bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The response of precipitation characteristics to global warming from climate projections
Authors: Giorgi Filippo , Raffaele Francesca , Coppola Erika
Published: February 2019

Abstract. We revisit the issue of the response of precipitation characteristics to
global warming based on analyses of global and regional climate model
projections for the 21st century. The prevailing response we identify can be
summarized as follows: increase in the intensity of precipitation events and
extremes, with the occurrence of events of “unprecedented” magnitude, i.e.,
a magnitude not found in the present-day climate; decrease in the number of light
precipitation events and in wet spell lengths; and increase in the number of dry
days and dry spell lengths. This response, which is mostly consistent across
the models we analyzed, is tied to the difference between precipitation
intensity responding to increases in local humidity conditions and
circulations, especially for heavy and extreme events, and mean precipitation
responding to slower increases in global evaporation. These changes in
hydroclimatic characteristics have multiple and important impacts on the
Earth's hydrologic cycle and on a variety of sectors. As examples we
investigate effects on potential stress due to increases in dry and wet
extremes, changes in precipitation interannual variability, and changes in
the potential predictability of precipitation events. We also stress how the
understanding of the hydroclimatic response to global warming can provide
important insights into the fundamental behavior of precipitation processes,
most noticeably tropical convection.
Hydrological tracers for assessing transport and dissipation
processes of pesticides in a model constructed wetland system
Authors: Fernández-Pascual Elena , Bork Marcus , Hensen Birte , Lange Jens
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Hydrological tracers have been recently used as a low-cost approach to study the fate and transport of pesticides in constructed wetlands. Yet, internal temporal and spatial mechanisms that dominate their transport and dissipation in such environments are still not fully understood. We have applied three tracers with different sorptive and reactive properties: bromide (Br), uranine (UR) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) to investigate dominant temporal and spatial transport and dissipation processes of three selected pesticides: boscalid, penconazole and metazachlor in a model constructed wetland system designed to perform high vertical-resolution sampling and monitoring on a long-term basis. The experimental observations revealed that two different preferential flow paths developed, one due to the constructional design of the inflow and the other one due to the influence of the free water at the surface along with the plants. Transport of solutes was driven by the injections and dominated for Br, UR and metazachlor. The final mass balance highlighted that the main dissipation pathways were sorption, transformation and plant uptake. Sorption was detected immediately after the injection of solutes, while transformation was enhanced by the presence of plants and the promotion of aerobic conditions. The detection of metazachlor transformation products confirmed the contribution of transformation to metazachlor dissipation, whereas boscalid and penconazole mainly experienced sorption processes. The use of hydrological tracers together with selected pesticides and coupled with high vertical-resolution sampling and monitoring proved to provide valuable information about transport vectors and dissipation processes of pesticides in a vegetated redox-dynamic environment on a long-term basis and detailed spatial scale.
Capitalizing and Compensating: Older Adults’ Religious and Spiritual Uses of Technology
Authors: Kang Samantha L.C. , Endacott Camille G , Gonzales Gabrielle G , Bengtson Vern L
Published: February 2019

This study explores how older adults use information and communication technologies (ICTs) in their spiritual and religious lives. How widespread is their use? What kinds of ICTS do they use and for what reasons? What impact do they have on their religious and spiritual lives? We explored these questions by collecting interviews with 90 older adults, average age 77, from six major Judeo-Christian faith traditions. The sample was developed from nominations by pastors, priests, and rabbis in three southern California cities. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews and analyzed through abductive analysis. Many older adults in our sample reported using ICTs to assist their devotional lives—nine in ten of our participants provided examples, thus dispelling technology as merely a tool for the young to incorporate into their religious lives. An unexpected finding of the research was the wide variety of ICT usage mentioned by these elderly participants —over 15 distinct ones were mentioned.  The reasons for using ICTs fell into two primary categories: compensating for age related changes and capitalizing on unique opportunities for growth in later life. The results demonstrate support for Carstensen’s Socio-Emotional Selectivity Theory and have implications for practitioners working with older adults, such as social workers and clergy, as well as for marketers in industry.
Aging and the End Times: Evangelical Eschatology and Experiences of Elderhood in the United States and South Africa
Authors: Bafford Douglas
Published: February 2019

Recent trends in aging studies and popular U.S. discourse reformulate elderhood as a valuable, not necessarily negative, experience, and these new models of aging have extended to a consideration of religious practices that can make old age particularly meaningful. Among evangelical Christians, a shared cosmological (and specifically eschatological) narrative structure provides solace and semiotic coherence in the face of challenges characteristic of the “third” and “fourth age.” What remains less clear is the interplay between transnational religious forces like evangelical ideology and local social contexts in which they are enacted, a process illuminated only through cross-cultural comparison. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Kentucky and in South Africa, I argue that rather than viewing evangelical rhetoric as narrowly determinative, anthropologists ought to broaden common understandings of Christians’ end-times ideology as something that may, contingent on socio-historical context, alternatively help older congregants cope with the physical effects of aging or allow for reconciliation amid rapid societal change. U.S. evangelical churches often address existential concerns faced by a growing population of elders while downplaying the significance of race, yet white South African Christians employ a similar religious cosmology to place their actions during the apartheid era in a symbolically legible narrative. Both settings indicate the malleability of evangelical ideas to foreground certain concerns while erasing others, challenging assumptions about the uniform effects of global evangelicalism.
Keeping the Elderly Alive: Global Entanglements and Embodied Practices in Long-Term Care in Southeast Italy
Authors: Nicolescu Gabriela
Published: February 2019

