bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citizen Input and Professional Responsibility
Authors: Patton Carl V.
Published: March 2007

Input to planning desicions comes from many sources, including public meetings and citizen opinion surveys. Often data from such sources are in conflict with each other as well as at odds with professional recommendations, and planners and public officials must evaluate the veracity of dif ferent inputs. This article illustrates how citizen input can vary depending upon the method used to obtain it, discusses the reasons for these differences, and sug gests factors that must be considered when using citizen input in practice and when educating planning students. The article holds that planners have an obliga tion to face up to tough, possibly unpop ular planning decisions that cannot be derived by averaging out citizen opinion.
Homesharing for the Elderly
Authors: Howe Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Elderly people often have needs which younger people do not have, for financial assistance, security, companionship, and help with activities of daily living These needs can be met in a variety of ways, a number of which involve innovative hous ing arrangements. This article will focus particularly on homesharing as a housing option, whereby older people with room to spare in their homes share their housing with others, either for rent or in exchange for services The study is based on a national survey of administrators of 35 homesharing programs and on in-depth, face to face interviews with homeproviders and live-ins in one program.
Modeling For Forecasting Versus Modeling for Understanding: Observations from Energy Planning
Authors: Hanson Mark E.
Published: March 2007

The majority of energy modeling has been conducted for the purpose of forecasting the future. The experience has been, for the most part, a long record of erroneous forecasts misleading to public and private sector policymaking. An alternative use of models is for understanding and expansion of community debate. This article delineates some of the distinguishing features of the two modeling approaches and compares three sets of energy scenarios, generated in the mid-1970s using models developed as tools for understanding, to sets of energy forecasts. Comparisons are made for electricity and transportation energy use in Wisconsin and total primary energy for the U.S. Using the criteria of which of the two approaches has more closely matched actual outcomes, the modeling for understanding approach appears to be superior. Other advantages to a modeling for understanding approach are described, as are implications for planning education and practice.
Logic, Planning, and Computers: ProLog
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: March 2007

This article serves two purposes. It is first an introduction, in planning terms, to the increasingly popular and radically different computer lan guage ProLog, which is used in the artificial intelligence applications of expert systems, natural language processing, and database querying. Secondly, it serves as a tutorial to ProLog, using examples drawn from planning.
Agricultural Policies and Regional Disparities in the Third World: The Case of Iran
Authors: Atash Farhad
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the spatial side effects of the efficiency- oriented sectoral economic policies in Third World countries. Taking the case of Iran as an example, the arti cle demonstrates that during the 1949-1978 period, Iran's efficiency- oriented agricultural policies rein forced the problem of provincial dis parities by favoring the development of a few more-developed provinces to the neglect of the rest of Iran. But since the 1979 revolution, Iran's ag ricultural policies have had a favor able impact on the less-developed provinces as evidenced by a slight decline in the interprovincial dispari ties between 1976 and 1984. The ar ticle concludes that in Third World countries, national spatial develop ment cannot be separated from con siderations of national sectoral policies.
Our Relationship with the Earth: Environmental Ethics in Planning Education
Authors: Martin Evelyn , Beatley Timothy
Published: March 2007

In the 40-plus years since the publication of Aldo Leopold's "land ethic," the field of environmental ethics has focused on the fundamental basis of humanity's relationship with, and moral obligations to, the earth community. This paper reports the results of a survey on the extent to which planning programs are contributing to the understand ing and fostering of new ethical relationships, through the teaching of environmental ethics, sustainability, and environmental planning and management subjects. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for planning education and recommendations for future curriculum development.
Educating Undergraduates in Planning: Characteristics and Prospects
Authors: Dalton Linda C. , Hankins Wes
Published: March 2007

Undergraduate planning programs in the U.S. and Canada have Increased over the past two decades. Their curricula are strong, they take pride in the professional accomplishments of their graduates, and they seek to increase faculty and improve student diversity. Most graduates work for local public agencies; 40% go on to graduate education.
Planning and an Education in Planning in the Czech Republic
Authors: Maier Karel
Published: March 2007

This report provides a brief account of recent and present roles, issues, and trends in planning and planning education in the Czech Republic as one of new democracies of East-Central Europe. Reform has been gradual, with changes being radical at the beginning and becoming more incremental as time passes. As responsibilities for local development are transferred to popularly- elected municipal governments, more qualified planners will be needed. Universities are now adapting to this new demand for planning professionals to respond to a new notion of planning.
Resisting the Allure of Large Projection Models
Authors: Skaburskis Andrejs
Published: March 2007

