bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of Aurora B kinase in normal and cancer cells
Authors: Titova E. V , Shagieva G. S , Dugina V. B , Kopnin P. B
Published: April 2024

Aurora kinases are essential players in the process of mammalian cell division. Intracellular events in which Aurora kinases are involved include the regulation of spindle dynamics, microtubule-kinetochore interactions, chromosome condensation and orientation during mitosis. At least three members of the Aurora family - A, B and C - have been identified in mammals. Aurora B has been shown to be essential for maintaining genomic stability and normal cell division. Mutations and dysregulation of this kinase have been implicated in tumour initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss the functions of Aurora B, the relationship between increased Aurora B activity and carcinogenesis, and the prospects for the use of Aurora B kinase inhibitors in antitumour therapy.
Low-frequency vibrations of bacteriochlorophyll oligomers in chlorosomes of photosynthetic green bacteria
Authors: Yakovlev A. G , Taisova A. S , Fetisova Z. G
Published: April 2024

In green photosynthetic bacteria, light absorption occurs in bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c/d/e oligomers, which are located in chlorosomes - unique structures created by nature to collect the energy of very weak light fluxes. Using coherent femtosecond spectroscopy at cryogenic temperature, we detected and studied low-frequency vibrational motions of BChl c oligomers in the chlorosomes of the green bacteria Chloroflexus (Cfx.) aurantiacus. The objects of the study were chlorosomes isolated from bacterial cultures grown under different light intensity. It was found that the Fourier spectrum of low-frequency coherent oscillations in the Qy band of BChl c oligomers depends on the light intensity used for the growth of bacteria. It turned out that the number of low-frequency vibrational modes of chlorosomes increases as the illumination under which they were cultivated decreases. Also, the frequency range within which these modes are observed expands, and the frequencies of most modes change. Theoretical modeling of the obtained data and analysis of the literature led to the conclusion that the structural basis of Cfx. aurantiacus chlorosomes are short linear chains of BChl c combined into more complex structures. An increase in the length of these chains in chlorosomes grown under weaker light leads to the observed changes in the spectrum of vibrations of BChl c oligomers. This increase is an effective mechanism for the adaptation of bacteria to changing external conditions.
Comparison of Runoff Components, Water Balance, and the Parameters of Conceptual Models HBV and GR4J: Case Study of the Upper Ussuri Basin (South of Primorsky Region, Pacific Russia)
Authors: Lupakov S. Yu. , Bugaets A. N. , Gonchukov L. V. , Sokolov O. V. , Bugaets N. D.
Published: April 2024

The efficiency of runoff simulation, the values of parameters, and the dynamics of the estimated runoff components were analyzed for two conceptual hydrological models GR4J and HBV for 17 watersheds in the Upper Ussuri River (Primorsky Krai, Russia) with areas from 138 to 24 400 km2. Both models demonstrate an increase in the simulation efficiency (based on NSE criterion) with an increase in the catchment area up to 1–2 thousand km2, after which they stabilize within the interval of 0.75–0.85 for the calibration period and 0.70–0.80 for the verification period. The estimates obtained for the HBV model were 5–10% higher than those for the GR4J model. Analysis of the measured and calculated annual runoff maximums over the warm season suggests the conclusion that GR4J model is on the average 5–6% more efficient than the HBV model in calculating the maximal values of rain flood discharges. At the same time, the obtained values of the relative error BIAS demonstrate a more accurate reproduction of the annual average runoff by the HBV model. The main distinctions determining the efficiency of simulation in the study region are as follows: the method of considering the precipitation height increments within altitude belts, the specific features of the calculation of model evapotranspiration, the method for calculating the outflow from conceptual runoff-forming storages in the GR4J and HBV models.
Assessing Inundation Risks and Protection of Residential Territories in River Floodplains
Authors: Belikov V. V. , Borisova N. M. , Rumyantsev A. B.
Published: April 2024

It is shown that the likely damage caused by inundation of residential areas and objects of higher hazard on river floodplains can be evaluated taking into account the inundation depth. A procedure of constructing inundation probability curves with the use of two-dimensional hydrodynamic models (based on the STREAM 2D CUDA software system (Russia)) and field observation data is considered. Data from hydrological gages in several rivers are used to show that the inundation recurrence curves can be approximated by some logarithmic functions. Formulas for determining the inundation risks of residential areas and integral risk characteristics are derived and substantiated. It is shown that, on the average for the objects considered in the study, the maximal risks correspond to inundation levels with exceedance probability of ~2%, and that the effective protection of residential areas in most cases should by designed for inundation levels with much smaller exceedance probability.
Seasonal Variations in the Carbonate System of the Razdolnaya River
Authors: Tishchenko P. Ya. , Mikhaylik T. A. , Pavlova G. Yu. , Barabanshchikov Yu. A. , Semkin P. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The values of pH, total alkalinity, humic substance, chlorophyll a were measured in water in the Razdolnaya R. within 13 months in 2013–2014 at a station near Razdolnyi Settl. Estimates of the carbonate system of river waters showed that the major portion of the year, the river water was a source of CO2 for the atmosphere with an annual emission flux of ~25 thousands tC/year. The chemical weathering of silicate rocks in the the Razdolnaya R. leads to withdrawal of atmospheric CO2. The mean annual export of the atmospheric CO2 in the form of dissolved inorganic and organic carbon by the Razdolnaya R. into the Amur Bay (the Sea of Japan) was 47 thousands tC/year. Therefore, the the Razdolnaya R. ecosystem in the study period absorbed CO2 (20 thousands tC/year). The period of 2003–2017 showed a tendency toward an increase in the export of alkalinity, dissolved inorganic and organic carbon by the Razdolnaya R.. Estimates of the rate of chemical weathering of rocks, composing the basin, lie within 12–24 t/(km2 year).
Water Infiltration into Soil under Oscillating Precipitation Regimes
Authors: Beliaev A. Yu. , Yushmanov I. O.
Published: April 2024

