bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The initial stages of autoxidation
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L.
Published: May 2007

The autoxidation of polyunsaturated lipids is initiated by a discrete reaction occurring prior to the formation ofstable hydroperoxides. The products of the initiating reaction were detected by thin‐layer chromatography and by ultraviolet spectral analysis. The reaction initiating autoxidation does not necessarily involve interactions with metals, although it is catalyzed by some heavy metals when these are present in sufficient concentrations. ॅ‐Tocopherol does not inhibit the initiation reaction, and in general, the stability of preparations of esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids is related to the content of prooxygenic substances resulting from this reaction. By taking special precautions to remove these prooxygenic substances, methyl esters containing as many as six double bonds were prepared having significant induction periods at 40C during which there was no measurable uptake of oxygen.
Reaction of fatty acids with N‐methyl taurine
Authors: Burnette L. W. , Chiddix M. E.
Published: May 2007

A commercially feasible process has been developed for producing salt‐free fatty acyl taurates. The products are especially suited for soap‐synthetic bars, contributing most importantly limesoap dispersing properties.
The simultaneous determination of both the quantity and the fatty acid composition of the triglycerides in three to ten microliters of plasma
Authors: Bowers Cyril Y. , Hamilton James G. , Muldrey James E. , Miyamasu Walter T. , Reynolds George Ann , Schally Andrew V.
Published: May 2007

An integrated system using chromatography on silica gel‐impregnated glass paper, an internal standard and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) makes possible the isolation of triglycerides, the determination of triglyceride, fatty acid composition, and the quantitative determination of triglyceride.

Recoveries are good and values for total triglyceride obtained by this system compare favorably with values obtained by application of the hydroxamate colorimetric method to the triglyceride eluate from silicic acid columns. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl ester (CE) fraction is obtainable at the same time by GLC of methyl esters prepared from the CE fractions which also appears as a distinct spot on these chromatograms.

Also, a densitometric method is described for triglyceride determination by photometry of the charred spots obtained after chromatography on the gel‐paper.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats: Metal acetylacetonates
Authors: Emken E. A. , Frankel E. N. , Butterfield R. O.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenation of linseed and soybean methyl esters was achieved at 100舑180C, 100舑1000 psi H2 and 0.05舑0.25 moles catalyst per mole of ester. The relative activity of metal acetylacetonates in decreasing order was: nickel (III), cobalt (III), copper (II) and iron (III). Reduction occurred readily in methanol solution but only slowly in dimethylformamide and acetic acid. No reduction occurred in the absence of solvents. Soybean oil was also hydrogenated rapidly with nickel (III) acetylacetonate in methanol, but in this system the triglycerides were converted to methyl esters. Nickel (III) acetylacetonate was the most selective catalyst toward linolenate hydrogenation. Methyl linoleate and linolenate hydrogenated with nickel(III) acetylacetonate were fractionated into monoenes, dienes and trienes. Thecis monoenes separated in 62 to 68% yield had double bonds in the original position. The remainingtrans monoenes had extensively scattered unsaturation. The dienes and trienes showed no conjugation, but some of the double bonds in the dienes were not conjugatable with alkali. Little stearate was formed.
N‐2‐mercaptoethyl amides of fatty acids舒A new class of derivatives
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Stolp J. A. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Twelve N‐2‐mercaptoethyl amides have been prepared by reacting 2‐aminoethyl mercaptan with a carboxylic acid in refluxing xylene or toluene. All products were well‐defined crystalline compounds except for the dimer acid derivatives. Addition of dithiol amides, prepared from dimer acids and 2‐aminoethyl mercaptan, to diolefins gave a new class of potential protective coatings, a polyamide of a dimerized fatty acid with a ॆ‐thio linkage. Oxidation of the dithiols gave the corresponding disulfides, another new class of compounds, a polyamide with a ॆ‐disulfide structure. Film properties have been obtained with both classes of polymers. Air‐dried films were soft and tacky, but baking the films improved hardness. Dry‐to‐touch times of less than 2 hr at 150C and good alkali resistance were obtained.
Water‐solubilizable oxazoline polyester coating resins
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Preparation of water‐soluble coating resins was attempted by reaction of linseed acids with an aminopolyol, tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and then with itaconic acid. The amino alcohol reacts with linseed acids to form amides and then oxazolines. The oxazolines undergo ringopening to increase their functionality to greater than two. The oxazoline‐polyester resins are only partially water‐soluble, but homogeneous aqueous solutions are formed by addition of isopropyl alcohol and neutralization with an amine. Film properties are described.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XIV. Amphoteric derivatives of alkylbenzenesulfonamides
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Surface active amphoteric derivatives were prepared from alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides. Industrial detergent alkylates, as well as benzene and pure 1‐phenylalkanes whose side chains ranged from C1 to C12, were used as starting materials in this study of chemical structure‐physical property relationships. The alkylbenzenes were first converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid, and the sulfonyl chlorides were further treated with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane or N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,3‐diaminopropane. The reaction products were quaternized with propanesultone to produce amphoteric surfactants in high yields. The N,N‐dimethyl herivatives of pure phenylalkanes were white crystalline powders, whereas the N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) derivatives were light , lime soap dispersing requirement, surface tension, wetting ability, and calcium ion stability were determined. The commercial detergent alkylate derivatives showed good detergency by themselves as well as in formulations with soap or with soap and silicate builder. Good lime soap dispersing properties were observed with compounds possessing a side chain of at least 4 carbon atoms.
Polymorphic changes in mixtures of confectionery fats
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

