bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The English Embassy
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks
Published: November 2023

Of the channels to the outside world, the most enticing for women were the possibilities opened up by foreign trade. The local marketplace and the palace fairs of the Nauroz had always provided women of means the chance to buy and sell, but the coming of European merchants in substantial numbers to the Mughal court made available a life beyond the harem walls that could also, fortunately, be totally in keeping with domestic practices. Although India had traditionally been a self-supporting country, trade had been a consistent part of her history and had served not only to disperse raw materials and luxury items among various parts of the subcontinent, but to bring goods from more distant parts of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well.
Breakup of the Junta (1620-1627)
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks
Published: November 2023

The effectiveness of the alliances made within Nur Jahan’s junta began to wane around the turn of the decade in 1620. Coming off the victories of Shah Jahan in the Deccan in 1617, the group was heady now with a sense of limitlessness to its power and rightness to its course. These victories, it seemed, signified the ascendancy of rule by counsel and wisdom through consensus, but revealed little of the turmoil possible when counsel would become command and consensus cartel. Bubonic plague had broken out in 1616, introduced into northern India most probably from Central Asia, and it continued to devastate the country during cold weather for the next eight years. Moreover in November of 1618, two heavenly phenomena appeared that lasted for about a month: one, in the southern sky, was shaped “like a pot boiling out fire” or “a sickle” and the other, in the northern sky, was a comet. The monsoon failed that year and the famine, pestilence, and mortality that came in the years following were blamed on the appearance of these astrological signs. In the wake of these occurrences, the power of the junta declined, and the lqbalnama went so far as to say that “through the effects of this [heavenly] phenomenon … a misunderstanding arose between His Majesty and the fortunate Prince Shah Jahan. The disturbances which thus originated lasted seven or eight years. What blood was shed in the country! and what families were ruined!”
Nur Jahan and Religious Policy
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks
Published: November 2023

By reputation, Nur Jahan was not an especially religious woman, but like Jahangir she was fond of charitable acts. Whether her charity was the result of her own generous benevolence or of her intuitions about policy best befitting the government may not ever be clear, but it is apparent that she took a decided interest in religious matters at the court, both by way of the administration and of the functionaries who appeared before her from time to time. What is crucial to discern here is the nature of the influence she exerted over Jahangir: was she responsible, for example, for an increasing religious conservatism in the regime, for a movement away from her father-in-law Akbar’s universalist sentiment to a more narrow, exclusivistic view consonant with her Shia background? Or did she exercise a somewhat liberal influence, judging that as a minority she and her fellow corcligionists would benefit more from a tolerant, open-ended policy?
Selecting the Study Population and Follow-up Period
Authors: Norell Staffan E
Published: November 2023

The study population and follow-up period should be selected to achieve a high degree of accuracy (validity and precision) with limited resources. In principle, the study population could be selected from any part (de fined by age, sex, residence, or other characteristics) of any source population. There are, however, considerable differences between populations in the occurrence of exposure, disease, confounders, and modifiers. In addition, there are differences between populations in the comparability, accuracy, and completeness of information that can be obtained. Conditions that should be taken into account when selecting a study population include the following:
Zion and Mormon City Planning
Authors: Hamilton C Mark
Published: November 2023

Zion, as a doctrinal concept, was central to nineteenth-century Mormonism. Joseph Smith spoke of the necessity to create a “Zion-like” society, where the Saints would abide by the governing laws of the gospel, and thereby live in harmony with one another under a theocratic government.’ In this society the Saints would live under the law of consecration, where all possessions would be held in common. Pride, greed, immorality, and crime would not be found there. It would be a place for the “pure in heart.” Such a utopian state of being was to be achieved in preparation for the millennial reign of Christ.
Temples
Authors: Hamilton C Mark
Published: November 2023

The temple has been important in Judea-Christian tradition since the time of Solomon. References to temples were abundant in The Book of Mormon (June 1830), which in speaking of Christ’s dealings with the ancient inhabitants of the Americas, emphasizes the importance of temples to the people. Nephi, in The Book of Mormon, who left Israel for the Americas with his father Lehi just before the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem, made direct reference to the Temple of Solomon: “And I Nephi, did build a temple: and I did construct it after the manner of the Temple of Solomon save it were not built of so many precious things; for they were not to be found upon the land, wherefore, it could not be built like unto Solomon’s Temple.
John Williams’s Captivity Narrative: A Consideration of Normative Ethnicity
Authors: Baum Rosalie Murphy
Published: November 2023

