bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hetarine, IV. Nucleophile Substitution an 5‐, 6‐, 7‐ und 8‐Halogen‐Chinolinen mit Lithium‐Piperidid/Piperidin
Authors: Kauffmann Thomas , Hansen Jürgen , Wirthwein Rolf
Published: October 2014

5‐, 6‐ und 7‐Halogen‐chinoline (HalBr, Cl) tauschen bei der Umsetzung mit Lithium‐piperidid/Piperidin in siedendem Äther das Halogen nach dem Arin‐Mechanismus über 5.6‐ bzw. 7.8‐Dehydro‐chinolin gegen den Piperidino‐Rest aus. Dabei entsteht 5‐ und 6‐ (28 : 72%) bzw. 7‐ und 8‐Piperidino‐chinolin (51 :49%). 8‐Halogen‐chinoline (HalJ, Br, Cl) reagieren dagegen nach dem Additions‐Eliminierungs‐Mechanismus unter ausschliesslicher Bildung von 8‐Piperidino‐chinolin.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Indols, XIV. Neuartige Mannich‐Basen aus Indolen und Carbazolen
Authors: Thesing Jan , Semler Günther
Published: October 2014

N‐substituierte 2‐Methyl‐indole (z. B. II) reagieren im sauren pH‐Bereich mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen zu 2‐[β‐Amino‐äthyl]‐indolen (z. B. III). Analog erhält man aus N‐substituierten 1.2.3.4‐Tetrahydro‐carbazolen (z. B. IX) mit Hilfe der Mannich‐Reaktion die entsprechenden 1‐Aminomethyl‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐carbazole (X). N‐Methyl‐carbazol läßt sich hingegen mit Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen in 3‐Stellung (z. B. zu XVI) aminomethylieren.
Synthese der „Oxyopsopyrrolcarbonsäure”︁ und Weitere Untersuchungen in der Pyrrolon‐Reihe
Authors: Plieninger Hans , Kurze Joachim
Published: October 2014

Früher angegebene Verfahren zur Herstellung von „Isooxyopsopyrrolcarbonsäure”︁ (VII) werden wesentlich verbessert. Die isomere „Oxyopsopyrrolcarbonsäure”︁ (XIII) wird über den Ester XI auf ähnlichem Wege gewonnen. Weiter wird über Versuche zur Umwandlung von Pyrrolonen in Pyrrole berichtet und eine neue Darstellungsmethode für vinylsubstituierte Pyrrolonderivate (z. B. XVI aus VII) beschrieben.
Synthese von Pyrrol‐ und Indol‐Derivaten
Authors: Plieninger Hans , Bauer Helmut , Bühler Wolfgang , Kurze Joachim , Lerch Ulrich
Published: October 2014

Die Synthese von 3‐Methyl‐pyrrol aus β‐Keto‐butyraldehyd‐dimethylacetal wird beschrieben. Die Methylierung des Enamins vom β‐Keto‐butyraldehyd mit Dimethylsulfat führt unter O‐Methylierung zu X. Beim Behandeln dieses Salzes mit K2CO3‐Lösung entsteht β‐Methoxy‐crotonaldehyd (XI). — Die Umsetzung von 2‐Äthoxy‐3.4‐dimethyl‐pyrrol (XIV) mit Chlorameisensäureester und Pyridin führt zum Bis‐[pyridyl‐(4)]‐pyrrol XX. Bei der Reduktion verschiedener 2‐Äthoxy‐Pyrrol‐Derivate mit Diboran entstehen Pyrrole mit freier α.α′‐Stellung (XXI, XXIV). Die entsprechende Reduktion von 2‐Äthoxy‐indol ergibt in 66‐proz. Ausbeute Indol, das mit Diboran weiter zum Indolin reduziert wird. Tetrahydronaphthostyril (XXV) läß sich über die Äthoxyverbindung XXVlI in 1.3.4.5‐Tetrahydro‐benz[cd]indol (XXIX) verwandeln.
Über Thiaminphosphorsäureester, II
Authors: Wenz Adolf , Göttmann Georg , Koop Hermann
Published: October 2014

Es wird das Verhalten des Thiamin‐pyrophosphorsäureesters in wäßriger Lösung bei verschiedenen pH‐Werten und Temperaturen untersucht. Bei der Gewinnung der Thiaminphosphorsäureester in der Betain‐Form wird als Nebenprodukt Thiaminanhydrid (III) isoliert. Die Bildung von III wird diskutiert.
Biosynthese von Spartein in Lupinus Luteus und Sarothamnus Scoparius
Authors: Schütte Horst‐Robert , Hindorf Horst , Mothes Kurt , Hübner Gerhard
Published: October 2014

Durch Verfütterung von Cadaverin‐[1.5‐14C] und Lysin‐[2‐14C] an Lupinus lureus (gelbe Lupine) und Sarothamnus scoparius (Besenginster) wird radioaktiv markiertes Spartein (V) gewonnen. Chemische Abbauversuche von V zeigen, daß Lysin‐[2‐14C] spezifisch in das Alkaloid eingebaut wird. Es ergibt sich eine Radioaktivitätsverteilung, die derjenigen nach Cadaverin‐[I.5‐14C]‐Fütterung entspricht. Nach Applikation von Lysin‐[2‐14C, α‐15N] an die untersuchten Pflanzen enthält das isolierte Spartein einen Überschuß an 15N. Das Verhältnis der spezif. 14C‐Aktivität zum 15N‐Überschuß zeigt, daß Lysin ¨︁ber die Stufe des Cadaverins in das Alkaloid eingebaut wird.
Cholesterin und Cholesterinester aus dem Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra Maculosa Taeniata
Authors: Habermehl Gerhard
Published: October 2014

