bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences in translating Z designs to haskell implementations
Authors: Sherrell Linda B. , Carver Doris L.
Published: November 2006

Z is a widely used, model‐oriented specification language. Haskell is a programming language that was recently developed to serve as a standard for non‐strict, purely functional languages. Although functional languages have proved to be excellent prototyping tools, Haskell was designed as a general purpose language which could be used when building large software systems.

This paper develops two designs for a computerized class roll. The development begins with a description of the requirements and initial specification. The next section delineates the designs and explains how each design targets a specific Haskell data structure: design one employs sequences to model lists, whereas design two uses a Z function to describe a Haskell array. The corresponding implementations follow, along with a critical analysis of each translation from Z notation to Haskell code. The paper demonstrates that Z design schemas map well to at least two Haskell data types, namely the list and the array. Furthermore, it includes insights into how software developers might translate similar Z designs to Haskell.
Rie, a compiler generator based on a one‐pass‐type attribute grammar
Authors: Sassa Masataka , Ishizuka Harushi , Nakata Ikuo
Published: November 2006

We herein describe a compiler generator, Rie, which is based on a one‐pass‐type attribute grammar. LR‐attributed grammars are one class of attribute grammars in which attribute evaluation can be performed in one pass during LR parsing without creating a parse tree. Rie was developed based on a variant of an LR‐attributed grammar called ECLR‐attributed grammar (equivalence class LR‐attributed grammar), in which equivalence relations are introduced into the LR‐attributed grammar. Rie generates a one‐pass compiler from a compiler description given in attribute grammar form. Many language processors have been developed using Rie. The generated compiler is only about 1.8 times slower than a handwritten compiler, which is fairly efficient for a compiler generated from formal descriptions.
A lift simulation prototype
Authors: Galpin V. C. , Rock S. T.
Published: November 2006

We present a simple simulation of lift (or elevator) operation that has been developed as a prototype to address the need for the development of such systems. We first define the type of simulation that has been developed as a discrete‐event, dynamic, stochastic simulation. To do this, we present an overview of pertinent research in computer simulation, and identify some ambiguity in the use of terminology. We then describe the system that we have developed. Next we discuss the decisions taken in its realization, which are related to our research overview, and end by identifying some areas that we feel warrant further development. We believe that such a simulation can provide an important tool for the designers of lift systems. This prototype demonstrates its feasibility.
Implementing interactive applications in C++
Authors: Jaaksi Ari
Published: November 2006

This paper presents an object‐oriented approach for the implementation of interactive systems. This approach applies the model‐view‐controller (MVC) paradigm, which is modified for the C++ environment. The modified paradigm is called MVC++. In this approach the design of interactive applications starts by constructing an object model that represents the key concepts of the problem domain. This object model does not contain any user interface elements. According to the MVC++ approach, the object model is called the model part of the application. Only after the model part has been created, is the user interface designed. A collection of user interface classes is called the view. The classes that connect the model and the view form the controller, which is designed to communicate with both the model and the view.

The approach presented in this paper provides a number of benefits. Advantages of the original MVC approach are obtained in a standard C++ environment, the structure of applications becomes clear and stable, and reusability as well as readability of the classes increases. Reusability is achieved by employing a mechanism called ‘abstract partners’.

The approach presented in this paper is being applied in the development of a large network management system with over one million lines of C++ code running in the XII environment.
CADi: An architecture for Z tools and its implementation
Authors: Toyn Ian , McDermid John A.
Published: November 2006

CADi began as a type‐checker for Z specifications, which were embedded within troff documents. In adding other functionality, such as expansion of schema calculus expressions, and alternative functionality, such as an embedding within LATEX documents, a more open architecture was created into which new tools can be added and alternative tools substituted. This paper gives an overview of CADiZ and describes its open architecture. Many of the ideas used in implementing CADiZ would be applicable to other language processing systems.
Implementation of the sentry system
Authors: Chodrow Sarah E. , Gouda Mohamed G.
Published: November 2006

The sentry of a concurrent program P is a program that observes the execution of P, and issues a warning if P does not behave correctly with respect to a given set of logical properties (owing to a programming error or a failure). The synchronization between the program and sentry is such that the program never waits for the sentry, the shared storage between them is very small (in fact linear in the number of program variables being observed), and the snapshots read by the sentry are consistent. To satisfy these three requirements, some snapshots may be overwritten by the program before being read by the sentry. We develop a family of algorithms that preserve these requirements for properties involving scalar variables, then extend the algorithms to permit the observation of large data structures without additional overhead. We describe in detail the annotation language with which the properties can be expressed, and a prototype system that we have implemented to generate the sentry automatically for any given concurrent C program. Finally, we present experimental results that show that the overhead incurred by the sentry is on average no worse than ten per cent for snapshots of up to six variables, and that the loss of snapshots prevents the sentry's detection of an single violation in less than four per cent of the cases. Recurring errors are detected at a rate of 100 per cent.
Hermes language experiences
Authors: Korfhage Willard , Goldberg Arthur P.
Published: November 2006