This article explores the success of the “migrant in the family” model of care for the elderly in southeast Italy and the mechanisms that bond the caregivers and their patients in a mutual dependency. I describe this model as a meeting place between endurance and vulnerability, and between the fragility of the elderly and the fragility of most of the women who work as migrant care workers. I argue that migrant live-in care work for the elderly is a combination of attentive practice and detachment in completion to the current description of care work as ritual and as tinkering and adaptation. In a broader perspective, the article shows that the economic needs in poorer regions of the world manifest in the commitment and determination to keep the elderly alive in Italy. This article reports findings from long-term ethnographic research among 34 migrant domestic care workers and 24 Italian employers in a medium-sized town in Italy. The article illustrates the findings by means of three case studies and engages with the existing literature on person-centered care in patients with dementia, biopolitics, and the global political economy of migration for work in the field of care. Migrant work for the elderly is crucial for a general understanding of social reproduction in Italy and in many other global contexts.
Accessibility in mind? A nationwide study of K-12 Web sites in the United States
Authors: Kimmons Royce , Smith Jared
Published: February 2019

Web site accessibility is a serious civil rights concern that has historically been difficult to measure and to establish success criteria for. By conducting automated accessibility analyses via the WAVE tool, we calculated accessibility norms of a statistically appropriate, random sample of K–12 school Web sites across the U.S. (n = 6,226) and merged results with national datasets to determine how school demographics influence accessibility. Results indicated that schools across all demographic groups generally struggle to make their Web sites fully accessible to their universe of diverse users and revealed that the concrete, highest-impact steps that schools nationwide need to take to improve accessibility include improving poor contrast between text and backgrounds, providing alternative text to images and other visual elements, and labeling form controls.
SOLID PROPELLANTS
Authors: Mason B. P. , Roland C. M.
Published: February 2019

Solid propellants are energetic materials used to launch and propel rockets and missiles. Although their history dates to the use of black powder more than two millennia ago, greater performance demands and the need for “insensitive munitions” that are resistant to accidental ignition have driven much research and development over the past half-century. The focus of this review is the material aspects of propellants, rather than their performance, with an emphasis on the polymers that serve as binders for oxidizer particles and as fuel for composite propellants. The prevalent modern binders are discussed along with a discussion of the limitations of state-of-the-art modeling of composite motors.
Uwarunkowania pracy i zadania pedagogów szkolnych w świetle ich wypowiedzi
Authors: Bobik Bogumiła
Published: February 2019

Artykuł dotyczy profesji pedagoga szkolnego, jego zadań i czynników warunkujących ich realizację. Ma charakter badawczy, odwołuje się do wyników pilotażowych badań diagnostycznych. Prezentuje założenia badawcze oraz wyniki badań uporządkowane w następujące obszary: warunki pracy, obowiązki pedagoga szkolnego, formy pomocy pedagogicznej w pracy z uczniami, rodzicami i nauczycielami, czynniki warunkujące model pracy pedagoga szkolnego oraz cechy indywidualne ważne w profesji pedagoga. Opisane analizy stanowią podstawę do sformułowania wniosków w końcowej części artykułu.
Nagrody i kary jako oddziaływania wychowawcze rodziców zdolnych dzieci
Authors: Łukasiewicz-Wieleba Joanna
Published: February 2019

Nagrody i kary są nieodłącznym elementem wychowania w rodzinie. Kształtują postawy pożądane wychowawczo i ograniczają te, które są niepożądane. Prezentowany artykuł pokazuje, jaką rolę odgrywają nagrody i kary w wychowywaniu dzieci zdolnych. Na podstawie narracji rodziców uznających swoje dzieci za zdolne, dokonano analizy strategii wychowawczych rodziców związanych z nagradzaniem i karaniem. Wyniki badań pokazały, że rodzice dzieci zdolnych najczęściej stosują nagrody i kary w sytuacjach domowych, gdy chcą kształtować określoną postawę, uzyskać konkretny efekt w działaniu lub docenić starania i osiągnięcia dzieci. Okazało się, że rodzice nie stosują kar, aby wzmacniać rozwój dziecięcych zdolności. Nagrody, głównie pochwały i aprobata, są wykorzystywane wtedy, gdy rodzic czuje się dumny z wysiłku lub sukcesów swojego dziecka.
Opiekuńczo-wychowawcza rola rodziców w percepcji społecznej
Authors: Śniegulska Anna
Published: February 2019

