bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Extreme Speeds and Rake Angles in Metal Cutting
Authors: Findley W. N. , Reed R. M.
Published: December 2011

A study is presented of the effect of wide variations in speed of cutting and rake angle on orthogonal cutting of several metals—mainly a lead-antimony alloy. It was observed that enormous decreases in tool forces occurred in the lead-antimony with increase in speed from 6 to 3800 fpm, and decrease in rake angle from +30° to −60°. Explanations for these variations are proposed. An unusual observation was that a transition as speed increased from continuous to discontinuous chips occurred at large negative rake angles. Possible causes of this behavior are discussed. Another unusual observation was that a steep rise in tool force occurred with increase in speed for rake angles of 0° and +30°. The rise to a peak value was followed by an equally steep decrease in tool forces. Other observations discussed include the appearance of side spikes on the chips, chip curl, lateral extrusion of chips, influence of normal stress occurring on the shear plane, and the apparent coefficient of friction.
Synthesis of Six-Link Plane Mechanisms by Numerical Analysis
Authors: McLarnan C. W.
Published: December 2011

Equations relating the link dimensions and the input and output crank angles are developed for three mechanisms—a Watt linkage and two inversions of the Stephenson linkage. An iterative solution is described, and solutions of an example problem are tabulated and discussed.
Frictional Boundary Conditions in Plastic Compression
Authors: Pearsall G. W. , Backofen W. A.
Published: December 2011

Distributions of normal stress, shear stress, and coefficient of friction were determined at the interface between a steel tool and a plastically deforming aluminum disk, using two pressure-sensitive pins imbedded in the tool. Comparisons were made with the normal-stress predictions of plasticity analyses, assuming constant shear stress or friction coefficient across the interface. Agreement was improved by considering actual variations in shear stress from lubricant-film deterioration but interesting and unpredicted features were still encountered. The course of liquid-lubricant breakdown was modified significantly by compression with periodic cycles of loading and unloading which resulted in lower friction stress for reactive lubricants, such as fatty acids, and in higher friction stress for inert lubricants, such as mineral oil.
Aerospace Pneumatic Control Systems
Authors: Sung C. B. , Taplin L. B.
Published: December 2011

This paper attempts to deduce the growth pattern of aerospace pneumatic control systems, where pneumatic systems are defined as those employing any gas as a working medium. Various important applications responsible for the initial growth of these systems, such as nuclear engine controls, space attitude controls, and flight controls, are illustrated by actual development activities in the fulfillment of well-established requirements. The scope of aerospace pneumatic control systems is defined and their inherent characteristics are expressed in terms of capabilities and limitations. A brief review is made of the various configurations of both the control systems and key components. Some of the significant technological advances in the field of aerospace pneumatic control systems are described. In concluding this paper, the status and the future position of aerospace pneumatic control systems are discussed and evaluated.
Report of Committee RR-6 Survey: Progress in Railway Mechanical Engineering, 1961–1962
Authors: Meier D. R. , Dean A. G. , McClean H. G. , Newcomer G. H.
Published: December 2011

This paper contains the annual report of the ASME Survey Committee RR-6. Developments in Railway Mechanical Engineering from September 1, 1961, to September 1, 1962, pertaining to cars and locomotives are discussed. A review is given of locomotive development activities. Diesel and electric locomotives, passenger freight cars, and transit and suburban cars introduced in North America, Europe, Japan, and Asia are described and pictured.
Wave Effects in Viscoelastic Leaf and Compression Spring Mounts
Authors: Ungar Eric E.
Published: December 2011

Transmissibility expressions that take wave effects into account are derived for masses mounted on highly viscoelastic leaf springs and compression springs. Approximations suitable for large ratios of mounted mass to spring mass are introduced, and equations are derived that give the approximate magnitudes of the transmissibility peaks associated with standing wave resonances and the corresponding frequencies. The validity of these approximations is verified by comparison with directly computed results. It is shown that a leaf spring results in a higher first standing wave frequency, in lower density of transmissibility peaks, and in a higher envelope of these peaks than a compression spring of the same mass, loss factor, and static stiffness.
Stresses and Deflections in Built-In Beams
Authors: O’Donnell W. J.
Published: December 2011

Local distortions in the support(s) allow beams to rotate at their built-in end(s). The effect of these rotations is included in the classical equations for the deflections and stresses in both statically determinate and indeterminate beams subjected to arbitrary loading. The analysis is kept within the realm of simple beam theory and is supported by experimental results. Tables of solutions are given, accounting for possible differences between the elastic moduli of the beam and support materials, and for the effect of fillets at built-in end(s). The error incurred by treating beams as being rigidly built-in is shown to be quite significant for typical cases encountered in design. The solutions given in the tables herein are also applicable when special structural joints are used, but the rotational flexibility of the joint must be known.
Synthesis of Path-Generating Mechanisms by Numerical Methods
Authors: Roth Bernard , Freudenstein Ferdinand
Published: December 2011

