bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REMEDIACIÓN DE LOS IMPACTOS CAUSADOS POR EL DERRAME DE PETRÓLEO EN LA LAGUNA DE PAPALLACTA EN ECUADOR-SUR AMERICA1 TIEMPO DE EJECUCIÓN: NOVIEMBRE 2003-MAYO 2004
Authors: Pino Iván A. Aveiga del , Cabrera Luis , Tapia Iván , Ponce Patricio
Published: January 2013

Se limpió y remedió un área afectada aproximada de 7,2 ha (hectáreas) por un derrame con 22000 barriles de petroleó en la Laguna de Papallacta, producto de la rotura del oleoducto transecuatoriano. Se descontaminaron riberas, sedimento, agua de ríos y de la Laguna de Papallacta. Los hidrocarburos presentes en el agua fueron extraídos por skimming, adsorción, absorción y filtrado. Los sedimentos contaminados del fondo de la laguna, fueron extraidos por succión, deshidratados y transportados a estaciones de landfarming para su biorremediación utilizando microorganismos endémicos. Los análisis iniciales de concentración de hidrocarburos totales en las riberas de los ríos y de la laguna oscilaban entre 40245 y 85879 miligramosILitro (mg/L)MM1, 4500 mg/Kg en los sedimentos del fondo de la laguna y 89 mg/L en el agua de la laguna.

Los trabajos de remediación se subdividieronpor conveniencia logística en 5 tramos. La limpieza y remediación incluyó el lecho de los ríos, rocas, riberas de la Laguna de Papallacta, material vegetal y agua contaminada.

La remediación redujo los niveles de hidrocarburos de petróleoen los suelos a menos de 1000 mg/L, en sedimentos de la laguna por debajo de 500 mg/L y en el agua de la laguna por debajo de 0,5 mg/L. Los valor es de los hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos en agua y sedimento de la laguna alcanzaron valores menores a I mg/Kg-LMM2. Todos estos valores son los establecidos como limites permisibles para ecosistemas sensibles y agua para consumo humano. La recuperación del ecosistema, además, se estableció por la presencia de invertebrados bénticos en la laguna, que al inicio de la limpieza estaban ausentes. Entre los grupos registrados se incluyen bivalvos, caracoles, nemátodos y larvas de insectos.

La remediación se realizó sin utilizar productos químicos o biológicos en los procesos de limpieza en el área del derrame en la laguna.
EMANACIÓN NATURAL DE CANTARELL: LABORATORIO NATURAL PARA EXPERIMENTOS DE DERRAMES DE PETRÓLEO
Authors: Quintero-Mármol Arturo Mendoza , Miranda Fernando Pellon de , Goodman Ron , Bannerman Karen , Pedroso Enrico Campos , Rodríguez Miguel Herrera
Published: January 2013

La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre derrames de petróleo se realizan mediante trabajos de laboratorio en diferentes escalas, empleando desde cristalería hasta tanques para pruebas de ï las. Por lo tanto, la extrapolatión de sus resultados para condiciones de derrames reales es difícil dadas las limitaciones para establecer una parametrización adecuada. Por otra parte, los expert—mentos realizados en mar abierto son limitados debido a sus altos costos, así como a la complejidad para la gestión de los permisos requeridos en muchos paises. De esta forma, las emanaciones naturales de aceite representan un escenario potential que puede ser utilizado para solucionarlo.

Aunque la mayor parte de las emanaciones naturales son pequeñas e intermitentes, otras pueden alcanzar grandes magnitudes y una actividad casi constante, como en el caso de la conocida como Chapopotera de CantarelV, en el sur del Golfo de México. Con registros satelitales de área may ores a los 200 km2 y una presencia casi constante, sus órdenes de magnitud son similares a muchos de los derrames de dimensiones relevantes. Por lo tanto, representa una oportunidad para desarrollar en una escala natural una gran variedad de estudios sobre fenómenos de advección, dispersión, degradatión, así como ciertos tipos de respuesta.

Con base en cinco años de informatión sobre el comportamiento espacial de la emanatión de Cantarell usando imágenes del satélite RADARSAT-1 se desarrolló una referenda para analizar y mejorar los resultados de la modelacion de derrames de petróleo. Esta informatión también se analiza con relatión a pruebas de derrames en laboratorio utilizando el mismo tipo de aceite para comprender mejor el comportamiento de las películas de aceite en el mar. Este esquema de trabajo multidisciplinario se plantea como una alternativa para mejorar la evaluatión y seguimiento de eventos relacionados con derrames de petróleo.
RESOURCES AND UNDERSEA THREATS (RUST) DATABASE: AN ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING SUBMERGED HAZARDS WITHIN THE NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARIES1
Authors: Overfield Michael L.
Published: January 2013