An analytical study of the problem of water infiltration into a homogeneous unsaturated soil showed that, in the case of periodical water recharge through the soil surface, the character of the flow will tend to uniform with the depth. The stabilization of the flow was found to be due to the effect of two factors: capillary dissipation and nonlinearity. The role of each factor was studied by constructing appropriate exact solutions. An estimate was proposed for the depth at which flow variations become insignificant. This estimate takes into account the joint effect of both these factors. An explicit expression for it contains the hydraulic characteristics of the soil and the main characteristics of the surface recharge regime. The pumping effect was also studied and it was showed that, at some assumptions regarding the soil hydraulic characteristics, it manifests itself in that the time-averaged water content in the top soil layers is less than that at greater depth.
Current Changes in the Major Water Balance Components of the Pechora and Kolyma Deltas under Warming Climate
Authors: Dolgopolova E. N. , Isupova M. V.
Published: April 2024

Long-term variations of water balance components are compared for the deltas of the Pechora and Koluma rivers, flowing in the occurrence area of discontinuous and continuous permafrost rocks. Trends in the variations in the major components of water balance equation (river water flow, precipitation, and losses or increment of runoff in the delta) are considered for the conditions of climate warming (the late XX–early XXI centuries). A distinct increase, most pronounced in 2008–2018, was recorded in the major components of water balance.
Analysis of the Chemistry of Municipal Wastewaters for Forecasting the Conditions of Urban Population
Authors: Shchegol’kova N. M. , Rybka K. Yu. , Kozlova M. A. , Kharitonov S. L.
Published: April 2024

The quality of wastewater and the socioeconomic aspects of the life of the population are shown to be interrelated. It is proposed to use municipal wastewater to diagnose the health of the population, to assess the feeding preferences of city dwellers, the use of alcohol, tobacco, medicines, and drugs, to assess the exposure of the population to the effect of hazardous chemicals (PAH, pesticides, preserving agents, plasticizers, etc.), and to timely reveal deceases (including COVID-19). The authors proposed several biomarkers, which are recommended to use to monitor the water-resource system as a component of the urban ecosystem.
Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Water and Bottom Sediments in the Rivers in the Can Gio Biospheric Reserve, Vietnam
Authors: Tereshchenko N. N. , Chuzhikova-Proskurnina O. D. , Proskurnin V. Yu. , Hiep Nguyen Trong
Published: April 2024

Chemoecological studies were carried out in the water areas of the Kagau and Longtau rivers in the Can Gio Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam). Mass-spectrometry analysis was used to determine the concentrations of 15 microelements (heavy metals and metalloids) in water and bottom sediments. The overall pollution level in the Can Gio rivers was found to be moderate. However, the concentrations of some heavy metals in several cases exceeded the maximum permissible concentration at short-time exposure; also, the limits of safe concentrations at chronic exposure were exceeded for some elements. The concentrations of some heavy elements amount to 30 to 80% of the MPC for water bodies used for fishery. Primarily, these are copper, zinc, arsenic, vanadium, iron, and molybdenum. It was found that, according to the Regulations of Vietnam, the waters of the examined water areas showed concentrations of suspended matter in excess of the standards for category A1 sources, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water was below the standard. The obtained results suggest the need to monitor the chemical–ecological conditions of rivers in Can Gio as protected natural objects, which are also used to some extent for social and economic purposes.
Solving the Problem of Groundwater Flow in an Inundated Massif with Vertical Drains
Authors: Anakhaev K. N. , Belikov V. V. , Anakhaeva Kh. K. , Borisova N. M.
Published: April 2024

The earlier solutions of the problem of groundwater flow in an inundated rock massif with vertically drains (drain trenches) are represented by extremely complex mathematical relationships in complex variables which make them difficult to use in applied problems. A new approximate-hydromechanical solution of the problem was obtained with the use of velocity hodograph and the presentation of model relationships in elementary functions, which coincides with the exact data in boundary points and which are in almost complete agreement (⪡1%) with the results of exact calculations by V.V. Vedernikov for special cases. For the first time, a picture of the field of full flow velocities was analytically constructed in the form of an isotach family for the given inundated massif with drains, showing the heterogeneous character of velocity distribution in it at the presence of water in the drain. Groundwater flow diagrams are also presented for boundary lines (in particular, in comparison with the case when there is no water in the drain), along with plots of flow functions and heads.
Regional Specifics of Water Use in the Republic of Belarus
Authors: Shershnev O. V.
Published: April 2024

