bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DÔSTOJNÁ PRÁCA VO VZŤAHU K SPOKOJNOSTI SO ŽIVOTOM U DOKTORANDOV A MLADÝCH VEDECKÝCH PRACOVNÍKOV
Authors:   Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, Kozmannová Edina , Baňasová Katarína
Published: January 2024

Štúdia sa venuje skúmaniu vzťahu medzi zložkami dôstojnej práce a spokojnosťou so životom u doktorandov mladých vedeckých pracovníkov na území Slovenska. V komparačnej časti práce sme sa zameriavali na zistenie prípadných rozdielov v dôstojnej práci vzhľadom na pohlavie respondentov a na spokojnosť so životom vzhľadom na študijné odbory vedecko-výskumných pracovníkov na Slovensku. Použitými metódami boli dotazníky Decent Work Scale (Duffy, Allan a kol., 2017) a Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener, Emmnos, Larsen & Griffin; 1985). Výskumný súbor pozostával z 104 respondentov (48 mužov a 56 žien; Mvek = 20,07, SDvek = 2,90). Identifikovali sme významné pozitívne vzťahy medzi zložkami dôstojnej práce a spokojnosťou so životom. V komparačnej časti sa v prípade spokojnosti so životom vzhľadom na študijné odbory respondentov nepreukázali štatisticky významné rozdiely. V prípade dôstojnej práce sa objavili rozdiely v interpersonálnych a fyzicky bezpečných pracovných podmienkach. Získané výsledky zdôrazňujú dôležitosť aspektov dôstojnej práce vzhľadom na spokojnosť so životom špecifickej vzorky doktorandov a mladých vedeckých pracovníkov.
PRACOVNÉ A AKADEMICKÉ CIELE V OBDOBÍ PRECHODU DO DOSPELOSTI A SUBJEKTÍVNA POHODA DVADSIATNIKOV
Authors:   University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Semešiová Martina , Šoltisová Natália
Published: January 2024

Cieľ: Objasniť obsah pracovných a akademických cieľov mladých ľudí v období prechodu do dospelosti (20-29 rokov). Zároveň bolo cieľom objasniť súvislosti medzi vybranými charakteristikami osobných cieľov (dôležitosť, dosiahnuteľnosť, úsilie, progres, cieľová sebaúčinnosť), cieľovou motiváciou (vonkajšia, vnútorná) a indikátormi subjektívnej pohody (celková životná spokojnosť, pozitívne a negatívne prežívanie). Výskumný súbor. 149 respondentov (60,4% žien), vo veku od 20 do 29 rokov (M= 22,9; SD = 2,75). Štatistické analýzy. Na zisťovanie obsahu pracovných a akademických cieľov bola využitá obsahová analýza. Prostredníctvom regresných modelov bola zisťovaná možnosť predikcie indikátorov subjektívnej pohody na základe vybraných cieľových charakteristík a typu cieľovej motivácie. Výsledky. 87 respondentov uviedlo ako najvýznamnejší cieľ, na ktorom práve pracujú akademický cieľ. Najviac zastúpenou kategóriou bolo ukončenie štúdia. Pracovný cieľ uviedlo 62 respondentov, pričom najviac zastúpenou kategóriu bolo uplatniť sa v konkrétnom odbore. Výsledky regresných analýz ukázali, že dosiahnutý progres a vyššia cieľová sebaúčinnosť zvyšovali celkovú životnú spokojnosť. Pozitívne prežívanie (PP) predikoval pracovný status (PP vyššie u pracujúcich), vynaložené úsilie (negatívne) a cieľová sebaúčinnosť (pozitívne). Rod predikoval negatívne prežívanie (ženy vyššie), spolu s cieľovou sebaúčinnosťou (negatívne) a vonkajšou motiváciou (pozitívne). Limity. Charakter štúdie (korelačno-neexperimentálna štúdia prierezovej povahy neumožňuje zistené vzťahy interpretovať kauzálne), početnosť vzorky, forma zberu dát (nevýhody online zberu).
A Study on the Achievement Motivation and Learning Agility of Dental Hygiene University Students
Authors:   The Korean Society of Oral Health Science, Kim Seo-Yeon
Published: January 2024

Objectives: This study was to identify factors affecting achievement motivation and learning agility of dental hygiene university students. Methods: Data were collected from May 9 to May 27, 2022. The study was conducted on 176 dental hygiene students from two universities in the G region. The statistical program used was SPSS win 25.o. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in achievement motivation depending on satisfaction with university life, satisfaction with major, personality. There was a statistically significant difference in learning agility depending on smoking prevention and cessation education, satisfaction with university life, satisfaction with major, personality. Conclusions: There is a need to develop a program that can increase achievement motivation and learning agility among dental hygiene university students.
Current Status of Digital Radiation Safety Management by Clinical Dental Hygienists Knowledge, Attitude, Practice
Authors:   The Korean Society of Oral Health Science, Lee Jung-Hwa , Lee Sun-Mi , Yoon Na-Na
Published: January 2024