Recent incidents within our National Marine Sanctuaries and throughout our country have directed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to begin to look proactively at catastrophic oil and other chemical releases from submerged sources. Integrating data from several federal, state, and private sources, the Resources and UnderSea Threats (RUST) database was developed to inventory and determine through analysis the scope of this potential threat. Although this tool was developed initially for use by sanctuary resource protection managers, its application has applicability to the broader response community.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF TOWING DAMAGED VESSELS: A REVIEW OF PAST CASES
Authors: Hampton Steve , Ford Glenn
Published: January 2013

When a damaged vessel is leaking oil and there is significant risk of further release, spill responders often consider towing the vessel into a harbor of refuge in order to protect it from rough seas and thus prevent a catastrophic discharge of oil, or out to sea to protect the coastline. This paper reviews three cases on the west coast of North America where vessels were towed out to sea (the Puerto Rican, Nestucca, New Carissa). Using actual spill data and modeled trajectories, the environmental impacts associated with towing are compared to the likely environmental impacts that would have occurred with alternative scenaríos. We conclude that, in at least two of these cases, the environmental impacts may have been magnified as a direct result of towing the vessel. Thus, when towing damaged vessels, the environmental risks and tradeoffs should be carefully evaluated.
APPLYING THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT'S (NEPA) FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE DOCTRINE TO THE NATIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLAN (NCP)
Authors: Altendorf Jereme M.
Published: January 2013

NEPA is a policy and procedural statute that makes environmental protection a part of the mandate of every federal agency and department. NEPA was enacted to establish a framework for public review of the environmental impacts of actions carried out by the federal government. NEPA anticipates that most federal actions are planned in detail and are implemented over the course of months or years. This planning and implementation cycle, allows detailed analysis of specific project impacts. Environmental response actions taken by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or the United States Coast Guard (CG) under the regulatory authorities established by the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) are also considered specific federal actions. However, the nature of these specific actions varies greatly depending on the exact nature of each incident; therefore traditional NEPA planning is neither possible nor appropriate. The NCP establishes a mechanism of continuous environmental assessment and review through the network of Regional Response Teams (RRT), local emergency area planning committees, Area Contingency Planning (ACP) Committees, and the availability of local area contingency plans to the public on a contingency basis for review or comment. Federal courts have allowed functional equivalence doctrine to apply exclusively to EPA because of their adherence to “substantive and procedural standards ensuring full and adequate consideration of environmental issues.” These decisions have held up the interpretation that NEPA compliance is unnecessary where the agency is independently required to consider environmental issues. The EPA and the CG share the responsibility of protecting public health, welfare, and environment from discharges or threats of discharges of oil and/or releases or threats of a releases of hazardous substances, pollutants and/or contaminants under the planning, preparedness, and response scheme established by the NCP and carried out by those working within the National Response System (NRS). For this reason any planning, preparedness, and response activities undertaken by EPA and CG personnel to mitigate accidental or intentional discharges of oil or releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and/or contaminants within the purview of the NCP should be interpreted as functionally equivalent to the requirements found within NEPA.
EQUIPMENT RESOURCE INVENTORY FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSES
Authors: Crawford John , Knutson Scott , Haugen Jim , McDonald Ross , Grennan Devon , Dougans Craig , Quirk Denny , Way Brent , Reiter Gary , Robertson Roy , Brown Tammy , Murphy John
Published: January 2013

This paper will describe the online cataloging of oil spill equipment that has taken place on the West Coast of the United States. A collaborative effort, the cataloging project was developed as a Northwest ad hoc undertaking to meet the equipment-listing requirement of the Area Contingency Plan. The intent was to assemble Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSROs) equipment lists into an Excel® spreadsheet format. Project participants in Washington and Oregon began equipment listing and over time, the process expanded to new members in California and Canada.

Individual owners of equipment keep the data up-to-date. All equipment-location moves and acquisition changes are posted to the Internet site, yielding a current resource inventory that can be easily accessed 2417. The computer allows this equipment to be displayed, sorted by type, location, and tracked by date/time. The Excel® spreadsheet data can easily be manipulated to accurately tabulate, among other things, how much boom is available or in use, how much oil can be recovered, and how much oil storage is available. Hard copy equipment lists, which soon became outdated, are a thing of the past. The spreadsheets are used on a weekly basis for drill and spill applications as a tool to assist the Incident Command System's (ICS) Operation, Planning and Logistic sections to assemble, track and order specialized response equipment. The states of Washington and Oregon are using the list as a “database of record.”

This is a great tool for the ICS Situation Unit when filling out the Incident Status Summary (ICS Form 209). In addition, individual lines of equipment or equipment systems can easily be printed onto ICS T-cards from Excel® by using a mail-merge program.

