bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonbauteilen ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Tran Ngoc Linh , Kohoutek Jaroslav , Graubner Carl‐Alexander
Published: April 2015

In diesem Artikel wird ein neues Berechnungsmodell zur Abschätzung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonbauteilen ohne Querkraftbewehrung vorgestellt. Das innovative Querkraftmodell basiert auf analytischen Ansätzen und ermöglicht eine Vorhersage der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonbauteilen mit großer Genauigkeit. Bei der Herleitung des Modells werden die wichtigsten Einflussgrößen auf die Querkrafttragfähigkeit dargestellt und auf ihren Anteil an der Gesamttragfähigkeit hin untersucht.

Shear strength of reinforced concrete members without stirrups

In this article a new calculation model for shear strength of reinforced concrete members without stirrups is introduced. The innovative shear model is based on analytic approaches and allows accurate prediction of the shear capacity of reinforced concrete members. In the derivation of the model the most important influencing parameters on the shear carrying capacity are presented and their shares on the total shear strength are examined.
Das Miteinander im Tumor
Authors: Gottfried Eva
Published: April 2015

Ein Tumor wurde früher als eine Masse mutierter Zellen betrachtet, die durch übermäßige Zellproliferation und verhinderten Zelltod entsteht. Inzwischen ist allgemein anerkannt, dass nicht nur Tumorzellen alleine, sondern auch ihre Nachbarzellen eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Entwicklung und Progression eines Tumors spielen. So scheint häufig eine effektive Anti‐Tumor‐Reaktion des Immunsystems auszubleiben, obwohl infiltrierende Immunzellen im Tumor zu finden sind. Als eine Ursache wird die Beeinflussung und Unterdrückung der Immunzellen durch das Tumormilieu diskutiert. Tumorzellen nutzen alternative Stoffwechselwege und sezernieren Metabolite, die Stromazellen wie Immunzellen modulieren. Hieraus ergeben sich vielversprechende Therapieansätze zur Hemmung der Tumorzellen mitsamt Reaktivierung einer effektiven Anti‐Tumor‐Immunantwort.
Biodiversitätsforschung – wohin geht die Reise?
Authors: Beck Erwin
Published: April 2015

Bewahrheitet sich der durch den globalen Wandel ausgelöste Verlust an biologischer Vielfalt, so sind die “Kräfte der Natur” bereits heute ernsthaft bedroht, denn die Leistungen der Natur sind Produkte von Organismenkonsortien, nicht Leistungen einzelner Arten. Allerdings kennt die Wissenschaft im günstigsten Falle erst etwa 10% der heute den Erdkreis bewohnenden Organismenarten, so dass auch der durch den globalen Wandel verursachte Verlust nicht belastbar bezifferbar und seine Effekte schwer darstellbar sind. Mit neuen Methoden versucht die Wissenschaft, die Wissenslücken zu schließen. Inzwischen hat sich die Politik des Komplexes Biologische Vielfalt “angenommen”, was im Hinblick auf den Schutzgedanken erfreulich ist, jedoch die Forschung durch bürokratische Hürden hemmt. Die aus der Biodiversitätskonvention (CBD) im Laufe der zurückliegenden 13 Jahre entstandenen Verhandlungen und Gesetzeswerke können, ähnlich wie beim Kyoto‐Protokoll, ihre finanzielle Motivation nicht verleugnen.
Gefiedertes Star‐Ensemble: Flugakrobaten und schillernde Sangeskünstler
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: April 2015

Vielfältige Vogelgesänge verkünden den Frühling im Garten. Aus nächster Nähe lassen sich nun Revierstreitigkeiten, Balz, das Sammeln von Nistmaterial und von Futter für den Nachwuchs beobachten. Die Vogelwelt rund ums Haus wandelt sich im Laufe der Zeit: Während es einige früher eher scheue Bewohner von Wald und Feld zunehmend in Dörfer und Städte zieht, gibt es auch negative Tendenzen – vor allem bei Schwalben und Mauerseglern.
UHPLC‐MS method for determination of gambogic acid and application to bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, excretion and tissue distribution in rats
Authors: Zheng Zhifen , Ou Wanglu , Zhang Xinshi , Li Yongzhi , Li Yujuan
Published: April 2015

A sensitive ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS) method was developed for determination of gambogic acid (GA) in rat plasma, urine, bile and main tissues. GA was separated on an Agilent Zorbax XDB–C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm) with gradient mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The detection was performed by negative electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring mode. The calibration curves of GA were linear between 1.0 and 1000 ng/mL in rat plasma and bile and between 1.0 and 500 ng/mL in urine and tissues. The lowest limit of quantification for all matrices was 1.0 ng/mL. Both accuracy and precision of the assay were satisfactory. This validated method was firstly applied to bioavailability (BA), pharmacokinetics, excretion and tissue distribution in rats. The BAs of GA (40 and 80 mg/kg) in rats were 0.25 and 0.32%, respectively. GA was distributed extensively in rats after oral administration and exhibited the highest level in liver. GA reached the cumulative excretion amount of 25.3 ± 1.7 µg in bile and 0.275 ± 0.08 µg in urine after i.g. 80 mg/kg to rats at 24 h. The present results would be helpful for further clinical use of GA as a potential anticancer drug. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcatheter stenting of the systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunt: A 7‐year experience from a single tertiary center
Authors: Vaughn Gabrielle R. , Moore John W. , Mallula Kiran K. , Lamberti John J. , El‐Said Howaida G.
Published: April 2015

Background

Systemic‐to‐pulmonary artery shunt (SPS) dysfunction can be deleterious in shunt dependent patients and traditionally have undergone surgical revision. Data on transcatheter stenting of SPS is limited. We sought to evaluate feasibility, safety and outcomes of stenting SPS.

