bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INDIA, POST-IMPERIALISM AND THE ORIGINS OF ENOCH POWELL'S ‘RIVERS OF BLOOD’ SPEECH
Authors: BROOKE PETER
Published: August 2007

In January 2003 Enoch Powell's personal archive was opened to the public. The release shed new light on the nature of Powell's thought on immigration, and in particular, his reasons for making the so-called ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech of 1968. Historians have suggested that Powell's primary concern was a post-imperialist desire to sever all links with the New Commonwealth. However, papers written immediately after Powell's time in India (1943–6) reveal that his objections to immigration were established long before he abandoned his fierce love of empire in 1954. These objections were rooted in a seemingly liberal commitment to national homogeneity as a prerequisite for democracy. The imagery, reasoning, and political context of Powell's speeches in 1968 demonstrate a striking continuity with his ideas of 1946. Powell's example suggests that British attitudes to mass immigration may owe more to the experience of empire than to post-war changes in national identity.
STALIN AND HIS ERA
Authors: KUROMIYA HIROAKI
Published: August 2007

The partial opening up of the formerly closed Soviet archives has had an enormous impact on the amount of new historical material available for research. Recent developments in research on Stalin and the Soviet Union are remarkable. The present article examines these developments with respect to three particular topics: ‘Stalin and Terror’, ‘Stalin and ideology’, and ‘Stalin and society’. It argues that whereas in certain areas new information has led to a greater consensus among historians, in others, such as Stalin's Great Terror, it has led to heated controversy. The article asks why, and suggests that the problem lies both in conceptualization and in the use of historical sources. More generally, the article discusses the present state of knowledge in the field. Because the study of Stalinism is often assessed in the light of the study of Nazism, it includes brief comparisons of Stalin and Hitler and Stalinism and Nazism where appropriate.
Sacramental Sharing in Roman Catholic Canon Law: A Comparison of Approaches in Great Britain, Ireland and Canada
Authors: D'Auria Eithne
Published: August 2007

Faced with difficulties of communication between separated churches, the Roman Catholic Church has attempted to provide a framework for sacramental sharing between Christians genuinely prevented from receiving the sacraments in their respective churches and ecclesial communities. This paper first considers the Roman Catholic canonical requirements for sacramental sharing. It then addresses the approach taken in the ecclesiastical jurisdictions in Great Britain and Ireland, and compares it with that of Canada. Finally, suggestions for reform are considered.
Ardour and Order: Can the Bonds of Affection Survive in the Anglican Communion?
Authors: Cameron Gregory K
Published: August 2007

In the life of the Anglican Communion today, an approach which expresses ‘ardour’, a response to the Gospel which tends towards freedom from institutional restraint, is favoured over an approach of ‘order’, which sees the regulation of the life of the church as itself a witness to the ordered will of God. There is both an ‘ardour of the left’, which seeks to loosen the restrictions of canon law to allow a greater ‘inclusiveness’, and an ‘ardour of the right’, which is prepared to override traditional understandings of jurisdiction in the defence of ‘orthodoxy’. The First Epistle to Clement bears witness to an ancient tradition of respect for order in the life of the church. The ‘Windsor Lambeth Process’ in the Anglican Communion – as developed by the Primates' Meeting at Dromantine in 2006, and affirmed at their meeting in 2007 at Dar es Salaam – furthers just such an ordered approach to the life of the Communion, by its requests to the North American Churches through due process, by the development of mechanisms to address questions of alternative episcopal oversight, by the Listening Process to address the moral questions under debate, and by the process to draft and adopt an Anglican Covenant. These initiatives are all intended to strengthen ‘the bonds of affection’, and to secure the future of the Anglican Communion as an international family of Churches.
Vakuumversiegelung – Grundlagen, Indikationen, Kontraindikationen und Kostenbilanz
Authors: Wild  , Otto  , Mojarrad  , Kellner  , Götzinger
Published: August 2007

Die Vakuumtherapie ist eine effiziente Alternative zur konservativen Wundbehandlung und schafft neue Möglichkeiten zur Behandlung einer Vielzahl chronischer und akuter Wunden. Bereits vor über zweitausend Jahren kam die Vakuumbehandlung in der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin zur Anwendung und auch in der heutigen Zeit wird die Vakuumtherapie immer häufiger im klinischen Alltag eingesetzt. Die positiven Effekte der Therapie beruhen auf der Stimulierung des Blutflusses, der Bildung von Granulationsgewebe, der Angiogenese, sowie der Zellproliferation, des beschleunigten sekundären Wundverschlusses und der Entfernung von Bakterien aus der Wunde. Wie an Hand des Krankheitsbildes des offenen Bauches gezeigt werden kann, stellt auch hier die Vakuumtherapie auf der Basis des V.A.C.®-Systems (Vacuum Assisted Closure) der Firma KCI (Kinetic Concepts Inc.) eine Möglichkeit dar, nicht nur den positiven Heilungsverlauf zu beschleunigen, sondern auch die Mortalität signifikant zu senken. Da die Vakuumtherapie in Verbindung mit dem V.A.C.-System eine verhältnismäßig teure Intervention darstellt, ist ein Vergleich mit den konventionellen Heilungsmethoden angebracht. Klinische Studien mit hohem Evidenzlevel zeigen, dass sowohl ökonomische als auch klinische Vorteile der Vakuumtherapie für deren Anwendung sprechen. Einsparungen im Bereich der schnelleren Heilungsraten, des reduzierten Verbandwechsels, sowie in Bezug auf den Krankenhausaufenthalt und die Pflegeleistung, als auch die Reduzierung von Folgeerkrankungen, relativieren die höheren Anschaffungskosten. Obwohl viele Berichte über Behandlungserfolge bei der Anwendung der V.A.C.-Therapie existieren, sind verschiedene Fälle bekannt, bei welchen die Vakuumtherapie kontraindiziert ist. Um die Effektivität der V.A.C.-Therapie zu sichern, wurden eine Reihe von Vorsichtsmaßnahmen und Kontraindikationen zur Anwendung beschrieben. Die European Wound Management Association (EWMA) hat zur V.A.C.-Therapie aktuell ein Positionspapier verfasst. Dieses ist unter www.ewma.org abrufbar.
Verbrennungen - Von der Bagatelle zur Katastrophe
Authors: Raffoul  , Berger
Published: August 2007

