bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry as the Tool for the Identification of Features of Polymers Obtained by Inverse Vulcanization
Authors: Tarasova Natalia , Krivoborodov Efrem , Kirakosian Diana , Zanin Alexey , Toropygin Ilya , Mezhuev Yaroslav
Published: December 2024

The MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry was employed to analyze the structure of the reaction products of limonene, a natural terpene, and elemental sulfur, with the objective of identifying the occurrence of side processes, such as oxidative dehydrogenation, aromatization, and the Diels–Alder reaction cascade. The MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry was demonstrated to be effective for the analysis of high-sulfur polymers obtained by the inverse vulcanization reaction, allowing for the unambiguous separation of sulfur-containing and hydrocarbon molecular fragments and the detailed characterization of macromolecular structures. By varying the ratio of sulfur (S8) and limonene in the initial reaction system, we were able to ascertain the limiting amount of sulfur that can be covalently bonded by terpene, as well as determine the average length of polysulfide chains under the assumption of equal reactivity and complete depletion of all double bonds. The side reaction of limonene aromatization, as indicated by the MALDI-TOF spectrum of the product resulting from its interaction with elemental sulfur, was corroborated by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Consequently, the registration and interpretation of MALDI-TOF spectra of inverse vulcanization products, either independently or in conjunction with the application of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy methods, as well as the determination of the limiting number of sulfur atoms that can be bound to one molecule of an unsaturated compound, paves the way for new avenues of investigation into the structure and side reactions involved in the synthesis of high-sulfur polymers.
A Hesitation-Associated Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Method Based on Generalized Interval-Valued Hesitation Fuzzy Weighted Heronian Averaging Operator
Authors: Shen Jiayou , Yang Nan , Liang Hejun
Published: December 2024

In multi-attribute decision making (MADM), complex situations often arise where decision attributes are interval-valued hesitant fuzzy numbers (IVHFNs) and the attributes are interrelated. Traditional decision-making methods may be ineffective in handling such cases, highlighting the practical importance of seeking more effective approaches. Therefore, finding a more effective decision-making approach has important practical significance. By combining the theories of Archimedean S-norms and T-norms, we innovatively propose a multi-attribute decision-making method based on the generalized interval-valued hesitant fuzzy weighted Heronian mean (GIVHFWHM) operator to address the aforementioned issues. Initially, based on the operational laws of IVHFNs and the Heronian mean (HM) operator, we introduce the generalized interval-valued hesitant fuzzy Heronian mean (GIVHFHM) operator and the GIVHFWHM operator. We then examine properties of the GIVHFHM operator, including permutation invariance, idempotency, monotonicity, boundedness, and parameter symmetry. A multi-attribute decision-making model is constructed based on the GIVHFWHM operator. Finally, we validate the proposed model through numerical experiments in MADM. The results demonstrate that the new decision-making method, based on the GIVHFWHM operator, is feasible and effective in handling multi-attribute decision problems involving IVHFNs with interdependent attributes. This approach provides a novel perspective and method for solving MADM problems under interval-valued hesitant fuzzy conditions with interdependent attributes. It enriches the theoretical framework of multi-attribute hesitant decision models and expands the application of the Heronian mean operator within interval-valued hesitant fuzzy environments. This methodology assists decision makers in making more accurate decisions within complex decision-making contexts, enhancing both the scientific rigor and reliability of decision-making processes.
Scalability and Security in Blockchain Networks: Evaluation of Sharding Algorithms and Prospects for Decentralized Data Storage
Authors: Bulgakov Andrey L. , Aleshina Anna V. , Smirnov Sergey D. , Demidov Alexey D. , Milyutin Maxim A. , Xin Yanliang
Published: December 2024

This article addresses the issues of scalability and security in blockchain networks, with a focus on sharding algorithms and decentralized data storage. Key challenges include the low throughput and high transaction latency in public networks such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Sharding is examined as a method to enhance performance through data distribution, but it raises concerns regarding node management and reliability. Sharding schemes, such as Elastico, OmniLedger, Pyramid, RepChain, and SSchain, are analyzed, each presenting its own advantages and drawbacks. Alternative architectures like Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) demonstrate potential for improved scalability but require further refinement to ensure decentralization and security. Protocols such as Brokerchain, Meepo, AHL, Benzene, and CycLedger offer unique approaches to addressing performance and transaction consistency issues. This article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach, including dynamic sharding, multi-level consensus, and inter-shard coordination. Additionally, a conceptual model is proposed that incorporates the sharding of transactions, states, and networks, which enables greater scalability and efficiency.
Zagreb Root-Indices of Graphs with Chemical Applications
Authors: Tratnik Niko , Žigert Pleteršek Petra
Published: December 2024

