bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new distribution power system planning approach for distributed generations with respect to reliability assessment
Authors: Hasanvand Saeed , Nayeripour Majid , Fallahzadeh-Abarghouei Hossein
Published: July 2016

Conventional methods for solving distribution systems planning (DSP) problem are related to the expansion of distribution systems such as substation reinforcement and feeder replacement. Nowadays, distributed generations (DGs) in various types are a new option for DSP. This paper presents a new approach to solve the DSP problem including DGs with respect to the reliability of the system. The impact of different types of DGs in order to improve the system reliability are modeled and studied by the adequacy transition rate using the Markov model. The objective functions of this optimization problem are power losses, DGs installation and operation cost, reliability indices such as energy not supplied, average interruption frequency, and average interruption duration. Since this optimization problem has a nonlinear complex nature, classical mathematical methods cannot guarantee to achieve the global optimum solution. To solve this problem, a fuzzy interactive multi-objective particle swarm optimization is developed based on Pareto solutions. The model resolves decision variables as follows: location, size, and type of the DG units. The results on IEEE 34-bus distribution system show the effectiveness of the proposed method rather than previous works for reliability assessment.
The energy level alignment at metal–molecule interfaces using Wannier–Koopmans method
Authors: Ma Jie , Liu Zhen-Fei , Neaton Jeffrey B. , Wang Lin-Wang
Published: July 2016

We apply a recently developed Wannier–Koopmans method (WKM), based on density functional theory (DFT), to calculate the electronic energy level alignment at an interface between a molecule and metal substrate. We consider two systems: benzenediamine on Au (111), and a bipyridine-Au molecular junction. The WKM calculated level alignment agrees well with the experimental measurements where available, as well as previous GW and DFT + Σ results. Our results suggest that the WKM is a general approach that can be used to correct DFT eigenvalue errors, not only in bulk semiconductors and isolated molecules, but also in hybrid interfaces.
Efficient control of ultrafast optical nonlinearity of reduced graphene oxide by infrared reduction
Authors: Bhattachraya S. , Maiti R. , Das A. C. , Saha S. , Mondal S. , Ray S. K. , Bhaktha S. N. B. , Datta P. K.
Published: July 2016

Simultaneous occurrence of saturable absorption nonlinearity and two-photon absorption nonlinearity in the same medium is well sought for the devices like optical limiter and laser mode-locker. Pristine graphene sheet consisting entirely of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms has already been identified having large optical nonlinearity. However, graphene oxide (GO), a precursor of graphene having both sp2 and sp3-hybridized carbon atom, is increasingly attracting cross-discipline researchers for its controllable properties by reduction of oxygen containing groups. In this work, GO has been prepared by modified Hummers method, and it has been further reduced by infrared (IR) radiation. Characterization of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) by means of Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-Visible absorption measurements confirms an efficient reduction with infrared radiation. Here, we report precise control of non-linear optical properties of RGO in femtosecond regime with increased degrees of IR reduction measured by open aperture z-scan technique. Depending on the intensity, both saturable absorption and two-photon absorption effects are found to contribute to the non-linearity of all the samples. Saturation dominates at low intensity (∼127 GW/cm2) while two-photon absorption becomes prominent at higher intensities (from 217 GW/cm2 to 302 GW/cm2). The values of two-photon absorption co-efficient (∼0.0022–0.0037 cm/GW for GO, and ∼0.0128–0.0143 cm/GW for RGO) and the saturation intensity (∼57 GW/cm2 for GO, and ∼194 GW/cm2 for RGO) increase with increasing reduction, indicating GO and RGO as novel tunable photonic devices. We have also explained the reason of tunable nonlinear optical properties by using amorphous carbon model.
The feasibility of Sn, In, or Al doped ZnSb thin film as candidates for phase change material
Authors: Chen Yimin , Shen Xiang , Wang Guoxiang , Xu Tiefeng , Wang Rongping , Dai Shixun , Nie Qiuhua
Published: July 2016

The potentials of Sn, In, or Al doped ZnSb thin film as candidates for phase change materials have been studied in this paper. It was found that the Zn-Sb bonds were broken by the addition of the dopants and homopolar Zn-Zn bonds and other heteropolar bonds, such as Sn-Sb, In-Sb, and Al-Sb, were subsequently formed. The existence of homopolar Sn-Sn and In-In bonds in Zn50Sb36Sn14 and Zn41Sb36In23 films, but no any Al-Al bonds in Zn35Sb30Al35 film, was confirmed. All these three amorphous films crystallize with the appearance of crystalline rhombohedral Sb phase, and Zn35Sb30Al35 film even exhibits a second crystallization process where the crystalline AlSb phase is separated out. The Zn35Sb30Al35 film exhibits a reversible phase change behavior with a larger Ea (∼4.7 eV), higher Tc (∼245 °C), better 10-yr data retention (∼182 °C), less incubation time (20 ns at 70 mW), and faster complete crystallization speed (45 ns at 70 mW). Moreover, Zn35Sb30Al35 film shows the smaller root-mean-square (1.654 nm) and less change of the thickness between amorphous and crystalline state (7.5%), which are in favor of improving the reliability of phase change memory.
Voltage-ampere characteristics of YBCO coated conductor under inhomogeneous oscillating magnetic field
Authors: Geng J. , Shen B. , Li C. , Zhang H. , Matsuda K. , Li J. , Zhang X. , Coombs T. A.
Published: July 2016

