bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences between Integration in Eastern and Western Europe: Economic and Political Causes
Authors: Shishkov Yuri
Published: April 2007

SINCE THE 1950s, THERE HAS BEEN A GROWTH OF REGIONAL integration, not only in Europe, but in other continents too. It is based on a deep foundation: the ‘real socialization’ of production. This means that production is transformed from a process confined within narrow groups to an ever-widening social process, whereby the production or consumption of each individual depends to a growing extent on the production and consumption of all membersof the society, the limits of which are continuously expanding to mankind as a whole.
Political Undercomprehension or The Overload of Political Cognition
Authors: Ionescu Ghiţa
Published: April 2007

THE THEME I PROPOSE TO TREAT HERE RUNS LIKE A PARALLEL tributary to the mainstream of Giovanni Sartori's theme: ‘We are living above and beyond our intelligence’. But while Sartori concentrates his attention on the pros and cons of ‘political engineering’ in the modern society, its feasibility and cost benefits, I concentrate on the question which can be summarily formulated as follows: ‘can modern political judgment itself, i.e. before it sets political engineering, or indeed policy-making, in motion, comprehend (in the double meaning of the expression) the issues upon which it should be exerted in their individual esotericism and in their collective array?’ But before starting to examine this question, I must make a few caveats.
Manageability Despite Undercomprehension?
Authors: Knight Arthur
Published: April 2007

SARTORI'S COMMENT THAT UNDERCOMPREHENSION APPLIES to the engineering of history provides a starting point for these reflections since those words suggest three familiar ideas — purpose, thought and action — as do also other expressions he uses: ‘our cognitive control of ourselves’, ‘the shaping of societies and polities’, and a ‘policy enactment which amounted to little else than allowing markets to blossom’. Purpose, thought and action can be seen as aspects of management, at least in the context of this discussion and provided it is clear that decisions not to act can often be a form of management; so can we justify equating undercomprehension with unmanageability.

Purposes with varying degrees of compatibility are pursued and both cooperation and conflict characterize the pursuit; instruments are required for planning, for conflict resolution and for damage limitation.
The Limits on the Capacities of Government
Authors: Shils Edward
Published: April 2007

WHEN THE ARGUMENT FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE RESULTS of scientific knowledge for the improvement of human life was first laid out, it was thought that the state would be a major promoter or patron of such research by encouragement, financial assistance and institutional aid. It was not anticipated that the state needed the advancement of scientific knowledge for the enhancement of its own powers, apart from that enhancement which resulted from the increased wealth furthered by scientific knowledge and its enhanced military power. At the end of nearly four centuries of development of opinion on this subject, government has come to be not only the major patron but also one of the major users of scientific knowledge for its own activities.
Japan’s Politics of Interdependence
Authors: Inoguchi Takashi
Published: April 2007

THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES AND ILLUSTRATES HOW JAPAN conceives the political meaning of many kinds of interdependence and uses this concept to advance what it considers to be its national interests and global interests without upsetting the balance of world interdependence. ‘Interdependence’ means the mutual vulnerability and sensitivity of all governing-cum-economic units in the world. ‘The politics of interdependence’ means, then, how actors make strategic use of interdependence with enough self-restraint not to jeopardize the system of interdependence itself. Thus ‘Japan's politics of interdependence’ means how Japan makes strategic use of interd pendence guided by its own standards of conduct. In this sense, this article is an attempt to combine the following two intellectual traditions: the interdependence literature and the economic statecraft literature to define Japan's politics of interdependence. First, I will summarize three principles of Japan's political conceptualization of interdependence. Then I will illustrate them by some recent examples. Thirdly, prospects for Japan's politics of interdependence will be briefly discussed along with some discussion on the lines of research to be further explored.
Universities in Wonderland
Authors: Weale Albert
Published: April 2007

Perhaps the allusions and references contained in the first part of this article might not be readily intelligible to someone whose childhood was not spent listening to stories from Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland or to someone not presently involved in the current debates about the finance of United Kingdom universities. Let me therefore offer a few words of explanation.

Alice in Wonderland, and its companion Alice Through the Looking Glass, are children's stories which explore the limits of reason in most creative ways. Their author, the Reverend C. L. Dodgson, a nineteenth-century mathematician at Christchurch, Oxford who wrote under the name of Lewis Carroll, used the stories to discuss the nature of limit processes in mathematics, the phenomenon of relative size and aspects of the absurd. In the stories animals speak, playing cards come to life and the heroine, Alice, undergoes many transformations of bodily size. Since I regard the recent research selectivity exercise of the Universities Funding Council (UFC) as beyond the limits of reason, I have drawn upon the Alice stories by way of satire and I have tried to use some typical Carroll literary devices — plays on words, accounts of physical transformations and the like — to emphasize the relevant points.
Towards a New Germany?—Problems of Unification
Authors: McAdams A. James
Published: April 2007

