bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stiffness characteristics of buried and on-bottom pipelines loaded axially
Authors: Kruk K.
Published: February 2025

A testing apparatus was designed and constructed to conduct small-scale physical modelling research on pipe-soil interaction problems. The apparatus allowed investigating the force-displacement behaviour of exposed and buried pipelines under axial loading. The very simplified method of calculation of axial soil resistance of on-bottom pipelines is presented in standards. It does not take into account the actual amount of soil-pipe surface contact. The equation presented in this paper accommodates the latter. There are 3 main methods of estimating axial resistance of buried pipelines. Results of experiment suggest that existing equations, which currently use ‘at rest’ K0and active Kacoefficients may greatly underestimate axial resistance in denser, dilative soils. In terms of mobilisation distances, standards propose fixed values for sand. It does not take into account any other conditions that can have significant effect on the distance at which full pipe-soil resistance is mobilised. Literature review and experimental work showed that similar parameters used in calculation of axial resistance such as angularity of soil, which can be correlated with angle of friction, also affect mobilized distance. Also it was revealed that larger pipe would mobilise peak axial resistance at larger displacement which is an enhancement to the current approach of constant mobilised distance irrespective of pipe diameter.
A hypoplastic macroelement for shallow foundations subject to six-dimensional loading paths
Authors: Salciarini D.
Published: February 2025

In this work a model for soil-foundation interaction is presented. The model – known as “macro-element” [1] – can be used for the analysis of the response of particular geotechnical structures, such as for example the foundations of offshore platforms, typically subjected to cyclic loads produced by wind and/or wave actions. To include the possibility of dealing with general loading conditions, the inelastic macro-element for shallow foundations proposed in [2] – developed in the framework of the theory of hypoplasticity – has been modified and extended to 6-dimensional loading states. The predictive capabilities of the macro-element have been evaluated by simulating the observed response in a series of laboratory tests performed at 1g on a small-scale circular foundation, subjected to complex loading paths [3].
Deep excavation construction by top-down method in Zagreb
Authors: Dizdar G.  , Čeliković G.
Published: February 2025

In the old central part of Zagreb, among a block of buildings, a business facility is being built. The underground structure consists of 5 belowground floors, with maximum excavation depth of around 19 m. For construction of belowground floors the so-called “top - down” method is used. This method is useful to avoid long-term work on the construction of geotechnical anchors and tampering of nearby parcels. Excavation support is ensured by a 24.5 m long reinforced concrete diaphragm wall held by floor slabs of the underground levels. The reinforced concrete diaphragm wall is designed as a permanent structure and presents a vertical cap wall of the underground part of the building. Floor slabs are retained with steel columns, which are founded on drilled shafts ∅120 cm, 12 and 15 m of length.
Strength and deformation characteristics of soil-concrete as a function of jet-grouting parameters
Authors: Gladkov I.L.  , Malinin A.G.  , Zhemchugov A.A.
Published: February 2025

The results of experimental research on the strength and deformation characteristics of soil-concrete as a function of jet-grouting parameters are described in this article. Some experimental works of jet-grout column construction in sandy ground are carried out. At the end of these works soil-concrete samples are taken and laboratory research is carried out. Relationships between the deformation modulus (E), compressive strength and tensile strength and the cement consumption per 1 m3are obtained.
Digital Methods for Process Development in Manufacturing and Their Relevance to Value Driven Design
Authors: Butterfield J.  , McEwan W.  , Han P.  , Price M.  , Soban D.  , Murphy A.
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the applicability of digital methods to Value Driven Design (VDD). It presents a means by which environmental considerations such as energy consumption and material waste can be integrated with conventional product and process design drivers within a digital manufacturing framework. Manufacturability is considered in terms of the ability of a thermoforming process to deliver an accurate 90° angle in an ‘L’ shaped stiffener. A composite forming process is used as an exemplar for the work which creates a collaborative environment for the integration of more traditional design drivers with parameters related to manufacturability as well as more sustainable processes and products. The environmental stakeholder is introduced to the VDD process through a customized product/process/resource (PPR) environment where application specific power consumption data has been measured and characterised in the process design interface. This allows the manufacturing planner to consider power consumption as a concurrent design driver and the inclusion of energy as a parameter in a VDD approach to the development of efficiently manufactured, sustainable transport systems.
An Emission Model to Assess the Environmental Load of Different Personal Aircraft Configurations
Authors: Rohacs Daniel
Published: February 2025

