bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
الشخصية المتمردة في رواية موت صغير للروائي حسن محمد علوان
Authors: حمّاد محمد نافع
Published: February 2020

تحفل الشخصية الروائية باهتمام النقاد والدارسين والقراء على نطاق واسع، فهي تكاد تكون العمود الفقري للنص الروائي، فلا يمكن أن تجري الأحداث في الواقعين: الحقيقي ، والمتخيل ؛إلا بوجود شخصية أو مجموعة من الشخصيات التي تمارس فعلها في إدارة تلك الأحداث، لذا فإن علاقة الشخصية بالحدث الروائي علاقة تبادلية، فلاوجود لأحدهما من دون الآخر.

     الشخصية المتمردة نوع من أنواع الشخصيات تظهر في الرواية كونها معاكسة للشخصية الإيجابية، وقد تتمركز في الشخصية الرئيسة، كما تظهر في الشخصيات الأخرى بحسب تفاعلها وظهورها.

    يهدف البحث إلى اكتشاف نوعية الشخصية وتحديدها وفق معطيات وجودها وتمركزها في الرواية، والبحث عن فاعليتها في أحداث النص الروائي.

   يشتغل البحث وفق آليات الاستقراء والتحليل النصي  للنصوص الروائية في رواية موت صغير.

    من أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث: وجود شخصية  رئيسة متمردة في رواية (موت صغير)،وهي: شخصية الفيلسوف المتصوف محي الدين بن عربي الذي تمرد على الكثير من الأفكار والآراء الموضوعية والذاتية،  والتي مثلت سيرة حياته الذاتية والعلمية.

  كلمات مفتاحية: الشخصية الرئيسة، الشخصية المتمردة، محي الدين بن عربي، موت صغير.
الرؤية الجمالية في رسائل ابن الأثير الجزري (ت637هـ)
Authors: عبد الإمام مهلهل الأسدي علي
Published: February 2020

عُنيت هذه الدراسة برصد التقنية الجمالية في رسائل ابن الأثير الجزري (ت637هـ) والكشف عن ينابيع الشعرية في جسد النص الترسلي ، والتي منحت القارئ فرصة الإستمتاع بهذه النفحات الجمالية  وتقديم الموضوع بوصفه أدباً يرضي المتلقي ويبعث فيه الإنفعال ، وذلك عبر شعرية التناص ، وشعرية التجسيم والتشخيص ، وشعرية الوصف.
تسريد الهوية العولمة وأسئلة القيم في الرواية العربية
Authors: علي محمد إسحق
Published: February 2020

يطرح البحث أسئلة الهوية في النص السردي بوصفه الموازي للواقع الحياتي، وبوصفه لغة. ولأن سؤال الهوية أصبح الشاغل في هذا العصر كونه يبحث عن موقع الذات في هذا الكون الرقمي، الذات بوصفها فردا وبوصفها جماعة (قومية أو جنس).

ولما كان المسلمون والعرب يحملون هوية وقيما وسط استلاب ثقافي وهوياتي، فانه من الاهمية بمكان معرفة موقع هذه الهوية  من العالم، ومعرفة كيف يمكن أن تتميز وتسهم في حضارة الكون.
اشكاليات التعددية الدينية بين الإسلام والنظريات الغربية. دراسة نقدية في فلسفة حقوق الإنسان
Authors: عويد محمد الساير محمد , خمري خولة
Published: February 2020

نهدف في هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط بقعة ضوء على أهد أهم الاشكاليات المعاصرة التي باتت تطرح نفسها بقوة في ظل الصراعات العنيفة التي أصبح عالمنا يتخبط فيها، فقد صار الإنسان اليوم في ظل التحولات العالمية يعيش نوعا من التيه، وهو ما جعل قضية حقوق الانسان بكافة اشكالياتها الدينية تشكل خطورة بالغة وأهمية قصوى وتعد من بين القضايا التي تهم العالم المعاصر شرقا وغربا خاصة أوطاننا العربية والاسلامية.

    فأمام هذه الاشكاليات فإن كل ذلك ما كان ليكون لولا فقدان البوصلة الربانية والهدي النبوي الصحيح في التعامل السوي مع تلك القضايا، كقضية المواطنة وتفشي ظاهرة الخطابات التكفيرية وتغذيتها من طرف البروباغندا الإعلامية، وظهور فلسفات شاذة تتميز بالدغمائية والتعصب في نظرتها لحقوق الانسان، ناهيك عن تفشي ظاهرة انفصال الأقليات  التي بدأت تغزو العالم وتكتسحه يوما بعد يوم آخرها تلك الدعوات التي طالب بها سكان كتلونيا من أجل إقامة دولتهم المستقلة والانفصال عن اسبانيا.

   هذه النقاط وأخرى سنسعى لسبر أغوارها في نوع من المقاربات النقدية الابستمولوجية متبعين آليتي التفكيك والتحليل قصد الوصول إلى اشراقات الهدي النبوي الصحيح ورؤيته الربانية لموضوع حقوق الانسان واشكاليات التعددية الثقافية والدينية والكيفية الصحيحة التي يجب أن تنتهجها دولنا العربية والاسلامية في التعامل معها وفق السنة النبوية الصحيحة لا السياسات الغربية ذات النظريات الفكرية المنحرفة والتي لا تمت لديننا بأي صلة.
مملكة ميسان وأثرها الحضاري حتى نهاية الدولة العربية الإسلامية 656هــ/1258م [ دراسة تاريخية ]
Authors: Abdul Ali Ghylan Al-Rubaiey Hussein
Published: February 2020

أن دراسة تاريخ مملكة ميسان وأثرها الحضاري يتطلب معرفة العمق التاريخي والامتداد الطبيعي لهذه البقعة عبر مختلف العصور منذ نشأتها الأولى مرورا بمراحلها المختلفة وفي عهود متعددة والوقوف عند اصل تسميتها ومعرفة بعض مدنها المهمة التي لازال البعض منها شاخص للعيان وكذلك بعض أنهارها التي مازالت تحمل أسمائها ذاتها منذ اقد العصور وما رافقها من أحداث تاريخية عالمية تزامنت مع وجود إمبراطوريات كبيرة وما أفرزته الظروف المحيطة بها بمختلف المراحل وما أنجبته تلك المملكة من شخصيات مهمة تركت اثر كبير في الجوانب والميادين الحضارية كافة  والتي أضحت المنطلق والأساس الحضاري للسكان الذين ورثوها .
التحليل السينوبتيكي للموجات المطرية الفيضانية المؤثرة في شرق محافظة واسط وتأثيراتها على البنى التحتية والأراضي الزراعية
Authors: ناصر عبود الكناني مالك , كريم جنيط الشمري محمد
Published: February 2020

تتمثل منطقة الدراسة في المناطق الشرقية من محافظة واسط في العراق في قضاء ويشمل قضاء بدرة الذي يشتمل على ناحية زرباطية ومركز قضاء بدرة وناحية جصان وبعض مناطق قضاء الكوت ومنها ناحية شيخ سعد والأراضي الشرقية من قضاء الكوت.

