bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The training and generalization of conversation behaviours in psychiatric in‐patients: A controlled study employing multiple measures across settings
Authors: Lindsay William R.
Published: July 2011

This report provides an account of a conversation training programme for psychiatric in‐patients, developed on the basis of previous work in the area and on analyses of normal conversations carried out by the author. A further aim was to generalize these increases in social behaviour to patients' general ward settings. Generalization procedures include tasks for patients to do between training sessions and a reduction in the number of stimulus differences between treatment and generalization settings. Two control groups were employed to assess the effectiveness of this treatment as compared to (1) an existing behavioural approach to the problem of withdrawn patients and (2) a group who received similar increases in staff attention, tangible reinforcement, and who also had their own attention focused on social behaviour. This latter control group then went on to receive the training given to the experimental group. Patients were assessed before treatment, after treatment and at 8‐week follow‐up. Measures were taken on frequency of conversation during treatment, frequency of conversation on the ward, quality of various social behaviours during videotaped interviews and quality of social behaviours during audiotaped conversations. The results indicate the following: (1) both behavioural treatments increased patients' utterances during treatment sessions; (2) the experimental treatment was superior in generalizing this increased frequency, although these increases reduced at follow‐up; (3) the experimental group show some superiority when assessed on videotape, and gains made in the quality of interaction do not reverse as markedly as in frequency; (4) on the audiotaped conversations, the experimental group improved their social ability considerably and these improvements were still evident at follow‐up.

The behavioural treatment control showed some improvements on generalized measures but not as much or as consistently as the experimental group. The attention control group went on to replicate the experimental group treatments and results.
Peer group pressures, parental controls and cigarette smoking among 10 to 14 year olds
Authors: Aitken P. P.
Published: July 2011

Results obtained from previous studies conducted in Britain indicate that secondary schoolboys who smoke are subjected to more peer group pressures and fewer parental controls with respect to smoking. In the present study, information obtained from 384 children in central Scotland suggests that 10 to 14 year olds who smoke/have experimented with cigarettes are generally more responsive to peer group pressures and generally less likely to take account of parental wishes and decisions with respect to a wide range of other activities. These findings — which were independent of age, sex and school catchment area — are discussed with reference to suggestions that children should be used as health educators. It is suggested that adult‐orientated children — children who are most likely to support such ventures — are unlikely to discourage peer‐orientated children from experimenting with cigarettes. On the other hand, it seems that the success of attempts to use peer‐orientated children as health educators depends to a large extent on the success of attempts to discourage adults from smoking.
Predictive validity of short forms of the WPPSI
Authors: Bishop D. V. M.
Published: July 2011

Longitudinal data from 139 unselected children given the WPPSI at 4½ years and WISC‐R at 8½ years are used to investigate the predictive validity of short forms of the WPPSI formed by summing scaled scores of fewer than 10 subtests. Predictive validity increases asymptotically with number of subtests in the short form. The particular combination of subtests constituting a short form of given length does not appear to significantly affect predictive validity. Regression coefficients are provided to enable the reader to estimate future IQ from a given short form score.
The distinction between paranoid and non‐paranoid forms of schizophrenia
Authors: Berkowitz Ruth
Published: July 2011

The distinction between paranoid and non‐paranoid forms of schizophrenia is discussed. The different methods of making the distinctions are examined as well as some of the different variables to which it has been applied. It is suggested that the grounds on which the distinction is made are often questionable and that there is a case for saying that they may not even be tenable.
Changes in frequency and distress during prolonged repetition of obsessional thoughts*
Authors: Gurnani P. D. , Vaughan M.
Published: July 2011

Five obsessive‐compulsive patients were treated for intrusive thoughts by three sessions of repetition of the thought. Within‐ and between‐session changes in both frequency and subjective distress lent only partial support to the habituation and conditioned inhibition models which have been used to account for the effects of prolonged repetition. Alternative explanations should be sought.
Phenytoin and cognitive function: Effects on normal volunteers and implications for epilepsy
Authors: Thompson Pamela , Huppert Felicia A. , Trimble Michael
Published: July 2011

Despite the widespread use of phenytoin in the treatment of epilepsy, few studies have examined its effects on cognitive functioning. We report here the results of an investigation into the effects of phenytoin on the performance of non‐epileptic volunteers, on a series of specially designed psychological tests. Subjects received placebo or phenytoin 300 mg per day for two weeks in a double‐blind crossover design and measures were taken of phenytoin serum levels. The results demonstrate a deleterious effect of phenytoin upon several important aspects of cognition, including memory, concentration, mental and motor speed. The implications of our findings for the treatment of patients with epilepsy are discussed.
A survey version of the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE)
Authors: Pattie Anne H.
Published: July 2011

A shortened version of the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE) based on two of the subscales is described and evaluated in relation to the full scales and a measure of composite disability based on factor analysis of the results of 400 subjects. Its reliability and apparent validity make the new CAPE Survey Score a useful measure for assessment of the dependency levels of the elderly.
Marital quality and disturbed child behaviour
Authors: Kotler Tamara , Hammond S. B.
Published: July 2011

A set of 12 measures based on separate reports by husbands and wives was used to determine whether families of children displaying disturbed behaviour have poorer marital relations than those of children without presenting symptoms.

