bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Correlates with Serum Inflammatory Markers in Children
Authors: Wrotek August , Robakiewicz Julita , Pawlik Katarzyna , Rudzinski Patryk , Pilarska Izabela , Jaroń Aleksandra , Imiełowska Aleksandra , Jarzębowska Małgorzata , Zabłocka Katarzyna , Jackowska Teresa
Published: September 2022

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) severely affects pediatric hospitalizations. This study assessed the contribution of CAP to hospitalizations, its etiology in relationship with age, and the inflammatory markers. Between 2013 and 2018, 1064 CAP patients were hospitalized and diagnosed with bacterial/possibly bacterial pneumonia (BP), viral/possibly viral pneumonia (VP) and atypical pneumonia (AP). The etiology was confirmed using blood/pleural fluid culture/polymerase chain reaction (PCR), rapid antigen test/PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs, or serological studies. CAP accounted for 9.9% of hospitalizations and 14.8% of patient days. BP was diagnosed in 825 (77.5%), VP in 190 (17.9%), and AP in 49 (4.6%) cases; the confirmed etiology (n = 209; 20%) included mostly influenza (39%; n = 82), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 35%; n = 72), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (19%; n = 39). VP frequency decreased with age (41% in < 3 mo to 9% in ≥ 60 mo), in contrast to AP (13% in ≥ 60 mo). Among the analyzed parameters, the best differentiating potential was shown by: C-reactive protein (CRP, AUCBP-VP = 0.675; 95% CI: 0.634–0.715), procalcitonin (AUCBP-AP = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.67–0.794), and CRP/procalcitonin (AUCAP-VP = 0.752; 95% CI: 0.67–0.83); a good positive predictive value (88.8%, 98.3%, and 91.6%, respectively) but a low negative predictive value (29.5%, 13.1%, and 40.7%, respectively) was observed. CAP influences hospital patient days more than the crude number of patients would suggest. On a clinical basis, BP is mainly recognized, although viral pneumonia is confirmed most often. RSV and influenza are responsible for a huge percentage of hospitalized cases, as well as M. pneumoniae in children aged ≥ 5 years. Serum inflammatory markers may help differentiate etiological factors.
Copeptin in Growth Hormone-Treated Patients
Authors: Sjöström Anna , Chisalita Simona I. , Höybye Charlotte
Published: September 2022

Growth hormone (GH) changes body composition, including increasing body water. GH is known to have an anti-natriuretic effect in the kidney, but little is known of its effect on arginine-vasopressin (AVP) release. We studied the effect of GH on AVP release by measurement of copeptin, a fragment from the same precursor protein, in GH-treated patients with GH deficiency. The study was designed as a retrospective cohort study of biobank samples from 34 patients substituted with GH between 1999 and 2004. Copeptin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) results were compared with previously obtained data. An increase in IGF-1 and copeptin was seen at 3 and 6 months’ treatment compared to baseline. Between the 3 and 6 months follow up, copeptin levels were stable. There was a difference in HbA1c between 3 and 6 months (p < 0.01) and between baseline and 6 months (p = 0.042), with higher levels at 6 months. In addition, LDL levels were lower at the 6 months follow up (p = 0.046). The waist circumference at 3 months was lower (p = 0.02). To conclude, three months of GH treatment increased the levels of copeptin and the increase remained at 6 months. This could be a compensatory mechanism balancing the anti-natriuretic effect of GH treatment seen in previous studies.
Quantitative Evaluation of Submerged Cavitation Jet Performance Based on Image Processing Method
Authors: Zhong Xiao , Dong Jingming , Meng Rongxuan , Liu Mushan , Pan Xinxiang
Published: September 2022

The submerged cavitation jet is suitable for ocean engineering activities such as ship fouling cleaning, organic wastewater treatment, offshore oil drilling, and natural gas hydrate extraction due to its superior hydraulic performance and erosion capacity. As an intuitive analysis method, image processing is widely used to investigate the characteristics of submerged cavitation jets. However, due to the lack of quantitative evaluation of the cavitation cloud in image processing, it is difficult to establish the relationship between cavitation cloud image and cavitation performance. Therefore, a novel image processing method based on dimensionless grayscale intensity is proposed in this paper. This method was used under different sample spaces to obtain the maximum mass loss of the sample. The results showed that the method could accurately calculate the maximum mass loss of the sample based on the image processing results. When the sample space is 200 images and the working pressure is 20 MPa, the calculation error of the image processing method for the maximum mass loss of the sample is 1.26%. For the sample spaces of 10–5000 images, the maximum calculation error of the image processing method for the maximum mass loss of the samples is 3.29%. The image processing method proposed in this paper establishes the relationship between the cavitation cloud image and the maximum mass loss of the samples, which provides help for further understanding and application of submerged cavitation jets.
The Risk Factors and Mechanisms of Azole Resistance of Candida tropicalis Blood Isolates in Thailand: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Leepattarakit Teera , Tulyaprawat Orawan , Ngamskulrungroj Popchai
Published: September 2022

In recent decades, an epidemiological shift has been observed from Candida infections to non-albicans species and resistance to azoles. We investigated the associated factors and molecular mechanisms of azole-resistant blood isolates of C. tropicalis. Full-length sequencing of the ERG11 gene and quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the ERG11, MDR1, and CDR1 genes were performed. Male sex (odds ratio, 0.38), leukemia (odds ratio 3.15), and recent administration of azole (odds ratio 10.56) were associated with isolates resistant to azole. ERG11 mutations were found in 83% of resistant isolates, with A395T as the most common mutation (53%). There were no statistically significant differences in the expression of the ERG11, MDR1, and CDR1 genes between the groups resistant and susceptible to azole. The prevalence of azole-resistant isolates was higher than the usage of antifungal drugs, suggesting the possibility of environmental transmission in the healthcare setting. The unknown mechanism of the other 17% of the resistant isolates remains to be further investigated.
Potential Original Drug for Aspergillosis: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of 1-N,N-Dimethylamino-5-Isocyanonaphthalene (DIMICAN) on Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Szigeti Zsuzsa Máthéné , Tálas László , Széles Adrienn , Hargitai Zoltán , Nagy Zsolt László , Nagy Miklós , Kiss Alexandra , Kéki Sándor , Szemán-Nagy Gábor
Published: September 2022

As the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has shown, viral infections are prone to secondary complications like invasive aspergillosis with a high mortality rate, and therefore the development of novel, effective antifungals is of paramount importance. We have previously demonstrated that 1-amino-5-isocyanonaphthalene (ICAN) derivatives are promising original drug candidates against Candida strains (Patent pending), even against fluconazole resistant C. albicans. Consequently, in this study ICANs were tested on Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen, which is the leading cause of invasive and systematic pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed, transplanted and cancer- or COVID-19 treated patients. We have tested several N-alkylated ICANs, a well as 1,5-naphthalene-diisocyanide (DIN) with the microdilution method against Aspergillus fumigatus strains. The results revealed that the diisocyanide (DIN) was the most effective with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value as low as 0.6 µg mL−1 (3.4 µM); however, its practical applicability is limited by its poor water solubility, which needs to be overcome by proper formulation. The other alkylated derivatives also have in vitro and in vivo anti-Aspergillus fumigatus effects. For animal experiments the second most effective derivative 1-N, N-dimethylamino-5-isocyanonaphthalene (DIMICAN, MIC: 7–8 µg mL−1, 36–41 µM) was selected, toxicity tests were made with mice, and then the antifungal effect of DIMICAN was tested in a neutropenic aspergillosis murine model. Compared to amphotericin B (AMB), a well-known antifungal, the antifungal effect of DIMICAN in vivo turned out to be much better (40% vs. 90% survival after eight days), indicating its potential as a clinical drug candidate.
A New Conceptual Framework and Approach to Decision Making in Public Policy
Authors: Banha Francisco , Flores Adão , Coelho Luís Serra
Published: September 2022

In this conceptual paper, we bring forward a new theoretical proposition in the form of an Integrated Policy-Making Process Framework. This tool arose from the discussion and hypothesis that the main models used to analyse public policies have practical and theoretical limitations and/or are due for an update, especially when it comes to the study of phenomena with many actors involved, vast legislation, large timeframes, and high degrees of complexity. Our original model encompasses the three fundamental stages of the public policy cycle (agenda; decision making; implementation). Our approach can have a wide spectrum of applications and contribute to the field of knowledge of political sciences. Our proposal of using three frameworks in an integrated way enables researchers and users to gain a holistic vision concerning policy processes, and it offers the possibility to compare and rank categories. The Integrated Policy-Making Process Framework is thus proposed as a new tool to tackle research and studies on decision making in public policies and the policy-making cycle.
The Effect of Flood Risk on Residential Land Prices
Authors: Wei Fang , Zhao Lvwang
Published: September 2022

Floods are one of the most frequent natural disasters today. Hence, it is highly important to explore the effect of flood risk on residential land prices to promote the rational allocation of land resources and incorporate climate change risk control into territorial spatial planning. This paper takes the primary urban area of Hangzhou as an example, based upon data from 424 residential land plots. With spatial autocorrelation analysis and the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) approach, the spatial effect of flood risk on residential transaction land price was investigated. The results show that, ceteris paribus, plots with high risk of flooding suffer a price discount of 8.62%. The unique mechanism of the way flood risk affects land prices was discussed further from the perspectives of land ownership and land price systems in China. Furthermore, when the land price in surrounding areas increases one percent, the land price in the area will increase 14.32%. The spatial spillover effects of land price were analyzed with the flood information disclosure system and the stakeholders’ considerations in land price comparison. The effect of flooding on residential land prices in Hangzhou is the result of government regulations and market allocations, which are fundamentally different from those of the free market allocations in many western countries. Interestingly, the risk of flooding is capitalized into the price, whether it is determined by government or market pricing. Integrating flood risk into land price determination can help promote the optimal allocation of land resources and minimize depreciation attributable to flood disasters.
Bionic Design of Multi-Toe Quadruped Robot for Planetary Surface Exploration
Authors: Chen Guangming , Qiao Long , Wang Bingcheng , Richter Lutz , Ji Aihong
Published: September 2022

To increase the knowledge and exploit new resources beyond the Earth, planetary surface exploration on the Moon or Mars attracts significant attention around the globe. Due to the fact that these planetary surfaces are widely covered by soil-like materials, various structures of planetary rovers have been proposed to adapt to the terrains. Nonetheless, the traditional rover structures, such as wheeled and leg-wheeled, have shown limitations in moving on granular soils. To improve the mobility, this paper proposes a multi-toe quadruped robot inspired by the desert chameleon animal. The key features are that each bionic foot possesses four toes to stabilize them on granular materials. Moreover, a bionic flexible spine is designed to coordinate with walking and turning gaits and to make the robot approach an animal-like mobility. To assess the robot performances, kinematics analysis and analytical modeling of foot, leg, and spine movements are carried out. The results demonstrate that this robot can effectively walk and turn in accordance with the adopted gaits. Finally, field tests of moving over sands have been conducted. It shows that the robot can stably walk and turn on sands, which indicates that it is adaptable to planetary granular terrains.
Multi-AGV Flexible Manufacturing Cell Scheduling Considering Charging
Authors: Li Jianxun , Cheng Wenjie , Lai Kin Keung , Ram Bhagwat
Published: September 2022

Because of their flexibility, controllability and convenience, Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) have gradually gained popularity in intelligent manufacturing because to their adaptability, controllability, and simplicity. We examine the relationship between AGV scheduling tasks, charging thresholds, and power consumption, in order to address the issue of how AGV charging affects the scheduling of flexible manufacturing units with multiple AGVs. Aiming to promote AGVs load balance and reduce AGV charging times while meeting customer demands, we establish a scheduling model with the objective of minimizing the maximum completion time based on process sequence limitations, processing time restrictions, and workpiece transportation constraints. In accordance with the model’s characteristics, we code the machine, workpiece, and AGV independently, solve the model using a genetic algorithm, adjust the crossover mutation operator, and incorporate an elite retention strategy to the population initialization process to improve genetic diversity. Calculation examples are used to examine the marginal utility of the number of AGVs and electricity and validate the efficiency and viability of the scheduling model. The results show that the AVGs are effectively scheduled to complete transportation tasks and reduce the charging wait time. The multi-AGV flexible manufacturing cell scheduling can also help decision makers to seek AGVs load balance by simulation, reduce the charging times, and decrease the final completion time of manufacturing unit. In addition, AGV utilization can be maximized when the fleet size of AGV is 20%-40% of the number of workpieces.
The Generalized Exponential Extended Exponentiated Family of Distributions: Theory, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Hussain Sajid , Sajid Rashid Muhammad , Ul Hassan Mahmood , Ahmed Rashid
Published: September 2022

Here, we propose a new generalized exponential extended exponentiated (NGE3) family of distributions. Some statistical properties of proposed family are gained. The most extreme probability method, maximum likelihood (ML), is utilized for parameter estimation. We explore an exceptional model called NGE3-Exponential (NGE3E). NGE3E is estimated with ML, and the performance of estimators is demonstrated by utilizing a simulation. Moreover, two applications are given to show the significance and adaptability of the proposed model in comparison to some generalized models (GMs).
Marginal Misfit of 3D-Printed (Selective Laser Sintered), CAD-CAM and Lost Wax Technique Cobalt Chromium Copings with Shoulder and Chamfer Finish Lines: An In-Vitro Study
Authors: Al-Saleh Samar , Vohra Fahim , Albogami Shabab M. , Alkhammash Nawaf M. , Alnashwan Mohammed A. , Almutairi Naif S. , Aali Khalid A. , Alrabiah Mohammed , Abduljabbar Tariq
Published: September 2022

Background and Objectives: The aim was to compare the Misfit of 3D-Printed, Selective laser melting (SLM), milled (Computer aided design-Computer aided manufacture CAD-CAM) and Lost wax technique (LWT) fabricated Cobalt chromium (CoCr) alloy copings on shoulder (SH), radial shoulder (R-SH) and chamfer (CH) finish line configuration. Materials and Methods: Ninety resin, second maxillary premolar teeth were prepared for metal-ceramic crowns, equally divided into (n = 30) SH, R-SH and CH margin preparations. For each preparation design (SH, R-SH and CH), CoCr copings were prepared using SLM, CAD-CAM and LWT. This resulted in nine study groups with 10 CoCr copings each. The marginal misfit of specimens was assessed with a high-resolution digital microscope. Misfit was evaluated in vertical and horizontal dimensions in μm. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc multiple comparisons test. Results: For vertical misfit, the highest was observed in SLM samples with chamfer margin (167.96 ± 24.1), and the least was shown by CAD-CAM samples with radial shoulder (58.8 ± 12.53). CAD-CAM and shoulder margins showed the least vertical misfit. For horizontal misfit, the maximum was observed in SLM samples with shoulder margin (137.94 ± 37.85) and the least by LWT samples with chamfer (89.38 ± 14.81). Chamfer margins and LWT samples showed the least horizontal misfit among the group samples. Fabrication technique and finish line design play a critical role in reducing the marginal misfit of CoCr copings. Conclusions: For vertical misfit, SLM copings showed poor outcomes compared to CAD-CAM specimens, however comparable outcomes to Cast specimens. SLM copings showed comparable horizontal misfit outcomes to CAD-CAM specimens and low misfit compared to Cast copings, respectively. Vertical misfit was low with shoulder margins, and horizontal misfit was better with chamfer marginal configuration.
Proximal Femoral Fractures in the Elderly: A Few Things to Know, and Some to Forget
Authors: Maffulli Nicola , Aicale Rocco
Published: September 2022

