bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Małżeństwo i rozwód w Kościele prawosławnym – aspekt prawno-kanoniczny
Authors: Zaborowski Marek
Published: September 2014

The study above shows briefly legal issues related to marriage in the Orthodox Church. It takes notes of fundamental differences regarding a sacramental marriage in the Latin and Orthodox Churches. The study is divided into two chapters separated into particular points.The first chapter discusses legal conditions to marry, i.e. marriage formalities and main obstacles. The second one approaches us to a divorce issue in the Orthodox church: its form and circumstances. The analysis of the issues mentioned above is to show differences and similarities between marriage-related legislation in both Christian Churches.
Nierozerwalność małżeństwa w luterańskim porządku prawnym ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem prawodawstwa Kościoła Ewangelicko-Augsburskiego w Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej
Authors: Fober Beata
Published: September 2014

Indissolubility of Marriage is the most important characteristic of marriage. The article presents the Lutheran point of view on the issue citing the theologians’ and lawyers’ works. The aim of the paper is to look closer at the fact that the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland tolerates divorces and to help to understand the position from the catholic point of view.
Troska kard. Karola Wojtyły o wolność nauki
Authors: Dyduch Jan
Published: September 2014

Karol Wojtyła as archbishop of Kraków defended freedom of Catholic scientific research demanding from civil communist authorities in Poland autonomy for Catholic and church universities and high schools.It was his initiative to establish the Commission for Catholic Science and the Academic Council at Episcopal Conference in Poland. The main aim of the bodies was to protect independence of Catholic scientific research. Wojtyła as John Paul II, as the Shepard of the Universal Church, took care of the freedom of science in general.
Potestas sacra według Klausa Mörsdorfa – założenia teologiczne, struktura, sposób przekazywania i charakter
Authors: Skonieczny Piotr
Published: September 2014

This article is a short presentation of the theory of the ecclesial power (called Kirchengewalt in German) as found in the Second Vatican Council according to Klaus Mörsdorf, i.e. its theological principles, structure, mode of transmission and nature. The description of the potestas sacra is an opportunity for the Author to reread the concept of the „sacred power” in the Second Vatican Council. The Author himself agrees with Mörsdorf ’s views, even if not all the positions of the Munich Professor were applied in the present canon law.
Rezygnacja papieża z urzędu
Authors: Majer Piotr
Published: September 2014

Resignation of the Pope Benedict XVI announced on 11ht Feb. 2013 was for many a huge astonishment, because in the history of the Church one can find not so many decisions like this one, and from the last one passed more than 600 years. For canonists the act is a novelty only de facto but not de iure, because the article about resignation of the pope from his office has existed in the canonical legal order since 1299. The paper includes the interpretation of can. 332 § 2 of the Code of Canon Law 1983 that regulates resignation of the Roman Pontiff from His Office. There are presented and analyzed historical circumstances of such norm, causes of such step, conditions required for validity of resignation (freedom of decision and proper announcement), constitutive character of such resignation and its irrevocability and the status of pope-emeritus in the Church.
Teologiczne podstawy reguł sensu czynności konwencjonalnych i norm kompetencyjnych w prawie kanonicznym i ich konsekwencje dla decyzji prawodawczych
Authors: Kroczek Piotr
Published: September 2014

The paper presents the meeting of theology and jurisprudence in the work of church legislator. The conventional acts and norms of competency presented in canon law, such as reception of orders, celebration of marriage, imparting blessings, giving dispensation, giving absolution, pardoning an adulterous partner, giving judgment, being a qualified witness for marriage are reasonable because of the rules of sense giving them a sense. In canon law, the rules in question do not depend on the will of legislator only but they are built on the theological reasoning. The conclusion is that the church legislator, in drafting law, must take into consideration the theological factors. This limits his freedom in making legislative decisions. For instance, he cannot admit in the rules of sense a competence for the conventional acts to those who are not able to carry out the act according to theological rules. The article ends with postulate to the church legislator to take care of theological correctness of law drafted by him.
Choroba celiakii w odniesieniu do sakramentu święceń
Authors: Adamczyk Jerzy
Published: September 2014

People who suffer from coeliac disease cannot receive Holy Communion under the species of bread.The article starts with explaining the characteristics and phenomenon of coeliac disease. Then it discusses the possibility of receiving Holy Communion by people with the condition. Finally, it raises the question of admitting persons with coeliac disease to the sacrament of Holy Orders.
Intencja przyjęcia chrztu u dorosłego
Authors: Jakubiak Tomasz
Published: September 2014

As far as the reception of baptism is concerned, everyone who has attained the use of reason has the rights and responsibilities of an adult. Those who are not of sound mind, or incapable of personal responsibility, are considered to be infants. An adult cannot be validly baptized without wanting to be baptized. A person who attained the use of reason and subsequently lost it, must have made while rational the intention of being baptized in order to receive validly the sacrament. This manifestation of will constitutes a requirement ad validitatem of celebration of baptism.Most of all canonists maintained that a habitual intention is sufficient: that is, intention once given is withdrawn, and current or virtual intention is, therefore, unnecessary. Some of them added that it is also sufficient for the intention to be implicit, e.g. contained in the explicit intention of doing whatever God or Jesus wants.
Zasady zawierania umowy dzierżawy w Kodeksie prawa kanonicznego z 1983 roku
Authors: Kaleta Paweł
Published: September 2014

