bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remodeling Techniques of Water Storage Tanks and Residual Chlorine Remaining Devices
Authors: Kim Seog Ku , Lee Hyun Dong , Kwak Pill Jae , Kim So Jung , Hong Seong Ho , Kim Sung Jin , Choi Ju Sol
Published: March 2009

We developed the remodeling techniques of water storage tanks and the residual chlorine
remaining devices. Eco-TIR((Total Internal Remodeling) is remodeling technique that cover the
inside wall of concrete tank with SMC(Sheet Mold Compound) Block. Eco-SL(Stainless steel
Lining) and Eco-GS(Glass sheet) is similar to Eco-TIR(Total Internal Remodeling) but stainless steel
or glass tile is substituted for SMC block as a cover material. We tested the residual chlorine
remaining devices and the results are as follows. First, it was estimated that mixing efficiency is
increased if inflow energy to the water tank is used in the results of variation of residual chlorine
concentration. Secondly, result showed that the removal percent of residual chlorine concentration was
up to 90% by using ACF filter and feed water of high residual chlorine concentration can be controlled
to 0.2mg/L〜0.4mg/L by using ACF and by-pass of inflow to the water tank. Also, in the water tank
inlet pipe of 3-ways out using inflow energy is more effective in mixing than conventional inlet pipe.
It is expected to enhance the safety of service water and management efficiency by applying
mentioned techniques properly.
Bi-Axial Stretchable Electrode Based on the Thin PDMS Substrate for the Biomedical Applications
Authors: Baek Ju Yeoul , Kwon Gu Han , An Jin Hee , Chang Ho Jung , Lee Ky Am , Sun Kyung , Lee Sang Hoon
Published: March 2009

PDMS(polydimethylsiloxane) is a flexible and biocompatible material and is widely
used in bio- or medical-related fields. In this paper, we have developed the soft electrode to be
stretchable bi-axially by using tissue-like soft material (PDMS). We have established the simple
method to deposit the metal layer on the PDMS layer to be stretchable bi-axially and we have
evaluated the electrical property according to the application of bi-directional stresses. This
stretchable electrode can be extensively utilized in biomedical fields such as implantable electrode
and wire at the flexion region or artificial skin.
Characteristics of Silica Aerogel Composites Synthesized by Ambient Drying Method
Authors: Kim Chang Yeoul , Lee Jong Kyu , Kim Byung Ik
Published: March 2009

Aerogel has its advantages of light density of 0.003-0.35 g/cm3 and its high specific surface area,
600-1000m2/g, mean pore diameter ~20nm. However, aerogel has its disadvantages of fragility and
high cost. To overcome the mechanical fragility, we synthesized aerogel composite blankets with
glass wools by drying at ambient atmosphere. Colloidal silica sol was first prepared by ion
exchanging sodium silicate through amberlite column. Then, glass wool was soaked into the
pH-controlled silica aerogel and then gelated. Ageing of silica aerogel composite was conducted in
purified water and solvent exchange/surface modification was simultaneously processed in hexane
and TMCS solution. After drying at 60oC and heat-treatment at 230oC, we evaluated the properties
of aerogel composite, its apparent density and specific surface area.
Chemical and Electrical Properties of ZnS Deposited with DEZ and H2S by Atomic Layer Deposition Method
Authors: Kuk Seoung Woo , Bang Seok Hwan , Kim In Hoe , Jeon Sun Yeol , Jeon Hyeong Tag , Park Hyung Ho , Chang Ho Jung
Published: March 2009

ZnS thin films were grown by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) method with Diethyl-
Zinc (DEZ) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for the application of a channel layer of OITFT
(Organic-Inorganic Thin-Film Transistor). ZnS has many advantages such as high channel
mobility, high deposition rate, transparency at room temperature due to the broad band gap
(bandgap of ZnS : 3.7 eV), nontoxic characteristic, low resistivity, and less sensitive about
oxidation than ZnO. The deposition rate of the ZnS films in our system was about 1.6 Å/cycle.
ZnS film was characterized by AES, XRD, Hall-effect measurement.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanosized TiO2 Using Basic Peptizing Agents and their Photocatalytic Activity on the Decomposition of Orange II
Authors: Kim Jun Ho , Lim Kwon Taek , Lee Gun Dae , Park Seong Soo , Hong Seong Soo
Published: March 2009

TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using the hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide
(TTIP) using TENOH as a peptizing agent in the hydrothermal method. The physical properties of
prepared nanosized TiO2 particles were investigated. The photocatalytic degradation of orange II has
been studied using a batch reactor in the presence of UV light. The crystallite size of the anatase
phase is increased from 15 to 30 nm as the molar ratio of TENOH/TTIP increases from 0.1 to 1.0.
The titania particle prepared at TENOH/TTIP molar ratio=0.1 shows the highest activity on the
photocatalytic decomposition of orange II and the photocatalytic activity decreases according to an
increase in TENOH/TTIP molar ratio. In addition, the titania particles prepared at 160oC shows the
highest activity on the photocatalytic decomposition of orange II
Effects of Y2O3 on the Piezoelectric Properties of PSN-PMN-PZT Composition under Various Alternating Electric Fields
Authors: Ur Soon Chul , Choi Y.G. , Kwon Joon Chul , Ryu Sung Lim , Lee Young Geun , Lee J.L. , Kim L.H. , Hong Tae Whan , Kwon S.Y. , Yoon Man Soon
Published: March 2009