Water management statistics of the state water cadaster of the Republic of Belarus was used to analyze the dynamics of water use over 2000–2019. The study is based on the statistical methods for the analysis of time series and the relative characteristics of water use dynamics. Trends and priorities were revealed in water use in the country as a whole and at the level of administrative regions. It is shown that in 2000–2019, water intake in the country decreased by 28%, and the use of water for drinking and industrial needs dropped by more than 30%. Comparative analysis revealed differences in water use between regions expressed in the relative characteristics: total water intake, the volume of groundwater development and surface water extraction, the amounts of water use for different purposes. In the majority of administrative regions of the country (102 out of 118), the main source of water supply is groundwater, the development of which exceeds the extraction of surface water, and in 36 regions, water supply relies completely on groundwater. The administrative regions are grouped by the priority objectives of water use. It is found that two water use objectives are of priority in 78 regions; these are household and agricultural needs, met by groundwater. The differentiation of the volumes of water withdrawal and water use priorities at the regional level is determined by population size, the development level of material production branches, and their water demand.
Evaluating Inundation Characteristics under Climate Changes
Authors: Krylenko I. N.
Published: April 2024

A procedure of hydrodynamic modeling of floodplain inundation characteristics is presented; the procedure takes into account climate change scenarios and is based on the results of numerical experiments with river runoff formation model and the results of ensemble calculations by global climate models. The model calculations were based on Russian software systems ECOMAG and STREAM_2D. For the key segment of the Lena at Yakutsk C. (Tabaga gage), the calculations by all scenarios and models show a possible increase in the runoff by the mid-XXI century along with an increase in the inundation areas and depths by 9–15% due to the increase in runoff.
Numerical Study of Interaction between the Climate System Components and Their Role in Arctic Amplification of Climate Change
Authors: Platov G. A. , Golubeva E. N. , Krupchatnikov V. N. , Kraineva M. V.
Published: April 2024

With the help of numerical modeling and reanalysis data, interactions between the components of the climate system in the Arctic under the conditions of climate warming have been studied. When analyzing the data and results of numerical experiments, the method of expanding fields of state characteristics in terms of empirical orthogonal functions was used. Trends in the atmospheric impact on the ocean–ice system during the warming period and their relationship with trends in future warming projections under the most severe RCP 8.5 scenario in the CMIP-5 project are identified. In addition, numerical modeling revealed a 44-year periodicity in the interaction between the Arctic Ocean circulation and the heat content of the Atlantic water layer: this can be associated with the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
Oerlemans Minimal Model as a Possible Instrument for Describing Mountain Glaciation in Earth System Models
Authors: Toropov P. A. , Debol’skii A. V. , Polyukhov A. A. , Shestakova A. A. , Popovnin V. V. , Drozdov E. D.
Published: April 2024

The main approaches to mountain glacier simulation were reviewed, and Oerlemans minimal model was chosen as a parameterization core of mountain glaciation in the Earth System models. The proposed model is based on a one-dimensional equation of glacier mass balance. The mass balance components are calculated with the use of a specially developed model of orographic precipitation, an algorithm for correction of incoming solar radiation onto an inclined ice surface, and schemes of calculation of turbulent heat-moisture exchange based on the Monin–Obukhov theory. The model was implemented for the Djankuat glacier (the Central Caucasus), for which a long measurement series is available. The model gives a good reproduction of the dynamics of glacier length over the period 1985–2020 based on measured mass balance values: –13 m/year, which is in practically perfect agreement with the field data. This means that the Oerlemans model can be used in Earth system models. The results of simulation based on the calculated mass balance showed a significant positive trend in ablation at a slight change in accumulation, which is also in agreement with the reality. However, in this case, the values of the annual thawing depth and the glacier contraction are twice as large and those observed in reality. The further development of the model (the inclusion of a snow cover block, the incorporation of debris mantle and mountain–valley circulation) will eliminate these shortcomings.
The Russian economy: Borders of growth
Authors: Lavrovskii B. L. , Shil’tsin E. A.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this article is to predict the likely dynamics of Russia’s GDP and consumption fund for 15 years, based solely on highly aggregated characteristics of investment activity—the savings rate and the incremental capital−output ratio. Hypotheses regarding investment parameters are formed with account for their values and trends during the retrospective period 2001–2020. The results of forecast calculations show that there is a fundamental possibility to ensure the average annual GDP growth rate for the period up to 2035 at approximately 3%. This will require serious investments to increase the savings rate to 26−27% in three to four years, at the same time significantly improving the quality of the investment resource and the return on additional capital, and to begin forming a production apparatus on a new technological platform.
Review of the book Man and Artificial Intelligence Systems
Authors: Lepskii V. E.
Published: April 2024

