bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of the minimum time of praziquantel therapy required for the in vitro treatment of protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus
Authors: Morris D. L. , Taylor D. H. , Daniels D. , Riley E. M. , Richards K. S.
Published: June 2009

Ovine and equine protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus were cultured for 26 days with our without praziquantel and viability assessed, by eosin exclusion, for cultures in various drug concentrations (50, 250 and 500 μg/l) and periods of exposure (1, 3 or 7 days (d)) before removing/‘rescuing’ to drug-free medium. Drug efficacy was proportional to drug concentration and to length of exposure. At higher drug concentrations shorter exposures were required to produce the effect of continuous drug treatment, 1d therapy at 500 μg/l killing 96% ovine protoscoleces by day 14 whereas 7d therapy at 50 μg/l was required to produce a similar effect. Equine protoscoleces appeared marginally less susceptible than those of ovine origin. The relevance of the results in the need for peri-operative prophylaxis against spilled protoscoleces in man is discussed.
Immunization of chicks at various ages with irradiated infective eggs of Ascaridia galli
Authors: Malviya H. C. , Varma T. K. , Dwivedi P.
Published: June 2009

The possibility of safe immunization of chicks at an appropriate age with a double-dose irradiated Ascaridia galli vaccine given orally at two weeks interval was explored. Chicks immunized at 7 or 10 days of age were not affected adversely since they did not develop any clinical signs and there was no worm establishment after challenge infection. Immunization also elicited detectable circulating antibody titres, with IHA and the conglutinating complement absorption test having a tendency to be enhanced after the booster dose.
The occurrence ofRhabditis (Rhabditella) axeiin the faeces of a chicken in Egypt
Authors: El-Azazy O. M. E. , El-Gawady H. M. , Nada M. S.
Published: June 2009

Rhabditis axei, the free living nematode, was detected in the faeces of a chicken maintained in a clean cage in the parasitology laboratory, Zagazig University, Egypt. The source of these worms and the method of their transmission to the laboratory was discussed. The experimental inoculation of 3 chickens withR. axeidemonstrated that their survival after passing through the intestine was not possible. Free living nematodes could be confused easily withStrongyloidessp. during routine faecal examination.
A technique for skin application of exact doses ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisto rats
Authors: Tindall N. R. , Wilson P. A. G.
Published: June 2009

Conventional methods for percutaneous infection of rats using third-stage juveniles ofNippostrongylus brasiliensiswhich have been artificially stimulated to exsheath lead to highly variable, and relatively poor, establishment in the intestine. A new system has been developed in which larvae applied to the skin still remain partially sheathed, as they would be in nature. Cultures of the freeliving stages of the parasite contain an annulus of clear, colourless polythene film to which some of the third-stage juveniles attach. Rats are infected with an individually counted, exact dose applied to the skin on polythene. Using this technique (‘EDT20Nb’), consistently high values for the mean proportion of the dose that becomes establishedhave been obtained, along with a variance well below the normally accepted level (from a total of 73 rats in 12 separate assays). In particular, the added component of variance between assays in this study was insignificant, so that the probability of quantitative agreement in replicate experiments based on the method is high. It is recommended for an experimental design in which small numbers of parasites can be used.
The anthelmintic activity of a novel organic arsenical, R7/45, upon Brugia pahangi in Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Denham D. A. , Midwinter I. T. C. , Friedheim E. A. H.
Published: June 2009

The new organic arsenical R7/45 is a rapidly acting and very potent anthelmintic against adult Brugia pahangi in jirds. Against adult worms implanted into the peritoneal cavity 5 subcutaneous (SC) injections at 2·5 mg/kg of R7/45 killed 100% of adult worms. A single dose SC of 20 mg/kg was 100% effective and 10 mg/kg 76% effective against adult worms. When jirds were autopsied at different times after treatment at 20 mg/kg SC 89% of worms were dead within three days. R7/45 was not active when given by stomach intubation. Pretreatment of jirds with R7/45 had no effect on adult worms subsequently implanted into jirds. R7/45 was highly active against third and fourth stage larvae of B. pahangi in jirds.
Chromosome C-banding techniques in Dictyocaulus filaria (Rudolphi, 1809) Railliet and Henry, 1907
Authors: Cutillas C. , Ariza C. , Guevara D. C. , Campano L.
Published: June 2009

C-banding has been performed on Dictyocaulus filaria using both original and modified techniques. The karyotype is reported based on C band observations. The existence of large heterochromatic blocks appears to be the cause of the low chiasmata frequency.
Possible direct effect of diethylcarbamazine on the infective larvae of Brugia pahangi
Authors: Fujimaki Yasunori , Shimada Masaaki , Mitsui Yoshinori , Kimura Eisaku , Aoki Yoshiki
Published: June 2009

The direct action of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) on the infective larvae of Brugia pahangi was studied. The larvae were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with foetal bovine serum and antibiotics for 22 days. Most of the larvae remained alive for 8 days, but survival rate of larvae decreased rapidly from day 10 onwards. The larvae did not grow in the culture system. The addition of DEC did not affect the morbidity of the larvae and no difference was observed in the morphological characteristics between the larvae cultured in the presence or absence of DEC.