Leasing is one way of managing wasteland belonging to the ecclesiastical juridical person. The equivalent of this contract is the payment of rent to lessor. Cannon Law uses regulations connecting with alienation (cc. 1291–1294) to protect the ecclesiastical goods belonging to the juridical person, from the risk of a worse economic condition. The Polish Bishops’ Conference has not developed appropriate standards in connection with cc. 1297, therefore the statutory ecclesiastical right of the juridical person should be retained, in the event of their absence, the particular law established by the diocesan bishop allows for those subordinate to the Church, the power of corporation.The validity of the lease agreement should include: To observe the civil law in the given country, to obtain the written consent of the relevant authority prior to procedures, in event of alienated goods being divisible, the request for permission for alienation must mention goods previously alienated. The fairness of legal actions includes: to identify a legitimate cause, the valuation of goods alienated, to identify the tenant and his relationship with the administrator of church property and undertake other precautions such as the duration or withdrawal from the lease.
Ograniczenie prawa wiernego do Eucharystii – kan. 915 Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego z 1983 roku
Authors: Zaborowski Marek
Published: September 2014

The issue of admitting catholic believers to Holy Communion has always been a difficult one in the history. The position of the Church as expressed in Canon 915 of Code of Canon Law 1983 seems strict, but justified with its invariable teachings. The Catholics who have been excommunicated or interdicted after the imposition or declaration of the penalty and others obstinately persevering in manifest grave sin should always be aware of the fact, that it is not the Church that restricts them in their entitlements, but it is them that deprive themselves of that right. This is not a new teaching or tightening of ecclesiastical discipline. This is a continuation of Jesus’s teaching.
Wybrane aspekty dobra rodziny oraz ochrony praw dziecka na podstawie przepisów Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 2 kwietnia 1997 roku oraz nauczania Jana Pawła II skierowanego do rodaków w czasie pielgrzymek do Polski
Authors: Kornecki Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The family is the union of two people whose relationship aims, among other things, at having children. The relationship built within the smallest cells of society, but also relationship affected by external factors. One of these external factors is the statutory law, including the constitution. The Polish Constitution with its regulations and principles protects the rights of both the child and family well-being. These rules, which form the basis of other legislative acts, should be respected and interpreted in the appropriate way. Pope John Paul II emphasized that family and children are the most important values for humanity. In papal teaching the protection of the family is discussed frequently and from many different angles. Modern Poland needs the family to exist. Hence one should not only listen to the voice of the Holy Father, but also explore the papal teachings on the family and children in Poland in subsequent research.
Pososhkov’s narrow path
Authors: Drozdek Adam
Published: September 2014

The paper presents Ivan Pososhkov (1652–1726). He was a Russian merchant, an entrepreneur, and a landowner. His major work was titled The Book on Poverty and Wealth (1724, published in 1842).The author’s aim is to show Pososhkov’s thought about the schismatics, Protestants, particularly, the Lutherans, and the clergy. One of the parts is dedicated to Pososhkov’s vision of the place of piety in the personal life. All these parts show Pososhkov as a self-appointed teacher whose intention was the defense of traditional Orthodox faith of the official Orthodox Church.
Ksiądz profesor dr Aleksander Usowicz CM. Wspomnienia
Authors: Kubiś Adam
Published: September 2014

The paper presents the personality and the scientific record of Rev. prof. Aleksander Usowicz CM. He was an acknowledged representative of the neo-Scholasticism, the main philosophical movement in the mid 50 of 20th c. at the Theological Faculty of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow.In fact, scientific interest of Usowicz went beyond the field of philosophy. He was also interested in theology. Among many lecturers he delivered, the most important was one about the introduction to theology. Its aim was to provide students with the basics of the history of theological thought.It must be remembered that Usowicz was a reviewer of the habilitation work of Fr. Karol Wojtyła. He was also a tutor and scientific supervisor of many later professors of philosophy and theology.
Kara śmierci w przekazie Talmudu Babilońskiego
Authors: Łabuda Piotr
Published: September 2014

When reading the Babylonian Talmud it has to be noted that it gives a fragmentary account of the capital punishment. However, the Talmud indicates who, for what and in what way should be condemned. The Talmud’s account of Jesus’ death is even shorter. It is not only pure fiction but is also a result of the authors’ deliberate action. The description of b. Sanh 43a, in a particular way, shows the clear goal – to discredit Jesus. What is written about Jesus’ death in the Talmud can be explained as personal and peculiar Jewish interpretation based on clearly defined intentions.
Miłosierdzie jako synonim zbawienia w Koranie. Refleksje lingwistyczno-teologiczne
Authors: Micherdziński Marek
Published: September 2014

