bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costs associated with selected preventive practices and with episodes of clinical mastitis in nine herds with low somatic cell counts
Authors: Hoblet K. H. , Schnitkey G. D. , Arbaugh D. , Hogan J. S. , Smith K. L. , Schoenberger P. S. , Todhunter D. A. , Hueston W. D. , Pritchard D. E. , Bowman G. L. , Heider L. E. , Brockett B. L. , Conrad H. R.
Published: December 2023

Nine dairy herds (mean size, 149 cows) with bulk-tank milk somatic cell counts of < 300,000 cells/ml and > 80% of cows with Dairy Herd Improvement Association linear somatic cell counts ≤ 4 were selected for study. Each herd was monitored for 12 consecutive months. Duplicate quarter-milk specimens were collected from each cow for bacteriologic culturing at beginning of lactation, cessation of lactation, and at the time of each clinical episode of mastitis. Streptococcus agalactiae was never isolated and Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from < 1% of all quarters. There were 554 episodes of clinical mastitis. During the year of study, the incidence rate of clinical mastitis varied from 15.6 to 63.7% of cows among the 9 herds. Mean costs per cow per year in herd for mastitis prevention were: $10 for paper towels, $3 for nonlactating cow treatment, and $10 for teat disinfectants. Mean cost associated with clinical mastitis was $107/episode. Approximately 84% ($90) of the costs attributed to a clinical episode were associated with decreased milk production and nonsalable milk. Costs of medication and professional veterinary fees per clinical episode varied Significantly among the 9 herds. Three of the herds did not have a veterinarian treat a clinical episode of mastitis during the year of study even though 2 of these herds had the first and third highest incidence rates of clinical mastitis. When calculated on a per cow in herd basis, mean costs of $40/cow/year were attributed to clinical mastitis. Our findings suggest that herds that have effectively controlled mastitis caused by contagious pathogens may still have substantial economic losses as a result of clinical mastitis and that losses and even rates of clinical mastitis may vary considerably among such herds.
Clinical evaluation of cats with lower urinary tract disease
Authors: Kruger John M. , Osborne Carl A. , Goyal Sagar M. , Wickstrom Steven L. , Johnston Gary R. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Brown Patricia A.
Published: December 2023

In a prospective study, 141 cats with hematuria, dysuria, urethral obstruction, or combinations of these signs were evaluated by contemporary diagnostic methods and compared with 26 clinically normal cats (controls). Specific diagnosis was established in 45% (64/141) of cats affected with lower urinary tract disease (lutd). Crystalline matrix plug-induced urethral obstruction was diagnosed in 21% (30/141) of affected cats, uroliths were identified in 21% (30/141) of affected cats, uroliths with concomitant bacterial urinary tract infection (uti) were identified in < 2% (2/141) of affected cats, and bacterial uti alone was identified in < 2% (2/141) of cats with lutd. Viruses, mycoplasmas, and ureaplasmas were not isolated from urine samples collected from affected or control cats.

Bovine herpesvirus 4 (bhv-4)-neutralizing antibodies were not detected in any serum sample obtained from cats with lutd or from control cats. In contrast, bhv-4 antibodies were detected by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test in sera obtained from 31% (44/141) of cats with lutd and 23% (6/26) of control cats. The prevalence of positive bhv-4 ifa test results in affected cats was not significantly different from that observed in control cats. Significant association was not apparent between positive bhv-4 ifa test results and clinical diagnosis, abnormal laboratory findings, or cat age. However, the number of male cats with bhv-4 ifa titer was significantly (P < 0.02, χ2 test) greater than that of female cats. Detection of bhv-4 antibodies in approximately 30% of affected and control cats indicates prior virus exposure. Further investigations are warranted to clarify the specific role of bhv-4 in cats with naturally acquired lutd.
Effects of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs
Authors: Cowan Laine A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Crowell Wayne , Brown John
Published: December 2023

An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced in dogs to determine the effect of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis. Two weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate gland, 17 of 22 adult mixed-breed male dogs had positive urine or prostatic fluid cultures or both. Seven of the 17 dogs were randomly chosen to be castrated, and 10 of the 17 served as sham-operated controls.

At weekly intervals, urine was obtained from 17 dogs for aerobic microbiologic culturing. At each week, dogs with no bacterial growth in the cultured urine had prostatic fluid collected for aerobic microbiologic culture. Dogs with negative urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue needle biopsy culture results at week 7 were euthanatized. For remaining dogs, weekly cultures were continued until the dogs were euthanatized at week 12. None of the 7 castrated dogs and 6 of the 10 dogs subject to sham operation had prostatic infection at the time of necropsy. The castrated dogs had a mean infection duration of 4.2 weeks, which was statistically shorter than the 9.5 week mean duration of infection in the sham-operated controls.

Cultures of prostatic tissue obtained immediately after euthanasia correlated 100% with urine and prostatic fluid cultures taken before euthanasia. All of the 6 dogs with positive prostatic cultures at termination had moderate to marked lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis. The 11 dogs that were not infected at the end of the study had normal to moderate lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis on histologic examination.

