bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concise Synthesis of Pochonin A, and HSP90 Inhibitor.
Authors: Moulin Emilie , Barluenga Sofia , Winssinger Nicolas
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Spirofungin A (I) and (+)‐Spirofungin B (II).
Authors: Shimizu Takeshi , Satoh Tomoharu , Murakoshi Katsunori , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the C14—C28 Fragment of Tetronasin.
Authors: Bourque Elyse , Kocienski Philip J. , Stocks Michael , Yuen Josephine
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fundamental Questions of Inorganic Solid State Chemistry: Are NaFeF3 and CsFeF3 “Perovskites”?
Authors: Hoppe Rudolf
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rare Earth Metals for Automotive Exhaust Catalysts
Authors: Shinjo Hirohumi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Strategies of Fostriecin
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Kanai Motomu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polar Acetalization and Transacetalization in the Gas Phase: The Eberlin Reaction
Authors: Cooks R. G. , Chen Hao , Eberlin Marcos N. , Zheng Xubin , Tao W. Andy
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methods for the Preparation of Highly Functionalized Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane mGluR2/3 Agonists
Authors: Yasuda Nobuyoshi , Tan Lushi , Yoshikawa Naoki , Hartner Frederick W.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Guided Gaussian Wave Packets
Authors: Heller E. J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparison of Rolyan and Jamar dynamometers for measuring grip strength
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil
Published: April 2006

This study compared the Jamar and Rolyan hydraulic dynamometers to determine their concurrent validity with known weights as well as their inter‐instrument reliability and concurrent validity for measuring grip strength in a clinical setting. Thirty females and 30 males were tested on these two grip strength measurement devices using a repeated measure design. Results showed that the Jamar and Rolyan dynamometers have acceptable concurrent validity with known weights (that is, correlation coefficients were r ≥ 0.9994), excellent inter‐instrument reliability (that is, intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.90 to 0.97) and strong concurrent validity (that is, no significant differences between dynamometers' scores). Data indicate that Jamar and Rolyan dynamometers measure grip strength equivalently and can be used interchangeably. Thus, therapists using the Rolyan dynamometer are justified in using published normative data, which were collected with the Jamar dynamometer. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Strategies for understanding. A case study of occupational therapists' communication behaviour
Authors: Werngren‐Elgström Monica
Published: April 2006

This study focuses on the communication strategies of occupational therapists. Many recent studies in occupational therapy emphasize the importance of having a client‐oriented perspective; the needs and wishes of the patient should form the basis for treatment. Such a perspective brings to the fore the capacity of the therapist to enter into the life‐world of the patient. Communication, dialogue between patient and therapist, is the basic source of such knowledge. In this paper, understanding verbal acts is seen as fundamentally problematic. The purpose is to analyse what strategies and tactics occupational therapists use to create a basis for their interpretation of patients' messages. What kinds of questions and other forms of verbal behaviour are utilized to check and verify these interpretations? A case‐study of communication behaviour during five meetings between patients and therapists in the homes of the patients was undertaken. Seven types of tactics were observed and categorized as belonging to two different strategic dimensions: active‐passive and abstract‐concrete. Although active strategies were predominant, only one therapist consistently used a combination of ‘asking open questions’ and ‘verifying’ interpretations, the two most active tactics. Most therapists also asked the patients to concretely ‘show in action’ what they meant, but to a varying degree. A consistent use of active‐concrete strategies is arguably an ideal way of seeking knowledge and understanding. Empirically, therapists differ in how closely they fit this ideal. This may be a result of training and experience, but also of degree of empathy. This study points to the importance of carefully developing communication strategies in order to fully understand the problems of the patients. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce using microporous earthenware material
Authors: Yun Jung Hyun , An Duck Soon , Lee Ki‐Eun , Jun Byung Sei , Lee Dong Sun
Published: April 2006

Microporous earthenware sheets of 5.5–5.6mm thickness were fabricated with or without a glazing treatment by passing through a sequential firing procedure in a furnace. Their microstructure and gas permeability against oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured and examined for their usability in modified atmosphere packaging of fresh produce. Compared with plastic packaging materials, earthenware sheets with a high proportion of micropores had very high gas permeability and gave CO2:O2 permeability ratios close to 1. Glazing treatment smoothed the surface by clogging the pores on the surface and significantly decreased gas permeability, without affecting the internal microstructure of the earthenware. When the earthenware sheet was combined with a plastic box and used in packaging for strawberries and enoki mushrooms at 5°C, its unique permeability properties developed a modified atmosphere that was beneficial for preserving the quality of the produce. Changes in the earthenware's permeability characteristics due to moisture adsorption and condensation need to be resolved so that the dynamic changes occurring in package atmosphere over time can be better understood. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extent of Disease at Presentation and Outcome for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Have We Made Progress?
Authors: Kebebew Electron , Reiff Emily , Duh Quan‐Yang , Clark Orlo H. , McMillan Alex
Published: April 2006

Background

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), a rare and aggressive malignancy, accounts for up to14% of adrenal incidentalomas. The only chance of cure for ACC is diagnosis at an early stage; therefore, a main indication for adrenalectomy in patients with adrenal incidentaloma has been the potential risk of ACC. Recent studies suggest that this has led to earlier stage of ACC at diagnosis, more curative operations, and better survival.

