bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iv Lighedsprincipper i fRemmedlovgivningen
Authors: Bornemann Claus
Published: July 2010

The provisions relevant to aliens are not collected in a single legislative act, and administrative practise is not published. An aggregated exposition of the legal position of aliens seems called for. Ordinary aliens from third countries (outside the Nordic countries and EC) are in a weaker position than refugees who are settled here. Refugees are about 100 % safe from expulsion and they are integrated by a specific service body "Danish Refugee Council". Migrant workers show signs of anxiety and insecurity. However unfounded this may be, the insecurity is undoubtedly due to the formulation and administration of the aliens legislation. Critics, who in a number of cases are supported by the ombudsman, have pointed out that the Aliens Act is inprecise, open for construction and not subjected to judicial control. For the individual alien ,expulsion is as serious as a criminal sanction, and may appear as an additional penalty. It is therefore regretable that expulsion is not surrounded by the procedual guarantees of criminal procedure. Many decisions concerning aliens are based on administrative discretion. This pertains not only to the aliens police but also to social authorities who may return aliens in certain cases. Denmark has no central aliens administration such as the Swedish "Innvandrerverket". We have the Refugee Council, but there appears to be an iron curtain between this institution and aliens, who are not refugees. Migrant workers, however have the same need for integration, but the principle here is a total legal equality with Danish nationals. This equality in law is not however, enough to secure equality in fact. Much of the disturbance around the Aliens Act might have been avoided if the migrant workers had the same aid at their arrival as do the refugees. Municipalities with a large population of migrant workers have to set up special administrative units to handle their problems and it is understandable that the question arises why the Refugee Council cannot act as advisor for the municipalities, who have problems with aliens. Greater equality between aliens permanently residing here is called for. This can partly be achieved by enhancing the procedual guarantees in the Aliens Act. Furthermore all aliens should receive the same service as refugees do. I fail to see why greater legal security for aliens should deteriorate the legal position of refugees. Aliens should be looked upon as people, who have been invited to the country, and not merely as labour. Finally I should likt to know, if it is in conformity with humane justice to expel an alien merely because he is a burden to society?
The Legal Nature of International Organizations
Authors: Reuterswärd Reinhold
Published: July 2010

Among contemporary writers on international law it is a widely held view that international organizations are new kind of subjects of international law besides the States, i.e., have an international legal personality distinct from that of their member States. Many writers, indeed, treat this as something almost self-evident and beyond dispute. Actually, however, the international legal personality of international organizations remains a theoretical thesis rather than a scientific fact. Although this thesis seems to be supported by most writers, there are considerable differences of opinion among theorists as regards both the basis of that international personality and its meaning. Furthermore, some important aspects of the matter have been given little attention by most writers. It would seem, therefore, that the problem is far from solved. Some writers differ from the majority and deny that international organizations have international legal personality. They have, I submit, convincingly shown that there are strong reasons to question the validity of the generally accepted doctrine.1 The purpose of the present paper is to set forth some of the facts which support the view of this minority and which deserve more attention than has so far been given to them.
TERRITORIAL RIGHTS IN GREENLAND legal basis - view points and considerations
Authors: Brosted Jens
Published: July 2010

Large scale mineral and petroleum extraction - in fact or in terms of industry projects and government hopeful expectations - has in recent years been one of the main sources of conflict between indigenous peoples and the larger society encompassing them. This is particularly true of Greenland - not because of the numbers or magnitude of projects - but because there is no individual ownership to land in Greenland, in the traditional western sense and some of the traditional sources of conflict have therefore been absent. For a discussion of aboriginal territorial rights in Greenland, it might therefore be appropriate to take your point of departure in the conflicts which may arise between mineral extraction and the traditional Greenlandic land use. I shall therefore shortly review legal data, which may contribute to the solution of such conflicts. By the same process I'll contribute to the understanding of the legal entity, which is endowed with the territorial rights in Greenland, or - popularly speaking: who owns Greenland. While it is generally recognized that the ownership of Greenland is vested in the public or in the society, is has been disputed which society or what public possess the legal claim to that entitlement. The Home Rule Commission For Greenland contributed no solution to this problem, and the "Home Rule Act" simply laid down, that "the permanent resident population in Greenland have basic rights to the natural resources of Greenland".2 The mining acts for Greenland - both the old one from 1965 (rev. 69) and the one adapted to home rule from 1978 - prescribes that mineral concessions shall respect existing (use) rights (§ 3 resp. 8).3 This suggests two issues: 1.: what are the contents of the protected existing rights and as a sub-issue: who are entitled. This first problem is my main subject in the following, while I shall only touch upon the 2. issue: namely, that the authorities in granting concessions have neglected their duty to examine and safeguard prior existing Greenlandic land use rights. This is still current practice and represent a major reason for the fact that the main issue has yet to be solved. I shall subsequently contribute to the elucidation of existing Greenlandic land use rights by discussing: 1) localized rights, 2) the more general Greenlandic territorial rights and finally 3) the issue of the protection of these Greenlandic rights according to the Danish constitution (§ 73).
Preparing Mare liberum for the Press: Hugo Grotius' Rewriting of Chapter 12 of De iure praedae in November-December 1608
Authors: van Ittersum Martine Julia
Published: July 2010