Because castration reduced the duration of infection and resulted in fewer bacterial colony forming units per milliliter of urine, castration appears to be beneficial in the resolution of chronic bacterial prostatitis in this experimental model.
Ultrasonographic findings in dogs and cats with oxalate nephrosis attributed to ethylene glycol intoxication: 15 cases (1984-1988)
Authors: Adams William H. , Toal Robert L. , Breider Michael A.
Published: December 2023

Renal ultrasonographic findings in 12 dogs and 3 cats determined to have oxalate nephrosis presumed to be secondary to ethylene glycol intoxication were examined. Ultrasonographic changes varied from mild to marked increases in renal cortical echogenicity. A pattern of greater than normal cortical and medullary echogenicity with persistence of areas of lesser echo intensity at the corticomedullary junction and central medullary regions was observed. This pattern, termed the halo sign, was recognized in 7 dogs and 1 cat concurrent with the development of clinical anuria. Ultrasonographic patterns in these clinical cases were similar to those observed in a previous study of dogs with experimentally induced ethylene glycol nephrosis. Ultrasonographic findings were not considered pathognomonic of ethylene glycol nephrosis. Due to the high death rate reported in the cases surveyed, detection of ultrasonographic changes was considered to warrant a guarded to poor prognosis. Because of the association of the halo sign with anuria, its detection was considered to warrant a grave prognosis.
Improved nasogastric intubation technique for administration of nutritional support in dogs
Authors: Abood Sarah K. , Buffington C. A.
Published: December 2023

Established procedures for nasogastric intubation are difficult to perform in dogs because of anatomic variation of nasal passages and turbinate structures. Twenty-five clinically normal dogs were used to improve and refine the technique of nasogastric tube placement, and 13 clinical patients at our teaching hospital were evaluated for malnutrition and were considered candidates for nutritional support by nasogastric tube feeding.

An improved method for the placement of nasogastric tubes in dogs was used. By pushing the external nares dorsally while advancing the tube in a caudoventral, medial direction, the tube passed through the ventral meatus and into the oropharynx and esophagus easily. The procedure does not require chemical restraint, and the complication of epistaxis was not observed in any dog. Materials required to perform this technique are inexpensive, and the method can be used for the administration of nutritional support, fluids, drugs, or contrast material.
Positive end-expiratory pressure during colic surgery in horses: 74 cases (1986-1988)
Authors: Wilson D. V. , McFeely A. M.
Published: December 2023

Positive end-expiratory pressure (peep) was applied in 74 anesthetized, ventilated horses during colic surgery, to attempt to increase arterial oxygen tensions. In 28 horses with an initial < 70 mm of Hg, peep increased values to a mean of 173 ± 24 mm of Hg. Arterial oxygen content increased from 14.1 ± 0.05 ml/dl to 17.2 ± 0.05 ml/dl. In the remaining 46 horses, peep increased from a mean value of 101 ± 6 mm of Hg to 194 ± 15 mm of Hg, and arterial oxygen content increased from 14.9 ± 0.09 ml/dl to 16.9 ± 0.07 ml/dl.

Cardiovascular depression and decrease in arterial blood pressure was observed after the application of peep in 54 horses. These 54 horses required use of pressors (n = 8), inotropes (n = 32), or both (n = 14) to keep the mean arterial blood pressure > 60 mm of Hg. Combined with pharmacologic support of blood pressure, peep could be a useful clinical treatment of arterial hypoxemia in horses.
Comparison and interpretation of diagnostic tests for feline immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Barr Margaret C. , Pough Margaret B. , Jacobson Richard H. , Scott Fred W.
Published: December 2023

Feline sera were submitted to the Cornell Feline Health Center (n = 497) or to the New York State Diagnostic Laboratory (n = 1,565) for feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) testing. Some sera (n = 166) were submitted for confirmation of previous fiv-positive results; 151 of these sera had been tested at the referring veterinary practice or laboratory, using an in-house elisa. Excluding the samples submitted for confirmation, a total of 173 samples (9.1%) were fiv-positive; 11.6% of the clinically ill or high-risk cats and 0.49% of the healthy, low risk cats were positive for fiv antibody.

A commercially available elisa for detection of antibody to fiv was evaluated in relation to the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test and the immunoblot assay. The elisa was interpreted according to the manufacturer's instructions, with the ratio of sample optical density to positive control optical density (s/p) determining a positive or negative result. The elisa results based on the s/p interpretation were compared with a kinetics-based (kela) interpretation of the elisa. The kela values were reported as positive, negative, or equivocal.

Using the immunoblot as the standard, elisa (s/p interpretation) had sensitivity of 0.93 and specificity of 0.98, whereas the ifa test had sensitivity of 0.95 and specificity of 0.98. However, the sensitivity and specificity of the elisa (s/p interpretation) were markedly reduced for sample results falling in the kela equivocal range, indicating that equivocal results were valid interpretations for some sera.

