bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transition from conventional farming to organic farming using bahiagrass
Authors: Katsvairo Tawainga W , Wright David L , Marois James J , Rich Jimmy R
Published: August 2007

The necessity of ecologically friendly farming systems coupled with the desire for foods free from synthetic chemicals has made organic farming one of the fastest‐growing agricultural enterprises. The transition from conventional agriculture to organic farming is a difficult period for several reasons, (1) since it occurs at a time of least experience for the growers getting into organic farming, (2) because predator–prey links are not fully developed, (3) because farmers usually do not receive a full premium for their products and (4) because initial yields may be low. Transitioning from conventional to organic farming is at the very least region‐specific and frequently farm‐specific in nature. In the southeastern USA the use of perennial grasses such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) has been shown to have several benefits that may be useful in the transition process. Bahiagrass improves soil health by reducing erosion, increasing soil organic matter, recovering and conserving plant nutrients and promoting good soil structure. Furthermore, since bahiagrass is a non‐host to most soil‐borne pathogens, it reduces disease and nematode infestations. The resultant increase in soil organic matter from bahiagrass increases the abundance of beneficial organisms, which enables the new system to reach equilibrium quickly. Leguminous cover crops grown during the winter dormancy of bahiagrass provide the necessary nitrogen during the transitional stage. Cover crops also reduce weed emergence and improve soil structure and water retention. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
New Strategy for Controlling Biodegradability of Biodegradable Polyesters by Enzyme‐Catalyzed Surface Grafting
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Nishikawa Misato , Osanai Yasushi , Matsumura Shuichi
Published: August 2007

A novel preparation method for the core‐shell type biodegradable polyesters or biodegradable materials grafted with biodegradable polyesters was developed by alkaline surface treatment of biodegradable polyester films and subsequent enzymatic polymerization of aliphatic lactones, one example of which is shown in this study, i.e., the preparation of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) film grafted with poly(ε‐caprolactone). It is revealed that only alkaline surface treatment or the combination of alkaline surface treatment and enzyme‐catalyzed grafting, the former and the latter, respectively accelerating and delaying the enzymatic degradation of PLLA, will give PLLA materials having a wide variety of biodegradability. Also, the specificity of the enzyme used for hydrolysis could be used to confirm the grafted chain species.

magnified image
Hierarchical Structure‐within‐Structure Morphologies in A‐block‐(B‐graft‐C) Molecules
Authors: Huang Ching‐I , Lin Yu‐Chih
Published: August 2007

We have used dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) to simulate the self‐assembling behavior of A‐block‐(B‐graft‐C) coil‐comb molecules, in which each B segment is covalently bonded with one C segment. In addition to the composition, we found that by varying any of the interaction parameters between each pair of components I and J, where I, J = A, B, C, we can also induce a series of morphology transitions associated with two length scales. Moreover, we observed that if the length of the BC‐comb block is not long enough, the resulting morphology is mainly in the large‐length‐scale, ordering between the A‐rich and C‐rich domains with most of the B in the interfaces. By increasing the length of the BC‐comb block, one may expect that both B and C can pack orderly to form a lamellar structure. As a result, various experimentally observed structure‐within‐structures have been simulated via DPD.

magnified image
Effect of Hydrophilic Shells on the Formation of Colloidal Crystals by Monodisperse Core‐Shell Polymer Microspheres
Authors: Meng Qingbin , Li Zhanyong , Li Gang , Zhu Xiao Xia
Published: August 2007

We have found that a soft, hydrophilic shell is necessary in the formation of three‐dimensional colloidal crystals by polymeric microspheres prepared by surfactant‐free emulsion copolymerization. The core‐shell microspheres contain a hard, hydrophobic polystyrene core and a soft, hydrophilic shell made of polyacrylamide or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Dilution of the particles induced a red shift of the diffraction peak. We have found a pH switching effect for the formation of colloidal crystals by the microspheres with a PAA shell. When the carboxylic‐acid groups are protonated, the colloidal crystals lose their order. The same effect is observed when a poor solvent is added to the colloidal crystals formed by the microspheres with a polyacrylamide shell.

magnified image
Opposite trends in thermodynamic compatibility between copolyamide and chitosan in their binary blend
Authors: Safronov Alexander P. , Suvorova Anna I. , Tyukova Irina S. , Smirnova Yelena A.
Published: August 2007

Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of mixing in binary blends of chitosan with ter‐copolyamide 6/66/610 at ambient conditions have been determined over the entire concentration range using thermodynamic cycle based on dissolution of individual polymers and their blends of different composition in a common solvent – formic acid. Experimental procedure included stepwise equilibrium vapor sorption of glacial formic acid on the cast films and isothermal microcalorimetry of dissolution of these films in liquid glacial formic acid at 25 °C. Formic acid appeared to be a very good solvent for individual polymers and their blends. Flory‐Huggins interaction parameter determined from sorption isotherms was negative and varied from −2.56 to −1.79 depending upon blend composition. The enthalpies of dissolution of individual polymers and their blends were strongly exothermic and varied from −200 to −40 Joule/g. Independent thermodynamic cycles for Gibbs free energy and enthalpy remarkably revealed similar trends in concentration dependence of different thermodynamic functions of mixing between chitosan and copolyamide. At high chitosan content, the binary blend is characterized by large and negative values of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of mixing that provide high polymer compatibility. On the contrary, at high copolyamide content the blends are incompatible and are characterized by positive values of enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of mixing. Such complicated thermodynamic behavior is the result of the superposition of strong molecular interactions (H‐bonds) between polymers in the blend and isothermal fusion of copolyamide crystallites. Thermodynamic analysis correlates well with the data obtained by polarized microscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2603–2613, 2007
Deformation and fracture behavior of high‐energy electron irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluorethylene) ferroelectric copolymer films under uniaxial tension
Authors: Fang F. , Yang W. , Zhang M. Z. , Wang Z.
Published: August 2007