Im Hautdrüsensekret von Salamandra maculosa taeniata finden sich neben den Alkaloiden neutrale Substanzen, von denen Cholesterin, Cholesterylpalmitat, ‐stearat und ‐oleat isoliert und identifiziert wurden.
Über Peptidsynthesen, XXX. Imidazol‐Katalysierte Peptidsynthese mit Nicht‐Aktivierten Estern
Authors: Wieland Theodor , Vogeler Klaus
Published: October 2014

In Imidazol als Lösungsmittel gelingt beim Erhitzen die Synthese von Peptiden aus Carbobenzoxy‐aminosäuremethylestern oder Carbobenzoxy‐peptidmethyl‐estern und Aminosäure‐tert.‐butylestern oder Tetraäthylammoniumsalzen von Aminosäuren mit guten Ausbeuten. Die Anwendbarkeit dieses Synthese‐prinzips, Racemisierungsfragen und der Mechanismus der katalytischen Wirkung werden aufgrund von Versuchen erörtert.
Land Management in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands: Local and Global Perspectives; Past, Present and Future
Authors: Nyssen Jan , Frankl Amaury , Zenebe Amanuel , Deckers Jozef , Poesen Jean
Published: October 2014

This Special Issue of Land Degradation and Development addresses the past and the future of land management in Africa with a focus on northern Ethiopia. How did the status of soils and forests change over the last century? How does this impact people's livelihoods? In the late 19th century, gullies were already present in northern Ethiopia, though they had become stabilised by 1935. In the 1960s, a strong gully channel incision phase started, whereas since ca. 2000, gully erosion rates are again decreasing, which corresponds to increased conservation activities and improved vegetation cover. As a result, total cereal production in Ethiopia is now higher than ever, and also, food production per capita in 2005–2010 was 160% of that in 1985–1990. There is now a strong tendency to increase flower and vegetable exports, as well as a booming export of the mild narcotic khat, which is a high water consumer. International land deals did not bring improvements to the livelihood of the local people. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei treated with 1,565 nm nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing: A case report
Authors: Beleznay Katie , Friedmann Daniel P. , Liolios Ana Marie , Perry Adam , Goldman Mitchel P.
Published: October 2014

Background

Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei (LMDF) is a rare granulomatous disease. It presents as red‐brown papules on the face that can resolve with scarring. LMDF is often resistant to treatment.

Objective

Nonablative fractionated lasers have been used effectively to treat granulomatous disorders; however, there is little data on the treatment of LMDF with lasers. Our objective was to test a novel non‐ablative fractionated laser for the treatment of recalcitrant LMDF.

Results

A 24‐year‐old man had a one‐year history of LMDF. He had been treated with various topical therapies, oral medications, and laser devices with no improvement and continued progression. We utilized a non‐sequential scanning 1,565 nm nonablative fractionated laser to treat this patient. After only one treatment he had significant improvement. He has been subsequently treated five times in the past 6 months and has continued to improve.

Conclusion

The novel 1,565 nm nonablative fractionated laser may be a useful tool in the treatment of granulomatous conditions such as LMDF. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:663–665, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Src is a novel potential off‐target of RXR agonists, 9‐cis‐UAB30 and Targretin, in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Kim Mi‐Sung , Lim Do Young , Kim Jong‐Eun , Chen Hanyong , Lubet Ronald A. , Dong Zigang , Bode Ann M.
Published: October 2014

9‐cis‐UAB30 (UAB30) and Targretin are well‐known retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists. They were highly effective in decreasing the incidence of methylnitrosourea (MNU)‐induced mammary cancers. However, whether the anti‐mammary cancer effects of UAB30 or Targretin originate from the activation of RXR is unclear. In the present study, we hypothesized that UAB30 and Targretin not only affect RXR, but likely influence one or more off‐target proteins. Virtual screening results suggest that Src is a potential target for UAB30 and Targretin that regulates extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules and cell motility and invasiveness. In vitro kinase assay data revealed that UAB30 or Targretin interacted with Src and attenuated its kinase activity. We found that UAB30 or Targretin substantially inhibited invasiveness and migration of MCF‐7 and SK‐BR‐3 human breast cancer cells. We examined the effects of UAB30 and Targretin on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐9, which are known to play an essential role in tumor invasion. We show that activity and expression of MMP‐9 were decreased by UAB30 or Targretin. Western blot data showed that UAB30 or Targretin decreased AKT and its substrate molecule p70s6k, which are downstream of Src in MCF‐7 and SK‐BR‐3 cells. Moreover, knocking down the expression of Src effectively reduced the sensitivity of SK‐BR‐3 cells to the inhibitory effects of UAB30 and Targretin on invasiveness. Taken together, our results demonstrate that UAB30 and Targretin each inhibit invasion and migration by targeting Src in human breast cancer cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular classification of basal cell carcinoma of skin by gene expression profiling
Authors: Jee Byul A. , Lim Hyoseob , Kwon So Mee , Jo Yuna , Park Myong Chul , Lee Il Jae , Woo Hyun Goo
Published: October 2014