Root-indices of graphs are mathematical tools that help us to understand complex systems, like molecules and networks, by capturing key structural information. In this study, we introduce two new root-indices, the first and the second Zagreb root-index, and we analyze their properties. We apply these indices to chemical structures like benzenoid molecules and octane isomers, showing that they sometimes provide better insights than traditional indices. We also compare the effectiveness of several root-indices with their standard versions, highlighting their ability to distinguish between different graph structures.
Geophysical Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Field Simulation Using Physics-Informed Neural Network
Authors: Wang Bochen , Guo Zhenwei , Liu Jianxin , Wang Yanyi , Xiong Fansheng
Published: December 2024

Simulating electromagnetic (EM) fields can obtain the EM responses of geoelectric models at different times and spaces, which helps to explain the dynamic process of EM wave propagation underground. EM forward modeling is regarded as the engine of inversion. Traditional numerical methods have certain limitations in simulating the EM responses from large-scale geoelectric models. In recent years, the emerging physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have given new solutions for geophysical EM field simulations. This paper conducts a preliminary exploration using PINN to simulate geophysical frequency domain EM fields. The proposed PINN performs self-supervised training under physical constraints without any data. Once the training is completed, the responses of EM fields at any position in the geoelectric model can be inferred instantly. Compared with the finite-difference solution, the proposed PINN performs the task of geophysical frequency domain EM field simulations well. The proposed PINN is applicable for simulating the EM response of any one-dimensional geoelectric model under any polarization mode at any frequency and any spatial position. This work provides a new scenario for the application of artificial intelligence in geophysical EM exploration.
Impact of Exercise on Physiological, Biochemical, and Analytical Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Epelde Francisco
Published: December 2024

Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a condition marked by diminished cardiac output and impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. Exercise, once avoided in HFrEF patients due to safety concerns, is now recognized as an important therapeutic intervention. Structured exercise improves various physiological, biochemical, and analytical parameters, including cardiac output, endothelial function, skeletal muscle performance, and autonomic regulation. Biochemically, exercise induces favorable changes in inflammatory markers, lipid profiles, glucose metabolism, and renal function. This paper reviews these changes, highlighting how exercise can be safely incorporated into HFrEF management. Further research is needed to tailor exercise interventions for individual patients to optimize outcomes.
Validity of Pleth Variability Index to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Patients Undergoing Cervical Spine Surgery in the Modified Prone Position
Authors: Koh Won Uk , Lee Dong-Ho , Ro Young-Jin , Park Hee-Sun
Published: December 2024

Background and Objective: The modified prone position, which is an alteration of the standard prone position, reduces cardiac preload. Dynamic variables including stroke volume variation (SVV), pulse pressure variation (PPV), and pleth variability index (PVI) are reliable predictors for fluid responsiveness during surgery. To the best of our knowledge, no studies assessing dynamic variables for fluid responsiveness have been conducted in the modified prone position. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of PVI to predict fluid responsiveness in the modified prone position during cervical spine surgery. Materials and Methods: PVI, SVV, and PPV were recorded at the following times: before and after a 4 mL/kg crystalloid load in the supine position (T1, T2); after placement in the modified prone position (T3); and before and after a 4 mL/kg crystalloid administration in the modified prone position (T4, T5). Fluid responsiveness was defined as stroke volume (SV) ≥ 15%, assessed by the FloTrac/Vigileo™ (Edwards Lifesciences Corp, Irvine, CA, USA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to identify changes in each dynamic variable that could predict fluid responsiveness in the modified prone position. Results: Data from a total of 43 subjects were analyzed. In the supine position, 21 subjects were responders. After subjects were placed in the modified prone position, SV significantly decreased, while PVI, SVV, and PPV significantly increased (p < 0.001 for all). In the modified prone position, 13 subjects were responders, and the areas under the ROC curves for ΔPVI, ΔSVV, and ΔPPV after fluid loading were 0.524 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.329–0.730, p = 0.476), 0.749 (95% CI 0.566–0.931, p = 0.004), and 0.790 (95% CI 0.641–0.938, p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Crystalloid pre-loading could not mitigate the decrease in SV caused by the modified prone position. Changes in PVI were less reliable in predicting fluid responsiveness in the modified prone position.
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Pancreatic Tissue Sampling: Lesion Assessment, Needles, and Techniques
Authors: Dhar Jahnvi , Samanta Jayanta , Nabi Zaheer , Aggarwal Manik , Conti Bellocchi Maria Cristina , Facciorusso Antonio , Frulloni Luca , Crinò Stefano Francesco
Published: December 2024

