bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THEORY‐BUILDING RESEARCH: GUIDELINES FOR SCIENTIFIC THEORY BUILDING*
Authors: WACKER JOHN G.
Published: October 2008

Business academics have focused their attention on empirical investigation of programs' effect on organizational competitive performance. These studies primarily emphasize theory building. With the many definitions of theory, academics are not certain whether their research papers meet the specific requirements for theory development required by the academic field of the philosophy of science. Certainly, supply chain academics generally believe that their academic articles fulfill the requirements of theory building. Although many of these articles do have elements of theory, more focus is needed on the specific requirements of theory to assure that academic research is “good” theory building. The primary purpose of this research paper is to logically develop a set of guidelines to assist empirical researchers to assure that their studies fulfill the requirements of good theory based upon traditional scientific theory building. By fulfilling the requirements of good theory, researchers will develop studies that will have a lasting impact on their academic field. To achieve a lasting impact on an academic field, it is necessary to follow a logical plan. This article provides a plan for logical guidelines for developing an understanding of how and why “good” theory building is achieved. This article logically develops a formal conceptual definition of theory along with its related properties to understand these guidelines. Next, it analyzes the requirements of theory, “good” theory, and their properties. These guidelines are included in the existing philosophy of science publications. However, this article consolidates these sources and logically explains why these guidelines are needed. In the conclusion, the guidelines are summarized to serve as a summary checklist for supply chain researchers to use for ensuring their articles will be recognized as a contribution to the academic field. So in that sense, this article does not develop a revolutionary new insight into theory‐building empirical articles, but rather integrates diverse traditional philosophy of science requirements into a much simpler set of guidelines. Through logical development of these guidelines, researchers will understand the structure of theory and how to ensure their studies can be modified to have a lasting impact on the field of supply chain management.
BUILDING A CORPORATE SUPPLY FUNCTION
Authors: JOHNSON P. FRASER , LEENDERS MICHIEL R.
Published: October 2008

The chief purchasing officer (CPO) plays a critical role in ensuring supply contributes effectively to organizational goals and strategies. The selection of the individual who will become the company's first CPO is especially important. A reporting line establishment occurs at the same time as an appointment of a first CPO when a large organization centralizes a previously decentralized supply function. Using case‐based methodology, this research in large North American and European organizations examined 26 appointments of the first CPO and corresponding reporting line establishments. Data collection and analysis covered six aspects: drivers, CPO background, reporting line, the key decision makers and influencers involved in the decision, tenure of the first CPO and tenure of the first reporting line. It was found that changes in corporate strategy accounted for nearly 80 percent of the first CPO appointments and the CEO had a major say in decisions related to who would be hired as the first CPO as well as his or her reporting line. Almost 30 percent of internally recruited CPOs did not have any supply experience. However, externally recruited CPOs always had supply experience, but did not necessarily come from a CPO position. The CPOs reported to a variety of different positions, with the CEO and VP shared services being the most popular. The average tenure for the first CPO was more than one year longer than his or her reporting line. The potential implications for supply executives are explored. Opportunities for future research are also identified.
INTERPERSONAL TRUST FORMATION DURING THE SUPPLIER SELECTION PROCESS: THE ROLE OF THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
Authors: HUANG XIAOWEN , GATTIKER THOMAS F. , SCHWARZ JOSHUA L.
Published: October 2008

This study investigates business‐to‐business interpersonal trust formation (trust that develops between boundary spanning individuals from different organizations) during the price determination stage of the supplier selection process. We first investigate whether trust can form at this stage. Then we examine two factors that may affect trust formation: the communication channel employed by the buyer and the amount of complexity involved in the purchase. Hypotheses are tested with a behavioral experiment (N=117) comparing three communication media (face‐to‐face, email, and Internet reverse auctions) and two levels of procurement complexity. Results show that trust formation does occur at the price determination stage; however, the degree to which trust grows depends on the communication channel employed and on the level of procurement complexity. Our study enhances managerial understanding of the possibility of developing (or eroding) trust early in the buyer‐seller relationship, and it sheds light on the appropriateness of various supplier selection tools under various conditions. In addition, this research contributes to the supply chain management field by complementing the existing trust literature which typically focuses on interorganizational trust that is formed or eroded later in the supply relationship.
Canine adenovirus nephritis
Authors: WRIGHT N. G. , CORNWELL H. J. C. , THOMPSON H.
Published: October 2008

Canine adenovirus is associated with a generalized disease of dogs characterized by hepatitis, lymphadenitis and vascular damage. During the course of the infection, virus localizes in the vascular endothelium of the kidney, with subsequent damage to the cellular components of the glomeruli. If the animal recovers, virus disappears rapidly from the glomeruli, but, in a proportion of cases, re‐appears in the renal epithelium with resultant epithelial necrosis and interstitial nephritis.

Résumé. L'adéno‐virus canin est associé à une maladie généralisée affectant le chien, caractérisée par l'hépatite, la lymphadénite et des troubles vasculaires. Au cours de l'infection, le virus se place dans l'endothélium vasculaire du rein et affecte ensuite les composants cellulaires des glomérules. Si l'animal guérit, le virus quitte rapidement les glomérules, mais, dans un certain nombre de cas, il apparaît à nouveau dans l'épithélium rénal, résultant en une nécrose épithéliale et une néphrite interstitielle.

