bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PESQUISA EM ONTOPSICOLOGIA
Authors: Vidor Alécio
Published: October 2017

O texto aborda a pesquisa ontopsicológica, no qual afirma que todo o processo de pesquisa para confirmar-se como ciência precisa ser sustentado por um paradigma e mais que isso, pela reversibilidade entre conhecimento ontopsicológico para o proceder de produção do conhecimento e pesquisa em todas as áreas do fazer humano. A Ontopsicologia dá o parâmetro para poder sustentar o valor da ciência, desta forma deve-se fazer a pesquisa usando ciência por ciência.Palavras-chave: Ciência; Ontopsicologia; Pesquisa.
Operational Risk, Bank Size and the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
Authors: Muriithi Jane Gathiga , Waweru Kennedy Munyua
Published: October 2017

Operational risk threatens banks financial viability and long-term sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of operational risk on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The qualitative research design and ordered logistic model were employed. The data was analysed with the aid of STATA software. The conclusion of the study was that there exists an inverse relationship between operational risk and financial performance. The study also finds that bank size moderates the effect internal and external fraud on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya by shrinking it. Bank size moderates the effect execution, delivery and process management on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya by enhancing it. The guidelines and procedures provided by the Central bank of Kenya on operational risk management should be fully adhered into.
Financial Development, Economic Growth and Energy Consumption Nexus in Cote d’Ivoire
Authors: Kassi Diby , Nasiri Alireza , Edjoukou A Jean Roland
Published: October 2017

This paper examines the relationship between financial development, economic growth and energy consumption in Cote d’Ivoire over the period 1971-2011. To do so, the study first built a synthetic indicator of financial development through the principal component analysis technique (PCA) and used four energy sources such as electric power consumption, electricity production from renewable sources, electricity production from oil sources and electricity production from hydroelectric sources. Then, employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration, we find that there is a long run relationship between financial development, economic growth and energy consumption sources. Furthermore, the results of the vector error correction models (VECM) reveal unidirectional causality running from financial development to energy consumption sources, bidirectional causality between economic growth and energy consumption and unidirectional causality from financial development to economic growth in the long run. The mixed results are due to the use of different proxies for energy consumption. Accordingly, this paper recommends that policy makers should solicit the support of financial sector in order to solve energy problems and further the diversification of the energy consumption sources since financial development has a positive effect on energy consumption in long run. Moreover, government should develop public-private partnership (PPP) to stimulate economic growth, improve the access to energy and maintain a sustainable development in Cote d’Ivoire.
LOCAL WISDOM OF SEDULUR SIKEP (SAMIN) SOCIETY’S MARRIAGE IN KUDUS: PERSPECTIVE OF LAW NUMBER 1 YEAR 1974 ON MARRIAGE
Authors: Hartanto Dwiyana Achmad
Published: October 2017

The research entitled “Local Wisdom of Sedulur Sikep (Samin) Society’s Marriage in Kudus: Perspective of Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage” tried to reveal marriage practice of Sedulur Sikep (Samin) society in Kaliyoso, Karangrowo Village, Undaan Sub district, Kudus Regency. This research aims to (1) Find out the causal factors of why Sedulur Sikep (Samin) society in Kaliyoso, Karangrowo Village, Undaan Sub district, Kudus Regency unregister their marriage, (2) Discover the importance of marriage registration and find out the consequence of unregistered marriage. This research applied sociological juridical approach or empirical law research. The result of this research shows that Sedulur Sikep (Samin) society in Kaliyoso, Karangrowo Village, Undaan Subdistrict, Kudus Regency does not register their marriage since their custom or local wisdom does not recognize it which means that marriage registration is not an obligation. Marriage registration is crucial since it provides legal assurance toward any legal consequences appears due to marriage.                Keywords: local wisdom, marriage, sedulur sikep
THE POSITION FILLING OF PRATAMA HIGH LEADERSHIP IN CIANJUR REGENCY UNDER GOOD GOVERNANCE CONCEPT
Authors: Utami Tanti Kirana
Published: October 2017

A fundamental change in terms of structuring government apparatus particularly position filling of pratama high leadership in local agencies openly aimed to realize good governance. This paper examines the application of open systems in position filling of pratama high leadership of regional secretary in Cianjur and the government's readiness of Cianjur regency in the implementation of position filling of pratama high leadership (regional secretary). This research applied normative juridical approach by descriptive analysis while the analysis of data used triangulation method. The results of this study are the position filling of pratama high leadership (regional secretary) in Cianjur already introduced an open and competitive system by forming a selection committee to establish and coordinate with the State Civil Administrative Commission in the implementation of the administration and the competence of official candidates. In filling the position of high leadership, a regulation of sanctions and rewards for position of pratama high leadership related to the performance is required.Keywords: position of Pratama high leadership, open system, good governance
AN ANNULLED AWARD CANNOT BE ENFORCED UNDER THE NEW YORK CONVENTION
Authors: Kurniawan Faizal
Published: October 2017

