bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Results of ambulatory electrocardiography in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with echocardiographic abnormalities
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Jacobs Gilbert , Pickus Cynthia W. , Smith David D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify, by means of 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography, electrocardiographic abnormalities in overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers in which results of echocardiography were abnormal.

Design—Clinical case series.

Animals—56 (35 male, 21 female) overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with echocardiographic evidence of cardiomyopathy on initial examination that subsequently died of cardiomyopathy.

Procedure—Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) recordings obtained at the time of initial examination were reviewed. For all dogs, scan quality was > 90%.

Results—Initial Holter recordings of all 56 dogs contained ventricular premature contractions (VPC). Thirty-six (65%) dogs had > 1,000 VPC/24 h, 17 (31%) had > 5,000 VPC/24 h, and 11 (19%) had > 10,000 VPC/24 h. Fifty-four (96%) dogs had couplets of VPC, 37 (66%) had triplets of VPC, and 36 (64%) had episodes of nonsustained (< 30 seconds) ventricular tachycardia. Number of VPC/24 h during the initial Holter recordings was positively correlated with numbers of couplets and triplets of VPC and number of ventricular escape beats and negatively correlated with left ventricular fractional shortening. Twentyeight dogs died suddenly prior to the putative onset of congestive heart failure.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that along with echocardiography, 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography can be used to help identify overtly healthy Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217: 1328–1332)
Spatial associations among density of cattle, abundance of wild canids, and seroprevalence to Neospora caninum in a population of beef calves
Authors: Barling Kerry S. , Sherman Michael , Peterson Markus J. , Thompson James A. , McNeill John W. , Craig Thomas M. , Adams L. Garry
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the epidemiologic plausibility of a sylvatic transmission cycle forNeospora caninumbetween wild canids and beef cattle.

Design—Spatial analysis study.

Animals—1,009 weaned beef steers from 94 beef herds in Texas.

Procedure—Calves were grouped on the basis of seroprevalence forN caninumand ecologic region in Texas. The Morans I test was used to evaluate spatial interdependence for adjusted seroprevalence by ecologic region. Cattle density (Number of cattle/259 km2 [Number of cattle/100 mile2] of each ecologic region) and abundance indices for gray foxes and coyotes (Number of animals/161 spotlight-transect [census] km [Number of animals/100 census miles] of each ecologic region) were used as covariates in spatial regression models, with adjusted seroprevalence as the outcome variable. A geographic information system (GIS) that used similar covariate information for each county was used to validate spatial regression models.

Results—Spatial interdependence was not detected for ecologic regions. Three spatial regression models were tested. Each model contained a variable for cattle density for the ecologic regions. Results for the 3 models revealed that seroprevalence was associated with cattle density and abundances of gray foxes, coyotes, or both. Abundances of gray foxes and coyotes were collinear. Results of a GIS-generated model validated these spatial models.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In Texas, beef cattle are at increased risk of exposure toN caninumas a result of the abundance of wild canids and the density of beef cattle. It is plausible that a sylvatic transmission cycle for neosporosis exists. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1361–1365)
Pulmonary function, ventilator management, and outcome of dogs with thoracic trauma and pulmonary contusions: 10 cases (1994–1998)
Authors: Campbell Vicki L. , King Lesley G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To document pulmonary function, ventilator management, and outcome of dogs with thoracic trauma that required mechanical ventilation because of severe pulmonary contusions.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—10 dogs that required mechanical ventilation because of severe pulmonary contusions caused by blunt thoracic trauma.

Procedure—Signalment, historical data, arterial blood gas values, oxygen tension-based indices, ventilator settings, peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, tidal volume, and minute ventilation values were retrieved from medical records.

Results—All 10 dogs required positive-pressure ventilation because of dyspnea following trauma and had severely abnormal pulmonary function. Survival rate to discharge was 30%. Dogs were categorized into 2 groups; group A included 5 dogs in which pulmonary function improved during ventilation, whereas group B included 5 dogs that were euthanatized because of progressive lung dysfunction (n = 4) or cardiac arrest (1). Mean ± SD body weight of group- A dogs (30.9 ± 15.9 kg [68 ± 35 lb]) was significantly greater than that of group-B dogs (7.6 ± 1.8 kg [16.7 ± 4 lb]). Dogs with improved lung function had peak inspiratory pressure that decreased progressively, whereas lung compliance deteriorated in dogs in group B.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dyspneic dogs with severe pulmonary contusions may require and benefit from positive-pressure ventilation Prognosis is better for dogs that weigh > 25 kg (55 lb). (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1505–1509)
Evaluation of efficacy of selamectin and fipronil against Ctenocephalides felis in cats
Authors: Ritzhaupt Larry K. , Rowan Tim G. , Jones Robert L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of monthly administration of selamectin and fipronil againstCtenocephalides felisin cats.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—36 healthy cats.