The polymorphic behavior of mixtures of cocoa butter and high melting cocoa butter fraction with three types of confectionery fats and mixtures of the confectionery fats with each other were investigated with a differential scanning calorimeter. The confectionery fats were an interesterified‐fractionated fat, a hydrogenated‐fractionated fat, and a lauric acid fat. The lowered melting point observed in mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter or cocoa butter fraction was related to the proportion of triglycerides dissimilar to the major components in cocoa butter and cocoa butter fraction contained in a particular confectionery fat. The hydrogenated‐fractionated fat contained ca. two‐thirds 2‐oleodisaturated triglycerides similar to the major components of cocoa butter; the interesterified‐fractionated fat, ca. one‐third 2‐oleodisaturated triglycerides. The lauric acid fat contained virtually no triglycerides similar to cocoa butter. The series of mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter and cocoa butter fraction that had the least melting point lowering were those that contained 25% hydrogenated‐fractionated fat; the ones that had the greatest lowering of melting point were those that contained 25% lauric acid fat. Mixtures of confectionery fats with cocoa butter possessed considerable amounts of low melting components, whereas similar mixtures with cocoa butter fraction exhibited a narrower melting range and possessed few low melting components. The more highly crystalline confectionery fats can accommodate the addition of fats containing some low melting components. The most compatible of the series of mixtures of confectionery fats with each other was the mixture of interesterified‐fractionated fat containing 25% hydrogenated fractionated fat; the least compatible, hydrogenated fractionated fat containing 25% lauric acid fat.
Coconut flour: Technology and cost of manufacture
Authors: Hagenmaier R. D. , Quinitio P. H. , Clark S. P.
Published: May 2007

Processing operations are described for production of oil and coconut flour from fresh coconuts. The nuts first are made into white desiccated coconuts in drying plants, and then prepressed, flaked, and hexane extracted in a central facility. White coconut flour that is produced contains 25% protein and only 0.5% oil. The process would be commercially feasible in the Philippines if a coconut flour price of $315 per metric ton were assumed.
Strength properties of floor finish films
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Buzzelli O. R. , Wicklund K.
Published: May 2007

Unsupported floor finish films were prepared by deposition on glass and removal after soaking in water. The films were then studied for tensile properties, using an Instron Tester. Measurements were attempted and developed for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and tearing strength. Differences in film forming characteristics were observed for various floor finishes. Attempts were made to explore film properties, and it was possible to measure differences in film strength properties resulting from scrubbing with detergent‐stripper systems.
Solubilizing power of some anionic surface active agents
Authors: Ogino K. , Abe M.
Published: May 2007

Solubilizing power of anionic surfactants was studied with the aid of turbidimetry. The work was based on the finding that although the calcium salts of anionic surfactants are insoluble in water and produce turbidity, they become soluble in the presence of excess calcium ions. The critical micelle values obtained by the turbidimetry were in good agreement with those of other authors.
Nylon‐9 from unsaturated fatty derivatives: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Perkins R. B. , Roden J. J. , Pryde E. H.
Published: May 2007

Methyl azelaaldehydate, soy nitriles, and oleonitrile were compared as starting materials for making nylon‐9. Less difficulty was encountered in purifying intermediates from oleonitrile than from the other two. All 3 routes involved hydrolysis of methyl 9‐aminononanoate to 9‐aminononanoic acid. Self catalyzed hydrolysis of the amino ester in water produced low yields of monomer owing to oligomer formation, but hydrolysis in the presence of barium hydroxide was more successful. Polymerization of the amino acid proceeded smoothly with 9‐acetamidononanoic acid used to control mol wt. Strength and moisture absorbing properties were determined for nylon‐9, as well as for nylon‐6/9, ‐9/11, and ‐9/12 copolymers. Nylon‐9 has attractive properties, offering tensile yield and flexural strengths approaching those of nylon‐6, while having low water absorption closely approaching that of nylon‐11 and ‐12. The cost of producing 10,000,000 lb/year of nylon‐9 from purchased oleonitrile was estimated to be .99/Ib at 100% yield and $2.18/Ib at 35.5% yield. Further process development is needed before yields in a commercial plant can be forecast.
A new procedure for the analysis of tung fruit
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Halbrook Noah J. , Agee G. Worthen
Published: May 2007

A new procedure for the analysis of tung fruit for oil and moisture content has been developed wherein it is possible to largely eliminate the sampling errors which occur in component procedure used in the past because of the relatively small samples used. Collaborative studies have indicated that to obtain results similar to those obtained in analysis by the component procedure a correction of 0.37% must be subtracted from the oil content obtained with the Wiley‐Bauer ground fruit, but no correction appears to be necessary in the case of the Wiley‐Raymond ground material.
Dielectric properties of odd‐numbered alcohol esters of C14, C16 and C18 acids
Authors: Hunter James J.
Published: May 2007

