bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le développement de l’activité des salariés âgés : l’environnement sociotechnique comme ressource au métier d’agent de circulation
Authors: Cros Florence , Bobillier Chaumon Marc-Éric , Cuvillier Bruno
Published: October 2016

La compréhension des conditions favorisant l’intégration des TIC dans l’activité professionnelle des salariés âgés représente un enjeu sociétal important. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons, à partir de l’étude de l’activité des agents de circulation ferroviaire, d’appréhender les ressources psychosociales que mobilisent ces salariés pour faire face et s’approprier de nouveaux environnements technologiques de travail. Cette recherche s’appuie sur les fondements théoriques élaborés autour d’une approche à la fois développementale et systémique de l’activité, à l’image de celle fournie par le système d’activité (Engeström, 1987). Nous cherchons à saisir le rapport du salarié âgé aux TIC, mais également à comprendre comment il construit et développe ses pratiques professionnelles en situation réelle de travail, à la fois par et avec les dispositifs technologiques, mais également en interaction avec autrui. Il s’agit alors de prendre en compte l’environnement sociotechnique au sein duquel le salarié âgé évolue. La démarche de recueil de données a été construite en procédant par triangulation méthodologique, et ce afin d’appréhender les activités médiatisées de six agents de circulation appartenant à deux gares différentes. Les résultats révèlent qu’il n’y a pas de différence dans l’utilisation et l’acceptation des dispositifs techniques entre les « jeunes » et seniors bien que les logiques et/ou les stratégies d’usages diffèrent. Ainsi, nous avons pu identifier différentes façons de faire le métier qui sont collectivement élaborées et qui apparaissent être des éléments influençant le développement de l’activité médiatisée par les outils technologiques dont disposent les agents de circulation.
Comment concevoir des référentiels de diplômes professionnels sans renoncer au travail réel ?
Authors: Balas Stéphane
Published: October 2016

L’objet de ce texte est de montrer que la conception des référentiels pour les diplômes, telle qu’elle est conduite aujourd’hui, en prenant peu en compte le travail réel, met ses acteurs dans des situations complexes. Les contradictions vécues laissent des traces dans les documents produits. Nous avons tenté de saisir ces traces à partir d’exemples de référentiels de diplômes. Une proposition alternative permet de produire un résultat utile à la réflexion mais aussi d’envisager une activité de conception plus cohérente.
Les affects et leur destin dans l’intervention
Authors: Bonnefond Jean-Yves , Clot Yves
Published: October 2016

Cet article étudie le rapport entre affectivité et activité dans les interventions en psychologie du travail, en l’occurrence sous les modalités de la clinique de l’activité. L’affect, que nous distinguons des émotions, est défini comme un conflit de l’activité avec elle-même, un rapport de force qui met en balance les attendus et les inattendus de l’activité, dont le devenir ‑ imprédictible ‑ oscille entre deux orientations, plutôt active ou passive. À partir d’un exemple tiré d’une intervention dans l’industrie automobile, nous montrons que l’affectivité est mise au travail dans l’intervention et qu’en se développant, passivité et activité peuvent s’inverser, l’une peut prendre le visage de l’autre. En effet, le cadre clinique dialogique est la source du développement possible de l’affect pour un devenir actif à une condition : quand l’affect fait l’objet d’une reprise dans un autre contexte où sa répétition est non seulement admise, mais sollicitée par l’intervention. Celle-ci peut alors, en alimentant le mouvement des affects, le régénérer en le « rechargeant » de son énergie dialogique pour étendre le pouvoir d’agir.
Solution of Basic Inventory Model in Fuzzy and Interval Environments
Authors: Mondal Sankar Prasad
Published: October 2016

In this present paper a basic inventory model is solved in different imprecise environments. Four different cases are discussed: 1) Crisp inventory model, that is, the quantity at present and demand is crisp number; 2) Inventory model in fuzzy environment, that is, the quantity and demand both are fuzzy number; 3) Inventory model in interval environment, that is, the quantity and demand both are interval number and lastly; 4) Inventory model in time dependent fuzzy environment, that is, quantity and demand are both time dependent fuzzy number. Different numerical examples are used to illustrate the model as well as to compute the efficiency of imprecise differential equation approach to solve the model.
Parameter Reduction in Soft Set Models and Application in Decision Making
Authors: Tripathy B.K. , Mohanty R.K. , Sooraj T.R.  , Arun K.R.
Published: October 2016

Soft sets were introduced by Molodtsov to handle uncertainty based problems. In 2003, Maji et al. extended the soft set approach to decision making. Decision making plays an integral role in daily life. In this chapter we describe soft sets and its impact in decision making problems. In this chapter, we discuss some of the basic notions of fuzzy soft sets and interval valued fuzzy soft sets. We also discuss application of fuzzy soft sets and interval valued fuzzy soft sets in decision making. In this chapter, we are going to see how parameter reduction is used in soft set theory.
Osteonecrosis of jaw (onj): impact of italian patients, and role of italian physicians, dentists, and researchers in the growing evidence of a “new” disease
Authors: Fusco V. , Baraldi A. , Fasciolo A. , Rapetti M. , De Martino I. , Randi L. , Bedogni A. , Agrillo A. , Campisi G.
Published: October 2016

