bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive color space model based on dominant colors for image and video compression performance improvement
Authors:   Computer Engineering Department, Gunadarma University, Madenda S. , Darmayantie A. ,   Computer Engineering Department, Gunadarma University
Published: June 2021

This paper describes the use of some color spaces in JPEG image compression algorithm and their impact in terms of image quality and compression ratio, and then proposes adaptive color space models (ACSM) to improve the performance of lossy image compression algorithm. The proposed ACSM consists of, dominant color analysis algorithm and YCoCg color space family. The YCoCg color space family is composed of three color spaces, which are YCcCr, YCpCg and YCyCb. The dominant colors analysis algorithm is developed which enables to automatically select one of the three color space models based on the suitability of the dominant colors contained in an image. The experimental results using sixty test images, which have varying colors, shapes and textures, show that the proposed adaptive color space model provides improved performance of 3 % to 10 % better than YCbCr, YDbDr, YCoCg and YCgCo-R color spaces family. In addition, the YCoCg color space family is a discrete transformation so its digital electronic implementation requires only two adders and two subtractors, both for forward and inverse conversions.
Signal of an autocorrelation low-coherence interferometer probing a layered object by a wave-field with wide angular spectrum
Authors:   Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lyakin D.V. , Ryabukho V.P. ,   Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: June 2021

The effect of the width of the angular spectrum (numerical aperture) of a broadband-frequency wave-field probing a layered object on the signal of an autocorrelation low-coherence interferometer (ALCI) under spatially coherent and incoherent illumination of the entrance pupil is considered. It is found that under incoherent illumination an increase in the width of the angular spectrum of the field leads to a decrease in the amplitude, a change in the shape and position of the measuring signals of the interferometer due to decorrelation of the object field partial components which have reflected from various interlayer boundaries inside the object. In the case of coherent illumination, the ALCI signal is formed in a confocal mode, which leads to the amplitude extraction of the measurement signals are determined by the mutual correlations between a partial component reflected from the boundary on which the probing field was focused, and partial components of this field which have reflected from other boundaries within the object. This effect makes it possible to determine parameters of the internal layered structure of an object doing without apriori structure-related information. In this case, an increase in the numerical aperture of the probing light beam leads to an increase in the systematic error in determining the optical thicknesses of the layers, which can be estimated on the basis of the obtained expressions.
Development of vector algorithm using CUDA technology for three-dimensional retinal laser coagulation process modeling
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Shirokanev A.S. ,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Andriyanov N.A. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Ilyasova N.Y. ,   Samara National Research University,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS
Published: June 2021

For diabetic retinopathy treatment, laser coagulation is used in modern practice. During the laser surgery process, the parameters of laser exposure are selected manually by a doctor, which requires the doctor to have sufficient experience and knowledge to achieve a therapeutic effect. On the basis of mathematical modeling of the laser coagulation process, it is possible to estimate the crucial parameters without performing an operation. However, the retina has a rather complex structure, and when even low-cost numerical methods are used for modeling, it takes a long time to obtain a result. In this regard, the development of time-efficient algorithms for three-dimensional modeling is an urgent task, since the use of such algorithms will provide a compre-hensive study within a limited time. In this paper, we study the execution time of algorithms that implement various variations in the application of the splitting method and the finite difference method, adapted to the set problem of heat conduction. The study reveals the most efficient algorithm, which is then vectorized and implemented using the CUDA technology. The study was carried out using Intel Core i7-10875H and Nvidia RTX 2080 MAX Q and showed that an analog of the vector algorithm, focused on solving a multidimensional heat conduction problem, provides an acceleration of no more than 1.5 times compared to the sequential version. The developed vector-based algorithm, focused on the application of the sweep method in all directions of the three-dimensional problem, significantly reduces the time spent on copying into the memory of the video card and provides a 40-fold acceleration in comparison with the sequential three-dimensional modeling algorithm. On the basis of the same approach, a parallel algorithm of mathematical modeling was developed, which provided a 20-fold acceleration at full processor load.
Block algorithms to solve Zheng/Chen/Zhang's finite-difference equations
Authors:   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Golovashkin D.L. ,   Samara National Research University, Morunov N.D. ,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Yablokova L.V. ,   Samara National Research University
Published: June 2021

This paper is devoted to the design of multiblock algorithms of the FDTD-method intended for computations based on a Zheng-Chen-Zhang implicit finite-difference scheme. Special emphasis is placed on experimental research of the designed algorithms and detecting specific features of the multiblock computing based on implicit finite-difference equations. The efficiency of the proposed approaches is proved by a six-fold speed-up of computations.
A transverse energy flow at the tight focus of light with higher-order circular-azimuthal polarization
Authors:   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Kotlyar V.V. ,   Samara National Research University, Stafeev S.S. ,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University
Published: June 2021

