bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male Breast Cancer: A Disease not to be Forgotten (A Case Report of an Uncommon Histological Subtype with HER Overexpression)
Authors: G Senhaji
Published: January 2024

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a very rare malignant neoplasm with an incidence rate of 0.1 to 1%. It is usually detected in men between 60 and 70 years of age. Due to its low incidence, few clinical trials are conducted and few data are available. Generally, the knowledge is extrapolated from the experience with female patients. Treatment and survival for men with breast cancer is similar to that of women with breast cancer stage per stage. We present the case of an 89 years old male patient, with a 9 months history of an invasive non specific mammary adenocarcinoma in the left nipple ulcerating the skin and showing positive hormone receptor and high proliferation index, associated with multiple lenticular group of axillary nodes and a retractile and spiculated latero tracheal opacity. Through a literature review, we analyzed various epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and therapeutic aspects of this rare entity
Tuberculosis in Pregnancy
Authors: Singh Saurabh Kumar
Published: January 2024

Pregnancy is a time of joy and anticipation, but when tuberculosis (TB) enters the picture, it can bring worries and questions. This article explores the impact of TB during pregnancy. When a pregnant woman gets TB, there are risks involved. It’s important to detect TB early, and this can be done through regular check-ups. Once TB is found, treatment is available, and it’s safe for both the mother and baby. Prenatal care is a must during this time to monitor and manage the disease. Support from doctors, family, and the community is vital. Education about TB and pregnancy empowers women to make informed decisions. In conclusion, while TB during pregnancy may seem challenging, with the right care and support, many women have safely journeyed through it and delivered healthy babies. It’s a reminder that even in tough times, medical care can make a big difference in the lives of mothers and their precious little ones.
Anti-GnRH Receptor Monoclonal Antibody, GHR106 is First-inClass GnRH Antagonist
Authors: G Lee
Published: January 2024

During the last decade, a monoclonal antibody, GHR106 was generated and characterized extensively biologically and immunologically. This antibody targets specific human pan cancer marker and is being evaluated for potential therapeutic applications in cancer immunotherapy and fertility regulations. GHR106 was generated against N1-29 oligopeptide located in the extracellular domains of human GnRH receptor found either in the anterior pituitary or in most of cancer cells. In vitro culture of cancer cells revealed that this antibody can induce apoptosis of cancer cells following 24-48 hours incubations. Anti-tumor activities of GHR106 were evaluated by typical nude mouse experiments in which the effective volume reduction of implanted tumor was observed. Humanized forms of GHR106 were made available in CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T-cell constructs. GHR106 was shown separately to induce cytotoxic killings of cancer cells in vitro by releasing cytokines following incubations of tumor cells with CAR-T cell constructs. In addition, GHR106 also acts as GnRH antagonist by a specific targeting to pituitary GnRH receptor for reversible suppressions of reproductive hormones. These were demonstrated in “Proof of Concept” rabbit experiments. A single subcutaneous injection with 1-3mg/kg of GHR106 to rabbits of either sex could result in 60 to 90% reductions of gonadotropins, estrogen and/or testosterone over a period of one to two weeks. Based on these preclinical assessments, it can be concluded that GHR106 is restricted in tissue expressions and suitable for cancer immunotherapy. It can also act as long-acting GnRH antagonist to target specifically on GnRH receptor in anterior pituitary for numerous gynecological diseases including ovulation inhibition in IVF/ART, endometriosis-premenstrual syndrome, precocious puberty, uterine fibroids and/or polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Influenza in Pregnancy
Authors: S Franjic
Published: January 2024

Pregnant women should avoid places with too many people during a influenza epidemic and people who already have influenza. The immune system of pregnant women is very sensitive and prone to attacks by viruses and bacteria, and the treatment of flu during pregnancy takes longer than usual. Influenza during pregnancy can increase the duration of the infection and can lead to more serious complications, such as pneumonia. More severe cases of influenza in pregnant women can end up in hospitalization of pregnant women. As the influenza has a bad effect on the health of the pregnant woman herself, it can unfortunately also affect the fetus and can lead to the birth of a child with a low birth weight and premature birth.
Clinical Repercussions of having Insight Regarding Human Uterine Innervation in Development of Innovative Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain Specifically in Incapacitating Pain Correlated with Endometriosis- A Short Communication
Authors: KK Kaur
Published: January 2024

Having earlier reviewed pain correlated endometriosis here newer insight received in tackling these severe incapacitating pain which we encounter in routine practice for tackling patients impacted in view of their incapability of working. Recently Pinsard M, et al. conducted an experimental study. Where they dissected the pelvises of 4 human female foetuses into serial sections, followed by treatment with hematoxylin and eosin staining prior to immune staining. They detected nerves (S100 þ) and characterized the kinds of nerves. The slices derived had an alignment for the construction of a 3-dimensional (3D) model. On the constructed 3D model, the nerve fibers apparently possessed a centripetal path from the uterine serosa to the endometrium. Amongst the myometrium, enrichment of density of innervation was found. Endometrial innervation was scanty however was existent in the functional layer of the endometrium. In toto maximum abundance of innervation was existent in the supravaginal cervix and sparse in the body of the uterus. Innervation was laterally to the cervix adjacent to the parametrium and paracervix. Four kinds of nerve fibers were isolated: autonomic sympathetic (THþ), parasympathetic (VIPþ), and sensitive (NPYþ), (CGRP1þ) and (VIPþ). They were observed in the 3 parts and the 3 layers of the uterus. Thus concluding how a constructed 3D model of human uterine innervation model might yield a robust base for assessment of uterine innervation in pathologic situations, for finding newer therapeutic strategies. For gaining greater insight regarding the physiology of pain in pelvic pain pathological situations, like endometriosis, in which changes of uterine innervation have been emphasized, they conducted an anatomic & functional mapping of the macro & micro innervation of human uterus to provide a 3-D reconstruction model of uterine innervation. This would help us in planning innovative therapeutic strategies for incapacitating pain in endometriosis cases with repeated endometriosis surgeries& quality of life (QOL).
IoT and Wearables in Healthcare: Generating Insights from Sensor Data
Authors: RK Khalik
Published: January 2024

The convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wearables within the healthcare sector signifies a paradigm shift, fundamentally altering the dynamics of patient data acquisition and interpretation. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the pivotal contributions of IoT and wearables to the healthcare domain, emphasizing their crucial role in extracting meaningful insights from sensor-generated data. In the ongoing digital evolution of healthcare, the acquisition and analysis of sensor data from diverse devices emerge as indispensable elements, driving the enhancement of patient care, facilitating advanced research methodologies and optimizing the management of various diseases.
Profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV
Authors: Dordetto Priscila  Rangel , Della Cruz Gleidjane Maciel , Costa Helena Ferreira Solla
Published: January 2024

A disseminação do vírus da imunodeficiência humana continua sendo uma preocupação de saúde no Brasil e no mundo. Várias e importantes medidas vêm sendo tomadas ao longo dos anos para conter novos infectados. Recentes estratégias de prevenção surgem como ferramentas adicionais no enfrentamento dessa disseminação. A prevenção combinada em combate ao vírus, surge na tentativa de maiores reduções de sua transmissão, ao combinar estratégias biomédicas, comportamentais e estruturais. A profilaxia pré-exposição consiste em que um indivíduo sem estar infectado, utilize a terapia antirretroviral para impedir a contaminação. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda o uso da profilaxia pré-exposição desde 2012 e atualmente sugere que ela seja considerada para todos os indivíduos sob risco substancial de adquirir o vírus. A motivação, para compreender o comportamento das pessoas que procuram por essa profilaxia, tornou possível a realização desta pesquisa, a fim de identificar as características sociodemográficas e descrever seu comportamento, analisar a adesão terapêutica à terapia antirretroviral para a profilaxia pré-exposição e apontar algumas causas para a falta de adesão ao programa. Isto ocorreu na implantação do programa de profilaxia pré-exposição no serviço especializado em um município paulista. Foi acompanhada a participação de 60 pessoas cadastradas no ano de 2019.
K prekladu termínov z oblasti sociálnej odkázanosti v nemecky hovoriacich krajinách v porovnaní so slovenčinou a češtinou
Authors: Kášová Martina , Tomášiková Slavomíra
Published: January 2024

The aim of our paper was to point out the translatological problems in the translation of terms from the field of social deprivation, while it should be emphasized that we were not dealing with the translation of a professional text in the context of professional communication, but with the translation of terms belonging to this group. The research corpus consisted of selected terms from the field of social deprivation in Germany, which were then compared with the Austrian, Swiss, Slovak and Czech systems. The comparison of the above languages took place on both the formal and the content level with a focus on content identity, which can be analogically compared to a semasiological-onomasiological process. The term had to be first correctly reciprocated, the content identified, and only then the correct naming could be assigned to the content in question.
Enhancing CAT education: the significance of teaching the right skills in the right time
Authors: Poláček Ivo
Published: January 2024

This article explores the dynamic landscape of Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) tools, aiming to identify the key skills employed by language professionals and the essential competencies students should acquire. Employing a survey methodology, responses from a diverse pool of translators shed light on CAT tool preferences, termbase utilization, and automation practices. RWS Trados and memoQ emerge as frontrunners, underlining the versatility required in contemporary translation workflows. While over 80% adopt quality assurance features and ensure precise tag transfers, challenges persist in reusing termbases across projects.ile conversion skills, particularly.tmx conversions, prove significant for translation memory management. Automation practices such as term extraction and pretranslation reveal varied adoption, signaling opportunities for tailored education. Despite limited current usage, machine translation plug-ins and AI present strategic advantages for translators in training, with the emergence of technologies like ChatGPT anticipated to drive a surge in usage Encouragingly, the article concludes that the emergence of AI does not diminish CAT tool usage, positioning them as integral to the evolving language services landscape.
MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN SISTEM BANGUN RUANG MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK MARKER BASED TRACKING AR BERBASIS ANDROID
Authors: Fahrir Aldinno , Nur Rahmi Alfie
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan aplikasi media pembelajaran berbasis Augmented Reality (AR) untuk siswa kelas 5 di SDN Tanjung. Dengan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, penggunaan media tradisional seperti buku dan papan tulis perlu disokong oleh inovasi yang lebih interaktif dan menarik. Aplikasi ini dirancang menggunakan metode Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC) dan bertujuan membantu siswa dalam memahami konsep bangun ruang, menghitung volume, dan menemukan luas permukaan. Melalui antarmuka aplikasi yang responsif dan intuitif, diharapkan siswa dapat belajar secara lebih efektif dan meningkatkan keterlibatan dalam proses pembelajaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan media AR ini menjadi sarana efektif untuk meningkatkan pembelajaran siswa tentang bangun ruang.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI KULIAH KERJA PRAKTIK BERBASIS WEBSITE
Authors: AR Khairan , Ahmad Nazaruddin , Hadinegoro Arifiyanto , Ikramillah Syauqi
Published: January 2024