This article reconstructs the printing history of Hugo Grotius's Mare liberum (The Free Sea, 1609). It examines the political circumstances which prompted the pamphlet's publication, but then seemed to conspire against it, and relates these to Grotius's revision of chapter 12 of Ms. BPL 917 in Leiden University Library, the one surviving copy of De iure praedae (The Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, 1604-1608). While preparing chapter 12 for the press, he made a serious effort to tone down its bellicose rhetoric, erasing, for example, all references to the Spanish claims to the Americas. His aim was to placate the French envoy Pierre Jeannin and his own political patron Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, the driving forces behind the negotiations for the Twelve Years' Truce (1609-1621). In the context of these negotiations, Grotius was at pains to downplay his radical rights theories. The subjective right of punishment only received a mention in the conclusion of Mare liberum, for example. Yet a discarded outline for the pamphlet's preface shows that the argument of De iure praedae remained uppermost in his mind, witness the outline's denunciation of the 'poisonings, perfidy and crimes of the Portuguese'. Both De iure praedae and Mare liberum had been commissioned by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) for the express purpose of influencing political developments in its favour. Yet neither treatise had the impact originally intended by Grotius and the VOC directors. Ironically, these occasional writings became classics of international law instead.
Hugo Grotius's Political and Scholarly Activities in the Light of his Correspondence
Authors: Nellen Henk
Published: July 2010

The 7725 letters of Hugo Grotius's correspondence of the years 1594 to 1645 reflect the highlights and drawbacks of an eventful career. Some important gradual developments and abiding features in the letters will be pointed out. In this way Grotius's political and scholarly activities can be analysed from the perspective of the correspondence.
Using the Work. Remarks on the Text of De iure praedae
Authors: Waszink Jan
Published: July 2010

This paper aims at showing that all scholars writing on De iure praedae should refer to the extant manuscript of the work, or to the new electronic edition when it becomes available, to check the passages they use in their arguments. The printed text as edited by Hamaker, though generally reliable as a nineteenth-century edition, must now be considered outdated because of its suppression of all previous stages of the text, as well as its replacement of the original punctuation with a new one, which more than once does affect the meaning of the text. Moreover, Hamaker's edition gives no authentic image of the sources of Grotius's thought. Secondly, signalling a need for more detailed textual research on IPC, the present paper calls attention to Grotius's extensive changes in chapter 10, and to the contribution which philological approaches might make to answering questions such as that regarding IPC's intended audience.
The VOC, Corporate Sovereignty and the Republican Sub-Text of De iure praedae
Authors: Wilson Eric
Published: July 2010

This essay discusses some of the ways in which De iure praedae may be understood to constitute a republican text. It is my argument that the 'Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty' should be firmly located within the over-arching republican discourse of the juvenilia, although the text's republican content is not immediately apparent. On close examination, a republican sub-text is detectible through the author's treatment of the discursive object of the text, the Dutch East India Company (the VOC), a corporate body. By attempting to legitimate the VOC's natural right to wage just war, Grotius invests a private entity with a public mark of sovereignty. This investiture of a non-state actor with public international legal personality forces a careful reappraisal of two central characteristics of seventeenth-century republican thought: (i) the divisibility of sovereignty, and (ii) the fluid demarcation between the 'public' and the 'private' spheres. I conclude that the VOC may be accurately denoted a 'corporate sovereign', an entity whose legal personality is derived from the corporatist principles that underlined early republican and federalist theory.
Outlines of Hugo Grotius' Poetry
Authors: Eyffinger Arthur
Published: July 2010

