bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global optimization of minimum weight truss topology problems with stress, displacement, and local buckling constraints using branch‐and‐bound
Authors: Stolpe M.
Published: October 2004

We present a convergent continuous branch‐and‐bound algorithm for global optimization of minimum weight truss topology problems with displacement, stress, and local buckling constraints. Valid inequalities which strengthen the problem formulation are derived. The inequalities are generated by solving well‐defined convex optimization problems. Computational results are reported on a large collection of problems taken from the literature. Most of these problems are, for the first time, solved with a proof of global optimality. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel sugar‐based gemini surfactants: aggregation properties in aqueous solution
Authors: Johnsson Markus , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: October 2004

Gemini or dimeric surfactants can in principle be viewed as two conventional surfactants connected via a spacer at the level of the polar headgroups. A novel class of sugar‐based gemini surfactants with rich and intriguing aggregation behavior in aqueous solution is the focus of this mini‐review. The headgroup of the geminis consists of reduced sugars (glucose or mannose) connected to tertiary amines or amides. The alkyl tails have been varied in terms of tail length and degree of unsaturation. The spacers used are aliphatic [(CH2)n] spacers of varying length or short ethylene oxide (EO) spacers [(CH2)2(EO)2]. By manipulating the molecular architecture and the solution conditions, a variety of supramolecular aggregates, such as vesicles and micelles, are formed from these sugar‐based surfactants. In particular, the sugar‐based gemini surfactants containing tertiary amines in the headgroup respond to the solution pH by forming vesicles in the monoprotonated state and micellar structures in the diprotonated (full protonation) state. The overall aggregation behavior is described well by conventional theories on surfactant aggregation, however, a surprising vesicle surface charge reversal as a function of pH will be described and discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of C—Cl bond activation by [Ir(CO)2Cl2]−
Authors: Vickers Paul W. , Pearson Jean M. , Ghaffar Talit , Adams Harry , Haynes Anthony
Published: October 2004

Kinetic measurements are reported for the oxidative addition reactions of methyl chloride and acetyl chloride with [Ir(CO)2Cl2]−. At 40°C the second‐order rate constant for MeCOCl addition is estimated to be nearly 40 000 times larger than that for MeCl addition. The Ir(III) products, [Ir(CO)2Cl3R]− (R = Me, COMe) have been isolated and characterised by spectroscopy and x‐ray crystallography. In the absence of excess organic chloride, both Ir(III) complexes undergo reductive elimination of RCl. Kinetic measurements show these reactions to be first order in the Ir(III) complex with elimination of MeCOCl estimated to be ca 7000 times faster than MeCl elimination at 40°C. Combination of activation parameters for the forward and reverse reactions allows calculation of thermodynamic parameters for oxidative addition. Both MeCl and MeCOCl additions are exothermic (by 44 and 68 kJ mol−1, respectively) but disfavoured entropically. The trends are predicted satisfactorily by ab initio and DFT computational methods. The results for MeCl addition to [Ir(CO)2Cl2]− are compared with data for MeI addition to [Ir(CO)2I2]−. Kinetic data are also reported for carbonylation of [Ir(CO)2Cl3Me]− into [Ir(CO)2Cl3(COMe)]− under mild conditions in PhCl–MeOH. It is concluded that the low activity of iridium–chloride carbonylation catalysts is due primarily to the relatively slow reaction of [Ir(CO)2Cl2]− with MeCl. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addition of benzyne to thiophene—a DFT study
Authors: Smith William B.
Published: October 2004

The literature reports the 2 + 2‐ and 4 + 2‐cycloadditions of benzyne and thiophene and provides several reaction paths accounting for the observed products: 1‐naphthyl and 2‐naphthyl phenyl sulfides. A DFT study of these paths shows that some presumed reaction intermediates are, in fact, not stable entities. A new reaction path adapting a portion of the literature paths but with a lower activation free energy is described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initiation and kinetics of thiol–ene photopolymerizations without photoinitiators
Authors: Cramer Neil B. , Reddy Sirish K. , Cole Michael , Hoyle Charles , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: October 2004

Thiol–ene photopolymerizations without added photoinitiators were studied, and the kinetics accurately predicted by modeling for a wide range of different vinyl chemistries. Initiation rates in polymerizations initiated with light centered around 365 nm were found to be proportional to the concentration of ene functional groups. When 254 nm light was used as the initiating light source, initiation rates were proportional to the concentration of thiol functional groups. The mechanism of initiation at 254 nm was attributed to direct cleavage of thiol functional groups. An appropriate species or mechanism has not yet been found that is consistent with the experimental data for initiation when 365 nm light is used. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5817–5826, 2004
C. Teng, K. Yang, P. Ji, and M. Yu, "Synthesis and characterization of poly(L‐lactic acid)‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) multiblock copolymers by melt polycondensation," J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. (2004) 42(20) 5045–5053
Authors: Teng Cuiqing , Yang Kai , Ji Ping , Yu Muhuo
Published: October 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. (2004) 42(20) 5045–5053

