bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Extraordinary Circumstances Defence in Regulation (EC) 261/2004
Authors: Pazos Ricardo
Published: March 2022

This Article explores the main features of the ‘extraordinary circumstances’ defence in Regulation 261/2004. The Regulation, as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), grants air passengers a right to a standardized, lump-sum compensation in cases of denied boarding, cancellation, and long delay at arrival. However, in the two last situations, air carriers may exonerate from paying such compensation if they have been caused by ‘extraordinary circumstances which could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken’. The present study systematises the CJEU’s case-law on the defence while analysing three issues. First, the notion of extraordinary circumstances, constructed around two cumulative criteria – they must stem from an event which is not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned, and be beyond its actual control. Yet recently a distinction between events ‘internal’ to the operating air carrier and those ‘external’ has gained importance. The second issue is causation between the disruptive event and the cancellation or delay. Basically, the causal link must be ‘direct’, but it may be established with regard to knock-on effects as well. Finally, the third aspect is the interpretation of the unavoidability even if all reasonable measures were taken, which is extensive on two limbs. The carrier will have to prove that it actually took measures for preventing as much as possible the event from resulting in a cancellation or long delay, and to this effect it must deploy all its resources – without making ‘intolerable sacrifices’ with respect to its capacities.

Regulation 261/2004, air transportation, compensation, cancellation, delay, extraordinary circumstances, causation, reasonable measures
‘Extraterritoriality’ in European Law: Airfreight and Beyond
Authors: Puetz Achim
Published: March 2022

Air carriers operate, almost by definition, in an international environment. Under air services agreements (ASAs) concluded by European Union (EU) Member States with third countries, with or without the involvement of European institutions, many non-EU airlines offer flights to or from the Union. However, the correlative increase in competition has not only positive effects, e.g., a wider offer and more advantageous flight rates. The fact that the obligations imposed on – and, in general, the conditions applicable to – non-European carriers in their respective countries of origin are different from those that weigh on European airlines leads to situations in which EU and non-EU carriers do not compete on equivalent terms. Furthermore, anticompetitive behaviour on the part of the airlines cannot be ruled out. The question then is whether and to which extent European legislation is applicable to non-EU carriers, both in terms of competition law and sector-specific regulations. The present article aims at reviewing the current state of ‘extraterritorial’ application of European law, mainly from an antitrust perspective, and it does so on the basis of a thorough analysis of a case currently pending before the General Court (GC), where the jurisdiction of the Commission has been challenged precisely for sanctioning non-EU carriers for acts performed outside the Common Market.

Carriage by Air, Competition law, Jurisdiction, Extraterritorial Application of European Law, Air Services Agreements
Assessment of Digital Marketing Technologies using TOPSIS Method
Authors:   1Administrative Officer, Velocity International School, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Sindhuja Pappu
Published: March 2022

The marketing industry is constantly evolving as digital technology and their applications spread. Consumer behavior, company structures, marketing approaches, and competitive capacities are all impacted by this shift. For large and medium-sized businesses, digital technology has made them more competitive than competitors in the market when it comes to sales. Public relations can be given a significant boost thanks to the widespread adoption of digital technology in marketing. There are many competing goals and numerous parameters to consider when evaluating digital marketing technologies. When it comes to solving these kinds of issues, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a strong instrument. The purpose of our work is to develop an evaluation framework for digital marketing technology using MCDM techniques. MCDM approaches are utilized in the evaluation process after developing the evaluation criteria and alternatives. The weights of the criteria are determined by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and digital marketing technologies are ranked using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Finally, an application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated. Key Words: AHP, TOPSIS, Digital technology, Marketing, MCDM.
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDINGS
Authors:   Annie Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Chhindwara, Khan Sohail Akhtar
Published: March 2022

Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sigma from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sail from silicon and aluminium)
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF BIOLOGY LEARNING AT KEPANJEN ISLAMIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Iqbal Mochammad
Published: March 2022

Biology is one of the subjects in the science specialization. Opinions from students stating that biology is the easiest subject among science specialization subjects. However, some students have difficulties studying biology for a variety of reasons, including the teacher's teaching style, the student's learning style, the students' unfavorable opinion of the course, and a lack of learning materials. This study aims to find out the student's perception of biology learning at Kepanjen Islamic senior high school. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The sample in this study was class X students with the sampling technique carried out by proportioned stratified random sampling. Data collection techniques used in this study were questionnaires and interviews. The score from the questionnaire data is calculated by percentage statistics. The finding reveals that the perception of class X students on the implementation of the biology learning process as a whole is in enough category with a percentage of 79.17%. Of the five activities in the learning process, there are two categories, namely gathering information and communicating with ‘good,’ category, and those having ‘enough’ categories, namely observing, asking questions, and associating or processing information.
INCREASED MYOPIA PREVALENCE IN YOUNGSTERS AS A RESULT OF ONLINE LEARNING
Authors: Tirayoh Nicholas Chally , Dja'far Veri Hardinansyah
Published: March 2022

