bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A microRNA‐7/growth arrest specific 6/TYRO3 axis regulates the growth and invasiveness of sorafenib‐resistant cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kabir Tasnuva D. , Ganda Clarissa , Brown Rikki M. , Beveridge Dianne J. , Richardson Kirsty L. , Chaturvedi Vishal , Candy Patrick , Epis Michael , Wintle Larissa , Kalinowski Felicity , Kopp Christina , Stuart Lisa M. , Yeoh George C. , George Jacob , Leedman Peter J.
Published: August 2017

Sorafenib remains the only approved drug for treating patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the therapeutic effect of sorafenib is transient, and patients invariably develop sorafenib resistance (SR). Recently, TYRO3, a member of the TYRO3‐AXL‐MER family of receptor tyrosine kinases, was identified as being aberrantly expressed in a significant proportion of HCC; however, its role in SR is unknown. In this study, we generated two functionally distinct sorafenib‐resistant human Huh‐7 HCC cell lines in order to identify new mechanisms to abrogate acquired SR as well as new potential therapeutic targets in HCC. Initially, we investigated the effects of a microRNA (miR), miR‐7‐5p (miR‐7), in both in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of human HCC and identified miR‐7 as a potent tumor suppressor of human HCC. We identified TYRO3 as a new functional target of miR‐7, which regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion of Huh‐7 cells through the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B pathway and is markedly elevated with acquisition of SR. Furthermore, miR‐7 effectively silenced TYRO3 expression in both sorafenib‐sensitive and sorafenib‐resistant Huh‐7 cells, inhibiting TYRO3/growth arrest specific 6‐mediated cancer cell migration and invasion. Conclusion: We identified a mechanism for acquiring SR in HCC that is through the aberrant expression of the TYRO3/phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction pathway, and that can be overcome by miR‐7 overexpression. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for miR‐7 as an RNA‐based therapeutic to treat refractory and drug‐resistant HCC. (Hepatology 2018;67:216‐231)
NSCs promote hippocampal neurogenesis, metabolic changes and synaptogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: Zhang Wei , Gu Guo‐Jun , Zhang Qi , Liu Jian‐Hui , Zhang Bo , Guo Yi , Wang Mei‐Yun , Gong Qi‐Yong , Xu Jian‐Rong
Published: August 2017

Adult neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling persist as a unique form of structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles due to the existence of neural stem cells (NSCs). Transplantation of NSCs may represent a promising approach for the recovery of neural circuits. Here, we aimed to examine effects of highly neuronal differentiation of NSCs transplantation on hippocampal neurogenesis, metabolic changes and synaptic formation in APP/PS1 mice. 12‐month‐old APP/PS1 mice were used for behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry, western blot, transmission electron microscopy and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS). The results showed that N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and Glutamate (Glu) levels were increased in the Tg‐NSC mice compared with the Tg‐PBS and Tg‐AD mice 10 weeks after NSCs transplantation. NSC‐induced an increase in expression of synaptophysin and postsynaptic protein‐95, and the number of neurons with normal synapses was significantly increased in Tg‐NSC mice. More doublecortin‐, BrdU/NeuN‐ and Nestin‐positive neurons were observed in the hippocampal DG and SVZ of the Tg‐NSC mice. This is the first demonstration that engrafted NSCs with a high differentiation rate to neurons can enhance neurogenesis in a mouse model of AD and can be detected by 1H‐MRS in vivo. It is suggested that engraft of NSCs can restore memory and promote endogenous neurogenesis and synaptic remodeling, moreover, 1H‐MRS can detect metabolite changes in AD mice in vivo. The observed changes in NAA/creatine (Cr) and glutamate (Glu)/Cr may be correlated with newborn neurons and new synapse formation.
Methodological considerations for disentangling a risk factor's influence on disease incidence versus postdiagnosis survival: The example of obesity and breast and colorectal cancer mortality in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Cespedes Feliciano Elizabeth M. , Prentice Ross L. , Aragaki Aaron K. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Banack Hailey R. , Kroenke Candyce H. , Ho Gloria Y.F. , Zaslavsky Oleg , Strickler Howard D. , Cheng Ting‐Yuan David , Chlebowski Rowan T. , Saquib Nazmus , Nassir Rami , Anderson Garnet , Caan Bette J.
Published: August 2017

Often, studies modeling an exposure's influence on time to disease‐specific death from study enrollment are incorrectly interpreted as if based on time to death from disease diagnosis. We studied 151,996 postmenopausal women without breast or colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Initiative with weight and height measured at enrollment (1993–1998). Using Cox regression models, we contrast hazard ratios (HR) from two time‐scales and corresponding study subpopulations: time to cancer death after enrollment among all women and time to cancer death after diagnosis among only cancer survivors. Median follow‐up from enrollment to diagnosis/censoring was 13 years for both breast (7,633 cases) and colorectal cancer (2,290 cases). Median follow‐up from diagnosis to death/censoring was 7 years for breast and 5 years for colorectal cancer. In analyses of time from enrollment to death, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2 versus 18.5–<25 kg/m2 was associated with higher rates of cancer mortality: HR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.54, 2.56 for breast cancer (p trend <0.001) and HR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.88 for colorectal cancer (p trend = 0.05). However, in analyses of time from diagnosis to cancer death, trends indicated no significant association (for BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2, HR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.67 for breast [p trend = 0.33] and HR = 1.18; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.86 for colorectal cancer [p trend = 0.39]). We conclude that a risk factor that increases disease incidence will increase disease‐specific mortality. Yet, its influence on postdiagnosis survival can vary, and requires consideration of additional design and analysis issues such as selection bias. Quantitative tools allow joint modeling to compare an exposure's influence on time from enrollment to disease incidence and time from diagnosis to death.
Iron N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Reduction Reactions
Authors: Lopes Rita , Royo Beatriz
Published: August 2017

