bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of web plate holes on the radiation noise characteristics of wheels of the high speed train
Authors: Tong Xun-qian , Lin Jun , Zhang Guan-yu , Zhu Xi
Published: November 2016

The finite element model of wheels without holes was established to compute its free modal and compare with the experimental result. The relative error was controlled within 5 %, which indicated that the finite element model in this paper was reliable. Based on the finite element and geometric model, the acoustic boundary element model of wheels was established to compute the radiation noise of wheels under the action of radial and normal excitation forces. Results showed that the change trend and value of radiation noises of wheels were similar under the action of two kinds of excitation forces when the analyzed frequency was lower than 1421 Hz. However, the radiation noise of wheels under the action of two kinds of excitation forces was significantly different and presented obvious directivity in three planes with the increase of the analyzed frequency. Then, models of wheels with 5, 6, 9 and ellipse holes were established to compute radiation noises and conduct comparative analysis. Results showed that the radiation noise of wheels with 6 holes was relatively minimum under radial and normal excitations and did not decrease with the increase of the hole number. The radiation noise of wheels with circular holes made certain improvement, compared with the radiation noise of wheels with ellipse holes. Distribution curves for the directivity of radiation noises of various wheels were highly symmetrical in the Z plane and radiation noises had relatively maximum in the position of multiples of 30°. The curve for the directivity of radiation noises of wheels with 5 holes was clearly different from that of other structures in the Y plane.
Peculiarities of Psychoemotional State in Pregnant Women with Oligohydramnios
Authors: Basiuga Irina
Published: November 2016

Oligohydramnios is an obstetric pathology being one of the most common perinatal diseases. In 70% of cases, its causes are unclear which requires further improvement of diagnostics and treatment tactics. The objective of the research was to examine psychoemotional state in pregnant women with oligohydramnios.Materials and methods. 120 pregnant women with oligohydramnios diagnosed at 27-29 weeks of gestation were examined. The control group included 30 somatically healthy women with physiological course of pregnancy. Psychoemotional state of women was evaluated using the survey and the scale proposed by S.D. Spilberg and adapted by Yu.A. Khanin. Results. When studying psychological peculiarities, we did not reveal realiable differences in the level of trait anxiety between women with oligohydramnios and pregnant women without it. Moreover, there was observed a similar division of patients by the low, medium and high levels of this indicator among patients of both groups. However, the analysis of the obtained data showed the increase in the level of state anxiety in the main group (43.28±1.36 points) compared to the control one (35.30±2.22 points, p<0.01). Among women with oligohydramnios, an increase in the proportion of individuals with a high level of this parameter (p<0.01) as well as a decrease in the proportion of individuals with a low level of this parameter was observed.Conclusions. The level of trait anxiety in pregnant women with oligohydramnios did not differfrom that in healthy women and corresponded to the average value, while the level of state anxiety which corresponded to the average values as well, significantly increased compared to pregnant women with physiological gestation (p<0.01). Among this category of patients, a statistically significant increase in the proportion of individuals with a high level of this parameter was observed (p<0.01).
Model Development on Awareness of Education for Sustainable Schools Development in Malaysia
Authors: Mahat Hanifah , Saleh Yazid , Hashim Mohmadisa , Nayan Nasir
Published: November 2016

ἀis article aims to develope the Structural Equation Model (SEM) on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) student awareness around Sustainable Schools in Malaysia. ἀe cluster sampling technique was used in selecting the school samples and the respondents were then also selected through simple random sampling among upper second-ary pupils. A questionnaire survey was administered for 447 pupils, to evaluate the aḀer eᴀects of the SLAAS. ἀe results showed that the model has been developed to provide an overview of each construct (knowledge on SLAAS Program, ESD content knowledge, ESD practices knowledge, attitudes of ESD and behavioral constructs of ESD) formed a ᰀt model. ἀe implication of this article showed that SLAAS Program implemented in Malaysia can be an indicator for the achievement of sustainable school.
Mapping of Traffic-Related Air Pollution Using GIS Techniques in Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
Authors: Adedeji Oludare Hakeem , Oluwafunmilayo Olasumbo , Oluwaseun Tope-Ajayi Opeyemi
Published: November 2016

Spatial and temporal characteristics of traffic related air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2 and SO2) in Ijebu-ode, Nigeria were determined using replicate portable gas detectors (Land Duo Multi Gas Monitor) at selected road junctions, motor garages and markets. Mapping of different concentration of air pollutants was carried out using kriging type of interpolation method in GIS environment. Concentration of CO ranges from 4.8 ppm at Erinlu/Molipa Roundabout to 137ppm on Sagamu/Ore Expressway. Concentrations of NO2  range from 100-662 ppb with overall average value (OAV) of 299.8 ppb, while concentration of nitrogen oxide (NO) ranges between 67-302 ppb and OAV of 166.23 ppb. SO2 had concentration ranging between 38-245 ppb and an OAV of 139.07 ppb all of which are above standard ambient air quality standards. AQI indicated very unhealthy air quality in most areas which calls for the need to establish and strengthen the health-based standard for air pollutants.
Characterization of Jos City Road Network, Nigeria
Authors: Oluwole Olumide Akinwumi , Daful Nwanret Gideon
Published: November 2016

