bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cotswolds in Jerusalem
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: April 2014

This chapter investigates the city-planning of Jerusalem under the British Mandate in light of changes of thinking about the urban in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In particular, it explores how Charles Ashbee, the first civic adviser, could enact his Garden City and Arts and Crafts principles, developed twenty-five years earlier, because of the specific conditions of imperial governance. The privileging of the medieval city, in contrast to the contemporary — a principle deeply indebted to artistic ideals of a previous generation — deeply influenced decisions of what to restore, destroy, or preserve. The chapter discusses how religion, empire, and urban planning interlock in a key site of cultural conflict.
Monument Preservation and the Vexing Question of Religious Structures in Colonial India
Authors: Sengupta Indra
Published: April 2014

The principles of conservation spelled out in the first law on preservation for the whole of India — the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act of 1904 — were indicators of the ways in which conservation policy was made in colonial India: determined by the state, and heavily influenced by principles of preservation derived from Europe, based on a specifically colonial understanding of India's history and heritage, and of the ‘guardianship’ role of the colonial state. Yet attempts to implement pre-colonial religious structures could have unforeseen results, as local, indigenous religious groups began to utilize the opportunities for funding opened up by the new Act and succeeded in using the provisions of the Act in ways that best suited their own interests. This chapter looks closely at the interface between preservation policy and practice in colonial India in the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries, and calls into question colonial hegemony as an explanatory framework for understanding a complex process of cultural practice.
Dying Americans
Authors: Qureshi Sadiah
Published: April 2014

Early modern writers had long noted the apparent decimation of some indigenous peoples. However, such discussions took on a new and urgent form in the nineteenth century as a new scientific understanding of extinction as an endemic natural process was established. Many scholars have explored the notion of dying races in histories of colonial contact, modern land rights, or genocide; yet most have overlooked the new epistemological status of extinction as a mechanism for explaining natural change. This chapter explores how this scientific shift became combined with notions of wilderness in the American context to rationalize policies of Indian dispossession, forced removal from their traditional homelands, and the establishment of the world's first national parks. In doing so, it highlights fruitful directions for future histories of heritage, endangerment, and conservation.
The Practice of Literature
Authors: Eyre Christopher
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses the ways in which a literary criticism for Ancient Egypt can be embedded in the contemporary practice of literature. This is distinguished from a criticism rooted in visions of literature as an autonomous artefact of culture. It examines evidence for the practitioners of literature and their audience, modes and occasions of reading, degrees of formal structure (including use of metre), genre, and the nature of publication, to argue that oral and written literature were not separate categories, either of practice or cultural evolution. It is emphasised that criticism of Egyptian literature needs to focus on the manner of its recitation against its survival as a written artefact, and that genres of ritual and rhetoric overlap in form and performance with those of narrative, lyric, and instruction.
Sensuous Experience, Performance, and Presence in Third Intermediate Period Biography
Authors: Frood Elizabeth
Published: April 2014

This chapter analyses biographical motifs relating to sensory experience found in inscriptions largely belonging to one tenth-century bc priestly family in Thebes. The four statues which are the focus of discussion (CG 42225; CG 42226; CG 42227; CG 42228) were dedicated in the temple precinct of Karnak by Hor IX for himself, his ancestor, and his wife. Inscriptions on a statue of Horakhbit I (CG 42231) from Karnak are also treated. Celebration of the senses is found in these texts through the fusion of biography with themes known from harpists' songs, a genre previously associated with tombs; the use of myrrh, a pleasurable and ritual substance; and through phraseology that mobilises the sensuous geographies of sacred space. Study of how such motifs relate to other features of biography across the statues offers insights into transformations of more than one genre and developments in the function of statues in temples.
Constructing Textual Identity
Authors: Hagen Fredrik
Published: April 2014

This chapter analyses the way in which Egyptian literary, scientific, and mortuary texts present their own origins, and how they seek to construct a (largely fictional) historical identity for themselves. This identity is established by the use of a shared set of topoi, phraseology, narrative structures, and protagonists, including well-known historical characters like Hordedef, Khaemwaset, and Amenhotep Son of Hapu. By drawing on so-called ‘find-notes’ from the Book of the Dead Spells, as well as medical and mathematical texts, and by comparing them with the literary tradition as preserved in tales and wisdom instructions, the chapter maps the ways in which such identities are constructed, as well as the motives behind this practice.
Ancient Egyptian Literature
Authors: Lepper Verena M.
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses the genre and style of Ancient Egyptian literature. Through the application of lexicostatistics, it analyses a total of fifty texts. Having examined the vocabulary size of Middle Egyptian narratives, Late Egyptian narratives, speeches, and dialogues, the texts under investigation are grouped into genres such as ‘religious texts’, ‘artful prose’, ‘poetry’, ‘teachings’, and so on. On the basis of texts existing in several copies, it becomes apparent that a text maintains a constant vocabulary richness independent of its length. Each copy therefore facilitates the determination of the genre of a text. Furthermore, the language of a text (Middle or Late Egyptian) proves not to be decisive for the vocabulary richness of a text, but rather it is genre that is indicative. The chapter also investigates the question of the practical function of texts, which can best be detected during experimental reading.
The Reception of Demotic Narrative
Authors: Tait John
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses aspects of Demotic Egyptian prose narratives of the Greek and Roman periods, viewed against the background of the growing significance of reception theory in the study of ancient Egyptian literature in general. It reviews the development since the nineteenth century of ideas on the ancient audiences for Demotic literature. The problematic evidence for readers and performance is examined, to a very limited extent with reference to the nature of the finds and find-spots of manuscripts, but chiefly by paying attention to their format and their contents. As for the relationship with oral literature, it is suggested that the material essentially belonged to a written tradition, and was designed primarily for oral performance within temple communities.
What are Faculties of the Soul? Descartes and his Scholastic Background
Authors: Perler Dominik
Published: April 2014