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue sampling includes the techniques of fine needle aspiration (FNA) and fine needle biopsy (FNB), and both procedures have revolutionized specimen collection from the gastrointestinal tract, especially from remote/inaccessible organs. EUS-FNB has replaced FNA as the procedure of choice for tissue acquisition in solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs) across various society guidelines. FNB specimens provide a larger histological tissue core (preserving tissue architecture) with fewer needle passes, and this is extremely relevant in today’s era of precision and personalized molecular medicine. Innovations in needle tip design are constantly under development to maximize diagnostic accuracy by enhancing histological sampling capabilities. But, apart from the basic framework of the needle, various other factors play a role that influence diagnostic outcomes, namely, sampling techniques (fanning, aspiration or suction, and number of passes), collection methods, on-site evaluation (rapid, macroscopic, or visual), and specimen processing. The choice taken depends strongly on the endoscopist’s preference, available resources at the disposal, and procedure objectives. Hence, in this review, we explicate in detail the concepts and available literature at our disposal on the topic of EUS-guided pancreatic tissue sampling to best guide any practicing gastroenterologist/endoscopist in a not-to-ideal set-up, which EUS-guided tissue acquisition technique is the “best” for their case to augment their diagnostic outcomes.
Relative Frequency of Primary Salivary Gland Tumors: Multicenter Study of 796 Cases from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlMaden Nasser , AlYami Rawan , Almotairi Ahmed , Alrasheed Rasha , Aldawasri Bader , Alwhabi Mohammed , Alrumeh Assem , AlBishi Nasser , Alqarni Abdullah , Alghamdi Doaa , Almazyad Asma
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Salivary gland tumors (SGTs) are diverse lesions with varying morphological and clinical characteristics. Limited data exist on the distribution of SGTs in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to fill this gap by examining the distribution of SGTs across four tertiary hospitals in Riyadh. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on SGT cases diagnosed from January 2010 to December 2022 to investigate the clinicopathological features (tumor location, patient sex, and age). Histological slides were evaluated by two independent certified oral pathologists and classified based on the latest 2022 World Health Organization classification (WHO). Results: There were 796 SGTs. Most cases occur in individuals in their 4th to 5th decades of life. The parotid gland was the predominant site (79.4%), followed by the submandibular gland (9.3%). More than half of the tumors (527, 66.2%) were benign, involving major and minor salivary glands. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor, accounting for 354 cases (44.5%), followed by Warthin tumor with 117 cases (14.7%). Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most prevalent malignant tumor, identified in 98 patients (12.3%). Additionally, 36 (4.5%) mesenchymal and 30 (3.8%) hematolymphoid non-epithelial SGTs were reported. Conclusions: This multicenter study is the largest of its kind in Saudi Arabia, identifying pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma as the most commonly reported benign and malignant tumors, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights into the understanding of salivary gland tumors globally.
MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms and DNA Methylation in Idiopathic Spontaneous Preterm Birth
Authors: Dević Pavlić Sanja , Šverko Roberta , Barišić Anita , Mladenić Tea , Vraneković Jadranka , Stanković Aleksandra , Peterlin Ana , Peterlin Borut , Ostojić Saša , Pereza Nina
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Preterm birth (PTB) is a complex condition with various contributing factors, including genetic and epigenetic influences such as DNA methylation. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) plays a critical role in DNA methylation and the remethylation of homocysteine. This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, LINE-1 DNA methylation levels, and the risk of idiopathic spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) in Caucasian women from Croatia and Slovenia. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 women with SPTB (<34 weeks of gestation) and 50 control women were included in the study. MTHFR polymorphisms were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and LINE-1 DNA methylation levels were quantified using the MethyLight method. Results: The study found no significant differences in MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms’ genotype or allele frequencies between women with SPTB and controls. Additionally, no statistical significance of LINE-1 DNA methylation was found between the genotypes of the MTHFR polymorphisms analyzed. Conclusions: The study suggests no conclusive association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, LINE-1 DNA methylation, and SPTB in Croatian and Slovenian women. Considering prior evidence connecting MTHFR polymorphisms, hyperhomocysteinemia, and PTB, the lack of homocysteine measurements and unassessed impact of folate or vitamin B supplementation limit the conclusions.
Can Broadening the Kidney Biopsy Criteria Reduce Misleading Diagnoses in Young Patients with End-Stage Renal Diseases? A Survey on the Sicilian Registry of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation
Authors: Calabrese Vincenzo , Conti Giovanni , Geraci Giulio , Dominguez Ligia J. , Cernaro Valeria , Zicarelli Maria Teresa , Gembillo Guido , Longhitano Elisa , Santoro Domenico
Published: December 2024

Audits allow analysis of the delivery of care and the prevalence of diseases. This study investigated kidney diseases’ impact on end-stage renal disease (ERSD) in patients younger than 30 years. Methods: This analysis is retrospectively conducted on young dialysis-dependent patients included in the Sicilian Registry of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Participants. It evaluated patients who started dialysis before the age of 30 retrieved in the mentioned registry. The sample was divided into two groups, according to the presence or absence of a specific diagnosis. Baseline features were reported as mean ± sd, median [IQR] and n (%). A Student T-test, Mann–Whitney test or Pearson Chi-Square test was performed. Logistic regression analysis detected the association between the variables and the unknown diagnosis, and variables with a p-value < 0.2 were added to the multivariate model. ROC curves were drawn including this multivariate prediction. Results: In total, 145 patients started dialysis before the age of 30 years. Between patients with and without a diagnosis, the intake of renin–angiotensin–aldosteron system inhibitors (RAASIs) and blood pressure differed enough to be considered as possibly confounding. Logistic regression showed that blood pressure and RAASIs seemed to be related to the unknown diagnosis. ROC curves adjusted for RAASIs and blood pressure provided an AUC = 0.689. Conclusions: Although Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) did not include hypertension among biopsy indications, our data suggest that performing renal biopsy in young patients with hypertension and worsening renal function could improve kidney diagnosis management.
Study on Efficient Operating Conditions for Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis Using Different Ion Species and Anion-Exchange Membranes
Authors: Kikuchi Sadato , Hirao Souichiro , Kayakiri Shunya , Kakihana Yuriko , Higa Mitsuru
Published: December 2024

