bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Developing Nursing Knowledge About the Effects of Dementia on Older Persons' Abilities
Authors: Wells Donna L. , Dawson Pamela
Published: April 2003

A dearth of nursing knowledge exists about the specific effects of the cognitive and other changes of dementia on older persons' abilities. Consequently, limited direction is available to guide nursing research and practice in this context. Thus, the authors designed a framework that directs the development of such knowledge. In this article, the assumptions and elements of the framework are detailed. An extensive illustration of the application of the framework is provided concerning ideational apraxia in dementia and self-care abilities related to feeding. It is shown how nurses can draw information from the scholarship of other disciplines and incorporate it into an understanding of the effects of dementia on abilities. The framework can be used to systematically focus research and practice concerning the care of people suffering fromdementia.
Advance Directives Preferences of Functionally and Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents in the United States
Authors: Moody Linda E. , Small Brent J. , Jones Cheryl B.
Published: April 2003

This study analyzed advance directives preferences of nursing home residents by level and type of impairment (cognitive and functional). There is a great need to improve care of nursing home residents by honoring their advance directives and reducing the number of adverse events. This secondary data analysis included a random sample of 3,747 subjects from the national Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Nursing Home Component (MEPS-NHC) Round 1 database. Cognitive and/or functionally impaired residents were more likely to have urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Logistic regression models identified several factors (noted in parentheses) that were significantly associated with four advance directives preferences: (a) living will (age, educational level, marital status, and the interaction of functional and cognitive impairment), (b) do not resuscitate (DNR) (age, educational level, marital status, and the interaction of functional and cognitive impairment), (c) no hospitalization (age, educational level, and the interaction of functional and cognitive impairment), and (d) no medications and treatments (educational level).
Nutritional Risk Among Urban, Community-Dwelling Older Hispanics: Influence of Demographic and Cultural Characteristics
Authors: Kicklighter Jana R. , Duchon Deborah
Published: April 2003

This investigation explored nutritional risk and dietary characteristics of older Hispanics (52 years or older) living independently in a large, urban metropolitan area. Fifty-nine participants (93% female) completed a 16-item nutrition assessment questionnaire, and dietary intake data were collected on 49 of these participants. Of participants, 65% were well-nourished, although 35% were at risk of malnutrition or were malnourished. Participants'diets were lacking adequate amounts of dietary fiber, vitamin E, folate, zinc and calcium as well as energy foods, protein, and complex carbohydrates. A culturally sensitive nutrition intervention to meet the needs of older Hispanics should emphasize adequate fluid intake and traditional food sources of fiber, vitamin E, folate, zinc, and calcium. In addition, knowledge of different types of carbohydrates and dietary fats should be incorporated into interventions that also provide opportunities for social interactions among older Hispanics.
Correlates of Social Function: A Comparison of a Black and a White Sample of Older Persons in Los Angeles
Authors: Cunningham William E. , Hays Ron D. , Burton Tanya M. , Reuben David B. , Kington Raynard S.
Published: April 2003

This study compares social functioning between one Black (n = 560) and one White (n = 1350) urban, community-based sample of older persons in Los Angeles. A 3-item social function scale that assessed visiting with family and friends, participating in community activities, and taking care of other people was administered; the instrument also assessed basic activities of daily living (BADL) and intermediate activities of daily living (IADL). In multivariate analysis, social function was substantially higher for Blacks than for Whites, although BADL and IADL scores were somewhat lower for Blacks. BADLs, IADLs, being male, and being married were positively associated with social function among Blacks; IADLs, owning a home, and history of falls were negatively associated with social function among Whites. The high social function of Blacks, despite more physical limitations, suggests that even physically impaired Black older persons in the South Central Los Angeles community may remain actively involved in the family and community.
Factors Influencing Expectations to Move or Age in Place at Retirement Among 40- to 65-Year-Olds
Authors: Schiamberg Lawrence B. , McKinney Kathleen G.
Published: April 2003

This study examines contextual factors related to adult decisions to move or age in place at retirement. Using a broad range of individual community and family factors, the study addresses two primary objectives: (a) comparing those inclined to move or stay at retirement and (b) whether such decisions are more salient as individuals move closer to an actual date of retirement. Salience refers to the change in thinking about relocation, from remote thoughts to concrete decisions. The sample included adults (N = 1,285) between 40 and 65 years of age. Logistic regression of two age groups in the sample, 40- to 50-year-olds and 51- to 60-year-olds, indicated both common and differential patterns of planning based on the emerging salience of retirement. Results provide an understanding of factors associated with migration decision making and the evolving salience of thinking about migration. In addition, these findings may facilitate informed community planning.
Driver License Renewal for the Elderly: A Case Study
Authors: Stamatiadis Nikiforos , Agent Kenneth R. , Ridgeway Michael
Published: April 2003

