bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water resource management based on trade-off analysis of multi-dimensional critical regulation and control indicators
Authors: Fu Qiang , Zhu Changhong , Jiang Qiuxiang , Guo Hao , Zhao Ke
Published: June 2015

Water resources exist in a large and complex system with multi-dimensional objectives. In this paper, the multi-dimensional nature of water resource systems was analyzed. Then, those indicators were used to set the regulation objective for each dimension and establish an indicator system for use in multi-dimensional critical regulation and control (MCRC). The case of Jiamusi was studied as an example: an MCRC water use model was established and the model was solved to derive Jiamusi's initial water use plan in the target year of 2020. The relationships between the economic benefits produced by water consumption and the groundwater exploitation rate, agricultural water consumption, chemical oxygen demand, and ecological water consumption were analyzed based on this plan: the trade-off among indicators of various dimensions was analyzed to obtain the relationship curves between the regulation indicators of the economic dimension and those of the other dimensions (resource, social, environmental and ecological dimensions). Finally, multi-dimensional regulation was applied to the plan based on the relationship curves from the trade-off analysis, and the best water use plan for the target year was proposed. This study provided a strong basis for setting thresholds for the planning and management of water use in Jiamusi.
Ḥadīth Transmission in Theodor Nöldeke's Geschichte des Qorâns
Authors: Abd Allah al-Shuwayqi Bandar Ibn
Published: June 2015

Theodor Nöldeke's work Geschichte des Qorâns comprises numerous ḥadīth transmissions, some of which the author accepted and others of which he rejected. In the process, he critiques and highlights what he considers to be the shortcomings of the Islamic scholarly methodology of ḥadīth criticism. This paper undertakes a comprehensive study which aims to bring to light the various methodological differences between the Islamic method of attesting ḥadīth reports and that of Nöldeke.
Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity of New Hybrid Molecules of Terpenes and Synthetic Drugs
Authors: Theoduloz Cristina , Delporte Carla , Valenzuela-Barra Gabriela , Silva Ximena , Cádiz Solange , Bustamante Fernanda , Pertino Mariano , Schmeda-Hirschmann Guillermo
Published: June 2015

The aim of the study was to assess changes in the activity of anti-inflammatory terpenes from Chilean medicinal plants after the formation of derivatives incorporating synthetic anti-inflammatory agents. Ten new hybrid molecules were synthesized combining terpenes (ferruginol (1), imbricatolic acid (2) and oleanolic acid (3)) with ibuprofen (4) or naproxen (5). The topical anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds was assessed in mice by the arachidonic acid (AA) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) induced ear edema assays. Basal cytotoxicity was determined towards human lung fibroblasts, gastric epithelial cells and hepatocytes. At 1.4 µmol/mouse, a strong anti-inflammatory effect in the TPA assay was observed for oleanoyl ibuprofenate 12 (79.9%) and oleanoyl ibuprofenate methyl ester 15 (80.0%). In the AA assay, the best activity was observed for 12 at 3.2 µmol/mouse, with 56.8% reduction of inflammation, in the same range as nimesulide (48.9%). All the terpenyl-synthetic anti-inflammatory hybrids showed better effects in the TPA assay, with best activity for 6, 12 and 15. The cytotoxicity of the compounds 8 and 10 with a free COOH, was higher than that of 2. The derivatives from 3 were less toxic than the triterpene. Several of the new compounds presented better anti-inflammatory effect and lower cytotoxicity than the parent terpenes.
Charms of a Silver Watch
Authors: Bawany S.A.
Published: June 2015

His face looked sore, and there was a gaping hole in his left cheek that bore down to the upper set of his dentition [...]
Point: Mammography Screening—Sticking to the Science
Authors: Yaffe M.J.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND [...]
Book Review: Therapeutic Revolution: The History of Medical Oncology From Early Days to the Creation of the Subspecialty
Authors: Falkson C. I.
Published: June 2015

Therapeutic Revolution: The History of Medical Oncology From Early Days to the Creation of the Subspecialty is a book about the history of medical oncology, the extraordinary turbulence that permeated the early years of the field, and the events that led to this subspecialty of internal medicine [...]
Surveiller et s’unir ?
Authors: Vagneron Frédéric
Published: June 2015

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le Programme grippe de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a réalisé la première coordination internationale de lutte contre la grippe. Face à la variabilité du virus, l’OMS a élaboré un réseau de laboratoires pour surveiller les souches humaines en circulation. Deux décennies plus tard, l’élucidation de l’origine des pandémies humaines, grâce à un faisceau de preuves impliquant le rôle de réservoir des animaux, a considérablement élargi le périmètre de cette surveillance. L’article décrit comment la surveillance de la grippe a permis d’élaborer une approche écologique de la maladie, grâce à l’enrôlement de nouveaux acteurs permis par un travail de standardisation des méthodes dans le réseau. Face à la biodiversité des espèces infectées par le virus, les recherches sur l’écologie de la grippe ont contribué à une nouvelle attention portée à l’équilibre écologique instable manifesté par les circulations des virus entre les espèces, rompant avec l’optimisme d’un contrôle des maladies infectieuses, inauguré à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Skin and Its Application to Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Youn Byeng Dong , Yoon Heonjun , Kim Hongjin , Jung Byung Chang , Cho Chulmin , Kim Yoon Young
Published: June 2015

