bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solomon in Reception History
Authors: Koenig Sara M.
Published: November 2020

King Solomon is presented in the Historical Books as a multivalent character. Known for his wisdom, he makes foolish choices about multiplying his wives. Though he built and dedicated the temple for the LORD, his heart turned away from the LORD, after which the kingdom of Israel was divided into two. The multivalent biblical Solomon becomes even more multifaceted in reception history: communicating with birds and animals, controlling demons with a magic ring, fathering the Ethiopian dynasty, and working with water and planets to practice divination. Opinions are split on whether or not he repented or was forgiven for his wrongdoings; others see him as a type of Christ. Solomon’s rich reception history demonstrates how there is no single perspective on any biblical text or character, but, rather, always a variety of interpretive possibilities.
The Role of Orality and Textuality, Folklore and Scribalism in the Historical Books
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: November 2020

The border shared by oral-compositional sensibilities and written libretto is beautifully exemplified by the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible. Some of the pieces in this corpus such as Judges 5 are characterized by formulaic language, a mark of oral composition, and imagine settings for extemporaneous performance. The Historical Books offer numerous examples of narrative variants, alternate versions of comparable content, another indication of oral traditional style. On the other hand, the Historical Books frequently allude to written documents and seem to valorize letters, decrees, chronicles, and examples of monumental writing. These books are thus especially informative about attitudes to writing even while preserving and showing appreciation for oral style material. Reflecting upon scribal elites, their relationship to writing, and their attitudes to oral and written media relates to the recollection and creation of history itself and to the processes of cultural construction.
Text-Critical Issues With Samuel and Kings
Authors: Trebolle Barrera Julio , Ulrich Eugene
Published: November 2020

It is essential for any interpretive analysis of a biblical book—historical, literary, or theological—to know the character of the book’s various textual witnesses and establish a sound text. The Masoretic text is not the text of the Hebrew Bible; it is one text among others, including the Scrolls, the Samaritan, and the Septuagint. The text is developmental: it grew in different ways at different times and through the work of different authors/editors/scribes. Four separate levels of textual variation should be distinguished: variant literary editions, intentional insertions, individual variants, and orthography. The MT and LXX of Kings exhibit variant literary editions characterized by alternative readings, additions, double readings, a different arrangement of the materials, and a different chronological system. The kaige-Theodotionic and the Hexaplaric recensions provide empirical evidence of the textual growth of the Hebrew text from the first edition represented by the Vorlage of the LXX to a more developed and authorized edition represented by the (proto-)Masoretic Text.
Ezra and Nehemiah in Reception History
Authors: Siedlecki Armin
Published: November 2020

Ezra and Nehemiah have typically commanded less attention in the history of interpretation than other heroes and heroines from the history of ancient Israel and Judah. Their place in the history of interpretation must be understood within the context of their own liminality. At the same time, however, their liminality also accorded them a connecting role between different divisions or categories, which could on occasion give them a surprisingly prominent position. They are situated between positions like exile and home, author and teacher, continuity and new beginning. While they do not fully occupy these types, they nevertheless serve to connect them, a condition that implies a strong hermeneutic potential.
Mediating Dinah’s Story in Film
Authors: Burnette-Bletsch Rhonda
Published: November 2020

This essay compares and contextualizes two very different cinematic adaptations of the Dinah story (Genesis 34). The first is a postcolonial Malian film directed by political activist Cheick Oumar Sissoko, La Genèse (1999), which uses the Shechemite massacre to comment on contemporary instances of internecine warfare. The second is an American television miniseries directed by Roger Young, The Red Tent (2014), based upon Anita Diamant’s 1997 novel of the same title. While The Red Tent transforms the biblical account into a tragic love story told from the perspective of female characters, La Genèse clearly depicts Shechem’s assault as a rape and imagines Dinah as a culturally displaced shamanistic griot (storyteller). The analysis uses both cinematic readings of Genesis 34 to focalize the discussion of sexual violence in the Hebrew Bible, the polyvalence of biblical texts, and the possibility of feminist readings of rape literature.
Hagar in Nineteenth-Century Southern Women’s Novels
Authors: Lovelace Vanessa L.
Published: November 2020

The appropriation by U.S.-American blacks of the Egyptian enslaved woman, Hagar, as she appears in the book of Genesis, is epitomized in black art, literature, and cinema. Yet less familiar is the appropriation of Hagar by nineteenth-century, middle-class, white women novelists, who mostly lived during the antebellum Southern era. Their novels feature a dark, wild, female protagonist named Hagar who appears as a racially ambiguous woman. She is usually orphaned or abandoned, and she overcomes many obstacles and adversaries to fulfill her life’s purpose in the domestic sphere. Sometimes she is openly compared with the biblical Hagar, depicted as having African ancestry, and characterized as an untamed woman who is free of society’s gender constraints. Nineteenth-century domestic novels thus present stories about Hagar as a temporary escape for middle-class white women’s perceived enslavement to traditional gender expectations, as they experienced them in their individual lives. At the same time, the domestic novels disregard the experiences of nineteenth-century enslaved black women.
Lament as Womanist Healing in Times of Global Violence
Authors: Kirk-Duggan Cheryl A.
Published: November 2020

