bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management by objectives and the Balanced Scorecard: will Rome fall again?
Authors: Dinesh David , Palmer Elaine
Published: July 2002

Drucker introduced management by objectives (MBO) in the late 1950s. Kaplan and Norton introduced the Balanced Scorecard in the early 1990s. MBO and the Balanced Scorecard are management systems that align tangible objectives with an organisation’s vision. This article compares and contrasts the two management systems. The examination concludes that the philosophical intents and practical application of MBO and the Balanced Scorecard stem from similar precepts. The examination of patterns of MBO implementation also illuminates possible problems in the application of the Balanced Scorecard. Implementation of MBO suffers from two main problems. Partial implementation: taking a portion of a prescription does not provide the cure. Second, a patent disregard for MBO’s core philosophy that calls for goal congruence through collaboration. Our forecast is that partial implementation will remain as a problem for the Balanced Scorecard. An increasing rate of change in business encourages this (because development of organisation‐wide scorecards takes too long). However, we think that current management will use more collaboration than was the case with MBO, because of the influence of total quality management (TQM which encourages collaboration).
Internet and employee productivity
Authors: Wen H. Joseph , Lin Binshan
Published: July 2002

With the explosion of interest in the Internet, deploying desktop Internet access for corporations is becoming common place. Corporate managers are dealing with issues of blocking objectionable material and limiting the viewing of leisure sites that can impede employee productivity. The concerns are two‐fold: corporations need to block and monitor any elements deemed unfit for employees on the Internet, which can include references to issues such as sex, violence, nudity, racism and pornography, just to mention a few; curb the amount of time employees spend on the Web surfing sports and personal leisure sites when they should be working. Useful guidelines do exist for managers looking to evaluate employee productivity in the Internet‐based world. It largely consists of taking a systematic approach to the exploration of broad‐gauged questions about Internet access issues, blocking and monitoring, and the nature of your corporate culture or policies.
What are assets anyway? Some practical realities
Authors: Tollington Tony
Published: July 2002

Addresses the UK accounting definition of an asset from a practical, theoretical and critical perspective. It suggests that it is a flawed definition in need of change. The accounting definition (UK and US) recognises assets arising from a “transaction or event”, a basis which, inter alia, is inadequate for the task of recognising often hugely valuable, internally created assets, such as brands, software and research patents. As providers of financial information to management, the accounting profession has a duty to account for all the tangible and intangible assets of a business. However, as this paper shows, there are many practical circumstances in which it fails in this task.
An integrated framework for activity‐based decision making
Authors: Partridge Mike , Perren Lew
Published: July 2002

Activity‐based costing (ABC) data have the potential to inform a wide range of management decisions. Recently the term Activity‐based management (ABM) has emerged to describe any application of ABC data, but there is currently no framework which pulls together the disparate strands of potential uses. We have conducted a systematic review of internationally reported ABC applications to produce an integrated and comprehensive ABM framework for management decision making. Traditional methods of costing are critically evaluated as a precursor to explaining the ABC model. We go on to illustrate our ABM framework with case examples.
An analysis and experiences on the management of international and joint R&D projects
Authors: Gunasekaran A.
Published: July 2002

International and joint R&D projects have been gaining due attention from large‐scale companies all over the world, especially with the development of new production concepts and technologies and internationalization of operations such as manufacturing, projects, and services. The major issues that confront the international R&D projects are the management focus, the strategic approach and methods for improving the effectiveness of international and joint R&D projects. In this paper, a conceptual model is developed to discuss these issues. Then, the experiences of Finnish large‐scale companies on international R&D projects are presented with help of the conceptual model. Based on the literature review and the experiences of Finnish international firms, a framework has been offered for successfully managing international and joint R&D projects.
Innovate or liquidate ‐ are all organisations convinced? A two‐phased study into the innovation process
Authors: Zhuang Lee , Williamson David , Carter Mike
Published: July 2002

Striving to survive in the ever changing world, the ability to innovate has become increasingly crucial. But are all organisations convinced? Based on data collected from a recent survey and a telephone interview, this article examines the general understanding of issues concerning innovation among managers and their ability to translate this understanding into practice. The study reveals that while most organisations have realised the importance of innovation and are prepared to mobilise their managers to be involved in innovation projects, many of them have not yet been able to create an innovation culture and devise suitable policies to encourage innovation positively within the wider context of their organisations. It is also discovered that there is a surprisingly low level of understanding of the most commonly known innovation techniques, yet most people dismiss the value of creativity training programmes conducted in their organisations, raising serious concerns over the effectiveness of these programmes.
Downsizing: an examination of some successes and more failures
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Close Tamara G. , Klasa Sandy
Published: July 2002