Procedure—Cats known to be free of fleas were infested with 100 unfed adult fleas on days –28 and –21. On days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120, sixteen cats (8 pairs/treatment group) were treated by topical administration of selamectin (6 mg/kg [2.7 mg/lb] of body weight) or fipronil (7.5 mg/kg [3.4 mg/lb]). Four control cats (2 pairs) were not treated. On day –6 and every 2 weeks after initial treatment, comb counts were performed to detect fleas. Flea counts were recorded, and fleas (≤ 50) that had been removed were replaced onto the cat. On day 89, fleas were not replaced. On day 91 and every 7 days until the end of the study (day 150), cats were challenged with 20 adult fleas. Flea counts were compared between and within treatments.

Results—14 days after treatment, geometric mean flea counts were reduced by 71.2% by fipronil treatment and 35.3% by selamectin treatment. Both treatments resulted in 97 to 98% reduction in flea counts on day 29 and 99.8 to 100% reduction from day 44 to the end of the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Selamectin is as effective as fipronil in treating infestation in cats housed for 3 months in a flea-infested environment under conditions known to support the flea life cycle and in protecting against subsequent weekly challenges withC felisfor an additional 2 months. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1666–1668)
Evaluation of efficacy of selamectin, fipronil, and imidacloprid against Ctenocephalides felis in dogs
Authors: Ritzhaupt Larry K. , Rowan Tim G. , Jones Robert L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of monthly administration of selamectin, fipronil, and imidacloprid againstCtenocephalides felisin dogs.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—44 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Dogs known to be free of fleas were infested with 100 unfed adult fleas on days –28 and –21. On days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120, dogs (12/group) were treated by topical administration of selamectin (6 mg/kg [2.7 mg/lb] of body weight), fipronil (7.5 mg/kg [3.4 mg/lb]), or imidacloprid (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb]); 8 untreated dogs were used as controls. On day –6 and every 2 weeks after initial treatment, comb counts of viable adult fleas were made, and fleas (≤ 50/dog) were replaced onto the dog from which they were removed. On day 89, fleas were not replaced. On day 91 and every 7 days until the end of the study, dogs were challenged with 20 adult fleas.

Results—14 days after initial treatment, geometric mean flea counts were reduced by 97.5 to 99.1% for all treatments, compared with pretreatment counts on day –6. Selamectin, fipronil, and imidacloprid reduced geometric mean flea counts by 99.7 to 100% from day 29 to the end of the study.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Selamectin is as effective as fipronil and imidacloprid in reducingC felisinfestation in dogs housed for 3 months in a flea-infested environment under conditions known to support the flea life cycle, and in protecting against subsequent weekly challenges withC felisfor an additional 2 months. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217: 1669–1671)
Evaluation of the effect of limited food consumption on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in dogs
Authors: Kealy Richard D. , Lawler Dennis F. , Ballam Joan M. , Lust George , Biery Daryl N. , Smith Gail K. , Mantz Sandra L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalence of radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis in 4 diarthrodial joints of dogs with restricted feed intake, compared with dogs without restricted feed intake.

Design—Paired feeding study.

Animals—48 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure—Dogs in litters from 7 dams and 2 sires were paired by sex and weight within litters and randomly assigned to a control-fed group or a limit-fed group that received 25% less food than the controlfed group. Radiographic evaluation of prevalence and severity of osteoarthritis in the hip, shoulder, elbow, and stifle joints was performed when dogs were 8 years of age.

Results—Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis that affected multiple joints was significantly more common in the control-fed group than in the limit-fed group. Prevalence of lesions in the hip joint was 15/22 in the control-fed group and 3/21 in the limit-fed group. Prevalence of lesions in the shoulder joint was 19/22 in the control-fed group and 12/21 in the limitfed group; lesions in this joint were generally mild. Severity, but not prevalence, of osteoarthritis in the elbow joint was greater in the control-fed group than in the limit-fed group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prevalence and severity of osteoarthritis in several joints was less in dogs with long-term reduced food intake, compared with control dogs. Food intake is an environmental factor that may have a profound effect on development of osteoarthritis in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1678–1680)
Ultrasonography of the parathyroid glands as an aid in differentiation of acute and chronic renal failure in dogs
Authors: Reusch Claudia E. , Tomsa Kamil , Zimmer Cindy , Hoerauf Angelika , Nett Claudia , Unterer Stefan , Glaus Tony M. , Schlittner Elisabeth , Pospischil Andreas
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate whether determination of
parathyroid gland size by use of ultrasonography is
helpful in differentiating acute renal failure (ARF) from
chronic renal failure (CRF) in dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—20 dogs with renal failure in which serum
creatinine concentration was at least 5 times the
upper reference limit. Seven dogs had ARF, and 13
dogs had CRF. Twenty-three healthy dogs were used
as controls.

