bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment-Sensitivity
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2023

The chapter was originally published as a contribution to a book symposium on John MacFarlane’s Assessment-Sensitivity: Relative Truth and Its Applications (OUP, 2014). In his later work, Wittgenstein famously coined the slogan that meaning is use. One widely acknowledged implication of the slogan is that semantic theory for natural languages must answer to a manifestation constraint: the correctness of such a theory, in contradistinction to rivals, must be distinctively displayed in the linguistic practices of users. The chapter engages John Macfarlane’s argument for an alethic-relativist (assessment-sensitive) semantics for various discourses, including ascriptions of knowledge and claims of epistemic possibility, under the aegis of this constraint. To be sure, MacFarlane’s key arguments for the correctness of an alethic-relativist semantics for these and other discourses seem on the face of it designed to comply with the constraint since his central thought is that certain aspects of our use of statements in the discourses in question—most particularly our willingness to retract such claims in the face of new information—are indeed problematic for the most plausible non-relativistic alternative semantic treatments of them. The chapter directly challenges this. It is argued that a regular recursive truth-conditional semantics, for example, on the model familiar from Tarski and Davidson, plus a developed pragmatics incorporating norms of assertion, denial, retraction, and silence can predict all the linguistic phenomena that MacFarlane takes to favour an assessment-sensitive approach. There is no evidential need to relativize the truth of utterances of the relevant kinds to a context of assessment
Exchangespace
Authors: Seddon Toby
Published: August 2023

In the first of two theory-oriented chapters, this chapter develops the new concept of exchangespace as a tool for thinking about what drug control is and how it functions. It begins by reviewing the cross-disciplinary literature on the relationship between markets and regulation and argues for an understanding of drug control as a form of market regulation. Drawing on a constitutive conception of regulation, it develops a specification for the concept of exchangespace, based on the idea that market behaviour and regulatory activity are two sides of the same coin. It argues that the exchangespace concept can be further developed by engaging with complexity thinking and complex systems science. It concludes by observing how exchangespace always functions within a political context shaped by social, economic, and cultural factors.
The politics of drug control
Authors: Seddon Toby
Published: August 2023

In the first of two chapters examining the politics of the ‘drug question’, this chapter explores how we can understand what exactly is at stake when drugs and drug control become matters of political contestation. Using concepts drawn from political science, it argues that rather than the politicisation of drugs being a barrier to drug law reform efforts, a serious engagement with politics and ideology is essential to finding better ways of regulating drugs. The drug question is ineluctably political. The chapter concludes by arguing that surfacing the politics of drug control in this way highlights the need to understand law and policy not simply as technical solutions to social problems but also as about competing visions of the ‘good society’.
British Modernism and the Anthropocene
Authors: Shackleton David
Published: August 2023

This book assesses the environmental politics of modernism in relation to the idea of the Anthropocene—a proposed geological epoch in which humans have fundamentally changed the Earth System. The early twentieth century was marked by environmental transformations that were so complex and happened on such great scales that they defied representation. Modernist novelists responded with a range of innovative narrative forms that start to make environmental crisis on a planetary scale visible, yet it is their failures to represent such a crisis that achieve the greatest success. This book explores how British modernists employed types of narrative breakdown—including fragmentation and faltering passages devoid of events—to expose the limitations of human schemes of meaning, negotiate the relationship between different scales and types of time, produce knowledge of ecological risk, and register various forms of non-human agency. Situating modernism in the context of fossil fuel energy systems, plantation monocultures, climate change, and species extinctions, it traces how H. G. Wells, D. H. Lawrence, Olive Moore, Virginia Woolf, and Jean Rhys undertook experiments with time in their novels that refigure history and the historical situations into which they were thrown. Ultimately, British Modernism and the Anthropocene shows how modernist novels provide rich resources for rethinking the current environmental crisis, and cultivating new structures of environmental care and concern.
Adverse Publicity
Authors: Wells Colin
Published: August 2023

