bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total sulphur in leaves of several plant species from nine catchments within a 1 500 000 km
2
area in northern Europe: local vs. regional variability
Authors: Reimann Clemens , Koller Friedrich , Frengstad Bjørn , Kashulina Galina , Niskavaara Heikki , Englmaier Peter
Published: March 2005

Leaves of up to eleven different plant species (terrestrial moss:
Hylocomium splendens
and
Pleurozium schreberi
; blueberry:
Vaccinium myrtillus
and
Vaccinium uliginosum
; cowberry:
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
; crowberry:
Empetrum nigrum
; birch:
Betula pubescens
and
Betula nana
; willow:
Salix
spp.; pine:
Pinus sylvestris
; and spruce:
Picea abies
) have been collected from up to nine catchments (size 14–50 km
2
) spread over a 1 500 000 km
2
area in northern Europe and analysed for ‘total’ (digestion by 16M HNO
3
) sulphur concentrations. Soil samples were taken of the O- and C-horizon at each plant sample site. The soil samples were analysed for ‘total’ (digestion by 16M HNO
3
for O-horizon, aqua regia for C-horizon) and ‘soluble’ (ammonium acetate extraction buffered at pH 4.5, O-horizon only) S concentrations. The overall median S concentration for all plants is 1290 mg kg
−1
. The median S concentration is 965 mg kg
−1
in moss; 990 mg kg
−1
in conifers; 1490 mg kg
−1
in shrubs; and 1900 mg kg
−1
in deciduous trees. Total S concentrations in the leaves of the 11 plant species are very different within and between the catchments. Compared to the total regional variance, the local variance within just one catchment is very high. One of the nine catchments was located directly adjacent (5–10 km S) to the nickel smelter and refinery at Monchegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia, one of the largest SO
2
(and metal) emitters in Europe. Only spruce needles returned significantly higher S concentrations (by a factor of 2) in all samples collected near Monchegorsk. Otherwise pollution is reflected in a higher variance rather than in high concentrations. Willow leaves show by far the highest total S concentrations. They are, however, not related to pollution but were observed in the catchment nearest to the coast of the Barents Sea. The measured S concentrations in the leaves do not correlate well either with ‘available’ or total S in the soils. Several different pathways must be considered for leaf uptake of S in all plants. The important role of S as a major plant nutrient and the consequently high background concentrations and variations prohibit the use of leaves as reliable indicators of SO
2
pollution levels in air. It is not possible to establish general ‘background’ S concentrations in plant leaves for a very large area.
Proterozoic mineralization identified by integrated regional regolith geochemistry, geophysics and bedrock mapping in Western Australia
Authors: Morris Paul A. , Pirajno Franco , Shevchenko Sergey
Published: March 2005

The advantages of integrating datasets in the search for mineralization in areas characterized by subdued relief, extensive areas of transported regolith, and a semi-arid climate, are shown using direct observations (e.g. bedrock and regolith mapping, regolith geochemistry) and remotely-sensed data (e.g. airborne magnetics, gravity, Landsat TM) over a 48 000 km
2
area in central Western Australia. In this area, Archaean granite and greenstones are unconformably overlain by a 5 km-thick sequence of Paleoproterozoic (
c.
< 1840 Ma) and Mesoproterozoic (
c.
1200 Ma) sedimentary rocks, both of which are intruded by
c.
1070–1400 Ma dolerites. Known mineralization comprises small lode gold deposits hosted by Archaean greenstones (e.g. <0.25 Mt @ ∼4 gt
−1
) and MVT-type mineralization in Paleoproterozoic stromatolitic carbonate rocks. Outcrop is sparse, with transported regolith covering about 85% of the area.

Regolith sampling and subsequent multi-element analysis has been carried out on a 4 × 4 km sampling grid over the whole area, and simultaneous measurement of gravity at each regolith sampling site has been carried out in the eastern two-thirds of the area. Integration of these data with existing gravity data, airborne magnetics, Landsat TM, and detailed bedrock mapping of selected exposures has identified seven potential areas of mineralization, including structurally controlled gold and base metal deposits associated with regional deformation, stratiform MnO and base metal mineralization, and magmatic sulfide mineralization associated with the intrusion of thick mafic sill complexes. Although regional regolith chemistry is capable of identifying all seven areas of mineralization, detailed bedrock mapping and geophysics are essential to understand the style of mineralization and to put the mineralization into a tectonic framework. The preferred tectonic model comprises the deposition of siliciclastic and chemical sedimentary rocks on a passive continental margin, followed by regional deformation, and emplacement of high-level mafic sills and dykes.
A structural study of the Aurivillius phases by X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Vlasenko V. G. , Shuvaev A. T. , Drannikov D. S.
Published: March 2005

