bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multinuclear NMR Studies and Spin System Analyses on Dibenzo[c.e][1,2]Oxaphosphorine 2‐Oxides
Authors: Szakács Zoltán , Hägele Gerhard , Dékány Miklós , Ábrányi‐Balogh Péter , Keglevich György
Published: April 2016

2H‐Dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (HDOPO), 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (DEADOPO), and 2‐ethoxy‐dibenzo[c.e][1,2]oxaphosphorine 2‐oxide (EtODOPO) are fully characterized in CDCl3 by 1H, 13C, 31P, and 15N NMR spectroscopy on 800‐ and 500‐MHz instruments. A strategy enabling their unambiguous signal assignment is presented, with special emphasis on 2D 1H,13C HMBC spectra. Additional line‐shape iterations of the aromatic 1H multiplets (ABCDX and ABCDEX spin systems) provided all long‐range nJH,H and nJP,H coupling constants with utmost precision. The experimental results augmented with those of the model compound phenylphosphonous acid clearly demonstrate that nJH,H couplings of the PH proton as well as the nJP,C values do not decrease in a monotonic manner with the number of intervening bonds from the phosphorus atom. This fact may potentially lead signal misassignments, if the analysis starts out from the coupling constants, as it occurred for HDOPO in the recent publication by Wagner et al. (Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon, 187, 2012, 781–798). The corrected assignment will be given in the present paper. Finally, the A2M3X or ABM3X type 1H spectral patterns of ethyl groups are also analyzed and explicit equations are derived to evaluate the strongly coupled ABM3X multiplets in EtODOPO.
Attitudes to legalizing cannabis use
Authors: Williams Jenny , van Ours Jan C. , Grossman Michael
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between cannabis use and attitudes to legalizing the use of cannabis. Predictions from theory provide a means of learning about the roles of information, self interest and regret in explaining differences in attitudes to legalization between those who currently use, those who have used in the past and those who have never used. Our empirical investigation suggests that users have a greater awareness of cannabis not being as harmful as abstainers think it is. This may explain why individuals are more inclined to be in favor of legalizing cannabis once they have used it themselves. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Econometric Model of Healthcare Demand With Nonlinear Pricing
Authors: Kunz Johannes S. , Winkelmann Rainer
Published: April 2016

From 2004 to 2012, the German social health insurance levied a co‐payment for the first doctor visit in a calendar quarter. We develop a new model for estimating the effect of such a co‐payment on the individual number of visits per quarter. The model combines a one‐time increase in the otherwise constant hazard rate determining the timing of doctor visits with a difference‐in‐differences strategy to identify the reform effect. An extended version of the model accounts for a mismatch between reporting period and calendar quarter. Using data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel, we do not find an effect of the co‐payment on demand for doctor visits. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Fluorescent 2,6‐Dicyano‐3,5‐Disubstituted Anilines Using Cellulose Sulfuric Acid in Aqueous Media
Authors: Zonouzi Afsaneh , Izakian Zakieh , Abdi Khosrou , Ng Seik Weng
Published: April 2016

The synthesis of some fluorescent 2,6‐dicyano‐3,5‐disubstituted anilines using cellulose sulfuric acid (Cellulose‐SA) as an environmentally benign catalyst in H2O is described. The one‐pot reaction of 1,3‐diketone and three equiv. of malononitrile was carried out in the presence of one equiv. of a secondary amine, Cellulose‐SA as catalyst, and H2O as solvent. The photophysical properties (λAbs., λFlu.) of the synthesized compounds in CH2Cl2, MeCN, and MeOH have been measured. The emission spectra of the new compounds in the solid state are also reported.
Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,8‐naphthyridin‐4(1H)‐ones by Deprotective Cyclization of N‐{3‐[(2E)‐3‐Arylprop‐2‐enoyl]pyridin‐2‐yl}‐2,2‐dimethylpropanamides in Water
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Kosuna Risa , Imaoka Ayumi
Published: April 2016

A new and convenient method for the preparation of 2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,8‐naphthyridin‐4(1H)‐ones 4 has been developed. Thus, N‐{3‐[(2E)‐3‐arylprop‐2‐enoyl]pyridin‐2‐yl}‐2,2‐dimethylpropanamides 3 are synthesized from commercially available pyridin‐2‐amine using an easily performed three‐step sequence and are subjected to cyclization with deprotection under acidic conditions in H2O to give the desired products. Similarly, 2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,7‐naphthyridin‐4(1H)‐ones 8 and 2‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1,6‐naphthyridin‐4(1H)‐ones 12 can be prepared from pyridin‐3‐amine and pyridin‐4‐amine, respectively.
Modelling storage‐driven connectivity between landscapes and riverscapes: towards a simple framework for long‐term ecohydrological assessment
Authors: Soulsby C. , Birkel C. , Tetzlaff D.
Published: April 2016