Kuliah Kerja Praktk (KKP) adalah mata kuliah yang memberikan pemahaman kepada mahasiswa tentang dunia kerja. Mata kuliah ini bertujuan memberikan wawasan kepada mahasiswa bagaimana lingkungan kerja dan bagaimana mengimplementasikan keilmuan di bidang Teknologi Informasi di tempat praktik. Pendataan mahasiswa yang mengikuti kegiatan ini sangat penting, terkait dengan pendataan instansi tempat mahasiswa melakukan kegiatan kuliah kerja praktik. Dibangunlah sebuah sistem informasi kuliah kerja praktik berbasis website menggunakan bahasa pemrograman php, dengan  database nya menggunakan MySQL, dan framework yang digunakan adalah codeigniter. Model pengembangan perangkat lunak yang digunakan adalah model Waterfall Untuk melihat kesesuaian fungsionalitas dari aplikasi dilakukan pengujian black box testing untuk melihat keberhasilan dari fungsionalitas aplikasi. Sistem informasi ini dibangun untuk memudahkan pendataan mahasiswa yang  melaksanakan kegiatan kuliah kerja praktik,  mengurangi kesalahan pendataan dan memberikan kemudahan penyimpanan data. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan sistem informasi kuliah kerja praktik ini layak untuk digunakan sebagai alat bantu dalam pengelolaan data pelaksanaan kuliah kerja praktik.
Gus Baha's online preaching culture in Islam and media ethnography perspectives
Authors: Turhamun Turhamun , Basit Abdul , Riswan Yulianingsih
Published: January 2024

Islam in media communication, examining its representation on platforms such as Instagram. The emergence of media ethnography, particularly in the context of digital media, and its relevance in studying diverse cultural artifacts, including Islamic content. The purpose of this study is to explain in general the principles and relationship between ethnographic media and Islamic cultural phenomena portrayed. As a research methodology, media ethnographic views all elements that are important in the digital world. Because communication can be interpreted with various symbols or symbols. Symbols can be in verbal and non-verbal forms, including Islamic ones. K.H. Ahmad Bahauddin Nursalim's ngaji online program is the case focused on in this study. The results first show that the principles of media ethnography in the online world can facilitate the interaction process. Second, in the context of virtual communication, media ethnography methods encourage the creation of effects on society, so that it can influence people’s culture and communication behavior in the virtual world. Third, Gus Baha, through his ngaji online, exemplifies the attitudes and behaviors of pesantren and Javanese culture, through the kitab kuning and Javanese language represented in his lectures. Fourth, the characteristics of his da'wah represent exactly the soul of Ki Ageng Suryomentaram.
PENATALAKSANAAN FISIOTERAPI PADA KASUS POST OPERASI MENISCUS REPAIR DEXTRA DI KLINIK BINTANG PHYSIO : STUDI KASUS
Authors: Lesmana Doan , Herawati Isnaini , Meidania Monalisa
Published: January 2024

Pendahuluan:  Robekan meniskus merupakan salah satu yang paling umum cedera lutut yang dirawat. Meniskus sangat penting untuk fungsi normal lutut, termasuk beban transmisi, stabilitas sendi, pelumasan, dan nutrisi dari tulang rawan artikular. Hilangnya fungsi meniskus normal menyebabkan peningkatan tekanan kontak lutut dan tulang rawan articular degenerasi dari waktu ke waktu. Perbaikan meniscus (meniscus repair) adalah salah satu jenis operasi yang dilakukan Ketika meniscus haru dilakukan operasi dengan cara menjahit meniscus yang mengalami robekan. Fisioterapi sangat berperan penting dalam perbaikan meniscus dengan latihan isometric, isokinetic yang bertujuan untuk menguatkan grub otot-otot yang lemah. Tujuan: meningkatkan ke fase seterusnya dan meningkatkan aktivitas fungsional untuk bisa Kembali kebidang olahraga. Metode: subjek diberikan latihan penguatan isometric dan isokinetic selama 4 minggu yang dilakukan 3x/minggu. Hasil: evaluasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan instrument penggukuran Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Range Of Motion (ROM), Manual Muscle Testing, dan Antropometri. Kesimpulan: terdapat peningkatan pada ROM, MMT, dan Antropometri  setelah diberikan terapi Lathan selama 4 minggu.
ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN EĞİTİM VE OKUL YÖNETİMİNE YANSIMALARI
Authors: TAŞDAN Murat
Published: January 2024