Non‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are more common kinds of skin cancer. Although these tumors share common pathological and clinical features, their similarity and heterogeneity at molecular levels are not fully elaborated yet. Here, by performing comparative analysis of gene expression profiling of BCC, SCC, and normal skin tissues, we could classify the BCC into three subtypes of classical, SCC‐like, and normal‐like BCCs. Functional enrichment and pathway analyses revealed the molecular characteristics of each subtype. The classical BCC showed the enriched expression and transcription signature with the activation of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, which were well known key features of BCC. By contrast, the SCC‐like BCC was enriched with immune‐response genes and oxidative stress‐related genes. Network analysis revealed the PLAU/PLAUR as a key regulator of SCC‐like BCC. The normal‐like BCC showed prominent activation of metabolic processes particularly the fatty acid metabolism. The existence of these molecular subtypes could be validated in an independent dataset, which demonstrated the three subgroups of BCC with distinct functional enrichment. In conclusion, we suggest a novel molecular classification of BCC providing insights on the heterogeneous progression of BCC. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variation in cell cycle regulatory geneAURKAand association with intrinsic breast cancer subtype
Authors: Taylor Nicholas J. , Bensen Jeannette T. , Poole Charles , Troester Melissa A. , Gammon Marilie D. , Luo Jingchun , Millikan Robert C. , Olshan Andrew F.
Published: October 2014

AURKAis a putative low‐penetrance tumor susceptibility gene due to its prominent role in cell cycle regulation and centrosomal function. Germline variation inAURKAwas evaluated for association with breast cancer and intrinsic breast cancer subtypes in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), a population‐based case‐control study of African Americans (AA) and Caucasians (Cau). Tag and candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) onAURKAwere genotyped in 1946 cases and 1747 controls. In race‐stratified analyses adjusted for age and African ancestry, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate SNP associations with breast cancer. In a race‐combined analysis with similar adjustment, these associations were also examined by intrinsic breast cancer subtype. Using dominant models, mostAURKASNPs demonstrated no association with breast cancer in the race‐stratified analyses. Among AA, rs6092309 showed an inverse association with breast cancer (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53–0.90). In the race‐combined analyses, rs6099128 had reduced ORs for luminal A (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60–0.95) and basal‐like breast cancer (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.37–0.80). Rs6092309 showed a similar pattern of association with each subtype. Three SNPs (rs6014711, rs911162, rs1047972) had positive associations with basal‐like breast cancer, and ORs reduced or close to 1.00 for other subtypes. Our results suggest inverse associations between someAURKASNPs and overall breast cancer in AA. We found differential associations by specific subtypes and by race. Replication of these findings in larger AA populations would allow more powerful race‐stratified subtype analyses. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction after orbital exenteration using gracilis muscle free flap
Authors: Nicoli Fabio , Chilgar Ram M. , Sapountzis Stamatis , Yeo Matthew Sze‐Wei , Lazzeri Davide , Ciudad Pedro , Kiranantawat Kidakorn , Sönmez Tolga Taha , Maruccia Michele , Lim Seong Yoon , Constantinides Joannis , Chen Hung Chi
Published: October 2014

Background

Orbital exenteration (OE) is a disfiguring procedure, which typically includes the removal of the entire eyeball including the globe, extraocular muscles, and periorbital soft tissues after malignancies excision or trauma. Several methods of orbital reconstruction have been attempted with varying success. In this report, we analyze results of the use of gracilis muscle free flap for reconstruction of OE defects and its feasibility for prosthetic rehabilitation.

Methods

Nine consecutive patients treated at the China Medical University Hospital of Taichung during January 2009 to January 2013, who had gracilis free flap reconstruction after OEs, were retrospectively reviewed. Cancer in six patients and trauma in remaining three patients was the cause for OE.

Results

Nine patients who underwent reconstruction with gracilis free tissue transfer had a successful outcome. There was not any donor or recipient site morbidity; however, one patient was deceased during follow‐up period due to metastasis. The mean follow‐up period was 23.5 months. Cosmetic results were acceptable both to patients and to surgeons.

Conclusions

Gracilis free flap to repair OE defects may be a safe alternative for reconstruction. It provides a larger volume of well‐vascularized tissue, greater placement flexibility, and minor donor site morbidity without any significant functional deficit. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:169–176, 2015.
Poroelasticity of carbonates with fractured grains and fluid‐saturated pores
Authors: Berryman James G.
Published: October 2014

Geomechanical analysis needed to treat anisotropic (specifically trigonal symmetry) grains of carbonates jumbled together to form an overall isotropic polycrystalline poroelastic material is summarized. Poroelastic effects enter the problem via fractured anisotropic solids saturated by fluids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromechanical analysis of the failure process of brittle rock
Authors: Duan K. , Kwok C.Y. , Tham L.G.
Published: October 2014

