bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Възможности за развитието на висшите творчески способности при децата в условията на специално организирана образователна среда
Authors: Ozhiganova Galina
Published: October 2016

В статията се обосновава необходимостта от психологически комфортна образователна среда, която да съдейства за творческото и интелектуалното развитие на децата. Разглеждат се характеристиките на специално организираната образователна среда, създаваща условия за проявата и развитието на висшите творчески способности на учащите се, на основата на Метода на пролонгираната диагностика и формирането на креативността.
Sincretisme i canvi morfològic: evolució de la terminació verbal en -AT en català
Authors: Massanell i Messalles Mar
Published: October 2016

Resum: La terminació verbal llatina -at, que es troba en els ètims de les formes de 3a persona del present d’indicatiu de la 1a conjugació, del present de subjuntiu de les conjugacions no primeres i de l’imperfet d’indicatiu i del condicional de totes les conjugacions, ha arribat en català general al resultat -a (cantat > canta). Tanmateix, ja en els primers testimonis escrits (segle xi) procedents dels antics comtats d’Urgell i de Pallars, es documenta la variant -e, avui estesa pel català nord-occidental i pel valencià septentrional. Aquesta divergència ha rebut una explicació fonològica, a partir del supòsit que en el català occidental naixent la -t final s’hauria perdut de manera tardana, fet que hauria permès el tancament de a posttònica (-at > -et > -e). En aquest article, partint dels principis de la morfologia natural, plantegem una hipòtesi alternativa que atribueix el sorgiment i l’expansió de la variant -e a factors morfològics com el rebuig del sincretisme. Les dades que ha aportat el buidatge del Corpus Informatitzat del Català Antic sembla que concorden amb la hipòtesi formulada, tot i que la migradesa de textos dels orígens aconsella de ser prudents en les conclusions.Paraules clau: sincretisme, canvi lingüístic, morfologia natural, flexió verbal, català antic, català nord-occidental.
A diachronic study of the (negative) additive anche in Italian
Authors: Franco Irene , Kellert Olga , Mensching Guido , Poletto Cecilia
Published: October 2016

Abstract: In Modern Italian (MI), negative additives are focalizing elements that typically obey negative concord with a clausal negation or another licensing negative element. In this paper we investigate the diachronic evolution of one negative additive element, neanche ‘neither/not even’. In Old Italian (OI, Florentine variety of 1200-1370), there is no evidence of morphologically complex negative additive focalizers such as neanche. Instead, the non-negative additive counterpart of neanche, anche, could combine with a negative marker or some other negative element: e.g. né/non… anche ‘neither/not even’. We show that, in OI, (i) the morphologically non-negative additive anche can be used both as a negative and as a positive polarity item; (ii) anche can function either as an aspectual marker with the meaning ‘(not) yet’, or as an additive focalizer with the meaning ‘neither/not even’; (iii) its different interpretations are mirrored by different syntactic positions, i.e. anche has an aspectual interpretation in the postverbal position taking scope over a verbal phrase (vP), and it has an additive interpretation in the preverbal position taking scope over a determiner phrase (DP); and (iv) anche triggers a focus semantic interpretation under both conditions: as an additive and an aspectual marker (see Rooth 1985, Chierchia 2013 on focus semantics). We account for the diachronic evolution from neg(ation) + anche in OI to neanche in MI by suggesting that the grammaticalization of neanche originates from a particular construction in which the additive anche is immediately to the right adjacent to the negative disjunction né (i.e. né+anche>neanche). Key words: additive, negative additives, focus, aspectual marker, grammaticalization.
Miquel Àngel Pradilla, «La catalanofonia. Una comunitat del segle XXI a la recerca de la normalitat lingüística», Barcelona, Institut d’Estudis Catalans. Secció Filològica, 2015, 179 pp.
Authors: Nicolás Miquel
Published: October 2016

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Miquel Àngel Pradilla, La catalanofonia. Una comunitat del segle XXI a la recerca de la normalitat lingüística, Barcelona, Institut d’Estudis Catalans. Secció Filològica, Biblioteca de Dialectologia i Sociolingüística, XX, 2015, 179 pp., ISBN: 978-84-9965-254-2.
Alcohol consumption and risk of fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Cao Guoli , Yi Tingzhuang , Liu Qianqian , Wang Min , Tang Shaohui
Published: October 2016

Background

Observational studies have shown inconsistent results regarding alcohol consumption and risk of fatty liver. We performed a meta-analysis of published literature to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and fatty liver disease (FLD).

Methods

We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and several Chinese databases, identifying studies that reported an association between alcohol consumption and the risk of FLD.

Results

A total of 16 studies with 76,608 participants including 13 cross-sectional studies, two cross-sectional following longitudinal studies, and one cohort study met the inclusion criteria. For light to moderate alcohol consumption (LMAC), there was a 22.6% reduction in risk of FLD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.774, 95% confidence interval CI [0.695–0.862], P <0.001), and subgroup analysis showed that a greater reduction in risk of FLD was found in the female drinkers (30.2%) and the drinkers with BMI ≥25 kg/m2(31.3%) compared with the male drinkers (22.6%) and the drinkers with BMI <25 kg/m2(21.3%), respectively. For heavy alcohol consumption, there was no significant influence on risk of FLD (OR = 0.869, 95% CI [0.553–1.364], P = 0.541) in Japanese women, but there was a 33.7% reduction in risk of FLD (OR = 0.663, 95% CI [0.574–0.765], P < 0.001) in Japanese men and a significant increased risk of FLD (OR = 1.785, 95% CI [1.064–2.996], P = 0.028) in Germans.