A high number (22.5%) of the samples submitted for confirmation of a positive result from use of the in-house elisa were determined to be negative for fiv antibody. Operator error or incorrect interpretation of the in-house elisa were thought to be the cause of most of these false-positive test results.
Risk factors associated with transmissible gastroenteritis in swine
Authors: Siegel Joel P. , Hungerford Laura L. , Hall William F.
Published: December 2023

Commercial production data base records from 2 Illinois farms, on which epizootic or enzootic transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) was experienced, were accessed for an epidemiologic study. Risk factors investigated were sow parity, source of sows, location of farrowing crates, and breeding practices. At farm 1, an epizootic was experienced; at farm 2, an epizootic of tge followed by enzootic tge was experienced. Initially, crude risk ratios were calculated for these risk factors, and the crude risk ratios were subsequently adjusted for confounders and interactions, using multiple logistic regression techniques. After adjustment, parity-3 sows were 2.3 times more likely to have litters with tge than were sows of all other parities on farm 1, and parity-1 sows were 2.6 times more likely to have litters that experienced tge than were sows of all other parities on farm 2. A single boar on each farm was linked to increased likelihood of a sow's litter contracting epizootic tge on each farm. Enzootic tge was maintained by the periodic influx of outside-source gilts on farm 2; these gilts were 2.2 times more likely to have litters with TCE than were sows derived from farm 2. Sows housed in farrowing crates located under the cold air inlet of farm 2 were 1.7 times as likely as sows located in other rows to have litters with enzootic tge.
Diagnosis of microthrombocytosis and immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in dogs with thrombocytopenia: 68 cases (1987-1989)
Authors: Northern J. , Tvedten H. W.
Published: December 2023

The mean platelet volume (mpv) was evaluated in 68 dogs with thrombocytopenia attributable to various causes. Platelet size was high or low in some dogs. The most clinically useful observation was that low mpv (microthrombocytosis) was a specific indicator of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (imt) in these thrombocytopenic dogs. All but one case of microthrombocytosis (mpv< 5.4 fl) was found in dogs with imt. Microthrombocytosis was detected in 17 of 31 dogs with imt and appeared at the onset of the disease. Macrothrombocytosis (mpv > 9.4 fl) indicated active thrombopoiesis, but was not unique to any disease category. Macrothrombocytosis was detected in 18 of 31 dogs with imt, 3 of 17 dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation, and 3 of 9 dogs with primary bone-marrow disease.
Long-term effects of desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle in Standardbreds: 23 cases (1979-1989)
Authors: Stick John A. , Nickels Frank A. , Williams M. Amy
Published: December 2023

Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle (inferior check desmotomy) permitted Standardbred foals affected with flexural deformities to reach their full athletic potential. Long-term effects of inferior check desmotomy were examined in 23 Standardbreds over a 10-year period. Six of 11 foals that were treated surgically either raced 6 times and obtained a race record or were training sound (if yearlings). All 12 horses with flexural deformity that did not receive an inferior check desmotomy had an unfavorable outcome (no race record). Foals that had surgery performed at a younger age apparently had a better chance of racing or training sound because no foals treated surgically after 8 months of age had a favorable outcome and only 1 foal that was older than 5 months at the time of surgery had a favorable outcome. In 5 foals that had surgery with an unsuccessful outcome, 3 were ≥1 year old at the time of surgery and were lame when training was started on the limb(s) with the desmotomy.
Prevalence of the 14/20 centric fusion chromosomal aberration in US Simmental cattle
Authors: Weber Alvin F. , Buoen Lance C. , Zhang Tingqing , Ruth George R.
Published: December 2023

Cytogenetic evaluation was made on 353 Simmental cattle (166 male, 187 female) from 113 herds in 26 states. One hundred thirty-eight (39%) were found to be heterozygous-positive for the 14/20 centric fusion chromosomal translocation, including 41 (25%) males and 91 (52%) females. One submitted heparinized blood sample from a Simbrah bull was found to be positive for 14/20 and 1/29 centric fusions. Sampling, which was based on requests, was highly selective. Thus, the 39% prevalence found was not representative of 14/20 centric fusion in the national Simmental breed. On the basis of our findings, cytogenetic evaluation of breeding stock was consistent with modern management practice.
Health risks of housing small psittacines in galvanized wire mesh cages
Authors: Howard B. R.
Published: December 2023

Each week over a 6-week period, 80 adult cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) of either gender were dosed orally with fine particles of pure zinc or galvanized coating removed from welded wire mesh. At dosage of 32 mg/wk, all birds became severely ill and either died or were euthanatized within 2 weeks. Dosage of 2 mg/wk induced chronic illness marked by dullness, weight loss, and intermittent excretion of greenish droppings. Necropsy findings were unremarkable, except for signs suggestive of impaired gastrointestinal tract motility and histologic degenerative changes associated with focal mononuclear infiltration in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Tissue, especially pancreatic, contents of zinc were markedly high. Pure zinc was as toxic as galvanizing zinc. White rust, an oxidation product, also was toxic. The galvanized coating on cages and flights must be carefully wire-brushed and examined before housing psittacine birds.
Use of zinc acetate to treat copper toxicosis in dogs
Authors: Brewer George J. , Dick Robert D. , Schall William , Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan Vilma , Mullaney Thomas P. , Pace Carol , Lindgren Janet , Thomas Michael , Padgett George
Published: December 2023