Methods

Retrospective review of all patients who underwent transcatheter SPS stenting from 1/2006 to 12/2013.

Results

Of 229 surgically implanted SPS, 25 transcatheter stent interventions were performed in 22 patients. The majority had pulmonary atresia (n = 9) or HLHS (n = 10). Their median age was 4 ms (range 10 days to 4 years) and median weight 4.9 kg (range 3–14). Nine had a central and 15 had a BT shunt with a median shunt size of 3.75 mm (range 3–6). The interval from shunt placement to intervention was 1.9 ms (range 4 days–3.8 years). The indication for intervention was increasing cyanosis in10 patients and delaying final repair in 9. Two patients were on ECMO at the time of intervention. The median shunt diameter increased from 2.3 to 4.1 mm and oxygen saturation from 72 to 85% (P < 0.001). No intra‐procedural complications were encountered. One patient died from aspiration (autopsy demonstrated a patent shunt), 13 progressed to repair or next stage, 6 remain palliated with shunts as they are deemed unfit for the next stage and 2 are awaiting surgery.

Conclusions

Stenting of systemic to pulmonary artery shunt is a safe and effective procedure and avoids surgical re‐intervention. It can be performed both as a rescue procedure in patients with acute shunt occlusion and as an elective procedure to palliate patients not yet suitable for subsequent corrective or staged repair. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual [Fe+Phosphine] Catalysis: Application in Catalytic Wittig Olefination
Authors: Rommel Susanne , Belger Christian , Begouin Jeanne‐Marie , Plietker Bernd
Published: April 2015

Iron hydride complexes of the general formula P2Fe(NO)CO)H are highly active catalysts for the hydrosilylation of aldehydes or ketones and phosphine oxides. Depending on the solvent, the in situ reduction of the phosphine oxide can be faster than the corresponding hydrosilylation of a carbonyl group. This unusual activity was used within the context of catalytic Wittig olefination.
Multi‐Objective Optimization of Pseudo‐Dynamic Operation of Naphtha Pyrolysis by a Surrogate Model
Authors: Jin Yangkun , Li Jinlong , Du Wenli , Qian Feng
Published: April 2015

A simple pseudo‐dynamic surrogate model is developed in the framework of the state space model with the feed‐forward neural network to replace the complex free radical pyrolysis model. The surrogate model is then applied to investigate the multi‐objective optimization of two key performance objectives with distinct contradiction: the mean yields of key products and the day mean profits. The ϵ‐constraint method is employed to solve the multi‐objective optimization problem, which provides a broad range of operation conditions depicting tradeoffs of both key objectives. The Pareto‐optimal frontier is successfully obtained and five selected cases on the frontier are discussed, suggesting that flexible operations can be performed based on industrial demands.
Generation and Deposition of Organic Nanoparticles in a Liquid Ring Pump
Authors: Brunn Claudia , Sinanis Sokratis , Mall‐Gleissle Susanne , Schaber Karlheinz
Published: April 2015

A new method for the production of organic nanoparticles or nanosuspensions in a liquid ring vacuum pump is presented. A hot carrier gas charged under vacuum conditions with poorly water‐soluble organic substances is compressed and simultaneously cooled by the partially evaporating sealant water of the liquid ring vacuum pump. During compression and quenching, the gas‐vapor mixture becomes highly supersaturated and aerosol formation initiated by homogeneous nucleation occurs in the compression chambers between the impeller blades of the pump. The thus generated gas‐borne droplets or solid particles are mainly trapped and enriched in the sealant ring liquid, which is discharged, separated from the carrier gas in an external separator and returned to the pump. Experiments yielded aqueous nanosuspensions of insoluble organic substances with typical particle sizes between 50 and 300 nm, as well as foam in the external gas‐liquid separator. The foam showed stable structures due to incorporated solid nanoparticles.
Dynamic mixture probabilistic PCA classifier modeling and application for fault classification
Authors: Zhu Jinlin , Ge Zhiqiang , Song Zhihuan
Published: April 2015

A dynamic classifier based on the mixture probabilistic principal component analyzer (MPPCA) is proposed for fault classification. Compared with traditional methods, both fault detection and diagnosis are combined into a single classification task. By introducing a state indicator, the conventional MPPCA model is first designed as a standard classifier. Then, the static MPPCA model based classifier is temporally extended to the dynamic form within the hidden Markov model framework. Both static and dynamic MPPCA classifiers are obtained by using the Expectation‐Maximization algorithm. For performance evaluation, case studies of the continuous stirred tank heater process and the Tennessee Eastman process are carried out. Results indicate that the dynamic MPPCA classifier performs better compared with the static MPPCA classifier and the hidden Markov model based classifier. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cascade‐Reaction Nanoreactor Composed of a Bifunctional Molecularly Imprinted Polymer that Contains Pt Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Jiao , Zhu Maiyong , Shen Xiaojuan , Li Songjun
Published: April 2015

This study was aimed at addressing the present challenge of cascade reactions, namely, how to furnish the catalysts with desired and hierarchical catalytic ability. This issue was addressed by constructing a cascade‐reaction nanoreactor made of a bifunctional molecularly imprinted polymer containing acidic catalytic sites and Pt nanoparticles. The acidic catalytic sites within the imprinted polymer allowed one specified reaction, whereas the encapsulated Pt nanoparticles were responsible for another coupled reaction. To that end, the unique imprinted polymer was fabricated by using two well‐coupled templates, that is, 4‐nitrophenyl acetate and 4‐nitrophenol. The catalytic hydrolysis of the former compound at the acidic catalytic sites led to the formation of the latter compound, which was further reduced by the encapsulated Pt nanoparticles to 4‐aminophenol. Therefore, this nanoreactor demonstrated a catalytic‐cascade ability. This protocol opens up the opportunity to develop functional catalysts for complicated chemical processes.
Multifold Fluorescence Enhancement in Nanoscopic Fluorophore–Clay Hybrids in Transparent Aqueous Media
Authors: Felbeck Tom , Mundinger Simon , Lezhnina Marina M. , Staniford Mark , Resch‐Genger Ute , Kynast Ulrich H.
Published: April 2015

