bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Mass Structure and Mixing Fractions in the Deepwater Region of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Valencia‐Gasti J. A. , Camacho‐Ibar V. F. , Herguera J. C.
Published: May 2022

Here, we estimate water mass fractions in the deepwater region of the southern Gulf of Mexico from samples collected during June 2016. Past water mass characterizations have relied mainly on temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen concentrations, although the degree of mixing and the effects on the distribution of nutrients and other dissolved constituents remain uncertain. Based on nine water types defined in the eastern Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic and excluding surface waters, five dominant water masses with contributions between 50% and 93% in their cores were identified. North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater contributed 42% ± 9% between 49 and 105 m. Modal water with origins in the northern subtropical gyre (Eighteen Degree Water) were ubiquitous in the gulf, with average contributions of 62% ± 25% between 110 and 153 m and 51% ± 12% between 248 and 306 m, while the core of Tropical Atlantic Central Water (TACW; 70% ± 5%) dominated between 355 and 510 m. Water at the nitrate maximum consisted of TACW (48% ± 13%) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW; 32 ± 14%), with the local remineralization of organic matter adding ∼10% to the nitrate pool. Below ∼800 m, water transitioned from AAIW to a domain of two components of Labrador Seawater. Mesoscale eddies controlled the observed depth variability of the water masses from the surface down to ∼1,000 m. This study provides a quantitative approximation to evaluate the addition of nutrients to the different water masses by biogeochemical processes driven by an epipelagic ecosystem generally considered to be oligotrophic.
Interactions Between Ocean and Successive Typhoons in the Kuroshio Region in 2018 in Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled Model Simulations
Authors: Kawakami Yuma , Nakano Hideyuki , Urakawa L. Shogo , Toyoda Takahiro , Sakamoto Kei , Yoshimura Hiromasa , Shindo Eiki , Yamanaka Goro
Published: May 2022

Typhoons decrease sea surface temperature (SST) along their wakes through upwelling of subsurface water, vertical mixing in the upper ocean, and heat release from the sea surface, and these cold wakes can influence subsequent typhoons. In this study, we investigated interactions between the upper ocean and typhoons in the North Pacific subtropical gyre with focuses on Kuroshio's response and feedback using atmosphere–ocean coupled model simulations. In late August and early September 2018, typhoons SOULIK, CIMARON, and JEBI passed through the northwestern subtropical gyre. During the passages of SOULIK and CIMARON, SST decreased along their paths due to vertical mixing except in the Kuroshio region. We quantitatively revealed that the Kuroshio stayed warm because the deep mixed layer along its path and small vertical temperature gradient around the mixed layer base, which are unfavorable conditions for cooling by vertical mixing, limited the cooling effects. After SOULIK and CIMARON had passed, SST recovered through horizontal Kuroshio heat transport and radiative heating. The possibility that the SST field after SOULIK and CIMARON passages influences JEBI was also discussed. Although impacts on JEBI intensity were not identified, it is implied that the turbulent heat flux (THF; sum of the sensible and latent heat fluxes) around JEBI was modulated by the SST field: heat release from the ocean was reduced in the region with decreased SST and enhanced over the sustained high SST of the Kuroshio. Furthermore, the large THF over the Kuroshio may have caused an increase of JEBI‐associated precipitation around Japan.
Suppression of Wind Waves in the Presence of Swell: A Physical Modeling Study
Authors: Shabani Behnam , Ware Peter , Baldock Tom E.
Published: May 2022

Laboratory measurements of the interaction between high‐frequency (HF) wind‐waves and low frequency (LF) paddle waves are presented. The measurements were made in a wind‐wave flume with wind and paddle waves propagating in the same direction. The primary objective is to examine the physical mechanisms proposed to explain the suppression of wind‐waves due to presence of swell (here paddle waves). For this purpose, the precise time scale of the temporal transition from wind‐only to wind‐plus‐paddle conditions is examined. The results reveal that the majority of wind‐wave suppression occurs too quickly to have been caused by reduced wind‐input, instead indicating that enhanced HF wave dissipation is the primary suppression mechanism. The spatial variation in HF wave energy along the LF wave phase indicates that HF suppression mainly occurs on the LF wave crest, and high on the windward face, which are the locations that experience the highest wind velocities. This observation also suggests that the reduced wind‐input is not the primary suppression mechanism. Quantification of HF wave suppression versus a broad range of wind velocities, paddle wave conditions and fetch did not reveal any critical dependence of suppression on LF wave breaking or wind separation at LF wave crests. It is concluded that suppression occurs primarily due to enhanced dissipation of HF waves near LF wave crests. This mechanism is proposed to be coupled to the wind velocity, where an increased wind velocity near LF wave crests exceeds the level of forcing that HF waves of low C/u* can withstand without breaking.
Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Changes Associated With the 2 July 2019 Total Eclipse in South America Over the Andes Lidar Observatory, Cerro Pachon, Chile
Authors: Vargas F. , Liu A. , Swenson G. , Segura C. , Vega P. , Fuentes J. , Pautet D. , Taylor M. , Zhao Y. , Morton Y. , Bourne H.
Published: May 2022

