bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
9. The Right to Private Life
Authors: Foster Dr Steve
Published: September 2022

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, caution advice, suggested answers, illustrative diagrams and flowcharts, and advice on gaining extra marks. Concentrate Q&A Human Rights & Civil Liberties offers expert advice on what to expect from your human rights and civil liberties exam, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by experienced examiners, it provides: clear commentary with each question and answer; bullet point and diagram answer plans; tips to make your answer really stand out from the crowd; and further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical law exam questions; structure a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; all making your answer stand out from the crowd. This chapter covers the right to private and family life, including the scope of privacy and private and family life, protection in domestic law and under the ECHR, privacy and press freedom, and surveillance powers and privacy.
4. Divorce, Dissolution, and (Judicial) Separation
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: September 2022

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter deals with divorce, dissolution, separation orders, and judicial separation, and contains a mixture of essay and problem questions. The first question is an essay question that focuses on the reform of the divorce law. The second question is problem question that requires the application of the law of divorce contained in the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (original and amended versions), judicial separation and the equivalent provisions of the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The third question is an essay question that focuses on the use of mediation in divorce proceedings.
8. Parenthood and Parental Responsibility
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: September 2022

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter focuses on legal parenthood and parental responsibility and contains two essay questions and two problem questions. The topics covered in this chapter are: presumptions of paternity and paternity tests; legal parenthood in assisted reproduction situations; the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008; legal parenthood in surrogacy situations; and parental responsibility. The topics covered in this chapter are complex as they raise legal, ethical, and moral issues.
32. Enforcement of Settlements and Awards
Authors: Blake Susan , Browne Julie , Sime Stuart
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the enforcement of settlements and awards. The approach taken to enforcement of compromises in large measure depends on the nature of the process used to resolve the original dispute. In adjudicative procedures, enforcement will often be through registering the award with the courts of the state where enforcement is to take place, and then enforcing the award as a civil judgment. An exception is construction industry adjudications, where the decision is not itself registrable. Instead, it may be enforced through bringing court proceedings and entering judgment. In non-adjudicative procedures, if the parties have resolved their dispute, they will have entered into a contract of compromise. Enforcement is through suing on that contract. Alternatively, in a non-adjudicative procedure, the parties may convert the compromise agreement into a court judgment or order, and then enforce that judgment or order.
14. Public Disclosure, Market Regulation and Public Investigations of Companies
Authors: Worthington Sarah , Agnew Sinéad
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on corporate debt, first considering several special features of corporate borrowing. It then discusses: debentures; secured debt (mortgages, fixed and floating charges); debenture holders’ remedies and the protection afforded by charges; the requirement to register charges; fixed and floating charges; the creation and effect of floating charges; distinguishing between fixed and floating charges; and the use of alternative security devices (‘quasi-security’) such as retention of title agreements.
16. Rescue and Insolvency Procedures
Authors: Worthington Sarah , Agnew Sinéad
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the formal mechanisms that facilitate major corporate reconstructions. These are: (i) arrangements or reconstructions under the Insolvency Act 1986 ss 110–111; (ii) arrangements, reconstructions, mergers or divisions under the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) Pts 26, 26A and 27; and (iii) takeovers under CA 2006 Pt 28.
1. Exam skills for success in employment law
Authors: Russell Roseanne
Published: September 2022

The Q&A series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter gives students advice on skills for success in employment law exams. It includes tips on how to get the most out of an employment law course and how best to use the revision period. Students are also provided with helpful hints on what to do in the exam room to ensure that they have the best chance of success, as well as advice on the structure and approach to problem questions and essays.
7. Unfair dismissal
Authors: Russell Roseanne
Published: September 2022

The Q&A series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about unfair dismissal. Through a mixture of problem questions and essays, students are guided through some of the key issues on the topic of unfair dismissal including who is eligible to bring a claim for unfair dismissal, the potentially fair reasons to dismiss, determining whether an employer has acted reasonably, procedural fairness, and remedies. Students are also introduced to the current key debates in the area and provided with suggestions for additional reading for those who want to take things further.
9. Equality law
Authors: Russell Roseanne
Published: September 2022

The Q&A series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about equality law. Through a mixture of problem questions and essays, students are guided through some of the key issues on the topic of equality law including the range of protected characteristics, direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation, and the duty to make reasonable adjustments. Students are also introduced to the current key debates in the area and provided with suggestions for additional reading for those who want to take things further.
12. Trade unions and industrial action
Authors: Russell Roseanne
Published: September 2022

