bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Summary of the Clinical Evidence
Authors: Sheffield Sydney Mei , Kuller Jeffrey A. , Murphy Susan Kay , Dotters-Katz Sarah K. , Schaumberg Jordan Enns
Published: November 2024

Importance

Cannabis is commonly used by pregnant patients for alleviation of pregnancy-associated symptoms. Multiple national medical associations have recommended against prenatal cannabis use, yet misinformation regarding its safety and efficacy remains prevalent in public discourse. Effective and evidence-based patient counseling on prenatal cannabis use requires a thorough understanding of the existing data on fetal neurodevelopment.

Objective

The aim of this study was to summarize the existing clinical literature on the impacts of intrauterine cannabis exposure on offspring neurodevelopment.

Evidence Acquisition

Articles were identified via literature search in PubMed and OVID; relevant articles were reviewed.

Results

Limited data have shown associations between intrauterine cannabis exposure and (1) increased startles and difficulty with consolation in the neonatal period, (2) memory challenges, verbal reasoning challenges, and diminished academic performance during early childhood, and (3) inattention, hyperactivity, and aggression during early childhood. Further research with large and diverse samples that use objective measures of cannabis use across multiple time points in pregnancy is required to assess causation, the true extent of impacts, and dose-dependent effects.

Conclusions and Relevance

The existing clinical data regarding the impacts of prenatal cannabis use on fetal neurodevelopment are limited by important confounders like genetic predisposition, concomitant tobacco and other substance use during pregnancy, and low socioeconomic status. However, the theoretical and demonstrated associations between prenatal cannabis use and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes are compelling enough to warrant complete abstinence during pregnancy, pending further research. Providers can utilize this summary to offer data-driven guidance on prenatal cannabis use for pregnant patients.

Target Audience

Obstetricians and gynecologists, certified nurse midwives, family physicians, and prenatal doulas

Learning Objectives

After reading this article, the provider will be better able to describe the pharmacologic impacts of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in pregnancy; discuss the existing clinical literature regarding impacts of prenatal cannabis use on fetal neurodevelopment; and explain how to provide evidence-based and patient-centered counseling on prenatal cannabis use.
Provider Guidance for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants: Maternal Vaccination Versus Infant Monoclonal Antibody Treatment
Authors: Cirillo Ashley A. , Gaw Stephanie L.
Published: November 2024

Importance

In 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved 2 new products to reduce the risk of lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants: Beyfortus (nirsevimab; AstraZeneca/Sanofi), a single-dose monoclonal antibody for infant administration, and Abrysvo (bivalent RSVpreF vaccine; Pfizer), a single-dose maternal vaccination.

Objectives

We aimed to synthesize data from the literature and the leading professional organizations to provide guidance on RSV and strategies to reduce the risk of infant infection. This information will assist prenatal care clinicians in counseling their patients regarding the choice between maternal vaccination and the infant monoclonal antibody.

Evidence Acquisition

A descriptive review of the guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), American Academy of Pediatrics, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, and the American Academy of Family Physicians.

Results

All 5 organizations recommend that RSV vaccination should be offered to all pregnant people during the RSV season (September–January in the continental United States). Infants younger than 8 months entering into their first RSV season born to those who did not receive maternal vaccination or received vaccination less than 14 days prior to birth should be offered monoclonal antibody administration.

Conclusions

RSV vaccination and monoclonal antibodies have the potential to significantly reduce the burden of lower respiratory tract infections due to RSV in infants. Future studies should further evaluate the durability of protection and other strategies to further protect the infant, including cocooning and the role of breast milk in immunity.

Target Audience

Obstetrics and gynecologists, family practice physicians, prenatal care providers.

Learning Objectives

After completing this activity, the learner will be better able to describe new maternal RSV vaccination and infant RSV monoclonal antibody to prevent lower respiratory tract infections due to RSV; analyze the research surrounding maternal RSV vaccination and infant monoclonal antibody administration; and initiate discussion with patients regarding their decision to proceed with maternal RSV vaccination and infant monoclonal antibody administration.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Letrozole Versus Methotrexate for Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tarafdari Azadeh , Khotbesara Saeedeh Eslami , Keikha Fatemeh , Parsaei Mohammadamin , Poorabdoli Marzie , Chill Henry H. , Hadizadeh Alireza
Published: November 2024

(Abstracted from Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024:299:219–224)

