bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New data on the surgical anatomy of the bile and pancreatic ducts
Authors: Agafonov A. A. , Narimanov R. Z.
Published: April 2022

The anatomy of the bile and pancreatic ducts was studied in 140 corpses using anatomical dissection (100), a corrosion technique (20), and X-ray (20). The length of the bile duct was 67.15 10.58 mm, and the length of its mouth the large duodenal nipple 18.00 2.26 mm. The length of the large duodenal nipple refers to the length of the preduodenal part as 1: 3. The diameter of the bile duct was on average 7.64 1.09 mm, and the diameter of its mouth was 3.79 0.68 mm. The ratio of the diameter of the bile duct to the diameter of its mouth is normally in the range of 1.18-3.50. These coefficients must be taken into account when diagnosing stenosis of the large duodenal papilla and during operations on it.
Experience of organizing sanatorium treatment of children with bronchopulmonary diseases in the conditions of the city children's hospital
Authors: Cherkasova N. A. , Gabidullina M. Kh. , Shakirova E. Kh.
Published: April 2022

During the last two years at the 4th Children's Hospital in the summer there has been a department of sanatorium treatment of children with bronchopulmonary diseases (2 shifts, 1.5 months each). 71 of 177 children who received sanatorium treatment during this time had chronic pneumonia, 7 had bronchial asthma, 99 had frequent respiratory diseases (pneumonia and bronchitis 3-4 times a year). 20 children were under 3 years old, 90 - from 3 to 7 years old and 67 - from 7 to 14 years old.
Immunological reactivity and functional state of the adrenal cortex in patients with chronic pneumonia
Authors: Shelygina N. M. , Dyadicheva T. A. , Zaretsky M. M. , Sirotin V. I. , Vakhtina T. I. , Osychnyuk V. I.
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to study the immunological reactivity and functional state of the adrenal cortex in patients with chronic pneumonia (XII).
Pathology of ENT organs in gastroenterological patients
Authors: Yagudin K. F. , Savchenko N. A. , Gordievsky I. D. , Mazurenko V. P.
Published: April 2022

Pathological changes in the ENT organs in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are quite common. We examined 107 patients (75 men and 32 women) with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, who were treated in the gastroenterological department of the city hospital No. 4 in Voroshilovgrad. 74 of them had gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, 15 had chronic cholecystohepatitis, 7 had cirrhosis of the liver, 7 had chronic pancreatitis, 2 had ulcerative colitis and 2 had chronic gastritis with reduced secretory function.
Treatment of hormone-dependent rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Davletshin R. A.
Published: April 2022

Recognizing the autoimmune nature of rheumatoid arthritis [2, 3], many authors prefer immunosuppressive therapy. A certain place in the treatment of this disease is occupied by corticosteroids. The positive therapeutic effect of these drugs is primarily due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects [4, 5]. Nevertheless, they are prescribed with great caution due to side effects and the development of hormonal dependence. Long-term use of hormonal drugs largely determines the frequency and severity of adverse reactions, in particular in rheumatoid arthritis, it contributes to the development of pannus, subluxations, destructive bone changes [1]. However, the issue of withdrawal of corticosteroids after their long-term use has not yet been sufficiently studied. The tactics of treatment in the process of their gradual withdrawal should include measures to overcome the exacerbation of the rheumatoid process and normalize the defective functioning of the pituitary-adrenal system.
Treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with steam baths of the Yangan-Tau resort of the Bashkir ASSR
Authors: Gantseva X. X.
Published: April 2022

The main therapeutic factor of Yangan-Tau resort, used in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, are natural steam baths. Their atmosphere contains water vapor up to 8-10% of the total volume, a slightly increased amount of heavy water, 3-5% carbon dioxide, nitrogen up to 78.8%, radium emanation within 0.728 nCi/l. Organic substances, a certain amount of fatty and naphthenic acids, active trace elements (aluminum, magnesium, silicon, iron, barium, strontium, calcium, chromium, etc.) were found in the vapor condensate. The steam temperature in the cabins of therapeutic baths ranges from 36-50 .
Restoration of the motor function of the fallopian tubes of women with tubal infertility
Authors: Osipov R. A.
Published: April 2022

Chronic salpingitis is the most common cause of infertility in women, especially secondary [1-3]. Treatment of tubal infertility should be aimed not only at restoring patency, but also at normalizing other functions of the fallopian tubes.
A new syndrome of acquired immunological insufficiency
Authors: Kovalchuk L. V. , Cheredeev A. N.
Published: April 2022

Due to the introduction into clinical practice of the arsenal of modern immunological tests, new opportunities have opened up in the detection of diseases in the pathogenesis of which lesions of the immune system are crucial.
Activity of 5'-nucleotidase of alveolar macrophages in anaphylactic shock
Authors: Rakhmatullina A. I. , Zubairova L. D.
Published: April 2022

Alveolar macrophages form one of the main protective systems of the lung. Pathological processes that change the functional state of these cells affect their ability to participate in maintaining homeostasis of the respiratory organs. At the same time, having a significant effector potential in the activated state, macrophages are capable of being involved in the pathogenesis that caused the activation of the process.
Some morphological and functional characteristics of blood microphages and cardiomyocytes in cardiac pathology
Authors: Medvedev N. P. , Evranova G. B. , Karimova D. Y.
Published: April 2022

