bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une évaluation géographique des risques technologiques ... L'exemple du stockage et de la distribution des carburants en Île-de-France
Authors: Glatron Sandrine
Published: March 2012

Face aux risques que présentent certains établissements industriels dangereux étroitement insérés dans le tissu urbain (ici les grands dépôts pétroliers de la région Île-de-France), les planificateurs souhaiteraient les voir implanter en marge d'agglomération. La mise en place d'une méthode d'évaluation fondée sur l'analyse spatiale a pour objectif de vérifier la pertinence de ces propositions, en comparant les risques des deux localisations. Les textes qui réglementent la maîtrise de l'urbanisation en France servent d'appui à l'estimation des dommages dans les zones d'effet des accidents potentiels. Le recours à un SIG s'est avéré efficace pour étendre la méthode comparative aux risques liés au transport terminal des carburants vers une clientèle nombreuse, générateur de grands risques qui menacent de s'accroître à mesure que les trajets augmentent.
L'accès des chercheurs aux données publiques en Suède
Authors: Sanders Lena
Published: March 2012

Les statistiques suédoises ont la réputation d'être précises, exhaustives et relativement accessibles. D'une part, elles fournissent des séries temporelles longues et relativement homogènes et d'autre part, elles livrent l'information à des niveaux d'observation fins et variés. Cette situation privilégiée interroge. Quelles en sont les sources? Comment est actuellement organisée cette information? Quelles sont les conséquences de cette situation sur la recherche géographique en Suède?
L'accès aux données à échelle fine aux États-Unis
Authors: Mollenkopf John , Rhein Catherine
Published: March 2012

Les habitants et les chercheurs des États-Unis disposent pour l'instant, gratuitement ou à bas prix, de données à échelle fine, dont la mise à disposition respecte la confidentailité des personnes. C'est la condition de réalisation des études intra- urbaines indispensables.
Le dernier recensement général de la population en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Antheaume Benoît
Published: March 2012

Après des années d'errances dans le dénombrement de sa population, l'Afrique du Sud a réalisé un recensement en 1996 dont les résultats, plusieurs fois corrigés, n'ont été officiels qu'en 1998. L'absence de données antérieures comparables et les difficultés techniques du recensement de certains types de population en rendent l'utilisation délicate.
Sémantiques de la métropolisation
Authors: Leroy Stéphane
Published: March 2012

The semantics of métropolisation. — While the use of the term «metropolisation» is increasing, its definition remains vague. Is it an economic phenomenon or a spatial process? Rather than a theoretical or epistemological question, it is a key to the understanding, management and development of urbanised spaces. It therefore seems appropriate to examine, at least partially, the concept of métropolisation. Although it seems an empty canvas today and we are still far from being able to link observation to theory, the importance of the issues that it raises or reactivates will be likely to place it at the centre of geographical discussion tomorrow.
Les rythmes de la morphogénèse : leurs conceptions à travers l'histoire de la géomorphologie
Authors: Ballais Jean-Louis
Published: March 2012

Le problème des rythmes de la morphogénèse est au cœur de la réflexion épistémologique depuis la constitution de la géomorphologie en science autonome. Avant Davis, les grands paradigmes du catastrophisme et de l'actualisme émergent. Avec Davis, si l'évolution du relief commence par une catastrophe, c'est ensuite la continuité de l'érosion qui domine. Après Davis, la géomorphologie dynamique et le concept de système d'érosion (puis morphogénique) s'imposent puis s'enrichissent des apports d'un néocatastrophisme.
Prophéties autoréalisatrices et géographie
Authors: Staszak Jean-François
Published: March 2012

Self-fulfilling prophecies and geography. — A self-fulfilling prophecy is a definition of a situation which affects behaviours in such a way that this definition becomes exact. This paper focuses on the usefulness and the relevance of this concept in the field of Geography, analysing several examples such as spatial segregation, urban crisis in the USA, globalization, regional planning, agglomeration economies. Furthermore, it argues that space itself may be responsible for the prophecy's fulfillment. This raises important epistemological issues.
Le multi-usage de l'espace en Cévennes analysé grâce à des modèles graphiques spatio-temporels
Authors: Gautier Denis
Published: March 2012

Afin de mieux appréhender le multi-usage de l'espace rural et de pouvoir le discuter avec des acteurs de la gestion du territoire local, une méthode de type hypothético-déductive est proposée. Elle se fonde sur les principes de la modélisation graphique et intègre, en un même modèle, une structure élémentaire de l'espace et un calendrier annuel, pour chacune des pratiques de gestion de l'espace identifiées. La superposition graphique de l'ensemble de ces modèles spatio-temporels conduit à faire des hypothèses sur la manière dont les pratiques s'articulent dans l'espace et dans le temps. Cette méthode est expérimentée sur l'exemple de la gestion de l'espace en Cévennes.
Gestion préventive des zones à risque : les couloirs ferroviaires au Cameroun
Authors: Assako-Assako René-Joly
Published: March 2012

