bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated src kinase and costimulatory activity enhances signal transduction through single-chain chimeric receptors in T lymphocytes
Authors: Geiger Terrence L. , Nguyen Phuong , Leitenberg David , Flavell Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Adoptive immunotherapy using receptor-modified T lymphocytes has shown promise in preclinical studies for the treatment of infectious and malignant diseases. These modified T cells express chimeric receptors that link ligand recognition and signal transduction domains in a single gene product. Typically, a single chain Fv fragment is genetically attached to the cytoplasmic domain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) ζ chain. Modulating the signaling characteristics of chimeric receptors will be important for their application to human immunotherapy. It was hypothesized that linking coreceptor and costimulatory signaling motifs together with the ζ signaling domain will enhance receptor function. The present study compares signaling characteristics of 9 single-chain receptors consisting of the H-2Kb extracellular and transmembrane domains and various combinations of T cell signal transduction domains. Signal transduction regions studied include the TCR ζ chain, the CD4 coreceptor, the lck protein tyrosine kinase, and the CD28 costimulatory receptor. Biochemical characteristics of the receptors, analyzed using calcium flux, receptor, and ZAP-70 phosphorylation, and lck association may be predicted from the known functions of receptor constituents. The combination of ζ together with coreceptor and costimulatory function in a single receptor maximizes chimeric receptor sensitivity and potency. Combining ζ with either the costimulatory or coreceptor function independently also enhances receptor function, though to a lesser extent. It is therefore possible to link TCR, coreceptor, and costimulatory activities in a single functional entity using modular domains. Such receptors demonstrate distinct signaling properties and should prove useful in the development of chimeric receptors for therapeutic purposes.
Long-Term Aspirin vs Clopidogrel After Coronary Stenting by Bleeding Risk and Procedural Complexity
Authors: Kang Jeehoon , Chung Jaewook , Park Kyung Woo , Bae Jang-Whan , Lee Huijin , Hwang Doyeon , Yang Han-Mo , Han Kyoo-Rok , Moon Keon-Woong , Kim Ung , Rhee Moo-Yong , Kim Doo-Il , Kim Song-Yi , Lee Sung-Yun , Lee Seung Uk , Kim Sang-Wook , Kim Seok Yeon , Han Jung-Kyu , Shin Eun-Seok , Koo Bon-Kwon , Kim Hyo-Soo
Published: November 2024

Importance

Antiplatelet monotherapy in the chronic maintenance period for patients with high bleeding risk (HBR) and those who have undergone complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not yet been explored.

Objective

To compare clopidogrel vs aspirin monotherapy in patients with HBR and/or PCI complexity.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This post hoc analysis of the multicenter HOST-EXAM Extended study, an open-label trial conducted across 37 sites in South Korea, enrolled patients from 2014 to 2018 with up to 5.9 years of follow-up. The analysis was conducted from February to November 2023. Patients who maintained dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) event-free for 6 to 18 months following PCI were included.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to receive either clopidogrel or aspirin in a 1:1 ratio. Those with sufficient data to assess HBR or complex PCI were analyzed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Coprimary end points were thrombotic composite end point (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, readmission due to acute coronary syndrome, and definite/probable stent thrombosis) and any bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 2 to 5).

Results

Of 3974 patients included (mean [SD] age, 63.4 [10.7] years; 2976 male [74.9%]), 866 had HBR (21.8%), and 849 underwent complex PCI (21.4%). Clopidogrel as compared with aspirin was associated with lower rates of thrombotic and bleeding events regardless of HBR and/or PCI complexity. For the thrombotic composite end point, the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.53-1.04) among HBR vs 0.62 (95% CI, 0.48-0.80) among patients without HBR (P for interaction = 0.38) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.32-0.77) among patients with complex PCI vs 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59-0.92) among patients with noncomplex PCI (P for interaction = 0.12). The reduction in bleeding by clopidogrel compared with aspirin was consistent among both patients with HBR (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.56-1.21) and patients without HBR (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.85; P for interaction = 0.20) and among patients undergoing complex PCI (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.47-1.33) vs noncomplex PCI (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.50-0.93; P for interaction = 0.62).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, in patients who experienced PCI and were event-free during 6 to 18 months of DAPT, the beneficial impact of clopidogrel monotherapy over aspirin monotherapy was consistent, regardless of bleeding risk and/or PCI complexity.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02044250
Patient, Caregiver, and Clinician Perspectives on the Time Burdens of Cancer Care
Authors: Gupta Arjun , Johnson Whitney V. , Henderson Nicole L. , Ogunleye Obafemi O. , Sekar Preethiya , George Manju , Breininger Allison , Kyle Michael Anne , Booth Christopher M. , Hanna Timothy P. , Rocque Gabrielle B. , Parsons Helen M. , Vogel Rachel I. , Blaes Anne H.
Published: November 2024

Importance

Cancer and its care impose significant time commitments on patients and care partners. The oncology community has only recently conceptualized these commitments and the associated burden as the “time toxicity” of cancer care. As the concept gains traction, there is a critical need to fundamentally understand the perspectives of multiple stakeholders on the time burdens of cancer care.