No abstract.
Behavior and surface energies of polybenzoxazines formed by polymerization with argon, oxygen, and hydrogen plasmas
Authors: Chen Jem‐Kun , Lin I‐Kuan , Ko Fu‐Hsiang , Huang Chih‐Feng , Chen Kuo‐Shen , Chan Chia‐Hao , Chang Feng‐Chih
Published: October 2004

Polybenzoxazine (PBZZ) thin films can be fabricated by the plasma‐polymerization technique with, as the energy source, plasmas of argon, oxygen, or hydrogen atoms and ions. When benzoxazine (BZZ) films are polymerized through the use of high‐energy argon atoms, electronegative oxygen atoms, or excited hydrogen atoms, the PBZZ films that form possess different properties and morphologies in their surfaces. High‐energy argon atoms provide a thermodynamic factor to initiate the ring‐opening polymerization of BZZ and result in the polymer surface having a grid‐like structure. The ring‐opening polymerization of the BZZ film that is initiated by cationic species such as oxygen atoms in plasma, is propagated around nodule structures to form the PBZZ. The excited hydrogen atom plasma initiates both polymerization and decomposition reactions simultaneously in the BZZ film and results in the formation of a porous structure on the PBZZ surface. We evaluated the surface energies of the PBZZ films polymerized by the action of these three plasmas by measuring the contact angles of diiodomethane and water droplets. The surface roughness of the films range from 0.5 to 26 nm, depending on the type of carrier gas and the plasma‐polymerization time. By estimating changes in thickness, we found that the PBZZ film synthesized by the oxygen plasma‐polymerization process undergoes the slowest rate of etching in CF4 plasma. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4063–4074, 2004
Light Scattering by Cylindrical Fibers with High Aspect Ratio Using the Null‐Field Method with Discrete Sources
Authors: Pulbere Sorin , Wriedt Thomas
Published: October 2004

The problem of computing light scattering by cylindrical fibers with high aspect ratio in the framework of the Null‐Field method with discrete sources is treated. Numerical experiments for investigating the scattering properties of two fiber geometries are performed using distributed spherical vector wave functions as discrete sources.
Influence of Particle Morphology and Flow Conditions on the Dispersion Behavior of Fumed Silica in Silicone Polymers
Authors: Boyle John , Manas‐Zloczower Ica , Feke Donald L.
Published: October 2004

The dispersion behavior of agglomerates of several grades of fumed silica in poly(dimethyl siloxane) liquids has been studied as a function of particle morphology and applied flow conditions. The effects of primary particle size and aggregate density and structure on cohesivity were probed through tensile and shear strength tests on particle compacts. These cohesivity tests indicated that the shear strength of particle compacts was two orders of magnitude higher than the tensile strength at the same overall packing density.
Experiments carried out in both steady and time‐varying simple‐shear flows indicate that dispersion occurs through tensile failure. In the steady‐shear experiments,enhanced dispersion was obtained at higher levels of applied stress and, at comparable levels of applied stress, dispersion was found to proceed faster at higher shear rates. Experiments conducted in time‐varying flows further corroborated the results obtained in tensile cohesivity tests. Experiments in which the mean and maximum stresses in the time‐varying flows were matched to the stresses produced in steady shear flows highlight the influence of flow dynamics on dispersion behavior.
Mean Particle Diameters. Part IV: Empirical Selection of the Proper Type of Mean Particle Diameter Describing a Product or Material Property
Authors: Alderliesten Maarten
Published: October 2004

Mean particle diameters may be used to describe and to model physical, chemical or physiological properties of products or materials containing dispersed phases. An empirical method was developed to select the proper type of mean diameter from experimental data, if this mean diameter is not known a priori from theoretical reasoning. The present method uses mean diameters, D̄p, q, defined according to the Moment‐Ratio (M‐R) definition system. They are expressed as the 1/(p‐q)‐th power of the ratio of the p‐th and the q‐th raw moment of the number density distribution of the particle sizes. After calculation of the mean diameters, D̄p, q, the relationships between the product property and these mean diameters are investigated statistically. The selection method has been illustrated by four examples, three of which stem from a high shear granulation experiment in the field of detergent processing. The fourth example is concerned with a visual ranking of bubble size distributions of chocolate mousse samples. The data set of each example consists of a set of particle size distributions and the corresponding physical product properties that are influenced by the particle sizes. Hypotheses are formulated to explain the types of selected mean diameters. Application of the selection method gives mean diameters, D̄p, q, a clear physical look and identity, replacing their anonymity. Sharing worldwide results of applications of the newly developed selection method, will lead to a build‐up of knowledge of physical meanings and application areas for the types of the mean particle diameters. This will support decision‐making in product development. The examples used to develop the selection method clearly demonstrate the physical relevance of the previously developed nomenclature system for mean particle diameters, D̄p, q.
On‐line Determination of Aggregate Size and Morphology in Suspensions
Authors: Gruy Frédéric , Cournil Michel
Published: October 2004