Energy harvesting (EH) which scavenges electric power from ambient, otherwise wasted, energy sources has been explored to develop self-powered portable electronic devices. Vibration energy, a widely available ambient energy source, can be converted into electric power using a piezoelectric energy harvester that generates electric potential in response to applied mechanical strains. As a compact and durable design paradigm, a piezoelectric energy harvesting skin (PEH skin) which can be directly attached onto the surface of a vibrating engineered system has been proposed to scavenge electric power from vibration energy. The goal of this chapter is to describe the core technologies for the realization of the PEH skin from a system integration perspective as four parts: (a) modeling, (b) design, (c) manufacturing, and (d) demonstration. The readers will be able to learn the entire procedure of developing the PEH skin and applying it to self-powered wireless sensor network (WSN) through this chapter.
Silver Coatings with Protective Transparent Films for Solar Concentrators
Authors: Muñoz Monserrat Gutiérrez , Bueno Jose de Jesus Perez , De León Ernesto González , Meas Yunny , Stremsdoerfer Guy
Published: June 2015

The use of solar energy as a renewable source is one of the most promising resources to generate electricity. The viability of concentrating solar power (CSP) systems depends on the development of highly reflective materials that are inexpensive and maintain their optical properties for extended lifetimes under outdoor environments. In this chapter, the implementation of flexible polymer substrates plated with silver by the Dynamic Chemical Plating technique (DCP) is proposed because of its low cost, and easy and rapid deposition, in addition to the high speed at which the deposit is made. However, the deposits made under this technique have certain nanoscale imperfections, which begin to exist certain permeability of substances that can stain the silver over time, so a study of this feature is performed, to help assess their durability.
Functionalization of Specific Electrostrictive Polymers for High Power Harvesting
Authors: Sahraoui Bouchta , Eddiai Adil , Meddad Mounir , Guyomar Daniel , Hajjaji Abdelowahed , Boughaleb Yahia , Benkhouja Khalil
Published: June 2015

The energy harvesting based on electrostrictive polymers has great potential for remote applications such as in vivo sensors, embedded micro-electro-mechanical systems devices. The harvested energy and action are controlled by the permittivity, the Young's modulus and their dependence on frequency and level of stress. One should use a model which takes into account mechanical losses in order to obtain efficient devices. This chapter provides a brief overview of the methods for harvesting mechanical to electrical energy using elestrostrictive polymer. The second paragraph presents two new techniques which enable the improvement of the electromechanical performance of electrostrictive polymers in order to demonstrate their potential for the vibrational energy recovery. Based on the strong relationship between the frequency of operation and the mechanical strain from one could improve the electromechanical conversion. The development of a new prototype based on electrostrictive polymers for increasing the conversion AC–DC power is discussed.
Smart, Sustainable, and Safe Urban Transportation Systems
Authors: Chin Hoong-Chor , Wang Yueying
Published: June 2015

One of the fastest growing areas in the world is the Asia-Pacific region. With anticipated acceleration in motorization and potentially-damaging unplanned urban sprawl, the region will be threatened by problems of traffic congestion, pollution and road hazards. Several countries in the region have taken a variety of proactive measures to ensure that the urban transportation systems are designed and operated in a smart, sustainable and safe manner. This chapter identifies the policies and practices in South Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore and Australia, and seeks to draw lessons from these on how transportation schemes can be implemented elsewhere in Asia.
Wireless Access Networks for Smart Cities
Authors: Rivano Hervé , Augé-Blum Isabelle , Bechkit Walid , Boussetta Khaled , Fiore Marco , Stanica Razvan , Valois Fabrice
Published: June 2015

Smart cities are envisioned to enable a vast amount of services in urban environments, so as to improve mobility, health, resource management, and, generally speaking, citizens' quality of life. Most of these services rely on pervasive, seamless and real-time access to information by users on the move, as well as on continuous exchanges of data among millions of devices deployed throughout the urban surface. It is thus clear that communication networks will be the key to enabling smart city solutions, by providing their core support infrastructure. In particular, wireless technologies will represent the main tool leveraged by such an infrastructure, as they allow device mobility and do not have the deployment constraints of wired architectures. In this Chapter, we present different wireless access networks intended to empower future smart cities, and discuss their features, complementarity and interoperability.
Community Mesh Networks
Authors: De Filippi Primavera
Published: June 2015

Smart cities embed information and communication technologies (ICT) to create interactive milieus that constitute a bridge between the physical and the digital world. In their attempt to improve citizens' quality of life through a more efficient use and sustainability of resources, smart cities might, however, also raise important concerns as regards the privacy and confidentiality of personal data flows. Insofar as the design of a city's telecommunication infrastructure is likely to affect the nature of social dynamics and human interactions, it should, ideally, be achieved through a coordinated, citizen-centric approach combining integrated ICTs with active citizen participation and intelligent physical, digital and informational resource management. This chapter analyzes the case of community mesh networks as an example of grassroots decentralized communication infrastructures, whose architecture design has important implications for the deployment and configuration of smart cities.
Attaining Sustainable, Smart Investment
Authors: Leanza Eugenio , Carbonaro Gianni
Published: June 2015

