bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saddleback syndrome in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758): anatomy, ontogeny and correlation with lateral‐line, anal and pelvic fin abnormalities
Authors: Fragkoulis S , Paliogiannis H , Kokkinias P , Chiers K , Adriaens D , Koumoundouros G
Published: June 2016

This study focused on the anatomy and ontogeny of saddleback syndrome (SBS) in reared European sea bass. The abnormality was detected at an unusually high frequency (12–94%) during a routine quality control in a commercial hatchery. Anatomically the abnormality was mainly characterized by the loss of 1–5 hard spines and severe abnormalities of the proximal pterygiophores (anterior dorsal fin), size reduction of a few lepidotrichia, missing lepidotrichia and/or lepidotrichia of poor ossification (posterior dorsal fin). SBS was significantly correlated with abnormalities of the anal and pelvic fins in all the examined populations. Moreover, in juvenile fish, SBS was significantly correlated with an abnormal lack of sectors of the lateral line. The examination of early larval samples revealed that SBS was ontogenetically associated with severe abnormalities of the primordial marginal finfold, which developed at the flexion stage (ca 8.5–11.0 mm SL). Histologically, these abnormalities were associated with extensive epidermal erosion. The results are discussed in respect of the critical ontogenetic period and the possible causative factors of SBS in European sea bass. It is suggested that causative factors acted during a wide ontogenetic period including flexion and metamorphosis phases.
Combined antiparasitic and anti‐inflammatory effects of the natural polyphenol curcumin on turbot scuticociliatosis
Authors: Mallo N , DeFelipe A P , Folgueira I , Sueiro R A , Lamas J , Leiro J M
Published: June 2016

The histiophagous scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi is the aetiological agent of scuticociliatosis, a parasitic disease of farmed turbot. Curcumin, a polyphenol from Curcuma longa (turmeric), is known to have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. We investigated the in vitro effects of curcumin on the growth of P. dicentrarchi and on the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in turbot leucocytes activated by parasite cysteine proteases. At 100 μm, curcumin had a cytotoxic effect and completely inhibited the growth of the parasite. At 50 μm, curcumin inhibited the protease activity of the parasite and expression of genes encoding two virulence‐associated proteases: leishmanolysin‐like peptidase and cathepsin L‐like. At concentrations between 25 and 50 μm, curcumin inhibited the expression of S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine hydrolase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acids methionine and cysteine. At 100 μm, curcumin inhibited the expression of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) produced in turbot leucocytes activated by parasite proteases. Results show that curcumin has a dual effect on scuticociliatosis: an antiparasitic effect on the catabolism and anabolism of ciliate proteins, and an anti‐inflammatory effect that inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the host. The present findings suggest the potential usefulness of this polyphenol in treating scuticociliatosis.
Susceptibility of a number of Australian freshwater fishes to dwarf gourami iridovirus (Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus)
Authors: Rimmer A E , Whittington R J , Tweedie A , Becker J A
Published: June 2016

Megalocytiviruses cause high mortality diseases that have seriously impacted aquaculture, with the most frequent outbreaks occurring in East and South‐East Asia. The international trade of juvenile fish for food and ornamental aquaculture has aided the spread of these viruses, which have spread to Europe and Australia and other regions. Australian freshwater fishes were examined for susceptibility to infection with the exotic megalocytivirus, dwarf gourami iridovirus (DGIV), which belongs to a group with the type species, Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Fish were held at 23 ± 1 °C and challenged by intraperitoneal (IP) injection or by cohabitation with Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii (Mitchell) infected with DGIV. A species was deemed to be susceptible to DGIV based on evidence of viral replication, as determined by qPCR, and megalocytic inclusion bodies observed histologically. Horizontal transmission occurred between infected Murray cod and golden perch, Macquaria ambigua (Richardson), Macquarie perch, Macquaria australasica (Cuvier) and Murray cod. This indicated that DGIV shed from infected fish held at 23 °C can survive in fresh water and subsequently infect these naïve fish. Further, DGIV administered IP was highly pathogenic to golden perch, Macquarie perch and Murray cod. Compared to these species, the susceptibility of southern pygmy perch, Nannoperca australis (Gunther) was lower. Freshwater catfish (dewfish), Tandanus tandanus (Mitchell), were not susceptible under the experimental conditions based on the absence of clinical disease, mortality and virus replication. This study showed the potential risks associated with naïve and DGIV‐infected fish sharing a common water source.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction of Apricot Kernel Oil: Effects on Functional and Rheological Properties
Authors: Gayas Bazilla , Kaur Gagandeep , Gul Khalid
Published: June 2016

An ultrasound‐assisted procedure was applied to the extraction of oil from apricot kernels. The best possible combination of extraction parameters was obtained with the response surface methodology at a three‐variable, three level experiments Box‐Behnken design. The optimum extraction parameters were as follows: extraction time: 43.95 min; extraction temperature: 51.72 °C; and solvent/sample ratio: 19.8:01 at a fixed ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz. Close agreement between experimental and predicted values were found. The viscosity values decreased with increase in the shear rate. Viscosities of samples treated with ultrasound for longer time were relatively higher due to dissolution of heavy suspended components. The results suggest that ultrasonic‐assisted extraction could be a good option for the extraction of oil from apricot kernels.

