bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the mechanical properties of para rubber-oil palm ash derived geosynthetic clay liner
Authors: Promputthangkoon P , Rungvichaniwat A , Kaewthai Andrei N , Kuasakul T
Published: March 2020

A mixture of kaolinite and oil palm ash with latex binder were from to make a core of the geosynthetic clay liner. Then, it was covered by latex-coated calico. The GCL developed had the width and length of 100 cm and 200 cm, with the total thickness of about 7 mm. It is to be used as liner at the bottom of a landfill in order to prevent the leachate to have a contact with the groundwater that could harm people who make use of that contaminated water. Several laboratory tests were carried out to evaluate whether it has the same properties as commercial ones; and, it can be employed in field. Only punching shear resistance and tensile strength are reported in this paper. It was found that both tests yield results that are in accordance with the industrial standard, indicating that it can be really employed in the field.
Performance of lightweight cement board using coconut coir fiber and expanded polystyrene foam waste
Authors: Pusri C , Ksapabutr B , Chaiyut N , Panapoy M
Published: March 2020

Lightweight cement hybrid materials based on expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam waste and coconut coir fiber (CF) have been developed as an effective method for industrial and agricultural wastes management. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of CF and EPS foam as cement replacements at various proportions of EPS foam and CF at various lengths of CF on the properties of cement composites. The mixtures containing partial replacement of cement by 1, 2 and 3% CF with three different CF lengths (1, 2 and 3 cm) and 1, 2 and 3% EPS foam were prepared. The physical and mechanical properties of the specimens were determined after 28 days of hydration. The flexural strength and impact strength of the composites increased with CF content. Meanwhile, the bulk density clearly decreased along with the addition of EPS foam. The cement composites containing 3% CF and 1% EPS as well as 2% CF and 2% EPS at 2 cm fiber length showed acceptable strengths and density for structural lightweight cement. The results indicated that EPS foam and CF can be used as replacements for cement and asbestos in the production of fiber board cement to obtain inexpensive, lightweight and strong product.
Role of Sn-based and Ti-based catalysts on melt copolymerization of PLA-Polyols
Authors: Luangkachao J , Sirisinha K
Published: March 2020

Aiming at improving the ductility of PLA, two polyols: polyethylene glycol (PEG), and polypropylene glycol (PPG) were introduced individually to the PLA structure as a soft component. Copolymerization of PLA and polyols was performed in a melt-mixer via transesterification in the presence of a catalyst. 1H-NMR and GPC results revealed that PLAPEG and PLA-PPG copolymers with different molecular weights were successfully formed. The copolymer formation and characteristics depended strongly on the structure of polyol and type of catalyst. Titanium butoxide (TBT) was found to be a more effective catalyst than dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTL). The effects of catalyst content and reaction time on the characteristics of the copolymers are also reported.
Impact absorbing kneepad prepared from natural rubber
Authors: Kaewpradit P , Kongchoo A , Chonlathan P , Lehman N , Kalkornsurapranee E
Published: March 2020

This research aims to develop an impact absorbing material prepared from natural rubber, in order to encourage the competition of Thailand in the global market as well as add the rubber values. The material has been prepared by impregnating natural rubber foam with the dilatant fluid. Experimental results show that the prototype of knee guard impregnated with the proposed dilatant (NRI) gives good shock impact absorbing performance (higher than 5, 000 N). This shows 20 – 30% higher performance than the prototype with the conventional dilatant. In other words, the NRI and the commercial knee guard have transmission force < 2, 300 N with CV 1.1% and 1.5% respectively. Considering international impact protection standards, the test results have shown that the NRI is corresponding with level 2 class C of the protection standard for roller sports (EN 14120:2003) with the transmission force < 6, 000 N. It is also coincident with the protection standard for Motorcyclist’ protective clothing against mechanical impact (EN 1621-1:2010) with the transmission force < 35, 000 N. In addition, the impact absorbing material prepared from natural rubber has performance within level 1 of EN 1621-2:2003 standard (peak transmission force < 18, 000 N), but the commercial knee guard passes level 2 of EN 1621-2:2003 standard (peak transmission force < 9, 000 N). It can be seen that the performance of the natural material is comparable with the commercial one, it also has lower manufacturing cost than 300 THB/piece while the commercial has sale cost of 2, 500 THB/piece.
Conversion of water and carbon dioxide into methanol with solar energy on Au/Co nanostructured surfaces
Authors: Zhu Qinghua , Wang Cong , Ren Haizhou , Zeng Ming , Kan Zhe , Wang Zibo , Shen Mengyan
Published: March 2020

Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to methanol (CH3OH) is achieved through an artificial photosynthesis procedure utilizing cobalt (Co) micro-particle based photocatalyst and solar energy in a simple, closed reactor. The photocatalyst is fabricated by exposing the surfaces of cobalt microparticles to femtosecond laser irradiation in a gold chloride (AuCl) solution. The morphology and composite of the photocatalyst surfaces were observed and detected to be a layer of cobalt dioxide (CoO) nano-flakes on which some gold (Au) nanoparticles were deposited. The Au nanoparticles harvest the Sunlight energy through a plasmonic effect. The energy absorbed by Au nanoparticles creates electrons and holes which excite the H2O and CO2 molecules adsorbed on CoO nanostructure surfaces to form excited hydrogen (H2)* and excited carbon monoxide (CO)* on the CoO surface. The excited molecules combine to form CH3OH on the CoO surface. The Au/CoO/Co nanostructured surfaces are useful for developing a low-cost method to convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of methanol.
Not Published Is Not Perished: Addressing Publication Bias in Meta-Analytic Studies in Communication
Authors: Sun Ye , Pan Zhongdang
Published: March 2020

Publication bias has been recognized as a threat to the validity of meta-analytic findings and scientific knowledge in general. Given the recent rise in meta-analytic research in communication, how well publication bias concerns are addressed by communication meta-analysts merits attention. In this essay, after a brief overview of publication bias and some major methods of assessment, we provide a systematic review of meta-analyses published in six major communication journals between 2005 and 2018. The review focuses on two aspects of addressing publication bias in meta-analyses: (a) reducing the potential impact of bias via an inclusive literature search; and (b) empirically assessing the extent and impact of bias in meta-analytic findings. Our review shows that the current practices in communication meta-analyses are inadequate in both aspects. We offer recommendations on ways of improving practices in meta-analyses, as well as in research and publication processes, to better safeguard knowledge claims.
Forum: Rethinking Neoclassical Realism at Theory's End
Authors: Meibauer Gustav , Desmaele Linde , Onea Tudor , Kitchen Nicholas , Foulon Michiel , Reichwein Alexander , Sterling-Folker Jennifer
Published: March 2020

This forum presents a snapshot of the current state of neoclassical realist theorizing. Its contributors are self-identified neoclassical realists who delineate their version of neoclassical realism (NCR), its scope, object of analysis, and theoretical contribution. From the standpoint of NCR, they contribute to and reflect on the “end of IR theory” debate. NCR has come under criticism for its supposed lack of theoretical structure and alleged disregard for paradigmatic boundaries. This raises questions as to the nature of this (theoretical) beast. Is NCR a midrange, progressive research program? Can it formulate a grand theory informed by metatheoretical assumptions? Is it a reformulation of neorealism or classical realism or an eclectic mix of different paradigms? The forum contributors argue that NCR, in different variants, holds considerable promise to investigate foreign policy, grand strategy and international politics. They interrogate the interaction of international and domestic politics and consider normative implications as well as the sources and cases of NCR beyond the West. In so doing, they speak to theorizing and the utility of the theoretical enterprise in IR more generally.
[They Dance]
Authors: Williams Seth Stewart
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that in early modern England, dance scenes were among the most radically collaborative components of a play’s text, prone to complicating questions of authorship and attribution. Arguing that dances rarely circulated between contemporaneous plays without significant alteration, it also takes a long view of collaboration, noting the successive alterations to the play made by Shakespeare, Thomas Middleton, and William Davenant, whose transtemporal collaborations leave dance spanning multiple compositional temporalities. Relatedly, the fictional world within plays also depicts dance as complexly authored, and playwrights often attribute choreographic authorship to one or multiple characters in order to explore broader thematic tensions concerning origins and responsibility. In The Two Noble Kinsmen, the dancing of the Jailer’s Daughter is attributed to several men who have had a share in her suffering; in The Tragedy of Macbeth, the witches’ fidelity to necromantic choreographies proves inseparable from the question of how and whether they author human misfortune. Macbeth also proved a key play in the development of choreographers as a class of professionals in the commercial theater, and the chapter closes with a reflection on how scripts shaped their work as “composers,” one of the terms used to characterize their work before the word “choreographer” was in use.
Dance in the Broadway Musicals of Shakespeare
Authors: Miller Ray
Published: March 2020

Shakespeare’s plays have served as inspiration for a score of Broadway musicals. These musicals have contributed to the development of the musical theater libretto from a loose collection of sketches to an integrated “book musical” that equally values text, music, design, directing, and dance. While many are familiar with some of the most popular hits from those shows—including “Brush Up Your Shakespeare” from the Cole Porter’s musical, Kiss Me, Kate, or the balcony scene song, “Maria,” from the Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim collaboration, West Side Story, the contribution of choreographers and dancers to the translation of Shakespeare-inspired music, text, and scenography to the musical theater stage has not received due scholarly attention. This chapter considers the partnership between text and dance in selected Broadway musicals that have been based on the works of Shakespeare, focusing on choreography for musicals by George Balanchine, Hanya Holm, and Jerome Robbins.
Measure in Everything
Authors: Klett Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

