bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Myopia Prevention in At-Risk Children: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lee Ssu-Hsien , Tseng Bor-Yuan , Wang Jen-Hung , Chiu Cheng-Jen
Published: February 2025

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of myopia prevention methods in children without pre-existing myopia. Methods: A network meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA-NMA guidelines. Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. The analysis focused on randomized controlled trials evaluating myopia prevention strategies in children without prior myopia. Primary outcomes included annual changes in refraction and axial length, while secondary outcomes encompassed myopia incidence and adverse events. Effect sizes were reported as risk ratios (RR) or mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data synthesis utilized a random-effects model under a frequentist framework, with intervention efficacy ranked by P-scores. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, and robustness was ensured via sensitivity and consistency analyses. Results: Low-level red light therapy and low-dose atropine were the most effective interventions for reducing refractive progression (MD: 0.48 D, 95% CI: 0.38–0.59 D; MD: 0.33 D, 95% CI: 0.23–0.43 D) and axial elongation (MD: −0.23 mm, 95% CI: −0.27 to −0.19 mm; MD: −0.12 mm, 95% CI: −0.16 to −0.08 mm). In addition, both significantly lowered myopia incidence (RR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.45–0.79; RR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.41–0.75). Outdoor activities and myopia awareness programs demonstrated moderate efficacy. Adverse events, including photophobia and dry eyes, were minor and self-limiting, with no serious complications reported. Conclusions: Low-level red light therapy and low-dose atropine are the most effective, generally safe strategies for preventing myopia in at-risk children without myopia, while a non-invasive approach, outdoor activities, provides moderate benefits.
Toward Eco-Friendly Rubber: Utilizing Paper Waste-Derived Calcium Carbonate to Replace Carbon Black in Natural Rubber Composites
Authors: Schouw Colin , Bernal-Ortega Pilar , Anyszka Rafal , Bijl Anton , Gucho Eyerusalem , Blume Anke
Published: February 2025

The growing concerns for the environmental impact of resource depletion and carbon emissions has led to the current study of using novel, sustainable materials in natural rubber compounds. The principal goal of this study was to reduce the usage of the non-renewable filler carbon black (CB). For this purpose, two waste-derived calcium carbonates were introduced in natural rubber compounds as a partial replacement for CB. To enhance their performance, the compounds were modified using alpha-lipoic acid and a titanate as in situ coupling agents. The effect of these renewable fillers and coupling agents on the in-rubber properties was analyzed using various characterization methods. Remarkably, by replacing 10 phr of carbon black with a calcium carbonate filler and introducing the alpha-lipoic acid coupling agent, a compound was obtained with performance levels similar to the CB-filled reference compound. These findings contribute valuable insights into the replacement of carbon black with renewable calcium carbonate fillers.
Determinants of Health and Performance in Wildland Firefighters: A Narrative Review
Authors: García-Heras Fabio , Gutiérrez-Arroyo Jorge , Rodríguez-Medina Juan , Carballo-Leyenda Belén , Sánchez-Collado Pilar , Villa-Vicente Gerardo , Rodríguez-Marroyo Jose A.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Wildland firefighters (WFFs) are subjected to significant physical and physiological demands that expose them to substantial occupational risks, including thermal stress, prolonged physical exertion, and exposure to harmful substances. These factors not only affect their immediate performance but also have long-term implications for their health. This narrative review seeks to analyze the main factors influencing the health and performance of WFFs, with a particular focus on physical, environmental, and psychological challenges. Methods: A narrative review was performed, synthesizing data from diverse sources. The analysis centered on studies addressing the physiological, environmental, and psychological aspects of WFF performance. Specific topics included physical workload, exposure to environmental stressors, use of protective equipment, hydration, sleep patterns, and mental health. Results: The review highlights several critical challenges faced by WFFs, including the extreme physical demands of carrying heavy equipment during extended interventions, elevated physiological strain induced by protective gear, and significant health risks associated with smoke inhalation and dehydration. Additionally, inadequate sleep and heightened mental stress were found to impair both cognitive and physical performance. Variations in injury prevalence and patterns of chronic pain were observed, often influenced by factors such as sex, age, and professional experience. Conclusion: To mitigate these risks and enhance the health and performance of WFFs, targeted interventions are essential. These include tailored physical training programs, heat acclimatization strategies, and improved resource management. Future research should aim to integrate these measures comprehensively and address existing knowledge gaps to ensure the long-term well-being of these professionals.
Gender-Based Differences in Biomechanical Walking Patterns of Athletes Using Inertial Sensors
Authors: Gianzina Elina , Yiannakopoulos Christos K. , Kalinterakis Georgios , Delis Spilios , Chronopoulos Efstathios
Published: February 2025

