bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating narrative writing by 9–11‐year‐olds
Authors: Beard Roger , Burrell Andrew
Published: February 2010

Standardised tasks and a repeat design were used to investigate development in narrative writing by 112 primary schoolchildren. The scripts comprised the NFER Literacy Impact Writing Test B, completed near the end of the children's second terms in Year 5 and Year 6. The test includes a narrative task using content of appeal to both genders. The scripts were rated by specially trained panels, using a numeric scheme applied to five constituents of writing, and text‐level and technical accuracy rating scales derived from relevant sources. All constituents of writing showed an improvement, although analysis of text‐level ratings showed that there were substantial proportions of children whose writing included a feature in Year 5 but not in Year 6, as well as vice versa. Qualitative analysis revealed common features within attainment subgroups in content, language use, technical accuracy and overall effectiveness of the writing. The study provides findings that may contribute to the discourse of literacy education and also raises issues of interest for further comparative studies.
Cognitive constraints and the early learning goals in writing
Authors: Bourke Lorna , Adams Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2010

This study examined the relative importance of a number of cognitive factors (i.e. working memory, vocabulary knowledge, general cognitive ability and reading skills) in accounting for differences in the rate of progress made by children in the development of emergent writing skills. Sixty‐seven children were assessed on tasks measuring the visuospatial, phonological and central executive components of working memory. The children's written texts were analysed according to the assessment scale for writing from the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile. The results indicate that reading performance and visuospatial memory skills are crucial to determining whether or not children aged 4–5 years are able to meet the UK government's prescribed educational standards for writing. The importance of visual skills in the acquisition of orthographic knowledge and writing conventions gained through reading is discussed in relation to current instructional strategies within schools.
Metabolic alterations induced by ischemia in primary cultures of astrocytes: merging 13C NMR spectroscopy and metabolic flux analysis
Authors: Amaral Ana I. , Teixeira Ana P. , Martens Sanja , Bernal Vicente , Sousa Marcos F. Q. , Alves Paula M.
Published: February 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 735–748.

Disruption of brain energy metabolism is the hallmark of cerebral ischemia, a major cause of death worldwide. Astrocytes play a key role in the regulation of brain metabolism and their vulnerability to ischemia has been described. Aiming to quantify the effects of an ischemic insult in astrocytic metabolism, primary cultures of astrocytes were subjected to 5 h of oxygen and glucose deprivation in a bioreactor. Flux distributions, before and after ischemia, were estimated by metabolic flux analysis using isotopic information and the consumption/secretion rates of relevant extracellular metabolites as constraints. During ischemia and early recovery, 30% of cell death was observed; several metabolic alterations were also identified reflecting a metabolic response by the surviving cells. In the early recovery (∼10 h), astrocytes up‐regulated glucose utilization by 30% and increased the pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle fluxes by three and twofold, respectively. Additionally, a two to fivefold enhancement in branched‐chain amino acids catabolism suggested the importance of anaplerotic molecules to the fast recovery of the energetic state, which was corroborated by measured cellular ATP levels. Glycolytic metabolism was predominant in the late recovery. In summary, this work demonstrates that changes in fluxes of key metabolic pathways are implicated in the recovery from ischemia in astrocytes.
Copper binding regulates intracellular alpha‐synuclein localisation, aggregation and toxicity
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Moualla Dima , Wright Josephine A. , Brown David R.
Published: February 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 704–714.

Alpha‐synuclein is a natively unfolded protein that aggregates and forms inclusions that are associated with a range of diseases that include Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. The mechanism behind the formation of these inclusions and their possible role in disease remains unclear. Alpha‐synuclein has also been shown to bind metals including copper and iron. We used a cell culture model of alpha‐synuclein aggregation to examine the relationship between metals and formation of aggregates of the protein. While the levels of iron appear to have no role in aggregate formation or localisation of the protein in cells, copper appears to be important for both aggregation and cellular localisation of alpha‐synuclein. Reduction in cellular copper resulted in a great decrease in aggregate formation both in terms of large aggregates visible in cells and oligomers observed in western blot analysis of cell extracts. Reduction in copper also resulted in a change in localisation of the protein which became more intensely localised to the plasma membrane in medium with low copper. These changes were reversed when copper was restored to the cells. Mutants of the copper binding domains altered the response to copper. Deletion of either the N‐ or C‐termini resulted in a loss of aggregation while deletion of the C‐termini also resulted in a loss of membrane association. Increased expression of alpha‐synuclein also increased cell sensitivity to the toxicity of copper. These results suggest that the potential pathological role of alpha‐synuclein aggregates is dependent upon the copper binding capacity of the protein.
Pulmonary oedema in healthy SCUBA divers: new physiopathological pathways
Authors: Coulange M. , Rossi P. , Gargne O. , Gole Y. , Bessereau J. , Regnard J. , Jammes Y. , Barthélémy A. , Auffray J. P. , Boussuges A.
Published: February 2010

Introduction:  The mechanism of immersion pulmonary oedema occurring in healthy divers is a matter of debate. Among consecutive injured divers admitted to our hyperbaric centre, we analysed prospective data about pulmonary oedema.

