bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Molecular Detection of Enterococcus faecalis from Cow Milk of Anand City with Special Reference to
Authors: Soni Manasi M. , Anjaria Pranav A. , Bhavsar Prakrutik P. , Nayak Jitendrakumar B. , Chaudhary Jeetendrakumar H. , Brahmbhatt Manoj N.
Published: September 2022

The present study was conducted to determine the drug resistance pattern and the occurrence of biofilm-producing Enterococcus faecalis from cow milk samples collected from in and around Anand city, Gujarat. A total of 100 samples were collected aseptically from the doorsteps of livestock farmers. Out of 100 samples, 73 (73%) samples were found to be positive on selective media, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, which revealed that all the 73 isolates were of Enterococcus faecalis. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all the isolates were sensitive to ampicillin (100%) only, and resistance was observed against Trimethoprim (100%), Tigecycline (80.82%), Vancomycin (67.12%), Gentamicin (46.57%), Imipenem-cilastatin (28.76%), and Norfloxacin (10.95%). Out of all the positive isolates, 30.13% (22/73) were biofilm producers. So, it can be concluded that milk can be a possible intermediary vehicle for the spread of multidrug-resistant biofilm-producing enterococci strains to humans
Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Management of Musculoskeletal Affections in Canines
Authors: Ratnu Devangini A. , Parikh Pinesh V.
Published: September 2022

The present work done on physiotherapy and rehabilitation techniques of locomotor system in canine practice is very meagre, especially on physical assessment and diagnostic findings of chronic complains of locomotor affections especially musculoskeletal in dogs with failed medical treatment and no surgical intervention was possible. Nine dogs (5 in the age group of >5 years, three of age group of 1 to 5 years, and one in the age group of <1 year) ;6, males and 3 females represented with affections of the musculoskeletal system were included in the present study, amongst which 3 cases were of hind quarter weakness and 6 cases of muscles strain, wherein physiotherapy was employed. All nine clinical cases were subjected to a detailed examination, including comprehensive neurological examination, diagnostic imaging, goniometry and haemato-biochemical estimations. All patients were treated with different types of physiotherapy modalities and rehabilitation techniques and observed the effectiveness of physiotherapy. Physiotherapy management of patients had early and optimal resumptions of functions. The rehabilitation modalities provided meritorious treatment options for symptomatic pain relief in patients, resulting in improved quality of life.
From Natural to Artificial: Vernacular housing in the Spanish Caribbean
Authors: Del Cueto Beatriz
Published: September 2022

The Spanish American War of 1898 and the colonization of the Spanish Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic) by the Government of the United States (U.S.), brought about changes to local vernacular housing. The Spanish colonizers substituted indigenous traditional means and methods of construction and replaced them with continental techniques and new materials. The U.S. occupation produced yet another transformation through the extensive use of portland cement which became the protagonist for their new domestic architecture. Even though cement had been introduced into the region two decades prior, to build industrial structures and through the importation of pre-manufactured new materials made with cement, it was slowly accepted for residential buildings, being promoted as fireproof, vermin-proof, and with the strength to resist hurricanes and earthquakes. Erection methods were faster, the dwellings were lighter, and built with the use of repetitive methods facilitated by reusable molds. Catalogs produced in each of these territories with the new prefabricated cement architectural elements would maintain the essence of the vernacular translated into cement and reinforced concrete. These architectural evolutions are traced with the use of historic archival materials: cartography, architectural layouts, photography, and extant contemporary representations.
The hórreos in Riaño Mountain, León, Spain. Vernacular architecture between conservation and musealisation
Authors: García Cuetos María Pilar
Published: September 2022

Hórreos, aerial or raised barns, constitute a very singular typology of vernacular architecture. The guardianship of Spanish hórreos began with their recognition as personal properties in 1926. In 1973, all the hórreos and paneras in Asturias and Galicia were placed under state pro-tection. Later, the autonomous laws included its preservation. In 1984 an order that protected the Leonese hórreos was approved. However, this legislative protection was useless when the Remolina reservoir, which flooded several towns in the region of Riaño Mountain – León, Spain –  was built in 1985.The value of traditional architecture and the hórreos in the villages of the Riaño Mountain was claimed by architects such as Leopoldo Torres Balbás or Manuel Cárdenas. The disappearance of many of them has meant an irreparable loss of a unique type of vernacular architecture. When it came to deciding which elements should be saved from the destruction caused by the reservoir, vernacular architecture was neglected. One of the hórreos was dismantled and remounted in Nuevo Riaño, the new settlement built to replace the disappeared village. Isolated from its con-text, it became a museum element, perceived as a cultural relic.At the beginning of the 20th century, the council of Riaño became aware of how valuable these elements are and proposed the recovery of the constructive techniques and traditions related to Leonese hórreos. In 2014 a new one was built and placed in Nuevo Riaño square. Surrounded by buildings that have nothing to do with the vernacular architecture in the territory and decon-textualised, it is perceived as something beyond to the present days. Today, 142 hórreos are preserved in Riaño Mountain and they must be kept as something more than cultural relics and, additionally, the constructive traditions linked to them must be preserved.
Pinnettas de pedra: a guide for the valorisation of dry-stone artifacts
Authors: Sotgiu Antonio Vincenzo , Cappai Serena Noemi
Published: September 2022