Valuable emissive properties of organic fluorophores have become indispensable analytical tools in biophotonics, but frequently suffer from low solubilities and radiationless deactivation in aqueous media, that is, in biological ambience as well. In this report, nanoscaled dye–clay hybrids based on laponite, Na0.7{(Li0.3Mg5.5)[Si8O20(OH)4]}, are taken advantage of to solubilize neutral dyes, which are natively not encountered in water. Previously reported efficiency and solubility bottlenecks of such hybrids can to a large extent be overcome by comparably simple chemical measures, as demonstrated here for two prominent examples, the fluorescent dyes Nile Red and Coumarin 153. On controlled co‐adsorption of small bifunctional quaternary ammonium ions (Me3N+C2H5OH and Me3N+C2H5NH2) we observed an outright efficiency boost by an order of magnitude, and a 30‐fold brightness gain. Even at higher concentrations, transparency and stability of the hybrid dispersions are retained, rendering them useful for employment as optically functional nanoparticles in bioassays and beyond.
Facile Synthesis of Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Au/PtAu Heterojunction Nanotubes and Their Application as Catalysts in an Oxygen‐Reduction Reaction
Authors: Cai Kai , Liu Jiawei , Zhang Huan , Huang Zhao , Lu Zhicheng , Foda Mohamed F. , Li Tingting , Han Heyou
Published: April 2015

An intermediate‐template‐directed method has been developed for the synthesis of quasi‐one‐dimensional Au/PtAu heterojunction nanotubes by the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of Au on Te/Pt core–shell nanostructures in aqueous solution. The synthesized porous Au/PtAu bimetallic nanotubes (PABNTs) consist of porous tubular framework and attached Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). The reaction intermediates played an important role in the preparation, which fabricated the framework and provided a localized reducing agent for the reduction of the Au and Pt precursors. The Pt7Au PABNTs showed higher electrocatalytic activity and durability in the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.1 M HClO4 than porous Pt nanotubes (PtNTs) and commercially available Pt/C. The mass activity of PABNTs was 218 % that of commercial Pt/C after an accelerated durability test. This study demonstrates the potential of PABNTs as highly efficient electrocatalysts. In addition, this method provides a facile strategy for the synthesis of desirable hetero‐nanostructures with controlled size and shape by utilizing an intermediate template.
Effective Tuning of Ketocyanine Derivatives through Acceptor Substitution
Authors: Poe Ambata , Della Pelle Andrea , Byrnes Sean , Thayumanavan S.
Published: April 2015

A series of ketocyanine derivatives possessing bis(diarylamino)fluorenyl donors and variable acceptors installed at the bridging carbon atom were synthesized to investigate how the electronic structure of the dye can be systemically tuned through stabilization of the cyanine‐like character of the donor by increasing the acceptor strength. Analysis of the 1H NMR spectra indicates that the “charge‐separated” species dominates in these dyes, given that carbons possessing a positive or negative charge in the resonance structures of this state purposefully shift downfield or upfield, respectively, depending on the strength of the acceptor moiety. In DAA‐Fl‐PI, the acceptor strength and the gain of acceptor aromaticity indicates a predisposition of the separated state, indicated by asymmetry in the 1H NMR spectrum, as well as uneven distribution of the HOMO on the fluorenyl donor.
Highly Efficient AuPd/Carbon Nanotube Nanocatalysts for the Electro‐Fenton Process
Authors: Sun Meng , Zhang Gong , Liu Yang , Liu Huijuan , Qu Jiuhui , Li Jinghong
Published: April 2015

Development of novel nanocatalysts for the highly efficient in situ synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 in the electro‐Fenton (EF) process has potential for the remediation of water pollution. In this work, AuPd/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the facile aggregation of AuPd bimetals on CNTs. Characterization by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that pure AuPd bimetallic heterogeneous nanospheres (≈20 nm) were well dispersed outside the CNTs, which resulted in better catalytic performance than Pd/CNTs alone: 0.36 M H2O2 was synthesized; 0.05 M Fe2+ optimally initiated the EF process due to the superior in situ Fe2+ regeneration; and the organic pollutant removal reached 100 % at 37 min, with a pseudo‐first‐order kinetic constant k1=0.051 min−1. Moreover, structural insights before/after catalysis revealed that Au strengthened the construction of the nanocrystals, avoided negative deactivation caused by AuPd agglomeration, and immobilized the active Pd(111). The catalytic stability of AuPd/CNTs over ten cycles implied long durability and promising applications of this material.
Prediction of Boron–Boron Triple‐Bond Polymers Stabilized by Janus‐Type Bis(N‐heterocyclic) Carbenes
Authors: Fantuzzi Felipe , Chaer Nascimento Marco A.
Published: April 2015

A class of polymeric compounds containing boron–boron triple bonds stabilized by N‐heterocyclic biscarbenes is proposed. Since a triply bonded B2 is related to its third excited state, the predicted macromolecule would be composed by several units of an electronically excited first‐row homonuclear dimer. Moreover, it is shown that the replacement of biscarbene with N2 or CO as spacers could change the bonding profile of the boron–boron units to a cumulene‐like structure. Based on these results, different types of diboryne polymers are proposed, which could lead to an unprecedented set of boron materials with distinct physical properties. The novel diboryne macromolecules could be synthesized by the reaction of Janus‐type biscarbenes with tetrabromodiborane, B2Br4, and sodium naphthalenide, [Na(C10H8)], similarly to Braunschweig’s work on the room temperature stable boron–boron triple bond compounds (Science, 2012, 336, 1420).
Beyond Stereoselectivity, Switchable Catalysis: Some of the Last Frontier Challenges in Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters
Authors: Guillaume Sophie M. , Kirillov Evgueni , Sarazin Yann , Carpentier Jean‐François
Published: April 2015