Preventive management of risk zones: railway rights-of-way in Cameroon. — In Cameroon, when a railway passes through a town, it is built on a right-of-way whose width was set at 70 metres by Ordinance no. 74-1 of 6 July 1974 establishing the rules governing land tenure. In the mind of the legislator, this area should remain vacant to allow sufficient space for rail transport through urban areas. Unfortunately, failure to abide by this land tenure legislation has turned the right-of-way into an area where activities as diverse as agriculture, commerce, industry and housing compete for space. The coexistence of divergent land uses in a particularly sensitive area has increased the vulnerability of the urban railway right-of-way, now classified as an urban risk zone. The railway disaster in Nsam, a district in Yaounde (the capital of Cameroon), on 14 February 1998, highlighted the precariousness of the situation. Inspired by that tragic event, this paper encourages further reflection on railway safety in urban areas and moves on to a general study of mechanisms of prevention and georisk management in the planning of African cities. Through a systemic analysis, it synergistically integrates demographic, economic, legal, financial and spatial parameters.
La moyenne vallée de l'Euphrate en Syrie : dynamique et potentiel de peuplement
Authors: Tamru Bezunesh
Published: March 2012

The middle valley of the Euphrates in Syria: settlement patterns and potential. — The middle valley of the Euphrates in Syria is one of the places where the first organised establishments appeared and was one of the centres for the diffusion of people from Neolithic times. Now it is an area of intense agricultural development, which is about to disappear under the waters of the Tishrin dam. We attempt to understand the reasons behind the changes that have occurred in land use, the relationships between the different sites and the role as a conduit for exchange played by the valley. Supported by cartography and models of the population potential in the interstitial space, we put forward the hypothesis of the early existence of a settlement system, more vast and complex than the sites currently known lead to believe.
Twelve Weeks of Pioglitazone Therapy Significantly Attenuates Dysmetabolism and Reduces Inflammation in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients—A Randomized Crossover Trial
Authors: Li Yun , Xie Qiong-Hong , You Huai-Zhou , Tian Jing , Hao Chuan-Ming , Lin Shan-Yan , Zhu Tong-Ying
Published: March 2012

Background

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of oral pioglitazone (PIO) on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and adipokine metabolism in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients.

Methods

In this randomized crossover trial, 36 CAPD patients with serum triglyceride levels above 1.8 mmol/L were randomly assigned to receive either oral PIO 15 mg once daily or no PIO for 12 weeks. Then, after a 4-week washout, the patients were switched to the alternative regimen. The primary endpoint was change in serum triglycerides during the PIO regimen compared with no PIO. Secondary endpoints included changes in other lipid levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adipocytokines, and C-reactive protein (CRP).

Results

All 36 CAPD patients (age: 64 ± 11 years; 33% men; 27.8% with diabetes mellitus) completed the study. Comparing patients after PIO and no PIO therapy, we found no significant differences in mean serum triglycerides (3.83 ± 1.49 mmol/L vs 3.51 ± 1.98 mmol/L, p = 0.2). However, mean high-density lipoprotein (0.94 ± 0.22 mmol/L vs 1.00 ± 0.21 mmol/L, p = 0.004) and median total adiponectin [10.34 μg/mL (range: 2.59 – 34.48 μg/mL) vs 30.44 μg/mL (3.47 – 93.41 μg/mL), p < 0.001] increased significantly. Median HOMA-IR [7.51 (1.39 – 45.23) vs 5.38 (0.97 – 14.95), p = 0.006], mean fasting blood glucose (7.31 ± 2.57 mmol/L vs 6.60 ± 2.45 mmol/L, p = 0.01), median CRP [8.78 mg/L (0.18 – 53 mg/L) vs 3.50 mg/L (0.17 – 26.30 mg/L), p = 0.005], and mean resistin (32.70 ± 17.17 ng/mL vs 28.79 ± 11.83 ng/mL, p = 0.02) all declined. The PIO was well tolerated, with only one adverse event: lower-extremity edema in a patient with low residual renal function.

Conclusions

Blood triglycerides were not altered after 12 weeks of PIO 15 mg once daily in CAPD patients, but parameters of dysmetabolism were markedly improved, including insulin resistance, inflammation, and adipokine balance, suggesting that PIO could be of value for this high-risk patient group. Larger, more definitive studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Theoretical study of the frequency shift in bimodal FM-AFM by fractional calculus
Authors: Herruzo Elena T , Garcia Ricardo
Published: March 2012

Bimodal atomic force microscopy is a force-microscopy method that requires the simultaneous excitation of two eigenmodes of the cantilever. This method enables the simultaneous recording of several material properties and, at the same time, it also increases the sensitivity of the microscope. Here we apply fractional calculus to express the frequency shift of the second eigenmode in terms of the fractional derivative of the interaction force. We show that this approximation is valid for situations in which the amplitude of the first mode is larger than the length of scale of the force, corresponding to the most common experimental case. We also show that this approximation is valid for very different types of tip–surface forces such as the Lennard-Jones and Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov forces.
FAIRING ARC SPLINE AND DESIGNING BY USING CUBIC BÉZIER SPIRAL SEGMENTS
Authors: Habib Zulfiqar , Sakai Manabu
Published: March 2012

