bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GIS Assessment of Carbon Storage and Sequestration Impact Caused by Urban Development in Itaperuna-RJ, Brazil
Authors: Paz Igor , Celebrini de Oliveira Campos Priscila , Barros Felix Norton , Soares Marques Maria Esther
Published: March 2024

The changes in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) have multifaceted impacts on sustainable development. Among the main ecosystem services acting on the environment, the Carbon Storage and Sequestration consists of the process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and its subsequent incorporation or storage in the form of biomass. Therefore, its understanding and modeling allow the control and instrumentalization of the biological absorption of carbon by the soil and, consequently, the reduction of the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. To unravel this intricate ecosystem service, this study employs the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) methodology, specifically the Carbon Storage and Sequestration (CSS) model, within the municipality of Itaperuna in the northwest of the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. This model estimates the amount of carbon stored in an area, calculates the variations that have occurred, and predicts future storage in the same region. It does so by analyzing land use and land cover, estimating carbon sequestration alterations between different scenarios, and assessing their monetary worth. To undertake this analysis effectively, three key pieces of information are essential: delineation of two LULC scenarios (e.g., 2015 and 2020), carbon content across various LULC classes, and the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC), which evaluates potential socioeconomic repercussions due to climate change for each ton of carbon emitted. This investigation aims not only to comprehend the dynamics of land use and land cover alterations in a medium-sized city within this region but also to estimate changes in carbon stocks and sequestration resulting from LULC transformations. The study further intends to quantify the financial implications of these alterations through the application of SCC.
An Argo Float Study of Temperature and Salinity in the Subpolar region of the Cambpell Plateau
Authors: Amaral Wasielesky Ana , Menna Milena , Rubino Angelo , Martellucci Riccardo , Cotroneo Yuri , Aulicino Giuseppe , Ferola Antonino Ian , Mauri Elena
Published: March 2024

The Subantarctic region of New Zealand is marked by a unique and complex bathymetry that includes an ocean ridge and a substantial submarine plateau known as the Campbell Plateau. This plateau is located near the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, and plays a vital role in the export of heat, salt, and nutrients into the lower thermocline, primarily through the formation of mode waters. In the present study, Argo floats data from 2003 to 2023 are used to identify the main water masses along the eastern margin of the Campbell Plateau. This region, located at the boundary between subtropical and subantarctic fronts, is characterized by the formation of Sub-Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), which make an important contribution to the broader oceanic circulation patterns. First results reveal the presence of eight distinct water masses in the study region and emphasize their peculiar seasonal variability. A decadal analysis describes colder waters in the period 2003-2013 compared to 2014-2023, while significant changes in salinity are observed in 2017-2018. Water mass identification, depicted through Temperature-Salinity plots, is consistent with existing literature, but can also provide new insights on the interaction between subantarctic and subtropical waters. This research contributes to describe the ocean dynamic of Subantarctic New Zealand. The use of Argo float data provides an unprecedented level of detail in examining the spatial and temporal resolution of an area located between two different current systems, whose changes potentially influence the global and Southern Ocean circulation patterns, with consequent implication on the climate.
Retrieving Seismic Reflective Waves from DAS VSP: a Case Study from MiDAS Project
Authors: Guan Zhuo-Kang , Kuo-Chen Hao , Chen Chun-Rong , Ma Kuo-Fong
Published: March 2024

The Longitudinal Valley in eastern Taiwan situated at the boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate, making it one of the significant seismogenic regions in Taiwan. In 2018, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake occurred offshore of Hualien, at the northern end of this valley. More than 4,000 aftershocks received over following two weeks beneath the Longitudinal Valley. Surprisingly, Hualien City and the Milun Fault, situated near the epicenter, did not experience notable aftershocks. However, they did display evident co-seismic deformation during the mainshock. Milun fault Drilling and All-inclusive Sensing (MiDAS) project aims to establish a comprehensive and long-term monitoring system, which involves three boreholes encompassing the fault for both surface and subsurface geoscientific observations. This study utilized a 700-meter DAS (Distributed Acoustic Sensing) setup within the borehole A of the MiDAS project to conduct VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling) experiments. Additionally, electrical logging and surface reflection seismic data were gathered.  According to the 2D reflection seismic profile, the results depicted a gently sloping stratum on the northwest side arching towards the southwest. Most layers tapered beneath the Milun Terrace, and the fault-induced stratigraphic disturbance was not clearly discernible, making it challenging to determine if the layers were intersected by the fault. However, pronounced folding structures were evident beneath the terrace, correlating with areas of intense co-seismic deformation. From the VSP experiment, the data exhibited pronounced P-waves and Tube waves, suggesting the presence of fluids around the casing rather than rocks or cement. After data processing, the P-wave velocity correlated well with the downhole sonic logging data. Also, reflection signals with two-way travel times ranging from 0.27 to 0.45 seconds were observed in both seismic profiles. This suggests that the VSP effectively resolved reflection signals from depths of 340 to 612 meters. These signals displayed a high resemblance to lithology indicators such as Gamma ray and resistivity, confirming the authenticity of the separated reflection signals obtained from shallow depth, lower signal-to-noise ratio data.
Analysing CME observations and simulations with multi-spacecraft techniques
Authors: Palmerio Erika
Published: March 2024