We recount and examine experiences with Hermes, an experimental language for programming distributed systems. Hermes has several unusual language features, including compile‐time checking of data initialization, representation independent data aggregates, and an integrated process model. To facilitate compile‐time initialization checking, Hermes stores data in tables and does not expose pointers. We study these features in light of the experiences of Hermes users around the world, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the language.
Performance measurement, visualization and modeling of parallel and distributed programs using the AIMS toolkit
Authors: Yan Jerry , Sarukkai Sekhar , Mehra Pankaj
Published: November 2006

Writing large‐scale parallel and distributed scientific applications that make optimum use of the multiprocessor is a challenging problem. Typically, computational resources are underused due to performance failures in the application being executed. Performance‐tuning tools are essential for exposing these performance failures and for suggesting ways to improve program performance. In this paper, we first address fundamental issues in building useful performance‐tuning tools and then describe our experience with the AIMS toolkit for tuning parallel and distributed programs on a variety of platforms. AIMS supports source‐code instrumentation, run‐time monitoring, graphical execution profiles, performance indices and automated modeling techniques as ways to expose performance problems of programs. Using several examples representing a broad range of scientific applications, we illustrate AIMS' effectiveness in exposing performance problems in parallel and distributed programs.
Experimental results on string matching algorithms
Authors: Lecroq Thierry
Published: November 2006

We present experimental results for string matching algorithms which are known to be fast in practice. We compare these algorithms through two aspects: the number of text character inspections and the running time. These experiments show that for large alphabets and small patterns the Quick Search algorithm of Sunday is the most efficient and that for small alphabets and large patterns it is the Reverse Factor algorithm of Crochemore et al. which is the most efficient.
Migration in object‐oriented database systems—A practical approach
Authors: Huemer C. , Kappel G. , Vieweg S.
Published: November 2006

Object‐oriented database systems are designed to meet the requirements of advanced database applications such as computer‐integrated manufacturing. These requirements may evolve in the course of time and may require the migration of the database application from one object‐oriented database system to another. Traditional migration approaches for relational database systems fail when applied to object‐oriented database systems. The goal of this paper is to fill this gap. The paper describes a framework for the migration of object‐oriented database applications. Our approach is based on a detailed analysis of the involved database systems, of the application's database requirements, and of the resources available for the database migration. We illustrate our framework by means of a case study, which is migrating an electronic planning board system from the object‐oriented database system ONTOS to ObjectStore.
A tool for visualizing the execution of interactions on a loosely‐coupled distributed system
Authors: Ashton Paul , Penny John
Published: November 2006

The paper describes in detail the implementation of INMON, a prototype monitor for recording and displaying interaction networks. The interaction network is designed to show the interrelationships between significant events that occur during the processing of an interaction on a loosely‐coupled distributed system. By being directed at analysing what happens in an interaction, this approach is fundamentally different from other graphical representations that show what happens during the execution of a single program on a distributed system. Examples are given of interaction networks recorded by INMON. The approach is based on very general models of a distributed system and of an interaction, and could be widely applied. We conclude by summarizing what is needed to provide facilities within any operating system for recording interaction networks.
An example of testing versus verification
Authors: Foster Kenneth A.
Published: November 2006

The verification of an SR flip‐flop is contrasted with a testing approach.
Control flow and data flow oriented integration testing methods
Authors: Spillner Andreas
Published: November 2006

The testing of modular software systems can be divided into a module testing phase and an integration testing phase. While module testing checks the modules separately, integration testing examines the use of interfaces in a modular system. Integration testing allows errors to be found which cannot be found by module testing. The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach to integration testing. The main principle is to transfer and adapt module testing methods to the level of integration testing. The approach is described for control flow and data flow oriented testing methods. To decrease the testing effort and increase the probability of finding errors, integration testing can be limited to statically detectable anomalous applications of interfaces. This is accomplished by the combination of static analysis with dynamic execution and by the possibility of using information already provided by the module tests. To find further test data to execute interfaces, symbolic execution is applied. One great advantage here is to prove whether statically determined interface anomalies can be dynamically executed and can therefore occur at all.
Systematic testing: A means for validating reactive systems
Authors: Müllerburg Monika
Published: November 2006

The validity of the first (formal) model of a system to be developed is crucial for the whole development process. Systematically checking this validity helps avoid costs that could arise if it were discovered too late that the system does not satisfy the customer's needs and expectations.