Myopia is a condition in which distant objects cannot be clearly displayed on the retina by the optical system of the eye, because the incoming light is refracted in front of the retina or yellow spot. Along with genetic factors, another important aspect that affect myopia is lifestyle. When a pandemic strikes, it alters people's behavior. Outdoor activities have decreased significantly, while the use of gadgets has increased as a result of youngsters learning online, which needs the use of gadgets. This study aims to determine the increase in the incidence of myopia in children due the online learning process. The type of research conducted is in the form of literature review. Searches for data that meets literature reviews that match the topic are conducted online. Online searches conducted through scientific journal sites have a diverse and quality database, namely PubMed, Schocar, and Libgen published in the last 6 years (2015-2021). Researchers found 8 journals using keywords relevant to the study. The findings highlight that the use of smartphones can cause DED, myopia and blurred vision. Due the pandemic Covid-19 situation that occur today requires children to take part in online learning programs from home via smartphone screens. Indirectly, short distance activities and lack of exposure to natural sunlight increase asthenopia conditions and increase myopia cases for children. If not addressed early on, these risks becoming an explosion of myopia cases, while the end of the COVID-19 pandemic is still unknown. Therefore, myopia preventive measures are required during pandemic outbreaks that are relevant and effective.
THE USE OF DICTATION STRATEGY IN TEACHING LISTENING
Authors: Saragih Dhea
Published: March 2022

The objective of this research is to investigate the use of dictation strategy in teaching listening for students. The researcher used library research to collect the data for this research. Library research is an activity of collecting materials related to a research originating from books, scientific journals, literatures and other publications, which are worthy as the sources that the researcher examined, by describing the data through opinions of experts. The researcher used qualitative approach for this research in order to provide comprehensive facts about dictation strategy in teaching listening. The findings reveal that dictation is very useful for teaching listening to students. Dictation can improve students’ listening skills, enhance students confidence and motivation, and enable students to understand English pronunciation in detail. With the existence of dictation, students can improve their abilities, especially their listening skills. By using dictation, the teacher can teach listening to the students efficiently, so that the learning objectives can be achieved. The benefit of this research is to add insight for the readers regarding the use of dictation strategy to teach listening for the students.
A Survey of Biometric Authentication Technologies Towards Secure And Robust Systems: A Case Study of Mount Kenya University
Authors: Wambui Boniface Mwangi , Gikandi Joyce W , Wambugu Geoffrey Mariga
Published: March 2022

In response to the increased demand for more effective authentication methods, the usage of biometric authentication to secure systems against unwanted access has grown. Because of the recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, any direct physical contact with the system should be avoided. Furthermore, current authentication systems lack the necessary security features, making them vulnerable to cyber risks such as forgery by unethical employees and unauthorized users. The goal of this paper is to investigate the existing biometric authentication systems and propose the best security models to overcome the weaknesses of existing technologies. The study employed mixed methodology, which was qualitative and quantitative in nature and relied on primary and secondary sources of data. The researcher collected the data from a population of 300 staff of Mount Kenya University with a sample size of 169 respondents. The R2 value on the relationship between the studied dependent and independent variables was R2 = 0.792 showing a good fit of the model since is greater than 50% of the test item used in the case study. Therefore the study recommends that institutions to implement a contactless biometric system to eliminate physical contact and use multimodal system that will help overcome the existing challenges associated with unimodal systems. There are still gaps for future researchers where they need to focus on the various decision algorithms that are best efficient in verifying users before they are authenticated in the system.
The Effects of the Integration of Indirect Feedback and Concordances on Improving Grammatical Accuracy in Thai EFL Students’ Writing
Authors: Inpanich Pipittaporn , Somphong Monnipha
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the integration of indirect feedback and concordances on improving grammatical accuracy in Thai EFL undergraduate students’ writing and to explore the students’ perceptions toward the intervention. Thirty third-year undergraduate students who studied at a government university in Bangkok were the participants of this study. During the experiment, participants were required to perform three writing tasks. In each writing task, they wrote the first draft and then received both direct and indirect feedback. For indirect feedback, participants were asked to look at concordances to help revise their first draft. The pre-test and the post-test were used to assess grammatical accuracy in the students’ writing before and after the experiment. Additionally, the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview were used to find out the students’ perceptions toward the intervention. The findings revealed that the number of grammatical errors showed a significant decrease in the post-test compared with the pre-test. As a result, the integration of indirect feedback and concordances was seen to be able to improve grammatical accuracy in the participants’ writing. Besides, the results from the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview showed that the participants had positive perceptions toward the intervention on improving grammatical accuracy in their writing because they had a chance to learn from their mistakes after receiving indirect feedback and concordances helped them to induce grammatical patterns.
Pre-Service Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Support Systems Resulting in a Desire to Become Teachers
Authors: Manowaluilou Nongluck , Reeve Edward M.
Published: March 2022