In recent decades, interest in Neo-Latin studies shows a distinct upward tendency. Still, the poetry of Dutch humanists constitutes a literature which is difficult to access. However, much work has been done in the past years to open up the poetry of Hugo Grotius. Within a few years the first phase of the edition in the series De Dichtwerken van Hugo Grotius will have been completed with the publication of the juvenilia, the poetry written between 1591 and 1608. Consequently, a well-rounded whole of Grotius' poetry will have become accessible for research and systematic reference. In the meantime, as no in-depth study of Grotius' poetry as preserved in manuscript form and printed edition has ever been undertaken before, a first attempt of closer research and a systematic inventory of the material provided a mass of new data. This led to the repudiation of quite a few traditional conceptions concerning the nature and merits of Grotius' poetical efforts and the correlation of the respective editions of poems. Some major results of this research are presented here in general outline. They are all enlarged on in full detail in my Grotius Poeta (The Hague 1981) and Inventory of the Poetry of Hugo Grotius (Assen 1982). Reference is made to both of these works throughout this article, which has no claims for itself but to offer an overall picture by means of an introductory essay. Therefore footnotes are omitted here altogether.
MJO Signals in Latent Heating: Results from TRMM Retrievals
Authors: Zhang Chidong , Ling Jian , Hagos Samson , Tao Wei-Kuo , Lang Steve , Takayabu Yukari N. , Shige Shoichi , Katsumata Masaki , Olson William S. , L’Ecuyer Tristan
Published: July 2010

Four Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets of latent heating were diagnosed for signals in the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). In all four datasets, vertical structures of latent heating are dominated by two components—one deep with its peak above the melting level and one shallow with its peak below. Profiles of the two components are nearly ubiquitous in longitude, allowing a separation of the vertical and zonal/temporal variations when the latitudinal dependence is not considered. All four datasets exhibit robust MJO spectral signals in the deep component as eastward propagating spectral peaks centered at a period of 50 days and zonal wavenumber 1, well distinguished from lower- and higher-frequency power and much stronger than the corresponding westward power. The shallow component shows similar but slightly less robust MJO spectral peaks. MJO signals were further extracted from a combination of bandpass (30–90 day) filtered deep and shallow components. Largest amplitudes of both deep and shallow components of the MJO are confined to the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. There is a local minimum in the deep components over the Maritime Continent. The shallow components of the MJO differ substantially among the four TRMM datasets in their detailed zonal distributions in the Eastern Hemisphere. In composites of the heating evolution through the life cycle of the MJO, the shallow components lead the deep ones in some datasets and at certain longitudes. In many respects, the four TRMM datasets agree well in their deep components, but not in their shallow components and in the phase relations between the deep and shallow components. These results indicate that caution must be exercised in applications of these latent heating data.
Efficient Local Error Parameterizations for Square Root or Ensemble Kalman Filters: Application to a Basin-Scale Ocean Turbulent Flow
Authors: Brankart Jean-Michel , Cosme Emmanuel , Testut Charles-Emmanuel , Brasseur Pierre , Verron Jacques
Published: July 2010

In large-sized atmospheric or oceanic applications of square root or ensemble Kalman filters, it is often necessary to introduce the prior assumption that long-range correlations are negligible and force them to zero using a local parameterization, supplementing the ensemble or reduced-rank representation of the covariance. One classic algorithm to perform this operation consists of taking the Schur product of the ensemble covariance matrix by a local support correlation matrix. However, with this parameterization, the square root of the forecast error covariance matrix is no more directly available, so that any observational update algorithm requiring this square root must include an additional step to compute local square roots from the Schur product. This computation generates an additional numerical cost or produces high-rank square roots, which may deprive the observational update from its original efficiency. In this paper, it is shown how efficient local square root parameterizations can be obtained, for use with a specific square root formulation (i.e., eigenbasis algorithm) of the observational update. Comparisons with the classic algorithm are provided, mainly in terms of consistency, accuracy, and computational complexity. As an application, the resulting parameterization is used to estimate maps of dynamic topography characterizing a basin-scale ocean turbulent flow. Even with this moderate-sized system (a 2200-km-wide square basin with 100-km-wide mesoscale eddies), it is observed that more than 1000 ensemble members are necessary to faithfully represent the global correlation patterns, and that a local parameterization is needed to produce correct covariances with moderate-sized ensembles. Comparisons with the exact solution show that the use of local square roots is able to improve the accuracy of the updated ensemble mean and the consistency of the updated ensemble variance. With the eigenbasis algorithm, optimal adaptive estimates of scaling factors for the forecast and observation error covariance matrix can also be obtained locally at negligible additional numerical cost. Finally, a comparison of the overall computational cost illustrates the decisive advantage that efficient local square root parameterizations may have to deal simultaneously with a larger number of observations and avoid data thinning as much as possible.
Thomas Szasz: Philosopher of Liberty
Authors: Breeding John
Published: July 2010