Direct current carrying type II superconductors present a dynamic resistance when subjected to an oscillating magnetic field perpendicular to the current direction. If a superconductor is under a homogeneous field with high magnitude, the dynamic resistance value is nearly independent of transport current. Hoffmann and coworkers [Hoffmann et al., IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 21, 1628 (2011)] discovered, however, flux pumping effect when a superconducting tape is under an inhomogeneous field orthogonal to the tape surface generated by rotating magnets. Following their work, we report the whole Voltage-Ampere (V-I) curves of an YBCO coated conductor under permanent magnets rotating with different frequencies and directions. We discovered that the two curves under opposite rotating directions differ from each other constantly when the transport current is less than the critical current, whereas the difference gradually reduces after the transport current exceeds the critical value. We also find that for different field frequencies, the difference between the two curves decreases faster with lower field frequency. The result indicates that the transport loss is dependent on the relative direction of the transport current and field travelling, which is distinct from traditional dynamic resistance model. The work may be instructive for the design of superconducting motors.
Flexible bent rod model with a saturating induced dipole moment to study the electric linear dichroism of DNA fragments
Authors: Bertolotto Jorge A. , Umazano Juan P.
Published: July 2016

In the present work we make a theoretical study of the steady state electric linear dichroism of DNA fragments in aqueous solution. The here developed theoretical approach considers a flexible bent rod model with a saturating induced dipole moment. The electric polarizability tensor of bent DNA fragments is calculated considering a phenomenological model which theoretical and experimental backgroung is presented here. The model has into account the electric polarizability longitudinal and transversal to the macroion. Molecular flexibility is described using an elastic potential. We consider DNA fragments originally bent with bending fluctuations around an average bending angle. The induced dipole moment is supposed constant once the electric field strength grows up at critical value. To calculate the reduced electric linear dichroism we determine the optical factor considering the basis of the bent DNA perpendicular to the molecular axis. The orientational distribution function has into account the anisotropic electric properties and the molecule flexibility. We applied the present theoretical background to fit electric dichroism experimental data of DNA fragments reported in the bibliography in a wide range of molecular weight and electric field. From these fits, values of DNA physical properties are estimated. We compare and discuss the results here obtained with the theoretical and experimental data presented by other authors. The original contributions of this work are: the inclusion of the transversal electric polarizability saturating with the electric field, the description of the electric properties with an electric polarizability tensor dependant on the bending angle and the use of an arc model originally bent.
Light emission and magnetic properties of aluminum films grown on SrTiO3 by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wang Y. J. , Zhou W. Q. , Meng M. , Wu S. X. , Li S. W.
Published: July 2016

Aluminum films were grown on SrTiO3 (100) substrates using a plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy system. We found that the intensity of defect emission coming through the Al films was enhanced to two fold. Although the surface plasmon energy is far from the defect emission, off-resonance enhancement is still possible from Al/SrTiO3. Moreover, the samples with Al films exhibits ferromagnetism, with wasp-waist hysteresis loops and exchange bias effects. The ferromagnetism may be attributed to the charge transfer between Al and the SrTiO3 matrix. This work is valuable in developing SrTiO3 which is a promising material used in optical and magnetic related application.
Disputed dark-matter result gets put to the test
Authors: Grant Andrew
Published: July 2016

Despite nearly two decades of scrutiny, nobody has yet explained away—or confirmed—DAMA’s claim of detecting the elusive matter.
The future of astronomy in Hawaii hinges on the Thirty Meter Telescope
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: July 2016

Unless permits, leases, and access are resolved in a timely manner, the project will move elsewhere.
Frustration by design
Authors: Gilbert Ian , Nisoli Cristiano , Schiffer Peter
Published: July 2016

By fabricating magnetic structures into nanoscale arrays, physicists can directly visualize how condensed-matter systems accommodate competing interactions among dipole moments and other degrees of freedom.
A New Virus Disease of Carrots: Its Transmission, Host Range, and Control
Authors: Stubbs LL
Published: July 2016

A new virus disease of carrots, which was recorded in Melbourne in 1943, is described. The disease occurs throughout Victoria, and has also been recorded in New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania.
The Anatomy of the Timbers of the South-West Pacific Area I. Anacardiaceae
Authors: Dadswell HE , Ingle HD
Published: July 2016

The results reported are the first of a series dealing with the timbers of the south-west Pacific area and cover 22 genera of the family Anacardiaceae. Based on the examination of available species, the anatomical features of each genus have been summarized and the� results set out in tabular form for comparative purposes. The relationship between botanical classification and the wood anatomy of the genera concerned has been discussed. From the information presented it is suggested that a simple card sorting key can be readily developed.
The Development of Amoeboid Inclusion Bodies of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Bald JG
Published: July 2016

Fixatives that preserve the stromatic structure of normal plastids, show "amoeboid" inclusion bodies also to have a stromatic structure of a coarser and less regular type.
The Action of Ninhydrin on the Enzymatic and Actincombining Properties of Myosin
Authors: Gilmour D , Calaby JH
Published: July 2016

Ninhydrin at 5 I-tM per mg. myosin produces 90 per cent. inhibition of luyosin-ATP-ase at pH 9.0 in 3 hours at 5�C. At pH 7.0 the same inhibition is produced by 35 I-tM ninhydrin per mg. myosin. This inhibition is reversed by cysteine, the release being complete after one hour's treatment of the myosin by ninhydrin, but incomplete, except with very high cysteine concentrations, after three hours' treatment of the myosin. Other amino acids did not release the inhibition produced by ninhydrin.
The Development of Tyloses and Secretion of Gum in·Heartwood Formation
Authors: Margaret Chattaway M
Published: July 2016