Most studies of early captivity narratives have considered only New England, usually Puritan, narratives of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and have focused on the archetypal structure of the form. Richard VanDerBeets, for example, describes “the most compelling pattern” as that of a hero “who engages in an archetypal journey of initiation, a variation of the fundamental Death-Rebirth archetype.” Such an archetypal hero experiences “Separation (isolation from one’s culture and symbolic death), Transformation (a series of excruciating ordeals in passing from ignorance to knowledge and maturity, accompanied by ritualized adoption into a new culture), and Return (symbolic rebirth with a sense of moral or spiritual gain).” Louise K. Barnett suggests that Cotton Mather’s accounts of the captivity of white settlers by Indians in Decennium Luctuosum (1699) define the captivity narrative as “the central experience of white-Indian relations” and the “prototype for countless early nineteenth-century novels,” with the satanic Indian as “gratuitous persecutor of whites, perpetrator of numberless atrocious deeds which provoked pity for his victims’ suffering and admiration for their endurance.”
Recapturing John Marrant
Authors: Montgomery Benilde
Published: November 2023

In recognizing that John Marrant’s captivity narrative “inaugurates the black tradition of English literature,” Henry Louis Gates, Jr., undoes a century and a half of the narrative’s neglect.1 Although John Marrant’s narrative was among the first books written by an African American and was, from its first edition in 1785, one of the most popular of the Indian captivity narratives, it has remained largely unread since its last edition in 1835 until Gates rescued it from obscurity. Even its author, whom both Dorothy Porter and Arthur Schomburg identify as “undoubtedly one of the first, if not the first, Negro ministers of the gospel in North America,” is ignored by those dusty and ponderous histories of early Methodism where some literary commentators suggest he belongs. When the narrative has been reproduced, moreover, it is often mistaken as a slave narrative, its editors ignoring that Marrant was born a free man of some apparent means. Some reformers of the American canon, who have gone to great lengths to include figures like Equiano and Wheatley, have ignored Marrant, favoring writers more self-consciously black or African. Because Marrant identifies himself as “black” only twice in his narrative, his work apparently lacked interest for both nineteenth-century abolitionists and certainly for Protestant nativists.
Introduction
Authors: Croyle Robert T
Published: November 2023

Screening for disease markers and risk factors is an important component of public health efforts in many countries. Screening in both clinical and community contexts is promoted as a cost-effective means of identifying individuals who have an increased risk for disease or who manifest early signs of disease. Identification of at-risk individuals allows health services to be targeted to those who are most likely to benefit from early intervention. The justification for screening programs, especially when implemented outside of the traditional clinical setting, often includes several implicit assumptions about human behavior. For example, proponents of many screening programs assume that individuals who are notified of their risk status will respond “rationally” by initiating or changing specific health-related behaviors. For a generation of health educators, the Health Belief Model (Becker, 1974) provided the theoretical justification for this risk notification strategy. Perceived susceptibility to disease was presumed to serve as a critical motivator of preventive health behavior. Individuals who were unaware of their risk status were expected to behave in a more healthful way once they were informed of their vulnerability.
Changes in Psychological Distress and Hiv Risk--Associated Behavior: Consequences of HIV Antibody Testing?
Authors: Jemmott John B , Miller III catherine A Sanderson suzanne M
Published: November 2023

One of the most important advances in efforts to combat the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been the development of serological tests for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the deadly disease. The use of these tests has reduced dramatically the risk of HIV transmission associated with blood transfusions and blood products. In addition to this public health advantage, HIV antibody testing may have significant medical benefits to individuals. Knowledge of seropositivity could lead to further diagnostics, to prophylactic therapies (e.g., zidovudine [AZT]), and to earlier recognition and treatment of AIDS-related illnesses (Coates et al., 1988).
Freshwater Forests of Continental Margins: Overview and Synthesis
Authors: Laderman Aimlee D
Published: November 2023

A few species of forest trees are found in nature only in narrow ribbons bordering an ocean’s edge. The trees and the ecosystems they inhabit present many intriguing puzzles. Despite their maritime location, these tree species are unable to survive in saline waters and soils. What do the trees have in common? What characteristics enable them to succeed in such challenging habitats? Why don’t these species occur inland naturally? Our aim here is to begin to answer these questions by establishing some correlations between the facets of the environment and the characteristics of the trees. Then, testable hypotheses can be developed in an attempt to relate cause and effect.
Genecology of Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis
Authors: Russell John H
Published: November 2023