This article presents the results of a week of observations around the 2 July 2019, total Chilean eclipse. The eclipse occurred between 19:22 and 21:46 UTC, with complete sun disc obscuration at 20:38–20:40 UTC (16:38–16:40 LT) over the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) at (30.3°S, 70.7°W). Observations were carried out using ALO instrumentation with the goal to observe possible eclipse‐induced effects on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region (MLT; 75–105 km altitude). To complement our data set, we have also utilized TIMED/SABER temperatures and ionosonde electron density measurements taken at the University of La Serena's Juan Soldado Observatory. Observed events include an unusual fast, bow‐shaped gravity wave structure in airglow images, mesosphere temperature mapper brightness as well as in lidar temperature with 150 km horizontal wavelength 24 min observed period, and vertical wavelength of 25 km. Also, a strong zonal wind shear above 100 km in meteor radar scans as well as the occurrence of a sporadic E layer around 100 km from ionosonde measurements. Finally, variations in temperature and density and the presence of a descending sporadic sodium layer near 98 km were seen in lidar data. We discuss the effects of the eclipse in the MLT, which can shed light on a sparse set of measurements during this type of event. Our results point out several effects of eclipse‐associated changes in the atmosphere below and above but not directly within the MLT.
Preservation and Completeness of Fluvial Meandering Deposits Influenced by Channel Motions and Overbank Sedimentation
Authors: Grimaud Jean‐Louis , Ors Fabien , Lemay Martin , Cojan Isabelle , Rivoirard Jacques
Published: May 2022

Assessing the contribution of geomorphic processes to the (non‐)preservation of sedimentary deposits is necessary to account for potential bias in measured accumulation rates in the stratigraphic record. In this study, a series of numerical simulations of fluvial meandering successions is performed using FLUMY, a model of channel motions and sedimentary facies deposition. We develop tools to measure non‐deposition (stasis S) and reworking (R) of previously deposited sediment between iterations, which are both generators of hiatuses in the sedimentary record. We then compare S and R with measurements of accumulation rates and completeness (C). Results show that combining measurements of both topographic and facies changes allows for a better record of surface evolution than measuring topographies only. Accumulation rate dependence on measurement time span allows distinguishing between two regimes. The first one (anti‐persistent) is characteristic of channel avulsion and compensational stacking until the whole domain is visited by overbank deposition, corresponding to the visitation timescale Tv. In the second regime (persistent), reworking by channel migration is the remaining active process until the whole system has aggraded one channel depth, corresponding to the compensation timescale Tc. Based on these results, we propose a new simple formulation based on stasis and reworking to estimate average completeness.
Inferring Aquitard Hydraulic Conductivity Using Transient Temperature‐Depth Profiles Impacted by Ground Surface Warming
Authors: Bense V. F. , Kruijssen T. , van der Ploeg M. P. , Kurylyk B. L.
Published: May 2022

Aquitard hydraulic properties are notoriously difficult to assess, yet accurate aquitard hydraulic conductivity estimates are critical to quantify recharge and discharge to and from semi‐confined aquifer systems via hydraulic head gradients. Such flux quantification is required to evaluate the risks of aquifer exploitation by groundwater abstraction and aquifer vulnerability to surface contamination. In this study, we consider a regionally important aquitard and compare existing hydraulic conductivity estimates obtained through traditional methods to those inferred from long‐term hydraulic head monitoring and thermally derived vertical groundwater fluxes (0.04–0.25 m/y). We estimate the fluxes using numerical modeling to analyze the propagation of decadal climate signals into temperature‐depth profiles and fitting the simulated and observed inflection point depths (location of minimum temperature). Results suggest that climate‐disturbed temperature‐depth profiles paired with multi‐level head data can yield accurate vertical fluxes and aquitard hydraulic conductivities. This approach for characterizing groundwater systems and quantifying flows to and from sedimentary aquifers is more efficient but yields results that are comparable to conventional methods.
Topographic Control on Ground Motions and Landslides From the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake
Authors: Dunham Audrey M. , Kiser Eric , Kargel Jeffrey S. , Haritashya Umesh K. , Watson C. Scott , Shugar Dan H. , Hughes Amanda , DeCelles Peter G.
Published: May 2022

Landslides triggered by earthquake shaking pose a significant hazard in active mountain regions. Steep topography promotes gravitational instabilities and can amplify the seismic wavefield; however, the relationship between topographic amplification and landsliding is poorly understood. Here, we use numerical methods to investigate the link between low‐frequency ground shaking, topographic amplification, and the landslide distribution from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake. Results show that the largest landslides initiated where the highest topographic amplification, highest elevations, and steepest slopes converged, typically in glacially‐sculpted terrain, with additional controls of rock strength and absolute ground motions. Additionally, the initiation of the largest and most fatal landslide was likely influenced by amplification throughout the rupture due the orientation of the ridge with respect to the propagating wavefield. These results indicate that topographic amplification is one of the key factors for understanding where large and potentially devastating landslides are likely to occur during future major earthquakes.
Ultralong persistent luminescence from carbon dots
Authors: Yoo Seunghyup , Song Youngjin , Hahn Sangin
Published: May 2022