The origin of both the tyloses and the gumt which are commonly observed in the heartwood vessels of numerous species has been traced to the ray cells. Tyloses are developed in the heartwood of species in which the width of the aperture of the pits from vessels to ray cells exceeds approximately 10 Ii; in woods in which the width of the pit apertures is less than approximately 10 Ii gum is secreted into the heartwood vessels.
Seasonal Variations in the Vitamin a Content of Victorian Butterfat
Authors: Farrer KTH , Balding WM , Warren HS , Miller RG
Published: July 2016

The total vitamin A potency of butterfat (dertved from cheese or butter) has been determined on samples from three different Victorian districts and from King Island in Bass Strait in 1945 and 1947-48. Carotene was determined colorimetrically and the Carr-Price test was used for vitamin A. The glycerol dichlorhydrin reagent was too insensitive.
The Biological Significance of Haemoglobin in Nematode Parasites II. The Properties of the Haemoglobins as Studied in Living Pabasites
Authors: Rogers WP
Published: July 2016

In the parasites examined, the amounts of water-soluble haematin compounds, of which haemoglobin formed the large part, varied considerably; Nippo$rongylus murls contained about 6 mg. (as haematin) per g. dry wt. of tissue, Nematodirus spp. and Haemonchus contortus about 0.8 mg. per g. dry wt. Evidence is presented which indicates that the haemoglobin of Nippo$rongylus muris may be oxygenated in vivo, at least sometimes. The haemoglobin in the living parasites was easily oxygenated and deoxygenated; when the oxygen tension in the medium surrounding the parasites in vitro at 37�C. fell below about 13 mm. of mercury (Nippostrongylus muris) or 9 mm. of mercury (Haemonchus contortus and Nematodirus spp.) the oxyhaemoglobin became deoxygenated.
The Hydrogen Ion Concentration in the Alimentary Canal of Larval and Adult Lepidoptera
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: July 2016

The pH of the midgut digestive juices of two species of carnivorous lepidopterous larvae and of 40 species of adult Lepidoptera belonging to 16 families was determined. In all species it was alkaline. From these records, and from those available from the literature for phytophagous, wool-eating, and wax-eating lepidopterous larvae, it is possible to generalize that midgut alkalinity is characteristic of the order Lepidoptera and that it is not dependent upon feeding habits.
The Influence of Rainfall on the Yield of Wheat in South Australia
Authors: Cornish EA
Published: July 2016

The relationship between the yield of wheat and seasonal rainfall inSouth Australia has been determined. The period chosen for examination was1896-1941 and the analysis extends to practically the entire wheat belt of theState, all major soil groups and variants of climatic conditions within the areabeing represented. Yield was assessed using the hundred, which has anaverage area of approximately 118 square miles, as the basic territorial unit.Seasonal weather was represented by the rains in three subdivisions of thegrowing period of the crop, and these were taken as independent variates inan analysis by multiple regression. The regression of yield on rainfall, whenconsidered as a,function of time, takes a mathematically simple parabolic formwith a maximum in winter and zeros in autumn and spring or early summer,and the coefficients obtained provide a clear demonstration of the sub-optimalcharacter of average seasonal rainfall over the greater part of the season andalmost throughout the wheat belt. The conclusions drawn from the generalsurvey are substantiated by analyses of a limited number of exact records.
The Intermediary Metabolism of Nematode Parasites
Authors: Massey V , Rogers WP
Published: July 2016

The oxygen consumption of brei or mince prepared from Nematodirusfilicollis, N. spathiger, Ascaridia galli, and Neoaplectana glaseri was stimulatedby the addition of pyruvate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, andoxaloacetate. Citrate did not stimulate respiration. Malonate, arsenate, arsenite,pyrophosphate, and azide inhibited respiration. When brei from Nematodirusspp. and Ascaridia galli were fortified with coenzymes, the inhibition due tomalonate was decreased by adding intermediates of the tricarboxylic acidcycle, and the accumulation of succinate in the malonate-poisoned brei was increasedwhen fumarate, fumarate plus pyruvate, or citrate was added.
An Electron Microscopic Investigation of the Cell Wall Organization of Conifer Tracheids and Conifer Cambium
Authors: Hodge AJ , Wardrop AB
Published: July 2016

An electron micrograph of a replica of the inner surface of the secondarycell wall of a conifer tracheid, demonstrating the almost transverse orientationof the microfibrils in this layer, is presented. This evidence provides confirmationof the type of cell wall organization of conifer tracheids proposed inother investigations on the basis of X-ray and optical evidence and of microscopicexamination. The existence of fibrils of 50-100 A in diameter has beendemonstrated in cell wall fragments obtained by the disintegration of cambiuminitials and of conifer tracheids. It is suggested that these microfibrilsmay correspond to the "micelles" or "crystalline regions" inferred from X-rayexamination.
Tree Growth Stresses
Authors: Boyd JD
Published: July 2016

Experimental methods for the determination of natural longitudinal stressesin trees are described and the data are used in the development of a mathematicalexpression for the stress distribution.
The Catalytic Effect of Molybdate on the Breakdown of Phosphocreatine
Authors: Barker H , Ennor AH , Harcourt K
Published: July 2016