The dwelling culture in rural Sardinia presents a wide variety of agropastoral construction. One such example still in use today are the "pinnettas de pedra", huts built entirely of drystone walls and lithic corbelled dome, with a technique common across the Mediterranean area. They are located to the north-west and centre of the island, in the areas of Meilogu, Marghine and Planargia. The analysis was based on cataloguing the artefacts: field research and data processing on a GIS platform identified around 500 pinnettas de pedra in the surveyed area. The work resulted in survey cards detailing the state of these buildings: their characteristics in terms of size and materials and the main factors of degradation and structural failure. The cards describe in detail the masonry, the lithic elements and their arrangement, as well as the construction techniques and the structural concept behind the realisation. Our line of investigation brings to light construction methods that stood the test of time. This construction code, an orally transmitted set of established rules defining the art of building, is a valuable heritage of local technical knowledge. An immaterial resource to study and preserve and pass on to future generations. The research aims to deepen and develop the knowledge needed for the conservation of such buildings by compiling a manual of good practices of intervention that respects the characteristics of the material and construction. The broader goal of promoting the pinnettas de pedra is to promote proper care of the land, reduce the factors of risk and degradation, set the standards for safe fruition for local communities and visitors, thus restoring the bond with these places.
Constructive and earthquake-resistant aspects of modelled-earth, a technique in ancient Peru
Authors: Torres Henry Eduardo
Published: September 2022

Modelled earth was a pre-Inca construction technique used extensively in ancient Peru. It comprised placing portions of mud in horizontal rows to build walls and large buildings. They did all this without the aid of molds, unlike the Tapia of European origin. Unfortunately, there is a lack of written, graphic or oral evidence that would help to better understand how pre-Columbian walls were made. Therefore, the research was based on the study of the buildings to plan hypotheses about the construction procedure and their structural performance, given that the area where they were built is highly seismic. Because of this work, it can be affirmed that the ancient Peruvians used seismic-resistance strategies in their buildings comprising the use of segmentation of the earth structures, with the criterion of keeping the blocks joined to each other using support planes to form the final architectural volume. This technique converted a fragile earth element into a behavior close to ductility. We postulate that, through these joints, seismic energy was dissipated, and they got a greater deformation capacity without the total collapse of the structure
Vernacular architecture and seismic risk. The case of Mugello in Tuscany
Authors: Bordoni Paola
Published: September 2022

Vernacular architecture contemplates by its nature a variety of forms and construction techniques self- designed by the communities that inhabit it in response to specific needs. In Tuscany, an area with a me- dium-high seismic risk and a long seismic tradition such as Mugello, local building techniques can be identified with a common purpose: to improve the resistance of buildings. Using traditional techniques, the vernacular architecture of this area has seen the use of particular expedients as protective measures, in some cases adopted precisely in response to the movements and stresses to which buildings in this area may be subjected. In the past, the choice of appropriate materials together with traditional building sys- tems has played in some cases a precise role in preserving architecture from damage due to telluric events, through the practice of ancient constructive knowledge. In the territory of analysis, the systems or constructive elements adopted in the examples of vernacular architecture would lead to the identification of an already present concept of safeguarding structures and their use would prove the awareness of local workers with respect to the specific static functions to be performed. The documentation on tradi- tional construction systems inherent to the historical building therefore becomes a fundamental investiga- tion tool for the knowledge of the building. In this sense, the analysis of the material and construction characteristics of the local architecture allows to have a definition of the methods adopted over time in relation to the context and to establish their compatibility with the material culture of the territory in the individual restoration interventions.
Strategies to value the dispersed heritage of rural Andalusia. Lagares, paseros and vineyards: the architecture of the raisin
Authors: Naranjo Lourdes Royo
Published: September 2022