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are humongous structures that permeate the heliosphere as they travel away from the Sun. Beginning their journey from a more-or-less localised region in the solar atmosphere, they expand to many times the size of the Sun through the corona, measure about 0.3 au in radial extent by the time they reach 1 au, and interact with the structured solar wind and other transients to form so-called merged interaction regions in the outer heliosphere. One of the most prominent challenges in heliophysics is the achievement of a complete understanding of the intrinsic structure and evolution of CMEs, in particular of their spatiotemporal variability, which in turn would allow more precise forecasts of their arrival time and space weather effects throughout the heliosphere. The most common methods to detect and analyse these behemoths of the solar system consist of remote-sensing observations, i.e. 2D images at various wavelengths, and in-situ measurements, i.e. 1D spacecraft trajectories through the structure. These data, however, are often insufficient to provide a comprehensive picture of a given event, due to the scarcity of available measurement points and the enormous scales involved. Some ways to circumvent these issues consist of taking advantage of multi-spacecraft observations of the same CME (usually at different heliolongitudes and/or radial distances) and to use simulations to complement the available measurements and/or to investigate the 3D structure of CMEs without constraints on the number of synthetic observers.In this presentation, we will first provide a review of the advantages of multi-spacecraft observations of CMEs and how they have helped us build the overall picture of CME structure and evolution that forms our current understanding. We will then showcase examples of detailed CME studies, both in the observational and modelling regimes, that have been made possible due to the availability of multi-point measurements. These will include events observed remotely and/or in situ by the latest generation of heliophysics missions, i.e. Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter. Finally, we will speculate on possible future avenues that are worthy of exploring to reach a deeper understanding of CMEs from their eruption throughout their heliospheric journey, especially in terms of novel space missions that may improve not only our knowledge from a fundamental physics standpoint, but also our prediction and forecasting capabilities.
Depositional and paleoenvironmental changes in Arctic Svalbard fjords during the last deglaciation: Insights from Grain Size End-Member Modeling
Authors: Nam Seung-Il , Ahn youngkyu , Joe Young Jin , Jang Kwangchul , Kim Dahae , Kim Jung-Hyun , Son Yeong Ju , Forwick Matthias , Knies Jochen , Hong Sungmin
Published: March 2024

Grain size end-member (EM) modeling is a statistical method employed to identify and quantify dominant grain size distributions in marine sediments, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of sediment transport and deposition mechanisms. Despite its utility in various marine sediments, the application of this modeling approach to glacimarine fjord sediments in polar regions remains relatively unexplored.This study investigates the grain size distributions of glacimarine sediment cores collected from the Wijdefjorden and off Kongsfjorden in the Arctic Svalbard archipelago. By integrating grain-size EMs with lithologic and acoustic facies, we delineate distinct EM groups associated with specific depositional processes and environments. This study shows that Svalbard fjord systems underwent significant depositional changes influenced by glacial retreat during the last deglaciation to the early Holocene, coinciding with enhanced Atlantic Water inflow. Conversely, the late Holocene noticed reduced Atlantic Water inflow, aligning with glacial advances, and resulted in notable changes in depositional environments. This study underscores the efficiency of EM modeling as a valuable tool for comprehending grain size distributions and reconstructing depositional processes in glacimarine sediments within the fjord complex systems of Svalbard. Consequently, this approach enhances our understanding of the interconnected dynamics involving climate change, glacier dynamics, and oceanic forcing in glaciated polar environments throughout past glacial-interglacial climate changes.
Flow source drives extreme variation in dissolved organic carbon in an important North American Great Plains reservoir
Authors: Baulch Helen , Baron Anthony , Nazemi Ali , Whitfield Colin
Published: March 2024

Elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations are a major concern for drinking water treatment plants that draw from surface waters, owing to effects on disinfection byproduct formation, risks of bacterial regrowth in water distribution systems, and treatment costs. Yet within the vast Great Plains of North America water supplies are limited. As a result, water utilities often rely on water bodies with naturally elevated DOC. Using a 30-year data set encompassing both extreme wet and dry conditions we investigate the drivers of high variation in DOC, exploring effects of changing flow management and in-lake water chemistry. Using wavelet coherence analyses and generalized additive models of DOC, we find DOC concentration was significantly coherent with flow from a large upstream mesotrophic reservoir. DOC was also coherent with sulfate, total phosphorus, ammonium, and chlorophyll a concentrations across the 30-year record. These variables accounted for 56% of the deviance in DOC from 1990 to 2019, suggesting that water source and in-lake nutrient and solute chemistry are effective predictors of DOC concentration. Clearly, climate and changes in water and catchment management will influence source water quality in this already water-scarce region. Our results highlight the importance of flow management to shallow eutrophic reservoirs and demonstrate impacts on source water quality.  Results also highlight a key management challenge where wet periods can exacerbate water quality issues and these effects can be compounded by flow rules that dictate reducing inflows from systems with lower DOC. Our work shows that current flow management decisions to address water level and flood risk concerns also have important impacts on drinking water treatability, creating important tradeoffs and highlighting complex challenges for regional water security.  
Effect of soil moisture hysteresis on root water uptake: 1D Model
Authors: Sinha Tathagata
Published: March 2024