Verbrennungen, meistens leichter Natur, stellen eine sehr häufige Verletzungsform dar. Jährlich müssen etwa 200 Patienten in den beiden Schweizer Zentren für Schwerbrandverletzte stationär behandelt werden. Kriterien für die Überweisung in ein Verbrennungszentrum sind Verbrennungen, welche mehr als 15% der Körperoberfläche (KOF) betreffen und Verbrennungen in Bereich sensibler Körperregionen (Gesicht, Hals, Hände, Genitalien, Gelenke). Die Pathophysiologie von thermischen und elektrischen Verbrennungen wird dargestellt. Ein Inhalationstrauma oder Verbrennungen im Gesichts- und Halsbereich können die Atmung und die Atemwege gefärden. Bei kleinflächigen Verbrennungen ist eine orale Flüssigkeitssubstitution ausreichend. Bei Verbrennungen von mehr als 20% KOF bei Erwachsenen, bzw. mehr als 10% KOF bei Kindern, muss eine adäquate intravenöse Flüssigkeitssubstitution erfolgen. Die chirurgische Therapie von zweit- und drittgradigen Verbrennungen beginnt innerhalb der ersten 24 Tage. In Friedenszeiten sind die vorhandenen Ressourcen durchaus ausreichend. Im Katastrophenfall, wie zum Beispiel bei einem Diskothekenbrand mit Hunderten von Verletzten, muss das Versorgungssystem jedoch angepasst werden. Dazu gehören vereinfachte Behandlungsschemata und eine striktere Überweisungspraxis in die Zentren für Schwerbrandverletzte. Die mögliche Adaptationsmechanismen im Katastrophenfall werden diskutiert.
Der künstliche Darmausgang – Indikationen, Stomaformen, chirurgische Technik
Authors: Renzulli  , Candinas
Published: August 2007

Die Anlage eines künstlichen Darmausgangs, eines so genannten intestinalen Stomas, ist eine der häufigsten Operationen in der Viszeralchirurgie. Trotz neuen Operationstechniken und einer restriktiveren Indikationsstellung bleibt die Stomaanlage eine häufig unumgängliche chirurgische Maßnahme, welche für die Patienten einen tiefen Einschnitt in ihr bisheriges Leben darstellt. Die Stomaanlage als auch der spätere Stomaverschluss sind mit einer hohen Morbidität assoziiert. Viele Stomakomplikationen, wie die Stomanekrose, die Stomaretraktion oder der Stomaprolaps, sind auf anlagebedingte Fehler zurückzuführen und somit weitgehend vermeidbar. Die Stomaanlage erfordert eine umsichtige Planung unter Einbezug der Stomaberatung. Des Weiteren muss die Stomaanlage mit größter Sorgfalt erfolgen unter Berücksichtigung operationstechnischer Prinzipien. Ein optimal positioniertes, technisch korrekt angelegtes und einfach zu versorgendes Stoma ist entscheidend für die Lebensqualität der Patienten.
Stomaphysiologie – Wasser- und Elektrolythaushalt, Kurzdarmsyndrom
Authors: Brüwer  , Utech  , Senninger  , Stern
Published: August 2007

Die Indikationen zur Anlage eines künstlichen Darmausganges sind vielfältig und können neben der psychologischen Belastung auch metabolische Konsequenzen für die Patienten haben. Während Dickdarmstomata nur geringe physiologische Probleme bereiten, kann ein Dünndarmstoma, insbesondere bei verkürztem Dünndarm wie bei Morbus Crohn nach Resektionen oder bei protektivem Loop-Ileostoma nach Proktokolektomie und ileoanaler Pouchanlage, eine echte Risikosituation darstellen, da unter Umständen essentielle Leistungen des Dünndarmes, wie Wasser- und Elektrolytresorption und die Versorgung des Körpers mit Nährstoffen, Vitaminen und Spurenelementen, nicht mehr oder nur ungenügend aufrecht erhalten werden können. Dabei können unter besonderen Bedingungen, wie beim Vorliegen eines Kurzdarmsyndroms, schwerwiegende Folgen wie z.B. die Entwicklung einer Niereninsuffizienz entstehen, obgleich diese Extremsituationen im klinischen Alltag selten auftreten. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden metabolische Konsequenzen nach Stomaanlage und deren therapeutische Optionen dargestellt.
Das schwierige Stoma – Stomakomplikationen, konservatives und chirurgisches Management
Authors: Buchmann  , Huber
Published: August 2007