The dielectric properties of pentadecyl and heptadecyl tetradecanoate, pentadecyl hexadecanoate, pentadecyl and heptadecyl octadecanoate were investigated over a frequency range of 0.1 kHz to 100 kHz and a temperature range of −30C to +25C. The thermodynamic parameters for the dielectric process were calculated and related to the X‐ray long spacings of the esters.
Polymorphism of 1‐behenoyldistearin and 2‐stearoyldibehenin
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Fehl A. J.
Published: May 2007

The triglyceride 1 ‐behenoyldistearin shows α‐2, β‐2, β′‐2 and β‐3 forms in order of increasing stability. The previously unobserved β‐2 form of the closely related homolog 1‐stearoyldimyristin has now been observed on crystallization from hexane. The triglyceride 2‐stearoyldibehenin shows an α‐2 form and two modifications of β′‐2 type. No β‐3 form was observed such as has been previously observed for the related homolog 2‐myristoyldistearin.
Some factors involved in the detoxication of cottonseed
Authors: Olcott Harold S.
Published: May 2007

The toxic factor in cottonseed can be nullified by three apparently unrelated mechanisms: oxidation, combination with soluble iron salts, and destruction by steam autoclaving. Oxidation is of minor importance except where the toxic factor has first been extracted with ethyl ether and is present in the diet in solution in oil. Detoxication with soluble iron salts is demonstrable even when the iron is administered in the drinking water. Ball‐milled petroleum ether‐extracted cottonseed meal can be detoxified by autoclaving under conditions which are not effective for the original meal.

These results were obtained from feeding tests with rats.
Nitrogenous derivatives of cyclic fatty acids
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

A number of nitrogenous derivatives of cyclized acids derived from C‐18, triene‐containing fatty acid sources, were prepared. Mixed amides (mp 33C), nitriles (fp 蜢25C), and amines (fp 蜢34C), prepared from the hydrogenated cyclic acids, have uniquely low mp for fat‐derived substances of their mol wt. Compatibility with synthetic resins and solubility in organic solvents of the mixed amides are high compared to common fatty‐amide mixtures. The nitriles and morpholides are compatible with polyvinyl chloride and may have potential as plasticizers for it. The hydrogenated cyclic fatty acid amines have an approximate fp of 蜢34C. The diethanolamides, ethenoxylated amides, and quaternary amines were prepared and their surface‐active properties compared with similar fat‐derived substances.
Reactions between zinc chloride and surfactant solutions
Authors: Vold Robert D. , Singh Hakam
Published: May 2007

Formation of precipitates or soluble complexes between solutions of zinc chloride and surfactants was investigated by means of pH and conductivity titrations. Precipitates were characterized by chemical analysis and X‐ray diffraction.

Triton X‐102 and zinc chloride appear not to react. Sodium dodecyl sulfate likewise appears non‐reactive, but on addition of alkali a basic salt is formed at a pH between 7.9 and 8.5 which, however, does not precipitate if the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate is above the critical micelle concentration. The precipitate has a marked destabilizing action on oil‐in‐water emulsions. With the sodium salt of Empol 1022 the normal zinc salt precipitates on addition of the stoichiometric amount of zinc chloride.

Tamol 731 is neutralized in two steps by hydrochloric acid, the pH at the two endpoints being 7.0 and 3.3. It apparently forms a soluble complex with zinc ion which is not precipitated even in alkaline solutions.
Characterization of monomers produced from thermal high‐pressure conversion of meadowfoam and oleic acids into estolides
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Kleiman Robert , Erhan Selim M.
Published: May 2007

The monomers produced from thermal high‐pressure conversion of meadowfoam or oleic acids into estolides were characterized as a complex mixture of fatty acids. Mild reaction conditions produced little change in the starting acids. However, vigorous reaction conditions,e.g. ≥3 h at 250°C with stirring, significantly altered the starting fatty acids.Cis/trans isomerization occurred readily, with the proportion oftrans isomers reaching 57%. In addition, the double bonds migrated throughout all positions of the hydrocarbon chain with concentrations diminishing outward from the starting double bond position. Branching was also observed to a small extent under these conditions and was even more pronounced in the absence of water. Lactones were also identified in the reaction mixture, with contents near 16% in the meadowfoam series. All products can be explainedvia carbocation rearrangement mechanisms that result from protonation of the starting olefins.
Concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in glyceride by hydrolysis of fish oil withcandida cylindracea lipase
Authors: Tanaka Yukihisa , Hirano Jiro , Funada Tadashi
Published: May 2007