This study focused on changes in the self-efficacy of 48 men and women pre-service teachers in a Thai computer Teacher Education program. Their self-efficacy levels were measured before and after attending the Pre-service Teacher Support System (PTSS). A shorter version of the Teacher Sense of Efficacy Scale and assessment of the desire to become a teacher were used to collect self-efficacy, PTSS questionnaires, logbooks, and interviews. PTSS is a program developed to assist students with self-efficacy, motivation, and the desire to become teachers. The results show a statistical increase in self-efficacy. The PTSS program designed for pre-service teachers to exchange teaching experiences and techniques they gained during practicum training. The PTSS has resulted in an increase in self-efficacy after attending PTSS sessions with personalized implications, which indicated the support system could help student teachers.
Stop Motion Animation for Preschoolers by Master Teachers
Authors: Jitsupa Jira , Siriprichayakorn Ravee , Yakaew Chontida , Songsom Nualsri , Nilsook Prachyanun
Published: March 2022

This research was conducted with the following aims: to enable master teachers to develop electronic tales for preschoolers using Stop Motion techniques according to the Early Childhood Imagineering Model (ECIM) process; to evaluate the quality of these electronic tales; to evaluate master teachers’ ability to develop these tales; to evaluate the effect of master teachers’ transfer of the development of electronic tales to early childhood education (ECE) student teachers; and to evaluate master teachers’ satisfaction with their development of these electronic tales. The sample comprised 24 ECE instructors in higher education, who were selected as the master teachers, and 480 ECE student teachers. The findings revealed that the master teachers were able to develop 24 electronic tales for preschoolers using the Stop Motion technique according to the Early Childhood Imagineering Model (ECIM) process. They also indicated that the quality of the electronic tales, master teachers’ ability to develop these tales and transfer their development to student teachers, and master teachers’ level of satisfaction with the development of these electronic tales, were all at a high level.
Development of the Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability Using Applied Cooperative Learning and Polya’s Problem-Solving Process for Grade 9 Students
Authors: Yapatang Lalita , Polyiem Titiworada
Published: March 2022

The purposes of the study were 1) to investigate the effectiveness of the applied cooperative learning and Polya’s problem-solving process on grade 9 students’ mathematical problem-solving ability, 2) to compare grade 9 students’ learning achievement before and after learning through the applied cooperative learning and Polya’s problem-solving process, and 3) to study the students’ satisfaction toward learning through the applied cooperative learning and Polya’s problem-solving process. The participants were 18 grade 9 students in a Thai secondary school selected by the stratified random sampling method. The instruments were 1) an applied cooperative learning and Polya’s problem-solving process learning management, 2) a mathematical problem-solving test, 3) a learning achievement test, and 4) a satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean score, standard deviation, one-sample t-test, paired-samples t-test, and effectiveness test with the criteria of 70. The results of the study indicate that 1) the learning management designed using the applied cooperative learning and Polya’s problem-solving process was effective in developing students’ mathematic problem-solving ability, 2) the students’ learning achievement of surface area and volume in the posttest was higher, and 3) the students were satisfied with learning with the lesson plans using the applied cooperative learning and Polya’s problem-solving process. The results could be applied in both mathematics classrooms and similar research studi area of mathematics instruction.
Primjena UN doktrine „Odgovornost za pružanje zaštite“ i zločini nad Rohinja narodom u Mijanmaru / Implementation of un Doctrine “Responsibility to Protect” and Crimes Commited Against Rohingy People in Myanmar
Authors: Mulagić Elvedin
Published: March 2022

After the serious shortcomings of the mechanism of the UN system of response to frequent cases of serious threats and survival of human groups were identified at the end of the 20th century, the report “Responsibility to Provide Protection” was submitted in 2001 and incorporated into the UN system in order to improve the mechanism for responding to these threats. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Rohingya people of Myanmar faced systematic denial of basic human rights and decades of crime. The paper presents the attitude of the international community towards the denial of basic human rights and crimes against the Rohingya community in Myanmar. The elaboration of the mentioned relationship was made following the principle of the doctrine of responsibility for providing protection. We found that the international community did not apply the principles of responsibility for protection and did not take the necessary measures to protect and restore the basic human rights of the Rohingya, although there were reliable indications that crimes against humanity and other crimes had been committed against them for decades.
Teaching Children: A Moral, Spiritual and Holistic Approach to Educational Development
Authors: Čolić Ahmed
Published: March 2022