Hour-level persistent luminescence is realized with carbon dots embedded in cyanuric acid, the composition of which is easily obtained by the microwave-assisted heating of carbon dots and urea. By forming donor-acceptor blends, the proposed composition yields intermediate states with long lifetimes, providing a rare-earth-metal-free route to ultralong persistent luminescence.
Artificial intelligence in cancer target identification and drug discovery
Authors: You Yujie , Lai Xin , Pan Yi , Zheng Huiru , Vera Julio , Liu Suran , Deng Senyi , Zhang Le
Published: May 2022

Artificial intelligence is an advanced method to identify novel anticancer targets and discover novel drugs from biology networks because the networks can effectively preserve and quantify the interaction between components of cell systems underlying human diseases such as cancer. Here, we review and discuss how to employ artificial intelligence approaches to identify novel anticancer targets and discover drugs. First, we describe the scope of artificial intelligence biology analysis for novel anticancer target investigations. Second, we review and discuss the basic principles and theory of commonly used network-based and machine learning-based artificial intelligence algorithms. Finally, we showcase the applications of artificial intelligence approaches in cancer target identification and drug discovery. Taken together, the artificial intelligence models have provided us with a quantitative framework to study the relationship between network characteristics and cancer, thereby leading to the identification of potential anticancer targets and the discovery of novel drug candidates.
Statin therapy inhibits fatty acid synthase via dynamic protein modifications
Authors: Trub Alec G. , Wagner Gregory R. , Anderson Kristin A. , Crown Scott B. , Zhang Guo-Fang , Thompson J. Will , Ilkayeva Olga R. , Stevens Robert D. , Grimsrud Paul A. , Kulkarni Rhushikesh A. , Backos Donald S. , Meier Jordan L. , Hirschey Matthew D.
Published: May 2022

Statins are a class of drug widely prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, with pleiotropic cellular effects. Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), which converts the metabolite HMG-CoA into mevalonate. Recent discoveries have shown HMG-CoA is a reactive metabolite that can non-enzymatically modify proteins and impact their activity. Therefore, we predicted that inhibition of HMGCR by statins might increase HMG-CoA levels and protein modifications. Upon statin treatment, we observe a strong increase in HMG-CoA levels and modification of only a single protein. Mass spectrometry identifies this protein as fatty acid synthase (FAS), which is modified on active site residues and, importantly, on non-lysine side-chains. The dynamic modifications occur only on a sub-pool of FAS that is located near HMGCR and alters cellular signaling around the ER and Golgi. These results uncover communication between cholesterol and lipid biosynthesis by the substrate of one pathway inhibiting another in a rapid and reversible manner.
Observationally constrained projection of Afro-Asian monsoon precipitation
Authors: Chen Ziming , Zhou Tianjun , Chen Xiaolong , Zhang Wenxia , Zhang Lixia , Wu Mingna , Zou Liwei
Published: May 2022

The Afro-Asian summer monsoon (AfroASM) sustains billions of people living in many developing countries covering West Africa and Asia, vulnerable to climate change. Future increase in AfroASM precipitation has been projected by current state-of-the-art climate models, but large inter-model spread exists. Here we show that the projection spread is related to present-day interhemispheric thermal contrast (ITC). Based on 30 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, we find models with a larger ITC trend during 1981–2014 tend to project a greater precipitation increase. Since most models overestimate present-day ITC trends, emergent constraint indicates precipitation increase in constrained projection is reduced to 70% of the raw projection, with the largest reduction in West Africa (49%). The land area experiencing significant increases of precipitation (runoff) is 57% (66%) of the raw projection. Smaller increases of precipitation will likely reduce flooding risk, while posing a challenge to future water resources management.
Enhanced coherent transition radiation from midinfrared-laser-driven microplasmas
Authors: Glek P. B. , Zheltikov A. M.
Published: May 2022

We present a particle-in-cell (PIC) analysis of terahertz (THz) radiation by ultrafast plasma currents driven by relativistic-intensity laser pulses. We show that, while the I0$${\lambda }_{0}^{2}$$

λ

0

2

product of the laser intensity I0 and the laser wavelength λ0 plays the key role in the energy scaling of strong-field laser-plasma THz generation, the THz output energy, WTHz, does not follow the I0$${\lambda }_{0}^{2}$$

λ

0

2

scaling. Its behavior as a function of I0 and λ0 is instead much more complex. Our two- and three-dimensional PIC analysis shows that, for moderate, subrelativistic and weakly relativistic fields, WTHz(I0$${\lambda }_{0}^{2}$$

λ

0

2

) can be approximated as (I0λ02)α, with a suitable exponent α, as a clear signature of vacuum electron acceleration as a predominant physical mechanism whereby the energy of the laser driver is transferred to THz radiation. For strongly relativistic laser fields, on the other hand, WTHz(I0$${\lambda }_{0}^{2}$$

λ

0

2

) closely follows the scaling dictated by the relativistic electron laser ponderomotive potential $${\mathscr{F}}_{{\text{e}}}$$

F
e

, converging to WTHz ∝ $${I}_{0}^{1/2}{\lambda }_{0}$$

I

0

1
/
2

λ
0

for very high I0, thus indicating the decisive role of relativistic ponderomotive charge acceleration as a mechanism behind laser-to-THz energy conversion. Analysis of the electron distribution function shows that the temperature Te of hot laser-driven electrons bouncing back and forth between the plasma boundaries displays the same behavior as a function of I0 and λ0, altering its scaling from (I0λ02)α to that of $${\mathscr{F}}_{{\text{e}}}$$