This article examines the value of developing large-scale projection models. Although its primary focus is on the methods that would integrate demographic and economic models to yield housing stock forecasts, the considerations can apply to large scale modeling efforts in general. A case study provides the context for practical considerations. Technical, theoretical, institutional, practical, ethical, and planning issues are considered. The institutional context within which large models are developed and used can affect the information content of forecasts. Realistic contexts can make simpler projection models backed by qualitative studies, produce better forecasts than the large projection models that absorb most of an agency's research budget. Theoretical and econometric considerations as well as track record may favor the use of simpler projection models. The commitment to modeling, however, can help staff development and reduce the role of expediency, wishful thinking, and political manipulation of forecasts. The article stresses the need for a balance between quantitative and qualitative methods.
Educating Planners: Unified Diversity for Social Action
Authors: Thomas June Manning
Published: March 2007

Planning education and practice are experiencing growing but disjointed pluralism of race, ethnicity, gender, and nationality, and lack of clarity about how to handle it all. Dialogue has increased concerning the role of race and gender in planning education, but an image of how these mesh together is thus far lacking A rethinking of some recent literature on diversity suggests how planning educators can respond to this new era, and yet avoid the fragmented pluralism and normless confusion that could result This article offers some exploratory ideas about how to meet the challenge of this new era
Simplicity and Complexity in Design for Transportation Systems and Urban Forms
Authors: Richmond Jonathan E.D.
Published: March 2007

A metaphor of balance simplifies and guides transportation planning in Los Angeles and Sydney. Striving for balance, it calls for more or less of particular types of systems without examining whether those elements should instead be reconfigured. Urban consolidation plans in Sydney, as part of an effort to bring about this balance, illustrate what Christopher Alexander calls the yearning for the physical and plastic characteristics of the past. The diverse and overlapping urban interaction patterns of the automotive age-which the plans fail to recognize as natural and not to be transcended by physical planning manipulations-show why Sydney needs a more sophisticated approach. Transportation planners must move from attempting to shape lifestyles in ways which cannot succeed to appreciating the many dimensions of how people have chosen to live and interact across space and how this relates to their aspirations for life in the future.
Loyalty and the Impossibility of Paretian Advocacy Planning
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: March 2007

In this article, I discuss well-known planning modes from the point of view of planner loyalty and argue that advocacy planning is the only mode in which loyalty is a defining feature. Social choice theorists have shown that no attractive social decision procedure satisfies both the Pareto principle and loyalty rights. Observation of individual rights and respect for agreement among parties cannot be guaranteed for all constellations of personal preferences. This theorem is applied here to argue for, and illustrate, the impossibility of Paretian advocacy planning. The Pareto principle can conflict with loyalty claims in other modes of planning too, such as sympathy on ideological grounds for a particular group. Finally, two other paradoxes involving loyalty are presented, and their consequences for advocacy planning are briefly discussed.
Sameness, Bureaucracy, and the Myth of Educational Equity: The TAAS System of Testing in Texas Public Schools
Authors: Mcneil Linda M.
Published: March 2007

The verdict in the case of GI Forum et al. v. Texas Education Agency et al . is examined for the ways in which it undermines the concept of equitable access to education by the acceptance of “sameness” as a standard for equity. The implied comparability in a state testing system masks the educational inequities behind the test scores. The verdict also undermines equity as a legal standard by excluding from admissible testimony empirical evidence of those bureaucratic processes that create new inequities: the test prep and the artificial manipulation of students’ grade level designations that produce school-level test scores to the detriment of the quality of education provided to Latino and African American students.
Language as a Variable: English, Spanish, Ethnicity, and Political Opinion Polling in South Florida
Authors: Hill Kevin A. , Moreno Dario V.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that conducting public opinion surveys in Spanish as well as English is crucial to the study of the modern Latino electorate. Unfortunately, the conventional wisdom is to survey only in English because, so the argument goes, the validity and reliability problems raised by bilingual polling and translation do not make it worthwhile to conduct surveys in two languages. The authors challenge this assertion with evidence from six political surveys in Miami-Dade County, Florida, that were conducted in both English and Spanish. It is found that, had the conventional wisdom been followed and the polls been conducted in English only, results would have been profoundly inaccurate and invalid. The authors further take advantage of bilingual survey research methodology and assess the level of difference between the survey responses of English-speaking and Spanish-speaking Latino voters, comparing the former to non-Hispanic White voters as well. It was found that, on average, English-speaking Hispanic voters gave sets of responses to different survey questions that were roughly equidistant between those of non-Hispanic Whites and Spanish-dominant Hispanics. The importance of these findings, not only for the survey research methods literature but also for assimilationist models of ethnicity, is assessed.
The Effects of Exposure to Community Violence upon Latina Mothers and Preschool Children
Authors: Aisenberg Eugene
Published: March 2007

