bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRATEGI PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK REKLAME DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Larasati Dewi Citra , Dewiyanti Dominika
Published: June 2022

Penelitian ini berangkat dari masalah yaitu ditemukan 237 titik reklame penunggak pajak padahal harusnya disaat pandemi covid-19 ini pajak reklame Kota Malang menjadi sektor pajak yang bisa diandalkan untuk mendongkrak target PAD. Sehingga BAPENDA Kota Malang perlu menjalankan strategi dalam meningkatkan kesadaran wajib pajak reklame.  Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan strategi BAPENDA Kota Malang dalam meningkatkan kesadaran wajib pajak reklame di masa pandemi covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan secara triangulasi dari wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Badan Pendapatan Daerah Kota Malang menjalankan 7 strategi yaitu 1) Mengadakan sosialisasi perpajakan daerah, 2) Adanya petugas lapangan yang keliling disetiap kecamatan, 3) Membentuk  satgas reklame dan mengadakan operasi rutin, 4) Kerjasama dengan tim pemeriksa pajak, 5) Pemanggilan wajib pajak yang menunggak melalui surat undangan, 6) Memberikan kemudahan pelayanan, 7) adanya program sunset policy V dan VI, BAPENDA Kota Malang dihadapi permasalahan internal yakni keterbatasan sumber daya manusianya dari segi kuantitas pada petugas lapangan dan terjadinya rangkap kerja beberapa pegawai. Sedangkan masalah eksternalnya meliputi masih adanya wajib pajak yang asal-asalan pasang reklame, menurunnya perekonomian wajib pajak dan rendahnya kesadaran wajib pajak dalam mematuhi protokol kesehatan dalam menerima pelayanan. Abstract : This research base on a problem that showed 237 free riders of advertisement tax but actually, advertisement tax of Malang City is a beneficial sector that hopefully capable to increase Region Incomes of Malang City in this Covid 19 pandemic situation. As the result, Region Income Institution of Malang City have to operate the strategy to increase awareness of advertisement taxpayer. The purpose of this study is to describe the strategy of Region Income Institution of Malang City to increase awareness of advertisement taxpayer in Covid 19 Pandemic Situation. This research is a qualitative research with data collection technique that used interview, observation and documentation. The validity technique of this research used triangulation resources a technique. The result of this research describe that Region Income Institution of Malang City operate 10 strategic, those are, 1) implement the socialization of Region Tax, 2) ) provide the field official that control each district in Malang City, 3) Make an advertisement assignment squad and run the routine operation, 4) make collaboration with Tax Investigator Team, 5) summons the arrears taxpayer through an invitation letter, 6) give a excellent service 7) existence the program of sunset policy V and VI.
ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI ADMINISTRASI SEKOLAH
Authors: Hermawan Ade , Rohman Abd.
Published: June 2022

Abstract: Administrative order and regularity  required because it is one of the important components for learning process. Some school administrations are considered not good enough so that school administration and archives become piled up and it is difficult to retrieve them when needed. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of school administration tasks with evaluation method, which is a method that evaluated the success of implementing a program/activity. Data collection techniques used distributing questionnaires, observation, and documentation. Furthermore, the data were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the implementation of school administration in the areas of personnel administration, financial administration, infrastructure administration, public relations administration, archive administration, and student administration were in good category. Overall there are 67% of respondents who answered good administrative services, 31% answered quite well, and 2% answered less well. It can be concluded that the implementation of school administration work in general is good.Keywords: school administration; administration; service; data collectionAbstrak: Ketertiban dan keteraturan administrasi sangat diperlukan karena menjadi salah satu komponen penting dalam proses pembelajaran. Sebagian administrasi sekolah dinilai tidak cukup baik sehingga administrasi dan kearsipan sekolah menjadi bertumpuk dan sulitnya mengambil kembali saat dibutuhkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pelaksanaan tugas tata usaha sekolah dengan metode evaluasi, yakni metode yang digunakan untuk memberikan penilaian pada suatu kegiatan/program. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pelaksanaan Administrasi Sekolah pada bidang administrasi kepegawaian, administrasi keuangan, administrasi sarana prasarana, administrasi hubungan masyarakat, administrasi kearsipan, dan administrasi kesiswaan berada pada kategori baik. Secara keseluruhan terdapat 67% responden yang menjawab pelayanan administrasi baik, 31% menjawab cukup baik, dan 2% menjawab kurang baik. Artinya dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaksanaan pekerjaan administrasi sekolah secara umum sudah baik.  Kata kunci: administrasi sekolah; tata usaha; pelayanan; pendataan
ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN SISTEM PAYMENT POINT ONLINE BANK (PPOB) TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN (STUDI PADA PT. PLN PERSERO AREA PELAYANAN PELANGGAN DAN JARINGAN DI PROBOLINGGO)
Authors: Purwatiningsih Annisa , Lestari Asih Widi , Kamaluddin Kamaluddin
Published: June 2022