F
e

, converging to WTHz ∝ $${I}_{0}^{1/2}{\lambda }_{0}$$

I

0

1
/
2

λ
0

for very high I0. These findings provide a clear physical picture of THz generation in relativistic and subrelativistic laser plasmas, suggesting the THz yield WTHz resolved as a function of I0 and λ0 as a meaningful measurable that can serve as a probe for the temperature Te of hot electrons in a vast class of laser–plasma interactions. Specifically, the α exponent of the best (I0λ02)α fit of the THz yield suggests a meaningful probe that can help identify the dominant physical mechanisms whereby the energy of the laser field is converted to the energy of plasma electrons.
Motor signature of autism spectrum disorder in adults without intellectual impairment
Authors: Cho An Bin , Otte Karen , Baskow Irina , Ehlen Felicitas , Maslahati Tolou , Mansow-Model Sebastian , Schmitz-Hübsch Tanja , Behnia Behnoush , Roepke Stefan
Published: May 2022

Motor signs such as dyspraxia and abnormal gait are characteristic features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, motor behavior in adults with ASD has scarcely been quantitatively characterized. In this pilot study, we aim to quantitatively examine motor signature of adults with ASD without intellectual impairment using marker-less visual-perceptive motion capture. 82 individuals (37 ASD and 45 healthy controls, HC) with an IQ > 85 and aged 18 to 65 years performed nine movement tasks and were filmed by a 3D-infrared camera. Anatomical models were quantified via custom-made software and resulting kinematic parameters were compared between individuals with ASD and HCs. Furthermore, the association between specific motor behaviour and severity of autistic symptoms (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule 2, Autism Spectrum Quotient) was explored. Adults with ASD showed a greater mediolateral deviation while walking, greater sway during normal, tandem and single leg stance, a reduced walking speed and cadence, a greater arrhythmicity during jumping jack tasks and an impaired manual dexterity during finger tapping tasks (p < 0.05 and |D|> 0.48) compared to HC. Furthermore, in the ASD group, some of these parameters correlated moderately to severity of ASD symptoms. Adults with ASD seem to display a specific motor signature in this disorder affecting movement timing and aspects of balance. The data appear to reinforce knowledge about motor signs reported in children and adolescents with ASD. Also, quantitative motor assessment via visual-perceptive computing may be a feasible instrument to detect subtle motor signs in ASD and perhaps suitable in the diagnosis of ASD in the future.
Synchronized bursts of productivity and success in individual careers
Authors: Ram Sumit Kumar , Nandan Shyam , Boulebnane Sami , Sornette Didier
Published: May 2022

Notwithstanding a significant understanding of epidemic processes in biological, social, financial, and geophysical systems, little is known about contagion behavior in individual productivity and success. We introduce an epidemic model to study the contagion of scholarly productivity and YouTube success. Our analysis reveals the existence of synchronized bursts in individual productivity and success, which are likely mediated by sustained flows of information within the networks.
Group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 inhibition by elemolic acid as a function of anti-inflammatory activity
Authors: Giresha Aladahalli S. , Urs Deepadarshan , Manjunatha J. G. , Sophiya P. , Supreetha B. H. , Jayarama Shankar , Dharmappa K. K.
Published: May 2022

Human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (GIIA) is a key enzyme in inflammatory reactions, worsening the condition of several chronic inflammatory diseases. The natural inhibitors of GIIA potentially block the production of inflammatory mediators. In the present study, elemolic acid, a triterpenoid fromBoswellia serratainhibited the GIIA enzyme in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50value of 5.70 ± 0.02 µM. The mode of GIIA inhibition was studied by increasing the concentration of the substrate from 30 to 120 nM, and calcium from 2.5 to 15 mM, the level of inhibition was not changed. The inhibitor-enzyme interaction was examined by fluorimetry and Circular Dichroism (CD) studies; elemolic acid altered intrinsic fluorescence intensity and shifted far UV- CD spectra of GIIA enzyme, suggesting the direct interaction with GIIA. Elemolic acid neutralized the GIIA mediated indirect hemolytic activity from 94.5 to 9.8% and reduced GIIA induced mouse paw edema from 171.75 to 113.68%. Elemolic acid also reduced the hemorrhagic effect of GIIA along withVipera russeliineurotoxic non-enzymatic peptide -VNTx-II (VR-HC-I). Thus, the elemolic acid has been proven as a potent inhibitor of GIIA enzyme and modulated the GIIA induced inflammatory response by in situ and in vivo methods.
An updated view into the cell cycle kinetics of human T lymphocytes and the impact of irradiation
Authors: Duthoo Evi , Vral Anne , Baeyens Ans
Published: May 2022