Community violence is a stressor experienced by children and their parents. This exploratory study examines the psychological and behavioral effects of exposure to community violence on a sample of 31 Latina mothers and their children enrolled in a Head Start program. Based on maternal reports, the mother-child dyads have substantial exposure to community violence. Also, mothers exposed to community violence manifest significant levels of distress symptomatology (post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD], depression, and anxiety). Multiple regression analyses reveal that maternal distress symptomatology acts as a mediator of child behavioral problems. These findings highlight that maternal distress symptomatology is more important than community violence exposure in contributing to heightened child behavior problems. Schools and mental health practitioners should assess for parents’ exposure to community violence.
Psychosocial and Contextual Predictors of Educational and Occupational Self-Efficacy among Hispanic Inner-City Adolescents
Authors: Chin Dorothy , Kameoka Velma A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated psychosocial and contextual predictors of self-efficacy beliefs about educational and occupational attainment among Hispanic adolescents living in the inner-city. Participants were 107 adolescents ages 10 to 13 (mean=11.3 years) recruited from two inner-city elementary schools in Los Angeles via active parental and student consent. Three psychosocial predictors (previous performance; vicarious experience; social persuasion), based on Bandura’s theory ofself-efficacy, and two contextual predictors (neighborhood resources and neighborhood safety) were hypothesized to predict self-efficacy beliefs. Results showed that social persuasion most strongly predicted both educational and occupational expectations. Previous academic performance, represented by reading score, was related to educational but not occupational expectations. Vicarious experience in the form of family attainment did not predict educational nor occupational expectations. Contextual predictors were also unrelated to both domains of expectations. Results suggest that self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents growing up in inner-city environments can be influenced by the messages they receive from significant others as well as by their prior experiences.
Life Enhancement Counseling and the Treatment of Depressed Cuban American Elders
Authors: Szapocznik Jose , Santisteban David , Kurtines William M. , Hervis Olga , Spencer Frank
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a demonstration project designed to develop a psychosocial model of services for treating depressed Cuban American elders. Data were collected to identify client variables (age, sex, time in the United States, and education) and treatment variables (life enhancement counseling, medication, and number of sessions) that are differentially predictive of treatment effectiveness with depressed Hispanic elders. Data are reported on a sample of 100 elders. Treatment effectiveness was measured using a factorially derived composite criterion. Residualized gain scores and factor-analytic techniques were used to conduct an analysis of the outcome criteria structures and to create the outcome composite. Multiple-regression techniques were employed to identify client and treatment variables differentially predictive of treatment effectiveness. The results of these analyses indicated that treatment success was independent of client variables, while two treatment variables, extent of life enhancement counseling and medication, were significantly predictive of treatment outcome.
Hispanic Adolescent Fertility
Authors: Darabi Katherine F. , Dryfoos Joy , Schwartz Dana
Published: March 2007

Knowledge regarding the fertility of Hispanic adolescents in the United States is quite limited. This paper discusses the fertility of these adolescents and summarizes what is known about sexuality, contraception, pregnancy and childbearing among male and female Hispanics of various countries of origin. As a group, Hispanic adolescents have birthrates that fall between those of non-Hispanic whites and blacks, but there is considerable within-group variation in Hispanic fertility. More research is needed concerning the correlates of these rates with factors such as age, marital status, socioeconomic level or generational status in the US.
A Retrospective on "The Suicidal Fit" in Mainland Puerto Ricans: Research Issues
Authors: Zayas Luis H.
Published: March 2007

The so-called "suicidalfit"among Puerto Ricans in New York City was reported by Trautman (1961a, 1961b) over two decades ago. Based on a sample of 93 Puerto Ricans who, under severe emotional stress, attempted suicide in almost identical circumstances, his writings provide an early view of suicidal behavior among Puerto Ricans in the South Bronx during the late-1950s. In the intervening time, very little has appeared further documenting and elucidating suicidal behavior among Puerto Ricans, and other Hispanics, in the mainland United States. The paucity of available knowledge for clinicians and researchers about the nature of suicide among contemporary New York Puerto Ricans poses seriousproblemsfor mental health programs and practice. This article reviews Trautman's research, commenting on methodology and interpretations of findings, and discusses implications for mental health research with mainland Puerto Ricans and other Hispanic groups.
Self-Concept as an Indicator of Acculturation in Mexican Americans
Authors: Mainous Arch G.
Published: March 2007