Implantation and growth of an embryo outside the uterus is considered an ectopic pregnancy (EP) and occurs in roughly 1%–2% of cases. It is more common in cases where pregnancy was achieved via assisted reproductive technology and poses significant risks to the mother if left untreated.
Linking a nail and a plate for distal femur fractures: a technical trick
Authors: Dimitroulias Apostolos , Force Ashley , Tarpada Sandip , Bogdan Yelena , Sen Milan K.
Published: November 2024

The use of nail–plate constructs has been suggested for treatment of elderly patients with distal femur fractures to facilitate stable fixation and early ambulation. In this article, we describe a technique to link the 2 implants without the use of fluoroscopic “perfect-circle” technique. This technique can be used with implants from different manufacturers.
CAR T-cell therapy for gliomas
Authors: Song Kun-Wei , Scott Brian J.
Published: November 2024

Purpose of review

To review the landscape of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy for gliomas as seen in recently published trials and discuss on-going challenges with new cancer immunotherapy treatments.

Recent findings

Given how CAR T therapy has revolutionized the treatment of several hematologic malignancies, there has been increasing interest in using immunotherapy, and particularly CAR T therapy for gliomas. Within the past decade, several first in human trials have published early patient experiences showing treatment is generally well tolerated but with limited efficacy, which may be improving with newer evolutions in CAR T design to overcome known resistance mechanisms in glioma treatment.

CAR T therapy is a promising avenue of treatment for high-grade gliomas, which have a universally poor prognosis as well as limited therapeutics. There are a growing number of CAR T clinical trials for CNS tumors and thus, an understanding of their treatment strategies, toxicity management, and overcoming resistance mechanisms will be important for both clinical practice and to identify areas for future research.
Two-phase Framework Clinical Question-Answering – Autocorrection for Guideline-concordance
Authors: Tariq Amara , Yu Nathan , Patel Bhavik , Banerjee Imon
Published: November 2024

Use of large language models for generative tasks in critical domains like medicine is fraught with challenges like hallucination. In the domain of medicine, hallucination may take a unique shape where the LLM-generated language is not inaccurate but the suggested treatment or medication has now been discontinued in a specific context. Reinforcement learning based solutions for building reliable LLM-based frameworks are limited by the fact that the reinforcement is typically focused on only identifying the mistake; correcting the mistake is left up to the primary LLM. We propose an innovative solution where a two-phase question answering framework composed of two LLMs is designed such that one LLM learns to generate answers while the other learns to correct any mistakes in the answer generated by the first model. We experimented with the particular domain of prostate cancer and LLMs designed for various domains and showed that domain-specific LLMs outperform generic or wide-domain LLMs.
Age- and amyloid-β-dependent initiation of neurofibrillary tau tangles: an improved mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease without mutations inMAPT
Authors: Desai Sneha , Camporesi Elena , Brinkmalm Gunnar , Alatza Argyro , Wood Jack I. , Tripathi Takshashila , Bez Sumi , Stasyuk Nazar , Hajar Haady B. , Saito Takashi , Saido Takaomi C. , Hardy John , Cummings Damian M. , Hanrieder Jörg , Edwards Frances A.
Published: November 2024

Introducing heterozygous humanized tau to AppNL-F/NL-Fknock-in mice results in the first mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease in which age and amyloid-β pathology interact to initiate neurofibrillary tau tangle pathology, not dependent on mutations in MAPT. Gradual progression from amyloid-β to tau pathology in NLFTaum/hmice opens possibilities for understanding processes precipitating clinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease and development of translatable therapies to prevent the onset of tau pathology.
Impact of financial inclusion, financial stability, bank nonperforming loans, inflation, macroeconomic management quality and unemployment on economic growth in Nigeria
Authors: Ozili Peterson K.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The study investigates the impact of financial inclusion, financial stability, bank nonperforming loans, inflation, macroeconomic management quality and the unemployment rate on economic growth in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

The data are analyzed using the ordinary least squares regression, generalized linear model regression, robust least squares regression and the quantile regression methods. The sample period is from 2007 to 2022.

Findings

Financial inclusion, inflation rate and macroeconomic management quality are significant determinants of economic growth in Nigeria. Bank nonperforming loans, unemployment rate, international trade and climate change have an insignificant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Also, financial inclusion, inflation rate, financial stability, macroeconomic management quality and the unemployment rate are significant determinants of economic growth in good economic years in Nigeria.

Practical implications

The well-known catalysts of economic growth, such as financial inclusion and financial stability, are not positive catalysts of economic growth in Nigeria during good economic years. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers should find the right level of financial inclusion, financial stability and unemployment that stimulate economic growth in Nigeria.