Die Stomaanlage ist mit einer Komplikationsrate von gegen 50% vergesellschaftet. Es gibt dafür zwei wesentliche Ursachen: Die Stomapflege und die Stomalage. Ein frisch angelegtes Stoma schrumpft während den ersten Wochen bis zu einem Drittel seines Durchmessers. Ohne die Hilfe einer ausgebildeten Stomatherapeutin besteht mit der Zeit ein zunehmendes Risiko für Hautprobleme. Spätkomplikationen wie Prolaps, parastomale Hernie und Stenose sind oft die Folge einer zu lateralen Stomaposition oder einer Frühkomplikation wie Nekrose, Dehiszenz, Retraktion und peristomalem Abszess. Helfen konservative Maßnahmen nicht, muss reoperiert werden. Neben lokalen Korrekturen ist die Neuplatzierung des Stomas möglich. Diese ist aber ein sehr großer Eingriff, weshalb sie die letzte Möglichkeit zur Behebung von Stomakomplikationen darstellt.
Der Patient als Stomaträger
Authors: Marti  , Arpagaus  , Hamel
Published: August 2007

Die Lebensqualität von Patienten mit einem Stoma kann bezüglich Arbeitsfähigkeit, Freizeitaktivitäten und Sexualität kompromittiert sein. Aus diesem Grund dürfen Stomaträger nach Spitalentlassung nicht sich selber überlassen werden. Die umfassende psychosoziale Betreuung sollte anhand eines Netzwerkes von spezialisierter Stomaberatung, Sozialarbeiter und wo nötig Psychologen langfristig gesichert werden.
Die Stomaberatung – Patientenschulung, perioperative Betreuung, Selbsthilfeorganisation
Authors: Stöckli  , Müller  , Wagner
Published: August 2007

In der Stomaberatung des Universitätsspitals Bern werden jährlich über 300 Patienten mit einer Enterostomie-Neuanlage durch speziell geschultes Fachpersonal für Stomapflege betreut. Die Betreuung umfasst das präoperative Informationsgespräch, die Stomamarkierung und die Schulung in der Stomapflege. Im Weiteren werden die Stomaträger bei der Wiedererlangung ihrer Selbständigkeit und Integration durch konsequente Schulung unterstützt und begleitet. Die ambulante Betreuung ermöglicht, Komplikationen vorzubeugen oder zu lösen. Der Rückhalt einer Fachstelle bietet Sicherheit, Effizienz und Kontinuität in der Betreuung des Stomaträgers und seiner Angehörigen. Dadurch können Ängste abgebaut und anfängliche Krisen überwunden werden. Jeder Stomaträger hat das Recht auf bestmögliche Unterstützung bei der Bewältigung seiner neuen Lebenssituation.
Cybersuicide: The Role of Interactive Suicide Notes on the Internet
Authors: Baume Pierre , Cantor Christopher H , Rolfe Andrew
Published: August 2007

As we approach the new millennium a new dimension in interactive communications has arrived. The internet is one such medium, and while it remains a relatively new form of information sharing, it has not escaped the attention of vulnerable young people. This paper discusses the internet resources on suicide and the issue of interactive suicide notes. Case examples of interactive notes followed by suicide fatalities are used to illustrate the potential influence of the internet on those who wish to share their suicidal ideation with others. Issues to do with modeling, ambivalence, group death wishes, research, and ethics are discussed. Finally, some recommendations are made for further studies.
Prevention of Deaths from Intentional Pesticide Poisoning
Authors: Mishara Brian L.
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Ingestion of pesticides is the most common suicide method worldwide, accounting for one third of all suicides, predominantly in Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Case fatalities are high, particularly in rural areas. This high case fatality may explain the similar numbers of male and female suicides in Asia, since more women die from their attempts. In Asia, pesticide suicides are mostly impulsive acts with little advance planning and they are less often associated with mental illness than in Western countries. Pesticides are generally chosen for their easy access. Prevention strategies include treating the problems leading to suicidal behaviors involving pesticides; changing attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs about pesticides; controlling access to dangerous pesticides, including developing secure storage practices (which are currently being evaluated); and improving the medical treatment of poisonings. More research is needed to better understand suicides involving pesticides in their cultural contexts and to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs, including assessment of possible substitution of methods. Also, more knowledge about protective factors may help suggest innovative prevention strategies.
Charcoal-Burning Suicides and Strategies for Prevention
Authors: Yip Paul S.F. , Lee Dominic T.S.
Published: August 2007

Abstract. This paper examines the emergence of a new method of suicide in Hong Kong by carbon monoxide poisoning generated by the burning of charcoal. In just 6 years, it has become the second most common means of suicide after jumping from heights. The profile of these charcoal-burning suicide victims is different from that of other suicide deaths. It seems that a significant proportion of the increase in the number of suicides for the period is attributable to the charcoal burning. The effect of mass media reporting and strategies on how to contain the contagious effect of charcoal-burning deaths are discussed.
Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide
Authors: Routley Virginia
Published: August 2007

