bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Hello… I'm Here!” A Co‐Productive Qualitative Study Involving Older People With Vision Impairment and Their Experiences of Acute Hospital Care
Authors: Wilson Fiona , Arblaster Gemma , Geraghty Holly , Graveling Sydney , Hussain Zahra , Jackson Nicola , Qamar Zaina , Rook Elliot , Starsong Elena
Published: December 2024

Aim

To understand the experience and care needs of older people living with vision impairment in the acute hospital setting.

Design

A qualitative study using co‐productive user‐based design.

Methods

Seven older people living with vision impairment and six healthcare students collaborated in a series of six researcher facilitated co‐productive workshops. Recorded data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

The needs of older people with vision impairment are often overlooked in the acute hospital setting. Four themes identified (1) Trauma and Loss; (2) Vulnerability and Feeling Invisible; (3) Being disabled, and (4) Feeling safe. Trauma associated with vision loss was acute, particularly if acquired during the hospital admission. The experience of vision impairment coupled with illness served to heighten feelings of vulnerability and needs were often overlooked creating a sense of invisibility. The hospital environment was experienced as disabling, and care needs were not always acknowledged. Supportive communications and access to own audio/supportive devices were vital in supporting a sense of safety.

Conclusions

Our study is significant in highlighting the increasing global importance of vision aware care in the context of an ageing population. The study is also unique in illustrating the potential for inclusive and creative co‐productive approaches which engage both older people with sight loss and healthcare students to promote vision aware practice. Supporting vision impaired older people through diagnosis, care and discharge is vital for promoting equitable positive health outcomes and quality of life.

Impact Statement

What problem did the study address? Despite a high prevalence of sight loss within the older patient population, it is unclear how the acute hospital setting supports people living with vision impairment.

What were the main findings? The hospital environment and lack of vision aware care can impact negatively on the care experience resulting in poorer physical and psychosocial wellbeing.

Where and whom will the research have an impact? This work will inform the development of vision aware care educational resources, policy, and practice.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

Vision aware care is vital for supporting quality of life and health outcomes for all older people.

Reporting Method

EQUATOR guidelines have been adhered to using the COREQ checklist.

Patient or Public Contribution

The charitable organisation Sheffield Royal Society of Blind (SRSB) was involved in the planning of the research to ensure that volunteer participants could take part and the conduct of the research was inclusive to their needs.
Using Legitimation Code Theory to Underpin the Development of Undergraduate Nursing Students' Breastfeeding Knowledge: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bowdler Suzanne , Nielsen Wendy , Georgiou Helen , Meedya Shahla , Salamonson Yenna
Published: December 2024

Aim

To explore how undergraduate nursing students develop knowledge during a breastfeeding module.

Design

A qualitative study using a single case‐study approach.

Methods

This study was conducted in Australia over 2 years during the period between July 2021 and December 2022. Semi‐structured interviews and artefact collection were conducted with a purposive sample of undergraduate nurses (n = 10) who completed a paediatric elective subject that included a breastfeeding module. Thematic and content analysis were used. The specialisation dimension in Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) was used for the content analysis, and students' data was mapped on the specialisation plane.

Results

This study reveals how participants developed knowledge by linking personal breastfeeding experiences to theoretical components within the nursing program. Using the LCT dimension of specialisation, this study provides new insights into how participants move through distinct quadrants of the specialisation plane. Learners tour between the knowledge, knower, and elite quadrants of the plane as they integrate their knowledge. The research maps the journey towards becoming the ‘right kind of knower’ and reveals how personal experience and theoretical knowledge intersect to create disciplinary expertise. This study advances the LCT dimension of specialisation by illustrating the fluid, non‐linear nature of knowledge acquisition and knower development.

Conclusions

This study highlights the value of integrating personal experiences into nursing education, demonstrating how students use these to build knowledge and professional identity. The findings emphasise the dynamic knowledge development process in preparing future healthcare professionals.

Implications for the Profession and Patient Care

Integrating lived experiences and interprofessional education equips nurses to address complex health issues, leading to more effective, personalised care and better health outcomes for breastfeeding mothers and infants. This approach signals a transformative shift in nursing education.

Impact

By personalising and contextualising learning, fostering reflective practice, deepening disciplinary knowledge, and promoting a collaborative practice environment, this approach enriches nursing education.

Reporting Method

The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ).

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Long‐Term Outcomes of Ceramic Veneers Restorations: A Comprehensive Analysis of Clinical and Patient‐Reported Metrics
Authors: Panayong Thitiorn , Chengprapakorn Wareeratn , Limpuangthip Nareudee , Serichetaphongse Pravej
Published: December 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of ceramic veneers after 9–10 years, assess patient‐reported outcomes, and examine their associations.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients with ceramic veneers aged 9–10 years were recalled for a clinical examination. Each participant completed a questionnaire on satisfaction and oral health‐related quality of life, specifically using the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) scale. The chi‐square or Fisher exact test was used to assess the associations between tooth position and professional evaluations of veneer success and individual items. Consistency between professional evaluations of the veneers and patient‐reported outcomes was evaluated using Weight Kappa.

