bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Between Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer and Hybridization of Productive Models in the International Automobile Industry
Authors: Tolliday Steven , Boyer Robert , Charron Elsie , Jürgens Ulrich
Published: November 2023

What drives the development and diffusion of ‘best practice’ in manufacturing industry? One simple, powerful, and recurrent explanation is that the imperatives of markets and technology narrowly determine the range of viable organizations and strategies. Firms have to adapt to the pressing demands of the external environment or fail.1 In recent years, these notions have taken on a new dimension.
Hybridization and Models of Production: Geography, History, and Theory
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: November 2023

A host of factors have given birth to a widespread belief that only world class firms located at the technological frontier will be able to survive the intensification of competition. These beliefs reflect the opening up of national markets; the changing impact of financial markets, deregulation, and privatization; the spread of new management practices for profit optimization; chronic overcapacity; and the possibilities arising from the marriage of information technology and telecommunications. Moreover, the exhaustion of sources of productivity associated with typical mass production has highlighted the need for alternative types of industrial organization. At first commentators presumed these forms to be specifically Japanese, but they have increasingly recognized their multiple national and corporate origins, while continuing to emphasize that these organizations incorporate new principles of management capable of transcending cultural differences between East and West, North and South, the capitalist world and the world emerging from the crumbling Soviet Union.
Mazda and Ford at Flat Rock: Transfer and Hybridization of the Japanese Model
Authors: Babson Steve
Published: November 2023

In September of 1987, Mazda Motor Corporation began producing automobiles at its new assembly plant in Flat Rock, Michigan, twenty miles south of Detroit. The event marked the first—and to this day, the only—opening of a Japanese assembly plant in a northern ‘rustbelt’ environment. In addition to bringing thousands of new jobs to a beleaguered city battered by plant closings and lay-offs, Mazda also brought the celebrated ‘lean production’ system to the doorstep of Henry Ford’s Detroit. The irony was duly noted by the media and widely celebrated as a harbinger of the industry’s future. Over the next decade, however, these high expectations were progressively disappointed as a succession of American managers quit the company and the 3,000 workers in the sprawling complex demonstrated their hostility towards management.
The Transfer and Hybridization of New Models of Production in the Brazilian Automobile Industry
Authors: Fleury Afonso , Sergio Salerno Mario
Published: November 2023

Hybridization in the Brazilian automobile industry is not closely linked to Japanese transplants. In the 1990s there is only one Japanese automobile assembler operating in Brazil (Toyota), and that one only manufactures a single light commercial vehicle in low volumes with conventional technology and work processes. Instead, American and European assemblers constitute the bulk of the Brazilian automobile industry. These assemblers have recently strongly emphasized the introduction of Japanese-inspired concepts and techniques, adapting them to their global strategies and local circumstances.
Implanting Change: The Role of ‘Indigenous Transplants’ in Transforming the German Productive Model
Authors: Jürgens Ulrich
Published: November 2023

The term ‘transplant’ has most commonly been used to refer to the attempt by Japanese manufacturers to clone the productive system of their plants in Japan into their new locations abroad. It refers to the systematic and strategic approach which was taken by the Japanese manufacturers after Toyota had demonstrated its viability at NUMMI from 1984 onwards. The transplant strategy of the 1980s occurred at a time when the North American manufacturers were still seeking an alternative to the traditional mass production system. At this time, the German car manufacturers were confident that they had developed ‘new production concepts’ to withstand the challenge from their Japanese competitors. A ‘German production model’ seemed to have emerged which many observers regarded as a viable alternative to the traditional mass production system as well as to ‘model Japan’ (Jurgens et al., 1993: 384-96).
Working Students: Students in Full-Time Education with Full-Time and Part-Time Jobs
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

As Britain moved from an elite to a mass higher education system in the 1980s and 1990s, the number of students with jobs increased. In some cases this was prompted by financial necessity, in part because the value of government subsidies for students’ living expenses (called ‘grants’ in Britain) fell in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The relative decline in funding for higher education and the consequential increasing employment of students became hotly debated public policy issues in the 1990s. A survey carried out in 1995 for the National Union of Students (NUS, 1996) concluded that students in higher education were being forced into part-time work, providing a million-strong pool of cheap labour for employers, but damaging their studies in the process.
The Arab Christians of the Middle East: A Demographic Perspective
Authors: Fargues Philippe
Published: November 2023

