bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FX Volatility Impact on Indian Stock Market: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Aravind M.
Published: August 2017

Examining the interrelationship between currency market volatility and stock market volatility will create abundant trading opportunities to the investors irrespective of whether the return of one market is moving up or down. This research work intended to examine how the exchange rate volatility between Indian rupee and foreign currencies, such as US dollar, euro, Japanese yen and British pound, can influence the return and volatility of the Indian stock market. The research data extensively cover daily price observations of foreign currencies as well as Nifty index for 1500 days. The generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) is used for modelling foreign exchange (FX) rates volatility and its impact across Indian stock market. The mean equation of the model confirms that any appreciation in Indian rupee will lead to channelization of more funds towards stock market. Further, it is validated that the volatility shocks between the stock market and currency market are quite persistent. Besides the model also points that the volatility attributes are very strong between US dollar and Nifty. The Granger causality test wrap up with a finding that the volatility shocks of British pound have a causal relation with Nifty return. The result of this study will help the domestic as well as foreign investors in favour of portfolio diversification decisions. The study also spots that the policymakers can indirectly intervene into stock market through monitory policy measures.
Evaluating the Feedback Effects of Brand Extension on Parent Brand Equity: A Study on Indian FMCG Industry
Authors: Joshi Richa , Yadav Rajan
Published: August 2017

Brand extension is an important strategy to utilize the credibility of the brand and to minimize the advertising costs. The strategy is used in various industries these days but fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) is such an industry which lie closer to a consumer, hence the immediate effect of any strategy can be properly viewed in this industry. The study is an attempt to provide a framework to examine the effects of brand extension strategy on parent brand equity. It is based on two real FMCG brands of Indian market and their brand extensions. Two frameworks are shown based on the two brands Saffola and Fortune with a sample size of 285 and 278 respondents, respectively. Structural equation modelling is used to analyze the effectiveness of both the frameworks. The findings indicate that brand extensions do affect parent brand equity. Therefore, extensions should be introduced in such a manner that they help to strengthen parent brand equity.
Book Review: Subhash Sharma, New Ideas in Strategic Thinking & Management
Authors: Pandit Ratan
Published: August 2017

Subhash Sharma, New Ideas in Strategic Thinking & Management, 2016, New Delhi: New Age International Publishers, 210 pp., ₹250. ISBN: 978-8122439335
Riding the Waves: Journalism Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Garman Anthea , van der Merwe Mia
Published: August 2017

Since 1994, South African journalism education has undergone waves of introspection about curricula and methods of teaching as educators respond to the challenging realities of the post-apartheid environment. The most recent challenge to journalism educators is the student protests which started at the end of 2015, questioning the high costs of education and demanding “decolonization” of curricula. The traditional alignment with media companies has also been upended as the drastic contraction of newsrooms removes the promise of jobs upon graduation and the swiftly shifting digital terrain rearranges the financial basis of all journalism. These factors introduce a dynamism and uncertainty into South African journalism that educators are compelled to respond to with imagination and principle.
The Changing Landscape of Journalism Education in China
Authors: Guo Ke , Chen Peiqin
Published: August 2017

Journalism education in China can be traced back to the U.S. tradition of the 1920s and was influenced by the Soviet model in the 1950s. Although it has become very Chinese ever since, journalism education in China fluctuates between the two lines represented by the U.S. tradition and the Soviet model. This article hopes to expound upon the current status quo of journalism education in China, including scope of journalism programs, national education system, journalism curricula, and faculty structure. As is in other countries, in this digital age, journalism education in China is undergoing dramatic changes. The article assesses these changes as Chinese journalism education adapts to a new media environment.
Deleuze’s New Image of Thought: Challenging the Dogmatic Image of Thought in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Hein Serge F.
Published: August 2017

For Deleuze, modern philosophy presupposes a dogmatic image of thought, one that precedes thinking itself. Deleuze engages in a radical critique of this dogmatic image and rejects both common sense and the form of representation. Changes occurred over time in Deleuze’s thinking about thought and images, but ultimately, he advocated a new image of genuine, nonrepresentational thought. In his final philosophical work, this new image of thought is equated with the plane of immanence. Thus, the new image of thought provides the basis for the development and use of all other concepts in research. Mainstream qualitative research shares in the same dogmatic image of thought that philosophy presupposes. Two qualitative works that challenge aspects of the dogmatic image of thought in mainstream qualitative inquiry are examined. My use of Deleuze’s new image of thought as a method of inquiry in my own qualitative research is also discussed.
Deadlock-free buffer configuration for stream computing
Authors: Li Peng , Beard Jonathan C , Buhler Jeremy D
Published: August 2017