Zusammenfassung. Das Adenovirus des Hundes ist mit einer Allgemeinerkrankung von Hunden verbunden, die durch Hepatitis, Lymphadenitis und Gefässchäden charakterisiert ist. Während des Infektionsverlaufs lokalisiert sich das Virus im vaskulären Endothel der Niere unter nachfolgender Schädigung der zellulären Komponenten der Glomeruli. Wenn das Tier genest, verschwindet das Virus rasch aus den Glomeruli, erschein taber in einem Teil der Fälle wieder im renalen Epithel mit sich daraus ergebender epithelialer Nekrose und interstitieller Nephritis.
A technique for repair of avulsion of the tibial tubercle in dogs
Authors: DINGWALL J. S. , SUMNER‐SMITH G.
Published: October 2008

The utilization of an established technique of tendon repair for the correction of avulsion of the tibial tuberosity is presented.

The method provides good fixation and support and does not require elaborate equipment.

Two cases are described.

Résumé. L'article présente l'utilisation d'une technique établie de réparation du tendon pour l'avulsion d'une tubérosité tibiale.

La méthode assure une bonne fixation et un bon support et ne nécessite pas d'instruments compliqués.

Dew cas sont décrits.

Zusammenfassung. Dargestellt wird die Anwendung eines bewährten Verfahrens der Sehnenchirurgie für die Besserung der Avulsion bei Tuberositas tibiae.

Das Verfahren liefert gute Fixierung und Stützung und erfordert keine komplizierte Instrumentausrüstung. Zwei Fälle werden beschrieben.
Feline mammary turnours*
Authors: HAYDEN D. W. , NIELSEN S. W.
Published: October 2008

Fifty‐five tumours (fifty malignant, five benign) of the mammary gland of cats were found among 2296 feline diagnostic accessions submitted over a 10‐year period. Twenty‐seven were adenocarcinomas, nineteen papillary adenocarcinomas, two scirrhous carcinomas, and two anaplastic carcinomas. The majority of the cats were between 10 and 14 years of age. No breed predilection was noted.

Résumé. Parmi 2296 diagnostics effectués chez des chats au cours d'une période de 10 ans ont été notées 55 tumeurs de la glande mammaire. Les tumeurs (dont 50 malignes et 5 bénignes) comprenaient 27 adénocarcinomes, 19 adénocarcinomes papillaires, 2 carcinomes squirrheux et 2 carcinomes anaplasiques. L'âge des sujets atteints se situait pour la plupart entre 10 et 14 ans, sans prédominance d'aucune race déterminée.

Zusammenfassung. 55 Tumoren (50 maligne, 5 benigne) der Brustdrusen von Katzen wurden bei 2296 diagnostischen Vorfühmngen von Katzen innerhalb von 10 Jahren gefunden. 27 waren Adenocarcinome, 19 papillare Adenocarcinome, 2 Szirrhuscarcinome und 2 anaplastische Carcinome. Die Mehrzahl der Katzen war 10 bis 14 Jahre alt. Es wurde keine Bevorzugung einer Rase festgestellt.
Genetics and the Small Animal Veterinarian*
Authors: JOHNSON D. R.
Published: October 2008

The various modes of inheritance are described and illustrated with canine examples. The information required to establish that a given anomaly is of genetic origin is stated, and the methods for reducing the incidence of hereditary diseases are discussed.

Résumé. L'auteur décrit les différents modes d'hérédité et les illustre à l'aide d'exemples relevés chez le chien. Il fournit les données nécessaires pour vérifier qu'une anomalie donnée est d'origine génétique et passe en revue les méthodes permettant de réduire l'incidence des maladies héréditaires.

Zusammenfassung. Die verschiedenen Vererbungsgänge werden beschrieben und mit Beispielen der Vererbung bei Hunden belegt. Die benötigten Informationen für die Feststellung, dass eine bestimmte Anomalie genetischen Ursprungs ist, werden genannt und die Methoden beschrieben, die Häufigkeit des Auftretens von Erbkrankheiten zu vermindern.
The radiographic identification of the various stages of pregnancy in the domestic cat
Authors: BOYD J. S.
Published: October 2008

By radiographing intact, recently killed, pregnant cats and then removing the foetuses for crown‐rump measurements, a correlation between radio‐graphic appearance of foetuses in utero and foetal age is established. The radiographic appearance of the foetuses in utero is described from the twenty‐fifth day of pregnancy until full term.

Using the CR length measurement to assess foetal age, a method of approximately estimating the various stages of pregnancy in cats using radiography was produced. It was seen that, although uterine enlargement and displacement was seen as early as the 25th day, the first signs of the foetal skeletal system were not apparent in utero until the 38th day. From this time a progressive pattern of appearance of ossified parts was noted which allowed a means of estimating the day of gestation.

Résumé. En radiographant des chats en gestation, récemment tués et intacts et en éloignant ensuite le foetus pour mesurer la couronne et la croupe, une correlation entre l'aspect radiographique du foetus in utero et l'âge du foetus est établie. L'aspect radiographique du foetus in utero est décrit depuis le vingt‐cinquième jour de gestation jusqu à son terme.