Descartes famously claimed that a human soul is a single substance without any parts. But he also affirmed that the soul has two faculties, namely intellect and will, which act as ‘two concurrent causes’. This looks quite puzzling. How can there be two causes in a single and indivisible substance? What is their ontological status? And how do they act? This chapter discusses these questions, paying particular attention to Descartes' scholastic background. It argues that there was no unified scholastic doctrine. Descartes rejected Suárez's theory, which took faculties to be really distinct parts and inner agents of the soul, while defending Ockham's theory, which considered them to be mere ways of acting of a single soul. The two explanatory models gave rise to different accounts of the unity of the soul.
Locke as a Social Externalist
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: April 2014

What determines the meaning of linguistic expressions: the mental states of language users or external factors? John Locke is still taken to hold the simple thesis that words primarily signify the ideas in the mind of the speaker and thus to commit himself to an untenable mentalism. This chapter challenges this widespread view and sketches an argument to the effect that Locke should be seen as defending a kind of social externalism, since, for him, it is primarily the speech community that plays the essential role in determining meaning.
Divisions of Epistemic Labour: Some Remarks on the History of Fideism and Esotericism
Authors: Pasnau Robert
Published: April 2014

Who can know? Who can merely believe on faith? Who should be kept in the dark entirely? This chapter considers various episodes from the history of philosophy—Locke, Aquinas, Averroes, Maimonides, al-Ghazali—where one or another such division of epistemic labour has been affirmed. It ends by considering the case that can be made for keeping secret some philosophical doctrines.
Liberal Imaginations
Authors: Flockhart Trine
Published: April 2014

This chapter outlines a historical conceptual framework for understanding how liberal order came to be what it is today and how it has been imagined under different conditions and contexts across four centuries of intermingled liberal ordering practices and liberal ideas about world order. It asks ‘what is “the liberal” in liberal world order?’ and points to the use of narrativity and shared knowledge for constituting otherwise neutral concepts as liberal concepts. The aim is to increase our understanding of the political present by imbuing the past with historical meaning and political interpretation. For this purpose the chapter incorporates insights from constructivist and critical thinking, as well as from historical sociology and practice theory.
‘The fear of universal monarchy’
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: April 2014

This chapter engages with debates in liberal political philosophy. It asserts that contemporary forms of liberalism have blinded us to alternative conceptions of liberty and seeks to recover a conception of international liberty before Kantian and Wilsonian accounts denounced the balance of power as anathema to liberal world order. The chapter returns to English debates in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries to excavate at least one intellectual context within which the balance of power became recognized as an indispensible ordering practice for maintaining the ‘liberties of Europe’. It shows that post-Restoration English debates about foreign policy remind us that historically, the balance of power has been conceived as a vital international ordering practice in the maintenance of liberty.
Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism in Eurocentric Liberal International Theory
Authors: Hobson John M. , Hall Martin
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines the validity of the postcolonial view that liberalism is inherently imperialist and culturally monist. In so doing it examines the claim that classical liberal international thought is committed to individual liberty and human dignity in the domestic realm and anti-imperialism and non-interventionism in the international realm. It points to a schizophrenic set of practices where interdependence, non-intervention, and anti-imperialism apply only to relations between ‘civilized’ states but not to the relations between ‘civilized’ and non-European powers. It suggests that the relationship between liberalism and imperialism is a highly complex one, and that liberalism is neither inherently imperialist nor anti-imperialist, but that classical liberalism was inherently and consistently Eurocentric — and perhaps still is.
Theoretical Foundations of Liberal Order
Authors: Sylvest Casper
Published: April 2014

This chapter draws on the writings of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century liberal writings to show how, mainly British, liberals campaigned for the moralization, reform, or regulation of international relations. It demonstrates how contemporary liberal theories have lost connection to the moral and normative articulations of a century or so ago and that the meaning and value of many key liberal terms and concepts have changed significantly. As an example, the chapter shows that, although the relationship between liberalism and democracy appears inseparable today, a century and a half ago liberals were apprehensive about democracy. Liberals were devoted to the rule of law and representative government but, for many, democracy raised the spectre of the tyranny of an uneducated and potentially debased majority.
States of Empire
Authors: Musgrave Paul , Nexon Daniel H.
Published: April 2014