The failure process of brittle rock submitted to a compression state of stress with different confining pressures is investigated in this paper based on discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In the DEM model, the rock sample is represented by bonding rigid particles at their contact points. The numerical model is first calibrated by comparing the macroscopic response with the macroscopic response of Beishan granite obtained from laboratory tests. After the validation of numerical model in terms of macroscopic responses, the failure process of the DEM model under unconfined and confined compression is studied in micro‐scale in detail. The contact force network and its relation to the development of micro‐cracks and evolution of major fractures are studied. Confining pressure will prohibit the development of tensile cracks and hence alter the failure patterns. An in‐depth analysis of micro‐scale response is carried out, including the orientation distribution and probability density of stress acting on parallel bonds, the effect of particle size heterogeneity on bond breakage and the evolution of fabric tensor and coordination number of parallel bond. The proposed micromechanical analysis will allow us to extract innovative features emerged from the stresses and crack evolution in brittle rock failure process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient reported outcomes measures in neurogenic bladder and bowel: A systematic review of the current literature
Authors: Patel Darshan P. , Elliott Sean P. , Stoffel John T. , Brant William O. , Hotaling James M. , Myers Jeremy B.
Published: October 2014

Aim

To describe existing bladder and bowel specific quality of life (QoL) measurement tools, QoL in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury (SCI), Parkinson's Disease (PD), stroke, or spina bifida (SB) affected by bladder or bowel dysfunction, and the impact of specific bladder and bowel management on QoL.

Methods

We performed a systematic review in PubMed/Medline databases in accordance with the PRISMA statement for English publications between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2014. Articles were first screened based on their abstract and select full‐text articles were then reviewed for eligibility. Articles with no QoL or PROM assessing urinary or bowel dysfunction were excluded. Risk of bias assessment included randomization, incomplete outcomes data, selective outcomes reporting, and other biases. All articles were graded using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system as per the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.

Results

The most common QoL measurement tool for urinary and bowel dysfunction was the Medical Outcomes Study SF‐36. Twelve (24%) studies used only non‐validated QoL questionnaires. Only three urinary or bowel specific QoL measures were found: the Qualiveen questionnaire, the FICQoL, and the QoL‐BM. Several studies identified instances were clinical and patient‐reported outcomes were inconsistent particularly with indwelling urinary catheter usage and reconstructive surgery. Additionally, certain clinical outcomes surrogates commonly used as primary outcomes measures may not correlate with the patient reported outcomes (PRO).

Conclusions

Current PRO measures (PROM) and QoL assessments are heterogeneous and several inconsistencies in clinical and PRO for various management options exist. Standardized PROM will help identify optimal bladder and bowel management for patients with neurologic conditions. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:8–14, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The cost of preoperative urodynamics: A secondary analysis of the ValUE trial
Authors: Norton Peggy A. , Nager Charles W. , Brubaker Linda , Lemack Gary E. , Sirls Larry T. , Holley Robert , Chai Toby C. , Kraus Stephen R. , Zyczynski Halina , Smith Bridget , Stoddard Anne ,   for the Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network
Published: October 2014

Aims

Urodynamic studies (UDS) are generally recommended prior to surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), despite insufficient evidence that it impacts treatment plans or outcomes in patients with uncomplicated SUI. This analysis aimed to calculate the cost incurred when UDS was performed as a supplement to a basic office evaluation and to extrapolate the potential savings of not doing UDS in this patient population on a national basis.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis from the Value of Urodynamic Evaluation (ValUE) trial, a multicenter non‐inferiority randomized trial to determine whether a basic office evaluation (OE) is non‐inferior in terms of SUI surgery outcomes to office evaluation with addition of urodynamic studies (UDS). All participants underwent an OE; those patients who randomized to supplementary UDS underwent non‐instrumented uroflowmetry, filling cystometry, and a pressure flow study. Costs associated with UDS were calculated using 2014 U.S. Medicare allowable fees. Models using various patient populations and payor mixes were created to obtain a range of potential costs of performing UDS in patients undergoing SUI surgery annually in the United States.

Results

Six hundred thirty women were randomized to OE or OE plus UDS. There was no difference in surgical outcomes between the two groups. The per patient cost of UDS varied from site to site, and included complex cystometrogram $314–$343 (CPT codes 51728–51729) plus complex uroflowmetry $16 (CPT code 51741). Extrapolating these costs for US women similar to our study population, 13–33 million US dollars could be saved annually by not performing preoperative urodynamics.

Conclusion

For women with uncomplicated SUI and a confirmatory preoperative basic office evaluation, tens of millions of dollars US could be saved annually by not performing urodynamic testing. In the management of such women, eliminating this preoperative test has a major economic benefit. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:81–84, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pre‐ and post‐junctional bradykinin B2 receptors regulate smooth muscle tension to the pig intravesical ureter
Authors: Ribeiro Ana S. F. , Fernandes Vítor S. , Martínez María Pilar , López‐Oliva María Elvira , Barahona María Victoria , Recio Paz , Martínez Ana Cristina , Blaha Igor , Orensanz Luis M. , Bustamante Salvador , García‐Sacristán Albino , Prieto Dolores , Hernández Medardo
Published: October 2014

Aims

Neuronal and non‐neuronal bradykinin (BK) receptors regulate the contractility of the bladder urine outflow region. The current study investigates the role of BK receptors in the regulation of the smooth muscle contractility of the pig intravesical ureter.

Methods

Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to show the expression of BK B1 and B2 receptors and myographs for isometric force recordings.