To investigate efficient operating conditions for bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED), a comparison of current efficiency (CE) and power intensity (PI) was conducted using different anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) and salt solutions (NaCl and Na2SO4) as feed solutions in BMED. The results indicated that CE was higher and PI was lower for a commercial proton-blocking AEM (ACM) than for a standard AEM (ASE) when NaCl was used. This is because ASE has a higher water content than ACM, leading to greater H+ permeability, which reduces CE. Conversely, when Na2SO4 was used, ASE exhibited higher CE and lower cell voltage (CV) than ACM, resulting in lower PI for ASE. This is attributable to the fact that, with Na2SO4, the effect of CV was more significant than H+ permeability. These findings suggest that efficient operation can be achieved by selecting the appropriate combination of AEMs and salt solutions.
High-Performance Fluorine-Lean Thin Aromatic Hydrocarbon Membranes Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride for Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Authors: Nemeth Tamas , Han Zongyi , Gubler Lorenz
Published: December 2024

The impeding ban on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) prompted researchers to focus on hydrocarbon-based materials as constituents of next-generation proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Here, we report on the fuel cell performance and durability of fluorine-lean PEMs prepared by the post-sulfonation of co-grafted α-methylstyrene (AMS) and 2-methylene glutaronitrile (MGN) monomers into preirradiated 12 µm polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) base film. The membranes were subjected to two distinctly different accelerated stress test (AST) protocols performed at open-circuit voltage (OCV): the US Department of Energy-similar chemical AST (90 °C, 30% relative humidity (RH), H2/air, 1 bara), developed originally for perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes, and the high relative humidity AST (80 °C, 100% RH, H2/O2, 2.5 bara), designed for aromatic hydrocarbon membranes. We found that doping the grafted membranes with a metalated porphyrin antioxidant can simultaneously reduce membrane aging and improve fuel cell performance.
Computational Thermochemistry for Modelling Oxidation During the Conveyance Tube Manufacturing Process
Authors: Kendall Megan , Coleman Mark , Cockings Hollie , Sackett Elizabeth , Owen Chris , Auinger Michael
Published: December 2024

Conveyance tube manufacturing via a hot-finished, welded route is an energy-intensive process which promotes rapid surface oxidation. During normalisation at approximately 950 °C to homogenise the post-weld microstructure, an oxide mill scale layer grows on tube outer surfaces. Following further thermomechanical processing, there is significant yield loss of up to 3% of total feedstock due to scale products, and surface degradation due to inconsistent scale delamination. Delaminated scale is also liable to contaminate and damage plant tooling. The computational thermochemistry software, Thermo-Calc 2023b, with its diffusion module, DICTRA, was explored for its potential to investigate oxidation kinetics on curved geometries representative of those in conveyance tube applications. A suitable model was developed using the Stefan problem, bespoke thermochemical databases, and a numerical solution to the diffusion equation. Oxide thickness predictions for representative curved surfaces revealed the significance of the radial term in the diffusion equation for tubes of less than a 200 mm inner radius. This critical value places the conveyance tubes’ dimensions well within the range where the effects of a cylindrical coordinate system on oxidation, owing to continuous surface area changes and superimposed diffusion pathways, cannot be neglected if oxidation on curved surfaces is to be fully understood.
Microstructure and Properties of Al Foil Wrapped AZ31 Plate Prepared by Hot Pressing and Annealing
Authors: Shang Qi , Yuan Ying , Xu Haohua , Liu Tingting , Chen Yanxia , Yu Jincheng , Wang Hailian , Tan Jun , Li Yuan , Guo Shengfeng , Song Bo
Published: December 2024

In this work, an Al foil wrapped AZ31 plate was fabricated by direct hot pressing with a thickness reduction of 50% at 300 °C. Effective metallurgical bonding was produced at the Mg/Al interface and no obvious defects were found. Annealing treatment at 400 °C can generate two continuous intermetallic compound layers (Al3Mg2 on the Al side and Mg17Al12 on the Mg side) at the bonding interface. As annealing time increases, the intermetallic compound layers thicken, accompanied by the thinning and disappearance of the pure Al layer. After annealing for 8 h, a thick coating with the Al3Mg2 and Mg17Al12 mixture is formed on the surface of Mg plate. The micro-hardness of the intermetallic compound layers is much higher than that of the AZ31-substract and pure aluminum layer. Thus, the prolonged annealing (>4 h) can greatly increase the surface hardness. Compared with the as-received AZ31 sample, the corrosion resistance of the Al foil wrapped AZ31 plate can also be greatly improved. As annealing time increased from 0.5 to 8 h, the corrosion resistance showed a slightly decrease. In the present work, the sample annealed for 4 h gave the best consideration to surface hardness and corrosion resistance.
Multi-Omics Analysis Provides Insights into Green Soybean in Response to Cold Stress
Authors: Lin Yanhui , Cao Guangping , Xu Jing , Zhu Honglin , Tang Liqiong
Published: December 2024

