bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validity of routinely collected data in identifying hip fractures at a major tertiary hospital in Australia
Authors: Thuy Trinh Lieu Thi , Achat Helen , Loh Sze Ming , Pascoe Robert , Assareh Hassan , Stubbs Joanne , Guevarra Veth
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

To examine the validity of routinely collected data in identifying hip fractures (HFs) and to identify factors associated with incorrect coding.

Method:

In a prospective cohort study between January 2014 and June 2016, HFs were identified using physician diagnosis and diagnostic imaging and were recorded in a Registry. Records of HFs in the health information exchange (HIE) were identified using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification/Australian Classification of Health Interventions/Australian Coding Standards codes. New HFs were estimated by episode of care, hospital admission and with an algorithm. Data from the HIE and the Registry were compared.

Results:

The number of HFs as the principal diagnosis (PD) recorded by episode (864) was higher than by admission (743), by algorithm (711) and in the Registry (638). The sensitivity was high for all methods (90–93%) but the positive predictive value was lower for episode (68%) than for admission (80%) or algorithm (81%). The number of HFs with surgery recorded in the PD by episode (639), algorithm (630) and in the Registry (623) was similar but higher than by admission (589). The episode and algorithm methods also had higher sensitivity (91–92%) than the admission method (84%) for HFs with surgery. Factors associated with coding errors included subsequent HF, long hospital stay, intracapsular fracture, younger age, male, HF without surgery and death in hospital.

Conclusions:

When it is not practical to use the algorithm for regular monitoring of HFs, using PD by admission to estimate total HFs and PD by episode in combination with a procedure code to estimate HFs with surgery can produce robust estimations.
Analyzing cardiovascular treatment guidelines application to women and minority populations
Authors: Graham Garth , Xiao Yang-Yu Karen , Taylor Terry , Boehm Amber
Published: July 2017

Despite nearly 30 years of treatment guidelines for cardiovascular diseases and risk factors and a parallel growth in the understanding of cardiovascular disease disparities by sex and race/ethnicity, such disparities persist. The goals of this review are to consider the possible role of three factors: the one-size-fits-all approach of most treatment guidelines, adoption of guideline-recommended treatments in clinical practice, and patient adherence to recommended practice, especially the relationship between adherence and patient perceptions. Guideline authors repeatedly call for more inclusion of women and minorities in the clinical trials that make guidelines possible, but despite challenges, guidelines are largely effective when implemented, as shown by a wealth of post hoc analyses. However, the data also suggest that one-size-fits-all treatment guidelines are not sufficiently generalizable and there is evidence of a distinct lag time between definitive clinical evidence and its widespread implementation. Patient perspectives may also play both a direct and indirect role in adherence to treatments. What emerges from the literature is an important continuing need for increased inclusion of women and minority subgroups in clinical trials to allow analyses that can provide evidence for differential treatments when needed. Increased effort is needed to implement definitive clinical improvements more rapidly. Patient input and feedback may also help inform clinical practice and clinical research with a better understanding of how to enhance patient adherence, but evidence for this is lacking for the groups most affected by disparities.
Do pediatric gastroenterology doctors address pediatric obesity?
Authors: Batra Suruchi , Yee Caitlin , Diez Bernadette , Nguyen Nicholas , Sheridan Michael J , Tufano Mark , Sikka Natalie , Townsend Stacie , Hourigan Suchitra
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

To assess how often obesity is acknowledged at pediatric gastroenterology outpatient visits.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed to identify obese children seen at a gastroenterology subspecialty clinic over a 1-year period of time; 132 children were identified. Demographics, obesity comorbidities, reasons for referral, diagnosis of obesity, and a plan to address obesity were abstracted. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine statistical associations.

Results:

Only 49% of children were given a diagnosis of obesity. In total, 52% of children were given a body mass index reduction plan. Those diagnosed with obesity were more likely to receive a body mass index reduction plan (p < 0.0001). Younger children and males were more likely to receive an obesity diagnosis (p = 0.002 and p = 0.02, respectively). Diagnosis of obesity was more likely in patients with obesity-related comorbidities (p = 0.0004) and those referred for obesity or related comorbidities (p = 0.01).

Conclusion:

Obesity is diagnosed less than 50% of the time in pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinics. To increase opportunities for addressing childhood obesity in the pediatric gastroenterology outpatient setting, further investigation of barriers and optimal provider education is urgently required.
Ethnobotanical, Ethnopharmacological, and Phytochemical Studies of Myrtus communis Linn: A Popular Herb in Unani System of Medicine
Authors: Sisay Mekonnen , Gashaw Tigist
Published: July 2017

Myrtus communis L (Myrtaceae) is one of the popular drugs being used in the Unani system of phytomedicine since ancient Greece period. From time immemorial, different parts of this plant and essential oil have been used for a variety of purposes such as cosmetics (hair fall control), flavoring of food and drinks as well as extensive therapeutic purposes. Ethnobotanical information revealed that M communis L has been a folkloric repute for the treatment of several diseases like gastric ulcer, diarrhea, dysentery, cancer, rheumatism, hemorrhage, deep sinuses, leucorrhoea, hemorrhoid, inflammation, dyspepsia, anxiety, insomnia, diabetes, hypertension, pulmonary disorders, and skin diseases. Moreover, ethnopharmacological studies revealed that the plant is endowed with extensive pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, vasodilator, antiulcer, antioxidant, anticancer, anxiolytic, sedative-hypnotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. The plant has been known to contain phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and terpenes. The myrtle oil was also found to be rich in a variety of bioactive monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with their derivatives. Most of these studies validate the aforementioned traditional claims of this medicinal plant. Further studies are needed to unravel other pharmacological activities of this plant in the long run.
Teaching About Human Papillomavirus: Lessons Learned
Authors: Panther Shannon Gayle , McKeirnan Kimberly Caye , Akers Julie Marie
Published: July 2017