Following an initial discriminant analysis which revealed significant differences between a clinical and a non‐clinical group of marital pairs, cluster analysis of the total sample yielded three subgroups with greater homogeneity. Two discriminant functions distinguished significantly between these groups; the first function, which accounted for most of the variance, arranged the groups in linear order along a general dimension of marital quality. The second, smaller function separated the middle group from the two extremes which represented mainly clinical and non‐clinical cases respectively.

The quality of marital relations was found to decline from high levels of mutual regard and consensus in the non‐clinical group to mutual dissatisfaction in the clinical group and this was greater for wives than husbands. In the middle group, of mixed clinical and non‐clinical cases, the wives remained strongly committed to parental and marital roles but dissatisfaction was expressed in the quality of their interpersonal conduct.

In general the wife's evaluation of her husband was an important contributor to her level of marital satisfaction and, in turn, to the general quality of the marital relation.
Processing of information about self by neurotics
Authors: Young Gregory C. D. , Martin Maryanne
Published: July 2011

This article examines the possibility that neurotic people exhibit consistent idiosyncracies of cognitive information processing. Specifically, it was hypothesized that if a subject is presented with both negative and positive information which is said to refer to the subject's personality then neurotic people should exhibit a greater than normal tendency to selectively process the self‐depreciatory rather than the self‐appreciatory information. An experimental investigation with both clinically neurotic and normal samples employed a variety of experimental measures in conjunction with three personality measures (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Repression‐Sensitization scale, and Social Self‐esteem), and provided evidence for the existence of such an association.
Sex differences in self‐reported assertiveness in Britain
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Henderson Monika
Published: July 2011

The current interest in assertiveness and assertive training in America has not been paralleled by research in Britain or Europe, where assertiveness has been considered within the wider context of social skills. In this study five widely used self‐report assertiveness inventories, all derived in America, were administered to 200 British adult males and females, none of whom were undergraduate students. Of the six scores derived from the five scales, all showed significant male–female differences, with men reporting more assertiveness than females on five of the six, and females greater assertion on the sixth. These results confirm some previous findings of sex differences, but are inconsistent with other studies in the area. The results are discussed in terms of the different aspects of assertiveness measured by the scales, and the social and cultural differences in the measurement and manifestation of assertion.
Relationship of missed psychotherapy appointments to premature termination and social class
Authors: Berrigan Lee P. , Garfield Sol L.
Published: July 2011

The problem of missed appointments in psychotherapy has received little empirical study. Consequently, this problem was studied in relation to several demographic and actuarial variables. Lower socio‐economic status was found to be related to missed appointments and to premature termination. Missing appointments was also found to be related to dropping out of treatment. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed and suggestions offered for reducing premature termination.
Obsessionality and reversal theory
Authors: Fontana D.
Published: July 2011

The study investigates the hypothesis that obsessional traits may be related to telic dominance (a state in which the individual pursues goals seen by him as essential) while obsessional symptoms may be related to extreme vacillation between telic dominance and its opposite state of paratelic dominance (in which the individual concentrates upon the purely diversionary nature of an activity). Using questionnaire methods and normal subjects the hypothesis received cautious support.
A re‐evaluation of an automated tailored test of concept learning with elderly psychiatric patients
Authors: Volans P. J. , Levy R.
Published: July 2011

Aspects of a revised version of the Picture Matching Test were evaluated in a sample of 33 elderly psychiatric patients. The new version of the test shared many defects of the older form, e.g. an uneven increase in levels of difficulty and a low ceiling. The derived speed of response measure was more closely related to the way in which the system responded to a subject's errors than to any of the other more direct measures of a subject's performance. Furthermore, there was no evidence to suggest that the method of controlling for practice effects, as suggested by the test's distributors, would be effective.
Strategic dilemmas and the socialization of psychotherapy researchers*
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J.
Published: July 2011