This paper considers how to smooth three kinds of G 1 biarc models, the C-, S-, and J-shaped transitions, by replacing their parts with spiral segments using a single cubic Bézier curve. Arc spline is smoothed to G 2continuity. Use of a single curve rather than two has the benefit because designers and implementers have fewer entities to be concerned. Arc spline is planar, tangent continuous, piecewise curves made of circular arcs and straight line segments. It is important in manufacturing industries because of its use in the cutting paths for numerically controlled cutting machinery. Main contribution of this paper is to minimize the number of curvature extrema in cubic transition curves for further use in industrial applications such as non-holonomic robot path planning, highways or railways, and spur gear tooth designing.
APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR MULTI-POINT BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM ON THE HALF-LINE
Authors: Niu Jing , Lin Ying Zhen , Zhang Chi Ping
Published: March 2012

In this work, we construct a novel weighted reproducing kernel space and give the expression of reproducing kernel function skillfully. Based on the orthogonal basis established in the reproducing kernel space, an efficient algorithm is provided to solve the nonlinear multi-point boundary value problem on the half-line. Uniformly convergence of the approximate solution and convergence estimation of our algorithm are studied. Numerical results show our method has high accuracy and efficiency.
THE BARZILAI AND BORWEIN GRADIENT METHOD WITH NONMONOTONE LINE SEARCH FOR NONSMOOTH CONVEX OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS
Authors: Yuan Gonglin , Wei Zengxin
Published: March 2012

The Barzilai and Borwein gradient algorithm has received a great deal of attention in recent decades since it is simple and effective for smooth optimization problems. Whether can it be extended to solve nonsmooth problems? In this paper, we answer this question positively. The Barzilai and Borwein gradient algorithm combined with a nonmonotone line search technique is proposed for nonsmooth convex minimization. The global convergence of the given algorithm is established under suitable conditions. Numerical results show that this method is efficient.
ON DISCRETE UNIVERSALITY OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Authors: Rašytė Jovita
Published: March 2012

In 1975, S.M. Voronin proved that the Riemann zeta-function ζ (s) is universal in the sense that its shifts approximate uniformly on some sets any analytic function. Let h be a fixed positive number such that exp is irrational for all . In the paper, the classes of functions F such that the shifts F (ζ (s + imh)), , approximate any analytic function are presented. For the proof of theorems, some elements of the space of analytic functions are applied.
Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MAYNARD JANET W. , FANG HONG , PETRI MICHELLE
Published: March 2012

Objective.

Accelerated atherosclerosis is a major cause of death in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), yet little is known about the effect of socioeconomic status. We investigated whether education or income levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in SLE.

Methods.

Our study involved a longitudinal cohort of all patients with SLE enrolled in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort from 1987 through September 2011. Socioeconomic status was measured by education level (≥ 12 years or < 12) and income tertiles (> $60,000, $25,000–$60,000, or < $25,000).

Results.

A total of 1752 patients with SLE were followed prospectively every 3 months. There were 1052 whites and 700 African Americans. Current smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus were more common in African Americans (p < 0.01 for all), but there was no statistical difference in the frequency of myocardial infarction or stroke. In multivariate analyses stratified by ethnicity, low income was strongly associated with most traditional cardiovascular risk factors in whites, but only with smoking and diabetes in African Americans. In whites, low income increased the risk of both myocardial infarction (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.41–7.45, p = 0.006) and stroke (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.56–5.21, p = 0.001); in African Americans, these relationships were not seen. Low education, in contrast, was associated with smoking in both ethnic groups.

Conclusion.

Low income, not low education, is the socioeconomic status variable associated with cardiovascular risk factors and events. This association is most clearly demonstrable in whites.
Detection of HTLV-1 in the Labial Salivary Glands of Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Distinct Clinical Subgroup?
Authors: LEE SUNG-JI , LEE JI SHIN , SHIN MYUNG-GEUN , TANAKA YUETSU , PARK DONG-JIN , KIM TAE-JONG , PARK YONG-WOOK , LEE SHIN-SEOK
Published: March 2012

Objective.

To examine whether patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) can be distinguished based on the expression of human T cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-1) and, if so, whether the subgroups differ in their clinical features and serological measures.

Methods.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR were used to amplify viral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 53 patients with SS, using primers from the HTLV-1 pX, p19, pol, and tax regions. Minor salivary gland biopsy specimens from 33 patients with SS were examined for the presence of HTLV-1 p19 or tax proteins immunohistochemically. The sociodemographic, glandular, and extraglandular manifestations, and laboratory findings including autoantibodies, complement, and immunoglobulin levels, were analyzed.

Results.

