bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inclusive Markets and Enterprise Growth Through Public-Private Partnerships for Local Economic Development
Authors: Randa Isaac Okoth
Published: May 2020

Collaborative partnerships have become a source of hope in tackling complicated and complex societal issues such as underdevelopment facing many local authorities. Through public-private partnership (PPPs), remove interventions between the government, private organizations, and civil society, obstacles impeding business growth in these localities can be removed successfully. Whereas donor agencies and governments in developing countries increasingly propagate local economic development (LED), there are limited cases of LED success. Using an exploratory descriptive case study research design, this chapter explores the reasons why inclusive markets and enterprises' development are unsuccessful in Oshakati and Luderitz and why local authorities aimed at identifying suitable recommendations for improvement. The study concludes that entrepreneurs in Oshakati and Luderitz are unable to diversify and grow their business ideas to achieve inclusive markets due to lack of institutional support, access to finance, innovation, necessary expertise, and other necessary business support services.
Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Management Skills at a Crossroad in the Circular Economy
Authors: Tubulingane Booysen Sabeho
Published: May 2020

Entrepreneurship is the process of starting a business, a start-up company, or an organization. Before a person is capable of starting a business, there are entrepreneurship and business management skills that need to be acquired. Business management skills involve planning, decision making, leadership, marketing, selling, financial management, project management, delegation, time management, problem-solving, and networking. Entrepreneurship skills enable an entrepreneur to be self-efficacy, innovative, taking control of business activities, articulating a need for achievement, and able to take risks. Thus, this chapter provides a desktop literature analysis of the relationship between entrepreneurship and management skills within a circular economy. The chapter further examines problems and solutions to sustainable entrepreneurship. There is a need for a study to investigate how innovative sustainable business models can be both fully profitable and sustainably oriented.
Analysis of Shape and Dimensional Deformation of the Model with a Precision Circular Hole Produced by Digital Light Processing (DLP) Additive Technology
Authors: Michal Dávid , Hrušecký Róbert , Košťál Peter , Molnár Ivan
Published: May 2020

The article is about manufacturing a component with a precision circular hole by Digital Light Processing (DLP) additive technology for inserting another part. The accuracy of the hole itself depends on the choice of production technology and the appropriate material. Deformation of the inner wall of the hole prevents correct insertion of the part - nut of trapezoidal threaded rod. This article analyzes the feasibility of manufacturing a component using Digital Light Processing (DLP) additive technology and the use of liquid resin „Proto GRY“ for the manufacture a component. Among additive technologies processes, digital light processing (DLP) is typically seen as the technology capable of reaching the highest standards in terms of part complexity and precision. DLP technology rely on the use of light, typically in the UV region of the spectrum (380 – 405 nm), to cure a photosensitive viscous resin. This resin, typically composed of epoxy or acrylic and methacrylic monomers, will polymerize and harden when exposed to light. As light shines on the vat to create specific shapes or patterns that compose each layer, a solid object can be formed and extracted from the otherwise liquid resin.
Gazing at Medusa: Alzheimer’s dementia through the lenses of spirituality and religion
Authors: Giannouli Vaitsa , Giannoulis Konstantinos
Published: May 2020

Although religious and spiritual issues regarding Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) were not thoroughly investigated in the past, this review presents the most recent findings that can provide some scientific evidence about the experience and clinical usage of religious and spiritual beliefs from the perspective of the diagnosed patient, the caregiver-family members, and the health professional. Majority of the papers reviewed (50 out of 51) identified a positive influence of religiousness and spirituality. Thus, this review examines through a detailed analysis the possible pathways of the influence of these perceptions in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects of AD. Findings support the paramount importance of religion and spirituality in coping with the diagnosis of this specific type of dementia. Future experimental research should consider these observed benefits with caution and include them in everyday life.
Predictors of pharmacophobia
Authors: Petelinšek Ana , Lauri Korajlija Anita
Published: May 2020

Recent studies estimate that between 30% to 50% of the population does not adhere to their prescribed therapies, and one of the reasons is pharmacophobia. Pharmacophobia is a fear of medication and a negative attitude toward drugs in general. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of pharmacophobia. 700 participants participated in the study, of which 80.9% were female. The age of the participants ranged from 19 to 62 years (M=26.5, SD=7.41). The instrument consisted of several questionnaires measuring attitudes toward drugs, beliefs about medicine, emotional disgust, medication form preference, tendency for alternative medical habits and the likelihood of believing in conspiracy theories. Also, the demographic data was collected. The research was conducted through an online survey. The results showed that out of the total number of participants, 20.3% evaluated themselves as pharmacophobic, and 79.7% as pharmacophilics. Given the goal of the study, the results obtained suggest that one of the predictors of pharmacophobia is the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories, where the higher inclination to believe in conspiracy theories leads to greater pharmacophobia. Furthermore, the preference for solid drug forms and drugs that are intended for usage through the body cavity also contribute to an explanation of pharmacophobia in a way that pharmacophobic persons do not have a preference toward said medication forms. The predictor that contributes the most in the explanation of pharmacophobia is a negative belief in drugs, suggesting that a person with an expressed negative attitude to medication will probably not adhere to prescribed therapies by doctors.
Synchronous Occurrence of Bilateral Malignant Otitis Externa: Report of a Rare Case
Authors: Lamry Nur Adillah , Misron Khairunnisak , Tengku Kamalden Tengku Mohamed Izam , Aziz Azliana , Salim Rosdan
Published: May 2020