Methods

We analyzed data on ACC from The National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Four equal time quartiles (1973–1979, 1980–1986, 1987–1993, and 1994–2000) were compared for changes in demographics, pathology, treatment, and cause‐specific mortality.

Results

The average age was 51.2 years (range: 1–97), and 45.9% of patients were men. The average tumor size was 12 cm (range: 2–36 cm), and only 4.2% were ≤ 6 cm. Most (88%) patients had surgical resection of their tumor, and external beam radiotherapy was used in only 12% of patients. Between the time quartiles compared (as well as annually), there was no significant difference at presentation in age at diagnosis, sex, race/ethnicity, tumor size, tumor grade, the frequency of distant metastasis, and overall TNM stage. Low tumor grade, lower stage of ACC, later time quartile, and surgical resection were associated with a lower cause‐specific mortality by univariate analysis (P ≤ 0.002) and by multivariate analysis (P ≤ 0.031).

Conclusions

Although adrenal incidentalomas have become a common indication for adrenalectomy, this has not resulted in patients with ACC being diagnosed earlier or treated at a lower stage of disease at the national level. The most important predictors of survival in these patients are tumor grade, tumor stage, and surgical resection.
Entry flow in a heated straight tube
Authors: Yao Lun-Shin
Published: April 2006

The developing flow in the entry region of a heated horizontal pipe is analysed. The asymptotic solution of the developing flow near the entrance of the heated straight pipe, distance O(a), is obtained by perturbing the solution of the developing flow in an unheated straight pipe. Two vortices result from the combination of the radial-directional and the downward motions of the fluid particles which are induced by the displacement of the boundary layer and develop along the pipe. The axial velocity has a concave profile in the inviscid core with its maximum off the centre-line near the entrance and it grows toward a uniformly distributed profile downstream. The downward stream caused by the displacement of the secondary boundary layer forces the axial velocity profile to turn anticlockwise continuously along the pipe if the flow is from left to right. The core flow induced by the axial boundary-layer displacement generates a favourable pressure gradient. Simultaneously, the secondary boundary-layer displacement affects the core flow to induce a favourable pressure gradient on the bottom of the pipe and an unfavourable pressure gradient on the top wall. The effect of the axial boundary-layer displacement is stronger than that of the secondary boundary layer near to the entrance. Downstream the growth of the boundary-layer thickness is suppressed by the inviscid secondary flow. It is expected that the displacement effect of the secondary boundary layer becomes dominant downstream from the region of O(d) when Gr is large.
On internal gravity waves in an accelerating shear flow
Authors: Thorpe S. A.
Published: April 2006

The investigation of the effects which a changing mean flow has on a uniform train of internal gravity waves (Thorpe 1978a) is continued by considering waves in a uniformly accelerating stratified plane Couette flow with constant density gradient. Experiments reveal a change in the mode structure and phase distribution of the waves, and their eventual breaking near the boundary where the mean flow is greatest, the phase speed of the waves being positive. A linear numerical model is devised which accurately describes the waves up to the onset of their breaking, and this is used to investigate their energetics. The working of the Reynolds stress against the mean velocity gradient results in a very rapid transfer of energy from the waves to the mean flow, so that by the time breaking occurs only a small fraction of their initial energy remains for possible transfer into potential energy of the fluid.

The consequences have important applications in oceanography and meteorology, to flow stability and flow generation, and explain some earlier laboratory observations.
Attenuation of sound in a low Mach Number nozzle flow
Authors: Howe M. S.
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the energy conversion mechanisms which govern the emission of low frequency sound from an axisymmetric jet pipe of arbitrary nozzle contraction ratio in the case of low Mach number nozzle flow. The incident acoustic energy which escapes from the nozzle is partitioned between two distinct disturbances in the exterior fluid. The first of these is the free-space radiation, whose directivity is equivalent to that produced by monopole and dipole sources. Second, essentially incompressible vortex waves are excited by the shedding of vorticity from the nozzle lip, and may be associated with the large-scale instabilities of the jet. Two linearized theoretical models are discussed. One of these is an exact linear theory in which the boundary of the jet is treated as an unstable vortex sheet. The second assumes that the finite width of the mean shear layer of the real jet cannot be neglected. The analytical results are shown to compare favourably with recent attenuation measurements.
The ray theory of ship waves and the class of streamlined ships
Authors: Keller Joseph B.
Published: April 2006

A new theory is given for calculating the wave pattern and wave resistance of a ship moving at low Froude number F. It applies to ships of any width, either full-bodied or slender. In this theory, the waves travel along rays which start at source points, such as the bow and stern, on the water-line. They propagate with the speed of waves in deep water, but are also advected by the double body flow. This is the flow about the ship and its image in the undisturbed free surface. The phase of a wave at any point on a ray is the optical length of the ray from the source to that point. The amplitude is determined by an excitation coefficient, which determines its initial value, and by an integral along the ray. The total wave height at any point is the sum of the heights on all the rays through the point. The theory is incomplete because the excitation coefficients are known only for thin ships. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the thin ship case, and the results then agree with Michell's thin ship solution evaluated for F small.

