bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schnelle Ionenreaktionen in Lösungen. VI [13] Thermodynamische und kinetische Untersuchung der Bildung des Vanadylmonorhodanatokomplexes
Authors: Schlund Adolf , Wendt Hartmut
Published: October 2023

Durch potentiometrische Messungen am System VO2+‐SCN− wird in wäßrigen Lösungen bei 10, 25 und 40°C die Bildungskonstante des Vanadylmonorhodanato‐ und die des Vanadyldirhodanatokomplexes bestimmt. Für 25°C und die Ionenstärke 0 erhält man:

magnified image

wird mit der Drucksprungapparatur bei den angegebenen Temperaturen untersucht.

Die Komplexbildungsreaktion wird durch Hydroxylionen katalysiert, d.h. sie verläuft beschleunigt unter Beteiligung des Vanadylmonohydroxokations.

Für die unkatalysierte Reaktion ergeben sich bei 25°C und Ionenstärke 0:

magnified image

Aus der Geschwindigkeitskonstante k120 läßt sich die Geschwindigkeitskonstante für den unkatalysierten Wasseraustausch in der innersten Hydratationssphäre des Vanadylkations abschätzen:

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Über den H2‐D2‐Austausch an reduzierten Eisenoxidkontakten
Authors: Brill R. , Kleiner D. , Schaefer H.
Published: October 2023

Der H2D‐2‐Austausch an Eisenkontakten wurde zwischen 130 und 400 °K als Funktion des Druckes und der Gaszusammensetzung untersucht. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten ergab för die einzelnen Temperaturbereiche folgende Aktivierungsenergien: unter 160 °K 1,5, zwischen 200 und 250 °K 7,3, zwischen 270 und 360 °K 4,4 und über 370 °K 8,1 kcal/mol. Die Aktivität war vom H2‐D2‐Mischungsverhältnis abhängig. Die in den einzelnen Temperaturbereichen in Frage kommenden Mechanismen werden unter Zuhilfenahme ergänzend ausgeführter Adsorptionsversuche diskutiert. Der Einfluß der Transporthemmung wird ebenfalls betrachtet.
Über den katalytischen Einfluß von Sauerstoff auf die Disproportionerungs‐reaktion der Radikalanionen von p‐Nitrobenzoesäure und Nitrobenzol
Authors: Kolb D. , Koopmann R.
Published: October 2023

Bei der Disproportionierungsreaktion der Radikaldiaion der pNitrobenzoesäure und der Radikalmonoanionen des Nitrobenzols in wäßriger Lösung bei pH13 wurde ein extrem starker katalytischer Einfluß von gelöstem Sauerstoff festgestellt. Man findet einen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen der durch ESR‐Messungen ermittelten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten zweiter Ordnung der Abreaktion der Radikale und der Sauerstoffkonzentration. Eine mögliche Erklärung dieses Effektes wird diskutiert.

Mit Hilfe dieses starken Sauerstoffeinflusses lassen sich früher erhaltene Ergebnisse an Nitrobenzol, die eine Abreaktion der Radikalanionen nach erster Ordnung vermuten ließen, erklären und korrigieren. Der in der früheren Meßanordnung (radikal‐erzeugende Elektrode direkt im ESR‐Resonator) gefundene exponentielle Konzentrationsverlauf in der Diffusionsschicht vor der Elektrode läßt sich nicht nur durch eine Abreaktion nach erster Ordnung erklären, sondern auch durch eine Disproportionierungsreaktion unter Berücksichtigung des hier gefundenen Sauerstoffeinflusses.
Redox equilibria in zeolites
Authors: Riekert Lotbar
Published: October 2023

The interaction between hydrogen and zeolites containing different reducible cations (Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+) has been investigated at temperatures between 280 and 400 °C. The first stage of this interaction ‐ leading to a reduced state of the cations in the solid ‐ can be reversed in all systems investigated. The inner‐crystalline equilibrium between Ni2+ and reduced nickel in the solid follows approximately the mass action law, the degree of reduction depending on the hydrogen pressure. A subsequent slow recrystallization of reduced nickel into larger particles outside the zeolite was observed in certain systems.
On molecular beam sampling
Authors: Witthaus M. , Schügerl K.
Published: October 2023

The beam intensity and the segregation of the beam components are investigated for molecular beams which are formed by means of a skimmer from supersonic gas jets expanding across a nozzle at low Reynolds numbers.
Über die Kinetik der Dissoziation und Bildung von Ni‐Chelat‐Komplexen verschiedener zweizähniger Liganden (Hydroxycarboxylaten, Aminocarboxylaten, Dicarboxylaten)
Authors: Hoffmann Heinz
Published: October 2023

Die experimentell ermittelten Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Komplexbildung und Dissoziation zwischen Ni2+‐Ionen und einer Reihe zweizähniger Liganden, bei denen wenigstens eine Haftstelle eine Carboxylatgruppe ist, werden in die spezifischen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten zerlegt, die bei der Chelatbildung zu berücksichtigen sind. Es zeigt sich, daß die größere Stabilität von 5‐Ringen gegenüber entsprechenden 6‐Ringen hauptsächlich auf der kleineren Geschwindigkeitskonstante für die Ringöfffnung beruht.
Die Darstellung des OF‐Radikals in der Gasphase durch die Reaktion von Fluoratomen mit Ozon
Authors: Wagner H. Gg. , Zetzsch C. , Warnatz J.
Published: October 2023

In der Reaktion von Fluor‐Atomen mit Ozon

wurde in der Gasphase das Radikal OF massenspektrometrisch identifiziert. Als Geschwindigkeitskonstante dieser Reaktion ergibt sich

mit einer scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergie E = 450 cal/mol.