Occupational and environmental health nurses play a critical role in educating the public about human papillomavirus (HPV). With HPV vaccination rates remaining low, creative educational models should be explored.
Sonography’s Role in the Diagnosis of May–Thurner Syndrome
Authors: Barry Ashley
Published: July 2017

May–Thurner syndrome (MTS), also known as Cockett syndrome or iliac vein compression syndrome, is a condition in which patients develop swelling, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), venous insufficiency, and other symptoms of the left lower extremity due to an anatomic variant in which the right common iliac artery overlies and compresses the left common iliac vein against the lumbar spine. Although it is an uncommonly diagnosed condition, it is estimated to compose up to half of cases of left lower extremity venous disease. Although having some degree of iliac vein compression is considered a normal anatomic variant in an asymptomatic patient, those who experience severe swelling, venous reflux, and DVT often have anatomically abnormal veins with a spur formation. With proper technique and proficiency, transabdominal sonography can be used as a valuable diagnostic tool in the discovery and to facilitate treatment of May–Thurner syndrome. Diagnostic ultrasound also can monitor the development of recurring DVT and identify symptoms of postthrombotic syndrome.
Musculoskeletal Pain Relief in Sonographers: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Therapeutic Techniques
Authors: Tator Cherie F. , Truluck Christina
Published: July 2017

Musculoskeletal pain and resulting injury is a growing concern for sonographers. Statistics substantiate the rising trend of sonographers in pain, but prevention methods are not currently established as part of the education process or in the clinical environment. A systematic review of the literature was performed to determine whether sonographers taught to use proper body mechanics, stretching, and/or therapeutic techniques experience less pain. The results suggest that education workshops and stretching techniques have the potential to benefit sonographers. Sonographers who incorporate stretching into the work day may experience a reduction in pain. Education workshops may improve the long-term outcomes for sonographers. Additional research is necessary to determine the outcomes of the various therapeutic methods. Those methods that are proven valuable should be adopted into the sonography profession by educators and clinical sites. Managers, supervisors, physicians, and sonographers should be provided information regarding research outcomes in order to advocate for evidence-based practice changes.
Clay minerals in shales of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Eastern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Yi-Kai Geng , Zhen-Kui Jin , Jian-Hua Zhao , Xin Wen , Zhen-Peng Zhang , Yang Wang
Published: July 2017

The present study examines the characteristics of clay minerals in shale gas reservoirs and their influence on reservoir properties based on X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These analyses were combined with optical microscopy observations and core and well-log data to investigate the genesis, distribution characteristics, main controlling factors and pore features of clay minerals of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the East Sichuan area, China. The clay mineral assemblage consists of illite + mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S) + chlorite. This assemblage includes three sources of clay minerals: detrital, authigenic and diagenetic minerals. The lower section of the Longmaxi Formation in the Jiaoshiba area has sealing ability which resulted in abnormal high pressures during hydrocarbon generation which inhibited illitization. Therefore, an anomalous transformation sequence is present in which the mixed-layer I-S content increases with depth. This anomalous transformation sequence can be used to infer the existence of abnormal high pressures. The detrital components of the formation also affect the clay-minerals content indirectly, especially the abundance of K-feldspar. The transformation of mixed-layer I-S to illite is limited due to the limited availability of K+, which determines the extent of transformation. Three types of pores were observed in the shale reservoir rocks of the Longmaxi Formation: interparticle (interP) pores, intraparticle (intraP) pores and organic-matter pores. The clay-mineral content controls the development of intraP pores, which are dominated by pores within clay particles. For a given clay mineral content, smectite and mixed-layer I-S were more conducive to the development of shale-gas reservoirs than other clay minerals.
Resonance energy transfer between rhodamine dyes in saponite thin films: a step towards novel photofunctional nanohybrids
Authors: Czímerová A. , Ceklovský A.
Published: July 2017

Resonance energy transfer (RET) in hybrid polymer/inorganic/organic layers in saponite films, prepared using the ‘layer-by-layer’ (LBL) method, was studied. This method allows the fabrication of a multicomposite molecular assembly based on electrostatic and/or other intermolecular interactions between the interacting species. The LBL films were designed by sequential deposition including positively charged polycations ( poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium), PDDA) and negatively charged saponite dispersions with donor molecules (rhodamine 6G) and saponite dispersions with acceptor molecules (rhodamine 3B). In this sequence, the layer of saponite donor molecules was placed on an adjacent layer of saponite acceptor molecules, while the layers were separated by inserting a PDDA polycationic layer. The adsorption process was studied using absorption spectroscopy. The linear deposition regime was completed when ten layers had been deposited. The process of REF was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. In this case the donor molecules – rhodamine 6G – play the role of lightharvesting antennae and transfer the energy to the next layer covered by energy acceptor, i.e. rhodamine 3B molecules. The insertion of polycation layers is rationalized by the adhesion of negatively charged underlying layers and the stabilization of multicomponent systems. The energy transfer efficiency was affected heavily by changing the distances between the adjacent layers.
Zeolitic water in strunzite-group minerals
Authors: Grey Ian E. , Kampf Anthony R.
Published: July 2017