ويهدف البحث لدراسة الموجات المطرية الفيضانية التي تصل كمية تصريف المياه في الأنهار الحدودية لشرق محافظة واسط الى أكثر من 500م3/ ثا، اذ تعرضت الأجزاء الشرقية من محافظة واسط إلى (5) موجات مطرية فيضانية خلال عام 2018، أدت الى تزايد تصاريف الانهار الحدودية وهي (كلال بدرة، كلال ترسخ، نهر الجباب) وأدت الى حدوث فيضانات كبيرة وجارفة تسببت في حدوث أضرار بيئية كبيرة في البنى التحتية مثل أعمدة الكهرباء والمدارس والطرق والجسور وغرق الأراضي الزراعية وغرق بعض القرى وهجرة سكانها إلى مناطق مجاورة.

ويهدف البحث أيضا الى دراسة المنظومات الجوية المتسببة في حدوث هذه الأمطار الغزيرة ضمن مستويات (1000 ، 850 ، 500) مليبار، وتحديد شدة تلك الموجات المطرية وكميات المياه المتدفقة خلال أيام الموجات المطرية.

وقد حدثت هذه الموجات خلال الأيام و (15-16/11/2018) و (24/11/2018) و (28-29/1/2019)، وكانت الموجات الأخيرة التي حدثت في شهر تشرين الثاني أكثر الموجات المطرية كثافة في التصريف واضراراً في البنى التحتية والأراضي الزراعية.
ظاهرة مقاهي التدخين ( النركيلة ) في المجتمع العراقي دراسة ميدانية لأسباب انتشار هذه الظاهرة في مدينة بغداد
Authors: طه خماس نبراس
Published: February 2020

تتحدد مشكلة البحث الحالي في الإجابة على التساؤل الاتي:-

ما هي اسباب انتشار ظاهرة مقاهي النركيلة في المجتمع العراقي .

    ومن خلال ما تقدم من أهمية البحث الحالي ارتأت الباحثة ضرورة التعرف على اسباب انتشار ظاهرة مقاهي النركيلة في المجتمع العراقي ،ويمكن ايجاز مسوّغات أهمية البحث بـ(أهمية المجتمع وانعكاسات تأثيراته على افراده لاسيما لدى الاطفال والشباب ،واهمية التعرف على اسباب انتشار ظاهرة مقاهي النركيلة في المجتمع العراقي) . ويستهدف البحث الحالي التعرف على اسباب انتشار ظاهرة مقاهي النركيلة في المجتمع العراقي ،ويقتصر على استعراض هذه الظاهرة والتعرف على الاسباب المؤدي الى انتشارها في مدينة بغداد من وجهة نظر الشباب البغدادي سن (17- 24) وللعام (2019).   وقامت الباحثة ببناء أداة البحث الحالي وتتمثل باستبيان اسباب انتشار ظاهرة مقاهي النركيلة في المجتمع العراقي: اذ تم بناءه في ضوء الاستبيان المفتوح ويتكون من(24)فقرة،وتألفت عينة بناء الاستبيان وتطبيقه على(300)شاب وشابة من مدينة بغداد،واتصف الاستبيان بالخصائص السيكومترية المتمثلة بالتمييز والصدق والثبات،واستعملت الباحثة الحقيبة الإحصائية (SPSS) لتحليل البيانات.

    وتوصلت الباحثة إلى نتيجة:

أن مستوى اسباب انتشار ظاهرة مقاهي النركيلة في المجتمع العراقي عالي مقارنه مع المتوسط الفرضي،وهذا نتيجة لما يعيشه العراق من احداث استثنائية اثرت على جميع شرائح المجتمع،لاسيما الشباب والنساء وفي جميع النواحي النفسية والاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية التي جعلت جميع افراد المجتمع بما فيهم الاطفال والنساء يحتاجون للعمل من اجل كسب العيش ولكن نتيجة لصعوبة الحصول على العمل وتوفير ابسط مستلزمات الحياة لانفسهم وللاخرين ووجود وقت فراغ وتاثرهم بالعولمة وتصدع المجتمع فانهم يلجاون الى مقاهي النركيلة من اجل قضاء وقت الفراغ ونسيان الهموم والابتعاد عن الواقع ،اما فيما يخص اي فقرة اكثر حدة من غيرها فتتمثل بالفقرة(15)" تصدع القيم الاجتماعي وتاثر افراد المجتمع بالعولمة التي حملت عادات وافكار الى المجتمع العراقي بما فيها ارتياد مقاهي النركيلة "اذ تمثل وزنها المرجح ووزنها المئوي على التوالي(3.38)، (79.44)، اما ادنى درجته فقد كانت من نصيب الفقرة(20)"وسيلة للتخلص من تناول السكائر"اذ تمثل وزنها المرجح ووزنها المئوي على التوالي (1.86)، (62).
Aesthetic Reader of Kristen Lang’s Modern Ecopoem
Authors: Abbas Eidan Al-Ta’an Muslim
Published: February 2020

