bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-Dwell Cycling Intraperitoneal Cefazolin plus Ceftazidime in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Peerapornratana Sadudee , Chariyavilaskul Pajaree , Kanjanabuch Talerngsak , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Eiam-Ong Somchai , Katavetin Pisut
Published: October 2016

Background

Current guidelines suggest that intraperitoneal (IP) antibiotics should be administered only in a long peritoneal dialysis (PD) dwell (≥ 6 hours). The long dwell might result in low ultrafiltration and volume overload. We aim to examine plasma and dialysate concentration of cefazolin and ceftazidime after IP administration in a short-dwell (≤ 2 hours) automated cycling exchange.

Methods

Stable PD patients without peritonitis were invited to participate in the present study. Patients underwent 5 2-liter exchanges of PD fluid over 10 hours by the PD cycling machine without last fill or additional dwell. Cefazolin and ceftazidime (20 mg/kg each) were added to the first 5-liter bag of 2.5% dextrose PD fluid that was placed on the warmer of the PD cycling machine. Plasma samples were collected at 12 time-points over 24 hours. Dialysate samples from each exchange were also collected. Antibiotic concentrations in plasma and dialysate were then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Results

Six stable PD patients without peritonitis participated in the study. Dialysate cefazolin and ceftazidime were consistently high throughout the PD session in all patients (26 - 360 mg/L). Plasma cefazolin and ceftazidime exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for susceptible organisms (≤ 8 mg/L) within 2 hours (cefazolin 28.5 ± 8.0 and ceftazidime 12.5 ± 3.4 mg/L), peak at 10 hours (51.1 ± 14.1 and 23.0 ± 5.2 mg/L) and sustained well above the MIC at 24 hours (42.0 ± 9.6 and 17.1 ± 3.1 mg/L).

Conclusions

The short-dwell cycling IP cefazolin and ceftazidime could provide adequate plasma concentration for up to 24 hours. Daily short-dwell cycling IP cefazolin and ceftazidime might be used to treat peritonitis in PD patients already using a PD cycling machine as well as selected continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients who need shorter dwells during peritonitis due to increasing peritoneal solute transport.
Modified Simple Peritoneal Wall Anchor Technique (Pwat) in Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Oka Hideaki , Yamada Shunsuke , Kamimura Taro , Hara Masatoshi , Hirashima Yutaro , Matsueda Shumei , Shukuri Tomoya , Aihara Seishi , Koresawa Mai , Eriguchi Masahiro , Harada Atsumi , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Kitazono Takanari
Published: October 2016

Background

Outflow obstruction, a common complication in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD), usually results in unnecessary catheter removal or replacement. This study describes a modified simple method of anchoring a PD catheter on the anterior peritoneal wall without using a laparoscopic system (peritoneal wall anchor technique, PWAT).

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive PD catheter insertions, and compared the catheter survival rate between the traditional method and the modified simple PWAT. The traditional method was used in 54 cases and the modified simple PWAT was used in 17 cases. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of surgical catheter repair because of outflow obstruction by day 365. The secondary endpoint was the occurrence of catheter migration with obstruction requiring any interventions, including the alpha-replacement method by day 365. Catheter survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves.

Results

Migration-free catheter survival was significantly ( p = 0.02) higher in the PWAT group (100%, 17/17) than in the traditional group (72.2%, 39/54). Catheter survival without surgical repair or cessation of PD was also significantly ( p = 0.04) higher in the PWAT group (100%, 17/17) than in the traditional group (77.8%, 42/54). Similarly, migration-free and surgery-free catheter survival rates in cases with a straight-type catheter in the PWAT group were significantly higher than those in cases with a straight-type catheter in the traditional group.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the modified simple PWAT provides a better catheter survival rate than the traditional method by preventing catheter migration with obstruction in PD.
Mecanismo de biosorción de hierro ferroso por sustancias poliméricas extracelulares de la bacteria acidófila Acidiphilium sp
Authors: Tapia Jaime M. , Muñoz Jesús , González Felisa , Blázquez María L. , Ballester Antonio
Published: October 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la absorción de Fe(II) por Sustancias Poliméricas Extracelulares (SPE) provenientes de la bacteria acidófila Acidiphilium 3.2Sup(5). Las SPE fueron extraídas usando EDTA. SPE de A. 3.2Sup(5) cargadas con Fe(II) fueron caracterizadas usando las siguientes técnicas experimentales: microscopia electrónica de barrido (MEB) con microanálisis de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDX), difracción de rayos X (DRX), y espectroscopía infrarojo (IR) con transformada de Fourier (EIRTF). Los resultados muestran que las SPE absorben Fe(II) según el modelo de Freundlich con un coeficiente de sorción K = 1,14 mg1-1/n g-1 e intensidad 1/n = 1,26. La captación de Fe(II) por las SPE ocurre a través de la formación de oxalatos de hierro (FeC2O4), a través de una reacción reversible (Log K = 0,77 ± 0,33), lo cual implica que el hierro captado podría recuperarse si fuera de interés.
Italian translations of Chinese literature
Authors: Masini Federico
Published: October 2016