Kebutuhan listrik semakin meningkat. Pengelolaan energi listrik ini dikelola oleh Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) di bidang ketenagalistrikan yaitu Perseroan Terbatas- Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PT. PLN,Persero). Salah satu jenis layanan yang diberikan kepada masyarakat adalah Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kualitas pelayanan berpengaruh positif terhadap kepuasan pelanggan. Berdasarkan hasil regresi bahwa jaminan (assurance  merupakan faktor terbesar yang mempengaruhi kepuasan pelanggan, bukti fisik (tangible , (responsiveness , (reliability , dan (empati  merupakan faktor terendah dari faktor kualitas pelayanan yang mempengaruhi pelanggan. Faktor kualitas pelayanan yaitu bukti fisik (tangible), keandalan, daya tanggap, jaminan, dan empati berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan secara parsial dan simultan. Koefisien determinasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel nyata, kehandalan, daya tanggap, jaminan dan empati dalam menjelaskan kepuasan pelanggan adalah 93,4% dan sisanya 6,6% kepuasan pelanggan oleh dimensi lain atau faktor lain selain faktor kualitas layanan pelanggan. Pengujian hipotesis sesuai untuk sistem pelayanan Sistem Payment Point Online Bank (PPOB).Abstract : The need for electricity has increased. The management of this electrical energy is managed by a government-owned company in the electricity sector, namely Limited Company- State Electricity Company (PT. PLN,Persero). One type of service provided to the public is the Online Bank Payment Point (PPOB). The results of the analysis show that service quality has a positive effect on customer satisfaction. Based on the regression results that guarantee(assurance  is the biggest factor affecting customer satisfaction, physical evidence (tangible, (responsiveness, (reliability, and(empathy are the lowest factors of service quality factors that affect customers. Service quality factors are physical evidence (tangible), reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy  have a significant effect on customer satisfaction partially and simultaneously. The coefficient of determination shows that the tangible variables, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy in explaining customer satisfaction are 93.4% and the remaining 6.6% of customer satisfaction is by other dimensions or other factors other than customer service quality factors.Hypothesis testing is appropriate for the service system of the Online Bank Payment Point System (PPOB).
PEMBERDAYAAN UMKM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI PASCA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI TUBAN
Authors: Puspaningtyas Anggraeny , Suprayitno Ahmad Adhi
Published: June 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative implications for the domestic economy such as decline in public consumption and purchasing power, decline in company performance, threats to the banking and financial sector, and the existence of MSMEs. On the corporate aspect, this pandemic has disrupted the performance of companies, especially those engaged in the trading sector. By looking at the current situation and not sure when the pandemic will end, local governments can help MSME actors by providing assistance according to the needs of each MSME actor. As is the case in Tuban Regency where MSME actors are required to be more sensitive and able to innovate quickly. This empowerment of MSME actors needs to be done, for the following three reasons. First, because the UMKM actors in Tuban Regency are suspected to still have not mastered the product marketing mechanism that is in accordance with market demands in the postmodern era as it is today. Second, because of the development of changes in consumer behavior that MSME actors need to understand so that they can produce products that are truly in accordance with the needs and desires of the market. Third, because the competitive climate for products produced by MSME actors tends to be more stringent, thus requiring breakthrough steps from MSME actors themselves to be able to take advantage of technology. Micro-enterprises and village governments need a survival strategy to maintain production and marketing stability. Therefore, an analysis related to community empowerment through MSMEs is needed to maintain economic stability after the Covid-19 pandemic in Tuban Regency.
PERANAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN KEPALA DESA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBANGUNAN DESA
Authors: Bagus Nanang , Sasmito Cahyo
Published: June 2022