The design, and especially the sequential organization of psychotherapy research depends not only on the questions asked, but on the standards presented as values to clinician investigators as they get their training. This paper suggests that the socialization of these values has led to a misalignment of preferred design strategies with the questions that must be addressed for progress to be made in psychotherapy research. The author suggests alternative approaches using an ordering strategy from descriptive studies, through associational or correlational designs, before entering into contrast group studies.
A critical appraisal of meta‐analysis
Authors: Strube Michael J. , Hartmann Donald P.
Published: July 2011

Meta‐analysis is an increasingly popular, objective method for summarizing a body of empirical findings. The standard meta‐analysis package consists of methods for estimating the combined probability and average effect size for a set of studies, the stability of these results, and the factors associated with differential treatment outcomes. While meta‐analysis is a powerful analytic technique, the procedure has limitations that should be carefully evaluated when it is applied to the psychotherapy — or any other — literature. These limitations include biased selection of studies; reporting inaccuracies, poor quality data, various sources of invalidity (conceptual, methodological, and statistical), and lack of independence in the studies reviewed; and variability in outcome produced by the meta‐analytic techniques employed. Despite these potential problems, the advantages of meta‐analysis are so substantial that the techniques deserve routine use as an aid to summarizing treatment literatures.
A follow‐up of couples attending a psychosexual problems clinic
Authors: Watson J. P. , Brockman B.
Published: July 2011

A follow‐up is described of 116 couples attending a sexual problems clinic. Information was obtained concerning only 53 per cent of couples. Follow‐up data suggested that 42 per cent of treated couples improved during treatment and maintained these gains; and that 35 per cent of couples had separated or divorced during the follow‐up period.
Illness behaviour and psychosocial outcome after a heart attack
Authors: Byrne D. G.
Published: July 2011

Patterns of illness behaviour evident soon after myocardial infarction (MI) were examined in relation to psychosocial outcome eight months later. Significant associations, largely between illness behaviour reflecting affective distress and aspects of psychosocial outcome, hint at a causal relationship between the two. The importance of this is considered in terms of the clinical management of MI survivors.
Administrative and interpretive problems with the Kendrick Battery for the Detection of Dementia in the Elderly
Authors: Kendrick Don C.
Published: July 2011

Criticisms concerning the routine use of the Kendrick Battery are considered and certain problems explained.
Towards a functional analysis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Slade Peter
Published: July 2011

This paper is concerned with the description of an aetiological model of anorexia nervosa and one form of bulimia nervosa. The model has been generated within the conceptual framework of ‘functional analysis’ and is based on a combination of research evidence and clinical observation. The model attempts to explain the development of anorexia nervosa in terms of a set of hypothesized antecedent events/variables and its maintenance/exacerbation in terms of both positive and negative reinforcers. Specifically it is suggested that initial dieting behaviour is triggered by apparently innocuous psychosocial stimuli, in the context of major setting conditions which predispose the individual towards self‐ and bodily control: and that successful dieting is then powerfully reinforced by its consequences, which rapidly lead to a downward spiralling into full‐blown anorexia nervosa. In this formulation anorexia nervosa is viewed as an attempted adaptive strategy (which has functional value to the individual), given the major setting conditions of the individual's current life situation. Similarly, bulimia nervosa following on from anorexia nervosa is viewed as an attempted adaptive strategy given prevailing environmental and biological pressures towards increasing food intake. The model is presented in the form of diagrammatic formulations and its theoretical and therapeutic implications discussed in relation to the relevant literature.
Icon thresholds in paranoid and non‐paranoid schizophrenics
Authors: Magaro Peter A. , Page John
Published: July 2011

Recent work in information processing points to two processes being active when a stimulus produces a short‐term memory trace, the icon. Previous work in schizophrenia seems to have blurred this important distinction and as a result the processing of the icon has been confused with the strength of the icon. The present paper reviews current work with this distinction in mind and presents data on the icon strength of acute paranoid and non‐paranoid schizophrenics, chronic schizophrenics, and two control groups as determined by the method of stimulus exposure time. Results indicate no difference in temporal recognition thresholds between schizophrenics and controls, strongly suggesting that the schizophrenia deficit resides in the encoding process.
Attributions and recovery from depression: A preliminary study using cross‐lagged correlation analysis
Authors: Firth Jenny , Brewin Chris
Published: July 2011

Cross‐lagged correlation analysis was employed to test the hypothesis that attributions for symptoms and life‐events would exercise a causal influence on the recovery of depressed patients. Patients rated their symptoms and their three most upsetting recent life‐events on the dimensions of internality, stability, globality and uncontrollability. These ratings were significantly more global and uncontrollable than those of controls. Among female depressed patients the dimensions of stability and uncontrollability appeared in addition to play a causal role in determining level of depression six weeks later.
Behavioural treatment in the reduction of coronary risk factors: Type A behaviour and blood pressure
Authors: Johnston D. W.
Published: July 2011