Tight focusing of light with mth-order circular-azimuthal polarization was investigated. This is a new type of inhomogeneous hybrid polarization that combines the properties of mth order cylindrical polarization and circular polarization. Using the Richards-Wolf formalism, we obtained analytical expressions in the focal spot for the projections of the electric and magnetic field, the intensity distribution, the projections of the Poynting vector, and the spin angular momentum. It was shown theoretically and numerically that at the focus, the intensity has 2(m+1) local maxima located on a circle centered on an on-axis intensity null. It was shown that 4m vortices of a transverse energy flow were produced at the focus, with their centers located between the local intensity maxima. It was also shown that in the focal plane, the transverse energy flow changes the direction of rotation 2(2m+1) times around the optical axis. It is interesting that the longitudinal projection of the spin angular momentum at the focus changes sign 4m times. In those areas of the focal plane where the transverse energy flow rotates counterclockwise, the longitudinal projection of the spin angular momentum is positive, and the polarization vector rotates counterclockwise in the focal plane. Conversely, if the energy flow rotates clockwise, the polarization vector rotates clockwise, and the longitudinal projection of the spin angular momentum is negative. Numerical simulations are in agreement with the theoretical investigation.
Migration risk management in the context of transformation of global migration processes
Authors:   Saratov State University, Cherevichko Tatyana V.
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of managing migration risks in the context of the transformation of the migration situation in the modern world space. The author, noting such transformation features as a reduction in the duration of migration movement, the emergence of “fluid” plastic forms of migration, substantiates the manifestation of migration risks and the need for new approaches to their minimization.
Internet technologies influence on sociopolitical activity of youth: Sociological analysis
Authors:   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Golubin Roman V. , Isakova Inna A. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Korotyshev Alexander P. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Rykhtik Pavel P. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: June 2021

The article presents the results of the study that included the materials of two authors’ social polls (Nizhny Novgorod, 2020, n = 560) and the data on the search queries of Internet users from the WordStat service from “Yandex” company. The main research is dedicated to assessing technologies for influencing the socio-political activity of young people. Modern Russian society switches to the information type, which is characterized by the growing influence of new forms of communication technologies in various spheres of social life and strengthening of the ingrowth of such technologies into people’s lives. The number of Internet users grows every year, half of the users are representatives of the younger generation. In such conditions, the phenomenon of the Internet acquires particular importance as an interactive platform for mass communication and influence on political processes, which makes the study of new digital technologies for working with youth so relevant. The article describes and classifies modern technologies for promoting socio-political content in social networks popular among young people: selfactualization (hype and trend), self-expansion (autoposting), self-institutionalization (funnel).
Sociological aspects of improving the contaminated territories of Saratov
Authors:   Saratov State University, Kalinnikova Marina V. , Sosina Irina N. ,   Saratov State University
Published: June 2021

The article discusses the problems of urban development of the contaminated territories of Saratov aimed at improving this territory. Particular attention is paid to the substantiation and necessity of using in sociological studies of a modern city such a concept as a socio-territorial community, which is interpreted as a form of social life, where a certain set of individuals has the same type of relationship to a specific territory. Glebutchev ravine was chosen as a contagious model polygon. Throughout almost the entire history of the city, the contaminated areas have been a zone of uncomfortable living attracting the poorest segments of the city’s residents. Urban development of these territories is associated with a number of social and environmental problems, for example, with the need for mass resettlement, demolition of illegal buildings, settlement of land disputes, etc. In the course of analyzing the materials of the author’s sociological survey of macrophotography, the bulk of the residents (65%) note the need of improving the ravine. At the same time, 30% of respondents want to improve living conditions by building a shopping and entertainment center, 45% want to see only pedestrian and transport accessibility and 35% believe that the creation of parks and recreation areas is necessary.
Socio-cultural context of speech conflicts
Authors:   Saratov State University, Mogilevich Bronislava R.
Published: June 2021

The article highlights the problem of socio-cultural nature of speech conflicts. Communicators’ speech activity is conditioned both by inner and external factors of communication situation. Communicators’ personal types are of great importance, as well as their communication schemes. Personal values and principles define human motivation and intention. The asymmetry of communication activity, a speech one included, causes a lot of various conflicts.
Priorities of the foreign cultural policy of modern Spain
Authors:   Moscow State Linguistic University, Pupysheva Maria V.
Published: June 2021

The article covers theoretical and practical aspects of implementing foreign cultural policy by Spain. Drawing on various studies (both Russian and foreign ones) and official documents, the specific nature of the foreign cultural activity of Spain is analyzed and a conclusion is made about potential lines of its further development.
Advertising communications of an opposition candidate (A case study of Pavel Grudinin’s electoral campaign)
Authors:   The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Rafikov Artur I.
Published: June 2021

The article contains results of the research of advertising communication of the candidate P. N. Grudinin. Drawing on the data from social surveys, the author puts forward a thesis that the political idea promoted by the candidate is irrelevant for the majority of voters in Russia. The following features of advertising communications are highlighted: an appeal to the past; the lack of attempts to expand the electoral base; use of oppositions.
The state role in the investments development in Russia’s digital economy
Authors:   Saratov State University, Popov Savva O.
Published: June 2021