ἀe performance of road network depends on its topological characteristics which help to deḀne its connectiv-ity. ἀis paper analyses the topological characteristic of Jos city road network and its bearing on traᴀc ᰀow situations. Simple graph theoretic measures oᬀered the framework on which the problem was approached. ἀe study requires the abstraction and analysis of the topological structure by selection of certain variables relating to the road connectivity. ἀese include the Beta, Gamma and Alpha index, the PI, Cyclomatic number, and the spread and density of the network. Information on these variables was obtained through the use of vector data model to abstract the road network graph from the Quick-bird satellite imagery used for the study. Results of the Ḁndings reveal that, the road network of Jos City Centre as a whole have achieved an average level of connectivity, showing Beta index values of 1.4049, Gamma index value of 47.06%, Alpha index Value of 20.63%; and a pi and cyclomatic number of 24.74 and 165 respectively, the spread of the network is moderate exhibiting a value of 23, even though some areas have more concentration of roads than the others; and has a road density of 52 links per km2. Based on these Ḁndings, the need for construction of new roads is imperative so as to improve the eᴀciency of connectivity and accessibility within the city.
Usual Source of Treatment in Northeast India
Authors: Narzary Pralip Kumar
Published: November 2016

The northeast India comprises of eight states with great socio-cultural and geo-political diversity. The region is home of several ethnic groups, quite sensitive to illegal immigration and insurgency infected. Thus, an attempt is made to understand how the health seeking behavior varies under such diversity. For the study National Family Health Survey 2005-06 data have been used. Appropriate bi-variate and multi-variate statistical techniques have been applied to draw meaningful conclusions. In entire northeast India, the percentage of households who usually avail treatment from public healthcare centres is much higher than the national average. Dependence on public healthcare centres is highest in Mizoram and Sikkim, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, whereas it is lowest in the state of Nagaland. In all the states main reasons for usually not seeking treatment from public healthcare centres is ‘no facility nearby’, ‘poor quality of care’ and ‘long waiting time’.
PARTISIPASI PEMUDA DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN PARIWISATA BERBASIS MASYARAKAT UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETAHANAN SOSIAL BUDAYA WILAYAH (Studi di Desa Wisata Pentingsari, Umbulharjo, Cangkringan, Sleman, D.I. Yogyakarta)
Authors: Lestari Gina -
Published: November 2016

Arus pariwisata global mengarah pada tren baru pariwisata pedesaan dimana wisatawan datang dalam kelompok-kelompok kecil dan berinteraksi intensif, mempelajari kehidupan masyarakat dan ikut serta dalam kegiatan penduduk desa. Pariwisata model ini rentan menyebabkan perubahan sosial budaya di masyarakat jika pengelolaannya tidak direncanakan secara matang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan merumuskan partisipasi pemuda dalam pengembangan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat (CBT) dan kontribusinya terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya wilayah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan prosedur metode campuran konkuren yang mengkombinasikan pendekatan kualitatif dengan kuantitatif. Penentuan sampel dipilih berdasarkan purposive sampling dengan penggunaan keriteria berdasarkan pertimbangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemuda merupakan bagian dari aktor pengelola CBT di Desa Wisata Pentingsari (Dewi Peri). Partisipasi pemuda berada pada tingkat partisipasi citizen power dengan bobot rata-rata sebesar 70%. Model pengembangan CBT di Dewi Peri memungkinkan seluruh masyarakat terlibat secara aktif sebagai aktor utama. Partisipasi pemuda dalam pengembangan CBT di Dewi Peri berkontribusi terhadap ketahanan sosial budaya berdasarkan parameter asas kemitraan, kesejahteraan, perlindungan, kemandirian, kerukunan, nilai sosial dan budaya lokal. Ketahanan sosial budaya terbentuk melalui pelestarian sosial budaya secara dinamis dengan melindungi, mengembangkan dan memanfaatkan sosial-budaya lokal melalui aktivitas pariwisata.
A Novel Identification Method of Thermal Resistances of Thermoelectric Modules Combining Electrical Characterization Under Constant Temperature and Heat Flow Conditions
Authors: Siouane Saima , Jovanovic Slavisa , Poure Philippe
Published: November 2016

The efficiency of a Thermoelectric Module (TEM) is not only influenced by the material properties, but also by the heat losses due to the internal and contact thermal resistances. In the literature, the material properties are mostly discussed, mainly to increase the well-known thermoelectric figure of merit ZT. Nevertheless, when a TEM is considered, the separate characterization of the materials of the p and n elements is not enough to have a suitable TEM electrical model and evaluate more precisely its efficiency. Only a few recent papers deal with thermal resistances and their influence on the TEM efficiency; mostly, the minimization of these resistances is recommended, without giving a way to determine their values. The aim of the present paper is to identify the internal and contact thermal resistances of a TEM by electrical characterization. Depending on the applications, the TEM can be used either under constant temperature gradient or constant heat flow conditions. The proposed identification approach is based on the theoretical electrical modeling of the TEM, in both conditions. It is simple to implement, because it is based only on open circuit test conditions. A single electrical measurement under both conditions (constant-temperature and constant-heat) is needed. Based on the theoretical electrical models, one can identify the internal and thermal resistances.
KERAGAAN KLON IRR SERI 300 DAN 400 DI PENGUJIAN PLOT PROMOSI
Authors: Woelan Sekar
Published: November 2016

