bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Brine Composition Affects Fly Ash Reactions: The Influence of (Cat-, An-)ion Type
Authors: Collin Marie , Prentice Dale P. , Arnold Ross A. , Ellison Kirk , Simonetti Dante A. , Sant Gaurav N.
Published: June 2022

Hypersaline brines can be solidified and stabilized via the hydraulic and pozzolanic reactions between fly ash(es) and calcium-based additives. Although recent work has examined fly ash reactivity in single-salt (“simple”) hypersaline brines (ionic strength, Im > 1 mol/L), the effects of mixed-salt solutions on fly ash reactivity remain unclear. Herein, the reactivity of a Class C (calcium oxide [CaO]-rich) or Class F (CaO-poor) fly ash mixture with calcium hydroxide is reacted in solutions bearing sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), or combinations thereof for 1.5 ≤ Im ≤ 2.25 mol/L, from 1 week until 24 weeks. Expectedly, sulfate anions promote the formation of sulfate phases (i.e., ettringite, monosulfoaluminate, U-phase), while chloride anions induce the formation of Cl-AFm compounds (i.e., Kuzel’s and Friedel’s salt). Although the Class C fly ash’s reactivity is similar across different anions (for a fixed cation and Im), Class F fly ash shows a small change in reactivity depending on the anion present. NaCl suppresses (Class C and Class F) fly ash reactivity by up to 30 % as compared to neat CaCl2 and MgCl2-based brines. Thermodynamic modeling reveals that NaCl induces a considerable increase in pH—up to 13.7, where many hydrated phases of interest cease to be the major phase expected—as compared to CaCl2 and MgCl2 brines (pH < 13). In mixed-salt brines, anion immobilization is competitive: sulfate achieves a greater level of incorporation into the hydrates, as compared to chloride. These results offer new understanding of how the brine composition affects solidification and stabilization and thereby yield new insight into improved approaches for wastewater disposal.
A Novel Proof of Concept Experimental Setup for Seabed-Pipe Interface Friction Measurements
Authors: Houhou Roba , Sadek Salah , Najjar Shadi , Shammas Elie
Published: June 2022

Offshore hydrocarbon pipelines operate at relatively high pressures and temperatures. These conditions lead to their expansion and contraction and ultimately result in pipeline buckling or “walking” after multiple cycles of operation. Such movements are typically opposed by the axial resistance of the pipe-soil interface, which has to be accurately evaluated to optimize the engineering performance of the pipelines while minimizing testing and construction costs. To date, different testing techniques have been adopted to evaluate this resistance throughout the pipeline operational life. These include laboratory soil element testing, laboratory model testing, and in situ testing using specialized, complex, and costly devices. Despite being the most reliable testing technique, in situ tests are limited by the very small number of available specialized field equipment, e.g., the Fugro SMARTPIPE and the recently developed “pipe-like” penetrometers, both of which suffer from some drawbacks related to high costs, practicality, and testing conditions. This paper presents an attempt at addressing most of the limitations that were identified in the currently available methods, leading to the development of a new in situ, cost-effective apparatus for measuring axial pipeline resistance. A laboratory proof of concept experimental setup that could be adapted in future work to become an autonomous field apparatus was designed, produced, deployed on a clay bed and tested under normal stresses in the low-pressure range. The prototype reliably captured the effects of normal stress on the drained interface resistance. It produced accurate interface friction factors that are comparable to those obtained from the direct shear tests on the same soil and interface. The results obtained are very promising and confirmed the practicality and functionality of the proposed prototype. Some areas of improvement that would enhance the efficiency and reliability of the test were identified and will be applied to future versions of the device.
Measurement of Physical Parameters for Transient Seepage Assessment of Levees
Authors: Walshire Lucas A. , Brandon Thomas L.
Published: June 2022

An embankment was instrumented and monitored as part of a multiyear project to assess appropriate pore-water pressure distributions and soil water retention curves for use as initial conditions in transient seepage analyses. The increased use of unsaturated soil mechanics and transient seepage has led to the need for practical methods of assigning accurate properties and initial conditions in these types of analyses. Monitoring results were validated against published pore-water pressure measurements collected from multiple embankment studies. The collected distributions showed nonlinear behavior in near-surface embankment soils due to infiltration and evapotranspiration processes. Seasonal variations in pore-water pressure and the soil moisture deficit were shown to correlate at the monitoring site. The seasonal response of the embankments exhibited a large variation in pressures between summer and winter. Assessment of flood occurrence showed the distribution of pore pressures during flood loading was typically near −10 kPa at a depth of 2 m at the onset of the flood. Laboratory soil water retention testing of undisturbed samples collected from the embankment showed that when compared with field measurements, they overestimated the field response for the considered initial water content and dry density values. Also, comparisons between hydrostatic pore pressures above the phreatic surface showed that at soil moisture deficits greater than 20 mm, the difference between the measured and hydrostatic pore pressures greatly increased. The laboratory and monitoring results were used to provide practical methods of assigning representative pore-water pressure distributions and material properties necessary for performing transient seepage analyses. These results will aid in more accurate transient seepage analyses of flood control embankments.
Dysregulation of splicing variants and spliceosome components in breast cancer
Authors: Gahete Manuel D , Herman-Sanchez Natalia , Fuentes-Fayos Antonio C , Lopez-Canovas Juan L , Luque Raúl M
Published: June 2022