Abstract: In an organization, leadership has a major role, therefore a leader must be able to direct his subordinates in order to achieve a common goal. Etymologically, leadership is personality and the willingness to make people influenced and invite others to take an action that has been determined together in order to achieve a predetermined goal. Leadership style can influence the society being led. The leadership style of each leader varies from one another. differences in leadership styles between one leader and another are usually influenced by several factors such as the environment, customs, culture, religion and so on. The method in this research uses qualitative research methods, the focus of this research is the leadership style of the village head and community participation. The data sources consisted of primary and secondary data, while the data collection methods in this study were interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study show that the leadership style of the Mojorejo village head is a democratic leadership style and community participation starting from decision making and implementation of development activities.Keywords: leadership style; community participation; village developmentAbstrak: Dalam suatu organisasi kepemimpinan memiliki  peran utama, oleh karena itu seorang pemimpin harus bisa mengarahkan bawahannya agar tercapainya suatu tujuan yang telah ditetapkan bersama. Secara etimologi kepemimpinan adalah kepribadian dan kemauan untuk membuat orang terpengaruh serta mengajak orang lain untuk melakukan suatu tindakan yang telah ditetapkan bersama demi tercapainya sebuah tujuan yang telah ditetapkan. Gaya kepemimpinan  dapat mempengaruhi  masyarakat yang dipimpin. Gaya kepemimpinan pada setiap pemimpin berbeda-beda antara satu dengan yang lainnya. perbedaan gaya kepemimpinan antara pemimpin yang satu dengan yang lain biasanya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti lingkungan, adat istiadat, budaya, agama dan lain sebagainya. Metode dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, fokus penelitian ini yaitu gaya kepemimpinan kepala desa dan partisipasi masyaraka. Sumber data terdiri dari data primer dan skunder, sedangkan metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu wawancara,observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat diketahahui bahwa gaya kepemimpinan kepala desa Mojorejo adalah gaya kepemimpinan demokratis dan partisipasi masyarakat dimulai dari pengambilan keputusan dan implementasi kegiatan pembangunan.Kata Kunci: gaya kepemimpinan; partisipasi masyarakat; pembangunan desa
Analysis of the French Language Learning Multimedia Development in Integrated Islamic Elementary School
Authors: Lesmana Sandy , Rasyid Yumna , Ekowati Sri Harini
Published: June 2022

This study aims to describe the problems in the application of French as a language used to communicate in the school environment, the level of active French language skills, and also the level of need for the development of multimedia learning French to further practice speaking skills in French carried out by students in the school environment. This research was a descriptive qualitative research with 60 student needs evaluation questionnaires of French language learning multimedia, interviewed the headmaster, and two French teachers. The sample of this research is the principal, French teacher and also students at SDIT Ar-Raudhah, Bekasi from the third until the sixth grade who were selected using random sampling method. The data was collected by interviewing the principal and also the French teacher. In addition, a questionnaire or open questionnaire was given to students. The data that has been collected is then analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of research showed that there was a decline in the practice of speaking French in the school environment caused by various problems faced by students, such as the difficulty of students understanding French material and grammar, lack of confidence from students to communicate using French, there is no firmness from the school on the rules made in improving the ability of students to communicate using French and learning support media that are still incomplete to be used by students in improving their ability to communicate using French. This shows that the level of development need for multimedia in learning French, especially in the aspect of speaking skills is very high, thus requiring schools to be able to provide facilities that use multimedia in the French language learning process at SDIT Ar-Raudhah.
Gender Differences in Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Achievement Motivation in Primary School Students
Authors: Utami Karinta , Muliasari Ema Astri , Fitria Firizki Cicin Solihat , Surastri Nuryanti , Hidayat Syarip , Babu Sameer
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyze about the association between self-esteem and achievement goals in various student gender’s groups. This study employed a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The participants in this study were 260 fifth grade students in Tasikmalaya, Indonesia. The research instrument utilized a questionnaire adapted from Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaires and achievement motivation questionnaires adapted from Mc Clelland theory. Data analysis of this study used SPSS Pearson correlation and t-test. The findings revealed that there is a significant differen t level for various groups of gender-esteem and achievement motivation with a number of significancy was 0.21(higher than 0.05). Meanwhile, for fifth-grade students, there is a significant differen t level for various groups of gender-esteem and achievement motivation. This research is beneficial to the advancement of knowledge, particularly in the fields of psychology and primary education.
Lesson Study as Professional Development of Early Childhood Educators
Authors: Samad Farida , Sumantri Mohamad Syarif , Dhieni Nurbiana
Published: June 2022

This study aims to examine lesson study activities to improve early childhood educators’ professionalism. This is qualitative research study. The lesson study, conceived as a professional development approach focused on collaboration and reflection, took place in the 5th semester of the 2020/2021 academic year and involved 25 participants. The instrument of the study consisted of lesson design, field notes, and interviews with the observers, as well as the transcription of the audio recording. To analyze the data, the technique is a qualitative data analysis developed by Miles and Huberman consisting of three stages performed sequentially those are: 1) data reduction, 2) presents data, 3) draw conclusion. The research results can be used as a basis in improving and strengthening a lesson study activities dealing with make up- and beauty activities. It made a significant positive contribution to the professional development of educators in various aspects such as lesson design, methods and course evaluation.
Mnemonic Techniques in Slow Learner Student Learning in Elementary School
Authors: Simbolon Marlina Eliyanti , Borolla Fridolin Vrosansen , Prasrihamni Mega , Supena Asep
Published: June 2022