Klon karet IRR  seri 300 dan 400 merupakan hasil seleksi dari kegiatan persilangan tahun 1991 dan 1992. Klon IRR seri 300 berasal dari hasil persilangan sebanyak 25.388 persilangan yang menghasilkan 397 progeni,  sedangkan klon IRR seri  400 berasal dari hasil persilangan  sebanyak 31.120 persilangan yang menghasilkan 828 progeni F1. Semua persilangan dan pengujian plot promosi dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Sungai Putih, Pusat Penelitian Karet. Pengujian Plot Promosi merupakan salah satu metode alternatif untuk mempersingkat masa  seleksi tanaman karet yang membutuhkan waktu hampir 25-30 tahun, sehingga dengan pengujian Plot Promosi masa seleksi dapat dipersingkat 10 – 15 tahun. Materi yang digunakan dalam pengujian Plot Promosi berasal dari 1% progeni terbaik tanaman F1 di pembibitan (Seedling Evaluation Trial = SET), dengan menggunakan rancangan Simple Latice Design. Klon IRR seri 300 dibangun pada tahun 1999 sedangkan klon IRR seri 400 di bangun pada tahun 2004. Sebanyak 21  klon  IRR seri 300 dan 26 klon IRR seri 400  diuji dalam penelitian ini dengan klon pembanding PB 260, RRIC 100, dan BPM 24. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi klon IRR seri 300  memperlihatkan bahwa klon IRR 302 , IRR 309, IRR 313, IRR 317, IRR 318  dan IRR 319  memiliki pertumbuhan lilit batang yang cukup tinggi, potensi hasil lateks > 45 (g/p/s)  dan ketahanan penyakit gugur daun (Colletrotichum, Corynespora, dan Oidium) yang cukup baik. Dengan demikian klon-klon tersebut dapat dikembangkan menjadi klon unggul harapan penghasil lateks dan lateks-kayu.   Demikian halnya dengan klon IRR seri 400, klon IRR 417 dan IRR 420 dengan potensi hasil lateks selama 2 tahun sadap > 40 (g/p/s), pertumbuhan lilit batang cukup jagur, dan ketahanan penyakit gugur daun (Colletrotichum, Corynespora, dan Oidium) yang cukup baik.
Cover Warta Perkaretan
Authors: Perkaretan Cover Warta
Published: November 2016

Vol 31, No 1, 2012
POTENSI KAYU KARET HASIL PEREMAJAAN DI TINGKAT PERUSAHAAN PERKEBUNAN
Authors: Woelan Sekar , Siagian Nurhawaty , Sayurandi Sayurandi , Pasaribu Sarifah Aini
Published: November 2016

Kayu karet merupakan salah satu produk dari pohon karet di samping getah karet dan biji karet.  Sejalan dengan berkembangnya teknologi pemanfaatan kayu karet dan semakin terbatasnya kayu yang berasal dari hutan alam, maka permintaan kayu karet meningkat setiap tahunnya karena bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dunia.  Nilai ekonomi kayu karet yang meningkat dapat digunakan sebagai modal untuk peremajaan kebun karet.  Dalam pemanfaatan kayu karet tua sebagai bahan baku industri berbasis kayu ada beberapa hal yang perlu diketahui yaitu distribusi potensi kayu karet menurut pengusahaan perkebunan dan berapa volume kayu karet per hektar yang dapat dihasilkan dari karet tua.  Hal ini penting untuk menentukan kontinuitas penyediaan bahan baku industri pengolahan kayu karet.
KAJIAN PENGGUNAAN MIKROORGANISME TANAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI PEMUPUKAN PADA TANAMAN KARET
Authors: Sembiring Yan Riska Venata , Nugroho Priyo Adi , Istianto Istianto
Published: November 2016

Tanah perkebunan yang umumnya miskin hara menyebabkan pentingnya penambahan hara dari luar melalui pemupukan. Ketersediaan pemupukan kimia yang terbatas seringkali menjadi kendala dalam kegiatan pemupukan. Penggunaan pupuk kimia yang berkelanjutan juga dapat menurunkan kesuburan biologi tanah. Mikroorganisme tanah memiliki peranan penting dalam penyediaan kebutuhan hara tanah. Namun pemanfaatan mikroorganisme tanah ini belum banyak digunakan untuk mendukung perkebunan karet khususnya dalam penyediaan kebutuhan hara dan efisiensi dalam pemupukan. Beberapa mikroroganisme yang memiliki kemampuan adalah mikroorgnaisme penambat nitrogen, pelarut fosfor (P), bakteri endofitik, mikoriza, dan mikroorganisme pemantap agregat. Berbagai jenis mikroorganisme yang menguntungkan bagi tanaman ini dapat dikemas sebagai salah satu pilar nutrisi tanaman melalui pupuk hayati.
PERAN SELULER ETILEN EKSOGENUS TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI LATEKS PADA TANAMAN KARET (Hevea brasiliensis L)
Authors: Tistama Radite
Published: November 2016

Perlakuan etilen dalam rangka meningkatkan produktifitas tanaman karet telah dilakukan secara luas di perkebunan karet sejak dekade 1970-an. Dari beberapa hasil penelitian telah terungkap bahwa etilen di dalam jaringan kulit Hevea mengatur dua jalur utama peningkatan produksi lateks yaitu: a) peningkatan sintesis karet, dan b) memperpanjang lama aliran lateks. Pada tahap awal etilen menginduksi perubahan pH di dalam sitosol menjadi lebih alkali. Perubahan pH ini memicu aktivitas beberapa enzim yang berperan di dalam jalur mevalonat, dan meningkatkan ketersediaan senyawa-senyawa adenilat dan sukrosa di dalam lateks, sebagai faktor penting di dalam biosintesis karet. Etilen eksogen menginduksi ekspresi gen aquaporin di dalam jaringan kulit sehingga suplai air di sekitar bidang penyadapan meningkat, dan etilen juga dapat mempertahankan stabilitas lateks selama aliran lateks. Faktor ketersediaan air dalam jaringan dan stabilitas lateks yang tinggi berpengaruh positif terhadap lama aliran lateks tanaman karet.
PERKEMBANGAN RISET DAN PENGGUNAAN MINYAK NABATI TEREPOKSIDASI SEBAGAI BAHAN PEMLASTIS KARET DAN PLASTIK
Authors: Kinasih Norma Arisanti , Cifriadi Adi
Published: November 2016