Originality/value

This study examines some determinants of economic growth in Nigeria which have not been examined in the existing literature.
Business processes for data monetization: an exploratory analysis and proposition of design patterns
Authors: Machado Mariana Paim , Klingenberg Cristina Orsolin , Abreu Jaqueline Lilge , Barbastefano Rafael , Lacerda Daniel Pacheco
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The data monetization market is valued at $1.5 billion, with an expected annual growth rate of 25%. This growth presents significant opportunities for companies to expand their revenue streams. However, many companies struggle to extract value from their data due to existing challenges and need for more knowledge. While existing studies describe and classify dimensions of the phenomenon, there is a need to explore causality relations that can help the structuring of data monetization processes. This study aimed to support the structuring of the data monetization process.

Design/methodology/approach

Proposing causality relations is important to explore the data monetization phenomenon. Therefore, empirical knowledge about data monetization was organized into design patterns using the context-intervention-mechanism-outcome (CIMO) logic. The effectiveness of these patterns was then assessed through an exploratory case study conducted at a leading Brazilian academic institution where data monetization is central to its business model.

Findings

The study yields six design patterns that address various aspects such as data pricing, data-driven business models and best practices for data monetization. Additionally, it presents a comprehensive understanding of the data monetization process through a value-added chain framework.

Originality/value

The findings contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field, the proposition of causality, and offer valuable insights into organizations that wish to structure their resources and capabilities and leverage data.
Exploring construal level matching effects: focusing on descriptive norms and temporal framing in environmental cause-related communication contexts
Authors: Yun Chung In Hazel , Kim Yeonsoo , Song Y. Greg
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To enhance the effectiveness of environmental cause-related marketing (CRM) message design, this study identifies two key factors: descriptive social norms (provincial vs general) and temporal framing (near-future vs distant-future). Drawing upon construal level theory, it examined the synergy between the type of social norms and suitable temporal framing, matched at similar construal levels, to optimize CRM’s impact by positively influencing consumer purchase intentions and engagement in environmentally sustainable behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

A full factorial 2 × 2 online experiment was conducted.

Findings

The findings showed that aligning message elements at a low level of construal significantly increases message persuasiveness, enhancing purchase intentions and pro-environmental behaviors. Conversely, matching elements at high levels of construal does not necessarily lead to synergistic effects. Notably, misaligned message elements – where one operates at a higher construal level and the other at a lower level – can generate cognitive resistance, potentially leading to adverse backlash effects. Messages that paired provincial norms with distant future framing were deemed least persuasive, resulting in diminished purchase intentions and pro-environmental behaviors.

Originality/value

This study refines approaches in environmental CRM by illustrating that descriptive social norms alone do not achieve desired impacts. It emphasizes aligning message elements at a low construal level to boost effectiveness and synergistic outcomes. The research also highlights a need to critically reassess matching effects at higher construal levels, thus enriching environmental CRM message strategies.
Examining the dark side of quality management: analysing work overload, exhaustion and managerial support using a moderated mediation approach
Authors: Escrig-Tena Ana B. , Segarra-Ciprés Mercedes , García-Juan Beatriz
Published: November 2024

Purpose

In this study, we propose a model for analysing the association between total quality management (TQM) and exhaustion, which considers work overload as a mediation variable and investigates perceptions of managerial support as a moderating condition. Through the job demands–resources model, the study sheds light on the dilemma about the negative implications of TQM for employees.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed model of relationships is analysed using matched employee–organisation survey data from two R&D-intensive sectors in Spain. Structural equation models are employed to examine the proposed relationships.

Findings

Only perceptions of hard TQM trigger a health-impairment process which increases work overload and exhaustion, whereas soft TQM decreases exhaustion and does not have negative consequences for employee well-being. We also find that managerial support can alleviate the consequences of hard TQM on exhaustion due to work overload.

Originality/value

Previous research has mainly assumed that TQM is welcomed by employees. With the aim of warning of the potential negative consequences of TQM on employees, this paper goes beyond previous contributions by analysing how hard and soft TQM may have different consequences on employees’ exhaustion and how managerial support may mitigate the negative repercussions.
Boundary spanners as the missing link in supporting collaborative innovation in innovation spaces
Authors: Mérindol Valérie , Le Chaffotec Alexandra
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Showing that the contribution of innovation spaces to the development of collaborative innovation projects remains ambiguous for both independent innovation spaces and those run by large organizations, this research proposes to highlight the essential role of boundary spanners to make such projects emerge from innovation spaces.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is based on a multicase study of four innovation spaces in French healthcare ecosystems. Distinguishing between independent innovation spaces and innovation spaces run by large organizations, this research provides an in-depth analysis of the emergence of collaborative innovation thanks to the presence of boundary spanners.