The goal of this paper is to develop an emission model in order assess and compare the environmental load of the advanced small, or so-called personal aircraft. It gives the reasonability of the European personal aircraft initiations, and summarizes some of the most promising aircraft configurations. The paper introduces the method of the emission modeling, and provides modeled environmental loads for different missions in terms of CO, HC and NOx. Finally, from an environmental point of viewit gives recommendations and proposals for the further development of the different personal aircraft configurations.
Evaluation of Dynamic Behavior of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Loose Sand by 1g Shaking Table
Authors: Shahnazari Habib  , Amin Tutunchian Mohammad  , Salehzadeh Hossein  , Asadi Mehdi
Published: February 2025

Research on dynamic behavior of soil-structure systems has been mostly developed in the recent years. In this study, the effect of structures on the liquefaction potential of saturated loose sandy soils was investigated as one of the important topics in seismic geotechnical engineering. The aspect ratio of structure and direction of the seismic excitation were the main parameters. Experiments were conducted using a 1g shaking table to evaluate the foundation settlement with different aspect ratios in saturated loose sand. Results showed increasing in amounts of settlement by enlargement of a foundation aspect ratio for loading parallel and perpendicular to the foundation's width. This increase was larger along the parallel loading to the foundation's width than the corresponding value for loading parallel to the length.
Development and progression of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Manne Upender  , Shanmugam Chandrakumar  , Katkoori Venkat R.  , Bumpers Harvey L.  , Grizzle William E.
Published: February 2025

A variety of genetic and molecular alterations underlie the development and progression of colorectal neoplasia (CRN). Most of these cancers arise sporadically due to multiple somatic mutations and genetic instability. Genetic instability includes chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI), which is observed in most hereditary non-polyposis colon cancers (HNPCCs) and accounts for a small proportion of sporadic CRN. Although many biomarkers have been used in the diagnosis and prediction of the clinical outcomes of CRNs, no single marker has established value. New markers and genes associated with the development and progression of CRNs are being discovered at an accelerated rate. CRN is a heterogeneous disease, especially with respect to the anatomic location of the tumor, race/ethnicity differences, and genetic and dietary interactions that infiuence its development and progression and act as confounders. Hence, efforts related to biomarker discovery should focus on identification of individual differences based on tumor stage, tumor anatomic location, and race/ethnicity; on the discovery of molecules (genes, mRNA transcripts, and proteins) relevant to these differences; and on development of therapeutic approaches to target these molecules in developing personalized medicine. Such strategies have the potential of reducing the personal and socio-economic burden of CRNs. Here, we systematically review molecular and other pathologic features as they relate to the development, early detection, diagnosis, prognosis, progression, and prevention of CRNs, especially colorectal cancers (CRCs).
The molecular pathology of cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Bogenrieder Thomas  , Herlyn Meenhard
Published: February 2025

Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer with still limited, but increasingly efficacious, standard treatment options. Recent preclinical and clinical findings support the notion that cutaneous melanoma is not one malignant disorder but rather a family of distinct molecular diseases. Incorporation of genetic signatures into the conventional histopathological classification of melanoma already has great implications for the management of cutaneous melanoma. Herein, we review our rapidly growing understanding of the molecular biology of cutaneous melanoma, including the pathogenic roles of the mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase [PI3K]/phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 [PTEN]/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR])PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) pathway, MET (hepatocyte growth factor), Notch signaling, and other key molecules regulating cell cycle progression and apoptosis. The mutation Val600Glu in the BRAF oncogene (designated BRAF(V600E)) has been associated with clinical benefit from agents that inhibit BRAF(V600E) or MEK (a kinase in the MAPK pathway). Cutaneous melanomas arising from mucosal, acral, chronically sun-damaged surfaces sometimes have oncogenic mutations in KIT, against which several inhibitors have shown clinical efficacy. These findings suggest that prospective genotyping of patients with melanoma, combined with the growing availability of targeted agents, which can be used to rationally exploit these findings, should be used increasingly as we work to develop new and more effective treatments for this devastating disease.
Molecular changes in the multistage pathogenesis of head and neck cancer
Authors: Park Brian J.  , Chiosea Simion I.  , Grandis Jennifer R.
Published: February 2025

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCCHN) arise in the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract at multiple anatomic sites. While tobacco and alcohol exposure remain the primary risk factors for this malignancy, infection with the human papilloma virus is emerging as a major contributing factor to cancers that arise primarily in the oropharynx. Despite therapeutic advances, survival has remained relatively unchanged over the past few decades. Increased understand of the cellular and molecular biology of these cancers will improve our understanding of this malignancy and facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. Alterations that have been studied to date include genetic and epigenetic changes. While the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the only established molecular therapeutic target, other proteins and pathways are under active investigation to determine their contribution to SCCHN carcinogenesis and progression.
Nudging Privacy: The Behavioral Economics of Personal Information
Authors: Acquisti Alessandro
Published: February 2025