Thomas Szasz turned 90 on April 15, 2010. This year we saw the 50th anniversary edition of his book that marked his full-scale assault on coercive psychiatry— The Myth of Mental Illness. Szasz’s productivity is astounding—even in the past 4 years, he has added dozens of articles and a handful of major books to his incredible body of work (see http://www.szasz.com). Thomas Szasz has relentlessly and tirelessly challenged psychiatric coercion, and its twin pillars of civil commitment and the insanity defense. In so doing, his ongoing work is one of the world’s leading intellectual voices for liberty and justice. A systematic and regrettable effort to censor Szasz from the mainstream of mental health education today has resulted in many, if not most, young professionals scarcely even knowing of his vitally important work. Thomas Szasz is, to paraphrase the Emerson epigraph at the head of this essay, “a declaration of independence walking.” I am one among many who are better able to stand in defense of people as relational individuals, capable of responsibility and good will, deserving of liberty and self-determination. I offer this short biographical essay in his honor.
The Specific Role of Inhibition in Reading Comprehension in Good and Poor Comprehenders
Authors: Borella Erika , Carretti Barbara , Pelegrina Santiago
Published: July 2010

Difficulties in inhibitory processes have been shown to characterize the performance of poor comprehenders. However, the inhibitory inefficiency of poor comprehenders is most often assessed by their resistance to proactive interference, that is, the ability to suppress off-goal task information from working memory (WM). In two studies tasks assessing resistance to proactive interference (intrusion errors), response to distracters (Text With Distracters task) and prepotent response inhibition (Stroop and Hayling tests), along with WM measures, were administered to children aged 10 to 11, both good and poor comprehenders. The aim of the study was to specifically determine whether general or specific inhibitory factors affect poor comprehenders’ reading difficulties. Results showed that poor comprehenders, compared to good ones, are impaired in WM tasks and in inhibitory tasks that assess resistance to proactive interference. This suggests that reading comprehension difficulties of poor comprehenders are related to specific inhibitory problems.
Does God Thirst for Human Blood?
Authors: Czajkowski Michał
Published: July 2010

This biblical-theological reflection on the violent aspect of God in the Bible attempts to contextualize those passages so that they may be better understood and appropriated in diverse contemporary cultural settings.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Midlife Women’s Symptom Index in Multiethnic Groups
Authors: Lee Bokim , Im Eun-Ok , Chee Wonshik
Published: July 2010

The Midlife Women’s Symptom Index (MSI) was designed to measure menopausal symptoms specifically in a multiethnic sample of midlife women. This study involved a psychometric property test to evaluate MSI among 512 multiethnic groups of midlife women (White, Hispanic, African American, and Asian American). Across the ethnic groups, the MSI had an adequate internal consistency in all subdomains except psychosomatic symptoms. The item—total correlation coefficients of lost weight and nosebleeds were lower than .20 among all ethnic groups. The discriminant validity was confirmed among all ethnic groups except Asian Americans. Overall, the MSI may work better for Whites compared with other ethnic groups. Additional studies with diverse groups of multiethnic midlife women are needed, however, to confirm the psychometric properties of the MSI because the samples tended to be a select group.
Clinical relevance of ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass in the prevention of postoperative lung dysfunction
Authors: Gagnon Julie , Laporta Denny , Béïque François , Langlois Yves , Morin Jean-François
Published: July 2010

The current clinical study is the continuity of previous experimental findings in which ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) prevented reperfusion injury of the pulmonary arterial tree as demonstrated by preservation of vasorelaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) in swine. The aim of this prospective randomized study is to determine: 1) if ventilation during CPB prevents the selective endothelium-mediated lung dysfunction in humans and, 2) the clinical relevance of ventilation during CPB. Forty patients scheduled for primary coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomized into two groups: Group 1: Usual care (defined as no ventilation during CPB) and Group 2: CPB with low tidal volume ventilation (3 ml.kg-1) without positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). To evaluate endothelial function, ACh was injected into the pulmonary artery and the changes in pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) were measured at: (1) induction of anesthesia prior to surgery, (2) immediately after weaning from CPB and (3) 1 hour after CPB. In addition, secondary endpoints, such as PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), postoperative length of stay (LOS) and postoperative pulmonary complications were measured to evaluate the effect of ventilation during CPB. To assess pulmonary complications, a chest x-ray was taken on the first and third postoperative days. There were no statistically significant changes in PVRI, PaO2 /FiO2 ratio, MPAP, postoperative LOS and postoperative pulmonary complications when comparing the non-ventilated and the ventilated groups during CPB. The ventilated group appears to obtain a greater vasorelaxation to ACh, as shown by the more pronounced change in PVRI when compared to the non-ventilated group. However, the difference in PVRI between the two groups was not statistically significant after weaning (p= 0.32) and 1hr after CPB (p= 0.28). Contrary to our hypothesis and due to larger than expected variability in the data, the hemodynamic and clinical changes seen were not statistically significant.
The development and validation of a novel questionnaire to measure patient and family satisfaction with end-of-life care: the Canadian Health Care Evaluation Project (CANHELP) Questionnaire
Authors: Heyland Daren K , Cook Deborah J , Rocker Graeme M , Dodek Peter M , Kutsogiannis Demetrios J , Skrobik Yoanna , Xuran Jiang  , Day Andrew G , Cohen S. Robin ,   for the Canadian Researchers at the End of Life Network (CARENET)
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study was to further validate a novel instrument to measure satisfaction with end-of-life care, called the Canadian Health Care Evaluation Project (CANHELP) questionnaire. Data were collected by a cross-sectional survey of patients who had advanced, life-limiting illnesses and their family caregivers, and who completed CANHELP, a global rating of satisfaction, and a quality of life questionnaire. We conducted factor analysis, assessed internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha, and evaluated construct validity by describing the correlation amongst CANHELP, global rating of satisfaction and the quality of life questionnaire scores. There were 361 patient and 193 family questionnaires available for analysis. In the factor analysis, we identified six easily interpretable factors which explained 55.4% and 60.2% of the variance for the patient and caregiver questionnaire, respectively. For the patient version, the subscales derived from these factors were Relationship with Doctors, Illness Management, Communication, Decision-Making, Role of the Family, and Your Well-being. For the family questionnaire, the factors were Relationship with Doctors, Characteristics of Doctors and Nurses, Illness Management, Communication and Decision-Making, Your Involvement, and Your Well-being. Each subscale for each questionnaire had acceptable to excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.69—0.94). We observed good correlations between the CANHELP overall satisfaction score and global rating of satisfaction (correlation coefficient 0.49 and 0.63 for patient and family, respectively) which was greater than the correlations between CANHELP and the quality of life instruments. We conclude that the CANHELP Questionnaire is a valid and internally consistent instrument to measure satisfaction with end-of-life care.
Women Administrators in Epigraphic Sources
Authors: Verma Anjali
Published: July 2010