The deformation and fracture behavior under uniaxial tension were characterized for high‐energy irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluorethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) 68/32 mol % copolymer films. The results show that the stress–strain behavior of the irradiated copolymer films exhibits ductile polymeric behavior, with its fracture strain being more than five times of that of the nonirradiated ones but of much lower maximum strength. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation are carried out to examine the microstructure and morphology changes caused by the uniaxial tension. It is demonstrated that the tensile mechanical field reintroduces the polar β‐phase that was previously lost through irradiation. It is suggested that the conformational change from the nonpolar phase to the polar β‐phase during the uniaxial tension, as well as the low crystallinity and loosely packed molecular chain structure, mainly contribute to the observed stress–strain behavior for the irradiated copolymer films. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2563–2567, 2007
Antitumor activity of Hypericum hookerianum against DLA induced tumor in mice and its possible mechanism of action
Authors: Dongre Santoshkumar H. , Badami Shrishailappa , Godavarthi Ashok
Published: August 2007

A large number of plants belonging to the genus Hypericum and their phytoconstituents are known to possess potent anticancer nature. Earlier studies from our laboratories indicated a strong cytotoxic nature of the methanol extract of Hypericum hookerianum stem (MEHH). In the present study, the in vivo antitumor activity of MEHH against the Dalton's lymphoma ascitic (DLA) model was determined at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight given orally for 10 days. The results indicate that administration of the extract not only increased the survival of animals with ascites tumor, decreased the body weight induced by the tumor burden and reduced the packed cell volume and viable tissue cell count, but also altered many hematological parameters changed during tumor progression indicating the potent antitumor nature of the extract. Hematological and biochemical analysis were carried out to prove the anticancer and antioxidant nature of the extract. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Planck‐Benzinger thermal work function: Determining the thermal set point in interacting biological systems
Authors: Chun Paul W.
Published: August 2007

One of the more interesting discoveries in recent studies of biological thermodynamics concerns the way in which application of the Planck–Benzinger methodology allows one to evaluate how the thermal set point of a biological system is established and maintained on a molecular level. Macromolecular interactions will always exhibit a negative minimum value of the Gibbs free energy change at a well‐defined temperature, , which may be defined as the thermal set point. Each interacting biological system will have its own unique value of  where the bound unavailable energy TΔS0 = 0. In the human body, that thermal set point is 37°C. At the thermal set point, the maximum work can be accomplished and the system is at its most stable. Each interacting biological system examined by the Chun method confirms the existence of a thermodynamic molecular switch wherein a change of sign in ΔCp0(T) leads to true negative minimum in the Gibbs free energy change of reaction, and hence a maximum in the related equilibrium constant, Keq. Application of the Planck–Benzinger methodology has demonstrated that there is a lower cutoff point, , where entropy is favorable but enthalpy is unfavorable, and an upper cutoff, , above which enthalpy is favorable but entropy unfavorable. Only between these two limits, where ΔG0(T) = 0, is the net chemical driving force favorable for such biological processes as protein folding, protein–protein or protein–nucleic acid interaction and protein self‐assembly. In examining interacting biological systems, the thermal set point will vary from one organism to another, but TΔS0, the bound unavailable energy, will always be equal to zero. It is apparent from Chun's extensive studies of biological interactions that the origins of life in any chosen system are inevitably linked to a single, unique thermal set point. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Effect of sampling method on diatom composition for use in monitoring and assessing large river condition
Authors: Lane Charles R. , Flotemersch Joseph E. , Blocksom Karen A. , Decelles Susanna
Published: August 2007

Multiple diatom sampling methods exist for the assessment of lotic systems but few comparisons of their application efficacies in monitoring have been conducted. In this study 60 sites were sampled on four large, non‐wadeable rivers in Ohio and Kentucky, USA, which varied in depth, flow rate, surrounding land use and hydrologic modification. Four algae sampling methods were tested: three methods U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS QUAL and USGS QUAN) collected algae from rocks, debris and sediment in the littoral zone along a 1–2 km reach, while one method (USGS PHYTO) consisted of three cross‐river phytoplankton grab samples collected from a boat. Physical and chemical data were also collected. Little difference in diatom assemblage composition was found among the EMAP, QUAL and QUAN methods. Although compositionally similar, the PHYTO method collected a substantial proportion of relatively unique diatoms compared to the littoral zone methods.