The hydrolysis of phosphocreatine in O.lN HCl at 37 and 65'C. yields,as the principal products, creatine and orthophosphoric acid. Under theinfluence of molybdate, phosphocreatine in O.lN HCI at 37 and 65'C. breaksdown into creatinine, creatine, and orthophosphoric acid. The relative proportionsof the two former compounds are a function of the molybdate concentration.Increase of pH leads to a progressive reduction in this effect of molybdate,which apparently depends upon the degree of ionization.
The Effect of Applied Phosphate on the Uptake of Zinc by Flax
Authors: Loneragan JF
Published: July 2016

An experiment is described in which flax plants were grown in pots in Kojonup gravelly sand containing varying amounts of added phosphate, both with and without added zinc. Dry weight, phosphorus content, and zinc content of the total tops were determined at four periods in the early stages of growth.
The Mode of Action of Phenothiazine as an Anthelmintic. The Uptake of 35S-Labelled Phenothiazine by the Tissues of Nematode Parasites and Their Hosts
Authors: Lazarus Marian , Rogers WP
Published: July 2016

Ascaridia galli, Nippostrongylus muTis, and Haemonchus contortus took up phenothiazine in vitro at the rate of 0.12, 0.18, and 0.26 mg./g. dry wt./hour. The uptake, which was fastest at pH 6.0, was increased in the presence of a wetting agent. It was not proportional to the relative surface area/wet weight of the parasites. The ligaturing of A. galli did not appreciably reduce uptake of the drug in vitro.
Hydrogen Peroxide in the Enzymic Oxidation of Heteroauxin
Authors: Goldacre PL
Published: July 2016

A hydrogen peroxide-peroxidase system is essential to the enzymic oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid. Catalase and colloidal platinum inhibited strongly such oxidation, and extremely low concentrations of guaiacol competed with the LA.A. for the LA.A. oxidase.
The Early Stages of the Oxidation of Adrenaline in Dilute Solution
Authors: Trautner EM , Bradley TR
Published: July 2016

The auto-oxidation of adrenaline in concentrations of M/500 to M/10,000 and at pH 6-8 starts after a time lag that is dependent on the conditions but independent of the adrenaline concentration. This is followed by a short period of rapid acceleration of the oxidation rate and then by a period of steady oxidation of constant rate for several hours, proportional to the adrenaline concentration.
Studies in the Natural Coating of Apples I. Preparation and Properties of Fractions
Authors: Huelin FE , Gallop RA
Published: July 2016

The preparation and properties of the major fractions of the natural coating of apples are described. These include the oil, wax, ursolic acid, and "cutin" fractions. Particular attention has been given to the oil fraction, which contains unsaturated esters, and the "cutin" fraction, which gives complex hydroxy acids on saponification. The use of ammonium oxalate for separating apple skin is described.'
Conditions Affecting the Action of Fluoroacetate on The Metabolism of Nematode Parasites and Vertebrate Animals
Authors: Massey V , Rogers WP
Published: July 2016

The respiration of brei or mince prepared from pigeon breast muscle containing 0.0003M methylene blue was very little affected by O.OIM Huoroacetate. Under similar conditions, the respiration of preparations from Ascaridia galli and Nematodirus spp. was inhibited 3.5-50 per cent. This inhibition was lessened by adding intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinate was most effective in lifting the inhibition; oxaloacetate was least effective.
The Uptake of Radio-Active Phosphate by Nematode Parasites and by Tissues of the Sheep
Authors: B Esserman Helene , M Sambell Pauline
Published: July 2016

The relative uptake of radio-active phosphate by the tissues of the sheep and by the parasites Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus contortus, and Oesophagostomum columbianum has been investigated.
The Cell Wall Structure of Xylem Parenchyma
Authors: Wardrop AB , Dadswell HE
Published: July 2016

The fine structure of the cell wall of both ray and vertical parenchyma has been investigated. In all species examined secondary thickening had occurred. In the primary cell wall the micellar orientation was approximately trans"erse to the longitudiJ)aI cell axis. Using optical and X-ray methods the secondary cell wall was shown to possess a helical micellar organization, the micelles being inclined between 30� and 60� to the longitudinal cell axis.
Fungal Cellulases I. General Properties of Unpurified Enzyme Preparations From Aspergillus Oryz.A'e
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

The culture filtrate from Aspergillus oryzae contains enzymes capable of depolymerizing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) and of splitting all ,B-glucosides tested. These enzymes are produced by the mould in the absence of cellulose or any other carbon source containing ,B-glucosidic linkages
Oestrogenic Effects of Subterranean Clover: Studies on the Female Guinea Pig
Authors: East June
Published: July 2016

Oestradiol dipropionate injection (0.5, 2.0, 8.0, and 32.0 /-tg.) and subterranean clover ingestion (30 g. per day) produced similar effects in female guinea pigs, namely, infertility and epithelial changes in the accessory reproductive organs.
The Survival of Airborne Microorganisms I. Experiments Near O°c With Some Psychrophilic Bacteria
Authors: Brown AD
Published: July 2016

The rate of death of airborne organisms was studied for one strain each of Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, and Micrococcus at relative humidities between 45 and 90 per cent. at DoC. For all three organisms the rates of death were least and of a similar magnitude at 65-70 per cent. R.H.
A granulosis Virus Attacking the Larvae of Persectania Ewingii Westw. (Lepidoptera: Agrotidae) in South Australia
Authors: Lower HF
Published: July 2016

An epizootic of a virus disease in a larval population of Persectania ewingii Westw. (Lepidoptera: Agrotidae) in South Australia is described, and possible methods of its transmission in the population are suggested. The symptomatology of the disease during its progress is outlined. A description of the virus and its structure follows. The aetiology of the disease is described, and the paper concludes with a brief history of 5000 diseased larvae which were collected in the field.
A Study of the Action of Purified Thyroid Protease on l31I-Labelled Thyroglobulin
Authors: T Mcquillan Mary , Stanley PG , Trikojus VM
Published: July 2016