Iron N‐heterocyclic carbene research has witnessed a spectacular growth in the last decade. A wide number of catalytic applications have been recently disclosed, demonstrating the enormous potential of Fe‐NHCs in organic synthesis. Catalytic reductions of multiple bonds through hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, hydrosilylation and hydroboration processes constitute important transformations. To date, this field of research is still in its infancy. Over the past few years our group has contributed to this area by developing new efficient and selective iron‐NHC complexes for the reduction of unsaturated organic groups. This review provides a concise overview of Fe‐NHC catalysed reduction reactions to push for further progress in this exciting area of research.
Is Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities an Independent Risk Factor of Vertebral Fractures? A Prospective Study From a Chinese Population
Authors: Wen Junping , Tang Kaka , Zhu Fengye , Lin Wei , Rao Huiying , Huang Huibin , Yao Jin , Chen Ling , Liang Jixing , Lin Lixiang , Chen Hongjie , Li Meizhi , Gong Xueying , Peng Shushan , Lu Jieli , Bi Yufang , Wang Weiqing , Ning Guang , Zhu Pengli , Chen Gang
Published: August 2017

Low bone mineral density (BMD) and microvascular diseases (MVD) share various common risk factors; however, whether MVD is an independent risk factor of vertebral fractures is incompletely understood. The aim of this study is to clarify whether MVD is an independent risk factor of vertebral fractures. In this prospective study, calcaneal BMD and retinal microvascular abnormalities were assessed at baseline from June 2011 to January 2012. A total of 2176 premenopausal women, 2633 postmenopausal women, 2998 men aged <65 years, and 737 men aged ≥65 were included. Then with/without retinal microvascular abnormalities cohorts were followed for an average of 2.93 years to find out the relationship between MVD and vertebral fractures. At the baseline, after full adjustment, retinal microvascular abnormalities were related to risk of low BMD only in men aged ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR] = 2.506; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.454–4.321; p = 0.001). After follow‐up of 2.93 years, retinal microvascular abnormalities were related to risk of vertebral fractures in men aged ≥65 years (OR = 2.475; 95% CI 1.085–5.646; p = 0.031) when adjustment for confounding factors. However, no associations were found between MVD and vertebral fractures in men aged <65 years, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. When stratified by diabetes, in the without‐diabetes group, the men with retinal microvascular abnormalities had higher risk for vertebral fractures than without retinopathy (OR = 2.194; 95% CI 1.097–4.389; p = 0.026); however, the difference was not found in women. In the diabetes group, there were no significant differences of risk for vertebral fractures between those with retinal microvascular abnormalities and those without both in men and women. Stratified by hypertension, the men with retinopathy had higher risk for vertebral fractures than those without among the hypertension group (OR = 2.034; 95% CI 1.163–3.559; p = 0.013), but a difference was not found among women. In the without‐hypertension group, no relation was found between MVD and fracture both in men and women. In conclusion, MVD is an independent risk factor of vertebral fractures in old men. © 2017 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cinacalcet Rectifies Hypercalcemia in a Patient With Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia Type 2 (FHH2) Caused by a Germline Loss-of-Function Gα11 Mutation
Authors: Gorvin Caroline M , Hannan Fadil M , Cranston Treena , Valta Helena , Makitie Outi , Schalin-Jantti Camilla , Thakker Rajesh V
Published: August 2017

G-protein subunit α-11 (Gα11) couples the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated intracellular calcium (Ca2+i) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which in the parathyroid glands and kidneys regulates parathyroid hormone release and urinary calcium excretion, respectively. Heterozygous germline loss-of-function Gα11 mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia type 2 (FHH2), for which effective therapies are currently not available. Here, we report a novel heterozygous Gα11 germline mutation, Phe220Ser, which was associated with hypercalcemia in a family with FHH2. Homology modeling showed the wild-type (WT) Phe220 nonpolar residue to form part of a cluster of hydrophobic residues within a highly conserved cleft region of Gα11, which binds to and activates PLC; and predicted that substitution of Phe220 with the mutant Ser220 polar hydrophilic residue would disrupt PLC-mediated signaling. In vitro studies involving transient transfection of WT and mutant Gα11 proteins into HEK293 cells, which express the CaSR, showed the mutant Ser220 Gα11 protein to impair CaSR-mediated Ca2+i and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) MAPK signaling, consistent with diminished activation of PLC. Furthermore, engineered mutagenesis studies demonstrated that loss of hydrophobicity within the Gα11 cleft region also impaired signaling by PLC. The loss-of-function associated with the Ser220 Gα11 mutant was rectified by treatment of cells with cinacalcet, which is a CaSR-positive allosteric modulator. Furthermore, in vivo administration of cinacalcet to the proband harboring the Phe220Ser Gα11 mutation, normalized serum ionized calcium concentrations. Thus, our studies, which report a novel Gα11 germline mutation (Phe220Ser) in a family with FHH2, reveal the importance of the Gα11 hydrophobic cleft region for CaSR-mediated activation of PLC, and show that allosteric CaSR modulation can rectify the loss-of-function Phe220Ser mutation and ameliorate the hypercalcemia associated with FHH2. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Tumor‐derived exosomes: Potential biomarker or therapeutic target in breast cancer?
Authors: Hesari AmirReza , Golrokh Moghadam Seyed Ali , Siasi AmirShayan , Rahmani Mahsa , Behboodi Negin , Rastgar‐Moghadam Azam , Ferns Gordon A. , Ghasemi Faezeh , Avan Amir
Published: August 2017