The infective larvae were cultured in vitro for 5 days in the presence or absence of DEC, and inoculated into jirds. The animals were necropsied at intervals, and developing larvae and adult worms were recovered. When the larvae were cultured without DEC and then inoculated subcutaneously into jirds, 29.8% of the inoculum was recovered 3–15 days, and 25% 19–22 weeks, post-inoculation. However, when the larvae were exposed to DEC in vitro and inoculated into jirds, the rate of recovery was reduced to 25% 3–15 days post-inoculation and 2% after 19–22 weeks. When the control larvae cultured in vitro were inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds, 41·3% of inoculum was recovered 3–15 days, and 42·8% 19–22 weeks, post-inoculation. Again the corresponding value for larvae exposed to DEC in vitro was reduced to 19.8% 3–15 days, and 8% 19–22 weeks, post-inoculation. It was observed that the larvae exposed to DEC in vitro were retarded in their development in jirds. These results indicate that DEC has a direct action against the infective larvae of B. pahangi.
Proteocephalus neglectus as a possible indicator of changes in the ecological balance of aquatic environments
Authors: Hanzelová V.
Published: June 2009

In an environment seriously impaired by human interference (draining the reservoir), ecological relationships in a community of copepods and their impact on the transmission of the tapeworm Proteocephalus neglectus La Rue. 1911 were studied. The impairment of the environment resulted in changes in the species composition of the copepod community and in the increased diversity of the copepod species, as well as in a multiple inversion of the dominant and subdominant relationships of the two most numerous copepod species (Cyclops vicinus and Eudiaptomus zachariasi). The structure of the developmental stages of the copepod community, the seasonal dynamics of the number of copepods and the abundance of P. neglectus procercoids have changed. The predominant species in the copepod community and the most susceptible intermediate host of P. neglectus (C. vicinus) was not infected. The infection of copepods decreased by 95% and that of the definitive hosts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by 97·5% compared with the index values recorded in the previous year.
The identity of Anisakis type II larvae with Anisakis physeteris confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA
Authors: Matsuura T. , Sun S. , Sugane K.
Published: June 2009

The identity of Anisakis type II larvae with adult A. physeteris was confirmed by comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of 25S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Patterns of RFLPs in larvae were almost identical with those in adult worms. Directly labelled 25S rDNA might serve as an appropriate probe with highly specific activity for examining RFLPs of larvae and adult worms.
Failure to demonstrate suppressor T cell activity in the lamina propria ofHymenolepis diminuta-infected rats
Authors: Palmas C. , Wakelin D. , Bortoletti G. , Ecca A. R. , Gabriele F.
Published: June 2009

The aim of this study was to examine whether there was an increase of suppressor T cells, relative to helper T cells, in the intestinal lamina propria ofHymenolepis diminuta-infected rats, a condition which might allow the parasite to survive for the life-span of the host. Lamina propria cells were isolated by enzymatic procedure. All lymphocytes were passed over nylon wool columns in order to remove B cells; then the T cells were purified by a panning technique using monoclonal anti-T cell antibodies. Changes in the mitogen-stimulated synthesis of 1gM, IgG and IgA by normal peripheral blood indicator lymphocytes, as measured by sandwich ELISA, was used as an index of help and/or suppression. No significant suppressor T cell activity was observed in the cultures, either from control or infected intestine.
Epidemiology of Toxocara vitulorum in cattle around Bursa, Turkey
Authors: Akyol Cetin Volkan
Published: June 2009

The prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum in cattle around Bursa, Turkey, was surveyed by faecal examination of eggs. The average infection rate among 11 towns was 5·1% in calves younger than 6-months-old, and 2·2% in all ages of animals. T. vitulorum was found to be prevalent in two different areas of Bursa. Third stage larvae were found in one milk sample and therefore galactogenic transmission was suggested. Experimental incubation of eggs showed that the optimum temperature for development was 20 to 30°C and eggs could survive under low temperature, indicating that grazing in the contaminated pasture may accelerate the transmission of eggs to cows. Mode of farming, therefore, affects the infection rate of T. vitulorum and may explain the difference in the rate between the two areas.
Development of the alimentary tract during morphogenesis of the metacercariae of Levinseniella brachysoma
Authors: Galaktionov K. V. , Malkova I.I.
Published: June 2009

For the first time the development of the alimentary tract of Levinseniella brachysoma metacercaria (Trematoda: Microphallidae) obtained experimentally from Gammarus oceanicus has been described. The foregut primordium in 16-day-old metacercariae is represented by a syncytial cylindrical cord, resulting from the fusion of embryonic cells. Non-fused parts of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are revealed as gap cavities within the cord. Later (30th day post infection) the lumen of the foregut is formed as a result of both partial vacuolization of the cytoplasm and by a broadening of the gap cavities, resulting from a thinning of the cytoplasmic spaces between them. Besides the usual organelles, the foregut of the mature metacercaria (42nd day p.i.) contains dense secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm region and numerous microtubules in basal areas. The cellular gastrodermis is formed later than the foregut syncytium (on day 30 p.i.); its large cells contain well-developed Golgi complexes, RER and mitochondria. A noteable inclusion of the gastrodermal cells of mature metacercariae are spherical granules of moderate electron density measuring up to 3 μm in diameter. On the basis of an analysis of the ultrastructural data the possible functioning of the metacercarial alimentary tract is discussed.
A first instance of human philophthalmosis in Israel
Authors: Lang Y. , Weiss Y. , Garzozi H. , Gold D. , Lengy J.
Published: June 2009