The Q&A series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions about trade unions and industrial action. Through a mixture of problem questions and essays, students are guided through some of the key issues on the topic of trade unions and industrial action including the nature and role of trade unions, membership rules, balloting and notice requirements for industrial action, picketing, and tort liability. Students are also introduced to the current key debates in the area and provided with suggestions for additional reading for those who want to take things further.
4. Learning and Studying Law
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers approaches to and developments in teaching and learning in law programmes. It looks at the student’s role in the learning process, and how they may be able to enhance their learning in law, for example by understanding learning strengths and working with them. The chapter also considers the importance of critical thinking and analysis in legal learning and beyond, and the notion of ‘thinking like a lawyer’. It considers techniques for responding to legal problems and questions, looking at the ‘IRAC’ (or ‘ILAC’) and ‘CEEO’ methods. It also considers the importance of making connections and developing argument and analysis.
7. Finding and Using Legal Materials and Resources
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the wide range of sources that a law student will need to discover and explore in their legal studies for a range of different purposes. Guidance is given on different legal and other sources and their importance, including the difference between primary and secondary resources and their place in legal learning. Guidance is also provided on navigating the way to the right resources and using them to guide the student to greater understanding. This chapter considers the various resources available in the modern university, both traditional library resources and additional digital resources, and resources in the wider context of how these sources can be accessed and other study tools. This includes consideration of the ‘virtual learning environment’ or VLE.
9. Assessments and Assignments in Law
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at some of the many different forms of assessment a law student may come across, depending on where they are studying and the subjects they choose. These include coursework, exams, multiple-choice tests, advocacy or other oral presentations, posters, and reflective reports. The chapter also considers dissertations and other research projects, and group work for assessment. The chapter gives advice on how to approach different types of assessment to enhance their chances of success. Specific guidance is also provided on responding to problem questions and essays, whether in coursework or exams including consideration of the IRAC and CEEO methods.
10. Feedback, Reflection, and Looking Forward from Assessment
Authors: Moore Imogen , Newbery-Jones Craig
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at feedback, the importance of reflecting on assessment and results, and moving forward from assessment. It considers the importance of feedback as an essential part of the learning process. It explores what feedback and ‘feedforward’ mean and guides the student in identifying and finding feedback. It considers how students can make the most of the feedback opportunities available to them to build on their experience and enhance their chances of success. The chapter also looks at the post-assessment period. It looks at the role of reflection and re-evaluation in responding to assessment and enabling success, and includes consideration of coping with disappointment and setbacks.
17. Wills and intestate succession
Authors: Barr Warren , Picton John
Published: September 2022