Two disturbance gradients were calculated, one based on 1 km upstream land use within a 500 m buffer, and the other based on principal component analysis dimension reduction of measured water parameters (PCAWQ). Metrics, generally indicators of eutrophication, were calculated for each sampling method and correlated with the disturbance gradients. After Bonferroni corrections, the EMAP method had six metrics correlated with the PCAWQ, while the PHYTO and QUAL methods each had four correlated metrics. Two QUAN metrics were correlated with the PCAWQ. Few metrics were correlated with the land use measure of disturbance. While the EMAP method had the most correlated metrics, this method, along with QUAL and QUAN methods are time and labour intensive (>1 h), relative to the phytoplankton method (<20 min). Resource managers may desire to weigh the benefits of two additional metrics with the EMAP method versus the costs associated with increased sampling time and effort. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome of antenatally diagnosed abdominal wall defects
Authors: Fratelli N. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Bhide A. , Sharma A. , Okoye B. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: August 2007

Objective

To examine the natural history and detailed outcome of antenatally diagnosed abdominal wall defects.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of the antenatal reports, pediatric surgery records and subsequent follow‐up information of all cases of omphalocele and gastroschisis diagnosed in a 10‐year period in our tertiary referral center.

Results

There were 109 cases of abdominal wall defects, including omphalocele in 67 cases and gastroschisis in 42 cases. Of the 67 cases of omphalocele there were 26 (39%) with chromosomal abnormalities and 22 (33%) underwent termination of pregnancy, mainly for associated structural abnormalities. Of the ongoing 19 cases there were five (26%) in‐utero deaths, 12 (63%) survivors and two (11%) neonatal deaths, both associated with prematurity. Excluding chromosomal abnormalities, the survival rate in isolated omphalocele was 7/16 (44%) whilst it was 5/25 (20%) in those with associated abnormalities. Gastroschisis was isolated in 40 (95%) cases. Among these 40 isolated cases there were two (5%) terminations. Of the 38 ongoing cases, there were two (5%) in‐utero deaths, and 36 (95%) live births. Four of the 36 liveborn infants (11%) died in the postoperative period owing to complications of small bowel atresia.

Conclusions

Although only 18% of infants with antenatally diagnosed omphalocele were alive in the neonatal period, postoperative morbidity was low. The majority (90%) of fetuses with antenatally diagnosed gastroschisis survived to delivery, but the mortality in affected newborns was 11%. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alte Faustregeln für das Design optischer Schichtsysteme
Authors: Kaiser Norbert
Published: August 2007

Optische Schichten dienen zum Einstellen der optischen Eigenschaften einer Oberfläche. Ihre Funktion beruht auf dem Interferenzeffekt und/oder den intrinsischen Eigenschaften der Schicht‐ und Substratmaterialien. Im Folgenden werden alte Faustregeln wiederholt, die grundlegend für das Design optischer Schichten sind.
Optimization of plastisol processes by dynamic mechanical analysis
Authors: Daniels Paul H.
Published: August 2007

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) can be a particularly useful tool for studying PVC plastisol manufacturing processes. DMA temperature sweeps are uniquely able to characterize plastisol gelation and fusion behavior under low shear stress conditions that are similar to conditions found in many commercial plastisol processing operations. Dynamic mechanical analysis is also well‐suited for studying plastisol melt viscosities at low shear rates such as might be encountered in a flexible PVC foaming process or rotomolding process. Likewise, DMA rate sweeps or strain sweeps can give insights into self‐association and flow properties in a plastisol which ordinary viscometers cannot provide. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:151–154, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Use of nonpolar processing aids to improve the efficiencies of extruded polyolefins
Authors: Marshall Niall , Visser Gideon
Published: August 2007

The addition of nonpolar processing aids has been shown to widen the processing window for manufacturers of polyolefin film and other extruded products. Opportunities exist to run lines stably at faster speeds with power savings. The benefits of using a nonpolar processing aid in blown film are discussed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:155–158, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rapid method for determination of unsulfonated oils
Authors: Weeks L. E. , Haynes R. T. , Eccles E. J.
Published: August 2007

A primary limitation to alkylbenzene sulfonation processes has been the lack of a rapid method to sense the quality of sulfonation. This is especially true for a process using sulfur trioxide where both the level of sulfonating agent and time are critical: too little reagent results in high oils; too much reagent degrades product color; and a delay in the process also degrades color. Although steam distillation of oils from the neutralized sulfonate can be conducted in about one and one‐half hours for commercial dodecylbenzene derivatives, far greater time is required for higher molecular weight homologs. Extraction of oils requires about one hour and more operator time than distillation.

The use of ethylene glycol as the principal carrier solvent, along with a small amount of water, provides oil values within 10 min distillation time. It is also applicable to longer chain alkylbenzene. sulfonates besides those from dodecylbenzene. Subsequently, extracted oils are high, ca. 90%, in sulfone content. Glycol distilled oils plus subsequently extracted oils (sulfones) are slightly greater than oils obtained exclusively by extraction. It has been realized that some of the more volatile oils are lost during the usual extraction procedure.