There are between six and seven million Arab Christians in the Middle East today (1995). They represent 6.3 per cent of the whole population of the countries among which they are spread: Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine. This is more or less the same percentage the Ottomans found almost 500 years ago, when they wiped out the Mameluke and Persian dynasties which shared control of the region. How¬ ever, this does not mean that the ratio of Christians to Muslims is permanently fixed. On the contrary, after four centuries of Ottoman rule, during which an unexpected resurgence took place, Christianity reverted to the downward trend it had followed during the first millennium after the Hegira. In the twentieth century Islam has advanced at a pace comparable to that of the pre-Ottoman era. However, the mechanisms which have influenced this modem trend belong to a different kind from those of the pre-Ottoman era; all are linked to modem political, economic, and demographic processes.
Soka Gakkai History and Philosophy
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W
Published: November 2023

SOKA Gakkai International (SGI) is among the less familiar of the new religions in the United States. Other religions of Asian origin, such as ISKCON (Hare Krishna), the Unification Church (Moonies ), Transcendental Meditation (TM), and the Divine Light Mission, that emerged in the United States mid-century received more attention (albeit often negative) by both the media and academics. Even readers who are aware of the growing presence of Buddhism in America are probably more familiar with Zen and Tibetan Buddhism because of the large number of popular books written about them and Hollywood portrayals of the Dalai Lama. When Time mentioned SGI in its October 20 1997 cover story “Buddhism in America,” it was merely to report that Tina Turner practiced it.
Job Involvement, Work Strain, and Psychological Health
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have charted the major changes that have been occurring in the nature of work. It has been seen that there has been a widespread process of upskilling, which has been accompanied by greater responsibility for employees. Intimately linked to these developments have been changes in the type of skills used in work. There has been a striking increase in the use of advanced technology and a shift away from work primarily concerned with the production of objects to work primarily concerned with people. These changes in the nature of work have been accompanied by changes in the organizational and labour market contexts in which people work. Management has experimented with new types of ‘performance-management’ policies for the motivation and control of employees.
Organizational Commitment
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have demonstrated the varied ways in which employers in the 1990s were demanding more of their employees. They required more responsibility and discretion to be taken, more control and pressure to be accepted, more flexibility to be displayed, more uncertainty and stress to be absorbed. In short, employers sought employee commitment to the organization. Indeed, human resource management (HRM) has been described or advocated as a movement from a strategy of control to a strategy of commitment (Walton 1985a; Lundy and Cowling 1996).
Attitudes, Women’s Employment, and the Changing Domestic Division of Labour: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Crompton Rosemary , Harris Fiona
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Chaper 1, Beck (1992) has described the broad outlines of the gender division of labour that emerged with the coming of industrialism as ’feudal’. Men were born to a lifetime of paid employment, whereas women were destined for a lifetime of household drudgery. This gender division of labour was reflected in the ideology of separate spheres of male and female activity, which was widely regarded as being somehow natural. The naturalness of separate-spheres ideology-and thus its utility as an explanation of the situation of women in the labour force-was extensively challenged by second-wave feminism.
Gender, Occupational Feminization, and Reflexivity: A Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Feuvre Nicky Le
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses some of the conceptual questions relating both to gender and occupational feminization. It demonstrates how different conceptions of ’gender’ can be related to different predictions as to the likely outcomes of occupational feminization. A socialconstructivist perspective on gender is adopted. By stressing the processes of gender differentiation rather than difference, it will be argued that one important outcome of the social construction of gender associated with the male-breadwinner model has been the denial of autonomy to women and the association of dependency with femininity.
Introduction ‘Ethno-symbolism’ and the Study of Nationalism
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

This book seeks to explore one of the central issues of our epoch, the rise of nations and the world-wide appeal of nationalism. The late twentieth century has witnessed an unexpected resurgence of ethnic conflict, and nationalism has once again become the central fact of contemporary politics. Why is it that so many people remain so deeply attached to their ethnic communities and nations at the close of the second millennium? Why do the myths, memories, and symbols of the nation command such widespread loyalty and devotion? And why are so many people still pre-pared to make considerable sacrifices, even of life and limb, for their nations and cultures?
Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

ISEEK in this chapter to intervene in what is in fact a rather long-standing debate within comparative macrosociology, but one which appears of late to have acquired new vigour. The contending parties in this debate are now usually characterized as exponents of quantitative, ‘variable-oriented’ methodologies, on the one hand, and of qualitative, ‘case-oriented’ methodologies, on the other (see e.g. Ragin 1987; Rueschemeyer 1991; Janoski and Hicks 1994). I shall, however, argue that, while the issues caught up in the protracted and complex exchanges that have occurred do include ones of major importance, the form that the debate has taken has not been especially helpful in highlighting just what these issues are, nor yet in pointing to ways in which they might be more effectively addressed.
Sociological Ethnography Today: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