Periodic renewal of driver licenses is an integral part of the driver licensing procedures for most states. Renewal of driver licenses is usually required every 4 years, and many states conduct vision tests before granting renewal. A few states require additional testing, whereas several states have no vision testing or any other examinations at renewal. Still fewer have additional requirements for older drivers. The increasing percentage of older drivers and the visual changes due to aging or disease are also additional concerns. Thus, it was considered important to systematically review current practices regarding license renewal and retesting and identify potential changes in these procedures. For older drivers, a more frequent renewal period is proposed, accompanied by a vision screening and a medical questionnaire to determine physical and mental status of older drivers.
Resident and Staff Ratings of Foodservices in Long-Term Care: Implications for Autonomy and Quality of Life
Authors: West Gale E. , Ouellet Denise , Ouellette Stéphanie
Published: April 2003

Foodservices contribute to the health status, quality of life, and autonomy of long-term care (LTC) residents, yet malnutrition is prevalent. To improve nutritional status, LTC facilities should determine which aspects of foodservices are important to residents and which provoke the most dissatisfaction. Because staff control foodservices, it is equally important to examine their beliefs. Data were collected from nine LTC facilities in Quebec. Means and t tests of differences between residents' (n = 69) and staff 's (n = 52) mean importance and satisfaction rankings of 29 foodservice items are presented. Although residents rated foodservice choice and autonomy items lower in importance, these items were generally less satisfied. Staff consistently overrated both importance and satisfaction among residents. Specific recommendations for foodservice quality improvements are discussed in relation to residents' quality of life, autonomy, and nutritional status.
Staff Ratios and Resident Outcomes in Special Care Units: Do Activity Aides Make a Difference?
Authors: Colin Reid R. , Chappell Neena L.
Published: April 2003

This study examines the effect of activity aide—to-resident ratios on outcomes of special-care-unit residents over a 1-year period following admission. Existing studies focusing on the effects of staff ratios on resident outcomes tend not to separate activity aides from other types of staff, if they study them at all. However, research on best care practices in special care units for persons with dementia has established the importance of activities for optimal resident outcomes. Employing multiple regression analyses, this study finds evidence that increased activity aide— to-resident ratios have positive effects on three resident outcomes—expressive language skills, social skills, and cognitive function—when controlling for resident characteristics, facility characteristics, and environmental design. It is concluded that because activity aide—to-resident ratios tend to be very low yet appear to have a significant positive effect on resident outcomes, a modest increase in activity aide—to-resident ratios would be beneficial for residents with dementia in special care units.
Evaluating Community-Based Programs for Dementia Caregivers: The Cost Implications of Adult Day Services
Authors: Gaugler Joseph E. , Zarit Steven H. , Townsend Aloen , Parris Stephens Mary-Ann , Greene Rick
Published: April 2003

This study analyzes the short- (3 months) and long-term (1 year) cost implications of adult day care, a community-based program that has gained attention for its positive impact on dementia caregivers. A variety of costs (e.g., adult day services, formal service use, informal sources of care, employment changes) were estimated for caregivers (n = 367 at 3 months; n = 201 at 1 year). Results found that the daily costs to reduce caregivers' role overload and depression decreased with adult day service utilization over a 1-year period. The findings emphasize that adult day programs are most effective for dementia caregivers who use these services consistently and for longer periods of time. Moreover, practitioners must develop methods to encourage early utilization of adult day services during the caregiving career to increase the range of benefits.
Separating Church and State or Guaranteeing Religious Expression?
Authors: White Richard D. , Jeter Jeffrey D.
Published: April 2003

How is religious controversy resolved? Although no definitive and agreed-on rule exists for determining constitutionally appropriate standards for sectarian behavior in the public workplace, an assessment of current research provides a framework to understand the diverse interests that this controversial issue engenders. This article traces the historical and legal evolution of the separation of church and state, provides a framework that more clearly defines salient issues, and poses recommendations for the public employer who faces the controversies created by the clash of secular and sectarian interests. In so doing, the article aims to provide both the public employer and employee with a deeper understanding of the complex issues concerning religious expression in the workplace.
Child Care Needs and Work-Life Implications
Authors: Becerra Raquel L. , Gooden Susan Tinsley , Kim Dong Won , Henderson Tammy L. , Whitfield Chaketa L.
Published: April 2003