Information concerning the aggregation state of fine solid particles is an important element for process control and monitoring of product quality in many applications of industrial slurries. This work deals with the application of different in‐line methods to the characterization of silica aggregate size and morphology. All of these methods exploit turbidity signals, obtained by various means including: from analysis of turbidity fluctuations in homogeneous suspension and from overall turbidity decrease during particle settling. This work also presents the opportunity to report progress in morphological and optical models of small aggregates. As a result of these models, the morphological characteristics of the aggregates along with the number of their constituting particles are derived from experimental results. Similarities between the different methods are examined and discussed.
Identification of Regions with Inhomogeneous Particle Behavior in Dilute Gas‐solid Flows
Authors: Grüner Christof , Kanther Wolfgang , Götz Sören , Strauß Karl
Published: October 2004

The behavior of the particulate phase in a highly turbulent gas flow has been investigated in a vertical channel. Variations of the flow configuration (1. Flow past a cylinder, 2. flow past a wall‐mounted obstacle and 3. flow around a horizontally injected jet) have been subject to both experiments and numerical simulations.
The velocity vector field of the solid phase has been measured by digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). The measurements have been focused on particle‐obstacle collisions and crossflow in the vicinity of the jet nozzle using the lately developed twinpeak detection method. By application of this method regions of highly inhomogeneous particle behavior could be detected mainly upstream of the flow perturbation. Numerical results have been obtained by an Eulerian‐Lagrangian method on boundary‐fitted grids. Particle‐particle interactions as well as interphase exchange of momentum have been taken into account. The simulation results showed to be well in accordance with the experimental results.
Synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel oxime ether pyrethroids
Authors: Liu Aiping , Ou Xiaoming , Huang Mingzhi , Wang Xiaoguang , Liu Xingping , Wang Yongjiang , Chen Can , Yao Jianren
Published: October 2004

A series of novel 2‐methylthio‐3′/4′‐substituted acetophenone oxime O‐ethers were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding acetophenone oximes with halides of pyrethroid alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide and phase‐transfer catalysis or with triethyl quaternary ammonium salts of halides of pyrethroid alcohols in the presence of sodium hydroxide. These compounds showed notable insecticidal activity against Homopteran and Lepidopteran pests. 2‐Methylthio‐4′‐fluoroacetophenone oxime O‐[(2‐methylbiphenyl‐3‐yl)methyl] ether was more effective than the commercial insecticides chlorfenapyr and fenvalerate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effectiveness of allyl acetate as a fumigant against five stored grain beetle pests
Authors: Rajendran Somiahnadar , Muralidharan Narasimhan
Published: October 2004

Five esters, butyl acetate, allyl acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, isopropyl acetate and propyl acetate, were screened as fumigants in the laboratory for 24 h at 27 (±2) °C against the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Of the compounds tested, allyl acetate was the most toxic, with LD99 values of 7.56, 12.81 and 11.42 mg litre−1 against R dominica, S oryzae and T castaneum, respectively. Tests with allyl acetate against mixed‐age cultures of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L), R dominica, S oryzae and T castaneum revealed that doses of 50–150 mg litre−1 with 24–120‐h exposures were necessary to achieve 100% mortality of all life stages. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was the most tolerant insect tested, whilst R dominica was highly susceptible. The insect toxicity data indicates that allyl acetate has potential as a fumigant of stored food grains. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Measured and computed volatilisation of the fungicide fenpropimorph from a sugar beet crop
Authors: Leistra Minze , Smelt Johan H , van den Berg Frederik
Published: October 2004

Depending on their vapour pressure, volatilisation can be one of the main pathways of emission of pesticides into the environment. The volatilisation of fenpropimorph was studied in a field experiment in which the fungicide was sprayed onto a sugar beet crop. Volatilisation rates were calculated by measuring the concentration gradient in air, using the Aerodynamic and Bowen Ratio methods. A simplified computation model was used to simulate pesticide volatilisation, together with the concurrent processes of penetration into the plant leaves and phototransformation. Input data for the model had already been obtained by carrying out a wind‐tunnel study with fenpropimorph, whereby field conditions were imitated. The computations yielded a reasonable description of the level and rate of decline of fenpropimorph volatilisation in the first 4 h after spraying. The continued volatilisation 2 and 3 days after spraying could be described by assuming that a fraction of the deposit was poorly exposed with comparatively low rates of the decline processes. In the first 3 days, penetration of fenpropimorph into the plant leaves was computed to be the main route for the pesticide (52% of the dosage), with substantial contributions from volatilisation (12%) and phototransformation (11%). The computation model can be developed further as a tool for extrapolating results on volatilisation from small‐scale experiments to field conditions, but this requires more information on the effect of environmental conditions on the model parameters. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A task‐independent control method for spoken dialogs
Authors: Oku Tomoki , Nishimoto Takuya , Araki Masahiro , Niimi Yasuhisa
Published: October 2004