New layered bismuth oxides Bi2(BiCaNa)m−1NbmO3m+3(m=2-4) with the Aurivillius type phase were successfully synthesized. The structures of the compounds have been studied by X-ray powder diffraction and refined by the Rietveld method. Bi2.25Ca0.5Na0.25Nb2O9(m=2) has an orthorhombic crystal structure with lattice constants a=5.4478(1) Å;b=5.4770(2) Å;c=24.883(8) Å, space group A21am (No. 36). Bi2CaNaNb3O12 and Bi2.25Ca0.5Na1.25Nb3O12(m=3) are orthorhombic with Fmmm(No. 69) space group and the unit-cell parameters a=5.4473(7) Å, b=5.4770(3) Å, c=32.722(6) Å and a=5.4574(7) Å, b=5.4884 (3) Å, c=32.711(6) Å, respectively. The structure of Bi2CaNa2Nb4O15(m=4) was found to be orthorhombic with parameters a=5.4584(8) Å, b=5.4833(3) Å, c=40.534(1) Å and was refined in the space group A21am (No. 36).
X-ray powder diffraction data and thermal stability of a new high temperature phase of NaBi3V2O10
Authors: Patwe S. J. , Achary S. N. , Tyagi A. K.
Published: March 2005

X-ray powder diffraction data for the high temperature phase of NaBi3V2O10 obtained from in situ high temperature XRD studies are presented. NaBi3V2O10 undergoes a phase transition from triclinic to monoclinic at about 600 °C. The unit cell parameters of the high temperature monoclinic phase at 600 °C are: a=12.3899(21), b=5.5642(10), c=7.1543(18) Å and β=98.393(16)°, V=487.94(13) Å3 and Z=2, ρcal=6.20 g∕cc. On further increasing the temperature, it partially decomposes to a γ-Bi4V2O11 type phase. The details of this phase as well as the stability of NaBi3V2O10 are discussed.
Crystal structure of orthorhombic ferrous nitroprusside: Fe[Fe(CN)5NO].2H2O
Authors: Rodríguez-Hernández J. , Reguera E. , Gómez A.
Published: March 2005

Ferrous nitroprusside can be obtained in three structural modifications: two different unstable phases, monoclinic trihydrate and cubic pentahydrate, and the stable one, an orthorhombic dihydrate. This contribution reports the crystal structure of the last one. Cell parameters are: a=13.9734 (2), b=7.4274 (1), and c=10.4697 (1) Å; with four formula units per cell (Z=4). The crystal structure was refined from the corresponding XRD powder pattern using the Rietveld method. Final agreement factors of the refinement process were Rwp=8.46, Rp=6.54, and S=1.38. The crystal structure is formed by a tridimensional assembling of the [Fe(CN)5NO] molecular block through iron atoms bounded at the N end of the CN ligands. The NO group remains unlinked at its O atom. The octahedral coordination of the assembling metal is completed with a coordinated water molecule which stabilizes a second water through a strong hydrogen bond interaction. The tridimensional structure appears as piled up rippled sheets leading to a system of interconnected small cavities which increase their available volume on the material dehydration. This complex loses its crystal water below 100 °C and then remains stable up to above 160 °C when the decomposition process begins with the loss of the NO ligand.
General Practitioners’ Approach to Hypertension in Urban Pakistan
Authors: Jafar Tazeen H. , Jessani Saleem , Jafary Fahim H. , Ishaq Mohammad , Orkazai Raza , Orkazai Sarwar , Levey Andrew S. , Chaturvedi Nish
Published: March 2005

Background—

Control of blood pressure (BP) remains suboptimal worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine whether (primary) general practitioners’ (GPs) approach to high BP is in accordance with international guidelines.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1000 randomly selected GPs from urban areas in Pakistan during 2002. A rigorously developed questionnaire on (1) type of practice and (2) detection, (3) evaluation, (4) treatment, and (5) source of information about high BP was administered by trained medical personnel. A total of 1051 GPs were approached, and 1000 (95%) consented to enroll; 766 were male and 655 had been in practice ≥10 years. The average number of patients (SD) seen per day was 48.2 (42.7). Overall, 30.6% (29.0% to 32.3%) and 79.7% (78.3% to 81.0%) of GPs used incorrect BP cutoffs to diagnose hypertension in patients <60 and ≥60 years, respectively. Appropriate therapy for hypertension in the elderly was initiated by only 34.7% (33.0% to 36.3%) of GPs. The use of sedatives either alone (23.8%) or in combination with antihypertensive agents as first-line medication for lowering BP was reported by 45.0% (43.2% to 46.7%). Thiazide diuretics were rarely prescribed (4.2%). Sublingual antihypertensive agents were prescribed by 68.7% (67.1% to 70.3%) of GPs for treating very high levels of BP. The practices of recent graduates from medical school were not better than those of older graduates.