Objectives: The aimed to understand the current state, knowledge, attitude of digital radiation safety management in dental medical institutions, and to find ways to secure radiation safety management in dental medical institutions. Methods: This study conducted a convenience-sampled online survey (Google questionnaire) targeting 290 dental hygienists working in clinical settings from June 3 to June 24, 2023. Results: There is a positive correlation between Knowledge related to radiography (Knowledge), attitudes during radiography (Attitudes), and practices regarding radiation protection (Practices). When Knowledge is high, Attitudes (r=.181) and Practices (r=.284) are also high, and there is a positive correlation between Attitudes and Practices (r=.542). Conclusions: It is believed that institutional arrangements are needed to strengthen radiation safety management rules and laws and improve Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices.
‘The mood that passes through you’: Reverberations of Music and Meaning in The Piano
Authors: Weston Leanne
Published: January 2024

This chapter reflects on the role of music in Jane Campion’s The Piano (1993), focussing on the expressive and affective functions performed by Michael Nyman’s score. These functions are inherent to understanding how the film explores the subjectivity of its protagonist, Ada McGrath, and why its narrative continues to resonate with audiences who identify with her. A consideration of music and its affects not only allows us to reconsider the importance of sound and the cinematic voice to the filmic experience, but also the importance of listening and being heard. The chapter performs close reading of moments where Ada plays to analyse the music’s capacity as an expressive mode, and as a substitute for the speaking voice she lacks. A contemporary feminist reading of the film is combined with phenomenological approaches, specifically Laura Marks’ concept of ‘haptic visuality’ (1998), largely discussed in relation to Campion’s later film, In the Cut (2003), despite its relevance to The Piano. This complicates existing readings of the role of music, silence and sound in the film, and the contribution these elements make to our understanding of Ada, her actions, treatment within the film, and the themes and ideas presented within the narrative.
‘Only another man’: Homosociality in Jane Campion’s Bright Star and The Power of the Dog
Authors: Bowler Alexia L.
Published: January 2024

This chapter engages with the central male figures in Campion’sBright Star (2009) and The Power of the Dog (2021). While Bright Star focuses on the tensions between the spaces accorded to men and women in a patriarchal world, Bowler argues that in The Power of the Dog, Campion poses questions about the effect of competing masculinities in a fiercely heteronormative and brutalising environment in which the hegemonic masculinity of the film’s period admits no variation in its structural organisation. This, then, denies any validation to alternative masculinities and sexualities, or indeed any inclusion of ‘the feminine’ within men’s lives. More broadly, Bowler argues, The Power of the Dog, Campion’s first film released post-#MeToo, provides an opportune moment to consider those aspects of Campion’s work that address men and masculinity, in light of her perceived role as feminist auteur intent on championing women’s stories. Bowler suggests that Campion’s work provides a rich tapestry of male figures and contentious masculinities alongside her female protagonists, suggesting that Campion’s male figures often reveal the networks through which hegemonic masculinity operates and underpins the delimitation of women’s self-exploration, their articulation as speaking subjects, and their creativity (via institutions of family, society, and heterosexual romance).
‘I don’t think so, Jan, that’s just another fantasy’: Practice, Paratext and the Power of Women’s Talk in Jane Campion’s Filmmaking
Authors: Murray Rona
Published: January 2024

Jane Campion is one of the few women occupying the public speaking position of the auteur in contemporary culture, evidenced by her ability to generate a volume of paratextual material (Genette, 1991, 1997) around her films, including interviews, DVD commentaries and on-set documentaries. Given that these are still largely contextual spaces occupied by male directors, Murray argues that Campion’s representation and her performance in the paratext (Corrigan, 1990; Verhoeven, 2009) constitutes a unique case study of the female director, as auteur, in practice. Campion’s paratextual talk arguably mobilises a specific persona, constituted of her personal biography and artistic labour, and her interactions with her female producers demonstrate her ability to speak in public of making films as a work of women’s fantasy and desire. Furthermore, Murray argues that Campion plays the subject and desiring hero of her own narrative. The feminist potential represented by this performance can be seen through the theoretical lens of Luce Irigaray’s concept of parler femme (1985, 1993), being the potential recovery of women’s relationships to each other and of their intergenerational genealogies. Therefore, the persona of the female auteur offers an alternative to the established and exclusionary discourses of film theory and popular film journalism.
Articulating Feminism(s): Voicelessness, (In)Visibility and Agency in Top of the Lake
Authors: Jones Adele
Published: January 2024