There is the idea of divine mercy in Quran. It is expressed by the words of Arabic vocabulary derivated from the triliteral verbal root رحم rḥm. The fundamental means of expressing the mystery of divine mercy is the ritual formula it`s name Basmalah بسْمِ لِله ا ﺮﻟَّحْﻤَانِِ ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ bi-smi l-Lāhi r-Raḥmāni r-raḥími – „In the Name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful”. ʼAr-Raḥmānu ( أ ﺮﻟَّحْﻤٰﻦُ ) and ʼAr-Raḥímu ( ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ ) are two names derived from ʼAr-Raḥmatu ( رَحْﻤَﺔ ) – „the mercy”, but more meanings that pertain to mercy than ʼAr-Raḥímu. This formula means the belonging to a community of Islam believers. Another formula is إنَّ لُله غَ ﻮﻔرٌ رَحِﻴمٌ ʼinna l-Lāhu ġafūrun raḥīmun – „Verily, Allāh his Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful!” (S. V, 34. 39; IX, 9. 99. 102; XLIX, 14; LXXIII, 28) and its modifications. It`s used to confirm the credibility of the truths of faith and the moral norms divinely revealed. The divine revelation in Quran and its realisation in earthly life is signified with the followings pairs of derivatives of root رحم rḥm: هُﺪَﻯ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ )ﻭ ) (wa)-hudà wa-raḥmatun – „(and) a guidance and a mercy” (S. VI, 157; VII, 52; XVI, 64; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– إﻣَاﻡٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 3 ʼimāmun wa-raḥmatun – „a guide and a mercy” (S. XLVI, شِﻔاءٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ , 12 šifāʼun wa-raḥmatun – „a cure and a mercy” (S. XVII, ﻣَغْﻔِﺮَﺓ ﻣِﻦَ لِله ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 82 maġfiratun mina l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatun – „forgiveness and mercy from Allāh” (S. III, فضْلُ الِله ﻭرَحْﻤَتُﻪُ ,( 157 faḏlu l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatuhu – „the grace and mercy of Allāh” (S. IV, صَ ﻮﻠَاﺕٌ ﻣِﻦْ رَبِّﻬمْ ﻭرَحْ ﺔﻤ ,( 83 ṣalawātun min rabbihim wa-raḥmatun – „who are blessed from their Lord and receive His mercy” (S. II, 157). Allāh, the Most Merciful, is absolutely independent in giving salvation. It is signified with phrase ﻣَﻦْ ﻳَﺸَاءُ man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 105). Divine mercy is better ( خَﻴْﺮٌ ẖayrun) from all, what man has on earth. Therefore in Quran there are more prayers for divine mercy and to divine mercy. Complementary to words derivated from the root رحم rḥm are the derivatives from the root رأف rʼf. In spite of more similiarity to biblical science about divine mercy, the author of Quran created own divine mercy conception. He throws away all of trinitology, christology, soteriology and staurology.
Mariologiczna interpretacja perykopy Jezus w Nazarecie (Mt 13, 53–58)
Authors: Mikołajczak Mieczysław
Published: September 2014

In his article the author shows that the evangelical account of Mt 12, 46–50 as well as the pericope of Mt 13, 54–58 do not bring anything new as far as the Marian motifs are concerned just as it was previously presented in his research on Mt 1 and 2. Mt 13, 53–58 does not include any clear reference to the virginal conception. One can conclude that it is assumed and understood. In Mt 13, 53–58 it is the motherhood of Mary that is emphasized. She is the Mother of Jesus, the Messiah. Such a treatment of the theme is well grounded in the aforementioned editorial means of St. Matthew who wanted to stress the Christological motifs in his Gospel but also to present them as inseparably connected with and depended on the Mariological theme.In his article the author asserts that in his account in Mt 13, 53–58 St. Matthew critically refers to the earlier account of St. Mark (which is his source) in which Mark presents Mary, the Mother of Jesus, the Messiah in an inconspicuous, perhaps even ineffective, way. Such a presentation is at least partially smoothed out and therefore the tone of Matthew’s presentation of Mary becomes more neutral and veritable. Thus the account of Mt 13, 53–58 acquires a new, positive undertone which has already been introduced at the beginning of the narrative in Mt 1–2.
Cyberprzestrzeń i mass media sprzymierzeńcem duchowości?
Authors: Misztal Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The article concerns the relations between the Internet, the mass media and the spirituality. It demonstrates the indicated interactions as the reciprocal, necessary aid advantageous for all these partners, for our civilization, for the single people and for the hole society now and in the future.
Przyjaciele Boga (gnostycy) – współdziałającymi w trudzie nabywania cnoty. Przyczynek do aretologii Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego
Authors: Zgraja Brunon
Published: September 2014