The coupled dynamics of soil moisture movement and plant root water uptake and determines the spatio-temporal distribution of soil water content (θs) and evapotranspiration in the vadose zone. The efficiency of root water uptake and soil moisture hysteresis are significantly correlated, according to the results, with different patterns showing up during wetting and drying cycles. The significance of taking into account hysteresis effects in accurately estimating plant water acquisition under different climatic conditions is highlighted by the non-linear relationship between soil moisture and root water uptake.Current modeling approaches to predict this dynamics involves coupling the transient Richards equation (soil moisture movement) with a steady state Darcy equation (root water movement) through a sink term that represents the flux of water exchanged between the soil and root systems. These one-dimensional (vertical) models are often coupled with above ground canopy models to make predictions of land-surface fluxes in the critical zone. Over the course of a (non-rainy) diurnal period the soil typically experiences a decline in water content during the day and an increase in water content at night due to capillary wicking from deeper layers, and hydraulic redistribution. Over a growing season, the vadose zone experiences several such wetting and drying hysteretic cycles.However, current models ignore the effect of soil moisture hysteresis. Additionally, the root water uptake formulations employed in current models do not account for variations in root axial hydraulic conductivity with root water potential. Here we develop a coupled root-soil model (vRoot) that includes the effect of soil moisture hysteresis and dynamically varying, root water potential dependent, root axial hydraulic conductivities. Our coupled model shows that the effect of hysteresis on root water uptake.The findings of this study emphasize the importance of taking soil moisture hysteresis into account when evaluating plant-water relationships and have implications for enhancing water management techniques in agriculture and ecosystem modeling.
The Virtual Water Gallery: Measuring attitude changes towards climate and water through art
Authors: Arnal Louise , Schuster-Wallace Corinne
Published: March 2024

Water is life. Water-related challenges, such as droughts, floods, water quality degradation, permafrost thaw and glacier melt, exacerbated by climate change, affect everyone. Yet, it is challenging to communicate science on complex and highly volatile topics such as water and climate change. Conceptualizing water-related environmental and social issues in novel ways, for example using art, with engagement between diverse audiences may lead to comprehensive solutions to these complex challenges.The Virtual Water Gallery (VWG) project, launched as part of the Global Water Futures (GWF) program in 2020 as a collaborative space merging science and art to address water challenges. Thirteen artists, representing diverse voices, teamed up with GWF scientists to explore specific challenges across Canada. The resulting artworks were exhibited on the VWG website (www.virtualwatergallery.ca) in 2021, with a first in-person exhibition in Canmore in 2022. Surveys were concurrently conducted to capture perspectives on climate change and water challenges, as well as on the role of art as a tool for engagement, from project participants, online and in-person gallery visitors.Join us as we share key findings and lessons learned on the SciArt collaborations and exhibition. Participant survey results highlight the participating artists and scientists’ experiences during the co-creation process. Visitor survey results help clarify the impact of art on people's understanding of climate change and its effects on water resources, alongside insights into behaviour changes (e.g., energy conservation, recycling, dietary choices) as a result of visiting the exhibition.
Evaluating historic atmospheric river associated extreme rainfall and its flooding potentials based on a high-resolution climate model
Authors: Prange Marc , Zhao Ming , Shevliakova Elena
Published: March 2024

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) transport vast amounts of water vapor from the tropics to mid-latitudes, resulting in sustained, heavy precipitation that explains about 50 % of mid-latitude annual mean rainfall. AR events over the Western US have shown particularly high societal impact, where orographic and soil conditions make communities vulnerable to floods and mudslides. Climate modelling approaches for capturing extreme precipitation and water runoff on land are both strongly constrained by the horizontal resolution that is currently deployed, typically on the order of 100 km. Such grid spacing neither allows for explicitly resolving key processes associated with extreme precipitation like atmospheric convection, nor complex terrain that controls water runoff. However, recent advances in computational capabilities and model development at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) at a finer horizontal resolution of 50 and 25 km have shown promising perspectives for simulating important characteristics of ARs and their associated mean and extreme precipitation. In addition, advances in GFDL land model hydrology now allow for investigating climate model capabilities in predicting precipitation induced flood hazard precursors like excessive runoff and streamflow in a physically coupled, orography-aware atmosphere-land framework. Here, we make use of the high resolution GFDL coupled atmosphere-land model by running hindcast experiments for a handful of high impact AR events over the Western US. We evaluate the model’s predictive skill in AR associated precipitation by running ensemble forecasts on weather time scales, which we evaluate against observations and reanalysis. We attribute the found biases in terms of dynamical and thermodynamic drivers, revealing current model constraints. Accounting for the biases found in precipitation, we turn to the land hydrology and evaluate catchment associated hydrological characteristics, which we compare to satellite derived and in-situ observations.
Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation of Microplastics before and after Oxidation
Authors: Seifried Teresa M. , Nikkho Sepehr , Morales Murillo Aurelio , Andrew Lucas J. , Grant Edward R. , Bertram Allan K.
Published: March 2024