Functional activity of blood macrophages was studied in patients with cardiovascular pathology. The object of the study was blood and biopsy material from 49 people. There were 34 patients with atrial septal defect (DMPP), 5 with mitral stenosis, 5 with tetrad of Fallot (TF), 5 with ventricular septal defect (DMPP). Blood was taken during diagnostic probing of the heart. The blood of donors served as a control. A myocardial biopsy was performed during. Operations using hypothermia and turning off the heart from circulation.
X European Congress of Rheumatologists (Moscow, 26/ VI-2/VII 1983)
Authors: Abdrakhmanova R. S. , Ibragimova A. G.
Published: April 2022

The congress was attended by 740 Soviet and 1930 foreign specialists from 46 countries of the world. 18 lectures prepared by famous European and Soviet scientists were heard at 7 plenary sessions. 80 meetings were held at 7 parallel sections, at which more than 800 reports were presented. Poster expositions were made up of 380 reports; scientific films were shown.
VIII All-Union Congress of Physiotherapists and Balneologists
Authors: Ibragimova A. G.
Published: April 2022

The congress was attended by more than 700 delegates and guests from the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Mongolia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Italy. More than 200 reports were heard and discussed at two plenary and eight breakout sessions.
New aspects of pathogenetic treatment of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Salikhov I. A. , Kosheleva D. K. , Bazarevich G. Y .
Published: April 2022

In the last decade, interest in the problem of acute pancreatitis has sharply increased. This is explained by the fact that acute pancreatitis firmly occupies the third place in the structure of acute surgical pathology [8], and there is a tendency to increase the number of destructive forms [12].
A case of left atrial myxoma in the elderly
Authors: Malyshkin N. P. , Denisova A. I. , Larionov V. A.
Published: April 2022

The effectiveness of surgical removal of the left atrial myxoma encourages its timely implementation, and therefore the development of appropriate diagnostic criteria. In this regard, any observation of such a tumor deserves a description.
On the effectiveness of treatment of bronchial tuberculosis
Authors: Pryadko V. Y. , Yagofarov I. E. , Shagidullina K. M.
Published: April 2022

Specific and non-specific bronchial lesions are a frequent complication of pulmonary tuberculosis. This circumstance is little taken into account in the treatment of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients. We analyzed the data of clinical X-ray and tracheobronchoscopic studies at different stages of treatment of patients with various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by a specific lesion of the bronchi.
N.I. Goncharov. Visible fragments of history. Volgograd, 1984, 152m.
Authors: Valishin E. S.
Published: April 2022

Respect for names sanctified by glory is the first sign of an enlightened mind.A. S. Pushkin
K. M. Loban, E. S. Polozok. Malaria. M., Medicine, 1983, p. 223,circulation 20,000 copies.
Authors: Bashirova D. K. , Galeeva R. K.
Published: April 2022

The urgency of the malaria problem is currently determined by the high incidence in the world, the possibility of its import to any territory of the Soviet Union, the presence of residual foci of malaria in certain areas of the south of the country. Under these conditions, early detection and treatment of patients becomes important in the prevention of adverse clinical and epidemiological consequences.
Eosinopenic reaction and the content of 17-ketosteroids in urine during treatment with steroid hormones
Authors: Schwartz L. S. , Yudinova L. S. , Eiber N. S.
Published: April 2022

Soviet researchers (A. A. Atabek, A. L. Myasnikov, V. F. Zaitsev, B. B. Kogan and I. G. Danielyak, A. I. Nesterov, E. M. Tareev) have accumulated vast experience in the treatment of steroid hormones of various pathological processes (collagenosis, diseases of the blood system, bronchial asthma). The positive effect of treatment with steroid hormones is due either to the stimulation of the function of the adrenal cortex (in the treatment of ACTH), or the replacement of the hormone missing in the body (with the introduction of cortisone, prednisone, andresone). In both cases, the disturbed odaotative function of the pituitary gland - adrenal cortex is restored, which brings biochemical processes in the collagen system closer to normalization and improves the clinical course of the disease (E. M. Tareev, A. I. Nesterov).
Eosinopenia as a differential diagnostic symptom in early myocardial infarction
Authors: Smirnov V. N. , Zhivotovskaya I. L. , Marchenko L. A. , Slavina I. P.
Published: April 2022

Despite the seemingly significant number of clinical and laboratory symptoms of typical forms of myocardial infarction, each additional sign that facilitates its recognition in the initial period is of great practical importance. Diagnostic "urgency" during this period of the disease is emphasized by the fact that the first days are the most responsible in terms of the patient's regimen and the doctor's tactics.
Some questions of the clinic, bacteriology and treatment of chronic cholecystitis and angiocholitis
Authors: Solovyova N. F.
Published: April 2022