Arbitral award is final and binding. A concept of “binding” is fundamental in International arbitral award. Nevertheless, the focus commonly concerns about the annulment and/or deferment of International arbitral award so that it could not be implemented. However, the New York Convention does not govern this issue.  In addition, international arbitral awards must meet the following requirements: the award is made in the territory other than conflicting countries, and/ or it is not considered a domestic awards in the State where recognition and enforcement is sought. This is important because the enforcement proceedings between foreign and domestic awards are different. This article elaborates the principles of the recognition and enforcement of a foreign award and the grounds or criteria for refusing to enforce an award are limited to the specific defenses i.e. public policy. The party opposing enforcement bears the burden of proofin the existence of the enumerated defenses.Keywords: binding, annullment, deferment, acknowledgement and enforcement of arbitral award.
NARCOTICS PREVENTION AMONG PRISONERS BY NATIONAL NARCOTICS AGENCY (BNN)
Authors: Nugroho Hibnu
Published: October 2017

Nowadays, Indonesia has high number of narcotics users. It includes narcotics abuse inside Correctional Institution. The research investigates whether law enforcement policy in narcotics eradication among prisoners has been effectively implemented or not and what impediments encountered by the National Narcotics Agency (BNN) in upholding law enforcement to fight against narcotics among prisoners. The research applied empirical juridical approach particularly analytical descriptive. The key informants in this research are Central Java BNN and Central Java Drugs Penitentiary. This research employed qualitative descriptive analysis while the content analysis applied legal interpretation, principles of law and legal theories. This belongs to Research and Development (R&D) and the Theory of Law Enforcement Factors by Soerjono Soekanto. Narcotics prevention by National Narcotics Agency in prison is not effectively implemented due to lack of a number of officials or guards to supervise the prisoners.Keywords: prevention, narcotics, Correctional Institution
DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN POSITION IN THE PATRILINEAL INHERITANCE OF INDONESIAN SOCIETY
Authors: Gultom Elfrida R
Published: October 2017

Patrilineality is a kinship system which is based on paternal line; therefore, the position of men in inheritance law is dominant. Batak, Karo and Bali communities are among those who apply this system. Consequently, this system influences women’s standing in terms of inheritance. This paper discusses women position in inheritance of patrilineal system on those three societies as well as the factors which influence the development of women’s inheritance right. Some principles of this system are maintained while some others change. Several Supreme Court Decisions related to inheritance distribution dispute between men and women have tended to adopt a parental system which gives equality, humanity, justice, and right equality. Supreme Court places women in a neutral position which means that there is modernization which leads to homogeneity, indicating showing equality between men and women as well as providing a significant impact on inheritance law sector in Batak, Karo, and Bali. Keywords: indigenous people, matrilineal, Patrilineal, inheritance, inheritance system
How to Revive Mature Oilfield Production from Surface Aspect, Case Study: Venting System to Gas Scrubber Project in XBU Fields
Authors: Dondo M. E. , Effendi A. S. , Afi F. N. , Hadi W.. , Noviansyah M.. , Gunawan H..
Published: October 2017

XBU is an offshore mature oil fields area which has been produced more than 40 years. There are three fields as main producers from this area; they are CC, RR, and WW. Reservoir pressure in the main reservoirs were originally more than 1700 psi, and by the time it was decreasing to 300 – 500 psi, so many wells in XBU could not be produced due to gas problem and low influx. In the well which had reservoir pressure below bubble point, in every drawdown of ESP, the gas would release in fill the column of annulus in the wellbore. If the casing pressure is close or flow to the system riser pressure of the platform, the column of gas would push the fluid level in the wellbore and make problem of the pump (gas lock, pump off, slug flow, etc).

Production operation and engineers then came up with a solution of modification in the surface production facilities by installing venting system through scrubber in the platform which has gas problem wells. By venting the casing pressure to the scrubber and vented to the atmosphere, the production of each well was stable and ESP runlife was longer. This equipment also needs to pass QHSE requirement since almost all of them were located in the unmanned platform.

Preliminary study of this project came from several finding of gas problem in almost all XBU wells. Short ESP Runlife also caused by this problem. Design of venting system though scrubber was created by the team with some constrain and must meet safety and technical requirement. Installations of the design were widely applied in year 2008 to 2009. The basic principle of this technology was to make fluid column in the casing as big as possible, so the maximum fluid level can be drawdown by ESP. It can be indicated by having casing pressure as low as possible and increasing flowing bottomhole pressure.

This method proved can maintain the decline rate of XBU oil production from 2008 to 2017. Better ESP runlife for problem wells due to gas also can be a parameter of the venting installation success. NWA B-07 and SWW A-03 wells which previously shut in and could not be produced due to categorized as gassy well were an example for proving the methods, those well can be back online after installing venting system through scrubber.