0.03Pb(Sb0.5Nb0.5)O3-0.03Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3-(0.94-x)PbTiO3-xPbZrO3 ceramics doped
with Y2O3 were synthesized by conventional bulk ceramic processing technique. Phases analysis,
microstructures and piezoelectric properties were investigated as a function of Y2O3 contents (0.03,
0.05, 0.1 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 wt.%). Microstructures and phases information were characterized using a
scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Relative dielectric
constant (K33
T) and coupling factor (kp) were obtained from the resonance measurement method.
Both K33
T and kp were shown to reach to the maximum at 0.1wt.% Y2O3. In order to evaluate the
stability of resonance frequency and effective electromechanical coupling factor (Keff) as a function
of Y2O3 contents under strong electric field, the variation of resonance and anti-resonance
frequency were also measured using a high voltage frequency response analyzer(FRA5096) under
various alternating electric fields from 10V/mm to 80V/mm. It was shown that the effective
electromechanical coupling factor was stabilized along with increasing Y2O3 contents.
Hot-Pressed AlN/BN Composite with Excellent Mechanical and Thermal Properties
Authors: Kusunose Takafumi , Cho Myoung Jae , Sekino Tohru , Niihara Koichi
Published: March 2009

In order to give machinability to hard and brittle AlN ceramics, the homogeneous
dispersion of fine BN particles into AlN matrix was investigated. The AlN/BN nanocomposite was
fabricated by hot-pressing AlN-BN composite powder, which was prepared by reducing and heating
AlN particles containing a mixture of boric acid, urea and carbon. The nanocomposite containing 20
vol.% BN showed high strength, machinability and relatively high thermal conductivity.
Sintering and Mechanical Properties of Alumina Ceramics Prepared by Nanosize Alumina
Authors: Indra Indra , Oh S.W. , Kim Hee Joon
Published: March 2009

This work examined the mechanical properties of alumina that can directly be enhanced
by ratio of nano sized alumina powders additives to micro size alumina powders (n/m
ratio). These new materials have mechanical properties that are strongly grain size
dependent and often significantly different from those of their coarser grained counter
parts. The mechanical characteristics of samples were observed by using the indentation
test system. This data shows that the relative density for the sample is increased with
increasing Meyer hardness.
Study on Indium Tin Oxide Films Deposited Using Different Conductive ITO Targets by DC Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Park Joon Hong , Lee Sang Chul , Lee Gun Hwan , Song Pung Keun
Published: March 2009

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) films were deposited on nonalkali glass substrate by dc
magnetron sputtering using high density ITO targets with different conductivitis. Depositions were
carried out at total gas pressure (Ptot) of 0.6 Pa, substrate temperature (Ts) of RT, oxygen flow ratio
[O2/(O2+Ar)] of 0 ~ 3.0 % and dc power of 100W. High conductivity target showed relatively high
stability in electrical property with increasing target erosion ratio. Optimum O2 addition ratio to
obtain the lowest resistivity was decreased with increasing target erosion ratio. High conductivity
ITO target could lead to decrease in micro-nodule formation on the target surface because of high
cooling. The decrease in resistivity was observed for the film annealed at H2 introduction or without
O2 addition in vacuum, where could be attributed to increase in carrier density.
Study on Silver-Containing HA Coatings Prepared by Vacuum Plasma Spraying
Authors: Zheng Xue Bin , Zeng Yi , Ding Chuan Xian , Lee Soo Wohn , Zhu Zi Yuan , Zhang Fu Qiang
Published: March 2009

Vacuum plasma sprayed (VPS) hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings with silver-loaded
zirconium phosphate antimicrobial have been prepared on titanium substrate. Antibacterial effects
of the coatings were studied by bacteria culturing using Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg),
Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) as microorganisms.
Simulated body fluid (SBF) test was carried out to evaluate the bioactivity of the coatings as well.
The results obtained showed that the coatings exhibited a marked antibacterial effect against Pg, Fn
and Aa when the content of antimicrobial was equal to or more than 5%. The antibacterial
capability of the coatings decreased in the following order: Pg, Fn, Aa. Bone-like apatite layer was
formed on the silver-containing HA coatings after immersed in SBF, suggesting that their
bioactivities were not affected obviously by the addition of silver-zirconium phosphate
antimicrobial. This study indicated that silver-containing VPS HA coating is a prospective candidate
as dental material.
The Effect of Processing Additives on Dispersion and Rheological Properties of Freeze Casting Alumina/Zirconia and Mullite/Zirconia Slurries
Authors: Lyu Seung Woo , Yang Tae Young , Lee Jae Myung , Yoon Seog Young , Stevens Ron , Park Hong Chae
Published: March 2009

Freeze casting is a useful forming technique to produce complex-shaped ceramic parts. In
order to optimize freeze casting slurries, several processing additives are usually employed.
Therefore, the relationships between additives and suspension characteristic should be understood.
The effects of incorporating processing additives on dispersion and viscosity functions of aqueous
alumina/zirconia and mullite/zirconia suspensions have been investigated.
Preparation of CuO Nanopowder in Aqueous Solution by Applying Ultrasonic and its CO Gas Sensitivity
Authors: Yang Ji Bum , Ko Tae Gyung , Jung Sang Jin , Oh Jae Hee
Published: March 2009

We report on a process in which CuO nanopowder was produced in a high yield by
adopting ultrasonic in aqueous solution. In our experiment, CuCl2 solution was reacted with NaOH
solution and NaNO2, at ambient conditions applying ultrasonic for 5 min. Precipitation was
performed by varying the molar ratios of NaOH/CuCl2 and NaNO2/CuCl2. CuO nanoparticles of ~ 5
nm and spherical shape were obtained at the NaOH/CuCl2 of 2.0 and the NaNO2/CuCl2 of 0.097.
Without ultrasonication, an amorphous phase was formed at these conditions. This indicates that
sonochemical reaction facilitates direct formation of the nanosized CuO particles. In addition, the
particle morphology varied from sphere through ellipsoid to needle forms depending on pH. In thick
films prepared with the CuO powder for gas sensing, the maximum CO gas sensitivity reached 93 %
at the temperature of 250 °C and depended linearly on CO concentration in log scale over the range of
10 ~ 104 ppm.
Thermoelectric Characteristics of the Electrodeposited (Bi,Sb)2Te3 Films with Variation of the Electrodeposition Current Density
Authors: Yoon Tae Jin , Park Yong Ho , Oh Tae Sung
Published: March 2009