A uniform Excel®-formatted response-equipment list is flexible, simple to use and easy to access. Undoubtedly, it has contributed to improving response management in the Pacific Northwest.
NET ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION OF GIS-A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH IN A REGION OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY AND INCREASING COMPLEXITY IN OIL PRODUCTION
Authors: Skeie Geir Morten , Engen Frode , Brude Odd Willy , Randall Marit E.
Published: January 2013

The Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) extends from latitude 56° to 71°. Along the 82,000 km coastline and offshore, biodiversity is high, with large populations of fish, seabirds and marine mammals.

In terms of oil and gas production, there is an increasing diversity in technical structures, water depth, and oil types, as recovery proceeds to smaller reservoirs. This calls for a high degree of flexibility in oil spill response strategies. According to Norwegian regulations, alternative response strategies must be analysed in a standardized way, including Net Environmental Benefit Analyses (NEBA). For this purpose, a GIS based method has been developed for net environmental benefit analysis of different oil spill response options for the NCS. Through a GIS interface, the user can interactively select a release location, an oil type, and a month for the oil spill. A standard map is generated, showing areas where different oil response strategies pose a net environmental benefit, net environmental loss, or a conflict.
DUE TO THE HEAVY MARINE TRAFFIC AND ASSOCIATED RISK THE OIL SPILL SCENARIOS AT KANDILLI WHICH IS THE NARROWEST POINT IN ISTANBUL STRAIT
Authors: Basar Ersan , Kose Ercan
Published: January 2013

The Istanbul strait, which is a part of Turkish Strait System (TSS), is a narrow and navigationally risky waterway for ships. This risk increases daily due to oil transportation from Central Asia and Russia. Over 50.000 vessels, on average, annually use the Turkish Straits. This is an increasing figure that occurred in the Istanbul Strait under the heavy marine traffic.

In this study, the scenario was to run on Kandilli which is the narrowest part of the strait. This area is difficult for navigation due to inverse currents (which is referred to as Devils Current by the locals). Simulation was run for 500 tones of oil spill at Kandilli Point and distribution of oil was determined by using GNOME™. Effective wind speed and three different wind directions were used at each scenario. As a result of these runs, risky areas were identified and necessary actions to minimize the effect of spill were discussed.

Cengelkoy, Arnavutkoy beaches and Sarayburnu were identified as the most risky areas. In order to minimize the effect on these areas, stocking enough barriers were found to be helpful for speedy action.
MASS BALANCE AND DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS: ARE NEW TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES NEEDED?
Authors: Goodman Ron
Published: January 2013

In order to obtain a scientifically-acceptable measurement of dispersant effectiveness, the oil mass balance must be demonstrated. While this is normal in small-scale laboratory apparatus, it has not been achieved in larger-scale wave basin and open ocean experiments despite the work of a large number of research groups. Five years ago, mass balance was either ignored or losses of up to fifty percent of the applied oil were accepted. In the larger wave basin experiments, recent work has reduced the unknown losses to between ten and fifteen percent. No such reduction has been achieved in the few open ocean tests that have been recently undertaken.

This paper will discuss the limitation of current measuring technologies and experimental techniques. New experimental techniques will be suggested to improve mass balance calculations, such as changing the experimental plan for large wave basins from a Lagrangian description of motion to an Eulerian frame of reference. There are technologies, that can be applied to large wave basins, that are unique to this experimental situation, but are not widely used. These technologies will be discussed.

For the open ocean situation, there are seldomly-used methods, which could be employed to improve the measurement of sub-surface plume characteristics and oil thickness on water. The current limitations of these technologies will be discussed.
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISPERSANT USE ZONES IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA: A CONSENSUS APPROACH FOR MARINE WATERS 3–200 NAUTICAL MILES FROM SHORE
Authors: Addassi Yvonne Najah , Sowby Michael , Parker-Hall Heather , Robberson Bill
Published: January 2013

It has long been the policy of the National Response Team (NRT) that the appropriate use of dispersants as a first strike method of response to marine oil spills could greatly minimize the impacts of such spills. Beginning in early 2000, the Region IX Regional Response Team (RRT) evaluated the appropriateness of dispersant use for the State of California. In January 2001, the RRT signed into effect a dispersant use policy for the federal waters off the coast of California from 3200 nm offshore. These revisions to the Regional Contingency Plan provided a streamlined decision making process for dispersant use and designation of zone. Specifically, the plan called for each of the six local area committees to develop and forward recommendations for dispersant-use zone designations into one of three categories: pre-approval, pre-approval with consultation, or incident-specific RRT approval required.