The literature on direct behavioural interventions to reduce two coronary risk factors, Type A behaviour and essential hypertension, is reviewed. It is concluded that there is preliminary evidence that the alteration of Type A behaviour is possible and that such alteration is associated with a reduction in the risk of recurrence of myocardial infarction. It is also concluded that reductions in blood pressure can be achieved using behavioural techniques and that such reductions persist for at least 12 months. The exact components of an effective treatment package for essential hypertension are not yet fully established but it is suggested that live relaxation training and stress management techniques are an important part of effective therapy. The positive therapeutic effects obtained in the behavioural treatment of essential hypertension are unlikely to be due to either non‐specific effects of therapy or to altered compliance with pharmacological treatment. Reductions in blood pressure of the order obtained in the relaxation and stress management studies could be expected to lead to significant gains in health, including reductions in cardiovascular morbidity, if they are sustained for long periods.
A critial review of behavioural treatments for chronic benign pain other than headache
Authors: Linton Steven James
Published: July 2011

Studies of the effectiveness of operant, relaxation, cognitive, and multimodal behavioural approaches to the treatment of chronic benign pain other than headache were evaluated. In general, the quality of the studies was poor, and most investigations lacked appropriate and adequate control conditions, outcome measures, and/or follow‐ups. While outcome reports for all four behavioural treatments have been mainly positive, few data were found which conclusively demonstrate that any of the approaches are effective or that they are the treatment of choice. The data do, however, imply that behavioural approaches may help patients lead more normal and productive lives. Specifically, the literature suggests that: (1) the operant method leads to increased activity levels and decreased pain and drug intake, (2) the relaxation approach results in decreased EMG levels and some pain reductions, (3) the cognitive techniques are speculative at this time, and (4) the multimodal method regularly produces a variety of improvements, but the diversity of the treatments makes general statements about utility impossible. It is concluded that behavioural treatments for pain are warranted in the clinic and that research dealing with effectiveness and subsequently with component analyses of treatments is badly needed.
Behavioural analysis and control of psychosomatic symptoms of patients receiving intensive cancer treatment
Authors: Redd William H.
Published: July 2011

During the course of cancer treatment behavioural symptoms such as gagging, coughing and vomiting often develop in the absence of apparent tissue damage. Moreover, symptoms whose onsets are clearly related to disease processes often continue after the disease has been eliminated. The reported research incorporated time‐series analyses of patients' behavioural symptoms and assessments of behavioural interventions involving the modification of nurse‐patient and family‐patient interactions. Results showed that: (1) inadvertent social reinforcement by hospital staff and family members fosters the development of behavioural symptoms; (2) personnel associated with treatment can become discriminative stimuli for social attention and thereby evoke symptom behaviours; and (3) by modifying the social reinforcement contingencies associated with treatment protocols, the frequency of psychosomatic symptoms can be reduced without changing the quality of medical/nursing care and social interaction.
How to assess the aged? An experimental psychologist's view. Some comments on Dr Kendrick's paper
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick
Published: July 2011

Kendrick's paper usefully draws attention to practical goals for gerontologists. However, both his optimism for psychometric techniques and his pessimism about techniques used in human experimental psychology are unnecessary.
Agoraphobics: A test of the repression hypothesis*
Authors: Turner Ralph M. , Giles Thomas R. , Maraflote Rit
Published: July 2011

This study examined the currently popular hypothesis that agoraphobics utilize repression as a method of avoiding anxiety‐arousing cognitions. Contrary to previous expectations, none of the sample scored in the repression direction of Byrne's Repression/Sensitization Scale. Controversially, an opposite view of agoraphobics as sensitizers emerges from these data.
Tables for evaluating predicted retest changes in Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores
Authors: Knight R. G. , Shelton E. J.
Published: July 2011

Two tables are presented which can be used to evaluate differences in test‐retest scores for the WAIS Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance IQ measures. The tables were prepared using Payne & Jones' (1957) method of predicting the retest score by means of simple linear regression and testing the significance of the discrepancy between obtained and predicted retest scores.
Integrating psychoanalytic and behaviour therapy: Limitations, possibilities and trade‐offs
Authors: Messer Stanley B.
Published: July 2011

Using Yates's example of stuttering, this commentary expands upon limits to integration as well as a possibility for rapprochement which Yates overlooked. It also addresses the nature of the compromise inherent in attempts at reconciling psychoanalytic and behaviour therapy.
Slaying the psychoanalytic dragon: An integrationist's commentary on Yates
Authors: Davis John D.
Published: July 2011