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (yellow-cedar) is a long-lived, stresstolerant species. It has a north-south distribution on the Pacific Northwest coast similar to Thuja plicata western (redcedar), Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), and Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce), occurring over 20° latitude from northern California to southeast Alaska. Within this latitudinal range, however, C. nootkatensis occupies a unique geographic distribution. It occurs strictly at high elevations (over 1,200 m) in both the Siskiyou Mountains in northern California and southwest Oregon and on the west side of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon. It occurs at middle to high elevations in both the Olympic Mountains in Washington and the Coastal Mountains in southern British Columbia. North of approximately 51°N latitude, C. nootkatensis occurs from sea level to timberline, where it is restricted to a narrow longitudinal band along the coast. In central Oregon (Frenkel 1974) and southern British Columbia, two isolated stands occur more than 200 km inland from the most easterly coastal populations.
Regeneration Ecology of Chamaecyparis Obtusa and Chamaecyparis Pisifera (Hinoki and Sawara Cypress), Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Shin-Ichi
Published: November 2023

There are two species of Chamaecyparis (Cupressaceae) in Japan: Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher (Hinoki cypress) and Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher (Sawara cypress) (Figs. 7.1-3 and Table 7.1). Geographical distribution of these tall evergreen conifers nearly overlaps, although C. pisifera occurs infrequently in southwest Japan and is absent from Shikoku Island (the fourth of the main Japanese Islands). The distributional range of C. pisifera extends slightly northward of that of C. obtusa; C. obtusa (Fig. 7.4) grows from 30°15’-37°10’N and C. pisifera (Fig. 7.5) from 32°48’-39°32’N (Hayashi 1960). In the Kiso district of central Japan, both species are abundant. The altitudinal range of C. obtusa is 80-2,200 m (rarely to above 2,500 m; Horikawa 1972) and that of C. pisifera is 280-2,590 m above sea level (Asakawa et al. 1981). At present, C. pisifera has a limited distribution, mainly in the central part of Japan. It was widely and abundantly found in the Pliocene era and has been gradually decreasing up to the present (Miki 1958). The reverse tendency is found in the past and present distribution of C. obtusa (Miki 1958).
The Sequoia Sempervirens (Coast Redwood) Forest of the Pacific Coast, USA
Authors: Ornduff Robert
Published: November 2023

Since its discovery in the late 18th century, scientists and lay persons alike have been impressed by the magnificence of the stately Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) and the dense forests it forms. Yet this conifer is one of the world’s most restricted tree species, occurring only along a very narrow portion of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon. Within this narrow range, however, S. sempervirens exerts a powerful ecological influence in its ecosystem. This chapter describes the morphological features of S. sempervirens, its geographical distribution and the factors that limit this distribution, other organisms that occur with it, ecological dynamics of its forests, its fossil record, its economic values, and its conservation status. It also poses some questions concerning S. sempervirens ecology that remain to be answered.
Mean Streets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: November 2023

The old expression mean streets signifies the worlds of urban poverty. It is another term that takes the trope of city streets, with all its negative connotations, to stand for exposure to the cruelties of poverty. The meanings of mean streets emerged primarily with reference to the nineteenth-century classic slums of English and American cities and to an older type of skid row of transient but employable men. In this century its meaning was transferred to the poverty of utter despair, to the crime, violence, and drugs in black and Latino ghettos, and to the condition of homeless and often mentally ill men and women on American city streets. Mean streets is the thought behind this chapter mainly in the older sense of Manhattan’s classic slums and the intersecting social worlds of transient and often homeless men and women on the Bowery.
Building a Forest Community
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

With the manhunt behind them, the Soviet partisan leaders were eager to reestablish order. Through this reorganization they had intended to get a firmer grip on the different partisan groups in the area. The Bielski otriad, caught in this effort to reorganize, became officially attached to the Kirov brigade. Vasiliev, its head, had special plans for the Bielski partisans.
In the Beginning
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Professional football almost certainly began in the Ivy League, of all places, during the late 1880s. Today when the Today when the Iviespharies represented on the football field by student athletes-with the emphasis on student-that may seem unlikely, but it is not. American football was born in the Ivy League, and far and away the best teams were found among the Ivy until the tum of the century. The premise that the first professional football players were on college teams runs counter to prevailing opinion.
Introduction
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

Between the months of October 1730 and December 1731, a political duel took place in France between two seemingly mismatched combat ants. On one side stood the French crown, represented by the unofficial prime minister, Cardinal Andre-Hercule de Fleury, and the venerable chancellor (head of the judiciary), Henri-Francois d’Aguesseau. On the other side was ranged the Parisian Order of Barristers, five hundred men of predominantly moderate means, predominantly bourgeois origins, and little obvious political influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Bell David A
Published: November 2023

When Guy Target, in his brief for the Marquise d’Anglure, called on the legislator to act, he could scarcely have imagined that within three years he would be a legislator himself. Nor could he have dreamed that within six years, after a career spent posing as the nation’s advocate against the king, he would be asked to serve as the king’s advocate against a stern and unforgiving nation (or rather, against a Convention claiming to represent the nation). Such, of course, was the tremendous concentration of events and overturning of fortunes that characterized the French Revolution.
Grand Illusions
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

Fantasies of glory breed traumatic disillusionment. Opening the century with a wave of exhilaration, World War I swiftly transformed Europe’s mental landscape into a site of mourning and anxiety, loss and trauma. First the scar of trenches stretching across the continent and then the vast, symmetrical cemeteries, which rendered a semblance of aestheticized order to the slaughter, have become embedded in Europe’s collective consciousness. The illusion of glory became the reality of atrocity. And yet disillusionment from romantic visions of heroism and sacrifice was accompanied by even grander, more reckless, and more destructive illusions. The carnage and genocide of World War II that followed did more than shatter the dreams of military and national greatness; it dealt a lethal blow to the very idea of shared humanity. Having torn out of its midst millions upon millions of its own people, inverted and perverted every value and belief, exploited to the limit humanity’s willingness to sacrifice itself for a higher cause in order to perpetrate the most heinous crimes, the war has left us with a legacy of gaping absences of memory and identity, culture and biography. Half a century later we are still groping for a way to come to terms with the belated effects of this trauma, even as its last witnesses are leaving the stage. Bereft of heroes and ideals, we are haunted by nightmares of catastrophe, as the gallant tales of the past turn out to have been nothing but smoke and mirrors.
Identifying the Unfit: Biology and Culture in the Construction of Hereditary Disease
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

“The chief significance” of the Bollinger case, “is the eugenic question,” asserted Yale economist Irving Fisher. “Eugenics? Of course it’s eugenics,” Haiselden patiently explained to a reporter. New York’s Commissioner of Charities John Kingsbury agreed, “This is eugenics in the concrete.” Drawing on what had become the classic eugenic example of a defective family pedigree, Haiselden asked rhetorically, “Which do you prefer—six days of Baby Bollinger or seventy years of Jukes?” His film The Black Stork was even advertised as a “eugenic love story.”

To accomplish its goal of improving human heredity, eugenics claimed to answer a number of related but conceptually distinct questions. Among the most important were the following: First, what human differences are influenced by heredity? Second, what counts as an improvement—which human traits are good and which are not? Third, what techniques are best to produce the desired improvements? And fourth, who should have the power to answer the other questions? Much historical confusion over who supported and who opposed eugenics results from conflating these separable questions and from overlooking the struggles that took place over which answers to these questions would count as “eugenics.”
Eliminating the Unfit: Euthanasia and Eugenics
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

Although some prominent eugenicists advocated death for the unfit as early as 1868, before the Bollinger case such ideas rarely won endorsement in public from the leaders of the movement. The most prominent eugenic researchers and spokesmen called for preventing the reproduction of the unfit and for stimulating the fertility of the fittest, rather than seeking to eliminate those already born with defects. Preventive measures included providing sex education and birth control information to the poor, confining defectives in sex-segregated institutions, or legislating compulsory sterilization.

Charles Davenport, perhaps the foremost American eugenic researcher of the period, insisted in 1911 that eugenics did “not imply the destruction of the unfit either before or after birth.” Yale economist Irving Fisher and eugenic publicist Harry Laughlin echoed Davenport’s disclaimer.
The Black Stork
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

The Black Stork was the most explicit depiction of negative eugenics to reach the silent screen. Yet even though the film was shown across the country in various editions under several titles from 1916 to perhaps as late as 1942, no copies were known to exist until I rediscovered and preserved the only viewable print of the 1927 revision and subsequently located an unprojectable paper print of the 1916 original.

The original version opens with a prologue that 1epicts defectives as a repulsive, dangerous, and costly menace to society. The film dramatizes a centuries-old argument for selective human mating, visually contrasting care in breeding livestock (Fig. 8) with neglect of human health and eugenics (Fig. 9). Through statistic-filled titles and striking visual juxta positions, these scenes combine an argument for making the success of livestock breeding a model for human selection, with a critique of the government for spending more money on veterinary than on human health, and an equation of human defectives with subhuman beasts.
Medicine, Media, and Memory
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

From Haiselden’s death in 1919 to the present, controversies over eugenic euthanasia and medical refusal to treat impaired newborns periodically appeared and disappeared from the American mass media. Each time the public rediscovered these issues, the memory of Haiselden’s crusade became dimmer. With each revival of interest, these subjects were increasingly portrayed as unprecedented novelties of modern science.

Each new wave of attention was shaped by the particular political and medical circumstances of its own time. Yet key underlying assumptions first illuminated in the debate over the Bollinger baby and The Black Stork continued to shape public and professional discourse long after Haiselden and his cases had been forgotten. Both the differences and the similarities to Haiselden’s era remain important to understanding medicine, genetics, and euthanasia today.

American eugenicists achieved their greatest political successes in the 1920s, with legislation imposing selective ethnic restrictions on immigration and judicial approval of compulsory sterilization. In contrast, supporters of euthanasia won no comparable victories. Indeed, many historians claim discussion of mercy killing almost disappeared from American public life in the l 920s.
The Most Fundamental Question Facing Mankind Today Is Whether Man Can Evolve to Live in Harmony with Nature
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

There is a popular bumper sticker that says: “If the people lead, the leaders will follow.” This is as good a motto as any as we face what seem to be overwhelming global troubles. But humanity has operated out of optimism (if sometimes misplaced) through its history, and a realistic optimism is certainly something needed now. To that end, in this book we have sought to put some of our current problems in a context that is geologic, noting that the Earth has been around a long time and will continue to exist for a long time to come. It has continually undergone changes-small and vast--on time scales from a year or less to several million years. In terms of geologic time, there have been “abrupt” extinctions, such as the Ice Age megafauna and the dinosaurs-great extinction events that took place amid the constant background buzz of evoluticm and extinction. We know something of the environmental stresses that caused these extinctions but are far from understanding them in detail. They are of scientific interest in themselves, but a better understanding of them would surely cast light on the anthropogenic environmental changes we now face.
The Rain Forest of Selborne
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The fourth most frequently published book in the English language is by modem standards of popular entertainment one of the dullest. Unlike television commercials, in which images flicker on and off the screen every few seconds, the scenes in this book stay the same page after page. A cameraman filming The Natural History of Selborne-if any producer were crazy enough to try to tum that book into a television program-would merely have to aim the camera, tum it on, and go to lunch, returning only to reload film. No need to swivel the camera to follow the action; there is no action in The Natural History of Selborne. Nor are there any dismembered corpses, love polygons, towering ambitions, or anything that could be described as exotic or glamorously foreign, not even a jaguar or a tree fem.
After Valdez
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The oil that leaked from the ruptured hull of the Exxon Valdez into Alaska’s Prince William Sound on Good Friday, March 24, 1989, had many effects. It provided a windfall income to local residents who rented extra bedrooms at one hundred dollars per night to visiting scientists, administrators, lawyers, and others concerned with the spill and the cleanup. It gave the professional opportunity of a life time to anyone willing to put in 110 hours a week, under horrendous conditions, studying oiled biota-everything from whales to coyotes to eagles. And of course it devastated one of the most beautiful ecosystems on earth.
Dent de Lion-The Lion’s Tooth
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

George Orwell wrote that if you want to understand a prejudice, the best place to start inquiring is inside your own head. That’s not easy, because before you can get anywhere with your inquiry you have to be able to say to yourself, “I am a prejudiced person. I have an irrational belief or feeling.” Only after making this admission do you have a chance of finding out the source of the prejudice.
Changing the Way We Farm
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

In 1971, the Canadian wildlife biologist Valerius Geist published his book, Mountain Sheep: A Study in Behavior and Evolution. In it he observed that although both the United States and what was then the Soviet Union had enacted measures to protect mountain sheep or to control hunting in areas where they were still common, and although vast areas of suitable sheep habitat, without sheep, still exist, mountain sheep have made “no noteworthy recovery on either continent. Protection of sheep has been locally in force in the United States since the turn of the century and in Russia since after the October Revolution, yet only exceptionally have sheep spread from the restricted areas to which they were confined.” This contrasts sharply with the fate of moose, which have taken advantage of twentieth century protection to recolonize thousands of square miles of terrain in Asia, Europe, and North America that they once occupied and from which they were exterminated. Why the difference, and what is its significance for farming? Geist gives an ecological and evolutionary answer to the question of why mountain sheep are so reluctant to reoccupy suitable former habitat that is nearby.
Life in the New Millennium
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The future is shy. If you want to catch a glimpse of it, you have to sneak up from behind. So the place to start for a look into the future is the past. The question of what life will be like for plants, animals, and people in the new millennium is not a fit subject for casual futurology. We have to lay a good foundation, and we can begin with the relatively recent idea of changing the earth.
Introduction A Matter of Fundamentals
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

One observer has suggested that jazz music-or all jazz music but the most recent-represents a kind of cultural lag in which the devices of nineteenth-century European music have been domesticated and popularized in the United States, adding that at the same time these devices were inevitably influenced by an African-derived rhythmic idiom.
Billie Holiday Actress Without an Act
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

“All I ask of popular songs, “ a journalist once wrote, “is that they be beautiful “-which is to ask everything or nothing. Pretty they may sometimes be, but beautiful they often are not. And if they were beautiful, an artist like Billie Holiday might have nothing to do. Her repertory abounded in trivial melody, in ugly melody, in merely pretty melody. To be sure, a part of the meaning of jazz comes from its spontaneity improvisation and variation have meanings of their own. But in another sense there would be no point in Miss Holiday ‘s changing a melody if it were already beautiful. Her particular musical talent was that she could find emotional and melodic beauty in banality.
Art Tatum Not for the Left Hand Alone
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

When Louis Armstrong first arrived in the early ‘twenties, the reaction of his fellow musicians was generally positive. His elders, most of them, and particularly if they were from New Orleans, heard him as a fulfillment of what they had been working on. And younger players seem to have felt that here was someone who could serve as an inspiration and guide, from whom they could take at least a part if not all, and go on to develop something of their own.
Sonny Rollins Spontaneous Orchestration
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

In the late summer of 1959 tenor saxophonist Sonny Rollins stopped taking night club, concert, and record dates. Inevitably there was much gossip. It was said that he had decided to escape a round of work where both public adulation and constant playing were forcing him to repeat himself; that he was preparing some long compositions; that he had been intimidated by critical praise and by the close technical analysis of his recorded work; that he intended to reappear solo, as an unaccompanied improvising saxophonist. The last rumor was perhaps the most provocative. Rollins had frequently appeared without a pianist and-most important-in a sense had taken over the functions of orchestrator and orchestra all to himself.
Ornetfe Coleman Innovation from the Source
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

An American artist will find his own ways of expression, and no one would claim that for him an increase in conventional techniques necessarily has anything to do with an increase in expressiveness. As our comic strip artists become better draftsmen, they may produce more soap opera; as our sound films become more technically resourceful, they may, more important, talk more, say less, and show less.
Eric Dolphy Step by Step
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

It is said that the good die young. It is also said that the really gifted artist who dies young gains a reputation that would have taken longer had he lived.
Generalities
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we discuss a few basic facts about parallel processing in general. One very basic fact that applies to parallel computation, regardless of how it is implemented, is the following: CLAIM 1.1. Suppose the fastest sequential algorithm for doing a computation with parameter n has execution time of T(n ). Then the fastest parallel algorithm with m processors (each comparable to that of the sequential computer) has execution time The idea here is: If you could find a faster parallel algorithm, you could execute it sequentially by having a sequential computer simulate parallelism and get a faster sequential algorithm. This would contradict the fact that the given sequential algorithm is the fastest possible. We are making the assumption that the cost of simulating parallel algorithms by sequential ones is negligible.
Bitonic Sorting Algorithm
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we will discuss one of the first parallel sorting algorithms to be developed. DEFINillON 3.1. A sequence of numbers will be called bitonic if either of the following two conditions is satisfied: It starts out being monotonically increasing up to some point and then becomes monotonically decreasing. It starts out being monotonically decreasing up to some point and then becomes monotonically increasing. A sequence of O ‘s and l ‘s will be called clean if it consists entirely of O ‘s or entirely of l ‘s.
Theoretical Issues
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Modify the CRCW Write phase of the simulation algorithm described above (page 30) so that, whenever multiple processors attempt to write numbers to the same simulated location, their sum is actually written.3• 6.1. Complexity Classes and the Parallel Processing Thesis. In this chapter we will be concerned with various theoretical issues connected with parallel processing. We will study the question of what calculations can be efficiently done in parallel and in what sense. We present the so-called Parallel Processing Thesis of Fortune and Wyllie - see [51]. It essentially shows that execution-time on a parallel computer corresponds in some sense to space (i.e., memory) on a sequential computer. The arguments used by Fortune and Wyllie also give some insight into why the execution time of many parallel algorithms is a power of a logarithm of the complexity of the problem.
General Principles of Parallel Algorithm Design
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we discuss some general principles of algorithm-design. Later chapters in this book will explore these principles in more detail. We have already seen some of these concepts in the Introduction. Brent ‘s Theorem. Brent ‘s Theorem makes precise some of the heuristic argu ments in the introduction relating computation networks with time required to com pute something in parallel.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

The PRAM models of computation requires that many processors access the same memory locations in the same program-steps. This creates engineering problems that have only been solved in a few cases. Most practical parallel computers are built along a Distributed Memory Model of some kind. In a distributed-memory architecture, the processors of the computer are interconnected in a communication-network and the RAM of the computer is local to the processors. Each processor can access its own RAM easily and quickly.
The Hypercube Architecture
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Description. An n-dimensional hypercube is a graph that looks, in the 3-dimensional case, like a wire frame that models a cube.
Linear algebra
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Matrix-multiplication. In this section we will discuss algorithms for performing various matrix operations. We will assume that all matrices are n x n, unless otherwise stated. It will be straightforward to generalize these algorithms to non square matrices where applicable. We will also assume that we have a CREW parallel computer at our disposal, unless otherwise stated.
Introduction And Basic Definitions
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will discuss a topic whose importance has grown considerably in recent years. Several breakthroughs in sequential algorithms have been made, in such diverse areas as computational number theory (with applications to factoring large numbers and breaking Public-Key Encryption schemes, etc.), and artificial intelligence (with the development of Simulated Annealing techniques). A complete treatment of this field is beyond the scope of the present text. Nevertheless, there are a number of simple areas that we can touch upon.
Prologue
Authors: González Deena J
Published: November 2023

This work revolves around a simple question that is posed by New Mexican history: How did the lives of the women of Santa Fe change when the United States colonized the former Mexican North? This seemingly straight- forward query led to several discoveries about the way Spanish-Mexican women lived during the past century, about what they valued and believed, and about how they reconstructed their daily routines after they were besieged bystrangers from the United States.
Introduction
Authors: David Marian
Published: November 2023

“What is truth? ” asked Pilate. “Truth is disquotation”, replied Quine. A theory of truth has to provide an answer to Pilate’s question. It has to explain what it is for something to be true or false. Competing explanations have been proposed: truth is correspondence, truth is coherence, truth is warranted assertability, truth is disquotation. But beware! The last proposal is an impostor. It is not a theory of truth in the same sense as the other items on the list. Compared to them, it is more like an antitheory of truth. Quine has dressed a wolf in sheep’s clothes to mock the sheep; or rather, he has dressed a sheep in wolf’s clothes to mock the wolves.
Correspondence
Authors: David Marian
Published: November 2023

“Truth is a relation to reality; therefore, truth has to be explained in terms of a relation to reality.” This is the fundamental intuition underlying the accounts of truth that I shall discuss in this chapter. Of course, the idea that truth is a relation to reality does not pro vide a very informative answer to the question “What is truth? ” It can only be regarded as a pattern for an answer. We may call it the relation-to-reality pattern. It is very unspecific. It needs to be filled in: What is the relation supposed to be? What are we to understand by reality?
Disquotation
Authors: David Marian
Published: November 2023

Assume we have a motivation to deflate the correspondence theory and to look for a really bleak and austere account of truth for sentences—an account that avoids the correspondence theory’s ideology as well as its ontology. Maybe we are motivated by the conviction that the correspondence theory is a piece of bad metaphysics; or maybe we are motivated by the failure of physicalism to come up with physicalistically acceptable explanations of semantic and intentional notions; or maybe we are motivated by both these considerations. Whatever the motivation, let us assume that we want to deflate the correspondence theory: we want to show that the correspondence theory is not needed because what it tries to do can be done without its explanatory resources. Our enterprise will be constrained by this motivation. The account of sentence truth that we are after should not contain any of the concepts that belong to the world of the correspondence theory, which means that representation, expression, correspondence, reference, denotation, satisfaction, content, meaning, state of affairs, proposition, fact, and many more, will be banned from application in this account. The disquotational theory of truth is supposed to offer just such a bleak and austere account of truth for sentences.
Introduction: The Subject
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

The life of Demosthenes and the history of Demosthenic Athens are a story of failure. When the orator was still a boy, his city launched the Second Athenian League, which, in its professions and perhaps in truth, was a promising experiment in international organization. But by the time Demosthenes began to make his voice heard in public meetings, the most powerful of the allies had seceded and had defeated Athenian attempts to recover them. Moreover, Macedon under Philip II was emerging as a neighbor of greater power than the Greeks of the Balkans had known before. The activity of Demosthenes culminated in protracted attempts to outmaneuver the Macedonian king in politics and diplomacy. He succeeded in bringing together as formidable a coalition as could be hoped for, and when the armies met at Chaironeia, the forces of the confederates were at least as numerous, perhaps rather more numerous, than those led by Philip and his son, Alexander. But the Macedonians won.
Athens and the New League
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

The setback inflicted on the Athenians by Antalkidas in 387/6 made them abandon imperial ambitions. But they conserved their naval resources, and after a few years recriminations among them began to give way to concord. So much was recognized in chapter 1. The present chapter will tell how Spartan blunders enabled the Athenians to develop a new league, how the extension of Athenian influence by sea prompted new rivalries within the city, and how the growth of Theban power led to a rapprochement between Athens and Sparta.
The Athenians Defeated
Authors: Sealey Raphael
Published: November 2023