Introduction. The current stage of development is characterized by widespread digitalization of almost all economy spheres. One of the key areas for the developing digital economy in the Russian Federation is investments and investment relations. The state supports and develops the investments in data-driven formation of the digital economy. The article examines some of the subjects of the country’s influence on the mechanisms for expanding the innovation investment sphere, regarding local development specifics. Theoretical analysis. There are two categories for considering government influence on investments in the digital economy – the investment climate and the country’s investment policy. The key part of the research process is a set of economic, sociological and statistical methods, as well as applied scientific analysis in digitalization field of public institutions, institutional investment and investment relations as part of the economic system. Empirical analysis. Analyzed topical aspects of state role on the investments development in a rapidly changing environment, divided them into six fundamental categories. The process is presented in the forms of activating the legislative process and the testing of regulatory “sandboxes”. The article describes the caution of the Russian Federation in choosing a supported investment industry, its type and accompanying regulatory legal acts. Results. The research shows the development aspects description chosen by the state to support investment in digital economy conditions and a fact analysis of the state methods of influence on investment relations in the context of global and country economy digitalization.
On the doctrinal principles of family law (The case study of the principle of responsibility for violation of family law norms)
Authors:   Kalmyk State University named after B. B. Gorodovikov, Ryzhenkov Anatoly J.
Published: June 2021

Introduction. The article proposes supplementing the system of principles of family law with a new doctrinal principle – the principle of responsibility for violations of family law. Theoretical analysis. The article explores scientific ideas about the system of principles of family law, the features of family legal responsibility, the relationship of protection measures and liability measures in family law. Result. The article concludes that only the sanctions of the moral nature should be attributed to the family-legal sanctions. Property sanctions (compensation for non-pecuniary damage, disinheritance, recovery of losses) are of a civil nature, although they reflect the specifics of family relations. In addition to specific sanctions, the essence of family law liability lies in the special composition of the subjects of these sanctions, as well as the special procedures under which they are subject to application.
Legal regulation of the dissemination of information in social networks: Legislative innovations and prospects for law enforcement
Authors:   Saratov State University, Kulikova Svenlana A. , Chulisova Yulia A. ,   Saratov State University
Published: June 2021

Introduction. Social networks as a relatively new form of Internet communication are actively used to create and exchange content, disseminate socially significant information, conduct business, search for work, education, create groups of like-minded people and organize their activities. At the same time, the practice of recent years has shown that the threats of using social networks for illegal purposes have also significantly increased – for example, to disseminate false or offensive information, involve users in committing criminal acts, and organize public unrest. Theoretical analysis. The following problems of legal regulation of activities in social networks have been established: theoretical lack of elaboration of many issues; the conditionality of user behavior by the properties inherent in social networks; the presence of conflicts between the rules established by the owners of social networks and the norms of the laws of individual states; 4) the complexity of regulating the behavior of a virtual personality; the need to take into account the regulatory potential of information technology. Empirical analysis. The study examines international acts that establish the main directions of interstate and national policy in the field of regulation of social networks. The analysis of the Federal Law No. 530-FZ dated December 30, 2020, which establishes the features of the dissemination of information on social networks in particular, the obligations of the owner of the social network, aimed at preventing the dissemination of illegal information. The user agreements of the most famous social networks VKontakte, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter are investigated and their comparative analysis with legislative norms is carried out. Results. Firstly, the analysis of the user agreements of the most famous social networks shows that their owners have already developed norms prohibiting the dissemination of illegal and unethical content, including materials containing calls to commit terrorist activities or justifying terrorism, extremism, pornographic, defamatory or discriminatory. At the same time, the terminological and content definitions of such information differ. Secondly, legislative innovations will lead to greater transparency in the relationship between the owners of social networks and users. Thirdly, the adoption of a law regulating the features of the dissemination of information in social networks testifies to the fact that the Russian Federation, like other countries, is taking measures to ensure state sovereignty in the information sphere.
“Constitutionalization”: To the question of the concept
Authors:   Saratov State Law Academy, Plotnikova Inna N.
Published: June 2021

Introduction. The legal term of “constitutionalization” is relevant and in demand at the present stage of the constitutional development of the Russian state, as evidenced by the increasing frequency of its use in scientific works. The modern use of the term of “constitutionalization” has many meanings that are not always specified by the authors. In this connection, the definition of the essence and content of this concept has theoretical and practical significance. Theoretical analysis. The author made an attempt to theoretically comprehend the concept of “constitutionalization”, including the lexemes of “constitutionalization of the legal order” and “constitutionalization of the legal system”, based on the analysis of works by foreign and domestic authors, formalized some common essential and substantive attributive features of the phenomenon of “constitutionalization”. Empirical analysis. It is noted that in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the current Russian legislation, the judicial practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the term of “constitutionalization” has not found its reflection. As for the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, in some of its decisions this concept is mentioned in connection with the substantiation of the role of the Strasbourg and Luxembourg courts, the influence of their legal positions on the constitutionalization of the European legal order. Results. The author defines constitutionalization as a complex construct, with the acquisition of constitutional meaning by all phenomena and processes of legal reality occurring in society and the state being its attributive-relational, essential, target feature. Based on the etymological, semantic, systemic and structural analysis of this phenomenon, the author presented it as a multi-level, multi-aspect system, identified qualifying features and design features, levels, phases, stages.
The Impact of Breed, Testing Time and Metabolic Profile on the Variation of Copper Concentration in Sheep Blood Serum
Authors: Autukaitė J. , Juozaitienė V. , Antanaitis R. , Poškienė I. , Baumgartner W. , Žilinskas H. , Žilaitis V.
Published: June 2021