The dysregulation of the splicing process has emerged as a novel hallmark of metabolic and tumor pathologies. In breast cancer (BCa), which represents the most diagnosed cancer type among women worldwide, the generation and/or dysregulation of several oncogenic splicing variants have been described. This is the case of the splicing variants of HER2, ER, BRCA1, or the recently identified by our group, In1-ghrelin and SST5TMD4, which exhibit oncogenic roles, increasing the malignancy, poor prognosis, and resistance to treatment of BCa. This altered expression of oncogenic splicing variants has been closely linked with the dysregulation of the elements belonging to the macromolecular machinery that controls the splicing process (spliceosome components and the associated splicing factors). In this review, we compile the current knowledge demonstrating the altered expression of splicing variants and spliceosomal components in BCa, showing the existence of a growing body of evidence supporting the close implication of the alteration in the splicing process in mammary tumorigenesis.
Role of CTA Surveillance for Management of Endovascular Repair of Aortic Dissection
Authors: Sloan Brandon , Emrich Anna Lena , Katz Marc , Schoepf U. Joseph , Emrich Tilman , Zeigler Sanford
Published: June 2022

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of timing for post-interventional CT imaging on the rate of re-intervention and all-cause mortality in patients with endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissections (TBAD).
Material and methods: Data on 70 patients with endovascular repair of aortic dissection during a three-year period from a single institution retrospectively were collected. Study participants were stratified based on those who had a postoperative CTA in the first 30 days after index intervention (early) vs. those who did not (late). The re-intervention and all-cause mortality rates between the two groups were investigated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis.
Results: During a median follow-up time of 230 days, the primary endpoint (additional operation) was reached in 24/70 patients (34.3%) with no statistically significant difference between the early and late CTA group (log-rank-test: P = 0.886). All-cause mortality was present in 14/70 (20%) patients, with no statistically significant difference between both groups (log-rank-test: P = 0.440). Additionally, both groups had no significant differences in time to additional operation and death. Cox regression analysis revealed the presence of a chronic TBAD and underlying connective tissue disease as relevant risk factors for the need for an additional operation and obesity as a protective and renal failure as a negative factor for all-cause mortality.
Conclusion: CTA surveillance within 30 days of the index operation did not significantly modify mortality or rate of re-intervention after endovascular treatment for TBAD. Surveillance recommendations should be tailored to individualized factors.
Development of bamboo winding composite pipe (BWCP) and its compression properties
Authors: Chen Fuming , Li Mingpeng , Xin Wei , Zhou Haiying , Smith Lee M. , Wang Ge , Fei Benhua , Ye Ling
Published: June 2022

A new bio-composite pipe structure named bamboo winding composite pipe (BWCP) was made of bamboo slivers, and its mechanical performance was investigated. Bamboo winding composite pipe that is lightweight and has high strength mechanical properties can be used in water conveyance projects as a green alternative to traditional pipeline materials. Continuous lengths of bamboo slivers were reinforced with resin matrix, which were then fed through a mechanical arch-shaped winder to fabricate the BWCP. The specific ring stiffness of BWCP was comparable to that of fiberglass reinforced plastic pipe (GFRP). The BWCP density was 46.1% to 54.9% lower than that of GFRP. The BWCP exhibited a typical ductile failure and underwent significant deformation before fracture, with the pipe radial deflection at nearly 30%, which is nine times higher than that of brittle fracture failure of GFRP. The interlaminar shearing properties of the BWCP were higher in the structural layer reinforced by bamboo than that of the inner layer made of polyurethane. The BWCP was comparable to most materials used in the pipe industry, exhibiting light weight and high strength.
Age Management in the Brazilian Context: A Theoretical Discussion
Authors: Da Silva Mayara Andresa Pires , Helal Diogo Henrique
Published: June 2022

The aging of population and workforce has significantly impacted living conditions in society and organizations around the world. This scenario represents a challenge for public policymakers and for the labor market, whose future depends on the maintenance of the work capacity of the older workers and their continued participation in the labour market. In this context, age management policies are increasingly important as they play a crucial role in increasing and sustaining the participation of these workers in the labor market. This theoretical essay aims to discuss age management in the Brazilian context. Specifically, it seeks to present the concept of age management and its challenges for the organizations in Brazil. Age management has been defined as the best way to strategically deal with the changes resulting from the aging of the population and consequent changes in the labor market. We argue, in this study, that the phenomenon of aging has specific characteristics in Brazil, a country with a collectivist trait in which intergenerational affective-moral-financial responsibility is the main issue.
Smart Beta Investing: An Alternative Investment Paradigm in Emerging Indian Equity Market
Authors: Monga Reema , Aggrawal Deepti , Singh Jagvinder
Published: June 2022