The crystal structures have been refined for the first time for the strunzite-group minerals ferristrunzite and ferrostrunzite. Structure refinements are also presented for strunzite from three different localities. A common feature of all refined structural models is the presence of zeolitic water in the interlayer region, displaced by 0.4–0.5 Å from an inversion centre at (½ 0 ½). The refined occupancy of the site ranged from 44% to 100% in the samples studied. H-bonding associated with the zeolitic water causes large displacements, up to 0.7 Å, of neighbouring coordinated water molecules, relative to the structure with no zeolitic water. A new formula is proposed for strunzite-group minerals with divalent interlayer cations as M2+ Fe23+(PO4)2(OH)2·(6.5–x)H2O where M = Mn, Fe or Zn, and 0 < x < 0.5 accounts for varying degrees of dehydration. For ferristrunzite and other potential strunzite-group members with trivalent cations in the interlayer octahedron, the formula is M3+ Fe23+ (PO4)2(OH)3·(5.5–x)H2O.
Monoclinic-to-orthorhombic phase transition in Cu2(AsO4)(OH) olivenite at high temperature: strain and mode decomposition analyses
Authors: Tarantino Serena C. , Zema Michele , Callegari Athos M. , Boiocchi Massimo , Carpenter Michael A.
Published: July 2017

A natural olivenite single crystal was submitted toin situhigh-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction from room temperature (RT) to 500°C. Unit-cell parameters were measured at regular intervals of 25°C, and complete datasets collected atT= 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 500°C. Evolution of unit-cell parameters and structure refinements indicates that olivenite undergoes a structural phase transition fromP21/ntoPnnmat ~200°C, and eventually becomes isostructural with the other members of the olivenite-mineral group. Volume expansion with temperature is larger in the monoclinic phase – where it follows a non-linear trend – than in the orthorhombic one. Axial and volume expansion coefficients of the orthorhombic olivenite phase are positive and linear and similar to those of the other Cu-bearing member of the mineral family, namely libethenite, but rather different from those of the Zn-analogue arsenate adamite.

Distortion of Cu polyhedra is quite high in the olivenite monoclinic phase at RT and goes towards a relative regularization with increasingTuntil the phase transition occurs. In the orthorhombic phase, no significant variation of the polyhedral distortion parameters is observed with increasing temperature, and maximum expansion is along thebdirection and governed by corner-sharing. Landau potential provides a good representation of the macroscopic changes associated with the phase transition, coupling between the strains and the order parameter is responsible for the nearly tricritical character of the transition.
Heyerdahlite, Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2, a new mineral of the astrophyllite supergroup from the Larvik Plutonic complex, Norway: Description and crystal structure
Authors: Sokolova Elena , Day Maxwell C. , Hawthorne Frank C. , Kristiansen Roy
Published: July 2017

Heyerdahlite, ideally Na3Mn7Ti2(Si4O12)2O2(OH)4F(H2O)2, is a new astrophyllite-supergroup mineral from the Larvik Plutonic complex, Norway. Heyerdahlite was found in a nepheline-syenite pegmatite with albite, aegirine, hastingsite/magnesio-hastingsite, kupletskite, lorenzenite and pyrophanite. Heyerdahlite is colourless to pale brown, transparent and has a vitreous lustre. Mohs hardness is 3, Dcalc. = 3.245 g/cm3. Heyerdahlite is biaxial (+), α = 1.694(2), β = 1.710(5), γ = 1.730(5), 2Vmeas. = 80(4)° and 2Vcalc. = 84.5°. Cleavage is perfect parallel to {001}. The empirical formula based on 32.18 (O + F) apfu is (Na1.18K0.68Rb0.12Cs0.01Pb0.01)Σ2Na1.00(Mn6.29Zn0.23Mg0.07Zr0.04${\rm Fe}_{{\rm 0}{\rm. 03}}^{{\rm 2 +}} $Ca0.01Na0.34)Σ7.01(Ti1.78Nb0.17 Mg0.03Zr0.02)Σ2(Si8.03O24)O2[(OH)3.92F0.08]Σ4F1.00[(H2O)1.18□0.82]Σ2, for Z = 1. Heyerdahlite is triclinic, space group P$\bar 1$, a = 5.392(2), b = 11.968(4), c = 11.868(4) Å, α = 112.743(8), β = 94.816(7), γ = 103.037(8)° and V = 675.6(7) Å3. The crystal structure was refined to R1 = 4.44% for 3577 unique (Fo > 4σF) reflections. In the crystal structure of heyerdahlite, there are four [4]T sites occupied by Si. The [6]D site is occupied mainly by Ti. The T4O12 astrophyllite ribbons composed of SiO4 tetrahedra and D octahedra constitute the H (Heteropolyhedral) sheet. In the O (Octahedral) sheet, there are four Mn-dominant [6]M(1–4) sites. Two H sheets and one central O sheet form the HOH block, and adjacent HOH blocks link via a common ${\rm X}_{\rm D}^{\rm P} $ anion of the two D octahedra. In the I (Intermediate) block between HOH blocks, there are two interstitial cation sites, A and B, and a WA site, partly occupied by H2O. The A site splits into two sites, [12]A(1) and [6]A(2), partly occupied by K and Na, respectively, with A(1)–A(2) = 0.754 Å. The aggregate content of the A site is ideally Na2 apfu. The [10]B site is occupied by Na. The WA site is ideally occupied by (H2O)2 pfu. The mineral is named after the Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl (1914–2002), who was born in Larvik.
Mertieite-II, Pd8Sb2.5As0.5, crystal-structure refinement and formula revision
Authors: Karimova O. V. , Zolotarev A. A. , Evstigneeva T. L. , Johanson B. S.
Published: July 2017