Background: Copper supplementation in ruminants deserves special attention because of the narrow margin between deficiency and toxicity. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the Cu concentration and other blood parameter values having taken into consideration their physiological limits based on the variation of copper concentration in the three different sheep breeds. Methods: Sixty sheep (35±5 kg) kept on the same farm were studied: the Suffolk (n = 20), the Merino (n = 20) and the Lithuanian blackhead (n = 20). The sheep were selected according to the following parameters: 3.5±0.3 years old, not pregnant during the entire investigation period, clinically healthy. All sheep were kept under the same conditions and throughout the year, were fed at the same time the same ration balanced according to their physiological needs. Individual blood samples were collected on the same day, on monthly basis for the period of one year (April 2018 to May 2019). Blood biochemical parameters as well blood haematology and cortisol concentration were analysed. Result: The highest average value of copper concentration was found in the Merino breed. The study has shown that the lowest number of blood samples with the levels of copper meeting the physiological limit values was found in the native Lithuanian blackhead sheep at the end of the grazing period and in the Merino and the Suffolk breeds - during the coldest winter months. The increase in copper concentration could be related to the stress caused due to the changes in dietary conditions, the variations of ambient temperature and different breed response to these factors.
Study of Occurrence of Cataract and their Surgical Management in Dogs
Authors: Mahanand Benudhar , Das Jayakrushna
Published: June 2021

Background: Present study investigated the occurrence of cataract in dogs presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during a period of four months. During the study period, a total number of 3847 canine cases were registered at TVCC, out of which 23 cases registered under the RKVY project for different types of ophthalmic affections. There were only eight canine cataract cases with overall prevalence of 0.2% among total canines presented to TVCC and 34.78% of total canines presented with some sorts of ophthalmic affections. Methods: Menace reflex, pupillary light reflex, maze test, obstacle test, catoptrics test, Schirmer’s tear test (STT), Schiotz tonometry, Slit lamp bio microscopy and fundus examination -using indirect ophthalmoscope (IO) and fundus camera, were carried out in all the cases studied. Result: Occurrence of cataract was higher in Spitz (50%). Males had more incidences (62.5%) of cataract. The ages of the dogs were less than 10 years. B mode ultra-sonographic (USG) examination revealed increased echogenecity of lens in all cataract affected dogs while corneal opacification was found in two cases. Cataract was extracted by phaco-emulsification in three dogs and by small incision cataract surgery (SICS) technique in one dog.
Can sedation be used for equine lameness investigation?
Authors: Termansen Helene , Meehan Lucinda
Published: June 2021

PICO question

In horses undergoing lameness investigation, does sedation with a2-adrenergic agonists alone versus sedation with a2-adrenergic agonists in combination with butorphanol tartrate effect the degree of lameness?

 

Clinical bottom line

Category of research question

Diagnosis

The number and type of study designs reviewed

Six papers were critically reviewed. There were two crossover clinical studies, three crossover controlled clinical studies and a randomised controlled clinical study

Strength of evidence

Moderate

Outcomes reported

There was limited evidence to suggest that xylazine and romifidine in combination with butorphanol has an effect on forelimb lameness and that detomidine has an effect on hindlimb lameness.

Most evidence suggests that xylazine alone or in combination with butorphanol has no effect on the lameness

Conclusion

In general, sedating a horse with an a2-adrenergic agonist alone or in combination with butorphanol tartrate does not change the baseline degree of lameness. Due to the large variation in the measurements, the small magnitude of few significant effects and the inconsistency of these significant findings, there is insufficient evidence to recommend avoiding the use of sedation in cases where it would increase the safety of those involved. However, regardless of protocol used, clinicians must appreciate the possibility of individual horse variation

 

How to apply this evidence in practice

The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.

Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.
Analisis Kadar Arsen (As) pada Sayur Kubis Hijau (Brassica oleracea L.) Pasca Erupsi Gunung Sinabung
Authors: Cahyady Boby , Taufik Muhammad , Suharman Suharman
Published: June 2021

ount Sinabung has had an impact on the lives of surrounding farmers after the eruption. One of the negative impacts is the exposure of plants and animals around them to dangerous chemical compounds, especially heavy metals. This work aimed to analyze the levels of arsenic (As) in green cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) which was exposed after two months of the eruption. The sampling method was done using a simple random sampling technique at five points. The digestion process was carried out using hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Arsenic analysis was performed using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) at 193.7 nm with vapor hydride generation accessories. Concentration of arsenic exposed to green cabbage at five sampling points was 0.4102, 0.4936, 0.4501, 0.6425, and 0.6534 mg/Kg. The results obtained were lower than the maximum limit of arsenic contamination in vegetables, namely 1.0 mg/Kg based on SNI No. 7387:2009.Keywords: arsenic, Brassica oleracea L, AAS, SNI, Mount SinabungGunung Sinabung memiliki pengaruh kepada kehidupan petani di sekitarnya pasca erupsi. Salah satu dampak negatifnya adalah terpaparnya tumbuhan dan hewan di sekitar terhadap senyawa kimia yang berbahaya, khususnya logam berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kadar arsen (As) yang terdapat pada sayur kubis hijau (Brassica oleracea L.) yang terpapar setelah dua bulan erupsi. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling di lima titik. Proses destruksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan asam klorida dan asam nitrat. Analisis arsen dilakukan dengan menggunakan atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) pada panjang gelombang 193,7 nm yang dilengkapi vapour hydride generation accessories. Kadar arsen yang terpapar pada sayur kubis hijau pada lima titik pengambilan sampel berturut turut sebesar 0,4102; 0,4936; 0,4501; 0,6425, dan 0,6534 mg/Kg. Kadar arsen yang diperoleh lebih rendah dari batas maksimum cemaran arsen dalam sayuran yakni 1,0 mg/Kg berdasarkan SNI No. 7387:2009.Kata kunci: arsen, Brassica oleracea L., AAS, SNI, Gunung Sinabung
Evaluation de la sensibilité de la PCR pour la détection de l'ADN de Trypanosoma vivax selon divers modes de préparation des échantillons sanguins
Authors: Desquesnes Marc , Tresse Laurent
Published: June 2021