This article attempts to re-read the narratives of political and administrative achievements of women and their contribution in early medieval India through inscriptional sources (AD 600–1200). It looks into the aspects like what contributions females made towards socio-economic and political developments when they were given a chance to hold the administration. Various rules of succession have also been commented upon. Their roles as independent rulers or as regents has been studied in several dimensions. This article has also tried to find through inscriptions the administrative efficiency of females working at various levels of administration, from a ruler to a governor or from a feudatory to holding the responsibility of a village head (wo)man. Important conclusions tend to justify as well as negate certain preconceived notions regarding this age (Dark Age) as well as regarding those female rulers who got lesser or no chance to get mentioned in the pages of history.
From Status to Contract
Authors: Lakshmanan M.
Published: July 2010

One of the predominant features of pre-capitalist relations in the nineteenth century India was that the existence of servitude came to be regulated by the Workmen’s Breach of Contract Act, 1859. The courts in colonial India interpreted the debt-bondage constituted through money wages in terms of master–servant. Its ramifications were extended beyond agriculture and into small workshops where contracts of service re- placing the pre-capitalist relations of bondage emerged. Though the movement of the ‘workmen’ and the pannials who approached the courts for relief from status to contract was notionally permitted by the courts, the real conditions of the vast majority of the pannials remained unchanged due to the nature of the colonial economy.
Community-Based Versus Institutional Supportive Housing
Authors: Robison Julie , Shugrue Noreen , Reed Irene , Thompson Nancy , Smith Pamela , Gruman Cynthia
Published: July 2010

Numerous options for residential supportive housing are available for people who need long-term care. Some options are categorized as institutional while others are designated community-based; the movement to rebalance the long-term care system emphasizes the latter category. This study examines the experiences of 150 residents of two types of community-based supportive housing—assisted living (AL) and residential care homes (RCHs)—and one institutional category—nursing homes (NHs). Examining a wide range of both quantitative and qualitative outcomes, overall results show that AL residents have the best experiences and NH residents report the worst outcomes, with RCHs residents varying in the middle. However, other factors such as age, perceived health, involvement in the decision to move to the residence, and length of time in the residence, eliminate the independent effect of housing type, per se. Efforts to provide high-quality supportive housing should focus on these key factors.
Pour une sociologie de l’activité au travail des dirigeants de grandes entreprises
Authors: Villette Michel
Published: July 2010

For a Sociology of Work Activity of Managers of Large Businesses: This paper proposes a methodology for an integrated analysis of top executives practices: the process of professional socialization; how s/he handles her/his business and pursues financial goals; the process of personal enrichment during her/his career; and the way s/he legitimizes the social position s/he occupies. This research strategy combines biographical sources, grey literature, ethnographic observations inside companies and secondary analysis of accounting data and public relations data. We conclude on the irony of such a research procedure caught between the ideal of a scientific analysis of practices and the social imperatives of the staging of power.
A Balancing Act: Factors behind the Formation of Academic Entrepreneurship
Authors: Göktepe-Hultén Devrim
Published: July 2010