This chapter is concerned with the arrangements which people can make to choose who will benefit from their property after their death. It is also concerned with what happens when the deceased makes no choice at all and dies intestate. It has been said that only two things are certain in life: death and taxes. The two are linked in another way, because death is an occasion on which the state levies taxes, primarily through inheritance tax. The tax treatment of inheritance arrangements is important and has considerable influence on the way in which people arrange their affairs. Moreover, the Law Commission has consulted on some wide-ranging changes to the rules governing wills, on the basis that law needs to be updated to improve clarity, bring it up to date, and make it workable. Hence this chapter makes references to their proposals for reform.
28. Powers of maintenance and advancement
Authors: Barr Warren , Picton John
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the trustees’ powers of maintenance and advancement. The powers of trustees can be divided into two categories: management powers and distributive powers. Management powers are those which relate to looking after the trust property, for instance, investing a fund or insuring a property. Distributive powers are those which relate to deciding who benefits. Generally the decision as to benefit will have been made by the settlor, by creating a fixed trust, by giving the decision to trustees through a discretionary trust, or by conferring a power of appointment on the trustees or a third party. In addition to this, however, there are some instances where trustees can make a decision as to who benefits from a trust fund, even where not expressly provided for by the settlor.
36. Limitation of action
Authors: Barr Warren , Picton John
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers the defence of limitation in regard to an action for compensation for breach of trust, which are governed by the Limitation Act 1980. Actions normally have to be brought within a six-year limitation period, though there are exceptions such as fraud, where no limitation period is imposed. The related doctrine of laches (unreasonable delay) is also explored. It also considers those provisions as they apply to actions against fiduciaries who have received an unauthorized profit, which has proved more difficult because the legislation does not make any express provision for such claims. A failed attempt at legislative reform of the operation of limitation periods by the Law Commission is also explored.
37. Remedies against strangers to the trust
Authors: Barr Warren , Picton John
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers remedies involving a breach of trust which involves a third party who was not a trustee either as a participant in the breach or as the recipient of trust property transferred to them in breach of trust. In the event of such a breach, the beneficiaries of the trust may be entitled to pursue remedies against the stranger. The third party is termed a ‘stranger to the trust’ because he or she was not a trustee and, therefore, was not subject to any obligations prior to his or her involvement in the breach. Remedies against third parties may prove more attractive to the beneficiaries than their remedies against the trustee in breach. The availability of remedies against a stranger to the trust will be especially important if the trustee is insolvent, thus rendering direct remedies against the trustee ineffective.
2. Bargaining and agreeing
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on agreement between parties as a requirement in the formation of a contract. Agreement is said to be reached when one party (the ‘offeree’) makes an offer to another proposing certain terms by which he intends to be bound, which that other party accepts as made. An agreement will only be taken to have been reached if the acceptance perfectly mirrors the offer. This chapter first examines the relatively straightforward situation of a seller and buyer bargaining over a prospective sale. It explains the distinction between an offer, an invitation to treat, and a counter-offer, as well as the importance of communicating acceptance and applicability of the postal rule to modern forms of communication. It also considers how the principles of offer and acceptance translate to other forms of contracting. The chapter covers the most influential and important cases in the subject area.
3. Consideration
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses consideration as a requirement for an agreement to be treated as a legally binding contract. Consideration is the price one party pays for the other party’s promise or performance. The doctrine of consideration provides, in essence, that a price of some sort must be paid if an agreement is to be enforceable as a contract. This chapter begins with an analysis of the first requirement imposed by the doctrine of consideration: that the act, forbearance, promise, or commodity given in exchange for the promise should be something of value. It then examines the three different conceptual approaches used in the legal understanding of value based on the idea of economic value, benefit and detriment, and practical benefit. It also describes the ingredients of exchange and includes case in depth boxes that cover the most influential and important cases pertaining to consideration.
9. Co-Ownership—the Resolution of Disputes
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the legal nature of the rights of co-owners. It covers the effect of imposing a trust upon co-owners; tenancy in common arising because there is an implied trust; ss 13–15 of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TOLATA 1996); bankruptcy of a co-owner; the modern position of husband and wife co-owners on a marriage break-up; rights of co-owners in equity; Law of Property (Joint Tenants) Act 1964; and co-ownership of registered land.
10. Licences and Proprietary Estoppel
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the various types of licences and proprietary estoppel. It covers bare licences; licences coupled with an interest; contractual licences; revocation of a licence by the licensor; the effect of licences between the licensee and a third party; estoppel licences; proprietary estoppel; the requirements for an estoppel: assurance, detriment, and reliance; satisfying the equity and proportionality in the assessment of an award for estoppel; and status of ‘an equity’ before it has been satisfied.
16. Rectification of the Register of Title
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the rectification of the register (other than adverse possession); the situations where rectification of the register may be appropriate (‘double conveyancing’, possible negligent mistakes, registration obtained through fraud and/or forgery); rectification against a registered proprietor in possession; rectification where it would be unjust not to rectify; the effect of rectification on priorities under Land Registration Act 2002; and indemnity (indemnity for a registered proprietor where rectification is granted and indemnity for a person who is refused rectification).
17. The Essential Characteristics of Easements
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the characteristics of an easement: there must be a dominant and a servient tenement; the easement must accommodate the dominant tenement; the easement must be owned or occupied by different people; and an easement must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant. All four characteristics must exist for a right claimed to be an easement. If any one of those is missing, then the right is not an easement.
20. Freehold Covenants
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the difference between restrictive and positive covenants; the rules which govern the running of the burden of covenants; the rules regulating who initially has the right to enforce a covenant; the significance of s56 of the Law of Property Act 1925 and the impact of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999; the rules regarding assignment of restrictive covenants; the concept ‘building scheme’; and whether a positive or restrictive covenant will pass to successors in title.
1. Introduction to Property and Land
Authors: George Martin , Layard Antonia
Published: September 2022

Land is an important commodity in society that it is both permanent and indestructible, two features which distinguish it from other forms of property. More than one person can have a relationship with the land and share the right to possess it. The right to possess a land is known as ownership right, but it is also common for people to have enforceable rights in other people’s land. This is a third-party right, an example of which is where the owner of a house in a residential area agrees with neighbours that the house will only be used as a residence. This chapter discusses land and property rights, ownership rights, third-party rights, and conveyancing. It also examines the distinction in English law between real property and personal property, the meaning of land, items attached to the land, fixtures and fittings, and incorporeal hereditaments.
4. Unregistered Land and the Law of Property Act 1925
Authors: George Martin , Layard Antonia
Published: September 2022