Procedure—Dogs were positioned in dorsal recumbency
for ultrasonographic examination of the ventral
portion of the neck, A 10-MHz linear-array high-resolution
transducer was used. The size of the parathyroid
gland was determined by measuring the maximal
length of the gland on the screen when it was imaged
in longitudinal section. For comparison among
groups, the longest linear dimension of any of the
parathyroid glands of each dog was used.

Results—Size of the parathyroid glands in the control
dogs varied from 2.0 to 4.6 mm (median, 3.3 mm). In the
dogs with ARF, gland size ranged from 2.4 to 4.0 mm
(median, 2.7), which was not significantly different from
controls. In dogs with CRF, the glands were more distinctly
demarcated from the surrounding thyroid tissue,
than those of controls and dogs with ARF. Sizes ranged
from 3.9 to 8.1 mm (median, 5.7 mm), which was significantly
larger, compared with controls and dogs with
ARF.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In dogs with
severe azotemia, ultrasonographic examination of the
parathyroid glands was helpful in differentiating ARF
from CRF. Size of the parathyroid glands appeared to
be related to body weight. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2000;217:1849–1852)
Prevalence of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) among dogs in Oklahoma
Authors: Bradley Kristy K. , Bergman Douglas K. , Woods J. Paul , Crutcher James M. , Kirchhoff Louis V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence ofTrypanosoma cruziinfection among dogs in Oklahoma.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—301 owned or impounded dogs related by ownership or general geographic location to 3 dogs determined to have trypanosomiasis.

Procedure—Blood samples were obtained from dogs between November 1996 and September 1997. Infection status was determined by use of a radioimmunoprecipitation assay. Second blood samples were obtained from some of the seropositive dogs for study by hemoculture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Sites where infected dogs were found were inspected for triatomine insects, and light traps were used for vector trapping.

Results—11(3.6%) dogs were seropositive forT cruziinfection. Ten of the 11 were owned rural hunting dogs. Protozoal organisms isolated from the blood of 1 seropositive dog were identified asT cruziby PCR testing. Only 1 adultTriatoma sanguisugaiwas captured in a light trap at a site near infected dogs; this insect was not infected.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Our findings suggest thatT cruziis enzootic in eastern Oklahoma. Measures that would reduce the risk of dogs acquiringT cruziinfection are unlikely to be acceptable to their owners, and no effective drugs are available for treatment. The presence ofT cruzi-infected dogs poses a threat of transmission to persons at risk of exposure to contaminated blood. Veterinarians who practice in the southern United States should be cognizant of this blood borne zoonosis and educate all personnel about appropriate precautions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:1853–1857)
Animal bite epidemiology and surveillance for rabies postexposure prophylaxis
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Sischo William M. , Hunter Allison , Miles Toni
Published: December 2005

Objective—To understand the epidemiology of animal bites and exposure, evaluate the animal exposure reporting system for surveillance of rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), and identify opportunities to reduce PEP.

Design—Period prevalence survey.

Study Population—Pennsylvania residents in 1995.

Procedure—Data from animal bite reports from Pennsylvania county health offices were summarized for 1995. Animal bite incidences for the state, counties, various age groups, and various population densities were calculated. Animal species, treatment, location of wounds, and PEP recommendations were evaluated for exposures.

Results—More than 16,000 animal-related potential rabies exposures were reported from 65 of 67 counties in Pennsylvania. The highest incidence was in children less than 5 years old (324/100,000). Of the 75% of victims requiring wound treatment, 50% received antimicrobials, 29% received a tetanus toxoid, and 19% had wounds sutured, were admitted to hospitals, or were referred for plastic surgery. Although 75% of exposures were to dogs, victims exposed to cats were 6 times as likely to receive PEP (relative risk, 6.1; 95% confidence interval, 5.1 to 7.4). Thirty percent of 556 PEP were given for exposures to dogs, 44% for cats, 7% for raccoons, 4% for bats, 2.5% for squirrels, 2.1% for groundhogs, 2% for foxes, and 8% for exposures to other species. Fifty-nine percent of owned dogs were up-to-date on rabies vaccinations compared with 41% of owned cats.

Conclusion—Interventions, such as dog bite prevention education, vaccination of pets against rabies, appropriate use of PEP, and reduction of feral cat populations, should be instituted, enhanced, or better enforced in communities. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:190–194)
Viremia, virus shedding, and antibody response during natural avian polyomavirus infection in parrots
Authors: Phalen David N. , Radabaugh C. Steven , Dahlhausen Robert D. , Styles Darrel K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine rapidity of spread and onset and duration of viremia, virus shedding, and antibody production in parrots naturally infected with avian polyomavirus (APV).

Design—Case series.

Animals—92 parrots in 2 aviaries.

Procedure—Blood samples were obtained from parrots naturally exposed to APV during a 3- to 4-month period for determination of serum virus neutralizing antibody and detection of viral DNA. Nestlings from the next year's hatch were monitored for APV infection.

Results—The first indication of inapparent infection was viremia, which developed simultaneously with or was followed within 1 week by cloacal virus shedding and antibody production. Cloacal virus shedding continued after viremia ceased. During viremia, viral DNA was detected continuously in blood samples. Viral DNA was detected in serial cloacal swab specimens in most birds, but it was detected inconsistently in 6 birds and not detected in 3 birds, even though these birds were viremic. Duration of cloacal virus shedding was ≤ 4.5 months. In 1 aviary, prevalence of infection was 88% and dissemination of virus through the 3-room building required 4.5 months. In the second aviary, a single-room nursery, prevalence of infection was ≥ 90%. For all affected birds, infection could be detected 18 days after the first death.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—If a single sampling is used for polymerase chain reaction detection of viral DNA, blood and cloacal swab specimens are required. In nestling nonbudgerigar parrots, cloacal virus shedding may persist for 4.5 months. Management protocols alone are sufficient to prevent introduction of APV into a nursery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:32–36)
Reliability of history and physical examination findings for assessing control of glycemia in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 53 cases (1995–1998)
Authors: Briggs Carolyn E. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Elliott Denise A. , Neal Larry A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the reliability of history and physical examination findings for assessing control of glycemia in insulin-treated diabetic dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—53 insulin-treated dogs with diabetes mellitus.

Procedure—Medical records of insulin-treated diabetic dogs from June 1995 to June 1998 were reviewed, and information on owner perception of their dog's response to insulin treatment, physical examination findings, body weight, insulin dosage, and concentrations of food-withheld (ie, fasting) blood glucose (FBG), mean blood glucose (MBG) during an 8-hour period, blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb), and serum fructosamine was obtained. Owner's perception of their dog's response to insulin treatment, physical examination findings, and changes in body weight were used to classify control of glycemia as good or poor for each dog. The FBG, MBG/8 h, blood GHb, and serum fructosamine concentrations were compared between well-controlled and poorly controlled insulin-treated diabetic dogs.

Results—Presence or absence of polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, lethargy, and weakness were most helpful in classifying control of glycemia. Mean FBG and MBG/8 h concentrations, blood GHb concentrations, and serum fructosamine concentrations were significantly decreased in 25 well-controlled diabetic dogs, compared with 28 poorly controlled diabetic dogs. Most well-controlled diabetic dogs had concentrations of FBG between 100 and 300 mg/dl, MBG/8 h ≤ 250 mg/dl, blood GHb ≤ 7.5%, and serum fructosamine ≤ 525 µmol/L, whereas most poorly controlled diabetic dogs had results that were greater than these values.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Reliance on history, physical examination findings, and changes in body weight are effective for initially assessing control of glycemia in insulin-treated diabetic dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:48–53)
Effect of dietary protein content and tryptophan supplementation on dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity in dogs
Authors: DeNapoli Jean S. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Shuster Louis , Rand William M. , Gross Kathy L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effect of high- and lowprotein diets with or without tryptophan supplementation on behavior of dogs with dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity.

Design—Prospective crossover study.

Animals—11 dogs with dominance aggression, 11 dogs with territorial aggression, and 11 dogs with hyperactivity.

Procedure—In each group, 4 diets were fed for 1 week each in random order with a transition period of not < 3 days between each diet. Two diets had low protein content (approximately 18%), and 2 diets had high protein content (approximately 30%). Two of the diets (1 low-protein and 1 high-protein) were supplemented with tryptophan. Owners scored their dog's behavior daily by use of customized behavioral score sheets. Mean weekly values of 5 behavioral measures and serum concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan were determined at the end of each dietary period.

Results—For dominance aggression, behavioral scores were highest in dogs fed unsupplemented high-protein rations. Tryptophan-supplemented low-protein diets were associated with significantly lower behavioral scores than low-protein diets without tryptophan supplements.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For dogs with dominance aggression, the addition of tryptophan to high-protein diets or change to a low-protein diet may reduce aggression. For dogs with territorial aggression, tryptophan supplementation of a low-protein diet may be helpful in reducing aggression. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:504–508)
Cardiorespiratory responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in dogs treated with medetomidine before undergoing ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Mandsager Ronald E. , Lange Douglas N. , Fox Steven M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of medetomidine on anesthetic dose requirements, cardiorespiratory variables, plasma cortisol concentrations, and behavioral pain scores in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Design—Randomized, prospective study.

Animals—12 healthy Walker-type hound dogs.

Procedure—Dogs received medetomidine (40 µg/kg [18.2 µg/lb] of body weight, IM; n = 6) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 ml, IM; 6) prior to anesthesia induction with thiopental; thiopental dose needed for endotracheal intubation was compared between groups. Ovariohysterectomy was performed during halothane anesthesia. Blood samples were obtained at various times before drug administration until 300 minutes after extubation. Various physiologic measurements and end-tidal halothane concentrations were recorded.

Results—In medetomidine-treated dogs, heart rate was significantly lower than in controls, and blood pressure did not change significantly from baseline. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase significantly until 60 minutes after extubation in medetomidine-treated dogs, whereas values in control dogs were increased from time of surgery until the end of the recording period. Control dogs had higher pain scores than treated dogs from extubation until the end of the recording period.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Administration of medetomidine reduced dose requirements for thiopental and halothane and provided postoperative analgesia up to 90 minutes after extubation. Dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy by use of thiopental induction and halothane anesthesia benefit from analgesia induced by medetomidine administered prior to anesthesia induction. Additional analgesia is appropriate 60 minutes after extubation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:509–514)
Association between patient-related factors and risk of calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate urolithiasis in cats
Authors: Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Koehler Lori A. , Urlich Lisa K. , Carpenter Kathleen A. , Swanson Laurie L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether breed, age, sex, or reproductive status (ie, neutered versus sexually intact) was associated with the apparent increase in prevalence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths and the decrease in prevalence of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths in cats over time.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—Case cats consisted of cats with CaOx (n = 7,895) or MAP (7,334) uroliths evaluated at the Minnesota Urolith Center between 1981 and 1997. Control cats consisted of cats without urinary tract disease admitted to veterinary teaching hospitals in the United States and Canada during the same period (150,482).

Procedure—Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

Results—British Shorthair, Exotic Shorthair, Foreign Shorthair, Havana Brown, Himalayan, Persian, Ragdoll, and Scottish Fold cats had an increased risk of developing CaOx uroliths, as did male cats and neutered cats. Chartreux, domestic shorthair, Foreign Shorthair, Himalayan, Oriental Shorthair, and Ragdoll cats had an increased risk of developing MAP uroliths, as did female cats and neutered cats. Cats with CaOx uroliths were significantly older than cats with MAP uroliths.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that changes in breed, age, sex, or reproductive status did not contribute to the apparent reciprocal relationship between prevalences of CaOx and MAP uroliths in cats during a 17-year period. However, cats of particular breeds, ages, sex, and reproductive status had an increased risk of developing CaOx and MAP uroliths. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:520–525)
Association between measures of milk quality and risk of violative antimicrobial residues in grade-A raw milk
Authors: Saville William J. A. , Wittum Thomas E. , Smith K. Larry
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether bulk-tank standard plate counts or plate loop counts and bulk-tank somatic cell counts (SCC) were associated with detection of violative antimicrobial residues in milk from dairy cattle.

Design—Longitudinal study.

Procedure—Information for 1994 through 1997 was obtained from a large milk marketing cooperative that operated in multiple states throughout the northeastern and midwestern United States (16,831 herd-years of information from 6,546 farms) and from the Ohio Department of Agriculture Grade-A Milk Certification Program (12,042 herd-years of information from 4,022 farms). Data were analyzed by use of multivariate logistic regression.

Results—For both data sets, odds that a violative antibiotic residue would be detected increased as mean SCC for the herd-year increased. Standard plate counts and plate loop counts were not associated with odds that a violative antibiotic residue would be detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study suggested that the odds that a violative antibiotic residue would be found in bulk-tank milk increased as mean SCC for the herd-year increased. This suggests that management practices that would be expected to influence SCC may also influence the risk of antibiotic residue violations. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:541–545)
Treatment of supraspinous bursitis by use of debridement in standing horses: 10 cases (1968–1999)
Authors: Hawkins Jan F. , Fessler John F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of debridement for treatment of supraspinous bursitis in horses and to evaluate the outcome.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—10 horses with clinical signs of supraspinous bursitis.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, anamnesis, results of physical and radiographic examination, microbial culture results of supraspinous bursa tissue or exudate,Brucella abortustiters, type of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies, surgical technique, complications of the surgical procedure, and findings on histologic examination of excised nuchal ligament and bursal tissue. Telephone follow-up with owners, trainers, or referring veterinarians was performed.

Results—The described surgical technique was effective in resolving drainage from the supraspinous bursal region in 5 of 6 horses available for long-term follow-up. The most common complication following surgery was the development of purulent wound drainage. Two horses required multiple surgeries to resolve clinical signs of supraspinous bursitis. The most common organism isolated from the supraspinous bursa was β- hemolyticStreptococcusspp. All horses were discharged from the hospital and long-term follow-up was available for 6 horses. All 6 horses could be used for their intended use.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Debridement in standing horses is an effective method of resolving clinical signs of supraspinous bursitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:74–78)
Efficacy of protamine zinc insulin for treatment of diabetes mellitus in cats
Authors: Nelson Richard W. , Lynn Randy C. , Wagner-Mann Colette C. , Michels Gina M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) on control of glycemia in cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus or poorly controlled diabetes.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—67 diabetic cats.

Procedure—34 cats with newly diagnosed diabetes and 33 cats with poorly controlled diabetes were treated with PZI twice daily for 45 days. Control of glycemia was assessed on days 7, 14, 30, and 45 by evaluation of clinical response, change in body weight, serum fructosamine concentration, blood glucose concentration measured 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after administration of PZI, lowest blood glucose concentration, and mean blood glucose concentration during the 9-hour period after administration. Adjustments in dosage of PZI were made as needed to attain control of glycemia.

Results—For all cats, a significant increase in mean dosage of PZI and significant decreases in 9-hour mean blood glucose concentration, lowest mean blood glucose concentration, and mean serum fructosamine concentration were detected. For cats with poorly controlled diabetes, 9-hour mean blood glucose concentration and mean serum fructosamine concentration were significantly decreased on day 45, compared with day 0. Ninety percent of owners reported improvement or resolution of clinical signs by day 45.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that PZI was effective for control of glycemia in cats with newly diagnosed or poorly controlled diabetes and may be used as an initial treatment or as an alternative treatment in cats that do not respond to treatment with other types of insulin. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:38–42)
Attitudes of owners regarding tendonectomy and onychectomy in cats
Authors: Yeon Seong C. , Flanders James A. , Scarlett Janet M. , Ayers Stacey , Houpt Katherine A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the incidence of behavior problems following tendonectomy or onychectomy in cats, as well as attitudes of owners following these procedures.

Design—Nonrandomized clinical trial.

Animals—18 cats that underwent tendonectomy and 39 cats that underwent onychectomy.

Procedure—Owners of cats that underwent tendonectomy or onychectomy between February 1993 and May 1998 were contacted by telephone and asked several questions regarding reasons for surgery as well as complications and behavioral changes in cats following surgery.

Results—The most common reason for considering tendonectomy or onychectomy was to avoid damage caused by the cat scratching household materials. Avoidance of injury to humans or animals was chosen more often by owners whose cats underwent onychectomy than those that underwent tendonectomy. Tendonectomy was more likely to have been recommended by veterinarians than onychectomy. Significantly more cats that underwent tendonectomy (67%) than onychectomy (44%) returned to normal activity within 3 days after surgery. Significant differences were not detected regarding behavior problems after surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although tendonectomy and onychectomy involved some medical complications and behavior changes following surgery, owners had positive attitudes regarding both surgeries after the immediate postoperative period. Tendonectomy may be a humane alternative to onychectomy, although owners need to be advised that nail trimming is still necessary in cats after surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:43–47)
Effects of preemptive atropine administration on incidence of medetomidine-induced bradycardia in dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Fox Steven M. , Mandsager Ronald E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the cardiorespiratory effects of preemptive atropine administration in dogs sedated with medetomidine.

Design—Randomized crossover trial.

Animals—12 healthy adult dogs.

Procedures—Dogs underwent 6 treatments. Each treatment consisted of administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg [0.018 mg/lb] of body weight, IM) or saline solution (0.9% NaCl, 1 ml, IM) and administration of medetomidine (10, 20, or 40 µg/kg [4.5, 9.1, or 18.2µg/lb], IM) 10 minutes later. Treatments were administered in random order, with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Cardiorespiratory effects before and after atropine and medetomidine administration were assessed. Duration of lateral recumbency and quality of sedation and recovery were assessed.

Results—Bradycardia (heart rate < 60 beats/min) was seen in all dogs when saline solution was administered followed by medetomidine, and the dose of medetomidine was not associated with severity or frequency of bradycardia or second-degree heart block. However, a medetomidine dose-dependent increase in mean and diastolic blood pressures was observed, regardless of whether dogs received saline solution or atropine. Preemptive atropine administration effectively prevented bradycardia and seconddegree heart block but induced pulsus alternans and hypertension. The protective effects of atropine against bradycardia lasted 50 minutes. Blood gas values were within reference limits during all treatments and were not significantly different from baseline values. Higher doses of medetomidine resulted in a longer duration of lateral recumbency.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Preemptive administration of atropine in dogs sedated with medetomidine effectively prevents bradycardia for 50 minutes but induces hypertension and pulsus alternans. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:52–58)
Use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats: 43 cases (1985–1997)
Authors: DeFrancesco Teresa C. , Atkins Clarke E. , Miller Matthew W. , Meurs Kathryn M. , Keene Bruce W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the usefulness of echocardiography in the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats and to compare this modality with other tests.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—43 cats with heartworm infection that had echocardiographic examinations at 2 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1985 and 1997. Twenty-two of these 43 cats also underwent radiography of the thorax and heartworm antibody and heartworm antigen testing.

Procedure—Cats were determined to be infected withDirofilaria immitisinfection on the basis of 1 or more of the following findings: positive modified Knott or antigen test result, echocardiographic evidence of heartworm disease, or confirmation of the disease on postmortem examination. The percentage of echocardiographs in which heartworms were evident was compared with the percentage of radiographs in which pulmonary artery enlargement was evident and results of antigen or antibody tests in cats in which all tests were performed.

Results—Overall, heartworms were detectable by use of echocardiography in 17 of 43 cats, most often in the pulmonary arteries. In the 22 cats in which all tests were performed, antibody test results were positive in 18, antigen test results were positive in 12, and pulmonary artery enlargement was evident radiographically and heartworms were identifiable echocardiographically in 14. Heartworm infection was diagnosed exclusively by use of echocardiography in 5 cats in which the antigen test result was negative.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although echocardiography was less sensitive than antigen testing, it was a useful adjunctive test in cats that had negative antigen test results in which there was a suspicion of heartworm disease. The pulmonary arteries should be evaluated carefully to increase the likelihood of detection of heartworms echocardiographically. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:66–69)
Race-start characteristics and risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Hernandez Jorge , Hawkins Dan L. , Scollay Mary C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify race-start characteristics associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal (MS) injury in Thoroughbred racehorses at 2 racetracks in Florida during 1995 through 1998.

Design—Matched case-control study.

Animals—97 Thoroughbreds (case horses) that incurred a catastrophic MS injury during racing and 388 Thoroughbreds (control horses) randomly selected from noninjured participants and matched on the basis of racetrack and year.

Procedure—Incidence of MS injury was calculated for all race meets at 2 racetracks in Florida from 1995 through 1998. Race-start characteristics were compared among case and control horses, using conditional logistic regression.

Results—Overall incidence of MS injury was 1.2/1,000 race starts (97/79,416 starts). Incidence of injury was significantly higher for turf races (2.3/1,000 starts) than for dirt races (0.9/1,000 starts). Sex, number of days since last race, and racing surface were associated with risk of injury; geldings, ≥ 33 days since the last race, and turf racing surface were associated with a higher risk of injury.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Incidence of injury among Thoroughbreds in Florida was associated with sex, number of days since last race, and racing surface. Days since last race may have been an indicator of previous health and lameness problems. Racing surface may have been a risk factor for MS injury because turf races tended to be more competitive than dirt races. Horses running in turf races were more likely to participate in races with a large field, handicap races, long races, and races with high purses. (JAm Vet Med Assoc2001;218:83–86)
Antonovsky's sense of coherence scale related to negative and positive affectivity
Authors: Strümpfer D. J. W. , Gouws J. F. , Viviers M. R.
Published: December 2005

The Sense of Coherence (SOC) Scale purports to measure a disposition which engenders, sustains, and enhances health. However, reports of high negative correlations (average about −0.7) with negative affectivity (NA) measures raise doubt as to whether it does not only measure the absence of neuroticism. These relationships could also be interpreted as validation of the scale, if the low end of NA is conceived as emotional stability. In samples of nursing students, managerial and administrative personnel and life insurance consultants, the SOC scale related negatively to NA scales, and positively to positive affectivity scales, but more strongly to NA. An emotional stability scale correlated positively with the SOC scale, supporting the alternative interpretation. Stepwise multiple‐regression analyses confirmed the bivariate findings but also indicated that from 25 to 47 per cent of SOC variability remained unexplained after the trait scales' predictions. The SOC appears to be a highly complex construct which partakes in a mixture of personality domains, and is taxonomically above the trait level. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Segmentation analysis with managerial judgment
Authors: Levin N. , Zahavi J.
Published: December 2005

This paper discusses a nonparametric approach for segmentation analysis that does not require a priori knowledge about the true response rate of the segments in the list, other than classifying a segment as being either good, marginal, or bad. Drawing on the binomial distribution, three major issues involved in the segmentation approach are discussed—determining the sample size of the segment in the test mailing, recommending or rejecting a segment from the rollout mailing, and determining the regression-to-the-mean (RTM) effect for projecting the rollout response rate. Detailed tables are presented to help implement the results for practical applications.
Dream Nanomachines
Authors: Ozin G. A. , Manners I. , Fournier‐Bidoz S. , Arsenault A.
Published: December 2005

Locomotion on the nanoscale through a fluid environment is one of the grand challenges confronting nanoscience today. The vision is to synthesize, probe, understand, and utilize a new class of motors made from nanoscale building blocks that derive on‐board or off‐board power from in‐situ chemical reactions. The generated mechanical work allows these motors to move through a fluid phase while simultaneously or sequentially performing a task or series of tasks. Such tiny machines, individually or assembled into designed architectures, might someday transport medicine in the human body, conduct operations in cells, move cargo around microfluidic chips, manage light beams, agitate liquids close to electrode surfaces, and search for and destroy toxic organic molecules in polluted water streams. Are these just “nanomachine dreams”, or “dream nanomachines”? Some very recent exciting developments suggest that a world of amazing chemically powered nanomachines will be the way the story unfolds in the not‐too‐distant future!
Improvement of the homogeneity of SBR/NBR blends using polyglycidylmethacrylate‐g‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Botros S. H. , Moustafa A. F. , Ibrahim S. A.
Published: December 2005

Polyglycidylmethacrylate grafted butadiene rubber (PGMA‐g‐BR) was synthesized by a graft solution copolymerization technique. The PGMA content was determined through titration against HBr. The PGMA‐g‐BR was blended with styrene butadiene rubber/butadiene acrylonitrile rubber (SBR/NBR) blends with different blend ratios. The SBR/NBR (50/50) blend was selected to examine the compatibility of such blends. Compatibility was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and viscosity measurements. The scanning electron micrographs illustrate the change of morphology of the SBR/NBR rubber blend as a result of the incorporation of PGMA‐g‐BR onto that blend. The Tgs of SBR and NBR in the blend get closer upon incorporation of PGMA‐g‐BR 10 phr, which indicates improvement in blend homogeneity. The intrinsic viscosity (η) versus blend ratio graph shows a straight‐line relationship, indicating some degree of compatibility. Thermal stability of the compatibilized and uncompatibilized rubber blend vulcanizates was investigated by determination of the physicomechanical properties before and after accelerated thermal aging. Of all the vulcanizates with different blend ratios under investigation, the SBR/NBR (25/75) compatibilized blend possessed the best thermal stability. However, the SBR/NBR (75/25) compatibilized blend possessed the best swelling performance in brake fluid. The effect of various combinations of inorganic fillers on the physicomechanical properties of that blend, before and after accelerated thermal aging, was studied in the presence and absence of PGMA‐g‐BR. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1559–1567, 2006
Fire‐retardant plastic material from oyster‐shell powder and recycled polyethylene
Authors: Chong Mi Hwa , Chun Byoung Chul , Chung Yong‐Chan , Cho Bong Gyoo
Published: December 2005

A series of plastic materials from recycled polyethylene (PE) and oyster‐shell powder were prepared to test their fire‐retardant properties with an aim of finding a practical way of waste recycling. Oyster‐shell powder was found to be mainly composed of calcium carbonate and it decomposed to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide at temperature higher than ∼800°C, thus preventing fire from access of oxygen by the produced carbon dioxide. This fire‐retardation mechanism is environmental‐friendly, since another available method, the inclusion of halogen‐containing compounds, normally generates toxic chemicals like dioxine during incineration. To improve mechanical properties of this composite material, surface of oyster‐shell powder was coated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Flame retardation and the mechanical properties of these composite resins were analyzed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1583–1589, 2006
Gas transport and thermal characterization of mono‐ and di‐polyethylene films used for food packaging
Authors: Mrkić Saša , Galić Kata , Ivanković Marica , Hamin Sandra , Ciković Nada
Published: December 2005

The permeability of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and air through commercial monolayer and multilayer films, based on polyethylene (PE), biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), and polyamide (PA), used for food packaging is reported. The influence of temperature (from 10 to 60°C) on permeability and DSC characteristics changes was also analyzed. Literature data for gas permeability of the mentioned monofilms are quite variable due to differences in additives, thermal history, and crystallinity. In this work, the highest gas permeability is obtained for PE film at the higher temperature (50–60°C). Laminates exhibit different gas permeation behavior from that of monofilms. Generally, gas solubility coefficient increases at higher temperature (with an exception of PA/PE and BOPPcoex.met/PE), being higher for monofilms in comparison with laminates, while diffusion coefficients are lower for monofilms in comparison with laminates. The temperature dependence of the permeability, diffusivity, and solubility of gases shows two different regions in PE, BOPPcoex/PE (10–40°C and 40–60°C), PA/PE, and BOPPcoex.met (10–30°C and 40–60°C) films. Correlation between activation energies for permeation and diffusion as well as heat of sorption and 17 gas properties is performed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1590–1599, 2006
New fluorescent monomers and polymers displaying an intramolecular proton‐transfer mechanism in the electronically excited state (ESIPT). IV. Synthesis of acryloylamide and diallylamino benzazole dyes and its copolymerization with MMA
Authors: Franciscato Campo Leandra , Severo Rodembusch Fabiano , Stefani Valter
Published: December 2005

Six new fluorescent monomers were synthesized by reaction of 2‐(5′‐amino‐2′‐hydroxyphenyl)benzazole derivatives with acryloyl chloride and allyl bromide. UV–vis and steady‐state fluorescence in solution were used to characterize its photophysical behavior. The monomers are fluorescent in the blue, green, yellow, and red region, with a large Stokes shift between 92 and 226 nm. A dual fluorescence ascribed to a conformational equilibrium in solution in the ground state dependent on the solvent polarity could be observed in the fluorescence emission spectra of the monomers. The radical polymerization of the monomers with methyl(methacrylate) allowed the production of fluorescent polymers in the blue–green region, with good optical and thermal properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006