IT HAS NOW BECOME COMMON FOR OBSERVERS TO NOTE that German reunification, an unthinkable prospect only a year ago, will be realised before anyone, either the East and West Germans themselves or any of their neighbours and allies, is fully prepared for this eventuality. As the conservative Alliance for Germany's stunning successes in the GDR's first free Volkskammer (parliamentary) elections on 18 March demonstrated, a near majority of the country's population was eager to cast its vote for those forces which promised to facilitate East Germany's absorption into the FRG on the fastest possible terms. By the same token, the vote was also a victory of sorts for all of the West German parties who rushed to lend material and financial aid to their GDR counterparts, for their involvement in the East German election campaigns clearly helped to accelerate the momentum behind national reunification.
The Role of the Evangelical Church in the GDR
Authors: Cordell Karl
Published: April 2007

The Evangelical Church Faced Harassment and hostility from the state in the immediate aftermath of the foundation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in October 1949. Indeed, the struggle in which the Evangelical Church is today engaged can be seen as both a consequence and continuation of a struggle which began in 1949. The Soviet Union had gained control in 1945 of that part of Germany which was most staunchly Protestant. Initially there was no central authority for the Evangelical churches in postwar Germany. Instead there were a number of regional churches, eight of which were located in the Soviet Zone. However, in 1948 the Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD) was created as an umbrella organization for the whole country. Indeed the EKD remained intact as an all-German organization until 1969, despite the estrangement and mutual hostility which characterized inter-German relations until that year.
The Southern European Examples of Democratization: Six Lessons for Latin America
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: April 2007

The Return to Democracy of Spain, Portugal, and Greece in the 1970s is an encouraging and inspiring example to democrats everywhere — but especially to Latin American demccrats because of their region's close historical and cultural ties with two of the Southern European countries. However, apart from the general feeling of optimism that the Southern European experience legitimately engenders, are there any specific lessons and lessons specifically relevant to Latin America that can be learned from it? In this article, I shall suggest six such lessons. Some of these are positive lessons — examples to be followed, such as choosing a form of democracy that is suitable to a country's size and to its political and social divisions; others are negative ' examples to be avoided, such as Portugal's and Greece's experimentation with a presidential form of government. Some lessons are based on common characteristics of the new Southern European democracies; others concern traits on which they differ.
Perestroika and the Soviet Worker
Authors: Teague Elizabeth
Published: April 2007

THE SOVIET UNION'S ONCE DOCILE WORKING CLASS IS PASSIVE no longer. Strikes — once said to be an impossibility under socialism — are now commonplace. Unofficial workers' clubs, workers' fronts, and embryonic free trade unions are springing up all over the country. These show a marked polarization: some are oriented toward reform; others are openly conservative; many are ethnically biased. It will be argued in this article that this new worker activism could prove damaging to the progress of economic reform, but that further radical changes in the political framework could reduce this risk.
Letter from Ireland
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: April 2007

WRITING A LETTER FROM IRELAND TOUCHES ON CERTAIN sensitivities because Ireland is a geographic unit in search of political expression. There has always been some doubt about political ownership. Between 1800 and 1921 it was, of course, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Let us say for the present that Ireland now belongs to that small group of political entities - like Korea and Cyprus - which ‘enjoys’ the condition of partition. And that part of Ireland whence this letter is written, Northern Ireland, has been placed in some sort of historical context by a former leader of the Nationalist Party, Eddie McAteer, when he said of it: ‘and now we are sadly the last imperial aspidistra in the British window.’
Finlandization: Paradoxes of External and Internal Dynamics
Authors: Berndtson Erkki
Published: April 2007

THE POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL MAP OF EUROPE CHANGED dramatically during 1989 and 1990. Recent developments have totally demolished the old rules and beliefs that have guided relations between nations. Although some scholars have even argued about the final victory of liberalism, contemporary international relations are nevertheless far from unproblematic. The internal development of former European socialist societies is not yet complete and the North-South conflict seems to be intensifying. Relations between small and big nations still often threaten stability in the contemporary world.
Electoral Unification: The First German Elections in December 1990
Authors: von Beyme Klaus
Published: April 2007

BOTH GERMAN STATES HAVE IN THE PAST BEEN ECONOMIC systems in search of political legitimation. The legitimation of the West German state was gradually established by the acceptance of democratic principles by the huge majority of the population and by a welfare system which was deliberately devised to protect it against contamination from the socialist camp. East Germany lost its legitimation at the moment when it abandoned its economic system. Consequently the battle-cry turned from ‘we are the people’ to ‘we are one people’.
Letter From Poland
Authors: Kaminski Antoni Z. , Kurczewska Joanna
Published: April 2007

WE STARTED WRITING THIS LETTER ON 22 DECEMBER 1990, the day that Lech Walesa was sworn in before the Polish Sejm as the first President of Poland ever elected in national elections. Even during this memorable ceremony, some MPs could not hide their deep dissatisfaction. They shared with a large portion of intellectuals of the world the conviction that Mazowiecki, a journalist, would be a far better president for Poland than Walesa the shipyard - worker.

