bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A computed tomography vertebral segmentation dataset with anatomical variations and multi-vendor scanner data
Authors: Liebl Hans , Schinz David , Sekuboyina Anjany , Malagutti Luca , Löffler Maximilian T. , Bayat Amirhossein , El Husseini Malek , Tetteh Giles , Grau Katharina , Niederreiter Eva , Baum Thomas , Wiestler Benedikt , Menze Bjoern , Braren Rickmer , Zimmer Claus , Kirschke Jan S.
Published: October 2021

With the advent of deep learning algorithms, fully automated radiological image analysis is within reach. In spine imaging, several atlas- and shape-based as well as deep learning segmentation algorithms have been proposed, allowing for subsequent automated analysis of morphology and pathology. The first “Large Scale Vertebrae Segmentation Challenge” (VerSe 2019) showed that these perform well on normal anatomy, but fail in variants not frequently present in the training dataset. Building on that experience, we report on the largely increased VerSe 2020 dataset and results from the second iteration of the VerSe challenge (MICCAI 2020, Lima, Peru). VerSe 2020 comprises annotated spine computed tomography (CT) images from 300 subjects with 4142 fully visualized and annotated vertebrae, collected across multiple centres from four different scanner manufacturers, enriched with cases that exhibit anatomical variants such as enumeration abnormalities (n = 77) and transitional vertebrae (n = 161). Metadata includes vertebral labelling information, voxel-level segmentation masks obtained with a human-machine hybrid algorithm and anatomical ratings, to enable the development and benchmarking of robust and accurate segmentation algorithms.
Crop production and nitrogen use in European cropland and grassland 1961–2019
Authors: Einarsson Rasmus , Sanz-Cobena Alberto , Aguilera Eduardo , Billen Gilles , Garnier Josette , van Grinsven Hans J. M. , Lassaletta Luis
Published: October 2021

This paper presents EuropeAgriDB v1.0, a dataset of crop production and nitrogen (N) flows in European cropland 1961–2019. The dataset covers 26 present-day countries, detailing the cropland N harvests in 17 crop categories as well as cropland N inputs in synthetic fertilizers, manure, symbiotic fixation, and atmospheric deposition. The study builds on established methods but goes beyond previous research by combining data from FAOSTAT, Eurostat, and a range of national data sources. The result is a detailed, complete, and consistent dataset, intended as a basis for further analyses of past and present agricultural production patterns, as well as construction of scenarios for the future.
Annual dynamic dataset of global cropping intensity from 2001 to 2019
Authors: Liu Xiaoxuan , Zheng Juepeng , Yu Le , Hao Pengyu , Chen Bin , Xin Qinchuan , Fu Haohuan , Gong Peng
Published: October 2021

The cropping intensity has received growing concern in the agriculture field in applications such as harvest area research. Notwithstanding the significant amount of existing literature on local cropping intensities, research considering global datasets appears to be limited in spatial resolution and precision. In this paper, we present an annual dynamic global cropping intensity dataset covering the period from 2001 to 2019 at a 250-m resolution with an average overall accuracy of 89%, exceeding the accuracy of the current annual dynamic global cropping intensity data at a 500-m resolution. We used the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) of MOD13Q1 as the database via a sixth-order polynomial function to calculate the cropping intensity. The global cropping intensity dataset was packaged in the GeoTIFF file type, with the quality control band in the same format. The dataset fills the vacancy of medium-resolution, global-scale annual cropping intensity data and provides an improved map for further global yield estimations and food security analyses.
CLiP, catheter and line position dataset
Authors: Tang Jennifer S. N. , Seah Jarrel C. Y. , Zia Adil , Gajera Jay , Schlegel Richard N. , Wong Aaron J. N. , Gai Dayu , Su Shu , Bose Tony , Kok Marcus L. , Jarema Alex , Harisis George N. , Cheng Chris-Tin , Kavnoudias Helen , Wang Wayland , Stein Anouk , Shih George , Gaillard Frank , Dixon Andrew , Law Meng
Published: October 2021

Correct catheter position is crucial to ensuring appropriate function of the catheter and avoid complications. This paper describes a dataset consisting of 50,612 image level and 17,999 manually labelled annotations from 30,083 chest radiographs from the publicly available NIH ChestXRay14 dataset with manually annotated and segmented endotracheal tubes (ETT), nasoenteric tubes (NET) and central venous catheters (CVCs).
Modeling characterization of the vertical and temporal variability of environmental DNA in the mesopelagic ocean
Authors: Allan Elizabeth Andruszkiewicz , DiBenedetto Michelle H. , Lavery Andone C. , Govindarajan Annette F. , Zhang Weifeng G.
Published: October 2021