I START in this chapter from the rather curious state that has now been reached in the debate within sociology between proponents of ethnographic and of survey-based research”a debate that represents one expression of larger and yet more complex oppositions between qualitative and quantitative or ‘case-oriented’ and ‘variable-oriented’ styles of data collection and analysis.Sociologists favouring ethnographic research, whether as actual practitioners or on more general grounds, were prominent in the so-called reaction against positivism of the late 1960s and 1970s, when survey methodology and its supposed philosophical foundations became a prime focus of criticism. In the face of this attack, the response of sociologists engaging in survey research, or reliant on the secondary analysis of its results, could only be described as muted. Few, it seems, were able to raise sufficient motivation to offer any systematic reply. The effort made in this respect by Marsh (1982) is distinguished not just by its quality but also by its rarity. However, what is today striking is the degree to which, despite the rather one-sided nature of the debate, the continuing contributions from supporters of ethnography have changed in their tone. Although ‘positivist’ still tends to serve as an all- purpose pejorative qualifier, calls for the outright rejection of the survey method are far less frequently heard and more common are pleas”albeit
Social Class and the Differentiation of Employment Contracts
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

MY CONCERN here is with the theory of social class: I aim to contribute to the ultimate goal of explaining why social classes exist. However, Istart out from a way of conceptualizing class, and in turn of making ‘class’ operational in empirical research, that I have developed, along with a number of colleagues, over the last twenty years. The fundamental idea that has been pursued is that class positions can be understood—in a way to be explained more fully below—as positions defined by employment relations. A ‘class schema’ has been progressively elaborated that differentiates class categories by reference to such relations, and that can be implemented in research through information on employment status and occupation
Sociology and the Probabilistic Revolution, 1830–1930: Explaining an Absent Synthesis
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

AS I NOTED at the outset, the chapters in this collection are ordered into three main groups, which could be labelled as ‘critical’, ‘programmatic’, and ‘illustrative’. From a reading of the chapters in this order, an increasingly clear idea can, I hope, be gained of the kind of sociology that I would see as offering the best prospects for the future of the discipline. This is a sociology that is concerned with establishing and explaining phenomena that can be described in some way or other by reference to social regularities of a probabilistic kind—their formation, continuity, interrelation, change, disruption, and so on. As regards establishing such phenomena, and also determining their precise form, I would attach main importance to statistical methods of data collection and analysis as being the most reliable and versatile of those available to the sociologist. As regards explaining such phenomena, I would, from the standpoint of methodological individualism, seek a basis in the theory of action, and give rational action theory a privileged, if not necessarily exclusive, role. And finally, as regards the testing of explanations, I would again see statistical analysis as having a major role to play and, most fundamentally, as providing a well-developed logic of inference for empirical but non-experimental science that can be appropriately extended for use with qualitative as well as quantitative data.
Family change: revolution or backlash in attitudes?
Authors: Scott Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

On the eve of a new millennium, it is perhaps not surprising that so much stress is given to how much society has changed. Old certainties are fast disappearing in what has been referred to as post-traditional society. In the family sphere new choices abound. People have to decide whether to cohabit before marrying or to marry at all; whether and when to have children, and how many; whether to stay in an unhappy marriage or to separate or divorce. Although individual choices are constrained by gender, age, and socio-economic circumstances, the latitude of acceptable and feasible family options seems to have expanded enormously.
The transnational character of Caribbean kinship in Britain
Authors: Goulbourne Harry
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with aspects of transnational kinship characteristics among British families of Caribbean backgrounds. While some other features are mentioned, the discussion principally focuses upon two key aspects of Caribbean transnationality: first, the provision of care and support across national boundaries and, second, the sense of self and national identity that is expressed through kin membership and participation. The purpose of the chapter is to increase academic and public understanding of forms of Caribbean living arrangements through an empirically informed discussion of issues which have significant theoretical and policy implications. The policy implications are beyond the scope of this discussion and not entered into here.
Older people in three urban areas: household composition, kinship, and social networks
Authors: Phillipson Chris , Bernard Miriam , Phillips Judith , Ogg Jim
Published: November 2023