Acquiring virtue, understood as a well-ordered personality, is connected with a considerable toil, as follows from the writings of Clement from Alexandria. Its source is to be ascribed, first of all, to the necessity of being true to God’s commandments, but also to overcoming discouragement caused by: the long-lasting process of its acquiring, the conviction of impossibility to achieve it, undertaking yet again the ceased “moral cultivation” or other appropriate actions not infrequently given up under the influence of the opinion of the environment. Therefore, the one who acquires virtue, is supported by a gnostic, a perfect Christian, filled with concern for others, who, thanks to his acquired and constantly perfected virtue, becomes – both, for those who intend undertaking the toil of its acquiring, and those who walk the road of virtue – first of all a guarantor of its achievement, encouraging thereby to acquiring it. While being somehow a witness of virtue, he uses in relation to those who strive for it, credible verbal instructions, thus mobilizing those who are discouraged by the toil of acquiring it, to walk the chosen road of virtue. Besides, he tries to discern the moral and intellectual condition of those who begin to acquire virtue, which has an essential influence on the character of the proposed actions that introduce to its acquiring. What’s more, an expression of that help is an encouragement to follow him, a command and also prayer. However, the help provided this way should be a contribution not so much of the gnostics himself, as of the whole people of God, obliged to holiness on account of the sacrament of baptism.
Wpływ kryzysu Kościoła powszechnego na społeczeństwo polskie w pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Graff Tomasz
Published: September 2014

The author, on the basis of chosen examples, discusses the influence of the crisis in the Universal Church in the 15th century on the conduct of the inhabitants of the Polish Kingdom. A particular emphasis was put on the analysis of the period of so called the Schism of Basel between 1439 and 1449, nevertheless, the period of Pisa and Constance Councils have not been omitted. The author does not only focus on the conduct and attitudes of secular and church elites but also tries to investigate how the religious condition in the Universal Church affected common subjects of Polish monarchs. The author uses examples from the life of townspeople and various monastic communities or religious orders. He extensively elaborates on pardons granted by councils, popes, cardinals and bishops. The author also emphasises the difficulties in interpreting some source documents. The documents dating from the time of the Council of Basel have been subjected to closest scrutiny. The issue so far has not been extensively discussed in subject literature, which motivated the author to try and get some insight into the problem. This is why in effect, only the most interesting aspects for the author have been reflected in the work. Undoubtedly they require further analysis and research especially including manuscript sources.
Średniowieczna retoryka jako czynnik kształtujący sztuki plastyczne. Przegląd podstawowych problemów
Authors: Tabor Dariusz
Published: September 2014

In the Middle Age the rhetoric was one of the seven liberal arts. Its position in the medieval culture Has been confirmed by Cassiodor, Isidor of Sevilla, Augustin of Hippona and Martianus Capella. The medieval rhetoric was composedof five parts: inventio (invention), dispositio (disposition), elucutio (elocution), memoria (memory) and pronuntiatio (pronuntiation). Only three of them exertet real influence on the fine arts. Inventio controlled the proces of choice of the ideas, which have benn represented by images in work of arts. Dispositio collocated the images in the whole structure of work of art. Elocutio applicated some rhetorical figure in order to communicate some massages throughout the images. In the Middle Ages existed two sources, which inspired the mediewal rhetoric. The fitst Skurce was the ancien, greek and roman rhetoric , the second – the semitic, biblical rhetoric. In the Bible exist two important literary and rhetorical structures – the parallelism and the centripetal construction. These structures influenced some models of composition of narrative cycles and series of images. Rhetor – a hypothetical personage, educated in trivium and quatrivium and expert in the rhetoric, played important role in the mediewal culture. He collaborated with artist and he applicated the rhetorical methods and rhetorical figure in the creation of works of art.
Canonical approach to the year of faith
Authors: Kroczek Piotr
Published: September 2014

The article offers a demonstration of the correlation between faith and church law in the catholic perspective. The author stands on the position that faith is of essence for law understood as a phenomenon and as regulations that play an active role in the life of community of believers. It is because faith is a factor in the processes of drafting law, interpreting law, and implementing law. The conclusion is that in the study of church law more attention should be paid to faith especially during the Year of faith.
Irracjonalność legalizacji związków homoseksualnych wobec jedynej i niepowtarzalnej wartości i roli małżeństwa i rodziny
Authors: Krzywda Józef
Published: September 2014

The problem treated in the paper refers to acts of legalization of homosexual partnerships which meets strong opposition not only from the Church but also from all the people who believe that marriage and family, rooted in the natural divine law, assure a proper development of these institutions while constituting the guarantee of the development of individual persons and societies.A common sense rational argument (recta ratio) in favor of respect for natural law, verified in the entire experience of human society by the existence of marriage and family, does not agree with acts of authorizing and legitimizing partnership of persons of the same sex.Rejection of – as John Paul II said – God as the Creator, and thus the rejection of the source of determining that which is good and wrong, stands as the root cause of the contestation of the notion of the “human nature”. Therein lies the essence of the problem of evil. There is then a justified hope that the acts in question will be disapproved and rejected by all who follow rational argument (recta ratio).
Konsekwencje prawne dopełnienia i niedopełnienia małżeństwa w prawie kanonicznym
Authors: Wójcik Andrzej
Published: September 2014

The article discuses the legal significance of consummation and non-consummation of marriage in the case of a sacramental marriage and in a marriage in which the category ratum does not apply. In the first part of the article the author presents a historical perspective on the formation of the category of consummation in marriage between baptized spouses and its significance for the absolute indissolubility of marriage. Next the author discusses consummation of marriage between a baptized party and a non-baptized party and the fact that such a consummation has no impact whatsoever on the very possibility of marriage dissolution. Furthermore, the author presents various types of the ratum et non consummatum marriage and attempts to decide who, depending on the type of such a marriage, has the competence to examine the case and submit the petition to the Supreme Pontiff requesting the favour of dissolution of the ratum et non consummatum marriage – the Tribunal of the Roman Rota or the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Finally, the author discuses the meaning of the legal figure of the non ratum et non consummatum marriage.
Psychologiczna koncepcja poszukiwania sacrum w religijności i duchowości
Authors: Krok Dariusz
Published: September 2014