This paper fundamentally looks at the novel concept of Smart Beta investing in constructing a more efficient and well-diversified alternative investment. Smart beta has been a popular investment philosophy, although emerging countries have been slower to adopt and execute it. In this way, the study investigates the existence, performance, and robustness of smart beta strategies in a divergent financial market. Moreover, it is an initial attempt to integrate the framework of stock selection and stock weighting to construct and test smart beta strategies against the traditional Indian market benchmark (S&P BSE 500). The findings show that smart beta investing results in a better risk-return profile on an absolute and risk-adjusted basis. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the consistency and robustness of smart beta strategies in different market conditions and display their outperformance even in bearish market conditions.
Biorecovery of sewage polluted by waste motor oil
Authors: Garcia-Hernandez David , Benavides Liliana Marquez , Ignacio-De la Cruz Juan Luis , Sanchez-Yanez Juan Manuel
Published: June 2022

An acute problem in México and everywhere is the reutilization of sewage polluted by hydrocarbon, such as waste motor oil (O), a toxic waste according to the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection and NOM-001- SEMARNAT-1996, NOM-002-ECOL-1997 and NOM-003-ECOL-1997, indicate that the maximum permissible limits of 25 ppm of hydrocarbons in sewage 75 ppm of wastewater to systems of urban sewage and 15 ppm for treated wastewater for public reuse, respectively, which, when exceeding the total of these values, inhibiting the treatment of that domestic sewage. An alternative solution is biostimulation with detergent, minerals and O2 (oxygen) that induce the aerobic heterotrophic microbial population in the sewage to eliminate WMO and reuse it. The objective of this work was the biostimulation of domestic sewage contaminated by AWO until it decreased to a value lower than the maximum of the NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996, NOM-002-ECOL-1997 and NOM-003-ECOL-1997. For this, the sewage impacted by WMO was diluted and biostimulated with the detergent Tween 80, a mineral solution (MS) and H2O2 as a source of O2, using the response variables: i) CO2 production due to the mineralization of AWO in sewage, ii) determination of the decrease in the concentration of WMO in sewage by gas chromatography coupled to mass (GC-MS) and by Soxhlet, the experimental data was analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey HSD (P ≤ 0.05). The results indicate that the BIS of the water impacted by WMO with Tween 80, MS and H2O2, reduced the concentration to a value of 10 ppm, lower than that established by the NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996, the NOM-002-ECOL -1997 and NOM-003-ECOL-1997, due to mineralization of the WMO and the evidence of its disappearance according to the CG-EM analysis. This demonstrated the biorecovery of water contaminated by WMO allow industrial and/or recreational reuse
Verification of analytical antiderivatives forms using correlation analysis for mechanical problems
Authors:   Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, Alpatov A. P. , Kravets Vik. V. ,   Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Kravets Vol. V. ,   Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Lapkhanov E. O. ,   Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine
Published: June 2022

An analytical search for antiderivative functions (indefinite integrals) is widely used in the mathematical simulation of various engineering, economic, ecological, biological, social, and other processes. In their turn, mechanical problems have many subproblems whose solution involves analytical integration methods. Among these problems is the problem of development of analytical models for navigation and ballistics support and control theory models in space rocket engineering. The advantage of this approach to mathematical simulation is a fast analysis of the state of dynamic systems on different time intervals without calculating all previous states. In their turn, for some classes of functions, antiderivatives may be found in several different ways, as a result of which there exist several different forms of antiderivatives that are hard to verify by the classical method in standard form. This is mainly due to the choice of various combinations of integration methods used in the development of analytical models, in particular in problems of applied mechanics. Taking into consideration these difficulties in the verification of the set of antiderivative functions, this paper proposes a method to check their analytical forms for correspondence with the use of correlation analysis. In doing so, the arrays of the values of each antiderivative form at certain nodal points are represented as a set of random variables. With this in mind, it is suggested that the verification process be conducted with the use of the standard approach based on correlation analysis (using Pearson’s correlation coefficient). The efficiency of the method is shown by the example of verifying the antiderivatives of the reciprocal of a squared quadratic trinomial. This approach will make it possible to check the adequacy of the i-th candidate antiderivative and to adapt the problem to the standard form.
Watchful Waiting for Acute Otitis Media
Authors: Smolinski Nicole E. , Antonelli Patrick J. , Winterstein Almut G.
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Updated guidelines continue to support watchful waiting as an option for uncomplicated acute otitis media (AOM) and provide explicit diagnostic criteria. To determine treatment prevalence and associated determinants of watchful waiting for AOM in commercially insured pediatric patients.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study using IBM Marketscan Commercial Claims Databases (2005 to 2019) of patients 1 to 12 years old with AOM, without otitis-related complications within 6 months prior, with no tympanostomy tubes, and no other infections around index diagnosis of AOM. We examined monthly antibiotic treatment prevalence (defined as pharmacy dispensing within 3 days of AOM diagnosis) and used multivariable logistic regression models to examine determinants of watchful waiting.