Purpose: Osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ) is an uncommon but severe complication observed mostly in patients treated with bisphosphonates (BPs) for bone metastases, myeloma, osteoporosis (so called BRONJ, Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaw), but also with other drugs (bevacizumab, sunitinib, denosumab). The number of cases observed in Italy appears high in comparison with other countries and we present a review of several aspects of ONJ in Italy and the role of Italian health professionals and researchers on increasing knowledge and adequate reporting of ONJ phenomenon; Methods: Literature review about osteonecrosis of jaw (ONJ) with selection of Italian authors and publications, on year 2003-2011, by research on international electronic journal databases, Italian language journals, congress acta, web sources; Results: at October 2011, among 1272 papers published worldwide on ONJ issue, 128 (10%) were from Italian Authors; Conclusions: relevant articles by Italian groups were published about pathogenesis hypotheses, animal models, biology studies, risk factors, preventive measures, dental extraction protocols in BP-exposed patients, laser therapy, ozone therapy, surgical treatment. Experience of Italian patients suffering from ONJ, together with work of Italian dentists, physicians and researchers, appears of paramount importance in order to study ONJ and minimize a possible severe side-effect of efficacious medical treatments.
Posizionamento di Y-stent autoespandibile in nitiol: case report
Authors: Salio M. , Barisione E. , Ferretti G.
Published: October 2016

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Studio preliminare su un campione di soggetti con diagnosi di disturbo di personalità borderline ricoverati presso il Day Hospital Psichiatrico della Struttura di Psichiatria S.P.D.C. dell’Azienda Ospedaliera “SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo” di Ales
Authors: Bergonzini C. , Raffaelli S. , Prelati M. , Piantato E. , Bertamini D. , Veglia F.
Published: October 2016

Obiettivi: Il progetto di ricerca è finalizzato all’osservazione dell’attività del day hospital psichiatrico e alla valutazione dell’efficacia del trattamento su un gruppo di pazienti con diagnosi di Disturbo Borderline di Personalità. Metodologia: Il campione è costituito da un gruppo di 5 pazienti con diagnosi di DBP in terapia presso il day hospital, che saranno seguiti per 6 mesi sia con terapia farmacologica che con una psicoterapia che segue le linee guida del Trattamento basato sulla Mentalizzazione di Bateman & Fonagy. Vi è inoltre un gruppo di controllo omogeneo per diagnosi che verrà trattato per 6 mesi ambulatorialmente solo con terapia farmacologica. Risultati: I primi risultati al follow up effettuato a 6 mesi dall’inizio del trattamento sembrano mostrare che i pazienti seguiti con trattamento integrato psicoterapico e farmacologico all’interno del Day Hospital ottengono risultati migliori relativamente ai parametri comportamentali di auto ed etero lesività, di percezione del benessere e della qualità della vita, rispetto ai pazienti curati esclusivamente attraverso farmacoterapia. Conclusioni: Dai risultati preliminari, il Day Hospital sembra costituire una risorsa funzionale e flessibile per i pazienti con diagnosi di Disturbo di Personalità Borderline. Emerge che l’intensità terapeutica abbinata alla flessibilità del setting offerte permettono ai pazienti di ottenere miglioramenti già a 6 mesi dall’inizio del trattamento.
Consapevolezza e atteggiamento delle studentesse verso la prevenzione del cancro cervicale nelle scuole medie inferiori e superiori
Authors: Bottino G. , Cannella N.
Published: October 2016

Obiettivi: Il cancro cervicale è il secondo tumore più comune tra le donne in tutto il mondo e la causa è data dal Papilloma virus. Il Papillomavirus genitale umano (chiamato anche HPV) è la più comune infezione a trasmissione sessuale (STI) e la vaccinazione offre un’opportunità unica per la prevenzione primaria del cancro cervicale. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca, è un’indagine conoscitiva sulla conoscenza che hanno le giovani donne dell’HPV e la sua prevenzione, nello specifico nelle ragazze di età compresa tra i 13-19anni che frequentano le scuole medie inferiori e superiori di Alessandria. Metodologia: Questionario somministrato in forma anonima nel periodo che va da maggio a giugno, con una popolazione target composta da circa 210 adolescenti delle scuole medie inferiori e superiori di sesso femminile con lo scopo di valutare il grado di conoscenza sull’infezione da Papilloma Virus e la sua prevenzione mediante vaccino nelle ragazze di età compresa tra i 13-19 anni. Risultati: Dallo studio condotto, si è riscontrato che le studentesse hanno sentito parlare del Papilloma, in misura maggiore questo è emerso fra le giovani con età >16 anni e del relativo vaccino fra quelle aventi la madre con titolo di studio superiore alla scuola media. Il 70% farebbe il vaccino, fra queste: il 53% per prevenire le malattie a trasmissione sessuale e solo il 12% per prevenire un’infezione potenzialmente cancerogena.A confronto sono state più favorevoli le giovani con età >16anni. Conclusioni: In conclusione, possiamo dire che è un problema del quale si sente parlare ma che crea ancora oggi un po’ di confusione fra le giovani donne.
The role of expectations and patients' decision making process
Authors: Bergonzini C. , Ippoliti R.
Published: October 2016