This study aims to identify various kinds of mnemonic techniques found in the literature study. This type of research uses a qualitative research type with a literature review type. This study analyzes twenty journal articles both nationally and internationally by searching from google scholar whose research results found the six highest mnemonic, the results include slow learners, namely acronyms, acrobatics (first letter), chungking, loci, rhyme and keywords. The purpose of the mnemonic technique is to help teachers in teaching students in elementary schools in the process of remembering and understanding learning.
Student’s Perception of Instructor’s Emotional Intelligence and Student Performance during Online Learning at the Public University in Malaysia: An Correlational Study
Authors: Wahab Wardatul Hayani , Hayati Susruhiyatun , Abdul Ali Fatin Nor Alidah , Azral Syakinah Azira Saiful
Published: June 2022

The rates of failure for the online student courses are higher compared to the traditional student courses. In a study of these student failures, emotions of the instructor are among the factors to this failure. This is because the effectiveness of online courses and the improvement of student achievement are closely related to emotions. Therefore, The objective of this quantitative, correlational study was to learn more about the link between student perceptions of instructor emotional intelligence and student performance in an online postsecondary environment. The population was taken from 30 part two full time postgraduate students in the faculty of education in UiTM. Probability sampling was used in this research. All data for this study was obtained online utilizing a closed-ended questionnaire with the Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory other-report, concise version for instructors and student performance. The researcher applied for the consent letter from the respective faculty. The questionnaires are distributed to the chosen respondent. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Descriptive and Inferential statistics data will be used to analyze the data gained in this research. Next, the hypothesis was used by the researcher to study whether the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. This study found that there was a significant relationship between the student’s perception of the instructor's emotional intelligence and student performance during online learning at the public university in Malaysia.
Chapter 1: A short history of TBE
Authors: Kahl Olaf , Pogodina Vanda Vatslavovna , Poponnikova Tatyana , Süss Jochen , Zlobin Vladimir
Published: June 2022

TBE virus is a flavivirus and a prominent tick-borne human pathogen occurring in parts of Asia and Europe. The virus was discovered by Lev A. Zilber and co-workers in the former USSR during an expedition in the Far Eastern taiga under the most difficult conditions in 1937. They and members of a second expedition under the leadership of the Academician Evgeny N. Pavlovsky 1938 elucidated the basic eco-epidemiology of the virus. In their natural foci, TBE virus circulates between vectors, certain ixodid ticks, and some of their hosts, so-called reservoir hosts, mostly small mammals. Five different subtypes of TBE virus have been described to date.
Chapter 10: Diagnosis
Authors: Dobler Gerhard
Published: June 2022

TBE appears with non-characteristic clinical symptoms, which cannot be distinguished from other forms of viral
encephalitis or other diseases.
Cerebrospinal fluid and neuro-imaging may give some evidence of TBE, but ultimately cannot confirm the diagnosis.
Thus, proving the diagnosis “TBE” necessarily requires confirmation of TBEV-infection by detection of the virus or by demonstration of specific antibodies from serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid.
During the phase of clinic symptoms from the CNS, the TBEV can only rarely be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of
patients.
Most routinely used serological tests for diagnosing TBE (ELISA, HI, IFA) show cross reactions resulting from either infection with other flaviviruses or with other flavivirus vaccines.
Chapter 11: General epidemiology of TBE
Authors: Dobler Gerhard , Tkachev Sergey
Published: June 2022

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) exists in natural foci, which are areas where TBEV is circulating among its vectors (ticks of different species and genera) and reservoir hosts (usually rodents and small mammals). Based on phylogenetic studies, four TBEV subtypes (Far-Eastern, Siberian, European, Baikalian) and two putative subtypes (Himalayan and “178-79” group) are known. Within each subtype, some genetic lineages are described. The European subtype (TBEV-EU) (formerly known also as the “Western subtype”) of TBEV is prevalent in Europe, but it was also isolated in Western and Eastern Siberia in Russia and South Korea. The Far-Eastern subtype (TBEV-FE) was preferably found in the territory of the far-eastern part of Eurasia, but some strains were isolated in other regions of Eurasia. The Siberian (TBEV-SIB) subtype is the most common and has been found in almost all TBEV habitat areas. The Baikalian subtype is prevalent around Lake Baikal and was isolated several times from ticks and rodents. In addition to the four TBEV subtypes, one single isolate of TBEV (178-79) and two genetic sequences (Himalayan) supposed to be new TBEV subtypes were described in Eastern Siberia and China. The data on TBEV seroprevalence in humans and animals can serve as an indication for the presence or absence of TBEV in studied area.
Chapter 12a: Epidemiology by country – an overview
Authors: Erber Wilhelm , Schmitt Heinz-Josef , Vuković Janković Tamara
Published: June 2022

TBE is a flavivirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), transmitted by ticks and in some rare instances by ingestion of unpasteurized milk. It is diagnosed in the forested belts of Northern Eurasia ranging from the UK, eastern France, The Netherlands and Norway down to Italy through central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, and China to Japan. About 10,000 cases of TBE are reported annually, likely a significant underestimate as serological testing is more sporadic than complete and in some countries and, in some countries, (like Japan) not even available. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) have put TBE on their list of notifiable diseases. Their case definition requires clinical symptoms of CNS infection plus virological or serological confirmation of the infection, usually by detection of specific immunoglobulins IgG and IgM. Vaccination against TBE is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system. Surveillance of TBE and the TBEV is incomplete. Reported incidences do not reflect actual risk since this fluctuates annually as a result of changes in exposure, vaccine uptake, intensity of case finding and reporting, climate factors, reservoir animals and ticks - just to mention the most relevant factors.  For largely unknown reasons (including human behavior, improved diagnostics, or climate change) TBEV appears to be spreading north, east, west, even south and to higher altitudes to areas that were previously believed to be free of the virus.
TBE in Austria
Authors: Stiasny Karin , Holzmann Heidemarie , Santonja Isabel , Heinz Franz-Xaver
Published: June 2022

Since 1972, the documentation of human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Austria has been performed by the Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, which acts as the National Reference Laboratory for TBE and other flavivirus infections. Only hospitalized patients with a recent tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection confirmed by laboratory diagnosis are counted as cases. Confirmation is usually based on immunoglobulin (Ig) serology (namely enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for IgM and IgG). However, this confirmation may be supplemented by virus neutralization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses if needed.
TBE in France
Authors: Hansmann Yves , Velay Aurélie
Published: June 2022

The first human case of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in France was reported in 1968 in Alsace, an eastern region next to the German border: a gamekeeper working in a forest near Strasbourg. Between 1970 and 1974, an extensive research survey confirmed the presence of TBEV in ticks and rodents in this French region. Eight percent of adult tick batches collected were infected (I. ricinus) by the TBEV. Tick collection occurred in a forest near Strasbourg, the main city in the region. Nymphs were more rarely infected (1.6% of the collected lots). These data were confirmed in 2011 in Alsace in Guebwiller’s Valley, a middle altitude forest, with identification of western (European) subtype TBEV (TBEV-EU). The infection rate still remains low: TBEV was detected only in the I. ricinus nymphs (2.48%) that were collected during May; however, not in those collected during the other spring or summer months. In a more recent study, Bestehorn et al., collected ticks (953 male, 856 female adult ticks and 2,255 nymphs) in endemic foci in the upper Rhine region in France and Germany between 2016, 2017 and 2018 by flagging. The minimal infection rate (MIR) of the collected ticks in the Foret de la Robertsau (France) was estimated to 0,11% (1 nymph/944 ticks). The isolated and sequenced TBEV strain from Foret de la Robertsau (F) is related to circulating TBEV isolates from eastern Bavaria and the Czech Republic. In the French department Alsace, there are today at least two independent TBEV strains circulating: the historical Alsace strain isolated in 1971 and the newly identified strain from Foret de la Robertsau. Other wooded regions (Ardennes) were explored for TBEV in ticks, but without evidence of virus infection.
TBE in Germany
Authors: Dobler Gerhard , Mackenstedt Ute
Published: June 2022

The beginning of research on TBE in Germany was influenced and inspired by the results and developments of TBE research in the former Czechoslovakia. There, TBE virus was detected in the Czechoslovak Republic in 1948. In Germany, the first evidence of the presence of TBE virus was found by Sinnecker and his group in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). The first virus strains were isolated also by Sinnecker’s group in the early 1960s. In the former Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), TBE research started with research on TBE virus in the region of Franconia by Scheid and Ackermann. In the region of Lower Franconia, a virus was isolated which was called “Zimmern Virus'' after the location of the isolation. Unfortunately, all these virus strains were lost but it can be assumed that they all belonged to the Western (European) subtype of TBE virus.
TBE in Hungary
Authors: Nagy Anna , Schneider Ferenc , Mezei Eszter , Lakos András
Published: June 2022

Hungarian scientists were among the pioneers in Europe as the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was isolated in 1952. However, most of their observations were published in the Hungarian language, and therefore cannot easily be accessed by the international medical community. Here the relevant Hungarian data are summarized.
TBE in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Erber Wilhelm
Published: June 2022

There is very little information and there are only a few publications on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson1 references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978, the TBEV was isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.
TBE in Latvia
Authors: Zavadska Dace , Freimane Zane
Published: June 2022

Aggregated data on TBE cases in Latvia are available from 1955, but serological testing for TBE began in the 1970s. Since TBE became notifiable in Latvia, epidemiological changes of disease incidence have been dramatic. Between 1990–2000 Latvia had the highest rates of TBE incidence in the world, ranging from 8 to 53 cases per 100,000 population. Although the incidence decreased significantly in the past 10 years to about half – from 14.58/100,000 in 2010 to 7.86/100,000 in 2018 – Latvia still ranks very high among all countries in Europe with an annual incidence of 13.2/100,000 in 2021. The distribution of TBE cases in Latvia varies between different regions with the highest incidence usually registered near the northwestern coast.
TBE in Belarus
Authors: Kniazeva Volha , Erber Wilhelm , Vuković-Janković Tamara
Published: June 2022

Belarus is a landlocked country of eastern Europe with a population of 9.4 million, of which 78.4% reside in urban areas bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north west, by Russia to the north and east, by Ukraine to the south, and by Poland to the west. The country of Belarus is divided into six administrative districts (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk regions) each centered around a major city (Minsk). Much of the country consists of ﬂat lowlands separated by low-level topped hills and uplands; the highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hill, being only 1135 feet (346 meters) above sea level. Over half of the surface area of Belarus lies below 660 feet (200 meters), and about 40% of the country is forested. The most common tick species in Belarus are Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus.
TBE in Lithuania
Authors: Mickienė Auksė
Published: June 2022

The first case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Lithuania, diagnosed by clinical and epidemiologic criteria only, was reported in 1953. A forest worker became ill with the disease in April after a tick bite, had a typical clinical presentation with shoulder girdle muscle paralysis and bulbar syndrome, and died after 12 days from the start of clinical symptoms. Autopsy data were compatible with viral encephalitis. Serological diagnosis of TBE in Lithuania was started in 1970.
TBE in Moldova
Authors: Erber Wilhelm , Vuković-Janković Tamara
Published: June 2022

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present somewhere in Moldova.
TBE in the Netherlands
Authors: Hermanus Jozef Reimerink Johannes , Sprong Hein , Harms Margriet , B.E.M Reusken Chantal
Published: June 2022

Until 2015, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was presumed not to be endemic in the Netherlands. Consequently, the number of diagnostic requests for detection of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) infection has been low. Between 2006 and 2015, the laboratory of the Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), 1 of the 2 laboratories that performed TBEV diagnostics in the Netherlands at the time, received an average of 20 (range 12–27) requests for TBEV diagnostics per year. In the same period, TBE was diagnosed in 7 Dutch patients. All of these cases were considered to be travel-related. Indeed, 6 out of 7 patients reported that they had recently travelled to TBEV-endemic countries such as Austria (4), Germany (1), and Sweden (1).
TBE in Norway
Authors: Paulsen Katrine M. , Vikse Rose , Soleng Arnulf , Edgar Kristin , Elisabeth Heggen Lindstedt Heidi , Dorenberg Dagny H. , Sofie Wiklund Berit , Andreassen Åshild
Published: June 2022

In Norway, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a mandatory notifiable disease since 1975 (Norwegian Surveillance system for communicable diseases, MSIS). According to ECDCs classification, coastal areas in southern Norway (counties of Agder, and Vestfold and Telemark) are endemic for TBE. Further, Viken County (former Østfold, Akershus and Buskerud), and western and northern Norway to Brønnøy municipality is imperiled.
TBE in Serbia
Authors: Petrović Vladimir , Ristanović Elizabeta , Potkonjak Aleksandar
Published: June 2022

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the former Yugoslavia in 1953 from the blood of infected human patients in Slovenia. The virus was isolated from ticks in 1954, also in Slovenia. Afterward, in the western part of the country a number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) foci were registered, while in the Republic of Serbia such foci were not registered. In the period to following 1969, no new infections with TBEV could be confirmed in the Republic of Serbia through the routine serological testing of samples from more than 1,000 patients with clinical signs of meningitis and encephalitis, as conducted in laboratories of the Institute of Immunobiology and Virology “Torlak” in Belgrade.
TBE in Slovakia
Authors: Kerlik Jana
Published: June 2022

The former Czechoslovak Republic was one of the first countries in Europe where the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was identified. This discovery was made in 1947, when Rampas and Gallia observed a high incidence of disease identified as “Czechoslovakia encephalitis”, and TBEV was isolated from Ixodes ricinus.
TBE in Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Authors: Desgrandchamps Daniel , Posfay-Barbe Klara M.
Published: June 2022

The first serological reports of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Switzerland date back to the early 1970s [T. Krech. Dissertation, University of Berne, 1980]. Surveillance started in 1984, and TBE became a notifiable disease in 1988. Most cases are reported between April and October following tick bite exposures below an altitude of 1500–2000 meters.
TBE in United Kingdom
Authors: Holding Maya , Schmitt Heinz-Josef , Ellsbury Gillian
Published: June 2022

Until 2019, TBE was considered only to be an imported disease to the United Kingdom. In that year, evidence became available that the TBEV is likely circulating in the country and a first “probable case” of TBE originating in the UK was reported. In addition to TBEV, louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the TBEV-serocomplex, is also endemic in parts of the UK. Reports of clinical disease caused by LIV in livestock are mainly from Scotland, parts of North and South West England and Wales.
TBE in Tunisia
Authors: Zhioua Elyes
Published: June 2022

Ixodes ricinus is principally located in oak forests, in humid to semi-humid microclimatic zones in Northwestern Tunisia. While I. ricinus is considered the main vector of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Europe, no reports concerning this arbovirus have been reported from North African countries. To date no human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) have been reported in Tunisia.
TBE in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Erber Wilhelm , Vuković-Janković Tamara
Published: June 2022

Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE.
Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published.
TBE in Bulgaria
Authors: Christova Iva
Published: June 2022

First cases of probable tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were reported in 1961 by Andonov et al. in eastern regions of Bulgaria. Possible TBE cases with the typical two-wave fever, originating from consumption of raw goat milk, were described back in 1953 by Vaptzarov et al. in southern Bulgaria. Investigations in the 1960s were able to isolate 3 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) strains from Haemaphysalis punctata and 1 from Dermacentor marginatus ticks from goats and sheep in the district of Plovdiv. The antigenic properties of these 4 virus strains were identical to the highly virulent strain “Hypr” of the European subtype of TBEV (TBEV-EU).3
TBE in China
Authors: Junfeng Yang , Schmitt Heinz-Josef
Published: June 2022

The first TBE patients in China were reported in 1943, and the TBEV was isolated from the brain tissues of 2 patients in 1944 by Japanese military scientists, and from patients and ticks (Ixodes persulcatus and Haemaphysalis concinna) in 1952 by Chinese researchers. The Far Eastern viral subtype (TBEV-FE) is the endemic subtype that has been isolated from all 3 known natural foci (northeastern China, western China, and southwestern China). Recently a new “Himalayan subtype” of the TBEV (TBEV-HIM) was isolated from wild rodent Marmoata himalayana in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. One recent report suggests that the TBEV-SIB is prevalent in the Uygur region (North West China). The main vector of the TBEV in China is I. persulcatus. Epidemiological modelling indicates that the TBEV may occur even widely all over China (Figure 3). Likely, the disease is often missed by clinicians due to a lack of the availability of specific diagnostic assays.
TBE in Croatia
Authors: Erber Wilhelm , Vuković-Janković Tamara
Published: June 2022

Even though TBE has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The Central European subtype of virus (TBEV-EU) appears to be present in Croatia.
TBE in the Czech Republic
Authors: Pazdiora Petr
Published: June 2022

The TBE virus (TBEV) was first isolated in the Czech Republic by Czech scientists in 1948–1949 from both a patient and also from Ixodes ricinus ticks. However, even before 1948, etiologically unclear summer cases of viral meningoencephalitis had been reported, and likely, at least in part, they are attributable to the TBE virus. These cases were reported mostly from patients in the districts of Beroun (Central Bohemia), Hradec Králové (East Bohemia), Vyškov (South Moravia), and occasionally from the neighborhood of Prague. The official reports of these probable cases of “tick-borne encephalitis” were registered in the database of the National Institute of Public Health in Prague since 1945.
TBE in Denmark
Authors: Fomsgaard Anders
Published: June 2022

Since the 1950s, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been known to be endemic in Denmark, but only on the island of Bornholm. Bornholm is situated east of mainland Denmark, south of Sweden (Fig. 3) and has a different fauna and flora from the rest of Denmark. Bornholm has about 45,000 inhabitants, but about 500,000 tourists visit the island every year.
Chapter 12c: Risk map for TBEV
Authors: Dobler Gerhard , Erber Wilhelm , Bröker Michael , Schmitt Heinz-Josef
Published: June 2022

Risk map showing the global distribution of the TBEV
Chapter 13: TBE as a matter of public health
Authors: Kunze Michael , Erber Wilhelm , Haditsch Martin
Published: June 2022

The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe.
his number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective.
If an individual does contract TBE, however, the disease may deeply change her/his life due to the need for acute hospital care and due to potentially severe and long-term sequelae. In 1–2% (-20%) of cases, TBE may even result in death.
No specific treatments exist for TBE. The severity of the disease and high frequency of long-term sequelae result in high public awareness and concerns about tick bites in endemic areas. Public health officials in TBE-endemic areas need to address these concerns; moreover, they need to address the concerns of travelers at risk.
The principal public health measures aim at reducing TBE cases by reduction of exposure and preventive vaccination.
Recommendation/reimbursement of TBE vaccination still is under discussion from side of healthcare payer perspective as well as from the individuals perspective considering long term sequelae.
Chapter 14: Prevention: vaccines and immunoglobulins
Authors: Pöllabauer Eva-Maria , Kollaritsch Herwig
Published: June 2022

Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation.
The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac,  EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao
All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization schedules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir rapid immunization schedules are also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is given with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. 
All vaccines induce significant immune responses.  In the absence of a formal correlate of protection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection.
Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines.
An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98,7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccination uptake.
Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice.
Both - FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.
Chapter 2a: Virology
Authors: Růžek Daniel , Yoshii Kentaro , Bloom Marshall E. , Gould Ernest A.
Published: June 2022

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most medically important member of the tick-borne serocomplex group within the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae (from the Latin flavus – ‘yellow’, referring to the prototype virus, yellow fever virus).
Chapter 2b: The molecular antigenic structure of the TBEV
Authors: Heinz Franz-Xaver , Stiasny Karin
Published: June 2022

TBEV-particles are assembled in an immature, noninfectious form in the endoplasmic reticulum by the envelopment of the viral core (containing the viral RNA) by a lipid membrane associated with two viral proteins, prM and E. Immature particles are transported through the cellular exocytic pathway and conformational changes induced by acidic pH in the trans-Golgi network allow the proteolytic cleavage of prM by furin, a cellular protease, resulting in the release of mature and infectious TBE-virions. The E protein controls cell entry by mediating attachment to as yet ill-defined receptors as well as by low-pH-triggered fusion of the viral and endosomal membrane after uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Because of its key functions in cell entry, the E protein is the primary target of virus neutralizing antibodies, which inhibit these functions by different mechanisms. Although all flavivirus E proteins have a similar overall structure, divergence at the amino acid sequence level is up to 60 percent (e.g. between TBE and dengue viruses), and therefore cross-neutralization as well as (some degree of) cross-protection are limited to relatively closely related flaviviruses, such as those constituting the tick-borne encephalitis sero-complex.
Chapter 3: Transmission/Natural cycle
Authors: Chitimia-Dobler Lidia , Mackenstedt Ute , Kahl Olaf
Published: June 2022

The natural cycle of the TBE virus is dependent on vector ticks and reservoir hosts. There are differing transmission cycles in varying environments, from cold northern coniferous forests to temperate central European forests. Within a natural transmission cycle, there are different ways of transmission: tick-to-tick (transovarial, sexual), host-to-tick (viremic), and also tick-to-tick and host-to-host. The complexity of natural transmission cycles is inadequately explored and poorly understood.
Chapter 5: TBE in adults
Authors: Borde Johannes P. , Zajkowska Joanna
Published: June 2022

TBE is the most important tick-borne arbovirus disease of humans. Epidemiological data indicate a trend towards an increasing severity with higher age.
A number of possible genetic and non-genetic risk factors have been identified, which might have an impact on the manifestation and severity of human disease.
Different TBEV strains seem to cause differing clinical courses of disease. While the TBE-Eu mainly causes a biphasic course, the clinical course of TBEV-FE and TBEV-Sib are mainly monophasic.
The diagnosis of TBE is based on serological tests.
So far there is no effective treatment of TBEV infections.
Chapter 6: TBE in children
Authors: Sundin Mikael , Veje Malin
Published: June 2022

Most cases of TBE in childhood will present similarly as in adults. However, a more diffuse clinical picture is seen especially in preschool children.
Laboratory evaluation may show elevated blood inflammatory indices, but cerebrospinal fluid analysis and anti-TBEV serology are needed for establishing the diagnosis.
There is no specific treatment for TBE; supportive care needs to be provided based on the individual clinical course.
The mortality in pediatric TBE is very low, but severe courses have been reported in a fraction of the children.
Long-term somatic residua exist, but are uncommon (2%) in childhood TBE. Yet, long-term symptoms and neurodevelopmental/cognitive deficits are seen in 10–40% of infected children.
Protective immunity can be elicited in children by TBE vaccines as of 1 year of age.
Chapter 8: TBE in animals
Authors: Pfeffer Martin , Schmuck Hannah M. , Leschnik Michael
Published: June 2022

TBE can cause clinical symptomatic disease in dogs and horses
Diagnosis of TBEV infection in animals is similar to diagnosis in humans
Animals can be used as sentinels for human exposure
Chapter 9: Immunology of TBEV-Infection
Authors: Gredmark-Russ Sara , Varnaite Renata
Published: June 2022

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV).
TBE is usually a biphasic disease and in humans the virus can only be detected during the first (unspecific) phase of the disease.
Pathogenesis of TBE is not well understood, but both direct viral effects and immune-mediated tissue damage of the central nervous system may contribute to the natural course of TBE.
The effect of TBEV on the innate immune system has mainly been studied in vitro and in mouse models.
Characterization of human immune responses to TBEV is primarily conducted in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid, due to the inaccessibility of brain tissue for sample collection.
Natural killer (NK) cells and T cells are activated during the second (meningoencephalitic) phase of TBE. The potential involvement of other cell types has not been examined to date.
Immune cells from peripheral blood, in particular neutrophils, T cells, B cells and NK cells, infiltrate into the cerebrospinal fluid of TBE patients.