A new class of ships, which we call streamlined ships, is introduced next. The usual linear free surface condition applies to the waves they produce. The ray theory is developed for these waves at low F, and it involves straight rays produced at all points on the rear half of the water-line. In addition, as an alternative to the ray theory, another method is presented for obtaining the waves at low F. It involves a Schrödinger-like equation in which distance along the ship's centre-line is the time-like co-ordinate.
Note on Howard's semicircle theorem
Authors: Kochar G. T. , Jain R. K.
Published: April 2006

For a steady plane parallel flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid of variable density under gravity, it is shown that the complex wave velocity for any unstable mode lies in a semi-ellipse whose major axis coincides with the diameter of Howard's semicircle, while its minor axis depends on the stratification.
Partial reflexion of water waves by non-uniform adverse currents
Authors: Stiassnie M. , Dagan G.
Published: April 2006

The propagation of linearized waves on a non-uniform slowly varying potential current is studied by converting the equations of flow into a Schrödinger ordinary differential equation in the complex plane. This equation, which is solved by the WKB method, indicates the existence of current barriers which allow partial energy transmission while reflecting the complementary part. The classical result of total transmission (Longuet-Higgins & Stewart 1961) as well as that of complete reflexion (Peregrine 1976) are recovered as limiting cases by the present, more general approach.
Helical instabilities of slowly divergent jets
Authors: Plaschko Peter
Published: April 2006

The inviscid spatial growth of spiral modes of circular, slowly diverging jets is analysed. A multiple-scales expansion is used to develop a linear stability study for non-axisymmetric disturbances of arbitrary helicity. The numerical evaluation is restricted to axisymmetric modes and to the first two helical modes. It is shown that in the case of comparatively high values of the Strouhal number the modes exhibit a very rapid growth and reach their maximal amplification after a short distance, the axisymmetric instabilities being excited more strongly than their spiral counterparts. Contrary to this, the modes grow comparatively slowly in the case of smaller values of the Strouhal number and exhibit their maximal amplification further downstream. In the latter case the first spiral mode is more unstable than the axisymmetric one. A comparison with experiments seems to support these results.
Large distortion of the electric double layer around a charged particle by a shear flow
Authors: Lever D. A.
Published: April 2006

The distortion by a linear flow of the electric double layer around a small particle is studied for the case of a charge cloud which is thick in comparison with the particle radius and for arbitrary flow strengths, including those which are strong enough to produce a significant distortion of the cloud. For weak flows a second-order-fluid approximation is obtained for the stress contribution for a dilute suspension of such particles. For arbitrarily strong flows integral representations of the charge density and numerical calculations of the stress contribution are given for three representative flows: simple shear, axisymmetric strain and two-dimensional straining motion.
The almost-highest wave: a simple approximation
Authors: Longuet-Higgins M. S.
Published: April 2006

The crest of a steep, symmetric gravity wave is shown to be closely approximated by the expression
\[
x+iy = \frac{\alpha +\gamma i\chi}{(\beta + i\chi)^{\frac{1}{3}}},
\]
where x, y are co-ordinates in the vertical plane, χ is the complex velocity potential and α, β, γ are certain constants. This expression is asymptotically correct both for small and for large values of |χ|; and the free surface agrees with the exact profile calculated by Longuet-Higgins & Fox (1977) everywhere to within 1·5 per cent. The pressure at the surface is constant to within 5 per cent.
Streamwise vortices associated with the bursting phenomenon
Authors: Blackwelder Ron F. , Eckelmann Helmut
Published: April 2006

The streamwise and spanwise velocity components and the gradients of these components normal to the wall were examined by using hot-film sensors and flush-mounted wall elements to study the vortex structures associated with the bursting phenomenon. Quadrant probability analysis and conditional sampling techniques indicated that pairs of counter-rotating streamwise vortices occur frequently in the wall region of a bounded turbulent shear flow. A streamwise momentum defect occurred between the vortices as low-speed fluid was ‘pumped’ away from the wall by the vortex pair. The defect region was long and narrow and possibly forms the low-speed streak as observed in visualization studies. The velocity defect was terminated by a strong acceleration followed by a high speed region.
Experimental study of the instabilities of waves obliquely incident on a beach
Authors: Guza R. T. , Chapman D. C.
Published: April 2006

Monochromatic waves obliquely incident on a plane beach, and strongly reflected there, are unstable to perturbations by edge waves. Theory suggests the possible width of the resonant edge wave frequency band. Experiments on beaches with absorbers at both ends show that the excited waves have frequencies at the centre of the band, as predicted by Guza & Bowen (1975). Advection by mean longshore currents must be taken into account. If reflectors are placed at the beach ends, the additional boundary conditions apparently lead to resonances scattered across the resonant band.
Surf and run-up on a beach: a uniform bore
Authors: Hibberd S. , Peregrine D. H.
Published: April 2006