Objectives

To explore time-consuming aspects of cancer care that were perceived as burdensome, identify the individuals most affected by time burdens of cancer care, and evaluate the consequences of these time burdens.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Participants in this qualitative analysis were recruited from a National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center in Minnesota, where semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted from February 1 to October 31, 2023. Purposive and criterion sampling methods were used to recruit patients (adults with advanced stage gastrointestinal cancer receiving systemic cancer-directed treatment), care partners (patient-identified informal [unpaid] partners), and clinicians (physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers, and schedulers). Data were analyzed from February 2023 to February 2024.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Thematic analysis was conducted with a hybrid (inductive and deductive methods) approach. Themes, subthemes, and illustrative quotations are presented.

Results

Interviews included 47 participants (16 patients [8 aged ≤60 years; 12 women (75.0%)], 15 care partners [12 aged ≤60 years; 9 women (60.0%)], and 16 clinicians [11 women (68.7%)]). A total of 31 subthemes were identified that were grouped into 5 themes. Theme 1 captured time burdens due to health care outside the home (eg, travel, parking, and waiting time), while theme 2 identified the often invisible tasks performed at home (eg, handling insurance and medical bills, receiving formal home-based care). Theme 3 explored how care partners are affected alongside patients (eg, burdens extending to the wider network of family, friends, and community) and theme 4 represented the consequences of time burdens (eg, demoralization, seemingly short visits turned into all-day affairs). Finally, theme 5 referenced positive time spent in clinical interactions and hope for change (eg, patients value meaningful care, the “time toxicity” label is a spark for change).

Conclusions and Relevance

This qualitative analysis identifies key sources and effects of time toxicity, as well as the populations affected. The results of this study will guide the oncology community to map, measure, and address future time burdens.
Testing and Masking Policies and Hospital-Onset Respiratory Viral Infections
Authors: Pak Theodore R. , Chen Tom , Kanjilal Sanjat , McKenna Caroline S. , Rhee Chanu , Klompas Michael
Published: November 2024

This cohort study examines the ratio between hospital- and community-onset respiratory viral infections at different levels of testing and masking from 2020 to 2024.
Risk Factors for Metabolic Disease in Veterans
Authors: Lu Yang , Arnow Katherine , Eisenberg Dan
Published: November 2024

This cross-sectional study uses data from the Veterans Health Administration’s Corporate Data Warehouse to identify individuals whose risk for obesity-related metabolic comorbidity may be misclassified by standard body mass index (BMI) thresholds.
Facility Medicaid Burden and Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection–Related Mortality
Authors: Edwards Jodi-Ann S. , Sharath Sherene E. , Kougias Panos
Published: November 2024

This cohort study examines whether the Medicaid-payer proportion in hospital admissions is associated with in-hospital deaths from necrotizing soft tissue infection.
Viral mimicry evasion: a new role for oncogenic KRAS mutations
Authors: Chen Raymond , He Aobo , De Carvalho Daniel D.
Published: November 2024

“Viral mimicry” refers to the induction of an innate immune response and interferon signaling by endogenous stimuli such as double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). This response has been shown to have strong cancer therapeutic potential, including by enhancing the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapies, and may represent a tumor suppression mechanism that needs to be overcome for malignant transformation to proceed. In a recent study, Zhou and colleagues identify KRAS, a frequently mutated oncogene, as a negative regulator of dsRNA and viral mimicry in an ICI‐resistant colorectal cancer model. Oncogenic KRASG12D mutations downregulate the RNA‐binding protein DDX60 by activating the AKT signaling pathway, which inhibits STAT3, a critical transcription factor regulating DDX60 and other interferon‐stimulated genes. Overexpression of DDX60, which competitively binds to dsRNA to prevent RISC‐mediated degradation, or targeting of KRASG12D elevated dsRNA levels, resulting in viral mimicry activation and potentiation of ICI treatment. These results establish KRAS as a promising target to sensitize immune “cold” tumors to ICI therapy and demonstrate the potential role of oncogenic mutations in viral mimicry evasion during tumorigenesis.
The Effect of 7‐Day Cold Water Acclimation on Autophagic and Apoptotic Responses in Young Males
Authors: King Kelli E. , McCormick James J. , Kenny Glen P.
Published: November 2024