Increasingly, researchers are using innovative methods to census marine life, including identification of environmental DNA (eDNA) left behind by organisms in the water column. However, little is understood about how eDNA is distributed in the ocean, given that organisms are mobile and that physical and biological processes can transport eDNA after release from a host. Particularly in the vast mesopelagic ocean where many species vertically migrate hundreds of meters diurnally, it is important to link the location at which eDNA was shed by a host organism to the location at which eDNA was collected in a water sample. Here, we present a one-dimensional mechanistic model to simulate the eDNA vertical distribution after its release and to compare the impact of key biological and physical parameters on the eDNA vertical and temporal distribution. The modeled vertical eDNA profiles allow us to quantify spatial and temporal variability in eDNA concentration and to identify the most important parameters to consider when interpreting eDNA signals. We find that the vertical displacement by advection, dispersion, and settling has limited influence on the eDNA distribution, and the depth at which eDNA is found is generally within tens of meters of the depth at which the eDNA was originally shed from the organism. Thus, using information about representative vertical migration patterns, eDNA concentration variability can be used to answer ecological questions about migrating organisms such as what depths species can be found in the daytime and nighttime and what percentage of individuals within a species diurnally migrate. These findings are critical both to advance the understanding of the vertical distribution of eDNA in the water column and to link eDNA detection to organism presence in the mesopelagic ocean as well as other aquatic environments.
Design and SAR assessment of three compact 5G antenna arrays
Authors: Lak A. , Adelpour Z. , Oraizi H. , Parhizgar N.
Published: October 2021

In this paper three different multi stub antenna arrays at 27–29.5 GHz are designed. The proposed antenna arrays consist of eight single elements. The structure of feeding parts is the same but the radiation elements are different. The feeding network for array is an eight way Wilkinson power divider (WPD). To guarantee the simulation results, one of the proposed structures is fabricated and measured (namely the characteristics of S11, E-, and H-plane patterns) which shows acceptable consistency with measurement results. The simulation results by CST and HFSS show reasonable agreement for reflection coefficient and radiation patterns in the E- and H- planes. The overall size of the proposed antenna in maximum case is 29.5 mm × 52 mm ×  0.38 mm  (2.8 $${{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}$$

λ

0

× 4.86$${{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}$$

λ

0

× 0.036$${{\varvec{\lambda}}}_{0}$$

λ

0

). Moreover, for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) estimation, a three-layer spherical human head model (skin, skull, and the brain) is placed next to the arrays as the exposure source. The simulation results show that the performance of proposed antennas as low-SAR sources makes them ideal candidates for the safe usage and lack of impact of millimeter waves (mmW) on the human health. In all three cases of SAR simulations the value of SAR1g and SAR10g are below the standard limitations.
The giant panda is cryptic
Authors: Nokelainen Ossi , Scott-Samuel Nicholas E. , Nie Yonggang , Wei Fuwen , Caro Tim
Published: October 2021

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic mammal, but the function of its black-and-white coloration is mysterious. Using photographs of giant pandas taken in the wild and state-of-the-art image analysis, we confirm the counterintuitive hypothesis that their coloration provides camouflage in their natural environment. The black fur blends into dark shades and tree trunks, whereas white fur matches foliage and snow when present, and intermediate pelage tones match rocks and ground. At longer viewing distances giant pandas show high edge disruption that breaks up their outline, and up close they rely more on background matching. The results are consistent across acuity-corrected canine, feline, and human vision models. We also show quantitatively that the species animal-to-background colour matching falls within the range of other species that are widely recognised as cryptic. Thus, their coloration is an adaptation to provide background matching in the visual environment in which they live and simultaneously to afford distance-dependent disruptive coloration, the latter of which constitutes the first computational evidence of this form of protective coloration in mammals.
Post-fire insect fauna explored by crown fermental traps in forests of the European Russia
Authors: Ruchin A. B. , Egorov L. V. , MacGowan I. , Makarkin V. N. , Antropov A. V. , Gornostaev N. G. , Khapugin A. A. , Dvořák L. , Esin M. N.
Published: October 2021

Wildfires considerably affect forest ecosystems. However, there is a lack of data on the post-fire status of insect communities in these ecosystems. This paper presents results of a study conducted in 2019 which considered the post-fire status of the insect fauna in a Protected Area, Mordovia State Nature Reserve (Republic of Mordovia, centre of European Russia), considered as regional hotspot of insect diversity in Mordovia. We sampled insects on intact (unburned, control) and fire-damaged (burnt in 2010) sites and compared the alpha-diversity between sites. In total, we sampled and analysed 16,861 specimens belonging to 11 insect orders, 51 families and 190 species. The largest orders represented in the samples were Coleoptera (95 species), Diptera (54 species), Hymenoptera (21 species), and Neuroptera (11 species). Other insect orders were represented by between one and four species. The largest four orders (Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera) represented 96.7% of all studied specimens. We found that in the ninth year after low intensity surface fire damage, the insect diversity had returned to a similar level to that of the control (unburned) sites. Sites damaged by crown wildfire differed considerably from other sites in terms of a negative impact on both species diversity and the number of specimens. This indicates the serious effect of the crown fires on the biodiversity and consequent long-term recovery of the damaged ecosystem.
Lipidomic profiling reveals biosynthetic relationships between phospholipids and diacylglycerol ethers in the deep-sea soft coral Paragorgia arborea
Authors: Imbs Andrey B. , Velansky Peter V.
Published: October 2021