Findings

Through a qualitative study, this research shows that managers of innovation spaces are the keystone to understanding how new collaborative practices are experimented in innovation spaces. It also shows that boundary spanners can be a team rather than a single individual. They endorse network builder, mediator, and entrepreneur roles and their actions go beyond the innovation spaces boundaries. They mobilize the innovation space dimension to enhance collaborations that are resilient over time and take also place outside innovation space. The boundary spanners’ role exists as much in independent innovation spaces as in innovation spaces managed by large organizations, but in somewhat different ways.

Originality/value

This article clarifies how innovation space support collaborative innovation by explaining the contribution of individuals who act as boundary spanners in this process. The contributions are threefold. First, the managers of the IS endorse the role of boundary spanner, but they do not act alone. Other actors contribute as boundary spanners for the emergence and/or the experimentation of new collaborative practices. Second, they mobilize IS to encourage collaborative projects among people coming from different organizations, but the modalities vary between independent IS and those run by large organization. However, both contribute to the development of new resilient capabilities thanks to the action of boundary spanners. Third, the network-building function of the boundary spanners goes beyond the development of connections within the physical space of the innovation space.
Changes in waterbird occurrence and abundance at their northern range boundaries in response to climate warming: importance of site area and protection status
Authors: Gaget E. , Ovaskainen O. , Bradter U. , Haas F. , Jonas L. , Johnston A. , Langendoen T. , Lehikoinen A. S. , Pärt T. , Pavón‐Jordán D. , Sandercock B. K. , Soultan A. , Brommer J. E.
Published: November 2024

Climate warming is driving changes in species distribution, but habitat characteristics can interact with warming temperatures to affect populations in unexpected ways. We investigated wintering waterbird responses to climate warming depending on habitat characteristics, with a focus on the northern boundary of their non‐breeding distributions where winter climatic conditions are more extreme. At these Nordic latitudes, climate warming is expected to drive positive changes in species occurrence and abundance, with likely differences in species‐specific responses. We analyzed the occurrence and abundance of 18 species of waterbirds monitored over 2,982 surveys at 245 inland wetlands over a 25‐year period in Sweden. We used hierarchical modeling of species communities (HMSC) which enabled us to relate species‐specific changes to both functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness. We investigated occurrence and abundance changes in response to average temperature, temperature anomalies, site area, site protection status (Natura 2000), and land use in agricultural and urban surfaces. Unsurprisingly, both average temperatures and temperature anomalies were the most important variables influencing positively waterbird occurrence and abundance. For 60% of the species, the effect of temperature anomalies was even stronger in large or protected wetlands. Geese and mallard occurred more often at sites surrounded by agricultural and urban surfaces, respectively, but their occurrence in these habitats was not affected by interactive effects with climate warming. Species abundance was greater inside protected areas only for 11% of the species, but occurrence probability was higher inside protected areas for 44% of the species. Overall, we observed that species thermal affinity was a strong predictor for positive species response to temperature anomalies, and that species sharing similar phylogenetic history had similar relationships with environmental variables. Protection of large wetlands and restoration of the surrounding habitats are two targets for climate change adaptation strategies to facilitate future responses of waterbirds to climate warming.
Using Ecosystem Design to Help Projects Thrive—Cultivating Systemic Project Success
Authors: Mittersinker Gregor
Published: November 2024

Emphasizing ethical considerations, community well‐being, and sustainability, designers are challenged to create product solutions that are technically effective while being socially responsible and inclusive.

Substantial improvements in business efficiency and user experience can be achieved by employing ecosystem design. The challenge is creating solutions that are technically effective, socially responsible, and inclusive.
Historic Land Use Modifies Impacts of Climate and Isolation in Rear Edge European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Populations
Authors: Rhoades Jazz , Vilà‐Cabrera Albert , Ruiz‐Benito Paloma , Bullock James M. , Jump Alistair S. , Chapman Daniel
Published: November 2024