The importance of conceptualizing the dynamics of storage‐driven saturation area connectivity in runoff generation has been central to the development of TOPMODEL and similar low parameterized rainfall–runoff models. In this contribution, we show how we developed a 40‐year hydrometric data base to simulate storage–discharge relationships in the Girnock catchment in the Scottish Highlands using a simple conceptual model. The catchment is a unique fisheries reference site where Atlantic salmon populations have been monitored since 1966. The modelling allowed us to track storage dynamics in hillslopes, the riparian zone and groundwater, and explicitly link non‐linear changes of streamflows to landscape storage and connectivity dynamics. This provides a fundamental basis for understanding how the landscape and riverscape are hydrologically connected and how this regulates in‐stream hydraulic conditions that directly influence salmonids. We use the model to simulate storage and discharge dynamics over the 40‐year period of fisheries records. The modelled storage‐driven connectivity provides an ecohydological context for understanding the dynamics in stream flow generation which determine habitat hydraulics for different life stages of salmon population. This new, long‐term modelling now sets this variability in the riverscape in a more fundamental context of the inter‐relationships between storage in the landscape and stream flow generation. This provides a simple, robust framework for future ecohydrological modelling at this site, which is an alternative to more increasingly popular but highly parameterized and uncertain commercial ecohydrological models. It also provides a wider, novel context that is a prerequisite for any model‐based scenario assessment of likely impacts resulting from climate or land use change. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The embodiment of beauty: Evidence from viewing Chinese concrete words and pictographs
Authors: Zhang Wei , He Xianyou , Zhao Xueru , Lai Siyan , Lai Shuxian , Situ Suiyan
Published: April 2016

How is beauty embodied? According to the viewpoint of embodied cognition, the aesthetic processing of words or pictographs has roots in their referential archetypes. Four experiments tested whether the beauty of referential archetypes was routinely activated during the explicit and implicit aesthetic evaluations of the font structures of concrete Chinese words and pictographs in congruent or incongruent font colour. Results showed font structures of simplified Chinese words and pictographs were judged to be more beautiful when they referred to beautiful archetypes; and this pattern was reversed when they referred to ugly archetypes. Moreover, judgement was facilitated when font colour was congruent for Chinese words and pictographs referred to beautiful archetypes. For those referred to ugly archetypes, judgement was inhibited in congruent font colour but facilitated in incongruent font colour, suggesting aesthetic perceptions of the font structures of Chinese words and pictographs were derived from their referential natural objects. The spontaneous generation hypothesis of beauty is proposed to account for these findings.
Phosphorus use efficiency of improved faba bean (Vicia faba) varieties in low‐input agro‐ecosystems
Authors: Nebiyu Amsalu , Diels Jan , Boeckx Pascal
Published: April 2016

The use of phosphorus (P)‐efficient legumes is a prerequisite for sustainable intensification of low‐input agro‐ecosystems. A study was undertaken in a farmer's field in the tropical highlands of Ethiopia to assess the agronomic performance, P acquisition efficiency (PAE), and P utilization efficiency (PUE) of six improved faba bean varieties (Vicia faba L. var. CS‐20DK, Degaga, Gebelcho, Moti, Obse, Walki) without and with P application. Varieties showed significant variations in PUE, but P application had no significant effect on PUE. Variety Moti demonstrated highest PUE of 272 kg grain kg−1 P, which was 1.6‐fold higher than the lowest PUE (164 kg grain kg−1 P) of Gebelcho. PUE was significantly and positively correlated with grain yield (r = 0.542) and negatively correlated with shoot PAE (r = –0.541), indicating that PUE is important for grain yield. The results demonstrate that variations in grain and biomass yield of faba beans were largely due to differences in PUE and not due to PAE. Therefore, we argue that genetic resources of faba bean varieties showing optimal agronomic performance and high PUE in low‐input agro‐ecosystems should be better explored. Introduction of such varieties in low‐input cereal‐based cropping systems could improve and enhance P use efficiency at the system level.
PT symmetry in a fractional Schrödinger equation
Authors: Zhang Yiqi , Zhong Hua , Belić Milivoj R. , Zhu Yi , Zhong Weiping , Zhang Yanpeng , Christodoulides Demetrios N. , Xiao Min
Published: April 2016

We investigate the fractional Schrödinger equation with a periodic ‐symmetric potential. In the inverse space, the problem transfers into a first‐order nonlocal frequency‐delay partial differential equation. We show that at a critical point, the band structure becomes linear and symmetric in the one‐dimensional case, which results in a nondiffracting propagation and conical diffraction of input beams. If only one channel in the periodic potential is excited, adjacent channels become uniformly excited along the propagation direction, which can be used to generate laser beams of high power and narrow width. In the two‐dimensional case, there appears conical diffraction that depends on the competition between the fractional Laplacian operator and the ‐symmetric potential. This investigation may find applications in novel on‐chip optical devices.

