bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV.—Uintacrinus in the Ringwould Area, near Dover
Authors: Rowe Arthur W.
Published: May 2009

When we were gathering material and data for that portion of the paper on Kent and Sussex dealing with the Dover section we made careful search for Uintacrinus both on the top of the cliff, north of St. Margaret's Bay, and on the high ground immediately to the westward of the cliff. We failed to find it in either situation, and there were no quarries close to the coast. A thick tabular band of flint is seen at the top of the cliff at the north side of St. Margaret's Bay, and this we believe to be the same table of flint which we have called in Thanet the “Whitaker 3-inch tabular band.” If our inference be correct, we are here within 21 feet of the “Barrois sponge-bed,” which forms the basement-bed of the Uintacrinus-band in Thanet.
On Genera and Species of Spiral-Bearing Brachiopoda, from Specimens Developed by the Rev. Norman Glass: with Notes on the Results obtained by Mr. George Maw from Extensive Washings of the Wenlock and Ludlow Shales of Shropshire
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

As some fifteen months must unavoidably elapse previous to the publication of the Silurian Supplement to my Work on the British Fossil Brachiopoda, it has been considered desirable to anticipate a part of its contents, relating to the recent discoveries of the Rev. Norman Glass, of Manchester, as to the spirals and their connecting processes and attachments in the Brachiopoda of the Upper Silurian rocks.
IV.—Notes on a Collection of Bivalved Entomostraca and Other Microzoa from the Upper – Silurian Strata of the Shropshire District
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Dr. Harvey B. Holl, F.G.S., has obtained many very perfect Silurian Entomostraca, and the late Lieutenant Henry Adrian Wyatt-Edgell got some good specimens from the Border Counties; and indeed Dr. Holl made an extensive and valuable collection from the limestones and shales of the neighbourhood of Malvern; nor has his collection been fully described and illustrated as yet, although several selected forms have been published in the “Annals of Natural History,” for December, 1865, and March, 1869. The remarkably rich collection of Silurian Entomostraca, however, brought together by Mr. J. Smith, of Kilwinning, contains some of the finest specimens yet seen; and the following notes on the places where they were obtained, and a list of the species (although provisional only, and not fully worked out), must be of interest, and probably of some practical value both to the geologists of Shropshire and to palæontologists in general.—T. R. Jones.
II.—Notes on the Physical Character and Thickness of the Upper Silurian Rocks of Shropshire, with the Brachiopoda they Contain grouped in Geological Horizons
Authors: Davidson Thomas , Maw George
Published: May 2009

Shropshire was always considered by Sir Roderick Murchison as one of the districts in which his Upper Silurian rocks could be most advantageously studied.1 We propose, therefore, in this communication to offer some few notes on the Geology and Palæntology of the Wenlock and Ludlow series; illustrated by the Brachiopoda, reserving for the present what we may have to communicate with respect to the Upper Llandovery.
I.—Descriptions of New Upper Silurian Brachiopoda from Shropshire
Authors: Davidson Thomas
Published: May 2009

Shell small, marginally sub-pentagonal, longer than wide, straight or slightly indented in front. Dorsal valve laterally gently convex, longitudinally concave, with a small median rib commencing at about the middle of the valve, and widening as it nears the front. Ventral valve very convex and keeled along the middle or divided longitudinally by a groove commencing at about half the length of the shell and extending to the front. Beak small, incurved, foramen minute, beak ridges strongly marked. Surface of valves smooth. In the interior of the dorsal valve, under the hinge-plate, a slightly elevated longitudinal septum or ridge extends to within a short distance of the frontal margin. To the hinge-plate are attached the principal stems of the loop, which, after giving off crural processes, extend to within a short distance of the front, where they become reflected so as to form the loop.
IV.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes
Authors: Herries W. H.
Published: May 2009

The district to which the following notes refer is that which lies between Bagshot, Woking, Aldershot, Farnborough and Ascot. It consists mainly of heath-land, and seems but little known to geologists; in fact, the only authority for the beds included in this area is Professor Prestwich, who, in his paper on the Bagshot Beds [Q.J.G.S. vol. iii. (1847), p. 278], has supplied all the information about the district that is at present known. He divided the beds into an Upper Sandy series, a Middle Clayey series, and a Lower Sandy series. The Middle series he grouped with the Braeklesbantts of the Hampshire basin. The Upper he placed between the Bracklesham and Barton ; our present object is to show that it is more nearly related to the latter.
V.—On a Shell-bed at the Bask of the Drift at Speeton near Filey, on the Yorkshire Coast
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: May 2009

Introduction.—A few miles north-west of Flambro Head the Chalk, after grandly edging the sea with sheer cliffs of over 400 feet, recedes inland; its steep high scarp making at first an angle of about 20° with the coast.
VI.—The Rhætic Rocks of Warwickshire
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