Conclusion

LMAC is associated with a significant protective effect on FLD in the studied population, especially in the women and obese population. However, the effect of heavy alcohol consumption on FLD remains unclear due to limited studies and small sample sizes.
Controlled Polymerization of Multivinyl Monomers: Formation of Cyclized/Knotted Single‐Chain Polymer Architectures
Authors: Gao Yongsheng , Newland Ben , Zhou Dezhong , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof , Wang Wenxin
Published: October 2016

Seventy years ago, Flory and Stockmayer predicted that the polymerization of multivinyl monomers (MVMs) would inevitably lead to insoluble cross‐linked gel networks. Since then, the use of MVMs has largely been limited to as cross‐linking agents. More recently, however, polymerization strategies such as reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) have paved the way for the exploration of new possibilities in terms of both polymer architectures and functional capabilities. This Minireview provides historical context to the problem of polymerizing MVMs, before highlighting how RDRP has led to the formation of new cyclized/knotted polymer structures. Although the potential of such cyclized/knot polymer architectures is far from being fulfilled, some emerging applications are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of bromine source supported on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles: A new, versatile and efficient magnetically separable catalyst for organic synthesis
Authors: Shiri Lotfi , Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Kazemi Mosstafa
Published: October 2016

Tribenzylammonium tribromide supported onto magnetic nanoparticles (Br3‐TBA‐Fe3O4) as a bromine source was successfully synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. The synthesized catalyst is shown to be a versatile and highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Knoevenagel condensation and synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐one and polyhydroquinoline derivatives. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a bromine source immobilized on Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a magnetically separable catalyst for these reactions. The nanosolid catalyst can be magnetically recovered and reused readily several times without significant loss in catalytic efficiency.
In situ generation of palladium nanoparticles using agro waste and their use as catalyst for copper‐, amine‐ and ligand‐free Sonogashira reaction
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Sarmah Manashi , Bora Utpal , Thakur Ashim J.
Published: October 2016

The use of water extract of waste papaya bark ash for the in situ generation of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) as an efficient and environmentally friendly basic medium for the Sonogashira reaction at room temperature is reported. This methodology follows green chemistry principles as the reaction is performed using agro waste (natural feedstock) for the generation of the Pd NPs as well as for providing a basic medium for the reaction in the absence of any additional organic or inorganic base, ligand and copper salt, giving excellent yield of cross‐coupled product at room temperature. The reaction conditions are compatible with electronically diverse aryl iodides and electronically diverse alkyne derivatives.
(R)‐12‐Hydroxystearic Acid Hydrazides as Very Efficient Gelators: Diffusion, Partial Thixotropy, and Self‐Healing in Self‐Standing Gels
Authors: Li Jingjing , Zhang Mohan , Weiss Richard G.
Published: October 2016

The gelation properties of derivatives of N‐alkylated (R)‐12‐hydroxystearic acid hydrazide (n‐HSAH, n=0, 2, 6, 10; n is the length of an n‐alkyl chain on the terminal nitrogen atom) in a wide variety of liquids is reported. The n‐HSAH compounds were derived from a naturally occurring alkanoic acid, (R)‐12‐hydroxystearic acid (R‐12HSA), and although they differ from the analogous N‐alkyl (R)‐12‐hydroxystearamides (n‐HSAA) only by the presence of one N−H group, their behavior as gelators is very different. For example, the parent molecule (0‐HSAH) is a supergelator in ethylene glycol, in which it forms self‐standing gels that are self‐healing, partially thixotropic, moldable, and load‐bearing; gels of 0‐HSAA are not self‐standing. 0‐HSAH is structurally the simplest molecular gelator of which we are aware that is capable of forming both self‐standing and partially thixotropic gels. Also, diffusion of the cationic dye erythrosine B and the anionic dye methylene blue in 0‐HSAH/ethylene glycol gel blocks is much slower than the self‐diffusion of ethylene glycol. Polarizing optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and FTIR studies revealed that the self‐assembled fibrillar networks (SAFINs) of the gels are crystalline, and that 0‐HSAH molecules may be arranged in a triclinic subcell with bilayer stacking. The SAFINs are stabilized by strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the hydrazide groups of adjacent molecules and a perpendicular hydrogen‐bonding network between the pendent hydroxyl groups of 0‐HSAH. The other n‐HSAH (n=2, 6, 10) molecules appear to be arranged in orthorhombic subcells with monolayers and strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the hydrazide group of one gelator molecule and the hydroxyl group of a neighboring one. These results show how small structural modifications of structurally simple gelator molecules can be exploited to form gels with novel properties that can lead potentially to valuable applications, such as in drug delivery.
Synthesis of Half‐Sphere/Half‐Funnel‐Shaped Silica Structures by Reagent Localization and the Role of Water in Shape Control
Authors: Datskos Panos , Polizos Georgios , Cullen David A. , Bhandari Mahabir , Sharma Jaswinder
Published: October 2016