Conjunctivitis due to the trematode Philophthalmus in a 13-year-old Israeli girl is described. A single worm, probably a mature Philophthalmus palpebrarum, was detected on the palpebral conjunctiva of the upper eyelid of the right eye. Removal of the worm resulted in rapid abatement of the ocular symptoms. This is the first documentation of human philophthalmosis in Israel.
Experimental transfer of Paragonimus westermani from rodents to rodents following subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes
Authors: Fan P.C. , Lu H. , Lin L.H.
Published: June 2009

In order to investigate the experimental transfer of Paragonimus westermani from rodents to rodents following subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes, 13 rats and 23 mice were inoculated with a total of 115 (1 mature and 114 immature) worms of P. westermani subcutaneously and intraperitoneally. The age of worms before transfer was 25–193 days. The transfer was performed immediately after worm collection from rodents which were killed at various intervals from 4 to 144 days after infection. The location, development and size of worms were recorded. An infection rate of 58% (or 21/36) was demonstrated in rodents after experimental transfer of P. westermani by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. Twenty-seven worms were recovered, giving a worm recovery rate of 23.5%. The rate was significantly higher by the subcutaneous route (34.8%) than by the intraperitoneal route (20.7%) but no difference was found between mice (23.9%) and rats (23.0%). The sizes of worms in the abdominal cavity, pleural cavity and thoracic muscles of mice, and in the leg muscles of rats were much less than in the pleural cavity and lung cysts of rats. A mature worm (7×5 mm) and numerous eggs were found in the uterus and pleural cavity of one rat. It is evidence that these rodents are unfavourable definitive hosts of P. westermani, because the worm size, infectivity, maturation and egg production are usually very low. However, the worms are usually widely distributed in their rodent hosts and remain small in size for a long period. Therefore, these rodents are good paratenic hosts for P. westermani and can play an important role in infecting cats and dogs with P. westermani in the laboratory.
Characterization of the surface polypeptides of Strongyloides ratti: a comparison of homogonic and heterogonic strains
Authors: Power J.D. , Harnett W. , Jenkins T.
Published: June 2009

Surface iodination, extraction and SDS-PAGE analysis techniques were employed to characterize and compare the surface polypeptides of two strains of Strongyloides ratti. Third stage infective larvae and parasitic adults of homogonic and heterogonic strains were studied using a variety of surface labelling procedures and detergents for the extraction of labelled molecules. Profiles obtained from SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that homogonic and heterogonic strains of S. ratti have identical surface antigens.
Cross protection against Taenia taeniaeformis in rats vaccinated with non-viable oncospheres of Asian Taenia or T. saginata
Authors: Ito A. , Fan P.C. , Chung W.C. , Suzuki M.
Published: June 2009

It was determined to examine whether rats injected with non-viable oncospheres of Asian Taenia or Taenia saginata became resistant to challenge infection with eggs of Taenia taeniaeformis, since (a) metacestodes of Asian Taenia and T. taeniaeformis develop in the liver of pigs and rats, respectively, and (b) Asian Taenia and T. saginata have human origins. Rats injected intravenously or subcutaneously with complete Freund's adjuvant with non-viable oncospheres of Asian Taenia showed statistically significant resistance to challenge infection with eggs of T. taeniaeformis, whereas those injected with non-viable oncospheres of T. saginata did not show any resistance.
Infectivity, growth, distribution and acetabular attachment of a one-hundred metacercarial cyst inoculum of Echinostoma trivolvis in ICR mice
Authors: Gavet M.F. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Female ICR mice, 6–8 weeks old, were exposed to 100 metacercarial cysts/host of Echinostoma trivolvis to determine the effects of this cyst dosage on worm infectivity, distribution, growth and acetabular attachment in the host small intestine, Of 42 exposed mice, 22 were infected 4 to 17 days postinfection (PI) with a mean worm recovery of 11 to 41%. Mean body area of worms increased from about 0.4 mm2 on day 4 PI to about 2.0 mm2 by day 9 PI. No consistent pattern of worm growth was seen beyond day 9. Distribution data showed that worms were found mainly in the anterior part of the small intestines on day 4 PI and then more posteriorly up to day 8 PI. Worm distribution patterns were quite variable beyond day 11 PI. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the acetabulum left a distinct ‘fingerprint’ or acetabular plug on the intestinal mucosa of the host. The ‘fingerprint’ was temporary and disappeared within 1 min after worms were removed from the intestines.
In vivo effect of sublethal concentrations of albendazole metabolites on the structure of the reproductive organs of Dictyocaulus viviparus
Authors: Osman A.M.M. , Jacobs D.E. , Plummer J.M.
Published: June 2009