Zinc acetate was used for the treatment and prophylaxis of hepatic copper toxicosis in 3 Bedlington Terriers and 3 West Highland White Terriers. Two dogs of each breed were treated for 2 years, and 1 of each breed for 1 year. A dosage of 200 mg of elemental zinc per day was required to achieve therapeutic objectives related to copper, which included a doubling of plasma zinc concentration to 200 μg/dl and a suppression of oral 64 copper absorption. The dosage was later reduced to 50 to 100 mg/day to avoid an excessive increase in plasma zinc concentration. The preliminary clinical results were good. Three dogs had mild to moderate active liver disease and high liver copper concentrations at the time of initiation of zinc administration. Biopsy of the liver 2 years later revealed a reduction in hepatitis and copper concentrations. One other dog without active hepatitis also had a reduction in hepatic copper concentrations over a 2-year period. All 6 dogs have done well clinically. On the basis of these findings, we believe zinc acetate to be an effective and nontoxic treatment for copper toxicosis in dogs.
Factors associated with and prevalence of high Malassezia pachydermatis numbers on dog skin
Authors: Plant Jon D. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Griffin Craig E.
Published: December 2023

The prevalence of cutaneous Malassezia spp was evaluated in a semiquantitative fashion at 3 sites on 98 dogs examined because of various dermatoses. Thirty (10.2%) of the sites and 19 (19.4%) of the dogs had Malassezia spp amounts higher than that found on grossly normal skin. The prevalence of higher than normal amounts did not correlate significantly with sample site, sex, or age. The factors associated with an increased prevalence of increased Malassezia spp counts were seborrheic dermatitis, recent antibiotic treatment, and breed.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies and antigens in the aqueous humor of cats
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Roberts Steven M. , Davidson Michael G. , Powell Cynthia C. , Reif John S.
Published: December 2023

Serum and aqueous humor samples, collected from 14 clinically normal cats and 96 cats with clinical evidence of intraocular inflammation, were assayed with elisa for Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), T gondii-specific IgG, T gondii-specific antigens, total IgG, and total IgM. Additionally, serum was assayed with elisa for feline leukemia virus p27 antigen and antibodies against the feline immunodeficiency virus as well as with an immunofluorescent antibody assay for antibodies against feline coronaviruses. Calculation of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (C-value) for the T gondii-specific antibodies detected in aqueous humor established the likelihood of local antibody production. Serologic evidence of present or prior infection by an infectious agent was found in 81.9% of the clinically affected cats from which serologic results were available (77/94 cats). Seropositive results for toxoplasmosis were found in 74.0% of the clinically affected cats. Anterior segment inflammation was found in 93.1% (81/87 cats from which information was available) of the clinically affected cats, most of which were older males. Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies were not detected in the aqueous humor of 6 seropositive, clinically normal cats. The C-values for aqueous T gondii antibodies were > 1 in 44.8% of the cats and > 8 in 24.0% of the cats. Response to treatment with clin-damycn HCl was positive in 15/20 (75%) of the T gondii-seroposidve, clinically affected cats treated with this drug. In 13/15 (86.7%) T gondii-seropositive, clinically affected cats having a C-value > 1, response to treatment with clindamycin HCl was positive. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that serologic evidence of exposure to infectious agents is common in cats with uveitis, toxoplasmosis may be a common cause of uveitis in cats, use of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient may aid in the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis in cats, and use of clindamycin HCl may be beneficial in the treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis in cats.
Actions of isoflurane and halothane in pregnant mares
Authors: Daunt D. A. , Steffey E. P. , Pascoe J. R. , Willits N. , Daels P. F.
Published: December 2023

Eighteen healthy, pregnant mares scheduled for laparotomy and uterine manipulation were randomly allotted to 2 equal groups. After iv administration of xylazine hydrochloride and thiamylal sodium, general anesthesia was maintained with halothane (halo) or isoflurane (iso) in oxygen. Results of cardiovascular measurements were similar with both inhalant anesthetics; mean arterial blood pressure was 79 and 82 mm of Hg with halo and iso, respectively. Respiratory rate decreased most with iso (mean frequency was 4 and 9 breaths/min with iso and halo, respectively). Partial pressure of arterial CO2 was increased similarly with halo and iso. Partial pressure of arterial O2 varied greatly among mares and decreased with duration of use of both anesthetics. Recovery time from anesthesia was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter after use of iso vs halo. Minor superficial injuries were associated with recovery from both anesthetics (in 5 mares with iso and in 1 mare with halo). Physical signs of postanesthetic myopathy or vital-organ dysfunction were not associated with either agent.
Effects of blood contamination on equine peritoneal fluid analysis
Authors: Malark J. A. , Peyton L. C. , Galvin M. J.
Published: December 2023

Peritoneal fluid and blood was collected from 8 healthy adult horses. Four 1-ml aliquots of peritoneal fluid from each horse were then contaminated with 0 ml (normal), 0.05 ml (1 drop), 0.10 ml (2 drops), and 0.20 ml (4 drops) of blood from the same horse. Samples were analyzed for rbc count, nucleated blood cell count, total protein concentration, and nucleated cell differential count. Statistical analysis revealed no significant changes in nucleated cell number, nucleated cell differential, or total protein concentration in peritoneal samples contaminated with blood. The rbc count significantly increased with blood contamination. It was concluded that up to 17% blood contamination of peritoneal fluid in clinically normal horses did not significantly alter interpretation of the nucleated cell count or protein concentration.
Investigation of an outbreak of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in pet birds in Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Texas
Authors: Bruning-Fann Colleen , Kaneene John , Heamon Julia
Published: December 2023