Focuses on downsizing and reviews selected research on organizational change and downsizing. Addresses the issues of “survivors”, and also covers the strategic concerns in planning a downsizing operation and attempts to determine some specific reasons why some companies succeed at downsizing while others do not. Discusses an organization’s context, composed of culture, level of trust and level of leadership, since it has a profound effect on a company’s downsizing strategy. Examines case studies of Compaq Computer, the State of Oregon, and Patagonia and supports the need for the concerns of the surviving employees to be listened to. In the case of these downsizings, the surviving employees were successfully shown that they should not feel victimized by the downsizing process, but instead should see this process as an opportunity for personal growth.
Governance structures, size and corporate performance in UK firms
Authors: Laing David , Weir Charles M.
Published: July 2002

Analyses the extent of Cadbury compliance and its impact on corporate performance in the UK. Comparing 1992 and 1995, we find that UK public companies have, in general, complied with the Cadbury Committee’s Code of Best Practice and have adopted the recommended governance structures. However, compliance is more common among larger firms. Thus we find that duality is less common, firms tend to have more than three non‐executive directors and that there has been an almost universal adoption of board subcommittees such as the remuneration and audit committees. However, little evidence is found to suggest either that the board characteristics recommended by Cadbury lead to improved performance or that moving towards them improves performance. The only governance mechanism which does positively affect performance is the presence of remuneration and audit committees.
The role of quality in strategic management
Authors: Dennis Beecroft G.
Published: July 2002

Many organizations treat strategic planning as a confidential exercise. While more and more organizations practice quality improvement initiatives, they fail to see the linkage between quality, productivity and profitability. Therefore, the impact of these improvement efforts does not get integrated into their strategic and business planning processes. Hoshin kanri is an excellent tool for this strategic quality planning exercise.
Exploring the common ground of total relationship management (TRM) and total quality management (TQM)
Authors: Zineldin Mosad
Published: July 2002

This paper is a continuation of our research effort to develop a new approach to total relationship management. It is a theoretical and conceptual one, providing marketing and management ideas on how to integrate total quality management (TQM) and total relationship management (TRM) in order to achieve better quality relationships, product/service and process. Aims to shed light on how TRM and TQM can be integrated, and to suggest how the work on TQM can add impetus to successful TRM. First, the role of quality in customer satisfaction and relationships, and the main philosophy behind TRM, are discussed. TRM, quality, loyalty and profitability are examined; some TQM tools are suggested for possible use with the TRM approach to improve its functions. Finally, the common grounds of TQM and TRM, and the common principles for TRM success, are identified.
Management development: a new role in social change?
Authors: Clarke Martin
Published: July 2002

Traditional approaches to organizational change are of little use in the bid for increased innovation as they reinforce top‐down predictability. An alternative approach is through the creation of pockets of good practice which act as role models of change. These pockets need to be subversive of existing practices but simultaneously deliver organizational success criteria. The success of this approach is dependent upon managers developing a critical perspective about organizational control systems. Contrary to received wisdom the foundation for this critical perspective may be most usefully developed from the manager’s own cynical experience of organizational life. In building this critical perspective management development may begin to fulfil a wider educational role in society.
Narrowing the digital divide: initiatives undertaken by the Association of South‐East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Authors: Paul Johnson
Published: July 2002

The purpose is to provide an understanding of the issue of the “digital divide” and to describe how the Association of South‐East Asian Nations (ASEAN) has attempted to address this issue at the regional level. It is not an attempt to provide an exhaustive treatment of initiatives undertaken by the ASEAN regional grouping, but aims to provide sufficient information as to where the region is heading and the limitations at the regional level in undertaking this mammoth task. Concludes with directions for libraries and information providers.
Resistant starch: a potential functional food ingredient
Authors: Niba Lorraine L.
Published: July 2002

As the substantial contribution of resistant starch to food nutritional quality and disease prevention becomes more obvious, the challenge of incorporating it in the diet and increasing its intake remains. Western diets in particular, are estimated to have very low levels of resistant starch, and this has been linked to the prevalence of some of the non‐infectious diseases such as colorectal cancer and type 2 diabetes. There is a need therefore to increase the consumption of foods high in resistant starch. Resistant starch levels in food are determined by the nature of the starch and the processing techniques applied in production. Application of processes that optimize and stabilize resistant starch and its utilization as an ingredient in functional food product development will greatly contribute to its availability for consumption. This will enable attainment of the attendant physiological benefits of resistant starch, primarily in the area of disease prevention.
The nutrition label – which information is looked at?
Authors: Higginson C.S. , Rayner M.J. , Draper S. , Kirk T.R.
Published: July 2002