Abstract. In many motorized countries, inhalation of carbon monoxide from motor vehicle exhaust gas (MVEG) has been one of the leading methods of suicide. In some countries it remains so (e.g., Australia 16.0% of suicides in 2005). Relative to other methods it is a planned method and one often used by middle-aged males. The study provides a review of countermeasures aimed at restricting this method of suicide. The prevention measures identified were catalytic converters (introduced to reduce carbon monoxide for environmental reasons); in-cabin sensors; exhaust pipe modification; automatic idling stops; and helpline signage at suicide “hotspots.” Catalytic converters are now in 90% of new vehicles worldwide and literature supports them being associated with a reduction in exhaust-gassing suicides. There remain, however, accounts of exhaust-gas fatalities in modern vehicles, whether accidentally or by suicide. These deaths and also crashes from fatigue could potentially be prevented by in-cabin multi-gas sensors, these having been developed to the prototype stage. Helpline signage at an exhaust-gassing suicide “hotspot” had some success in reducing suicides. The evidence on method substitution and whether a reduction in MVEG suicides causes a reduction in total suicides is inconsistent.
Railway and Metro Suicides
Authors: Mishara Brian L.
Published: August 2007

Abstract. This article reviews research on railway and metro (underground and subway) suicides around the world. Although the incidence and survival rates vary and standardized methodologies are lacking, it is evident that there is a high incidence among psychiatric patients and at stations, crossings, and track areas near psychiatric institutions. Fictional and news reports of railway and metro suicides are related to increased rates, and false beliefs about a certain, fatal, and painless outcome may contribute to use of this method. Train drivers and rail personnel are often traumatized and in need of personal support after the incident. Most prevention involves surveillance, limiting access to tracks, or prompt intervention during an attempt. Other potential strategies include focusing upon the high-risk populations of previous attempters and patients in psychiatric facilities near stations and tracks and changing attitudes concerning the acceptability of this method to ensure that potentially suicidally active individuals are not under the illusion that this is a certain and painless method of death.
Suicide by Jumping
Authors: Beautrais Annette
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Research on suicide by jumping is summarized. The incidence of suicide by this method varies but tends to be higher in cities, city states, or countries that have extensive high-rise housing. Most suicides by jumping occur from high-rise residential housing units. However, our knowledge about suicide by jumping tends to be limited to a small number of reports from sites, often bridges, which become well-known as places from which to take one's life. Media reports of newsworthy suicides from these sites appear to encourage imitative behavior. Prevention strategies have focused upon limiting suicides from iconic sites by surveillance, barriers, muted media reporting, and signage offering help and telephone hotlines. A small number of studies provides evidence that installing barriers at popular jumping sites reduces suicides from those sites. There are few reports of efforts to reduce suicides from high-rise residential buildings.
Media Reporting of Suicide Methods
Authors: Blood R. Warwick , Pirkis Jane , Holland Kate
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Internationally, media guidelines on the reporting of suicide suggest that the method of suicide should not be explicitly reported. This paper presents quantitative data on the reporting of suicide in Australia, which suggest that the media present a skewed image of reality with an over-reporting of suicide by violent and unusual methods. It also presents qualitative textual analyses of examples of newspaper reports of suicide in an attempt to examine differences in reporting practices across media and genres and to explore the limits of the notion of “explicitness.” The paper concludes that journalistic decisions to maximize the newsworthiness of a story often conflict with the promotion of the accurate, ethical, and responsible reporting of suicide.
Sense of Coherence and Five-Factor Approach to Personality
Authors: Feldt Taru , Metsäpelto Riitta-Leena , Kinnunen Ulla , Pulkkinen Lea
Published: August 2007

Abstract. In the present study we analyzed the conceptual relationship of sense of coherence (SOC) to the five-factor model of personality (FFM; i.e., Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness). Participants (109 men, 114 women) were drawn from the ongoing Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS); which was started when the participants were 8 or 9-years old (in 1968): Data gathered at age 42 were used in this study. SOC was measured by the 13-item Orientation to Life Questionnaire ( Antonovsky, 1987 ) and FFM personality traits with the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1989 ). The results obtained from structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that a high SOC was strongly associated with Neuroticism (-.85). In addition, SOC showed modest positive associations with Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. On the basis of the present results, it seems reasonable to assume that SOC and reversed Neuroticism (i.e., emotional stability) are closely related constructs at the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical levels.
Parental Estimates of Their Own and Their Children's Intelligence
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce , Noack Peter , Furnham Adrian , Siefen Georg
Published: August 2007

Abstract. The parents from 415 child-mother-father triads (average age of children: 10.6 years of age) in their first year of secondary school education in the new German Federal States (former East Germany) estimated their own general and specific intelligence scores and that of their children. Analyses of variance yielded gender-specific variations in parents' self- and child-ratings. Males rated themselves more favorably than females did except for the aspect of emotional intelligence where the opposite pattern was observed. Ratings of children's intelligence only differed with respect to analytical and practical intelligence, where sons were rated higher than daughters. Moreover, child-ratings varied depending on school track (general secondary vs. grammar) with all parental estimates of grammar school students exceeding those given for general (secondary) school students. Regression analyses suggest that parental estimates of children's intelligence are strongly influenced by parents' self-ratings of intelligence.
Friendship Homophily Among Diaspora Migrant Adolescents in Germany and Israel
Authors: Titzmann Peter F. , Silbereisen Rainer K. , Schmitt-Rodermund Eva
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Immigrant adolescents have been found to prefer intraethnic over interethnic friendships, a phenomenon called friendship homophily (FH). This study investigates whether Russian Jewish immigrants in Israel and ethnic German immigrants in Germany differ in their FH rates, which variables predict friendship homophily in each sample, and whether relative strength of association between predictors and FH differs between both samples. FH is measured using reports on best friends, cliques, and distant friendships. Results found FH, in general, to be more pronounced in the Russian Jewish sample, and acculturation orientation and language use predicted interindividual differences in FH in both samples. Perceived discrimination predicted higher levels of FH in cliques and distant friendships only in Israel. Findings suggest the importance of acculturation in selecting intra- or interethnic friends.
Eye Movements of Children and Adults While Reading Television Subtitles
Authors: d'Ydewalle Géry , De Bruycker Wim
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Eye movements of children (Grade 5-6) and adults were monitored while they were watching a foreign language movie with either standard (foreign language soundtrack and native language subtitling) or reversed (foreign language subtitles and native language soundtrack) subtitling. With standard subtitling, reading behavior in the subtitle was observed, but there was a difference between one- and two-line subtitles. As two lines of text contain verbal information that cannot easily be inferred from the pictures on the screen, more regular reading occurred; a single text line is often redundant to the information in the picture, and accordingly less reading of one-line text was apparent. Reversed subtitling showed even more irregular reading patterns (e.g., more subtitles skipped, fewer fixations, longer latencies). No substantial age differences emerged, except that children took longer to shift attention to the subtitle at its onset, and showed longer fixations and shorter saccades in the text. On the whole, the results demonstrated the flexibility of the attentional system and its tuning to the several information sources available (image, soundtrack, and subtitles).
Improving International Tests and Testing
Authors: Muñiz José , Bartram Dave
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Tests constitute one of the techniques most widely used by psychologists for assessment, evaluation, decision-making, and diagnosis. Like any other scientific technique, tests can be used correctly or incorrectly. Given increasing globalization and ease of communication, the use of tests in international contexts is becoming more and more frequent, and this raises new problems. With the aim of improving the construction and correct use of tests in the international context, different national and international organizations have developed a range of strategies. In this work we present the projects and activities developed in recent years by the International Test Commission (ITC) and the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations (EFPA) for improving test practice on an international level. First of all we present a project whose aim is to survey the opinion of European professionals on tests. This is followed by a description of the EFPA model for the technical review of tests, before we move on to descriptions of the ITC Guidelines on Test Adaptation, on Test Use, and on Computer-based and Internet-delivered tests. Finally, we present the EFPA-EAWOP (The European Association of Work and Organizational Psychology) guidelines for the use of tests in the field of work and organizations. After discussing the six projects, we analyze the future perspectives of psychological and educational assessment, placing special emphasis on the influence of IT and multimedia developments. We highlight certain areas that seem highly likely to attract the attention of researchers and professionals in psychological and educational assessment in the near future.
Preferences for Female Body Weight and Shape in Three European Countries
Authors: Swami Viren , Neto Felix , Tovée Martin J. , Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Body mass index (BMI) and body shape as measured by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are important components in judgments of women's bodily attractiveness. The relative importance of each of these cues was examined in three countries: Britain, Spain, and Portugal. Male participants from Britain, Spain, and Portugal, respectively, were asked to rate a set of images of real women with known BMI and WHR. The results showed that, regardless of the cultural setting, BMI was the primary determinant of women's physical attractiveness, with consistent preferences for relatively slender women. WHR emerged as a significant predictor of attractiveness judgments for the Spanish and Portuguese groups (with preferences for low WHRs, indicative of a curvaceous female body), but not the British group. These findings are discussed in terms of the different cultural values ascribed to participants in the three countries.
Teaching, Research, and Application of Geropsychology in Europe
Authors: Pinquart Martin , Fernández-Ballesteros Rocío , Torpdahl Per
Published: August 2007

Abstract. Starting with the main goals of the Task Force of the European Federation of Psychologists' Associations on Geropsychology, this report presents data from an internet search on European contributions to geropsychology, and from a questionnaire study about research, teaching, and application of geropsychology in Europe with key persons from 30 European countries. Based on these data, conclusions are drawn about future priorities in the field.
Present‐day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements
Authors: Gan Weijun , Zhang Peizhen , Shen Zheng‐Kang , Niu Zhijun , Wang Min , Wan Yongge , Zhou Demin , Cheng Jia
Published: August 2007