Ann El-Moslimany, Teaching Children: A Moral, Spiritual and Holistic Approach to Educational Development, London & Washington: IIIT, 2018. pp. ix+124. ISBN 978-1-56564-989-7.
Os números da emigração de Vitorino Magalhães Godinho: revisão historiográfica com o caso do Brasil na época moderna
Authors:   CITCEM, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Cardoso Diogo
Published: March 2022

Vitorino Magalhães Godinho, nos anos de 1970, lançou as bases do que viriam a ser os estudos sobre emigração, ao longo da história, no livro Estrutura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa e no seu artigo no primeiro número da revista de História Económica e Social. Esta comunicação pretende discutir os valores de saídas apresentados pelo autor em trabalhos que se tornaram clássicos e inúmeras vezes repetidos. Para tal será feita uma análise dos números lançados por Godinho e uma comparação com os dados apresentados por outros investigadores com o intuito de rever a historiografia sobre o assunto e testar a validade dos seus números – que alguns autores consideram demasiado elevados. Interessa a este estudo perceber também quais as fontes utilizadas para este tipo de abordagens, principalmente até ao século XVIII, antes da introdução do passaporte. Para o fazer será utilizado o estudo de caso do Brasil, território que, ao longo da época moderna, foi concentrando os destinos de emigração daqueles que partiam do reino para fora da Europa. Esta metodologia servirá para discutir as vantagens dos estudos dirigidos a espaços específicos para um apuramento mais afinado do número total de migrantes. Será ainda avançada uma proposta de fonte que pode ser usada com este objetivo: os processos inquisitoriais. A riqueza desta documentação é sobejamente conhecida dos historiadores, mas o seu potencial como fonte para o estudo da emigração numa perspetiva macro é ainda pouco divulgado. Através dela poderemos calcular a dimensão da emigração para determinados espaços, com o Nordeste à cabeça, e perceber também motivações para a partida ou a fixação num território em particular. Estes processos servirão ainda para determinar de onde estes migrantes são naturais, com Lisboa a assumir um peso que contraria os resultados expectáveis junto da bibliografia, ainda que o Entre Douro e Minho mantenha a preponderância.
Social Responsibility Accounting, Disclosure and Real Practice: Evidence from Jordan
Authors: Shahwan Yousef , Hamza Mohydin , Al-Fasfus Faud , Al-Ramahi Nedal , Almubaydeen Tareq Hammad
Published: March 2022

This study aims to present a true image of social responsibility accounting (SRA) in Jordanian companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE). A survey questionnaire was employed to check the level of SRA practice, and a checklist was used to discover the level of SRA disclosure which was collected from the annual reports of the firms listed on the ASE. The questionnaires and annual reports were employed to collect information from 104 companies in the financial, services, and industrial sectors for this study. SPSS was used to for data analysis and the results showed that the level of SRA practice in listed companies on the ASE is good, while the level of SRA disclosure is very low. The latter could be related to many reasons, including lack of awareness of Jordanians companies' managers in the culture of SRA and related issues due to the novelty of SRA disclosure in Jordan and developing countries. In addition, companies mostly focus on product quality when they practice SRA.
International Fund Flows and Anomalies in Asian Stock Markets
Authors: Nittayagasetwat Aekkachai , Buranasiri Jiroj
Published: March 2022

This research examines the influence of foreign fund flows on the returns and trade value of emerging stock markets in Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand from 2009 to 2020. The selected sampling period reflects the massive capital created by the quantitative easing (QE) policies of all major central banks worldwide following the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007–08 and in response to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology employed includes the ordinary least squares (OLS) model with lagged variables and the vector autoregressive (VAR) model to control the lag of the endogenous variables. It was found that foreign investors have superior information over domestic investors. Foreign fund flows directly influence the returns of all markets and the trading value in some markets. The inverse relationship between foreign fund flows and market volatility implies that foreign flows promote the efficiency of these markets.
The Application of MY MAMOVONO Technique to Enhance Malaysian Pre-University Students’ Mastery of the Mole Concept
Authors: Dzahari Bibah , Kadum Byron MC Michael
Published: March 2022

The MY MAMOVONO technique was created as an innovative way to improve pre-university students’ ability to master the mole concept. The Malaysian pre-university students mentioned that they were confused by the formulas they needed to remember. The technique required them to build a card that contained the four (4) formulas of the mole concept using their creativity. Consequently, the students performed better post-intervention than in the pre-intervention phase. The paired sample t-test analysis revealed that the mean difference (24.44) between the students’ post-intervention mean (82.78; SD = 10.46) and pre-intervention mean (58.33; SD = 7.48) is significant with p < 0.001. Moreover, the target students’ post-intervention performance was significantly better than the minimum distinction mark – the difference between the post-intervention (82.78) and minimum distinction mark (70) is 12.78 with p < 0.001. The MY MAMOVONO technique positively impacted the students’ level of understanding.
The Effect of Land use Changes on the Paya Tumpi Flash Flood, Central Aceh District
Authors: . Fasdarsyah , Hafli Teuku Mudi , Rizky Anggriyani Diana
Published: March 2022