The need for child care is a work-life issue that affects families across all income levels. These issues are particularly challenging in rural areas, where nontraditional child care services may be more limited. Using data from a rural county in Virginia, this article examines income level differences in parents’ reported child care needs. We compare income groups along six variables. Our results suggest that lower income households have significantly more child care needs than moderate or upper income households along three of the variables: need for different hours, need for child care closer to home, and need for special-needs child care. These findings have implications for human resource managers as they consider work-life policies in their organization.
The U.S. Supreme Court's New Federalism and Its Impact on Antidiscrimination Legislation
Authors: Riccucci Norma M.
Published: April 2003

In recent years, the U.S. Supreme Court has developed a new federalism policy that has eviscerated the powers of the U.S. Congress in favor of states' rights. This article addresses the implications of the Supreme Court's new federalism policy for the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967 as amended. It focuses on two recent High Court decisions, Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents and Garrett v. the University of Alabama , which greatly reduced the scope of both the ADA and the ADEA. In light of these decisions, alternative actions for enforcing antidiscrimination laws are provided.
Understanding Variation in the Practice of Employee Discipline
Authors: Pagan Javier F. , Franklin Aimee L.
Published: April 2003

First-line supervisors' responses to employee-related problems can vary widely from one supervisor to another. Assuming fair and consistent disciplinary activity is valued by organizations, then discovery of the factors causing supervisors to respond differently to similar situations is a valuable activity. Using a case study approach for four organizations in Puerto Rico, this article explores how factors such as sector, union presence, and managerial and human resource department support influence the choice of a discipline strategy. When present, some of these factors were found to encourage supervisors to comply with formal disciplinary policy. Organizations can use these findings to assess the degree to which there is consistency in these factors and take strategic action to assure that first-line supervisors receive clear and consistent signals regarding appropriate disciplinary strategies.
Best Practices in Managing Reductions in Force
Authors: Holzer Marc , Lee Seok-Hwan , Newman Meredith A.
Published: April 2003

Confronted by limited resources and the pressures of cutback management, reductions in force (RIFs) have received much attention from both practitioners and scholars in the public sector in recent years. It has often been argued that a RIF constitutes a very difficult task for administrators, who are universally reluctant to lay off personnel, and that enormous levels of organizational stress are experienced when workforce reductions become necessary. Nevertheless, a strategically planned RIF, along with other productivity improvement strategies, may help conserve valuable human resources even in uncommonly bad economic times. This article examines best practices followed in managing a RIF in the Australian Public Service and suggests factors that should be considered for successful RIF processes in the public sector elsewhere, should the necessity arise.
Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppressant Concentration Needs for International Space Station Environments
Authors: Hirsch D. , Hshieh F. -Y. , Beeson H. , Pedley M.
Published: April 2003

Fire suppression onboard spacecraft is a critical issue. Currently, requirements for the International Space Station (ISS) include achieving a 50% concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) fire suppressant when extinguishing fires. This requirement is in accordance with NFPA 12, the governing standard for CO2 extinguishing systems, which requires concentrations of 50% for smoldering fires and 34% for flaming combustion.

NFPA 12 was developed for fire suppression at ground conditions. This paper discusses combustion of materials in microgravity and evaluates CO2 fire suppressant concentration needed in microgravity and specifically for ISS environments. In a normal 20.9% oxygen environment on the ISS, the NFPA requirement should be more than adequate to extinguish flaming combustion in on-orbit microgravity conditions. For environments with initial oxygen concentrations higher than 25%, if a CO2 concentration less than 34% is desired, materials control should be exercised.
Fourier Transform Infrared Analysis of Combustion Gases
Authors: Speitel Louise C.
Published: April 2003

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has developed a unique extractive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) system to analyze rapidly changing moist fire gas concentrations as a function of time. The system was designed to eliminate numerous errors generated by state-of-the-art FTIR systems for fire gas analysis. In addition, the path length, cell volume, sample flow rate, and system temperature were optimized to provide a rapid response and a sufficient dynamic range to detect gas concentrations generated in a fire (modified cone) calorimeter. A nonlinear classical least squares method was developed to analyze the FTIR data and generate the concentration histories and confidence limits of the 16 fire gases. Results of the technique are presented for flaming and nonflaming combustion tests of a mix of six common plastics.
Determination of Oxygen Index Levels and Thermal Analysis of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Impregnated with Melamine Formaldehyde-Boron Combinations
Authors: Baysal Ergun
Published: April 2003

Melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin was impregnated into Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) specimens with aqueous solutions of 5, 10 and 20% concentrations. Boric acid(BA) and borax(BX) was added to MF resin at the concentration levels of 0.25, 1.00 and 4.70% to each level of resin concentrations. A boric acid and BX mixture was prepared at the 5: 1 (w/w) ratio in order to obtain a nearly neutral pH of the solution and better fire resistance. Untreated and treated wood with all combinations were subjected to oxygen index test according to ASTM D 2863-91 and thermal analysis. Results were evaluated in terms of the improvement of fire retarding performances of wood by sole or combination treatments.
Study of Liquid Pool Fire Suppression with Water Mists by Cone Calorimeter
Authors: Jianghong Liu , Guangxuan Liao , Weicheng Fan , Bin Yao , Xiyun Lu
Published: April 2003