Media-generated notoriety can prejudice an accused and this may lead to a jury being discharged, an indictment being stayed, or a conviction being quashed. Adverse media coverage may also give rise to a breach of the right to a fair trial under Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and lead to contempt of court proceedings against the offending publisher. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has recognized that media reporting of court proceedings plays an important part in the public administration of justice. The limits of permissible media comment may not, however, extend to statements that are likely to prejudice a fair trial. Media freedom of expression can be restricted under Article 10(2) ECHR to protect the rights of others (which includes those on trial) and to maintain the authority and impartiality of the judiciary and jurors. When deciding whether publications created a substantial risk that the course of justice would be seriously impeded or prejudiced, the date, time, and circulation of each publication, the likelihood of it having been read by a potential juror, its likely impact on an ordinary reader at the time of the publication, and its residual impact on a notional juror at the time of trial are all to be considered.
Tactical and Procedural Considerations
Authors: Wells Colin
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers advising upon the merits of an abuse of process application, noting that the discretionary power to stay an indictment for abuse of process is sparingly exercised. Stay applications should not be viewed as usurping the Crown’s prosecutorial prerogative nor an acceptance of the pre-eminence of the interests of the accused, but rather as judicial control of the trial process to ensure fair play and maintain public confidence in the criminal justice system. Account has to be taken of the public interest in the testing of allegations at a public trial. Further, there are alternative remedies available as part of the trial process, to avoid or minimize prejudice at trial. These include, granting the accused bail, expediting the trial, imposing reporting restrictions, transferring venue, postponing the trial, discharging a jury, exclusion of evidence, use of special measures, and judicial direction in the summing-up. All these can offset any prejudice the accused might suffer as a result of loss of evidence, delay, media attention, and mental incapacity.
Political Settlement Dynamics and the Emergence and Decline of Bureaucratic Pockets of Effectiveness in Ghana
Authors: Abdulai Abdul-Gafaru
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the factors that shape the performance trajectories of three relatively effective public organizations in Ghana, namely, the Ministry of Finance, the Bank of Ghana, and the Ghana Revenue Authority. Drawing on an original investigation of organizational performance under the various political settlements that Ghana has experienced in the past few decades, it argues that although ‘pockets of effectiveness’ can emerge under different political settlement types and dynamics, such agencies are more likely to endure in concentrated political settlements than in contexts characterized by dispersed configurations of power. The main mechanism that links Ghana’s shifting political settlement and organizational performance is the quality of organizational leadership and its relationship to the political leadership of the day. Much depends on whether organizational leaders are (a) deemed politically loyal enough to be awarded the protection required to deliver on their mandate and (b) possess the political management skills required to navigate difficult political conditions. High levels of support (both technical and financial) from international development agencies and the privileged status of these organizations as key nodes of economic governance have undoubtedly helped them attain high levels of performance vis-à-vis the wider public bureaucracy. Nevertheless, the fact that the performance of these agencies has waxed and waned over time, despite international support and mandates being largely constant, suggests that the key to understanding their performance lies with political economy factors, with their effectiveness regularly undermined by the increasingly dispersed nature of power within Ghana’s political settlement and the resultant vulnerability of ruling elites.
Introduction: Against Iconoclasm
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M.
Published: August 2023

The Introduction begins with a description of John Dryden’s St. Katherine play and places it in the context of the Restoration reuse of an unexpected and impossible dramatic genre, the early modern saint play. The Renaissance of the Saints After Reform excavates the legends of the saints at a site long thought to be absent of sainthood: the theatre. Building on nearly three decades of important and innovative work since the religious turn in early modern studies, the introduction proposes that early modern theatre was not, in fact, vexed by religion but rather that early modern theatre was invested in dramatizing the vexing parts of religion. The introduction outlines the scope and contributions of the book not only in early modern studies, but also in medieval studies and theatre history. Whereas saints’ lives take on various forms, contexts, and meanings in devotional culture, the pressures of recognizability in the professional theatre of Shakespeare’s time reduce a range of iterations down to an essential core of performatives that identify saints and sainthood on stage. The introduction ends with a brief synopsis of the book’s five chapters and an invitation to consider the saint plays of the early modern era not as the ruined remnants of the medieval past but as new legends of the saints in dramatic form.
Devices of Virgin Martyrdom
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 explores how four outrageous virgin martyr plays address the problem of knowing sainthood. The Virgin Martyr (1619) by Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger, the anonymous Two Noble Ladies (c.1619–22), The Martyr’d Soldier (c.1619–22) by Henry Shirley, and Saint Patrick for Ireland (1639) by James Shirley all feature angelic apparitions to musical accompaniment, books as apotropaic devices, and the miraculous—and often pyrotechnic—destruction of devils. And, in their formulaic production of virgin martyrdom, they use rape as a test to validate sanctity. This chapter also extends the exploration of virgin martyrdom to the Restoration stage. In that period, Matthew Medbourne and John Dryden composed new plays about SS Cecilia and Katherine, respectively, that replicated much of the repertoire of sanctity without utilizing the device of rape perfected by the earlier plays. The violent miracles of the Jacobean and Caroline virgin martyr plays function as a sort of canonization in the theatre that occurs without adjudication by theology or religious confession.
Introduction
Authors: Jettot Stéphane
Published: August 2023