This paper addresses how to validate synchronous reactive programs using the technique of systematic testing. Testing reactive systems differs from testing sequential systems: instead of checking simple pairs of inputs and outputs, sequences of inputs and outputs have to be checked. Thus, testing cannot be based on a simple function model, mapping input values onto output values nor on a control flow graph model (where a path from the start node to the final node represents one execution through the represented program). The model widely used instead is that of a finite‐state machine.

A systematic testing approach is presented that is both effective and efficient for validating reactive systems. It uses an additional specification based on a finite‐state machine model. The approach is demonstrated for the well‐known lift example. It is shown how to use the specification for carefully choosing a set of test criteria that address different types of fault; a procedure for selecting test cases and test data that satisfy the chosen criteria is presented.
Can professional development make the vision of the standards a reality? The impact of the national science foundation's local systemic change through teacher enhancement initiative
Authors: Banilower Eric R. , Heck Daniel J. , Weiss Iris R.
Published: November 2006

Professional development is seen as one of the major levers for aligning science instruction in the USA with the vision put forth by national standards documents. Although there is a growing consensus regarding what constitutes effective professional development, there is little empirical evidence to support this consensus. This study examines the impact of professional development that is content‐based, situated in classroom practice, and sustained over time on teacher attitudes, perceptions of preparedness, and classroom practices. It utilizes longitudinal data from the National Science Foundation's Local Systemic Change through Teacher Enhancement Initiative (LSC), collected from 42 projects over a span of 7 years. The professional development model used in the LSCs differed from previous initiatives in that it targeted all teachers in a jurisdiction and emphasized preparing teachers to implement project‐designated instructional materials. Analyses of the data provide evidence that this model for professional development has an impact on teachers and their classroom practices. In addition, the analyses found that teachers' perception of principal support for Standards‐based science instruction is an important predictor of these outcomes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 375–395, 2007
Commercial animation using a solid modeller
Authors: Wyvill Geoff , Sharp Paul
Published: November 2006

An experimental solid modelling system has been adapted to generate animation directly from CSG descriptions. Motion is specified by computer programs, and images are rendered by ray tracing. The system has proved as cost effective as more conventional polygon modellers while producing a very high standard of imagery.
Interactive visualization of three‐dimensional magnetic fields
Authors: Yamashita Hideo , Johkoh Tatsuya , Takita Shinichi , Nakamae Eihachiro
Published: November 2006

In order to observe the physical values (magnetic flux density and eddy current) in 3D magnetic field analysis, an interactive and highly manipulative visualization system depicting stereo images is intalled in a graphics workstation with high functional graphic processors. The system has the following characteristics:

An interactive and highly manipulative menu window with many functions: it enables visualization of complex phenomena in a 3D field through observation of various combinations of physical values from various viewpoints.

Simultaneous display of both magnetic flux density and eddy current by using the appropriate use of two colour display methods for stream lines and distribution maps of density: this function facilitates observation of the mutual relations between two physical values in a 3D field.

Animations and stereo displays: since they give extremely distinct images, observers can easily understand even highly complex 3D phenomena.

In this paper, the calculation method of density vectors, their display methods, and interactive functions are described. Some examples are also illustrated.
A high‐speed integrated renderer for interpreting multiple 3D volume data
Authors: Miyazawa Tatsuo , Koyamada Koji
Published: November 2006

This paper proposes an integrated rendering algorithm for visualizing 3D volumetric and geometric data, such as surfaces, lines and points, simultaneously with depth information, and other algorithms for improving the performance of the rendering process of the first. The first algorithm extends a volume rendering algorithm based on ray‐tracing so that it can handle both 3D volumetric and geometric data. It processes these data in accordance with their original representation formats to eliminate conversion artefacts such as spurious or missing surfaces, and also gives special treatment to volume segments so as to avoid errors in visibility at the intersections between volume segments and geometric data. The other algorithms employ adaptive termination of ray‐tracing, elimination of rays that do not intersect the volume, and adaptive undersampling over an image plane. These improve the performance by three to seven times over the brute‐force approach. The cost and versatility of the algorithm are evaluated by using data from the results of 3D computational fluid dynamics.
The visualization of knots and braids
Authors: Bates L. , Wyvill B. , Yao C.
Published: November 2006

We describe a new method for modelling braids and certain classes of knots and links, and how they may be visualized. The method uses generalized cylinders built around a bicubic spline centre line. We also show how multi‐stranded, recursive, hawser laid ropes can be modelled using related techniques.
Small steps for mankind: Towards a kinematically driven dynamic simulation of curved path walking
Authors: Van Overveld C. W. A. M. , Ko Hyeongseok
Published: November 2006