Method:  A total of 22 divers suffering from immersion pulmonary oedema without cardiac disease were included. The occurrence of events was compared to the diving conditions as assessed by diving‐computer. Each patient underwent a clinical examination, laboratory tests, thoracic CT scan and echocardiography.

Results:  The median age was 49 years, with a higher proportion of women, in comparison with the data of the French diving federation. The common feature was the occurrence of respiratory symptoms during the ascent after median dive duration of 29 min with strenuous exercise and/or psychological stress. Most of the dives were deep (37 msw–121 fsw) in cool water (15°C‐59°F). The average inspired oxygen partial pressure was 0·99 bar. Progression was rapidly favourable, and the medical check‐up after clinical recovery was normal.

Conclusion:  Immersion, body cooling, hyperoxia, increased hydrostatic pressure and strenuous exercise likely combine to induce pulmonary oedema in patients without cardiac disease. This study underlines new physiopathological tracks related to the frequent occurrence of symptoms noticed in the last part of the ascent and a higher incidence in women.
Outdoors versus indoors? Angling ponds, climbing walls and changing expectations of environmental leisure
Authors: Eden Sally , Barratt Paul
Published: February 2010

This paper compares two types of purpose‐built recreational space – indoor climbing walls and outdoor fishing ponds – using participant observation and interviews with climbers and anglers in England. We show how these notionally ‘indoor’ and ‘outdoor’ spaces have strong similarities in terms of how they are used and perceived. We draw on literature about consumption and technology to demonstrate changing expectations and social norms about using each space. We also compare walls and ponds with supermarkets to highlight how this consumerist interpretation is used in a moral ordering of leisure behaviour. We therefore take a very different approach from research that emphasises sensation, risk and embodiment in outdoor leisure and adventure tourism. Instead, we show how such spaces reflect modernist domestication and control, problematising the indoor/outdoor dualism and emphasising the multiple experiences of environmental leisure.
Rational design of dualsteric GPCR ligands: quests and promise
Authors: Mohr Klaus , Tränkle Christian , Kostenis Evi , Barocelli Elisabetta , De Amici Marco , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: February 2010

Dualsteric ligands represent a novel mode of targeting G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). These compounds attach simultaneously to both, the orthosteric transmitter binding site and an additional allosteric binding area of a receptor protein. This approach allows the exploitation of favourable characteristics of the orthosteric and the allosteric site by a single ligand molecule. The orthosteric interaction provides high affinity binding and activation of receptors. The allosteric interaction yields receptor subtype‐selectivity and, in addition, may modulate both, efficacy and intracellular signalling pathway activation. Insight into the spatial arrangement of the orthosteric and the allosteric site is far advanced in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, and the design of dualsteric muscarinic agonists has now been accomplished. Using the muscarinic receptor as a paradigm, this review summarizes the way from suggestive evidence for an orthosteric/allosteric overlap binding to the rational design and experimental validation of dualsteric ligands. As allosteric interactions are increasingly described for GPCRs and as insight into the spatial geometry of ligand/GPCR‐complexes is growing impressively, the rational design of dualsteric drugs is a promising new approach to achieve fine‐tuned GPCR‐modulation.

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCR. To view the editorial for this themed section visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00695.x
The role of adenosine receptors in regulating production of tumour necrosis factor‐α and chemokines by human lung macrophages
Authors: Buenestado A , Grassin Delyle S , Arnould I , Besnard F , Naline E , Blouquit‐Laye S , Chapelier A , Bellamy JF , Devillier P
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose:  Adenosine is a major endogenous regulator of macrophage function, and activates four specific adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3). Here, we have assessed in human lung macrophages the modulation of the expression of adenosine receptor mRNA by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the relative contributions of the different adenosine receptors to LPS‐induced production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and chemokines.

Experimental approach:  Lung macrophages isolated from resected lungs were stimulated with LPS and treated with adenosine receptor agonists or/and antagonists. Adenosine receptor expression was assessed with qRT‐PCR. Cytokines were measured in lung macrophage supernatants with elisa.

Key results:  LPS increased (about 400‐fold) mRNA for A2A adenosine receptors, decreased mRNA for A1 and A2B, but had no effect on A3 adenosine receptor mRNA. The adenosine receptor agonist NECA inhibited TNF‐α production concentration dependently, whereas the A1 receptor agonist, CCPA, and the A3 receptor agonist, AB‐MECA, inhibited TNF‐α production only at concentrations affecting A2A receptors. NECA also inhibited the production of CCL chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5) and CXCL chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10), but not that of CXCL1, CXCL8 and CXCL5. Reversal of NECA‐induced inhibition of TNF‐α and chemokine production by the selective A2A adenosine receptor antagonist ZM 241385, but not the A2B receptor antagonist, MRS 1754, or the A3 receptor antagonist, MRS 1220, indicated involvement of A2A receptors.