The HTLV-1 tax gene was detected in PBMC samples from 2 of 53 patients (3.8%), whereas the HTLV-1 pX, p19, and pol genes were not expressed. As well, 100% of PBMC samples from 4 family members of patients in whom the tax gene was detected also expressed the tax gene. Immunohistochemical staining for HTLV-1 p19 and tax was seen in 10 out of 33 (30.3%) patients with SS each. Overall, 14 (42.4%) patients expressed HTLV-1 p19 or tax proteins, and they had lower rheumatoid factor and C3 levels (p = 0.015 and p = 0.005, respectively) and higher lymphocyte counts (p = 0.016). The prevalence of glandular and extraglandular manifestations did not differ between the HTLV-1-positive and negative patients.

Conclusion.

Our findings suggest that HTLV-1 in the salivary glands is involved in the pathogenesis of a subpopulation of SS, and HTLV-1-associated SS might have different immunological patterns than idiopathic SS.
The books of the Bibles in early Christianity
Authors: Scheetz Jordan
Published: March 2012

A resurgence in the interest in other early Christian literature has brought the issue of the Christian biblical canon(s) to the forefront. Questions in relation to what the literature was, which literature was authoritative, and when did it become authoritative, have all been reopened both on a popular and scholarly level. With this climate, a re-evaluation of primary source information in relation to the various lists was in order. The lists from Origen, Eusebius, the Muratorian Canon, Athanasius, and to a lesser extent Tertullian, were examined. The result was: a nuanced perspective that reflects a three level reading hierarchy that gave precedence to the unquestioned texts, allows for mediated expansion through the questioned texts, and calls for a complete correction of the rejected texts based on the first two levels. Further, although none of the lists are exactly alike, substantial agreement was established between these various lists spanning more than a 150 years. In contrast to Marcion, theological harmony did not appear to be the main consideration in these various lists.
Analysis of Structural Impact and Crashworthiness using Experimental, Analytical and Computational Techniques: An Overview and Recent Developments
Authors: Liu Yucheng , Chu Stefan , Viera Raul
Published: March 2012

This paper present a profound overview of the history and recent developments in structural impact and crashworthiness analysis applying experimental, analytical, and computational techniques. A study case is provided to show the regular approach of studying an S shaped thin-walled beams crash behaviour through computer modelling and simulation. In the future, experimental and computational atomic scale plasticity techniques such as diffraction and microscopy can be employed in this research area to develop a full understanding of structural impact mechanism by obtaining data and observations at both macroscopic and atomic level.
Finite Element Simulation of Axial Crush of Thin-Walled Tubes with Different Cross-Sections: Vehicle/Pole Impact Applications
Authors: Elmarakbi Ahmed , Fielding Niki , Hadavinia Homayoun
Published: March 2012

This paper presents finite element simulations of axial crash behaviour and energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled tubes with variable cross-sections and different materials to investigate the design of an optimised energy absorbing street pole. With the conclusion of the desired variables for the design of an energy absorbing thin-walled tube, the tubes are placed 90 degrees to that of the base of the model street pole. Simulation of frontal impact of a vehicle and street pole are analysed and compared to that of the energy absorbing street pole concept. Studies are carried out by numerical simulation via the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. Results compare the absorbed energy and the deflection of each variable, and recommend best design for the tube structure which improved vehicle crashworthiness.
Computational and Experimental Testing of the Steel Reinforced Wooden Road Safety Barrier
Authors: Borovinsek Matej , Vesenjak Matej , Ren Zoran
Published: March 2012

Computational simulations of steel reinforced wooden road safety barrier under vehicle impact conditions as mandated by the European standard EN 1317 were carried out in order to reduce the number of large scale crash tests needed to acquire the certificate, thus reducing the costs of the barrier development. Simulations were performed with the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA and they showed that the proposed barrier design is acceptable according to the standard. After successful experimental certification using a full scale crash test the results of the experiments also showed a very good agreement with the simulation. The comparison of the most important impact severity parameter ASI showed a difference of only 5 %. This shows that computer simulations can and should be used to develop and improve new road safety barrier designs.
Influence of a Truck Side Under-ride Guard Height on Cabin Intrusion and Occupant Injury Potential of a Small Car in Car/Large-Truck Side Crashes
Authors: Moradi Rasoul , Setpally Rajarshi , Lankarani Hamid M.
Published: March 2012