The present paper attempts to examine the modern poetic discourse of the most outstanding Australian woman-poet Kristen Lang in terms of aesthetics of the potential energy of feminist ecopoetics. Lang plays a key part in constructing an aesthetic affinity with nature and the non-human world. Moreover, she creates an aesthetic area in her ecopoem to attract her reader to be aesthetically involved in her poetic experience. The poet works as an aesthetic defender of both woman and nature by means of what comes to be called as ecofeminism. Consciously or unconsciously, the poet applies such kind of ecocentric philosophy to her poems. The poet discusses a very sensitive and crucial issue of ‘domination of woman’ by man which has a common ground with ‘domination of nature’. Furthermore, Lang deals with her poetic discourse, as a creator and creative thinker, in terms of aesthetic physicality. Her ecopoem is a body of human and non-human experience. The paper, therefore, debates over such significant issue in some selected poems written by that poet pointing out the role of the aesthetic reader in such modern experience.
المشكلات التي تواجه الطلبة الجامعيين (ضمن محور التعليم في العراق ومواجهة التحديات)
Authors: محسن كاظم سهيلة , جليل عباس حذام
Published: February 2020

يمثل التعليم الجامعي قمة السلم التعليمي ,وهو يتعامل مع صفوة شباب المجتمع من الفئة العمرية 18-24 عاماً, ويعول عليه اعداد العنصر البشري الذي هو المحور الاساسي لتنمية الثروة البشرية, وذلك من خلال اعداد الكوادر المؤهلة لتلبية احتياجات سوق العمل.

ان الجامعات في عصرنا الحاضر لم تعد مجرد مراكز للتزويد بالعلم والمعرفة او مراكز اكاديمية للبحث العلمي .بل اضحت تنظيمات ثقافية للشباب يتم في رحابها تفاعل حيوي وضروري بين شتى الاتجاهات الفكرية, فتصبح الحياة الجامعية ضرباً من التفاعل الثقافي والفكري  على اعلى مستوى, ومشكلة طلبة الجامعة من القضايا التي يهتم بها الأدب التربوي والنفسي ,وتتخذ هذه المشكلات اشكالاً متعددة ومتباينة فمنها ما يتصل بالطالب واخرى تتعلق بالواقع التعليمي/الاكاديمي, ومنها ما يرتبط بالجانب النفسي والبيئي.

وتعد دراسة المشكلات التي تواجه طلبة الجامعة وما يترتب عليها من أثار احد الموضوعات الرئيسية المرتبطة بالكفاءة الداخلية للجامعة وبجودتها واعتمادها الاكاديمي ,وفي ضوء ذلك فأن البحث الحالي محاولة متواضعة لتسليط الضوء على المشكلات التعليمية(الاكاديمية)والنفسية لتي يواجهها طلبة كلية التربية الاساسية/جامعة واسط ووضع الأليات والحلول لها من منطلق ان تنمية الشباب تنمية متكاملة وشاملة يمثل اهم ادوار الجامعة في تنمية الثروة البشرية.

وقد هدف البحث التعرف على اهم تلك المشكلات التعليمية والنفسية للطلبة, والتعرف على ترتيبها وعلاقتها بمتغير الجنس (ذكر, انثى)وتخصص الدراسة في القسم الاكاديمي(قسم رياض الاطفال, الجغرافية ’العلوم),وكذلك اقتراح أليات لبعض الحلول لتخفيف من حده هذه المشكلات ولتحقيق اهداف البحث تم تصميم اداته(الاستبانة)وتحكيمها والتحقق من ثباتها, ثم تطبيقها على عينة البحث التي تكونت من (150) طالباً وطالبة من اقسام رياض الاطفال والجغرافية وقسم العلوم وقد اظهرت النتائج وجود مشكلات لدى الطلبة اختلفت في درجة حدتها وترتيبها, ولم تظهر فروقاً تعزى لمتغير الجنس والقسم الدراسي, وقد وضعت الباحثتان أليات مقترحة للتخفيف من حدة المشكلات التي تواجه طلبة كلية التربية الاساسية واوصيا ببعض التوصيات.
Bir Manipülasyon ve Motivasyon Alanı Olarak Kentsel Ortam [Milieu]
Authors: OVACIK ÇORUH Duygu
Published: February 2020

Mekâna ilişkin modern bir bilgi alanı ve pratikler bütünü olarak mimarlık kendi üretim alanını biçimlendiren bir disiplin olmanın ötesinde, öznel deneyimi belirlemeye yönelik normatif sınırların üretimine katılır. Öte yandan mimarlık bir tasarım pratiğidir ki bu sınırlara karşı, yeni bir deneyim arayışı anlamında eleştirel eğilimleri üretmek durumundadır. Ancak mimarlığın eleştirel pozisyonu modern kapitalist kentle ilişkisi bağlamında tartışmalıdır. Bu anlamda güncel koşulların devamı; ama aynı zamanda tasarım pratiklerinin olanağından ayrılmayan bir mekân kavrayışı mümkün müdür? İnsan ve yaşam çevresinin bağlılaşık ilişkisinde temellenen ‘ortam’, bu soru bağlamında çalışmayı yapılandıran yöntemsel bir araçtır. Çalışma özelinde ortam, bilim ve felsefi tarihinde özel bir içeriğe sahip olan milieu kavramından türetilmektedir. Canguilhem, Foucault, Deleuze ve Guattari’nin metinlerine dayanan milieu, Foucault’nun modern özneleşme perspektifiyle bir arada ele alınarak ortama genişletilmektedir. Çalışmada özne-nesne ayrımından değerler ve pratiklere hareket eden ortam aracılığıyla, mekânsal pratiklerin stratejik etkileri sorunsallaştırılırken; tasarım pratiği yeni bir deneyimin üretim olanağı olarak ortaya konulmaktadır. Böylece kentsel ortam, özel tarihsel koşullarda nesneleşme ve özneleş[tir]menin gerçekleştiği mekândır; ancak bu belirlenim bir kabul değildir. Performatif bir araç olarak ortam [medium], stratejik değer kategorilerinden, içinde bulunduğumuz şeyi; kenti ‘çoğaltarak’ sıyrılır. Böylece ‘gerçek olan’ normatif sınırlara karşı yeniden-üretilebilir ki tarihsel sınırlar aşılabilir.
Kentsel Gelişim ve Yeşil Alan Planlama Sürecinin Katılımcı Swot Analizi Yöntemi ile Değerlendirilmesi: Bingöl Kenti
Authors: VURAL Hüccet , MERAL Alperen , DOĞAN Sülem
Published: February 2020