Electrodeposition behavior and thermoelectric properties of the p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films
were investigated for thermoelectric energy conversion and nanowire applications. Composition and
thermoelectric properties of the electrodeposited (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films were strongly dependent on the
electrodeposition current density. The (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films electrodeposited in a 30mM solution of the
5mM Bi-15mM Sb-10mM Te concentration at current densities of 0.3~0.5 mA/cm2 exhibited the
power factors of 2~3.4 ×10-4 W/K2-m, which were equivalent to the values reported for the
sputter-deposited (Bi,Sb)2Te3 films.
Fabrication of n-HA/CS Porous Scaffold Carrying Ampicillin-Loaded Microspheres
Authors: Shi Pu Jiang , Li Yu Bao , Zhang Li , Zuo Yi , Wu Ming , Wang Hua Nan
Published: March 2009

In the paper, ampicillin-loaded alginate(ALG) microspheres covered with chitosan (CS)
were firstly prepared by emulsification/internal gelation method. These microspheres were mixed
with n-HA/CS composite and then were fabricated into porous scaffold carrying micropheres by
gas-foaming together with phase-separation. their properties were characterized by the methods of
scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and
inversed microscope. The drug releasing rate and entrapment efficiency were tested by
spectrophotometry at 203 nm. The results show that the porous scaffold carrying microspheres has
good property of slow drug releasing rate. The research will offer a new kind of degradable porous
scaffold with good property of controlled drug release for bone or cartilage repairing.
Cu/GDC Cermet Anodes by Sintering via Surface Modification with MgO Sol
Authors: Han Kyoung Ran , Jeong Youn Ji , Kim Chang Sam , Lee Hai Won
Published: March 2009

CuO/GDC composite powder with 50 wt% of CuO was prepared by surface
modification of ~60 nm GDC powder with Cu precursors. Since copper oxide melts at lower
temperature than GDC sintering temperature, fabrication procedure was modified by inducing
infiltration of molten copper oxide via capillary force and then followed by heat treatment at
~1000. Surface modification was carried out with a MgO sol to suppress agglomeration of
GDC. Such prepared Cu/GDC cermets showed uniform microstructure and excellent electronic
conductivity of ~8500 S/cm for the Cu/GDC cermet and ~10200 S/cm for the modified one at
800.
Cycling Performance of LiFePO4 as the Cathode Materials for Lithium Polymer Batteries
Authors: Gu Hal Bon , Jun Dae Kyoo
Published: March 2009

The cycle behavior and rate performance of C-LiFePO4/SPE/Li cell have been investigated at
25 °C. Carbon coated LiFePO4 (C-LiFePO4) was employed as cathode and 25PVDFLiClO4EC10PC10
was used as solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). The C-LiFePO4/SPE/Li cell exhibited above 140 mAh/g
of discharge capacity at 0.1 mA/cm2 and excellent reversible cyclability with a stable capacity on
cycling. In addition, the discharge capacity of C-LiFePO4/SPE/Li cell was 150 mAh/g at 0.1 C (0.02
mA/cm2) and 130 mAh/g at 1 C (0.2 mA/cm2), respectively.
Effect of ECAP Hot Processing on Grain Refinement and Superplasticity of 1933 Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Guo Hong Zhen , Zhao J. , Yuan S.C. , Zhao Z.L. , Yao Ze Kun
Published: March 2009

Cold and hot Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is an effective method to refine
metallic grains. In this paper, superplastic properties of 1933 aluminium alloy were evaluated and
the effect of hot ECAP on grain refinement and superplasticity was investigated. The testing results
show that the refinement of grains can not be infinitely increased with the increasing of ECAP
passes (or total strain). Under the isothermal ECAP conditions of the present study, optimum ECAP
passes for 1933 alloy are 4 passes. The grain size of 1933 alloy was refined from 20~50μm to
7~12μm by means of ECAP for 4 passes at 300°C (route Bc), so its superplasticity was improved.
Compared with original samples annealed at 400°C, the superplastic elongation of samples
processed by ECAP for 4 passes increases by a factor of 130% about, and the range of superplastic
temperature varies from 140°C to 210°C. The optimal superplastic temperature and initial strain
rate is 510°C and 3.3×10-4s-1 individually, at which the elongation reaches 262% and the flow stress
is 7.8MPa only. In a word, 1933 aluminium alloy can present more excellent superplasticity in wide
range of superplastic temperature and strain rate.
Coupled Simulation of the Static Recrystallization in Hot Deformed Austenite on Mesoscale
Authors: Zheng Cheng Wu , Xiao Na Min , Li Dian Zhong , Li Yi Yi
Published: March 2009

The kinetics and microstructure evolution during static recrystallization (SRX) of hot-deformed austenite in a low carbon steel are simulated by coupling a cellular automaton (CA) model with a crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM). The initial deformed characteristics, which include the stored energy of deformation and the crystallographic orientation induced by a plane strain hot compression are simulated using a crystal plasticity finite element model. These data are mapped onto the CA regular lattices as the initial parameters for SRX simulation. The coupled simulation results reveal that the heterogeneous distribution of the stored energy of deformation results in non-uniform nucleation and a slower kinetics. The influence of non-uniform distribution in stored energy on the SRX kinetics and microstructure evolution is discussed based on a microstructural path (MP) analysis.
Texture and Microstructure Control of Al-Mg-Si Alloy Sheet by Differential Speed Rolling
Authors: Shimamura Tomoko , Sakai Tetsuo , Utsunomiya Hiroshi , Kaneko S.
Published: March 2009