Na przestrzeni ostatnich dekad dokonały się bardzo dogłębne i wieloaspektowe transformacje życia społecznego i obyczajowości w skali światowej. Pojawiły się nowe globalne trendy kulturowe, które wpłynęły na zmiany wzorców życia rodzinnego, jak i zmiany w strukturze rodziny. Zmianom uległy także preferencje odnośnie do wartości życia rodzinnego, tradycja wychowawcza oraz postawy młodych osób wobec małżeństwa i rodzicielstwa. Równocześnie zmieniły się role spełniane przez rodziców, co ma swoje ważne implikacje widoczne przede wszystkim w płaszczyźnie spełnianych przez rodzinę zadań i funkcji opiekuńczo-wychowawczych.
W artykule poruszono problem percepcji opiekuńczo-wychowawczej roli matki i ojca. Założono, że rola opiekuńczo-wychowawcza najogólniej polega na zaspokajaniu potomstwu potrzeb podstawowych, potrzeb wyższego rzędu oraz na podejmowaniu czynności wychowawczych z zakresu wychowania zdrowotnego, moralnego, estetycznego, umysłowego. Jest to zatem tworzenie potomstwu takich warunków, które pozwolą na osiągnięcie potencjalnego rozwoju i osiągnięcie samodzielności życiowej.
Artykuł stanowi raport z badań, realizowanych metodą sondażową za pomocą techniki ankiety. W ich kontekście udało się odpowiedzieć na główne pytanie badawcze: Jaka jest społeczna percepcja opiekuńczo-wychowawczej roli matki i ojca? Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników można stwierdzić, że badane osoby przypisują roli matki te cechy, które wiążą się z funkcjami ekspresyjnymi. Dostrzegają jednak, że ojcowie w coraz większym zakresie spędzają z dzieckiem czas wolny, nawiązując z nim bliskie relacje emocjonalne, w związku z czym w ich percepcji rola ojcowska poszerza się o kwestie związane z opieką i wychowaniem potomstwa.
Die Mitgliedschaft in der Insolvenz
Authors: Deckers Marc
Published: February 2019

After recent legislative reform in Germany (‘ESUG’), insolvency plans not only regulate existing debt but can also impact on shareholders in a corporation or partners in a partnership. Under a cram-down mechanism almost exclusively steered by creditors, shareholders can be forced to forfeit their shares and exit a company or accept creditors as co-shareholders without the need for material consent. The author points out that such a mechanism is generally in accordance with German constitutional law and EU directives but must provide for the proper evaluation of equity interest and the adequate participation of old equity in a restructured entity. This study also highlights how efficient mechanisms to remove shareholders by means of an insolvency plan adversely affect the timely initiation of insolvency proceedings.
Der geforderte Seismograph
Authors: Theobalt Cora Anna
Published: February 2019

Nowadays, the EU and the project of forming a united Europe seem to be being tested permanently. Using the example of feuilleton coverage of the financial crisis in Europe (from 2008 onwards), this thesis analyses how culture journalists—as experts in narratives and framing—reflect on an economic topic. It works with two different methods: a content analysis of feuilleton coverage spanning six years and interviews with the heads of feuilleton departments: Dr. Michael Angele (FREITAG), Andreas Breitenstein (NZZ), Dr. Nils Minkmar (FAZ), Claudius Seidl (FAS), Dr. Adam Soboczynski (DIE ZEIT) and Dr. Heribert Prantl (SZ) comment on their analyses of the financial crisis from 2008 on. Is it possible to discover patterns and frames in the aforementioned coverage? Did the journalists even foresee the financial crisis? In this way, the study analyses the capacity of culture journalism to act as a social seismograph.
Die asymmetrische Politisierung als neue Triebfeder der europäischen Integrationsdynamik
Authors: Warasin Markus
Published: February 2019

European politics is more polarised than ever. The former lack of conflict over EU policy decisions is being replaced by a lack of consensus. The agreements reached in Brussels are increasingly contentious, the European institutions seem increasingly fragmented and European political debate has become increasingly controversial. The asymmetric politicisation of the European Union has manifold manifestations that produce not only negative but also positive criticism, and not only resistance against but also support for the political system. If politicisation is not only understood as an obstacle to integration, but seen as having the potential to promote integration, the somewhat outdated drivers of European integration dynamics and policymaking, namely ‘deepening’ and ‘widening’, could be replaced or at least complemented by the new driver of ‘politicisation’.
Occipital Nerve Blocks in the Emergency Department for Initial Medication-Refractory Acute Occipital Migraines
Authors: Yanuck Justin , Shah Sagar , Jen Maxwell , Dayal Rakhi
Published: February 2019

Migraines are consistently among the top 20 primary coded diagnoses in emergency departments, constituting 4.5% of all chief complaints. In a significant subset of these, pain arises from the occipital region innervated by the greater (GON) and lesser occipital nerve. In this case series, we present three patients with occipital migraines who received GON blockade with 1% lidocaine. The blockade was performed only after first-line treatment with metoclopramide and possibly additional medications as ordered by triage physician, failed to adequately alleviate pain by 40 minutes after medication administration. Patients were contacted a minimum of seven days following treatment. All three patients experienced significant analgesia and relief of symptoms within 15 minutes of blockade and sustained relief through a seven-day follow-up period.
Do Studium Generale à educação superior globalizada: uma reflexão acerca da missão universitária
Authors: Rudá Caio
Published: February 2019