The basis for Yates' (1983) rejection of the case for ‘reconciliation and integration’ of behaviour therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy is questioned. His arguments reflect a misunderstanding of the position he rejects and merely establish that those who adopt extreme viewpoints will find their positions irreconcilable. Doubt is cast on his apparent belief that a competition between models will ultimately yield a winner.
Implications of functional analysis
Authors: Cullen Chris
Published: July 2011

This brief paper is intended to amplify three points which are contained in Slade (1982) and Owens & Ashcroft (1982). They are that (i) functional relationships must be demonstrated, not merely claimed; (ii) functional relationships are likely to be complex, and clinicians should be wary of superficial analysis; and (iii) there is a distinction between discriminative stimuli and setting conditions which has important implications for clinical practice.
Retrieval from long‐term memory in senile dementia; Cued recall revisited
Authors: Morris Robin , Wheatley Jan , Britton Peter
Published: July 2011

Experimental studies suggest that patients with presenile dementia have difficulty in retrieving information from long‐term memory and are aided differentially by cueing. The present study demonstrates, through a comparison of cued and recognition recall, that this suggestion also applies to patients with mild to moderate senile dementia. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative and neutral words
Authors: Teasdale John D. , Russell M. Louise
Published: July 2011

Previous investigations have consistently found differential effects of induced moods on the accessibility of personal memories differing in hedonic tone. Findings for effects of retrieval mood on recall of verbal material have been less consistent. This study examined the effect of induced mood on the recall of previously learned personality trait words. Trait words were presented in normal mood and recall tested in elated or depressed mood. More positive words were recalled in elated than in depressed mood. Conversely, more negative words were recalled in depressed than in elated mood. There was no effect of mood on the recall of neutral words. Subjects in whom the mood induction procedures had failed to affect mood substantially did not show differential word recall.

Differential effects of retrieval mood on recall of verbal material can be shown, but the nature of the material may be important. It may be necessary for the material to have been differentially associated with mood states in the subjects's life experience. This suggestion is discussed within Bower's (1981) associative network theory of mood and memory, and the implications for models of depression are considered.
Examination of the effectiveness of various treatment techniques for reducing tension
Authors: Banner C. N. , Meadows W. M.
Published: July 2011

The effectiveness of various tension‐reducing techniques was investigated. Sixty‐three subjects were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (EMG feedback, finger temperature feedback, EMG plus finger temperature feedback, autogenic training), a placebo control group, and a waiting‐list control group. Physiological as well as a variety of cognitive measures were used to monitor changes in tension. The results showed no significant difference in effectiveness between the six groups. On virtually all cognitive measures there were significant decreases in tension, but not on the physiological measures. The decreases in tension on the cognitive measures were interpreted to be the results of non‐specific (placebo) effects. These non‐specific effects were not short‐term, but did persist for at least three months after completion of treatment.
Why do we assess the aged?
Authors: Volans P. J. , Woods R. T.
Published: July 2011

The relevance of assessment to the psychological management of elderly patients is outlined. Issues raised by Kendrick (1982) and Rabbitt (1982) are discussed in this context.
The effect of memory impairment on verbal recognition scores and the marking of acoustic and semantic abstractors
Authors: Warren E. W. , Groome D. H.
Published: July 2011

A test of verbal recognition, yielding separate scores for semantic and acoustic distractor errors as well as a simple recognition score, successfully discriminated between various groups of brain‐damaged, depressive, and normal subjects in a sequence predictable from their pathology. However, the profile of distractor errors was similar for all groups tested, with a consistent tendency for subjects to make more semantic errors than acoustic errors in all cases. It was concluded that the failure to find qualitative coding differences was probably a consequence of the procedure used and did not necessarily contradict previous findings that amnesics were less effective than normal subjects in coding semantically.
Group modification of affective verbalizations in a psychiatric population
Authors: Fromme Donald K. , Smallwood Ronney E.
Published: July 2011

An operant group procedure significantly increased the frequency of here‐and‐now affect, feedback and empathy statements made by psychiatric patients when compared with non‐reinforced patients and with base‐line performances. Transfer effects were also noted when randomly selected patients from these original groups were ‘seeded’ into new groups during a non‐reinforced session one week after training. Self‐disclosure, measured by a modification of Jourard's scale, showed pre‐post increases, but the expected interaction with reinforcement was non‐significant (P < 0·20). Scores on the Mooney Problem Check List were unaffected by the procedures. No apparent problem resulted from the absence of a therapist during the group process and it was concluded that the operant group procedures may prove useful both as an adjunct to and as preparation for other therapeutic methods.
The components of assertion: Factor analysis of a multimethod assessment battery
Authors: Linehan Marsha M. , Walker Robert O.
Published: July 2011