Conclusions and implications:  LPS up‐regulated A2A adenosine receptor gene transcription, and this receptor subtype mediated inhibition of the LPS‐induced production of TNF‐α and of a subset of chemokines in human lung macrophages.
SAR150640, a selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, prevents human myometrial remodelling and activation of matrix metalloproteinase in an in vitro model of chorioamnionitis
Authors: Lirussi F , O'Brien M , Wendremaire M , Goirand F , Sagot P , Dumas M , Morrison JJ , Bardou M
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose:  The uterine pathophysiology underlying inflammatory conditions such as chorioamnionitis remains largely unclear. As we have shown that β3‐adrenoceptors act as regulators of myometrial inflammation, we wanted to investigate the potential role of β3‐adrenoceptors in preventing uterine remodelling induced by inflammation.

Experimental approach:  The consequences of human chorioamnionitis on myometrial remodelling were characterized by Sirius Red staining and metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and compared with the effects of incubating human myometrial samples with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. We also assessed the effect of SAR150640, a selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist, on the production and activity of MMPs.

Key results:  Chorioamnionitis was associated with a 46% decrease in total collagen, as well as over‐expression of MMP2 (+61%) and MMP9 (+84%); both effects were reproduced by incubation with LPS (10 µg·mL−1, 48 h). LPS‐induced over‐expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in normal human myometrium was paralleled by an overactivity of the proteins. Both over‐expression and overactivity were prevented by the β3‐adrenoceptor agonist SAR150640 in a concentration‐dependent manner. SAR150640, by itself, did not exhibit any effect on MMP production in control tissues.

Conclusions and implications:  This study shows that inflammation was associated with an intense remodelling of human myometrium, a process likely to be explained by MMP activation. Our study emphasizes the potential therapeutic relevance of β3‐adrenoceptor agonists to the treatment of preterm labour and other uterine inflammatory conditions.
Vasodilator therapy with hydralazine induces angiotensin AT2 receptor‐mediated cardiomyocyte growth in mice lacking guanylyl cyclase‐A
Authors: Li Y , Saito Y , Kuwahara K , Rong X , Kishimoto I , Harada M , Horiuchi M , Murray M , Nakao K
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose:  Recent clinical guidelines advocate the use of the isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine combination in treatment for heart failure. However, clinical and laboratory evidence suggest that some vasodilators may induce cardiac hypertrophy under uncertain conditions. This study investigated the effects and underlying mechanism of action of the vasodilator hydralazine on cardiac growth.

Experimental approach:  Wild‐type mice and animals deficient in guanylyl cyclase‐A (GCA) and/or angiotensin receptors (AT1 and AT2 subtypes) were treated with hydralazine (≈24 mg·kg−1·day−1 in drinking water) for 5 weeks. Cardiac mass and/or cardiomyocyte cross‐sectional area, fibrosis (van Giessen‐staining) and cardiac gene expression (real‐time RT‐PCR) were measured.

Key results:  Hydralazine lowered blood pressure in mice of all genotypes. However, this treatment increased the heart and left ventricular to body weight ratios, as well as cardiomyocyte cross‐sectional area, and cardiac expression of atrial natriuretic peptide mRNA in mice lacking GCA. Hydralazine did not affect cardiac hypertrophy in wild‐type mice and mice lacking either AT1 or AT2 receptors alone. However, the pro‐hypertrophic effect of hydralazine was prevented in mice lacking both GCA and AT2, but not GCA and AT1 receptors. However, hydralazine did decrease cardiac collagen deposition and collagen I mRNA (signs of cardiac fibrosis) in mice that were deficient in GCA, or both GCA and AT2 receptors.

Conclusions and implications:  The vasodilator hydralazine induced AT2 receptor‐mediated cardiomyocyte growth under conditions of GCA deficiency. However, attenuation of cardiac fibrosis by hydralazine could be beneficial in the management of cardiac diseases.
N‐arachidonoyl glycine, an endogenous lipid that acts as a vasorelaxant via nitric oxide and large conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels
Authors: Parmar Neelam , Ho W‐S Vanessa
Published: February 2010

Background and purpose: N‐arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) is an endogenous lipid that is structurally similar to the endocannabinoid,N‐arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide). While NAGly does not activate cannabinoid receptors, it exerts cannabimimetic effects in pain regulation. Here, we have determined if NAGly, like anandamide, modulates vascular tone.

Experimental approach: In rat isolated small mesenteric arteries, the relaxant responses to NAGly were characterized. Effects ofN‐arachidonoyl serine andN‐arachidonoyl γ‐aminobutyric acid were also examined.

