bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengthening prompt simplicity
Authors: Diamondstone David , Ng Keng Meng
Published: July 2011

We introduce a natural strengthening of prompt simplicity which we call strong promptness, and study its relationship with existing lowness classes. This notion provides a ≤wtt version of superlow cuppability. We show that every strongly prompt c.e. set is superlow cuppable. Unfortunately, strong promptness is not a Turing degree notion, and so cannot characterize the sets which are superlow cuppable. However, it is a wtt-degree notion, and we show that it characterizes the degrees which satisfy a wtt-degree notion very close to the definition of superlow cuppability.

Further, we study the strongly prompt c.e. sets in the context of other notions related promptness, superlowness, and cupping. In particular, we show that every benign cost function has a strongly prompt set which obeys it, providing an analogue to the known result that every cost function with the limit condition has a prompt set which obeys it. We also study the effect that lowness properties have on the behaviour of a set under the join operator. In particular we construct an array noncomputable c.e. set whose join with every low c.e. set is low.
Potential isomorphism of elementary substructures of a strictly stable homogeneous model
Authors: Friedman Sy-David , Hyttinen Tapani , Walczak-Typke Agatha C.
Published: July 2011

The results herein form part of a larger project to characterize the classification properties of the class of submodels of a homogeneous stable diagram in terms of the solvability (in the sense of [1]) of the potential isomorphism problem for this class of submodels.

We restrict ourselves to locally saturated submodels of the monster model , of some power π. We assume that in Gödel's constructive universe , π is a regular cardinal at least the successor of the first cardinal in which , is stable.

We show that the collection of pairs of submodels in as above which are potentially isomorphic with respect to certain cardinal-preserving extensions of is equiconstructible with 0#. As 0# is highly “transcendental” over , this provides a very strong statement to the effect that potential isomorphism for this class of models not only fails to be set-theoretically absolute, but is of high (indeed of the highest possible) complexity.

The proof uses a novel method that does away with the need for a linear order on the skeleton.
On enveloping type-definable structures
Authors: Milliet Cédric
Published: July 2011

We observe simple links between equivalence relations, groups, fields and groupoids (and between preorders, semi-groups, rings and categories), which are type-definable in an arbitrary structure, and apply these observations to the particular context of small and simple structures. Recall that a structure is small if it has countably many n-types with no parameters for each natural number n. We show that a ∅-type-definable group in a small structure is the conjunction of definable groups, and extend the result to semi-groups, fields, rings, categories, groupoids and preorders which are ∅-type-definable in a small structure. For an A-type-definable group GA(where the set A may be infinite) in a small and simple structure, we deduce that

(1) if GA is included in some definable set X such that boundedly many translates of GA cover X, then GA is the conjunction of definable groups.

(2) for any finite tuple ḡ in GA, there is a definable group containing ḡ.
Weak Compactness and No Partial Squares
Authors: Krueger John
Published: July 2011

We present a characterization of weakly compact cardinals in terms of generalized stationarity. We apply this characterization to construct a model with no partial square sequences.
Forcing Properties of Ideals of Closed Sets
Authors: Sabok Marcin , Zapletal Jindřich
Published: July 2011

With everyσ-idealIon a Polish space we associate theσ-idealI* generated by the closed sets inI. We study the forcing notions of Borel sets modulo the respectiveσ-idealsIandI* and find connections between their forcing properties. To this end, we associate to aσ-ideal on a Polish space an ideal on a countable set and show how forcing properties of the forcing depend on combinatorial properties of the ideal.

We also study the1–1 or constantproperty ofσ-ideals, i.e., the property that every Borel function defined on a Borel positive set can be restricted to a positive Borel set on which it either 1–1 or constant. We prove the following dichotomy: ifIis aσ-ideal generated by closed sets, then either the forcingP1adds a Cohen real, or elseIhas the 1–1 or constant property.
Joint Modeling of HCV and HIV Co-Infection among Injecting Drug Users in Italy and Spain Using Individual Cross-Sectional Data
Authors: Del Fava Emanuele , Shkedy Ziv , Hens Niel , Aerts Marc , Suligoi Barbara , Camoni Laura , Vallejo Fernando , Wiessing Lucas , Kretzschmar Mirjam
Published: July 2011

The aim of the analysis presented in this paper is to study co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in injecting drug users (IDUs) using a joint modeling approach that makes use of multivariate statistical methods for current status data.

Using marginal models, we estimate association measures between HCV and HIV infections at individual level, i.e., odds ratios and correlation coefficients, and we regress them against some risk factors, e.g., the length of the injecting career, the age at first injection, the ever sharing of syringes, and the frequency of current injecting. In addition, we fit random-effects models that take into account the individual heterogeneity in the acquisition of the infections. For our analysis, we use cross-sectional data from two independent serological surveys, one carried out in Italy (IT) in 2005 on 856 subjects, and the other in three Spanish (ES) cities, between 2001 and 2003, on 589 subjects.