Algebraic methods in kinematic synthesis are extended to cases in which the development of iterative numerical procedures are required. Algorithms are developed for the numerical solution of nonlinear, simultaneous, algebraic equations. Convergence is obtained without the need for a “good” initial approximation. The theory is applied to the nine-point path synthesis of geared five-bar motion, in terms of which four-bar motion may be considered as a special case.
General Procedure for Analyzing Thick Shells of Irregular Shapes for Mechanical and Thermal Loading
Authors: Bijlaard P. P. , Dohrmann R. J.
Published: December 2011

A general method is presented for analyzing thick shells of irregular shape for mechanical and thermal loading, allowing axial as well as radial thermal gradients. The method takes into account geometry flexibility. It is shown that, for thick shells also, the beam on elastic foundation approach is applicable. With the new method, pressure-vessel calculations can be greatly simplified and engineering man-hours substantially reduced.
Mechanics of Conventional Spinning
Authors: Sortais H. C. , Kobayashi S. , Thomsen E. G.
Published: December 2011

In conventional spinning of cones, the cone-wall thickness variation was studied using blanks of 1100-0 commercially pure aluminum sheet of 0.050-in. thickness. The results revealed that the radial stress induced in the unspun flange is the major cause of nonuniform wall thickness of spun cones. The theoretical tangential force component was derived by use of the deformation energy method. Qualitative agreement was found between the theoretical and the experimental values of tangential force component in the underspinning conditions.
Theoretical Aspects of High-Speed Shear in Face Centered Cubic Metals
Authors: von Turkovich B. F. , Trigger K. J.
Published: December 2011

A theoretical analysis of the high-speed shear in chip formation is based on a simplified model of the flow zone. Formulas for the shear stress and strain rate are developed. The data available from the tests on copper and aluminum specimens are analyzed considering the initial workpiece temperatures in the range of −326 F (80 K) to 550 F (560 K) and the specimen purity. Dislocation interactions and initial hardness influence on the maximum shear stress are discussed and evaluated. A companion paper contains metal-cutting data on which this analysis is based.
Economics of Multitool Lathe Operations
Authors: McCullough E. M.
Published: December 2011

The formulas for calculation of tool life for maximum production rate and tool life for minimum cost are expanded to include multitool operations and cases in which the total cycle time controlled by the spindle speed is greater than the cutting time. A modification is made to avoid use of conventional overhead rates, which are shown to be invalid in this instance.
Strength of Thick-Walled Cylindrical Pressure Vessels
Authors: Marin Joseph , Weng Tu-Lung
Published: December 2011

This paper gives a critical review of the various theories for predicting the maximum pressure that have been applied to thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels. A new anisotropic theory proposed by the authors is also reviewed, and all the available experimental results are compared with this and other theories. Based upon agreement with test results and relative simplicity of application, the method developed by the authors is recommended. In recommending the proposed theory, it should be noted that the study is restricted to materials with instability loads, as characterized by a horizontal slope in the tensile nominal stress-strain diagram.
Maximum Reduction in Power Spinning of Tubes
Authors: Kalpakcioglu Serope
Published: December 2011

An experimental technique is described for determining the maximum reduction in forward tube spinning as a function of the process variables. Results have indicated that for materials with tensile reduction of area above 45 percent a maximum spinning reduction of about 80 percent in one pass is the limit. Of all the process variables considered, only the feed had any appreciable influence on spinnability. In comparing maximum reduction with tensile reduction of area complete similarity was observed between shear (cone) and tube spinnability of metals. An approximate analysis is made to determine maximum reduction in tube spinning as a function of process variables and material properties. A brief discussion is presented on coefficient of friction in metal-forming processes.
Upper-Bound Solutions of Axisymmetric Forming Problems—I
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro
Published: December 2011

The Kudo method for obtaining average pressures in some axisymmetric forming problems by the use of velocity fields having conical surfaces as discontinuity surfaces is reviewed in the paper. Following this it is shown that the extended treatment of admissible velocity fields is possible if the conical surfaces suggested by Kudo are replaced by curved surfaces. The application of these velocity fields to forming problems is then illustrated by simple examples of compression of cylindrical parts, and the improved upper bound to forming pressures is obtained.
A Study of Energy Requirements for Electric Discharge Metal Forming
Authors: Kegg R. L.
Published: December 2011

A discussion of the fundamentals of the process of underwater electric discharge forming of metals is presented. The deformation of a sheet-metal diaphragm blast gauge is used as a measure of the amount of forming achievable in an experimental research program aimed at determining the effects of major variables on the performance of the electric discharge forming process. The behavior of the diaphragm gauge during forming is analyzed and an equation derived for predicting its maximum deflection when exposed to a given explosion. The predicted dependence of gauge deflection on gauge diameter, thickness, strength and density, and on explosion energy and standoff distance is confirmed by experiment. The application of these results to other forming operations is discussed.
Cutting-Tool Temperature-Predicting Equation by Response-Surface Methodology
Authors: Wu S. M. , Meyer R. N.
Published: December 2011