RESULTS

Among 2 176 617 AOM episodes, 77.8% were treated within 3 days. Whereas some clinical characteristics were moderate determinants for watchful waiting, clinician antibiotic prescribing volume and specialty were strong determinants. Low-volume antibiotic prescribers (≥80% of AOM episodes managed with watchful waiting) had 11.61 (95% confidence interval 10.66–12.64) higher odds of using watchful waiting for the index AOM episode than high-volume antibiotic prescribers (≥80% treated). Otolaryngologists were more likely to adopt watchful waiting (odds ratio 5.45, 95% CI 5.21–5.70) than pediatricians, whereas other specialties deferred more commonly to antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONS

Adoption of watchful waiting for management of uncomplicated, nonrecurrent AOM was limited and stagnant across the study period and driven by clinician rather than patient factors. Future work should assess motivators for prescribing and evaluate patient outcomes among clinicians who generally prefer versus reject watchful waiting approaches to guide clinical decision-making.
Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations for Reducing Infant Deaths in the Sleep Environment
Authors: Moon Rachel Y. , Carlin Rebecca F. , Hand Ivan ,   THE TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME AND THE COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Published: June 2022

Each year in the United States, ∼3500 infants die of sleep-related infant deaths, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision [ICD-10] R95), ill-defined deaths (ICD-10 R99), and accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed (ICD-10 W75). After a substantial decline in sleep-related deaths in the 1990s, the overall death rate attributable to sleep-related infant deaths has remained stagnant since 2000, and disparities persist. The triple risk model proposes that SIDS occurs when an infant with intrinsic vulnerability (often manifested by impaired arousal, cardiorespiratory, and/or autonomic responses) undergoes an exogenous trigger event (eg, exposure to an unsafe sleeping environment) during a critical developmental period. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a safe sleep environment to reduce the risk of all sleep-related deaths. This includes supine positioning; use of a firm, noninclined sleep surface; room sharing without bed sharing; and avoidance of soft bedding and overheating. Additional recommendations for SIDS risk reduction include human milk feeding; avoidance of exposure to nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, opioids, and illicit drugs; routine immunization; and use of a pacifier. New recommendations are presented regarding noninclined sleep surfaces, short-term emergency sleep locations, use of cardboard boxes as a sleep location, bed sharing, substance use, home cardiorespiratory monitors, and tummy time. Additional information to assist parents, physicians, and nonphysician clinicians in assessing the risk of specific bed-sharing situations is also included. The recommendations and strength of evidence for each recommendation are included in this policy statement. The rationale for these recommendations is discussed in detail in the accompanying technical report.
Pengaruh Taswuf Falsafi Dalam Penyebaran Islam di Nusantara Pada Abad 17M
Authors: Iril Admizal  , Arki Auliahadi
Published: June 2022

Sejak awal masehi kawasan Nusantara  telah berfungsi sebagai jalur lintas perdagangan bagi kawasan Asia Barat, Asia Timur dan Asia Selatan. Kedatangan Islam di Nusantara penuh dengan perdebatan, terdapat tiga masalah pokok yang menjadi perdebatan para sejarawan. Pertama, tempat asal kedatangan Islam. Kedua, para pembawanya. Ketiga, waktu kedatanganya. Namun, Islam telah masuk, tumbuh dan berkembang di wilayah Nusantara dengan cukup pesat. Mengingat kedatangan Islam ke Nusantara yang pada saat itu sudah memiliki budaya Hindu-Budha. Maka hal ini sangat menggembirakan karena Islam mampu berkembang di tengah kehidupan masyarakat yang telah memiliki akar budaya yang cukup kuat dan lama. Kedatangan Islam ke wilayah Nusantara mengalami berbagai cara dan dinamika, antara lain dengan perdagangan, pernikahan, sosial budaya, dan sebagainya. Hal ini menyebabkan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Islam di wilayah ini memiliki corak tersendiri.
Molecular epidemiology, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Bulgarian methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates
Authors: Gergova Raina , Tsitou Virna-Maria , Dimov Svetoslav G. , Boyanova Lyudmila , Mihova Kalina , Strateva Tanya , Gergova Ivanka , Markovska Rumyana
Published: June 2022

Background

Severe infections of virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a serious health problem. The present study aimed to investigate clonal spread, virulence and antimicrobial resistance rates of Bulgarian MRSA isolates in 2016–2020.

Methods

Molecular identification and mecA gene detection were performed with PCR. Clonal relatedness was evaluated by RAPD PCR and MLST. MRSA epidemiology, virulence and resistance patterns were investigated by PCR.

Results

All 27 isolates were identified as S. aureus and were mecA positive, and all were susceptible to linezolid, tigecycline and vancomycin. The toxin genes hlg (in 92.6% of isolates), seb (77.8%), sei (77.8%), seh (59.3%), sej (55.6%), and seg (48.1%), were frequently found among the isolates. Epidemiological typing by RAPD identified 4 clones (16 isolates) and 11 were with a unique profile. MLST analysis of the same MRSA isolates showed five MLST clonal complexes and 11 ST types, including CC5 (33.3%) (ST5, ST221, ST4776), CC8 (22.2%) (ST8, ST239, ST72), CC15 (ST582), CC22 (14.8%) (ST217, ST5417), CC30 (ST30) CC398 (ST398), and CC59 (ST59). The isolates from CC5 showed higher virulence potential and almost all were macrolide resistant (ermB or ermC positive). CC8 isolates showed higher level of resistance.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first describing the clonal spreading of Bulgarian MRSA and the association with their virulence and resistance determinants. Monitoring of MRSA epidemiology, resistance and virulence profile can lead to better prevention and faster therapeutic choice in cases of severe infections.
Digitális technika alkalmazása parodontalis betegségek diagnózisában és a sebészi megoldás tervezésében
Authors: Szabó Balázs , T. Szabó Veronika , Fráter Márk
Published: June 2022

A fogágybetegség súlyosságának megítélésében elsődleges szerepet játszanak a
képalkotó eljárások, ugyanakkor a röntgenfelvételek sokszor elégtelennek
bizonyulnak a reális szituáció feltárásában. Az egyik nehezen eldönthető kérdés,
hogy milyen a fogak körüli defektusok pontos kiterjedése, mert ez alapvetően
meghatározza a terápia választását (reszektív, illetve regeneratív sebészi
terápia) vagy azt, hogy az adott defektus formája milyen bioanyag alkalmazását
teszi szükségessé. A CBCT- (cone-beam computed tomography) felvételek nagy
pontossággal mutatják meg a laesio jellegét. A háromdimenziós (3D) nézet
lehetőséget ad arra, hogy ne csupán a síkoknak megfelelő szeleteken
vizsgálhassuk a szituációt, ugyanakkor ennek minősége, használhatósága sokszor
hagy maga után kívánnivalót. Egy lehetőség a jobb megjelenítésre és
elemezhetőségre a CBCT-felvétel segítségével, szegmentációval létrehozott 3D
modell. Itt gyakorlatilag a szegmentált elemek (alveolaris csont, fogak,
defektus és egyéb anatómiai képletek stb.) valós 3D objektumként jelennek meg,
és méretük, formájuk, egymáshoz viszonyított helyzetük lényegesen jobban
vizsgálható, mint az előzőek esetében. Ezáltal tehát meglehetősen jó kiindulási
képet kapunk a defektusról, a meglévő csontos falak számáról, és
biztonságosabban dönthetünk a terápia milyenségéről. Célunk ezen metódus
(szegmentálás) parodontalis sebészetben betöltött szerepének egy eseten
keresztüli bemutatása. A módszer jó ideje elterjedt és használt az általános
orvoslásban; fejlődése és térnyerése töretlen. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(25):
1005–1011.
Deformation behaviour of ion-irradiated FeCr: A nanoindentation study
Authors: Song Kay , Yu Hongbing , Karamched Phani , Mizohata Kenichiro , Armstrong David E. J. , Hofmann Felix
Published: June 2022

Understanding the mechanisms of plasticity in structural steels is essential for the operation of next-generation fusion reactors. This work on the deformation behaviour of FeCr, focusses on distinguishing the nucleation of dislocations to initiate plasticity, from their propagation through the material. Fe3Cr, Fe5Cr, and Fe10Cr were irradiated with 20 MeV Fe3+ ions at room temperature to doses of 0.008 dpa and 0.08 dpa. Nanoindentation was then carried out with Berkovich and spherical indenter tips. Our results show that the nucleation of dislocations is mainly from pre-existing sources, which are not significantly affected by the presence of irradiation defects or Cr%. Yield strength, an indicator of dislocation mobility, increases with irradiation damage and Cr content, while work hardening capacity decreases mainly due to irradiation defects. The synergistic effects of Cr and irradiation damage in FeCr appear to be more important for the propagation of dislocations than for their nucleation.

Graphical abstract
Fetal Mortality: United States, 2020
Authors: Gregory C.W. Elizabeth , Valenzuela Claudia , Hoyert Donna
Published: June 2022

This report presents 2020 fetal mortality data by maternal race and Hispanic origin, age, tobacco use during pregnancy, and state of residence, as well as by plurality, sex, gestational age, birthweight, and selected causes of death. Trends in fetal mortality are also examined.
Contemporaries’ Criticism of V.S. Soloviev’s Economic Views
Authors:   Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin, Kiryakin Aleksandr
Published: June 2022

The article explores the views of V.S. Soloviev on the economy and their contemporaries. It is noted that V.S. Soloviev made the first attempt in Russian philosophy to change the classical economic liberalism to the modern concept of a human-oriented economy (socially-oriented economy). It is established that the economic views of V.S. Soloviev were met with criticism from contemporaries who defended the principle of free trade in its understanding, characteristic of the 19th century. Thus, B.N. Chicherin negatively reacted to V.S. Soloviev's attempt to correlate the economic and moral spheres, deriving from this the need for state regulation of prices, a progressive scale of taxation, limitation of working hours, etc., thereby giving all people the right to a decent existence. B.N. Chicherin considered these measures a violation of the principle of the free will of people. And B.N. Chicherin and G.F. Shershenevich rightly reproached V.S. Soloviev for the arbitrariness of handling economic laws and the inconsistency of the proposed solutions to economic theory. It was established that the economic views of V.S. Soloviev are close to socialist, but the philosopher himself saw the difference in the fact that the socialists, being in materialistic positions, subjugated the need for economic reform to material tasks. V.S. Soloviev saw such a need that the economy is immoral, so it is necessary to reform it in accordance with the principle of the right of people to a decent existence. V.S. Soloviev believed that it was necessary not only to protect the right of people to a decent existence, but also to protect nature from immoral attitude towards it, taking out the principles of careful attitude to nature and rational use of its wealth relevant to our time.
Woman’s Image in Social Discoursive Practices
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Andreeva Valentina
Published: June 2022