Legacies of human land use have the potential to impact demographic responses to climate. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effects of land use legacies and climate change on tree demography. The demographic performance of rear edge populations in particular is an important determinant of a species' long‐term persistence. In this study, we investigated whether human land use legacies affect demographic responses to climate and population isolation in rear edge European beech populations (Fagus sylvatica L.) at the temperate‐Mediterranean transition zone in the NE Iberian Peninsula. We utilised data from the Spanish Forest Inventory and generalised linear mixed models to compare the potential interactions across four different demographic rates (tree growth, survival probability, new adult recruitment and sapling recruitment). We found that the demographic rates were affected by the combination of land use legacies, climate and population isolation in different ways, which could potentially lead to complex shifts in future population dynamics under climate change. We identified that intense historic management either magnified negative relationships between tree demography and climate or population isolation, or reduced demographic performance in favourable climates to levels observed in unfavourable climates. Through either form of interaction, we found that intense historic forest management had a negative impact on tree demography, which has the potential to compromise future carbon stocks and long‐term population viability. Overall, we show that disentangling human and environmental factors can enable us to better understand heterogeneous demographic performance across the rear edge of species distributions.
Pre‐Service Teachers’ Technology Integration in Pronunciation Instruction: Professional Identity and Value Beliefs
Authors: Liu Di , Lai Chun , Lin Rongxin , Jin Tan
Published: November 2024

Technology brings new promises to transform second language teaching and learning. Successful technology integration depends on various factors, such as teachers’ professional identity and value beliefs. While scholars have investigated the influential factors for technology integration in language teaching holistically, studies focusing on specific language skills remain limited. With domain‐specific theories and technology applications, pronunciation instruction merits particular attention. In this study, the authors investigated how pre‐service teachers’ professional identity and value beliefs shaped their intended use of technology for pronunciation instruction. Five hundred ninety‐seven pre‐service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers from China participated in this study. Structural equation modeling analysis identified educator identity orientation, learner‐centered orientation, didactic‐pedagogical orientation, and utility value beliefs of technology as significant predictors of technology integration for pronunciation instruction. In addition, results showed that utility value beliefs mediated the associations between professional identity and participants’ intended use of technology. These findings highlight the crucial role of professional identity and value beliefs in pre‐service teachers’ intended use of technology for language instruction. Findings suggest that teacher educators and teacher training programs may prepare innovative educators by fostering broad identity constructs and enhancing pre‐service teachers’ utility value beliefs of technology.
TYROBP promotes the spread of pancreatic cancer by causing M2 TAM polarization
Authors: Zhong Dingwen , Liao Yonghui , Chen Wenhui , Huang Xianyu , Liu Jiaxin , Wang Zheng
Published: November 2024

Background and Aim

M2‐polarized tumor‐associated macrophages (M2 TAMs) are known to promote cancer progression, and exosomes are crucial mediators of communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the specific role of exosomes derived from M2 TAMs in pancreatic cancer (PC) progression remains poorly understood. Tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP, also known as DAP12 for DNAX activating protein‐12) is a transmembrane signal transduction polypeptide that interacts with immune cell receptors, influencing cellular functions via signal transduction pathways. TYROBP is prominently found in M2 TAMs exosomes, facilitating its transfer to PC cells and suggesting a potential role in PC pathogenesis.

Methods

This study initially confirmed the presence of TYROBP in M2 TAMs exosomes and its transfer to PC cells via exosomes. The impact of TYROBP on PC proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion was investigated. Special attention was given to TYROBP's influence on PC metastasis and its underlying mechanisms, focusing particularly on the CD44/AKT/ERK signaling pathway.

Results

TYROBP expression in PC cells did not significantly affect tumor cell proliferation or apoptosis but demonstrated a notable inhibitory effect on migration and invasion, which was mediated through the CD44/AKT/ERK pathway. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments consistently showed that TYROBP enhanced PC metastasis.

Conclusions

This study elucidates that TYROBP plays a direct role in promoting PC metastasis through its association with M2 TAMs polarization. Therefore, TYROBP represents a potential novel therapeutic target for interventions aimed at combatting PC progression.
Delirium risk profiles in a population‐based study of United States older adults undergoing common noncardiac surgeries
Authors: Joo Hyundeok , Avelino‐Silva Thiago J. , Diaz‐Ramirez L. Grisell , Lee Sei J. , Whitlock Elizabeth L.
Published: November 2024

Background

Older adults often require surgical care and are at elevated risk of delirium. We explored delirium risk profiles across the population of U.S. older adults who underwent one of 10 common noncardiac surgeries.

Methods

We analyzed Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants linked with Medicare billing data who underwent the following 10 noncardiac surgeries from 2000 to 2018 at age 65 or more: total knee arthroplasty (TKA), total hip arthroplasty (THA), spine surgery, cholecystectomy, colorectal surgery, hernia repair (ventral, umbilical, or incisional), endarterectomy, prostatectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), and hysterectomy. Demographic and health covariates were obtained from the HRS dataset. Latent cognitive ability was calculated from cognitive testing, proxy reports, and demographics at the preoperative HRS interview. We compared standardized differences for delirium risk factors across the 10 surgeries and qualitatively clustered them into phenotypical subgroups.