Using the measurements of ∼726 GPS stations around the Tibetan Plateau, we determine the rigid rotation of the entire plateau in a Eurasia‐fixed reference frame which can be best described by an Euler vector of (24.38° ± 0.42°N, 102.37° ± 0.42°E, 0.7096° ± 0.0206°/Ma). The rigid rotational component accommodates at least 50% of the northeastward thrust from India and dominates the eastward extrusion of the northern plateau. After removing the rigid rotation to highlight the interior deformation within the plateau, we find that the most remarkable interior deformation of the plateau is a “glacier‐like flow” zone which starts at somewhere between the middle and western plateau, goes clockwise around the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis (EHS), and ends at the southeast corner of the plateau with a fan‐like front. The deformation feature of the southern plateau, especially the emergence of the flow zone could be attributed to an eastward escape of highly plastic upper crustal material driven by a lower crust viscous channel flow generated by lateral compression and gravitational buoyancy at the later developmental stage of the plateau. The first‐order feature of crustal deformation of the northeastern plateau can be well explained by a three‐dimensional elastic half‐space dislocation model with rates of dislocation segments comparable to the ones from geological observations. In the eastern plateau, although GPS data show no significant convergence between the eastern margin of the plateau and the Sichuan Basin, a small but significant compressional strain rate component of ∼10.5 ± 2.8 nstrain/yr exists in a relatively narrow region around the eastern margin. In addition, a large part of the eastern plateau, northeast of the EHS, is not undergoing shortening along the northeastward convergence direction of the EHS but is stretching.
Silicic acid dynamics in the glacial sub‐Antarctic: Implications for the silicic acid leakage hypothesis
Authors: Beucher Charlotte P. , Brzezinski Mark A. , Crosta Xavier
Published: August 2007

The silicic acid leakage hypothesis (SALH) purports that changes in silicon and nitrogen depletion ratios in the glacial Antarctic created a large pool of unused silicic acid that was transported to lower latitudes in subantarctic mode water (SAMW) where it enhanced diatom productivity lowering atmospheric pCO2. However, increased opal accumulation beneath the sub‐Antarctic during glacial times implies significant consumption of silicic acid in subantarctic surface waters that may have significantly diminished or eliminated Si leakage. To test how nutrient dynamics in the sub‐Antarctic affected the Si(OH)4 content of SAMW during the last glacial period, we produced δ30Si opal records for cores from the subantarctic and subtropical zones of the Indian Ocean spanning the last 50,000 years. Comparison with diatom‐bound δ15N records shows that subantarctic surface waters were enriched in Si relative to N during the last glaciation consistent with the SALH. The record from the subtropics does not show this enrichment in Si during the last glacial period suggesting that subantarctic surface waters were mainly incorporated into SAMW rather than being transported across the Subtropical Front. Isotope mass balance calculations were used to test for Si leakage from the sub‐Antarctic. The results show that silicic acid concentration in SAMW would more than double during the last glaciation if upwelling and northward Ekman drift in the Antarctic were similar to the present‐day circulation. Calculations that assume increased stratification in the glacial Antarctic eliminate Si leakage, but they do not produce the known increase in opal burial in the glacial sub‐Antarctic. Reconciling the isotope data and opal burial records with a highly stratified Antarctic requires the addition of a large local source of silicic acid in the glacial sub‐Antarctic that is inconsistent with present‐day circulation and nutrient distributions. Including such a source in our calculations results in significant opal burial in the sub‐Antarctic, but it does not enhance Si leakage over that occurring in the Holocene. Resolving past changes in the circulation of the Southern Ocean is clearly vital to future tests of the SALH.
Second‐order ionospheric term in GPS: Implementation and impact on geodetic estimates
Authors: Hernández‐Pajares M. , Juan J. M. , Sanz J. , Orús R.
Published: August 2007

In this paper, different aspects of the application of the second‐order ionospheric term (abbreviated asI2) and its impact on geodetic estimates are studied. A method to correct the GPS observations from this effect is proposed. This method provides a more accurate correction to the GPS measurements (in some cases, it can even be 50% better) with respect to other ways of computing such effect. Moreover, this method can be applied routinely to estimate geodetic parameters. Applying theI2correction to subdaily differential positioning, several relationships between the deviation of the parameter estimates and theI2term are derived in the context of a new global approach to the problem. In particular, it is shown that the effect in receiver position mainly depends on the differential value of this term between GPS receivers, while the satellite clocks are directly affected by the undifferenced values. Data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) global network of receivers have been gathered over a period of 21 months. These data have been used to study theI2effect on the geodetic estimates, such as receiver positions, satellite clocks, and orbits. The most important effect appears for the satellite clocks, and it can be greater than 1 cm depending on the geographical location, comparable to the IGS nominal accuracies. The effect on orbits consists of a global contribution of several millimeters (which confirms the geocenter displacement detected by other authors) plus a subdaily contribution, also of several millimeters, that is geographically dependent, also comparable to the IGS nominal accuracies. As for the position of receivers, the obtained shifts are, in general, at submillimeter level and are directed southward for low‐latitude receivers and northward for high‐latitude receivers. These results will be explained in detail since they are not completely in agreement with the ones presented in previous works.
Hydration state of the Martian surface as seen by Mars Express OMEGA: 2. H2O content of the surface
Authors: Milliken Ralph E. , Mustard John F. , Poulet François , Jouglet Denis , Bibring Jean‐Pierre , Gondet Brigitte , Langevin Yves
Published: August 2007