Conclusions—

GPs in Pakistan underdiagnose and undertreat high BP, especially in the elderly. Our findings underscore the need for urgent revision of teaching curricula in medical schools with regard to the risks, complications, and management of hypertension, as well as the initiation of widespread and intensive continuing medical education for all physicians involved in the management of patients with hypertension. Particular efforts are needed to encourage the use of low-cost thiazide diuretics as antihypertensive agents in developing countries.
Placing Three-Dimensional Models in an Uncalibrated Single Image of an Architectural Scene
Authors: Keren Sara , Shimshoni Ilan , Tal Ayellet
Published: March 2005

This paper discusses the problem of inserting 3D models into a single image. The main focus of the paper is on the accurate recovery of the camera's parameters, so that 3D models can be inserted in the “correct” position and orientation. The paper addresses two issues. The first is an automatic extraction of the principal vanishing points from an image. The second is a theoretical and an experimental analysis of the errors. To test the concept, a system that “plants” virtual 3D objects in the image was implemented. It was tested on many indoor augmented-reality scenes. Our analysis and experiments have shown that errors in the placement of the objects are unnoticeable.
Learning From and About Others: Towards Using Imitation to Bootstrap the Social Understanding of Others by Robots
Authors: Breazeal Cynthia , Buchsbaum Daphna , Gray Jesse , Gatenby David , Blumberg Bruce
Published: March 2005

We want to build robots capable of rich social interactions with humans, including natural communication and cooperation. This work explores how imitation as a social learning and teaching process may be applied to building socially intelligent robots, and summarizes our progress toward building a robot capable of learning how to imitate facial expressions from simple imitative games played with a human, using biologically inspired mechanisms. It is possible for the robot to bootstrap from this imitative ability to infer the affective reaction of the human with whom it interacts and then use this affective assessment to guide its subsequent behavior. Our approach is heavily influenced by the ways human infants learn to communicate with their caregivers and come to understand the actions and expressive behavior of others in intentional and motivational terms. Specifically, our approach is guided by the hypothesis that imitative interactions between infant and caregiver, starting with facial mimicry, are a significant stepping-stone to developing appropriate social behavior, to predicting others' actions, and ultimately to understanding people as social beings.
Bakhtin's Confessional Self-accounting and Psalms of Lament
Authors: Tull Patricia
Published: March 2005

In his early essay entitled "Author and Hero in Aesthetic Activity," Mikhail Bakhtin laid the groundwork for his later discussion of dialogism by exploring the concepts of "outsideness," "authoring," and "aestheticizing." While his essay concerns the relationship of an author to a created hero (literary character), it also—in typical Bakhtinian style—grows to encompass far more than literature, contemplating as well the construction of self, others, and even God. One portion of this most explicitly theological of his essays explores the genre he calls "confessional self-accounting" and the path by which remorse becomes the opportunity for faith both for the one repenting and for the one reading the confession of another.My essay uses Bakhtin's discussion to help explore a neighboring genre, the biblical Psalms of lament. These psalms display moods and movements analogous to those of confessional self-accounting—isolation, inner chaos, and the turn toward God as loving other for reconstructing a beloved self. The psalms have also functioned similarly to confessional self-accounting in the religious experience of generations of subsequent readers, who respond by reading their own griefs, fears, and hopes in the "I" and "we" of the ancient Psalms.
Sunni Muslim Scholars on the Status of Logic, 1500-1800
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled
Published: March 2005

In the present article, I discuss Goldziher's contention (echoed in more recent literature) that from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Sunnī Muslim scholars ('ulamā') became increasingly hostile to rational sciences such as logic. On the basis of discussions and fatāwā by Sunni scholars in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, I show that this idea is radically mistaken. Mainstream scholars in the Maghrib, Egypt and Turkey considered l ogic to be not only permissible but actually commendable or even a religious duty incumbent on the Muslim community as a whole (i.e. a fard˙ kifāyah). Though there were dissenting voices in the period, such as the Qād˙īzādelīs, this seems to have been the mainstream opinion of Sunni scholars until the rise of the Salafiyyah movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Assessing a Tornado Climatology from Global Tornado Intensity Distributions
Authors: Feuerstein Bernold , Dotzek Nikolai , Grieser Jürgen
Published: March 2005

Recent work demonstrated that the shape of tornado intensity distributions from various regions worldwide is well described by Weibull functions. This statistical modeling revealed a strong correlation between the fit parameters c for shape and b for scale regardless of the data source. In the present work it is shown that the quality of the Weibull fits is optimized if only tornado reports of F1 and higher intensity are used and that the c–b correlation does indeed reflect a universal feature of the observed tornado intensity distributions. For regions with likely supercell tornado dominance, this feature is the number ratio of F4 to F3 tornado reports R(F4/F3) = 0.238. The c–b diagram for the Weibull shape and scale parameters is used as a climatological chart, which allows different types of tornado climatology to be distinguished, presumably arising from supercell versus nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Assuming temporal invariance of the climatology and using a detection efficiency function for tornado observations, a stationary climatological probability distribution from large tornado records (U.S. decadal data 1950−99) is extracted. This can be used for risk assessment, comparative studies on tornado intensity distributions worldwide, and estimates of the degree of underreporting for areas with poor databases. For the 1990s U.S. data, a likely tornado underreporting of the weak events (F0, F1) by a factor of 2 can be diagnosed, as well as asymptotic climatological c,b values of c = 1.79 and b = 2.13, to which a convergence in the 1950–99 U.S. decadal data is verified.
Seasonal Forecasting with a Simple General Circulation Model: Predictive Skill in the AO and PNA
Authors: Derome Jacques , Lin Hai , Brunet Gilbert
Published: March 2005

A primitive equation dry atmospheric model is used to perform ensemble seasonal predictions. The predictions are done for 51 winter seasons [December–January–February (DJF)] from 1948 to 1998. Ensembles of 24 forecasts are produced, with initial conditions of 1 December plus small perturbations. The model uses a forcing field that is calculated empirically from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalyses. The forcing used to forecast a given winter is the sum of its winter climatological forcing plus an anomaly. The anomalous forcing is obtained as that of the month prior to the start of the forecast (November), which is also calculated from NCEP data. The predictions are thus made without using any information about the season to be predicted.