Empirical general cutting-tool temperature-predicting equations in terms of speed, feed, and depth of cut are developed by response-surface methodology. The practicability of the first-order model has been shown by confirmatory tests. The importance of the second-order model, particularly at a high-temperature range, is also discussed.
An Energy Approach to the Mechanics of Discontinuous Chip Formation
Authors: Luk W. K. , Brewer R. C.
Published: December 2011

After briefly reviewing previous work in this field, the authors propose that rupture of the chip work contact (to give a discontinuous chip) is governed by a limiting shear strain energy condition. Assuming that shear stress and strain at rupture are dependent on the compressive normal stress, a criterion for the direction of the rupture plane is deduced. Using some results given by Field and Merchant, the authors then compare their calculated direction of rupture with that experimentally observed. Some indication that the agreement is not entirely fortuitous is afforded by checking the calculated shear strain energy at fracture with that calculated from force and chip measurements.
An Experimental Study of the Strength of Standard Flanged and Dished and Ellipsoidal Heads Convex to Pressure
Authors: Bart R.
Published: December 2011

Test results are reported for a series of 24 dished heads subjected to hydrostatic pressure on the convex face. Shape, thickness, and yield strength measurements are tabulated together with the actual collapse pressures.
The Fatigue Strength of Members Containing Cracks
Authors: O’Donnell W. J. , Purdy C. M.
Published: December 2011

The significant loss of fatigue life owing to the presence of a crack, crack-like defect, or sharp notch is predicted herein from theoretical considerations. Fatigue notch factors are given as functions of the crack depth, section width, and type of loading. These values are applicable where defects of a particular depth are known to exist or where defects of a limited depth could exist without being detected. Although these values apply specifically to 100,000 psi tensile strength steels, they are conservatively high for lower strength steels, aluminum, and other materials which are less sensitive to notches. The results of this paper indicate that cracks in finite-width members may produce a greater loss of fatigue life than previous theoretical work for members of infinite width had indicated.
Contribution to the Correlation Theory for the Grinding Process
Authors: Peklenik Janez
Published: December 2011

The random input (cutting elements of the grinding wheel) and outputs (surface roughness and the tool wear) of a grinding process are investigated. The influence of the physical and geometrical properties of the grinding wheels with regard to averages, correlation functions, and dispersion spectra for the dressed and worn cutting space is determined. The transfer function of the grinding process in terms of the surface roughness of the workpiece and the wear of the grinding wheel is developed, and the cutting ability of the grinding wheel is defined and investigated.
On the Vibration of a Thick Ring in Its Own Plane
Authors: Seidel B. S. , Erdelyi E. A.
Published: December 2011

A method based on beam theory is developed to describe the bending vibrations of nonthin, complete circular rings of rectangular cross section. Bending, shear, and extensional strain energies are considered together with translational and rotatory kinetic energies. The notion of the average shear angle is used. It is also shown that a slightly simplified analysis, neglecting extensional energies, avoids certain computational difficulties. The solution for resonant frequencies is given in a nondimensional form and the theoretical results compared with the results of a thin-ring theory and with experiments.
Nonlinear Aspects of the Performance of Centrifugal Pendulum Vibration Absorbers
Authors: Newland D. E.
Published: December 2011

Centrifugal pendulums have been used for many years to limit the torsional vibration of reciprocating engines. Recently small pendulums, designed to swing through amplitudes of about 45 deg, have been tested for lightweight aircraft engines. These have not functioned properly, and have been found to swing through much larger angles than expected, damaging the stops limiting motion of the pendulum counterweight. This paper investigates the large-amplitude motion of centrifugal-pendulum vibration absorbers.
A Least-Squares Method for Computing Balance Corrections
Authors: Goodman Thomas P.
Published: December 2011

To compute final correction masses for multispeed, multiplane balancing of rotating machinery, a least-squares computing procedure has been developed. This procedure uses plain least squares to minimize the rms residual vibration of selected points on the machinery foundation, and then uses weighted least squares to reduce the maximum residual vibration. The computations have been programmed for a digital computer.
Production Applications of Electron Beam Welding
Authors: Meier J. W.
Published: December 2011

A brief description of the electron-beam-welding process will be presented including the basic principles involved in this new joining technique. The unique and outstanding characteristics and capabilities of electron beam welding will be described showing how these can be used to advantage in practical, industrial fabrication. A detailed description of a variety of specific production applications will be given. The examples will be chosen to show the wide versatility and flexibility of the process. They will include existing parts which can be fabricated more economically or better with electron beam welding; parts designed specifically to take advantage of the characteristics of electron beam welding; and parts scrapped because of defects or design changes, which were recovered by electron beam welding. The techniques used, the equipment and tooling required, and the production rates and costs will be described.
Comparison of Static and Dynamic Hardness of Grinding Wheels
Authors: Peklenik J. , Lane R. , Shaw M. C.
Published: December 2011