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in the area of psychology of religion as regards religiousness and spirituality. In the past both terms overlapped substantially which was clearly visible in great spiritual traditions of many religions. Recently, however, spirituality has emerged as a distinct construct. Although, religiousness and spirituality have common characteristics they are generally regarded as related but not identical constructs. Both religiousness and spirituality are embedded within the context of “a search for the sacred” which refers to sacrum. The main difference is that religiousness represents the personal or communal search for the sacred that happens within a traditional and institutionalized context, while spirituality is usually understood as a search for the sacred at the level of the individual. The process of “search” entails the attempt to discover significance. People are goal-directed beings who pursue whatever they hold significant in their lives. The search for sacrum lies in the heart of religiousness and spirituality and can be found at multiple level of analysis: psychological, social, physical, and material. There are four main factors that determine the search for sacrum: developmental stage, culture and upbringing, life events, and activity. Their levels specify one’s religiousness and spirituality.
Przedstawienia Ducha Świętego na ikonach bizantyjskich i ruskich. Kanon ikonograficzny a dogmat teologiczny
Authors: Cyrek Olga
Published: September 2014

The article describes how Christian art depicted in the Third Person of the Trinity. It was quide difficult, because the Holy Spirit could not appear as a man. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the hidden remains an icon of the Holy Spirit, Mary, as a person completely penetrated him. On the third hypostasis of Marian icons also appeared as a dove further (the icon Annunciation), or as a light-gold.Christ’s presence on the perceptions of the Holy Spirit has been emphasized by showing the radius, or a small circle (the icon of Christ’s birth). He revealed himself as a dove hovering (the icon of the Baptism of Christ), or as light (the icon of the Transfiguration).However the icon showing a scene “Pentecost”, he reveals himself tongues of fire descending figure, which rest upon the Apostles.
Antropologiczny wymiar wiary. Spojrzenie Jana Pawła II
Authors: Gryz Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

The article analyzes, on the basis if the private letters of John Paul II, the anthropological dimension of faith which is, for the Pope, the essential good of faith because it reveals the goodness of human nature as rational and free being, able to recognize the trans-phenomenological truth and able to choose in free act the recognized truth.In the act of faith, this human ability is actualized in the most basic and deepest way, because it concerns the absolute reality, that is, the Absolute God.This thesis finds its confirmation in the personal journey of faith enacted by John Paul II. This journey can be summarized in the following points: upbringing in a Christian family, intellectual selfformation and personal search for the truth about the sense of life, reading of the Bible, experience of conformity between faith and personal structure of man, and consciousness of passing away and the hope for everlasting life in unity with God.
The allegorical sense of Gregory the Great’s commentary on the Song of Songs
Authors: Kasprzak Dariusz
Published: September 2014

Gregory the Great in his Expositio in Canticis Canticorum, created between the years 594 or 595 and 598, ends the patristic tradition of allegorical commentaries on Sg. We are not in the possession of the complete text of Gregory’s commentary, as the text of the Pope’s interpretations finishes at Sg 1 : 8. The text of the commentary as we have it at present shows some signs of a revision made by Gregory I himself and has features characteristic of the original oral version of the text. The comparative study of Origen’s and Gregory’s commentaries shows that Pope Gregory I was familiar with Origen’s homilies and commentary on Sg and used his writings while working on his own text, but only sparingly. Gregory I undoubtedly took from Origen the general approach, some phrases, and at times the way in which exegesis of a certain extract was executed. Gregory discussed the biblical text in accordance with the principles of intellectual, parenetic and pastoral interpretation. The primary interest of the Pope was to extract the spiritual-mystical meaning of the text, and the allegorical interpretation is supposed to help man read the biblical text so that he can love God and follow Him. The allegorical reading of Sg, and actually of the whole Bible as well, should consequently kindle the love of God in man and fill him with thoughts of God. Gregory I recommends a spiritual-ascetic reading of the Bible: the reader is supposed to change his habits for the better, be able to alienate himself ascetically from the surrounding world, and in this way acquire contemplation of Godly matters.
Oblicza dialogu wychowawczego w świetle adhortacji apostolskiej Familiaris consortio a wychowanie w rodzinie
Authors: Kądziołka Władysław
Published: September 2014

