bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘A TWILIGHT SMELLING OF VERGIL’: E. E. CUMMINGS, CLASSICS, AND THE GREAT WAR
Authors: Rosenblitt Alison
Published: September 2014

The opened door showed a room,about sixteen feet short and four feet narrow,with a heap of straw in the further end. My spirits had been steadily recovering from the banality of their examination; and it was with a genuine and never-to-be-forgotten thrill that I remarked,as I crossed what might have been the threshold : ‘Mais,on est bien ici.’

A hideous crash nipped the last word. I had supposed the whole prison to have been utterly destroyed by earthquake,but it was only my door closing....

Here, in a passage taken from the novelized version of his own imprisonment in France in 1917, the American modernist poet E. E. Cummings describes the moment of confrontation with the first of his prison cells. He had volunteered for ambulance service in France during the First World War, but his service lasted only a few months before he and his friend William Slater Brown were arrested and incarcerated – wrongfully suspected of espionage – in a brutal French detention camp at La Ferté-Macé.
Roman History
Authors: Grig Lucy
Published: September 2014

This being my first attempt at writing the Roman History subject review, some kind of comment on the nature of the field as illustrated by this issue's crop of books seems appropriate. Firstly, the paucity of books focusing on the period of the Roman Republic is striking, especially if Cicero is taken out of the equation; the Imperial period clearly dominates, though the study of Late Antiquity (in which I must declare an interest) is still clearly on the rise. In terms of subject matter, traditional political history is obviously still largely out of fashion, religion is on a roll and the ‘cultural turn’ continues its rise (again I declare an interest), but the economy is making a late comeback (thanks to the formidable industry of the Oxford Roman Economy Project). This issue's collection offers a healthy mix of genres: biographies, student textbooks/sourcebooks, edited volumes, ‘companions’, and substantial monographs, including both revised PhDs and the reflections of more seasoned scholars, books for specialists and novices alike. I shall be interested to see how the balance of both subject matter and methodology appear in future issues.
THE CHOICE OF LAW AGREEMENT AS A REASON FOR EXERCISING JURISDICTION
Authors: Hook Maria
Published: September 2014

This article examines the effect of choice of law agreements on the courts’ exercise of jurisdiction. In particular, it considers whether English courts ought to exercise jurisdiction to uphold choice of law agreements that would otherwise be defeated in a competing forum. Two reasons have been advanced in support of this approach: that courts should prioritize the choice of law rules of the forum; and that the parties should be held to their agreement on the applicable law. This article argues that neither of these reasons is justifiable in principle.
Approaches to philosophy of religion: contemplating the world or trying to find our way home?
Authors: BURLEY MIKEL
Published: September 2014

What is the point of philosophy of religion? Is it to help us find the right path in life, with the philosopher as guide and mentor? Or is it, as D. Z. Phillips proposes, to contemplate ‘the world in all its variety’, deepening our understanding of multiple perspectives (both religious and non-religious) without trying to appropriate or reject any of them? Recognizing certain shortcomings of the former conception, this article seeks to elucidate the latter and to engage with the critical reception of Phillips's work by other Wittgenstein-influenced philosophers. Towards the end, with reference to Rush Rhees and Wittgenstein, I discuss how giving expression to ‘wonder at what is terrible’ illustrates theethical demandof a contemplative approach, and in conclusion I offer some thoughts on how this approach could usefully be enriched and extended.
Single-support heel-off: a crucial gait event helps realizing agile and energy-efficient bipedal walking
Authors: Alghooneh Mansoor , Wu Christine Q.
Published: September 2014

Single-support heel-off occurs when the heel of the trailing leg has been lifted from the ground around its toe, while the leading leg is still swinging forward. A similar gait event occurs during human walking, and is crucial to achieve a longer step length and a higher walking speed. In this paper, this crucial gait event is studied, specifically in how it influences the agility and the energy efficiency of bipedal walking. Toward this goal, the concept of limit-cycle bipedal walking which possesses natural and energy-efficient gaits is employed. The aforementioned concept is applied to a flat-foot bipedal model which is developed and actuated by a constant hip torque only during the single-support phase to walk on the ground. The impedance of each ankle is adjusted by using two springs, one at the back-side and the other at the front-side, as well as one damper. In comparison with point/round foot bipedal models, the flat-foot bipedal model produces more versatile limit-cycle gaits comprised of a number of gait series, each of which is a sequence detected among twelve gait postures dictated by the kinetics of the unilateral constraints at the heel, toe, or both. As a result of comprehensive simulations, it is concluded that single-support heel-off significantly improves the agility of bipedal walking because of the increase in the step length and the walking speed. Furthermore, even though limit-cycle gaits including single-support heel-off require higher energy input as compared with gaits excluding such an event, single-support heel-off significantly improves the energy efficiency of bipedal walking since the increase in the step length dominates the increase in the energy input.
Stool submission data to help inform population-level incidence rates of enteric disease in a Canadian community
Authors: FRANKLIN K. , POLLARI F. , MARSHALL B. J. , PINTAR K. D. M. , NESBITT A. , YOUNG I. , McEWEN S. A. , VANDERLAAN J. , PAPADOPOULOS A.
Published: September 2014