Practical Applications

Ultrasound treatment is a nonthermal and novel processing technology for extraction of biologically active food components. UAE in this study had a pronounced effect on the overall qualities of the extracted oil while maintaining the quality. Rheological properties of UAE extracted any edible oil is reported first time. This study can be beneficial for industries and researchers for enhancing the yield and maintaining the quality of the oils.
Annual Report of the Committee on Gynecologic Oncology, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Patient Annual Report for 2013 and Treatment Annual Report for 2008
Authors: Saito Toshiaki , Katabuchi Hidetaka
Published: June 2016

The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology collects and analyzes annual data on gynecologic cancers from member institutions. We present the Patient Annual Report for 2013 and the Treatment Annual Report for 2008. Data on 7280 patients with cervical cancer, 8952 with endometrial cancer, 5792 with ovarian cancer and 1903 with ovarian borderline tumor for whom treatment was initiated in 2013 were summarized in the Patient Annual Report. Stage I accounted for 56.7%, stage II for 23.4%, stage III for 9.8% and stage IV for 10.2% of all patients with cervical cancer. Stage I accounted for 71.7%, stage II for 6.5%, stage III for 14.5% and stage IV for 7.3% of all patients with endometrial cancer. Stage I accounted for 42.2%, stage II for 9.8%, stage III for 28.2% and stage IV for 8.3% of all patients with ovarian cancer. Data on the prognosis of 3658 patients with cervical cancer, 4159 with endometrial cancer and 2866 with ovarian cancer for whom treatment was initiated in 2008 were analyzed in the Treatment Annual Report. Survival was analyzed by using the Kaplan–Meier method, the log–rank test and the Wilcoxon test. The 5‐year overall survival rates for patients with cervical cancer were 93.0% for stage I, 73.1% for stage II, 55.2% for stage III and 24.2% for stage IV. The equivalent rates for patients with endometrial cancer were 94.5%, 90.3%, 74.2% and 24.0%, respectively; and those for patients with ovarian cancer (surface epithelial–stromal tumors) were 90.5%, 73.5%, 48.1% and 29.4%, respectively.
Association between vascular endothelial growth factor expression and lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Sun Haiying , Tang Fangxu , Zhou Shasha , Li Xiong , Wang Shaoshuai , Huang Kecheng , Jia Yao , Tian Xun , Ma Ding , Li Shuang
Published: June 2016

Aim

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by cancer cells has been identified as a factor that is associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) in some cancers, but an accurate description of the relation between VEGF and LNM in cervical cancer is lacking. We conducted a concurrent meta‐analysis to investigate this issue.

Methods

We searched PubMed and EMBASE for articles addressing the association between VEGF and cervical cancer. We used stata 12.0 and calculated the crude odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity between the studies included was assessed by Cochran's Q‐test.

Results

Overall, 16 relevant studies with 426 cases and 751 controls were included in our study. The results demonstrated that cervical cancer patients with VEGF‐positive expression had a 2.87‐fold higher risk of LNM than patients without VEGF‐positive expression (95%CI = 1.85–4.44, P < 0.001). Furthermore, subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that VEGF‐positive expression could increase the risk of LNM in cervical cancer among Asian populations (OR = 2.55, 95%CI = 1.61–4.03, P < 0.001) and Caucasian populations (OR = 8.81, 95%CI = 2.78–27.88, P < 0.001). Moreover, subgroup analysis by country revealed that VEGF‐positive expression could increase the risk of LNM in cervical cancer among Chinese populations (OR = 3.38, 95%CI = 2.18–5.25, P < 0.001) but not among Korean populations (P = 0.84) or Japanese populations (P = 0.06). Subgroup analysis based on sample size proved that VEGF‐positive expression was statistically associated with LNM in a large sample group.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that VEGF‐positive expression is related with higher risk of LNM in cervical cancer.
Pre‐school screening for developmental and emotional health: Comparison with neurodevelopmental assessment
Authors: Burakevych Nataliia , McKinlay Christopher Joel Dorman , Alsweiler Jane Marie , Wouldes Trecia Ann , Harding Jane Elizabeth
Published: June 2016

Aim

The study aim was to compare detection of and referral for developmental and emotional problems in a school readiness screening programme (New Zealand Before School Check, B4SC) with that of a comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study of children (n = 274) born at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia and recruited to a follow‐up study of neurodevelopmental outcomes at 4.5 years (Children with Hypoglycaemia and their Later Development (CHYLD) Study). Children identified as of significant concern for developmental and emotional problems, and referrals made, were compared in the B4SC and CHYLD Study. Scores of the parent‐completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire used in both assessments were compared.

Results

Of the 274 children who underwent clinical neurodevelopmental assessment at a mean (standard deviation) age of 53.3 (1.8) months, 237 had the B4SC developmental and emotional health screening. Of these, 44 (19%) children met B4SC referral criteria, and 15 (6%) were referred, but only 21 (9%) children met CHYLD referral criteria, and 10 (4%) were referred. Twelve children (5%) met both the B4SC and CHYLD referral criteria, and two were referred by both. When assessed twice, 39 (17%) children changed parent‐completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire category. Children who did not have B4SC screening had higher mean total difficulties score (10.5 vs. 8.2, P = 0.009) and were more likely to have cognitive delay than those who were screened (19% vs. 8%, P = 0.04).