The article deals with the subject of searching the nature of the consecrated virginity in the Church. This analysis is based on the theological and liturgical aspects defined by Ordo Consecrationis Virginum and Ordo Professionis Religiosae. Therefore we take the assumption that the most appropriate criterion of its interpretation in the Christian reality can be found in the principle: lex orandi – lex credendi. From this perspective the consecrated virginity is perceived as positive reality as far as faith celebration is concerned. The liturgy describes virginity as a gift offered to man by God’s people. Faith is also a prize and through the liturgy it is able reach its highest point. Virginity glorified in the Christian reality becomes a present as well as it is not only connected with but also filled with faith. Virginity consecrated under liturgical circumstances gains both ontological and dynamic features typical of worship. This sequentially allows to understand that virginity is not simply the result of ascetic effort, nor it is the physical adornment of a believer. In fact it spreads on the whole person who is being revived by sacraments. It makes them improve by personal commitment marking their route through the history of salvation.
Najstarsze fazy kościoła parafialnego pod wezwaniem św. Małgorzaty i św. Stanisława w Żębocinie
Authors: Dryja Sławomir , Głowa Wojciech , Sławińska Joanna , Sławiński Stanisław
Published: September 2014

The paper has been based on archaeological and architectural exploration of the church in Żębocin carried out in 2011. Żębocin, a village in the Miechów district and the Proszowice deanery, had its beginnings reportedly in the mid-11th century. However, the first squire of Żębocin documented in historical sources was Tomko, coat of arms unknown, mentioned in 1384. According to tradition, the first church in the village, which has not survived, was built in the years 1059–1071 and consecrated by St. Stanislas of Szczepanów. In a local legend, the wife of knight Mikołaj of Żębocin took shelter in the tower of a stone church in Żębocin during the unrest in the reign of Boleslaus the Brave. The stone foundation under the north-eastern corner of the chancel belonged probably to a stone building, its function unknown, which may have stood there already in those turbulent times. The extant church, erected in the mid-13th century or soon afterwards, was a small single-nave structure with a chancel closed with a straight wall, built from bricks (with a wendian bond pattern on its elevation) on stone foundations. It combined two styles: Romanesque (as shown by the surviving splayed window in the northern elevation of the chancel) and Gothic (the brick ogival frame in the northern elevation of the nave). The important question whether the church had a tower from the start and where that tower was located remains undecided; the tower could have been incorporated into the body of the nave from the west or built above the chancel; it could also have been added afterwards, in the 16th century at the latest. Reportedly, the church in Żębocin once had a defensive character and was located in knights’ fortified town. Its founder may have been a progenitor of the Strzemieńczyk or the Odrowąż families. It should be remembered that Romanesque single-nave “village” churches built on a simple plan are quite frequent in Central Europe; there are nearly a hundred of them in Poland alone. In Żębocin, the extant tower of the church, the facade and the sacristy at the western side were built no later than ca. 1688.
Problem prostytucji w średniowiecznym Krakowie. Jana Falkenberga Iudicium de aedificandis domis pro meretricibus
Authors: Pawlina Arnold
Published: September 2014

The author focuses on the question of prostitution in the medieval Cracow in the light of edited-by- himself treaty by John Falkenberg Iudicium de aedificandis domis pro meretricibus. Writing his treaty Falkenberg was trying, at the request of the Municipal Council, answer the following questions: do laws established by people allow the existence of prostitutes, and: can the ruler of the city or councillors build brothels, put prostitutes there and then profit from such business. The text contains a short review of the problem of prostitution in Cracow of that time as well as the explanati of a context in which Falkenberg’s work was written. In the last part of the article, the author presents a two-part edition of the treaty.
Święcenia duchowieństwa przez biskupa krakowskiego Jana Rzeszowskiego (†1488)
Authors: Kaczmarek Krzysztof
Published: September 2014

The study presents Holy Orders of the Clergy given by Jan Rzeszowski the bishop of Cracow. Two registers of acolytes ordained by the Cracow ordinary between the years 1473 and 1473 in Kunow and Bodzentyn were used as the source of the study. The registers were included in the bishop’s book of duties, presently kept in the Archives of Metropolitan Curia in Cracow.The registers contain data of 21 persons who were ordained acolytes by the Cracow bishop. It is interesting that both ceremonies took place on Sunday. In 1473 as well as in 1475 the bishop ordained the presented clergy in places which were the capitals of groups of land estates of the Cracow bishoprics holding prominent places in the structure of the diocese.The registers of persons ordained by Jan Rzeszowski from 1473 and 1475 are the oldest relics of that kind, coming from the lands belonging to Poland and described in the subject literature so far.
Kryzys i reforma życia zakonnego XIV–XVI wieku i jego wpływ na dominikański klasztor łęczycki
Authors: Stolarczyk Tomasz
Published: September 2014