We found that the infections are positively associated within individuals, e.g., ORIT=2.56 with 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.43, 6.68) and ORES= 2.42, with 95% CI (1.41, 4.30). We found that the odds ratio and the correlation between HCV and HIV infections increase positively with the length of the injecting career. Moreover, they are found to be significantly positive in case IDUs have never shared syringes or report low injecting frequencies. The variance of the individual random effects is positive, e.g., σb2=0.34 (0.14, 0.62), indicating that there is significant individual heterogeneity in the acquisition of the infections.

Our results show that a significant association between HCV and HIV infections within IDUs is related to significant individual heterogeneity in the acquisition of the infections. Indeed, the association between these infections in IDUs who report ever sharing syringes is not significant, which can be explained by a higher homogeneity in their behaviors and, therefore, in their acquisition of the infections.
On the Implications of Two-Sided Altruism in Human Capital Based OLG Model
Authors: Aoki Takaaki
Published: July 2011

This article summarizes some propositions regarding economic dynamics and implications of two-sided altruism, on the basis of the human-capital-based OLG model of Ehrlich and Lui (1991), with application of a modified, fertility-endogenized definition of linearly separable two-sided altruism by Abel (1987) and Altig and Davis (1993). Some properties in both transition processes and steady states, the effects of unfunded social security on an equilibrium path, and the implications in the context of so called the Samaritans dilemma and the Recardian equivalence are also analyzed. Finally some policy implications are summarized. Our calibration results and analyses show that (1) the combination of altruism toward parents and children is crucial for determining a threshold level of initial human capital and education technology in a transition process (stagnant to growth or growth to stagnant) with an irreversible hysteresis aspect, (2) a regular recursive induction approach might still cause inefficiency in terms of an ex-post Pareto optimality criterion as of two periods later, even if strategic effects for after children (two generations later) are appropriately taken account of, and (3) unfunded social security, which involves actuarially fair insurance as well as certainty premium transfer, might not affect either saving or critical values for regime change so drastically.
Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights: Whether Conflicting or Complementing Each Other to Serve a Common Purpose?
Authors: Gupta Anurag , Mazumdar Satyajeet
Published: July 2011

This article is based on the hypothesis that there exists far less conflict between competition/antitrust policy and intellectual property rights (IPRs) than there is made out to be. Historically, judges have imagined far greater conflicts between antitrust policy and intellectual property rights than have actually existed, or else relied on generalizations rather than close analysis. For example, they have often assumed that the presence of an intellectual property right has led to anticompetitive effects where there was no basis for finding any injury to competition at all. The fact that true conflicts between antitrust and intellectual property rights are relatively rare has been highlighted. Thus, an analysis has been done in the ways in which these two important areas of government regulation are and are not in tension, and we discuss the history of the relationship between these laws and whether they are in conflict or complementing each other. Further, we submit that antitrust can serve the goals of innovation and dynamic efficiency directly in circumstances in which competition, not monopoly, serves as a spur to innovation. The goal of the IP and antitrust laws should be to seek a robust balance between competition and monopoly in the service of dynamic efficiency.
Teaching Law and Economics in Korea
Authors: Ko Haksoo , Kim Jeonghyun
Published: July 2011

This article provides an overview of the current status of the Law and Economics education in Korea. In Korea, a course in Law and Economics was first offered in mid-1980s at Seoul National University, and since then, academic and teaching interests have been growing steadily. Based on the results of an informal survey on course offerings, we describe what is being taught and discuss challenges that the field is facing in Korea. Major pedagogic challenges include (i) insufficient supply of instructors and researchers who have background knowledge of both law and economics; (ii) lack of textbooks written in the Korean language dealing with Korean legal issues; and (iii) lack of Korean court cases and other materials suited for classroom discussions. Recent introduction of the new postgraduate professional legal education system is the biggest factor that will have a significant impact on the prospect of Law and Economics education in Korea. While interests among students have increased considerably, the problem of the limited supply of researchers in the field remains unsolved. The field should still provide convincing evidence to the traditional legal academia that Law and Economics is relevant and indeed useful in analyzing todays difficult legal issues that Korea has to deal with.
The Triglyceride-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio
Authors: Giannini Cosimo , Santoro Nicola , Caprio Sonia , Kim Grace , Lartaud Derek , Shaw Melissa , Pierpont Bridget , Weiss Ram
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated whether the triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio is associated with insulin resistance (IR) in a large multiethnic cohort of obese youths.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Obese youths (1,452) had an oral glucose tolerance test and a fasting lipid profile. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR and evaluated, in a subgroup of 146 obese youths, by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The cohort was divided by ethnicity (612 whites, 357 Hispanics, and 483 African Americans) and then stratified into ethnicity-specific tertiles of TG/HDL-C ratio. Differences across tertiles were evaluated, and the association between the TG/HDL-C ratio and insulin sensitivity (WBISI) was defined by a multiple stepwise linear regression analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was determined to calculate the TG/HDL-C ratio cutoff to identify insulin-resistant subjects by ethnicity.