Each of the six local area committees utilized a modified Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) known as a Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) process to identify concerns and prioritize risk. Such an approach ensured consistency along the coast as well provided a mechanism by which all points of view were considered. Utilizing a “what if” oil scenario, each on-water response option (no-response, dispersants, in-situ burning, mechanical recovery) was evaluated for its ability to remove oil from the water surface and potential environmental impacts. A risk matrix allowed comparison between species and habitats. Participants were encouraged to share their concerns along with the key drivers for their response decisions, often allowing then to think outside their typical agency-centered framework. Based on seasonality and species of special concern, zones for dispersant use were designated as a means of providing protection to sensitive shorelines and on-water species.

As of November 2002, the RRT has adopted DispersantUse Zones for all designated off-shore waters. Current efforts are underway to incorporate the necessary dispersant planning information into the State and Federal Planning efforts.

The response to the workshops was overwhelmingly positive. The NEBA/workshop approach facilitated the subsequent work undertaken by the U.S. Coast Guard and the RRT as an integral part of the implementation of the US-Mexico Agreement, further ensuring a coordinated bi-national oil spill response.
NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAMME FOR TASMAN SPIRIT OIL SPILL IN PAKISTAN
Authors: ALRAI M. Irfan Saeed , Rizvi S.H.N.
Published: January 2013

The oil tanker Tasman Spirit was grounded in the channel of the port of Karachi, Pakistan on 27, July 2003. The vessel was carrying a cargo of 67,535 tones of Iranian Light crude oil for delivery to the Pakistan Refinery Limited in Karachi when the grounding occurred. Significant quantities of oil were spilled when the Tasman Spirit broke up during the evening of August 13, 2003. By 18 August approximately 27,000 tones of cargo had been lost. The coastal environment in which the Tasman Spirit oil spill (TSOS) occurred is a rich and diverse tropical marine/estuarine ecosystem. It includes extensive mangrove forests, habitat for sea turtles, dolphins, porpoises, and beaked whales, and several species of lizards and sea snakes. The initial findings revealed that the initial impacted area covered about 1600 square kilometer and a coast line of 7.5 kilometer. Pakistan does not have the expertise to deal with oil spill disaster of this magnitude. The rapid assessment report was prepared with the assistance of United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme and local experts. The report emphasized the need of carrying out a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA). This paper highlights important findings of the NRDA study describing the methodologies adapted for the systematic assessment of the extent and severity of the environmental damage and ecological injury resulting from the Tasman Spirit Oil Spill.
BACKGROUND BIRD OILING AND INCIDENT SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION
Authors: Mauseth Gary S.
Published: January 2013

Reports of stranded oiled seabirds began being published in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries in Europe. During and after World War I, reports of oiled birds were common on European coastlines. World War II brought observations of oiled birds on European shores, as well as the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Numerous studies and publications have established that fugitive oil can be found on most of the worlds shorelines, and that it impacts birds at various rates of background oiling. With U.S. regulation and worldwide concern regarding compensation for injured natural resources, searches for and efforts to quantify birds associated with specific incidents have increased in recent decades. As a result, delineation between incident specific oiling and background oiling is subject to increasing scrutiny. Laboratory analytical methods and data interpretive techniques are available to confidently differentiate between oil sources and to definitively attribute oil samples to a particular source. Data are becoming available from a variety of incidents and have contributed substantially to the worldwide knowledge base. For example, in the NEW CARISSA case on the coast of the state of Oregon on the western shore of North America, a group of 27 birds recovered from areas specifically searched for dead and injured wildlife were presumed to be due to the vessel and included in the initial injury assessment. Forensic testing of the oil on the birds revealed that none of the birds were contaminated with the vessel source oils. Further studies were conducted to refine the incident specific oiling rate. While the specifics of each incident varies widely, the availability of background oiling information can assist in developing a more accurate and defensible estimate of injury.
NEW MARITIME SECURITY REGULATIONS AND THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON POLLUTION RESPONSE AND LIABILITY IN THE U.S.
Authors: Gonynor Frank J.
Published: January 2013

This article presents the various issues that have arisen in connection with the handling of marine pollution incidents in the United States and the legal and practical issues that impact them due to the recent enactment of maritime security laws and regulations.
INCORPORATING CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS INTO OIL SPILL RISK ASSESSMENT IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Stevens Leigh , Roberts Julian , Hume Deborah
Published: January 2013

This paper describes the New Zealand (NZ) approach used to define the likelihood and consequences of oil spills through the Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) Marine Oil Spill Risk Assessment process.

A new methodology for consequence analysis was developed using 20 kilometre coastal cells established across the country for ranking and mapping sensitivity. For each cell, the resources present were evaluated under “environmental” categories (shoreline character, plants and animals, protected sites) and “human” categories (economic, cultural, and social, amenity & recreation). Factors within each category were allocated scores reflecting the sensitivity, vulnerability and reversibility of impacts at local, regional and national levels on a semi-quantitative 5-point score (very low / low / moderate / high or unknown / extreme). Qualitative descriptions (e.g. “no vulnerable plants or animals” ranging to “a number of vulnerable plants or animals of national importance, or at least one that is irreplaceable”) were used to ensure national consistency in scoring.