The cold-water gorgonian coral Paragorgia arborea is considered as a foundation species of deep-sea ecosystems in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To advance lipidomic studies of deep-sea corals, molecular species compositions of diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), which are specific storage lipids of corals, and structural glycerophospholipids (GPL) including ethanolamine, choline, inositol and serine GPL (PE, PC, PI, and PS, respectively) were analyzed in P. arborea by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. In DAGE molecules, alkyl groups (16:0, 14:0, and 18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and monounsaturated FA are mainly substituted the glycerol moiety at position sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3, respectively. The ether form (1-O-alkyl-2-acyl) predominates in PE and PC, while PI is comprised of the 1,2-diacyl form. Both ether and diacyl forms were observed in PS. At position sn-2, C20 PUFA are mainly attached to PC, but C24 PUFA, soft coral chemotaxonomic markers, concentrate in PS, PI, and PE. A comparison of non-polar parts of molecules has shown that DAGE, ether PE, and ether PC can originate from one set of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. Ether PE may be converted to ether PS by the base-exchange reaction. A diacylglycerol unit generated from phosphatidic acid can be a precursor for diacyl PS, PC, and PI. Thus, a lipidomic approach has confirmed the difference in biosynthetic origins between ether and diacyl lipids of deep-sea gorgonians.
Human influences shape the first spatially explicit national estimate of urban unowned cat abundance
Authors: McDonald Jennifer L. , Skillings Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

Globally, unowned cats are a common element of urban landscapes, and the focus of diverse fields of study due to welfare, conservation and public health concerns. However, their abundance and distribution are poorly understood at large spatial scales. Here, we use an Integrated Abundance Model to counter biases that are inherent in public records of unowned cat sightings to assess important drivers of their abundance from 162 sites across five urban towns and cities in England. We demonstrate that deprivation indices and human population densities contribute to the number of unowned cats. We provide the first spatially explicit estimates of expected distributions and abundance of unowned cats across a national scale and estimate the total UK urban unowned cat population to be 247,429 (95% credible interval: 157,153 to 365,793). Our results provide a new baseline and approach for studies on unowned cats and links to the importance of human-mediated effects.
Pharmacogenomics characterization of the MDM2 inhibitor MI-773 reveals candidate tumours and predictive biomarkers
Authors: Vuaroqueaux Vincent , Hendriks Hans R. , Al-Hasani Hoor , Peille Anne-Lise , Das Samayita , Fiebig Heinz-Herbert
Published: October 2021

MI-773 is a recently developed small-molecule inhibitor of the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) proto-oncogene. Preclinical data on the anti-tumour activity of MI-773 are limited and indicate that tumour cell lines (CLs) with mutatedTP53are more resistant to MI-773 than wild typeTP53. Here, we explored the compound’s therapeutic potential in vitro using a panel of 274 annotated CLs derived from a diversity of tumours. MI-773 exhibited a pronounced selectivity and moderate potency, with anti-tumour activity in the sub-micromolar range in about 15% of the CLs. The most sensitive tumour types were melanoma, sarcoma, renal and gastric cancers, leukaemia, and lymphoma. A COMPARE analysis showed that the profile of MI-773 was similar to that of Nutlin-3a, the first potent inhibitor of p53–MDM2 interactions, and, in addition, had a superior potency. In contrast, it poorly correlates with profiles of compounds targeting the p53 pathway with another mechanism of action. OMICS analyses confirmed that MI-773 was primarily active in CLs with wild typeTP53. In silico biomarker investigations revealed that theTP53mutation status plus the aggregated expression levels of 11 genes involved in the p53 signalling pathway predicted sensitivity or resistance of CLs to inhibitors of p53–MDM2 interactions reliably. The results obtained for MI-773 could help to refine the selection of cancer patients for therapy.
In vitro metabolic capacity of carbohydrate degradation by intestinal microbiota of adults and pre-frail elderly
Authors: An Ran , Wilms Ellen , Logtenberg Madelon J , van Trijp Mara P H , Schols Henk A , Masclee Ad A M , Smidt Hauke , Jonkers Daisy M A E , Zoetendal Erwin G
Published: October 2021

Globally increased life expectancy strongly triggered interest to delay the onset of frailty, which has been associated with alterations in compositional and functional characteristics of intestinal microbiota. In the current study, we used an in vitro batch incubation model to compare the metabolic capacity of the faecal microbiota of adults (n = 6) versus pre-frail elderly (n = 6) to degrade various glycosidic carbohydrates, including galacto-oligosaccharides, 2′-fucosyllactose, chicory fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin, and isomalto/malto-polysaccharides. The in vitro metabolic capacity was also compared with an in vivo GOS intervention study based on the same subjects. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and metabolites revealed distinct portions of variation in overall microbiota and metabolite composition during incubation being explained by individuality of the subjects and carbon source. In addition, the age group of the subjects also had significant impact on microbiota variation, carbohydrate degradation and metabolite production. This was accompanied by elevated increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium in the microbiota of adults compared to that of pre-frail elderly and significantly decreased effectiveness to degrade galacto-oligosaccharides by the latter group. Altogether, the carbohydrate degradation in elderly was different compared to adults, with some carbohydrates showing decreased degradation rates. Longer interventions periods may be required to enhance bifidobacterial abundance in the microbiota of pre-frail elderly and thereby to obtain associated prebiotic health benefits.
Development and multicenter validation of chest X-ray radiography interpretations based on natural language processing
Authors: Zhang Yaping , Liu Mingqian , Hu Shundong , Shen Yao , Lan Jun , Jiang Beibei , de Bock Geertruida H. , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Chen Xu , Xie Xueqian
Published: October 2021

Background

Artificial intelligence can assist in interpreting chest X-ray radiography (CXR) data, but large datasets require efficient image annotation. The purpose of this study is to extract CXR labels from diagnostic reports based on natural language processing, train convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and evaluate the classification performance of CNN using CXR data from multiple centers

Methods

We collected the CXR images and corresponding radiology reports of 74,082 subjects as the training dataset. The linguistic entities and relationships from unstructured radiology reports were extracted by the bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) model, and a knowledge graph was constructed to represent the association between image labels of abnormal signs and the report text of CXR. Then, a 25-label classification system were built to train and test the CNN models with weakly supervised labeling.

