bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secular Psychotherapists and Religious Clients: Professional Considerations and Recommendations
Authors: Genia Vicky
Published: December 2011

Traditional psychotherapy has often failed to meet the needs of religiously committed clients. Because many potential clients have religious as well as secular concerns, secular psychotherapists must become more empathic and competent in treating religious individuals. In this article the author argues that efforts toward consciousness raising as well as fundamental changes in professional training programs are necessary to accomplish this goal. Recommendations are offered for counselor educators and mental health service providers.
Thinking About “Tests and Assessment” and the Career Beliefs Inventory
Authors: Watkins C. Edward
Published: December 2011

The author (a) comments briefly on the “Tests and Assessment” section of the Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD)—what it has covered and has not covered in recent years—and (b) introduces a set of articles that discuss a new career‐oriented inventory of potential interest to counselors.
The Career Beliefs Inventory
Authors: Krumboltz John D.
Published: December 2011

The Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI) is designed to help a counselor identify assumptions blocking a client's career progress. It measures domains untapped by other career assessment instruments and legitimizes discussions of important assumptions that are often overlooked and seldom examined. The 25 scales describe categories of beliefs found by prior research to have interfered with career decision making. Lower scores on a scale alert the counselor to explore specific beliefs in that category with the client and to examine their consequences.
New Horizons in Counseling: Faculty Development
Authors: Heppner P. Paul , Johnston Joseph A.
Published: December 2011

The authors introduce the special feature on faculty development in higher education. They discuss some of the ways in which people from the helping professions can not only contribute to faculty development but also take the lead in creating supportive programs for faculty on college campuses.
Effective Approaches to New Faculty Development
Authors: Sorcinelli Mary Deane
Published: December 2011

The author provides research‐based and practical advice on how to foster the career development of new and junior faculty. She first reviews who the new and junior faculty are and highlights research findings on the work and career experiences of these faculty members. She then describes model programs and successful strategies to support the newest members of the professoriat, including exemplary programs for orientation, mentoring, research, and teaching development.
The Role of an Academic Department in Promoting Faculty Development: Recognizing Diversity and Leading to Excellence
Authors: DiLorenzo Thomas M. , Heppner P. Paul
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the role of an academic department in promoting faculty development. Specifically, the authors (a) define faculty development from a departmental perspective, (b) discuss stages and seasons in academic careers, and (c) delineate specific faculty development goals and programs within the department.
Overseeing the Overseer: Contextualizing Training in Supervision
Authors: Holloway Elizabeth L.
Published: December 2011

In responding to the Ellis and Douce article (this issue), the author of this article attempts to explain how the trainer of a consultative group in supervision might distinguish among the three relational contexts to assist the supervisor in understanding the source of supervisory dilemmas and in turn devise strategies that might be directed to the appropriate context. Furthermore, she presents a larger context for discussing the elements of supervision and their interrelationship. The map is a heuristic tool for developing a common language for understanding and analyzing the supervisory situation.
The Effect of Predicate Matching on Perceived Understanding and Factual Recall
Authors: Lichtenberg James W. , Moffitt William A.
Published: December 2011

Grinder and Bandler (1976) asserted that if therapists communicate with clients using verbal predicates that match the modality of the clients' primary representational system (PRS), it will be easier for the clients to understand the therapist and to believe that they are understood. In this study we investigated the relationship between predicate matching and understanding. Participants (N=99) listened to a recorded narrative under either a “matched” or “mismatched” experimental condition. Participants' objective understanding (factual recall) and subjective understanding (feelings of having understood) were assessed. The results weakly supported a claim of enhanced accuracy of understanding on one measure of objective understanding, and they suggested greater understanding and recall for visual PRS participants.
Issues in Advancing Diversity Through Assessment
Authors: Sedlacek William E.
Published: December 2011

Five issues that affect assessment with diverse populations are presented and discussed. The “quest for the golden label” issue concerns problems with labels rather than operational measurement. The “three musketeers” issue is the tendency to believe one measure can work equally well for all. The “horizontal research” issue refers to the tendency to do nondevelopmental research on nontraditional groups. Sampling problems are discussed under the “bias is bias” issue. The “I'm okay, you're not” issue is the tendency to train few assessment specialists who are knowledgeable about diversity issues.
Edward Bordin: Fusing Work and Play
Authors: Goodyear Rodney K. , Roffey Art , Jack Lisa E.
Published: December 2011