Results

We analyzed 7424 older adults (mean age 76 ± 6 years, 45% male). Endarterectomy patients presented with the highest burden of nearly all health and cognitive factors, implying higher delirium risk (e.g., stroke, 22%; depressive symptoms, 30%; high school or less education, 73%; frailty, 42%; lowest latent cognitive ability). A second “general surgery” phenotype, including cholecystectomy, colorectal, and hernia surgery patients, experienced more frailty (29%–32%) and depressive symptoms (24%–26%), with moderate comorbidity burden. A third “pain” phenotype, which included TKA, THA, and spine surgery patients, commonly reported moderate or severe pain (47%–53%) and impairment in activities of daily living (ADL, 23%–30%), but fewer comorbid medical conditions. The remaining surgery types (hysterectomy, prostatectomy, TURP) were not phenotypically grouped and generally had lower risk features for delirium.

Conclusion

In an epidemiological cohort of US older adults, we identified clinically meaningful heterogeneity in delirium risk profiles across different surgical types, which may have implications for delirium risk stratification and delirium prevention or treatment.
The Potential of Internal Migration to Shape Rural and Urban Populations Across Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Authors: Menashe‐Oren Ashira , Bocquier Philippe
Published: November 2024

Subnational divergence in the age and sex structures of populations can have far‐stretching consequences for development: from marriage markets to the potential for violence to economic growth. With urbanization and the demographic transition still underway, rural and urban populations continue to differ across low‐ and middle‐income countries. We examine the extent by which internal migration contributes to these differences, from 1970 to 2014 using estimates of migration between rural and urban sectors based on census data from 45 countries. We found that despite heavily delineated migration profiles by age and sex, internal migration does not alter sex and age structures of rural and urban populations. All the same, internal migration does increase urban growth in Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. In contrast, in Africa, internal migration has little leverage with the urban transition. Across the continents, there is a potential for de‐urbanization, driven by a rural/urban gap in fertility. As such, the rural population may continue to constitute a significant proportion of national populations, necessitating critical investments to ensure they are not left behind.
Extracellular proximal interaction profiling by cell surface–targeted TurboID reveals LDLR as a partner of liganded EGFR
Authors: Al Mismar Rasha , Samavarchi-Tehrani Payman , Seale Brendon , Kasmaeifar Vesal , Martin Claire E. , Gingras Anne-Claude
Published: November 2024

Plasma membrane proteins play pivotal roles in receiving and transducing signals from other cells and from the environment and are vital for cellular functionality. Enzyme-based, proximity-dependent approaches, such as biotin identification (BioID), combined with mass spectrometry have begun to illuminate the landscape of proximal protein interactions within intracellular compartments. To extend the potential of these approaches to study the extracellular environment, we developed extracellular TurboID (ecTurboID), a method designed to profile the interactions between proteins on the surfaces of living cells over short timescales using the fast-acting biotin ligase TurboID. After optimizing our experimental and data analysis strategies to capture extracellular proximity interactions, we used ecTurboID to reveal the proximal interactomes of several plasma membrane proteins, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We found that EGF stimulation induced an association between EGFR and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and changed the interactome of LDLR by increasing its proximity with proteins that regulate EGFR signaling. The identification of this interaction between two well-studied and clinically relevant receptors illustrates the utility of our modified proximity labeling methodology for identifying dynamic extracellular associations between plasma membrane proteins.
Supplemental Material: Real-time, in situ viscosity mapping of active lava
Authors: Harris Martin A. , al. et
Published: November 2024

 Item S1: Major-element and glass chemistry of Litli-Hrútur samples, methods, and data tables. Item S2: Combined in situ viscosity and temperature for all measurements conducted in Litli-Hrútur lavas, text, glass thermometry data figure, and data table. Item S3: Calibration for the rotational viscometer, and description of the procedure with a corresponding figure. Item S4: Photomicrographs and textures of Litli-Hrútur samples, methods, and representative figures of lava textures. Item S5: Petrologic approach to modeling three-phase Litli-Hrútur lavas, and data table. 
Spoke-Type Structures in an Ion Diode with Magnetic Insulation of Electrons
Authors: Pushkarev A. I. , Zhu X. P. , Polisadov S. S. , Tang P. , Yang Z. , Lei M. K.
Published: November 2024