Although to a lesser degree, the 14th century crisis of religious life also embraced Mendicant Orders, including the Order of Preachers. Dominican brothers were obliged to respect the principles written down in the rule of St Augustine as well as in the constitution of the order which regulated the life of the Order as well as defined the Order’s organizational structure. Friars however, sometimes gave in to temptation and broke the rules of their communities. The convents’ style of life with characteristic disregard for the notion of religious community in the order and omnipresent individualism in every field was in conflict with the spirit and content of the rules and constitution of the Dominican, and was referred to as conventualism. The call to initiate a thorough reform of the law in the Order was given by Master General Raymond of Capua. At his command in every Dominican province within one year one monastery with at least 12 brothers was required to introduce the rule of regular observance – the renewal of relations from the period of the formation of the Order and strict adherence (observare) to the Order’s rules. The basic condition of the observance was enclosure. Observant Convents were excluded from the authority of the Provincial and subjected to the power of vicars designated by the Master General. This led to the creation of separate congregations sometimes uniting reformed monasteries from different provinces and countries.In the Polish province the observant reform officially began on 30 July 1432 in the Wroclaw monastery of St. Adalbert. The success of the reform was confirmed by Chelmno Chapter in 1519 only in the orders in Glogow, Legnica, Krosno (part of Silesia province) as well as in part of Mazovia province, whereas the entire division of the province of Greater Poland together with the Łęczyca monastery was subjected to special care of Andrew from Parczew. The same chapter tells Vicar General of the province to re-visit the convents and reintroduce the reform. The negative effects of the collapse of observance by Łęczyca Friars Preachers were serious and they appeared immediately. The convent had never exceeded the number of 12 monks present at one time till the end of its existence in 1799.There were several reasons for the fall of observance in Poland: the reform was superficial in its character, both conventualists and observants were under the authority of the provinces, small convents were poverty stricken. According to J. Kłoczowski the initiators of the reform wrongfully restricted the reform to moral issues only, ignoring the structural aspect. It led to many monks behave passively towards the attempts to introduce observance.
Rachunki kościoła parafialnego w Zatorze z lat 1559–1561
Authors: Stanko Przemysław
Published: September 2014

The bills of the parish church in Zator from the years 1559 to 1561 presented in this article complete the current knowledge about the history of the parish in Zator in the beginning of the modern age. They include information about running renovations and repairs as well as they bring in a lot of interesting information about the parish school. They provide intelligence on the care over church paraments and the ways of obtaining them. They also bring unknown so far, especially for the linguists, knowledge about bring the knowledge of the surnames of both Zator townspeople and peasants living around the city, which might be of particular interest for linguists.
Źródła do historii dominikańskiego studium generale w Krakowie w epoce nowożytnej. Stan badań i perspektywy badawcze
Authors: Szymborski Wiktor
Published: September 2014

Main objective of the essay under consideration was investigation and characterized most important source materials stocked at the Archive of the Cracow’s Dominican Province to present the history of their studium generale during the Modern period. Also, the current knowledge of a.m. period of studium generale was screened- out and some searching hypothesis were proposed concerning the history of the Cracow’s Dominican studium generale. The searching time frame have been limited to XVI up to XVII century. Taken into consideration, the current status of research works performed so far, one ought to stated that the Modern Epoch has not been searched out with the same consciousness compare to the Medieval one. As the most important printed source materials, one ought to account the documents issued by the general and provincial chapters of the Convent. The documents of the provincial chapters have been listed and screened by Father Fabian Madura, and were stocked as the typescript formats at the Cracow’s Dominican Convent Library.Based on the searched source materials of General Chapter of Dominican Convent at Cracow, it is possible to present the general overview of the convent education system and its changes in due time. Due to the records found it would be possible to identify – position and name – the Dominicans nominated to the Convent stadium generale. The most important manuscript stocked at the Cracow’s Dominican Convent Archive as the education system is concern, is so called Liber Studii Generalis cracoviensis (rkps 20). This manuscript covers the list of friars who have been nominated to work at stadium generale. A.m. document has to verify and compare with other sources.Taken into consideration above mention facts, it seems to be as most important searching activities to describe the convent society of the Cracow’s Dominicans. At the essay some detailed searching hypothesis were presented, such as searching and reviewing the personnel of studium generale, the convent, intellectual culture both teachers and scholar, legal aspects related to the convent’s education system, links and cooperation between the Cracow’s University and studium generale and the Dominicans activities both sacrum and profanum.
„Opłakane czasy” – epidemia dżumy w Krakowie w latach 1707–1710. Przyczynek do badań nad upadkiem królewskiego miasta
Authors: Karpacz Emilia
Published: September 2014

The beginning of the XVIIIth century has been recorded in history of the city of Cracow as a time of war and famine. “Pitiful times” – such term was used in the chronicle of the Norbertine Sisters Convent. This cataclysms was followed by the last one and the most dangerous of them – an epidemic. The plague was a deathblow to the city on the verge of falling into ruin.One of the most important goals of the article is pointing the connections between physical, economical or spiritual state of the municipal community and enormous proportions as well as consequences of the plague. Considerations are started from describing the situation in Cracow and nearest vicinity the day before cataclysm. Subsequently Authoress characterized preventive measures, basing on municipal bills and regulations. The main part of the article presents the drama of the ordinary cracovians. To throw light on the depth of demographical, cultural and spiritual crisis in the city, the view of situation is completed by statistics based on ecclesiastical sources – records and acts of the chapters of The Dominican Order. Authoress refers also to the texts publicized in Cracow at the begging of the XVIIIth century – from medical treatises to panegyric written by Marcin Ksawery Szumliński to venerate the authorities of the city fighting against the plague.
Geneza powstania rozporządzenia Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 22 marca 1928 roku o postępowaniu administracyjnym
Authors: Myślińska Katarzyna
Published: September 2014