Contemporary pamphlets and novels abounded with allusions to these directories. As they were very familiar to the public, they were mostly only mentioned in passing and so their wider significance is open to debate. Some commentators such as Edmund Burke contended that these publications might fuel a dangerous culture of entitlement among nobles while others deplored their devastating effect on the middling sort. They were also criticized for celebrating the unchecked royal favour and the indiscriminate blending of old families with newcomers. These compilations have been often quoted by historians but they were considered objects worthy of detailed consideration in their own right. They provide new ways of thinking about the social, political, and commercial significance of genealogy between c.1700 and 1840. A rich scholarship on consumption practices and book trade, antiquities, and knowledge networks has been instrumental in the completion of this project.
The Many Ways of Reading and Selling
Authors: Jettot Stéphane
Published: August 2023

In the second chapter, the initial typology of Chapter 1 is somewhat blurred as we consider the many and unpredictable ways in which these directories were used. The literary trope of the isolated old patriarch absorbed in the reading of his Baronetage (Jane Austen, Persuasion) is well known but should not obscure many other practices. As most pocketbooks were not kept safely in libraries and were unlikely to be preserved, their relevance for both landed elite and middle sort has been underestimated. From the customers’ letters to publishers and from their surviving marginalia, it appears that titled and landed families hesitated between the need for practical guides and the desire to see their name included in a more exclusive and gratifying publication. Similarly, expensive folios were made accessible to modest antiquarians through loans and personal relations, while their contents were also serialized through gazettes or cheaper formats available in circulating libraries. Against all odds, directories were used by readers and several publishers to gather gossip and unflattering anecdotes, which in the later eighteenth century fed a more radical agenda.
Oeconomy in A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Macbeth
Authors: Enderwitz Anne
Published: August 2023

Building on the discussion of oeconomy in Chapter 1, this chapter explores the configuration of households in Middleton’s A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Shakespeare’s Macbeth. A Chaste Maid presents an anatomy of urban households in seventeenth century London and is explicitly concerned with material gain. Macbeth pictures a noble household in medieval Scotland and appears more interested in the interface of oeconomy and politics. Yet both plays explore the demise of oeconomy as an ethical paradigm of socio-economic exchanges. Furthermore, in both plays, the household functions both as topos and trope to explore the transformative potential of commercial society. By reading A Chaste Maid together with Macbeth, the chapter establishes crucial connections between oeconomy and commerce and traces their political implications. It also renders apparent the tragedy’s engagement with a commercial logic that recognizes self-interest as a strong motivational force.
Actions and Events
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

Sellars wishes to elucidate the precise sense in which reasons can be causes. All language transitions are cases of association—beliefs cause other beliefs, and intentions cause actions. But we can use a metalanguage to reason about these transitions; it is because I can reason: A A implies B Therefore, B that the thought that-A is not merely the associative cause of the thought that-B, but is also (in rational animals such as ourselves) the reason for the thought that-B. Further, to ascribe a belief or an intention to someone is to imply that the utterance is an instance of a certain way of functioning. “Function” here is understood normatively; hence, the connection between moral judgment and action (or a belief, and the subsequent belief which it would normally cause and for which it serves as a reason) is not merely logically contingent, even if the causal connection sometimes fails.
Conditional Promises and Conditional Intentions
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

In this essay, Sellars elaborates on his account of conditional intentions in response to an objection from Hector-Neri Castañeda. Conditional intentions take the form, “Shall [I finish my essay at time t → I visit Bruce Aune at time t′]”. Castañeda argues that Sellars’s basic principle—that the logic of intentions is parasitic on the logic of their contents—creates counterintuitive results. For example, the above intention would be logically equivalent to its contrapositive—“Shall [I do not visit Bruce Aune at time t′ → I do not finish my essay at time t]”—which is not a good expression of a conditional intention. Sellars argues that Castañeda’s objection can be overcome if we distinguish more carefully between those elements of an intention which are introduced via his principle So-be-it—and so are considered as given, or not up to the agent—and those that are taken to be up to the agent.
The Binkley–Sellars Correspondence, 1956–1959
Authors: Sellars Wilfrid
Published: August 2023