O que hoje conhecemos como Ensino Superior é o resultado de um processo histórico de institucionalização do conhecimento, que teve início por volta dos séculos XI a XIII, quando começam a surgir as primeiras corporações de professores e estudantes na Europa. Esses grupos, dos quais tradicionalmente são citados como pioneiros os de Bolonha e Paris, evoluíram ao longo dos últimos séculos da Idade Média até adquirirem a forma universitária com que persistem, salvaguardadas algumas reformulações, até os dias de hoje. O presente artigo busca apresentar as transformações por que passou a universidade até os dias atuais, com foco na evolução de sua missão. Realizou-se um resgate histórico acerca da constituição da universidade na era medieval, seu desenvolvimento e reviravoltas durante as Idades Moderna e Contemporânea, apoiando-se na visão de importantes pensadores da temática universitária. Busca expor, portanto, a superação do exclusivo ideal medieval de ensino, com o aporte da pesquisa, da extensão, oferta de serviços e abertura à comunidade, num movimento de convergências e contradições que conformam o espaço da educação superior numa era globalizada, evidenciando os principais pontos de discussão acerca desse processo.
The Opportunities to Develop a Successful Entrepreneurship and Business Model in Biotechnology: An Overview
Authors: Tyagi Prachi , Sengar Rakesh Singh , Kumar Alok
Published: February 2019

Biotechnology is an incredible technology promising a better future worldwide and proved to be genera of great outcomes. Since its inception it has been projected to bring fantastic advances along with huge economic rewards, in short it promises more for less. Involvement of molecular biology in biotechnology lead its way into the various aspects of science based industries. Pharmacogenomics, drug discovery and drug delivery are the emerging tools in health industry which can only be possible due to the onset of biotechnology. Worldwide, pharmaceutical companies pursued research in the medicines and diagnostics by implementing biotechnology. Biotechnology is a major tool for improving human life by improving agriculture, human health and environment.  Developing countries tend to have growing needs but scarce resources, therefore, such claims naturally appeal to those in power. The practical applications of Biotechnology extend from widely separated fields, creative minds, these ideas need to be researched and developed. Extent of scope in the field offer opportunities for great industrial growth. A novel product as a result of intensive research often leads to a business model. Past has seen several industries established by scientists to make a difference through their product by understanding the need of people and market potential. Entrepreneurial potential in biotechnology is governed by factors like development of technology as an only solution for the problem or the better solution for the currently available technologies. Critical testing and regulatory agency approval must be received prior to commercial production and marketing. Although the field has immense opportunity but the level of uncertainty and failure is also high. So, an efficient and well organized strategy should be followed to develop and deliver a successful business model for biotechnology. The paper presents an illustration about the business potential in biotechnology from incubation of an idea and its transformation into a value aided product or technology through various demanding and formative steps like financing, human resource and marketing.
Conducta autolesiva no suicida en adolescentes y su relación con factores personales y contextuales
Authors: Obando Diana , Trujillo Ángela , Prada Manuel
Published: February 2019

Abstract: Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents and its interaction with personal and contextual factors. Epidemiological studies in mental health indicate an increase in the prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors in adolescents. However, scarce studies in Latin America explore in depth this problematic behavior. Two studies were conducted using a mixed methodology in order to characterize this phenomenon and to identify associated clinical variables in a group of 1517 adolescents and 43 patients. Additionally, the mediator effect of sensation seeking in the relationship between family attachment and self-injury was assessed. Quantitative results indicate a relationship between self-injury and personal and contextual variables as impulsivity, sensation seeking and family dynamics. Qualitative analysis indicated that self-injury is presented in comorbidity with other complex problematics at the affective, social, academic and familiar levels of the participants. Results relevance is discussed for the clinical context.Resumen: Diferentes estudios epidemiológicos en salud mental indican un aumento en la prevalencia de comportamientos autolesivos en adolescentes. Sin embargo, escasos estudios en Latinoamérica exploran esta problemática en profundidad. Por medio de dos estudios con metodología mixta, el presente trabajo  consistió en la caracterización de la autolesión y en la identificación de variables clínicas asociadas en una muestra de 1517 adolescentes y de 43 pacientes. Así mismo, se evaluó el efecto mediador de la búsqueda de sensaciones en la relación entre el apego familiar y la autolesión. Los resultados cuantitativos indican una relación entre la autolesión y factores personales y contextuales, tales como la impulsividad, la búsqueda de sensaciones y las dinámicas familiares. El análisis cualitativo indica que la autolesión se presenta en comorbilidad con otras problemáticas complejas en los niveles afectivo, social, académico y familiar de los pacientes. Se discute la relevancia de los resultados a nivel clínico.
Más allá del paper: ensayo sobre la relevancia del ensayo en Ciencias de la Comunicación
Authors: Goyanes Manuel
Published: February 2019

Tribuna.
‘Airbnbmag’: análisis del modelo y líneas de investigación en periodismo de marcas
Authors: Campo Maseda Carlos Javier
Published: February 2019