Chronic inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary tract is one of the most common diseases in the internal medicine clinic. The aim of our study was to study the clinical picture of the disease with lesions of the biliary tract in comparison with the microflora obtained by sowing the duodenal contents, while identifying the function of the gallbladder (including the X-ray method) and the functional state of the liver. At the same time, the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment was studied, depending on the sensitivity of the microbial flora to them.
Changes in the central nervous system in children with rheumatism
Authors: Tets B. G.
Published: April 2022

The question of the state of the central nervous system in children with rheumatism has long attracted the attention of numerous researchers (V. V. Mikheev, E. A. Bley, R. M. Pen, Z. M. Zemlyakova, M. A. Izrailskaya, etc.). Forms of rheumatism with distinct neurological disorders were usually studied. The state of the nervous system in cardiac and articular forms of rheumatism, proceeding without sharp neurological symptoms, has not yet been fully studied clinically, and almost not studied pathomorphologically. Until now, there is no consensus about the nature of changes in the autonomic division of the central nervous system in this disease. The aim of this work is to conduct a clinical study of the state of the central nervous system in children with cardiac and articular forms of rheumatism in the active phase of the disease, as well as to study pathomorphological changes in the brain and spinal cord in patients who died from these forms of rheumatism.
On the question of the quantitative accounting of some vegetative-humoral changes in the blood
Authors: Khamitov H. S.
Published: April 2022

The functional state of the autonomic nervous system in most patients is impaired, and therefore there are pronounced changes in the number of released neurotransmitters - adrenaline and acetylcholine. Since vegetative shifts affect the clinical picture of the disease, it is important to characterize them quantitatively.
A case of hemochromatosis
Authors: Eidelkind S. G.
Published: April 2022

Diagnosis in the early stages of the disease with hemochromatosis presents significant difficulties. Noteworthy is the method of intravital diagnostic study of the liver cytogram, proposed by I. A. Kassirsky, and also confirmed by E. V. Chernysheva. But in view of the fact that cirrhosis of the liver is not always an early sign, one should, as G. I. Alekseev, G. A. Dashtayants point out, to resort to puncture of the bone marrow, where in very early stages hemosiderin was noted by them.
Chronic retrocardiac pneumonia in children
Authors: Polesitsky N. Sh.
Published: April 2022

In recent years, chronic pneumonia has often attracted the attention of both clinicians and pathologists and radiologists, however, this question cannot be considered settled. The topic of this work is the description of the form of chronic pneumonia in children, which, due to its localization behind the shadow of the heart, may remain unrecognized if the attending physician is insufficiently familiar with it.
About extensive resections of the right lobe of the liver in alveolar echinococcosis
Authors: Krylova N. P.
Published: April 2022

With the localization of the nodes of the alveolar echinococcus in the right lobe of the liver, the most common wedge-shaped resection is performed with the marginal location of the echinococcus. With large nodes spreading into the parenchyma, radical operations are a very serious intervention and are rarely performed. A. V. Melnikov collected from the literature for 15 years only 3 descriptions of massive resections of the right lobe of the liver for echinococcosis and added one of his own observation.
Spontaneous uterine rupture at the onset of term labor
Authors: Malyshev L. K.
Published: April 2022

Uterine rupture is a serious obstetric complication, and each case deserves attention. To the Popovskaya hospital 8 / XI-57 at 5 o'clock. delivered by a midwife for delivery, pregnant D., 27 years old. According to the pregnant woman, the contractions began on 7 / XI-57 at 18 o'clock. By the hour 8 / XI-57, the contractions intensified, became regular, very painful. On the way to the hospital, after a particularly painful contraction, the fetus stopped moving, the contractions stopped. On receipt of a complaint of pain throughout the abdomen and shortness of breath.
Endometriosis of the navel
Authors: Davydova M. A.
Published: April 2022

Endometriosis is an overgrowth of tissue similar to the lining of the uterus. Endometriosis of the navel is very rare and is described; therefore, we consider it possible to present our observation.
Society of Surgeons. Volume 41 No. 4 (1960)
Authors: Sokolov N. V.
Published: April 2022

In 1959, 15 meetings were held, of which 2 were held together with traumatologists, 3 - with oncologists, 1 - with phthisiatricians, 1 - with the Academic Council of the Kazan Medical Institute. 26 reports were heard, and 40 patients were demonstrated. Reports on thoracic surgery were presented by M. Yu. Rosengarten and I. Z. Sigal; oncology - L. G. Safina, N. I. Lyubina and A. F. Adrianovsky; in abdominal surgery - S. A. Valitova and A. A. Titarenko; in neurosurgery - G. S. Knirik; emergency surgery - Z. N. Osipova; in urology - A. F. Burmistrova; on anesthesiology - A. B. Gataullin and A. F. Popov.
Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists. Volume 41, No. 4 (1960)
Authors: Andreev V. P.
Published: April 2022

According to the plan for 1959, 10 meetings were held, of which 3 were combined; a joint meeting with physiologists, pharmacologists and biochemists related to the physiology and neurology of the reticular formation; one related meeting was held with radiologists; with naturalists and physiologists - a meeting in connection with the 110th anniversary of the birth of IP Pavlov and with a report on the All-Union Congress of Physiologists in Minsk. Comprehensively developed topics of reports were presented by neuropathologists and neurosurgeons.
Dynamics of the content of non-hemoglobin iron in blood serum in patients with various types of anemia
Authors: Uvarova K. G.
Published: April 2022