Göç, ekonomik, sosyal, siyasal, kültürel, teknolojik, çevresel veya bireysel faktörlere bağlı olarak insanların yer ve mekân değiştirmesi biçiminde tanımlanabilir. Göç, daha çok coğrafi değişiklik üzerinde nitelendirilse de siyaset, ekonomi ve kültür gibi kapsamlı beşerî alanlarla da ilişkili sosyal olgudur. Kitlesel göç akışlarının eğitim sistemleri üzerindeki etkisine yönelik az sayıda çalışma yapılmış olmasına rağmen, bu karmaşık gerçeklik araştırma alanına yeterince yansımamıştır. Bu çalışmada eğitim ve eğitim yönetimi alanında yeterince irdelenmeyen uluslararası göç konusu; uluslararası göçün ne olduğu, tarihsel süreçte nasıl yaşandığı, uluslararası göçün nedenleri, uluslararası göçün eğitime, eğitim politikalarına, eğitim ve okul yönetimine getirdiği ve getireceği zorluklar alanyazına dayalı olarak tartışılmıştır. Okul yöneticilerinin, göçmenler ile mülteciler için eşitlikçi ve adil bir eğitimin sağlanmasında önemli rolü bulunmaktadır. Okul yöneticileri, göçmen çocukların eğitiminde, öğrenciler ve diğer okul çalışanları için okul örgütünün lideridirler. Ayrıca, okul yöneticileri pedagojik alanın yönlendirilmesine ve geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunurlar. Mevcut eğitim liderliği modelleri göçmenlerin ve mültecilerin benzersiz ihtiyaçlarını ve deneyimlerini ele almak için yetersiz kalmaktadır. Göç sonrası aşamada, okul yöneticilerinin okulun işleyişini organize etmede önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Eğitim programlarının hazırlanmasında sınıflarda yeni yaklaşımın desteklenmesinde, içeriğin var oluş şekli ve öğretim stili konularında göçmenlere duyarlı bir ortam oluşturulmalıdır. Eğitim sistemlerinde göçmen

toplulukların yerel, ulusal ya da uluslararası ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kaynaklar seferber edilmeli, çalışmalar ve çalışanlar arasında koordinasyon sağlanmalı ve eğitim politikaları yeniden yapılanmalıdır.
MATEMATİK ÖĞRETMENİ ADAYLARININ BİREYSEL VE GRUP İLE MATEMATİKSEL MODELLEME SÜREÇLERİNDEKİ ÇÖZÜM YAKLAŞIMLARI ARASINDAKİ ETKİLEŞİMLER
Authors: ULUSOY Fadime , BİNGÖL Seda Nur , OLGUN Nurşen
Published: January 2024

Bu çalışma, öğretmen adaylarının matematiksel modelleme deneyimi sürecinde bireysel ve grupça ürettikleri matematiksel yaklaşımları ve bu yaklaşımlar arasındaki etkileşimleri anlamayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, çalışmada nitel bir araştırma deseni olan durum çalışması yöntemi benimsenmiştir. Çalışmaya 40 ilköğretim matematik öğretmeni adayı katılmıştır. Öğretmen adayları ilk olarak bireysel ardından dörder kişilik gruplarda çalışmıştır. Veriler, modelleme problemi için yapılan yazılı bireysel çözümler, grup çözümleri, grup çalışma süreci ses kayıtları, grup çalışması sonrası yansıtıcı raporlar aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir. Veri analizinde bireysel ve grupça üretilen matematiksel çözümler iki ayrı durum olarak düşünülerek karşılaştırmalı analizler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, öğretmen adaylarının bireysel olarak bir modelleme etkinliğini düşünürken verilen durumu verilen gerçek yaşam bağlamı içinde incelemek yerine geometrik olarak akıllarına gelen klasik yollara başvurduklarına işaret etmiştir. Diğer taraftan, öğretmen adaylarının bireysel çözümleri grup ile birlikte çalıştıklarında farklı hale gelmiştir. Özellikle gruptaki bireylerin çözüm yaklaşımlarındaki varyasyon ya da daha makul çözümün varlığı grubun nihai kararı ile birlikte tüm grup üyelerinde fikir değişimlerine neden olmuştur.
Endometrial concentrations of ampicillin in mares after intrauterine infusion of the drug
Authors: Love C. C. , Strzemienski P. J. , Kenney R. M.
Published: January 2024

Serum concentration of ampicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, was measured in mares at various time intervals up to 24 hours after intrauterine infusion of 3 g of ampicillin. Blood samples were drawn immediately before infusion and at 1-, 4-, 10- and 24-hour intervals after infusion. At postinfusion hour 24, two endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained to measure endometrial concentrations of ampicillin. Blood was drawn twice as part of the 24-hour postinfusion sample collection, once before removal of the biopsy specimens and again 5 minutes after removal of the biopsy specimens.

After drug infusion, more diestrous mares had detectable serum ampicillin concentration than did estrous mares for all samples, except the 24-hour prebiopsy sample. None of the 24-hour prebiopsy serum samples had detectable ampicillin concentration, but ampicillin was detected in the serum of 4 of 5 diestrous mares after endometrial biopsy.

Endometrial concentrations of ampicillin were detectable at postinfusion hour 24 in estrous and diestrous mares, but were not different. All 24-hour biopsy specimens had ampicillin concentrations greater than the ampicillin minimal inhibitory concentration.
Humoral immune response to immediate-early protein of pseudorabies virus in swine with induced or naturally acquired infection
Authors: Cheung Andrew K.
Published: January 2024

Pseudorabies virus (prv) immediate-early (ie) protein is a nonglycosylated polypeptide localized in the nuclei of infected cells. The ie protein is a regulatory protein that is only synthesized during viral replication and is presented to the immune system of prv-infected swine. Antibodies to the ie protein were demonstrated in swine with induced or naturally acquired infection. However, antiserum raised against purified ie protein could not neutralize prv in vitro.
Anatomy of the orbital fasciae and the third eyelid in dogs
Authors: Constantinescu Gheorghe M. , McClure Robert C.
Published: January 2024

The connective tissue structures commonly referred to as the periorbita, orbital septum, muscular fasciae, and vagina bulbi or collectively, as the orbital fasciae were dissected then illustrated and described.