An outbreak of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in exotic pet birds in the United States from April through July 1991 was investigated. More than 2,000 pet birds in 5 states (Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Texas, and Maryland) were tested. Infected birds were found in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas. This disease was eradicated without spread to domestic poultry. Epidemiologic investigations revealed the source of infection to be double yellow-headed Amazon parrots suspected to be illegally imported into Texas.
Serum thyroid hormone concentrations and thyrotropin responsiveness in dogs with generalized dermatologic disease
Authors: Beale Karin Muth , Keisling Karen , Forster-Blouin Sharon
Published: December 2023

Fifty-eight dogs with generalized dermatologic disease that had not been given glucocorticoids systemically or topically within 6 weeks of entering the study were evaluated for thyroid function by use of the thyrotropin-response test. Dogs were classified as euthyroid or hypothyroid on the basis of test results and response to thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Baseline serum thyroxine (T4), free T4 (fT4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were evaluated in the 58 dogs. Serum T4, fT4, and T3 concentrations were evaluated in 200 healthy dogs to establish normal values. Hormone concentrations were considered low if they were less than the mean – 2 SD of the values for control dogs.

Specificity of T4 and fT4 concentrations was 100% in predicting hypothyroidism; none of the euthyroid dogs with generalized skin disease had baseline serum T4 or fT4 concentration in the low range. Sensitivity was better for fT4 (89%) than for T4 (44%) concentration. Significant difference was not observed in serum T4 and fT4 concentrations between euthyroid dogs with generalized skin disease and healthy control dogs without skin disease. Serum T3 concentration was not accurate in predicting thyroid function; most of the euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs with skin disease had serum T3 concentration within the normal range.
Tympanic bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle-ear disease in cats: 19 cases (1984-1991)
Authors: Trevor Peter B. , Martin Robert A.
Published: December 2023

Twenty-two tympanic bulla osteotomies were performed in 19 cats for the treatment of bacterial otitis media (n = 11), inflammatory polyps (n = 7), or middle-ear neoplasia (n = 4). Inflammatory polyps mostly affected young adult cats (mean age, 1.5 years), whereas otitis media affected middle-aged cats (mean age, 5.5 years) and neoplasia affected older cats (mean age, 10.25 years). Although not specific for the underlying disease process, fluid density within the tympanic bulla or thickening of the bulla was observed radiographically in 100% of cats with middle-ear disease. In cats for which results were available, bacterial culturing revealed pathogens in 6 cats diagnosed with otitis media and in 7 cats with benign or malignant tumors within the bulla. The ventral approach to the bulla was the most common surgical procedure (18 osteotomies), followed by the lateral approach combined with ablation of the vertical and horizontal parts of the external acoustic meatus (4 osteotomies). Immediate postoperative complications were common but short-term, and included Horner's syndrome (11 cats), facial nerve paralysis (5 cats), and otitis interna (2 cats). Bulla osteotomy resulted in resolution of clinical signs without recurrence in cats with middle-ear polyps. Drainage of the infected tympanic cavity aided in resolution of the clinical signs of bacterial otitis media, but the long-term clinical course was characterized by persistent neurologic deficits (5 cats) and recurrence of disease (2 cats). Neoplastic infiltration of the tympanic bulla was associated with a poor prognosis, and although surgery helped to establish a diagnosis, it did not alter the clinical course of the disease. Bulla osteotomy resulted in improvement but not in resolution of head tilt in cats that had developed this sign secondary to middle-ear disease.
Accuracy of references and quotations in veterinary journals
Authors: Hinchcliff K. W. , Bruce N. J. , Powers J. D. , Kipp M. L.
Published: December 2023

The accuracy of references and quotations used to substantiate statements of fact in articles published in 6 frequently cited veterinary journals was examined. Three hundred references were randomly selected, and the accuracy of each citation was examined. A subset of 100 references was examined for quotational accuracy; ie, the accuracy with which authors represented the work or assertions of the author being cited. Of the 300 references selected, 295 were located, and 125 major errors were found in 88 (29.8%) of them. Sixty-seven (53.6%) major errors were found involving authors, 12 (9.6%) involved the article title, 14 (11.2%) involved the book or journal title, and 32 (25.6%) involved the volume number, date, or page numbers. Sixty-eight minor errors were detected. The accuracy of 111 quotations from 95 citations in 65 articles was examined. Nine quotations were technical and not classified, 86 (84.3%) were classified as correct, 2 (1.9%) contained minor misquotations, and 14 (13.7%) contained major misquotations. We concluded that misquotations and errors in citations occur frequently in veterinary journals, but at a rate similar to that reported for other biomedical journals.
Serum biochemical changes in dogs competing in a long-distance sled race
Authors: Hinchcliff K. W. , Olson J. , Crusberg C. , Kenyon J. , Long R. , Royle W. , Weber W. , Burr J.
Published: December 2023