This chapter investigates the concept of “legibility” in two contemporary dance adaptations of Shakespeare’s Hamlet: Kenneth MacMillan’s Sea of Troubles (1988, Dance Advance) and Stephen Mills’s Hamlet (2000, Ballet Austin). While Mills’s full-length narrative follows the chronology of events as dramatized in Hamlet, MacMillan’s postmodern piece eschews narrative coherence. Both nonetheless find ample scope for challenging the demand for intelligibility and legibility in adapting Shakespeare for dance. Both are also eminently suited to engaging with Hamlet in particular, since it is a text that interrogates the concept of linearity and multiplies potential meanings. These choreographic works, created by artists working in different contexts and with different types of companies, reveal that Hamlet is not a stable textual artifact, but a continually evolving process, open to constant interaction and reinterpretation.
Shakespeare and L.O.V.E.
Authors: Hewison James
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores Volcano Theatre Company’s radical interpretation of Shakespeare’s Sonnets through their award-winning physical theater production, L.O.V.E. (1992). Drawing on literary analysis and sociological readings, the chapter considers current and historical perspectives on what many consider to be Shakespeare’s most intimate work, and notably the implications of the poetry’s homoerotic focus. The chapter then explores Volcano’s adaptation of this nontheatrical work into narratively driven performance material, focusing on analysis of the company’s choreographic and aesthetic responses to the textual stimulus. The author’s decade-long experience of performing in L.O.V.E. is augmented through interviews with key members of the production’s original cast and creative collaborators. Finally, the chapter reflects on the critical impact of L.O.V.E. through analysis of its cultural and political reception both in the United Kingdom and internationally.
Haunted by Hamlet
Authors: Vass-Rhee Freya
Published: March 2020

Choreographer William Forsythe did not set out to engage with Hamlet when creating the 2011 work Sider. Instead, Hamlet’s textual rhythms and dramaturgy were first found to be in uncanny resonance with the ensemble’s choreographic research, then elaborated into a robust, multifaceted, yet obscure dramaturgical underpinning. Drawing on the author’s experience as dramaturg to The Forsythe Company, this article discusses Sider’s devising process, danced dramaturgies, and linkages to Shakespeare’s work, showing how Sider’s choreography, mise en scène, and production mode of live direction extend Hamlet’s dramaturgy to its dancers, audience, and director alike. In doing so, the chapter offers both a close look inside the choreographic craft of Forsythe and his ensemble and a striking example of postdramatic engagement with a classic text.
“When the Play Is Done, You Shall Have a Jig or Dance of All Treads”
Authors: Clegg Roger
Published: March 2020

Anyone familiar with the works of Shakespeare will know that some of his comedies end in a dance, and anyone visiting Shakespeare’s Globe today is likely to witness the company return to the stage after the play to perform a dance. By surveying and appraising the evidence relating to dance as a conclusion to the theatrical event—whether featured at the close of the drama, or as a dance following the play, or as part of a comic musical afterpiece, or “jig”—the chapter explores its tradition, form, function, and significance, then and now.
“The Revellers Are Entering”
Authors: Daye Anne
Published: March 2020

This chapter addresses Shakespeare’s incorporation of the court masque genre into his plays for the public stage, from the perspective of a dance historian. During Shakespeare’s active work with the company of players, he embraced the Tudor form and the continental mascarade, followed by new developments under the Stuart king, James I, to include the anti-masque. By analyzing the chronological changes in masque and dance entries, it becomes clear that Shakespeare and his company took the lead in an innovation copied by other playwrights. An argument is presented for the role of a choreographer, a dancing master on the court payroll, working as a collaborator with Shakespeare in devising new dances in the expression of character, and the beginnings of a new profession of specialist dancer, separate from that of the player who was competent in elementary social dance forms.
We Are All Made
Authors: Ziegler John R.
Published: March 2020

John Fletcher and William Shakespeare’s The Two Noble Kinsmen (ca. 1613–1614) includes a version of the anti-masque morris dance from Francis Beaumont’s Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray’s Inn, part of the nuptial celebration for King James’s daughter. When transferred to the stage, the dance became a commodity with multivalent appeal. If the court anti-masque parodically appropriated the folk dance, then as the stage reappropriated the dance, it weakened the parody and applied a new sheen of court association, selling the opportunity to experience part of a well-known royal event. At the same time, the dance’s success within the play makes an argument for the skill of both the middling sort and the players who act them. Finally, the dance provides a venue for the expression of female cross-class desire, which, unlike the destructive male expression of desire through combat, brings social and economic success to its participants.
Shakespeare’s Dancing Bodies
Authors: Shaw Brandon
Published: March 2020