Dictyocaulus viviparus were harvested from calves treated daily with albendazole at dose-rates sub-lethal to this parasite and from matched untreated calves. Male and female reproductive tracts from the worms were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. A first description of the testis of this nematode is provided. Cell division in the germinal zone of both male and female worms was arrested by in vivo exposure to albendazole metabolites and the cytoplasmic threads connecting the germinal cells to the rachis disappeared. In male worms from treated calves, the rachis was absent from the growth zone and severe ultrastructural damage of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatozoa was apparent. In female worms, the rachis remained intact in the growth zone, obvious abnormalities being confined to the germinal zone, where the cytoplasm of the oogonia was disrupted and few nuclei seen, and to the uteri and ovijector which contained only undifferentiated ova. The detrimental effects of albendazole metabolites on male and female worms were quickly reversed after withdrawal of medication.
Infectivity, growth, distribution and fecundity of a six versus twenty-five metacercarial cyst inoculum of Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice
Authors: Kaufman A.R. , Fried B.
Published: June 2009

Female ICR mice, 6–8 weeks old, were exposed to 6 (group A) or 25 (group B) metacercarial cysts/host of Echinostoma caproni to determine the effects of these cyst dosages on infectivity, growth, distribution and fecundity of worms in the small intestines. All 30 mice exposed (15 in group A and 15 in group B) were infected and there was no significant difference in the percentage of worm recovery between group A and B at 2, 4 and 8 weeks postinfection (PI). Growth was rapid in both groups with worm body areas increasing from about 3mm2 at 2 weeks PI to about 7 mm2 at 8 weeks PI. More worms from group B were in the anterior sections of the small intestines at 2 and 4 weeks PI than those from group A. However, at 8 weeks PI more worms from Group A were in the anterior sections of the small intestines than those from group B. There were marked differences in our findings on infectivity, growth and distribution of E. caproni in ICR mice using 6 and 25 cyst inocula compared to a previous study using the same echinostome and cyst inocula in NMRI mice, presumably related to the mouse strain. Fecundity studies were somewhat comparable in both studies showing an approximate three to four times increase in the average number of eggs/gram of faeces in mice receiving 25 versus 6 cyst inocula.
The morphology of hymenolepidid and dilepidid cestodes from common and pygmy shrews (Soricidae) in Southeast England
Authors: Roots C.D. , Lewis J.W. , Churchfield J.S.
Published: June 2009

One hundred and six of 109 common shrews (Sorex araneus) and 62 of 72 pygmy shrews (S. minutus), obtained by Longworth trapping in Southeast England, were infected with cestodes. Ten species were recovered: Choanotaenia hepatica and Hymenolepis prolifer (found in S. araneus); Choanotaenia crassiscolex, Hymenolepis furcata, H. jacutensis, H. schaldybini, H. scutigera, H. singularis, H. diaphana and H. infirma (in both hosts). The morphology, taxonomy and ecology of these species are discussed and the findings of the present study are discussed with reference to previous studies of the helminth fauna of British shrews. Cysticercoids of C. crassiscolex were found in the snail, Vitrina pellucida, and cysticercoids of H. schaldybini in the staphylinid beetle, Anthobium unicolor.
Ultrastructural observations of the tegument of Postorchigenes gymnesicus (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae)
Authors: Ferrer J.R. , Gracenea M. , Trullols M. , Gonzalez-Moreno O.
Published: June 2009

The tegument of Postorchigenes gymnesicus has been studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The general body tegument is spinous and contains mitochondria, biconcave disc-shaped vesicles bounded by an unitary membrane and displaying a protein content, and scarce spherical bodies. The tegument covering specialized body regions is aspinous. Few vesicles were evident in the tegument covering the suckers and oesophagus, being more abundant in the metraterm and cirrus where the tegument is thicker. Laurer's canal has a thick tegument with sparse vesicles, mostly arranged close to the apical membrane. A direct association was evident between the basal lamina underlying the spines and the muscular subtegumental fibres, suggesting a motile character for the spine.
Proliferation of pronephric lymphocytes of carp, Cyprinus carpio induced by extracts of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi
Authors: Nie P. , Hoole D. , Arme C.
Published: June 2009

The interaction between Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Cestoda)and pronephric lymphocytes of carp, Cyprinus carpio L. was studied by examining proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from both naïve fish and fish injected intraperitoneally with cestode extract. Lymphocytes from naïve hosts were stimulated to proliferate in the presence of the extract depending upon the extract protein concentrations; lower concentrations (0.01–0.05μg/ml) induced the greatest response, and immunosuppression occurred at higher concentrations. Significant differences were noted in fish that received intraperitoneal injections of parasite extracts. Five days post-injection, lymphocyte proliferation was significantly greater in these individuals compared with sham injected or untreated controls. This difference was reduced at 10 days post-injection, although the response was dependent on the concentration of the parasite extract. The possible significance of the observed stimulation/suppression of lymphocyte activity to establishment of the parasite in the wild is discussed.
Eosinophilia, IL-5 level and recovery of larvae in IL-5 transgenic mice infected withToxocara canis
Authors: Sugane K. , Kusama Y. , Takamoto M. , Tominaga A. , Takatsu K.
Published: June 2009