The following article highlights the drafts upon which the Polish President’s order, dated 22nd of March 1928, was based. Administrative proceedings were thought to be a new and complicated subject. Therefore it was very important to set the law ruling the administrative proceedings in order for the administrative authorities to function properly. The lack of these law rules caused long delays and errors in the administrative proceedings. The President’s order was a result of the urgency for the administrative proceedings to be equal as they were different in the counties and were showing the lack of unity. There were cases where the Supreme Court of Administration was turning down administrative judgements because of their failure to comply with the correct administrative proceedings. As there were no equal rules as far as the administrative proceedings are concerned the officials and government authorities had to seek the solution in other statutes and law orders.President’s order, dated 22nd of March 1928 came into life during a very busy legislation time. The law making was very chaotic and the reasoning is very superficial. However that very complex act of law which was based on the experience of the government officials and vast Supreme Court of Administration judgements was sufficiently outlining the subject and rules of administrative proceedings.
Polityka Jana Pawła II wobec Kościołów za żelazną kurtyną w drugiej połowie lat osiemdziesiątych XX wieku
Authors: Kopyś Tadeusz
Published: September 2014

The declining years of the communist regimes towards the end of the 80s as well as the on-going process of a thaw in political relations was also reflected in the Vatican’s policy towards Christians in Eastern Europe. The task was not easy as the hierarchs of the Orthodox Church in Russia were afraid of ecumenical slogans propagated by the pope. They even presented their own, competitive ideas, whose aim was to discredit John Paul II’s diplomatic efforts. The Pope’s policy towards churches in other European countries (Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland) did not assume a common approach as the fate of Christians there was shaped independently from each other and even with certain respect granted by the Kremlin towards the uniqueness of each country. The key aspect of John Paul II’s policy towards the countries of Eastern Europe was the pursuit of spiritual renewal of Christianity in the East, which was supposed to be started with the pilgrimage to the USSR (Ukraine, Moscow and Lithuania).
Metody badań archeologii podwodnej na przykładzie wraków znalezionych u wybrzeży Langwedocji i Prowansji
Authors: Góralczyk Agnieszka
Published: September 2014

Celem prac archeologicznych prowadzonych na lądzie i pod wodą jest zdobycie jak największej ilości informacji na podstawie znalezionych zabytków. Archeologia lądowa i podwodna opiera się na podobnej metodyce badań, ale różni stosowanymi narzędziami, odmiennymi warunkami pracy i środowiska naturalnego ze względu na ograniczone możliwości ludzkiego organizmu nieprzystosowanego do dłuższego przebywania pod wodą bez uszczerbku dla zdrowia, odmienne funkcjonowanie zmysłów ludzkich oraz wyższe koszty prac wykopaliskowych niż na lądzie. Wraki nie pozostają w nienaruszonym stanie, lecz przez cały czas ulegają destrukcji powodowanej czynnikami fizycznymi, chemicznymi i biologicznymi oraz działalnością miejscowej flory i fauny (na małych i średnich głębokościach w większym stopniu niż na dużych), co wymusza jak najszybsze tempo pracy. Obecnie stosowane metody badań podwodnych nie zmieniły się od lat siedemdziesiątych. Wraz z szybszym tempem rozwoju techniki obserwowanym na początku lat osiemdziesiątych i wprowadzeniem do badań nowoczesnych, małych łodzi podwodnych, robotów i systemów lokalizacyjnych wykorzystujących dane satelitarne zwiększyła się liczba prac eksploracyjnych na stanowiskach podmorskich w latach osiemdziesiątych i w pierwszej połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych. Przyszłość archeologii podwodnej związana jest z badaniem dużych i wielkich głębokości oraz rozwojem cybernetyki i informatyki.
Letania more solito dicantur. Przyczynek do badań nad pobożnością maryjną wśród średniowiecznych dominikanów
Authors: Oleś Piotr
Published: September 2014

Głównym przedmiotem studium jest prezentacja okoliczności powstania oraz miejsca w pobożności średniowiecznych dominikanów modlitwy zwanej potocznie litanią dominikańską, dominikanów (Litaniae Ordinis Praedicatorum quae dicuntur in omnibus tribulationibus). Dokładny czas powstania tej litanii nie jest znany. Po raz pierwszy wzmianka na jej temat pojawia się w związku z pewnym niezwykle dla zakonu groźnym incydentem, który miał miejsce w latach pięćdziesiątych XIII wieku. 21 listopada 1254 roku papież Innocenty IV ogłosił bullę Etsi Animarum, która w dramatyczny sposób ograniczała przywileje zakonów mendykanckich dotyczące głoszenia kazań, spowiedzi, jałmużny jak i wielu innych. Legenda związana z litanią przekazuje, że wówczas bracia rozpoczęli gorliwe jej odmawianie, w następstwie którego papież Innocenty IV zmarł. Bez względu na zasadność tej opowieści, jest faktem że w 1256 roku kapituła Generalna w Paryżu nakazała całemu zakonowi odmawianie tej litanii. Pierwotny kształt Litanii do Najświętszej Panny, pozostaje nieznany. Poszukiwania najstarszej, zachowanej w całości wersji litanii wiodą do jednego przekazu rękopiśmiennego, pochodzącego dopiero z roku 1500.