Aim: This work aims at highlighting the role of patient's expectations in regard to experimental drugs and/or medical treatments, analyzing which factors might affect the final clinical outcome (i.e. expected effectiveness). Results: Current studies suggest that psychological and neurobiological mechanisms intersect in inducing the placebo effect, which might be considered as a positive plus value added to the final collected outcome. Moreover, considering psychological mechanisms, we can identify both the expectations and the classical conditioning, Conclusion: A successful relationship between patients and caregivers, which is based on empathy (i.e. the ability to perceive the emotional state of the person we are in contact) can make the difference in the final outcome, increasing the expected effectiveness of the medical treatment.
Complicanza fatale alla rimozione di protesi metallica tracheale in paziente con tracheobroncomalacia, case report e revisione della letteratura
Authors: Barisione E. , Ferretti G. , Salio M.
Published: October 2016

Una nota dell’FDA del 2005(1) già consigliava di non utilizzare stent bronchiali metallici in pazienti con stenosi secondarie a patologie benigne. Il gold standard, in questo senso, è l’uso delle protesi bronchiali siliconiche, più facilmente removibili rispetto alle metalliche, anche se anch’esse non scevre di complicanze. La tracheobroncomalacia, essendo una patologia con caratteristiche dinamiche, determina una serie di complicanze aggiuntive e sinergiche di cui è necessario tener conto nel momento in cui si opta per posizionare uno stent endobronchiale.
Monitoraggio cerebrale nel neonato preterm e late preterm mediante tecnica NIRS
Authors: Grometto Alice
Published: October 2016

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Role of the Physical Therapy in the Multidisciplinary Approach to Vulvodynia: preliminary results
Authors: Miletta M. , Bogliatto F.
Published: October 2016

Objectives: In the clinical practice different specialists approach to the women with vulvar pain, often without an integrated care pathway. Recently, musculoskeletal factors have been recognized as contributors of the mechanism of vulvodynia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of the physical therapy as a first line treatment multidisciplinary in vulvodynia management. Methods: Between October 2013 to October 2014, 14 women with vulvar pain (according to ISSVD Vulvodynia 2003 Classification) referred to the Lower Female Genital Tract Outpatient Service of our Hospitals. Every woman was submitted to a Physical Therapy Pathway, managed by a trained midwife and composed by manual therapy and pelvic floor exercises. The efficacy of Physical therapy was assessed by adopting VAS score. Results: After 4 months-treatment, 9 patients reported an improvement in vulvar and sexual pain with good relief (reduction of 2-3 points VAS score). Two patients lost to follow up. Three patients referred any significantly effect Conclusions: Vulvodynia is a complex syndrome associated to sexual dysfunctions and worstening of quality of life. According to our preliminary results, Physical Therapy may play a pivotal role, in an integral component of the multidisciplinary approach.
The link between management practices, health professional performance and patient outcomes
Authors: Petros Gile Philipos , Van De Klundert Joris , Van De Broek Judith
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Management practices in hospitals influence health professionals' performance, quality of health services and patient outcomes. However, scant attention was given to show the link between these practices and patient outcomes. The study aimed at examining the link between specific management practices, employee performance and patient outcomes in hospitals. Methodology: This study was conducted between June 2014 and July 2015. We reviewed Western literature to benchmark Western experiences and informing researchers and decision-makers in the healthcare industry. Results: The study identified hospitals as human capital intensive healthcare sector that needs effective management practice to enhance quality of health care outcomes. It also identified variations of management practices, particularly operations management and HR practices. It has shown that bundles of HR practices are pivotal in enhancing the attitudes, skills and behaviors of health professionals for better performance in rendering quality health services to meet expectations of patients. The study identified that patient outcomes are the results of employee performance which in turn is influenced by management practices. Conclusions: Modern management practices are crucial for maintaining and sustaining health professionals' performance and improving quality of patient outcomes in hospitals. Thus, hospital managers should design and implement operations and HR management practices to improve health professionals’ performance, resulting in improved quality of care that satisfies patients.
South Africa’s experience with provision of quality HIV diagnostic services
Authors: Gous Natasha M. , Berrie Leigh , Dabula Patience , Stevens Wendy
Published: October 2016

No abstract available.
Quality assurance for point-of-care testing: Ethiopia’s experience
Authors: Kebede Adisu , Kebede Yenew , Desale Adino , Mulugeta Achamyeleh , Yaregal Zelalem , Gebreegziabxier Atsbeha , Tedla Yared , Zeh Clement , Ayana Gonfa
Published: October 2016

No abstract available.
Quality assurance for HIV point-of-care testing and treatment monitoring assays
Authors: Meyers Adrienne F.A. , Sandstrom Paul , Denny Thomas N. , Hurlston Mackenzie , Ball Terry B. , Peeling Rosanna W. , Boeras Debrah I.
Published: October 2016