Even though a detailed understanding of the proliferative characteristics of T lymphocytes is imperative in many research fields, prior studies have never reached a consensus on these characteristics, and on the corresponding cell cycle kinetics specifically. In this study, the general proliferative response of human T lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was characterized using a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based flow cytometric assay. We were able to determine when PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes complete their first division, the proportion of cells that initiate proliferation, the subsequent division rate of the cells, and the impact of irradiation on these proliferative properties. Next, we accurately visualized the cell cycle progression of dividing T lymphocytes cultured in whole blood using an adapted 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine pulse-chase method. Furthermore, through multiple downstream analysis methods, we were able to make an estimation of the corresponding cell cycle kinetics. We also visualized the impact of X-rays on the progression of the cells through the cell cycle. Our results showed dose-dependent G2 arrest after exposure to irradiation, and a corresponding delay in G1 phase-entry of the cells. In conclusion, utilizing various flow cytometric assays, we provided valuable information on T lymphocyte proliferation characteristics starting from first division to fully dividing cells.
Development of a standardized in vitro model to reproduce hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens calcification
Authors: Britz Leoni , Schickhardt Sonja Katrin , Yildirim Timur Mert , Auffarth Gerd Uwe , Lieberwirth Ingo , Khoramnia Ramin
Published: May 2022

Opacification through calcification of hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOL) is a severe complication after cataract surgery. Causing symptoms that range from glare through to severe vision loss, the only effective therapy is explantation of the opacified IOL so far. Although IOL calcification is a well-described phenomenon, its pathogenesis is not fully understood yet. The purpose of the current study was to develop a laboratory model to replicate IOL calcification. Calcification could be reproduced using a horizontal electrophoresis and aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and disodium hydrogen phosphate. The analysis of the in vitro calcified IOLs was performed using light microscopy, Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and electron crystallography using transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The presented laboratory model could be used to identify hydrophilic IOLs that are at risk to develop calcification and to assess the influence of associated risk factors. In addition, it can serve as a research tool to further understand this pathology.
Incidence and risk factors of progressive nasal inner nuclear layer thickening after surgical peeling of epiretinal membrane
Authors: Park Hyun Young , Yang Jong Yun , Park Hyo Song , Kim Hyesun
Published: May 2022

To assess incidence and risk factors of postoperative progressive nasal inner nuclear layer (INL) thickening after epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery. Progressive nasal INL thickening was defined as 1.5-fold increase in thickness of nasal INL after ERM surgery compared to preoperative examination. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was done to compare the cumulative risk ratio between groups stratified by presence of progressive nasal INL thickening. Logistic regression was performed to identify possible risk factors. Progressive nasal INL thickening occurred in 13.0% of ERM removal patients. Patients without progressive nasal INL thickening showed better visual acuity recovery compared to patients with nasal INL thickening (p = 0.029). Presence of cystoid space in inner retinal layer before surgery (odds ratio [OR] = 0.143, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.028–0.736; p = 0.020), older age (OR = 0.896, 95% CI 0.817–0.982, p = 0.020), and thicker preoperative central macular thickness (OR = 0.994, 95% CI 0.988–1.000, p = 0.039) were correlated inversely with thickening of nasal INL. Correlation between nasal INL thickness and postoperative visual outcome was significant. Absence of cystoid space before ERM surgery, younger age, and thinner central macular thickness were risk factors for progressive postoperative nasal INL thickening. Progressive nasal INL thickening may serve as a new biomarker for worsened visual symptom after ERM surgery.
Gaze direction and face orientation modulate perceptual sensitivity to faces under interocular suppression
Authors: Lanfranco Renzo C. , Stein Timo , Rabagliati Hugh , Carmel David
Published: May 2022

Faces convey information essential for social interaction. Their importance has prompted suggestions that some facial features may be processed unconsciously. Although some studies have provided empirical support for this idea, it remains unclear whether these findings were due to perceptual processing or to post-perceptual decisional factors. Evidence for unconscious processing of facial features has predominantly come from the Breaking Continuous Flash Suppression (b-CFS) paradigm, which measures the time it takes different stimuli to overcome interocular suppression. For example, previous studies have found that upright faces are reported faster than inverted faces, and direct-gaze faces are reported faster than averted-gaze faces. However, this procedure suffers from important problems: observers can decide how much information they receive before committing to a report, so their detection responses may be influenced by differences in decision criteria and by stimulus identification. Here, we developed a new procedure that uses predefined exposure durations, enabling independent measurement of perceptual sensitivity and decision criteria. We found higher detection sensitivity to both upright and direct-gaze (compared to inverted and averted-gaze) faces, with no effects on decisional factors. For identification, we found both greater sensitivity and more liberal criteria for upright faces. Our findings demonstrate that face orientation and gaze direction influence perceptual sensitivity, indicating that these facial features may be processed unconsciously.
Quasi-exact solutions for guided modes in two-dimensional materials with tilted Dirac cones
Authors: Ng R. A. , Wild A. , Portnoi M. E. , Hartmann R. R.
Published: May 2022