Results

B2 receptor expression was consistently detected in the intravesical ureter urothelium and smooth muscle layer, B1 expression was not detected where a strong B2 immunoreactivity was observed within nerve fibers among smooth muscle bundles. On ureteral strips basal tone, BK induced concentration‐dependent contractions, were potently reduced by extracellular Ca2+ removal and by B2 receptor and voltage‐gated Ca2+ (VOC) channel blockade. BK contraction did not change as a consequence of urothelium mechanical removal or cyclooxygenase and Rho‐associated protein kinase inhibition. On 9,11‐dideoxy‐9a,11a‐methanoepoxy prostaglandin F2α (U46619)‐precontracted samples, under non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) and nitric oxide (NO)‐independent NANC conditions, electrical field stimulation‐elicited frequency‐dependent relaxations which were reduced by B2 receptor blockade. Kallidin, a B1 receptor agonist, failed to increase preparation basal tension or to induce relaxation on U46619‐induced tone.

Conclusions

The present results suggest that BK produces contraction of pig intravesical ureter via smooth muscle B2 receptors coupled to extracellular Ca2+ entry mainly via VOC (L‐type) channels. Facilitatory neuronal B2 receptors modulating NO‐dependent or independent NANC inhibitory neurotransmission are also demonstrated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:115–121, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transvaginal neobladder vaginal fistula repair after radical cystectomy with orthotopic urinary diversion in women
Authors: Carmel Maude E. , Goldman Howard B. , Moore Courtenay K. , Rackley Raymond R. , Vasavada Sandip P.
Published: October 2014

Aim

We present the surgical management and outcomes of patients who underwent transvaginal neo‐bladder vaginal fistula (NBVF) repair at our institution.

Methods

Between 2002 and 2012, eight patients underwent transvaginal NBVF repair. The surgical management entailed placing a Foley catheter into the fistula tract. A circumferential incision was made around the fistula tract after which a plane between the serosa of the neobladder and the vaginal epithelium was created. Interrupted polyglycolic acid sutures were used to close the fistula. An additional layer of vaginal wall, Martius, or omental flap was interposed before vaginal wall closure. A urethral catheter was placed for a minimum of 14 days and removed after a negative cystogram and pelvic exam with retrograde neobladder filling without leakage.

Results

All patients presented with a fistula following radical cystectomy with orthotopic ileal neobladder. Two patients had failed two prior transvaginal fistula repairs. A unilateral Martius flap was used in five patients and an omental flap was used in one patient. The surgery was successful in all patients. After a mean follow up of 33 months [4–117], five patients underwent or are waiting to undergo management of stress urinary incontinence with bulking agents. No patient had a recurrent fistula.

Conclusions

Management of NBVF is challenging but cure is possible using a transvaginal approach. Most patients will suffer from incontinence after the repair because of a short and incompetent urethra. Patients should be counseled about the high probability of requiring a secondary procedure to achieve continence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:90–94, 2016. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards quantification of pulsed spinlock and CEST at clinical MR scanners: an analytical interleaved saturation–relaxation (ISAR) approach
Authors: Roeloffs Volkert , Meyer Christian , Bachert Peter , Zaiss Moritz
Published: October 2014

Off‐resonant spinlock (SL) enables an NMR imaging technique that can detect dilute metabolites similar to chemical exchange saturation transfer. However, in clinical MR scanners, RF pulse widths are restricted due to recommended specific absorption rate limits. Therefore, trains of short RF pulses that provide effective saturation during the required irradiation period are commonly employed. Quantitative evaluation of spectra obtained by pulsed saturation schemes is harder to achieve, since the theory of continuous wave saturation cannot be applied directly. In this paper we demonstrate the general feasibility of quantifying proton exchange rates from data obtained in pulsed SL experiments on a clinical 3 T MR scanner. We also propose a theoretical treatment of pulsed SL in the presence of chemical exchange using an interleaved saturation–relaxation approach. We show that modeling magnetization transfer during the pauses between the RF pulses is crucial, especially in the case of exchange rates that are small with respect to the delay times. The dynamics is still governed by a monoexponential decay towards steady state, for which we give the effective rate constant. The derived analytical model agrees well with the full numerical simulation of the Bloch–McConnell equations for a broad range of values of the system parameters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skin sodium measured with 23Na MRI at 7.0 T
Authors: Linz Peter , Santoro Davide , Renz Wolfgang , Rieger Jan , Ruehle Anjuli , Ruff Jan , Deimling Michael , Rakova Natalia , Muller Dominik N. , Luft Friedrich C. , Titze Jens , Niendorf Thoralf
Published: October 2014