Fifty-five blood samples were collected from 28 dogs competing in the 1991 Yukon Quest International Sled-Dog Race to examine race-induced changes in serum biochemical values. Blood was collected after a 36-hour mandatory rest at the midpoint of the race, and again at 2 subsequent checkpoints. The mean speed of dogs between checkpoints was approximately 4.5 mph. There were no significant increases in PCV, or in serum total protein, sodium, or creatinine concentrations during the race. Mean serum potassium concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from 4.8 ± 0.4 to 4.4 ± 0.3 to 3.9 ± 0.3 mEq/L, as did the serum triglyceride concentration (138 ± 52, 88 ± 25, 81 ± 16 mg/dl). Plasma cortisol concentration did not change significantly. Increases in the mean serum activity of creatine kinase (167, 420, 344 U/L), and aspartate aminotransferase (55, 79, 62 U/L) during the race were significant (P < 0.05). Participation in a long-distance sled race was associated with mild changes in routinely measured serum biochemical values in dogs.
Adverse effects of administration of propofol with various preanesthetic regimens in dogs
Authors: Smith J. A. , Gaynor J. S. , Bednarski R. M. , Muir W. W.
Published: December 2023

The effects of propofol on anesthetic induction were evaluated in 40 dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Propofol is a rapidly acting, nonbarbiturate drug that induces anesthesia of ultrashort duration with iv administration. Four preanesthetic regimens were used: anesthesia without preanesthetic drugs; or with preanesthetic administration of acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg of body weight, im), diazepam (0.2 mg/kg, iv), or acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) im. Heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure (sap), respiration, quality of induction and recovery, and adverse effects were recorded. Intravenous propofol administration induced a variable period of apnea in 34 of 40 dogs. Cyanosis (in 2 dogs) and signs of pain on injection (in 3 dogs) were infrequently observed during induction. One dog developed ventricular premature depolarizations after propofol administration. Venous CO2 tension increased and pH decreased immediately after propofol administration, regardless of preanesthetic regimen. The sap significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after propofol administration in dogs treated with acepromazine (sap, 178 mm of Hg before vs 128 mm of Hg after propofol) and with acepromazine/butorphanol (sap, 184 mm of Hg before vs 98 mm of Hg after propofol). When used for induction, propofol induces anesthetic-related adverse effects, some of which can be minimized by preanesthetic medication. Recovery characteristics varied with preanesthetic medication, independent of propofol administration.
Size and organization of private veterinary practices
Authors: Wise J. Karl , Yang Jih-Jing
Published: December 2023

This article is the fifth of a series of reports summarizing highlights of the 1992 Biennial Economic Survey findings. A full report entitled Economic Report on Veterinarians and Veterinary Practices provides detailed economic statistics and trends from the 1992 survey and previous surveys.
Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of rabies in cats
Authors: Fogelman Vicky , Fischman Harvey R. , Horman Joseph T. , Grigor Jack K.
Published: December 2023

The epizootic of rabies in raccoons in Maryland has been accompanied by 129 confirmed cases of rabies in cats from Jan 1, 1983 to Sept 30, 1992 and only 12 cases in dogs. An epidemiologic and clinical study of rabies in cats was conducted for the period Jan 1, 1983 to May 31, 1986. Only 3 of 31 rabid cats had a history of being currently vaccinated against rabies, and 13 were of unknown ownership. A history of prior wound or injury within 6 months of onset of signs of rabies was reported in 11 of the cats and most of these had a wound in a hind limb. The median interval between reporting of a wound and a development of rabies was 4 to 6 weeks.

Rabies in cats is difficult to diagnose in the early stages and, of the 14 cats examined by a veterinarian, only 3 were believed to have rabies on initial examination. Major signs of rabies in cats reported by veterinarians included behavior change, gait abnormality, strange or unusual look in the eyes, and a wound within the preceding 6 months. Owners reported increased frequency of vocalization as an early sign. Postexposure treatment was given to 194 human beings including 63 veterinarians or their personnel. The estimated cost of postexposure biologics was $68,000.
Radiographic anatomy and technique for arthrography of the cubital joint in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Lowry Jennifer E. , Carpenter Larry G. , Park Richard D. , Steyn Phillip F. , Schwarz Peter D.
Published: December 2023

A technique for arthrography of the cubital joint in clinically normal large-breed dogs was developed with the objective of improving visualization of the articular margin of the medial coronoid process. A lateral approach to the cubital joint for injection of contrast medium was selected. Arthrography of 24 cubital joints was performed by using 14 dogs. Twelve combinations of iodinated contrast medium, consisting of various concentrations (3) and volumes (4), were used. Two sets of arthrograms for each of the 12 combinations of contrast medium were obtained. Five radiographic views were used for each set.

All arthrograms were examined by 3 evaluators, and each articular surface received a numerical rating for how well it could be seen in each view. Results of the evaluation indicated that low volumes of contrast medium were preferable to high volumes, with 2 ml providing the best visualization. Concentration of iodine seemed less important than did volume.

The numerical ratings also indicated that the articular margin of the coronoid process was clearly observed a maximum of only 24% of the time on a slightly supinated mediolateral projection. The articular margins of the head of the radius, trochlea humeri, and trochlear notch were well visualized > 90% of the time.