Eosinophil counts, interleukin 5 (IL-5) concentrations in peripheral blood and larval recovery after infection withToxocara caniswere compared between IL-5 transgenic (Tg) and nontransgenic counterparts, C3H/HeN mice. In Tg mice characterized by a constant high level of peripheral eosinophils, eosinophils in peripheral blood fell to the lowest level on day 4 of aT. canisinfection and then returned to the preinfection level on day 14. Serum IL-5 level fell to the lowest level on day 4 of infection, then recovered rapidly and peaked on day 14 postinfection. In contrast, the eosinophil and IL-5 levels in the peripheral blood peaked on days 11 and 7 of infection, respectively in C3H/HeN mice. The degree of eosinophil infiltration into the lung 4 days after infection was far more pronounced in Tg than C3H/HeN mice. The highest number of larvae recovered from the lungs of infected Tg and C3H/HeN mice occurred on day 4 postinfection. Strains of Tg and C3H/HeN mice vaccinated with excretory and secretory (ES) antigens ofT. canislarvae were infected withT. canisand the recovery of larvae on day 21 analysed. There were no significant differences in the mean number of larvae recovered from nonvaccinated Tg and C3H/HeN mice or vaccinated Tg and C3H/HeN mice. However, significant differences were demonstrated in the mean total number of larvae recovered from vaccinated and nonvaccinated Tg or C3H/HeN mice. These results suggest that immunocompetent cells other than eosinophils may play a significant role in the expulsion and killing ofT. canislarvae in infected mice.
Echinococcus granulosus in Spain: strain differentiation by SDS-PAGE of somatic and excretory/secretory proteins
Authors: Siles-Lucas M. , Cuesta-Bandera C.
Published: June 2009

A comparison was made, by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), of excretory/secretory (ES) – crude and immunopurified (with the corresponding anti-host serum) hydatid fluids – and somatic (S) – protoscoleces – proteins, from several ovine, equine, swine, bovine and human Echinococcus granulosus Spanish isolates. Likewise, the host influence on parasitic ES protein expression was studied, comparing purified hydatid fluids from ovine and equine cysts obtained from natural hosts and in RNMI mice. Purified hydatid fluids patterns, under reducing conditions, yielded the most precise differentiation of Spanish strains of E. granulosus into three groups (ovine—bovine-human, equine and swine), the finding of a characteristic 82 kDa band in equine isolates, and an unusual arrangement of bands between 50 and 6 kDa in swine samples. In addition, differences were found amongst crude and purified hydatid fluids, especially in bovine and swine isolates. The total protein patterns of protoscoleces were most complex, and therefore could not be used for strain differentiation. Finally, the purified hydatid fluids from cysts developed in natural and experimental hosts showed similar protein patterns, suggesting the lack of host influence, under our experimental conditions, on the expression of parasitic ES proteins.
The effect of chitin synthesis inhibitors on the development of Brugia malayi in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Mohapatra R. , Ranjit M.R. , Dash A.P.
Published: June 2009

Two chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) viz., triflumuron and hexaflumuron interfere with the development of Brugia malayi in Aedes aegypti (a black-eyed Liverpool strain). The development of B. malayi was slow in both the treated populations and the infection rate, infectivity rate and L3 load per mosquito decreased significantly (P< 0.001) in comparison with untreated controls. Hexaflumuron was found to be more inhibiting than triflumuron.
The distribution of neuroactive substances within the cercaria ofSanguinicola inermis
Authors: McMichael-Phillips D.F. , Lewis J.W. , Thorndyke M.C.
Published: June 2009

The serotoninergic and peptidergic components of the nervous system of the cercaria ofSanguinicola inermis(Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) were examined using whole-mount immunocytochemistry and a plan of the nervous system has been described. Antibodies to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and the neuropeptides, FMRFamide, GFNSALMFamide (S1) and SGPYSFNSGLTFamide (S2) were used in the study. Immunoreactivity (IR) was demonstrated to all but the S2 antisera and showed a similar fundamental distribution. IR was found in paired cerebral ganglia located anteriorly within the body and connected by a cerebral commissure. From the ganglia paired ventral and dorsal longitudinal nerve cords extend anteriorly into the cephalic organ and into the body. There is no apparent connection with the tail. Several transverse commissures connect the longitudinal nerve cords throughout the body and several associated cell bodies have been located. A double-stranded dorsal and ventral longitudinal nerve cord extends the length of the tail and six cell bodies are associated with these cords, uniquely demonstrating either FMRFamide and S1, or 5-HT-like IR. Only 5-HT-like IR was found to extend into the posterior tail furcae and there appears to be a lack of any peripheral tegumental innervation. Double-labelling experiments suggest that the serotoninergic and peptidergic components of the cercarial nervous system are distinct.
Genetic polymorphism inProteocephalus exiguusshown by enzyme electrophoresis
Authors: Šnábel V. , Hanzelová V. , Mattiucci S. , D'Amelio S. , Paggi L.
Published: June 2009