While cold acclimation can enhance thermoregulation in humans, the potential to improve cellular cold tolerance remains unknown. Thus, this work aims to evaluate the effect of a 7‐day cold‐water acclimation on the cytoprotective mechanism of autophagy in young males. Further, this work assesses changes in cellular cold tolerance by employing hypothermic ex vivo (whole blood) cooling prior to and following acclimation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells are isolated before and after cold exposures on days 1, 4, and 7 of acclimation and following ex vivo cooling. Proteins associated with autophagy, apoptosis, the heat shock response, and inflammation are analyzed via Western blotting. Indicators of autophagic dysfunction paired with increased apoptotic signaling are prevalent at the beginning of acclimation. At the end of acclimation, autophagic activity increased while apoptotic and inflammatory signaling decreased. Although an elevated heat shock response is observed following cold exposure, this does not change throughout the acclimation. Further, improvements of autophagic activity are observed during ex vivo cooling along with a reduction of apoptotic signaling, albeit still elevated compared to basal levels. This work shows that 7‐day cold acclimation elicits improvements in cellular cold tolerance in young males through enhanced autophagic responses concomitant with reductions in apoptotic signaling.
Self‐Powered High‐Responsivity Self‐Supporting SiC/SnO2 Nanoarray Photoelectrochemical Ultraviolet Photodetector: Toward All‐Scenario Harsh Underwater Applications
Authors: Zou Bocong , Chen Chunmei , Sun Li , Lin Yan , Liu Zhiheng , Li Weijun , Wang Lin , Gao Fengmei , He Huan , Yang Weiyou , Zhang Dongdong , Chen Shanliang
Published: November 2024

Battery‐free photodetection is necessary for underwater optical communication, which poses extremely high requirements in terms of the self‐powering capability of photodetectors (PDs) and their ability to operate in harsh liquid environments. Emerging photoelectrochemical (PEC) PDs are appealing owing to their inherent aqueous operation behaviors with highly tunable photoresponses. Herein, a novel self‐powered PEC ultraviolet (UV) PD applicable to all‐scenario harsh underwater environments, including seawater at different latitudes and solutions with different pH values and temperatures, is demonstrated based on integrated self‐supporting SiC/SnO2 heterojunction nanoarrays. The SiC/SnO2 heterojunction nanoarrays are achieved by utilizing the anodic oxidation and chemical bath deposition. The SiC/SnO2 PEC PD demonstrates excellent photodetection performance with rapid rise/decay times (τr/τd, 30/120 ms), high responsivity (Rλ, 1.97 A W−1), remarkable detectivity (D*, 1.98 × 1011 Jones), and large external quantum efficiency (EQE, 65.5%) in seawater under 375 nm UV light illumination with zero bias voltage. Moreover, the PEC PD delivers a high photoresponse and excellent aging stability in different latitudes of the world's oceans. The photodetection capability is robust even under harsh conditions, such as strongly acidic and alkaline liquid conditions, and at high temperatures. The developed device is a new type of photodetection device for future all‐scenario underwater optical communication.
Photo‐Induced Fluorescence Discoloration of Carbon Dots for Advanced Dynamic Information Encryption
Authors: Liao Junfei , Wu Mengyi , Li Jiurong , Gong Xiao
Published: November 2024

The fluorescence discoloration of carbon dots (CDs) induced by UV irradiation without chemical modification has proved to be difficult to achieve. Herein, the synthesis of UV‐sensitive CDs with photo‐induced discoloration is reported using a heteroatom co‐doped hydrothermal method and the fluorescence of the red‐emitting CDs (R‐CDs) can be tuned under UV irradiation from red to yellow to green, showing a new strategy for simpler and easier modulating the luminescence of CDs. The UV‐induced fluorescence color change of CDs involves the changes of molecular fluorophores and oxygen defects on the surface of CDs under UV irradiation. Results show that the photo‐induced fluorescence discoloration of CDs results in the transformation of part of the internal groups, such as C─O and CO. Based on the unique UV‐induced fluorescence color‐changing property of the R‐CDs, a UV‐sensing film is fabricated, which is expected to be further applied in the field of UV detection. Furthermore, by combining CDs fluorescent ink with binary code and Morse code, it can encrypt and decrypt the information of specific text. This new concept of photo‐induced fluorescence discoloration in CDs provides strong technical support for the next generation of advanced information encryption.
Stabilization of cuσ+ via strong Cu‐O‐Si interface for efficient electrocatalytic acetylene semi‐hydrogenation
Authors: Jiang Xiaoli , Ge Wangxin , Fan Yu , Sheng Xuedi , Jiang Hongliang , Li Chunzhong
Published: November 2024

The development of a high‐performance electrocatalytic acetylene semi‐hydrogenation catalyst is the key to the selective removal of acetylene from industrial ethylene gas and non‐oil route to ethylene production. However, it is still hampered by the deactivation of the catalyst and hydrogen evolution interference. Here, we proposed an interface engineering strategy involving the Cu and cupric oxide nanoparticles dispersed on amorphous SiO2 (Cu/CuOx/SiO2) by a simple stöber method. x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated the strong interfacial interaction between cupric oxide nanoparticles and SiO2. The formed Cu‐O‐Si interface stabilized the Cuσ+ at high reduction potentials, thus improving the activity and stability of the acetylene reduction reaction, as confirmed by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Consequently, the electrochemical test results showed that at 0.5 M KHCO3, the maximum Faraday efficiency (FE) of ethylene on the optimized Cu/CuOx/SiO2 reached 96%. And ethylene FE remains above 85% at −100 mA cm−2 for 40 h.
Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Microfluidics Technology for Psoriasis Therapy: A Comprehensive Review for Research and Clinical Applications
Authors: Shaw Ibrahim , Ali Yimer Seid , Nie Changhong , Zhang Kexin , Chen Chuanpin , Xiao Yin
Published: November 2024