Değişen yaşam koşulları ve insanların ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel ihtiyaçlarının kırsal yerleşim alanlarında karşılanamaması kentsel alanlara göçü meydana getirmiştir. Beklenmeyen nüfus artışları konut ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmış ve kentlerin merkezden dışarıya doğru hızlı bir şekilde yayılmasına neden olmuştur. Kontrolsüz ve plansız yayılma özellikle açık ve yeşil alanlar, tarım alanları, meralar ve orman alanları gibi ekolojik yaşam alanları üzerinde önemli baskı unsuru haline gelmiştir. Bu durum aynı zamanda kent yönetimi sorununu da ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kent yönetimi kentsel hizmetlerin sunumundan kent yerleşiminin sağlıklı bir şekilde planlanmasına kadar birçok konuyu içeren bir kavramdır. Kentlerin yönetimi katılımcı bir yaklaşımla uzun önemli planlama stratejilerinin oluşturulmasını ve şeffaf bir şekilde yönetilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bingöl İlinin kentleşme süreci ve yeşil alan planlaması ilişkisinin mevcut durumunu ortaya koymak, ekonomik, idari ve politik değişimler doğrultusunda kentleşme stratejilerini katılımcı yaklaşımla ele almak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada planlama yöntemi olarak kabul edilen SWOT (GZFT) ve TOWS (TFZG) analizi yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Farklı kurum temsilcilerinden oluşan 18 kişilik çalışma grubu ile yapılan SWOT analizinde Bingöl ilinin kentleşme-peyzaj ilişkisini etkileyen 62 içsel ve dışsal faktör belirlenmiştir. Bu faktörler amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenen 41 kişilik değerlendirme grubu tarafından 0-4 puan arasında puanlanmıştır. Puanlama sonucuna göre zayıf yönler 2,93-3,73, güçlü yönler 1,66-2,59, fırsatlar 1,95-3,07 ve tehditler ise 2,59-3,46 ortalama puan aralığında bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar ve öncelikler doğrultusunda TOWS yöntemi kullanılarak araştırma alanı için sürdürülebilir kentleşme ve yeşil alan gelişim stratejileri önerilmiştir.
Türkiye’de 1980 Sonrası Dönemde Kentsel Planlama Pratiğinin Dönüşümü: Adana Örneği
Authors: ZORLU Fikret , SÖĞÜT İlker
Published: February 2020

Günümüz kentleri yoğun sermaye yatırımlarından yararlanmak için büyük değişim, dönüşüm ve yenilenme süreci içerisine girmişlerdir. Planlamanın statik yapısının kentlerdeki sürekli değişim, dönüşüm ve yenilenme taleplerini yönetememesi piyasa aktörlerinin, kentlerdeki beklentilerini sık sık yapılan plan değişikliği yolu ile karşılamasına sebep olmuştur. 1980’li yıllarda başlayan, özellikle 2000’li yıllardan sonra hız kazanan yasal çerçevedeki değişiklikler ile planlamanın bütünselliğinin ve denetleyebilme olanaklarının aşındığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Adana’daki planlama süreci içerisinde tespit edilen sorunlar üzerinden bir değerlendirmeye gidilerek büyük ölçekli kentsel yatırımların dinamiği karşısında planlamanın etkisizleşmesi sorununun nedenleri araştırılmıştır. Adana kentinde eski sanayi alanları ve kamu arazilerinin alışveriş merkezi, hastane, otel, kamu tesisi kullanımlarına dönüştürülmesi şeklinde kentsel mekâna büyük ölçekli müdahaleler gerçekleşmiştir. Bütüncül planlama uzun erimli mekânsal düzen öngörürken proje temelli plan değişiklikleri ve revizyonları yatırımların kısa sürede gerçekleşmesini amaçlamaktadır. Son yirmi yılda kentin biçimlenmesinde özel sektör, merkezi yönetim daha etin olurken yerel yönetim daha edilgen kalmıştır. Sıklıkla yapılan mevzuat değişiklikleri ise bu süreci hızlandırmıştır. Planlamanın büyük ölçekli özel sektör yatırımlarını öngörememesi sorunu ve kamu politikalarındaki yapısal değişim Adana kentinde planlamanın etkisiz kalmasının en önemli nedenleri olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
Data Mining Bisnis
Authors: Paryanto Endri , Hafiz Aliy
Published: February 2020

Bisnis tidak berjalan pada ruang tertutup. Oleh karena itu keberhasilan dalam menjalankan bisnis tidak bergantung pada bagaimana cara menjalankan bisnis, akan tetapi pada bagaimana menjalankannya jika dibandingkan dengan lainnya. Kunci untuk membuat perbedaan terletak pada pemakaian data yang tersimpan pada sistem yang digunakan untuk bisnis sehari hari.
Open Questions in Scientific Consensus Messaging Research
Authors: Landrum Asheley R. , Slater Matthew H.
Published: February 2020

In recent years, there has been considerable interest in studying and using scientific consensus messaging strategies to influence public opinion. Researchers disagree, sometimes vociferously, about how to examine the potential influence of consensus messaging, debating one another publicly and privately. In this essay, we take a step back and focus on some of the important questions that scholars might consider when researching scientific consensus messaging. Hopefully, reflecting on these questions will help researchers better understand the reasons for the different points of debate and improve the work moving forward.
The Crowd Emotion Amplification Effect
Authors: Goldenberg Amit , Weisz Erika , Sweeny Timothy , Cikara Mina , Gross James
Published: February 2020

How do people go about reading a room or taking the temperature of a crowd? When people catch a brief glimpse of an array of faces, they can only focus their attention on some of the faces. We propose that perceivers preferentially attend to faces exhibiting strong emotions, and that this generates a crowd emotion amplification effect—estimating a crowd’s average emotional response as more extreme than it is. Study 1 (N = 50) documents the crowd amplification effect. Study 2 (N = 50) replicates the effect even when we increase exposure time. Study 3 (N = 50) uses eye-tracking to show that attentional bias to emotional faces drives amplification. These findings have important implications for many domains in which individuals have to make snap judgments regarding a crowd’s emotionality, from public speaking to controlling crowds.
A comprehensive review of behavioral activation treatment for depression
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia
Published: February 2020

