bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer-Based Health Information Systems
Authors: Ranjini C. R. , Sahay Sundeep
Published: May 2011

Large investments are being made to reform the health sector in developing countries as the various reports that indicate this potential of ICT is not being fully realized on the ground in particular settings. In this chapter, an empirical investigation of the introduction of health information systems in the primary health-care sector in India is reported. Three cases—the India Health Care Project, Family Health Information Management System, and Integrated Health Information Management Systems—are presented. The authors argue against adopting a technocentric approach during the development of the HIS and suggest that these efforts should be sensitive to the sociotechnical context. Furthermore, a variety of constraints are identified. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the potentials of integration to address some of the identified constraints.
Knowledge Management Systems
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2011

As we trace the evolution of computing technologies in business, we can observe their changing level of organizational impact. The first level of impact was at the point work got done and transactions (e.g., orders, deposits, reservations) took place. The inflexible, centralized mainframe allowed for little more than massive number crunching, commonly known as electronic data processing. Organizations became data heavy at the bottom and data management systems were used to keep the data in check. Later, the management information systems were used to aggregate data into useful information reports, often prescheduled, for the control level of the organization – people who were making sure that organizational resources like personnel, money, and physical goods were being deployed efficiently. As information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) started to facilitate data and information overflow, and corporate attention became a scarce resource, the concept of knowledge emerged as a particularly high-value form of information (Grover & Davenport, 2001). Information technology can play an important role in successful knowledge management initiatives. However, the concept of coding and transmitting knowledge in organizations is not new: training and employee development programs, organizational policies, routines, procedures, reports, and manuals have served this function for many years. What is new and exciting in the knowledge management area is the potential for using modern information technology (e.g., the Internet, intranets, extranets, browsers, data warehouses, data filters, software agents, expert systems) to support knowledge creation, sharing and exchange in an organization and between organizations. Modern information technology can collect, systematize, structure, store, combine, distribute and present information of value to knowledge workers (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998).
Law Firm Knowledge
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: May 2011

A law firm can be understood as a social community specializing in the speed and efficiency in the creation and transfer of legal knowledge (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). Many law firms represent large corporate enterprises, organizations, or entrepreneurs with a need for continuous and specialized legal services that can only be supplied by a team of lawyers. The client is a customer of the firm, rather than a particular lawyer. According to Galanter and Palay (1991, p. 5), relationships with clients tend to be enduring: Firms represent large corporate enterprises, organizations, or entrepreneurs with a need for continuous (or recurrent) and specialized legal services that could be supplied only by a team of lawyers. The client ’belongs to’ the firm, not to a particular lawyer. Relations with clients tend to be enduring. Such repeat clients are able to reap benefits from the continuity and economies of scale and scope enjoyed by the firm.
Toward a Pragmatic Understanding of the Cognitive Underpinnings of Symbol Grounding
Authors: Goertzel Ben , Looks Moshe , Heljakka Ari , Pennachin Cassino
Published: May 2011

We describe a research project investigating “symbol grounding” – the dynamics by which psychological connections are made between abstract symbols and concrete physical phenomena observed via sense perception and motor action. The project involves the use of a 3D simulated environment (AGI-SIM) as a medium for training, teaching and developing an integrative, general-intelligence-oriented AI software system (the Novamente AI Engine). Via acting in AGI-SIM, Novamente forms concrete sensorimotor groundings for abstract relationships, such as those expressed in English by prepositions and subject-argument relationships. We describe results obtained using probabilistic-evolutionary learning within Novamente to learn groundings for the concept “near”, the use of these groundings in practical procedure learning (e.g. learning to play “fetch” in a simulated world), and we then discuss the correlation of these groundings with linguistic usage of related words, and the use of these groundings within analogical and other sorts of inference.
Symbols
Authors: Perlovsky Leonid I.
Published: May 2011

What is the nature of symbols? This word is used for traffic signs, for mathematical notations, and motivationally loaded cultural objects, which may inspire war and piece. This chapter explains relationships among symbols, cognition, and language. Symbols are explained as processes in the mind involving cognition and language. Relationships between cognition and language were a mystery until recently. Linguists often considered language as relationships among words and other linguistic entities, separately from its relationships to the world. Mechanisms of language in the mind and brain were considered separate and different from thinking and cognition. Neural mechanisms integrating language and cognition are unknown. Yet, language and cognition are intertwined in evolution, ontogenesis, learning, and in everyday usage, therefore a unified understanding of working of the mind is essential. A mathematical description of such unifying mechanisms is the subject of this paper. We discuss relationships among computational intelligence, known mechanisms of the mind, semiotics, computational linguistics, and describe a process integrating language and cognition. Mathematical mechanisms of concepts, emotions, and instincts are described as a part of information processing in the mind and related to perception and cognition processes in which an event is understood as a concept. Development of such mathematical theories in the past often encountered difficulties of fundamental nature manifested as combinatorial complexity. Here, combinatorial complexity is related to logic underlying algorithms and a new type of logic is introduced, dynamic fuzzy logic, which overcomes past limitations. This new type of logic is related to emotional signals in the brain and combines mechanisms of emotions and concepts. The mathematical mechanism of dynamic logic is applicable to both language and cognition, unifying these two abilities and playing an important role in language acquisition as well as cognitive ontogenesis. The mathematical description of thought processes is related to semiotic notions of signs and symbols.
Developing AR Systems in the Prescence of Spatial Uncertainty
Authors: Robertson Cindy M. , Machado Enylton Machado , MacIntyre Blair , Julier Simon
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces spatially-adaptive augmented reality as an approach to dealing with the registration errors introduced by spatial uncertainty. It argues that if programmers are given simple estimates of registration error, they can create systems that adapt to dynamically changing amounts of spatial uncertainty, and that it is this ability to adapt to spatial uncertainty that will be the key to creating augmented reality systems that work in real-world environments.
Industrial Augmented Reallity Applications
Authors: Regenbrecht Holger
Published: May 2011

This chapter explains and illustrates the terminology and the different types of Industrial Augmented Reality (IAR) applications according to their purpose and degree of maturity. Augmented Reality is well on its way to becoming a valuable application tool in industry. Certain stages in research and development are required to get there, namely demonstration systems, prototype systems, and productive systems. We discuss the progress made within these requirements, with illustrating examples, and conclude with some lessons learned while implementing Augmented Reality in an industrial context. The information presented here provides valuable insights into the underlying principles and issues associated with Augmented Reality applications. We hope that this chapter becomes a useful resource for all individuals who research or develop Augmented Reality tools.
Making Memories of a Lifetime
Authors: Stapleton Christopher B. , Hughes Charles E.
Published: May 2011

This chapter explores how Mixed Reality (MR) allows the magic of virtuality to escape the confines of the computer and enter our lives to potentially change the way we play, work, train, learn and even shop. Case studies demonstrate how emerging functional capabilities will depend upon new artistic conventions to spark the imagination, enhance human experience and lead to subsequent commercial success. The Media Convergence Laboratory at the University of Central Florida is creating a content framework for applying Mixed Reality to Entertainment, Education Training and Rehabilitation. Utilizing classical concepts of mimesis and state-of-the-art experiential entertainment, new models are examined and evaluated that will shape the next generation MR content. The convergence of story, play and games become the cornerstones of “Interplay Conventions” that will transform MR technical capabilities into new creative possibilities (“The Evolution of a Framework for Mixed Reality Experiences” is the technical companion piece).
Incompleteness and Unpredictability of Networked Communications in Use
Authors: Strand Dixi Louise
Published: May 2011

This chapter explores the use practices of networked communications, or more speci?cally, the use practices of a Web-based information system in large distributed pharmaceutical development projects. The analysis highlights the process in which the system in question is held together, extended and transformed into a working system for pharmaceutical projects. Assemblage is proposed as a productive concept in making visible the particularities of networked communications, their malleability, and the way in which they evolve in use through extensions, interferences, and unpredictable circumstances. The views presented here enhance an understanding of networked communications in use and consequently draw implications to further development strategies for such technologies.
Geospatially Enabled Directory for EmergencyResponse Interoperability
Authors: Woodhall Judith
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses how the need for geospatially enabled data messaging among emergency response agencies can be enabled with the Emergency Provider Access Directory (EPAD). It describes the directory, how it enables message routing and its fit into a boarder E-Safety network. It also discusses the architectural components of the EPAD, specifically the geographic information system (GIS) module, and how Web services and open source products were used in the design to enhance the EPAD service offering, an offering that has the potential to bring emergency agencies one step closer to realizing interagency interoperability for advanced response to emergency events.
GIS-Based Site Suitability Decision Support System for Planning Confined Animal Feeding Operations in iowa
Authors: Sugumaran Ramanathan , Bakker Brian
Published: May 2011

Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are becoming increasingly common on the Iowa landscape. It produces large amounts of byproducts that can cause a threat to the surrounding environment of the areas of production. Thus, there is a need for careful planning, particularly the selection of suitable locations for future CAFO development. In addition to Iowa state regulations, selection of locations for CAFOs require multiple parameters like, locations of manmade structures that include roads, residences, businesses, wells, etc., and location of natural features such as rivers and lakes. Currently, locations for CAFOs are chosen manually using paper hard copies with producer’s preference and are restricted by state of Iowa guidelines. There is no decision support system available to aid in selecting an appropriate location for the development of future CAFO structures. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate how a decision support tool was developed to aid CAFO managers and producers in selecting appropriate locations for animal confinements using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and CAFO regulations in Iowa.
George Elder, Tait Electronics Limited
Authors: Elder George
Published: May 2011

This book is about the experiences of contemporary chief information officers (CIO). CIOs in New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States of America agreed to participate. They also agreed to be identified along with the name of their company. They provided their interpretation of issues that have been dealt with and those they anticipate having to deal with in the foreseeable future. The results of the interviews allowed the identification of emerging themes related to management and technological aspects. Another important result is the identification of an alignment issue. That is, it is important to ensure that the interpretation of the CIO role is clearly and explicitly agreed upon by both the chief executive officer (CEO) and the CIO.
Rhys Gould, Fulton Hogan
Authors: Gould Rhys
Published: May 2011

This book is about the experiences of contemporary chief information officers (CIO). CIOs in New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States of America agreed to participate. They also agreed to be identified along with the name of their company. They provided their interpretation of issues that have been dealt with and those they anticipate having to deal with in the foreseeable future. The results of the interviews allowed the identification of emerging themes related to management and technological aspects. Another important result is the identification of an alignment issue. That is, it is important to ensure that the interpretation of the CIO role is clearly and explicitly agreed upon by both the chief executive officer (CEO) and the CIO.
M. P. Wang, China Steel
Authors: Wang M.
Published: May 2011

This book is about the experiences of contemporary chief information officers (CIO). CIOs in New Zealand, Taiwan, and the United States of America agreed to participate. They also agreed to be identified along with the name of their company. They provided their interpretation of issues that have been dealt with and those they anticipate having to deal with in the foreseeable future. The results of the interviews allowed the identification of emerging themes related to management and technological aspects. Another important result is the identification of an alignment issue. That is, it is important to ensure that the interpretation of the CIO role is clearly and explicitly agreed upon by both the chief executive officer (CEO) and the CIO.
The Impacts of Information Technology on the Stock and Flow of a Firm's Intellectual Capital
Authors: Toivonen M.
Published: May 2011

In this theoretical chapter, we examine the contribution of IT systems and tools to the emergence and use of different types of knowledge in a firm. We divide knowledge into explicit, tacit and potential and argue that these three types of knowledge characterize firms’ three main functions - operational effectiveness, gradual development, and innovation, respectively. On the basis of our examination, we conclude that the main part of IT applications serves dissemination, storing and acquisition of explicit knowledge. However, there are also some tools that serve the elicitation of tacit and potential knowledge and the conversions between tacit and explicit knowledge. At the end of the chapter, we evaluate more generally the potential provided by IT. We argue that the addition of “a human touch” to the information produced and conveyed by IT is an emerging issue. We present two ways in which this can be done: the use of IT for the development of social capital in a firm, and the use of external experts—knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS)—as supporters in firms’ knowledge functions linked to IT.
Optimum Design of Structures for Earthquake Induced Loading by Wavelet Neural Network
Authors: Salajegheh Eysa , Heidari Ali
Published: May 2011

Optimum design of structures for earthquake induced loading is achieved by a modified genetic algorithm (MGA). Some features of the simulated annealing (SA) are used to control various parameters of the genetic algorithm (GA). To reduce the computational work, a fast wavelet transform is used. The record is decomposed into two parts. One part contains the low frequency of the record, and the other contains the high frequency of the record. The low-frequency content is used for dynamic analysis. Then using a wavelet neural network, the dynamic responses of the structures are approximated. By such approximation, the dynamic analysis of the structure becomes unnecessary in the process of optimisation. The wavelet neural networks have been employed as a general approximation tool for the time history dynamic analysis. A number of structures are designed for optimal weight and the results are compared to those corresponding to the exact dynamic analysis.
Inverse Analysis of Weak and Strong Motion Downhole Array Data
Authors: Assimaki Dominic
Published: May 2011

A seismic waveform inversion algorithm is proposed for the estimation of elastic soil properties using low amplitude, downhole array recordings. Based on a global optimization scheme in the wavelet domain, complemented by a local least-square fit operator in the frequency domain, the hybrid scheme can efficiently identify the optimal solution vicinity in the stochastic search space, whereas the best fit model detection is substantially accelerated through the local deterministic inversion. The applicability of the algorithm is next illustrated using downhole array data obtained by the Kik-net strong motion network during the Mw7.0 Sanriku-Minami earthquake. Inversion of low-amplitude waveforms is first employed for the estimation of low-strain dynamic soil properties at five stations. Successively, inversion of the mainshock empirical site response is employed to extract the equivalent linear dynamic soil properties at the same locations. The inversion algorithm is shown to provide robust estimates of the linear and equivalent linear impedance profiles, while the attenuation structures are strongly affected by scattering effects in the near-surficial heterogeneous layers.
Information Technology Acceptance across Cultures
Authors: Zakour Amel B.
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces national culture as a possible factor accounting for the differences in information technology adoption and use between countries. Based upon culture theory and the technology acceptance model (TAM), the author offers a conceptual model aiming at better understanding IT acceptance across countries of different cultures. It has been argued that six value dimensions—individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, high/low context, and polychronism/monochronism—act as moderators of the TAM relationships. Furthermore, the author aims at helping IT designers and IT managers all over the world to understand why certain national cultural values may be congruent or not with the IT to be designed or implemented.
Critical Success Factors for IS Implementation in China
Authors: Li Huixian , Lim John , Raman K. s. , Yang Yin P.
Published: May 2011

Whereas the literature indicates critical success factors (CSF) for IS implementation success, it is the thesis of this chapter that in situations involving government policy and business environments that are radically different from the West, there exist different and context-specific CSF; the focus of this chapter is on Chinese businesses. This chapter presents a multiple-case study, guided by a multi-stage perspective, consisting of eight computer applications in four representative companies; for each company, two applications—finance and manufacturing requirements planning (MRP)—were studied. Findings suggest 10 factors shown critical for IS implementation success in the Chinese organizations. We highlight and discuss five novel factors especially relevant to the Chinese context. This exploratory work initiates a call for more in-depth investigations incorporating the dimensions of differing government policy and business environments for future research in this area. The findings also offer practitioners a set of guidelines in implementing IS applications in China.
An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Trust and Power in Shaping the Use of Electronic Markets
Authors: Bunduchi R.
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses the role that social relational characteristics, such as trust and power, play in shaping the use of a particular type of e-business application—electronic markets (EM)—to support exchange relationships with suppliers that exhibit predominantly transactional characteristics. The analysis is based on a case study of an EM in the electricity sector. The study finds that the EM is used to take advantage of a superior power position, in order to achieve cost reductions, breeding mistrust and eroding the suppliers’ bargaining power. The findings support the argument that social relational characteristics, such as trust and power, are significant factors in shaping the use of EM in transactional-oriented relationships.
A Methodology for Modeling Expert Knowledge for Development of Agent-Based Systems
Authors: Bowman Michael
Published: May 2011

For intelligent agents to become truly useful in real-world applications, it is necessary to identify, document, and integrate into them the human knowledge used to solve real-world problems. This article describes a methodology for modeling expert problem-solving knowledge that supports ontology import and development, teaching-based agent development, and agent-based problem solving. It provides practical guidance to subject matter experts on expressing how they solve problems using the task reduction paradigm. It identifies the concepts and features to be represented in an ontology; identifies tasks to be represented in a knowledge base; guides rule learning/refinement; supports natural language generation; and is easy to use. The methodology is applicable to a wide variety of domains and has been successfully used in the military domain. This research is part of a larger effort to develop an advanced approach to expert knowledge acquisition based on apprenticeship multi-strategy learning in a mixed-initiative framework.
Modeling Knowledge and Reasoning in Conversational Recommendation Agents
Authors: Salamó Maria
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces conversational recommender agents that facilitate user navigation through a product space, alternatively making concrete product suggestions and eliciting the user’s feedback. Critiquing is a common form of user feedback, where users provide limited feedback at the feature-level by constraining a feature’s value-space. For example, a user may request a cheaper product, thus critiquing the price feature. One of the most important objectives in a recommender agent is to discover, with minimal user feedback, which are the user’s product preferences. For this purpose, the chapter includes recent research on critiquing-based recommendation and a comparison between standard and recent proposals of recommendation based on critiquing.
Macroscopic Modeling of Information Flow in an Agent-Based Electronic Health Record System
Authors: Tse Ben
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents an architecture, or general framework, for an agent-based electronic health record system (ABEHRS) to provide health information access and retrieval among different medical services facilities. The agent system’s behaviors are analyzed using the simulation approach and the mathematical modeling approach. The key concept promoted by ABEHRS is to allow patient health records to autonomously move through the computer network uniting scattered and distributed data into one consistent and complete data set or patient health record. ABEHRS is an example of multi-agent swarm system, which is composed of many simple agents and a system that is able to self-organize. The ultimate goal is that the reader should appreciate the benefits of using mobile agents and the importance of studying agent behaviors at the system level and at the individual level.
Evolutionary Robotics as a Tool to Investigate Spatial Cognition in Artificial and Natural Systems
Authors: Ponticorvo Michela , Walker Richard , Miglino Orazio
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces Evolutionary Robotics as a means of studying spatial cognition in artificial and natural systems. It argues that Evolutionary Robotics, used to replicate quantitative observations of spatial behavior in laboratory animals, offers a powerful tool to understand the general mechanisms underlying animal orientation. In particular, authors show that “artificial organisms,” with controller architecture that precludes the presence of “cognitive maps,” can accurately replicate the observed behavior of animals in classical experimental set-ups, thus suggesting that spatial orientation may not require abstract spatial representations and that sensory-motor coordination, in the presence of environment constraints, may be enough, on its own, to generate complex spatial behavior.
Globalising Software Development in the Local Classroom
Authors: Richardson Ita , Moore Sarah , Malone Alan
Published: May 2011

In the dynamic global economy that exists today the operation and structure of organisations have had to adapt to the reality of the information revolution which has taken place. This has been the case within the software industry where global software development (GSD) has become a popular strategy and software development has become a globally sourced commodity. Given the requirement for graduates to operate in this type of environment, we as educators considered how our teaching methods could be developed and enhanced to instil GSD competencies within our graduates. We provided students with the opportunity to take part in a learning experience that transcended geographical and institutional boundaries, giving them first-hand experience of working within globally distributed software teams. Two separate projects were undertaken. One was with Siemens Corporate Research which was part of a larger project. The focus of this project was the shadowing of the development of an actual geographically distributed software product. The second project was carried out in collaboration with Ball State University, and the focus of this endeavour was virtual team software testing. Extensive qualitative research was undertaken on the data provided by the students. We identified three specific forms of learning which had taken place: (1) pedagogical, (2) pragmatic, and (3) the achievement of specific globally distributed competencies. Our findings would confirm that mimicking real-work settings creates the possibility of giving rise to the range of learning benefits that are associated with truly problem-based learning environments.
Creating an Entrepreneurial Mindset
Authors: Hynes Briga
Published: May 2011

Change in the structure and profile of the industrial base in Ireland emphasises the importance of the small firm sector in certain growth sectors. One such sector is the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, which now demands a more enterprising graduate. This chapter emphasises the importance of third-level1 education in preparing students for their career, either as employee or entrepreneur. We discuss how entrepreneurship education, through its broad and integrative philosophy accommodates the changing workplace demands. It links together the synergy of enterprising activity and the small firm ICT sector through education courses, specifically entrepreneurship education. This is achieved through the adoption of the process framework for ICT entrepreneurship education. Describing how they can be modified to facilitate and encourage the more creative and enterprising mindset in the ICT student, we present two courses that have been successfully implemented at the University of Limerick.
Professionalism and Ethics
Authors: Khan Zeenath Reza , al-Qaimari Ghassan , Samuel Stephen D.
Published: May 2011

In today’s fast-paced world, where more and more emphasis is being placed on ethics and ethical behavior in the workplace, the IT industry remains such an area where little or no evidence has been presented to sustain claims by employees on whether preconceived notions of ethics lead to professionalism among employees. To this effect, this chapter tests the knowledge of IT professionals on ethical issues such as usage of e-mail, net surfing, net privacy, copyrights, and others as recognized by professional societies such as Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE), and Australian Computer Society (ACS). The study further investigates the root cause of unethical behavior at workplaces as pre-knowledge, or knowledge gained through high school and university education. The chapter follows a grounded surveying approach to find out students’ extent of awareness towards ethical issues such as cheating, plagiarism, fabrication, software piracy, misusing the telephone, or Internet access; thus correlating the findings to suggest causality between “student education and consciousness of ethical issues” to the “awareness of ethical issues among future IT professionals.” Among others, the chapter also proposes suggestions to school and university curricula to include subjects that highlight ethical issues in the workplace.
Maintenance of Association Rules Using Pre-Large Itemsets
Authors: Hong Tzung-Pei , Wang Ching-Yao
Published: May 2011