The ensemble-mean predictions for the 51 winters are verified against the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. Comparisons are made with the results obtained with a full GCM. It is found that the skill of the simple GCM is comparable in many ways to that of the full GCM. The skill in predicting the amplitude of the main patterns of Northern Hemisphere mean-seasonal variability, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern is also discussed. The simple GCM has skill not only in predicting the PNA pattern during winters with strong ENSO forcing, but it also has skill in predicting the AO in winters without appreciable ENSO forcing.
A common core of secondary structure of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) throughout the Eukaryota
Authors: SCHULTZ JÖRG , MAISEL STEFANIE , GERLACH DANIEL , MÜLLER TOBIAS , WOLF MATTHIAS
Published: March 2005

The ongoing characterization of novel species creates the need for a molecular marker which can be used for species- and, simultaneously, for mega-systematics. Recently, the use of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence was suggested, as it shows a high divergence in sequence with an assumed conservation in structure. This hypothesis was mainly based on small-scale analyses, comparing a limited number of sequences. Here, we report a large-scale analysis of more than 54,000 currently known ITS2 sequences with the goal to evaluate the hypothesis of a conserved structural core and to assess its use for automated large-scale phylogenetics. Structure prediction revealed that the previously described core structure can be found for more than 5000 sequences in a wide variety of taxa within the eukaryotes, indicating that the core secondary structure is indeed conserved. This conserved structure allowed an automated alignment of extremely divergent sequences as exemplified for the ITS2 sequences of a ctenophorean eumetazoon and a volvocalean green alga. All classified sequences, together with their structures can be accessed athttp://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/bioinformatik/projects/ITS2.html. Furthermore, we found that, although sample sequences are known for most major taxa, there exists a profound divergence in coverage, which might become a hindrance for general usage. In summary, our analysis strengthens the potential of ITS2 as a general phylogenetic marker and provides a data source for further ITS2-based analyses.
Stability of 3′ double nucleotide overhangs that model the 3′ ends of siRNA
Authors: O’TOOLE AMANDA S. , MILLER STACY , SERRA MARTIN J.
Published: March 2005

Thermodynamic parameters are reported for duplex formation in 1 M NaCl for 16 RNA sequences, each containing a core tetramer duplex, GGCC, and a 3′ overhang consisting of two bases. The results indicate additional double-helical stability is conferred by the double 3′ terminal overhang relative to the single 3′ terminal overhang. A nearest-neighbor analysis of the data indicates that the free energy contribution at 37°C of the second base in the double 3′ terminal overhang varies from 0 to 0.7 kcal/mol. The second base in the 3′ double overhang can contribute nearly the same stability to a duplex as a base pair or a 3′ dangling overhang. Stability contribution of a dangling base, two nucleotides removed from the 3′ end of a duplex, is dependent upon both the identity of the base as well as that of the dangling base that it neighbors. A second dangling base only increases the stability of the duplex when it is neighboring a 3′ purine dangling nucleotide. Furthermore, a second dangling pyrimidine provides a greater contribution to duplex stability than a purine. A nearest-neighbor model was developed to predict the influence of 3′ double overhang on the stability of duplex formation. The model improves the prediction of free energy and melting temperature when tested against six sequences with different core duplexes.
Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Templeton Alan R.
Published: March 2005

Raceis generally used as a synonym forsubspecies, which traditionally is a geographically circumscribed, genetically differentiated population. Sometimes traits show independent patterns of geographical variation such that some combination will distinguish most populations from all others. To avoid making "race" the equivalent of a local population, minimal thresholds of differentiation are imposed. Human "races" are below the thresholds used in other species, so valid traditional subspecies do not exist in humans. A "subspecies" can also be defined as a distinct evolutionary lineage within a species. Genetic surveys and the analyses of DNA haplotype trees show that human "races" are not distinct lineages, and that this is not due to recent admixture; human "races" are not and never were "pure." Instead, human evolution has been and is characterized by many locally differentiated populations coexisting at any given time, but with sufficient genetic contact to make all of humanity a single lineage sharing a common evolutionary fate.
Mass Inhumation and the Execution of Witches in the American Southwest
Authors: Andrew Darling J.
Published: March 2005

Recent analyses of prehistoric multiple inhumations in Anasazi sites in the American Southwest have argued that cannibalism best explains evidence of defleshing, cutting, and bone breakage. The validity of this explanation is questioned in a review of ethnohistoric and ethnographic literature on Pueblo witchcraft and witch execution. A model based on Puebloan procedures for witch destruction is offered which accounts for osteological patterning in the archaeological record as well as contextual and artifactual evidence not considered previously.
Advertising Missionaries
Authors: Kulick Don
Published: March 2005