Vingt deux échantillons sanguins contenant des nombres déterminés de trypanosomes/ml, allant de 1 à 1 767, ont été constitués à partir de sang de mouton infecté par T. vivax, dilué dans du sang d'animal non infecté. La sensibilité de la réaction de PCR a été évaluée sur plusieurs types de préparation du sang : sang total hépariné, plasma, interface globules blancs/plasma de tubes à hématocrite (buffy coat), sang lysé, culot de centrifugation de plasma, et ADN purifié à l'aide d'un kit commercial à base de résine échangeuse d'ions. Le sang total inhibe presque toujours la PCR. La réaction sur plasma et sang lysé possède une faible sensibilité, de l'ordre de 450 parasites/ml. La PCR sur buffy coat a une meilleure sensibilité, les produits de la réaction sont parfois peu visibles. Le culot de centrifugation de plasma est une préparation originale, rapide et économique, dont les produits de PCR sont bien visibles, et qui a présenté une bonne sensibilité : 100 % des échantillons étaient positifs au-delà de 9 parasites/ml. La purification de l'ADN est une technique un peu plus longue et coûteuse, puisqu'elle procède de plusieurs manipulations et de l'utilisation d'un kit commercial, mais elle apparaît comme la plus sensible des techniques éprouvées : 100 % des échantillons étaient positifs au-delà de 2 parasites/ml.
Facteurs affectant le poids à la naissance et la mortalité néonatale chez les moutons Massa et Foulbé dans un environnement chaud et sec au Cameroun
Authors: Ebangi A.L. , Nwakalor L.N. , Mbah D.A. , Abba D.
Published: June 2021

De 1986 à 1991, les données relatives au poids à la naissance et à la mortalité néonatale ont été recueillies sur 377 et 422 agneaux de race Massa et Foulbé, à la Station de Recherches Zootechniques de Yagoua, Cameroun. Le modèle linéaire général (GLM) et c2 ont été utilisés pour analyser les données et pour identifier et quantifier les facteurs affectant le poids à la naissance et la mortalité natale. Les résultats ont montré qu'à la naissance les effets suivants étaient très significatifs (p < 0,001) : la race, la saison et l'année de naissance, le type de naissance, la parité, les interactions saison-race et saison-année de naissance. Les interactions race-parité, race-type de naissance, type de naissance-parité étaient également significatives quant aux variations de poids à la naissance. Bien que la race Foulbé ait présenté un poids à la naissance significativement plus élevé que celui de la race Massa (2,88 vs. 1,99 kg), la mortalité était significativement plus faible chez cette dernière (49,76 vs. 50,24 %). La mortalité était significativement plus faible pendant la saison pluvieuse (16,82 %) que pendant la saison sèche froide (42,90 %) et la saison sèche chaude (40,28 %). La race Massa, malgré son faible poids à la naissance, était mieux adaptée que la race Foulbé à l'environnement chaud et sec.
Etude du taux d'infection du bétail et des tiques associées par Anaplasma et Babesia sur la Côte Sud du Guatemala
Authors: Van Andel J.M. , Dwinger R.H. , Alvarez J.A.
Published: June 2021

Babesia bovis, B. bigemina et Anaplasma marginale sont soupçonnés être très répandus sur la Côte Sud du Guatemala. L’épidémiologie des parasites a été étudiée en suivant mensuellement pendant un an 17 veaux dans deux fermes, et en prélevant et comptant toutes les tiques femelles “standard” sur une moitié du corps de tous ces animaux. Le sang et le sérum des veaux ont été examinés respectivement par la technique d’amplification en chaîne par polymérase (PCR) et des tests sérologiques. De plus, la technique de PCR a été appliquée sur l’hémolymphe et les intestins des tiques prélevées. Boophilus microplus était la seule espèce de tiques trouvée sur les veaux. La présence des trois parasites du sang a été confirmée chez les veaux et dans les tiques. Un taux d’infection élevé chez les veaux était associé à un taux d’infection élevé dans les tiques prélevées sur eux pour B. bigemina. Néanmoins, pour B. bovis et A. marginale cette association n’a pas été observée. En outre, les résultats de la PCR et des tests sérologiques des échantillons consécutifs des mêmes ani- maux ont montré une variation considérable respectivement des niveaux d’antigènes et d’anticorps. Durant la période de l’étude, il n’y a pas eu de cas cliniques de babésiose ni d’anaplasmose, ce qui concorde avec une situation endémique stable dans le cadre de la gestion.
Les techniques de génétique moléculaire au service de l'épidémiologie des trypanosomoses. Intérêt de l'étude du polymorphisme des microsatellites des glossines
Authors: Solano Philippe , Cuny Gérard , Duvallet Gérard , Cuisance Dominique , Ravel Sophie , Sidibé Issa , Touré Saydil
Published: June 2021