In this paper the authors propose a task‐independent control method for spoken dialogs. This is an expansion of the frame‐driven dialog control method used in text‐based dialog systems, which employs knowledge specific for a task using a database and frames. The frame consists of a set of related topics that can be treated in specific tasks, the priority ranking, and the behavior of the system when each topic is completed. When there is a hierarchical relationship among topics, this is described as a hierarchical relationship among frames. The dialog history is represented by the topic frame using a tree structure that can provide dynamic links (this is called a dynamic topic tree). System‐initiative and user‐initiative dialog can be accomplished by searching the dynamic topic tree using two types of approaches. The authors created a spoken dialog system for four typical tasks and performed spoken dialog experiments in order to evaluate the system. The results showed that all subjects were able to complete the tasks. This demonstrates that the authors' method is valid as a way to create a practical task‐independent spoken dialog system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 87–95, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10589
SVM that maximizes the margin in the input space
Authors: Akaho Shotaro
Published: October 2004

While the original SVM seeks the discriminative plane that maximizes the margin in the feature space (the Hilbert space), this paper investigates the framework that maximizes the margin in the input space. This framework is considered to be effective for cases in which a priori knowledge is embedded as input space estimates. In the approach taken in this paper, approximating the margin in the input space by Taylor expansion is essential. The algorithm obtained is a kind of alternating optimization comprising the step of obtaining projections onto the discriminative plane from sample points by Newton's method and the step of determining parameters of the discriminative plane by convex quadratic programming. The algorithm converges to a stably local optimal solution under comparatively lenient conditions. In addition, the optimization problem to be solved includes the original SVM as a special case. However, since the amount of computation increases as the dimensions of the input space increase in the proposed algorithm, this paper proposes a simplified algorithm obtained by combining the original SVM and the abridged proposed algorithm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 78–86, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10631
Mutual region growing for adaptive segmentation of geographical images
Authors: Mikami Naoto , Kosugi Yukio
Published: October 2004

In this paper we propose a new technique of mutual region growing for solving land‐cover sorting problems. Land‐cover classification subdivides regions of aerial photographs and satellite photographic images into distinct regions, and automation is required for large‐scale investigations. In the conventional division method and region growing scheme used for classification without tutorial data, the processing algorithm is simple. However, much labor is required to find the appropriate processing rules, depending on the type of images. In this study, we propose a method of region growing using the structural features of adjacent pixels in the tutorial image, while also utilizing the features of region growing which organize regions with identical properties.

In our new method, we aim at flexibly acquiring classification rules by referring to the classification results for the tutorial data. We propose a region growing method in which region growing is performed in the tutorial image by using characteristics based on the neighboring structures of the pixel under consideration. In this technique, the features of the region to be classified in the tutorial image are expressed in the output image by using an agreement index. This index can be obtained by comparing the image structures of the input image and the tutorial image. We also attempt to speed up processing by rearranging the image structure in the teacher image, using a statistical technique. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 64–77, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10688
Musex: A system for supporting children's collaborative learning in a museum with PDAs
Authors: Yatani Koji , Onuma Mayumi , Sugimoto Masanori , Kusunoki Fusako
Published: October 2004

In recent years, handheld devices have been playing an important role in children's learning. How to utilize mobile devices such as handheld devices to support collaborative learning has been an important research topic of Computer‐Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). Educators in Japan are seeking an educational system structure that supports “integrated courses,” which have been introduced due to the revision of National Curriculum Standards. We focused on a museum as one of the appropriate locations where “integrated courses” are held and constructed a system named Musex for supporting children's learning with two personal digital assistants (PDAs). Musex provides children with opportunities to answer questions related to exhibitions collaboratively. We performed an experiment on Musex in a science museum and discuss the results in this paper. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 54–63, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10696
Model analysis of coronary hemodynamics incorporating autoregulation
Authors: Kagiyama Mitsuyasu , Michinishi Hiroyuki , Kagotani Hiroto , Okamoto Takuji , Ogasawara Yasuo , Kajiya Fumihiko
Published: October 2004

This paper models the autoregulation function for the coronary circulation and analyzes the pulsatile coronary hemodynamics. The autoregulation function acts to maintain a constant average blood flow in the arterioles, as determined by the oxygen consumption in the heart muscle, even if the average coronary arterial pressure changes. The regulation is realized by partially controlling the vessel characteristics which correspond to the vessel tonus. In this study, the function is incorporated into the existing three‐layered coronary hemodynamics model. Then, the arteriole hemodynamics is analyzed by simulation for the case of the normal coronary arterial pressure waveform and for the case of systolic hypertension. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 21–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10709
Spatial temporal adaptive direct mode coding on bidirectional motion compensation prediction
Authors: Kimata Hideaki , Kitahara Masaki , Yashima Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2004