RESULTS

In each ethnic group and across rising tertiles of TG/HDL-C ratio, insulin sensitivity (WBISI) progressively decreased, whereas 2-h glucose and the AUC-glucose progressively increased. The cutoff for TG/HDL-C ratio was 2.27, and the odds of presenting with IR, in youths with TG/HDL-C ratio higher than the cutoff, was 6.023 (95% CI 2.798–12.964; P < 0.001) in white girls and boys, whereas for both Hispanics and African Americans the AUC-ROCs were not significant, thus not allowing the calculation of an optimal cutoff TG/HDL-C value.

CONCLUSIONS

The TG/HDL-C ratio is associated with IR mainly in white obese boys and girls and thus may be used with other risk factors to identify subjects at increased risk of IR-driven morbidity.
Interpretation of interactions of halogenated hydrocarbons with modified silica adsorbent coated with 3-benzylketoimine group silane
Authors: Wawrzyniak Rafał , Wasiak Wiesław
Published: July 2011

The paper reports a new group of adsorbents obtained by modification of silica surface with silane containing 3-benzylketoimine groups with bonded Cu(II) and Ni(II) chlorides. The adsorbents obtained were subjected to a chromatographic study to establish the type of adsorbate-adsorbent interactions for aliphatic and aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons used as adsorbates. The following retention parameters were determined: retention factor (k), Kovats retention index (I), specific retention volume (V g), and molecular retention index (ΔM e). Values of the molecular retention index were subjected to complex statistical analysis providing qualitative relations between the adsorbates’ properties and spatial structure and their retention. It was observed that bonding of chlorides of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with the ketoimine groups resulted in an increase of the retention index and the molecular retention index indicating an increase of the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction in comparison with the reference column coated with silane including a 3-benzylketoimine group without transition metal chlorides. Along with the observed increase of the adsorbate-adsorbent interaction, larger difference between the retention indices was observed for both halogenated compounds. This indicates a positive influence of the introduced transition metals on the selectivity of the adsorbate-adsorbent interactions of the examined columns.
One-pot synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-arylsubstituted tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans catalysed by silica gel-supported polyphosphoric acid (PPA-SiO2) as an efficient and reusable catalyst
Authors: Davoodnia Abolghasem , Allameh Sadegh , Fazli Samineh , Tavakoli-Hoseini Niloofar
Published: July 2011

A convenient method for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans by a one-pot three-component cyclocondensation of dimedone, aryl aldehydes, and malononitrile in water using silica gel-supported polyphosphoric acid (PPA-SiO2) as an efficient and reusable catalyst is described. The present methodology offers several advantages, such as a simple procedure with ease of handling, short reaction time, high yields, and the absence of any volatile and hazardous organic solvents.
Enzymatic saccharification of cellulose in aqueous-ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate-DMSO media
Authors: He Yu , Ma Cui , Xia Dong , Ding Liang , Li Liang , Xian Mu
Published: July 2011

Ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([Emim]DMP) was chosen as an environment-friendly solvent to enzymatically hydrolyze cellulose in situ. Under optimal reaction condition, 80.2 % of cellulose (10 mg mL−1) were converted to glucose in aqueous-IL-DMSO (φ r = 74: 25: 1) media at 55°C in 18 h. Finally, fermentability of the recovered hydrolyzates was evaluated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is able to ferment hydrolyzates efficiently, the ethanol production was 0.44 g g−1 of glucose within 24 h of the process. Such information is vital for the saccharification of more complex cellulose materials and for the fermentation of hydrolyzates into biofuel.
Is always high-resolution human model in bioelectromagnetic modeling needed?
Authors: Dlugosz Tomasz
Published: July 2011

The paper presents short profile of analytical and numerical methods used in bioelectromagnetic modeling. Some comparison of different models of human being was made. Author analyzed it in the following points of view: time of calculations and technical specifications
Propagation of weak shock waves in a non-ideal gas
Authors: Singh Lal. , Singh Dheerendra , Ram Subedar
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates the problem of propagation of planar and non-planar weak shock waves in a non-ideal medium. The mathematical formulation developed in this work leads to a closed system of coupled transport equations which efficiently describes the strength of a shock wave and the first order discontinuities induced behind it. The influence of the parameter of non-idealness and the non planar configuration of the wavefront on the nonlinear distortion, attenuation and shock formation of pulses, are discussed in detail. An analytical expression for the shock formation distance is obtained and a direct comparison between the ideal versus the non ideal gas flow is established. Also, the usual asymptotic decay laws for weak shock are recovered.
Test-Retest Reliability of Measurements of the Center of Pressure Displacement in Quiet Standing and During Maximal Voluntary Body Leaning Among Healthy Elderly Men
Authors: Rafał Stemplewski , Janusz Maciaszek , Wiesław Osiński , Robert Szeklicki
Published: July 2011

Test-Retest Reliability of Measurements of the Center of Pressure Displacement in Quiet Standing and During Maximal Voluntary Body Leaning Among Healthy Elderly Men

The aim of the study was to evaluate intra- and intersession test-retest reliability for the measurements of centre of pressure displacement in quiet standing and during maximal voluntary body leaning (approximate area of stability limits).