Privacy decisions often involve balancing competing interests. As such, they are a natural field of study for economics. But traditional economic models have made overly restrictive assumptions about the stability and nature of individual privacy preferences. Approaches drawing on existing research in behavioral economics and psychology may offer complementary tools for understanding privacy decision making.
Advances in Biometric Encryption: An Example of Privacy by Design From Research to Proof of Concept
Authors: Cavoukian Ann
Published: February 2025

As the use and deployment of biometrics becomes more widespread throughout the world, so do the privacy and security risks associated with the growing collection, use, disclosure and retention of biometric data. At stake is public trust, or the lack thereof, in biometric systems and the organizations involved. Unlike passwords, biometric data are unique, irrevocable, and variable. Biometric Encryption (BE) is highlighted as a prominent example of Privacy by Design, where privacy is embedded as a core functionality in the biometric system. BE binds a digital key to (or extracts the key from) the biometric. Earlier technical challenges to this new technology, as well as recent advances, are presented. Lastly, an overview is provided of an application using facial recognition in a watch list scenario, known to be the first and largest successful deployment of BE using facial recognition, in a casino context.
Energetic Approach of Elastic Strain Energy of Thermally Tempered Glass
Authors: Reich Stefan  , Weller Bernhard  , Dietrich Nora  , Pfefferkorn Stephan
Published: February 2025

At the thermal tempering process elastic energy is stored in glass panes. At the breakage of thermally tempered glass this energy is partly or fully released. The broken glazing measurably expands its size with noise and kinetic movement. The determination of elastic strain energy bases on the theory of glass fracture and its further extension. The distinction into elastic and kinetic parts of the stored energy was shown on the molecular dimension by Kerkhof in 1970. The authors of this contribution developed an approach to transfer the molecular level into macro dimensions. The contribution discusses the approach. A comprehensive test series to check the developed approach is in progress.
Green Houses – Why Can't They Be Built as Our Ancestors Did?
Authors: Techen Holger  , Michel Matthias
Published: February 2025

Codes of practice and regulations are the basis for today's glass design. They ensure the same safety levels for this brittle material as it is common for many other construction materials. In combination with research results as they are enclosed in this proceeding, delicate glass constructions that resemble the slenderness of the glass houses of the 19th century may become feasible again. During the design process, the detailing of adhesive connections for fixation and stabilization within the glass structure itself had been developed.
Novel Tiltrotor Concepts – An Overview of the “NICETRIP” Project
Authors: Stabellini Alessandro
Published: February 2025

During the last ten years, Tilt Rotor research in Europe has had a significant boost. In October 2006, a new project started: “NICETRIP” (Novel Innovative Competitive Effective Tilt Rotor Integrated Project). The latter, coordinated by AgustaWestland, is still running. Its main objectives are to integrate the results of the previous technological studies and to validate the full feasibility of the future European Tilt Rotor “ERICA”.
GARTEUR – Long Term R&T Collaboration in Europe
Authors: Hult Gunnar  , Jonsson Björn
Published: February 2025

GARTEUR (Group of Aeronautical Research and Technology in EU-Rope) is a multinational organisation that performs high quality, collaborative, pre-competitive aeronautical research. It is based on a government-to-government agreement (MoU) between seven European nations with major research and test capabilities in aeronautics. GARTEUR was formed in 1973 by the governments of France, Germany and the United Kingdom in the wake of the formation of Airbus. The Netherlands joined the group in 1977. Sweden joined GARTEUR in 1991, followed by Spain in 1996 and Italy in the year 2000. The GARTEUR focus is on research topics aimed at long term R&T because this is considered essential to assure sustained competitiveness of the European aerospace industries. A key asset of GARTEUR is its unique mechanism for cooperation, which has been used successfully for numerous collaboration projects over the past decades. It is the only framework in Europe for both civil and military aeronautics R&T.
NODESIM–CFD: Non-Deterministic Simulation for CFD Based Design Methodologies
Authors: Hirsch Charles
Published: February 2025

As of today, analysis and design methods in aeronautical industry are based on simulations with a unique set of input data and model variables. But real operating conditions are a superposition of numerous uncertainties under which the industrial products operate, the presence of which is a major source of risk in the design decision process. The European project “NODESIM-CFD” (Non Deterministic Simulation for CFD Based Design Methodologies) – www.nodesim. eu – aims at providing tools able to evaluate and quantify uncertainties in aerodynamic and thermal performance predictions, thus contributing to support the goals of enhanced design confidence, risk reduction and improved safety.
Creative Commons: a Convergence Model Between the Ideal of Commons and the Possibilities of Creation in Contemporary TimesOpposed to Copyright Impediments
Authors: Mass Araya Elizabeth Roxana  , Borsetti Gregorio Vidotti Silvana Aparecida
Published: February 2025

