the ways in which elements of this are carried forward into the New Testament and the ways in which they may be redefined therein, particularly with respect to intellectual life. The chapter focuses on the lexical evidence, and its distinctive usage in the Old Testament. This highlights the strong conceptual connection between humility and poverty, which underlies the biblical emphasis that humility involves an acknowledgement of dependency upon God and a submission to his rule. While the discussion is focused on the general virtue of humility, some of the ways in which its implications for the cognitive lives of God’s people are represented in the Old Testament are noted.
Sketching the Christian Self in the New Testament Writings
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the representation of personhood and agency in the New Testament, as matters that frame Christian conceptions of personal virtue, in general, and intellectual humility, specifically. It is particularly attentive to the ways in which the New Testament represents the Christian self as constituted by another, by the determinative personhood of Jesus Christ, operating through the Holy Spirit. The account is necessarily Trinitarian and necessarily communal: the personhood of Jesus is determinative for the identity of all Christians, who are thereby represented as a unity, as his body, sharing in ‘the mind of Christ’ through the work of the Spirit, and thereby relating properly to God. Crucially, too, this chapter highlights that Christocentric identity is essentially ‘disrupted’ and, as such, opened to new ways of considering reality and acting within it. Properly understood, this generates both epistemic and volitional humility.
Intellectual Humility and the Reading of Scripture
Authors: Macaskill Grant
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the place of intellectual humility within the lives of Christian communities as they read and yield to the teaching of Scripture. The discussion acknowledges that intellectual humility must be set deliberately against the intellectual arrogance that comes naturally to us, and recognizes that Christian communities collectively, and individuals within them, can often evince a vicious arrogance that needs to be challenged. This acknowledgement arises from the recognition that the Christian community itself is the object of divine critique in Scripture. The chapter considers two themes, in particular, that are consistently at the heart of the critiques that the New Testament writers bring to their reading communities: syncretism and legalism. These words designate persistent ways of thinking about God and his word that the community must abandon as they yield their minds in service. The chapter will also consider the particular need for intellectual humility within Christian leadership.
Labor Demand in Tunisia
Authors: Ghali Sofiane , Zitouna Habib
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the employment performance and capacities of the Tunisian private sector. The analysis relies mainly on data from the annual enterprise surveys and on the TLMPS 2014 data. The size and the structure of the Tunisian labor market are analyzed, showing that the creation of more jobs requires the private sector to invest more, especially in new technologies. The private sector must increase its share in the economy and improve its competitiveness internationally. The intra- and inter-sectoral allocation of employment and variation of labor productivity are described, analyzing the capacity of the economy to improve the quality of labor demand and absorb highly educated young people. The link between firm size and labor demand is also analyzed, showing the need for a new industrial structure with a bigger share of larger and more dynamic enterprises.
Public–Private Wage Disparities, Employment, and Labor Market Segmentation in Tunisia
Authors: Bouassida Ines , Lahga Abdel-Rahmen El
Published: November 2018

The dysfunction of the Tunisian labor market is exacerbated particularly by the segmentation between public and private sector employment. These different segments differ in terms of returns to human capital, social protection and mobility, affecting career development and the wage structure in the economy. In this chapter, we present the patterns of wage distribution in Tunisia across important socioeconomic groups and a detailed analysis of the wage gap between public and private sectors. Our results show particularly that while in the bottom sector of the wage distribution the positive wage gap between public and private sectors is mainly attributable to the composition or characteristics of workers, the wage gap in the upper sector of the distribution is due to returns to characteristics effect. The public-sector wage premium explains the strong preference in public positions.
Child Labor and Schooling
Authors: Soussi Mouez , Bouhlila Donia Smaali
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides evidence on the extent of child labor in Tunisia, its determinants and its impact on schooling. It shows that 5.87 percent of the target population are involved in work, a rate which may increase in the future if policymakers and stakeholders do not take adequate measure to protect children’s rights to a decent life and better education. In this chapter, and using TLMPS data (2014), we show the “atypical” picture of Tunisia regarding this phenomenon. First, child labor is both rural and urban: the impact of poverty on child labor is more pronounced in urban areas than in rural ones. Second, most children are involved in the service sector and third, poverty does not explain child labor. We provide evidence that working-children are more likely to repeat school-grade and to lag-behind. Likewise, working-children are more at risk to drop out, with girls more affected than boys.
Principles and Objectives Guiding the Modular Approach to MSME Insolvency
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This chapter identifies the fundamental principles that underpin the resolution of insolvency for smaller businesses, and considers how those principles can guide the development and implementation of an approach responsive to the particular challenges faced by MSMEs. Fairness is the foundation of the Modular Approach, which seeks to systemize and generalize its requirements across the entire range of responses to MSME distress. The Approach pursues this objective by ensuring that the principles enshrined in insolvency law accord equal concern to the interests of all those stakeholders affected by issues peculiar to insolvency. Such principles must guide the creation of insolvency law tools and processes while reflecting each society’s policy choices within the complex combination of corporate, employment, environmental, property, tax, tort, and welfare laws, within which insolvency law must find its place.
Annex 1
Authors: et Mokal
Published: November 2018