The distribution of the Rhætic rocks in Warwickshire is not represented on the existing Geological Survey maps because at the time that the survey was made their distinctness from the Lower Lias was not appreciated, and therefore they were represented by the same colour.
III.—The Tachylite of the Cleveland Dyke
Authors: Heslop M. K. , Burton R. C.
Published: May 2009

The Cleveland Dyke is well exposed low down on the left bank of the River Tees, near the junction of this river and the Lune, being washed at flood-times by the water. It trends in a direction north of west, and can be traced for a distance of several hundred yards: its thickness is difficult to estimate as the north edge is covered by drift. The tachylite variety of the rock is only exposed for a few yards, and has only been found at this point—about 100 yards west of the junction of the Lune and Tees. The dyke here appears to occur in sheets very like successive lava-flows, and during cooling a columnar structure has been developed and the bases of the columns, mostly hexagons, face the river.
I.—A Note on some Fossil Plants from the Kent Coal-field
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

The rapid exploration of the Kent Coal-field during the last few years has considerably increased our knowledge of the very interesting Upper Carboniferous floras there developed. In a previous paper I described the plants obtained from the Waldershare and Fredville borings, and I hope before long to publish further accounts of the floras derived from several other borings. In the present note I wish to draw attention to the discovery of two fossils in Kent which appear to me to be of exceptional interest.
VI.—The occurrence of a Human Skeleton in Glacial Deposits at Ipswich
Authors: Slater George
Published: May 2009

The great interest excited by the recent announcement in the Times and elsewhere of the alleged discovery of a skeleton of “pre-Boulder-clay man” renders it desirable that the geological evidence should be carefully examined.
III.—The Green Keuper Basement Beds in Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

In the recent memoir on the Geology of the Country around Ollerton a description is given of certain ‘Green Beds’ which in that neighbourhood form the base of the Keuper Waterstones and overlie the Bunter Pebble Beds.
IV.—Geological Notes on the Peninsula of Nicoya, Costa Rica
Authors: Romanes James
Published: May 2009

During a visit to Costa llica in the year 1910 I was able to spend about ten days in the comparatively little-known peninsula of Nicoya. The trend of the peninsula is north-west to south-east, and it is separated from the mainland by the Gulf of Nicoya, a shallow arm of the Pacific Ocean, which opens to the sea on the south-east.
IV.—Notes on Desert-water in Western Australia. ‘Gnamma Holes’ and ‘Night Wells’
Authors: Maclaren Malcolm
Published: May 2009

In the arid region of the goldfields of Western Australia a knowledge of the conditions under which a search for water is most likely to be rewarded is of prime importance to the prospector who may find himself away from the beaten tracks. There is, in the summer, little hope of finding fresh water in the long narrow bands of goldbearing greenstone-schist that run from N.N.W. to S.S.E. through Western Australia, for both the surface and the deep-seated waters of this rock-formation are then salter than those of the sea. When unprovided with ‘condensers’ for the distillation of these waters, the prospector must therefore turn towards the neighbouring granitic areas, and search either for ‘soaks’ or for the remarkable ‘gnamma’ holes of the bare rocky ridges. The first and most reliable of these sources of fresh water—the ‘soaks’ —presents nothing abnormal and requires little description. They are found in the sandy hollows at the foot of granite slopes. A well is sunk in the sand, and the water is baled as it slowly percolates into the bottom of the hole. The supply may vary from a mere trickle to several hundred gallons in twenty-four hours, according to the catchment, to the season, and to the permeability of the sand that has protected the water from evaporation since it was collected in the rock-hollow.
I.— Notes on an Expedition to the Fayûm, Egypt, with Descriptions of Some New Mammals
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

In the following note I propose to give a brief account of the chief results obtained during an expedition to the Fayûm in the early part of the present year (1903). The localities in which collections were made lie to the north of the lake Birket-el-Kerun, and are almost the same as those examined on previous occasions. Practically nothing was found in the Middle Eocene beds, but from those of Upper Eocene age a fairly large collection of vertebrate remains, including several new forms, was obtained. A few interesting tilings were also found in the Quaternary lake-beds in the neighbourhood of Schweinfurth's Temple (Qasr-es-Sagha); these will be referred to more fully below.
IV.—The Minerals of Some South African Granites
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

Plutonic rocks of acid composition are very extensively developed in Africa south of the Equator. These rocks present many features of interest, and, especially under the microscope, many minerals may be recognized besides the usual quartz, felspar, and ferromagnesian constituents. Thus the granite of Cape Town itself is remarkably rich in accessories. Tourmaline, in particular, is very abundant in places. In thin sections it is of a yellowish brown colour frequently bordered and zoned with pale blue, while some crystals show alternate bands of yellow and brown. Cordierite also appears to be sometimes present in the normal granite. It may be quite fresh and almost indistinguishable from quartz, while in other cases it is entirely replaced by the yellowish micaceous ‘pinite’ pseudomorphs. The intermediate stages of the alteration are well shown, while it is interesting to note that it seems to have crystallized sometimes before and sometimes after the felspar.
V.—Contributions to Ceylon Geology: Occurrence of Corundum In Sitû Near Kandy, Ceylon
Authors: Coomáraswámy A. K
Published: May 2009

The present notes are based on field observations made in 1900. The section described is now obscured.