Having followed with some curiosity the Western coverage of the Polish elections, and of the political struggles that preceded it, we have the impression that the coverage was biased, and often misleading. Commentators repeated misleading stereotypes, identifying themselves with one side in the political conflict in Poland. They presented a black-and-white picture of the conflict. Tadeusz Mazoweicki symbolized stability, democracy, tolerance, open-mindedness, ‘true’ pluralism, etc.; while the ‘terrible Lech Walesa’ represented dictatorship, obscurantism, anti-Semitism, populism, and chaos. Subtle references were made to Walesa's working-class background, to his lack of poise and education. We find such journalistic bad manners outrageous.
In the Balance: The Uruguay Round of International Trade Negotiations
Authors: Bayne Nicholas
Published: April 2007

The removal of barriers to international trade has been a powerful stimulus to economic growth in the post-war period. World trade has grown on average 2 per cent faster than GNP throughout this period. Countries which deliberately sought to make themselves competitive externally have grown much faster than countries which relied on their domestic market. By contrast, communist countries, where the system discouraged external trade, have fallen steadily behind. The consequence for most countries has been a steadily growing share of their economy which is exposed to international competition.
The South African Political Process
Authors: Spence J. E.
Published: April 2007

Over a quarter of a century ago i was privileged to receive an invitation to contribute an article on South African politics to the first number of this journal. I recall dismissing the thesis that ‘economic forces, together with the emergence of an African middle class, will provide a long term solution to the country's problems…’ I argued that

even if we assume a lessening in international pressure, and an indefinite coqtinuation of the Republic's economic expansion, the [black] elite thrown up by this process may present the South African government (and the opposition parties) with their most fundamental challenge. In these circumstances — the most favourable South Africa can legitimately expect — the choice will still lie between yet more authoritarian methods of social control and a widening of the area of participation in the political process on terms distinctly more radical than those currently envisaged by the two major opposition parties in the Parliament based on the present electorate.
The 1992 General Election and the British Party System
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: April 2007

THE BRITISH GENERAL ELECTION, HELD ON 9 APRIL 1992, resulted in a victory for the Conservatives, their fourth successive victory. This was the first occasion in Britain on which a single party had won four successive general elections since the Napoleonic era. At first sight, admittedly, this victory may not seem particularly striking. The Conservatives gained an overall majority of only 21 seats, the lowest Conservative overall majority this century, except for 1951, and the Conservative share of the vote in the United Kingdom — 41.9 per cent — is the lowest gained by any Conservative government this century, with the exception of 1922.
The Deeper Meanings of Mr Major's Victory
Authors: Ionescu Ghiţa
Published: April 2007

THESE NOTES TRY TO ASSESS THE DEEPER CAUSES OF Mr Major's electoral victory in the light of the Silent Revolution which is rapidly changing statecraft now all over the world. It is a lucky coincidence that the coming to power of Mr Major's own government takes place at the same time as the beginning of a new era in the organization of human affairs — the ‘no-more-world-wars’ era and its pragmatic spirit. Thus the readjustments and the innovations which the new British government may set in motion for the recovery of Britain will fit into the global changes already taking place. This, of course, assuming that the world policy-makers take up and strengthen the positive tendencies open now to the world, and the British policy-makers actively coordinate their national efforts with the overall transnational transformation in course, and indeed synchronically make Britain's impact on them. For every little bell tolls now for the world's thee, and the British bell sounds loudly enough.
The Democratic Dimension of European Integration
Authors: Klepsch Egon A.
Published: April 2007

SINCE 1952, THAT IS SINCE THE SETTING UP OF THE FIRST European Community for Coal and Steel, there have been two views of European integration: the first regards and continues to regard European integration as the removal of state powers from the national administrations in specific sectors. This deliberately restrictive approach, with its overriding concern for efficiency, considers it is enough to limit the activities of national bureaucracies at European level. The view is that to a large extent one can do without the control and safeguard mechanisms which are usually built into the exercise of state power in all our member states. One eminent proponent of this view, Professor Ispen, an expert on German cotstitutional and European law, has described this form of integration, and the European Community it has produced, as an ad hoc association.

The second view is also based on removing the exercise of state power from the national administrations in certain restricted areas. However it is not satisfied with a technocratic and bureaucratic approach but is concerned to preserve hard-won rights in the area of the control and exercise of sovereignty. I am of course thinking here first of all of the democratic element. Those who belong to this school of thought can cite the text of the Treaties establishing the European Communities in support of their view: the Preamble to the ECSC Treaty refers to ’… the basis for a broader and deeper Community among peoples …’. The Preamble to the EEC Treaty speaks of laying ‘the foundations for an ever-closer union among the peoples of Europe’.
The Future of the European Community: A Strategy for Enlargement
Authors: Pinder John
Published: April 2007