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Pseudo definably connected definable sets
Authors: Eivazloo Jafar S. , Tari Somayyeh
Published: April 2016

In o‐minimal structures, every cell is definably connected and every definable set is a finite union of its definably connected components. In this note, we introduce pseudo definably connected definable sets in weakly o‐minimal structures having strong cell decomposition, and prove that every strong cell in those structures is pseudo definably connected. It follows that every definable set can be written as a finite union of its pseudo definably connected components. We also show that the projections of pseudo definably connected definable sets are pseudo definably connected. Finally, we compare pseudo definable connectedness with (recently introduced) weak definable connectedness of definable sets in weakly o‐minimal structures.
A splitting theorem for affine skew‐product flows
Authors: Colonius Fritz , Santana Alexandre J.
Published: April 2016

Topological conjugacy for continuous skew product flows on topological group bundles and semidirect products is studied resulting in a splitting theorem. The results are used to discuss fiber entropy.
Intradetrusor injections of onabotulinum toxin A (Botox®) 300 U or 200 U versus abobotulinum toxin A (Dysport®) 750 U in the management of neurogenic detrusor overactivity: A case control study
Authors: Peyronnet Benoit , Castel‐Lacanal Evelyne , Roumiguie Mathieu , Even Lucie , Marque Philippe , Soulié Michel , Rischmann Pascal , Game Xavier
Published: April 2016

Aims

To compare the outcomes of the first intradetrusor injections of abobotulinum toxin 750 U and onabotulinum toxin 200 and 300 U in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO).

Methods

A retrospective case‐control study was conducted including 211 NDO patients treated in three consecutives eras with onabotulinum toxin 300 U (2004–2006; 80 patients), abobotulinum toxin 750 U (2007–2011; 78 patients) or onabotulinum toxin 200 U (2011–2014; 53 patients). Urodynamic and clinical parameters were compared between groups. The primary endpoint was the rates of success defined as the combination of urgency, urinary incontinence, and detrusor overactivity resolution.

Results

When comparing abobotulinum toxin to onabotulinum toxin any doses (200 or 300 U; n = 133), success rates were similar (65.4% vs. 55.6%; P = 0.16). Patients treated with abobotulinum toxin 750 U had higher success rate (65.4% vs. 41.5%; P = 0.007) compared to those who received onabotulinum toxin 200 U. In contrast, there were similar success rates in abobotulinum toxin 750 U and onabotulinum toxin 300 U groups (65.4% vs. 65%; P = 0.91) but with a trend towards longer interval between the first and the second injection in the onabotulinum toxin 300 U group (12.4 vs. 9.3 months; P = 0.09).

Conclusions

Intradetrusor injections of abobotulinum toxin 750 U for NDO provided better outcomes than injections of onabotulinum toxin 200 U. Success rates of abobotulinum toxin 750 U and onabotulinum toxin 300 U were similar but interval between injections tended to be longer with onabotulinum toxin 300 U. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:734–739, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Branch‐and‐price‐and‐cut for the manpower routing problem with synchronization constraints
Authors: Luo Zhixing , Qin Hu , Zhu Wenbin , Lim Andrew
Published: April 2016

In this article, we propose a branch‐and‐price‐and‐cut (BPC) algorithm to exactly solve the manpower routing problem with synchronization constraints (MRPSC). Compared with the classical vehicle routing problems (VRPs), the defining characteristic of the MRPSC is that multiple workers are required to work together and start at the same time to carry out a job, that is, the routes of the scheduling subjects are dependent. The incorporation of the synchronization constraints increases the difficulty of the MRPSC significantly and makes the existing VRP exact algorithm inapplicable. Although there are many types of valid inequalities for the VRP or its variants, so far we can only adapt the infeasible path elimination inequality and the weak clique inequality to handle the synchronization constraints in our BPC algorithm. The experimental results at the root node of the branch‐and‐bound tree show that the employed inequalities can effectively improve the lower bound of the problem. Compared with ILOG CPLEX, our BPC algorithm managed to find optimal solutions for more test instances within 1 hour. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 138–171, 2016
E‐Government Technology Transfer: A Case Study of the Implementation of a European Patent Management System in Brazil
Authors: Cavalheiro Gabriel Marcuzzo do Canto , Joia Luiz Antonio
Published: April 2016

In order to bolster the emerging but still underdeveloped conceptualization of e‐government technology transfer, we examine the implementation of a European Patent Management System in Brazil. The case study provided in this article offers opportunities to improve understanding on technical and organizational issues associated with e‐government technology transfer. Our findings provide evidence that the transfer of e‐government technology from a European to a Brazilian context requires multiple adaptations of the original design, intensive learning on the side of the recipient organization, and flexible implementation plans. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Glycine and Folic Acid Supplementation to Ameliorate Transfusion Dependence in Congenital SLC25A38 Mutated Sideroblastic Anemia
Authors: LeBlanc Marissa A. , Bettle Amanda , Berman Jason N. , Price Victoria E. , Pambrun Chantale , Yu Zhijie , Tiller Marilyn , McMaster Christopher R. , Fernandez Conrad V.
Published: April 2016

Congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA) is a hematological disorder characterized by the presence of ringed sideroblasts in bone marrow erythroid precursors. Mutations in the erythroid‐specific glycine mitochondrial transporter gene SLC25A38 have been found in a subset of patients with transfusion‐dependent congenital CSA. Further studies in a zebrafish model identified a promising ameliorative strategy with combined supplementation with glycine and folate. We tested this combination in three individuals with SLC25A38 CSA, with a primary objective to decrease red blood cell transfusion requirements. No significant impact was observed on transfusion requirements or any hematologic parameters.
Parents’ Perspective of Quality of Life of Retinoblastoma Survivors
Authors: Batra Atul , Kain Raman , Kumari Mamta , Paul Reeja , Dhawan Deepa , Bakhshi Sameer
Published: April 2016

Health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in retinoblastoma survivors was assessed using parent proxy report of PedsQLTM 4.0 generic core scale. One hundred twenty‐two parents of retinoblastoma survivors filled the questionnaire satisfactorily. This was compared with parent‐reported HRQOL of 50 siblings. The median age of survivors was 98 (range, 60–247) months and male:female ratio was 2:1. The overall parent‐reported HRQOL was significantly worse in survivors as compared to controls (74.4 ± 8.5 vs. 85.1 ± 4.6, P < 0.001). All health domains were significantly affected when compared with controls. None of the baseline and treatment‐related factors predicted HRQOL.
Anal Canal Carcinoma in a Child With Disorders of Sex Development
Authors: Watanabe Toshihiko , Horikawa Reiko , Masaki Hidekazu , Yoshioka Takako , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Kanamori Yutaka
Published: April 2016

Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in children is rare. To date, the etiology and outcome of this condition have been not fully understood. Here, we report an 11‐year‐old child with anal canal cancer who had concomitant disorders of sex development. Radiotherapy followed by salvage surgery achieved disease‐free survival of 3 years. Since overexpression of cell cycle regulatory protein p16 was immunohistochemically evident in tumor tissue, human papillomavirus infection was considered as a causative factor in the carcinogenesis.
Relapsed or Refractory Lymphoblastic Lymphoma in Children: Results and Analysis of 23 Patients in the EORTC 58951 and the LMT96 Protocols
Authors: Michaux Katell , Bergeron Christophe , Gandemer Virginie , Mechinaud Françoise , Uyttebroeck Anne , Bertrand Yves ,   for the SFCE and the EORTC children leukemia group
Published: April 2016

Background

The treatment of children with T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) and precursor B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (pB‐LBL) has improved during the last decades. However, patients with relapsed or refractory lymphomas still have a poor prognosis.

Methods

We report the characteristics and evolution of T‐LBL and pB‐LBL relapses in two multicenter prospective studies (LMT 96, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 58951).

Results

From 1997 to 2008, 194 patients were included in these studies (157 T‐LBL; 37 pB‐LBL); among them, 23 patients underwent relapse or progression (18 T‐LBL and 5 pB‐LBL). The median age was 7.7 years (range 1.4–16.3). The survival rate at 8 years was 8.7% (21 deaths). The median time from diagnosis to relapse was 9 months [1–69] and 11 months [1–45] for T‐LBL and pB‐LBL, respectively. Twenty‐two patients received a second‐line treatment but remission was achieved in only seven patients. In 10 patients, intensification with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was performed and four of them had a second relapse. Two patients still alive had T‐LBL, experienced relapses 15 and 69 months after diagnosis, and received HSCT. Relapse during the intensive phase and second‐line treatment without HSCT were identified as risk factors for bad prognosis (P = 0.01).

Conclusions

The results of second‐line treatment, including intensive chemotherapy and HSCT, show that salvage treatment is still disappointing in controlling refractory forms. Early identification of patients at high risk of relapse is mandatory, allowing earlier intensification. Valid prognostic parameters, such as biological markers, are needed. International cooperation is warranted to collect more data on these rare diagnoses.
Improving charge balance in quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes by using copper cathode
Authors: Peng Huiren , Zheng Xingyu , Chen Shuming
Published: April 2016

The effect of the cathode work‐function on the performance of colloidal quantum‐dot light‐emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) is investigated in this work. In typical QD‐LEDs, electron injection is more efficient than the hole‐injection. The imbalance of carrier injection leads to a low device performance because the excess electrons, either charging the QDs and consequently enhancing the nonradiative Auger recombination, or leaking to the counter electrode without recombination, greatly reduces the efficiency of the devices. By using cathode with high work‐function such as copper (Cu), electron injection is more difficult. As a result, the charge balance in QD‐LEDs is greatly improved, which consequently enhances the efficiency of the devices. At a luminance of 1000 cd m−2, devices with Cu cathode exhibit a current efficiency of 10.4 cd A−1 and an external quantum efficiency of 6.9%, which is remarkably higher than that of 5.7 cd A−1 and 3.8% for the devices with Al cathode.
A high‐resolution regional reanalysis for Europe. Part 1: Three‐dimensional reanalysis with the regional HIgh‐Resolution Limited‐Area Model (HIRLAM)
Authors: Dahlgren P. , Landelius T. , Kållberg P. , Gollvik S.
Published: April 2016

A regional reanalysis covering the years 1989–2010 has been produced with the HIgh Resolution Limited‐Area Model (HIRLAM) forecast model and data assimilation system. Surface and upper‐air variables were analysed at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC on a three‐dimensional grid‐mesh with 22 km spacing covering Europe using conventional insitu observations. Information from the global reanalysis ERA‐Interim has been used as a large‐scale constraint in the data assimilation and as lateral boundaries in the forecast model integrations.