Hip fractures are a leading cause of hospitalisation in elderly patients, representing an increasing socioeconomic problem arising from demographic changes, considering the increased number of elderly people in our countries. Adequate peri-operative treatment is essential to decrease mortality rates and avoid complications. Modern management should involve a coordinated multidisciplinary approach, early surgery, pain treatment, balanced fluid therapy, and prevention of delirium, to improve patients’ functional and clinical outcomes. The operative treatment for intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures is intramedullary nail or sliding/dynamic hip screw (DHS) on the basis of the morphology of the fracture. In the case of neck fractures, total hip replacement (THR) or hemiarthroplasty are recommended. However, several topics remain debated, such as the optimum thromboprophylaxis to reduce venous thromboembolism or the use of bone cement. Postoperatively, patients can benefit from early mobilisation and geriatric multidisciplinary care. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a prolonged time to operation with a subsequent increased complication rate have burdened frail and elderly patients with hip fractures. Future studies are needed with the aim to investigate better strategies to improve nutrition, postoperative mobility, to clarify the role of home-based rehabilitation, and to identify the ideal analgesic treatment and adequate tools in case of patients with cognitive impairment.
Recent Progress on Techniques in the Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Edible Oil: A Mini Review
Authors: Yin Shipeng , Niu Liqiong , Liu Yuanfa
Published: September 2022

Contamination of agricultural products and foods by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is becoming a serious global problem, and the presence of AFB1 in edible oil is frequent and has become inevitable, especially in underdeveloped countries and regions. As AFB1 results from a possible degradation of aflatoxins and the interaction of the resulting toxic compound with food components, it could cause chronic disease or severe cancers, increasing morbidity and mortality. Therefore, rapid and reliable detection methods are essential for checking AFB1 occurrence in foodstuffs to ensure food safety. Recently, new biosensor technologies have become a research hotspot due to their characteristics of speed and accuracy. This review describes various technologies such as chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, ELISA techniques, and biosensing techniques, along with their advantages and weaknesses, for AFB1 control in edible oil and provides new insight into AFB1 detection for future work. Although compared with other technologies, biosensor technology involves the cross integration of multiple technologies, such as spectral technology and new nano materials, and has great potential, some challenges regarding their stability, cost, etc., need further studies.
New pecJ-n (n = 1, 2) Basis Sets for High-Quality Calculations of Indirect Nuclear Spin–Spin Coupling Constants Involving 31P and 29Si: The Advanced PEC Method
Authors: Rusakov Yuriy Yu. , Rusakova Irina L.
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we presented new J-oriented basis sets, pecJ-n (n = 1, 2), for phosphorus and silicon, purposed for the high-quality correlated calculations of the NMR spin–spin coupling constants involving these nuclei. The pecJ-n basis sets were generated using the modified version of the property-energy consistent (PEC) method, which was introduced in our earlier paper. The modifications applied to the original PEC procedure increased the overall accuracy and robustness of the generated basis sets in relation to the diversity of electronic systems. Our new basis sets were successfully tested on a great number of spin–spin coupling constants, involving phosphorus or/and silicon, calculated within the SOPPA(CCSD) method. In general, it was found that our new pecJ-1 and pecJ-2 basis sets are very efficient, providing the overall accuracy that can be characterized by MAEs of about 3.80 and 1.98 Hz, respectively, against the benchmark data obtained with a large dyall.aae4z+ basis set of quadruple-ζ quality.
Adding Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Powder to Wheat Bread: Effects on Physicochemical, Sensory and Microbiological Qualities of the End-Product
Authors: Gantner Magdalena , Król Katarzyna , Piotrowska Anna , Sionek Barbara , Sadowska Anna , Kulik Klaudia , Wiącek Mateusz
Published: September 2022

Entomophagy, that is, the consumption of insects, is gaining more and more popularity. The research carried out so far on the use of edible insects in the food industry has shown that they are a valuable source of protein, and do not significantly affect the functional and sensory properties of food. Edible insects also contribute to sustainable, environment friendly food production. Taking the above into account, the influence of adding insect powder on the physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and microbiological qualities of wheat bread was evaluated. This study aimed to partially replace wheat flour (5, 10, and 15%) in bread with mealworm powder (T. molitor) to produce protein-fortified bread. Bread containing mealworm powder showed similar density and water activity compared to the control wheat bread. The addition of mealworm powder did not negatively affect the properties of bread. The total color difference increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the insect flour share in bread formulation and ranged between 2.27 for M5, 4.00 for M10, and 4.50 for M15. The protein content in bread fortified with 5–15% mealworm powder increased by 15–59% compared to the control bread, whereas fat content increased by 35% to 113%. Results of sensory evaluation revealed that modification of the recipe, depending on the mealworm powder addition level, significantly (p < 0.05) affected bread color, odor, flavor, and overall sensory quality. The research showed that the optimal enrichment level is using 5% mealworm flour in the bread recipe. Moreover, the obtained variants of bread were characterized by good microbiological quality after baking. In bread M10, no yeasts and molds were found during a period of 2 days of storage. The number of yeasts and molds in the other bread variants was relatively low. To conclude, the results confirmed the usefulness of insect powder in making protein-fortified bread of good quality comparable to traditional wheat bread.
Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Reduces Fat Accumulation via nhr-49-Mediated Nuclear Hormone Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wu Zhongqin , Xiao Yu , Zhou Fang , Chen Jiaxu , Chen Xinming , Hou Aixiang , Wang Yuanliang , Li Zongjun
Published: September 2022

Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (p-AKK) is related to lipid metabolism and helps control obesity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of p-AKK in lipid metabolism using Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that p-AKK increased the healthy lifespan of nematodes and helped maintain exercise ability in aging, suggesting a potential increase in energy expenditure. The overall fat deposition and triglyceride level were significantly decreased and the p-AKK anti-oxidative stress helped to regulate fatty acid composition. Additionally, the transcriptome results showed that p-AKK increased the expression of lipo-hydrolase and fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes, including lipl-4, nhr-49, acs-2 and acdh-8, while it decreased the expression of fat synthesis-related genes, including fat-7, elo-2 and men-1. These results partially explain the mechanisms underlying the fact that p-AKK decreases fat accumulation of C. elegans via nhr-49/acs-2-mediated signaling involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and synthesis.
Andrographis paniculata Dosage Forms and Advances in Nanoparticulate Delivery Systems: An Overview
Authors: Raman Subashini , Murugaiyah Vikneswaran , Parumasivam Thaigarajan
Published: September 2022

Andrographis paniculata is a well-known Asian medicinal plant with a major phytoconstituent of diterpene lactones, such as andrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and neoandrographolide. A World Health Organization (WHO) monograph on selected medicinal plants showed that A. paniculata extracts and its major diterpene lactones have promising anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. However, these active phytochemicals have poor water solubility and bioavailability when delivered in a conventional dosage form. These biological barriers can be mitigated if the extract or isolated compound are delivered as nanoparticles. This review discusses existing studies and marketed products of A. paniculata in solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gaseous dosage forms, either as an extract or isolated pure compounds, as well as their deficits in reaching maximum bioavailability. The pharmaceutics and pharmacological activity of A. paniculata as a nano-delivery system are also discussed.
Effect of Germination on the Avenanthramide Content of Oats and Their in Vitro Antisensitivity Activities
Authors: Feng Yuchao , Suo Decheng , Guan Xin , Wang Shi , Xiao Zhiming , Li Yang , Liu Xiaolu , Fan Xia
Published: September 2022

In this study, a method, based on an ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-field quadrupole orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-HF-HRMS) platform, was established for the trace determination of three major avenanthramides (AVNs). The MS conditions for determining the AVNs were optimized, and the cracking methods of avenanthramides were analyzed. The linear range of the results and the correlation coefficient were 1–2000 μg/L and >0.996, respectively. Further, the established method was employed for the determination of the AVN contents of oats at different germination times, and the results indicated that the AVN contents of Zaohua and Bayou oats increased 19.26 and 6.09 times, respectively, after germination. The total AVN content of both oat varieties reached a maximum on the fifth day of germination (153.51 ± 4.08 and 126.30 ± 3.33 μg/g for the Zaohua and Bayou oats, respectively). Furthermore, this study investigated the antiallergic and antioxidant activities of the germinated oats via hyaluronidase inhibition and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-scavenging assays. The antiallergic and DPPH-scavenging abilities of the ungerminated forms of both oat varieties were weaker. However, on the fifth day of germination, the inhibition rate of anthranilamide hyaluronidase reached 72.7% and 67.3% for the Zaohua and Bayou oat varieties, respectively. The antiallergic abilities of the oats increased significantly on the fifth day of germination in terms of their antiallergic capacities and DPPH clearance (82.67% and 77.64% for the Zaohua and Bayou oats, respectively), and the two indicators exhibited similar trends. These findings demonstrated that AVNs exhibit good antisensitivity and antioxidation properties, and the antisensitivity effect correlated positively with the AVN content.
Iodine-Mediated Alkoxyselenylation of Alkenes and Dienes with Elemental Selenium
Authors: Kurkutov Evgeny O. , Shainyan Bagrat A.
Published: September 2022

A one-pot synthesis of linear and cyclic β-alkoxyselenides is developed through the iodine-mediated three-component reaction of elemental selenium with alkenes (dienes) and alcohols. Selenylation of 1,5-hexadiene gives 2,5-di(methoxymethyl)tetrahydroselenophene and 2-methoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-selenopyran via the 5-exo-trig and 6-endo-trig cyclization. 1,7-Octadiene affords only linear 1:2 adduct with two terminal double bonds. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene results in one diastereomer of 2,6-dialkoxy-9-selenabicyclo [3.3.1]nonanes via 6-exo-trig cyclization. With 1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, the first ring-substituted representative of a very rare class of heterocycles, 1,4,2,6-oxaselenadisilinanes, was obtained at a high yield.
Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition as Surface Engineering Techniques for Emerging Alkali Metal Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Sullivan Matthew , Tang Peng , Meng Xiangbo
Published: September 2022

Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, and potassium) are promising as anodes in emerging rechargeable batteries, ascribed to their high capacity or abundance. Two commonly experienced issues, however, have hindered them from commercialization: the dendritic growth of alkali metals during plating and the formation of solid electrolyte interphase due to contact with liquid electrolytes. Many technical strategies have been developed for addressing these two issues in the past decades. Among them, atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD) have been drawing more and more efforts, owing to a series of their unique capabilities. ALD and MLD enable a variety of inorganic, organic, and even inorganic-organic hybrid materials, featuring accurate nanoscale controllability, low process temperature, and extremely uniform and conformal coverage. Consequently, ALD and MLD have paved a novel route for tackling the issues of alkali metal anodes. In this review, we have made a thorough survey on surface coatings via ALD and MLD, and comparatively analyzed their effects on improving the safety and stability of alkali metal anodes. We expect that this article will help boost more efforts in exploring advanced surface coatings via ALD and MLD to successfully mitigate the issues of alkali metal anodes.
Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Starch from a Trace-Rutinosidase Variety of Tartary Buckwheat ‘Manten-Kirari’
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Ishiguro Koji , Suzuki Tatsuro , Morishita Toshikazu
Published: September 2022

We recently developed a novel Tartary buckwheat variety, ‘Manten-Kirari’, with trace-rutinosidase activity. The use of ‘Manten-Kirari’ enabled us to make rutin-rich food products with low bitterness. This study was intended to evaluate the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of starch isolated from ‘Manten-Kirari’. For comparison, the representative common buckwheat variety ‘Kitawasesoba’ and Tartary buckwheat variety ‘Hokkai T8’ in Japan were also used. The lowest content of amylose was found in ‘Manten-Kirari’ starch (18.1%) while the highest was in ‘Kitawasesoba’ starch (22.6%). ‘Manten-Kirari’ starch exhibited a larger median granule size (11.41 µm) and higher values of peak viscosity (286.8 RVU) and breakdown (115.2 RVU) than the others. The values of onset temperature for gelatinization were 60.5 °C for ‘Kitawasesoba’, 61.3 °C for ‘Manten-Kirari’, and 64.7 °C for ‘Hokkai T8’. ‘Manten-Kirari’ and ‘Hokkai T8’ starches were digested more slowly than ‘Kitawasesoba’ starch. Our results will provide fundamental information concerning the expanded use of ‘Manten-Kirari’ in functional foods.
A Bio-Guided Screening for Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Hypolipidemic Potential Supported by Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Crepis spp.
Authors: Barda Christina , Anastasiou Konstantina , Tzara Ariadni , Grafakou Maria-Eleni , Kalpoutzakis Eleftherios , Heilmann Joerg , Rallis Michael , Kourounakis Angeliki P. , Skaltsa Helen
Published: September 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the chemical fingerprints and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activity of selected Crepis species collected in Greece, namely, C. commutata, C. dioscoridis, C. foetida, C. heldreichiana, C. incana, C. rubra, and Phitosia crocifolia (formerly known as Crepis crocifolia). For the phytochemical analyses, sample measurements were carried out by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Τhe extracts were evaluated both in vitro (radical scavenging activity: DPPH assay and total phenolic content: Folin–Ciocalteu) and in vivo (paw edema reduction and hypolipidemic activity: experimental mouse protocols). Among the tested extracts, C. incana presented the highest gallic acid equivalents (GAE) (0.0834 mg/mL) and the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.07 mg/mL) in vitro, as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity with 32% edema reduction in vivo. Moreover, in the hypolipidemic protocol, the same extract increased plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by 48.7%, and decreased cholesterol (41.3%) as well as triglycerides (37.2%). According to fractionation of the extract and the phytochemical results, this biological effect may be associated with the rich phenolic composition; caffeoyl tartaric acid derivatives (cichoric and caftaric acid) are regarded as the most prominent bioactive specialized metabolites. The present study contributes to the knowledge regarding the phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Crepis spp.
Is Composition of Brain Clot Retrieved by Mechanical Thrombectomy Associated with Stroke Aetiology and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Huang Joanna , Killingsworth Murray C. , Bhaskar Sonu M. M.
Published: September 2022

Background: Brain clots retrieved following endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke patients may offer unique opportunities to characterise stroke aetiology and aid stroke decision-making in select groups of patients. However, the evidence around the putative association of clot morphology with stroke aetiology is limited and remains inconclusive. This study aims to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to delineate the association of brain clot composition with stroke aetiology and post-reperfusion outcomes in patients receiving endovascular thrombectomy. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis by extracting data from several research databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar) published since 2010. We used appropriate key search terms to identify clinical studies concerning stroke thrombus composition, aetiology, and clinical outcomes, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: The authors identified 30 articles reporting on the relationship between stroke thrombus composition or morphology and aetiology, imaging, or clinical outcomes, of which 21 were included in the meta-analysis. The study found that strokes of cardioembolic origin (SMD = 0.388; 95% CI, 0.032–0.745) and cryptogenic origin (SMD = 0.468; 95% CI, 0.172–0.765) had significantly higher fibrin content than strokes of non-cardioembolic origin. Large artery atherosclerosis strokes had significantly lower fibrin content than cardioembolic (SMD = 0.552; 95% CI, 0.099–1.004) or cryptogenic (SMD = 0.455; 95% CI, 0.137–0.774) strokes. Greater red blood cell content was also significantly associated with a thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score of 2b–3 (SMD = 0.450; 95% CI, 0.177–0.722), and a positive hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (SMD = 0.827; 95% CI, 0.472–1.183). No significant associations were found between red blood cell, platelet, or white blood cell content and aetiology, or between clot composition and bridging thrombolysis. Conclusions: This meta-analysis found that fibrin composition is significantly higher in strokes of cardioembolic and cryptogenic origin, and that red blood cell content is positively associated with the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign and better reperfusion outcomes. Important advances to stroke clinical workup can be derived from these findings, in which many aspects of stroke workflow remain to be optimised. As data are still limited in terms of the association of various thrombus components with stroke aetiology as well as a standardised method of analysis, further studies are required to validate these findings to guide their use in clinical decision-making.
Cymbopogon citratus Essential Oil Increases the Effect of Digluconate Chlorhexidine on Microcosm Biofilms
Authors: Mouta Luís Felipe Garcia Leal , Marques Raquel Souza , Koga-Ito Cristiane Yumi , Salvador Marcos José , Giro Elisa Maria Aparecida , Brighenti Fernanda Lourenção
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and its association with chlorhexidine on cariogenic microcosm biofilm composition and acidogenicity. Minimum inhibitory and bactericide concentrations from the essential oil and chlorhexidine were determined by broth microdilution assay. Microcosms (polymicrobial) biofilms were produced on glass coverslips, using inoculum from human saliva in McBain culture medium (0.5% sucrose exposure for 6 h/day) for 3 days in 24-well plates. The biofilms were treated twice a day and their composition was evaluated by microorganism quantification. The acidogenicity was evaluated by measuring the pH of the spent culture medium in contact with the biofilm. Overall, the association of C. citratus and chlorhexidine reduced total bacterial counts and aciduric bacteria (maximum reduction of 3.55 log UFC/mL) in microcosm biofilms. This group also presented the lowest acidogenicity even when exposed to sucrose-containing medium. C. citratus essential oil increases the effect of digluconate chlorhexidine on microcosm biofilms. Based on these findings, this study can contribute to the development of new formulations that might allow for the use of mouthwashes for a shorter period, which may reduce undesirable effects and increase patient compliance to the treatment.
The Synthetic Cannabinoid URB447 Exerts Antitumor and Antimetastatic Effect in Melanoma and Colon Cancer
Authors: Benedicto Aitor , Arteta Beatriz , Duranti Andrea , Alonso-Alconada Daniel
Published: September 2022

The endocannabinoid system is widespread through the body and carries out a wide variety of functions. However, its involvement in other pathologies, such as cancer, still needs further attention. We aim to investigate the role of CB2 receptor during melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC) aggressiveness and metastatic growth in the liver. We used the synthetic cannabinoid URB447, a known CB2 agonist and CB1 antagonist drug, and studied prometastatic ability of mouse B16 melanoma and MCA38 CRC cells, by means of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration and matrix degradation in vitro upon URB447 treatment. We reported a dose-dependent viability decrease in both tumor types. This result is partly mediated by apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase, as observed through flow cytometry. Melanoma and CRC cell migration was affected in a dose-dependent fashion as observed through scratch assay, whereas the secretion of matrix degrading proteins metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) and 9 (MMP9) in tumor cells did not significantly change. Moreover, daily treatment of tumor bearing mice with URB447 decreased the development of liver metastasis in a melanoma model in vivo. This proof of concept study points out to the synthetic cannabinoid URB447 as a potential candidate for deeper studies to confirm its potential as antitumor therapy and liver metastasis treatment for CRC and melanoma.
The Barbero–Immirzi Parameter: An Enigmatic Parameter of Loop Quantum Gravity
Authors: Vyas Rakshit P. , Joshi Mihir J.
Published: September 2022

The Barbero–Immirzi parameter, (γ), is introduced in loop quantum gravity (LQG), whose physical significance is still the biggest open question because of its profound traits. In some cases, it is real valued, while it is complex valued in other cases. This parameter emerges in the process of denoting a Lorentz connection with a non-compact group SO(3,1) in the form of a complex connection with values in a compact group of rotations, either SO(3) or SU(2). Initially, it appeared in the Ashtekar variables. Fernando Barbero proposed its possibility for inclusion within formalism. Its present value is fixed by counting micro states in loop quantum gravity and matching with the semi-classical black hole entropy computed by Stephen Hawking. This parameter is used to count the size of the quantum of area in Planck units. Until the discovery of the spectrum of the area operator in LQG, its significance remained unknown. However, its complete physical significance is yet to be explored. In the present paper, an introduction to the Barbero–Immirzi parameter in LQG, a timeline of this research area, and various proposals regarding its physical significance are given.
Probing Element Transfer Behavior during the Submerged Arc Welding Process for CaF2-SiO2-Na2O-Cr2O3 Agglomerated Fluxes: A Thermodynamic Approach
Authors: Zhang Jin , Xu Qiong
Published: September 2022

Submerged arc welding joins metal by the heating of the electrode, base metal, and flux in the arc plasma, while the weld pool is protected under the granular flux and molten slag. Due to complex chemical reactions occurring between the arc plasma, weld pool, and molten slag (flux), flux essentially affects the weld metal composition, which, in turn, dictates the mechanical properties of the weldment. Therefore, fine-tuning the weld metal composition is essential to ensure a sound weld, and efforts worldwide have been focused on the control mechanism of flux on the weld metal composition. Recently, agglomerated fluxes have been widely applied due to low energy consumption during manufacture. The Cr2O3-bearing agglomerated flux is one of the most commonly used flux types in fields of heavy industrial applications. However, few works concern the element transfer behavior when Cr2O3-bearing agglomerated fluxes are used. Within this framework, typical agglomerated CaF2-SiO2-Na2O-Cr2O3 fluxes with varying Cr2O3 content from 10 to 50 wt.% are designed and applied to Q345A steel. The influence of Cr2O3 content upon the transfer behaviors of essential elements, including O, Cr, and Mn, is quantified and interpreted from the point of thermodynamics. By incorporating a gas-slag-metal equilibrium consideration, the assumptions made in previous studies are justified. Additionally, evidence regarding the loss of Cr and Mn to the arc plasma is provided, and a possible thermodynamic approach to predict element transfer levels is proposed. It is revealed that the gas-slag-metal equilibrium consideration is able to qualitatively analyze the transfer behaviors involved in the submerged arc welding system, even under high temperatures. Based on the quantitative data, the practical implications as well as limitations of the gas-slag-metal equilibrium model are proposed.
Effect of UV Light and Sodium Hypochlorite on Formation and Destruction of Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilm In Vitro
Authors: Zekanović Melani Sigler , Begić Gabrijela , Mežnarić Silvestar , Jelovica Badovinac Ivana , Krištof Romana , Tomić Linšak Dijana , Gobin Ivana
Published: September 2022

Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of the first colonizers of bacterial biofilm in water systems and a member of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of UV light and sodium hypochlorite on the formation and destruction of mature P. fluorescens biofilm on ceramic tiles. Planktonic bacteria or bacteria in mature biofilm were exposed to UV light (254 nm) for 5, 20 s. and to 0.4 mg/L sodium hypochlorite for 1 min. Mature biofilm was also exposed to increased concentration of sodium hypochlorite of 2 mg/L for 0.5, 1 and 2 h and combined with UV. Prolonged action of sodium hypochlorite and an increase in its concentration in combination with UV gave the best results in the inhibition of biofilm formation after the pre-treatment and destruction of mature biofilm. The effect of hyperchlorination in combination with UV radiation shows better results after a long exposure time, although even after 120 min there was no completely destroyed biofilm. Furthermore, the mechanism of the effect of combined methods should be explored as well as the importance of mechanical cleaning that is crucial in combating bacterial biofilm in swimming pools.
Simultaneous Removal of Organic Matter and Nutrients from High Strength Organic Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
Authors: Sharma Ambika , Bhatti Manpreet Singh
Published: September 2022

Industrial wastewater discharges often contain high levels of organic matter and nutrients, which can lead to eutrophication and constitute a serious hazard to receiving waters and aquatic life. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to treat high-strength organic wastewater for the removal of both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). At a constant COD concentration of approximately 1000 mg/L, the effects of cycle time (3 and 9 h) and various C:N:P ratios (100:5:2, 100:5:1, 100:10:1, and 100:10:2) were investigated using four identical SBRs (R1, R2, R3, and R4). According to experimental data, a significant high removal, i.e., 90%, 98.5%, and 84.8%, was observed for COD, NH3-N, and PO43−-P, respectively, when C:N:P was 100:5:1, at a cycle time of 3 h. Additionally, when cycle time was increased to 9 h, the highest levels of COD removal (95.7%), NH3-N removal (99.6%), and PO43−-P removal (90.31%) were accomplished. Also, in order to comprehend the primary impacts and interactions among the various process variables, the data was statistically examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence level, which revealed that the interaction of cycle time and C/N ratio, cycle time and C/P ratio is significant for COD and NH3-N removal. However, the same interaction was found to be insignificant for PO43−-P removal. Sludge volume index (SVI30 and SVI10) and sludge settleability were studied, and the best settling was found in R3 with SVI30 of 55 mL/g after 9 h. Further evidence that flocs were present in reactors came from an average ratio of SVI 30/SVI 10 = 0.70 after 9 h and 0.60 after 3 h.