Zusammenfassung. Durch Röntenaufnahmen intakter, kurz zuvor urns Leben gekommener, trächtiger Katzen und anschliessende Entfernung der Foetusse zwecks Scheitel‐Rumpf‐Messung wurde eine Beziehung zwischen der röntgenologischen Erscheinung der Foetusse in utero und dem foetalen Alter hergestellt. Die röntgenologische Erscheinung der Foetusse in utero wird vom 25. Tag der Trächtigkeit bis zum Austragen beschrieben.
Multiple cartilaginous exostoses with development of a metastasizing osteosarcoma in a Shetland Sheepdog
Authors: OWEN L. N. , BOSTOCK D. E.
Published: October 2008

A case of multiple cartilaginous exostoses in an 8‐year‐old Shetland Sheepdog is described. One of the exostoses on the left scapula transformed into an osteosarcoma which metastasized to the lungs. This finding is unusual as in many cases described in man and in one case in a dog chondrosar‐comas developed from the exostoses.

Résumé. L'article porte sur un chien berger (Shetland) age de huit ans, présentant des exostoses cartilagineuses multiples. Un exostose de l'omoplate gauche s'est transformé en osteosarcome avec des metastases aux poumons. Ceci semble rare parce que de nombreux études chez l'homme et le seul ches cité chez un chien demontrent le developpement de chondrosarcomes.

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Artikel wird ein Fall der multiple knorplige Exostosen bei einem acht jährigem Shetland Schäferhund beschrieben.

Aus eine Exostose an der lenkin Scapula entwickelte sich ein Osteosarkom der zur Lunge metastasierte. Dieser Befund ist unbewöhnlick da in vielen Fällen die beim Menschen beschrieben wurden und in eimem Fall der beim Hund beschrieben wurde Chondrosarkomata sich aus multiple knorplige Exostosen entwickeln.
The costing of practice laboratory procedures*
Authors: PITTAWAY E. M.
Published: October 2008

The reasons for the development of a practice laboratory and its advantages are given. The types of test carried out are mentioned and the accommodation and personnel required in practices of differing size are discussed. The way the procedures are costed is shown in the tables.

Résumé. L'auteur avance les raisons pour lesquelles il préconise l'installation d'un laboratoire dans la consultation et indique les avantages qu'offre un tel laboratoire. Il mentionne le genre de tests qui peuvent être effectués et décrit le local et le personnel requis dans les consultations de différentes superficies. Les tableaux illustrent l'allocation des dépenses.

Zusammenfassung. Die Gründe für die Entwicklung tines Praxislaboratoriums und seine Vorteile werden genannt. Die Arten der ausgeführten Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen werden envähnt und der Raum‐ und Personalbedarf bei Praxen verschiedener Grösse wird besprochen. In Tabellen wird gezeigt, in welcher Weise die Kostenberechnungen für die Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen erfolgen.
Soft tissue radiography*
Authors: Lewis D. G.
Published: October 2008

An attempt is made to clarify the problems associated with soft tissue radiography. Particular emphasis is laid on the modifications in technique and equipment that may improve results, and an explanation is given of the effects that such measures may have on the exposure factors being used.

Résumé. L'auteur essaie d'apporter quelque clarté au problème de la radiographie des tissus mous et insiste particulièrement sur les modifications de la technique et de l'équipement qui pourraient améliorer les résultats. Il explique les effets que de telles mesures pourraient avoir sur les facteurs d'exposition.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird ein Versuch unternommen, die mit der Radiographie weicher Gewebe verbundenen Probleme zu klären. Besonderer Nachdruck wird auf die Modifikationen der Methodik und der Geräte gelegt, die zu besseren Ergebnissen führen können, und es werden die Wirkungen erklärt, die solche Massnahmen auf die verwendeten Belichtungsfaktoren haben.
The prognosis in cats bearing squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Bostock D. E.
Published: October 2008

During the past 2 years, follow‐up studies have been carried out on twenty cats following surgery for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma. An attempt has been made to correlate the permitted survival time of the animal with the site of the tumour, its degree of differentiation, and the length of time between initial detection and surgery.

In seven cats with intra‐oral tumours the prognosis was very poor. Four out of seven cats were destroyed within 7 weeks, and all were destroyed within 14 weeks. All animals had to be killed because of local recurrence and it did not appear that the degree of differentiation of the tumour was important.

In animals with squamous carcinoma in the skin, the prognosis could be correlated with the degree of differentiation of the tumour, but not with the site. Fifty percent of animals with poorly differentiated tumours were destroyed within 12 weeks, and the longest survival time was 20 weeks. All animals with well‐differentiated tumours survived for more than 36 weeks.

Résumé. Pendant deux ans, nous avons suivi le progres de vingt chats apres une intervention chirurgicale pour traiter des carcinomes de cellules squameuses.

Nous avons essaye d'établir un rapport entre la survie et le lieu du neoplasme, sa difierentiation et l'intervalle entre sa detection initielle et l'enlevement.

Le prognostic etait tres mauvais chez sept chats avec des tumeurs burralles. Quatre sur sept sonts morts dans sept seamines et tous sonts morts avant quatorze semaines. Tous les animaux etarent mise a mort a cause des reapparitions locales et il ne semble pas que le degre de differentiation est important.

Chez les animaux portant des carcinomes de cellules squameuses a la peau il y avait un rapport entre le prognostic et le degre de differentiation de la tumeur, mais pas avec sa location.

Chez les animaux portant des tumeurs peu differencies, conquette pour cent sont morts en douze semaines et la survie la plus etendue etait de vingt semaines, tendis que tous les animaux portant dea tumeurs bien differencies sonts morts apres trente six semaines.