The crystal structure of the mineral mertieite-II from the Kaarreoja River, Inari commune, Finnish Lapland, Finland, was refined to R1 = 0.0222 (I) and 0.0228 (II) on the basis of X-ray diffraction data collected from two single crystals. The mineral is trigonal, space group is $R\bar 3c$. The unit-cell parameters for the two crystals are determined as: a = 7.5172(3), c = 43.037(2) Å, V = 2106.1(2) Å3 (I); a = 7.5135(4), c = 43.003(3) Å, V = 2102.4(3) Å3 (II) with Z = 12. The occupancies of the Sb and As position in the structure were refined according to the Sb:As ratio of each crystal. The position As1 (Wyckoff 6b) is completely filled by As atoms. Any excess of As is distributed together with Sb on structural position M1 (Wyckoff 12c). The crystal chemical formulae are defined as Pd8Sb1.5(Sb0.94As0.06)As0.5 (crystal I) and Pd8Sb1.5(Sb0.88As0.12)As0.5 (crystal II). As → Sb substitution of up to 4.50 wt% of As does not affect the main structural topology of mertieite-II. Mertieite-II, Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 and synthetic Pd8Sb3 are isotypic compounds. The crystal structures of synthetic Pd8Sb3 and natural mertieite-II, Pd8Sb2.5As0.5, can be derived from the hexagonal close packing by filling additional layers between the close-packed 36 layers. The structure consists of Sb and (Sb,As) triangular 36, Pd triangular 36 and Pd pentagonal-triangular 5.33 layers. Stacking of Sb-, (Sb,As)- and Pd-nets along the z axis caused extension of the unit cell. It contains a total of 36 layers: six Sb1-nets, six (M1,As1)-nets, 12 Pd1-nets and 12 (Pd1,Pd3,Pd4)-nets.
The atypical receptor CCRL2 is required for CXCR2-dependent neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage
Authors: Del Prete Annalisa , Martínez-Muñoz Laura , Mazzon Cristina , Toffali Lara , Sozio Francesca , Za Lorena , Bosisio Daniela , Gazzurelli Luisa , Salvi Valentina , Tiberio Laura , Liberati Chiara , Scanziani Eugenio , Vecchi Annunciata , Laudanna Carlo , Mellado Mario , Mantovani Alberto , Sozzani Silvano
Published: July 2017

Key Points

CCRL2 is required for CXCR2-dependent neutrophil recruitment. CCRL2 forms heterodimers with CXCR2 and regulates CXCR2 signaling.
MultiQ: single sensor-based multi-quality multi-modal large-scale biometric score database and its performance evaluation
Authors: Uddin Md. Zasim , Muramatsu Daigo , Kimura Takuhiro , Makihara Yasushi , Yagi Yasushi
Published: July 2017

Single sensor-based multi-modal biometrics is a promising approach that offers simple system construction, low cost, and wide applicability to real situations such as CCTV footage-based criminal investigations. In multi-modal biometrics, fusion at the score-level is a popular and promising approach, and data qualities that affect the matching score of each modality are often incorporated as a quality-dependent score-level fusion framework. This paper presents a very large-scale single sensor-based multi-quality multi-modal biometric score database called MultiQ Score Database version 2 to advance the research into evaluation, comparison, and benchmarking of score-level fusion approaches using both quality-independent and quality-dependent protocols. We extracted gait, head, and height modalities from the OU-ISIR Gait Database and introduce spatial resolution (SR), temporal resolution (TR) and view as quality measures that significantly affect biometric system performance. We considered seven and 10 scaling factors for SR and TR, respectively, with four view variations. We then constructed a database comprising approximately 4 million genuine and 7.5 billion imposter score databases. To evaluate this database, we set two different protocols, and provided a set recognition accuracy for state-of-the-art approaches using protocols for both quality-independent and quality-dependent schemes. This database and the evaluation results will be beneficial for score-level fusion research. Additionally, we provide detailed analysis of the recognition accuracies associated with gait, head, and height modalities in different spatial/temporal resolutions and views. These analyses may be useful in criminal investigation research.
Association Between Gut Microbiota and Bone Health: Potential Mechanisms and Prospective
Authors: Chen Yuan-Cheng , Greenbaum Jonathan , Shen Hui , Deng Hong-Wen
Published: July 2017

Context

It has been well established that the human gut microbiome plays a critical role in the regulation of important biological processes and the mechanisms underlying numerous complex diseases. Although researchers have only recently begun to study the relationship between the gut microbiota and bone metabolism, early efforts have provided increased evidence to suggest an important association.