In 2015, UNAIDS launched the 90-90-90 targets aimed at increasing the number of peopleinfected with HIV to become aware of their status, access antiretroviral therapies and ultimatelybe virally suppressed. To achieve these goals, countries may need to scale up point-of-care (POC) testing in addition to strengthening central laboratory services. While decentralisingtesting increases patient access to diagnostics, it presents many challenges with regard totraining and assuring the quality of tests and testing. To ensure synergies, the London Schoolof Hygiene & Tropical Medicine held a series of consultations with countries with an interestin quality assurance and their implementing partners, and agreed on an external qualityassessment (EQA) programme to ensure reliable results so that the results lead to the bestpossible care for HIV patients. As a result of the consultations, EQA International wasestablished, bringing together EQA providers and implementers to develop a strategic planfor countries to establish national POC EQA programmes and to estimate the cost of setting upand maintaining the programme. With the dramatic increase in the number of proficiencytesting panels required for thousands of POC testing sites across Africa, it is important tofacilitate technology transfer from global EQA providers to a network of regional EQA centresin Africa for regional proficiency testing panel production. EQA International will continue toidentify robust and cost-effective EQA technologies for quality POC testing, integrating noveltechnologies to support sustainable country-owned EQA programmes in Africa.
An explicit formula for the matrix logarithm
Authors: Cardoso João R
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
A review of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma
Authors: Mathebula S.D.
Published: October 2016

Glaucoma is a chronic or acute disease in which optic nerve damage occurs in a characteristic way. In  primary  open  angle  glaucoma  (POAG),  the manifestations of the optic nerve damage include visible excavation that develops in the optic nerve head and regions of the retina lose ability to detect all the elements that go into the total sensory prod-uct called vision.1, 2  When these regions worsen and enlarge to coalesce, the result is blindness.The intraocular pressure (IOP) has a causative role in producing the damage. All eyes have an in-ternal pressure to keep them inﬂated, perhaps 17 mmHg on the average, ± 5 mmHg standard devia-tion. In at least two thirds of the eyes that suffer glaucomatous damage, the intraocular pressure is high, at least a bit above the pressure found in 95% of the non-glaucomatous population. The cut-off is in the region of 20 to 22 mmHg used by most deﬁnitions.2 However, a normal or even low intra-ocular pressure can be harmful to some eyes, and when it is, the person has normal or low tension glaucoma. The traditional treatment of glaucoma has logically been to lower the intraocular pres-sure, to prevent further damage to the optic nerve, though previous damage is not undone.
Call for Papers: Vision 2006
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
Book Review
Authors: Rubin A.
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
Vision correction in the remote North of Ghana using the self-refraction Adspec
Authors: Carlson A.S.
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
A practical logMAR near reference table for low vision practitioners: Design and applications
Authors: Oduntan Alabi O.
Published: October 2016

LogMAR  charts  are  particularly  useful  for visual acuity (VA) measurement for low vision patients  as  they  simplify  conversion  of  non-standard  viewing  distance  visual  acuities  to standard values. Also, the process of predicting various  quantities  involved  in  the  prescrip-tion of optical devices for patients are greatly facilitated.  However, the processes involved in the use of this logMAR principle require series of multiplication and division by the logMAR ratio  of  1.2589.   A  table  computed  and  pre-sented in this article provides easy reference for the conversions and predictions needed for the various quantities at near.  The table (Table 1) is computed using the logMAR scale of 1.2589 in logMAR, M and N notations. The table con-tains VA values between logMAR 1.4 (10M or 80 point) and logMAR 0.18 (1.3M or10 point) in steps of 1.2589 for reduced (non-standard) viewing distances  ranging from 31.8 cm (0.32 m)  to  3.2  cm  (0.03M).    The  table  contains values  which  can  be  used  to  convert  visual acuity values measured at reduced near view-ing distances to standard visual acuity values.  The values also can be used to represent any of  the  quantities  involved  in  the  prescription of optical devices for low vision patients. The use of the table for converting reduced distance VA values to standard values and for predict-ing optical powers and visual performance of low vision patients are discussed with relevant examples. Like all principles based on the log-MAR principles, the table is quite versatile in VA  conversion  and  prediction  of  the  various quantities  such  as  print  size  that  can  be  read by  the  low  vision  patient  when  factors  such as  viewing  distance    or  power  are  varied.
Keratoconus: a research and clinical symposium
Authors: Gillan W.D.H.
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
Understanding Public Health and Globalization – Strategic Directions for Optometry
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: October 2016

No abstract available
Carotid cavernous fistula
Authors: Mathebula S. D.
Published: October 2016

No abstract available
The use of contact lenses after refractive surgery
Authors: Emslie R. , Claasens A.
Published: October 2016

No abstract available
Investigating the shelf life of disposable soft contact lenses
Authors: Chetty E.
Published: October 2016