A numerical solution is obtained to describe the behaviour of a uniform bore over a sloping beach and the subsequent run-up and back-wash. The results exhibit features which have only previously been described in a qualitative manner. These include the formation’ of a landward-facing bore in the back-wash. A comprehensive set of results are presented for a typical initial subcritical bore height ratio.
Overstability and inverted bifurcation in homeotropic nematics heated from below
Authors: Guyon E. , Pieranski P. , Salan J.
Published: April 2006

In nematic homeotropic films (director n perpendicular to the horizontal limiting plates) heated from below, the distortion of the director which is coupled to the ordinary heat convection mechanism responsible for the Rayleigh–Bénard instability exerts a strongly stabilizing influence. Owing to the difference in time scales, an oscillatory instability results whose characteristics are investigated experimentally here. An inverted bifurcation with an associated hysteresis is also obtained and this was studied in some detail. A vertical magnetic field H is also used to align the sample. The decrease of the orientational time constant when H increases leads to marked changes in the overstable regime, which are well described by a simple analysis.
The effects of rotation on salt fingers
Authors: Schmitt Raymond W. , Lamber Richard B.
Published: April 2006

The effects of rotation on a salt-fingering interface between two mixed layers are studied experimentally. It is found that rotation causes an interface to thicken more rapidly than it does in the corresponding non-rotating experiment. In order to interpret this result, the collective-instability model of Stern (1969, 1975) is extended to include the Coriolis effect and the neutral-stability condition is derived. Rotation stabilizes the fingers, the degree of stabilization being dependent on the wavenumber of the perturbation. By assuming equal fluxes in the rotating and non-rotating experiments, the interface thickness data are found to be consistent with the extended collective-instability model.
Some new highest-wave solutions for deep-water waves of permanent form
Authors: Olfe D. B. , Rottman James W.
Published: April 2006

The classical series expansion procedure of Michell is used to calculate some new highest-wave solutions. These solutions are shown to correspond to the types of gravity waves studied recently by Chen & Saffman (1980). Results are presented for wave profiles, phase speeds, and kinetic and potential energies.
Motion of a spherical microcapsule freely suspended in a linear shear flow
Authors: Barthès-Biesel D.
Published: April 2006

The motion of a spherical microcapsule freely suspended in a simple shear flow is studied. The particle consists of a thin elastic spherical membrane enclosing an incompressible Newtonian viscous fluid. The motions of the internal liquid and of the suspending fluid are both described by Stokes equations. On the deformed surface of the membrane, continuity of velocities is imposed together with dynamic equilibrium of viscous and elastic forces. Since this problem is highly nonlinear, a regular perturbation solution is sought in the limiting case where the deviation from sphericity is small. In particular, the nonlinear theory of large deformation of membrane shells is expanded up to second-order terms. The deformation and orientation of the microcapsule are obtained explicitly in terms of the magnitude of the shear rate, the elastic coefficients of the membrane, the ratio of internal to external viscosities. It appears that the very viscous capsules are tilted towards the streamlines, whereas the less viscous particles are oriented at nearly 45° to the streamlines. The tank-treading motion of the membrane around the liquid contents is predicted by the model and appears as the consequence of a solid-body rotation superimposed upon a constant elastic deformation.
The early stage of development of the wake behind an impulsively started cylinder for 40 < Re < 104
Authors: Bouard Roger , Coutanceau Madeleine
Published: April 2006

The time development of the symmetrical standing zone of recirculation, which is formed in the early stage of the flow due to a circular cylinder impulsively set in motion perpendicular to its generators, has been studied using a flow visualization technique. The Reynolds numbers (based upon the diameter) range from 40 to 104. Some new phenomena indicated in the flow patterns are revealed, and several different regimes are differentiated by a detailed analysis of the evolution of the main flow characteristics. A correlation with some theoretical results is established.
The primary electroviscous effect in a suspension of spheres
Authors: Sherwood J. D.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies of the distortion of the electric double layer around a charged sphere have assumed that the electric stresses are small compared with the viscous stresses. The flow around the particle is therefore changed only slightly by the presence of the charge cloud. This change is measured by the Hartmann number, and in § 6 we remove the restriction that it should be small. It is found that the previous linearized theory is sufficiently accurate for typical experimental values of the Hartmann number. Previous studies have also assumed that the potential at the surface of the particle is small. This assumption is removed in § 7 of this paper. For values of the non-dimensional surface potential smaller than 2 the predictions are altered by less than 10 %. For higher values the differences between linear and nonlinear theory are not negligible, especially when the charge cloud is thin compared with the radius of the charged sphere.
Local similarity solutions and their limitations
Authors: Moffatt H. K. , Duffy B. R.
Published: April 2006

Two problems exhibiting breakdown in local similarity solutions are discussed, and the appropriate asymptotic form of the exact solution is determined in each case. The first problem is the very elementary problem of pressure driven flow along a duct whose cross-section has a sharp corner of angle 2α. When 2α < ½π, a local similarity solution is valid, whereas, when 2α > ½π, the solution near the corner depends on the global geometry of the cross-section. The transitional behaviour when 2α = ½π is determined.