A self-concept element was employed as the basis for a nine-item index of acculturation. The self-concept component, conceived of as a role-identity, employed in the present study measures a construct that has been neglected in acculturation research. The component assesses the respondent's feelings of insiderness/outsiderness. The measure was developedfrom a nationally representative sample of 991 Mexican Americans. Factor analysis of the items resulted in threefactors: (1) language, (2) self-definition as an insider, and (3)self-definition as an outsider. The index supplied significant and meaningful correlations with previously employed indicators of acculturation. The measure was concluded to be both an extension of the acculturation concept and a parsimonious indicator of acculturation.
Academic Invulnerability Among Mexican-American Students: The Importance of Protective Resources and Appraisals
Authors: Alva Sylvia Alatorre
Published: March 2007

This study examined the characteristics of a cohort of Mexican-American tenth-grade students to determine why some Mexican-American students are academically successful and others are not, despite sharing a similar sociocultural background. Based on current work on invulnerable children, the purpose of this study was to examine the role of protective resources and appraisals in the academic success or invulnerability of some Mexican-American high school students. Generally, the results revealed that students with a positive view of their intellectual ability and a strong sense of responsibility for their academic future were more likely to be academically successful. The findings also suggest that a supportive network of teachers and friends was linked to academic invulnerability. Lastly, students'subjective appraisals were quite powerful in predicting differential levels of achievement. The results of this study underscore the need forfurther research that examines not only the role of sociocultural risk factors, but also the protective resources and subjective appraisals that invulnerable students develop in relation to their educational experiences.
Second Language Oral Proficiency Characteristics of Low, Intermediate, and High Second Language Readers
Authors: Peregoy Suzanne F. , Boyle Owen F.
Published: March 2007

Investigating relationships between second language (L2) oral proficiency and reading, this study examined differences between low, intermediate, and high L2 readers on four L2 oral language variables. Subjects were 57 native Spanish-speaking third-grade children, who began learning English as a second language after entering kindergarten. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their performance on a diagnostic reading test: low, intermediate, and high L2 readers. L2 oral proficiency was individually assessed using an interactive, simulated science lesson. Resulting oral language samples were rated on four variables: grammatical complexity, well-formedness, informativeness, and comprehension. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to detect significant differences among the three groups. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were then made, using the Mann-Whitnney U to test for significance. Results indicated significant differences on all four oral language variables between the low and high L2 readers. In addition, differences between the intermediate and high groups were significant for well-formedness and informativeness. Results are discussed in terms of a theory of general second language proficiency encompassing both oral and written language.
Mexican-American Disciplinary Practices and Attitudes Toward Child Maltreatment: A Comparison of Foreign-and Native-Born Mothers
Authors: Buriel Raymond , Mercado Rosa , Rodriguez James , Chavez John M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the disciplinary practices and attitudes toward child maltreatment in a sample of foreign-and native-born Mexican-American mothers. Responses to five hypothetical situations involving child misconduct were used to measure disciplinary practices, and responses to three vignettes involving violence against children were used to measure attitudes toward child maltreatment. Between-group differences showed that foreign-born mothers were more likely than native-born mothers to use the disciplinary practices of spanking and verbal reasoning. However, within-group analyses showed that for both groups of mothers prohibiting their child firom watching TVor playing with afriend was preferred over spanking as a disciplinary practice. There were only minor differences between both groups of mothers in their attitudes toward child maltreatment. In addition, spanking and attitudes toward child maltreatment were positively correlated for foreign-born mothers. Results were discussed in terms of the impact of acculturation, and suggestions for future research were offered.
Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White New Hirees in the Navy's Blue-Collar Civilian Work Force: A Pilot Study
Authors: Edwards Jack E. , Rosenfeld Paul , Thomas Patricia J.
Published: March 2007

This study e-xamined potential differences between newly hired Hispanic and non-Hispanic White employees in blue-collar Navy civilian jobs. Each male Hispanic who entered a craftsmen, mechanic, operative, or service worker semiskilled or journeyperson job at one of 14 Navy activities was administered a questionnaire during the first week of his employment. A comparison non-Hispanic White male entering a similar job was surveyed whenever his accession followed the accession of a Hispanic. Usable surveys were obtained from 76 Hispanics and 75 non-Hispanic Whites. The Hispanics were divided into more acculturated and less acculturated subgroups. The results indicated that the less acculturated Hispanic group reported a significantly higher need for role clarity than did the non-Hispanic White group. A second notable finding was that for all three groups the most common method of recruitment was through a friend or relative. Based on these results, it is suggested that more formal methods of recruitment be used to increase Hispanic representation. Second, the relatively higher need for clarity of less acculturated Hispanics may be accommodated through training of supervisors.
Nativity, Gender, and Earnings Discrimination
Authors: Torres Andres
Published: March 2007