Key results: In endothelium‐intact arteries, NAGly‐induced relaxation (pEC50%= 5.7 ± 0.2; relaxation at 30 µM = 98 ± 1%) was attenuated byl‐NAME (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or iberiotoxin [selective blocker of large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+channels (BKCa)], and abolished by high extracellular K+concentration. Endothelial removal reduced the potency of NAGly, and the resultant relaxation was inhibited by iberiotoxin, but notl‐NAME. NAGly responses were sensitive to the novel cannabinoid receptor antagonist O‐1918 independently of endothelial integrity, whereas pertussis toxin, which uncouplesGi/oproteins, attenuated NAGly relaxation only in endothelium‐intact arteries. Treatments with antagonists for CB1, CB2and TRPV1 receptors, or inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase and COX had no effect. The two other arachidonoyl amino acids also induced iberiotoxin‐ and L‐NAME‐sensitive relaxations.

Conclusion and implications: NAGly acts as a vasorelaxant predominantly via activation of BKCain rat small mesenteric arteries. We suggest that NAGly activates an unknown Gi/o‐coupled receptor, stimulating endothelial release of nitric oxide which in turn activates BKCain the smooth muscle. In addition, NAGly might also activate BKCathrough Gi/o‐ and nitric oxide‐independent mechanisms.
A Statistical Validation of the Individuality and Repeatability of Striated Tool Marks: Screwdrivers and Tongue and Groove Pliers*
Authors: Bachrach Benjamin , Jain Anurag , Jung Sung , Koons Robert D.
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  Tool mark identification relies on the premise that microscopic imperfections on a tool’s working surface are sufficiently unique and faithfully transferred to enable a one‐to‐one association between a tool and the tool marks it creates. This paper presents a study undertaken to assess the validity of this premise. As part of this study sets of striated tool marks were created under different conditions and on different media. The topography of these tool marks was acquired and the degree of similarity between them was quantified using well‐defined metrics. An analysis of the resulting matching and nonmatching similarity distributions shows nearly error‐free identification under most conditions. These results provide substantial support for the validity of the premise of tool mark identification. Because the approach taken in this study relies on a quantifiable similarity metric, the results have greater repeatability and objectivity than those obtained using less precise measures of similarity.
Age Estimation Using Thoracic and First Two Lumbar Vertebral Ring Epiphyseal Union
Authors: Albert Midori , Mulhern Dawn , Torpey Melissa A. , Boone Edward
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  Union of the vertebral centra or “ring” epiphyses occurs during adolescence and early adulthood, providing valuable age at death information. We present a system for estimating age based on the timing and pattern of vertebral ring union. Data from 57 known individuals aged 14–27 years were used to establish age ranges for various patterns of union in females and males. Female age ranges were more well defined with less overlap in patterns of union than male age ranges. The age ranges are accompanied by descriptions of the stages of union observed that aid in applying this method. A test of interobserver error in scoring stages of union demonstrated strong consistency among three observers (r = 0.91–0.97). Estimating age by observing all stages documented resulted in 78%, 88%, and 100% accuracies using vertebral data alone. We encourage the continued use of this method, in conjunction with other age indicators.
Discrimination of Falls and Blows in Blunt Head Trauma: A Multi‐Criteria Approach
Authors: Guyomarc’h Pierre , Campagna‐Vaillancourt Maude , Kremer Célia , Sauvageau Anny
Published: February 2010

Abstract:  In the discrimination of falls versus blows, the hat brim line (HBL) rule is mentioned in several textbooks as the most useful single criterion. Recent studies, however, have found that the HBL rule is only moderately valid and that its use on its own is not recommended. The purpose of this 6‐year retrospective study was to find additional individually useful criteria in the distinction of falls from blows. Overall, the following criteria were found to point toward blows: more than three lacerations, laceration length of 7 cm or more, comminuted or depressed calvarial fractures, lacerations or fractures located above the HBL, left‐side lateralization of lacerations or fractures, more than four facial contusions or lacerations, presence of ear lacerations, presence of facial fractures, and presence of postcranial osseous and/or visceral trauma. Based on the most discriminating criteria, a decision tree was constructed to be potentially applicable to future cases.
Mankind’s first natural stem cell transplant
Authors: Tolosa Jose N. , Park Dong‐Hyuk , Eve David J. , Klasko Stephen K. , Borlongan Cesario V. , Sanberg Paul R.
Published: February 2010

Introduction

Early haematopoiesis in foetus

Early versus late clamping of the umbilical cord

Stem cells in human umbilical cord blood

First stem cell transplantation at birth

Conclusions

The timing of the umbilical cord clamping at birth is still controversial. In the modern era of medicine, the cord has been clamped early to facilitate resuscitation and stabilization of infants. However, recently delayed cord clamping has been supported by physicians because it allows for the physiological transfer of blood from the placenta to the infant. Many clinical studies have revealed that the delayed cord clamping elevates blood volume and haemoglobin and prevents anaemia in infants. Moreover, since it was known that umbilical cord blood contains various valuable stem cells such as haematopoietic stem cells, endothelial cell precursors, mesenchymal progenitors and multipotent/pluripotent lineage stem cells, the merit of delayed cord clamping has been magnified. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of delayed cord clamping at birth. We highlight the importance of delayed cord clamping in realizing mankind’s first stem cell transfer and propose that it should be encouraged in normal births.
Improving the analysis of movement data from marked individuals through explicit estimation of observer heterogeneity
Authors: Korner‐Nievergelt Fränzi , Sauter Annette , Atkinson Philip W. , Guélat Jérôme , Kania Wojciech , Kéry Marc , Köppen Ulrich , Robinson Robert A. , Schaub Michael , Thorup Kasper , Van Der Jeugd Henk , Van Noordwijk Arie J.
Published: February 2010