This correspondence with Robert Binkley primarily concerns the 1956 (Methodos) version of “Intention, Imperatives, and the Logic of ‘Ought’” (IIO). Sellars and Binkley are chiefly concerned with two issues here. The first is with universalizability: For example, how does it follow from the fact that the good of society requires that people generally do A, that I should do A? Sellars argues that moral claims issue “inference tickets” of the form, “P is a person in C” implies “Shall [P doing A]” The second main issue Sellars and Binkley discuss is reasoning among intentions. Sellars and Binkley both introduce versions of the “Shall”-operator (a device Sellars did not employ in IIO), and suggest rules governing this operator.
The Database
Authors: Motz Christopher F. , Wallrodt John
Published: August 2023

This chapter offers a brief description and discussion of the essential structure and organization of the PARP:PS database, which provided a centralized, organizational structure for the creation, storage, and analysis of the project’s many and varied datasets. This chapter is intended primarily to provide an example of effective database use and to give readers a general understanding of how the database informed the conclusions reached elsewhere in the present volume. The first section discusses how the database was used as a tool for gathering and storing archaeological data during fieldwork and it explains the database’s role during post-excavation analysis, focusing on how the publication team used the system to organize information and to answer research questions. The second section outlines the database’s organization and interface.
A Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Tucker Gregory
Published: August 2023

The ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey—undertaken by the British School at Rome on behalf of the project—sought to locate, map, and identify subsurface features, both to guide decision-making on trench locations and to provide insight into areas left unexcavated. This chapter describes the techniques adopted for the GPR survey and synthesizes some of the results of the work, contextualizing them within the phased narrative established by the stratigraphic excavation. The survey was best able to identify buried walls, tanks, and drains, contributing data to interpretations on the earliest shapes of buildings, the transition from production to retail activities, and the reformation of spaces in the final phase of ancient activity. The success of the work was especially dependent on the close and dynamic relationship between the excavation and survey teams through both the fieldwork and interpretive phases, allowing the project to allocate its resources more efficiently and effectively.
Phase 1
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

Evidence for the archaic development of Pompeii appears in many forms just inside the Porta Stabia. Despite heavy disturbance caused by subsequent building activities, early features survive well enough to demonstrate that the alignment of the roads and structures of this first occupational phase closely corresponded to those of the last occupational phase. The earliest iteration of the via Stabiana, built from the local Mercato ash and with imported gray ash, ran north to south towards the earliest phase of the city gate. On both sides of the road, structures rose on top of pappamonte block foundations. After an early burst of activity in the sixth century bce, there was a hiatus in construction until the late fourth century bce, when a new road in imported gray ash replaced the earlier version. This road was repaved regularly and flanked by new structures, which incorporated reused stones from the earlier buildings of the sixth century bce.
Phase 2
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

Phase 2 saw no significant architectural changes to the Porta Stabia area; it brought, however, the first evidence of production activities in the neighborhood. At this time, ceramic production became an active industry, as attested by the remains of a square kiln to the east of the via Stabiana and several tanks found on both sides of the street that may have been used to levigate clay. Incipient fish-salting activities might be attested by the partial remains of a tank that still held a thin deposit rich with fish scales and bones; the remains foreshadow an industry that later dominated the area. Along the via Stabiana, new sidewalks of packed-earth with mortar skims replaced earlier surfaces of Mercato ash.
Phase 3
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces the architectural changes that transformed the two insulae in the last quarter of the second century bce through the early first century bce. At this time, the buildings that will define the neighborhood through to 79 ce began to take shape. The three southernmost properties to the west of the via Stabiana in Insula VIII.7, and the one southernmost property to the east in Insula I.1, rose over and obliterated the features of the previous two phases. Some continuity of function is evident in Insula I.1, however, where the kiln of the early ceramics workshop (Phase 2) was replaced by a new kiln. Close to the potter’s workshop, at the southwestern corner of Insula I.1, a public well was constructed. The architectural changes of the neighborhood correspond to the widespread urban development of Pompeii in this period.
Phase 5
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

In the fifth phase of occupation, economic pursuits continued in the properties, but in ways that were entirely different from those of the previous phase. All of the fish-salting tanks and the tannery tanks of Phase 4, almost in a single event, were put out of use, filled, and covered by new floors. In the place of these manufacturing workshops, commercial ventures rose. Taking advantage of the heavy pedestrian and cart traffic to sell food and other goods, the occupants installed bar counters, always at the front of a property adjacent to the via Stabiana; workshops were turned into retail shops. These series of neighborhood-wide developments reshaped both the structural and socio-economic character of this corner of the city, in keeping with changes sweeping through the Roman world as a whole.
Phase 7
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