Ninety‐two community women were subjects in a multimethod, multidimensional study of assertive behaviour. A standard assertion assessment package was administered to each subject, including self‐report inventories (4), and a behavioural role‐play test (5 observational measures and 3 subjective self‐reports) designed to measure assertive behaviours and related affect. In addition, two scales measuring constructs related to assertion were included. A factor analysis was performed and results indicate four distinct response dimensions: verbal assertion skill, self‐report assertion‐related affect, general social anxiety, and observed assertion‐related affect.
Depression, psychopathology, and self‐serving attributions
Authors: Gotlib Ian H. , Olson James M.
Published: July 2011

Depressed and non‐depressed psychiatric in‐patients and non‐depressed non‐psychiatric controls classified their performance on a verbal recognition task as either a success or a failure, and made attributions about the causes of their perceived success or failure. In all three groups, subjects who classified their performance as a success attributed their outcome more to internal and less to external factors than did subjects who classified their performance as a failure. These results suggest that depression and attributional style may not necessarily be related. Discussion centres on the idea that individuals' expectations of success can affect their subsequent attributions.
Treatment of an obsessional patient using habituation to audiotaped ruminations
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M.
Published: July 2011

A single case where persistent and pervasive ruminations were treated by intensive audiotaped exposure to the ruminations themselves is reported. Exposure at two levels produced significant effects in an interrupted time series analysis of daily frequency, and the patient was rumination free at the end of treatment and at 6 months follow‐up.
Effects of stimulus representation and cue category level on exposure (flooding) therapy
Authors: Mannion Nancy E. , Levine Bruce A.
Published: July 2011

The present study was an attempt to examine the role of cue category level (symptom‐contingent vs. hypothesized cues) and mode of stimulus presentation (in vivo vs. imaginal) in exposure (flooding) therapy. Sixty‐four speech phobics were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions. Exposed to either one of the two cue category conditions, subjects received either two sessions of in vivo exposure, two sessions of imaginal exposure, or two sessions consisting of either an imaginal followed by an in vivo exposure or vice versa. Results support the predictions of Levis & Hare (1977) that the inclusion of hypothesized cues is not necessary in the treatment of analogue phobias or simple clinical cases. These data also support and extend several previous findings that in vivo exposure produces more rapid anxiety decrement than imaginal exposure. Finally, a variant of the usual in vivo procedure is described which apparently is effective, yet does not require the assemblage of a large audience for each in vivo exposure.
Some characteristics of regular and irregular attenders for dental check‐ups
Authors: Liddell Andrée , May Brenda
Published: July 2011

Previous surveys of dental care have shown that a substantial proportion of people do not attend dentists regularly. Reasons given for such non‐attendance included fear as well as other negative attitudes. Recent studies have attributed fear of dentistry to painful traumatic experiences.

The purpose of this study was to compare regular and irregular or non‐attenders for dental check‐ups on a number of variables, including sex and age, self and family dental anxiety, and previous dental experience. A sample of 531 subjects of both sexes and ranging in age from 16 to 78 years was made available by two large organizations in London and surveyed during office hours. Dental anxiety appeared as a significant factor in non‐attendance but there was little support for a simple conditioning hypothesis to explain dental anxiety. Attenders and non‐attenders differed markedly in their perception of dentists but there was no difference between the groups as to sex and age.
Cognitive impairment in patients with severe migraine
Authors: Zeitlin Charles , Oddy Michael
Published: July 2011

A controlled study of a group of patients with severe migraine revealed that they gave a consistently poorer performance on a series of memory and information‐processing tests (12 subtests in all). Migraine sufferers were also found to differ from controls significantly on the anxiety, obsessionality and somatic scales of the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, although it was considered unlikely that the differences in cognitive performance could be explained by these results.
A meta‐analytic comparison of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression as measures of treatment outcome
Authors: Edwards Byron C. , Lambert Michael J. , Moran Peter W. , McCully Tony , Smith Kreig C. , Ellingson A. Glade
Published: July 2011

Some clinicians have considered the Beck Depression Inventory, a self‐rating scale, too reactive to patient halo effects and, therefore, a liberal measure of treatment outcome. On the other hand, interviewer‐rating scales, like the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression have been viewed as more conservative measures of treatment gain. Studies which compared the Beck Depression Inventory to the Hamilton Rating Scale, as dependent measures, were reviewed for the purpose of determining if the scales provided comparable data for assessing treatment effects. The use of meta‐analysis techniques resulted in a comparison of effect sizes which indicated that the Beck Depression Inventory was significantly less liberal than the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. The implications of these results for selecting outcome measures and the application of meta‐analysis techniques for comparing dependent measures are discussed.
Absent‐mindedness in shops: Its incidence, correlates and consequences
Authors: Reason James , Lucas Deborah
Published: July 2011