The United Nations Food and Agroindustry Organization (FAO) declared in 2018 the Malaga raisin pro-duction system as an Important World Agricultural Heritage System (SIPAM). There are 62 SIPAM world-wide, five of them in Spain and Malaga is the only one in the entire Andalusian autonomous community. The value of this declaration resides in the recognition of a cultural heritage capable of combining agri-cultural biodiversity with resilient ecosystems and a valuable cultural landscape where its architecture remains linked to artisan production. The SIPAM of Malaga has an area of 280 km², it ranges from the cultivation of the Moscatel grape to its transformation into raisins through drying in the sun, favoring the conservation of the landscape, avoiding erosion or desertification processes and constituting an element of linkage of the population with its territory.Since the 18th century, the production coexisted with other forms of elaboration that complemented it. Said structures associated with this industry were located on agricultural properties following various construc-tion models, ranging from rudimentary forms of sunlight such as the almijares in the paved ring of the press, to buildings of higher production. After the phylloxera crisis and the process of constant production decline, we would end up with the destruction of a large part of Malaga's payments. The wineries, paseros and warehouses were transformed into ruins or were reconverted to other lower-yield agricultural activi-ties.Of that material wealth we recognize scattered examples in the current rural landscape of the mountains of Malaga, whose architectural qualities deserve to be rescued and valued as an example of the unique and representative traditional architecture of a declared cultural landscape. These results are directly linked to the work strategies and objectives that we follow in the Transnational research project SIN-PAR (Inno-vation System for the Heritage of Rural Andalusia)
La Vera´s vernacular architecture. Structural design and climate protec-tion in timber frame wall houses using constructive systems and local ma-terials.
Authors: Franco Rodríguez Elena , Bujalance Mónica
Published: September 2022

La Vera is a region in the west  of Extremadura in Spain, on the southern slope of the Sierra de Gredos. Its architecture was designed for a rural way of life about to disappear. Three municipalities declared Historic and Artistic Sites were studied to define and explain their design and construction systems. A wooden frame structure is typical in the region, which uses sun-dried bricks in the infills and leaves the wooden structure visible from the outside.  Its composite materials, clay and wood, subject to water and sun damage, are made resistant to weather via an extremely  intelligent, skilled combination of wood, clay, pigments, lime mortars and paint. Verata´s wood frame structure is explained in detail, with every element named and how it works. Unique to these structures is the use of different elements as counterweights, which is considered a safety measure. Foundations built on granite and clay transfer moisture up the walls which  results in the way in which paint and mortars are found. They have a clay or lime base, combined  with pigments. The mixtures and application techniques have been documented from oral transmission. The selection of the base material of paint and mortars depends on their ventilation capacity and which waterproof or disinfection properties are required. Pigments are used as additives to increase these properties while obtaining the colour required. Nowadays, facilities to allow ventilation and sunlight are needed. This makes us question how all the applied knowledge developed over centuries can be preserved. This symbiosis of technique, design, structural knowledge, and close material use is the essence of Verata´s architecture.
Post seismic intervention strategies over the last fifty years in Italy (1968 – 2016). Initial observations about the vernacular architecture’s conservation.
Authors: Macca Valentina
Published: September 2022

The numerous reconstruction experiences after the great earthquakes occurred in Italy during the last fifty years (Sicily, 1968 – central Italy, 2016) have given way to a great improvement of the Italian post-seismic emergency management and differ from each other by their results in terms of degree of conservation of the pre-existent buildings. Through the summary analysis of the legislation adopted for the reconstruction process after the Belice (1968) and Friuli (1976) earthquakes, this contribution aims at investigating the peculiarities of the different intervention strategies adopted for the conservation of the traditional masonry buildings and the historical built landscape – to which they belong – recognised as the essential component of the Italian cultural heritage. Specifically, the 1968 and 1976 earthquakes provided an opportunity to enhance the cultural debate on the approach to the towns destroyed by seismic events and initiated an ongoing process which progressively moved towards an increasing recognition of the vernacular architecture’s value.
Heritage and community centre in Matta Sur, Chile
Authors: Rivera Vidal Amanda , Gomez Maestro Carmen
Published: September 2022

The Matta Sur neighbourhood in Santiago acquired official protection for its heritage value in 2016. It is the largest protected area in the city and one of the few in which vernacular architecture, local lifestyles and community networks withstand the city's rapid urban development.  It has a regular urban structure of wide streets framed by continuous facades, which predominantly belong to one-storey homes, organised around a central courtyard. They are built combining burnt or raw masonry and wood and earth traditional building systems, which are now discontinued and often misunderstood, leading to poor interventions which deteriorate the quality of buildings and liveable spaces. The Heritage and Community Centre Project attends the need for comprehensive interventions to approach appropriate conservation of Matta Sur under these circumstances. This project aims, on one hand, to provide a suitable community space within the neighbourhood and, on the other, to set an example for appropriate intervention, management and maintenance of the vernacular constructions in the neighbourhood. All of the process is developed through community-based design and intervention, attending to the role of community organisations in Chile, which have been traditionally responsible for filling the gap between public policies and community wellbeing, particularly in urban contexts, through strong solidarity networks. Through a process of co-design and co-management, the project aims to refurbish a traditional house of the neighbourhood into a community centre in which various community initiatives converge and which allows for these solidarity networks to keep functioning in a contemporary context.
Architecture and Proto Industry. Watermills in the historic peri-urban landscape of Benevento (Italy)
Authors: Romano Lia
Published: September 2022

The landscape of Benevento is historically characterised by the presence of vernacular architectures which exploited the driving power of water for productive purposes. The abundance of watercourses and natural resources coupled with the large quantity of agricultural products enabled the development of a real proto-industrial centre, which was particularly active in southern Italy between the 18th and 19th centuries. Production activities linked to the manufacture of textiles and leather were flanked by a dense system of watermills. Situated in the proximity of the city walls and the city's main rivers, such watermills and their inherent complex network of canals have shaped the historic peri-urban landscape of the city over centuries.Thanks to the availability of numerous historical maps and archival drawings of mills, a link can be established between the past and what is currently visible in the area. The recognition of the physical traces of the mills and of the remains of the water adduction system deepens the knowledge of an unresolved strip of city territory that still retains a peri-urban character, being delimited on one side by the historic walls and on the other by the 20th century expansion of the city.In light of these considerations, this paper offers a new contribution to the study of the proto-industrial architectural heritage of Benevento, focusing on the interpretation of material traces of the past: their recognition will strengthen the identity of this part of the city.
Identification and safeguarding of Central Sicily's forgotten vernacular heritage: elements of identity and memory
Authors: Cardaci Alessio , Versaci Antonella
Published: September 2022

The coronavirus pandemic has created new challenges for rural areas already affected by chronic economic, social, and environmental problems such as depopulation, reduced service provision, ageing, the decline of agriculture income, inhibited accessibility. These problems are of great importance in Central Sicily. Here, the absence of adequate infrastructure, the limited presence of organizations for the promotion and marketing of agricultural products, and climate change have strongly affected the rural landscape. Numerous small towns, farms and extraordinary underground structures are on the verge of extinction, threatened by the ravages of time, forgetfulness, and vandalism. Although often unknown, these eloquent examples of the vernacular heritage of the interior of the island are no longer an integral part of the life of the region. However, if properly identified, studied, protected, re-used, and reconnected to the territory, they could help to reinforce the local cultural identities, and bring positive changes in the socio-economic conditions of the concerned peoples. This paper aims at exploring all these aspects, focusing on the territory of Enna. It also intends to present a pilot project aimed at identifying the most important elements of local rural architecture to promote sustainable methods of preservation and restoration.
Spanish traditional architecture abandonment and destruction: an initial analysis of social risks, phenomena, and effects in earthen architecture.
Authors: Caruso Matilde , Mileto Camilla , Vegas Fernando , Cristini Valentina
Published: September 2022

Throughout the last century, Europe’s traditional architecture has been affected by a severe and widespread trend of decline and abandonment. These are the result of worldwide cultural, social and technological modifications which have noticeably changed society, lifestyle and economy. These transformations are reflected directly in built heritage and places, often struggling to adapt to the new habits and needs and thus prone to disuse and destruction. The same processes and phenomena also affect intangible culture, such as traditional construction know-how, causing the loss of another essential part of the population’s heritage and identity. Spain is no exception. Due to industrial advances and the rural crisis which brought about major changes in lifestyle, culture and population, the country is now facing various critical situations connected to this trend. These include depopulation, overpopulation, tourist exploitation, and social discredit, which are a stark warning to the conservation of its traditional architecture, now in jeopardy. The following paper focuses on identifying the most important social phenomena within Spain in relation to the transformation, abandonment, and destruction of traditional architecture. Through this analysis, the study aims to provide an initial evaluation of their effects on Spanish earthen traditional constructions and so highlight the crucial aspects to be considered for the formulation of proper and effective strategies for conservation, management and valorisation.
Analysis and regeneration strategies for the abandoned villages of the San-terno valley in Tuscany
Authors: Dipasquale Letizia , Coppola Michele , Mannucci Laura , Rovero Luisa
Published: September 2022

The historical settlement system of the Mugello mountain in Tuscany is characterised by scattered rural stone villages and houses. In the past these villages housed communities mainly dedicated to the centuries-old cultivation of chestnut. The process of abandonment can be traced back between the 50s and 60s, when the inhabitants left these isolated places to head towards the cities in search of better economic and living conditions. This paper illustrates the research carried out on three abandoned settlements in the municipality of Firenzuola, with particular reference to the Santerno valley. Pratalecchia, Brento Sanico and Castiglioncello were taken as case studies to carry out a typological and constructive analysis, comprising conservation state and vulnerability maps of their vernacular heritage. The first part of the investigation analyzes the context and the environmental resources; identifies the characteristics of the recurring architectural types; and operates a classification of the building techniques. The main classes of stone-masonry types have been recorded. By applying the masonry quality index (IQM) method the mechanical parameters of the masonry types have been determined. In the second part of the research, the conservation state of the buildings have been assessed. According to a risk-based approach, a vulnerability level was determined for each building, considering the quality of the construction elements, the damage degree and the relation with adjacent buildings. The research allowed to outline a first methodological approach in order to plan future intervention priorities and to identify strategies for the sustainable conservation, enhancement and rehabilitation of this architectural heritage. TRANSLATE with x English ArabicHebrewPolishBulgarianHindiPortugueseCatalanHmong DawRomanianChinese SimplifiedHungarianRussianChinese TraditionalIndonesianSlovakCzechItalianSlovenianDanishJapaneseSpanishDutchKlingonSwedishEnglishKoreanThaiEstonianLatvianTurkishFinnishLithuanianUkrainianFrenchMalayUrduGermanMalteseVietnameseGreekNorwegianWelshHaitian CreolePersian // TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back //
Light Touch on the land – continued conversations about architectural change, informality and sustainability
Authors: Whelan Debbie
Published: September 2022

Including ‘informally constructed’ buildings in the cornucopia of ‘vernacular’ has its opponents. They are not visually compelling, strongly represent the ‘other’, and their unpopularity derives from worldviews that prioritise ‘architecture’ as modernity rather than, perhaps, ‘buildings’ as humanity. However, it is argued that informal settlements are not only the kernel of new cities (using modern materials), but are inevitable and sanitized by health legislation, with slum ‘clearing’ having different potentials, to ‘slum building’. Considering informal settlements in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa in the early 1920s, and subsequent slum clearances due to post-War health legislation, tracking their continued negative, (and ambivalent connotations at the end of apartheid), and most extensive manifestations in current times, this paper considers informal settlements as recyclers of matter, distinct representations of cultural change (from the rural to the urban) and vectors of opportunity (driven by early health legislations). For the a global north which assumes culturally static societies, advocates for carbon-neutral construction, and renewable construction materials and recycling, there is possibly much we can learn from informal settlements, addressing complex and diverse world views, recycling, political organization and spatial planning. Also, viewed from the lofty perspective of the global north, such vernaculars are viewed derisively, are the focus of multiple, globally-crafted sustainable development goals, and are considered as ‘problems’ rather than, ‘solutions’. Thus, migratory trajectories, social and cultural change, and the continued use of existing and found materials is real for many millions of people globally. These constantly negotiated territories provide compelling ground for re-assessment, reflection and repositioning, interpretation of the vernacular.
Community School Museums as a tool for education
Authors: Alonso-Monasterio Pau , Uixera Cotano Laura
Published: September 2022

Community Schools Museums (COSMUS) is an initiative that has been developing an approach to school education from a perspective of multi-dimensional diversity, creativity and community involvement under the Erasmus+ programme in six different countries (Portugal, Greece, Italy, Romania, Poland and Turkey) and in different kinds of schools (arts, music, primary school, high school, VET).This initiative, relies on different educational and multicultural principles, such as the European Youth Charter on Inclusion and Diversity in Education or the European Education Area, and uses a combination of three dimensions that compose the new concept of Community School Museum.The first dimension refers to the local community in which each of the schools is located. This not only enhances concepts such as local traditions, society, or sense of belonging, but also connects with them and involves them in the school activity and curricula content.The second dimension is the school, where education curricula and physical space interact to support those types of knowledge that are essential to sustaining human development, using critical thinking, using creativity or cooperation to promote multicultural meanings.The third dimension is the museum, understood as a flexible tool acting as a communication channel (bi-directional), with elements that act as significance bearers. It uses the approach of learning by doing in order to learn to be, one of the four pillars of learning. It also employs the recommendations of the International Committee for Education and Cultural Action and applies the seven areas of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.Results of the Community School Museum projects show a sound diversity of approaches, which points to the success of the methodology, given that diverse educational, social and cultural contexts give rise to diverse museum contents and designs. One of these results focuses on vernacular heritage.
The particular ensemble of Mas d'en Segures: functional and constructive analysis of a house and a barn in Tinença de Benifassà (Castellón, Spain)
Authors: Villasante Claramonte Juan
Published: September 2022

In the northern interior of the Castellón province Tinença de Benifassà is found, a rural and mountainous region in which territorial organization combines villages with plenty of scattered settlements. As the phenomenon of rural exodus goes on, more and more of these ensembles are abandoned, which implies a critical patrimonial and identity loss, both physical and immaterial. Vernacular architecture shares morphological and constructive characteristics with that present at other regions of Spain, such as Teruel or southern Catalonia. These parameters are strictly linked with immediate environment and field labour in rough terrain. The analysis deepens on the documentation of Mas d'en Segures as a case study of spread settlements in the region. It was made up of four houses, three barns associated with threshing floors, and some farmyards. Some morphological, functional, and constructive characteristics differentiate this settlement from others in its context, which marks its antiquity and relates it with defensive constructions.
Restoration of the stained glass windows of the British Cemetery of Valencia
Authors: Burguete Gil Carmen
Published: September 2022

Light is a phenomenon that, due to its mysticism, has often been used by different religions and philosophies. In art, this phenomenon is directly related to stained glass windows. In the Middle Ages they were made by glaziers who followed artisanal techniques. These techniques were developed in the heyday of stained glass, but afterwards they were on the verge of disappearing for several centuries. In the 19th century stained glass reappeared but the lack of knowledge about the original artisanal techniques was a great problem. Nowadays, the same problem has to be faced, stained glass windows are features worthy of preservation, but their construction and therefore their maintenance require artisanal techniques which are now disappearing. An example of the reappearance of these skills can be found in the restoration of the stained glass windows of the British Cemetery of Valencia by a special employment centre, run by specialists and carried out by artisans in glass work. This paper will present the work carried out in the recovery of this part of the Valencian traditional heritage, presenting all the stages, such as disassembly, repair and replacement. In addition, this paper will explore the results of the work, restoring the splendour of the windows to the buildings in which they are placed.
Vernacular architecture and art. The representation of traditional build-ings in Lorenzo Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise in the Baptistery of Florence
Authors: Merlo Alessandro , Lavoratti Gaia
Published: September 2022

In the ten bas-relief panels of the Gates of Paradise of the Florence Baptistery, Lorenzo Ghiberti depicted episodes from the Old Testament, narrated through a succession of scenes, in which the figurative language also fulfils a catechetical function.The master set the Istorie (Stories) of the main characters of the Bible against a background of landscapes depicting territories and architecture known to him, and sculpting in great detail the flora, fauna and human structures. With regard to the latter, in the fifth, sixth and tenth panels, the scenery consists of monumental architecture inspired by the Classical and Renaissance style, while in the second, third, fourth, seventh and eighth panels Ghiberti depicts dwellings and shelters linked to the local tradition. In a single artefact, the goldsmith-sculptor master offers an overview of the heterogeneous built landscape, providing a faithful description of a whole series of vernacular constructions which, due to their importance and diffusion in the area, are also frequently found in other contemporary artistic works. From this point of view, the panels can be considered an unprecedented source to allow the analysis of the salient features of those widespread traditional architectures in the early 15th century, which still characterise the rural landscape surrounding Florence.
The Hameau de la Reine at Versailles and the reproduction of vernacular architecture
Authors: Crispino Domenico
Published: September 2022

The proposed paper analyses the system of small buildings that compose the Hameau de la Reine in the Petit Trianon gardens in the park of the royal palace of Versailles. The complex of architectural artefacts, built at the end of the 18th century, emulates the features of vernacular architecture typical of the villages of Normandy. The main interest lies in the analysis of the masonry which reproduces the signs of wear caused by the salty coastal climate of northern France using the trompe-l'oeil technique. The study of the architectural elements found in this part of the park of Versailles, using the tools of the restoration discipline, makes possible the highlighting of the specific qualities that confer recognizability on both the vernacular architecture and its reproductions. The design of this section of Queen Marie-Antoinette's Domaine identifies an ideological root in eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinking from which came the physiocratic theories expressed by Quesnay and the Marquis de Mirabeau. The contribution intends to underline, through the analysis of the method of imitation of vernacular architecture, the importance that this architectural typology assumes in the process of rediscovery and fruition of the territory. The analysis of the Hameau complex testifies how vernacular architecture, not yet codified according to this terminology, was already identified at the end of the 18th century as an example of high quality value that found its effective collocation within the boundaries of the royal park of Versailles. The characteristics of this architecture allow it to find an effective place even inside the perimeter of the royal park of Versailles. It is possible to identify the prodromes of the modern architectural sensibility that recognizes and codifies the values of vernacular architecture within the site studied by this paper proposal.
Designing with water for climate change adaptation and cultural heritage preservation
Authors: Elnokaly Amira , Pittungnapoo Witiya
Published: September 2022

Climate change is a global challenge and one of its major impacts is on flooding, which has become more unpredictable and destructive in both the UK and Thailand since the beginning of the 21st century. Designing with water (DWW) and natural-based solutions are emerging as some of the most important approaches for dealing with climate change and adaptation for a resilient future. Flooding is a natural phenomenon and in the UK, and Thailand, as in many other parts of the world, local communities over millennia have learnt to live and co-exist with seasonal inundation, and their tangible and intangible heritage and lifeways celebrate their relationship with water. However, in part to the increase in the frequency and severity of floods but also exacerbated by rapid urbanization and floodplain encroachment, has resulted in many nationally and internationally important heritage sites in Thailand being at increasing risk because of longer inundation periods during the rainy season. In addition, climate change has made flooding in Thailand more unpredictable and widespread. Fragmented planning and management in the cultural sector, particularly the lack of integration between regulatory organisations responsible for flood protection, is also a major problem. The study investigates several successful DWW case studies from the built environment that highlights good practice and international expertise that will help scholars and practitioners designing in flood pone regions to develop their knowledge and strategies. These cases present integrative whole system approaches, which put DWW and more natural-based solutions at the heart of their design strategies for climate adaptation front and centre of cultural heritage management and preservation. The paper presents a series of recommendations to turn flood threat into an opportunity to improve water resources and community resilience at regional and community.
Qualitative, historical, spatial, stylistic, and social assessment of heritage buildings in Arequipa for Cultural Heritage teaching in Schools of Architecture
Authors: Coll-Pla Sergio , Medina-Sánchez Tatiana , Mayta-Ponce Denis , Málaga-Montoya Daniel , Cuzziramos-Gutiérrez Fernando , Costa-Jover Agustí
Published: September 2022

The old town of Arequipa - Peru was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. The architectural style of the buildings in the city of Arequipa has evolved, adapting to the prevailing architectural trends over time, and to the constant earthquakes that have marked the pattern of its transformation through history. Some of the main identified styles are Andean baroque, neo-colonial, historicist, modernist, and postmodernist. This project proposes a qualitative, historical, spatial, and stylistic analysis of the buildings built in the city according to academic criteria and the collective memory of the inhabitants of Arequipa. The applied method consists of a stage-by-stage evaluation of the main representative buildings in the city using mapping and matrix tabulations from graphic documentation, in situ surveys, academic criteria according to the categories of antiquity, historicity, instrumentality and artistic value. In addition, the study aims to reflect the point of view of the buildings’  inhabitants, whilst becoming a useful tool for them. It will result in the development of a catalog of relevant buildings that will help to understand their representativeness in society.
Guidelines for the conservation of the ancient hydraulic mills of the Valle Sabbia, Brescia, (Italy)
Authors: Scala Barbara , Aliverti Lucia
Published: September 2022

The study of the hydraulic factories (mills, forges, trip hammers, etc.) of the Valle Sabbia, conducted by a University of Brescia research group, within the "Resilient Valleys" project (funded by the Cariplo Foundation), led to the definition of a protocol or guidelines with the ambition of identifying shared and adequate codes of practice to guarantee the correct recovery of this heritage. The object of the survey are artefacts located in functional positions for production activities, today often isolated and not very accessible. The architectural structure and construction features make them particularly vulnerable to deterioration, moreso than other types of artefacts. What remains of this building heritage is much closer to the conditions of a ruin which, if recovered or simply maintained, could very effectively convey some of the most characteristic features of local economic history. To conserve and maintain this heritage, operational indications and good practice suggestions are proposed, useful in interventions on buildings and hydraulic artefacts. There is neither a compendium with recipes to follow step by step nor even exemplary models, but rather a critical path method that starts from the direct and physical knowledge of the heritage, to arrive at the timely and most suitable conservation intervention. Method suggestions are proposed, which aim to help the owners, users or managers of these architectures, in choosing, within a scenario of traditional and innovative construction techniques available, the most suitable and correct ones to guarantee respect for the buildings’ and hydraulic works’ characteristics, their constructive, morphological, technological, material peculiarities and, therefore, to monitor and/or solve problems of decay and instability. Ample space is also dedicated to the planned conservation process, in which enhancement will contribute to respecting the material and intellectual integrity of the ruin.
Protection and reuse of a forgotten heritage: the Parmesan cheese buildings. Notes for a widespread museum in the lower Reggio Emilia plain.
Authors: Varvaro Stefania
Published: September 2022