Globally, violence against women and girls is a pandemic—resulting in massive trauma and death. Certain scriptures and cultural texts condone the aggression; others adamantly protest heinous, unjust behaviors. Lament provides an avenue for naming and processing individual and communal violence, grief, and pain. This essay explores lament as response to pain and suffering generated amidst sexual and domestic violence, from a global womanist perspective. After providing a brief overview of my womanist biblical hermeneutic, this essay: (1) explores lament as a response to patriarchal misogynistic violence in Scripture, in dialog with global domestic violence; (2) explores lament embodied in selected Psalms, lamentations, and a lament by Beyoncé; and (3) concludes by invoking lament as a pathway of engaging global, daily loss and grief.
Ezekiel in the Jewish Tradition
Authors: Eisenstat Yedida
Published: November 2020

After a brief survey of early rabbinic ambivalence toward this controversial prophetic book and its use in synagogue liturgy, this chapter traces the history of rabbinic interpretation of the repetition of “I said to you, ‘Through your blood, live’ ” in Ezek 16:6. The midrashic tradition ascribes redemptive power to these “two bloods”—of circumcision and of the paschal lamb. This chapter argues that the “bloods” of the verse become metonyms for all of the commandments through which Jews realize their covenant with God. Both blood and circumcision (or lack thereof) were weighty symbols for Christians, too; so as Jews migrated into Christendom in larger numbers in the eleventh century, they had to address Christianity’s competing claims to the same covenant. The addition of this verse to the Jews’ circumcision liturgy upon their arrival in northern Europe can be explained in light of these shared symbols.
Structural Response to Non-Stationary Thunderstorm Outflows
Authors: Kwon Dae Kun , Solari Giovanni , Kareem Ahsan
Published: November 2020

The mechanics associated with thunderstorm outflows differ significantly from traditional turbulence in boundary layer winds both in its kinematics and dynamics. The key distinguishing attributes are the contrasting velocity profile with height, a rapid increase in speed, and the statistical features of the energetic gusts in the wind field, exhibiting a strong non-stationarity. This raises serious questions regarding the applicability of conventional stationary process-based theories, thus calling for a paradigm shift. This chapter reviews popular approaches concerning the structural analysis of non-stationary thunderstorm outflows, such as evolutionary power spectrum-based analysis, wavelet-based analysis, thunderstorm response spectrum technique involving the equivalent wind spectrum, and hybrid simulation-based analysis in the time domain. Finally, some preliminary comparisons between the results obtained using these different methods are presented.
Forecasting of Tornadoes and Downbursts
Authors: Romanic Djordje
Published: November 2020

Tornadoes and downbursts cause extreme wind speeds that often present a threat to human safety, structures, and the environment. While the accuracy of weather forecasts has increased manifold over the past several decades, the current numerical weather prediction models are still not capable of explicitly resolving tornadoes and small-scale downbursts in their operational applications. This chapter describes some of the physical (e.g., tornadogenesis and downburst formation), mathematical (e.g., chaos theory), and computational (e.g., grid resolution) challenges that meteorologists currently face in tornado and downburst forecasting.
Mexican Elites
Authors: Gilbert Dennis
Published: November 2020