This paper describes a questionnaire study of absent‐mindedness in shops, and an analysis of 166 letters written by 67 individuals who felt themselves to be wrongly accused of shoplifting. A total of 150 men and women were asked how often they had experienced each of 24 varieties of mental lapse while shopping. If they had not actually suffered a particular lapse, they were asked to judge its likelihood of occurrence. Approximately half of the sample also completed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Lapses carrying the risk of shop‐lifting accusations were reported as occurring far less frequently, and were judged as less likely, than either ‘embarrassing’ or ‘nuisance’ lapses. However, an examination of the circumstances leading up to accusations of shoplifting indicated that high risk lapses can occur when ill health, extreme preoccupation and distraction are combined with unwise supermarket practices. A positive and significant correlation was found between the CFQ and the Absent‐Mindedness in Shops Questionnaire (AMSQ). A factor analysis of the AMSQ revealed a very pervasive general factor, together with a risk appreciation factor. The findings supported the view that responses to both the CFQ and the AMSQ reflected characteristic differences in the management of some superordinate attentional control resource.
Locus of control factor structure in a British neurotic sample
Authors: Fitch Martin D.
Published: July 2011

The Reid & Ware Locus of Control Scales, which include a self‐control scale, were given to 49 neurotic patients. The three factors reported by Reid & Ware of self‐control, social system control and chance were closely replicated.
Type A behaviour, anger and neuroticism: The discriminant validity of self‐reports in a patient sample
Authors: Smith Timothy W.
Published: July 2011

Fifty cardiac patients undergoing coronary artery catheterization completed the Jenkins Activity Scale and the Framingham Type A Scale (i.e. two measures of the coronary‐prone behaviour pattern) and measures of anger and neuroticism. The Type A measures demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity relative to the other psychological dimensions, though Type A measures were moderately correlated with anger and neuroticism.
Induced mood and estimates of past success
Authors: Teasdale John D. , Spencer Peter
Published: July 2011

Depressed subjects make lower retrospective estimates of success on experimental tasks than non‐depressed controls. This could be an effect of depressed mood on retrieval of information rather than a more enduring aspect of depressives' cognitive organization. To examine this possibility, elated or depressed mood was induced in normal subjects after they had performed an experimental task. Retrospective estimates of success on the task were lower when made in depressed mood than in elated mood. Control conditions suggested that the results were not effects of experimental demand.
Pre‐operation indicators and post‐hysterectomy outcome
Authors: Tsoi Mona M. , Ho P. C. , Poon Rachel S. M.
Published: July 2011

Premenopausal hysterectomy patients were assessed to examine the link between sex‐role stereotype, mental health status and patients' expectation of outcome and post‐operative adjustment.
Serial position, rehearsal and recall in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Powell Graham E. , Sutherland Gay , Agu Godwin A.
Published: July 2011

Two auditory forms of the serial position curve (SPC) were administered to three groups of 20 subjects: normal and neurotic controls and chronic temporal lobe epileptics. In contrast to expectation, epileptics were especially poor on the recency portion of the curve. Evidence from a further 30 cases of temporal lobe damage suggested that the epileptics had rehearsed earlier items at the expense of later ones.
The development and evaluation of a structured learning format introduction to behaviour therapy for psychiatric nurses
Authors: Milne Derek
Published: July 2011

A five‐day in‐service course in behaviour therapy for psychiatric nurses is described. The course utilized a structured learning format and systematized the progression from classroom to ward by introducing supervised single‐case studies, although these were carried out by only a minority of trainees. This paper describes the comprehensive evaluation of a large‐scale training programme, incorporating a control group design and 10 ‘outcome’ measures. The evidence obtained from these measures indicated that the structured learning was effective in promoting knowledge and skills with behavioural techniques in the experimental group nurses (n = 41). There were no significant improvements in the scores obtained by the matched control group of nurses (n = 18). These results were maintained at a one‐year follow‐up assessment and indicated that psychiatric nurses can acquire and maintain behavioural techniques, and that they can apply them successfully with their long‐stay patients. However, the proportion of nurses actually conducting the single‐case study ‘projects’ was low. The implications of this are discussed in terms of the ‘setting events’ for projects in the ward.
A classroom rating scale for use with mentally retarded children
Authors: Evans P. L. C. , Hogg J.
Published: July 2011

A behaviour rating scale intended primarily for use with mentally retarded children is described that is based on the behavioural descriptions of such children given by Pevsner (1963). A factor analysis showed that these descriptions could be viewed as being representable by two independent factors. The first of these factors, the AD factor may be seen to relate to attention/distractibility aspects of behaviour and shows a reliable correlation with verbal age and verbal quotient as assessed by the English Picture Vocabulary Test (EPVT), such that low EPVT scores predict greater distractibility.