Many recent studies point to the environmental threat posed by microplastic pollution, both in waterways and as transmitted globally in the atmosphere.1,2 Airborne microplastics impact the climate by the direct absorption and scattering of radiation3 and may act indirectly to influence cloud formation and precipitation by means of heterogeneous ice nucleation.4 But, the true efficiency of microplastics as ice-nucleating particles and its implications for cloud formation remain largely unknown.Here, we present evidence for ice nucleation in immersion freezing mode induced by various microplastics suspended in water. This study focuses on seven distinct microplastic morphologies in substances composed of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). For each polymer type, we analyzed at least one commercially-available microplastic sample and one generated from the breakdown of a commonly used commercial product. PP needles, PP fibers and PET fibers nucleated ice at temperatures relevant for mixed-phase cloud formation, with T50 values of -20.88 °C ± 0.52, -23.24°C ± 0.21 and -21.93°C ± 0.51, respectively. The number of ice nucleation sites per surface area (ns(T)) ranged from 10-1 to 104 cm-2 in a temperature interval of -15 to -25°C. In addition, we conducted oxidation experiments, exposing the samples to ozone and UV light, resulting in a decrease of nucleation temperatures among the ice-active microplastics. The presented data holds significant potential for integration into climate models, facilitating estimations of their impact on cloud formation. (1) Dris, R.; Gasperi, J.; Rocher, V.; Saad, M.; Renault, N.; Tassin, B. Microplastic Contamination in an Urban Area: A Case Study in Greater Paris. Environ. Chem. 2015, 12 (5), 592–599. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN14167.(2) Allen, S.; Allen, D.; Baladima, F.; Phoenix, V. R.; Thomas, J. L.; Le Roux, G.; Sonke, J. E. Evidence of Free Tropospheric and Long-Range Transport of Microplastic at Pic Du Midi Observatory. Nat Commun 2021, 12 (1), 7242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27454-7.(3) Revell, L. E.; Kuma, P.; Le Ru, E. C.; Somerville, W. R. C.; Gaw, S. Direct Radiative Effects of Airborne Microplastics. Nature 2021, 598 (7881), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03864-x.(4) Ganguly, M.; Ariya, P. A. Ice Nucleation of Model Nanoplastics and Microplastics: A Novel Synthetic Protocol and the Influence of Particle Capping at Diverse Atmospheric Environments. ACS Earth Space Chem. 2019, 3 (9), 1729–1739. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00132.
Flood Severity, Socio-Economic Impacts, and Elevation Strategy Effectiveness in a Subset of Louisiana Post-Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Authors: Al Assi Ayat , Mostafiz Rubayet Bin , Friedland Carol J. , Hasan Fuad
Published: March 2024

FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) assisted survivors of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, necessitating a 25% homeowner contribution for post-disaster home elevation. The federal Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) program allocated $13.4 billion to Louisiana, offering $30K grants per home, aligning with HMGP needs. This study focused on elevated residential homes in a subset of Louisiana's housing data, aiming to understand the intersection of flood risk when disaggregated by frequency, vulnerable populations, and mitigation costs.The analysis investigating the correlation between flood frequency/severity and variables such as race and ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, exploring their interconnections. Subsequently, we explored how flood risk changed both pre- and post-implementation of elevation strategies across various return periods, aiming to determine the proportional attribution of the total AAL to these different periods. Additionally, it examined the comparative flood risk before and after elevation strategies across diverse socioeconomic statuses. Finally, it analyzed the absolute benefits of elevation strategies, particularly the avoided AAL, compared with investment values and socioeconomic statuses.The result of this study indicates that Poverty levels remain consistent across different return periods, a notable increase in Non-white population percentages with longer return periods, and a peak in Renters' percentage at floods with a return period of ≥200 years. It’s demonstrated that a substantial percentage of the total AAL is attributed to less frequent but more severe events—those occurring with return periods between 100 and 500 years, as well as those with return periods greater than 500-year. The results show inconsistencies in the Avoided AAL values across different investment levels suggest that the relationship between investment in elevation costs and Avoided AAL is not directly proportional.The study results provide multifaceted insights, aiding in the identification of vulnerable communities and offering guidance for resource allocation decisions, and demonstrating the impact of elevation strategies. The economic analysis enhances understanding of federal mitigation investments' cost-effectiveness across diverse socio-economic statuses. 
Formation of broad-valley morphology triggered by uplift of Yulong-Haba Snow Mountains in the First Bend reaches of the Jinsha River, upper Yangtze River, SE Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wei Chuanyi , Yin Gongming , Wang Duo , Li Cheng
Published: March 2024