Skin sodium (Na+) storage, as a physiologically important regulatory mechanism for blood pressure, volume regulation and, indeed, survival, has recently been rediscovered. This has prompted the development of MRI methods to assess Na+ storage in humans (23Na MRI) at 3.0 T. This work examines the feasibility of high in‐plane spatial resolution 23Na MRI in skin at 7.0 T. A two‐channel transceiver radiofrequency (RF) coil array tailored for skin MRI at 7.0 T (f = 78.5 MHz) is proposed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations and a thorough assessment of RF power deposition were performed to meet the safety requirements. Human skin was examined in an in vivo feasibility study using two‐dimensional gradient echo imaging. Normal male adult volunteers (n = 17; mean ± standard deviation, 46 ± 18 years; range, 20–79 years) were investigated. Transverse slices of the calf were imaged with 23Na MRI using a high in‐plane resolution of 0.9 × 0.9 mm2. Skin Na+ content was determined using external agarose standards covering a physiological range of Na+ concentrations. To assess the intra‐subject reproducibility, each volunteer was examined three to five times with each session including a 5‐min walk and repositioning/preparation of the subject. The age dependence of skin Na+ content was investigated. The 23Na RF coil provides improved sensitivity within a range of 1 cm from its surface versus a volume RF coil which facilitates high in‐plane spatial resolution imaging of human skin. Intra‐subject variability of human skin Na+ content in the volunteer population was <10.3%. An age‐dependent increase in skin Na+ content was observed (r = 0.78). The assignment of Na+ stores with 23Na MRI techniques could be improved at 7.0 T compared with current 3.0 T technology. The benefits of such improvements may have the potential to aid basic research and clinical applications designed to unlock questions regarding the Na+ balance and Na+ storage function of skin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Impact of Board Diversity and Expertise on Nonprofit Performance
Authors: Harris Erica E.
Published: October 2014

This study examined the impact of board of director characteristics on nonprofit performance. Using data collected through a survey of nonprofit colleges and universities, the author provides evidence that specific board member characteristics are vital in shaping the financial and nonfinancial success of nonprofit institutions of higher education. Results indicate that both board member diversity and expertise are associated with better‐performing organizations. This work makes important initial forays into the relationships between board of director qualities and nonprofit performance. Although limited by the relatively small sample of colleges and universities, this study is unique in its ability to analyze nonprofit boards and both financial and nonfinancial performance measures.
Which Leadership Constructs Are Important for Predicting Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment, and Perceived Job Performance in Profit versus Nonprofit Organizations?
Authors: Rowold Jens , Borgmann Lars , Bormann Kai
Published: October 2014

As an integrative research effort, the present study critically analyzed the relative importance of six leadership constructs—(1) transformational, (2) transactional, (3) laissez‐faire, (4) consideration, (5) initiating structure, and (6) leader‐member exchange (LMX)—as predicting indicators of leadership effectiveness in the for‐profit versus the nonprofit sector. Based on data from seven samples from the for‐profit and nonprofit sectors, the unique effects of the six leadership constructs were tested on three criteria of leadership effectiveness on the individual level: job satisfaction, affective commitment, and perceived job performance. The results for the for‐profit samples revealed that LMX was the most important aspect for explaining variance in job satisfaction, and initiating structure was most important for commitment. In the nonprofit samples, LMX was the most important aspect of job satisfaction and transformational leadership for commitment. In both for‐profit and nonprofit organizations, initiating structure had the strongest unique impact on perceived job performance. We discuss implications for current leadership research and practical implications.
Juice and water intake in infancy and later beverage intake and adiposity: Could juice be a gateway drink?
Authors: Sonneville Kendrin R. , Long Michael W. , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Kleinman Ken , Gillman Matthew W. , Taveras Elsie M.
Published: October 2014

Objectives

To examine the tracking and significance of beverage consumption in infancy and childhood.

Methods

Among 1163 children in Project Viva, we examined associations of fruit juice and water intake at 1 year (0 oz, 1‐7 oz [small], 8‐15 oz [medium], and ≥16 oz [large]) with juice and sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and BMI z‐score during early (median 3.1 years) and mid‐childhood (median 7.7 years).

Results

In covariate adjusted models, juice intake at 1 year was associated with greater juice and SSB intake during early and mid‐childhood and also greater adiposity. Children who drank medium and large amounts of juice at 1 year had higher BMI z‐scores during both early (medium: β = 0.16 [95% CI = 0.01‐0.32]; large: β = 0.28 [95% CI = 0.01‐0.56]) and mid‐childhood (medium: β = 0.23 [95% CI = 0.07‐0.39]; large: β = 0.36 [95% CI = 0.08‐0.64]). After covariate adjustment, associations between water intake at 1 year and beverage intake and adiposity later in childhood were null.

Conclusions

Higher juice intake at 1 year was associated with higher juice intake, SSB intake, and BMI z‐score during early and mid‐childhood. Assessing juice intake during infancy could provide clinicians with important data regarding future unhealthy beverage habits and excess adiposity during childhood.
Glycerol as an Efficient Medium for the Petasis Borono–Mannich Reaction
Authors: Rosholm Tomi , Gois Pedro M. P. , Franzen Robert , Candeias Nuno R.
Published: October 2014

The multicomponent Petasis borono–Mannich (PBM) reaction is a useful tool for the preparation of complex molecules in a single step from boronic acids, aldehydes/ketones, and amines. Here, we describe the use of glycerol in the PBM reaction of salicylaldehydes or 2‐pyridinecarbaldehyde with several boronic acids and secondary amines. From these readily available starting materials, alkylaminophenols, 2‐substituted pyridines, and 2H‐chromenes were prepared in reasonable to good yields. Glycerol was compared with other solvents, and in some cases, it provided the reaction product in higher yield. Crude glycerol, as generated by the biodiesel industry, was evaluated and found to be a suitable solvent for the PBM reaction, successfully expanding the potential use of this industry by‐product. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the obtained experimental results, the involvement of glycerol‐derived boronic esters in the reaction mechanism is suggested to be competitive with the free boronic acid pathway. Similar Gibbs free energies for the aryl migration from the boronate species to the iminium were determined for both mechanisms.
Motor Skills in Brazilian Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder versus Children with Motor Typical Development
Authors: Cardoso Ana Amélia , Magalhães Livia Castro , Rezende Marcia Bastos
Published: October 2014