In Top of the Lake (2013), Campion’s first return to television since 1990, each of the female characters experiences some form of male violence, and each struggles to articulate her subjectivity within patriarchy. Although Campion has previously stated that her ‘orientation isn’t political or doesn’t come out of modern politics’ (Cantwell 1999, 158), it is argued here that Top of the Lake represents a marked shift from this assertion, with feminism used as the organising (politicised) framework within which the narrative functions. Reading Top of the Lake as representative of a discursive movement in Campion’s oeuvre, the chapter sees the series as a direct response to the cultural landscape of the first two decades of the 2000s, culminating in the #MeToo ‘moment’. Using varying feminist lenses to read the series – from the ‘second wave’ to Julia Kristeva’s psychoanalytic work to #MeToo – this chapter heralds Campion’s television work as a turn towards a more feminist sensibility.
Imagining East Asia: The Failure of National Knowledge in Richard Hakluyt’s The Principal Navigations of the English Nation (1589–1600)
Authors: Hertel Ralf
Published: January 2024

This chapter focusses on The Principal Navigations of the English Nation by Richard Hakluyt. This massive collection of English exploits all over the known world, designed to boost national self-confidence, was first printed in 1589, that is, decades before the English actually set foot in East Asia. Literary encounters thus preceded personal ones and, the chapter suggests, the English failed in East Asia even before they managed to get there. Unable to procure first-hand knowledge by English writers, Hakluyt had to resort to copying reports by England’s Catholic rivals, thus undermining the highly patriotic ambitions of his own book project. At the same time, Hakluyt’s failure to come to terms with East Asia on the basis of specifically English information occurred together with a shift in perspective, away from a narrowly national one to a mercantile one – a shift of perspective that would eventually be crucial to England’s rise to power on the global stage of trade and colonialism. The essay makes a strong argument for studying representational strategies in literary texts about East Asia and linking them to socio-historical contexts of the cultures in which the target audiences – in this case, English and Western readers – abide.
‘An Honest Failure’: Simone de Beauvoir in China
Authors: Hung Ruth Y. Y.
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses Simone de Beauvoir’s visit to China in 1955, foregrounding the pitfalls of East-West encounters. Schooled in Marxist thought and eager to see a fundamental renewal of social norms and ideas after World War II, Beauvoir was keen to learn about New China and the potential role models it offered. Her monumental book La longue marche (The Long March), published two years after her trip, testifies to the great interest she harboured vis-à-vis China. At the same time, Hung states, it is curious to note what little impact her own writing, most notably her now canonical work Le deuxième sexe (The Second Sex), had on her Chinese audience, especially given the fact that Mao Zedong had been hailed as ‘the liberator of women’. Instead of as a thinker and novelist in her own right, Beauvoir found herself being introduced as ‘Mrs Sartre’ and reduced to being her husband’s wife. Hung closely follows Beauvoir’s journey in China, foregrounding intercultural misunderstandings and what she calls the ‘displacement of meaning’. In an outlook, she also considers how Beauvoir’s encounter with China influenced later feminist thought by writers and activists such a Julia Kristeva and Ai Xiaoming.
Lost in Laos: Failure in Henri Mouhot’s and Stephen Greenblatt’s Travel Writing
Authors: Schaff Barbara
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the slippery nature of the term ‘failure’ in travel writing and situates it both in the aesthetic and the material conditions of travelling and travel writing. It illustrates how many travel texts are informed by the discrepancy between the actual successful achievement – of a discovery and the record of a journey – and the feeling of personal failure, of not reaching what one had originally set out to do. As posterity tends to privilege success over failure, or even turn failure into posthumous success, actual failure is often overwritten. At the same time, it is frequently the discursive construction of failure that makes for an interesting read in travel writing. The essay explores two intertextually connected texts about Laos: Henri Mouhot’s Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (Siam), Cambodia, and Laos during the Years 1858, 1859 and 1860, and Stephen Greenblatt’s essay ‘Laos is Open’ (1992). Focussing on the self-construction and textual strategies of the travellers, Schaff contextualises them in the respective travel discourses of their period.
Louis XIV and the Kingdom of Siam: The Development and Failure of a Particular Example of Diplomatic and Intercultural Relations in the Colonial Era
Authors: Lüsebrink Hans-Jürgen
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks at the Kingdom of Siam and its relations to the French Kingdom under Louis XIV in the seventeenth century. Despite the geographic distance, these relations were characterised by an increasing intensity as well as by the unmistakable fascination which the French had for Siam. In 1688, however, these relations ended abruptly and were halted for most of the following 150 years. By means of contemporary sources such as the Histoire naturelle et politique du royaume de Siam by Nicolas Gervaise (1688), the chapter analyses both the processes of these unique diplomatic and cultural relations as well as the reasons for their failure. It discusses how differences in culturally conditioned expectations, processes of intercultural communications as well as power politics had a decisive influence on the abrupt breaking off of the relations. In arguing that even failed relations offer a basis for the production of knowledge and intercultural transfer, Lüsebrink offers a reading of this episode in French-Siamese history that works against a teleological or colonial understanding of failure and success in intercultural relations.
Gender, Genre and the Truth Condition: Failure in Anna Leonowens’s The English Governess at the Siamese Court
Authors: Sandrock Kirsten
Published: January 2024