Metal‐based catalysts and initiators have played a pivotal role in the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters, thanks to their high activity and remarkable ability to control precisely the architectures of the resulting polyesters in terms of molar mass, dispersity, microstructure, or tacticity. Today, after two decades of extensive research, the field is slowly reaching maturity. However, several challenges remain, while original concepts have emerged around new types or new applications of catalysis. This Review is not intended to comprehensively cover all of these aspects. Rather, it provides a personal overview of the very recent progress achieved in some selected, important aspects of ROP catalysis—stereocontrol and switchable catalysis. Hence, the first part addresses the development of new metal‐based catalysts for the isoselective ROP of racemic lactide towards stereoblock copolymers, and the use of syndioselective ROP metal catalysts to control the monomer sequence in copolymers. A second part covers the development of ROP catalysts—primarily metal‐based catalysts, but also organocatalysts—that can be externally regulated by the use of chemical or photo stimuli to switch them between two states with different catalytic abilities. Current challenges and opportunities are highlighted.
ChemInform Abstract: M3(P2O7)22‐‐Type Open Frameworks Featuring [M2O8] and [M3O12] Multinuclear Transition‐Metal Oxide Units. Serendipitous Synthesis of Six Polymorphic Salt‐Inclusion Magnetic Solids: Na2M3 (P2O7)2·ACl (M: Mn, Fe; A: Rb, Cs) and K2M3 (P2O7)2·CsCl (M: Fe, Mn).
Authors: Gao Jianhua , Li Jian , Sulejmanovic Dino , Hwu Shiou‐Jyh
Published: April 2015

Single crystals of the salt‐inclusion phosphates Na2Mn3 (P2O7)2·CsCl (I), Na2Mn3 (P2O7)2·RbCl (II), Na2Fe3 (P2O7)2·CsCl (III), Na2Fe3 (P2O7)2·RbCl (IV), K2Mn3 (P2O7)2·CsCl (V), and K2Fe3 (P2O7)2·CsCl (VI) are grown in reactive molten chloride flux using e.g. MnO (1.6 mmol) and P4O10 (0.5 mmol) in a RbCl/NaCl eutectic mixture (750 °C, 12 h, controlled cooling; 30‐50% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Fully and Partially Li‐Stuffed Diamond Polytypes with Ag—Ge Structures: Li2AgGe and Li2.53AgGe2.
Authors: Henze Alexander , Hlukhyy Viktor , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: April 2015

The Li‐Ag‐Ge phase diagram is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Li14(PON3)2O — A Non‐condensed Oxonitridophosphate Oxide.
Authors: Baumann Dominik , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

Li14(PON3)2O is prepared by solid state reaction of 1:6 molar mixtures of PO(NH2)3 and LiNH2 (evacuated silica tube, 550 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Superconductivity in the New‐Structure‐Type Compound: SrPt6P2.
Authors: Lv Bing , et al. et al.
Published: April 2015

SrPt6P2 is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Sr, Pt, and pre‐reacted PtP2 (Al2O3 crucible in evacuated silica tube, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Chlorination of β‐Keto Esters and Amides Catalyzed by Chiral Copper(II) Complexes of Squaramide‐Linked Bisoxazoline Ligand.
Authors: Jia Sheng‐Jian , Du Da‐Ming
Published: April 2015

The chlorinated products are obtained under optimized reaction conditions in excellent yields but only moderate enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Pyrrolidine Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Aziridines with Isothiocyanates, Isoselenocyanates and Carbon Disulfide “on Water”.
Authors: Sengoden Mani , Vijay Murugan , Balakumar Emayavaramban , Punniyamurthy Tharmalingam
Published: April 2015

Thiazolidine and selenazolidine derivatives such as (III), (V), (VII), and (IX) are simply and efficiently synthesized via [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions under mild conditions under air.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of Dioxygen in Air by a Phenol/Selectfluor System: An Application in the Oxidation‐Dimerization of Alkynes to 2‐Ene‐1,4‐diones.
Authors: Wu Degui , Zhang Jian , Wang Heng , Zhang Jiahui , Liu Yunkui , Liu Miaochang
Published: April 2015

A mild procedure to activate dioxygen by a combined phenol/selectfluor system is presented which allows the oxidative dimerization of terminal alkynes to give 1,4‐enediones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Reductive Amination of Nitriles and Organic‐Group Reductions Using Dimethylamine Borane.
Authors: van der Waals Dominic , Pettman Alan , Williams Jonathan M. J.
Published: April 2015

The use of a variety of copper salts as well as elemental copper and its oxides can be used to catalyze the dehydrogenation of a range of amine boranes with dimethylamine borane showing high levels of reactivity to the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Protocol for Preparation of Diverse α,β‐ and β,β‐Dihaloenones from Diazodicarbonyls.
Authors: Somai Magar Krishna Bahadur , Lee Yong Rok
Published: April 2015

The products are transformed into novel functionalized molecules with aromatic rings on the enone moiety via Suzuki coupling.
ChemInform Abstract: Tungsten‐, Molybdenum‐, and Cerium‐Promoted Regioselective and Stereospecific Halogenation of 2,3‐Epoxy Alcohols and 2,3‐Epoxy Sulfonamides.
Authors: Wang Chuan , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: April 2015