Background: Wearable inertial sensors are essential tools in biomechanics and sports science for assessing gait in real-world conditions. This study explored gender-based differences in biomechanical walking patterns among healthy Greek athletes using the BTS G-Walk system, focusing on key gait parameters to inform gender-specific training and rehabilitation strategies. Methods: Ninety-five healthy athletes (55 men, 40 women), aged 18 to 30 years, participated in this study. Each athlete performed a standardized 14 m walk while 17 biomechanical gait parameters were recorded using the BTS G-Walk inertial sensor. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS to assess gender differences and left–right foot symmetry. Results: No significant asymmetry was found between the left and right feet for most gait parameters. Men exhibited longer stride lengths (left: p = 0.005, Cohen’s d = 0.61; right: p = 0.009, Cohen’s d = 0.53) and longer stride and gait cycle durations (left: p = 0.025, Cohen’s d = 0.52; right: p = 0.025, Cohen’s d = 0.53). Women showed a higher cadence (p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = −0.52) and greater propulsion index (left: p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.71; right: p = 0.001, Cohen’s d = −0.73), as well as a higher percentage of first double support (p = 0.030, Cohen’s d = −0.44). Conclusions: These findings highlight the impact of biological and biomechanical differences on walking patterns, emphasizing the need for gender-specific training and rehabilitation. The BTS G-Walk system proved reliable for gait analysis, with potential for optimizing performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation in athletes. Future research should explore larger, more diverse populations with multi-sensor setups.
Influence of Geometric Length Perturbation of Optical Path on Measurement Error of Seawater Refractive Index
Authors: Zhang Xinyi , Zhao Jiaxin , Wang Hu , Li Liyan , Fan Songtao , Wang Yongjie , Zhou Yan
Published: February 2025

As the demand for high-precision measurements of refractive index variations in marine environments increases, eliminating potential sources of measurement errors has become an urgent issue. One of these error sources is the impact of optical path length perturbations. This study investigates the effect of optical path perturbations on the accuracy of the measurements using the interference method. By establishing an error analysis model, this study analyzes the systematic errors induced by optical path perturbations and verifies the error patterns under different refractive index variations through simulations and experiments. The results show that the errors introduced by optical path perturbations are linearly related to the magnitude of the perturbations, and the error increases as the magnitude of the perturbation grows. The error becomes negligible when the magnitude of the optical path perturbations relative to the measurement zone length is one order of magnitude smaller than the refractive index measurement accuracy. The experimental and simulation results are consistent, validating the accuracy of the model. This indicates that in high-precision seawater refractive index measurements using the interference method, perturbations in the measurement region cannot be ignored, and it is difficult to achieve higher measurement precision through physical vibration isolation alone, highlighting the urgent need for new solutions.
CYP2D6 Genotyping for Optimization of Tamoxifen Therapy in Indonesian Women with ER+ Breast Cancer
Authors: Maggadani Baitha Palanggatan , Junusmin Kathleen Irena , Aldila Fatma , Audrienna Jessica , Rabbani Bijak , Maulana Yusuf , Tanu Sabrina Gabriel , Gabriella Gabriella , Amelia Margareta , Agatha Faustina Audrey , Wijaya Marco , Sormin Stevany Tiurma , Mahendra Caroline , Sani Levana Laksmicitra , Irwanto Astrid , Chan Alexandre , Harmita Harmita , Harahap Yahdiana , Haryono Samuel Johny
Published: February 2025

Background: Certain CYP2D6 genotypes are linked to a lower efficacy of tamoxifen therapy. This study aimed to observe CYP2D6 polymorphisms and examine the impact of CYP2D6 genotyping among tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients in Indonesia. Methods: 150 breast cancer participants were recruited. Buccal swab samples were collected; gDNA was extracted and genotyped using the qPCR method. Blood samples were collected, and measurement of tamoxifen metabolite levels was performed using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: 43.3% (n = 65) of participants were IMs. *10 was the most common haplotype (n = 89, 29.7%), followed by *36 (n = 73, 29.7%), making *10/*36 the most common diplotype (n = 34, 22.7%) in this study. The difference in endoxifen levels between the NM and IM-PM groups at baseline was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001). A dose increase in tamoxifen to 40 mg daily successfully increased endoxifen levels in IMs to a similar level with NMs at baseline (p > 0.05) without exposing IMs to serious side effects. No statistically significant differences were observed between the 20mg group and the 40 mg group on the adjusted OS (p > 0.05) and the adjusted PFS (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study observed a considerably high proportion of CYP2D6 IMs. The dose adjustment of tamoxifen was proven to significantly and safely improve the level of endoxifen and survival.
Corporate Social Responsibility Expenditures and Bank Performance: Role of Size Among Listed Banks in Ghana
Authors: Boateng Angela , Lew Byron , Liu Yi
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the relationship between listed Ghanaian banks’ financial performance and corporate social responsibility (CSR), given the anticipated increase in businesses’ social duties. This study utilizes a panel autoregressive distributive lag model (Panel ARDL) to examine the impact of CSR on bank financial performance, as well as the moderating effect of bank size on CSR and financial performance, using return on assets as the measure of financial performance. All banks listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) whose financial statements are readily accessible online, in print, or on their websites are chosen using convenience sampling. The sample spans 14 years, from 2010 to 2023. The results are shown for both the long and short run. Contrary to the expectations of many proponents of CSR, we find that firms incorporating CSR in their undertakings have negative financial performance. Additionally, the study finds that, relative to smaller banks, larger banks are able to alleviate this negative effect of CSR on performance by a certain magnitude. Therefore, not only should banks be strategic in their CSR implementation, but they should strive to grow their assets to the level where the negative effects of undertaking CSR could be reduced, if not entirely eliminated. To achieve this growth, the level of assets to keep is found to be above GHC 3922.52 million.
Analysis of the Spatial Distributions and Mechanisms Influencing Abandoned Farmland Based on High-Resolution Satellite Imagery
Authors: Su Wei , Hu Yueming , Xue Fangyan , Fu Xiaoping , Yang Hao , Dai Hui , Wang Lu
Published: February 2025