Although bidirectional motion compensation reduces the coding distortion of a predictive image and improves prediction efficiency, the information indicating the spatial and temporal position of the predictive image is overhead and consumes more bits. Consequently, the coding efficiency is not always improved. The direct mode is widely used to improve coding efficiency with small overhead since it calculates the motion vectors of bidirectional prediction using the time continuity of motion. Such an improvement in prediction efficiency, however, is not achieved when the time continuity of motion does not exist. Therefore, the efficiency is highly dependent on the contents of a sequence. In this paper, we propose a spatial temporal adaptive direct mode, which is efficient even when there is no time continuity of motion. In this method, the time continuity of motion is predicted from the coding states of spatially or temporally adjacent blocks, and either a temporal direct mode or a spatial prediction mode is chosen as the coding mode. The spatial prediction mode calculates the motion vectors and the prediction direction from the motion vectors of the spatially adjacent blocks. This paper discusses the problem of the conventional direct mode, and proposes its solution. The results of computer simulations prove that this solution method can select the appropriate coding mode adaptively for the contents of a sequence, thus achieving high coding efficiency. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20126
Assessment by XPS and electrochemical techniques of two molecular organosilane films prepared on stainless‐steel surfaces
Authors: Sinapi F. , Naji A. , Delhalle J. , Mekhalif Z.
Published: October 2004

The ability of silane groups to chemosorb on mechanically polished stainless‐steel surfaces has been investigated. Accordingly, tridecafluoro‐1,1,2,2‐tetrahydrooctyltrichlorosilane and the tridecafluoro‐1,1,2,2‐tetrahydrooctyltriethoxysilane, two organosilanes of similar chain length terminated with hydrophobic non‐reactive functions, have been tested as probe molecules. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization, optical microscopy imaging, electrochemistry and contact angle measurements have been performed to characterize bare and modified samples. Results reported in this work show the influence of time of immersion and coupling agent reactive group on self‐assembled monolayer formation. It emerges that silanization by triethoxysilanes in millimolar solutions is not suitable for producing chemically bonded organic films with high density. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly angular resolved x‐ray photoelectron diffraction measurements from a Ge(111) surface
Authors: Wakamatsu N. , Tamura K. , Ishii H. , Owari M. , Nihei Y.
Published: October 2004

Using a high angle‐resolving electron energy analyser with a novel input lens system, we measured Ge 3p x‐ray photoelectron diffraction (XPED) patterns from a Ge(111) surface excited by Al Kα with changing angular resolution from ±0.04° to ±2°, and considered the angular resolution dependence of XPED patterns from experiments and theory. Highly angular resolved XPED patterns containing fine features such as Kikuchi‐like bands were obtained. These patterns were reproduced by theoretical calculations. We also performed the theoretical calculations for further investigation of highly angular resolved XPED. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodegradation of poly(ether sulphone) Part 2. Wavelength and atmosphere dependence
Authors: Norrman K. , Krebs F. C.
Published: October 2004

The photodegradation of poly(ether sulphone) (PES) was investigated systematically by time‐of‐flight SIMS (ToF‐SIMS) and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of varying the irradiation dose, wavelength and the atmosphere was studied along with mechanistic photooxidation studies using 18O2. Photoinduced SO3H group formation was observed at 199, 260 and 315 nm for an oxygen‐containing atmosphere only. Photoinduced OH group formation is observed at all investigated wavelengths and atmospheres. Photoinduced cross‐linking was an important process in a vacuum. The oxygen reacts quickly with the PES surface during photoirradiation and chain scission was found to be the dominant process, and oxygen incorporation was found to be non‐specific but pronounced for SO3H group formation. It was found that for conditions where processes are affected by photoirradiation the extent is observed to follow the UV absorption and showed little dependence on the wavelength. The wavelength only affects the extent of the process in question, which is ascribed to a fast equilibrium of the absorbed energy. The photoinduced processes are very sensitive towards the presence of the smallest amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculating the energies for Ag(001) twist boundaries utilizing the modified analytical embedded atom method
Authors: Zhang J. M. , Wei X. M. , Xin H.
Published: October 2004

The unrelaxed energies for Ag(001) twist grain boundaries (GBs) have been calculated using the modified analytical embedded atom method (MAEAM). The results show that, besides zero energy in a perfect crystal (corresponding to the twist angle 0°), the second smallest GB energy corresponds to the twist angle 36.87°. This is consistent with the experimental results. For other twist angles, the GB energies remain nearly constant even for a twist angle as small as 1.94°. Translation parallel to the boundary plane could result in a periodic change in GB energy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A ToF‐SIMS investigation of a buried polymer/polymer interface exposed by ultra‐low‐angle microtomy
Authors: Hinder Steven J. , Lowe Chris , Maxted James T. , Watts John F.
Published: October 2004