Comparison to the global forcing reanalysis shows good agreement in the large‐scale structures, as expected given the forcing from the boundaries and in the analysis. Comparison to the observed climatological distribution and a skill score evaluation showed that the HIRLAM reanalysis is better than ERA‐Interim at describing extreme values of 2 m temperature and 24 h accumulated precipitation. However, no added value in the HIRLAM reanalysis could be quantified for the wind speed at 10 m over land.

The first production run covered the years 1989–2010 and the statistics presented in this paper are based on that dataset. This reanalysis has also been used as input to a two‐dimensional surface analysis using the MESoscale ANalysis (MESAN) system which is presented in Part 2. Since then both the two‐ and three dimensional reanalyses have been extended to cover the years 1979–2014.
Dynamical analysis of blocking events: spatial and temporal fluctuations of covariant Lyapunov vectors
Authors: Schubert Sebastian , Lucarini Valerio
Published: April 2016

One of the most relevant weather regimes in the midlatitude atmosphere is the persistent deviation from the approximately zonally symmetric jet stream leading to the emergence of so‐called blocking patterns. Such configurations are usually connected to exceptional local stability properties of the flow which come along with an improved local forecast skills during the phenomenon. It is instead extremely hard to predict onset and decay of blockings. Covariant Lyapunov Vectors (CLVs) offer a suitable characterization of the linear stability of a chaotic flow, since they represent the full tangent linear dynamics by a covariant basis which explores linear perturbations at all time scales. Therefore, we assess whether CLVs feature a signature of the blockings. As a first step, we examine the CLVs for a quasi‐geostrophic beta‐plane two‐layer model in a periodic channel baroclinically driven by a meridional temperature gradient ΔT. An orographic forcing enhances the emergence of localized blocked regimes. We detect the blocking events of the channel flow with a Tibaldi‐Molteni scheme adapted to the periodic channel. When blocking occurs, the global growth rates of the fastest growing CLVs are significantly higher. Hence, against intuition, the circulation is globally more unstable in blocked phases. Such an increase in the finite time Lyapunov exponents with respect to the long term average is attributed to stronger barotropic and baroclinic conversion in the case of high temperature gradients, while for low values of ΔT, the effect is only due to stronger barotropic instability. In order to determine the localization of the CLVs we compare the meridionally averaged variance of the CLVs during blocked and unblocked phases. We find that on average the variance of the CLVs is clustered around the center of blocking. These results show that the blocked flow affects all time scales and processes described by the CLVs.
Interstitial pneumonitis secondary to leuprorelin acetate for prostate cancer
Authors: Tan Hsern Ern , Lake Fiona
Published: April 2016

Androgen blockade is standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer. We report an uncommon case of interstitial pneumonitis induced by leuprorelin acetate.
Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a green tea manufacturer
Authors: Tanaka Yuko , Shirai Toshihiro , Enomoto Noriyuki , Asada Kazuhiro , Oyama Yoshiyuki , Suda Takafumi
Published: April 2016

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is caused by numerous agents, and one of its histopathological features is poorly formed granulomas. We report here a rare case of occupational HP caused by green tea, showing well‐formed granulomas. The patient, a 54‐year‐old woman who had worked for 15 years in a green tea factory, was referred for abnormal chest X‐ray shadows with cough and breathlessness over a 2‐month period. The chest X‐ray and high‐resolution computed tomography showed diffuse bilateral ground‐glass opacities and poorly defined centrilobular nodules. Histopathological examination of the thoracoscopic lung biopsy specimens showed bronchiolocentric interstitial pneumonia with well‐formed granulomas. Although the form of granulomas were atypical, laboratory data, CT findings, and intradermal skin testing suggested the diagnosis of subacute HP caused by green tea. After transfer to a different department, her condition improved markedly. Taking a precise medical history and avoidance of the suspected environmental agent proved useful in diagnosing this condition. © 2016 The Authors. Respirology Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Asian Pacific Society of Respirology
Origins, methods and advances in qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Nye Elizabeth , Melendez‐Torres G. J. , Bonell Chris
Published: April 2016