Green soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a highly nutritious food that is a good source of protein and fiber. However, it is sensitive to low temperatures during the growing season, and enhancing cold tolerance has become a research hotspot for breeding improvement. Background/Objectives: The underlying molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in green soybean are not well understood. Methods: Here, a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and metabolome was performed on a cold-tolerant cultivar treated at 10 °C for 24 h. Results: Compared to control groups, we identified 17,011 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 129 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). The DEGs and DEMs were further subjected to KEGG functional analysis. Finally, 11 metabolites (such as sucrose, lactose, melibiose, and dehydroascorbate) and 17 genes (such as GOLS, GLA, UGDH, and ALDH) were selected as candidates associated with cold tolerance. Notably, the identified metabolites and genes were enriched in two common pathways: ‘galactose metabolism’ and ‘ascorbate and aldarate metabolism’. Conclusions: The findings suggest that green soybean modulates the galactose metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathways to cope with cold stress. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms enabling green soybeans to better avoid low-temperature damage.
First Identification of Emerging Pathogenic Yeast in Clogmia albipunctata (Diptera: Psychodidae) at a Brazilian Hospital
Authors: Vieira-Alcântara Kéren , Chagas Thiago Pavoni Gomes , da Costa Gisela Lara , Pinto Tatiane Nobre , Oliveira Manoel Marques Evangelista , Zahner Viviane
Published: December 2024

Psychodinae (Diptera: Psychodidae), commonly known as “drain flies”, are a subfamily of insects adapted to environments modified by humans. While often regarded as harmless, it has been reported that they may carry pathogenic microorganisms, contributing to hospital environmental contamination and potentially playing a role in healthcare-associated infections. This study aimed to investigate drain flies in a hospital setting to assess their role in carrying microbial pathogens. Twenty-six drain flies were collected from a tertiary hospital using sterile tubes and processed within two hours. The insects were identified as Clogmia albipunctata (Williston, 1893). Whole-body macerates were cultured on EMB media, and fungal isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and ITS region sequencing. The emergent pathogen Trichosporon asahii was isolated, highlighting the potential role of C. albipunctata as a mechanical vector of fungal pathogens associated with HAIs. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring drain flies as part of infection prevention and control strategies in healthcare settings.
Differential Transcriptional Landscape of Vero Cells During Dengue Virus 2 Infection in the Presence of Sinococuline
Authors: Garg Amit , Shukla Rahul , Kumar Amit , Aggarwal Charu , Mukhopadhyay Arnab , Khanna Navin
Published: December 2024

Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by Aedes genus mosquitoes and is responsible for dengue fever (DF) and other severe diseases, posing a significant challenge to the global health system. Currently, anti-dengue pharmacological treatment options are not available. Earlier, we demonstrated that Sinococuline has potent anti-dengue activity and prevents virus infection. In this study, we profile the host transcriptome response in the Vero cells after infection with DENV2 in the presence of Sinococuline, using bioinformatics to identify significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). A total of 1510 DEGs were noted by transcriptional analysis of Vero cells that were infected with dengue virus as compared to the uninfected cells, among which 697 were upregulated and 813 were downregulated. Also, 184 out of 697 and 254 out of 817 genes were altered in dengue-infected Vero cells in the presence of Sinococuline. We found that TNF, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, and NF-kB signaling pathways were differentially expressed in DENV2-infected Vero cells, which was prevented by Sinococuline. The findings of this study add to our knowledge of Sinococuline’s antiviral activity in DENV2-infected Vero cells at the transcriptome level. These findings also identify potential candidate antiviral genes that can be verified for their function in the future.
Intraperitoneal Treatment of Cambinol, a Synthetic SIRT1 and SIRT2 Inhibitory Compound, Exacerbates Brucella abortus 544 Burden in the Spleens of Institute of Cancer Research Mice
Authors: Reyes Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo , Huy Tran Xuan Ngoc , Nguyen Trang Thi , Salad Said Abdi , Aguilar Ched Nicole Turbela , Min Wongi , Lee Hu Jang , Kim Suk
Published: December 2024