Corundum is abundant in the gem-bearing gravels of Ceylon, but with the exception of the case here described no localities are known where it occurs in sitû; the present occurrence is therefore of considerable interest, although not very satisfactory in itself.

Crystals of corundum were found in the surface soil on a piece of land known as Tenna Hena, and situated east of Kandy, and three-quarters of a mile north-east of Talatnoya bridge. The exact spot is shown in a map accompanying a paper on the crystalline limestones of Ceylon (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1903, vol. lviii, pl. xiii). A small excavation had been made, and a few pounds of corundum extracted and sold for use as emery, before my visit to the spot. All the rock exposed was decomposed, and crumbled in the fingers, being in a condition resembling sand. I therefore carried on an excavation for two months, hoping to reach hard rock suitable for microscopic examination, but although a depth of about 30 feet was reached, no sufficiently hard rock was found.

At the corundum pit the ‘beds’ of granulite dip northwards at a high angle. A conspicuous soft yellow micaceous band 7–3½ inches wide marks the position of the sapphire-bearing zone. The sapphires occur in fair abundance in a less decomposed felspathic rock occupying a few inches on either side of this yellow micaceous band in the upper part of the shaft, but on the south side only in the lower part. The associated types of granulite are chiefly acid leptynite.
VI.—River Curves Round Alluvial Plains
Authors: Ellis T. S.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for October, 1902, Dr. Callaway mentions the explanation of these curves that I gave in a paper printed twenty-one years ago. His quotation should be read with the immediate context—”These [the tributary streams] keep open a channel into which the larger stream falls.” This is the essence of my argument.

Professor Phillips and Sir A. Geikie have remarked that an alluvial plain in the course of a river may be regarded as an old lake-bottom, now drained; the lake-like appearance being renewed in times of flood. Let us suppose ABCB (Fig. 1) to represent such an area with a river flowing through it in a straight line, and, on one side, a tributary stream, or, to use a shorter and more expressive term, an affluent, coming in at an angle. Such a condition, if it existed, would not continue even in consolidated alluvial soil; it is still less likely to have existed in the soft mud when the area was first drained. A succession of floods would certainly wash away the bank where the affluent, coming through it, had caused a break in its continuity. By this the river-bed opposite the affluent would be expanded beyond its requirements when at low water. At every flood the whole of the bed of the river and the adjoining area of land will be covered with water, the ordinary river channel being effaced. From this water suspended matter falls and forms a deposit, visible after the flood has subsided, but in greater quantity on the banks by the sides of the low-water channel than on the adjoining land.
IV.—On a Section of the Thames Alluvium in Bermondsey
Authors: Kennard A. Santer , Warkex S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

During the early part of 1899 extensive excavations were made on the south side of Tooley Street, Bermondsey: just east of Shand Street, and on the site of Nos. 156–164, Tooley Street. The spot is about 250 yards from the present bank of the Thames. The whole area was excavated to a depth of about 10½ feet from the level of the pavement; below this, trenches and holes for the foundations were dug to a further depth of 6 to 8 feet. The section on the south side of the excavation is here given.
V.—On the Base of the Keuper in South Devon
Authors: Someryail Alex
Published: May 2009

While appreciating and agreeing with the valuable work done by Dr. Irving and Professor Hull, dealing with the New Red rocks of South Devon, as set forth in their papers on this subject in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., there is only one point in which I differ from these authors; it is in relation to the rocks forming the base of the Keuper in this area.

In the last of these papers both authors agree to regard certain breccias occurring at the mouth of the river Otter, and again at the mouth of the river Sid on its eastern side, as the basement beds of the Keuper.

The basement breccias of the river Sid section, as explained by them, are the Otterton breccias again brought up, and repeated by the fault which occurs at the Chit rock, where the sandstones on the east side of the fault are brought up against the Keuper marls on its west side.

The breccias near the mouth of the Otter have been described by Dr. Irving as calcareous or dolomitic breccias, or conglomerates, which I think quite a correct description of these beds. This description, however, certainly does not apply to the alleged breccias on the left bank of the Sid, to which I shall presently refer.

The Otterton breccias or conglomerates have been traced inland by Dr. Irving to various localities, all of which I have visited and have found correctly described. The breccias in the inland localities are, however, all along the strike of the Otterton Beds, and not in any case, along the strike of the alleged breccias said to occur in the Sidmouth section.
V. — Observations on Mr. S. S. Buckman's Paper on the Toarcian Of Bredon Hill
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

The above paper, read before the Geological Society on the 27th May last, having just reached my hands, with the discussion, I trust you willallow me to make some observations thereon, not having been present on the occasion. As my name does not appear once throughout the paper it might at first sight be considered unnecessary, if not impertinent, for me to take any direct notice of its contents. I must therefore ask permission to state the reasons for this communication as briefly as may be, and they may be summed up in a single sentence—that, being responsible as the officer of the Survey who carried out the geological mapping of the Cotteswold Hills and of the outlying Bredon Hill, I cannot allow reflections on its accuracy to pass unanswered.
II.—On Archarenicola Rhætica, sp. nov
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

In the latter part of 1910 I was agreeably surprised upon the examination of some material from the Rhætic Black Shales at Glen Parva, Leicestershire, to detect a specimen which at the moment I recognized as new (specimen A).
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoarium always adherent, rarely large.