The glycol oils distillation method has been successfully used in plants for alkylbenzene sulfonic acid quality control.
The preparation and properties of some synthetic glycerides. I. Procedures to Minimize contaminants in intermediates and constituent fatty acids
Authors: Jackson J. E. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: August 2007

The preparation of 1‐monotritylglycerol and the debromination of tetrabromostearic acid have been modified to increase the purity of glycerides synthesized by procedures involving these two compounds. Solubility and melting point data showed that ditritylglycerol, formed as a by‐product in the reaction between trityl chloride and glycerol, is not readily separable from monotritylglycerol, and its presence is difficult to detect unless special melting point methods are used. To minimize formation of ditritylglycerol, large excesses of glycerol were used in the preparation of monotritylglycerol. In the preparation of linoleic acid from tetrabromostearic acid, formation oftrans double bonds was reduced to a minimum by increasing the amount of mineral acid used to promote the debromination with zinc dust.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. VIII. Effects of catalyst concentration and of temperature on rate, selectivity, andtrans formation
Authors: Johnston A. E. , ven Horst Helen M. , Cowan J. C. , Dutton H. J.
Published: August 2007

The effects of catalyst concentration and of temperature on linolenate selectivity,trans formation, and rate of hydrogenation have been studied for a commercial electrolytic nickel catalyst. Results obtained with an equimixture of linoleate and linolenate, following the procedure previously described, are presented as isometric drawings, which cover the experimentally practicable temperature ranges from 70舑230C and nickel concentration from 0.05舑10%. Whereas the rate of hydrogenation depends upon both temperature and catalyst concentration,trans formation is essentially a function of temperature while selectivity is little influenced by either parameter.
The analysis ofCis‐trans fatty acid isomers using gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond , Isbell A. F.
Published: August 2007

The geometric isomers of many unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters can be separated using high‐resolution gas‐liquid chromatography on polyester or Apiezon columns. Separations reported for the geometric isomers of monounsaturated, ricinoleic, linoleic, conjugated, and epoxy fatty acids are reviewed here. New data is presented on the resolution of linolenate geometric isomers on both polyester and Apiezon columns. The separation of methyl oleate and methyl elaidate on a polyester column has also been accomplished. Techniques for preparing and using the high‐resolution columns necessary for these separations are reviewed.
Interactions in the system: Clay‐detergent‐cellulose
Authors: Schott Hans
Published: August 2007

The McBain equation describing detergency was used to study the process cellulose·clay+detergent= cellulose·detergent+clay·detergent, by taking thoroughly purified cotton, montmorillonite swelling clay, and n−C12H25O (CH2CH2O)−14H as well as other nonionic and anionic detergents. The three binary equilibria which add up to this ternary system were also studied.

X‐ray diffraction showed that monionic detergents sorbed by the clay were intercalated between adjacent, 9.5 Å thick lattice layers of clay with their chains parallel to these layers, in sheets one or two molecules thick. The process was accompanied by dehydration and proceeded down to low equilibrium detergent concentrations. The deflocculation of sodium montmorillonite suspensions by polyoxyethylated compounds was shown by an increase in turbidity and decreases in viscosity and sedimentation volume. Cellulose sorbed C12H25O (CH2CH2O)14H reversibly. Its uptake was considerably less than that of clay on a weight basis but was comparable on an area basis.

Kaolinite and calcium montmorillonite picked up by cellulose from aqueous suspensions were gradually removed by washing with water, following first‐order kinetics.

Of the sodium montmorillonite picked up, 0.13±0.01% could not be removed by washing with water. This level of tenaciously retained clay was independent of clay concentration, rate of stirring, and temperature. The ash of fabric treated with sodium montmorillonite was a shrunken replica of the fabric, preserving microscopic details faithfully. This and comparison of the specific surface areas of cotton and sodium montmorillonite indicate that cotton was completely coated with clay to an average depth of three to four lattice layers. The reason for this thickness is that the primary particles in sodium montmorillonite dispersions are packets of three to four lattice layers.

Anionic and cationic detergents removed little or none of the 0.13% sodium montmorillonite. Polyoxyethylated and polyoxypropylated compounds removed part but always left behind at least 0.04%. This is the amount of clay required to cover the cellulose surface completely with a sheet of single, nonoverlapping lattice layers. However, when brought into contact in the presence of nonionic detergents, cellulose retained no sodium montmorillonite at all.
The chemistry of detergent perfumery
Authors: Steltenkamp Robert J.
Published: August 2007

Detergents constitute a low‐price, bulk item, which consumes a large quantity of aromatic materials. Detergent perfumes must not only meet the normal requirements of odor and stability but also strict demands in low price and high availability.

The perfumes used in detergents are normally a complex mixture consisting of synthetic materials produced from either petroleum or coal tar products, isolates of natural products or synthetics derived from isolates and natural products such as the essential oils.