Laboratory-based surveillance data is essential for monitoring trends in the incidence of enteric disease. Current Canadian human enteric surveillance systems report only confirmed cases of human enteric disease and are often unable to capture the number of negative test results. Data from 9116 hospital stool specimens from the Waterloo Region in Canada, with a mixed urban and rural population of about 500 000 were analysed to investigate the use of stool submission data and its role in reporting bias when determining the incidence of enteric disease. The proportion of stool specimens positive forCampylobacterspp. was highest in the 15–29 years age group, and in the 5–14 years age group forSalmonellaspp. andE. coliO157:H7. By contrast, the age-specific incidence rates were highest for all three pathogens in the 0–4 years age group which also had the highest stool submission rate. This suggests that variations in age-specific stool submission rates are influencing current interpretation of surveillance data.
Poverty, household chaos, and interparental aggression predict children's ability to recognize and modulate negative emotions
Authors: Raver C. Cybele , Blair Clancy , Garrett-Peters Patricia ,   Family Life Project Key Investigators
Published: September 2014

The following prospective longitudinal study considers the ways that protracted exposure to verbal and physical aggression between parents may take a substantial toll on emotional adjustment for 1,025 children followed from 6 to 58 months of age. Exposure to chronic poverty from infancy to early childhood as well as multiple measures of household chaos were also included as predictors of children's ability to recognize and modulate negative emotions in order to disentangle the role of interparental conflict from the socioeconomic forces that sometimes accompany it. Analyses revealed that exposure to greater levels of interparental conflict, more chaos in the household, and a higher number of years in poverty can be empirically distinguished as key contributors to 58-month-olds' ability to recognize and modulate negative emotion. Implications for models of experiential canalization of emotional processes within the context of adversity are discussed.
A BOUND FOR SIMILARITY CONDITION NUMBERS OF UNBOUNDED OPERATORS WITH HILBERT–SCHMIDT HERMITIAN COMPONENTS
Authors: GIL’ MICHAEL
Published: September 2014

Let $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}H$ be a linear unbounded operator in a Hilbert space. It is assumed that the resolvent of $H$ is a compact operator and $H-H^*$ is a Hilbert–Schmidt operator. Various integro-differential operators satisfy these conditions. It is shown that $H$ is similar to a normal operator and a sharp bound for the condition number is suggested. We also discuss applications of that bound to spectrum perturbations and operator functions.
Electronic Resources in Commercial Law Firms: a Review
Authors: Wiggins Samuel
Published: September 2014

In this paper Samuel Wiggins uses the results of a survey undertaken by the author in 2011 as a way to contemplate both current and future issues for the legal information sector. The survey results act as a point of reflection for four key areas challenging the profession; relationships between lawyers and librarians, changing budgets, the nature of enquiries, and job roles. The article concludes by reminding the reader of the importance of reflection on their work, as well as highlighting areas where law librarians might strengthen their position within their firm.
LIS in City Law Firms: the City Legal Information Group Professional Skills Survey 2013
Authors: Speight Dunstan , Sabbage Lisa
Published: September 2014

CLIG (City Legal information Group) Committee members Dunstan Speight and Lisa Sabbage report on the findings of the CLIG Professional Skills survey, winter 2013*. Information professional roles have developed in different directions in law firms in recent years and this survey sought to map the range of tasks being carried out by information professionals. It also documented the range of skills within the profession, including skills and experience which law firms might be able to exploit further. The hope is that, by showing the diversity of tasks and skills to be found in LIS departments across the City, the survey might offer individuals ideas and strategies for developing their roles within their own firms.
Bipolare affektive Störungen – Herausforderungen in Pharmakotherapie und Psychotherapie
Authors: Böker Heinz , Seifritz Erich
Published: September 2014

Bipolare affektive Störungen gehen einher mit einer hohen Rezidivrate und einer Erniedrigung des psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus im Langzeitverlauf. Episodischer Verlauf, Krankheitserleben und Krankheitsverarbeitung stellen besondere Herausforderungen in der Behandlung dar. Das Heft eröffnet einen Einblick in die der Symptomatik zugrunde liegenden neurophysiologischen Zusammenhänge und vermittelt eine Übersicht über die aktuellen Empfehlungen zur Pharmakotherapie und über die Ergebnisse empirischer Forschung zur Wirksamkeit geeigneter psychotherapeutischer und soziotherapeutischer Interventionen.
Neurophysiologie und Neuropsychologie der bipolaren Störungen
Authors: Grimm Simone
Published: September 2014

Patienten mit bipolaren Störungen weisen eine Vielzahl von kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen, nicht nur während manischer und depressiver Episoden, sondern auch nach Remission der klinischen Symptome auf. Die kognitiven Dysfunktionen sind mit strukturellen und funktionellen Veränderungen in kortikalen und limbischen Arealen assoziiert und haben einen erheblichen Einfluss auf das psychosoziale Funktionsniveau der Patienten. Ein verbessertes Verständnis der Pathophysiologie bipolarer Störungen kann die Grundlage für effektivere neuropsychologische Therapien darstellen.
Klinische Forschung zur psychotherapeutischen und psychosomatischen Versorgung
Authors: Kumnig Martin , Petermann Franz , Schüßler Gerhard
Published: September 2014