The collective monograph Man and Artificial Intelligence Systems is reviewed.
Physiology in natural sciences and in the history of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Authors: Natochin Yu. V.
Published: April 2024

The beginning of physiology studies at the Academy of Sciences and Arts in St. Petersburg dates back to 1725. The first studies were carried out at the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology; and in the 19th century, at the Physiological Laboratory. The 20th century saw the establishment of the first Institute of Physiology within the USSR Academy of Sciences. Natural sciences had been developing with the emergence of new research methods and new scientific fields, but the interest in understanding the mechanisms underlying functions of the human body and their regulation has remained unchanged. Adequate approaches to the nature of dysfunctions on the foundation of physiological functions lie at the core of every clinical discipline. Stemming from the methods of molecular biology, genetics, and bioinformatics, the outstanding achievements of the last decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st century necessitate a transition to a new level through the interaction between different sciences in order to elucidate regulation mechanisms for creating a vision of the physiological activity of the body as an integral whole.
Carbon balance in postagrogenic soddy podzolic soils
Authors: Dmitriev A. V. , Lednev A. V.
Published: April 2024

This article analyzes changes in the indicators of the deposition and release of carbon into the atmosphere on soddy podzolic soils depending on the type of land and relief elements. Deposits of different ages were chosen as the main object of research. They were compared with nearby arable and forested lands. It has been established that the maximum volumes of annual carbon sequestration and release are observed in forest lands lying on the accumulative links of the catena (5.7 and 5.41 tC/ha, respectively), while the minimum volumes are observed on arable land on the transit links (1.23 and 1.47 tC/ha, respectively). The amount of fixed carbon in fallows is determined by the period of their overgrowth and location: for fallows with a period of overgrowth of up to 20 years, it is 1.84–3.49 tC/ha, and 3.02–3.65 tC/ha for those with a period of more than 20 years. The highest rates of carbon deposition and release were observed on the accumulative links of the catena, which is explained by the best moistening conditions in such areas, especially during dry periods. The calculation of the annual carbon balance at key sites showed a negative trend in its accumulation on arable land, as well as on fallows with a period of overgrowth of up to 20 years. The greatest positive balance was recorded under forests, confirming their leading role in atmospheric carbon dioxide fixation.
Scientific schools are alive by the standards of their creator: To the 120th anniversary of the birth of Academician M.A. Leontovich
Authors: Lisitsa V. S. , Kuznetsova L. K. , Kukushkin A. B.
Published: April 2024

This article is devoted to the life and work of the outstanding theoretical physicist, creator of world-famous scientific schools in radiophysics, plasma physics, and controlled thermonuclear fusion, Academician Mikhail Aleksandrovich Leontovich (1903–1981). His achievements in basic physics contributed to significant advances in applied research in many fields. The uniqueness of the scientific style and civic appearance of M.A. Leontovich, the lessons of his creative biography remain significant today, especially for young scientists, setting an example of selfless service to science.
Theoretical and practical problems of digitalization of oil and gas complex enterprises
Authors: Betelin V. B. , Galkin V. A. , Gimranov R. D.
Published: April 2024

The problem of ensuring the guaranteed normal functioning of digital systems in the Russian oil and gas industry in the context of the sanctions war of the United States and the European Union against this industry is discussed. To solve it, it is proposed to use hardware and software with built-in intelligent self-monitoring and self-correction mechanisms. It is proposed to counter bans on the supply of supercomputers for hydrodynamic calculations by using computational methods based on exact solutions and coarse grids.
System analysis of big data for Earth sciences
Authors: Gvishiani A. D. , Panchenko V. Ya. , Nikitina I. M.
Published: April 2024

Currently, big data is one of the most discussed phenomena in the field of information technology. What is big data? How are they created? How does big data software work? How is big data theory and practice used and can be used in relation to geosciences? How is the issue of big data developing within the Russian Academy of Sciences? These are the questions discussed in an article prepared on the basis of a scientific report presented at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on March 28, 2023.
The Egyptologist and his epoch: Political events of the 1880–1940s in V.S. Golenishchev’s Archival Documents
Authors: Ladynin I. A.
Published: April 2024

This article analyzes documents of the founder of Russian scientific Egyptology V.S. Golenishchev (1856–1947), stored in domestic and foreign archives. The article draws attention to the correspondence of Golenishchev with his colleagues, meaning their reflection of contemporary political events (from the speech of Orabi Pasha in Egypt in the early 1880s to the events on the eve of World War II). The material examined makes it possible to conclude that the personal position of the scientist was predominantly apolitical; he was primarily engaged in collecting and researching ancient Egyptian texts and clearly saw the feasible preservation of the sociopolitical situation to which he was accustomed as a guarantee of the stability necessary for scientific work.
Governor of rocket and space technology: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Academician V.F. Utkin
Authors: Panichkin N. G.
Published: April 2024