This research note reports the results of a study that estimated the cost of labor market discrimination faced by Puerto Ricans in the United States. The study extended the work ofprevious efforts in that it measured the cost of discrimination by nativity for males and females. The object was to determine the extent to which this cost varied by place of birth: which groups are more affected, island-born or U.S. -born Puerto Ricans? Males or females? A human capital earnings function, augmented with demographic and structural variables, was estimated for each nativity/gender group among Puerto Ricans and the results were compared to White wage earners, using the 1980 5% PUMSfile. A regression decomposition procedure was employed to isolate the cost of discrimination. The results indicated the following: Puerto Rican females are equally affected by discrimination, whether born in Puerto Rico or in the United States; the cost of discrimination is less for males, and men born in Puerto Rico are more affected than U.S.-born Puerto Rican males. The discussion demonstrates that discriminatory processes impact Puerto Ricans differently: the island-born are more susceptible, and so are females.
Educational Policy and the Growing Latino Student Population: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Reyes Pedro , Valencia Richard R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors contend that school reform proposals in the 1980s and 1990s have ignored the changing racial and ethnic complexion of our nation. An analysis is provided of the government's school reform responses to the rapidly growing Latino student sector. The authorsfirst provide a discussion and critique offive major assumptions of 'first wave" reform. For example, one of the assumptions is that students are homogeneous. In this article, it is argued that this assumption is not only false, but it creates barriers in comprehending and appreciating Latino student diversity. Second, a discussion is presented of school reform and its negative consequences for Latino students (i.e., schoolfailure and retention, stratification, inequity). Third, the authors offersome specific implicationsforpolicymakers and administrators (e.g., policymakers need to embrace school policies that are embedded in multiculturalism; and administrator preparation programs should provide new and different perspectives that are in tune with current thinking, such asfeminist and multicultural views). The article closes with a brief overview of several concrete policy actions that can be taken to improve education for the fast growing Latino student population.
Mexican Adolescent Sexuality: Attitudes, Knowledge, and Sources of Information
Authors: Baird Traci L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the attitudes, knowledge, and sources of information of8J Mexican adolescents. Findings indicated that 85% of the adolescents had received some sex education in school, but only 8% believed that teachers should be responsible for sex education. The majority were satisfied with what they knew about sex. However, on a series of 9 knowledge questions, the greatest mean score was 5.5. Finally, information elicited regardingattitudes was generallyconservative, with most respondents indicating that people (especially females) should be married before they have sex and that sex without love is not okay. This article contributes to the limited literature on Mexican adolescent sexuality in an effort to increase the ability of health education providers to plan programs for this population, both in Mexico and in the United States.
Latina Managers in Public Employment: Perceptions of Organizational Discrimination
Authors: Yaffe Jerry
Published: March 2007

Despite the well-documented conclusions and recommendations for change of previous studies on organizational discrimination against Latinos, only minimal employee activism or governmental reform has resulted. A multipurpose survey of Latina local government managers examines perceptions by Latina managers of factors contributing to organizational discrimination. Comparisons to conclusions from secondary-source researchfound thatLatina managers intellectually concur with secondary-source research findings, but such agreements did not predict Latinas' choices for activism and related strategies for reform. An analysis of agenda-action items selected by Latina managers presents conflicts between their perceptions of what can be changed and organizational secondary-source research implications. The survey revealed concerns with personal and group relational factors, which were ranked as more important than influencing institutional and organizational improvements. These findings provide support for research complementarity, and they inform possible directions for research on Hispanic issues and strategies of Hispanic change agents.
Type A Personality, Job Satisfaction, and Tlrnover Intention among Certified Public Accountants: A Comparison of Euro-Americans and Hispanics
Authors: Omundson Janet S. , Schroeder Richard G. , Stevens Mary B.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has found accountants to possess the distinctive Type A personality, which may not be as prevalent in minority populations as it is in the Euro-American populations. This article reports on the results ofa survey of a sample of 860 Euro-American and 119 Hispanic certified public accountants. It assesses potential differences in personality, job satisfaction, and turnover intention by ethnicity, occupational setting, and level of decision-making authority. Analyses of the data found that ethnicity was not associated with any of the independent variables. However, personality was found to be significantly associated with occupational setting and level of decision-making authority. Job satisfaction, was not found to be associated with occupational setting but was associated with level of decision-making authority. Finally, turnover intention was not found to be associated with occupational setting but was found to be associated with level of decision-making authority.
Tu and Usted: Address Etiquette in the Mexican American Family
Authors: Jaramillo June A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores variability in the use of the second person singular addressforms ti and usted as reported by 108 Spanish-speaking adult U.S.-born Mexican Americans from Tucson, Arizona. Variations of td and usted were probed with respect to social characteristics of the respondent, age, and gender; and by three social contexts representing increasing kinship or social distance: nuclear family, extended family, and ceremonial (compadrazgo) family domains. Findings reveal an overall decrease in tW usage as the kinship or social distance of thefamily group increases. Younger male and female respondents (ages 17 to 30 and 31 to 50 years) report giving and receiving ti most often; the oldest respondents (51 + years), the least. The middle group shows the most Wi usage in ceremonial relationships. Females report ti more often than males in the nuclear and extendedfamily domains, but report usted more often in the ceremonial family domain. Findings signal a shift toward increased usage of td in pronominal address within kinship circles.
Demographic and Behavioral Characteristics of Hispanic Female Sexual Partners of Injection Drug Users
Authors: Zhao Zixian , Ashery Rebecca Sager , Wild Jennifer Lynn , Young Peggy L.
Published: March 2007