The southeast Tibetan Plateau (SETP) was marked with strong neotectonics due to the collision of Asia-Europe plate and Indian plate. However, different from the SETP morphology characterized by high mountains and deep-narrow valleys, broad-valley was developed in the First Bend (Shigu Town) reaches of the Jinsha River, uppermost Yangtze River. Simultaneously, an ancient channel was filled and buried with thick gravel layer in broad-valley area. Based on the geological and geomorphic investigation of the Jinsha River broad-valley, combined with its sedimentary geochronology and river bedrock profile variation, as well as the activities of the adjacent faults and uplift style and rate of the Yulong-Haba Snow Mountains, the comprehensive results showed that the broad-valley formation and thick sedimentary development were controlled by the eastern piedmont fault of Yulong-Haba Snow Mountains: the Deqin-Zhongdian-Daju-eastern piedmont fault of Yulong Mountains (DZDYF). The DZDYF was the west border of the Sichuan-Yunnan Rhombic Block with strong activities. Since the early Pleistocene, the rapid continuously asymmetric uplift of the Yulong-Haba Snow Mountains (YHSM) changed the hydrologic condition of the Jinsha River, formed a subsidence center in west Jinsha River channel of the YHSM. In this area, the current slows down and the valley becomes broad, the ancient channel was filled and buried by accumulated sedimentary. At east area of the YHSM, with the trenching incision of the Jinsha River, the knickpoint of the eastern piedmont fault of Yulong-Haba Snow Mountains migrated to west continuously. Affected by lithology of the YHSM, seven knickpoints were developed in Tiger Leaping Gorge.
Remote sensing of multidimensional canopy structure of global forests in human-dominated landscapes
Authors: Li Wang
Published: March 2024

Forests are one of the most active terrestrial ecosystems on Earth, especially intact forests, which possess high integrity and biodiversity of flora and fauna. Climate change and human activities are considered crucial environmental factors affecting forests. However, there remains significant uncertainty regarding the universal impact of these environmental factors on the multidimensional structure of global forests and how they will shape future forest structure and functionality. This study utilized a substantial amount of satellite data from the GEDI lidar satellite and multispectral MODIS satellite to quantify forest canopy structure density. It successfully delineated the spatial distribution patterns of the multidimensional canopy structure of global forests, focusing on analyzing the influence of human activity on the structural density of global forests, protected forests, and intact forests. Additionally, it analyzed the relative importance concerning human activities, climate, and other environmental factors. Based on this analysis, the study further investigated the differences in the spatial distribution patterns of multidimensional canopy structure in naturally regrowing forests and plantation forests under various human management types. It also implicated the impact of establishing protected areas and excluding human disturbances on forest ecosystem functioning like carbon storage. This research, from a satellite remote sensing perspective, notably revealed that human pressures extend even into forests traditionally believed to be protected and of higher integrity. It contributes to significant corrections regarding prevailing notions about the driving factors behind forest degradation. Moreover, it underscores the critical importance of better management and sustainable maintenance of protected forests, intact forests, and naturally regrowing forests for restoring and safeguarding forest ecosystem functioning.
UAV-based Wetland Monitoring: Mapping Coastal Habitats and Changes in Vegetation Height with Digital Terrain Models 
Authors: Van Alphen Robert , Rains Kai , Rodgers Mel , Malservisi Rocco , Dixon Timothy
Published: March 2024

Monitoring coastal wetlands, particularly mangroves, is increasingly important as the impacts of climate change increase. As sea levels rise and temperature increase, vegetation communities traditionally associated with tropical and sub-tropical coastlines will migrate northward and also inland, along waterways. The transition from coastal marshes and subshrubs to woody mangroves is a fundamental change to coastal community structure and species composition, requiring monitoring. However, this transition is likely to be episodic, complicating monitoring efforts, as mangrove advances are countered by dieback resulting from increasingly impactful storms. Coastal habitat monitoring has traditionally been done through satellite and ground-based surveys. This project investigates the use of UAV lidar and multispectral photogrammetry which can be obtained routinely at higher resolution than satellite derived data, and cheaper and faster than ground-surveys. Using UAV-based methods we monitor and classify coastal habitats, including mangroves, using simple machine learning methods. Between 2020 and 2022 we investigated the use of remote sensing to monitor a multiple use Florida coastal ecosystem. Using UAV lidar we mapped vegetation communities and detected sections of significant canopy loss. Ground truthing verified the occurrence of recent canopy loss at the scale of individual snag remnants of woody mangrove associates, i.e., buttonwood trees (Conocarpus erectus). Using UAV lidar and multispectral photogrammetry data as inputs into a random forest model, we created several models of habitat classification. Training inputs included 2000-pixel and 5000-pixel data subsets. Initial results were resampled to match the size of tree crown in the field area creating four classification schemes. All classifications were validated using standard metrics. Mangrove habitat identification using the resampled 2000-pixel model has 85% producer’s accuracy and 80% user’s accuracy.  UAV surveys combined with machine-learning streamline coastal habitat monitoring and facilitate repeat surveys to assess the effects of climate change.
Quantifying future risk of South Pacific Hospitals from climate change
Authors: McCrystall Michelle , Horvat Chris , McLeod Liz , Stewart Madelyn , Stone Lydia , Taylor Subhashni , Forbes Callum , Natuzzi Eileen , Kafoa Berlin
Published: March 2024