A shifting constellation of elites shaped Mexican society in four periods from the late colonial era in the eighteenth century through the era of one-party rule in the mid-to-late twentieth. This essay explores the relations among the elites of these periods, including economic elites, state and party officials, revolutionaries, the professional military, and Church leaders. Themes include elite cohesion or conflict, the centralization or decentralization of elite power, the bases and preservation of elite fortunes, and social relations among elites.
Healthcare Antitrust in the United States
Authors: Greaney Thomas
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the pivotal role of antitrust law in shaping institutional and professional arrangements in American healthcare. Historically, much of what can be broadly classified as “competition policy” in healthcare is found in the application of traditional antitrust principles to the conduct and structure of provider and payer organizations rather than in any sweeping statutory enactments. Although some landmark legislation removed some important barriers to the growth of managed care, the task of dealing with unacceptable practices and problematic market structures has been left to standard antitrust law. The chapter then addresses the interplay of administrative regulation with antitrust law enforcement, noting particularly those areas where the goals of antitrust are in tension with regulation and discussing the doctrinal accommodations made to deal with that problem. It also explores the critical and delicate balance antitrust law must strike in promoting competitively structured markets while taking into account market imperfections and hard-to-measure outcome variables.
Introduction to Antitrust and the Provision of Healthcare in the United States and European Union
Authors: Greaney Thomas , Odudu Okeoghene
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses healthcare provision in the United States and European Union, setting out some of the challenges faced and solutions adopted when seeking to use antitrust law to address market power problems arising in systems of healthcare provision. In the United States, where market solutions have greatest acceptance, antitrust has played and continues to play an important role in setting boundaries regarding conduct that providers and payers may undertake. In European jurisdictions, despite the apparent absence of markets, antitrust has played a similar role on the provider side while leaving the payer side largely untouched. Thus, antitrust has been used to prevent the use or abuse of market power held by healthcare professionals, institutional healthcare providers, or a combination of the two groups, to ensure that such agreements are in the interests of healthcare service users rather than the professionals or providers themselves. Where antitrust has struggled in European jurisdictions is with the behavior of payers and the decisions that payers make—revealing, in Europe at least, some limits of antitrust.
Introduction to Provider Conflicts of Interest in Health Care
Authors: Roksandić Sunčana , Saver Richard S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter evaluates provider conflicts of interest in healthcare. Healthcare providers and institutions typically balance an array of competing interests, such as economic gain, the desire to favor colleagues, to advance in one's academic or professional career, or the needs of other patients. Conflicts of interest pervade most healthcare systems and pose considerable risks, both systemic and patient-focused, including increasing costs, harming patients, limiting choice, biasing publication decisions, and eroding trust in healthcare providers and institutions. A key element common to most interpretations of conflicts of interest is the provider's exposure to undue influence from a secondary interest. A second key element is that a conflict of interest can occur when there is merely the perception of undue influence by a secondary interest. Perception that a healthcare provider's independence has been compromised leads to reputational risk and undermines the trust of other stakeholders.
Technology and the Ontology of the Virtual
Authors: Durante Massimo
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a critical analysis of the current impact of digital technologies on the ontology of the virtual. In particular, it investigates the potential challenges to traditional metaphysics and ontology raised by the ongoing digitization of reality, which promises to increasingly result in the creation of new virtual, augmented, and mixed realities. Such realities have a profound impact both on us and on our world, since they augment, enhance, re-engineer, or subject to judgement our experience of reality. It is thus worth reflecting on how the real and the virtual currently interact and influence one another, and how they may eventually evolve into a supervening, mixed dimension.
Kicks in Style: A Punk Design Aesthetic
Authors: Bestley Russ
Published: November 2020

In parallel to the broad diversity of musical styles that accompanied the early punk explosion, the graphic design and visual communication strategies tell a similarly wide-ranging story. This chapter explores the complex relationship between the stereotype of “authentic” do-it-yourself (DIY) punk graphics and the music industry professionals who created many of the visual conventions that came to be closely associated with the subculture. While the groundswell of amateur artists, illustrators, photographers, typographers, and other cultural producers inspired by the subculture to create a new aesthetic should not be underestimated, their story has become almost the default history of punk graphic design. The role of design professionals—often with many years of experience within the music industry—has frequently been overlooked, an embarrassing secret kept in the closet for fear of undermining notions of authenticity and punk’s revolutionary rhetoric.
Touch Me I’m Rich: From Grunge to Alternative Nation
Authors: Moore Ryan
Published: November 2020

The grunge scene originally developed in Seattle as an amalgam of the sounds and styles of punk and metal during the late 1980s. Like the initial punk subculture of the 1970s, grunge spoke to alienated young people growing up in a time of economic dislocation and social discord. But in the early 1990s, grunge suddenly catapulted to the top of the charts and made an enormous impact on mainstream music, fashion, and culture through the success of bands like Nirvana and Pearl Jam. The appropriation of grunge by commercial popular culture can only be understood as part of a larger transformation within late capitalism that facilitated the commodification of a wide range of formerly “alternative” or “underground” subcultures. Various commercial forces sought to capitalize on the perceived authenticity of grunge in a moment that demanded innovative methods of stealth marketing to “Generation X.” However, this threatened the enduring oppositions between art and commerce and alternative and mainstream that define “subcultural capital,” and was met with a backlash from young people. This chapter examines the rise and fall of grunge within the context of these larger dynamics of late capitalism.
Equity
Authors: McFarlane Ben
Published: November 2020