This is a study of baseline demographic, drug, and sex risk behavior data collected on 1,370 Hispanic female sexual partners of injection drug users (IDUs) located in San Juan, Puerto Rico (n = 618), Juarez, Mexico (n = 600), and the continental United States (n = 152). The study found significant differences in the demographics within the three sites in terms of age, marital status, education, employment, and income source. Differences were also found in past history of drug use, past history of sexual risk behaviors, current drug use, and current sexual risk behaviors. Only 8.5% of the women in the study had used a condom within the last 30 days prior to study entrance. Over half had been sexually abused during adulthood. The study found a need for site-specific AIDS prevention interventions based on the demographics and risk behaviors within specific groups offemale sexual partners of IDUs. The study also demonstrates a need to address the issues of sexual and physical abuse for these women.
Age and Maturing Out of Heavy Drinking among Anglo and Minority Male Drinkers: A Comparison of Cross-Sectional Data and Retrospective Drinking History Techniques
Authors: Neff James Alan , Dassori Albana M.
Published: March 2007

Data from a random sample of 164 Anglo, 168 African American, and 149 Mexican American male regular drinkers compare the use of cross-sectional data on current consumption patterns versus retrospective lifetime drinking history data in studying ethnic differences in "maturing out" of heavy drinking among male drinkers. Crosssectional analyses among males in their 20s, 30s, and 40s on current consumption indexes suggest that maturing out of heavy drinking may be more of an Anglo phenomenon. Drinking history analyses suggest that the process takes place in both majority and minority male drinkers in their 20s, although slightly earlier among Anglos. Although Mexican Americans were less likely to report heavy or problem drinking stages, heavy drinkers in this ethnic group reported heavy drinking earlier and for longer periods of time than did otherdrinkers. Analyses suggest that ethnic differences in the maturing out phenomenon may be more subtle than is suggested in the cross-sectional analysis.
Effects of Physical Context on Stereotyping of Mexican American Males
Authors: Niemann Yolanda Flores , Pollak Kathryn I. , Rogers Stephanie , O'Connor Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Based on Trope 's (1986) model of perception, the effects of physical context on stereo-typing and willingness to affiliate with Mexican American males were examined. In this two-part study, the effect of context alone was explored by showing a stilled videoframe of a library room and a crime scene without people in them. Results indicated that the context affected expectations of the type of people who might be seen in those contexts. In the second study, the interaction of context and stereotyping was examined by placing two Mexican American males (one of whom was "stereotypical") in scholar, crime, and neutral contexts. Results reveal an interaction between context and target stereotyping whereby physical context did not affect stereotyping except when the target could not be easily categorized by ethnicity alone. Discussion centers on contributions of these studies to the literature on context, stereotyping of Mexican Americans, and future research.
Bringing in the Reader
Authors: HYLAND KEN
Published: March 2007

Much of the literature concerning participant relationships in academic writing has discussed features that project the stance, identity, or credibility of the writer, rather than examining how writers engage with readers. In contrast, this article focuses on strategies that presuppose the active role of addressees, examining six key ways that writers seek explicitly to establish the presence of their readers in the discourse. Based on an analysis of 240 published research articles from eight disciplines and insider informant interviews, the author examines the dialogic nature of persuasion in research writing through the ways writers (a) address readers directly using inclusive or second person pronouns and interjections and (b) position them with questions, directives, and references to shared knowledge. The analysis underlines the importance of audience engagement in academic argument and provides insights into how the discoursal preferences of disciplinary communities rhetorically construct readers.
Writing Performance
Authors: KELLOGG RONALD T.
Published: March 2007