La sinologie européenne fut inaugurée par des jésuites italiens arrivés en Chine à partir de la fin du xvie siècle et tout au long du xviie siècle. Les sinologues italiens du xixe et du début du xxe siècle traduisirent surtout des textes littéraires, du chinois vernaculaire aussi bien que classique. Leurs œuvres furent moins diffusées que les retraductions réalisées par des non-sinologues, sur la base de versions précédentes dans d’autres langues européennes. Exemple : un poème de Li Bo (époque Tang) traduit en français par D’Hervey-Saint-Denys (1862), retraduit dans la même langue, avec l’aide d’un informateur chinois, par Judith Gauthier (1867), retraduit en italien sur la base de la version de Gauthier par Tullo Massarani (1882), repris, à partir D’Hervey-Saint-Denys et Gauthier, par le poète Arturo Onofri (1916) et par Mario Chini (1918) ; c’est en 1901 qu’un sinologue, Guido Vitale, traduisit pour la première fois ce poème directement de chinois en italien.Entre la Première et la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, la rareté des traductions et l’absence de toute retraduction firent que la littérature chinoise disparut presque des librairies italiennes.Après la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, une nouvelle école sinologique se forma en Italie et réalisa un travail important d’histoire littéraire, de critique et de traduction, en particulier de la littérature romanesque. Avec un impact moindre que précédemment, des retraductions continuèrent à paraître. Les années soixante furent marquées par la vogue des nouvelles et importantes traductions de classiques. Plus récemment, l’intérêt s’est porté sur les auteurs contemporains.
Literary translations of the classical lyric and drama of China in the first half of the 20th century
Authors: Bieg Lutz
Published: October 2016

V. Hundhausen, juriste de formation, passa les trente dernières années de sa vie en Chine (1923-1954). Conseillé et aidé par des amis chinois qualifiés, il devint un étonnant traducteur du chinois ancien, bien qu’il n’en ait eu qu’une faible maîtrise. Il traduisit plus de 120 textes littéraires.Sa traduction de la célèbre pièce Xixiang ji (L’histoire du Pavillon d’Occident) ayant été portée aux nues dans les pages littéraires des journaux, un sinologue de Bonn, Erich Schmitt, en publia un compte rendu vengeur. Il accusait V.H. d’avoir plagié la traduction en français de Stanislas Julien (1872-1880), ce qui aurait confirmé son ignorance de la langue chinoise. V. Hundhausen attaqua le sinologue en justice et celui-ci fut condamné à une amende. L’audace de ce « traducteur qui ne savait pas le chinois » venait de sa conviction d’être investi de la mission de faire connaître sous une forme poétique sa vision d’une Chine idéalisée. Son œuvre rencontra un succès considérable.Il joua un rôle décisif dans l’introduction du théâtre chinois en Europe. Depuis la traduction de Prémare, publiée par du Halde (1735) et adaptée par Voltaire (L’orphelin de la Chine), les Européens s’étaient peu intéressés au théâtre chinois – peut-être sous l’influence des préjugés confucéens. En Allemagne, V.H. en fut le véritable pionnier.Le succès de ces textes, qui présentaient dans un allemand parfait non seulement « les vrais sentiments chinois » mais aussi une Chine utopique, est quelque peu déconcertant compte tenu du contraste avec ce qu’on savait à cette époque sur la situation chaotique de la Chine réelle.
Le marquis D’Hervey-Saint-Denys et les traductions littéraires. A propos d’un texte traduit par lui et retraduit par d’autres
Authors: Pino Angel , Rabut Isabelle
Published: October 2016

The Marquis D’Hervey-Saint-Denys (1832-1892), elected to the Collège de France in 1873, is known to a wide readership in France for his translations from the Jingu qiguan, the classical anthology of huaben. In spite of their public success, these translations, published in three volumes between 1885 and 1892, were harshly criticized by contemporary sinologists. The present essay reconstructs the views on literary translation that D’Hervey felt compelled to formulate in reply to his critics, and examines, by means of a case study, the extent to which he was true to his theoretical maxims in his practical work.D’Hervey regarded literary translation as a special case of translation due to its aesthetic dimension. As such, it appears as an intermediary norm between literal translation and free adaptation. According to D’Hervey, the literary nature of a translation, at least from the Chinese, depends neither on the character of the text to be translated nor on that of the translated text, but on the readership at which it is directed. Writing for a wide audience, the literary translator must ensure that his or her text is easily readable and in no way shocking. He or she is therefore justified to modify or abridge the original wherever it seems necessary. Fidelity towards the taste of the readership outweighs a certain degree of infidelity to the original.D’Hervey’s translation of Jin Yunu bang da boqinglang reveals that he is not always able to hold on to his ideal intermediary norm. Although the Marquis’ intention to serve and please the French audience of his day does not entirely overrule his scruples and his conscience as a professional sinologist, his rendering is closer to an ornate adaptation than a translation in the strict sense. All in all, it is thus indeed a belle infidèle, as his contemporary critics charged. A comparison with other translations of the same text – all closer to the original but also not fulfilling scientific criteria – indicates, however, that with regard to literary translation the very notion of literal “fidelity” may have to be called into question. Sinology has demands that literature does not know.
La passion de traduire
Authors: Lévy André
Published: October 2016