In car/large truck collisions, the size, weight, and stiffness mismatch results in a much larger structural deformation of the car compared to that of the truck, and larger potential for car occupants injuries. This is further aggravated when the passenger vehicle trends beneath the rear or side of the taller truck. In the US, under-ride guards are required only for the rears of large trucks, although the review of fatal truck-car crashes in the NCSS/CDS indicates that fatal under-ride crashes involving the sides of large trucks are almost as common as fatal rear under-ride crashes. A methodology using validated finite element models of a passenger car and a truck is utilized in this study to quantify the influence of a side guard attached to a large truck in reducing the intrusion of the car and thus reducing the injury sustained by the occupants of a car in a side crash. A formulation is proposed based on a normalized passenger compartment intrusion and its relation to the occupant injury potential. The transmitted deceleration severity and the occupant compartment intrusion are evaluated for the car impacting a rigid under-ride guard. A NHTSA under-ride test is simulated first for model validation. Once model validation is conducted for a specific guard design, further simulations are conducted at the speed range of 30 to 50 mph and for 90 and 45-degree impact angles. The results from a parametric study are used to identify the critical guard height resulting in severe cabin deceleration and compartment intrusion of the small car. This study quantifies the vulnerability of car occupants in truck side under-ride crashes and the effectiveness of side guard at different ground heights in reducing the injury potential to car occupants.
Damage Tolerance Behaviour of Carbon Fibre Multi-axial Warp Knit Fabric Composites
Authors: Hazra K. , Harper J.F.
Published: March 2012

The stitch formation in Multi-axial Warp Knit Fabric (MWKF) is different to that found in traditional overstitching. The effect of such stitching is investigated and reported in this paper. Three different variants of stitch architectures in carbon MWKF, used in an epoxy matrix, were considered to investigate the effect of stitch density. Low energy impact, through penetration impact and compression strength testing were carried out. During low energy impact, a higher stitch density offered more damage resistance, being directly influenced by the through-thickness stitches, which have been shown to stop or deviate crack propagation. Similar results were also found during through penetration impacts. Compression after Impact properties were found to vary directly with the damage area. Whilst a high stitch density resulted in better residual strength properties, the percentage retention of the compression after impact strength was superior for low stitch density MWKF.
An Investigation into the Use of an Embedded Process Zone Model for Predicting the Structural Behaviour of Adhesive Bonded Joints
Authors: Clarke M. , Broughton J.G. , Hutchinson A.R. , Buckley M.
Published: March 2012

The study presented in this paper was carried out to assess the use of an embedded process zone based model in a commercial finite element code for predicting the behaviour of adhesively bonded structures. The relevant adhesive properties were measured using a variety of test methods and the results applied to the analysis of a single lap joint. Having demonstrated satisfactory accuracy in simulating the behaviour of the single lap joint the same methodology was then applied to a more complex structure. The structure used was a T shaped structure formed from two adhesively bonded aluminium rails. Despite some variability in the test results acceptable correlation with the analysis results was again achieved. The effects of variability in the adhesive material data on the output from the Finite Element analysis were investigated using a statistical study. This showed only a limited sensitivity to the interface toughness parameter.
Modal Analysis of Transverse Vibrations of a Thin Rectangular Plate with a Bonded Piezoelectric Patch
Authors: Tyagi Amit , Ghosh M.K.
Published: March 2012

Present problem deals with a rectangular plate with a PZT patch bonded to it. The plate is considered to be simply supported at its edges. Since PZT possess electromechanical properties, electrical properties along with mechanical properties are considered while deriving the equations of motion for transverse vibration of the plate with patch. The primary focus in this paper is how these electrical properties affect the plate behaviour in terms of transverse vibration frequencies. Transverse displacement has been represented by a double Fourier series. Open circuit boundary condition has been applied to the PZT patch. Results have been obtained for a plate covered fully by the patch and also for a plate covered partially by the patch. It has been found in the present investigation that electrical properties affect modal frequencies significantly.
Use of General Finite Elements for Smart Structures: Technical Note
Authors: Badari Narayana K.
Published: March 2012

The focus of this technical note is to formulate and validate the process of thermal strain analogy for modelling structures with surface bonded piezoelectric actuators/sensors using any commercially available FEM codes.
The imagined audience on Facebook: Analysis of Estonian teen sketches about typical Facebook users
Authors: Murumaa Maria , Siibak Andra
Published: March 2012

This paper analyses Estonian high–school students (N=15) perceptions about the imagined audience on Facebook. Students’ sketches (N=39) and reflections on focus group interviews indicate that the youth are well aware of the plurality of the imagined audience on Facebook. From the total of six prevalent user types and sub–types that emerged, just one user type could be considered representative of an ideal audience on Facebook in the eyes of youth.
Evaluation of Micromovements and Stresses around Single Wide-Diameter and Double Implants for Replacing Mandibular Molar: A Three-Dimensional FEA
Authors: Desai Shrikar R. , Karthikeyan I. , Singh Rika
Published: March 2012

Purpose. The purpose of this finite element study was to compare stresses, strains, and displacements of double versus single implant, in immediate loading for replacing mandibular molar. Materials and Methods. Two 3D FEM models were made to simulate implant designs. The first model used 6 mm wide-diameter implant to support a single molar crown. The second model used 3.75-3.75 double implant design. Each model was analyzed with a single force magnitude of 70 N in oblique axis in three locations. Results. This FEM study suggested that micromotion can be well controlled by both double implants and 6 mm single wide-diameter implant. The Von Mises stress for double implant had 31%–43% stress reduction compared to the 6 mm implant. Conclusion. Within the limitations of the paper, when the mesiodistal space for artificial tooth is more than 12.5 mm, under immediate loading, the double implant support should be considered.
Metacognitive Instruction Does Improve Listening Comprehension
Authors: Bozorgian Hossein
Published: March 2012