Preparing a written outline during prewriting and composing a rough rather than a polished first draft are cognitive strategies that may lessen a writer's work load. The present laboratory and field research examined whether these strategies enhance writing performance. In an experiment, I manipulated the use of these strategies by college students in a letter writing task. The students' writing process, efficiency, and quality were examined. The results showed that preparing a written outline, compared with not doing so, increased the time spent translating ideas into text, improved the quality of letters, and failed to enhance overall efficiency. The use of rough versus polished drafts affected when the students reviewed their work, as expected, but had no influence on quality or efficiency. A survey of science and engineering faculty revealed that the frequency of using written outlines correlated positively with writing productivity, whereas use of polished drafts was uncorrelated with productivity.
Readers' Learning from Prose
Authors: CRISMORE AVON , VANDE KOPPLE WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2007

Hedges, which signal writers' tentative assessments of referential information, were added to a passage from both a science and a social studies textbook. The hedges appeared in either personal or impersonal voice; in the first half, second half, or both halves of the passages; and in either a low-intensity condition or a high-intensity condition. A measure of what subjects learned from reading the passages showed that they learned most when the hedges appeared in personal voice, the second half of a passage, and low intensity. Some extensions of the implications of this work to practices in composition classes—particularly practices of evaluating whether or not material should be hedged—are recommended in order to broaden students' critical-thinking abilities and their views of language.
Reader Comprehension and Holistic Assessment of Second Language Writing Proficiency
Authors: JANOPOULOS MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Holistic reading is widely used to assess the proficiency of non-native-speaking (NNS) writers. However, ESL professionals, who have been profoundly influenced by the notion that attention to the NNS author's message is an integral part of teaching the writing process, have questioned how well native-speaking (NS) raters comprehend NNS texts, given that the task of decoding NNS prose is even further complicated by the time constraints of the holistic scoring process itself. This article describes a study that investigated the extent to which NS holistic raters comprehend NNS texts. After rating several practice compositions, subjects rated one of two qualitatively distinct essays, and then wrote recall protocols to test their comprehension. Data analysis revealed that readers of the better written text recalled significantly more than did readers of the less well written text, indicating that NS holistic raters attend to meaning when evaluating NNS writing proficiency.
Forms of Discourse and the Sciences of the Mind
Authors: JOURNET DEBRA
Published: March 2007

This article discusses two sets of neurological case histories, A. R. Luria's The Man with a Shattered World and Oliver Sack's Awakenings, and argues that these histories display two paradigmatic explanations for the mind/brain relation, and that the movement from one paradigm to another also necessitates a movement to different forms of discourse. One explanation comes from the physical sciences and results in logical, quantitative exposition. The other originates in the human sciences and results in narrative. Luria and Sacks wrote these case histories in an explicit attempt to bridge—in understanding and in discourse—this paradigmatic gap; in the process, they redefined what it means to be a neuropsychiatrist. Case histories allow the writer to combine the empirical analysis characteristic of neurological discourse with the individual detail characteristic of psychological narrative.
Technological Indeterminacy
Authors: GREENLEAF CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

This study proceeds from the assumption that computers do not function as independent variables in classrooms, but rather as part of a complex network of social and pedagogical interactions. It examines the integration of computers into the writing practices of a remedial English class in an urban high school. Computers and word processors were introduced midway into the school year. The class was observed and recorded daily throughout the academic year, and all written work was collected. Six students were selected for in-depth focus as they carried out writing tasks. Analysis focuses on how classroom writing practices were structured and carried out and how students participated in writing tasks before and after the computers arrived. Although many changes accompanied the use of computers, the study concludes that the teacher's structuring of writing instruction had the greatest impact on both student writing and the ways computers entered into that writing.
Some Characteristics and Functions of Grammatical Subjects in Scientific Discourse
Authors: VANDE KOPPLE WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an investigation in which I explored an impression that I had developed in earlier work that the grammatical subjects in scientific discourse are markedly long. An examination of a sample of scientific discourse produced evidence that makes a fairly strong case that on the average the grammatical subjects in the sample are markedly long. A stronger case can be made that many of the specific subjects in the sample are very long indeed, probably long enough to draw some attention to themselves in most any kind of discourse. I identify three pressures that I believe operate on scientists to produce very long grammatical subjects: The pressure to be precise, the pressure to be concise, and the pressure to be efficient and progressive in constructing a set of claims that will remain true within a framework of knowledge that has been built up over time. I conclude by exploring some possible connections between both the grammatical subjects in and the overall style of the sample of discourse and what Jerome Bruner calls the paradigmatic mode of thought.
Do Adults Change their Minds after Reading Persuasive Text?
Authors: CHAMBLISS MARILYN J. , GARNER RUTH
Published: March 2007