Penggunaan bahan pemlastis dalam pembuatan barang jadi karet dan plastik digunakan untuk meningkatkan fleksibilitas polimer dan pendispersian bahan pengisi di dalam matrik. Terdapat beberapa jenis bahan pemlastis yang digunakan dalam pembuatan produk karet dan plastik antara lain adalah: bahan pemlastis golongan parafinik, aromatik, naftenik, ftalat, dll. Pemlastis golongan ftalat yang banyak digunakan pada karet NBR dan plastik PVC saat ini mulai dibatasi karena dapat mengakibatkan efek karsiogenik dan mencemari lingkungan, sehingga penelitian tentang bahan pemlastis untuk substitusi bahan pemlastis golongan ftalat telah banyak dilakukan. Minyak nabati terepoksidasi merupakan salah satu bahan yang berpeluang untuk mensubtitusi bahan pemlastis golongan ftalat. Sintesis minyak nabati terepoksidasi dilakukan melalui reaksi epoksidasi minyak nabati yang salah satu sintesisnya menggunakan asam perkarboksilat. Dalam reaksi ini, terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil diantaranya: jumlah dan jenis katalis, jumlah dan jenis pereaksi, jenis minyak nabati, waktu, suhu, dan kecepatan pengadukan selama berlangsungnya reaksi. Nilai bilangan iod dan oksiran merupakan pengujian yang digunakan untuk mengamati derajat konversi pembentukan minyak nabati terepoksidasi. Tulisan ini memaparkan reaksi pembentukan minyak nabati terepoksidasi, aplikasi penggunaannya, dan peluang pengembangan industri minyak nabati terepoksidasi.
PENGGUNAAN BIOBRIKET SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF DALAM PENGERINGAN KARET ALAM
Authors: Vachlepi Afrizal , Suwardin Didin
Published: November 2016

Biomassa merupakan sumber energi potensial yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar dari fosil. Biomassa dapat diubah menjadi briket arang yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi seperti untuk proses pengeringan dalam pengolahan karet remah dan sit asap. Briket arang biomassa atau biobriket dibuat dari arang biomassa baik berupa bagian yang memang sengaja dijadikan bahan baku briket maupun sisa atau limbah proses produksi/pengolahan agroindustri. Misalnya kayu, tempurung kelapa, arang tempurung kelapa sawit, limbah bambu, tandan buah kosong kelapa sawit, sekam padi, dan limbah batang tembakau dapat menjadi bahan baku untuk biobriket. Selain itu, limbah dari industri karet remah berupa tatal juga dapat dijadikan biobriket. Teknologi pembuatan biobriket banyak tersedia. Pembuatan biobriket memerlukan bahan penunjang seperti tanah liat, lem kanji, air, dan bahan pencampur lainnya. Komposisi bahan tersebut sangat tergantung dari jenis bahan baku untuk pembuatan biobriket. Sebelum dibuat biobriket, biomassa harus diubah terlebih dahulu menjadi arang, kemudian arang tersebut dihaluskan, dicampur dan dicetak dalam berbagai bentuk briket seperti silinder, kubus dan telur. Dari beberapa hasil penelitian, secara umum nilai kalor yang dihasilkan dari biobriket ternyata tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan briket batubara. Oleh karena itu, biobriket dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar proses pengeringan karet alam.
Cover Warta Perkaretan
Authors: Perkaretan Cover Warta
Published: November 2016

Bagi yang membutuhkan cover, daftar isi, dll dari warta perkaretan dapat mengunduh file ini
PELUANG BUDIDAYA ILES-ILES (Amorphophallus spp.) SEBAGAI TANAMAN SELA DI PERKEBUNAN KARET
Authors: Afifah Elya , Oktorina Mudita , Setiono Setiono
Published: November 2016

Iles-iles merupakan umbi-umbian yang memiliki potensi ekonomi cukup tinggi. Salah satu negara tujuan ekspor hasil umbi ini adalah Jepang. Jepang membutuhkan tepung atau gaplek iles-iles lebih dari 1.000 ton/tahun. Bagian tanaman iles-iles yang dimanfaatkan adalah umbinya. Salah satu komponen penyusun umbi iles-iles adalah karbohidrat yang terdiri atas pati, glukomanan, serat kasar, dan gula bebas. Glukomanan merupakan serat larut alam (soluble fiber). Umbi iles-iles dimanfaatkan di industri non-pangan. Daerah yang telah membudidayakan tanaman iles-iles dalam skala yang luas adalah Propinsi Jawa Timur di areal konsesi tanaman jati. Kondisi agroklimat tanaman karet yang sudah berumur 4 tahun hampir sama dengan kondisi agroklimat tanaman jati. Oleh karena itu, tanaman iles-iles sesuai untuk ditanam sebagai tanaman sela di lahan perkebunan karet, dan dapat menambah pendapatan petani karet. Mulai umur 4 tahun, areal di bawah tajuk perkebunan karet sudah mulai ternaungi 50%. Hal ini sesuai dengan syarat tumbuh tanaman iles-iles yang mutlak ditanam di bawah naungan minimal 50%. Suhu udara di bawah pohon karet juga optimal untuk tanaman iles-iles (22°C - 30°C). Jika di lahan perkebunan karet dengan populasi 550 pohon per hektar, maka dapat ditanam kurang lebih 5.000 tanaman iles-iles. Umbi yang akan dihasilkan sekitar 10 ton – 15 ton per hektar pada tahun ketiga. Jika umbi dijual segar, petani karet akan memperoleh tambahan penghasilan 25 – 37,5 juta per ha pada tahun ketiga.
PENGGUNAAN MODEL WaNuLCAS UNTUK MANAJEMEN TUMPANG SARI PADA PERKEBUNAN KARET
Authors: Cahyo Andi Nur
Published: November 2016