This chapter takes Anna Leonowens’s The English Governess at the Siamese Court (1870) as a starting point to think through literary discourses of failure with a particular focus on gender, genre and the truth condition. Drawing on theories of failure that ascribe a normative function to categories of failure and success, the chapter explores how the literary rendering of an encounter between a nineteenth-century British woman and Siamese culture yields insight into several normative structures inherent in nineteenth-century Western conceptions of personal and intercultural failures. These norms of failure, visible in Leonowens’s work, have continued to shape the aesthetic traditions in later reworkings and adaptations of The English Governess at the Siamese Court, including Margaret Landon’s novel Anna and the King of Siam (1943) as well as the film, stage and musical adaptations from the 1940 and 1950s, known as The King and I. The essay suggests that forms and functions of failure in intercultural encounters and literary works can best be explored by using intersectional and cross-cultural approach.
Barthes and Bouvier in Japan: The Difficult Dialogue between Semiotics and Intercultural Communication
Authors: Demeulenaere Alex
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Roland Barthes’s L’empire des signes (1970) and Nicolas Bouvier’s Chronique japonaise (1975) as texts in which the experience of the failure of the trip is part of a practice leading to (inter)cultural knowledge and intersubjective communication. The author reads the narrative aesthetics of the works in relation to the intercultural dimension of the travel narratives and asks to what extent the failure of an intercultural experience is the consequence or the source of aesthetic writing. Whereas Barthes eschews the search for an other opposed to a stable self and presents Japan as a production site of signs that overwhelm him, Bouvier questions the possibilities of intercultural knowledge and communication. The essay asks to what extent these different approaches are either ways to deal with what Claude Lévi-Strauss had already announced in his Tristes Tropiques, namely the end of travel (la fin des voyages), or can be read as refusals to escape the experience of intercultural failure and to replace it by alternative knowledge systems.
Between Failure and Empowerment: Historicity, Genre and Cultural Clashes in David Mitchell’s The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet
Authors: Windberger Eva-Maria
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the role meta-genres of fact and fiction play in assessments of a literary work as either a failure or a success. Taking the example of David Mitchell’s novel The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet (2010), the chapter argues that historical novels are particularly affected by this meta-generic pattern that influences both the reading and the reception process of a given work. Following Windberger, The Thousand Autumns of Jacob de Zoet needs to be read as a work of historiographic metafiction in order to understand Mitchell’s use of pastiche, illustration and myth. The chapter analyses the narrative strategies used to represent  – and contest  – historicity and genre, on the one hand, and the depiction of cultural clashes between the Japanese and the Dutch, on the other. Windberger suggests that the novel bolsters its agenda by challenging readers to think beyond established patterns such as fact and fiction, self and other.
Neo-Giallo
Authors: Kerner Aaron
Published: January 2024

This chapter applies the theoretical conception of the beautiful to neo-giallo films, taking Luca Guadagnino’s 2018 film Suspiria as the primary object of study. Thom Yorke’s score greatly enhances the affective charge of the film.
Contextualised Biography of Adrian Brunel, Part I
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

Chapter One takes the form of a detailed biography of Adrian Brunel, compiled from his own writings, his correspondence, diaries and other documentation in his paper archives, supplemented by information from the trade and daily press. Through detailed archival research, it establishes him as an intriguing personality: cultured, even Bohemian, but without the advantages of wealth and education that his intellectual contemporaries enjoyed. It summarises his career in silent film up until 1928, pinpointing parallels and continuities across the decades both in his own individual experiences and in the issues facing the British film industry. Through the prism of biographical legend, it focuses on the ways Brunel himself shaped the way he is perceived through his writings and how this has influenced the way recent academic writing has presented him. A comparison of his public and private persona allows for the creation of a three-dimensional impression of the man and his work and challenges some of the preconceptions about him.
A Syndicate of Beggars: Minerva Films Ltd and Independent Short Film Production
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the role of short films in the context of 1920s British cinema, examining the various attempts by the trade to elevate the form to a viable commercial product. Brunel’s own efforts to develop the short comedy along new lines are explored through the films made during his time with Minerva Films in 1920 and 1921, where he gained his first directorial experience. The control he enjoyed during this period of his career meant he was able to put into practice his ideas of developing a more sophisticated form of screen comedy than the popular slapstick, in collaboration with actor Leslie Howard and author A. A. Milne. The chapter sheds light on the financially insecure and technically inadequate nature of the British film industry after the First World War that affected distribution and severely hampered the country’s ability to compete in the world market. The makeshift and insecure nature of the British film industry after the war was a major hindrance to a sustainable production set-ups.
Making Dull Films Jolly: Brunel’s Burlesques
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