Visible‐near infrared reflectance spectra acquired by the Mars Express Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) spectrometer are used to estimate the absolute water content within the uppermost fraction of the Martian regolith. This upper surface layer represents the boundary between the regolith and atmosphere; thus the amount of water stored in these two reservoirs and at this boundary is expected to vary spatially and temporally with changing equilibrium conditions. We have applied models derived from laboratory experiments relating the strength of the 3 μm hydration feature to absolute water content to OMEGA spectra acquired during the first ∼1200 orbits of the Mars Express mission to estimate the H2O content of the Martian surface. Three methods were used to examine the strength of the 3 μm absorption: integrated band depth, apparent absorbance, and the effective single‐particle absorption‐thickness (ESPAT) parameter. Integrated band depth and apparent absorbance values are correlated to albedo when derived from reflectance spectra, implying that bright regions are more hydrated than dark regions. The ESPAT parameter, however, relies on single scattering albedo instead of reflectance and is capable of estimating absolute water content within ±1 wt.% H2O for a wide range of albedo values, compositions, and particle sizes. Applying this model to the OMEGA data reveals that bright and dark regions commonly have similar water contents in equatorial regions and the largest spatial variations in H2O occur as a function of latitude. Equatorial regions exhibit water contents in the range of ∼2–5 wt.%, whereas latitudes higher than ∼45°N are characterized by a continuous increase in H2O with latitude from ∼5–15 wt.%. Phyllosilicate and sulfate bearing terrains are more hydrated than average bright and dark regions and their locations are in widely separated areas of Noachian‐aged material, suggesting chemical alteration by water‐rock interaction may have been spatially extensive in the early history of Mars.
Jakobshavn Isbræ, West Greenland: Flow velocities and tidal interaction of the front area from 2004 field observations
Authors: Dietrich R. , Maas H.‐G. , Baessler M. , Rülke A. , Richter A. , Schwalbe E. , Westfeld P.
Published: August 2007

During the summer of 2004, the front area of the Jakobshavn Isbræ was monitored using a geodetic‐photogrammetric survey with temporarily coincident precise observations of local ocean tides in the Disko Bay close to Ilulissat. The geodetic and photogrammetric observations were conducted at the southern margin of the glacier front. The largest observed horizontal flow velocities are in the central part of the front with values up to 45 m/d. This is a factor of 2 greater than the average velocities at the front area observed in the last century. Our new observations confirm previous estimates of an acceleration of glacier flow during the last decade. The photogrammetric survey provided flow trajectories for 4000 surface points with a time resolution of 30 min. These flow trajectories were used to compare the vertical motion of the glacier with the observed tides. The existence of a free‐floating glacier tongue in 2004 was confirmed by these data. However, it occupied only a small belt, of at most a few 100 m width, in the central part of the glacier front. Horizontal motion did not appear to depend on the tidal phase, unlike some of the fast‐moving ice streams of West Antarctica.
Forecasting sunspot numbers with the aid of fuzzy descriptor models
Authors: Mirmomeni Masoud , Lucas Caro , Araabi Babak Nadjar , Shafiee Masoud
Published: August 2007

The cyclic solar activity has significant effects on Earth, satellites, and space missions. The prediction of sunspot number is an active research area and several methods have been introduced for its prediction, which is a common measure of solar activity. On the other hand, descriptor models and related fuzzy descriptor models have been the subjects of interest due to their many practical applications in modeling complex phenomena. In this study, it is tried to predict sun spot number by a data driven approach. In other words, instead of other methods which are based on sophisticated models, in this paper a fuzzy descriptor model is used as a black box to predict sunspot number. To do so, a novel learning method, generalized locally linear model tree (GLOLIMOT) algorithm for fuzzy descriptor models as an intuitive incremental learning algorithms, is introduced to tune the parameters of fuzzy descriptor model for the prediction of sunspot number via empirical data. The contribution of this paper is to provide some methods for adjusting the parameters of fuzzy descriptor model, e.g., the splitting ratio and the standard deviation, the number of locally linear neurons and the number of linear descriptor systems for the consequent part in fuzzy descriptor model and especially the parameters of such descriptor systems which need some special methods for these systems. By these modifications an accurate prediction of sunspot number is obtained which, when compared with several methods and results, depict the power of these systems in predicting such complex phenomena.
Particulate and water‐soluble carbon measured in recent snow at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Hagler Gayle S. W. , Bergin Michael H. , Smith Eugene A. , Dibb Jack E. , Anderson Casey , Steig Eric J.
Published: August 2007

Water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water‐insoluble particulate organic carbon (WIOC), and particulate elemental carbon (EC) were measured simultaneously for the first time on the Greenland Ice Sheet in surface snow and in a 3‐meter snow pit. Snow pit concentrations reveal that, on average, WSOC makes up the majority (89%) of carbonaceous species, followed by WIOC (10%) and EC (1%). The enhancement of OC relative to EC (ratio 99:1) in Greenland snow suggests that, along with atmospheric particulate matter, gaseous organics contribute to snow‐phase OC. Comparison of summer surface snow concentrations in 2006 with past summer snow pit layers (2002–2005) found a significant depletion in WSOC (20–82%) and WIOC (46–65%) relative to EC for 3 of the 4 years. The apparent substantial loss of WSOC and WIOC in aged snow suggests that post‐depositional processes, such as photochemical reactions, need to be considered in linking ice core records of organics to atmospheric concentrations.
Impacts of peat and vegetation on permafrost degradation under climate warming
Authors: Yi Shuhua , Woo Ming‐ko , Arain M. Altaf
Published: August 2007