Zoæcia pyriform when not crowded, small, the earlier forms larger than the later, but individually very variable; area sub-triangular; a slight internal front wall, occasionally surrounded by a faint line; under the oæcia the rim is very thin, very low, and set distinctly back from the general curve.
V.—Palæontological Notes from the Manchester Museum: on Mollusca from the Lancashire Coal-measures
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

In re-arranging the large collection of Coal-measure fossils in the Manchester Museum I have had occasion to revise a number of species (notably in the Wild Collection) which have been recorded in the past under determinations which are now obsolete or erroneous. The object of this communication is to give a few critical remarks on these, as well as to place on record several hitherto unrecorded forms from the Lancashire Coal-field.
IV.—The Chemical Examination of the Carboniferous Limestones of the Avon Gorge
Authors: Chapman Mildred B.
Published: May 2009

In view of the attention which has been drawn of recent years to the mode of origin of the purer limestones, I have been led to prosecụte some inquiries under this head on the Carboniferous Limestones of the Avon Gorge, near Bristol. I have paid greatest attention to the chemical composition of the rocks, particularly the proportion of insoluble residue remaining after treatment with hydrochloric acid; at the same time I have not wholly neglected the fossil contents, although for information on this point I have mainly relied on other observers.
IV.—Note on the Pollurian–Trewavas Coast Section, Cornwall
Authors: Green Upfield , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

Assuming that the Lizard Peninsula is a pre-Cambrian complex (Fiett), and that the Hornblende Schists of Pollurian have nothing to do with the northern sediments, it will be well to call attention at first to the extensive folding of the rocks at Pollurian, which, gradually loses itself as we pass northward in a series of lengthening S.E.–N.W. folds, finally dying away at Porthleven into more or less horizontal beds as we approach Trewavas. Minor contortion is ignored.
I.—Some Notes on the Geology of the Bermuda Islands
Authors: Bullen R. Ashington
Published: May 2009

The geology of the Bermuda group of islands has been so exhaustively treated by Professor Verrill, Dr. Alexander Agassiz, and Lieutenant (afterwards General) Nelson (in what will always be the classic memoir on the subject) that it may seem presumptuous for another description to appear. However, as there are some new facts to record, and nothing has yet appeared in the GeologicalMagazine on the geology of Bermuda, a paper may be not altogether out of place.
II.—A Carboniferous Arachnid from Lancashire
Authors: Gill E. Leonard
Published: May 2009

The specimen represented in the accompanying figure was obtained I from the Coal-measures of Westhoughton, near Bolton, Lancashire, and has been kindly lent to me by Mr. Thos. Midgley, of the Chadwiek Museum, Bolton. It is the nearly complete abdomen (opisthosoma) of an arachnid of the order Anthracomarti. The concavity of the outer margins of the pleural laminæ, producing the scalloped outline shown in the figure, indicates at once that the specimen must be assigned to the family Brachypygidæ; but it is less obvious to what genus it may belong. Mr. Pocock's monograph (see preceding footnote) gives only two genera as known in the family, namely Brachypyge, Woodward, and Maiocercus, Pocock. Comparison between these two is rendered difficult by the fact that of the former only the dorsal surface is known, of the latter only the ventral; of neither has any part but the opisthosoma yet been recognized. Accordingly, in differentiating his genus Maiocercus from Brachypyge, Mr. Pocock was compelled to fall back upon two characters—the general shape of the opisthosoma and the angles made by the anterior pleural laminæ. Brachypyge is defined as having the “opisthosoma much longer than wide; pleural laminæ of the second and third pleura-bearing terga inclined slightly backwards” Maiocercus as having the “opisthosoma much wider than long; pleural laminæ of the first, second, third, and fourth sterna inclined slightly forwards”.
VI.—Notes on Two Arthropods from the Lancashire Coal-measures
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: May 2009

Some time ago the Manchester Museum purchased a selection of Coal-measure Fishes from the executors of the late Mr. John Ward, of Longton, and included with these were gutta-percha casts of two species of Arthropods. These were mounted on wooden tablets covered with green paper, one specimen being labelled: “Limulus trilohitoides, Buck. (Bridgewater Treatise, vol. ii, pl. xlvi, fig. 3). Roof of the Upper Bent Mine, Middle Coal-measures, Hunt Lane, near Oldham. Original in the cabinet of E. W. Binny, Esq.” The other: “Limulus rotundatus, Prest. Coal-measures, Oldham.”
VII.—On the Layers of the Molluscan Shell
Authors: Horwood A. R.
Published: May 2009