A simple approach for the simulation of bipedal locomotion is presented. It is based on a kinematically driven rigid body dynamics simulation. As inputs, our system uses a 14‐DOF simplified human body model, and the instantaneous walking direction and the gait length. From these parameters, the trajectories of the left and right feet are computed over time, using a purely kinematical recipe. Optionally, trajectories of other body parts (head, shoulders, hips, hands, knees, etc.) may be derived from a simple kinematic body model. Using these additional trajectories provides for increased control over the motion, adding extra kinematic constraints to the dynamical system. The trajectories, together with optional force fields (gravity etc.), serve to drive the motion of the articulated human body model. This means that for those points in the body that have not been specified kinematically, a rigid body dynamics calculation is used to describe their motion over time. An implementation of these ideas turns out to allow a frame update rate of about 20 Hz on a personal IRISTM workstation, which is sufficiently fast for real‐time interaction.
Deformed cross‐dissolves for image interpolation in scientific visualization
Authors: Ruprecht Detlef , Müller Heinrich
Published: November 2006

Deformed cross‐dissolves are methods for inconspicuous interpolation between images. We describe methods for deformation based on scattered data interpolation methods using correspondence points in the images to be interpolated and an algorithm for automatic establishment of these correspondence points. We also describe efficient cross‐dissolve algorithms for the computation of intermediate images. Results for interpolation in the field of medical visualization are presented.
Estimation of the potential speed of range expansion of an introduced species: characteristics and applicability of the gamma model
Authors: Yamamura Kohji , Moriya Seiichi , Tanaka Koichi , Shimizu Toru
Published: November 2006

The potential speed at which the range of an introduced species expands in its optimal environment can be predicted by using the gamma model proposed by Yamamura (Popul Ecol 46:87–101, 2004). In this paper we first clarify the difference between the gamma model and Einstein's Brownian motion model. We then apply the model to the ragweed beetle,Ophraella communaLeSage that rapidly expanded its distribution in Japan after it was first found in 1996. The parameters of the model are estimated by conducting a field experiment. The species’ net reproductive rate is examined in the laboratory. By combining these estimates, we estimate the potential speed of range expansion to be 82 km per generation and 329 km per year, while the observed speed is estimated to be 77 km per year, the observed speed being considerably slower than the potential speed. This discrepancy may be due to the low reproductive rate caused by mortality in the actual field. The applicability of the gamma model to the econometric data is also briefly discussed.
Synthesis and surface properties of chemodegradable anionic surfactants: Sodium carboxylates of cis‐1,3‐dioxane derivatives
Authors: Piasecki Andrzej , Burczyk Bogdan , Ruchała Piotr
Published: November 2006

The 2‐n‐alkyl‐5‐carboxy‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes were obtained in good yield from the reaction of aliphatic aldehydes with 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid in dichloromethane solution, catalyzed by p‐toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that they were pure cis‐isomers with the axial configuration of the carboxylic group at the C‐5 carbon atom of the 1,3‐dioxane ring. The acids were converted, with retention of the configuration, to their sodium salts by reaction with sodium methoxide or sodium hydroxide in methanol. The physicochemical properties of the acids and sodium salts, as well as their surface properties at the aqueous solution‐air interface, were determined. Critical micelle concentration, surface excess concentration, surface area demand per molecule of sodium salts at the monomolecular surface layer, and standard free energy of micellization were determined based on surface tension measurements.
Skin compatibility and ecotoxicity of ethoxylated fatty methyl ester nonionics
Authors: Hama I. , Sasamoto H. , Tamura T. , Nakamura T. , Miura K.
Published: November 2006

Ethoxylated fatty methyl esters (EFME) are nonionic surfactants obtained by direct insertion of ethylene oxide to fatty methyl esters in the presence of a composite metal oxide catalyst. Results of cumulative skin irritation testing of EFME on guinea pigs indicate that EFME are less irritating compared to ordinary alcohol ethoxylates (AE). Good skin compatibility of EFME is further illustrated by an in vitro hemolysis test and an in vitro cytotoxicity test. From the standpoint of environmental properties, EFME are readily biodegradable and are less toxic than AE. These results indicate the outstanding dermatological compatibility and good environmental compatibility of EFME.
Small‐molecule polycarboxylate builders
Authors: Heinzman Stephen
Published: November 2006

Small ether polycarboxylate and acetal polycarboxylate builders are reviewed with respect to their synthesis, calcium and magnesium sequestration, and biodegradation.
Importance of micellar relaxation time on detergent properties
Authors: Patist A. , Jha B. K. , Oh S.‐G. , Shah D. O.
Published: November 2006