It is known that well developed <111>//ND texture increases Lankford value (r-value) of not only bcc metals but also fcc metals and alloys. However, <111>//ND texture cannot be formed in fcc metals by conventional rolling and annealing processes. The <111>//ND orientation is one of the major components of shear texture. Accordingly, this orientation develops in aluminum sheet when shear deformation is introduced. Al-Mg-Si alloy 6016 sheet was processed by two-pass differential speed rolling at room temperature under a high friction conditions. The rolling direction of the second pass was so selected that the direction of shear deformation introduced in the second pass was either similar (unidirectional shear rolling) to or opposite (reverse shear rolling) to that in the first pass. The roll speed ratio was 2.0. Large shear strain was successfully introduced through the thickness uniformly by the differential speed rolling. The shear texture with major components of {001}<110> and {111}<110> were developed throughout the thickness. Though large reduction in thickness of 75% was applied to the sheets by the rolling, conventional rolling texture such as {112}<111> or {123}<643> orientation was not detected in any part of the thickness. By solution treatment after the rolling, intensity of shear texture weakened and grain size decreased. It has been found that r-value is improved by the differential speed rolling subsequently followed by solution treatment.
Analysis of Explosion Combustion Phenomenon with Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Kimura Satoshi , Hata Hidehiro , Hiroe Tetsuyuki , Fujiwara Kazuhito , Kusano Hideaki
Published: March 2009

In this study, an explosion combustion phenomenon of ammonium nitrate (ρ=1.7kg/cm3)
was used instead of the explosive PETN and the ultra-high-speed destruction phenomenon of
aluminum cylinder was analyzed. The mix powder obtained by mixing aluminum powder
(ρ=2.7kg/cm3) and ammonium nitrate was used instead of the explosive PETN, and an explosive
combustion phenomenon was generated using copper wire explosion by high-voltage capacitor
bank (40kV, 12.5 /F). Ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder are kneaded in a combination ratio
of 5 : 1 in mass. An aluminum cylinder was destroyed by the phenomenon. The experiments were
conducted using various diameters of ammonium nitrate particle and the photographs of the
phenomenon were taken by the high-speed camera (IMACON468) and the high-speed video camera
(HPV-1). The fragments of aluminum cylinder were collected and their dimensions were measured.
The explosion phenomenon and fragments were compared with the result by explosive PETN. This
paper presents these experiments and analysis result. And, hydro codes have been applied to
simulate the deformation behavior of the aluminum cylinder.
The Preparation and Characterization of Organic Solvent Dispersible Polyaniline Coated Titania Hybrid Nanocomposites
Authors: Han Youn Gyu , Kusunose Takafumi , Sekino Tohru
Published: March 2009

The polyaniline (PANI) coated titania (TiO2) has been prepared with ammonium
persulfate (APS) as an oxidant in sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS) micellar aqueous solution. These
nanosized powders could transfer into the organic phase. With increase in the amount of SDS, the
dispersibility into the organic solvent was increased. Consequently, the electrical conductivity of the
product was also decreased. The obtained composites showed 14.16 S/cm of conductivity at
maximum while the value was almost independent on the polyaniline coating ratio in range of
100~20wt%. The conductivity value of composite with 20wt% polyaniline was 70000 times higher
than that of raw titania. Modified titania had properties of polyaniline and titania together. In addition
these composite showed the photoconductive response against the UV irradiation, which might show
the existence of P-N junction between titania and polyaniline. The detailed structure and property
analyses with X-ray, UV-spectroscopy, electron microscopy and so on will be discussed in relation to
the synthetic conditions
Adsorption Behavior of Barley Straw Carbon for Chromium (VI) Ion
Authors: Chand Rumi , Watari Takanori , Torikai Toshio , Yada Mitsunori , Inoue Katsutoshi
Published: March 2009

Porous carbon having surface area of 792 m2g-1 was prepared from barley straw by carbonization at 800 oC at a heating rate of 5 oCmin-1 to test the chromium (VI) adsorption from aqueous solution. The effects of pH, contact time and equilibrium Cr (VI) concentration on the adsorption were studied in detail. The optimum pH for Cr (VI) removal was found to be 2. The adsorption of Cr (VI) was very rapid and equilibrium was reached within 1 h. It was interpreted in terms of adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism. Accompanied by the decrease of Cr (VI) ion, Cr (III) ion was slightly released in the solution. Maximum loading capacity of total chromium was found to be 2.35 molkg-1 at pH 2.
Effect of the Organoclay Preparation on the Extent of the Intercalation/Exfoliation and the Barrier Properties in Polyamide-6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
Authors: Erdmann Eleonora , Lopes Dias Marcos , Rodriguez Pita Victor Jayme Roget , Monasterio Fernanda , Acosta Delicia , Destéfanis Hugo Alberto
Published: March 2009