Exosomes are released by normal and tumour cells, including those involved in breast cancer, and provide a means of intercellular communications. Exosomes with diameters ranging between 30‐150 nm are involved in transferring biological information, via various lipids, proteins, different forms of RNAs, and DNA from one cell to another, and this can result in reprogramming of recipient cell functions. These vesicles are present in all body fluids, for example, blood plasma/serum, semen, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, and urine. It has been recently reported that these particles are involved in the development and progression of different tumor types, including breast cancer. Furthermore, it has been suggested that exosomes have the potential to be used as drug transporters, or as biomarkers. This review highlights the potential roles of exosomes in normal and breast cancer cells and their potential applications as biomarkers with special focus on their potential applications in treatment of breast cancer.
Canonical orbital contributions to the magnetic fields induced by global and local diatropic and paratropic ring currents
Authors: Charistos Nickolas D. , Papadopoulos Anastasios G. , Nikopoulos Thomas A. , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro , Sigalas Michael P.
Published: August 2017

The induced magnetic field (IMF) of naphthalene, biphenyl, biphenylene, benzocyclobutadiene, and pentalene is dissected to contributions from the total π system, canonical π‐molecular orbitals (CMO), and HOMO→π* excitations, to evaluate and interpret relative global and local diatropicity and paratropicity. Maps of the IMF of the total π system reveal its relative strength and topology that corresponds to global and local diatropic and paratropic ring currents. The total π magnetic response is determined by this of canonical HOMOs and particularly by paratropic contributions of rotational excitations from HOMOs to unoccupied π* orbitals. Low energy excitations and similar nodal structure of HOMO and π* induce strong paratropic fields that dominate on antiaromatic rings. High energy excitations and different nodal structures lead to weak paratropic contributions of canonical HOMOs, which are overwhelmed by diatropic response of lower energy canonical orbitals in aromatic rings. CMO‐IMF analysis is found in agreement with ring current analysis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simvastatin induces G1 arrest by up‐regulating GSK3β and down‐regulating CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E1 in human primary colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Chen Ming‐Jenn , Cheng An‐Ching , Lee Ming‐Fen , Hsu Yi‐Chiang
Published: August 2017

Simvastatin (SIM), a widely used cholesterol‐lowering drug, also exhibits tumor‐suppressive potentials in several types of malignancy. Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common malignant neoplasm, accounts for the second most leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of SIM on CRC using primary cancer cells lines (CPs: CP1 to CP5) isolated from five Taiwanese colorectal cancer patients as a model for colorectal cancer. We treated all five CPs with SIM for 24–72 hr and observed the respective cell viability by an MTT assay. SIM increased DNA content of the G1 phase, but did not induce apoptosis/necrosis in CPs as shown by flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI)/annexin V double staining and PI staining. The expression of G1 phase‐related proteins was analyzed by RT‐PCR and Western blotting. SIM suppressed cell growth and induced cell cycle G1‐arrest by suppressing the expression of CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E1, but elevating the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β in CPs. Our findings indicate that SIM may have antitumor activity in established colorectal cancer.
Effect of Agomelatine and Fluoxetine on HAM‐D Score, Serum Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor, and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Level in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder With Severe Depression
Authors: Gupta Keshav , Gupta Rachna , Bhatia M.S. , Tripathi A.K. , Gupta Lalit K.
Published: August 2017