Romeo’s well-known excuse that he cannot dance because he has soles of lead is demonstrative of the autonomous volitional quality Shakespeare ascribes to body parts, his utilization of humoral somatic psychology, and the horizontally divided body according to early modern dance practice and theory. This chapter considers the autonomy of and disagreement between the body parts and the unruliness of the humors within Shakespeare’s dramas, particularly Romeo and Juliet. An understanding of the body as a house of conflicting parts can be applied to the feet of the dancing body in early modern times, as is evinced not only by literary texts, but dance manuals as well. The visuality dominating the dance floor provided opportunity for social advancement as well as ridicule, as contemporary sources document. Dance practice is compared with early modern swordplay in their shared approaches to the training and social significance of bodily proportion and rhythm.
When Classical Authors Encountered Egyptian Epigraphy
Authors: Winand Jean
Published: March 2020

This chapter deals with the reception of the ancient Egyptian writings by the (mostly Greek) classical authors. After assessing the corpus, which extends over more than fifteen centuries, the terminology coined by the classical authors to name the different forms of Egyptian writings, which is still in use in modern Egyptology, is discussed. While most authors superficially manifested their fascination or rejection of a graphemic system they did not understand, a few scholars, more or less related to the neo-Platonist school, tried to make sense of the hieroglyphs and their symbolism in a manner that exerted a lasting influence till the beginning of the eighteenth century. In this respect, some authors engaged in a discussion about the relative advantages of the hieroglyphic and alphabetic systems.
Karl Richard Lepsius and the Royal Prussian Expedition to Egypt (1842–1845/6)
Authors: Loeben Christian E.
Published: March 2020

The aim of the Royal Prussian Expedition to Egypt and Ethiopia (1842–1845/6) was to replace the images and text found in the Description de l’Égypte with exact pictures of the monuments in the same size folio format. Led by Karl Richard Lepsius, the Prussian Expedition was charged with making a precise inventory of primarily the monuments of the Old and Middle Kingdoms and tracing the legacies of Nubian culture in detail, even the basics of which were not known at that time. The expedition was also to acquire originals for the Egyptian Museum in Berlin, resulting in a considerable increase of the collection, particularly of pieces with secure provenance. The Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV, enthusiastic about archaeology and committed to the advancement of research and the Berlin Museum, was personally committed to the expedition. With a team of researchers and the help and support of his close friend August Kestner, Lepsius led the expedition whose work resulted in the Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien, a twelve-volume set of plans and drawings that are so accurate and detailed as to still be consulted today. Lepsius should also be credited with the “rediscovery” of Amarna, because prior to his work, travelers to Egypt paid no significant attention to the ruins there and because he was the first Egyptologist in a position to formulate a synthesis of all knowledge about the period now known as the Amarna era.
Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Scientific Developments in Epigraphy
Authors: Davies Vanessa
Published: March 2020

The science of epigraphy has its roots in drawings and paintings made by travelers and those who worked on state-funded expeditions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was primarily archaeologists, associated with universities and other research organizations, who recorded temple and tomb decoration. The desire to document texts and art was spurred by a growing push to conserve the monuments due to threats by those who visited, studied, and collected artifacts from them. In accord with this vision, the wet squeeze method of recording inscriptions was gradually replaced with less invasive techniques, such as dry squeezes, tracings, freehand copies, and photographs. Many factors influenced—and continue to influence—ways of recording of decoration: technical (physical location of decoration, available light, cost and limitations associated with print publications) and personal (the epigrapher’s training, cultural background, and attention to text and/or image).
The So-Called Karnak Method
Authors: Thiers Christophe
Published: March 2020

Presentation of the so-called Karnak Method, based on epigraphic copies made on a 1:1 scale using plastic film. The advantages, disadvantages, and evolution of the method all the way up to recent developments enabled by the vectorization of copies are presented, supported by examples from publications.
The Chicago House Method
Authors: McClain J. Brett
Published: March 2020

The Chicago House Method is a set of procedures for making facsimile copies of Egyptian monumental decoration. Since its creation by James Henry Breasted in 1924, the Epigraphic Survey has employed this Method for the recording and publication of the ancient records found on the walls of Egyptian monuments. The documentation process uses large-format photographs from which facsimile line drawings are made and rigorously cross-checked against the original monument, utilizing the diverse skills of a team of experts to ensure the highest possible degree of accuracy. The method is flexible when necessitated by field conditions or various types of inscribed material and can integrate new tools and techniques to address a variety of epigraphic tasks more effectively, but the core principles—a photographic basis and multiple checks of the copy by a series of specialists who examine the original—are observed at all times.
The Significance of Medium in Palaeographic Study
Authors: Meeks Dimitri
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses the significance of medium in epigraphy and palaeography with special attention given to the particular challenges of hieroglyphic palaeography that are not faced in palaeographic analyses of hieratic. A hieroglyphic palaeography must be the prerequisite, well documented, for a discipline that emerges now with some difficulty, Egyptian grammatology. It should span the history of the script, be aware of the most minute details of each single sign and their possible significance. But it must cope with the enormity of the textual corpus: an obstacle that digital tools cannot always overcome without a significant collective investment.Taking into consideration past, present, and future methods of research, the chapter concludes with a vision for future collaboration among these various subfields of Egyptology.
The Historical Record
Authors: Brand Peter J.
Published: March 2020

Monumental reliefs and inscriptions constitute an important body of evidence scholars use to reconstruct Egyptian history. Beyond their artistic and textual content, monumental inscriptions are useful for historical inquiry because they often display evidence of alteration, erasure, and palimpsest. Although investigating how and why monumental inscriptions were altered is vital to reconstructing Egyptian history, historians must be careful to avoid modern value judgments. Terms like “usurpation” and “damnatio memoriae” are anachronistic or culturally inappropriate for interpreting the motives of the Egyptians in altering or erasing monumental reliefs. Historiographical case studies on late Eighteenth Dynasty and Ramesside royal inscriptions consider the issue of epigraphic data on reinscribed royal names and the issue of hypothetical coregencies between Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten and of Seti I and Ramesses II to explore the possibilities and limitations of using epigraphic sources to reconstruct Egyptian history.
Egyptian Epigraphic Genres and Their Relation with Nonepigraphic Ones
Authors: Stauder-Porchet Julie , Stauder Andréas
Published: March 2020

Given fundamental differences between the inscriptional and noninscriptional realms of written performance in ancient Egypt, several major textual genres are specifically inscriptional in origins and functions (e.g., the nonroyal autobiography and the royal wḏ, “decree” or authoritative pronouncement). This did not preclude productive interactions between the two realms, manifest in secondary epigraphic genres (e.g., “funerary literature,” hymns and prayers, administrative and judicial texts); relations between epigraphic genres and Middle Egyptian literature are productive in both directions. Lapidary inscriptions are defined by their out-of-the-ordinary register, authoritative nature, resultative aspect, and sacralizing force. Characteristic of various epigraphic genres are their relation to the place of inscription, their focus on the (royal or nonroyal) name, and their integration with pictorial representations.
Soldiers and Censors
Authors: Püschel Liana
Published: March 2020

From his very first opera Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio (1839) to his last, Falstaff (1893), Giuseppe Verdi set many of his works in the Middle Ages. These operas were written over a period of more than fifty years and show the traces of Verdi’s changes in style, interests, and status within the profession; they also confirm the persistent interest on the Middle Ages in Italy through the nineteenth century. This essay aims to show some of the associations and expectations that the medieval locale stimulated in the composer, his librettists, and his Italian public through a broad look at the historical context and the discussion of some aspects of the music, the libretto, and the stage design for a selection of Verdi’s medieval operas. Censorship played a large role in the choice of the medieval locale; in this respect, the failed refashioning of Un ballo in maschera as a medieval opera and the successful transformation of Stiffelio into Aroldo are especially valuable case studies.
Disciplining Guinevere
Authors: Gower Gillian L.
Published: March 2020

Portrayals of noblewomen and the courtly love ideal are familiar themes in medieval songs and romances. This essay challenges the legitimacy of these themes, tracing an archeology of courtly love as a scholarly and cultural construct: a medievalism in and of itself, with origins in the nineteenth century. Using the Arthurian tradition as a case study, the essay explores reinterpretations of medieval portrayals of love in postmedieval cultures from Restoration Britain to the Swinging Sixties. As women increasingly occupied public and private spaces that were once exclusively men’s domain, male musicians in these settings employed the character of Guinevere and the idea of courtly love to address contemporary cultural anxieties about gender.
Medievalism and Regionalist Identity in Lalo’s Le Roi d’Ys
Authors: Olin Elinor
Published: March 2020

Édouard Lalo’s opera Le Roi d’Ys was one of the earliest manifestations of French musical regionalism to find success on a major Parisian stage. Subtitled légende bretonne, Lalo’s work was set in medieval Brittany, using Breton folk melodies and a conflation of Christian and Celtic legends, intentionally sidestepping the conformist portfolio of fairy tales and grand-operatic French history at the Opéra and the Opéra Comique. Concordant with goals of contemporary regionalist associations such as the Société Celtique and the Félibres promoting the decentralization of French culture, Le Roi d’Ys represents an intentional and nostalgic re-creation of an ancient lineage, geographically and artistically independent from the culture of Paris. Most intriguing are musical links between Regionalist publications of early Provençal noëls and Lalo’s references to medieval ceremonies and rituals in Le Roi d’Ys. As such, the opera is much more than its detractors’ accusations that it was derivative, simply an echo of wagnérisme. Le Roi d’Ys set an important precedent for later regionalist works by Chausson, Ropartz, Widor and others, and was significant to the transformation of musico-dramatic repertory in fin-de-siècle France.
Sowing Distrust of the News Media as an Electoral Strategy
Authors: Ladd Jonathan M. , Podkul Alexander R.
Published: March 2020

Since the 1970s, trust in the news media went through a period of general decline and then a second period (since 2000) of polarization by party. Currently, trust in the media is low among those of all political affiliations, but it is substantially lower among Republicans than Democrats. Scholars have investigated a variety of plausible causes of this increasing distrust of the media, yet the largest source of this change seems to be increasing amounts of criticism of the institutional media from politicians and political pundits. This trend also has important consequences for how people acquire political information and make election decisions. Those who distrust the news media are more likely to consume information from partisan news outlets, and are more resistant to a fairly wide variety of media effects on public opinion. Because it can partially insulate one’s supporters from many types of media persuasion, partisan attacks on the news media have become an increasingly prominent political tactic.
Global Variation in the Anglophone World
Authors: Kortmann Bernd
Published: March 2020

Based on the data set in the electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English, the primary purpose of this chapter is to determine the areal and global reach as well as the degree of distinctiveness of morphosyntactic properties for fifty spontaneous spoken L1 and L2 Englishes as well as twenty-six English-based pidgins and creoles spoken in seven Anglophone world regions (Africa, North America, Australia, British Isles, the Caribbean, the Pacific, South and Southeast Asia). Central questions addressed include the following: Which are the most widespread non-standard morphosyntactic features in the Anglophone world? Are there distinctive, or even diagnostic, features for the different variety types? Is it possible to identify systematic correlations between variety type and different degrees of structural complexity? Which are the most widespread or even diagnostic features for the different parts of the English-speaking world?
Compounds
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers two points about compounds in English in detail. The first is the definition. It is argued that there is no reliable definition of a compound in English. This is partly because of problems with the definition of a word, where criteria for wordhood break down precisely in the area of compounding. The second major point about compounds is their meaning. Various construction types with apparently different meanings are termed ‘compounds’ (endocentric compound, exocentric compounds, coordinative compounds) but it is not always easy to fit individual examples into these construction types. The range of compound types in English is also canvassed, and the problem of the borderline between compounds and other constructions is a recurrent theme. Questions of headedness and binarity are treated in less depth, as are theoretical treatments of compounds.
Tense and Aspect
Authors: Depraetere Ilse , Tsangalidis Anastasios
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, the introduction sets the scene and shows how tense, aspect, and Aktionsart interact. Section 19.2 first addresses an uncontroversial aspect marker, the progressive, and the basic tense opposition in English, that between the past and the non-past. It is then explained why the perfect and the conditional in English are at the interface of tense and aspect, and, tense, modality, and mood, respectively. The question whether there is a future tense in English is also addressed. Further to the presentation of tense and aspect as morphological markers, a number of ways in which they affect the sentence and larger texts are also discussed. Section 19.3 offers a more detailed analysis of Aktionsart: the main situation types are defined, the ways Aktionsart impacts on the perception of time movement are discussed, and it is shown how the notion of coercion has been used to explain the dynamics.
Repeat
Authors: Lupton Christina
Published: March 2020

This essay explores repeat reading from several different angles. It considers the way some readers found their cultural capital on being re-readers of the classics while considering others for whom re-reading is compensation for poor memory or failure to properly grasp a text’s meaning the first time. Invoking cases from the eighteenth to the twenty-first century, it considers the change that digital reading has made to our revisiting of text, and the way that book ownership figures in the practice of re-reading. Its final examples involve the re-reading at work in viewing video in Ali Smith’s How to be Both and Alison Bechdel’s rewriting of Proust.
Sight
Authors: Drucker Johanna
Published: March 2020

Playing on the pun between site and sight, this chapter argues that the way we process the visual dimensions of language is connected to the spatial conditions and circumstances in which we encounter written texts. In other words, where we read is as fundamental to the way the meaning of written language is produced and contributes materially to how we understand what we are reading. This assertion suggests that all reading of signs and inscriptions is not only dependent on the circumstances in which the text is encountered, but that texts help constitute the “world” in which they are read. This constructivist approach proceeds from the assumption that space is an effect of inscriptional traces. In the highly mediated circumstances of current culture, we are constantly—simultaneously—processing multiple intersecting systems of digital and analog instances of written communication, which means that temporal aspects of site/sight are also in play.
Sound
Authors: Grobe Christopher
Published: March 2020

What does it mean for printed literature to have a “sound”—for people to “hear” what they silently read? This essay formulates a theory of “potential sound” in literature by examining the word “O” or “oh” as it appears across the history of poetry, performance, media culture, and language philosophy. Examples range from poems (by Tennyson, Frost, Rankine, Patti Smith, etc.) to TV programs (from The Wire to Will & Grace)—from YouTube supercuts (of each “Oh!” in The Sopranos, each “Oh, geez” in Fargo, etc.) to theater-historical anecdotes (e.g., acting exercises, famous Oh’s of performances past). Together these objects show how our habits of hearing, the vocal cultures to which we belong, and the various (often, imagined) performances we witness can color our acts of private, silent reading.
Aurality
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: March 2020

The author recounts her history as an aural reader and argues for her preference for the synthesized voices of text-to-speech technology over analogue recordings of human voices. Legally blind since the age of 11, she developed habits of good listening, which served to elevate her aural reading from the passive reception of oral language to a more active practice of aural discernment. Now, with the widespread popularity of audio books and the ubiquity of synthesized voice technologies in mainstream electronic devices, she perceives progress toward greater social inclusion for people who are blind and visually impaired.
In the Classroom
Authors: Cannon Christopher
Published: March 2020

Modern pedagogy presumes that students require preparation for literacy training, often easing them into reading by way of pictures and song. Earlier modes of pedagogy from the Middle Ages until relatively recently proceeded much more quickly, teaching students with sentences and short texts from the start. There was an emotional cost to this speed, as early schoolbooks acknowledged in the very violence they embrace. But examining this difference in approach closely also makes clear that modern classrooms rely on prior knowledge more than they admit, and, also, that the pace of modern teaching only serves to conceal the difficult but nearly unteachable cognitive leap that may well be the essential step in to learning to read.
In Public
Authors: Connor Steven
Published: March 2020

This essay considers public reading—the act of reading, performed in public, of public notices, inscriptions, labels, banners, and advertisements, which makes the experience of modern life a state of incessant address. Examples are taken from Dickens’s Bleak House and Joyce’s Ulysses, with particular attention being paid to the treatment given to advertising through skywriting in Woolf’s Mrs Dalloway. Many of the forms of public inscription or announcement borrow or blend with forms of mechanical motion, which is anticipated in the device known as “The Readies” invented by Bob Brown in the early 1930s. The essay concludes with a discussion of the growing expressiveness of and sensitivity to typefaces, especially in the psychotypographic force possessed by capital letters.
Political Institutions in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: March 2020

The Spanish transition to democracy from authoritarian rule in the 1970s was very successful and was taken as a model for other processes of political change by relatively peaceful means. But the expectation that it could give light to an exemplary democracy based on proportional representation and territorial decentralization has not been fulfilled. In comparison with most democracies in Europe, the Spanish parliamentary monarchy’s distinct features include single-party minority governments, partocracy or partisan control of separate institutions, competitive federalism with lack of cooperation among territorial communities and with the central government, neglect of the obligations to and commitments with the European Union, and high barriers to constitutional reform. Many preventive mechanisms that were conceived to favour political stability have turned into factors that have eroded electoral and social support for the results of the political process.
Legislative Politics in Spain
Authors: Field Bonnie N.
Published: March 2020

This chapter explains the functions and working of Spain’s parliament, las Cortes Generales. More specifically, it first analyses parliament’s place within the constitutional system, and representation related to political parties, women and other minority groups, and citizen trust. It then outlines parliament’s internal organization, including asymmetric bicameralism, parliamentary party groups, and committees. Finally, it discusses the characteristics of law-making, and executive–legislative relations in this parliamentary regime, before briefly concluding. While parliamentary institutions in Spain have changed little since redemocratization, throughout, the chapter highlights the (potential) transformations of legislative politics as a result of changes in the parliamentary party system.
Spain in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Fishman Robert M.
Published: March 2020

The chapter will identify—and seek to explain—a variety of ways in which political dynamics and outcomes in Spain have exerted an impact on comparative political analysis that is greater than the country’s demographic or economic ‘weight’. The empirical realities and trajectories of Spanish politics on a wide range of matters—including the nature of non-democratic political rule, regime transitions, especially the causes of democratic breakdown, pathways to democratic transition, causes of political disaffection, strategies for handling the existence of multiple national identities, to name but a few of the relevant themes—have provided political scientists with material for major conceptual innovations as well as research findings of significance for comparative political science and comparative methodology. The chapter examines why this country case has exerted such a large impact on cross-national comparisons and asks whether, apart from the large impact of scholarly contributions made by Juan Linz, there is any unifying logic to the broader pattern.
Interest Groups, Business Associations, and Trade Unions
Authors: Aguilar Susana
Published: March 2020