Since the problem of treating anemia with iron preparations is associated with the study of its metabolism in the body, the task was to find out the iron content of blood serum in patients with various types of anemia, treated with various therapeutic agents, in dynamics and in the future to outline the ways of treatment with iron preparations. Non-hemoglobin iron takes an active part in metabolism and is currently one of the best indicators of the state of iron metabolism in the body. The content of non-hemoglobin iron in hypochromic, essential anemia, anemia from acute and chronic bleeding, in acute infections is reduced, in pernicious anemia, polycythemia and hemolytic anemia is increased.
Experience of surgical treatment of patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers
Authors: Arkhipov E. P.
Published: April 2022

For the period from 1947 to 1956. In the surgical departments of Bugulma hospitals, 237 operations were performed for stomach and duodenal ulcers: 186 gastroenteroanastomoses, 51 - gastric resection. There were 208 men. (87.8%) and women - 29 (12.2%). All of them had a typical ulcerative history with a long (from 3 to 6 years) recurrent course of the disease and a pronounced symptom complex.
Ovarian apoplexy with acute appendicitis
Authors: Molchanov L. N. , Gromov A. I.
Published: April 2022

Preoperative diagnosis of ovarian rupture is very difficult. More often, the disease is recognized during surgery for acute appendicitis, a picture of which is given by the painful form of rupture of the ovary. When the peritoneum is opened, and sometimes only when monitoring for hemostasis, after appendectomy, the blood flow from the pelvis is found, and further revision reveals apoplexy. Less often, with the anemic form of ovarian rupture, when the symptoms of intra-abdominal bleeding come to the fore, patients are operated on with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
In memory of professor V. I. Katerov (1891 - 1960)
Authors: Epstein T. D.
Published: April 2022

The Kazan therapeutic school lost one of its oldest representatives: on June 2, 1960, the doctor of medical sciences, the head of the hospital therapeutic clinic No. 2 of the Kazan Medical Institute, Professor Vasily Ivanovich Katerov died. Since graduating from the medical faculty of Kazan University in 1914, with the exception of short periods of military service (civil war), his entire creative life is associated with the hospital therapeutic clinic of Kazan University (since 1930 - Kazan Medical Institute). Having received excellent clinical training under the guidance of prof. V. F. Orlovsky, with whom he was approved as a staff resident in 1915 and already in 1916 began to act as an assistant, and subsequently worked under the guidance of prof. N. K. Goryaev, V. I. Katerov consistently passed all stages of clinical training, occupying in 1932 an associate professor in the department of hospital therapy, and in 1934 - the department of hospital therapy No. 2.
The content of potassium and sodium in the heart muscle in myocardial infarction
Authors: Latfullin I. A. , Sharafislamov F. Sh.
Published: April 2022

In 11 deaths from myocardial infarction and in the experiment in animals subjected to ligation of the anterior interventricular artery of the heart, the content of Na+ and K+ in the myocardium was determined. In the ischemic zone, the content of K+ is reduced, and Na+ is increased. These changes occur even before the appearance of morphological signs of myocardial infarction.
Water exchange and dynamics of blood electrolytes in the treatment of rheumatic heart lesions with decompensation
Authors: Atamanov G. S.
Published: April 2022

In the existing theories of cardiac decompensation and associated edema, great importance is attached to the retention of sodium ions. But their relationship with some other electrolytes, for example potassium and chlorine, is not well understood, and this is of great practical importance, in particular with regard to diet in the treatment and prevention of heart failure. In view of this, we undertook a study of the dynamics of sodium, chlorine and potassium ions, as well as diuresis and body weight in heart diseases with symptoms of decompensation.
Dental caries and ways of its prevention based on examination materials for children and adolescents in Kazan
Authors: Demner L. M.
Published: April 2022

In order to identify the frequency of dental anomalies, morbidity, the need for personnel and funds in each of the 5 districts of Kazan, in 1959 our department examined the children of one school, two kindergartens, one or two nurseries, orphanages and boarding schools. A total of 28 children's institutions were examined. The examination was carried out according to the same methodology and by the same doctors. The cards filled out for each examined contained 29 questions of the dental status. In this work, only those related to the prevention and control of dental caries are dealt with.
Changes in the cardiovascular system with pulmonary suppuration and lung neoplasms in connection with surgical treatment
Authors: Cherkasova A. M.
Published: April 2022

For a successful surgical intervention on the lungs, it is necessary to take into account the state of not only the affected organ, but also the whole organism. Of particular importance in chronic purulent diseases and neoplasms of the lungs in this regard is the functional diagnostics of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, which are functionally a single whole.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis after facial trauma with fracture of the bones of the nose and orbit
Authors: Ratner A. Yu.
Published: April 2022

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare and severe disease. Usually there are descriptions of sinusthrombosis as complications of purulent processes of the upper lip, accessory nasal cavities, orbit, odontogenic processes. The disease usually proceeds with a high temperature and a septic blood picture, although some authors describe cases of so-called "afebrile" sinustrombosis (A. A. Kantor, M. K. Elin). Sinusthrombosis is especially rare after trauma. For 23 years, O. S. Nikonova observed 90 cases of thrombosis of the cavernous sinus, and only one of them developed after injury.
Professor Valery Nikolaevich Murat
Authors: Amirov H. N.
Published: April 2022