Evidence Acquisition

In this study, we attempt to comprehensively summarize the relationship between the gut microbiota and bone metabolism by detailing the regulatory effects of the microbiome on various biological processes, including nutrient absorption and the intestinal mucosal barrier, immune system functionality, the gut–brain axis, and excretion of functional byproducts. In this review, we incorporate evidence from various types of studies, including observational, in vitro and in vivo animal experiments, as well as small efficacy clinic trails.

Evidence Synthesis

We review the various potential mechanisms of influence for the gut microbiota on the regulation of bone metabolism and discuss the importance of further examining the potential effects of the gut microbiota on the risk of osteoporosis in humans. Furthermore, we outline some useful tools/approaches for metagenomics research and present some prominent examples of metagenomics association studies in humans.

Conclusion

Current research efforts, although limited, clearly indicate that the gut microbiota may be implicated in bone metabolism, and therefore, further exploration of this relationship is a promising area of focus in bone health and osteoporosis research. Although most existing studies investigate this relationship using animal models, human studies are both needed and on the horizon.
Bone Turnover Markers After Sleep Restriction and Circadian Disruption: A Mechanism for Sleep-Related Bone Loss in Humans
Authors: Swanson Christine M , Shea Steven A , Wolfe Pamela , Cain Sean W , Munch Mirjam , Vujović Nina , Czeisler Charles A , Buxton Orfeu M , Orwoll Eric S
Published: July 2017

Context

Sleep abnormalities are associated with low bone mineral density. Underlying mechanisms are unknown.

Objective

Investigate the impact of sleep restriction with circadian disruption on bone biomarkers.

Design

Intervention study.

Participants and Methods

Four bone biomarkers [C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) = bone resorption, N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) = bone formation, sclerostin and fibroblast growth factor 23 = osteocyte function] were measured in bihourly serum samples over 24 hours at baseline and after ∼3 weeks of sleep restriction (5.6 hours sleep/24 hours) with concurrent circadian disruption (recurring 28-hour “day” in dim light) in 10 men (age groups: 20 to 27 years, n = 6; 55 to 65 years, n = 4). The effects of sleep/circadian disruption and age on bone biomarker levels were evaluated using maximum likelihood estimation in a mixed model for repeated measures.

Results

P1NP levels were lower after intervention compared with baseline (P < 0.001); the decrease in P1NP was greater for younger compared with older men (28.0% vs 18.2%, P < 0.001). There was no change in CTX (Δ = 0.03 ± 0.02 ng/mL, P = 0.10). Sclerostin levels were higher postintervention in the younger men only (Δ = 22.9% or 5.64 ± 1.10 pmol/L, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These data suggest that 3 weeks of circadian disruption with concurrent sleep restriction can lead to an uncoupling of bone turnover wherein bone formation is decreased but bone resorption is unchanged. Circadian disruption and sleep restriction may be most detrimental to bone in early adulthood.
Essential basal cytonemes take up Hedgehog in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc
Authors: Chen Weitao , Huang Hai , Hatori Ryo , Kornberg Thomas B.
Published: July 2017

Morphogen concentration gradients that extend across developmental fields form by dispersion from source cells. In the Drosophila wing disc, Hedgehog (Hh) produced by posterior compartment cells distributes in a concentration gradient to adjacent cells of the anterior compartment. We monitored Hh:GFP after pulsed expression and analyzed movements and co-localization of Hh, Patched (Ptc) and Smoothened (Smo) proteins tagged with GFP or mCherry and expressed at physiological levels from bacterial artificial chromosome transgenes. Hh:GFP moved to basal sub-cellular locations prior to release from posterior compartment cells that express it, and was taken up by basal cytonemes that extend to the source cells. Hh and Ptc were present in puncta that moved along the basal cytonemes and formed characteristic apical-basal distributions in the anterior compartment cells. The basal cytonemes required diaphanous, Scar, neuroglian, and synaptobrevin, and both the Hh gradient and Hh signaling declined under conditions in which the cytonemes were compromised. These findings show that in the wing disc, Hh distributions and signaling are dependent upon basal release and uptake, and on cytoneme-mediated movement. No evidence for apical dispersion was obtained.
Sox2 expression in Schwann cells inhibits myelination in vivo and induces influx of macrophages to the nerve
Authors: Roberts Sheridan L. , Dun Xin-peng , Doddrell Robin D. S. , Mindos Thomas , Drake Louisa K. , Onaitis Mark W. , Florio Francesca , Quattrini Angelo , D'Antonio Maurizio , Parkinson David B.
Published: July 2017

Correct myelination is crucial for the function of the peripheral nervous system. Both positive and negative regulators within the axon and Schwann cell function to ensure the correct onset and progression of myelination during both development and following peripheral nerve injury and repair. The Sox2 transcription factor is well known for its roles in the development and maintenance of progenitor and stem cell populations, but has also been proposed in vitro as a negative regulator of myelination in Schwann cells. We wished to test fully whether Sox2 regulates myelination in vivo and show here that sustained Sox2 expression in vivo blocks myelination in the peripheral nerves and maintains Schwann cells in a proliferative non-differentiated state, associated also with increased inflammation within the nerve. The plasticity of Schwann cells allows them to re-myelinate regenerated axons following injury and we show that re-myelination is also blocked by Sox2 expression in Schwann cells. These findings identify Sox2 as a physiological regulator of Schwann cell myelination in vivo and its potential to play a role in disorders of myelination in the peripheral nervous system.
Premature termination codon readthrough in human cells occurs in novel cytoplasmic foci and requires UPF proteins
Authors: Jia Jieshuang , Werkmeister Elisabeth , Gonzalez-Hilarion Sara , Leroy Catherine , Gruenert Dieter C. , Lafont Frank , Tulasne David , Lejeune Fabrice
Published: July 2017

Nonsense-mutation-containing messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) transit through cytoplasmic foci called P-bodies before undergoing nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cytoplasmic mRNA surveillance mechanism. This study shows that the cytoskeleton modulates transport of nonsense-mutation-containing mRNPs to and from P-bodies. Impairing the integrity of cytoskeleton causes inhibition of NMD. The cytoskeleton thus plays a crucial role in NMD. Interestingly, disruption of actin filaments results in both inhibition of NMD and activation of premature termination codon (PTC) readthrough, while disruption of microtubules causes only NMD inhibition. Activation of PTC readthrough occurs concomitantly with the appearance of cytoplasmic foci containing UPF proteins and mRNAs with nonsense mutations but lacking the P-body marker DCP1a. These findings demonstrate that in human cells, PTC readthrough occurs in novel ‘readthrough bodies’ and requires the presence of UPF proteins.
Multiple E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes regulate human cytomegalovirus US2-mediated immunoreceptor downregulation
Authors: van de Weijer Michael L. , Schuren Anouk B. C. , van den Boomen Dick J. H. , Mulder Arend , Claas Frans H. J. , Lehner Paul J. , Lebbink Robert Jan , Wiertz Emmanuel J. H. J.
Published: July 2017

Misfolded endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins are dislocated towards the cytosol and degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system in a process called ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). During infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), the viral US2 protein targets HLA class I molecules (HLA-I) for degradation via ERAD to avoid elimination by the immune system. US2-mediated degradation of HLA-I serves as a paradigm of ERAD and has facilitated the identification of TRC8 (also known as RNF139) as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. No specific E2 enzymes had previously been described for cooperation with TRC8. In this study, we used a lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 library targeting all known human E2 enzymes to assess their involvement in US2-mediated HLA-I downregulation. We identified multiple E2 enzymes involved in this process, of which UBE2G2 was crucial for the degradation of various immunoreceptors. UBE2J2, on the other hand, counteracted US2-induced ERAD by downregulating TRC8 expression. These findings indicate the complexity of cellular quality control mechanisms, which are elegantly exploited by HCMV to elude the immune system.
Federal Budget Policy with an Aging Population and Persistently Low Interest Rates
Authors: Elmendorf Douglas W. , Sheiner Louise M.
Published: July 2017

Some observers have argued that the projections for high and rising debt pose a grave threat to the country's economic future and give the government has less fiscal space to respond to recessions or other unexpected developments, so they urge significant changes in tax or spending policies to reduce federal borrowing. In stark contrast, others have noted that interest rates on long-term federal debt are extremely low and have argued that such persistently low interest rates justify additional federal borrowing and investment, at least for the short and medium term. We analyze this controversy focusing on two main issues: the aging of the US population and interest rates on US government debt. It is generally understood that these factors play an important role in the projected path of the US debt-to-GDP ratio. What is less recognized is that these changes also have implications for the appropriate level of US debt. We argue that many—though not all— of the factors that may be contributing to the historically low level of interest rates imply that both federal debt and federal investment should be substantially larger than they would be otherwise. In conclusion, although significant policy changes to reduce federal budget deficits ultimately will be needed, they do not have to be implemented right away. Instead, the focus of federal budget policy over the coming decade should be to increase federal investment while enacting changes in federal spending and taxes that will reduce deficits gradually over time.
The Safe Assets Shortage Conundrum
Authors: Caballero Ricardo J. , Farhi Emmanuel , Gourinchas Pierre-Olivier
Published: July 2017

A safe asset is a simple debt instrument that is expected to preserve its value during adverse systemic events. The supply of safe assets, private and public, has historically been concentrated in a small number of advanced economies, most prominently the United States. Over the last few decades, with minor cyclical interruptions, the supply of safe assets has not kept up with global demand. The reason is straightforward: the collective growth rate of the advanced economies that produce safe assets has been lower than the world's growth rate, which has been driven disproportionately by the high growth rate of high-saving emerging economies such as China. The signature of this growing shortage is a steady increase in the price of safe assets; equivalently, global safe interest rates must decline, as has been the case since the 1980s. The early literature, brought to light by Ben Bernanke's famous “savings glut” speech of 2005, focused on a general shortage of assets without isolating its safe asset component. The distinction, however, has become increasingly important over time, particularly in the aftermath of the subprime mortgage crisis and its sequels. We begin by describing the main facts and macroeconomic implications of safe asset shortages. Faced with such a structural conundrum, what are the likely short- to medium-term escape valves? We analyze four of them, each with its own macroeconomic and financial trade-offs.
Unraveling Neisseria meningitidis pathogenesis: from functional genomics to experimental models
Authors: Soriani Marco
Published: July 2017

