bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Chemically Tethered Binary Polymer‐Brush Pattern through Two‐Step Surface‐Initiated Atomic‐Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Zhou Feng , Jiang Lei , Liu Weimin , Xue Qunji
Published: November 2004

Summary: The communication provides a novel and alternative route to generate chemically tethered binary polymer‐brush pattern through two‐step surface‐initiated atomic‐transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP). Polymer brush‐1 was prepared by SI‐ATRP, passivated by a reaction with NaN3, and etched with UV irradiation through a transmission electron microscopy grid to create exposed sites for the subsequently attached initiator on which polymer brush‐2 was grown.

Schematic representation of the resultant binary polymer brush patterns.

image

Schematic representation of the resultant binary polymer brush patterns.
A quasi‐static boundary value problem in multi‐surface elastoplasticity: part 2—numerical solution
Authors: Brokate Martin , Carstensen Carsten , Valdman Jan
Published: November 2004

Multi‐yield elastoplasticity models a material with more than one plastic state and hence allows for refined approximation of irreversible deformations. Aspects of the mathematical modelling and a proof of unique existence of weak solutions can be found in part I of this paper (Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 2004). In this part II we establish a canonical time–space discretization of the evolution problem and present various algorithms for the solving really discrete problems. Based on a global Newton–Raphson solver, we carefully study and solve elementwise inner iterations. Numerical examples illustrate the model and its flexibility to allow for refined hysteresis curves. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloned pre‐implantation mouse embryos show correct timing but altered levels of gene expression
Authors: Sebastiano Vittorio , Gentile Luca , Garagna Silvia , Alberto Redi Carlo , Zuccotti Maurizio
Published: November 2004

Mammalian embryos obtained by somatic nuclear transfer (NT) struggle to survive throughout development, encountering a number of hurdles leading to wrong functional reprogramming of the donor genome. However, despite these obstacles, some of these embryos continue their development, as if the required transcriptional functions are somehow satisfied. The amount of information gathered on the kinetics and quantitative profile of gene expression in NT pre‐implantation embryos is still scarce and limited to a handful of genes described in two species, bovine and mouse. Using a single‐cell sensitive semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR, we have compared the onset and profile of abundance of Hprt, Tsx, Bex1, Bax, Cpt2, and Oct4 genes, in in vitro fertilised and NT‐derived mouse 1‐cell, 2‐cell, 4‐cell embryos, morulae, and blastocysts. The genes analysed were activated in NT embryos at approximately the correct time compared to control embryos, indicating that the reprogramming phenomenon is developmentally regulated and that the somatic genome is quickly rearranged towards an embryonic‐type of expression during the early stages of segmentation. Despite the right timing of genes onset, the high degree of variability in the number of transcripts found in NT embryos at the latest stages of pre‐implantation development, suggests that genome reprogramming is incomplete and inaccurate. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 146–154, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic nuclear protein pattern and chromatin condensation in the male germ cells of a tropical abalone, Haliotis asinina
Authors: Suphamungmee Worawit , Apisawetakan Somjai , Weerachatyanukul Wattana , Wanichanon Chaitip , Sretarugsa Prapee , Poomtong Tanes , Sobhon Prasert
Published: November 2004

The basic nuclear proteins (BNPs) in spermatozoa of a tropical abalone, Haliotis asinina, were composed of a majority of protamine‐like (PL) protein and a small amount of histones H1 and H4. Abalone H1 and PL proteins exhibited strong immunological cross reactivities among themselves as well as with chick H5 and calf thymus H1. Thus, all these proteins may belong to the same family. Immunolocalization by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy indicated that H1 and H4 were present in all steps of the male germ cells, however, with decreasing amount in late stage cells, particularly spermatids and spermatozoa. On the other hand, PL was present in middle step cells (secondary spermatocytes) with increasing amount in spermatids and spermatozoa when the chromatin became tightly packed. Thus, PL may be involved in the condensation of chromatin in the spermatozoa of this species. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 211–221, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MEK inhibitors block AICAR‐induced maturation in mouse oocytes by a MAPK‐independent mechanism
Authors: LaRosa Cean , Downs Stephen M.
Published: November 2004