This paper will elaborate the general problem of offshore mature oil fields both sandstone and limestone, especially the depleted reservoir which has gas problem. Installing gas venting system through scrubber proved can maintain oil production for about 10 years and even more.
Preventing, Mitigating, or Stopping Lost Circulation in Dammam Formation, South Rumaila Field, Iraq; Requires Engineering Solutions, the Best Treatments Strategies, and Economic Evaluation Analysis
Authors: Al-Hameedi Abo Taleb , Dunn-Norman Shari , Alkinani Husam H. , Flori Ralph E. , Torgashov Evgeniy V. , Hilgedick Steven A. , Almohammedawi Maitham M.
Published: October 2017

Lost circulation is a challenging problem to be prevented or mitigated in the Dammam formation. Major progress is made to detect lost circulation and how to combat it. This paper describes the study of lost circulation events in more than 75 wells in South Rumaila field. Data are analyzed to determine the best ranges for key drilling parameters and provide the best remedial strategies, which have the greatest chance of mitigating or preventing this problem.

Real field data (e.g. MW, ECD, Yp, RPM, SPM, and ROP) at the time of each event are recorded along with the lost circulation remedies attempted, and the outcome of those remedies. Practical field information from South Rumaila field and range of sources are reviewed and summarized to develop an integrated methodology and flowchart for handling lost circulation events in this zone. This paper will be extended work along with previous comprehensive statistical study and sensitivity analysis models about the Dammam formation. In addition, economic evaluation analysis is conducted for partial, severe, and complete losses to obtain the best field procedures.

Proactive approaches are made prior entering the Dammam formation to prevent or mitigate the occurrence of the lost circulation. A broad statistical work, primitive mechanisms, typical drilling fluid properties, and recommended operational drilling parameters are estimated to use during drilling through this zone. Moreover, corrective actions are determined for each kind of the mud losses to provide efficient remedies, minimize non-productive time, and reduce cost. The best lost circulation strategy to the Dammam formation is concluded and summarized depending on a comprehensive statistical work, the most important courses of the international oil companies, technical papers, textbooks, and economic analysis evaluation to determine successful remedies for each type of the losses. These treatments are classified by relying on the mud losses classifications to avoid unwanted consequences due to inappropriate actions. In addition, engineered solutions and practical techniques are developed, which will contribute to give clear image and coherent understanding in regard this complicated and costly problem in the Dammam formation.

This study will present a unique compilation of information regarding traditional approaches and the latest approaches to lost circulation control. The work attempts to provide useful guidelines and effective solutions for all situations in terms preventive measures, remedial methods, and analytical economic study. In addition, due to the lack of published studies in regard the Dammam formation, this work can serve as a vigorous resource for drilling through this zone.
Coiled Tubing Gas Lift with Unloader-A Case History in Cemented Monobore Completion
Authors: Fedriando Fedriando , Edy I Ketut , Izwardy Saesarian , Wijanarko Andre , Pratomo Andaru Ibnu , Firmansyah Nanang
Published: October 2017

Coiled tubing gas lift (CTGL) implementation in cemented monobore completion which uses 3.5 inch tubing has been a breakthrough in VICO Indonesia. This gas lift technique has been successful on arresting decline and even ramping up the oil production in this brown field. CTGL application in VICO uses only orifice as the injection point without any presence of unloader. Thus, it has limitation on the deepest point of injection given the available pressure at surface. Declining in reservoir pressure as an effect of depletion drive reservoir is the main issue which results in early gas blowing around and shorter production life.

Coiled tubing gas lift with unloader has been introduced recently to address the weakness of CTGL by adding unloader(s) to CTGL. The idea is to increase oil production and cumulative production with longer production life. Slight modification is needed on the bottomhole assembly of the CTGL to incorporate the application of the unloader. Designing opening and closing pressure of the valve is very important at this stage. This also includes the design of dome and test rack opening pressure.

The trial of this technology has been installed in Nilam well on 2015 and successfully produced 229 BOPD initially which then increase to 807 BOPD with optimization on the injection pressure. Current cumulative production since the implementation of this technology is 152 MBO. This trial project uses 3 unloaders and one orifice as the injection point. The current issue in this project is on the fluctuation of the injection pressure which affects the production rate.

Coiled tubing gas lift with unloader is the newest technique used in Vico to address the limitation of cemented monobore completion.
Corrosion Control in Oil & Gas Installations
Authors: Okasha Q.. , Aladasani A.. , Ameen A.. , Aravind N.. , Sen K.. , Al-Dushaishi M..
Published: October 2017