Arthrography of the cubital joint was technically easy to perform, and complications were not encountered, but arthrographic anatomy of the cubital joint is complex. Potential uses for arthrography of the cubital joint include diagnosis of osteochondrosis, intraarticular fragments, and joint capsule ruptures.
Causes and costs of calf mortality in Colorado beef herds participating in the National Animal Health Monitoring System
Authors: Wittum T. E. , Salman M. D. , Odde K. G. , Mortimer R. G. , King M. E.
Published: December 2023

Seventy-three Colorado cow/calf operations were monitored for calf mortality from birth to weaning as part of their participation in the National Animal Health Monitoring System. Producer-observed causes of calf mortality, and the costs associated with these deaths were obtained. The overall calf mortality during the study was 4.5%, with a total associated cost of $237,478. The mean cost per calf death was $216, of which $208 was attributed to the potential value of the calf and an additional $8 was for veterinary, drug, producer's labor, and carcass disposal expenses. The most commonly reported causes of calf mortality were dystocia (17.5%), stillbirth (12.4%), hypothermia (12.2%), diarrhea (11.5%), and respiratory infections (7.6%). These 5 disease conditions accounted for > 60% of all calf deaths. A cause was not determined for 19.7% of the calf deaths. Beef producers and veterinarians have the potential to decrease calf mortality and increase profits in cow/calf operations by implementing management strategies and herd health programs designed to decrease the number of calf deaths caused by these disease conditions.
Incidence and economics of tuberculosis in swine slaughtered from 1976 to 1988
Authors: Dey B. P. , Parham G. L.
Published: December 2023

The Swine Tuberculosis Regulations, revised in 1972, stipulated that all swine carcasses with mycobacterial lesions in more than 2 primary sites should be passed for cooking (pfc). Economic loss from a condemned carcass is 100%, whereas loss from a pfc carcass is 66%. Increased condemned and pfc swine carcass rates in 1972, 1973, and 1974, and the economic losses from them were attributed to changes in the regulations. An industrial organization estimated increased economic losses from swine tuberculosis, but detected decreased rates of condemned and pfc swine carcasses in 1975 and 1986. The federal meat inspection data for 1976 to 1988 indicated that the yearly condemned carcass rate remained < 8.0/100,000 swine slaughtered, whereas the pfc carcass rate decreased by 74.1%, from 52.4 to 13.6/100,000 swine slaughtered. The incidence (condemned + pfc) per 100,000 swine slaughtered decreased by 67.7%, from 58.03 in 1976 to 18.72 in 1988. The Agricultural Statistics indicated that a yearly loss from tuberculosis of $2.3 million in 1976 decreased by 73% to $0.97 million in 1988. A yearly loss of $41,580/ $100 million of animal value decreased by 70% to $12,880/$100 million in 1988. The decreased incidence of swine tuberculosis and the economic losses with this disease indicate that the swine industry in the United States was not adversely affected by the change in the Swine Tuberculosis Regulations.
Comparison of the efficacy of cefadroxil and generic and proprietary cephalexin in the treatment of pyoderma in dogs
Authors: Frank Linda A. , Kunkle Gail A.
Published: December 2023

We compared efficacy of cefadroxil and generic and proprietary cephalexin in treatment of pyoderma in dogs. Forty-four dogs were randomly assigned to receive 1 of the 3 preparations at 22 to 35 mg/kg body weight, every 12 hours. Dogs were examined at the conclusion of treatment period and assessed as to degree of improvement. All 3 cephalosporins were effective and safe antibiotics for the treatment of pyoderma in dogs.
Effects of diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, and xylazine on thiamylal anesthesia in horses
Authors: Muir William W. , Mason Diane E.
Published: December 2023

The cardiorespiratory effects of thiamylal (10 mg/kg of body weight, iv) and the effects of preanesthetic medication with diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, or xylazine administered prior to a thiamylal dosage of 6 mg/kg, iv, were evaluated in 6 adult horses. The quality of recovery from thiamylal anesthesia also was evaluated. Intravenous administration of thiamylal at a dosage of 10 mg/kg increased heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary artery, and central venous blood pressures, as well as cardiac output and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). The maximal rate of right ventricular pressure increase (RVdP/ dtmax), respiratory rate, and arterial partial pressure of Ο2 (PaO2) decreased, whereas arterial pH and systemic vascular resistance remained unchanged. Preanesthetic medication with diazepam prior to iv administration of thiamylal (6 mg/kg) did not change the pattern of this response, but diazepam did increase heart rate, cardiac output, and respiratory rate during the recovery period. Administration of acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, iv) prior to administration of thiamylal increased heart rate and decreased systemic arterial and central venous blood pressures and systemic vascular resistance. Detomidine (10 μg/kg, iv), administered prior to thiamylal, decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and respiratory rate, and increased right atrial blood pressure. Administration of xylazine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg, iv) prior to thiamylal induced effects qualitatively similar to detomidine. Thiamylal decreased RVdP/dtmax and PaO2 in horses that received diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, or xylazine.