Central Aceh Regency is a highland area with little risk of flooding due to its elevation, allowing water to drain quickly. Floods began to occur more frequently in the Central Aceh District in 2015s, with overflowing water in Urban Drainage in various locations. The land use of the Paya Tumpi Waterway Network has shifted from forest to agricultural. As evidenced by the high flow coefficient, which can lead to flooding in the Paya Tumpi watershed area, insufficient agricultural land processing can wreak havoc on the hydrological function of the water flow network. A low topography characterizes the site. Due to an overflown of the water flow network in Paya Tumpi village, Central Aceh Regency experienced a Flash Flood on May 13, 2020. The main issue addressed in this research is the impact of land changes on the hydrological function of the water flow network against Banjir Bandang. Using hydrological analysis and land change, we determined the flood discharge that occurred. In deciding the flood discharge, hydrological analysis and land change analysis using GIS software were used. The findings revealed that the flood influenced changes in land use, causing the water network's capacity to become ineffective.
Prototype Decision Support System To Detect Disaster Prone Areas With Saw Method (Tanggamus District Case Study)
Authors: Susilowati Tri , . Nurzaman , Maseleno Andino , Saputra Wahyu Dwi
Published: March 2022

Most of Tanggamus regency is a disaster-prone area, such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, and so on. To determine the area that is really potentially catastrophic is something complicated and the determination process there are many errors, because the determination process is based on subjectivity. In this case it is most likely that the area that is really potential for disaster does not enter into the territory prioritized by the government to be given socialization of insights about disasters or reduce the risk of disasters. This paper discusses the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method that can be used in determining disaster-prone areas in Tanggamus Regency. The area to be designated as a disaster-prone area has criteria that have been set. Criteria needed include: Flood disaster data, landslide disaster data, earthquake disaster data, tsunami disaster data, and fire disaster data. The result of this system is a list of disaster-prone areas that comply with the criteria specified as areas of special attention from local governments.
Real Time Face Mask Detection-A Survey
Authors: Kale Gargi , Bhaware Prashant , Ingle Rohit , Sulbhewar Sayali , Gugaliya Yash , Kaware Mayur , Thakare Parag
Published: March 2022

After the breakout of the worldwide pandemic COVID-19, there arises a severe need of protection mechanisms, face mask being the primary one. According to the World Health Organization, the corona virusCOVID-19 pandemic is causing a global health epidemic, and the most successful safety measure is wearing a face mask in public places. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have developed themselves as a dominant class of image recognition models. The aim of this research is to examine and test machine learning capabilities for detecting and recognize face masks worn by people in any given video or picture or in real time. This project develops a real-time, GUI-based automatic Face detection and recognition system. It can be used as an entry management device by registering an organization’s employees or students with their faces, and then recognizing individuals when they approach or leave the premises by recording their photographs with faces.The proposed methodology makes uses of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and HAAR Cascade Algorithm. Based on the performance and accuracy of our model, the result of the binary classifier will be indicated showing a green rectangle superimposed around the section of the face indicating that the person at the camera is wearing a mask, or a red rectangle indicating that the person on camera is not wearing a mask along with face identification of the person. Face detection and face recognition are very important technologies these days, furthermore we noticed that they got have a variety of uses such as cellphones, army uses, and some high risk information offices. We decided to make a device that detects and recognize the face as a student attendance system and can be a substitute for the regular paper attendance system and finger print attendance system. The main function in our project is going to be done using LabVIEW because, LabVIEW is a very helpful programming tool in regards of facial uses and very helpful in other uses. Our project is based on a main program in LabVIEW that detects and recognize faces with giving scores and parameters, furthermore the subsystems are an Excel sheet that is integrated with the program, and a messaging device that is for either a message for absent students or to the student’s parent.
A Study And Analysis Of Consumers Buying Behaviour In Jammu And Kashmir
Authors: Bhat Dr Ajaz Ahmad
Published: March 2022