Numerous variously substituted 2,3‐epoxy alcohols and sulfonamides are halogenated regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Selective Synthesis of E‐Vinylamines via Tungsten(0)‐Catalyzed Hydroamination of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Kociecka Paulina , Czelusniak Izabela , Szymanska‐Buzar Teresa
Published: April 2015

The title reaction applies to both terminal arylalkynes and alkylalkynes, but alkylalkynes gives poor to moderate yields [e.g. (IV)].
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticle‐Supported Phosphotungstic Acid as a Recyclable Catalyst for the Kabachnik—Fields Reaction of Isatins, Imines, and Aldehydes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Nazish Mohd , Saravanan S. , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Kumari Prathibha , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: April 2015

Phosphotungstic acid supported on nanoparticles of Fe3O4—SiO2 is an efficient catalyst for the solvent‐free hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes (I) and isatins (VIII) leading to corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphonates (III) and (IX), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Wittig Reactions of Semi‐ and Nonstabilized Ylides Enabled by Ylide Tuning.
Authors: Coyle Emma E. , Doonan Bryan J. , Holohan Andrew J. , Walsh Killian A. , Lavigne Florie , Krenske Elizabeth H. , O'Brien Christopher J.
Published: April 2015

Different phosphinoxide catalysts are employed in the Wittig reaction between aromatic aldehydes, benzyl halogenides, and alkyl halogenides.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Value Alcohols and Higher‐Oxidation‐State Compounds by Catalytic Z‐Selective Cross‐Metathesis.
Authors: Koh Ming Joo , Khan R. Kashif M. , Torker Sebastian , Yu Miao , Mikus Malte S. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: April 2015

An electronically modified ruthenium—disulfide catalyst that is effective in cross‐metathesis is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Allylarenes via Catalytic Decarboxylation of Allyl Benzoates.
Authors: Pfister Kai F. , Gruenberg Matthias F. , Goossen Lukas J.
Published: April 2015

Allylarenes are synthesized from allylbenzoates by extrusion of CO2 using Pd2(dba)3 as catalyst and P(Tol)3 as ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Aryl‐Palladium‐NHC Complex: Efficient Phosphine‐Free Catalyst Precursors for the Carbonylation of Aryl Iodides with Amines or Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Liu Jianhua , Xia Chungu
Published: April 2015

A series of novel aryl‐palladium‐NHC complexes are shown to catalyze carbonylation and Sonogashira carbonylation reactions of aryl iodides (I) with high turnover numbers.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Mediated Fluorination of Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates with Selectfluor®.
Authors: Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Narreddula Venkateswara Reddy , Gadde Satyanarayana , Mathew Thresen
Published: April 2015

This modified, robust and simple protocol for the fluorination of potassium aryl trifluoroborates furnishes aryl fluorides for a broad substrate scope in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective and Ligand‐Free Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers in Aqueous Medium Using Recyclable Alumina‐Supported Nickel Nanoparticles.
Authors: Ghatak Avishek , Khan Sagar , Roy Rimi , Bhar Sanjay
Published: April 2015

The chemoselective O‐arylation of phenols with aryl halides is tolerant to a wide range of sensitive functional groups including aromatic NH2 and benzylic OH groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Oxidation of Ynamides: A Facile Access to N‐Monosubstituted α‐Ketoamides and α‐Ketoimides.
Authors: Huang Hai , He Guangke , Zhu Xiaolin , Jin Xiaodong , Qiu Shineng , Zhu Hongjun
Published: April 2015

The method, performed without a metal catalyst, reveals a good functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free DDQ‐Mediated Oxidative C—O Coupling of Acetalic sp3 C—H Bonds with Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Li Jiang‐Sheng , Xue Yuan , Fu Dong‐Mei , Li Dao‐Lin , Li Zhi‐Wei , Liu Wei‐Dong , Pang Huai‐Lin , Zhang Yue‐Fei , Cao Zhong , Zhang Ling
Published: April 2015

Unsymmetrical (and symmetrical) glycol diesters are efficiently synthesized by the smoothly proceeding title reaction in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Co‐Operative Ni—Cu System for C(sp)—C(sp) and C(sp)—C(sp2) Cross‐Coupling Providing a Direct Access to Unsymmetrical 1,3‐Diynes and En‐ynes.
Authors: Mukherjee Nirmalya , Kundu Debasish , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: April 2015

29 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dihydroisobenzofurans via Palladium‐Catalyzed Sequential Alkynylation/Annulation of 2‐Bromobenzyl and 2‐Chlorobenzyl Alcohols under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Buxaderas Eduardo , Alonso Diego A. , Najera Carmen
Published: April 2015

The reactions of 2‐bromobenzyl alcohols as well as 2‐bromobenzaldehydes deliver slightly to significantly higher product yields than the corresponding 2‐chloro derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonsymmetrical 3,4‐Dithienylmaleimides by Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Indium Organometallics: Synthesis and Photochemical Studies.
Authors: Mosquera Angeles , Fernandez M. Isabel , Canle Lopez Moises , Perez Sestelo Jose , Sarandeses Luis A.
Published: April 2015

Sequential selective Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of dichloromaleimide with triorganoindium compounds afford dithienylmaleimides which can be used as photochemical switches.
ChemInform Abstract: Base Initiated Aromatization/C—O Bond Formation: A New Entry to O‐Pyrazole Polyfluoroarylated Ethers.
Authors: Tang Xiangyang , Chang Jing , Liu Cuibo , Zhang Bin
Published: April 2015

In addition to the preparation of O‐pyrazole polyfluoroarylated ethers the method is also applicable to the synthesis of the corresponding isoxazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light Promoted Catalyst‐Free Imidation of Arenes and Heteroarenes.
Authors: Song Lu , Zhang Long , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: April 2015