Airbnbmag es la revista publicada por Airbnb y Hearst. La publicación se puede considerar un modelo del periodismo de marcas desde una aproximación teórica periodística. La revista es un ejemplo de periodismo genuino, editada por una marca comercial cuya actividad principal no es la comunicación, y es un medio de comunicación que pretende influir en su audiencia. El análisis descriptivo e interpretativo de esta publicación permite definir líneas futuras de investigación académica en la materia de periodismo de marcas. Las preguntas que se deriven de la investigación deben servir para que otras compañías funden sus propios medios con seguridad, para que la gestión sea más eficaz, eliminando tensiones, y para que los modelos comunicativos se consoliden en sus respectivos mercados.
Una introducción a «Los espacios sociales rurales como objeto de reflexiones, intervenciones y disputas»
Authors: Cragnolino Elisa
Published: February 2019

El presente monográfico se propone discutir sobre las reconfiguraciones materiales, políticas, sociales, culturales y simbólicas de los espacios rurales actuales, en el marco de las tendencias homogeneizantes del capital y las políticas neoliberales. Nuestra intención ha sido la de convocar a investigadores de distintas disciplinas desde las que se discutan las visiones que dicotomizan la vida social de los campos, la cosifican y esencializan y muestren, en cambio, las múltiples relaciones sociales que ligan campo y ciudad.
Comparativa fotográfica interactiva como dispositivo de revisión del paisaje. Práctica artística: la acequia Rascaña.
Authors: Gutiérrez González Maria jose
Published: February 2019

Este artículo aborda el concepto del paisaje moderno. Nos introducimos en el origen del término, que va acompañado con los nuevos planteamientos y valoraciones que empiezan a configurarse en la geografía moderna en torno al estudio de la naturaleza. Esta visión de la realidad fue adquiriendo consistencia, sobre todo con la influencia del romanticismo en la sociedad, además destacamos el protagonismo que adquirió el sujeto en el acceso al conocimiento. El binomio razón y sentimiento convivieron en este periodo, con un enfoque integrador. En este contexto, adquieren importancia los vínculos que el hombre establece en un lugar determinado, por convertirse en valores de identidad. Por último, mencionamos, la fuerte tendencia en los últimos tiempos hacia la defensa y rescate de los paisajes culturales, ante la uniformidad del espacio impuesto. La investigación contiene una práctica artística, basada en una aplicación interactiva que nos muestra una comparativa fotográfica sobre distintas épocas de un mismo territorio, en concreto, el paisaje que conforma el recorrido de la acequia Rascaña, una de las ocho acequias que estructuraban el entramado hidráulico de la ciudad de Valencia y sus alrededores.
A consumer behaviour approach to analyse handmade and locally made agrifood products in Western Honduras
Authors: Salazar-Ordóñez Melania , Cordón-Pedregosa Rosa , Rodríguez-Entrena Macario
Published: February 2019

This research analyses consumer behaviour related to the purchase of handmade and locally made agrifood products in Western Honduras (Occidental Region). A relational model was built, and structural equation modelling (SEM) by means of variance-based partial least squares (PLS) path modelling was applied. The existence of a mediator variable was also examined. The results showed that the consumption of handmade and locally made agrifood products increases for consumers who read nutrition labels and health claim information and for those with higher income and who are younger.
Reading John Wesley through Seventeenth-Century Continental European Reformed Theologians
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: February 2019

This article analyses the theological development of the eighteenth-century
Church of England priest Augustus Montague Toplady through two manuscript
collections. The first of these is a copy of John Wesley’s
Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament that Toplady heavily
annotated during his time as a university student in 1758. This book is held in
the Methodist Archives and Research Centre at the John Rylands Library.
Toplady’s handwritten notes total approximately 6,000 words and provide
additional information regarding the development of his views of John Wesley and
Methodism, ones which he would not put into print until 1769. Toplady’s
notes demonstrate how he was significantly influenced by the works of certain
Dutch, German and Swiss Reformed theologians. The second is a collection of
Toplady’s papers held by Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Together,
these sources enable Toplady’s own theology and his controversies with
Methodists to be viewed from a new perspective. Moreover, these sources provide
new insights into Toplady’s conceptualisation of
‘Calvinism’ and changes in the broader Anglican Reformed tradition
during the eighteenth century.
Timing the extant avian radiation: The rise of modern birds, and the importance of modeling molecular rate variation
Authors: Field Daniel J. , Berv Jacob S. , Hsiang Allison Y. , Lanfear Robert , Landis Michael J. , Dornburg Alex
Published: February 2019

Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of living birds has been described as the greatest outstanding problem in dinosaur systematics. Recent work has identified portions of the avian tree of life that are particularly challenging to reconstruct, perhaps as a result of rapid cladogenesis early in crown bird evolutionary history (specifically, the interval immediately following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction). At face value this hypothesis enjoys support from the crown bird fossil record, which documents the first appearances of most major crown bird lineages in the early Cenozoic—in line with a model of rapid post-extinction niche filling among surviving avian lineages. However, molecular-clock analyses have yielded strikingly variable estimates for the age of crown birds, and conflicting inferences on the impact of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction on the extant bird radiation. This uncertainty has often been ascribed to a patchy avian fossil record, but the possibility of model misspecification in molecular divergence time analyses represents an important and relatively underexplored alternative hypothesis. Here, we highlight the necessity of further developing and using models that account for coordinated variation in rates of molecular evolution across a phylogeny (e.g. molecular early bursts) as a means of assessing support for a rapid post-Cretaceous radiation of crown birds. We discuss how relationships between life-history and substitution rates can mislead divergence time studies that do not account for directional changes in substitution rates over time, and suggest that these effects might have caused some of the variation in existing molecular date estimates for birds. We suggest multiple paths forward that could help resolve this and similar conflicts within other major eukaryotic clades.
Interiority in Everyday Space: A Dialogue between Materiality and Occupation
Authors: Atmodiwirjo Paramita , Yatmo Yandi Andri
Published: February 2019

Everyday space is a setting where ordinary acts, activities and events take place. It is interesting to examine closely how interiority is defined, understood and manifested in everyday space as a way to understand the inhabitation of the interior. The interiority of everyday space is defined not only by occupation but also through materiality. This issue of Interiority presents articles that address the relationships between interior materiality and different perceptual constructs and experiences of architectural space as inherent in the occupation of the everyday space.
Depresi, Ansietas, dan Komplikasi Pasca Sindrom Koroner Akut
Authors: Indrajaya Taufik
Published: February 2019

Laporan World Health Organization (WHO) menyebutkan bahwa penyakit kardiovaskuler, termasuk sindrom koroner akut (SKA), masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian, walaupun sudah banyak dilakukan upaya pencegahan dan pengobatan terhadap semua faktor risikonya. Depresi dan ansietas merupakan kelainan yang banyak dijumpai pada pasien dengan SKA. Namun demikian, depresi dan ansietas tersebut sering underdiagnosed dan undertreated.
Magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic neoplasms
Authors: DiMarcangelo Mark T.
Published: February 2019

Excellent diagnostic images of the liver can now be obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of new imaging techniques. The flow void phenomenon allows excellent anatomic detail of the liver. Morphologic features, comparson of tumor signal to normal parenchymal signal, and tumor behavior in various pulse sequences help to define liver tumors. The MRI characteristics of primary hepatomas, cavernous hemangiomas, hepatic cysts, liver adenomas, and focal nodular hyperplasia are among the hepatic lesions described. In most instances, MRI helps in differential considerations and in some cases will provide a specific diagnosis.
Guidelines for creating effective slides and overhead transparencies used for teaching
Authors: Mann Doug
Published: February 2019

Slides, 35-mm transparencies, and overhead transparencies are popular teaching tools. This article outlines basic design principles and ways of producing transparencies so that the audience-whether student or professional-will benefit the most from this teaching device.
Scurvy in a nonalcoholic person in the United States
Authors: Thomas Harold , Assi Muneer E. , Thomas George , Taub Steven J. , Thomas James R. , Stang Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Scurvy is rarely diagnosed in our society today. The authors describe the case of a 31-year-old man with weakness, gingival pain, and a rash over the lower extremities. He had a history of poor nutritional intake, no alcohol consumption, and a 13 pack-year history of cigarette smoking. Laboratory studies revealed an extremely deficient serum ascorbic acid level. Treatment was begun with oral ascorbic acid tablets and, within 3 days after discharge, all clinical symptoms of scurvy had resolved. Scurvy is an easily treated disease and should be considered when there is an appropriate history and classic clinical findings. Because vitamin C deficiency can be seen in many chronic disease states, it is important to recognize some of the early features and clinical manifestations of such nutritional deficiencies.
Effect of osteopathic medical management on neurologic development in children
Authors: Fryman Viola M. , Carney Richard E. , Springall Peter
Published: February 2019

For 3 years, children between 18 months and 12 years of age with and without recognized neurologic deficits were studied at the Osteopathic Center for Children. Their response to 6 to 12 osteopathic manipulative treatments directed to all areas of impaired inherent physiologic motion was estimated from changes in three sensory and three motor areas of performance. Houle's Profile of Development was used to compare neurologic with chronologic age and rate of development, and scores were age-adjusted. Results in children after treatment were compared with those following a waiting period without treatment. Neurologic performance significantly improved after treatment in children with diagnosed neurologic problems and to a lesser degree in children with medical or structural diagnoses. The advances in neurologic development continued over a several months' interval. The results support the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment as part of pediatric healthcare based on osteopathic medical philosophy and principles.
DNA technology
Authors: Fernandes John J. , Coffman Norman B.
Published: February 2019

Scientific developments in molecular biology enable clinical laboratory testing to directly examine genetic information coded in biologic specimens. These efforts, accomplished by the use of DNA probe technology in the in situ hybridization and other tests will allow for the specific identification of pathogens; recognition of genetic diseases; and the critical evaluation of the genetic basis of cancer. The authors discuss the concepts and uses of DNA testing.
Sarcoidosis masquerading as eosinophilic pneumonia
Authors: Willsie-Ediger Sandra K. , Salzman Gary A. , Schaetzel William P.
Published: February 2019