27 elderly men participated in the study (71.4±4.9 of age). Intrasession (4 measurements with two-minute breaks) and intersession (4 measurements one week apart) reliability were examined. Parameters connected to the centre of pressure data (AMTI force platform) were measured during a quiet stance and voluntary body leaning in medio-lateral and anterior-posterior directions (approximate limits of stability). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1 and ICC2, k) were calculated.

In case of quiet standing, only mean velocity of centre of pressure sway provides high reliability in intrasession - ICC2,1 of .84 and ICC2, k of .96, and in intersession - ICC2,1 of .76. Evaluation of limits of stability showed high values of all parameters (maximal and minimal displacement in sagittal and frontal planes, distance between maximal and minimal position of centre of pressure in sagittal and frontal planes and approximated area of stability limits) in intrasession - ICC2,1 between .82 to .96 and ICC2, k between .95 to .99. Similar tendency was observed in the intersession retest.

Average velocity of the centre of pressure is the only parameter that showed a high application value in case of measurements during quiet standing. Parameters related to the stability limits appeared very reliable what proves that this evaluation may have potential application in the clinical practice.
Motor Development of Children and Adolescents Aged 8-16 Years in View of Their Somatic Build and Objective Quality of Life of Their Families
Authors: Puciato Daniel , Mynarski Władysław , Rozpara Michał , Borysiuk Zbigniew , Szyguła Renata
Published: July 2011

Motor Development of Children and Adolescents Aged 8-16 Years in View of Their Somatic Build and Objective Quality of Life of Their Families

The differences in human motor development are determined by predispositions and living conditions. The aim of the present study was to examine relationships between motor fitness of children and adolescents aged 8-16 years (277 boys and 247 girls), and their somatic build and quality of life of their families. Body height, body mass and skinfold thickness were measured. On the basis of these measurements body mass index (BMI), Rohrer's index and lean body mass (LBM) were calculated. The subjects' physical fitness was also assessed with motor tests: speed of arm movement (plate tapping), agility (10 × 5 m shuttle run), explosive strength of the legs (standing broad jump), trunk strength (situps), explosive strength of the trunk and shoulder girdle (1-kg medicine ball throw), and flexibility (sit and reach) regarded as a morpho-functional predisposition of motor abilities. The standing broad jump results were then used to calculate maximal anaerobic power (MPA). The examination was completed with a questionnaire survey of the children's parents concerning their families' quality of life. On the basis of the parents' answers to the questionnaire, two quality of life indices were constructed: objective quality of life index and subjective quality of life index. Due to the wide age bracket of subjects the sample was divided into two age groups: 8-12 and 13-16-year-olds. The relationships between subjects' motor development, somatic traits and their families' quality of life were examined with the use of multivariate comparative analysis. The level of motor development of studied children was more strongly determined by their somatic build than the quality of life of their families. The most important somatic determinants of the subjects' motor abilities were body height and subcutaneous adiposity. These determinants primarily affected speed and strength abilities of younger school children. Objective quality of life of children's families determined the development of some strength abilities in children aged 8-12 years. No correlations between the subjects' motor development and subjective quality of life of their families were found.
Association of the ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism in Polish Power-Orientated Athletes
Authors: Cięszczyk Paweł , Eider Jerzy , Ostanek Magdalena , Arczewska Aleksandra , Leońska-Duniec Agata , Sawczyn Stanisław , Ficek Krzysztof , Krupecki Krzysztof
Published: July 2011

Association of the ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism in Polish Power-Orientated Athletes

Alpha-actinins are an ancient family of actin-binding proteins that play structural and regulatory roles in cytoskeletal organization. In skeletal muscle, α-actinin-3 protein is an important structural component of the Z disc, where it anchors actin thin filaments, helping to maintain the myofibrillar array. A common nonsense polymorphism in codon 577 of the ACTN3 gene (R577X) results in α-actinin-3 deficiency in XX homozygotes. Based on knowledge about the role of ACTN3 R557X polymorphism in skeletal muscle function, we postulated that the genetic polymorphism of ACTN3 could also improve sprint and power ability.

We compared genotypic and allelic frequencies of the ACTN3 R557X polymorphism in two groups of men of the same Caucasian descent: 158 power-orientated athletes and 254 volunteers not involved in competitive sport.