Malignant otitis externa (MOE) is a rare and potentially life-threatening disease of the ear and temporal bone. Bilateral simultaneous MOE is extremely rare. Due to bilaterally symmetrical facial nerve palsy, it can easily be missed at the initial presentation, causing delay in management. Here, we report a case of bilateral MOE managed aggressively with regular ear toileting, ear packing with a ribbon gauze soaked with topical antimicrobials, and long-term intravenous and oral antibiotics. The patient showed good improvement in pain control, facial nerve status, and ear findings.
Statin treatment and LDL target value achievement in Swiss general practice – a retrospective observational study
Authors: Rachamin Yael , Meier Rahel , Rosemann Thomas , Langenegger Stefan , Markun Stefan
Published: May 2020

AIMS
Statins decrease the risk of fatal CVD by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Guidelines suggest that statin treatment strategies should be guided by CV risk, but little is known about statin treatment in Swiss general practice. In this study, we aimed to investigate statin treatment and LDL target achievement rates, including their predictors, in patients treated by Swiss general practitioners (GPs).

METHODS
Retrospective observational study of statin-treated patients in 2018 using a general practice electronic medical records database. CV risk categories were defined according to the ESC guidelines published in 2016. We used multilevel logistic regression models to find associations between patient and GP demographic factors and LDL target achievement.

RESULTS
We analysed 11,779 statin-treated patients, of whom 59% were at a high or very high risk of fatal CVD. High-intensity statin treatment was used in 39% of patients, and LDL measurement was performed at least once in 54% of patients. Achievement of LDL target levels across CV risk categories was 36% in very high-risk, 56% in high-risk, and 66% in low-/moderate-risk patients, and generally higher for male patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Although over half of patients were at a high or very high risk of fatal CVD, the majority did not receive high-intensity statin treatment. Only a third of very high-risk patients achieved LDL target values, and there was a gender gap in LDL target achievement disadvantaging female patients. Results from this study suggest that current treatment may warrant reconsideration in a large proportion of patients treated with statins in Swiss general practice.
Time trend of suicide in Swiss male farmers and comparison with other men: a cohort study
Authors: Steck Nicole , Junker Christoph , Bopp Matthias , Egger Matthias , Zwahlen Marcel
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE
The ongoing agricultural reforms present serious challenges for Swiss farmers. Pressure is growing with difficult economic situations and the increasing demands for environmental protection, animal welfare and food safety. The aim of this study was to determine whether the strain is associated with higher risk of suicide in farmers than in men in other professions. We also wanted to analyse any changes in trends over time.

METHODS
Using the Swiss National Cohort, a population-based longitudinal study (1991–2014), we investigated suicide rates for Swiss men aged 35 to 74 years who lived in small communities. We calculated crude rates of suicide and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for both calendar periods of four years, and overall. We estimated hazard ratios using Cox proportional hazard regression models of increasing complexity to examine associations with profession (farmer, non-farmer), calendar period, marital status, type of household, religion and language region.

RESULTS
We identified 9006 suicides among 1,796,379 men in the total study population, of which 447 occurred in 89,303 farmers. Age-standardised rates of suicide per 100,000 person-years were higher (38.1, 95% CI 34.6–41.8) in farmers than in men with other professions (32.6, 95% CI 31.9–33.3). Although the age-standardised rates decreased for the whole study population until 2006, the declining trend continued afterwards only in non-farmers. The widening gap between farmers and non-farmers also showed in the SMR, which increased from 1.06 (95% CI 0.88–1.27) in the period 1991–1994 to 1.37 (95% CI 1.05–1.79) in 2011-2014. The Cox regression model analyses also revealed a higher risk of suicide for farmers, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.10 (95% CI 1.00–1.22) to 1.17 (95% CI 1.07–1.29). Usage of firearms was the most common method in the overall population (36.5%). In farmers, however, almost 60% committed suicide by hanging.

CONCLUSION
The study shows a higher rate of suicide in farmers compared to non-farmers in Switzerland, with the gap widening increasingly after 2006. It underlines the importance of identifying the difficulties and concerns of male farmers at an early stage in order to make appropriate structural adjustments and to offer low-threshold assistance tailored to their needs and preferences.
Polyelerin Sınıflandırılması ve Toroslardan Örnekler
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Mesut , DOĞAN Uğur , ÖZTÜRK Muhammed Zeynel
Published: May 2020