The contemporary individual finds on the Internet and especially on the Web facilitating conditions to build a basic infrastructure based on the concept of commons. He also finds favorable conditions which allow him to collaborate and share resources for the creation, use, reuse, access and dissemination of information. However, he also faces obstacles such as Copyright (Law 9610/98 in Brazil). An alternative is Creative Commons which not only allows the elaboration, use and dissemination of information under legal conditions but also function as a facilitator for the development of informational commons. This paper deals with this scenario.
Simulation of Taxiway System Maintenance to Optimize Airport Operational Value
Authors: Curran Richard  , Dinh Khanh  , Roling Paul  , van Calck Edwin
Published: February 2025

This paper sets out to investigate the impact of the taxiways' status on airport operations. The main objective is to create a quantifiable method to measure the research project's consequences e.g. a modeling tool. The main findings will be the measurable impact/consequences of maintenance activities on different stakeholders. A simulation is developed and used to test and optimize certain scenarios with a validation carried out at Schiphol airport, Amsterdam. It will show that the simulation tool is an effective way of optimizing taxiway system maintenance so that impact on airport operations is minimized in terms of performance and ideally, the total value to the airport operator. In general, the full paper will aim to explore the possible financial benefit for operators, the optimization between work-costs en fuel-costs, and the optimization between costs and capacity; in order to explore the potential the tool has as an analysis and decision making tool.
New similarity metric for mixed production of aircraft assembly
Authors: Jin Y.  , Troncoso M.F.  , Abella R.  , Ares E.  , Briggs J.  , Price M.  , Burke R.
Published: February 2025

With the advancement of reconfigurable tooling and manufacturing systems, aerospace enterprises are looking for mixed production solutions to gain leading competitive edge. An accurate similarity metric will be necessary and crucial for making sound mix-production decisions. Most literatures studied similarity coefficients for grouping part families in cellular manufacturing systems; however they are not applicable to aircraft assemblies which involve large amount of manual work dealing with large heavy components and assemblies. This paper proposes a new similarity metric that incorporates both component level similarity and system level similarity of aircraft assemblies. The similarity in components level is modeled based on part-operation and operation-operation incidence matrices. The similarity in assembly level is modeled by similarity system theory associated with a newly proposed operation quota based weighting method. A digital manufacturing tool has been developed for the automated implementation of the new models. Both the models and the tool have been validated by six pairs of real life panel-assembly examples. Results showed that the new similarity index gives clear indication to the degree of commonality in panel assemblies, and the digital tool can generate the similarity results rapidly and accurately.
Development of a Surplus Value Parameter for Use in Initial Aircraft Conceptual Design
Authors: Hollingsworth Peter  , Patel Dipesh
Published: February 2025

Simple constraints analysis, as taught to most aerospace engineering students gives little guidance as to exactly which design point should be selected. There is a recent body of work that attempts to solve this for initial designs, without having to fully size the new aircraft concept. The best of these focuses on maximizing a ‘Range Parameter’ which leads to minimizing gross weight for transport aircraft. However, this is not guaranteed to maximize the value of the new design. This paper presents a corresponding surplus value parameter which is design to provide just that capability. Furthermore, it shows that in at least some cases the resulting optimum design point will shift from that suggested by the range parameter.
A Maintenance Packaging and Scheduling Optimization Method for Future Aircraft
Authors: Hölzel Nico B.  , Schröder Christopher  , Schilling Thomas  , Gollnick Volker
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes an optimization method for aircraft maintenance tasks packaging and scheduling integrated in an aircraft lifecycle simulation. It is demonstrated that the developed methods are feasible to model a prognosis-based maintenance concept. Such maintenance concepts are a prerequisite for a profitable application of prognostics and health management systems in future aircraft. The applicability of the method is analyzed and economically assessed over an aircraft lifecycle considering aircraft operation. The analysis shows that a variation of the maintenance opportunities frequency for a short-range aircraft, provided in the aircraft rotation plan, can have a significant influence on the operator's net present value (NPV). A benefit of up to 2.8 million USD, representing 1.2% of the operator's NPV, can be realized, when maintenance opportunities are provided every 3 instead of every 7 days, while aircraft utilization is assumed to be constant. Compared to a traditional block check concept the presented method leads to higher maintenance costs, under the condition that the same volume of maintenance work has to be carried out.
Aviation Security in a Digital Age: can Security benefit from Wireless Communication Technologies in Passenger Air Transport?
Authors: Voges V.  , Hüttig G.
Published: February 2025