Nutrition labels are seen as offering the potential to educate consumers about healthy eating and to encourage and enable them to make healthy food choices. This study used verbal protocol analysis, a method new to food choice research, to examine which parts of the nutrition label are currently used by consumers when shopping “normally” and for “healthy” foods. The implications of the findings for nutrition educators are discussed.
The “Eating for Pregnancy” Helpline Service
Authors: Dimond Hilary , Ford Fiona , Fraser Robert
Published: July 2002

Provides details on one of the functions of the Centre for Pregnancy
Nutrition at the University of Sheffield, namely the running of a
nationwide helpline service (the “Eating for Pregnancy” Helpline). This
service is available to the public, professionals working with
pre‐pregnant, pregnant and lactating women, fellow researchers and the
media, and provides information on all aspects of nutrition through
pre‐pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation. Describes by whom the service
has been used during the first 28 months of its existence (September
1991‐December 1993), a breakdown of the type of enquiries which have
been received and, in the main, a summary of the advice which is given
in response to the most common enquiries.
The Intake and Acceptance of Fat in the Diet
Authors: Mela D.J.
Published: July 2002

Fat consumption in the UK has remained stable at 40 per cent of energy
intake for the past 25 years, despite widely publicized recommendations
for reductions. Briefly reviews some of the possible reasons why fat
intake is at this high level, and why consumers find it difficult to
reduce intakes. First, there may be psychobiological effects of fats
which serve to maintain liking for fat‐associated sensory
characteristics. Second, consumers often have a poor conception of their
own fat intake and the relative contributions of different food sources.
Lastly, there is little known about the factors influencing long‐term
dietary change. These are issues which research in nutrition and food
science can and should address.
Five a Day? Factors Affecting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in
Scotland
Authors: Anderson Annie S. , Marshall David , Lean Mike , Foster Ann
Published: July 2002

Compared with the rest of the UK, the Scots have a particularly poor
reputation for eating fruit and vegetables. The reasons for this are
varied and thought to relate to climate, availability and poor quality,
with the costs of these foods being a major barrier to dietary change.
To examine this in further detail, a number of focus group discussions
were carried out and key questions used in the monthly national Scottish
Opinion Survey. Discusses the results, which showed that Scots are
complacent about dietary change and the concept of “dietary
moderation” provides good grounds for inaction. Quantitative guidelines
such as the WHO (World Health Organization) recommendation to consume
400g (about five portions) of fruit and vegetables daily provide clear
guidelines for dietary goals and allow diets to be planned on both on an
individual and a catering level.
The analysis of micronutrients in the diet
Authors: Coultate T.P. , Sumar S. , Davies F.G.
Published: July 2002

Provides an overview of the analytical methods used to quantify
micronutrients (metals, non‐metals and vitamins) present in food.
Considers the principles of the methods of analysis employed.
Physical methods for the identification of irradiated foodstuffs
Authors: Rahman R. , Haque A.K.M.M. , Sumar S.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the various physical methods available for the detection of
irradiated foods in the areas of: measuring changes in physical
properties; luminescent detection; and electron spin resonance.
Concludes that many of the techniques hold great potential as simple
screening methods.
Trans fatty acids: time for legislative action?
Authors: Ovesen Lars , Leth Torben
Published: July 2002

Trans fatty acids arise as a result of hydrogenation processes in
margarine manufacture, and in nature in the rumen of ruminant animals.
Concern that high intake of trans fatty acids may increase the risk of
coronary heart disease has been strengthened by recent studies. Further,
there is evidence that trans fatty acids may adversely affect foetal and
neonatal growth and development. Therefore, a reduced intake of trans
fatty acids seems prudent. Certain foods, particularly stick margarines,
shortenings and hydrogenated frying fats, contain large amounts of trans
fatty acids, and are the main reason for the rather high intake of trans
fatty acids in the USA and northern European countries, including
Denmark. Therefore, the National Food Agency is presently working on a
legal provision to reduce the level of trans fatty acids in these
products.
Recipe for food safety
Authors: Worsfold Denise
Published: July 2002

Statistics show an increase in the number of family outbreaks of
food poisoning. Contends that many handling techniques necessary to
prevent outbreaks of food‐borne disease are unknown, misunderstood and
not followed in the home. Some food preparation operations are more
frequently implicated in outbreaks of food poisoning than others. Argues
that instead of promoting general compliance with the food hygiene
principles of good catering practice, the food safety educator should
focus the attention of the consumer on those factors which are critical
to safety of the product. Suggests that essential safe food handling
techniques could be incorporated into recipes in magazines and cookery
books which are used by many consumers. Presents a systematic approach
to analysing recipes for potential hazards, based on the HACCP system;
illustrates the approach with a relevant example.
Garlic ‐ a panacea for health and good taste?
Authors: Ahmad John I.
Published: July 2002