The final phase of life in the Porta Stabia neighborhood covers the years between the earthquake in 62/3 ce and the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 ce. As with the rest of Pompeii, the buildings here required substantial repair and reconstruction works following the devastating earthquake. All of the reconstruction followed established alignments: walls were built on previous foundations and wall stubs; floors were set down over old floors. The construction techniques demonstrate the speed and urgency with which the work was done. Reconstructed walls of this period included various debris, such as chunks of mortar and plaster, pieces of opus signinum floor paving, broken tiles and amphorae, reused stones, and even groups of stones mortared together. The haste resulted in poor-quality architecture that nevertheless remained standing until the final destruction in 79 ce.
The Properties through the Phases
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides succinct summaries on the development of each building in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 at Pompeii’s Porta Stabia and is intended to serve as a reference for readers who wish to understand the sequence of a particular property over its complete occupational history. The summarized, uninterrupted narratives of the chapter are intended to guide readers to more detailed passages included in the preceding phase chapters. Beginning at the southern side of Insula I.1, we briefly describe our observations within each property from the earliest identifiable activities up to 79 ce, before moving again from south to north through the properties of Insula VIII.7. All of the information provided appears across the phase chapters.
The Porta Stabia Gate and Fortification
Authors: van der Graaff Ivo
Published: August 2023

The Porta Stabia at Pompeii was one of the seven major gates that offered access through the fortifications of the city. Throughout Pompeii’s lifetime the gate served to anchor its street network connecting the via Stabiana, the main the cardo of the city, with the Sarno River valley and its harbor to the south. The Pompeii Archaeological Research Project: Porta Stabia conducted excavations at the gate to understand its historical development and the relationship it had with the surrounding neighborhood and the wider city. This chapter presents the results of these excavations highlighting the critical phases of development for the Porta Stabia and the associated fortifications in this sector of the city. It also tracks the social, religious, and architectural role of the gate in the history of Pompeii.
The Contexts
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a list of each of the stratigraphic contexts created in the excavations of the Porta Stabia neighborhood at Pompeii. Some primary but necessarily abbreviated information is provided for each context, including short descriptions, phasing, and an account of the depositional formation context.
The Harris Matrices
Authors: Ellis Steven J. R. , Emmerson Allison L. C. , Dicus Kevin D.
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides the Harris Matrices for each of the trenches excavated across the Porta Stabia neighborhood at Pompeii. It also includes a Site-wide Harris Matrix that physically and analogically connects each of the phases from each trench into a larger structural phased development of the neighborhood. These Harris Matrices are a schematic illustration of the stratified relationships of each of the archaeological contexts, the primary value of which is to more readily demonstrate the phase to which each context is associated.
The Bar Counters of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Wenner Sarah
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a brief description and catalog for the four shop counters that survive—albeit much reconstructed today—in Insula I.1; none was ever constructed in Insula VIII.7. All four counters were built in the early first century ce, during a time of increased specialization in the retail market, which conforms with the general pattern of known counters elsewhere throughout Pompeii and beyond. All of the counters were built directly onto the floor surface, and they were also of masonry rather than wooden construction, possibly with marble or painted plaster decoration. Three of them show evidence of vessels having been incorporated into their structure.
The Cisterns of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Motz Christopher F.
Published: August 2023

The study of Pompeii’s private water supplies has long focused on elite architecture, with features like impluvia, guttered peristyles, and pressurized water pipes often presented as canonical. These features, however, are absent from the Porta Stabia properties. This chapter, therefore, contributes new insights to our understanding of water collection and storage among the city’s sub-elite population. The chapter first examines the construction of the thirteen excavated cisterns and their development over time. Next, their capacities are analyzed, and it is demonstrated that they had smaller dimensions and could hold far less of the available rainwater than known cisterns from other cities as well as from elsewhere at Pompeii. This may reflect limited investment by the neighborhood’s property owners, as well as a shared reliance on other nearby sources of water. Finally, the catalog includes detailed descriptions of the cisterns themselves and their supply and drainage systems, including a possible water filter.
The Cooking Facilities of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Kreiger Jenny R.
Published: August 2023