Advertising Missionaries. 1996. 52 minutes, color. film by Chris Hilton and Gauthier Flounder. For more information please contact First Run/Icarus Films, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10014.
Entering the Field: New Perspectives on World Football
Authors: Conway‐Long Don
Published: March 2005

Entering the Field: New Perspectives on World Football. Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti. eds. New York: New York University Press, 1997.320 pp.
The End of Magic
Authors: Brown Michael F.
Published: March 2005

The End of Magjc. Ariel Glucklich. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.253 pp.
Vision, Race, and Modernity: A Visual Economy of the Andean Image World
Authors: Weismantel Mary
Published: March 2005

Vision, Race, and Modernity:. Visual Economy of the Andean Image World. Deborah Poole. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.264 pp.
Perceptual Diversity: Is Polyphasic Consciousness Necessary for Global Survival?
Authors: Lumpkin Tara W.
Published: March 2005

Perceptual diversity allows human beings to access knowledge through a variety of perceptual processes, rather than merely through everyday waking reality. Many of these perceptual processes are transrational altered states of consciousness (meditation, trance, dreams, imagination) and are not considered valid processes for accessing knowledge by science (which is based primarily upon quantification, reductionism, and the experimental method). According to Erika Bourguignon's (1973) research in the 1970s, approximately 90 percent of cultures have institutionalized forms of altered states of consciousness, meaning that such types of consciousness are to be found in most human societies and are "normal." Now, however, transrational consciousness is being devalued in many societies as it is simultaneously being replaced by the monophasic consciousness of "developed" nations. Not only are we are losing (1) biodiversity (biocomplexity) in environments and (2) cultural diversity in societies, we also are losing (3) perceptual diversity in human cognitive processes. All three losses of diversity (bio, cultural, and cognitive) are interrelated.

Cultures that value perceptual diversity are more adaptable than cultures that do not. Perceptually diverse cultures are better able to understand whole systems (because they use a variety of perceptual processes to understand systems) than are cultures that rely only on the scientific method, which dissects systems. They also are better stewards of their environments, because they grasp the value of the whole of biodiversity (biocomplexity) through transrational as well as scientific processes. Understanding through perceptual diversity leads to a higher degree of adaptability and evolutionary competence.

From the perspective of an anthropologist who has worked with development organizations, development will continue to destroy perceptual diversity because it exports the dominant cognitive process of "developed" nations, i.e., monophasic consciousness. Destroying perceptual diversity, in turn, leads to the destruction of cultural diversity and biocomplexity. Drawing from research I conducted among traditional healers in Namibia, I conclude that development organizations need to listen to those who use transrational perceptual processes and also need to find a way to incorporate and validate perceptual diversity in their theoretical and applied frameworks.
Analysis of microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder in the chromosome 12Q24.31 region
Authors: Shink Eric , Harvey Mario , Tremblay Monique , Gagné Bernard , Belleau Pascal , Raymond Catherine , Labbé Michel , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , Lafrenière Ronald G. , Barden Nicholas
Published: March 2005

Previous results from our genetic analyses using pedigrees from a French Canadian population suggested that the interval delimited by markers D12S86 and D12S378 on chromosome 12 was the most probable genomic region to contain a susceptibility gene for affective disorders. Here we present a more detailed genetic analysis of a 7.7 Mb genomic region located on 12q24.31. This region was saturated with 20 microsatellite markers to refine the candidate region and linkage analysis performed in 41 families from the Saguenay‐Lac‐St‐Jean (SLSJ) region of Quebec. The results of two point parametric analysis using MFLINK supported the presence of a susceptibility locus on chromosome 12q24.31. Association studies with microsatellite markers using a case/control sample from the same population (n = 401) and analyzed with CLUMP revealed significant allelic associations between the bipolar phenotype and markers NBG6 (P = 0.008) and NBG12 (P < 10−3). According to these results, we investigated candidate genes in the NBG12 area. We analyzed 32 genes for the presence of polymorphisms in coding sequences and intron/exon junctions and genotyped 22 non‐synonymous SNPs in the SLSJ case/control sample. Two uncommon polymorphisms (minor allele frequency ≤ 0.03) found in KIAA1595 and FLJ22471 genes, gave P‐values below 0.05 with the T1 statistic. Moreover, using haplotype analysis, a nearly significant haplotypic association was observed at the HM74 gene. These results do not give strong support for a role in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder of any of these genes analyzed. However, the significance of rare polymorphisms should be explored by further analyses. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The problem of small and large scale fields in the solar dynamo
Authors: Brandenburg A. , Haugen N. E. L. , Käpylä P. J. , Sandin C.
Published: March 2005

Three closely related stumbling blocks of solar mean field dynamo theory are discussed: how dominant are the small scale fields, how is the alpha effect quenched, and whether magnetic and current helicity fluxes alleviate the quenching? It is shown that even at the largest currently available resolution there is no clear evidence of power law scaling of the magnetic and kinetic energy spectra in turbulence. However, using subgrid scalemodeling, some indications of asymptotic equipartition can be found. The frequently used first order smoothing approach to calculate the alpha effect and other transport coefficients is contrasted with the superior minimal tau approximation. The possibility of catastrophic alpha quenching is discussed as a result of magnetic helicity conservation. Magnetic and current helicity fluxes are shown to alleviate catastrophic quenching in the presence of shear. Evidence for strong large scale dynamo action, even in the absence of helicity in the forcing, is presented. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zonal flows in a mean‐field solar dynamo model
Authors: Bushby P. J.
Published: March 2005