Results

In three external test cohorts of 5,996 symptomatic patients, 2,130 screening examinees, and 1,804 community clinic patients, the mean AUC of identifying 25 abnormal signs by CNN reaches 0.866 ± 0.110, 0.891 ± 0.147, and 0.796 ± 0.157, respectively. In symptomatic patients, CNN shows no significant difference with local radiologists in identifying 21 signs (p > 0.05), but is poorer for 4 signs (p < 0.05). In screening examinees, CNN shows no significant difference for 17 signs (p > 0.05), but is poorer at classifying nodules (p = 0.013). In community clinic patients, CNN shows no significant difference for 12 signs (p > 0.05), but performs better for 6 signs (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

We construct and validate an effective CXR interpretation system based on natural language processing.
Development of a PANI/Fe(NO3)2 nanomaterial for reactive orange 16 (RO16) dye removal
Authors: Arfin Tanvir , Bhaisare Dipti A. , Waghmare S. S.
Published: October 2021

Polyaniline–iron(ii) nitrate was prepared by the polymerization of aniline hydrochloride with Fe(NO3)2.
Multiferroic Aurivillius Bi4Ti2−xMnxFe0.5Nb0.5O12 (n = 3) compounds with tailored magnetic interactions
Authors: Algueró Miguel , Sanz-Mateo Jorge , del Real Rafael P. , Ricote Jesús , Fernández-Posada Carmen M. , Castro Alicia
Published: October 2021

A new series of three-layer Aurivillius oxides containing Fe3+ and Mn4+, argued to be too small for its introduction into the crystal structure, is presented. This is a novel family of multiferroic layered oxides with tailored magnetic interactions.
Zirconocene dichlorides as catalysts in alkene carbo- and cyclometalation by AlEt3: intermediate structures and dynamics
Authors: Parfenova Lyudmila V. , Kovyazin Pavel V. , Mukhamadeeva Olesia V. , Ivchenko Pavel V. , Nifant'ev Ilya E. , Khalilov Leonard M. , Dzhemilev Usein M.
Published: October 2021

Catalytic activity and chemoselectivity of zirconocenes in the reaction of alkenes with AlEt3 were evaluated. NMR study of the reaction between L2ZrCl2 and AlEt3 showed the formation of various bimetallic intermediates.
Generation and reactivity of an elusive base-stabilised phosphinidene
Authors: Nguyen Minh Tho , Spasyuk Denis , White Brandon , Dudding Travis , Nikonov Georgii I.
Published: October 2021

Dichlorophosphine 6 can be reduced by PMe3 to generate a putative phosphinidene 5 that trimerizes above 10 °C. Analogous reaction with carbene IPr affords phosphinylated carbene 13.
Multiple site ground-based evaluation of carbonaceous aerosol mass concentrations retrieved from CAMS and MERRA-2 over the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Authors: Soni Ashish , Mandariya Anil Kumar , Rajeev Pradhi , Izhar Saifi , Singh Gyanesh Kumar , Choudhary Vikram , Qadri Adnan Mateen , Gupta Aman Deep , Singh Amit Kumar , Gupta Tarun
Published: October 2021

Objectives: (a) ground-truthing of black and organic aerosol mass simulated by CAMS and MERRA-2, (b) identification of different atmospheric processes that propagated errors in these reanalysis datasets.
Influence of organic colloids on the uptake, accumulation and effects of benzophenone-3 in aquatic animals
Authors: Sun Yu , Lu Guanghua , Zhang Peng , Ling Xin , Zhou Ranran , Yan Zhenhua , Liu Jianchao
Published: October 2021

Organic colloids can affect the accumulation and toxicity of BP3 in organisms by changing the uptake pathway of BP3 by organisms.
Occurrences and changes in bacterial growth-promoting nutrients in drinking water from source to tap: a review
Authors: Park Ji Won , Duong Thi Huyen , Noh Jin Hyung , Chung Sang-Yeop , Son Heejong , Prest Emmanuelle , Oh Seungdae , Maeng Sung Kyu
Published: October 2021

Understanding bacterial growth-promoting nutrients are essential to produce and supply biostable drinking water.
Blood pressure and body fat % reduction is mainly related to flavanone phase II conjugates and minor extension by phenolic acid after long-term intake of orange juice
Authors: Fraga Layanne Nascimento , Coutinho Camille Perella , Rozenbaum Adriana Campos , Tobaruela Eric de Castro , Lajolo Franco Maria , Hassimotto Neuza Mariko Aymoto
Published: October 2021

Hesperidin and narirutin are the major flavanones present in orange juice, and they have been associated with a reduction in risk of cardiometabolic disease.
Synthesis and electron-transport properties of N-trifluoromethylphenyl-phthalimides containing selenophene substituents
Authors: Nishida Jun-ichi , Morikawa Yoshiki , Hashimoto Akito , Kita Yasuyuki , Nishimoto Hiroshi , Kadoya Tomofumi , Sato Hiroyasu , Kawase Takeshi
Published: October 2021