Ring re‐encounter data, in particular ring recoveries, have made a large contribution to our understanding of bird movements. However, almost every study based on ring re‐encounter data has struggled with the bias caused by unequal observer distribution. Re‐encounter probabilities are strongly heterogeneous in space and over time. If this heterogeneity can be measured or at least controlled for, the enormous number of ring re‐encounter data collected can be used effectively to answer many questions. Here, we review four different approaches to account for heterogeneity in observer distribution in spatial analyses of ring re‐encounter data. The first approach is to measure re‐encounter probability directly. We suggest that variation in ring re‐encounter probability could be estimated by combining data whose re‐encounter probabilities are close to one (radio or satellite telemetry) with data whose re‐encounter probabilities are low (ring re‐encounter data). The second approach is to measure the spatial variation in re‐encounter probabilities using environmental covariates. It should be possible to identify powerful predictors for ring re‐encounter probabilities. A third approach consists of the comparison of the actual observations with all possible observations using randomization techniques. We encourage combining such randomisations with ring re‐encounter models that we discuss as a fourth approach. Ring re‐encounter models are based on the comparison of groups with equal re‐encounter probabilities. Together these four approaches could improve our understanding of bird movements considerably. We discuss their advantages and limitations and give directions for future research.
Radiation port xanthogranuloma: solitary xanthogranuloma occurring within the irradiated skin of a breast cancer patient‐report and review of cutaneous neoplasms developing at the site of radiotherapy
Authors: Cohen Philip R. , Prieto Victor G.
Published: February 2010

Xanthogranulomas are benign lesions composed of macrophages in which some of the cells have vacuolated cytoplasm. They commonly occur in children, referred to as juvenile xanthogranulomata, and are histopathologically characterized by the presence of Touton giant cells. Xanthogranuloma can also occur in adults. A woman who developed a solitary xanthogranuloma within the field of radiotherapy following treatment of her breast cancer is reported. In addition to xanthogranuloma, other benign lesions of keratinocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells and lymphatic cells have been observed at the site of radiation treatment. Also, several malignancies, including hematopoietic cancers, sarcomas, metastatic cancers and common skin cancers, have been observed within radiation ports. A causal relationship in the development of our patient's xanthogranuloma is suggested by the temporal association between the treatment with radiotherapy and the subsequent appearance of a xanthogranuloma directly within the radiation field.

Cohen PR, Prieto VG. Radiation port xanthogranuloma and solitary xanthogranuloma occurring within the irradiated skin of a breast cancer patient: report and review of cutaneous neoplasms developing at the site of radiotherapy.
The effect of rowing on endothelial function and insulin action in healthy controls and in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Olsen D. B. , Scheede‐Bergdahl C. , Reving D. , Boushel R. , Dela F.
Published: February 2010

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We examined the effects of 8 weeks of home‐based rowing training (heart rate corresponding to 65–70% of VO2 peak) on endothelial function and glucose clearance (local and systemic effects) in male subjects with T2DM (n=9) and matched controls (n=8). Before and after training (30 min every other day), all subjects underwent sequential graded brachial artery infusions of non‐insulin vasodilators (acetylcholine; sodium nitroprusside; adenosine). Forearm blood flow was improved by training in controls (without and with insulin: P=0.003 and 0.05, respectively) but not in subjects with T2DM. Likewise, whole body glucose clearance increased in response to training in controls (P=0.05) but not in T2DM. However, in both groups, the capacity for local forearm glucose extraction (controls: P=0.001; T2DM: P=0.002) and clearance (controls: P<0.001; T2DM: P=0.01) were positively affected by exercise. While the subjects with T2DM did not respond to the same degree as controls to 8 weeks of home‐based exercise, there are clear benefits as illustrated by improvements in local glucose disposal. Training of higher intensity or duration may be required in order to elicit a response similar to controls.
Understanding school teacher’s knowledge regarding dental trauma: a basis for future interventions
Authors: Feldens Eliane Gerson , Feldens Carlos Alberto , Kramer Paulo Floriani , Da Silva Kapila Gomes , Munari Carolina Cabral , Brei Vinícius Andrade
Published: February 2010

Abstract –  Background:  Traumatic dental injuries frequently occur at school environment. However, teachers are not prepared to provide the adequate emergency management.

Aim:  The objectives of this study were to identify the factors associated with teachers’ knowledge about dental trauma and to describe school managers’ perception of possible strategies to change the scenario.