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIDENING AND DEEPENING HAS been a recurrent theme since the foundation of the Community, when Britain refused to join in taking what the Schuman declaration, which launched the European Coal and Steel Community in May 1950, called ‘a first step in the federation of Europe’. When Britain sought membership in 1961, Jean Monnet, who had drafted the Schuman declaration, got his Action Committee for the United States of Europe to affirm that the British would be joining, not just the Community as it then stood, but ‘the economic and political union which is in the process of formation’; and the Committee called -for the establishment of a European Reserve Union as ‘the first step’ towards the goal of a European currency. Both the widening to include Britain and the deepening in the direction of a union were vetoed by President de Gaulle. But both projects outlasted him; and, when British membership was once again considered after his departure in 1969, the French government devised the formulation that widening must be accompanied by ‘completion’ and ‘deepening’.
On Michael Oakeshott
Authors: Holliday Ian
Published: April 2007

Michael Oakeshott was one of this country's and one of this century's leading writers on politics, contributing both a series of incisive commentaries and a number of profoundly original essays to our understanding. Chiefly through his writings on Hobbes — many of which were collected in Hobbes on Civil Association (1975) — and through his two major sets of essays on original themes — published as Rationalism in Politics (1962) and On Human Conduc (1975) — Oakeshott secure1 established himself in the pantheon of great political theorists.2
The Effects of Reunification on German Democracy: A Preliminary Evaluation of a Great Social Experiment
Authors: von Beyme Klaus
Published: April 2007

A Great Deal of Macro-Sociological theory in Germany since Max Weber has been devoted to the inquiry into the 'special German road to development' and to the incompatability of developments in the economic and political sectors. Germany, after its first unification in 1871, developed quickly into an important economic power. In the late-nineteenth century Germany overtook Britain in economic strength and seemed to be second only to the United States. Britain, however, remained the unmatched model of development: it was, together with the United States, the only country which synchronized effectively the development towards democracy and towards modern capitalism. Even France — the second successful model in Europe — went through various breakdowns of its political development in 1830, 1848, 1870–71. Even later, threats of a breakdown of the constitutional parliamentary systems were latent.
Hungarian Problems
Authors: Simai Mihaly
Published: April 2007

DURING ONE OF MY RECENT TALKS ABOUT THE MAIN problems in Hungary to foreign businessmen in the autumn of 1991, I was asked by a Japanese banker to enumerate the five most important issues that unite and divide Hungarians. It sounded like a simple assignment, and yet when I started to answer I came to realize that it was, in fact, a very difficult one. This was not because I was unable to list even ten issues; indeed, my problem was of a different sort. It was easy to talk about issues that were dividing the population, like Hungary's policies with respect to the market system, to privatization, to compensation for former property owners, and so forth. On the other hand, however, those issues which ostensibly unite the great majority of Hungarians — like democratization, freedom, national integrity, and human rights — are not necessarily understood by all to mean the same thing. There are stark differences of opinion on these issues; however, I added that this seemed quite normal and that it has not resulted in any sharp or violent confrontation.
The Party Systems of the Established Liberal Democracies in the 1990s: Is this a Decade of Transformation?
Authors: Ware Alan
Published: April 2007

DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1990s ABOUT ONE THIRD OF the countries which had been governed continuously by liberal democratic regimes since the mid-1950s experienced major electoral upheavals at a general election. In the case of eight countries an argument could be made that electoral politics was not as it had been, and that the party systems were now experiencing problems that were quite different in scale from those with which they had contended during the previous forty years. The countries concerned were:

– Sweden, where the 1991 general election produced a major decline in the share of the vote (5.5 per cent of the total) for the governing Social Democrats; this was the largest change in its vote share between consecutive elections since 1944.
The New Right Conception of Citizenship and the Citizen's Charter
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Greenaway John
Published: April 2007

MANY COMMENTATORS HAVE VIEWED THE CITIZEN'S CHARTER programme as a cynical exercise, having little to do with either the political participation one associates with citizenship or the establishment of a general bill of rights in the manner of the great Charters of the past. Although these criticisms possess some force, they fail to recognize that a distinctive conception of citizenship and rights underlies the initiative. In section one, we give an outline of this view of the citizen and trace its origins in the New Right critique of the social-democratic theory that predominated during the post-war period. This exercise forms a necessary preliminary both for understanding the objectives of the policy, the task of section two, and for assessing its coherence and plausibility, the aim of section three. We shall conclude that the scheme fails because it either substitutes the market for the state where it is inappropriate or omits to do so where it might provejustified. In these respects, the combination of politics and markets from the mixed-economy perspective of the social democratic conception of citizenship may well be superior.
Ernest Gellner
Authors: Hall John A.
Published: April 2007

THE INTELLECTUAL WORLD AS A WHOLE, AND GOVERNMENT and Opposition most particularly, mourn the loss of Ernest Gellner, a major figure who died in Prague on 5 November 1995.
Neo‐republican Citizenship in the Practice of Education
Authors: Van Gunsteren Herman
Published: April 2007