Globalization inevitably drives prices of commodities and services lower. As such, to remain competitive in the Oil & Gas industry it is imperative in low oil prices regimes to decrease operating costs. A key element of low operating costs in hydrocarbon exploration, production and refining, is corrosion control. In this paper the development of corrosion circuits/loops is improved by categorizing sixty four damage mechanisms based on operating preconditions, material susceptibility and monitoring methods. The inspection resource requirements are determined for each Refinery unit based on number of damage mechanisms, the required monitoring methods and the screening of regulated equipment. Corrosion loops are developed based on failure mechanism applicability and not arbitrarily changes in operating conditions or the probability of failure. Material selection methods for critical units during detailed design should not be qualitative to avoid over/under designs that are carried over to operating/inspection programs. When inspection effectiveness does not add significant value to risk reduction due to a gap between operating requirements and turnaround intervals, consequence mitigation, including operating practices should be examined. Therefore, risk studies including RCM, HAZOP and QRA should be aligned with RBI and validated by failure and consequence statistics. IOW assignment should consider design risk profile and operating (operations and inspection) risk profiles. By far this is the underlining reasons why operators are unable to leverage management systems to mitigate risk, lower operating cost and avoid major accidents. The importance of managing risk transfer between equipment design, operation, inspection, safety and system integration is highlighted. Integrity operating windows are not exclusive. The alignment of all the installation risks enables the operator to leverage risk profiles in manner that satisfies the statutory body and addresses its business needs.
Successful Parallel Appraisal and Development in a Complicated Gas Cap Field, A Case Study
Authors: Ruifeng Wang , Fengjun Mao , Li Wang , Qizhi Huang , Xintao Yuan
Published: October 2017

This paper demonstrates successful application of parallel appraisal and development in G field, Niger. G field is a complicated stacked light oil reservoir with gas cap in its E2 major pool. After current operator's takeover in 2008, the government required realization of 10 KBOPD in this field within 3 years, leaving only 1 year for appraisal and development as field construction in this landlocked country at least takes 2 years. Whereas there was only 2D seismic and one well data (G-1) with RFT and testing, parallel appraisal and development strategy must be adopted and following 2 major challenges were identified: 1) Limited data and great uncertainties in gas-cap and well productivity; 2) development decision-making along with appraisal process.

Appraisal and development have been optimized by following approaches: 1) RFT and wireline data were fully studied to identify oil-gas-contact in E2 pool and indicate possible oil in E3 pool; 2) appraisal wells placement based on new 3D seismic; 3) identify key uncertain development parameters and combine into appraisal campaign targets to gradually reduce uncertainties.

Appraisal well G-2 confirmed the separation of block G-1 and G-2. The second appraisal well G-3 confirmed oil-gas-contact, encountered oil zone in lower E3 pool. The third appraisal well G-8 encountered oil zone in E2 and further firm up gas-cap area, laying firm foundation for subsequent development well placement.6 producers were placed out of gas cap and appraisal wells were transferred to development wells, all successfully commissioned in 2011, achieving desired production target.

Conclusions drawn from successful parallel appraisal and development application were:1) utilization of all data available contributed to correct appraisal decision-making; 2) Combining 3D and appraisal well findings help reduce geological uncertainties; 3) Identify and reduce key development uncertainties during appraisal speed up appraisal process. For complicated fields at appraisal stage, the methodology in this paper is of strong reference value.
Real-time Surveillance and Analysis Tool for Intelligent Completion - An Ultimate Solution to Oil Recovery and Integrated Operation
Authors: Ramizah A. R. , Gordon Goh K. , Tina Lee L. , Varma G. , Muzahidin M. S. , Willem S. , Ahmad S. H. , Sanggeetha K. , Lester T. M. , Khairul Akmal M. , Mabel Chia P. , Tamin M. , Dipak M.
Published: October 2017

Upfront investment and capital commitment is required in installing Intelligent Completion (IC) in ‘S’ Field. Without diligently using real-time sensor data, IC becomes an expensive Sliding Sleeve Door (SSD). A real-time surveillance and analysis tool was developed to maximize IC zonal control decision-making for commingled production optimization. It enables user to utilize fully the hardware to improve production and to extract production and reservoir information for subsequent Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) workflow input. The analysis platform connects to real-time data source and performs calculations converting sensor data into knowledge [i.e. zonal flow rates, productivity index (PI) and reservoir pressure (P*)] and intelligence (i.e. zonal production optimization). User will spend minimal time on data gathering instead maximum time optimizing production by analyzing the trending and diagnostic plots.

IC is surface controllable multi-position zonal downhole sensors that read tubing and annulus pressure, tubing and annulus temperature and flow control valve (FCV) positions. ‘S’ Field installed IC in nine wells and is in the late production life of initiating an EOR multi-zone production optimization. However, under-utilized sensor data and trial-and-error zonal-control method led to suboptimal response time, production delay and reactive mitigation action. Furthermore, there are persistent difficulties of integrating multi-zone downhole sensors with surface well-test data in a single analysis platform to improve production or reduce watercut.