We show that if the solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional massless Dirac equation for a given one-dimensional (1D) potential are known, then they can be used to obtain the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the same potential, orientated at an arbitrary angle, in a 2D Dirac material possessing tilted, anisotropic Dirac cones. This simple set of transformations enables all the exact and quasi-exact solutions associated with 1D quantum wells in graphene to be applied to the confinement problem in tilted Dirac materials such as 8-Pmmn borophene. We also show that smooth electron waveguides in tilted Dirac materials can be used to manipulate the degree of valley polarization of quasiparticles travelling along a particular direction of the channel. We examine the particular case of the hyperbolic secant potential to model realistic top-gated structures for valleytronic applications.
Relationship of isotopic variations with spring density in the structurally controlled springs and related geosystem services in Alaknanda Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Rawat Aakash Mohan , Bagri Dhirendra Singh , Kumar Sudhir , Badola Ruchi , Hussain Syed Ainul
Published: May 2022

As a traditional water source, springs are vital for Himalayan communities and it is essential to consciously focus on springs conservation. We report oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of spring water before, within, and after the tectonically active zones of the Alaknanda Valley, Uttarakhand. Higher variation of δ18O in the spring waters is found in highly tectonically disturbed zone i.e., Zone-2 with δ18O range − 4.9‰ to − 9.0‰ compared to tectonically less disturbed zones: Zone-1 and Zone-3 with δ18O value range − 7.9‰ to − 9.9‰ and − 7.4 to − 10.2‰ respectively. We hypothesize that the highly active thrust zones (Zone-2) with increased permeability compared to other Zones, manifested as greater spring density, results in higher water recharge in Zone-2. Very high to high spring density stretches are dominant in Zone-2 compared to Zone-1 and Zone-3. Stretches in Zone-2 with high spring density formed due to its highly tectonically active nature leads to the higher isotopic variation in Zone-2. The study also identifies the geosystem services provided by thrust zones as water resources to the local people and need of conservation modalities to manage the spring water resources in the thrust zones.
Virus particle propagation and infectivity along the respiratory tract and a case study for SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Vimalajeewa Dixon , Balasubramaniam Sasitharan , Berry Donagh P. , Barry Gerald
Published: May 2022

Respiratory viruses including Respiratory Syncytial Virus, influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause serious and sometimes fatal disease in thousands of people annually. Understanding virus propagation dynamics within the respiratory system is critical because new insights will increase our understanding of virus pathogenesis and enable infection patterns to be more predictable in vivo, which will enhance our ability to target vaccine and drug delivery. This study presents a computational model of virus propagation within the respiratory tract network. The model includes the generation network branch structure of the respiratory tract, biophysical and infectivity properties of the virus, as well as air flow models that aid the circulation of the virus particles. As a proof of principle, the model was applied to SARS-CoV-2 by integrating data about its replication-cycle, as well as the density of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme expressing cells along the respiratory tract network. Using real-world physiological data associated with factors such as the respiratory rate, the immune response and virus load that is inhaled, the model can improve our understanding of the concentration and spatiotemporal dynamics of the virus. We collected experimental data from a number of studies and integrated them with the model in order to show in silico how the virus load propagates along the respiratory network branches.
High performance visible-SWIR flexible photodetector based on large-area InGaAs/InP PIN structure
Authors: Li Xuanzhang , Zhang Junyang , Yue Chen , Tang Xiansheng , Gao Zhendong , Jiang Yang , Du Chunhua , Deng Zhen , Jia Haiqiang , Wang Wenxin , Chen Hong
Published: May 2022

Mechanically flexible optoelectronic devices and systems can enable a much broader range of applications than what their rigid counterparts can do, especially for novel bio-integrated optoelectronic systems, flexible consumer electronics and wearable sensors. Inorganic semiconductor could be a good candidate for the flexible PD when it can keep its high performance under the bending condition. Here, we demonstrate a III–V material-based flexible photodetector operating wavelength from 640 to 1700 nm with the high detectivity of 5.18 × 1011 cm‧Hz1/2/W and fast response speed @1550 nm by using a simply top-to-down fabrication process. The optoelectrical performances are stable as the PDs are exposed to bending cycles with a radius of 15 mm up to 1000 times. Furthermore, the mechanical failure mode of the PD is also investigated, which suggests that the cracking and delamination failure mode are dominant in bending up and bending down direction, respectively. Such a flexible III–V material-based PD and design with stable and high performance could be a promising strategy for the application of the flexible broad spectrum detection.
Nuclear soluble cGAS senses double-stranded DNA virus infection
Authors: Wu Yakun , Song Kun , Hao Wenzhuo , Li Jack , Wang Lingyan , Li Shitao
Published: May 2022

The DNA sensor cGAS detects cytosolic DNA and instigates type I interferon (IFN) expression. Recent studies find that cGAS also localizes in the nucleus and binds the chromatin. Despite the mechanism controlling nuclear cGAS activation is well elucidated, whether nuclear cGAS participates in DNA sensing is unclear. Here, we report that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection caused the release of cGAS from the chromatin into the nuclear soluble fraction. Like its cytosolic counterpart, the leaked nuclear soluble cGAS also sensed viral DNA, produced cGAMP, and induced mRNA expression of type I IFN and interferon-stimulated genes. Consistently, the nuclear soluble cGAS limited HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, enzyme-deficient mutation (D307A) or cGAS inhibitor RU.251 abolished nuclear cGAS-mediated innate immune responses, suggesting that enzymatic activity is also required for nuclear soluble cGAS. Taken all together, our study demonstrates that nuclear soluble cGAS acts as a nuclear DNA sensor detecting nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
Estimating NH3 and PM2.5 emissions from the Australia mega wildfires and the impact of plume transport on air quality in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Akdemir Ece Ari , Battye William H. , Myers Casey Bray , Aneja Viney P.
Published: May 2022

HYSPLIT modeling analysis. Long-range transport of PM2.5. Emissions of ammonia and PM2.5 from biomass burning.
Multi analyte sensing of amphiphilic tridentate bis(benzimidazolyl)pyridine incorporated in liposomes and potential application in enzyme assay
Authors: Gadiyaram Srushti , Sharma Nancy , Enoch Israel V. M. V. , Jose D. Amilan
Published: May 2022

A liposome based nanosensor Lipo-1 for the detection of multianalytes such as copper, cyanide and ATP has been described. The binding performance of Bzimpy changed and tuned in the liposome Lipo-1 system, compared to homogeneous solution.
Supramolecular-controlled regioselective photochemical [4 + 4] cycloaddition within Cp*Rh-based metallarectangles
Authors: Bai Sha , Wang Li-Feng , Wu Zhen-Wei , Feng Ting , Han Ying-Feng
Published: May 2022

A regioselective and reversible photochemical [4 + 4] cycloaddition was achieved within supramolecular metallarectangles with the assistance of a Cp*Rh-based organometallic template.
Surfactant-free suspension polymerization of hydrophilic monomers with an oil-in-water system for the preparation of microparticles toward the selective isolation of tumor cells
Authors: Nishimura Shin-nosuke , Nishida Kei , Shiomoto Shohei , Tanaka Masaru
Published: May 2022

Polymer microparticles, composed of water-soluble hydrophilic monomers, are synthesized via surfactant-free suspension polymerization with an oil-in-water system. Microparticles formed from PMEA have potential as a platform to capture tumor cells.
Fabrication of substrates for multiple cell patterning using a copolymer with a UV-degradable oligoethylene glycol side chain
Authors: Ogawa Hiroaki , Yamazawa Yuka , Nakaji-Hirabayashi Tadashi , Kitano Hiromi , Saruwatari Yoshiyuki , Matsuoka Kazuyoshi
Published: May 2022

Patterning of a surface modified with the copolymer of ω-methoxy-(ethylene glycol)8 acrylamide and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane by UV irradiation and the creation of a heterologous cell patterning surface.
A heterogeneous reaction strategy towards the general synthesis of 2D non-layered nanomaterials
Authors: Qin Wenjing , Liu Hao , Liu Jiahui , Yuan Jiangbo , Wei Cong , Xu Qun
Published: May 2022

A general heterogeneous reaction strategy was proposed to pave a novel avenue to the 2D non-layered nanomaterials.
Brain-like critical dynamics and long-range temporal correlations in percolating networks of silver nanoparticles and functionality preservation after integration of insulating matrix
Authors: Carstens Niko , Adejube Blessing , Strunskus Thomas , Faupel Franz , Brown Simon , Vahl Alexander
Published: May 2022

Ag-NP networks poised at the percolation threshold were fabricated. Their network dynamics are tuned to criticality, irrespective of presence or absence of an insulating matrix inside the memristive gaps.
Electrically tunable spin–orbit interaction in an InAs nanosheet
Authors: Fan Furong , Chen Yuanjie , Pan Dong , Zhao Jianhua , Xu H. Q.
Published: May 2022

The magnetotransport in an InAs nanosheet exhibits a transition from the WAL to the WL and then back to the WAL characteristics and demonstrates an efficient tuning of the Rashba spin-orbit coupling in the nanosheet with the use of a dual gate.
Novel MOF-derived 3D hierarchical needlelike array architecture with excellent EMI shielding, thermal insulation and supercapacitor performance
Authors: Zhu Si-Qi , Shu Jin-Cheng , Cao Mao-Sheng
Published: May 2022

Novel 3D hierarchical needlelike array architecture integrates excellent EMI shielding, thermal insulation and supercapacitor performance, which offers a new inspiration for the design and construction of portable intelligent devices.
Boosting the Zn-ion energy storage capability of graphene sandwiched nanoporous VOx derived from MXene
Authors: Chen Tao , Yang Changyu , Hu Xuewen , Zhang Qicheng , Cai An , Liu Huibin , Li Yang , Peng Wenchao , Zhang Fengbao , Fan Xiaobin
Published: May 2022

A structure of layered MXene derived nanoporous VOx sandwiched with graphene nanosheets (rGO–VOx) is constructed as a cathode for ZIBs with shortened diffusion pathways and increased electrical conductivity.
Heptadentate chelates for 89Zr-radiolabelling of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Guillou Amaury , Ouadi Ali , Holland Jason P.
Published: May 2022

Herein, we report the synthesis of three new bifunctional heptadentate metal ion binding chelates derived from desferrioxamine B (DFO) linked to a tripeptide unit and photoactivatable aryl azide for conjugation to monoclonal antibodies.
Reversible tuning of luminescence and magnetism in a structurally flexible erbium–anilato MOF
Authors: Monni Noemi , Baldoví José J. , García-López Víctor , Oggianu Mariangela , Cadoni Enzo , Quochi Francesco , Clemente-León Miguel , Mercuri Maria Laura , Coronado Eugenio
Published: May 2022

Tuning of luminescent and SIM properties is herein reported, in a novel flexible 3D anilato-based ErIII-MOF, displaying reversible shrinkage/expansion from a distorted hexagonal to a 3,6-brickwall rectangular structure.
Clinical perspectives on vagus nerve stimulation: present and future
Authors: Goggins Eibhlin , Mitani Shuhei , Tanaka Shinji
Published: May 2022

The vagus nerve, the great wanderer, is involved in numerous processes throughout the body and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has the potential to modulate many of these functions. This wide-reaching capability has generated much interest across a range of disciplines resulting in several clinical trials and studies into the mechanistic basis of VNS. This review discusses current preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of VNS in different diseases and highlights recent advancements. Studies that provide insights into the mechanism of VNS are considered.
Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters
Authors: Verliat Antoine , Hennebelle Patrick , González Marta , Lee Yueh-Ning , Geen Sam
Published: May 2022

Context.Understanding the conditions in which stars and stellar clusters form is of great importance. In particular, the role that stellar feedback may have is still hampered by large uncertainties.

Aims.We aim to investigate the role played by ionising radiation and protostellar outflows during the formation and evolution of a stellar cluster. To self-consistently take into account gas accretion, we start with clumps of tens of parsecs in size.

Methods.Using an adaptive mesh refinement code, we ran magneto-hydrodynamical numerical simulations aimed at describing the collapse of massive clumps with either no stellar feedback or taking into account ionising radiation and/or protostellar jets.

Results.Stellar feedback substantially modifies the protostellar cluster properties in several ways. We confirm that protostellar outflows reduce the star formation rate by a factor of a few, although the outflows do not stop accretion and, likely enough, do not modify the final cluster mass. On the other hand, once sufficiently massive stars have formed, ionising radiation efficiently expels the remaining gas and reduces the final cluster mass by a factor of several. We found that while HII radiation and jets barely change the distribution of high density gas, the latter increases the dense gas velocity dispersion again by a factor of several in a few places. As we are starting from a relatively large scale, we found that the clusters whose mass and size are, respectively, of the order of a few 1000M⊙and a fraction of parsec, present a significant level of rotation. Moreover, we found that the sink particles that mimic the stars themselves tend to have rotation axes aligned with the cluster’s large-scale rotation. Finally, computing the classicalQparameter used to quantify stellar cluster structure, we infer that when jets are included in the calculation, theQvalues are typical of observations, while when protostellar jets are not included, theQvalues tend to be significantly lower. This is due to the presence of sub-clustering that is considerably reduced by the jets.

Conclusions.Both large-scale gas accretion and stellar feedback, namely HII regions and protostellar jets, appear to significantly influence the formation and evolution of stellar clusters.
Polarization power spectra and dust cloud morphology
Authors: Konstantinou A. , Pelgrims V. , Fuchs F. , Tassis K.
Published: May 2022

Context In the framework of studying cosmic microwave background polarization and characterizing its Galactic foregrounds, the angular power spectrum analysis of the thermal dust polarization map has led to intriguing evidence of an E/B asymmetry and a positive TE correlation. The interpretation of these observations is the subject of theoretical and simulation-driven studies in which the correlation between the density structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) and the magnetic field appears to be a key aspect. In this context, and when the magnetized ISM structures are modeled in three dimensions, dust clouds are generally considered to be filamentary structures only, but both filamentary and sheet-like shapes are supported by observational and theoretical evidence.

Aims. We aim to study the influence of the cloud shape and its connection to the local magnetic field, as well as the influence from the viewing angle, on the angular power spectra measured on thermal dust polarization maps; we specifically focus on the dependence of the E/B power asymmetry and TE correlation.

Methods. To this end, we simulated realistic interstellar clouds with both filament-like and sheet-like shapes using the software Asterion, which also allowed us to generate synthetic maps of thermal dust polarized emission with an area of 400 square degrees. Then, we computed their polarization power spectra in the multipole range ℓ ϵ [100, 500] and focused on the E/B power asymmetry, quantified through the ℛEB ratio, and the correlation coefficient rTE between Τ and Ε modes. We quantified the dependence of ℛEB and rTE values on the offset angle (between the longest cloud axis and local magnetic field lines) and inclination angle (between the line of sight and the magnetic field) for both types of cloud shapes, either embedded in a regular magnetic field or coupled to a nonregular field to mimic turbulence.

Results. We find that both types of cloud shapes cover the same regions of the (ℛEB, rTE) parameter space. The dependence on the inclination and offset angles is similar for both shapes, although sheet-like structures generally show larger scatter than filamentary structures. In addition to the known dependence on the offset angle, we find a strong dependence of ℛEB and rTE on the inclination angle.

Conclusions. The very fact that filament-like and sheet-like structures may lead to polarization power spectra with similar (ℛEB,rTE) values complicates their interpretation. We argue that interpreting them solely in terms of filament characteristics is risky, and in future analyses, this degeneracy should be accounted for, as should the connection to the magnetic field geometry. Our results based on maps of 400 square degrees clarify that the overall geometrical arrangement of the magnetized ISM surrounding the observer leaves its marks on polarization power spectra.