Das Zwischenprodukt OF zerfällt durch Reaktion mit sich selbst zu O2 und zwei F‐Atomen. Für diese Reaktion erhält man als Geschwindigkeitskonstante bei Zimmertemperatur
Investigation of serum albumin solutions by NMR relaxation dispersion
Authors: Outhred R. K. , George E. P.
Published: October 2023

An alternative interpretation is presented for the T1 dispersion data obtained by Kimmich and Noack [1, 2] for solutions of serum albumin. It is suggested that the T1 behaviour results from the presence of a minor proton phase with a singly peaked distribution p*(log τ) of logarithms of proton correlation times. An inflexion or possibly a maximum in p*(log τ) occurs near τ = 10−9.3 s. Most of the protons in the minor phase have τ < 10−8 s. p *(log τ) is zero for τ ≥ 10−5.7s but this may be an artifact due to cessation of fast exchange. The distribution p*(log τ) could not be resolved into separate contributions from helix and random coil regions of the serum albumin molecules.
Messungen zum homogenen thermischen Zerfall von Äthylen
Authors: Roth P. , Just Th.
Published: October 2023

Der thermische Zerfall von Äthylen in Argon als Trägergas wurde hinter Stoßwellen in einem Temperaturbereich 1675 < T < 2210 K und einem Dichtebereich 4.2 · 10−6 < p < 5.3 · 10−5 mol cm−3 untersucht. Für den Reaktionsbeginn konnte erstmalig eine Geschwindigkeitskonstante für den unimolekularen Zerfall von C2H4 im Niederdruckbereich von

ermittelt werden. Der sich daran anschließende Kettenmechanismus hat eine von 1 abweichende Reaktionsordnung für Argon und läßt sich durch einen Ausdruck — d[C2H4]/dt = km [C2H4] [Ar]n mit einer mittleren Geschwindigkeitskonstanten

beschreiben. Dabei nähert n = 0,6 die Ergebnisse im Rahmen der Meßgenauigkeit am besten an.
Röntgenstrukturuntersuchung wäßriger Caesiumfluorid‐Lösungen
Authors: Bertagnolli Helmut , Weidner Jörg‐U. , Zimmermann Herbert W.
Published: October 2023

Es wurden Röntgenstrukturuntersuchungen an sechs wäßrigen CsF‐Lösungen bei 20 °C im Konzentrationsbereich CsF · 8H2O bis CsF · 2.3 H2O (gesättigte Lösung) durchgeführt. Aus der experimentellen Intensitätsverteilung der Röntgenstreustrahlung sind die reduzierte Intensität und die radiale Elektronendichteverteilung der Lösungen direkt zugänglich. Diese wurden mit berechneten Funktionen verglichen, die sich aus einem schrittweise verfeinerten Strukturmodell für die CsF‐Lösungen ergaben. Die Strukturparameter ließen sich durch Anpassung der berechneten Funktionen an die experimentellen Werte iterativ optimieren.

Alle CsF‐Lösungen konnten mit einem einheitlichen Strukturmodell beschrieben werden. Die beste Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment ergab ein Modell mit Korrelationsclustern. Innerhalb eines Clusters läßt sich die Struktur durch ein β‐tridymitartiges Korrelationsgitter beschreiben. Auf den regulären Gitterpunkten G sind die isomorphen H2O‐Moleküle und F− ‐Ionen angeordnet. Die Cs+ ‐Ionen befinden sich ausschließlich in Hohlräumen des β‐Tridymitgitters auf Zwischengitterplätzen Z. Darüber hinaus können H2O/F− auch Plätze Z belegen. In der gesättigten Lösung sind – abgesehen von einigen Fehlstellen – praktisch alle Plätze G und Z voll besetzt.

Im Gitter ist jedes Cs+ ‐Ion auf einem Zwischengitterplatz Z von zwei gefalteten Sechsecken aus Gitterplätzen G eingeschlossen. Der Abstand Z–G zwischen Cs+ und seinem nächsten Nachbarn H2O/F− beträgt 3,13 Å. Er entspricht der Summe der kristallographischen Wirkungsradien der Teilchen. Der Abstand G–G von 2,92 Å zwischen benachbarten Teilchen in den gefalteten Sechsecken korrespondiert zum Wasserstoffbrückenabstand in Wasser.

In den Lösungen hoher Konzentration sind die Ionen wegen ihrer elektrostatischen Wechselwirkung auf den möglichen Plätzen nicht statistisch gleichverteilt. Die Ungleichverteilung der Ionen wird in einem Zonenmodell berücksichtigt. In diesem Modell werden bei vorgegebener Geometrie der Einheitszelle die Besetzungszahlen der Plätze iterativ optimiert.

Mit dem Modell des Korrelationsclusters ergibt sich vollständige Korrelation im Sinne des Korrelationsgitters bis zum Paarabstand ca. 4.0 Å. Damit sind alle H2O/F− in den beiden Sechsecken, die einen Zwischengitterplatz Z umgeben, relativ starr an das zentrale Cs+ gebunden. Der Clusterdurchmesser beträgt etwa 10 Å. Teilchen, die einen größeren Abstand besitzen, sind statistisch gleichverteilt.

Der R‐Faktor schwankt bei den CsF‐Lösungen verschiedener Konzentration etwas und beträgt im Mittel R = 0,21 ± 0,05.
Crossed Molecular Beam Studies and Dynamics of Decomposition of Chemically Activated Radicals
Authors: Lee Y. T.
Published: October 2023

This paper briefly reviews recent studies of the reactions of fluorine atoms with unsaturated hydrocarbons by the method of crossed molecular beams. Dynamic features of decompositions of chemically activated radicals and the information on the efficiency of intramolecular energy transfers are derived from measurements of the angular distribution of the products and the recoil energy spectrum of products.
Microwave Optical Double Resonance Spectroscopy of Metal Oxides
Authors: Harris David O. , Field Robert W. , Broida H. P.
Published: October 2023

Continuous wave lasers have been employed in gas phase microwave optical double resonance (MODR) experiments. MODR spectroscopy combines the high resolution of microwave spectroscopy with the high sensitivity to transient molecules of optical spectroscopy. Detectability of MODR effects under weak (linear) and strong (nonlinear) optical pumping conditions is discussed. Experiments are described in which the 496.5 nm line of an Ar ion laser and a tunable, cw dye laser are used to observe fourteen microwave rotational transitions in the X1Σ (ν = 0,1) and A1Σ (ν = 0‐5) states of 138Ba16O and one transition in the A1Σ (ν = 1) state of 137Ba16O. Partially deperturbed rotational constants for BaO A1Σ are B (ν) = 0.25832(2)‐0.001070(5) (ν + 1/2) cm−1. A description is given of the cw dye laser and of the procedure for tuning the laser to coincide with any desired rotational line of the BaO A1Σ‐X1Σ transition. A wide range of metal oxides, halides and hydrides have been produced under conditions suitable for MODR spectroscopy.
Diffusion of Hydrogen in β‐Palladium Hydride at High Pressures
Authors: Kuballa M. , Baranowski B.
Published: October 2023

A relaxation method was applied for the determination of the intrinsic diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in β‐phase palladium hydride up to 23 kbar of equilibrium hydrogen pressure. The activation energies and frequency factors for diffusion obtained from the temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients at constant pressure exhibit maximum values between 300 and 400 bar indicating the set‐up of a diffusive motion which cannot be longer described by a single‐jump mechanism between adjacent octahedral interstitials in the palladium lattice.
Kernmagnetische Relaxationsspektroskopie an binären Titanhydriden TiH2‐x
Authors: Schmolz A. , Noack F.
Published: October 2023

Es wird über Messungen der Diffusion von Wasserstoff in binären Titanhydriden TiH2‐x (x = 0,04‐0,65, kubische Phase) mit der Methode der kernmagnetischen Relaxationsspektroskopie berichtet, die dreierlei Aussagen erlauben:

Die Larmorfrequenz‐ und Temperaturabhängigkeit des Diffusionsanteils der Protonenspinrelaxationsrate 1/T1 läßt sich in guter Näherung mit einem von Weaver und Van Dyke berechneten Relaxationsmodell beschreiben, wonach die Wasserstoffdiffusion als Leerstellenmechanismus über Tetraederlücken im kfz‐Metallhydridgitter abläuft und die Protonenspins dabei magnetisch dipolar miteinander wechselwirken.

Aus dem Verhalten der angepaßten Modellkonstanten, insbesondere aus der Unabhängigkeit der Aktivierungsenergie des Diffusionsprozesses von der Unterstöchiometrie, folgt eine klare Bestätigung des von Korn und Zamir vorgeschlagenen Oszillatormodells für die Wasserstoffpositionen im Gitter, was auf einen kovalenten Anteil der Ti – H‐Bindung hinweist

Der Wasserstoffdiffusionskoeffizient befolgt im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich (2 ‐ x) ein Arrheniusgesetz der Form

equation image
NMR‐Relaxationsverhalten von adsorbiertem Benzol an einer methylierten Silika‐Oberfläche. II. Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxationszeiten. Molekulare Dynamik in Adsorptionsschichten
Authors: Boddenberg B.
Published: October 2023

Mit Hilfe des NMR‐Spinecho‐Verfahrens wurde die Abhängigkeit der kernmagnetischen Protonen‐Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxationszeiten von Temperatur (+20 bis ‐120°C) und Isotopenzusammensetzung von C6H6/C6D6‐Gemischen gemessen, die bei Bedeckungsgraden von einer halben, einer und zwei statistischen Monoschichten in einem deuteromethylierten Silika (Aerosil) adsorbiert waren.

Die in erster Schicht zwischen den in der Oberfläche verankerten Methoxygruppen adsorbierten Benzolmoleküle (Bereich 1) führen anisotrope Rotationsbewegungen aus, wobei die Korrelationszeit der Rotation um die sechszählige Symmetrieachse sehr kurz ist (τ << 10−9 sec bei ‐110°C). Für Reorientierungen um die zweizähligen Achsen wird eine Korrelationszeitenverteilung gefunden, deren häufigster Wert τ* = 4,5 · 10−12 · exp(2600/RT) sec beträgt. Die translatorische Korrelationszeit ist mit τ* identisch. Das in Poren von Weiten zwischen etwa 50 und 120 Å kapillarkondensierte Benzol (Bereich 2) weist ein ähnliches intra‐ und intermolekulares Relaxationsverhalten wie die flüssige Phase auf. Die Geschwindigkeit des Molekülaustauschs der Bereiche 1 und 2 mit festem Benzol, das in den Poren bei Temperaturen unterhalb des normalen Tripelpunkts vorliegt, kann zu C << 1 sec−1 abgeschätzt werden.
Isomerization of C4H9+ Ions in the Radiolysis of Gaseous Ethylene
Authors: Gawlowski J. , Niedzielski J.
Published: October 2023

The reactions of butyl ions in ethylene irradiated with 60CO γ‐rays in the gas phase were investigated using isopentane as a competitive reagent and ammonia as a proton scavenger. The presence of ions having a tertiary structure was established. The kinetic analysis of two independent sets of data gave, at 500 Torr, G = 0,185 and G = 0,20, respectively. Tert‐C4H9+ ions were found to be unreactive towards ethylene. The rate constant for this reaction was calculated as 8 · 10−14cm3 molecule−1 sec−1
Zur Klassifizierung der Elektronenbanden von Radikalen. 1. Mitteilung: Korrelation der Elektronenübergänge des Radikalanions von Anthracen mit den Banden des Anthracens und Anthracendianions
Authors: Heinze Jürgen , Serafimov Ognian , Zimmermann Herbert W.
Published: October 2023

Die Elektronenspektren des Anthracens I und seiner Mono‐ und Dianionen 2 und 3 wurden in semiempirischer SCF‐CI‐Näherung berechnet und mit den experimentellen Spektren verglichen. Die Elektronenbanden der Moleküle können mit Hilfe der Übergangsladungsverteilung korreliert werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß sich die Elektronenübergänge des Radikalanions 2 auf Banden von 1 und 3 zurückführen lassen.
Berechnung der Spektren von Polyenen und Erfassung von Einflüssen auf die Bandenlage
Authors: Lemke Ralf
Published: October 2023

Die Absorptionsmaxima der Elektronen‐Spektren von Polyen‐Reihen R1(CH = CH)R2 werden im Rahmen der Meßfehlergrenzen durch die optimierten Polynom‐Darstellungen λi = A0 + A1xi + A2xi2 (+A3xi3) oder durch die optimierte Exponential‐Darstellung λi = C0 + C1xiC2 beschrieben. In Analogie zur linearen Progression λi = A0 + A1xi = C0 + C1xi sind A0 und C0 die λi für xi = 0; A1 bzw. C1 entsprechen dem auf xi = 0 reduzierten “Vinylensprung”. Die übrigen Parameter erfassen die xi‐abhängigen nichtlinearen Veränderungen von A1 bzw. C1. Einflüsse von Lösungsmitteln oder der Temperatur können durch die zuverlässige und übereinstimmende Wiedergabe experimenteller Daten nach den genannten Methoden ebenso erkannt und gedeutet werden wie intramolekulare sterische Effekte auf einige λ0.
Zur irreversiblen Thermodynamik einfacher Salzschmelzen 2. Mitteilung: Verknüpfung der Selbstdiffusion mit den interionischen Wechselwirkungen
Authors: Richter Joachim
Published: October 2023

Die Selbstdiffusionskoeffizienten der ionischen Bestandteile “einfacher” Salzschmelzen [AX + BX] werden über die Interreibungs‐koeffizienten mit den Transportkoeffizienten der elektrischen Leitung, der Überführung und der Interdiffusion verknüpft. Es wird gezeigt, daß für die Selbstdiffusion in solchen einfachen Salzschmelzen die in der irreversiblen Thermodynamik üblichen Bezugssysteme identisch sind. Ferner wird nachgewiesen, daß bei unendlicher Verdünnung einer Komponente in der anderen der Grenzwert des Interdiffusionskoeffizienten gleich dem Grenzwert des Selbstdiffusionskoeffizienten des in unendlicher Verdünnung vorliegenden ionischen Bestandteils ist, wie es in ähnlichen Relationen bei Nichtelektrolyten und Festkörpern bekannt ist.
NMR and NQR Investigations of Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions at the Sites of Me⊕ and Me3⊕ in Alums Me⊕Me3⊕(RO4)2 · 12H2O (R = S, Se) The Electric Field Gradients at Room Temperature*)
Authors: Weiden N. , Weiss Alarich
Published: October 2023

By single crystal NMR spectroscopy a series of alums has been investigated at room temperature, and the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants have been determined. For the sulfate alums Me⊕Me3⊕(SO4)2 · 12 H2O it was found:

equation image

From the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants a differentiation between the α‐ and β‐alums is possible. Calculations on the basis of a point charge model show the main source of the electric field gradient at the site of the Me3⊕ to be the arrangement of the SO42⊕ ions. An effective charge of z = (+2 ± 1) has been found for the sulfur atom in the ion SO42⊕. The dynamical disorder model of Ledsham et al. for the sulfate groups in the alums is supported by NMR investigations.
Lebensdauermessungen an selektiv angeregten Zuständen von zweiatomigen Hydriden
Authors: Becker K. H. , Capelle G. , Haaks D. , Tatarczyk T.
Published: October 2023

Mit einem abstimmbaren, frequenzverdoppelten Farbstoff‐Laser wurden in einem Strömungssystem OH‐ bzw. SD‐Radikale in definierte Rotationsniveaus des oberen Elektronenzustandes, 2Σ+, angeregt. Über Abklingmessungen der Fluoreszenz, 2Σ+ → 2Π, wurden die natürlichen Lebensdauern und die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für bimolekulare Löschung insbesondere durch atomaren Wasserstoff bestimmt. Natürliche Lebensdauern:

equation image

Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Löschung durch atomaren Wasserstoff:

equation image
Dielectric Properties of Liquid Surface Zones, I. Experimental Method
Authors: Peschel G. , Schnorrer R.
Published: October 2023

A new method for the determination of the dielectric properties of thin liquid films between metal surfaces is reported. The distance dependence of the dielectric constant εs, near the solid surface is introduced to be

equation image

where εb is the bulk value of the dielectric constant: x is a distance coordinate and α and β are parameters which can be evaluated on the basis of a theory founded on the model of a spherical/flat condenser plate system.

A detailed description of the experimental set‐up is given. First results show that the dielectric constant in thin liquid layers can be altered when these exhibit a molecular long‐range orientation, which was detected by other methods.
A biodegradable drug‐controlled delivery system based on mesoporous manganese dioxide and poly(dopamine)
Authors: Li Miaomiao , Cai Wenrong , Jiang Lihua , Li Junyao , Li Shan , Tang Tongtong , Kong Yong
Published: October 2023

Mesoporous manganese dioxide (mMnO2) was first synthesized for the loading of methotrexate (MTX), and then dopamine was in situ polymerized on the surface of the MTX‐loaded mMnO2 (mMnO2‐MTX) in an alkaline solution to encapsulate the drug in the mesopores of mMnO2. Both low pH and glutathione (GSH) can result in the degradation of mMnO2 and poly(dopamine) (PDA), and thus the delivery of MTX from the mMnO2‐MTX‐PDA can be triggered by low pH and GSH. Near‐infrared (NIR) light‐responsive delivery of MTX can be achieved owing to the outstanding photothermal conversion capability of PDA; on the other hand, the mMnO2‐MTX‐PDA can be utilized for photothermal therapy under the irradiation of NIR light due to the elevated temperature. The results of cytotoxicity test demonstrate that the pH, GSH, and NIR light tri‐responsive drug‐controlled delivery system has excellent biocompatibility, while exhibits pronounced growth inhibition against murine breast tumor cell line 4T1.
Sex‐specific differences in pain localization in female patients with endometriosis: A comparison of sexless and female human body outlines
Authors: Szczypien Natasza , Ruchay Zoe , Ruchay Zino , Müller Sandra Verena , Kaiser Claudia , Klawonn Frank
Published: October 2023

Background

This study explores sex‐specific differences in pain localization using pain drawings in female patients with endometriosis. Traditional human body outlines (HBOs) used for pain drawings are often viewed as male, making accurate pain assessment difficult. The study aims to compare pain localization and extent between patients presented with sexless and female HBOs.

Methods

A total of 49 female patients with endometriosis completed questionnaires and pain drawings (n = 24 and n = 26 with individually designed sexless and female HBOs, respectively). The Ruzika similarity index was used to investigate potential differences in pain drawings between sexless and female HBOs. Hypothesis testing was applied to compare the number of pixels marked in the pain extents and to investigate the suitability of the presented body outline.

Results

Sex of HBOs used in pain drawings had no effect on pain area, and no statistically significant differences were found in pain localization or area between female and sexless outlines. Most, but not all participants found the body outlines suitable.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that differences in the resulting areas marked in the pain drawings were negligible and the preferences for sexless pain drawings were not significant, so that a sexless body outline for pain drawings could be a good choice, especially when a study does not focus on one specific sex.
Facile synthesis of BiSb/C composite anodes for high‐performance and long‐life lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Nzabahimana Joseph , Guo Songtao , Wang Yaya , Hu Xianluo
Published: October 2023

Alloy‐type antimony (Sb) is considered as an attractive candidate anode for high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical specific capacity and volumetric capacity. However, Sb suffers from enormous volume variation during cycling, which causes electrode cracking and pulverization, and hence the fast capacity decay and poor cyclability, limiting its practical applications as a LIB anode. Herein, we report a facile, scalable, low‐cost, and efficient route to successfully fabricate BiSb/C composites via a two‐step high‐energy mechanical milling (HEMM) process. The as‐prepared BiSb/C composites consist of nanosized BiSb totally embedded in a conductive carbon matrix. As LIB anodes, BiSb/C‐73 (with 30 wt% carbon) electrodes exhibit excellent Li‐storage properties in terms of stable high reversible capacities, long‐cycle life, and high‐rate performance. Reversible capacities of ∼583, ∼466, ∼433, and ∼425 mAh g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1 after 100, 300, 500, and 1000 cycles, respectively, were achieved. In addition, a high capacity of ∼380 mAh g−1 can still be retained at a high rate of 5 A g−1. Such outstanding cycling stability and rate capability could be mainly attributed to the synergistic effects between the ability of nanosized BiSb particles to withstand electrode fracture during Li insertion/extraction and the buffering effect of the carbon matrix. The as‐prepared BiSb/C composites are based on commercially available and low‐cost Bi, Sb, and graphite materials. Interestingly, HEMM is a more convenient, efficient, scalable, green, and mass‐production route, making as‐prepared materials attractive for high‐energy LIBs.
Linked data design for the visible library
Authors: Miller Eric , Ogbuji Uche
Published: October 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

In response to libraries' frustration over their rich resources being invisible on the web, Zepheira, at the request of the Library of Congress, created BIBFRAME, a bibliographic metadata framework for cataloging. The model replaces MARC records with linked data, promoting resource visibility through a rich network of links. In place of formal taxonomies, a small but extensible vocabulary streamlines metadata efforts. Rather than using a unique bibliographic record to describe one item, BIBFRAME draws on the Dublin Core and the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) to generate formalized descriptions of Work, Instance, Authority and Annotation as well as associations between items. Zepheira trains librarians to transform MARC records to BIBFRAME resources and adapt the vocabulary for specialized needs, while subject matter experts and technical experts manage content, site design and usability. With a different approach toward data modeling and metadata, previously invisible resources gain visibility through linking.
Common pathway coagulopathy and hemorrhagic edema of infancy
Authors: Gard Jye , Armiento Raffaela , Cartwright Anna , Bell Shelley , Greenway Anthea , O'Reilly Erin
Published: October 2023

Key Clinical Message

When screening tests of haemostasis are abnormal, it is important to identify at which point in the coagulation cascade dysfunction may be occurring. This may assist to identify a specific deficiency/dysfunction, the type of bleeding to be anticipated, and replacement therapy if required. Unmasking of an inherited coagulopathy or the development of an acquired coagulopathy may occur in the setting of a second (febrile) illness. Differentiating between inherited and acquired coagulopathies will rely on clinicians taking a thorough personal and family bleeding history, and correlating these findings with the haemostasis screening results.
PROTOCOL: Effectiveness of economic development interventions in humanitarian settings in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A mixed‐method systematic review
Authors: Malhotra Suchi Kapoor , Vigneri Marcella , Cruz Nina Ashley O. Dela , MacDonald Heather , White Howard
Published: October 2023

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The review will address the following research questions: (1) What are the effects of economic development interventions on the economic outcomes of people in humanitarian settings? What factors explain any observed variations in effect such as setting, programme design features or duration? (2) What are the effects of economic development interventions on the food security, nutrition, the psychosocial and mental health, and the physical health outcomes of populations in humanitarian settings? (3) What are the success factors and barriers that affect the implementation and effectiveness of economic development interventions on populations affected by humanitarian crisis?
Recent contributions to the field of subjective cognitive decline in aging: A literature review
Authors: Munro Catherine E. , Boyle Rory , Chen Xi , Coughlan Gillian , Gonzalez Christopher , Jutten Roos J. , Martinez Jairo , Orlovsky Irina , Robinson Talia , Weizenbaum Emma , Pluim Celina F. , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Gatchel Jennifer R. , Vannini Patrizia , Amariglio Rebecca
Published: October 2023

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is defined as self‐experienced, persistent concerns of decline in cognitive capacity in the context of normal performance on objective cognitive measures. Although SCD was initially thought to represent the “worried well,” these concerns can be linked to subtle brain changes prior to changes in objective cognitive performance and, therefore, in some individuals, SCD may represent the early stages of an underlying neurodegenerative disease process (e.g., Alzheimer's disease). The field of SCD research has expanded rapidly over the years, and this review aims to provide an update on new advances in, and contributions to, the field of SCD in key areas and themes identified by researchers in this field as particularly important and impactful. First, we highlight recent studies examining sociodemographic and genetic risk factors for SCD, including explorations of SCD across racial and ethnic minoritized groups, and examinations of sex and gender considerations. Next, we review new findings on relationships between SCD and in vivo markers of pathophysiology, utilizing neuroimaging and biofluid data, as well as associations between SCD and objective cognitive tests and neuropsychiatric measures. Finally, we summarize recent work on interventions for SCD and areas of future growth in the field of SCD.
No evidence for direct thermal carryover effects on starvation tolerance in the obligate blood‐feeder, Glossina morsitans morsitans
Authors: Weaving Hester , Lord Jennifer S. , Haines Lee , English Sinead
Published: October 2023

Thermal stress during development can prime animals to cope better with similar conditions in later life. Alternatively, negative effects of thermal stress can persist across life stages and result in poorer quality adults (negative carryover effects). As mean temperatures increase due to climate change, evidence for such effects across diverse taxa is required. Using Glossina morsitans morsitans, a species of tsetse fly and vector of trypanosomiasis, we asked whether (i) adaptive developmental plasticity allows flies to survive for longer under food deprivation when pupal and adult temperatures are matched; or (ii) temperature stress during development persists into adulthood, resulting in a greater risk of death. We did not find any advantage of matched pupal and adult temperature in terms of improved starvation tolerance, and no direct negative carryover effects were observed. There was some evidence for indirect carryover effects—high pupal temperature produced flies of lower body mass, which, in turn, resulted in greater starvation risk. However, adult temperature had the largest impact on starvation tolerance by far: flies died 60% faster at 31°C than those experiencing 25°C, consequently reducing survival time from a median of 8 (interquartile range (IQR) 7–9) to 5 (IQR 5–5.25) days. This highlights differences in temperature sensitivity between life stages, as there was no direct effect of pupal temperature on starvation tolerance. Therefore, for some regions of sub‐Saharan Africa, climate change may result in a higher mortality rate in emerging tsetse while they search for their first blood meal. This study reinforces existing evidence that responses to temperature are life stage specific and that plasticity may have limited capacity to buffer the effects of climate change.
Propagation characteristics of the flow and suspended sediment peaks in the three gorges reservoir, China: Insight from numerical simulations and measured data
Authors: Liu Shangwu , Wang Dayu , Wang Zhili , Xu Zhicheng , Li Danxun
Published: October 2023

Effective management of reservoir sedimentation necessitates the characterization of flood events, especially in relation to the propagation of the flow peak (Qpeak) and the suspended sediment concentration peak (SSCpeak). This study, based on a one‐dimensional river network hydro‐sediment model together with field data, presents an exploration of the flood events in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) with focus on the propagating characteristics of Qpeak and SSCpeak. The findings reveal that the main flood season (from July to September) contributed over 80% of the annual sediment load into the TGR, with the mainstream Yangtze and its tributary, the Jialing River, being the primary sediment sources. After the impoundment of the TGR, the propagation time of Qpeak decreases with the raise of the water level in front of dam (WLdam). The increases in Qpeak discharge extends the range of river reach dominated by kinematic wave, resulting in an increase trend in Qpeak propagation time. The propagating speed of SSCpeak is closely related to the ratio of sediment concentration to flow discharge and WLdam. Finally, the propagating durations of Qpeak and SSCpeak in the TGR are compared, and empirical formulas are proposed for quantifying their difference.
Derivation of the Screening of Nutritional Risk in Intensive Care risk prediction score: A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Razzera Elisa Loch , Milanez Danielle Silla Jobim , Silva Flávia Moraes
Published: October 2023

Background

For patients who are critically ill, the recommended nutrition risk screening tools are the Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (NUTRIC) and the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS‐2002) have limitations.

Objective

To develop a new screening tool, the Screening of Nutritional Risk in Intensive Care (SCREENIC score), and assess its predictive validity.

Methods

A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study was conducted. Variables from several nutritional screening and assessment tools were considered. The high nutrition risk cutoff point was defined using mNUTRIC as a reference. Predictive validity was evaluated using logistic regression and Cox regression.

Results

The study included 450 patients (64 [54–71] years, 52.2% men). The SCREENIC score comprised six questions: (1) does the patient have ≥2 comorbidities (1.3 points); (2) was the patient hospitalized for ≥2 days before intensive care unit (ICU) admission (0.9 points); (3) does the patient have sepsis (1.0 point); (4) was the patient on mechanical ventilation upon ICU admission (1.2 points); (5) is the patient aged >65 years (1.2 points); and (6) does the patient exhibit signs of moderate/severe muscle mass loss according to the physical exam (0.6 points). The high nutrition risk cutoff point was set at 4.0. SCREENIC demonstrated moderate agreement (κ = 0.564) and high accuracy (0.896 [95% CI, 0.867–0.925]) with mNUTRIC. It predicted prolonged ICU (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81 [95% CI, 1.14–2.85]) and hospital stay (OR = 2.15 [95% CI, 1.37–3.38]).

Conclusion

The SCREENIC score comprises questions with variables that do not require nutrition history. Further evaluation of its applicability, reproducibility, and validity in guiding nutrition therapy is needed using large external cohorts.
Human resource management at the intensive care unit: A pragmatic review and future research agenda for building a learning health system
Authors: Rietdijk Wim J. R. , van der Kuy P. Hugo M. , den Uil Corstiaan A.
Published: October 2023

Recently, the importance of efficient and effective health care has been recognized, especially during the acute phase of the Coronavirus Disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Intensive care units (ICUs) have faced an immense workload, with massive numbers of patients being treated in a very short period of time. In general, ICUs are required to deliver high‐quality care at all times during the year. At the same time, high‐quality organizational goals may not be aligned with the interests, motivation, and development of individual staff members (eg, nurses, and doctors). For management of the ICU, it is important to balance the organizational goals and development of the staff members (“their human capital”), usually referred to as human resource management. Although many studies have considered this area, no holistic view of the topic has been presented. Such a holistic view may help leadership and/or other stakeholders at the ICU to design a better learning health system. This pragmatic review aims to provide a conceptual model for the management of ICUs. Future research may also use this conceptual model for studying important factors for designing and understanding human resources in an ICU.
Is Being Union‐Free a “Moral Failure”?
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: October 2023

By virtue of reading these words, you are very likely someone who at a minimum has an interest in the topic of union‐free status. Equally likely, you or your boss has an interest in learning more about maintaining that union‐free status. After all, unionization is an important factor (among many) to consider when managing a business.
Asymptotic behavior for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions associated to Stokes operator in the presence of a rapidly oscillating boundary
Authors: Jaouabi Ahlem , Khelifi Abdessatar
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we analyze rigorously the asymptotic behaviors for perturbation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions associated to the Stokes eigenvalue problem in the presence of a rapidly oscillating boundary. The aim is to construct asymptotic approximations, as
, of the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions for the case where the eigenvalue of the reference problem is simple or multiple. Taking advantage of small oscillations, we use the method of matching of asymptotic expansions to construct the associated leading terms. We believe that our results are ambitious tools for determining shape and/or size of the small perturbed part of the domain by taking eigenvalue measurements.
Stem borer herbivory dependent on interactions of sugarcane variety, associated traits, and presence of prior borer damage
Authors: Penn Hannah J , Read Quentin D
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Herbivory risk is mediated by plant traits related to nutrition and defense that can vary within a species by genotype and age. Prior herbivore damage accrued by a plant can also interact with these traits to alter future herbivory potential by changing plant quantity or quality. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a perennial crop where aboveground biomass is harvested annually and with varieties differing in nutrition and defenses, making it conducive to evaluating varietal resistance mechanisms. Using data from 16 sugarcane varieties and 28 years, we assessed damage from the primary pest in Louisiana, the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis, SCB), relative to variety, crop year (ratoon), plant traits, and incidence of prior herbivory.

RESULTS

SCB damage differed among varieties but not crop year, mostly following previously established classifications of SCB resistance, and correlated with select nutritional and defense traits. Within a crop year, the probability of SCB damage increased with prior conspecific damage on the same stalk. However, the strength of this prior damage effect did not match known resistance patterns but still differed with variety.

CONCLUSIONS

Interactions of plant variety, traits, and prior pest damage but not age impacted sugarcane borer risk. Borer damage was associated with nutritional traits of fiber and sugar content, but not consistently with defensive traits like high stalk wax or hair density, indicating there may be additional resistance traits or indirect impacts of these traits on predators. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Acqui‐hires: Redeployment and retention of human capital post‐acquisition
Authors: Boyacıoğlu Beril , Özdemir Mahmut N. , Karim Samina
Published: October 2023

Research Summary

Acqui‐hires are now a prevalent strategic mechanism by which firms obtain talented human resources. They differ from traditional acquisitions in that they are always integrated and the focus is the people, not the product or service. Thus, how firms reconfigure through the redeployment and retention of acqui‐hired human resources during post‐acquisition integration is particularly critical. We find that when the acquired start‐up has disruptive (vs. nondisruptive) know‐how, the acqui‐hired team is preserved (vs. dispersed) and integrated as a whole into an acquirer's existing business unit, and also that the founder of the acquired start‐up is assigned to a high status position. Furthermore, we show that a lack of fit between acquired know‐how type and integration mode has a positive relationship with the premature exit of acqui‐hired founders.

Managerial Summary

Acqui‐hires are a form of acquisitions in which the acquiring firm's goal is to obtain the talented human capital of the target firm. Our study addresses how the acqui‐hired team is integrated into the acquiring firm and what status position the acqui‐hired founder is given, post‐acquisition. Our results reveal that these depend on the type of know‐how being acquired; if the acqui‐hired know‐how is disruptive (versus not) then it is more likely that the team is preserved (versus dispersed) and the founder is given a high status position at the parent firm. Managers should be aware that a mismatch in integration—such as acqui‐hiring disruptive know‐how and not preserving the team in a business unit—can have negative implications such as the premature departure of the founder(s).
Enhancing Hole Transfer in Perovskite Solar Cell with Self‐Assembled Monolayer by Introducing [1]Benzothieno [3,2‐b][1]Benzothiophene Interlayer
Authors: Takhellambam Daimiota , Castriotta Luigi Angelo , Zanotti Gloria , Mancini Laura , Raglione Venanzio , Mattioli Giuseppe , Paci Barbara , Generosi Amanda , Guaragno Marco , Campanari Valerio , Ammirati Giuseppe , Martelli Faustino , Calabrò Emanuele , Cricenti Antonio , Luce Marco , Yaghoobi Nia Narges , Di Giacomo Francesco , Di Carlo Aldo
Published: October 2023

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have received considerable attention for their increasing photovoltaic performance achieved through fine optimization of stacking layers and experimentation with device architecture. The incorporation of interlayers is shown to positively impact the fabrication process by improving photovoltaic parameters. In recent years, carbazole‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are investigated as a potential hole‐transport layer (HTL), due to their efficient passivating nature at the hole‐selective interface and faster charge extraction. In this study, a novel interlayer 2‐decyl[1]benzothieno [3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C10‐BTBT) is introduced, over the HTL SAM (2‐(3,6‐dimethoxy‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl) ethyl) phosphonic acid, also known as MeO–2PACz. This new interlayer over SAMs significantly improves charge transfer at the interface, resulting in a high fill factor of 85.89% and a boost in power conversion efficiency from 18.04% to 20.50%. In this research, the potential of interlayer–SAM combinations is highlighted in advancing PSC technology.
Making multisectoral committees work: Lessons from tobacco control in two Pacific small island developing states
Authors: Patay Dori , Schram Ashley , Friel Sharon
Published: October 2023

The consumption of harmful commodities drives the noncommunicable disease (NCD) epidemic globally and in Pacific small island developing states. Multisectoral committees are commonly chosen avenues to facilitate policy coherence across government sectors in regulating the commercial determinants of health (CDoH), but these committees often fail to function as intended. This paper aims to explore the institutional conditions that enable or constrain multisectoral committees in facilitating policy coherence for tobacco control in Fiji and Vanuatu. An exploratory, qualitative research design was applied, incorporating a two‐case study design with within‐case analysis and cross‐case synthesis. Data collection consisted of 70 in‐depth interviews in 2018 and 2019. Data collection and analysis were informed by an analytical framework drawn from the institutional collective action framework. The results show that the current amount of authority behind the investigated multisectoral committees in Fiji and Vanuatu is inadequate to meaningfully bring stakeholders together for an issue with high complexity. Moreover, multisectoral discussions on tobacco control have a high risk to break down, as the collaboration may generate unwanted impacts to one or more actors and the net benefits are perceived to be low. The authority behind multisectoral committees might be strengthened by the chairmanship of a cross‐sectoral, high‐level government official and the allocation of more resources for managing intersectoral engagement. Divergent preferences might be brought closer together by showcasing the socioeconomic costs of NCDs and policies affecting the availability, affordability, accessibility, and desirability of tobacco and raising awareness about CDoH in nonhealth sectors.
Costa: Flood Displacement During the 2017 Coastal El Niño in Peru
Authors: Bergmann Jonas
Published: October 2023

The research interest in Peru’s western arid coast (Costa) was in the well-being of persons displaced short distances away from their homes by floods during the 2017 Coastal El Niño (CEN) event for two reasons. First, Peru’s coast is periodically affected by severe El Niño-driven rainfall, which climate change will increase significantly in this century. Second, related floods are the main driver of displacement on Peru’s coast. The 2017 CEN floods, specifically, were the largest push for such displacement over the past decade in Peru, with close to 300,000 cases. Thus, examining the well-being of displaced persons from villages in the Piura Region after the 2017 CEN provides a useful temporal analog for future challenges. In the first section of this chapter, I provide information on the geographical context, measured and projected climate change, exposure, vulnerabilities, local coping and adaptation, and hazard-related migration by Peru’s coast. Then, I explain the new qualitative and quantitative results of this case study of displaced persons’ well-being following the 2017 CEN. Findings underline that the displacement occurred under high structural constraints, including severe climate risks and deficient DRR/DRM; poverty and inequality; limited livelihood options; tenure insecurity; poor and hardly accessible basic services; weak governance; and limited political participation. Conversely, structural opportunities were low. As a result, the severe and abrupt CEN floods caused forced, survival migration with detrimental conditions for moving and settling. Throughout the lifecycle of displacement, people suffered extreme losses, which continued to worsen their prospects for development from a secure base and a space to live better. Conversely, social relatedness remained similar after moving. Because displacement has become prolonged without substantial improvements, people’s need fulfillment, long-term asset base, and capacities for climate adaptation have worsened. Consequently, most displaced persons evaluated their need fulfillment as negative, and only few experienced partial positive feelings or cognitive satisfaction despite their plight. Expectations for the future were mostly negative and resulted in prevalent enforced fear as well as some fragile adjustment. Based on these findings in this case, I conclude by deriving more general propositions on the well-being impacts of climate migration.