The present study was carried out to assess the possible role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the meiosis‐inducing action of the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide 1‐β‐ribofuranoside (AICAR). Cumulus cell‐enclosed oocytes (CEO) or denuded oocytes (DO) from immature, eCG‐primed mice were cultured 4 hr in Eagle's minimum essential medium containing dbcAMP plus increasing concentrations of AICAR or okadaic acid (OA). OA is a phosphatase inhibitor known to stimulate both meiotic maturation and MAPK activation and served as a positive control. Both OA and AICAR were potent inducers of meiotic resumption in mouse oocytes and brought about the phosphorylation (and thus, activation) of MAPK, but by different kinetics: MAPK phosphorylation preceded GVB in OA‐treated oocytes, while that resulting from AICAR treatment appeared only after GVB. The MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, blocked the meiotic resumption induced by AICAR but not that induced by OA. Although the MEK inhibitors suppressed MAPK phosphorylation in both OA‐ and AICAR‐treated oocytes, meiotic resumption was not causally linked to MAPK phosphorylation in either group. Furthermore, AICAR‐induced meiotic resumption in Mos‐null oocytes (which are unable to stimulate MAPK) was also abrogated by PD98059 treatment. A non‐specific effect of the MEK inhibitors on AICAR accessibility to the oocyte was discounted by showing that they failed to suppress either nucleoside uptake or AICAR‐stimulated phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), a substrate of AMPK. The suppression of AICAR‐induced maturation by MEK inhibitors must, therefore, be occurring by actions unrelated to MEK stimulation of MAPK; consequently, it would be prudent to consider this possible non‐specific action of the inhibitors when they are used to block MAPK activation in mouse oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 235–245, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendrons and dendritic catalysts immobilized on solid support: Synthesis and dendritic effects in catalysis
Authors: Dahan Adi , Portnoy Moshe
Published: November 2004

Dendrimers, the aesthetically beautiful macromolecules displaying a variety of potentially useful architecture‐induced properties, are traditionally assembled in solution. However, since 1988, a number of dendritic structures have been assembled on insoluble organic and inorganic polymers, and thus dendronized supports have been formed. One of the major applications of these new materials is in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Supported dendritic catalytic systems, bearing the catalytic units on the dendron periphery, have been examined in the last 5 years in such reactions as hydroformylation, Heck and other Pd‐catalyzed CC bond formations, oxidation, and enantioselective addition to aldehydes. In the majority of these studies, substantial dendritic effects on the reactivity, selectivity, or recyclability of the catalysts were observed. Although a number of factors have been suggested as sources of the effects, it is most likely that the phenomenon has a multicomponent origin. Additional research, including a full determination of the effects and their causes, is likely to lead to markedly better heterogeneous catalytic systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 235–262, 2005
Management system failures identified in incidents investigated by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
Authors: Blair Angela S.
Published: November 2004

A key mission of the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) is to determine the root causes of incidents, report the findings, and issue recommendations to prevent similar incidents from occurring. CSB investigators respond to a variety of events occurring in a wide range of workplaces, from chemical plants and refineries to food‐flavoring factories and steel mills.

The details of each investigation are unique and the root causes are pertinent to each specific case. However, a common thread that emerges in CSB investigations is the inadequacy of management systems that might have prevented the incident from occurring. Examples of the systemic issues identified in CSB reports are:

Lack of hazard review to predict and prevent incidents

Insufficient investigation and follow‐up after previous incidents

Inadequate training of staff

Failure to implement effective mechanical integrity programs

These issues are well recognized as elements of a process safety management (PSM) program, although many incidents investigated by the CSB occurred at facilities that are not regulated by OSHA's process safety management rule.1 Indeed, a number of these incidents occurred at facilities that are well outside society's definition of “chemical plants.”

Please note that the opinions and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Natural gas pipeline accident consequence analysis
Authors: Metropolo P.L. , Brown A.E.P.
Published: November 2004

Industrial licensing activities require safety and environmental studies to enhance safety and environmental protection especially as applied to pipelines. After World War II, industrial activities increased and accident risk analyses are now routinely made to reduce hazards. Most common accidents such as toxic emissions, fires, and explosions must be avoided. The risk analysis technique is used to prevent these undesired events. In this paper, accident scenarios and consequence analysis are conducted to investigate events and consequences concerning a natural gas (NG) pipeline. We found that fatalities can occur within a 260‐m radius if there is a gas pipeline collapse. At distances < 30 m, injuries can occur as a result of thermal radiation exposure to the jet fire. Secondary effects from gas explosions will also occur within these distances. These results demonstrate the importance of (1) routing pipelines away from populated areas and (2) preventive maintenance to prevent leaks. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Unplanned shutdowns plus lack of knowledge equals incidents
Authors: Ness Albert
Published: November 2004

Two incidents and a near miss, each precipitated by an unplanned shutdown, are reviewed. In every case, a lack of understanding of the process control and/or chemistry led to an uncontrolled reaction that resulted in process equipment damage and, in one case, injured several people. The incidents are described in detail, and some general lessons and recommendations are drawn from them. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
On calculations of correlated wave functions with heavy configurational mixing
Authors: Nicolaides Cleanthes A.
Published: November 2004

We discuss aspects of the theory and computation of wave functions and energies of discrete states of polyelectronic atoms that are represented in zero order by configurations with holes in subshells below the valence subshell. Both in zero order and in the remaining correlation components, such wave functions have particularities stemming from the state‐specific self‐consistent field and the heavy configurational mixing associated with near‐degeneracies and hole‐filling correlations. By referring to a variety of examples from small‐ and large‐scale calculations, it is noted that appropriate penetration into the many‐body problem can provide, in an economic and physically transparent way, reliable interpretations and semi‐ and fully quantitative understanding of issues related to states with inner holes and to cases of near‐degeneracies that result in strongly correlated wave functions. Whenever hole‐filling correlations are allowed, multiple correlations (i.e., beyond single‐ and double‐orbital substitutions in the single reference configuration) acquire increased importance relative to that in ordinary electronic structures. This is demonstrated via large‐scale multiconfigurational Hartree–Fock (MCHF) plus configuration interaction (CI) calculations on the Cl KL3s3p6 2S discrete state, which is the lowest of its symmetry. The calculations incorporated correlations up to selected sextuple orbital excitations from the M shell. MCHF plus CI calculations at the level of quadruple orbital substitutions were also carried out for the Cl KL3s23p5 2Po ground state and the excitation energy at this level of calculation was found to be 85,364 cm−1, in excellent agreement with the experimental value of the fine‐structure‐weighted average, 85,385 cm−1 (10.59 eV). Within the approximations of the calculation, the hole‐filling triple and quadruple orbital correlations, which, of course, are absent from the 2Po state, contribute about 1 eV, which is significant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Was und wie? Effektivität und Effizienz verschiedener OpRisk‐Management‐Alternativen
Authors: Kaiser Thomas
Published: November 2004

Ungeachtet der Wichtigkeit des Controllings Operationeller Risiken (OpRisk) sollte die Hauptzielsetzung analog zu den übrigen Risiko‐Arten immer das Risikomanagement im weiteren Sinne (dessen Bestandteil das Controlling darstellt) sein. Dabei geht es darum, unter Einsatz effektiver und unter Kostengesichtspunkten effizienter Maßnahmen das Risiko‐Profil eines Bereiches oder der Gesamtbank in Übereinstimmung mit der strategisch verankerten Risiko‐Neigung zu bringen. Im Folgenden werden verschiedene Management‐Alternativen beschrieben, die in Abhängigkeit der Zielsetzung eingesetzt werden können.
Wechselspiel. Kennen Sie den Einfluss von IT‐Projekten auf Ihr Risikomanagement?
Authors: Simon Anja
Published: November 2004

IT‐Projekte gehören zweifellos zu den innovativsten Projekten mit einer nicht zu verachtenden Wirkung auf das Kostenbudget einerseits und einer leider oftmals viel zu wenig beachteten Wirkung auf das gesamte Unternehmen andererseits. Neue Systeme stellen nicht nur an die User und an den Service neue Anforderungen, sondern ziehen neben einem Kulturwandel auch ein gewisses Änderungspotenzial im Risikomanagement des Unternehmens nach sich.
Den Stein ins Rollen bringen. Sarbanes‐Oxley bei der Xerox GmbH Deutschland
Authors: Jessenberger Jutta , Zimmermann Gundolf
Published: November 2004

Die beiden Ziele des im Juli 2002 vom amerikanischen Kongress verabschiedeten Sarbanes‐Oxley‐Acts (SOA) — Sicherstellung korrekter Veröffentlichungen (Section 302) sowie Vorhandensein und Testat eines internen Kontrollsystems (Section 404) — haben auf die Xerox GmbH als (mittelbare) Tochter eines USamerikanischen Unternehmens beträchtliche Auswirkungen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt das bei der Xerox GmbH durchgeführte Projekt zur Einführung des internen Kontrollsystems nach Section 404 vor. Dabei werden die Herausforderungen beschrieben, die sich durch die anfängliche Unsicherheit in Bezug auf den notwendigen Dokumentationsumfang, die Xerox‐Konzernstruktur sowie die knappen Zeitvorgaben ergaben sowie die gefundenen Lösungswege dargestellt. Den Abschluss bildet ein Ausblick auf den in der Zukunft notwendigen Prozess zur Erfüllung der SOA‐Kriterien, seine Auswirkung auf das operative Geschäft und seine Wirksamkeit in Bezug auf das Risikomanagement.
AMAzing Results — Bestimmung der Eigenkapitalunterlegung von Operationalen Risiken mit Hilfe des Ambitionierten Messansatzes (AMA) bei der Hannoverschen Volksbank
Authors: Eggers Holger , Angerer Christian
Published: November 2004

Die Hannoversche Volksbank hat ein Risikomanagement‐System eingeführt und die dafür notwendigen Prozesse sowie eine Standardsoftware erfolgreich implementiert. Dieses Projekt ist Teil der Vorbereitung des Kreditinstitutes auf die mit Basel II einhergehende Neuorientierung der Risiko‐Steuerung im Gesamtkontext von Marktpreis‐, Adress‐, und Operationalen Risiken. Es wurden so die Voraussetzungen für eine erfolgreiche Einführung des Ambitionierten Messansatzes (Advanced Measurement Approach, AMA) zur Bewertung Operationaler Risiken geschaffen. Das Institut mit einer Bilanzsumme von 2, 5 Milliarden EUR (2003) kann nun eine um den Faktor sechs geringere Unterlegung des Eigenkapitals für Operationale Risiken ansetzen und das freigewordene Kapital für gewinnbringende Investitionen nutzen.
Combinatorial dimension in fractional Cartesian products
Authors: Blei Ron , Gao Fuchang
Published: November 2004

The combinatorial dimension relative to an arbitrary fractional Cartesian product is defined. Relations between dimensions in certain archetypal instances are derived. Random sets with arbitrarily prescribed dimensions are produced; in particular, scales of combinatorial dimension are shown to be continuously and independently calibrated. A combinatorial concept of cylindricity is key. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Summarizing data through a piecewise linear growth curve model
Authors: Chandrasekaran V. , Gopal G. , Thomas A.
Published: November 2004

Most of the research in clinical trials is based on longitudinal designs, which involve repeated measurements of a variable of interest. Such designs are very powerful, both statistically and scientifically. Recent advances in statistical theory and software development incorporate the covariance structures such as unstructured, compound symmetry, auto‐regressive and random effects, etc., for analysing longitudinal data. Hathaway et al. propose a technique for summarizing longitudinal data using linear growth curve model and establish that the number of summary statistics is fixed as four irrespective of the length of study. In this paper, we develop a procedure for analysing the longitudinal data through a piecewise linear growth curve model on the lines of Hathaway et al. Under different covariance structures, the linear model is fitted for Leprosy data and the residual sum of squares computed. Goodness of fit has also been considered for various models. In order to prove that the proposed method is robust and better than the others in terms of goodness of fit, simulation studies are carried out and the results presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practical application of the IDEAL model
Authors: Casey Valentine , Richardson Ita
Published: November 2004

The focus of this research is to outline the experience of a small‐to‐medium‐sized European‐based software development organization, utilizing the IDEALSMmodel while implementing a tailored Capability Maturity Model®(CMM®) software process improvement (SPI) program.[CMM is registered in the US Patent and Trademark Office by Carnegie Mellon University.] The goal of the approach undertaken was to achieve process improvement rather than a specific CMM®maturity level. In doing this, the IDEALSMmodel was extensively researched and employed. The benefits and limitations of the use of the IDEALSMmodel are presented as experienced.

Research was carried out on a number of software process improvement paradigms prior to the final selection of the CMM®. The approach employed as far as possible remained true to the spirit of the CMM®. A key element of this strategy was to see the requirements of the organization as paramount and immediate. It was deemed important for the organization to achieve specific Key Process Areas regardless of their position in the CMM®. The approach provided the organization with the flexibility to invest in the achievement of specific maturity levels at some future date and thereby capitalize on their current process improvement work. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing a process framework for implementing models of large‐scale real‐world systems in software
Authors: Andreou Andreas S.
Published: November 2004

The analysis and modeling of difficult, complex systems of the real world is nowadays feasible because of major advances in the computer science field and in mathematical models and theories that provide a reliable study framework of nonlinear, nondeterministic behavior in nature and society. The development of software products for the study of this behavior is growing fast, aiming at completing the required scientific framework and at providing a computationally powerful environment. A software process for modeling such large‐scale, complex systems is proposed and analyzed in the present work, and a consistent methodology is described through a series of steps for handling the peculiarities and difficulties observed in these systems. The proposed framework is demonstrated through modeling and software implementation of a system that serves as a predictor of the Greek currency market. The methodology is quite simple and straightforward, while its use can be easily extended to a wide variety of complex systems analysis and modeling. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hourly wind power variations in the Nordic countries
Authors: Holttinen Hannele
Published: November 2004

Studies of the effects that wind power production imposes on the power system involve assessing the variations of large‐scale wind power production over the whole power system area. Large geographical spreading of wind power will reduce variability, increase predictability and decrease the occasions with near zero or peak output. In this article the patterns and statistical properties of large‐scale wind power production data are studied using the data sets available for the Nordic countries. The existing data from Denmark give the basis against which the data collected from the other Nordic countries are benchmarked. The main goal is to determine the statistical parameters describing the reduction of variability in the time series for the different areas in question. The hourly variations of large‐scale wind power stay 91%–94% of the time within ±5% of installed capacity in one country, and for the whole of the Nordic area 98% of the time. For the Nordic time series studied, the best indicator of reduced variability in the time series was the standard deviation of the hourly variations. According to the Danish data, it is reduced to less than 3% from a single site value of 10% of capacity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of non‐logarithmic wind speed profiles on potential power output at Danish offshore sites
Authors: Motta M. , Barthelmie R. J. , Vølund P.
Published: November 2004

Detailed knowledge of mean wind speed profiles is essential for properly assessing the power output of a potential wind farm. Since atmospheric stratification plays a crucial role in affecting wind speed profiles, obtaining a detailed picture of the climatology of stability conditions at a given site is very important. In the present study, long time series from offshore measurement sites around Denmark are analysed, with the aim of quantifying the role of atmospheric stability in wind speed profiles and in our ability to model them. A simple method for evaluating stability is applied, and the resulting statistics of the atmospheric stratification is thoroughly studied. A significant improvement in the mean wind speed profile prediction is obtained by applying a stability correction to the logarithmic profiles suitable for neutral conditions. These results are finally used to estimate power densities at different heights. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE REFORMATION AND THE BOOK: A RECONSIDERATION
Authors: PETTEGREE ANDREW , HALL MATTHEW
Published: November 2004

Perceptions of the role of the book in the Reformation are shaped by our knowledge of the German print world during the first decades of Protestant expansion. All indications point to evangelical domination of the press in the years when Luther first became a public figure, when the printed book undoubtedly played a crucial role in the dissemination of the evangelical message, and printing enjoyed a period of exuberant growth. But it is by no means certain that assumptions derived from this German model hold good for other parts of Europe. This article re-examines the German paradigm of book and Reformation in the light of two recent bibliographical projects. The first, a trial survey of publishing outputs throughout Europe, demonstrates that the different regional print cultures that made up the European book world were organized in radically contrasting ways. These structural differences were highly significant from the point of view of assisting or impeding the output of controversial literature. The lessons from this survey are then applied to an individual case study, France, which, it emerges, deviated from the German model in almost every particular. Together these two sets of data force us to call into question the natural affinity between print and Protestantism suggested by the German paradigm.
READING, FAMILY RELIGION, AND EVANGELICAL IDENTITY IN LATE STUART ENGLAND
Authors: CAMBERS ANDREW , WOLFE MICHELLE
Published: November 2004

In this article we unravel family religion as a crucial strand of evangelical piety in the late seventeenth century. We show how this programme was promoted in print and manuscript by a group of evangelical clergy from both sides of the conformist divide. Using the printed and manuscript memoirs of John Rastrick, a Lincolnshire clergyman, we explore the construction of clerical sociability through the printed text. In particular, we demonstrate that its heart was the communal reading of scripture and religious literature, confirming the household as the key locus for piety in this period. Whereas historians have traditionally been eager to categorize both clergy and laity in this period as either Anglican or nonconformist, we demonstrate that such a divide was often blurred in practice, in particular as represented through family religion. By focusing on issues such as sociability, the formation of identities, and reading practices, we also reconnect the second half of the century with its early Stuart past, suggesting that its influences and refractions fed into a continuity of evangelical identity, stretching from late sixteenth-century puritanism through the Civil War and Restoration to the onset of Evangelicalism in the eighteenth century. Though they were complex, these continuities help to show that a coherent style of evangelical piety was expressed across the ecclesiastical divide throughout the long seventeenth century.
RELATIVE DECLINE AND BRITISH ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE 1960s
Authors: PEMBERTON HUGH
Published: November 2004

In explaining Britain's post-war relative economic decline, contemporary historians have concentrated upon ‘government failure’: not enough, too much, or too much of the wrong sort of government intervention. Implicitly, such explanations conceive the British state as both centralized and powerful. Recent developments in political science have questioned this traditional view. Using this insight to structure its historical analysis, this article examines the wide array of policy changes that flowed from the British government's adoption in the early 1960s of an explicit target for higher growth. It finds that the principal reasons for the failure of these policies can be found in the fragmentation and interdependence of Britain's economic institutions – the source of which lay in the particular historical development of Britain's polity. These issues of governance required new conceptions of both policy making and policy implementation able either to strengthen the power of the centre to impose change, or to promote consensus building. However, lacking a sufficient shock to the system, and imprisoned in a mindset in which the British state was conceived as both centralized and powerful, elites saw little need for fundamental institutional change.
APPROACHES TO THE HISTORY OF READERS AND READING IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN
Authors: JACKSON IAN
Published: November 2004

The history of reading can link intellectual and cultural developments with social or political change in the eighteenth century. Historians of the book increasingly argue that an understanding of historical reading practices is essential if we are to understand the impact of texts on individuals and on society as a whole: textual evidence alone is inadequate. Recent work on eighteenth-century readers has used sources including book trade records, correspondence, and diaries to reconstruct the reading lives of individuals and of groups of readers. Such sources reveal the great variety of reading material many eighteenth-century readers could access, and the diversity and sophistication of reading practices they often employed, in selecting between a range of available reading strategies. Thus, any one theoretical paradigm is unlikely to capture the full range of eighteenth-century reading experience. Instead, we can trace the evolution of particular reading cultures, including popular and literary reading cultures, the existence of cultures based around particular genres of print, such as newspapers, and reading as a part of social and conversational life. There is now a need for a new synthesis that combines the new evidence of reading practice with textual analysis to explain continuity and change across the century.
Tectonic evolution of a continental collision zone: A thermomechanical numerical model
Authors: Toussaint G. , Burov E. , Avouac J.‐P.
Published: November 2004

We model evolution of a continent‐continent collision and draw some parallels with the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya. We use a large‐scale visco‐plasto‐elastic thermomechanical model that has a free upper surface, accounts for erosion and deposition and allows for all modes of lithospheric deformation. For quartz/olivine rheology and 60 mm/yr convergence rate, the continental subduction is stable, and the model predicts three distinct phases. During the phase 1 (120 km or 6% of shortening), deformation is characterized by back thrusting around the suture zone. Some amount of delaminated lower crust accumulates at depth. During phase 2 (120 km–420 km or 6%–22% of shortening), this crustal root is exhumed (medium‐ to high‐grade rocks) along a newly formed major thrust fault. This stage bears similarities with the period of coeval activity of the Main Central thrust and of the South Tibetan Detachment between 20–16 Myr ago. During phase 3 (>420 km or 22% of shortening), the crust is scraped off from the mantle lithosphere and is incorporated into large crustal wedge. Deformation is localized around frontal thrust faults. This kinematics should produce only low‐ to medium‐grade exhumation. This stage might be compared with the tectonics that has prevailed in the Himalaya over the last 15 Myr allowing for the formation of the Lesser Himalaya. The experiment is conducted at constant convergence rate, which implies increasing compressive force. Considering that this force is constant in nature, this result may be equivalent to a slowing down of the convergence rate as was observed during the India‐Asia collision.
Modeling Arabian dust mobilization during the Asian summer monsoon: The effect of prescribed versus calculated SST
Authors: Miller R. L. , Perlwitz J. , Tegen I.
Published: November 2004

Emission of soil (or ‘mineral’) dust aerosol over the Arabian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer monsoon increases in response to dust radiative forcing in an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) with prescribed sea surface temperature (SST). Radiative heating within the dust layer reinforces the monsoon circulation, which is further strengthened by column latent heating through a wind‐evaporative feedback. The strengthened circulation raises additional dust into the atmosphere over Arabia. In contrast, this positive feedback is absent when SST is calculated by the AGCM using a mixed‐layer ocean. This discrepancy results from the surface energy constraint in the mixed‐layer experiment, where surface evaporation is decreased by the reduction of sunlight beneath the dust layer. In contrast, evaporation and column latent heating increase in the prescribed SST experiment, where the surface energy constraint is absent. Realization of the positive feedback exhibited by the prescribed SST experiment requires that anomalous ocean heat transport (which is not included here) balance the surface radiative forcing by dust.
Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming
Authors: McNeil Ben I. , Matear Richard J. , Barnes David J.
Published: November 2004

Coral reefs are constructed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Deposition of CaCO3 (calcification) by corals and other reef organisms is controlled by the saturation state of CaCO3 in seawater (Ω) and sea surface temperature (SST). Previous studies have neglected the effects of ocean warming in predicting future coral reef calcification rates. In this study we take into account both these effects by combining empirical relationships between coral calcification rate and Ω and SST with output from a climate model to predict changes in coral reef calcification rates. Our analysis suggests that annual average coral reef calcification rate will increase with future ocean warming and eventually exceed pre‐industrial rates by about 35% by 2100. Our results suggest that present coral reef calcification rates are equivalent to levels in the late 19th century and does not support previous suggestions of large and potentially catastrophic decreases in the future.
A physical model for strain accumulation in the San Francisco Bay region: Stress evolution since 1838
Authors: Pollitz Fred , Bakun William H. , Nyst Marleen
Published: November 2004

Understanding of the behavior of plate boundary zones has progressed to the point where reasonably comprehensive physical models can predict their evolution. The San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay region (SFBR) is dominated by a few major faults whose behavior over about one earthquake cycle is fairly well understood. By combining the past history of large ruptures on SFBR faults with a recently proposed physical model of strain accumulation in the SFBR, we derive the evolution of regional stress from 1838 until the present. This effort depends on (1) an existing compilation of the source properties of historic and contemporary SFBR earthquakes based on documented shaking, geodetic data, and seismic data (Bakun, 1999) and (2) a few key parameters of a simple regional viscoelastic coupling model constrained by recent GPS data (Pollitz and Nyst, 2004). Although uncertainties abound in the location, magnitude, and fault geometries of historic ruptures and the physical model relies on gross simplifications, the resulting stress evolution model is sufficiently detailed to provide a useful window into the past stress history. In the framework of Coulomb failure stress, we find that virtually all M ≥ 5.8 earthquakes prior to 1906 and M ≥ 5.5 earthquakes after 1906 are consistent with stress triggering from previous earthquakes. These events systematically lie in zones of predicted stress concentration elevated 5–10 bars above the regional average. The SFBR is predicted to have emerged from the 1906 “shadow” in about 1980, consistent with the acceleration in regional seismicity at that time. The stress evolution model may be a reliable indicator of the most likely areas to experience M ≥ 5.5 shocks in the future.
Surface mass balance of the Ward Hunt Ice Rise and Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Braun Carsten , Hardy Douglas R. , Bradley Raymond S. , Sahanatien Vicky
Published: November 2004

The Ward Hunt Ice Rise and Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, located on Ellesmere Island, Canada, are two of the northernmost land ice masses on the North American continent. Surface mass balance measurements (excluding calving and subice processes) began in 1959 on the ice rise and in 1966 on the ice shelf but were frequently interrupted, most recently between 1986 and 2002. The surface balance of the ice rise and ice shelf follows the temporal pattern seen on other measured High Arctic glaciers. The overall surface mass losses over the last 45 years have been comparatively low (1.68 m water equivalent (w eq) for the ice rise and 3.1 m w eq for the ice shelf), which reflects their proximity to the Arctic Ocean. Nevertheless, the ice shelf appears to have weakened sufficiently in recent years to raise concerns about its possible disintegration in the near future. The 2002/2003 balance year was the most negative year on record (−0.33 m w eq for the ice rise and −0.54 m w eq for the ice shelf). Dynamical stresses related to wind, wave, and tidal action may further accelerate this process, as open water conditions on the Arctic Ocean become more prevalent. The Ward Hunt Ice Rise has so far remained in a reasonably healthy state in terms of its overall surface mass balance, although its long‐term survival is also threatened by current and predicted future climatic conditions.
Atmospheric histories of halocarbons from analysis of Antarctic firn air: Methyl bromide, methyl chloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane
Authors: Trudinger C. M. , Etheridge D. M. , Sturrock G. A. , Fraser P. J. , Krummel P. B. , McCulloch A.
Published: November 2004

We reconstruct atmospheric levels of methyl bromide (CH3Br), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), chloroform (CHCl3), and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) back to before 1940 using measurements of air extracted from firn on Law Dome in Antarctica. The firn air at this site has a relatively narrow age spread, giving high time resolution reconstructions. The CH3Br reconstructions confirm previously measured firn records but with more temporal structure. Our CH3Cl reconstruction is slightly different from previous reconstructions, raising some questions about CH3Cl in the firn. Our reconstructions for CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 are the first published records of concentration prior to direct atmospheric measurements. A two‐box atmospheric model is used to investigate the budgets of these gases. Much of the variation in CH3Cl can be explained by biomass burning emissions that increase up to 1980 and then are relatively stable apart from some high burning years such as 1997–1998. The CHCl3 firn reconstruction suggests that the anthropogenic source for CHCl3 is greater than previously thought, with human influence on the soil source a possible important contributor here. The CH2Cl2 firn reconstruction is consistent with industrial emission estimates based on audited sales data but suggests that the ocean source of CH2Cl2 is less than previously estimated.
Stable Isotope Composition of Organic Compounds Transported in the Phloem of European Beech ‐ Evaluation of Different Methods of Phloem Sap Collection and Assessment of Gradients in Carbon Isotope Composition during Leaf‐to‐Stem Transport
Authors: Gessler A. , Rennenberg H. , Keitel C.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: The analysis of stable isotope composition (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O) of phloem‐transported organic matter is a useful tool for assessing short‐term carbon and water balance of trees. A major constraint of the general application of this method to trees at natural field sites is that the collection of phloem sap with the “phloem bleeding” technique is restricted to particular species and plant parts. To overcome this restriction, we compared the contents (amino compounds and sugars) and isotope signatures (δ13C, δ15N, δ18O) of phloem sap directly obtained from incisions in the bark (bleeding technique) with phloem exudates where bark pieces were incubated in aqueous solutions (phloem exudation technique with and without chelating agents [EDTA, polyphosphate] in the initial sampling solution, which prevent blocking of sieve tubes). A comparable spectrum of amino compounds and sugars was detected using the different techniques. O, C, or N compounds in the initial sampling solution originating from the chelating agents always decreased precision of determination of the respective isotopic signatures, as indicated by higher standard deviation, and/or led to a significant difference of mean δ as compared to the phloem bleeding technique. Hence, depending on the element from which the ratio of heavy to light isotope is determined, compounds lacking C, N, and/or O should be used as chelating agents in the exudation solution. In applying the different techniques, δ13C of organic compounds transported in the phloem of the twig (exudation technique with polyphosphate as chelating agent) were compared with those in the phloem of the main stem (phloem bleeding technique) in order to assess possible differences in carbon isotope composition of phloem carbohydrates along the tree axis. In July, organic compounds in the stem phloem were significantly enriched in 13C by > 1.3 ‰ as compared to the twig phloem, whereas this effect was not observed in September. Correlation analysis between δ13C and stomatal conductance (Gs) revealed the gradient from the twigs to the stem observed in July may be attributed to temporal differences rather than to spatial differences in carbon isotope composition of sugars. As various authors have produced conflicting results regarding the enrichment/depletion of 13C in organic compounds in the leaf‐to‐stem transition, the different techniques presented in this paper can be used to provide further insight into fractionation processes associated with transport of C compounds from leaves to branches and down the main stem.
Inhibition of Phosphoinositide‐Specific Phospholipase C Results in the Induction of Pathogenesis‐Related Genes in Soybean
Authors: Chou W‐M. , Shigaki T. , Dammann C. , Liu Y‐Q. , Bhattacharyya M. K.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: The inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) content is decreased in soybean cells following infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg). In this investigation, a differential display approach was applied to isolate soybean genes that are transcriptionally up‐regulated by the inhibition of phosphoinositide‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) activity and to study if the transcription of those genes is altered following Psg infection. Four genes, transcriptionally activated following treatment with the PI‐PLC‐specific inhibitor U‐73122, were cloned. Three of the four genes were induced following infection with Psg. The transcripts of a hydrolase homologue (GmHy) were induced in the incompatible but not compatible soybean‐Psg interaction. The transcripts of a putative ascorbate oxidase gene (GmAO) were induced in both compatible and incompatible interactions. GmHy and GmAO may represent new classes of pathogenesis‐related genes. In addition to these two novel genes, homologues of PR‐10 and polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (GmPR10 and GmPGIP, respectively) were identified. These two genes have previously been reported as pathogenesis‐related. Transcripts of GmPR‐10, but not GmPGIP, were induced in both compatible and incompatible soybean‐Psg interactions. Induction of these genes, except for GmPGIP, following inhibition of PI‐PLC by either the U‐73122 treatment or bacterial infection suggests that PI‐PLC may negatively regulate the expression of defence genes.
Rejuvenation of Ageing Bean Leaves under the Effect of Low‐Dose Stressors
Authors: Nyitrai P. , Bóka K. , Gáspár L. , Sárvári É. , Keresztes Á.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: The effect of low concentrations of some stress‐inducing compounds like Cd, Pb, Ni, and Ti salts and DCMU on the senescence of chloroplasts was investigated in detached primary leaves of bean. After the petioles of ageing leaves had developed roots, these low‐dose stressors stimulated chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic activity, as compared to the control, thus causing rejuvenation in treated leaves. The amount of photosystem I (lowest in DCMU‐treated leaves) and light‐harvesting complex II increased, while that of photosystem II decreased or remained unchanged. Fluorescence induction parameters indicated unchanged electron transport (except for DCMU treatment). CO2 fixation and, in some cases, starch accumulation was stimulated. In parallel, the occurrence of large plastoglobuli seemed to decrease in plastids of heavy metal‐treated leaves. A cytokinin bioassay of leaf extracts confirmed the cytokinin‐mediated effect of low‐dose stressors, as the slopes of Chl and cytokinin curves were similar during the rejuvenation process. It is assumed that these stressors generate non‐specific alarm reactions, which involve changes in the hormonal balance by increasing the synthesis of cytokinins.
Description of noncommutative theories and matrix models by Wightman functions
Authors: Ritter William Gordon
Published: November 2004