The synthetics and isolates which are commonly used in detergent perfumery are discussed with their methods of production. The essential oils that can meet the demands of price and availability are listed.
Di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate in thermally oxidized corn oil
Authors: Beroza Morton , Bierl B. A. , Ruth John M.
Published: August 2007

A phthalate ester, recently isolated from thermally oxidized corn oil, has been identified as di‐2‐ethelhexyl phthalate.
Adherent natural soils on fiber surfaces
Authors: Arai Haruhiko , Maruta Iwao
Published: August 2007

Adherent natural soils on fiber surfaces have been studied with the scanning electron microscope. The soils on the fiber surface resemble oily soil.
Surface activity of sodium salts ofalpha‐sulfo fatty esters. The oil/water interface
Authors: Subba Rao V. V. , Fix R. J. , Zettlemoyer A. C.
Published: August 2007

Adsorption studies at the heptane/water and the benzene/water interfaces have been conducted for four α‐sulfo fatty esters: sodium hexyl α‐sulfopelargonate, sodium heptyl α‐sulfopelar‐gonate, sodium methyl α‐sulfomyristate, and sodium methyl α‐sulfopalmitate. The results were compared with those at the air/water (A/W) interface (3). Surfactant solutions with constant counter‐ion concentrations of 0.01 and 0.04 M Na+ were used. Interfacial tensions were measured by using a drop‐volume method and were found to be in the range 1 to 25 dynes/cm.

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of, these esters were in the range 8.1 to 0.14 mM at the A/W interface (3); they were decreased by about 10% in the presence of heptane (7.2 to 0.11 mM) and by 30–40% in the presence of benzene (5.5 to 0.08 mM). This decrease in CMC was attributed to the water solubility of the hydrocarbon; the greater the solubility, the larger was the decrease in CMC.

The co‐areas at the A/W interface were in the range 44 to 59 Å2/ for all the esters (3). At the heptane/water interface they were in the range 49 to 66 Å2/ and at the benzene/water interface in the range 59 to 75 Å2/, i.e., an increase of about 10% was obtained in the presence of heptane and about 30–40% in the presence of benzene. The surface films at the O/W interface were more expanded than at the A/W interface, as expected, owing to the lack of lateral cohesion between the hydrocarbon chains at the O/W interface.
Free radical addition of hydrogen sulfide and thiols to linseed oil and methyl oleate
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: August 2007

Free radical additions of hydrogen sulfide, ethanedithiol, and 1,6‐hexanedithiol have been made to methyl oleate and linseed oil with ultraviolet radiation. Reactions were carried out in dichloromethane at −70C and in benzene at 25C. With the dithiols, a new dibasic ester has been prepared from methyl oleate in which bridging is accomplished through a dithiol moiety. Hydrogen sulfide has been added to linseed oil in suitable solvents at both −70C and 25C. It appears that zero‐order kinetics control the additions at both temperatures. Infrared data show a linear relationship between mercapto absorption and the amount of sulfur incorporated. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra demonstrate a decrease in olefinic protons with an increase in sulfur content. Fair agreement on the extent of reaction exists between data from NMR, sulfur content, and infrared analyses. Hydrogen sulfide‐treated linseed oil films air‐dry slowly at room temperature; at 250C for 1 hr under a CO2 atmosphere these oils cure to brown films with Sward Rocker values of 24 to 32 and pencil hardness values of five to greater than six. Pencil hardness and alkali resistance increased with sulfur content. The film from the 4.2% sulfur sample resisted alkali at room temperature for 24 hr.
Cottonseed oil oxidation catalyzed by amino acids and albumin in aqueous and nonaqueous media
Authors: Farag R. S. , Osman S. A. , Hallabo S. A. S. , Nasr A. A.
Published: August 2007

Oxidation of refined cottonseed oils catalyzed by various α‐amino acids and albumin has been studied in aqueous and nonaqueous media, Cysteine, phenylalanine, and albumin possessed prooxidant effect in cottonseed oil in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Serine exhibited prooxidant activity in aqueous media and minor antioxidant activity in nonaqueous media. Effectiveness of the amino acids on cotton‐seed oil oxidation was in the following descending order in both aqueous and nonaqueous media: cysteine > phenylalanine > serine. The prooxidant effect in aqueous media might be due to the predominant presence of the protonated amino nitrogen, whereas amino acid‐metal complex might be responsible for the prooxidant effect in nonaqueous media.
Colorimetric determination of peroxide value with potassium iodide‐silica gel reagent
Authors: Asakawa T. , Matsushita S.
Published: August 2007

A micro‐determination of peroxide value is proposed. The iodine liberated from potassium iodide‐silica gel reagent with peroxides in the oil was complexed with starch in 0.01 N hydrochloric acid. The blue color was then measured colorimetrically at 560 nm.
Thin layer chromatographic analysis of possible aflatoxins within grain dusts
Authors: Dashek W. V. , Eadie T. , Llewellyn G. C. , Olenchock S. A. , Wirtz G. H.
Published: August 2007