In an attempt to concentrate the content of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in a glyceride mixture containing triglyceride, diglyceride and monoglyceride, fish oil was hydrolyzed with six kinds of microbial lipase. After the hydrolysis, free fatty acid was removed and fatty acid components of the glyceride mixtures were analyzed. When the hydrolysis withCandida cylindracea lipase was 70% complete, the DHA content in the glyceride mixture was three times more than that in the original fish oil. The EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) content became almost 70% of the original fish oil. Hydrolysis with other lipases did not result in an increase in the DHA content in the glyceride mixtures. Hydrolysis of DHA‐rich tuna oil (DHA content is about 25%) withCandida cylindracea lipase resulted in 53% DHA in the glyceride mixture. The EPA content, however, remained close to that of the original tuna oil. In this report, the acyl chain specificity of lipases is evaluated in terms of hydrolysis resistant value (HRV). HRV is the ratio between the DHA contents in the glyceride mixture of hydrolyzed oil and original oil. HRV clearly indicates differences in hydrolysis between DHA and other fatty acids (e.g., saturated and monoenoic acids).
Quality of oils from olives stored under controlled atmosphere
Authors: Gutierrez F. , Perdiguero S. , García J. M. , Castellano J. M.
Published: May 2007

Olive (Olea europaea cv. “Picual”) fruits were stored under five different storage conditions (°C/%CO2/%O2; ambient; 5:0:21; 5:3:20; 5:3:5; and 5:<1:5) to determine their influence on the chemical and sensorial quality of oil extracted from the olives at the end of the storage period. Results showed that storage of fruits at 5°C prevented the fast alteration that is produced in oils extracted from fruits stored at ambient temperatures. The use of controlled atmosphere at 5°C with 3% CO2 and/or 5% O2 did not present clear advantages on acidity, peroxide value, K270 and K232 coefficients, stability and sensorial quality. Cooling of fruit keeps physical, chemical and sensorial characteristics of oil below maximum established values for the period of time assayed (60 d).
Ion chromatographic determination of phosphorus and tungsten in epoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Quaglino Marino , Bottazzini Nicola , Querci Cecilia , Ricci Marco , Cavalli Silvano
Published: May 2007

Soybean oil has been epoxidized with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of trioctylmethyl‐ammonium tetra(diperoxotungsto)phosphate. A fast ion‐exchange chromatographic method with suppressed conductivity detection has been developed for determining residual contents of tungsten and phosphorus in the oil. Tungsten and phosphorus could be determined at concentrations of 66 and 11 ppm, respectively. At tungsten and phosphorus concentrations of 1000 and 50 ppm, measured repeatabilities were 1.3 and 1.5%, respectively.
Quantitative structure‐property relationships for normal saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Dutt N. V. K. , Kumar Y. V. L. Ravi , Vedanayagam H. Sumathi
Published: May 2007

Quantitative structure‐property relationships, a technique of deriving properties of compounds from knowledge of their structures, has been applied to aliphatic carboxylic acids, an industrially important group of compounds. Equations have been developed from the molecular connectivity of the first order and the molar refraction as inputs which, on testing with data of seven properties, yielded average absolute deviations ranging between 0.9 and 6.7%. The compounds studied ranged between C1 and C30 for saturated and C3 to C22 for unsaturated fatty acids. The properties studied are normal melting and boiling points, critical temperature and pressure, and heats of fusion, combustion and formation.
Herbicide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D)‐induced cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes in vitro in presence of erythrocytes
Authors: Soloneski Sonia , González Norma V. , Reigosa Miguel A. , Larramendy Marcelo L.
Published: May 2007

The genotoxic effects of 2,4‐D and its commercial derivative 2,4‐D DMA were studied by measuring sister chromatid exchange (SCE), cell‐cycle progression and mitotic index in human whole blood (WBC) and plasma leukocyte cultures (PLC). Concentrations of 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg herbicide/ml were used during 72 h. In WBC, a significant increase in SCE frequency was observed within the 10–50 μg 2,4‐D/ml and 25–100 μg 2,4‐D DMA/ml dose range. Contrarily, in PLC, none of the concentrations employed affected the SCEs frequency. A significant delay in cell proliferation was observed in WBC after treatments with 25 and 50 μg 2,4‐D/ml and 50 and 100 μg 2,4‐D DMA/ml. In PLC, only 100.0 μg 2,4‐D/ml altered cell‐cycle progression. For both chemicals, a progressive dose‐related inhibition of mitotic activity was observed. The results demonstrated that the presence of erythrocytes in the culture system modulated the DNA and cellular damage inflicted by 2,4‐D and 2,4‐D DMA into human lymphocytes in vitro as well as both 2,4‐D and 2,4‐D DMA were more potent genotoxic agents in the presence of human red cells.
Epigallocatechin gallate‐induced apoptosis does not affect adipocyte conversion of preadipocytes
Authors: Morikawa Keiko , Ikeda Chiharu , Nonaka Mitsuko , Pei Sumi , Mochizuki Misa , Mori Asuka , Yamada Sonoko
Published: May 2007

In the present study, we examined the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the growth and differentiation of human preadipocyte cells, AML‐I. EGCG exhibited cytotoxic activity on AML‐I cells, accompanied by the appearance of characteristics of apoptosis by Annexin V—FITC staining method. Among apoptosis‐related proteins examined, loss of NF‐κB and p‐Akt, and accumulation of Bad were displayed in EGCG‐treated cells by Western blot analysis. Among 6 structure‐related catechins including catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), catechin gallate (CG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and EGCG, the catechins containing galloyl moiety exhibited apoptotic capacity. Interestingly, exposure of AML‐I to EGCG increased the amounts of cytoplasmic lipid droplets as well as the expression of fatty acid synthase and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ proteins. Our results suggest that EGCG induces growth arrest and apoptosis, but does not affect adipocyte conversion of preadipocytes.
Prediction of GPCR-G Protein Coupling Specificity Using Features of Sequences and Biological Functions
Authors: Ono Toshihide , Hishigaki Haretsugu
Published: May 2007