The research reported here examines changes to the social and family networks of elderly people in three urban areas of England: Bethnal Green, Wolverhampton, and Woodford. The areas were the locations for major research studies in the 1940s and 1950s which provided rich material about the lives of elderly people (Sheldon 1948; Townsend 1957; Young and Willmott 1957; Willmott and Young 1960). These studies were carried out during a period when major concerns were being raised about the growing numbers of elderly people in the population. A variety of reports focused on the problems associated with population ageing, specifically its impact on economic growth, and expenditure in areas such as pensions and health (Royal Commission on Population 1949).
Transaction (In)Ejficienry) Value (In)Ejficienry) and Inter-Firm Collaboration
Authors: Madhok Anoop
Published: November 2023

The past decade or so has witnessed the distinct emergence of collaboration in all its various forms as a critical element of firms’ strategies. It has even been suggested that collaborative organizational forms (the C-form?) are a ‘new and dramatic organizational innovation’ (Teece, 1992: 24) of potentially far-reaching significance. Collaborations are especially pervasive in fastchanging and knowledge-intensive sectors (Hagedoorn, 1993; Mowery, Oxley, and Silverman, 1997) where, due to difficulties in contracting and in measurement and evaluation, the cost of transacting tends to be high. This suggests a different dynamic underlying collaboration formation, one that goes beyond mainly economizing on transaction costs (Williamson, 1985).
Reflections on the Stucfy Of Strategic Alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay , Zajac Edward J
Published: November 2023

It is hard to think of any issue that has been the subject of greater research in the last decade than that of strategic alliances. Scholars from a variety of backgrounds have chosen strategic alliances as an arena for scholarly inquiry, reflecting the fact that strategic alliances themselves have grown dramatically in number and in importance for many organizations. The significant scholarly attention paid to strategic alliances has resulted in valuable insights into the antecedents and consequences of strategic alliances that, in turn, have resulted in contributions to both theory and practice. Perhaps it is not so much the number of scholars pursuing this field of inquiry that make it interesting and exciting, as the heterogeneity of their backgrounds. The diverse theoretical orientations of alliance scholars has resulted in a rich stream of research that crosses disciplinary chasms to further our under¬ standing of this important phenomenon. This book exemplifies very well this rich diversity of perspectives and the new insights emerging from such interdisciplinary approaches.
Motivation-Selection-Connection: An Evolutionary Model of Career Development
Authors: Nicholson Nigel
Published: November 2023

Careers research has lately been much absorbed with the radical changes to employment we have been witnessing, wrought by the information revolution and the globalizing of the economy. Writers have sought, successfully in the main, to reinvigorate the concept of career itself in the face of potentially dissolving forces, by a renewed emphasis upon aspects of career identity and contractual relationships in employment. At the same time both traditional and new themes have enjoyed enhanced attention: career decision-making processes, determinants of mobility, workplace socialization and mentoring, commitment dynamics, race and gender issues, and lifespan development (Arnold 1997). Career-development interventions-counseling and educational for the individual, structural and contractual for the organization have also figured strongly.
Promotion Policies and Knowledge Bases in the Professional Service Firm
Authors: Morris Timothy
Published: November 2023

The professional service firm (PSF) is a classic example of the knowledge¬ based or knowledge-intensive organization. In spite of this, the role that knowledge plays has received little research attention. It has been treated as a basic building block of the firm but in a somewhat oversimplified fashion with the result that our models of organization and careers are of limited use in describing or explaining practices inside the PSF. This short¬ coming has been highlighted by the fact that those managing PSFs (and other organizations, too) have become preoccupied with defining and managing their knowledge base: believing every other asset is susceptible to replication, they have turned to their stock of proprietary knowledge in the search for uniqueness and competitive advantage. Theory has lagged changes in policy and practice.
Career as Life Path: Tracing Work and Life Strategies of Biotech Professionals
Authors: Eaton Susan C , Bailyn Lotte
Published: November 2023

Contrary to traditional depiction, professional careers are not purely individual, linear, and primarily determined by human capital. Rather, they are profoundly shaped by family and other extra-work relationships in which individual employees are embedded, are anything but linear over the life span, and are determined partly by circumstance, luck, and the actions of others as well as by one’s education and training. In this chapter, we argue that, at least in the industry we examine, an individualistic, linear, human capital intensive view does not explain work experiences well. We propose a more complex, textured explanation of factors influencing work outcomes, along with a more fluid, evolving conception of career.
Exploring Boundaryless Careers in the French Context
Authors: Catlin Loïc , Bailly-Bender Anne-Francoise , Saint-Giniez V éronique de
Published: November 2023