Numerous studies have been done to scrutinize the sterility and/or efficacy of contact lens solutions1-3, contact lens storage cases4-6 and soft contact lenses (SCLs) 7-10. To the best of our knowledge, a paucity of research regarding the sterility or efficacy of expired SCLs that are in sealed packages exists. One may question the need to investigate this facet of contact lens research. Many blogs and Q&A websites, such as the Optiboard website11, feature contact lens practitioners or contact lens patients who are curious about the repercussions of using expired SCLs. The purpose of this pilot study is not to offer all the answers regarding expired contact lenses, but rather to initiate curiosity about the quality and utility of expired SCLs. This study endeavors to investigate the sterility of sealed SCLs that are past their expiry date. Fifty-four SCLs were tested for the presence of fungal (27 samples) and bacterial (27 samples) contamination. These samples included both expired and unexpired SCLs that were either blister packed or vial packed. A small percentage of the lenses testedpositive for contamination.
The development of protocols and norms for sports vision evaluations
Authors: Buys J. H. C. , Ferreira J. T.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to find the most appropriate protocol to establish norms for the most important visual skills required by elite athletes in sports performance. One hundred and fifty eight elite athletes were tested and their visual skills categorized as being: superior, above average, average, ineffective or needs immediate attention. Two methods namely, the percentage method and the mean and standard deviation method were employed to find the most applicable way to establish these categories.  The results indicate that elite athletes perform very well for all the visual skills tested and that the norms thus established suggest the importance of these visual skills in sports performance.
Perceived effects of coloured overlays on reading material in persons with albinism
Authors: Makgaba N. T. , Oduntan O. A.
Published: October 2016

Persons with albinism often complain of glare when reading. They may therefore benefit from coloured filter overlays just as they benefit from tinted lenses. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectof coloured overlays on print perception in persons with oculocutaneous albinism (OCA).   Fifty subjects were included in this study, their ages ranged from 12 to 31 years with a mean of 16.12 years (SD = ± 4.56 years).  Following refraction and subsequent compensation for refractive errors, subjective perception of print was examined with the subject looking at the Wilkins® reading rate test chart with and without colored filter overlay/s.  The subjects were asked to respond to questions previously used in a questionnaire by Wilkins (2001). The percentage frequencies of positive (beneficial) responses were used to decide whether or not a particular overlay would enhance reading performance.  McNemar’s test was used to establish significant differences between responses to questions without and with overlays. All single overlays gave greater percentages of positive responses (92.0-97.2%) than without overlay (85.2%).  The single overlay that provided the highest positive responses was blue (97.2%) and the least was purple (92.0%). All double overlays, except grey/grey (82.0%) gave greater positive responses than without overlay (85.2%). Aqua/blue gave the greatest positive responses (possible benefits) (97.2%), followed by rose/rose (96.8%).  Comparing the responses without overlay with single and double overlays, the difference in responses to the five questions was only significant (p < 0.05) with regard to brightness of the surface. The results suggest that overlays provided a more glare-free reading surface than without an overlay. It was, therefore concluded that the best advantage of the coloured overlays was in glare reduction.  Although this study showed that there were more subjects who preferred single blue and aqua/blue double overlays, inter-subject preference for overlays varied, therefore the best overlay should be established for every patient for whom overlay is to be prescribed.
A comparison of two methods of logMAR visual acuity data scoring for statistical analysis
Authors: Oduntan O. A. , Mashige K. P. , Raliavhegwa-Makhado M.
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of logMAR visual acuity (VA) scoring. The two methods are referred to as letter scoring (method 1) and line scoring (method 2). The two methods were applied to VA data obtained from one hundred and forty (N=140) children with oculocutaneous albinism. Descriptive, correlation andregression statistics were then used to analyze the data.  Also, where applicable, the Bland and Altman analysis was used to compare sets of data from the two methods.  The right and left eyes data were included in the study, but because the findings were similar in both eyes, only the results for the right eyes are presented in this paper.  For method 1, the mean unaided VA (mean UAOD1) = 0.39 ±0.15 logMAR. The mean aided (mean ADOD1) VA = 0.50 ± 0.16 logMAR.  For method 2, the mean unaided (mean UAOD2) VA = 0.71 ± 0.15 logMAR, while the mean aided VA (mean ADOD2) = 0.60 ± 0.16 logMAR. The range and mean values of the improvement in VA for both methods were the same. The unaided VAs (UAOD1, UAOD2) and aided (ADOD1, ADOD2) for methods 1 and 2 correlated negatively (Unaided, r = –1, p<0.05), (Aided, r = –1, p<0.05).  The improvement in VA (differences between the unaided and aided VA values) (DOD1 and DOD2) were positively correlated (r = +1, p <0.05). The Bland and Altman analyses showed that the VA improvement (unaided – aided VA values) (DOD1 and DOD2) were similar for the two methods. Findings indicated that only the improvement in VA could be compared when different scoring methods are used. Therefore the scoring method used in any VA research project should be stated in the publication so that appropriate comparisons could be made by other researchers.
Eye protection practices and symptoms among welders in the Limpopo Province of South Africa+
Authors: Sithole H. L. , Oduntan O. A. , Oriowo M. O.
Published: October 2016