L'introduction des techniques moléculaires a apporté de nouvelles connaissances sur l'épidémiologie des trypanosomoses. Dans le domaine du diagnostic, la technique d'amplification en chaîne par polymérase (ou polymerase chain reaction) apporte une sensibilité supérieure à celle des techniques classiques, et permet aussi de différencier des trypanosomes morphologiquement identiques ayant des importances économiques très différentes. Chez les vecteurs cycliques, les glossines, on soupçonne l'existence de populations plus dangereuses que d'autres au sein d'une même espèce ; les auteurs décrivent et proposent d'appliquer la technique du polymorphisme des marqueurs microsatellites à l'évaluation des conséquences de la variabilité intraspécifique des mouches tsé-tsé sur l'épidémiologie de la trypanosomose.
Etude épidémiologique de la rhinopneumonie chez les équidés au Maroc
Authors: Hmidouch A. , El Harrak Mehdi , Chakri A. , Ouragh Lahoussine , Lotfi C. , Bakkali Kassimi L.
Published: June 2021

Lors d'une enquête sérologique sur la rhinopneumonie équine au Maroc, 4 775 prélèvements (59,6 % de chevaux, 18 % de mulets et 22,4 % d'ânes) ont été réalisés durant cinq ans (de 1990 à 1994) dans les différentes régions du pays. La séroprévalence globale de l'infection était de 39 %. Les ânes (46 %) étaient plus affectés que les mulets (42 %) et les chevaux (35 %). En outre, chez les trois espèces, la séroprévalence a augmenté avec l'âge jusqu'à trois ans pour atteindre la valeur de 42 % et elle s'est stabilisée pour les animaux plus âgés. Il n'est pas certain que le sexe et la région géographique où vivaient les animaux les prédisposaient à la maladie. Par contre, leurs conditions d'entretien ont constitué un facteur prédisposant à l'infection. Après une stabilisation pendant les quatre premières années, l'incidence de l'infection s'est subitement accrue en 1994 à cause de la sécheresse qui a sévi cette année-là.
Enquête sur la prévalence sérologique des principales pathologies aviaires au Sénégal : mycoplasmoses, pullorose, typhose, maladie de Newcastle, maladie de Gumboro et bronchite infectieuse
Authors: Arbelot Brigitte , Doyen J.F. , Mamis Didier , Gueye J.C. , Tati F. , Samb H.
Published: June 2021

Dans la zone du Cap-Vert au Sénégal, une enquête a été réalisée en aviculture villageoise et industrielle durant la saison des pluies de 1995 et la saison sèche de 1996 afin de connaître la prévalence sérologique des mycoplasmoses, de la pullorose-typhose, de la maladie de Gumboro, de la bronchite infectieuse et de la maladie de Newcastle. L'infection par les mycoplasmes était fréquente chez les volailles de brousse : 49 % en saison des pluies et 43 % en saison sèche pour Mycoplasma gallisepticum; 50 % en saison des pluies et 66 % en saison sèche pour Mycoplasma synoviae. L'infection par Salmonella gallinarum pullorum était plus rare (5 % en saison des pluies et 9 % en saison sèche). En aviculture industrielle, ces infections concernaient surtout les pondeuses : 4 à 5 % des lots étaient infectés par Mycoplasma gallisepticum en saison des pluies et en saison sèche, 20 à 28 % par Mycoplasma synoviae et 41 à 45 % par Salmonella gallinarum pullorum. Les pathologies virales étudiées étaient courantes en aviculture traditionnelle (76 % pour la maladie de Gumboro et 89 % pour la bronchite infectieuse) et des variations saisonnières ont été observées seulement pour la maladie de Newcastle, plus fréquente en saison sèche (98 % en saison sèche contre 84 % en saison des pluies).
Etude de la variabilité des caractères de reproduction chez les petits ruminants en milieu d'élevage traditionnel au Sénégal
Authors: Clément Virginie , Poivey Jean-Paul , Fougère O. , Tillard Emmanuel , Lancelot Renaud , Gueye A. , Richard Didier , Bibé Bernard
Published: June 2021