As we enter the new millennium, manufacturers of laundry detergents would like to provide new products for the twenty‐first century. With the goal of achieving new and better performance characteristics, design strategies for research and development should be defined. This paper highlights the importance of micellar relaxation kinetics in processes involved in detergency. Earlier Shah and coworkers showed that the stability of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles plays an important role in various technological processes. The slow relaxation time (τ2) of SDS micelles, as measured by the pressure‐jump technique, was in the range of 10−4 to 101 s, depending on the surfactant concentration. A maximal relaxation time and thus a maximal micellar stability was found at 200 mM SDS (5 s), corresponding to the least‐foaming, largest bubble size, longest wetting time of textile, largest emulsion droplet size, and the most rapid solubilization of oil. These results are explained in terms of the flux of surfactant monomers from the bulk to the interface, which determines the dynamic surface tension. More stable micelles lead to less monomer flux and hence to a higher dynamic surface tension. The relaxation time for nonionic surfactants (as measured by the stopped‐flow technique) was much longer than for ionic surfactants because of the absence of ionic repulsion between the head groups. The τ2 was related to dynamic surface‐tension experiments. Stability of SDS micelles can be greatly enhanced by the addition of long‐chain alcohols or cationic surfactants. In summary, relaxation time data of surfactant solutions enable us to predict the performance of a given surfactant solution. Moreover, results suggest that one can design appropriate micelles with specific stability, or τ2, by controlling surfactant structure, concentration, and physicochemical conditions, as well as by mixing anionic/cationic or ionic/nonionic surfactants for a desired technological application, e.g., detergency.
Polyglyceryl amines as surfactants I: Symmetrical polyglyceryl amines and aqueous solution properties
Authors: Noiret Nicolas , Rivaux Yvan , Brochette Pascal , Algarra Lionel , Patin Henri
Published: November 2006

The synthesis and aqueous micellar properties of three series of homologous symmetrical polyglyceryl alkyl amines are described. They are synthesized from nucleophilic opening of the appropriate oxirane in nearly quantitative yields. Surface tension measurements indicate that these molecules have wide‐ranging amphiphilic properties. Surface tension curves show that diglyceryl amines have a different behavior from the tetra (TGA) and octa (OGA) glyceryl amines. They appear more hydrophilic although they contain fewer hydroxy groups. Moreover, only TGA and OGA show a relation between alkyl chain number and the surface tension at the critical micelle concentration, which is attributed to the polar‐head structural differences.
Dietary glycemic index and the regulation of body weight
Authors: Ludwig David S.
Published: November 2006

Prevalence rates of overweight and obesity have risen precipitously in the United States and other developed countries since the 1960s, despite comprehensive public health efforts to combat this problem. Although considerable attention has been focused on decreasing dietary fat and increasing physical activity level, the potential relevance of the dietary glycemic index to obesity treatment has received comparatively little scientific notice. This review examines how the glycemic and insulinemic responses to diet may affect body weight regulation, and argues for the potential utility of low glycemic index diets in the prevention and treatment of obesity and related complications.
Dietary fat and body weight control
Authors: Peters John C.
Published: November 2006

The global obesity epidemic has heightened the debate about dietary factors contributing to weight gain. Media stories have promulgated the notion that obesity has increased despite reductions in dietary fat intake. Some have even speculated that lower dietary fat levels may be driving the rapid rise in weight gain within the population. A close examination of the science reveals a different picture and supports the hypothesis that dietary fat, within the context of the total dietary composition consumed by many populations, promotes obesity. Hence, dietary fat control is still an important strategy as part of an overall approach to body weight management in our modern environment. Dietary fat increases the energy density of foods. Abundant evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that fat promotes excess energy intake and positive energy balance. Dietary fat does not promote its own oxidation in the body and is stored efficiently, promoting a positive fat balance. Thus, both the behavioral and metabolic responses to dietary fat increase the probability of positive energy balance and body fat gain. Restoring fat balance when consuming diets rich in fat requires increasing the size of the body fat mass, increasing physical activity, or reducing dietary fat intake. Numerous epidemiologic, preclinical, and controlled clinical studies have shown that body fat is positively associated with dietary fat intake and that dietary fat manipulation leads to appropriate changes in body fat mass. Finally, data from the National Weight Control Registry, a database of >3000 individuals who have successfully maintained a substantial weight loss, indicate that moderating dietary fat intake is a key strategy for long‐term management of body weight.
Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activation inhibits mechanical hypersensitivity following abdominal surgery
Authors: Dolan Sharron , Nolan Andrea Mary
Published: November 2006

This study used the metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor subtype‐selective antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) to characterise the contribution of mGlu5 receptor activity to pain and hypersensitivity in an animal model of post‐surgical pain. Adult female Wistar rats (200–250 g) were anaesthetised with isoflurane (2%) and underwent a midline laparotomy with gentle manipulation of the viscera, and the effects of pre‐ (30 min) or post‐ (5 h) operative treatment with MPEP (1, 3 or 10 mg kg−1; i.p.) or drug‐vehicle on hindpaw withdrawal latency (in seconds) to thermal stimulation (Hargreave's Test) and response threshold (in grams) to mechanical stimulation (using a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer) were measured. Animals that underwent surgery displayed significant hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the hindpaws. Hypersensitivity was maximum at 6 h post‐surgery (44.5 ± 2.4% decrease; p < 0.01 vs. anaesthesia only controls) and persisted for 48 h. Surgery had no effect on thermal withdrawal latency. Both pre‐operative and post‐operative administration of 10 mg kg−1MPEP blocked mechanical hypersensitivity induced by surgery (p < 0.01 vs. vehicle treatment). MPEP had no effect on acute nociceptive thresholds in naïve animals. These data suggest that activity at mGlu5 receptors contributes to development of pain and hypersensitivity following surgery.
Role of stapes surgery in improving hearing loss caused by otosclerosis
Authors: Marchese M R , Paludetti G , De Corso E , Cianfrone F
Published: November 2006