Our preliminary data using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) collected from ICR mice treated with anti-sirtuin (anti-SIRT) 1 antibody showed that Brucella uptake was significantly attenuated. We then further investigated the effect of an inhibitor of SIRT1/2, cambinol, in the progression of Brucella. The in vitro results using RAW264.7 cells revealed that cambinol treatment had no effect on adhesion, uptake, intracellular survival and nitric oxide (NO) production during B. abortus infection, nor did it directly affect bacterial growth for up to 72 h. Finally, intraperitoneal treatment of 8-week-old female ICR mice infected with Brucella showed no differences in the total average weights of spleens and livers; however, the treated mice displayed higher Brucella colony-forming units (CFUs) from the spleens. Furthermore, the interleukin (IL)-10 serum level was observed to be lower in treated mice at 7 d post-infection, and none of the cytokines tested showed a change at 14 d post-infection. The overall findings showed that cambinol treatment had no effect on the proliferation of Brucella in RAW264.7 macrophages but exacerbated the splenic proliferation of the bacteria in mice and displayed reduced anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 at the first week of infection, suggesting that cambinol as an inhibitory of SIRT1/2 could be beneficial in the context of Brucella dissemination in animal hosts and that exploration of activating SIRTs could be an alternative treatment against Brucella infection.
Matese Mts. and Caserta District Karst Bauxites (Campania Region, Southern Italy): Insights on Geochemistry, Paleoclimate, Paleoenvironment, and Parental Affinity
Authors: Buccione Roberto , Mongelli Giovanni
Published: December 2024

In the Campania region (Southern Italy), in the Matese Mts. (Albian to Turonian/Coniacian) and Caserta district (Albian to Cenomanian), two karst bauxite deposits outcrop, consisting of flat lenses over shallow karst carbonate. Although the mineralogy and geochemistry of Campania bauxite deposits have been widely studied in recent years, new major and trace elements relationships were provided to highlight paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions that occurred during their formation. The purpose of this research is to provide for the first time information on the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions that affected the bauxites of Campania. These deposits formed during different periods since the Matese deposit formed during intense weathering processes with more abundant precipitation while the Caserta district deposit experienced a more long-lasting exposure event. During the formation of the studied bauxites, the drier conditions favored the replacement of kaolinite by boehmite. R-mode factor analysis showed geochemical affinity among Al2O3, TiO2, and Nb. REEs minerals are mainly associated with the bauxite matrix while Zr, Hf, and V were mainly concentrated in detrital minerals during the later stages of bauxitization. Parental affinity indices (Eu/Eu* vs. Sm/Nd; Eu/Eu* vs. TiO2/Al2O3) assessed the origin of the protolith of the Campania bauxites by rejecting the hypothesis of the dissolution of the bedrock carbonate. The results confirmed the eolian transport of parental material with an Upper Continental Crust and an intermediate to mafic magmatic composition.
Three New Triterpene Glycosides from the Roots of Deutzia x Hybrida “Strawberry Fields” (Hydrangeaceae)
Authors: Karachaliou Efstathia , Pertuit David , Bruguière Antoine , Penouilh Marie-José , Picquet Michel , Belloir Christine , Briand Loïc , Mitaine-Offer Anne-Claire
Published: December 2024

Three new triterpene glycosides were isolated from Deutzia x hybrida “Strawberry Fields” cultivar via aqueous–ethanolic extraction of the roots, including one derivative of sumaresinolic acid and two of echinocystic acid: 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylsumaresinolic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester, 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosylechinocystic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester, and 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucuronopyranosylechinocystic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl ester. As none of the isolated saponins were previously documented in the literature, their structural elucidation required extensive 1D and homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry analysis. All three glycosides were tested for their stimulatory activity of the sweet taste receptor TAS1R2/TAS1R3. It is the first chemical and biological investigation of Deutzia x hybrida “Strawberry Fields” as well as the first report of sumaresinolic acid glycosides in Deutzia genus.
Enrichment of Ginseng Rare Sapogenin 25-OH-PPT and Its Protective Effect on Myocardial Fibrosis
Authors: Jin Zixuan , Wu Yuemin , Zhang Yanyan , Feng Siqi , Hu Guotao , Liu Hairong , Zhao Yuqing , Xu Jing
Published: December 2024

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a traditional Chinese medicine, and the rare ginsenosides contained in it have various physiological activities. 25-OH-PPT (T19) is a rare natural dammarane-type ginseng sapogenin. Pharmacological studies have shown that T19 has good hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the research, we optimized the T19 enrichment process and explored the potential mechanism of T19 in myocardial oxidative stress. Firstly, we studied a hydrolysis process on ginseng stems and leaves ginsenosides. Optimization factors include acid types, acid concentrations, ultrasound time, and ultrasound temperature. To develop safer preparation conditions more suitable for production scaleup, we studied the difference in hydrolysis between inorganic acid and food acids. The results show that using hydrochloric acid to hydrolyze ginsenosides in ginseng stems and leaves can increase the content of T19 to 12.16%. When using edible citric acid, the maximum content of T19 is 1.9%. However, using citric acid for hydrolysis has higher safety and non-toxic properties. Meanwhile, the myocardial protective effect of T19 was evaluated, indicating that T19 could effectively reduce isoproterenol (ISO)-induced oxidative stress injury by reducing the levels of LDH and CK-MB and regulating the contents of antioxidant enzymes SOD, lipid peroxidation product MDA, and non-enzymatic antioxidant GSH in cardiomyocytes. Further study demonstrated that regulation of fibrosis markers Collagen I, Collagen III, and α-SMA was involved in the potential mechanism of T19 efficiency.
Defect-Mediated Energy Transfer Mechanism by Modulating Lattice Occupancy of Alkali Ions for the Optimization of Upconversion Luminescence
Authors: Gao Rongyao , Li Yuqian , Zhang Yuhang , Fu Limin , Li Luoyuan
Published: December 2024