Shape control of silica structures is demonstrated by localization of the reagents. A uniform dispersion of reagents provided straight silica rods, whereas localization of the reagents in the emulsion droplet periphery provided a new type of half‐sphere/half‐funnel structure. The effect of water concentration appeared to be related to the ease of diffusion of the silica precursor inside the emulsion droplet (i.e., the higher the water concentration, the lower the silica precursor diffusion).
Palladium‐Catalyzed Multi‐Component Reactions of N‐Tosylhydrazones, 2‐Iodoanilines and CO2 towards 4‐Aryl‐2‐Quinolinones
Authors: Sun Song , Hu Wei‐Ming , Gu Ning , Cheng Jiang
Published: October 2016

A palladium‐catalyzed three‐component reaction between N‐tosylhydrazones, 2‐iodoanilines and atmospheric pressure CO2 was developed whereby a tandem carbene migration insertion/lactamization strategy afforded 4‐aryl‐2‐quinolinones in moderate to good yields. Notably, a wide range of functional groups were tolerated in this procedure. This protocol features the simultaneous formation of four novel bonds; two C−C, one C=C and one C−N (amide), representing an efficient methodology for incorporation of CO2 into heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Free TBHP‐Promoted Intramolecular Carbonylation of Arenes via Radical Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling: Synthesis of Indenoquinolinones, 4‐Azafluorenones and Fluorenones.
Authors: Mishra Kalpana , Pandey Ashok Kumar , Singh Jay Bahadur , Singh Radhey M.
Published: October 2016

A tBuOOH‐promoted cyclization of aromatic ortho‐phenyl aldehydes gives the title compounds in high yields under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Position‐Selective C—H Perfluoroalkylation and Perfluoroarylation of Six‐Membered Heteroaromatic Compounds.
Authors: Nagase Masahiro , Kuninobu Yoichiro , Kanai Motomu
Published: October 2016

Perfluoroalkylation of six‐membered N‐heterocycles proceeds regioselectively at the position para to the ring‐nitrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalizations by Imidate Assistance with Aryl and Alkyl Chlorides.
Authors: Mei Ruhuai , Ackermann Lutz
Published: October 2016

A catalytic system comprising inexpensive Co(acac)2 and an NHC ligand (ICy) enables versatile and regioselective C—H arylations by oxazoline assistance.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Mediated Redox Condensation of Alcohols.
Authors: Kato Terumasa , Matsuoka Shin‐ichi , Suzuki Masato
Published: October 2016

Mitsunobu‐type coupling reactions of alcohols with phenols, carboxylic acids, and phthalimide are promoted by N‐heterocyclic carbenes as reducing agents in the presence of appropriate oxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorination of α‐Oxoketenedithioacetals: One‐Pot Four‐Component Synthesis of α‐Fluoro‐α‐oxoketenedithioacetals.
Authors: Charanraj T. P. , Ramachandra P. , Ramesh N. , Junjappa H.
Published: October 2016

The dithioacetals (IV) are prepared by two routes.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed C(sp3)—H Functionalization/Carbenoid Insertion: All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers via Multiple C—C Bond Formation.
Authors: Gutierrez‐Bonet Alvaro , Julia‐Hernandez Francisco , de Luis Beatriz , Martin Ruben
Published: October 2016

A mild and robust Pd‐catalyzed tandem C(sp3)‐H functionalization/carbenoid insertion process is developed to convert ortho‐brominated alkylbenzenes to 1,1,3,3,‐tetrasubstituted indans with a variety of diazo compounds as coupling partners.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic One‐Pot Asymmetric Synthesis of Thiolated Spiro‐γ‐lactam Oxindoles Bearing Three Stereocenters.
Authors: Huang Xin , Liu Miao , Pham Kenny , Zhang Xiaofeng , Yi Wen‐Bin , Jasinski Jerry P. , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2016

The first asymmetric synthesis of spiro‐γ‐lactam oxindoles via a thiol‐Michael/Mannich/lactamization sequence is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free and Selective Synthesis of 2‐Aminothiophenes and 2‐Amino‐4,5‐dihydrothiophenes from 4‐Thiazolidinones in Water.
Authors: Zeng Fanxun , Liu Pengjian , Shao Xusheng , Li Zhong , Xu Xiaoyong
Published: October 2016

Thiazolidinones are selectively converted into thiophene or dihydrothiophenes upon treatment with NaBH4 and KBH4, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Cycloaddition Reactions of Stabilized Muenchnones.
Authors: Kakaawla Taban K. K. , Hartley Will C. , Harrity Joseph P. A.
Published: October 2016

A family of stabilized muenchnones bearing an acyl group at C4 are prepared and studied in alkyne cycloaddition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Approach to Construct Benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐ones via Copper‐Catalyzed Consecutive Reaction of 2‐Halobenzamides and Carbon Disulfide.
Authors: Li Ting , Yang Lei , Ni Kaidong , Shi Zhenyu , Li Fei , Chen Dongyin
Published: October 2016