THERE ARE COMPLAINTS ABOUT CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION: it is inefficient and expensive, its outdated curricula and methods of teaching do not adequately prepare the brighter students for life in a post-industrial economy, while the less gifted or privileged ones often leave school without having acquired basic skills of reading, writing and calculating. Educational reform, of both institutions and curricula, is on the agenda.
Reading Notes, Winter 1996
Authors: lonescu Ghiţa
Published: April 2007

The good news is that the Queen Mother, at the age of 95, has undergone a successful hip replacement operation. The great lady is indeed a phenomenon of vitality. We can only wish that it will continue for many years to come, for she is, and recent events have proved it, an example of a monarchy which is popular without being populist. She is adored by the crowds, but she has never gone and never goes beyond the limits of her position. Incidentally, it was learnt recently that she has not given an interview to the Press since 1923. This is, to my mind, a sign of monarchical discretion. The populist style of monarchy, on the contrary, affects great familiarity with the media and finds itself, afterwards, the worse for it. But the Queen Mother is not only needed as a symbol of pure monarchy. Her presence is still very badly needed by the Queen who does need now as much help as she can get.
Party Leadership and Change in Party Systems: Towards a Postmodern Party State?
Authors: Von Beyme Klaus
Published: April 2007

In Continental Europe a New Debate Has Emerged Over the interpretation of the major changes that have taken place in political parties during the 1990s. A ‘fourth wave’ of democratic party-building originating in Eastern Europe has highlighted a number of new developments. Parties have emerged which are built around leaders, which have few members, are subsidized by the state and which direct their activities towards the media and the electorate rather than towards partyidentifiers. Recent contributions to this debate have sought to transform a picture of the decline of political parties by offering a new image of the party. The future of the party is to be found in what have been variously dubbed ‘professional framework parties‘, ‘media parties’ or ‘cartel parties’.
Russia’s Parliamentary and Presidential Elections
Authors: Cottrell Robert
Published: April 2007

In December 1995 General Elections Took Place in Russia for the lower house of parliament, the Duma. In constitutional terms the Duma is a relatively weak body, comparable with the French National Assembly. It initiates and enacts legislation, but must find a two-thirds majority if it is to override a presidential veto. The December elections were, however, of a disproportionate significance. The fact that they were taking place was important in itself. The Duma elected in December 1995 was only the second Duma to be elected in post-Soviet Russia, and the first to be elected in relatively normal circumstances. (The preceding Duma had been elected in 1993 only after President Boris Yeltsin had used tanks against the old Supreme Soviet, created a new parliament almost literally out of its ashes, and legitimized his actions by means of a new constitution approved by a national referendum.)
Opposition in Asian Constitutional Systems: Characteristics and Potential for Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Cotton James
Published: April 2007

The Analysis of Opposition in Asian Political Systems raises acute problems of definition. At one end of a continuum lie those polities in which an ‘opposition’ is either inconceivable (North Korea is perhaps the best example) or inevitably in a state of war or confrontation with the regime (as is the case in Burma/Myanmar). In cases at this end of the continuum opposition cannot be democratic in the systemic sense, unless the opposition realizes its programme and becomes a democratic government. At the other end of the continuum, however, the character, standing and potential of ‘opposition’ is very much a matter of debate. In these systems a multiplicity of non-governing political parties exist, and these parties contest elections and send members to legislatures, though they often operate under rules (informal as well as formal) and conditions which tend to prevent them from gaining power. The focus of this article will be upon these systems, which are here labelled – whether parliamentary or presidential – ‘constitutional’. ‘Constitutional’ is understood as entailing the existence of an embedded and more or less regularly operating set of electoral mechanisms which plays an essential part in the selection of the government.
The Coming of Age of Italian Democracy Part I: Literature on Italian Elections 1992–94
Authors: Bufacchi Vittorio
Published: April 2007

For The Last Fifty Years, Italian Politics Have Been remarkably static and predictable: one party (the Christian Democrats) always came out on top, while the Left was always in opposition. Yet in the most unexpected fashion all this changed in April 1996: for the first time in the history of the Italian Republic, a left-wing government has been returned. While the historial significance of the 1996 elections cannot be disputed, it is much more difficult to explain the causes of such radical political change. Compared to the results of the 1996 elections, the elections of 1992 now seem little more than a minor tremor, yet one could argue that the tremors felt in 1992 were part of the same process that delivered the real earthquake four years later. Therefore in searching for an explanation of the recent unexpected political changes in Italy, one should start from the 1992 elections.
A Critique of Raz’s Liberal Perfectionism: Morality and Politics
Authors: Kim Bi‐Hwan
Published: April 2007

Joseph Raz Has Long Been Well Known as a Legal philosopher and theorist of practical reason. But it is only in the last decade that he has come to be widely identified as the most prominent defender of a distinctive interpretation of the liberal tradition. Raz wholeheartedly endorses the communitarian view that the individual is a social being, who needs society to establish his/her self-identity and to gain objective knowledge of the good, rather than a self-contained subject abstracted from any specific social experience. Unlike neutralist liberals, such as Rawls and Dworkin, he rejects ‘the priority of right over the good’, stressing the interdependent relationship between right and the good. Yet he remains very much a liberal in his commitment to the value of autonomy (or freedom) and argues powerfully for the desirability (or necessity) of incommensurable plural conceptions of the good life for the well-being of people, as well as for the liberal virtue of toleration, and for their attendant liberal democratic political institutions.
Ghiţa Ionescu 1913–96: Freedom and Politics
Authors: Pinder John
Published: April 2007