Health facilities in Pacific Island Countries are under threat due to ongoing climate change, namely from extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones. However, obtaining accurate projections of risks are inhibited due to the size and complex geometries of these islands which are not accurately or sometimes even entirely represented in the current resolution of global climate models.  Using higher resolution models and the Synthetic Tropical cyclOne geneRation Model (STORM) to generate 10,000 synthentic tropical cyclones, this study takes a greater in-depth analysis of extreme weather events and tropical cyclones at hospitals in Fiji, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Tonga.Preliminary results show an approximately 150% increase in the frequency of extreme cyclones of category 4 or 5 at hospitals across the Pacific, with Vanuatu and Tonga projected to experience a 200% increase in extreme storms. Projected increases in extreme rainfall days (number of days where rainfall exceeds 95th percentile) ranges between 14-161% and extreme heat days are expected to increase between 43-303 days per year by the end of the century. Mitigating against the impacts of climate change on medical care in these islands is hugely important, and so future aims of this work are to use statistical downscaling and AI-driven model acceleration, as part of our project EMPIRIC2 (EMulation of Pacific Island Risk to Infrastructure from Climate), to provide robust, time-variant facility risks statistics directly to policymakers who are working to improve health infrastructure resilience across the South Pacific.
Monitoring earthquake-induced pore pressure changes in the creeping fault system triggered by the 2022 Chihshang earthquake sequence
Authors: Mu Chung-Hsiang , Fu Ching-Chou , Kuochen Hao , Chen Kuo-Hang , Chen Kuo-Wei
Published: March 2024

Our goal is to comprehend fluid circulation within fault zones and its impact by monitoring hydrochemical and hydrophysical aspects across multiple dimensions. We also monitor nearby micro-seismicity and surface deformation. MAGIC (Multidimensional Active fault of Geo-Inclusive observation Center) is located at the Chihshang creeping fault, situated at the boundary of tectonic plates in eastern Taiwan. This fault exhibits aseismic creep at a rate of 2 cm per year, alongside high seismic activity.The earthquake sequence of 2022 began with a magnitude 6.4 event on September 17 (local time), followed by a magnitude 6.8 earthquake the next day. The epicenters were within the Central Range fault system, positioned to the west of our monitoring network. This presents a significant opportunity to observe co-seismic changes in pore pressure within the footwall and fault zone.The findings revealed that after the initial earthquake in the adjacent fault system, the pore pressure within the footwall swiftly decreased by nearly 100 cm within 15 hours. Simultaneously, the pore pressure within the fault zone increased by approximately 25 cm during the same period. Subsequently, the footwall's pore pressure continued to decrease with the second earthquake and then slowly recovered. These alterations in pore pressure suggest that fractures underwent both opening and closure during stress migration.
Thermodynamically consistent background state and dynamo models constrained by Juno and Cassini gravity harmonics
Authors: Heimpel Moritz
Published: March 2024

The current Juno and recent Cassini missions have yielded unprecedented accuracy and resolution of the gravity fields of Jupiter and Saturn. The new observations of zonal harmonics through J12 have led to a new generation of interior models. Previously, interior models of two or three adiabatic layers were sufficient to satisfy gravity observations. However, to satisfy the Cassini and Juno observations, interior models require more complexity, with recent works proposing five layers, and the presence of gradients in composition and entropy. I describe the hydrostatic equations relevant to a rotating fluid planet with variable density, composition and entropy. Composition is formulated with a simple version of the additive volume law. Stability is described in terms of gradients in specific entropy and composition (mass fraction), which is assumed to be static (or slowly varying) . Relations between composition, entropy and diffusion parameters variation are described in terms of the density ratio, which is a prominent parameter of semiconvection (double diffusive convection). The resulting set of thermodynamic equations, along with gravity, are solved iteratively, calibrated by, and compared to the recent ab-initio EOS results of French et al. (2012) and Militzer et al. (2022).  To further simplify the thermodynamic formulation, non-adiabatic interior models that are polytropic where they are adiabatic are explored. Gravitational harmonics and moment of inertia of the resulting density profiles are calculated using the Theory of Figures to order 7 (Nettelman et al., 2021). Plausible and thermodynamically consistent interior models are shown to be relatively straightforward to obtain. Using the anelastic magnetohydrodynamics code MagIC (Gastine and Wicht, 2012), examples of these interior models are implemented as the background state for dynamo models of Jupiter and Saturn.   
C3IEL, the Cluster for Cloud evolution ClImatE and Lightning mission to study convective clouds at high spatial and temporal resolutions
Authors: Defer Eric , Cornet Celine , Rosenfeld Daniel , Cheymol Cecile , Deschamps Adrien , Frid Alex , Gillot Laurene , Holodovsky Vadim , Kaidar Avner , Peroni Raphael , Price Colin , Ricard Didier , Rimboud Antoine , Schechner Yoav , Shmaryahu Aviad , Yair Yoav
Published: March 2024