This paper is going to Emphasize the behaviour of the consumers and their perception over the shopping from the retailers at different area of two districts Anantnag and Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir if we glance over the world wide consumers are treated as the real king of the markets either on the wholesale level or at the retailer level it is all by the orientation of the consumer whatever consumer demands market should present the same at the right place on the right price to the general public, this will be like turning tools point for the business world in this paper, research will focus and present the perception and on behaviour related traits of consumers over the different marketing places , a well formed questionnaire is prepared to find out the real facts and figures in a organised way for the data collection on the basis of the followings objectives like to study or examine about the perception of consumers over the retail markets of two districts of Jammu and Kashmir which will be based on Random sampling and to be distributed the questionnaires among the 250 respondents via both modes online and offline too respectively to cognize and to assess the objectives of the study in this research study one of the statistical tools to be applied like chi square test for checking the significance of the reliability of the data and Analysis of the data like percentile method, average method also to be done with the help of SPSS software.
Cost Control And Financial Performance Of Pharmaceutical Firms In Nigeria
Authors: Ayorinde Ajala Oladayo
Published: March 2022

This paper examined the impact of cost control on financial performance of pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria from 2010 to 2019. Secondary data were used in this study. The secondary sources of data were sought from published annual reports of the six quoted pharmaceutical firms in Nigeria. The variables used in the study include; Profit after Tax (PAT), Cost of Raw Material (CRM), Selling and Distribution Expenses (SDE), Salaries and Wages (SWE), Research and Development (RDC) and Training (TEC). Panel regression analysis was employed to evaluate the impacts of cost control on financial performance of pharmaceuticals firms in Nigeria. The results revealed that cost control has significant influence on financial performance of pharmaceuticals firms in Nigeria. The study recommended that the management of the firms should adopt modern strategic cost management method for effective operation in the organization in order to enhance their performance.
Effect Of Firms Attributes On Non-Performing Loans Of Listed Deposit Money Banks In Nigeria
Authors: Jibril Mohammed
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the effect of firm’s attributes on non-performing loans of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Firm attributes was proxied by (firms size, liquidity and capital adequacy) while non-performing loans was proxied by (the ratio of non-performing loans to total loan). 2010-2019 were the period under review. The study adopts the ex-post-facto research design. Annual data used in the study were sourced from the fact books of the Nigerian stock exchange and the financial statement of the banks. Descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and the ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression techniques were the main statistical tools used in the analysis of data. Additionally, the study conducted hausman test to choose between the fixed and random effect model which will be acceptable. The anticipated income theory was relied on as it provides the most useful theoretical explanation for the study. The result of the regression reveals that, firm size and liquidity has no significant effect of non-performing loan, while capital adequacy has significant effect on non-performing loans. Based on the findings, the study concludes that the CBN should raise capital adequacy ratio from10% since increasing CAR reduces NPLs base on the findings of this study. Banks should also sure up their capital based because it serve as a buffer and it will enables them absorb the challenges that may arise from the volume of non-performing loan they may encounter..
A Study On The Problems, And Issues Of The Handloom Industry; A Special Reference Of
Maruthamunai Area.
Authors: Risna U. Fathima , Banu M.N. Nuska
Published: March 2022

The handloom industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. From the earliest times
it has been seen as a profession intertwined with human life. Manpower is seen as more
essential than capital to the handloom industry. As a result, the industry is gaining ground
in more populous countries where man power is readily available. As far as Sri Lanka is
concerned, most of the people living in rural areas are engaged in weaving here.
Nowadays, however, weavers encounter many problems, and challenges. In the
Maruthamunai, handloom industry has been chosen to explore this, explore the
challenges, and issues they face. Based on this, this study aims to identify ways to improve
this industry. In addition, the sub-objective is to identify the problems in advancing the
weaving or handloom industry, and to come up with solutions. Field visit, observation,
interviews, and questionnaire were the primary data collection method of the study. The
questionnaires were distributed in random sampling method to 638 handloom small scale
weavers among 8 Grama Nilathari Divisions of Maruthamunai, in order to achieve the sub
objective of the study. Statistical reports, and annual reports of DSD, and GND, published
articles, magazines, books, and internet sources were considered as the secondary data for
the study. As well, the first, and secondary data thus obtained are analyzed through
ArcGIS 10.3, and presented as graphs, tables, and diagrams. The study area
Maruthamunai has identified a number of issues in various fields such as raw material
products, and appropriate solutions have been proposed.
Design and Analysis of A High Frequency Bow-tie Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide Antenna
Authors: Ferdous Md. Jannatul , Sarker Nayan , Das Chinmoy , Ahammed Md. Tabil , Mohammad Zayed
Published: March 2022

Millimeter and microwave wave components are in high demand, which will have a substantial influence on the development of 5G networks. In this work, Ridge Gap Waveguide is used to develop a planar high-gain antenna. The main objective of this study is to develop a wideband, high-gain antenna capable of supporting the expected need for high data transmission in the future. For this reason, a thorough examination of PRGW has been presented, along with a series of high-gain antenna designs that have been extensively tested. In the future, this antenna array might be used for 5G connectivity, and it meets all mm-wave band specifications. We have designed a novel tri slotted PRGW antenna which size is small (3.256x3.256x0.03 mm3), but the gain, bandwidth, directivity and rad efficiency is high with respect to other larger PRGW antenna. Although the volume of the proposed antenna is small, also it provides better Gain, Directivity and VSWR with respect to the larger conventional PRGW antenna. Directivity, gain and rad efficiency is increased when the tri slot is mounted on the substrate. It can be said that this antenna is suitable for ultra-wideband wireless communications, remote sensing, satellite newsgathering, disaster management, etc.
Chemical Castration for Child Rapists Judging from Indonesia's Ratification of ICCPR and CAT
Authors: Kinanti Lembah Nurani Anjar , Hamzani Achmad Irwan , Rizkianto Kus
Published: March 2022

The Mojokertoo District Court imposed a castration sentence for the crime of raping a child. Indonesia is still focused on retributive justice. The punishment of chemical castration destroys the mental and future of the perpetrators. The purpose of this study is to describe chemical castration about Indonesia's ratification of the ICCPR and CAT, and chemical punishment in terms of the purpose of punishment. This study uses a normative approach, and the data used are secondary data and qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that the imposition of chemical castration for the crime of raping children by the Mojokerto District Court Judge is contrary to Indonesia's ratification of ICCPR, CAT, and violates human rights. The punishment for castration is physical and mental torture. The ICCPR and CAT regulate the prohibition of torture, both physical and mental, which degrades human dignity. Castration is seen as physical and mental torture. Torture is one of the important international instruments in the protection of human rights. Committing torture is seen as an international crime. Chemical castration is a punishment that focuses on deterring the perpetrators. The purpose of punishment includes the protection of the community, rehabilitating and resocializing the perpetrators, to restore the balance between the perpetrators and the people who are disturbed by the commission of a crime. The punishment system is not a prison regulation system but has adopted a correctional system. The penitentiary system is no longer focused on retaliation but on fostering the perpetrators to realize their evil deeds. The punishment of criminals must also pay attention to the values contained in Pancasila, and the values that live in society. The crime of chemical castration needs to be reviewed.
Life in A Metro: The Challenges and Hardships
Faced by Transgender Persons in Kochi
Authors: G. Dimithrove K.
Published: March 2022

Transgender is an umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or
expression does not match the sex they were assigned at birth. They feel like their body is
not their own, a feeling of misfit. The life before and after revealing the identity is entirely
different for a transgender person. There are some needs or requirements arise when
transgender persons start life anew. Kochi, the most densely populated metro city of Kerala,
is one of the favorite places where transgender people want to work and live. More than half
of the transgender persons appointed at the Kochi Metro Rail Service were left the job due
to various reasons. Due to the transphobia of the public, transgender persons do not get
better jobs and they suffer a lot to make a living. They get more income from sex work than
doing other odd jobs and it is the only means for them to live without resorting to begging.
And the savings from this work is kept by them for fulfilling their dream, i.e., the Sex
Reassignment Surgery (SRS). Kochi was in news in connection with the death of
transgender activist and Kerala’s first transwoman radio jockey Anannyah Kumari Alex
which addressed issues related with SRS. Harassment created by transphobia and outing
makes their life stressful. The women who attend various trainings on gender and related
matters are now getting freed from transphobia. The challenges and hardships faced by the
transgender community can only be solved through social interventions. The gender
awareness programme, role of the teachers and counsellors, interventions by the government
in SRS and providing subsidy for their entrepreneurships, etc., can help a lot to eradicate
transphobia and other related issues of transgender community and to let them live their life
fully without any harm.
Exploitation And Bad Working Conditions Of Employees In Small Hotels In Tourist City Ajmer: Reality Or Rumer?
Authors: Sharma Manish Kumar
Published: March 2022

Purpose- This paper looks to inspect visit issues looked by employees in a small hotel with the point of distinguishing issues and worker's sufferings.
Design/methodology/approach- Self-completed questionnaires based on the interview were utilized to gather information from small hotel's workers and investigations on different variables.
Findings-The paper finds the states/conditions of workers who are working in small hotels and ventures to improve the working states of small hotels for the betterment of workers.
Research limitations/implications- The accumulation of data on careful lengths of work would have encouraged an increasingly thorough examination of the circumstances and end results of worker's conditions and proposal for small hotels.
Practical implications- Policies of hotels must be as such to accompany to employees and treat them well. Investment by a hotel owner in infrastructural development for benefit of hotel and employee both. Small hotels must follow the government’s policies andthe government also has to check strictly.
The original/value-This study focuses on the relationship between employee’s condition and the working environment in small hotels
Co-Designing Game Solutions for Hybrid Urban Spaces. How Game Elements Can Improve People Experience with the Mobility Services
Authors: Opromolla Antonio , Volpi Valentina , Parente Giovanni Andrea
Published: March 2022

