bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOES SENSITISATION PLAY A ROLE IN THE PAIN OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY?
Authors: Zwerver J , Konopka K H , Keizer D , Dekker R , van Wilgen C P
Published: May 2013

Introduction

The aetiology and pain mechanisms of tendinopathies are not completely understood. Currently, little is known regarding whether, or to which degree, somatosensory changes within the nervous system may contribute to the pain in tendinopathies.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether somatosensory changes represent a plausible explanation for pain in patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy.

Methods

A patient controlled study in which the standardised QST protocol developed by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain was used. This protocol consists of seven different tests that measure 13 somatosensory parameters and can be seen as the gold standard to measure somatosensory function.

Results

Twelve athletes with clinically diagnosed chronic patellar tendinopathy (PT) with a mean duration of 30 months (range 6–120) and 20 controls were included in the study. In two of the 13 QST parameters, namely Mechanical Pain Threshold (p<0.05) and Vibration Disappearance Threshold (p<0.5), injured athletes were significantly more sensitive for the applied stimuli. None of the athletes had signs of Dynamic Mechanical Allodynia.

Discussion

Reduced mechanical pain thresholds or pinprick allodynia reflects the involvement of central sensitisation upon the myelinated (Ad-fibre) nociceptive input. From this explorative study, we conclude that sensitisation may play a prominent role in the pain experienced during and after sports activity, by patellar tendinopathy patients.
TOPICAL GLYCERYL TRINITRATE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY: A RANDOMISED, DOUBLE BLIND, PLACEBO CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: Zwerver J , Steunebrink M , Brandsema R , Groenenboom P , van den Akker-Scheek I , Weir A
Published: May 2013

Introduction

From previous research on tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon, wrist extensors and the supraspinatus, it is known that topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) has a healing effect. To our knowledge, no studies have been published on the application of GTN in patients with PT.

The aim of this study was to assess if continuous topical GTN treatment improved outcome in patients with chronic PT compared to placebo patches, both combined with heavy load eccentric training.

Methods

A randomised double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was done, comparing a 12 week programme of using a GTN patch or placebo patch in combination with eccentric squats on a decline board. Measurements were performed at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Primary outcome measure was the VISA-P questionnaire. Secondary outcome measures were patient satisfaction and pain scores during sports. Generalised Estimated Equation was used to analyse the treatment, time and treatment x time effect. Analyses were performed following the intention-to-treat principle.

Results

VISA-P scores for both groups improved over the study period to 75.0±16.2 and 80.7±22.1 at 24 weeks. Results showed a significant effect for time (p<0.01) but no effect for treatment x time (p=0.80). Mean VAS pain scores during sports for both groups increased over the study period to 6.6±3.0 and 7.8±3.1. Results showed a significant effect for time (p<0.01) but no effect for treatment x time (p=0.38). Patient satisfaction showed no difference between the GTN and the placebo group (p=0.25) after 24 weeks, but did show a significant difference over time (p=0.01). Three patients in the GTN group reported some rash.

Discussion

Continuous topical GTN treatment in addition to an eccentric exercise programme does not improve clinical outcome compared to placebo patches and an eccentric exercise programme in patients with chronic patellar tendinopathy.
EVALUATION OF SCAFFOLDS IN VITRO FOR USE IN TENDON REGENERATION
Authors: Cornish J , Musson D S
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Injuries to tendons can cause major morbidity in healthy, young active people as well as in the increasing aged population. Providing a scaffold that encourages appropriate cell attachment, growth, and ultimately tissue regeneration, could improve the clinical outcomes from injuries such as rotator cuff tears. Millions of dollars are spent annually on the development of biomaterial scaffolds and many are put into clinical use without proper cell compatibility and immunogenicity evaluation leading to many instances of unfavourable results with associate patient morbidity. The purpose of this study was to set-up an evaluation package to assess scaffold materials of both natural and synthetic origin for their potential utility in tendon regenerative medicine.

Methods

Two novel scaffolds were evaluated as biomaterials: Spidrex 543 (Oxford Biomaterials Ltd, UK), a spider-like silk fabric; and Endoform (Mesynthes, New Zealand), a decellularised ovine forestomach matrix then compared to three-dimensional (3D) collagen gels as a control and FiberWire (Athrex. Inc, USA), a polyethylene and polyester composite suture, which is currently utilised in orthopaedic surgery.

Primary human dendrocytic cells were exposed to scaffolds, with cell-surface activation markers analysed using FACS to determine scaffold immunogenicity. Attachment and growth of primary tenocytes were analysed using live-dead staining and alamar Blue fluorescence. Phenotypic retention was assessed through morphological studies, while real-time PCR was employed to evaluate cell differentiation.

Results

FACS analysis determined that Spidrex 543, invoked a high immune response in the primary human dendrocytes, while Endoform and the 3D collagen gels provided relatively low immunogenicity. FiberWire, the synthetic suture material currently used in orthopaedic surgery produced relatively high immune activation within these cells.