Enzyme electrophoresis has been used to examine genetic diversity in a population ofProteocephalus exiguusLa Rue, 1911 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), parasitizing salmonid and coregonid fishes. Among 16 loci tested, three polymorphic loci (Ada, Got, Pgm-2) were found. Six different genotypes at theGotlocus distributed in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium suggest remarkable genetic flexibility ofP. exiguus. Balancing selection is proposed as the mechanism maintaining genetic variation within the species. Data of genetic variability parameters (Ho= 0.064; He= 0.07; P = 0.19) and outcrossing rate (t = 0.842) ofP. exiguuspopulation have been provided. Possible factors affecting these data are discussed.
Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of the black rat (Rattus rattus) in Abeokuta, southwest Nigeria
Authors: Mafiana C.F. , Osho M.B. , Sam-Wobo S.
Published: June 2009

A survey of 612 black rats, Rattus rattus (282 males and 330 females), for infections with helminth parasites was carried out in Abeokuta, in southwest Nigeria. Three hundred and ninety six (64.7%) were infected with one or more of seven species of helminths comprising three cestodes (Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia taeniaeformis (cyst) and Raillietina sp.) three nematodes (Mastophorus muris, Trichuris muris and Syphacia sp.) and one acanthocephalan (Moniliformis moniliformis). Although the prevalence of infection in males (76.6%) was more than in females (54.5%) (P< 0.01), there was no difference in the mean intensity of infection, MI, (males = 11.6 ± 0.94, females = 11.1 ± 1.56). Among the different weight classes, rats of 100–130g were more infected (89.3%) and had the highest mean intensity (MI = 21.6) than those that weighed <100g (47.1%, MI = 6.4) and >130g (73.9%, MI = 9.3). Moniliformis moniliformis was the most common species encountered (39.2%) and had the highest mean intensity in both sexes ( = 7.4 ± 0.74). Considering the rat-man proximity, this finding has considerable public health implications.
Variation in the larval recovery ofToxocara canisfrom the murine brain: implications for behavioural studies
Authors: Skerrett H. , Holland C.V.
Published: June 2009

The migratory pathway ofToxocara canislarvae was determined by infecting mice with a low, medium or high dose of embryonatedT. caniseggs and determining numbers of larvae present in the brain, liver, lungs, kidneys and muscle on days 5, 14 and 26 post infection. Variation was seen in the numbers of larvae recorded in the organs of mice which had received the same number of eggs and were at the same stage of infection. This variation was particularly marked in the brain indicating that, for the purposes of behavioural studies, the actual numbers of larvae found in the brain rather than the number assumed from the dose would have to be taken into account when analysing the behaviour of infected mice.
Effects of concurrently administered copper and mercury on phagocytic cell activity and antibody levels in guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis
Authors: Šoltýs J. , Borošková Z. , Dvorožňáková E.
Published: June 2009

The subchronic effect of copper and mercury on selected immunological parameters in guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis was studied. Cupric sulphate and mercuric chloride administered for 28 days did not suppress the levels of specific circulating antibody in a subsequentAscaris suuminfection. Intoxication of animals significantly inhibited the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages throughout the experiment.Ascaris suuminfection elevated macrophage phagocytic activity but values remained significantly lower in comparison with infected non-intoxicated animals. Both the concurrently administered metal compounds changed the phagocytic ability of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the blood.

The intensity of infection assessed by the number ofAscarislarvae migrating in the lungs of animals currently intoxicated with both the metal compounds increased by 28.6%, compared with controls.
Comparison of the trapping ability ofArthrobotrys robustaandMonacrosporium gephyropagumon infective larvae ofStrongyloides papillosus
Authors: Gonzalez Cruz M.E. , Mendoza de Gives P. , Quiroz Romero H.
Published: June 2009

In anin vitrotrial, the trapping ability ofArthrobotrys robustaandMonacrosporium gephyropagumagainstStrongyloides papillosusinfective larvae on corn meal agar plates, was evaluated after seven days of interaction at 25°C.Monacrosporium gephyropagumtrapped 93.1% of the larvae whereasA. robustatrapped only 32.3%. Variability in the capture ofS. papillosusinfective larvae by both trapping fungi is discussed.
Morphological and developmental characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus derived from sheep, cattle and camels in Iran
Authors: Hosseini S.H. , Eslami A.
Published: June 2009

Echinococcus granulosus is widely distributed throughout Iran, where a variety of animals act as intermediate hosts. In this study, the development and morphological characteristics of E. granulosus of sheep, cattle and camel origin were compared and, overall, the characteristics of larval and adult isolates from sheep and cattle, although similar, showed significant differences from those of the camel isolates, especially with respect to the size of rostellar hooks. Differences in the fertility rates of hydatid cyst in sheep, cattle and camel were recorded as 88%, 19% and 70% respectively.

In dogs experimentally infected with the three ‘strains’ of E. granulosus, the rate of development was more rapid in the camel than in the sheep and cattle ‘strain’. In addition, adult E. granulosus derived from the camel demonstrate differences in worm length, segmentation and size, shape, number and arrangement of the genitalia when compared with worms derived from sheep and cattle. The epidemiological significance of these findings is discussed in relation to human hydatid infections in Iran.
Effects of Echinostoma caproni infection on the phospholipid and sphingolipid content of the intestinal mucosa of ICR mice
Authors: Albrecht B.K. , Fried B. , Sherma J.
Published: June 2009