The preparation of pig thyroglobulin labelled with 1311 is described and the results of the action of purified thyroid protease on different samples are presented. The major iodine-containing compounds liberated were found to be mono- and di-iodotyrosine, thyroxine, and tri-iodothyronine, together with a "peptide" fraction; of these mono-iodotyrosine, di-iodotyrosine, and the "peptide" predominated. Specific activities of these components were determined and compared with the values obtained following alkaline hydrolysis of the labelled protein.
The Reaction of the Zona Pellucida to Sperm Penetration
Authors: Braden AWH , Austin CR , David HA
Published: July 2016

The observations described concern the number of sperms seen within the eggs of the rat, mouse, rabbit, sheep, and dog.
Additional Genes in Triticum Vulgare for Resistance to Erysiphe Graminis Tritici
Authors: Carter MV
Published: July 2016

Additional genetic studies have been made of the resistance of Birdproof, Chul, and Normandie to races P and P-1 of Erysiphe graminis tritici.
Bacterial Oxidation of Arsenite II. The Activity of Washed Suspensions
Authors: Turner AW , Legge JW
Published: July 2016

Maximum arsenite-oxidizing activity of a pseudomonad (Ps. arsenoxydansquinque) isolated from "oxidized" arsenical cattle-dipping fluids was found in cells 3-4 days old, when cultivated in a synthetic medium containing arsenite. The system is adaptive, cells cultivated in the absence of arsenite showing no arsenite-oxidizing activity.
Bacterial Oxidation of Arsenite III. Cell-Free Arsenite Dehydrogenase
Authors: Legge JW , Turner AW
Published: July 2016

A soluble, cell-free arsenite dehydrogenase is liberated from cells of strain 17 of the arsenite-oxidizing pseudomonad (Pseudomonas arsenoxydans-quinque) after grinding with powdered glass. The enzyme is moderately stable, retaining its activity for considerable periods on storage at� low temperatures. It may be dialysed without loss of activity, and withstands salting out.
Fertilization of the Mouse Egg and the Effect of Delayed Coitus and of Hot-Shock Treatment
Authors: Braden AWH , Austin CR
Published: July 2016

A total of 329 mated adult mice was used in the investigations.
Physiology of Pea Fruits I. the Developing Fruit
Authors: Mckee HS , Robertson RN , Lee JB
Published: July 2016

Pea fruits from two crops were sampled at different times from flowering. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, starch, soluble carbohydrate, protein nitrogen, and soluble nitrogen in both seeds and hulls were followed in two seasons and related Jo the changes in cell volume in the seeds. In one season respiration rates and phosphate, pectin, and ascorbic acid contents were also investigated. The seeds gained more carbohydrate and nitrogen than was lost by the hulls. Starch and protein were synthesized rapidly by the seeds. The increase in starch content in the seeds was followed by a decrease in soluble carbohydrate content, after which the seed ceased to accumulate water. These metabolic changes are discussed in the light of recent biochemical knowledge, and in relation to more detailed biochemical investigations in progress.
Physiological Genetics of Pisum
Authors: Paton DM , Barber HN
Published: July 2016

The grafting of genetically early scions of Pisum sativum var. Massey on genetically late stocks (var. Telephone) leads to flowering at a higher node. In reciprocal grafts, the scions of the late variety flower at an earlier (lower) node.
Growth of the Mouse Coat
Authors: Fraser AS , Nay T
Published: July 2016

The movement of waves of hair growth is very regular both in pattern and timing in Naked mice. Although normal mice do not differ markedly from Naked mice in the pattern and timing of the first and second cycles of hair growth, the pattern and timing of subsequent growth waves in normal mice is extremely irregular.
Growth of the Mouse Coat
Authors: Nay T , Fraser AS
Published: July 2016

Waves of hair growth move regularly from head to tail in Naked mice. This movement ceases at late pregnancy, and does not resume until about 12 days after birth in non-suckling dams, and 35 days in suckling dams.
The Effect of Mineral Nutrition on the Content of Free Amino Acids and Amides in Tomato Plants I A Comparison of the Effects of Deficiencies of Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, and Molybdenum
Authors: Possingham JV
Published: July 2016

The lovel and the qllHnj~itat,jve compositien of the free amino acid fraction of tomato plants grown in full nutrient and in cultures doficiollt ill zinc, copper, nlallganeso, iron. and molybdenum have beon cletormiuecl. 'I'he methods used in the investigation inelude the quantitative estimation of amino aeids by a technique involving paper chromatogl'l1phy, and the cultm'o of tomato plants in highly purified n utriollt solutions.
The Structure of Ineffective Root Nodules of Legumes: An Unusual New Type of Ineffectiveness, and an Appraisal of Present Knowledge
Authors: Bergersen FJ
Published: July 2016

A new type of symbiotic ineffectiveness in subterranean clover is described in which very slow-growing nodules are produced. In these the nodule bacteria are not released from the infection threads, where they multiply at the expense of the host tissue. Comparison of nuclear size of normal effective nodules with that of these ineffective nodules suggests that the nodule tissue is almost devoid of the disomatic cells in which the nitrogen-fixing bacteroid form of Rhizobium normally develops. The bacterial strains giving rise to these nodules were obtained as stable variants of a strain producing structurally and cytologically normal nodules.
Nutrient Interactions and Deficiency Diagnosis in the Lettuce III. Nitrogen Content and Response to Nitrogen
Authors: Slater WG , Goodall DW
Published: July 2016