This chapter addresses the complex and contingent interplay between liberal order and empire. It draws attention to the seemingly irresolvable dilemma that the United States maintains imperial relations with other political communities, whilst also rejecting the legitimacy of empire. The solution has been to ‘democratize’ imperial functions and to vest them in multilateral international organizations and to ensure that they as much as possible reflect the consent of the international community. Deploying an original framework of analysis based on ideal types of empire, the chapter advances the argument that imperial structures may be found embedded in at least three different variations of imperial logics in surprising settings, including inter-governmentalist liberal practices in UN peacekeeping operations and neo-trustee arrangements, such as those following the NATO intervention in Kosovo and NATO's role in Afghanistan.
Internationalism and Interventionism
Authors: Dunne Tim
Published: April 2014

This chapter argues that the spectre of imperial orders continues to haunt internationalism and has recently been resurrected with the increasing use, and expectation, of interventionism. It contemplates how the internationalist categories of ‘pluralism’ and ‘solidarism’ have conceived of the many dilemmas associated with the practice of intervention. Two different sets of reasons are usually offered for this practice — that liberal internationalists have enjoyed a significant power advantage, or, somewhat more sympathetically, that liberal internationalists are driven to intervene by moral purposes. The chapter concludes by showing how pluralism offers insights into how R2P, as a policy for guiding action in extreme cases of humanitarian catastrophe, could be decoupled from the moral vision of a world in which individual rights-based governance is the only acceptable comprehensive doctrine.
Liberal International Order
Authors: Guzzini Stefano
Published: April 2014

This chapter shows that current IR (International Relations) theorizing finds liberal order a difficult topic. It confirms the concern voiced at the beginning of the volume that the IR academy in its use of liberalism as a label for theorizing the international has at once endowed liberal internationalism with more idealism than it can rightfully claim whilst at the same time has shorn liberalism of its normative and value-based foundations. It suggests that, paradoxically, when going back to ‘liberal basics’, some versions of realism are in fact based upon a specific vision of politics, which gives rise to liberal order. Liberal orders are not, and cannot be based on an ahistorical ‘view from nowhere’, but have to face an ever-changing historical setting. As result the philosophy cannot provide a final foundation, but nor can liberals — or for that matter realists — do without it.
Introduction
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This introductory chapter considers perspectives on modern Kachin ethno-nationalism from the vantage point of different communities in Burma, India, China, and Thailand. It discusses anthropological representations of ‘the Kachin’ in the work of Edmund Leach, Jonathan Friedman, and lately that of James C. Scott, and examines the political implications of these representations. The chapter also considers why historians have found it difficult to undertake detailed studies of this region and the dangers of over-privileging the mandala as the defining historical intellectual apparatus. The methodological approach and objectives of the book are outlined in relation to these issues, with a particular focus on Jinghpaw dynamic political expansionism as a critical historical construct. The chapter concludes by briefly outlining each chapter to follow.
Global histories, local exclusions
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses the encounters between the British East India Company in early nineteenth-century Assam and Singpho communities who had expanded their territorial possessions in the region because of the regional disorder of the previous century. These encounters are placed in the context of changes in the nature of the state in Asia as well as in European trading empires, raising questions about the relevance of a simple dichotomy between notions of ‘state’ and ‘non-state’ at this time in this region. The effects of the nascent Assam tea industry are discussed in relation to Singpho migration and internal dynamics of kinship relations and the creation of local hierarchies. The failure of the Company to develop local political institutions that could map onto Singpho-Jinghpaw political culture is explored through the Singpho revolt of 1843 and the effect of this in creating a local outcome of political exclusion.
Militarisation and the contest of modernities
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

Following on from discussion of emerging ideological models of modern ‘Kachin’ ethno-nationalism in Chapters 2 and 3, this chapter examines how a new elite group emerged from a social entity now called ‘Kachin’ who were to have great influence upon these developments: the Kachin soldiers who signed up to imperial military structures between the two World Wars. It describes how the social context of recruitment created pressures within Kachin society when these soldiers were demobilised. It also describes how a new social development organisation emerged from this group, led by Subedar Major Jinghpaw Gam. Neither gumsa nor gumlao, but representing a new orientation for political and social interaction, and with a strong orientation towards social welfare and education, it also had much in common with anti-colonial movements seen across the region and should be understood in this light.
War and independence
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers the impact of World War II on the Kachin region. It examines evidence for the motivations of Kachin volunteers during the war in the Kachin Levies and other organisations. It examines the demographics of this conflict and its impact on the development of politicised Kachin youth groups. It discusses their role in developing political strategy for Kachin State in the Union of Burma at the Panglong Conference and Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry in 1947. The chapter also looks at the developments in this region in a broader regional context to understand how related communities in Burma, India, and China interacted with each other and with their respective national governments during the early post-World War II years.
Dimokrasi Prat to Rawt Malan!
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers the failure of early attempts at democracy in the Union of Burma and the slide towards conflict in the Kachin region. It uses detailed analysis of the life story of one of the founding soldiers in the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) to explain how many of the themes of the book — migration, exclusion, educational disadvantage, perceptions of threats to the self — become woven together at this time to create an outcome of violence. The chapter describes the early efforts to raise funds for an armed movement and the ways in which moral justifications for these acts were given. It also describes the disappointment that emerged in the political culture under U Nu and the Sama Duwa Sinwa Nawng to explore further the notion of Kachin political consensus building as a critical dynamic in the social justification of armed revolt.
Violence
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter outlines a context against which armed revolt in the Kachin region can be understood at a social level during the period 1961–94. It focuses on how the ideological justifications of this were resolved by Kachin ethno-nationalists within the mainstream KIA/KIO movement. It looks in detail at how the language of ethno-nationalism itself changed to promote a construct of Wunpawng as a local equivalent of Kachin, and the foundations of this term. It then considers this conflict in a broader regional perspective to understand better how the experiences of different parts of this borderworld were both interconnected and locally distinct, producing three distinctive identities of Singpho, Kachin, and Jingpo within the national systems of India, Burma, and China, respectively.
Virtue
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers the impact of conversion to Christianity among the Kachin peoples of Burma and the role that conflict has had in promoting Christianity as a principal ideological foundation for the social movement of Kachin ethno-nationalism. It challenges the perception that Christianity was a majority belief system before the late 1970s and explores some of the different social dynamics that produced this large-scale conversion beyond the colonial period. It also examines the boundaries between Christianity (specifically American Baptist doctrinal orthodoxies), Theravada Buddhism, and autochthonous belief systems to show how ideological perceptions of threats to the self and the community have been modelled by Kachin Christian ethno-nationalists within the Kachin Baptist Church. It then describes how the social prevalence of this belief system among Kachin youth has created significant shifts in comprehension of ‘Kachin’ history and society, which have also had a transformative effect upon modern Kachin ethno-nationalist ideologies.
Transnational symbols in national spaces
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers the manau as both a symbol of modern Kachin ethno-nationalism and as a vector for understanding some of its local, regional, and historical complexities. It considers the recent developments of these festivals in India, Burma, Yunnan, and Thailand as a way of understanding how local and regional dynamics affect the relationships between Singpho, Kachin, and Jingpo communities across the region. The chapter begins by explaining the modern emergence of the manau festival from the colonial period onwards, looking in detail at the aesthetic symbolism of the form in different contexts. This enables us to appreciate the constantly evolving and discursive nature of this form by exploring multiple events separated by both distance and time. It suggests that the manau has managed to attain and sustain its relevance because of its transformative capacities.
Conclusion
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This concluding chapter refers back to the original intentions outlined in the Introduction and comments on how the preceding chapters have expanded upon those intentions. It proposes that further work of a similar kind in relation to other regions is greatly desired, but outlines some of the impediments to such work. It says that the book has demonstrated the complexity of Kachin ideological systems and Kachin political culture and how the underlying causes of conflict in the Kachin region cannot be reduced to a simplistic political narrative. Burmese national politicians have yet to engage with the kind of complex history outlined in this book. However, recognising the limitations of previous analysis is an important element of any national reconciliation and political rehabilitation.
Participation et autonomie régionale : l’ACFO et Ottawa face à la critique des régions (1969-1984)
Authors: Bock Michel , Miville Serge
Published: April 2014

Cet article analyse la problématique des régionalismes identitaires en Ontario français dans le contexte de la montée de l’idéologie de la participation des années 1970 et du début des années 1980. En 1969, l’adoption, par l’Association canadienne-française de l’Ontario (ACFO), d’un vaste programme d’animation socioculturelle contribua, à certains égards, à exacerber les fractures régionales qui traversaient la collectivité franco-ontarienne. Si l’objectif de l’animation était de permettre aux régions de prendre leur propre destin en main, tout en suscitant leur participation au grand projet d’autonomisation institutionnelle de l’ACFO, dans certains cas, les dirigeants locaux en vinrent à formuler une critique cinglante à l’endroit de l’élite ottavienne, qui souffrait, à leurs yeux, d’un déficit de « représentativité ». L’étude permet de cerner quelques-unes des difficultés liées à la création d’une référence franco-ontarienne commune et capable de transcender les clivages régionaux.
Hommes d’affaires et hommes de coeur : Edmond Beauchamp (1887-1964) et Aurèle Beauchamp (1911-1999)
Authors: Beauchamp Hélène
Published: April 2014

Edmond Beauchamp a oeuvré au sein de la Cour Sainte-Anne des Forestiers catholiques et a été actif en politique municipale ; Aurèle Beauchamp a tenu une épicerie-boucherie dans son quartier  pendant plus de trente ans, contribuant par sa constance au bien-être de sa communauté. Ces hommes, ce sont le grand-père et le père de l’auteure. Ils ont vécu dans la Basse-Ville Est d’Ottawa, y ont travaillé et élevé leurs enfants. Hélène Beauchamp veut leur rendre hommage et dire leur contribution à l’histoire des francophones d’Ottawa. Elle a tiré l’information nécessaire à cet article dans des documents d’archives et des documents légaux, ce qui situe son récit entre mémoire et histoire.
La signature frontalière de l’identité franco-ontarienne
Authors: Gilbert Anne
Published: April 2014

Dans la région de la capitale nationale du Canada, les Québécois et les Franco-Ontariens sont non seulement voisins, mais ils partagent aussi un riche historique de liens et d’échanges. Cependant, cette frontière qui les rapproche aurait à la fois le pouvoir de les éloigner, les occasions étant nombreuses de constater que les uns et les autres ne parlent pas tout à fait la même langue et ne s’abreuvent pas à la même culture. C’est la thèse que l’auteure propose, en s’appuyant sur le témoignage d’une trentaine de Franco-Ontariens de la région sur leur vie quotidienne, à cheval sur la frontière. La première partie du texte porte sur ce que ressentent les Franco-Ontariens lorsqu’ils traversent à Gatineau. Le fait d’y côtoyer les Québécois sur leur territoire offre, chez nos interlocuteurs, de nombreuses occasions de s’identifier comme Franco-Ontariens et de consolider leur fierté. La seconde partie du texte décrit les sentiments que suscite, au contraire, la présence de Québécois dans les institutions francophones et bilingues d’Ottawa. Elle fait état de l’exclusion que ressentent les Franco-Ontariens lorsque les Québécois s’amènent sur leur propre terrain, révélant un côté moins lumineux de l’effet de frontière sur l’identité franco-ontarienne. Citations à l’appui, Anne Gilbert montre que, dans les deux cas, le discours identitaire franco-ontarien puise dans cette dernière des arguments agrégatifs fort convaincants.
Les politiques de gestion de la diversité dans les organisations : Proposition de typologie à l’usage des chercheurs et des entreprises
Authors: Haas Aurore , Shimada Sakura
Published: April 2014

Cet article propose un cadre de référence avec des pistes d’action pour mettre en oeuvre les politiques de diversité des organisations. Un retour sur l’émergence et l’évolution du concept de diversité, aux Etats-Unis et en France, permet d’illustrer la contingence contextuelle de la notion, les tensions suscitées par son exportation, mais également les problématiques communes. A partir d’une analyse de la littérature sur les pratiques de diversité en France, nous proposons une typologie du management de la diversité en trois volets : (i) la lutte contre les discriminations, (ii) la valorisation des différences, et (iii) le renforcement du collectif sous une identité commune.
La gestion du changement confrontée aux événements. Le cas du comité des champs élysées
Authors: Deroy Xavier
Published: April 2014

Quelle signification attribuer à la gestion du changement lorsqu’elle se confronte aux figures de l’événement ? L’article propose un cadre théorique qui, circonscrit l’étendue d’une gestion planifiée du changement en distinguant deux types d’événements. Les micro-événements correspondent à un flux continu de différenciations situées hors du champ d’un changement planifié. Les macro événements interviennent épisodiquement du top management pour organiser le changement. Ils interprètent le passé et orientent normativement le futur du changement institutionnel. La gestion du changement du Comité des Champs Élysées montre l’interaction entre micro et macro événements et la tension entre des logiques de banalisation et de prestige.
L’internationalisation des PME affecte-t-elle l’accès au financement bancaire ?
Authors: Benkraiem Ramzi , Miloudi Anthony
Published: April 2014

Cet article étudie les relations entre l’accès au financement bancaire et un ensemble de variables économiques et financières de PME. Nous mettons spécifiquement l’accent sur le lien entre l’internationalisation des PME et leur capacité à obtenir des crédits. Plusieurs résultats sont à mettre en perspective. En particulier, la taille et la tangibilité des actifs sont positivement reliées à l’endettement bancaire, ce qui montre l’importance des garanties présentées dans l’octroi du financement. En revanche, l’internationalisation est négativement reliée à ce même type d’endettement, ce qui traduit les difficultés de financement des PME lorsqu’elles désirent s’ouvrir aux marchés internationaux.
Knowledge Fusion Patterns for Design of Context-Aware Decision Support Systems
Authors: Smirnov Alexander , Levashova Tatiana
Published: April 2014

The objective of the research is to offer a methodology providing a feasible functionality of context-aware systems for the users. The systems are considered consisting of a set of knowledge sources. These sources are involved in knowledge fusion processes to support the systems functionalities. The core of the methodology is knowledge fusion patterns. They characterize knowledge sources involved in the knowledge fusion processes in terms of preservation/change of the sources' autonomies and structures. In the methodology, the patterns are used to specify the requirements to the knowledge sources from the systems to ensure the full systems functionalities. Matching the system's requirements against the user's requirements to the system functionality and the user's constraints on the sources of information and knowledge enables to offer feasible system functionality to the users.
Information Logistics Solutions in Healthcare: From Data to Demand Fulfilling Information
Authors: Meister Sven , Deiters Wolfgang , Schafer Sven , Stahlmann Valentin
Published: April 2014

The extensive usage of information and communication technologies (ICT) within healthcare, like electronic health records, Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) and telemedicine, results in a continuously increasing amount of heterogeneous data. Data, on the one hand, is not tantamount to information on the other. Data has to be transformed into demand fulfilling information to cope with one of the biggest problems in information science: data and information overload. The objective of this paper is to introduce technologies like Complex Event Processing (CEP) to develop approaches to cope with the problem of information overload in healthcare according to the principles of Information Logistics (ILOG). We will present a solution that is called TiEE (Telemedical ILOG Event Engine) to process vital signs in real-time and aggregate them to relevant pattern, resulting in demand fulfilling information.
Conceptual Correspondence Monitoring: Multimode Information Logistics Approach
Authors: Rudzajs Peteris , Kirikova Marite
Published: April 2014

The paper addresses the problems arising in situations where conceptual correspondence has to be monitored, i.e., there are two or more structures of concepts which have a physical or abstract mapping and the changes in the structures of concepts may introduce the changes in the mapping. Usually the monitoring of conceptual correspondence requires manual, semi-automatic, and automatic information processing and exposes high level of complexity. The integration of different types of information processing units can be achieved by the use of multimode information logistics. The paper discusses challenges of the use of multimode information logistics in monitoring conceptual correspondence and proposes an approach that helps to partly meet the discussed challenges by jointly using functional and morphological spaces of representation of information logistics networks. The proposed approach is illustrated by an example of monitoring conceptual correspondence between knowledge demand and offer in the area of education.
Leptocarpus (Restionaceae) enlarged to include Meeboldina and Stenotalis, with new Western Australian species and subgenera
Authors: Briggs Barbara Gillian
Published: April 2014

A recent phylogeny of the restiid clade of Poales based on DNA data from the chloroplast genome indicates that several currently recognised genera of Leptocarpoideae are paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Morphology and DNA data both indicate that the species that have been known by names in Meeboldina consist of two groups. Moreover, Leptocarpus and the monotypic Stenotalis both appear embedded in Meeboldina, as the latter has been recognised in recent classifications. Leptocarpus is here enlarged to encompass Meeboldina and Stenotalis and new subgenera Leptocarpus, Meeboldina and Stenotalis are recognised. The new combination Leptocarpus denmarkicus (Suess.) B.G.Briggs [=Meeboldina denmarkica Suess.] is provided and the new epithet and combination Leptocarpus scoparius B.G.Briggs [= Stenotalis ramosissima (Gilg) B.G.Briggs & L.A.S.Johnson, basionym Hypolaena ramosissima Gilg, non Leptocarpus ramosissimus Pillans]. Eight new species from the south of Western Australia are described: L. crebriculmis, L decipiens, L. depilatus, L. elegans, L. kraussii, L. roycei, L. tephrinus and L. thysananthus.
Apodasmia ceramophila, a new Western Australian species of Restionaceae
Authors: Briggs Barbara Gillian , Johnson Lawrence AS
Published: April 2014

Apodasmia ceramophila, a species of Restionaceae subfamily Leptocarpoideae, from the south of Western Australia is described. This widely dispersed and salt-tolerant genus of the Leptocarpus clade also has a species in each of south-eastern Australia, New Zealand and Chile.
Visual Impairment, Eye Conditions, and Diagnoses of Neurodegeneration and Dementia
Authors: Ferguson Erin L. , Thoma Mary , Buto Peter T. , Wang Jingxuan , Glymour M. Maria , Hoffmann Thomas J. , Choquet Hélène , Andrews Shea J. , Yaffe Kristine , Casaletto Kaitlin , Brenowitz Willa D.
Published: July 2024

Importance

Vision and eye conditions are associated with increased risk for Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs), but the nature of the association and the underlying biological pathways remain unclear. If causal, vision would be an important modifiable risk factor with viable population-level interventions.

Objective

To evaluate potentially causal associations between visual acuity, eye conditions (specifically cataracts and myopia), neuroimaging outcomes, and ADRDs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A cohort and 2-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted using UK Biobank participants and summary statistics from previously published genome-wide association studies on cataract, myopia, and AD. The participants included in the analysis were aged 55 to 70 years without dementia at baseline (calendar years 2006 to 2010), underwent genotyping, and reported on eye conditions; a subset completed visual acuity examinations (n = 69 852-71 429) or brain imaging (n = 36 591-36 855). Data were analyzed from August 15, 2022, through November 28, 2023.

Exposure

Self-reported cataracts, visual acuity, and myopia measured by refraction error.

Main Outcomes and Measures

ADRD, AD, and vascular dementia were identified from electronic medical records. Total and regional brain volumes were determined using magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

The sample included 304 953 participants (mean [SD] age, 62.1 (4.1) years; 163 825 women [53.72%]); 14 295 (4.69%) had cataracts and 2754 (3.86%) had worse than 20/40 vision. Cataracts (hazard ratio [HR], 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.29) and myopia (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.70) were associated with a higher hazard of ADRD. In MR analyses to estimate potential causal effects, cataracts were associated with increased risk of vascular dementia (inverse variance-weighted odds ratio [OR], 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.92) but were not associated with increased dementia (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.98-1.50). There were no associations between myopia and dementia. In MR for potential reverse causality, AD was not associated with cataracts (inverse variance–weighted OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96-1.01). Genetic risk for cataracts was associated with smaller total brain (β = −597.43 mm3; 95% CI, −1077.87 to −117.00 mm3) and gray matter (β = −375.17 mm3; 95% CI, −680.10 to −70.24 mm3) volumes, but not other brain regions.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort and MR study of UK Biobank participants, cataracts were associated with increased risk of dementia, especially vascular dementia, and reduced total brain volumes. These findings lend further support to the hypothesis that cataract extraction may reduce the risk for dementia.
Repairing Interfacial Defects in Self‐Assembled Monolayers for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells and Organic Photovoltaics through the SAM@Pseudo‐Planar Monolayer Strategy
Authors: Hung Chieh‐Ming , Wu Chi‐Chi , Yang Yu‐Hsuan , Chen Bo‐Han , Lu Chih‐Hsuan , Chu Che‐Chun , Cheng Chun‐Hao , Yang Chun‐Yun , Lin Yan‐Ding , Cheng Ching‐Hsuan , Chen Jiann‐Yeu , Ni I‐Chih , Wu Chih‐I , Yang Shang‐Da , Chen Hsieh‐Chih , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: July 2024

Lately, carbazole‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely employed as effective hole‐selective layers (HSLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Nevertheless, these SAMs tend to aggregate in solvents due to their amphiphilic nature, hindering the formation of a monolayer on the ITO substrate and impeding effective passivation of deep defects in the perovskites. In this study, a series of new SAMs including DPA‐B‐PY, CBZ‐B‐PY, POZ‐B‐PY, POZ‐PY, POZ‐T‐PY, and POZ‐BT‐PY are synthesized, which are employed as interfacial repairers and coated atop CNph SAM to form a robust CNph SAM@pseudo‐planar monolayer as HSL in efficient inverted PSCs. The CNph SAM@pseudo‐planar monolayer strategy enables a well‐aligned interface with perovskites, synergistically promoting perovskite crystal growth, improving charge extraction/transport, and minimizing nonradiative interfacial recombination loss. As a result, the POZ‐BT‐PY‐modified PSC realizes an impressively enhanced solar efficiency of up to 24.45% together with a fill factor of 82.63%. Furthermore, a wide bandgap PSC achieving over 19% efficiency. Upon treatment with the CNph SAM@pseudo‐planar monolayer, also demonstrates a non‐fullerene organic photovoltaics (OPVs) based on the PM6:BTP‐eC9 blend, which achieves an efficiency of 17.07%. Importantly, these modified PSCs and OPVs all show remarkably improved stability under various testing conditions compared to their control counterparts.
A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Raman Scattering Study of BaZrS3−BaHfS3 Solid Solutions
Authors: Yetkin Hasan Arif , Dale Phillip J. , Kshirsagar Aseem Rajan , Reichardt Sven , Redinger Alex , Latini Alessandro , Ciccioli Andrea , Romagnoli Lorenza
Published: July 2024

Ba(Zr,Hf)S3 solid solutions are proposed for photovoltaic applications and a fast non‐destructive measurement of the composition of these solutions and the identification of any possible secondary phases is a prerequisite for understanding their opto‐electronic properties. Previously multi‐wavelength Raman spectroscopy has been used for such purposes in other chalcogenide solution series. Here we calculate the non‐resonant one‐phonon Raman spectra of pure BaHfS3 and BaZrS3, which show only subtle differences between them, since the most prominent modes are dominated by the sulfur atoms and the change in mass of going from Hf to Zr is balanced by a near equal and opposite change in the bonding. To test this experimentally, a solution series of BaZr1–xHfxS3 (0≤x≤1) powders was synthesised and free of a secondary phase, HfS3 identified by 633 nm excitation Raman spectroscopy. The veracity of the synthesis method was confirmed by comparing X‐ray diffractograms and optical absorption spectra of the BaZr0.5Hf0.5S3 alloy to a 50 : 50 mixture of the pure ternary compounds. Experimental non‐resonant Raman measurements on the alloy powders confirm that only slight variations in the spectra are visible, making an alloy composition determination difficult. However, exciting the alloys resonantly, leads to the appearance of new two‐phonon modes in the Raman spectrum, which change significantly across the alloy series. We consequently suggest that a rapid alloy composition measurement can be made unambiguously by measuring the ratio of the intensities of the 825 cm−1 and 625 cm−1 Raman features.
Enhanced Structure/Interfacial Properties of Single‐Crystal Ni‐Rich LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2 Cathodes Synthesized Via LiCl‐NaCl Molten‐Salt Method
Authors: Yoo Ye‐Wan , Kang Chea‐Yun , Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Lee Jong‐Kyu , Kumar Ramachandran Vasant , Kim Kyong‐Nam , Yoon Jung‐Rag , Lee Seung‐Hwan
Published: July 2024

Arising from the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs), Ni‐rich LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM, x + y + z = 1, x ≥ 0.8) cathode with greatly increased energy density are being researched and commercialized for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, parasitic crack formation during the discharge–charge cycling process remains as a major degradation mechanism. Cracking leads to increase in the specific surface area, loss of electrical contact between the primary particles, and facilitates liquid electrolyte infiltration into the cathode active material, accelerating capacity fading and decrease in lifetime. In contrast, Ni‐rich NCM when used as a single crystal exhibits superior cycling performances due to its rigid mechanical property that resists cracking during long charge–discharge process even under harsh conditions. In this paper, we present comparative investigation between single crystal Ni‐rich LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2 (SC) and polycrystalline Ni‐rich LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2 (PC). The relatively improved cycling performances of SC are attributed to smaller anisotropic volume change, higher reversibility of phase transition, and resistance to crack formation. The superior properties of SC are demonstrated by in situ characterization and battery tests. Consequently, it is inferred from the results obtained that optimization of preparation conditions can be regarded as a key approach to obtain well crystallized and superior electrochemical performances.
Role of ileal diversion in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Simard Amanda A. , Kotamraju Swetha , DeFazio Jennifer R. , Picoraro Joseph A.
Published: July 2024

Surgical intervention is often indicated in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for medically refractory disease or complications of severe disease. Specifically, surgical intervention via ileal diversion allows for fecal flow to be redirected away from diseased distal bowel and through an ileostomy. It is utilized in patients who have medically refractory colitis, severe perianal disease, or irreversible bowel damage. In patients with ulcerative colitis, it is primarily performed during a restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis to protect the high‐risk anastomoses. In the setting of Crohn's disease, ileal diversion reduces the exposure of diseased distal intestine to pro‐inflammatory stool. During perioperative planning, it is crucial for the gastroenterologist to partner early with a multidisciplinary team including surgeons, nutritionists, wound ostomy care nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Patients should be assessed for malnutrition and should be optimized nutritionally with enteral or parenteral nutrition. As they are associated with increased risk of postoperative complications, corticosteroids should be significantly reduced or completely discontinued preoperatively. Though ileal diversion may reduce the complications associated with anastomosis, serious postoperative complications can include diversion colitis and high‐output fistulae. This review aims to provide an overview of the role of ileal diversion in the treatment of pediatric IBD to pediatric gastroenterologists to inform their medical decision‐making and discussions with patients and families.
Unveiling the Hidden Networks: AFM Insights into Pre‐Vulcanized Hevea Latex and Its Profound Impact on Latex Film Mechanical Properties
Authors: Payungwong Narueporn , Nakajima Ken , Ho Chee‐Cheong , Sakdapipanich Jitladda
Published: July 2024

Natural rubber (NR) films with different natural networks—concentrated NR (CNR), deproteinized NR (DPNR), and small rubber particles (SRP)—are investigated to explore the relationship between network structure and film properties using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanics (QNM) mode. Nitrogen content, gel content, and particle size distribution analyses reveal distinct network topologies in each latex type. Mechanical testing shows variations in tensile strength and crosslink density. AFM analysis provides insights into the crosslink network structures within the pre‐vulcanized latex film. It is found that DPNR and CNR films have a uniform distribution of crosslink networks, with DPNR exhibiting higher Young's modulus values. In contrast, SRP shows varying Young's modulus values, suggesting poor coalescence arising from a harder particle surface and a softer rubber core in an inhomogeneous network structure intrinsic to the non‐rubber components (NRCs) make‐up of SRP latex. This study highlights the pivotal role of natural network structures formed by NRCs in determining the ultimate properties of latex films, which has significant implications for the rubber industry, particularly in the production of latex‐dipped products, medical devices, and bioengineering applications.
Properties of Hydrogen Species in n‐Type Silicon Deduced from In‐Diffusion Profiles
Authors: Voronkov Vladimir V. , Falster Robert
Published: July 2024

Reported depth profiles of hydrogen in plasma‐exposed n‐Si samples can be fitted with a simple model of hydrogen transport by negative and neutral species (H− and H0) accompanied by a reversible formation of hydrogen–donor pairs (HD) and by an irreversible production of mobile dimers H2A—in particular by a bulk pairing reaction of the H− and H0 species. Contrary to a complicated behavior of hydrogen found in p‐Si (with multiple independent states for positive ions and passivated boron), the situation in n‐Si appears to be much simpler as only single states for H−, H0, and HD are sufficient for profile reproduction. The parameters deduced from the profiles are the diffusivity of H−, the characteristic electron concentration marking equal contributions of H− and H0 into hydrogen transport, and the diffusivity of H2A dimers (in the available temperature range 120–225 °C).