Developing an efficient mining algorithm that can incrementally maintain discovered information as a database grows is quite important in the field of data mining. In the past, we proposed an incremental mining algorithm for maintenance of association rules as new transactions were inserted. Deletion of records in databases is, however, commonly seen in real-world applications. In this chapter, we first review the maintenance of association rules from data insertion and then attempt to extend it to solve the data deletion issue. The concept of pre-large itemsets is used to reduce the need for rescanning the original database and to save maintenance costs. A novel algorithm is proposed to maintain discovered association rules for deletion of records. The proposed algorithm doesn’t need to rescan the original database until a number of records have been deleted. If the database is large, then the number of deleted records allowed will be large too. Therefore, as the database grows, our proposed approach becomes increasingly efficient. This characteristic is especially useful for real-world applications.
Aspects of Intelligence in an "SP" Database System
Authors: Wolff J. Gerard
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes some of the kinds of “intelligence” that may be exhibited by an intelligent database system based on the SP theory of computing and cognition. The chapter complements an earlier paper on the SP theory as the basis for an intelligent database system (Wolff, forthcoming b) but it does not depend on a reading of that earlier paper. The chapter introduces the SP theory and its main attractions as the basis for an intelligent database system: that it uses a simple but versatile format for diverse kinds of knowledge, that it integrates and simplifies a range of AI functions, and that it supports established database models when that is required. Then with examples and discussion, the chapter illustrates aspects of “intelligence” in the system: pattern recognition and information retrieval, several forms of probabilistic reasoning, the analysis and production of natural language, and the unsupervised learning of new knowledge.
The Analysisof Tourism Cluster Development of Istanbul
Authors: Nasir Aslihan , Bulu Melih , Eraslan Hakki
Published: May 2011

The Sultanahmet district in Turkey has a distinct and unique historical characteristic that includes both Byzantine and Ottoman styles in the design of historical shopping centers, architecture in general, and mosques. Competitive Advantage of Turkey (CAT) conducted a comprehensive cluster study in this historical district in 2001 and initiated the cluster development project. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to identify the analysis of tourism cluster development in the Sultanahmet district (old town). For this purpose, a longitudinal study was realized. Along with secondary research, semi-structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and expert opinions were used as the primary data collection method. A questionnaire was given to members of civil societies, governmental organizations, entrepreneurs (e.g., travel agents, hotel owners, shopping centers owners, etc.), local governments, and suppliers located in the Sultanahmet district.
Uppsala BIO- The Life Science Initative
Authors: Teigland Robin , Hallencreutz Daniel , Lundequist Per
Published: May 2011

Numerous regions around the globe are implementing initiatives designed to improve their competitiveness by promoting interaction and innovation among their regional organizations. This chapter presents one such initiative, Uppsala BIO–The Life Science Initiative, that was created by local representatives from government, industry, and academia in Uppsala, Sweden. The purpose of this chapter is to describe Uppsala BIO’s activities during its first 18 months, to present some reflections on the organization that were gathered through a longitudinal study, and to discuss the initiative’s impact on the region. Thus, this chapter is relevant to both practitioners and policymakers involved in regional initiatives as well as researchers working to understand the dynamics of such initiatives.
Media Ensembles and New Product Team Creativity
Authors: Leenders Roger Th. A.J.
Published: May 2011

New product development (NPD) project members are increasingly dispersed across the globe. As a result, traditional face-to-face communication is often substituted and supplemented by more “virtual” media. A common concern is whether NPD teams that frequently use virtual media can be truly creative. In this chapter we attempt to explain why the creativity of some teams is above average, whereas others perform below the average. By using classification trees, we conduct an empirical study of the media ensembles employed by 46 teams involved in hi-tech NPD. We find that being above or below average cannot be explained by theories that focus on single media: the creative performance of NPD teams is a function of the media ensembles used. Some ensembles afford much higher probabilities for above-average creativity than others. These findings enrich theories of media choice and may provide managers with some ideas of how team creativity can be managed.
Rethinking Virtual Teams for Streamlined Development
Authors: Larsson Andreas , Larsson Tobias
Published: May 2011