Brunel’s burlesque shorts have received a great deal of attention from curators and academics due to their satire on the film industry. Made on the fringes of the industry, in a liminal space between amateur film and the professional, these short films are Brunel’s most personal works and have been offered as evidence of an avant-garde or experimental film tradition in Britain. These claims are examined in this chapter through a survey of the various terms in order to find a more appropriate way to define the films that takes into account Brunel’s intent and their production context. The concept of film as experiment is explored through studies of similar developments taking place in America and Europe and the ways that semi-amateur filmmaking practices were used to negotiate an entry into the industry proper.
‘A war film with a difference’: Blighty and Brunel’s Negotiation of the British Studio System
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

War films were plentiful in the 1920s but the genre posed problems for filmmakers, who had to balance the patriotism such films needed to convey against the growing anti-war feeling in the country. Brunel’s first studio feature was a war film, an assignment that was anathema both to his sensibilities and his commercial nous, since he felt that audiences had had their fill of them. Co-written by Ivor Montagu and made within Gainsborough Studios, Blighty is an interesting case study in Brunel’s continuing struggle to inject originality into commercial cinema. By tracing the film’s background and reception, the chapter contributes to the study of the First World War film by exploring the genre as part of the national healing process and a key element in British studios’ production strategies, as well as the presence of anti-war sentiments within such films.
Adaptation and Screen Censorship: The Vortex
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Adrian Brunel’s film adaptation of Noël Coward’s play The Vortex.British cinema at this time was heavily dependent on literature and theatrical works, a fact that many in the trade lamented and viewed as a hindrance to its development as an art form. As an advocate of original screenwriting, Brunel was disappointed with this commission, especially as it threw up major censorship issues. Through detailed examination of the various screenplays and correspondence in Brunel’s collection, along with a reading of the finished film, the chapter explores how he navigated the problems created by the production. A comparison is made between The Vortex and Alfred Hitchcock’s contemporaneous Coward adaptation Easy Virtue, illustrating the much greater level of control that Hitchcock was afforded by Gainsborough Studios.
Conclusion: Situating the Crusades in Syrian History
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter aims to summarise the findings of the previous chapters, and use this to reconceptualise the crusades as an aspect of Syrian history. In doing so, it questions whether historians have traditionally placed too much significance upon crusading as a historical phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Yerkes Sarah E.
Published: January 2024

This chapter lays out the framing of the book, which explains why North Africa, a region that often takes a backseat to other countries in the broader Middle East, is crucial to the stability of the Middle East, Europe and sub-Saharan Africa, and is deserving of more attention by international policymakers. There are several the internal and external challenges facing North Africa with implications for the Middle East, Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. The internal challenges include social inequality, a frustrated young population, and ongoing political and economic transformation that was accelerated by the Arab Spring. The external challenges facing the region include the COVID-19 pandemic, shifting energy markets, the ascendence of Russia and China, and climate change.
Egypt’s Waxing Challenges and Waning Power
Authors: Dunne Michele
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Egypt’s changing influence on the Middle East, Africa, and the world. This nation of 100 million, which sits on a land bridge between Africa and Asia, has had a strong effect on others in the region, including in the tumultuous decade of 2010-20, which saw an attempted democratic transition brought to a crashing halt by a military coup that ushered in unprecedented repression. Egypt has seen its traditional Arab leadership role eclipsed by Gulf states and its position in Africa diminished relative to that of rivals such as Ethiopia and Sudan. The next decade is likely to be no less dramatic, as Egypt faces massive challenges related to rapid population growth coupled with diminishing water and food security, partly due to climate change, in addition to the economic and health effects of the pandemic. The chapter examines how Egypt’s current military-dominated government is addressing such challenges, the global as well as regional repercussions of those choices, and ask whether the nation can reinvent itself to face a new era.
Moroccan Politics: Confident at Home, Assertive Abroad
Authors: Daadaoui Mohamed
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses the Moroccan regime’s confidence at home displayed in its handling of each of the three challenges of the Arab “Moroccan” Uprisings and the February 20 Movement, the Hirak protests and the resurgence of the Islamist PJD’s popularity at the polls. In addressing each of these challenges, the Moroccan regime has been the sole authority in an increasingly authoritarian edifice. However, protests in the last decade have also unmasked a new kind of dilemma for the monarchy: the failure of the regime’s dual strategy of appearing above the political fray, while at the same time, managing the political system and opposition forces. Confidence at home has empowered a robust foreign policy that centres on the issue of the Western Sahara as a lynchpin for Moroccan foreign relations, and a consensus-building nationalist issue enabling the regime to further consolidate the regime supremacy above all political reproach and manage domestic challenges.
Mauritania: The Multi-dimensionality of its Enduring Challenges
Authors: Hadji Fatima
Published: January 2024

After decades of instability and insecurity, Mauritania has been moving towards a more secure and stable government. The country has made strides in its own fight against terrorism and has increased its regional role by playing an active role to improve Sahel security. Furthermore, promising gas and oil exploration is driving investment in the gas and oil sector, this and the gains it is expected to generate are increasing the desire to maintain the country’s gains on security and stability. The expectations of improved economic outlook are also highlighting question of social cohesion in a country that has been built on a caste-system like structure of ethnic and racial inequality and exploitation. The chapter discusses the emerging economic trends and their impact on social cohesion, and the country’s stability and security. The chapter also looks at the geopolitical trends affecting Mauritania including the role of Gulf actors, and the country’s foreign policy trajectory in terms of relationship with European, US, and African actors.
Gender Imbalances across North Africa
Authors: Yerkes Sarah E.
Published: January 2024

The chapter analyses how gender imbalances impact governance across North Africa. While several states in the region have made broad public attempts at empowering women, gender gaps remain in everything from political participation to education to employment. This chapter evaluates the status of gender equality in each country of the region and examines efforts at addressing gender inequality – whether by national governments, local officials, local civil society actors or international donors as well as impediments to gender equality and the role of Islamist parties and movements in impeding or, at times, promoting gender equality. This chapter provides a crosscutting view providing comparisons where apt and highlighting unique and specific experiences where applicable. It explains how failure to adequately address gender inequality has implications for stability and security both within and outside of North Africa.
Introduction
Authors: Simpson Andrew RC , Sunde Jørn Øyrehagen
Published: January 2024

How might one go about a comparative study of Scottish and Norwegian legal history, trade and seafaring? What would be the point of the exercise? The introduction aims to answer these questions. It begins by outlining the origins of the book, and by explaining two shared methodological assumptions running throughout the contributions. The first is that the past is worthy of study for its own sake – the book is consciously historical in its approach. The second is that the national histories and legal histories of Scotland and Norway can receive some light from the comparison. The introduction proceeds to consider each individual chapter, and how it contributes to a study in comparative legal history. Several comparative insights emerge regarding the different ways in which contemporaries conceptualised national “law”, whether as a political ideal, or as practical, functioning reality in the minds of quasi-professional administrators, or as a body of learning.
Urban Legal Procedure in Fourteenth Century Norway
Authors: Tveit Miriam Jensen
Published: January 2024

The chapter explores how urban legal procedure presented in Norway after the promulgation of the Code of the Towns in 1276. The concept of written urban law is explained, followed by a discussion of legal practices compared to the written law, before an analysis is made of case studies from three Norwegian towns. The somewhat arbitrary surviving material of case law suggests that urban legal practices, to a large degree, coincided with the procedures described in the written law. Although such coincidences may be due to commonplace patterns of procedure, other findings suggest a conscious relationship with the new written urban code, that the legal actors appear to be well-informed about their legal rights, and that the procedural steps hence were executed in accordance with fixed provisions from the written law.
Urban Legal Procedure in Fourteenth Century Scotland: A fresh look at the 1317 court roll of Aberdeen
Authors: Simpson Andrew RC
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins with the reference in Medieval Aberdonian burgh courts to the common “laws of the burghs of Scotland”. What did they mean by this? They might have meant the medieval text known as the Leges Burgorum Scocie. However, considering the individual references to the “laws of the burghs of Scotland” in the court roll calls this into question. There are cross-overs between the text and the references, but direct correlations are lacking. The argument then tries to identify the minds in which an idea of a common law of the burghs might have emerged, and to consider how such an idea might have been made operational in practice. The chapter thus contributes to wider legal historical discussions around the extent to which there was a medieval Scottish common law, and briefly compares the Scottish structures that may have made the common law operational with their Norwegian equivalents.
Traders and Immigrants: A Norwegian perspective on Scottish-Norwegian economic relations from the fifteenth to the early seventeenth century
Authors: Norseng Per G.
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the relationship between the normative framework and the reality of timber-trade between western parts of Norway and Scotland in the early modern period. The citizenry of towns such as Bergen and Stavanger used their political influence to legally prohibit Scots and other merchants trading directly with the rural producers of timber. Despite these constantly reinforced legislative efforts to channel trade through the main trading hubs in Norway, the contradicting interests of the involved actors, both on the Norwegian and Scottish side, rendered the legislative measures ineffective. The chapter thus provides an illustrating example for trade practices prevailing in direct opposition to the law. This gap between norm and fact was caused by the incapacity to effectively enforce the law against the interests of buyers and sellers.
Introduction
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses the development of noise law and policy in the UK. The impact of EU noise policy on the development of the law is discussed
The Measurement and Assessment of Noise
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