Microfluidics has evolved into a transformative technology with far‐reaching applications in biomedical research. However, designing and optimizing custom microfluidic systems remains challenging because of their inherent complexities. Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with microfluidics promises to overcome these barriers by leveraging AI algorithms to automate device design, streamline experimentation, and enhance diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. Psoriasis is an incurable dermatological condition that is difficult to diagnose and treat owing to its complex pathogenesis. Traditional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are often ineffective and fail to address individual variabilities in disease progression and treatment responses. However, AI‐coupled microfluidic platforms have the potential to revolutionize psoriasis research and clinical applications with expansive dermatological applications. AI‐driven microfluidic chips with embedded biosensors have the potential to precisely detect biomarkers (BMs), manipulate biological samples, and mimic psoriasis‐like in vivo and in vitro models, thereby allowing real‐time monitoring and optimized therapeutic testing. This review examines the transformative potential of AI and AI‐powered microfluidic platforms for advancing psoriasis research. It examines the design and mechanisms of AI‐coupled microfluidic platforms for cell screening, disease diagnosis, and drug delivery. It highlights recent advances, clinical applications, challenges, future perspectives, and ethical considerations to enhance personalized care and patient outcomes.
Pollinator functional group abundance and floral heterogeneity in an agroecological context affect mating patterns in a self‐incompatible wild plant
Authors: Labonté Audrey , Le Corre Valérie , Matejicek Annick , Felten Emeline , Turpin Mélinda , Laurent Emilien , Michel Séverine , Ducourtieux Chantal , Vieren Eric , Proesmans Willem , Deytieux Violaine , Cordeau Stéphane , Vanbergen Adam J.
Published: November 2024

Premise

Restoration of seminatural field margins can elevate pollinator activity. However, how they support wild plant gene flow through interactions between pollinators and spatiotemporal gradients in floral resources remains largely unknown.

Methods

Using a farm‐scale experiment, we tested how mating outcomes (expected heterozygosity and paternity correlation) of the wild, self‐incompatible plant Cyanus segetum transplanted into field margins (sown wildflower or grass‐legume strips) were affected by the abundance of different pollinator functional groups (defined by species traits). We also investigated how the maternal plant attractiveness, conspecific pollen donor density, and heterospecific floral richness and density interacted with pollinator functional group abundance to modulate C. segetum mating outcomes.

Results

Multiple paternity increased (=lower paternity correlation) with greater local abundance of hoverflies (syrphids) and female medium‐sized wild bees (albeit the latter's effect diminished with decreasing maternal plant attractiveness), and the presence of male bumblebees (Bombus) under low local floral richness. Cyanus segetum progeny genetic diversity increased with male Bombus presence but decreased with greater abundance of syrphids and honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Conclusions

Overall, field margins supported plant‐pollinator interactions ensuring multiple paternity and conservation of allelic diversity in C. segetum progeny. The contribution to plant mating outcomes of different pollinator functional groups was dictated by their local abundance or traits affecting pollen transfer efficiency. The local floral richness or maternal plant attractiveness sometimes modulated these relationships. This complex response of wild plant mating patterns to community interactions has implications for the use of field margins to restore functional pollination systems in farmed landscapes.
Electrochemical/Cobalt Dual Catalysis for Regioselective Tetramerization of Indoles
Authors: Liu Kuan‐Te , Hung Yu‐Lin , Jhang Kai‐Wun , Chen Hung‐Chi , Li Hung‐Li , Chiang Chien‐Wei
Published: November 2024

Indoles are critically important heterocyclic building blocks with broad applications in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, agrochemicals, pigments, and materials. Recent advancements have highlighted bis‐indole derivatives and oligomerized indoles as promising scaffolds for anticancer compounds and materials in organic semiconductors. Despite the challenges in forming C−C bonds in indoles, we developed a novel method combining electrochemical and cobalt complex dual catalysis to achieve regioselective C3−C3/C2−C3 coupling. Using 1‐methylindole as a model substrate, we optimized reaction conditions to achieve a 90 % yield of the tetramerized product. The method proved effective for various substituted indoles, with satisfactory yields for 6‐position substituents and poorer results for 5‐position due to steric hindrance, as confirmed by DFT calculations. The proposed mechanism involves initial C3−C3 coupling facilitated by cobalt catalysis, followed by C2−C3 coupling under electrochemical conditions, providing an efficient and environmentally benign strategy for synthesizing complex indole derivatives.
Mechanochromic Organic Micro‐Laser
Authors: Sun Chun‐Lin , Li Jun , Ye Juan , Chai Yun‐Fei , Ding Yun‐Tao , Ma Jian‐Rong , Wang Lin , Tian Yongjun , Zhang Hao‐Li
Published: November 2024