This paper reports on a small-scale study, which looked into the impact of metacognitive instruction on listeners' comprehension. Twenty-eight adult, Iranian, high-intermediate level EFL listeners participated in a “strategy-based” approach of advance organisation, directed attention, selective attention, and self-management in each of four listening lessons focused on improving listeners' comprehension of IELTS listening texts. A comparison of pretest and posttest scores showed that the “less-skilled” listeners improved more than “more-skilled” listeners in the IELTS listening tests. Findings also supported the view that metacognitive instruction assisted listeners in considering the process of listening input and promoting listening comprehension ability.
Radioactive Iodine Therapy Decreases Recurrence in Thyroid Papillary Microcarcinoma
Authors: Creach Kimberly M. , Siegel Barry A. , Nussenbaum Brian , Grigsby Perry W.
Published: March 2012

Background. The most appropriate therapy for papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) is controversial. Methods. We reviewed the therapy and outcome of 407 patients with PMC. Results. Three hundred-eighty patients underwent total thyroidectomy, and 349 patients received I-131 therapy. The median followup was 5.3 years. Forty patients developed recurrent disease. On univariate analysis, development of disease recurrence was correlated with histological tumor size > 0.8 cm (), age < 45 years (), and no I-131 therapy (). On multivariate analysis, histological tumor size > 0.8 cm, positive lymph nodes, and no I-131 therapy were significant. The 5-year RFS for patients treated with I-131 was 95.0% versus 78.6% () for patients not treated with I-131. Patients with lymph node metastasis who did not receive I-131 had a 5-year RFS of 42.9% versus 93.2% () for patients who received I-131. Conclusions. Recommend I-131 remnant ablation for patients with PMC, particularly patients with lymph node metastasis.
A representação imagética da criança nos vários processos históricos sociais e sua identidade ameaçada pela cultura globalizada
Authors: Kodama Kátia Maria Roberto de Oliveira
Published: March 2012

Este trabalho propõe uma análise da representação imagética da criança e sua relação com conteúdo de ordem ideológica, para compreender seu uso na contemporaneidade como produto, mostrar ainda que, concomitantemente com processo de transformação social, a iconografia da criança recebeu tratamentos diferenciados. E que hoje, os meios massivos e a cultura digital ora em curso, que atendem diretamente aos anseios de uma sociedade globalizada e neoliberal, acabaram por unificar as representações infantis, forçando-as a padronizarem suas atitudes nos mais remotos confins do planeta, bem como, estão empurrando para o esquecimento a diversidade cultural local.
On‐Bead Two‐Color (OBTC) Cell Screen for Direct Identification of Highly Selective Cell Surface Receptor Ligands
Authors: Udugamasooriya D. Gomika , Kodadek Thomas
Published: March 2012

Combinatorial library screens can identify a suitable ligand for a biological target of interest out of thousands or even millions of compounds, and can play a key role in the drug development process. While conventional high‐throughput cell screens based on functional assays require expensive robotics, simple on‐bead combinatorial assays for ligand binding to the target protein can be done far more cheaply. This unit describes one such assay, developed using combinatorial peptoid libraries for targeting integral membrane receptors or other cell surface‐exposed molecules. In addition to the reduced cost, a unique advantage of this assay is the direct identification of the most selective ligands for a cell surface receptor that is expressed in its natural environment. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 4:35‐48 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Getting Started on the Road to Applying the Science of Learning
Authors: Mayer Richard E.
Published: March 2012

This article describes how Richard Mayer's academic career started on the road to applying the science of learning to education. It suggests four recommendations for getting started: (1) develop intellectual curiosity and core values—which for Mayer occurred because he grew up surrounded by supportive people; (2) find your question—which for Mayer concerns how to help people learn so they can apply what they have learned to new situations; (3) develop your professional skills—which for Mayer occurred because of his educational opportunities in public education culminating in graduate school at the University of Michigan; and (4) find an environment in which you can flourish—which for Mayer is the academic world culminating in landing at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural model for the plasticity of amorphous solids
Authors: Hütter M. , van Breemen L. C. A.
Published: March 2012

Based on the concept of localized shear transformation zones (STZ), a thermodynamically consistent model for the viscoplastic deformation of amorphous solids is developed. The approach consists of a dynamic description of macroscopic viscoplasticity that is enriched by the evolution of number density and internal structure of the STZ for detailing the origin of viscoplastic flow. So doing, the activation of STZ upon deformation and their subsequent internal re‐arrangements are treated as two distinct processes. The detail of the model permits to relate it to small‐scale information obtained from experiments or atomistic computer simulations, e.g., in the form of STZ‐activation energies and an approximate STZ‐volume. The model is illustrated on the example of polycarbonate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Do network relationships matter? Comparing network and instream habitat variables to explain densities of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in mid‐coastal Oregon, USA
Authors: Flitcroft Rebecca L. , Burnett Kelly M. , Reeves Gordon H. , Ganio Lisa M.
Published: March 2012