Horses receiving 10 mg of thiamylal/kg, iv, or 0.1 mg of diazepam/kg, iv, prior to thiamylal (6 mg/kg, iv) had the most difficulty in attaining a standing position. Horses receiving 10 mg of thiamylal/kg, iv, or acepromazine, detomidine, or xylazine (1 mg/kg, iv) prior to thiamylal (6 mg/kg, iv) had the longest anesthesia time. Results indicated that bolus injections of thiamylal used to induce short-term anesthesia in horses increase heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary artery, and central venous pressures, as well as PacO2, but decrease RVdP/dtmax, respiratory rate, and PaO2. Further, the recovery process was improved by administration of acepromazine, detomidine, or xylazine, but not diazepam, as preanesthetic medication.
Cutaneous histamine reactivity, histamine content of commercial allergens, and potential for false-positive skin test reactions in dogs
Authors: Phillips Margaret K. , Manning Thomas O. , Nolte Hendrik , Bevier Diane E.
Published: December 2023

The cutaneous reactivity of normal and atopic dogs to intradermal injections of histamine phosphate was evaluated. Significant differences were not found in the mean wheal diameters of either group. Commercial allergens used for intradermal skin testing and immunotherapy were determined to contain histamine. To determine whether allergen histamine content was sufficient to cause false-positive skin test results, the cutaneous response of Johnson grass allergic dogs was compared, using commercial Johnson grass allergen and commercial Johnson grass allergen with histamine removed. Significant differences were not noticed between Johnson grass and dehistaminized Johnson grass. Therefore, the histamine content of commercial Johnson grass allergen did not appear to cause false-positive skin test results for this group of Johnson grass allergic dogs.
Treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus and a rapid method for prevention of relapse in dogs: 134 cases (1988–1991)
Authors: Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , Harder Antina , Fehr Michael , Lüerssen Dirk , Brunnberg Leo
Published: December 2023

During a 3.3-year period, gastric dilatation-volvulus was diagnosed in 134 dogs. Thirteen of them died or were euthanatized prior to treatment. In 33 dogs, decompression and emptying of the stomach was successfully performed via a gastric tube. Rate of recurrence was 75.8% (25/33) for these dogs. Eighty-eight dogs were treated surgically. In all but 1 surgically treated dog, a new technique for gastropexy was performed for prevention of relapse. For the 5-cm-long gastropexy, the pyloric antrum was incorporated in the cranial suture of the abdominal wall. Of the surgically treated group, 63 dogs (79.7%) were discharged from the clinic in good condition. Recurrence of gastric dilatation, without evidence of gastric volvulus, 2 (n = 3) and 6 (n = 1) months after surgery, was observed in 6.6% (4/61) of surgically treated dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus. Four (6.6%) of the 61 dogs died or were euthanatized because of other causes, but had been without signs of gastric dilatation within a mean of 19 months after surgery. In the remaining 53 dogs (86.8%), relapse had not been observed by the end of the follow-up period. In dogs with surgical treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus, recurrence rate (6.6%) was significantly (P < 0.0001) different from that in those with medical treatment (75.8%). This study indicated that recurrence of gastric dilatation-volvulus may be prevented with this simple and fast gastropexy technique.
Hazards in the hospital
Authors: Seibert Philip J.
Published: December 2023

In an earlier article (JAVMA, Jan 15, 1994), the author outlined some of the first steps necessary in establishing a hospital safety program that will comply with current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines. One of the main concerns of the OSHA guidelines is that there be written plans for managing hazardous materials, performing dangerous jobs, and dealing with other potential safety problems. In this article, the author discusses potentially hazardous situations commonly found in veterinary practices and provides details on how to minimize the risks associated with those situations and how to implement safety procedures that will comply with the OSHA guidelines.—Kurt J. Matushek, Assistant Editor.
Epizootic canine rabies transmitted by coyotes in south Texas
Authors: Clark Keith A. , Neill Susan U. , Smith Jean S. , Wilson Pamela J. , Whadford Victor W. , McKirahan George W.
Published: December 2023

Prior to 1988, rabies was reported only sporadically in coyotes. However, in the final 4 months of 1988, Starr County, Tex, which is situated on the US-Mexico border, experienced an epizootic of canine rabies, consisting of 6 laboratory-confirmed cases of rabies in coyotes and of 2 cases in domestic dogs. The first 3 cases were detected in coyotes, and the first case in a domestic dog was observed 84 days after the index case. Adjacent Hidalgo County reported 9 cases of rabies in dogs during the same time that rabid dogs were being reported in Starr County. In 1989, the epizootic primarily involved dogs: 15 dogs in Starr County and 19 dogs in Hidalgo County. Five rabid coyotes were reported in Starr County in 1989, and 1 rabid coyote was reported from Hidalgo County. In 1990, rabies was reported in 3 coyotes and in 31 dogs in Starr County; cases were not detected in Hidalgo County. During 1991, the epizootic expanded approximately 160 km northward, resulting in laboratory-confirmed cases in 42 coyotes and 25 dogs in 10 counties. In 1992, Webb and Willacy Counties became involved; 70 rabid coyotes and 41 rabid dogs were reported in 1992 from the 12-county area. During the first 6 months of 1993, there were 31 rabid coyotes and 38 rabid dogs reported from the same 12 south Texas counties. In May 1993, a raccoon infected with the canine rabies ecotype was reported from Cameron County. Antigenic and genetic analysis revealed the virus ecotype affecting dogs and coyotes to be that associated with urban canine rabies along the US-Mexico border.