I am glad that my short article dealing with the occurrence of aragonite in the Middle Lias has evoked some interest. Professor Grenville Cole, who notices (with Mr. O. H. Little) this paper, has evidently delved deep, and I only hope that the publication of my preliminary note on aragonite in the Middle Lias has not prematurely precipitated that of his earlier research upon the matter from a more general point of view.
V.—The Correct Technical Name for the ‘Dragon-tree’ of the Kentish Rag
Authors: Knowlton F. H.
Published: May 2009

That curious fossil organism, long known as the ‘Dragon-tree’, has been a puzzle to palæobotanists for almost three-quarters of a century. Bandied about among various monocotyledonous genera, then thought to be possibly related to the Cycads, and finally given a non-committal name that was without implication of kinship, though placed among the Cycads, it has at last, through the admirable research of Dr. M. C. Stopes, been definitely allocated among the Conifers, and even among the higher members of that group. Dr. Stopes is certainly to be congratulated for having worked out its affinities in such a conclusive and convincing manner. It is to be regretted, however, that the scientific name she has finally adopted for the ‘Dragon-tree’ is not the one that is likely to meet the requirements of nomenclatorial permanency. The nomenclature of systematic palæobotany does not differ essentially from that of livmg plants, and must abide by the same rules.
III.—Æolian Sandstone
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

As bearing upon the subject of Mr. J. Arthur Phillips's interesting and valuable paper in the last number of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, entitled, “On the Constitution and History of Grits and Sandstones,” a description of a cliff section of blown sand now to be seen on the coast at Crosby may not be without value. The section in question, which attracted the attention of a local geologist, Mr. William Semmons, and myself, is at a point on the coast where the sea is encroaching upon the sand-dunes, and washing them away at the base leaves the face almost vertical. The resemblance of the sand to rock is most striking, presenting all those peculiarities of cross-bedding and lines of erosion we are familiar with in some of the Triassic sandstones of the neighbourhood. During the last twelve years, in walks along the shore, I have often observed the laminations of the blown sand disclosed by denudation, but never so strikingly as in the present case. The beds not only display delicate laminations, but stand out in ribs and cornices, simulating Gothic mouldings in pi'ofile. On trying how so loose a material as blown sand could retain these projecting forms, I was surprised to find the projections comparatively hard and solid. On breaking a piece off, the reason became apparent; for instead of the usually dry incoherent grains of sand, below the surface-skin the sand was quite damp. A very little addition of siliceous or calcareous cement would turn the mass into rock.
I.—Subsidence and Elevation, and on the Permanence of Oceans
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

The theory of permanent Continents and Oceanic basins, opposed as it is to the general teaching of text-books, seems to have given rise to comparatively little discussion. In the latest edition, for instance, of Lyell's Principles, we read: “It is not too much to say that every spot which is now dry land has been sea at some former period, and every part of the space now covered by the deepest ocean has been land.” The new theory has been upheld chiefly by Sir Wyville Thomson, Prof. Geikie and Mr. Wallace. The latter especially has collected every kind of evidence together that seems to support it in his latest, and most admirable work, “Island Life.” By a process of reasoning, supported by a large array of facts of different kinds, he arrives at the conclusion that the distribution of life upon the land, as we now see it, has been accomplished without the aid of important changes in the relative positions of continents and seas. Yet if we accept his views, we must believe that Asia and Africa, Madagascar and Africa, New Zealand and Australia, Europe and America, have been united at some period not remote geologically, and that seas to the depth of 1000 fathoms have been bridged over; but we must treat as “utterly gratuitous, and entirely opposed to all the evidences at our command,” the supposition that temperate Europe and temperate America, Australia and South America, have ever been connected, except by way of the Arctic or Antarctic Circles, and that—lands now separated by seas of more than 1000 fathoms depth have ever been united.
III.—The Mammoth in Europe
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In France deposits of the same kind, such as those at Menchecourt, are familiar enough. To complete our merely illustrative list of examples, I would quote the vast deposits found in the offing of the Thames, and right away to the Dutch coast. Dr. Bree says that the bones occur in such quantities on the sea-bottom off Dunkirk that the sailors call it the Burying Ground (Leith Adams's Mem. on Elephas primigenius, p. 73).
VII.—Materials for the Correlation of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of Britain and Scandinavia
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

Cambrian of Westrogothia, Oland, etc.—The Cambrian Rocks are shown in several other localities in Scania. The basal sandstones (Lugnas or Eophyton sandstones) near the Baltic coast, near Delperöd. The Hardeberga sandstones (Fucoid Sandstone) are found wherever the Archæan is bared, as near Rostånga, Lund, Eljaröd, and Cimbrishavn. Sections of the Alum schists are rarer. The most perfect is that of Kiviks Esperöd on the Baltic, where the Coronatus Limestone or Exsulans horizon of the Parad. Tessini zone well developed. The identity between its palæontological sequence and that of Andrarum was demonstrated by Nathorst in 1876.
II.—On the Lower Keuper Sandstone of Cheshire
Authors: Strahan A.
Published: May 2009

While I was engaged in surveying the Drift-deposits of the neighbourhood of Warrington, Runcorn, and the Peckforton Hills near Chester, my attention was called to what appeared to be a good boundary-line in the middle of the Lower Keuper Sandstone, separating the Waterstones from the Conglomerates underlying them. The sections at Runcorn and Frodsham, where I first saw this line exposed, have been already described with many others in the Survey Memoirs on the Neighbourhood of Prescot (3rd edition) and on the Neighbourhood of Chester. They showed that there was no passage from the Waterstones down into the Conglomerates, but that there was on the contrary a sharp division between them; and as on following this line further south, I found that it was persistent, and everywhere separated beds of a very different nature, it was decided that it should be engraved on the Map, the new classification of the Keuper of this neighbourhood, as contrasted with the old, being shown in the accompanying figure.
IV.—The Ashburton Limestone: its Age and Relations
Authors: Champernowne A.
Published: May 2009

It has been for some time a matter of surprise to me that Dr. Holl, in his exhaustive memoir “On the Rocks of S. Devon and East Cornwall,”—after once raising the question “whether the limestones” (those of our present subject) “might or might not be the same as those of Ogwell, Ipplepen, and Dartington thrown over a broad anticlinal axis of the lower slates to the North-West,”1— should have ceased following out that line of thought to what appears to me the only possible issue, since he thoroughly recognized the existence of uniclinal structures in parts of the district.
V.—On the Absence of Joint-Structure at Great Depths, and its Relations to the Forms of Coarsely Crystalline Eruptive Masses
Authors: Crosby W. O.
Published: May 2009

“It is often said by vein-miners who have worked at great depths, that the jointed structure of rocks fades away and disappears in the deeper parts of the mines. This, however, is probably a case of the rule ‘de non apparentibus et non existentibus eadem est ratio.’ All the joints near the surface are more or less acted on by the weather. The deeper-seated rocks may be just as much traversed by joints, but they are merely mathematical planes of division, the faces of the blocks adhering as closely as if they did not exist till the weather makes them apparent, or some force tears the blocks asunder.”
VI.—How to Work in the Archæan Rocks
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

The mineral composition of rocks, often an important test in comparatively unfossiliferous formations, such as the Trias, becomes of supreme value amongst the Archæan groups. It is very frequently the only kind of evidence available, and, used with due caution, may lead to decisive results. In Anglesey, as illustrated in Fig. 1, and already described, it is nearly as conclusive as the testimony of organic remains; for the great similarity of the dark schist in two areas so near together renders their correlation in the very highest degree probable. The gneissic rocks of the Malvern Hills have been classed as Laurentian on the ground of the lithological resemblance between the two groups, though 3000 miles apart; and the determination has been generally accepted. But in such a case as this, high probability is all we can expect. Other gneissic and schistose systems have been described in America, though none of them so closely resemble the Malvern series as the Laurentian.
I.—The Geological History of South Africa
Authors: Hatch F. H.
Published: May 2009

The subject of this address is a brief acount of the succession, thickness, and geological history of the South African, and more especially of the Transvaal, formations. The information necessary for such an account is of course very incomplete, but in broad outline the succession is now known, and some speculation as to the physical conditions that prevailed during the building up of the region may perhaps be permitted. I propose to deal with the period of the geological history of this country that came to an end with the close of Karroo times. The Karroo period ends with the Stormberg rocks (Rhæitic), and since that time South Africa has, with the exception of a small coastal area, been a land surface, and the rocks have consequently been exposed uninterruptedly to the forces of denudation.
I.—Lamarck and Playfair: A Geological Retrospect of the Year 1802
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: May 2009

When the “Alliance Francaise” did me the honour of inviting me to give an address on this interesting occasion, the choice of an appropriate subject of discourse presented at first some little difficulty. On the one hand, as a representative of science in the “Alliance Franco—Britannique,” it appeared to be incumbent upon me to choose some topic of a scientific kind, and by preference one which would in some way link our two countries together in common bonds of association. On the other hand, it was obviously inadvisable that the theme should be of a technical character which would be little suited for a general audience. After some reflection I decided to present for your consideration a brief account of two remarkable volumes, both of which, dealing with geological questions, appeared in the year 1802, the one in Paris, the other in Edinburgh. Though the political sympathies which for so many generations had linked France and Scotland in a friendly alliance had fallen somewhat into abeyance by the beginning of last century, the two nations still continued to be drawn to each other in the realms of culture by a common ardour in the prosecution of science and philosophy, and by the mutual reaction which, in these great domains of human thought, they exerted on each other.
III.—On the Relation between the Older and Newer Palæozoics of West Cornwall.
Authors: Hill J. B.
Published: May 2009

The author, who has long been engaged on the Palæozoics of West Cornwall, divided the killas extending westward from Gerrans Bay into four groups that formed a natural sequence. Moreover, as they included definite Lower Silurian horizons, as characterized by the fossiliferous quartzite of Carne, these divisions were linked with the Lower Palæozoics. They consist of the Veryan, Portscatho, Falmouth, and Mylor groups. On the latest issues of the old Survey maps the area occupied by the first of these divisions is coloured as Silurian, and the region occupied by the remainder as Devonian. That colouring, however, was not adopted by De la Beche, who surveyed the region, nor was it the result of any subsequent survey of the area. In the original Geological Survey map of Cornwall the killas was separated by De la Beche into two divisions, viz., a grauwacke group and a carbonaceous series. Thus, the former lying below the Culm-measures was undifferentiated for the reason, as explained in his Report, that the progress of geology at that time only warranted the broadest generalizations. He moreover expressed the opinion that the terms Cambrian and Silurian should be restricted to the areas that gave rise to the prolonged researches of Murchison and Sedgwick, and deprecated the extension of that nomenclature to districts that had not received the same detailed investigations. In a later and undated issue of the map the grauwacke group is divided into Devonian and Silurian, presumably by the authority Sir Roderick Murchison. The Devonian colour was not only applied to fossiliferous strata in East and Mid Cornwall, but was extended over the unfossiliferous strata in the west. The Silurian tint, on the other hand, was restricted to a zone that had yielded organic remains. Murchison, however, was of opinion that the older zone extended far beyond those limits into the barren strata coloured as Devonian, and it is evident that the latter tint was adopted as a matter of convenience, as no re-examination of the area seems to have been undertaken. The known Silurian region was confined to the coastal belt between Chapel Point and Gerrans Bay, a boundary connecting those localities admitting of the ready isolation of that zone from the rest of the country. That such a broad generalization, however, was only regarded as provisional may be inferred from the absence of a line on the map between the two divisions. It will be seen, therefore, that the subdivision of the killas, as the result of the recent survey, neither invalidates the map published by De la Beche nor the subsequent conclusions of Murcliison. It has, on the other hand, not only brought their generalizations within more definite limits, but has carried the investigation a step farther by demonstrating the relations between the older and newer Palæozoics of Cornwall.
IV.—Fossil Echinoidea From Sinai And Egypt
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The collections of Echinoidia described in the following report were made by Messrs. Barron, Beadnell, and Hume during their work for the Egyptian Geological Survey, and were entrusted to me for description by the Director, Captain Lyons, R.E.
I.—The Pigmy Hippopotamus of Cyprus
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

The accompanying Plate represents a restoration of the skeleton of Hippopotamus minutus, Blain., which has lately been completed in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The vertebral column and limbs are almost entirely composed of the actual bones, while the model of the skull has been built up according to the various parts obtained separately. No ribs were preserved in their entirety, neither were perfect specimens of the scapulæ or innominate bones procured. A large amount of material, including that from which the reconstruction of this skeleton has been made, was brought from Cyprus as the result of excavations carried on there by me at different times in 1901–2. The specimen was mounted and the skull modelled with great skill by Mr. P. O. Barlow, Formatore in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
IV.—The River Cefni in Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

Many years ago, when discussing the origin of the Menai Straits, attention was drawn by Ramsay to the existence of several other valleys running in the same direction, north-east and south-west. Not only is this the case, however, but the valleys of the dominant system that traverses the plateau of Anglesey have the same trend, ridge and trough alternating with wonderful regularity, as far, at any rate, as Llanerchymedd, a distance of some 12 miles from the Straits.
IV.—On a Section of Middle and Upper Lias Rocks near Evercreech, Somerset
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

During a brief survey of the Inferior Oolite in the neighbourhood of Doulting, Somerset, in 1905, I visited a disused quarry on the hill a mile and a half north of Evercreech, and situated where the boundary-line between the Inferior Oolite and Midford Sands is shown on the Geological Survey Map, Sheet xix. I was surprised to find that instead of the somewhat massive rock exposed in the quarry being Inferior Oolite, it was Marlstone, capped with Upper Lias clays and limestones. Since the section is becoming rapidly overgrown, it appears desirable to record the details obtained for the benefit of those who will survey the district in the future for the New Series Maps.
I.—The Carboniferous Succession below the Coal-Measures in North Shropshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire.
Authors: Hind Wheelton , Stobbs John T.
Published: May 2009

It requires but little imagination to conceive that a very slight subsidence of the country in North Wales lying between the Vale of Clwydd and the estuary of the River Dee would convert it into a peninsula consistingof Carboniferous rocks skirting to the north, and to the east a strip of Silurian ground. The backbone of this peninsula is composed of Lower Carboniferous rocks, forming the high range which starts from the bold cliffs that border the sandy flats of the north shore of Flint from Dyserth to Talacre. Stretching southwards by way of Halkyn Mountain, Moel Findeg, Nerquis Mountain to Minera and Llangollen, this range, in the main, forms ani anticline, off whose eastern flanks the higher divisions of the Carboniferous system dip in natural sequence towards the River Dee.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists:
Authors: Whiteaves Joseph Frederick
Published: May 2009