Understanding the coupling specificity between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and specific classes of G proteins is important for further elucidation of receptor functions within a cell. Increasing information on GPCR sequences and the G protein family would facilitate prediction of the coupling properties of GPCRs. In this study, we describe a novel approach for predicting the coupling specificity between GPCRs and G proteins. This method uses not only GPCR sequences but also the functional knowledge generated by natural language processing, and can achieve 92.2% prediction accuracy by using the C4.5 algorithm. Furthermore, rules related to GPCR-G protein coupling are generated. The combination of sequence analysis and text mining improves the prediction accuracy for GPCR-G protein coupling specificity, and also provides clues for understanding GPCR signaling.
VGIchan: Prediction and Classification of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Saha Sudipto , Zack Jyoti , Singh Balvinder , Raghava G.P.S.
Published: May 2007

This study describes methods for predicting and classifying voltage-gated ion channels. Firstly, a standard support vector machine (SVM) method was developed for predicting ion channels by using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition, with an accuracy of 82.89% and 85.56%, respectively. The accuracy of this SVM method was improved from 85.56% to 89.11% when combined with PSI-BLAST similarity search. Then we developed an SVM method for classifying ion channels (potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride) by using dipeptide composition and achieved an overall accuracy of 96.89%. We further achieved a classification accuracy of 97.78% by using a hybrid method that combines dipeptide-based SVM and hidden Markov model methods. A web server VGIchan has been developed for predicting and classifying voltage-gated ion channels using the above approaches. VGIchan is freely available at www.imtech.res.in/raghava/vgichan/.
Associations between postprandial insulin and blood glucose responses, appetite sensations and energy intake in normal weight and overweight individuals: a meta-analysis of test meal studies
Authors: Flint Anne , Gregersen Nikolaj T. , Gluud Lise L. , Møller Bente K. , Raben Anne , Tetens Inge , Verdich Camilla , Astrup Arne
Published: May 2007

It is unclear whether postprandial blood glucose or insulin exerts a regulatory function in short-term appetite regulation in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate, by use of meta-analysis, the role of blood glucose and insulin in short-term appetite sensation and energy intake (EI) in normal weight and overweight participants. Data from seven test meal studies were used, including 136 healthy participants (ALL) (92 normal weight (NW) and 44 overweight or obese (OW)). All meals were served as breakfasts after an overnight fast, and appetite sensations and blood samples were obtained frequently in the postprandial period. Finally, an ad libitum lunch was served. Data were analysed by fixed effects study level (SL) meta-regression analysis and individual participant data (IPD) regression analysis, using STATA software. In SL analysis, postprandial insulin response was associated with decreased hunger in ALL, NW and OW (P < 0·019), and with increased satiety in NW (P = 0·004) and lower subsequent EI in OW (P = 0·022). Multivariate IPD analysis showed similar associations, but only in NW for hunger, satiety and EI (P < 0·028), and in ALL for EI (P = 0·016). The only association involving blood glucose was the multivariate IPD analysis showing an inverse association between blood glucose and EI in ALL (P = 0·032). Our results suggest that insulin, but not glucose, is associated with short-term appetite regulation in healthy participants, but the relationship is disrupted in the overweight and obese. We conclude that the postprandial insulin response may be an important satiety signal, and that central nervous system insulin resistance in overweight might explain the blunted effect on appetite.
Dead Bodies in Nigerian Jurisprudence
Authors: Nwabueze Remigius N
Published: May 2007

Recent events and a few judicial decisions in Nigeria show the need for a serious analytical engagement with the law relating to dead bodies. Topical issues from these cases focus on jurisdiction, the right to control the disposition of remains, and remedies available for the infringement of a burial right. While the meaning and content of sepulchral rights remain the same in Nigeria as in many industrialized nations, its prioritization is markedly different. In contrast to the highly individualized nature of burial rights in many Western legal systems, the control of sepulchral right in Nigeria is familial in character. In some circumstances, however, recourse may be had to statutory provisions that import English priority rules. While a range of remedies is available for an interference with a burial right, injunctions and declarations are the most sought after by Nigerian litigants. An expedited hearing is preferable to an interlocutory order of injunction.
The Precarious Place of Labour Rights and Movements in Nigeria's Dual Economic and Political Transition, 1999–2005
Authors: Chinedu Okafor Obiora
Published: May 2007