This paper highlights several aspects of introducing the integration of security relevant information from passenger air transport processes by utilizing Near Field Communication. Due to its inherent characteristics NFC can support new risk-based security strategies and likely prove to be accepted by passengers. Using mobile phones as the implementation form, perceived benefits and performance expectations could empirically be found in a passenger survey.
The Shattered Document Approach to Adaptive Hypertext. Design and Evaluation
Authors: Amado Alves Mário
Published: February 2025

We address the problem of improving, automatically, the usability of a large online document. We propose an adaptive hypertext approach, based on splitting the document into components smaller than the page or screen, called noogramicles, and creating each page as a new assemblage of noogramicles each time it is accessed. The adaptation comes from learning the navigation patterns of the usors (authors and readers), and is manifested in the assemblage of pages. We test this model across a number of configurations, including chance and non-adaptive systems. We evaluate our model through simulation. We have designed a simulator based on established findings about the behaviour of hypertext users. We have realised a quantitative evaluation based on hypertext usability measures adapted to the problem: session size, session cost.
A User-Centred Approach to the Data Dilemma: Context, Architecture, and Policy
Authors: Nguyen M.-H. Carolyn  , Haynes Peter  , Maguire Sean  , Friedberg Jeffrey
Published: February 2025

Data is rapidly changing how companies operate, offering them new business opportunities as they generate increasingly sophisticated insights from the analysis of an ever-increasing pool of information. Businesses have clearly moved beyond a focus on data collection to data use, but users have an inadequate model of notice and consent at the point of data collection to limit inappropriate use. An interoperable metadata-based architecture that allows permissions and policies to be bound to data, and is flexible enough to allow for changing trust norms, can help balance the tension between users and business, satisfy regulators' desire for increased transparency, and still enable data to flow in ways that provide value to all participants in the ecosystem.
Personal Data Empowerment and the Ideal Observer
Authors: Binns Reuben
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the potential for market-driven personal data empowerment. It begins by discussing the results of a recent study into the economic and business case for personal information management services (PIMS), providing an overview of the variety of services and some key market developments. The following sections consider the problems that PIMS might be able solve, and the extent to which their solutions could be genuinely empowering, by reference to some key aspects of Enlightenment thought, starting with Adam Smith's notion of enlightened self-interest, which later developed into the concept of homo economicus at the heart of classical economics. I argue that this ideal became ever less realistic as the economic system it theoretically justified became ever more complex, with the result that in many markets, businesses profit from the fact that individuals are ill-equipped to deal with said complexity. I propose that the seeds of a solution can be found in the notion of an ‘ideal observer’, also originating in Enlightenment thought; a hypothetical ideal version of an individual, with perfect knowledge and rationality, whose perspective and insight can steer its ordinary, fallible human counterpart towards better decision and action. In so far as PIMS can help individuals approximate this abstract agent, they offer the possibility of genuine enlightenment and empowerment, fit for the complexity of modern consumer markets.
A Privacy by Design Approach to Lifelogging
Authors: Gurrin Cathal  , Albatal Rami  , Joho Hideo  , Ishii Kaori
Published: February 2025

Technologies that enable us to capture and publish data with ease are likely to pose new concerns about privacy of the individual. In this article we examine the privacy implications of lifelogging, a new concept being explored by early adopters, which utilises wearable devices to generate a media rich archive of their life experience. The concept of privacy and the privacy implications of lifelogging are presented and discussed in terms of the four key actors in the lifelogging universe. An initial privacy-aware lifelogging framework, based on the key principles of privacy by design is presented and motivated.
Severe plastic deformation as a new processing for enhancing the performance of metallic components
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroyuki  , Muhammad Rifai  , Fujiwara Hiroshi
Published: February 2025

Severe plastic deformation emerged as new processing to fabricate ultrafine grain metallic materials with a grain size under one micron meter, or nanocrytalline metals in a bulk form. It was found that such ultrafine grain (UFG) and nanocrystalline metals have superior mechanical properties with high strength and relatively high ductility as well as corrosion properties. On the other hand, they also exhibit unique mechanical, physical and thermal properties ascribing to large fraction of grain boundaries and triple junctions, which may reach to more than 50 %. In this paper, equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and mechanical, corrosion and thermal properties of UFG Fe-20%Cr steel fabricated by ECAP are presented.
Cement stabilization of laterite-quarry dust mixture for interlocking brick production
Authors: Ocholi Amana  , Joel Manasseh
Published: February 2025