Qualitative research is a broad term encompassing many methods. Critiques of the field of qualitative research argue that while individual studies provide rich descriptions and insights, the absence of connections drawn between studies limits their usefulness. In response, qualitative meta‐synthesis serves as a design to interpret and synthesise qualitative findings across individual studies. More than a broad summary, meta‐syntheses do not aim merely to summarise all available data; rather, qualitative meta‐syntheses present new perspectives on topics through interpreting findings from different qualitative studies to create ‘third‐level’ findings for the advancement of both knowledge and theory. The diversity of opinion on qualitative meta‐synthesis is mirrored in its practice. Several different approaches to qualitative meta‐synthesis have emerged, with most connected to the meta‐ethnographic procedures originally outlined in 1988. This paper: (1) discusses the key philosophical and methodological issues in the literature on qualitative meta‐synthesis, (2) highlights key methods that are used in qualitative meta‐synthesis, and (3) offers an overview of where the field is going. Examples from the last four years of qualitative meta‐syntheses highlight some of this design's current contributions and future usefulness for research in the field of education.
Ecocity Elements in the Traditional Settlement of Kirtipur in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Singh Sangeeta
Published: April 2016

The increasing trend of urbanization has resulted in a growing imbalance in ecological systems that is affecting the lives of people globally. Planners often neglect the fact that human beings are part of the natural ecosystem and their ecological needs are ignored. Urban planning needs to focus on incorporating human–nature relationships as a key element. This paper explores ecocity elements in traditional towns of Kathmandu Valley with reference to Kirtipur, and seeks to argue that these consist of sustainable elements and practices that facilitate ecocity planning and development.

An ecocity is quite a recent phenomenon. However, ecocity elements existed earlier and it seems relevant to include them in recent concepts. Similarities and differences of modern concepts and the lessons learnt from the traditional towns are worth exploring. Ecocity elements are analyzed in this paper by applying methods of document analysis, observations and interviews. Criteria for the analysis are ecologically oriented, sociocultural value oriented perspectives. The analysis will indicate if and how these elements/practices can be (a) maintained or (b) retrofitted or have to be (c) abandoned because they are not feasible anymore due to ecological, economic or sociocultural changes.

Most of the traditional towns in the Kathmandu Valley were planned with the goal to maintain the natural ecosystem, and this has been reflected in the settlement pattern and land use, in the provision of basic infrastructure etc. The results of this paper indicate that there is a set of traditional sustainable elements and practices that are worth maintaining since they are part of the sociocultural and ecological tradition and that might contribute to ecocity transformation. Planning a city so as to disturb the natural ecosystem to the least possible extent is important for sustainability, and this research contributes to the theme of building sustainable and healthy cities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Sustainability Standards and Sustainable Development – Synergies and Trade‐Offs of Transnational Governance
Authors: Brandi Clara A.
Published: April 2016

This article investigates potential trade‐offs between the socioeconomic and environmental dimensions of development within the context of transnational business governance and sustainability standards, exemplified by smallholder certification in the palm oil sector as a means to improve both sustainability and the inclusion of small farmers in global value chains. This article finds that there are important trade‐offs between environmental sustainability and inclusive development. First, there is a worry that the diffusion of standards that aim at enhancing environmental sustainability may undermine the socioeconomic situation of smallholders by excluding them from global value chains and from international markets that demand certified commodities. Second, while smallholder certification can generate socioeconomic benefits for farmers included in certification schemes, these potential benefits may have contradictory and undesired implications for environmental sustainability. The article analyses these trade‐offs and discusses implications with a view to fostering the synergies between economic, environmental and social sustainability. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Sustainable Development published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Covert channel‐internal control protocols: attacks and defense
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Wendzel Steffen , Eissa Omar , Tonejc Jernej , Meier Michael
Published: April 2016

Network covert channels have become a sophisticated means for transferring hidden information over the network. Covert channel‐internal control protocols, also called micro protocols, have been introduced in the recent years to enhance capabilities of the network covert channels. Micro protocols are usually placed within the hidden bits of a covert channel's payload and enable features such as reliable data transfer, session management, and dynamic routing for network covert channels. These features provide adaptive and stealthy covert communication channels. Some of the micro protocol based tools exhibit vulnerabilities and are susceptible to attacks. In this paper, we demonstrate some possible attacks on micro protocols, which are capable of breaking the sophisticated covert channel communication or jeopardizing the identity of peers in such a network. These attacks are based on the attacker's interaction with the micro protocol. We also present the defense techniques to safeguard micro protocols against such attacks. By using these techniques, micro protocol‐based tools can become immune to certain attacks and lead to robust covert communication. We present our results for two micro protocol‐based tools: Ping Tunnel and smart covert channel tool. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power/sample size calculations for assessing correlates of risk in clinical efficacy trials
Authors: Gilbert Peter B. , Janes Holly E. , Huang Yunda
Published: April 2016