Determining the presence or absence of environmental and human factors within each cell enabled individual scores to be summed for each category and graphically presented using diagonally split colour-coded squares on a map. This was overlain with the results of the regional oil spill likelihood analysis (e.g. how much, how often, where, what oil, and where from) providing an overall risk profile for NZ. The methodology was refined through national level multi-stakeholder meetings, and tested at two regional workshops to produce a data collection template for use by regional response agencies.

The unique contribution of this work has been to incorporate consequence analysis into the assessment of regional and national risk profiles. Further quantifying the relative contribution of different activities and factors to the risk profile of each region, and nationally, will guide preventive and preparedness measures to lower the likelihood and impact of a spill. This in turn will determine the relative contribution each risk activity makes to the total risk profile which forms the basis for setting Oil Pollution Fund levies used to fund spill preparation in NZ.
PLANNING THE LOGISTICS ISSUES TO ENHANCE OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING AND RESPONSE1
Authors: Blackburn Sioned
Published: January 2013

Generic, broad-brushed Oil Spill Contingency Plans (OSCP) have given way to more operationally-focused and systematic, site-specific plans. These newer plans offer considerable advantage as planning and response tools to initiate and support the deployment of equipment on-site.

However, significant logistical features are still often overlooked in the planning process, which both exercises and real incidents have demonstrated. These omissions can seriously impede rapid and effective responses.

This paper reviews the logistical issues of various recent incidents and demonstrates the key features that should be considered at the contingency planning stage. Options for drop-in elements in an oil spill contingency plan, or a separate logistics plan, are also presented.
PLACES OF REFUGE GUIDELINES
Authors: Bauer John , Cameron Jean , Iwamoto Larry
Published: January 2013

The Pacific States/British Columbia Oil Spill Task Force (Oil Spill Task Force) and the Alaska Regional Response Team (RRT) are collaborating to develop decision-making and planning guidelines which “operationalize” the International Maritime Organization's Places of Refuge guidelines. These guidelines will incorporate the authorities of the US and Canadian Coast Guards, state, provincial, local, and tribal governments, and resource agencies. The decision-making section of the guidelines provides step-by-step procedures and checklists to analyze the risks of allowing a ship in need of assistance to proceed to a place of refuge. The planning section of the guidelines provides a process to pre-identify information necessary for responding to requests for places of refuge and identifying potential places of refuge prior to an incident.

The Oil Spill Task Force effort involves a workgroup of regional stakeholders co-chaired by the Task Force agencies and the US Coast Guard, Pacific Area. The separate Alaska initiative is being accomplished by a workgroup of the Alaska RRT co-chaired by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) and US Coast Guard, District 17. Both projects are developing concurrently and include persons serving as liaisons between the two efforts in order to promote consistency and share information.

The Oil Spill Task Force Guidelines provide a template for member states and the province to use in developing decisionmaking and pre-incident plans tailored to their area. The Alaska guidelines were drafted concurrently with the Oil Spill Task Force process, and sections of their guidelines were modified to reflect area-wide conditions.

The Oil Spill Task Force's final guidelines are to be used as a planning annex to US Area Contingency Plans on the West Coast. Alaska will include their guidelines in the Federal/State Unified Plan and subarea plans. Transport Canada and Canadian Coast Guard authorities will adapt the guidelines as appropriate for Canada.
AN OIL SPILL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Roberts Julian , Lamarche Alain
Published: January 2013

The Maritime Safety Authority of New Zealand (MSA) has a mandate to promote a safe and clean marine environment and to provide an effective marine pollution response capability. As part of its obligations, the MSA is responsible for the New Zealand Marine Oil Spill Response Strategy and the preparation of a National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Tier 3 spill events (Maritime Transport Act 1994, S.283).

The MSA is currently working on the design of an extensive coastal information database—including information such as marine and natural resource inventories and coastal human-built infrastructures—that can be mapped in a GIS system. A customised toolset is also being developed to streamline the management of the database.

The benefits of GIS-based information management systems in oil spill response have been demonstrated by a number of overseas response agencies. However, many of these rely on discrete components or only fulfil specific individual requirements, such as the provision of coastal resource information.

Having reviewed these approaches, New Zealand has embarked on the development of a more integrated and comprehensive oil spill information management system that will deliver a broad range of applications and serve to provide a framework for the seamless management and reporting of all the types of data that are generated throughout the life cycle of an oil spill response. The system combines GIS and database technology. It includes field survey management support, as well as automated treatment mechanisms to produce reports and maps to support planning and operations. The system also integrates a pre-spill shoreline segmentation database.