The performance optimization of photoluminescent (PL) materials is a hot topic in the field of applied materials research. There are many different crystal defects in photoluminescent materials, which can have a significant impact on their optical properties. The luminescent properties and chemical stability of materials can be effectively improved by adjusting lattice defects in crystals. We systematically studied the effect of doping ions on the energy transfer upconversion mechanism in different defect crystals by changing the matrix alkali metal ions. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of crystal defect distribution on luminescence performance is explored by adjusting the ratio of Na–Li. The PL spectra indicate that changing the alkaline ions significantly affects the luminescence performance and efficiency of UCNPs. The change in ion radius leads to substitution or gap changes in the main lattice, which may alter the symmetry and strength of the crystal field around doped RE ions, thereby altering the UCL performance. Additionally, we demonstrated the imaging capabilities of the synthesized upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in cellular environments using fluorescence microscopy. The results revealed that Na0.9Li0.1LuF4–Yb, Er nanoparticles exhibited significantly enhanced fluorescence intensity in cell imaging compared to other compositions. We further investigated the mechanism by which structural defects formed by doping ions in UCNPs with different alkali metals affect energy transfer upconversion (ETU). This work emphasizes the importance of defect regulation in the ETU mechanism to improve the limitations of crystal structure on the luminescence performance and promote the future application of upconversion nanomaterials, which will provide important theoretical references for the exploration of high-performance luminescent materials in the future.
Effects of Valproic Acid Embryonic Exposure on Zebrafish: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Flores-Prieto Bernardo , Manzo-Denes Jorge , Hernández-Aguilar María Elena , Coria-Avila Genaro Alfonso , Herrera-Covarrubias Deissy , Aranda-Abreu Gonzalo Emiliano , Rojas-Durán Fausto , Pérez-Estudillo César Antonio , Suárez-Medellín Jorge , Toledo-Cárdenas María Rebeca
Published: December 2024

Exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during embryogenesis has become a valuable tool for modeling neurodevelopmental disorders in animal models such as zebrafish (Danio rerio). This article examines the effects of embryonic exposure to VPA in zebrafish on the basis of 39 articles sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate the common impacts of VPA exposure and reported that VPA significantly altered development at various levels. Behaviorally, zebrafish exposed to VPA exhibit notable changes in their social interaction patterns. Physiologically, VPA exposure leads to significant alterations, including decreased heart rates, increased mortality rates, and pronounced morphological abnormalities. Pharmacological exposure has been linked to neuroanatomical and neurochemical changes. At the genetic level, VPA exposure is associated with the differential expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment and neuronal function. The synthesized data from these studies underscore the utility of zebrafish as a model organism for investigating the effects of teratogen exposure on neurodevelopment.
Effects of 1H-1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives of 3-O-Acetyl-11-Keto-Beta-Boswellic Acid from Boswellia sacra Resin on T-Cell Proliferation and Activation
Authors: Meyiah Abdo , Avula Satya Kumar , Al-Harrasi Ahmed , Elkord Eyad
Published: December 2024