This article contains highlights of an interview with Edward Bordin, who later died on August 24, 1992, after a long battle with prostate cancer. It focuses both on his professional history and contributions to the field as well as on his personal life. We were honored to learn from his wife Ruth that portions of the material that follows were read at his funeral service.
Heterosexual Therapists Leading Lesbian and Gay Therapy Groups: Therapeutic and Political Realities
Authors: Holahan William , Gibson Sue A.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe the thought processes, plans, and reflections of two heterosexual therapists who decided to lead gay and lesbian therapy groups in a university counseling center. The debate regarding the viability of the heterosexual counselor and the gay and lesbian client pair is discussed, as are the practical issues informing and maintaining thegroups. Campus political issues regarding the groups and counselor homophobia are explored.
Family Interaction and Individual Psychological Health
Authors: Amerikaner Martin , Monks Genevieve , Wolfe Penny , Thomas Stuart
Published: December 2011

Two studies explored the relationships between individual psychological health (PH) status and perceptions of family interaction and family climate variables as perceived by young adults. Psychological health was defined within inter‐ and intrapersonal domains, represented by social interest and psychological hardiness. Scores on social interest and hardiness instruments were standardized and added to put the construct of psychological health into practice. Family interaction variables were measured with Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales‐III (FACES‐III), the Children's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory‐30 (CRPBI‐30), Parent‐Adolescent Communication Scale (PAC), Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS), and the Family Environment Scale (FES). Multivariate analyses indicated that PH status was associated with several family variables, with cohesion emerging as a key dimension. Implications for counseling are discussed.
Immediate Coping Strategies Among Rape Victims
Authors: Frazier Patricia A. , Burnett Jeffery W.
Published: December 2011

This study provides descriptive information on the coping strategies used by rape victims and assesses the relations between coping strategies and symptoms in the immediate postrape period. Responses to 20 coping items suggested that taking precautions and thinking positively were among the most frequently endorsed coping strategies. Expressing feelings, seeking social support, counseling, and keeping busy were most often listed as helpful by victims on an open‐ended question. Staying home and withdrawing were associated with higher symptom levels: keeping busy, thinking positively, and suppressing negative thoughts were associated with lower symptom levels. Implications for counseling and research are discussed.
The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Persons Who Are Gay and Persons With AIDS, and HIV and AIDS Knowledge
Authors: Carney Jamie , Werth James L. , Emanuelson Greg
Published: December 2011

A total of 86 counseling students were assessed on their attitudes toward persons who are gay, attitudes toward persons with AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and level of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS knowledge. Demographic data consisted of sex, age, and HIV‐ and AIDS‐related training. Results indicated that the attitudinal and knowledge variables were correlated so that positive attitudes toward both groups corresponded with high levels of knowledge. There were no significant differences among these variables on the demographic factors. Implications of these results are discussed, with special emphasis placed on counselor education.
A Concurrent (Versus Stage) Model for Conceptualizing and Representing the Counseling Process
Authors: Waehler Charles A. , Lenox Richard A.
Published: December 2011

The counseling process is presented both conceptually and visually as a collection of activities occurring simultaneously in varying degrees. This concurrent model differs from traditional discrete, sequential‐stage representations because it is more complex and less disjointed. The model better represents actual counselor‐client interactions, overcoming the shortcomings expressed by others regarding their own models. The concurrent model is more inclusive and integrated, yet flexible, and is discussed as a potential aid for training, supervision, practice, and research. A case example is included, which highlights the utility of the concurrent model in understanding the counseling process.
Occupational Profiles of Vocational Counselors in Europe
Authors: Watts A. G.
Published: December 2011

The author presents the findings of a study on the occupation & profiles of vocational counselors in the 12 Member‐States of the European Community (EC). The author identities 113 guidance occupations and divides them into five clusters and nine subclusters. Then the author analyzes the different patterns of tasks carried out by these clusters and subclusters. The models and patterns of training vary considerably between the occupations. The moves in the United Kingdom toward a competence‐based approach are given particular attention. Finally, the author identifies some trends in the nature of guidance occupations in Europe and in their training structures.
Computer‐Assisted Career Counseling: Dilemmas, Problems, and Possible Solutions
Authors: Gati Itamar
Published: December 2011

Computer‐assisted career guidance systems (CACGSs) are one of the available tools used to facilitate the career decision‐making process of deliberating counselees. The development and utilization of these systems have raised dilemmas and problems that the author discusses from the viewpoint of information‐processing and decision theory. These dilemmas involve (a) the occupational data base, (b) the complexity of the career decision‐making process, (c) the effectiveness of the dialogue, and (d) the context in which the CACGS is embedded. After describing and analyzing each problem or dilemma, possible ways to overcome, circumvent, or at least minimize it are explored. The relevance for face‐to‐face career counseling is also discussed.
Work‐Relationship Values and Gender Role Differences in Relation to Career‐Marriage Aspirations
Authors: Cooper Stewart E. , Arkkelin Daniel L. , Tiebert Marla J.
Published: December 2011