This paper shows the importance of the clay surface chemistry in the preparation of
nanocomposite materials. An Argentinean montmorillonite was used for preparing two modified
clays. The filosilicate was intercalated with a quaternary ammonium salt derived from ε-
caprolactam to obtain an organofilic material. The other modification was introduced by mixing the
clay with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Thus, the polyamide 6 ability in dispersing
clays was applied to prepare composites with the intercalated clays. The polyamide 6/clay dry
composites with 3 wt % of filler were prepared by melt processing in a mixer chamber. Composites
of polyamide 6/organoclay were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission and scanning
electron microscopy and thermogravimetry. The barrier properties were determined by cyclohexane
pervaporation. The results show that the dispersion and degree of delamination depend on a proper
chemical treatment and the clay content influences the polyamide 6 nanocomposites solvent
pervaporation resistance.
The Fabrication of 2-D Global Fiducial Grid with High Resolution for Spatial Phase Locked e-Beam Lithography
Authors: Dai Jian Feng , Wang Qing , Li Wei Xue , Cui Yong Fu , Zhang Feng , Smith Henry I.
Published: March 2009

The spatial phase locked scanning electron beam lithography systems (SPLEBL) is a
new lithography technique with a pattern placement precision of about 1 nm. The SPLEBL
technique can solve the major problem of poor placement accuracy existed in the conventional
scanning electron beam lithography for that it uses a Fourier technique to detect the beam position
in real time during exposure. The fiducial grid plays a key role in SPLEBL. The two-dimensional
global fiducial grid with a grid period of 250 nm placed on top of the e-beam resist used in SPLEBL
with high contrast, high brightness, long-range spatial-phase coherence, large area and a pattern
placement precision of about 1 nm is fabricated using optical interference lithography in this article.
The detail fabrication process is described and the SEM images of the fabricated grid are also
presented in this paper. Only one evaporation step and several spin-coating steps are required in the
fabrication process, so it is simple and user friendly.
Stress-Induced Twin Boundary Motion in Particulate Ni-Mn-Ga /Polymer Composites
Authors: Feuchtwanger Jorge , Richard Marc L. , Lázpita Patricia , Gutiérrez Jon , Barandiarán José M. , Allen Samuel M. , O'Handley Robert C.
Published: March 2009

Composites of Ni–Mn–Ga particles in a polyurethane matrix can be made by mixing the
particles with the polymer, and allowing them to cure under a magnetic field to texture the
composites. These composites show large hysteresis and mechanical losses, when subjected to a
cyclic stress, that were far larger than the matrix polymer ones. The additional losses are attributed
to the motion of twin boundaries in the filler particles and provide a way for obtaining mechanical
energy absorption in a wide frequency range. By means of X-ray and neutron diffraction we present
evidence that confirms that twins are present in the particles and that they do move when
mechanically loading the composite
Bioceramic Coatings on Biomorphic SiC by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Rial Lourdes , Rodal P. , López-Álvarez Miriam , Borrajo Jacinto P. , Solla Eugenio Luís , Serra Julia , González Pio , León Betty
Published: March 2009

In this research, bioactive glass powders were electrophoretically deposited on
biomorphic SiC ceramic substrates. A post-deposition thermal treatment was carried out to improve
the properties of the coatings. Particle size, surface morphology, composition and thickness of the
coatings have been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS) and interferometric profilometry respectively. The analysis demonstrated that
the electrophoresis parameters, such as the voltage, the distance between the electrodes and the
deposition time, play an important role on the thickness of the coatings. The post-deposition thermal
treatment produces glass particles cohesion and leads to obtaining a homogeneous microstructure.
The excellent coverage of the porous SiC surface morphology is also demonstrated. Finally, in
order to assess the bioactive character of the glass coatings, in vitro test by immersion in simulated
body fluid (SBF) was carried out.
Structure and Properties of Aluminum Matrix Composites Reinforced by Al2O3 Particles
Authors: Dobrzański Leszek Adam , Kremzer M. , Gołombek Klaudiusz
Published: March 2009

The work presents the research results of modern composite materials. The matrix
material was EN AC AlSi12 alloy while the reinforcement ceramic preforms, obtained through
sintering process of Al2O3 Alcoa CL 2500 powder with addition of carbon fibers as pore forming
agent burned out during sintering. The composites were produced with use of porous material
pressure infiltration method. The main limitation of base technology is a difficulty in obtaining
composite materials with volumetric participation of ceramic phase in amount not less than 20%.
Obtained on the base of ceramic preforms composite materials were tested with scanning electron
microscopy. Additionally, hardness and tensile test was performed for acquired materials. Achieved
results indicate the possibility of producing, with use of pressure infiltration method, porous
preforms composed of Al2O3 particles, new composite material with desired microstructure and
properties, being a cheaper alternative for materials with base of ceramic fibers.
The Use of PM Ferritic Matrix for the Processing of Diamond Cutting Tools
Authors: de Oliveira Luciano José , Filgueira Marcello
Published: March 2009

This work deals with the use of Fe-Cu alloys for use as matrix for diamonds in cutting tools. In this case it was processed diamond beads for diamond wires - used in the slabbing of dimension stones. Normally, diamond beads are PM processed. The beads of the present work were manufactured using Fe-Cu alloy with addition of 1wt% of SiC as the matrix metallic bond. It was carried out shrinkage/swelling and microstructural analyses, Brinell hardness measurements, as well as the abrasion resistance of beads produced here in confront with commercial ones. The results indicate that it was processed beads with similar abrasion resistance and performance than those of the commercial diamond beads.
Porosity Characterization of Sintered Titanium Scaffolds for Surgical Implants
Authors: de Oliveira Marize Varella , Moreira Anderson Camargo , Pereira Luiz Carlos , Silva de Medeiros Waléria , Appoloni Carlos R.
Published: March 2009