The second factor, the inhibition/excitation (IE) factor, did not correlate significantly with verbal age or verbal quotient but has, in other studies, shown relationships with style of social interaction and may be interpreted as relating to aspects of temperament.

It is concluded that individual differences in the classroom behaviour of mentally retarded children may not be qualitatively different from those in non‐retarded children and that the scale described is a useful instrument for measuring these individual differences.
Inter‐hemispheric transmission times in schizophrenics
Authors: Shelton Eric J. , Knight Robert G.
Published: July 2011

Using the subtraction method described by Bashore (1981), inter‐hemispheric transfer times were calculated from the RTs of 12 schizophrenic and 12 matched hospitalized control patients to stimuli presented tachistoscopically to their left or right visual hemifields. No evidence was found for inefficient transfer of information between the hemispheres of the schizophrenics.
Autonomic arousal in an antenatal clinic and its association with recall of information about pregnancy
Authors: Trust Jennifer , Oatley Keith
Published: July 2011

Pulse rates of 30 women attending an antenatal clinic were measured near the beginning and end of their visit. Mean pulse rate declined during the visit, and the difference was used as an index of autonomic arousal. Higher arousal was associated with poorer recall of information and advice about pregnancy.
Doubts about ‘underachievement‘, particularly as operationalized by Yule, Lansdown & Urbanowicz
Authors: Wood Robert
Published: July 2011

A paper by Yule, Lansdown & Urbanowicz (1982) purports to be about predicting educational attainment but is really about underachievement, operationalized in a certain mechanical way. This paper, and one in the same genre by McLeod (1982), are challenged on several grounds, which need to be convincingly rebutted for the operationalization to have any value. It is worrying, too, that if the paper is to be judged for what it purports to be, the prediction equations it offers are quite indifferent, the n is too small to be useful (167), and WISC‐R is a poorer predictor of some measures of achievement than are other measures of achievement. Finally it is suggested that the relationship between measured intelligence and achievement is far from being straightforward, as a recent court case illustrates.
Assessment of a behavioural programme to treat incontinent patients in psychogeriatric wards
Authors: Chanfreau‐Rona Diana , Bellwood Stuart , Wylie Belinda
Published: July 2011

Three female psychogeriatric wards were selected for the study of behavioural programmes for the incontinent. Ward A underwent the full package of environmental changes and toilet training at the patients' peak evacuation times. Ward B combined five weeks of two‐hourly toileting with the environmental changes, whereas Ward C had only the environmental changes. The results showed that there was a small decrease in incontinence only when the full programme was implemented. The other two wards showed such a large deterioration of continence that the results on Ward A became significant in comparison with them. Variables such as age, cognitive state and length of stay had no effect upon the continence level at the end of the programme, whereas there was a clear association between the initial level of incontinence and the end results. The relevance of early treatment is discussed.
Therapist response modes in prescriptive vs. exploratory psychotherapy
Authors: Hardy Gillian E. , Shapiro David A.
Published: July 2011

Therapists' use of verbal response modes was compared in two forms of psychotherapy offered to 27 clients in a crossover design, where each client saw the same therapist throughout both treatments. This design isolated effects due to treatment techniques, specified in manuals followed by therapists, from those due to therapist or client differences. As predicted, therapists used more interpretation and exploration in an exploratory, relationship‐oriented therapy, and asked more closed and open questions, and gave more general advisements and information, during a prescriptive, cognitive/behavioural therapy. The magnitude of the differences obtained ranged from a twofold to a sixfold difference in the percentages of each response mode offered in the two treatments. Also as predicted, therapists were more verbally active in the prescriptive therapy. These findings confirm previous research showing large differences in therapist contributions to different types of psychotherapy, demonstrating that these are not attributable to personal characteristics of therapists or clients.
Cognitive processes in dental anxiety
Authors: Kent Gerry
Published: July 2011

While waiting for treatment in a dental hospital clinic, 146 patients completed questionnaires designed to measure their anxiety and cognitions about dental treatment. Both attendance pattern (regular versus irregular) and anxiety levels were related to the patients' perceptions of the likelihood of negative events, and highly anxious patients saw positive events as being less likely than did patients with low anxiety. It also seems that irregular attenders are more anxious than regular attenders because they believe that they will require more extensive treatment and not because they have a greater fear of dentistry per se. The results indicate that a cognitive approach to dental anxiety can explain why high anxiety is maintained despite repeated pain‐free experiences and suggests methods of treatment.