Aquatic ecologists are working to develop theory and techniques for analysis of dynamic stream processes and communities of organisms. Such work is critical for the development of conservation plans that are relevant at the scale of entire ecosystems. The stream network is the foundation upon which stream systems are organized. Natural and human disturbances in streams alter the configuration of stream habitats such as pools, riffles, and glides across seasons, decades, or centuries. Thus, native aquatic species have developed mechanisms for adapting to the dynamic configuration of habitats in stream networks.

At different spatial scales, stream network structure informs habitat connectivity for aquatic–obligate species. The movement of aquatic species both upstream and downstream is limited by stream channels and may be modified by the downstream flow of water, nutrients, and physical materials such as wood and substrate. Analysing streams as networks offers a realistic and holistic perspective for assessing movement and distribution by freshwater aquatic species in response to life‐history needs and environmental conditions.

In this study, network analysis was facilitated by automating, in a Geographic Information System, the calculation of network distances and variables that represent spatial configuration. A comparison between traditional instream habitat variables and network variables for juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in seven sub‐basins of Oregon's mid‐coast over a 5‐year period revealed that network variables perform better at explaining juvenile coho salmon density than instream habitat variables. Moreover, analysis of network distances among seasonal habitats indicates that juvenile coho salmon density may be higher where the distance between critical seasonal habitats is short. This work furthers aquatic conservation, management, and restoration by including analysis of the proximity and connectivity among aquatic freshwater habitats. Published in 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Seasonal Morphological Variations and Age‐Related Changes of the Seminal Vesicle of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Chaves Eduardo M. , Aguilera‐Merlo Claudia , Cruceño Albana , Fogal Teresa , Piezzi Ramón , Scardapane Luis , Dominguez Susana
Published: March 2012

The viscacha is a seasonal rodent that exhibit an annual reproductive cycle with periods of maximum reproductive activity and gonadal regression. We studied seasonal variations in the morphology and cellular population of the seminal vesicles (SVs) during both periods and in impuber animals. Seminal vesicles were studied by light and electronic microscopy. Measurements of epithelial height, nuclear diameter, luminal diameter, and muscular layer were performed. Also, we studied the distribution of androgen receptors (AR) in this gland during the reproductive cycle and in impuber animal. During gonadal regression, principal and clear cells showed signs of reduced functional activity. These were characterized by an epithelium of smaller height, irregular nuclei, and cytoplasm with few organelles, dilated cisterns, and glycogen granules. In impuber animals, the principal cells showed large nuclei with chromatin lax and cytoplasm with small mitochondria, poorly developed Golgi apparatus, and granules of glycogen. On the other hand, the cells exhibited seasonal variations in the distribution and percentage of immunolabeled cells to AR throughout the annual reproductive cycle. During the gonadal regression period, glandular mucosa exhibited numerous epithelial cells with intense nuclear staining. However, fibromuscular stromal cells were weakly positive for AR in contrast to what was observed during the activity period. Considering that testosterone values are lower in adult animals during the period of gonadal regression and in impuber animals, our immunohistochemical results show a significant correlation with the percentage of AR‐immunopositive cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the structure of the SVs changes in the activity period of viscacha, probably because of elevated levels of testosterone leading to an increase in the secretory activity of epithelial cells. Anat Rec,, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Regioselective Synthesis and Potential Antitumor Evaluation of Isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines and Related Annulated Compounds
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Ibrahim Mona E. , Zoorob Hanafi H.
Published: March 2012

The reaction of 5‐amino‐3‐methylisoxazole with appropriate α,β‐unsaturated ketones gave the corresponding isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines. Treatment of 1 with 2,6‐dibenzylidenecyclohexanone or 2‐benzylidenedimedone afforded the corresponding isoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinoline derivatives. 4,6,8,9‐Tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinolin‐5‐one derivative was also obtained by multicomponent condensation reaction of 1 with dimedone and benzaldehyde. Heterocyclic annulation of the isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridine system was achieved via reaction of 1 with benzylidene derivatives of indandione, quinuclidone, pyrazolone, and oxazolone. A representative of some newly synthesized compounds was evaluated as antitumor agents.
Sociospatial context and information behavior: Social exclusion and the influence of mobile information technology
Authors: Mervyn Kieran , Allen David K.
Published: March 2012