This paper presents a research agenda focusing on the role of smart, socially inclusive, sustainable cities in furthering the balanced, equitable development of the European economy. In order for cities to play this role it is necessary to start from a vision of the city as a system of interlinked assets, and from the need to manage these assets in a sustainable way using a methodology broadly based on the principles of corporate finance. This research agenda aims to span areas of expertise and policy dimensions that are often fragmented, in order to lead to improved diagnostics and strategic investing. In Europe, this vision of the city and of the urban management process will enable better bottom-up policy delivery, and address the challenges facing the European economy by facilitating the adaptation of European city systems to diverging spatial growth patterns, youth unemployment, ageing populations, migration patterns, and increasingly sharp financial divergences among different territorial systems.
K-Centers Clustering Protocol over Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Xie Qing Yan , Cheng Yizong , Zeng Qing-An
Published: June 2015

This paper introduces a K-Centers clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Energy consumption is an important issue for wireless sensor networks, and sensor nodes consume most of their energy with data delivery. The energy needed to transmit data is proportional to the distance between sensor nodes and either cluster heads or a base station. Clustering is an efficient technique for saving energy and extending network life. The authors' protocol uses a K-centers clustering algorithm to alter the network, topology and establish data routing. The result is k cluster heads which accommodate the distribution of sensor nodes and achieve minimum maximum intra-cluster distances. Their simulations show that their algorithm will outperform K-Means under many but not all conditions. The authors' always produce better minimum maximum intra-cluster distances compared to K-means.
Research and Design of Geospatial Metadata Deployment Prototype System Based on PHP Framework
Authors: Zhang Li
Published: June 2015

As a public service platform of geographic information, National Geospatial Data Center (NGDC) can provide geospatial metadata services for data producers and data users. This paper firstly analyzes the problems in the development and maintenance of geospatial metadata deployment system. Then it describes and analyzes the characteristics of PHP framework and the advantages of developing content management system(CMS) with it. Finally, how to design geospatial metadata deployment system based on PHP framework is discussed in this paper.
Heterogeneity in the Locomotory Behavior of Human Monocyte Subsets over Human Vascular Endothelium In Vitro
Authors: Collison Joanna L. , Carlin Leo M. , Eichmann Martin , Geissmann Frederic , Peakman Mark
Published: June 2015

Human monocytes comprise three distinct subsets, defined by their relative expression of CD14 and CD16. These subsets appear to have different functional roles within homeostasis and inflammation, but little is known about the manner in which they interact with macro- and microvascular endothelial cells, a key enabling component for the fulfillment of their functional roles. In the present study, we examined the locomotory behavior of the three major human monocyte subsets over human endothelial monolayers subjected to physiologically relevant levels of shear flow in vitro. Each subset was shown to preferentially perform different types of locomotory behavior in a resting state. A long-range crawling behavior, similar to the “patrolling” behavior of murine Ly6C− monocytes, was observed in CD14+CD16− and CD14dimCD16+ monocytes, but not in CD14+CD16+ monocytes. CD14dimCD16+ and CD14+CD16+ monocytes showed a preference for adhering to microvascular over macrovascular endothelium, whereas CD14+CD16− monocytes showed the opposite. Transendothelial migration was not observed in CD14dimCD16+ monocytes during the 30-min observation period. Long-range crawling behavior in CD14dimCD16+ monocytes was abrogated by blockade of ICAM1, VCAM1, or CX3CL1, in contrast with CD14+CD16− monocytes, which only required ICAM1 for this behavior. These studies indicate the existence of subtype-specific human monocyte migratory behavior patterns with distinct adhesion molecule dependence, which may assist in elucidating their physiological function and relevance to disease.
Preferential Recruitment of Neutrophils into the Cerebellum and Brainstem Contributes to the Atypical Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Phenotype
Authors: Liu Yudong , Holdbrooks Andrew T. , Meares Gordon P. , Buckley Jessica A. , Benveniste Etty N. , Qin Hongwei
Published: June 2015

The JAK/STAT pathway is critical for development, regulation, and termination of immune responses, and dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway, that is, hyperactivation, has pathological implications in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) regulates STAT3 activation in response to cytokines that play important roles in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, including IL-6 and IL-23. We previously demonstrated that myeloid lineage–specific deletion of SOCS3 resulted in a severe, nonresolving atypical form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characterized by lesions, inflammatory infiltrates, elevated STAT activation, and elevated cytokine and chemokine expression in the cerebellum. Clinically, these mice exhibit ataxia and tremors. In this study, we provide a detailed analysis of this model, demonstrating that the atypical EAE observed in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice is characterized by extensive neutrophil infiltration into the cerebellum and brainstem, increased inducible NO synthase levels in the cerebellum and brainstem, and prominent axonal damage. Importantly, infiltrating SOCS3-deficient neutrophils produce high levels of CXCL2, CCL2, CXCL10, NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Kinetic studies demonstrate that neutrophil infiltration into the cerebellum and brainstem of LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice closely correlates with atypical EAE clinical symptoms. Ab-mediated depletion of neutrophils converts the atypical phenotype to the classical EAE phenotype and, in some cases, a mixed atypical/classical phenotype. Blocking CXCR2 signaling ameliorates atypical EAE development by reducing neutrophil infiltration into the cerebellum/brainstem. Thus, neutrophils lacking SOCS3 display elevated STAT3 activation and expression of proinflammatory mediators and play a critical role in the development of atypical EAE.
Use of Recombinant Factor VIIa in Symptomatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Following Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Yaghi Shadi , Haggiagi Aya , Sherzai Ayesha , Marshall Randolph S. , Agarwal Sachin
Published: June 2015

Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) occurs in up to 7% of stroke patients treated with thrombolytic therapy. There are limited data on the effectiveness of the reversal agents used for intravenous tissue plasminogen activator related intracranial bleeds. We report a patient with sICH following intravenous thrombolysis whose intracerebral hemorrhage continued to expand despite treatment with platelets and cryoprecipitate, needing recombinant factor VIIa use for stabilization before surgical evacuation. Factor VIIa along with routine reversal agents following intravenous thrombolysis related sICH may further enhance clot stability and reduce the risk of hematoma expansion. It could be a bridge to definitive surgical management in those patients.
Formation of highly oxidized multifunctional compounds: autoxidation of peroxy radicals formed in the ozonolysis of alkenes – deduced from structure–product relationships
Authors: Mentel T. F. , Springer M. , Ehn M. , Kleist E. , Pullinen I. , Kurtén T. , Rissanen M. , Wahner A. , Wildt J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. It has been postulated that secondary organic particulate matter plays a pivotal role in the early growth of newly formed particles in forest areas. The recently detected class of extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOC) provides the missing organic vapors and possibly contributes a significant fraction to atmospheric SOA (secondary organic aerosol). The sequential rearrangement of peroxy radicals and subsequent O2 addition results in ELVOC which are highly oxidized multifunctional molecules (HOM). Key for efficiency of such HOM in early particle growth is that their formation is induced by one attack of the oxidant (here O3), followed by an autoxidation process involving molecular oxygen. Similar mechanisms were recently observed and predicted by quantum mechanical calculations e.g., for isoprene. To assess the atmospheric importance and therewith the potential generality, it is crucial to understand the formation pathway of HOM. To elucidate the formation path of HOM as well as necessary and sufficient structural prerequisites of their formation we studied homologous series of cycloalkenes in comparison to two monoterpenes. We were able to directly observe highly oxidized multifunctional peroxy radicals with 8 or 10 O atoms by an Atmospheric Pressure interface High Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (APi-TOF-MS) equipped with a NO3−-chemical ionization (CI) source. In the case of O3 acting as an oxidant, the starting peroxy radical is formed on the so-called vinylhydroperoxide path. HOM peroxy radicals and their termination reactions with other peroxy radicals, including dimerization, allowed for analyzing the observed mass spectra and narrowing down the likely formation path. As consequence, we propose that HOM are multifunctional percarboxylic acids, with carbonyl, hydroperoxy, or hydroxy groups arising from the termination steps. We figured that aldehyde groups facilitate the initial rearrangement steps. In simple molecules like cycloalkenes, autoxidation was limited to both terminal C atoms and two further C atoms in the respective α positions. In more complex molecules containing tertiary H atoms or small, constrained rings, even higher oxidation degrees were possible, either by simple H shift of the tertiary H atom or by initialization of complex ring-opening reactions.
Revised predictive equations for salt intrusion modelling in estuaries
Authors: Gisen J. I. A. , Savenije H. H. G. , Nijzink R. C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. For one-dimensional salt intrusion models to be predictive, we need predictive equations to link model parameters to observable hydraulic and geometric variables. The one-dimensional model of Savenije (1993b) made use of predictive equations for the Van der Burgh coefficient $K$ and the dispersion at the seaward boundary D0. Here we have improved these equations by using an expanded database, including new previously un-surveyed estuaries. Furthermore, we derived a revised predictive equation for the dispersion at tidal average condition and with the boundary situated at the well identifiable inflection point where the estuary changes from wave-dominated to tide-dominated geometry. We used 89 salinity profiles in 30 estuaries (including seven recently studied estuaries in Malaysia), and empirically derived a range of equations using various combinations of dimensionless parameters. We split our data in two separated data sets: (1) with more reliable data for calibration, and (2) with less reliable data for validation. The dimensionless parameters that gave the best performance depended on the geometry, tidal strength, friction and the Richardson number. The limitation of the equations is that the friction is generally unknown. In order to overcome this problem, a coupling has been made with the analytical hydraulic model of Cai et al. (2012), which makes use of observed tidal damping and by which the friction can be determined.
Sustainable Tourism Development as Determinant of Economic Transformation in Rural Communities of South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: M. A. Oyebamiji, , G. A. Nwogu
Published: June 2015