In the past few years, research in careers has questioned the supremacy of the organizational career, and proposed a new concept to refer to the discontinuities and new forms of mobility experienced by an increasing number of people in their professional lives. This ‘new career’ has also been called the ‘boundaryless career’ (Arthur and Rousseau 1996) and the ‘post¬ corporate career’ (Peiperl and Baruch 1997). In a similar way to the ‘protean career’ (Hall 1976), the new career is no longer shaped by organizational needs but emerges from actions and choices of individuals, who act as inter-organizational players in the market for competencies (Arthur et al. 1999). They manage their careers in a more autonomous fashion, moving between jobs, companies, or professions, in order to accumulate competencies and increase their employment value.
Are Refugees Social Capitalists?
Authors: Loizos Peter
Published: November 2023

THERE are several ways of thinking about refugees: victims of trauma, needy persons, development resources, political integration problems, and many more. This essay approaches refugees from the framework of their potential for the conservation and creation of social capital. Some authors who have used this term are concerned with institution-building, democracy, effective service delivery, political and administrative accountability, and ideas about citizen participation. Others are concerned with even broader issues in societal integration, and with the differences between those for whom a political system works and those whom it might be said to fail, and who fail to thrive in it.
Social Capital and Human Capital Revisited
Authors: Field John , Schuller Tom , Baron Stephen
Published: November 2023

IN this concluding chapter we address directly the relationship between human capital and social capital. In part this reflects the origins of the volume, which lie in our participation in the ‘Learning Society’ Research Programme, sponsored by the UK Economic and Social Research Council in the late 1990s. The second, more contentious, reason is this: the later decades of the twentieth century saw a massive swing towards the view of human capital as the royal road to economic success and social cohesion. This was based on rather simplistic linear models, which imply that investing in education yields returns in the same way as investing in stocks or bonds, with measurable, tangible results. This view is being challenged by recognition that more complex processes are at work, with multiple interactions between different social forces, and with the possibility that not all learning is individually or socially beneficial in a straightforward, aggregate fashion. In particular, we cannot simply tot up the numbers of people achieving educational qualifications and assume that we are progressing-or not-towards a ‘Learning Society’.
On the Tangled Discourse between Transaction Cost Economics and Competence-Based Views of the Firm: Some Comments
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Marengo Luigi
Published: November 2023

The insightful and thorough (albeit, in our view, somehow ‘imperialist’) comparative discussion by Oliver Williamson of the governance and competence views of economic organizations (Williamson, 1999a), as well as the daring ‘counter reformation manifesto’ by Foss and Foss, trying to reinterpret most views on organization in terms of property rights (Foss and Foss this volume, Chapter 3), provide a valuable background for an overall assessment of similarities, convergence, controversies, and unexplored issues in one of the most lively fields of current socio-economic theory.
The Growth of Firms
Authors: Kay Neil
Published: November 2023

One major issue emerging from the conference around which this collection of papers is based is the prospect of progressing with work into the existence, boundaries, and internal organization of the firm by drawing together insights from the capabilities and post-Coasian literatures. If possible, this could provide an invaluable corrective to the natural tendency to Balkanization that has developed in the study of the economics of organization.
Religion and the Persistence of Identity
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

While the malaise discussed in the foregoing essay may be greater in liberal Protestantism, it is not confined there. The role played by religion in the identities of many people is undergoing change-a mark of secularization to be sure, but one that reverberates differentially in various regions of America and among the various religious traditions. This essay explores these themes.
When the Sacred Returns: An Empirical Test
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

The thesis of the previous essay-that the meaning of religious involvement can change even if the level of that involvement does not-finds further support in this essay. It was written as a chapter in a festschrift honoring Bryan Wilson.’’- As the most articulate and prolific exponent of the secularization thesis, Bryan Wilson has been called upon to do battle with those who challenge the thesis. ‘Secularization’, Wilson consistently maintains, ‘is that process by which religious institutions, actions, and consciousness, lose their social significance’. Since, in the eyes of many, religion is still around, and in many places even vibrant, critics claim that this thesis must be in error.
Tocqueville’s Lessons from the New World for Religion in the New Europe
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

‘The religious atmosphere of the country was the first thing that struck me on arrival in the United States.’ So wrote Alexis de Tocqueville soon after his extended visit in 1831. Expecting to find in America the situation he had known in France, with ‘the spirits of religion and of freedom almost always marching in opposite directions’, he instead found that ‘the most free and enlightened people in the world zealously perform all the external duties of religion’. After repeatedly questioning the ‘faithful of all communions’, Tocqueville found that the Americans themselves attributed religion’s ‘quiet sway over their country’ to ‘the complete separation of church and state’. Though accepting this explanation as essentially correct, the French observer none the less investigated further; what was it about church-state separation that led to religion’s increased vitality in society? ‘I wondered’, Tocqueville wrote, ‘how it could come about that by diminishing the apparent power of religion one increased its real strength’ .
Church, State, and the Dilemma of Conscience
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

In 1960, the Maryland Court of Appeals, the highest court in that state, upheld the denial of a notary public commission for Roy R. Torcaso because of his failure to declare his belief in God as required by state law for positions of ‘profit or trust’.
Can Religion Be Religious in Public?
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

The rhetorical question that is my title must be answered with a qualified ‘Yes’, but that qualification is a crucial one. It depends upon how one answers this question: is the essence of religion thought to be its public authority? Since religion’s public authority is precisely what must be relinquished when religion engages in public debate, persons who answer positively this second question will look upon religion in public as tamed to the point of becoming non-religion. Others, however, see the matter in a different way. They can imagine religion having authority over individuals if, in a society such as our own, such individuals voluntarily accept it. What is prohibited is the use of governmental authority to enforce religion’s authority. To do that is to violate the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause.
Neutron interferometers and apparatus
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A
Published: November 2023

Among the various areas of neutron optical research, neutron interferometry has provided some of the most challenging and spectacular developments. In most cases, separated coherent beams are used which are produced either by wavefront division (Young’s type) or by amplitude division (Mach− Zehnder type). These beams are subsequently coherently superposed after passing through regions of space where the neutron wavefunction is modified in phase and amplitude by various interactions: nuclear, magnetic, electromagnetic, gravitational, or by geometry and topology (as in Aharonov−Bohm-type experiments). Various types of neutron interferometers that have been tested are shown in Fig. 2.1. The first neutron interferometer was based upon wavefront division and biprism deflection, but it had several constraints for interferometric applications mainly due to the small beam separation (100 μm) (Maier-Leibnitz and Springer 1962). Nevertheless, this method gained further interest for diffraction experiments from macroscopic objects and for the detection of weak interaction effects where the long flight paths (10 m) enhance the sensitivity for the measurements of these effects (Gähler et al. 1980; Klein et al. 1981a). The perfect-crystal interferometer (Rauch et al. 1974) provides widely separated coherent beams and has become a standard method for advanced neutron optical investigations. The development of diffraction and phase grating interferometers extended the Mach-Zehnder interferometer method to very slow neutrons (loffe et al. 1985; Gruber et al. 1989). The superposition of spin-up and spin-down states in the longitudinal direction provides the basis for Larmor and Ramsey interferometry, where no lateral beam splitting is necessary. The well-known spin-echo systems (Mezei 1972) and zero-field spin-echo systems (Gähler and Golub 1987; Dubbers et al. 1989) are examples of such interferometers, which also play an important role in atom interferometry (Bord é 1989; Kasevich and Chu 1991; Riehle et al. 1991).
Topological and geometric phases
Authors: Rauch Helmut
Published: November 2023

Topological and geometrical effects appear in the solution of the Schrödinger equation due to special geometrical forms of the interaction, or due to interactions which do not result from conservative forces acting on the system (see Section 1.2). A conscientious reader may point out that all these effects could be entirely explained using the Schrödinger equation only. But the geometrical phase formalism is useful because it sometimes plays a role in fundamental quantum phenomena and it shows that additional phase factors exist which are easily overlooked, making the interpretation of measured effects more mysterious than necessary. Thus, our understand-ing of quantum mechanics has deepened since the existence of geometrical phases was explicitly revealed (Shapere and Wilczek 1989). This happened due to the seminal works of Pancharatnam (1956), Berry (1984), Anandan (1992), and Bhandari (1997). It also shows that a wavefunction often carries much more information than is usually extracted in a standard experiment. A typical example is the assumption of adiabaticity, where the magnetic moment of the neutron produces (inside a slowly varying magnetic field) a dynamical phase shift proportional to the path integral ∫ B ds, but when the direction of the field varies slowly an additional, i.e. geometrical, phase also appears. The back reaction of a quantum measurement can also be described as a kind of an induced topological phase (Aharonov et al. 1998).
Some model theory
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H
Published: November 2023

Model theory studies the class of models of a given theory. We have already encountered two theorems that tend in this direction: the completeness theorem and the powerful compactness theorem, both of which assert that, under certain conditions, this class is not empty. The central notion in this chapter and for the kind of model theory that we will develop here is the notion of elementary substructure. Intuitively, M is an elementary substructure of N if, obviously, M is a substructure of N and if, for every finite sequences of elements of M and for every property F[s] that is expressible by a first-order formula, it is equivalent to verify that s satisfies F in M or that s satisfies F in N. This notion will be our concern for the first two sections; the important results will be the Lowenheim-Skolem theorems and their corollaries which imply that a countable theory that has an infinite model must have infinite models of every infinite cardinality.
Energy for animal life
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