A cyclization of ortho‐halobenzamides and carbon disulfide affords benzisothiazolones via a consecutive process involving S—C and S—N bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)—Y Zeolite Catalyzed N‐Sulfonylketenimine Mediated Annulation of Hydroxynaphthoquinones: Syntheses of Naphtho[2,1‐b]furan‐2,5‐diones and Benzo[de]chromene‐2,6‐diones.
Authors: Ramanathan Devenderan , Namitharan Kayambu , Pitchumani Kasi
Published: October 2016

Photochemical properties as well as the anticarcinocenic activity of some products are examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative β‐Benzylation of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinolines with Aryl Aldehydes: Access to Functionalized Quinolines.
Authors: Tan Zhenda , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhang Min
Published: October 2016

The step and atom‐economic reaction uses oxygen as the sole oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Synthesis of Diverse Nitrogen Heterocycles via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed C—H Conjugate Addition/Cyclization Reactions.
Authors: Weinstein Adam B. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: October 2016

Starting from directing group‐substituted arenes and electrophilic olefin coupling partners a strategy towards the preparation of bi or tricyclic products is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselection in Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reactions of 2‐Cyano‐1‐azadienes: Indolizidine and Quinolizidine Synthesis.
Authors: Tay Gidget C. , Sizemore Nicholas , Rychnovsky Scott D.
Published: October 2016

The diastereoselection of the title reaction is further examined by computational calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cyclization of 2‐Pyridylesters and Chalcones: Metal‐Free Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted Indolizines.
Authors: Reddy N. Naresh Kumar , Donthiri Ramachandra Reddy , Ravi Chitrakar , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: October 2016

The title reaction allows the synthesis of a wide range of substituted indolizines.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/Silver Synergistic Catalysis in Direct Aerobic Carbonylation of C(sp2)‐H Bonds Using DMF as a Carbon Source: Synthesis of Pyrido‐Fused Quinazolinones and Phenanthridinones.
Authors: Nageswar Rao D. , Rasheed Sk. , Das Parthasarathi
Published: October 2016

The reaction has a good functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese‐Catalyzed Borylation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides.
Authors: Atack Thomas C. , Cook Silas P.
Published: October 2016

A mild and convenient synthesis of alkyl bispinacolato esters is developed using primary, secondary and even tertiary alkyl halides in the presence of MnBr2 and TMEDA as low cost catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct and Base‐Catalyzed Diboration of Alkynes Using the Unsymmetrical Diborane(4), pinB‐BMes2.
Authors: Kojima Chiemi , Lee Ka‐Ho , Lin Zhenyang , Yamashita Makoto
Published: October 2016

The catalyst‐free diboration of terminal alkynes affords two regioisomeric diborylalkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Base‐Catalyzed Double Addition of H‐Phosphine Oxides to Alkynes.
Authors: Yoshimura Aya , Saga Yuta , Sato Yuki , Ogawa Akiya , Chen Tieqiao , Han Li‐Biao
Published: October 2016

Reaction conditions are developed for the 1,2‐double addition of H‐phosphine oxides to terminal alkynes using LiOtBu as convenient catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: New Lycopodine‐Type Alkaloids from Lycopodium carinatum.
Authors: Kogure Noriyuki , Maruyama Moe , Wongseripipatana Sumphan , Kitajima Mariko , Takayama Hiromitsu
Published: October 2016

The structures of revised lycocarinatine A (II) as well as lycocarinatine B (I), C (IIIa), D (IVa), E (IVb) and F (IIIb) are elucidated.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Undesirable Anode Lithium Plating Issues in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Du Chunyu , Shen Bin , Zuo Pengjian , Cheng Xinqun , Ma Yulin , Yin Geping , Gao Yunzhi
Published: October 2016

Review: 196 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Well‐Controlled Synthesis of Ceria‐Based Nanocatalysts Towards Enhanced Catalytic Performance
Authors: Wu Ke , Sun Ling‐Dong , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: October 2016

Review: 344 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: There and Back Again: The Synthetic Travels of Gary H. Posner.
Authors: Genna Douglas T. , Maio William A.
Published: October 2016

Review: 67 refs + subrefs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Reactions of Nitro Compounds in the Synthesis of Natural Compound Analogues and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Sukhorukov Alexey Yu. , Sukhanova Anna A. , Zlotin Sergei G.
Published: October 2016

Review: [501 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chirality Transfer in Metal‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Addition Reactions Involving Allenes
Authors: Alonso Jose Miguel , Quiros Maria Teresa , Munoz Maria Paz
Published: October 2016

Review: [89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Lipid Structure Changed by Interesterification on Melting Property and Lipemia
Authors: Wang Tong , Wang Xiaosan , Wang Xingguo
Published: October 2016

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Singular Metal Activation of Diboron Compounds
Authors: Westcott Stephen A. , Fernandez Elena
Published: October 2016

Review: 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Carbohydrate‐Based Biomaterials as Scaffolds to Control Human Stem Cell Fate
Authors: Hu Jing , Seeberger Peter H. , Yin Jian
Published: October 2016

Review: 161 refs.
Introducing Glycolinkers for the Functionalization of Cytotoxic Drugs and Applications in Antibody–Drug Conjugation Chemistry
Authors: Ekholm Filip S. , Pynnönen Henna , Vilkman Anja , Pitkänen Virve , Helin Jari , Saarinen Juhani , Satomaa Tero
Published: October 2016

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising alternatives to naked antibodies for selective drug‐delivery applications and treatment of diseases such as cancer. Construction of ADCs relies upon site‐selective, efficient and mild conjugation technologies. The choice of a chemical linker is especially important, as it affects the overall properties of the ADC. We envisioned that hydrophilic bifunctional chemical linkers based on carbohydrates would be a useful class of derivatization agents for the construction of linker–drug conjugates and ADCs. Herein we describe the synthesis of carbohydrate‐based derivatization agents, glycolinker–drug conjugates featuring the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E and an ADC based on an anti‐EGFR antibody. In addition, an initial in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of the individual components and the ADC is provided against EGFR‐positive cancer cells.
Family caregivers' level of mastery predicts survival of patients with glioblastoma: A preliminary report
Authors: Boele Florien W. , Given Charles W. , Given Barbara A. , Donovan Heidi S. , Schulz Richard , Weimer Jason M. , Drappatz Jan , Lieberman Frank S. , Sherwood Paula R.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is associated with a poor prognosis, and patients rely heavily on family caregivers for physical and emotional support. The capability and mental health of family caregivers may influence their ability to provide care and affect patient outcomes. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether caregivers' anxiety, depressive symptoms, burden, and mastery influenced survival in a sample of patients newly diagnosed with GBM.

METHODS

Baseline data from caregiver‐patient dyads participating in a longitudinal study funded by the National Institutes of Health were used. Cox regression analyses were performed to determine whether caregiver anxiety (Profile of Mood States‐Anxiety), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale), burden (Caregiver Reaction Assessment), and feelings of mastery (Mastery Scale) predicted the survival time of patients with GBM after controlling for known covariates (patient age, Karnofsky performance status, type of surgery, and postsurgical treatment).

RESULTS

A total of 88 caregiver‐patient dyads were included. The median overall survival for the sample was 14.5 months (range, 0‐88 months). After controlling for covariates, caregiver mastery was found to be predictive of patient survival. With each unit increase in mastery, there was a 16.1% risk reduction in patient death (95% confidence interval, 0.771‐0.913; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

To the authors' knowledge, the results of the current study are among the first to explore the impact of family caregiving on the outcomes of patients with GBM. If these results are supported in other studies, providing neuro‐oncology caregivers with more structured support and guidance in clinical practice has the potential to improve caregivers' feelings of mastery, thereby influencing patients' well‐being for the better. Cancer 2017;123:832–40. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Application of HBOCs electrophoretic method to detect a new blood substitute derived from the giant extracellular haemoglobin of lugworm
Authors: Marchand A. , Crepin N. , Roulland I. , Semence F. , Domergue V. , Zal F. , Polard V. , Coquerel A.
Published: October 2016

Manipulation of blood and blood components is prohibited in sports by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). This includes the use of blood substitutes to increase oxygen transport, like haemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), which are compounds derived from haemoglobin. Despite their medical interest, the first generation of HBOCs had serious adverse effects and was abandoned. However, new studies are now exploiting the properties of marine worm haemoglobins, which circulate as giant extracellular complexes with high oxygen‐binding capacities. HEMOXYCarrier® (HC), developed by Hemarina, is one of the most advanced and promising HBOCs, and HC may become a tempting doping tool for athletes in the future. Here, HC detection in plasma/serum was evaluated with the method used to detect the first HBOCs, based on electrophoresis and heme peroxidase properties. An HC‐derived product was identified in human plasma up to 72 h after in vitro incubation at 37 °C. HC degradation also induced methemalbumin formation. After injecting HC at the effective dose of 200 mg/kg into mice, the HC‐derived product was detected only for a few hours and no accumulation of methemalbumin was observed. Due to this limited detection window in vivo, measuring specific worm globin degradation products by mass spectrometry might be an alternative for future anti‐doping analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Winter conditions influence biological responses of migrating hummingbirds
Authors: Graham Catherine H. , Supp Sarah R. , Powers Donald R. , Beck Pieter , Lim Marisa C. W. , Shankar Anusha , Cormier Tina , Goetz Scott , Wethington Susan M.
Published: October 2016

Conserving biological diversity given ongoing environmental changes requires the knowledge of how organisms respond biologically to these changes; however, we rarely have this information. This data deficiency can be addressed with coordinated monitoring programs that provide field data across temporal and spatial scales and with process‐based models, which provide a method for predicting how species, in particular migrating species that face different conditions across their range, will respond to climate change. We evaluate whether environmental conditions in the wintering grounds of broad‐tailed hummingbirds influence physiological and behavioral attributes of their migration. To quantify winter ground conditions, we used operative temperature as a proxy for physiological constraint, and precipitation and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as surrogates of resource availability. We measured four biological response variables: molt stage, timing of arrival at stopover sites, body mass, and fat. Consistent with our predictions, we found that birds migrating north were in earlier stages of molt and arrived at stopover sites later when NDVI was low. These results indicate that wintering conditions impact the timing and condition of birds as they migrate north. In addition, our results suggest that biologically informed environmental surrogates provide a valuable tool for predicting how climate variability across years influences the animal populations.
A Silacyclopropene with a Six‐Coordinate Silicon Atom and an SiN4C2 Skeleton: Synthesis and Structural Characterization
Authors: Baus Johannes A. , Laskowski Nadine , Tacke Reinhold
Published: October 2016

Treatment of the donor‐stabilized silylene [iPrNC(Ph)NiPr]2Si with Ph–C≡C–Ph resulted in a [2+1] cycloaddition reaction to afford a silicon(IV) compound, the first silacyclopropene with a six‐coordinate silicon atom. This compound was structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies in the solid state and in solution.
Water‐Soluble Zinc Porphyrin Capable of Light‐Induced Photocleavage of DNA: Cell Localization Studies in Drosophila Melanogaster and Light Activated Treatment of Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Yoho Joshua , Wogensthal Kevin , Bennett Thomas L. , Palmer Jessica , Comfort Kristen K. , Kango‐Singh Madhuri , Swavey Shawn , Stuart Christopher H. , Gmeiner William H.
Published: October 2016

A new water‐soluble zinc(II) porphyrin has been synthesized and characterized by high resolution mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The zinc(II) porphyrin (ZnPor) is designed with three N‐methylated pyridyl groups at the meso‐positions to make the compound water soluble. In addition, a meso‐pentafluorophenyl substituent has been incorporated to enhance the excited state lifetime of the porphyrin. The addition of zinc(II) into the porphyrin core lends itself to longer excited lifetimes as well as the ability to coordinate to DNA bases exposed in the major groove. The ZnPor and its free‐base analog (FBPor) demonstrate high binding affinity to calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) with binding constants greater than 100000 m–1. Both porphyrins show the ability to photonick DNA when irradiated within the photodynamic therapy window (600–850 nm); however, ZnPor shows enhanced photoreactions and the ability to cause double strand breaks. Under hypoxic conditions only ZnPor is capable of causing single strand breaks when irradiated with visible light. Both ZnPor and FBPor are nontoxic to the lung cancer cell line A549 in the dark at concentrations as high as 100 µm but show cytotoxicity to A549 cells at concentrations as low as 75 nm when irradiated with visible light. Studies of the ZnPor in Drosophila melanogaster indicate statistically insignificant toxicity when compared to control at concentrations well above the light‐induced toxicity levels. Evidence for localization of ZnPor in the nuclei of the Drosophila salivary gland cells suggests a mechanism for cellular transport, which may prove beneficial in PDT treatment.
A composite model for accurate colorimetric characterization of liquid crystal displays
Authors: Zhang Jian‐qing , Cai Fang , Liu Zhen , Wu Guang‐yuan , Zhu Ming
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a composite color‐characterization model for Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), considering channel dependence and poor chromaticity constancy of primaries. The proposed model consists of two parts, that is, the Piecewise Linear assuming Variation in Chromaticity (PLVC) model and a partition compensation error model. PLVC model can accurately predict CIEXYZ for primaries and calculate the CIEXYZ of any digital input values (dr, dg, db) based on the channel independence assumption. In addition, the prediction error of PLVC model is compensated in RGB subspace using the partition compensation error model. The color difference Δ
was used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The result of this experiment shows that PLVC model performs well for LCDs with channel independence and poor chromaticity constancy of primaries, compared with other characterization models. For channel dependence and poor chromaticity constancy LCDs, our result shows that proposed composite color‐characterization model also has better prediction accuracy than all other tested models. In this study, measurements were conducted in ambient light environment, and the experiment results consist with practical applications.
Multifunctional Surface Modification: Facile and Flexible Reactivity toward a Precisely Controlled Biointerface
Authors: Yuan Ruei‐Hung , Wu Chih‐Yu , Tung Hsing‐Ying , Hsieh Hung‐Pin , Li Yi‐Jye , Chiang Yu‐Chih , Chen Hsien‐Yeh
Published: October 2016

A multicomponent functional polymer is synthesized to support specific reactivity for successful conjugation with the vast array of functionality present in biological systems and the flexibility to conjugate biomolecules without requiring additional modification to install a terminal functional group. The multifunctional surface is realized using a novel coating composed of distinct N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester and benzoyl functionalities, which can provide accessibility to both the NHS ester‐amine coupling reaction and the photochemically induced benzophenone crosslinking reaction, respectively. In addition, the multifunctional polymer is fabricated and transformed to form nanoscale colloids through the solvent displacement of a water/DMF system due to solubility characteristics of the resulting polymer with high polarity. A facile and efficient fabrication approach using the multifunctional nanocolloid is thus demonstrated to create a drug carrier by installing paclitaxel and folic acid for targeted cancer therapy.

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Self‐Assembly of Bare/Polymer‐Grafted Nanoparticle Blends in Homopolymer
Authors: Sriramoju Kishore Kumar , Padmanabhan Venkat
Published: October 2016

The self‐assembly of a binary blend of nanoparticles in a homopolymer matrix using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is studied here. The systems consist of polymer matrix, “bare” ungrafted spherical nanoparticles and polymer‐grafted nanoparticles, where the particle cores are identical and grafted chains are similar to matrix polymer. It is observed that addition of grafted nanoparticles to a blend of polymer and bare particles can result in the formation of anisotropic structures. By carefully selecting the graft density and molecular weight of the grafted chains, the clusters go from spherical to cylindrical to branched cylinders. This study suggests that it is indeed possible to control the morphology of bare nanoparticles in polymer without directly modifying their surface properties. It is believed that this phenomenon might be of high importance, especially in cases such as polymer‐based solar cells, where it is not feasible to graft the nanoparticles with polymer chains to achieve a greater level of control over the morphology.

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Quantum state transfer control based on the optimal measurement
Authors: Harraz Sajede , Yang Jingbei , Li Kezhi , Cong Shuang
Published: October 2016

This paper explores the optimal control of quantum state transfer in a two‐dimensional quantum system by a sequence of non‐selective projection measurements. We show that for a given initial state, one can always find the corresponding projection operator that can effectively drive the given initial state to any arbitrary target pure state. An external control field is proposed to compensate the effect of the free evolution of system. Numerical simulations and characteristics analysis are given in three cases: without considering free evolution, considering free evolution, and with the action of external control field. The simulating experimental results show that the optimal measurement control is more effective by using proposed external control field. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Before the Field: Colonial Anthropology Reassessed
Authors: Gardner Helen , Kenny Robert
Published: October 2016

The introduction to this special issue argues for a reappraisal of colonial anthropology in the broader historiography of British anthropology. It challenges the continuation of the centre–periphery model that has positioned colonial ethnographers and their Indigenous authorities as awkward, peripheral figures in the history of the discipline, and posits that, while the evolutionist tomes of the 19th century are now of purely historical value, the colonial texts, permeated as they are with Indigenous presence, remain relevant for Aboriginal people and current anthropology. In particular the introduction suggests that the impetus for British scholars to set out for ‘the field’, subsequently defined as the proper site of anthropological endeavour, came from the challenges to evolutionism by colonial ethnographers and Indigenous authorities working in situ and in close contact.
Dissociation pathways for the molecular cation of 3,4‐dichloro‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole: A time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and computational study
Authors: Srinivas D. , Upadhyaya Hari P.
Published: October 2016

Rationale

1,2,5‐Thiadiazoles are an important class of compounds mostly used in synthetic chemistry, and as herbicides, insecticides, drugs, organic conductors, etc. Recently, they have been used as a source for the generation and study of nitrile N‐sulfides, RCNS, and its isomers. In this study, we monitor the fragmentation pattern of ionic halogenated 1,2,5‐thiadiazoles, namely, 3,4‐dichloro‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole, which generates the nitrile sulfides, to establish its various dissociation mechanisms.

Methods

The molecular cation of 3,4‐dichloro‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole was prepared using multiphoton excitation using a laser at 235 nm. Various product ions upon fragmentation of the molecular ion were mass analyzed using time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Laser power dependence studies were conducted for various product ions to arrive at the dissociation mechanism. Theoretical calculations were performed for the estimation of the ΔH values for various reactions to support the experimental data.

Results

The most abundant product ion was observed to be the NS+ radical cation followed by the S+ ion and the SCl+ radical cation. The other product ions such as the CNS+ radical cation and the ClCNS+ and ClCN+ cations were also observed to a lesser extent in the fragmentation pattern of the parent molecular ion. Various dissociation channels were identified and supported with ab initio calculations.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we have studied the fragmentation pattern of the molecular cation of 3,4‐dichloro‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole and the formation mechanisms of various product ions have been assigned. It has been also observed that most of the product ions are nitrile N‐sulfides. Finally, it is inferred that there are two primary paths for the fragmentation of the parent molecular cation, namely, (1) Cl atom migration and subsequent ring opening by N–S bond cleavage and (2) direct ring opening by N–S bond cleavage. The ionization energies were accurately predicted for various species using ab initio calculations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A provably secure anonymous authentication scheme for Session Initiation Protocol
Authors: Chaudhry Shehzad Ashraf , Khan Imran , Irshad Azeem , Ashraf Muhammad Usman , Khan Muhammad Khurram , Ahmad Hafiz Farooq
Published: October 2016

Recently, Lu et al. presented a mutual authentication scheme for Session Initiation Protocol. Lu et al. claimed their scheme provides safeguard against familiar attacks and offers efficient authentication facility. However, this paper divulges that the scheme of Lu et al. is prone to server and user impersonation attacks. Additionally, the scheme of Lu et al. implicates correctness concerns. Consequently, an enhanced scheme is proposed, not only to resolve correctness concerns but also to provide robustness against server and user impersonation attacks. The proposed scheme makes use of a user‐specific secret parameter to deal with the security and correctness issues. The formal and informal security analysis proves the robustness and efficiency of the proposed scheme against all familiar attacks. Furthermore, security analysis is also substantiated through popular automated tool PROVERIF. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical and practical aspects of multiple samples correlation power analysis
Authors: Zhang Hailong , Zhou Yongbin , Feng Dengguo
Published: October 2016