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is interested in assessing the hazards to grain workers associated with respirable grain dusts of all types. One of these hazards could involve the occurrence of mycotoxin producing fungi either upon or within grains. Aflatoxins, types of mycotoxins produced by bothAspergillus flavus andA. parasiticus, are hepatocarcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and toxins. Here, we report an attempt to determine whether settled and/or airborne dusts from barley, corn, flax, oats and Durum as well as spring wheats contain aflatoxins. These dusts were collected at port grain terminals in the Superior‐Duluth regions of the United States. The dusts were extracted with and chromatographed upon thin layer plates in a variety of solvents which have been approved for the separation of aflatoxins. Two acceptable aflatoxin B1 confirmatory tests were employed to verify suspected aflatoxin B1 within the extracts. Each dust contained a chloroform‐soluble, blue fluorescent compound(s) which possessed an Rf similar to that of aflatoxin B1 upon chromatography of chloroform extracts in chloroform/95% methanol. Methylene chloride/H2O) extracted a blue fluorescent compound(s) from each dust, and the compound(s) possessed Rf intermediate between those of aflatoxin B1 and B2 upon chromatography in acetone/methylene chloride. The methylene chloride/H2O extracted compounds failed to turn yellow upon spraying with 25% sulphuric acid in methanol and subsequent viewing with an ultraviolet source. Our results confirm those of Sorenson et al., who reported that aflatoxins were absent from airborne grain dusts collected from the Superior‐Duluth areas of the United States in the fall of 1977. In conclusion, we stress the need for extracting, detecting, and identifying aflatoxins by a variety of analytical procedures including thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography and “approved” confirmatory tests.
Instrumentation in vegetable oil processing
Authors: Farr W. E.
Published: August 2007

The importance of instrumentation to control properly all processes in the manufacture of vegetable oil is now well accepted. Instrumentation and controls in oil processing can reduce manpower requirements, improve yields, improve quality, reduce energy usage, reduce regrade or rework, and allow reduction in inventories. The best instrumentation system for a particular operation is one that utilizes or takes into account the latest technologies, consistent with the total process involved, the level of sophistication required, and one that takes into account both the mechanical process and the chemistry of the process. This paper deals primarily with instrumentation improvements in existing plants, and several examples of proper selection and installation of instrument systems are given. Each example deals with choices that give the best control with the minimum of maintenance and the minimum of operator input. The use of a digitally controlled volumetric dry feeder for the automatic ratio control of bleaching clay to oil flow in a continuous bleaching system is described. The proper sizing of automatic caustic to oil ratio systems, including the use of digital blending for caustic control is discussed. A review of refinery loss monitoring systems is given. The advantages of automation of filtration systems by the use of automatic sequence control of filter cycle and cleaning cycle is explained. The importance of instrumentation maintenance in the success of automated systems is stressed.
Analysis ofPaeonia emodi root oil
Authors: Asif M. , Ahmad M. Shamim , Mannan A. , Itohc T. , Matsumoto T.
Published: August 2007

The root oil ofPaeonia emodi was analyzed. Unsaponifiable lipid was found to contain a mixture ofn‐alkanes C14–C33; β‐amyrin, butyrospermol, cycloartenol, lupeol, 24‐methylenecycloartanol; two unidentified triterpene diols; cholesterol (?), campesterol, and sitosterol. Saponifiable lipid contains octanoic, decanoic, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids.
Purity aspects of higher alpha olefins
Authors: Turner A. H.
Published: August 2007

The various processes which are used commercially to manufacture detergent range alpha olefins are compared in terms of the quality of the products obtained. Thermal cracking ofn‐paraffins gives the least pure olefins. Processes based on ethylene oligomerization are superior and, of these, the Shell SHOP (Shell Higher Olefins Process) process gives alpha olefins which are somewhat better in quality than those obtained from processes based on aluminum alkyl chemistry. The practical consequences of the presence of internal and vinylidene olefins, dienes and paraffins in alpha olefins are considered for the manufacture of alpha olefin sulfonates, linear alkyl‐benzene, epoxides, alkyl bromides, rnercaptans and copolymers with ethylene (linear low density polyethylene). Low levels of impurities are desirable in most cases to minimize formation of unwanted byproducts, or to reduce the cost of bleeding of inert components, or to ensure that the quality of the final product meets the requirements of the marketplace.
Esters of rosin acids and glycidyl ethers
Authors: Rohde Wilmer A. , Hedrick Glen W.
Published: August 2007

Rosin and hydroxymethyl derivatives of rosin acids react rapidly with commercially available glycidyl ethers to give the hydroxy monoesters of aliphatic ethers. These esters of rosin, oxonated rosin and tetrahydroabietic acid are viscous liquids of low acid number and high hydroxyl number with a light to golden amber color. In the case of 12‐hydroxymethyltetrahydroabietic acid, the products are colorless gums of a tacky, semisolid consistency. The acid, hydroxyl and saponification values, and the viscosities and softening points are tabulated.
Conversion of polyunsaturates in vegetable oils tocis‐monounsaturates by homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed with chromium carbonyls
Authors: Frankel E. N.
Published: August 2007

Chromium carbonyl complex catalysts were used to selectively hydrogenate polyunsaturates in vegetable oils into products retaining 90% to 95%cis configuration and their liquid properties. The product from soybean oil contained 42–69% monoene, 10–40% diene and 0–4% triene. The product from safflower oil contained 73–82% monoene and 8–17% diene. About 45–55% of the double bonds in monoenes from hydrogenated soybean oil remained in the C9 position, and the rest was distributed between C10, C11, and C12. Preliminary oxidative and flavor stability evaluations showed that these hydrogenated soybean oils compared favorably with a commercial sample of hydrogenated‐winterized soybean oil. Liquid fatty acids prepared by saponification of hydrogenated soybean and safflower oils (IV 90–100) had analyses about the same as those of commercial oleic acid.
Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: I. Dimethyl formamide extraction procedure
Authors: Fore S. P. , Dupuy H. P.
Published: August 2007