Stream computing is a popular paradigm for parallel and distributed computing, where compute nodes are connected by first-in first-out data channels. Each channel can be considered as a concatenation of several data buffers, including an output buffer for the sender and an input buffer for the receiver. The configuration of buffer sizes impacts the performance as well as the correctness of the application. In this article, we focus on application deadlocks that are caused by incorrect configuration of buffer sizes. We describe three types of deadlock in streaming applications, categorized by how they can be created. To avoid them, we first prove necessary and sufficient conditions for deadlock-free computations; then based on the theorems, we propose both compile-time and runtime solutions for deadlock avoidance.
Review of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Najib Jadwiga , Wimer Dexter , Zeng Julie , Lam Kristina W , Romanyak Natalya , Paige Morgan Eva , Thadavila Anu
Published: August 2017

Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) is the first prodrug stimulant used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dosed once daily. Due to its long-acting properties, LDX remains pharmacologically inactive until an enzymatic process predominantly associated with red blood cells converts it to the active ingredient, d-amphetamine and the amino acid lysine. The efficacy of LDX over placebo has been demonstrated in several studies in adults with moderate to severe ADHD with significant improvements noted in ADHD rating scales, Clinical Global Improvement scores, and assessments of executive function, for all doses of LDX (30-70 mg daily). Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate has demonstrated efficacy at 14 hours post dose in adults and may be used as a long-acting stimulant for managing ADHD symptoms, which may extend late into the day. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate has demonstrated a safety profile consistent with long-acting stimulants use. Relevant English language articles were identified through computerized searches of MEDLINE (PubMed and EMBASE) from 1995 to 2016 using the following search terms: lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, NRP104, and Vyvanse.
Caring for infants with posterior urethral valves: A qualitative study of parents’ experiences
Authors: Marokakis Sarah , Kasparian Nadine A , Kennedy Sean E
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to explore the perspectives and experiences of parents caring for an infant with posterior urethral valves (PUVs). Eight parents participated in a semi-structured, individual telephone interview, with qualitative data collected and analysed thematically using NVivo11 software. Two main themes emerged as interconnecting aspects of parents’ experiences: (1) trying to face the challenges and (2) learning to cope. Parents felt challenged by the need to attend to their child’s medical care, while developing a bond with their baby, trying to maintain positivity for their child’s future and managing the impact of the condition on their family. Nevertheless, parents developed strategies to cope with these challenges, such as seeking support, normalizing the experience and focusing on the positives. This preliminary understanding of parents’ experiences provides direction for improving care pathways for infants with PUV and their parents as well as guides further research in this previously unexplored area.
Full-scale fatigue tests on a novel box-shaped steel rod of a spatial arch bridge for fatigue assessment
Authors: Cai Shunyao , Chen Weizhen , Xu Jun
Published: August 2017

A novel leaning-type spatial arch bridge without thrust was designed as a landmark in a major urban city. In order to alleviate the higher negative reaction force at side span and enhance the lateral stability, commonly the case within this type bridge, a large-size replaceable box-shaped steel rod with pinned connections was introduced. The fatigue behaviour of the box-shaped steel rod and related upper and lower anchorage segments was investigated through a full-scale constant-amplitude fatigue test under axial loading. In comparison to the fatigue test results, the fatigue evaluation based on Eurocode 3 nominal stress design curve FAT56 considerably overestimated the fatigue strength of critical welded detail in box-shaped steel rod, which was underrated according to the universal International Institute of Welding effective notch stress design curve FAT225. The presented full-scale programme also validated the applicability of the latter method, which presented conservative results, to large-size thick-plate (80 mm) welded joints. The conclusion based on the test and theoretical results may provide a reference for the fatigue design of adopting box-shaped steel rod in spatial arch bridges.
Measuring subjective well-being for policy purposes: The example of well-being indicators in the WHO “Health 2020” framework
Authors: Vik Mari Hagtvedt , Carlquist Erik
Published: August 2017

Aims: This article discusses the rationale for measuring national well-being, and examines the use of subjectively oriented well-being measures in the context of public policy. Recent years have witnessed growing attention towards the concept and measurement of well-being, both within academic disciplines, intergovernmental organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as in many governments across Europe, including the Nordic countries. Economic indicators have commonly been regarded as proxies of societal progress of nations, but indicators of well-being have increasingly been applied in order to complement or replace these measures. Methods: Well-being indicators of the WHO “Health 2020” framework are critically examined with particular attention given to the subjective aspects of well-being. Literature discussing the rationale for subjective indicators is reviewed. As a background, central theoretical and measurement perspectives on well-being are outlined, including hedonic, eudaimonic and objective list approaches. Results: The WHO refers to well-being in definitions of health and mental health, but has primarily reported on disease. The “Health 2020” framework marked a shift in this concern. One of the main targets of “Health 2020” concerns well-being, involving six core indicators. Only one indicator refers to well-being as subjective experience. Literature supports more extensive use of subjective indicators in combination with objective measures. Conclusions: Although consensus on definitions and instruments is lacking, subjective and objective measures of national well-being may jointly contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of societal progress, as well as a broader conception of health. Further research is required, particularly with regard to eudaimonic indicators.
Water level forecasting using a hybrid algorithm of artificial neural networks and local Kalman filtering
Authors: Zhong Cheng , Jiang Zhonglian , Chu Xiumin , Guo Tao , Wen Quan
Published: August 2017

The dynamic processes in the tidal reaches of the Yangtze River lead to the complexity of short-term water level forecasting. Historical data of daily water level are obtained for the lower reaches (Anqing–Wuhu–Nanjing) of the Yangtze River. Stationary time series of water level is derived by making the first-order difference with the raw datasets. An artificial neural network–Kalman hybrid model is proposed for water level forecasting, in which the Kalman filtering is introduced for partial data reconstruction. The model is calibrated with the hydrologic daily water level data of years 2014–2016 for MaAnshan station. Comparing with the traditional artificial neural network model, daily water level predictions are improved by the hybrid algorithm. Discrepancies appear under the circumstance of sharp variations of water level observations. Moreover, the implementation strategy of Kalman filtering algorithm is explored, which indicates the superiority of local Kalman filtering.
Ethics Regulation in Social Computing Research: Examining the Role of Institutional Review Boards
Authors: Vitak Jessica , Proferes Nicholas , Shilton Katie , Ashktorab Zahra
Published: August 2017

The parallel rise of pervasive data collection platforms and computational methods for collecting, analyzing, and drawing inferences from large quantities of user data has advanced social computing research, investigating digital traces to understand mediated behaviors of individuals, groups, and societies. At the same time, methods employed to access these data have raised questions about ethical research practices. This article provides insights into U.S. institutional review boards’ (IRBs) attitudes and practices regulating social computing research. Through descriptive and inferential analysis of survey data from staff at 59 IRBs at research universities, we examine how IRBs evaluate the growing variety of studies using pervasive digital data. Findings unpack the difficulties IRB staff face evaluating increasingly technical research proposals while highlighting the belief in their ability to surmount these difficulties. They also indicate a lack of consensus among IRB staff about what should be reviewed and a willingness to work closely with researchers.
Closed Partial Flexor Digitorum Profundus Rupture: An Unusual Cause of Pediatric Trigger Finger
Authors: Jackson Shane R. , Tan Meily , Taylor Kim O.
Published: August 2017

Background: Trigger finger is a common condition, causing impaired gliding of the digital flexor tendons. Chronic inflammation is the usual cause, but acute trigger finger following partial tendon laceration has also been described. Methods: We describe the case of a four year old girl who presented with inability to flex her index finger. Operative exploration revealed a closed partial rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon, catching on the A2 pulley and preventing normal tendon gliding. Results: Excision of the damaged section of tendon allowed normal gliding motion, and once the wound had healed the patient regained full painless motion. Conclusion: Acute trigger finger caused by partial flexor tendon injury is an uncommon but well-documented presentation. Surgical exploration not only confirms the diagnosis, but allows for excision of the damaged segment to return normal movement without compromising strength.
Trends in the Surgical Treatment for Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: A Survey of Members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
Authors: Yahya Ayesha , Malarkey Andrew R. , Eschbaugh Ryan L. , Bamberger H. Brent
Published: August 2017

Background: Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common compression neuropathy affecting the upper extremity. The aim of this study was to determine the preferred surgical treatment for cubital tunnel syndrome by members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH). Methods: We invited members of the ASSH research mailing list to complete our online survey. They were presented with 6 hypothetical cases and asked to choose their preferred treatment from the following options: open in situ decompression, endoscopic decompression, submuscular transposition, subcutaneous transposition, medial epicondylectomy, and conservative management. This was assessed independently and anonymously through an online survey (SurveyMonkey). Results: 1069 responses were received. Seventy-three percent of the respondents preferred to continue conservative management when a patient presented with occasional paresthesias for greater than 6 months with a normal electromyogram (EMG) or nerve conduction velocity (NCV). Sixty-five percent picked open in situ decompression if paresthesias, weakness of intrinsics, and EMG/NCV reports of mild to moderate ulnar nerve entrapment was present. More than 50% of respondents picked open in situ decompression, as their preferred treatment when sensory loss of two-point discrimination of less than 5 or more than 10 was present in addition to the findings mentioned above. Seventy-nine percent of the respondents said their treatment algorithm would change if ulnar nerve subluxation was present. Conclusions: Our survey results indicate that open in situ decompression is the preferred operative procedure, if there is no ulnar nerve subluxation, among hand surgeons for cubital tunnel syndrome.
Cigarette Smoking: An Accessory to the Development of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Artese Ashley , Stamford Bryant A. , Moffatt Robert J.
Published: August 2017

Insulin resistance is a condition characterized by decreased sensitivity of a skeletal or adipose cell to insulin, resulting in decreased glucose uptake by the cell. This can lead to hyperinsulinemia and further reduce insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance is one of the primary factors contributing to metabolic syndrome (MetS), causing elevated glucose and fatty acid concentrations in the blood. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance in a dose-dependent manner. It directly increases the risk for insulin resistance, mainly via hormone activation, and may indirectly cause insulin resistance due to its effects on abdominal obesity. Nicotine may be the factor underlying these potential mechanisms. With the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes on the rise, and considering the role of smoking and its relationship to insulin resistance, smoking reduction or cessation may be a viable option for those who are at risk or already identified as insulin resistant. Therefore, smoking cessation or reduction would serve as a beneficial component in any diabetes prevention or treatment plan.
Hovering control of submarine based on L1 adaptive theory via ballast tanks
Authors: Chen Ying , Wang Guanxue , Xu Guohua , Zhang Wei , Wang Wenjin
Published: August 2017

This article proposed a novel method for submarine hovering control implement by ballast tanks based on L1 adaptive theory. The ballast tanks are able to provide submerge/emerge force by let in/out ballast tank water, and therefore adjust submarine position and altitude when low-speed maneuver largely limits rudder effect. After formulate and analysis models of ballast tanks as well as submarine dynamic, control scheme is determined as cascaded controller system. L1 adaptive theory is adopted for outer loop control, to deal with the nonlinearity and uncertainties of model, as well as environmental disturbance in hovering condition for the first time. Robustness of control system is tested through simulations based on Simscape. Large impact force is exerted on submarine to simulate missile launching and test restoring ability of ballast tanks control. Simulation results demonstrated that the submarine is able to maneuver and response precisely, despite of sudden impact.
Different worlds: The cadences of context, exploring the emotional terrain of school principals’ practice in schools in challenging circumstances
Authors: Brennan Jarlath , Mac Ruairc Gerry
Published: August 2017

The centrality of emotions in the personal and professional practice of school leaders is by now well established in scholarship. Much of the investigation that has been carried out over the years provides a strong basis and rationale for the data presented in this paper. This study sought to explore the extent to which the socio-economic context of the school impacts the emotional timbre of the interactions of school principals and to seek to establish how this group of leaders manage the emotional drivers of their different socio-economic contexts. This paper specifically focuses on principals' perspectives on the impact children’s social worlds and their associated lives have on how leadership practice is shaped, from the point of view of the playing out of emotions in school. Qualitative research using multiple, in-depth interviews and shadowing as research tools, was utilised to focus on the emotional experiences of the principals in the study. This approach enabled the research to come as close as possible to understanding the meaning principals make of their lived experiences from their subjective point of view. Most of the data presented here will explore the perspectives of leaders working in schools in some of the most disadvantaged and marginalised communities in Ireland.
A systematic review of portable electronic technology for health education in resource-limited settings
Authors: McHenry Megan S. , Fischer Lydia J. , Chun Yeona , Vreeman Rachel C.
Published: August 2017

Objective:

The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the literature of how portable electronic technologies with offline functionality are perceived and used to provide health education in resource-limited settings.

Methods:

Three reviewers evaluated articles and performed a bibliography search to identify studies describing health education delivered by portable electronic device with offline functionality in low- or middle-income countries. Data extracted included: study population; study design and type of analysis; type of technology used; method of use; setting of technology use; impact on caregivers, patients, or overall health outcomes; and reported limitations.

Results:

Searches yielded 5514 unique titles. Out of 75 critically reviewed full-text articles, 10 met inclusion criteria. Study locations included Botswana, Peru, Kenya, Thailand, Nigeria, India, Ghana, and Tanzania. Topics addressed included: development of healthcare worker training modules, clinical decision support tools, patient education tools, perceptions and usability of portable electronic technology, and comparisons of technologies and/or mobile applications. Studies primarily looked at the assessment of developed educational modules on trainee health knowledge, perceptions and usability of technology, and comparisons of technologies. Overall, studies reported positive results for portable electronic device-based health education, frequently reporting increased provider/patient knowledge, improved patient outcomes in both quality of care and management, increased provider comfort level with technology, and an environment characterized by increased levels of technology-based, informal learning situations. Negative assessments included high investment costs, lack of technical support, and fear of device theft.

Conclusions:

While the research is limited, portable electronic educational resources present promising avenues to increase access to effective health education in resource-limited settings, contingent on the development of culturally adapted and functional materials to be used on such devices.
Results of a local combination therapy antibiogram for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: is double worth the trouble?
Authors: Song Matthew , Dilworth Thomas J. , Munson Erik , Davis Jim , Elshaboury Ramy H.
Published: August 2017

Purpose:

To determine the frequency at which fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides demonstrate in vitro activity against non-urinary, non-skin/skin structure Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibilities to one or more β-lactam agents.

Methods:

β-lactam-non-susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from blood, bone, lower respiratory tract, pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or peritoneal fluid cultures between October 2010 and October 2014 were reviewed from four community hospitals within a single health-system. Only the first isolate per patient was included for analysis. The likelihood that each isolate was susceptible to a non-β-lactam antimicrobial was then determined and summarized within a combination antibiogram.

Results:

In total, 179 P. aeruginosa isolates with decreased susceptibilities to one or more β-lactam agents were assessed. Because no appreciable differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profile were observed between hospitals, the isolates were evaluated in aggregate. Susceptibility rates for β-lactam monotherapy ranged from 34% to 75%. Aminoglycosides possessed increased antibacterial activity compared to fluoroquinolones. Tobramycin was the non-β-lactam most likely to expand antimicrobial coverage against β-lactam-non-susceptible P. aeruginosa with activity against 64%, 66%, and 65% of cefepime-, piperacillin-tazobactam-, and meropenem-non-susceptible isolates, respectively ( p < 0.001 for all).

Conclusions:

The results of this study support the use of aminoglycosides over fluoroquinolones for achieving optimal, empiric antimicrobial combination therapy for P. aeruginosa when dual antimicrobial therapy is clinically necessary. Future efforts aimed at optimizing combination therapy for P. aeruginosa should focus on systemic interventions that limit the selection of fluoroquinolones in combination with β-lactams to expand coverage based on local susceptibility rates.
Diverse, conflicting and complementary worldviews: An anthropological investigation of consumption in CSA
Authors: Robert-Demontrond Philippe , Beaudouin Vanessa , Dabadie Isabelle
Published: August 2017

This article examines the engagement of consumers in alternative direct selling systems: community-supported agriculture (CSA) programmes. It relies on an ethnographical study and the use of an anthropological analytical framework, cultural theory, which aims to shed light on the worldviews of actors. CSA programmes appear as community enclaves that operate outside and against the market. The analysis also reveals the coexistence of different cultures within the CSA movement. This diversity of worldviews generates tensions but their complementarity proves to be positive for the movement.
Ketoacidosis With Canagliflozin Prescribed for Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitor–Induced Hyperglycemia: A Case Report
Authors: Bowman Christopher , Abramson Vandana , Wellons Melissa
Published: August 2017

Context. Many phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors are under trial for cancer treatment. We present a patient taking taselisib who developed ketoacidosis within 1 week of starting canagliflozin. Case Description. A 69-year-old female patient with no previous history of diabetes mellitus was enrolled in a clinical trial for taselisib therapy in stage IV breast cancer. Hyperglycemia treatment with metformin was insufficient and not tolerated. The addition of canagliflozin daily resulted in ketoacidosis and hospitalization within 1 week. Conclusions. This case report brings together 2 poorly understood and relatively understudied disorders of glucose homeostasis: hyperglycemia due to PI3K inhibition and euglycemic ketoacidosis due to dehydration/SGLT2 inhibition. It demonstrates the complexities of glucose management in the setting of PI3K inhibition. PI3K stimulation (via insulin) in this setting is counterintuitive; therefore, non–insulin-mediated therapies (eg, metformin, thiazolidinediones) might be favored over insulin-mediated therapies.
Dimensions of Phenomenology in Exploring Patient’s Suffering in Long-Life Illnesses
Authors: Al Kalaldeh Mahmoud , Shosha Ghada Abu , Saiah Najah , Salameh Omar
Published: August 2017

Background:

Patients’ suffering has been increasingly investigated by health-care researchers especially in the chronically ill. Suffering is viewed as a progressive negative consequence that associated with pain, impaired self-esteem, and social alienation. This qualitative evidence synthesis aimed to provide further insights into the application of phenomenology in explaining suffering among patients with chronic illnesses.

Methods:

Studies included in this qualitative evidence synthesis study were retrieved by searching from the following electronic databases: CINAHL, PubMed Central, and EBSCO.

Findings:

Phenomenology is regarded as influential to generate in-depth evidence about suffering that are grounded in chronically ill patients’ perspectives. The philosophical constructs of suffering suggested fundamental dimensions such as stress, distress, hopelessness, and depression along with pain. Evidence encompasses the entire manifestation of suffering in which all interrelated meanings are understood and referred to a unique structure. Hermeneutic phenomenology was adopted as an effective strategy to elucidate human experience leading to the discovery of the embedded meanings of life experience.

Conclusion:

The phenomenological approach provides nursing research with the pathway to explore patients’ suffering experiences in the chronically ill.
Management of rivaroxaban- or apixaban-associated major bleeding with prothrombin complex concentrates: a cohort study
Authors: Majeed Ammar , Ågren Anna , Holmström Margareta , Bruzelius Maria , Chaireti Roza , Odeberg Jacob , Hempel Eva-Lotta , Magnusson Maria , Frisk Tony , Schulman Sam
Published: August 2017

Key Points

PCCs for the management of major bleeding in patients on rivaroxaban or apixaban is an effective strategy in most cases. The thromboembolic complication rate in this setting is low and comparable with that of anticoagulation discontinuation without reversal.
Severe reduction of free-form ADAMTS13, unbound to von Willebrand factor, in plasma of patients with HELLP syndrome
Authors: Yoshida Yoko , Matsumoto Masanori , Yagi Hideo , Isonishi Ayami , Sakai Kazuya , Hayakawa Masaki , Hori Yuji , Sado Toshiyuki , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Fujimura Yoshihiro
Published: August 2017

Key Points

Severely decreased ADAMTS13 unbound to VWF may play a key role in the pathogenesis of HELLP syndrome. A qualitative ADAMTS13 assay may be important for diagnosing HELLP syndrome.
Differences in immune response to anesthetics used for day surgery versus hospitalization surgery for breast cancer patients
Authors: Kim Ryungsa , Kawai Ami , Wakisaka Megumi , Funaoka Yuri , Ohtani Shoichiro , Ito Mitsuya , Kadoya Takayuki , Okada Morihito
Published: August 2017

Background

Surgery/anesthetic technique‐stimulated immunosuppression may be associated with outcome for cancer patients. Here, the immune responses of patients undergoing day surgery versus hospitalization surgery for breast cancer were compared in a prospective study.