The aim of our study was to evaluate the functional results of stapes surgery and to compare the effectiveness of small fenestra stapedotomy with that of total stapedectomy in improving hearing in patients affected by otosclerosis.

Three hundred and fifty-seven consecutive ears, in 265 patients affected by otosclerosis, underwent surgery. All cases underwent either primary small fenestra stapedotomy (group A, 196/357, 54.91 per cent) or stapedectomy (group B, 161/357, 45.09 per cent). After surgery, 256/357 (71.71 per cent) cases showed a 0–20 dB gap. There were no significant differences in hearing results between the two groups at either early or late post-operative assessment. The mean post-operative pure tone average and air–bone gap results were slightly greater for group B than for group A, at both early and late post-operative assessments, but these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, in group A, the mean pure tone average at 4 kHz significantly improved, from 56.60 to 47.66 dB at early post-operative assessment and to 52.98 dB at late post-operative assessment.

Our study suggests that the technique of microtomy of the oval window is able to improve hearing results especially at high frequencies.
Comparative study of palatine tonsil histology in mammals, with special reference to tonsillar salivary glands
Authors: Effat Kamal G , Milad Makram
Published: November 2006

The authors studied the histology of palatine tonsils from various mammals. Special reference was made to tonsillar salivary glands, which are usually rudimentary in humans. Tonsillar salivary glands were a prominent feature in all categories of mammals studied, apart from humans. As far as the authors were aware, no previous study had focussed on tonsillar salivary glands in mammals. The putative physiological implications are discussed.
A peripheral nerve sheath tumour as a cause of nasal obstruction
Authors: Manganaris A , Tsompanidou C , Manganaris T
Published: November 2006

Neurogenic tumours form a very small percentage of all neoplastic lesions of the head and neck region. However, the head and neck region is by far the most common location for benign peripheral nerve tumours. Several cases involving the nose have been sporadically documented throughout the medical literature.

We present a rare case of a solitary neurofibroma arising from the lateral nasal wall of a 68-year-old woman. En bloc surgical resection of the mass was achieved by the lateral rhinotomy approach.

The clinical significance of this case report is due to its rare site. In recent medical literature, there has been only one report concerning a solitary neurofibroma arising from the inferior turbinate. This case also highlights the importance of considering this clinical entity in the differential diagnosis when encountering a unilateral soft tissue mass in the nasal cavity.
Psychological symptoms in patients after surgery for
congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Geyer Siegfried , Norozi Kambiz , Zoege Monika , Kempa Almut , Buchhorn Reiner , Wessel Armin
Published: November 2006

Aims: We studied a population of patients with surgically corrected congenital cardiac disease to determine whether limitations in activity, impaired cardiac performance, and perception of body image have effects on psychological symptoms. Methods: We undertook medical examinations, and carried out standardized interviews, in 361 patients aged between 14 and 45 years with surgically corrected congenital cardiac disease. From this data, findings from 343 patients were suitable for analysis. Subjectively reported limitations in activity were classified according to the system proposed by the New York Heart Association, while cardiopulmonary capacity was used as the indicator of cardiac performance. The Brief Symptom Inventory was used for assessing psychological symptoms, such as somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. The Body Image Questionnaire was used to depict attitudes towards body image, which is assessed on the two subscales of rejection of the body and vitality. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted separately for females and males, taking into account age and socio-economic position. Results: Impairments of everyday activities had only a few substantial associations with psychological symptoms. No significant effects of cardiac functional capacity as a standardized physiological measure emerged. Psychological symptoms were strongly influenced by perceptions of body image, particularly if they rejected it, this holding particularly for males. There were no gender differences in terms of psychological symptoms. Conclusions: Limitations of activity, and impaired cardiac performance, have only minor effects on psychological symptoms in patients with surgically corrected congenital cardiac disease. The perception of body image was the strongest predictor, especially if patients rejected their body as a result of disfigurement or perceived deficiency.
Effect of relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities on stimulated Raman scattering in laser plasma interaction
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Gupta M. K.
Published: November 2006