Garlic (Allium sativum L) is becoming increasingly popular as an important component in the culinary vocabulary of the cooks in this country. Humans are known to have consumed garlic for many millennia as a cure for a wide variety of different conditions. Its volatile components are reputed to have antithrombotic, antimicrobial, free radical scavenger activity associated with them. Its mythical medicinal properties are now being studied scientifically and some of the claims have been proven to be correct. Ten years ago garlic would have been difficult to obtain except in the speciality health shops or ethnic supermarkets: now it is freely available everywhere.
Chemistry in the kitchen: fish and fish products
Authors: Bayliss Peter
Published: July 2002

Reviews the characteristics of differing fish types along with their structure, composition and quality. Examines organoleptic changes associated with microbial, oxidative and enzymic spoilage during post‐harvest storage of fish.
Iron
Authors: Arens Ursula
Published: July 2002

Iron is found widely in the diet, but there are many factors that affect its absorption. Haem iron, found in meat, is well absorbed whereas non‐haem iron absorption is variable, and affected by many other components in the diet. Requirements for iron are highest in women, and during infancy and adolescence. Intakes of iron in the UK are generally within the range of iron reference values; however, a sub‐group of women with particularly high requirements may benefit from supplements.
The safe use of recycled and reused plastics in food contact materials ‐ part II
Authors: Crockett Carole , Sumar Sam
Published: July 2002

The use of plastic as packaging material has been increasing at an exponential rate with time over the past decades. After use, most of the plastic waste has traditionally been disposed of into landfills, which in turn have led to serious environmental concerns, but landfill sites are decreasing. Discusses options such as recycling and reuse of post‐ consumer plastics, which may contribute to solving these environmental problems and touches on relevant European legislation.
Bile acids and health: is fibre the answer?
Authors: Salter Jonathan , Chaplin Martin , Dickerson John , Davies Jill
Published: July 2002

Bile acids are usually related to biliary problems such as gallstones, but are in fact implicated in other diseases as well. Reviews bile acid formation in the body and its role in digestion. Discusses the concept that a diet involving fibre, particularly non‐starch polysaccharides, may be the key to health with respect to coronary heart disease and colon cancer, through interactions with the bile acids. Points out that this is not a new idea but one that still needs further investigation.
The Family Food Challenge ‐ a fresh approach to oral health promotion
Authors: Bronwen Cramer Sarah
Published: July 2002

The Family Food Challenge is a teaching pack for secondary schools. Pioneered as a result of concern in Hampshire about the eating habits of British teenagers, one of nine schools currently using the pack has completed a pilot. The pack is based on national statistics on the diets of British teenagers and regional observations of eating behaviours of school‐aged children. The pack contains ten challenges for children and their families to teach them in a practical manner the significance and benefits of adequate nutrition. Describes how the pack came about, theories on which it was based, details of the pack’s contents, how it is used and an evaluation of its success. The pack is not only of regional consequence, but also has national implications for teachers and health professionals involved in oral health promotion.
Processing of fruit and vegetables: effect on carotenoids
Authors: Thane Christopher , Reddy Sheela
Published: July 2002

Reviews the potential impact of processing procedures on carotenoid form and content. Fruit and vegetables, in particular, are abundant sources of carotenoids in the diet. Many fruit and vegetables are subjected to various types of processing prior to consumption. Fruit may be canned, dried or processed into juices, while vegetables may be blanched, dehydrated, frozen, canned and also processed into juices. Factors such as heat, light and oxygen exposure may have detrimental effects (including destruction and isomerization, with loss of vitamin A activity), while some procedures may bring benefits (such as increased unit content and retention, breakdown of inhibitory structures and enhanced bioavailability). Concludes that the extent and nature of processing can have a significant impact on the form and content of carotenoids in processed fruit and vegetables.
Statistics for food science V: comparison of many groups (part A)
Authors: Bower John A.
Published: July 2002

Describes statistical methods applied to three or more sample groups. Discusses analysis of variance in parametric forms and the requirement for experimental design control before its application.
Conducting dietary surveys in hospitals: some practical considerations
Authors: McGlone P. , Dickerson J. , Davies J.
Published: July 2002