Dieser Beitrag vermittelt den Wissensstand zur klinischen Forschung in der psychotherapeutischen und psychosomatischen Versorgung. Für die Entwicklung und Etablierung von klinischen Leitlinien ist ein standardisiertes evidenzbasiertes Vorgehen in der klinischen Praxis eine grundlegende Voraussetzung. Die Wirksamkeit von Psychotherapie in der Behandlung der meisten psychosozialen Störungen ist gut belegt. Jedoch reicht die gegenwärtig verfügbare wissenschaftliche Evidenz alleine nicht aus, um eine Weiterentwicklung der klinischen Forschung in der Psychotherapie und psychosomatischen Medizin gewährleisten zu können. Deshalb müssen vermehrt klinisch-kontrollierte Untersuchungen durchgeführt werden. Vorwiegend klinische Studien des Jahres 2013 umfassend, gibt dieser Beitrag eine Übersicht über aktuelle Entwicklungen und Ergebnisse der klinischen Forschung in der psychotherapeutischen und psychosomatischen Versorgung.
Design and chemoproteomic functional characterization of a chemical probe targeted to bromodomains of BET family proteins
Authors: Wu Jiang , Shin Julia , Williams Cara M. M. , Geoghegan Kieran F. , Wright Stephen W. , Limburg David C. , Sahasrabudhe Parag , Bonin Paul D. , Lefker Bruce A. , Ramsey Simeon J.
Published: September 2014

Selectivity of a PFI-1 based BET bromodomain probe was demonstrated using affinity capture in nuclear extracts from human cells.
Fabrication of a novel magnetic yolk–shell Fe3O4@mTiO2@mSiO2 nanocomposite for selective enrichment of endogenous phosphopeptides from a complex sample
Authors: Wan Hao , Li Jinan , Yu Wenguang , Liu Zheyi , Zhang Quanqing , Zhang Weibing , Zou Hanfa
Published: September 2014

A novel magnetic yolk–shell Fe3O4@mTiO2@mSiO2 demonstrated the excellent enrichment efficacy and selectivity of endogenous phosphopeptides from human serum.
Stabilization of hairpins and bulged secondary structures of nucleic acids by single incorporation of α,β-D-CNA featuring a gauche(+) alpha torsional angle
Authors: Gerland Béatrice , Millard Pierre , Dupouy Christelle , Renard Brice-Loïc , Escudier Jean-Marc
Published: September 2014

A constrained dinucleotide unit featuring a gauche(+) alpha torsional angle configuration was used to stabilize DNA hairpin or bulged structures.
Effects of Age and Syntactic Complexity on Speech Motor Performance
Authors: Dromey Christopher , Boyce Kelsey , Channell Ron
Published: September 2014

Purpose

This study investigated the effect of age on articulatory movement and stability in young, middle-age, and older adults. It also examined the potential influence of linguistic complexity on speech motor control across utterances that differed in their length and grammatical complexity.

Method

There were 60 participants in 3 age groups: 20–30 years, 40–50 years, and 60–70 years, with equal numbers of men and women in each group. The speakers produced 10 repetitions of 5 different stimuli—each of which included the same bilabial-loaded phrase in different grammatical contexts—while their lip movements were recorded.

Results

Participants from the 60-year-old group had significantly longer utterance durations, whereas those from the 20-year-old group had the highest jaw spatiotemporal index (STI) values. There were significant differences in the upper lip STI, displacement, and velocity as well as in vocal intensity for the longer, complex conditions compared with the shorter, phrase-only task. Overall, the differences in performance were minimal across grammatical complexity levels that were equal in length.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that speech motor control matures beyond young adulthood and that linguistic complexity in a repetitive task does not appear to have a consistent effect on measures of speech movement.
Accurate evaluations of the field shift and lowest-order QED correction for the ground 11S−states of some light two-electron ions
Authors: Frolov Alexei M. , Wardlaw David M.
Published: September 2014

Mass-dependent and field shift components of the isotopic shift are determined to high accuracy for the ground 11S−states of some light two-electron Li+, Be2+, B3+, and C4+ ions. To determine the field components of these isotopic shifts we apply the Racah-Rosental-Breit formula. We also determine the lowest order QED corrections to the isotopic shifts for each of these two-electron ions.
On preferred Mn site in multiferroic BiFeO3: A view by synchrotron x-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy
Authors: Jutimoosik Jaru , Hunpratub Sitchai , Maensiri Santi , Rujirawat Saroj , Yimnirun Rattikorn
Published: September 2014

Synchrotron X-ray Near Edge Structure (XANES) experiments were performed on Mn-doped BiFeO3 samples and compared with ab initio XANES calculations. The Fe and Mn K-edge XANES measurements were carried out on Mn-doped BiFeO3 powders (with 5–40 Mn mole%). Both XANES spectra were obtained in a fluorescent mode at ambient temperature with a Ge(111) double crystal monochromator. From the XANES results, it was clearly identified that the oxidation state of both Fe and Mn ions in BiFeO3 structure was +3. The features of the measured Mn K-edge XANES were consistent with ab initio XANES of Mn on the Fe site and inconsistent with Mn on other sites. The clear agreement between measured and ab initio theoretical XANES spectra was the strongest evidence of Mn substituting for Fe in BiFeO3 structure for low Mn content. More interestingly, at higher Mn content, the presence of a second phase precipitation of BiMnO3 and BiMn2O5 was evident. This clearly indicated the Mn solubility limit in the BiFeO3 structure, while the two trace compounds could also be responsible for the relevant properties reported in Mn-doped BiFeO3 materials.
The pragmatics of the Chinese nominal markerde的
Authors: Sun Chao Fen
Published: September 2014