Une analyse génétique a été menée dans trois régions différentes, sur deux espèces, des ovins et des caprins, pour estimer les paramètres génétiques des caractères de reproduction des animaux : prolificité, intervalle entre mises bas et âge à la première mise bas. Le suivi individuel ayant été réalisé en milieu traditionnel, la variabilité environnementale était importante et les animaux étaient soumis à des conditions de milieu difficiles. La première étape a été d'identifier et de tester (à l'aide de modèles d'analyse de variance) les facteurs environnementaux de variation des performances de reproduction. Les facteurs fixes; village d'origine de l'animal, saison et année de mise bas (pour les caractères prolificité et intervalle entre mises bas) et saison et année de naissance (pour le caractère âge à la première mise bas); ont été trouvés très significatifs. Pour le caractère prolificité, les facteurs fixes rang de mise bas et intervalle entre mises bas étaient significatifs, avec des tailles de portée qui augmentaient avec le rang de mise bas et qui étaient plus élevées pour un intervalle entre mises bas plus long. L'étape d'estimation de l'héritabilité et de la répétabilité a été réalisée selon un « modèle animal » , en réalisant l'estimation des composantes de la variance par le maximum de vraisemblance restreinte.
Rechercher des limites écologiques dans une végétation
Authors: César Jean , Daget Philippe
Published: June 2021

La différence entre deux listes floristiques peut être mesurée par la distance relative de Hamming, c'est-à-dire par le nombre d'espèces qui n'existent que dans un seul des deux relevés rapporté au nombre total d'espèces de l'ensemble des deux listes. L'examen de la variation de cette distance dans une suite de relevés contigus permet de reconnaître des limites écologiques dans le tapis végétal. Son application à un transect de savane en Côte d'Ivoire est discutée.
La gestion du feu dans les pâturages collectifs de la Province de l’Ouest de la Zambie
Authors: Baars R.M.T. , Kalokoni D.M. , De Koning M.A.I.
Published: June 2021

Une enquête a été réalisée auprès d'éleveurs de bovins afin de comprendre leurs motivations et leur comportement dans la gestion du feu. Quatre-vingt pour cent des personnes interrogées considèrent le brûlage comme bénéfique car il favorise la repousse d'herbe verte. En revanche, 15 % des fermiers se plaignent qu'il en résulte un appauvrissement des pâturages. Une étude a permis d'évaluer la repousse de l'herbe durant la première moitié de la saison sèche. La production de matière sèche, de 1,3 t/ha avant brûlage, n'atteignait que 0,12 t/ha trois semaines après brûlage, sauf s'il y avait des coupes ultérieures des repousses. La teneur en matières azotées totales était plus élevée dans les repousses après brûlage (8,2 %) que dans le pâturage initial (2,8 %). Les taux de phosphore dépendaient davantage de la situation du pâturage que de l'effet du feu. La stratégie qui consiste à brûler les zones à fort potentiel de croissance (limons) est nécessaire afin d'obtenir un fourrage de qualité satisfaisante.
Aspects de la qualité microbiologique de lait de vache dans une coopérative de petits éleveurs à Turrialba au Costa Rica
Authors: De Graaf T. , Romero Zuñiga J.J. , Caballero M. , Dwinger R.H.
Published: June 2021

Des facteurs et des moments critiques influant sur la qualité hygiénique du lait ont été examinés au Costa Rica dans une coopérative de petits éleveurs laitiers qui livraient tous leur lait à une laiterie. Le lait de toutes les vaches en lactation a été examiné avec le CMT (California Mastitis Test). Le lait positif au CMT a subi un examen bactériologique (EB). En outre, des échantillons de lait ont été prélevés dans les cuves de stockage pour le comptage des cellules somatique (CCS) et EB. Huit pour cent des échantillons positifs au CMT ont révélé la présence de S. aureus. Vingt-huit pourcent des échantillons prélevés dans les cuves de stockage contenaient S. aureus et 79 % des échantillons contenaient E. coli. Tous les échantillons pris dans les cuves de stockage de la laiterie avaient un nombre de CFU supérieurà 2.106 cellules/ml. Ce lait était fortement contaminé par des agents bactériologiques provenant de l'environnement. Le refroidissement du lait était inadéquat. La méthode de préparation des mamelles, les appareils de traite insuffisamment aseptisés et l'eau de nettoyage étaient les principales sources de contamination du lait.
Etude du comportement du poulet de chair dans un élevage intensif tropical au Venezuela
Authors: Richard P. , Vilariño Maria , Faure J.M. , León Alicia , Picard Michel
Published: June 2021

Pour identifier des indicateurs comportementaux d'adaptation au milieu, des mesures comportementales par scanning et focal sampling ont été effectuées dans un élevage intensif tropical de 19 500 poulets de chair pendant un cycle de production (40 jours). La densité animale autour des mangeoires et abreuvoirs était 2 à 3 fois supérieure à la densité moyenne de l'élevage. La durée d'une séquence d'activité (« couché-couché ») incluant au moins un picorage de l'aliment, de l'eau, de la litière ou une toilette était en moyenne de 133,5 ± 9,5 s à 10 jours et diminuait régulièrement pour atteindre 50,0 ± 1,6 s à 40 jours. Avec l'âge, les séquences devenaient presque toutes dédiées à une seule activité (mono-comportementales, essentiellement manger ou boire), le comportement d'exploration par picorage de la litière quant à lui régressait. Au cours d'une journée, la durée d'une séquence d'activité diminuait pendant les périodes les plus chaudes et augmentait le soir, mais le poulet, lorsqu'il était actif, présentait le même éthogramme quelle que fût l'heure. En cas de problème d'élevage les comportements d'exploration de la litière augmentaient à nouveau, ce qui pouvait constituer un signal précoce. Les mesures de la densité de répartition des animaux, de la durée d'une séquence d'activité et de la fréquence du picorage de la litière ont un intérêt pratique à condition d'être très précisément définies et réalisées dans des conditions calmes.
Van Gölü Havzası Tuzlu Sularının Su Kalitesi Özellikleri ve Ağır Metal Kirlilik İndeksinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: ATICI Ataman Altuğ , SEPİL Ahmet , ŞEN Fazıl
Published: June 2021