Welding is associated with several ocular and systemic hazards especially where adequate protective measures are not taken.  The purpose of this project was to study the eye protection practices and symptoms among welders in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Questionnaires designed to investigate eye protection practices and symptoms experienced were completed byone hundred and fifty (150) welders. The types of welding done were shielded metal arc (84%), oxyacetylene gas (4%) and silver brazing (12%). The number of years spent in the welding industry ranged from one to 10 years with a mean of 5 ± 3.1 years and the number of hours of welding per day ranged from one to 10 hours with a mean of 6 ± 2.1 hours. A large percentage of the welders (89%) reported wearing protective devices when welding and the most common protective devices used by the welders were: helmets (57%), goggles(22%), and face shields (15%). Six percent used inefficient protective devices such as sunglasses.  Sixty one percent reported occasional exposure to welding flashes when not wearing any eye protection. Welding-related eye symptoms reported included foreign body sensation (18%), persistent after-images (31%), and watery eyes (50%).  Al-though the majority of the welders wore protective devices while welding, a few did not always use such devices while others used sunglasses for protection.  Moreover, many of the welders were occasionally, and only a few were always, exposed to welding flashes when protective devices were not used. Therefore, we concluded that eye protectionpractices amongst the welders appeared to be inadequate to avoid hazards associated with welding.  It is recommended that an eye protection educational campaign for welders should form part of the SouthAfrican Government’s workplace safety program.
Regression of an asymptomatic choroidal metasta- sis from breast carcinoma following letrozole therapy*
Authors: Yohendran Jayshan , Chauhan Devinder
Published: October 2016

Background: Uveal metastases are commonly of breast origin, typically affecting the posterior choroid. Treatment of such uveal tumours can lead to significant ocular side effects.Methods: We present the clinical and optical coherence tomography findings of a patient with an asymptomatic choroidal metastases.Results: A 62-year-old lady presented with an asymptomatic uniocular choroidal metastases from breast origin. She was being treated with letrozole, a nonsteroidal aromatose inhibitor, for known pleural metastases. The choroidal lesion was inactive at presentation to our clinic and required no further treatment.Conclusion: The use of letrozole can lead to choroidal metastasis regression.
Sensitivity of the corneal-plane refractive compen- sation to change in power and axial position of an intraocular lens
Authors: Gool W. F. , Van Gool R. D.
Published: October 2016

If an intraocular lens is displaced or if its power is changed what are the consequences for the refractive compensation of the eye?  Gaussian optics is used to obtain explicit formulae for the sensitivityof the corneal-plane refractive compensation (also called the refraction, refractive state, etc) to change in power and axial displacement of a thin intraocular lens implanted in a simple eye.  In particular, for a pseudophakic Gullstrand simplified eye withintraocular lens placed 5 mm behind the cornea the sensitivity to errors in the power of the intraocular lens is about  71 . 0 − 71 for an intraocular lens of power   for an intraocular lens of power 20 D, that is, the refractive compensation decreases by about 0.71 dioptres per dioptre increase in the power of the intraocular lens.  More generally the sensitivity is approximately  ( ) I m   0037 . 0 63 . 0 F − − 0.63 ( 003 . 0 63 . 0 − − (0.0037m)FIwhere FI is the power of the intraocular lens.  Also for Gullstrand’s simplified eye the sensitivity of refractive compensation to axial displacement of the intraocular lens is approximately linear in FI , about  (64D) FI, in fact.  That is, for each dioptre of the power of the intraocular lens the refractive compensation increases by about 0.064 dioptres per millimetre of axial displacement towards the retina.
A study of the suitability of disposable coloured contact lenses for a South African clinic based population
Authors: Moodley V. R.
Published: October 2016

Optometrists have always considered the fitting of all types of contact lenses to be an integral part of the scope of practice of their profession.  However, since the introduction of disposable cosmetic coloured contact lenses into the market, the frequency of over the counter sales of contact lenses has significantly increased.  Patients often present with contact lens complications at the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal clinic and local practices.  It is sometimes reported that the lenses were purchased over the counter, from an optometry practice or another non-registered vendor.  A common observation in these instances has been that the lenses do not fit optimally and that the incidence of complications associated with tight fitting lenses was much higher amongst the African patients as opposed to those of other race groups.  A clinical observational study utilizing convenience sampling of 240 subjects was undertaken to evaluate the fitting criteria of disposable cosmetic coloured contact lenses on a South African clinic based population.  All patients requesting the lenses chose their preferred colour and were fitted with Freshlook ColorBlends, Images or Expressions Colors lenses.  Lenses were evaluated after 20-25 minutes and then classified into tight, ideal or loose fits according to the lower lid push-up test, lenscentration, post blink movement and version lag and upgaze lens movements.  The ages of the subjects ranged from 16 to 45 years with a mean of 24.13 ± 5.66 years.  Seventy (29.2%) were males and 170 (70.8%) were females. The majority (62.9%) of the lenses fitted on the subjects were rejected according to the fit criteria. The African subjects had the highest percentage of rejected fits (82.8%) whilst 75% of the White subjects had acceptable fits.  The main reason for lens fits being rejected was that they displayed charac teristics of a tight fit (96%) with only 4% of the fits being rejected due to being too loose. These results highlight the need for contact lens manufacturing companies to realize that those lenses that they design and which undergo clinical trials on Caucasian eyes do not necessarily fit well on the majority of patients in this part of the world.  The reasons for this may be related to differences in corneal profiles of the different population groups with some being more suitable to particular lens designs than others. It is recommended that the public and practitioners be educated about the potential dangers of over the counter sales of contact lenses and that pre-fitting evaluations consultations of all contact lenses are an essential part of contact lens care.
Reviewing the tear film’s lipid layer
Authors: Chetty E. , Gillan W. D. H.
Published: October 2016

No abstract available
Amplitude, facility and accuracy of accommodation in a primary school population
Authors: Moodley V. R.
Published: October 2016

Vision screening at an early age in children is important as it can identify aspects in the visual system that may need to be managed to enable a child to function optimally at school.  The National School Vision Screening Programme was discontinued in many provinces of South Africa, often due to a lack of financial resources or adequately trained personnel. This action has resulted in the majority of children not having a visual examination during their school career.  In a few instances where vision screenings are performed, these are usually limited to visual acuity (VA) evaluation alone; an endeavour that may miss many significant visual problems.  The purpose of this article is to highlight the need for vision screening to be conducted in schools and for the screening protocols to include the various accommodative tests. A retrospective analysis of the amplitudes of accommodation, accommodative facility and accuracy of accommodation findingsfrom a primary school vision screening of 264 children between 6 and 13 years was undertaken in this study.  Data was captured and analysed with Microsoft Excel. The ages of the children ranged from 6 to 13 years with a mean of 9.38 years (SD = 1.85).  One hundred and thirty eight (52.3%) were males and 126 (47.7%) females.  A significant number of the children failed the monocular accommodative amplitude tests (24%), binocular accommodative amplitude test (26%), the accommodative facility (30%) and the MEM test (27%).  These results highlight the need for a more comprehensive vision screening exercise rather than VA alone as this approach would have  missed more than a quarter of the children who had other visual problems that could impact on their ability to perform optimally at school.
The role of vision and visual skills in archery*
Authors: Strydom B.
Published: October 2016

The main purpose of this study were firstly to determine the most important visual  skills applicable to archery and secondly to determine the norms for these visual skills necessary for an archer to perform at an elite level. Another goal was to compare our results with previous results for elite athletes, (determined by Buys in 2002). Twenty eight archers from different archery styles such as compound bow archery, recurve bow archery and traditional bow archery were used. Their visual skill norms were categorized as Superior, Above average, Average,  Ineffective and Needs immediate attention.The results indicated that visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, eye-hand coordination, eye-body coordination and visual response time may be the most important skills in archery.  Other factors such as distance judging and the choice of monocular or binocular aiming has also been tested and discussed and norms for these tests were also established. (S Afr Optom 2010 69(1) 21-28)
Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS: A literature review (Part 2)*
Authors: Govender P. , Hansraj R. , Naidoo K. S. , Visser L.
Published: October 2016

This is the second part of an article on the review of published literature on the ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS. This part deals with the posterior, orbital, neuro-ophthalmic and iatrogenic manifestations of the disease. (S Afr Optom 2011 70(2) 81-88)
Transferences of Purkinje systems
Authors: Harris W. F.
Published: October 2016

The transferences of heterocentric astigmatic Purkinje systems are special: submatrices B and C, that is, the disjugacy and the divergence of the system, are symmetric and submatrix D (the divarication) is the transpose of submatrix A (the dilation).  It is the primary purpose of this paper to provide a proof.  The paper also derives other relationships among the fundamental properties and compact expressions for the transference and optical axis locator of a Purkinje system. (S Afr Optom 2011 70(2) 57-60)
Two decades of optometric education in Ghana: Update and recent developments*
Authors: Ovenseri-Ogbomo G. O. , Kio F. E. , Morny E. K. , Amedo A. O. , Oriowo O. M.
Published: October 2016

Many authors have reported on the evolution and trends of optometric education in Africa. Amongst these are articles on Optometry and optometric education in Africa, West Africa, Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, and Ethiopia. This article reports the historical perspectives of optometric education in Ghana and the developments that have been made in the last 20 years. It also attempts to relate the stride made towards legal recognition of optometry in Ghana. In presenting this historical account, it is hoped that sometime in the future, one should be able to look back at the beginning of optometry training in Ghana and be able to measure the advancement or otherwise that have been made since its inception. (S Afr Optom 2011 70(3) 136-141)
Dependence of the transference of a reduced eye on frequency of light*
Authors: Evans T. , Harris W. F.
Published: October 2016

In Gaussian optics the transference is a matrix that is a complete representation of the effects of the system on a ray traversing it. Almost all of the familiar optical properties of the system, such asrefractive error and power of the system, can be calculated from the transference. Because of the central importance of the transference it is useful to have some idea of how it depends on the frequencyof light. This paper examines the simplest model eye, the reduced eye. The dependence of the transference is calculated in terms of both frequency andwavelength of light and both dependencies are displayed graphically. The principal matrix logarithms are also calculated and displayed graphically. Chromatic difference in refractive compensation, power and ametropia are obtained for the reduced eye from the transferences.  (S Afr Optom 2011 70(4) 149-155)
Ocular manifestations of mitochondrial disease
Authors: Mathebula S. D.
Published: October 2016

Mitochondrial disease caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA is recognized as one of the most common causes of inherited neurological disease. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations are a common feature of mitochondrial disease.  Optic atrophy causing central visual loss is the dominant feature of mitochondrial DNA diseases. Nystagmus is also encountered in mitochondrial disease.Although optometrists are not involved with the management of mitochondrial disease, they are likely to see more patients with this disease. Oph-thalmic examination forms part of the clinical assessment of mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrial disease should be suspected in any patient with unexplained optic neuropathy, ophthalmoplegia, pigmentary retinopathy or retrochiasmal visual loss. Despite considerable advances in the under-standing of mitochondrial genetics and the patho-genesis of mtDNA diseases, no effective treatment options are currently available for patients withmitochondrial dysfunction. (S Afr Optom 201271(1) 46-50)
The prevalence of refractive error in three communities of Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Otutu M. , Nachega J. , Harvey J. , Meyer D.
Published: October 2016

The prevalence, distribution and demographic associations of refractive error in three communities in Cape Town, South Africa were assessed. In this cross-sectional study, a clustered random sampling procedure was used to recruit participants (n=176; age=40.6±14.7 years; males=76, females=96) from Khayelitsha, Milnerton, and Mitchell’s Plain. From March to May 2010, participants underwent autore-fraction and subjective refraction eye examinations.A structured interview was used to collect data on sociodemographics, age, gender, level of education, employment and race. Participants younger than 15 years, non-residents, or residents for less than six months, who declined signing the informed consent forms were excluded from the study. In this study myopia was defined as the spherical equivalent value in the better eye of −1.00D or worse and hyperopia as the spherical equivalent value in the better eye of ≥1.00D. Astigmatism was defined as −0.50 cylinder or worse in the better eye. The prevalence of myopia was 17.4% with a 90% confidence interval (CI) of 12.65-22.15, hyperopia was 13.4% (90% CI 9.13-17.67), and astigmatism was 60% (90% CI 53.86-66.14). Myopia was found to be significantly associated with race and age; while hyperopia was significantly associated with age, employment and race. The results of this study may assist in planning for eye care on district level. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(1) 32-38)
Neurobiology of developmental dyslexia Part 2: A review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the corpus callosum
Authors: Wajuihian S. O.
Published: October 2016

This paper forms part two of a review of the neurobiology of developmental dyslexia (DD) and here the focus is on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)of the corpus callosum (CC) of dyslexic and non-dyslexic subjects. The CC is a bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and the right hemisphere of the brain. Due to the role of this structure in inter-hemispheric transfer and integration between the hemispheres, the CC is significant in the search for the neurobiological basis of DD. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(1) 39-45)
Short-term variation of central corneal thickness measurements in keratoconus using the Tono- Pachymeter NT530P (Tonopachy™)
Authors: Mashige K. P. , Oduntan O. A. , Gcabashe N. M.
Published: October 2016

Repeatability of values is a crucial reliability index in any instrument used to measure ocular parameters. The purpose of this study was to investigate short-term variability of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements in keratoconic eyes. The Tono-Pachymeter NT530P (Tonopachy™) was used to take fifty successive automatic measurements of CCT of the right eyes of ten keratoconic subjects(six females and four males), aged 19 to 41 years (mean = 30.4 ± 6.8 years). The means, standard deviations and variances of the measurements showed little variation with good repeatability. Theinter-subject or overall mean values and standard deviations of the measurements were 452.1 ± 30.3 μm. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), Lilliefors and Shapiro-Wilks (S-W) tests showed that gener-ally the data was normally distributed, with a few exceptions. The results of this study suggest that over short periods of time, the Tonopachy™ provides repeatable measures of CCT in keratoconic corneas. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(3) 102-108)
A review of ocular genetics and inherited eye diseases
Authors: Mathebula S. D.
Published: October 2016

During the past twenty years, there has been an exponential increase in the knowledge and under-standing of ocular genetic diseases and syndromes. The number of human eye diseases that have a known genetic or hereditary component continues to increase. In addition, genetic diseases are the most common cause of blindness in infants and children in developed countries. Optometrists are likely to encounter patients with inherited eye disorders. They may be the first clinician the patient consults. Inherited eye diseases may be isolated (only affecting the eye) or part of a complicated syndrome. Both isolated eye diseases and genetic syndromes can have identifiable gene mutation known to cause the disease.Knowledge of the clinical and molecular features of ocular genetics and inherited eye diseases is important for appropriate diagnosis and patient management. This article reviews the current information on ocular genetics and inherited eye diseases.The ocular conditions described in the review have significant visual impairment and blindness consequences. Therefore, optometrists (as the mostly likely first line of consultation) should be able todiagnose the condition appropriately first before they could make any management, care or referralplan. Visual aids are, of course, one of the management options for such patients with visual impairment. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(4) 178-189)