Spanish civil society has been characterized as weak and state-dependent as a consequence of the long-lived Francoist dictatorship (1939–1976). Since the advent of democracy, the state has granted unions and business associations a representational monopoly and a consultative role, and promoted private groups through an inflow of legislation and the distribution of public subsidies. The pattern of interest intermediation whereby the administration was largely sealed off from interest groups has been gradually changing and opening up to different interests. Since the 1990s, new lobbying activities have been documented as well as a growth in non-profit and youth-led associations, but discrepancies still prevail as to whether this will consolidate in an upward trend. One way or another, Spain’s status as a low-middle range country in associational terms in comparative studies has not changed and the union density has remained low. The 2008 economic crisis has paved the way for the mobilization of citizens who denounced the privileged and behind-the-scenes relation between the political class and certain economic and financial interests. Political disaffection and the perception of growing corruption have come hand in hand.
Terrorism in Spain
Authors: Muro Diego
Published: March 2020

Spain has experienced four waves of terrorism during the twentieth century: anarchist, nationalist, left-wing, and religious. This chapter examines the variety and intensity of terrorist incidents of the last two waves, as well as the counter-terrorist efforts since 1975. The argument is structured as follows: First, the chapter accounts for the longevity of the main campaigns of indiscriminate violence against civilians. Second, it evaluates the interaction between the security and intelligence services and the various clandestine groups, and argues that the process of democratization increased the effectiveness of counterterrorism, particularly against ETA. The section further argues that collective security is a relational act that brings two self-interested actors—the state and the terrorist group—into conflict with each other, and that it is not possible to study campaigns of political violence in isolation. Third, the chapter critically assesses the security threat posed by Salafi jihadist cells, which were responsible for the attacks on Madrid (2004) and Barcelona (2017), and examines the ongoing agenda of countering and preventing violent extremism in Spain.
Economic and Social Changes Since the Restoration of Democracy
Authors: Requena Miguel
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyses several interrelated processes of economic development, social modernization, and demographic change in Spanish society from 1978 to the present. In this period, the country adopted several of the basic demographic patterns characteristic of post-transitional societies, including increased control over mortality and fertility, a large inflow of migrants, slow or even negative rates of natural growth, and a rapidly ageing population. At the same time, and fuelled in part by the dividends of this demographic transformation, a process of general convergence with other developed economies has taken place: sectoral change and occupational change transformed the distribution of the labour force and consolidated a service economy in which the new middle classes of highly educated professionals and technicians have thrived. Despite the ups and downs of the business cycle, these processes of societal change have improved the overall living standard of Spanish society.
Human Being
Authors: Jones Paul Dafydd
Published: March 2020

This chapter analyses Barth’s thinking about the human being in the second edition of Romans and in multiple volumes of the Church Dogmatics. It does so under the headings of ‘encounter’, ‘election’, ‘freedom’, and ‘community’. Its principal objective is to demonstrate that Barth’s emphatic affirmation of God’s priority and sovereignty is not exclusive, but rather the presupposition, of an expansive and nuanced account of human being and action. Close attention is paid to Barth’s vivid sense that human action enriches the covenant of grace—a covenant fulfilled by Christ’s saving work, and held temporally and spatially ‘open’ for the Spirit-led action of human beings.
Intellectual and Personal Biography II
Authors: Busch Eberhard
Published: March 2020

This chapter recounts the path of Barth’s life between 1921 and 1935. It first reflects on how the second edition of Barth’s commentary on Romans precipitated a widespread movement of thought called dialectical theology, which led in turn to Barth’s move from the pastorate in Switzerland to a chair in Göttingen as Professor of Reformed Theology. The chapter next explores Barth’s time as Professor of Dogmatics and New Testament Exegesis in Münster (1925–1930), at which time contact with Roman Catholic theologians became important for the development of his thought. Barth’s appointment at the University of Bonn in 1930 marks the third phase of the chapter, which considers the beginnings of Barth’s great work—Church Dogmatics—and Barth’s intensive engagement with the writings of Anselm of Canterbury. Finally, the chapter details Barth’s involvement in addressing the problems and failures of the Protestant churches in Germany following Hitler’s seizure of power in 1933, his work in helping to establish the Confessing Church, and his role in the composition of the Theological Declaration of Barmen in 1934.
Ethics
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: March 2020

Karl Barth’s theological ethics is a version of divine command ethics. Its distinctiveness is rooted in its identification of the command of God with the Word of God. The same Word of God that declares to us what God does for us in Jesus Christ (Gospel) also claims us as those for whom God acts, summoning, directing, and empowering us to confirm in our conduct what we are by virtue of God’s conduct towards us (Law). This chapter examines the relationship between theological ethics and other kinds of ethics, what is involved in the claim that the Word of God is also the command of God, how the command of God claims us (general ethics) and what specifically it requires of us (special ethics), and how it exhibits continuity despite its character as an event. Brief comparisons of Barth’s ethics with contemporary eudaemonistic ethics and ethics of witness are made throughout the chapter.