In this paper, the authors have investigated the effect of ultra-intense laser beam filaments on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in unmagnetized plasma when relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities are operative. First, the filamentary dynamics of laser beam is studied. In these structures, the plasma wave generation and associated SRS process are studied. The effect of filamentation on SRS back reflectivity has been studied in detail. For the typical laser plasma parameters, i.e., laser beam Nd:YAG (λ=1064nm), laser beam radius=15μm, laser power flux=6×1017W∕cm2, electron density=1.9×1019percm3, the SRS reflectivity reduces by a factor 2.5 due to ponderomotive effects.
Tuning the electronic structures of semiconducting SiC nanotubes by N and NHx (x=1,2) groups
Authors: He Tao , Zhao Mingwen , Xia Yueyuan , Li Weifeng , Song Chen , Lin Xiaohang , Liu Xiangdong , Mei Liangmo
Published: November 2006

We investigate the stable configurations and electronic structures of silicon carbide nanotubes (SiCNTs) decorated by N and NHx (x=1,2) groups by using first-principles calculations. We find that these groups can be chemically incorporated into the network of SiCNTs in different ways, accompanied with the formation of N–C and N–Si bonds. The adsorbing energy of N and NHx (x=1,2) groups on (5,5) and (8,0) SiCNTs ranges from −1.82to−7.19eV. The electronic structures of SiCNTs can be effectively modified by these groups and display diverse characters ranging from semiconducting to semimetallic, depending on the chirality of SiCNTs as well as the way of the incorporation of these functional groups. The relationship between the electronic structures and the configurations of these functionalized SiCNTs is also addressed by performing projected density of states combined with Milliken population analysis. These results are expected to open a way to tune the electronic structures of SiCNTs which may have promising applications in building nanodevices.
Size, shape, and flexibility of RNA structures
Authors: Hyeon Changbong , Dima Ruxandra I. , Thirumalai D.
Published: November 2006

Determination of sizes and flexibilities of RNA molecules is important in understanding the nature of packing in folded structures and in elucidating interactions between RNA and DNA or proteins. Using the coordinates of the structures of RNA in the Protein Data Bank we find that the size of the folded RNA structures, measured using the radius of gyration RG, follows the Flory scaling law, namely, RG=5.5N1∕3Å, where N is the number of nucleotides. The shape of RNA molecules is characterized by the asphericity Δ and the shape S parameters that are computed using the eigenvalues of the moment of inertia tensor. From the distribution of Δ, we find that a large fraction of folded RNA structures are aspherical and the distribution of S values shows that RNA molecules are prolate (S>0). The flexibility of folded structures is characterized by the persistence length lp. By fitting the distance distribution function P(r), that is computed using the coordinates of the folded RNA, to the wormlike chain model we extracted the persistence length lp. We find that lp≈1.5N0.33Å which might reflect the large separation between the free energies that stabilize secondary and tertiary structures. The dependence of lp on N implies that the average length of helices should increase as the size of RNA grows. We also analyze packing in the structures of ribosomes (30S, 50S, and 70S) in terms of RG, Δ, S, and lp. The 70S and the 50S subunits are more spherical compared to most RNA molecules. The globularity in 50S is due to the presence of an unusually large number (compared to 30S subunit) of small helices that are stitched together by bulges and loops. Comparison of the shapes of the intact 70S ribosome and the constituent particles suggests that folding of the individual molecules might occur prior to assembly.
Laser Doppler imaging, revisited
Authors: Atlan M. , Gross M.
Published: November 2006

We present a detection scheme designed to perform laser Doppler imaging in a wide-field configuration, aimed at slow flow characterization. The optical field which carries a spectral information about the local scatterers dynamic state that results from momentum transfer at each scattering event is analyzed in the temporal frequencies domain. The setup is based on heterodyne off-axis digital holography.
Analytical Penning ionization electron spectra and self-trapping of fast electrons
Authors: Demidov V. I. , DeJoseph C. A.
Published: November 2006

It is pointed out that self-trapping of fast electrons can distort measurements of gas species in Penning ionization electron spectra. This effect should be taken into account for the development of gas chromatography detectors based on this methodology.
Enhancement and inverse behaviors of magnetoimpedance in a magnetotunneling junction by driving frequency
Authors: Chien W. C. , Lo C. K. , Hsieh L. C. , Yao Y. D. , Han X. F. , Zeng Z. M. , Peng T. Y. , Lin P.
Published: November 2006