The concept of "image" is one of the leading categories of cognition of social reality, as well as one of the integral attributes of human thinking. Communication in modern society is characterized by the expansion of the visual sphere, the deconstruction of values, the transformation of gender roles. With the development of the media space, the image of a woman acquires new connotations in the public consciousness, which indicates the relevance of the chosen problem. Within the network society, one and the same image can be presented in different interpretations, equally legitimate, despite its possible contradiction. The construction of the image of a woman in the social system is associated with discursive practices that are inherent in a particular society. Gender identity is one of the universal constructs of social reality. Identity is formed on the basis of social interaction, and representations of the image of a woman are fixed in various symbolic connections that are manifested in discursive practices. From the point of view of the theory of social construction, developed by P. Berger and T. Luckmann, reality has a combined character, including subjective, objective and institutionalized aspects. Based on this, three levels of social construction of the image of a woman in discursive practices are proposed: consecutive, performative, and narrative. At the consecutive level, the image of a woman is realized in co-existence, as in the bodily experience of being in social reality and reflects the conditions for building the horizon of the human life world. At the performative level, the image of a woman is signified by means of performative acts. The performative act reflects any linguistic action that supports or denies the existing symbolic order and thereby creates it. At the narrative level, the image of a woman is a montage of a kaleidoscope of images representing the sociocultural experience of gender meaning.
Ceramics from New Kurgans of the Tasmola Culture
Authors:   Begazy-Tasmola Research Center of History and Archeology, Beisenov Arman , Loman Valeriy ,   Karaganda University named after E.A. Buketov, Shashenov Darkhan ,   Karaganda Regional History Museum
Published: June 2022

According to available archaeological materials, there is no earthenware pottery in the Tasmola graves. This feature of the funeral rite was specifically noted in early publications of materials belonging to this culture discovered in 1966. In the 21st century, the available sources of the material significantly expanded, new categories of monuments, including the kurgans of the elite and settlements were discovered. The increased interest in Tasmola ceramics can be explained by the fact that some ceramics were found in the new mounds, and the possibility of comparing them with pottery from earlier settlements arose. New studies have confirmed the absence of earthenware pottery in the graves. At the same time, available data on “kurgan ceramics” are currently increasing. Occasionally whole vessels but more often their fragments were found in the course of excavations in the upper part of the kurgan. This situation is typical for the burial sites of the early Saka time of the Sayano-Altai. period, where fragments of earthenware pottery were also found in the upper part of the structure. The report presents the results of a technical and technological analysis of ceramics from the two kurgans of the Tasmola culture. Sixteen fragments belonging to 8 vessels were found in kurgan 1 of the Kyzylzhartas burial ground. There were 40 fragments from 7 vessels in kurgan 1 of the burial ground Karazhartas-2. Both burial grounds are located at a distance of 2.6 km from each other on the territory of the Shet district of the Karaganda region. The studied burial mounds date back to the 7th–5th centuries BC. According to external features, the ceramics from the two burial mounds are very close to each other. The results of technical and technological analysis showed that, in terms of manufacturing methods, this ceramics is similar to pottery from the settlements of Central Kazakhstan.
Small Molded Vessels for Incense from Burials of Southern Subural Nomads in the 4th – 2nd Centuries BC
Authors:   Institute R.G. Kuzeev for Ethnological Studies – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedorov Vitaliy
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to one of the categories of ceramic ware of the early nomads of the Southern Suburals. These are the small vessels with a slightly swollen body and high neck ornamented with vertical or oblique flutes or having no ornament. Finds of charred plant remains inside them, including Datura, indicate that such vessels were used for incense including aromatic smoke, obviously, with narcotic effect. A thick layer of carbon is found on the inner surface of the vessels. The burning of plants in vessels was carried out by placing “heating elements” into them – hot stones, fragments of ceramics and so-called “hammers”, often made of talc. Many of them show signs of having been on fire. Small vessels for incense appear in the Southern Urals in the 4th century B.C. and spread widely in the 3rd – 2nd century B.C. The tradition of burning plants, including narcotic ones (hemp), in special molded vessels – incense burners – was earlier revealed in the Middle Dniester region (Glinoye burial). The closest analogies of ornamentation and shape of the Southern Ural vessels for incense are found in the materials of the Prikuban and the Lower Don. We can assume that it was from these regions that the tradition of burning plants in vessels came to the Southern Urals, as well as the form and ornamentation of such small vessels. From the Southern Urals this tradition penetrated to the south, to Central Asia (Chirikrabat culture) and the north-east (“Ai-type” of the Sargat cultural community). It can be assumed that these vessels were used in purification rituals during the funeral rite.
Efficient K-Shot Learning With Regularized Deep Networks
Authors: Yoo Donghyun , Fan Haoqi , Boddeti Vishnu , Kitani Kris
Published: June 2022

Feature representations from pre-trained deep neural networks have been known to exhibit excellent generalization and utility across a variety of related tasks. Fine-tuning is by far the simplest and most widely used approach that seeks to exploit and adapt these feature representations to novel tasks with limited data. Despite the effectiveness of fine-tuning, it is often sub-optimal and requires very careful optimization to prevent severe over-fitting to small datasets. The problem of sub-optimality and overfitting, is due in part to the large number of parameters used in a typical deep convolutional neural network. To address these problems, we propose a simple yet effective regularization method for fine-tuning pre-trained deep networks for the task of k-shot learning. To prevent overfitting, our key strategy is to cluster the model parameters while ensuring intra-cluster similarity and inter-cluster diversity of the parameters, effectively regularizing the dimensionality of the parameter search space. In particular, we identify groups of neurons within each layer of a deep network that shares similar activation patterns. When the network is to be fine-tuned for a classification task using only k examples, we propagate a single gradient to all of the neuron parameters that belong to the same group. The grouping of neurons is non-trivial as neuron activations depend on the distribution of the input data. To efficiently search for optimal groupings conditioned on the input data, we propose a reinforcement learning search strategy using recurrent networks to learn the optimal group assignments for each network layer. Experimental results show that our method can be easily applied to several popular convolutional neural networks and improve upon other state-of-the-art fine-tuning based k-shot learning strategies by more than 10%.
Wasserstein Distance Guided Representation Learning for Domain Adaptation
Authors: Shen Jian , Qu Yanru , Zhang Weinan , Yu Yong
Published: June 2022

Domain adaptation aims at generalizing a high-performance learner on a target domain via utilizing the knowledge distilled from a source domain which has a different but related data distribution. One solution to domain adaptation is to learn domain invariant feature representations while the learned representations should also be discriminative in prediction. To learn such representations, domain adaptation frameworks usually include a domain invariant representation learning approach to measure and reduce the domain discrepancy, as well as a discriminator for classification. Inspired by Wasserstein GAN, in this paper we propose a novel approach to learn domain invariant feature representations, namely Wasserstein Distance Guided Representation Learning (WDGRL). WDGRL utilizes a neural network, denoted by the domain critic, to estimate empirical Wasserstein distance between the source and target samples and optimizes the feature extractor network to minimize the estimated Wasserstein distance in an adversarial manner. The theoretical advantages of Wasserstein distance for domain adaptation lie in its gradient property and promising generalization bound. Empirical studies on common sentiment and image classification adaptation datasets demonstrate that our proposed WDGRL outperforms the state-of-the-art domain invariant representation learning approaches.
Tau-FPL: Tolerance-Constrained Learning in Linear Time
Authors: Zhang Ao , Li Nan , Pu Jian , Wang Jun , Yan Junchi , Zha Hongyuan
Published: June 2022

In many real-world applications, learning a classifier with false-positive rate under a specified tolerance is appealing. Existing approaches either introduce prior knowledge dependent label cost or tune parameters based on traditional classifiers, which are of limitation in methodology since they do not directly incorporate the false-positive rate tolerance. In this paper, we propose a novel scoring-thresholding approach, tau-False Positive Learning (tau-FPL) to address this problem. We show that the scoring problem which takes the false-positive rate tolerance into accounts can be efficiently solved in linear time, also an out-of-bootstrap thresholding method can transform the learned ranking function into a low false-positive classifier. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results show superior performance of the proposed tau-FPL over the existing approaches.
Distributional Reinforcement Learning With Quantile Regression
Authors: Dabney Will , Rowland Mark , Bellemare Marc , Munos Rémi
Published: June 2022

In reinforcement learning (RL), an agent interacts with the environment by taking actions and observing the next state and reward. When sampled probabilistically, these state transitions, rewards, and actions can all induce randomness in the observed long-term return. Traditionally, reinforcement learning algorithms average over this randomness to estimate the value function. In this paper, we build on recent work advocating a distributional approach to reinforcement learning in which the distribution over returns is modeled explicitly instead of only estimating the mean. That is, we examine methods of learning the value distribution instead of the value function. We give results that close a number of gaps between the theoretical and algorithmic results given by Bellemare, Dabney, and Munos (2017). First, we extend existing results to the approximate distribution setting. Second, we present a novel distributional reinforcement learning algorithm consistent with our theoretical formulation. Finally, we evaluate this new algorithm on the Atari 2600 games, observing that it significantly outperforms many of the recent improvements on DQN, including the related distributional algorithm C51.
Rainbow: Combining Improvements in Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Hessel Matteo , Modayil Joseph , Van Hasselt Hado , Schaul Tom , Ostrovski Georg , Dabney Will , Horgan Dan , Piot Bilal , Azar Mohammad , Silver David
Published: June 2022