In 1925, England enacted substantial legislation that recast the existing Land Law, and which provided the framework on which modern Land Law was developed for more than seventy-five years. The essential framework remained intact until the enactment of the Land Registration Act 2002, which replaced, and substantially modified, the Land Registration Act 1925. But while the Land Registration Act 2002 is an important piece of legislation relating to land ownership in England, the 1925 legislation will still provide a good deal of the theoretical underpinning of the subject. This chapter discusses the main strategies of the 1925 legislation, focusing on its effect on unregistered land. It first describes Land Law after 1925 before turning to legal estates, legal interests in land, equitable rights, land charges registration under the Land Charges Act 1925, unregistrable interests, and classification of interests.
9. Leasehold Estates
Authors: George Martin , Layard Antonia
Published: September 2022

The lease was not originally perceived to be within Land Law at all, but is now a familiar and important part of landholding. The underlying basis of the lease is a contractual one—a factor that has led, at times, to conflict between landlord and tenant as to whether the relationship should be regarded as the incidents of that estate, or should be governed by normal contractual principles. Leases are employed in three main areas: residential property, commercial property, and agricultural property. This chapter, which deals with leasehold estates, examines the context of leases, the essentials of a lease, exclusive possession, types of tenancy, and equitable leases, and also discusses the rights and duties under a lease, the enforceability of covenants, and termination of tenancies.
The Biological Hierarchy, Time, and Temporal ‘Omics in Evolutionary Biology: A Perspective
Authors: Snead Anthony A , Clark René D
Published: August 2022

Sequencing data—genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—have revolutionized biological research, enabling a more detailed study of processes, ranging from subcellular to evolutionary, that drive biological organization. These processes, collectively, are responsible for generating patterns of phenotypic variation and can operate over dramatically different timescales (milliseconds to billions of years). While researchers often study phenotypic variation at specific levels of biological organization to isolate processes operating at that particular scale, the varying types of sequence data, or ‘omics, can also provide complementary inferences to link molecular and phenotypic variation to produce an integrated view of evolutionary biology, ranging from molecular pathways to speciation. We briefly describe how ‘omics has been used across biological levels and then demonstrate the utility of integrating different types of sequencing data across multiple biological levels within the same study to better understand biological phenomena. However, single-time-point studies cannot evaluate the temporal dynamics of these biological processes. Therefore, we put forward temporal ‘omics as a framework that can better enable researchers to study the temporal dynamics of target processes. Temporal ‘omics is not infallible, as the temporal sampling regime directly impacts inferential ability. Thus, we also discuss the role the temporal sampling regime plays in deriving inferences about the environmental conditions driving biological processes and provide examples that demonstrate the impact of the sampling regime on biological inference. Finally, we forecast the future of temporal ‘omics by highlighting current methodological advancements that will enable temporal ‘omics to be extended across species and timescales. We extend this discussion to using temporal multi-omics to integrate across the biological hierarchy to evaluate and link the temporal dynamics of processes that generate phenotypic variation.
Pharmacy postgraduate education transformation: pharmacist preferences for microcredentials
Authors: Marra Carlo A , Donat Ina , Lee Michaela , Roberti Hanne , Sue Tim , Au Martin , Lam Denise , Wilby Kyle J
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To explore micro-credentialing for postgraduate study in pharmacy practice.

Methods

An online survey of practicing or intern pharmacists in New Zealand was designed to identify learner preferences for education, determine interest and demand for microcredentials and elicit preferred ‘willingness-to-pay’ thresholds.

Key findings

A total of 430 responses were obtained. A stacked microcredential programme was preferred by 88% over traditional courses. Interest, skill development and career development were the top-ranked aspects. Participants favoured the lowest cost option ($300 NZD per microcredential).

Conclusions

Pharmacists in New Zealand are supportive of microcredentials for postgraduate study as an alternative to traditional programmes.
Are UK pharmacists ready for consultant-level practice? A cross-sectional survey of self-assessed development needs
Authors: Forsyth Paul , Radley Andrew , Marra Fiona , Roberts Debra , Sehrawat Michele , Aiello Matthew , Brown Jane , Rauchhaus Petra , Doherty Stephen , Parsons Rachael , Oakley Joseph , Bond Christine , Roberts Susan
Published: September 2022

Objectives

The four nations of the United Kingdom (UK) have endorsed a new curriculum and credentialing process for consultant pharmacists. This study aimed to measure the self-reported consultant-level practice development needs of pharmacists across the UK.