A 29-year-old woman presented with progressive dyspnea, fever, cough, and weight loss. A chest roentgenogram revealed bilateral peripheral infiltrates suggestive of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Bronchoscopic evaluation, as well as a therapeutic trial of corticosteroids, was nondiagnostic. Open lung biopsy revealed findings consistent with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Roentgenographically, differentiating between sarcoidosis and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia can be difficult. A diagnostic approach, as well as the differential diagnosis of bilateral peripheral pulmonary infiltrates, is discussed.
Therapeutic considerations: Lower respiratory tract infections in smokers
Authors: Venditto Michael A.
Published: February 2019

Tobacco smoke can alter both the structural and the immunologic defenses of the lungs against infection. The gases from smoke can also inhibit repair of the damages they create. Smokers have been found to have increased bacterial adherence to the respiratory tract, decreased IgA and IgG, and a decrease in vital capacity two to three times greater than that of nonsmokers. These and other respiratory tract alterations put smokers at an added disadvantage when acute lower respiratory tract infections strike. A history of smoking influences the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections because smokers are more prone than nonsmokers to infection by certain organisms. The major causes and characteristics of lower respiratory tract infections, methods of outpatient diagnosis, and the pros and cons of various modes of therapy are discussed.
Evaluating an intern/residency program
Authors: Hogan Martin J.
Published: February 2019

When faced with the task of program evaluation, many directors of medical education may find themselves overwhelmed. This article presents suggestions for conducting an evaluation, including the six basic elements to consider before embarking on such an undertaking. With an emphasis on selecting a model framework as a guide for conducting a program evaluation, this article examines one model-Stufflebeam's CIPP model-in depth.
Primary laryngeal and nasal septal lesions in pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Saunders Marc S. , Gentile Richard D. , Lobritz Richard W.
Published: February 2019

Synchronous laryngeal and nasal septal lesions in pemphigus vulgaris are rare. The authors report a case of pemphigus vulgaris in an elderly man who was seen with lesions of the supraglottic larynx and nasal septum. The classic skin changes of pemphigus eventually developed, and the patient responded to daily treatments of 80 mg of prednisone. Steroids and immunosuppressive agents remain the treatment of choice, but a favorable prognosis is still dependent on early diagnosis and institution of therapy.
Male breast carcinoma: Clinical experience in a suburban community
Authors: Davis Steven L. , Barse Francis , Meoli Frederick G.
Published: February 2019

Male breast cancer is difficult to study because it occurs infrequently, accounting for 1% of all breast carcinoma. Breast cancer occurs 10 years later in men than in women, and its presentation parallels that in women. The authors retrospectively review 13 cases of male breast cancer occurring over a 20-year period in four community hospitals. Treatment methods paralleled those used for female cancer patients. Surgery, primarily radical mastectomy, was performed in all patients. In the eight patients in whom hormone receptor assays were obtained, all tests were positive for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or both. Metastases were diagnosed in five patients during follow-up. The longest disease-free survival has been 10 years. Similarities and differences regarding male and female breast cancer are discussed as are the diagnosis and management of men with this disease.
Manipulation with the patient under anesthesia
Authors: Greenman Philip E.
Published: February 2019

Manipulation while the patient is under anesthesia is an old, widely recognized procedure in musculoskeletal medicine. It is used for treating acute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions with significant biomechanical dysfunction unresponsive to conservative therapy. The procedure is helpful when muscle spasm and irritability preclude success without anesthetization of the patient. Safety and effectiveness are favored by appropriate selection of patients, knowledge of indications and contraindications, suitable anesthetic, and services of a qualified physician trained in structural diagnosis and manipulative technique. A team approach is recommended. To illustrate effective use of the procedure, a classic case is described.
Turtles of the generaGeoemydaandPangshura(Testudines: Geoemydidae) lack differentiated sex chromosomes: the end of a 40-year error cascade forPangshura
Authors: Mazzoleni Sofia , Augstenová Barbora , Clemente Lorenzo , Auer Markus , Fritz Uwe , Praschag Peter , Protiva Tomáš , Velenský Petr , Kratochvíl Lukáš , Rovatsos Michail
Published: February 2019

For a long time, turtles of the family Geoemydidae have been considered exceptional because representatives of this family were thought to possess a wide variety of sex determination systems. In the present study, we cytogenetically studiedGeoemyda spengleriandG. japonicaand re-examined the putative presence of sex chromosomes inPangshura smithii. Karyotypes were examined by assessing the occurrence of constitutive heterochromatin, by comparative genome hybridization andin situhybridization with repetitive motifs, which are often accumulated on differentiated sex chromosomes in reptiles. We found similar karyotypes, similar distributions of constitutive heterochromatin and a similar topology of tested repetitive motifs for all three species. We did not detect differentiated sex chromosomes in any of the species. ForP. smithii, a ZZ/ZW sex determination system, with differentiated sex chromosomes, was described more than 40 years ago, but this finding has never been re-examined and was cited in all reviews of sex determination in reptiles. Here, we show that the identification of sex chromosomes in the original report was based on the erroneous pairing of chromosomes in the karyogram, causing over decades an error cascade regarding the inferences derived from the putative existence of female heterogamety in geoemydid turtles.
Digging for DNA at depth: rapid universal metabarcoding surveys (RUMS) as a tool to detect coral reef biodiversity across a depth gradient
Authors: DiBattista Joseph D. , Reimer James D. , Stat Michael , Masucci Giovanni D. , Biondi Piera , De Brauwer Maarten , Bunce Michael
Published: February 2019