This article asks a twofold question: how and to what extent policy tools such as patent legislations, technology transfer offices, and the third task influence scientists to become entrepreneurial, and how do scientists’ perceptions influence their responses to such policy instruments? It pursues a novel approach by positioning scientists in the triple helix model as well as discussing new theoretical insights in the establishment of entrepreneurial activities at a large public research university in Scandinavia. It focuses on individual differences and provides critical insights into alleged impacts of public policy tools in achieving the goals of academic entrepreneurship.
Examining the Trilateral Networks of the Triple Helix: Intermediating Organizations and Academy-Industry-Government Relations
Authors: Metcalfe Amy Scott
Published: July 2010

This article builds upon the concept of the trilateral networks of the triple-helix model in order to understand the role of organizations that operate in the spaces between institutions of higher education, industrial firms, and government agencies. Organizations situated in this interstitial space between public and private entities have been found to actively influence the formation of academy-industry-government relationships through the exchange of actors, resources, and commerce. These ‘intermediating organizations’ are often nonprofit organizations, including professional associations, foundations, consortia, independent research support organizations, and special interest groups. In this study a new conceptual model is proposed and illustrated through the use of examples of intermediating organizations in North America.
Government Influence and Foreign Direct Investment: Organizational Learning in an Electronics Cluster
Authors: Rivera Vargas María Isabel
Published: July 2010

This article demonstrates government and foreign direct investment in influencing the formation and development of the electronics cluster in Guadalajara, Mexico. The organizational limitations and the lack of planning in the technological learning process aside, the triple helix paradigm has become critical in upgrading the electronics industry in Guadalajara. The study analyzes technology transfer and its adaptation through technical and research cooperation within national and international innovation systems. It also examines the role of multinational corporations within the triple helix model, and how they impact upon the formation, growth and development of an electronics cluster in Guadalajara.
Spontaneous repair of asymptomatic osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: 10-year minimum follow-up with MRI
Authors: Nakamura J. , Harada Y. , Oinuma K. , Iida S. , Kishida S. , Takahashi K.
Published: July 2010

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are at high risk of developing osteonecrosis. This study utilized MRI to document the long-term natural history of asymptomatic osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid therapy in SLE patients. Two hundred and one SLE patients treated with high-dose corticosteroids were prospectively observed from 1986 to 1997. The inclusion criterion was that patients had received periodic MRI examinations of all their hip and knee joints for ≥10 years. Joints that were already collapsed and symptomatic at the first examination were excluded. Five hundred and thirty-seven joints (251 hips and 286 knees) were identified in 144 patients, with a mean follow-up period of 13.6 years (range, 10—20 years) and a follow-up rate of 73%. Mean age of SLE onset was 26 years, and the mean highest oral corticosteroid dosage was 57 mg/day. Osteonecrosis developed in 238 (44%) of 537 joints. At final follow-up, 117 (49%) of these 238 joints demonstrated spontaneous repair in the necrotic area. Osteonecrosis completely disappeared in 21 joints. Enlargement of osteonecrosis was noted in 35 joints (15%) following increased steroid dosage because of SLE recurrence. Finally, 52 joints (22%) were collapsed. Spontaneous repair of asymptomatic osteonecrosis was observed, whereas enlargement occurred only after corticosteroid dosage increases. Lupus (2010) 19, 1307—1314.
Information disclosure to family caregivers: Applying Thiroux’s framework
Authors: Rowe John
Published: July 2010

In the UK, community care has led to more complex relationships for mental health nurses. They need to respect the rights of service users to confidentiality while also respecting the rights of family caregivers to information that directly affects them. An unsatisfactory situation has arisen in which utilitarian and legally driven motives have seen family caregivers’ interests become subsidiary to those of service users and providers. An ethical case is made for sharing information with family caregivers, even against the wishes of service users. Through the use of a conceptual framework based on elements proposed by Thiroux — value of life, goodness or rightness, justice or fairness, truth-telling or honesty, and individual freedom — the article concludes that there is an ethical argument for sharing some information with family caregivers and that nurses should respect caregivers’ rights through their actions. Nurses’ actions are a commitment to seeking what is ‘good’ by making judgements based on what matters. It is argued that people and their relationships matter more than strict adherence to laws and codes.
Do-not-resuscitate orders for critically ill patients in intensive care
Authors: Chang Yuanmay , Huang Chin-Feng , Lin Chia-Chin
Published: July 2010