The Oxford Animal Biology Series is an innovative new series of supplementary undergraduate texts in comparative animal biology. Topics within each book are addressed using examples from throughout the animal kingdom, looking for parallels that transcend taxonomy. Further reading sections will guide the student into the literature at greater depth. The series will be international in scope, both in terms of the species used as examples and in references to scientific work. Energy for Animal Life, the first book in the series, is about how animals get energy, and how they use it, a central topic in our understanding of animal biology. Life depends on energy, and much of the activity of animals is devoted to getting the food which is their energy source. It encompasses the food chain, from solar radiation and photosynthesis to food sources for herbiviores and for carnivores, and compares the merits of different designs of digestive system, and of different strategies for finding and choosing food. Of course, animal energy isn't simply a question of feeding, and several chapters in turn look at energy use. The energy costs of motion - of running, swimming, and flight - are discussed in one chapter, and the energetic demands of growth and reproduction in another. A chapter on body temperature shows how the processes of life go faster at higher temperatures, and discusses how animals regulate their temperature. A final chapter draws all of these aspects of energy use together, and considers the energy budgets of several different animals, assessing the different energy gains and costs of their everyday activities in the wild. The book is truly comparative, drawing on examples from a wide range of animal species, and lots of practical information on relevant experiments is included. The style is very accessible, and suitable as supplementary reading for first and second year undergraduates taking a degree course in biological sciences.
Feeding
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

Plants capture energy from solar radiation, herbivores get their energy supplies by eating plants, and carnivores get theirs by eating herbivores or, in some cases, other carnivores. We will start this chapter by looking at this energy flow in two ecosystems, a grassland and an ocean. Then we will consider how the guts of carnivores and herbivores are adapted to break down different kinds of food and make their energy available. Then we will examine the energy costs of feeding. Finally, we will discuss how animals should choose what they eat, to get as much energy as possible.Our first example of an ecosystem is the Serengeti, 25 000 km2 of grassland that is mainly in Tanzania but extends into the Mara region of Kenya. The most plentiful plants are grasses, but there are also stands of Acaciaand Commiphoratrees. The grasses are eaten by ungulate mammals, principally buffalo, wildebeest, zebra, and Thomson ‘s gazelle. Also, some grass is eaten by rodents and grasshoppers, and a great deal is destroyed in frequent grass fires. Detritus (remains of dead plants) is eaten by termites, or used by them for building their mounds. The ungulates are eaten by large carnivores, principally lions and hyenas, and the rodents and grasshoppers are eaten by jackals. Hyenas kill much of their own food, but also scavenge on carcasses of animals that have been killed by lions or (more important) have died for other reasons. Vultures soar over the Serengeti, finding and scavenging carcasses in enormous quantities. Flesh-fly maggots and beetles also consume carcasses, and what remains is decomposed by bacteria. Dung beetles depend principally on the dung of the ungulates, and parasites are nourished by food eaten by their hosts.
Growth And Reproduction
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the energy costs of growth and reproduction. It asks, what can be achieved, with a given amount of energy? When is it better to use available resources for growth, and when for reproduction? If for reproduction, how can the resources best be used-to produce a few large eggs or many small ones, to produce males or females, and so on?As an animal grows, it adds to the energy content of its body. Any energy gained from food and not used in any other way can be retained for growth:We will see that this is a modified version of eqn 2.2. The principle of conservation of energy tells us that it must balance. Excreted energy is the enthalpy of combustion not only of the faeces but also of the ammonia, urea, and other compounds in the urine and, if the animal ferments its food, any methane or other combustible gases that are produced.
Body Temperature
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about how the temperatures of animals ‘ bodies are affected by the environment and by the animal ‘s metabolism, and how body temperature in turn affects the rates of physiological processes.Enzyme-catalysed reactions are affected by temperature. If the temperature is low, reactions proceed slowly. Increasing the temperature increases the rate of the reaction, typically doubling it for every 10 K rise (see Box 6.1). Figure 6.1(a) shows, as an example, the rate of the reaction catalysed by citrate synthase from two species of moth. This is one of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that is so important in aerobic metabolism. The graph has a logarithmic vertical axis and is a straight line, showing that the relationship is exponential. Over the range of temperatures investigated, the rate is multiplied by a factor of 1.85 for every 10 K rise in temperature (but at higher temperatures the rate would fall as the enzyme was denatured).
Energy budgets
Authors: Alexander R McNeill
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have told us how much energy is needed for particular functions such as growth, maintaining body temperature, or running at some particular speed. Now we ask how much energy animals use in their everyday lives, and how it is divided between functions.We have seen how animals ‘ rates of energy consumption have been measured in laboratories, generally by measuring oxygen consumption or heat production, but now we want to know about the energy consumption of animals that are ranging freely in their natural environments. For this purpose, the doubly labelled water technique has been especially useful. It enables biologists to find out how much oxygen an animal has used between two occasions on which it is captured, without attaching any apparatus to it. The animal is given a harmless injection and released. When it is recaptured, a sample of its blood or other body fluids is taken for analysis.
Fundamental concepts
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to present the most important concepts and methods of statistical data analysis. A central concept is that of uncertainty, which can manifest itself in a number of different ways. For example, one is often faced with a situation where the outcome of a measurement varies unpredictably upon repetition of the experiment. Such behavior can result from errors related to the measuring device, or it could be the consequence of a more fundamental (e.g. quantum mechanical) unpredictability of the system. The uncertainty might stem from various undetermined factors which in principle could be known but in fact are not. A characteristic of a system is said to be random when it is not known or cannot be predicted with complete certainty.
The Chemistry of Star Forming Regions
Authors: Hartquist T W , Caselli P
Published: November 2023