This study of female and male undergraduate business majors explored the relationship of their preferred future career‐marriage arrangement to their relationship and work values, work motivation, and gender role orientation Results indicate that the dual‐career, career‐job, and career‐home groups showed significant differences on these dimensions. Additionally, sex and gender role differences reflected cultural stereotypes of achievement orientation in men and barriers to career pursuits of women. The results are discussed in terms of interpersonal, intrapersonal, and societal factors underlying career‐marriage aspirations. Implications for practitioners and suggestions for future research are given.
Neurological Impairment and Hypersensitivity Among Psychiatrically Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: Thurber Steven , Hollingsworth David K.
Published: December 2011

Cerebral dysfunction that occurs prior to maturity can be related to emotional and behavioral problems for the developing child and adolescent. The recent development of measurement technology allows for evaluating specific relationships between cerebral deficits and hyperactivity in a psychiatrically disturbed inpatient adolescent group. Findings suggest that neuropsychological deficits may be a diffuse problem that systemically affects complex cognitive functioning.
Obligation and Motivation: Obstacles and Resources for Counselor Well‐Being and Effectiveness
Authors: Day James M.
Published: December 2011

This article very briefly considers the role of obligation in the motivation of counselors and other human development professionals to do their work. Characteristic motivations related to a sense of obligation presented by counselors in training, and potential consequences for both effective and ineffective counseling behavior, are highlighted. The author observes that narrative practices related to the humanities, and, in particular, to religious and spiritual traditions, may serve as resources for counselors when motivation, as obligation, is confounded by some of the harsher elements of human nature and of the counseling profession.
How College Students With and Without Disabilities Perceive Themselves and Each Other
Authors: Kelly Anita E. , Sedlacek William E. , Scales William R.
Published: December 2011

This study explored how college students with (n = 80) and without disabilities (n = 76) rated themselves, how each group rated members of the other group, and how each group perceived that the other group would rate them on a 24‐item personality instrument that was designed to assess five factors of personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and culture. Results revealed that the two groups rated each other in a stereotypical manner: Students with disabilities were seen as more conscientious and cultured than were students without disabilities, whereas students without disabilities were seen as more extraverted and emotionally stable than were students with disabilities. When the students rated themselves, however, no such differences between the two groups emerged. Implications of the results for clinical practice are discussed.
Marital Status and Sex: Impact on Career Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Bonett Rhonda M.
Published: December 2011

Bandura's (1977, 1986) self‐efficacy theory served as the theoretical framework for examining the preferences of 214 individuals for either traditionally male or traditionally female occupations. An interaction between sex and marital status was found with regard to efficacy for traditionally female occupations. Married women scored higher than did married men, and unmarried women scored higher than did unmarried men for the traditionally female occupations. No difference between married and unmarried men or between married and unmarried women was indicated for the traditionally female occupations. A significannt main effect of sex, with men scoring higher than women, was found for both the traditionally male and traditionallyfemale occupations. Implications for further research as well as for career counseling and development are discussed.
Bulimia and the Relationship With Food: A Letters‐to‐Food Technique
Authors: Brouwers Mariette
Published: December 2011

A dysfunctional relationship with food is the most overt symptom shared by women with bulimia. Letters to food written by women with bulimia have similar thematic content and graphically illustrate the agony that accompanies bulimia. The discussion offers suggestions for the use of letters to food early in group treatment for bulimia.
Reexamining Gender Issues in Erikson's Stages of Identity and Intimacy
Authors: Horst Elisabeth A.
Published: December 2011

A number of writers have argued that Erikson's stages of identity and intimacy do not address the experience of women accurately. Several have argued that in women these stages are reversed or fused. This article contends that such claims come out of a serious misreading of Erikson's work and shows that the stages as they stand are not incompatible with the idea that there are relational components of identity formation. New directions for feminist reinterpretations of Erikson's work and for research that reflects his theory more accurately are discussed.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Tough‐Minded Therapy for a Tender‐Minded Profession
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G.
Published: December 2011

Objections to Rational‐Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) seem to exceed the mere rational preference for one approach over another. Ziegler suggested that James's dichotomy between Tough‐ and Tender‐Mindedness might explain REBT's appeal to some and its failure to attract others. REBT is a predominantly Tough‐Minded therapy, but the counseling profession is largely Tender Minded. In this article, the author examines why Tender‐Minded counselors may not accept REBT, what common misperceptions of REBT may contribute to this rejection, and how the two might be reconciled. Intervention strategies for Tender‐Minded counselors are suggested.
Projective Techniques in the Counseling Process
Authors: Clark Arthur J.
Published: December 2011