Subjects and methods:  Our sample comprised 405 teachers from 17 public schools in Canoas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, whose data were collected regarding demographic variables, training and professional experience information. The outcome was completely inadequate knowledge regarding trauma measured based on the answers to a structured questionnaire about dental fractures and tooth avulsion. The sample also included 14 school managers who answered a semi‐structured questionnaire about the causes of teachers’ inadequate knowledge and possible strategies to change the scenario.

Results:  The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the probability of completely inadequate knowledge was higher among male teachers, with less professional experience, who had not achieved a graduate degree, who had not witnessed at least one dental trauma case at school and who had not been trained in first‐aid. School managers identified the following causes of inadequate knowledge: the fact that the topic is not approached during the teachers’ training and continual education and lack of experience involving dental trauma at school. In addition, they suggested that lectures and courses including written and visual communication should be offered, as well as training workshops.

Conclusions:  Strategies to improve the teachers’ knowledge about dental trauma must take into consideration the results of the present study and optimize the inclusion of this topic in the teachers’ curricular training and pedagogical education in a continuous manner.
Fracture resistance and reinforcement of immature roots with gutta percha, mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium phosphate bone cement: a standardized in vitro model
Authors: Cauwels Rita G.E.C. , Pieters Ilse Y. , Martens Luc C. , Verbeeck Ronald M.H.
Published: February 2010

Abstract –  Endodontic treatment of immature teeth is often complicated because of flaring root canals and open apices for which apexification is needed. Long‐term prognosis for these teeth is surprisingly low because of cervical root fractures occurring after an impact of weak forces. In this study, an experimental model was developed to determine the fracture resistance of immature teeth and to test the hypothesis that endodontic materials succeed in reinforcing them. Compact and hollow bone cylinders from bovine femurs were used as standardized samples. In order to evaluate the experimental model, fracture resistance in both groups was evaluated by determining the ultimate force to fracture (UFF) under diametral tensile stress. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant difference between the mean values of UFF for both groups, independently of the sampling location or subject. In a following setting, the hypothesis that obturation with gutta percha (GP), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), or calcium phosphate bone cement (CPBC) reinforces the hollow bone samples was investigated. Obturation resulted in a significant reinforcement for all materials, but the degree of reinforcement depended on the material. The experimental model appeared to be suitable for in vitro investigation of reinforcement and fracture resistance in a standardized way.
Women’s Motivations for Sex: Exploring the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision Criteria for Hypoactive Sexual Desire and Female Sexual Arousal Disorders
Authors: Carvalheira Ana A. , Brotto Lori A. , Leal Isabel
Published: February 2010

Introduction

There are problems with the existing definition of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in that desire for sex and sexual fantasy are not a universal experience.

Aims

To explore: (i) women’s motivations to engage in sexual activity; (ii) frequency and predictors of sexual fantasies; (iii) sexual arousal; (iv) recognition of sexual arousal; and (v) association between relationship duration and these variables.

Methods

Three thousand six hundred eighty-seven women completed a web-based survey of previously pilot-tested items.

Main Outcome Measures

Investigator-derived self-report questions of sexual desire and arousal, and sexual fantasies.

Results

Among women who easily became aroused, 15.5% reported only engaging in sex if they felt sexual desire at the outset whereas 30.7% typically or always accessed desire only once they were aroused. Women in longer-term relationships engaged in sex with no sexual desire more often (42%) than women in short-term relationships (22.4%) (P <0.001). The percentage of women that reported fantasies only sometimes was 52.5%. A logistic regression revealed that religion (odds ratio [OR]=1.45; P <0.001), difficulty getting aroused (OR=0.511; P <0.001), responsive desire (OR=0.919; P <0.05), and frequency of orgasm (OR=1.11; P <0.05) were significantly associated with sexual fantasy. After controlling for age, relationship duration was negatively associated with frequency of initiating sex (r = −0.116, P <0.001), women’s satisfaction with their own sexuality (r = −0.173, P <0.001) and sexual satisfaction with the partner (r = −0.162, P <0.001).

Conclusions

Results reflect diversity in women’s motivations for sex, and there is evidence that responsive desire occurs in women with and without arousal difficulties. We strongly recommend relationship duration as well as adequacy of partner sexual stimulation to be recognized in any future diagnostic framework of dysfunction. Clinical implications as well as those for future diagnostic nomenclature are considered.
Study of the Prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction in Sexually Active Women 18 to 40 years of Age in Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Echeverry Martha Cecilia , Arango Adriana , Castro Bibiana , Raigosa German
Published: February 2010

Introduction

The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in Colombia has not been adequately studied. A reliable estimate of the prevalence of FSD can be helpful for the adequate planning of reproductive health and research activities.

Aim

Measure the prevalence of female sexual complaints in a sample of sexually active women aged 18–40 years in a city of Colombia.

Methods

A self-administered validated questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), was administered to 410 sexually active women at different focal groups. A cutoff value of 26.5 was used to define female sexual complaint. Ten questions on age, educational level, socioeconomic status, marital status, cohabitation, depressive feelings, use of antidepressive drugs, menstrual cycle, offspring, and contraception were included.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary end point was the percentage of women having a score equal or less than 26.5.