To change the mind of a reader, authors compose written persuasion according to a set of rhetorical features. This article describes the features of persuasive texts and reviews research results to explore whether adults indeed change their minds after reading persuasion. Toulmin's (1958) model of argument and Aristotle's model of persuasive content characterize the structure and content of well-written persuasion. Research in social psychology and text comprehension shows that adults typically build a case for their own prereading belief rather than process a persuasive text mindfully, weigh evidence, and change their beliefs. An important contract between author and reader is typically broken. Research on designing text to disabuse students of scientific misconceptions points to text features that authors could use to encourage readers to read persuasion mindfully.
Rhetoric in Competition
Authors: FABER BRENTON
Published: March 2007

This study explores features of conference proposals submitted to the Conference on College Composition and Communication (CCCC) in 1989, 1990, and 1992. In total, 345 abstracts were examined for generic and formal features, discourse features, and topical features. These features were contrasted among high-rated and low-rated abstracts. Throughout this period (a) successful abstracts were more likely to follow generic qualities associated with “unsolicited proposals”; (b) foundational discourse remained prominent throughout the abstracts, but discourse associated with a nonfoundationalist epistemological stance appeared to increase among the proposals; and (c) abstracts appeared to be increasingly expansionary, discussing various rhetorical strategies in other disciplines or discursive sites. Results suggest that written communication can be seen as an important contributor to disciplinary formation within the CCCC. Results also suggest that text features like jargon, citations, acronyms, and nominalizations can be productively viewed as important carriers of “insider” or “privileged” discourse within organizations.
Situating ESL Writing in a Cross-Disciplinary Context
Authors: MATSUDA PAUL KEI
Published: March 2007

Although the writing needs of English as a Second Language (ESL) students in U.S. higher education have been increasing as the number of ESL students continues to rise, institutional practices that are responsive to the unique needs of ESL writers are yet to be developed. The relative lack of attention to ESL issues in writing programs may be related to how the field of ESL writing has been defined in relation to its related disciplines: Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) and composition studies. This study attempts to construct a view of the field that meets the needs of ESL writers. For this purpose, I present three models of ESL writing in relation to TESL and composition studies and discuss their implications.
The Uses and Complexity of Argument Structures in Expert and Student Persuasive Writing
Authors: CRAMMOND JOANNA G.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated differences among student writers at three grade levels (6, 8, and 10) and between expert writers and students in terms of the uses and complexity of arguments presented in their persuasive texts. To analyze argument, a model was developed that could account for structural variations occurring across a range of writing situations. The characteristics of this model were defined using categories derived from a model of semantic representation in discourse. The structural analysis revealed that (a) argument was the predominant organizational structure for all writers, (b) more than 80% of students produced arguments involving some form of opposition, (c) embedded arguments identified in expert texts functioned primarily as countered rebuttals and in student texts as subclaims or reservations, and (d) expert texts contained relatively higher frequencies of warrants, countered rebuttals, and modals, and student uses of these substructures increased with grade.
Analyzing Participation Frameworks in Kindergarten Writing Activity
Authors: LARSON JOANNE
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the role of overhearer participation in learning to write. Using Goffman's notion of the participation framework as a linguistic structure that organizes and is organized by talk and interaction in activity, data drawn from an ethnographic study of kindergarten journal writing activity will be presented in a discussion of how shifts in participant roles contribute to text construction.
early experiments in workers' education
Authors: Hewes Amy
Published: March 2007

This article was prepared in connection with the program of the Committee on Labor Education Archives of the American Labor Education Service. It is published at this time not only because of its interest to all adult educators, but also because it helps to provide background for a collection of materials on the pioneer days of workers' education which has just been given to the Wisconsin State Historical Society by Hilda W. Smith, pioneer in the field of labor education, and by the American Labor Education Service. A collection of that material which is in duplicate is to be made available to the library of the Institute of Management and Labor Relations at Rutgers University. The work of classifying and preparing this material for use by graduate students was made possible through a gift to the American Labor Education Service by the Fund for Adult Education. Ed.