Projective techniques have a lengthy and vital history in personality assessment, but they have evoked a minimal degree of interest on the part of counselors. Psychometric limitations, lack of training opportunities, and the obscure qualities of the instruments have restricted their use among practitioners. The author proposes a method to stimulate the use of projectives as an integral part of the counseling process and provides justification for the expanded use of the technique as a counseling tool.
The Relationship of School Climate Factors to Counselor Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Sutton John M. , Fall Marijane
Published: December 2011

A survey of school counselors was conducted to measure the relationship of Bandura's (1977b) concept of self‐efficacy with school climate, counselor roles, and a variety of demographic variables. Results indicated that supportive staff and administrators were the strongest predictors of high counselor efficacy expectancy. In addition, outcome expectancy for school counselor behavior was predicted by both a similarly high degree of support from staff and administrators and fewer nonrelated counseling activities performed by school counselors. Discussion of results and implications for research and practice are presented.
Differential Diagnosis in Older Adults: Dementia, Depression, and Delirium
Authors: Gintner Gary G.
Published: December 2011

Research shows that misdiagnosis can have particularly damaging consequences in older adults. It is frequently difficult, however, to determine whether observed symptoms are due to aging or to a medical condition. The author examines three common disorders that can be particularly challenging to diagnose in older adults: dementia, depression, and delirium. Three general questions are discussed for each: What are the age‐related differences in the disorder's presentation? What medical issues need to be ruled out? What assessment methods are particularly useful in the diagnostic process?
Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Nurturing Hope
Authors: Snyder C. R.
Published: December 2011

Hope is defined as the process of thinking about one's goals, along with the motivation to move toward (agency) and the ways to achieve (pathways) those goals. After discussing other related concepts, the scale for measuring hope is introduced, and the role of hope in the counseling process is described.
Families and Deinstitutionalization: An Application of Bronfenbrenner's Social Ecology Model
Authors: Berry Judy O.
Published: December 2011

Bronfenbrenner's social ecology model is applied to families that include a member with a developmental disability who are involved in the process of transition from institution to community. An overview of the model is presented as well as discussion of counselors' use of it in providing services to families in this situation. The social ecology perspective can be applied to enhance understanding of the families and to provide a framework for structuring family support during the community transition process.
Single‐Session Brief Counseling in a High School
Authors: Littrell John M. , Malia Julia A. , Vander Wood Mike
Published: December 2011

Counseling designed to be time‐limited is a valuable tool for counselors in school settings. Three approaches to brief counseling were investigated in this naturalistic study: problem‐focused with task, problem‐focused without task, and solution‐focused with task. Quantitative and qualitative measures were used to explore aspects of single‐session brief counseling. High school students made significant changes from the second‐week follow‐up to the sixth‐week follow‐up in alleviating their concerns and increasing the percentage of goal achieved. Students dramatically decreased the intensity of undesired feelings from before the counseling session through the second follow‐up. Solution‐focused counseling was as effective as the other two approaches, while taking less time.
Personality Adjustment in College Students With a Parent Perceived as Alcoholic or Nonalcoholic
Authors: Harman Marsha J. , Armsworth Mary W. , Hwang Chi‐en , Vincent Ken R. , Preston Murray A.
Published: December 2011

Adjustment of 547 college students was examined by the variables of alcoholic parentage and participant gender. Results from a multivariate analysis of variance, using the Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms, indicated significant main effects for gender but not for alcoholic parentage. Significant gender differences occurred for alcohol abuse, drug abuse, paranoid psychosis, affective depression, anxiety disorders, psychological factors affecting physical condition, immature character, and neurotic character. Findings suggest that college students from alcoholic homes should not be distinguished from the general population in terms of their adjustment.
An Examination of the Technique of Interpretation in Counseling
Authors: Clark Arthur J.
Published: December 2011

Perceptions of the value and application of interpretation in counseling vary widely among researchers and practitioners. An exploration of the use of interpretation in counseling often presents contradictory opinion and data. Relating counseling theories, propositional and semantic aspects, and attributional theory to interpretation assists in clarifying the nature of the technique.
On the Relation Between Philosophical Worldviews and Theories of Counseling and Development: A Comment
Authors: Lyddon William J.
Published: December 2011