Ghiţa Ionescu's Formal Academic Career Began When He reached the London School of Economics in 1963, at the age of fifty. Within three years he had published three books and become the founder-editor ofGovernment and Opposition. He went on to edit the journal for the next thirty-one years and to bring the total number of his books to fourteen, five of them comprising a brilliant series on the East European communist states and the rest mainly on the challenges, both internal and external, facing the liberal democracies in advanced industrial society. He became Professor of Government at the University of Manchester and chairman, for over two decades, of the Research Committee on European Unification of the International Political Science Association. He inspired and energized countless students and colleagues. The main purpose of this article is to explore the significance of these achievements. But first, a word about the motive forces behind them.
Time, Territory, Tradition and the Anglo‐Irish ‘Peace’ Process
Authors: Arthur Paul
Published: April 2007

The Story is Told That Following The 1916 Rising a journalist contacted a nationalist politician for some background information. He was told that hostilities had begun when Cromwell invaded Ireland. When would it end?: ‘When hell freezes over.’ No doubt it is apocryphal but it conveys the sense of fatalism and of time-scales necessary to understand the present tense of the peace process. As a result of the IRA bombing of Canary Wharf on 9 February 1996 sobriety and long memories have replaced the euphoria of mid-1994. No one had pretended that it was going to be easy; indeed some of the major actors had been thinking in generational terms. The SDLP leader, John Hume, spoke of ‘the real healing process [which] will take place and in a generation or two a new Ireland will evolve’ (italics added) at his party's annual conference in November 1995. Even the influential Sinn Fein insider, Jim Gibney, inserted a note of realism as early as June 1992 when he said that a British ‘departure must be preceded by asustuined period of peace and will arise out of negotiation’ (emphasis added).
The Nolan Committee: Financial Interests and Constituency Service
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: April 2007

The Nolan Committee Has Put Parliament on Trial. Many believe that standards of public life have fallen into disrepute in recent years. The press has seized upon a series of sleaze issues: cash for parliamentary questions, the Scott inquiry into government contracts, undisclosed gifts from lobbyists, the hidden patronage of quango appointments, and the revolving door between public office and newly privatized company boards. Most believe this succession of stories has eroded public trust and confidence. Ivor Crewe's submission to the committee pointed out that agreement with the statement ‘Most MPs make a lot of money by using public office improperly’ has risen from 46 to 64 per cent in the last nine years. Lord Nolan, reflecting on evidence before his committee, noted: ‘One of the things we have been struck by is the depth of public cynicism about standards of conduct in public life, coupled with damaging cynicism about the motives of those who go into it.’ Some of the disquiet is produced by the succession of sexual imbroglios causing a series of ministerial resignations. Yet this has been of lesser concern to the Nolan Committee than standards of financial propriety at Westminster. The recommendations which emerged so far have focused on the need to avoid potential conflicts of interest, and the need for the transparent disclosure of financial dealings.
Democracy and Competing Values
Authors: Saward Michael
Published: April 2007

Where it is Practised, Democracy is a) Not The Only principle practised, and b) practised differently from the way it is practised in other places. If democracy has a clear meaning and clear requirements – I shall argue that it does – then we should be able to map out the bases on which degrees of democracy are traded off in the name of other values, and with what justification. In attempting to make some inroads into the serious conceptual and empirical problems this topic presents, my point of reference will be the modern nationstate, though the use of the phrase ‘political units’ throughout signals the fact that the argument largely holds for other geographically-defined entities as well.
The Canadian Council of Muslim Women: A Chapter in the History of Muslim Women in Canada
Authors: McDonough Sheila , Alvi Sajida
Published: April 2007

We want to identify and collect data on the special need concerns, interests, talents, successes and frustrations of Canadian Muslim women; we intend to sensitize Canadian Muslim men and women, young and old, so that they may understand each other better and relate to one another more meaningfully and effectively. We want to inform and educate fellow Canadians about our Islamic heritage. We also plan to reach out to, and build coalitions with, other women's groups who share and respect our ideals and concerns. Beyond Canada, we shall join hands with sister organizations in promoting human dignity and world peace. In these endeavors, we seek your cooperation and support. The Canadian Muslim Woman is your voice. Help us make it a voice of reason and moderation.1
On Cytoplasmic Strands in Gonium pectorale (Volvocales)
Authors: STEIN JANET R.
Published: April 2007