The suitability of laterite mixed with 0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 % Quarry dust, stabilized with 0 %, 2%, 4 %, 6 % and 8 % cement content by dry weight of laterite for interlocking brick production was investigated. Grain size analysis, was performed on natural laterite, while Atterberg's limits test, was performed on laterite, mixed with quarry dust and cement. Compressive strength test and water absorption test were performed on bricks produced using different combination of laterite, quarry dust and cement. The 28 day compressive strength of bricks produced with untreated laterite increased from 0.92 N/mm2to peak value of 5.66 N/mm2when stabilized with a combination of 30 % quarry dust and 8 % cement content. Water absorption value of bricks decreased from a state of saturation to a minimum value of 5.16% at a combination of 30% quarry dust plus 8 % cement. Results of tests clearly showed that the use of quarry dust will enhance the compressive strength and water absorption values of interlocking brick. Its usage will provide an effective way of disposing quarry dust left as wastes at quarry sites.
Failure of structure in East Africa with focus on the causes of failures in the construction phase
Authors: Alinaitwe Henry Mwanaki  , Ekolu Stephen
Published: February 2025

Despite the relatively well-established concrete practice in the East African region, there are frequent incidents of construction failures, resulting into heavy loss of lives and property. The main objective of this paper was to examine structures that have failed during the construction phase, in East Africa, since the start of the 21stcentury; identify and discuss the primary causes and sources of failures. A classic failure case of building collapse, herein referred to as BBJ building, has been used to examine the most important issues related to construction failures. Following the analysis of reports of technical investigations undertaken on the collapsed structure, it was found that failures in reinforced concrete (RC) structures during construction, result from five primary causes of: (1) poor materials and workmanship, (2) design and construction errors, (3) absence of professional supervision of site-works, (4) wrong implementation of construction methods, (5) neglect of design approval procedures. Secondary issues that are complicit to construction failures are:- attempts to severely minimize construction cost, neglect of inspection and monitoring by local authorities, influence peddling by proprietors. It is evident that construction failures can be minimized if the right procedures are followed in the design, construction and operation of the structures; a matter that is of interest to stakeholders of the Built Environment.
Coastal Pollution Loading and Water Quality Criteria–Bay of Bengal Coast of India
Authors: Ramesh R.  , Purvaja R.  , Lakshmi Ahana
Published: February 2025

The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem has been identified as one of the world's sixty-four Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) sharing a distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and tropically dependent population. The BOBLME Project involves eight countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand with the primary goal of enhancing the livelihood security of coastal population of these countries. This is a coordinated, cross-region, programme of action of all the eight countries through improved regional management of the Bay of Bengal environment and its fisheries.
We Should Not Light an Open Access Lamp and then Hide it Under a Bushel!
Authors: Chumbe Santiago  , MacLeod Roddy  , Kelly Brian
Published: February 2025

The rapid growth of hybrid journals in the last few years has seen an unfortunate side effect: the majority of Open Access (OA) articles published in those journals cannot be recognized as OA beyond the publishers' websites, or by the discovery services used by researchers to access full-text articles. This reality has been demonstrated in the literature and solutions have been proposed. This paper explains the causes behind the problem, examines each of the proposed solutions, discusses the few implementations made with those solutions, and estimates whether the potential benefits merit the efforts required to implement the available solutions. Each of the solutions is analyzed from standardization and pragmatic perspectives. In particular, we critically analyze the solution proposed by NISO (RP-22-2015), and compare it with the solution offered by the JEMO project, which is based on using metadata elements from namespaces and XML schemas already being used by publishers. The contribution presents a number of case studies which show that research published as OA ends up erroneously being labelled as non-OA on the electronic services used by the end-user, when one of the components of the supply and delivery chain for e-journals fails to include OA information in its metadata. Furthermore, the case studies demonstrate that publishers of hybrid journals should not be the only ones being answerable for the problem. In fact, during the study, some publishers were actually not allowed to enable OA identification, at the article level, by key components of the supply chain. In those case studies, we worked with a sample of publishers that implemented the JEMO solution. From those experiences we draw answers to the main question of this presentation: which solution should be used to enable OA discovery from hybrid journals? What becomes apparent is that publishers are prepared and willing to implement any of the available solutions in their publishing workflow. The paper proposes that the simplest option is the best solution to provide standardized means to identify OA at the article level.
Exploration of Professional Social Networks and Opinions about Scholarly Communication Tools among Italian Astrophysicists
Authors: Marra Monica
Published: February 2025

The poster conveys the first results of a survey conducted among astrophysicists working at INAF. Just under 120 respondents made it possible to investigate their behaviour and opinions with regard to use of some major professional social networks and preferences about some aspects of scholarly communication and evaluation.
Sustainable Software as a Building Block for Open Science
Authors: Borst Timo
Published: February 2025