Salah satu model yang dapat digunakan untuk mensimulasikan interaksi antara pohon dan atau tanaman semusim dalam kaitannya dengan penggunaan air, unsur hara, dan sinar matahari dalam suatu sistem tumpang sari pada perkebunan karet adalah model WaNuLCAS. Model ini dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi sistem tumpang sari secara keseluruhan sebelum pengaplikasian di lapangan, sehingga sangat berguna untuk menekan biaya yang lebih besar apabila percobaan tumpang sari dilakukan secara langsung di lapangan. Model ini terdiri atas dua komponen, yaitu file Wanulcas.xlsm dalam format Excel untuk input data dan file Wanulcas.stm yang ditulis dalam program Stella untuk menjalankan model WaNuLCAS tersebut. Beberapa macam data mengenai iklim, karakteristik tanah, manajemen kebun, dan karakteristik pohon serta tanaman yang akan dibudidayakan diperlukan untuk menjalankan model ini. Sebelum digunakan untuk menjalankan suatu skenario, kalibrasi dan validasi diperlukan untuk memastikan bahwa data keluaran dari model ini tidak jauh berbeda dengan data hasil pengamatan di lapangan. Model ini telah digunakan sebelumnya pada beberapa penelitian dan disimpulkan  dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk memprediksi pertumbuhan dan hasil beberapa macam tanaman dengan keluaran yang logis, namun masih memerlukan perbaikan pada beberapa bagian.Kata kunci :
KAJIAN TENTANG SELF-HEALING RUBBER SELF HEALING RUBBER REVIEW
Authors: Purbaya Mili
Published: November 2016

Barang jadi karet selama masa pemakaiannya dapat mengalami cracking. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini maka konsep self-healing dapat digunakan. Self-healing merupakan kemampuan dari suatu material untuk dapat memperbaiki dirinya sendiri setelah mengalami kerusakan. Konsep ini dapat digunakan untuk menambah umur pemakaian suatu produk. Strategi yang dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan material self-healing adalah : 1) Pembentukan ikatan silang pada polimer, 2) Pelepasan healing agent pada saat memproduksi polimer, dan 3) Menggunakan teknologi khusus seperti konduktiviti, electro-fluid-dynamic (EFD), migrasi nano partikel, efek shape memori dan co-deposition. Salah satu supramolekular polimer yang memiliki sifat elastis dan healing ability adalah self-healing rubber. Self-healing rubber disintesis melalui dua tahap sistesis, yaitu 1) pembuatan oligoamide, dan 2) mereaksikan oligoamide yang diperoleh dari tahap pertama reaksi dengan urea untuk menghasilkan self-healing rubber. Karet yang diperoleh memiliki sifat elastis dan sifat healing ability setelah mengalami kerusakan. Sifat ini tidak ditemukan dalam karet alam maupun karet sintesis. Jenis karet baru ini sangat menarik untuk dipelajari dan diaplikasikan untuk teknologi karet.
ANALISIS PERKEMBANGAN PASAR KARET REMAH SIR Analysis of Crumb Rubber SIR Market Developments
Authors: Hendratno Sinung
Published: November 2016

Karet merupakan salah satu komoditas penting di Indonesia. Sebagian besar produksi barang setengah jadi karet Indonesia pada saat ini berupa karet remah SIR khususnya SIR 20. Review ini akan menganalisis perkembangann pasar karet remah dengan menggunakan data sekunder.Hasil review menyimpulkan bahwa pasar karet remah diperkirakan akan terus berkembang. Perkembangan produksi karet remah SIR khususnya SIR 20 ditunjang oleh adanya: a) ketersediaan bahan olah karet utamanya dari perkebunan rakyat, b) eksistensi pabrik karet remah/Crumb Rubber Factory, c) kuatnya integrasi vertikal pasar yang memberikan “keadilan” pembagian marjin pemasaran karet remah, e) diperolehnya nilai tambah yang cukup besar dalam kegiatan produksi karet remah, dan e) implementasi kebijakan pemerintah menunjang pengembangan karet remah.
DINAMIKA HARA KALIUM DAN PENGELOLAANNYA DI PERKEBUNAN KARET
Authors: Nugroho Priyo Adi
Published: November 2016

Kalium merupakan salah satu hara penting pada tanaman karet. Defisiensi kalium akan menyebabkan lemahnya jaringan batang dan kerusakan tanaman oleh bakteri, jamur, serangga, nematoda dan virus. Kalium berperan dalam regenerasi kulit pada bidang sadap, kestabilan lateks, mengatur keseimbangan magnesium (Mg) dan meningkatkan produksi. Dalam kaitannya dengan kekeringan, aktivitas stomata dan laju transpirasi tanaman karet dengan kalium yang cukup akan menurun seiring dengan meningkatnya stres kelembaban tanah. Kalium juga berperan dalam meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap penyakit. Kalium dalam ekosistem kebun karet merupakan suatu daur/siklus yang terbuka. Sumber hara utama kalium adalah pelarutan mineral, dekomposisi bahan organik, air hujan, pencucian kanopi dan pemupukan. Hara kalium yang berada di dalam tanah sebagian terimmobilisasi di dalam jaringan tanaman karet dalam bentuk kayu maupun diserap oleh tanaman kacangan penutup tanah (LCC). Erosi dan pemanenan merupakan penyebab utama kehilangan hara. Di Indonesia tanaman karet umumnya dibudidayakan pada tanah-tanah masam terutama yang tergolong ke dalam ordo Inceptisol, Ultisol dan Oxisol.Secara inheren tanah tersebut memiliki tingkat kesuburan tanah yang kurang baik termasuk kandungan Kalium yang rendah. Beberapa teknologi telah diterapkan oleh pekebun karet dalam mengelola kesuburan tanah yaitu melalui pemupukan kalium, penggunaan zat aditif (slow release agent) untuk efektifitas pemupukan, pengolahan tanah dan penanaman LCC sebagai bahan organik dan pencegah erosi.
Dynamics of CD133+ cells in cultures of glioma c6 and fetal rat brain under the neurogenic cells supernatant influence
Authors: Liubich L. , Lisyany M. , Semenova V. , Stayno L.
Published: November 2016