Digital technologies integrated in the physical spaces enable new practices that open new possible interactions between people and the urban public spaces. These emerging hybrid spaces might have a crucial role in the processes aiming at having a more satisfying urban life. Mobility is a field strongly impacted by hybrid urban spaces and this should be considered in order to improve the quality of life in cities. In this paper the authors, starting from the concept of Mobility as a Service (MaaS), show as game elements applied in different moments of the travel experience and disseminated in different parts of these hybrid spaces can enhance the interaction between people and mobility services. Finally the outcome of a co-design session about a game solution aiming at improving the people experience with the mobility services is presented as an example of this assumption.
UN DIÁLOGO PERMANENTE
Authors: Polanco Moris
Published: March 2022

¿Hasta qué punto está vigente la condena iluminista a la religión? ¿Es cierto que la religión (o las religiones) son un freno para el progreso científico o es justamente lo contrario: que la religión ha impulsado la investigación científica, como lo prueba el hecho de que las universidades nacieron del amparo de la Iglesia? ¿Ciencia y fe son dos formas radicalmente distintas de aproximación a la realidad? ¿Es cierto que el ateo es más científico o racional que el creyente? Estos, y otros interrogantes similares, son los que destacados científicos y filósofos abordan en sus colaboraciones para este número de Fe y Libertad.
EL CONCEPTO DE ESTADO LAICO EN EL ORDENAMIENTO JURÍDICO GUATEMALTECO
Authors: Carías del Cid Danilo
Published: March 2022

Este artículo plantea una respuesta a cuestionamientos sobre la configuración del concepto de Estado laico en el ordenamiento jurídico guatemalteco. Partiendo de la inexistencia de una disposición constitucional que integre el modelo de Estado según su relación con las confesiones religiosas, se realiza un análisis de los elementos del concepto en la Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala, su desarrollo en la jurisprudencia constitucional y se aporta un breve examen del escenario sociojurídico guatemalteco a la luz del concepto de sana laicidad, siguiendo a Rhonheimer (2009).
Justicia: ¿qué es lo correcto?
Authors: Echeverría Mateo
Published: March 2022

Michael Sandel ofrece una exploración inquisitiva y lírica del significado de la justicia que considera controversias familiares como la acción afirmativa, el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, el suicidio asistido por un médico, el aborto, el servicio nacional, el patriotismo y la disidencia, y los límites morales de los mercados en fresco y caminos iluminadores.
LIBERALISMO LIBERAL VS. LIBERALISMO ESTATISTA EN LA TRADICIÓN ANGLOSAJONA
Authors: Martínez Alejandra
Published: March 2022

El presente ensayo se refi ere a la tensión en la historia del pensamiento político anglosajón, entre un liberalismo liberal, que ve al Estado como una amenaza que se debe limitar; y un liberalismo estatista que concibe al Estado como un medio para concretar el llamado «Proyecto de la Modernidad Ilustrada». Dicha dialéctica, ha forjado la lucha política desde por lo menos el siglo XVII hasta la actualidad.
EL ETHOS COMO GARANTE DE LA LIBERTAD EN LA DEMOCRACIA CONSTITUCIONAL
Authors: Méndez Maddaleno Jary L.
Published: March 2022

En la actualidad, la autorización para el ejercicio del poder depende de la delegación y del consenso. La Constitución también conserva la necesidad de organizar y separar al poder para defender la libertad individual, la igualdad y la democracia. Esta norma suprema lleva implícito el equilibrio entre el poder, la verdad y el orden, pues pretende favorecer una vida política estable. El orden y límite al ejercicio del poder se logra por medio de un equilibrio entre la autoritas y la potestas; dos caras necesarias para preservar la reciprocidad entre derecho y política, y mantener el orden social.
ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES SOBRE EL PENSAMIENTO ECONÓMICO ESCOLÁSTICO
Authors: Patriarca Giovanni
Published: March 2022

En el siglo XIII y XIV hubo un intento de armonizar la actividad comercial a la luz de las normas éticas en sintonía con el rápido desarrollo de los negocios transnacionales y los consiguientes cambios políticos y sociales. Pero también, en esa época, empieza a surgir una tensión entre la autonomía del análisis de los hechos económicos y el arraigo aún fuerte a la perspectiva teológica. Este artículo reflexiona sobre el pensamiento económico escolásti­co, su relación con la ética y su impacto en la historia de la civilización occi­dental. También estudia la cultura y sociedad de ese tiempo; expone el pen­samiento de Duns Escoto y la utilidad subjetiva; y plantea conceptos como necesidad, precios, usura e interés.