The concepts of place and the social have been put forward as significant intertwined explanatory contexts for information behavior. Much of the research that approaches information behavior from this perspective, however, has focused on static contexts or virtual contexts and has not addressed the influence of technology in physical spaces. In this article, we explore the influence of mobile technologies in two settings. The first is a site where a social space was augmented by the introduction of technology with the potential to provide information with the belief that information behavior, use, and services would evolve. The second is where intermediaries and information systems were designed and introduced into existing social spaces (an individual's home, community center, or street) with the explicit intention of providing information. The intention of both implementations was to reduce social exclusion. This exploratory research used activity theory as a theoretical lens to explore end‐user reaction. The findings of the research illustrate how information and service needs are now addressed through a combination of mobile information and communication technologies and human intermediary knowledge.
Effect of road width and traffic volume on vehicular interactions in heterogeneous traffic
Authors: Krishnamurthy Karuppanagounder , Thamizh Arasan Venkatachalam
Published: March 2012

Highway traffic flow phenomena involve several complex and stochastic variables with high interdependencies. The variations in roadway, traffic and environmental factors influence the traffic flow quality significantly. Capacity analysis of road sections under different traffic and geometric conditions need to quantify the vehicles of widely varying characteristics to a common and universally acceptable unit. Passenger car unit (PCU) is the universally adopted unit of traffic volume, keeping the passenger car as the ‘standard vehicle’ with reference to its static and dynamic characteristics; other vehicles are expressed to its equivalent number in terms of PCUs. The studies carried out in this aspect represent the dynamic nature of impedance caused by a vehicle while moving through a traffic stream. The PCU values recommended by the Highway Capacity Manual are widely applied in many countries; however, their applicability is highly under debate because of the variations in prevailing local traffic conditions. There are several factors that influence the PCU values such as traffic, roadway, vehicle, environmental and control conditions, etc. Apart from vehicular characteristics, the other two major factors that influence the PCU of vehicles are the following: (i) road width and (ii) traffic volume. In this study, estimation of PCU values for the different types of vehicles of a highly heterogeneous traffic on 7.5‐ and 11.0‐m‐wide roads, using micro‐simulation technique, has been dealt with. It has been found that the PCU value of a vehicle type varies significantly with variation in road width and traffic volume. The results of the study indicate that the PCU values are significantly influenced by the said two factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contagious cancer: Lessons from the devil and the dog
Authors: Belov Katherine
Published: March 2012

Cancer is generally defined as uncontrollable growth of cells caused by genetic aberrations and/or environmental factors. Yet contagious cancers also occur. The recent emergence of a contagious cancer in Tasmanian devils has reignited interest in transmissible cancers. Two naturally occurring transmissible cancers are known: devil facial tumour disease and canine transmissible venereal tumour. Both cancers evolved once and have then been transmitted from one individual to another as clonal cell lines. The dog cancer is ancient; having evolved more than 6,000 years ago, while the devil disease was first seen in 1996. In this review I will compare and contrast the two diseases focusing on the life histories of the clonal cell lines, their evolutionary trajectories and the mechanisms by which they have achieved immune tolerance. A greater understanding of these contagious cancers will provide unique insights into the role of the immune system in shaping tumour evolution and may uncover novel approaches for treating human cancer.
Enhancement and suppression in a lexical interference fMRI‐paradigm
Authors: Abel Stefanie , Dressel Katharina , Weiller Cornelius , Huber Walter
Published: March 2012

Previous picture‐word interference (PWI) fMRI‐paradigms revealed ambiguous mechanisms underlying facilitation and inhibition in healthy subjects. Lexical distractors revealed increased (enhancement) or decreased (suppression) activation in language and monitoring/control areas. Performing a secondary examination and data analysis, we aimed to illuminate the relation between behavioral and neural interference effects comparing target‐related distractors (REL) with unrelated distractors (UNREL). We hypothesized that interference involves both (A) suppression due to priming and (B) enhancement due to simultaneous distractor and target processing. Comparisons to UNREL should remain distractor unspecific even at a low threshold. (C) Distractor types with common characteristics should reveal overlapping brain areas. In a 3T MRI scanner, participants were asked to name pictures while auditory words were presented (stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA] =–200 msec). Associatively and phonologically related distractors speeded responses (facilitation), while categorically related distractors slowed them down (inhibition) compared to UNREL. As a result, (A) reduced brain activations indeed resembled previously reported patterns of neural priming. Each target‐related distractor yielded suppressions at least in areas associated with vision and conflict/competition monitoring (anterior cingulate cortex [ACC]), revealing least priming for inhibitors. (B) Enhancements concerned language‐related but distractor‐unspecific regions. (C) Some wider brain regions were commonly suppressed for combinations of distractor types. Overlapping areas associated with conceptual priming were found for facilitatory distractors (inferior frontal gyri), and areas related to phonetic/articulatory processing (precentral gyri and left parietal operculum/insula) for distractors sharing feature overlap. Each distractor with semantic relatedness revealed nonoverlapping suppressions in lexical‐phonological areas (superior temporal regions). To conclude, interference combines suppression of areas well known from neural priming and enhancement of language‐related areas caused by dual activation from target and distractor. Differences between interference and priming need to be taken into account. The present interference paradigm has the potential to reveal the functioning of word‐processing stages, cognitive control, and responsiveness to priming at the same time.