The French-Israeli space-borne C3IEL (Cluster for Cloud evolution, ClImate and Lightning) mission aims at providing new insights on convective clouds, at high spatial and temporal resolutions, close to the scales of the individual convective eddies. The mission will simultaneously characterize the convective cloud dynamics, the interactions of clouds with the surrounding water vapor, and the lightning activity.The C3IEL mission consists in a short-baseline (~150 km) train of 2 synchronized nano-satellites. Each nano-satellite carries a visible camera (670 nm) for cloud imagery at a spatial resolution of ~20 meters, near-infrared water vapor imagers (1.04, 1.13 et 1.37 µm) measuring in and near the water vapor absorption bands, and a lightning imager (777.4 nm) and at least one photometer (777.4 nm).The scientific objectives of the C3IEL mission, i.e. documenting the 3D evolution of the clouds’ surface, entrainment of water vapor, and electrification, will be first reminded. Then, we will introduce the satellite train configuration, the different sensors of the mission and the innovative and different observational strategy that will be applied during daytime and nighttime. We will then detail the expected observations and products, including the ones related to lightning.
Earthquake behaviors for moderate to strong induced events are controlled by high-velocity bodies near shale reservoirs in southern Sichuan basin, China
Authors: Xu Jian , Li Junlun , Zhang Haijiang , Yang Wen , Tan Yuyang , Guo Chang , Miao Siyu , Li Zhengyue
Published: March 2024

Moderate to strong earthquakes have been induced worldwide by shale gas development. However, it is still unclear what factors control the occurrence and magnitude of moderate to strong earthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing. By using a permanent local seismic network and a temporary dense seismic network, we reliably determined the source attributes of dozens of earthquakes with magnitudes M>3, and importantly, a high-resolution shear-wave velocity model is obtained for studying the detailed seismogenic structure of an unconventional oil/gas field using ambient noise tomography. These earthquakes are found to occur close to the target shale formations in depth, and along high seismic velocity boundaries. Especially, the 2018 Xingwen 5.7 and 2019 Gongxian 5.3 induced earthquakes nucleated around the edges of high velocity zones. These two M>5 earthquake magnitudes as well as co-seismic slip distributions are further determined jointly by seismic waveforms and InSAR data and are found correlated with the high velocity zones along the fault planes. Thus, the distribution of high velocity zones near the target shale formations, together with the stress state modulated by hydraulic fracturing controls induced earthquake behaviors and is critical for understanding the seismic potentials associated with hydraulic fracturing.
Oceans outside the tropical Pacific influence ENSO when ENSO predictability is poor
Authors: Jeffree Jemma , Maher Nicola , Amaya Dillon , Dommenget Dietmar
Published: March 2024

Various studies demonstrate that the El Niño Southern Oscillation is influenced by each of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, extra-tropical Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean. However, there is no cohesive picture of the relative importance of different ocean basins. Furthermore, even when considering only one basin, there is disagreement over the strength of it's influence on ENSO. Differences between previous studies likely arise from differences in their design. Untangling interbasin influences is non-trivial, due to  the need to distinguish between correlation and causation. Investigating these interbasin interactions is additionally complicated by model bias, and computational expense limiting the breadth of model studies.We investigate the interbasin influences on ENSO from a new angle. We use analogue forecasting instead of initialised ensemble forecasting: we select analogues similar to some target state from a long model run (e.g. pre-industrial control or single model initial-condition large ensemble), rather than initialising from that target state. The analogue forecasts, made by following the selected analogues through time in the model run, have been previously evaluated to show similar skill to an initialised forecast. These forecasts are much faster than traditional initialised forecasts, allowing us to explore multiple models, lead times and initialisation months. We explore whether these analogue forecasts are improved by considering information from regions outside the tropical Pacific, and then infer how these regions contribute to ENSO evolution.When ENSO forecasts are skilful, before the Spring Predictability Barrier, outside influences have little impact on ENSO forecast skill. When ENSO forecasts cross the Spring Predictability Barrier and are poor, then considering information from outside the Tropical Pacific Ocean improves forecasts. We conclude that when ENSO is in a growth phase it dominates the climate system, but in a decay phase ENSO is influenced by regions outside the tropical Pacific. This behaviour is consistent across at least two global coupled climate models, despite large variability in the way these models represent ENSO's seasonal evolution. We intend to expand this investigation to more models, and to compare the impacts of verifying forecasts against observational or model data.
Body size variability of North Atlantic benthic fauna driven by bottom-water temperature and oxygen during late Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles
Authors: Huang Huai-Hsuan May , Deutsch Curtis , Cronin Thomas , Alvarez Zarikian Carlos , Guedes Abrantes Fatima , Hodell David ,   Expedition 397 Scientists
Published: March 2024