This chapter assesses the relationship between Equity and the New Private Law. It addresses two general questions. The first is what the New Private Law can do for Equity. Recent work on Equity not only exemplifies the significance of the New Private Law but is also vital to justifying the continued distinctiveness of Equitable, as opposed to common law, principles. The second general question is what Equity can do for the New Private Law. If Equity owes much to the New Private Law, the reverse is also true. The distinctiveness of private law lies in the correlative nature of the legal relations it recognizes. By recognizing that duties and liabilities of a defendant correlate to rights of a claimant, it places the claimant in a powerful position. If, then, the distinctiveness of private law lies in the bilateral relationship between defendant and claimant, justifying that distinctiveness requires the identification of mechanisms to deal with the risks created by such a relationship. And Equity provides just such mechanisms. Specific Equitable principles play an important role in justifying the operation of key private law rules, as those Equitable principles mitigate potential specific injustices, as between claimant and defendant, that would otherwise arise from those primary private law rules.
False Advertising Law
Authors: Klass Gregory
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores false advertising law. In the United States, false advertising law lives in statutes and regulations; it is enforced by federal agencies and state attorneys general; and its rules can seem designed more to promote consumer welfare and market efficiency than to enforce interpersonal obligations or compensate for wrongful losses. If one views the divide between public and private law as a fixed border between independent regions, false advertising law appears to fall in the domain of public law. The chapter’s working hypothesis is that that picture is a false one. Although it can be helpful to distinguish private from public law, the line between them is not so sharp. Laws that fall on the private side of the divide can be designed in light of purposes and principles commonly associated with public law, and vice versa. U.S. false advertising law provides an example. Despite the fact that it is commonly classified as public law, one can find in it structures, functions, and values commonly associated with private law. The structural features include horizontal duties, transfer remedies, private enforcement, and judge-made rules. False advertising law is unusual in that it imposes on advertisers one duty owed to two distinct categories of persons. The duty not to engage in deceptive advertising is owed both to consumers, who might be deceived by an advertisement, and to honest competitors, who might lose sales as a result of consumer deception.
Systems Theory
Authors: Smith Henry E.
Published: November 2020

Accounts of private law in general and property in particular have downplayed traditional notions of system in favor of a sum-of-the-parts reductionism. Recent developments in complex systems theory allows a reassessment of this picture. A system is a collection of elements and the connections between and among them; complex systems are ones in which the properties of the system as a whole are difficult to infer from the properties of the parts. Private law is a complex system. Taking the bundle of rights in property law as a starting point, the chapter shows that conventional analysis is overly reductive in that it assumes that the attributes of the whole bundle are the additive sum of the attributes of the “sticks” in the bundle taken individually. Theoretically and empirically, this aggregative approach is not as accurate as one based on “organized complexity,” points in the direction of the New Private Law: systems theory leads to a better and more unified account of the bundle of rights, standardization in property, possession, title, and equity. Systems theory also promises to mitigate some of the dichotomies in private law, such as holism versus reductionism, homogeneity versus specialization, formalism versus contextualism, and public versus private law.
Humanism and Political Identity
Authors: Navarro-Rivera Juhem
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on humanist political identities and how these shape views on various social, cultural, and political matters. The chapter considers “humanists” as people (a) who are nontheistic, meaning they do not believe in God; and (b) whose worldviews are shaped not by religious belief but by science and philosophy. This definition of humanist overlaps with the segment of the population that consider itself atheist but is not entirely composed of self-identified atheists. For this reason, the humanist cohort is not limited to the nonreligious. An analysis of the 2014 Religious Landscape Survey conducted by the Pew Research Center’s Religion & Public Life Project shows that humanists in the United States hold views about politics, economics, and culture that are more liberal than most religious Americans. As humanism becomes better known and embraced by more nonreligious Americans, their views could become an important part of the Democratic Party coalition.
Humanism and Literature
Authors: Strube Miriam
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores multiple connections between humanism and literature in Europe and the United States. The period covered extends from antiquity to the twenty-first century. The first part of the chapter discusses the intrinsic connection between literature and humanism, the humanist program and literary form, humanism institutionalizing literature since the Renaissance, and humanist education and liberal arts. The second part turns more directly to literary works (the nineteenth-century democratic tradition, Black humanism, and ecohumanism), presenting exemplary readings from humanist scholars. These readings show, first, how literature has continuously broadened the humanist focus, especially in terms of sociopolitical and intersectional themes, and second, that literature fulfills a fundamental function in humanist scholarship across the disciplines.
An Intersectional Approach to the ‘Mobility Trap’ That Ensnares Migrant Youth in China
Authors: Gu Xiaorong
Published: November 2020