An alternate understanding of the role of organicism (Pepper, 1942) in contemporary developmental and constructivist thought is offered in reaction to Steenbarger's (1991) recent analysis of contextualist themes in counseling and development.
Career Linking: An Intervention to Promote Math and Science Career Awareness
Authors: Fouad Nadya A.
Published: December 2011

A 1‐year intervention was designed to improve minority students' awareness of and preparation for math and science careers. Specifically, goals focused on increasing students' career knowledge, self‐esteem, math and science achievement, choice of high school, and high school course selection in math and science. Results indicated success in career knowledge and high school choice and moderate success in achievement, self‐esteem, and math and science course selection. Results are discussed in terms of implications for counseling.
The Effects of Supervisor's Race and Level of Support on Perceptions of Supervision
Authors: Hilton Doreen B. , Russell Richard K. , Salmi Steven W.
Published: December 2011

The effects of supervision support and supervisor race were examined in a 2 × 2 factorial design (high vs. low support × African American vs. Caucasian supervisor), with the inclusion of a no‐supervision control condition. Sixty Caucasian women served as counselors in two counseling sessions with a confederate client. They were supervised by 1 of 6 experienced supervisors—3 African American and 3 Caucasian. Dependent variables included measures of counselor anxiety, perceived performance, satisfaction, and perceptions of the supervisory relationship. Results revealed a significant main effect for supervisor level of support but no significant effects for supervisor race. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Cognitive Therapy and Theories of Knowing: A Social Constructionist View
Authors: Lyddon William J.
Published: December 2011

It is argued that current theory and practice of cognitive therapy are encapsulated by a set of epistemic values that assign causative primacy for psychological problems to the cognitive processes of the individual knower. Social contructionism represents an alternative to this state of affairs by underscoring the inextricable connection between the personal and the social, challenging the merit of decontextualized accounts of psychological problems, and identifying empowerment and social change as viable therapeutic options.
Developing a Culturally Sensitive Treatment Modality for Bilingual Spanish‐Speaking Clients: Incorporating Language and Culture in Counseling
Authors: Santiago‐Rivera Azara L.
Published: December 2011

The article examines the role of language and culture in the mental health treatment of Hispanics. Although mental health practitioners and researchers have turned their attention to developing culturally sensitive therapeutic practices, an integrative framework is lacking. The proposed conceptual framework illustrates how the dimensions of acculturation, language dominance and preference, and cultural norms, values, and beliefs affect the assessment ofpsychological and physical health. Furthermore, a number of intervention strategies are described in a cultural context. This framework provides a meaningful method of developing an effective treatment program for the bilingual Spanish‐speaking client.
A Cognitive‐Behavioral Approach to Chronic Pain Management
Authors: Grant Lynda D. , Haverkamp Beth E.
Published: December 2011

More than one third of Americans suffer from recurring or persistent pain. Because this condition can result in depression, social isolation, disruption of intimate relationships, and prolonged disability, chronic pain sufferers may seek counseling. This article provides counselors with an introduction to the role of psychosocial processes in the experience of pain and offers assessment and intervention recommendations based on a cognitive‐behavioral therapy approach to pain management.
Rethinking Multicultural Counseling: Implications for Counselor Education
Authors: Das Ajit K.
Published: December 2011

This article looks at the current usage of the term multicultural counseling and analyzes the emerging concept by identifying the premises on which it is based. It explores the potential contribution of multiculturalism to the theory and practice of counseling. The current status of training in cross‐cultural and multicultural counseling is briefly reviewed, and curricular content is suggested for upgrading the preparation of multicultural counselors in light of the new standards set by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Some concrete proposals toward implementing CACREP standards are presented.
Assessment and Diagnosis in Marriage and Family Counseling
Authors: Sporakowski Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Assessment in marriage and family counseling is discussed conceptually and then illustrated in a review of techniques covering 10 topic areas related to marital and family functioning. Overviews of specific methods of assessment are presented. Assessment and its relationship to diagnosis, with special reference to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual series, are examined. Implications for counselors are considered. An extensive list of references is also presented.
1994 CACREP Standards: Will We Make the Grade?
Authors: Smaby Marlowe H. , D'Andrea Livia M.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a review of literature related to the process of accreditation by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs, or CACREP, and identifies several areas of concern common to counseling programs seeking accreditation. A departmental case is then presented that describes how one program at a mid‐size university addressed these concerns and completed a self‐study.
College Counseling: Union and Intersection
Authors: Dean Laura A. , Meadows Mark E.
Published: December 2011

College counseling can best be understood as the intersection of a professional activity and an environment. The specialty has developed from the merging of several movements: vocational guidance, mental health, and student personnel work. These elements are reflected in the diversity of backgrounds and perspectives represented by college counselors and in differing models of counseling services. College counseling will be affected by trends including health care reform, scarcity of resources in higher education, changing student demographics, and complex societal issues.
From “Forgotten and Ignored” to Standards and Certification: Gerontological Counseling Comes of Age
Authors: Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

The specialty of gerontological counseling has a 20‐year history that began with a dearth of information and has progressed to the development of preparation standards and a national certification, both based on a nationally endorsed statement of competencies for gerontological counselors. The question of whether generalization or a specialization will best serve the needs of older persons continues to be central to the development of this specialization.
Mental Health Counseling: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Smith Howard B. , Robinson Gail P.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the significant events in the history of mental. health care that have contributed to the development of a specialty within the counseling profession referred to as mental health counseling. The development of credentials for the specialty and the issues currently facing mental health counseling are discussed, and a perspective on directions for the future is offered.
Sports Counseling: A New Counseling Specialty Area
Authors: Miller Gary M. , Wooten H. Ray
Published: December 2011

This article provides background information about sports counseling for student‐athletes. A proposal for a Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs specialty training area for sports counseling is presented.
Certification and Licensure Issues
Authors: Bradley Loretta J.
Published: December 2011

Certification and licensure are important credentials for counselors. In less than 25 years, licensure laws on counseling have been passed in 41 states and the District of Columbia. Although much progress has been made regarding certification and licensure, all is not bliss. A reaction to certification and licensure issues is provided.
Awareness of Death Among Children: Does a Life‐Threatening Illness Alter the Process of Discovery?
Authors: O'Halloran Colleen M. , Altmaier Elizabeth M.
Published: December 2011

The authors review studies on death awareness among children who are healthy, chronically ill, and terminally ill. The review suggests that children with life‐threatening diseases demonstrate increased understanding of death compared with children who are either healthy or chronically ill. In particular, children with terminal illness, especially during the end stage of their disease, show an advanced understanding of the death concepts of irreversibility and finality. In contrast, healthy and chronically ill children appear to require certain age, cognitive developmental level, or intelligence thresholds to understand these concepts. Possible explanations for the findings in this literature are discussed. The implications of death awareness research for counselors are used as a base for suggesting counseling strategies.
Career Development of Black South African Adolescents: A Developmental‐Contextual Perspective
Authors: Stead Graham B.
Published: December 2011

South Africa is undergoing rapid change in a post‐apartheid era. This article uses the developmental‐contextual perspective to examine the extent to which contextual and individual factors dynamically interact in the career development of Black South African adolescents. Furthermore, interventions that may assist in the career development of Black adolescents, as well as the implications of this research for counselors, are provided.
Worldviews of Women: Comparisons Between White American Clients, White American Counselors, and Chinese International Students
Authors: Ihle Gail M. , Sodowsky Gargi Roysircar , Kwan Kwong‐Liem
Published: December 2011

Worldviews of White American women clients, White American women counselors, and Chinese international women students were surveyed. Multivariate planned comparisons showed significant differences between (a) White American clients and White American counselors and (b) Chinese international students and White American counselors. Income was a significant predictor of worldviews for White American clients. Age and marital status contributed strongly to the worldviews of White American counselors. Among the Chinese students, the Taiwanese and the Mainland Chinese held significantly different worldviews. Worldviews of women are discussed from feminist as well as cross‐cultural perspectives. Future directions for practice, research. and theory are suggested regarding the multicultural counseling process with clients of different worldview orientations.
Addressing the Complexities of Culture and Gender in Counseling
Authors: Hays Pamela A.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to describe a model for organizing and systematically considering 9 complex and overlapping cultural influences that counselors need to be addressing in their work: Age and generational influences, Disability, Religion, Ethnicity, Social status, Sexual orientation, Indigenous heritage, National origin, and Gender (which together form the slightly misspelled acronym ADRESSING). The ADRESSING model is particularly useful in helping counselors and educators to (a) examine their own biases and areas of inexperience regarding minority cultures and (b) consider the salience of multiple cultural influences and identities with their clients.
Separation Versus Connection, The Gender Controversy: Implications for Counseling Women
Authors: Nelson Mary Lee
Published: December 2011

Traditional developmental theories hold that separation is the primary goal of human emotional development. Numerous current theorists question this notion. They propose that a girl's development of self is dependent on mutually empathic relationships with primary caretakers. This revision of developmental theory has implications for counseling. The counseling relationship with a woman should provide validation for her relational skill and opportunity to practice relational competence within the counseling relationship. Boys and men may also have the need to develop relational competence to secure a strong sense of self. If so, a relational model of counseling would apply to them as well.
Counselors and the Backlash: Rape Hype “and False‐Memory Syndrome”
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe
Published: December 2011

This article describes the “syndromes” of “rape hype” and “false memory” and corrects misinformation associated with these labels. It describes common themes that permeate both issues and suggests ways in which counselors can respond effectively to the public and professional debate about these concerns.
Restructuring School Counselor Education: Work in Progress
Authors: Hayes Richard L. , Dagley John C. , Horne Arthur M.
Published: December 2011

Responding to the cry for school reform and to the growing demand for school counselors, this article offers a rationale for the pursuit of a new approach to educating school counselors. Based on a set of related assumptions, the proposed model relies on a group‐oriented, democratic strategic planning process of empowerment that involves participants in the collaborative development of a school counselor education program.
Work Adjustment: A Neglected Area in Career Counseling
Authors: Hershenson David B.
Published: December 2011

The author suggests that counselors should devote more attention to work adjustment problems and proposes a systems model for counselors to use in conceptualizing the development of work adjustment and work adjustment problems and in formulating strategies of intervention to address these problems.
The Psychosocial and Familial Dimensions of Work Addiction: Preliminary Perspectives and Hypotheses
Authors: Robinson Bryan E.
Published: December 2011

Work addiction and its associated problems have been ignored or downplayed in the professional literature. The author reviews anecdotal research and the small number of empirical studies that examine the relationship between work addiction and family‐of‐origin dysfunction and its impact on family development. The latest empirical research, although tentative at best, was found to corroborate earlier anecdotal reports on nearly all the variables studied. Intervention strategies are presented for counselor implementation.
Disability Harassment: A New Term for a Long‐Standing Problem
Authors: Holzbauer Jerome J. , Berven Norman L.
Published: December 2011

The authors present definitions of the term harassment from the literature and government sources and propose a definition of disability harassment, Existing literature related to disability harassment is reviewed, including anecdotal accounts. Legal findings are summarized from several cases concerning disability harassment of federal employees, and data on disability harassment complaints filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission are provided. The authors suggest that the harmful psychological effects of any form of harassment are similar and a model from the literature on sexual harassment is used as a basis for understanding the effects. Implications for counseling practice and future research are discussed.
Womanist Identity and Mental Health
Authors: Carter Robert T. , Parks Elizabeth E.
Published: December 2011

The authors explored the relationship between Helms's “womanist identity” attitudes and the mental health of Black and White women. Results showed that Black and White women have different patterns of responses to both womanist and mental health scales. For White women in the sample, Immersion‐Emersion and, to a lesser extent, Encounter attitudes were related to 7 types of psychological symptomatology. For Black women, no such relationship between womanist attitudes and mental health was found.
Pet Bonding and Pet Bereavement Among Adolescents
Authors: Brown Brenda H. , Richards Herbert C. , Wilson Carol A.
Published: December 2011

The authors studied adolescent‐pet bonding and bereavement following pet loss. Three hypotheses were entertained: (a) Adolescents who are highly bonded to a pet experience more intense grief when it dies than do those less bonded: (b) degree of bonding, when measured by self‐disclosure, is greater for girls than for boys; and (c) intensity of bereavement is greater for girls than for boys. To test the hypotheses and provide descriptive data about bonding to various species, 55 adolescents who had recently experienced pet death were administered background questionnaires, Companion Animal Bonding Scales (Poresky, Hendrix, & Mosier, 1987), Pet Attitude Scales (Poresky, Hendrix, & Mosier, 1988), and Texas Inventory of Grief Scales (Faschingbauer, 1981). Results supported the hypotheses. Suggestions for counselors are offered.
Dating Violence Prevention: A Didactic Support Group for Young Women
Authors: Rosen Karen H. , Bezold Annemarie
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the social problem of dating violence and present a didactic support group model designed to empower young women to see themselves as “choice makers” with the ability to make informed decisions in their own best interest. They also present research findings that support the content of the group model and articulate some of their experiences in conducting this group in both high school and college settings. Finally, they discuss the potential impact of the group according to feedback from participants.
Spiritual Wellness and Depression
Authors: WESTGATE CHARLENE E.
Published: December 2011

With a growing appreciation for the holism of human functioning, interest in the spiritual dimension as it relates to depression has increased. In this article, I review medical wellness literature and counseling literature for insight into the nature of spirituality and propose 4 dimensions of spiritual wellness as a result of this review: a sense of meaning in life, a transcendent perspective, an intrinsic value system, and a sense of belonging to a spiritual community of shared values and support. These dimensions are examined as they relate to the clinical literature and empirical research on depression. Implications for research, counseling, and counselor education also are reviewed.
The Relation Between Masculine Role Conflict and Psychological Distress in Male University Counseling Center Clients
Authors: GOOD GLENN E. , ROBERTSON JOHN M. , FITZGERALD LOUISE F. , STEVENS MARK , BARTELS KIM M.
Published: December 2011

This is the first study to examine the relations between components of masculine gender role conflict and specific symptoms of psychological distress in a sample of men seeking counseling services. One hundred and thirty male clients from 2 university counseling centers completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale and the Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised. Participants reported moderate to high levels of psychological symptoms, which were correlated with components of masculine role conflict. Results of simultaneous multiple regressions supported previous findings in nonclinical samples of relations between masculine role conflict and depression and interpersonal issues. In addition, masculine role conflict significantly predicted paranoia, psychoticism, and obsessive compulsivity. Implications for counseling and future research are discussed.
Causal Attributions and Sex Differences Associated With Perceptions of Occupational Barriers
Authors: Luzzo Darrell Anthony , Hutcheson Kathy Garrison
Published: December 2011

This study extends previous research addressing sex differences in perceived occupational barriers and evaluates the mediating role of causal attributions in the relationship between perceived occupational barriers and career maturity. Participants (85 women and 30 men) listed their perceived barriers to occupational goals, completed a measure of attributions for career decision making, and completed 2 different measures of career maturity. Findings revealed that a larger proportion of women than men perceived past barriers associated with family‐related issues. Results also revealed a significant, negative relationship between the number of perceived occupational barriers and career maturity for participants who believe that career decision making is an externally caused, uncontrollable process. The implications of these findings and suggestions for career counselors to integrate perceived barriers into the counseling process are discussed.
Why Adoptees Search: An Existential Treatment Perspective
Authors: Krueger Mary J. Jago , Hanna Fred J.
Published: December 2011

This article frames the adult adoptee's search for his or her biological roots in an existential treatment perspective. This context offers depth of understanding of the adoptee's dilemma while allowing the counselor an expanded foundation from which to understand an adopted client's desire for personal historical information. An existential view of adoption allows the counselor to view the adoptee's struggle as a variation on the nearly universal human concerns of death, isolation, meaninglessness, being, anxiety, and freedom. Treatment approaches are suggested and discussed.
Adoption Counseling as a Professional Specialty Area for Counselors
Authors: Janus Nancy G.
Published: December 2011

Adoption is an area of professional specialization that has resided primarily with social workers. However, with some additional training, many counselors can acquire the expertise to provide service to members of the adoption triad: birthparents, adoptive parents, and adoptees. This article provides an overview of the major issues that may arise in the lives of triad members and suggests ways in which counselors can be equipped to respond to those issues.
Resilience and Severe Burns
Authors: Holaday Margot , McPhearson Ruth W.
Published: December 2011

To define resilience and its components for individuals with severe burns, the authors integrated findings of a general literature review with opinions offered by 39 burn survivors through individual interviews. Results indicate that core factors influencing resiliency include social support (cultural influences and community, school, personal, and familial support,), cognitive skills (intelligence, coping style, personal control, and assignment of meaning), and psychological resources. Counseling strategies to strengthen resilience are suggested.
Urban School‐Based Family Counseling: Role Definition, Practice Applications, and Training Implications
Authors: Evans William P. , Carter Michael J.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe an expanded role for counselors in urban school settings that can improve the linkages among families, schools, and communities: school‐based family counseling. The focus of this process is to assist children in becoming more successful in the classroom by increasing family and community involvement in addressing specific barriers to learning. The function of school‐based family counseling, strategies, and challenges for implementation of this process; a case study of a school‐based family counseling intervention; and implications for counselor training are presented. Benefits of the school‐based family counseling model for diverse students, parents, schools, and communities also are discussed.
Attributions of Responsibility for Memory Problems in Older and Younger Adults
Authors: McCracken Janet E. , Hayes Jeffrey A. , Dell Don
Published: December 2011

This study investigated older and younger persons' responsibility attributions for the cause of and solution to a memory problem and, for comparison, a weight problem. Traditional college‐age students (n = 116) and persons over 65 years of age (n = 98) read a vignette describing either a 25‐year‐old or 65‐year‐old who had a memory or weight problem. Results indicated that both the age of the help‐seeker and problem type affected attributions. Specifically, the 65‐year‐old was perceived to be less responsible than the 25‐year‐old for the cause of and solution to a memory problem. In addition, help‐seekers with a memory problem were held less responsible for causing and solving their problem than were help‐seekers with a weight problem.