The genotype distribution in the group of power-oriented athletes showed significant differences (P=0.008) compared to controls. However, among the investigated subgroups of athletes, only the difference of ACTN3 R577X genotype between sprinters and controls reached statistical significance (P=0.041). The frequencies of the ACTN3 577X allele (30.69% vs. 40.35%; P=0.005) were significantly different in all athletes compared to controls. Our results support the hypothesis that the ACTN3 577XX allele may have some beneficial effect on sprintpower performance, because the ACTN3 XX genotype is significantly reduced in Polish power-oriented athletes compared to controls.

This finding seems to be in agreement with previously reported case-control studies. However, ACTN3 polymorphism as a genetic marker for sport talent identification should be interpreted with great caution.
Changes of Reaction Time and Blood Lactate Concentration of Elite Volleyball Players During a Game
Authors: Mroczek Dariusz , Kawczyński Adam , Chmura Jan
Published: July 2011

Changes of Reaction Time and Blood Lactate Concentration of Elite Volleyball Players During a Game

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in reaction time of elite volleyball players during a game. Fourteen volleyball players participated in the study. Reaction time was measured using the Optojump system. In addition, blood lactate concentration was assessed to monitor physiological load during the game. All measurements were performed during a pre-game test and during sets 1, 2, 3 and 4. Reaction time during set 1 decreased significantly by 13,3 % compared with pre-game values, from 600 ms during the pre-game test to 520 ms during set 1 (p<0,05). Blood lactate concentration increased significantly during set 1, 2, 3 and 4 compared with pre-game conditions (p<0,05). Reaction time stays in the first phase of its changes pattern and elite volleyball players do not reach psychomotor fatigue threshold throughout the game.
Functional Overreaching During Preparation Training of Elite Tennis Professionals
Authors: Thiel Christian , Vogt Lutz , Bürklein Meike , Rosenhagen Andreas , Hübscher Markus , Banzer Winfried
Published: July 2011

Functional Overreaching During Preparation Training of Elite Tennis Professionals

This case study evaluated the response of objective and subjective markers of overreaching to a highly demanding conditioning training mesocycle in elite tennis players to determine 1) whether players would become functionally or non-functionally overreached, and 2) to explore how coherently overreaching markers would respond.

Performance, laboratory and cardiac autonomous activity markers were evaluated in three experienced male tennis professionals competing at top 30, top 100 and top 1000 level before and after their strength and conditioning training was increased by 120, 160 and 180%, respectively, for 30 days. Every week, subjective ratings of stress and recovery were evaluated by means of a questionnaire.

After 74, 76 and 55 h of training, increases in VO2max (+8, +5 and +18%) and speed strength indices (+9, +23 and +5%) were observed in all players. Changes of maximal heart rate (-5, -6, +4 beats per minute), laboratory markers (e.g. insulin-like growth factor -26, -17, -9%; free testosterone to cortisol ratio -63, +2, -12%) and cardiac autonomous activity markers (heart rate variability -49, -64, -13%) were variable among the players.

Improved performance provides evidence that overreaching was functional in all players. However, several overreaching markers were altered and these alterations were more pronounced in the two top 100 players. The response of overreaching indicators was not coherent.
Influence of the Numbers of Players in the Heart Rate Responses of Youth Soccer Players Within 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 Small-sided Games
Authors: Dellal A , Jannault R , Lopez-Segovia M , Pialoux V
Published: July 2011

Influence of the Numbers of Players in the Heart Rate Responses of Youth Soccer Players Within 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 Small-sided Games

The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) responses within and between small-sided games (SSG) training methods in elite young soccer players. Twenty-seven youth soccer players (age: 16.5 ± 0.5 years, height: 174.5 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 62.9 ± 8.3, velocity at maximal aerobic speed (MAS): 15.9 ± 0.9 km.h-1) performed 3 different SSG (2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3, 4 vs. 4 without goalkeeper). In each SSG, HR was continuously measured and expressed as a mean percentage of HR reserve (%HRreserve). The mean %HRreserve calculated during the SSG was significantly lower during 4 vs. 4 (70.6 ± 5.9 %) compared to 2 vs. 2 (80.1 ± 3.6 %, p<0.001) and 3 vs. 3 (81.5 ± 4.3 %, p<0.001) SSG. Regardless of the time spent above 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 % of HRreserve, 4 vs. 4 solicited lower percentage of time than 3 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 2. Intersubject coefficients of variation were significantly higher during 4 vs. 4 compared to 2 vs.2 and 3 vs. 3. The %HRreserve after 30s of recovery was significantly higher for 3 vs. 3 (70.6 ± 5.3 %) compared to 2 vs. 2 (65.2 ± 4.8 %, p<0.05) and 4 vs. 4 (61.6 ± 9.3 %, p<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the physiological demands is higher during 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 compared to 4 vs. 4 in youth soccer players. This difference could be due to that young soccer players do not have the same technical ability and experience as adult players and thus, their activity during the 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 induces a greater physical demand due to their lack of experience. The age of the players could be linked with the physical demands within small-sided games.
Somatotype, Body Composition and Proportionality in Polish Top Greco-Roman Wrestlers
Authors: Sterkowicz-Przybycień Katarzyna , Sterkowicz Stanisław , Żarów Ryszard
Published: July 2011