Organism body size is a critical aspect of marine ecosystems and is influenced by climate change on seasonal to geologic time scales. Recent integration of mechanistic models of metabolism, laboratory experiments, and fossil records has opened a new avenue for understanding the roles of thermal sensitivity and hypoxia tolerance in body-size evolution. Here we explore climatic factors driving intraspecific body size variability of benthic ostracods in the central and eastern North Atlantic Ocean. We analyzed over 300 adult shell sizes of multiple ostracod species in the genus Krithe at Sites Chain 84-24-4PC (42°N, 33°W, 3427 m water depth) for the past ~50,000 years and IODP U1588 (37°N, 9°W, 1139 m water depth) for the past ~700,000 years. Chain 84-24-4PC and U1588 are predominantly influenced by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) today, respectively. Results show that size reduction corresponded to up to 5 °C deglacial warming during the interval 22-14 ka (MIS 2-1) at the Chain 84-24-4PC core site. Even more striking, size varies 60-70% during major glacial-interglacial transitions (MIS6-5, MIS12-11, and MIS16-15) at Site U1588. The differences observed in the magnitude of size reduction between the two sites are likely influenced by the varying ranges of temperature and, potentially, oxygen variability at their respective water depths. We discuss the potential of using body size changes to reconstruct variability in temperature and oxygen across glacial-interglacial cycles.
Dynamical Processes of the Impact of Indian Summer Monsoon on ENSO: Observation, Model Simulation and Future Change
Authors: Yang Song , Lin Shuheng , Dong Buwen
Published: March 2024

A weak Indian summer monsoon (ISM) strengthens an El Niño via generating a cyclonic circulation over the northwestern Pacific. The westerly anomaly on the southern flank of this cyclone generates eastward anomaly in the mixed layer, induces warm zonal advection, and excites oceanic downwelling Kelvin waves, deepening the thermocline in equatorial eastern Pacific and resulting in cold vertical advection. The influence of monsoon-induced Pacific wind anomaly on ENSO is mainly achieved by changing the zonal advective feedback and thermocline feedback. CMIP6 models show a large diversity for the impact of ISM on ENSO, related to the diverse amplitudes of ISM among the models. Models simulating a stronger ISM display more robust features of ISM-induced anomalous circulation over the northwestern Pacific, and the larger equatorial wind anomalies on the south flank of the anomalous circulation affect ENSO evolution more significantly by causing stronger ocean-atmosphere coupling processes.       The future changes in the ISM’s impacts on ENSO also exhibit a large spread among the CMIP6 models. The uncertainty in the projections is linked to the diverse changes in the response of anomalous circulation over the northwestern Pacific to ISM. The models showing an increased (decreased) sensitivity of anomalous circulation over the northwestern Pacific to ISM simulate enhanced (weakened) ISM’s impacts on ENSO under global warming, even though the amplitudes of ISM remain unchanged
Developing a Cross-Cultural Framework for Sustainability Solutions in the US-Mexico Borderlands: Integrating Interdisciplinary and Community-Driven Research in Curriculum
Authors: Hall Caitlyn , Kokroko Kenneth , Mexia-Alvarez Nadia , Bugaj Aaron , Davi Lysette , Horley Laura , Munguia-Vega Adrian , Antebi Nicole
Published: March 2024

We are developing a framework to explore environmental sustainability and cultural resilience topics in curriculum emphasizing cross-cultural, international, and interdisciplinary approaches through community-driven research projects in the US-Mexico Borderlands. Structured as a circular process, the framework includes: 1) Community Relationship Building, 2) Scoping and Information Discovery, 3) Co-creation of Opportunities, 4) Development of Community-Driven Solutions, 5) Sharing of Lived Experiences, and 6) Multi-stakeholder Evaluation and Iteration. The framework focuses on capacitating students and community members to merge local narratives with research for sustainable practices in water and environmental conservation, green infrastructure, and science policy and communication. Our approach aims to develop actionable projects that confront currently felt challenges through collaboration with local communities, integrating their historical, environmental, and cultural contexts into developing sustainable solutions. Designed to be discipline-agnostic, the framework has been tested across various educational levels and subjects. It's been applied in introductory courses on water and environmental policy, advanced hydrology and environmental science, art and animation studios, and graduate-level landscape architecture courses. This wide applicability underscores our commitment to inclusive and sustainable educational practices that further traditional hydrology education and the integration of water-related science and concepts that transcend disciplinary boundaries. Our presentation will share its implementation in water-focused courses, highlighting successes, learnings, and strategies for community-based participatory research.