This work presents the first demonstration of a mechanochromic organic micro‐laser, which exhibits remarkable wide range pressure sensing characteristics. The gain material, pinacolato boronate ester functionalized anthanthrene (AnBPin), is designed by incorporating mechanofluorochromic (MFC) properties into organic laser dye. The AnBPin exhibits a reversible transition between green and orange fluorescence upon grinding annealing and recrystallization cycle, and its micro‐crystal exhibits typical organic micro‐laser behaviors. Applying localized mechanical pressure as low as 0.1 MPa inhibits micro‐laser behavior at the given spot. In contrast, under 1 to 2 GPa hydrostatic pressure, the organic laser maintains narrow emission while showing a pressure‐dependent shift in emission wavelength. By combining theory and experimentation, we attribute the unusual pressure‐correlated emission spectroscopy to the unique interleaved locked crystal structure. Understanding the mechanochromic laser behavior in AnBPin micro‐crystals under an unprecedented pressure range significantly expands the family of organic micro‐lasers and provides a new route for wide‐range photonic pressure detection.
Unsymmetric Protonation Driven Highly Efficient H2O2 Photosynthesis in Supramolecular Photocatalysts via One‐Step Two‐Electron Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Li Wenting , Han Bing , Liu Yuhan , Xu Jingyi , He Huarui , Wang Gege , Li Junshan , Zhai Yaxin , Zhu Xiaolin , Zhu Yongfa
Published: November 2024

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production has emerged as an attractive alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process. However, its performance is often hindered by low selectivity and sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we report an anthrazoline‐based supramolecular photocatalyst, SA‐SADF‐H+, featuring an unsymmetric protonation structure for H2O2 photosynthesis from water and air. The introduction of unsymmetric protonation disrupts the initial mirror symmetry of SADF, significantly enhancing the molecular dipole and facilitating efficient charge separation and electron transfer. Additionally, this modification increases the hydrophilicity of SA‐SADF‐H+, enabling the interaction of water and dissolved oxygen with the catalytic sites. The altered electron density distribution creates numerous dual active sites for Yeager‐type O2 adsorption, facilitating an efficient ORR towards H2O2 via a direct one‐step two‐electron pathway. Notably, SA‐SADF‐H+ achieves an outstanding photocatalytic H2O2 production at a rate of 4666.7 μmol L−1 h−1, with a remarkable solar‐to‐chemical conversion (SCC) of 1.35 %, surpassing most organic photocatalytic systems. Furthermore, SA‐SADF‐H+ demonstrates remarkable photocatalytic antibacterial activity, achieving 100 % antibacterial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus within 60 min.
Polyoxotungstate Featuring Zinc‐Ion‐Triggered Structural Transformation as An Efficient Electrolyte Additive for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Yi , Zhang Ze‐Xun , Cai Ping‐Wei , Guo Zheng‐Wei , Lu Zhi‐Wen , Sun Cai , Li Xin‐Xiong , Chen Jun‐Xiang , Wen Zhen‐Hai , Zheng Shou‐Tian
Published: November 2024

It is promising but still challenging for the widespread application of aqueous zinc batteries due to the poor reversibility of the zinc anode caused by prevalent dendrite growth and pronounced interfacial side reactions. Herein, we report a rare soluble and water‐stable high‐nuclearity {Nd9Si4W39} polyoxotungstate. Interestingly, upon encountering Zn2+ ions, the discrete {Nd9Si4W39} nanocluster undergoes a structural transformation to form an infinitely extended cluster‐based {[Zn(H2O)4]3[Nd9Si4W39]2} two‐dimensional honeycomb layer, with which atomic‐level Zn2+ ion effects in reconstructing the layer are determined. More interestingly, we demonstrate that the structural transformation property renders the {Nd9Si4W39} cluster an efficient electrolyte additive for aqueous zinc batteries, enabling the formation of the 2D layer as a protective layer on the zinc anode, significantly enhancing the reversibility of the zinc anode. Compared to the pristine Zn//Zn symmetric battery, the Zn//Zn symmetric battery with the {Nd9Si4W39} additive exhibits an extended lifespan of over 2000 hours at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. In situ optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the formation of the protective layer effectively promotes uniform zinc deposition, and inhibits zinc agglomeration, dendrite growth, and side reactions, thereby enabling the zinc anode to exhibit high reversibility and long‐term service life.
Role of miRNAs in breast cancer development and progression: Current research
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Ranga Abhishek
Published: November 2024

Breast cancer, a complex and heterogeneous ailment impacting numerous women worldwide, persists as a prominent cause of cancer‐related fatalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non‐coding RNAs, have garnered significant attention for their involvement in breast cancer's progression. These molecules post‐transcriptionally regulate gene expression, influencing crucial cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This review provides an overview of the current research on the role of miRNAs in breast cancer. It discusses the role of miRNAs in breast cancer, including the different subtypes of breast cancer, their molecular characteristics, and the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate gene expression in breast cancer cells. Additionally, the review highlights recent studies identifying specific miRNAs that are dysregulated in breast cancer and their potential use as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Furthermore, the review explores the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in breast cancer treatment. Preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of miRNA‐based therapies, such as antagomir and miRNA mimic therapies, in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Emerging areas, including the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to advance miRNA research and the “One Health” approach that integrates human and animal cancer insights, are also discussed. However, challenges remain before these therapies can be fully translated into clinical practice. In conclusion, this review emphasizes the significance of miRNAs in breast cancer research and their potential as innovative diagnostic and therapeutic tools. A deeper understanding of miRNA dysregulation in breast cancer is essential for their successful application in clinical settings. With continued research, miRNA‐based approaches hold promise for improving patient outcomes in this devastating disease.
Engineering Gas‐Releasing Nanomaterials for Efficient Wound Healing
Authors: Duan Yutian , Li Lei , Hu Jinming , Zheng Bin , He Kewu
Published: November 2024