Cyclic variations are observed in the solar differential rotation profile. The 11 year periodicity of these zonal shear flows (often referred to as “torsional oscillations”) is consistent with the idea that they are driven by the Lorentz forces that are associated with the large‐scale solar dynamo. This suggests that these flows may be able to provide indirect observational evidence that can be used to constrain solar dynamo models. This possibility is investigated by considering a simplified mean‐field dynamo model which incorporates the feedback of the large‐scale magnetic field upon the imposed velocity field. By specifying an unperturbed flow which mimics the solar differential rotation, it is shown that it is possible to reproduce most of the main qualitative features of the solar dynamo as well as a solar‐like pattern of zonal shear flows. The apparent success of this model has led to the investigation of several more subtle aspects of the problem, including the effects of stratification and long‐term modulation as well as the possible implications of the zonal shear flows that are observed at high latitudes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reynolds stresses – dependence on latitude
Authors: Hupfer C. , Käpylä P. , Stix M.
Published: March 2005

We present some results of three‐dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of a compressible flow under the influence of rotation. The code implements a three‐layer (stably–unstably–stably stratified) rectangular box placed at various latitudes in a convection zone of a star. We focus on the Reynolds stresses Qij = 〈u′iu′j〉 which in mean‐field models have a crucial influence on angular momentum transport and differential rotation. Especially we examine the occurrence of a strong peak of Qθϕ at low latitude very close to the equator, which may have implications to the theory of the angular velocity profile observed on the Sun. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stochastic resonance in a bistable geodynamo model
Authors: Lorito S. , Schmitt D. , Consolini G. , De Michelis P.
Published: March 2005

Recently a signal with a period of 100 kyr in the distribution of residence times between reversals of the geomagnetic field has been suggested as signature of stochastic resonance. Here we test this suggestion by applying periodic modulations to a model of the geodynamo as a bistable oscillator, where stochastic fluctuations of the induction effect (multiplicative noise) lead to random transitions between the two polarity states of the supercritically excited fundamental axial dipole mode. By adding a weak periodic component either to the dynamo effect (multiplicative periodic term) or as a source term to the dynamo equation (additive periodic term) we demonstrate stochastic resonance. Depending on the multiplicative (additive) character of the periodic term, we find peaks at integer (half‐integer) values of the applied period, superimposed on the otherwise Poissonian distribution of residence times. Especially the optimum resonance conditions for various mean times between reversals and various periodicities are derived. The periodic terms need to be about 0.1 in amplitude compared to the other terms in the dynamo equation to show the observed signatures of the magnetic field of the Earth. A sharp peak at the forcing frequency in the power spectrum of the dipole amplitude is only found in the additive case. As such a peak is absent in the Earth data, this rules for the multiplicative case. It is yet unclear what may cause such an effect to the geodynamo. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stellar dynamos – theoretical aspects
Authors: Dobler W.
Published: March 2005

I review some dynamo models and constraints for stars other than the Sun. The models include mean‐field dynamo models for RS Cvn binary systems and global magnetoconvection simulations for supergiants and for fully convective stars. In the latter case, we find generation of mixed‐parity large‐scale magnetic fields once the dynamo reaches saturation. In addition to the cool, narrow downdrafts known from local simulations, these models also show a hot convective plume stretching from the centre towards the surface. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling the colour‐brightness relation of chromospherically active stars
Authors: Aarum‐Ulvås V. , Henry G. W.
Published: March 2005

The photometric flux of chromospherically active, spotted stars generally becomes redder and fainter when large starspots rotate into view on the stellar disc. However, some of the most active RS CVn systems show a bluer flux as they get fainter. Modelling of one such system (UX Ari) has shown that hot, bright, photospheric facular regions accompanying the cool, dark spots on the cooler, more active component are a possible explanation. The bluer flux of the hotter, less active component does not appear to be sufficient to explain the observed behaviour. We have begun a search for additional chromospherically active stars with a similar relation between colour and brightness, to investigate whether these relations can be explained in the same way. Our results for V711 Tau and RS CVn are presented here, and we conclude that the photospheric faculae remain the most probable explanation for the observed behaviour. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the relation between penumbral intensity and flow filaments
Authors: Schlichenmaier R. , Bellot Rubio L. R. , Tritschler A.
Published: March 2005