Two sheets (layers) of the periorbita (endorbita) were found in our dogs. The periorbita should be renamed endorbita because of its anatomic relations. The periorbita did not always fuse with the periosteum of frontal and sphenoid bones. Rather, the periorbita and the periosteum were often distinct and separate; only medioventrally did several fibrous bands unite the superficial sheet of the endorbita with the periosteum. Two layers of the endorbita fused with the periosteum of the margin of the bony orbit and with the orbital ligament.

The muscular fasciae were divided into 3 layers. The superficial layer extended caudally from the orbital septum, was thick, and was pierced by arteries, veins, and nerves. The middle layer was attached to the sclerocorneal junction and, at the temporal canthus of the eye, was divided into superficial and deep sheets. The deep portion was attached to the lateral angle of the third eyelid, similar to a strong ligament. The deep layer of the muscular fasciae extended caudally from the sclerocorneal junction in intimate contact with recti and oblique muscles of the eyeball. The deep portion of the deep muscular fascia covered the deep surface of all recti muscles and separated them from the retractor bulbi muscle. Intermuscular septa were observed between middle and deep muscular fascia layers. The body of the third eyelid was located between superficial and middle muscular fascia layers and was fixed ventrally to the lateral angle of the eye by the deep sheet of the middle muscular fascia.
Effect of growth in cell cultures and strain on virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae for swine
Authors: Zielinski Gustavo C. , Ross Richard F.
Published: January 2024

In an attempt to develop better methods for consistent induction of pneumonia in naturally born swine, using cultures of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, fifty 6-week-old, naturally born pigs from a respiratory disease-free herd were used in 3 trials. Pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232 (passage 21) grown for 1 passage or 5 passages in Eagle minimal essential medium plus 20% porcine serum, with or without human lung fibroblasts, had a mean (± sd) value range between 5.4 ± 3.6 and 9.2 ± 2.1% of consolidated lung area. In the second trial, pigs inoculated 1, 2, or 3 days in succession with strain 232 grown in Eagle medium or Friis mycoplasmal medium with 20% porcine serum had between 5.1 ± 7 and 8.7 ± 4.3% of consolidated lung area. In the third trial, virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains 144L (p27), 11 (p26), J (p60), and 232 (p27) grown in Friis mycoplasmal medium was compared. Pigs inoculated with those strains had 5.1 ± 4.1, 2.6 ± 3.1, 0, and 4.3 ± 4% of consolidated lung area, respectively. Significant differences were not found in consolidated lung area among groups in trials 1 and 2, and among groups of pigs inoculated with M hyopneumoniae strains 144L, 11, and 232 in trial 3. Pneumonia was not detected in pigs inoculated with strain J in trial 3.
Bacteriologie and pathologic studies of hepatic lesions in sheep
Authors: Scanlan Charles M. , Edwards John F.
Published: January 2024

At an abattoir, lesion specimens from 140 condemned sheep livers were collected for bacteriologie culture and for pathologic examination. Grossly, 23 lesions were abscesses; from 9 of which, Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A (3 in pure culture and 6 in mixed culture) was isolated and from 14 of which, biovar B (6 in pure culture and 8 in mixed culture) was isolated. Escherichia coli was the predominant facultative anaerobic bacterium and Clostridium perfringens was the predominant obligate anaerobic bacterium isolated from the 14 lesions with mixed bacterial infection. Histologically, these lesions had a core of coagulation necrosis, encircled by a zone of necrotic phagocytic cells and bacteria with cellular characteristics of F necrophorum biovars A or B, and a connective tissue capsule.

Of the 117 lesions without F necrophorum, 49 were culture-positive (for other organisms) and 69 were culturenegative. These 117 lesions were fibrous and were smaller than the 23 abscesses. A variety of gram-positive and gram-negative facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was isolated from the culture-positive lesions, but always in low numbers. Eleven culture-negative and 18 culture-positive lesions were examined and had histologic characteristics of parasite-induced granulomas, with numerous eosinophils and epithelioid giant cells.

Results of the study indicated that the histologic appearance of ovine hepatic lesions with F necrophorum was similar to bovine liver abscesses caused by F necrophorum, but unlike bovine liver abscesses, F necrophorum biovar B was isolated more frequently than was biovar A and often in pure culture. Most of the lesions in the condemned livers were parasite-induced granulomas.
Correlation between drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma and anesthetic action of ketamine in swine
Authors: Löscher Wolfgang , Ganter Martin , Fassbender Christian P.
Published: January 2024

Pharmacokinetic variables and metabolism of im and iv administered ketamine (15 mg/kg of body weight) were determined in 8 swine (2 adult sows and 6 young pigs). After im administration, maximal plasma concentration was rapidly reached, but peak concentration varied considerably, although comparison with iv data for the same swine indicated that the drug was almost completely absorbed from the musculature. After iv administration, ketamine kinetics followed a 3-term exponential decrease, indicating rapid initial distribution of the drug to highly vascular tissues including the brain, followed by redistribution into less vascular tissues, and elimination. Redistribution and elimination phases, with similar kinetics as those observed in the iv experiment, also were determined in the im experiment. After both routes of administration, onset of anesthesia was rapid, and most swine recovered consciousness during the phase of redistribution, indicating that anesthesia is terminated by redistribution of drug from the brain into other tissues, whereas metabolism and excretion are less important for duration of anesthesia induced by ketamine. The time during which the swine resumed a lateral position (sleep time) was positively correlated with plasma ketamine concentration at onset of lateral recumbency, as well as with the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. The minimal plasma ketamine concentration for induction of immobilization was about 2 μg/ml. In adult sows, ketamine induced profound analgesia, which was not obtained in young pigs; this difference in potency could not be related to pharmacokinetic differences between young and adult swine. With respect to metabolism of ketamine in swine, the major metabolite in plasma was norketamine (metabolite I), whereas a second metabolite (metabolite II) was detected only in low concentrations. Elimination half-life of ketamine was about 2 hours after either im or iv administration.
Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum biochemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus)
Authors: Zinkl Joseph G. , Mae Doni , Merida Pedro Guzman , Farver Thomas B. , Humble Joseph A.
Published: January 2024

Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 217 donkeys (Equus asinus). Donkeys were classified on the basis of size, sex, age, and whether they were domestic or feral. Parametric (mean ± 2 sd) and nonparametric (2.5th to 97.5th percentile) reference ranges were calculated for each analyte.

For all donkeys, 26 of 46 analytes significantly departed from gaussian distribution. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in miniature donkeys was higher than that in other donkeys. Differential leukocyte counts in feral donkeys differed from those in other types in ways that suggested that the former had smaller parasite loads or experienced greater stress. Erythrocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts and fibrinogen, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and potassium concentrations decreased with age. Eosinophil counts, mean corpuscular volume, and plasma protein, serum protein, and serum globulin concentrations increased with age. Female donkeys had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte and neutrophil counts than did male donkeys. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased with age, and females had higher values than did males of all age groups. An interaction between age and sex was observed for alkaline phosphatase activity, with a trend for decreased activity with age.
Plasmid profiles of six species of Campylobacter from human beings, swine, and sheep
Authors: Boosinger Timothy R. , Blevins Willard T. , Heron James V. , Sunter Janet L.
Published: January 2024

Twenty-four isolates representing 6 species of Campylobacter were screened for plasmids. A large plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 38 Mdal was detected in 5 C jejuni isolates originally recovered from diarrheic human beings, in one isolate of C coli recovered from diarrheic pigs, and in 1 isolate of C sputorum ssp mucosalis and 2 isolates of C hyointestinalis recovered from pigs with proliferative enteritis. One isolate of C coli and 1 isolate of C hyointestinalis contained an additional smaller plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 1.6 Mdal; this plasmid was partially mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion. Fifteen Campylobacter isolates contained no detectable plasmids: 2 C coli, 2 C sputorum ssp mucosalis, 2 C fecalis, 1 C fetus ssp fetus, and 8 C hyointestinalis isolates. In summary, 37.5% of the Campylobacter isolates contained a 38-Mdal plasmid, with 8% having both 38 Mdal and 1.6-Mdal plasmids; 62.5% contained no detectable plasmids.
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan accelerates net synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans by arthritic equine cartilage tissues and chondrocytes
Authors: Glade Michael J.
Published: January 2024

Low molecular weight polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (psgag) stimulated net collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by normal and arthritic equine fetlock cartilage tissues in organ culture. Arthritic tissues were more sensitive to psgag stimulation. The rates of cartilage-specific type-II collagen and chondroitin sulfate-rich glycosaminoglycan synthesis by confluent chondrocyte cell cultures obtained from normal and arthritic equine cartilage tissues were increased by 25 and 50 mg of psgag/ml. Cells from arthritic cartilage were also more sensitive to the presence of psgag. In addition, concentrations of psgag (25 and 50 mg/ml) approximate to those in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of 250 mg of psgag inhibited the rate of collagen and glycosaminoglycan degradation in cell culture. These findings suggest that psgag may have a role in the healing of mild cartilage degeneration by encouraging the production of replacement hyaline matrix materials, while delaying their subsequent degradation. In contrast, growth of cell cultures was inhibited by psgag, suggesting that these compounds may fail to stimulate chondrocyte replication, a prerequisite for tissue regeneration. Nonetheless, these observations provide direct evidence of a truly chondroprotective role for low molecular weight psgag in the treatment of equine degenerative joint disease.
Adverse immune reactions and the pathogenesis of Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves
Authors: Wiggin C. J. , Gibbs H. C.
Published: January 2024

The possible development of type-1 hypersensitivity reactions in the abomasal mucosa caused by soluble L3 products of Ostertagia ostertagi was studied in 4-month-old calves sensitized by repeated exposure to L3 over a 50-day period followed by anthelmintic treatment. Four groups each of 4 calves were used. Group 1 served as nonsensitized controls and group 2 as sensitized controls, group 3 was challenge exposed at 2-week intervals beginning at week 10 with a soluble L3 product (oag), and group 4 was challenge exposed at 2-week intervals with an oral dose of L3, followed by anthelmintic treatment 3 days later. All calves infected with L3 became sensitized, as indicated by a positive reaction to an intradermal skin test. However, a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was only partly effective in indicating the presence of homocytotropic antibody in the infected calves. Sensitized calves had significantly (P < 0.05) higher eosinophil counts and plasma pepsinogen values for the entire 14 weeks than uninfected controls. Globule leukocyte and mast cell counts from the abomasal mucosa were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher.