Due to the rapid expansion of urban areas, the aging of agricultural labor, and the loss of rural workforce, some regions in China have experienced farmland abandonment. The use of remote sensing technology allows for the rapid and accurate extraction of abandoned farmland, which is of great significance for research on land-using change, food security protection, and ecological and environmental conservation. This research focuses on Qiaotou Town in Chengmai County, Hainan Province, as the study area. Using four high-resolution satellite imagery scenes, digital elevation models, and other relevant data, the random forest classification method was applied to extract abandoned farmland and analyze its spatial distribution characteristics. The accuracy of the results was verified. Based on these findings, the study examines the influence of four factors—irrigation conditions, slope, accessibility, and proximity to residential areas—on farmland abandonment and proposes corresponding governance policies. The results indicate that the accuracy of abandoned farmland extraction using high-resolution satellite imagery is 93.29%. The phenomenon of seasonal farmland abandonment is more prevalent than perennial farmland abandonment in the study area. Among the influencing factors, the abandonment rate decreases with increasing distance from road buffer zones, increases with greater distance from water systems, and decreases with increasing distance from residential areas. Most of the abandoned farmland is located in areas with gentler slopes, which have a relatively smaller impact on farmland abandonment. This study provides valuable references for the extraction of abandoned farmland and for analyzing the abandonment mechanisms in the study area, which have a profound impact on agricultural economic development and help to support the implementation of rural revitalization strategies.
Geotechnical Aspects of N(H)bSs for Enhancing Sub-Alpine Mountain Climate Resilience
Authors: Bračko Tamara , Jelušič Primož , Žlender Bojan
Published: February 2025

Mountain resilience is the ability of mountain regions to endure, adapt to, and recover from environmental, climatic, and anthropogenic stressors. Due to their steep topography, extreme weather conditions, and unique biodiversity, these areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change, natural hazards, and human activities. This paper examines how nature-based solutions (NbSs) can strengthen slope stability and geotechnical resilience, with a specific focus on Slovenia’s sub-Alpine regions as a case study representative of the Alps and similar mountain landscapes worldwide. The proposed Climate-Adaptive Resilience Evaluation (CARE) concept integrates geomechanical analysis with geotechnical planning, addressing the impacts of climate change through a systematic causal chain that connects climate hazards, their effects, and resulting consequences. Key factors such as water infiltration, soil permeability, and groundwater dynamics are identified as critical elements in designing timely and effective NbSs. In scenarios where natural solutions alone may be insufficient, hybrid solutions (HbSs) that combine nature-based and conventional engineering methods are highlighted as essential for managing unstable slopes and restoring collapsed geostructures. The paper provides practical examples, including slope stability analyses and reforestation initiatives, to illustrate how to use the CARE concept and how NbSs can mitigate geotechnical risks and promote sustainability. By aligning these approaches with regulatory frameworks and climate adaptation objectives, it underscores the potential for integrating NbSs and HbSs into comprehensive, long-term geotechnical strategies for enhancing mountain resilience.
Comment on Covelli et al. Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) vs. Exercise in Thumb Osteoarthritis (SWEX-TO): Prospective Clinical Trial at 6 Months. Life 2024, 14, 1453
Authors: Karademir Feray , Fírat Tüzün
Published: February 2025

We read the study by Covelli et al [...]
Alkali-Activated Binder of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash at Lower pH Levels
Authors: Tamošaitis Gintautas , Vaičiukynienė Danutė
Published: February 2025

This paper focuses on the alkaline activation of municipal waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash to create a dense, non-porous composite structure. Normally, high pH solutions are used to activate MSWI bottom ash, but this has the side effect of creating residual effects in the bottom ash. Due to the uniqueness of the incineration process, the bottom ash retains metallic aluminum, which reacts with the alkali to produce hydrogen gas, which forms a porous structure in the sample during the hardening of the composite. This study demonstrates a method of eliminating this effect by lowering the pH of the alkaline activator below 12.5. An alkali-activated binder was prepared from ground MSWI bottom ash as a precursor and a triple alkali activator: NaOH solution, soluble glass (SG) and silica gel waste (SW). The highest compressive strengths of about 20 MPa were achieved for alkali-activated MSWI bottom ash with triple alkali activators such as sodium hydroxide, soluble glass and silica gel waste.
Temporal and Spatial Coupling Methods for the Efficient Modelling of Dynamic Solids
Authors: Chan Kin Fung , Bombace Nicola , Sahu Indrajeet , Falco Simone , Petrinic Nik
Published: February 2025