Results

In the study group, 117 of 391 women scored less than 26.5 for a prevalence of sexual complaints of 30%. The independent variables associated with sexual complaints were low educational level, the feelings of depression, and the use of antidepressive drugs.

Conclusion

The present study found a low FSFI score in 30% of sexually active women aged 18–40 years in the city of Medellin, Colombia, which could be indicative of sexual complaints.
Ontogenetic Profile of the Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Rat and Human Corpora Cavernosa of the Penis
Authors: Carosa Eleonora , Di Sante Stefania , Rossi Simona , Castri Alessandra , D’Adamo Fabio , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Ronchi Piero , Kostrouch Zdenek , Dolci Susanna , Lenzi Andrea , Jannini Emmanuele A.
Published: February 2010

Introduction

In the last few years, various studies have underlined a correlation between thyroid function and male sexual function, hypothesizing a direct action of thyroid hormones on the penis.

Aim

To study the spatiotemporal distribution of mRNA for the thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TR) α1, α2 and β in the penis and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the corpora cavernosa of rats and humans during development.

Methods

We used several molecular biology techniques to study the TR expression in whole tissues or primary cultures from human and rodent penile tissues of different ages.

Main Outcome Measure

We measured our data by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification, Northern blot and immunohistochemistry.

Results

We found that TRα1 and TRα2 are both expressed in the penis and in SMCs during ontogenesis without development-dependent changes. However, in the rodent model, TRβ shows an increase from 3 to 6 days post natum (dpn) to 20 dpn, remaining high in adulthood. The same expression profile was observed in humans. While the expression of TRβ is strictly regulated by development, TRα1 is the principal isoform present in corpora cavernosa, suggesting its importance in SMC function. These results have been confirmed by immunohistochemistry localization in SMCs and endothelial cells of the corpora cavernosa.

Conclusions

The presence of TRs in the penis provides the biological basis for the direct action of thyroid hormones on this organ. Given this evidence, physicians would be advised to investigate sexual function in men with thyroid disorders.
AKT1 polymorphisms are associated with tuberculosis in the Chinese population
Authors: Wang X. , Cao Z. , Jiang J. , Zhu Y. , Dong M. , Tong A. , Cheng X.
Published: February 2010

AKT1, a serine/threonine kinase, plays a critical role in the controlling of intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms in AKT1 affect susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of AKT1, IVS3+18C>T and +726G>A were genotyped in Chinese patients with pulmonary TB by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. Patients with pulmonary TB had significantly lower IVS3+18 C/C genotype and higher C/T genotype compared with age‐, gender‐ and ethnically matched controls (P < 0.05). The T–A haplotype frequency was significantly higher in patients than in controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our result indicates that AKT1 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to pulmonary TB.
Planetesimal collisions in binary systems
Authors: Paardekooper S.-J. , Leinhardt Z. M.
Published: February 2010

We study the collisional evolution of kilometre-sized planetesimals in tight binary star systems to investigate whether accretion towards protoplanets can proceed despite the strong gravitational perturbations from the secondary star. The orbits of planetesimals are numerically integrated in two dimensions under the influence of the two stars and gas drag. The masses and orbits of the planetesimals are allowed to evolve due to collisions with other planetesimals and accretion of collisional debris. In addition, the mass in debris can evolve due to planetesimal—planetesimal collisions and the creation of new planetesimals. We show that it is possible in principle for kilometre-sized planetesimals to grow by two orders of magnitude in size if the efficiency of planetesimal formation is relatively low. We discuss the limitations of our two-dimensional approach.
Changes in expression and activity levels of ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase/CD73 along the mouse female estrous cycle
Authors: Aliagas E. , Torrejón‐Escribano B. , Lavoie E. G. , De Aranda I. Gómez , Sévigny J. , Solsona C. , Martín‐Satué M.
Published: February 2010

Aim:  Extracellular ATP and its hydrolysis product adenosine modulate various reproductive functions such as those requiring contraction, hormone synthesis and maintenance of fluid composition. Moreover, adenosine is a key molecule for sperm capacitation. Extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside levels are affected by cell surface ectonucleotidases, amongst which the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E‐NTPDase) family is the most abundant and effective to hydrolyse ATP and ADP to AMP. In the female reproductive tract three members of this family have been recently identified: NTPDase1, NTPDase2 and NTPDase3 (Histochem. Cell Biol.131, 2009, 615). The purpose of the present study was to characterize in this system the expression profile of ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (CD73), the enzyme generating adenosine from AMP.

Methods:  Immunological techniques and in situ enzymatic assays were used to characterize the ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase expression in the mouse female reproductive tract along the four stages of the estrous cycle, that were determined by vaginal smear examination.