End-of-life decision making frequently occurs in the intensive care unit (ICU). There is a lack of information on how a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order affects treatments received by critically ill patients in ICUs. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the use of life support therapies between patients with a DNR order and those without; (2) to examine life support therapies prior to and after the issuance of a DNR order; and (3) to determine the clinical factors that influence the initiation of a DNR order in ICUs in Taiwan. A prospective, descriptive, and correlational study was conducted. A total of 202 patients comprising 133 (65.8%) who had a DNR order, and 69 (34.1%) who did not, participated in this study. In the last 48 hours of their lives, patients who had a DNR order were less likely to receive life support therapies than those who did not have a DNR order. Older age, being unmarried, the presence of an adult child as a surrogate decision maker, a perceived inability to survive ultimate discharge from the ICU, and longer hospitalization in the ICU were significant predictors of issuing a DNR order for critically ill patients. This study will draw attention to how, when, and by whom, critically ill patients’ preferences about DNR are elicited and honored.
Nurses’ perceptions of ethical issues related to patients’ rights law
Authors: Yakov Gila , Shilo Yehudit , Shor Tzippy
Published: July 2010

August 2006 marked the 10th anniversary of landmark legislation when Israel’s parliament passed the unique Patient’s Rights Law. This law underscores the importance of medical ethics in Israeli society. During a seminar at the Shaare Zedek School of Nursing, third-year students performed a qualitative research study investigating ethical issues arising in the field of nursing, and how nursing staff dealt with these issues in relation to the law. The research was conducted using semistructured questionnaires. The results showed that the staff participants knew the law, but did not differentiate between legal and ethical problems. The establishment of a framework for dealing with these issues would help to promote professional ethics, encourage broad-based agreements related to ethical decisions, reduce ethical conflict, and increase implementation of the law on patients’ rights.
University Students’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Towards Culturally Diverse Group Work
Authors: Kimmel Karen , Volet Simone
Published: July 2010

This article presents two consecutive studies aimed at disentangling the significance of study contexts on students’ attitudes towards learning and interacting in culturally diverse groups. Context was operationalised as two distinct study programmes with contrasting organisational and instructional characteristics and diverse/nondiverse groups embedded within each. The combination of a small longitudinal questionnaire study (Study 1) and follow-up in-depth interviews (Study 2) provided valuable insight into the significance of contextual aspects of the learning environment for students’ intercultural experiences and attitudes. The findings revealed that language proficiency, academic competencies, and cohort characteristics play an important role for students’ intercultural encounters. The results also suggest that students’ own attitudes towards intercultural interactions may be affected by the quality of close peers’ experiences in culturally diverse groups (extended contact effect).
Shifting Patterns of the Government’s Policies for the Internationalization of Korean Higher Education
Authors: Byun Kiyong , Kim Minjung
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of changing patterns since the mid-1990s in the Korean government’s policies for internationalizing its higher education system. The study examines the driving forces behind the government’s internationalization policies for Korean higher education, how the internationalization process affected Korean higher education, the ways in which the government and higher education institutions responded, and the issues and challenges now arising from the internationalization of the Korean higher education system. The results indicate internationalization is already an integral part of mainstream higher education policies and programs in Korea and is increasingly perceived as a key tool for improving the quality of higher education. The study suggests that for Korea to more effectively cope with internationalization in the future, it must address the following key challenges: (a) establishing an effective quality assurance mechanism for cross-border educational activities; (b) redressing the government’s previous, overriding emphasis on the quantitative aspects of internationalization, at the expense of quality; and (c) maintaining a balance between the conflicting demands of competition and cooperation with other countries.
Peer Mentoring: Key to New Music Teacher Educator Success
Authors: Draves Tami J. , Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: July 2010

Research and practice in mentoring preservice music teachers and music teachers during their induction years has flourished in the past 10 years. Mentoring is also essential to the success of new music teacher educators; however, there is little extant research on mentoring of “preservice” and early career music teacher educators. Though not new members of the profession, new music teacher educators often face challenges similar to those of first-year music teachers. Mentoring can take many forms for new music teacher educators, one of which is peer mentoring. Peer mentoring can serve as an effective means to help new music teacher educators both cope with and succeed in their new professional environment. This article documents our peer-mentoring relationship from its genesis in doctoral studies through its evolution as we, two assistant professors, begin our careers as tenure-track faculty at two major research institutions.
Adolescents With Depressive Symptoms and Their Challenges With Learning in School
Authors: Humensky Jennifer , Kuwabara Sachiko A. , Fogel Joshua , Wells Corrie , Goodwin Brady , Voorhees Benjamin W. Van
Published: July 2010