Trifluoromethylphenyl substituted phthalimides containing oligoselenophene or phenylselenophene substituents were synthesized, and their n-type semiconductor properties and photoresponsiveness were investigated.
Molecular packing and film morphology control in organic electrochemical transistors
Authors: Zhu Min , Li Peiyun , Li Jiu-Long , Lei Ting
Published: October 2021

Ion/charge transport in OECTs is sensitive to molecular packing and film morphology. This review summarizes recent progress on controlling and understanding the molecular packing and film morphology in OECTs.
Controllable preparation of crystalline red phosphorus and its photocatalytic properties
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Ma Shufang , Hao Xiaodong , Wang Yunting , Cao Ben , Han Bin , Zhang Hao , Kong Xingang , Xu Bingshe
Published: October 2021

An element-assisted chemical vapor transport reaction was used not only to synthesize single-phase crystal red phosphorus [P12(4)]P2[micron belts, but also single-phase crystal Hittorf's phosphorus micron rods extending along the [001] direction.
Merging cobalt and photoredox catalysis for the C8–H alkoxylation of 1-naphthylamine derivatives with alcohols
Authors: Xu Zhaoliang , Hu Yu , Wang Lei , Sun Mingli , Li Pinhua
Published: October 2021

A combined cobalt and photoredox catalysis system to realize the C8–H alkoxylation of 1-naphthylamine derivatives with alcohols was developed.
Palladium-catalyzed post-Ugi arylative dearomatization/Michael addition cascade towards plicamine analogues
Authors: Liu Chao , Zhao Ruiqi , Song Liangliang , Li Zhenghua , Tian Guilong , He Yi , Van Meervelt Luc , Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: October 2021

The combination of Ugi-4CR and palladium-catalyzed dearomatization sets the stage for the straightforward construction of plicamine derivatives in a rapid, highly efficient and step-economical manner.
Alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using phosphonium ylides as alkylating reagents
Authors: Peng Sha , Liu Jun-Jia , Yang Luo
Published: October 2021

A practical and efficient protocol for the preparation of 3-alkylquinoxalinones through base promoted alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with phosphonium ylides under metal- and oxidant-free conditions was developed.
Synthesis of a TNF inhibitor, flurbiprofen and an i-Pr analogue in enantioenriched forms by copper-catalyzed propargylic substitution with Grignard reagents
Authors: Takashima Yuji , Isogawa Yukari , Tsuboi Atsuki , Ogawa Narihito , Kobayashi Yuichi
Published: October 2021

The Cu-catalyzed substitution reaction of propargylic phosphates with ArMgBr was demonstrated to be suited for the synthesis of a TNF inhibitor, flurbiprofen and an i-Pr analogue.
Manganese(iii)-promoted thiocarbonylation of alkylborates with disulfides: synthesis of aliphatic thioesters
Authors: Chen Bo , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: October 2021

A Mn(iii)-promoted thiocarbonylation procedure toward the synthesis of thioesters has been developed.
Delivering anion transporters to lipid bilayers in water
Authors: McNaughton Daniel A. , To Tsz Ying (Teresa) , Hawkins Bryson A. , Hibbs David E. , Gale Philip A.
Published: October 2021

Cyclodextrins have been employed as delivery agents for lipophilic anion transporters, which allow their incorporation into lipid bilayers without using an organic solvent or pre-incorporation.
Role of thiol oxidation by air in the mechanism of the self-initiated thermal thiol–ene polymerization
Authors: Le Cuong Minh Quoc , Morlet-Savary Fabrice , Chemtob Abraham
Published: October 2021

We highlight the role of thiyl initiating radicals generated by air oxidation of thiols in the mechanism accounting for the self-initiation of thiol–ene polymerization. The driving force of this reaction is polarization of the S–H bond.
Substituent effects on the photoinitiation ability of coumarin-based oxime-ester photoinitiators for free radical photopolymerization
Authors: Hammoud Fatima , Giacoletto Nicolas , Noirbent Guillaume , Graff Bernadette , Hijazi Akram , Nechab Malek , Gigmes Didier , Dumur Frédéric , Lalevée Jacques
Published: October 2021

In this study, a series of coumarin chromophore-based oxime-esters were designed and synthesized as visible light photoinitiators (PIs).
Effect of visual anthropomorphic stories on students’ understanding of the particulate nature of matter and anthropomorphic discourse
Authors: Türkoguz Suat , Ercan İzel
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the effect of visual anthropomorphic stories on students’ understanding of the particulate nature of matter and their level of anthropomorphic discourse. This study employed a quasi-experimental research design with pretest and posttest control groups. Science activities supported by visual anthropomorphic stories were conducted in the experimental group, and the 2018–2019 science curriculum was implemented in the control group. Two measurement tools, which included a ‘two-tier diagnostic test for the particulate nature of matter’ and an ‘anthropomorphic discourse usage-level test for the atomic concept’, were used. Consequently, this study showed that the anthropomorphic discourse scores were statistically significant in favor of the students in the experimental group, while their scientific explanation scores were statistically significant in favor of students in the control group. That is, the science activities supported by visual anthropomorphic stories further developed students' anthropomorphic discourse in the experimental group but could not sufficiently develop their scientific explanations. Additionally, this study showed that the scores of the ‘positive tendency’ taxonomy on the particulate nature of matter for the students in both groups were close to each other, but their scores of the ‘negative tendency’ taxonomy were statistically significant differences in favour of the control group. Namely, science activities supported by visual anthropomorphic stories could help students in well understanding concepts of the particulate nature of matter.
Orthogonally aligned cyclic BODIPY arrays with long-lived triplet excited states as efficient heavy-atom-free photosensitizers
Authors: Zhu Zhaoyang , Zhang Xue , Guo Xing , Wu Qinghua , Li Zhongxin , Yu Changjiang , Hao Erhong , Jiao Lijuan , Zhao Jianzhang
Published: October 2021