The second problem concerns low-Reynolds-number flow in the wedge-shaped region |θ| < α when either a normal velocity proportional to distance from the vertex is imposed on both boundaries, or a finite flux 2Q is introduced or extracted at the vertex (the Jeffery–Hamel problem). It is shown that the similarity solution in either case is valid only when 2α < 2αc ≈ 257·5°; a modified problem is solved exactly revealing the behaviour when α > αc, and the transitional behaviour when α = αc (when the similarity solutions become infinite everywhere). An interesting conclusion for the Jeffery–Hamel problem is that when α > αc, inertia forces are of dominant importance throughout the flow field no matter how small the source Reynolds number 2Q/ν may be.
On the secondary instability in inclined air layers
Authors: Ruth Douglas W. , Raithby G. D. , Hollands K. G. T.
Published: April 2006

The heat transfer across an inclined air layer in the longitudinal roll regime often falls below expected values. A companion paper (Ruth et al. 1980) presents the heat transfer measurement and flow visualization observations; the present paper discusses the mechanisms which are thought to be responsible for this anomalous behaviour and formulates a simple model which correlates the results of our previous study and that of Hart (1971). The observed suppression of heat transfer below values expected for pure longitudinal roll motion is explained in terms of a shear instability. A stabilizing mechansim, which would restore the longitudinal rolls at higher Rayleigh numbers, is described; the return of the heat transfer to expected levels at higher Rayleigh numbers is ascribed to this mechanism. Comparisons are made between the results of the present model and the analyses of Clever & Busse (1977).
The Paradox of the Sea
Authors: Barba Eugenio
Published: April 2006

Eugenio Barba delivered this address when he received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Plymouth on 27 October 2005. Eugenio Barba founded the Odin Teatret in Oslo in 1964, taking it to Holstebro in Denmark in 1966 where, ever since, he and his collaborators have explored and reinvented the vocal and corporeal possibilities of performance. In the speech which follows, he explores anew several images for the theatre that recur in his writings, notably Beyond the Floating Islands (1986, a new version of The Floating Islands, 1979) and The Paper Canoe (1994). Here they resurface in the all-embracing trope of the sea, accompanied by Barba’s reflections on multiculturalism and diversity in the theatre. Other familiar concerns of Barba’s writings and the Odin’s work such as exile and the search for community are crystallized in this speech in Barba’s lapidary ‘The country in which I dwell is the theatre.’ During Odin Teatret’s UK tour in the autumn of 2005, documented in the ‘Reports and Announcements’ section of this issue, Eugenio Barba opened the new Library at Rose Bruford College, named in memory of former NTQ Co-Editor, Clive Barker.
Scattering characteristics of general bi‐isotropic objects using surface integral equations
Authors: Wang Daoxiang , Yung Edward Kai Ning , Chen Rushan , Lau P. Y.
Published: April 2006

In this paper, electromagnetic scattering by general bi‐isotropic objects is investigated on the basis of the surface integral equations. By applying the surface equivalent principle, electromagnetic fields inside a homogeneous bi‐isotropic region can be represented in terms of equivalent electric and magnetic currents distributed over its boundary surface. Upon imposing boundary conditions, a series of coupled surface integral equations is obtained. These equations are then solved numerically by the application of the method of moments combined with the Galerkin technique. In specific implementation, the triangulated patches are used to approximate the surface of the arbitrarily shaped bi‐isotropic object, and the Rao‐Wilton‐Gllison function is selected as the basis function and testing function. The developed formulations are generalized and are capable of treating Tellegen and Pasteur media. To validate the theoretical formulations, numerical results for Pasteur objects are provided to compare with the available data, and good agreements are observed. Furthermore, the scattering characteristics of Tellegen objects are reported. The effects of bi‐isotropic parameters on the bistatic cross section are studied and discussed.
Judd-Ofelt analysis and luminescence behavior of Er3+ ions in glass ceramics containing SrF2 nanocrystals
Authors: Qiao Xvsheng , Fan Xianping , Wang Jin , Wang Minquan
Published: April 2006

The upconversion luminescence and near infrared luminescence of the Er3+ ions in transparent oxyfluoride glass ceramics containing SrF2 nanocrystals have been investigated. The formation of SrF2 nanocrystals in the glass ceramics was confirmed by x-ray diffraction. The oscillator strengths for several transitions of the Er3+ ions in the glass and glass ceramics have been obtained and then the Judd-Ofelt parameters were determined. The split near infrared emission peaks of the Er3+ ions in the glass ceramics can be observed because the Er3+ ions have been incorporated into crystalline environment of the SrF2 nanocrystals. The upconversion luminescence intensity of Er3+ ions in the glass ceramics increased significantly with the increasing crystallization time. The transition mechanisms of the green and red upconversion luminescence have been ascribed to two-photon process and the blue upconversion luminescence to three-photon process.
Emission nonuniformity due to profilimetry variation in thermionic cathodes
Authors: Jensen Kevin L. , Lau Y. Y. , Jordan Nicholas
Published: April 2006