This chapter explains how noise is quantified using a ‘sound level meter’ together with the various options for objectively assessing noise as it affects people. It introduces different noise measurement ‘indices’, and the way varying noise level is accounted for, the importance of acoustic ‘features’ and their analysis, and relevant guidance and standards.
Statutory Nuisance
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses the law of statutory nuisance with special reference to the control of noise. The relevant provisions of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 are covered. The duties and powers of local authorities in relation to statutory nuisances, are covered. Summary proceedings for the abatement of statutory nuisance is discussed. Summary proceedings by private individuals is discussed.
Noise and Human Rights
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses UK cases on noise and human rights, in relation to aviation noise. The leading cases of Dennis v Ministry of Defence; Jones v Ministry of Defence; and Hatton v United Kingdomare discussed. ‘Non-aviation’ cases, includingLopez Ostra v Spain, Gomez v Spain; Dees v Hungary; and Oluic v Croatiaare discussed.
Introduction: Watcher, Watching, Watched
Authors: Brunon-Ernst Anne , Manderson Desmond , Gligorijević Jelena , Wrobel Claire
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an overview of recent work on how surveillance and technology are transforming law and society. It marks the collection as unique in reflecting the recent ‘turn to the humanities’ in the study of law, drawing on insights and perspectives garnered from history, philosophy, literature, and cultural studies. The humanities invite us to take a step back from our immediate concerns, the better to understand the underlying structures and normative assumptions of surveillance; and a step forward, into the sinews and signs of everyday life. The chapter introduces foundational concepts and literatures that form the background to any discussion of contemporary surveillance; the distinctive spaces and environments in which surveillance and law intersect; and the critical tools, including question of class, race and gender, with which the humanities can unpack and interrogate the relationship between law and surveillance in the modern world.
Surveillance, Utopia and Satire in Eighteenth-Century British Literature
Authors: Tadié Alexis
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the archeology of surveillance through the examination of several early modern texts. It first analyses the utopian relationship between science and surveillance, through a reading of Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis (1627). It then moves on to the ambiguities of utopia, to Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe which tries to articulate the interactions between personhood, autonomy, and surveillance. Finally, it considers the satire of utopia enacted first by Swift, who, in book III of Gulliver’s Travels (1726), seemed to be responding to Bacon’s House of Salomon, and then by Pope, who tries to open up the path to resistance to the world of surveillance that was slowly beginning to unfold. It shows how satire enables Pope, as well as Swift, to think through a world which is being gradually invaded by the principles of surveillance, and to use the tools of surveillance against itself.
Digital Technology during Times of Crisis: Risks to Society and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Poullet Yves
Published: January 2024

Digital technology is an important part of the response to crises. Nevertheless, its use plays a major role in the disruption of the functioning of our legal system. Of course, the upheaval that digital technology causes in the legal system is not specific to times of crisis but what is specific to such times, is how digital tools are used during periods of unrest, and how its legitimisation makes the law forget its own foundations. The reason is above all because technology seems to constitute the very condition of the effectiveness of the regulatory measures taken by our governments, an effectiveness that runs the risk of negating certain collective or individual freedoms and definitively our democracies. Should the use of such effective tools therefore be abandoned? If the answer is ‘no’, undoubtedly it remains necessary to limit their implementation with a legal framework adapted to these exceptional times, in full respect of our democratic and constitutional values. The Belgian case will be assessed in that perspective, underlining the role of the Data Protection authority in that context and at the light of the article 15 of the Council of Europe Convention.
Online Undercover Investigations and the Role of Private Third Parties
Authors: Grabosky Peter , Urbas Gregor
Published: January 2024

This chapter compares the use of covert online investigative methods by state agencies, with those undertaken by individuals and institutions in civil society. The focus is primarily on intrusive investigations of online child exploitation. In particular, it deals with two types of investigative activity-- a) an investigator’s online deceptive impersonation of a child or of a facilitator of child exploitation; and b) techniques of accessing and compromising information systems used for the purpose of child exploitation. While these investigative methods may have a legitimate place in contemporary crime control, they do pose problems: First, they pose a significant risk of abuse by state agencies, and remedies available to the targets of illegal or otherwise questionable state practices may be limited. Next, the discussion of non-state investigators suggests that the targets of private investigation have even less protection than the targets of state agencies. The chapter concludes by articulating some standards by which the propriety of state and non-state covert online investigative activity may be evaluated.
Technology and Surveillance in Millennial Hollywood
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part one of the book highlights three sets of precursors that inform the development of ‘Silicon Valley Cinema.’ Its first chapter discusses a sequence of films made in the 1990s that highlight fears about technology’s ability to determine humanity’s future, and concerns about the ability of malevolent forces to use technology to surveil and thus control others. Films analysed include: Hackers, The Lawnmower Man, Strange Days, Johnny Mnemonic, and The Net
The Silicon Valley Biopic
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part two of the book focuses on a sequence of biopics of Steve Jobs and The Social Network, a biopic of Mark Zuckerberg. Its first chapter reveals how these films adhere to key biopic tropes while simultaneously undercutting their subjects’ claims to greatness. It places particular emphasis on The Social Network’s use of cinematic technique to underpin the argument embedded in its script, and the four biopics’ consideration of their subjects’ psychological motivations. Films analysed include Pirates of Silicon Valley, Steve Jobs, Jobs.
Conclusion: Why Him? and the Dialectics of Silicon Valley Cinema
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