Cellular and molecular similarities between brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) and normal neurogenic stem cells (NSCs) motivate the search for new methods of treatment of malignant glioma using NSCs. CD133 molecule could be one of the most typical markers of BTSCs and considered as a target for therapy of brain tumors.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rat neurogenic cells supernatant (NCsS) on the content of CD133+ cells in glioma C6 cell cultures.Materials and methods. The cells of rat brain glioma C6 were used as the source for the cultivation; for comparative assessment of tested compound impact on the intact nervous system the fetal rat brain cells on 14th (E14) day of gestation were used. The study was performed in control cultures under standard culture conditions without NCsS adding and tested cultures with adding NCsS (0.10 mg/ml of protein) for 48 hours. NCsS was received from suspensions of rat brain neurogenic cells (E14).Results. CD133-positive cells were 12.05 ± 4.77 % of the total number of cells in C6 glioma culture and 37.36 ± 12.33 % of the total number of cells in fetal rat brain culture. CD133-positive cells had a smaller size than negative cells (average values of cross-sectional area of cells and nucleus) and greater nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. The cell and nucleus sizes of CD133-positive cells in cell cultures of fetal rat brain were twice larger than sizes of such cells in cultures of glioma C6.Under the conditions of NCsS for 48 hours the reducing in the number of CD133-positive cells in rat glioma C6 cell cultures (2.88 ± 0.41 %) and lack of such effects in cell cultures of fetal rat brain (E14) were found.Conclusion. The morphological differences of CD133-positive cells in glioma C6 cultures and in cell cultures of fetal rat brain (E14) were detected. The decrease of CD133-positive cells in glioma C6 cells culture under the influence of neurogenic cells supernatant was shown.
Neutral Volatile Components of Burley Tobacco
Authors: Fujimori T. , Kasuga R. , Kaneko H. , Noguchi M.
Published: November 2016

The constituents of the neutral volatiles in air-cured Burley tobacco were studied, and the following 19 substances were newly added to our lists:

1. 6-Methyl-6,9-oxidonon-4-en-2-ol

2. 5-Isopropylnon-3-en-2,8-dioI

3. 5-Isopropylnonan-2,8-diol

4. 3,3,5-Trimethyl-8-isopropyl-4,9-dioxabicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-2-oI

5. 2-(1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octan-6-yl)propan-2-ol

6. 3-Oxoactinidol

7. 5-Isopropyl-7-(2-methyltetrahydrofur-2-yl)hept-6-en-2-ol

8. O-Methyl acetophenone

9. 1,5,5-Trimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-3-one

10. 4-(3-Hydroxybutylidene)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one

11. (1-Methyl-4-isopropyl-7,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octan-6-yl)methyl ketone

12. 6,10-Dimethyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)spiro[4.5]dec-6-en-8-one (solavetivone)

13. 5-Isopropyl-7-(2-methyltetrahydrofur-2-yl)hept-6-en-2-one

14. 4-Ethyl-4-methylbutan-4-olide

15. Phthalide

16. Hydroxydihydrobovolide

17. 1,2-Dimethoxy benzene

18. o-Anisidine

19. Methylanthranilate

A large number of identified compounds may be viewed as degradation products of carotenoids and thunberganoids. These compounds have a characteristic aroma and are thought to be key flavour components in the essential oils of tobacco. The presence of any labdanoid hydrocarbons or their oxygenated products was not recognized in our Burley tobacco extract. Burley tobacco is thought to be deficient in labdanoid compounds.
Widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands, 2016
Authors: Rijks JM , Kik ML , Slaterus R , Foppen RPB , Stroo A , IJzer J , Stahl J , Gröne A , Koopmans MGP , van der Jeugd HP , Reusken CBEM
Published: November 2016

We report a widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands. Viral presence had been detected through targeted surveillance as early as April 2016 and increased mortality in common blackbirds and captive great grey owls was noticed from August 2016 onwards. Usutu virus infection was confirmed by post-mortem examination and RT-PCR. Extensive Usutu virus activity in the Netherlands in 2016 underlines the need to monitor mosquito activity and mosquito-borne infections in 2017 and beyond.
An international invasive meningococcal disease outbreak due to a novel and rapidly expanding serogroup W strain, Scotland and Sweden, July to August 2015
Authors: Lucidarme Jay , Scott Kevin J , Ure Roisin , Smith Andrew , Lindsay Diane , Stenmark Bianca , Jacobsson Susanne , Fredlund Hans , Cameron J Claire , Smith-Palmer Alison , McMenamin Jim , Gray Steve J , Campbell Helen , Ladhani Shamez , Findlow Jamie , Mölling Paula , Borrow Ray
Published: November 2016

The 23rd World Scout Jamboree in 2015 took place in Japan and included over 33,000 scouts from 162 countries. Within nine days of the meeting ending, six cases of laboratory-confirmed invasive serogroup W meningococcal disease occurred among scouts and their close contacts in Scotland and Sweden. The isolates responsible were identical to one-another by routine typing and, where known (4 isolates), belonged to the ST-11 clonal complex (cc11) which is associated with large outbreaks and high case fatality rates. Recent studies have demonstrated the need for high-resolution genomic typing schemes to assign serogroup W cc11 isolates to several distinct strains circulating globally over the past two decades. Here we used such schemes to confirm that the Jamboree-associated cases constituted a genuine outbreak and that this was due to a novel and rapidly expanding strain descended from the strain that has recently expanded in South America and the United Kingdom. We also identify the genetic differences that define the novel strain including four point mutations and three putative recombination events involving the horizontal exchange of 17, six and two genes, respectively. Noteworthy outcomes of these changes were antigenic shifts and the disruption of a transcriptional regulator.
Fraterniser avec l'ennemi : modernité et américanité dans les bandes dessinées américaines publiées dans L'Action catholique (1932–1944)
Authors: Rioux Philippe
Published: November 2016