A model is developed which shows that the micron-scale ridges, introduced by the surface machining of thermionic dispenser cathodes, may lead to significant angular variations in the macroscopic current density on ring-shaped cathodes commonly used in gyrotrons. An account of the local enhancement in the microscopic emission current density on the ridges is considered for a representative physical model, which shows that the angular variation in current may be pronounced and accounted for by variations in ridges as a consequence of large scale profilimetry variations resulting from machining.
A case of early onset confluent and reticulated papillomatosis with an unusual localization
Authors: ATASOY Mustafa , ALIAĞAOĞLU Cihangir , ERDEM Teoman
Published: April 2006

Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis is a relatively rare dermatosis of unknown origin. It is characterized by papules that become confluent in the center and reticulated at the periphery. The sites of predilection are the neck, interscapular region, inframammary area and abdomen. In a 15‐year‐old girl diagnosed with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, the lesions first appeared on her knees and elbows when she was 4‐years‐old, and on the interscapular area when she was 13. Similar lesions arose on the left hand a few weeks previous to her visit. Two biopsy specimens were taken from the interscapular and elbow areas. The histopathological findings of this case fit the diagnosis of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. We expect good results from azithromycin therapy.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Anti‐Microbial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacters from Untreated Feedlot Cattle and Their Environment
Authors: Minihan D. , Whyte P. , O'Mahony M. , Cowley D. , O'Halloran F. , Corcoran D. , Fanning S. , Collins J. D.
Published: April 2006

Anti‐microbial resistance is an emerging public health issue. Farmed animals may act as reservoirs and potential sources of anti‐microbial resistant Campylobacters. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti‐microbial resistance profile of cattle and environmental Campylobacter isolates from normal untreated feedlot cattle, the role of the gyrA Thr‐86‐Ile mutation in ciprofloxacin‐resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolates and the involvement of the tripartite CmeABC efflux system for multi‐resistant C. jejuni isolates. The phenotypic anti‐microbial resistance testing was carried out on 500 Campylobacter isolates (445 cattle isolates and 55 environmental isolates). In general, there was a higher level of anti‐microbial resistance for the environmental isolates compared with the animal isolates, 45% of the animal isolates were resistant to one or more of the seven anti‐microbials compared with 84% of the environmental isolates. The combined cattle and environmental Campylobacters had 34 (6.8%) isolates resistant to three or more of the seven anti‐microbials tested on all isolates and 11 (2.2%) isolates were resistant to the seven anti‐microbials. There was a substantial level of ciprofloxacin‐resistant Campylobacters in both animal (8.5%) and environmental (21.8%) isolates. The gyrA Thr‐86‐Ile mutation was only present in five of 22 ciprofloxacin‐resistant C. jejuni isolates investigated. No multi‐drug‐resistant associated mutation was detected in the CmeB or the CmeR regions investigated. In conclusion, our study observed a substantial level of Campylobacter anti‐microbial resistance, highlighting the need for an active anti‐microbial surveillance program for food animals in Ireland and the importance of the chosen sampling point can have on the findings of such a program.
Aureobasidium pullulans keratitis
Authors: Panda Anita , Das Hrishikesh , Deb Manorama , Khanal Basudha , Kumar Sandeep
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background:  Corneal ulcer caused by Aureobasidium pullulans is considered to be a rare entity. So far very few reports have appeared in the world literature and the authors’ hospital is the first to report from Nepal. Although A. pullulans is regarded as a contaminant, it should be considered as a pathogen if isolated from corneal ulcer specimen with clinical signs of infection and with growth of the organism on two or more culture media or growth in one medium with consistent direct microscopy findings or growth of the same organism on repeated corneal scrapings. In the present study, a series of proven cases of A. pullulans corneal ulcers at a tertiary eye care centre of Eastern Nepal is reported.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis of stored data of microbiological and clinical cases of corneal ulcer was carried out. All consecutive patients (447 patients) with presumed micorbial keratitis from 1 August 1998 to 31 July 2001 were evaluated with regards to clinical details, microbiological examination and management.

Results:  Of 200 fungal organisms isolated from the cultures, 25 were identified as A. pullulans. These ulcers showed negligible improvement to topical natamycin and required either topical fluconazole or topical itraconazole in all along with systemic intravenous fluconazole in eight patients. Of 25 eyes, 22 responded well to antifungal therapy and 2 required therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. One patient was lost to follow up for 3 months and revealed phthisis bulbi on subsequent examination.