Tenocytes successfully adhered to and grew on the Endoform, Spidrex 543 and within the 3D collagen gels, whereas the orthopaedic suture material proved unsuitable for cell attachment/growth. Gene analysis and morphology in the three permissible scaffolds suggest cells retain their phenotype when cultured in them.

Discussion

3D culture systems support and amplify tenocyte proliferation and differentiation whilst gene expression data indicated increases of tenocyte-like markers, such as tenomodulin, scleraxis and collagen IA1

We have developed an in vitro evaluation package to identify the biocompatibility of biomaterial scaffolds- whether the materials support and promote target cell growth and have potential for use in tendon regeneration. Much time and expense can be saved by such in vitro evaluation of biomaterials prior to embarking on in vivo studies.
EFFECTS OF MAST CELLS ON THE FUNCTION OF ISOLATED HUMAN TENOCYTES
Authors: Behzad H , Scott A
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Tendinopathy, a pathological condition caused by tendon overuse, adversely affects millions of people in athletic and occupational settings worldwide. The underlying molecular mechanisms in the development of tendinopathy are poorly understood, however, increased mast cell numbers have been detected in human patellar tendinopathy specimens. Mast cells are known to increase fibroblast proliferation and collagen production leading to fibrosis in some tissues. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of mast cells on isolated human tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) and explore a possible role for mast cells in the development of tendinopathy.

Methods

Primary human tenocytes were isolated from hamstring tendons of healthy donors. Light and electron microscopy were used to examine a physical association between mast cells (HMC-1) and tenocytes, in vitro. Collagen gel contraction assay was used to examine the effects of mast cells on isolated tenocytes. Cell viability and proliferation was assessed by MTS assay. Gene expression was quantitated by qPCR.

Results

HMC-1 mast cells were shown by light and electron microscopy to physically bind to primary tenocytes through adherent junctions. Immunostaining for stem cell factor (SCF), a mast cell growth factor, showed homogeneous expression of this protein on the surface of tenocytes. Additionally, qPCR showed an increase in tenocyte SCF mRNA expression in the presence of mast cells. In other experiments, both mast cells and mast cell sonicates were shown to induce tenocyte mediated contraction of collagen gel, which appeared to be driven by TGF-β1. MTS assay showed a mast cell mediated increase in tenocyte survival and proliferation.

Discussion

These findings suggest that either through physical association with tenocytes and/or release of mediators, mast cells could play a role in the regulation and activation of tenocytes. Further studies are underway to investigate the molecular mechanisms of mast cell-tenocyte interactions and whether these could play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy.
THE EFFECTS OF UPHILL TREADMILL RUNNING AND COLLAGENASE ON RODENT ACHILLES TENDONS
Authors: Dirks R C , Fearon A M , Scott A , Galley M R , Koch L G , Britton S L , Warden S J
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Overuse conditions of the Achilles tendon likely develop due to a combination of extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of uphill treadmill running (extrinsic risk factor) and collagenase injection (intrinsic risk factor) on the histological appearance of rodent Achilles tendons. Previous studies have shown that collagenase injection leads to inflammation of the tendon,1 while exercise can lead to adaptation and tendon hypertrophy.2 Our hypothesis was that collagenase injection would result in initial tendon inflammation which would become degenerative when combined with mechanical loading.

Methods

Twenty-four mature high-capacity running rats were studied. All rats received a collagenase injection into one Achilles tendon at baseline. After 1 week, animals were randomly divided into either a run or cage-control group. The run group ran on a treadmill at a 15° incline, 5 days/week at increasing duration and speed. Tendons were harvested at either 4 or 10 weeks after the start of the running regimen. Specimens were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. H&E stained sections were evaluated using a modified Bonar scale by two blinded and independent assessors, with a third to resolve disputes.

Results

At 4 weeks, higher levels of pathology were seen in the injected tendons than in the non-injected tendons (ANOVA: p=0.007). No side to side difference was seen at 10 weeks (ANOVA: p=0.309). There was no difference between running and non-running groups at 4 weeks (ANOVA: p=0.579) or 10 weeks (ANOVA: p=0.429). No interaction effects were seen between injection and running at 4 weeks (ANOVA: p=0.934) or 10 weeks (ANOVA: p=0.847).

Discussion

In high capacity running rats, uphill treadmill running using these experimental parameters did not independently create histopathology of the Achilles tendon. Furthermore, the effect of collagenase did not have a long-term effect and was not influenced by running. Therefore, the combination of collagenase injection and uphill treadmill running does not seem to create a histological presentation similar to the degeneration seen in human Achilles tendinopathy.
BILATERAL CHANGES IN UNILATERAL ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY QUANTIFIED USING ULTRASOUND TISSUE CHARACTERISATION
Authors: Docking S I , van Schie J T M , Daffy J , Rosengarten S , Cook J L
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Achilles tendinopathy is a prevalent musculoskeletal injury in the young athletic population as well as older individuals. A high proportion of individuals develop symptoms within both Achilles tendons as well as an increased incidence of tendon rupture in the contralateral tendon post Achilles tendon rupture. Bilateral pathological changes have been reported in the literature in a number of animal studies,1 as well as pathological changes observed histologically and ultrasonographically in the asymptomatic tendon.2 3 Recent studies have suggested that these changes may be centrally mediated rather than alterations in gait, and may predispose the tendon to further degeneration and the development of symptoms. The current study examined changes in tendon structure in patients suffering from unilateral Achilles tendinopathy using ultrasound tissue characterisation (UTC) in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic tendon. UTC allows semi quantitative analysis of tendon structure by assessing the stability of the echopattern, which is closely related to the 3-D structure of the tendon.

Methods

13 unilateral Achilles tendinopathy patients were recruited with various times of symptoms. Both Achilles tendons were scanned using UTC. UTC captures 600 contiguous transverse images over a distance of 12 cm and renders a three-dimensional image of the tendon. Tendon structure was quantified from the insertion to the musculotendinous junction using customised software that quantifies the stability of the echopattern and allows semi-quantification of tendon structure, which has previously been matched with pathological specimens. Tendon structure was compared between the symptomatic and asymptomatic tendon using a related-samples Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

No significant difference was observed for any of the four echo-types between the symptomatic and asymptomatic tendon (p=0.388, p=0.158, 0.624, p=0.824, respectively). Despite no differences being observed in the echopatterns, disorganisation within the asymptomatic group was diffusely scattered throughout the length of the tendon. Disorganisation in the symptomatic tendon was confined to focal lesions predominately characterised by echo-types representing extensive fibrillar disorganisation.

Discussion

Despite the overall echopattern of the tendon not differing between the two groups, the distribution of disorganisation within the tendon differed. However, as changes in tendon structure were not confined to the symptomatic tendon, treatments should aim to improve tendon structure in both limbs to minimise the risk of developing symptoms and potential tendon rupture.
THE LINK BETWEEN DYSLIPIDEMIA AND TENDON PATHOLOGY
Authors: Grewal N , Granville D , Reid D , Scott A
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Dyslipidemia, abnormal amounts of lipid in the blood, has been associated with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Tendinopathy is a major cause of morbidity in athletic populations and in the work force,1 traditionally thought to occur as a consequence of an imbalance between damage (resulting from mechanical loading) and repair.2 However, one third of the cases for midportion Achilles tendinopathy occur in sedentary individuals, and recent data suggests an association between dyslipidemia and the occurrence of tendon rupture or tendinopathy.3 The goal of this study is to examine the missing biological link between elevated lipids and the development of tendinopathy, and establish a suitable model to examine the potential reversibility of tendinopathy associated with dyslipidemia. The study will use the ApoE-knockout mouse model, in which deficiency of ApoE leads to development of hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesise that ApoE-KO mice fed on a high fat diet, in comparison to those fed a normal diet and the wild type (non-atherosclerotic) mice, will demonstrate reduced collagen density and organisation, increased intracellular and extracellular lipid deposition, increased tendon cross-sectional area, and reduced tendon biomechanical function.

Methods

The ApoE-KO mice are fed a high fat or regular diet at 7 weeks of age, and sacrificed at 0, 15, and 30 weeks. For collagen density and organisation, tendon tissue will be viewed using second harmonic generation microscopy to determine collagen density and organisation. Tendons will be systematically scanned, and collagen density will be determined and compared among different study groups. Lipid deposition in Achilles tendon will be observed with oil red O and filipin staining. Tissue sections will be viewed and photographed with brightfield, polarisation, and fluorescence microscopy. Filipin dye will be excited with epiillumination and viewed through a 510-nm barrier filter. Ultrasound imaging will be used to analyse patellar tendon cross-sectional area (ie, tendon thickening, an indicator of tendon pathology). The effect of dyslipidemia on tendon biomechanics will be determined by testing the tendon to failure at 0.003 mm/s in a Bose ElectroForce BioDynamic test instrument. Local strain will be measured and tendon stiffness calculated.

Anticipated results and significance

Tendinopathy tendon in an H&E stained tissue section is expected to show disorganised collagen architecture with high cellularity of rounded tenocytes (as compared to parallel, longitudinal architecture with scattered elongated tenocytes of normal tendons).4 Tissue sections of Achilles tendon is expected to have wavy, discrete, band-like deposits of green filipin staining. Oil red O staining is to be observed intracellularly and extracellularly.5 If significant, these results will provide the first insights into the biology underlying dyslipidemia-induced tendinopathy, and could have direct impact on clinical care and preventive strategies.
HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GAGS IN ALTERED TENDON: A MEANS TO EVALUATE THE DEGREE OF PATHOLOGY
Authors: Attia M , Carpentier G , Etienne S , Thierart S , Scott A , Oystein L , Papy-Garcia D , Tassoni M C , Martelly I
Published: May 2013

Introduction

The social and economic consequences of injured tendons have long been recognised. In particular, patellar tendinopathy is often recalcitrant to standard treatment, highlighting the need for prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim at minimising tissue alteration and protecting tendon structure and function. This relies on a pertinent diagnostic of the degree of pathology. A means to correlate anatomical and biochemical properties of injured tendon to the extent of the pathology is thus important to acquire. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), along with the proteoglycan aggrecan, are known to increase with tendon pathology, indicating a shift of tenocytes towards a chondroïd phenotype. It could be postulated that the amount of GAGs correlates with the degree of pathology of patellar tendon assessed by the VISA Score.

Methods

Analysis of total and specific GAGs using a DiMethyl Methylene Blue histochemical technique and immuno-histological technique with antibodies against Dermatan Sulfate, Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparan Sulfate and proteoglycans (PG) (decorin, versican and aggrecan) respectively were performed on normal and pathological tendon sections from rat supraspinatus and human patellar tendons.

Results

As observed in rat overused supraspinatus tendon, total GAGs as well as Dermatan and Chondroitin sulfate were increased in human pathological patellar tendon. Correlatively, PGs such as decorin, and above all versican and aggrecan were also enhanced. Amounts of GAGs and aggrecan found in tendons changed with the Visa score of patellar tendons. A correlation was established between VISA score and the amount of GAGs. This correlation allowed us to verify the correct sampling of patient tendons and was predictive for the extent of pathology of unclassified tendon samples.

Conclusion

This study underscores the importance of excessive GAGs in relation to tendon pain and function. Accurate GAG assessment would represent a help in establishing a reliable diagnostic of patellar tendinopathy as a complement of the Visa score. This knowledge may be useful in stimulating the development of more sensitive imaging modalities capable of detecting early changes in the composition of tendon extracellular matrix.
IDENTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY TENDON DEGENERATION USING AN IN-VIVO RABBIT MODEL
Authors: Huisman E , Thornton G , Roberts C , Scott A
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Tendinopathy is a common and costly diagnosis in workers with Activity-related Soft Tissue Disorder (ASTD), and in recreational and professional athletes. The associated pain results in reduced physical activity, reduced productivity, missed work days, and substantial costs to the government. Workers whose tendons are exposed to prolonged repetitive activity (eg, manual workers like fish processors) and/or high mechanical loads (eg, construction workers) are at high risk for the development of ASTD-associated tendinopathy. Pain is usually one of the first symptoms of tendinopathy; however imaging studies have demonstrated that significant degenerative tendon alterations can develop in response to mechanical loading, months before there are any overt symptoms.

Goal: To identify circulation markers of early tendon degeneration.

Research questions: (1) Will fatigue damage in tendons, caused by different loading regimes, correlate with changes in expression of genes involved in tendon degeneration? (2) Can we track the development of early phase tendon degeneration in vivo using ultrasound and measure indicators of tendon degradative activity in the circulation? It is hypothesised that different loading regimes will lead to characteristic, degradative differences in gene expression. Ultrasound will be able to visualise and follow early onset, degradative changes in the strained tendons.

Methods

Rabbit Achilles tendons will be subjected to varying loading regimens using the in-vivo Backman model. After set periods of exercise, microdialysis and blood samples will be taken and analysed for genes involved in degradation of tendons. At the same intervals, ultrasound images will be taken to track changes in the cross sectional area of the tendon. After the end of the full exercise period, the tendon tissue will be examined for characteristic degradative changes using microscopy.

Results

It is expected that the exercise regimen will lead to significant changes in gene expression in the tendon.1 Blood and microdialysis samples are expected to show significant changes in for example, collagen type I and III, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors for MMPs (TIMPs), and other genes involved.2 It is expected that the tissue will exhibit characteristic morphological changes seen in degradative tendon tissue, for example, rounded nuclei of tenocytes and a looser, kinked pattern of the collagen fibrils.3

Discussion

Treatment for tendinopathies in workers can be a long and costly process which is not always successful, due to the degenerative nature of chronic tendinopathy. Detecting the early stages of tendinopathy could allow for the possibility of interventions to decrease or prevent tendon pain and/or rupture, and reduce healthcare and insurance costs.
SYMPOSIUM SPONSORS AND COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Authors: Scott A
Published: May 2013

ISTS2012 was sponsored by the Department of Physical Therapy, the Canadian Institutes of CIHR (meeting planning and dissemination grant), the Vancouver Coastal Health Research Centre, BJSM, Sonosite, The Orthopaedic Biologic Institute, and ASTYM corporation.

Thanks to the scientific committee and organising committee.

Scientific committee: Alex Scott, Jill Cook, Patrick Danielson, Malcolm Collins, Craig Purdam, Henning Langberg, Nele Mahieu, Paul Ackermann, Roger Smith, Tomas Fernando Fernandez Jaén.

Organising committee: Angela Fearon, Callista Haggis, Jacqueline Alexander, Aishwariya Sharma.
The impracticality of MRI for the diagnosis of atypical penile fracture in the emergency setting
Authors: Maurice Matthew J , Spirnak J Patrick
Published: May 2013

We report the case of a patient who presented to the emergency department with a history suspicious for penile fracture without typical physical exam findings. A small penile fracture was present on MRI, but the diagnosis was missed, and surgery was withheld owing to this misinformation. Despite its technical accuracy, MRI may be impractical for the diagnosis of penile fracture in the emergency setting.
How to read a paper and appraise the evidence
Authors: Dean Rachel
Published: May 2013

Evidence‐based veterinary medicine (EVM) is a concept that is increasingly discussed within the veterinary profession. One important form of evidence is published papers in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature. Reading scientific papers is one of the basic skills required to be able to follow the principles of EVM. However, it can be time‐consuming and difficult for vets to find time to read this relevant literature. Improving basic paper‐reading skills can reduce the time it takes to assess a paper, decide if it is relevant and valid, and apply it to a clinical setting.
Avian anaesthesia
Authors: Raftery Aidan
Published: May 2013

Anaesthesia is now common in avian medicine, for either diagnostic or surgical procedures. The period of anaesthesia may be brief ‐ for example, to facilitate positioning for radiography ‐ or prolonged for a complicated surgical operation. With improved understanding of avian physiology, the safety of anaesthesia in avian species has evolved significantly over recent years. This article aims to describe current best practice of avian anaesthesia for the commonly seen companion species in the UK.
Double embolic protection during carotid artery stenting with persistent hypoglossal artery
Authors: Silva Christine F , Hou Samuel Y , Kühn Anna L , Whitten Richard H , Wakhloo Ajay K
Published: May 2013

A woman presented with 75% stenosis of the right internal carotid artery (ICA) with extension to the origin of a persistent hypoglossal artery (PHA). The PHA is a rare fetal variant of carotid–basilar anastomosis that elevates the risk of ischemia and embolic infarction within the posterior cerebral circulation in patients with carotid disease proximal to the anastomosis. Our case is highly unique because of the extremely rare nature of the PHA with associated ICA stenosis that extended to the PHA. Additionally, a novel treatment approach was employed by stenting and angioplasty while protecting both the anterior and posterior cerebral circulations.
Method- and species-specific detection probabilities of fish occupancy in Arctic lakes: implications for design and management
Authors: Haynes Trevor B. , Rosenberger Amanda E. , Lindberg Mark S. , Whitman Matthew , Schmutz Joel A.
Published: May 2013

Studies examining species occurrence often fail to account for false absences in field sampling. We investigate detection probabilities of five gear types for six fish species in a sample of lakes on the North Slope, Alaska. We used an occupancy modeling approach to provide estimates of detection probabilities for each method. Variation in gear- and species-specific detection probability was considerable. For example, detection probabilities for the fyke net ranged from 0.82 (SE = 0.05) for least cisco (Coregonus sardinella) to 0.04 (SE = 0.01) for slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). Detection probabilities were also affected by site-specific variables such as depth of the lake, year, day of sampling, and lake connection to a stream. With the exception of the dip net and shore minnow traps, each gear type provided the highest detection probability of at least one species. Results suggest that a multimethod approach may be most effective when attempting to sample the entire fish community of Arctic lakes. Detection probability estimates will be useful for designing optimal fish sampling and monitoring protocols in Arctic lakes.
Bioinformatic evaluation of the secondary metabolism of antistaphylococcal environmental bacterial isolates
Authors: Wyatt Morgan A. , Lee Jonghyun , Ahilan Yasodha , Magarvey Nathan A.
Published: May 2013

The increasing occurrence of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is exacerbated with a declining rate of antibiotic discovery, particularly those with new mechanisms of action. The decline in antibiotic discovery from traditional sources, such as soil actinobacteria, necessitates examination of lesser studied microbes. Here, we present a strategy to select for organisms that may have a propensity to result in new antistaphylococcal agents by using S. aureus as a bait organism, and selecting organisms that have a natural lytic activity towards it. We have isolated over 80 environmental isolates and typed these organisms using 16S rDNA sequence comparison and deployed bioinformatics to assess the secondary metabolic potential of the isolated antistaphylococcal bacteria using genomic sequences. Bioinformatic analysis highlights the enriched and unique suite of potential antibiotic polyketides and nonribosomal peptides and lantibiotic gene clusters from these organisms. Profiling organic microbial extracts further showed that many of the organisms from the 10 staphylolytic genera secrete agents with antistaphylococcal activity and may serve as new sources for future antistaphylococcal drug discovery.
LEFT–RIGHT POLARIZATION ASYMMETRY OF THE WEAK INTERACTION MASS OF POLARIZED FERMIONS IN FLIGHT
Authors: SHI ZHI-QIANG
Published: May 2013

The left–right polarization-dependent asymmetry of the weak interaction mass is investigated. Based on the Standard Model (SM), the calculation shows that the weak interaction mass of left-handed polarized fermions is always greater than that of right-handed ones in flight with the same speed in any inertial frame. The weak interaction mass asymmetry might be very important to the investigation of neutrino mass and would have an important significance for understanding the chiral attribute of weak interactions.
EFFECT OF MAXIMUM MOMENTUM ON QUANTUM MECHANICAL SCATTERING AND BOUND STATES
Authors: CHING CHEE-LEONG , PARWANI RAJESH R.
Published: May 2013

We construct the exact position representation for a deformed (non-relativistic) quantum mechanics which exhibits an intrinsic maximum momentum and use it to study problems such as a particle in a box and an asymmetric well. In particular, we show that unlike usual quantum mechanics, the present deformed case delays the formation of bound states in a finite potential well, a distinguishing feature that might be relevant for empirical investigations. We also contrast our results with the string-motivated type of deformed quantum mechanics which incorporates a minimum position uncertainty rather than a maximum momentum.
THE CARRYING CAPACITY UNDER FOUR-ASPECT COLOR LIGHT AUTOMATIC BLOCK SIGNALING BASED ON CELLULAR AUTOMATA
Authors: XUE YUAN , QIAN YONG-SHENG , GUANG XIAO-PING , ZENG JUN-WEI , JIA ZHI-LONG , WANG XIN
Published: May 2013

With the application of the dynamic control system, Cellular Automata model has become a valued tool for the simulation of human behavior and traffic flow. As an integrated kind of railway signal-control pattern, the four-aspect color light automatic block signaling has accounted for 50% in the signal-control system in China. Thus, it is extremely important to calculate correctly its carrying capacity under the automatic block signaling. Based on this fact the paper proposes a new kind of "cellular automata model" for the four-aspect color light automatic block signaling under different speed states. It also presents rational rules for the express trains with higher speed overtaking trains with lower speed in a same or adjacent section and the departing rules in some intermediate stations. In it, the state of mixed-speed trains running in the section composed of many stations is simulated with CA model, and the train-running diagram is acquired accordingly. After analyzing the relevant simulation results, the needed data are achieved herewith for the variation of section carrying capacity, the average train delay, the train speed with the change of mixed proportion, as well as the distance between the adjacent stations.
INTRINSIC ROOM TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNETISM OF SILICON-DOPED ZnO THIN FILMS
Authors: FAROOQ M. HASSAN , XU X. G. , YANG H. L. , RAN C. J. , WANG Y. K. , MIAO J. , JIANG Y.
Published: May 2013

We report our study on the magnetic properties of Si -doped ZnO thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition technique. The Si -doped ZnO thin films show ferromagnetism at room temperature. The saturation magnetism increases from 0 to 2.4 emu/cc with the increasing of Si concentration up to 2%, and then decreases with further increasing of Si concentration. First-principles calculation demonstrates that the origination of ferromagnetism for Si -doped ZnO system is the two unpaired electrons of Si -2p. These unpaired electrons increase the magnetic moments which are responsible for the increasing ferromagnetism.
MOLECULAR SIMULATION OF HYDROGEN ADSORPTION IN ALUMINUM ORGANIC FRAMEWORK
Authors: DAI WEI , LI RUI , JIN HAIQIN , WANG SHIFANG
Published: May 2013

With the aid of molecular simulations, a new aluminum organic framework structure is designed, and the hydrogen storage capability of the designed structure is studied using grand canonical Monte Carlo technique. Results show that the hydrogen storage capacity of aluminum organic framework at 77 K and 1 MPa is about 430 hydrogen molecules per unit cell, the corresponding weight density be equivalent to 17.45 wt.%. The preferential adsorption site is located at the aluminum–oxygen cluster. Hydrogen molecules are preferentially distributed on the surface of Al ions. The complexation of organic linkers with Al ions is found to be in favor of the adsorption of hydrogen.
STRAIN-TUNABLE BAND GAP OF BC3 SHEET: A FIRST-PRINCIPLES INVESTIGATION
Authors: LIU GANG , WU MU SHENG , OUYANG CHU YING , XU BO
Published: May 2013

The effect of strain on the electronic properties of BC 3 sheet was studied by using first-principles density functional theory. It is found that the band gap of BC 3 sheet increases gradually when the applied tensile strain ranges from 0% to 12.5%. While the band gap decreases as the compressive strain is applied, especially resulting in the semiconductor-metal transition at some strain. Further analysis shows that the change of band gap mainly results from the variation of the energy of valence band maximum (VBM), which is related to the strength of the bonding state. The proposed mechanical control of the electronic properties will widen the application of BC 3 sheet in future nanotechnology.
MANAGING INNOVATION USING DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA (DFSS) APPROACH IN HEALTHCARE SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: AZIS YUDI , OSADA HIROSHI
Published: May 2013

Nowadays, healthcare service organizations have been using Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) for managing innovation to create new products, services and business processes. This paper is intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of DFSS on managing innovation in healthcare service organizations. The research is conducted on five leading US healthcare service organizations. Furthermore, roadmap for managing innovation is proposed. The result confirms that the DFSS strengthens two factors in managing innovation: (1) finding an innovative idea, (2) guiding and realizing an innovative idea. In addition, DFSS plays a critical role in shifting paradigm from subjective to objective judgment. Moreover, DFSS provides a platform for strategic critical measurement.
FRAMING OFFSHORING: ANTECEDENTS, PROCESSES, AND OUTCOMES
Authors: FONTANA FABRIZIA , PRENCIPE ANDREA
Published: May 2013

Following the increasing globalization of value chains, offshoring is gaining importance for firms' competitiveness. Strategy, management, and organizational scholars have analyzed this phenomenon from different theoretical lenses and with a variety of methodological approaches. However, literature lacks a framework within which to analyze firms' offshoring strategies and processes. This paper proposes an interpretative framework to understand extant literature as well as to identify possible gaps to be fulfilled with future research. The identified categories of the proposed interpretative framework are: antecedents, processes, and outcomes. We use case-based evidence to populate the framework and to highlight implications for innovation management.
Syntheses of near infrared absorbed phthalocyanines to utilize photosensitizers
Authors: Sakamoto Keiichi , Yoshino Satoru , Takemoto Makoto , Furuya Naoki
Published: May 2013

Phthalocyanines have become of major interest as functional colorants for various applications. In order to use various applications especially photosensitizers, the absorption maxima called Q-band of phthalocyanines are required to be shifted to the near infrared region. Substituted phthalocyanine analog alkylbenzopiridoporphyrazins, especially zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)-bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine, and toroidal-shaped phthalocyanines having aminoamine dendric side chains such as toroidal zinc poly(aminoamine)phthalocyanine dendrons were synthesized. Phthalocyanines of two types reportedly use photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer. The respective efficacies of photodynamic therapy of cancer for zinc bis(1,4-didecylbenzo)-bis(3,4-pyrido)porphyrazine and its regioisomers were estimated using laser-flash photolysis. The capability of using photodynamic therapy for toroidal zinc poly(aminoamine)phthalocyanine dendrons was assessed using a cancer cell culture. Both phthalocyanines were suitable for the use as a photosensitizer as photodynamic therapy of cancer. Then, non-peripheral thioaryl substituted phthalocyanines, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines, such as 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thiophenylmethyl)phthalocyanines, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thiophenylmethoxy)phthalocyanines, and 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thiophenyl tert-butyl)phthalocyanines were also synthesized in order to develop next- generation photovoltaic cells and/or dye-sensitized solar cells. Non-peripheral substituted 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines exhibited a Q-band in the near infrared region. Electrochemical measurements were performed on the above-mentioned 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines described above to examine their electron transfer abilities and electrochemical mechanisms. The compounds 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(thioaryl)phthalocyanines are anticipated to be appropriate materials for use in the next generation of photovoltaic cells.
Synthesis and characterization of [1,4-bis(α,β-galactopyranos-6-yl)phthalocyaninato]zinc(II)
Authors: Crucius Göran , Hanack Michael , Ziegler Thomas
Published: May 2013

Herein we present the synthesis and full characterization of the water-soluble [1,4-bis(α,β-galactopyranos-6-yl)phthalocyaninato]zinc(II) (8). For a cross-condensation with phthalonitrile in presence of zinc bromide, bisglycosylated phthalonitrile (5) has been synthesized by nucleophilic displacement of triflyl groups or fluorine atoms by acetonide protected galactose in the appropriated phthalonitriles 1 and 2. Furthermore we prepared 3,6-bis(1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranos-6-yl)phthalonitrile (5) starting from 2,3-dicyanohydroquinone and 1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose using a Mitsunobu protocol. UV-vis spectra of 8 were measured in DMSO, water and PBS-buffer at different concentrations.
STATISTICAL STRENGTH ANALYSIS FOR HONEYCOMB MATERIALS
Authors: KARAKOÇ ALP , FREUND JOUNI
Published: May 2013

In the present study, a statistical strength model is proposed, which aims at describing how the strength of geometrically irregular honeycomb material is affected by the scale. Hence, the samples are designed based on the selected geometrical irregularity and the number of the cells/scale. Simulation experiments are conducted on these samples under different loading combinations. The experiment results are linked to possible failure mechanisms in order to obtain the critical loads which are expressed in terms of cumulative distribution functions. The discrete distribution data of the critical loads are then fitted to analyze the effect of scale on different strength percentiles by virtue of the least squares function and closed quadric surface fitting. Eventually, the outcome is expressed in terms of ellipsoid surface representing the honeycomb material strength in three-dimensional stress space.
MAPK Cascades in Plant Disease Resistance Signaling
Authors: Meng Xiangzong , Zhang Shuqun
Published: May 2013

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules downstream of receptors/sensors that transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses in eukaryotes. Plant MAPK cascades play pivotal roles in signaling plant defense against pathogen attack. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the identification of upstream receptors/sensors and downstream MAPK substrates. These findings revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying MAPK functions in plant disease resistance. MAPK cascades have also emerged as battlegrounds of plant-pathogen interactions. Activation of MAPKs is one of the earliest signaling events after plant sensing of pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) and pathogen effectors. MAPK cascades are involved in signaling multiple defense responses, including the biosynthesis/signaling of plant stress/defense hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, stomatal closure, defense gene activation, phytoalexin biosynthesis, cell wall strengthening, and hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. Pathogens, however, employ effectors to suppress plant MAPK activation and downstream defense responses to promote pathogenesis.
The New Sociology of Morality
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Vaisey Stephen
Published: May 2013

Sociology was once integral to the scientific study of morality, but its explicit focus has waned over the past half-century. This article calls for greater sociological engagement in order to speak to the resurgence of the study of morality in cognate fields. We identify important treatments of morality, some of which are not explicitly so, and identify those treatments that build a distinctly sociological focus on morality: room for culturally divergent understandings of its content, a focus on antecedent social factors that shape it, and a concern with ecologically valid explorations of its social importance.
Interest-Oriented Action
Authors: Spillman Lyn , Strand Michael
Published: May 2013

Sociology frequently presumes interest-oriented action but deconstructs interests. Here, we argue for more inquiry into the social conditions under which interest-oriented action is generated. We analyze how interest-oriented action is understood in classical sociology, rational choice theory, social exchange theory, and cultural sociology. These perspectives vary in the extent to which interests are an explanatory principle, how interests are considered, and how emergent social formations are explained. However, they share an implicit recognition that the question of when interest-oriented action emerges needs more attention. Rather than naturalizing interest-oriented action, or investigating how interests are constructed, the most productive direction for future sociological research on interests is to specify better when action oriented to interests becomes normative.
Metal Dissolution and Repassivation of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy during Rapid Elongation in Simulated Body Fluid including Osteoblast-like Cells
Authors: Doi Kotaro , Miyabe Sayaka , Fujimoto S.
Published: May 2013

The dissolution and repassivation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in simulated body environment were examined using a straining electrode test. Samples were elongated with rapid straining rate of 0.67 s-1 in a-MEM+10 % FBS including proteins and osteoblast-like cells. The transient of current was recorded during and after elongation. For the charge density after elongation, the larger charge density was recognized on the sample immersed longer in simulated body fluid and the sample covered with cells. This result indicates that the proteins and cells adhered on the sample surface hinder the repassivation. When proteins or cells absorb on the sample surface, an occluded space is formed between proteins and cells and metal surface. Since the diffusion is blocked and the pH becomes low in this space, the repassivation is hindered. In addition, the current stagnation occurred during repassivation and a localized corrosion occasionally occurred along slip step on samples with cells.
(Keynote) Issues and Challenges for Implementation of Large-Scale Energy Storage in Australia
Authors: Skyllas-Kazacos Maria
Published: May 2013

The importance of energy storage for a renewable energy future, has been recognised since the oil crisis of the late 1970s, but despite a growing uptake of renewable energy technologies in recent decades, a global market for storage technologies has yet to emerge. Australia has a strong record of research and development of renewable energy technologies and storage, but a very poor record for commercialisation. This paper explores some of the issues and challenges being experienced by developers of energy storage technologies, particularly in Australia.
Preparation of Shape-Controlled Pt Nanoparticles by Galvanostatic Electrolysis
Authors: Nishimura Takashi , Nakade Takuo , Morikawa Tsutomu , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: May 2013

Low concentration of platinum ions, which were produced by oxidative dissolution of the Pt anode during galvanostatic electrolysis, were reduced at the graphite cathode to form Pt nanoparticles with a cubic structure. This could be ascribed to slow Pt deposition which would be dominated by the diffusion of platinum ions.
Development of an Electrolysis-Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (E-RHE)
Authors: Kamiya Nobuyuki
Published: May 2013

Reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) has been utilized widely as one of the reference electrodes. Even though the RHE is not actually used in the experiments, the electrode potential data are often referred to the RHE. To operate RHE, hydrogen gas supply from hydrogen cylinder or hydrogen pipeline is required and much care is strictly required not to leak hydrogen gas to the atmosphere. We proposed a new electrolyser-reversible hydrogen electrode (E-RHE). In this electrode small electrodes are included, one of which works as a cathode and evolves hydrogen gas. Thus evolved hydrogen gas goes up to another electrode which performs the reversible hydrogen electrode. The condition which gives the best performance of E-RHE has been investigated. From these results, the E-RHE was found to take part in the electrochemical experiments as the reference hydrogen electrode.
Effect of Pt Dissolution on H2O2 Formation based on RRDE Method
Authors: Ono Kenshiro , Sekizawa Koshi , Takeuchi Norimitsu , Yoshida Toshihiko , Sudoh Masao
Published: May 2013

Potential cycling tests using 42.2 wt% and 19.1 wt% Pt/C catalysts were conducted by the RRDE method to evaluate the changes in the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and H2O2 formation ability of the catalysts. As the typical operating conditions of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), square wave potential cycling (0.7–0.9 V) was applied to the catalysts for 150,000 cycles in an O2-saturated 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte. During the potential cycling test, electrochemical measurements were carried out to characterize the ECSA, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and H2O2 formation. After 150,000 potential cyclings, while the ECSA of the 42.2 wt% Pt/C dropped by 35 %, the ECSA loss for the 19.1 wt% Pt/C was 55 %. This result implies that the Pt content in the cathode catalyst affects the ECSA loss during the long-term PEMFC operation. Additionally, the H2O2 formation ratio obviously increased with the potential cycling only in the case of the 19.1 wt% Pt/C. In order to verify the H2O2 formation dependence on the ECSA, four types of catalysts, which included different Pt loading amounts (42.2, 28.1, 19.1 and 9.5 wt% Pt/C), were evaluated, and these results explained the relationship between the ECSA decay and H2O2 formation increase in the durability tests.