Methods

The study was a cross-sectional electronic survey. Inclusion criteria were: pharmacists registered to practice with the General Pharmaceutical Council; working in any professional sector across the UK; and self-identifying as already working at an advanced level of practice or in an advanced pharmacist role. Participants were asked to rate their confidence that their current practice aligns to the level described in the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Consultant Pharmacist curriculum on a 5-point Likert scale. Predictors of overall confidence with the whole curriculum were analysed using binomial regression.

Key findings

Nine hundred and forty-four pharmacists participated. Median age was 42 years; 72.6% were female. Research skills and strategic leadership skills had low self-reported confidence. Patient-Centred Care and Collaboration was the domain with the highest reported confidence. 10.2% (96/944) of participants self-reported confidence across the whole curriculum. The strongest predictors of overall confidence across the curriculum were advanced clinical practitioner qualification, research qualifications and self-identifying as a specialist. Increasing age and male gender also predicted confidence. White ethnicity and having an independent prescribing qualification negatively predicted confidence.

Conclusion

A small minority of pharmacists self-reported confidence across the whole curriculum. A planned approach to develop research skills across the career spectrum, coupled with better identification of workplace-based experiential strategic leadership opportunities, may help deliver a larger cohort of ‘consultant-ready’ pharmacists.
Measure Dx: Implementing pathways to discover and learn from diagnostic errors
Authors: Bradford Andrea , Shofer Marjorie , Singh Hardeep
Published: August 2022

Despite the high frequency of diagnostic errors, multiple barriers, including measurement, make it difficult learn from these events. This article discusses Measure Dx, a new resource from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality that translates knowledge from diagnostic safety measurement research into actionable recommendations. Measure Dx guides healthcare organizations to detect, analyze, and learn from diagnostic safety events as part of a continuous learning and feedback cycle. Wider adoption of Measure Dx, along with the implementation of solutions that result, can advance new frontiers in reducing preventable diagnostic harm to patients.
Emotional Practices and How We Can Trace Them: Diplomats, Emojis, and Multilateral Negotiations at the UNHRC
Authors: Cornut Jérémie
Published: August 2022

This article suggests a new approach for looking at emotions. In the framework that is developed, emotions are practices that are performed in context and not only felt or had. On the theoretical side, three concepts inspired by Bourdieu's work are introduced: hexis, emotional sense, and emotional performance. On the methodological side, this framework is used to make sense of emojis in digital exchanges. Emojis are the literal display of an emotion “on paper”—or rather, on screen—and constitute a simplified way to read the emotional communication between individuals. They are not epiphenomenal. Given the widespread use of instant messaging applications, they are an accessible and effective means for individuals to perform emotions. In turn, this framework opens up the possibility to analyze better how and why mundane emotions matter in international politics. How diplomats use emojis on WhatsApp during negotiations at the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva serves as an illustration. Often perceived as guided by rational calculations, diplomats also master informal and interpersonal skills to persuade, negotiate, and build connections. This fundamental social dimension of diplomatic work puts their (online) emotional practices at the center of their performances.
Material Scarcity, Mortality, and Violent Conflict
Authors: Schwarz Christopher
Published: August 2022

Over the past decade, a growing literature has re-examined the relationship between material scarcity and conflict. Despite increasing policy salience and empirical interest, coherent theoretical accounts remain underdeveloped. This article develops microfoundations for a first-image rationalist explanation for war. It is shown that the basic physiological fact of necessary consumption induces context conditional risk preference, a feature that coherently explains empirical patterns of conflict. When applied to higher levels of analysis, the basic mechanism explains additional patterns such as the association between power preponderance and conflict and the oversized demands made by weak actors.
The Paths Not Taken?
Authors: de la Rasilla Ignacio
Published: September 2022