Results:  Ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase was abundantly detected in the corpora lutea of the ovaries, as well as in several epithelia, such as that of oviducts, uterus and endometrial glands. Marked changes in endometrial ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase expression and activity along the estrous cycle are described, these being maximum at estrus phase, coinciding with optimal female sexual receptivity.

Conclusion:  The adenosine generated thereby, besides other functions, might contribute to sperm capacitation, thus significantly influencing fertility.
MDR‐ and XDR‐TB among suspected drug‐resistant TB patients in a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: James Prince , Gupta Richa , Christopher Devasahayam Jesudas , Thankagunam Balamugesh , Veeraraghavan Balaji
Published: February 2010

Aim:  To study the anti‐tubercular drug resistance pattern among suspected cases of drug‐resistant TB.

Materials and Methods:  First and second line drug susceptibility data were retrospectively analysed for all suspected cases of drug‐resistant tuberculosis (TB), presenting to the Pulmonary Medicine department of tertiary care hospital in South India from 2003 to 2007.

Results and Discussion:  Out of 177 cases of suspected drug‐resistant TB, 103 (58.2%) cases were multi‐drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB). Out of 75 cases of MDR‐TB for whom second‐line drug susceptibility test was performed, 45 (60.0%) cases met the criteria of extensively drug–resistant (XDR) TB, which is very high when compared with existing worldwide data on XDR‐TB (6.6% cases of MDR‐TB). In comparison with non‐MDR‐TB cases, MDR and XDR‐TB cases had a history of significantly higher duration of anti‐TB treatment (ATT) and significantly higher exposure to multiple ATT regimens. Past exposure to second‐line anti‐TB drugs was significantly high in XDR‐TB cases than in MDR‐TB and non MDR‐TB cases.

Conclusion:  This study highlights the high burden of XDR‐ and MDR‐TB among TB patients coming to tertiary care hospitals in India.

Please cite this paper as: James P, Gupta R, Christopher DJ, Thankagunam B and Veeraraghavan B. MDR and XDR‐TB among suspected drug resistant TB patients in a tertiary care hospital in India. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 19–25.
The effect of inhaled salmeterol, alone and in combination with fluticasone propionate, on management of COPD patients
Authors: Mansori Fariba , Nemat Khorasani Anaiatolah , Boskabady Mohammad Hossein , Boskabady Morteza
Published: February 2010

Introduction:  Airway inflammation is a known pathological feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We examined the effect of inhaled salmeterol, alone and in combination with fluticasone propionate, on the management of patients with COPD.

Methods:  Forty male COPD patients were randomly divided into two groups; group 1 (n = 20) were treated with long‐acting ß2‐agonist, and group 2 (n = 20) with long‐acting ß2‐agonist and inhaled glucocoticoid each day for 3 months. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF), were measured at the beginning, 1 and 2 months after treatment and at the end of the study. The frequency of using inhaled salbutamol/day and the 6‐min walk distance were also measured at four different visits. The frequency of exacerbation was also recorded during the 90‐day treatment period in the two groups.

Results:  FEV1, FVC and PEF were significantly higher after 30 days of treatment with fluticasone propionate (mean change from baseline in group 2: 155 mL, 200 mL and 70 L/s, respectively; P < 0.001). Six‐minute walk distance also increased significantly (mean change from baseline: 160 m; P < 0.001), and there was a 70%–80% reduction in the use of inhaled salbutamol (P < 0.001). All improvements were maintained over the remainder of the study period. Exacerbations over the 90‐day treatment period were significantly fewer than in the same 90‐day period in the previous year (2.8 ± 0.7 vs 0.8 ± 0.9; P < 0.001). In contrast, only PEF increased significantly with treatment in group 1 (salmeterol treatment alone).

Conclusions:  These results indicated that inhaled corticosteroids may be beneficial in some patients with COPD.

Please cite this paper as: Mansori F, Nemat Khorasani A, Boskabady MH and Boskabady M. The effect of inhaled salmeterol, alone and in combination with fluticasone propionate, on management of COPD patients. Clin Respir J 2010; 4: 241–247.
Grossly visible prostatic tissue in an ovarian mature cystic teratoma: A case report
Authors: Kim Na Rae , Cho Hyun Yee , Chung Dong Hae , Lee Kwang Beom
Published: February 2010

We report here the case a 30‐year‐old parous, phenotypically normal, reproductive woman. She presented with mature teratoma of the ovary, which contained well formed, grossly visible prostatic gland with a central urothelium‐lined duct resembling a urethra. Mature teratomas are characterized by the presence of tissues derived from the embryonic layers of ectoderm, mesoderm, or endodermal lineage. However, prostatic tissue is a very unusual component of teratomas. The rare existence of prostatic tissue in a mature teratoma can be explored through three feasible pathogenetic theories. These origins include teratomatous monodermal differentiation, developmental abnormality, or metaplasia. The coexistence of rare prostatic tissue with a rare central urethral duct in a mature teratoma makes this case a particularly intriguing one. To our knowledge, this is only the second case of ovarian mature teratoma containing a urethral duct in prostatic tissue in the literature.