In the context of Open Science, almost every ‘traditional’ research activity and output has been affected and transformed by means of web based technology. New forms of research output have emerged, among them software as an important means and method for data driven science. But how can software be treated as scholarly work, and how can it be integrated into a digital research infrastructure? The paper depicts software development related to Open Science and points out some future directions for software to become part of a sustainable research infrastructure.
Analyzing Spatial Variability of Geologic Profiles for Four Sites in Hong Kong
Authors: Liu W.F.  , Leung Y.F.
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the spatial variability characteristics of geologic profiles, including variations in thickness of marine clay deposits and rockhead levels, based on borehole data obtained from four sites in Hong Kong. The numbers of boreholes are approximately 100 in two cases, while the other two cases comprise more than 300 boreholes each. The large volume of data allows comprehensive statistical analyses to identify the spatial correlation/variability in subsurface profiles using the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method. The Matérn Autocorrelation model is adopted for its flexible functional form, with the parameters optimized using the Differential Evolution algorithm, in order to maximize the log likelihood value in REML. This technique is used to evaluate the spatial variability characteristics of geologic profiles, including parameters such as the spatial dependence and scale of fluctuation at the four sites. The effects of irregular sampling pattern, sample domain scale and sampling density on these parameters are also discussed based on the analyses. In addition, the existence of faults in two of the sites is found to significantly affect the spatial variability of rockhead level, as indicated by the reduced scales of fluctuation and spatial dependence in areas intersected by faults.
Safety Assessment Method of Flood Defences for Flow Sliding
Authors: Van Der Krogt M.G.  , Van Den Ham G.A.  , Kok M.
Published: February 2025

Flow sliding of submerged slopes in front of dikes can affect the reliability of flood defences. The occurrence of flow sliding may result, sometimes with delay, in a failure mode and consequent flooding. The current safety assessment method for flow sliding does not consider the interaction between flow sliding and failure modes which can cause a breach. Therefore it is unclear whether the safety assessment method is sufficiently safe or too conservative. This paper presents a method to derive a simple safety assessment and design rule based on a number of advanced probabilistic analyses made for four Dutch cases, in which both flow sliding and the relevant direct failure modes have been incorporated. Two methods for the safety assessment of flow sliding are presented: as separate failure mode and coupled to direct failure modes.
Long Term Monitoring Test Embankments Bloemendalerpolder – GeoImpuls Program
Authors: Hoefsloot F.J.M.
Published: February 2025

In the Bloemendalerpolder two test embankments were constructed, starting Octorber 2010, to study the long term behaviour of embankments on very soft soils with respect to settlement and lateral pile loading resulting from horizontal soil deformations. A 4 to 6 m thick very soft peat layer underlies the existing grasslands at the Bloemendalerpolder with a groundwater at 0.2 m below ground level. Urban development requires 0.5 to 1.0 m clearance of the ground level above the groundwater table. Two test embankments consisting of sandfill were designed with a height of 3.0 m and a ground area 26 × 36 m2with slopes 1:2. The GeoImpuls programme aimed to provide a well-described field test with long time monitoring results. In this paper a detailed description of the test embankments is given as well as detailed descriptions of soil investigation, laboratory tests and instrumentation for monitoring. Finally the monitoring data will be presented which form a basis for further analyses for interested researchers. Analyses of the tests regarding the validation of settlement models and the lateral behaviour of the piles due to horizontal soil displacement are presented in two accompanying papers.
Role of Soil and Structural Heterogeneity in Geotechnical System Redundancy
Authors: Naghibi Farzaneh  , Fenton Gordon A.
Published: February 2025

It is well known that redundancy generally improves system reliability. For example, a geotechnical support system comprised of a single monopile will have the same failure probability as the monopile itself. Alternatively, if the geotechnical support system is comprised of two piles, each of which can support the load with probability 1−pf, then the system failure probability will lie somewhere between pfand p2f
Reliability-Based Design of Spatially Variable Undrained Slopes
Authors: Faour Ghina  , Najjar Shadi
Published: February 2025

Spatial variability and model uncertainty are considered the major sources of geotechnical uncertainty. The primary objective of this paper is to provide slope stability investigators with a robust reliability framework that takes into consideration the combined uncertainty of spatial variability and model uncertainty. To achieve this objective, a quantification of the model uncertainty of common slope stability models is conducted by assembling and analyzing a database of historical failures of slopes. The database is also used to investigate the possibility of a lower-bound factor of safety and its impact on the reliability of slopes. It is concluded that both spatial variability and model uncertainty in the undrained shear strength of clays have a direct effect on the mean of the factor of safety and its coefficient of variation. Moreover, it is found that the lower-bound factor of safety can cause a significant increase in the calculated reliability for an undrained slope.
Risk management and risk communication in geotechnical engineering by independent peer review and special technical solutions
Authors: Katzenbach Rolf  , Leppla Steffen  , Seip Matthias
Published: February 2025