Neisseria meningitidis is a harmless commensal bacterium finely adapted to humans. Unfortunately, under “privileged” conditions, it adopts a “devious” lifestyle leading to uncontrolled behavior characterized by the unleashing of molecular weapons causing potentially lethal disease such as sepsis and acute meningitis. Indeed, despite the lack of a classic repertoire of virulence genes in N. meningitidis separating commensal from invasive strains, molecular epidemiology and functional genomics studies suggest that carriage and invasive strains belong to genetically distinct populations characterized by an exclusive pathogenic potential. In the last few years, “omics” technologies have helped scientists to unwrap the framework drawn by N. meningitidis during different stages of colonization and disease. However, this scenario is still incomplete and would benefit from the implementation of physiological tissue models for the reproduction of mucosal and systemic interactions in vitro. These emerging technologies supported by recent advances in the world of stem cell biology hold the promise for a further understanding of N. meningitidis pathogenesis.
A 4-week, lifestyle-integrated, home-based exercise training programme elicits improvements in physical function and lean mass in older men and women: a pilot study
Authors: Cegielski Jessica , Brook Matthew S. , Quinlan Jonathan I. , Wilkinson Daniel J. , Smith Kenneth , Atherton Philip J. , Phillips Bethan E.
Published: July 2017

Background: Developing alternative exercise programmes that can alleviate certain barriers to exercise such as psychological, environmental or socio-economical barriers, but provide similar physiological benefits e.g. increases in muscle mass and strength, is of grave importance. This pilot study aimed to assess the efficacy of an unsupervised, 4-week, whole-body home-based exercise training (HBET) programme, incorporated into daily living activities, on skeletal muscle mass, power and strength.

Methods: Twelve healthy older volunteers (63±3 years, 7 men: 5 women, BMI: 29±1 kg/m²) carried out the 4-week “lifestyle-integrated” HBET of 8 exercises, 3x12 repetitions each, every day. Before and after HBET, a number of physical function tests were carried out: unilateral leg extension 1-RM (one- repetition maximum), MVC (maximal voluntary contraction) leg extension, lower leg muscle power (via Nottingham Power Rig), handgrip strength and SPPBT (short physical performance battery test). A D3-Creatine method was used for assessment of whole-body skeletal muscle mass, and ultrasound was used to measure the quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) and vastus lateralis muscle thickness.

Results: Four weeks HBET elicited significant (p<0.05) improvements in leg muscle power (276.7±38.5 vs. 323.4±43.4 W), maximal voluntary contraction (60°: 154.2±18.4 vs. 168.8±15.2 Nm, 90°: 152.1±10.5 vs. 159.1±11.4 Nm) and quadriceps CSA (57.5±5.4 vs. 59.0±5.3 cm2), with a trend for an increase in leg strength (1-RM: 45.7±5.9 vs. 49.6±6.0 kg, P=0.08). This was despite there being no significant differences in whole-body skeletal muscle mass, as assessed via D3-Creatine.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that increases in multiple aspects of muscle function can be achieved in older adults with just 4-weeks of “lifestyle-integrated” HBET, with a cost-effective means. This training mode may prove to be a beneficial alternative for maintaining and/or improving muscle mass and function in older adults.
Historical grammar of Russian
Authors: Пантелеев  , Panteleev Andrey , Шейко  , Sheyko Elena
Published: July 2017

The textbook is compiled in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education in the field of training 44.03.05 - Pedagogical Education and in accordance with the exemplary program of the discipline "Historical Grammar of the Russian Language." The book contains theoretical information, practical tasks, exercises for independent study, reflexive questionnaires and a test to check the level of mastering the issues presented in the modules.
Adaptive effects on the body linen fabrics
Authors: Якутина  , Yakutina Natalya
Published: July 2017

In the monograph the results of research of properties of flax-containing fabrics that have a adaptive impact of finished products on the human body, their ability to form a specific microclimate of enhanced comfort. We consider the practical issues of the use of adaptive properties of fabrics in the manufacture of garments and Shoe items products. The results of studies on the identification and justification of the special, the unique properties of flax and linen products, as well as ways to improve methods of modification of linen to enhance the adaptive effects on the body. The book will be useful to graduate students and undergraduates, workers textile, clothing and footwear companies, organizations engaged in design of clothes and shoes, scientific research institutions leading work in the field of textile and clothing materials, as well as the experts of all profiles dealing with issues of adaptive effects on the body of textile material and linen products.
Crecimiento demográfico y formas de urbanización de las pequeñas ciudades en México
Authors: Michel Aurélia , Ribardière Antonine
Published: July 2017

El artículo intenta identificar, en el caso de una región del sureste de México, las dinámicas demográficas, especialmente las formas de movilidad que alimentan el crecimiento de las pequeñas ciudades en México. Los procesos de urbanización se caracterizan por la debilidad de los recursos disponibles en términos de servicios y de empleo, incluso en términos de prestación de la vivienda. Sin embargo, entre los cuatro tipos de urbanización estudiados en este artículo, todos ellos tienen una importancia de intermediario: entre dos etapas migratorias, entre el espacio productivo rural y el mercado laboral urbano. De esta manera es como, mediante instalaciones en la periferia que pueden llegar a estar muy alejadas, en el límite de pequeñas ciudades las poblaciones encuentran un compromiso entre economías rurales familiares en decadencia y la dificultad de acceder a la ciudad y a sus recursos.
Does Copyright Affect Reuse? Evidence from Google Books and Wikipedia
Authors: Nagaraj Abhishek
Published: July 2017

While digitization has greatly increased the reuse of knowledge, this study shows how these benefits might be mitigated by copyright restrictions. I use the digitization of in-copyright and out-of-copyright issues of Baseball Digest magazine by Google Books to measure the impact of copyright on knowledge reuse in Wikipedia. I exploit a feature of the 1909 Copyright Act whereby material published before 1964 has lapsed into the public domain, allowing for the causal estimation of the impact of copyright across this sharp cutoff. I find that, while digitization encourages knowledge reuse, copyright restrictions reduce citations to copyrighted issues of Baseball Digest by up to 135% and affect readership by reducing traffic to affected pages by 20%. These impacts are highly uneven: copyright hurts the reuse of images rather than text and affects Wikipedia pages for less-popular players greater than more-popular ones.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2767 .

This paper was accepted by Lee Fleming, entrepreneurship and innovation.
New standards and framework will map out the future of nursing
Authors: Hamilton Duncan
Published: July 2017

Duncan Hamilton, Second Year Student, Adult Nursing, University of Surrey, shares what he thinks is missing from the Nursing and Midwifery Council's draft Standards of Proficiency and Education Framework
Let's Talk about Stress: Equines
Authors: Nellist Jenni
Published: July 2017

According to the joint University of Bristol and World Horse Welfare 2016 report, Horses in our Hands, many horse owners and professionals fail to recognise stress and pain behaviour in horses ( Horseman et al, 2016 ). This then leaves such issues to remain unresolved with the consequence of negative welfare. While the role of the veterinary team is quite clear when it comes to the identification, diagnosis and treatment of pain, there is clearly another, supporting role to play — that of helping horse people to prevent, recognise and resolve distress and chronic stress in equines.
How to Prepare for an Infection Control Audit
Authors: Kerrigan Lynne
Published: July 2017

Consistent adherence to infection control principles is the means by which healthcare personnel can protect themselves and their patients. The infection control audit is an ideal vehicle to assess consistency of approach to infection prevention, and when utilised effectively is a useful key component of infection control programmes. This article will outline the key processes involved in undertaking an infection control audit in order to assist practices wishing to develop their own standardised audit form to help ensure consistent and thorough application of key infection control principles.
Influence of the weights in IHS and Brovey methods for pan-sharpening WorldView-3 satellite images
Authors: Parente Claudio , Pepe Massimiliano
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of weights in pan-sharpening methods applied to satellite images. Indeed, different data sets of weights have been considered and compared in the IHS and Brovey methods. The first dataset contains the same weight for each band while the second takes in account the weighs obtained by spectral radiance response; these two data sets are most common in pan-sharpening application. The third data set is resulting by a new method. It consists to compute the inertial moment of first order of each band taking in account the spectral response. For testing the impact of the weights of the different data sets, WorlView-3 satellite images have been considered. In particular, two different scenes (the first in urban landscape, the latter in rural landscape) have been investigated. The quality of pan-sharpened images has been analysed by three different quality indexes: Root mean square error (RMSE), Relative average spectral error (RASE) and Erreur Relative Global Adimensionnelle de Synthèse (ERGAS).
Connected Price Dynamics with Revealed Preferences and Auctioneer’s Discretion in VCG Combinatorial Auction
Authors: Matsushima Hitoshi
Published: July 2017

We investigate open-bid protocols termed price-demand procedures in combinatorial auction problems. Instead of requiring buyers to reveal their entire valuation functions directly, the auctioneer gradually gathers information by offering price vectors and requiring demand responses to each buyer. The auctioneer continues to calculate the ‘provisional’ profile of valuation functions in a history-dependent manner and check whether the efficient allocations with and without any single buyer for this profile are revealed in the resultant history. Once these are revealed, the auctioneer ends the procedure and determines the VCG outcome associated with the provisional profile at the ending time. With the assumptions of revealed preference activity rule and connectedness, this paper shows that the VCG outcome associated with the provisional profile at the ending time is always the same as that associated with the true profile, even though the provisional profile is generally different from the true one. Only our procedures can achieve the correct VCG outcome. We further discuss the auctioneer’s discretion and buyers’ privacy concern.
Czech Constitutional Court: Twists and Turns of Recent Judgments of the Highest Courts in Cases of Parliamentary Immunity
Authors: Kysela Jan , Antoš Marek
Published: July 2017

The Constitutional Court used the case of a constitutional complaint filed by a former member of the Chamber of Deputies to provide a comprehensive view of the scope of parliamentary immunity. Indirectly overruling previous case law of the Supreme Court, this Court adhered to a more restrictive interpretation of the relevant constitutional provisions. According to this decision, members of parliament can rely on their constitutional protection only with regard to the communication of information or expression of an opinion verbally, in writing, visually, or in another way at a meeting of the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate, their committees, subcommittees, and commissions or their bodies, that is aimed at the participants of the meeting rather than just at the television audience or radio listeners.