The interfacial region of a model multilayer coating system on an aluminium substrate has been investigated by high‐resolution time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Employing ultra‐low‐angle microtomy (ULAM), the interface between a poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF)‐based topcoat and a poly(urethane) (PU)‐based primer ‘buried’ >20 µm below the PVdF topcoat's air/coating surface was exposed. Imaging ToF‐SIMS and subsequent post‐processing extraction of mass spectra of the ULAM‐exposed interface region and of the PVdF topcoat and PU primer bulks indicates that the material composition of the polymer/polymer interface region is substantially different to that of the bulk PVdF and PU coatings. Analysis of the negative ion mass spectra obtained from the PVdF/PU interface reveals the presence of a methacrylate‐based component or additive at the interface region. Reviewing the topcoat and primer coating formulations reveals that the PVdF topcoat formulation contains methyl methacrylate (MMA)–ethyl acrylate (EA) acrylic co‐polymer components. Negative ion ToF‐SIMS analysis of an acrylic co‐polymer confirms that it is these components that are observed at the PVdF/PU interface. Post‐processing extraction of ToF‐SIMS images based on the major ions of the MMA–EA co‐polymers reveals that these components are observed in high concentration at the extremities of the PVdF coating, i.e. at the polymer/polymer interface, but are also observed to be distributed evenly throughout the bulk of the PVdF topcoat. These findings confirm that a fraction of the MMA–EA acrylic co‐polymers in the formulation segregate to the topcoat/primer interface where they enhance the adhesive properties exhibited by the PVdF topcoat towards the underlying PU primer substrate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making a difference for minorities: Evaluation of an educational enrichment program
Authors: Barlow Amy E.L. , Villarejo Merna
Published: October 2004

A comprehensive, quantitative evaluation of an educational intervention program designed to reduce the attrition of minorities from the biological sciences was undertaken to ascertain whether such efforts adequately address the problem. Program participants had greater odds of persisting in basic math and science courses, and of graduating in biology, than did a comparison group, controlling for demographics and academic preparation. Undergraduate research greatly increased the odds of positive graduation outcomes. Program participants were also more likely to pursue graduate study than were university graduates overall. This evaluation demonstrates the value of such programs in increasing the representation of minorities in science. ? 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 861‐881, 2004.
An investigation of experienced secondary science teachers' beliefs about inquiry: An examination of competing belief sets
Authors: Wallace Carolyn S. , Kang Nam‐Hwa
Published: October 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the beliefs of six experienced high school science teachers about (1) what is successful science learning; (2) what are the purposes of laboratory in science teaching; and (3) how inquiry is implemented in the classroom. An interpretive multiple case study with an ethnographic orientation was used. The teachers' beliefs about successful science learning were substantively linked to their beliefs about laboratory and inquiry implementation. For example, two teachers who believed that successful science learning was deep conceptual understanding, used verification labs primarily to illustrate these concepts and used inquiry as a type of isolated problem‐solving experience. Another teacher who believed that successful science learning was enculturation into scientific practices used inquiry‐based labs extensively to teach the practices of science. Tension in competing beliefs sets and implications for reform are discussed. ? 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 936‐960, 2004.
Why a leisure context is linked to normbreaking for some girls and not others: personality characteristics and parent–child relations as explanations
Authors: Persson Andreas , Kerr Margaret , Stattin Håkan
Published: October 2004

In a study of adolescents in the 1970s, girls were high in normbreaking if they attended youth recreation centers and were heavily involved with peers or boys (Stattin et al., 2003). The present study investigated whether these results could be replicated on a modern sample, and then examined parent–child relationships and personality characteristics as explanations why some girls and not others go to the youth centers and become heavily involved with peers and boys. Participants were 1279 14‐year olds from a city in central Sweden. The results showed that personality characteristics and experiences at home partly explained youth center attendance, and personality characteristics partly explained involvement with boys, but neither explained why those who attended the centers and were involved with boys were highest on normbreaking. Thus, personality characteristics and experiences at home seem to be involved when girls choose the youth center context, but socialization by peers at the centers might better explain normbreaking among center goers.
Sizing the pore of the volume‐sensitive anion channel by differential polymer partitioning
Authors: Ternovsky Vadim I. , Okada Yasunobu , Sabirov Ravshan Z.
Published: October 2004

Partitioning of ethylene glycol and its polymeric forms into the pore of the volume‐sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) anion channel was studied to assess the pore size. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) PEG 200–300 (R
h=0.27−−0.53 nm) effectively suppressed the single‐channel currents, whereas PEG 400–4000 (R
h=0.62−−1.91 nm) had little or no effect. Since all the molecules tested effectively decreased electric conductivity of the bulk solution, the observed differential effects between PEG 200–300 and PEG 400–4000 on the VSOR single‐channel current are due to their limited partitioning into the channel lumen. The cut‐off radius of the VSOR channel pore was assessed to be 0.63 nm.
Role of the fourth intracellular loop of D1‐like dopaminergic receptors in conferring subtype‐specific signaling properties
Authors: Tumova Katerina , Zhang Dongling , Tiberi Mario
Published: October 2004