This study examined sustainable tourism development as determinant of economic transformation in rural communities of South eastern Nigeria, using Imo state as a case study. 300 respondents were purposively selected for the study. A validated 10-item self-developed questionnaire tagged “STDETRCS” (Sustainable Tourism Development and Economic Transformation in Rural Communities Scale) with reliability of 0.91 was used for data collection. Two research questions were formulated and data were analyzed using weighted mean rating. Results showed that the most outstanding way by which sustainable tourism development can improve the livelihood of the people in rural communities is seeing tourism as one of the most important industries that support the rural economy in terms of poverty alleviation, job creation and income generation as the weighted mean scores (3.0, 3.0 and 3.1) are greater than criterion and grand means (2.5 and 2.9) respectively. Therefore, the study recommends that there should be improvement in the quality and efficiency of the basic tourism-related infrastructures and services such as hotels, roads, shopping malls, public amenities, transportation systems and communication to provide world class services to visitors and tourists.
Categorias de análise de um sistema produtivo: uma proposta a partir das abordagens da administração
Authors: Oliveira Mayara Teodoro de , Goldacker Fabiano , Fontan Felipe Melillo , Augusto Cleiciele Albuquerque , Erdmann Rolf Hermann
Published: June 2015

This investigation’s purpose was to present and sustain a set of analysis categories applicable to a productive system, based on management approaches. To reach this objective, a bibliographic qualitative research was applied, looking for the representation of the categories identified over the management literature. Starting by the studies of Hanson and Voss (1995), there were identified thirteen categories, which analyses is necessary when considering a production system: production control, operational performance, new products development, technology and equipment, factory, environmental management, investment, organization and culture, production planning, production programming, quality, health and safety and time cycle. The results show that categories like quality, environmental management and health and safety were less studied by the traditional management approaches, however they were frequently analyzed by the emerging tendencies. The influence of the Classical Approach over the other categories theoretical foundation was also evident. Finally, it was verified that the thirteen proposed categories are representative to a production system analysis, based on management approaches.
RDA ou le catalogage repensé pour l’ère numérique
Authors: Paradis Daniel
Published: June 2015

Cet article compare le code de catalogage RDA : Resource Description and Access aux Règles de catalogage anglo-américaines auxquelles RDA succède, en décrivant les principales différences entre les deux codes ainsi que les raisons qui ont motivé les changements apportés.
Vers une nouvelle génération d’outils d’analyse et de recherche d’information
Authors: Forest Dominic
Published: June 2015

Les récents efforts visant à favoriser la diffusion et la circulation de l’information en format numérique ont contribué au phénomène de l’infobésité (information overload). Il est désormais important de concevoir des outils de recherche d’information plus adaptés aux besoins des utilisateurs afin de leur permettre de récupérer les documents pertinents répondant à leurs besoins informationnels. Dans cet article, nous ferons état, dans un premier temps, de certaines observations sur les conséquences découlant des limites des outils traditionnels en recherche d’information numérique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous exposerons les concepts et les techniques de base du domaine de la fouille de textes, en insistant sur les opérations de classification et de catégorisation automatiques. Finalement, nous montrerons comment certaines techniques de fouille de textes peuvent contribuer au développement d’une nouvelle génération d’outils de recherche d’information.
Low‐frequency earthquakes at the southern Cascadia margin
Authors: Plourde Alexandre P. , Bostock Michael G. , Audet Pascal , Thomas Amanda M.
Published: June 2015

We use seismic waveform data from the Mendocino Experiment to detect low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) beneath Northern California during the April 2008 tremor‐and‐slip episode. In southern Cascadia, 59 templates were generated using iterative network cross correlation and stacking and grouped into 34 distinct LFE families. The main front of tremor epicenters migrates along strike at 9 km d−1; we also find one instance of rapid tremor reversal, observed to propagate in the opposite direction at 10–20 km h−1. As in other regions of Cascadia, LFE hypocenters from this study lie several kilometers above a recent plate interface model. South of Cascadia, LFEs were discovered on the Maacama and Bucknell Creek faults. The Bucknell Creek Fault may be the youngest fault yet observed to host LFEs. These fault zones also host shallow earthquake swarms with repeating events that are distinct from LFEs in their spectral and recurrence characteristics.
Realization of Boolean Logic Functionality Using Redox‐Based Memristive Devices
Authors: Siemon Anne , Breuer Thomas , Aslam Nabeel , Ferch Sebastian , Kim Wonjoo , van den Hurk Jan , Rana Vikas , Hoffmann‐Eifert Susanne , Waser Rainer , Menzel Stephan , Linn Eike
Published: June 2015