Caught between pressure from dominant global economic actors (such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB), and certain states) to implement painful socio-economic reform measures, and pressure from significant numbers of their own peoples to reject these IMF/WB-style prescriptions, formally democratic “third world” governments often yield to the demands of the former to push through such reforms, sometimes at great social cost. This article utilizes a contemporary Nigerian case study to illustrate this point and to show how the curtailment of labour rights and the weakening of labour movements have formed an important part of the economic strategy of many such governments. This anti-labour rights/movements strategy is an attempt by governments to deal with the human rights contradictions that are often generated when third world countries attempt dual political and economic transitions. The article argues that the deployment of an anti-labour strategy is grounded in a new kind of “full belly thesis” that prioritizes a particular IMF/WB-friendly vision of economic development over certain kinds of political (especially labour) rights. The powerful global economic actors, who would otherwise advocate the observance of all human rights, have nevertheless found this thesis more acceptable than its earlier iteration, which was grounded in a far less IMF/WB-friendly economic vision.
The Use of Exclusions for Corruption in Developing Country Procurement: The Case of South Africa
Authors: Williams Sope
Published: May 2007

The South African public procurement system is regulated by a constitutional framework and legislation applicable to all tiers of government. An interesting feature of the system is that suppliers may be excluded from government contracts for breaches of procurement or anti-corruption legislation. This article critically examines corruption-related exclusions. It is suggested that there is likely to be a number of problems with the implementation of these exclusions. First, it is not clear how effective they will be in meeting the government's anti-corruption policy. Secondly, in respect of the exclusions imposed through a non-judicial process, there are no guidelines to ensure procedural safeguards, and furthermore, these exclusions may lead to delays and costs in the procurement process – especially when it comes to deciding whether persons or firms related to an excluded firm ought to be excluded. Thirdly, there are issues regarding proportionality of the measures. Fourthly, it may be difficult to maintain a consistent approach in deciding whether to exclude under the non-judicial exclusions. In view of these, for the regime to be effective, the South African government must be prepared to bear the attendant financial and procedural burden.
What proportion of patients referred to an otolaryngology vertigo clinic have an otological cause for their symptoms?
Authors: Arya A K , Nunez D A
Published: May 2007

Background:

Dizziness is a common and often complex complaint. Between nine and 13 per cent of patients seen in general practice are referred to a variety of specialist clinics. The diagnoses and outcomes of these referrals are seldom reported.

Aims:

To determine the proportion of patients referred to an otology led vertigo clinic in whom an otological cause for vertigo could be identified.

Design of study:

Prospective cohort study of consecutive new clinic attendees over one year.

Setting and methods:

Otology led vertigo clinic in an urban teaching hospital in England. Patients' details including age, sex, referring clinician, investigations, diagnoses, treatment and final outcome were recorded in an anonymised database.

Results:

91 new patients, 31 men and 60 women with a mean age of 52.6 years (range 16–81) were seen. General practitioners referred 87 per cent of the patients. Twenty-seven patients underwent further investigations including imaging, electronystagmography and other audiological tests. A labyrinthine disorder accounted for 50 per cent of the diagnoses. Ménière's disease or a variant was diagnosed in 20 patients (21 per cent). Fifty-six patients (61 per cent) reported resolution of or improvement in their symptoms. Thirty-one patients (34 per cent) were asymptomatic and free of abnormal findings on initial attendance and were discharged from hospital care.

Conclusions:

Forty-six patients (50.6 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval, 40.4–60.6 per cent) had vertigo due to an otological disorder. The selection of an otolaryngology based vertigo clinic by the general practitioner for initial referral seems appropriate.
A Commissioner calls: Alexander Paterson and colonial Burma's prisons
Authors: Brown Ian
Published: May 2007

In 1925, Alexander Paterson, a Commissioner for Prisons in England and Wales, arrived in Rangoon to advise the local government on gaol conditions in Burma. This paper explores why the Burma prison administration invited Paterson, examines his findings and proposals – that included the suggestion that no convict should spend more than two years in gaol – and considers the fate of his recommendations. Paterson's visit and views are set in the social and political contexts of British rule in Burma at that time.
Prediction of Cognitive Behavior Treatment Outcome for Children with Anxiety Disorders: Therapeutic Relationship and Homework Compliance
Authors: Hughes Alicia A. , Kendall Philip C.
Published: May 2007

We examined a non-specific or relationship variable as well as a specific or technical variable (i.e. homework compliance) and their prediction of cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) outcome for children with anxiety disorders. Therapist ratings of the therapeutic relationship (TR), but not homework compliance (HC) predicted CBT outcome at posttreatment (n = 138) and at 1-year follow-up (n = 121) for anxious children (aged 9 to 13 years). Findings from this study suggest the therapeutic relationship is a hardy non-specific factor in CBT of anxious children. Implications for the treatment of children with anxiety disorders using CBT and recommendations for research are offered.
Sawtooth-like oscillations of black hole accretion disks
Authors: Matsumoto Ryoji , Machida Mami
Published: May 2007

We studied the origin of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of X-rays in black hole candidates by three-dimensional global resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion disks. Initial state is a rotating disk threaded by weak toroidal magnetic fields. General relativistic effects are simulated by using the pseudo-Newtonian potential. When the temperature of the outer disk decreases, the accreting matter accumulates into an inner torus.