While much of the domestic cooking in Pompeii probably took place on portable equipment like braziers, permanent fixtures represent a commitment to cooking in a given space, and so they are important for understanding the (sometimes socio-economic) functions of the spaces in which we find them. A “cooking facility” is a permanent fixture that could have been used for cooking (among other functions, like heating). Across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, cooking facilities for domestic and commercial food production included five hearths or stoves, three small ovens, and six others of ambiguous or mixed types. These cooking facilities form a representative sample of the types of permanent cooking-related features used by the residents of these insulae, especially from the era of transition toward the more commercialized neighborhood in the Early Imperial period (Phase 5) through to the last years of occupation.
The Drains of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Motz Christopher F.
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes and analyzes the forty-one drains excavated across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 at Pompeii. First, it is shown that the functions of the drains fall into two broad categories: those that were part of waste management systems and those that were dedicated to water management and retention. Next, the drains are divided into five groups based on their construction techniques and materials; functional features built along their lengths are also highlighted. The dimensions of the drains are then examined, and it is shown that their widths, heights, and slopes fall into narrow ranges that likely aided their performance. It is also demonstrated that the neighborhood’s water and waste-management systems changed dramatically in the Augustan period, when all of the previously existing drains were deactivated. Half of these early drains had emptied into waste features inside the properties, but beginning in the Augustan period nearly all subsequent drains emptied into the street.
The Fish-Salting Vats of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Motz Christopher F.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines nine possible fish-salting vats that shared similar forms, construction, placement, and life histories. It is argued that they formed part of a small industry active in Pompeii from the first century bce until the early Imperial period, placing them in the earliest years of the Roman fish-salting industry. The cluster of vats is also compared to a group of possible perfume vats along the via degli Augustali; although the equipment was intended for different industries, their similar patterns of construction and deactivation may hint at broader trends in the organization of Pompeii’s industrial economy.
The Floors of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Kreiger Jenny R.
Published: August 2023

Our excavated trenches covered approximately one-third of the surface area of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, yielding data that can speak not only to how floors developed in particular rooms over time, but also to broader patterns in the construction of different types of flooring among the various buildings of both insulae. After a systematic examination of sequences of floor construction and replacement over time, previous assumptions about the desirability of replacing some floor types with others were overturned. The chronological patterning of floor construction in these insulae reflects the ancient residents’ responses to both major events (rapid economic development, earthquake) and mundane factors like room function, renovation budgets, and aesthetic preferences.
The Quarry Areas of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Poehler Eric E.
Published: August 2023

Quarrying at the Porta Stabia neighborhood consisted of two primary activities: the extraction of lava stone bedrock and the excavation, usually in pits, of the yellow ash associated with the Mercato eruption of Vesuvius. This latter material was used in the production of mortar, and it was quarried extensively in and around the buildings of the neighborhood. In fact, most phases of construction or reconstruction included the quarrying of yellow ash, even within enclosed rooms. This chapter provides an overview of the quarries encountered during the excavation at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1, tracing the relationship between the recovered quarrying areas and the construction of the standing buildings, many of which were built from locally procured materials.
The Soak-Aways of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Baker Catherine K.
Published: August 2023

This appendix discusses the construction, use, and contents of the Porta Stabia neighborhood’s fourteen soak-away systems. Soak-aways, underground drainage systems for the removal of waste and wastewater, were constructed by installing one or more modified amphorae beneath a floor to facilitate waste dispersal. The chronology and contents of these soak-aways indicate a close connection between this form of waste management and the fish-salting industry in this neighborhood; soak-aways were primarily in use when fish-salting was at its peak and they contained largely fish-related waste. This appendix also documents the decline of this form of waste management in the Early Imperial period and its replacement with drains running out to the street, a decline which corresponded with the end of the fish-salting industry in this neighborhood and the shift to commercial activity.
The Thresholds of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Ellis Steven J.R.
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the various types of surviving stone thresholds in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1. Most of the thresholds survive only for the retail doorways along the streetfront; very few thresholds were recovered from any of the doorways within the properties. These retail thresholds are known throughout Pompeii and many other Roman cities, identifiable through their generally wider openings that employed narrow horizontal grooves to accommodate a sliding screen door; at one end, a squared opening in the threshold stone allowed for a night-door to provide access when the screen was closed and locked. These retail thresholds are distinct from the narrower entrances that serve domestic spaces. In addition to a catalog that describes their forms, this chapter demonstrates that the retail thresholds are of a type that begins only in the earliest years of the first century ce at the Porta Stabia neighborhood but were also appearing across Pompeii and beyond.
The Votive Objects of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: Dicus Kevin
Published: August 2023