The article presents the results concerning the cross-sectional energy density distribution of a pulsed ion beam for two types of diodes with electron open drift: with external magnetic insulation (250 kV, 80 ns, 0.6 T) and with self-magnetic insulation of electrons (250–300 kV, 120 ns, 0.8 T). Anode plasma is formed using a breakdown along the surface of the anode dielectric coating (single-pulse mode) or explosive electron emission (with double opposite-polarity pulses). It was found that, when the energy density of the ion beam exceeds ≈0.4 J/cm2, periodic spoke-type structures with a step of 3–6 cm in the beam cross section are formed. The processes of formation of such a structure—nonuniform density of anode plasma and self-organization of anode and/or cathode plasma in crossed electric and magnetic fields—are analyzed. It is shown that the formation of local plasma regions in the anode–cathode gap of an ion diode can cause the formation of a periodic structure of the cross-sectional energy density distribution.
Kernels of Context-Free Languages
Authors: Kutrib Martin , Prigioniero Luca
Published: November 2024

While the closure of a language family [Formula: see text] under certain language operations is the least family of languages which contains all members of [Formula: see text] and is closed under all of the operations, a kernel of [Formula: see text] is a maximal family of languages which is a sub-family of [Formula: see text] and is closed under all of the operations. Here we investigate properties of kernels of general language families and operations defined thereon as well as kernels of (deterministic) (linear) context-free languages with a focus on Boolean operations. While the closures of language families are unique, this uniqueness is not obvious for kernels. We consider properties of language families and of operations that yield unique and non-unique, i.e. a set, of kernels. For the latter case, the question whether the union of all kernels coincides with the language family, or whether there are languages that do not belong to any kernel is addressed. Additionally, languages that are mandatory for each (Boolean) kernel and languages that are optional for (Boolean) kernels are studied. That is, we consider the intersection of all Boolean kernels as well as their union. The expressive capacities of these families are addressed leading to a hierarchical structure. Further closure properties are considered. Furthermore, we study descriptional complexity aspects of these families, where languages are represented by context-free grammars with proofs attached. It turns out that the size trade-offs between all families in question and deterministic context-free languages are non-recursive. That is, one can choose an arbitrarily large recursive function [Formula: see text], but the gain in economy of description eventually exceeds [Formula: see text] when changing from the latter system to the former.
Acid‐Activated Biochar for Efficient Elimination of Amoxicillin From Wastewater
Authors: Adu-Poku David , Saah Selina Ama , Sakyi Patrick Opare , Bandoh Charles Kwame , Agyei-Tuffour Benjamin , Azanu David , Oteng-Peprah Michael , Hawawu Issifu , Azibere Samuel , Affram Kweku Amaning
Published: November 2024

In exploring the potential of agricultural waste as an efficient adsorbent, acid‐activated coconut husk biochar was prepared, characterized and applied to remove amoxicillin from wastewater. The mechanism of adsorption was also investigated through isotherm and kinetic studies. The biochar was activated with HNO3 for 2 h at 25°C and investigated under varying experimental conditions of pH (1–11), initial amoxicillin concentration (0.5–2.5 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (2–20 mg) and contact time (0–24 h). The adsorption process was characterized by rapid attainment of adsorption equilibrium and high values of adsorption capacity. Acid activation had a significant impact on the adsorptive capacity of biochar as removal efficiency improved from 90% (over an hour) to 98.9% (within 40 min). The FTIR results confirmed the characteristic adsorption peaks of C‐H, =C‐H, C=C, C‐O, C=O and O‐H, suggesting the dominant presence of aromatic and carbonyl functional groups on the surface of the biochar. Adjustments in peak shapes and transmittance were observed for these functional groups after the adsorption; highlighting the likely interaction between the biochar and the amoxicillin during the adsorption which has been succinctly proposed. The SEM micrographs showed the growth of leaf‐like flakes of irregular shapes and pores essential for the adsorption. The rate and mechanism of adsorption were driven by the variable surface charge of the adsorbent and the degree of ionization of the adsorbates, which were largely controlled by the solution pH. Adsorption rates were highest in the acidic medium, peaking around a pH of 3, then remained relatively stable between pHs of 5 and 7 before reducing dramatically with increasing pH in the alkaline region. The adsorption best followed the Langmuir model of isotherm while the kinetics mimicked the pseudo–second order (PSO). The findings suggest that HNO3‐activated coconut biochar is a promising, low‐cost and porous adsorbent effective for amoxicillin removal.
Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of King’s Parkinson’s Disease Pain Scale
Authors: González-Zamorano Yeray , Moreno-Verdú Marcos , Fernández-Carnero Josué , Herreros-Rodríguez Jaime , Romero Juan Pablo
Published: November 2024

Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish King’s Parkinson’s Disease Pain Scale (KPPS).