The escalating prevalence of tissue damage and its associated complications has elicited global apprehension. While nanomaterial‐based wound healing exhibits significant potential in terms of curbing infections and surpassing conventional methods, unresolved concerns regarding nanomaterial controllability and precision remain unresolved, jeopardizing its practical applications. In recent years, a unique strategy for creating gas‐releasing nanomaterials for wound repair has been proposed, involving the creation of gas‐releasing nanomaterials to facilitate wound repair by generating gas donor moieties. The operational spatiotemporal responsiveness and broad‐spectrum antibacterial properties of these gases, combined with their inability to generate bacterial resistance like traditional antibiotics, establish their efficacy in addressing chronic non‐healing wounds, specifically diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). In this review, we delve into the intricacies of wound healing process, emphasizing the chemical design, functionality, bactericidal activity, and potential of gas‐release materials, encompassing NO, CO, H2S, O2, CO2, and H2, for effective wound healing. Furthermore, we explore the advancements in synergistic therapy utilizing these gases, aiming to enhance our overall comprehension of this field. The insights gleaned from this review will undoubtedly aid researchers and developers in the creation of promising gas‐releasing nanomaterials, thus propelling efficient wound healing in the future.
Unraveling the Mechanism of Stereospecific Self‐Promoted N‐Glycosylations
Authors: Videcrantz Faurschou Natasha , Sauer Stephan P. A. , Pedersen Christian Marcus
Published: November 2024

In this study, the mechanism of self‐promoted N‐glycosylations is extensively investigated through kinetic experiments, computational studies, and nucleophilic competition experiments. Based on the findings, the mechanism is proposed to be initiated by proton transfer from the acidic sulfonyl carbamate to the trichloroacetimidate, upon formation of an associated contact ion pair. This ion pair then collapses in an SN1‐like fashion, with formation of an oxocarbeniumion‐like intermediate. According to the proposed mechanism, stereospecificity arises from the associated nature of all intermediates formed throughout the reaction. During the mechanistic study, it was also found that the sulfonyl carbamates have catalytic properties if a competing nucleophile is present.
Chirality‐Dependent Anisotropic Nonlinear Optical Effect in Low‐Dimensional Hybrid Metal Halides
Authors: Okada Daichi
Published: November 2024

Low‐dimensional hybrid metal halides (LDHMHs) have emerged as a highly promising class of functional materials for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. Their exceptional structural tunability, facilitated by the hybridization of metal halides with organic compounds, enables the formation of three‐, two‐, one‐, or zero‐dimensional structures. This flexibility in structural design also allows the incorporation of chirality into the crystalline lattice, giving rise to novel LDHMH materials that are capable of selectively interacting with the spin angular momentum of electrons and photons. Among the unique optoelectronic properties of LDHMHs, the focus of this concept article is their chiroptical nonlinear optical (NLO) effect. LDHMHs demonstrate a highly effective discrimination and generation of circularly polarized (CP) light in the NLO regime, particularly in the second harmonic generation (SHG) process, referred to as SHG‐circular dichroism (SHG‐CD) and CP‐SHG. These anisotropic responses are several orders of magnitude larger than linear chiroptical responses, such as CD and CP luminescence; consequently, LDHMHs are expected to be promising candidates for future optical‐information devices and encryption systems. This article introduces recently reported chiral LDHMH materials that exhibit excellent CP‐dependent anisotropic SHG responses.
Actin Polymerization Status Regulates Tenocyte Homeostasis Through Myocardin‐Related Transcription Factor‐A
Authors: West Valerie C. , Owen Kaelyn E. , Inguito Kameron L. , Ebron Karl Matthew M. , Reiner Tori N. , Mirack Chloe E. , Le Christian H. , de Cassia Marqueti Rita , Snipes Steven , Mousavizadeh Rouhollah , King Rylee E. , Elliott Dawn M. , Parreno Justin
Published: November 2024