The excavations uncovered portable ritual objects within the buildings across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 and inside the gate court of the Porta Stabia. There was a diversity of votive types, from miniature vessels to anatomical terracotta objects and mundane objects that took on ad hoc ritual meaning. An understanding of the contextual and spatial distribution of the votives demonstrates that there must be precautions against inferring a correlation between the presence of votives and ritual activities. The majority of the votive finds appear in secondary contexts, having been imported from elsewhere, and cannot speak to primary ritual behaviors. Those in primary contexts speak to small-scale domestic rituals events, offerings during construction activities, and ritual observance at the city gate.
The Graffiti and Dipinti of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
Authors: DiBiasie-Sammons Jacqueline
Published: August 2023

Archival records preserve evidence for eight painted inscriptions (dipinti) and five inscribed graffiti from Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 at Pompeii. Of the painted inscriptions, only four were certainly programmata—political posters—despite the busy nature of the Porta Stabia neighborhood. This distribution reflects a larger pattern in the city, by which programmata cluster in the central districts, with fewer on the periphery. Decorrelation Stretch (DStretch) software allows one of these notices to be read today; it advertised the candidacy of Cuspius Pansa and likely dates to the Republican period. The few graffiti known from the area were found on the walls surrounding gardens, attesting to the traffic through, and visibility of, these spaces. Given the long history of exploration at the Porta Stabia, however, other examples likely were recovered but survive neither in the archival record nor on site today.
Perspectives on Plant Strategies
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

Widespread observations of convergent evolution—the selection for similar traits in similar environments among unrelated taxa—continue to motivate interest in plant strategies. Some ecologists prefer simple models with as few strategies as possible, whereas others propose dozens of strategies to explain the diversity of plant form and function. Some models describe strategies as distinct categories but continuous variation in plant traits suggests that strategies align along continuous dimensions. Psychological models of human behavior provide an analogous framework for understanding plant strategies. Psychologists have also debated over the merits of simple versus complex and categorical versus continuous models of personalities. The five-factor model proposes that humans exhibit continuous variation along five distinct traits. Plant strategies may also be best described by continuous variation in independent traits. Plant strategies are phenotypes resulting from natural selection that enable a population to persist in a given environment. To make progress, plant strategy theory must (1) unpack the multiple dimensions of productivity and disturbance gradients into their component parts; (2) articulate the causal relationships between functional traits and life history traits; (3) be able to distinguish between the fundamental and realized niches of a phenotype; and (4) differentiate between trait adaptations to large-scale spatial gradients in climate and soil from trait adaptations to temporal gradients in disturbance and small-scale heterogeneity within local habitats.
Plant Functional Traits and the Multidimensional Phenotype
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C.
Published: August 2023

Modules are the basic architectural building blocks of a plant. Roots anchor plants in place, provide support for growing stems, acquire water and mineral nutrients from the soil, and transport water and minerals to aboveground tissues. Clonality and bud banks are a neglected aspect of plant form and function. Stems support canopies of leaves and branches, and transport and store water, minerals, and carbohydrates. Leaves face a fundamental constraint: they must lose water to gain carbon. The leaf economics spectrum describes a fundamental trade-off between rate of carbon fixation and cost of leaf tissue construction. Defining globally comparable phenological traits is an important unsolved problem. The innovation of seeds revolutionized plant reproduction because fertilization was no longer limited to wet environments, and it enabled the young plant to travel in a dormant state to find more favorable opportunities for colonization. Our understanding of the dimensionality of functional traits is rapidly growing, but at least five dimensions are important: an economics spectrum, height, rooting depth, belowground collaboration with fungi, and a seed-or-resprout spectrum. Evolution is a branching process and species that are close together on the evolutionary tree are more likely to share similar phenotypic traits because they are more closely related, especially when traits are strongly conserved. However, phylogenetic conservatism is not the only explanation of trait similarity among related species because natural selection can also explain it.
Theoretical Reason’s Supreme Principle and the Principle of Sufficient Reason
Authors: Schafer Karl
Published: August 2023

This chapter turns to the characterizations that Kant provides of reason’s governing principle, focusing first on his discussion of this in the theoretical domain. In doing so, it argues that reason’s most fundamental principle can be thought of as a version of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), albeit one that is reinterpreted to make it acceptable within the confines of Kant’s critical philosophy. The discussion focuses on Kant’s two main characterizations of the fundamental principle of theoretical reason—what Kant calls theoretical reason’s “logical maxim” and “supreme principle”. The chapter argues that, while Kant of course rejects the characteristic rationalist claim that the PSR can serve as a potential source of cognition of the unconditioned, he nonetheless believes that we are rationally committed to a form of “doctrinal belief” in the bare existence of something unconditioned, and that this commitment holds even from a theoretical point of view. That is, even with respect to the theoretical use of reason, Kant takes theoretical reason’s interest in systematic comprehension to commit us, albeit only on “subjectively sufficient” grounds, to the proposition that every finite, conditioned thing is ultimately grounded in something unconditioned. I go to explain why this commitment is compatible with Kant’s critique of more traditional forms of rationalist metaphysics.
Making (Rational) Decisions
Authors: Sussman Oren
Published: August 2023