The values obtained by two new methods of measuring grinding-wheel hardness are critically compared for a variety of surface grinding wheels of different grain size and vitreous bond content. The two methods are found to agree quite well in their ability to distinguish wheels of different commercial hardness. One method is dynamic, easily applied in the workshop, somewhat more complex to analyze. The other method is quasi-static, and capable of yielding a more complete picture in research studies of grinding-wheel hardness through statistical analysis of the results obtained. It would appear that both methods represent a distinct step forward in grinding-wheel technology and that each is of value in its own sphere of application.
Mechanics of the Rotary Swaging Process
Authors: Kegg Richard L.
Published: December 2011

A theory of the mechanics of the rotary swaging process is developed. This leads to relationships for predicting relative rotation between dies and workpiece, idling, and forming power requirements, and the various motions and velocities within the head-stock mechanism. An experimental program is described wherein idling and forming power requirements are measured and a test technique is developed and applied to measuring the greatest degree of internal profile filling which is possible under various forming conditions. Agreement is found between analytic and experimental results.
Deflection of Spur Gear Teeth Cut in Thin Rims
Authors: Attia A. Y.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, the complex problem of deflection of loaded spur teeth cut in thin rims is studied. Tooth-deflection curves, modified for the effect of elasticity of the gear, and rim stiffness factors are introduced.
Vibration of Cams Having Two Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Eiss N. S.
Published: December 2011

The vibration analysis of cam-follower systems is extended to models having two degrees of freedom. Two models are considered, one in which the cam support is rigid and the follower has two degrees of freedom, and the other, in which the cam support and follower each have one degree of freedom. Analytical solutions to six acceleration pulses are listed in tabular form. An example shows how tabulated solutions are added to give the displacement of a follower to a modified trapezoidal acceleration function. In another example, it is demonstrated how the parameters of a two-degree-of-freedom model are selected to give the minimum vibration amplitude.
Characteristics of the Steam-Jet Vacuum Pump
Authors: Harris L. S. , Fischer A. S.
Published: December 2011

This paper is a discussion and presentation of the theoretical and practical limitations, attainable efficiencies, general performance characteristics, and present-day regions of operation of single and various multistage steam-jet vacuum pumps working at pressures from atmosphere to 10−3 torr.
Markov Chain Models of Grinding Profiles
Authors: McAdams H. T.
Published: December 2011

Profiles of abrasive surfaces are analyzed by means of Markov chain theory. The Chapman-Kolmogorov equations, together with recurrent-event theory, are used to deduce theoretical distributions for such important statistics as the distances between effective cutting points and the lengths of lands on a worn grinding surface. Both first-order and second-order Markov chains are examined for their applicability to a stochastic model of the grinding process.
Further Investigation of a Relation for Cumulative Fatigue Damage in Bending
Authors: Manson S. S. , Nachtigall A. J. , Ensign C. R. , Freche J. C.
Published: December 2011

The fatigue behavior of several steels, AISI 4130, E52100, and 304 ELC stainless, as well as that of a nonferrous alloy, 5456-H311, was investigated in rotating bending fatigue after these materials were subjected to a prestress for different cyclic histories. The data obtained corroborated the hypothesis proposed by the authors earlier that lines representing the S – log N relation of a material prestressed in varying amounts will intersect the S – log N line of the original material near a common point. A correlation was found between the stress at this intersection point and the ultimate tensile strength. Thus, the only requirements for establishing the fatigue behavior of a prestressed material in the range of stresses where the S – log N line is inclined are the S – log N line of the original material and the ultimate tensile strength. The importance of determining the new endurance limit of a material after prestressing was shown analytically. The omission from cycle ratio summations of cyclic histories applied below the original, but above the new, endurance limit of a material was shown for an illustrative example to result in a cycle ratio summation less than unity, which leads to unconservative estimates of fatigue life. Cyclic histories so applied can produce damage and must be taken into account. A new hypothesis based upon actual fatigue behavior and incorporating a cycle ratio-modified stress ratio factor is suggested, which holds promise for predicting more accurately the new endurance limit than most existing methods. Extensive additional tests are required to verify this concept.
Some Effects of Cutting Fluids on Chip Formation in Metal Cutting
Authors: Iyengar H. S. Rama , Salmon R. , Rice W. B.
Published: December 2011

In cutting dry AISI C-1025 steel tubing, with a variety of cutting fluids, and with an internally cooled tool, two distinct equilibria were discerned. Chip temper colors indicate that these are thermal equilibria. The establishment of the second, higher temperature equilibrium is delayed or prevented by using cutting fluids and delayed by using an internally cooled tool. It is concluded that the cooling effect of a cutting fluid is of primary importance.
Study of the Radiometric Method and Use of the Liquid Scintillation Technique for Tool-Wear Determination
Authors: Wilson G. F. , McHenry W. Dennis
Published: December 2011