Conclusions:  Aureobasidium pullulans corneal infection should be considered as a cause of keratomycosis.
Systemic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma masquerading as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease in an HIV‐positive patient
Authors: Mathai Annie , Lall Ashish , Jain Rajeev , Pathengay Avinash
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A 29‐year‐old man presented with decreased visual acuity in both eyes secondary to exudative retinal detachment resembling Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease. Although fluorescein angiographic pictures supported the clinical findings, there was no choroidal thickening evident with ultrasonography. In 3 days he developed increased disc oedema with peripapillary haemorrhages in both eyes. Further evaluation revealed HIV‐positive status and a systemic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient responded favourably to the treatment for systemic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma confirming our diagnosis of intraocular metastasis. In bilateral exudative detachment, an absence of choroidal thickening on ultrasonography and the presence of peripapillary haemorrhages should prompt a systemic evaluation for causes other than Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, especially in HIV‐positive patients.
The Royal Statistical Society Schools Lecture 2004: ‘Lies and Statistics’, Part 1
Authors: Duckworth Frank
Published: April 2006

This article is the first of a two‐part printed version of the Royal Statistical Society's Schools Lecture for 2004, on ‘Lies and Statistics’.
A Coin‐Tossing Experiment and Nineteen Distributions
Authors: Deshpande M. N. , Welukar R. M.
Published: April 2006

This article develops nineteen distributions from a simple coin‐tossing experiment.
Experimental study of polycrystal growth from an advecting supersaturated fluid in a model fracture
Authors: NOLLET S. , HILGERS C. , URAI J. L.
Published: April 2006

We present real‐time observations of polycrystal growth experiments in transmitted light in an accurately controlled flow system with the analogue material alum [KAl(SO4)2·12H2O]. The aim of the experiments is to obtain a better insight into the evolution of vein microstructures. A first series of experiments shows the evolution of a polycrystal at supersaturations between 0.095 and 0.263. The average growth rate of the crystals is influenced by growth competition and the depletion of the solute along fracture length. Growth competition is controlled by crystallographic orientation, crystal size and crystal location. In addition, the growth rate of an individual crystal facet also shows variations depending on the facet index, facet size and flow velocity. These variations can influence the morphology of the grain boundaries and the microstructures. The aim of the second series of experiments is to investigate the growth evolution of rough/dissolved facets in detail. The growth distance required for the development of facets is around 15 μm. In all the experiments, we observe that the measured growth rates have a much larger range than predicted by alum single‐crystal growth kinetics. This is due to the combined effect of the facet index and the crystal size. Furthermore, at high supersaturations, the facet growth rate measurements do not fit the same growth rate equation as for the experiments at lower supersaturations (<0.176). This can be explained by a change in the growth mechanism at high supersaturations with more influence of volume diffusion, relative to advection of the bulk solution on the growth rate. This effect can also cause a more homogeneous sealing pattern over fracture length. At high supersaturations, the larger crystals in these experiments incorporate regularly spaced fluid inclusion bands and we propose that these can be used as an indicator for high palaeo‐supersaturation. The final microstructures of the experiments show no asymmetry with respect to the flow direction.
BEL–ROBINSON TENSOR AND DOMINANT ENERGY PROPERTY IN THE BIANCHI TYPE I UNIVERSE
Authors: SAHA BIJAN , RIKHVITSKY VICTOR , VISINESCU MIHAI
Published: April 2006

Within the framework of Bianchi type-I spacetime we study the Bel–Robinson tensor and its impact on the evolution of the Universe. We use different definitions of the Bel–Robinson tensor existing in the literature and compare the results. Finally we investigate the so called "dominant super-energy property" for the Bel–Robinson tensor as a generalization of the usual dominant energy condition for energy momentum tensors.
Facile Preparation of Aromatic Fluorides by the Fluoro-Dediazoniation of Aromatic Diazonium Tetrafluoroborates Using HF-Pyridine Solution
Authors: Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Sekiguchi Manabu , Yoneda Norihiko
Published: April 2006

The fluoro-dediazoniation of ArN2BF4 using HF-pyridine solution has been successfully carried out either thermally or photochemically to afford the corresponding ArF in good yields. Particularly, the photochemically induced reaction in HF-pyridine was a useful tool for the preparation of ArF having polar substituents such as halogens, OH, OMe, CF3, etc.
Silicon-Coated Fullerenes, (SiC)n, n = 20 to 60. Preliminary Evaluation of a New Class of Heterofullerenes
Authors: Harada Masatomi , Osawa Shuichi , Osawa Eiji , Jemmis Eluvathingal D
Published: April 2006

A new approach is proposed to the construction of non-carbon, fullerene-like curved moleculer surfaces. A series of saturated, multi-beamed and double-layered structures (SiC)n (1), each consisting of a Sin sphere enclosing a Cn sphere with Si-C σ-bonds connecting the spheres, are studied by using AM1-SCF-MO method. (SiC)60 appears to be the most viable species worthwhile for experimental tests.
Improved Stability of a Polyion-Complexed Monolayer of a Maleic Acid Copolymer by Using Alkoxyethyldimethylamines as Hydrophobic Counterparts at the Air-Water Interface
Authors: Lee Burm-Jong , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: April 2006