Somatotype, Body Composition and Proportionality in Polish Top Greco-Roman Wrestlers

The objective of the paper was to determine body composition and somatotype of male Greco-Roman wrestlers grouped by different weight categories and level of competition. Twenty three contestants (aged 24.9±5.5 years, training experience 13.7±5.8 years) were examined during their competitive period. They were divided into heavier (n=12) and lighter weight categories (n=11). Twelve of them took part in Olympic Qualification Tournaments, whereas six others participated in the Olympic Games in Athens. An experienced evaluator performed 10 measurements necessary to designate Heath-Carter somatotypes and additional skinfolds to estimate the percentage of body fat and body composition. Heavier wrestlers (weight=92.4 kg) exhibited more endomorphy and mesomorphy than lighter wrestlers (weight=70.1 kg). Heavier wrestlers were characterized by higher BMI, fat mass, fat percentage and fat free mass index than wrestlers in lighter weight categories. Sports level was evaluated with discriminant analysis which revealed significant results (p<0.01) with canonical correlation coefficient of 0.754, and Wilks' λ=0.431. Discriminant function=0.593774*Training Experience-0.300177*EN+0.627894*ME-0.242241*EC - 0.636081*Pelvis/Shoulder Ratio. Among the 23 observations used to fit the model, 19 (82.6%) were correctly classified. When compared with untrained subjects, wrestlers exhibited higher body mass (81.8 vs. 72.1 kg, t=3.15, p<0.01) and lower height-weight ratio (40.50 vs. 43.21, t=13.5, p<0.001). Wrestlers' somatotypes differed from those of untrained subjects (2.0-6.6-1.2 vs. 3.7-4.3-3.1). They were also characterized by lower adiposity (12.1 vs. 15.7%, t=7.84, p<0.001).

In conclusion, body build and composition in wrestlers depend on their weight category. In heavier categories, characteristic type is endomorph-mesomorph, whereas lighter weight categories are dominated by balanced mesomorph. A considerable difference in endomorphy and indices of body composition can also be observed. Higher sport experience with lower endomorphy (tendencies for lower fat content) and Pelvis/Shoulder Ratio are interrelated with higher competition level presented by wrestlers.
Anthropometric Typology of Male and Female Rowers Using K-Means Clustering
Authors: Forjasz Justyna
Published: July 2011

Anthropometric Typology of Male and Female Rowers Using K-Means Clustering

The aim of this paper is to present the morphological features of rowers. The objective is to establish the type of body build best suited to the present requirements of this sports discipline through the determination of the most important morphological features in rowing with regard to the type of racing boat. The subjects of this study included competitors who practise rowing and were members of the Junior National Team. The considered variables included a group of 32 anthropometric measurements of body composition determined using the BIA method among male and female athletes, while also including rowing boat categories. In order to determine the analysed structures of male and female rowers, an observation analysis was taken into consideration and performed by the k-means clustering method. In the group of male and female rowers using long paddles, higher mean values for the analysed features were observed, with the exception of fat-free mass, and water content in both genders, and trunk length and horizontal reach in women who achieved higher means in the short-paddle group. On the men's team, both groups differed significantly in body mass, longitudinal features, horizontal reach, hand width and body circumferences, while on the women's, they differed in body mass, width and length of the chest, body circumferences and fat content. The method of grouping used in this paper confirmed morphological differences in the competitors with regard to the type of racing boat.
Use of New Media by Turkish Fans in Sport Communication: Facebook and Twitter
Authors: Özsoy Selami
Published: July 2011

Use of New Media by Turkish Fans in Sport Communication: Facebook and Twitter

This research examines the use of Facebook and Twitter, two social networks, for sportive reasons in Turkey.

To this end, the literature was surveyed and a 5 Likert type data collection tool consisting of 21 questions was developed by the researcher based on the expert views. The sample of the research included 460 sport fans who are college students at Abant İzzet Baysal University and Sakarya University.

It was found in the research that 91.7% of the participants had a profile on Facebook and 13.3% had a profile on Twitter. The rate of opening an account on Twitter, which still has no version in Turkish language, was low. It was found that the fans mostly followed the official site of their favorite team on Facebook, got informed about the sports activities through Facebook and learned news, which they did not hear from other sources. It was also ascertained that male fans used social networks for sportive reasons more than female fans did (p<.05). It is possible to state that social networks such as Facebook and Twitter have become a rapidly-developing alternative medium in sports against traditional media such as newspaper and television.
Methodology for Implementing Scalable Run-Time Reconfigurable Devices
Authors: Kotynia Łukasz , Amrozik Piotr , Napieralski Andrzej
Published: July 2011