We found that the inner torus is deformed into a crescent shape and that it shows sawtooth-like oscillations of magnetic energy with frequency 3-5Hz when the mass of the black hole is 10M⊙. The magnetic energy inside the torus is amplified until magnetic reconnection suddenly releases the accumulated magnetic energy. A new cycle of the oscillation starts when magnetic energy is amplified again. We found that high frequency QPOs with frequency around 100Hz in stellar mass black holes are excited when sawtooth-like oscillation appears in the inner torus.
Constraints on a strong X-ray flare in the Seyfert galaxy MCG–6-30-15
Authors: Goosmann R. W. , Czerny B. , Karas V. , Dovčiak M. , Ponti G. , Mouchet M.
Published: May 2007

We discuss implications of a strong flare event observed in the Seyfert galaxy MCG–6-30-15 assuming that the emission is due to localized magnetic reconnection. We conduct detailed radiative transfer modeling of the reprocessed radiation for a primary source that is elevated above the disk. The model includes relativistic effects and Keplerian motion around the black hole. We show that for such a model setup the observed time-modulation must be intrinsic to the primary source. Using a simple analytical model we then investigate time delays between hard and soft X-rays during the flare. The model considers an intrinsic delay between primary and reprocessed radiation, which measures the geometrical distance of the flare source to the reprocessing sites. The observed time delays are well reproduced if one assumes that the reprocessing happens in magnetically confined, cold clouds.
Dynamics of radiatively inefficient flows accreting onto radiatively efficient black hole objects
Authors: Proga Daniel
Published: May 2007

I present results from numerical simulations of gas dynamics outside luminous accretion disks in active galactic nuclei. The gas, gravitationally captured by a super massive black hole, can be driven away by the energy and momentum of the radiation emitted during black hole accretion. Assuming axisymmetry, I study how the mass accretion and outflow rates, and the flow dynamics respond to changes in radiation heating relative to radiation pressure.

I find that for a 108M⊙ black hole with the accretion luminosity of 0.6 of the Eddington luminosity the flow settles into a steady state and has two components: (1) an equatorial inflow and (2) a bipolar inflow/outflow with the outflow leaving the system along the disk rotational axis. The inflow is a realization of a Bondi–like accretion flow. The second component is an example of a non-radial accretion flow which becomes an outflow once it is pushed close to the rotational axis where thermal expansion and radiation pressure accelerate it outward.

The main result of this preliminary work is that although the above two-component solution is robust, its properties are sensitive to the geometry and spectral energy distribution of the radiation field.
The Galactic Center
Authors: Genzel Reinhard , Karas Vladimír
Published: May 2007

In the past decade high resolution measurements in the infrared employing adaptive optics imaging on 10m telescopes have allowed determining the three dimensional orbits stars within ten light hours of the compact radio source at the center of the Milky Way. These observations show the presence of a three million solar mass black hole in Sagittarius A* beyond any reasonable doubt. The Galactic Center thus constitutes the best astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes which have long been postulated, and is also an ideal ‘lab’ for studying the physics in the vicinity of such an object. Remarkably, young massive stars are present there and probably have formed in the innermost stellar cusp. Variable infrared and X-ray emission from Sagittarius A* are a new probe of the physical processes and space-time curvature just outside the event horizon.
The structure of the nuclear stellar cluster of the Milky Way
Authors: Schödel Rainer , Eckart Andreas
Published: May 2007

High-resolution adaptive optics observations of the inner 0.5 pc of the Milky Way with multiple intermediate band filters are presented. From the images, stellar number counts and a detailed map of the interstellar extinction were extracted. The extinction map is consistent with a putative southwest-northeast aligned outflow from the central arcseconds.

An azimuthally averaged, crowding and extinction corrected stellar density profile presents clear evidence for the existence of a stellar cusp around Sgr A*. Several density peaks are found in the cluster that may indicate clumping of stars, possibly related to the last epoch of star formation in the Galactic Center. An analysis of stars in the brightness range 14.25 < magK < 15.75 shows possible signs of mass segregation.
Kozai resonance model for Sagittarius A* stellar orbits
Authors: Šubr Ladislav , Karas Vladimír , Haas Jaroslav
Published: May 2007

We study a possibility of tidal disruptions of stars orbiting a supermassive black hole due to eccentricity oscillations driven by Kozai's mechanism. We apply the model to conditions relevant for the Galactic Centre where we consider two different sources of the perturbation to the central potential, which trigger the resonance mechanism. Firstly, it is a disc of young massive stars orbiting Sgr A* atr≳ 0.08 pc, and, secondly, a molecular circumnuclear disc. Each of the two possibilities appears to be capable of exciting eccentricities to values sufficient for the tidal disruption of ∼100 stars from the nuclear stellar cluster on a time-scale of 0.1–10 Myrs. Tidally disrupted stars may cause periods of increased accretion activity of Sgr A*.
On the nature of ultra-luminous X-ray sources from optical/IR measurements
Authors: Cropper Mark , Copperwheat Chris , Soria Roberto , Wu Kinwah
Published: May 2007