The introductory section examines the similarities between the prosecution dilemmas posed by the successive piracy crises off the coasts of Somalia and the Gulf of Guinea. Section 1 analyses how the prosecution-related shortcomings of universal jurisdiction and of the international treaty regime currently applicable to the crime of piracy have been compounded by domestic legal and structural factors affecting littoral states in the east and west Africa coasts. Section 2 follows by examining the role of crises as tipping points for international adjudication and introducing central concepts of the analytical tradition of ‘historical institutionalism’ such as ‘critical juncture’ or ‘path-dependence’. Section 3 then applies these analytical tools as it reviews the pros and cons of the main international, hybrid and nationally assisted adjudicative alternatives for the prosecution of the crime of piracy, which it divides into the categories of ‘ad hoc’ and ‘permanent’ solutions, and examines their potential applicability to the escalating piracy crisis in the Gulf of Guinea. The conclusion recaps the main findings of the article and highlights how the elusive quest for international adjudication of the crime of piracy in Africa illustrates the veiled, yet pervasive, influence of path-dependence on international adjudicative-setting processes.
The Subgenus Persicargas (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas) 20. A. (P.) robertsi parasitizing nesting wading birds and domestic chickens in the Australian and Oriental Regions, viral infections, and host migration
Authors: Hoogstraal Harry , Kaiser Makram N. , McClure H. Elliott
Published: September 2022

Study of about 10,000 ticks, chiefly from arboreal bird rookeries in Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and Taiwan, shows that all represent Argas (Persicargas) robertsi Hoogstraal, Kaiser & Kohls. This species, originally described from domestic chicken houses in Queensland, Australia, is the Australian-Oriental counterpart of A. (P.) atloreus Kaieer, Hoogstraal & Kohls, which parasitizes the same and similar genera and species of wild birds through much of Africa (Ethiopian Faunal Region and Mediterranean Subregion of the Palearctic). Birds commonly inhabiting robertsi-infested rookeries are cormorants (Phalacrocorax), herons (Ardea, Ardeola, Bubulcus, Njcticorax), egrets (Egretta), the Open-billed Stork (Anastomus), and ibises (Threskiornis, Plegadis). Other birds, domestic chicken houses, a lighthouse beacon, and humans in rookeriss and in laboratories are also sources of specimens. Enormous populations of this parasite develop in rookeries inhabited by numerous birds whose migratory habits contribute to the wide dispersal of the ticks and their characteristic viruses. Tickborne viruses isolated from A. (P.) robertsi samples reported here are Kao Shuan (Taiwan, Java, Australia) and Pathum Thani (Thailand, Sri Lanka), both in the Dera Ghazi Khan group, and Nyamanini (Thailand, Sri Lanka), ungrouped. In Australia, A. (P.) persicus (Oken) was found in nests of galahs, Kakatoe roseicapilla; these are the only authentic records known to us of wild bird hosts of this cosmopolitan fowl tick outside its Central Asiar homeland.
Mosquito-Borne Infections in Fiji: IV. Biting times for village mosquitoes and human filaria transmission potential of Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes pseudoscutellaris
Authors: Rakai I. M. , Naserua J. D. , Macnamara F. N. , Pillai J. S.
Published: September 2022

Studies on biting times of common mosquitoes in Fiji revealed that Aedes polynesiensis and Ae. pseudoscutellaris were primarily day-time biters. Ae. vigilax and Ae. nocturnus were most active around midnight, while Culex quinquefasciatus, C. annulirostris and C. sitiens showed a preference for early evening biting. Ae. polynesiensis was restricted to a strip of the coast less than 0.8 km from the shoreline, whereas the distribution of Ae. pseudoscutellaris extended further inland. In investigations into human filaria transmission, it was found that there was rarely more than 1 mature Wucheroria bancrofti larva in any Ae. polynesiensis. Since both male and female filariae are required to establish a disease process in man, multiple infectious bites would be required.
Continuous Intravenous Ketamine for Pain Control After Tibial or Femoral Osteotomy
Authors: Johnson Zackary , Scribner Maggie , Patzkowski Jeanne , Patzkowski Michael
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this case series is to evaluate the potential of continuous intravenous ketamine administration as part of a multimodal strategy to reduce opioid requirements after high tibial osteotomy (HTO) and distal femoral osteotomy (DFO).

Methods

We examined the average postoperative numerical rating scale pain intensity score from admission to the postanesthesia care unit to 8 am of the first postoperative day of four patients who underwent HTO or DFO. Pain scores were analyzed as the time-weighted sum of pain intensity differences using the trapezoidal rule of the curve, resulting in an area under the curve (AUC).

Results

Patient A had an AUC of 2,828 over 1,180 minutes with an average pain score of 2.4/10. Patient B had an AUC of 1,418 over 1,285 minutes with an average pain score of 1.1/10. Patient C had an AUC of 4,217 over 1,155 minutes with an average pain score of 3.7/10. Patient D had an AUC of 4,498 over 1,030 minutes with an average pain score of 4.4/10. All were able to go home on postoperative day 1.

Conclusions

This novel perioperative pain pathway including multiple non-opioid pain adjuncts and a low-dose continuous ketamine infusion is an effective method for pain management in knee periarticular osteotomies.

Level of Evidence

Level 4; Case Series.
A distinct pattern of growth and RAC1 signaling in melanoma brain metastasis cells
Authors: Stejerean-Todoran Ioana , Gimotty Phyllis A , Watters Andrea , Brafford Patricia , Krepler Clemens , Godok Tetiana , Li Haiyin , Bonilla del Rio Zuriñe , Zieseniss Anke , Katschinski Dörthe M , Sertel Sinem M , Rizzoli Silvio O , Garman Bradley , Nathanson Katherine L , Xu Xiaowei , Chen Qing , Oswald Jack H , Lotem Michal , Mills Gordon B , Davies Michael A , Schön Michael P , Bogeski Ivan , Herlyn Meenhard , Vultur Adina
Published: September 2022

Background

Melanoma, the deadliest of skin cancers, has a high propensity to form brain metastases that are associated with a markedly worsened prognosis. In spite of recent therapeutic advances, melanoma brain lesions remain a clinical challenge, biomarkers predicting brain dissemination are not clear and differences with other metastatic sites are poorly understood.

Methods

We examined a genetically diverse panel of human-derived melanoma brain metastasis (MBM) and extracranial cell lines using targeted sequencing, a Reverse Phase Protein Array, protein expression analyses, and functional studies in vitro and in vivo.

Results

Brain-specific genetic alterations were not detected; however, MBM cells in vitro displayed lower proliferation rates and MBM-specific protein expression patterns associated with proliferation, DNA damage, adhesion, and migration. MBM lines displayed higher levels of RAC1 expression, involving a distinct RAC1-PAK1-JNK1 signaling network. RAC1 knockdown or treatment with small molecule inhibitors contributed to a less aggressive MBM phenotype in vitro, while RAC1 knockdown in vivo led to reduced tumor volumes and delayed tumor appearance. Proliferation, adhesion, and migration were higher in MBM vs nonMBM lines in the presence of insulin or brain-derived factors and were affected by RAC1 levels.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that despite their genetic variability, MBM engage specific molecular processes such as RAC1 signaling to adapt to the brain microenvironment and this can be used for the molecular characterization and treatment of brain metastases.
Colonizers, Scribes, and the Gods
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

While the city of Uruk was growing in size, c. 3500 bce, it was also sending out colonists across the Near East. These people probably moved away in order to provide raw materials unavailable in southern Mesopotamia, such as metal ores, timber, and building stone. They settled as far afield as Susa in Iran, Habuba Kabira in Syria, and even Egypt. By 3300 bce, a proto-cuneiform writing system came into use to help organize the materials and workers in Uruk, but it was not yet an attempt to represent language, only numbers, commodities, and people. The tablets show that the economy was centralized and that the temple controlled and stored a great deal of grain. Over time, the symbols in the writing system became less pictographic, and the numerical systems became complex. A short biography of an official named Kushim explores his role in this system, including his responsibilities for keeping track of the temple’s barley, malt, and beer, and distributing it as needed. Some clay tablets from this period, around 3000 bce, feature school exercises, showing that schools existed for the scribes who managed the administration. At the head of this administration was a man called the en, who seems to have consolidated wealth in the form of fields. The en’s power came from his relationship to the deities who were seen as human in form, immortal, and associated with natural phenomena, such as the sun. The Mesopotamians believed their role was to serve and provide for the gods.
A Conqueror and a Priestess
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

The seal impression of a scribe named Kitushdu introduces the Akkadian period (c. 2300–2200 bce), during which he lived. Kitushdu worked for the priestess Enheduana, who was the daughter of Sargon of Akkad, the first king to unify Mesopotamia. Sargon was later the hero of legends, but few records survive from his reign. Sargon may have been inspired by Lugalzagesi, king of Umma and Uruk, who preceded him and who had conquered a number of Sumerian city-states. Sargon in turn conquered Lugalzagesi and took over his realm, and seems to have campaigned from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He also promoted trade with lands as far away as the Indus Valley, and had scribes use the Semitic language of Akkadian for administration, in place of Sumerian. His daughter Enheduana was chosen, through omens, to be the high en-priestess of the moon god in the city of Ur. She was not only responsible for performing rituals and offerings in the temple, she also wrote hymns and poetry, which were preserved by later scribes who copied them in school. (The same is true of Sargon’s inscriptions, which are known only from scribal copies.) When Sargon’s grandson, Naram-Sin, became king, a widespread rebellion caused Enheduana to be expelled from her position, inspiring her to write her best-known hymn, appealing for help to the goddess Inana. When Naram-Sin defeated the rebellion, he restored Enheduana to her role, and also deified himself, even portraying himself wearing a horned helmet normally reserved for the gods.
Brickmakers, Litigants, and Slaves
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

After the Akkadian empire, Gudea of Lagash ruled one of the few stable kingdoms, modeling his reign on the Early Dynastic kings, rather than on warlike Akkadian rulers. The same was true of kings the Third Dynasty of Ur (2112–2000 bce) that followed. Ur-Namma conquered a wide region but did not emphasize this. Instead, he is known as the author of the earliest extant law collection, and as the man who commissioned the first ziggurats (stepped temple towers). The chapter investigates the daily life of a brickmaker who helped construct the Ur ziggurat: his working conditions and output, the number of bricks needed, the work-hours involved, and the technologies of construction. Moving on to the legal system, an overview of Ur-Namma’s laws is followed by a study of a court case, showing how the judicial system worked. The case is one in which one woman accused another of not repaying a loan completely. In court, the judge used witnesses and oaths to arrive at a verdict. A court was also used to try a runaway slave, Lu-Nanna. This episode highlights the lives and definitions of slaves in this era, efforts to capture escaped slaves, prisons, fines, and rewards imposed by judges. Next comes a short study of abandoned children who worked for the temples and were provided with rations. The last biography is of the deified king Shulgi, who reorganized the cities of his empire, created a new tax system, installed governors, and founded a redistribution center to process taxes.
Naditums and Scribal Students
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

In Sippar, during Hammurabi’s reign, a group of women called naditums lived and worked in a community called the gagum. They were devoted to the god Shamash and forbidden to marry, but they also had a lot of autonomy. They bought real estate, leased land, and lent silver at interest, boosting the economy of the city. Excavated houses of naditums and written documents show that some had small two-room houses, but others lived in larger homes; some owned taverns, and they were not cloistered. A biography of Awat-Aya, a young naditum, looks into her initiation: the dowry she received, the gifts exchanged, the meals served, the rituals, and the mentors who helped young naditums like her. Amat-Shamash, a naditum and princess, prayed to Shamash for her family members in exchange for gifts and food. In old age, naditums often adopted young women who cared for them and later inherited from them. In Nippur, around the same time, a scribal student named Elletum attended school in a private house (House F). Literacy became more widespread in this era as some of the economy privatized, though schools mostly seem to have been small. The tablets excavated in House F reveal the stages of his training, from beginning to form cuneiform signs to writing out long literary works. Scribes also learned mathematics using the sexagesimal system. Many scribes studied an early version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, which already pertained to friendship, fear of death, fame, and kingship.
Barbers, Mercenaries, and Exiles
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

Samsu-iluna of Babylon (1749–1712 bce) faced rebellions after taking the throne. His efforts to maintain control in the south failed, but he expanded his kingdom northward, including defeating a king of Terqa. Excavations at Terqa have revealed the neighborhood of Gimil-Ninkarrak, chief barber. Barbers shaved men’s heads and beards, but also played an administrative role. Gimil-Ninkarrak and his neighbors depended on one another, including witnessing one another’s contracts, and many of them played a role at the local shrine. King Samsu-iluna’s son, Abi-eshuh, tried using a dam to deflect water from the Tigris along a canal to the Euphrates to undermine southern cities, but ultimately he was unsuccessful in defeating the new Sealand kingdom near the Gulf. A fort called Dur-Abi-eshuh protected the canal by the dam. Marduk-lamassashu was a vizier who, with commander Ibni-Sin, oversaw troops there, including mercenaries from foreign lands. Sealand forces attacked Nippur and its temple to Enlil, causing residents to flee to Dur-Abi-eshuh, where they constructed a new temple. Enlil-mansum, a temple official, engaged in trade while in exile there, working with other officials to purchase slaves from distant cities. King Hattusili I was expanding the Hittite Empire during this same time and built a new capital city at Hattusa. His son Mursili I attacked Babylon, but the kingdom there had already been weakened by internal rebellions, and was probably invaded by several groups, not just the Hittites. The conquest was followed by a Dark Age during which few documents were written.