Background

Effective biodiversity monitoring is fundamental in tracking changes in ecosystems as it relates to commercial, recreational, and conservation interests. Current approaches to survey coral reef ecosystems center on the use of indicator species and repeat surveying at specific sites. However, such approaches are often limited by the narrow snapshot of total marine biodiversity that they describe and are thus hindered in their ability to contribute to holistic ecosystem-based monitoring. In tandem, environmental DNA (eDNA) and next-generation sequencing metabarcoding methods provide a new opportunity to rapidly assess the presence of a broad spectrum of eukaryotic organisms within our oceans, ranging from microbes to macrofauna.

Methods

We here investigate the potential for rapid universal metabarcoding surveys (RUMS) of eDNA in sediment samples to provide snapshots of eukaryotic subtropical biodiversity along a depth gradient at two coral reefs in Okinawa, Japan based on 18S rRNA.

Results

Using 18S rRNA metabarcoding, we found that there were significant separations in eukaryotic community assemblages (at the family level) detected in sediments when compared across different depths ranging from 10 to 40 m (p = 0.001). Significant depth zonation was observed across operational taxonomic units assigned to the class Demospongiae (sponges), the most diverse class (contributing 81% of species) within the phylum Porifera; the oldest metazoan phylum on the planet. However, zonation was not observed across the class Anthozoa (i.e., anemones, stony corals, soft corals, and octocorals), suggesting that the former may serve as a better source of indicator species based on sampling over fine spatial scales and using this universal assay. Furthermore, despite their abundance on the examined coral reefs, we did not detect any octocoral DNA, which may be due to low cellular shedding rates, assay sensitivities, or primer biases.

Discussion

Overall, our pilot study demonstrates the importance of exploring depth effects in eDNA and suggest that RUMS may be applied to provide a baseline of information on eukaryotic marine taxa at coastal sites of economic and conservation importance.
Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-associated competing endogenous RNA network in tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Shusen , Cao Ruoyan , Li Qiulan , Yao Mianfeng , Chen Yu , Zhou Hongbo
Published: February 2019

Background

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in that they regulate protein-coding gene expression by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the understanding of the ceRNA network in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains limited.

Methods

Expression profile data regarding mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs as well as clinical information on 122 TSCC tissues and 15 normal controls from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were collected. We used the edgR package to identify differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between TSCC samples and normal samples. In order to explore the functions of DEmRNAs, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed. Subsequently, a ceRNA network was established based on the identified DElncRNAs–DEmiRNAs and DEmiRNAs–DEmRNAs interactions. The RNAs within the ceRNA network were analyzed for their correlation with overall disease survival. Finally, lncRNAs were specifically analyzed for their correlation with clinical features in the included TSCC patient samples.

Results

A total of 1867 mRNAs, 828 lncRNAs and 81 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in TSCC tissues (—log 2fold change— ≥ 2; adjusted P value <0.01). The resulting ceRNA network included 16 mRNAs, 56 lncRNAs and 6 miRNAs. Ten out of the 56 lncRNAs were found to be associated with the overall survival in TSCC patients (P < 0.05); 10 lncRNAs were correlated with TSCC progression (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our study deepens the understanding of ceRNA network regulatory mechanisms in TSCC. Furthermore, we identified ten lncRNAs (PART1, LINC00261, AL163952.1, C2orf48, FAM87A, LINC00052, LINC00472, STEAP3-AS1, TSPEAR-AS1 and ERVH48-1) as novel, potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TSCC.
WAVES AT SEKONDI, GHANA
Authors: Draper L.
Published: February 2019

During the International Geophysical Year the National Institute of Oceanography in collaboration with Ghana IGY Committee and the Ghana Railway and Harbours Administration made recordings of sea waves at a point 2,300 feet off Sekondi point in a direction 156°. The instrument used was an N.I.O. piezo-electric wave recorder of the pressure recording type. Recordings started in June, 1958, and continued until the end of October that year when the cable suffered severe damage which could not easily be repaired. Because of the high cost of cable and the fact that a good series of records had already been obtained for a rough time of year, the instrument was recovered and used elsewhere. Records were taken every two hours and each has a useable length of twelve minutes. Most of the waves arriving at Sekondi are in the form of swell which has been generated by storms in the southern hemisphere; consequently wave conditions do not change very quickly, and it was found unnecessary to analyse every record except during rough conditions. The method of analysis used is that described in the associated paper "The Analysis and Presentation of Wave Data - a Plea for Uniformity".