Cyclic BODIPY trimers showed strong exciton coupling in singlet excited states and long-lived triplet excited states, and generated both singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals under light irradiation, giving good reactive oxygen quantum yields and promising PDT results in vitro.
Silicon – single molecule – silicon circuits
Authors: Reimers Jeffrey R. , Yang Junhao , Darwish Nadim , Kosov Daniel S.
Published: October 2021

Single-molecule circuits using silicon contacts are robust, conductive, controllable, and highly reproducible in blinking experiments, with enhanced conductance in break-junctions owing to residual dangling bonds.
Recent developments towards portable point-of-care diagnostic devices for pathogen detection
Authors: Roy Sharmili , Arshad Fareeha , Eissa Shimaa , Safavieh Mohammadali , Alattas Sanaa G. , Ahmed Minhaz Uddin , Zourob Mohammed
Published: October 2021

Recent developments of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices available for detecting pathogens to monitor infectious diseases that have made a massive impact in modern health care systems.
Accelerating the transition of clinical science to translational medicine
Authors: Holgate Stephen T.
Published: October 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown the importance of medical research in responding to the urgent prevention and health needs to combat the devastating disease, COVID-19, that this β-coronavirus unleashed. Equally, it has demonstrated the importance of interdisciplinary working to translate scientific discovery into public and patient benefit. As we come to adjust to live with this new virus, it is important to look back and see what lessons we have learnt in the way scientific medical discoveries can be more effectively and rapidly moved into public benefit. Clinical Science has had a long and distinguished history with this Journal bearing the same name and being an important contributor to the rapidly increasing use of human pathobiological data to gain mechanistic understanding of disease mechanisms leading to new diagnostic tests and treatments. The recognition that many complex diseases engage multiple causal pathways that may vary from patient to patient, and at different times across the lifecourse, has led to the emergence of stratified or precision medicine in which the right treatment is given to the right patient at the right time and, in doing so, minimise ‘non-responders’ and off-target side effects. Applications of omics technologies, the digitalisation of biology and the applications of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) are accelerating disease insights at pace with translation of discoveries into new diagnostic tests and treatments. The future of clinical science, as it morphs into translational medicine, is now creating unique possibilities where even the most intractable diseases are now open to being conquered.
Accent, Comprehensibility, and Confidence in Second and Third Languages of Adolescents: How Do They Relate to Language Proficiency and Language Interactions?
Authors: Elin Thordardottir  , Hávarðarson Guðlaugur
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

This study examines the degree to which adolescents in Iceland are judged by native Icelandic speakers to have a foreign accent both in Icelandic and in English, two languages that are learned under different conditions, as the community and school language, and through school and incidental exposure.

Method:

Fifty-eight adolescents, 27 with Icelandic as their first language (L1), 21 as their second language (L2), and 10 as one of two L1s read passages in Icelandic and English. Twelve untrained native speakers of Icelandic rated the degree of foreign accent, comprehensibility, and confidence level and selected from multiple-choice options what they thought was the L1 of the speakers.

Results:

Significant group differences were found in Icelandic but not in English. L2 speakers had a significantly greater foreign accent than the other groups in Icelandic; however, there was substantial overlap with some L2 speakers judged to be native and some L1 speakers judged as nonnative. All groups had a significantly greater accent in English than in Icelandic. Accent was judged more sternly than comprehensibility and confidence and related differently to vocabulary proficiency.

Conclusions:

Accent is typically not considered in studies of bilingual attainment in children for purposes of clinical assessment or educational placement but should be given closer attention. The study confirms previous findings that many young L2 learners have a detectable foreign accent. The overlap with L1 speakers also raises questions about the ideal of a native accent. More research is needed on how accent relates to bilingual and multilingual proficiency and on its impacts on comfort level, ease of communication, choice of language, and language exposure.
Sketch and Speak
: An Oral, Written, and Graphic Expository Strategy Intervention for Secondary Students
Authors: Ukrainetz Teresa A. , Peterson Amy K.
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

This clinical focus article describes an intervention to improve comprehension, retention, and expression of the ideas and language of expository texts.
Sketch and Speak
intervention links written, graphic, and oral learning strategies through a triadic process of noting an idea simply with written or pictographic notes, then saying it fully, and saying it again. This simple routine engages transformational and retrieval cognitive processes involved in active learning and information retention. We consider the evidence base from the psychological and educational literature and report research evidence with younger students with language-related learning disabilities. We explain how to use
Sketch and Speak
with students in the secondary grades and suggest how to coach students toward independent, self-regulated use.