Studies for possible immunomodulation revealed that lymphocyte counts decreased between every 2-week challenge-exposure period for groups-3 and -4 calves. A transient depression of blood lymphocyte (bl) responses to phytohemagglutinin (pha), a T-cell mitogen, was observed over the first 8 weeks in the infected calves. Increases in bl responses to oag were also observed. Differences were not observed in bl responses to pokeweed mitogen, a T- and B-cell mitogen. Blood lymphocyte responses to pha in group-3 calves were low following the initial challenge exposure with oag. The sensitized calf lymphocytes did not have suppressive activity on the response of control calf lymphocytes to pha. Differences were not observed in lymphocyte responses to pha in a suppressive assay done on abomasal lymph node lymphocytes. Increases in abomasal lymph node mass and lymphocyte responses to pha, pokeweed mitogen, and oag were observed in all sensitized calves. Histologic examination of abomasal lymph node sections from challenge exposed calves revealed increased mitotic activity in germinal centers. Plasma pepsinogen values in groups 3 and 4 increased between each challenge exposure, which further suggested that type-1 hypersensitivity reactions had occurred in the abomasal mucosa, resulting in increased permeability and leakage of macromolecules.
Serum and tissue cage fluid concentrations of ciprofloxacin after oral administration of the drug to healthy dogs
Authors: Walker Robert D. , Stein Gary E. , Hauptman Joseph G. , MacDonald Kathleen H. , Budsberg Steven C. , Rosser Edward J.
Published: January 2024

Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered orally to 4 healthy dogs at dosage of approximately 11 and 23 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4-week interval between dosing regimens. Serum and tissue cage fluid (tcf) concentrations of ciprofloxacin were measured after the first and seventh dose of each dosing regimen. The peak concentration was greatest in the serum after multiple doses of 23 mg/kg (mean ± sem; 5.68 ± 0.54 μg/ml) and least in the tcf after a single dose of 11 mg/kg (0.43 ± 0.54 μg/ml). The time to peak concentration was not influenced by multiple dosing or drug dose, but was longer for tcf (6.41 ± 0.52 hour) than for serum (1.53 ± 0.52 hour). Accumulation of ciprofloxacin was reflected by the area under the concentration curve from 0 to 12 hours after administration (AUC0→12). The AUC0→12 was greatest in the serum after multiple doses of 23 mg/kg (31.95 ± 1.90 μg·h/ml) and least in the tcf after a single dose of 11 mg/kg (3.87 ± 1.90 μg·h/ml). The elimination half-life was not influenced by multiple dosing or dose concentration, but was greater for tcf (14.59 ± 1.91 hours) than for serum (5.14 ± 1.91 hours). The percentage of tcf penetration (AUCTCF/AUCserum ) was greater after multiple doses (95.76 ± 6.79%) than after a single dose (55.55 ± 6.79%) and was not different between doses of 11 and 23 mg/kg. Both dosing regimens of ciprofloxacin resulted in continuous serum and tcf concentrations > 90% of the minimal inhibitory concentration for the aerobic and facultative anaerobic clinical isolates tested, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antigenic assay for protein C determination in horses
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Prasse Keith W. , Duncan Alexander , Morris Michael J.
Published: January 2024

An antigenic assay was developed for determination of protein C in horses. Protein C, a natural, vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant component in blood, was isolated from equine plasma, a specific antibody was produced in goats, and a rocket electroimmunophoresis assay was established. Tests were performed to verify the identity of the isolated protein C and to determine the purity of the antibody. Protein C antigen was measured in plasma from 34 clinically normal horses, and values were compared with amidolytic function values. The mean (± sd) values for the 2 test methods were similar (antigen content, 104.5 ± 13.8%; amidolytic activity, 104.6 ± 17.5%), but the correlation coefficient was 0.1. Four horses given Na coumarin had markedly decreased plasma protein C amidolytic activity and minimal decrease in protein C antigen content.
Immunogenicity of Brucella-extracted and recombinant protein vaccines in CD-I and BALB/c mice
Authors: Pugh George W. , Tabatabai Louisa B. , Bricker Betsy J. , Mayfield John E. , Phillips Marshall , Zehr Emilie S. , Belzer Carol A.
Published: January 2024

A study was conducted to determine whether subcomponent proteins (previously identified as BCSP20, BCSP31, and BCSP45, and the corresponding recombinant proteins rBCSP20, rBCSP31, and rBCSP45) that were recovered from the cell surface of Brucella abortus strain 19 were immunogenic and protective for mice when compared with Brucella cell surface protein (bcsp) and with a proteinase K-treated lipopolysaccharide (pklps) extracted from B abortus strain 2308. Protection was evaluated after challenge exposure with a virulent culture of B abortus strain 2308, using CD-I or BALB/c mice or both inoculated with vaccines of various combinations and concentrations, with and without pklps or bcsp. Protection was assessed by enumeration of splenic colony-forming units, reduced mean splenic weight relative to controls, and the relative serologic responses (immune response) in an elisa.

The general results indicate that bcsp, pklps, bcsp20, and bcsp31 are immunogenic or protective or both. Protectiveness was not observed for each of the recombinant proteins; however, results from the combined recombinant protein vaccine study suggest the immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins. The apparent immune-inducing properties of bcsp20 and bcsp31 are thought to be attributable to the presence of an immunogenic and protective bcsp fraction (possibly lipopolysaccharide) still associated. Serologic results support our conclusion that each of the recombinant protein vaccines did not induce a protective response comparable to that of bcsp or pklps, even when the subcomponents were combined.