Durant les années 1930, les journaux québécois subissent une invasion des comic strips américains qui entraine pratiquement la disparition, à court terme, de la production bédéesque locale. Bien qu'il prône une idéologie traditionaliste tournée vers la défense de la patrie, de la langue française et du catholicisme, le journal L'Action catholique n'échappe pas à ce phénomène. Dans ce cas précis, la situation paraît paradoxale si l'on considère que les comics publiés – et à plus forte raison les comics d'aventure – véhiculent une certaine modernité a priori opposée à la doctrine prônée par le quotidien. Ainsi, cet article montre d'abord comment la représentation de la violence, du crime et de la justice proposée par ces objets bédéesques entre en conflit avec les valeurs conservatrices habituellement affichées par le journal. Il stipule ensuite que ces paradoxes témoignent en fait des compromis parfois difficiles, mais inévitables, que doit faire le journal pour s'adapter aux goûts d'un lectorat de plus en plus fasciné par la culture américaine.
Environmental Skepticism and Its Impact on Environmental Behaviour in Canada
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: November 2016

Environmental skepticism refers to doubt about the authenticity or severity of environmental threats facing the world today. Using Canadian data from the International Social Survey Program conducted in 2011 and structural equation modelling, this study explores social determinants of environmental skepticism and its impact on environmental behaviour. Cognitive bias, generalized trust, and competing concern theories are found to be effective in explaining why some Canadians are more skeptical than others. Certain worldviews (a high level of religiosity, conservative political ideology), lack of trust in general society, and competing non-environmental concerns are three key factors underlying environmental skepticism in Canada. This study further finds that environmental skepticism has a real impact on individuals' environmental behaviour. It inhibits both the adoption of environmentally friendly lifestyles and engagement in environmentalist activism. Environmental skepticism thus can be a serious barrier to building an environmentally sustainable society in Canada.
Micelle Formation of Morpholinium Bromide Surfactants in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Qian Zhaohong , Huang Dandan , Yi Sijing , Li Qintang , Wang Jiao , Chen Xiao
Published: November 2016

The micelle formation of N-alkyl-N-methylmorpholinium bromide (CnMMB, n = 12, 14, 16) surfactants in aqueous solution has been investigated. Their critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness and efficiency of the surface tension reduction, and the maximum surface excess concentration were derived from the surface tension curves. Thermodynamic parameters were then evaluated in the temperature range of 25 °C ∼ 45 °C. The results showed that with increasing the alkyl chain length, the CMC values were decreased gradually, which is consistent with the enhancement of hydrophobic effect. Due to the existence of an oxygen atom in the headgroup, an unusual surface activity of CnMMB surfactants was obtained. The obtained results should help to better understand the effect of the hydrophilic headgroup on the micelle behavior of cationic surfactants containing saturated nitrogen-containing heterocycles.
Polyoxymethylene/Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Composites: Processing, Crystallization, Morphology and Thermo-Mechanical Behavior
Authors: Czarnecka-Komorowska D. , Sterzynski T. , Dutkiewicz M.
Published: November 2016

Polyoxymethylene composites with octakis (dimethylsiloxy, ethyl epoxycyclohexy)octasilsesquioxanes and octakis(dimethylsiloxy, vinyl)octasilsesquioxanes contents (0.5 and 1 wt.%) were studied. The effect of silsesquioxanes (POSS) on crystallization and melting behaviour of polyoxymethylene (POM) was investigated by polarized light microscope (PLM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the aim to determine the structural properties like crystallization temperature, degree of crystallinity and lamellar thickness distributions. It was found that POSS as nucleating agent affects the crystallization process of POM, leading to a homogeneous structure, improving the thermo-mechanical properties of polyoxymethylene composites. Based on SEM observations it was found that the POSS particles in a concentration of 0.5 wt.% are uniformly dispersed in polyoxymethylene matrix. The storage modulus and relaxations temperatures of POM with POM/0.5 wt.% ehPOSS and vinPOSS are slightly increased.
Relating regional crises and political cohesion from an ASEAN and EU-ASEAN perspective
Authors: Maier-Knapp Naila
Published: November 2016

In December 2015, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) celebrated the official establishment of the ASEAN Community. Having emerged in 1967 as a regional grouping of developing countries with minimal shared interests—beyond the common concern of economic growth and national resilience, ASEAN now has established regional structures which have been vital in enhancing development and dialogue on a broad range of issues across the Southeast Asian region. Over the years, the institutional development at the regional level has been accompanied by various efforts to promote regional unity and identity. The more recent years have also displayed that the international community has been supporting these efforts for ASEAN unity and identity by showing greater recognition of ASEAN as an international actor in its own right, for example, through the establishment of numerous country delegations to ASEAN.
Lumbar decompression in the elderly: increased age as a risk factor for complications and nonhome discharge
Authors: Murphy Meghan E. , Gilder Hannah , Maloney Patrick R. , McCutcheon Brandon A. , Rinaldo Lorenzo , Shepherd Daniel , Kerezoudis Panagiotis , Ubl Daniel S. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Krauss William E. , Habermann Elizabeth B. , Bydon Mohamad
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVE

With improving medical therapies for chronic conditions, elderly patients increasingly present as candidates for operative intervention for degenerative diseases of the spine. To date, there is a paucity of studies examining complications in lumbar decompression, without fusion, that include patients older than 80 years. Using a multicenter national database, the authors of this study evaluated lumbar decompression in the elderly, including octogenarians, to evaluate for associations between age and patient outcomes.

METHODS

The 2011–2013 American College of Surgeons' National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data set was queried for patients 65 years and older with diagnosis and procedure codes inclusive of degenerative spine disease and lumbar decompression without fusion. Morbidity and mortality within the 30-day postoperative period were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes of interest included unplanned readmission within 30 days or discharge to a nonhome facility. Outcomes and operative characteristics were compared using chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and multivariable logistic regression models.