In a randomized controlled clinical trial that assesses treatment efficacy, a common objective is to assess the association of a measured biomarker response endpoint with the primary study endpoint in the active treatment group, using a case‐cohort, case‐control, or two‐phase sampling design. Methods for power and sample size calculations for such biomarker association analyses typically do not account for the level of treatment efficacy, precluding interpretation of the biomarker association results in terms of biomarker effect modification of treatment efficacy, with detriment that the power calculations may tacitly and inadvertently assume that the treatment harms some study participants. We develop power and sample size methods accounting for this issue, and the methods also account for inter‐individual variability of the biomarker that is not biologically relevant (e.g., due to technical measurement error). We focus on a binary study endpoint and on a biomarker subject to measurement error that is normally distributed or categorical with two or three levels. We illustrate the methods with preventive HIV vaccine efficacy trials and include an R package implementing the methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Positive Is Their Future? Assessing the Role of Optimism and Social Support in Understanding Mental Health Symptomatology among Homeless Adults
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kevin M.
Published: April 2016

Optimism has been noted as a primary protective factor in understanding mental health symptomatology in clinical and non‐clinical settings. Any exploration of optimism has been absent in understanding mental health outcomes among homeless people. This study, using intensive interviews with 168 homeless adults in Northwest Arkansas, examines the role that social support and optimism play in lessening the negative impact of homeless circumstances/experiences on mental health symptomatology. Using OLS, findings support a mediating/protective role that social support and optimism play in lowering the negative effects of childhood life experiences on depressive symptoms among homeless persons. Despite the overwhelming conditions of homelessness, persons with higher levels of optimism and social support report lower depression and anxiety symptoms. The findings are discussed paying particular attention to the importance of developing and maintaining the perception of support and resiliency in preserving a positive outlook for the future among homeless persons facing often‐debilitating circumstances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and benefits of MDevSPICE®, the medical device software process assessment framework
Authors: Lepmets Marion , McCaffery Fergal , Clarke Paul
Published: April 2016

Software development companies moving into the medical device domain often find themselves overwhelmed by the number of regulatory requirements they need to satisfy before they can market their device. Several international standards and guidance documents have been developed to help companies on their road to regulatory compliance, but working their way through the various standards is a challenge in itself. In order to help software companies in the medical device domain, we have developed an integrated framework of medical device software development best practices called MDevSPICE®. This framework integrates generic software development best practices with medical device standards' requirements enabling consistent assessment of medical device processes. MDevSPICE® can be used by software companies evaluating their readiness for regulatory audits as well as by large medical device manufacturers for selecting suitable software suppliers.

In this paper, we describe the development of the MDevSPICE® framework—its process reference model, process assessment model, assessment method and assessor training and certification scheme. We also illustrate the benefits and significance of the framework for the medical device‐manufacturing community as learned from the various MDevSPICE® assessments that we conducted to date. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using adaptive resource allocation to implement an elastic MapReduce framework
Authors: Zhao Jiaqi , Xue Changlong , Tao Xinlin , Zhang Shugong , Tao Jie
Published: April 2016

Today, we are observing a transition of science paradigms from the computational science to data‐intensive science. With the exponential increase of input and intermediate data, more applications are developed using the MapReduce programming model, which is regarded as an appropriate programming model for analysing large data sets. A MapReduce framework runs its applications on a cluster, where the computing capacity allocated to the applications is limited and may not fill their runtime resource demand. In this case, the Map/Reduce tasks have to wait in a queues, and the applications suffer from a poor performance. This work develops an autonomic resource manager within the Hadoop MapReduce framework. The manager is capable of getting aware of the overloading or under‐loading situations with the resources allocated to its user community. For the former, it takes an action of requesting more resources from, for example, the batch system of a High Performance Computing (HPC) cluster or Computing Clouds and integrates the additional resources, in case of acquisition, into the Hadoop MapReduce runtime. For the latter, the manager gives the free resources back to its source. We extended the existing Hadoop MapReduce resource manager to implement the proposed strategy and validated the concept on an HPC cluster with standard benchmark applications. Experimental results show a significant performance gain, for example, an up to 45% improvement in execution time for running multiple applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure of Non‐Metallic Inclusions Identified in Cast Steel 42CrMo4 after Metal Melt Filtration by Novel Foam Filters
Authors: Weidner Anja , Krewerth Dominik , Witschel Birgit , Emmel Marcus , Schmidt Anne , Gleinig Johannes , Volkova Olena , Aneziris Christos G. , Biermann Horst
Published: April 2016

Non‐metallic inclusions can affect significantly the mechanical properties of metallic materials. Mainly for safety relevant components, it is important to reduce size and number of non‐metallic inclusions. Recent research work is focused on the development of new reactive, active, and functionalized filters for the reduction of non‐metallic inclusions. A detailed knowledge on the genesis of inclusions is essential to improve the entrapment capability. The paper is focused on the microstructure of inclusions formed in cast steel 42CrMo4 after the application of two filter variants. Both, inclusions on the filter surface as well as inclusions in the as‐cast steel are investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Their chemical composition and their crystal structure are identified by combined EBSD and EDS measurements. The three‐dimensional morphology of the inclusions is analyzed by deep etching technique as well. Finally, the clusters and agglomerates exhibit a quite complex microstructure. Thus, the majority of inclusion clusters consists of alumina, spinel, mullite, MnS, and TiOx. This agrees well to the scenario of the evolution of inclusions described in the literature.
Corrosion of Carbon Free and Bonded Refractories for Application in Steel Ingot Casting
Authors: Fruhstorfer Jens , Dudczig Steffen , Gehre Patrick , Schmidt Gert , Brachhold Nora , Schöttler Leandro , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: April 2016