A radiometric method of tool-wear evaluation was investigated and evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from visual wear measurements. A liquid scintillation technique is presented for accurately determining tool wear for cutting limes as low as 0.003 min. It is recommended that the radioactive tracer techniques of measuring tool wear be used as supplemental methods in conjunction with visual wear determination procedures rather than primary methods of evaluating machining variables.
Tube Sinking and Expanding
Authors: Avitzur B.
Published: December 2011

In the operations of tube forming, the purpose is to change the diameter of the tube. To achieve this, the tube is drawn through a conical die (tube sinking) to decrease its diameter, or over a conical mandrel (expanding) to increase its diameter. This process is quite similar to the process of wire drawing. The analysis of this paper is an extension of a previous study of wire drawing and extrusion. An upper-bound approach to the energy consumption is utilized. The required operation stresses are computed. The maximum possible reduction in area, or maximum diametrical ratio are determined, and the optimal cone angle which will minimize the required stresses and maximize the reduction possible is evaluated.
Hydrodynamic Forming
Authors: Cogan R. M.
Published: December 2011

This is an investigation of the application of hydrostatic pressure to closed die cavity forming at room temperature. Upsetting materials into a cavity first filled with a low strength matrix increases the amount of plastic deformation obtained prior to fracture. The forces necessary to deform materials in this manner can be estimated from the extrusion force and the force necessary to overcome the hydrostatic pressure.
Acceleration Axes in Spherical Kinematics
Authors: Bottema O.
Published: December 2011

The concept of the acceleration center in plane kinematics is extended to spherical kinematics, i.e., to the motion of a body with a fixed point. The acceleration axes are defined as the lines through the fixed point O, to the points P, whose acceleration components perpendicular to OP vanish. It is shown that there are, in general, three such axes. Their location, reality, and geometric properties have been derived, including the velocity and acceleration distributions corresponding to these axes.
Sketching Rules for the Curves of Burmester Mechanism Synthesis
Authors: Keller R. E.
Published: December 2011

Rules are given which allow the center and circle point curves of Burmester theory to be sketched rapidly and with reasonable accuracy. It is anticipated that these rules will be useful in teaching, in estimating solutions prior to computer studies, in checking computer results, and in carrying out exploratory design studies. Specifically, simple rules are given for identifying regions of the plane in which the curves may or may not exist, for finding the tangents to the curves at the poles, and for locating the asymptotes. Observations on the general behavior of the curves, helpful in sketching, are also included. A knowledge of the Burmester theory is assumed.
Synthesis of Four-Bar Linkage Function Generators by Means of Equations of Motion
Authors: Wojcik C. K.
Published: December 2011

The function generation method presented in this paper is based on consideration of the equations of motion of a four-bar linkage with an assumed input of θ˙1 = 1 rad/sec. For a specified input-output relationship, the task of synthesizing an appropriate four-bar linkage is reduced by this method to a problem of selecting two parameters: θ˙2—the angular velocity and θ¨2—the angular acceleration of the connecting rod. The selection of these parameters is governed by certain conditions imposed on the performance of the four-bar linkage function generator. Using this method, two specific problems are solved and discussed in detail.
On the Multiple Generation of Coupler-Curves
Authors: Roth Bernard
Published: December 2011

The existence of different linkages which generate identical coupler-curves is investigated. For a certain class of mechanisms, the skew pantograph is shown to be the basis for obtaining cognates. An analytical approach, applicable to linkages which generate algebraic curves, is discussed and applied to geared five-bars with gear ratio +1, +1/2, −1.
A Number Synthesis Survey of Three-Dimensional Mechanisms
Authors: Harrisberger L.
Published: December 2011

The applicability and limitations of the present existence criteria for space mechanisms are discussed. The number synthesis technique is applied to the Kutzbach Criterion to identify all the possible simple loop, single degree of freedom space mechanisms which incorporate the known physically realizable pairs. An examination of the 138 kinds of space four-link mechanisms is made within the boundaries of practical realizability to identify the nine kinds of four-link mechanisms which are worthy of intensive study and application. In addition, the practical importance of the several known “special” space mechanisms which exist outside the Kutzbach Criterion is noted.
Free Vibration of Initially Stressed Circular Disks
Authors: Mote C. D.
Published: December 2011

The approximate free vibration characteristics of centrally clamped, variable thickness disks are analyzed by the Rayleigh-Ritz technique. Natural frequencies of transverse vibration are computed, taking into consideration rotational and thermal in-plane stresses as well as purposely induced initial stresses. Initial stresses can significantly raise the minimum disk natural frequency throughout a prescribed rotational and thermal environment. The fundamental mode of disk vibration is one of zero nodal circles and either zero, one, or two nodal diameters, depending upon the disk geometry and the rotational-thermal environment.
A Four-Bar Linkage Adjustable for Variable Straight Line Motions
Authors: Tao D. C. , Amos L. G.
Published: December 2011