The benefits of such a system will include the recording and presentation of all types of response data that is more responsive to the needs of operational decision makers; the ability to better track the progress of spill cleanup activities in both a temporal and spatial context; and the generation of customised reports to assist in cost recovery claims on termination of response activities.
UTILIZING PRIVATE PASSWORD PROTECTED AND LINKED PUBLIC WEB SITES TO ACCOMPLISH PLANNING GOALS1
Authors: Sheldrake Beth
Published: January 2013

In the Northwestern United States, spill contingency planning occurs through a very collaborative process. Shortly after the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was passed, the Region 10 Regional Response Team and three Area Committees (Environmental Protection Agency Inland Area Committee and US Coast Guard Coastal Portland and Puget Sound Area Committees) decided to combine contingency planning documents. The result was the publishing of the Northwest Area Contingency Plan (NWACP) which has also been signed by the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. In the late 1990's, these organizations were further combined to form a single planning and preparedness body, the Regional Response Team (RRT) 10/Northwest Area Committee (RRT10/NWAC).

In 2003, the RRT10/NWAC launched a new web site to provide all planning and preparedness information in the northwest (www.rrtlOnwac.com). The web site includes the Northwest Area Contingency Plan, 29 Geographic Response Plans, fact sheets, the RRT10/NWAC Strategic Plan, jurisdictional boundary maps, an Area exercise schedule, equipment availability lists, workgroup charters and action plans, meeting minutes, and the ability to submit comments and join a list serv.

As a companion to the public web site, a private password-protected extranet portal web site has also been established. This private web site has become an invaluable planning tool to bring the large number of organizations involved in the planning and preparedness process across three states together. It facilitates the rapid and efficient review and comment on documents and the tracking and responding to comments from stakeholders. It also provides a centralized location to post documents to be shared and allows members given access to the private site to interface directly with the public web site by “publishing” certain items from the private to the public web site without going through a Webmaster. The private site also provides a secure location to make sensitive information such as contact names and phone numbers and specific activation and communications plans available to responders but not the general public.
WILDLIFE RESPONSE: PART OF THE PLAN
Authors: Clumpner Curt
Published: January 2013

When an oil spill impacts wildlife, the success of the wildlife response often depends on the quality of the preplanning and the responders ability to manage the factors that they can control. While factors such as season and weather, seasonal behavior and lifecycle stages of wildlife cannot be controlled, training of personal, equipment caches and pre-identifying facilities can have a huge influence on the success or failure or a wildlife response. Effective planning prior to the event is the only way to assure maximum preparedness and effective response.

Wildlife response planning has become a key component of oil spill preparedness and response. With the recent publication of the IPIECA Report: A Guide to Oiled Wildlife Response Planning, planning for wildlife response has become an accepted and expected component of any oil spill contingency plan. Depending on available resources, appropriate response strategies may include any of a variety of tools: assessing impacts, use of dispersants, protective booming, hazing, wildlife rehabilitation and euthanasia.

A good wildlife plan should address each of these issues and provide the information and guidance to necessary for responders to make appropriate and timely decisions that will maximize the success execution of the plan and the objectives of the specific response.

This paper will outline the components necessary in a good wildlife plan within a framework that should be familiar to oil spill response planners. It will include a strategy section, an action section and a data section.

As with every other phase of the response there are a variety of factors that affect the success of the wildlife plan. These include efficient management of all resources including the human resources, equipment and facilities. Quick initiation of the operations is critical to minimize the time between oiling of animals when they are collected and rehabilitation initiated. This paper will provide a framework for planners or responders with little or no wildlife experience to assist them in planning for the wildlife component within the overall response.
CISPRI CULTURAL RESOURCES VIDEO
Authors: Askin Victoria J.
Published: January 2013

Human habitation in Cook Inlet first occurred around 5,000 BC. Cook Inlet is a large tidal estuary that varies from 78 miles wide at its southern mouth to less than 9 miles at its northern extremity. The first inhabitants were Eskimo, who were later displaced by the Athabaskan Dena'ina people.

The Athabaskan Dena'ina people were called “Kenaitze” by the Russian fur traders who first made contact in 1741. At that time, an estimated 1,000 Dena'ina inhabited the Kenai River area alone. European contact with the Athabaskan Dena'ina first occurred about 1756. In 1778, Captain Cook sailed Cook Inlet looking for the Northwest Passage. A Russian trading post was established in Kenai in 1791. The relatively mild winters of Cook Inlet and abundance of wildlife both onshore and offshore made human habitation very viable. Consequently, its shoreline is literally filled with historical and cultural sites.

Other villages or cities of note within Cook Inlet include Anchorage, Tyonek, Ninilchik, Homer, Seldovia and Port Graham, many of whom continue to maintain a subsistence lifestyle.