Methods

Between February 2012 and August 2014, 21 breast cancer patients underwent day surgery and 16 breast cancer patients underwent hospitalization surgery. The former group received lidocaine/propofol/pethidine, while propofol/systemic opioid‐ and sevoflurane/propofol/systemic opioid‐based anesthesia were administered to the latter group. Surgical stress response was evaluated based on time of operation and amount of bleeding during operation. Immune function was assessed based on natural killer (NK) cell activity, CD4/8 T cell ratio, and cytokine levels of IL‐6 and IL‐10 that were detected before surgery, after surgery, and on the first postoperative day.

Results

Operation time did not differ between the two groups. Blood loss was significantly less for the hospitalization surgery group. No change in NK cell activity was observed for either group, although the CD4/8 T cell ratio increased transiently following day surgery. Levels of IL‐6 increased significantly in both groups following surgery, and these levels tended to be higher in the hospitalization surgery group. One patient who underwent hospitalization surgery had higher levels of IL‐10.

Conclusions

There were few differences in immune response between the two groups, potentially since a majority of the hospitalization surgery patients received propofol‐based anesthesia. We hypothesize that the use of volatile anesthetic/opioid analgesia in hospitalization surgery has a greater influence on immune function in breast cancer patients than local anesthetic/propofol‐based anesthesia in day surgery.
Extracellular vesicles: how they interact with endothelium, potentially contributing to metastatic cancer cell implants
Authors: Bern Murray M.
Published: August 2017

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are blebs of cellular membranes, which entrap small portions of subjacent cytosol. They are released from a variety of cells, circulate in the blood for an unknown length of time and come to rest on endothelial surfaces. They contribute to an array of physiologic pathways, the complexity of which is still being investigated. They contribute to metastatic malignant cell implants and tumor‐related angiogenesis, possibly abetted by the tissue factor that they carry. It is thought that the adherence of the EV to endothelium is dependent upon a combination of their P‐selectin glycoprotein ligand‐1 and exposed phosphatidylserine, the latter of which is normally hidden on the inner bilayer of the intact cellular membrane. This manuscript reviews what is known about EV origins, their clearance from the circulation and how they contribute to malignant cell implants upon endothelium surfaces and subsequent tumor growth.
A new parameterization for acoustic orthorhombic media
Authors: Xu Shibo , Stovas Alexey
Published: August 2017

We have defined a group of new parameterizations for P-wave in acoustic orthorhombic (ORT) media with three cross-term normal moveout velocities and three cross-term anellipticity parameters. The corresponding perturbation-based approximations for traveltime in ORT model are developed using the new parameterizations. The perturbation coefficients are computed by solving the eikonal equation in corresponding parameterization. Eight types of parameterization are defined based on the different elliptical background model and selection of anellipticity parameters. As the traveltime can be converted from the group velocity inverse, the sensitivity of the group velocity inverse to anellipticity parameters is analyzed for different parameterizations and different range of offsets. To stabilize the perturbation series and improve the accuracy, the Shanks transform is applied. From the comparison of traveltime after the Shanks transform using different parameterizations, we have concluded that the parameterization with vertical, two horizontal velocities, and three cross-term anellipticity parameters results in the best accuracy of traveltime function for P-wave in acoustic ORT medium.
Superparamagnetism in ground and airborne electromagnetics: Geometrical and physical controls
Authors: Macnae James
Published: August 2017

Superparamagnetic (SPM) effects are not uncommon in ground and airborne electromagnetic (AEM) geophysical data, with sources in the regolith typically being maghemite grains. Using laboratory parameters for maghemite and the Néel equation, a typical geophysical electromagnetic (EM) system is only sensitive to maghemites with dimensions in the 9–12 nm range. The power-law decay observed in a [Formula: see text] system depends on the magnetic nanoparticle volume distribution: Log normally distributed volumes centered on the detection window produce approximately [Formula: see text] decays after the electromagnetic responses have vanished. If most of the nanoparticles are smaller than the center of the system sensitivity, the power-law decays faster than the [Formula: see text] result, if most nanoparticles are larger, a response slower than [Formula: see text] results. Geologic origins of regolith maghemite favor a thin-layer geometry in the near surface. Shape-demagnetization effects imply that SPM responses observed will only arise from magnetization in the horizontal plane. For a ground transmitter, this is the very small area directly under the transmitter loop wire, causing only locally detectable effects. For an airborne transmitter, an extensive radial ring in which the magnetic field is subhorizontal is not demagnetized, and this results in detectable SPM airborne anomalies. For SPM sources in hard rock, a magnetization model consisting of spherical particles enclosed in a finite volume is adapted for SPM. This model shows that the falloff in SPM amplitude with airborne system altitude is rapid for surficial and finite-bedrock sources. As a result, fixed-wing surveys with a transmitter at a 90 m or higher altitude is much less likely to show SPM effects in the EM data. Because the secondary magnetic field of spherical particles is parallel to the transmitter dipole source direction at a colocated receiver, the model explains the empirical observation that concentric loop AEM systems do not detect any [Formula: see text]-component of an SPM response.
Intravesical rAd–IFNα/Syn3 for Patients With High-Grade, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin–Refractory or Relapsed Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Phase II Randomized Study
Authors: Shore Neal D. , Boorjian Stephen A. , Canter Daniel J. , Ogan Kenneth , Karsh Lawrence I. , Downs Tracy M. , Gomella Leonard G. , Kamat Ashish M. , Lotan Yair , Svatek Robert S. , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Grubb Robert L. , Krupski Tracey L. , Lerner Seth P. , Woods Michael E. , Inman Brant A. , Milowsky Matthew I. , Boyd Alan , Treasure F. Peter , Gregory Gillian , Sawutz David G. , Yla-Herttuala Seppo , Parker Nigel R. , Dinney Colin P.N.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Many patients with high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) are either refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment or may experience disease relapse. We assessed the efficacy and safety of recombinant adenovirus interferon alfa with Syn3 (rAd–IFNα/Syn3), a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus gene transfer vector, for patients with high-grade (HG) BCG-refractory or relapsed NMIBC.

Methods

In this open-label, multicenter (n = 13), parallel-arm, phase II study ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01687244), 43 patients with HG BCG-refractory or relapsed NMIBC received intravesical rAd–IFNα/Syn3 (randomly assigned 1:1 to 1 × 1011 viral particles (vp)/mL or 3 × 1011 vp/mL). Patients who responded at months 3, 6, and 9 were retreated at months 4, 7, and 10. The primary end point was 12-month HG recurrence-free survival (RFS). All patients who received at least one dose were included in efficacy and safety analyses.

Results

Forty patients received rAd–IFNα/Syn3 (1 × 1011 vp/mL, n = 21; 3 × 1011 vp/mL, n = 19) between November 5, 2012, and April 8, 2015. Fourteen patients (35.0%; 90% CI, 22.6% to 49.2%) remained free of HG recurrence 12 months after initial treatment. Comparable 12-month HG RFS was noted for both doses. Of these 14 patients, two experienced recurrence at 21 and 28 months, respectively, after treatment initiation, and one died as a result of an upper tract tumor at 17 months without a recurrence. rAd–IFNα/Syn3 was well tolerated; no grade four or five adverse events (AEs) occurred, and no patient discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. The most frequently reported drug-related AEs were micturition urgency (n = 16; 40%), dysuria (n = 16; 40%), fatigue (n = 13; 32.5%), pollakiuria (n = 11; 28%), and hematuria and nocturia (n = 10 each; 25%).

Conclusion

rAd—IFNα/Syn3 was well tolerated. It demonstrated promising efficacy for patients with HG NMIBC after BCG therapy who were unable or unwilling to undergo radical cystectomy.
Radiological distribution of brain metastases and its implication for the hippocampus avoidance in whole brain radiotherapy approach
Authors: Han Yi-Min , Cai Gang , Chai Wei-Min , Xu Cheng , Cao Lu , Ou Dan , Chen Jia-Yi , Kirova Youlia M.
Published: August 2017

Objective:

Hippocampus avoidance in whole brain radiotherapy (HA-WBRT) offers the feasibility of less-impaired cognitive function than conventional WBRT. The study aims to assess the radiological distribution of brain metastases (BMs) with relation to the hippocampus and peri-hippocampus region as defined by the RTOG 0933 for better understanding of margin definition in HA-WBRT treatment planning.

Methods:

Consecutive patients with diagnosis of BM from enhanced MRI between March 2011 and July 2016 were analysed. The pre-treatment T  1 weighted, T  2 weighted, T  2 flair, three-dimensional spoiled gradient axial and contrast-enhanced axial cranial MR images of 226 patients are examined. The closest distances between the edge of hippocampus and the margin of tumours on different planes were measured.

Results:

A total of 226 patients with 1080 visible metastatic sites were reviewed. The origin of the primary tumors was in 72.6% lung (n = 164), in 45 cases (19.9%) breast cancer and in 7.5% other malignancies (n = 17). There were 758 (70.2%) lesions situated beyond the tentorium. The median size of single lesion was 13.9 ± 14.7 mm. Impossible, it seems that more of the patients are with only one lesion, to verify. The hippocampus involvement was found in 3.1% (n = 7, 95% CI 0.01–0.05) within 5 mm, 5.7% (n = 13, 95% CI 0.03–0.09) within 10mm and 8.4% (n = 19, 95% CI 0.05–0.12) within 20 mm. In multivariate analysis, the number 6 BM or higher was found to be an independent risk factor for hippocampal involvement (HI) (OR: 5.2, 5.38 and 3.84 in 5, 10 and 20 mm).

Conclusion:

This radiological study found that the incidence of hippocampus involvement is low in patients with BM. HA-WBRT can be delivered under the context of complete radiological diagnosis after careful delineation, proper margin definition and individual planning optimization.

Advances in knowledge:

The incidence of HI in patients with initial diagnosis of BM from solid tumours impacts the radiotherapeutic decision. Our radiological data analysed the incidence of HI not only to the conventional 5 mm margin definition, but also expanded to wider margins as 10 and 20 mm from hippocampus, which will help the treatment planning optimization with different technique.
MR imaging characteristics of breast cancer diagnosed during lactation
Authors: Oh Seung Won , Lim Hyo Soon , Moon Sung Min , Kim Jin Woong , Shin Sang Soo , Heo Suk Hee , Lee Ji Shin , Park Min Ho
Published: August 2017

Objectives:

To describe the MR imaging characteristics of breast cancer diagnosed during lactation and evaluate the usefulness of MR imaging.

Methods:

The MR images of nine patients (age range, 29–37 years) with pathologically confirmed breast carcinoma during lactation were evaluated retrospectively. Background parenchymal enhancement of the lactating mammary tissue was determined. The images were reviewed for evaluation of lesion detection, enhancement type (mass/non-mass), shape, margin, contrast enhancement and time–intensity curve pattern in the dynamic study. The breast MR images after neoadjuvant chemotherapy were also reviewed.

Results:

Although the breasts showed marked (n = 7) or moderate (n = 2) background parenchymal enhancement, MR imaging depicted breast cancer in all patients. All nine tumours were visible as masses. The most common shape and margin of the masses were an irregular mass (n = 5) with an irregular margin (n = 9). Contrast enhancement was heterogeneous or rim enhancement. The predominant kinetic pattern was rapid increase (n = 9) in the initial phase and washout (n = 5) in the delayed phase. Additional sites of cancer other than the index lesion were detected with MR imaging in three patients (33.3%). MR imaging demonstrated partial response in five of six patients who were evaluated for response to chemotherapy.

Conclusion:

All breast cancers in lactating females in this study were observed on breast MR imaging despite the moderate-to-marked background parenchymal enhancement of lactating mammary tissue.

Advances in knowledge:

MR imaging can be used in the evaluation of disease extent and assessment of therapeutic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer diagnosed during lactation.
PI-RADS version 2: evaluation of diffusion-weighted imaging interpretation between b = 1000 and b = 1500 s mm–
2
Authors: Kwon Mi-Ri , Kim Chan Kyo , Kim Jae-Hun
Published: August 2017

Objective:

To investigate the variability of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) interpretation of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) version 2 (v2) in evaluating prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods:

154 patients with PCa underwent multiparametric 3T MRI, followed by radical prostatectomy. DWI with different b values (b = 0, 100, 1000 and 1500 s mm−  2) was obtained. Using the PI-RADS v2, two radiologists independently scored suspicious lesions in each patient and compared DWI of b = 1000 (DWI1000) with 1500 (DWI1500) s mm−  2  .

Results:

On DWI1000 and DWI1500, the intermethod and interobserver agreements of DWI scores were excellent in all patients (κ ≥ 0.873). In each peripheral zone and transition zone DWI scores, both observers showed excellent intermethod agreement between DWI1000 and DWI1500 (κ ≥ 0.897), and interobserver agreement for DWI1000 and DWI1500 was good to excellent (κ ≥ 0.796). For estimating clinically significant cancer, the area under receiver operating characteristics curves of DWI1000 and DWI1500 were 0.710 and 0.724 for observer 1 (p = 0.11), and 0.649 and 0.656 for observer 2 (p = 0.12), respectively.

Conclusion:

The PI-RADS v2 scoring at 3T shows excellent agreement between DWI1000 and DWI1500 in evaluating PCa, with excellent inter-observer agreement.

Advance in knowledge:

DWI using b = 1000 s mm−2   instead of b = 1500 s mm−2   reduces examination time or image distortion, with improved the signal-to-noise ratio.
Microcrédito produtivo no Brasil: histórico recente e condicionantes de desenvolvimento
Authors: Gonzalez Lauro , Porto Lya , Diniz Eduardo Henrique
Published: August 2017

O artigo tem o objetivo de analisar os direcionadores para a atuação dos diferentes modelos institucionais do microcrédito produtivo no Brasil. Utiliza-se o modelo “multinível” a fim de investigar a relação entre os interesses e processos de negociação entre os grupos envolvidos no microcrédito. O estudo empírico inclui um banco público, uma Sociedade de Crédito ao Microempreendedor e à Empresa de Pequeno Porte (Scmepp), e uma Oscip de microcrédito. Os resultados mostram que o foco na gestão da implementação da metodologia do microcrédito produtivo orientado é condicionante para atingir bons resultados. Parcerias com órgãos governamentais, bem como a participação das instituições de microcrédito nos processos de políticas públicas, são um grande desafio e potencial para o aprimoramento do setor de microcrédito.