Porosity and pore size are critical features for biomaterial scaffolds as they play an
essential role in bone formation and bone ingrowth in vivo. Therefore, techniques for
scaffolds evaluation are of great importance for their design and processing. Porous titanium
has been used for grafts and implant coatings as it allows the mechanical interlocking of the
pores and bone. In this study, porous titanium samples were manufactured by powder
metallurgy. The porosity quantification was assessed by optical quantitative metallographic
analysis, and non-destructive gamma-ray transmission and X-ray microtomography
techniques, in order to compare their efficacy for porosity evaluation. Pore morphology and
surface topography were characterized via scanning electron microscopy. These techniques
have demonstrated to be suitable for titanium scaffolds evaluation, and micro-CT was the one
that allowed the three-dimensional porosity assessment.
Study Aiming the Use of Powder Waste Reject from the Sanitary Ware Production in Mass for Red Ceramics
Authors: Cosin Shirley , Martín-Cortés Guillermo Ruperto , Kozievitch Valquiria F.J. , Toffoli S.M. , Souza Santos P. , Valenzuela-Díaz Francisco Rolando
Published: March 2009

A procedure that comes being studied for the exploitation of powder waste
rejected from the sanitary ware production is the incorporation in mass for red
ceramics. Objective of this work is to present the results gotten in the incorporation of
this rejects. The used clay was from ceramics industries of the Jundiai region, SP.
Spherical bodies test samples had been conformed incorporating 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%
and 30% of the powder waste in mass. These bodies had been evaluated on
compression resistance after dried to 110°C and to color after burns to 950°C. The
composition that presented better results had been conformed by extrusion in
prismatic bodies test samples. Again, the dried to 110°C and burnt to 950°C bodies
test samples had been evaluated on flexion resistance but to linear retraction too. It
was measured the ceramic properties of the burnt bodies test samples. Results indicate
that there is a great potential in the formula with 30% incorporation of powder waste
in mass. Comparative assays were made being used a mixture without incorporation
of the denominated white reject.
On the Mutual Interaction between Mechanical Stresses and Internal Corrosion during Isothermal and Cyclic Oxidation of Nickel-Base Superalloys
Authors: Krupp Ulrich , Orosz R. , Christ Hans-Jürgen , Monceau Daniel
Published: March 2009

Thermal cycling has been observed to cause a transition from superficial alumina
formation to internal oxidation and nitridation, an effect that was shown to depend on the specimen
thickness and geometry, which can be described by a spalling-probability model. Once protection
by a dense and adherent alumina scale got lost, the internal-corrosion rate is determined by the
diffusivity and solubility of nitrogen and oxygen in the alloy. These parameters seem to depend not
only on the temperature and the alloy composition but also on the applied mechanical stress.
Internal nitridation under a superimposed creep loading was found to follow a higher rate constant
than under just isothermal exposure. This effect can probably be attributed to dislocation-pipe
diffusion, a mechanism which has been claimed also to be relevant for outward solvent diffusion
during internal corrosion, a phenomenon, which was observed as a stress-relief mechanism during
various internal-reaction processes
Evolution of Oxide Scales on Aluminide Coatings under Isothermal and Cyclic Conditions
Authors: Bouchaud B. , Balmain J. , Pedraza-Diaz Fernando
Published: March 2009

The oxide scale evolution with high temperature on CVD aluminide coatings deposited
on a Directionally Solidified (DS) Ni-base superalloy is studied in this work. High temperature
oxidation was carried out at 1100°C in air for 240 h under isothermal conditions and for 10 cycles
(1 cycle = 24 h at 1100°C). The morphological and microstructural characterisation of the coatings
has been performed using optical and electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. Contrary to
most of the results published in the literature, the rumpling phenomenon appears on the
isothermally oxidised specimens whereas spallation, nodule formation and wrinkling of the oxide
scale occur on the cyclically oxidised samples. The results are discussed in terms of the β-NiAl to
γ’-Ni3Al phase transformation, the likely associated volume changes and of the growth stresses at
high temperature.
The Role of Zr in the High-Temperature Oxidation of Fe3Al
Authors: Przybylski Kazimierz , Chevalier Sébastien , Juzoń P. , Galerie Alain , Borchardt Günter , Heintz Olivier , Larpin Jean Pierre
Published: March 2009

The paper describes an examination of the effect of the addition of zirconium as a third
element on the heat-resisting properties and explains the high temperature oxidation mechanism of
Fe3Al intermetallic compounds. The Fe3Al and Fe3Al-0,05Zr specimens have been isothermally
oxidized in the temperature range of 1173-1473 K in synthetic air for 100 hrs. The formed oxide layer,
about 1,5-2 μm thick, was Al2O3. An examination of the cross-sectioned scales by SEM-EDS showed
that the alumina layer consisted of a small inner columnar layer and an outer equiaxed grain layer.
Additionally, very fine (50-150 nm) oxide grains rich in Zr, further identified as ZrO2, were found
across the alumina scales. To understand the role of Zr on the growth mechanism of α–Al2O3 oxide
scale on Fe3Al materials, two-stage oxidation experiments were performed (16O2/18O2), followed by
SIMS and TEM-SAD observations. Particular attention was paid to the use of TEM in order to
precisely characterize the products on samples prepared using the FIB (Focused Ion Beam) method. A
combination of analytical techniques revealed that ZrO2 particles, most of which were formed along
alumina grain boundaries, enhanced oxygen diffusion along grain boundaries due to oxygen-deficient
composition of zirconium oxide (ZrO2-y).
Numerical Modelling of Diffusion Coupled with Cyclic Oxidation. Application to Alumina-Forming Coatings Used for Industrial Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Poquillon Dominique , Vialas Nadia , Monceau Daniel
Published: March 2009