The magnetoimpedance effect was employed to study magnetotunneling junction (MTJ) with the structure of Ru(5nm)∕Cu(10nm)∕Ru(5nm)∕IrMn(10nm)∕CoFeB(4nm)∕Al(1.2nm)-oxide∕CoFeB(4nm)∕Ru(5nm). A huge change of more than ±17000% was observed in the imaginary part of the impedance between the magnetically parallel and antiparallel states of the MTJ. The inverse behavior of the magnetoimpedance (MI) loop occurs beyond 21.1MHz; however, the normal MI at low frequency and the inverse MI at high frequency exhibit the same magnetization reversal as checked by the Kerr effect. The reversal in MI was due to the dominance of magnetocapacitance at high frequency.
Critical thickness of heavily boron-doped silicon-germanium alloys
Authors: Chopra Saurabh , Ozturk Mehmet C. , Misra Veena , McGuire Kris , McNeil L. E.
Published: November 2006

In this work, the effect of boron concentration on the critical thickness of heavily boron doped Si1−xGex alloys (Si1−x−yGexBy) has been studied using Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that while boron decreases the stored strain energy, it can substantially increase the critical thickness for a given Ge concentration. The Si1−x−yGexBy critical thickness was calculated using two different models based on energy balance and kinetic considerations. The results show that the kinetic model provides a good estimate for the Si1−x−yGexBy critical thickness.
Determining electronic spectra at interfaces by electronic sum frequency generation: One- and two-photon double resonant oxazine 750 at the air/water interface
Authors: Yamaguchi Shoichi , Tahara Tahei
Published: November 2006

The second-order nonlinear electronic spectra were measured for a dye oxazine 750 (OX750) adsorbed at the air/water interface using the multiplex electronic sum frequency generation (ESFG) spectroscopy recently developed by our group. The excitation-wavelength dependence of the ESFG spectrum was investigated, and a global fitting analysis was performed to separate contributions of one- and two-photon resonances. The analysis yielded linear interface electronic spectra in the one- and two-photon resonance regions, which can be directly compared to bulk absorption spectra. A two-dimensional plot of the linear interface electronic spectra is newly proposed to graphically represent all the essential information on the electronic structure of interfacial molecules. On this new analytical basis of the ESFG spectroscopy, the spectroscopic properties of OX750 at the interface are discussed.
Designing an enzymatic oscillator: Bistability and feedback controlled oscillations with glucose oxidase in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor
Authors: Vanag Vladimir K. , Míguez David G. , Epstein Irving R.
Published: November 2006

The reaction of glucose with ferricyanide catalyzed by glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger gives rise to a wide range of bistability as the flow rate is varied in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. Oscillations in pH can be obtained by introducing a negative feedback on the autocatalytic production of H+ that drives the bistability. In our experiments, this feedback consists of an inflow of hydroxide ion at a rate that depends on [H+] in the reactor as k0[OH−]0[H+]∕(K+[H+]). pH oscillations are found over a broad range of enzyme and ferricyanide concentrations, residence times (k0−1), and feedback parameters. A simple mathematical model quantitatively accounts for the experimentally found oscillations.
Cluster pair correlation function of simple fluids: Energetic connectivity criteria
Authors: Pugnaloni Luis A. , Zarragoicoechea Guillermo J. , Vericat Fernando
Published: November 2006

We consider the clustering of Lennard-Jones particles by using an energetic connectivity criterion proposed long ago by Hill [J. Chem. Phys. 32, 617 (1955)] for the bond between pairs of particles. The criterion establishes that two particles are bonded (directly connected) if their relative kinetic energy is less than minus their relative potential energy. Thus, in general, it depends on the direction as well as on the magnitude of the velocities and positions of the particles. An integral equation for the pair connectedness function, proposed by two of the authors [Phys. Rev. E 61, R6067 (2000)], is solved for this criterion and the results are compared with those obtained from molecular dynamics simulations and from a connectedness Percus-Yevick-type integral equation for a velocity-averaged version of Hill’s energetic criterion.
Bright contrast imaging of carbon nanofiber-substrate interface
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Ominami Yusuke , Ngo Quoc , Yang Cary Y. , Yamada Toshishige , Cassell Alan M. , Li Jun
Published: November 2006

We present the contrast mechanisms of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for visualizing the interface between carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and the underlying substrate. SEM imaging with electron beam energies higher than a certain threshold provides different image contrasts depending on whether CNFs are in contact with the substrate or suspended above the substrate. CNFs with diameters ranging from 25to250nm are examined with various electron beam energies. It is found that the threshold energy corresponds to the energy required to penetrate the CNF and its dependence on CNF diameter can be understood using the theory of electron range. This knowledge will be quite useful for interface imaging of all nanostructure devices.
Growth of a dislocation loop in a nonuniform field
Authors: Schwarz K. W.
Published: November 2006

The growth of a dislocation loop in a nonuniform field is considered at the elastic continuum level. Elementary arguments show that for many fields there exists a critical field strength below which the minimum loop size required for growth suddenly becomes very large or does not exist at all. This implies that the critical field concept applicable to strained layers can usefully be extended to other commonly occurring nonuniform fields. Several illustrative examples are discussed and studied numerically.