Looks mainly at issues raised during an investigation based on hospital “feeding” of Bengali and British patients in a large general hospital. Particularly considers a range of factors relating to the carrying out of such an investigation, including recruitment of patients, type of dietary survey, duration of survey and implications of the Food Safety Act. Concludes that problems relating to nutrition in hospital are complex and relate not only to the food itself but also to factors such as the delivery of the food.
Nutritional demands of farmed marine fish
Authors: Day Owen , Howell Bari
Published: July 2002

Describes some of the important nutritional issues involved in the development of farming techniques for marine fish. The key phase of larval rearing remains dependent on the use of live foods, but because of problems with the nutritional quality as well as availability of the limited number of suitable organisms their replacement with suitable formulated feeds is a high current priority. Feeding the juvenile stages is less challenging, but there is a need to maximize the utilization of these feeds in order to improve cost effectiveness. An important issue during the on‐growing stages, when food demand is high and a major component of production costs, is the need to identify and develop alternative protein sources to fish meal.
Baking technology at South Bank University
Authors: Bent Alan , Thacker David , Whieldon Michael
Published: July 2002

Focuses on research and teaching in the field of bakery technology, including aspects involving food nutrition. Main research activities involve the transfer of research findings and associated technology to small and medium sized enterprises under the Teaching Company Initiative. One of these involves the development of foods for sufferers of coeliac syndrome.
Approaches to defining the optimal dietary folate intake for cardiovascular health
Authors: McDowell Ian F.W. , Ashfield‐Watt Pauline
Published: July 2002

Looks at the role of dietary folate for cardiovascular health. Considers the hypothesis that a diet poor in folate may lead to accelerated vascular disease. Also looks at the role of some enzymes with regard to cardiovascular disease.
Dietary reference values for vitamin K: where are we now?
Authors: Bolton‐Smith Caroline , Shearer Martin J.
Published: July 2002

Notes that vitamin K has long been known to be required for blood clotting, and more recent evidence suggests a role in bone mineralization, atherosclerosis, and apoptosis. Guidelines for vitamin K intake were set in 1991; however, the food compositional data and intake levels in the UK were not known and, as such, no dietary reference values were set. Since then, work in the field has progressed enormously, with a provisional food composition database being developed, both in the UK and USA, and a healthy population reference plasma range for K1 has been established in the UK in parallel with detailed estimates of K1 intake. Plasma K1 and the proportion of undercarboxylated prothrombin and osteocalcin have been identified as sensitive functional markers of vitamin K status. Current work on aspects of vitamin K and bone health in the elderly will further assist with the setting of dietary reference values for the future.
Public concerns about general and specific applications of genetic engineering: a comparative study between the UK and Italy
Authors: Saba Anna , Moles Anna , Frewer Lynn J.
Published: July 2002

Public opinion regarding the application and development of genetic engineering is likely to be an important factor influencing the future development of the technology, and its subsequent application within the commercial sector. Recent studies have been carried out which have assessed public attitudes to biotechnology, and in particular genetic engineering, but there is little empirical work to understand cross‐cultural differences in attitudes, other than that using an opinion poll methodology, particularly in a cross‐cultural context. This study seeks to compare public concerns assessed by a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis in the UK and Italy. The results show that, despite the fact that Italians used a poorer vocabulary to describe their concerns compared to the British respondents, both samples clustered the applications in a similar way. Perceptions of need and benefit were important in both Italy and the UK as determinants of acceptance of particular applications. However, while negative constructs in Italy were predominantly focused on ethical issues, respondents in the UK focused on both risk‐related issues and ethical considerations; nevertheless, the pattern of concern regarding different applications were similar in both countries.
A vegan food guide for vegans: a possible approach
Authors: Lightowler Helen , Davies Jill , Long Alan
Published: July 2002

Discusses the need for a food guide for vegans. Looks at the nutritional information and advice found in current popular vegan cookery books, including: sample menus; food groupings; food descriptions and recipes. Suggests a possible approach to a vegan food guide (VFG) incorporating foods suitable for this group. Concludes that more work needs to be undertaken in this area to develop the VFG and to ensure that the VFG is made readily available to vegans.
Understanding flavour release: the key to better food flavour?
Authors: Taylor A.J. , Linforth R.S.T.
Published: July 2002