This paper will outline how the integrated analysis platform will help both operational and subsurface team in making faster and guided decision to maximize the reservoir recovery in an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Integrated Operation IO. The tool was developed and tailored to complement IC installation in maximizing zonal control decision-making and zonal performance monitoring, specifically for commingled production. It is a customized solution to utilize zonal IC downhole data to enable field-wide EOR performance monitoring and trending advantages in ‘S’ Field EOR project.
An Innovative Methodology to Assess Cement Blend Flowability and Proneness to Segregation—A Step Forward to Higher Quality
Authors: Bourlon Arnaud Joseph , Roy-Delage Sylvaine Le , Taoutaou Salim
Published: October 2017

Oil and gas well integrity is obtained by placing a steel casing in the well and a cement sheath in the resulting casing/formation annulus. To provide zonal isolation, a large portfolio of cementing technology is available to meet various well conditions. Some of these technologies involve dry-blending operations and cement-blend handling of specific-tuned-blends mixing together particles of different characteristics in terms of density, shape, size, and chemistry including mineral and/or organic components. These blends are usually transported pneumatically and loaded to the rig then transferred to the rig silos. During the different transfers, the blend may be prone to segregation, thereby losing its homogeneity, which makes it difficult to use or even unusable.

Flowability is an important blend property for the blend-handling process. Segregation can be viewed as a mechanism leading to a nonrandom degree of uniformity of the different blend components at the scale at which end-use properties are required. Overall, the differences between particles in chemical nature, density, size, and shape will influence the flowability and, above all, the tendency to segregate. Dealing with blends is, therefore complex since they contain small, medium, and coarse particles in various proportions depending on the targeted slurry density and set material properties.

To counter this challenge, an innovative methodology and equipment to characterize the blend flowability and robustness to segregation were developed and implemented.

The laboratory results were validated with those obtained in the large-scale results using a pneumatic conveying flow-loop.

The implementation of the new methodology during the design phase of the cement job was used as a preventive measure to validate the design and quality control of the blend before the blend is prepared and sent to the rig. This helped in designing robust homogeneous blends and reducing the likelihood of blend transfer problems, thus ensuring the placement of the right quality cement slurry and assuring downhole well integrity.

The new methodology described in this paper was applied to tune several field blends known or identified to have problems and to develop of new generation of cementing technologies.

The outcome of this multidisciplinary approach of blend characterization helps the oil and gas industry to anticipate blend-handling issues and to continuously improve quality and field handling of engineered complex blends with high confidence and consistency.
Design and Application of Aerated and Foam Drilling Fluid, Case Study in Drilling Operation in Indonesia
Authors: Nugroho WA , Sumantri M , Wibisono D
Published: October 2017

Underbalance drilling is a common application in highly fractured and subnormal pressured formation. Technical reasons such as reservoir damage, drilling in depleted zone and hard drilling lead to more economic value in drilling operation. There are several ways to achieve underbalanced well pressure while drilling. One of the most common technique is air, aerated-mud and foam drilling or commonly known as Aerated Drilling.

Drilling with air, aerated-fluid and foam can lead to numerous advantages. In spite of the advantages, it also brings more challenge in design and operation. Cutting transport should be properly calculated to achieve a clean bottom hole condition. Air and gas parameters should be properly designed to prevent Wellbore wash out and formation collapse. All of them should be properly design while maintaining underbalance condition.

In some cases, improper aerated drilling parameters potentially leads to drilling problems such as lost circulation and stuck pipe. This condition should have been mitigated with the proper design of Air, Gas and Foam injection rate. Guo and Ghalambor in 2002 describe main criterion in aerated drilling design. Guo's technique can be applied in air, foam and aerated-liquid drilling. In 2009 Lyons adds more complicated technique, including calculation of liquid hold up and unstable foam drilling. Calculations in this paper are based on both criterion and technique. On operational side, several key takeaways are drawn based on operational challenges in multiple combination of operational conditions. This paper proposes comprehensive techniques to design and parameter in operation in aerated drilling. Several cases are presented in this paper and being evaluated using proposed technique. All of the data are taken from real underbalance drilling parameters in Drilling Operation in Indonesia.
Management of Downhole Organic and Inorganic Scale Agglomeration for the Survival of a Marginally Economic Field
Authors: Hamid Mohd Hisham , Johar Zurita , Razali Mohd Ramdzan
Published: October 2017

This paper presents the organic and inorganic scale depositional issues in Field P, a marginal oilfield located offshore Peninsular Malaysia. Routine well interventions such as running pressure surveys, performing zone-switches and gaslift valve change-outs is not a straight-forward affair in Field P. The field not only experiences severe wax-buildups downhole - as field water production continues to increase, calcium carbonate scale has in recent years been precipitating along the tubing wall of most wells, forming an organic plus inorganic agglomeration which is a rare occurrence and not as easily removed as with a conventional solvent or acid soaking job; thus preventing wireline entry for production surveillance and enhancement activities.

Several mechanical, chemical and even combination techniques have been deployed with varied levels of success at Field P, which produces waxy crude from a small and unmanned platform. Facilities constraints (i.e. small deckspace and limited crane lifting capacity), a low oil price environment and high cost for effective wax and scale removal all contribute to the list of challenges in arresting production decline and maintaining a healthy cashflow for an asset which is nearing the end of its economic life.