This first annex presents a basic checklist of steps that should be completed to implement reform that incorporates the Modular Approach. The process should have three stages, all of them complementary, each of them with less value if considered individually. They should follow a predefined order. The first part of the sequence would be to conduct an assessment. Second, and based on the results of the assessment, a drafting stage would be initiated. Third, following approval of the reform, an implementation stage would be commenced. Each part of the process is equally important, and, surprising as it might be, the seemingly more ancillary stages (assessment and implementation) usually take longer and require the most resources.
Introduction
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

The Introduction defines the character and scope of the book. It surveys the ways in which ‘general history’ and ‘literary history’ were related in the nineteenth century and how both were bound up with Whiggish interpretations of the national past. It identifies the significant change that was brought about by the more strenuous forms of ‘criticism’ that developed in the wake of the early work of T. S. Eliot and was carried on by such leading critics as William Empson and F. R. Leavis. It argues that a whole variety of forms of historical interpretation and historical assumption was present in the work of these critics, often carrying a strongly declinist message, and that such work filled a vacuum in wider public debate left by the withdrawal of History as an academic discipline into austere, archive-based research that eschewed larger interpretations about the direction of historical change.
Whig History and the Mind of England
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the surprisingly extensive engagement with history and historiography in T. S. Eliot’s early literary criticism. It shows Eliot challenging the ‘Whig interpretation of English history’ as he simultaneously sketched a revised version of literary history. It traces his unsteady and ambivalent relationship with history and historians, especially in his Clark Lectures on the varieties of metaphysical poetry. It situates his celebrated remarks about a seventeenth-century ‘dissociation of sensibility’ in the framework of these engagements, emphasizing the remarkable influence of this gnomically unclear conception. The chapter also provides a briefer account of Eliot’s later historical thinking, especially the ways in which his ‘Anglo-Catholic’ perspective embodied a historical interpretation of ecclesiastical development and political history.
Scrutinizing the Present Phase of Human History
Authors: Collini Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the range of F. R. Leavis’s historical thinking, from the early work of his Ph.D. through to his post-1945 dealings with the nineteenth century. The chapter argues that, rather than being largely derived from Eliot’s work, Leavis’s thinking drew on older and more conventional strains of historical writing whose framework he never entirely shook off. It emphasizes the extent to which Leavis believed that a proper cultural history would yield an evaluative assessment of the quality of human living in various periods and hence an overall judgement about progress or decline. It shows that the two key periods in Leavis’s scheme were the seventeenth century, understood as the beginnings of the modern world, and the nineteenth century, seen as the triumph of a broadly mechanical and economistic world view that he tended to equate with ‘Utilitarianism’.
Microscopic Interpretation of Arrhenius Parameters
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews the microscopic interpretation of the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy in rate constant expressions of the Arrhenius form. The pre-exponential factor of apparent unimolecular reactions is, roughly, expected to be of the order of a vibrational frequency, whereas the pre-exponential factor of bimolecular reactions, roughly, is related to the number of collisions per unit time and per unit volume. The activation energy of an elementary reaction can be interpreted as the average energy of the molecules that react minus the average energy of the reactants. Specializing to conventional transition-state theory, the activation energy is related to the classical barrier height of the potential energy surface plus the difference in zero-point energies and average internal energies between the activated complex and the reactants. When quantum tunnelling is included in transition-state theory, the activation energy is reduced, compared to the interpretation given in conventional transition-state theory.
Dynamic Solvent Effects: Kramers Theory and Beyond
Authors: Henriksen Niels Engholm , Hansen Flemming Yssing
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses dynamical solvent effects on the rate constants for chemical reactions in solution. The effect is described by stochastic dynamics, where the influence of the solvent on the reaction dynamics is included by describing the motion along the reaction coordinate as Brownian motion. Two theoretical approaches are discussed: Kramers theory with a constant time-independent solvent friction coefficient and Grote–Hynes theory, a generalization of Kramers theory, based on the generalized Langevin equation with a time-dependent solvent friction coefficient. The expressions for the rate constants have the same form as in transition-state theory, but are multiplied by transmission coefficients that incorporate the dynamical solvent effect. In the limit of fast motion along the reaction coordinate, the solvent molecules can be considered as “frozen,” and the predictions of the Grote–Hynes theory can differ from the Kramers theory by several orders of magnitude.
The Fight against Ignorance
Authors: Heath Anthony F. , Garratt Elisabeth , Kashyap Ridhi , Li Yaojun , Richards Lindsay
Published: November 2018

There was great progress in increasing participation rates in secondary and tertiary education post-war, as there was in Britain’s peer countries. There was also an increase in the proportion of the age group achieving qualifications such as GCSEs but many doubts have been raised about the comparability of these qualifications over time. Independent studies of reading and literacy suggest that progress was positive but slow, while independent cross-national studies show that average test scores of British schoolchildren did not progress any faster than in peer countries. It is doubtful therefore whether educational reforms have made much difference. However, education also contributes to the empowerment of a country’s citizens and to values and behaviours such as tolerance and healthy lifestyles, and educational expansion has contributed to social progress in this way.