The flavour of food is one of the key factors determining food quality and acceptance. When food is eaten, flavour compounds are released at different rates, depending on the physical properties of the molecules themselves and on the physical and chemical properties of the food matrix. When foods are reformulated to meet dietary goals (e.g. low sugar or fat, high fibre) there is a change in flavour release properties which adversely affects the perceived flavour. Flavour analysis has generally ignored the temporal aspects of flavour release but this parameter may help explain subtle differences in flavour perception. Methods for measuring sensory changes with time (time intensity analysis) are well established but methods for measuring the flavour volatiles delivered to the olfactory receptors have recently developed to the stage where detection at the ug/kg (ppb) level is achievable. Results from these measurements have been used to study flavour release from a range of foods. One application of this technique is to determine the differences in flavour release between regular and low‐fat foods. The information obtained can be used to reformulate flavours in a systematic manner to improve the flavour of low‐fat products.
TasteTech ‐ the taste of things to come
Authors: Sinton Roger
Published: July 2002

TasteTech’s CR100 process enables flavourings and ingredients to be microencapsulated as free‐flowing powders and then released on a controlled basis during the food manufacturer’s process when the conditions are right. CR100 utilises carrier materials which have been tailored to suit the end foodstuff into which the flavouring or ingredient is to be added. The flavouring and ingredient components are injected inline prior to mixing and atomisation. The CR100 process does not require high drying temperatures and consequently the expensive top notes of the flavour or active components of the ingredient are not lost through the process. TasteTech have applied their CR100 process to many key ingredients including sodium bicarbonate, peppermint oil, sodium diacetate and many spices.
Mycotoxins and food safety
Authors: Atkins David , Norman Julie
Published: July 2002

A review of the food safety implications of crops contaminated by mycotoxins. Each of the most important mycotoxins, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and patulin, are described individually with details of national and international safety evaluations and the UK’s controls to protect consumer safety. The state of play of EC proposals to harmonise national laws on mycotoxins is also described. Consumer perceptions of risk from these natural toxicants are assessed. Mycotoxins present a potential threat to consumer safety. Continued vigilance is necessary to ensure that regulatory and advisory limits are complied with. MAFF surveys regularly check the foods most at risk of contamination and where a problem is unearthed, consumers and industry are alerted as soon as possible through rapid publication procedures. Subsequent monitoring of the situation ensures that effective action is taken to protect consumer safety.
Operating a distance learning module within an undergraduate work placement: some reflections
Authors: Gammie Elizabeth , Gammie Bob , Duncan Fiona
Published: July 2002

The inclusion of a 12‐month work placement within an undergraduate degree programme in accounting resulted in the development of a distance‐learning auditing module to facilitate maximum accreditation from professional bodies. The pitfalls of such an approach have been well documented. The course team have produced a model that has been implemented and is currently operating, which has achieved a balance that has largely satisfied all respective stakeholders, namely students, lecturers, employers, professional bodies, and external examiners. This has been done through the use of certain strategic control mechanisms. The initiative has been reviewed through a series of unstructured focus groups. The main findings were that initial detailed contact with all stakeholders is fundamental to success in developing and implementing innovations, especially in the accounting curriculum. Equity is a key feature and must be addressed to ensure that all students have the opportunity to maximise their performance.
Reconciling industry and academia: perspectives on the apparel design curriculum
Authors: Wright Janith , Cushman Linda , Nicholson Amanda
Published: July 2002

Investigates which attributes were perceived to be important for the success of graduates from apparel design programs. The research design used was Q‐methodology, where 29 respondents from the apparel design industry and academia sorted 47 positive statements on a Likert scale. Results showed disparity of thought between the university educators and the apparel design professionals. The industry believed strong affective skills were the most desirable characteristics for the success of future design professionals. In contrast, almost half of the educators chose cognitive attributes as most important to students’ success. The industry’s general agreement was that academicians would rate different characteristics as important than did the industry professionals.
Human adaptation to shift work in improving health, safety and productivity – some recommendations
Authors: Ahasan Rabiul
Published: July 2002

Advances in technology result in changes to working methods and patterns. These are compounded by the need to be competitive in a global economy. Particular changes are seen in many developing countries which are attempting to compete with the more sophisticated and advanced nations. Workers in such countries may find it difficult to adapt to the new working regimes. Currently, there is little information available in the literature that supports the effective design of shift schedules, which offer effective productivity levels, while maintaining the health and safety of shift workers and offering them appropriate levels of job satisfaction. Incorporates a multidimensional approach to addressing this issue and makes recommendations designed to improve the wellbeing of shift workers through a consideration of the effects of shift work on work attitudes, job satisfaction and family/social life, while recognising that any approach to change must be consistent with the local economic and competitive environment.
Women in the workplace: revisiting the production soldiers, 1939‐1945
Authors: Cardinali Richard
Published: July 2002