Amphiphilic tert-amines, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl octadecyl ether(C18ODA), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl octadecyl ethylene glycol diether(C18O2DA), and 1,3-dioctadecyl-2-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl) glyceryl triether (2C18O3DA), were synthesized and employed as hydrophobic counterparts for spreading a water-soluble copoly(maleic acid-methyl vinyl ether) by polyion complexation at the air-water interface. The amines stabilized the monolayers with the order of 2C18O3DA > C18ODA > C18O2DA > N,N-dimethyloctadecylamine. The stabilized monolayer could be transferred on solid substrates.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Ginnol, a Long-chain Aliphatic Alcohol, by Use of a New Chiral Anisotropic Reagent
Authors: Kusumi Takenori , Takahashi Haruko , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Kan Yukiko , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: April 2006

The absolute configuration of ginnol, 10-nonacosanol, has been determined by use of a new chiral anisotropic reagent, 2NMA (2-naphthylmethoxyacetic acid), which results in the marked upfield shifts of the protons located on the same side of the aromatic ring.
Thermolysis and Photolysis of Sugar Diazides
Authors: Yokoyama Masataka , Hirano Sachiko , Hachiya Takeshi , Togo Hideo
Published: April 2006

1,1-Diazido-2,3,4,5,6-penta-O-benzyl-d-glucose was refluxed in o-xylene under argon atmosphere to give 5-[(1′R,2′S,3′R-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrabenzyloxy)butyl]tetrazole in a high yield via an unpreceding rearrangement with one carbon shortening of sugar skeleton. In contrast its photolysis afforded two tetrazoles caused by the rearrangements without one carbon degradation; 5-[(1′S,2′R,3′R,4′R-1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentabenzyloxy)-pentyl]tetrazole and 1-[1′R,2′S,3′R,4′R-1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentabenzyloxy)pentyl]tetrazole.
Ruthenium(II)Cl2-Bis(oxazolinyl)bipyridine Complex. Its Structure and Reactivity
Authors: Nishiyama Hisao , Park Soon-Bong , Haga Masa-aki , Aoki Katsuyuki , Itoh Kenji
Published: April 2006

A mixture of [Ru(II)Cl2(p-cymene)]2 and 6,6′-bis(oxazolinyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (Bipymox-ip) was heated in ethanol at 70 °C to produce Ru(II)Cl2(Bipymox-ip), of which structure was clarified by X-ray analysis to show that Bipymox-ip binds as a tetradentate ligand. Its catalytic activities for transformations of diazoacetates in dimerization and cyclopropanation with styrene were examined and its spectroelectrochemistry was studied.
Conducting Pattern Formation of Electrochemically Polymerized Thiophene in an Organopolysilane Film Imaged by Ultra-Violet Light
Authors: Tachibana Yasuhiro , Sakurai Yoshiaki , Yokoyama Masaaki
Published: April 2006

The electrochemical polymerization of thiophene was successfully performed in an organopolysilane film on an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrode as patterned by the Ultra-Violet (UV) light irradiation. It was demonstrated that only the UV-exposed polysilane dissolved into polar solvent such as propylene carbonate used as electrolytic solvent and hence electrochemical polymerization proceeded on the ITO electrode masked with the UV-unexposed polysilane. Fine line patterns of 10 μm width were obtained.
Ligand Exchange Reactions of Thienylene-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum Complex with Diphosphines. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Diphosphine-Bridged μ-2,5-Thienylene Diplatinum Complex
Authors: Kotani Sonae , Adachi Tomohiro , Yoshida Toshikatsu , Onitsuka Kiyotaka , Sonogashira Kenkichi
Published: April 2006

While treatment of bis{chloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene)platinum(II)}-μ-2,5-thienylene (1) with bis(diphenylphosphino)alkanes, Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2, having a short methylene chain (n = 2, 3) leads to the formation of diphosphine-chelate diplatinum complexes, in the reactions of 1 with diphosphines having a long alkyl chain (n = 4, 5, 6), diphosphine-bridged diplatinum complexes were produced. The molecular structure of the complex, in which two platinum atoms are bridged by two 1,6-bis(diphenylphosphino)hexane ligands and 2,5-thienylene group, was determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study.
Preparation of Oxo-Bridged Dinuclear Iron(III) Complexes with One or Two O,O′-Bridged Optically Active Amino Acids
Authors: Sasaki Yoichi , Umakoshi Keisuke , Kimura Shuji , Oh Chang-Eon , Yamazaki Mikio , Shibahara Takashi
Published: April 2006

Amino-acid bridged diiron complexes, [Fe2(μ-O)(μ-L)2(tacn)2]4+ (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane; L = (S)-valine or (S)-proline) and [Fe2(μ-O)(μ-L)(tpa)2]4+ (tpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine; L = (S)-valine, (S)-proline, or (S)-alanine) have been prepared. Crystal structures of the two tacn complexes were determined. Electronic absorption spectra and redox properties of these complexes are similar to the corresponding μ-acetate complexes.