This paper describes the different wax and scale removal and inhibition methods tested in Field P, challenges in implementation, treatment effectiveness, and lessons learnt which can be used as reference for asset teams facing similar issues.

The study and recommendation to implement an optimal scale management plan is shared.
Overcoming Electrical Submersible Pumping Production Challenges in Highly Deviated Wells
Authors: Mahbes Reda El , Quintero Regulo , Malino Antoni
Published: October 2017

Deviated wells with a high dogleg severity (DLS) or buildup rate present major challenges for electrical submersible pumping systems(ESP) and often prevents the installation of ESPs at the deepest possible setting depth (El Mahbes, 2016). Passing ESP systems through a tight bend radius can reduce system reliability and limit how deep the system can be set to achieve maximum oil recovery. This paper highlights the benefit of using a newly designed ESP system for five highly deviated wells.

The new tight-radius ESP system is designed to pass through buildup rates of up to 25° per 100 ft. with no impact on reliability. This capability means the ESP can be placed at the lowest possible setting depth closer to the production zone, which permits greater reservoir pressure draw down, enhanced overall production, and improved reserve recovery. In addition, tight-radius ESP system reduces the equipment installation time by more than 50% and eliminates the potential of dropping bolts in the wellbore during installation.

This paper presents a comparison between using conventional ESP systems and the new tight-radius ESP design in highly deviated wells and wells where the buildup rate is very high for conventional ESPs to pass through. This technology was applied in multiple wells and results showed that the new ESP design helped extend ESP run life and allowed the operator to set the system deeper in the well, closer to the producing zone, to increase production and maximize reserve recovery.
Well Placement Optimisation in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Abdul-Latif Benson Lamidi , Edem Tsikplornu Daniel , Hikmahtiar Syouma
Published: October 2017

To achieve maximum economic revenues in gas-condensate reservoirs, an optimisation tool is employed to estimate the optimum well placement. Uncertainty analysis in gas-condensate reservoirs is a prerequisite requirement before the developing phase of the hydrocarbon reservoir. Contrary to most conventional reservoir development, well spacing optimisation in gas-condensate fields has received less attention due to a general assumption that optimisation techniques and computational methodologies applied to oil fields development can be applied to gas-condensate fields.

Uncertainty analyses were performed using fourth-order factorial design on a domain of gas-condensate field's data to identify key factors affecting the production of condensates from heterogeneous and ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Well placement objective functions for gas-condensate reservoirs were optimised as functions of cumulative condensate production using genetic algorithms. With compositional modeling, exhaustive search mechanisms were employed to validate the results of our proposed optimisation tool.

Results from the proposed optimisation tool was more economically feasible compared to that of the exhaustive search mechanisms and thus, could be employed as a much simpler, less exhaustive and economically feasible optimisation tool for well placement projects in gas-condensate reservoirs. In using genetic algorithms we concluded that most optimisation tools do not have both reliability and efficiency. Genetic algorithms optimisation tool was observed to be the most reliable method for gas condensate reservoirs though excessive number of simulation runs for large fields makes their application expensive.

A more strategic approach was used to formulate objective functions whilst incorporating the effect of condensate banking in gas-condensate reservoirs.
Heavy Oil Sampling Using Wireline Formation Tester - Case Studies of Highly Viscous Oils from Bohai Bay
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Tan Zhongjian , Hao Zhongtian , Lei Guowen , Hardikar Nikhil P.
Published: October 2017

Collecting high quality representative heavy oil samples is an essential requirement for detailed PVT and flow assurance analysis. Heavy oil is often discovered in shallow and highly unconsolidated reservoirs, which results in significant formation fluid sampling challenges. To overcome the potential problems of sand influx, emulsion formation and packer seal loss, an operationally optimized and efficient operating procedure has to be applied to sample the highly viscous heavy oil.

Using the optimized sampling methodology, high quality representative fluid samples (priority samples > 95% formation oil) were collected even with a water-cut of 40-70% at the time of sampling by adopting the selective slug sampling technique, thus saving time and money. Low permeability (< 10 md) oil bearing formations were also addressed by applying this fit-for-purpose methodology, thus assisting the oil discovery. The API gravity of the collected samples ranged between 8 ° API and 15 ° API and the viscosity at surface conditions is several centipoises (cp) in many cases.

Based on the successful heavy oil sampling operations, this paper discusses important observations, which can be useful for future planning of similar jobs. These include early oil breakthrough, emulsion effects on sampling and changing mobility during clean-up. Unlike the water-base mud (WBM) invasion characteristics of regular oil bearing formation, which is mainly dominated by overbalance pressure and is a function of time, the invasion of heavy oil bearing formation is highly influenced by viscosity dynamics. The resultant of such dynamics is delayed oil breakthrough and the formation of emulsion during the sampling process, resulting in an undesirably long pumping time before collecting a representative sample with acceptable contamination level. Lastly the changing mobility aspect is discussed, which is caused by drag-force effects and viscosity changes during the clean-up.
Rock Strength Analysis and Integrated FEA Modelling Optimise Bit Selection for Deepwater Exploration Drilling
Authors: Mardiana M. R. , Noviasta Bonar
Published: October 2017

Well X is a deepwater exploration well with the carbonates primary target. The water depth ranges from 2700 to 3400 ft and the well was drilled vertically to 14630 ft MD. The main objectives of this operation was to optimize drilling performance while maintaining safe drilling practice and minimize potential failures. One of the ways to optimize the drilling is to have an excellent bit selection to determine the best bit for the application.