Methodology for Implementing Scalable Run-Time Reconfigurable Devices

The aim of this paper is to present the implementation methodology for an ASIC constituting the fine-grained array of dynamically reconfigurable processing elements. This methodology was developed during the work on a device which can operate as a typical Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with some bio-inspired features or as a multi-core Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) processor. Such high diversity of possible operating modes makes the design implementation extremely demanding. As a consequence, the comprehensive study and analysis of the different possible implementation techniques in this case allowed us to formulate a consistent and complete methodology that can be applied to other systems of similar structure.
Development of Optical Fiber Technology in Poland
Authors: Dorosz Jan , Romaniuk Ryszard
Published: July 2011

Development of Optical Fiber Technology in Poland

In this paper, the authors, chairmen of the 13th Conference on Optical Fibers and Their Applications OFA2011, and editors of the conference proceedings summarize the development of optical fiber technology in Poland (during the period of 2009-2011) on the basis of papers presented there and consecutively published in this volume. The digest is thus not full but covers the periodically presented material every 18 months during the meetings on optical fibers in Białystok-Białowieża and Lublin-Krasnobród.
On Scientific Realism and Instrumentalism in Manoeuvring Target Modelling and Tracking
Authors: Sankowski Mirosław
Published: July 2011

On Scientific Realism and Instrumentalism in Manoeuvring Target Modelling and Tracking

The basic problem of tracking manoeuvring moving objects (e.g. aircrafts, ships) lies in unpredictability of object manoeuvres, with respect to the time of occurrence, duration and the type of trajectory. In this paper most representative methods of modelling and state estimation techniques applied to Manoeuvring Target Tracking (MTT) are briefly reviewed. Classification of existing approaches is made in the context of realistic and instrumentalistic paradigms of the philosophy of science. A practical example is also given that shows the impact of selecting models and estimation methods on the performance of the tracking filter for Air Traffic Control (ATC) radar.
Application of Indexed Partition Calculus in Logic Synthesis of Boolean Functions for FPGAs
Authors: Rawski Mariusz
Published: July 2011

Application of Indexed Partition Calculus in Logic Synthesis of Boolean Functions for FPGAs

Functional decomposition of Boolean functions specified by cubes proved to be very efficient. Most popular decom-position methods are based on blanket calculus. However computation complexity of blanket manipulations strongly depends on number of function's variables, which prevents them from being used for large functions of many input and output variables. In this paper a new concept of indexed partition is proposed and basic operations on indexed partitions are defined. Application of this concept to logic synthesis based on functional decomposition is also discussed. The experimental results show that algorithms based on new concept are able to deliver good quality solutions even for large functions and does it many times faster than the algorithms based on blanket calculus.
Parallel Computation Approaches to Optimize Learning Systems
Authors: Czyż Tomasz , Rudek Radosław , Selvaraj Henry
Published: July 2011

Parallel Computation Approaches to Optimize Learning Systems

This paper is devoted to the total tardiness minimization scheduling problem, where the efficiency of a processor increases due to its learning. Such problems model real-life settings that occur in the presence of a human learning (industry, manufacturing, management) and in some computer systems. However, the increasing growth of significant achievements in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning is a premise that the human-like learning will be present in mechanized industrial processes that are controlled or performed by machines as well as in the greater number of multi-agent computer systems. Therefore, the optimization algorithms dedicated in this paper for scheduling problems with learning are not only the answer for present day scheduling problems (where human plays important role), but they are also a step forward to the improvement of self-learning and adapting systems that undeniably will occur in a new future. To solve the analysed problem, we propose parallel computation approaches that are based on NEH, tabu search and simulated annealing algorithms. The numerical analysis confirm high accuracy of these methods and show that the presented approaches significantly decrease running times of simulated annealing and tabu search and also reduce the running times of NEH.
Effect of Different Types of Recovery on Blood Lactate Removal After Maximum Exercise
Authors: Ferreira Jacielle , Da Silva Carvalho Rodrigo , Barroso Thiago , Szmuchrowski Leszek , Śledziewski Dariusz
Published: July 2011

Effect of Different Types of Recovery on Blood Lactate Removal After Maximum Exercise

Introduction.
Despite physiological changes caused by immersion in liquid medium, few studies have been conducted to determine the kinetics of blood lactate removal under these conditions. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of active recovery, using a specific water bike, on the blood lactate concentration after maximum intensity exercise.
Material and method.
Ten healthy cycling athletes performed an Anaerobic Threshold Test by Heart Rate (HR) on a bicycle ergometer and an Anaerobic Threshold Test by Subjective Effort Perception on an aquatic bicycle ergometer. Three maximal test was performed immediately before each recovery type, in three different days: Passive Recovery on Land - PRL (horizontal position for 60 minutes), Passive Recovery in the Water - PRW (horizontal position, with the help of floats, in swimming pool for 60 minutes) and Active Recovery in the Water - ARW (the volunteer performed exercises on a water bicycle to an intensity corresponding to 85% of the intensity of LA in water, for 30 minutes, and remained in the same position of the PRW for another 30 minutes). Blood samples were collected 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the maximal test, for lactate analysis.
Results.
The [La] blood did not show the difference between the three types of recovery at 5th min. From 15th min on, the difference between the ARW and the other two types of passive recovery was significant, and the ARW showed lower values. There was no significant difference between the PRW and PRL.
Conclusion.
Mere immersion in water is not enough to maximize the removal of blood lactate. This study demonstrates that active recovery held in water is effective for the removal of blood lactate in cyclists.
The Shape of Anterior-Posterior Curvatures of the Spine in Athletes Practising Selected Sports
Authors: Lichota Małgorzata , Plandowska Magdalena , Mil Patrycjusz
Published: July 2011