This article highlights the most important stages of the life and work of V.F. Utkin—an outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist, designer and organizer of work in the field of rocket and space technology, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1976), the USSR Academy of Sciences (1984; since 1991, RAS), the International Academy of Astronautics, and the Tsiolkovskii Academy of Cosmonautics (president from 1997 to 2000). Utkin was directly involved in the development of the country's rocket and space industry. Under his leadership, strategic silo and mobile missile systems, as well as spacecraft, were created. It is impossible to overestimate the contribution of Vladimir Fedorovich to the formation of the Russian nuclear missile shield.
Imperial Academy of Sciences and organization of statistical research in Russia
Authors: Skrydlov A. Yu.
Published: April 2024

This article is devoted to the history of the institutional formation of statistical research in the Imperial Academy of Sciences. It is noted that the first experiments in statistical descriptions of the territory of Russia date back to the second quarter of the 18th century. They were in line with the German tradition of descriptive government studies and involved the systematization of geographical, ethnographic, political, and economic information important for the development of the country. The spread of government studies in Russia was facilitated by German scientists invited to the country. Based on a wide range of published sources and archival materials, the author analyzes the process of adding the list of academic disciplines with statistics and government science and studies the contribution of the first academic statisticians to the development of this branch of knowledge. The article analyzes various forms of supporting statistical research by the Academy of Sciences.
ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN 2022 SPEECH BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SIBERIAN BRANCH OF THE RAS, RAS ACADEMICIAN V.N. PARMON
Authors: Parmon V. N.
Published: April 2024

For the Siberian Branch, the main tasks are the restoration of technological sovereignty in scientific instrument making, as well as in the field of resource, environmental, biomedical and food security of the country.
ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE URAL BRANCH OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN 2022 SPEECH BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE URAL BRANCH OF THE RAS, RAS ACADEMICIAN V.N. RUDENKO
Authors: Rudenko V. N.
Published: April 2024

The institutes of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences operate over a vast territory stretching from Arkhangel'sk to Orenburg from north to south and from Tobol'sk to Izhevsk from east to west. Under the scientific and methodological leadership of the RAS Ural Branch, there are 32 scientific organizations, including 6 federal research centers, as well as 18 higher education establishments. The branch includes 115 members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, of which 41 are academicians. In July 2022, academic science in the Urals celebrated its 90th anniversary.
On the main results of the RAS activity in the reporting period and priority directions of its work Resolution of the General Meeting of RAS members
Authors: Krasnikov G. Ya. , Dubina M. V.
Published: April 2024

The General Meeting of Members of the RAS notes that the activities of the Academy during the reporting period were carried out in accordance with Federal Law No. 253-FZ of September 27, 2013, On the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Reorganization of State Academies of Sciences and Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and the RAS Charter and was aimed at implementing the strategic directions of the country’s development, defined in the messages of President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin of 2018−2021 and 2023 and decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as at developing science in the Russian Federation and increasing the potential, efficiency, and performance of scientific research, including with account account for the large-scale sanctions against Russia. The General Meeting of RAS members adopted a resolution.
BIODIVERSITY AND BIORESOURCES OF DEEP-SEA ECOSYSTEMS OF THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC
Authors: Adrianov A. V. , Mordukhovich V. V.
Published: April 2024

Modern problems of the investigation of marine biodiversity and bio-resources and their inventory in the deep-sea of the World Ocean are considered. The discussion of these problems is also based on the data of aseries of deep-water marine expeditions of the National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NSCMB FEB RAS) in the deepest areas of the Far Eastern Seas and adjacent waters of the North-West Pacific. New results of a series of the deep-sea expeditions within the special RAS Project “Fundamental problems of investigation and conservation of the deep-sea ecosystems in the potentially ore-reach areas in the North-West Pacific” are briefly introduced and discussed (project of RAS № 3.1902.21.0012). Several “unique” deep-sea ecosystems found in the ore bearing sites and the active fishing areas in the North-West Pacific are described. Some safety opportunities for these “unique” ecosystems and possible limitations in the use of dangerous mining and fishing techniques disturbing deep-sea landscapes are considered, including various conservation statuses.
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Allakhverdiev S. I.
Published: April 2024

Limited reserves of fossil fuels and the negative impact of their combustion products on the environment are two pressing problems of our time. The development of alternative energy sources, among which solar energy is the most accessible, is considered as a possible solution. Acquisition of skills of its effective and environmentally friendly use by creating artificial photosynthetic systems imitating the processes of natural photosynthesis, as well as the use of artificial photosynthesis for the production of biofuels can contribute to a way out of the current situation.
CLOSED ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: FROM THE BIOSPHERE TO LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND BACK
Authors: Bartsev S.I. , Degermendzhi A.G.
Published: April 2024