N‐Bromosaccharin undergoes homolytic cleavage under ambient light irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyne—Azide Cycloaddition Catalyzed by a Dinuclear Copper(I) Complex.
Authors: Chen Hong‐Bin , Abeyrathna Nawodi , Liao Yi
Published: April 2015

Scale‐up of the reaction succeeds using only 0.1 mol% of the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium Trichloride Catalyzed sp3 C—H Bond Functionalization of 2‐Alkyl Azaarenes under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Chatterjee Sourav , Bhattacharjee Pinaki , Temburu Jagadeesh , Nandi Debkumar , Jaisankar Parasuraman
Published: April 2015

An enantioselective version of the presented functionalization of 2‐methyl and 2‐ethyl quinolines as well as 2‐methylpyridine with enediones and eneamides is currently in progress.
ChemInform Abstract: An Aluminum Triflate‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Reaction Sequence Toward Concise Construction of the Tetrahydropyrido[1,2‐a]indol‐6‐one Skeleton.
Authors: Wang Jun‐Jiao , Zhou An‐Xi , Wang Gang‐Wei , Yang Shang‐Dong
Published: April 2015

Although the transformation succeeds efficiently for indole system the reaction fails for pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Chiral Cyclopropane‐Fused Tetrahydroquinolines: Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael/Alkylation Domino Reaction and One‐Pot Aza‐Cyclization.
Authors: Kim Cheolwoong , Kim Sung‐Gon
Published: April 2015

The reaction of bromomalonates (II) and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes [e.g. (I), (V), and (VIII)] gives 2‐formylcyclopropanes [e.g. (III), (VI), and (IX)] in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Halogen‐Containing 2‐Methylpyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazol‐4(10H)‐ones.
Authors: Ulomskiy E. N. , El'tsov O. S. , Borisov S. S. , Savateev K. V. , Voinkov E. K. , Fedotov V. V. , Rusinov V. L.
Published: April 2015

The synthesis of a variety of 3‐halo‐2‐methylpyrimidobenzimidazolones and their behavior in alkylation reactions are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed Dealkoxylative Caryl—C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling—Replacement of Aromatic Methoxy Groups of Aryl Ethers by Employing a Functionalized Nucleophile.
Authors: Leiendecker Matthias , Hsiao Chien‐Chi , Guo Lin , Alandini Nurtalya , Rueping Magnus
Published: April 2015

The corresponding products are stable, α‐CH active, and suitable for various further transformations.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrabutylammonium Iodide‐Catalyzed Phosphorylation of Benzyl C—H Bonds via a Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) Reaction.
Authors: Xu Jian , Zhang Pengbo , Li Xueqin , Gao Yuzhen , Wu Ju , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen
Published: April 2015

Phosphate esters are synthesized by phosphorylation of benzylic C—H bond using Bu4NI as catalyst and tBuOOH as an oxidant in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Three Lanostane Triterpenoids with Antitrypanosomal Activity from the Fruiting Body of Hexagonia tenuis.
Authors: Umeyama Akemi , et al. et al.
Published: April 2015

Hexatenuins A (Ia), B (Ib), and C (II) display activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (IC50 0.57, 8.60 and 5.62 μg/ml).
ChemInform Abstract: Theory of Surface Chemistry and Reactivity of Reducible Oxides
Authors: van Santen Rutger A. , Tranca Ionut , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: April 2015

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light‐Assisted Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Furst Laura , Stephenson Corey R. J.
Published: April 2015

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions without Metals
Authors: Ito Hideto , Ueda Kirika , Itami Kenichiro
Published: April 2015

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Darcel Christophe , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste , Duque Samuel Quintero
Published: April 2015

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Applications of Hydroxamates
Authors: Ugwu David I. , Ezema Benjamin E. , Eze Florence U. , Ayogu Jude I. , Ezema Chidimma G. , Ugwuja Daniel I.
Published: April 2015

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Biological Activities of Chroman‐2‐ones. A Review
Authors: Kamat D. P. , Tilve S. G. , Kamat V. P. , Kirtany J. K.
Published: April 2015

Review: 279 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemistry of Atropisomers: Non‐biaryl Atropisomers for Stereospecific Phototransformations
Authors: Clay Anthony , Kumarasamy Elango , Ayitou Anoklase J.‐L. , Sivaguru Jayaraman
Published: April 2015

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Allokainic Acid: A Review
Authors: Bhat Chinmay , Kumar Amit
Published: April 2015

Review: [different synthetic methods from its first synthesis to the most recent one, covering 1953—2014; 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Catalysis in Micellar Media
Authors: La Sorella Giorgio , Strukul Giorgio , Scarso Alessandro
Published: April 2015

Review: [175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Pyrazole‐3(5)‐diazonium Salts (Review)
Authors: Ledenyova I. V. , Didenko V. V. , Shikhaliev Kh. S.
Published: April 2015

Review: 191 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalysis from UV/Vis to Near‐Infrared Light: Towards Full Solar‐Light Spectrum Activity
Authors: Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Umar Ahmad
Published: April 2015

Review: [81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Radziszewski Reaction: An Elegant, Easy, Simple and Efficient Method to Synthesise Imidazoles
Authors: Hernandez Munoz July A. , Junior Joel J. , Martins da Silva Flavia
Published: April 2015

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perfluoroalkylfullerenes
Authors: Boltalina Olga V. , Popov Alexey A. , Kuvychko Igor V. , Shustova Natalia B. , Strauss Steven H.
Published: April 2015

Review: synthetic methods, molecular structures and physicochemical properties; 240 res.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Modern Tools to Probe the Structure—Function Relationship of Fatty Acid Synthases
Authors: Finzel Kara , Lee D. John , Burkart Michael D.
Published: April 2015