Behavioral activation (BA) treatment has evolved from a component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and has become standalone psychotherapy for depression. The rapid increasing application of tele-mental health approaches such as telephone-, internet-, and smartphone-based interventions with BA were emphasized. With its efficacy comparable to traditional CBT, and its evidenced-based cost-effectiveness, BA is promising to be developed into a guided self-help intervention. The efficacy across diagnoses and effective components of BA treatment were reviewed. With the rise of the third wave of psychotherapy, therapeutic components across diagnoses will be incorporated into behavioral activation therapy. However, extensive studies are required to examine the neural and modulatory mechanism of BA for depression, and to explore the feasibility and necessity of tele-mental health BA application into the healthcare system.
Plant-made HIV vaccines and potential candidates
Authors: Tremouillaux-Guiller Jocelyne , Moustafa Khaled , Hefferon Kathleen , Gaobotse Goabaone , Makhzoum Abdullah
Published: February 2020

Millions of people around the world suffer from heavy social and health burdens related to HIV/AIDS and its associated opportunistic infections. To reduce these burdens, preventive and therapeutic vaccines are required. Effective HIV vaccines have been under investigation for several decades using different animal models. Potential plant-made HIV vaccine candidates have also gained attention in the past few years. In addition to this, broadly neutralizing antibodies produced in plants which can target conserved viral epitopes and neutralize mutating HIV strains have been identified. Numerous epitopes of glycoproteins and capsid proteins of HIV-1 are a part of HIV therapy. Here, we discuss some recent findings aiming to produce anti-HIV-1 recombinant proteins in engineered plants for AIDS prophylactics and therapeutic treatments.
Improving zinc phytoremediation characteristics in Salix pedicellata with a new acclimation approach
Authors: Amdoun Ryad , Bendifallah Nassim , Sahli Fatiha , Moustafa Khaled , Hefferon Kathleen , Makhzoum Abdullah , Khelifi Lakhdar
Published: February 2020

Salix sp. (willows) is a phytoremediator plant species that can accumulate and detoxify soils contaminated with pollutants and toxic heavy metals such as zinc. However, high concentrations of zinc inhibit plant growth and reduce biomass accumulation. In an attempt to overcome this inconvenience and to enhance plant adaptive abilities to zinc toxicity, we tested a new phytoremediation procedure in two clones of Salix pedicellata, named SPK-12 and SP-K20. The approach comprises two successive phases. The first is an "induction phase" consisting of gradual exposure of plants to low concentrations of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at short and regular intervals. And, the second is a "maintenance phase" to uphold the acquired tolerance to zinc as long as possible. One of the two clones, SP-K20, tolerated up to 20 mg/L ZnSO4 over 33 days without noticeable symptoms of chlorosis or growth inhibition. The SP-K20 clone was also able to accumulate high concentrations of zinc in its tissues, suggesting that phytoremediation abilities of Salix have been improved throughout the applied approach.
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER MELALUI MATERI GEJALA PEMANASAN GLOBAL PADA ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Nurhidayat Wahyu , Nana
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this petenilian is to implement character education in early childhood by using global warming symptom material. It can be seen at this time that the effects of global warming can be clearly felt. To minimize the impact of global warming, we need a good character in each individual. For this reason, character education is aimed at early childhood. Early childhood was chosen because it has a better tendency in planting and implementing good character in the future. The research method used is a literature study that is compiled comprehensively so that it gets relevant results. The results of this study explain that there is a relationship between character education through global warming symptoms that are applied to early childhood.
Neural Language Models Capture Some, But Not All, Agreement Attraction Effects
Authors: Arehalli Suhas , Linzen Tal
Published: February 2020

The number of the subject in English must match the number of the corresponding verb (dog runs but dogs run). Yet in real-time language production and comprehension, speakers often mistakenly compute agreement between the verb and a grammatically irrelevant non-subject noun phrase instead. This phenomenon, referred to as agreement attraction, is modulated by a wide range of factors; any complete computational model of grammatical planning and comprehension would be expected to derive this rich empirical picture. Recent developments in Natural Language Processing have shown that neural networks trained only on word-prediction over large corpora are capable of capturing subject-verb agreement dependencies to a significant extent, but with occasional errors. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the potential of such neural word prediction models as a foundation for a cognitive model of real-time grammatical processing. We simulate six experiments taken from the agreement attraction literature with LSTMs, one common type of neural language model. The LSTMs captured the critical human behavior in three of them, indicating that (1) some agreement attraction phenomena can be captured by a generic sequence processing model, but (2) capturing the other phenomena may require models with more language-specific mechanisms
Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Mixed Modeling for Identifying Coexisting Condensation Rules
Authors: Zhan Peida
Published: February 2020

In cognitive diagnosis models, the condensation rule describes the logical relationship between the required attributes and the item response, reflecting an explicit assumption about the cognitive processes respondents engage in to solve problems. In practice, multiple condensation rules may apply to an item simultaneously, indicating that respondents should use multiple cognitive processes with different weights to identify the correct response. Coexisting condensation rules reflect the complexity of cognitive processes utilized in problem solving and that the cognitive processes respondents employ in determining item responses may be inconsistent with the expert-designed condensation rule. This study was conducted to evaluate the proposed deterministic input with a noisy mixed (DINMix) model to identify coexisting condensation rules and provide feedback for item revision to increase the validity of the measurement of cognitive processes. Two simulation studies were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that the DINMix model can adaptively and accurately identify coexisting condensation rules, existing either simultaneously in an item or separately in multiple items. An empirical example was also analyzed to illustrate the applicability and advantages of the proposed model.
Researcher Degrees of Freedom and a Lack of Transparency Contribute to Unreliable Results of Nonparametric Statistical Analyses Across SPSS, SAS, Stata, and R
Authors: Hodges Cooper Benton , Lindsey Hannah Michelle , Johnson Paula , Stone Bryant M , carter James
Published: February 2020