Conclusions:

Students in the secondary grades benefit from learning strategies that help them gain control over the ideas and language of informational texts.
Sketch and Speak
may be a helpful addition to the speech-language pathologist's repertoire for older students with language and learning difficulties.
A fault location method of distribution network based on XGBoost and SVM algorithm
Authors: Liu Keyan , Kang Tianyuan , Ye Xueshun , Bai Muke , Fan Yaqian
Published: October 2021

Nowadays, the reliable supply of electric power is vital in all aspects of social life. With the development and participation of distributed generations, not only does an accurate fault location lets repair of a fault line as quickly as possible, but also it is of great significance to ensure the safe and stable economic operation of the power system. This study proposes a method to determine the fault location in distribution networks, which is a combination of Extreme Gradient Boosting and Support Vector Machine. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on an IEEE34‐bus distribution network under single‐phase‐to‐ground faults, using voltage measurements available at each node in the distribution network. The comparison in accuracy, precision, recall, F1‐score and time‐cost of the method in this study with K‐Nearest Neighbour and Multi‐Layer Perceptron demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed method in distribution system fault diagnosis.
The implementation of wideband 90° hybrids on non‐optimal substrates
Authors: du Toit Johan B. , Joubert Johan , Odendaal Johann W.
Published: October 2021

A new technique to implement wideband 90° hybrid coupling profiles on non‐optimal substrate configurations is presented. The technique uses an impedance taper over the whole length of the hybrid to remove the restriction of a substrate defined maximum coupling coefficient at crossover, thus resulting in much more flexibility for the implementation of hybrids on integrated printed circuit boards. The choice of board thicknesses and material type no longer needs to be dominated by the hybrid, but can be optimized for other components or priorities. The flexibility provided by the technique is shown in the implementation of a 2–18 GHz hybrid on a large range of substrate thicknesses as well as on a non‐optimal substrate material, for which acceptable measured performance is still obtained.
Information sufficient segmentation and signal‐to‐noise ratio for 3D astigmatism stochastic optical localization nanoscopy
Authors: Sun Mingyan , Sun Yi
Published: October 2021

It is known that 80% power effective data segmentation with Airy and Gaussian point spread functions (PSFs) for 2D imaging achieves sufficient Fisher information and is appropriate to define signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of a data frame. This letter investigates information‐sufficient data segmentation with an astigmatic PSF for 3D imaging. The SNR and the root mean square error (RMSE) of Fisher information for ρ‐power effective segmentation are derived. Numerical evaluations in various conditions of emitter axial locations and noise levels are carried out. It is found that the 80% power effective segmentation with the 3D astigmatic PSF also achieves sufficient Fisher information and is appropriate to define SNR. The results are applicable to data segmentation and SNR computation in experiments and simulations.
New alternative derivations of Cramér–Rao bound for equality‐constrained estimation
Authors: Li Xi , Liu Yi , Yang Le
Published: October 2021

This paper presents new alternative derivations of the well‐known constrained Cramr–Rao bound for estimating parameters that satisfy a set of deterministic and differentiable equality constraints. Specifically, for unbiased parameter estimation, the equality constraints are treated as pseudo‐measurements corrupted by independent zero‐mean Gaussian noise with infinitely small covariance. In this way, the desired constrained Cramr–Rao bound can be established via utilising the property that the Fisher information matrices for independent measurements are additive. This paper also provides a new simple way for deriving the constrained Cramr–Rao bound when the parameter estimate has a specified bias through exploring that the estimation error lies in the null space of the gradient matrix of the constraints and invoking the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality.
Study on the residual flux density measurement method for power transformer cores based on magnetising inductance
Authors: Huo Cailing , Wang Youhua , Liu Chengcheng , Lei Gang
Published: October 2021

When a power transformer is reconnected to a power grid, if the residual flux in its iron core is large, significant inrush current may be generated and result in closing failure. Therefore, accurate residual flux measurement is necessary to avoid the harmful effects of inrush current. This work proposes a residual flux density measurement method for the power transformer core based on magnetising inductance. Firstly, when positive and negative DC voltages are applied along or opposite to the direction of the initial residual flux density, the measured positive magnetising inductance is smaller than the negative so that the direction of residual flux density can be determined by comparing their values. Secondly, the magnitude of residual flux density can calculated by analysing the empirical formula between residual flux density and positive magnetising inductance using the finite element method. Finally, this work takes the square iron core as the research object, establishes the corresponding empirical formula, and verifies its accuracy through experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy compared with the voltage integration method widely used in this field.
A compact triple‐band dipole array antenna for selected sub 1 GHz, 5G and WiFi access point applications
Authors: Yazdani Reza , Aliakbarian Hadi , Sahraei Amir , Vandenbosch Guy A. E.
Published: October 2021