More than any other war in history, the Second World War was a battle of production. The Germans and their allies had a ten‐year start amassing weapons. It was clear that Europe and the USA were playing a game of catch‐up, and it was equally clear that the side with the most aircraft, bombs, tanks and weapons would likely be the side that would win the war. Yet much of the workforce went to war and many women formed the logical alternative, though inexperienced, workforce. This was a culture change – the demands of wartime production had to take precedence over women’s conventional domestic roles, particularly those of married women. Few women in the USA had ever seen the inside of any manufacturing plant, let alone a defense plant, or the inside of a war plane or tank. But as their sisters abroad did, they left their kitchens, learned quickly and were wonderfully successful.
Measuring and managing customer value
Authors: Evans George
Published: July 2002

Customer value management (CVM) aims to improve the productivity of marketing activity, and the profitability of business by identifying the value of different customer segments and aligning marketing strategies, plans and resourcing accordingly. There are two complementary approaches to CVM. The first attempts to measure and evaluate the perceived value placed on goods/services by customers. This information is used as the basis of continuous review and improvement of those goods/services. The second approach measures the value of specific customers, or customer segments, to the organisation and uses this to tailor marketing activity. Addressed together these approaches ensure that both sides of a business relationship gain added value. This paper explains the concept of CVM and key issues in using it to drive more effective marketing activity.
The disorganized organization
Authors: Daniels Shirley
Published: July 2002

The current structures of large organizations exist because of a
particular history. The basic organizational model is a military one
– because, for most of history, the only really large
organizations were the military and the church (and for much of that
time, they were not dissimilar). The large industrial or commercial
organization is a recent phenomenon – certainly a product of this
century, arising from the change from craft working to mass production.
BPR ‐ beyond industrial engineering?
Authors: Mohanty R.P.
Published: July 2002

Industrial engineering has been around for 50 years and has stood the test of time: BPR for less than ten. BPR has emerged because the world itself is now different ‐ the pressures on organisations are much greater, having to compete in a global economy. Attempts to describe key features of BPR and factors affecting its successful implementation. Suggests ways in which BPR and IE may need to work together: the two are complementary rather than competitive.
Knowledge management
Authors: Gumbley Helen
Published: July 2002

Knowledge management is one of the latest management buzzwords. Discusses the concepts underlying knowledge management and stresses the importance of the underlying culture of an organisation in building effective knowledge management systems. Technology used to build knowledge management systems can be very simple: the real issues lie in persuading people to give up their knowledge to a central repository, and in building a culture in which that knowledge can be effectively exploited.
ESOPs and employee attitudes
Authors: Gamble John E. , Culpepper Robert , Blubaugh Meg G.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines how management approaches to employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) implementation affects such employee work‐related attitudes as job satisfaction, ESOP satisfaction, and job involvement. Structural‐equation modeling assesses the responses of 321 airline pilots who were employed by one of three major US‐based airlines. The results indicated positive linkages between the instrumentally and extrinsically satisfying aspects of employee ownership and ESOP satisfaction, job satisfaction, and job involvement.
Gendered workplace bullying in the restructured UK Civil Service
Authors: Lee Deborah
Published: July 2002

Surveys have demonstrated that men and women are the victims and perpetrators of workplace bullying. Consequently, most researchers have failed to explore the gender dynamics of this phenomenon. Draws upon qualitative interviews, which highlight the ways in which workplace bullying has developed in the context of new organisational arrangements and management techniques in the UK Civil Service, to show how the workplace bullying of women and men is informed by judgements of “appropriate” gender conduct and pressure to conform with such norms. As such, seeks to claim workplace bullying as a subject worthy of sustained feminist research.
Wish you were here: managing absence
Authors: Dunn Caroline , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: July 2002

Management texts abound on how to develop effective techniques to manage absence, but what actually happens in practice? Aims to shed light on how organisations try to cope with the “problem”. Examines the practices of seven companies from three sectors (financial services, retail, and manufacturing) and has drawn upon the views and opinions of personnel practitioners, line managers, occupational health advisers as well as employees themselves. Focuses on how organisations are addressing the issue of absence and the organisational factors which make up the day‐to‐day policing of absence levels. Three themes are relevant to the context of this study. First, when is absence perceived to be a problem? Second, how do companies manage absence and do line managers view the management of absence as being within the remit of their responsibilities? Finally, the issue of negotiated discipline is considered. How are rules applied in practice?
Work restructuring and technical change
Authors: Preece David , Blosch Marcus , Strain John
Published: July 2002

The paper examines a recent example of work and employment restructuring in the Royal Navy. This involved the creation of a new employment branch (the Warfare Branch) out of two former branches: the Operations Branch and the Weapon Engineering Branch. The case study is used as a vehicle for exploring whether, and if so in what senses, technical change can be argued to have contributed to this organizational restructuring, within the wider contexts and dynamics of change.
Through the Web: door to academic libraries
Authors: Shemberg Marian
Published: July 2002