This paper presents efficient coupling methods that accurately reduce the computational cost for modelling solids dynamically with finite elements. A multi-time-step integration algorithm is developed to leverage varying time steps throughout a domain. Interfaces between subdomains are resolved explicitly with the continuity of acceleration and tractions. A spatial coupling method is combined with multiple time steps, allowing for meshes that do not necessarily conform at their interfaces. The method avoids solving additional degrees of freedom at these interfaces, with parameter-free coupling operators defined between meshes. A speedup >12× is achieved in comparison to reference single-time-step methods.
Strengthening the Cavitation Resistance of Cylinder Liners Using Surface Treatment with Electroless Ni-P (ENP) Plating and High-Temperature Heat Treatment
Authors: Zhang Wenjuan , Gao Hao , Wang Qianting , Liu Dong , Zhang Enlai
Published: February 2025

As internal combustion engines (ICEs) develop towards higher explosion pressures and lower weights, their structures need to be more compact; thus, the wall thickness of their cylinder liners is reducing. However, intense vibrations in the cylinder liner can lead to coolant cavitation and, in severe cases, penetration of the liner, posing a significant reliability issue for ICEs. Therefore, research on cylinder liner cavitation has attracted increasing interest. Gray cast iron is widely used in cylinder liners for its hardness and wear resistance; however, additional surface plating is necessary to improve cavitation resistance. This study developed a novel surface-modification technology using electroless Ni-P plating combined with high-temperature heat treatment to create cylinder liners with refined grains, low weight loss rate, and high hardness. The heat-treatment temperature ranged from 100 to 600 °C. An ultrasonic cavitation tester was used to simulate severe cavitation conditions, and we analyzed and compared Ni-P-plated and heat-treated Ni-P-plated surfaces. The findings showed that the combination of Ni-P plating with high-temperature heat treatment led to smoother, more refined surface grains and the formation of cellular granular structures. After heat treatment, the plating structure converted from amorphous to crystalline. From 100 to 600 °C, the weight loss of specimens was within the range of 0.162% to 0.573%, and the weight loss (80.2% lower than the plated surface) and weight loss rate at 600 °C were the smallest. Additionally, cavitation resistance improved by 80.1%. The microhardness of the heat-treated plated surface reached 895 HV at 600 °C, constituting a 306 HV (65.8%) increase compared with that of the unplated surface, and a 560 HV increase compared with that of the maximum hardness of the plated surface without heat treatment of 335 HV, with an enhancement rate of 62.6%.
Hybrid A*-Guided Model Predictive Path Integral Control for Robust Navigation in Rough Terrains
Authors: Yang  Joonyeol , Kang  Minhyeong , Lee Seulchan , Kim Sanghyun
Published: February 2025

Navigating rough terrains requires a robust path planning algorithm that accounts for the physical properties of the environment to maintain stability and ensure safety. This article proposes the Hybrid A*-guided Model Predictive Path Integral (MPPI) algorithm augmented with traversability estimation to address the challenges of path planning on uneven terrains. The traversability estimation process quantifies surface characteristics, such as slope and roughness to identify traversable regions. Using this information, the Hybrid A* algorithm computes paths that minimize surface irregularities and prioritize regions with lower gradients, thereby enhancing stability and reducing dynamic disturbances. These computed paths are then used to define the mean control input for the MPPI algorithm, which performs localized optimization while adhering to the terrain-aware trajectory. By integrating terrain-aware guidance through the Hybrid A* algorithm with the MPPI, the proposed methodology automates the selection of the appropriate mean control input and enhances control performance by explicitly incorporating terrain properties into the planning process. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to navigate complex terrains with reduced roll and pitch motions, contributing to improved stability and performance.
Market Efficiency and Stability Under Short Sales Constraints: Evidence from a Natural Experiment with High-Frequency Resolution
Authors: Chan Lin-Kun , Lin Chin-Yang , Yeh Jin-Huei
Published: February 2025

The six short-sales constraints (SSCs) regime changes from 2002 to 2009 in the Taiwan stock market provide “natural social” experiments to examine how different SSC intensities affect price adjustment efficiency and market stability. There are three main findings. Firstly, we derive the theoretical price with put–call parity from seven series index options. Using a “threshold error correction model” (TECM), we find a more efficient price adjustment to new equilibria for upward adjustments than for downward adjustments. The SSCs impede the price adjustment downward, especially during the financial crisis of 2008. Therefore, relaxing the short-sales constraints essentially improves price efficiency. Secondly, our findings also refute the claim that tighter SSCs can help stabilize the market since the tightening of the short-sales restriction leads to increases in both market volatility and downside risk even after controlling the investor fear gauge of the Taiwan volatility index (TVIX). These results hold even when market conditions and liquidity are controlled. Finally, the evidence from our counterfactual policy analysis suggests that tighter constraints help restore market confidence even though prices may fall more sharply without short-sales bans. As a result, policymakers may practically optimize to strike a balance between the benefits of restored emerging market order and the cost of elevated market volatility.
On T-Transformation of Probability Measures
Authors: Alshqaq Shokrya S. , Alqasem Ohud A. , Fakhfakh Raouf
Published: February 2025