There is more than one sample in a power trace, corresponding to the process of the target intermediate value, which are known as interesting points. One can exploit the power leakages at multiple samples to recover the secret key used by the crypto device, and that is the idea of multiple samples correlation power analysis (MSCPA). Considering that the leakage exploitation of MSCPA is more efficient than that of correlation power analysis (CPA), the power of MSCPA should be stronger than that of CPA. We theoretically prove and practically verify this fact. Theoretically, we show the advantage of MSCPA over CPA in terms of the correct key distinguishing level. We show that compared with CPA, MSCPA enlarges the gap between the correlation coefficient computed under the correct key and the correlation coefficients computed under wrong key guesses, which makes the correct key easier to be distinguished. Practically, we evaluate the performance of MSCPA in real scenarios. Using power traces provided by DPA Contest v2 and v4.1, we compare the key‐recovery efficiency of MSCPA with that of CPA. Experimental results show that compared with CPA, MSCPA can reach a higher key‐recovery efficiency in the same scenario. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bio‐based Epoxy Resins from Epoxidized Plant Oils and Their Shape Memory Behaviors
Authors: Tsujimoto Takashi , Takeshita Kohei , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: October 2016

In this study, bio‐based epoxy materials containing functionalized plant oil, such as epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), were processed with 4‐methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHPA) as a curing agent. In the presence of tetraethylammonium bromide, the curing reaction of epoxidized plant oil and MHPA proceeded at 130 °C to give transparent plant oil‐based epoxy materials. The resulting bio‐based epoxy materials exhibited relatively soft and flexible characters, due to the aliphatic chains of plant oil. The thermal and mechanical properties of the ESO/MHPA polymers depended on the feed molar ratio of anhydride to oxirane. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength and Young's modulus of the ELO/MHPA polymer increased, compared with those of the ESO/MHPA polymer. The glass transition temperature of the ELO/MHPA polymer was higher than that of the ESO/MHPA polymer, because of the high oxirane number of ELO. Furthermore, the ELO/MHPA polymer showed excellent shape memory property.
Dexamethasone‐induced diuresis is associated with inhibition of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in rats
Authors: Liu Chao , Ge Ning , Zhai Jian‐Long , Zhang Jian‐Xin
Published: October 2016

In heart failure (HF) patients, diuretics remain the cornerstone of therapy to relieve fluid retention. However, the resulting volume loss activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), which blunts the decline in volume depletion and blood pressure. RAAS activation, in turn, compromises the diuretic decongesting effect. Although corticosteroids can induce potent diuresis in HF patients, the effects of corticosteroids on RAAS activation remain unclear. Therefore, we assessed the effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on urine output and plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone levels in rats following water deprivation‐induced dehydration, following induction of chronic HF (CHF), and following induction of CHF and volume expansion therapy. In the dehydration model, Dex significantly increased urine output and inhibited dehydration‐induced RAAS activation. This favorable effect was abolished by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, suggesting involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor. In the CHF model, Dex treatments doubled urine output without activating RAAS. Moreover, in acute volume expansion experiments, Dex pretreatments led to potent diuresis during the pretreatment period and restored renal adaptation to acute volume expansion without activating RAAS in rats with CHF. Collectively, these data show that corticosteroids induce potent diuresis without activating RAAS in rats.
Do demographics and tumour-related factors affect nodal yield at neck dissection? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lim R S , Evans L , George A P , de Alwis N , Stimpson P , Merriel S , Giddings C E B , Billah B , Smith J A , Safdar A , Sigston E
Published: October 2016

Background:

Nodal metastasis is an important prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This study aimed to determine the average nodal basin yield per level of neck dissection, and to investigate if age, gender, body mass index, tumour size, depth of tumour invasion and p16 status influence nodal yield.

Method:

A retrospective review of 185 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma generated 240 neck dissection specimens.

Results:

The respective mean nodal yields for levels I, II, III, IV and V were 5.27, 9.43, 8.49, 7.43 and 9.02 in non-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients, and 4.2, 7.57, 9.65, 4.33 and 12.29 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients. Multiple regression analysis revealed that p16-positive patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma yielded, on average, 2.4 more nodes than their p16-negative peers (p = 0.04, 95 per cent confidence interval = 0.116 to 4.693). This figure was 3.84 (p = 0.008, 95 per cent confidence interval = 1.070 to 6.605) for p16-positive patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion:

In mucosal squamous cell carcinoma, p16-positive status significantly influenced nodal yield, with the impact being more pronounced in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients.
On the number of topological orbits of complex germs in classes (xy, xa + yb)
Authors: Miranda Aldicio José , Soares Liane Mendes Feitosa , Saia Marcelo José
Published: October 2016

We show that there exist an infinite number of topological orbits in classes of complex map germs from the plane to the plane that have a representative of type (xy, xa + yb), with (a, b) ≠ = (2, 3) or (2, 5). Our key tool to prove this existence is the existence (or not) of stems in the class; these germs are not -finitely determined and allow the determination of a non-finite number of topological orbits. We also show that the class (xy, x2 + y5) has two topological orbits.
NILPOTENCY IN UNCOUNTABLE GROUPS
Authors: DE GIOVANNI FRANCESCO , TROMBETTI MARCO
Published: October 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of uncountable groups of cardinality $\aleph$ in which all proper subgroups of cardinality $\aleph$ are nilpotent. It is proved that such a group $G$ is nilpotent, provided that $G$ has no infinite simple homomorphic images and either $\aleph$ has cofinality strictly larger than $\aleph _{0}$ or the generalized continuum hypothesis is assumed to hold. Furthermore, groups whose proper subgroups of large cardinality are soluble are studied in the last part of the paper.