The content of this proposal is a reflection on the landscape of the low Reggio Emilia plain and on the material traces still present in the area linked to the artisanal production of Parmigiano Reggiano (Parmesan) cheese dating back to the 1700s and 1800s. We refer in particular to the agricultural system related to the production of forage and high quality grass to obtain the so-called “white gold”, milk - the raw material for making cheese - and to the architectural buildings used for artisanal dairy production. These structures, called caselli, are much more numerous in the province of Reggio Emilia (the Dairy Charter of 1911 lists 711 caselli), compared to Parma and Modena, despite the fact that Parmigiano Reggiano has always characterized the economy of these areas. This kind of architecture, is characterized by buildings of reduced proportions, with a central, square or polygonal, plan, structurally set on a central pillar around which the processing phases of the cheese production were organized. With perimeters defined by brick walls, bearing on the edges and characterized by jealous paneling on the sides, they are a testimony of valuable constructive knowledge. The grid infills, designed to calibrate air and light, transform them into essential components for the cheese production. Starting from the idea of a widespread museum in the area, close to H. de Varine's thought on the ecomuseum, some design guidelines are established for the enhancement of this production tradition and its agricultural landscape. The rapid evolution of dairy technology on the one hand, and the changes in the territory on the other, have compromised the interpretation of a system that in the tradition of knowledge, techniques and materials had characterized a territory for at least two centuries.
‘Acupuncture of Awareness’: a possible path for vernacular heritage preservation
Authors: Rossato Luca
Published: September 2022

The essay describes an approach developed by the author in various international contexts (India, Iran and Brazil) to raise awareness in the community of the importance of documenting and preserving historic areas, comprising mainly vernacular architecture with a very high sociocultural value. Over the last two–three decades, contemporary architectural interventions have undermined the urban setting of many vernacular sites, disfiguring them with out-of-scale projects of questionable quality, transforming traditional spaces and hybridizing historic materials. This article discusses ideas that arose from several years of research and educational projects in extremely dynamic and changing environments such as those of the historic centres of various developing countries. It presents the effects of awareness-raising projects conducted collaboratively in several historic centres by professors, researchers, local authorities, professionals, young scholars and residents. The research underlined the importance of different perspectives on the documentation and representation of cultural heritage–the meaning of which depends on local culture and traditions–in identifying future developments, low-cost methodologies and working tools in the field of education for preserving and enhancing vernacular heritage. Digitization techniques, which were also shared with a less specialized public, played an essential role in establishing a methodology capable of meeting the main knowledge and understanding needs at different levels of depth. The activities conducted and experimental methods applied identified operational processes for analysing, representing and diagnosing vernacular contexts, demonstrating the potential of interdisciplinary activities, including through the use of digital tools. The involvement of the local community proved to be a crucial issue in developing a more shared and conscious approach to preserving vernacular heritage.
An Odyssey to Heritage Education: The Inspiring Example of Bergama and Its Communities
Authors: Okyay Gülce Güleycan , Ulusoy Binan Demet
Published: September 2022

Heritage education constitutes an agenda that has an increasing influence and priority within the current conservation discourse. It is mostly because the notion of this specific type of education itself is not merely a provider of expertise anymore. On the contrary, it is a potential future-making tool whose target audience spreads to all segments of society, emerging generations in particular. By systematic theoretical foundation and applied practices, goal-oriented and innovative educational strategies may easily develop new methods of dialogue and inclusion that generate place-based bonds by propagating more sources of information.In the case of Bergama, or Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape as inscribed in the World Heritage List in 2014, the above-mentioned possibility is particularly relevant. As heritage education has become a widely recognized priority for the city, many studies have been carried out by local communities and institutions in line with a common vision. A systematic framework and the main principles of heritage education have been structured in a participatory manner. The heritage of the city, in this regard, has aimed to be transformed into an educational actor itself.This study aims to present the case of Bergama with regards to its pioneering potential in heritage education and communities, in connection with academia, whose guidance starts with the inventory of the urban cultural heritage and progresses with the nomination and inscription on the World Heritage List, and the subsequent capacity building process. Vernacular architecture, as the most fragile heritage with its tangible and intangible values, is also discussed in this holistic context. Following the traces of good practices and sharing broadening experiences provide a general understanding in a relatively new field while demonstrating an inspiring example in the wider context.