RESULTS

A total of 8744 patients were identified; of these patients 4573 (52.30%) were 65 years and older. Elderly patients were stratified into 3 age categories: 85 years or older (n = 314), 75–84 years (n = 1663), and 65–74 years (n = 2596). Univariate analysis showed that, compared with age younger than 65 years, increased age was associated with the number of levels (≥ 3), readmissions within 30 days, nonhome discharge, any complication, length of stay, and blood transfusion (all p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis and with younger than 65 years as the reference, increased age was associated with any minor complication (p < 0.001; ≥ 85 years: OR 3.47, 95% CI 1.69–7.13; 75–84 years: OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.45–3.78; and 65–74 years: OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.94–2.20), as well as discharge location other than home (p < 0.001; ≥ 85 years: OR 13.59, 95% CI 9.47–19.49; 75–84 years: OR 5.64, 95% CI 4.33–7.34; and 65–74 years: OR 2.61, 95% CI 2.05–3.32).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors' high-powered, multicenter analysis of lumbar decompression without fusion in the elderly, specifically including patients older than 80 years, demonstrates that increased age is associated with more extensive operations, resulting in longer hospital stays, increased rates of nonhome discharge, and minor complications.
Activation Energies for Chain Growth Propagation and Termination in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis on Iron Catalyst as a Function of Catalyst Particle Size
Authors: Pour Ali Nakhaei , Dolati Fatemeh
Published: November 2016

The influence of the catalyst particle size in determining Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) performance for nano-structured iron catalysts was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by a microemulsion method and to achieve a series of catalysts with different iron particle size, the water-to-surfactant molar ratio (W/S) in the microemulsion system varied from 4 to 12. The results demonstrate that by decreasing the levels of active phase of the iron catalyst, the termination rates for chain growth are increased compared to the propagation rates. In addition, the activation energy for chain propagation is lower than for chain termination, and this difference (Et – Ep) for the hydrocarbon product distributions which is characterised by α1, is lower than the hydrocarbon product distribution which is characterised by α2 The results indicate the H2 concentration on the catalyst surface is decreased by increasing the catalyst particle size. Thus, the dependence of α (α1, and/or α2) on H2 partial pressures is increased by decreasing of catalyst particle size and the dependence of α2 on H2 partial pressures is weaker than for α1.
Semantics and Execution Time of New Timed Statecharts
Authors: Magott Jan , Skrobanek Paweł
Published: November 2016

Time aspects play an essential role in real-time systems. One of the most often used techniques of designing real-time systems is the timed statecharts (TSCs) technique. In this paper, new timed statecharts based on UML notation are introduced. The main difference between the UML statecharts and the TSCs presented in the paper is the pair of minimal and maximal execution times assigned to states of the TSCs. Additionally, any interaction can be characterized by its minimal and maximal duration time. Moreover, the paper presents semantics for TSCs, emphasizing time aspects rather than variable valuation. The minimal and maximal execution time problem (MMETP) for TSCs is defined and the computational complexity of the MMETP is studied. It is proven in this paper that there is a limit between such TSCs for which there exists a polynomial algorithm for MMETP and such TSCs for which MMETP remains NP-hard. The mentioned limit is located between the AND state with any number of XOR states that are expressed by simple paths without guards and the AND state with two XOR states with no limitations. Since the MMETP is NP-hard, it is reasonable to use structural reductions of TSCs. A Theorem that is the theoretical foundation of a program loop reduction is proven.
Population status and distribution of Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta, in a moist deciduous forest of Bangladesh
Authors: Naher Habibon , Khan Shawkat Imam , Ahmed Tanvir
Published: November 2016

A study was conducted on population status and distribution of Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta, in moist deciduous forest of Bangladesh from April to October 2015. Observation was carried out in the Madhupur deciduous forest, Tangail. In total, 248 individuals belonging to 11 groups were recorded. The group size ranged from 9 to 51 (mean 22.54 ± 11.68) individuals. Among the total population, 48.5% were adults and 51.5% immature animals (sub-adult male, sub-adult female, juvenile and infant). The ratio of adult and immature was 1 : 1.85 and the sex ratio of adult male and female was 1 : 1.49. The groups were 0.77 to 7.47 km (mean 2.5 km ± 2.2, n = 11) apart from each other.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(1): 61-72, 2016
Infection of protozoan and Helminth parasites among the out-patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital
Authors: Khanum Hamida , Nahar Ainun , Karim Mt Tahmina , Banu Hasina
Published: November 2016

The intestinal parasites and their prevalence and intensity of infestation was investigated. A total of 793 stool samples were examined from the out patients of Dhaka medical College Hospital. Eggs and lavae of six species of intestinal parasites were recovered, of which two species were protozoans: Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903; and Giardia intestinalis (Lambl, 1859) and four species of helminthes: Ascaris lumbricoides Linnaeus, 1758; Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) Stiles, 1901; Ancylostoma duodenale (Dubini, 1843) Creplin, 1845; and Enterobius vermicularis (Linnaeus, 1758)]. The overall prevalence of infestation was 43.253% and egg per gram (EPG) of infestation was slightly higher in males than females. Prevalence of intestinal helminth was found higher than intestinal protozoans. Among the six species of intestinal parasites, Ascaris lumbricoides showed highest prevalence (21.689%) and Enterobius vermicularis lowest prevalence (1.008%). Among the patients of the hospital, highest prevalence (83.333%) was observed in 0 - 10 years age group and lowest (30.167%) in 51 - 60 years age-group.Bangladesh J. Zool. 44(1): 89-97, 2016
Status of avifauna in Birulia - A peri-urban area
Authors: Shahjadi Mahua , Hasan Kamrul , Sadat Md Nasif , Neogi Amit Kumer , Alam Shayer Mahmood Ibney
Published: November 2016

Abstract not availableBangladesh J. Zool. 44(1): 167-174, 2016