This essay explores the theory of intersectionality in the study of youths’ lives and social inequality in the Global South. It begins with an overview of the concept of intersectionality and its wide applications in social sciences, followed by a proposal for regrounding the concept in the political economic systems in particular contexts (without assuming the universality of capitalist social relations in Northern societies), rather than positional identities. These systems lay material foundations, shaping the multiple forms of deprivation and precarity in which Southern youth are embedded. A case study of rural migrant youths’ ‘mobility trap’ in urban China is used to illustrate how layers of social institutions and structures in the country’s transition to a mixed economy intersect to influence migrant youths’ aspirations and life chances. The essay concludes with ruminations on the theoretical and social implications of the political-economy-grounded intersectionality approach for youth studies.
Precarity, Fixers, and New Imaginative Subjectivities of Youth in Urban Cameroon
Authors: Fuh Divine
Published: November 2020

This essay explores how it may be possible to dismantle and recreate frameworks for understanding youth agency and precarity in African cities. These are places where youth are regularly portrayed as toxic. The essay reflects and builds on an emerging body of literature that approaches youth as civic agents actively involved in reimagining and recreating alternative possibilities for themselves and their communities. Addressing these works, the notion of fixers is used to unpack the ways in which young men exhibit care and solidarity in urban Cameroon. Through productive masculinities, urban youth develop new modes of agency that allow them to become entrepreneurs of hope, despite the permanent difficulties of finding a place in a society that apparently does not have one for them.
Necropolitics and Young Mapuche Activists as a Public Menace in Argentina
Authors: Kropff Causa Laura
Published: November 2020

Drawing from Latin-American and Argentinean ethnic studies, in dialogue with African philosophy and African youth studies, this essay addresses collective agency as it emerges at the intersection of age and ethnicity within national formations of otherness. These formations organize how people live and define who must die and how. The aim is to develop a theoretical input to enrich the debate on the concept of intersectionality. The essay focuses on how young Mapuche activism dismantles and/or reproduces identities and experiences available to Mapuche youth in contemporary Argentina. This activism gained prominence recently due to a neoliberal change in national politics that rearranged the relationship between the nation and its internal others in order to legitimize violent repression of social protest. Within this context, young Mapuche activists (mainly male) are portrayed as a public menace.
Personhood and Youth-Making in Contemporary Indigenous Amazonia
Authors: Virtanen Pirjo Kristiina , Manchinery Alessandra Severino da Silva
Published: November 2020

This essay looks at the construction of personhood in Brazilian Amazonia from the perspective of Indigenous youth. In Amazonian sociocosmology, personhood is constructed relationally, a process in which the body is a distinctive factor. Consequently, during schooling and university studies, young people have responded to and resisted representations and policies that have often silenced Indigenous voices and limited their fabrication of bodies. The contemporary social responsibilities of Indigenous youth and the challenges faced in undertaking them shape how their subjectivity, agency, and recognized social belonging are being constantly increased, removed, or even denied. The essay draws from anthropological theories of relational personhood, as well as ideas of geo- and body-politics present in theorizing on the Global South.
The History of Ideas on Luxury in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Berry Christopher J.
Published: November 2020

From the Stoics into Christian teaching and on into the Renaissance, luxury belonged in a moralised vocabulary of virtue, characterised by living the simple natural life and rational control of bodily desires. This framework was overturned; luxury was demoralised. Though the product of many causes over at least a couple of centuries, two background conditions or developments stand out. The first is the post-Galilean “revolution” in physics and the associated but fundamental rethinking of epistemology and ethics. Reason’s controlling and motivating force was rejected in favour of that role being played by passions or desires. The second development was a defence of commerce. This was defensive because it too had to combat the assumptions and prejudices of the Greek and Roman moralists who saw implicit in commerce conduct and values antipathetic to virtue. The defence had begun in the seventeenth century in pamphlets on “trade”, but what was decisive was a philosophical demoralisation of luxury as a source of individual and social corruption. Though begun earlier, this reevaluation achieved its definitive expression in the eighteenth century. At the heart of this shift was a defence of the modern world of commerce in which luxury was a positive force because it served to enhance social well-being, including the rightful enjoyment of material benefits by all.
Why Luxury Brands Partner with Artists
Authors: Joy Annamma , Belk Russell W.
Published: November 2020