Lettuce plants grown in sand culture, and receiving nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium at five levels in all combinations, were analysed at different stages of growth for total, soluble, and nitrate nitrogen. An attempt was made to relate these analytical data to the subsequent response (in dry matter production) shown by the plants when a further amount of nitrogen was supplied.
Nitrogenous Compounds in Tracheal Sap of Woody Members of the Family Rosaceae
Authors: Bollard EG
Published: July 2016

Nitrogen present in the tracheal sap of a range of woody species of the family Rosaceae was completely accounted for by a number of organic compounds, notably aspartic acid, asparagine, and glutamine. A striking similarity was shown to the composition of apple tracheal sap.
The Metabolic Fate of Tris-1,10-Phenanthroline 106Ruthenium (II) Perchlorate, a Compound With Anticholinesterase and Curare-Like Activity
Authors: H Koch Judith , Rogers WP , Dwyer FP , C Gyarfas Eleanora
Published: July 2016

Tris-l,IO-phenanthroline ruthenium(II) perchlorate is a representative of a group of stable inorganic complex compounds with anticholinesterase and curarelike activities.
The Measurement of Diffusion Pressure Deficit in Plants by a Method of Vapour Equilibration
Authors: Slatyer RO
Published: July 2016

A method for measuring diffusion pressure deficit (DPD) in plants is described and compared with the standard floating techniques. Basically the method is a modification of that described by Arcichovskij and Arcichovskaja (1931) and differs from the standard floating methods in that it involves the equilibration of tissue in vapour of known water potential rather than in solutions of known osmotic potential.
The Mutagenicity of Formaldehyde Medium to Drosophila Melanogaster Larvae
Authors: Barker JSF
Published: July 2016

There is a linear decrease in the mutagenicity of formaldehyde medium with aging, whether it is preworked or not.
The Water Permeability of Cells of Chara Australis R.Br.
Authors: Dainty J , Hope AB
Published: July 2016

Measurements have been made of the "osmotic" water permeability (Pos) of internodal cells of Ohara australis using the method of transcellular osmosis. The mean value was 5�6 /1-3//1-2 ? min. atm, which is close to that obtained by Kamiya and Tazawa (1956) with cells of Nitella. A small difference between rates of water movement into and out of the cell is ascribed to an assymetry of the driving forces in the system and not to a real difference in permeability.
Oxidation of Krebs Cycle Acids by Tissue Slices and Cytoplasmic Particles from Apple Fruit
Authors: Hatch MD , A Pearson Judith , Millerd Adele , Robertson RN
Published: July 2016

It has previously proved difficult to demonstrate the Krebs cycle in either cytoplasmic particles or tissue slices obtained from apple fruit. In the present investigation, evidence was obtained for the operation of the classical Krebs cycle-cytochrome oxidase respiratory system in cut tissue and mitochondria from Granny Smith apples. The respiration of cut tissue increased when either citrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinate, malate, fumarate, or pyruvate were added. Both the endogenous and acid-stimulated respiration were inhibited by malonate, cyanide, and azide. The rapid oxidation of Krebs cycle acids by cytoplasmic particles from apple flesh was also demonstrated. These particles showed cytochrome oxidase act.ivity and contained a cytochrome c-dependent succinoxidase system.
Studies on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. I. Cultural and Biochemical Characters.
Authors: Mushin Rose , Naylor JilI , Lahovary N
Published: July 2016

Studies on 119 plant pathogenic bacterial strains belonging to 22 species are described. These include organisms isolated in Australia and type species obtained from abroad.
Studies on Oxidised Wool. I. A Comparison of the Completeness of Oxidation With Peracetic and Performic Acid
Authors: Thompson EOP , O'donnell IJ
Published: July 2016

The oxidation of wool with performic and peracetic acids has been compared by measuring the cysteic acid contents of hydrolysates of the oxidized wool. Whereas virtually complete oxidation takes place with performic acid, the oxidation with peracetic acid is incomplete. Performic acid can also further oxidize the partial oxidation products in wool treated with peracetic acid and it is concluded that performic acid is the more powerful oxidizing agent for wool. For the oxidation of the disulphide bonds prior to the extraction of proteins from wool, performic acid is therefore the better reagent.
Studies on Oxidised Wool. II. Extraction of Soluble Proteins From Wool Oxidized With Performic Acid.
Authors: O'donnell IJ , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The variables involved in the alkaline extraction of wool oxidized with performic acid have been studied and reproducible methods of extraction have been developed. The presence of potassium sulphate reduces the amount of protein extracted but, for maximal precipitation of protein at pH 4, potassium sulphate is necessary. The extraction has been followed by estimating the cysteic acid and nitrogen contents of the soluble material. It is shown that the fractions of oxidized wool-a- +y-, a-, and y-keratose-contain approximately 9, 5, and 16 g cysteic acid nitrogen per 100 g total nitrogen respectively, whether extraction is carried out at pH 8 or II.
The Development and Growth of Vibrissae in the House Mouse With Particular Reference to the Time of Action of the Tabby (Ta) and Ragged (Ra) Genes.
Authors: Dun RB
Published: July 2016

The order of development of certain vibrissae, found on the head and fore limbs of the mouse, has been determined using observations on the developmental stage and relative length of each follicle at 11, 12, 13, and 14 days foetal age. The length of vibrissal fibres at birth was also utilized.
Neutral and Acidic Auxins in Developing Tobocco Fruit
Authors: Paleg LG , Muir RM
Published: July 2016