September 30, 1960 marks the 60th anniversary of the birth and 30 years of scientific, pedagogical and social activities of the head of the Anatomy Department of the Kazan Medical Institute, Honored Scientist of the TASSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Valery Nikolaevich Murat. V. N. Murat's scientific activity is aimed mainly at studying the structure of the autonomic nervous system. So, he established (1933) a regularity in the distribution of elements of a different nature in a person in the composition of nerve nodes, intramural intestinal nerve plexuses, in addition, he confirmed the fact of a gradual increase in the size of type 1 cells as they approach the caudal parts of the intestinal tube, and at the same time noted the presence in the distal a segment of the rectum of cells of type 1 Dogel, differing in their size, exceeding the usual 3-4 times.
About liver function in atherosclerosis
Authors: Orlina M. M. , Ovsyannikova A. I. , Khaidurova V. S.
Published: April 2022

The study involved 64 patients (38 men, 26 women): from 31 to 50 years was 16, from 51 to 70 years and older - 48. All patients were divided into 2 groups: with normal liver sizes, without circulatory failure (43) and with an enlarged liver due to circulatory failure associated with the presence of atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis in them (21).
A case of a favorable outcome of hemolytic shock due to Rh incompatibility
Authors: Agafonov A. A. , Knirik A. S.
Published: April 2022

Along with post-transfusion complications associated with transfusion of incompatible blood in the group, there may be complications due to transfusion of Rh-incompatible blood. We observed a similar complication after the 19th transfusion. Fourteen blood transfusions were performed over two years, the last four over a month and were accompanied by minor chills and fever up to 37.5 .
Pregnancy in the rudimentary horn of the uterus
Authors: Slepov M. I.
Published: April 2022

P., 22 years old, entered on 23 / VI-58, married for 8 months. The last menstruation was 10 / I-58 g. During the initial examination in the antenatal clinic, a cyst of the right ovary was found. On 23 / VI-58, aching pains in the lower abdomen, single vomiting appeared. With a diagnosis of "threatening abortion at 21-22 weeks of gestation," she was sent to the gynecological department.
Features of the course of modern rheumatism
Authors: Nikolaeva V. A. , Baltina L. F. , Anisimova L. V. , Yamilova A. G.
Published: April 2022

The case histories of 360 patients with rheumatism were analyzed. Variants of the clinical course of primary and recurrent rheumatism are described. In view of the high frequency of latent and oligosymptomatic rheumatism, attention is drawn to the difficulties in diagnosing primary rheumatism proceeding according to the cardiac type, which is often the reason for its late diagnosis.
The role of impaired blood supply to facial muscles in the occurrence of algic manifestations in secondary contracture
Authors: Ivanichev G. A. , Khasanova R. B.
Published: April 2022

A rheographic study of the blood supply to the facial muscles in patients with neuritis of the facial nerve and secondary contracture of the facial muscles was carried out. In the acute stage of neuritis, stagnant changes in the hemodynamics of the face were found. A significant difference in blood flow was revealed in patients with contracture of the facial muscles, depending on the presence of pain manifestations or their absence. Algic forms of contracture are characterized by a deterioration in both arterial inflow and venous outflow.
Study of bile lipoproteins in patients with cholecystitis in the age aspect
Authors: Garifdzhanova A. F. , Gafarova N. A.
Published: April 2022

The lipid complex (LC) of bile was studied by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) in 103 patients; in 86 with chronic non-calculous cholecystitis (30 children and 56 adults) and in 17 with chronic calculous cholecystitis (age - from 36 to 54 years). For control, we studied the lipid profile of bile in two age groups of 20 people in whom the diagnosis of cholecystitis was rejected after a thorough examination.
Contact activation of the Hageman factor
Authors: Fedorova Z. D. , Petrova S. I. , Papayan A. V.
Published: April 2022

The Hageman factor (contact factor, or clotting factor XII), first discovered by Ratnoff and Kololi in 1955, has long been considered responsible for the primary activation of the coagulation cascade through the internal thrombin pathway. It is well known that the formation of active factor XII occurs upon contact with negatively charged surfaces: celite, glass, kaolin in vitro, collagen, damaged vascular endothelium and basement membrane in vivo. Further studies have shown that several plasma proteins are involved in the contact activation process: factor XII, factor XI or plasma thromboplastin precursor, precallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen. Currently, knowledge about the "trigger" mechanism of the contact phase, which leads to the activation of coagulation systems, kinin formation and fibrinolysis, has been significantly expanded.
Loneliness, suicidal ideation, and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Choi Soo-Chan , Yoon Su-Kyung , Cha Hun-Min , Park Ga-Hee , Ko Soo-Yoen , Min Jin-A
Published: April 2022

최수찬(Choi Soo-Chan);윤수경(Yoon Su-Kyung);차훈민(Cha Hun-Min);박가희(Park Ga-Hee);고수연(Ko Soo-Yoen);민진아(Min Jin-A)
The Results of the Treatment of the Recurrent “Inferior” Retinal Detachment Depending on the Volume of Surgical Intervention
Authors: Shevalova T. N. , Churashov S. V. , Kulikov A. N. , Mihin A. A. , Troyanovskiy R. L.
Published: April 2022

Purpose: to analyze the results of the treatment recurrent «inferior» retinal detachments (RD) depending on the volume of surgical intervention.