Traditionally, due to limitation of the data, bit records from offset wells or fields becomes the only main source to select a bit. But sometimes, the selection becomes trial and error because of the availability of the data for evaluation. A Rock Strength Analysis (RSA) software now becomes a mandatory requirement for the pre-job planning to select a bit. Using the log data from offset wells, a bit selection software based on Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCMPS) calculation was used to optimize the bits for all section of Well X. The Dynamic FEA Modeling has also been used to contrast the drilling dynamics using several bit options for each section. The analysis is capable to simulate downhole drill string behavior with detailed components model including bits, reamers, driving systems, and all of the BHA components up to the surface. It includes axial, lateral, and torsional vibrations check, and also providing safe drilling parameter roadmaps to be applied in the field. The simulation is based on the cutter-rock interaction data from lab-test and has a wide range of lithology to make the result as accurate as possible.

The integration between the RSA software and the Dynamic FEA Modeling resulted the best bit and parameter roadmaps for this application. Compare to the traditional way, this integrated method can reduce the risk of having poor bit performance in the field. The recommended bit and parameter guidance for each section was then applied to drill Well X and generated satisfying ROP without any NPT related to bit performance. The bits also came out from the hole with 1-1 average dull grade due to the excellent stability of the drilling system. The hard carbonates formation target in 8.5-in and 6-in section was successfully drilled in one run to TD with low shock and vibration.

Even the bits only consume 3-6% of total drilling cost, it has a huge effect to the drilling performance. Combination of RSA and Dynamic FEA Modeling in bit selection process becomes a very effective practice to prepare an exploration drilling program with limited offset well data.
Reservoir Mapping while Drilling in Vuggy and Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir - A Success Story from East Java Basin
Authors: Muhammad F.. , Othman T. R. , Pujiriyanto A.. , Setyadi A. L. , Ardikani N.. , Azwar O.. , Pasaribu I. T. , Permanasari D..
Published: October 2017

Carbonate reservoirs in East Java basin had been known for its challenging drilling conditions due to the overlying shale instability and heterogeneity. The primary carbonate formation in the field has multiple reservoir targets with different flow units, which are dominantly due to secondary porosity resulting from karst processes. These reservoirs are relatively thin with net thickness ranging from 10 to 40 ft. Thus, the amount of producible hydrocarbon will depend on the length of the drain section along the reservoir. Horizontal well was selected by the oil operator in order to have economical production rate from each of these carbonate reservoirs.

However, there are high uncertainties on the structural dips along the planned lateral length due to limited numbers of offset wells and low seismic resolution. Moreover, karst has irregular shapes and sizes that can pose additional challenges such as directional drilling control, loss circulation, and deep mud invasion that affect shallow measurements. Technology with deep directional measurements that is capable to map the reservoir boundaries and structural dipping beyond the karst zone, is therefore required to achieve the horizontal length objective. This paper highlights a successful horizontal well placement in a karstified carbonate layer utilizing the new LWD reservoir mapping technology, in conjunction with the other LWD measurements that provide the necessary petrophysical information for thorough reservoir evaluation. This new deep directional electromagnetic technology extends the depth of investigation to 100 ft or more from the wellbore and resolves multiple layers with contrasting resistivity, for reservoir-scale imaging capability.

As a result, the lateral drain section was maintained successfully in the target reservoir with total net length of ~2600-ft. This interval consists of 45% length in karst or secondary porosity and 55% in the matrix-dominant porosity. Multiple layers with depth of investigation up to 50 ft were mapped in the inversion result from Reservoir Mapping-While-Drilling technology, where top and bottom reservoir boundaries were continuously mapped during drilling. In addition, reservoir mapping application in this well revealed the various heterogeneity natures in the reservoir such as lateral changes due to karst system diagenesis process and a sinkhole feature. These informations are useful for improved reservoir evaluation and delineation.