Indolylacetic acid (IAA) has been postulated as the enzymatically produced endogenous auxin controlling the development of fruit (Muir 1947). Few reports have appeared suggesting that there may, in fact, be other auxins associated with this function particularly during its earliest phase, between pollination and fertilization.
Chemical Changes During Growth and Storage of the Avocado Fruit
Authors: Davenport JB , Ellis SC
Published: July 2016

Changes in the petrol-soluble, 80 per cent. ethanol-soluble, and insoluble fractions of the mesocarp of the avocado fruit were followed during 6 months development on the tree and during storage at 20�C of the fully grown fruit. Changes in triglyceride fatty acids, lipid phosphorus, insoluble phosphorus, sugars, protein, and soluble nitrogen were also studied.
Studies of Casein V. The Action of Rennin on Casein
Authors: Wake RG
Published: July 2016

The liberation of non-protein nitrogen, soluble in 12 per cent. Trichloroacetic acid, from various milk protein fractions by rennin (0,1 fLg rennin NJml) at pH 6�7 and 25�C is examined. 1� 0 per cent. nitrogen is rapidly released from whole casein, 3� 4 per cent. from second-cycle casein-fraction S, and 6� 7 per cent. from K-casein. None is split from other milk protein fractions under the same conditions.
The Use of Thyroxine in the Bioassay of Growth Hormone
Authors: Wallace AL
Published: July 2016

Hypophysectomy causes inactivity of the thyroid gland and it has been known for some time that thyroxine augments the body weight and skeletal growth responses to growth hormone in hypophysectomized and hypophysectomizedthyroidectomized rats (Smith 1933; Evans, Simpson, and Pencharz 1939; Scow et ale 1949; Li 1953; Asling et ale 1954).
Pathology of Infestation of the Rat With Nippostrongylus Muris (Yokogawa) IV. The Absorption of Glucose and Histidine
Authors: Symons LEA
Published: July 2016

The rate of absorption of D-glucose and L-histidine from the entire small intestine of the rat when measured by an intubation technique was not affected by infestation with the nematode Nippostrongylu8 muris. On the other hand, absorption of D-glucose from the infested jejunum when measured in vivo by a perfusion technique was severely reduced. The rate of gastric emptying was not affected by the infestation. There was a direct relationship between gastric emptying and the rate of absorption of glucose.
Some Factors Influencing the Breakdown of Cellulose by Bacteria
Authors: Youatt G
Published: July 2016

Variations in the extent of breakdown of celluloses from different sources by Cell'ulomonas biazotea can be accounted for in terms of the crystallinity and content of associated pentosan of the celluloses. Under similar conditions, Sporocytophaga myxococcoides did not distinguish between celluloses and degraded the different materials at the same rate.
The Experimental Production of Epithelium-Lined Cysts
Authors: Molyneux GS
Published: July 2016

In a previous communication (Molyneux 1959) the bacterial degradation of wool fibres in vitro was described. The causative organism, an aerobic mesophilic spore-forming rod, was isolated from the contents of epithelium-lined cysts produced experimentally in sheep. This paper describes the production of these cysts by a technique which was developed in order to study the mechanism of cyst growth.
The Physiology of Sugar-Cane III. Characteristics of Sugar Uptake in Slices of Mature and Immature Storage Tissue
Authors: Bieleski RL
Published: July 2016

Sugar uptake by slices of sugar-cane storage tissue took place in two stages. The initial uptake reached an equilibrium within 1 hr, the level being proportional to the external sugar concentration, independent of the sugar, and unaffected by anaerobic conditions. This sugar diffused out rapidly when the tissue was placed in water. It was thus contained in the apparent free space, 10-20 per cent. of the tissue volume. The secondary uptake continued up to 60 hr at a slow, constant rate, 1-5 mgjgjday, independent of sugar concentration above 2� 0 per cent., dependent on the sugar, and inhibited by anaerobic conditions. This sugar did not diffuse out when the tissue was placed in water. It was concluded that the secondary uptake was an active accumulation process.
The Toxicity of Some Antibacterials to Fowl Spermatozoa
Authors: Ales RGW , White IG
Published: July 2016

In a study of the effect of a number of antibacterials on fowl spermatozoa, penicillin and sulphanilamide at 1 mg/ml, chloromycetin at O� 2 mg/ml, and terramycin at O� 5 mg/ml depressed motility at a 1 in 20 dilution of semen in a medium having a similar tonicity to fowl seminal plasma.
The Physiology of Growth in the Wheat Plant I. Seedling Growth and the Pattern of Growth at the Shoot Apex
Authors: Williams RF
Published: July 2016

Seedling growth of wheat in a constant environment is studied over a period of 21 days. Dry weights of leaves, leaf sheaths, stem, and roots are given for 11 occasions. The pattern of dry weight change is also presented in terms of the changing ratios of plant parts.
The Pre-Natal Development of Skin and Hair in Cattle II. Bos Indicus l. X B. Taurus l.
Authors: Lyne AG , J Heideman Margaret
Published: July 2016

A histological study has been made of the development of the skin and hair follicles in 22 crossbred (Brahman X Hereford or Brahman X Shorthorn) cattle foetuses, ranging in age from 77 to 263 days, and in three new�born calves.
Serum ?-Globulin Polymorphism in Mice
Authors: Ashton GC , Braden AWH
Published: July 2016