A model using a finite elements code is developed to simulate degradation due to
combined cyclic oxidation and interdiffusion in materials used in high temperature components of
gas turbines. Coating recession due to cyclic oxidation (oxide growth and spalling) is also modelled
using a statistical approach. Interdiffusion between coating and superallloy is modelled to predict
total Al depletion in the coating. The phase transformations in the alumina-forming coating and the
effects of the precipitates at the coating / superalloy interface are investigated. The results of
simulations are compared with experimental data. Effects of diffusion parameters and of cyclic
oxidation kinetics are discussed.
Development of a NiW In Situ Diffusion Barrier on a Fourth Generation Nickel-Base Superalloy
Authors: Cavaletti Eric , Mercier Sebastien , Boivin Denis , Bacos Marie Pierre , Josso Pierre , Monceau Daniel
Published: March 2009

A diffusion barrier based on a NiW electrolytic coating has been developed to limit
interdiffusion between a Ni-base superalloy (MCNG) and a β-NiAl bondcoating. Isothermal
oxidation tests of 50h at 1100°C confirmed that W-rich layer formed with NiW coating modifies the
oxidation behaviour of the bondcoat and limits interdiffusion. The diffusion barrier reduced
β-NiAl  γ’-Ni3Al transformation in the bondcoating and prevented SRZ formation.
Erosion and High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of New Coatings Fabricated by a Sol-Gel Route for a TBC Application
Authors: Viazzi Céline , Wellman Richard , Oquab Djar , Nicholls John R. , Monceau Daniel , Bonino Jean Pierre , Ansart Florence
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the erosion and cyclic oxidation performance of novel thermal
barrier coatings produced via the sol-gel route. The ceramic top coat, with a thickness of 5-80 m,
was deposited via a sol-gel route onto standard MCrAlY and PtAl bond coats. In both the erosion
and the cyclic oxidation tests it was found that the bond coat had a profound affect on the results.
The erosion of the sol-gel coatings were compared to standard EB PVD and PS TBCs and were
found to be significantly higher. The effect of aging (100 h at 1100°C) on the erosion rates was also
evaluated and was found to increase the erosion rates. The information obtained from the erosion
and cyclic oxidation tests have highlighted the need to develop and optimise the parameters for
producing thicker coatings
New Approaches to Improve High Temperature Corrosion Resistance in Chlorine-Based Atmospheres
Authors: Latreche Hadj , Tegeder Guido , Wolf Gerhard , Masset Patrick J. , Weber Till , Schütze Michael
Published: March 2009

Chlorine gas is widely encountered in chemical industries, as well as in waste
incinerators and plastic/polymer decomposition mills. The presence of chlorine may significantly
reduce the life-time of the components. Under chlorine-based atmospheres, the process of scale
formation may be considerably affected and the presence of chlorine usually impedes the formation
of a long term protective dense oxide scale. Based on thermodynamic calculations and previous
investigations, NiAl and NiAlMo APS-coatings were produced to be used as protection for
conventional steels against chlorine corrosion. Indeed, thermodynamic diagrams showed that
molybdenum should have a positive behaviour in “reducing”-chloridizing atmospheres, whereas
aluminium has a positive behaviour in “oxidizing”-chloridizing atmospheres. Coatings of
approximatively 300 μm thickness were thermally sprayed on Armco Iron and on a commercial
ferritic 18 Cr steel. This work presents the corrosion behaviour of NiAl and NiAlMo APS-coatings
under chlorine-based atmospheres at 800°C. In addition, metallographic characterisation as well as
EPMA investigations of the coating cross sections were carried out before and after the corrosion
tests.
Comparison between Current Methods for Measurement of High Temperature Corrosion of Boiler Steels in Steam Environments
Authors: Lépingle V. , Louis G. , Allue Dorian
Published: March 2009

Thirteen boiler steels were exposed in pure water vapour at 650°C for 32 weeks (5,376h).
To assess their oxidation kinetics, four current discontinuous measurement methods were used. The
results show that, for the T91 steel, the different investigated methods give similar results; for the
other steels, the evaluation of corrosion rates depends on the method used. Thus their lifetime
prediction is often over- or undervalued. This is mainly the case for steels with scales that spall off
and/or steels with a non-uniform scale growth (localised oxide nodules for a rather long exposure
time). This is particularly true in the steam environments which lead to oxidation processes with
oxide scales different from those in dry air or oxygen. So the use of steam oxidation data and/or
relations among them has to be done with caution because it can lead to a wrong prediction of
performance.
Effect of Material and Environmental Parameters on the Microstructure Evolution and Oxidation Behavior of a Ni-Based Superalloy Coated with a Pt-Modified Ni-Aluminide
Authors: Chieux Marion , Molins Régine , Rémy Luc , Duhamel Cecilie , Sennour Mohamed , Cadoret Yannik
Published: March 2009

The present work, performed on nickel aluminides deposited on a single Ni-based
superalloy AM1, focuses on the effect of the following several parameters on the microstructural
and chemical changes occurring during isothermal heat treatment at 1100°C for 50h :
-oxygen pressure by comparing heat treatment under ambient air (PO2 = 0.2 bar) and under
secondary vacuum (PO2 = 0.2x10-6 bar).
-cooling rate after isothermal heat treatment by comparing furnace cooling (3°C/min) and water
quenching (500°C/min).
-Pt addition in the coating by comparing NiAl and NiPtAl coatings.
Characterizations were performed using SEM, analytical TEM and electron microprobe analyses.
The results show that these parameters have a strong influence on both the microstructural
evolution and the oxidation of the thermal barrier coating (TBC) system. Appropriate heat
treatments are essential to improve interfacial resistance and increase the durability of TBC
systems.
Corrosion of Lead Glasses by SO2 Gas
Authors: Moitrier Florence , Rapin Christophe , Marêché J.F. , Humbert Franck , Colin-Seigner B.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the corrosion of potassic glasses by SO2 gas at high-temperature. The
corrosion phenomenon of potassic glass is well-known for medieval stained-glass windows under
natural conditions of weathering [1]. Nevertheless the corrosion is also possible without humidity at
high temperature in presence of polluting gas such as SO2 gas in the furnace. All source of SO2 gas
can thermodynamically involve the main formation of K2SO4 and other alkaline salts such as
Na2SO4. This corrosion manifests itself by the presence of “white flakes” in the bulk glass and this
defect leads to discard of the piece for a crystal-maker like Daum. Alkali sulphate formation was
determined by using scanning electron microscopy and presents a very particular morphology. This
study allowed underlining on, one hand the influence of the temperature and on the other hand the
role of gas concentration on the formation of the potassium sulphate. Thermal analysis technique
(TGA) was carried out in order to understand the corrosion chemical kinetic of potassic glasses by
SO2 gas.
High Temperature Sulphidation Behavior of Fe20Cr6Al-Y,Hf Steel
Authors: Homa Martah , Żurek Zbigniew
Published: March 2009