The paper provides a brief overview of the available facts and ideas about the nature of climate change. Theproblems of ecological research, which are becoming more acute in relation to biosphere research, are considered: this is the problem of data deficit and the problem of the uniqueness of ecosystems. The key difference between the biosphere and natural ecosystems is highlighted, which ensures the long-term, in the ultimate perspective infinite, existence of the biosphere – the existence of a balance of biogen cycles or the closure of the flows of substances. The advantages of laboratory closed ecological systems (CES) as tools for experimental and theoretical study of the biosphere are considered. The contribution of the most well-known CES (BIOS-3, Folsom microcosms, Biosphere-2, micro-CES) to the understanding of biospheric processes is discussed. The problems and paradoxes identified in the mathematical modeling of CESs (Vernadsky-Darwin paradox, limitations of models of rigid metabolism), which are closely related to the well-known ecological paradoxes of May and Hutchinson, are discussed. A flexible metabolism approach is proposed to reduce the severity of these paradoxes. The measures proposed within the framework of so-called “green initiative” are discussed from the position of “biosphere as a CES”. Among these measures are reducing the carbon footprint of pets, migration to electric vehicles and renewable energy sourcesб and carbon sequestration by trees. The seriousness of biosphere-climatic changes problem is emphasized, which cannot be resolved without accounting the closure of substance flows in the biosphere.
PLURIPOTENCY AND PERSPECTIVES OF CELL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Erofeeva E. D. , Abdyev V. K. , Yeremeyev A. V. , Vorotelyak E. A. , Vasiliev A. V.
Published: April 2024

Biology of pluripotency is a modern field of biological science, and at the same time a tool for modeling human morphogenesis in vitro. Pluripotency is the property of cells to self-renew and differentiate into all types of cells of an adult organism, which appears in early embryogenesis in mammals. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have limitless potential in regenerative and translational medicine, which open up perspectives for solving multiple diseases, including hereditary ones. This review describes the characteristics and uniqueness of PSCs, modeling of early human morphogenesis in vitro in blastocyst-like structures and gastruloids, modeling of organogenesis in organoids. Next, we considered the use of PSCs in regenerative medicine with their risks of capability to oncogenicity and immunogenicity in implication of a cell replacement therapy. However, therapeutic approaches using PSCs are still in their infancy and need to be deeply scrutinized.
Formation of pentameria and axial symmetry in the evolution of echinoderms
Authors: Rozhnov S. V.
Published: April 2024

The formation of pentaradial symmetry in the evolution of echinoderms was based on the possibility of the middle–left coelom to terminally forward growth along the anteroposterior axis and the appearance of a second growth vector along the left–right axis during the replication of the formed ambulacra. Both growth vectors were realized into the pentamerism of modern echinoderms due to the development of coelom asymmetry and subsequent torsion associated with the attachment of the larva to the ground by the anterior end of the body. In this process, the molecular genetic mechanisms of anteroposterior growth and left–right regulation, common to bilateria, and associated with the genes of the Wnt, BMP, Nodal signaling cascades, and Hox system genes, were probably used together. In the process of replication of channels extending from the ambulacral ring, the emerging ambulacral system was the organizer of the symmetry of the skeleton and the nervous and muscular systems. Replication in many fossil echinoderms ended on the three channels extending directly from the ambulacral ring. In crinoids, sea urchins, sea stars, brittle stars, and holothurians, the second stage of the formation of a more perfect five-ray symmetry of the ambulacral ring with five radial canals extending from it appeared, associated with a shift in ontogenesis of the branch point to the early stages of hydrocoel development.
Introductory article
Authors: Kirpichnikov M. P.
Published: April 2024

The articles in the thematic issue of the journal Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk on biological sciences are the result of the development of research conducted by scientific schools for which Russian biological science is famous. These articles are presented by leading scientists from the RAS Division of Biological Sciences and cover a wide range of problems.
PROBLEMS AND WAYS TO ACHIEVE TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE IN THE FIELD OF MATERIALS FOR MICROELECTRONICS
Authors: Badamshina E. R. , Gornev E. S.
Published: April 2024

Strengthening technological sovereignty is one of the key tasks in the implementation of measures to achieve the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. In this regard, the development and establishment of production of a wide range of domestic materials, including of highly pure ones, in the shortest possible time for the needs of the microelectronic industry becoms extremely urgent. The authors present the main problems and ways of developing the production of such substances and materials. The article is based on a report heard at a meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the role of chemistry and materials sciences in ensuring technological sovereignty of Russia.
ENCYCLOPEDIAS: THE DIFFICULT ROAD TO ONLINE
Authors: Gorbunov-Posadov M. M.
Published: April 2024

Currently, online encyclopedias have become the main source of encyclopedic knowledge all over the world. Russia is somewhat behind the leading countries in this area. The Russian-language Wikipedia has been developing more or less on a par with its neighbors. However, recently, unfortunately, anti-Russian articles began to appear there, which is why a group of wiki editors had to distance themselves from Wikipedia and initiate the creation of a new encyclopedia independent of it – Runiversalis. The Great Russian Encyclopedia, which is moving belatedly to the Internet, shows the still modest results. The article suggests certain solutions designed to intensify the reorganization of online encyclopedias and provide an additional level of comfort for the reader. Emphasis is placed on the need for permanent operational updating of articles posted on the web and the role of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the creation of encyclopedias.
Structural Changes during Polymerization of Acrylamide in Semidilute Solutions of Wormlike Surfactant Micelles
Authors: Ospennikov A. S. , Shibaev A. V. , Kuklin A. I. , Philippova O. E.
Published: April 2024