Most of the analysis in subsequent chapters assumes that players make decisions in a rational manner. This chapter explains what this assumption implies—within the narrow context of economic analysis. Like any other, the rationality assumption is an abstraction though, the chapter argues, one that is an acceptable approximation to the behaviour of actual individuals who make decisions within markets and institutions. To simplify the argument, this chapter focuses on decisions that players take in isolation from decisions made by others. It also introduces some technical concepts to be used in later chapters.
Competitive Markets
Authors: Sussman Oren
Published: August 2023

The theory of competitive markets is one of the most powerful tools offered by economic theory. It provides the conceptual basis for a decentralized (spontaneous) economic order, identifying conditions under which it can deliver economically efficient outcomes (a more rigorous analysis of these conditions is offered in Chapter 6, below). The chapter describes the behaviour of players, both firms and consumers, who take the competitive market price as given, derive individual and industry supply and demand curves, argue that a market-clearing equilibrium exists, is stable, is economic efficient, and is accommodating fairness-driven transfers (First and Second Welfare Theorems). We also derive elements of taxation theory and international trade, including David Ricardo's famous theory of comparative advantage.
Learning from Trading
Authors: Sussman Oren
Published: August 2023

When players suspect that other players' beliefs are based on private information, or signals, and are willing to infer such signals from market prices as well as from their own private signals, the rational-expectation equilibrium concept arises. One surprising implication is that all private information is aggregated into an information efficient price, preventing players from profiting on private information. The possibility of herding is investigated using a non-market setting of sequential, privately informed, rational decision makers, where each player can observe the action of their predecessors but not their. However, once that setting is modified to a market, managed by a specialist market maker, an information-efficient equilibrium is restored.
The Changing World of A Bombay Muslim Community, 1870-1945
Authors: Tyabji Salima
Published: August 2023

Muslims formed a disparate and unwieldy ‘community’ in Bombay in the nineteenth century. The Islam that was professedly held in common by various groups could barely provide a sense of unity or cohesion to people so widely diverse in terms of language, customs, and also of forms and practices of belief. By the middle of the nineteenth century, a class of wealthy ship owners, ship-builders, and merchants, belonging to the varied communities that constituted the city, of which Muslims formed an important part, had emerged. This class was outward-looking, ‘modern’, and generally reformist in outlook: Gujarati or Maharashtrian, its goals of social reform, education, as well as political awareness, were gradually beginning to be perceived as goals held across communities, and increasingly across different regions. The questions that were being raised in the social turmoil of the period amongst Hindus were over issues of female education, the age of marriage, widow remarriage, and female seclusion. These issues were not foreign to the Muslim community; and the part played by Muslim leaders in Bombay in discussing and negotiating them was not an insignificant one, taking into account the size and relative backwardness of the community. Within this context, this book traces the evolving identity of a Bombay family and its changing social and political views in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, using three main sources: their family journals, an individual memoir/journal, and letters written home from Europe.
A Modern Woman: The Journal of Safia Jabir Ali, 1926–45
Authors: Tyabji Salima
Published: August 2023

Safia was Badruddin Tyabji’s youngest daughter; and an avid reader and writer in the family akhbar by the time she was eight. So, her journal could be viewed as the result of the literary tastes instilled in her from her childhood, when reading and writing was a normal and pleasant part of the daily routine. Safia’s akhbar starts off as another ‘set-piece’-a joyous celebration of the happiness of youth, of achievement, of adventure, and of toughness-another important characteristic of this family. As time passed, for the writer it became important to remember the past, to record memories, both for herself, perhaps to reinforce her sense of herself, and also, as she states, for her son to read and cherish. The poignant memories of her idyllic childhood, of the adored father; give way to her statements about her no less idolized husband. The account of their early courtship, playful, intimate, astonishingly candid, the ecstasy of union, is extraordinary in its charming openness, in its desire to share the rapture of love with her child. This develops into a celebration of conjugality, equally unusual in our society. Safia was, like most women of those times, a female living through her men, in many ways impotent except within the house, or within well-defined parameters, such as certain forms of political protest. Life beyond the home meant for her ‘her country’.