A flexible graphical technique is presented to synthesize a four-bar linkage with an adjustable fixed pivot to satisfy a specified angle between two straight line segments traced by a coupler point.
Analysis of Approximate Four-Bar Straight-Line Mechanisms
Authors: Tesar D. , Vidosic J. P.
Published: December 2011

Four-bar linkages possess many unique advantages as straight-line mechanisms. Formulations involving linkage geometry and curvature theory are developed to yield the lengths of the approximate straight line for specified accuracies. Design data such as link dimensions, transmission angles, and crank rotation angles are also obtained. Classical mechanisms including the Watt, Evans, Chebychev, and Roberts types are analyzed and compared. More detailed data, including a design data chart, are presented for linkages based on a Ball-double Burmester point.
Fretting-Fatigue Damage-Factor Determination
Authors: Collins J. A.
Published: December 2011

Small-amplitude cyclic sliding motion at the interface between two solid bodies pressed together by a normal force initiates microcracks which propagate and cause premature fatigue failure. This action is defined to be fretting-fatigue. A quantitative evaluation of fretting-fatigue damage would be of great value to the mechanical engineering designer. It is proposed that a fretting-fatigue damage-factor could be developed to provide a quantitative index to fretting-fatigue damage. The damage-factor proposed is a function of eight basic fretting-fatigue parameters. Experimental tests were conducted to establish quantitative values for the fretting-fatigue damage-factor for a few specific sets of fretting-fatigue conditions. An unexpected trend in the value of the fretting-fatigue damage-factor was observed for the case of static stress in the specimen during fretting. With a static tensile stress in the specimen during fretting, the fretting-fatigue damage, as measured by reduction in fatigue limit, was very slight, while with a static compressive stress in the specimen during fretting, the fretting-fatigue damage was very great. A tentative explanation is presented.
Experimental Determination of the Elastic Behavior of Orthotropic Plates
Authors: Tsai Stephen W.
Published: December 2011

A simple experimental method is proposed for the determination of the elastic constants of orthotropic plates. This method employs the self-stabilizing feature of the pure twisting tests, from which relations among the independent elastic constants can be derived. Using filament-wound materials as test specimens, good experimental confirmation of the proposed method is found.
Accurate Calculation of Stress Distributions in Multiholed Plates
Authors: Hulbert L. E. , Niedenfuhr F. W.
Published: December 2011

This paper discusses the application of the point-matching technique in obtaining the solution of many problems involving multiholed thin plates undergoing generalized plane stress. The stress functions appropriate to plates with symmetric groups of holes are described. A large number of problems solved by a computer program are described and compared with published results. Problems are solved also for which there are no known published results. Two interesting new problems are discussed in detail. The results show the power and flexibility of the technique. The extension of the methods to permit the solution of problems in the deflection of thin, multiholed plates and shallow shells is discussed.
Generalized Plane Strain of Pressurized Orthotropic Tubes
Authors: Shaffer Bernard W.
Published: December 2011

The generalized Hooke’s law in cylindrical coordinates is presented in terms of directional moduli of elasticity and Poisson’s ratios. It is used in deriving a solution for long pressurized orthotropic tubes with closed ends. Two sets of equations are found; one set is applicable to the study of compressible materials and the other to incompressible materials. The distinction is also described in terms of the moduli of elasticity and Poisson’s ratios.
The Vibration of an Internally Damped Sandwich Plate Radiating Into a Fluid Medium
Authors: Jones I. W. , Salerno V. L.
Published: December 2011

An analysis is given for the vibration of a long sandwich plate with linear internal damping properties. The plate is subjected to a time-harmonic pressure loading of constant amplitude and is considered vibrating both in vacuo and in an environment consisting of vacuum on one side and a fluid medium on the other. Numerical results are presented for both a conventional and a highly damped sandwich plate. The conventional (aluminum honeycomb) sandwich plate produces only a small amount of damping, but when the honeycomb core is replaced by a highly dissipative thermoplastic, the maximum deflection and stress at resonance are reduced theoretically by about two orders of magnitude.
A Survey of Methods of Stability Analysis of Ring-Stiffened Cylinders Under Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Meck H. R.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents a survey of methods of analysis of the most common types of buckling in ring-reinforced cylinders under hydrostatic pressure. Shell buckling and general instability are considered. Elastic and inelastic solutions are included.
Sound Radiation From Submerged Cylindrical Shells of Finite Length
Authors: McCormick J. M. , Baron M. L.
Published: December 2011

A method is presented for the evaluation of the pressure field which is induced in an acoustic fluid by the harmonic axisymmetrical excitation of a submerged thin elastic circular cylindrical shell of finite length. The approach utilizes dynamic influence coefficients from the in vacuo vibrations of the shell and a potential theory source approach for the fluid. Compatibility conditions on the shell-fluid interface allow the determination of the fluid-source strength coefficient and, subsequently, the pressure and/or velocity fields in the fluid. Provision is made for the inclusion of possible viscous-damping effects. Numerical results are presented for several structural configurations.
Interfacial Heat and Mass Transfer in a Suddenly Pressurized, Binary Liquid-Vapor System
Authors: Yang Wen-Jei , Larsen P. S. , Clark J. A.
Published: December 2011