High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to determine phospholipids and sphingolipids in the intestinal mucosa of ICR mice infected with Echinostoma caproni for two weeks. The major phospholipids detected in both infected and non-infected mucosa were phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). HPTLC-densitometric analysis showed that there was a significant decrease in the weight of both PC and PE in the intestinal mucosa of infected mice compared to that of the uninfected controls. Cerebrosides and sulphatides, but not sphingomyelin, were identified in the intestinal mucosa of both infected and uninfected hosts. There was an apparent increase in the cerebroside content of the mucosa of infected versus control mice. The pathobiochemical changes seen in the polar lipid content of infected hosts probably reflect the feeding and behavioural activities of E. caproni in the mouse intestine.
Recent Observations on Helminthiasis in some British Game Birds
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

1. Helminth parasites may be important causes of disease and death among game birds, both among penned stock and in the field. S. trachea is probably the most important, but species of Heterakis follow closely, having both a direct and an indirect effect. T. tenuis must be considered as potentially important and may be responsible for much loss when the right ecological factors are present.

2. It is clear that game farmers will need to pay careful attention to methods of controlling the spread of helminths: in particular, to prevent the spread of T. tenuis, which can build up quickly to epizootic proportions on restricted areas where the bird population is high. Pheasants are potential hosts of this species and the death rate could easily be serious under careless management.

3. The presence of poultry near or with penned birds is fraught with danger as many helminths have a wide host distribution among related gallinaceous birds. Thus species of Capillaria and Heterakis which normally cause little trouble among poultry, can cause death and disease among game birds.

4. The few wild chicks examined were interesting. There is a heavy loss of wild chicks but only rarely are dead ones seen so that little is known about the cause of this loss. Adverse weather conditions and predators no doubt are important, but it is obvious from the few cases reported above, that S. trachea and H. isolonche may also be causes of considerable importance.

5. Many old birds are carriers of parasites and contaminate the ground with ova. Thus young stock with no resistance may well pick up lethal infestations, if they are allowed to graze land previously used by old birds.
Some Problems in Bilharziasis in Africa and the Adjoining Countries
Authors: LeRoux P. L.
Published: June 2009

As an old student of Emeritus Professor R. T. Leiper it gives me great pleasure to contribute something for the Anniversary number. It was indeed an ordeal for me to decide what to contribute in honour of this famous man who is happily still with us.
On Six New Species of Dorylaimida (Nematoda)
Authors: Baqri Qaiser H. , Jairajpuri M. Shamim
Published: June 2009

Six new nematode species of Dorylaimida are described from soil around roots of cotton plant in Uttar Pradesh, India : Discolaimium mazhari, D. upum, Aporcelaimellus heynsi, A. indicus, Leptonchus capitatus and Amphidelus novus. Keys to the species of the genera Discolaimium Thorne, 1939 and Aporcelaimellus Heyns, 1965 have also been provided.
The size of the red cells in Dibothriocephalus infection
Authors: Passey R. D. , Braine J. Carter
Published: June 2009

Thanks to the kindness of Professor Leiper, opportunities were given to measure the red cells in these three cases of experimental Dibothriocephalus infection, and to construct Price Jones curves to show the distribution of the cells. In addition, Dr. J. Smith kindly supplied blood films and the particulars of a case of natural infection occurring in an Esthonian sailor, C. E., who was under his care in the City Hospital, Aberdeen, and which had been diagnosed by Prof. Leiper.

It is commonly asserted in the text books that the anaemia which occurs in cases of infection with this worm is identical with that found in pernicious anæmia. It seemed worth while, therefore, to see if there occurred the increase in the average mean diameter of the red cell, and the same cell distribution curve, which are to be found in pernicious anaemia (1922)
Pot Experiments on the Chemical Treatment of Soils Infected with the Potato and Oat Strains of Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Hurst Richard H.
Published: June 2009

It was observed in laboratory experiments that the lethal action of dilute solutions of calcium cyanamide on the larvae of Heterodera schachtii was more rapid when these solutions were rendered slightly acid. This might be due to the rate of decomposition of calcium cyanamide in aqueous solutions of varying þH. The changes which cyanamide undergoes in acid and alkaline media have been described by Crowther & Richardson (1932). Solutions of commercial calcium cyanamide are moderately alkaline because of their lime content, and in this alkalinity any free cyanamide which is formed tends to polymerise to dicyanodiamide. Experiments with solutions of dicyanodiamide showed that this substance has very little toxic action on H. schachtii larvae. In acid solution, on the other hand, cyanamide is hydrolysed to urea. This substance becomes toxic when it decomposes to ammonia, but in the slightly acid solutions used the change would be a slow process. It is probable, therefore, that the degree of toxicity of calcium cyanamide solutions would be greatest where the cyanamide radicle could be retained unchanged for the longest period.
On a Dermatitis in Malays caused by the Cercariae of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906
Authors: Buckley J. J. C
Published: June 2009

A skin infection called by the local Malays “ sawah itch ” has been known in Negri Sembilan, Federated Malay States, for some years, where it has been recorded from widely distributed areas in this State and also from the rice-fields adjoining the Tampin-Malacca road. It is essentially associated with padi-cultivation and is especially prevalent during those periods when the soil is being ploughed or “ chankolled ” prior to planting with rice seedlings, which occupation necessitates workers spending hours each day with their legs submerged in the mud and water of the sawah. (Sawah = swamp or tract of ground covered with water.) I am indebted to Dr. J. W. Field of the Institute for Medical Research, F.M.S., for permission to quote the following extract from his unpublished report on “ sawah itch.”
New Records of Helminths in British Birds
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