Background: 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (β-AKBA), a triterpene natural product, is one of the main natural products of Boswellia sacra resin (BSR) and has reported biological and immunomodulatory effects. 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of β-AKBA (named 6a–6d) were synthesized from β-AKBA. The 1H-1,2,3-triazole compounds are also known to have a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of these 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of β-AKBA on human T-cell proliferation and activation. Methods: PBMCs isolated from healthy donors were activated by anti-CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence of β-AKBA (1) or 1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives of β-AKBA or DMSO controls. Results: We found that similar to the parent compound β-AKBA (1), derivatives 6a, 6b, and 6d significantly inhibited T-cell expansion/proliferation and reduced the levels of CD25 activation marker on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells without exerting significant cytotoxic effects on T-cell viability at a concentration of 25 µM. However, compound 6c further inhibited T-cell expansion/proliferation and CD25 expression, but had a significant cytotoxic effect on cell viability at similar concentrations of 25 µM. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the immunoinhibitory effects of β-AKBA (1) and its corresponding triazole derivatives on T-cell proliferation and activation, highlighting the promising therapeutic potential of these compounds in T-cell-mediated diseases.
Low-Dose Oral Ginger Improves Daily Symptom Scores in Asthma
Authors: Emala Charles W. , Saroya Tarnjot K. , Miao Yuqi , Wang Shuang , Sang Shengmin , DiMango Emily A.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objective: A significant number of individuals with asthma have poorly controlled daily symptoms and utilize dietary supplements such as ginger in a quest for improved symptom control; however, its effectiveness at improving the control of symptoms is unproven. We questioned whether low-dose oral ginger would improve subjective and objective measurements of asthma control in mild-to-moderate asthmatics. Methods: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of a low dose (1 g twice daily) of a dietary supplement of ginger in 32 mild-to-moderate uncontrolled asthmatics over a 2-month trial period while maintaining daily conventional asthma therapies. The planned primary outcomes included an increased tolerance to inhaled methacholine and decreased concentrations of fractional excretion of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Secondary planned outcomes included measurements of asthma control by the Asthma Control Test (ACT), a 2-week symptom recall test, and the Juniper mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), and blood eosinophils and asthma-associated cytokines. Results: Exhaled nitric oxide or blood eosinophils were not changed by oral ginger. However, three different measures of asthma symptom control were improved by the 28-day time point of oral ginger. Asthma-associated serum cytokines (IL-13 and IL-17A) were modulated by oral ginger. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration that a small daily dose of a dietary supplement of ginger may improve asthma symptoms and reduce inflammation in human asthmatics. These findings support the need for additional studies using larger doses of ginger in specific endotypes of asthmatics that may identify a novel therapeutic for asthma.
Drug Safety During Breastfeeding: A Comparative Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reports and LactMed®
Authors: Tezel Yalçın Hülya , Yalçın Nadir , Ceulemans Michael , Allegaert Karel
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: While breastfeeding is highly recommended, breastfed infants may be exposed to drugs by milk due to maternal pharmacotherapy, resulting in a risk of adverse drug events (ADE) or reactions (ADRs). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) is an online pharmacovigilance database, while the Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) includes accurate and evidence-based information on levels of substances in breast milk and infant blood, and possible ADRs in nursing infants. We aimed to explore the FAERS database and compare ADE/ADR information patterns between both databases. Methods: The FAERS database was explored (29 July 2024) for ADEs related to drug exposure during lactation to determine annual trends, infant outcomes, and regions of reporting. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) associated with these ADEs were categorized based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC, first level) classification. The top five APIs in each ATC group were explored in terms of the type of ADEs reported and compared to information in LactMed®. Results: In total, 2628 ADEs were obtained from the FAERS database, with increased reporting over time. In the FAERS database, 68.4% of the patients were under 2 months old, 5.5% had life threatening ADEs, and 3.6% died, while 84.70% of the cases were categorized as serious. Most ADEs were from North America (44.9%). Most drugs (50.9%) were nervous system drugs. The most frequent reported outcome was “other outcomes (without additional subdivision or information)” (58.2%), reflecting the diversity in outcomes reported. When related to the same drug, the FAERS database and LactMed® resource exhibited both similarities and differences in the types of reported ADE/ADR. Conclusions: The FAERS database is a useful tool to detect potential ADEs (rather sensitive), without ADR assessment, while LactMed® provides guidance driven by relevant ADRs (rather specific). The FAERS database is useful to obtain exploratory information about ADEs during lactation to increase the knowledge about drug safety during breastfeeding and the awareness of the possible risks in nursing infants, while LactMed® translates all available information into guidance.
Newly Designed PCL-Wrapped Cryogel-Based Conduit Activated with IKVAV Peptide Derivative for Peripheral Nerve Repair
Authors: Yergeshov Abdulla , Zoughaib Mohamed , Dayob Kenana , Kamalov Marat , Luong Duong , Zakirova Albina , Mullin Ruslan , Salakhieva Diana , Abdullin Timur I.
Published: December 2024

Background: The combination of macroporous cryogels with synthetic peptide factors represents a promising but poorly explored strategy for the development of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking scaffolds for peripheral nerve (PN) repair. Methods: In this study, IKVAV peptide was functionalized with terminal lysine residues to allow its in situ cross-linking with gelatin macromer, resulting in the formation of IKVAV-containing proteinaceous cryogels. The controllable inclusion and distribution of the peptide molecules within the scaffold was verified using a fluorescently labelled peptide counterpart. The optimized cryogel scaffold was combined with polycaprolactone (PCL)-based shell tube to form a suturable nerve conduit (NC) to be implanted into sciatic nerve diastasis in rats. Results: The NC constituents did not impair the viability of primary skin fibroblasts. Concentration-dependent effects of the peptide component on interrelated viscoelastic and swelling properties of the cryogels as well as on proliferation and morphological differentiation of neurogenic PC-12 cells were established, also indicating the existence of an optimal-density range of the introduced peptide. The in vivo implanted NC sustained the connection of the nerve stumps with partial degradation of the PCL tube over eight weeks, whereas the core-filling cryogel profoundly improved local electromyographic recovery and morphological repair of the nerve tissues, confirming the regenerative activity of the developed scaffold. Conclusions: These results provide proof-of-concept for the development of a newly designed PN conduit prototype based on IKVAV-activated cryogel, and they can be exploited to create other ECM-mimicking scaffolds.