The actin cytoskeleton is a potent regulator of tenocyte homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which actin regulates tendon homeostasis are not entirely known. This study examined the regulation of tenocyte molecule expression by actin polymerization via the globular (G‐) actin‐binding transcription factor, myocardin‐related transcription factor‐a (MRTF). We determined that decreasing the proportion of G‐actin in tenocytes by treatment with TGFβ1 increases nuclear MRTF. These alterations in actin polymerization and MRTF localization coincided with favorable alterations to tenocyte gene expression. In contrast, latrunculin A increases the proportion of G‐actin in tenocytes and reduces nuclear MRTF, causing cells to acquire a tendinosis‐like phenotype. To parse out the effects of F‐actin depolymerization from regulation by MRTF, we treated tenocytes with cytochalasin D. Exposure of cells to cytochalasin D increases the proportion of G‐actin in tenocytes. However, as compared to latrunculin A, cytochalasin D has a differential effect on MRTF localization by increasing nuclear MRTF. This led to an opposing effect on the regulation of a subset of genes. The differential regulation of genes by latrunculin A and cytochalasin D suggests that actin signals through MRTF to regulate a specific subset of genes. By targeting the deactivation of MRTF through the inhibitor CCG1423, we verify that MRTF regulates Type I Collagen, Tenascin C, Scleraxis, and α‐smooth muscle actin in tenocytes. Actin polymerization status is a potent regulator of tenocyte homeostasis through the modulation of several downstream pathways, including MRTF. Understanding the regulation of tenocyte homeostasis by actin may lead to new therapeutic interventions against tendinopathies, such as tendinosis.
Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate relates to cognitive impairment and brain alterations
Authors: Rahayel Shady , Goupil Rémi , Genest Dominique Suzanne , Lamarche Florence , Agharazii Mohsen , Ayral Violette , Tremblay Christina , Madore François
Published: November 2024

INTRODUCTION

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with cognitive decline and changes in brain structure. However, their associations remain unclear, particularly the selective vulnerability characteristics that make some brain regions more vulnerable.

METHODS

We investigated the baseline association between estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) and cognitive function in 15,897 individuals from the CARTaGENE cohort. We performed vertex‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses between eGFR and longitudinal cortical thickness in the 1397 participants who underwent brain MRI after 6 years. Imaging transcriptomics was used to characterize the gene expression and neurodegenerative features associated with this association.

RESULTS

Lower eGFR correlated with reduced cognitive performance and brain structure. Brain regions associated with eGFR were enriched for mitochondrial and inflammatory‐related genes. These associations occurred independently from age, sex, education, and body mass index (BMI), Framingham risk score, and white matter lesion volume.

DISCUSSION

This study highlights the link between reduced eGFR, cognitive impairment, and brain structure, revealing some of the kidney–brain axis mechanisms.

Highlights

Lower eGFR is associated with reduced cognitive abilities.

Structural brain changes are mediated by eGFR levels.

Specific gene expression patterns correlate with lower eGFR and brain changes.

Mitochondrial and inflammation‐related genes were enriched in these patterns.
Researchers advocate for campus leaders to leverage the power of place
Authors: May Rachel
Published: November 2024

At the outset of the pandemic, when students were studying remotely from their dorms or homes, several researchers gathered to discuss the impact of virtual learning on campus members’ perceptions of college, asking: “Do campus leaders at colleges or universities consider the importance of their institution's ‘place’ when they are making decisions?”
A conversation on AI, writing, and online learning with Sherri VandenAkker
Authors: Arighi William
Published: November 2024

Sherri VandenAkker, PhD, has taught adult learners since the mid‐1990s, with more than two decades working in hybrid and online formats. She's a Professor of English at Springfield College in Massachusetts. This conversation was conducted virtually through a questionnaire and video conference, and has been edited for length and clarity.
A new study on marketing and support for adult learners
Authors: May Rachel
Published: November 2024

Adult learners have more higher education options than ever before — from degree to nondegree‐bearing programs. Understanding whether adult learners still desire a 4‐year degree — and if so, why — the authors of a new white paper assert, is “especially important at a time of great enthusiasm about novel alternatives to college diplomas.”
Smithian–Spathian carbonate geochemistry in the northern Thaynes Group influenced by multiple styles of diagenesis
Authors: Todes Jordan P. , Blattmann Franziska R. , Vennemann Torsten , Schneebeli‐Hermann Elke , Bucher Hugo , Razionale Dan P. , Blättler Clara L.
Published: November 2024

The Smithian–Spathian boundary interval is characterised by a positive carbon isotopic excursion in both δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg, concurrent with a major marine ecosystem reorganisation and the resurgence of microbialite facies. While these δ13C records have been traditionally interpreted as capturing global carbon cycle behaviour, recent studies have suggested that at least some excursions in early Triassic δ13C values may incorporate influences from authigenic or early diagenetic processes. To examine the mechanistic drivers of Smithian–Spathian boundary geochemistry, the carbonate geochemistry of a core from Georgetown, Idaho (USA), was analysed using a coupled δ44/40Ca, δ26Mg and trace‐metal framework. While the δ13C record in the Georgetown core is broadly similar to other Smithian–Spathian boundary sections, portions of the record coincide with substantial shifts in δ44/40Ca, δ26Mg and trace‐metal compositions that cannot feasibly be interpreted as primary. Furthermore, these geochemical variations correspond with lithology: The δ13C record is modulated by variations in the extent of dolomitisation, and the diagenetic styles recognised here coincide with individual lithostratigraphic units. A primary shift in local sea water δ13C values is inferred from the most geochemically unaltered strata, from ca 3‰ in the middle Smithian to ca 5‰ in the early Spathian, although the timing and pathway through which this occurs cannot be readily identified nor extrapolated globally. Therefore, the Georgetown core may not directly record exogenic carbon cycle evolution, showing that there is a need for the careful reconsideration of the Smithian–Spathian boundary—and more broadly, Early Triassic—geochemical records to examine potential local and diagenetic influences on sedimentary geochemistry.
Good luck have fun: The need for video game pedagogy in teacher education
Authors: Richardson Tasha
Published: November 2024