Polyeler, uygun yapısal koşulların bulunduğu karstik arazilerde gelişen büyük yerşekilleridir. En az bir yamacı çözünebilir kayalardan oluşan dik yamaçlarla çevrili olan polyeler, düz alüvyal tabana ve karstik drenaja sahip olan büyük kapalı karstik ovalardır. Türkiye’de bu karstik oluşumlar başlıca Toros Dağları’nda olmak üzere yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Son yıllarda yapılmış olan uluslararası çalışmalarla polyelerin oluşum süreçleri daha detaylı bir şekilde ortaya konmuş ve polye tipleri sınıflandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Türkiye’de ise bu kapsamda yapılmış olan sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de Toros Dağları içerisinde gelişmiş karakteristik dört polye dikkate alınarak, polyelerin oluşum süreci ve sınıflandırmasındaki yaklaşımlar tartışılmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmede, özellikle büyük polyelerin oluşum sürecinde sınıflandırmaya konu olan birden çok faktörün denetiminde geliştiği görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla, önceki çalışmaların önemli bir kısmından farklı olarak, polyelerin her birinin çoğu zaman tek bir sınıflama içerisinde değerlendirilemeyeceği; tek (kenar, yapısal ve taban seviyesi), iki (yapısal-kenar, yapısal-taban seviyesi) ve çok karakterli polyeler olarak sınıflandırılmasının daha doğru olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.
May sympatric Lesser Spotted Eagles and Black Storks compete for nesting sites in spatially varying environments?
Authors: Skuja Saulis , Mozgeris Gintautas , Treinys Rimgaudas
Published: May 2020

Sympatric species are likely to compete with one another unless there is a low degree of overlap in their resource use, in which case these species are able to coexist. Disclosing of biotic interactions between sympatric species is important from both theoretical and practical perspectives, especially when the species are of conservation concern.  However, environmental heterogeneity may introduce variation in the intensity of biotic interactions due to differential a varying species responses to the environmental gradient. In this study, we analysed the overlap in nesting sites between the internationally protected, mature, forest-dwelling Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina and the Black Stork Ciconia nigra. The importance of landscape heterogeneity for habitat segregation between these species was also assessed. The nesting sites of 123 pairs of Lesser Spotted Eagles and 78 pairs of Black Storks, located across different landscapes of the Central, Central-Eastern and Eastern Lithuanian ecoregions were described. A series of discriminant analyses were performed to explore the pattern of habitat differentiation between species nesting in the above-mentioned regions. The habitat differentiation was estimated by niche overlap values (range 0-1, with a value 0.6 suggested to be the threshold between coexistence and competition). Comparison of nesting sites of mature forest-dwellers resulted in the niche overlap values for Central, Central-Eastern and Eastern regions being 0.5, 0.63 and 0.55, respectively. These results indicated relatively high niche overdispersion between nesting sites occupied by eagles and storks. Different variables and/or their combinations resulted in habitat differences in each ecoregion. Our data indicate that biotic interaction between species is mediated by environmental heterogeneity. Although our data tend to support the coexistence of the Black Stork and the Lesser Spotted Eagle, in certain regions these mature, forest-dwelling predators may use similar habitats and compete for prime sites under specific landscape structures. We, therefore, propose the necessity of the importance of a spatially-segregated estimation on biotic interactions when developing conservation programmes and allocating conservation actions within the target region.
Analisis Numerik Bilah Kipas Mesin Turbofan TAY650-15 yang Mengalami Retak Menggunakan Metode Elemen Hingga
Authors: Irfansyah Ade
Published: May 2020

Faktor Intensitas Tegangan (K) akibat adanya perambatan retak pada model bilah kipas mesin turbofan TAY 650-15 yang diperbaiki dengan teknik scallop dikaji secara komputasional. Perubahan harga K terhadap panjang retak diamati untuk memprediksi umur sisa dari bilah kipas. Dari hasil simulasi diperoleh bahwa bilah kipas yang diperbaiki dengan teknik scallop yang melebihi kedalaman dalam SRM akan memiliki umur sisa yang jauh lebih pendek dari umur yang ditentukan oleh pabrik.
Rancang Bangun Trainer Konverter berbasis Arduino Mega 2560 sebagai Sarana Praktikum di Laboratorium Listrik Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya
Authors: KS Rikza , Sudjoko Rifdian
Published: May 2020

Salah satu mata kuliah Program Studi Diploma III Teknik Listrik Bandar Udara yaitu elektronika daya. Dalam mata kuliah tersebut terdapat materi tentang penyearah tegangan, buck konverter, boost konverter dan inverter yang biasa disebut sebagai konverter daya atau pengkonversian daya dari ac ke dc, ac ke ac, dc ke dc maupun dc ke ac yang sangat berguna sekali bagi manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi sehari-hari.

Pada pengkonversian daya perlu kita ketahui pula bentuk gelombang dari input dan output dari suatu rangkaian konverter agar dapat kita ketahui perbedaan dari kedua gelombangnya agar tidak salah memilih rangkaian konverter mana yang tepat untuk menyuplai suatu beban. Sehingga tidak merusak komponen-komponen dari rangkaian konverter maupun beban yang akan disuplai.

Pada konverter terdapat berbagai macam komponen – komponen elektronika yang memiliki sifat – sifat dan fungsi tertentu yang terintegrasi untuk menghasilkan konversi yang dibutuhkan. Sehingga pemahaman tentang komponen pada konverter perlu dimiliki dengan kontrol dan monitor bebasis mikrokontroler melalui Personal Computer.
Investigasi Perbandingan Posisi Rectangular Flat Plate Vortex Generator dengan Posisi Straight pada Wing Airfoil NACA 43018
Authors: S.P Setyo Hariyadi , Widodo Wawan Aries , Junipitoyo Bambang , Suryono Wiwid , Supriadi Supriadi
Published: May 2020

Pesawat terbang merupakan aplikasi ilmu mekanika fluida yang sangat memperhatikan aspek aerodinamika karena berkaitan dengan performa pada penerbangan. Satu hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam pendesainan suatu pesawat yaitu pemilihan airfoil dan modifikasinya. Modifikasi airfoil dilakukan untuk menunda separasi aliran dan meningkatkan performa airfoil, salah satunya dengan vortex generator. Modifikasi pada airfoil dilakukan untuk meningkatkan performansi dari airfoil. Hal ini dapat diindikasikan dengan tertundanya separasi aliran yang melintasi permukaan atas dari airfoil. Dengan tertundanya separasi ini maka gaya lift akan semakin besar dan gaya drag akan semakin kecil. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa penambahan vortex generator pada permukaan atas airfoil dapat menunda terjadinya separasi aliran. Hal ini disebabkan aliran lebih tahan melawan gaya gesek dan adverse pressure gradient. Topik yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah aliran melintasi airfoil NACA 43018 dengan penambahan vortex generator. Airfoil NACA 43018 digunakan pada sayap pesawat terbang ATR 72. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan karakteristik aliran fluida dengan dan tanpa penambahan vortex generator. Profil vortex generator yang digunakan adalah rectangular flat plate vortex generator dengan konfigurasi straight dan ditempatkan pada x/c = 10% dan 20% arah chord line dari leading edge. Variasi yang digunakan adalah bilangan Reynolds (Re) dan sudut serang (α) pada airfoil. Kecepatan freestream yang digunakan yaitu kecepatan 12 m/s atau Re = 7,65 x 105 dan kecepatan 17 m/s atau Re = 9 x 105, dan pada sudut serang (α) 0o, 3o, 6o, 9o, 12o, 15o, 19o, dan 20o. Parameter yang dievaluasi meliputi koefisien tekanan (Cp), profil kecepatan, lift, drag, dan rasio CL/CD. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan performansi dari airfoil NACA 43018 dengan penambahan vortex generator dibandingkan dengan tanpa vortex generator. Adanya vortex generator, dapat menunda terjadinya separasi. Dengan penambahan vortex generator terjadi peningkatan lift sekitar 5% dan menaikkan drag sekitar 1,5%. Rasio CL/CD meningkat sekitar 5 %.
Women in political rallies of Pakistan: It counts but does not weight
Authors: Batool Fizza
Published: May 2020

The large number of female participants in political rallies is often cited as a political party’s success in making women more active in the political sphere. However, there is not much research, in Pakistan, examining whether these women have gender consciousness and motivation to extend their political activity beyond participation in a rally. The study involves interviews of women attending political rallies in Pakistan during the election campaign of 2018 to inquire about their purpose of attending the rally and their motivation to run for office for the same party. The research found that high political activity of females in Pakistan provides no guarantee for women’s political empowerment. Women lacked gender identity but are extending their familial and other social roles in the political arena. While they are willing to become political leaders, they lacked enthusiasm and their goals of joining politics are subject to either mobilization by the political party or performance of that party in the future. This study concludes that while increasing the number of women voters and political activists is important, equating it with women’s empowerment leads to misinterpretation in the form of comprehension and factual flaws.
Biology of Aerial Parasitic Vines in Brunei Darussalam: Cuscuta and Cassytha (Love Vines)
Authors: Tennakoon Kushan Udayanga , Rosli Roshanizah , Le Quang-Vuong
Published: May 2020

As this is a Research Note, We did not incoporate an Abstract
Beneficial effects of tropical fruit-derived polyphenols against lipid-mediated stress in vitro.
Authors: Chi Chiew Jia , Ling Gan Yi , Ali Asgar , Jaal Zairi Bin , Che Rus Adanan Bin , Siddique Monowarul Mobin
Published: May 2020

Fatty liver formation is a consequence of hyperlipidemia, associated with an imbalance between lipid uptake and its metabolism. Persistent lipid load in the liver cells results in lipid-mediated toxicity or lipotoxicity which leads to the pathogenesis of several metabolic diseases. Recent studies suggest that activation of autophagic pathway might be useful to remove excess hepatic fat. Dietary polyphenols present in fresh fruits and vegetables are able to induce autophagy apart from their well-known anti-oxidative property. Our preliminary observation suggests that fruit-derived polyphenols might be effective to prevent hepatic fat accumulation by inducing autophagy. Total phenolic contents from dragon fruit and mangosteen have been used to address the beneficial properties of these two tropical fruits. Results showed that these polyphenols protect cells against lipotoxicity and oxidative stress. Expression levels of several key genes that are involved in lipid metabolism and energy expenditure were upregulated in presence of these polyphenols. This preliminary study suggests that the underutilized tropical fruits might be useful to develop functional foods, especially those containing beneficial phenolics.
Is pull-apart basin tectonic model feasible for the formation of Kashmir basin, NW Himalaya
Authors: Shah Afroz Ahmad , Yassin Mohammad Noor Firdhaus bin , Haji Irwan Muhammad Izzat Izzuddin bin
Published: May 2020

Kashmir Basin in NW Himalaya is considered a Neogene-Quatermary piggyback basin that was formed as result of the continent-continent collision of Indian and Eurasian plates. This model however is recently challenged by a pull-apart basin model, which argues that a major dextral strike-slip fault that runs through the Kashmir basin is responsible for its formation. And here it is demonstrated that this tectonic model is structurally unrealistic, and poses problems with geomorphology, geology, and tectonic setting of Kashmir basin. The major flaw of the model remains its orientation, and geometry, because a major dextral fault, which form a pull-apart basin, cannot cut through the center of a basin. It is therefore shown that the recently suggested pull-apart model is structurally impossible, and thus the Central Kashmir Fault (CKF), a proposed major dextral fault of Alam et al. (2015), could not exist.
Seagrass diversity in Brunei Darussalam: first records of three species
Authors: Lamit Nadhirah , Tanaka Yasuaki , Abdul Majid Haji Mohamed Bin
Published: May 2020

Borneo is one of the regions expected to have the highest diversity of seagrasses in the world. However, the diversity of seagrasses has scarcely been studied in Brunei Darussalam. The diversity of seagrasses at the intertidal and subtidal zones in Brunei was extensively surveyed in 2016. Six species of seagrasses were found at Pulau Muara Besar and Pulau Bedukang, and this was the first time that three of them (Halophila beccarii, Halodule pinifolia, and Cymodocea rotundata) had been recorded in Brunei. The total area of seagrass distribution around the two islands was approximately 1.5 km2. The present study extends the distribution of seagrasses on Borneo and suggests that Brunei has a rich seagrass diversity and an aquatic ecosystem supported by the seagrasses.
Lowland rainforest bat communities of Ulu Temburong National Park with two new records for Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Murrell Tegan , Bishop Phillip J. , Abdul Wahab Rodzay , Grafe T. Ulmar
Published: May 2020

Tropical rainforest ecosystems have high levels of both animal and plant biodiversity with many aspects of their ecology understudied. In particular, extensive research is still required to gather accurate estimates of distribution and abundance of forest-interior bat species in Borneo. Accurate abundance data and further knowledge of individual species’ ecology is vital for implementing effective conservation. Bats were captured using a harp trap, set up along established trails and around buildings, at Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei Darussalam between 14th-19th January 2018. Ulu Temburong National Park is comprised of pristine primary mixed dipterocarp lowland rainforest that has not been exposed to logging or fragmentation. A total of nine bat species were recorded, with two new records for Brunei, Miniopterus australis (Lesser bent-winged bat, N = 1) and Myotis horsfieldii (Horsfield’s myotis, N = 5). Furthermore, a coincidental sighting of a colony of Megaderma spasma roosting on the mangrove island Selirong, in Temburong District is reported here. The bat species captured and encountered in this small-scale study expand our understanding of bat communities in Temburong as well as indicate that current records for the area are far from complete. This affirms the need for further work in building up accurate abundance and diversity estimates, both for Ulu Temburong National Park and Brunei Darussalam.
Adsorption of brilliant green dye on Nephelium mutabile (Pulasan) leaves
Authors: Mohamad Zaidi Nur Afiqah Hazirah , Jing Liew Wei , Lim Linda B. L.
Published: May 2020

The main objective of this study is to investigate the ability of Nephelium mutabile (Pulasan) leaves (PL) in removing toxic brilliant green (BG) dye using the adsorption method. Batch experiments were conducted on the adsorption of BG dye using PL with a contact time of 3.5 h. Adsorption isotherm studies were analysed using six isotherm models, namely Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Redlich-Peterson (R-P) and Sips, and the results showed that Sips is the model that best fits the experimental data, with a maximum adsorption capacity (amax) of 130.3 mg g-1. The point of zero charge (pHPZC) of PL was found to be at pH 5.29. Regeneration studies showed that PL can be recovered and reused, especially after treatment with NaOH. This study demonstrates that PL can be considered as a reasonably good and cost-effective biosorbent for BG under our experimental conditions.
An Uncommon Diagnosis İn Spontaneous Hyphema: Ankylosing Spondylitis Secondary Anterior Uveitis
Authors: GURLEVIK UGUR
Published: May 2020

A 56-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic three days ago complaining of vision loss and eye pain in the left eye. His left vision was counting fingers from 5 meters. Anterior segment examination revealed 3/10 hyphema in the left eye and a membrane in the pupillary area. In addition to detailed blood tests, rheumatology and hemato
Measuring Financial Access
Authors: Espinosa-Vega Marco , Shirono Kazuko , Carcel Villanova Hector , Chhabra Esha , Das Bidisha , Fan Yingjie
Published: May 2020

This departmental paper marks the 10th anniversary of the IMF Financial Access Survey (FAS). It offers a retrospective of the FAS database, along with some reflections as to its future directions.

Since its 2009 launch, the FAS has provided granular data on access to and use of financial services. It is a supply-side database with annual global coverage based on data sourced directly from financial service providers—aimed at supporting policymakers to target and evaluate financial inclusion policies. Its data collection has kept pace with financial innovation, such as the rise of mobile money and growing demand for gender-disaggregated data—and the FAS must continue to evolve.
The African Continental Free Trade Area
Authors: Abrego Lisandro , de Zamaroczy Mario , Gursoy Tunc , Nicholls Garth , Perez-Saiz Hector , Rosas Jose-Nicolas
Published: May 2020

Political momentum towards Africa-wide free trade has been intensifying. In March 2018, over 40 countries signed the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement. Once fully implemented, the AfCFTA is expected to cover all 55 African countries, with a combined GDP of about US$2.2 trillion. This SDN takes stock of recent trade developments in Sub-Saharan Africa and assesses the potential benefits and costs of the AfCFTA, as well as challenges to its successful implementation. In addition to increased trade flows both in existing and new products, the AfCFTA has the potential to generate substantial economic benefits for African countries. These benefits include higher income arising from increased efficiency and productivity from improved resource allocation, higher cross-border investment flows, and technology transfers. Besides lowering import tariffs, to ensure these benefits, African countries will need reduce other trade barriers by making more efficient their customs procedures, reducing their wide infrastructure gaps, and improving their business climates. At the same time, policy measures should be taken to mitigate the differential impact of trade liberalization on certain groups as resources are reallocated in the economy and activities migrate to locations with comparatively lower costs.
Long-term reliability of the Figaro TGS 2600 solid-state methane sensor under low-Arctic conditions at Toolik Lake, Alaska
Authors: Eugster Werner , Laundre James , Eugster Jon , Kling George W.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The TGS 2600 was the first low-cost solid-state sensor that shows a response to ambient levels of CH4 (e.g., range ≈1.8–2.7 µmol mol−1). Here we present an empirical function to correct the TGS 2600 signal for temperature and (absolute) humidity effects and address the long-term reliability of two identical sensors deployed from 2012 to 2018. We assess the performance of the sensors at 30 min resolution and aggregated to weekly medians. Over the entire period the agreement between TGS-derived and reference CH4 mole fractions measured by a high-precision Los Gatos Research instrument was R2=0.42, with better results during summer (R2=0.65 in summer 2012). Using absolute instead of relative humidity for the correction of the TGS 2600 sensor signals reduced the typical deviation from the reference to less than ±0.1 µmol mol−1 over the full range of temperatures from −41 to 27 ∘C. At weekly resolution the two sensors showed a downward drift of signal voltages indicating that after 10–13 years a TGS 2600 may have reached its end of life. While the true trend in CH4 mole fractions measured by the high-quality reference instrument was 10.1 nmolmol-1yr-1 (2012–2018), part of the downward trend in sensor signal (ca. 40 %–60 %) may be due to the increase in CH4 mole fraction because the sensor voltage decreases with increasing CH4 mole fraction. Weekly median diel cycles tend to agree surprisingly well between the TGS 2600 and reference measurements during the snow-free season, but in winter the agreement is lower. We suggest developing separate functions for deducing CH4 mole fractions from TGS 2600 measurements under cold and warm conditions. We conclude that the TGS 2600 sensor can provide data of research-grade quality if it is adequately calibrated and placed in a suitable environment where cross-sensitivities to gases other than CH4 are of no concern.
Alpine Holocene Tree-Ring Dataset: Age-related trends in the stable
isotopes of cellulose show species-specific patterns
Authors: Arosio Tito , Ziehmer Malin M. , Nicolussi Kurt , Schlüchter Christian , Leuenberger Markus
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Stable isotopes in tree-ring cellulose are important tools for climatic reconstructions even though their interpretation could be challenging due to non-climate signals, primarily those related to tree ageing. Previous studies on the presence of tree-age related trends during juvenile as well as adult growth phases in δD, δ18O and δ13C time series yielded variable results that are not coherent among different plant species. We analysed possible trends in the extracted cellulose of tree-rings of 85 larch trees and 119 cembran pine trees, i.e. in samples of one deciduous and one evergreen conifer species collected at the treeline in the Alps covering nearly the whole Holocene. The age trend analyses of all tree-ring variables were conducted on the basis of mean curves established by averaging the cambial-age aligned tree series. For cambial ages over 100 years, our results prove the absence of any age-related effect in the δD, δ18O and δ13C time series for both the evergreen as well the deciduous conifer species, with the only exception of larch δD. However, for lower cambial ages, we found trends that differ for each isotope and species. I.e., mean δ13C values in larch do not vary with ageing and can be used without detrending, whereas those in cembran pine show a juvenile effect and the data should be detrended. Mean δ18O values present two distinct ageing phases for both species complicating detrending. Similarly, mean δD values in larch change in the first 50 yr whereas cembran pine between 50–100 yr. Values for these two periods of cambial age for δD and δ18O should be used with caution for climatic reconstructions, ideally complemented by additional information regarding mechanisms for these trends.
HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources
Authors: Beria Harsh , Larsen Joshua R. , Michelon Anthony , Ceperley Natalie C. , Schaefli Bettina
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Tracers have been used for over half a century in hydrology to quantify
water sources with the help of mixing models. In this paper, we build on
classic Bayesian methods to quantify uncertainty in mixing ratios. Such
methods infer the probability density function (PDF) of the mixing ratios by
formulating PDFs for the source and target concentrations and inferring the
underlying mixing ratios via Monte Carlo sampling. However, collected
hydrological samples are rarely abundant enough to robustly fit a PDF to the
source concentrations. Our approach, called HydroMix, solves the linear
mixing problem in a Bayesian inference framework wherein the likelihood is
formulated for the error between observed and modeled target variables,
which corresponds to the parameter inference setup commonly used in
hydrological models. To address small sample sizes, every combination of
source samples is mixed with every target tracer concentration. Using a
series of synthetic case studies, we evaluate the performance of HydroMix
using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. We then use HydroMix to show that
snowmelt accounts for around 61 % of groundwater recharge in a Swiss
Alpine catchment (Vallon de Nant), despite snowfall only accounting for
40 %–45 % of the annual precipitation. Using this example, we then
demonstrate the flexibility of this approach to account for uncertainties in
source characterization due to different hydrological processes. We also
address an important bias in mixing models that arises when there is a large
divergence between the number of collected source samples and their flux
magnitudes. HydroMix can account for this bias by using composite likelihood
functions that effectively weight the relative magnitude of source fluxes.
The primary application target of this framework is hydrology, but it is by
no means limited to this field.
Satellite-derived leaf area index and roughness length information for surface–atmosphere exchange modelling: a case study for reactive nitrogen deposition in north-western Europe using LOTOS-EUROS v2.0
Authors: van der Graaf Shelley C. , Kranenburg Richard , Segers Arjo J. , Schaap Martijn , Erisman Jan Willem
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The nitrogen cycle has been continuously disrupted by human
activity over the past century, resulting in almost a tripling of the total
reactive nitrogen fixation in Europe. Consequently, excessive amounts of
reactive nitrogen (Nr) have manifested in the environment, leading to a
cascade of adverse effects, such as acidification and eutrophication of
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and particulate matter formation.
Chemistry transport models (CTMs) are frequently used as tools to simulate
the complex chain of processes that determine atmospheric Nr flows. In
these models, the parameterization of the atmosphere–biosphere exchange of
Nr is largely based on few surface exchange measurement and is
therefore known to be highly uncertain. In addition to this, the input
parameters that are used here are often fixed values, only linked to
specific land use classes. In an attempt to improve this, a combination of
multiple satellite products is used to derive updated, time-variant leaf
area index (LAI) and roughness length (z0) input maps. As LAI, we use
the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MCD15A2H product. The monthly z0 input maps presented in this
paper are a function of satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values (MYD13A3 product) for
short vegetation types (such as grass and arable land) and a combination of
satellite-derived forest canopy height and LAI for forests. The use of these
growth-dependent satellite products allows us to represent the growing
season more realistically. For urban areas, the z0 values are updated,
too, and linked to a population density map. The approach to derive these
dynamic z0 estimates can be linked to any land use map and is as such
transferable to other models. We evaluated the sensitivity of the modelled
Nr deposition fields in LOng Term Ozone Simulation – EURopean
Operational Smog (LOTOS-EUROS) v2.0 to the abovementioned changes
in LAI and z0 inputs, focusing on Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.
We computed z0 values from FLUXNET sites and compared these to the
default and updated z0 values in LOTOS-EUROS. The root mean square difference (RMSD) for both short
vegetation and forest sites improved. Comparing all sites, the RMSD
decreased from 0.76 (default z0) to 0.60 (updated z0). The
implementation of these updated LAI and z0 input maps led to local
changes in the total Nr deposition of up to ∼30 % and
a general shift from wet to dry deposition. The most distinct changes are
observed in land-use-specific deposition fluxes. These fluxes may show
relatively large deviations, locally affecting estimated critical load
exceedances for specific natural ecosystems.
Correcting for model changes in statistical postprocessing – an approach based on response theory
Authors: Demaeyer Jonathan , Vannitsem Stéphane
Published: May 2020

Abstract. For most statistical postprocessing schemes used to correct weather forecasts, changes to the forecast model induce a considerable reforecasting effort. We present a new approach based on response theory to cope with slight model changes. In this framework, the model change is seen as a perturbation of the original forecast model. The response theory allows us then to evaluate the variation induced on the parameters involved in the statistical postprocessing, provided that the magnitude of this perturbation is not too large. This approach is studied in the context of a simple Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model and then on a more realistic, yet simple, quasi-geostrophic model. The analytical results for the former case help to pose the problem, while the application to the latter provides a proof of concept and assesses the potential performance of response theory in a chaotic system. In both cases, the parameters of the statistical postprocessing used – the Error-in-Variables Model Output Statistics (EVMOS) method – are appropriately corrected when facing a model change. The potential application in an operational environment is also discussed.
New Chikyu Shallow Core Program (SCORE): exploring mass transport deposits and the subseafloor biosphere off Cape Erimo, northern Japan
Authors: Kubo Yusuke , Inagaki Fumio , Tonai Satoshi , Uramoto Go-Ichiro , Takano Osamu , Yamada Yasuhiro ,   the Expedition 910 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Chikyu Shallow Core Program (SCORE) has been started to provide
more opportunities for the scientific ocean drilling of shallow boreholes
(up to 100 m) during a short-term expedition. The proposal flow is a
simplified version of that of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP).
Although there are several limitations for a SCORE project, the opportunity
to retrieve 100 m of continuous core samples will be of great interest for
the scientific ocean drilling community in multiple disciplines. The first
expedition of the SCORE program was implemented off Cape Erimo, Hokkaido,
northern Japan. The target of the drilling was to investigate the impact of
submarine mass transport on the subseafloor sedimentary biosphere. In the
preliminary observation of the core samples, including X-ray computed tomography (CT) scan image
analysis, chaotic and inclined beds were found and interpreted as mass
transport deposit (MTD) units.
Ice shelf rift propagation: stability, three-dimensional effects, and the role of marginal weakening
Authors: Lipovsky Bradley Paul
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Understanding the processes that govern ice shelf extent is important to improving estimates of future sea-level rise. In present-day Antarctica, ice shelf extent is most commonly determined by the propagation of through-cutting fractures called ice shelf rifts. Here, I present the first three-dimensional analysis of ice shelf rift propagation. I model rifts using the assumptions of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The model predicts that rifts may be stabilized (i.e., stop propagating) when buoyant flexure results in the partial contact of rift walls. This stabilizing tendency may be overcome, however, by processes that act in the ice shelf margins. In particular, loss of marginal strength, modeled as a transition from zero tangential displacement to zero tangential shear stress, is shown to favor rift propagation. Rift propagation may also be triggered if a rift is carried with the ice flow (i.e., advected) out of an embayment and into a floating ice tongue. I show that rift stability is closely related to the transition from uniaxial to biaxial extension known as the compressive arch. Although the partial contact of rift walls is fundamentally a three-dimensional process, I demonstrate that it may be parameterized within more numerically efficient two-dimensional calculations. This study constitutes a step towards a first-principle description of iceberg calving due to ice shelf rift propagation.
The role of heat flux-temperature covariance in the evolution of
weather systems
Authors: Marcheggiani Andrea , Ambaum Maarten H. P.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Local diabatic heating and temperature anomaly fields need to be positively correlated for the diabatic heating to produce work in the atmosphere. Here we quantify the thermodynamic contribution of local air-sea heat exchange on the evolution of weather systems using an index for the spatial covariance between heat flux at the air-sea interface and air temperature at 850 hPa upstream of the North Atlantic storm track, broadly corresponding with the Gulf Stream extension region. The index is found to be almost exclusively negative, indicating that the air-sea heat fluxes locally act as a sink on potential energy. It features bursts of high activity alternating with longer periods of lower activity. The characteristics of these high index bursts are studied through composite analysis and the mechanisms are investigated in a phase space spanned by two different index components. It is found that the negative peaks in the index correspond with thermodynamic activity triggered by the passage of a weather system over a spatially variable sea-surface temperature field; our results indicate that most of this thermodynamically active heat exchange is realised within the cold sector of the weather systems.
O que é um Estudo de Caso e quais as suas potencialidades
Authors: Guimarães Duarte Sátyro Natália , D'Albuquerque Raquel Wanderley
Published: May 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central fazer uma discussão acerca da compreensão dos desenhos de estudos de caso, a fim de destacar suas vantagens e desafios de aplicação na Ciência Política. Parte-se de uma discussão conceitual sobre o que são estudos de caso em suas diversas definições e concepções na literatura sobre metodologia em Ciências Sociais, a fim de propor uma distinção necessária entre a estratégia de pesquisa, o número de casos e o número de observações. Aborda-se o papel dos estudos de caso no tratamento da multicausalidade e da complexidade causal dos fenômenos sociais, discutindo em termos de validade interna e externa e de estratégias de análise causal. Nesse sentido, argumenta-se a favor de uma diferente perspectiva ao entendimento mais comum dos estudos de caso: em vez de se restringir aos desenhos que se estruturam a partir de uma ou poucas observações pela via qualitativa, também é possível compreendê-los como estratégia de pesquisa que adota modelos de análise em-pírica utilizando técnicas quantitativas a partir do estabelecimento de variações internas aos casos. Por fim, argumenta-se que as diferentes lógicas de causação e a característica densa dos estudos de caso atribuem rigor metodológico e um relevante papel na construção e no teste de teorias na Ciência Política.
Cooperação Sul-Sul no governo de Dilma Rousseff (2011-2016): Retração ou transformação?
Authors: Goulart Menezes Roberto , Fingermann Natália
Published: May 2020

A política externa de Dilma Rousseff é normalmente compreendida como uma continuidade do seu antecessor, embora alguns estudos recentes tenham identificado as retrações e as transformações na agenda do Sul Global. No âmbito da Cooperação Sul-Sul (CSS), destaca-se uma escassez de análisessobre esse período. Com o objetivo de preencher essa lacuna, este artigo examina quais foram as mudanças das forças políticas domésticas que modelam a CSS, em especial, a cooperação técnica no governo de Rousseff. Para isso, define-se quatro categorias: Ideias, Instituições, Grupos de Interesses e Organização. Por meio da análise de cada uma delas, demonstra-se que as variáveis Ideias e Grupos de Interesses, além do evidente recuo da diplomacia presidencial, modelaram as transformações da cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Por fim, conclui-se que, paradoxalmente, o governo de Rousseff, que foi aquele que mais vinculou a CSS às questões comerciais, foi também aquele que menos atraiu os grupos de interesses locais para essas iniciativas.