Zusammenfassung. Innerhalb der latzten zwei Jahren sind Studien an 20 katzen, die wegen Plattenzeil carcinom in chirurgischer Behandlung waren, gemacht worden. Ein Versuch, die Überlebens‐zeit des Tieres mit der Lage des Tumors, seinem Differenzierungs‐grad, und der Zeitspanne zwishen Diagnose und Chirurgie in Zusammenhang zu bringen, wurde unternommen. Im Falle von 7 Katzen mit Mundhöhlen tumoren war die Prognose sehr schiecht.

4/7 Katzen starben innerhalb von 7 Wochen, und alle innerhalb von 14 Wochen.

Alle Tiere wurden wegen localen Rezidivtumoren getötet, und der Differenzierungsgrad schien nicht massgebend zu sein.

In Tieren mit Plattenzell carcinom der Haut hing die Prognose vom Differenzierungsgrad, aber nicht von der Lage, ab. 50% der Tiere mit schlecht differentierzen Tumoren starben innerhalb von 12 Wochen, und die Längste Uberlebens zeit war 20 Wochen, während alle Tierre mit gut differenzierte Tumoren mehr als 36 Wochen überlebten.
The rôle of non‐specific factors in the production of skin disease in the dog
Authors: Delmage David A.
Published: October 2008

Non‐specific factors may affect the vitality or integrity of the skin, increase its intrinsic reactivity, or aggravate, or promote, other skin disease. External factors such as temperature, humidity, irritant agents and external débris, and internal factors such as diet, psychogenic, neurogenic, hormonal and metabolic abnormalities, may have a profound effect on both the abnormal and normal canine integument.

Résumé. Les facteurs non spécifiques peuvent affecter la vitalité et l'intégrité de la peau, augmenter sa réactivité intrinsèque et soit aggraver, soit favoriser d'autres affections cutanées. Les facteurs externes tels que la température, l'humidité, les agents irritants, les débris externes, ainsi que les facteurs internes comme le régime, les anomalies psychogènes, neurogènes, hormonales, métaboliques peuvent exercer un effet profond sur le tégument du chien normal ou pathologique.

Zusammenfassung. Nichtspezifische Faktoren können die Vitalität oder Integrität der Haut beeinflussen, ihre innere Reaktivität erhöhen oder andere Hautkrankheiten verschlimmern oder fördern. Äussere Faktoren wie Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit, Reizstoffe und äussere Fremdkörper und innere Faktoren wie die Ernährung und psychogene, neurogene, hormonale und Stoffwechselanomalien können einen nachhaltigen Einfluss sowohl auf die anomale als auch die normale Haut des Hundes haben.
Chloramphenicol plasma levels in the dog: multiple oral and intramuscular administration
Authors: Watson A. D. J.
Published: October 2008

Plasma chloramphenicol levels were determined in five Greyhounds following twice daily dosing with chloramphenicol orally in capsules (100 mg/kg/day) and intramuscularly in an aqueous suspension (33 mg/kg/day).

Oral administration provided an average peak mean plasma level of 20.8 μg/ml, and levels >5 μg/ml were maintained for approximately 9.7 hr after each dose. The intramuscular dose was slowly absorbed, produced low plasma levels (maximum 3.6 μg/ml) and had no repository effect.

These results indicate that an oral dose rate of 100 mg/kg/day, in divided doses, may provide reasonable plasma levels in the dog, whereas the aqueous suspension of chloramphenicol, given intramuscularly at the manufacturer's suggested dose rate, may not provide plasma levels satisfactory for therapy.

Résumé.

On a déterminé Ies niveaux de chloramphénicol dans le plasma de cinq lévriers, à la suite d'une administration orale, deux fois par jour de capsules (100 mg/kg/jour) et d'une injection intramusculaire sous forme d'une suspension aqueuse (33 mg/kg/jour).

L'administration orale a permis d'atteindre un niveau maximum moyen de plasma de 20,8 μg/ml et des niveaux >5 μg/ml etaient maintenus pendant 9,7 heures environ après l'administration de chaque dose. La dose intramusculaire était absorbée lentement, a donné lieu à des niveaux faibles de plasma (maximum 3,6 μg/ml) et a pu être éliminée.

Ces résultats montrent que la dose orale de 100 mg/kg/jour, en doses divisées, peut donner lieu à des niveaux de plasma raisonnables chez le chien, alors que la suspension aqueuse de chloramphénicol, administrée par voie intramusculaire à la dose prescrite par le fabricant, ne donne pas toujours les niveaux de plasma imposés par la thérapeutique.

Zusammenfassung. Die Plasmachloramphenicolkonzentration wurde in fünf Greyhounds nach der zweimal täglichen Verabreichung von Chloramphenicol oral in Kapseln (100 mg/kg/ Tag) und intramuscular in einer wässrigen Suspension (33 mg/kg/Tag) bestimmt.

Die orale Verabreichung bewirkte einen höchsten mittleren Durchschnittswert der Plasmakonzentration von 20,8 μg/ml, und Konzentrationen von > 5 μg/ml wurden etwa 9,7 Stunden nach jeder Verabreichung aufrechterhalten. Die intramusculäre Dosis wurde langsam absorbiert, erzeugte niedrige Plasmakonzentrationen (maximal 3,6 μg/ml) und hatte keinen Speichereffekt.