The opportunity for which the Athenians had waited since 346 came in 339, when the Thebans expelled the Macedonian garrison from Nikaia. But as this chapter will show, Philip won the ensuing war and it was a fair fight. In consequence of his victory, he could install garrisons at places where they would check ambitious cities. Later, during the lifetime of Alexander, the Athenians refrained from overt action against Macedon. They were building up their resources and training their men. On his return from India Alexander carried out actions that provoked acute tension among his senior officers. The Athenians might begin to hope for a new opportunity. The death of Alexander prompted the outbreak of the Lamian War, but again the Athenians and their allies were defeated in a fair fight.
Carne Vale and Carnival
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

For Bakhtin, in his beautiful study of Rabelais, the carnival is always a primary source of liberation, destruction and renewal, but the scope it is allowed changes in different periods. Before the existence of classes and the state, the comic realm was equal to the serious; with slave and feudal societies, including that of the sixteenth century, the carnival became a second life, a second reality for the people, separated from power and the state but still public and perennial; in bourgeois society (and alas, one feels, in Bakhtin socialist society as well) it is reduced to home and the holiday.
“More Dear to Me Than Life Itself”: Marriage, Honor, and a Woman’s Reputation in the Renaissance
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

In early May 1588, three priests were celebrating Mass in the Cathedral Church of the small Alpine town of Feltre when, just before the Lavabo, the subdeacon, Andrea da Canal, noticed hidden near the altar “a small figure of a child.” Quietly he nudged the deacon, Geronimo Lusa, whispering to him, “Look there, it’s a small child.” Geronimo motioned to him that they should finish the service, and the Mass continued as it had presumably done since the Council of Trent in the sleepy little town of the northern Veneta, lying just over the front range of the Alps on one of the pass roads connecting Venice and northeastern Italy with Austria and southern Germany.
Obtaining Scientific Information
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

We make scientific progress in unpredictable and multifaceted ways. The first impetus is the contribution by individuals of genius and talent. An observation, previous information, accumulated experience, or older theories could spark a new explanation or hypothesis. For Newton, it was the apocryphal falling apple. Galileo is said to have been inspired to develop the laws of mechanical motion after observing an incense-filled censer swinging in the Cathedral at Pisa.1 Distracted from the Mass being celebrated, Galileo used his pulse to time the oscillations and found that, regardless of the amplitude of the swing, the period was the same. He then experimentally confirmed the observation and developed equations that mirrored the laws governing the motion. Galileo’s process included three steps. First, he asked the feasible question of how fast objects moved, rather than trying the then-unfeasible task of explaining why they moved. Second, Galileo made connections between the detailed, specific observations he made and general laws that could account for the way objects moved. Third, Galileo insisted on synthesizing the newly gained knowledge by devising a mathematical expression for the laws.
Statistical Analyses
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

Some studies produce unambiguous results, in which case we do not need statistics. In most cases, however, we need some objective way to evaluate differences in our results. To provide a way to evaluate results with some degree of objectivity, we can use diverse statistical techniques, the subject of this chapter.
Communication of Scientific Information: Writing
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

Suppose we have defined and tested a scientific question. The work might be the best science in the world, but it is of little consequence unless we complete the second half of doing science: telling somebody else what we found, in clear and convincing fashion.
Moral Realism
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Granted that it is correct to reply to a moral utterance by saying ‘That’s true’ or ‘That’s not true’, the question remains of what sort of assessment is indicated by these responses. Dummett, with whose paper this emphasis is associated, also says that a statement is false if a state of affairs obtains such that a man asserting the statement and envisaging that state of affairs as a possibility would be held to have spoken misleadingly.1 But there are ways and ways of speaking misleadingly, of which speaking falsely is only one; and indeed not always one, as when you say something false knowing that the hearer will misinterpret it as something true. Even apart from the possibility of misleading someone only as to my beliefs or my authority, still I can mislead someone about the truth of the subject under discussion when a state of affairs exists, and I envisage it as a possibility (and indeed more than a possibility), and I say nothing but the truth. I would do this for example if I told an interested child that some elephants are at least twice as large as some fleas. Worse than that, in what way does a man speak misleadingly if he sincerely judges a thing to be good, envisaging the possibility that he may be wrong, according to standards of which we are aware and with which we disagree? We hold his judgement false, but I don’t think we would hold him to have spoken misleadingly, unless we just meant: what he said would mislead anyone who believed it as to the truth about whether the thing is good. But then the relevant assessment of misleadingness is itself to be understood in terms of truth.