We investigate whether the fourth intracellular loop (IL4) of D1 and D5 dopaminergic receptors (D1R, D5R) confers D1‐like subtype‐specific signaling properties. Using chimeric receptors (D1R‐IL4B and D5R‐IL4A), we show that swapping of IL4 leads to a switch in dopamine affinity and constitutive activity of D1R and D5R. Dopamine potency was reduced for both chimeras in comparison with wild‐type receptors. Moreover, dopamine‐mediated maximal activation was drastically increased in cells expressing D1R‐IL4B when compared with those harboring D5R‐IL4A or wild‐type receptors. In conclusion, IL4 plays a pivotal role in imparting subtype‐specific ligand binding and activation properties to highly homologous seven‐transmembrane receptors.
Messen Einstellungsinterviews das, was sie messen sollen? Zur Bedeutung der Bewerberkognitionen über bewertetes Verhalten
Authors: Melchers Klaus G. , Kleinmann Martin , Richter Gerald M. , König Cornelius J. , Klehe Ute-Christine
Published: October 2004

Zusammenfassung. Mit strukturierten Einstellungsinterviews wird häufig versucht, verschiedene Anforderungsdimensionen zu erfassen, die für eine erfolgreiche berufliche Tätigkeit nötig sind. Allerdings ist noch weitgehend ungeklärt, inwieweit es gelingt, die angestrebten Dimensionen tatsächlich zu erfassen. Zur Untersuchung dieser Frage wurde im Rahmen eines Bewerbungs-Trainings ein strukturiertes Interview durchgeführt, das aus drei Komponenten (Selbstvorstellung, biographischen Fragen und situativen Fragen) bestand. Eine Analyse der Multitrait-Multimethod-Matrix ergab, dass das verwendete Interview wenig konstruktvalide war. Allerdings zeigte sich, dass die Gesamtbeurteilung im Interview mit der Anzahl der Fragen korrelierte, für die die Interviewten die jeweilige Anforderungsdimension korrekt erkannten. Zudem wurden Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer auch intraindividuell besser bei Fragen beurteilt, bei denen sie die jeweils relevante Dimension erkannten, als bei Fragen, bei denen dies nicht der Fall war. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Fähigkeit, relevante Anforderungs- und Beurteilungsdimensionen zu erkennen, einen Teil der prognostischen Validität strukturierter Interviews erklären kann.
Zur Definition und Messung von Berufserfolg
Authors: Dette Dorothea E. , Abele Andrea E. , Renner Oliver
Published: October 2004

Zusammenfassung. Berufserfolg ist als Konstrukt definitorisch unscharf. Wir schlagen ein konzeptuelles Modell zur Unterscheidung verschiedener Facetten von Berufserfolg vor. Dieses enthält drei Ordnungsparameter: 1) das Bezugskriterium mit den Extremen spezifische Arbeit vs. globale Laufbahn, 2) die Datenart mit den Ausprägungen neutrale Kennzahlen, Erfolgsurteile und Zufriedenheitseinschätzungen sowie 3) die Datenquelle mit der Unterscheidung von Akten/Dokumenten, Fremdurteil (beides externe Maße) und Selbstbericht (internes Maß). Sodann betrachten wir einen Teilaspekt des Modells, den Laufbahnerfolg, genauer. Wir stellen Operationalisierungen von Laufbahnerfolg in Bezug auf die drei Datenarten vor und berichten über eine Metaanalyse zum Zusammenhang von externen und internen Maßen des Laufbahnerfolgs. Diese ergibt eine geschätzte Populationskorrelation von ρest= .28, wobei der Zusammenhang für externe Maße und Zufriedenheitseinschätzungen (ρest= .30) homogen ist, nicht jedoch der für externe Maße und selbstberichteten Erfolg. Empfehlungen für die Messung von Laufbahnerfolg werden abgeleitet.
Controls of shear zone rheology and tectonic loading on postseismic creep
Authors: Montési Laurent G. J.
Published: October 2004