Cytoplasmic connections between cells of a coenobium in Gonium pectorale have been investigated. Light‐microscope observations have been supplemented with stains considered specific for plasmodesmata.Darkfield illumination, polarized light, and phase‐contrast microscopy have also been employed. Comparative studies of Volvox aureus (with thin cytoplasmic strands) and V. globator (with thick strands) have been made. No plasmodesmata have been demonstrated in G. pectorale; however, the cells are connected to one another by individual, almost transparent cytoplasmic connections, possibly the membrane. In older coenobia the cells become separated; the membrane connections stretch ultimately appearing as fine threads between the cells.
Growth and Metabolism of Chlorella pyrenoidosa
Authors: OSRETKAR ANTHONY , KRAUSS R. W.
Published: April 2007

Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick, van Niel's strain, grown in a chemically defined medium, in which the potassium was replaced with rubidium, attained only 20%of the growth rate of algae in media containing K. Addition of sodium to K‐deficient media spared Rb uptake. Neither growth nor uptake of Rb were accelerated when glucose was added to media Cells which had been maintained on K‐free media, did not immediately respond to K, indicating that their metabolism had become adjusted to Rb.

Free and combined amino acids, nonketo organic acids, polysaccharides, and chlorophylls were similar in K or Rb media. Fewer porphyrins, and in smaller quantity, were found in the cells grown in Rb media.

Cells grown in K‐free media, analyzed by X‐ray fluorescence, showed 0.039%of their dry weight to be K contamination. When the K equivalent to the small contamination of the Rb salt was added to a Rb‐free medium, the cells failed to grow. The data indicate that Rb either can replace K entirely in cell metabolism, or that it can spare the K requirement. Substitution of K by Rb does not permit normal growth if rate is the criterion.
TRANSLOCATION IN THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS I. RATES, DIRECTION, QUANTITY OF C14‐LABELED PRODUCTS AND FLUORESCEIN
Authors: Parker Bruce C.
Published: April 2007

C14 tracer and fluorescein dye experiments on translocation through the stipes of Macrocystis are reported. Both dye and C14‐labeled products move mainly in the sieve tubes acropetally and basipetally in variable amounts and at variable rates, frequently entering young developing blades en route. The maximum rate of transport of organic products of photosynthesis may reach 65‐78 cm/hr, while that of fluorescein rarely exceeds 1.0 cm/hr in intact fronds. By their behavior, fluorescein and the C1J′‐labeled products(s) resemble phloem translocation in vascular plants.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RADIAL SYMMETRY OF STAURASTRUM POLYMORPHUM
Authors: Brandham P. E. , Godward M. B. E.
Published: April 2007

Staurastrum polymorphum Bréb. is a desmid showing different types of symmetry within a clone. Low temperature favors the formation of the quadriradiate form; high temperature favors the formation of the triradiate form. The change from one form to the other has been observed to occur abruptly in a single division. Possible mechanisms for the effect are discussed. The work is correlated with field observations by a previous writer.
ZOOSPORE INHIBITION IN SPONGIOCHLORIS TYPICA1
Authors: McLean Robert J. , Trainor Francis R.
Published: April 2007

Spongiochloris typica, grown in a 2‐membered culture with a soil bacterium, did not produce zoospores. The zoospore‐inhibiting effect could be found in the cell‐free filtrate of the bacterial culture grown in complete medium. The phenomenon could not be attributed to a deficiency of Ca or any other component of the medium. Zoospore inhibition could be demonstrated only when the pH was 8.4 or above. Manipulation of the components of complete medium showed that the ammonium ion was necessary for inhibition. Co‐action of any other ion in the complete medium with the ammonium ion could not be demonstrated.
COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY OF THE ALGAL GENERA TETRACYSTIS AND CHLOROCOCCUM1
Authors: Brown R. Malcolm , Lester Richard N.
Published: April 2007

Antigens of algae in the genera Tetracystis and Chlorococcum have been studied extensively by immunodiffusion techniques. Some antigens were species‐, group‐, or genus‐specific; others were common to both genera. The results largely supported other data from morphology, physiology, and ultrastructure but indicated a probable error in the taxonomic placement of one species. The cross reactivity between genera may be of importance in human inhalant allergy to algae.
HETEROTROPHIC GROWTH OF SELECTED WASTE‐STABILIZATION POND ALGAE1
Authors: Wiedeman Varley E. , Bold Harold C.
Published: April 2007

Growth of 39 axenic algal isolates from the Austin, Texas, waste‐stabilization pond system and the Colorado River, aerobically and with air excluded, in light and in darkness in a basal inorganic medium supplemented with glucose, mannose, fructose, urea, sodium acetate, casein hydrolysate, and coconut milk, could be classified in 5 categories: (1) inhibition by certain carbon compounds; (2) growth aerobically in light only; (3) growth in light only, either aerobically or with air excluded; (4) growth in light aerobically or with air excluded and in the dark aerobically; and (5) growth in light or darkness, aerobically or with air excluded. Apparently, under conditions of air exclusion or darkness, growth of certain algae can continue provided that the proper organic compounds are present to act as a carbon source and if the algae have the enzymes to metabolize them. In addition, the algae which can metabolize such organic sources are, in effect, able to carry out processes usually associated with the bacteria in sewage treatment in waste‐stabilization ponds. It is suggested that autochthonous development of algae under such conditions may be partially instrumental in “bloom” formation.
TROPICAL MARINE ALGAE: GROWTH IN LABORATORY CULTURE
Authors: Colinvaux Llewellya Hillis , Wilbur Karl M. , Watabe Norimitsu
Published: April 2007