Design: A descriptive transversal study at a Spanish hospital.

Methods: Fifty‐three Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients suffering from otherwise explained pain (34 females, age = 63.42 ± 10.52 years, time with disease = 7.25 ± 4.65 years) were evaluated by the KPPS, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), two Pain Pressure Thresholds (PPTs), Widespread Mechanical Hyperalgesia (WMH), and Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM). A retest of the KPPS was performed 7–15 days later. Internal consistency, test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)), measurement error, factor structure, and criterion/convergent validity were assessed.

Results: Internal consistency of the Spanish KPPS was acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77). The mean test and retest total KPPS scores were similar (test = 34.83 ± 23.50 points, retest = 35.87 ± 26.23 points), and test–retest reliability was good (ICC = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75–0.91). Standard error of measurement (SEM) was 9.1 points and smallest detectable change (SDC) was 25.22 points. The sampling adequacy was not sufficient to perform factor analysis. The total KPPS score was not correlated to the BPI intensity subscale (r = 0.18, p = 0.19), but it was moderately and positively correlated to the interference subscale (r = 0.43, p = 0.001). The total KPPS was moderately and negatively correlated to both the remote PPT (r = −0.4, p = 0.003) and WMH (r = −0.38, p = 0.005). No statistical correlations were found with local PPT or CPM.

Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that the Spanish KPPS effectively measures pain in individuals with PD, with its total score demonstrating good reliability, minimal measurement error, and adequate criterion and convergent validity.
Nanocellulose‐Incorporated Composite Membranes of PEO‐Based Rubbery Polymers for Carbon Dioxide Capture
Authors: Nilouyal Somaye , Karahan H. Enis , Pournaghshband Isfahani Ali , Qin Detao , Ito Masateru M. , Sivaniah Easan , Ghalei Behnam
Published: November 2024

To achieve sustainable and energy‐efficient CO2 capture processes, it is imperative to develop membranes that possess both high CO2 permeability and selectivity. One promising approach involves integrating high‐aspect‐ratio nanoscale fillers into polymer matrices. The high‐aspect‐ratio fillers increase surface area and improve interactions between polymer chains and gas molecules passing through the membrane. This study focuses on the integration of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with an impressive aspect ratio of around 12 into rubbery polymers containing polyethylene oxide (PEO), namely PEBAX MH 1657 (poly[ether‐block‐amide] [PEBA]) and polyurethane (PU), to fabricate mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs). By exploiting the interfacial interactions between the polymer matrix and CNC nanofillers, combined with the surface functionalities of CNC nanofillers, the rapid and selective CO2 transport is facilitated, even at low filler concentrations. This unique feature enables the development of thin‐film composites (TFCs) with a selective layer around 1 μm. Notably, even at a filling ratio as low as 1 weight percent, the resulting membranes exhibit remarkable CO2 permeability (>90 Barrer) and CO2/N2 selectivity (>70). These findings highlight the potential of integrating CNCs into rubbery polymers as a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of highly efficient CO2 capture membranes.
Supplementary Table S1 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: November 2024

Baseline patient demographics and disease characteristics for the PD-L1 and tTMB BEPs and the ITT population.
Supplementary Material S1 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: November 2024

Plain Language Summary
Supplementary Figure S4 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: November 2024

Subgroup analysis of confirmed ORR by PD-L1 TC and IC expression for (A) durvalumab plus EP versus EP and (B) durvalumab plus tremelimumab plus EP versus EP. In each panel, the shaded band shows the confidence interval for the ITT population; circle sizes are proportional to the number of responses. Groups are not plotted when there are ≤5 responses across both arms.
Supplementary Figure S11 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: November 2024

Relationship between PD-L1 expression and tTMB score. (A) Box plots showing the distribution of tTMB score in patients by PD-L1 subgroup; (B) Venn diagram showing overlap between the tTMB ≥10 mut/Mb and PD-L1 TC or IC ≥1% subgroups. Percentages are calculated from the PD-L1 and tTMB BEP, i.e., patients who had both a PD-L1 and a tTMB result (n=275); samples from 171 patients had tTMB ≥10 mut/Mb and/or PD-L1 TC or IC ≥1%, while samples from 104 patients (37.8%) had both tTMB <10 mut/Mb and PD-L1 TC and IC <1%.
Supplementary Figure S10 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: November 2024

Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS for (A) the tTMB <10 mut/Mb subgroup and (B) the tTMB ≥10 mut/Mb subgroup.