The Shape of Anterior-Posterior Curvatures of the Spine in Athletes Practising Selected Sports

Introduction.
Practising sport at the professional level brings about considerable spinal loads. As a result of an intensive effort, the adaptation abilities of vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles decrease, which, in turn, influences the size of physiological curvatures of the spine and at the same time the quality of body posture. The aim of the work was to evaluate the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine and to define the frequency of occurrence of body posture types in athletes practising selected sports.
Material and methods.
The research was conducted among 46 athletes from the following sections: athletics, handball, volleyball and taekwondo. Inclination angles of the curvatures of the spine were defined with the use of a posturometer: α angle (upper-thoracic segment), β angle (thoracic-lumbar segment), γ angle (lumbar-sacral segment) as well as the level of thoracic kyphosis (χ) and lumbar lordosis (λ). Every athlete's body posture type was defined.
Results.
It was revealed that in the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine in the examined athletes the level of thoracic kyphosis was higher than the level of lumbar lordosis. In all the athletes the biggest values were observed in the inclination of the upper-thoracic segment, whereas the lowest ones (except for taekwondo competitors) in the inclination of the lumbar-sacral segment. The most common types of body posture were kyphotic and balanced types. No type-III kyphosis and type-III lordosis were observed. Athletes practising selected sports generally had a proper body posture. An improper posture, especially a wrong posture, was observed in few athletes.
Conclusion.
The specificity of movements performed during the training applied in a particular sport may influence the shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine and thus the type of body posture.
Perception of Risks Associated with the Doping Use Among the Competitors Practicing Individual and Group Sport Disciplines
Authors: Mroczkowska Helena
Published: July 2011

Perception of Risks Associated with the Doping Use Among the Competitors Practicing Individual and Group Sport Disciplines

Introduction.
The aim of this study was the research among athletes whether and to what extent the sport discipline practiced (individual or team competition) influences the perception of risk associated with the use of doping in sport, and whether age and experience translates into the sports perception of the risks of doping.
Material and methods.
Three groups of athletes diverse was studied because of the nature of the sport task and the experience/time of practice. Individual disciplines were represented by combat sports (n=12, average time of practice ~6 years), group games by football players (n=9, average time of practice ~7 years) and volleyball players (n=13, average time of practice ~14 years.) The technique "Perception of risk of doping" was used to measure: a) the ranking of values that one can afford to lose in consequences of doping; b) the real probability of losing cherished values; c) personally acceptable level of risk associated with loss of value.
Results.
It was shown that young players who are members of the team are less mature and aware of the risks associated with the use of doping, not only from their older colleagues in the team, but also from their peers, competing individually. In the perception of young players there were both errors in risk assessment (distortion of losses) as well as illusions relating to the control of hazards, and unrealistic optimism about the possibility of avoiding the negative effects of doping. For mature players, the fear of losing public image has proven to be a strong deterrent against the temptation to use of illegal drugs; for young players, a relatively stronger remedy was the fear of losing the attributes of health and physical attractiveness.
Conclusion.
Due to the small size of the groups, these findings are suggestions that may serve as an inspiration for research on the wider population.
Actualising the Requirements and Abilities of the Students of Physical Education
Authors: Bochenek Anna
Published: July 2011

Actualising the Requirements and Abilities of the Students of Physical Education

Introduction.
One of the elements of a teacher's professional qualifications is the ability of actualisation of one's own requirements and opportunities. The objective of the present research was to study the tendencies behind self-actualisation of the physical education students and the attempt to determine the conditions accompanying the process.
Material and methods.
1036 Physical Education students graduating from BA and MA studies, participated in the research. Diagnostic poll method utilising Witkowski AS-3 Self-actualisation Scale survey was conducted for the purpose of the research.
Results.
The highest results were achieved by the examined in the following scales: realistic approach, ability to experience ecstatic experiences, openness in emotional relationships, exclusion of social stigmas. The lowest self-actualisation was identified in task orientation, the need for seclusion, and inner-containment. Sex, the year of studies and hobbies, in terms of statistics, significantly differentiate the majority of self-actualisation dimensions.
Conclusions.
The graduating students undertake the effort of self-actualisation. However, many of them are at the beginning of the process. Women demonstrate a higher level of disposition towards self-actualisation than men. The tendency increases as the student progresses in his/her education but also grows in people with various hobbies.