An analysis is made of the phase change across the interface of a suddenly pressurized, binary liquid-vapor system. The time-dependent temperature and concentration distribution, interfacial growth, and the rate of condensation or evaporation at the interface are obtained. Their application is illustrated by representative numerical calculations for the phase change of one and two-component cryogenic systems of nitrogen-nitrogen, oxygen-nitrogen, and helium-nitrogen.
Dynamics of the Metal-Cutting Process
Authors: Albrecht Paul
Published: December 2011

An investigation into the dynamics of the metal-cutting process has been carried out using analytical and experimental approaches. An exploratory analysis into the dynamic behavior of the cutting process revealed such dynamic properties as a loop response of the cutting forces caused by the waviness of the work surface. This finding indicates the possibility of unstable behavior of the cutting process in itself. It was possible to describe analytically the phase between the force response and fluctuations of uncut chip thickness for the case of a wavy work surface. Effects of the magnitude of the shear angle as well as of its fluctuations have been studied which make it possible to correlate the instability within the cutting process to the properties of the work material. Apart from the configuration of the cutting process, its physical properties, such as inertia forces in chip formation, have been introduced into the analysis because inertia forces, negligible at steady state, may grow significant if cutting conditions are fluctuating at higher frequencies. An experimental setup has been devised and built featuring a special design of a tool dynamometer particularly suitable for the measurement of dynamic response of the cutting forces. In the setup, a cutting tool activated by a hydraulic shaker is controlled in an average position by a feedback loop mechanism. This setup makes it possible to obtain a record of the dynamic response of cutting forces caused by the fluctuation of uncut chip thickness produced by an oscillating tool in the frequency range up to about 400 cps.
Cutting Dynamics in Machine Tool Chatter: Contribution to Machine-Tool Chatter Research—3
Authors: Kegg R. L.
Published: December 2011

This is one of four papers presented simultaneously on the general subject of chatter. This work is concerned with finding a representation of the dynamic metal-cutting process which is suitable for use in a linear closed-loop theory of stability of the system composed of the machine tool structure, the cutting process, and their means of combining. Measuring techniques for experimentally determining this behavior are discussed and some problems in the dynamic measurement of forces are explored. It is found that it is not at all sufficient to simply build a dynamometer whose lowest natural frequency is well beyond the range of interest. It is also shown that dynamic cross sensitivity can far exceed static cross sensitivity so that a more general technique for data correction developed in the present work must be used to calibrate dynamic force data. Results obtained to date with an oscillating tool and a flat uncut surface show that some phase, increasing with frequency, is always present between the dynamic cutting forces and the oscillatory uncut chip thickness. This phase is different for the two components of the resultant cutting force. It is felt that two mechanisms, both associated with the tool clearance flank, can explain most of the dynamic cutting effects found in testing.
Photoelastic Analysis of Tool-Chip Interface Stresses
Authors: Chandrasekaran H. , Kapoor D. V.
Published: December 2011

The study of rake surface stress distribution was carried out using photoelastic tools. When machining lead, the actual change in stress distribution due to change in tool rake angle from −10 to +20 deg was observed. Certain equations for the magnitudes of maximum and minimum normal stresses at the tool tip were also verified. From the graphs of normal and shear-stress distribution along the contact length, simplified forms of empirical equations for normal and shear force in terms of contact length, rake angle, and so on, were derived. The average friction coefficient was also expressed from the aforesaid studies.
1964 Review of Materials Processing Literature
Authors: von Turkovich B. F. , Roubik J. R. , Crawford J. H. , Gilbert W. W. , Ham Inyong , Oxford C. J. , Pickrell A. L. , Vaughn R. L. , Wilson G. F. , Boulger F. W. , Farmer D. A. , Backer W. R. , Mueller J. A. , McAdams H. T. , Price J. E. , Tarasov L. P. , Smith P. A. , Sluhan C. A. , Wennberg J. L. , Reitz C. A. , Campbell J. S. , Schmidt A. O. , Trigger K. J. , Maher R. T.
Published: December 2011

Committee of the ASME Materials Processing Field: J. L. Wennberg, Therm, Inc., Chairman; B. F. von Turkovich, University of Illinois, Metal Cutting Analysis; J. R. Roubik, Kearney & Trecker Corp., Metal Cutting Practice; F. W. Boulger, Battelle Memorial Institute, Plastic Working of Metals; D. A. Farmer, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Grinding; P. A. Smith, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Metalworking Fluids. The purpose of this review is to appraise the important contributions to the knowledge of material processing appearing in the published literature and to present a digest of this new knowledge through the Society as a contribution to the improvement of materials processing practices throughout industry.
Force and Moment Response of Pneumatic Tires to Lateral Motion Inputs
Authors: Segel L.
Published: December 2011

Equations of motion applicable to a “running-band” model of the pneumatic tire, as developed by von Schlippe, are transformed to the frequency domain, and side-force and aligning-moment responses are determined for a tire undergoing sinusoidal (a) lateral oscillations of the wheel center plane; (b) steering oscillations with no lateral motion of the wheel center plane; and (c) lateral and yawing motions phased so that the wheel center plane is always aligned with the direction of motion, i.e., the slip angle is zero. The analytical results obtained for the postulated model show that the side force and aligning moment caused by a steering oscillation (namely, the motion described by (b) above) is equal to that produced by pure side-slipping (i.e., (a) above) plus that caused by pure yawing (i.e., (c) above). Numerical evaluation of the derived frequency-response expressions yields an aligning-moment response to steering judged to be extremely significant in view of the unstable behavior often exhibited by wheels with a steering degree of freedom. Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data obtained recently by Saito indicates that the “running-band” model is a good first-order approximation of the lateral nonstationary characteristics of pneumatic tires.
On the Mechanics of the Grinding Process Under Plunge Cut Conditions
Authors: Hahn R. S.
Published: December 2011

Two broad categories of grinding action are recognized; one where negligible ploughing and rubbing take place and where the plunge velocity versus normal force intensity curve is a straight line through the origin, the other where ploughing and rubbing predominate and the plunge velocity versus normal force intensity curve is concave upward. The effects of wheelspeed, workspeed and conformity are found to differ depending upon which category the grinding action falls under. A theory relating the metal removal rate to the force intensity is presented which applies only to grinding with negligible rubbing and ploughing.
An Exploratory Study of Taylor’s Tool-Life Equation by Power Transformations
Authors: Wu S. M. , Ermer D. S. , Hill W. J.
Published: December 2011

Transformations of both dependent and independent variables are employed to investigate the linearization of Taylor’s tool-life equation. This exploratory study indicates that a logarithmic transformation, which is a special case of the general class of power transformations, gives the best fit for HSS tool-life data. However, the study does not show that a logarithmic transformation is the best for carbide tool-life data. For a wide cutting range, where Taylor’s tool-life equation does not hold, a linear equation instead of a second-order relationship for the prediction of tool life can be determined by the proper transformation.
The Thermal Mechanics of Tool Wear
Authors: Cook N. H. , Nayak P. N.
Published: December 2011

Empirical evidence is presented to show that the geometry of tool wear, and the presence of built-up-edge, is strongly controlled by the chip curl. Evidence is also given which shows that some free-machining additives affect only the cutting temperature while others may affect the basic wear mechanism. Two simple theories are presented for calculating the rate of tool wear based on diffusion of tool material into the workpiece. While not conclusive, the results show remarkable agreement between predicted and measured wear based on a model wherein tool atoms jump into excess vacancies created in the chip by the plastic deformation of friction.
Dimensional Changes in Tube Swaging
Authors: Kalpakjian Serope
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the wall thickness of tubes sunk by the rotary swaging process. The independent variables were: Workpiece material, original wall thickness of tube, die angle, die overgrind, and diameter reduction. The results indicated that of these five variables only the diameter reduction was a factor in wall-thickness increase. Material and other process variables did not appear to have appreciable effect within the range studied.
Analysis of Radially Deformed Perforated Flanges
Authors: Kraus H. , Rotondo P. , Haddon W. D.
Published: December 2011

Results of a theoretical and experimental investigation of stresses in radially deformed perforated flanges are presented. The theoretical analysis considers the plane-stress problem of an annular disk perforated by a ring of equally spaced holes of equal diameter. The experimental portion of the investigation involves strain-gage determinations of stresses in flanges with various numbers of perforations in which the flanges are loaded by a special machine designed for the application of isotropic stress fields to circular bodies. Numerical results are given for a variety of configurations and edge conditions.
Finned Elliptical Tubes and Their Application in Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Authors: Schulenberg Franz J.
Published: December 2011

Finned circular tubes have been used exclusively in air-cooled heat exchangers built for the American petroleum and chemical industries. In Europe, however, other tube geometries, in particular, finned elliptical tubes, have been used with great success. In this paper, the theory of the finned elliptical tube and its application in air-cooled heat exchangers are discussed. Finned circular and elliptical tubes are compared; it is shown that the developed heat transfer surface alone is not a sufficient criterion for predicting the performance of an air-cooled fin-tube heat exchanger.
Predicting the Stability of Long Vertical Pipe Transmitting Torque in a Viscous Medium
Authors: Huang Tseng , Dareing D. W.
Published: December 2011

This paper presents stability data for a very long vertical pipe transmitting torque in a viscous medium. In addition to these factors, distributed pipe weight and hydrostatic-fluid pressure effects are included, distinguishing the problem from classic problems discussed in present literature. The additional factors of pipe weight and fluid pressure introduce terms having variable coefficients into the coupled differential equations. The coupled equations are combined into one equation by use of a complex dependent variable. The resulting equation is solved by separation of variables and power series methods.