Postseismic deformation is well documented in geodetic data collected in the aftermath of large earthquakes. In the postseismic time interval, GPS is most sensitive to creep in the lower crust or upper mantle activated by earthquake‐generated stress perturbations. In these regions, deformation may be localized on an aseismic frictional surface or on a ductile shear zone. These two hypotheses imply specific rheologies and therefore time dependence of postseismic creep. Hence postseismic creep constitutes a potential probe into the rheology of aseismic regions of the lithosphere. I present a simple shear zone model of postseismic creep in which the rheology of the creeping element can be varied. In the absence of tectonic loading during the postseismic time interval, the displacement history of the shear zone obeying a power law rheology with stress exponent n follows an analytical relaxation curve parameterized by 1/n. For a frictional surface, postseismic creep follows the same relaxation law in the limit 1/n → 0. A rough estimate of the apparent stress exponent can be obtained from continuous GPS records. Application to data collected after the 1994 Sanriku earthquake yields 1/n ∼ 0.1, which is consistent with dislocation creep mechanisms. However, the records of two other subduction zone events, the 2001 Peru event and the 1997 Kronotski earthquake, and a continental strike‐slip earthquake, the 1999 İzmit earthquake, require negative 1/n. Rather than characterizing the shear zone rheology, these negative exponents indicate that reloading of the shear zone by tectonic forces is important. Numerical simulations of postseismic deformation with nonnegligible reloading produce curves that are well fit by the generalized relaxation law with 1/n < 0, although the actual stress exponent of the rheology is positive. While this prevents rheology from being tightly constrained by the studied GPS records, it indicates that reloading is important in the postseismic time interval. In other words, the stress perturbation induced by an earthquake is comparable to the stress supported by ductile shear zones in the interseismic period.
Efficient and accurate spectral analysis of large scattering problems using wavelet and wavelet‐like bases
Authors: Vidal A. , Belenguer A. , Esteban H. , Boria V. E. , Bachiller C. , Taroncher M.
Published: October 2004

This paper presents a novel technique for the very efficient and accurate two‐dimensional (2‐D) spectral analysis of large cylindrical scatterers with arbitrary geometries using the wavelet and wavelet‐like transform. When such complex problems are solved through an integral equation (IE) technique combined with the method of moments (MOM), a linear equation system with a huge number of unknowns needs to be solved for each incident field. In this work, wavelet bases are successfully proved to expand the integral operator in a very sparse matrix form, thus providing large savings on computational costs and memory storage requirements. Furthermore, the use of the spectral formulation allows us to characterize the scattering behavior of an object for any possible incidence, thus drastically reducing the number of linear equation systems to be solved. Comparative benchmarks between the new wavelet technique and the original approach for solving the scattering of circular cylinders and strips are presented for different orthogonal families: locally supported Daubechies bases, orthogonal quasi‐symmetric Coiflets bases, and wavelet‐like bases. Then the efficient wavelet technique is applied to the accurate characterization of more complex geometries, such as large square cylinders.
Geometry and kinematics of compressional growth structures and diapirs in the La Popa basin of northeast Mexico: Insights from sequential restoration of a regional cross section and three‐dimensional analysis
Authors: Millán‐Garrido Héctor
Published: October 2004

Diapirism in the La Popa basin NE Mexico was triggered and sustained by compressional décollement tectonics. Coeval development of contractional structures and diapirs was recorded by growth strata of Late Cretaceous‐Tertiary age. A palinspastic reconstruction of a regional cross section, based on the restoration of growth strata related to both diapirs and detachment folds, was carried out. On the basis of this reconstruction and field data, a three‐dimensional geometrical study was done to quantify the movement of evaporites within the detachment horizon and two diapirs. The latter allowed determining the tectonodiapiric potential of a structure or set of structures (i.e., the amount of ductile rocks forced to flow in association with the growth of a tectonic structure, which is not accommodated by thickening of the ductile horizon nor by the tectonic structure itself, and is capable of producing diapiric phenomena). This study demonstrates that there is a direct coupling between tectonodiapiric potential and diapiric activity. Geometrical results show that the main factors that controlled the amount of ductile material moved as a consequence of compressional tectonics were shortening, the depth to detachment, the folding style, and the style of deformation process (i.e., pure shear/simple shear). In response to folding, the overburden experienced a downward movement that was the major cause of diapiric phenomena. In addition to field and geometrical data, mechanical data indicate that forceful intrusion was the prevailing emplacement mechanism. Temperatures (>150°–197°C) and strain rates (in the order of 10−16–10−17 s−1) calculated for top of the evaporite layer were adequate for the flow of these rocks from the initiation of compression onward. However, an inferred overpressure in the ductile layer should be considered the key factor for the emplacement mechanism.
Characteristic seismic activity in the subducting plate boundary zone off Kamaishi, northeastern Japan, revealed by precise hypocenter distribution analysis using ocean‐bottom seismometers
Authors: Okada T. , Sakoda K. , Matsuzawa T. , Hino R. , Hasegawa A. , Sakai S. , Kanazawa T.
Published: October 2004

High seismic activity prevails along the plate boundary to the east of northeastern Japan. To understand how this seismic activity is related to subduction process, hypocenter locations are re‐determined using data obtained over 6 years by fiber‐cabled permanent ocean bottom seismometers off Kamaishi. The double‐difference method is adopted to obtain the relative location in more detail. As a result of this analysis, a number of seismic clusters including small repeating earthquakes are identified along the plate boundary. This observation supports the hypothesis that seismic coupling is very low in this region and there only small asperities are distributed along the plate boundary off Kamaishi. A number of events with down‐dip compressional focal mechanisms are identified, corresponding to the upper plane seismicity of the double seismic zone in this area. Although most of these events are located in the crust of the subducting Pacific Plate, some are located in the mantle of the slab.