An experimental study of the pool fire suppression with water mists was performed in this paper. Spatially resolved droplet size, velocity distributions, and volume flux of the fine water mist has been obtained by LDA/APV system. A method to correct for the presence of droplets is presented and used to determine the heat release rate using a cone calorimeter system, the effects of water mist application on the heat release rate for liquid pool fires were studied. It was found that the volume flux of the water spray mostly determined the liquid pool fire-behavior. For the current experimental conditions, the flame was enlarged when lower volume flux of water is used, and suppressed significantly when higher volumes of water are used. Two opposing mechanisms compete when water mists are applied, which is more complex than the halon agents, such as 1301. The combustion enhancement becomes insignificant when water mists with the proper characteristics such as adequate volume flux are applied to the diffusion flame in a confined space.
A CFD Study of Buoyancy Effects on Smoke Spread in a Refuge Floor of a High-rise Building
Authors: Lo S. M. , Yuen K. K. , Lu W. Z. , Chen D. H.
Published: April 2003

This paper presents a CFD study of wind-smoke spread in a designated refuge floor of a high-rise building and explores the influence of buoyancy on the smoke-flow field. A designated refuge floor is a prescribed requirement stipulated in the Code of Practice on Means of Escape of Hong Kong. It is regarded as an interim safe place for evacuation under fire or other emergency situations in high-rise buildings. In order to prevent smoke logging and causing hazard to the evacuees in the floor, Hong Kong’s code prescribes that cross-ventilation should be provided in such a way that the floor should be open-sided above the parapet on at least two opposite sides. However, whether such requirement is effective has not been analytically studied. A previous study has revealed that smoke may spread into the floor by dint of wind action, and how the buoyancy affects on airflow and smoke is not further studied. We have extended our study and found that the buoyancy could strongly affect the flow pattern. The buoyancy effect could cause a high vertical velocity component inside the refuge floor. The evacuees, while having a rest in the refuge floor, will be substantially affected by the ingress of smoke under a strong wind. It has further been found that the amount of smoke migrating into the refuge floor will be affected by the temperature at the opening of the fire zone immediately below the refuge floor in that it is inversely proportional to the opening temperature.
Fire Retardant Effect of 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide in the PPO/HIPS Blend
Authors: Balabanovich A. I. , Levchik G. F. , Yang J. H.
Published: April 2003

A phosphorus-rich compound 2-methyl-1,2-oxaphospholan-5-one 2-oxide (OP) (Clariant, Germany), and poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO) were mixed with high impact polystyrene (HIPS). The combustion behavior of the formulations was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Underwriters Laboratories UL94 test. The mechanism of the fire-retardant action of the additives was studied by thermogravimetry, IR characterization of the solid residues and high boiling degradation products (HBPs) and GC/MS characterization of the HBPs. OP was found to improve fire retardant performance of the PPO/HIPS blend providing the UL94 V-0 rating. Upon pyrolysis, it evaporates and forms phosphorus-containing volatiles. Thermogravimetry and FT-IR provide evidence of an interaction between PPO and OP. The synergistic fire retardant effect is mostly attributed to the condensed and vapor-phase activity of OP and condensed-phase effect of PPO.
Combustion and Mechanical Properties of Fire Retardant Treated Waste Paper Board for Interior Finishing Material
Authors: Yang Han-Seung , Kim Dae-Jun , Kim Hyun-Joong
Published: April 2003

The physical and mechanical properties of fire retardant treated composites made of recycled waste paper were examined to investigate the possibility of using the composites as interior finishing materials. With specific gravities of 0.8 and 1.0, and containing 10, 15, and 20(wt.%) of fire retardant (inorganic chemical, FR-7®) using the fabricating method used by commercial fiberboard manufacturers. Shredded waste newspapers and urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives, at 10% by weight on raw material, were used to produce recycled waste paper boards in laboratory scale experiments. The bending modulus of rupture increased as board density increased, and decreased as the fire retardant content increased. Mechanical properties were a little inferior to medium density fiberboard (MDF) or hardboard (HB), but significantly superior to gypsum board (GB) and insulation board (IB). The incombustibility per JIS A 1321-1994 [Japanese Standards Association (1994). Testing method for incombustibility of interior finish material and procedure of buildings, JIS A 1321-1994] of the fire retardant treated board increased on increasing the fire retardant content. The study shows that there is a possibility that composites made of recycled waste paper can be used as fire retardant treated interior finishing materials.
Planning and Indigenous People
Authors: Berke Philip R. , Ericksen Neil , Crawford Jan , Dixon Jenny
Published: April 2003

This study examined the influence of a national planning mandate to redress human rights violations of the indigenous people of New Zealand. The mandate requires local governments to prepare environmental plans, achieve national goals, and support participation of indigenous people. A sample of thirty-four local governments was evaluated to determine how well local plans support indigenous rights and to examine the influence of factors that influence local plan support. Findings indicate that plans scored moderate to low in support of indigenous rights. In addition, indicators of citizen participation, quality of regional plans, and local organizational capability to plan had a positive influence on local plan support for indigenous rights.
Beyond Labels
Authors: Jamal Tazim B. , Stein Stanley M. , Harper Thomas L.
Published: April 2003

This article advocates a neopragmatic approach to collaborative planning in protected areas characterized by historical conflict among diverse stakeholders. Our example is a multisectoral process initiated to address use and development conflicts in the international tourism destination of Banff National Park, Canada. We show how philosophical presuppositions (essentialism and metaphysical realism) can impede collaboration and exacerbate problems when categories like environmentalist and terms like ecological integrity are used. Rather than fixing categories and terms up front, a more fluid planning approach is advocated; terms are flexible and meanings emerge through dialogue. Shared descriptions replace contentious categories and terms.
Do We Learn from Planning Practice?
Authors: Watson Vanessa
Published: April 2003

This article examines a central assumption that underlies what has been termed the practice movement in planning theory. The term refers to the great diversity of recent writings that focus on the activity of planning and the practices of planners. It is assumed that empirical accounts of planning practice can help to build a more useful and pragmatic kind of planning theory than can the generalized procedural or normative models that previously constituted planning theory and that they have a pedagogical role to play in relation to practicing planners and planners in training. This article asks questions about how we learn from practice, how we learn from other people writing about practice, and therefore what kind of writing about practice will be most conducive to a learning experience.
Teaching for Practice
Authors: Brooks Kerry R. , Nocks Barry C. , Farris J. Terrence , Cunningham M. Grant
Published: April 2003

Planning educators endeavor to prepare students for professional practice. Recent literature describes approaches that enhance this mission, including alternative pedagogies and teaching practice. Important to practice is relating knowledge and experience to new situations, a skill developed through reflecting on practice experiences. This article addresses efforts to integrate reflection into planning internship. The authors discuss the internship with reference to their masters of city and regional planning program as well as internship issues and expectations. They present thought questions developed to implement reflection in the internship and present student responses to them.
Enabling Exclusion
Authors: Goetz Edward G. , Chapple Karen , Lukermann Barbara
Published: April 2003

This article examines the impact of regional institutions and a regional planning framework on low- and moderate-income housing efforts in a metropolitan area. The Minnesota Land Use Planning Act (LUPA), enacted in 1976, sets forth the requirement for communities in the Twin Cities metropolitan area to plan for their share of the metro area's need for low- and moderate-income housing. After a period of effective regional planning for low-mod housing, changing political and institutional environments have led to significant decline in the willingness of the Metropolitan Council to implement the law.
The Perils of Participatory Discourse: Housing Policy in Postapartheid South Africa
Authors: Miraftab Faranak
Published: April 2003

This article concerns the discursive use of community participation in processes of human settlement development. It focuses on South African housing policy, which expected to implement a people-centered policy through developer-driven strategies. Stressing two important conditions with respect to the conception and institutionalization of participatory processes, the paper examines the policy's failure in its participatory agenda, whereby contrary to its participatory rhetoric, communities and other actors have not established a positive or synergistic relationship, but rather one best defined by a zero-sum perspective: the private sector interests have hijacked the participatory discourse, and communities' interests have been marginalized.
A Prerequisite for Participation
Authors: Laurian Lucie
Published: April 2003

Current research and practice on participation assumes that residents are aware of local issues and informed enough to participate meaningfully. I challenge these assumptions and focus on public awareness and information levels as they affect public participation in environmental decision making. The author seeks specifically to demonstrate conceptually that participation requires awareness and information, empirically identify factors affecting awareness and information levels, and recommend policies that foster participation. The analysis finds that newspapers and social networks increase residents' awareness of local issues but fail to diffuse detailed information. Supporting community mobilization efforts, which increase residents' awareness and information levels, will foster participation.
The Economic Benefits of Public Investment in Transportation
Authors: Bhatta Saurav Dev , Drennan Matthew P.
Published: April 2003

This article reviews the recent literature on the long-term economic benefits of public investments in transportation. It organizes the literature into six groups according to the type of benefit being measured, namely, output; productivity; production costs; income, property values, employment, and real wages; rate of return; and noncommercial travel time. The central question addressed by the papers reviewed is whether public investments in transportation yield long-term economic benefits. While the different studies arrive at different numerical answers, most of them do indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between such investments and economic benefit measures. Transportation planners engaged in the effort to win funding for the best of competing projects would gain by an awareness of that economic benefit literature and by applying the methods to measuring benefits of their projects.
Predicting Perceptions of Discrimination among Hispanics and Anglos
Authors: Shorey Hal S. , Cowan Gloria , Sullivan Mary P.
Published: April 2003

In light of the rapid growth of the Hispanic population,accompanied by a recent backlash against affirmative action and claims of reverse discrimination,there is a need to understand the factors that contribute to perceptions of discrimination among Hispanics and among Anglos. The current study expanded on Kobrynowicz and Branscombe’s research on perceptions of discrimination by investigating the relationships between perceived personal and group discrimination and self-esteem,control,individualism/collectivism,and social dominance orientation (SDO) among Hispanics and among Anglos. Correlates of discrimination by gender within ethnicity were also assessed. Among Hispanics,personal self-esteem and personal and interpersonal control were negatively correlated,and collectivism was positively correlated,with perceived personal discrimination. Among Anglos,SDO was positively correlated with perceived group discrimination. Multiple regression indicated that collectivism and personal control were significant predictors of perceived personal discrimination among Hispanics, whereas SDO was a significant predictor of perceived group discrimination among Anglos.
Hispanic Law Students’ Perceptions of Discrimination, Justice, and Career Prospects
Authors: Foley Sharon , Kidder Deborah L.
Published: April 2003

In this study,ethnic and gender discrimination perceived by minority students was investigated in a sample of 118 Hispanic law school students. Despite governmental efforts at promoting affirmative action practices,perceived discrimination can act as a barrier in the legal profession that keeps minority and female attorneys from advancing in the profession. Results were consistent with the hypotheses,suggesting that (a) female students anticipated more discrimination in the legal profession than male students; (b) the higher the perceived discrimination,the less fair the students perceived the promotion process in their future law firm will be; and (c) the lower the perceived fairness of the promotion process,the lower the satisfaction with their chosen career (the law profession) and the lower the respondents’ perceived career prospects. Practical implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
Effects of Interviewer Characteristics on Reported Sexual Behavior of California Latino Couples
Authors: Wilson Sandra R. , Brown Nancy L. , Mejia Carolina , Lavori Philip W.
Published: April 2003

Effects of interviewer gender and age on disclosure of sexual behavior by 573 California Latino men and their female partners were analyzed,adjusting for interviewee clustering within interviewer. Larger standard errors in adjusted than in naive/unadjusted regression models demonstrated the existence of interviewer effects on responding,but these were only attributable to interviewer gender or age for a small number of specific topics. Men interviewed by women reported fewer sexual partners and were less likely to report sex with strangers than men interviewed by men; they were more likely to report sex with prostitutes or other men to older than to younger interviewers. Women were less likely to report oral sex to older interviewers. Sexual behavior surveys should evaluate and, where detected, adjust for fixed interviewer effects and should routinely report interviewer numbers, panel sizes, and other characteristics.
Mental Health Needs of Spanish-Speaking Latinos in Southern California
Authors: Kanel Kristi
Published: April 2003

To better understand current mental health needs of Spanish-speaking people in Southern California,268 Latinos completed questionnaires that surveyed their perceived mental health needs. In addition, 43 therapists,self-identified as serving Spanish-speaking clients, completed a survey regarding their approaches in providing counseling to this population. Low-skilled, working-poor, primarily monolingual Hispanics were compared with Hispanic college students to explore differences and similarities between these groups. Both groups preferred counseling approaches in which the counselor gives a lot of advice, asks a lot of questions, and focuses on current problems, especially family issues. They preferred a relationship that was professional and personal and preferred counseling more than medication to deal with emotional problems. These preferences corresponded with the therapists who stated that they develop a friendly but professional relationship. The therapists also stated that the treatment models most often used were cognitive behavioral, family systems, psychoeducational, and referrals to other agencies.
Moving beyond Linear Trajectories of Language Shift and Bilingual Language Socialization
Authors: Pease-Alvarez Lucinda
Published: April 2003

Demographers and sociologists conducting large-scale surveys of the language choices and preferences of different immigrant groups residing in the United States have contributed to the widespread characterization of language shift as following a single trajectory and of bilingualism as a transitory phenomenon. However, researchers studying bilingualism and bilingual language socialization among Latino populations have found variations in the trajectories language shift follows for these groups. Drawing on sociocultural perspectives of language and learning, this article describes the language socialization experiences of Mexican-descent families living in a California community in order to understand how these experiences are implicated in the development and evolution of their bilingualism. In working toward this goal, the findings reported here contribute to a dynamic and multifaceted portrayal of bilingualism.
Explanatory Emotion Talk in Mexican Immigrant and Mexican American Families
Authors: Cervantes Christi A.
Published: April 2003

This study investigated emotion conversations in 48 Mexican-descent families, focusing on their use of emotion labels and explanations during a videotaped storytelling task. Emotion conversations were examined for patterns related to mothers’ intracultural group (Mexican immigrant, Mexican American) and preschool-age children’s gender. Results indicated that Mexican immigrant mothers used more explanations than labels, whereas Mexican American mothers used comparable amounts of both. Children in both groups used equal amounts of labels and explanations. Mothers’ emotion talk did not show gender patterns, but, in the Mexican American group, girls discussed emotion more than boys did. The data reported here contrast with previous studies reporting low frequency of explanations in Mexican-descent mother-child interactions, diverge from prior findings in European American families, and suggest that gender patterns in emotion talk vary both across and within cultural groups. The results on Mexican-descent families are discussed regarding notions of family closeness, respect, and giving children nurturing advice.
Normative Scripts for Object Labeling during a Play Activity: Mother-Child and Sibling Conversations in Mexican-Descent Families
Authors: Pérez-Granados Deanne R.
Published: April 2003

This study compared patterns of mother and sibling object labeling as potential word learning resources for young children. Maternal labeling was also compared based on mothers’education level and target children’s age and gender. Target children (2- to 3-year-olds) from 40 Mexican-descent families engaged in a videotaped play activity with their mothers and siblings (4- to 6-year-olds). Mothers provided names for objects (referential labeling) as often as they mentioned objects as part of the ongoing activity (labeling in action). Siblings focused on referential labeling proportionately more than did mothers and did so as a demonstration of their knowledge of object labels, whereas mothers used this labeling style as a collaborative discussion. There were no differences in mothers’ labeling styles based on education level; however, there were interesting variations based on target child age and gender. Results suggest that there are diverse conversational motivations and normative scripts for object labeling within mother-child and sibling conversations.
Teaching the Alphabet: An Exploratory look at Maternal Instruction in Mexican American Families
Authors: Moreno Robert P.
Published: April 2003

This study is part of a larger project that examines the instructional behaviors and beliefs of Mexican American mothers with their preschool-age children. A qualitative approach was used to explore the unique instructional conditions and practices used by five Mexican American mothers when teaching their preschool children the letters of the alphabet. The results of the study suggest that traditional approaches to examining mother-child teaching interactions mask the unique instructional condition faced by Mexican American mothers, specifically regarding the social organization of instruction and language use.
The Role of Educational Background, Activity, and Past Experiences in Mexican-Descent Families’ Science Conversations
Authors: Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Callanan Maureen A. , Alba-Speyer Consuelo , Sandoval Leticia
Published: April 2003

Debate exists regarding the extent to which Mexican-descent parent-child conversations are explanatory. Moreover, suggestions have been made that differences in the amount of explanatory conversation may be based on parents’educational background. This article reports on two studies investigating conversations between parents and children in two different contexts. Results of an observational study conducted at a children’s museum reveal that although parents with high levels of formal education used more explanations about science than did parents with lower levels of formal education, both groups engaged in causal conversations with their children. In a second study examining parents’ reports of science talk after attending family science workshops, results indicated no difference in the explanation frequency between two groups of families with different levels of formal education. Overall, the findings suggest that Mexican-descent parents across differing educational backgrounds encourage their children’s developing understanding of the scientific world.
Ethnopsychological Method and the Psychological Assessment of Mexican Americans
Authors: Gutierrez Guadalupe
Published: April 2003

This article reviews the theoretical and methodological development of ethnopsychology, which is founded on the principle that distinct cultural groups share basic common beliefs and values that differentiate them psychologically from other cultural groups. The distinctness of a cultural group is rooted in a series of historical, sociocultural experiences and perceptions of oneself and the group as a whole. The development of ethnopsychology is summarized through the contributions of Rogelio Diaz-Guerrero and his early exploration of the fundamental premises and tenets that guide ethnopsychological theory and method. The contributions of other theorists, focusing on the uniqueness of bicultural/bilingual groups such as Mexican Americans, are also summarized. The author supports the application of ethnopsychological theory and method to enhance psychologists’ understanding of bilingual/bicultural groups in the United States. Specifically, she reviews current psychological assessment methods and their ethnopsychological adaptation for Mexican Americans.
Self-Esteem in the Adaptation of Spanish-Speaking Adolescents: The Role of Immigration, Family Conflict, and Depression
Authors: Portes Pedro R. , Zady Madelon F.
Published: April 2003

Acultural context model was employed in studying self-esteem group differences within a Spanish-speaking sample of adolescents. Acculturation patterns for Spanish-speaking subgroups show differences in the way that they will fit into American society. Depression, parent-child conflict, and discrimination influenced individual self-esteem, along with school achievement and motivation. Regression analyses were employed to partition and study the variance of the above predictors. The cultural contexts of five groups, particularly the role of family in adaptation in different communities, are discussed.
Does Familiarity Breed Complacency? Hiv Knowledge, Personal Contact, and Sexual Risk Behavior of Psychiatrically Referred Latino Adolescent Girls
Authors: Dudley Cheryl , O’Sullivan Lucia F. , Moreau Donna
Published: April 2003

Although psychiatrically disturbed minority youth are at high risk for contracting HIV, little is known about HIV risk among this population. As part of a larger HIV intervention study, 110 psychiatrically referred, Latino adolescent girls (13 to 18 years old) completed questionnaires assessing their HIV knowledge, personal contact with an individual with HIV or AIDS, and sexual risk behaviors. The results indicate that girls’level of knowledge was high and that HIV knowledge was positively correlated with participation in sexually risky behaviors. Moreover, personal contact with a person with HIV or AIDS had a strong positive correlation with numbers of sexual encounters and partners. Most of the girls reported believing that they were not vulnerable to AIDS. The findings emphasize the need for efforts to address how psychiatrically disturbed adolescents residing in major urban settings may be unable to integrate effectively more abstract HIV knowledge into their personal health choices and may be vulnerable to sexual exploitation by others by virtue of their impaired decision-making skills.
The Origins of the Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences: A Personal Memoir
Authors: Padilla Amado M.
Published: April 2003

This article presents a historical account of the founding of the Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences ( HJBS). Planning for the journal began in 1978, and the first issue appeared in 1979. Six important decisions (e.g., what to name the journal, should the journal be in Spanish and English, and so forth) that had to be made prior to the appearance of the first issue are discussed here. The HJBS is now in its 25th year of publication, and decisions made early on have withstood the test of time.
Latinos in the United States in 2000
Authors: Marotta Sylvia A. , Garcia Jorge G.
Published: April 2003

This population study, based on the 2000 decennial census in the United States, characterizes the Latino population in terms of those sociodemographic variables that have been identified as integral to researchers and practitioners working with diverse populations. A number of dimensions of the Latino experience in the United States are presented, including family and household information, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, health, and disability descriptors. Perhaps the most interesting of the variables examined is the dramatic growth rate of Latinos in the United States, who now represent 13% of the total population. Moreover, Latinos increasingly can be found in states where there have been little or no Latinos in the past, presenting both challenges and opportunities to service delivery systems and to policy makers.
Acculturation, Social Identity, and Social Cognition: A New Perspective
Authors: Padilla Amado M. , Perez William
Published: April 2003

The authors argue in this article that new approaches are needed in the study of psychological acculturation. They posit that a new model of psychological acculturation should incorporate contemporary work in social and cognitive psychology. The model they present builds on previous research in the areas of social cognition, cultural competence, social identity, and social stigma. Each of these perspectives is discussed in accordance with its relevance to the acculturative processes operating in immigrants. They hypothesize that acculturation is more difficult for those persons who must cope with the stigma of being different because of skin color, language, ethnicity, and so forth. Finally, the authors believe that the theoretical framework present here will lead to more productive insights into the adaptation process of immigrants than has heretofore been the case.
Hispanic Self-Employment: Does Gender Matter?
Authors: Zuiker Virginia Solis , Katras Mary Jo , Montalto Catherine P. , Olson Patricia D.
Published: April 2003

With the increase in female self-employment, there is a need to examine the intersection between race/ethnicity and gender. This study examined whether gender differences in income exist for self-employed Hispanics residing in California using data from the 1990 U.S. decennial census. Theories stressing human capital, social capital, and acculturation were combined and income equations were estimated separately for Hispanic self-employed men and Hispanic self-employed women. The sample consisted of 7,760 Hispanic self-employed persons (64% self-employed men versus 36% self-employed women). Multiple regression analysis suggests income differences in self-employment do exist by gender. For example, having less than a high school education relative to being a high school graduate decreased self-employment income for both men and women, but the effect was larger for men. Furthermore, decomposition analysis suggests income differences between genders are due both to differences in worker characteristics and rates of return to these characteristics.