For all types of construction works the aspects safety, serviceability and sustainability have to be focused during the planning phase, the design phase, the construction phase and in the service phase. Particularly this has to be considered for complex deep foundation systems like the Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF). The basis for a successful realisation of a project is an adequate soil investigation and a high-level design. For risk mitigation an independent peer review and special technical solutions are necessary. In geotechnical engineering Eurocode 7 (EC 7) defines the scope of necessary measures in relation to the complexity of the project. The complexity of the project is described by the Geotechnical Category GC 1 to GC 3. For the Geotechnical Category GC 3, this is the category for projects with a very high complexity, for risk mitigation comprehensive measures are necessary. The paper explains risk management and risk communication by several examples of realized CPRFs. All examples belong to the Geotechnical Category GC 3.
Risk Management and Risk Communication in Geotechnical Engineering by Independent Peer Review and Special Technical Solutions
Authors: Katzenbach Rolf  , Leppla Steffen  , Seip Matthias
Published: February 2025

For all types of construction works the aspects safety, serviceability and sustainability have to be focused during the planning phase, the design phase, the construction phase and in the service phase. Particularly this has to be considered for complex deep foundation systems like the Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF). The basis for a successful realisation of a project is an adequate soil investigation and a high-level design. For risk mitigation an independent peer review and special technical solutions are necessary. In geotechnical engineering Eurocode 7 (EC 7) defines the scope of necessary measures in relation to the complexity of the project. The complexity of the project is described by the Geotechnical Category GC 1 to GC 3. For the Geotechnical Category GC 3, this is the category for projects with a very high complexity, for risk mitigation comprehensive measures are necessary. The paper explains risk management and risk communication by several examples of realized CPRFs. All examples belong to the Geotechnical Category GC 3.
Reliability of API and ISO Guidelines for Bearing Capacity of Offshore Shallow Foundations
Authors: Liu Zhongqiang  , Lacasse Suzanne  , Nadim Farrokh  , Gilbert Robert
Published: February 2025

The safe bearing capacity for offshore shallow foundations has been traditionally assessed using working stress design (WSD) methods (e.g. the API RP 2GEO guideline). Other codes of practice such as the ISO standard strive to provide designs achieving a desired target reliability level in the form of the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) approach. This study compares the levels of safety achieved for offshore shallow foundations. Calculations are made for one foundation on soft clay and one on medium dense sand, using the API RP 2GEO, API RP 2GEO-LRFD and ISO 19901-4 design guidelines. Three probabilistic models were used, the first-order, second moment (FOSM) approximation, the first order reliability method (FORM) and the Monte Carlo simulation (MC) approach, to do the reliability assessment. The results showed that the reliability level achieved with current practice varies with the design methods. The FORM and MC models yielded consistent results, while the FOSM model yielded inconsistent results when the performance function was non-linear.
3G - Geophysical Methods Delivering Input to Geostatistical Methods for Geotechnical Site Characterization
Authors: Niederleithinger Ernst
Published: February 2025

Geophysical methods are able to contribute significantly to geotechnical site characterization. In-situ parameters are collected and gaps between boreholes or other direct tests are filled with information. However the limited resolution has to be considered and the indirect geophysical parameters have to be translated into something geotechnically useful. Moreover, the limitations have to be evaluated when including geophysical data into geostatistical models. If done properly, the use of geophysics will help in an efficient and effective site characterization. A comprehensive overview on existing geophysical (mostly seismic) methods is given as well as information on the calibration of geophysical against geotechnical parameters, pitfalls and limitations and some hints how to include these data into geostatistical/geotechnical models.
Approaches Towards a Probabilistic Assessment of Geotechnical Parameter Distributions Relying on Geophysical Imaging
Authors: Paasche Hendrik
Published: February 2025

Geophysical imaging techniques, such as seismic crosshole tomographic methods, provide spatially continuous information about physical parameter variations in the ground. This physical parameter information, e.g., distribution of seismic velocities, is frequently used to estimate spatial distributions of geotechnical target parameters that could only be calibrated by sparse measurements in boreholes. The employed geophysical model generation procedure is usually deterministic, which does not allow for transducing the ambiguity inherent to the geophysical imaging procedure into the prediction of spatial geotechnical target parameter distributions. Here, we review self-organizing geophysical inversion of tomographic data allowing for data-driven ambiguity assessment of geophysical models. Opposite to deterministic geophysical imaging resulting in a single geophysical model this approach delivers ensembles of different but equally plausible geophysical models. We use this probabilistic information about geophysical model uncertainty and employ fuzzy cluster analysis for propagating the geophysical model generation uncertainty into probabilistic inference of spatial geotechnical parameter distributions exemplary illustrated by generating 2D scenarios of sleeve friction distribution.