Cook Inlet Spill Prevention & Response, Inc. (CISPRI) provides oil spill response for the entire Cook Inlet;, a pristine piece of south-central Alaska with over 1300 miles of shoreline.

A significant potential problem identified with oil spill recovery efforts involves the identification and protection of sensitive historical and cultural sites. To lessen any potential impact to these areas, CISPRI, in conjunction with Alaska Clean Seas, SERVS, Alaska Chadux and SEAPRO, have produced an 8 minute video tape demonstrating how to identify potential sensitive areas. It then directs appropriate actions to take until experts can be consulted to further direct methods of lessening impact.

The narrative was developed by a local expert in cultural resources, and representatives from the U.S. Coast Guard, Alaska State Historic Preservation Office, and native organizations who represented their individual concerns. The video tape has been well-received by CISPRT's member companies and agencies and has been recognized as a good “get acquainted” tool for anyone involved in protecting cultural and historic resources during spill response.
THE USE OF GIS TECHNOLOGY AT THE CALIFORNIA SONS 2004 EXTRAVAGANZA
Authors: Muskat Judd , Lampinen Mark , Imai Randy
Published: January 2013

Geographic Information System (GIS) support has become a basic tool for oil spill response because of the inherent data management, analysis, and display capabilities. Presented here are example GIS maps from the 2004 California Spill of National Significance (SONS) exercise. The SONS scenario had two major spill incidents occurring off the coast of southern California requiring a massive response from State, Federal and Local agencies. The exercise locations included Port-level incident command posts (ICP) in San Diego, Los Angeles and Ensenada, Mexico. A regional ICP for the US Coast Guard (USCG) National Incident Command (NIC) was established in Los Alamitos, CA, and USCG National Response Team activities occurred in Washington, DC. The California Department of Fish and Games (CDFG) Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) had GIS equipment and personnel deployed at the three southern California ICP locations. GIS data was electronically transferred between the three ICPs through email attachments to GIS personnel directly, or via internet file transfer protocol (ftp) to a secure internet site. GIS data layers were transmitted in ESRI shapefile format while map files were transmitted in Adobe PDF file format. In addition to the GIS activities at the three ICPs, an internet mapping site (using ArcIms software) was available on-line for the duration of the SONS drill housed on a secure server located in Sacramento, CA. GIS data layer sharing at the individual ICP's was achieved using USB data “sticks”. Oil slick trajectory models run by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) Hazmat team were imported into the GIS via the GNOME extension to ArcView. Airborne observation teams were employed to document marine or coastal species that were either in immediate danger or already impacted in real time. The airborne pelagic transects were captured via GPS and waypoints were marked for key observations. These data were transmitted to the ICP via email upon landing. During an oil spill emergency large amounts of data are generated and utilized, much with a geospatial component. The inherent ability to import and display convergent data layers provides the incident Unified Command with a powerful decision making tool.
PAH-INDUCED IMPACTS ON THE BIOENERGETICS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS: MODEL APPLICATION FOR ASSESSING LONG-TERM EFFECTS FROM OIL SPILLS1
Authors: Merten Amy A. , Beard Eileen B. , Baker Joel E.
Published: January 2013

Long-term residual contamination from oil spills and other sources of organic contaminants may exert sublethal baseline toxicity (narcosis) on fish populations. Low level, chronic exposures to narcotic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may impose a metabolic cost on a fish, changing its allocation of energy available for growing, reproducing, foraging for food, and escaping predation. To examine this hypothesis, naïve Fundulus heteroclitus, a ubiquitous estuarine fish species with a short home range, were exposed to a gradient of PAH concentrations in their diets over 120 days. On days 0, 35, 62, 90, and 120, we measured individual fish growth parameters and standard metabolic rates. Standard metabolic rates increased with increasing PAH load (p = 0.087).

Long-term exposure to dietary PAHs altered fish maintenance respiration on individuals. We are developing a bioenergetic model to evaluate whether long-term exposure to PAHs sufficiently impacts individual parameters to the extent that the Fundulus population will be affected. Multiple life stages (e.g., eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adults) and generations will be represented with bioenergetic and bioaccumulative processes altered to mimic impacts measured in the experiment. The narcosis induction submodel subjects cohorts to metabolic alterations by imposing a narcotic gradient from no effect to a level where time to critical body residue shifts, thus changing population mortality probabilities. Each model scenario will be compared and contrasted to quantify PAH effects, and to discuss the importance of cumulative chemical stress to fish. Results from the study and model application will be used to evaluate long-term, population-level consequences of sublethal exposures to narcotic contaminants to improve the basis for risk assessment analyses.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGULATORY BASE FOR UNCONVENTIONAL OSR TECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIA
Authors: Chernoplekov Alexei , Kram Anatoly
Published: January 2013