Patients and methods. 81 patients (81 eyes) with recurrent «inferior» RD were included in this retrospective study. Groups were identified depending on the volume of surgical treatment of recurrents RDs: scleral buckling (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), combined surgery: PPV with SB, PPV with retinotomy (RT), including the use of perfluorocarbon fluid (PFCL). The volume of surgical treatment was assessed before recurrent RD, after the first and second recurrent «inferior» RD, the distribution of the grade and type of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) complicating these recurrents RD with different treatment tactics, analyzed the functional results and anatomical success (retinal reattachment) after surgical treatment of the first and second recurrents RD.

Results. Primary anatomical success was achieved in 304 from 385 patients (79 %). In 81 cases, the first recurrent RD was detected (21 %). Surgical treatment of the first recurrent RD included: in 39 cases (48 %) — PPV; in 9 cases (11 %) — PPV with SB; in 13 cases (16 %) — PPV with RT. In 20 cases (25 %) for short-term tamponade with PFCL was used when performing PPV with RT. The second recurrent RD occurred in 42 cases, which accounted for 52 % of the first recurrent RD. The anterior type of PVR was in all cases (100 %). All patients underwent repeated surgery: PPV (100 %), of which in 15 cases (35.7 %) — PPV with RT; the use of short-term postoperative tamponade with PFCL was in 18 cases (42.9 %); additional SB — in 9 cases (21.4 %). Anatomical success was achieved in 100 % of cases after surgical treatment of the second recurrent RD, but in 8 cases (19 %) a retinal redetachment occurred.

Conclusion. The increase in PVR continues to be the main cause of recurrent RD. In patients with recurrent «inferior» retinal detachments, grade C PVR type 4, 5, the additional use of SB for PPV, RT and the use of PFCL as a short-term postoperative tamponade allows achieving better results (functional and anatomical). During surgery of the second recurrent RD, when there are pronounced changes in the retina, performing SB is impractical, the alternative is RT.
Ophthalmological Manifestations of Alkaptonuria
Authors: Denisova E. V. , Kuzin A. V.
Published: April 2022

Alkaptonuria is rare autosomal recessive multisystem disease, caused by mutations in the homogentisine oxidase gene, which leads to the deposition of metabolites of homogentisic acid in organs and tissues (ochronosis).

The purpose: to study spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations of alkaptonuria in Russian cohort of patients of different ages.

Material and methods. Ophthalmological examination of 9 patients: 5 adults aged from 39 to 64 years and 4 children aged from 3 to 6 years with confirmed diagnosis of “alkaptonuria” was performed.

Results. In all adult patients bilateral brown-black scleral pigmentation and yellow-brown deposits in the conjunctiva in the region of the palpebral fissure were detected paralymbally, the severity of which correlated with age, tortuosity and vasodilation of the conjunctiva in areas of deposits. In 1 out of 4 children minimal deposits of yellow pigment were found in the conjunctiva of the limb. In patients older than 60 years typical small brownish deposits were observed in the cornea near the limb in the region of the palpebral fissure.

Conclusion. Eye changes are one of the most common clinical manifestations of alkaptonuria. Typical manifestations are the sclera’s pigmentation, conjunctiva and cornea in the limb. Ophthalmological examination is non-invasive informative method that can help in early diagnosis, differential diagnostics, assessment of the dynamics of the disease and the effectiveness of the therapy.
Macromicroscopic Method for Vitreous Body Anatomy Studying
Authors: Kislitsyna N. M. , Shatskikh A. V. , Dibirova S. M. , Sultanova D. M. , Veselkova M. P. , Novikov S. V.
Published: April 2022

Purpose: The vitreous body (CT), due to the complexity of its structure, remains one of the least studied anatomical structures to this day. In the literature there are attempts to describe the anatomy of the vitreous body, since the II century. The most relevant works are the studies of J. Worst et al. in 1973, in which the authors proposed new methods of CT preparation with the introduction of dyes. Despite many years of research on the structure and functions of the vitreous body and the presence of a large number of works, and there are no methods and protocols for macromicroscopic examination of the vitreous body to develop a method and propose a protocol for macromicroscopic examination of the vitreous body (VB), allowing to obtain new data on VB topographic anatomy.

Materials and methods. The proposed method of macromicroscopic examination was used to study the VB topographic anatomy of 38 cadaver eyeballs. In order to color transparent structures of the vitreous, poorly soluble metallic salts (barium sulfate and copper acetate) were used. Macroscopic examination was performed using a Topcon OMS-800 operating microscope with a magnification of ×8 to ×21, microscopic changes were evaluated by light microscopy at ×50, ×100, ×200, ×400, ×630 multiple magnification with Leica DM LB2 microscope followed by photographic recording. The algorithm for macroscopic examination performing.