The book’s conclusion uses the light-hearted but forgettable comedy Why Him to reveal why Hollywood ultimately pulls its punches in its critique of Silicon Valley, as alluded to in the conclusions to each chapter of the book. It uses the film’s two key characters – a tech bro and his potential father-in-law, the owner of a paper factory – as models of two different forms of capitalism, the former representing Silicon Valley’s capitalism and the latter Hollywood’s. It demonstrates that a truly radical critique of Silicon Valley will never emerge from Hollywood, placing Hollywood’s gentle critique of Silicon Valley excess within the context of recent writing on Silicon Valley before looping back to reconsider all the films in parts one, two, and three through this lens. It ends by wondering about the extent to which Silicon Valley now dominates our live, as suggested at the conclusion of The Circle.
Wielding the Scissors: Industry Politics and Play in Movie Magazines, 1933–1934
Authors: McDonald Tamar Jeffers
Published: January 2024

Top movie magazine Modern Screen ran a competition tied to the release of a new Joan Crawford film, Dancing Lady, in its December 1933 and January 1934 issues. The magazine printed film stills cut into odd shapes; to win, readers needed to cut out and rejoin the images. This task encouraged readers to see the movie, as it would be difficult to complete the puzzles without knowing the scenes from which they came. The stars’ disarticulation also served a more symbolic purpose, however. While cutting up movie magazines was not new, participants here were encouraged to cut not around Crawford’s outline but across her face. Although ultimately the star’s famous features were reconstructed, the damage persisted; the lines of cutting remained visible. Importantly, this symbolic criticism of cutting came at a time that Hollywood began to face increasing calls for censorship, as external pressures from religious and civil groups campaigning for stronger powers of suppression and excision mobilized. Rather than acting as a playful visual pun on the technology of editing – slicing and joining pieces of film – the concept of cutting was used by Modern Screen symbolically, to co-opt readers’ rejection of censorship as an institution that would spoil their enjoyment of the stars.
Universal Horror And Universal Weekly : the Visible Invisibility of the Invisible Man
Authors: Kumar Rahul
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines advertisements for The Invisible Man (James Whale, 1933) in both fan magazines and trade journals. Usually black-and-white prints, often spread across two adjacent pages of the magazine, these advertisements are particularly interesting because Universal focused on the spectral corporeality of the Invisible Man and made the problem of representing this invisibility its publicity theme.Universal claimed that while the question of representing the Invisible Man on film was resolved, its representation in print, especially advertisements in magazines, was still open-ended. Formulated along a minimalist aesthetic and through the use of shadows, silhouettes, and white spaces that highlighted absent presence to represent the invisible monster, their advertisements were predicated on the formlessness of the Invisible Man, thus differentiating him from earlier Universal monsters like Frankenstein’s Monster, Dracula, and the Mummy, which all had a well-defined physical appearance. The chapter argues that the idea of the new monster’s corporeality existing outside the boundaries of the physical world was also about defying the familiar ways of conceptualizing and categorizing a monster. This crisis of representation was a theme that Universal seized, and created an entire publicity campaign around.
A Performance Studies Perspective on Fan Magazine Images and Silent Film Acting
Authors: Voss Jennifer
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by examining a 1920s article from the Los Angeles Examiner, suggesting some screen actresses were unable to control their ‘natural’emotions on screen. The language used to describe Colleen Moore’s style of performance offers direct engagement with contemporaneous expectations of screen acting, supported by close up images of her eyes. This combination of images alongside commentary on the representation of emotion, demonstrates how newspaper and magazine coverage of silent film stars offers a pertinent lens through which actresses’ performative personae and their screen acting styles can be explored.Drawing on performance studies methodologies, this chapter considers how magazines can be fruitfully employed alongside autobiographical material, interviews, and studio records, to support the analysis of performance in silent film. It focuses on actresses such as Moore and examines a range of magazine sources from both Britain and America, to analyse how the combination of stylised images of stars, articles and captions, can inform the analysis of an individual actress’s performance style. This chapter thus highlights the variety of media in which these different magazine sources manifest, and their distinct uses, particularly when the articles are presented as being written by the actresses themselves.