Diese Ergebnisse lassen darauf schliessen, dass eine orale Verabreichung von 100 mg/kg/Tag, auf mehrere Einzelgaben verteilt, zufriedenstellende Plasmakonzentrationen im Hund ergeben kann, während die wässrige Suspension von Chloramphenicol, intramusculär in der vom Hersteller empfohlenen Dosierung verabreicht, keine für die Therapie ausreichenden Plasmakonzentrationen ergeben könnte.
The canine stifle joint I. Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Pond M. J. , Campbell J. R.
Published: October 2008

A method of assessment of cases of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament with a view to prescribing either surgical or conservative treatment is described. The results of treatment of the cases after such an assessment indicates that the majority of small dogs will recover to satisfactory function after 2 months enforced rest, but large breed and working dogs require surgical intervention for successful treatment.

Résumé. Les auteurs décrivent une méthode propre à évaluer les ruptures du ligament cruci‐forme antérieur en vue de prescrire soit l'intervention chirurgicale, soit le traitement conserva‐teur. Les résultats thérapeutiques obtenus sur la base de cette évaluation portent à conclure que chez le chien de petite taille, 2 mois de repos forcé permettent le plus souvent d'obtenir un rétablissement fonctionnel satisfaisant, tandis que chez les chiens de grande taille et chiens d'utilité, l'intervention chirurgicale s'impose.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Methode zur klinischen Beurteilung von Fällen einer Ruptur des vorderen Kreuzbandes im Hinblick auf die Möglichkeit einer chirurgischen oder konservativen Behandlung beschrieben. Die Behandlungsergebnisse bei den Fällen nach einer solchen Beurteilung zeigen, dass die Mehrzahl von kleinen Hunden sich in 2 Monaten Zwangsruhe zu einer zufriedenstellenden Funktion erholt, grosse Rassen und Arbeitshunde aber einen chirurgischen Eingriff zur erfolgreichen Behandlung benötigen.
The canine stifle joint II. Medial luxation of the patella
Authors: Campbell J. R. , Pond M. J.
Published: October 2008

A method of assessment of cases of medial luxation of the patella for deciding the type of surgical intervention is described. The results of treatment of the cases after such an assessment indicate that, if there is no gross distortion and no deviation of the tibial tuberosity, simple lateral capsular overlap gives a satisfactory return of function, even in cases of irreducible patellar luxation.

Résumé. Les auteurs décrivent une méthode propre à évaluer les luxations médiales de la rotule en vue de déterminer la nature de l'intervention chirurgicale à pratiquer. Les résultats thérapeu‐tiques obtenus sur la base de cette évaluation portent à conclure que, sauf grave déformation ou déviation de la tubérosité du tibia, le simple chevauchement capsulaire latéral permet de rétablir un état fonctionnel satisfaisant, měme dans les cas de luxation rotulaire irréductible.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird eine Methode zur klinischen Beurteilung von Fällen einer medialen Luxation der Patella zwecks Entscheidung über die Art des erforderlichen chirurgischen Eingriffs beschrieben. Die Behandlungsergebnisse in den Fällen nach einer solchen Beurteilung zeigen, dass beim Fehlen einer makroskopischen Verformung und einer Abweichung der Tuberositas tibiae die einfache laterale Kapselüberlappung eine zufriedenstellende Rückkehr der Funktion selbst in Fällen nicht reduzierbarer patellarer Luxation ergibt.
Fracture of the os penis in the dog—two case reports
Authors: Stead A. C.
Published: October 2008

Two cases of fracture of the os penis in the dog are described. One case was unsuccessfully treated by urethrostomy and the second, successfully by an open reduction and bone plating.

Résumé. On décrit deux cas de fracture de l'os penis' chez le chien. Un des cas fut traité sans succès par urétrostomie et l'autre avec succès par réduction chirurgicale et introduction d'une plaque.

Zusammenfassung. Zwei Fälle einer Fraktur des Penisknochens beim Hund werden bes‐chrieben. Ein Fall wurde nicht erfolgreich mit Urethrostomie und der zweite erfolgreich mit offener Reduktion und Knochenplattierung behandelt.
Oligodendroglioma in a dog
Authors: Taylor R. Flint , Bucci T. J. , Garvin C. H.
Published: October 2008

Oligodendroglioma of the left thalamic region of the brain of a dog is described.

Over a period of approximately 6 months the tumour caused progressive posterior ataxia, listlessness, tilting of the head and circling to the right, nystagmus, blindness of the right eye and atrophy of the temporal muscle.

The histological features on which the diagnosis was based were the presence of characteristically‐shaped basophilic neoplastic cells with a clear space or ‘halo’ around them, scanty cytoplasm, small, stubby processes seen in silver‐stained sections, and vascular proliferation.

Résumé. On décrit un oligodendrogliǒme dans la partie gauche du thalamus du cerveau d'un chien.

Après une période d'environ six mois, la tumeur avail causé une ataxie postérieure progressive, de l'apathie, un penchement de la těte avec oscillation à droite, un nystagme, une cécité de l'oeil droit et une atrophie du muscle temporal.

Les particularités histologiques sur lesquelles on s'est fondé pour le diagnostic comprenaient la présence de cellules néoplastes basophiles d'une forme caractéristique, entourées d'un cercle clair ou ‘halo’, un cytoplasme insuffisant, des fromations petites et trapues observées dans les sections teintées d'argent et une proligération vasculaire.

Zusammenfassung. Ein Fall von Oligodendrogliom der linken Thalamusregion des Gehirns eines Hundes wird beschrieben.

Über eine Periode von annähernd 6 Monaten verursachte der Tumor progressive posteriore Ataxie, Teilnahmslosigkeit, Schiefhaltung des Kopfes und Kreisbewegung nach rechts, Nystagmus, Blindheit des rechten Auges und Atrophie des Musculus temporalis.

Die histologischen Merkmale, auf denen die Diagnose beruhte, waren die Anwesenheit charakteristisch geformter basophiler neoplastischer Zellen, die von einem freien Raum oder “Lichthof” umgeben waren, spärliche Cytoplasmen, kleine, knollige Wucherungen, die in silbergefärbten Schnitten beobachtet wurden, und vasculäre Proliferation.
The place of potentiated trimethoprim in the therapy of diseases of the skin in dogs and cats*
Authors: Craig G. R.
Published: October 2008

The problems of diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the skin and related structures in dogs and cats are discussed. The effectiveness of potentiated trimethoprim in the antibacterial control of these diseases is described. In a series of 690 case histories in dogs and cats, 266 reports involved the skin and related tissues. Treatment with potentiated trimethoprim produced successful results in 90% of the cases.

Résumé. Les problèmes que posent chez le chien et le chat le diagnostic et la thérapeutique des dermatoses et des maladies de tissus connexes à la peau, sont examinés. On décrit l'efficacité de la trimethoprime concentrée pour le contrǒle antibactérien de ces maladies. Pour les chiens et les chats, on a examiné 690 rapports, dont 266 impliquaient la peau et les tissus connexes. Le traitement à la trimethoprime concentrée a donné des résultats fructueux dans 90% des cas.

Zusammenfassung. Die Probleme der Diagnose und Therapie von Krankheiten der Haut und verwandter Strukturen bei Hunden und Katzen werden besprochen. Die Wirksamkeit von potenziertem Trimethoprim bei der antibakteriellen Behandlung dieser Krankheiten wird beschrieben. In einer Serie von 690 Krankengeschichten von Hunden und Katzen betrafen 266 Berichte die Haut und verwandte Gewebe. Die Behandlung mit potenziertem Trimethoprim lieferte in 90% der Fälle erfolgreiche Ergebnisse.
Application of Satellite Microwave Images in Estimating Snow Water Equivalent1
Authors: Azar Amir E , Ghedira Hosni , Romanov Peter , Mahani Shayesteh , Tedesco Marco , Khanbilvardi Reza
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  Flood forecast and water resource management requires reliable estimates of snow pack properties [snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE)]. This study focuses on application of satellite microwave images to estimate the spatial distribution of snow depth and SWE over the Great Lakes area. To estimate SWE, we have proposed the algorithm which uses microwave brightness temperatures (Tb) measured by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) radiometer along with information on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).

The algorithm was developed and tested over 19 test sites characterized by different seasonal average snow depth and land cover type. Three spectral signatures derived from SSM/I data, namely T19V‐T37V (GTV), T19H‐T37H (GTH), and T22V‐T85V (SSI), were examined for correlation with the snow depth and SWE. To avoid melting snow conditions, we have used observations taken only during the period from December 1‐February 28. It was found that GTH, and GTV exhibit similar correlation with the snow depth/SWE and are most should be used over deep snowpack. In the same time, SSI is more sensitive to snow depth variations over a shallow snow pack. To account for the effect of dense forests on the scattering signal of snow we established the slope of the regression line between GTV and the snow depth as a function of NDVI. The accuracy of the new technique was evaluated through its comparison with ground‐based measurements and with results of SWE analysis prepared by the National Operational Hydrological Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC) of the National Weather Service. The proposed algorithm was found to be superior to previously developed global microwave SWE retrieval techniques.
Parientes cercanos: prestaciones familiares en el Reino Unido y en Australia
Authors: Hodgson Helen , Boden Rebecca
Published: October 2008

Resumen  Las tendencias recientes en materia de transferencias fiscales han observado una interdependencia creciente entre el sistema fiscal y de protección social a la hora de determinar la elegibilidad para obtener prestaciones y su importe, en particular en el caso de las prestaciones por actividad laboral, como las ayudas familiares. Tanto el Reino Unido como Australia han adoptado mecanismos de ayudas familiares que parecen funcionar de manera similar, pero un examen más minucioso refleja las diferencias en la política subyacente de los dos sistemas. Este artículo examina, en primer lugar, el fundamento institucional y político del diseño del sistema de transferencias fiscales familiares en cada sistema y, en segundo, las cuestiones planteadas por la interdependencia de los conceptos de tributación y seguridad social en el diseño de las prestaciones por actividad laboral.
Reforma de las pensiones en China
Authors: Salditt Felix , Whiteford Peter , Adema Willem
Published: October 2008

Resumen  Este artículo analiza el progreso conseguido en China en términos de creación de un sistema nacional de seguro de vejez, con una descripción detallada del sistema y una evaluación del grado en que ha conseguido, hasta el momento, realizar su principal objetivo de ofrecer seguridad social a más personas. Desde 1997 se han llevado a cabo muchas reformas pero, a pesar de los avances, el alcance del sistema es limitado, con una tasa de cobertura de los trabajadores urbanos inferior al 50 por ciento. La población rural sigue, en gran medida, sin tener cobertura del sistema, y es bastante posible que durante varios años aún la mayoría de la población siga dependiendo del apoyo familiar. Existe una «ventana demográfica» hasta 2015, aproximadamente, para hacer frente a estas deficiencias. Con el fin de crear un fundamento financiero e institucional que amortigüe los efectos en un futuro próximo de una población de edad mucho más avanzada será fundamental extender la cobertura mediante un mayor control del cumplimiento de sus obligaciones por parte de los trabajadores y las empresas y un compromiso financiero continuo orientado al Fondo Nacional de Seguridad Social.
¿Qué posibilidades tiene una renta básica en Alemania?
Authors: Opielka Michael
Published: October 2008

Resumen  El artículo examina si durante los últimos años han aumentado las posibilidades de introducir en la política social alemana un mecanismo que garantice una renta básica independiente de la participación en el mercado laboral. Después de una breve síntesis de los principios del sistema del Estado de bienestar alemán, se analizan en términos críticos las evoluciones más recientes que desde 2003 ha experimentado el seguro de renta básica a través de una fusión de las prestaciones por desempleo y de las ayudas sociales. Los temores a que esa política entrañe un descenso social, experimentados también por la clase media alemana, han conducido desde entonces a una reactivación del debate ya entablado en los años ochenta sobre la renta básica. En el artículo se utilizan dos modelos («seguro de renta básica» y «subsidio ciudadano solidario») para abordar los problemas concretos de diseño del sistema y sus posibilidades de realización.
A STUDY OF PREDICTORS AND LEVELS OF BURNOUT: THE CASE OF PROFESSIONAL NURSES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN THE FREE STATE1
Authors: Engelbrecht M.c. , Bester C.l. , Van Den Berg H. , Van Rensburg H.c.j.
Published: October 2008

In South Africa, nurses form the backbone of the primary health care (PHC) system. Their well‐being is, therefore, of paramount importance in the effective provisioning of health services. This paper explores predictors and levels of burnout experienced by professional nurses working in PHC facilities in the Free State. The sample comprised 182 nurses working in facilities rendering antiretroviral treatment (ART) services and 361 nurses working in facilities not rendering ART. Respondents completed a series of standardised instruments. Descriptive statistics were calculated and stepwise regression analysis performed to investigate the relative contribution of various stressors to the variance in burnout. High levels of burnout were identified. Availability of resources, workload and conflict at work explain 21% of the variance in the level of emotional exhaustion reported by the professional nurses. To a large degree, the results indicate that the well‐being of professional nurses is significantly affected by chronic work overload and occupational stress.
THE IMPACT OF HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (HAART) ON EMPLOYMENT IN KHAYELITSHA
Authors: Coetzee Celeste
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on labour force participation of people living with HIV/AIDS in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Cox Proportional Hazard Models with stratum effects for three medical clinics, and Accelerated Failure Time Models with individual specific unobserved shared effects (frailty), are estimated for transitions from inactivity to unemployment, and transitions from unemployment into employment, using a longitudinal data set. The findings of this study indicate that HAART leads to greater activity in the labour market, but there was not a strong effect on re‐entry into employment.
REVIEW OF PROGRESS AND EXPENDITURE ON THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR HIV AND AIDS FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Ndlovu Nhlanhla , Daswa Rabelani
Published: October 2008

The main objective of this paper is to review progress made in the implementation of South Africa's Comprehensive Plan for HIV and AIDS (CPHA, or simply ‘the Plan’) from its inception in 2004 to date [2006], with special emphasis on anti‐retroviral (ARV) treatment rollout. In light of the HIV and AIDS situation in the Sub‐Saharan Africa, and South Africa in particular, there is an urgent need for governments to roll out the ARV drugs to people living with HIV and AIDS. This has to be complemented with strong political will, parliamentary oversight, real private‐public partnerships, and of course the involvement of civil society.

The South African government must as a matter of urgency develop and utilise effective monitoring and evaluating systems to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of its responses to the epidemic. Increasing HIV prevalence rates demand that the government must strengthen its HIV prevention strategies to ensure that the majority of people uninfected remain that way. Such improved government response would eventually reduce the socio‐economic impact of the epidemic in South Africa.

The CPHA was devised at a time when the price of ARVs had decreased significantly. Indeed, the plan noted that: “Two years ago, this programme for comprehensive care and treatment would have been impossible amongst other things due to the cost of the medicines and laboratory tests required.”1 Thus the main purpose of this paper is to review the implementation of the CPHA and to report on the new budgets and expenditures for the Comprehensive Plan in the health sector. Special attention is given to the delivery of ARV treatment to AIDS patients.

Methods used to collect data for this review included a detailed literature review (desk study analysis) of official government budget and expenditure documents, interviews and email correspondence with key government officials and engagement with the Joint Civil Society Forum formed to monitor the implementation of the CPHA by the Department of Health.
LINKING POVERTY AND INCOME SHOCKS TO RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR: EVIDENCE FROM A PANEL STUDY OF YOUNG ADULTS IN CAPE TOWN
Authors: Dinkelman Taryn , Lam David , Leibbrandt Murray
Published: October 2008

Is there a link between household income and income stress, and risky sexual behaviour of young people? Anecdotal and qualitative evidence suggests this may be the case, but there is little quantitative research measuring this relationship. We use two waves of new data from the Cape Area Panel Study to investigate this link for 2,993 African and coloured youths aged 14 to 22 in 2002. In the process, we discuss one type of research design that could allow for a causal interpretation of the effect of income poverty on HIV risk. This design plausibly separates out the effect of income stress from the effect of living in a poor household by comparing behaviours across households with and without negative economic shocks, conditional on baseline income. Our results indicate that females in poorer households are more likely to be sexually active in 2002 and more likely to sexually debut by 2005. In addition, girls in households experiencing negative economic shocks are more likely to reduce condom use between 2002 and 2005. However, they are less likely to have multiple partners in 2002 or have transitioned to multiple partners by 2005. Males who experienced a negative shock are more likely to have multiple partners. Despite the tight research design for assessing shocks, the findings on the impacts of shocks do not generate clear recommendations for policy. There appears to be no systematic difference in condom use at last sex by household income levels or income shocks.
THE SPEED OF STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF NEWLY INDUSTRIALISING ECONOMIES
Authors: Abegaz Berhanu
Published: October 2008

We seek to identify the determinants of the speed of convergence in the structures of manufacturing to their steady‐state levels as developing economies become fully industrialised. Applying a two‐stage sequential estimation procedure to data on three‐digit manufacturing industries for 45 mostly middle‐income countries, we find empirical support for the hypothesis that production efficiency is a major determinant of inter‐branch output share adjustment. This finding applies to many but not all industries. One implication for latecomers is that industrial policy must aim at rapid diffusion of core technologies to facilitate the acquisition of industrial capabilities in a diversified basket of exportables.
REVISITING SOUTH AFRICAN EMPLOYMENT TRENDS IN THE 1990S
Authors: Altman Miriam
Published: October 2008

This article revisits South African employment trends recorded since 1995. In particular, it investigates whether the job losses and gains recorded by the October Household Survey jobs in the mid‐1990s reflect the reality. This is done by comparing the different official data sets, and by exploring alternative sources of information for three sectors that substantially influenced this trend, namely formal agriculture, mining, and community, social and personal services. Potential inconsistencies within the October Household data are assessed, particularly in relation to the distribution of employees across formal and informal sectors and the categorisation of unpaid family workers. The implications of possible changes to the employment trend from 1995‐2006 are considered. This article finds that the evidence is strong enough to call into question published employment trends. According to the October Household Survey, formal employment fell by 1.4 million between 1995 and 1997. The OHS and Labour Force Survey shows that formal employment then grew by 1.9 million between 1997 and 2006. According to the revised figures presented in this paper, 73,000 to 530,000 formal jobs were lost between 1995 and 1997 and 1.4 million net new jobs were created between 1997 and 2006. It is therefore possible that the plummeting and “recovery” of employment in the 1990s were both considerably less dramatic than that reflected in the official statistics. Further research and investigation would be required to validate these trends.
QUANTIFYING THE OUTSOURCING OF JOBS FROM MANUFACTURING TO SERVICES
Authors: Tregenna Fiona
Published: October 2008

There has been debate internationally and in South Africa about the extent to which a relative decline in manufacturing employment and rise in services employment can be accounted for by intersectoral outsourcing of jobs in the domestic economy. This article develops a new methodology for testing for and quantifying outsourcing at an economy‐wide level. This methodology is used to analyse intersectoral shifts in employment in South Africa between 1997 and 2005. Trends in employment in the business services subsector of services are also examined for what they suggest about the extent of outsourcing. Overall, the results suggest that intersectoral outsourcing accounts for some but by no means all of the apparent shift in employment between the manufacturing and services sectors in South Africa.
Strength, Stability, and Optimization of Pressure Vessels: Review of Selected Problems
Authors: Błachut J. , Magnucki K.
Published: October 2008

Recent research effort into some aspects of strength, static stability, and structural optimization of horizontal pressure vessels is reviewed in this paper. Stress concentrations at the junction of cylinder-ellipsoidal end closures are covered in detail. This in turn establishes efficient choices for wall thicknesses in the vessel. Detailed account of stresses for flexible supports of a horizontal cylindrical shell is provided. Dimensions of support components, which assure the minimum stress concentrations between a horizontal shell and its support, are calculated. In particular, the wall thickness is found for vessels being loaded by the weight of its content and placed on two supports. Stability issues are also reviewed in this paper. In particular, attention is paid to the stability of cylinder under external pressure and to the stability of end closures. The latter are loaded by internal or external pressure. Apart from buckling and plastic loads, the ultimate load carrying capacity, i.e., burst pressure, for internally pressurized heads is also examined. On a practical side, aboveground and underground cases are discussed. In the latter case of underground vessels the reinforcement by internal rings is assessed. The optimization part of this paper deals with the effective choice of the end closure depth and the shape of its meridian. The overriding aim here is to examine the stress concentrations and the ways in which they can be mitigated. The optimal shape of closures is also searched for, with respect to the maximum buckling pressure for a given mass of the head. In the case of internal pressure the maximum of plastic load is sought within a specified class of meridional profiles. Finally, optimal sizing of whole vessels is discussed for slender and compact geometries. Extensive references are made to relatively recent and ongoing work related to the above topics. This paper has 287 references and 50 figures.