Evidence suggests that neurotrophic factors, inflammatory markers, and circadian rhythm dysfunctions could be involved in pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of agomelatine, a melatonergic drug, and fluoxetine (positive comparator) and their effect on serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α level in patients having major depressive disorder with severe depression. In the present study, we chose TNF‐α and BDNF because reduction of TNF‐α and rise in BDNF levels are linked with improvement in major depressive disorder. Patients with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D) score ≥25 were treated with agomelatine or fluoxetine and followed up for 12 weeks. In the agomelatine group, the HAM‐D score, BDNF level, and TNF‐α level at the start of treatment were 31.1 ± 1.88 ng/mL, 2.44 ± 0.38 ng/mL, and 512.5 ± 86.2 pg/mL, respectively, which significantly changed to 13.67 ± 2.22 ng/mL, 2.87 ± 0.44 ng/mL, and 391.64 ± 104.8 pg/mL, respectively (P < .05 for all 3 measures), at 12 weeks. In the fluoxetine group, the HAM‐D score, BDNF level, and TNF‐α level at the start of treatment were 30.83 ± 2.60 ng/mL, 2.54 ± 0.37 ng/mL, and 554.14 ± 46.8 pg/mL, respectively, which significantly changed to 13.67 ± 1.79 ng/mL, 3.07 ± 0.33 ng/mL, and 484.15 ± 49.9 pg/mL, respectively (P < .05 for all 3 measures) at 12 weeks. The BDNF level was significantly increased posttreatment with both drugs, and TNF‐α level fell significantly more with agomelatine compared to fluoxetine. Thus, chronic neuroinflammatory biomarkers contribute to circuitry dysregulation in depression. Trophic factors repair dysfunctional circuits in depression. Both treatments were found to be safe and well tolerated.
Polypyrrole vapor phase polymerization on PVDF membrane surface for conductive membrane preparation and fouling mitigation
Authors: Liu Jiadong , Tian Chang , Xiong Jingxue , Gao Bo , Dong Shaonan , Wang Lei
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Conductive membranes, such as carbon material modified membrane and nickel metal film could be used for membrane fouling mitigation and energy generation during filtration. However, it is necessary to simplify the preparation process and reduce the cost for practical application. Here, a conducting polymer polypyrrole was polymerized on PVDF membrane surface for conductive membrane preparation via vapor phase polymerization.

RESULTS

After modification, the pure water flux was reduced from 3393.26 ± 222.99 L m‐2 h‐1 to 569.48 ± 150.82 L m‐2 h‐1. The contact angle was 58.63° for blank membrane after 8 s of delay, which was reduced to 27.53° for modified membrane. During short‐term filtration, the modified membrane maintained high, stable flux and low effluent turbidity. The fouling of conductive membrane can be mitigated by 1 V cm‐1 of electric filed during long‐term filtration. Better effluent properties were obtained from modified membrane, which were improved further when an electric field was applied.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the conductive membrane has a smoother and more hydrophilic surface, resulting in better anti‐fouling and effluent properties with the assistance of an electric field. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
The vial kit formulation for preparation of no‐carrier‐added 131I‐MIBG
Authors: Chen Zhiming , Wang Gang , Xie Minhao , Huang Heyun , Wu Erming , Wang Yang
Published: August 2017

We have developed a new set of lyophilized kits, composed of 3 different kits, for the instant preparation of no‐carrier‐added 131I‐MIBG in the clinic. We here discussed the formulation of the kits, optimization of radiolabelling, quality control of radiolabeled 131I‐MIBG, and studies of animal biodistribution. The no‐carrier‐added (nca) 131I‐MIBG injection could be prepared within 30 minutes in the clinic with the help of the lyophilized kits. The radiochemical purity and specific activity (SA) could achieve above 98% and 6700 MBq/mg, respectively.
A modification to improve the reliability of [11C]CN− production in the GE radiochemistry system
Authors: Labaree David C. , Ropchan Jim R. , Nabulsi Nabeel , Huang Yiyun
Published: August 2017

We report herein a modification to a component of the GE radiochemistry system that increases the yield and reliability of [11C]CN− production from [11C]carbon dioxide.
Radioiodination and biological evaluation of nizatidine as a new highly selective radiotracer for peptic ulcer disorder detection
Authors: Sanad M.H. , Saleh Gehan M. , Marzook F.A.
Published: August 2017

Nizatidine has been labeled using [125I] with chloramine‐T as oxidizing agent. Factors such as the amount of oxidizing agent, amount of substrate, pH, reaction temperature, and reaction time have been systematically studied to optimize the iodination. Biodistribution studies indicate the suitability of radioiodinated nizatidine as a novel tracer to image stomach ulcer. Radioiodinated nizatidine may be considered a highly selective radiotracer for peptic ulcer imaging.
Empowering leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribution, mediation, and moderation
Authors: Lee Allan , Willis Sara , Tian Amy Wei
Published: August 2017

The concept of empowering leadership (EL) has seen increasing scholarly interest in recent years. This study reports a meta‐analysis investigating the effects of EL on employee work behavior. On the basis of data from 105 samples, we found evidence for the positive effects of EL on performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and creativity at both the individual and team levels. We further examined these relationships by exploring potential boundary conditions and the incremental contribution of EL over transformational leadership and leader–member exchange. Furthermore, at the individual level, both trust in leader and psychological empowerment mediated the relationships of EL with task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and creativity. We also found evidence that leader–member exchange was a significant mediator between EL and task performance. At the team level, empowerment mediated the effects of EL on team performance, whereas knowledge sharing showed no significant indirect effect. Our results have important theoretical and practical implications and suggest some areas that require further research.
Adapting realist synthesis methodology: The case of workplace harassment interventions
Authors: Carr Tracey , Quinlan Elizabeth , Robertson Susan , Gerrard Angie
Published: August 2017

Realist synthesis techniques can be used to assess complex interventions by extracting and synthesizing configurations of contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes found in the literature. Our novel and multi‐pronged approach to the realist synthesis of workplace harassment interventions describes our pursuit of theory to link macro and program level theories. After discovering the limitations of a dogmatic approach to realist synthesis, we adapted our search strategy and focused our analysis on a subset of data. We tailored our realist synthesis to understand how, why, and under what circumstances workplace harassment interventions are effective. The result was a conceptual framework to test our theory‐based interventions and provide the basis for subsequent realist evaluation. Our experience documented in this article contributes to an understanding of how, under what circumstances, and with what consequences realist synthesis principles can be customized.
New ROMP Synthesis of Ferrocenyl Dendronized Polymers
Authors: Liu Xiong , Ling Qiangjun , Zhao Li , Qiu Guirong , Wang Yinghong , Song Lianxiang , Zhang Ying , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier , Gu Haibin
Published: August 2017