The structure and rheological properties of aqueous solutions of the anionic surfactant potassium oleate and the water-soluble monomer acrylamide before and after radical polymerization have been studied. In the absence of monomer and in the presence of a low-molecular-weight salt, potassium oleate forms a network of long entangled cylindrical (wormlike) micelles. The addition of the monomer does not lead to a change in their cylindrical shape and radius, but it promotes the transformation of branched micelles into linear ones. The structure of surfactant aggregates changes significantly after polymerization: according to neutron scattering data, it becomes bicontinuous and its local geometry becomes lamellar. The coexistence of such a structure with polyacrylamide macromolecules in a semidilute solution leads to a significant synergistic increase in viscosity and elastic modulus.
Composite Films Based on Methyl Cellulose Mixtures with Poly(urethane-imide) Obtained from Their Solutions in Dimethylacetamide
Authors: Buslaev D. L. , Didenko A. L. , Bochek A. M. , Kudryavtsev V. V. , Smirnova V. E. , Gofman I. V. , Abalov I. V. , Yudin V. E. , Lavrent’ev V. K.
Published: April 2024

Composite films of methyl cellulose and poly(urethane-imide) are obtained. At the poly(urethane-imide) content in the films above 50% phase separation of the polymers is observed. Using the methods of dynamic mechanical analysis and X-ray diffraction the structural organization of the films is studied, the temperatures of relaxation transitions are determined, and the mechanical characteristics of the composite films are investigated.
Morphological Transitions in Solutions of Macromolecules with Solvophilic Backbone and Orientationally Mobile Solvophobic Side Groups
Authors: Shuldyakov G. A. , Buglakov A. I. , Larin D. E.
Published: April 2024

A theoretical model describing the self-assembly in dilute solutions of amphiphilic macromolecules containing the backbone built of the solvophilic units (the P groups) and the solvophobic side chains (the H groups) possessing orientational mobility relative to the backbone units has been elaborated. In the framework of strong segregation limit (The size of the insoluble regions of the formed micelles is on the order of the hydrophobic side chains), state diagrams of the solution have been calculated with and without accounting for the orientational entropy contribution of the side groups to the total free energy of the solution at different thermodynamic qualities of solvent for the macromolecules and the grafting density of the H groups; the regions of stability of spherical and cylindrical micelles as well as planar bilayers (vesicles) have been revealed. It has been found that the contribution of the orientational entropy significantly affects the view of the state diagrams. In the case of considering the orientational mobility, the conditions of the cylindrical micelle stability are very sensitive to the change in the grafting density of the side groups. This sensitivity can be the reason why the formation of long cylindrical (wormlike) micelles is not observed in experiments and computer simulations. As earlier demonstrated at a qualitative level, the orientational mobility of the side groups can lead to the emergence of the orientation-induced attraction between the polymer micelles (A. I. Buglakov, D. E. Larin, and V. V. Vasilevskaya, Polymer 232, 124160 (2021)). In this study, exact analytical calculations of the energy of orientation-induced attraction for the case of the interaction between two planar bilayer micelles has been performed. At distances being of the order of the size of the side H group, the orientation-induced attraction forces are much stronger than the van der Waals forces and, hence, the orientation-induced attraction can be decisive in the formation of large aggregates observed in experiments.
ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКОНОМІКОЮ УКРАЇНИ ТА ПРІОРИТЕТИ ЇЇ ПОВОЄННОГО РОЗВИТКУ
Authors: ТЮРІНА Ніла , НАЗАРЧУК Тетяна , КАРВАЦЬКА Наталія , ГУРНИЦЬКИЙ Олексій
Published: April 2024

У статті проаналізовано основні макроекономічні показники, що характеризують рівень розвитку економіки України з 1991 по 2022 рр. За період, що аналізується,   визначено чотири  економічні кризи національної економіки.   Детальніше розглянуто наслідки четвертої  кризи, спровокованої війною Росії проти України. Визначено основні здобутки  та  переваги української економки у до воєнний період, що стосуються агро- та IT-секторів. Акцентовано увагу  на проблемах  та можливих їх наслідках щодо  ІТ-сектору у воєнний та післявоєнний  періодах. Виконано аналіз зовнішньоекономічної діяльності країни за період з 1996 по 2022 роки, де  відслідковується прямий взаємозв’язок динаміки зміни  основних показників цієї діяльності з валовим внутрішнім продуктом, що підтверджує рівень експортної і імпортної залежності української економіки. Встановлено, що наразі відбулась динамічна переорієнтація зовнішньої торгівлі України на європейські ринки та нові логістичні маршрути. Визначено основні складові впливу на розвиток національної економіки у повоєнний період. Розглянуто структурно і змістовно план повоєнної відбудови  України  та визначено  основні умови його реалізації. Охарактеризовано пріоритети розвитку економіки України у повоєнний період, зроблено акценти на проблемах з людським потенціалом та його адаптації до нових викликів, а також  пошуку нових шляхів  реалізації економічного потенціалу країни.
The Importance of PET Imaging to Understanding Whole-Body Cortisol Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Bini Jason
Published: April 2024