The replication crisis within the social and behavioral sciences has called into question the consistency of research methodology. A lack of attention to minor details in replication studies may limit researchers’ abilities to reproduce the results. One such overlooked detail is the statistical programs used to analyze the data. In the current investigation, we compared the results of several nonparametric analyses and measures of normality conducted on a large sample of data in SPSS, SAS, Stata, and R with results obtained through hand-calculation using the raw computational formulas. Multiple inconsistencies were found in the results produced between statistical packages due to algorithmic variation, computational error, and lack of clarity and/or specificity in the statistical output generated. We also highlight similar inconsistencies in supplementary analyses conducted on subsets of the data, which reflect realistic sample sizes. These inconsistencies were largely due to algorithmic variations used within packages when the analyses are performed on data from small- or medium-sized samples. We discuss how such inconsistencies may influence the conclusions drawn from the results of statistical analyses depending on the statistical software used, and we urge researchers to analyze their data across multiple packages, report details regarding the statistical procedure used for data analysis and consider these details when conducting direct replications studies.
Jemuran Otomatis Menggunakan Sensor LDR, Sensor Hujan Dan Sensor Kelembaban Berbasis Arduino Uno
Authors: Hendrian Yayan , Yudatama Yusuf Pribadi , Pratama Violetta Surya
Published: February 2020

The condition of weather changes in Indonesia is uncertain, so it difficult to predict clear and rainy weather. This is still a major problem for people who are drying clothes especially in the rainy weather conditions. Usually clothes is often left out traveling, with weather conditions like this make some people feel anxious because they do not have time to lift the clothesline in the rainy weather conditions. To overcome these problems the authors make an automatic clothesline prototype using LDR sensor, rain sensor, and moisture sensor using Arduino Uno. In addition to these sensors there are also additional such as fans and DC motors. From the results of testing tools that have been made tools can work well. The tool can work when the sensor will read the weather around, LDR sensor and rain sensor function to detect the weather around, while the humidity sensor serves to detect the condition of the clothes whether in wet or dry conditions.
Komparasi Algoritma Support Vector Machine Dan Naïve Bayes Dengan Algotima Genetika Pada Analisis Sentimen Calon Gubernur Jabar 2018-2023
Authors: Gunawan Deni , Riana Dwiza , Ardiansyah Dian , Akbar Fajar
Published: February 2020

Abstrak – Kontestasi politik dalam penentuan menjadi pemimpin tingkat provinsi dalam hal ini gubernur jawa barat 2018-2023. Masyarakat yang memberikan opininya berupa tweet  pada media sosial twitter menentukan bentuk dukungan atau tidaknya, sehingga perlu adanya analisis sentimen terhadap calon Gubernur agar mengetahui tingkat kepercayaan masyarakat serta terbentuk citra kepada calon Gubernur Jawa Barat 2018-2023. Akan tetapi membaca keseluruhan tweet  yang tersebar dalam twitter yang berkaitan dengan masing-masing calon gubernur akan memakan waktu dan membingungkan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Klasifikasi sentimen akan mengurai masalah mengenai opini, pendapat, emosi dan prilaku dengan studi komputasi. Metode klasifikasi yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian yaitu dengan algoritma Naïve Bayes serta Support Vector Machine. Penentuan fitur menentuka hasil akurasi, dalam penentuan fitur seleksi digunakan Genetic Algorithm agar dapat meningkatan akurasi pengklasifikasian pada Support Vector Machine dan Naive Bayes. Perolehan penelitian ini yaitu klasifikasi teks dalam pola negatif atau positif dari tweet  calon gubernur jawa barat 2018-2023. Pada dataset tidak seimbang Support Vector Machine menghasilkan rata-rata akurasi 92.61% dengan AUC 0,950, Naive Bayes menghasilkan rata-rata akurasi 93,29% dengan AUC 0,525, Support Vector Machine berbasis Genetic Algorithm menghasilkan rata-rata akurasi 93,03% dengan AUC 0,869, Naive Bayes berbasis Genetic Algorithm menghasilkan rata-rata akurasi 92,85% dengan AUC 0,543. Hasil ini menunjukan bahwa Support Vector Machine dapat digunakan untuk membangun deteksi tweet  klasifikasi positif dan negatif dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa Support Vector Machine dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi tweet  pada dataset twitter berbahasa indonesia penulis.
The constitution of criminal law
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo
Published: February 2020

I argue that modern criminal law was constituted to rationalize and humanize punishment. To do so, modern states need a constitutional framework that protects the rule of law and the separation of powers. In this context, criminal law protects individuals against arbitrary and cruel punishment by creating very strict conditions on the use of punishment and by limiting its abuse by authorities. Part II of the article tracks the evolution of crime and punishment and argues that criminal law only came to maturity when crime was distinguished from sin during the Enlightenment. Once crime had been freed from its theological shackles, it could be reconceptualized as one of the main instruments of the state to maintain the secular political order. Part III of the article sketches the main traits of a system of criminal law that aims to minimize crime and punishment; it also promotes peace as the harmony of mind – that is to say, a collective mental state in which individuals and groups can trust the state to create an environment in which interpersonal and institutional violence is reduced to the bare minimum and people can focus on their individual flourishing.
Civil order, markets, and the intelligibility of the criminal law
Authors: Farmer Lindsay
Published: February 2020

This article explores the meaning of the term ‘civil order’ by asking what it means to claim that criminal law is only ‘intelligible’ from the perspective of civil order. In Part II, I examine different possible meanings of the term intelligibility. In Part III, I go on to look at ways of understanding the term ‘civil order,’ arguing that it must be seen primarily as a historically situated question – that is to say, both the question of what amounts to order, and conceptions of civility, depend on particular historical contexts. I illustrate this point by looking at how order was conceived of as a specific kind of problem in modernity and how this has shaped the understandings of the scope and the function of the criminal law. In Part IV, I look at a neglected dimension of this modern understanding of civil order by looking at the way that the relation between the market and the criminal law – that is to say, between a sphere of social life ordered by contract or civil law and those spheres ordered by criminal law – has been conceived of in modernity. I conclude that this distinction between market and civil society underpins the thinking about the proper scope of the criminal law but that, if we are properly to understand the role of criminal law in securing civil order, it is necessary to reflect not only on the civility of civil order but also on how we understand the scope of civil order in modern society.
Criminal justice and the liberal good of ‘order’
Authors: Flanders Chad
Published: February 2020

Recent liberal political theory – and political philosophy generally – has had little to say about the criminal justice system, focusing instead on concerns of pluralism and social welfare. But I argue in this article that ‘order’ is a necessary precondition for any flourishing society, including a liberal one, and that the criminal justice system can be part of securing that order. Borrowing from Paul Weithman, I identify two types of order: ‘imposed order,’ which seems to be especially the province of the criminal justice system (that is, police and punishment) and ‘inherent order,’ which is the kind of order a society has when its principles win support over time from its adherents. Although I concede that inherent order is obviously more desirable, some kind of imposed order may be necessary as a precondition for that inherent order. In particular, the kind of pluralism and social welfare that liberal societies value may not be possible, let alone succeed, without a basis in imposed order.
Criminal law and the constitution of civil order
Authors: Duff RA
Published: February 2020