In education, the shift to emergency remote teaching found teachers working to increase student engagement in the online environment while still relying on face‐to‐face pedagogical approaches in the absence of sufficient Professional Development opportunities (DeCoito & Estaiteyeh, 2022). In response to the growing interest in video games in education, this article reconsiders the data collected for a single case of primary/junior preservice teachers (PTs) enrolled in a science education methods classroom to answer (a) How can video games be used as a learning object in a teacher education program? (b) How does using a video game in a science education class impact PTs' intent and understanding of using video games in their future classroom? (c) How PTs can be supported to understand how video games can be used? Results found video games acted as significant springboards for learning as PTs worked together to make meaning of STEM and reflected—both during and after gameplay—on video game use with their future students. Additionally, exposure to digital game‐based learning increased both intent and confidence of using video games as deep learning objects for their future classrooms. Recommendations and implications are discussed regarding the introduction and integration of video games in a teacher education program.
Low Skeletal Muscle Mass: A Strong Predictive Factor for Surgical Complications After Free Forearm Flap Reconstruction in Oral Cancer Patients
Authors: Ansari E. , Minulina N. Carrillo , van Beers M. A. , van Es R. J. J. , Dieleman F. J. , Rosenberg A. J. W. P. , Janssen L. M. , Braunius W. W. , Van Cann E. M. , de Bree R.
Published: November 2024

Background

Low skeletal muscle mass (SMM) is a predictive factor for complications in patients undergoing major head and neck cancer surgery. This study aims to identify the predictive value of low SMM for postoperative complications in patients who underwent free forearm flap (FAFF) reconstructions after oral cancer resections.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed with all patients who underwent FFAF between 2003 and 2020 for an oral cavity reconstruction after cancer ablation. Free flap related, any postoperative complications and hospital stay were investigated.

Results

Low SMM was associated with an increased risk of free flap associated complications (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.02–4.39, p = 0.029). Low SMM was associated with severe complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥ III) (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.20–2.09, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Low SMM is a strong predictive factor for free flap related surgical complications in patients undergoing FAFF reconstruction after resection of oral cancer.
Analysis of the Results of Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City, 2013–2022
Authors: Li Xueqiu , Liu Jianxiong
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The objectives of the study are to understand the drug‐resistant situation and trend of tuberculosis patients in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City, from 2013 to 2022, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of rational drug‐resistant tuberculosis prevention and control strategies in Guangzhou City.

Methods

All patients who were diagnosed with active tuberculosis in Guangzhou Chest Hospital from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2022 were collected as study subjects, and a total of 5191 patients were enrolled in the study. Comprehensive data on the basic characteristics, diagnostic, and therapeutic information of the study subjects were collected. Sputum specimens were subjected to smear, isolation, and culture. Culture‐positive strains of bacteria were identified by bacterial groups. A total of 1659 strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates were obtained. The drug susceptibility test was carried out using the proportionality method on the MTB isolates for nine types of antituberculosis medicines: isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (Sm), kanamycin (Km), ofloxacin (Ofx), capreomycin (Cm), propylthioisonicotinamide (Pto), and p‐aminosalicylic acid (PAS). A comparative analysis of the resistance patterns among the strains was conducted.

Results

A total of 1659 patients with MTB were cultured, revealing 438 drug‐resistant cases. Among these, 255 were monoresistant, 121 were polyresistant, and 62 were multidrug resistant. The overall resistance rate was 26.40% (438/1659), with mono‐resistance rate at 15.37% (255/1659), polyresistance rate at 7.29% (121/1659), and multidrug resistance rate at 3.74% (62/1659). In descending order, the resistance rates of MTB isolates to any of the nine antituberculosis drugs were Sm (12.24%, 203/1659), INH (9.22%, 153/1659), EMB (7.35%, 122/1659), RFP (6.99%, 116/1659), PAS (3.25%, 54/1659), Pto (3.13%, 52/1659), Ofx (2.71%, 45/1659), Cm (2.17%, 36/1659), and Km (2.17%, 36/1659). The differences in resistance rates were statistically significant (p < 0.01), with Sm exhibiting the highest resistance rate and Km the lowest.

In the primary treatment group, 388 patients (25.55%) were drug resistant, while 50 patients (35.46%) in the retreatment group were drug resistant. Thirty‐nine patients (2.57%) in the primary treatment group were multidrug resistant, compared to 23 patients (16.31%) in the retreatment group. The resistance rate and multidrug resistance rate of isolates from retreatment patients were significantly higher than primary treatment patients (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The problem of drug‐resistant tuberculosis transmission in Guangzhou requires attention, and drug‐resistant screening should be further increased to effectively control the source of infection.