Excess cortisol is associated with more severe cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementia phenotypes. The intracellular enzyme 11β-HSD1 regenerates active cortisol from inactive cortisone. In this current issue, high regional brain occupancy of Xanamemtrademark, determined by [11C]TARACT PET imaging of 11β-HSD1, in cognitively normal individuals and mild cognitive impartment/Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is presented. In the future, comprehensive kinetic modeling using arterial sampling for occupancy studies, and whole-body PET imaging of 11β-HSD1 enzyme levels, in combination with stable isotope studies of cortisol metabolism, can provide broad insight into enzyme levels and activity in AD and other relevant diseases.
IoT-based external attacks aware secure healthcare framework using blockchain and SB-RNN-NVS-FU techniques
Authors: Kuppusamy Ramesh , Murugesan Anbarasan
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND: In recent times, there has been widespread deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, particularly in the healthcare sector, where computations involving user-specific data are carried out on cloud servers. However, the network nodes in IoT healthcare are vulnerable to an increased level of security threats. OBJECTIVE: This paper introduces a secure Electronic Health Record (EHR) framework with a focus on IoT. METHODS: Initially, the IoT sensor nodes are designated as registered patients and undergo initialization. Subsequently, a trust evaluation is conducted, and the clustering of trusted nodes is achieved through the application of Tasmanian Devil Optimization (STD-TDO) utilizing the Student’s T-Distribution. Utilizing the Transposition Cipher-Squared random number generator-based-Elliptic Curve Cryptography (TCS-ECC), the clustered nodes encrypt four types of sensed patient data. The resulting encrypted data undergoes hashing and is subsequently added to the blockchain. This configuration functions as a network, actively monitored to detect any external attacks. To accomplish this, a feature reputation score is calculated for the network’s features. This score is then input into the Swish Beta activated-Recurrent Neural Network (SB-RNN) model to classify potential attacks. The latest transactions on the blockchain are scrutinized using the Neutrosophic Vague Set Fuzzy (NVS-Fu) algorithm to identify any double-spending attacks on non-compromised nodes. Finally, genuine nodes are granted permission to decrypt medical records. RESULTS: In the experimental analysis, the performance of the proposed methods was compared to existing models. The results demonstrated that the suggested approach significantly increased the security level to 98%, reduced attack detection time to 1300 ms, and maximized accuracy to 98%. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparative analysis affirmed the reliability of the proposed model across all metrics. CONCLUSION: The proposed healthcare framework’s efficiency is proved by the experimental evaluation.
Outpatient lipid-lowering therapy in patients at very high cardiovascular risk during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   V.I. Razumovskiy Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation, Sergeeva V.A. , Lipatova T.E. ,   V.I. Razumovskiy Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation
Published: April 2024

Background: despite a broad armamentarium of effective lipid-lowering agents, which is being replenished by new classes of drugs, the achievement of target lipid metabolism (LM) parameters in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk (CVR) remains extremely urgent. The accumulation of data on SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic contributed to a detailed study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19. Among these mechanisms, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis are the most important. Therefore, there is concern about LM in patients with cardiovascular disorders who have experienced coronavirus disease 2019, when adequate lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) determines further prognosis and survival Aim: to evaluate outpatient LLT in patients with very high CVR during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients and Methods: 114 patients with cardiovascular disorders and very high CVR underwent a voluntary direct clinical interview about LLT and laboratory tests for LM during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: low awareness of atherosclerosis and the importance of LLT was reported (only 26.32% of patients could be described as fully aware). Most patients (48.24%) only learn about their LM status after admission to hospital. 41.23% monitor their lipid profile on an outpatient basis every 3–6 months, but only 25.44% were able to specify their serum cholesterol level. Study participants received statins as LLT during the COVID-19 pandemic, but 48.94% received statins at inappropriately low doses. COVID-19 morbidity affected adherence to LLT, i.e. 38.59% discontinued lipid-lowering therapy during COVID-19 and 17.54% never restarted it after recovery. Evaluation of laboratory tests for LM in patients with very high CVR showed that only 6.26% achieved target values. Conclusion: low awareness, unhealthy lifestyle and inadequate drug therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic worsen LM and prognosis in patients with very high CVR in terms of adverse cardiovascular events. KEYWORDS: lipid-lowering therapy, dyslipidemia, lipid metabolism, cardiovascular risk, COVID-19 pandemic, adherence. FOR CITATION: Sergeeva V.A., Lipatova T.E. Outpatient lipid-lowering therapy in patients at very high cardiovascular risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(1):9–15 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-1-2.