We present a model for the prediction of the optical/infra-red emission from ULXs. In the model, ULXs are binary systems with accretion taking place through Roche lobe overflow. We show that irradiation effects and presence of an accretion disk significantly modify the optical/infrared flux compared to single stars, and also that the system orientation is important. We include additional constraints from the mass transfer rate to constrain the parameters of the donor star, and to a lesser extent the mass of the BH. We apply the model to fit photometric data for several ULX counterparts. We find that most donor stars are of spectral type B and are older and less massive than reported elsewhere, but that no late-type donors are admissible. The degeneracy of the acceptable parameter space will be significantly reduced with observations over a wider spectral range, and if time-resolved data become available.
Variability of ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Cartwheel Ring
Authors: Wolter Anna , Trinchieri Ginevra , Colpi Monica
Published: May 2007

The Cartwheel is one of the most outstanding examples of a dynamically perturbed galaxy where star formation is occurring inside the ring–like structure. In previous studies with Chandra, we detected 16 Ultra Luminous X-ray sources lying along the southern portion of the ring. Their Luminosity Function is consistent with them being in the high luminosity tail of the High Mass X-ray Binaries distribution, but with one exception: source N.10. This source, detected with Chandra at LX = 1 × 1041 erg s−1, is among the brightest non–nuclear sources ever seen in external galaxies. Recently, we have observed the Cartwheel with XMM-Newton in two epochs, six months apart. After having been at its brightest for at least 4 years, the source has dimmed by at least a factor of two between the two observations. This fact implies that the source is compact in nature. Given its extreme isotropic luminosity, there is the possibility that the source hosts an accreting intermediate–mass black hole. Other sources in the ring vary in flux between the different datasets. We discuss our findings in the context of ULX models.
Radiation hydrodynamic simulations of super-Eddington accretion flows
Authors: Ohsuga Ken
Published: May 2007

We perform the two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations to study the radiation pressure-dominated accretion flows around a black hole (BH). Our simulations show that the highly supercritical accretion flow (mass accretion rate is much larger than the critical value) is composed of the disk region and the outflow region above the disk.

The radiation force supports the thick disk and drives the outflow. The photon trapping plays an important role within the disk, reducing the disk luminosity. On the other hand, in the case that mass accretion rate moderately exceeds the critical value, we find that the disk is unstable and exhibits the limit-cycle oscillations. The disk oscillations in our simulations nicely fit to the variation amplitude and duration of quasi-periodic luminosity variations observed in the GRS 1915+105 microquasar.
Synchrotron outbursts in Galactic and extragalactic jets, any difference?
Authors: Türler Marc , Lindfors Elina J.
Published: May 2007

We discuss differences and similarities between jets powered by super-massive black holes in quasars and by stellar-mass black holes in microquasars. The comparison is based on multi-wavelength radio-to-infrared observations of the two active galactic nuclei 3C 273 and 3C 279, as well as the two galactic binaries GRS 1915+105 and Cyg X-3. The physical properties of the jet are derived by fitting the parameters of a shock-in-jet model simultaneously to all available observations. We show that the variable jet emission of galactic sources is, at least during some epochs, very similar to that of extragalactic jets. As for quasars, their observed variability pattern can be well reproduced by the emission of a series of self-similar shock waves propagating down the jet and producing synchrotron outbursts. This suggests that the physical properties of relativistic jets is independent of the mass of the black hole.
Black holes: from stars to galaxies
Authors: Mirabel I. Félix
Published: May 2007

While until recently they were often considered as exotic objects of dubious existence, in the last decades there have been overwhelming observational evidences for the presence of stellar mass black holes in binary systems, supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, and possibly, intermediate-mass black holes observed as ultraluminous X-ray sources in nearby galaxies. Black holes are now widely accepted as real physical entities that play an important role in several areas of modern astrophysics.

Here I review the concluding remarks of the IAU Symposium No 238 on Black Holes, with particular emphasis on the topical questions in this area of research.
X-ray variability of accreting black hole systems: propagating-fluctuation scenario
Authors: Arévalo Patricia , Uttley Phil , McHardy Ian
Published: May 2007

Propagating fluctuation models can reproduce fundamental properties of the variability observed in the X-ray light curves of accreting black hole systems. We explore this type of model and show how extended emitting regions introduce at the same time energy dependent power spectral densities (PSD) and time lags between different energy bands.
Modulation of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations by relativistic effects
Authors: Bursa Michal
Published: May 2007

Two distinct frequencies are often present in frequency power spectra of low-mass X-ray binary lightcurves. These frequencies are closely related to each other and there is a strong evidence that they have origin in the orbital motion in an accretion disc. A mechanism has to be in act that provides a modulation of emergent flux at observed frequencies – not necessarily the actual frequencies at which the fluid oscillates. Using numerical ray-tracing we show that strong gravity has an effect on light modulation and may itself be responsible for significant part of variations in observed lightcurves.
General relativistic results for a galactic disc in a multidimensional space-time
Authors: Coimbra-Araújo Carlos H. , Letelier Patricio S.
Published: May 2007

We construct an exact and simple general relativistic model to describe a galactic disc based on a Schwarzschild disc immersed in a six dimensional space-time. The stability of this configuration is studied and we present results for the calculation of circular geodesic orbits.