Although the results suggest that the subcomponents of bcsp apparently induced partial protection, they are thought to be only a part of the antigens contained in bcsp that influence the serologic response. Our findings may serve as an experimental model to determine the mechanisms involved in the protective responses induced by Brucella antigens.
Breda virus (Toroviridae) infection and systemic antibody response in sentinel calves
Authors: Koopmans M. , Cremers H. , Woode G. , Horzinek M. C.
Published: January 2024

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were established to detect Breda virus antigen in feces and homologous antibodies of the IgGl, IgM, and IgA isotypes in serum. With the aid of solid-phase immune-electron microscopy, torovirions in fecal material were observed. The course of natural infection was studied in 10 sentinel calves that had been obtained from different farms, and housed together at 1 week of age. They were separated from other cattle until the age of 10 months.

Up to the age of 4 months, all calves regularly excreted Breda virus in the feces. Irrespective of the existence of IgG1 isotype maternal antibodies, all calves had early IgM responses in serum, but lack of IgA seroconversion. In 7 calves, antibody titer decreased below detection, whereas 3 calves had an isotype switch, resulting in persistent IgG1 titer. After introduction into the dairy herd at 10 months of age, all calves had diarrhea, and shedding of Breda virus was observed in 8 of them. Seroconversion for all antibody isotypes was observed, indicating lack of mucosal memory. In contrast, coronavirus infection in the presence of maternal antibodies led to isotype switch in all calves but one, and a memory response was observed after introduction into the dairy herd.
Evaluation of ketoconazole and itraconazole for treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis in cats
Authors: Medleau Linda , Greene Craig E. , Rakich Pauline M.
Published: January 2024

During the first part of a study, cats were inoculated with Cryptococcus neoformans via the following routes: intradermal, intranasal, iv, and intracisternal. Only use of the iv route of inoculation consistently induced disseminated cryptococcosis. In the second part of the study, disseminated cryptococcosis was experimentally induced in cats via iv inoculation of C neoformans. One month after inoculation, 3 cats were treated with ketoconazole (10 mg/kg of body weight/d) and 3 cats were treated with itraconazole (10 mg/kg/d) for 3 months. One of the ketoconzole-treated and 2 of the itraconazole-treated cats also had cryptococcosis of the cns when treatment was begun. During treatment, serum cryptococcal antigen titer progressively decreased in all cats. Abnormalities in cbc values or the serum biochemical profile were not found in any cat during treatment. However, all ketoconazole-treated cats became anorectic and lost weight. Side effects were not seen in itraconazole-treated cats. During the 3-month posttreatment observation period, all cats remained healthy. At necropsy, histologic evidence of cryptococcosis was not found in the 3 ketoconazole-treated cats or in 2 of the itraconazole-treated cats. In the third itraconazole-treated cat, cryptococcal organisms were found in the kidneys.
Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for two injectable formulations of netobimin administered to calves
Authors: Lanusse Carlos E , Ranjan Sivaja , Prichard Roger K.
Published: January 2024

In a 4 × 4 crossover-design study, pharmacokinetic variables of 2 injectable formulations of netobimin (trisamine salt solution and zwitterion suspension) were compared after sc administration in calves at dosage of 12.5 mg/kg of body weight. Netobimin parent drug was rapidly absorbed, being detected between 0.25 and 12 hours after treatment, with maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) values of 2.20 ± 1.03 μg/ml achieved at 0.75 ± 0.19 hour (trisamine) and 1.37 ± 0.59 μg/ml at 0.81 ± 0.18 hour (zwitterion). Netobimin area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was 7.59 ± 3.11 μg·h/ml (trisamine) and 6.98 ± 1.60 μg·h/ml (zwitterion). Elimination half-life (t½β) was 2.59 ± 0.63 hours (trisamine) and 3.57 ± 1.45 hours (zwitterion).

Albendazole was not detected at any time. Albendazole sulfoxide was detected from 4 hours up to 20 hours (trisamine) and from 6 hours up to 24 hours (zwitterion) after administration of the drug. The Cmax values were 0.48 ± 0.16 μg/ml and 0.46 ± 0.26 μg/ml for trisamine and zwitterion formulations, respectively, achieved at time to peak drug concentration (Tmax) values of 9.50 ± 1.41 hours (trisamine) and 11.30 ± 1.04 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfoxide AUC was 3.86 ± 1.04 μg·h/ml (trisamine) and 4.40 ± 3.24 μg·h/ml (zwitterion); t½β was 3.05 ± 0.75 hours (trisamine) and 3.90 ± 1.44 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone was detected from 4 (trisamine) or 6 hours (zwitterion) to 24 hours after treatment. The AUC was 6.98 ± 1.60 μg·h/ml (trisamine) and 10.51 ± 7.41 μg·h/ml (zwitterion); Cmax was 0.76 ± 0.21 μg/ml at Tmax of 12.00 ± 1.85 hours (trisamine) and 0.70 ± 0.24 μg/ml at Tmax of 12.50 ± 2.33 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone t½β was significantly (P < 0.05) longer for the zwitterion formulation (7.77 ± 4.72 hours) than for the trisamine salt (2.87 ± 0.61 hours). Albendazole sulfone AUC was higher than albendazole sulfoxide AUC, resulting in AUC ratio of 1.8 (trisamine) and 2.4 (zwitterion).

The 2 formulations were not significantly different in terms of AUC or Tmax for netobimin and albendazole sulfone, AUC for albendazole sulfoxide, or t½β for netobimin and albendazole sulfoxide. It was concluded that the 2 netobimin injectable formulations were bioequivalent. Experimental phase had a significant effect on the AUC and Cmax for albendazole sulfoxide and on the Cmax for netobimin. One possible explanation for the differences between phases could be induction of liver microsomal enzymes by netobimin and its metabolites, resulting in increased rate of metabolism during phase 2 of the study.