The concept of the (T=(s,t))-transformation of probability measures, introduced for s>0 and t∈R, is examined in this work from the perspective of Cauchy–Stieltjes kernel (CSK) families and their related variance functions (VFs). We calculate the VF formula under the T-transformation of measures. Furthermore, the stability of the free Meixner family (FMF) of probability measures under the (T=(s,t))-transformation is significantly shown based on this formula. Additionally, the Wigner’s semicircle CSK family is given a novel characterization based on the (1,t)-transformation of probability measures.
Algal Cultivation for Obtaining High-Value Products
Authors: Faraloni Cecilia , Touloupakis Eleftherios
Published: February 2025

Interest in renewable biomass sources has increased due to global population growth, the growing need for sustainable resources, and a surge in consumer demand for natural ingredients driven by concerns regarding the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals, leading to a rise in the use of high-value products from natural sources in the fields of human health, food, cosmetics, and animal nutrition. Microalgae are considered an attractive solution to this problem because of their photosynthetic efficiency, the diversity of their metabolic pathways, and their ability to thrive in harsh conditions [...]
Parents’ Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Demir Pervane Vasfiye , Erten Bucaktepe Pakize Gamze , Yıldız İsmail , Kardaş Serdar , Tekay Semih Erdal , Atik Yıldız , Baran Emel , Baran Mahmut , Çelepkolu Tahsin
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on immunisation and vaccination attitudes worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the attitudes of parents towards childhood vaccines by questioning them separately about the periods before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This study included parents aged 18–49 years with a child below the age of 5 years who presented at family healthcare centres in a province of Türkiye. The study data form consisted of socio-demographic characteristics and the Parent Attitudes Toward Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale. An increase in scale scores indicates a negative change in childhood vaccination attitude. Results: A total of 1038 parents participated in the study. The results showed that after the pandemic there was an increase in the total and all the subscale points, which was determined to be statistically significant for the total (p < 0.001) and safety–efficacy points (p < 0.001). Before the pandemic, statistically significantly higher PACV scale points were determined for rural dwellers, the safety–efficacy and total PACV points of females, behaviour and attitude points of those with an education level of primary school or lower, after the pandemic safety–efficacy points of females and those with primary school or lower level of education, and attitude, safety–efficacy, and total scores of those living in rural areas (p < 0.05 for all values). The pandemic was seen to have affected the relationship between education level, number of children, and behaviour subscale (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). After the pandemic, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean PACV points of all parents (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on parents’ attitudes towards childhood vaccines. Efforts should be made to overcome these negative effects to be able to prevent outbreaks of diseases that can be prevented by childhood vaccines.
Cluster Headache Management: Evaluating Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches Among Family and Emergency Medicine Physicians
Authors: Bayir Buse Rahime Hasirci , Nazli Ezgi , Ulutas Can
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Cluster headaches (CHs) are one of the most painful primary headaches and negatively affect the lives of patients due to misdiagnosis. Family medicine (FM) and emergency medicine (EM) physicians are one of the most important steps in making the correct diagnosis and directing patients to headache specialists. In this study, the knowledge and management approaches of these two groups regarding CH were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Two online questionnaires were developed to gather the demographic data of physicians and to assess their knowledge about the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of CHs. Results: A total of 120 FM doctors and 98 EM doctors participated in this study. Answers about diagnostic criteria were similar in both groups. It was found that 70% of the participating physicians had concerns about misdiagnosing cluster headaches, and only 15% considered themselves sufficiently knowledgeable on the topic. Additionally, nearly half of the physicians were unaware that autonomic symptoms are mandatory for diagnosis and believed that NSAIDs are effective in treatment. Conclusions: In our study, for the first time, EM and FM physicians’ knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of and professional competence in CHs was evaluated. It was found that the participants had knowledge about CHs but still considered themselves incompetent. For the correct and early diagnosis and for the proper management of CHs, EM and FM physicians, who can be called gatekeepers of CHs, need more medical education-based strategies.
New FeMoTaTiZr High-Entropy Alloy for Medical Applications
Authors: López-Ríos Miguel , Mirza-Rosca Julia , Mates Ileana Mariana , Geanta Victor , Voiculescu Ionelia
Published: February 2025