Simulations of maximum annual thaw at a continuous and a discontinuous permafrost site in Canada were performed using Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) and randomized historical climate records from these sites, superimposed with United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 scenario of climate change. A positive trend in permafrost degradation was simulated for the 2000 to 2100 period in response to climate warming. Surface cover condition and soil properties play a dominant role in affecting ground thaw. In particular, a thin peat layer or surface organic cover can significantly buffer the permafrost against severe degradation. The occurrence of vegetation and extensive presence of a peat and organic layer in the circumpolar areas will modulate the regional impact of climate warming on permafrost thaw.
Carbohydrate residues downstream of the terminal Galα(1,3)Gal epitope modulate the specificity of xenoreactive antibodies
Authors: Milland Julie , Yuriev Elizabeth , Xing Pei‐Xiang , McKenzie Ian F C , Ramsland Paul A , Sandrin Mauro S
Published: August 2007

Carbohydrates are involved in many immunological responses including the rejection of incompatible blood, tissues and organs. Carbohydrate antigens with Galα(1,3)Gal epitopes are recognized by natural antibodies in humans and pose a major barrier for pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation. Genetically modified pigs have been established that have no functional α1,3‐galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT), which transfers αGal to N‐acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) type oligosaccharides. However, a low level of Galα(1,3)Gal is still expressed in α1,3GT knockout animals in the form of a lipid, isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3), which is produced by iGb3 synthase on lactose (Lac) type core structures. Here, we define the reactivity of a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated in α1,3GT−/− mice immunized with rabbit red blood cells (RbRBC), as a rich source of lipid‐linked antigens. Interestingly, one mAb (15.101) binds weakly to synthetic and cell surface‐expressed Galα(1,3)Gal on LacNAc, but strongly to versions of the antigen on Lac cores, including iGb3. Three‐dimensional models suggest that the terminal α‐linked Gal binds tightly into the antibody‐binding cavity. Furthermore, antibody interactions were predicted with the second and third monosaccharide units. Collectively, our findings suggest that although the terminal carbohydrate residues confer most of the binding affinity, the fine specificity is determined by subsequent residues in the oligosaccharide.
sIL‐6R: more than an agonist?
Authors: Knüpfer Heike , Preiss Rainer
Published: August 2007

On target cells, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) interacts with its receptor complex consisting of the membrane‐bound IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) and the signal transducing protein gp130. IL‐6R can exist as a soluble protein (sIL‐6R), which binds the ligand IL‐6. This soluble complex can bind to gp130 on cells that lack the membrane‐bound IL‐6R and initiate signaling. This process is named transsignaling. The significance of transsignaling via sIL‐6R is underlined by different publications and exceeds very probably the significance of the membrane‐bound IL‐6R. It is the general assumption that sIL‐6R acts as an agonist in combination with IL‐6 resulting in an enhancement of the IL‐6 effects. In this article, we suppose ‘non‐agonistic’ properties. There are several publications that give reasons to speculate that sIL‐6R (a) has IL‐6‐antagonistic effects, (b) has orphan properties and (c) interacts with yet unknown binding partners different from IL‐6. Knowledge about additional properties of sIL‐6R will enlarge the biologic understanding of this molecule and might give an explanation for the sometimes contrasting effects of the cytokine IL‐6.
Molecular construction of bionanoparticles: chimaeric SIV p17–HIV I p6 nanoparticles with minimal viral protein content
Authors: Costa Maria J. L. , Pedro Luísa , De Matos António P. Alves , Aires‐Barros Maria R. , Belo José A. , Goncalves João , Ferreira Guilherme N. M.
Published: August 2007

VLPs (virus‐like particles) are promising delivery vectors for molecular therapy, since they combine the major advantages of viral vectors with significantly fewer viral vector disadvantages. The present paper describes the molecular construction of chimaeric VLPs based on minimal SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus) and HIV1 components. A chimaeric protein was constructed by fusion of SIV matrix protein (p17) and HIV1 p6 protein, and we demonstrated that the chimaeric proteins assemble as 80 nm nanoparticles containing ∼7700 chimaeric protein units. Chimaeric VLPs are released from HEK‐293T cells (human embryonic kidney cells expressing the large T‐antigen of simian virus 40) and are fully encapsulated with lipid membrane. Chimaeric VLPs are produced at 3.7‐fold higher levels when compared with SIV p17 VLPs owing to duplication of a PTAP (Pro‐Thr‐Ala‐Pro) domain previously shown as essential for virus particle release. The chimaeric VLPs constructed in the present paper were efficiently pseudotyped with vesicular‐stomatitis‐virus glycoprotein, as shown by immunoprecipitation assays.
Functional expression of human‐epidermal‐growth‐factor receptor in a melanoma cell line
Authors: Diaz Arlhee , Suarez Eduardo , Blanco Rances , Badia Teresita , Rivero Dianelys , Lopez‐Requena Alejandro , Lopez Armando , Montero Enrique
Published: August 2007

EGFR [EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor] overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and bad outcomes in different tumours. However, evidence for EGFR contribution in melanoma immunobiology is limited. We have expressed the full‐length human EGFR gene in a murine melanoma cell line. EGFR protein expression in stably trnasfected B16 cells in culture was defined by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and FACS. Additionally, transfected cells became sensitive to the lysis induced with an anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody in the presence of complement. Exogenous human EGF addition induced cell proliferation, validating the transfected receptor functionality. Thus we have developed a system to express a functional EGFR in order to evaluate the potential contribution of EGFR expression in melanoma biology and its resulting relevance as a target for immunointerventions in nonepithelial tumours.