The deep reinforcement learning community has made several independent improvements to the DQN algorithm. However, it is unclear which of these extensions are complementary and can be fruitfully combined. This paper examines six extensions to the DQN algorithm and empirically studies their combination. Our experiments show that the combination provides state-of-the-art performance on the Atari 2600 benchmark, both in terms of data efficiency and final performance. We also provide results from a detailed ablation study that shows the contribution of each component to overall performance.
Safe Reinforcement Learning via Shielding
Authors: Alshiekh Mohammed , Bloem Roderick , Ehlers Rüdiger , Könighofer Bettina , Niekum Scott , Topcu Ufuk
Published: June 2022

Reinforcement learning algorithms discover policies that maximize reward, but do not necessarily guarantee safety during learning or execution phases. We introduce a new approach to learn optimal policies while enforcing properties expressed in temporal logic. To this end, given the temporal logic specification that is to be obeyed by the learning system, we propose to synthesize a reactive system called a shield. The shield monitors the actions from the learner and corrects them only if the chosen action causes a violation of the specification. We discuss which requirements a shield must meet to preserve the convergence guarantees of the learner. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of our approach on several challenging reinforcement learning scenarios.
Graph Scan Statistics With Uncertainty
Authors: Cadena Jose , Basak Arinjoy , Vullikanti Anil , Deng Xinwei
Published: June 2022

Scan statistics is one of the most popular approaches for anomaly detection in spatial and network data. In practice, there are numerous sources of uncertainty in the observed data. However, most prior works have overlooked such uncertainty, which can affect the accuracy and inferences of such methods. In this paper, we develop the first systematic approach to incorporating uncertainty in scan statistics. We study two formulations for robust scan statistics, one based on the sample average approximation and the other using a max-min objective. We show that uncertainty significantly increases the computational complexity of these problems. Rigorous algorithms and efficient heuristics for both formulations are developed with justification of theoretical bounds. We evaluate our proposed methods on synthetic and real datasets, and we observe that our methods give significant improvement in the detection power as well as optimization objective, relative to a baseline.
Asynchronous Doubly Stochastic Sparse Kernel Learning
Authors: Gu Bin , Xin Miao , Huo Zhouyuan , Huang Heng
Published: June 2022

Kernel methods have achieved tremendous success in the past two decades. In the current big data era, data collection has grown tremendously. However, existing kernel methods are not scalable enough both at the training and predicting steps. To address this challenge, in this paper, we first introduce a general sparse kernel learning formulation based on the random feature approximation, where the loss functions are possibly non-convex. Then we propose a new asynchronous parallel doubly stochastic algorithm for large scale sparse kernel learning (AsyDSSKL). To the best our knowledge, AsyDSSKL is the first algorithm with the techniques of asynchronous parallel computation and doubly stochastic optimization. We also provide a comprehensive convergence guarantee to AsyDSSKL. Importantly, the experimental results on various large-scale real-world datasets show that, our AsyDSSKL method has the significant superiority on the computational efficiency at the training and predicting steps over the existing kernel methods.
A Continuous Relaxation of Beam Search for End-to-End Training of Neural Sequence Models
Authors: Goyal Kartik , Neubig Graham , Dyer Chris , Berg-Kirkpatrick Taylor
Published: June 2022

Beam search is a desirable choice of test-time decoding algorithm for neural sequence models because it potentially avoids search errors made by simpler greedy methods. However, typical cross entropy training procedures for these models do not directly consider the behaviour of the final decoding method. As a result, for cross-entropy trained models, beam decoding can sometimes yield reduced test performance when compared with greedy decoding. In order to train models that can more effectively make use of beam search, we propose a new training procedure that focuses on the final loss metric (e.g. Hamming loss) evaluated on the output of beam search. While well-defined, this "direct loss" objective is itself discontinuous and thus difficult to optimize. Hence, in our approach, we form a sub-differentiable surrogate objective by introducing a novel continuous approximation of the beam search decoding procedure.In experiments, we show that optimizing this new training objective yields substantially better results on two sequence tasks (Named Entity Recognition and CCG Supertagging) when compared with both cross entropy trained greedy decoding and cross entropy trained beam decoding baselines.
Riemannian Stein Variational Gradient Descent for Bayesian Inference
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhu Jun
Published: June 2022

We develop Riemannian Stein Variational Gradient Descent (RSVGD), a Bayesian inference method that generalizes Stein Variational Gradient Descent (SVGD) to Riemann manifold. The benefits are two-folds: (i) for inference tasks in Euclidean spaces, RSVGD has the advantage over SVGD of utilizing information geometry, and (ii) for inference tasks on Riemann manifolds, RSVGD brings the unique advantages of SVGD to the Riemannian world. To appropriately transfer to Riemann manifolds, we conceive novel and non-trivial techniques for RSVGD, which are required by the intrinsically different characteristics of general Riemann manifolds from Euclidean spaces. We also discover Riemannian Stein's Identity and Riemannian Kernelized Stein Discrepancy. Experimental results show the advantages over SVGD of exploring distribution geometry and the advantages of particle-efficiency, iteration-effectiveness and approximation flexibility over other inference methods on Riemann manifolds.