We examine school performance among 83 adolescents at risk for major depression. Negative mood interfered with subjective measures of school performance, including ability to do well in school, homework completion, concentrate in class, interact with peers, and going to class. No significant relationships were found for mood and objective measures of school performance (school attendance, English, and Math grades). Students with a college-educated parent had stronger performance in objective measures (school attendance and Math grades), whereas males had lower English grades. In qualitative interviews, adolescents reported that negative thinking led to procrastination, which led to poor school performance, which led to more negative thinking. Adolescents with depressive symptoms that do not meet the threshold for referral report struggles in school. Understanding the specific challenges faced by adolescents with even low levels of depressive symptoms can help school nurses, teachers, and parents identify appropriate interventions to help adolescents succeed in school.
The Concurrent and Incremental Validity of the Trauma Symptom Inventory in Women Reporting Histories of Sexual Maltreatment
Authors: Arbisi Paul A. , Erbes Christopher R. , Polusny Melissa A. , Nelson Nathaniel W.
Published: July 2010

The Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) were administered to 71 women who reported histories of childhood and/or adult sexual maltreatment and 25 women who did not report a history of victimization. The TSI validity scales were not effective in identifying MMPI-2 defined invalid responding although were moderately related to MMPI-2 validity scales designed to identify similar response styles. In contrast, the TSI clinical scales displayed good convergent validity with conceptually related scales on the MMPI-2 and PDS. Also, the TSI added incrementally, albeit modestly, to the MMPI-2 in prediction of PDS defined PTSD.
Application of Fuzzy-model-based Control to Nonlinear Structural Systems with Time Delay: an LMI Method
Authors: Chen Cheng-Wu
Published: July 2010

In this study we present a fuzzy robust control design which combines H∞ control performance with Tagagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy control for the control of delayed nonlinear structural systems under external excitations. We design a nonlinear fuzzy controller based on parallel distributed compensation schemes. The controller design problem is reformulated as a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem as derived from the Lyapunov theory. This robust method is designed to overcome the modeling error that can occur between delayed nonlinear structural systems with T-S fuzzy models. Given the fuzzy-model-based H∞ control and the stability conditions, the stability of a delayed nonlinear structural system under external excitation is ensured. Furthermore, the delayed nonlinear structural system is equipped with a tuned mass damper designed according to the first mode of frequency. The feedback gain of the fuzzy controller is found via the Matlab LMI toolbox. The proposed method is then applied to a delayed nonlinearly tuned mass damper system. The simulation results show that not only is the proposed method able to stabilize delayed nonlinear structural systems, but also has strong robustness in terms of preventing modeling errors and external excitations.
Investigation on residual-related error and the effect of solution properties using protective devices for the reconstitution of cytotoxic agents in actual situations
Authors: Hama Koji , Kitada Noriaki , Fukushima Koichi , Hashida Tohru , Kataoka Kazusaburo
Published: July 2010

Purpose. Three products can be used in Japan for the reconstitution of cytotoxic agents: PhaSeal, Chemo CLAVE and Chemo Mini Spike (CMS). The low preparation volume may be affected by residual-related volume in their devices. In this study, the residual-related error in their devices was examined and compared.

Method. The blank of each component of these devices was weighed using a precision electric balance. After ejecting distilled water (DW) for injection, each was weighed again with the balance. In addition, for etoposide in the cases of PhaSeal and Chemo CLAVE, the components of the devices were similarly weighed.

Result. The weight gains of each device after ejecting DW were as follows: CMS-V (440 mg) greater than the combined components of Chemo CLAVE (128—171 mg)/CMS-MT (123 mg) greater than the combined components of PhaSeal (13—56 mg). For etoposide, the weight gains of PhaSeal (208 mg) and Chemo CLAVE (223 mg) showed no significant difference. The priming volume of each device was calculated from the specific gravity of water. The residual-related volume was ‘CMS-V > Chemo CLAVE, CMS-MT > PhaSeal’, although this was very slight in actual situations.

Conclusion. The residual-related volume was marked in its low preparation volume. In water-soluble drugs, the residual volume of PhaSeal was lowest of the devices in this study, but in viscous drugs, such as etoposide, the residual volume of PhaSeal was almost identical to Chemo CLAVE; that is, the residual volume of these devices was affected by the solution property. The residual-related volume in the devices will lead to errors; therefore, residual-related errors need to be considered in the use of these devices.
Structural Transformation of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Bundles under Pressure
Authors: Zhao Xianwu , Zhang Kai , Wang Jianxiang , Duan Huiling
Published: July 2010

Structural transformation of single wall carbon nanotube bundles under hydrostatic pressure is studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results show that the transformation is related to the diameter and the symmetry of the nanotubes in a bundle. Due to the commensuration with the tetragonal symmetry, the (6,6), (8,8) and (10,10) bundles have two intermediate states in the process of the structural transformation, namely, the hexagonal and the tetragonal structures. In addition, the energy barrier for the structural transformation decreases in general with the increase of the diameter of the tubes, and is also influenced by the symmetry of the nanotubes. The DFT calculation of the nanotube bundles may provide useful insights into the mechanisms of the structural transformation and the potential applications of the nanotube bundles.