Results

A total of 30 patients with 233 veneers participated in the study. Clinical evaluations deemed 9.87% (n = 23) of veneers as successful, 79.40% (n = 185) as surviving with complications, and 10.73% (n = 25) as a failure. The most common complications were marginal adaptation, gingival inflammation, and marginal discoloration. The participants were most frequently dissatisfied with the function of the veneers, food impaction, and cleaning difficulties. The OIDP assessment indicated that problems on daily activities such as cleaning, eating, and sleeping were predominantly affected. There were significant consistencies between certain clinical performance attributes and patient‐reported outcomes.

Conclusions

The survival rate of ceramic veneers was 89.3% after 9–10 years of follow‐up. Among these, 79.4% had survived with complications such as material defects, secondary caries, and gingival problems. Given the discrepancies between patient‐reported outcomes and clinical evaluations, further investigations into patient perception are needed alongside traditional clinical assessments.

Clinical Significance

Educating patients about the potential complications associated with veneer restoration, especially specific to tooth location, is essential. Additionally, advising patients on proper oral hygiene practices is recommended to minimize the risk of gingival inflammation to enhance the longevity of the restoration.
Complete revascularization versus culprit‐only revascularization in older adults with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Park Dae Yong , Hu Jiun‐Ruey , Frampton Jennifer , Rymer Jennifer , Al Damluji Abdulla , Nanna Michael G.
Published: December 2024

Background

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of complete revascularization (CR) versus culprit‐only revascularization (COR) in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have shifted the recommendation for CR from class III to class I in the AHA/ACC/SCAI guidelines, but it remains unclear if the benefit of CR over COR extends to older adults, who have greater bleeding risk, comorbidity burden, and complexity of lesions. We performed a meta‐analysis to place the results of the previous RCTs in the context of the recently published FIRE trial and the subgroup analysis of the COMPLETE trial in adults ≥75 years old.

Methods

We searched the literature from inception to October 21, 2023. RCTs of CR versus COR in STEMI were selected if it reported results for older adults, defined as either age > 65 years or > 75 years. Integrated hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random effects models. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Secondary outcomes were major bleeding and contrast‐associated acute kidney injury (CA‐AKI).

Results

In this meta‐analysis of 5 RCTs including 3513 older adults, CR was associated with a lower hazard of MACE than COR (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.99, p = 0.047). Sensitivity analysis including trials that defined older adults as age > 65 years resulted in a lower hazard of MACE with CR versus COR, but not in trials that defined older adults as age > 75 years. There was no difference in the hazard of major bleeding or CA‐AKI between CR and COR.

Conclusions

In this largest meta‐analysis to date investigating CR compared with COR in older adults with STEMI, CR was associated with reduced MACE without a concomitant increase in major bleeding or CA‐AKI compared with COR. These results can help cardiologists and geriatricians involved in shared decision‐making with patients and caregivers when contemplating whether to pursue CR in older adults.
Comparative study of emotional facial expression recognition among Prader–Willi syndrome subtypes
Authors: Perosanz A. , López‐Paz J. F. , Amayra I. , García M. , Martínez O.
Published: December 2024

Background

Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a congenital disease caused by a rare and generally non‐inherited genetic disorder. The inability to recognise facial expressions of emotion is an apparent social cognition deficit in people diagnosed with PWS. The main objective of the present study is to compare the ability to recognise emotional facial expression, in both non‐contextualised and contextualised scenarios, among the main subtypes of PWS and a control group.

Methods

The sample consisted of 46 children divided into three groups: deletion (n = 10), maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) (n = 13) and control (n = 23). The protocol included the Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling and the Deusto‐e‐Motion 1.0.

Results

The control group recognised facial emotions more accurately and quickly in both non‐contextualised and contextualised scenarios than children with PWS, regardless of genetic subtype. Despite no differences being detected between PWS subtypes when non‐contextualised scenarios were analysed, in contextualised situations, a longer reaction time was observed in children with the mUPD subtype.

Conclusions

This is the first study to assess the ability to recognise emotional facial expressions in contextualised situations among PWS subtypes and a control group. The findings suggest that some of the social cognitive deficits evidenced in children with mUPD PWS may be similar to those in autism spectrum disorder.
Risk factors contributing to interproximal contact loss between an implant crown and a natural tooth
Authors: Pappous George C. , Campbell Stephen , Goldstein Gary
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Interproximal contact loss (ICL) is considered a prevalent complication for a tooth abutting an implant restoration. While numerous potential causes for ICL have been presented, there is no consensus. A review of the current literature with a focus on possible risk factors was performed.

Materials and Methods

A PubMed search using keywords “implant OR dental implants OR implant supported prosthesis AND proximal contact loss OR ICL OR loss of interproximal contact OR open contact OR interproximal open contact OR adjacent natural teeth” resulted in 81 citations, 9 of which were relevant to the focus question. Additional references were culled from the reference lists in the identified articles. Systematic reviews, case series, and case reports were reviewed with a focus on causation, association, or correlation.

Results

Eight systematic reviews and 14 case series were reviewed. The prevalence of ICL has been reported to be as low as 16% and as high as 66%. ICL was more common on the mesial side of implants and when a tooth abuts a splinted implant restoration. The absence of a uniform definition to accurately describe an interproximal (IP) contact and an open IP contact is demonstrated in the literature. A lack of standardized measurement strategies that relate to a needed consensus definition further exacerbates the broad range of reported results regarding ICL. The lack of controls for almost all the ICL literature makes it difficult to draw conclusions and comparisons to unrestored, natural tooth IP contacts and the prevalence of ICL in this patient population. As a result, the available studies are inadequate to support a causal theory and the potential risk factors associated with ICL.

Conclusions

There is a large range of reported prevalence for IP contact loss. ICL is more common when a natural tooth abuts a splinted implant restoration. ICL is more common on the mesial, as opposed to the distal, of an implant retained restoration. Consensus in the definition and measurement strategies for ICL needs to be established to provide standardized terminology and methodology. Potential risk factors such as occlusion, restorative material, and tooth contact area need to be investigated.
The effect of cyclic dislodgement and denture cleanser storage on various attachment systems used in implant‐overdenture prostheses
Authors: Karabulut‐Açıkgöz Tuğçe , Canay Şenay
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The present study aims to evaluate and compare the retention forces of nylon and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) attachments with different color codes over time and denture cleansers.

Materials and Methods

Two plexiglass models were prepared for this study. In the first model, two Astra‐Tech EV implants and two Locator abutments were placed, followed by the placement of two corresponding housings in the opposite blocks where nylon attachments were fitted. The second model was mounted with two Medentika Microcone RI implants and two Novaloc abutments. PEEK attachments were then placed in the corresponding housings. Blue‐pink‐clear nylon and white‐yellow‐green PEEK attachments’ (n = 8 for each group) maximum dislodgement forces were measured at baseline (T0). Second measurements were conducted after 1080 insertion and removal cycles (T1). Corega denture cleanser solution was prepared by adding one tablet to 200 mL of tap water. All attachments were soaked in the solution for three minutes and rinsed under running water. Each group of attachments was soaked for 1080 min in total, corresponding to 1 year of clinical use. The final measurements were conducted after storage in the solution. One specimen and abutment were randomly selected from each group and examined using a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni multiple comparison test (p < 0.05). The percentage decrease in the dislodgement force of the attachments was also calculated.

Results

Insertion and removal cycles significantly affected the retention values (p < 0.001). Storage in the cleanser did not significantly affect the retention (p > 0.05). The lowest retention value was observed in blue nylon attachments (501.50 ± 33.39 gf [gram force]) after insertion‐removal (T1), with a similar trend after immersion (476.13 ± 39.75 gf) (T2). The highest retention was observed similarly in clear nylon attachments (1660.38 ± 41.73 gf) after insertion‐removal after immersion (1636.50 ± 62.20 gf) (T2). In terms of percentage loss of retention, yellow PEEK attachments were the most affected group after all test procedures (36.88%), while the lowest affected group was pink nylon attachments (21.56%).

Conclusions

PEEK attachments were the least affected by the denture cleanser but the most affected by insertion and removal cycles. Corega denture cleanser had no significant effect on nylon or PEEK attachments, whereas the insertion‐removal cycle had a significant effect on both attachment systems.
Genetic diversity, morphological characteristics and virulence of Stemphylium species causing tomato leaf spot disease in Uruguay
Authors: González‐Ghiena Ana Clara , Rubio Leticia , Mena Eilyn , Delgado‐Cerrone Leonardo , González‐Arcos Matías , Ponce de León Inés
Published: December 2024

Tomato leaf spot, caused by the ascomycete fungi Stemphylium spp., including S. lycopersici, S. solani and S. vesicarium, is a severe threat to tomato production worldwide. In Uruguay, the disease has become more prevalent in both field and greenhouse production systems in recent years, primarily due to the use of susceptible tomato varieties. This study focuses on the identification, morphological characteristics, genetic diversity and virulence of Stemphylium isolates responsible for leaf spot in Uruguay's major tomato‐producing regions. Phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) genes showed that S. lycopersici is the predominant pathogen, with 33 isolates identified, whereas only three isolates were classified as S. vesicarium. Genetic diversity analysis using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers identified two main clusters of S. lycopersici isolates that correlate with distinct geographical regions. Cultural and morphological characteristics of S. lycopersici varied significantly and pathogenicity assays revealed a broad spectrum of virulence among S. lycopersici isolates, with some isolates causing extensive necrosis and others showing minimal disease lesions. S. lycopersici primarily penetrates plant tissues through stomata and trichomes, and hyphae proliferate both within and on plant tissues, causing chlorosis and necrosis. Infected tissues exhibit alterations in cell wall composition associated with the incorporation of phenolic compounds. This is the first report characterizing various isolates of S. lycopersici and S. vesicarium responsible for tomato leaf spot in Uruguay.
Heterologous expression of Sesuvium portulacastrumSpCIPK2 confers salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Li Yuxin , Hu Yanping , Liu Wen , Xia Haiyan , Liu Yunqi , Sun Zhiguang , Zhou Yang
Published: December 2024

Calcineurin B‐like interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) play critical roles in plant adaptation to salt stress. However, the biological functions of CIPKs in Sesuvium portulacastrum, a halophyte flourishing in coastal mudflats, remain poorly understood. Here, a highly expressed CIPK gene, SpCIPK2, was identified from transcriptomic analyses of S. portulacastrum root systems under salt stress. Subcellular localization assays confirmed the cytoplasmic presence of SpCIPK2. Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing SpCIPK2 exhibited markedly improved salt tolerance, characterized by increased fresh weight under salt stress. Transgenic plants demonstrated significantly lower levels of O2·− and H2O2 compared to wild‐type plants. Furthermore, transgenic plants revealed a reduced relative conductivity and enhanced peroxidase (POD) activity in the leaves. Salt treatment accelerated Na+ efflux while slowing K+ efflux in transgenic plants, resulting in diminished Na+ accumulation and an elevated K+/Na+ ratio during salt stress. This evidence suggests that SpCIPK2 enhances salt tolerance by regulating ion homeostasis, activating antioxidant enzymes activity, and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in salt‐stressed plants.
Association of CXCR1 Gene Polymorphism With Clinical Mastitis and Performance Traits in Murrah Buffalo
Authors: Dalal Vikrant , Kamaldeep Dhundwal , Magotra Ankit , Yadav Dipin Chander , Pushpa Sindhu , Garg Asha Rani
Published: December 2024

This study revealed the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CXCR1 gene and their association with performance traits and mastitis incidence in Murrah buffalo. The targeted SNP rs211042414 (T > C) at the g.106216468 locus in partial exon 2 of the CXCR1 gene was genotyped using PCR amplification and restriction enzyme digestion by Alu I, Bsa I, Dde I, Ava I, Hind III, EcoRV, Hae III, and Hae II restriction enzymes. The genotypic frequencies revealed three genotypes: CC, CT, and TT, with the C allele being the most prevalent (0.79) compared to the T allele (0.21). Targeted SNP showed significant association with the incidence of clinical mastitis incidence, and the study revealed that the TT genotyped animals showed a higher incidence of clinical mastitis compared to the TT and CT genotyped animals in the targeted population. Furthermore, least squares analysis revealed that targeted performance traits, viz. 305 days milk yield, total milk yield, and lactation length, were significantly associated with the genetic variants of the CXCR1 gene. TT genotyped animals exhibited higher milk yield than CT and CC genotyped animals, indicating a positive association between the T allele and increased milk production. These findings revealed that there is a scope for the genetic improvement of Murrah buffalo. Incorporating the identified CXCR1 gene polymorphisms into existing selection criteria can help to improve disease resistance and milk production traits in Murrah buffalo. However, further validation with a larger sample size is necessary to strengthen the observed associations and ensure their practical applicability.
Rousseau's case for democracy
Authors: Schrepfer Matthew
Published: December 2024

In this article, I provide an interpretation of Rousseau's case for democracy: his argument for why “every law which the people in person have not ratified is invalid; it is not a law.” The people must ratify every law because sovereignty “lies essentially in the general will, and will does not admit of representation” or alienation. Taking my cue from this remark, I argue that Rousseau's radically free, choice‐based conception of the will makes it impossible for anyone to legitimately agree to submit to a nondemocratic sovereign, explaining why only democracy can be legitimate on his view. However, the principle that “who wills the end wills the means also” means that citizens can, in willing one thing, commit themselves to willing more than they realize. This explains why Rousseau sometimes seem to treat the general will as a fact that citizens can be mistaken about.
Emotional variability and late adolescent suicidal ideation: Buffering role of parent–youth connectedness
Authors: Chiang Shou‐Chun , Ting Shi‐Jane , Yu‐Hsien Sung
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Emotional variability has been identified as a risk factor for adolescent psychopathology. This study explored the cross‐sectional and prospective associations between emotional variability and suicidal ideation and examined the moderating role of parent–adolescent connectedness.

Methods

Participants included 108 Taiwanese late adolescents (Mage = 18.53, SDage = 0.39; 64% female) who completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) over 14 days, and baseline and follow‐up assessments over 6 months.

Results

Results indicated that while negative emotional (NE) and positive emotional (PE) variability were not associated with suicidal ideation at baseline, both predicted increased suicidal ideation 6 months later. Furthermore, parent–adolescent connectedness moderated the relationship between NE variability and suicidal ideation, with high connectedness mitigating the adverse effects of NE variability.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that emotional variability is a key predictor for the development of suicidal ideation and highlight the protective role of parent–adolescent connectedness. Interventions promoting family connectedness may be effective in reducing suicidal risk among emotionally variable youth.
Effect of Midsole Hardness on Soft Tissue Vibrations: An Ascendant Hierarchical Clustering on 133 Runners
Authors: Play Marie‐Caroline , Giandolini Marlène , Ravel Antoine , Millet Guillaume Y. , Rossi Jérémy
Published: December 2024

Soft tissue vibrations (STV) can generate discomfort during running. Recent research has shown that footwear affects the amplitude of STV differently across runners but no studies have linked human characteristics and footwear construction yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate the runner specific STV responses to various midsole hardness and to identify functional groups, that is, groups of runners responding similarly to a given intervention. A total of 133 runners (56 females) with a wide range of anthropometrics and running habits performed an 8.5‐min trial at a self‐selected speed with three different midsole hardness (soft i.e., 46 Asker C, medium i.e., 58 Asker C and hard i.e., 71 Asker C). STV, kinetics, kinematics and electromyographic activity of gastrocnemius medialis muscle were recorded at minute 8. Mechanical properties of calf muscles were obtained through a standardized impact test on the calf muscles. An ascendant hierarchical clustering was computed to cluster individuals based on their STV amplitudes in the three conditions. Three functional groups with distinctive STV responses were identified. STV amplitude decreased for 61% of runners with the soft condition (SOFT group) and for 11% of runners with the medium condition (MED group), whereas 28% of runners demonstrated greater STV amplitude in the hard condition (HIGH‐HARD group). The findings revealed differences between groups in term of body fat percentage, running volume per week, foot/ground angle at initial contact, ankle plantarflexion and flight time. It provides guidelines to recommend footwear reducing STV amplitude based on anthropometrics, running practice and biomechanical characteristics of the runners.
Influence of Stretch Speed and Arousal State on Passive Ankle Joint Mechanics
Authors: Lima Camila de Paula de , Ruas Cassio Victora , Blazevich Anthony John
Published: December 2024

Studies investigating the mechanisms influencing maximum passive joint range of motion (ROMmax) and stiffness have not objectively assessed the possible influence of stretch speed and/or arousal state. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of arousal state and stretch speed on healthy individuals ROMmax, stiffness, gastrocnemius medialis, and soleus electromyographic activity (EMG). Fourteen participants performed one familiarization and then one testing session on separate days in the laboratory. In the familiarization (Session 1), participants practiced fast (30°/s ankle dorsiflexion) and slow (5°/s) plantar flexor stretches on an isokinetic dynamometer with the knee extended. In the experimental session (Session 2), they performed two slow, then two fast, stretches under three randomized arousal conditions: control (no music), arousing, and relaxing music. Dorsiflexion ROMmax, ankle joint stiffness, muscle activity during stretch, mean heart rate, and perception of arousal were measured. Perception of arousal was greater in the arousing than relaxing condition (p = 0.001). ROMmax was greater during fast (69.1° ± 7.8°) than slow stretches (64.9° ± 10.8°; p = 0.002) with no effect of arousal. Stiffness and EMG were higher at faster speeds, with a significantly greater percentage of stiffness observed in the arousing than the other conditions during faster stretches (p = 0.04). ROMmax was greater at the faster stretch speed despite greater stiffness and muscle activities being produced during the stretch. Thus, despite reflexive muscle activity and viscosity being higher during faster stretches, a greater, not lesser, ROMmax was observed. Arousal state, at least when altered by music, did not seem to affect ROMmax but somewhat influenced stiffness in the faster stretches.
Harnessing artificial intelligence for enhanced veterinary diagnostics: A look to quality assurance, Part I Model development
Authors: Pacholec Christina , Flatland Bente , Xie Hehuang , Zimmerman Kurt
Published: December 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformative potential in veterinary pathology in tasks ranging from cell enumeration and cancer detection to prognosis forecasting, virtual staining techniques, and individually tailored treatment plans. Preclinical testing and validation of AI systems (AIS) are critical to ensure diagnostic safety, efficacy, and dependability. In this two‐part series, challenges such as the AI chasm (ie, the discrepancy between the AIS model performance in research settings and real‐world applications) and ethical considerations (data privacy, algorithmic bias) are reviewed and underscore the importance of tailored quality assurance measures that address the nuances of AI in veterinary pathology. This review advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to AI development and implementation, focusing on image‐based tasks, highlighting the necessity for collaboration across veterinarians, computer scientists, and ethicists to successfully navigate the complex landscape of using AI in veterinary medicine. It calls for a concerted effort to bridge the AI chasm by addressing technical, ethical, and regulatory challenges, facilitating AI integration into veterinary pathology. The future of veterinary pathology must balance harnessing AI's potential while intentionally mitigating its risks, ensuring the welfare of animals and the integrity of the veterinary profession are safeguarded. Part I of this review focuses on considerations for model development, and Part II focuses on external validation of AI.
A note on ubiquity of geometric Brascamp–Lieb data
Authors: Bez Neal , Gauvan Anthony , Tsuji Hiroshi
Published: December 2024

Relying substantially on work of Garg, Gurvits, Oliveira and Wigderson, it is shown that geometric Brascamp–Lieb data are, in a certain sense, dense in the space of feasible Brascamp–Lieb data. This addresses a question raised by Bennett and Tao in their recent work on the adjoint Brascamp–Lieb inequality.
Single‐cell transcriptomics of human organoid‐derived enteroendocrine cell populations from the small intestine
Authors: Smith Christopher A. , Lu Van B. , Bany Bakar Rula , Miedzybrodzka Emily , Davison Adam , Goldspink Deborah , Reimann Frank , Gribble Fiona M.
Published: December 2024

Gut hormones control intestinal function, metabolism and appetite, and have been harnessed therapeutically to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. Our understanding of the enteroendocrine axis arises largely from animal studies, but intestinal organoid models make it possible to identify, genetically modify and purify human enteroendocrine cells (EECs). This study aimed to map human EECs using single‐cell RNA sequencing. Organoids derived from human duodenum and ileum were genetically modified using CRISPR‐Cas9 to express the fluorescent protein Venus driven by the chromogranin‐A promoter. Fluorescent cells from CHGA‐Venus organoids were purified by flow cytometry and analysed by 10X single‐cell RNA sequencing. Cluster analysis separated EEC populations, allowing an examination of differentially expressed hormones, nutrient‐sensing machinery, transcription factors and exocytotic machinery. Bile acid receptor GPBAR1 was most highly expressed in L‐cells (producing glucagon‐like peptide 1 and peptide YY), long‐chain fatty acid receptor FFAR1 was highest in I‐cells (cholecystokinin), K‐cells (glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and L‐cells, short‐chain fatty acid receptor FFAR2 was highest in ileal L‐cells and enterochromaffin cells, olfactory receptor OR51E1 was notably expressed in ileal enterochromaffin cells, and the glucose‐sensing sodium glucose cotransporter SLC5A1 was highly and differentially expressed in K‐ and L‐cells, reflecting their known responsiveness to ingested glucose. The organoid EEC atlas was merged with published data from human intestine and organoids, with good overlap between enteroendocrine datasets. Understanding the similarities and differences between human EEC types will facilitate the development of drugs targeting the enteroendocrine axis for the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, obesity and intestinal disorders.

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Key points

Gut hormones regulate intestinal function, nutrient homeostasis and metabolism and form the basis of the new classes of drugs for obesity and diabetes.

As enteroendocrine cells (EECs) comprise only ∼1% of the intestinal epithelium, they are under‐represented in current single‐cell atlases.

To identify, compare and characterise human EECs we generated chromogranin‐A labelled organoids from duodenal and ileal biopsies by CRISPR‐Cas9.

Fluorescent chromogranin‐A positive EECs were purified and analysed by single‐cell RNA sequencing, revealing predominant cell clusters producing different gut hormones.

Cell clusters exhibited differential expression of nutrient‐sensing machinery including bile acid receptors, long‐ and short‐chain fatty acid receptors and glucose transporters.

Organoid‐derived EECs mapped well onto data from native intestinal cell populations, extending coverage of EECs.
Analítica del poder y colonialidad en la Tituba de Maryse Condé
Authors: Cortés Márquez Carla
Published: December 2024

El artículo aborda la analítica del poder de Foucault y su implementación en la colonialidad del poder a partir del análisis de la novela antillana Yo, Tituba, la bruja negra de Salem de Maryse Condé, y, más específicamente, de su protagonista, Tituba, figura histórica construida con base en ideas racistas y que fue acusada de brujería a fines del siglo XVII. Esto se analizará desde la microfísica del poder y se observará cómo el poder funciona en cadena, produciendo una interseccionalidad. Se concluye que las cadenas de Tituba en la cárcel son las mismas cadenas de poder que logran liberarla: su canto opera como un mecanismo de memoria y de resistencia.
Effects of Localized Non-Gaussian Roughness on High-Pressure Turbine Aerothermal Performance: Convective Heat Transfer, Skin Friction, and the Reynolds’ Analogy
Authors: Jelly Thomas O. , Nardini Massimiliano , Sandberg Richard D. , Vitt Paul , Sluyter Greg
Published: December 2024

Compressible direct numerical simulations are conducted to investigate how surface roughness affects the aerothermal performance of a high-pressure turbine vane operating at an exit Reynolds number of 0.59 ×106 and exit Mach number of 0.92. The roughness under investigation here was synthesized with non-Gaussian statistical properties and an amplitude that varies over its chord length, representative of what truly occurs on an in-service vane. Particular attention is directed toward how systematically changing the axial extent of leading edge roughness affects convective heat transfer (Nusselt and Stanton numbers) and aerodynamic drag (skin friction coefficient) on the pressure and suction surfaces. The results of this investigation demonstrate that moving the larger amplitude roughness further along the suction surface can alter the blade boundary layer state. In fact, toward the trailing edge of one of the rough vanes investigated here, the local skin friction coefficient increases by a factor of 22 compared to smooth-vane levels, whereas the local Nusselt number increases by a factor 6. The disproportionate rise of drag compared to heat transfer is explored in further detail by quantifying the Reynolds’ analogy and by calculating the fractional contributions of pressure drag and viscous drag to the total drag force. The effect of varying the inlet turbulence intensity and integral length scale for a fixed roughness topography is also investigated, and the Reynolds number scaling of heat transfer and drag is examined in the context of the Chilton–Colburn analogy.
Increasing Efficiency and Reducing Emissions in a Small Displacement Gasoline Engine With Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas
Authors: Baumgardner Marc E. , Graves Anthony , Hilt Keegan , Larson Luke , Nordell Connor
Published: December 2024

There is currently a gap in the available literature on retrofitting engines with less-advanced control systems to run on hydrogen-enriched natural gas. Potential advantages of hydrogen-enriched natural gas in these engines may not be realized without altering parameters such as spark-timing, exhaust gas recirculation, or the air/fuel ratio. However, in such engines, changes in spark-timing and exhaust gas recycle are often cost-prohibitive, leaving equivalence ratio adjustments as one of the few remaining viable operational strategies. In this study, a small-displacement (319 cc), naturally aspirated, single-cylinder gasoline engine without spark-timing control was converted to run on a 10 vol% blend of hydrogen-enriched natural gas. Stoichiometric operation improved thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, and total hydrocarbon emissions, but higher NOx emissions resulted. Despite no spark-timing control, lean-burn operation at an equivalence ratio of 0.7 was found to maintain performance improvements while also lowering emissions: fuel consumption was lowered versus the methane base case by 11%, and NOx and hydrocarbon emissions were both decreased by approximately 70% below the base case. This study concludes that in a scenario even without spark-timing control, the addition of 10 vol% hydrogen can improve power, emissions, and efficiency of a spark-ignited natural gas engine, which serves as a proof-of-concept that even fairly simple, small-displacement engines can benefit from switching from gasoline to hydrogen-enriched natural gas operation.
Torrefaction Temperature Effects on Grindability of Wheat Straw Using TG-FTIR Analysis
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Zhiwei , Chen Gaofeng , Li Zaifeng , Yang Shuhua , Du Xinze , Gupta Ashwani K.
Published: December 2024

Torrefaction used for the pretreatment of biomass can enhance grindability along with a significant reduction of energy consumption required for pulverization to aid in large-scale utilization of biomass energy. In this study, torrefaction experiments of wheat straw were conducted at different temperatures using an experimental furnace facility. The influence of torrefaction temperature on the grindability of resulting wheat straw was explored using a hardgrove grindability index tester and thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that an increase in torrefaction temperature significantly increased the carbon content of wheat straw and decreased the oxygen content to result in a decrease in the O/C ratio from 0.66 to 0.39. The calorific value increased by 24% from 15.42 MJ/kg to 19.17 MJ/kg. An increase in torrefaction temperature from 220 °C to 269 °C increased the grindability index from 29 to 115. The grindability of wheat straw can be controlled to values similar to that of coal by tuning the torrefaction temperature. The main gas components released during torrefaction were H2O, CH4, CO2, and CO. Thermogravimetric data showed 29% solid residues from the raw wheat straw. An increase in torrefaction temperature increased solid residue to 41%. The pyrolysis of wheat straw at different torrefaction temperatures can be grouped into three stages such as dehydration, rapid pyrolysis, and carbonization. This study reveals effective large-scale utilization of wheat straw biomass as a high heating value solid fuel using torrefaction pretreatment.
Innovative Photovoltaic-Aeration Integration: Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Grid Stability in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Alnawafah Hamza , Alnawafah Qais , Amano Ryoichi S.
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a detailed investigation into enhancing the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems, emphasizing power flow analysis and experimental validation. Recognizing the substantial energy demands of aeration processes in WWTPs, this study proposes an innovative integration of PV panels with aeration tanks. This approach generates renewable energy and optimizes energy use through the thermal interaction between the PV panels and the aeration tanks. Key findings demonstrate a 15% overall increase in energy efficiency and a 5% improvement in PV efficiency due to aeration-induced cooling, along with a reduction in voltage fluctuations by up to 30% during high-demand periods. Additionally, the integration offsets approximately 20% of the WWTP's total energy consumption. The research is structured into two main components: a comprehensive power flow study using digsilent powerfactory and a laboratory experiment to validate the integration's effectiveness. The power flow analysis evaluates the electrical impact of PV integration on the WWTP's power grid, focusing on scenarios such as load fluctuations, grid disturbances, and the synchronization of PV generation with plant energy needs. The simulation results indicate that the integration significantly enhances the stability and efficiency of the plant's electrical system, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. Concurrently, a laboratory experiment explored the practical effects of integrating PV systems with aeration tanks. The experiment demonstrated that the cooling effect provided by the aeration tanks leads to increased PV efficiency and notable energy savings. These experimental results align with the simulation findings, confirming the efficacy of this integrated approach. This study introduces a novel methodology for integrating renewable energy technologies into industrial processes, showcasing the potential for significant energy savings and improved operational efficiency in WWTPs. Future research will focus on scaling this integration strategy and assessing its long-term impacts on energy efficiency and wastewater treatment effectiveness.
Helicobacter pylori luxS
mutants cause hyperinflammatory responses during chronic infection
Authors: Yang Christina , Rodriguez y Baena Alessandra , Manso Bryce A. , Hu Shuai , Lopez-Magaña Raymondo , Ohanyan Mané , Ottemann Karen M.
Published: December 2024

Helicobacter pylori
infects roughly half the world’s population, causing gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer in a subset. These pathologies occur in response to a chronic inflammatory state, but it is not fully understood how
H. pylori
controls this process. We characterized the inflammatory response of
H. pylori
mutants that cannot produce the quorum sensing molecule autoinducer 2 (AI-2) by deleting the gene for the AI-2 synthase,
luxS
. Our work shows that
H. pylori luxS
mutants colonize the stomach normally but recruit high numbers of CD4
+
T cells to the stomach during chronic infection. This increase in the number of CD4
+
T cells correlated with elevated expression of
CXCL9
, a chemokine important for T cell recruitment. Together, our results suggest that
H. pylori
may utilize AI-2 signaling to modulate the inflammatory response during chronic infection.

IMPORTANCE

Many bacteria signal to each other using quorum sensing signals. One type of signal is called autoinducer 2 (AI-2), which is produced and sensed by the LuxS enzyme found in many bacteria, including the gastric pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
.
H. pylori
establishes chronic infections that last for decades and lead to serious disease outcomes. How AI-2 signaling and LuxS contribute to chronic
H. pylori
infection has not been studied. In this work, we analyzed how loss of
H. pylori
-created AI-2,
via
mutation of
luxS
, affects
H. pylori
chronic infection.
luxS
mutants did not have significant colonization defects, similar to their reported phenotype during early infection, but they did have high stomach levels of effector and regulatory T cells and T-cell-recruiting chemokines. These results suggest that
H. pylori
LuxS may play more of a role in modulating the immune response versus colonization.
Development and validation of a nomogram-based risk prediction model for carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
in hospitalized patients
Authors: Xu Tingting , Shi Yuxin , Cao Xiongjing , Xiong Lijuan
Published: December 2024

Carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(CRKP) poses one of the major challenges in clinical anti-infective therapy worldwide. This retrospective cohort study at a tertiary general hospital in Wuhan aimed to identify risk factors for hospital-acquired CRKP infections among 1,113 patients. All participants were aged 18 years and above, and had confirmed positive cultures for KP isolated within 48 hours post-hospitalization. Independent risk factors were identified using LASSO logistic regression and incorporated into a predictive nomogram. The factors included in the nomogram were prior carbapenem exposure, prior β-lactams–β-lactamase inhibitor combination (BLBLI) exposure, prior intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and prior mechanical ventilation. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the nomogram were 0.793 in the training group (70% of patients) and 0.788 in the validation group (30% of patients), demonstrating its discriminatory power and predictive accuracy. The
P
values for the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were 0.333 and 0.684, indicating good calibration. The clinical utility of the nomogram was further supported by decision curve analysis (DCA) and clinical impact curve (CIC), demonstrating its potential to guide clinical decision-making. Our retrospective analysis identified key risk factors for CRKP infection and developed a nomogram that could effectively predict CRKP infections in hospitalized patients. Although the single-center nature of this study limits generalizability, the nomogram provides a foundation for future prospective, multicenter validations.

IMPORTANCE

We established a nomogram scoring system that incorporates four key risk factors: prior carbapenem exposure, prior β-lactams–β-lactamase inhibitor combination (BLBLI) exposure, prior intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and prior mechanical ventilation. This nomogram demonstrated strong discriminatory power, excellent calibration, and significant clinical utility. This study highlights the critical risk factors associated with hospital-acquired carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(CRKP) infections, providing valuable insights for clinicians to identify high-risk patients.