A procedure is described for determination of residual acetone and hexane in cottonseed and soybean meals and flours by extraction of the residual solvent with dimethyl formamide (DMF)‐water (95∶5) followed by gas liquid chromatography analysis of the DMF extracts. A representative group of samples was analyzed both by this procedure and one employing iso‐octane as extractant. In all cases where residual solvent was found, the amount was markedly greater when aqueous DMF was the extracting solvent.
Studies on antioxidant treatments of crude vegetable oils
Authors: Sherwin E. R. , Luckadoo B. M.
Published: August 2007

Treatments of crude safflowerseed, soybean, sunflowerseed and cottonseed oils with the antioxidant compounds butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG) and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) have been investigated. PG and TBHQ were effective in inhibiting oxidative degradation of the crude oils subjected to long term storage as determined by measurement of peroxide formation in the oils during storage and by determination of AOM and oven (145 F) stabilities of the oils before and after storage. Of particular interest were the oxidative stability characteristics of these oils after they had been stored for relatively long periods in crude form (with and without the antioxidants) and then alkali refined, bleached and deodorized. The data from stability tests on these refined oils indicate that vegetable oils protected with potent antioxidants, such as PG or TBHQ, during storage in the crude form might yield refined, bleached and deodorized oils with somewhat higher initial oxidative stability and with better response to further antioxidant treatment.
Stability of crude sunflower oils to autoxidation and to seed aging
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Smith C. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: August 2007

Crude seed oils of Russian sunflower varieties, Armavirec and VNHMK 8931, are somewhat more stable to gross autoxidation than crude oils of two commercial U.S. varieties, Arrowhead and Mingren. Small amounts of oxygenated fatty acids found previously in sunflower seed oils have been shown to be produced during seed storage.
Experiments with solvent extraction of glandless cottonseed and glanded cottonseed
Authors: Cross D. E. , Hopkins D. T. , D’aquin E. L. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: August 2007

Preliminary bench scale tests indicated that the rate of extraction of oil from glandless cottonseed flakes is about the same as for glanded flakes. Pilot plant experiments, using 20 lb. batches of flakes in baskets 8×8 in. in cross section, showed that the usual percolation rates can be used and will produce the same results with glandless flakes as with glanded. Solvents used were commercial hexane, nearly pure normal hexane, and a mixed solvent of acetone, hexane and water. In some runs raw flakes were extracted; in others, the meats were tempered by heating to various temperatures. Refine and bleach tests were run on the resulting oil. Colors were much lower than generally obtained with oil from glanded seed, most samples testing below one red Lovibond on a spectrophotometer. The meals from the extractions were used in rat feeding tests. The mixed solvent meal seemed to be a cut above the hexane‐extracted meals in protein quality, showing up equivalent to a casein based diet. The meal from meats which had been heated to 230 F seemed very slightly inferior to those which had undergone less drastic heating. All glandless meals were much superior to a commercial prepress solvent meal which was run for the purpose of making comparisons.
Fractionation studies of palm oil by density gradient
Authors: Ong A. S. H. , Boey P. L. , Ng CM.
Published: August 2007

The paper describes a method of fractionating vegetable, animal and fish oils, and in particular palm oil. The method involves addition of a medium comprising two common solvents to the semisolid oils. On centrifugation, the olein and stearin are separated by the medium in the middle. Thirteen media made up from binary combinations of nine solvents, viz. water, propylene glycol, glycerine, methanol, ethanol,n‐propanol, isopropanol (IPA), acetone and butanone, are found to be effective in olein‐stearin separation. However, only the water/IPA and water/methanol systems have been studied in detail. The aqueous IPA provides a higher yield of olein than water/ methanol but intersolubility between oil and medium is also greater. The fractionation process can be carried out at any suitable temperature. Fractionation of the special prime bleached (SPB) palm oil at 16 C yields an olein with a cloud point of 4.8 C. Some hybrid palm oils produce a large quantity of low cloud point olein which can be bleached readily. The process can be extended to include degumming and neutralization by using an alkaline medium for centrifugation. The olein fractions obtained have been found to be free of phosphatides and the free fatty acids reduced to as low as 0.02%. Metal‐scavenging agents have also been added to the medium in an attempt to remove copper and iron. The development of this process into a continuous one has been demonstrated on the AlfaLaval LAPX 202 Separator. Fractionation of crude palm oil using a density gradient provides seven fractions of different characteristics. The iodine values vary from 37.5 to 57.4 and the unsaturated fatty acids range from 32.7% to 51.2%. Triglyceride analysis by carbon numbers shows great differences in the C48 and C52 constituents of the fractions.
Quantification of carbonyl compounds in oxidized fats as trichlorophenylhydrazones
Authors: White Pamela J. , Hammond Earl G.
Published: August 2007

A rapid determination of the carbonyl compounds in oxidized fats and oils was devised based on formation of trichlorophenylhydrazones (TCPH). Fat in cyclohexane/ether (99:1) was passed through a Florisil column to remove interfering hydrocarbons, and the fat and carbonyl compounds were eluted with ether. The eluate was reacted with trichlorophenylhydrazine with Florisil as a catalyst, and the TCPH were isolated from the fat by chromatography on a Florisil column. The TCPH were separated and quantified by gas chromatography on a 10‐m SE 30 capillary column. The method was applied to soybean oils stored under various conditions. The method also was applied to linoleic acid hydroperoxide to determine the extent to which decomposition of peroxides gave rise to carbonyl artifacts during the procedure. Although artifacts were minimal, they were reduced even further by passing the fat through a column of Celite impregnated with stannous chloride to reduce hydroperoxides before the carbonyl analysis.
Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants: V. structural analysis of the amphoteric surfactants obtained by the reaction of 1‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐imidazoline with sodium monochloroacetate
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Tsuji Kazuro
Published: August 2007

Structural analysis of the amphoteric surfactants obtained by the reaction of l‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐imidazoline (HEAI) with sodium monochloroacetate has been carried out. These amphoteric surfactants were hydrolyzed under aqueous alkaline media, followed by acid hydrolysis to afford fatty acid and diamine derivatives. The resulting diamine derivatives were identified by the isolation and their syntheses, and were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. Based upon the results of these analyses, it has been found that the reaction products can be divided into two typical types. The reaction products have simpler compositions than those of ethyl acrylate. However, these amphoteric surfactants are characterized by the presence of appreciable amounts of hydrolysis products of amides, soap and free diamine derivative XI.
Uses of digital computers in theoretical analytical chemistry. I. Separation of a composite infrared band into two component peaks
Authors: Roland Eddy C. , Showell John S.
Published: August 2007

A procedure has been developed for representing an infrared absorption peak by a general mathematical form, not restricted to Gaussian or Lorentzian shape. A computer program using this procedure will be described for obtaining the individual components from an infrared band consisting of two overlapping peaks. The method is also applicable to other overlapping peaked curves, such as are obtained in chromatography, countercurrent distribution, x‐ray diffraction, and other branches of spectroscopy.
New gossypol derivatives
Authors: Gonzalez Correa O. , Cappi H. M. , Salem M. , Staffa C.
Published: August 2007

Twenty new gossypol imines and eight new gossypol hexaesters have been prepared. Preparations of the compounds and selected physical properties are reported. The imines were easily crystallizable solids, generally insoluble in ethanol, and yellow to orange in color. The hexaesters were solids or waxes.
Investigation of antioxidants for polyunsaturated edible oils
Authors: Thompson J. W. , Sherwin E. R.
Published: August 2007

The recent trend toward increased use of polyunsaturated vegetable oils in the human diet has emphasized the need for better antioxidant systems than those currently available. This need led to a research program in which a variety of experimental antioxidants were evaluated. Their selection was influenced by general requirements for food additives and by the results of prior antioxidant studies in various fields. Emphasis was placed on hydroxybenzene types, particularly substituted hydroquinones. Oxidative stability tests employing the standard AOM procedure and 110F shelf storage were used to screen the antioxidants in polyunsaturated oils. The type and number of substituent groups on hydroquinone had considerable effect on antioxidant potency. Some of the experimental compounds, such as 4,4艂‐methylenebis(5‐acenaphthenol) and monoalkylhydroquinones, were several times as effective in the test oils as food‐approved antioxidants currently available.
The production of quick‐tempered shortenings
Authors: Reigel G. W. , McMichael C. E.
Published: August 2007

The post‐cooling of high‐ratio and all‐purpose shortenings in a specially designed chiller, coupled with agitation during that cooling, has made it commercially practical to ship these bulk shortenings to the consumer within 24 hours after they have been packed.

This should result in floor‐space saving, lower handling costs, and an improvement in product uniformity.
Study of the radical mechanism of iodine‐catalyzed isomerization of conjugated diene systems
Authors: Ideses Rut , Shani Arnon
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

The iodine‐catalyzed Z/E‐isomerization of internal conjugated dienes in the dark, to form a thermodynamic equilibrium mixture, was found to be a radical process with an activation energy of 12.4±1.2 kcal/ mol. The effects of antioxidants on the reaction, both in the dark and in sunlight, were studied. In both processes the radical isomerization was slowed down, probably through radical scavenging.
Triacylglycerols of evening primrose oenothera biennis seed oil
Authors: Ratnayake W. M. N. , Matthews D. G. , Ackman R. G.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

The triacylglycerol (TG) composition of evening primrose(Oenothera biennis) seed oil (EPO) was studied using a combination of silver nitrate thin layer chromatography (AgNO```3``‐TLC), reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The important TGs in EPO are LLL (24.4%), LLO (23.9%), LLP (11.5%), LOO (7.2%), LOP (6.8%), LLS (4.8%), γLnLp (3.7%), LOS (3.3%), γLnLS (2.0%), γLnLL (2.0%), LPP (1.9%), OOO (1.7%), LSP (1.3%) and γLnLO (1.0%).