The report will cover the Russian regulatory framework for application of non traditional techniques of oil spill response in Russia including dispersant application and in-situ burning. The conditions of application of the above techniques are part of oil spill recovery (OSR) in Russia. The report presents proposals for regulation improvement in Russia.
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL SPILL CONSEQUENCES USING MODELING1
Authors: Whittier Nicole , McCoy Deborah French , Ward Matthew
Published: January 2013

A wide variety of chemicals are shipped in bulk world-wide, raising concerns regarding the ecological and human health risks of hazardous chemical spills. A screening analysis was performed using the chemical spill model, CHEMMAP, to estimate the fate and concentrations of selected chemicals in water and the atmosphere above the water, as well as the potential for ecological and human health impacts that would result from a spill into a large channel. A representative sample of chemicals, including floating, sinking, soluble and insoluble chemicals, were evaluated using typical shipping volumes to assess worst-case scenarios. The model uses physical and chemical properties to simulate three dimensional fate processes, including: (1) spreading (floating liquids), (2) transport (3) dispersion, (4) evaporation-volatilization, (5) entrainment (liquids), (6) dissolution, (7) partitioning, (8) sedimentation, (9) resuspension and (10) degradation. Estimates of the distribution of chemical (mass and concentrations) on the water surface, on shorelines, in the water column, in the sediments, and in the lower atmosphere (in the zone where there would be exposure to humans and wildlife) are calculated over time. Based on model outputs, it is possible to select chemicals that would have the highest ecological and human health consequences after a spill. Chemicals that would have the greatest ecological consequence are those that are not highly volatile, disperse readily, are soluble, and have the lowest threshold of concern. Similarly, it is possible to select chemicals that would have the greatest human health concern, which would be chemicals that are more volatile and present hazards via the inhalation pathway. The model results can be used to indicate safe distances for responders, as well as the area of water that may be contaminated above thresholds of concern. This paper describes the model's application to hypothetical spills of selected chemicals and the rank order of these chemicals based on how hazardous they are to human health and the ecosystem.
CASE STUDY OF SPILL RESPONSES UNDERTAKEN BY AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING A TIER 2 AERIAL DISPERSANT AND SURVEILLANCE SERVICE IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA1
Authors: Dewhirst Simon
Published: January 2013

Following detailed investigation into the need and practical issues involved, The Global Alliance successfully implemented a cost effective solution to provide a Tier 2 regional aerial dispersant and surveillance service in West and Central Africa (WACAF). The will paper provide a case study ofi) The practical issues concerned with the implementation of the project from conception, through development and implementation. Transboundary issues concerning the logistics and deployment of the service and location of depots are discussed along with the need for the oil community to work closely together and with national authorities are discussed.ii) The solution and rationale adopted to enable an effective response and cost effective service.iii) The response and lessons learnt by The Global Alliance following the deployment of the service to two live spills in the region.

Video footage of the aircraft trials and an actual spill response will be provided along with details of the aircraft and associated equipment.
ROCKNES OILED WILDLIFE RESPONSE BERGEN, NORWAY
Authors: Callahan Barbara
Published: January 2013

On January 19, 2004, the bulk ore carrier, Rocknes, capsized after striking rocks near Bergen, Norway. Tragically eighteen crewmembers lost their lives. Approximately 450 tonnes of marine fuel was spilled. Oil quickly spread over 15 kilometers of the Norwegian coastline, threatening the pristine fjord environment and oiling hundreds of animals.

In past oiling events in Norway, the government has utilized trained and certified sharpshooters to humanely euthanize oiled birds. Immediately following the Rocknes oil spill, a group of non-govemmental organizations (NGO's) working in Norway formed a coalition called “Action Clean Birds,” and asked the government for formal permission to mount an oiled wildlife response. Permission was granted on the stipulation that a professional oiled wildlife response team be brought in to oversee the animal capture, transport, rehabilitation and reconditioning of the animals. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) Emergency Relief (ER) Team, co-managed by the International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC) was called upon to mount an oiled wildlife response effort.

As the first authorized response for oiled wildlife in Norway, the Rocknes spill provided a platform to work with local wildlife rehabilitators, veterinarians, ornithologists and others, increasing their capacity to respond locally to future events involving oiled animals. During the month-long response, 131 oiled seabirds were captured, 81 of those were rehabilitated, reconditioned and released, the others died or were humanely euthanized as they were deemed unviable for release.

If pre-planning had been involved, a significantly larger number of oiled birds could have been captured, increasing the probability that a higher percentage of them would have been viable for release due to early capture and treatment.

This case study of the wildlife portion of the Rocknes response reviews steps taken to mitigate the effects of oil on wildlife, as well as demonstrates the importance of planning and preparedness as it relates to the success of an oiled wildlife response.