Conclusion

More children met referral criteria for the B4SC screening programme than for a more comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessment. Children who did not have screening had a higher incidence of cognitive and behaviour problems than those who did.
A comprehensive generic‐level phylogeny of the sunflower family: Implications for the systematics of Chinese Asteraceae
Authors: Fu Zhi‐Xi , Jiao Bo‐Han , Nie Bao , Zhang Guo‐Jin , Gao Tian‐Gang ,   China Phylogeny Consortium
Published: June 2016

The sunflower family (Asteraceae) is the largest and the most diverse flowering plant family, comprising 24 000–30 000 species and 1600–1700 genera. In China, Asteraceae are also the largest family, with approximately 2336 indigenous species in 248 genera. In the past two decades, molecular phylogenetic analyses has contributed greatly to our understanding of the systematics of Asteraceae. Nevertheless, the large‐scale analyses and knowledge about the relationships of Chinese Asteraceae at the generic level as a whole are far from complete due to difficulties in sampling. In this study, we presented a three‐marker (rbcL, ndhF, and matK) phylogeny of Asteraceae, including 506 genera (i.e., approximately one‐third of Asteraceae genera). The study sampled 200 Chinese genera (i.e., approximately 80% of Chinese Asteraceae genera). The backbones of the new phylogeny were largely congruent with earlier studies, with 13 subfamilies and 45 tribes recognized. Chinese Asteraceae were distributed in 7 subfamilies (Mutisioideae, Wunderlichioideae, Carduoideae, Pertyoideae, Gymnarrhenoideae, Cichorioideae, and Asteroideae) and 22 tribes (Mutiseae, Hyalideae, Cardueae, Pertyeae, Gymnarrheneae, Vernonieae, Cichorieae, Doroniceae, Senecioneae, Astereae, Anthemideae, Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, Inuleae, Athroismeae, Helenieae, Coreopsideae, Neurolaeneae, Tageteae, Millieae, Eupatorieae, and Heliantheae). Chinese Asteraceae lacked 6 basal subfamilies and 23 tribes. Several previously ambiguous relationships were clarified. Our analyses also resolved some unplaced genera within Chinese Asteraceae. Finally, our phylogenetic tree was used to revise the classification for all genera of Chinese Asteraceae. In total, 255 genera, 22 tribes, and 7 subfamilies in China are recognized.
Natural hybridization between Torreya jackii and T. grandis (Taxaceae) in southeast China
Authors: Kou Yi‐Xuan , Xiao Kun , Lai Xiao‐Rong , Wang Yu‐Jin , Zhang Zhi‐Yong
Published: June 2016

The recognition of natural hybridization can help to understand the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Based on intermediate morphology and overlapped distribution, Torreya grandis var. jiulongshanensis Z. Y. Li, Z. C. Tang & N. Kang was regarded as a putative natural hybrid between T. jackii Chun and T. grandis Fort. ex Lindl. in southeast China. This study tested the hybridization origin of T. grandis var. jiulongshanensis using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytoplasm (chloroplast rbcL and rpl16 and mitochondrial rps3) DNA sequences. The results showed that most heterozygous sites of nuclear ITS sequences in T. grandis var. jiulongshanensis showed additivity between T. jackii and T. grandis. Cloned ITS sequences of T. grandis var. jiulongshanensis separately clustered with T. jackii and T. grandis in the phylogenetic analyses. Meanwhile, all of chloroplast and mitochondrial haplotypes of T. grandis var. jiulongshanensis were identical to those of T. jackii, not T. grandis. On the chloroplast DNA phylogenetic trees, T. grandis var. jiulongshanensis were grouped into the clade of T. jackii. These results suggest that T. grandis var. jiulongshanensis is a natural hybrid between T. jackii (maternal parent) and T. grandis (paternal parent). This study also implies that T. grandis should be cultivated with caution near the sites of T. jackii, because the endangered status of the latter might be deteriorated due to hybridization.
Anthropogenic food resources foster the coexistence of distinct life history strategies: year‐round sedentary and migratory brown bears
Authors: Cozzi G. , Chynoweth M. , Kusak J. , Çoban E. , Çoban A. , Ozgul A. , Şekercioğlu Ç. H.
Published: June 2016

Plastic behavioral adaptation to human activities can result in the enhancement and establishment of distinct behavioral types within a population. Such inter‐individual behavioral variations, if unaccounted for, can lead to biases in our understanding of species' feeding habits, movement pattern and habitat selection. We tracked the movements of 16 adult brown bears in a small and isolated population in north‐east Turkey to (1) identify inter‐individual behavioral variations associated with the use of a garbage dump and (2) to examine how these variations influenced ranging patterns, movements behavior and habitat selection. We identified two remarkably distinct behavioral types: bears that regularly visited the dump and remained sedentary year‐round and bears that never visited the dump and migrated 165.7 ± 20.1 km (round‐trip mean cumulative distance ± se) prior to hibernation to search for food. We demonstrated that during migratory trips, bears moved more rapidly and were less selective in habitat choice than during the sedentary phase; during the migration phase, forest cover was the only important environmental characteristic. Our results thus reinforce the growing evidence that animals’ use of the landscape largely changes according to movement phase. Our study shows that anthropogenic food resources can influence food habits, which can have cascading effects on movement patterns and hence habitat selection, ultimately resulting in the establishment of distinct behavioral types within a population. Identification and consideration of these behavioral types is thus fundamental for the correct implementation of evidence‐based conservation strategies at the population level.
Interactions Between Language and Mental Representations
Authors: Ünal Ercenur , Papafragou Anna
Published: June 2016

It has long been recognized that language interacts with visual and spatial processes. However, the nature and extent of these interactions are widely debated. The goal of this article is to review empirical findings across several domains to understand whether language affects the way speakers conceptualize the world even when they are not speaking or understanding speech. A second goal of the present review is to shed light on the mechanisms through which effects of language are transmitted. Across domains, there is growing support for the idea that although language does not lead to long‐lasting changes in mental representations, it exerts powerful influences during momentary mental computations by either modulating attention or augmenting representational power.
Childhood Markers of Health Behavior Relate to Hippocampal Health, Memory, and Academic Performance
Authors: Hassevoort Kelsey M. , Khan Naiman A. , Hillman Charles H. , Cohen Neal J.
Published: June 2016

There has been an increasing body of evidence that a variety of factors, including physical activity, nutrition, and body composition, have a relationship with brain structure and function in school‐aged children. Within the brain, the hippocampus is particularly sensitive to modulation by these lifestyle factors. This brain structure is known to be critical in learning and memory, and, we suggest, for progress in the classroom. Accordingly, the aims of this article include (1) examining the role of hippocampus and hippocampal‐dependent memory in supporting academic performance; (2) reviewing the literature related to the associations between hippocampal‐dependent memory and a number of lifestyle factors, including physical activity, nutrition, and body composition; and (3) discussing the implications of these findings in an educational setting. The findings discussed suggest that, through interventions that target these lifestyle factors, it may be possible to improve hippocampal function and academic performance in school‐aged children.
Exposure to mass media and interpersonal counseling has additive effects on exclusive breastfeeding and its psychosocial determinants among Vietnamese mothers
Authors: Nguyen Phuong H. , Kim Sunny S. , Nguyen Tuan T. , Hajeebhoy Nemat , Tran Lan M. , Alayon Silvia , Ruel Marie T. , Rawat Rahul , Frongillo Edward A. , Menon Purnima
Published: June 2016

The pathways through which behavior change interventions impact breastfeeding practices have not been well studied. This study aimed to examine: (1) the effects of exposure to mass media and interpersonal counseling on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and hypothesized psychosocial determinants (i.e. knowledge, intention, beliefs, social norms, and self‐efficacy); and (2) the pathways through which exposure to mass media and interpersonal counseling are associated with EBF. We used survey data from mothers with children < 2 year (n = 2045) from the 2013 process evaluation of Alive & Thrive's program in Viet Nam. Multiple linear regression analyses and structural equation modeling were used to estimate effects. Exposure to mass media only, interpersonal counseling only, both or neither was 51%, 5%, 19% and 25%, respectively. Exposure to both mass media and interpersonal counseling had additive effects on EBF as well as on related psychosocial factors, compared with no exposure. For example, EBF prevalence was 26.1 percentage points (pp) higher in the group that received interpersonal counseling only, 3.9 pp higher in the mass media group and 31.8 pp higher in the group that received both interventions. As hypothesized, more than 90% of the total effect of the two interventions on EBF was explained by the psychosocial factors measured. Our findings suggest that combining different behavior change interventions leads to greater changes in psychosocial factors, which in turn positively affects breastfeeding behaviors.
The protein acyltransferase Pat post‐transcriptionally controls HilD to repress Salmonella invasion
Authors: Hung Chien‐Che , Eade Colleen R. , Altier Craig
Published: June 2016

N‐Lysine acylation is a post‐translational modification important for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to control a wide array of cellular functions. Here we demonstrate that the protein acyltransferase Pat regulates genes on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) that are required for the invasion of the intestinal epithelium. Mutation of pat slightly increased spleen colonization by Salmonella in streptomycin‐treated mice, with more of the pat mutant reaching the spleen than the wild type strain. Growth of Salmonella under specific conditions selectively induced expression of Pat, and deletion of pat increased SPI1 gene expression under the same growth conditions. In addition, over‐expression of Pat repressed SPI1 expression and bacterial entry into epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that Salmonella invasion is negatively controlled by Pat. Regulation of the SPI1 central regulator HilD was essential for Pat to exert its effects. The control of HilD by Pat was through post‐transcriptional mechanisms, moderately repressing hilD translation while significantly reducing HilD stability. Additionally, growth of Salmonella in the presence of histone deacetylases inhibitors reduced expression of SPI1 by affecting HilD stability, supporting the concept that altering the stability of this regulator is required for Pat to control Salmonella invasion.
Redescription of Amblyomma integrum adults and immature stages
Authors: APANASKEVICH D. A. , BANDARANAYAKA K. O. , APANASKEVICH M. A. , RAJAKARUNA R. S.
Published: June 2016

Amblyomma integrum Karsch, 1879 (Acari: Ixodidae) is one of four Amblyomma Koch, 1844 species with eyes found in southern India and Sri Lanka. The immature stages of this species were poorly described. Therefore, accurate identification is difficult. Here we re‐describe the male, female, nymph and larva of A. integrum and illustrate all the stages in greater detail for the first time. A set of diagnostic morphological characters is defined to distinguish this species from other sympatric species of eyed Amblyomma in any parasitic stage of development. Adults of A. integrum parasitize mostly various larger mammals whereas nymphs and larvae use mostly larger and medium mammals. Amblyomma integrum is recorded from India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Orissa and Tamil Nadu States) and throughout Sri Lanka.
Sequential incremental doses of bisacodyl increase the diagnostic accuracy of colonic manometry
Authors: Borrelli O. , Pescarin M. , Saliakellis E. , Tambucci R. , Quitadamo P. , Valitutti F. , Rybak A. , Lindley K. J. , Thapar N.
Published: June 2016

Background

Colonic manometry is the standard diagnostic modality for evaluating colonic motility in children. Intraluminal bisacodyl is routinely used to trigger high‐amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs), a feature of normal colonic motility. Usually, only a single dose (0.2 mg/kg) is suggested. We retrospectively explored whether the use of an additional higher (0.4 mg/kg) dose of bisacodyl increases the yield of colonic manometry.

Methods

In 103 children (median age: 8.8 years, range 3.2–15.7 years) with a diagnosis of slow transit constipation, colonic motility was recorded for 1 h before and 1 h after each of two incremental doses of bisacodyl (low, L, dose: 0.2 mg/kg, max 10 mg; high, H, dose: 0.4 mg/kg, max 20 mg) and the characteristics of HAPCs analyzed.

Key Results

High‐amplitude propagating contractions were seen in 85 children. H dose significantly increased the proportion of patients with fully propagated HAPCs (H dose: 57/103 [55%], L dose: 27/103 [26%], p < 0.001), paralleling the significant decrease in the proportion with partially propagated HAPCs (H dose: 29/103 [28%], L dose: 47/103 [46%], p < 0.01). Mean HAPC number significantly increased throughout the colon at H compared to L dose (7.2 ± 5.05 vs 5.6 ± 5.1, p < 0.05). Finally, the proportion of patients with normal pressure wave morphology of HAPCs significantly increased with higher dose (H dose: 55/85 [65%], L dose: 27/85 [32%], p < 0.001).

Conclusions & Interferences

An additional higher dose of bisacodyl during colonic manometry improves colonic neuromuscular function suggesting its use might improve interpretation and decision making in children with slow transit constipation.
Oral drug therapy following bariatric surgery: an overview of fundamentals, literature and clinical recommendations
Authors: Azran Carmil , Wolk Omri , Zur Moran , Fine‐Shamir Noa , Shaked Gad , Czeiger David , Sebbag Gilbert , Kister Olga , Langguth Peter , Dahan Arik
Published: June 2016

Bariatric surgery is the most effective solution for severe obesity and obesity with comorbidities, and the number of patients going through bariatric surgery is rapidly and constantly growing. The modified gastrointestinal anatomy of the patient may lead to significant pharmacokinetic alterations in the oral absorption of drugs after the surgery; however, because of insufficient available literature and inadequate awareness of the medical team, bariatric surgery patients may be discharged from the hospital with insufficient instructions regarding their medication therapy. In this article, we aim to present the various mechanisms by which bariatric surgery may influence oral drug absorption, to provide an overview of the currently available literature on the subject, and to draw guidelines for the recommendations bariatric surgery patients should be instructed before leaving the hospital. To date, and until more robust data are published, it is essential to follow and monitor patients closely for safety and efficacy of their medication therapies, both in the immediate and distant time post‐surgery.
Plasma membrane proteomics in the maize primary root growth zone: novel insights into root growth adaptation to water stress
Authors: Voothuluru Priyamvada , Anderson Jeffrey C. , Sharp Robert E. , Peck Scott C.
Published: June 2016

Previous work on maize (Zea mays L.) primary root growth under water stress showed that cell elongation is maintained in the apical region of the growth zone but progressively inhibited further from the apex. These responses involve spatially differential and coordinated regulation of osmotic adjustment, modification of cell wall extensibility, and other cellular growth processes that are required for root growth under water‐stressed conditions. As the interface between the cytoplasm and the apoplast (including the cell wall), the plasma membrane likely plays critical roles in these responses. Using a simplified method for enrichment of plasma membrane proteins, the developmental distribution of plasma membrane proteins was analysed in the growth zone of well‐watered and water‐stressed maize primary roots. The results identified 432 proteins with differential abundances in well‐watered and water‐stressed roots. The majority of changes involved region‐specific patterns of response, and the identities of the water stress‐responsive proteins suggest involvement in diverse biological processes including modification of sugar and nutrient transport, ion homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and cell wall composition. Integration of the distinct, region‐specific plasma membrane protein abundance patterns with results from previous physiological, transcriptomic and cell wall proteomic studies reveals novel insights into root growth adaptation to water stress.
Appraisal, coping, emotion, and performance during elite fencing matches: a random coefficient regression model approach
Authors: Doron J. , Martinent G.
Published: June 2016

Understanding more about the stress process is important for the performance of athletes during stressful situations. Grounded in Lazarus's (1991, 1999, 2000)CMRTof emotion, this study tracked longitudinally the relationships between cognitive appraisal, coping, emotions, and performance in nine elite fencers across 14 international matches (representing 619 momentary assessments) using a naturalistic, video‐assisted methodology. A series of hierarchical linear modeling analyses were conducted to: (a) explore the relationships between cognitive appraisals (challenge and threat), coping strategies (task‐ and disengagement oriented coping), emotions (positive and negative) and objective performance; (b) ascertain whether the relationship between appraisal and emotion was mediated by coping; and (c) examine whether the relationship between appraisal and objective performance was mediated by emotion and coping. The results of the random coefficient regression models showed: (a) positive relationships between challenge appraisal, task‐oriented coping, positive emotions, and performance, as well as between threat appraisal, disengagement‐oriented coping and negative emotions; (b) that disengagement‐oriented coping partially mediated the relationship between threat and negative emotions, whereas task‐oriented coping partially mediated the relationship between challenge and positive emotions; and (c) that disengagement‐oriented coping mediated the relationship between threat and performance, whereas task‐oriented coping and positive emotions partially mediated the relationship between challenge and performance. As a whole, this study furthered knowledge during sport performance situations of Lazarus's (1999) claim that these psychological constructs exist within a conceptual unit. Specifically, our findings indicated that the ways these constructs are inter‐related influence objective performance within competitive settings.
Safety and efficacy of cryopreserved autologous platelet concentrates in HLA‐alloimmunized patients with hematologic malignancies
Authors: Gerber Bernhard , Alberio Lorenzo , Rochat Sophie , Stenner Frank , Manz Markus G. , Buser Andy , Schanz Urs , Stussi Georg
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Curative chemotherapy approaches in patients with malignancies and platelet (PLT) transfusion refractoriness due to alloimmunization may be hampered by the lack of suitable PLT donors. For these patients, transfusion of cryopreserved autologous PLTs is an option, but is time‐ and resource‐consuming. We aimed at further simplifying this process.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

A retrospective single‐center analysis was conducted on the transfusion of cryopreserved autologous PLTs in nine female alloimmunized, PLT transfusion–refractory patients treated for acute leukemia (n = 8) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 1). No additional processing was used before transfusion, and most notably, washing and centrifugation steps were omitted. Clinical efficacy and safety, as well as a flow cytometric assessment of structural and functional PLT changes, were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 40 autologous PLT concentrates were thawed at bedside and transfused a median of 32 (range, 9 to 994) days after cryopreservation. No major bleeds and no severe dimethyl sulfoxide toxicity were observed. The median PLT count increments did not differ 1 and 18 to 24 hours after transfusion and reached 6 × 109/L (interquartile range [IQR], 3 × 109−7.5 × 109/L) and 6 × 109/L (IQR, 2.5 × 109−9.5 × 109/L), respectively. Cryopreservation resulted in partial activation of one‐third of the PLTs. In vitro stimulation with strong agonists induced additional full activation of cryopreserved PLTs: median, 55% (IQR, 42%‐60%) after thrombin and 39% (IQR, 36%‐39%) after convulxin.

CONCLUSION

The transfusion of cryopreserved autologous PLTs is feasible and safe. Despite the cryopreservation process, PLT functionality is partially maintained.
Wideband acoustic activation and detection of droplet vaporization events using a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer
Authors: Novell Anthony , Arena Christopher B. , Oralkan Omer , Dayton Paul A.
Published: June 2016

An ongoing challenge exists in understanding and optimizing the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) process to enhance contrast agent effectiveness for biomedical applications. Acoustic signatures from vaporization events can be identified and differentiated from microbubble or tissue signals based on their frequency content. The present study exploited the wide bandwidth of a 128-element capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array for activation (8 MHz) and real-time imaging (1 MHz) of ADV events from droplets circulating in a tube. Compared to a commercial piezoelectric probe, the CMUT array provides a substantial increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio.
Near-field/far-field array manifold of an acoustic vector-sensor near a reflecting boundary
Authors: Wu Yue Ivan , Lau Siu-Kit , Wong Kainam Thomas
Published: June 2016

The acoustic vector-sensor (a.k.a. the vector hydrophone) is a practical and versatile sound-measurement device, with applications in-room, open-air, or underwater. It consists of three identical uni-axial velocity-sensors in orthogonal orientations, plus a pressure-sensor—all in spatial collocation. Its far-field array manifold [Nehorai and Paldi (1994). IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 42, 2481–2491; Hawkes and Nehorai (2000). IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 48, 2981–2993] has been introduced into the technical field of signal processing about 2 decades ago, and many direction-finding algorithms have since been developed for this acoustic vector-sensor. The above array manifold is subsequently generalized for outside the far field in Wu, Wong, and Lau [(2010). IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 58, 3946–3951], but only if no reflection-boundary is to lie near the acoustic vector-sensor. As for the near-boundary array manifold for the general case of an emitter in the geometric near field, the far field, or anywhere in between—this paper derives and presents that array manifold in terms of signal-processing mathematics. Also derived here is the corresponding Cramér-Rao bound for azimuth-elevation-distance localization of an incident emitter, with the reflected wave shown to play a critical role on account of its constructive or destructive summation with the line-of-sight wave. The implications on source localization are explored, especially with respect to measurement model mismatch in maximum-likelihood direction finding and with regard to the spatial resolution between coexisting emitters.
Underwater sound of rigid-hulled inflatable boats
Authors: Erbe Christine , Liong Syafrin , Koessler Matthew Walter , Duncan Alec J. , Gourlay Tim
Published: June 2016

Underwater sound of rigid-hulled inflatable boats was recorded 142 times in total, over 3 sites: 2 in southern British Columbia, Canada, and 1 off Western Australia. Underwater sound peaked between 70 and 400 Hz, exhibiting strong tones in this frequency range related to engine and propeller rotation. Sound propagation models were applied to compute monopole source levels, with the source assumed 1 m below the sea surface. Broadband source levels (10–48 000 Hz) increased from 134 to 171 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m with speed from 3 to 16 m/s (10–56 km/h). Source power spectral density percentile levels and 1/3 octave band levels are given for use in predictive modeling of underwater sound of these boats as part of environmental impact assessments.
A model of ultrasound-enhanced diffusion in a biofilm
Authors: Marshall Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2016

A stochastic model is presented for nanoparticle transport in a biofilm to explain how the combination of acoustic oscillations and intermittent retention due to interaction with the pore walls of the biofilm leads to diffusion enhancement. An expression for the effective diffusion coefficient was derived that varies with the square of the oscillation velocity amplitude. This expression was validated by comparison of an analytical diffusion solution to the stochastic model prediction. The stochastic model was applied to an example problem associated with liposome penetration into a hydrogel, and it was found to yield solutions in which liposome concentration varied exponentially with distance into the biofilm.
Muscle Forces and Their Contributions to Vertical and Horizontal Acceleration of the Center of Mass During Sit-to-Stand Transfer in Young, Healthy Adults
Authors: Caruthers Elena J. , Thompson Julie A. , Chaudhari Ajit M.W. , Schmitt Laura C. , Best Thomas M. , Saul Katherine R. , Siston Robert A.
Published: June 2016

Sit-to-stand transfer is a common task that is challenging for older adults and others with musculoskeletal impairments. Associated joint torques and muscle activations have been analyzed two-dimensionally, neglecting possible three-dimensional (3D) compensatory movements in those who struggle with sit-to-stand transfer. Furthermore, how muscles accelerate an individual up and off the chair remains unclear; such knowledge could inform rehabilitation strategies. We examined muscle forces, muscleinduced accelerations, and interlimb muscle force differences during sit-to-stand transfer in young, healthy adults. Dynamic simulations were created using a custom 3D musculoskeletal model; static optimization and induced acceleration analysis were used to determine muscle forces and their induced accelerations, respectively. The gluteus maximus generated the largest force (2009.07 ± 277.31 N) and was a main contributor to forward acceleration of the center of mass (COM) (0.62 ± 0.18 m/s2), while the quadriceps opposed it. The soleus was a main contributor to upward (2.56 ± 0.74 m/s2) and forward acceleration of the COM (0.62 ± 0.33 m/s2). Interlimb muscle force differences were observed, demonstrating lower limb symmetry cannot be assumed during this task, even in healthy adults. These findings establish a baseline from which deficits and compensatory strategies in relevant populations (eg, elderly, osteoarthritis) can be identified.
Childhood undernutrition, the gut microbiota, and microbiota-directed therapeutics
Authors: Blanton Laura V. , Barratt Michael J. , Charbonneau Mark R. , Ahmed Tahmeed , Gordon Jeffrey I.
Published: June 2016

Gut microbiota and undernutrition

Poor nutrition during the early years of life can have severe consequences for subsequent skeletal, immunological, and intellectual development. Blanton
et al.
review the evidence showing that undernutrition is not caused by food insecurity alone. Other factors range from the length of the breastfeeding period and the availability of milk oligosaccharides, enteropathogen exposure, and enteric dysfunction marked by villus atrophy and loss of gut barrier function. Unfortunately, the current practice of nutritional restoration with or without antibiotic treatment may not be effective in the longer term. Differences in the succession of microbial establishment and maturity might contribute to family discordances in nutritional status. Thus, microbiota-directed therapeutics could be a promising route to nutritional restoration in these children.

Science
, this issue p.
1533
Reprogramming of avian neural crest axial identity and cell fate
Authors: Simoes-Costa Marcos , Bronner Marianne E.
Published: June 2016

Versatile embryonic neural crest cells

Neural crest cells wander far and wide through the developing vertebrate embryo to build tissues such as the jaw and peripheral nerves. Simoes-Costa
et al.
show, studying chick embryos, that not all neural crest cells are alike. The expression of a handful of transcription factors identifies cranial neural crest cells as distinct from trunk neural crest cells. Ectopic expression of some of these factors caused trunk neural crest cells to function as cranial neural crest cells. Thus, embryonic neural crest cells carry subspecialties that are defined but malleable.

Science
, this issue p.
1570
Atomic structure of Hsp90-Cdc37-Cdk4 reveals that Hsp90 traps and stabilizes an unfolded kinase
Authors: Verba Kliment A. , Wang Ray Yu-Ruei , Arakawa Akihiko , Liu Yanxin , Shirouzu Mikako , Yokoyama Shigeyuki , Agard David A.
Published: June 2016

Holding kinases at the ready

About 60% of kinases only reach their active state in the presence of the molecular chaperone Hsp90 and its co-chaperone Cdc37. It is unclear how the chaperones facilitate kinase function or why only some kinases are chaperone-dependent. Verba
et al.
determined a 3.9 Å cryo–electron microscopy structure of Hsp90:Cdc37 in complex with the kinase Cdk4. Together, Hsp90 and Cdc37 trap the kinase in an open, partially unfolded state. Taking on this state probably has direct functional benefits.

Science
, this issue p.
1542
Synthetic evolutionary origin of a proofreading reverse transcriptase
Authors: Ellefson Jared W. , Gollihar Jimmy , Shroff Raghav , Shivram Haridha , Iyer Vishwanath R. , Ellington Andrew D.
Published: June 2016

Making error-free DNA from RNA

DNA polymerase enzymes copy DNA into new strands of identical DNA. Reverse transcriptase (RT) enzymes copy RNA into DNA. Unlike many DNA polymerases, RT enzymes do not have a proofreading function that checks for errors in the newly synthesized DNA. Ellefson
et al.
use in vitro directed evolution and protein engineering to build an error-correcting RT from a prokaryotic DNA polymerase. The RT “xenopolymerase” shows increased fidelity as compared to natural RTs and should streamline and increase the precision of transcriptomics methods.

Science
, this issue p.
1590
How climate change affects extreme weather events
Authors: Stott Peter
Published: June 2016

Research can increasingly determine the contribution of climate change to extreme events such as droughts
Cell-Free versus Cell-to-Cell Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1: Exploring the Link among Viral Source, Viral Trafficking, and Viral Replication
Authors: Dutartre Hélène , Clavière Mathieu , Journo Chloé , Mahieux Renaud
Published: June 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) are complex retroviruses mainly infecting CD4
+
T lymphocytes. In addition, antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are targeted
in vivo
by both viruses, although to a lesser extent. Interaction of HIV-1 with DCs plays a key role in viral dissemination from the mucosa to CD4
+
T lymphocytes present in lymphoid organs. While similar mechanisms may occur for HTLV-1 as well, most HTLV-1 data were obtained from T-cell studies, and little is known regarding the trafficking of this virus in DCs. We first compared the efficiency of cell-free versus cell-associated viral sources of both retroviruses at infecting DCs. We showed that both HIV-1 and HTLV-1 cell-free particles are poorly efficient at productively infecting DCs, except when DC-SIGN has been engaged. Furthermore, while SAMHD-1 accounts for restriction of cell-free HIV-1 infection, it is not involved in HTLV-1 restriction. In addition, cell-free viruses lead mainly to a nonproductive DC infection, leading to
trans
-infection of T-cells, a process important for HIV-1 spread but not for that of HTLV-1. Finally, we show that T-DC cell-to-cell transfer implies viral trafficking in vesicles that may both increase productive infection of DCs (“
cis
-infection”) and allow viral escape from immune surveillance. Altogether, these observations allowed us to draw a model of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 trafficking in DCs.
BZLF1 Attenuates Transmission of Inflammatory Paracrine Senescence in Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells by Downregulating Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Authors: Long Xubing , Li Yuqing , Yang Mengtian , Huang Lu , Gong Weijie , Kuang Ersheng
Published: June 2016

Recent studies have shown that inflammatory responses trigger and transmit senescence to neighboring cells and activate the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induces increased secretion of several inflammatory factors, whereas lytic infections evade the antiviral inflammatory response. However, the changes in and roles of the inflammatory microenvironment during the switch between EBV life cycles remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that latent EBV infection in EBV-positive cells triggers the SASP in neighboring epithelial cells. In contrast, lytic EBV infection abolishes this phenotype. BZLF1 attenuates the transmission of paracrine senescence during lytic EBV infection by downregulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion. A mutant BZLF1 protein, BZLF1Δ207-210, that cannot inhibit TNF-α secretion while maintaining viral transcription, fails to block paracrine senescence, whereas a neutralizing antibody against TNF-α is sufficient to restore its inhibition. Furthermore, latent EBV infection induces oxidative stress in neighboring cells, while BZLF1-mediated downregulation of TNF-α reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in neighboring cells, and ROS scavengers alleviate paracrine senescence. These results suggest that lytic EBV infection attenuates the transmission of inflammatory paracrine senescence through BZLF1 downregulation of TNF-α secretion and alters the inflammatory microenvironment to allow virus propagation and persistence.

IMPORTANCE
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), an important tumorigenic process, is triggered and transmitted by inflammatory factors. The different life cycles of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in EBV-positive cells employ distinct strategies to modulate the inflammatory response and senescence. The elevation of inflammatory factors during latent EBV infection promotes the SASP in uninfected cells. In contrast, during the viral lytic cycle, BZLF1 suppresses the production of TNF-α, resulting in the attenuation of paracrine inflammatory senescence. This finding indicates that EBV evades inflammatory senescence during lytic infection and switches from facilitating tumor-promoting SASP to generating a virus-propagating microenvironment, thereby facilitating viral spread in EBV-associated diseases.