Much of the research on creative teams tends to focus mainly on relatively small teams working in the fuzzy front-end of product development. In this chapter, we bring a complementary perspective from an industry context where creativity is often perceived as risky business—yet a precondition for success. Here, we focus closely on people and teams that might not usually describe their own work to be of a primarily ‘creative’ nature, and that currently work under circumstances where traditional approaches for enhancing creativity might no longer be applicable. Drawing from experiences in automotive and aerospace development, we argue that it is time to radically progress our current understanding of how creativity could be introduced in organizations where factors like legal demands and contractual agreements severely restrict ‘outside-the-box’ thinking, and where well-known creativity enablers such as trust, shared goals, and shared culture are becoming increasingly difficult to accomplish.
Adaptive Digital Filtering and Its Algorithms for Acoustic Echo Canceling
Authors: Asharif Mohammad Reza , Chen Rui
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, we shall study adaptive digital filtering (ADF) and its application to acoustic echo canceling (AEC). At first, Wiener filtering and algorithms such as LMS in the time domain for ADF are explained. Then, to decrease the computational complexity, the frequency domain algorithms such as FDAF and FBAF will be studied. To challenge the double-talk problem in AEC, we will also introduce various algorithms by processing the correlation function of the signal. The proposed algorithms here are CLMS, ECLMS, and using frequency domain is FECLMS, and using wavelet transform is WECLMS. Each of these algorithms has its own merits, and they will be evaluated. At the end of this chapter a new system for room-acoustic partitioning is proposed. This new system is called smart acoustic room (SAR). The SAR will also be used in AEC with double-talk condition. The authors wish to gather all aspects in studying ADF and their use in AEC by going very deep into theoretical details as well as considering more practical and feasible applications considering real-time implementation.
An Integrated Security Verification and Security Solution Design Trade-Off Analysis Approach
Authors: Houmb S. H. , Georg G. , Jurjens J. , France R.
Published: May 2011

This chapter describes the integrated security veri?cation and security solution design trade-off analysis (SVDT) approach. SVDT is useful when there is a diverse set of requirements imposed upon a security critical system, such as a required security level, time-to-market and budget constraints and end users’ expectations. Balancing these needs requires developers to evaluate alternative security solutions, and SVDT makes this evaluation effective. UMLsec, an extension to UML for secure systems development, is used to specify security requirements, and UMLsec tools are used to verify if the alternative design solutions satisfy security requirements.
Open Systems in Digital Convergence
Authors: Krechmer K.
Published: May 2011

The greater the degree of digital convergence, the higher the potential for monopoly behavior. Open systems minimize the possibility of monopoly behavior. But what are open systems? This paper explores the different meanings and criteria suggested by the term open systems and the many ways openness is viewed. It specifically discusses open systems, open architectures, Open Source, open interfaces and open standards to better understand each. Identifying and agreeing upon what constitutes openness is an important step to avoid any disadvantages of digital convergence.
Digital Convergence and IP Divergence
Authors: Tian Y.
Published: May 2011

This chapter proposes a legal, political, and social framework for a nation to formulate proper copyright policy and minimize the risk of potential IP trade conflicts in the digital age. It examines the challenges that the Internet and digital technology present to the traditional copyright legal system. It reviews and compares the copyright history in the U.S. and China, and explores major rationales behind copyright policies of these two countries as well as the main reasons why they were able to avert potential IP trade wars in recent years. By drawing on their experiences, the author argues that the interest of a country is only best served by tailoring its IP regimes to its particular economic and social circumstances. The author believes a nation’s copyright policy should always strike a sound balance of IP protection and social development, and makes some specific suggestions on how to achieve this in the digital age.
The Public Policy Environment of the Privacy-Security Conundrum/Complement
Authors: Bagby J.
Published: May 2011

Public policy constraints impact deployment of most technology underlying the convergence of digital technologies in telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-government. Networked computers increase the vulnerability of confidential data, transaction processing infrastructure and national security. Compliance regulation imposes complex constrains on data management by government, the private-sector and their personnel. Privacy and security are a balance between individual interests in secrecy/solitude and society’s interests in security, order, and efficiency. This chapter explores the key political, legal, and regulatory methods for resolving conflicts between privacy rights and security methods to encourage convergence success. The “Privacy-Security Conundrum” is framed, then set against the more cross-dependant relationships of a “Privacy-Security Complement.” Security law illustrates that the conundrum-complement dilemma serves to define convergence as constrained and induced by the legal and policy perspectives or privacy, intellectual property, technology transfer, electronic records management, torts, criminal law, fiduciary and contractual duties and professional ethics regulating privacy and security.
Mining Hyperclique Patterns
Authors: Xiong Hui , Tan Pang-Ning , Kumar Vipin , Zhou Wenjun
Published: May 2011

This chapter presents a framework for mining highly-correlated association patterns named hyperclique patterns. In this framework, an objective measure called h-confidence is applied to discover hyperclique patterns. We prove that the items in a hyperclique pattern have a guaranteed level of global pairwise similarity to one another. Also, we show that the h-confidence measure satisfies a cross-support property which can help efficiently eliminate spurious patterns involving items with substantially different support levels. In addition, an algorithm called hyperclique miner is proposed to exploit both cross-support and anti-monotone properties of the h-confidence measure for the efficient discovery of hyperclique patterns. Finally, we demonstrate that hyperclique patterns can be useful for a variety of applications such as item clustering and finding protein functional modules from protein complexes.
Service Engineering and Extended Artefact Delivery
Authors: Acaccia G. M. , Kopácsi S. , Kovacs G. L. , Michelini R. C. , Razzoli R. P.
Published: May 2011

Recently, the manufacturing business is moving from an economy of scale to an economy of scope, under global competition for customers’ satisfaction. Under those conditions, for companies around the world, surviving in business means to satisfy at least three challenges: granting the on-duty performance, at the point-of-service; addressing value-added intangibles; and lowering life-cycle eco impact. These changes in industry reflect on the human society; they are driven both through economical and political measures, as well as being increasingly affected by ecological constraints. Servicing and recovering become challenging demands. Besides technical aspects, the emphasis is in enabling economic profits on the supply chain (by new businesses in maintenance, remanufacturing, etc.), with account of legal acts (suppliers responsibility, landfill regulation, etc.), ruled by voluntary agreements or by compulsory targets frames. Our emphasis is on the following new paradigms: extended virtual enterprise and extended product, service engineering, life-cycle engineering, product life-cycle management, proactive maintenance, recovery, reuse, recycling, ubiquitous computing and communication, and so forth.
Business Networking
Authors: Chituc Claudia-Melania , Azevedo Américo Lopes
Published: May 2011

The rapid evolution of information and communication technologies, the changing client’s demands, and market conditions impelled enterprises to adapt their way of undertaking business, from traditional practices to e-business, and to participate in new forms of collaboration, such as networked organizations. In this context, standards, frameworks, technologies, and infrastructures supporting collaborative business, in a networked environment, become key factors in achieving environments with a desired high level of collaboration and inter- and intra-organization business processes alignment. The aim of this chapter is to underline the main issues, trends, and opportunities related to business integration from a technological perspective, analyzing and discussing the most relevant (existing and still under development) business integration reference models, frameworks, standards, technologies, and supporting infrastructures, and to briefly present relevant research projects in the area of business networking. A special emphasis is made on frameworks such as ebXML and RosettaNet, and the importance of papiNet, BPLE4WS, and freebXML is underlined. Challenges regarding self-forming networked organizations are also advanced.
Intrusion Detection System
Authors: Salim Robin , Radha Krishna Rao G. S. V.
Published: May 2011

This chapter introduces the intrusion detection system (IDS). It starts with a brief explanation of the history of IDS and proceeds with generic components of IDS. Besides highlighting current advances in IDS, the chapter describes recent challenges to the system. The authors hope that this chapter sheds a light for readers who are unfamiliar with this domain.
Generic Algorithm for Preparing Unbreakable Cipher
Authors: Balachandar R. A. , Balakumar M. , Kumar S. Anil
Published: May 2011

This chapter addresses the need of cryptographic algorithm to prepare unbreakable cipher. Though the performance of symmetric key algorithms is far better than asymmetric key algorithms, it still suffers with key distribution problems. It is highly evident that there is always a demand for an algorithm to transfer the secret key in a secure manner between the participants. This chapter argues that by providing the randomness to the secret key, it would be increasingly difficult to hack the secret key. This chapter proposes an algorithm effectively utilizes the random nature of stock prices inconjunction with plain text to generate random cipher. This algorithm can be used to exchange the secret key in a secure manner between the participants.
Identity and Access Management
Authors: Pullman Nick , Streff Kevin
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses the role of identity and access management in the financial services industry. Identity and access management is a very broad concept that has far reaching rewards or consequences within an organization. This chapter provides a survey of the topics within identity and access management so that managers and security administrators of financial institutions can gain an understanding of the issues and possible solutions.