One of the main open problems of mathematical physics is to consistently quantize Yang–Mills gauge theory. If such a consistent quantization were to exist, it is reasonable to expect a “Wightman reconstruction theorem,” by which a Hilbert space and quantum field operators are recovered from n-point functions. However, the original version of the Wightman theorem is not equipped to deal with gauge fields or fields taking values in a noncommutative space. This paper explores a generalization of the Wightman construction which allows the fundamental fields to take values in an arbitrary topological *-algebra. In particular, the construction applies to fields valued in a Lie algebra representation, of the type required by Yang–Mills theory. This appears to be the correct framework for a generalized reconstruction theorem amenable to modern quantum theories such as gauge theories and matrix models. We obtain the interesting result that a large class of quantum theories are expected to arise as limits of matrix models, which may be related to the well-known conjecture of Kazakov. Further, by considering deformations of the associative algebra structure in the noncommutative target space, we define certain one-parameter families of quantum field theories and conjecture a relationship with deformation quantization.
Chaos in the case of two fixed black holes
Authors: Contopoulos G. , Harsoula M.
Published: November 2004

We study the structure of chaos in the relativistic problem of particles moving in the field of two fixed black holes M1 and M2 by considering the asymptotic curves of some simple unstable periodic orbits on a surface of section. These curves consist of infinite arcs reaching the two black holes. Most orbits starting along these curves (asymptotic orbits) escape, i.e., they fall into the black holes M1 (type I orbits) and M2 (type II orbits). The number of the remaining orbits after n iterations (intersections with the surface of section) decreases exponentially with n. The asymptotic curves intersect at infinite homoclinic and heteroclinic points. We study in detail the forms of the asymptotic orbits with emphasis on the homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits. The homoclinic and heteroclinic intersections are confined in certain intervals along the asymptotic curves. Every homoclinic and heteroclinic orbit is the limit of infinite more homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits. Between an asymptotic orbit falling on the black hole M1 and another orbit falling on the black hole M2 there are infinite homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits and infinite transitions between type I and type II orbits. Therefore the orbits of type I and II form fractal sets. The nonasymptotic curves falling on the black holes M1 and M2 also form fractal sets. The black holes act as attractors and the areas on the surface of section are not conserved despite the fact that the system is conservative.