We are glad to intróduce to our readers a portrait and some account of the life-work of the distinguished Palæontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada, who has now held the office for thirty years.
III.—The Carboniferous Succession below the Coal-Measures in North Shropshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire
Authors: Hind Wheelton , Stobbs John T.
Published: May 2009

(xxviii) The road from Llanarmon to Graianryd practically traverses the whole limestone sequence. The following fossils were obtained from the quarry about half a mile north of Llanarmon, by the roadside, where some 20–30 feet of limestone was exposed.
III.—The Carboniferous Succession below the Coal-Measures in North Shropshire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire
Authors: Hind Wheelton , Stobbs John T.
Published: May 2009

The palæontological succession of the Carboniferous rocks of North Wales is practically identical with the succession in the Pennine area, and to a certain extent with that which obtains in the Bristol-Mendip area.
V.—Contributions to the Geology of Ceylon: II. Silicification of Crystalline Limestones.
Authors: Coomákaswámy A. K.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of small quantities of chert and opal, usually in or near exposures of crystalline limestone, but very often in fragments or boulders not quite in sitû, is not unusual in Ceylon. For some time the origin of these siliceous rocks remained obscure; observations made within the present year (1903), however, enable me to give a more detailed account of their mode of occurrence. I have had the advantage of my colleague Mr. James Parsons' company in examining many of the exposures, and have been able to discuss with him the problems raised.
II.—Some Graptolite Zones in the Arenig Rocks of Wales
Authors: Elles Gertrude L.
Published: May 2009

The Arenig Series, as originally defined by Sedgwick, has undergone much subsequent modification by its founder and other authors. There have been separated off from it the Tremadoc Series at the base, and the Llandeilo Series above, and a certain amount of ambiguity has arisen as to what constitutes the Arenig thus restricted; possibly, therefore, the recognition of three well-defined graptolite sub-faunas within the series in certain districts may help in some degree towards the solution of the problem.
I.—On the Discovery of Silurian Fossils of Ludlow Age in Cornwall
Authors: Green Upfield
Published: May 2009

This is merely a brief note to record the discovery of fossils of undoubted Silurian age in the “Black Slates with limestone lenticles ” which occur on the shore and in the cliff at Fletching's Cove, near Porthalla, and at Porthluney, near Gorran, in Cornwall.

For many years the most careful search in these beds for fossils has been unsuccessful beyond minute ossicles of crinoids and indeterminable fragments of Orthocerata. I have spent many weeks each year hunting for fossils, often alone, but sometimes in the company of Dr. Barrois, Mr. Teall, Messrs. Vassell, Sherborn, Howard Fox, and others, and beyond finding the well-known Brachiopoda in the quartzites of Gorran and Carne, our search has seemed almost in vain. Some four years ago, however, Mr. Sherborn found in the Black Slates of Fletching's Cove an impression, which he identified as a fragment of Serpulites longissimus, J. de C. Sow., of Ludlow age. This fragment is now in the Museum of Practical Geology. This Spring, in company with Messrs. E. Dixon, of the Geological Survey, and Mr. G. T. Prior, of the British Museum, I paid my usual visit to Cornwall, and was rewarded by finding at Porthluney in these Black Slates a limestone lenticle which contained Orthocerata in quantity. It was only on the 6th June that I showed this to Mr. Sherborn, who at once took it to Mr. G. C. Crick, who recognised two of the fossils therein contained as comparable with Actinoceras baccatum, H. Woodw., and Barrandeoceras holtianum (Blake), together with other fragments also of Upper Silurian age.
IV.—Note on a New Fossiliferous Limestone in the Upper Culm Measures of West Devon
Authors: Rogers Inkermann , Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

At the present time we are only fully acquainted with the geology and palæontology of one division of the great Carboniferous Series developed in Devon and the adjacent counties, the Lower Culm Measures. This division, while representing only a small fraction of thickness of the Culm Measures as a whole, is of special interest both lithologically and palæontologically, as was shown by Messrs. Hinde & Fox in an admirable paper published in 1895. Above the limestones and cherts of the Lower Culm Measures lie the great thickness of sandstones and shales which constitute the Upper of the twofold primary division of these rocks instituted by Sedgwick & Murchison in 1840. The Upper Culm Measures occupy an area of more than 1,000 square miles, and are of Upper Carboniferous age.

With the exception of the researches of the late Townshend Hall, and more recently of Mr. Ussher, comparatively little has been added to our knowledge of these beds since the days of Sedgwick & Murchison, and of De la Beche. An inquiry with regard to the palæontology, and more especially the palæobotany, of these rocks has, however, been in progress for some time past, with the result that sufficient material has been gathered for a contribution to the fossil flora of the Upper Carboniferous rocks of Devon, which, it is hoped will be published shortly by one of us. While examining the sandstones and shales of this series, other discoveries have been made, incidental to the work of collection of plant-remains.