The first generation of stars formed in gas that was almost entirely hydrogen and helium, and the chemistry that was important during their births, is treated in Chapter 3. In this chapter we focus on star forming regions in which elements more massive than helium a.re important in the chemistry that controls star formation and creates molecules ‘‘which are observed to diagnose the process of stellar birth.
The Magnetohydrodynamics of Outflows from Low-mass Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Hartquist T W , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Winds of high-mass main sequence and highly evolved stars are probably driven primarily by radiation pressure acting on the wind gas (e.g. Lucy and Abbot 1993), while the sustained winds of low-mass and intermediate-ma1;1s highly evolved stars may be affected substantially by radiation pressure acting on dust (cf. Chapter 12). However, radiation pressure is incapable of inducing the high mass-loss rates of 10-9 M0 yr-1 to 10-4 M0 yr-1 characteristic of low-mass (;≲ 4 M0) young stellar objects (YSOs) in some phases of their evolution. The highest mass-loss rates are often associated with clearly defined bipolar flows (e.g. Bachiller 1996); some low-mass YSOs are also seen to possess jets and Herbig-Haro objects (cf. Chapter 10).
Molecular Synthesis in the External Envelopes of AGB Stars
Authors: Millar T J
Published: November 2023

Observations of molecules in the circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) of late-type asymptotic giant braach (AGB) stars provide a natural laboratory in which to apply and test astrochemical models. Such regions, particularly C-rich (i.e. C/0 > 1) CSEs, are rich in molecular species, have a known, usually spherically symmetric, geometry, are bathed in the interstellar radiation field, and undergo a simple expansion at constant velocity in the outer CSE, so that single-dish observations are able to give some information about the spatial locations of molecules from the line profiles (Olofsson 1997). In addition, for an increasing number of molecules, interferometer measurements are available and give detailed maps of the molecular distributions in the CSE (Bieging and Tafalla 1993; Gensheimer et al. 1995; Lucas et al. 1995; Guelin et al. 1996). Observati ns and models of the CSEs can be used as an input into studies of the later stages of stellar evolution when the AGB stars evolve through the proto-planetary nebula phase to planetary nebulae, a subject discussed in Chapter 16. Table 1 shows a list of molecules observed to date in CSEs.
Vortices in nonlinear Fields
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

Although natural phenomena can be described by a few simple and symmetric basic laws they exhibit an astounding variety of behaviours. This can be explained by a process known as symmetry breaking, which can cause an ordered state to form with topological defects. The dynamics of further evolution are determined to a large extent by the dynamics of such defects. This book covers the structure and dynamics of vortices in a variety of nonlinear field models with spontaneously broken symmetry. Point vortices or vortex lines can correspond, depending on the physical setting, to quantized vortices in superfluids or superconductors, dislocations in non- equilibrium patterns, rotating spiral waves, disclinations in liquid crystals, singularities in optical fields or strings in relativistic field theories. This book is unique in considering vortices in these different settings, but also emphasizes the analytical methods that allow an understanding of the common theoretical structure underlying defect dynamics.