The aims of the study were to compare the performance of children with probable developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and motor typically developing peers on items from the Assessment of Motor Coordination and Dexterity (AMCD), to determine whether age, gender and type of school had significant impact on the scores of the AMCD items, to estimate the frequency of DCD among Brazilian children ages 7 and 8 years and to investigate whether children with DCD exhibit more symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder than children with motor typical development. A total of 793 children were screened by the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire – Brazilian version (DCDQ‐Brazil); 90 were identified as at risk for DCD; 91 matched controls were selected from the remaining participants. Children in both groups were evaluated with the AMCD, the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC‐II) and Raven's coloured progressive matrices. Thirty‐four children were classified as probable DCD, as defined by a combination of the DCDQ‐Brazil and MABC‐II scores (fifth percentile). The final frequency of DCD among children ages 7 and 8 years was 4.3%. There were significant differences between children with and without DCD on the majority of AMCD items, indicating its potential for identifying DCD in Brazilian children. The use of a motor test (MABC‐II) that is not validated for the Brazilian children is a limitation of the present study. Further studies should investigate whether the AMCD is useful for identifying DCD in other age groups and in children from different regions of Brazil. The application of the AMCD may potentially contribute in improving occupational therapy practice in Brazil and in identifying children that could benefit from occupational therapy services. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercultural Partnering for the Benefit of South Africa Township High School Students
Authors: Davis Janis , Dodge Emily , Welderufael Martha
Published: October 2014

An intercultural partnership was formed to meet South African township high schools' need to provide career education and identify barriers and hope in relation to career choice. The objective of this study was to collect data on the students' perceptions of career choice, barriers prohibiting students from engaging in a career of choice and their general hopefulness. A non‐experimental, descriptive study was used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis strategies was used. A significant difference was found based on gender in relation to having career options and with regard to how knowledge about careers is gained. Despite barriers to career choice, students are hopeful about the future. Occupational deprivation is a risk factor for South African youth living in disadvantaged communities. Results are from two township high schools in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. English as a second language may have influenced data analysis. Future research must explore the role of occupational therapy in South African township high schools and the issue of career choice among South African youth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Slater Megan E. , Ross Julie A. , Kelly Aaron S. , Dengel Donald R. , Hodges James S. , Sinaiko Alan R. , Moran Antoinette , Lee Jill , Perkins Joanna L. , Chow Lisa S. , Baker K. Scott , Steinberger Julia
Published: October 2014

Background

Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) are at high risk of developing treatment‐related late effects, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Late effects can be exacerbated by low physical activity (PA) levels. Relationships between PA and cardiovascular risk factors during childhood have not been well described in CCS.

Procedure

PA and cardiovascular risk factors were measured cross‐sectionally in 319 CCS and 208 sibling controls aged 9–18 years. Comparisons between CCS and controls and associations of outcomes with PA (dichotomized at 60 min/day or treated as continuous) were performed with linear regression.

Results

Among CCS, the high PA group had lower percent fat mass (24.4% vs. 29.8%, P < 0.0001), abdominal subcutaneous fat (67.9 vs. 97.3 cm3, P = 0.0004), and abdominal visceral fat (20.0 vs. 24.9 cm3, P = 0.007) and greater lean body mass (41.3 vs. 39.5 kg, P = 0.009) than the low PA group. Comparing CCS to controls, differences in waist circumference (Pinteraction = 0.04), percent fat mass (Pinteraction = 0.04), and abdominal subcutaneous (Pinteraction = 0.02) and visceral (Pinteraction = 0.004) fat between low and high PA groups were greater in CCS than controls, possibly due to greater overall adiposity in CCS.

Conclusions

High PA in CCS resulted in an improved cardiovascular profile, consisting primarily of lower fat mass and greater lean mass, similar to that observed in controls. This suggests interventions directed to increase PA in CCS may reduce the risk of future cardiovascular disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:305–310. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Second cancer risk in childhood cancer survivors treated with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
Authors: Casey Dana L. , Friedman Danielle N. , Moskowitz Chaya S. , Hilden Patrick D. , Sklar Charles A. , Wexler Leonard H. , Wolden Suzanne L.
Published: October 2014

Background

Treatment with radiotherapy (RT) is associated with an increased risk of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) in childhood cancer survivors; it is unclear how treatment with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) impacts this risk. We provide the first report of SMN risk in a cohort of childhood cancer survivors treated with IMRT.

Procedure

Retrospective review of patients ≤21 years of age treated with IMRT at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between December 1998 and February 2009. Eligible patients survived at least 5 years from IMRT initiation. The risk of SMN was assessed via standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and excess absolute risk (EAR). The cumulative incidence was estimated using methods for competing risks.

Results

Among 242 patients, six developed SMNs: four developed second solid cancers (all within the radiation field), and two developed myelodysplastic syndrome. Median time from IMRT initiation to a second solid cancer was 7.2 years (range, 6.8–9.5), with a 10‐year cumulative incidence of 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–7.8%), SIR of 11.4 (95% CI, 3.1–29.2) and EAR of 1.8 per 1,000 person‐years (95% CI, −0.1 to 3.8).