The Web sites of 125 academic libraries were searched during the summer of 1999 to find information about the libraries. These sites were accessed from their respective research universities, with the finding that it is often difficult to locate the library from the university home page. Information that is essential on any library Web site includes postal addresses with zip codes, names of directors with e‐mail addresses, phone numbers with area codes and a Webmaster e‐mail contact when this information is not readily available. It was found that academic library sites are often confusing and difficult to navigate when seeking information about the library itself. Factual information should be provided in a logical, organized manner, with easy navigation and predictive headings.
Web library tours: using streaming video and interactive quizzes
Authors: Hickok John
Published: July 2002

Many academic library Web sites offer online “tours” to provide basic orientation of their collections and services. However, these tours are often merely photos, floor plans, or written descriptions. In 1999, the library at California State University, Fullerton sought to improve its own Web site orientation, by using more engaging Web technologies; namely, streaming video and interactive tutorials. A project of videotaping a full‐motion, narrated tour of the library, and then placing it on the Web site as streaming video segments, was undertaken. Additionally, interactive tutorials – quizzes written in JavaScript so as to “reply” to user prompts – were added. This article will describe the process of creating this project, available in its completed form at: http://www. library.fullerton.edu/tour
Managing a digital collection: the Garst photographic collection
Authors: Breitbach Bridget M. , Tracey Rachael , Neely Teresa Y.
Published: July 2002

Over the years, digitization has become an important part of libraries because it increases accessibility to the general public via the World Wide Web. Colorado State University Libraries (CSU Libraries) is currently working on a digitization project containing 19,537 wildlife slides. This project is unique because it was managed fully by undergraduate students, from the collection’s donation to the launch of the final Web site containing 1,000 digital images. There were unanticipated set backs and minor problems, but in the end all the pieces fell into place. This paper addresses the process the students took in managing the project and the problems that can occur with such a large collection.
Studies in chance: a selective guide to gaming industry resources
Authors: Awe Susan C. , Keating Kathleen , Schwartz David G.
Published: July 2002

The potential for substantial revenues from gaming has moved gambling from an underworld activity to a legitimate mainstream business. This selective list of portals, Web sites, and print resources is intended to guide local communities, librarians, and researchers to a variety of sources (statistics, regulations, history, and industry trends) focused on the business of gaming.
Instructional design and student learning
Authors: Wiggins Marvin E.
Published: July 2002

Over the past twenty‐five years, large institutions have developed highly structured “canned” library use instruction programs that effectively reach large numbers of students with relatively few librarians. The author suggests we now add a human element to our instruction by including opportunities for face‐to‐face interaction with subject specialist librarians on student topics. The marriage of the structured and the personal interaction not only allows librarians to teach what students should do but adds a more significant level of learning involving how and why, and provides meaning and understanding in the instructional process.
Marketing library instruction services: changes and trends
Authors: Nims Julia K.
Published: July 2002

Marketing involves designing products based on user needs and wants. At the thirteenth annual LOEX Conference in 1984, the application of marketing principles to library instruction programs was investigated. This article examines the role of marketing, promotional activities, and public relations in library instructional services, and discusses some reactions to using these techniques to improve instruction programs.
Library instruction and online database searching
Authors: Mercado Heidi
Published: July 2002

Online database searching was done solely by librarians 25 years ago. That changed with the advances in telecommunications, the development of faster and more powerful computers, and the improvements in user‐friendly software. First CD‐ROMs, then dial‐in networks, and now the World Wide Web have made online database searching by the library users themselves the norm in academic libraries. Along with all these technological changes, library instruction itself has become more complex. Not only do library users need to know how to search, but they also need to learn critical thinking skills for database and keyword selection.
Neither poison nor panacea: shopfloor responses to TQM
Authors: Glover Linda
Published: July 2002

While there has been much conjecture as to the implications of TQM for shopfloor workers, there have been relatively few studies that have investigated shopfloor responses to TQM via in‐depth interviews. Focuses on shopfloor workers who might have been expected to conform to the “solidaristic” stereotype in terms of their orientation to work, because they had traditionally used the group as a source of power against the employer. The expectation was that they would resist any involvement in TQM. The initial response was positive and the paper seeks to explore this finding. It suggests that shopfloor orientations to work within the male‐dominated, well‐paid, unionised manufacturing sector may have moved from an emphasis on collective conflict towards “collective instrumentalism”, which encompasses a shift away from overt conflict, towards uneasy patterns of co‐operation.