This phenomenological study investigates the corrosion of refractories by a highly corrosive steel (1.6587, 18CrNiMo7‐6) with a high aluminum content and casting temperature of 1580 °C. The applied refractory castables with matrices based on alumina, mullite, and zirconia/titania doped alumina (AZT) are carbon free or low carbon (4 wt%) containing with and without nanoscaled additives. The corrosion is analyzed mainly by microscopy after the corrosion tests. The carbon containing samples are negligibly corroded due to inhibited wetting. The nanoadditives in the carbon containing samples show no influence on the corrosion. The carbon free AZT is attacked most strongly with a corrosion layer of about 14 mm. In the alumina (corrosion layer about 6 mm) and AZT sample, compositions corresponding to manganese aluminates form with manganese from the steel. When also silicon diffuses into the refractory, compositions referring to manganese aluminosilicates form. In the mullite matrix crucible (corrosion layer about 1 mm) compositions corresponding to manganese aluminosilicates form directly with manganese from the steel resulting in a highly viscous melt at the interface which retard the further attack. For a future final evaluation, however, also the steel quality has to be taken into account as will be studied by an Aspex‐SEM.
Interactive graphics for functional data analyses
Authors: Wrobel Julia , Park So Young , Staicu Ana Maria , Goldsmith Jeff
Published: April 2016

Although there are established graphics that accompany the most common functional data analyses, generating these graphics for each dataset and analysis can be cumbersome and time‐consuming. Often, the barriers to visualization inhibit useful exploratory data analyses and prevent the development of intuition for a method and its application to a particular dataset. Therefund.shinypackage was developed to address these issues for several of the most common functional data analyses. After conducting an analysis, theplot_shiny()function is used to generate an interactive visualization environment that contains several distinct graphics, many of which are updated in response to user input. These visualizations reduce the burden of exploratory analyses and can serve as a useful tool for the communication of results to non‐statisticians. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different Concentrations of FGF Ligands, FGF2 or FGF8 Determine Distinct States of WNT-Induced Presomitic Mesoderm
Authors: Sudheer Smita , Liu Jinhua , Marks Matthias , Koch Frederic , Anurin Anna , Scholze Manuela , Senft Anna Dorothea , Wittler Lars , Macura Karol , Grote Phillip , Herrmann Bernhard G.
Published: April 2016

Presomitic mesoderm (PSM) cells are the precursors of the somites, which flank both sides of the neural tube and give rise to the musculo-skeletal system shaping the vertebrate body. WNT and FGF signaling control the formation of both the PSM and the somites and show a graded distribution with highest levels in the posterior PSM. We have used reporters for the mesoderm/PSM control genes T, Tbx6, and Msgn1 to investigate the differentiation of mouse ESCs from the naïve state via EpiSCs to PSM cells. Here we show that the activation of WNT signaling by CHIR99021 (CH) in combination with FGF ligand induces embryo-like PSM at high efficiency. By varying the FGF ligand concentration, the state of PSM cells formed can be altered. High FGF concentration supports posterior PSM formation, whereas low FGF generates anterior/differentiating PSM, in line with in vivo data. Furthermore, the level of Msgn1 expression depends on the FGF ligand concentration. We also show that Activin/Nodal signaling inhibits CH-mediated PSM induction in EpiSCs, without affecting T-expression. Inversely, Activin/Nodal inhibition enhances PSM induction by WNT/high FGF signaling. The ability to generate PSM cells of either posterior or anterior PSM identity with high efficiency in vitro will promote the investigation of the gene regulatory networks controlling the formation of nascent PSM cells and their switch to differentiating/somitic paraxial mesoderm.
The Galápagos archipelago: a natural laboratory to examine sharp hydroclimatic, geologic and anthropogenic gradients
Authors: Percy Madelyn S. , Schmitt Sarah R. , Riveros‐Iregui Diego A. , Mirus Benjamin B.
Published: April 2016

Poor understanding of the water cycle in tropical ecosystems has the potential to exacerbate water shortages and water crises in the region. We suggest that the Galápagos Islands provide an excellent proxy to regions across the tropics as a result of sharp hydroclimatic, anthropogenic, and pedohydrologic gradients across the archipelago. Hydroclimatic and pedohydrologic gradients are found across different elevations on single islands, as well as across the archipelago, whereas anthropogenic gradients reflect land use and land cover change across islands as population and growth in tourism have affected individual islands differently. This article highlights specific opportunities to further examine our understanding of the interactions between water and critical zone processes in tropical ecosystems, making connections between the Galápagos archipelago and much of the understudied tropics. The Galápagos archipelago offers a natural laboratory through which we can examine current threats to freshwater security as well as the dynamics of coupled natural and human systems. WIREs Water 2016, 3:587–600. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1145

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes