bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Dependence in Latent Class Analysis of Rare and Sensitive Events
Authors: Berzofsky Marcus E. , Biemer Paul P. , Kalsbeek William D.
Published: October 2013

For survey methodologists, latent class analysis (LCA) is a powerful tool for assessing the measurement error in survey questions, evaluating survey methods, and estimating the bias in estimates of population prevalence. LCA can be used when gold standard measurements are not available and applied to essentially any set of indicators that meet certain criteria for identifiability. LCA offers quality inference, provided the key threat to model validity—namely, local dependence—can be appropriately addressed either in the study design or in the model-building process. Three potential causes threaten local independence: bivocality, behaviorally correlated error, and latent heterogeneity. In this article, these threats are examined separately to obtain insights regarding (a) questionnaire designs that reduce local dependence, (b) the effects of local dependence on parameter estimation, and (c) modeling strategies to mitigate these effects in statistical inference. The article focuses primarily on the analysis of rare and sensitivity outcomes and proposes a practical approach for diagnosing and mitigating model failures. The proposed approach is empirically tested using real data from a national survey of inmate sexual abuse where measurement errors are a serious concern. Our findings suggest that the proposed modeling strategy was successful in reducing local dependence bias in the estimates, but its success varied by the quality of the indicators available for analysis. With only three indicators, the biasing effects of local dependence can usually be reduced but not always to acceptable levels.
Towards a rolling news logic in fixed time bulletins? A comparative analysis of journalistic interventions in the US, UK and Norway
Authors: Cushion Stephen , Aalberg Toril , Thomas Richard
Published: October 2013

Contemporary news media operate in an increasingly competitive environment with fast-changing technologies facilitating more immediate forms of communication. In doing so, the logic of ‘old’ news formats is being challenged. On television, for example, viewers no longer have to wait for morning or evening bulletins, since rolling news channels deliver an instant fix. This study carries out a content analysis of the major news bulletins in the US, UK and Norway, asking whether the wider culture of journalism has impacted on the format and style of coverage. The study finds that certain journalistic interventions – which inject a sense of immediacy (reporting live), of pace (constant updates) or extend geographic space (on location) – routinely appear on fixed time television bulletins to different degrees cross-nationally. The authors suggest this represents an adoption of rolling news logic – with bulletins incorporating the urgency and liveness displayed in national news cultures – delivering a more interpretive and instant form of communication than pre-edited or scripted news packages.
The matter of ‘virtual’ geographies
Authors: Kinsley Samuel
Published: October 2013

Geographers have long wrestled with the spatial characteristics of digital mediation. In this regard, ‘the virtual’ as somehow other and immaterial has proven a persistent trope. The aim here is to argue for a greater attention to the material conditions of the digital. This article revisits the articulation of ‘virtual’ geographies and reviews recent discussion of digitally mediated activity. To materially address ‘the virtual’, the fundamental relationship between humans and technology is investigated as ‘technics’, using recent work in the geographies and philosophy of technology. Observations are made about how this may inform broader understandings of spatiality and culture.
Dementia in Relation to Family Caregiver Involvement and Burden in Long-Term Care
Authors: Cohen Lauren W. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Reed David , Sloane Philip D. , Beeber Anna S. , Washington Tiffany , Cagle John G. , Gwyther Lisa P.
Published: October 2013

To better understand the process and outcomes of family involvement for long-term care residents with varying stages of dementia, we analyzed family and staff data for 467 residents of 24 residential care/assisted living and nursing-home settings. Adjusted analyses found that although the amount of family visitation did not significantly vary by resident cognitive status (15 versus 20 visits/month to persons with and without dementia, respectively), the nature of the visit did. Families of cognitively intact residents spent more time in activities related to social and community engagement, such as taking residents on trips and calling and writing letters ( p < .001), while families of more impaired residents spent more time on care-related activities, including tasks related to nutrition ( p < .027), mobility ( p = .001), and discussing care with staff ( p = .007), the latter of which was associated with greater burden ( p < .001). Staff identified similar patterns but perceived less family involvement.
Depression in systemic lupus erythematosus, dependent on or independent of severity of disease
Authors: van Exel E , Jacobs J , Korswagen L-A , Voskuyl AE , Stek M , Dekker J , Bultink IEM
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of depression in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in relation to the general population and to unravel the relation between depression and SLE disease characteristics.

Methods

One hundred and two subjects with SLE (mean age 44.4 years) were studied using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score to estimate the prevalence of depression. The BDI scores in subjects with SLE were compared with BDI scores from a pan-European population based study (Outcome in Depression International Network (ODIN) study, n = 7934), i.e. the general population.

Results

The mean BDI score was higher in SLE subjects (10.1 points) compared with the BDI scores derived from the general population (10.1 versus 5.6 points, respectively, p < 0.001). This corresponds to a prevalence of depression of 16.6% and 6.7%, respectively. There was no association between disease activity or organ damage and BDI scores in subjects with SLE ( p > 0.1). Only 7% of SLE subjects with high BDI scores used antidepressants.

Conclusion

The mean BDI score and prevalence of depression are significantly higher in SLE subjects compared with the general population. No association was found between SLE disease characteristics and BDI scores. The number of depressed SLE subjects treated with antidepressants is low, suggesting inadequate recognition and treatment of depression in SLE.
Children enacting idioms of witchcraft and spirit possession as a response to trauma: Therapeutically beneficial, and for whom?
Authors: Reis Ria
Published: October 2013

This article examines children’s enactment of spirit possession idioms and witchcraft in Africa including the meanings such idioms provide and the local healing resources they mobilize. Idioms of haunting spirits in Northern Uganda and witch-children elsewhere in Africa can be interpreted as manifestations of social crises and mass traumatic stress. On the other hand, such idioms also allow children to articulate, reflect upon, and communicate the complex feelings resulting from their precarious positions within families and communities under duress. With the help of Dow’s transactional model of symbolic healing, this article explores obstacles to the effectivity of the rich variety of symbolic healing available for haunting spirits in Uganda and points to the generational gap between children and their families and communities. Elsewhere, witchcraft idioms may act as a healing resource at the group level, but at the expense of the accused child. The idioms of evil spirits and witchcraft speak of these children’s navigation of the moral universe of their postconflict communities. Given that children’s appraisal of their experiences through these notions may also exacerbate their anxiety, interdisciplinary research examining the microprocesses that lead to children being haunted or accused, including emotional and physiological levels effects, is urgently needed.
Local responses to trauma: Symptom, affect, and healing
Authors: Hinton Devon E. , Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: October 2013

This article provides an introduction to the thematic issue of Transcultural Psychiatry on local responses to trauma. To illustrate how local responses to trauma may be therapeutic, we consider the multiple dimensions or domains that may be targeted by healing rituals and interventions. We then outline a theoretical model of the generation of trauma-related symptoms and distress. We present the multiplex model of symptom generation which posits multiple cognitive, social, and physiological mechanisms by which various triggers can lead to severe distress among trauma victims in acute episodes, and which may be targeted in treatment. More persistent forms of distress can be explained in terms of the effects of persistent mood states and associated modes of cognitive processing and behavior that render individuals vulnerable to chronic symptoms and acute exacerbations. The beneficial effects of healing rituals and interventions may occur, in part, by inducing positive affective states associated with a flexible mind-set. We conclude by summarizing some of the contributions of the papers in this issue to understanding local therapeutic processes of healing.
Once-daily fluticasone furoate alone or combined with vilanterol in persistent asthma
Authors: O’Byrne Paul M. , Bleecker Eugene R. , Bateman Eric D. , Busse William W. , Woodcock Ashley , Forth Richard , Toler William T. , Jacques Loretta , Lötvall Jan
Published: October 2013

The inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate (FF) and the long-acting β2agonist vilanterol (VI) are in development as a combined once-daily therapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Our study objectives were to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily FF/VI with FF alone and twice-daily fluticasone propionate (FP) in patients aged ≥12 years with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma.

Patients (n=586) received FF/VI 200/25 μg or FF 200 μg once-daily (evening dosing), or FP 500 μg twice-daily for 24 weeks. Co-primary end-points were change from baseline in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) weighted mean (wm) 0–24 h serial FEV1. Secondary end-points included change from baseline in percentage of rescue-free 24-h periods, percentage of symptom-free 24-h periods and total Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). Safety assessments included adverse events, 24-h urinary cortisol excretion, vital signs and ECG.

FF/VI significantly improved trough FEV1and wmFEV1versusFF and FP. Significantly more rescue-free and symptom-free 24-h periods were reported with FF/VIversusFF. Treatment differences for AQLQ were not significant. Incidence of adverse events was similar across groups. No clinically significant differences were seen for 24-h urinary cortisol excretion, vital signs or ECG.

FF/VI resulted in statistically greater improvements in lung function and symptomatic end-pointsversusFF, and was well tolerated in this asthma population.
The dermomyotome ventrolateral lip is essential for the hypaxial myotome formation
Authors: Pu Qin , Abduelmula Aisha , Masyuk Maryna , Theiss Carsten , Schwandulla Dieter , Hans Michael , Patel Ketan , Brand-Saberi Beate , Huang Ruijin
Published: October 2013

Background

The myotome is the primitive skeletal muscle that forms within the embryonic metameric body wall. It can be subdivided into an epaxial and hypaxial domain. It has been shown that the formation of the epaxial myotome requires the dorsomedial lip of the dermomyotome (DML). Although the ventrolateral lip (VLL) of the dermomyotome is believed to be required for the formation of the hypaxial myotome, experimentally evidence for this statement still needs to be provided. Provision of such data would enable the resolution of a debate regarding the formation of the hypaxial dermomyotome. Two mechanisms have been proposed for this tissue. The first proposes that the intermediate dermomyotome undergoes cellular expansion thereby pushing the ventral lateral lip in a lateral direction (translocation). In contrast, the alternative view holds that the ventral lateral lip grows laterally.

Results

Using time lapse confocal microscopy, we observed that the GFP-labelled ventrolateral lip (VLL) of the dermomyotome grows rather than translocates in a lateral direction. The necessity of the VLL for lateral extension of the myotome was addressed by ablation studies. We found that the hypaxial myotome did not form after VLL ablation. In contrast, the removal of an intermediate portion of the dermomyotome had very little effect of the hypaxial myotome. These results demonstrate that the VLL is required for the formation of the hypaxial myotome.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that the dermomyotome ventrolateral lip is essential for the hypaxial myotome formation and supports the lip extension model. Therefore, despite being under independent signalling controls, both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lip fulfil the same function, i.e. they extend into adjacent regions permitting the growth of the myotome.
Studying synaptic efficiency by post-hoc immunolabelling
Authors: Ramírez-Franco Jorge , Alonso Beatris , Bartolomé-Martín David , Sánchez-Prieto José , Torres Magdalena
Published: October 2013

Background

In terms of vesicular recycling, synaptic efficiency is a key determinant of the fidelity of synaptic transmission. The ability of a presynaptic terminal to reuse its vesicular content is thought to be a signature of synaptic maturity and this process depends on the activity of several proteins that govern exo/endocytosis. Upon stimulation, individual terminals in networks of cultured cerebellar granule neurons exhibit heterogeneous exocytic responses, which reflect the distinct states of maturity and plasticity intrinsic to individual synaptic terminals. This dynamic scenario serves as the substrate for processes such as scaling, plasticity and synaptic weight redistribution. Presynaptic strength has been associated with the activity of several types of proteins, including the scaffolding proteins that form the active zone cytomatrix and the proteins involved in presynaptic exocytosis.

Methods

We have combined fluorescence imaging techniques using the styryl dye FM1-43 in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells with subsequent post-hoc immunocytochemistry in order to study synaptic efficiency in terms of vesicular release. We describe a protocol to easily quantify these results with minimal user intervention.

Results

In this study we describe a technique that specifically correlates presynaptic activity with the levels of presynaptic markers. This method involves the use of the styryl dye FM1-43 to estimate the release capacity of a synaptic terminal, and the subsequent post-hoc immunolabelling of thousands of individual nerve terminals. We observed a strong correlation between the release capacity of the nerve terminal and the levels of the RIM1α but not the Munc13-1 protein in the active zone.

Conclusions

Our findings support those of previous studies and point out to RIM1α as a crucial factor in determining synaptic efficiency. These results also demonstrate that this technique is a useful tool to analyse the molecular differences underlying the heterogeneous responses exhibited by neuronal networks.
Effects of midazolam, pentobarbital and ketamine on the mRNA expression of ion channels in a model organism Daphnia pulex
Authors: Dong Changhong , Hu Anmin , Ni Yang , Zuo Yunxia , Li Guo Hua
Published: October 2013

Background

Over the last few decades intensive studies have been carried out on the molecular targets mediating general anesthesia as well as the effects of general anesthetics. The γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) has been indicated as the primary target of general anaesthetics such as propofol, etomidate and isoflurane, and sedating drugs including benzodiazepines and barbiturates. The GABAAR is also involved in drug tolerance and dependence. However, the involvement of other ion channels is possible.

Methods

Using reverse transcription and quantitative PCR techniques, we systematically investigated changes in the mRNA levels of ion channel genes in response to exposure to midazolam, pentobarbital and ketamine in a freshwater model animal, Daphnia pulex. To retrieve the sequences of Daphnia ion channel genes, Blast searches were performed based on known human or Drosophila ion channel genes. Retrieved sequences were clustered with the maximum-likelihood method. To quantify changes in gene expression after the drug treatments for 4 hours, total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA and then amplified using quantitative PCR.

Results

A total of 108 ion channel transcripts were examined, and 19, 11 and 11 of them are affected by midazolam (100 μM), pentobarbital (200 μM) and ketamine (100 μM), respectively, covering a wide variety of ion channel types. There is some degree of overlap with midazolam- and pentobarbital-induced changes in the mRNA expression profiles, but ketamine causes distinct changes in gene expression pattern.

In addition, flumazenil (10 μM) eliminates the effect of midazolam on the mRNA expression of the GABAA receptor subunit Rdl, suggesting a direct interaction between midazolam and GABAA receptors.

Conclusions

Recent research using high throughput technology suggests that changes in mRNA expression correlate with delayed protein expression. Therefore, the mRNA profile changes in our study may reflect the molecular targets not only in drug actions, but also in chronic drug addiction. Our data also suggest the possibility that hypnotic/anesthetic drugs are capable of altering the functions of the nervous system, as well as those non-nerve tissues with abundant ion channel expressions.
KRAS, BRAF genotyping reveals genetic heterogeneity of ovarian borderline tumors and associated implants
Authors: Heublein Sabine , Grasse Katinka , Hessel Harald , Burges Alexander , Lenhard Miriam , Engel Jutta , Kirchner Thomas , Jeschke Udo , Mayr Doris
Published: October 2013

Background

Patients diagnosed for a serous ovarian borderline tumor (s-BOT) typically present with an excellent clinical outcome. However there have been controversies concerning the prognostic impact of so-called implants, an extra ovarian spread occurring alongside the s-BOT in certain cases. It remains obscure whether these implants actually resemble metastasis owning the same genetic pattern as the ovarian primary or whether they develop independently.

Methods

The current study, in the aim of further clarifying the genetic origin of implants, assessed BRAF/KRAS hot spot mutations and the p53/p16INK4a immunophenotype of s-BOTs and corresponding implants (n = 49) of 15 patients by pyro-sequencing and immunostaining, respectively.

Results

A significant proportion of both s-BOTs and implants showed KRAS or BRAF mutation and though p16INK4a was found to be abundantly expressed, p53 immunoreactivity was rather low. When genotypes of BRAF/KRAS mutated s-BOTs and corresponding implants were compared no patient presented with a fully matching mutation profile of s-BOTs and all corresponding implants.

Conclusions

The current study reveals genetic heterogeneity of s-BOTs and implants, as none of the markers examined showed constant reciprocity. Hence, our findings may assist to explain the different clinical presentation of s-BOTs and implants and might encourage to applying more individualized follow up protocols.
Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: He Ying , Wong Angel YS , Chan Esther W , Lau Wallis CY , Man Kenneth KC , Chui Celine SL , Worsley Alan J , Wong Ian CK
Published: October 2013

Background

Tofacitinib is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) which was recently approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There are several randomised clinical trials (RCTs) that have investigated the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic review with a meta-analysis of RCTs was undertaken to determine the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in treating patients with RA.

Methods

Electronic and clinical trials register databases were searched for published RCTs of tofacitinib between 2009 and 2013. Outcomes of interest include 20% and 50% improvement in the American College of Rheumatology Scale (ACR20 and ACR50) response rates, rates of infection, the number of immunological/haematological adverse events (AEs), deranged laboratory results (hepatic, renal, haematological tests and lipoprotein level) and the incidence of drug withdrawal.

Results

Eight RCTs (n = 3,791) were reviewed. Significantly greater ACR20 response rates were observed in patients receiving tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg bid (twice daily) versus placebo at week 12, with risk ratios (RR) of 2.20 (95% CI 1.58, 3.07) and 2.38 (95% CI 1.81, 3.14) respectively. The effect was maintained at week 24 for 5 mg bid (RR 1.94; 95% CI 1.55, 2.44) and 10 mg bid (RR 2.20; 95% CI 1.76, 2.75). The ACR50 response rate was also significantly higher for patients receiving tofacitinib 5 mg bid (RR 2.91; 95% CI 2.03, 4.16) and 10 mg bid (RR 3.32; 95% CI 2.33, 4.72) compared to placebo at week 12. Patients in the tofacitinib group had significantly lower mean neutrophil counts, higher serum creatinine, higher percentage change of LDL/HDL and a higher risk of ALT/AST > 1 ULN (upper limit of normal) versus placebo. There were no significant differences in AEs and withdrawal due to AEs compared to placebo.

Conclusion

Tofacitinib is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with MTX-resistant RA up to a period of 24 weeks. However, haematological, liver function tests and lipoproteins should be monitored. Long-term efficacy and pharmacovigilance studies are recommended.
Extracts from Acacia catechu suppress HIV-1 replication by inhibiting the activities of the viral protease and Tat
Authors: Nutan  , Modi Manoj , Dezzutti Charlene S , Kulshreshtha Shweta , Rawat Ajay Kumar Singh , Srivastava Sharad Kumar , Malhotra Swadesh , Verma Anjali , Ranga Udaykumar , Gupta Satish Kumar
Published: October 2013

Background

Acacia catechu (Mimosa family) stem bark extracts have been used traditionally as a dietary supplement as well as a folk medicine given its reported anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-tumor activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-HIV-1 activity of the extracts from stem bark of A. catechu.

Methods

The aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of A. catechu stem bark were prepared and 50% ethanolic extract was further fractioned by successively partitioning with petroleum ether, chloroform and n-butanol. All the extracts and fractions were evaluated for cytotoxicity and anti-HIV-1 activity using different in vitro assays. The active n-butanol fraction was evaluated for its inhibition against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease, pro-viral genome integration and viral Tat protein mediated transactivation. The effect of n-butanol fraction on the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in Vk2/E6E7 cells and transepithelial resistance in Caco-2 and HEC-1A cells was investigated.

Results

The aqueous and 50% ethanolic extracts of A. catechu showed IC50 values of 1.8 ± 0.18 μg/ml and 3.6 ± 0.31 μg/ml, respectively in cell-free virus based assay using TZM-bl cells and HIV-1NL4.3 (X-4 tropic). In the above assay, n-butanol fraction exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 of 1.7 ± 0.12 μg/ml. The n-butanol fraction showed a dose-dependent inhibition against HIV-1NL4.3 infection of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and against HIV-1BaL(R-5-tropic) as well as two different primary viral isolates of HIV-1 infection of TZM-bl cells. The n-butanol fraction demonstrates a potent inhibitory activity against the viral protease (IC50 = 12.9 μg/ml), but not reverse transcriptase or integrase. Further, in Alu-PCR no effect on viral integration was observed. The n-butanol fraction interfered with the Tat-mediated Long Terminal Repeat transactivation in TZM-bl cells, mRNA quantitation (qRT-PCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The n-butanol fraction did not cause an enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Vk2/E6E7 cells. Additionally, no adverse effects were observed to the monolayer formed by the Caco-2 and HEC-1A epithelial cells.

Conclusions

The results presented here show a potential anti-HIV-1 activity of A. catechu mediated by the inhibition of the functions of the viral protein and Tat.
Interaction-based evolution: how natural selection and nonrandom mutation work together
Authors: Livnat Adi
Published: October 2013

Background

The modern evolutionary synthesis leaves unresolved some of the most fundamental, long-standing questions in evolutionary biology: What is the role of sex in evolution? How does complex adaptation evolve? How can selection operate effectively on genetic interactions? More recently, the molecular biology and genomics revolutions have raised a host of critical new questions, through empirical findings that the modern synthesis fails to explain: for example, the discovery ofde novo genes; the immense constructive role of transposable elements in evolution; genetic variance and biochemical activity that go far beyond what traditional natural selection can maintain; perplexing cases of molecular parallelism; and more.

Presentation of the hypothesis

Here I address these questions from a unified perspective, by means of a new mechanistic view of evolution that offers a novel connection between selection on the phenotype and genetic evolutionary change (while relying, like the traditional theory, on natural selection as the only source of feedback on the fit between an organism and its environment). I hypothesize that the mutation that is of relevance for the evolution of complex adaptation—while not Lamarckian, or “directed” to increase fitness—is not random, but is instead the outcome of a complex and continually evolving biological process that combines information from multiple loci into one. This allows selection on a fleeting combination of interacting alleles at different loci to have a hereditary effect according to the combination’s fitness.

Testing and implications of the hypothesis

This proposed mechanism addresses the problem of how beneficial genetic interactions can evolve under selection, and also offers an intuitive explanation for the role of sex in evolution, which focuses on sex as the generator of genetic combinations. Importantly, it also implies that genetic variation that has appeared neutral through the lens of traditional theory can actually experience selection on interactions and thus has a much greater adaptive potential than previously considered. Empirical evidence for the proposed mechanism from both molecular evolution and evolution at the organismal level is discussed, and multiple predictions are offered by which it may be tested.

Reviewers

This article was reviewed by Nigel Goldenfeld (nominated by Eugene V. Koonin), Jürgen Brosius and W. Ford Doolittle.
Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for postoperative recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: clinical efficacy and failure pattern
Authors: Bao Yong , Liu ShiLiang , Zhou QiChao , Cai PeiQiang , Anfossi Simone , Li QiaoQiao , Hu YongHong , Liu MengZhong , Fu JianHua , Rong TieHua , Li Qun , Liu Hui
Published: October 2013

Background

To assess the therapeutic outcome and failure pattern of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT)-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) after radical surgery.

Methods

Treatment outcome and failure pattern were retrospectively evaluated in 83 patients with localized cervical and thoracic recurrences after radical surgery for thoracic esophageal SCC. All patients were treated with 3DCRT-based CCRT (median radiation dose 60 Gy), in which 39 received concurrent cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (PF), and 44 received concurrent docetaxel plus cisplatin (TP). Treatment response was evaluated at 1–3 months after CCRT.

Results

With a median follow-up of 34 months (range, 2–116 months), the 3-year overall survival (OS) of all the patients was 51.8% and the median OS time was 43.0 months. The overall tumor response rate was 75.9% (63/83), with a complete remission (CR) rate of 44.6% (37/83). In univariate analysis, tumor response after CCRT (p = 0.000), recurrence site (p = 0.028) and concurrent chemotherapy (p = 0.090) showed a trend favoring better OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor response after CCRT (p = 0.000) and concurrent chemotherapy (p = 0.010) were independent predictors of OS. Forty-seven patients had progressive diseases after CCRT, 27 had local failure (27/47, 57.4%), 18 had distant metastasis (18/47, 38.3%) and 2 had both local and distant failures (2/47, 4.3%).

Conclusions

3DCRT-based CCRT is effective in postoperatively recurrent esophageal SCC. Patients that obtained complete remission after CCRT appeared to achieve long-term OS and might benefit from concurrent TP regimen. Local and distant failures remained high and prospective studies are needed to validate these factors.
Impact of bubble size in a rat model of cerebral air microembolization
Authors: Juenemann Martin , Yeniguen Mesut , Schleicher Nadine , Blumenstein Johannes , Nedelmann Max , Tschernatsch Marlene , Bachmann Georg , Kaps Manfred , Urbanek Petr , Schoenburg Markus , Gerriets Tibo
Published: October 2013

Background

Cerebral air microembolization (CAM) is a frequent side effect of diagnostic or therapeutic interventions. Besides reduction of the amount of bubbles, filter systems in the clinical setting may also lead to a dispersion of large gas bubbles and therefore to an increase of the gas–liquid-endothelium interface. We evaluated the production and application of different strictly defined bubble diameters in a rat model of CAM and assessed functional outcome and infarct volumes in relation to the bubble diameter.

Methods

Gas emboli of defined number and diameter were injected into the carotid artery of rats. Group I (n = 7) received 1800 air bubbles with a diameter of 45 μm, group II (n = 7) 40 bubbles of 160 μm, controls (n = 6) saline without gas bubbles; group I and II yielded the same total injection volume of air with 86 nl. Functional outcome was assessed at baseline, after 4 h and 24 h following cerebral MR imaging and infarct size calculation.

Results

Computer-aided evaluation of bubble diameters showed high constancy (group I: 45.83 μm ± 2.79; group II: 159 μm ± 1.26). Animals in group I and II suffered cerebral ischemia and clinical deterioration without significant difference. Infarct sizes did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.931 u-test).

Conclusions

We present further development of a new method, which allows reliable and controlled CAM with different bubble diameters, producing neurological deficits due to unilateral cerebral damage. Our findings could not display a strong dependency of stroke frequency and severity on bubble diameter.
Prediction of muscular architecture of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis from EMG during isometric contractions in soccer players
Authors: Chauhan Bhawesh , Hamzeh Maher A , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio I
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to establish regression equations that could be used to predict muscle thickness and pennation angle at different intensities from electromyography (EMG) based measures of muscle activation during isometric contractions.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Methods

Simultaneous ultrasonography and EMG were used to measure pennation angle, muscle thickness and muscle activity of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles, respectively, during graded isometric knee extension contractions performed on a Cybex dynamometer. Data form fifteen male soccer players were collected in increments of approximately 25% intensity of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) ranging from rest to MVC.

Results

There was a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between ultrasound predictors and EMG measures for the muscle thickness of rectus femoris with an R2 value of 0.68. There was no significant correlation (P > 0.05) between ultrasound pennation angle for the vastus lateralis predictors for EMG muscle activity with an R2 value of 0.40.

Conclusions

The regression equations can be used to characterise muscle thickness more accurately and to determine how it changes with contraction intensity, this provides improved estimates of muscle force when using musculoskeletal models.
Clinical prognostic indicators of dysphagia following prolonged orotracheal intubation in ICU patients
Authors: Moraes DaniellePedroni , Sassi FernandaChiarion , Mangilli LauraDavison , Zilberstein Bruno , de Andrade ClaudiaReginaFurquim
Published: October 2013

Introduction

The development of postextubation swallowing dysfunction is well documented in the literature with high prevalence in most studies. However, there are relatively few studies with specific outcomes that focus on the follow-up of these patients until hospital discharge. The purpose of our study was to determine prognostic indicators of dysphagia in ICU patients submitted to prolonged orotracheal intubation (OTI).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study from 2010 to 2012 of all patients over 18 years of age admitted to a university hospital ICU who were submitted to prolonged OTI and subsequently received a bedside swallow evaluation (BSE) by a speech pathologist. The prognostic factors analyzed included dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment and at hospital discharge, age, time to initiate oral feeding, amount of individual treatment, number of orotracheal intubations, intubation time and length of hospital stay.

Results

After we excluded patients with neurologic diseases, tracheostomy, esophageal dysphagia and those who were submitted to surgical procedures involving the head and neck, our study sample size was 148 patients. The logistic regression model was used to examine the relationships between independent variables. In the univariate analyses, we found that statistically significant prognostic indicators of dysphagia included dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment, time to initiate oral feeding and amount of individual treatment. In the multivariate analysis, we found that dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment remained associated with good treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

Studies of prognostic indicators in different populations with dysphagia can contribute to the design of more effective procedures when evaluating, treating, and monitoring individuals with this type of disorder. Additionally, this study stresses the importance of the initial assessment ratings.
Valproic Acid silencing ofascl1b/ascl1results in the failure of serotonergic differentiation in a zebrafish model of Fetal Valproate Syndrome
Authors: Jacob J. , Ribes V. , Moore S. , Constable S. C. , Sasai N. , Gerety S. S. , Martin D. J. , Sergeant C. P. , Wilkinson D. G. , Briscoe J.
Published: October 2013

Fetal valproate syndrome (FVS) is caused by in utero exposure to the drug sodium valproate. Valproate is used worldwide for the treatment of epilepsy, as a mood stabiliser and for its pain relieving properties. In addition to birth defects, FVS is associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterised by abnormal behaviours. Valproate perturbs multiple biochemical pathways and alters gene expression through its inhibition of histone deacetylases. Which, if any, of these mechanisms is relevant to the genesis of its behavioural side-effects is unclear. Neuroanatomical changes associated with FVS have been reported and amongst these, altered serotonergic neuronal differentiation is a consistent finding. Altered serotonin homeostasis is also associated with autism. Here we have used a chemical-genetics approach to investigate the underlying molecular defect in a zebrafish FVS model. Valproate causes the selective failure of zebrafish central serotonin expression. It does so by downregulating the proneural gene ascl1b, an ortholog of Ascl1 and a known determinant of serotonergic identity in the mammalian brainstem. Ascl1b is sufficient to rescue serotonin expression in valproate treated embryos. Chemical and genetic blockade of the histone deacetylase Hdac1 downregulates ascl1b, consistent with the Hdac1 mediated silencing of ascl1b expression by valproate. Moreover, tonic Notch signalling is critical for ascl1b repression by valproate. Concomitant blockade of Notch signalling restores ascl1b expression and serotonin expression in both valproate-exposed and hdac1 mutant embryos. Together these data provide a molecular explanation for serotonergic defects in FVS and highlight an epigenetic mechanism for genome-environment interaction in disease.
An Adventurous Synthetic Journey with MNBA from Its Reaction Chemistry to the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Shiina Isamu
Published: October 2013

After initially establishing a novel cyclization reaction of ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids (seco-acids) using 4-trifluoromethylbenzoic anhydride (TFBA) and Lewis acid catalysts to form the corresponding lactones, we discovered a more advanced method for this transformation using 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride (MNBA) as a coupling reagent with nucleophilic catalysts. The latter lactonization is promoted by acyl-transfer catalysts, such as 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), 4-pyrrolidinylpyridine (PPY), and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine N-oxide (DMAPO). (+)-Ricinelaidic acid lactone ((+)-2) was first synthesized by the TFBA-mediated cyclization with Lewis acid catalysts, while the threo-aleuritic acid lactone (20) was alternatively synthesized by the MNBA-mediated cyclization with acyl-transfer catalysts. Using this effective lactonization technology to form the ester linkage under mild conditions, we then demonstrated the preparation of various large-, medium-, and small-sized natural and unnatural lactones including (−)-cephalosporolide D ((−)-3), (−)-octalactin A ((−)-4), (−)-octalactin B ((−)-25), 2-epibotcinolide (49), (−)- and (+)-2-hydroxytetracosanolides ((−)-77 and (+)-77), (−)- and (+)-2-hydroxy-24-oxooctacosanolides ((−)-78 and (+)-78), (−)-tetrahydrolipstatin ((−)-THL, (−)-117), and the erythromycin A skeletons 103b, 103c, 104c, and 105b. The transition structures involved in the formation of the β-lactones from the corresponding 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids were then determined using DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G*//B3LYP/6-31G* level, and the reactivity of several seco-acids was successfully predicted on the basis of the calculated thermodynamic properties of the transition structures.
Facile One-pot Synthesis of Some Novel Thiazolylpyrazole Derivatives with Antifungal Activity
Authors: Song Ya-Li , Yang Tao , Dong Yun-Fang , Wu Fan , Yang Geng-Liang
Published: October 2013

A series of novel 1-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)-1,4-dihydrothiochroman[4,3-c]pyrazole have been prepared by a three-component reaction of thiochromanone-3-carbaldehyde, phenacyl bromide, and thiosemicarbazide. The reaction was in one-pot and did not require any additional catalyst with moderate yields. This method provided several advantages such as environment friendliness and simple work-up procedure. The compounds were assayed for antifungal activity and some of the new compounds can be further utilized as lead compounds.
A Vegetable Garden-like Zinc Dendritic Patterning by Electrodeposition
Authors: Shitanda Isao , Ichikawa Ryohei , Hoshi Yoshinao , Itagaki Masayuki
Published: October 2013

A highly regular dendrite pattern surface was fabricated using a dot-pattern zinc sheet by electrodeposition. The relationship between pretreatment conditions and morphology of the dendrite pattern was investigated. The dendrite growth position could be controlled with high regularity depending on the height of the relief structure formed by electrodeposition.
Enantioselective Fluorination of β-Ketoesters Catalyzed by Chiral Sodium Phosphate: Remarkable Enhancement of Reactivity by Simultaneous Utilization of Metal Enolate and Metal Phosphate
Authors: Mori Keiji , Miyake Ayaka , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: October 2013

A highly enantioselective fluorination of β-ketoesters catalyzed by chiral sodium phosphate is achieved. In this process, the simultaneous formation of sodium enolate and sodium phosphate under basic conditions is the key to achieving excellent selectivity. Indanone derivatives as well as benzofuranone derivatives could be employed in this reaction to afford the fluorinated adducts in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities.
Case Report: Delayed intra-abdominal bleeding following trans-vaginal ultrasonography guided oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization in patients at risk for thrombo-embolic events under anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Mashiach Roy , Stockheim David , Zolti Mati , Orvieto Raoul
Published: October 2013

We report herein, two cases of massive delayed (2 and 4 days) intra abdominal hemorrhage following ovum pick-up (OPU), in patients at risk for thrombo-embolic events, who concomitantly used therapeutic doses of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). We discuss the possible mechanisms involved in causing the aforementioned delayed bleeding, and call for re-evaluation of the presently accepted anticoagulant co-treatment regimen. These case reports should direct physicians' attention and keep them alert, while conducting IVF treatment to this subgroup of high risk patients.
The mediatization of the food chain in networked times
Authors: Farré Jordi , Prades Jordi , Gonzalo Jan
Published: October 2013

This is a theoretical approach about food conceived as a process of communication. Mediatization theory is used to explore long-term changes associated with the media environment. Before, outside, but also inside, the EU institutionalization of the food chain, sense-making regarding food is facing dilemmas of the self in the face of the pressures of late modernity. Additionally, as has occurred in the past, the new media environment is opening up avenues in sense-making logics. Perhaps more than ever in digital late modernity, food chain negotiation, confrontation and choice rely on institutional, corporate and social decision-making processes. Not least, the sense-making of food is driven by innovative consumer-inspired foodways and emerging professional communicator profiles. Disruptions and continuities regarding food are, time and again, nurturing essential dilemmatic thinking. Shaped as they are by contradictory streams, food chain researchers should bear in mind old communicative lessons (continuities) while investing in the new media logics (disruptions). Both constitute fruitful foodways for better understanding how meanings are circulating and changing in our networked times.
Online networks of civil society actors as an indicator for politicization? A hyperlink analysis of the food safety issue in Germany
Authors: Miltner Peter , Maier Daniel , Pfetsch Barbara , Waldherr Annie
Published: October 2013

This article focuses on the constellations of actors engaged in the food safety debate in Germany and the potential of civil society organizations for mobilization and politicization of the issue. In an exploratory case study we assess the structure of communication between these organizations by applying hyperlink analysis. Our study sheds light on the nature of the issue network and in particular on their linkages with media and political actors. We interpret communication network patterns with respect to civil society actors’ opportunities to make food safety salient on the agenda and to mobilize around it and politicize it. In fact, our empirical study shows that the structure of linkages between civil society actors, media organizations and political actors in Germany offers favourable opportunities for making the food safety issue salient and for politicizing it in the offline world.
The communication of health claims for foods: A review of consumer perceptions
Authors: Llavinés Francesc Puiggròs
Published: October 2013

There is great demand among consumers today for a wide range of tasty and convenient products but, given the ageing population and increases in health care costs, there is an even greater demand for healthier dietary choices. Changes in regulatory requirements have allowed greater use of health claims on food product labels that inform consumers of the health benefits of a certain food or food component. The growth of the functional food market has the potential to affect the health of modern day society. However, with advances in nutritional science and food technology, the consumer has become overwhelmed with confusing health claims and mixed marketing messages for foods. This article gives a general overview of consumer perceptions of functional food and health claims on food labels, reviews the relationship between food and the scientific evidence and opens a final discussion about market, health and communication premises.
Catalan high-end restaurants and national ‘heritage’
Authors: Vackimes Sophia Carmen
Published: October 2013

Though not unique to the Catalan situation, nationalistic claims attached to high-end culinary creations fit within the current political desires of many nations competing for international distinction. The various agents involved in the development of the local gastronomy shape their discourses, with language well beyond the preparation of foodstuffs articulating a discourse set in terms of natural uniqueness. The language describing the successes of the various players involved, as self-reported and announced by government agencies is set in terms of the ‘essential nature’ of the participants and their products, which are, in turn, echoed by commercial and governmental entities seeking to differentiate and successfully place local commodities in an increasingly competitive global marketplace. However, the case discussed, while apparently constructed in terms of nation building, illustrates how such branding belies social cohesion.
Food safety agencies’ challenge: Is social media the definitive communicative solution?
Authors: Lozano Natàlia , Lores Mònica
Published: October 2013

This article offers an approach to how food safety agencies are adapting their communication strategies to social media. Mass media has been largely used by public health communicators to promote health risks and benefits of food products since the 1970s. These practices have caused frequent clashes between scientists and journalists as a result of different priorities and working logics of the two communities. However, the emergence of Web 2.0 and social media has lead to the democratization of the communicative process. They have given food safety agencies the opportunity to promote health risk and benefits directly to citizens without the help of the media. In particular, message adaptability and rapid environment have been identified as the two main advantages of social media for public health communicators. Nonetheless, it is wrong to consider that social media is a definitive solution to end the public food agencies’ historic communicative problem.
Food sector communication and online influencers
Authors: Allué Txàber
Published: October 2013

This short professional note discusses how social networks are revolutionising the world of gastronomy and food. It discusses the role of online influencers as played out in some of the most popular gastronomy and food blogs in the Spanish-speaking world.