The polysemy of the word passion implies suffering, obsession, addiction. And as it takes at least four to play the game, the translator, the reader, the source language and the target language, we could count on a dozen basic considerations. But since it is convenient to start the discourse from the origin, let’s talk about the condition of the translator.We could dream – with nostalgia or discomfort? – of the good old times twelve centuries ago when Xuanzang and his disciples had dozens of aides at their disposal, not to mention the numerous public taking part in the debate on the translation of Buddhist terms. A more recent example of collective travails are the anonymous translation groups in the PRC. Today however, the solitary translator has become the norm. He keeps his suffering to himself before inflicting it eventually on the reader.Why does he suffer? If fidelity, the hideous twin sister of exactitude, is his principle preoccupation, the translator from Latin into French would certainly be less unhappy than the one who has taken to Japanese. The latter’s role, given his unwillingness to collate the text too much, is limited to that of a guide through the language of departure. Or else he may be tempted to bend the language of departure to the convenience of the language of arrival. Either way, he will only produce a more or less deformed variation on a given theme. He also suffers from mediocre, i.e. lacunary, editions. And this is not the last of his malheurs: In French, the literary style is rather close to that of Latin. In China however, stylistic beauty demands concision. Here, the translator has to choose between fidelity and beauty in each particular case and endure the absence of perfect solutions. In addition, there are texts whose opacity or density can make the translator desperate, and yet the average reader will be unable to appreciate the merits of his tenacity. Translations apparently have to meet demands that could never be asked of the intangible original. Finally, the evolution of the language and the changing tastes of the public would seem to make periodic translations desirable.If the translator accommodates to his unhappy condition, it is because he acquires an addiction that enables him to forget it. To be sure, there are different types of translators, but in order to fulfil their chosen servile task, they must multiply their personalities and be content to patiently follow in the steps of the text of departure. From then on, the drug will work and enforce the teleological sentiment of a progression towards a final end that one can hope to see, even several times, in one’s lifetime.J.K.
Authorial presence in some pre-Buddhist Chinese texts
Authors: Harbsmeier Christoph
Published: October 2016

L’autoréférence est attestée en Chine dès le iiie siècle avant notre ère, avec le poète Qu Yuan, qui se met en scène lui-même. Néanmoins, il n’est pas évident que ce soit le cas pour les textes des penseurs. Les pronoms de la première personne qu’on trouve dans le Laozi peuvent correspondre aussi bien à un collectif qu’à un singulier ; dans la plupart des passages cités, il semble raisonnable de les interpréter comme des singuliers, mais la validité de ce choix n’est pas démontrable. On relève dans le Zhuangzi des pronoms qui renvoient sans ambiguïté à la première personne du singulier, mais s’ils désignent le personnage qui donne son nom à l’ouvrage, Zhuangzi, celui-ci n’est pas pour autant posé comme étant l’auteur.C. Harbsmeier analyse de nombreuses citations. Pour conclure, il distingue cinq degrés de présence de l’auteur dans les textes chinois antérieurs à l’introduction du bouddhisme : 1) propos rapportés d’un auteur s’adressant à un public physiquement présent [ex. : les Entretiens de Confucius ] ; 2) l’auteur présumé, dont le nom constitue le titre du livre, est difficile à situer ; on ne connaît ni les dates ni les circonstances de son existence [ex. : Laozi] ; 3) il y a un « je » qui se présente explicitement comme le créateur de textes, adressés à un public indéfini [ex. : Qu Yuan] ; 4) il y a un « je » qui se présente comme auteur et assortit son texte de remarques éditoriales [ex. : Hanfei] ; 5) il y a un « je » qui se présente comme le rédacteur de certains passages et le compilateur d’un ensemble constituant un livre [ex. : Sima Qian].Les traducteurs qui donnent à l’auteur une présence qu’il n’a pas dans le texte original commettent une faute herméneutique.
The mean, nature, and self-realization European translations of the Zhongyong
Authors: Plaks Andrew
Published: October 2016

Le Zhongyong, qui a une importance intrinsèque dans l’histoire de la pensée spéculative chinoise, occupe un rôle central dans l’histoire des échanges intellectuels entre la Chine et l’Occident. Ce texte ne présente pas de grandes difficultés philologiques. La question qui se pose est celle de la valeur interprétative des équivalences de termes qui semblent s’imposer trop facilement.Les nombreuses traductions en langues européennes (latin et français du xvie au xviiie siècle ; anglais, français, allemand, russe au xixe siècle ; essentiellement anglais ces dernières décennies) offrent tout l’éventail des stratégies possibles.Sont examinés successivement les trois mots zhong, xing, et cheng. La traduction de zhong par « milieu » ne semble pas choquante si l’on donne à ce terme la valeur attachée à la notion aristotélicienne de meson telle qu’elle est exposée dans l’Éthique à Nicomaque.Le parallélisme étymologique qui suggérerait de traduire xing par « nature » (les deux mots sont dérivés de « naître ») serait un argument insuffisant face à l’objection des sinologues selon qui la notion de « nature créée » est étrangère à la cosmologie confucéenne, non théiste. Cependant une analyse textuelle des occurrences de xing dans le Zhongyong montre qu’il ne faut pas simplifier excessivement les spéculations cosmologiques chinoises primitives. Les premiers traducteurs du Zhongyong, nourris de pensées médiévales et de la Renaissance, avaient associé xing à « raison naturelle ». Puis étaient intervenus les débats sur « les lois de la nature ». En définitive, la traduction de xing par « nature » semble la plus acceptable.L’usage de traduire cheng par « sincérité », valeur que ce mot a en chinois contemporain, ne semble pas justifié. Les différentes occurrences du terme dans le Zhongyong manifestent tout un jeu grammatical. Cheng ne renvoie pas dans ce texte aux notions de vérité ou de sincérité mais décrit un processus de culture morale par lequel l’homme rivalise avec la centralité spontanée attribuée au Ciel et aux schémas immanents de l’univers naturel.
Les bois sacrés des Celtes et des Germains
Authors: Brunaux Jean-Louis
Published: October 2016

La littérature antique mentionne à plusieurs reprises l’existence de “bois sacrés” chez les Celtes comme chez les Germains. De récents travaux archéologiques, dans le domaine celtique, et dans le nord de la Gaule plus précisément, indiquent que ces bois sacrés sont en réalité, comme en Grèce et en Italie, de véritables lieux de culte fixes et structurés où l’arbre ne joue plus qu’un rôle mineur ou symbolique. L’image qui s’en dégage va parfaitement à l’encontre de la vision développée par les historiens de la religion, à partir de quelques textes mal interprétés, d’un culte naturiste pratiqué au sein de profondes forêts.
De la forêt initiatique au bois sacré
Authors: Capdeville Gérard
Published: October 2016

Dans de nombreuses légendes du monde méditerranéen antique, la montagne couverte de forêts — silua en Italie, ϋλη en Grèce,’ίδα, en Crète — apparaît comme le lieu privilégié de l’initiation du héros et des jeunes gens qui l’entourent : elle sert de cadre à leurs exercices sportifs et cynégétiques et fournit le combustible nécessaire au développement de la métallurgie, qui, à l’origine, fait partie intégrante de cette initiation (cf. e. g. les Dactyles de l’Ida, initiateurs du jeune Zeus crétois). Cette association se perpétue au fil des siècles, malgré la réduction des surfaces boisées et la perte de prestige social de l’activité artisanale : la structure qui, à Kition (Chypre) rassemble, dès le XIIIe s. av. J. -C., un sanctuaire consacré à un couple divin, des fours pour la fonte du cuivre et un jardin, se retrouve un millénaire plus tard sur l’Agora d’Athènes, où l’Héphaisteion, qui associe le culte d’Athéna à celui d’Héphaistos, était entouré d’ateliers de forgeron et d’arbres sacrés.
Ostie et le blé au IIe siècle ap. J.-C
Authors: Cébeillac-Gervasoni Mireille
Published: October 2016

La prosopographie des divers intervenants dans les processus de transit et de stockage du blé à Ostie permet de mieux cerner les fonctions et le rôle des membres de certaines corporations et leurs liens étroits et durables avec des fonctionnaires de l’administration impériale, essentiellement le procurateur de l’annone d’Ostie, le préfet de l’annone et celui d’Égypte. On constate qu’au IIe s., à tous les niveaux (transport du blé de l’Afrique à Ostie, différentes opérations de contrôle et pesage du blé), on trouve des Africains. Le blé leur a permis d’accéder aussi aux magistratures à Ostie sans perdre pour autant leurs positions éminentes dans leurs cités d’origine.
Il frumento nell’area vesuviana
Authors: Ciarallo Annamaria
Published: October 2016

Le analisi palinologiche hanno confermato la produzione di frumentoe orzo nell’area vesuviana. Tale produzione, certamente sufficiente per i fabbisogni locali, molto probabilmente affrancava gli abitanti del posto dalla necessità di importare granaglie.
Dîmes de Sicile, d’Asie et d’ailleurs
Authors: Nicolet Claude
Published: October 2016

Une part considérable de la fiscalité provinciale romaine, sous la République comme sous le Haut-Empire, consistait en impôts fonciers directs sur les produits du sol : céréales, productions “mineures”, produits des cultures arbustives. On étudie ici, à partir de deux cas bien documentés, la Sicile et l’Asie, quelles conséquences pouvaient avoir sur l’utilisation des impôts et en particulier sur le ravitaillement de Rome ou des grandes villes provinciales, les différents modes de perception, eux mêmes liés aux différents modes d’adjudication, de ces impôts. En Sicile, l’adjudication menée localement, oblige le “fermier” (décimateur) à livrer, sinon à convoyer vers Rome, des produits en nature. Pour l’Asie, la locatio ayant lieu à Rome même, les publicains doivent sans doute verser en espèces au Trésor l’équivalent du produit des dîmes. Ils sont, dans la province, propriétaires du blé perçu. Pour les forcer à commercialiser ce blé et à le convoyer vers l’Italie, Rome a dû utiliser des incitations indirectes, en particulier des exemptions douanières.
The Granaries of Morgantina and the Lex Hieronica
Authors: Deussen Paul W.
Published: October 2016

Recording the ancient fertility of the ager Morgantinus in wheat and barley and the importance of Morgantina as a grain trading center, particularly clear with the great granaries of the city’s lower agora, the A. suggests that to Morgantina Hieron gave the gift of the eastern granary.
Il ritrovamento di un doliarium nella valle del Coghinas
Authors: Boninu Antonietta
Published: October 2016

La scoperta di due dolici in situe dei resti di altri sei, sul sito di S. Andrea, nella valle del Coghinas, portano l’Α. ad ipotizzare la presenza di un grosso insediamento dedito allo sfruttamento della fertile piana del Coghinas tra la fine del I sec. a. C. e la metà del I sec. d. C.
Le blé africain et Rome. Remarques sur quelques documents
Authors: Christol Michel
Published: October 2016

Plusieurs documents, jusqu’ici diversement exploités, mettent en évidence l’importance des productions frumentaires de la Numidie septentrionale, qui correspond à la région annexée par César à l’Africa. Au IIIe s. ap. J.-C. apparaît une structure administrative dont les fondements fiscaux semblent antérieurs à la fondation même du Principat.
La poursuite pénale du génocide rwandais devant les juridictions allemandes : L’intention de détruire dans l’affaire « Onesphore Rwabukombe »
Authors: Kersting Natascha
Published: October 2016

Le procès « Onesphore Rwabukombe » est le premier qui donne l'occasion aux tribunaux allemands de trancher un litige concernant des actes commis dans le contexte du génocide au Rwanda en 1994. Il s’agit d’une affaire remarquable non seulement pour la mémoire du génocide tutsi, mais également quant à l’articulation des juridictions internationales et nationales au sujet de la définition de la notion de génocide. Dans ce cadre, il importe d’analyser l'interprétation de la notion d'intention génocidaire retenue par les juridictions allemandes dans l'exercice de leur compétence universelle et de les analyser à la lumière de la jurisprudence internationale. En outre, sont aussi abordés la notion d'intention de détruire et le concept social de génocide, lesquels figurent parmi les questions les plus débattues en droit international pénal. Enfin, cette affaire interroge le pouvoir d’interprétation des juges nationaux lorsque ceux-ci exercent la compétence universelle.
Cerebellar Liponeurocytoma: A Novel Report from Nigeria in a 6-Year-Old Girl, and Review of Literature
Authors: Nzegwu Martin A. , Ohegbulam Samuel , Ndubuisi Chika , Okwunodulu Okwuoma , Okorie Emeka , Nkwerem Sunday , Okonkwo Onyiye , Aniume Onyeka , Nnamani Sunday , Nwokoro Onyekachi , Eni Anthony , Nwideyi Isaiah , Nzegwu Victor
Published: October 2016

Liponeurocytoma is a newly defined clinical entity predominantly seen in the cerebellum as a slow-growing tumor. In this report, we present the case of a 6-year-old Nigerian girl with a liponeurocytoma, and review of literature.
Locally Advanced Stage High-Grade Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Gland in a 9-Year-Old Girl: The Controversy of Adjuvant Therapy
Authors: Martínez Olga Micol , Dorado Elena Daghoum , García María Dolores Amorós , Ramírez María Isabel Oviedo , de la Fuente Muñoz Isabel , Soler Jose Luis Fuster
Published: October 2016

Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare in children, mostly represented by low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas. For these patients, long-term survival rates above 95% are reported after surgical resection. Here we report a case of a 9-year-old girl with a high grade locally advanced mucoepidermoid carcinoma undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgery. We emphasize the controversy and lack of evidence-based indication for these highly toxic adjuvant therapy modalities in children.
Vulvodynia: terminology and clinical features
Authors: Miletta M. , Bogliatto F.
Published: October 2016

Objective: Vulvodynia is the best term of choice for that condition affecting the vulva characterized by burning, rawness, irritation, stinging, soreness, and/or pain occurring in the absence of an underlying, recognizable disease. Aim of the study is to describe the historical pathway of vulvodynia classifications, to help clinicians in the diagnosis. Methods: Review of literature. Results: Vulvar pain is well known in the literature. Vulvodynia is not the vulvar pain related to specific disorders, such as Infections, Inflammations, Neoplasias, Neurological diseases, but is to be intended as a complex syndrome under a simple symptom. The last ISSVD Classification of Vulvar Pain defines a Generalized vulvodynia (Provoked (sexual, nonsexual, or both; Unprovoked; Mixed) or Localized vulvodynia (Provoked (sexual, nonsexual, or both; Unprovoked; Mixed). Conclusions: This classification (simply based on the site of pain, whether it is generalized or localized, whether it is provoked, unprovoked, or mixed) on purpose not addresses the etiology of the disease; vulvodynia is a complex disorders, difficult to treat, to be considered under a multidimensional approach that involves also physical, psychological, and relational aspects.
Sunscreen Use and Sweat Production in Men and Women
Authors: Aburto-Corona Jorge , Aragón-Vargas Luis
Published: October 2016

Context:

Sunscreen lotions are important to protect the skin during outdoor exercise, but they may interfere with sweating.

Objective:

To measure the effect of 2 water-resistant sunscreens on local sweat production in men and women exercising in the heat and to compare those effects with the expected inhibition resulting from the use of an antiperspirant.

Design:

Randomized crossover study.

Setting:

Exercise in the heat (ambient temperature = 30.2°C ± 0.4°C dry bulb and 58% ± 4.3% relative humidity) in a controlled-environment laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty physically active, apparently healthy college students, 10 men (age = 22.5 ± 2.8 years, height = 1.771 ± 0.069 m, mass = 70.2 ± 11.0 kg) and 10 women (age = 22.2 ± 3.2 years, height = 1.625 ± 0.075 m, mass = 57.7 ± 7.9 kg).

Intervention(s):

With sweat-collection patches applied to their right and left scapular regions, the participants performed 2 exercise sessions on consecutive days. We assigned skin treatments (antiperspirant; organic chemical sun filter, sunscreen A; inorganic physical sun block, sunscreen B; no lotion) randomly to side and session. Participants pedaled at 79% ± 1% of maximum heart rate for 20 minutes in the heat.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Scapular localized sweat rate.

Results:

No baseline, environmental, or exercise condition was different among skin treatments. Scapular localized sweat rate was lower for the antiperspirant treatment (88.3 μL/min·dm2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.0, 94.7 μL/min·dm2) and the inorganic physical sun block (sunscreen B) treatment (99.3 μL/min·dm2; 95% CI = 93.1, 105.5 μL/min·dm2) than for the organic chemical sun filter (sunscreen A) treatment (114.8 μL/min·dm2; 95% CI = 108.8, 120.6 μL/min·dm2) or the no-lotion treatment (122.6 μL/min·dm2; 95% CI = 116.2, 129.0 μL/min·dm2; P < .01).

Conclusions:

The inorganic physical sun block, sunscreen B, hindered effective sweating to the same extent as the antiperspirant, whereas the treatment with the organic chemical sun filter, sunscreen A, was not different from the control treatment. At this stage, it is not possible to identify the specific ingredient responsible for the effect.
Experience from a pilot point-of-care CD4 enumeration programme in Kenya
Authors: Mwau Matilu , Umuro Mamo , Odhiambo Collins O.
Published: October 2016

No abtract available.
Laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis - a literature review
Authors: Hansraj R. , Oduntan A.O. , Rasengane T.A.
Published: October 2016

This is the second part of an article on thereview of laser assisted in situ keratomileusis.This part deals with the contra-indications, risksand complications, as well as, possible side effectsof the procedure.
Practitioners’ opinions on the presentation of ocular pathology and ametropia in patients wearing ready-made reading spectacles
Authors: Phillips K. C. , Clarke-Farr P. C.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the findings of a study to determine optometrists’ opinions on the presentation of ocular pathology and ametropia in patients wearing ready-made reading spectacles. Ninety-seven optometrists completed a questionnaire pertaining to ametropia and ocular diseases among these patients. The questionnaire contained information regarding patient demographics, ocular pathology, ocular ametropia and the regulatory and public health aspects of ready-made readers.Ninety-five percent of respondents stated that they had seen patients with ready-made readers in their practice and 62% of these stated that they had found the presence of ocular pathology in these patients. The pathologies most commonly reported as seen by practitioners were dry eye (86% of practitioners), cataracts (80%) and diabetic retinopathy (54%). In addition, 39% of practitioners reported seeing patients with anisometropia. The majority of practitioners (71%) stated that they sold ready-made readers in their practice. Sixty-three percentof practitioners indicated that they would be prepared to offer a service whereby a reduced consultation fee and a pair of ready-made readers could be incorporated into an indigent “package”. An overwhelming 88% of the practitioners felt that the sale of ready-made readers should be more regulated and 74% of practitioners felt that the Professional Board for Optometry and Dispensing Opticians should be responsible for monitoring their sale. The research suggests that wearers of ready-made readers should be screened for ocular pathology, reduced visual acuity and amblyopia. Current regulations should be tightened and a public awareness education campaign should be initiated. The use of ready-made reading spectacles, in deference to an eye examination by an optometrist, appears to be largely as a result of the perceived costs of pri-vate practice combined with ignorance and apathy
Evaluating the cytotoxicity of contact lens multi-purpose solutions in an in vitro lens system
Authors: Oriowo O. Matthew
Published: October 2016

Purpose: To investigate the relative cytotoxic effects of contact lens multipurpose solutions on cultured crystalline lenses.Methods: A comparison of the fluorescence emission levels of cultured bovine lenses as affected by three hour experimental exposure to three contact lens multipurpose solutions (COMPLETE Moisture Plus, AMO; OPTI-FREE Express, Alcon; and ReNu MultiPlus, Bausch & Lomb) was carried out. The pre- and post-exposure fluorescence levels of the lenses were obtained and values were compared to baseline and control measurements.Results: The solutions yielded varying degrees of cytotoxicity, demonstrating significant (p < 0.01) reversible reduction of cellular viability levels of the cultured crystalline lenses as revealed by the degree of fluorescence emissions in the following order (OPTI-FREE Express > ReNu MultiPlus > COMPLETE MoisturePlus multi-purpose solutions)Conclusions: The results show that OPTI-FREE Express and ReNu MultiPlus solutions exhibited more cytotoxic effect compared to COMPLETE MoisturePlus solution. The findings support reportsfrom previous clinical and laboratory studies. These results suggest that the in vitro approach herein presented would be a valuable system for relatively inexpensive and repeatable laboratory investigations of the possible ocular surface reactions of ophthal-mic solutions, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals at pre- and during commercial phases.
Deflection and translation of a ray traversing an optical system, nodal rays and the optical axis
Authors: Harris W. F. , Mathebula S. D. , Rubin A.
Published: October 2016

Expressions are derived for the deflection and transverse translation of a ray as it traverses an arbitrary optical system.  The system may be astigmatic and have relatively decentred refracting elements.  The expressions are in terms of the fundamental properties of the system.  Because nodal rays are rays that undergo no deflection the results lead immediately to expressions that define nodal rays through the system.  An optical axis of an optical system is a nodal ray that is a straight line through the system.  This allows one to write an expression that determines the optical axis of an arbitrary optical system.
Observation of new particle formation and measurement of sulfuric acid,
ammonia, amines and highly oxidized organic molecules at a rural site in
central Germany
Authors: Kürten Andreas , Bergen Anton , Heinritzi Martin , Leiminger Markus , Lorenz Verena , Piel Felix , Simon Mario , Sitals Robert , Wagner Andrea C. , Curtius Joachim
Published: October 2016

Abstract. The exact mechanisms for new particle formation (NPF) under different boundary layer conditions are not known yet. One important question is whether amines and sulfuric acid lead to efficient NPF in the atmosphere. Furthermore, it is not clear to what extent highly oxidized organic molecules (HOMs) are involved in NPF. We conducted field measurements at a rural site in central Germany in the proximity of three larger dairy farms to investigate whether there is a connection between NPF and the presence of amines and/or ammonia due to the local emissions from the farms. Comprehensive measurements using a nitrate chemical ionization–atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer, a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), particle counters and differential mobility analyzers (DMAs), as well as measurements of trace gases and meteorological parameters, were performed. We demonstrate here that the nitrate CI-APi-TOF is suitable for sensitive measurements of sulfuric acid, amines, a nitrosamine, ammonia, iodic acid and HOMs. NPF was found to correlate with sulfuric acid, while an anti-correlation with RH, amines and ammonia is observed. The anti-correlation between NPF and amines could be due to the efficient uptake of these compounds by nucleating clusters and small particles. Much higher HOM dimer (C19/C20 compounds) concentrations during the night than during the day indicate that these HOMs do not efficiently self-nucleate as no nighttime NPF is observed. Observed iodic acid probably originates from an iodine-containing reservoir substance, but the iodine signals are very likely too low to have a significant effect on NPF.
Estimates of the organic aerosol volatility in a boreal forest using two independent methods
Authors: Hong Juan , Äijälä Mikko , Häme Silja A. K. , Hao Liqing , Duplissy Jonathan , Heikkinen Liine M. , Nie Wei , Mikkilä Jyri , Kulmala Markku , Virtanen Annele , Ehn Mikael , Paasonen Pauli , Worsnop Douglas R. , Riipinen Ilona , Petäjä Tuukka , Kerminen Veli-Matti
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Volatility distribution of secondary organic aerosols, i.e. the particle mass fractions of semi-volatile, low-volatility and extremely low-volatility organic compounds was characterized in a boreal forest environment of Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. This was done by interpreting field measurements using a Volatility Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (VTDMA) with a kinetic evaporation model. The field measurements were performed during April and May of 2014. On average, 40 % of organics in particles was semi-volatile; 34 % low-volatility organics and 26 % extremely low-volatility organics. The model was, however, very sensitive towards the vaporization enthalpies assumed for the organics (ΔHVAP). The best agreement between the observed and modeled temperature-dependence of the evaporation was obtained when effective vaporization enthalpy values of 80 kJ/mol were assumed. The low effective enthalpy value might result from several potential reasons, including molecular decomposition or dissociation that might occur in the particle phase upon heating, mixture effects and compound-dependent uncertainties in the mass accommodation coefficient. In addition to the VTDMA-based analysis, semi-volatile and low-volatile organic mass fractions were independently determined by applying Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-AMS) data. The factor separation was based on the oxygenation levels of organics, specifically the relative abundance of mass ions at m/z 43 (f43) and m/z 44 (f44). The mass fractions of these two organic groups were compared against the VTDMA-based results. In general, the agreement between the VTDMA results and the PMF-derived mass fractions of organics was reasonable with a linear correlation coefficient of around 0.4 with ΔHVAP = 80 kJ/mol set for all organic groups. The prospect of determining of extremely low volatile organic aerosols (ELVOA) from AMS data using the PMF analysis should be assessed in future studies.
Validating MODIS above-cloud aerosol optical depth retrieved from “color ratio” algorithm using direct
measurements made by NASA's airborne AATS and 4STAR sensors
Authors: Jethva Hiren , Torres Omar , Remer Lorraine , Redemann Jens , Livingston John , Dunagan Stephen , Shinozuka Yohei , Kacenelenbogen Meloe , Rosenheimer Michal Segal , Spurr Rob
Published: October 2016

Abstract. We present the validation analysis of above-cloud aerosol optical depth (ACAOD) retrieved from the “color ratio” method applied to MODIS cloudy-sky reflectance measurements using the limited direct measurements made by NASA's airborne Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS) and Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research (4STAR) sensors. A thorough search of the airborne database collection revealed a total of five significant events in which an airborne sun photometer, coincident with the MODIS overpass, observed partially absorbing aerosols emitted from agricultural biomass burning, dust, and wildfires over a low-level cloud deck during SAFARI-2000, ACE-ASIA 2001, and SEAC4RS 2013 campaigns, respectively. The co-located satellite-airborne matchups revealed a good agreement (root-mean-square difference  <  0.1), with most matchups falling within the estimated uncertainties associated the MODIS retrievals (about −10 to +50 %). The co-retrieved cloud optical depth was comparable to that of the MODIS operational cloud product for ACE-ASIA and SEAC4RS, however, higher by 30–50 % for the SAFARI-2000 case study. The reason for this discrepancy could be attributed to the distinct aerosol optical properties encountered during respective campaigns. A brief discussion on the sources of uncertainty in the satellite-based ACAOD retrieval and co-location procedure is presented. Field experiments dedicated to making direct measurements of aerosols above cloud are needed for the extensive validation of satellite-based retrievals.
Colloid-bound and dissolved phosphorus species in topsoil water extracts along a grassland
Authors: Jiang Xiaoqian , Bol Roland , Cade-Menun Barbara J. , Nischwitz Volker , Willbold Sabine , Bauke Sara L. , Vereecken Harry , Amelung Wulf , Klumpp Erwin
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Stagnant water conditions may release phosphorus (P) in soil solution that was formerly bound to Fe oxides. To understand which P species are potentially involved, we obtained water extracts from the surface soils of a gradient from Cambisol, Stagnic Cambisol to Stagnosol from temperate grassland, Germany. These were filtered to Stagnosol. Across all soil types, elevated proportions of inositol hexakisphosphate species (e.g. myo-, scyllo-, and D-chiro-IHP) were associated with soil mineral particles (i.e. bulk soil and small-sized soil colloids) whereas other orthophosphate monoesters and phosphonates were found in the ‘dissolved’ P fraction. We conclude that stagnic properties affect P speciation and availability by potentially releasing dissolved inorganic and ester-bound P forms as well as nano-sized organic matter-Fe/Al-P colloids.
Climatic and insolation control on the high-resolution total air content in the NGRIP ice core
Authors: Eicher Olivier , Baumgartner Matthias , Schilt Adrian , Schmitt Jochen , Schwander Jakob , Stocker Thomas F. , Fischer Hubertus
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Because the total air content (TAC) of polar ice is directly affected by the atmospheric pressure and temperature, its record in polar ice cores was initially considered as a proxy for past ice sheet elevation changes. However, the Antarctic ice core TAC record is known to also contain an insolation signature, although the underlying physical mechanisms are still a matter of debate. Here we present a high-resolution TAC record over the whole North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, covering the last 120 000 years, which independently supports an insolation signature in Greenland. Wavelet analysis reveals a clear precession and obliquity signal similar to previous findings on Antarctic TAC, with a different insolation history. In our high-resolution record we also find a decrease of 4–6 % (4–5 mL kg−1) in TAC as a response to Dansgaard–Oeschger events (DO events). TAC starts to decrease in parallel to increasing Greenland surface temperature and slightly before CH4 reacts to the warming but also shows a two-step decline that lasts for several centuries into the warm interstadial. The TAC response is larger than expected considering only changes in air density by local temperature and atmospheric pressure as a driver, pointing to a transient firnification response caused by the accumulation-induced increase in the load on the firn at bubble close-off, while temperature changes deeper in the firn are still small.
Numerical modelling of convective heat transport by air flow in
permafrost-affected talus slopes
Authors: Wicky Jonas , Hauck Christian
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Talus slopes are a widespread geomorphic phenomenon in the Alps. Due to their high porosity a gravity-driven internal air circulation can be established which is forced by the gradient between outside (air) and internal (talus) temperature. The thermal regime is different from the surrounding environment often leading to cold microclimates and permafrost occurrences. So far this phenomenon has mainly been analysed by field studies and only few explicit modelling studies of this phenomenon exist. Numerical simulations of permafrost sometimes use parameterizations for the effects of convection, but mostly neglect the influence of convective heat transfer in air on the thermal regime. On the contrary, in civil engineering many studies were carried out to investigate the thermal behaviour of blocky layers and to improve their passive cooling capacity. The present study further develops and applies these concepts to model heat transfer in air flow in a natural scale talus slope. Modelling results show that convective heat transfer has the potential to develop a temperature difference between the lower and the upper part from about 0.7 °C (boundary closed to the atmosphere) to 2.5 °C (boundary open to the atmosphere). A seasonally alternating chimney-effect type circulation develops. Modelling results also show that this convective heat transfer leads to a cold reservoir in the lower part of the talus slope which can be crucial for maintaining the frozen ground conditions under climate change.
Urban morphology and the post-industrial city: commercial space in Manchester
Authors: Canniffe Eamonn
Published: October 2016

The contemporary post-industrial city has developed within a system where every square metre of its area might be assessed for its economic productivity and market value. Retail space, leisure space, even public open space, as well as housing and work environments are quantifiable and comparable in financial terms as the ultimate test of their value. This conception of urban space as units of capital has its origins in the industrial development of centres such as Manchester where, largely unencumbered by earlier urban patterns, the idea of the modern city could thrive. As a ‘shock city’ Manchester, during the peak of its industrial growth in the early nineteenth century was an object of fascination and repulsion to the visitors it attracted. Opinion and rhetoric dominated social, economic and political debate, but dispassionate spatial analysis was rare. In the view of contemporary authors the town had few significant public spaces, instead being largely comprised of the vast industrial structures that crowded around the roads and canals. The mills were assessed for legal and insurance purposes, however, at a time of rabid competition and the prevalence of industrial accidents. The surveys that have survived provide the first opportunities to assess these examples of new urban space. The image results of a settlement composed of a single type, the mill or warehouse. Ancillary structures, most especially the workers’ housing did not merit recording. In these products of spatial calculation the Manchester mill can be seen to set the pattern both for the productive spaces of industry and the spatial framework of the contemporary city, where the public space is one of consumption rather than community. The supervised and privatised public space of the contemporary city finds its genius loci in the industrial typology of its commercial origins.