High-entropy alloys are novel metallic materials distinguished by very special mechanical and chemical properties that are superior to classical alloys, attracting high global interest for the study and development thereof for different applications. This work presents the creation and characterisation of an FeMoTaTiZr high-entropy alloy composed of chemical constituents with relatively low biotoxicity for human use, suitable for medical tools such as surgical scissors, blades, or other cutting tools. The alloy microstructure is dendritic in an as-cast state. The chemical composition of the FeMoTaTiZr alloy micro-zone revealed that the dendrites especially contain Mo and Ta, while the inter-dendritic matrix contains a mixture of Ti, Fe, and Zr. The structural characterisation of the alloy, carried out via X-ray diffraction, shows that the main phases formed in the FeMoTaTiZr matrix are fcc (Ti7Zr3)0.2 and hcp Ti2Fe after annealing at 900 °C for 2 h, followed by water quenching. After a second heat treatment performed at 900 °C for 15 h in an argon atmosphere followed by argon flow quenching, the homogeneity of the alloy was improved, and a new compound like Fe3.2Mo2.1, Mo0.93Zr0.07, and Zr(MoO4)2 appeared. The microhardness increased over 6% after this heat treatment, from 694 to 800 HV0.5, but after the second annealing and quenching, the hardness decreased to 730 HV0.5. Additionally, a Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay was performed. Mesenchymal stem cells proliferated on the new FeMoTaTiZr alloy to a confluence of 80–90% within 10 days of analysis in wells where the cells were cultured on and in the presence of the alloy. When using normal human fibroblasts (NHF), both in wells with cells cultured on metal alloys and in those without alloys, an increase in LDH activity was observed. Therefore, it can be considered that certain cytolysis phenomena (cytotoxicity) occurred because of the more intense proliferation of this cell line due to the overcrowding of the culture surface with cells.
Correlation of Viscosity, Precursor Structure, Nanocrystallized Structure with Soft Magnetic Properties in FeSiCuBNbAlPSn Alloys
Authors: Sun Menglei , He Aina , Zhang Ning , Zhang Bojun , Dong Yaqiang , Li Jiawei , Man Qikui , Shen Baogen
Published: February 2025

The interplay between melting viscosity, amorphous forming ability (AFA), nanocrystalline structure, and soft magnetic properties (SMPs) in Fe-based multicomponent alloys remains unclear. This study systematically explores the effects of Sn doping on the viscosity, precursor structure, and nanocrystallization behavior of Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu-Al-P alloys. Sn doping reduces melting viscosity and induces an abnormal viscosity rise during cooling, lowering the fragility parameter ratio (F) between high- and low-temperature zones, thereby enhancing the AFA of the precursor ribbons. High-temperature heat preservation treatment (HTP) of the melt further reduces the F, improves precursor disorder, and refines nanocrystals, leading to reduced average magnetocrystalline anisotropy and optimized SMPs. The HTP-treated Sn-dopped alloy shows superior SMPs, including low coercivity of 0.4 A/m and high permeability of 32,400 at 5 kHz, making it highly promising for advanced electromagnetic device applications. This work reveals the relationship between viscosity, precursor structure, nanocrystalline structure, and SMPs of Fe-based alloys, which provides an approach for the optimization of SMPs.
Indentation and Hardness of Materials: An Inherently Multiscale-Dependent Problem
Authors: Li Luo , Khraishi Tariq , Shen Yu-Lin
Published: February 2025

The method of indentation of an indenter into a material or substrate is widely utilized to characterize one of the mechanical properties of a material, namely hardness. This method is performed on different scales of indenting force, indenter size/dimensions, and size/dimensions of the indented material/substrate. The different scales do not always yield the same hardness output or reading due to material length scales. One of the length scales in a material is related to its heterogeneity, such as in reinforcing particles or second phases. This work performs 3D non-linear finite element analysis using a purely elastic indenter on a composite material. In addition to the scales above that could affect the results, the parameters of particle size, shape, spacing, and volume fraction are all shown to affect the hardness readout in the current work. One of our new findings is that the length scale effect is more phenomenal, especially at scales when the size of the indenter is comparable to any characteristic length in the material beneath the indented surface.
Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Ultra-Precision Additive Manufacturing Accuracy and Surface Roughness for Solidified 316L Micro-Lattice Structure
Authors: Li Chenxu , Liu Zhanqiang , Liang Xiaoliang , Zhao Jinfu , Cai Yukui , Wang Bing
Published: February 2025

The improvement of PBF manufacturing accuracy has been an urgent problem to solve. The columnar-to-equiaxed transition of rapid solidification during laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) has been reported, while its influence on the accuracy and surface roughness of fabricated 316L micro-lattice structures remains to be studied. This study presents a novel fully coupled finite volume method for cellular automata (CA), integrated with response surface methodology (RSM), which is applied to investigate the columnar-to-equiaxed transition influence on the accuracy and surface roughness of ultra-precision additive manufactured 316L lattice structure by L-PBF. It is proven that the higher overlap is identified as the optimal strategy for improving both surface quality and dimensional accuracy. Both the CA model prediction and the experimental results reveal that the effect of latent heat releases from the grain refinement on the adhesion of the surrounding powder is an increment of the surface roughness, while the decrement of the surface quality and accuracy. The overlap strategy is promoted to be the most suitable measure to achieve both high surface quality and manufacturing accuracy. The surface roughness Ra (SP) can rapidly decrease by 68.6%, and the mean diameters decrease by 18.7% under the overlap strategy.
Effects of 450 MeV Kr Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation on GaN-Based Terahertz Schottky Barrier Diodes
Authors: Ren Yan , Yu Yongtao , Zhou Shengze , Pang Chao , Li Yinle , Lei Zhifeng , Zhang Hong , Feng Zhihong , Song Xubo , Liu Honghui , Lou Yongli , Ni Yiqiang
Published: February 2025