Taking advantage of high spatial (≈0.5 arcsec) and high spectral (λ/δλ= 250 000) resolution observations obtained with the 2D spectrometer TESOS, we analyze a sunspot located at a heliocentric angle of 23°. We elaborate on the issue of a correlation between dark filaments and the Evershed flow in sunspot penumbrae. Controversies on the existence of such a correlation are resolved: It varies from the inner to the outer penumbra, from the center‐side to the limb‐side penumbra, and depends on the length of the trace which is used to perform the correlation. The flow map exhibits flow filaments in the center‐side penumbra while the red‐shifted limb‐side penumbra does not show filamentary fine‐structure. High correlation coefficients, |C| ≈ 0.9 are only found if small scales, i.e. short traces cutting individual features are considered.Cis positive in the inner center and limb‐side penumbra, and tends to be negative in the outer penumbra. Our results imply that the Evershed flow is present in bright and dark filaments. In individual cases we find that bright and dark intensities are connected by a flow filament supporting the moving tube model for the penumbral fine structure. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absence of daytime 50 Hz, 100 μTrmsmagnetic field or bright light exposure effect on human performance and psychophysiological parameters
Authors: Crasson Marion , Legros Jean‐Jacques
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this study was to reproduce and extend two earlier studies of the effects of human exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields (MF). In a recent paper, we described results of two double‐blind investigations performed to examine effects of 100 μTrms50 Hz MF exposure on psychological parameters in the same group of healthy human volunteers. In each exposure session, at 1 week intervals, with sham, continuous, and intermittent (15 s ON/OFF cycles) MF conditions, mood ratings, performance measures, and electrophysiological measures were taken. In the first study, significant amplitude changes were observed in the event‐related brain potentials (ERP) recorded during a dichotic listening task. In the second study, latency and reaction time (RT) slowing were seen on a visual discrimination task (P300paradigm). Although these results were little related to the number of parameters analysed, they indicate that low level 50 Hz MF might have a slight influence on ERP and RT under specific circumstances of sustained attention. Before concluding that moderately strong MF exposure can influence cognitive function, previous results should be replicated, using the same paradigms with another group of healthy volunteers. In the present study, 18 healthy subjects were exposed to three experimental sessions of 30 min each, given at 1 week intervals. The sessions consisted of continuous 100 μTrms50 Hz MF exposure, sham condition, and bright light (5000 lux) exposure. The study was performed double‐blind, with the exposure order counter‐balanced. The data on mood, ERP, RT, and other performance measures did not show any differences among the sham exposure, light exposure, and MF exposure conditions. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that extremely low frequency (ELF) MF exposure affects the brain's electrical activity or cognitive function at field strength (100 μTrms) similar to that found in very close proximity of some household and industrial electrical appliances and well in excess of the average MF strength (c. 0.1 μT) found in homes. The sensitivity of the experiment was possibly not sufficient to detect an effect at this relatively low MF, and larger sample sizes would be required in further studies. Bioelectromagnetics 26:225–233, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of 400, 900, and 1900 MHz electromagnetic fields onLemna minorgrowth and peroxidase activity
Authors: Tkalec Mirta , Malarić Krešimir , Pevalek‐Kozlina Branka
Published: March 2005

Increased use of radio and microwave frequencies requires investigations of their effects on living organisms. Duckweed (Lemna minorL.) has been commonly used as a model plant for environmental monitoring. In the present study, duckweed growth and peroxidase activity was evaluated after exposure in a Gigahertz Transversal Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell to electric fields of frequencies 400, 900, and 1900 MHz. The growth of plants exposed for 2 h to the 23 V/m electric field of 900 MHz significantly decreased in comparison with the control, while an electric field of the same strength but at 400 MHz did not have such effect. A modulated field at 900 MHz strongly inhibited the growth, while at 400 MHz modulation did not influence the growth significantly. At both frequencies a longer exposure mostly decreased the growth and the highest electric field (390 V/m) strongly inhibited the growth. Exposure of plants to lower field strength (10 V/m) for 14 h caused significant decrease at 400 and 1900 MHz while 900 MHz did not influence the growth. Peroxidase activity in exposed plants varied, depending on the exposure characteristics. Observed changes were mostly small, except in plants exposed for 2 h to 41 V/m at 900 MHz where a significant increase (41%) was found. Our results suggest that investigated electromagnetic fields (EMFs) might influence plant growth and, to some extent, peroxidase activity. However, the effects of EMFs strongly depended on the characteristics of the field exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 26:185–193, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anion‐Induced Urea Deprotonation
Authors: Boiocchi Massimo , Del Boca Laura , Esteban‐Gómez David , Fabbrizzi Luigi , Licchelli Maurizio , Monzani Enrico
Published: March 2005

The urea‐based receptor 1 (1‐(7‐nitrobenzo[1,2,5]oxadiazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)urea, LH), interacts with X− ions in MeCN, according to two consecutive steps: 1) formation of a hydrogen‐bond complex [LH⋅⋅⋅X]−; 2) deprotonation of LH to give L− and [HX2]−, as shown by spectrophotometric and 1H NMR titration experiments. Step 2) takes place with more basic anions (fluoride, carboxylates, dihydrogenphosphate), while less basic anions (Cl−, NO2−, NO3−) do not induce proton transfer. On crystallisation from a solution containing LH and excess Bu4NF, the tetrabutylammonium salt of the deprotonated urea derivative (Bu4N[L]) was isolated and its crystal and molecular structure determined.
Monomers, Chains and Layers of [Pt2(SO4)4] Units in the Crystal Structures of the Platinum(III) Sulfates (NH4)2 [Pt2(SO4)4(H2O)2], K4[Pt2(SO4)5] and Cs[Pt2(SO4)3(HSO4)].
Authors: Pley Martin , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure of Ca5TiNb4O17.
Authors: Titov Y. A. , Belyavina N. M. , Markiv V. Ya. , Slobodyanik M. S. , Chumak V. V.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antiferromagnetism of Ln2BaPdO5 (Ln: La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho).
Authors: Taniguchi T. , Kawaji Y. , Ozawa T. C. , Nagata Y. , Noro Y. , Samata H. , Lan M. D.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones Catalyzed by Salt‐Free Two Samarium Centers Supported by a Chiral Multidentate Alkoxy Ligand.
Authors: Ohno Kouji , Kataoka Yasutaka , Mashima Kazushi
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Diastereoselective Glyoxylate‐ene Reaction Using N‐Glyoxyloyl Camphorpyrazolidinone as an Enophile.
Authors: Pan Jia‐Fu , Venkatesham Uppala , Chen Kwunmin
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Vinyl Bis(boronates).
Authors: Morgan Jeremy B. , Morken James P.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dearomatizing Rearrangements of Lithiated Thiophenecarboxamides.
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Turnbull Rachel , Helliwell Madeleine , Pinto Ivan
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochemical Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds in Protic Media Using an in situ Generated Photocatalyst.
Authors: de Lijser H. J. Peter , Rangel Natalie Ann
Published: March 2005

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Tetrabutylammonium Phosphomolybdate on Fluorapatite: An Efficient Solid Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Selective Oxidation of Sulfides.
Authors: Sasaki Yoh , Ushimaru Kyohei , Iteya Katsuma , Nakayama Hirokazu , Yamaguchi Shunro , Ichihara Junko
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Cascade Enyne/Ring Closing Metathesis Approach to Angularly Fused Dioxatriquinanes.
Authors: Kaliappan Krishna P. , Nandurdikar Rahul S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Acylation of Pyrroles.
Authors: Song Chuanjun , Knight David W. , Whatton Maria A.
Published: March 2005

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NO3×‐Induced Self‐Terminating Radical Oxygenations: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Anellated Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Stademann Arne , Wille Uta
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthesis of 2,4‐Dimethylfuro[3,2‐c]quinolines.
Authors: Avetisyan A. A. , Aleksanyan I. L. , Pivazyan A. A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 8‐Arylsulfoxyl/Sulfonyl Adenines.
Authors: Llauger Laura , He Huazhong , Chiosis Gabriela
Published: March 2005

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Chlorovinylation of Diphenyl Dichalcogenides with Dichloroacetylene — A New Method of Synthesis of 1,2‐Dichlorovinyl Phenyl Chalcogenides.
Authors: Martynov A. V. , Amosova S. V.
Published: March 2005

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Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Radicicol and Geldanamycin Chimera, Radamide.
Authors: Clevenger Randell C. , Blagg Brian S. J.
Published: March 2005

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The Dearomatization of Arenes by Dihapto Coordination
Authors: Harman W. Dean
Published: March 2005

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Asymmetric Processes Catalyzed by Chiral (Salen)metal Complexes
Authors: Larrow Jay F. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phthalocyanine Nanostructures
Authors: Kim Eunkyoung
Published: March 2005

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Double‐ and Triple‐Decker Phthalocyanines/Porphyrins
Authors: Lomova Tatyana N. , Klyueva Marija E.
Published: March 2005

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Critical Appraisal of Salting‐Out and Its Implications for Chemical and Biological Sciences
Authors: Grover Phulwinder K. , Ryall Rosemary L.
Published: March 2005

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Spin Counting
Authors: Hughes Colan E.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Outcome of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ untreated after diagnostic biopsy
Authors: Collins Laura C. , Tamimi Rulla M. , Baer Heather J. , Connolly James L. , Colditz Graham A. , Schnitt Stuart J.
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

Studies of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) “treated” by diagnostic biopsy alone have been rare, but provide important opportunities to gain insights into the natural history of these lesions.

METHODS

During a review of 1877 breast biopsy specimens in a nested case–control study of benign breast disease and breast carcinoma risk, the authors identified 13 biopsy specimens with DCIS that were originally diagnosed as benign. Because each of these women was initially given a benign diagnosis, they received no treatment beyond the diagnostic biopsy.

RESULTS

When compared with women with nonproliferative lesions, the odds ratio (OR) for the development of invasive breast carcinoma among those with retrospectively identified DCIS (n = 6) was 13.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.7–49.7). The OR for the development of any subsequent invasive or in situ breast carcinoma event (n = 10) was 20.1 (95% CI, 6.1–66. 5). A retrospective review of these DCIS biopsy specimens revealed that the nuclear grade was low in four lesions, intermediate in six, and high in three. None showed comedo‐type necrosis. Invasive carcinomas developed among women with DCIS of all nuclear grades. All 10 breast carcinoma events (100%) were in the ipsilateral breast.

CONCLUSIONS

These results provided further evidence that patients with DCIS who received no treatment beyond a diagnostic biopsy were at substantially increased risk for developing ipsilateral invasive breast carcinoma, and that the increased risk in this setting was seen in DCIS of low, intermediate, and high nuclear grades. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.