This chapter studies why luxury brands partner with artists through an historical overview of such alliances and a case study of Louis Vuitton, which has collaborated with an unusually varied range of artists. Fewer media have been offered a more effective fit with the world of luxury-brand marketing than synergistic partnerships with artists. The artists gain increased exposure and, should they wish, a market-blessed legitimacy; the brand benefits from a perception of épater la bourgeois legitimacy—and thus authenticity—through its alliances with street-wise avatars of youth, rebellion, and cutting-edge modernism. Additionally, the chapter discusses the appropriation of luxury-brand artisanship, styles, and logos by street fashion designers and artists; participating in partnerships with the brands themselves; and spurring the rise of diversity within the industry. Further, it explores the concept of artification and the rise of luxury-brand museums. In closing, the chapter addresses potential future directions for partnerships between luxury brands and artists, taking into account the evolving role of luxury fashion in today’s new brand of artist, the multihyphenated megacelebrity.
Late Medieval Written Culture in the Realm of King St. Stephan
Authors: Šedivý Juraj
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the written culture of the former Kingdom of Hungary during the late medieval period, discussing book culture as well as pragmatic writing (diplomatic and administrative writing) in the region. The author traces the emergence of Gothic scripts and analyzes their development from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, finishing with a look at the introduction of humanistic scripts and book culture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The Book Trade in the Middle Ages
Authors: Fianu Kouky
Published: November 2020

Taking medieval Paris as a case study, the author examines the evidence for the book trade in the Middle Ages, from commercial, cultural, and social perspectives. If book production was concentrated in the early Middle Ages in monasteries and on religous texts, after 1200 university texts and lay vernacular works began to comprise a greater proportion of the output, aimed at new markets. These new audiences supported a variety of craftsmen, variously regulated by the University and the secular authorities, concentrated around the cathedrals. Booksellers, libraires, increasingly supervised the diverse craftmen engaged in book production.
Abbreviations
Authors: Pluta Olaf
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the use of abbreviations in Latin manuscripts of the Middle Ages. It provides illustrated examples of the most common abbreviations, and it discusses general abbreviation techniques. It concludes with an introduction to a computer database of medieval Latin abbreviations.
Scriptoria and Libraries of Northern Italy
Authors: Cherubini Paolo
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the scriptoria and libraries of northern Italy during the seventh and eighth centuries, including those at Ivrea, Vercelli, Novara, Milan, Pavia, Monza, Verona, Aquileia, Bobbio, Nonantola and Ravenna. The author discusses the variety of scripts employed for books (Uncial, Half-uncial, curive) in this period, and provides historical context for the surviving manuscripts of this region.
Books of Hours
Authors: Watson Rowan
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the history of Books of Hours, prayer books that emerged during the thirteenth century, and for the next three centuries were the principal devotional books of the laity. The author discusses the formats of standard Books of Hours, their iconography, content, numbers and distribution, and elements of their production and ownership.
Anglo-Saxon Glosses and Grammars
Authors: Lendinara Patrizia
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys Old English glosses of Latin works in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts and discusses the format of glosses, the types of texts that were glossed, hermeneutic texts, merographs, dry-point glosses, glossae collectae, class glossaries, and alphabetical glossaries. The author also treats the production and study of grammar in Anglo-Saxon England, touching on the works of Bede, Tatwine, Boniface, Alcuin, Priscian, and Aelfric.
The Application of Quantitative Methods to the History of the Book
Authors: Ornato Ezio
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines quantitative methods in the study of manuscripts, discussing the quantification of various measureable aspects of medieval book production, the typographic composition of early printing shops, the physical characteristics of manuscripts, and the measurements of page layouts, while arguing that the quantitative study of books is fundamentally focused on understanding the “why” of book production, rather than the “who, what, when, where, and how”.
Half-Uncial
Authors: Babcock Robert G.
Published: November 2020

Half-uncial script, also known as Semi-uncial, is a calligraphic, minuscule script (that is, written between four lines), used as a book hand from the fourth to the eighth century. It was less formal and also less popular than its contemporary, Uncial, of which about four times as many examples survive.
Greek Script In Latin Manuscripts
Authors: Berschin Walter
Published: November 2020

This chapter briefly surveys the use of the Greek alphabet in Latin manuscripts of the Middle Ages, when it was employed both to write the Greek words which are frequently embedded in the works of Late Latin authors as well as for encryption and decoration. Also touched upon are the most substantial Western examples of Greek manuscripts of the medieval period, including bilingual Greek-Latin Bibles and glossaries. At the end of the fourteenth century, Greek began to be studied more intensively in the West, and from then on Greek manuscripts became more common.
Late Carolingian
Authors: Ferrari Mirella
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys Late Carolingian minuscule in Italy (eleventh and twelfth centuries), discussing the development of a regional varieties of Late Carolingian script in distinct “writing provinces”: the Northwest (Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia), the Northeast, and the Center, as well as the North-Central (Modena, Bologna, and Romagna). The Central region is further divided into Tuscan and Umbro-Roman sub-provinces. In addition to the geographic distinctions of the Italian scripts, chonological developments are discussed, as well as the differences in script based on differing classes of books, and the influence of documentary scripts on bookhands.
Humanistic Script
Authors: De Robertis Teresa
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the origins of the Humanistic script in Italy during the late-fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, discussing how the Italian humanists consciously employed an older medieval script, the littera antiqua or Caroline minuscule, when copying manuscripts of Classical texts. It examines the aesthetic, cultural, and functional differences between these Classical texts that the humanists wrote “all’antica” and the modern “Gothic” scripts, which were used for other genres.
Pen-Flourished Decoration
Authors: Stones Alison
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines minor decoration in medieval manuscripts, specifically the embellishment of initial letters and borders, drawn with pen and ink, and how these differ (in color, size, elaboration, style, and signification) in manuscripts of differing periods and provenience. Particular emphasis is placed on known decorators and their products and on how more careful study of this level of decoration can aid in dating and localizing manuscripts, as well as in understanding medieval attitudes towards texts.
Scripts of Merovingian Gaul
Authors: Ganz David
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys some of the pre-Caroline minuscule scripts in use in Merovingian and Italian writing centers during the eighth century. It includes overviews of the following scripts: Laon az, the eN, ab, and Maurdramnus scripts of Corbie, and b-minuscule.
Theorizing Curation
Authors: Davis Jenny L.
Published: November 2020

Through a theoretical and substantive review, the author argues that curation is a central thread that weaves together and underlies multiple and diverse elements of personal and public life. This argument is built on a theoretical scaffold which delineates curation as a situated matrix of production and consumption, networks, and code. Defined broadly as the discriminate selection and organization of materials, the author documents curation as it figures into identity processes, content moderation, news and information, and recommender systems. The curatorial matrix (production and consumption, networks and code) ties together distinct literatures from across internet and information studies. This places scholars in conversation with each other and demonstrates curation as a foundational process in an environment marked by data saturation. The author first outlines curation as a theoretical construct and then reviews select works, rooting them in the curatorial matrix.
From “Impact” to “Negotiation”
Authors: Puckett Cassidy , Rafalow Matthew H.
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, the authors reframe the question of the “impact” of educational technology use as a sociopolitical negotiation, linking to broader processes of social stratification deeply embedded in the fabric of educational systems. While prior research asks narrowly, “What is the impact of technology use in schools?” the new approach asks, “How does the negotiation of existing inequalities shape unequal use and unequal outcomes?” Comparing past scholarship to more recent research that uses this new approach, the authors highlight the benefits of this reframing. Viewed as the negotiation of preexisting inequality, research shows that educational technology use involves the ongoing categorization of technology use and the matching of privileged groups to privileged technology uses and links micro- and meso-level processes to macro-level social stratification. Overall, the authors highlight the need for research on educational technologies that takes a critical perspective on the intimate connection between school technology use and inequality.
Divided Against Itself
Authors: Muldoon Paul
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines how the prior occupation of Indigenous peoples compromises the acquisition of sovereignty over Australia and undermines the integrity of its governing institutions. It explains why the principle of terra nullius provides an unstable basis for the polity and how an adherence to conventional notions of sovereignty prevents it from developing a lawful relationship with First Nations. The chapter concludes by arguing for a more relational conception of political community in which Indigenous sovereignty is not suppressed out of fear of division.
Inside Competitive Electoral Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe, 2008–2018
Authors: Zamchiya Phillan
Published: November 2020

Most African states today are characterized as hybrid regimes that occupy a ‘grey zone’ between liberal democracy and naked authoritarianism. Whilst political scientists often argue that these regimes produce a competitive electoral authoritarianism, their arguments generalize across a diverse range of regimes and overlook local logics of electoral subversion. This article therefore provides a detailed empirical investigation through a case study of the 2013 and 2018 general elections in Zimbabwe. Since the end of British colonial rule in 1980, Zimbabwe has kept its constitutional obligation to hold regular elections. However, the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) has used multiple strategies to manipulate elections, remaining in power despite the creation of a popular opposition, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), in 1999. Scholarly attempts to explain this hegemony through the competitive advantages of the incumbent and ‘smart rigging’ fail to address adequately local patterns of electoral manipulation and their delegitimizing effects. Central to ZANU-PF’s strategy is the conflation of the state and the ruling party from the centre down to the village level, with coercion as the perennial autocratic feature. However, in the June 2008 elections, the use of naked coercion undermined ZANU-PF’s power and legitimacy. Subsequently, in the 2013 and 2018 general elections, ZANU-PF relied upon covert manipulation, but never wholly gave up coercion because the opposition remained competitive, and political legitimacy contested. A view from marginal rural areas, which have been neglected in academic studies, provides invaluable insight into the interplay of electoral strategies and helps to illuminate how a delegitimized ruling party clings to power.
Hinduism and Meditation
Authors: Wernicke-Olesen Bjarne
Published: November 2020

Yoga, meditation, and asceticism have been intimately linked throughout Indian religious history since the early beginnings in the ascetic reformism of India’s “axial age.” Traditional yoga addresses the main concerns of the ascetic reformism and is a practical method to solve the problem of suffering and attain liberation from this world. It primarily refers to the practice of meditation as described and systematized in the later classical yoga of Patañjali, where yoga is a synonym for non-cognitive samādhi, the highest state of consciousness. As indicated in the Upaniṣads and the yoga-auxiliaries, meditation consists in stilling the body, the senses, and the mind through a withdrawal of the senses, breath-control, and fixing the mind on a single point (including god or īśvara) as a way to reach samādhi. These techniques were combined with Sāṃkhya philosophy and other ideas and terminology (especially Buddhist) from the ascetic reformism discourse and systematized into a whole by Patañjali in the Pātañjalayogaśāstra in the fourth century ce. Via this kind of Brahmanical Sanskritic adaptation of ascetic practices, yoga and meditation became gradually incorporated into the mainstream of Indian religious life and were successfully exported to the Western world almost two millennia later.
The Far Right
Authors: Georgiadou Vasiliki
Published: November 2020

The chapter outlines the trajectory of the Far Right’s identity, political performance, and electoral evolution in Greece since the 2000s. The course of the Greek far Right comprises two phases: in the first phase the Far Right was at the margins of the political arena, whereas the second phase corresponds to its breakthrough in the earthquake elections of 2012 that signifies a period of fluidity and simultaneous rise of right-wing and left-wing radicalization. The chapter examines the conditions under which the onset and electoral success of far Right parties occurred. In particular, the focus is on the Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) which is classified among the populist radical right parties, and the People’s Association—Golden Dawn that is a pro-violence extremist right-wing party. It is explained what makes each party typical of the two major variants of the European far Right. Concentrating on relevant theories that are divided into ‘demand-side’ and ‘supply-side’ accounts, the chapter identifies factors originated in grievances—socio-economic or cultural—as well as political opportunities that offer possible explanations for the rise of the far Right in Greece. The final part is devoted to the militia-like organizational structure of Golden Dawn and the profile of its voters who equate parliamentary democracy with a ‘camouflaged authoritarian regime’, express the need for a strong leader, and the will to take justice into their own hands.
The State and Economic Development
Authors: Giannitsis Tassos
Published: November 2020

The chapter focuses on the role and impact of public policies on Greece’s economic development mainly in the period after 1974. The aim is to investigate the key interactions between state policies and economic development, identify the factors hampering or driving economic development during this long period, provide a deeper insight into the links and causalities between the short- and long-term dimensions of policy-making and its nexus to economic development, and reveal the underlying social and political dynamics. In a first part, the focus is on the long-term determinants of Greece’s post-war development, (role of the state, weak technological and innovation capabilities, macroeconomic imbalances, over-indebtedness, and pension system). In a second part, six major phases are distinguished and the focus is on the economic performance, the role of governance, deindustrialization, and structural weaknesses, the significant changes regarding the integration of Greece into the European Union and the eurozone, and the unfolding of the business sector during these phases. Regarding the crisis period, the chapter examines how besides its macroeconomic nature, the crisis was also the outcome of accumulated structural weaknesses and inappropriate long- and short-term policy choices. Finally, it displays the complexity involved in overcoming deeply entrenched attitudes and behaviours, including government practices, which appear to generate satisfactory results in the short- or medium-run, but make necessary extensive and highly painful interventions at later stages.
Health Policy and Politics
Authors: Petmesidou Maria
Published: November 2020

This chapter critically examines the health policy trajectory and reform dynamics since the restoration of democracy in Greece in 1974. After a brief Introduction, the second section highlights the distinctive features of the Greek health-care system that make it a ‘sui generis’ case in comparative studies. It uses analytical tools from the available literature on policy formation (such as, the concepts of ‘institutional layering’ and ‘windows of opportunity’ for policy breakthroughs), and sets out an explanatory framework for understanding the prolonged ‘halfway transformation’ from a deeply fragmented social health insurance system to universal health care. The third section provides a short historical account of the origins and development of social health insurance up to the late-1970s. Section 4 scrutinizes the (incomplete) establishment of a National Health System (ESY, Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας), in 1983, the policy stalemate during the 1990s, and the failed attempt to tackle persistent fragmentation and inequalities in coverage and funding, in the early 2000s. Section 5 unravels the confluence of factors during the crisis years, and under the three bailout programmes, which catalysed significant changes in light of the 1983 ‘path shift’, though in a way that greatly weakened the scope and quality of public provision. The concluding section stresses the need for systematic research on the complex issue of equity, comprehensiveness, and fiscal sustainability under conditions of strained public resources.