First‐ and second‐generation Percec‐type dendronized ferrocenyl norbornene macromonomers containing, respectively, three and nine ferrocenyl termini are synthesized and polymerized by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization using Grubbs' third‐generation olefin metathesis catalyst with several monomer/catalyst feed ratios between 10 and 50. The rate of polymerization is highly dependent on the generation of the dendronized macromonomers, but all these ring‐opening metathesis polymerization reactions are controlled, and near‐quantitative monomer conversions are achieved. The numbers of ferrocenyl groups obtained are in agreement with the theoretical ones according to the cyclic voltammetry studies as determined using the Bard–Anson method.
Down‐regulation of aquaporin 5‐mediated epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and anti‐metastatic effect by natural product Cairicoside E in colorectal cancer
Authors: Chen Chen , Ma Ting , Zhang Chao , Zhang Hao , Bai Lijuan , Kong Lingyi , Luo Jianguang
Published: August 2017

Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as an important determinant role in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis. It has been reported that aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is closely linked to CRC metastasis. However, the effect of AQP5 on the EMT process of CRC remains unknown. The current study showed that overexpression of AQP5 activated EMT in CRC cells. Cairicoside E (CE), a natural resin glycoside compound isolated from Ipomoea cairica, showed promising cytotoxic activity in our previous report. Further investigation found that CE inhibited the expression of AQP5 and the EMT process. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of CE on EMT was reversed by overexpression of AQP5. Importantly, CE also suppressed the EMT and p‐Smad2/3 induced by TGF‐β1. On the other hand, overexpression of AQP5 up‐regulated the p‐Smad2/3, which resulted in the activation of EMT. After silencing of AQP5, CE had no significant effect on EMT markers and p‐Smad2/3 induced by TGF‐β1, indicating that CE inhibited the EMT through down‐regulation of AQP5 and suppression of p‐Smad2/3. CE also inhibited the AQP5 expression in the lung metastatic nodules of HCT‐116 cells in vivo. Our findings suggested that CE may serve as a promising drug for the treatment of CRC metastasis.
Future extreme rainfall change projections in the north of Iran
Authors: Modarres Reza , Ghadami Mohammad , Naderi Sohrab , Naderi Mohammad
Published: August 2017

Future changes in extreme rainfall arising from climate change may have a significant influence on flood and water erosion control and management strategies to a great extent. The maximum daily rainfall time series were projected for 2020–2049 using six general climate models and two scenarios through artificial neural networks for 22 stations across the north of Iran. The results indicate a reduction of between −3.0 and −0.2% in maximum rainfall for the selected stations and five out of six of the general climate models. The changes in the frequency and magnitude of extreme rainfall were then investigated by fitting a generalized extreme value distribution to the historical (from 1981 to 2010) and projected maximum rainfall. The location parameter of the generalized extreme value distribution fitted to the projected maximum rainfall does not show a significant change while the scale and shape parameters exhibit significant changes compared to the historical period. Estimating the 2, 50 and 100 year return periods showed that the maximum rainfall will have a reduction in the probability of large amounts across the region compared with the base period while the number of extraordinary extreme events may show growth. As a region vulnerable to flash floods and water erosion due to rainfall characteristics and land use change from forest to agriculture, the results may send an alarm to define long term and effective strategies for future flood control management in the region.
Messenger RNA profiling of rabbit quadriceps femoris after repeat injections of botulinum toxin: Evidence for a dynamic pattern without further structural alterations
Authors: Hart David A. , Fortuna Rafael , Herzog Walter
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Onabotulinum toxin type A (BoNT‐A) is widely used clinically, but it may cause adverse effects. Earlier studies showed repeat BoNT‐A injections did not cause progressive atrophy or function loss. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of repeat BoNT‐A injections into rabbit muscle on subsequent molecular alterations.

Methods

Twenty‐two rabbits received 0, 1, 2, or 3 BoNT‐A injections in the quadriceps femoris muscle at 3‐month intervals and were euthanized 6 months after the last injection. Aliquots of both injected and contralateral muscle were frozen, and the total RNA quantified.

Results

Total RNA per illigram wet weight tissue was significantly elevated compared with control after 1, 2, or 3 BoNT‐A injections. Analysis of mRNA levels for inflammatory molecules, proteinases, adipokines, and mesenchymal stem cells were elevated with increasing BoNT‐A injections in injected leg and contralateral leg.

Discussion

Future studies should focus on the safety and possible complications of repeat BoNT‐A treatments. Muscle Nerve 57: 487–493, 2018
Numerical analysis for generalized Forchheimer flows of slightly compressible fluids
Authors: Kieu Thinh
Published: August 2017

In this article, we will consider the generalized Forchheimer flows for slightly compressible fluids. Using Muskat's and Ward's general form of Forchheimer equations, we describe the fluid dynamics by a nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation for density. The long‐time numerical approximation of the nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation with time dependent boundary conditions is studied. The stability for all time is established in a continuous time scheme and a discrete backward Euler scheme. A Gronwall's inequality‐type is used to study the asymptotic behavior of the solution. Error estimates for the solution are derived for both continuous and discrete time procedures. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical analysis regarding convergence rates.
Lack of mortality in 22 children with sickle cell anemia and severe malarial anemia
Authors: Opoka Robert O. , Bangirana Paul , Idro Richard , Shabani Estela , Namazzi Ruth , John Chandy C.
Published: August 2017

Retrospective studies suggest that there is high mortality in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and severe malaria. We assessed mortality in Ugandan children with severe malarial anemia (SMA, n = 232) or cerebral malaria (CM, n = 267) by sickle cell hemoglobin genotype. Admission and 2‐year follow‐up mortality did not differ among children with SMA who had homozygous form of sickle cell hemoglobin (HbSS) versus normal form of adult hemoglobin (admission, 0/22, 0%, vs. 1/208, 0.5%; follow‐up, 1/22, 4.5%; 7/207, 3.4%, respectively; all P > 0.6). The single child with CM and HbSS survived. The study findings highlight the need for large prospective studies of malaria‐related mortality in children with SCA.
Effect of the addition of sepiolite on the morphology and properties of melt compounded PHBV/PLA blends
Authors: González‐Ausejo Jennifer , Gámez‐Pérez José , Balart Rafael , Lagarón José Maria , Cabedo Luis
Published: August 2017

A study concerning the incorporation of sepiolite in blends of biopolyesters (PHBV/PLA) to obtain clay/polymer nanocomposites (CPN) was performed to improve the gas barrier performance of the final materials and achieve a well dispersed morphology by means of an increase in the melt viscosity during melt blending. The latter is relevant to increase the stability of the PHBV sheets during thermoforming. The samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests at room and high temperatures, dynamo‐mechanical thermal analysis in torsion mode (DMTA), oscillatory rheometry with a parallel plate setup, Vicat softening temperature system and oxygen barrier properties. The resulting Sepiolite/PHBV/PLA nanocomposites not only improved the compatibility between the biopolymers and reduced the oxygen permeability, but also improved the mechanical properties at room temperature, showing an increase in the elongation at break, as well as increasing the rigidity and stability of the CPN at higher temperatures, which could make them very attractive for uses in thermoforming applications for food packaging. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E156–E168, 2019. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Catalytic chain transfer polymerization of isobutylene: The role of nucleophilic impurities
Authors: Rajasekhar Tota , Haldar Ujjal , Emert Jack , Dimitrov Philip , Severt Rich , Faust Rudolf
Published: August 2017

Fast polymerization of isobutylene (IB) initiated by tert‐butyl chloride using ethylaluminum dichloride·bis(2‐chloroethyl) ether complex (T. Rajasekhar, J. Emert, R. Faust, Polym. Chem. 2017, 8, 2852) was drastically slowed down in the presence of impurities, such as propionic acid, acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile. The effect of impurities on the polymerization rate was neutralized by using two different approaches. First, addition of a small amount of iron trichloride (FeCl3) scavenged the impurity and formed an insoluble
·impurity complex in hexanes. The polymerization rate and exo‐olefin content were virtually identical to that obtained in the absence of impurities. Heterogeneous phase scavenger (FeCl3) exhibited better performance than homogenous phase scavengers. In the second approach, conducting the polymerization in wet hexanes, the fast polymerization of IB was retained in the presence of impurities with a slight decrease in exo‐olefin content. 1H NMR studies suggest that nucleophilic impurities are protonated in the presence of water, and thereby neutralized. Mechanistic studies suggest that the rate constant of activation (ka), rate constant of propagation (kp), and rate constant of β‐proton elimination (ktr) are not affected by the presence of impurities. To account for the retardation of polymerization in the presence of impurities, delay of proton transfer to monomer in the chain transfer step is proposed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 3697–3704
Effects of additives and post‐treatment on the thermoelectric performance of vapor‐phase polymerized PEDOT films
Authors: Jia Yanhua , Li Xuejing , Jiang Fengxing , Li Changcun , Wang Tongzhou , Jiang Qinglin , Hou Jian , Xu Jingkun
Published: August 2017

Vapor‐phase polymerization (VPP) is an important method for the fabrication of high‐quality conducting polymers, especially poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). In this work, the effects of additives and post‐treatment solvents on the thermoelectric (TE) performance of VPP‐PEDOT films were systematically investigated. The use of 1‐butyl‐3‐menthylinidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4], an ionic liquid) was shown to significantly enhance the electrical conductivity of VPP‐PEDOT films compared with other additives. The VPP‐PEDOT film post‐treated with mixed ethylene glycol (EG)/[BMIm][BF4] solvent displayed the high power factor of 45.3 μW m−1 K−2 which is 122% higher than that prepared without any additive or post‐treatment solvent, along with enhanced electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. This work highlighted the superior effect of the [BMIm][BF4] additive and the EG/[BMIm][BF4] solvent post‐treatment on the TE performance of the VPP‐PEDOT film. These results should help with developing the VPP method to fabricate high‐performance PEDOT films. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1738–1744
Accessory‐lobed accessory cardiac bronchus: Presentation and treatment in a pediatric patient
Authors: Volpe Andrea , Bozzetto Sara , Baraldi Eugenio , Gamba Piergiorgio
Published: August 2017

Accessory cardiac bronchus (ACB) is a supernumerary bronchus usually arising from right main or intermediate bronchus. We report the case of a 9‐year‐old male who presented a 6‐month history characterized by two right pneumonia episodes followed by persistent productive cough, recurrent bloody sputum, and chest x‐ray persistence of a segmental thickening of right inferior lobe. Bronchoscopy revealed no abnormalities. Computed tomography documented an accessory‐lobed ACB originating from right lower brochus. Surgical removal of ACB and related parenchyma was approached thoracoscopically and converted to thoracotomy for evidence of a bronchial injury. Two‐year follow‐up showed no recurrent infections or respiratory symptoms.
Small airway oscillometry indices: Repeatability and bronchodilator responsiveness in young children
Authors: Knihtilä Hanna , Kotaniemi‐Syrjänen Anne , Pelkonen Anna S. , Kalliola Satu , Mäkelä Mika J. , Malmberg Leo Pekka
Published: August 2017

Introduction

The impulse oscillometry (IOS) indices absolute and relative difference between respiratory resistance at 5 and 20 Hz (R5‐20 and R5‐20%, respectively) and the area under the reactance curve (AX) are postulated to reflect small airway function. Data on their cutoff values to evaluate bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) or between‐visit changes after interventions are limited in young children.

Methods

We evaluated the BDR of 103 healthy children aged 2‐7 years, who received either salbutamol (n = 84) or placebo (n = 19) in order to determine cutoff values for BDR of R5‐20, R5‐20%, and AX. We then determined the repeatability within and between two IOS measurements 7‐14 days apart in young children aged 4‐8 years with asthmatic symptoms (n = 43), including cutoff values for significant between‐visit changes.

Results

The investigated IOS parameters showed marked BDR (fifth percentile cutoff of 75‐110% of the baseline value) in healthy children, whereas no significant changes were seen after inhalation of placebo. The agreement within the triplicate IOS measurement was excellent (ICC > 0.80), and the agreement of results between visits was good (ICC > 0.60). A change in R5‐20, R5‐20%, and AX of 0.65, 1.08, and 0.84 z‐scores, respectively, would exceed 95% confidence intervals for between‐visit variability.

Conclusion

We introduce cutoff values for BDR of R5‐20, R5‐20%, and AX, and their repeatability indices and cutoff limits for significant between‐visit changes. These IOS parameters may show greater variability than the conventional IOS indices during follow‐up, but the between‐visit agreement remains good, providing potentially useful endpoints for monitoring lung function in young children.
Evaluation of transfer media containing different concentrations of hyaluronan for human in vitro fertilization
Authors: Nishihara Takuji , Morimoto Yoshiharu
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The aim of the present prospective study was to investigate the efficacy of hyaluronan (HA) using two different concentrations as embryo transfer media for in vitro fertilization embryo transfer cycles.

Methods

A total of 169 cycles undergoing fresh embryo transfer on day 2 or 3, 561 cycles undergoing frozen‐thawed embryo transfer on day 2 or 3, and 484 cycles of frozen‐thawed blastocyst transfer were included in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: transferred with low (l‐HA) or high (h‐HA) concentrations of HA in transfer media.

Results

In the case of fresh embryo transfer cycles, no significant differences were observed in the pregnancy (l‐HA 27.2%, h‐HA 31.2%), implantation (l‐HA 22.1%, h‐HA 24.2%), or abortion (l‐HA 24.0%, h‐HA 20.8%) rates between the two groups. In the case of frozen‐thawed embryo transfer cycles, no significant differences were noted in the pregnancy (l‐HA 20.9%, h‐HA 22.9%), implantation (l‐HA 13.4%, h‐HA 15.8%), or abortion (l‐HA 17.2%, h‐HA 21.5%) rates. In the case of frozen‐thawed blastocyst transfer cycles, no significant differences were observed in the pregnancy (l‐HA 46.0%, h‐HA 41.8%), implantation (l‐HA 45.8%, h‐HA 41.3%), or abortion (l‐HA 17.6%, h‐HA 26.9%) rates.

Conclusion

The present results showed that pregnancy, implantation, and abortion rates with transfer media containing different HA concentrations were similar.
Concise Review: Musculoskeletal Stem Cells to Treat Age-Related Osteoporosis
Authors: Kiernan Jeffrey , Davies John E. , Stanford William L.
Published: August 2017

Age-related (type-II) osteoporosis is a common and debilitating condition driven in part by the loss of bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and their osteoblast progeny, leading to reduced bone formation. Current pharmacological regiments targeting age-related osteoporosis do not directly treat the disease by increasing bone formation, but instead use bisphosphonates to reduce bone resorption—a treatment designed for postmenopausal (type-I) osteoporosis. Recently, the bone regenerative capacity of MSCs has been found within a very rare population of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) residing within the larger heterogeneous BM-MSC pool. The osteoregenerative potential of SSCs would be an ideal candidate for cell-based therapies to treat degenerative bone diseases such as osteoporosis. However, to date, clinical and translational studies attempting to improve bone formation through cell transplantation have used the larger, nonspecific, MSC pool. In this review, we will outline the physiological basis of age-related osteoporosis, as well as discuss relevant preclinical studies that use exogenous MSC transplantation with the aim of treating osteoporosis in murine models. We will also discuss results from specific clinical trials aimed at treating other systemic bone diseases, and how the discovery of SSC could help realize the full regenerative potential of MSC therapy to increase bone formation. Finally, we will outline how ancillary clinical trials could be initiated to assess MSC/SSC-mediated bone formation gains in existing and potentially unrelated clinical trials, setting the stage for a dedicated clinical investigation to treat age-related osteoporosis.
Effectiveness of instrumental reminiscence intervention on improving coping in healthy older adults
Authors: Satorres E. , Viguer P. , Fortuna F.B. , Meléndez J.C.
Published: August 2017

Reminiscence is a psychological intervention that uses the recall of past events, feelings, and thoughts to facilitate pleasure, quality of life, and adjustment to present life. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of a reminiscence intervention programme on coping strategies. One hundred fifty healthy older adults attended the reminiscence sessions. In order to evaluate the effects of the programme and find out if its effects lasted over time, we used an experimental design with pretest, posttest, and follow‐up assessments, comparing a control group to the intervention group. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance showed significant differences in problem‐solving coping, positive reappraisal, social support seeking, and avoidance coping with the treatment group obtaining higher scores than the control group in all cases. The effects declined after 3 months, but some differences were found in the treatment group obtaining higher scores in problem‐solving coping and positive reappraisal and lower in overt emotional expression. The study suggests that reminiscence therapy contributes to mental health by enhancing coping strategies that can allow the elderly to cope successfully and overcome psychological distress.
Mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled coarse aggregate at and after exposure to elevated temperatures
Authors: Shaikh Faiz Uddin Ahmed
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the effect of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) of 50% and 100% by wt. on compressive strength and elastic modulus of concrete at elevated temperatures of 600 and 800 °C. The residual compressive strengths of above recycled aggregate concretes after exposure to elevated temperatures are also evaluated and compared to those measured during heating. The effect of polypropylene (PP) fibers on residual compressive strength and cracking behavior of above recycled aggregate concretes after exposure to elevated temperatures is also evaluated in this study. Results show that the loss of compressive strength of recycled aggregate concretes at 600 and 800 °C is slightly higher (about 10%) than its counterpart control concrete containing natural coarse aggregates. Concrete containing 100% RCA exhibited about 50% loss of its ambient temperature compressive strength at 800 °C, which is about 25% less in concrete containing 50% RCA. The residual compressive strength, which is measured after cooling of heated specimens, of both recycled aggregate concretes and control concrete is higher at both elevated temperatures. The measured elastic modulus of both recycled aggregate concretes show no significant reduction compared to their counterpart control concrete at both elevated temperatures. A strong correlation between elastic modulus and square root of compressive strength of recycled aggregate concretes is observed at elevated temperatures. The model proposed in Eurocode to predict the elevated temperature compressive strength and elastic modulus agrees well with the measured values for recycled aggregate concretes. The addition of PP fibers reduced the residual compressive strength of concrete containing 100% RCA at both temperatures with significant reduction at 800 °C. However, mixed results are obtained in the case of concrete containing 50% RCA. The cracking patterns of concrete containing RCA and those containing PP fibers also correlated well with the observed residual compressive strength results.
Galangin suppresses H2O2‐induced aging in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Wen Su‐Ying , Chen Jia‐Yi , Weng Yueh‐Shan , Aneja Ritu , Chen Chih‐Jung , Huang Chih‐Yang , Kuo Wei‐Wen
Published: August 2017

Human skin aging is a progressive process that includes intrinsic aging and extrinsic photodamage, both of which can cause an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in dermal fibrosis dysfunction and wrinkle formation. Galangin is a flavonoid that exhibits anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative potential. Previous studies have reported that galangin has antioxidative activity against ROS‐mediated stress. The aim of the present study is to determine the antiaging effects of galangin on dermal fibroblasts exposed to H2O2. In this study, we established a hydrogen peroxide‐induced inflammation and aging model using human HS68 dermal fibroblasts. Stimulation of fibroblasts with H2O2 is associated with skin aging and increased expression of inflammation‐related proteins, along with downregulation of collagen I/III formation and expression of antioxidative proteins. Galangin effectively reduced NF‐κB activation, the expression of inflammation‐related proteins and cell aging. Galangin also reversed H2O2‐activated cell senescence in HS68 cells. Our results reveal that galangin protects human dermal fibroblasts by inhibiting NF‐κB activation, decreases the expression of inflammatory factors and upregulates IGF1R/Akt‐related proteins, indicating that galangin may be a potential candidate for developing natural antiaging products that protect skin from damage caused by ROS.
Hippocampus as a wormhole: gateway to consciousness
Authors: Behrendt Ralf‐Peter
Published: August 2017

Commentary on: Faw M, Faw B. Neurotypical subjective experience is caused by a hippocampal simulation. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, e1412. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1412

This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Consciousness

Neuroscience > Anatomy
Response to ‘Hippocampus as a wormhole: gateway to consciousness’
Authors: Faw Matt , Faw Bill
Published: August 2017

Reply to: Behrendt R‐P. Hippocampus as a wormhole: gateway to consciousness. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, e1446. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1446.

This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Consciousness

Neuroscience > Anatomy