GaN-based terahertz (THz) Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) are critical components for achieving high-power performance in THz frequency multipliers. However, the space applications of GaN-based THz SBDs are significantly constrained due to insufficient research on the effects of space irradiation. This work investigates the effects of 450 MeV Kr swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation on the electrical characteristics and induced defects in GaN-based THz SBDs. It was found that the high-frequency performance of GaN-based THz SBDs is highly sensitive to Kr SHI irradiation, which can be attributed to defects induced in the GaN epitaxial layer by the irradiation. Low-frequency noise analysis reveals trap states located at an energy level of approximately 0.62 eV below the conduction band. Moreover, the results from SRIM calculation and photoluminescence spectra confirmed the presence of irradiation-induced defects caused by Kr SHI irradiation.
Multidrug-Resistant Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Exhibits High Virulence in Calf Herds: A Case Report
Authors: Zhu Di-Di , Li Xin-Rui , Ma Teng-Fei , Chen Jia-Qi , Ge Chuan-Hui , Yang Shao-Hua , Zhang Wei , Chen Jiu , Zhang Jia-Jia , Qi Miao-Miao , Zhang Liang , Yang Hong-Jun
Published: February 2025

Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is a group of Escherichia coli strains that can cause severe infectious diseases outside the gastrointestinal tract, such as urinary tract infections, meningitis, septicemia, etc. We report a case of a calf herd infection by ExPEC with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The research purpose of this study was to thoroughly investigate the characteristics of the ExPEC responsible for the calf herd infection. Specifically, we aimed to understand the mechanisms underlying its multidrug resistance and high pathogenicity. Clinical samples were collected for the isolation and identification of ExPECs, cultured on MacConkey agar, and further tested by PCR for the uidA gene, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and adhesion patterns on HEp-2 cells. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the disk diffusion method according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The pathogenicity was assessed through the experimental infection of Kunming mice, tracking their survival and weight changes, and performing autopsies for bacterial counts and histopathological analysis. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and a comprehensive analysis were performed, including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), serotyping, drug-resistance gene analysis, virulence factor analysis, metabolic pathway analysis, and enrichment analysis, using various online tools and databases. An ExPEC strain named RZ-13 was responsible for this case and was identified as ST345 and O134: H21. Among the 14 antibiotics tested, 13 showed resistance, indicating that the RZ-13 strain is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterium. The experimental infection of Kunming mice proved the greater pathogenicity of RZ-13 than that of CICC 24186. The comprehensive WGS revealed the presence of 28 antibiotic resistance genes and 86 virulence-related genes in the genome of the strain, corroborating its clinical manifestations of MDR and high pathogenicity. Our study isolated a MDR ExPEC strain, RZ-13, with a strong pathogenicity. This is the first case report of ExPEC leading to severe mortality in calf herds in China, underscoring the need for the rational use of antibiotics to reduce the risk of the generation and transmission of MDR bacteria from food-producing animals to ensure food safety and public health.
Nitrogen Fertilization Shapes Soil Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Multifunctionality by Modulating Soil Nutrients
Authors: Zhang Yaoquan , Luo Zhuzhu , Li Liangliang , Nian Lili , Li Lingling , Niu Yining , He Renyuan , Liu Jiahe
Published: February 2025

Soil microbial communities play an important role in driving diverse ecosystem functions and ecological processes and are the main driving force for maintaining biogeochemical cycles. To investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer addition on soil microbial community characteristics and ecosystem multifunctionality in alfalfa fields, a field experiment was conducted in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau. Ecological network analysis revealed a strong cooperative relationship among bacterial community species under the N100 treatment, while a strong competitive relationship was observed among fungal community species under the N50 treatment. Furthermore, compared with the control check, the soil carbon nutrient function, ecosystem multifunctionality and grassland productivity of N150 treatment increased by 45.17%, 34.01%, and 7.92%, while the soil phosphorus function decreased by 13.44%. Additionally, soil pH significantly influences ecosystem multifunctionality, soil carbon nutrient function, and grassland productivity. Soil water content notably affects the soil phosphorus nutrient function, while soil microbial diversity has a significant impact on grassland productivity and soil potassium nutrient function. The above results suggest that alterations in soil nutrient levels influence ecosystem multifunctionality by regulating microbial community diversity, offering new insights into the mechanisms by which nutrients impact soil microbial communities and ecosystem properties.
Rhizosphere Growth-Promoting Fungi of Healthy Nicotiana tabacum L.: A Systematic Approach to Boosting Plant Growth and Drought Resistance
Authors: Yin Quanyu , Feng Zhao , Ren Zhichao , Li Ao , Jaisi Amit , Yang Mengquan
Published: February 2025