Conclusions

Longer follow‐up is required to determine how the risk of SMN after IMRT compares to other modalities of radiation treatment, such as proton therapy. This study provides a preliminary report, which will serve as a baseline for future longitudinal analyses of SMN risk after IMRT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:311–316. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olanzapine for treatment and prevention of acute chemotherapy‐induced vomiting in children: A retrospective, multi‐center review
Authors: Flank Jacqueline , Thackray Jennifer , Nielson Danelle , August Amanda , Schechter Tal , Alexander Sarah , Sung Lillian , Dupuis L. Lee
Published: October 2014

Background

This retrospective review provides preliminary data regarding the safety and efficacy of olanzapine for chemotherapy‐induced vomiting (CIV) control in children.

Procedure

Children <18 years old who received olanzapine for acute chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) control from December 2010 to August 2013 at four institutions were identified. Patient characteristics, chemotherapy, antiemetic prophylaxis, olanzapine dosing, CIV control, liver function test results and adverse events were abstracted from the health record. Toxicity was graded using CTCAEv4.03.

Results

Sixty children (median age 13.2 years; range: 3.10–17.96) received olanzapine during 158 chemotherapy blocks. Olanzapine was most often (59%) initiated due to a history of poorly controlled CINV. The mean initial olanzapine dose was 0.1 mg/kg/dose (range: 0.026–0.256). Most children who received olanzapine beginning on the first day of the chemotherapy block experienced complete CIV control throughout the acute phase (83/128; 65%). There was no association between the olanzapine dose/kg and complete CIV control (OR 1.01; 95% CI: 0.999–1.020; P = 0.091). Sedation was reported in 7% of chemotherapy blocks and was significantly associated with increasing olanzapine dose (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.08–1.27; P = 0.0001). Of the 25 chemotherapy blocks where ALT and/or AST were reported more than once, grade 1–3 elevations were observed in five. The mean weight change in 31 children who received olanzapine during more than one chemotherapy block was 0% (range: −22 to +18).

Conclusion

Olanzapine may be an important option to improve CIV control in children. Prospective controlled evaluation of olanzapine for CINV prophylaxis in children is warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:496–501. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population pharmacokinetics of the piperacillin component of piperacillin/tazobactam in pediatric oncology patients with fever and neutropenia
Authors: Cies Jeffrey J. , Jain Jaimi , Kuti Joseph L.
Published: October 2014

Background

To describe the population pharmacokinetics of the piperacillin component of piperacillin/tazobactam.

Procedure

This pharmacokinetic study included 21 pediatric (age 3–10 years) patients receiving piperacillin/tazobactam to treat fever with neutropenia. Each patient contributed 1–3 blood samples for piperacillin concentration determination. Population pharmacokinetic analyses were conducted using Pmetrics software. A 5,000 patient Monte Carlo simulation was performed to determine the probability of target attainment (PTA) for multiple dosing regimens, using 50% of free drug time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as the primary pharmacodynamic threshold.

Results

Mean ± SD body weight was 28.5 ± 9.7 kg. Piperacillin concentration data best fit a two‐compartment model with linear clearance, using total body weight as a covariate for clearance (CLθ) and volume of the central compartment (Vcθ). Population estimates for CLθ, Vcθ, and intercompartment transfer constants were 0.204 ± 0.076 L/h/kg, 0.199 ± 0.107 L/kg, 0.897 ± 1.050 h−1, and 1.427 ± 1.609 h−1, respectively. R2, bias, and precision for the Bayesian fit were 0.998, −0.032, and 2.2 µg/ml, respectively. At the MIC breakpoint of 16 µg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PTAs for 50 mg/kg q4h as a 0.5 hr infusion was 93.9%; for 100 mg/kg q8h as 0.5 and 4 hr infusion: 64.6% and 100%; for 100 mg/kg q6h as 0.5 and 3 hr infusion: 86.5% and 100%; and for 400 mg/kg continuous infusion: 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

In children with fever and neutropenia, piperacillin/tazobactam dosing regimens that are administered every 4 hr or that employ prolonged or continuous infusions should be considered to optimize pharmacodynamic exposure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:477–482. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A pragmatic calcium‐based initiator for the synthesis of polycaprolactone copolymers
Authors: Colwell John M , Wentrup‐Byrne Edeline , George Graeme A , Schué François
Published: October 2014

A mechanistic and kinetic study of the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone (CL) in the presence of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/calcium hydride (CaH2) co‐initiation system was conducted in the bulk over a range of polymerization temperatures (70 − 133 °C). The resultant polycaprolactone‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐polycaprolactone (PCL/PEG/PCL) triblock copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. Analysis of polymerization kinetics using Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that, relative to other reported calcium‐based initiating systems, the observed rates of polymerization for the synthesis of the PCL/PEG/PCL triblock copolymers using the PEG/CaH2 co‐initiator were much lower than expected. This was presumed to be due to the incomplete reaction of PEG with CaH2. Even so, complete consumption of PEG hydroxyl groups occurred during polymerization and the molecular weight of PCL/PEG/PCL triblock copolymers could be predicted from the molar feed ratio, [CL]0:[PEG]0. This phenomenon was proposed to be due to a fast, reversible transfer process that allowed for the controlled synthesis of PCL/PEG/PCL copolymers using this simple CaH2‐based initiating system. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry