bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Coordination Induces Electron Localization at Ca Sites for Robust CO2 Electroreduction to CO
Authors: Wang Qiyou , Dai Minyang , Li Hongmei , Lu Ying‐Rui , Chan Ting‐Shan , Ma Chao , Liu Kang , Fu Junwei , Liao Wanru , Chen Shanyong , Pensa Evangelina , Wang Ye , Zhang Shiguo , Sun Yifei , Cortés Emiliano , Liu Min
Published: March 2023

Main group single atom catalysts (SACs) are promising for CO2 electroreduction to CO by virtue of their ability in preventing the hydrogen evolution reaction and CO poisoning. Unfortunately, their delocalized orbitals reduce the CO2 activation to *COOH. Herein, an O doping strategy to localize electrons on p‐orbitals through asymmetric coordination of Ca SAC sites (Ca‐N3O) is developed, thus enhancing the CO2 activation. Theoretical calculations indicate that asymmetric coordination of Ca‐N3O improves electron‐localization around Ca sites and thus promotes *COOH formation. X‐ray absorption fine spectroscopy shows the obtained Ca‐N3O features: one O and three N coordinated atoms with one Ca as a reactive site. In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy proves that Ca‐N3O promotes *COOH formation. As a result, the Ca‐N3O catalyst exhibits a state‐of‐the‐art turnover frequency of ≈15 000 per hour in an H‐cell and a large current density of −400 mA cm−2 with a CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) ≥ 90% in a flow cell. Moreover, Ca‐N3O sites retain a FE above 90% even with a 30% diluted CO2 concentration.
Biomimetic Construction of Ferrite Quantum Dot/Graphene Heterostructure for Enhancing Ion/Charge Transfer in Supercapacitors
Authors: Fu Min , Chen Wei , Lei Yu , Yu Hao , Lin Yuxiao , Terrones Mauricio
Published: March 2023

Spinel ferrites are regarded as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs) in virtue of their low cost and high theoretical specific capacitances. However, bulk ferrites suffer from limited electrical conductivity, sluggish ion transport, and inadequate active sites. Therefore, rational structural design and composition regulation of the ferrites are approaches to overcome these limitations. Herein, a general biomimetic mineralization synthetic strategy is proposed to synthesize ferrite (XFe2O4, X = Ni, Co, Mn) quantum dot/graphene (QD/G) heterostructures. Anchoring ferrite QD on the graphene sheets not only strengthens the structural stability, but also forms the electrical conductivity network needed to boost the ion diffusion and charge transfer. The optimized NiFe2O4 QD/G heterostructure exhibits specific capacitances of 697.5 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and exceptional cycling performance. Furthermore, the fabricated symmetrical SCs deliver energy densities of 24.4 and 17.4 Wh kg−1 at power densities of 499.3 and 4304.2 W kg−1, respectively. Density functional theory calculations indicate the combination of NiFe2O4 QD and graphene facilitates the adsorption of potassium atoms, ensuring rapid ion/charge transfer. This work enriches the application of the biomimetic mineralization synthesis and provides effective strategies for boosting ion/charge transfer, which may offer a new way to develop advanced electrodes for SCs.
Module‐Assembled Elastomer Showing Large Strain Stiffening Capability and High Stretchability
Authors: Nakagawa Shintaro , Aoki Daisuke , Asano Yuki , Yoshie Naoko
Published: March 2023

Elastomers are indispensable materials due to their flexible, stretchable, and elastic nature. However, the polymer network structure constituting an elastomer is generally inhomogeneous, limiting the performance of the material. Here, a highly stretchable elastomer with unprecedented strain‐stiffening capability is developed based on a highly homogeneous network structure enabled by a module assembly strategy. The elastomer is synthesized by efficient end‐linking of a star‐shaped aliphatic polyester precursor with a narrow molecular‐weight distribution. The resulting product shows high strength (≈26 MPa) and remarkable stretchability (stretch ratio at break ≈1900%), as well as good fatigue resistance and notch insensitivity. Moreover, it shows extraordinary strain‐stiffening capability (>2000‐fold increase in the apparent stiffness) that exceeds the performance of any existing soft material. These unique properties are due to strain‐induced ordering of the polymer chains in a uniformly stretched network, as revealed by in situ X‐ray scattering analyses. The utility of this great strain‐stiffening capability is demonstrated by realizing a simple variable stiffness actuator for soft robotics.
Competition between Carrier Injection and Structural Distortions in Electron‐Doped Perovskite Nickelate Thin Films
Authors: Hadjimichael Marios , Mundet Bernat , Domínguez Claribel , Waelchli Adrien , De Luca Gabriele , Spring Jonathan , Jöhr Simon , McKeown Walker Siobhan , Piamonteze Cinthia , Alexander Duncan T. L. , Triscone Jean‐Marc , Gibert Marta
Published: March 2023

The discovery of superconductivity in doped infinite‐layer nickelate thin films has brought increased attention to the behavior of the doped perovskite phase. Despite this interest, the majority of existing studies pertain to hole‐doped perovskite rare‐earth nickelate thin films, while most electron‐doping studies have been performed on bulk materials so far. To tackle this imbalance, a detailed study that addresses doping of NdNiO3 thin films using A‐site substitution is presented, using Pb as a dopant and taking advantage of its valence‐skipping nature. Through a combination of complementary techniques including X‐ray diffraction, transport measurements, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, the valence of Pb in the Nd1−xPbxNiO3 structure is confirmed to be 4+, and the behavior of the doped thin films is found to be controlled by a competition between carrier injection and structural distortions, which respectively reduce and increase the metal‐to‐insulator transition temperature. This work provides a systematic study of electron doping in NdNiO3, demonstrating that A‐site substitution with Pb is an appropriate method for such doping in perovskite rare‐earth nickelate systems.
Practical considerations for adaptive strategies by US grazing land managers with a changing climate
Authors: Derner Justin D. , Wilmer Hailey , Stackhouse‐Lawson Kim , Place Sara , Boggess Mark
Published: March 2023

We outline practical considerations for grazing land adaptations with a changing climate, with an emphasis on the ranch operation scale and specific attention to directional climate changes and increased climate variability. These adaptive strategies fall into two themes: flexibility and learning under uncertainty. Ranches and livestock operations with greater land, social, or other capital resources may have more flexibility. Risk can be reduced for managers (ranchers, farmers, operators, and livestock managers) through participation in conservation or farm policy programs and/or market‐based approaches. Bolstering adaptive capacity across landscapes and time can originate from social capital of operators and strategic collaborations among managers and scientists. As climate diverges from historical baselines and the realm of managers’ experiential knowledge, new conceptual frameworks are needed to structure conversations, influence research relevancy and impact, and drive imaginative solutions among researchers, managers, and local communities for socio‐ecological systems. We provide simplified frameworks to help guide conversation, future research, and new imaginative solutions for systems‐scale knowledge needs and adaptation to address increasingly uncertain and complex change at multiple scales. Practical considerations for adaptive strategies by grazing land managers with a changing climate will be accelerated through (1) collaborative efforts among managers and explicitly with science–management partnerships becoming more mainstream, (2) co‐produced research with managers and researchers at ranch scales, (3) development of communities of practice and associated learning opportunities, and (4) continued co‐development and advancement of technologies and tools that result in high uptake adoption by ranch managers.
Evaluation of factors affecting prognosis and mortality in geriatric patients presented to the emergency service with head trauma
Authors: Eryurt Sadettin Cagrı , Sahin Taner , Oral Sukru
Published: March 2023

Objective

Head trauma, a cause of serious morbidity and mortality in general, is among the most common causes of emergency department visits in geriatric patients. In this context, this study investigated the factors affecting prognosis and mortality in geriatric patients presenting with head trauma at the emergency department.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included 842 patients aged 65 years and above who presented with head trauma to the emergency department between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019. Demographic and clinical data of the 622 patients included in the study were analyzed.

Results

A total of 622 geriatric patients with head trauma were included in this study. Of these, 54.2% (337/622) were men, and 45.8% (285/622) were women. The mean age of the patients was 75.3 ± 7.5 years. Antihypertensives were the most common medications taken by the patients. Subdural hematoma is the most frequently observed cranial pathology. A simple fall is the most observed mechanism for trauma. A total of 17.5% (109/622) of the patients were admitted to the hospital. Of these patients, 8.4% (52/622) were transferred to the intensive care unit and 2.6% (16/622) of the patients died.

Conclusion

Mortality would be expected to be higher in elderly patients with head trauma, hypotension, or high lactate levels. The need for intensive care unit transfer was higher in patients with coronary artery disease. The mortality rate of the patients increased with an increasing length of hospital stay.
Fluid‐Driven High‐Performance Bionic Artificial Muscle with Adjustable Muscle Architecture
Authors: Xie Disheng , Su Yujie , Li Xiaolu , Chen Jingxun , Shi Xiangqian , Liang Dezhi , Yip Joanne , Liu Jianbin , Li Zheng , Tong Raymond Kai‐yu
Published: March 2023

High‐performance artificial muscle is always the pursuit of researchers for robotics. Herein, a bionic artificial muscle is reported called “ExoMuscle” mimicking the sarcomere in skeletal muscle with a bio‐inspired structure to contract “myofilaments” enabling the artificial muscle to mimic the architecture of muscle such as parallel, fusiform, convergent, and pennation and beyond the performance of skeletal muscle. The reported actuators excel in various aspects compared with skeletal muscle including actuation stress (0.41–0.9 MPa), strain (50%), optimal length, velocity‐independence output, power density (10.94 kW kg−1), and efficiency (69.11%). With its own adjustable pennation architecture, it achieves variable actuation stress up to 0.9 MPa meanwhile maintaining high efficiency. Furthermore, ExoMuscle highly conforms to the anatomical complexity of the human body to cooperate with skeletal muscles closely opening the door for bio‐robotics, especially wearable robots.
A Soft Gripper with Granular Jamming and Electroadhesive Properties
Authors: Piskarev Yegor , Devincenti Antoine , Ramachandran Vivek , Bourban Pierre-Etienne , Dickey Michael D. , Shintake Jun , Floreano Dario
Published: March 2023

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of universal soft grippers that can handle objects of varying form factors (including flat objects), surface conditions (including moistened or oily objects), and mechanical properties (deformable and fragile). Yet, there is no single gripper that can gently grip objects with such a wide range of properties. Herein, a soft gripper that combines granular jamming (GJ) and electroadhesion (EA) to gently grasp and release a large set of diverse objects is presented. The gripper can operate in GJ mode only, in EA mode only, or in a combination mode that simultaneously activates GJ and EA. In GJ mode, the gripper can grasp objects with different surface properties, lift objects 38 times its own weight using negative pressure, and release objects by applying positive pressure, but has difficulty in handling flat and fragile objects. In EA mode, the gripper can manipulate flat and fragile objects but encounters difficulties with different surface properties such as oily or moisture. In the combination mode, the gripper can generate grasping forces up to 35% higher than in the GJ mode for all object sizes and certain shapes such as a cylinder. An interactive preprint version of the article can be found here: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.166937296.61200374/v1.
Dual Optical Frequency Comb Neuron: Co‐Developing Hardware and Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Jun , Tao Zilong , Yan Qiuquan , Du Shiyin , Tang Yuhua , Liu Hengzhu , Wei Ke , Zhou Tong , Jiang Tian
Published: March 2023

Previous studies on photonic neural network have demonstrated that algorithm can inspire hardware design. This study seeks to demonstrate that hardware can also inspire algorithm design. To further exploit the advantages of photonic analog computing, the authors develop hardware and algorithm simultaneously for photonic convolutional neural networks. Specifically, this work developed an architecture called dual optical frequency comb neuron (DOFCN) enabled by an integrated microcomb to perform cosinusoidal nonlinear activation and vector convolution without temporal or spatial dispersion and large‐scale modulator arrays. Furthermore, DOFCN‐based composite vector convolutional neural networks (CVCNNs), an optical‐electric hybrid model, are proposed to perform classification and regression tests in signal modulation format identification and optical structure inverse design tasks, respectively. The ablation experiments show that under 4‐bit precision limit, the element‐wise activation CVCNN has 14% higher classification accuracy, 76% lower regression residuals, and 100% higher training efficiency than that of the 32‐bit standard convolutional neural network (CNN). DOFCN exhibits impressive spectral information processing ability to facilitate signal‐processing tasks related to optics and electromagnetics.
Highly Productive 3D Printing Process to Transcend Intractability in Materials and Geometries via Interactive Machine‐Learning‐Based Technique
Authors: Kim Yuseok , Park Suk Hee
Published: March 2023

Herein, a highly productive and defect‐free 3D‐printing system enforced by deep‐learning (DL)‐based anomaly detection and reinforcement‐learning (RL)‐based optimization processes is developed. Unpredictable defect factors, such as machine setting errors or unexpected material flow, are analyzed by image‐based anomaly detection implemented using a variational autoencoder DL model. Real‐time detection and in situ correction of defects are implemented by an autocalibration algorithm in conjunction with the DL system. In view of productivity enhancement, the optimized set of diversified printing speeds can be generated from virtual simulation of RL, which is established using a physics‐based engineering model. The RL‐simulated parameter set maximizes printing speed and minimizes deflection‐related failures throughout the 3D‐printing process. With the synergistic assistance of DL and RL techniques, the developed system can overcome the inherent challenging intractability of 3D printing in terms of material property and geometry, achieving high process productivity.
Bio‐based polyamide 56 fibers by one‐step melt‐spinning: Process, structure and properties
Authors: Wang Zhe , Kang Hongliang , Lin Na , Hao Xinmin , Liu Ruigang
Published: March 2023

Polyamide 56 (PA56) fibers were prepared by one‐step melt spinning and drawing process. The effects of draw ratio and draw temperature on the structure and properties of PA56 fibers were investigated. Both α‐like‐ and γ‐crystalline phases were formed in PA56 fibers. An increase in the draw ratio at a given draw temperature leads to the significantly increase in crystallinity, chain orientation, and the content of the α‐like crystalline phase in the resultant PA56 fibers. The crystallinity and orientation parameters of the PA56 fibers increase with draw temperature in the range of 130–190°C. The PA56 α‐like crystalline phase is unfavorable at a higher draw temperature. The optimal process parameters for PA56 fibers with good mechanical properties are at draw ratio above 3 and with a draw temperature in the range of 150–190°C.
Ferulic acid improves cognitive impairment by regulating jumonji C domain‐containing protein 6 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus in neonatal and juvenile rats with intrauterine hypoxia during pregnancy
Authors: Li Wenying , Liu Dunyu , Chen Bo , Chen Xingshu , Yu Hong
Published: March 2023

To investigate the impacts of ferulic acid (FA) on jumonji C domain‐containing protein 6 (JMJD6) and synaptophysin in the tissues of the hippocampus in neonatal and juvenile rats with intrauterine hypoxia‐induced cognitive impairment. The Sprague–Dawley pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, hypoxia, and hypoxia + FA. On day 14 of pregnancy, the intrauterine hypoxia model was created by placing pregnant rats in the hypoxic and low‐pressure experimental chamber for 2 hr a day for 3 days. In the hypoxia + FA group, pregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with 4% FA, once a day for 7 days. The hypoxia group was treated with equal amounts of saline. After delivery, JMJD6 and synaptophysin mRNA and proteins in the hippocampus regions were detected by in situ hybridization and western blotting. The Morris water maze was used to evaluate cognitive function. The neonatal and juvenile rats in the hypoxia group had significantly increased expression of JMJD6 and decreased expression of synaptophysin protein and synaptophysin I mRNA in the hippocampus than those in the control group. Meanwhile, hypoxia also clearly prolonged the escape latency and shortened the stay time in the target quadrant. FA decreased the expression of JMJD6 and increased the expression of synaptophysin and improved cognitive function compared with those in the hypoxia group. FA probably ameliorated the cognitive impairment by regulating JMJD6 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of neonatal and juvenile rats who had intrauterine hypoxia during pregnancy.
Modeling and optimization of antibacterial effect of lichen‐associated bacteria, Bacillus subtilis KSRLAB3 strain against marine fouling bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus
Authors: Subbaiyan Rubavathi , Ganesan Ayyappadasan
Published: March 2023

One of the most commonly occurring bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, can produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of B. subtilis KSRLAB3 against Vibrio alginolyticus was optimized using the Plackett–Burman design (PBD) method, response surface methodology (RSM), and genetic algorithm (GA). Initially, the effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, NaCl concentration, pH, temperature, and incubation time on antimicrobial effects were studied. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources investigated, mannose and peptone elicited maximum antimicrobial effect. Using PBD, the most significant variables that influence the antimicrobial effect were identified, including incubation time, peptone concentration, and temperature. The optimum conditions required for attaining maximum antimicrobial effect was identified using the RSM‐GA hybrid method, and the optimum condition includes 49.999 h of incubation time, 4.39 g/L of peptone concentration, and 27.629°C of incubation temperature. The confirmatory experiments performed around the optimum condition showed a zone of inhibition of 35 ± 0.52 mm. Methanolic extract also proved the presence of antibacterial lipopeptide surfactin. Therefore, the RSM‐GA hybrid method was successfully used in this study to model the antimicrobial effect of B. subtilis KSRLAB3 against V. alginolyticus. The effective inhibition of V. alginolyticus can be investigated further for the development of antifouling coatings.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation cortical oscillations and improve cognition in obstructive sleep apnea patients
Authors: Han Xiaoxiao , Cai Sijie , Gui Hao , Chen Rui
Published: March 2023

Background

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive tool to improve cognition. Relevant clinical studies are mainly focused on neurological and psychiatric diseases. However, cognition decline and psychiatric disorders are popular in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on cognition test performance and to compare the changes in quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) before and after stimulation for OSA.

Methods

This study recruited 42 OSA patients diagnosed with polysomnography according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines. TMS (intermittent theta‐burst stimulation paradigm; 2 s on, 8 s off, 600 pulses*3, intermittent 15 min) was performed on the DLPFC. Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery was used to assess cognitive performance. EEG oscillations were computed via power spectral density with MATLAB software.

Results

Real‐TMS group displayed a significant improvement in visual memory, sustain attention performance, as well as the outcome of working memory. However, the executive function of latency was changed in both groups. Furthermore, TMS resulted in a significant increase in the relative power spectral density of the theta band and beta band in the parietal, temporal, and anterior regions, respectively.

Conclusions

In summary, our findings indicate that TMS can safely modulate cortical oscillations and improve cognition in OSA patients. In the future, TMS can be utilized as an alternative treatment option to improve cognition in OSA patients.
Thalamic nuclei volumes and intrinsic thalamic network in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy
Authors: Lee Dong Ah , Lee Ho‐Joon , Park Kang Min
Published: March 2023

Introduction

This study aimed to investigate the alterations in individual thalamic nuclei volumes in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE) compared with those of healthy controls, and to analyze the intrinsic thalamic network based on these volumes using graph theory.

Methods

Thirty adult patients with newly diagnosed OLE and 42 healthy controls were retrospectively enrolled (mean age, 33.8 ± 17.0 and 32.2 ± 6.6 years, respectively). The study participants underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with three‐dimensional T1‐weighted imaging. The right and left total thalamic and individual thalamic nuclei volumes were obtained using the FreeSurfer program. Then, the intrinsic thalamic network was calculated based on the individual thalamic nuclei volumes and graph theory using a BRAPH program.

Results

There were no differences in the right and left whole‐thalamic volumes between the two groups (0.445% vs. 0.469%, p = .142 and 0.481% vs. 0.490%, p = .575, respectively). However, significant differences were observed in the volumes of several thalamic nuclei between the two groups. The right medial geniculate and right suprageniculate nuclei volumes were increased (0.0077% vs. 0.0064%, p = .0003 and 0.0013% vs. 0.0010%, p = .0004, respectively), whereas the right and left parafascicular nuclei volumes were decreased in patients with OLE compared with those in healthy controls (0.0038% vs. 0.0048%, p < .0001 and 0.0037% vs. 0.0045%, p = .0001, respectively). There were no differences in the network measures regarding intrinsic thalamic network between the two groups.

Conclusion

We successfully demonstrated the alterations in individual thalamic nuclei volumes, especially the increased medial geniculate and suprageniculate, and decreased parafascicular nuclei volumes in patients with OLE compared with those of healthy controls despite no changes in the whole‐thalamic volumes. These findings suggest an important role of the thalamus in the epileptic network of OLE.
Intraoperative performance and outcomes of robotic and laparoscopic total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A high‐volume center retrospective propensity score matching study
Authors: Jia Zhuoyu , Cao Shougen , Meng Cheng , Liu Xiaodong , Li Zequn , Tian Yulong , Yu Junjian , Sun Yuqi , Xu Jianfei , Liu Gan , Zhang Xingqi , Yang Hao , Zhong Hao , Wang Qingrui , Zhou Yanbing
Published: March 2023

Background

Studies on robotic total gastrectomy (RTG) are currently limited. This study aimed to compare the intraoperative performance as well as short‐ and long‐term outcomes of RTG and laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG).

Methods

A total of 969 patients underwent robotic (n = 161) or laparoscopic (n = 636) total gastrectomy between October 2014 and October 2021. The two groups of patients were matched 1:3 using the propensity score matching (PSM) method. The intraoperative performance as well as short‐ and long‐term outcomes of the robotic (n = 147) and the laparoscopic (n = 371) groups were compared.

Results

After matching, the estimated intraoperative blood loss was lower (80.51 ± 68.77 vs. 89.89 ± 66.12, p = 0.008), and the total number of lymph node dissections was higher (34.74 ± 12.44 vs. 29.83 ± 12.22, p < 0.001) in the RTG group compared with the LTG group. More lymph node dissections at the upper edge of the pancreas were performed in the RTG group than in the LTG (12.59 ± 4.18 vs. 10.33 ± 4.58, p = 0.001). Additionally, postoperative recovery indicators and laboratory data were greater in the RTG group than those in the LTG group, while postoperative complications were comparable between the two groups (19.0% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.962). For overweight or obese patients with body mass indexes (BMIs) ≥25, certain clinical outcomes of the RTG remained advantageous, and no significant differences in three‐year overall survival (OS) or relapse‐free survival (RFS) were observed.

Conclusions

Robotic total gastrectomy demonstrated better intraoperative performance, could improve the short‐term clinical outcomes of patients, and was more conducive to patient recovery. However, the long‐term efficacies of the two approaches were similar. Robotic surgical systems may reduce surgical stress responses in patients, allowing them to receive postoperative chemotherapy sooner.
Lessons learnt from facilitating care home placements for counselling and psychotherapy students during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hubbard Lydia , Kelly Siobhan , Rose‐Ford Helen , Clark Jodie , Stephens Melanie
Published: March 2023

Purpose

In 2021, an opportunity arose to place four counselling and psychotherapy (C&P) students in three care homes across Greater Manchester as part of a 6‐week interprofessional education (IPE) care home scheme. Whilst, due to ethical concerns around confidentiality, the C&P students could not participate in interprofessional activities as intended, they still undertook their clinical placement in the home to provide accessible therapy support for care home staff. This paper aims at reporting on the varied factors that influenced the implementation of C&P student placements in care homes.

Methods

At the start and end of their placement, four C&P students were interviewed about their experiences. We draw on data from these eight interviews and two reflective vignettes: one from a C&P student and the other from the C&P programme coordinator (C&PPC).

Results

The data were thematically analysed, and two key themes and six subthemes were constructed. They broadly unpack the factors that facilitate and challenge the implementation of C&P student placements in care homes.

Conclusion

This paper highlights the value of utilising care homes as placement sites for C&P students. We propose four key recommendations for future practice: (1) it is important to establish clear lines of communication, support and collaboration; (2) a dual‐space supervisory approach supports student learning in this “new” placement environment; (3) preplacement supportive frameworks are important to clarify initial role uncertainties within the care home; and (4) opportunities to provide therapy services should be well defined and referral processes put in place before the student arrives.
Advancing CYP2D6 Pharmacogenetics through a Pharmacoequity Lens
Authors: Kehinde Oyinlade , Ramsey Laura B. , Gaedigk Andrea , Oni‐Orisan Akinyemi
Published: March 2023

Over 20% of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved drugs in the United States are metabolized by the hepatic enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). The gene encoding CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic and genetic variation has been shown to impact drug response for many commonly dispensed drugs including opioids and antidepressants. Thus, it is important to understand an individual's CYP2D6 metabolizer status to optimize treatment outcomes for patients taking medications that are metabolized by this enzyme. Consequently, clinical CYP2D6 pharmacogenetic testing is being implemented by a growing number of health centers. Furthermore, clinical guidelines currently recommend adapting therapeutic regimens based on CYP2D6 genotype‐informed phenotype. However, CYP2D6 genetic variation varies considerably across global populations and many allelic variants, or star alleles, are predominantly found in certain ancestral populations. Although CYP2D6 genetic variation has been extensively studied, there is still a paucity of information for many non‐European populations. As has been shown for other pharmacogenes in randomized controlled trials, results from European populations cannot simply be extrapolated to other groups and, in some cases, even has the potential to cause harm. Therefore, enhanced inclusion in pharmacogenetic studies is urgently needed to increase ancestral representation, determine the extent of global CYP2D6 genetic variation (e.g., ancestry‐specific variants), and determine the clinical impact of this variation on clinical treatment outcome. This review highlights knowledge gaps, challenges, and future directions in CYP2D6 pharmacogenomics through a unique pharmacoequity lens to address health inequities that hamper our ability to optimize drug therapy for improved pharmacological outcomes in diverse populations globally.
Disentangling the effects of different human disturbances on multifaceted biodiversity indices in freshwater fish
Authors: Côte Jessica , Poulet Nicolas , Blanc Laurence , Grenouillet Gaël
Published: March 2023

Evaluating the effects of anthropogenic pressures on several biodiversity metrics can inform the management and monitoring of biodiversity loss. However, the type of disturbances can lead to different responses in different metrics. In this study, we aimed at disentangling the effects of different types of anthropogenic disturbances on freshwater fish communities. We calculated diversity indices for 1109 stream fish communities across France by computing richness and evenness components for ecological, morphological, and phylogenetic diversity, and used null models to estimate standardized effect sizes. We used generalized linear mixed models to assess the relative effects of environmental and anthropogenic drivers in driving those diversity indices. Our results demonstrated that all diversity indices exhibited significant responses to both climatic conditions and anthropogenic disturbances. While we observed a decrease of ecological and phylogenetic richness with the intensity of disturbance, a weak increase in morphological richness and evenness was apparent. Overall, our results demonstrated the importance of disentangling various types of disturbances when assessing human‐induced ecological impacts and highlighted that different facets of diversity are not impacted identically by anthropogenic disturbances in stream fish communities. This calls for further work seeking to integrate biodiversity responses to human disturbances into a multifaceted framework, and could have beneficial implications when planning conservation action in freshwater ecosystems.
Analysis of Differences in Electrochemical Performance Between Coin and Pouch Cells for Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Son Yeonguk , Cha Hyungyeon , Lee Taeyong , Kim Yujin , Boies Adam , Cho Jaephil , De Volder Michael
Published: March 2023

Small coin cell batteries are predominantly used for testing lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in academia because they require small amounts of material and are easy to assemble. However, insufficient attention is given to difference in cell performance that arises from the differences in format between coin cells used by academic researchers and pouch or cylindrical cells which are used in industry. In this article, we compare coin cells and pouch cells of different size with exactly the same electrode materials, electrolyte, and electrochemical conditions. We show the battery impedance changes substantially depending on the cell format using techniques including Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT). Using full cell NCA‐graphite LIBs, we demonstrate that this difference in impedance has important knock‐on effects on the battery rate performance due to ohmic polarization and the battery life time due to Li metal plating on the anode. We hope this work will help researchers getting a better idea of how small coin cell formats impact the cell performance and help predicting improvements that can be achieved by implementing larger cell formats.
Microstructures and strengthening mechanism of 2D laminated structures in Ni balls after high‐speed collisions with 316 L stainless steel
Authors: Jinlong Lv , Zhiping Zhou , Shuye Zhang
Published: March 2023

In many cases, due to high surface stress, stress concentration and wear, the metal material starts to fail from the surface. It is necessary to investigate interface evolution characteristics under high‐speed collisions for widely used metal materials. The microstructures and strengthening mechanism of the Ni balls after high‐speed collisions with 316 L stainless steel were investigated by a self‐designed high‐speed collisions test system. It was found that ultrafine twins and α'‐martensite were formed in 316 L stainless steel (316 L SS) near the interface region. The elongated nano/ultrafine lamellar structures with high‐angle grain boundaries in Ni ball were formed near central interface region, while more equiaxed nano/ultrafine grains with random orientations and high‐angle grain boundaries were formed near edge interface region due to friction process and high shear stress. The gradient structure in the Ni ball near central interface region was formed due to normal stress, while the high shear strain could promote the formation of finer equiaxed grains in the Ni ball near edge interface region. Moreover, in addition to grain refinement strengthening, nano/ultrafine lamellar structures with sufficient intragranular recrystallization facilitated the activation of more dislocations and increased the strengthening of the Ni ball near central interface region.
Tailoring the solid oxide fuel cell anode support composition and microstructure for low‐temperature applications
Authors: Vafaeenezhad Sajad , Hanifi Amir Reza , Cuglietta Mark , Sadrzadeh Mohtada , Sarkar Partha , Etsell Thomas H.
Published: March 2023

In this research, the performance of a tubular fuel cell based on a nickel oxide–yttria‐stabilized zirconia (Ni‐YSZ) anode support containing 90 wt% NiO ≈ 82 vol.% of Ni (Ni82) is compared with a cell containing the conventional Ni‐YSZ support with 50 vol.% Ni. A Ni‐YSZ buffer layer with a tailored microstructure was added to the Ni82 support layer to provide intermediate porosity and to reduce the thermal expansion mismatch with the anode functional layer. Both cells were tested using infiltrated Nd2NiO4+δ cathodes. High peak power densities of 790 and 478 mW/cm2 were achieved at 600 and 550°C, respectively, for the Ni82 cell which was 25% and 87% higher than the performances for the conventional cell at respective temperatures. In addition, no degradation was found during four redox cycles at 550°C, making this support an attractive candidate for low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications.
A spectral sampling algorithm in dynamic causal modelling for resting‐state fMRI
Authors: Xie Yuhai , Zhang Puming , Zhao Jun
Published: March 2023

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) is widely utilized to study the directed influences among neural populations which were called effective connectivity (EC), and the spectral dynamic causal modelling (spDCM) is the state‐of‐the‐art framework to identify them. However, spDCM used variational Laplace to approximate the posterior density by maximizing the free energy, which might underestimate the variability of posterior density and get locked to the local minima. A spectral sampling algorithm (SS‐DCM) was proposed to improve the estimation accuracy of the dynamic causal model for rs‐fMRI. In SS‐DCM, a naïve Bayesian model was constructed in the spectral domain, which described the probabilistic relationship between the sampled parameters and cross spectra of the observed blood oxygen level‐dependent signals, and the parameters were sampled using randomly walked Markov Chain Monto Carlo scheme. The root mean square errors of the estimation of EC and hemodynamic parameters of SS‐DCM, spDCM and generalized filter scheme were compared in the synthetic data, and SS‐DCM was the most accurate and stable. A comparative evaluation using empirical rs‐fMRI data was performed to study the EC pattern of the default mode network and compare the accuracy of classification between typically developed subjects and inattentive attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients. The results showed high consistency of positivity and negativity of EC between spDCM and SS‐DCM, and SS‐DCM also provided higher classification accuracy. It is highlighted that SS‐DCM improves the accuracy of the estimation of EC and provides accurate information of discrepancies between diseased and healthy subjects using rs‐fMRI.
“Because I have my phone with me all the time”: The role of device access in developing Singapore adolescents’ critical news literacy
Authors: Loh Chin Ee , Sun Baoqi , Weninger Csilla
Published: March 2023

Given constant online access to information, critical news literacy, or the ability to access and critically evaluate the news, is essential for adolescents to learn about the world and obtain civic knowledge to participate as national and global citizens. Although there has been much research focusing on how youths critically read and produce media, less attention has been paid to the issue of access as an essential element of news literacy. Drawing on survey data (N = 5732) and focus group discussions (N = 67) with Singapore adolescents aged 13–17 years old, this study examines (1) whether adolescents access the news and if so, via what technologies, and (2) the factors that influence their news access. Findings show that adolescents prefer to read news online and that older adolescents (aged 15–17 years old) read more than younger adolescents (aged 13–14 years old). Factors shaping access to news include technological (portability, personalization, curation, and notifications), social (families, peers, and schools as sponsors), and personal factors (active seeking of news vs. incidental news exposure). Policymakers, scholars, and educators should consider the physical, social, and curatorial dimensions of news reading to implement policies and design practices to encourage news access and exposure. Educators can foster adolescents' motivation to read news by engaging them with news of interest to them, creating opportunities for them to receive the news through their smartphones and other devices, and developing their civic knowledge base.
A review of methods of assessing preference for social stimuli
Authors: Morris Samuel L. , Gallagher Madison L. , Allen Alva E.
Published: March 2023

Research on preference and reinforcer assessments has historically focused on the evaluation of edible and leisure reinforcers, but the identification and use of individualized social reinforcers may be beneficial for several reasons. Recently, many studies have evaluated methods of assessing preference for social stimuli. The procedures and outcomes across these studies have varied greatly, and the current state of evidence for methods of assessing preference for social stimuli remains unclear. Thus, we conducted a review to synthesize all previous research in this area, evaluate the evidence for the utility of this general methodology, and identify factors that may influence its utility. Our results suggest that social preference assessments are likely to produce results that correspond with reinforcer assessment hierarchies. Preference assessment modality was one factor that influenced utility; video‐based preference assessments had greater correspondence with reinforcer assessments than did other modalities. Directions for future research and implications for the use of social preference assessments in research and practices are discussed.
Optimizing pharmacotherapy regimens in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A narrative review for clinical pharmacists
Authors: Dzierba Amy L. , Muir Justin , Dilawri Atul , Buckley Mitchell S.
Published: March 2023

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a complex therapy aimed at providing mechanical support for patients with severe, life‐threating cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Research has demonstrated variability in pharmacokinetic changes in the critically ill patient population receiving ECMO. There is a need to understand the complexity of these pharmacokinetic changes to provide optimal pharmacotherapeutic regimens thereby maximizing effectiveness and mitigating harm. However, the number of pharmacokinetic studies in patients receiving ECMO remains small, and very few prospective studies have been published addressing optimal analgesic, sedative, or antimicrobial therapy. Anticoagulation is an additional important component of ECMO therapy but the preferred agent as well as dosing and monitoring strategy are unclear. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss analgesia and sedation, antimicrobial, and anticoagulation management strategies in adult patients receiving ECMO.
Hippocampus mitochondrial MnSOD activation by a SIRT3 activator, honokiol, correlates with its deacetylation and upregulation of FoxO3a and PGC1α in a rat model of ammonia neurotoxicity
Authors: Anamika  , Roy Anima , Trigun Surendra K.
Published: March 2023

We have recently reported that honokiol (HKL), by activating mitochondrial SIRT3, normalizes reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial integrity in hippocampus of the moderate grade hepatic encephalopathy (MoHE) rat model of ammonia neurotoxicity. To delineate the mechanism by which HKL does so, the present study describes activity versus level of the deacetylated mitochondrial Mn‐superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and expression of MnSOD versus levels of its main transcription regulators, FoxO3a and PGC1α, in the hippocampus of the MoHE rats. MoHE in rat was developed by administration of 100 mg/kg bw thioacetamide i.p. for 10 days. The study parameters were compared between the control, the MoHE rats and the MoHE rats treated with HKL (10 mg/Kg b.w.) for 7 days. As compared to control, the hippocampus mitochondria from MoHE rats showed a significantly declined activity of MnSOD vs enhanced lipid peroxidation coinciding with the increased level of its acetylated form. The HKL treatment could, however, normalize all these parameters in those MoHE rats. Also, a significantly reduced expression of MnSOD in the hippocampus of the MoHE rats coincided with a similar decline in transcript level of Foxo3a and Pgc1α. This was consistent with the reduced level of immuno‐stained Foxo3a and Pgc1α proteins in hippocampus DG, CA1 and CA3 regions of those MoHE rats. However, all these factors were observed to be restored back to their normal levels due to the treatment with HKL. As HKL is a specific activator of mitochondrial SIRT3, these findings suggest involvement of Sirt3 activation led deacetylation of MnSOD and upregulation of its transcription activators, FoxO3a and PGC1α, in restoring mitochondrial MnSOD level in the hippocampus of the MoHE rat model of ammonia neurotoxicity.
Optimal treatment options for uterine submucosal fibroids: Percutaneous microwave ablation versus transcervical resection of myoma
Authors: Jin Yanrong , Ma Wei , Chen Weizhi , Li Chunling , Gao Jie , Zhao Juan , Wang Yanan , Xiao Huan , Zhang Haiyan
Published: March 2023

Objectives

To compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) and transcervical resection of myoma (TCRM) for submucosal fibroids.

Methods

From January 2019 to January 2021, we conducted a randomized controlled study involving patients with symptomatic uterine submucosal fibroids. Questionnaires were also used to measure the uterine fibroid symptom (UFS) scores and quality of life (QoL) scores before and after treatment at 3, 6, and 12 months. Outcomes, adverse events, hemoglobin recovery, and submucosal fibroid volume of both groups were also compared. Operation time, amount of bleeding, hospital stay time, and occurrence of complications were compared in groups with fibroids of different lengths.

Results

Follow‐up after surgery showed that UFS scores at 3, 6, and 12 months were significantly lower in each group, while QoL scores increased significantly. For fibroids less than 3 cm, surgical time was 34.2 ± 9.9 min, incidence of perioperative complications was 4.2%, and both decreased significantly, compared to the surgical time of the PMWA group (40.0 ± 8.1 min) and incidence of perioperative complications (24%; p < .05 for both). For uterine submucosal fibroids >5 cm, the operation time in the PMWA group was 92.7 ± 16.0 min, intraoperative bleeding volume was 22.7 ± 6.4 mL, and hospital stay was 2.7 ± 1.1 days, which were significantly less than the procedural time (107 ± 11.9 min), intraoperative bleeding loss (45.9 ± 12.8 mL), and length of hospital stay (5.0 ± 1.1 days) in the TCRM group. The differences were statistically significant (p < .05).

Conclusions

PMWA and TCRM were both effective treatments for uterine submucosal fibroids. For fibroids shorter than 3 cm in length, especially pedicled submucosal fibroids, TCRM has absolute advantages; however, for uterine submucosal fibroids >5 cm, PMWA avoids perioperative complications, such as uterine perforation, water poisoning syndrome, and the need for repeat surgery, and is considered the preferred mode of treatment. Therefore, personalized treatment should be used for different patients with uterine submucosal fibroids.