The integration between reservoir-scale imaging and the geological concept of the field not only has the capability to map the reservoir boundaries and structural dips around the trajectory, but also led to optimum steering decision. Following the success, similar method and technology will be used in the subsequent horizontal wells in this field.
A Cable-Controlled Pressure Testing Technology for Separate-Layer Production
Authors: Qinghai Yang , Shujin Zhang , Yaning Liang , Qingfeng Yue , Renyong Liu
Published: October 2017

The separate-layer production system is usually used to solve the problems of low separate-layer control level, difficult water locating and plugging, high operation cost and low testing and adjusting efficiency. This paper proposes a cable-controlled pressure testing technology for separate-layer production. Through the interworking of adjustable production regulator, pressure measurement instrument, ground control host and fishing tool, the separate-layer pressure measuring can be realized. The pressure measurement instrument consists of releasing unit, two pressure sensors, electrical setting & releasing mechanism and control circuit. Due to the dimension restraint, the traditional mechanical releasing way is not suitable. Therefore, the electrical releasing unit is designed and the lead limit switch is applied to guarantee accurate releasing. The setting & releasing mechanism possesses double leather cups which adopts the combination of mechanical compressing and hydraulic dilating to improve the sealing reliability. Two independent pressure channels are employed for formation pressure and oil tube pressure, respectively. The pressure measurement instrument is run into the wellbore through annular by cable. When the meter is set with regulator, ground control host orders the controlling motor to release the meter. Then, on-board controlling circuit unpacks the leather cups to establish the pressure channel between individual formation and the pressure measurement instrument. After about 5 days, the pressure build-up curve of the formation can be achieved. The specialized fishing tool is run into the separate-layer production string to locate the pressure measurement instrument with the help of centralizer and guide mechanism. The releaser is captured with the fishing tool and the pressure measurement instrument is fished. In the oil immersion test, the leather cup showed excellent sealing in diesel oil under 50 Celsius degrees and 15MPa for 90 minutes. The measuring range of the pressure measurement instrument is 0-40MPa and the accuracy is 0.05%. The cable-controlled pressure testing technology realizes measuring of individual layer and is characterized by high accuracy, small diameter and fishing. During the testing, only the production of measured layers is suspended, with no influence on other layers. Field tests showed the maximum pressure difference of 2MPa between individual layer and full wellbore, which identified the necessity of separate-layer testing.
Benefit of Better Understanding by Production Logging Tool: A Case Study of A Malaysia Reservoir
Authors: Hutamin Nurhidayah , Yaakob Amirul Afiq , Sa'aid Hasanah , Salleh Nor Hajjar , Nor M. Hafizuddin , Anas W. M. , Setiawan Agus , Rahman M. Zhafran , Iless Nur Afifah , Azwan M. Hafiz , Chun A. Kok , Mohamed Tatmimiddin Alhasani
Published: October 2017

Fault Block M is a reservoir package consisting of three major sand layers, A, B and C, with C being the best sand in terms of reservoir properties and continuity, followed by B and A. Fault Block M was developed with water injection through commingling of eight oil producers and three water injectors. In 2012, five more wells were drilled to improve reservoir recovery. In view of a fresh reservoir understanding, the team embarked on a full scale data acquisition including quarterly pressure survey and production logging campaign in 2015 and 2016 to determine sands layer pressure and flow distribution for both producers and injectors. Based on better reservoir understanding, many replications of low cost water shut-off have been conducted, which resulted in the field achieving its highest daily production since the infill campaign in 2012. The ratio of data acquisition and well intervention costs to revenue gain has proven to be low, a perfect production enhancement solution for the current low oil price scenario.

This paper reviews how production logging tool helps in reservoir surveillance and production allocation. While commingling production and injection is cheaper in development sense, commingling sand of difference in quality should be done with great care and strategy. While chasing the barrels, periodic data acquisition is crucial thus shouldn't be neglected to ensure correct understanding of production behaviour and RMP requirement.
Review of 20 Years Hydrocarbon Gas Cycling in the Arun Gas Field
Authors: Suhendro Suhendro
Published: October 2017

Lean gas injection in gas field is a good alternative to maintain reservoir pressure, minimize the condensate banking near wellbore and to mitigate the oversupply operation during low market. In this study, past gas cycling operation was examined to see the operability aspects and subsurface implications.

The Arun gas field was found in 1971. A 10,000 ft depth gas-condensate reservoir was found to have 503 ft thickness in average and 21,450 acres area with 7100 psig initial pressure and 352°F. Initial condensate-gasratio (CGR) was 50 bbl/MMSCF. The reservoir has 16.2% average porosity and initial water saturation (Swi) of 17%. Volumetric original gas in place is calculated to be 17 TSCF (excluded impurities). Baong shale underlain reefal carbonate of Arun reservoir is identified as the cap rock. Cumulative condensate production is 846 MMSTB. Approximately 5 TSCF (30% OGIP) had been recycled during 1977 – 1998.

Not many gas fields in the world with gas recycling had achieved 95% recovery factor. This paper will deliver the results of gas cycling, i.e. delay reservoir pressure decline, and maintain CGR and economic improvement of this field. Surface facilities and operation aspect will also be elaborated. Production and pressure data show that gas cycling indeed contribute to the improvement of field recovery factor and economics.

This paper should help the development of other new gas fields especially for carbonate gas reservoirs. The successful gas cycling in Arun field will encourage other gas field operators to implement the same methods.