Data are presented to show that there are three serum fl-globulin types in laboratory mice controlled by a pair of alleles. Each allele appears to give rise to three electrophoretically distinct zones in starch gel. Within the inbred strain AI AGS there was variation between mice in the intensity of staining of the three zones. Reciprocal mating data gave no evidence of an effect of fl-globulin type on segregation ratios as has been reported for cattle.
Studies on the Sodium-Potassium Balance in Erythrocytes of Australian Merino Sheep LI. Observations on Three Merino Strains
Authors: Newton Turner Helen , H Koch Judith
Published: July 2016

Estimations were made of the sodium-potassium balance in the erythrocytes of samples of ewes and rams and their progeny in three Australian Merino strainstwo medium Peppin and one fine wool. In all three strains [K+] values occurred in a continuous distribution within a range of 6 to approximately 20 m-equiv/l packed red blood cells. In the fine wool strain there were no values beyond this, but in both medium strains animals were found with values in excess of 50. Means and variances of [K+] values, even excluding these extremes, were greater in the two medium strains. The variance was also significantly higher for females than males, though sex means did not differ significantly.
Differences in the Concentration of Potassium and the Type of Haemoglobin Between Strains and Sexes of Merino Sheep
Authors: Evans JV
Published: July 2016

The concentration of potassium in, and the haemoglobin type of, the erythrocytes of five strains of Merino sheep have been determined.
A Re-Examination of the Relative Turgidity Technique for Estimating Water Deficits in Leaves
Authors: Barrs HD , Weatherley PE
Published: July 2016

The relative turgidity technique consists in comparing the initial and turgid water contents, on a percentage basis, of disks punched from leaves, the turgid water content being obtained by floating the disks on water.
The Physiology of Sugar-Cane V. Kinetics of Sugar Accumulation
Authors: Bieleski RL
Published: July 2016

Radioisotope techniques were used to study kinetics of sucrose, glucose, and fructose accumulation in slices of immature sugar�cane tissue. For all three sugars, accumulation rate was P. hyperbolic function of sugar concentration, suggesting intermediate compound formation between the sugars and some receptor or "carrier" in the cell. Sucrose and glucose interacted competitively, implying that, these two sugars (and probably also fructose, fructose 6-phosphate, and glucose I-phosphate) shared the same carrier.
Studies on Oxidized Wool V. Comparison of Protein Fractions Extracted From Wool by Peptide Mapping of Enzymic Digests
Authors: Thompson EOP , O'donnell IJ
Published: July 2016

Peptide maps, which were prepared by two-dimensional ionophoresis of various enzymic digests of chromatographically resolvable fractions of a-keratose from Merino wool, have failed to reveal any readily detectable differences despite significant differences in amino acid composition. It is postulated that some contaminant protein which remains bound to the low-sulphur "mother" protein is responsible, in part, for the chromatographic heterogeneity and variation in amino acid composition of separated fractions. Peptide maps of a-keratoses derived from Lincoln and Merino wools are very similar.
Prediction Formulae for General Combining Ability Selection Methods Utilizing One or Two Random-Mating Populations
Authors: Griffing B
Published: July 2016

This study is the first of a series in which theoretical comparisons are made among various general combining ability and specific combining ability selection methods. The particular purpose of this study is to set out the prediction formulae for all possible general combining ability selection methods which can be generated by one or two base populations.
Interrelation of Inversion Systems in the Midge Chironomus Intertinctus (Diptera: Nematocera) 1. A Sex-Linked Inversion
Authors: Martin J
Published: July 2016

One of the inversions in Chironomus (Kiefferulus) intertinctus Skuse, the Corio inversion in chromosone III, is closely linked to the sex-determining region. Different selective values in males and females result in the Standard sequence being more common in the Y -chromosomes while the Corio sequence is more common in the X-chromosomes. In a population from Echuca, Vic., only the Standard sequence occurs in the Y-chromosomes.
The Control of Tillering in the Barley Plant II. The Control of Tiller-Bud Growth During Ear Development
Authors: Aspinall D
Published: July 2016

Tho intoraction between grain number and the level of mineral nutrient supply in the control of tiller-bud elongation has been examined in two varieties of barley (cv. Pil'oline, free tillering; cv. CI. 3576, restricted tillering). It was found in Pil'oline that the level of the nutrient supply did not alter the effect of the grains, although a considerable increase in tillering at all levels of grain removal resulted from an increase in the mineral nutrient supply. In CI. 3576, on the other hand, increasing the nutrient supply decreased the influence of the grains although it required an extremely high nutrient supply to completely suppress the grain effect. The hypothesis that tillering in this variety was primarily controlled by competition between the grains and WIer buds for a limited nutrient supply was supported by an examination of the nitrogen contents of the grains and emel'ging tillers.
Studies of Proteins of Developing Wheat Endosperm: Fractionation by Ion-Exchange Chromatography
Authors: SD Graham Janet , Morton RK , Simmonds DH
Published: July 2016

Protein fractions were extracted from endosperm isolated from developing grains of Gabo, Insignia, and Dural varieties of wheat. The changes in total nitrogen and in the distribution of nitrogen in the various extracts were studied.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australis VI. Fluxes of Potassium
Authors: Hope AB
Published: July 2016

Measurements have been made of the kinetics of the movement of potassium into and out of single internodal cells of Ohara australis, with the aid of solutions labelled with 42IL Analysis of the results suggests that an appropriate model describing the kinetics is that of three compartments connected in series-the cell ,vall, cytoplasm, and vacuole.