Van Gölü Havzası kapalı bir havza konumunda olup, içerisinde birçok tuzlu su kaynağı bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Van Gölü Havzası içerisinde yer alan Van Gölü dışındaki diğer tuzlu su kaynaklarının özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada tuzlu su kaynaklarına ait sıcaklık, çözünmüş oksijen, tuzluluk, elektriksel iletkenlik ve pH ortalama değerleri sırasıyla 23.5±1.8 (13.8-27.4)°C, 11.36±1.56 (6.91-17.70) mg/L, ‰3.67±1.47 (0.71-12.16), 6452.4±2350.0 (1087.0-19730.0) μS/cm ve 9.02±0.50 (6.21-10.13) olarak ölçülmüştür. Örnek sularında ağır metallerden bakır, kadminyum, kurşun ve selenyum belirlenmezken, diğer ağır metal ortalama seviyeleri Mo> Mn > Al > Zn > Fe > Cr > Co > Ni > As şeklinde olmuştur. Ağır metal sonuçları üzerinden belirlenen ağır metal kirlilik indeks ortalama değeri 147.4±25.2 hesaplanırken, Van Gölü Havzası tuzlu suları HPI kalite sınıfına göre genel olarak “kullanılamaz su” sınıfında yer almıştır. Örnekleme noktaları arasında HPI kalite sınıflarına göre “mükemmel” sınıfta örnekleme noktası yer almazken, N1 “iyi” sınıfta yer alan tek istasyon olmuştur. N2, N3, N4, N5, N6 ve N7 noktaları “kullanılamaz su” sınıfında yer almıştır. Ayrıca su örneklerinde klorür, kalsiyum, magnezyum, toplam sertlik, karbonat, bikarbonat, toplam alkalinite, nitrit, nitrat, fosfat, fosfor, sülfat, florür, siyanür, bulanıklık, askıda katı madde ve silisyum analizleri de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ilgili su kalite yönetmeliklerine göre değerlendirilmiştir.
Museu virtual de educação profissional
Authors: Carvalho Maria Lucia Mendes de , Ribeiro Carlos Eduardo
Published: June 2021

O artigo apresenta o processo de criação do Museu Virtual da Educação Profissional do Centro Paula Souza, envolvendo docentes que atuam em diferentes municípios do estado de São Paulo, com projetos individuais ou coletivos sobre história da educação profissional e tecnológica. Para a formação continuada desses professores, são propostas e organizadas práticas pedagógicas híbridas de ensino-aprendizagem por meio de Clubes de Memórias, que acontecem na capital três vezes ao ano, com o apoio institucional. Durante a formação, são desenvolvidas competências para gestão documental sobre arquivologia, biblioteconomia e museologia, empregando, como categoria de investigação, a cultura escolar, e como metodologia de pesquisa a história oral, buscando salvaguardar e preservar o patrimônio cultural da ciência e tecnologia, bem como o patrimônio histórico-educativo, com professores que, na sua maioria, são curadores em centros de memória institucional.
Análise cienciométrica de espaços verdes urbanos e seus serviços ecossistêmicos
Authors: Tavares Fabiany Sampaio Bertucci , Bergier Ivan , Guaraldo Eliane
Published: June 2021

O acelerado crescimento populacional e urbano nas últimas décadas intensificou a necessidade de pesquisas sobre o ecossistema urbano e os serviços por ele oferecidos, visando ao bem-estar da população urbana por meio da conservação da natureza. O reconhecimento dos serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pelos Espaços Verdes Urbanos (EVUs) pode subsidiar a tomada de decisão para que as cidades promovam o desenvolvimento sustentável, conservando e/ou restaurando os serviços ecossistêmicos e a biodiversidade, para que a vida das pessoas nas cidades seja viável diante dos desafios impostos pelas mudanças climáticas.  Este artigo tem por objetivo principal avaliar como os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pelos EVUs estão sendo abordados no meio científico. Realizou-se um levantamento cienciométrico e, posteriormente, uma análise bibliográfica dos principais artigos para avaliar o conhecimento científico atual, as principais limitações teóricas e as lacunas e oportunidades para avanços no conhecimento sobre o tema. Os resultados apontam que as pesquisas dos serviços ecossistêmicos em EVUs foram intensificadas a partir de 2005 e apresentaram uma taxa exponencial de crescimento de 30% ao ano, particularmente nos países mais desenvolvidos. A análise bibliográfica aponta que os serviços ecossistêmicos reguladores e culturais no contexto urbano são aqueles de maior importância, e que são necessárias novas metodologias para avaliar e eventualmente precificar esses serviços.