This work aims at realizing an antenna with a stable radiation pattern for base station applications. A novel high‐efficiency shared‐aperture triple‐band dipole array antenna configuration is proposed in sub‐6 GHz microcell base stations in environments where bi‐directional radiation patterns are preferred. The radiators of the antenna are composed of double‐sided square dipole array structures and two novel long‐side monopoles. To verify the principle, the antenna with an overall size of 0.3λ0 × 0.33λ0 × 0.002λ0 (λ0 is the free‐space wavelength at 900 MHz) is fabricated and measured. The measurements confirm impedance bandwidths of 9.5% (840–924 MHz), 21.9% (3–3.74 GHz), and 12.2% (4.9–5.54 GHz), respectively. The second frequency band covers the 5G sub‐6 GHz NR frequency band n78, mainly used in China and some other countries, and the LTE 42/43 bands (3.4–3.6 GHz, 3.6–3.8 GHz). The first and the third bands are also suitable for GSM 900, 5 GHz WiFi and are potential candidates for future 5G developments. The boresight gain is greater than 1, 6, and 10 dBi in these bands, respectively. The measured results also demonstrate that the proposed configuration has stable radiation patterns across the three frequency bands.
Parallel‐plates‐based Dirac Leaky Wave Antennas
Authors: Rezaee Sina , Memarian Mohammad , Ahmadian Mohammad
Published: October 2021

In this work, the authors experimentally show Dirac Leaky Wave Antennas (DLWAs) at upper microwave frequencies. For the first time, DLWAs are implemented using simple Parallel plate waveguide (PPW) technology, while yielding desirable radiation features and continuous beam scanning through broadside, as well as extremely low profile, with significant ease of fabrication, making them well suited for Ku band applications such as satellite communication, radar and emerging fifth‐generation (5G). A planar Dirac photonic crystal in PPW is shown with a closed bandgap and linear dispersion around broadside. In this work, 1D and 2D PPDLWAs are designed that provide scannable fan and pencil beams, respectively, with a symmetric beamwidth. Phase and attenuation constants are controlled with unit cell dimensions to obtain a directive beam and scanning in a wide range of angles. For the 2D design, an appropriate wideband feeding network is designed that excites the antenna appropriately. The presented PPDLWAs operate with a peak gain of about 13 dB for the fan beam and 22 dB for the pencil beam, in the frequency range from 12 to 16 GHz.
A single‐stage bridgeless LLC resonant converter with constant frequency control based LED driver
Authors: Ma Jianguang , Sun Ying , Hu Liang
Published: October 2021

In this article, a single‐stage bridgeless LLC resonant converter with a constant frequency control method is proposed for a high‐brightness light‐emitting diode (LED) driver. LED strings require drivers with high power density and high efficiency. This article presents a novel LED driver circuit topology based on switch integration and the switching controlled capacitor (SCC) technique. By combining the merits of a totem‐pole bridgeless boost PFC unit and a high frequency SCC‐LLC half‐bridge resonant converter, the proposed topology can achieve high efficiency. Due to the SCC‐LLC circuit topology structure, constant frequency control of the LLC resonant converter is achieved by the regulation of the equivalent resonant capacitance. The proposed novel LED driver topology can automatically achieve soft‐switching characteristics and a high power factor. The operating principle of different operation modes and the characteristics of the proposed LED driver are analysed in detail. Finally, to demonstrate the feature of the proposed topology, a 100 W/70 V laboratory prototype is built. The satisfactory experimental results correspond with the theoretical analysis and parameter design.
Enhancing the distribution power system resilience against hurricane events using a bayesian network line outage prediction model
Authors: Omogoye Okeolu Samuel , Folly Komla Agbenyo , Awodele Kehinde Oladayo
Published: October 2021

Enhancing the grid resilience against hurricane events proactively requires a pre‐disaster system optimization built on accurate system network line outage prediction. In the past, the statistical system level failure predictive model such as generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), system tree‐based mining model (classification regression tree (CART), Bayesian additive regression model (BART), and the topology‐based system components’ fragility curve (FC)‐Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model have been used to estimate the hurricane‐induced damage on the grid system. Although these models are suitable for a long term infrastructural planning, increased prediction approximation error with high computational time limit their applications as a components level predictive model that can be used for a short‐term proactive operational planning. To solve these problems, a dynamic bayesian network (BN) model is proposed. The investigation is performed on a standard IEEE 15‐bus system using hurricane events data. The proposed BN's system line outage prediction accuracy and efficiency are validated using the statistical system grid components’ FC‐MCS‐scenario reduction (SCENRED) predictive model. Therefore, creating a platform to develop a cost‐effective pre‐disaster system optimization for system network resilience enhancement against the predicted approaching hurricane events.
Research on vehicle adaptive cruise control based on BP neural network working condition recognition
Authors: Wang Yongwei , Guo Zhijun , Wu Jingbo , Fu Shenzhen
Published: October 2021

To solve the problems of the vehicle following model mismatch under different driving conditions and poor vehicle following performance, this paper proposes an adaptive cruise control system based on BP neural network to identify different driving conditions. Firstly, eight typical driving cycles are selected as samples, which are redivided into low‐speed mode and medium high‐speed mode. According to the selected characteristic parameters and re‐division of driving mode, a new BP neural network structure is designed. Secondly, the characteristic parameter values are calculated by using the characteristic parameters, and the characteristic parameters are normalized. The working condition recognition model is obtained by training the normalized data values. Finally, according to the classification of working conditions, the fuzzy control upper control algorithm and the MPC upper control algorithm for medium‐high speed conditions are designed respectively. Based on the above control algorithms, the joint simulation is carried out with Car‐Sim and MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the low‐speed fuzzy logic algorithm and the medium high‐speed MPC algorithm proposed in this paper can make the vehicle have a better following performance and comfort.