Emerging resistively switching devices are thought to enable ultradense passive nanocrossbar arrays for use as random access memories (ReRAM) by the end of the decade, both for embedded and mass storage applications. Moreover, ReRAMs offer inherent logic‐in‐memory (LIM) capabilities due to the nonvolatility of the devices and therefore great potential to reduce the communication between memory and calculation unit by alleviating the so‐called von Neumann bottleneck. A single bipolar resistive switching device is capable of performing 14 of 16 two input logic functions in the logic concept presented by Linn et al. (“CRS‐logic”). In this paper, five types of selectorless devices are considered to validate this CRS‐logic concept is experimentally by means of the IMP and AND logic operations. As reference device a TaO
x
‐based ReRAM cell is considered, which is compared to three more advanced device configurations consisting either of a threshold supported resistive switch (TS‐ReRAM), a complementary switching device (CS), or a complementary resistive switch (CRS). It is shown that all of these devices offer the desired LIM behavior. Moreover, the feasibility of XOR and XNOR operations using a modified logic concept is applied for both CS and CRS devices and the pros and cons are discussed.
Inverted Layer‐By‐Layer Fabrication of an Ultraflexible and Transparent Ag Nanowire/Conductive Polymer Composite Electrode for Use in High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Ryu Tae In , Ok Ki‐Hoon , Kwak Min‐Gi , Park Sungmin , Park Nam‐Gyu , Han Chul Jong , Kim Bong Soo , Ko Min Jae , Son Hae Jung , Kim Jong‐Woong
Published: June 2015

A highly flexible and transparent conductive electrode based on consecutively stacked layers of conductive polymer (CP) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) fully embedded in a colorless polyimide (cPI) is achieved by utilizing an inverted layer‐by‐layer processing method. This CP‐AgNW composite electrode exhibits a high transparency of >92% at wavelengths of 450–700 nm and a low resistivity of 7.7 Ω ◻−1, while its ultrasmooth surface provides a large contact area for conductive pathways. Furthermore, it demonstrates an unprecedentedly high flexibility and good mechanical durability during both outward and inward bending to a radius of 40 μm. Subsequent application of this composite electrode in organic solar cells achieves power conversion efficiencies as high as 7.42%, which represents a significant improvement over simply embedding AgNWs in cPI. This is attributed to a reduction in bimolecular recombination and an increased charge collection efficiency, resulting in performance comparable to that of indium tin oxide‐based devices. More importantly, the high mechanical stability means that only a very slight reduction in efficiency is observed with bending (<5%) to a radius of 40 μm. This newly developed composite electrode is therefore expected to be directly applicable to a wide range of high‐performance, low‐cost flexible electronic devices.
Single‐Phase Filamentary Cellular Breakdown Via Laser‐Induced Solute Segregation
Authors: Akey Austin J. , Recht Daniel , Williams James S. , Aziz Michael J. , Buonassisi Tonio
Published: June 2015

Nanosecond melting and quenching of materials offers a pathway to novel structures with unusual properties. Impurity‐rich silicon processed using nanosecond‐pulsed‐laser‐melting is known to produce nanoscale features in a process referred to as “cellular breakdown” due to destabilization of the planar liquid/solid interface. Here, atom probe tomography combined with electron microscopy is applied to show that the morphology of cellular breakdown in these materials is significantly more complex than previously documented. Breakdown into a complex, branching filamentary structure topped by a few nm of a cell‐like layer is observed. Single‐phase diamond cubic silicon highly supersaturated with at least 10% atomic Co and no detectable silicides is reported within these filaments. In addition, the unprecedented spatio‐chemical accuracy of the atom probe allows to investigate nanosecond formation dynamics of this complex material. Previously reported properties of these materials can now be reconsidered in light of their true composition, and this class of inhomogeneous metastable alloys in silicon can be explored with confidence.
Hybrid Microgels with Thermo‐Tunable Elasticity for Controllable Cell Confinement
Authors: Hackelbusch Sebastian , Rossow Torsten , Steinhilber Dirk , Weitz David A. , Seiffert Sebastian
Published: June 2015

Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels are able to change their physical properties such as their elastic moduli in response to changes in their environment. If biocompatible polymers are used to prepare such materials and if living cells are encapsulated within these networks, their switchability allows the cell–matrix interactions to be investigated with unprecedented consistency. In this paper, thermo‐responsive macro‐ and microscopic hydrogels are presented based on azide‐functionalized copolymers of poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)‐methacrylamide) and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) grafted with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) side chains. Crosslinking of these comb polymers is realized by bio‐orthogonal strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition with cyclooctyne‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol). The resulting hybrid hydrogels exhibit thermo‐tunable elasticity tailored by the polymer chain length and grafting density. This bio‐orthogonal polymer crosslinking strategy is combined with droplet‐based microfluidics to encapsulate living cells into stimuli‐responsive microgels, proving them to be a suitable platform for future systematic stem‐cell research.
Synthesis and Modification of Carbon Nanomaterials utilizing Microwave Heating
Authors: Schwenke Almut M. , Hoeppener Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: June 2015

Microwave‐assisted synthesis and processing represents a growing field in materials research and successfully entered the field of carbon nanomaterials during the last decade. Due to the strong interaction of carbon materials with microwave radiation, fast heating rates and localized heating can be achieved. These features enable the acceleration of reaction processes, as well as the formation of nanostructures with special morphologies. A comprehensive overview is provided here on the possibilities and achievements in the field of carbon‐nanomaterial research when using microwave‐based heating approaches. This includes the synthesis and processing of carbon nanotubes and fibers, graphene materials, carbon nanoparticles, and capsules, as well as porous carbon materials. Additionally, the principles of microwave‐heating, in particular of carbon materials, are introduced and important issues, i.e., safety and reproducibility, are discussed.
Electron Tomography: A Three‐Dimensional Analytic Tool for Hard and Soft Materials Research
Authors: Ercius Peter , Alaidi Osama , Rames Matthew J. , Ren Gang
Published: June 2015

Three‐dimensional (3D) structural analysis is essential to understand the relationship between the structure and function of an object. Many analytical techniques, such as X‐ray diffraction, neutron spectroscopy, and electron microscopy imaging, are used to provide structural information. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), one of the most popular analytic tools, has been widely used for structural analysis in both physical and biological sciences for many decades, in which 3D objects are projected into two‐dimensional (2D) images. In many cases, 2D‐projection images are insufficient to understand the relationship between the 3D structure and the function of nanoscale objects. Electron tomography (ET) is a technique that retrieves 3D structural information from a tilt series of 2D projections, and is gradually becoming a mature technology with sub‐nanometer resolution. Distinct methods to overcome sample‐based limitations have been separately developed in both physical and biological science, although they share some basic concepts of ET. This review discusses the common basis for 3D characterization, and specifies difficulties and solutions regarding both hard and soft materials research. It is hoped that novel solutions based on current state‐of‐the‐art techniques for advanced applications in hybrid matter systems can be motivated.
Effects of Alkyl Terminal Chains on Morphology, Charge Generation, Transport, and Recombination Mechanisms in Solution‐Processed Small Molecule Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Min Jie , Luponosov Yuriy N. , Gasparini Nicola , Richter Moses , Bakirov Artem V. , Shcherbina Maxim A. , Chvalun Sergei N. , Grodd Linda , Grigorian Souren , Ameri Tayebeh , Ponomarenko Sergei A. , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: June 2015

Length of the terminal alkyl chains at dicyanovinyl (DCV) groups of two dithienosilole (DTS) containing small molecules (DTS(Oct)2‐(2T‐DCV‐Me)2
and DTS(Oct)2‐(2T‐DCV‐Hex)2
) is investigated to evaluate how this affects the molecular solubility and blend morphology as well as their performance in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). While the DTS(Oct)2‐(2T‐DCV‐Me)2
(a solubility of 5 mg mL−1) system exhibits both high short circuit current density (J
sc) and high fill factor, the DTS(Oct)2‐(2T‐DCV‐Hex)2
(a solubility of 24 mg mL−1) system in contrast suffers from a poor blend morphology as examined by atomic force morphology and grazing incidence X‐ray scattering measurements, which limit the photovoltaic properties. The charge generation, transport, and recombination dynamics associated with the limited device performance are investigated for both systems. Nongeminate recombination losses in DTS(Oct)2‐(2T‐DCV‐Hex)2
system are demonstrated to be significant by combining space charge limited current analysis and light intensity dependence of current–voltage characteristics in combination with photogenerated charge carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage and transient photovoltage measurements. DTS(Oct)2‐(2T‐DCV‐Me)2
in contrast performs nearly ideal with no evidence of nongeminate recombination, space charge effects, or mobility limitation. These results demonstrate the importance of alkyl chain engineering for solution‐processed OSCs based on small molecules as an essential design tool to overcome transport limitations.
Tuning Multiscale Microstructures to Enhance Thermoelectric Performance of n‐Type Bismuth‐Telluride‐Based Solid Solutions
Authors: Hu Lipeng , Wu Haijun , Zhu Tiejun , Fu Chenguang , He Jiaqing , Ying Pingjun , Zhao Xinbing
Published: June 2015

Microstructure manipulation plays an important role in enhancing physical and mechanical properties of materials. Here a high figure of merit zT of 1.2 at 357 K for n‐type bismuth‐telluride‐based thermoelectric (TE) materials through directly hot deforming the commercial zone melted (ZM) ingots is reported. The high TE performance is attributed to a synergistic combination of reduced lattice thermal conductivity and maintained high power factor. The lattice thermal conductivity is substantially decreased by broad wavelength phonon scattering via tuning multiscale microstructures, which includes microscale grain size reduction and texture loss, nanoscale distorted regions, and atomic scale lattice distotions and point defects. The high power factor of ZM ingots is maintained by the offset between weak donor‐like effect and texture loss during the hot deformation. The resulted high zT highlights the role of multiscale microstructures in improving Bi2Te3‐based materials and demonstrates the effective strategy in enhancing TE properties.
A filtration model for prediction of local flux distribution and optimization of submerged hollow fiber membrane module
Authors: Li Xianhui , Li Jianxin , Wang Hong , Huang Xiaoxu , He Benqiao , Yao Yonghong , Wang Jie , Zhang Hongwei , Ngo Huu Hao , Guo Wenshan
Published: June 2015

A filtration mathematical model was developed on the basis of complete mass balance and momentum balance for the local flux distribution prediction and optimization of submerged hollow fiber membrane module. In this model, the effect of radial permeate flow on internal flow resistance was considered through a slip parameter obtained from the local flux experiments. The effects of fiber length, inside diameter, and average operating flux on local flux distribution were investigated using this model. The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental data obtained from literature. It was also found that the asymmetry distribution of local flux could be intensified with the increase of average operating flux and fiber length, but slowed down with the increase of fiber inside diameter. Furthermore, the simulation coupled with energy consumption analysis could efficiently predict and illustrate the relationship between fiber geometry and water production efficiency. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4377–4386, 2015
A homozygousB3GAT3mutation causes a severe syndrome with multiple fractures, expanding the phenotype of linkeropathy syndromes
Authors: Jones Kelly L. , Schwarze Ulrike , Adam Margaret P. , Byers Peter H. , Mefford Heather C.
Published: June 2015

Linkeropathies are a group of syndromes characterized by short stature, radio‐ulnar synostosis, decreased bone density, congenital contractures and dislocations, joint laxity, broad digits, brachycephaly, small mouth, prominent eyes, short or webbed neck, congenital heart defects and mild developmental delay. Linkeropathies are due to enzymatic defects in the synthesis of the common linker region that joins the core proteins to their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains. The enzyme glucuronyltransferase 1, encoded byB3GAT3, adds the last four saccharides comprising the linker region. Mutations inB3GAT3have been reported in two unrelated families with the same homozygous mutation (c.830G>A, p.Arg277Gln). We report on a patient with a novel homozygousB3GAT3(c.667G>A, p.Gly223Ser) mutation and a history of multiple fractures, blue sclerae, and glaucoma. Our patient was a 12‐month‐old boy born to consanguineous parents and, like previously reported patients, he had bilateral radio‐ulnar synostosis, severe osteopenia, an increased gap between first and second toes, bilateral club feet, and atrial and ventricular septal defects. He had the additional features of bilateral glaucoma, hypertelorism, upturned nose with anteverted nares, a small chest, a diaphragmatic hernia, multiple fractures, arachnodactyly, overlapping fingers with ulnar deviation, lymphedema, hypotonia, hearing loss, and perinatal cerebral infarction with bilateral supra‐ and infratentorial subdural hematomas. We highlight the extended phenotypic range ofB3GAT3mutations and a provide comparative overview of the phenotypic features of the linkeropathies associated with mutations inXYLT1,B4GALT7,B3GALT6, andB3GAT3. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the role of NOS1 ex1f‐VNTR in ADHD—allelic, subgroup, and meta‐analysis
Authors: Weber Heike , Kittel‐Schneider Sarah , Heupel Julia , Weißflog Lena , Kent Lindsey , Freudenberg Florian , Alttoa Aet , Post Antonia , Herterich Sabine , Haavik Jan , Halmøy Anne , Fasmer Ole B. , Landaas Elisabeth T. , Johansson Stefan , Cormand Bru , Ribasés Marta , Sánchez‐Mora Cristina , Ramos‐Quiroga Josep Antoni , Franke Barbara , Lesch Klaus‐Peter , Reif Andreas
Published: June 2015

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder featuring complex genetics with common and rare variants contributing to disease risk. In a high proportion of cases, ADHD does not remit during adolescence but persists into adulthood. Several studies suggest that NOS1, encoding nitric oxide synthase I, producing the gaseous neurotransmitter NO, is a candidate gene for (adult) ADHD. We here extended our analysis by increasing the original sample, adding two further samples from Norway and Spain, and conducted subgroup and co‐morbidity analysis. Our previous finding held true in the extended sample, and also meta‐analysis demonstrated an association of NOS1 ex1f‐VNTR short alleles with adult ADHD (aADHD). Association was restricted to females, as was the case in the discovery sample. Subgroup analysis on the single allele level suggested that the 21‐repeat allele caused the association. Regarding subgroups, we found that NOS1 was associated with the hyperactive/impulsive ADHD subtype, but not to pure inattention. In terms of comorbidity, major depression, anxiety disorders, cluster C personality disorders and migraine were associated with short repeats, in particular the 21‐repeat allele. Also, short allele carriers had significantly lower IQ. Finally, we again demonstrated an influence of the repeat on gene expression in human post‐mortem brain samples. These data validate the role of NOS‐I in hyperactive/impulsive phenotypes and call for further studies into the neurobiological underpinnings of this association. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Posterosuperior extension of caudal septal incision for endoscopic septoplasty
Authors: Kim Sang‐Wook , Joo Yeon‐Hee , Jeon Sea‐Yuong
Published: June 2015

Background

Endoscopic septoplasty provides several advantages over traditional headlight septoplasty in terms of better visualization. However, surgeons may experience frequent soiling of the endoscope lens by blood from the incision site and awkwardness in finding adequate space for the endoscope and dissectors in narrow septal mucosal tunnels. Here, we propose a simple and safe modification for endoscopic septoplasty.

Methods

A total of 21 patients underwent endoscopic septoplasty using a new modification. Briefly, a posterosuperior extension incision was made along the dorsal septum at the superior end of the caudal septal incision, and a posteroinferior‐based septal mucosal flap was developed and placed laterally over the inferior turbinate during surgery.

Results

The new modification reported here provided clear endoscopic visualization and a comfortable working space from making the incision to closing the wound. In addition, no significant complications related to this modification, such as increased operation time, intraoperative or postoperative bleeding, delayed wound healing, synechia, nasal septal perforation, and reduced olfaction, were observed.

Conclusion

Adding a posterosuperior extension incision to the caudal septal incision might be a safe and efficient modification for endoscopic septoplasty.