Results and discussion. The result of macroscopic preparation was the compilation of individual anatomical and topographic maps of patients. A distinctive feature of the developed method is the ability to dissect any VB structure and to isolate each cortical layer with the possibility of studying its anatomical and topographic features and relationships with underlying tissues (internal limiting membrane, ciliary body, lens capsule). In addition, the method allows to maintain the shape and integrity of the specimens after passing through all stages of histological processing. In order to fixate VB samples, we used a method with fixing VB structures on a special adhesive-metric tablet, and placing them in a biopsy bag placed in a biopsy cassette. After that, filled in formalin, the specimens were delivered to the laboratory, where all the stages of standard processing took place.

Conclusion. The developed technique of macromicroscopic examination of the vitreous allows to create an individual map of the VB topographic anatomy. After collecting of sufficient material and its statistical processing, it is possible to provide maps of the VB topographic anatomy in normal, age-related and pathological conditions.
Medico-Social Approach to the Development of a Methodology for Assessing the “Quality of Life” after Cataract Phacoemulsification. Part 1
Authors: Ovechkin I. G. , Ovechkin N. I. , Shakula A. V. , Pavlov A. I. , Pokrovsky D. F.
Published: April 2022

Purpose. Scientific substantiation of methodological approaches to the development of a “quality of life” (QoL) questionnaire after cataract phacoemulsification (PEC) in patients with visually stressful work (VLT), based on a “medico-social” health model.

Methods. The study was carried out on the basis of methodological standards for the development of new tools for assessing symptoms in clinical medicine developed by specialists from the International Center for the Study of Quality of Life (St. Petersburg). This article presents the first stage of development aimed at the formation of a preliminary version of the questionnaire. The initial volume of questions (complaints) of the patient was carried out in the following areas: individual interviews (according to the standard developed methodology) with 50 patients with ZNT; analysis of proven methods for studying QOL in cataracts (“NEI-VFQ”, “Cataract Symptom Scale”, “Catquest-9SF”, etc.); analysis of proven methods for studying QoL in keratorefractive surgery and asthenopic conditions in patients with RNT; analysis of the classification structure of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) from the standpoint of the development of characteristic “domains”.

Results. The data obtained indicate that a total of 35 patient complaints were identified (7 — “visual”; 6 — “professional”; 16 — “functional”; 4 — “household”; 4 — “medical and psychological”). The fundamental difference between the development of the methodology for assessing the patient’s QoL after performing PE is the use of a “social model” of health, which confirms the leading (46 % of all complaints) place for “functional” manifestations of the patient’s subjective status, based on specific “domains” of the ICF. Along with this, the practical application of the basic provisions of the ICF involves scaling the severity of the patient’s complaints in the context of the ratio of the duration of the complaint to the total active time of the patient with a gradation: “Mild problems” (5–24 %); “Moderate problems” (25–49 %); “Severe problems” (50–95 %); “Absolute problems” (96–100 %).

Conclusion. The results of the first stage of the development of the patient’s QoL questionnaire after the FEC testify to the compliance with clinical standards in terms of content validity, since the questions, scales and general content reflect the significance for the patient and important parameters from a clinical and functional point of view. A distinctive feature and scientific novelty of the questionnaire is the use of a “social model” of health based on the development of “domains” of the international classification of functioning, as well as optimization of the procedure for scaling patient responses.
Laboratory Analysis of the Anti-Infectious Activity of Quantum Dots and Bioconjugates Based on Them in the Aspect of the Prospects for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases of the Eye. Experimental Research (Part 3)
Authors: Ponomarev V. O. , Kazaykin V. N. , Lizunov A. V. , Vokhmintsev A. S. , Weinstein I. A. , Rozanova S. M. , Kirf M. V.
Published: April 2022

This article presents the third part of an experimental study on the prospects and possibilities of using quantum dots and bioconjugates created on their basis in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the eye. Taking into account the previously obtained results on the possibility of “safe” use of CdTe/Cd and InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots on an animal model under conditions of intravitreal administration, theaimof the current stage was to analyze their antimicrobial activity in a bacteriological laboratory.

Materials and methods.As QDs, we took two types of artificial fluorophores capable of generating superoxide radicals synthesized according to a special technical assignment at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Research Institute of Applied Acoustics”, Dubna, Moscow Region: type 1 — colloidal solution of QD CdTe / Cd MPA 710 10 % of the mass. Type 2 — colloidal solution of QD InP / ZnSe / ZnS 650 10 % wt. The study included “museum” and nosocomial strains of microorganisms, and the activity of points was assessed using the diskdiffusion method, followed by an assessment of the zones of inhibition of bacterial growth. Concentrations of 0.1 %, 0.01 %, and 0.001 % quantum dots were tested, as well as solutions of bioconjugates (antibiotic + quantum dots) of Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Ceftazidime and Cefotaxime.