Previous studies of the Chinese nominal markerde的 attempted to explain its optionality in ways that have fallen short in providing a full account. In this paper, a comprehensive nominal continuum is hypothesized with proper nouns and common nouns prohibiting the use of an internaldeat one end.In the middle of the continuum, depending on the degree of lexicalization, there are compounds that may have word-like (nodeoption) or phrase-like (withdeoption) properties. At the other end are noun phrases that have individual member, or members, of a type/set readings. The more a compound is lexicalized into a word, the less likelydecan occur in front of its determinatum. Whereas the use of 我的爸爸 “my dad” is more likely in a title for its thematic importance, the use of 我爸爸 “my dad” is found tied to its uniqueness in a discourse context.
Language education policy in multilingual Scotland
Authors: Hancock Andy
Published: September 2014

Scotland is a small country yet it has a rich and complex linguistic makeup. The aim of this article is to analyse the current picture of the role of language education policy (LEP) in supporting and developing Scotland’s diverse languages drawing on policy documents, policy discourses and school pedagogies. The article begins with a historical account of multilingual Scotland in order to contextualize LEP and to dispel the myth of a monolingual country. This is followed by an examination of the three main language perspectives currently influencing LEP: regional languages, modern foreign languages and the languages of migrant communities. It will be illustrated that a post-devolutionary arena has provided opportunities for formulating and debating LEP which reflect a multilingual society, but significant imbalances and questions of equity still remain between the different categories of languages in terms of ideology, provision and practice. Finally, Lo Bianco’s (2007) taxonomy of language planning and action is modified to gain insights into the tensions and challenges that exist around a cohesive approach to LEP development in Scotland.
Productivity or Demand: Determinants of Plant Survival and Ownership Change in the U.S. Poultry Industry
Authors: Weng Tengying , Vukina Tomislav , Zheng Xiaoyong
Published: September 2014

We study the productivity‐survival link in the U.S. poultry processing industry using longitudinal data constructed from 5 censuses of manufactures between 1987 and 2007. First, we study the effects of physical productivity and demand‐specific factors on plant survival and ownership change. Second, we analyze the determinants of the firm‐level expansion. The results show that higher demand‐specific factors decrease the probability of exit and increase the probability of ownership change. The effect of physical productivity on the probability of exit or ownership change is generally insignificant. Also, firms with higher demand‐specific factors have higher probability to expand, whereas average firm‐level physical productivity turns out to be an insignificant determinant of firm expansion. Since demand specific factors all favor large companies, this could expedite industry concentration process already well under way and could raise new concerns over contract growers' income and consumers' welfare.
Ursodeoxycholic acid induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro
Authors: Zhu Lei , Shan Lu Juan , Liu Yue Jian , Chen Dan , Xiao Xiao Guang , Li Yan
Published: September 2014

Objective

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is widely used to treat chronic liver diseases, and its cytoprotective effect on normal hepatocytes has been shown. This study aimed to investigate the apoptotic effects of UDCA on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the underlying molecular events in vitro.

Methods

HCC cells were treated by UDCA at different doses and periods of time to assess cell morphology, viability, apoptosis and gene expression using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) stain, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunocytochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Results

UDCA treatment reduced cell viability but induced HCC cell apoptosis in dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manners. UDCA arrested HepG2 cells at phase S of the cell cycle. At the gene levels, UDCA downregulated Bcl‐2 and second mitochondria‐derived activator of caspase (Smac) protein expressions, but upregulated Bax and Livin proteins in HCC cells. At the highest concentration, UDCA inhibited Livin mRNA expression but increased Smac and caspase‐3 mRNA expressions as well as the activity of caspase‐3 in HCC cells.

Conclusions

The induction of HCC cell apoptosis by UDCA was dose‐dependent and time‐dependent and was mediated by the regulation of Bax to Bcl‐2 ratio, the expressions of Smac and Livin, and caspase‐3 expression and activity.
Ligasure, Harmonic Scalpel versus conventional diathermy in excisional haemorrhoidectomy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Talha Ahmed , Bessa Samer , Abdel Wahab Moataza
Published: September 2014

Background

This study was designed to compare the surgical outcomes of haemorrhoidectomy performed by the Ligasure, Harmonic Scalpel with that performed by the conventional diathermy.

Methods

A total of 180 patients were randomized to Ligasure, Harmonic Scalpel and diathermy haemorrhoidectomy, 60 patients for each group. The operative time, post‐operative pain scores, parenteral analgesic requirements in the first 24 h, post‐operative complications and wound healing rates were documented.

Results

The median operative time was 8 min (range, 7–18) for the Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel groups and 18 min (range, 15–21) for the diathermy group (P < 0.001). Throughout the first post‐operative week, the daily median pain score was lower in the Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel groups than in the diathermy group (P < 0.001). The median number of analgesic ampoules during the first 24 h post‐operatively was lower in the Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel groups (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of post‐operative complications. At 6 weeks post‐operation, more patients in the Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel groups had complete healing of wounds (P = 0 < 0.001).

Conclusion

Ligasure and Harmonic Scalpel provide a superior alternative to conventional diathermy in haemorrhoidectomy with no difference between them in reducing the operative time, post‐operative pain, analgesic requirements during the first 24 h and time to complete healing of wounds.
Intra‐individuals and inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability of short‐term heart rate variability in adolescents
Authors: Farah Breno Quintella , Lima Aluísio Henrique Rodrigues de Andrade , Cavalcante Bruno Remígio , de Oliveira Luciano Machado Ferreira Tenório , Brito Anísio Luiz da Silva , de Barros Mauro Virgílio Gomes , Ritti‐Dias Raphael Mendes
Published: September 2014

Background

To examine the reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in adolescents and to analyse the inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability of data analysis.

Methods

The sample included 27 adolescents aged 14–19 years old. RR intervals were obtained for 10 min in the supine position on two different days (Day 1 and Day 8) with an interval of 7 days to analyse intra‐individual reliability. The signals obtained on Day 1 were used to analyse the inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability of HRV parameters. The RR intervals, standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN), root mean square of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD), the percentage of adjacent intervals over 50 ms (PNN50), and low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies were obtained. Frequency‐domain variables were analysed using the autoregressive (AR) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) methods.

Results

There were no intra‐individuals difference in RR intervals between Day 1 and Day 8 (P>0·05). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0·647 to 0·913, whereas the coefficient of variation (CV) was lower than 20% for all parameters, except PNN50 and LF/HF. The inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability ranged from 0·915 to 0·996 and 0·990 to 0·993, respectively. In addition, the CV was lower than 20% (inter‐observer) and 7% (intra‐observer) to all HRV parameters.

Conclusion

Indicators of reproducibility obtained in this study suggest that HRV can be used in adolescents; however, the analysis of HRV parameters should be performed by the same person.
Treatment of patients with multiple myeloma over 65 yr: more tolerability or better response?
Authors: Tarkun Pinar , Atalay Figen , Atesoglu Elif Birtas , Mehtap Ozgur , Simsek Melih , Terzi Esra , Geduk Ayfer , Balli Fatih , Batman Adnan , Baydemir Canan , Hacihanefioglu Abdullah
Published: September 2014

Objective

Two‐thirds of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are over 65 yr and/or physically unfit. Such patients are not eligible for high‐dose chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. The treatment aims in these patients should be to prolong survival by obtaining the best possible response, while maintaining good tolerability. The aim of our study was to evaluate the response to treatment and treatment‐related toxicities in patients treated with conventional and novel protocols.

Methods

The records of 138 elderly (≥65 yr) patients with MM were retrospectively evaluated.

Results

The median overall survival(OS) of the patients was 46 months. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 18 months. The OS and PFS of the patients treated with the conventional protocols did not differ significantly from those treated with the novel protocols. The statistical analysis of the quality of the response to the treatment with the conventional and novel therapies showed that complete remission (CR), combined with a very good partial response (VGPR), was significantly higher in the latter. However, the toxicities were higher in the novel treatment group.

Conclusion

The novel drug protocols significantly increased the quality of the responses of elderly patients with MM to therapy, but they did not increase the patients’ tolerability.
Changes in carbon stocks of Danish agricultural mineral soils between 1986 and 2009
Authors: Taghizadeh‐Toosi A. , Olesen J. E. , Kristensen K. , Elsgaard L. , Østergaard H. S. , Lægdsmand M. , Greve M. H. , Christensen B. T.
Published: September 2014

To establish a national inventory of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and their change over time, soil was sampled in 1986, 1997 and 2009 in a Danish nation‐wide 7‐km grid and analysed for SOC content. The average SOC stock in 0–100‐cm depth soil was 142 t C ha−1, with 63, 41 and 38 t C ha−1 in the 0–25, 25–50 and 50–100 cm depths, respectively. Changes at 0–25 cm were small. During 1986–97, SOC in the 25–50‐cm layer increased in sandy soils while SOC decreased in loam soils. In the subsequent period (1997–2009), most soils showed significant losses of SOC. From 1986 to 2009, SOC at 0–100 cm decreased in loam soils and tended to increase in sandy soils. This trend is ascribed to dairy farms with grass leys being abundant on sandy soils while cereal cropping dominates on loamy soils. A statistical model including soil type, land use and management was applied separately to 0–25, 25–50 and 50–100 cm depths to pinpoint drivers for SOC change. In the 0–25 cm layer, grass leys added 0.95 t C ha−1 year−1 and autumn‐sown crops with straw incorporation added 0.40 t C ha−1 year−1. Cattle manure added 0.21 t C ha−1 year−1. Most interestingly, grass leys contributed 0.58 t C ha−1 year−1 at 25–50 cm, confirming that inventories based only on top‐soils are incomplete. We found no significant effects in 50–100 cm. Our study indicates a small annual loss of 0.2 t C ha−1 from the 0–100 cm soil layer between 1986 and 2009.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV‐infected patients contain CD8 T cells that form conjugates with and kill HIV‐infected autologous CD4 T cells
Authors: Chorin Ehud , Gal‐Garber Orit , Yagel Yael , Turner Dan , Avidor Boaz , Berke Gideon , Hassin David
Published: September 2014

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of untreated, HIV‐infected patients contain HIV‐specific CD8 T cells as well as their corresponding targets, HIV‐infected CD4 T cells. To determine if CD4 T‐cell depletion in HIV‐infected patients may result from autologous CD8–CD4 T‐cell interaction, CD8 and CD4 T cells procured from PBMC of acute and chronic untreated HIV‐infected patients were sorted and co‐incubated. Formation of CD8‐CD4 T‐cell conjugates was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Apoptosis of CD4 T cells in conjugation was recorded by digitized images and was further observed and measured by FACS using Annexin staining. Perforin expression in the CD8 T cells was measured using intracellular monoclonal perforin antibody staining. HIV DNA in the conjugated CD4 T cells was detected by in situ PCR. We found that 6·1 ± 0·5% of CD4 T cells from acute HIV‐infected patients and 3·0 ± 0·5% from chronic HIV‐infected patients formed CD8–CD4 T‐cell conjugates. Annexin binding and cell morphology typical of apoptosis were observed in the conjugated CD4 T cells. The majority of CD8 T cells that had conjugated to CD4 T cells expressed perforin. The conjugated CD4 T cells exhibited nuclear HIV DNA. CD8 T cells and HIV‐infected CD4 T cells, both procured from the PBMC of untreated HIV‐infected patients, form conjugates. Apoptotic lytic activity has been observed in the conjugated CD4 T cells. We propose that CD4 T‐cell annihilation in HIV‐infected patients results, at least in part, from the interactions of perforin‐rich CD8 T cells with autologous, HIV‐infected CD4 T cells.
Every wound counts: a case of undiscovered wound in mons pubis resulting in a chronic foreign body granuloma of the abdominal wall
Authors: Ramman Saif , Al‐Rubayee Hassan
Published: September 2014

A 33‐year‐old male patient presented to clinic with a tender, discharging wound at mons pubis area. Three months before, he was a victim in a blast injury and received lifesaving emergency laparotomy at a field hospital in Baghdad, where shrapnel was removed from the abdomen and he was subsequently discharged. We present this unusual case of chronic wound from an undiscovered injury that was not formally explored at initial treatment, highlighting the importance of systematic exploration of all wounds particularly in sensitive body areas, despite cultural barriers both for the assessing clinicians and for the patients in that part of the world.
Long‐term hypo‐osmoregulatory capacity in downstream migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. smolts
Authors: Urke H. A. , Arnekleiv J. V. , Nilsen T. O. , Nilssen K. J. , Rønning L. , Ulvund J. B. , Kristensen T.
Published: September 2014

The duration of hypo‐osmoregulatory capacity in downstream migrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L smolts previously stocked as startfed young‐of‐the year (YOY) parr was tested in the River Dalåa from mid‐May to late‐June 1999. Hypo‐osmoregulatory capacity, measured as plasma osmolality and chloride, was assessed after seawater (SW) challenge tests (168 h, salinity = 35). All S. salar exhibited sufficient hypo‐osmoregulatory capacity at the initiation of downstream migration in mid‐May. Migrating S. salar smolts caught in mid‐May and retained in fresh water displayed no signs of de‐smoltification as they maintained hypo‐osmoregulatory capacity through June. This indicates a physiological smolt window that lasts a minimum of 6 weeks (330 degree days; D°) for hatchery‐produced S. salar smolts stocked as YOY parr. Based on the observed river migration speeds, it can be assumed that the S. salar smolts entered SW 2–4 weeks after initiation of migration in the upper parts of the River Dalåa. Hence, based on smolt migration and SW tolerance, it is suggested that stocking of YOY parr is a viable enhancement strategy in the River Dalåa.
Looking for people, places and connections: hindrances when working in multiple locations: a review
Authors: Koroma Johanna , Hyrkkänen Ursula , Vartiainen Matti
Published: September 2014

Mobile multi‐locational workers move a lot spatially, utilise different locations for work and communicate with others via electronic tools. This article presents an analysis of previously published empirical studies focusing on mobile workers' experiences of hindrances in five types of locations. Our review shows that some of the hindrances are unique for certain types of locations, while others recur in all or most of them. The change of physical locations results in continuous searching for a place to work and remaining socially as an outsider in all communities, including the main office. Limited connections and access in used locations seem to be the main challenges of virtual spaces despite of the recent developments in technology. In addition, we discuss the importance to consider hindrances caused by changing contexts as job demands, which can be influenced in work re/designing process.
Understanding the Timing Cycles of a Cardiac Resynchronization Device Designed with Left Ventricular Sensing
Authors: BAROLD S. SERGE , KUCHER ANDREAS
Published: September 2014

Some devices used for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can sense from the left ventricular (LV) lead as in Biotronik CRT devices (Biotronik GmbH, Berlin, Germany), whose special LV timing cycles form the basis of this report. LV sensing (LVs) was designed to prevent competitive pacing outside the LV myocardial absolute refractory period. LVs works by inhibiting the release of an LV pacemaker stimulus (LVp) in the vulnerable period of the LV during a programmable period. LVs with stored LV electrograms may also provide recordings of diagnostic value in tachyarrhythmias. LVs has added a new dimension to the evaluation of the function of CRT devices, because it is manifested by unfamiliar timing cycles. In this respect, Biotronik devices can initiate an LV upper rate interval (URI) upon sensing a right‐sided event when LVs is turned off. An inhibited LVp can also initiate an LVURI. The LVURI should generally be programmed to a relatively short duration and shorter than the right ventricular URI to prevent a special form of desynchronization arrhythmia sustained by LVs. This arrhythmia is characterized by recurring delayed LVs events in sequences associated with RV pacing followed by LVs events with loss of LVp.
How the World Trade Organization shapes regulatory governance
Authors: Shaffer Gregory
Published: September 2014

The World Trade Organization (WTO) arguably shapes regulatory governance in more countries to a greater extent than any other international organization. This article provides a new framework for assessing the broader transnational regulatory implications of the WTO as part of a transnational legal order (TLO) in terms of four dimensions of regulatory change that permeate the state: (i) changes in the boundary between the market and the state (involving concomitantly market liberalization and growth of the administrative state); (ii) changes in the relative authority of institutions within the state (promoting bureaucratized and judicialized governance); (iii) changes in professional expertise engaging with state regulation (such as the role of lawyers); and (iv) changes in normative frames and accountability mechanisms for national regulation (which are trade liberal and transnational in scope). In practice, these four dimensions of change interact and build on each other. The article presents what we know to date and a framework for conducting further study of such transnational legal ordering.
Dermal matrix affects translucency of incident light on the skin
Authors: Kim H. J. , Baek J. H. , Eo J. E. , Choi K. M. , Shin M. K. , Koh J. S.
Published: September 2014

Background/aims

The age‐dependent changes in the optical reflection characteristics have been studied about skin hydration, melanin index, or skin color. However, the age‐dependent changes in the optical reflection have little attention on inner skin structures. To control the factors affecting the optical reflection except for dermal matrix, subjects were selected as our guideline and we evaluated the optical reflection of subsurface on skin layers of two age groups.

Method

Young and old healthy volunteers were recruited after signing a written informed consent form. Facial skin was measured by means of noninvasive measurements: skin hydration, color, epidermis and dermis thickness, dermal density, subsurface reflectance, and transmittance.

Result

Compared to young group, old group showed that dermal density and thickness was decreased significantly although epidermis thickness was not changed.

Conclusion

In conclusion, dermal density is one of the major factors which affects the subsurface reflectance in skin.
On the Construction of Minimum-Time Tours for a Dubins Vehicle in the Presence of Uncertainties
Authors: Anderson Ross P. , Milutinović Dejan
Published: September 2014

We propose an approach to the problem of computing a minimum-time tour through a series of waypoints for a Dubins vehicle in the presence of stochasticity. In this paper, we explicitly account for kinematic nonlinearities, the stochastic drift of the vehicle, the stochastic motion of the targets, and the possibility for the vehicle to service each of the targets or waypoints, leading to a new version of the Dubins vehicle traveling salesperson problem (TSP). Based on the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation, we first compute the minimum expected time feedback control to reach one waypoint. Next, minimum expected times associated with the feedback control are used to construct and solve a TSP. We provide numerical results illustrating our solution, analyze how the stochasticity affects the solution, and consider the possibility for on-line recomputation of the waypoint ordering in a receding-horizon manner.
Transfer patterning of large-area graphene nanomesh via holographic lithography and plasma etching
Authors: Ding Junjun , Du Ke , Wathuthanthri Ishan , Choi Chang-Hwan , Fisher Frank T. , Yang Eui-Hyeok
Published: September 2014

The authors present a high-throughput fabrication technique to create a large-area graphene nanomesh (GNM). A patterned negative photoresist layer was used as an etch mask atop chemical vapor deposition grown graphene on Cu foil. Shielded by the periodic nanopatterned photoresist mask, the graphene layer was selectively etched using O2 plasma, forming a GNM layer. A poly(methyl methacrylate) layer was spun on the GNM atop copper foil, and the GNM was subsequently transferred onto a SiO2/Si substrate by etching away the copper foil. Large-area (5 × 5 cm), periodic (500 and 935 nm in pitch), uniform, and flexible GNMs were successfully fabricated with precisely controlled pore sizes (200–900 nm) and neck widths (down to ∼20 nm) by adjusting the pattern generation of holographic lithography and the O2 plasma etching process parameters. This holographic lithography-based transfer method provides a low-cost manufacturing alternative for large-area, nanoscale-patterned GNMs on an arbitrary substrate.
Draft Genome Sequences of Six Enterohepatic
Helicobacter
Species Isolated from Humans and One from Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Shen Zeli , Sheh Alexander , Young Sarah K. , Abouelliel Amr , Ward Doyle V. , Earl Ashlee M. , Fox James G.
Published: September 2014

Draft genome sequences of seven enterohepatic
Helicobacter
species,
H. bilis, H. canadensis, H. canis, H. cinaedi, H. winghamensis, H. pullorum
, and
H. macacae
, are presented. These isolates were obtained from clinical patients and a nonhuman primate. Due to potential zoonotic risks, we characterized antibiotic resistance markers and
Helicobacter
virulence factors.
Genome Sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae Respiratory Isolate IA565
Authors: Johnson Jeremiah G. , Spurbeck Rachel R. , Sandhu Sukhinder K. , Matson Jyl S.
Published: September 2014

Klebsiella pneumoniae
is a clinically significant opportunistic bacterial pathogen as well as a normal member of the human microbiota.
K. pneumoniae
strain IA565 was isolated from a tracheal aspirate at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Here, we present the genome sequence of
K. pneumoniae
IA565.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Pseudomonas
sp. UK4, a Model Organism for Studies of Functional Amyloids in
Pseudomonas
Authors: Dueholm Morten Simonsen , Danielsen Heidi Nolsøe , Nielsen Per Halkjær
Published: September 2014

Here, we present the complete genome of
Pseudomonas
sp. UK4. This bacterium was the first
Pseudomonas
strain shown to produce functional amyloids, and it represents a model organism for studies of functional amyloids in
Pseudomonas
(Fap).
Il-1β and prostaglandin E2attenuate the hypercapnic as well as the hypoxic respiratory response via prostaglandin E receptor type 3 in neonatal mice
Authors: Siljehav Veronica , Shvarev Yuri , Herlenius Eric
Published: September 2014

Prostaglandin E2(PGE2) serves as a critical mediator of hypoxia, infection, and apnea in term and preterm babies. We hypothesized that the prostaglandin E receptor type 3 (EP3R) is the receptor responsible for PGE2-induced apneas. Plethysmographic recordings revealed that IL-1β (ip) attenuated the hypercapnic response in C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) but not in neonatal (P9) EP3R−/−mice ( P < 0.05). The hypercapnic responses in brain stem spinal cord en bloc preparations also differed depending on EP3R expression whereby the response was attenuated in EP3R−/−preparations ( P < 0.05). After severe hypoxic exposure in vivo, IL-1β prolonged time to autoresuscitation in WT but not in EP3R−/−mice. Moreover, during severe hypoxic stress EP3R−/−mice had an increased gasping duration ( P < 0.01) as well as number of gasps ( P < 0.01), irrespective of intraperitoneal treatment, compared with WT mice. Furthermore, EP3R−/−mice exhibited longer hyperpneic breathing efforts when exposed to severe hypoxia ( P < 0.01). This was then followed by a longer period of secondary apnea before autoresuscitation occurred in EP3R−/−mice ( P < 0.05). In vitro, EP3R−/−brain stem spinal cord preparations had a prolonged respiratory burst activity during severe hypoxia accompanied by a prolonged neuronal arrest during recovery in oxygenated medium ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, PGE2exerts its effects on respiration via EP3R activation that attenuates the respiratory response to hypercapnia as well as severe hypoxia. Modulation of the EP3R may serve as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of inflammatory and hypoxic-induced detrimental apneas and respiratory disorders in neonates.
Influence of airway wall compliance on epithelial cell injury and adhesion during interfacial flows
Authors: Higuita-Castro Natalia , Mihai Cosmin , Hansford Derek J. , Ghadiali Samir N.
Published: September 2014

Interfacial flows during cyclic airway reopening are an important source of ventilator-induced lung injury. However, it is not known how changes in airway wall compliance influence cell injury during airway reopening. We used an in vitro model of airway reopening in a compliant microchannel to investigate how airway wall stiffness influences epithelial cell injury. Epithelial cells were grown on gel substrates with different rigidities, and cellular responses to substrate stiffness were evaluated in terms of metabolic activity, mechanics, morphology, and adhesion. Repeated microbubble propagations were used to simulate cyclic airway reopening, and cell injury and detachment were quantified via live/dead staining. Although cells cultured on softer gels exhibited a reduced elastic modulus, these cells experienced less plasma membrane rupture/necrosis. Cells on rigid gels exhibited a minor, but statistically significant, increase in the power law exponent and also exhibited a significantly larger height-to-length aspect ratio. Previous studies indicate that this change in morphology amplifies interfacial stresses and, therefore, correlates with the increased necrosis observed during airway reopening. Although cells cultured on stiff substrates exhibited more plasma membrane rupture, these cells experienced significantly less detachment and monolayer disruption during airway reopening. Western blotting and immunofluorescence indicate that this protection from detachment and monolayer disruption correlates with increased focal adhesion kinase and phosphorylated paxillin expression. Therefore, changes in cell morphology and focal adhesion structure may govern injury responses during compliant airway reopening. In addition, these results indicate that changes in airway compliance, as occurs during fibrosis or emphysema, may significantly influence cell injury during mechanical ventilation.
The Safety of Low-Dose Glucocorticoids in Rheumatic Diseases: Results from Observational Studies
Authors: Hwang Yong Gil , Saag Kenneth
Published: September 2014

Glucocorticoids (GC) remain the most commonly used agents for managing inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The adverse effects (AEs) associated with high-dose GCs are well established, but there is a widespread misconception that AEs of high-dose GC therapy (>30 mg of prednisone or equivalent daily) are similar in low-dose therapy (≤7.5 mg of prednisone equivalent a day). Although high-quality evidence on AEs of low-dose GC therapy is still incomplete, risks and safety of low-dose GC therapy in rheumatic diseases are reviewed based on current evidence by category, including musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, infectious, gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, endocrine and metabolic, dermatologic, and ophthalmologic AEs. Recommendations concerning monitoring AEs with low-dose GC therapy are provided for each category of AEs on the basis of our literature review and clinical experience. There is emerging evidence that low-dose GCs are associated with a much lower level of AEs, which would allow their use over long periods in patients with rheumatic disease who gain clinical effectiveness and well-being from their use. Nonetheless, knowledge and understanding of AEs from low-dose GCs is vital to maximize benefits and minimize risks to patients.