The object of this short paper is to record a number of new host species for certain common helminths of birds. These new records show that the host range of some helminths is not so circumscribed as had been previously believed. Most of these parasites have been obtained at routine post-mortem examinations and hence were the result of natural infections in the field. A few however were the result of experimental feedings at this Institute.
Are there Host Strains within the Species of Syngamus trachea?
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

In 1928 Taylor put forward the theory that “…Syngamus trachea is a species within which there may be found a number of strains showing a peculiar physiological adaptation to the host in which they occur.” He had not had much success in a number of experiments in which he had tried to infect chickens with S. trachea from starlings. The first experimental feedings resulted in only light infections though control experiments with the chicken “strain” resulted in much heavier ones. After the first passage through the chicken however, the gapeworms had become more adapted to the new host, and could produce much more serious infections in the next generation.
The Relation of Helminthiasis to Leukaemia in Domestic Fowls
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

During the past year about 50 domestic hens from a farm at Wheathampstead, Herts, have been sent to this laboratory for postmortem examination. The birds came in singly at first. Later as the helminthic fauna seemed likely to prove interesting, they were kindly sent in groups of three. When a diseased bird died, a thin one and an apparently healthy one were slaughtered so as to effect a control. The hens had been bought as adults from a number of local farmers and were kept outside on free range. They belonged to the breeds Ancona, Light Sussex, Rhode Island Red or were a cross between R.I.R. and Light Sussex. All the birds seemed to be equally affected.
On Microstrongylus genetiæ gen. and sp. nov., a Trichostrongyle Parasite of Genetta senegalensis
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

A Considerable number of specimens of this parasite were collected from the small intestine of a genette which died in the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.

The cuticle of the cephalic extremity is dilated anteriorly. This swelling is terminated posteriorly by the cuticle incurving to meet a raised ring on the body-wall, about the level of the junction of the anterior and second fifths of the œsophagus. There are no cervical papillæ present, and it is probable that this ring may be regarded as replacing them. Just anterior to the middle of the œsophageal region and at the level of the excretory pore is a cervical groove which completely encircles the body. Laterally the cuticle on the anterior margin is thickened; it is also thickened on the ventral side, but less so than laterally. These thickenings are reinforced by a granular inclusion in the cuticle. The posterior margin is thickened only in the region of the excretory pore.
Studies on the Family Opisthorchiidaæ Braun, 1901, with a description of a New Species of Opisthorchis from a Sarus Crane (Antigone antigone)
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: June 2009

The classification of the Trematode family Opisthorchiidæ presents some difficulties to the systematist. These difficulties arise partly from the fact that a number of the existing species appear to lack any real morphological characters by which they can be differentiated, slight variations in measurements, together with a difference in host, having been considered sufficient to justify the making of new species. This view has resulted in the placing of undue importance on somewhat minor differences when they do occur in other species, such differences being considered sufficient for creating new genera.

The systematist is further confronted with the difficulty of forming definite opinions on the systematic position of some of the species made by earlier workers. Their descriptions and figures are often inadequate owing to the fact that characters which, in the past, were considered of minor importance are now given much closer attention. Examples of the confusion which has arisen from such a position will be referred to in this paper.
Gametogenesis, and Early Development in Gigantocotyle bathycotyle (Fischoeder, 1901) Näsmark, 1937
Authors: Willmott S.
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of the genitalia of Gigantocotyle bathycotylc is described.

2. An account is given of gametogenesis, egg-shell formation, and the first two cleavage divisions.

3. The chromosome number is given as n = 6, 2n = 12.
Snail Hosts ofFasciola hepaticain Britain
Authors: Brian Kendall S.
Published: June 2009

1. This paper presents experimental evidence to show thatLimnaea truncatulais not the only British snail susceptible to infection with Fasciolahepatica.

2. Of the six British species ofLimnaea, five may be infected under laboratory conditions, L.auriculariaproving resistant to infection. Full development of the parasite occurs inL. truncatula, L. slagnalis, L. palustris and L. glabra, while development as far as the production of rediae occurred on one occasion inL. pereger. Of the susceptible speciesL. truncatulamay be infected at any age or size, but the other species are susceptible only during the first few days after hatching.

3.F. hepaticaappeared to be relatively pathogenic to hosts other thanL. truncatulaeven though the level of infection (as evidenced by the number of rediae which developed) was considerably lower than in the more usual host.
Leipertrema vitellariolateralis n.sp. from the Intestine of Callosciuris notatus in Malaya
Authors: Rohde Klaus
Published: June 2009

Sixteen specimens of a small trematode, belonging to the genus Leipertrema Sandosham, 1951, were collected from the intestine of a male Callosciurns notatus. This squirrel was caught at Subang, Selangor, Federation of Malaya,. on 17th December. 1960. The specimens differ from the only other member of the genus, Leipertrema rewelli Sandosham, 1951 from the pancreas of one Orang Utan, Pongo pygmaeus, (type specimens examined) and require description.