Mature tropical marine algae were transplanted from Jamaica, Bermuda, and Florida to aquaria at Duke University, North Carolina and The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Genera cultured included: Caulerpa, Halimeda, Penicillus, Udo‐tea, Acetabularia, Batophora, Cymopolia, Dictyosphaeria, Neomeris, and Valonia. Methods of transport and culture are described. The use of adult plants was convenient, as well as essential for those genera and species in which spore or gamete stages are as yet unknown. Since only small amounts of seawater were needed for maintenance of the cultures, studies on these livinng marine algae can be made at institutes far from the sea.

The growth of new segments and young plants of Halimeda, Penicillus, and Udotea are described as well as gametangial development, aging and decay in Halimeda. Sequential photographs of Penicillus and Halimeda show development from the time the plants first appeared above the sand to relative maturity. Changes in morphology after a few months’culture are also described.
THOREA RIEKEI SP. NOV. AND RELATED SPECIES1
Authors: Bischoff Harry W.
Published: April 2007

The morphology and ontogeny of Thorea riekei sp. nov. from a spring‐fed stream in Landa Park, New Braunfels, Texas, are described. The organism was isolated into unialgal culture and grown through its complete life history, stages of which are illustrated by photomicrographs. Comparative studies were made of herbarium specimens of Thorea species from several United States herbaria. A review of the taxonomic literature on the genus Thorea revealed a considerable number of inaccurate and doubtful determinations of herbarium specimens. A brief study of the ultrastructure of T. riekei is included.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURE STUDY OF SPIROGYRA
Authors: Dawes Clinton J.
Published: April 2007

The fine structure of three species of Spirogyra is presented, utilizing bright field, polarized light, and electron microscopes; x‐ray diffraction; and autoradiographic techniques. The birefringent filament wall consists of an outer amorphous layer covering Cellulose I microfibrils in a multinet growth pattern. Vegetative cytoplasmic fine structure is typical of the Chlorophyta with the exception of karyoids which are described. Autoradiography indicated spots on the conjugating filament walls corresponding to developing conjugation papillae. Conjugation tubes possess a cell wall of microfibrils in a reticulate pattern. During conjugation removal of papillae cross walls was observed. This wall breakdown appears to be controlled by vesicles released from the cytoplasm.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF HETEROCYST DEVELOPMENT IN ANABAENA AZOLLAE STRASBURGER1
Authors: Lang Norma J.
Published: April 2007

Various stages of heterocyst development in Anabaena azollae growing within Azolla filiculoides were viewed with an electron microscope. Developing heterocysts undergo marked internal and external reorganization which cannot be detected with light microscopy. The proposed sequence of developmental stages includes: (1) formation of a thick, two‐layered envelope; (2) contortion of photosynthetic lamellae; (3) loss of granular inclusions and possible loss of or change in nucleoplasms material; and (4) concentration of photosynthetic lamellae toward the poles. These findings are compared with those reported by Wildon and Mercer in 1963.
A CULTURAL STUDY OF SEXUALITY IN SIROGONIUM MELANOSPORUM
Authors: Hoshaw Robert W.
Published: April 2007

The chlorophytan alga, Sirogonium melanosporum, is a member of the Zygnemataceae and superficially resembles certain species of Spirogyra. Clonal cultures of S. melanosporum were isolated from a natural collection obtained near Guaymas, Mexico. In Pringshei?n's soil‐water medium with a light intensity of 3,500 lux at 22 ± 2 C, cultures of the alga produce a netlike growth which results from the genuflexion of filaments and the onset of the sexual process. The clones studied are homothallic with a totally anisogamous mode of reproduction. The major events of the sexual cycle, including gametangial development, gametic formation, syngamy, and the germination of zygospores, were observed for S. melanosporum and compared with an early account of sexual reproduction in S. sticticum.
DETECTION OF BRISTLES IN SCENEDESMUS SPECIES1
Authors: Trainor Francis R. , Burg Carol Ann
Published: April 2007

Numerous long and delicate appendages, called bristles, have been detected on several species and strains of Scenedesmus. There are frequently over 100 such processes per coenobium. They are more commonly observed on the spine‐bearing species and are found on coenobia resembling S. quadricauda both in nature and in culture. Only a few S. obliquus cultures have shown these processes. Because they are much more delicate than spines, and because they are removed when coenobia are brought through an alcohol series, the bristles have been observed rarely in the past. A procedure for the detection of the appendages is presented.
AN INTERESTING CAULERPA FROM THE ANDAMAN SEA
Authors: Taylor Wm. Randolph
Published: April 2007

A new variety of Caulerpa filicoides from the Andaman Sea is described.