Review: 185 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer/Gold Hybrid Nanoparticles: From Synthesis to Cancer Theranostic Applications
Authors: Wu Xingjie , Gao Yanqin , Dong Chang‐Ming
Published: April 2015

Review: 58 refs.
Absorption von CO2 mittels wässriger Natronlauge – Experimente und Simulationen mit dem Ansatz der Hydrodynamischen Analogien
Authors: Yazgi Murat , Tran Julian M. , Ausner Ilja , Wehrli Marc , Kenig Eugeny Y.
Published: April 2015

Ein Ansatz zur Simulation von Trennprozessen in Packungskolonnen basiert auf Analogien zwischen komplexen, in realen Apparaten vorliegenden, und geometrisch vereinfachten Strömungsformen und ist daher als Ansatz der Hydrodynamischen Analogien (HA) bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde der HA‐Ansatz für die Modellierung reaktiver Absorption von CO2 in wässriger Natronlauge bei vorliegender turbulenter Gasströmung verwendet. Es wurden umfangreiche Absorptionsversuche durchgeführt, bei denen CO2‐Konzentrationen in der Gasphase über die Kolonnenhöhe vermessen wurden. Der HA‐Ansatz konnte anhand dieser experimentellen Daten erfolgreich validiert werden.
Pop‐up im Mikromaßstab
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: April 2015

Zwei neue Verfahren lassen zweidimensionale Muster im Mikrometer‐Maßstab auf Kommando zu komplexen dreidimensionalen Architekturen emporschnellen.
Targeting the interleukin‐11 receptor α in metastatic prostate cancer: A first‐in‐man study
Authors: Pasqualini Renata , Millikan Randall E. , Christianson Dawn R. , Cardó‐Vila Marina , Driessen Wouter H. P. , Giordano Ricardo J. , Hajitou Amin , Hoang Anh G. , Wen Sijin , Barnhart Kirstin F. , Baze Wallace B. , Marcott Valerie D. , Hawke David H. , Do Kim‐Anh , Navone Nora M. , Efstathiou Eleni , Troncoso Patricia , Lobb Roy R. , Logothetis Christopher J. , Arap Wadih
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Receptors in tumor blood vessels are attractive targets for ligand‐directed drug discovery and development. The authors have worked systematically to map human endothelial receptors (“vascular zip codes”) within tumors through direct peptide library selection in cancer patients. Previously, they selected a ligand‐binding motif to the interleukin‐11 receptor alpha (IL‐11Rα) in the human vasculature.

METHODS

The authors generated a ligand‐directed, peptidomimetic drug (bone metastasis‐targeting peptidomimetic‐11 [BMTP‐11]) for IL‐11Rα–based human tumor vascular targeting. Preclinical studies (efficacy/toxicity) included evaluating BMTP‐11 in prostate cancer xenograft models, drug localization, targeted apoptotic effects, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses, and dose‐range determination, including formal (good laboratory practice) toxicity across rodent and nonhuman primate species. The initial BMTP‐11 clinical development also is reported based on a single‐institution, open‐label, first‐in‐class, first‐in‐man trial (National Clinical Trials number NCT00872157) in patients with metastatic, castrate‐resistant prostate cancer.

RESULTS

BMTP‐11 was preclinically promising and, thus, was chosen for clinical development in patients. Limited numbers of patients who had castrate‐resistant prostate cancer with osteoblastic bone metastases were enrolled into a phase 0 trial with biology‐driven endpoints. The authors demonstrated biopsy‐verified localization of BMTP‐11 to tumors in the bone marrow and drug‐induced apoptosis in all patients. Moreover, the maximum tolerated dose was identified on a weekly schedule (20‐30 mg/m2). Finally, a renal dose‐limiting toxicity was determined, namely, dose‐dependent, reversible nephrotoxicity with proteinuria and casts involving increased serum creatinine.

CONCLUSIONS

These biologic endpoints establish BMTP‐11 as a targeted drug candidate in metastatic, castrate‐resistant prostate cancer. Within a larger discovery context, the current findings indicate that functional tumor vascular ligand‐receptor targeting systems may be identified through direct combinatorial selection of peptide libraries in cancer patients. Cancer 2015;121:2411–2421. © 2015 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society.
A design pattern for optimizations in data intensive applications using ABS and JAVA 8
Authors: Serbanescu V. , Azadbakht K. , de Boer F. , Nagarajagowda C. , Nobakht B.
Published: April 2015

Cloud environments have become a standard method for enterprises to offer their applications by means of web services, data management systems, or simply renting out computing resources. In our previous work, we presented how we can use a modeling language together with the new features of JAVA 8 to overcome certain drawbacks of data structures and synchronization mechanisms in parallel applications. We extend this solution into a design pattern that allows application‐specific optimizations in a distributed setting. We validate this integration using our previous case study of the Prime Sieve of Eratosthenes and illustrate the performance improvements in terms of speed‐up and memory consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of Ln3+ with Methyl‐Substituted Cucurbit[n]urils (n=5,6) Derived from 3α‐Methyl Glycoluril
Authors: Wang Chuan‐Zeng , Zhao Wen‐Xuan , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Xue Sai‐Feng , Tao Zhu , Zhu Qian‐Jiang
Published: April 2015

The interactions between a series of lanthanide cations (Ln3+) and methyl‐substituted cucurbiturils (SPMeQ[5] and SHMeQ[6]) derived from a 3α‐methyl glycoluril have been investigated. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that both SPMeQ[5] and SHMeQ[6] selectively interact with certain lanthanide ions. SPMeQ[5] forms coordination capsules in the presence of [CdCl4]2−. The Ln3+ cations that interact are the four light lanthanides, La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, and Nd3+, whereas the remaining lanthanide cations remain in solution. SHMeQ[6] formed adducts of SHMeQ[6] with aqua complexes of lanthanide cations ([Ln(H2O)8]3+); for SHMeQ[6]–Ln(NO3)3–CdCl2–HCl systems (Ln=Gd–Lu), no solid crystals were obtained from systems that contained La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Eu. Whereas solid crystals of adducts of SHMeQ[6] with aqua complexes of lanthanide cations (Ln=Sm–Lu) formed SHMeQ[6]–Ln(NO3)3 systems in neutral solution, no solid crystals were obtained from systems that contained La, Ce, Pr, or Nd. These results suggest that SPMeQ[5]– and SHMeQ[6]–Ln(NO3)3 systems could be useful for the selective isolation of these lighter or heavier lanthanide cations from mixtures. Energy‐dispersive spectrometry indicated that the lighter or heavier lanthanide cations could be isolated from their heavier or lighter counterparts through interaction with SPMeQ[5] and SHMeQ[6].
Dissipative sampled‐data control of uncertain nonlinear systems with time‐varying delays
Authors: Selvaraj P. , Sakthivel R. , Marshal Anthoni S. , Rathika M. , Yong‐Cheol Mo
Published: April 2015

This article investigates the delay‐dependent robust dissipative sampled‐data control problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with both differentiable and non‐differentiable time‐varying delays. The main purpose of this article is to design a retarded robust control law such that the resulting closed‐loop system is strictly (Q, S, R)‐dissipative. By introducing a suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and using free weighting matrix approach, some sufficient conditions for the solvability of the addressed problem are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities. From the obtained dissipative result, we deduce four cases namely, H∞ performance, passivity performance, mixed H∞, and passivity performance and sector bounded performance of the considered system. From the obtained result, it is concluded that based on the passivity performance it is possible to obtain the controller with less control effort, and also the minimum H∞ performance and the maximum allowable delay for achieving stabilization conditions can be obtained via the mixed H∞ and passivity control law. Finally, simulation studies based on aircraft control system are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 142–154, 2016
Preparation of dendritic‐like CdS by hydrothermal method and its photocatalytic performance
Authors: Yang Xiande , Wang Yongqian , Jiang Tingting , Yang Jun , Li Yinchang , Ma Qun
Published: April 2015

In this article, dendritic‐like CdS has been prepared by a hydrothermal method using thiourea as the sulfur source, and the effects of experimental conditions on the morphologies of CdS have been investigated. The performances of CdS have been analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the fluorescence and photodegradation properties of CdS have also been investigated. The XRD result indicates that the dendritic‐like CdS are of hexagonal phase and they are highly crystallized. Also, the FESEM results show that the ratio of raw material affects the yield of CdS, the reaction time affects the morphology of CdS. The best morphology of CdS is dendritic structures and the length is about 6 μm. The fluorescence spectrum shows three peaks at 470 nm, 513 nm and 547 nm, which indicates that the dendritic‐like CdS mainly emits green and blue fluorescence. Moreover, the dendritic‐like CdS exhibits good photocatalytic activity and its photodegradation rate to methylene blue can reach 92%. The growth mechanism for the formation of CdS with dendritic structure is also described.
An adaptive digital processor for power efficiency enhancement in hybrid supply modulators
Authors: Salimi Atefeh , Dehghani Rasoul , Nabavi Abdolreza
Published: April 2015

A novel digital envelope modulator for envelope tracking radio frequency power amplifier is presented in this paper. The proposed modulator consists of a parallel combination of linear class AB and switching class D power amplifiers that are controlled digitally. In the previous analog architectures, the requirements needed for the AB operational amplifier such as high‐current driving capability, high bandwidth and large output swing is usually obtainable at high overall static power dissipation. The digitally controlled power opamp presented here not only provides the aforementioned requirements but also reduces power dissipation compared with previous work. Furthermore, the digital control of the modulator makes it adaptive to the input signal variations in comparison with conventional analog parallel hybrid envelope modulators. The digital processor of the modulator is evaluated with a 45‐nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. The overall power consumption of the digital processor is around 142 mW at 1.5‐GHz clock frequency. As an application, the designed digital class AB is incorporated in a complete envelope modulator architecture. The overall efficiency of the modulator, including the digital processor power consumption, is around 82% at an average 32 dBm output power for a 5‐MHz input signal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PIC/MCC Simulation of Electron and Ion Currents to Spherical Langmuir Probe
Authors: Trunec D. , Bonaventura Z. , Zikin P. , Jánský J.
Published: April 2015

The Particle In Cell/Monte Carlo Collisions (PIC/MCC) simulation was used for the calculation of electron and ion currents to a spherical Langmuir (electrostatic) probe. This simulation took into account the collisions of collected charged particles with neutral gas particles around the probe and it can calculate the probe currents at higher neutral gas pressures. The improvements of usual simulation techniques enabled to speed up the simulation and to calculate the probe current even for neutral gas pressures above 1 kPa. The simulations were carried out for two cases: i) probe with radius of 0.5 mm in non‐thermal plasma with high electron temperature, ii) probe with radius of 10 µm in afterglow plasma with low electron temperature. The influence of probe radius on electron probe current was also studied. The simulations showed that thick sheath limit of OML theory provides incorrect values of probe current for probes with radii larger than 200 µm at plasma parameters considered even at very low neutral gas pressures. The probe characteristics were calculated for probe with 0.5 mm radius for pressures up to 500 Pa and for probe with 10 μm radius for pressures up to 3 kPa. The influence of collisions on electron and ion probe current was demonstrated and the procedure for determination of electron and ion densities from the probe measurement at higher pressures was developed. The results from PIC/MCC simulations were compared with results from continuum theory. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)