Some of those who theorize criminal law in essentially political terms, as a species of ‘public law,’ argue that we should therefore reject legal moralism. I argue that they are right to reject the kind of legal moralism espoused by theorists such as Michael Moore (partly because such moralists cannot give a plausible account of the ambit and jurisdiction of domestic criminal law), but that we can construct a plausible version of legal moralism within the framework of a public law conception. This is a ‘political,’ or ‘public,’ legal moralism, according to which criminal law is properly concerned with public wrongs that violate the polity’s civil order. I explain these ideas of civil order and public wrongs, and the way in which criminal law can both help to constitute, and to sustain, a particular kind of civil order.
L’hémorroïdectomie de Milligan et Morgan : avantages et inconvénients…
Authors: Favreau-Weltzer C. , Bouchard D.
Published: February 2020

L’hémorroïdectomie de Milligan et Morgan est une technique chirurgicale utilisée depuis bientôt un siècle dans le traitement de la maladie hémorroïdaire. Elle a l’avantage de traiter aussi bien la maladie interne (prolapsus, saignements) que la maladie externe (congestion, thromboses, marisques). Le risque de récidive après cette chirurgie radicale est faible, avec en contrepartie des suites douloureuses et plus longues qu’après les autres types de traitements chirurgicaux.
La chirurgie des hémorroïdes : quelles indications et contre-indications ?
Authors: Eléouet-Kaplan M.
Published: February 2020

La chirurgie hémorroïdaire est indiquée après échec du traitement médical (régulation du transit, hygiène défécatoire) et souvent en cas d’échec du traitement instrumental. Le type de chirurgie est à discuter avec le patient, en fonction de différents paramètres : symptômes, anatomie locale, caractéristiques du patient, mode de vie et avantages et inconvénients de chaque technique.
ETIKA INFORMASI DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR’AN
Authors: Amril Dapit
Published: February 2020

Events that occur in the Western hemisphere in seconds or minutes after that can be witnessed in the bedroom of people who are on the Eastern hemisphere continent. Likewise, events occurring in the Eastern hemisphere can be seen today by people in the Western Hemisphere. Indeed, societies’ lives can not be separated from rumors; this is caused by the existence of three types of people: First are the people who use the issue to damage the life of Islamic society, they are from the hypocrites and non-Muslims. The second is a person who easily receives the news and immediately conveys it to others without checking the truth. And the third is a person who easily mistake or quickly concluded then he immediately preach to others based on the false assumptions. The subject of this research is what and how the real description in the interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an about the information with analyzes the subject matter to give a certain concept of information. The discussion is based on the references to verses of the Qur'an and Hadiths that deal with the issues discussed. The purpose of this study is as follows; First, to know clearly about the ethics that provide the information so that the information submitted does not confuse the readers, listeners and viewers. Second, is to know clearly about ethics in receiving information in order to give guarantee of justice, balance and accuracy of the information.
TELAAH NILAI PEPATAH MINANGKABAU SASEK DI UJUANG JALAN SURUIK KA PANGKA JALAN DAN KONTRIBUSINYA DALAM KONSELING BUDAYA
Authors: Zubaidah Zubaidah
Published: February 2020

Minangkabau has a unique culture, that is always thriving one of them in social interaction using the proverb. Sasek di ujuang jalan suruik ka pangka jalan is a proverb full of values. This research aims to explore the values contained in the proverb Sasek di ujuang jalan suruik ka pangka jalan, and the contribution to cultural counseling. The research method used is qualitative hermeneutics. The results of the study is; (1) the value contained in the proverbial Sasek di ujuang jalan suruik ka pangka jalan is the need for exploration in finding the cause of the problem, (2) Every problem has a way out, and (3) cultural elaboration in counseling will facilitate the counseling process.
HERMENEUTIK: METODE DALAM MEMAHAMI HADIS PERSPEKTIF FAZLUR RAHMAN
Authors: Sugianto Sugianto
Published: February 2020

Abstrak: Memahami merupakan sebuah proses untuk mengungkap makna terhadap suatu teks, memahami berbeda dari mengetahui. Karena memahami menyiratkan kemampuan untuk merasakan sesuatu yang dialami oleh orang lain. Seseorang bisa saja memiliki banyak pengetahuan, tetapi sedikit pemahaman. Hal tersebut mengacu pada suatu kemampuan untuk menjangkau pribadi seseorang. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan oleh ulama terdahulu, yaitu dalam rangka mengungkap makna teks hadis, akan tetapi belum mendapatkan makna yang memuaskan. Atas kondisi tersebut, Fazlur Rahman menawarkan teori hermeneutik sosio historis sebagai pisau analisis dalam membedah makna yang terkandung dalam teks hadis. Langkah yang ditempuh Fazlur Rahman dalam memahami hadis yaitu dengan hibridasi antara pola berfikir induktif dan diakhiri dengan pola berfikir deduktif. Sehingga menghasilkan pembacaan yang komprehensif terhadap makna hadis.Abstract: Understanding is a prosess to explore of the meaning of the teks. Understanding is different with knowing. Because, understanding imply capability to experience something be experienced by someone. Someone can be posesessed of  many knowledge, but litle understanding. Its refer to a ability understanding someone. A variety efforts was done by ulama former, that is in order to explore meaning of the teks hadis, but that not enough. That condition, Fazlur Rahman offer a  hermenutic theory as  analysis knife in operate on  meaning  of the texs hadis. The way in which Fazlur Rahman to understanding hadis is with hybridation between inductive and deductive system. With the result that  comprehensive reading  to meaning of the hadis.
PEACEFUL CAMPAIGN IN ELECTION AL-HUJURAT VERSE 11 PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Witro Doli
Published: February 2020

Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people. The popularity of the democratic system is arguably at its peak. This is proven by the many uses of the democratic system in modern countries in the world. Indonesia as a country that runs a democratic system does not give authority to the authorities to monopolize votes in an election. Because security and freedom for every citizen, free to choose as a representation of the sovereignty of the people. But on the side that democracy often happens is seen as freedom so that there are some elements mixing elements in democracy that actually damage democracy itself. Call it when campaigning for a candidate to hate speech, insult, and berate other candidates so that damage the good name in the eyes of the community. As reported in Detik.com in 2016, the National Police stated that there were 2,018 cases of hate speech that occurred. Then it increased by 44.99% in 2017 to 3,325 cases. Furthermore, in 2018 reported in January 2019 there were 3,884 cases of hate speech that occurred. This proves that in campaigning the candidates cannot be said to campaign peacefully, fairly and competitively. Whereas Allah s.w.t. It has been said in Surah al-Hujurat verse 11. Based on the description above the writer is interested in discussing and studying more about the campaign in the Elections in Indonesia and campaigning peacefully perspective of Surah al-Hujurat verse 11. This is important to discuss given the rampant hate speech cases that conducted by candidates in campaigning. This study aims to contribute knowledge to the candidates so that in campaigning, they do not utter hate speech, insult, and berate other candidates.
Pengaruh Layanan Informasi Dengan Media Audio Visual Terhadap Kreativitas Belajar Siswa
Authors: Pradikta Bagus
Published: February 2020

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui peningkatan kreativitas belajar siswa melalui layanan informasi dengan menggunakan media audio visual. Jenis penelitian adalah kuantitatif. Data dalam penelitian diperoleh melalui instrument penelitian skala kreativitas belajar siswa dengan empat alternatif jawaban. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Uji validitas instrumen penelitian menggunakan rumus Product Moment, dan dilanjutkan uji reliabilitas menggunakan rumus Alpha. Hasil uji validitas instrument diperoleh butir instrument yang valid 30 butir dan 10 butir tidak valid   dengan koefisien reliabilitas sebesar 0,329. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penelitian setelah mendapatkan perlakuan layanan informasi dengan media audio visual, menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kreativitas belajar siswa kelas XII melalui layanan informasi dengan media audio visual. Dari hasil pengajuan hipotesis menggunakan rumus t-test diperoleh sebesar 2,63 sementara  dengan taraf signifikan 5% (0,05) sebesar 2,04. Karena 2,63 >2,04, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa “layanan informasi dengan media audio visual berpengaruh terhadap kreativitas belajar pada siswa kelas XII SMA Kartika III-1”. Dari hasil penelitian ini disarankan kepada guru pembimbing hendaknya perlu memprogramkan secara sistematis layanan informasi dengan media audio visual agar siswa dapat meningkatkan kreativitas belajar.
Da disciplina à necropolítica, o papel do trabalho e da seguridade em Foucault e na atualidade
Authors: Pimentel Filho José Eduardo
Published: February 2020

A transição do trabalhador (europeu) da Idade Média para a Moderna forçou os meios de produção burgueses a criarem modos de positivar a cultura do trabalho. Para além das ideologias e da própria miséria como impulsionadores da cultura do trabalho, o que pretendemos neste artigo é jogar luz sobre o papel das previdências como instrumentos de subjetivação e normalização, originalmente disciplinares; utilizando então uma leitura foucaultiana do tema. Partiremos do como as técnicas disciplinares ajustaram os corpos trabalhadores para o trabalho e fixaram-nos com o auxílio das caixas previdenciárias, até chegarmos à compreensão atual das reformas e contrarreformas previdenciárias como resultados disto que tem sido reconhecido hoje como uma necropolítica. A atualidade, não mais apenas dos trabalhadores europeus (mas globais), vista então como algo que em nome de uma biopolítica se converteu nesta ultradefesa da vida. Uma defesa que, no seu limite, justificaria até mesmo a morte de larga parcela da população. Temos então a passagem da biopolítica para a necropolítica. E na mesma ordem, temos a passagem de um sistema previdenciário que não é mais feito para o auxílio ou a fixação do trabalhador, mas para a gestão do uso e do descarte (propriamente a morte) deste mesmo sujeito frente ao mercado de trabalho.
A primazia da música em Schopenhauer
Authors: Bentes André Luiz
Published: February 2020

O presente artigo pretende evidenciar o valor atribuído à arte, em especial à música, por Arthur Schopenhauer. Será articulada a relação do autor com a filosofia de Fichte e Schelling, contextualizando o seu pensamento com o movimento romântico alemão. Ademais, por meio da apresentação da sua hierarquia estética, serão apontados alguns aspectos fundamentais do autor de O mundo como vontade e representação, na medida em que essa dualidade é apontada também ao referir-se aos diferentes estilos artísticos.
Analisis Pengaturan Penanaman Modal Asing dalam Bentuk Perusahaan Joint Venture di Indonesia
Authors: Sukananda Satria , Mudiparwanto Wahyu Adi
Published: February 2020

Penanaman modal asing merupakan salah satu bentuk utama transaksi bisnis internasional. Ada beberapa bentuk kerjasama antara penanaman modal asing dengan penanam modal dalam negeri yang dapat dilakukan seperti joint venture, joint enterpirse, production sharing contract, maupun bentuk kerjasama lainnya. Di banyak negara, peraturan pemerintah tentang penanaman modal asing berbentuk persyaratan joint venture, yaitu persyaratan bahwa penanaman modal asing harus membentuk joint venture dengan perusahaan lokal untuk melaksanakan kegiatan ekonomi yang mereka inginkan. Penilitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji asas-asas, konsep-konsep hukum serta peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan di Indonesia dewasa ini mempunyai peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur bentuk usaha patungan berbentuk Equity Joint Venture. ketentuan mengenai Daftar Negative Investasi (DN) diatur dalam Peraturan Presiden No.44 Tahun 2016 yang berkaitan dengan bidang usaha yang terbuka dengan persyaratan, salah satunya mensyaratkan terkait dengan batasan kepemilikan modal asing. Dengan demikian secara tidak langsung ketentuan tersebut mewajibkan penanam modal asing untuk bermitra dengan penanam modal dalam negeri dengan membentuk joint venture enterprise atau equity joint venture. Adapun kendala yang dihadapi oleh pemodal dalam negeri dengan penanam modal asing dalam bentuk joint venture dapat dilihat dari tiga aspek antara lain politik, hukum dan ekonomi.