Drought, exacerbated by global warming, poses a significant threat to crop growth and productivity. This study identified a strain of Trichoderma harzianum from the rhizosphere of healthy Nicotiana tabacum L. plants and evaluated its role in enhancing drought tolerance. The isolated strain effectively colonized plant roots and promoted the growth of N. tabacum L. To investigate its potential, T. harzianum was inoculated into plants under varying drought conditions, and its impact on growth, physiological responses, and drought resilience was assessed. Comprehensive analyses of agronomic traits, physiological parameters, enzyme activities, photosynthetic performance, osmoprotectant levels, and membrane lipid peroxidation revealed that T. harzianum inoculation (light drought with T. harzianum, moderate drought with T. harzianum, and severe drought with T. harzianum treatments) systematically improved plant development and drought resistance. These findings provide valuable insights and lay a foundation for developing innovative biofertilizers to enhance crop drought tolerance and sustainability.
ZIKA Virus, an Emerging Arbovirus in India: A Glimpse of Global Genetic Lineages
Authors: Rajaiah Paramasivan , Gupta Bhavna , Mayilsamy Muniyaraj
Published: February 2025

ZIKA fever (ZIKAF) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus illness in humans. Regarding the etiological agent, ZIKA virus (ZIKAV), though it is known to be distributed in the tropics, causing sporadic cases, its rapid global expansion with pandemic potential has raised global concern. Due to its abrupt emergence in South American countries, the Caribbean, and the Americas, the WHO declared ZIKA a public health emergency of international concern in 2016. ZIKAV usually causes mild infections; however, its recent unusual presentations of Guillen–Barré syndrome in adults and microcephaly in newborn babies of ZIKAV-infected mothers in Brazil has caused concern among global public health authorities. Certain mutations on virus genomes have been found to be correlated with clinical severity, and its unusual transmission routes through sexual and blood transfusions emphasize the necessity for understanding its virological determinants and impact. Its abrupt re-emergence in India (2018–2019), particularly in Gujarat (2016), Tamil Nadu (2017), Uttar Pradesh (2021), Maharashtra, Kerala (2021), and Karnataka (2023), has indicated the need for urgent measures to strengthen surveillance systems and design effective prevention and control measures in this country. Given the global concern around ZIKAV, here, we reviewed current knowledge about global ZIKAV genetic lineages vis à vis the situation in India and discussed future priorities for ZIKAV research in India for effectively designing control strategies.
Variation of Microorganisms and Water Quality, and Their Impacts on the Production of Penaeus vannamei in Small-Scale Greenhouse Ponds
Authors: Wu Siyu , Su Haochang , Su Lei , Cao Yucheng , Wen Guoliang , Xu Yu , Shen Bin , Wu Shanshan , Su Yuting , Hu Xiaojuan
Published: February 2025

To study the factors affecting Penaeus vannamei production in small-scale greenhouse ponds, four ponds in Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China were selected. This study investigated the variation in the characteristics of bacterial communities and pathogens in pond water and shrimp intestines, as well as water quality factors during the culture stage. Multivariate linear regression equations were used to analyse the potential factors affecting production. The nitrite concentration reached its peak in the mid-culture stage, with a maximum of 16.3 mg·L−1, whereas total nitrogen and salinity were highest in the late culture stage, reaching 48.4 mg·L−1 and 26, respectively. The dominant bacteria in the pond water were Marivita and Rhodobacteraceae, whereas in the shrimp intestines, they were Bacillus and Candidatus Bacilloplasma. The nitrifying bacteria in the pond water were dominated by Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Pathogens detected in the pond water included acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The counts of EHP and the relative abundance of Ardenticatenales_norank and Marivita in the pond were the main factors affecting the shrimp production (p < 0.01). This study indicates that establishing optimal bacterial communities, such as Marivita, Nitrobacter, and Rhodobacteraceae, and controlling the counts of EHP and AHPND pathogens is crucial for regulating the pond environment and enhancing production.
Tracing the Source of Red Coral in Xinjiang: Evidence from the Western Han Dynasty Shengjindian Site in Turpan
Authors: Xian Yiheng , Sun Lifei , Ai Hao , Guo Jingwen , Tan Yuchen , Monteith Francesca , Li Zekun , Ma Jian , Yu Chun
Published: February 2025

This study sheds light on the origin and trade routes of early red coral artifacts found in Xinjiang, primarily dating to the Han and Jin dynasties. The red coral relics examined, excavated from the Shengjindian cemetery of the Western Han Dynasty in Turpan, offer critical insights into the material’s provenance and its introduction to this pivotal region along the ancient Silk Road. Advanced gemological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses—utilizing computed tomography (CT), laser Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)—has revealed distinctive features. These include red coloration, a waxy luster, concentric ring structures in cross-section, and calcareous composition, identifying the coral as Sardinian (Corallium rubrum), likely originating from the western Mediterranean region. The findings carry significant archaeological implications. Red coral first appears in the archaeological record in Xinjiang during the Western Han period, facilitated by the thriving Silk Road trade and the expanding influence of Buddhist culture. This study not only confirms the Mediterranean origin of these artifacts but also highlights their integration into the cultural and economic networks of ancient Xinjiang, underscoring the significance of early long-distance trade and cultural exchange.