The high temperature corrosion behavior of Fe20Cr6Al-Y,Hf steel was studied in the
range of temperature 800-1000oC in H2/H2S atmospheres at pS2=10-2
,10-3 and 10-4 Pa sulphur vapor
pressures. Kinetics depend on the temperature and sulphur vapor pressure. After 24 hours the whole
specimen was practically consumed because the samples were 0,06 cm thick. Morphology of the
scales have been performed by SEM techniques. Phase and chemical composition have been studied
by EDX and XRD techniques. It was found that scale formed on Fe20Cr6Al-Y,Hf alloy was built
with porosity sulphides layer. EDX analysis of the scale surface show that the any aluminum,
hafnium and yttrium sulfides were found in the formed scale layer, however small amounts of Al2S3
was detected in scale/steel interface. Also internal sulphidation was observed. A phase analysis of
the formed scale revealed that it is composed mainly of an FeS, Fe7S8 phases and CrS, Cr5S6. Result
were compared with data obtained on the pure Fe and Cr samples.
Perovskite and Spinel Functional Coatings for SOFC Metallic Interconnects
Authors: Brylewski Tomasz , Przybylski Kazimierz
Published: March 2009

The oxidation kinetics, electrical properties, microstructure and chromium vaporization
effects of the oxide products formed on Fe-25 wt.-%Cr steel uncoated and coated with films of
(La,Sr)CrO3, (La,Sr)CoO3, (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3, Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 and MnCo2O4 in air and the Ar-H2-H2O
gas mixture at 1023−1173 K for up to 840 h with regard to their application as SOFC metallic
interconnect were investigated. To improve poor electrical conductivity of chromia scales and to
suppress chromium vaporization from this scale grown on uncoated steel during oxidation, the
perovskite and spinel thick films composed of paste prepared via co-precipitation-calcination and
ultrasonic spray pyrolysis methods were applied. Perovskite and spinel coatings decreased the
volatilization rate of chromia species in comparison with the value of this parameter corresponding to
oxide scales built mainly of chromia formed on uncoated steel. Microstructure investigations by the
SEM-EDS method and electrical resistance measurements revealed the significant influence of the
formation of multilayer reaction products at the steel/coating interface on the electrical properties of
the composite materials used for the construction of the SOFC metallic interconnect.
The Nitridation, a Way to Improve High Temperature Oxidation Behaviour of AISI 304
Authors: Issartel Christophe , Buscail Henri , Caudron Eric , Cueff Régis , Riffard Frédéric , Perrier Sébastien , Jacquet Philippe , Lambertin Michel
Published: March 2009

The present study focuses on the high temperature oxidation of a AISI 304 chromiaforming
nitrided alloy. Isothermal oxidations were performed in air, at 800°C. The effect of
nitridation on the steel surface depends on the temperature of the treatment. It leads whether to a γN
solid solution formation or to CrN formation. In situ X-ray diffraction has been used to follow the
oxides formation. Results show the concomitant growth of CrN and Fe2O3 at the beginning of the
test. Then, Cr2O3 quickly appears which leads to the formation of a protective oxide scale (a
parabolic rate law is observed). Our conclusions suggest that nitridation increases the high
temperature oxidation resistance of 304 steels at 800°C.
Constitutive Description for Drawing Limit of Magnesium Alloy Tube Based on Continuum Damage Mechanics
Authors: Tong Ying , Quan Guo Zheng , Chen Bin
Published: March 2009

The elasto-plastic behavior and the drawing limit of a kind of magnesium alloy tube were investigated based on the foundational theories of the larger deformation of material and continuum damage constitutive model. The corresponding finite element numerical algorithm was developed based on the constitutive model. The non-mandrel drawing limit graph according to the diameter at different tube thickness of an AZ31B tube with diameter 10mm at 250°C and drawing velocity 100mm/s was achieved, and safe & unsafe area got partitioned. The maximum damage value was evaluated to be 0.324 according to height reduction ratio limit and rigid-plastic FE analysis.
The Psalms as hymns in a liturgical context
Authors: Vos Cas J.A.
Published: March 2009

In many ways, the psalms fulfil a bridging function between divergent denominations that previously avoided each other. In the Hebrew text of the Psalter, most of the psalms have specific titles. However, none of these originated with the original psalms. Instead, they offer instruction for the reader concerning the process that led to the compilation of the Psalms in a collection. The psalms are more than liturgy, and liturgy is more than psalms. Therefore, the psalms cannot be clothed in liturgical vestments. Hymns that occur in the Book of Psalms are the focus of this article. It is clear that the praise in the hymns follows different patterns. The article aims to explore the liturgical infl uence of the psalms as hymns in a liturgical context.