Results.Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that quantum dots potentiate the action of the sensitivity of individual microorganisms, both outpatient and hospital strains.
Capsular Contraction Syndrome. Review. Part 1
Authors: Ivanov D. I. , Nikitin V. N.
Published: April 2022

The progressive increase of the number of phacoemulsification in the world leads to a proportional increase in the number of fibrous changes of the capsular bag in the postoperative period. Changes of the capsular bag occur even in simple cases. Structural changes in the lens capsule cause the development of contractional capsular syndrome. It occurs in up to 58.5 % of cases at various times after surgery. Clinical manifestations of contractional syndrome can be diverse: from an asymptomatic course to serious functional and anatomical disorders. The article provides general information about predisposing factors, conditions and causes of capsular syndrome. The paper considers the sequence of changes in the lens cells named epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Transformation is the basis of the capsular syndrome pathogenesis. The article reveals the mechanisms of influence of the material and design of the IOL, size and shape of anterior rhexis on the development of the pathological process.
Surgical Aspects of Recurrent Macular Holes Treatment
Authors: Samoylov A. N. , Khaibrakhmanov T. R. , Khaibrakhmanova G. A. , Samoilova P. A.
Published: April 2022

Despite the high level of development of modern macular surgery, recurrent macular holes remain a rather serious problem for vitreoretinal surgeons. Recurrent macular holes can be of two types: macular holes that have not closed after primary surgery, and macular holes that have reopened after a successful initial surgery. In foreign literature they are called persistent and recurrent macular holes. This article presents a review of modern scientific literature on epidemiology, causes of development and surgical treatment of recurrent macular holes. This review provides information on the rationality and effectiveness of modern surgical approaches to the treatment of this condition. The most effective methods for treating large macular holes, which are one of the main causes of failure to close a defect during the first surgery or the development of a recurrence of this condition sometime after the first surgery, are covered. Based on the literature data, we can say that the main methods of choice in surgery for recurrent macular holes today are the use of platelet-rich plasma and various modifications of the inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique, transplantation of the autologous internal limiting membrane, including the displaced internal limiting membrane flap technique patented in the Russian Federation.
Clinical and Experimental Substantiation of the Possibility of Using a 25G Tip to a Permanent Magnet to Remove Intraocular Foreign Bodies
Authors: Mikhin A. A. , Churashov S. V. , Kulikov A. N. , Ilyushchenkov D. S.
Published: April 2022

Purpose: to develop, experimentally study and evaluate in the clinic the effectiveness of using a 25G handpiece to a permanent operating magnet for IOFB removal.

Materials and methods. In the work, we analyzed the results of an experimental study and clinical application of 25 G handpieces. In the experimental part of it, a comparative analysis of magnetic properties was carried out: the force of attraction, strength and topography of the magnetic fields of a standard 25-mm handpiece by V.V. Volkov and 25G caliber handpieces (30, 35, 40, 45 mm long) for a permanent eye magnet. In the clinical part of the work, we analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 57 patients of the ophthalmology clinic with type C OGI (according to the ISOT classification) with localization in the posterior segment of the eye. The mechanism of injury, the area and depth of injury, intraoperative and postoperative complications were analyzed, and the advantages of IOFB removal by a combined method using a 25G tip to a permanent magnet were evaluated.

Results. According to the results of our experimental studies, it was revealed: the force of the 25G handpieces is sufficient to fix foreign bodies weighing up to 11 (for a 45 mm handpiece), and the minimum distance at which the magnetic field begins to act around the handpieces is at least 8 mm (data for the longest handpiece 45 mm). A pronounced decrease in the magnetic field strength at the tip surface at a distance of up to 2 mm was revealed. At the stage of using the 25G handpiece in the clinic, when assessing the OTG mechanism, the injuries were distributed as follows: household injury — 47 %, industrial injury — 27 %, road traffic accident — 13 %, combat injury — 13 %. Removal of IOFB was carried out in two versions: transvitreal and combined. IOFB was removed using a 25G permanent eye magnet tip and using a 25G vitreous forceps. During the operation, the following methods of removing IOFB were used: tweezers-tweezers, magnet-tweezers, magnet-magnet. Intraoperatively, in 7 % of cases, there was a slip and fall of IOFB to the fundus. In all cases, an increase in visual acuity was obtained, and in most cases, visual acuity at the time of discharge from the hospital was in the range from 0.05 to 0.1.

Conclusion. Removal of magnetic IOFB using a 25 G tip to a permanent magnet allows reliable fixation of IOFB, significantly reduces the risks of intraoperative complications and shortens the duration of surgery.
Degradation of synthetic polymers: Microbial approach
Authors: Banerjee Risav , Bhattacharya Trisha
Published: April 2022

A synthetic polymer is a plastic, which is having wide applications in our day-to-day life. The packaging industries, agriculture, cosmetics, etc. Plastics are not easily degradable, it takes 1000 years to degrade a plastic or even more than that. The pollution caused by plastic is not only because of the waste disposal method but it is also because it releases carbon dioxide and dioxins while burning. Plastics are considered a threat to the environment as they are not easily degradable. Our review is based on the microbial approach for plastic degradation. The waste management method being used for plastic disposal is not effective enough. Nowadays biodegradable polymers are also being used as they are more easily degradable compared to synthetic polymers. The bacteria and fungi degrade most of the organic and inorganic components like starch, lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses.