bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Austin and Examples
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

It will help me make clearer why I sometimes think of criteria as of the identification rather than of the existence of something, and also help explain why that distinction does not satisfy me, if I now bring to our argument a passage or two from Austin’s “Other Minds” which I take to be discussing a version of the stage of problem we are facing here, the relation between knowing what a thing is (by means of criteria) and knowing that it is.
Skepticism and the Problem of Others
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

Especially in the course of Chapters II through IV, I exposed what to me seem to be essential characteristics of the procedures of traditional epistemologists which will have to find place in a convincing display of the structure or nature of traditional epistemology. The structure I find emerges in providing more detailed answers to questions which we can now formulate as follows.
Knowledge and the Basis of Morality
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

Historically as well as dialectically the concept of reason or knowledge, and therewith of rationality, raises two major problems for the moral philosopher. (1) An opportunity for moral reflection occurs when men find themselves at odds with one another, or with themselves, over the questions, “What ought to be done?” and “What am I to do?”. Dialectically, this problem is reflected in a fact about “moral arguments” - the “methods” (to use Sidgwick’s term) by which we undertake to arrive at a knowledge, or “rational conviction”, as to what ought to be done -which has insistently and constantly occupied the attention of moral philosophers, viz., that such arguments are always, and dishearteningly, liable to break down, or end in stalemate, and the question which prompted the argument either left without answer or with incompatible answers which any further argument would seem helpless to resolve.
The Relation of Laws to Counterfactuals
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

Which counterfactual conditionals are correct seems to reflect whether a given fact is a law or an accident (as discussed in section 2.2 of chapter 1). After suggesting in section 1 of this chapter that a certain relation obtains between laws and counterfactuals, and that no accident joins the laws in bearing this relation to counterfactuals, in section 2 I work through various potential difficulties for this view. Many of these puzzles also raise issues of independent interest regarding counterfactuals.
My Life
Authors: Hume David
Published: November 2023

Before going to the University of Edinburgh to study law, David Hume (1711– 1776) had read Cicero, the Latin and French poets and essayists, mathematics and natural philosophy, history and moral philosophy. Finding that he had no taste for law, he turned to writing philosophy. Having worked himself ill on what became A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume went to France to recuperate. While there he may have had some discussions with scholars at the nearby Jesuit College of La Fleàche. When the Treatise was published anonymously in 1739–40, it fell, as he said, “stillborn from the press.” Stoically weathering his disappointment, he turned to writing Essays Moral, Political and Literary (1741– 1752). His application for a chairs in philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (1745) and at Glasgow (1752) were refused on the grounds that he was too skeptical, perhaps even irreligious. He received a consolation appointment as Librarian for the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh, where he served from 1752– 1757. During that time, wrote his History of England, published between 1754 and 1762. Much admired for his statecraft, Hume served as a diplomatic secretary in the British embassies of France and Italy from 1746 to 1749 and again from 1763 to 1766.
Mozi: Setting The Philosophical Agenda
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

Confucius’s presuppositions form the background. Mozi, the first opponent of Confucianism, starts the process of philosophical reflection. So he sets the philosophical agenda and the terms of debate. Most of the central concepts of Daoist philosophy actually stem from Mozi’s statement of his argument with Confucianism.
Laozi: Language and Society
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

An interpretation, like an explanatory scientific theory, explains some aspect of the world. We use interpretive theories when we want to explain some language—whether the language of dolphins, aliens from space, poets, philosophers, mathematicians, or mothers. To understand some principles of interpretation let us suppose we came on the following text carved on the walls of a cave:
Han Feizi: The Ruler’s Interpretation
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

Han Feizi marks the end of the classical period. He not only is the last zimaster in the traditional list, he arguably played a pivotal role in drawing the fertile Hundred Schools period to a close. He and Lisi, a more organizationally inclined student of Xunzi, became influential advisers of the notorious Qinshi Huangdi (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty). Their advice triggered an intolerant period of philosophical repression and state-supported orthodoxy. The Qin empire marks the beginning of China’s philosophical dark age.
Multicellularity
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The emergence of prokaryotes was a matter of macromolecular chemistry, and chemical networks developed with the emergence of metabolism. The emergence of eukaryotes developed from chimeras of prokaryotes sampling numerous ways of putting functional parts together. Three major foci of energy metabolism ultimately developed: autotrophy (largely photo-autotrophy), ingestion of soluble molecules excreted into the environment by other organisms, and eating of other organisms. When these forms settled down, they were on the way to being plants, fungi, and animals, but still were unicellular or clusters of cells, i.e., colonial organisms. Another feature of the eukaryotes’ emergence is the meiotic cycle, in which an ordinary cell undergoes two consecutive cell divisions leading to a haploid cell with half the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell. The combination of two haploid cells leads to a diploid cell. This is the normal method in which eukaryotes give rise to progeny.
The Neuron
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The key to multicellularity is that a single fertilized egg formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes can give rise in the morphogenetic process to a variety of specialized cells. Thus, switches must be available to turn on and off genetic sequences to distinguish the cell morphology and biochemistry in different tissues. A hair cell is vastly different from a liver cell, which is vastly different from a nerve cell, yet they are all in the clonal progeny of a single fertilized ovum. The number of cell types appears to increase along the evolutionary pathway indicated in the previous chapter.
The Universality of Causation
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

Does every situation have a cause? On the one hand, there is a strong temptation to say “Yes.” On the other hand, embracing the universality of causation in its strongest form leads to inconsistency, since we are forced to say that Reality (the sum of all actual situations) must itself have a cause, which must be an actual situation and thus part of Reality. However, a situation cannot be the effect of one of its parts.
A Look Back, and Ahead
Authors: Koons Robert C
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, I argued that we have evidence from natural language that the relata of causation are situations, parts of the world. These situations call for a non-classical, three- or four-valued semantics, which I develop in some detail in appendix A.
Literary Etymology
Authors: Levin Susan B
Published: November 2023

Writers in the literary tradition frequently articulate the descriptive content of onomata, largely proper names, by way of etymology.1 Thus, for example, they trace “Apollo” to apollumi (“destroy”) and “Hector” to echo (“protect”). Such analyses of onomata are thought to disclose something important about their referents’ natures. Literary authors’ reliance on etymology raises central issues involving the link between elements of language and of reality. In what follows, I explore literary practice in order to provide a basis for the examination of Plato’s critique of etymologizing in the Cratylus. .
Etymology And The Cratylus ‘ Sources: An Investigation of the Literary Tradition’s Importance
Authors: Levin Susan B
Published: November 2023

Any assessment of Plato’s systematic philosophy must devote significant attention to his philosophy of language.1 The dialogue in which Plato concentrates most intensively on linguistic issues is the Cratylus. In fact, Plato’s Cratylus has interested those working in the areas of Greek philosophy and philosophy of language precisely because it is the first text in the Western philosophical tradition that offers a sustained treatment of such issues.
Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: November 2023

Crime and punishment sit center stage in the theater of American political discourse. For much of the past three decades, politicians have made crime-related problems central campaign issues and struggled to identify themselves as tougher than their competitors on crime, delinquency, and drug use. Popular concern about these social problems has reached record levels during this period and public opinion polls indicate that members of the public have become more likely to support punitive policies such as the death penalty and “three­ strike” sentencing laws. Not surprisingly, these ideological shifts have been accompanied by a dramatic expansion of the criminal justice system. Between 1965 and 1993, crime control expenditures jumped from $4.6 billion to $100 billion (and from .6 to 1.57% of the gross domestic product) and the rate of incarceration in the United States is now the highest in the industrialized world. Minorities have been especially affected by these developments: blacks now comprise over half of all prison inmates in the United States, up from one-third just twenty years ago.
The Calculus of Consent
Authors: Buchanan James , Tullock Gordon
Published: November 2023

Is there a logical economic rationalization or explanation for the emergence of democratic political institutions? On the basis of our individualistic assumptions about human motivation can we “explain” the adoption of a political constitution? If so, what general form will this constitution take? Questions such as these have rarely been discussed carefully.

If no collective action is required, there will be no need for a political constitution. Therefore, before discussing the form which such a constitution might assume, we must examine the bases for social or collective action. When will a society composed of free and rational utility-maximizing individuals choose to undertake action collectively rather than privately? Or, to make the question more precise, when will an individual member of the group find it advantageous to enter into a “political” relationship with his fellows?
Long-Duration Flight Medical Planning: Medical Care on the Way to the Moon and Mars
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

In 1999, in the middle of the Antarctic winter, the sole physician at the South Pole Station felt a mass in her breast. She could not be evacuated because a plane had never landed at the South Pole in midwinter. So, using materials at hand, the team biopsied the mass, stained the cells, and transmitted pictures to specialists in the United States. The images showed breast cancer. Chemotherapeutic drugs and other supplies were airdropped to the station. When weather improved sufficiently to allow an evacuation, the doctor returned home to definitive medical care. Fortunately, the cancer had been controlled, and she made a full recovery.
Sweet Freedom’s Song
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Although it isn’t the official national anthem, America may be the most important and interesting patriotic song in our national repertoire. Sweet Freedom’s Song: “My Country ‘Tis of Thee” and Democracy in America is a celebration and critical exploration of the complicated musical, cultural and political roles played by the song America over the past 250 years. Popularly known as My Country ‘Tis of Thee and as God Save the King/Queen before that this tune has a history as rich as the country it extols. In Sweet Freedom’s Song, Robert Branham and Stephen Hartnett chronicle this song’s many incarnations over the centuries. Colonial Americans, Southern slave owners, abolitionists, temperance campaigners and labor leaders, among others, appropriated and adapted the tune to create anthems for their own struggles. Because the song has been invoked by nearly every grassroots movement in American history, the story of America offers important insights on the story of democracy in the United States. An examination of America as a historical artifact and cultural text, Sweet Freedoms Song is a reflection of the rebellious spirit of Americans throughout our nations history. The late Robert James Branham and his collaborator, Stephen Hartnett, have produced a thoroughly-researched, delightfully written book that will appeal to scholars and patriots of all stripes.
Nature and Self-Interest
Authors: Fort Timothy L
Published: November 2023

Basing a theory of moral business on a celluloid science fiction creation may not foster its intellectual stature. But one could substitute quotes similar to Yoda’s from Buddhism, Hinduism, many yogis, many “native” religions, and the Christian tradition,7 to name just a few religious sources. Indeed the connectedness of reality has philosophical support from Spinoza9 to Whitehead, as well as in the writings of many feminists and philosophers of science. The engagement with a connected, transcendent reality in these theologies and philosophies is often a starting point for formulating ethical duties. With such a pedigree, “experience the force” deserves neither ridicule nor neglect. Yet the metaphor “force” can easily be used in ways that provide little enlightenment and, as Star Wars itself elaborates, can have both “good” and “dark” sides.
Chromosomal Rearrangements within Species
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Many plant species are heterogeneous for translocations, inversions, fusions, and fissions. These rearrangements are likely to alter the size, banding pattern, and symmetry of chromosomes (i.e., the ratio of the short to long chromosome arms). Their specific nature may not be evident even if meiotic pairing can be studied in chromosomal heterozygotes. Chromosomal heterozygotes are likely to have reduced fertility depending on the magnitude and number of rearrangements and, in the case of inversions, the pattern of crossing over. The aforementioned rearrangements need not affect chromosome number, although they may cause this number to increase or decrease.
Knowledge, Intellectual Capital, and Strategy: Themes and Tensions
Authors: Choo Chun Wei , Bontis Nick
Published: November 2023

Most of the chapters in this book directly or indirectly address these questions. We searched for concepts that would increase our understanding, in two iterations. Below we first review the main ideas presented by contributors in each of the seven parts of the book, highlighting the ways in which they connect with or differ from each other. After these sectional reviews, we draw upon the principal themes presented by the contributors in an attempt to answer the questions raised above. We conclude this introductory chapter with a framework that brings together the major elements in our discussions about strategic knowledge management. We begin part I with two chapters that examine the fundamental ways that we look at organizations. Adler (chap. 2) revisits the market and the hierarchy as mechanisms for coordination and makes the observation that a third form of coordination based on trust and community will become more important in a knowledge-intensive economy. Moreover, this form of trust is new. Instead of being derived from tradition or loyalty, the new trust is built upon values of competence and integrity. This trust will be tempered by hierarchical rules to ensure stability, and by market competition to ensure flexibility. Blackler (chap. 3) sees the creation and use of knowledge as the collective outcome of social practice that he labels organizational knowing. As a phenomenon, knowing is situated, mediated, provisional, pragmatic, and contested.
Bridging Knowledge Gaps: Learning in Geographically Dispersed Cross-Functional Development Teams
Authors: Sole Deborah , Edmondson Amy
Published: November 2023

Organizational learning centrally involves an organization’s ability to develop novel, innovative products and processes that respond to existing and emerging market needs. Such innovation is often accomplished through combining previously unconnected bodies of knowledge or combining existing knowledge in novel ways (Grant 1996, Schumpeter 1934). In recent years, the study and implementation of organizational forms that facilitate the exchange and combination of different kinds of knowledge has increased, and management research has paid considerable attention to different types of knowledge as a source of competitive advantage. This chapter explores geographically dispersed cross-functional teams as a way of integrating diverse knowledge in development projects. In the context of product and process development, researchers have shown that the knowledge of individual contributors varies according to both what one does (occupation) and where one is (context). Individuals trained in a particular discipline, function, or occupation have substantial conceptual and practical knowledge in common with others from that discipline or occupation (e.g., Fleck 1997). They share terminology (Arrow 1974) and mental frameworks (Vicenti 1990) that act as shorthand-facilitating the efficiency of communication among them.
Agents and choices in branching time with instants
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

We continue to discuss a variety of foundational matters concerning the theory of agents making choices in our indeterminist world.* Other chapters, especially chapter 2, have set out and briefly discussed a number of postulates-the BT+ I+ AC postulates-on which stit theory and its semantics is based. In this chapter we consider these postulates one by one.
Decidability of one-agent achievement-stit theory with refref
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

As presented in earlier chapters, stit theory starts with the stit sentence [a stit: A] (read “a sees to it that A “), where a is a term for agents and A is any sentence.*
Doing and refraining from refraining
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming
Published: November 2023

Our first section contains some preliminaries, and clarifies the concept of a busy choice sequence. The second section presents the proof of (2).
Introduction
Authors: Romero Raul R
Published: November 2023

Dispute over the past is only possible when conflicting memories coexist. In the summer of 1996 I was witness to important new developments in the city of Huancayo, the bustling commercial center of the Mantaro Valley in the Peruvian Andes. Every single block along Giraldez Avenue, one of the most important boulevards of the city, had been embellished with the statue of a regional dancer. Each of these colorful and well-maintained statues was fully costumed in the elaborate dress of native dance traditions. Since Huancayo had always given me the impression that it favored the “modern” and industrial aspects of urban development over its indigenous heritage, I was intrigued by the vision that these statues conveyed.1
March 19 A Moon for the Misbegotten
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Cherry Jones is a name you’re not likely to forget. I first came across her— her name, anyway— in the summer of 1989, a good eighteen months before she arrived on Broadway.

I was doing a new play that was transferring from the American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts. There is a union rule which provides that should such a production have a future life under another (and more remunerative) Actors’ Equity contract, all Equity members must be offered the job. Otherwise, they are entitled to a buyout equivalent to four weeks of Broadway scale.

Several of the cast members were not invited to Broadway. One of the chosen, though, chose not to take the part; ART, it seems, had scheduled The Caucasian Chalk Circle for her. Not having seen the play in Cambridge, I didn’t mind her absence, especially since a pal of mine got the role. But what sort of beginning actor turns down a chance at Broadway, especially in a major role in a masterful play by a celebrated multipleTony-and-Oscar-winning playwright who is one of America’s greatest satirists? What sort of actor, I wondered, is this Cherry Jones?
April 9 The Ride Down Mt. Morgan
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The acclaim accorded recent revivals of A View from the Bridge, Death of a Salesman, and The Price led, apparently, to the decision to bring the 1998 New York Shakespeare Festival production of The Ride Down Mt. Morgan to the Ambassador. Or maybe it was simply that Patrick Stewart, the Star Trek star, wanted to do it. At any rate, Arthur Miller was back on Broadway in 2000, fifty-five years after his long-forgotten The Man Who Had All the Luck opened across the street at the Forrest Theatre (now the Eugene O’Neill).

Not a new play, exactly. The Ride Down Mt. Morgan was first produced in London in 1991, at a time when Miller’s stock on Broadway was at a forty-five-year low. (The director, oddly enough, was this season’s golden boy, Michael Blakemore.) The original production of The Price, back in 1968, had been modestly successful. Miller’s next play, the Genesisderived Creation of the World, was given a first-class, top-notch production in 1972, with Zoe Caldwell, Bob Dishy, and George Grizzard as Eve, Adam, and Lucifer.
April 11 Copenhagen
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The Broadway season of nonmusicals began inauspiciously in August with the thrill-less thriller Voices in the Dark; moved on to the farceless farce Epic Proportions in September; and hit an early peak in October with the hybrid play-revue with songs, Dame Edna: The Royal Tour. We then proceeded through a series of revivals, with two March entries of more than passing interest (namely, the twenty-year-old True West and the sixty-year-old Moon for the Misbegotten). It wasn’t until April that there was finally, happily, a totally satisfying new play; something where you could leave the theatre thinking, by gosh, that you’d just been to the theatre. As we will see, a second dazzling evening of pure theatre came along a mere six nights and four shows later.

The party of the first part, if you will, was Michael Frayn’s Copenhagen. This British import had a figurative question mark next to its name as the opening approached. Yes, the word was that it was superb. But would this very European play— with its Danish and German characters— work with American actors? And would American audiences sit still through a necessarily dense evening of theoretical science and historical theory?
April 18 The Green Bird
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

There is something admirable about the notion of riffling through hundreds of years of stagecraft to come up with a new form of entertainment. Or is it more properly called an old form of entertainment? Maybe a modern entertainment in olden guise, or an olden entertainment for today.

Call it what you will; the ads simply called The Green Bird “a wicked comedy.” One thing’s for certain: Confront audiences with something unconventional, and the standard for acceptance is automatically raised high. It better be pretty good, or else you’re in the soup. Julie Taymor’s “wicked comedy” was merely intermittently entertaining.

Long a denizen of avant-garde theatre, Taymor wandered onto Broadway’s radar screen in March 1996. An early version of The Green Bird was presented for four weeks at the New Victory Theatre, one of the first restored houses on old Forty-second Street. It received some ecstatic notices, generating momentary talk of transfer to Broadway.
May 1 Dirty Blonde
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The 1993 off-Broadway hit Blown Sideways Through Life was an autobiographical play about a hard-to-classify performer— Claudia Shear— who drifted about until she crafted a suitable format to express her distinctive talents. Dirty Blonde was a biographical play about a hard-to-classify performer— Mae West — who drifted about until she crafted a suitable format to express her distinctive talents. Or was Dirty Blonde about Claudia Shear? It’s hard to say. Ms. Shear played Jo, yet another out-of-place performer searching for her place. She also played Mae West — or, at least, Mae West as seen by Claudia/Jo.
The History of the Dizzy Patient
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

Dizziness is a nonspecific term that describes a sensation of altered orientation in space. Because visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular signals provide the main source of information about the position of the head and body in space, damage to any of these afferent systems can lead to a complaint of dizziness. Changes in the brain centers that integrate these orienting signals can also result in the sensation of dizziness. The initial task of the clinician is to obtain a description of what the patient means by dizziness. Patients should be encouraged to use their own words to describe the sensation and how the sensation interferes with their daily activities. In our experience, less than half of patients complaining of dizziness actually have vertigo. Because the diagnostic evaluation and management differ markedly depending on the category of dizziness, it is critical that the examining physician determine the type of dizziness (Table 4–1) before proceeding with exhaustive diagnostic studies.
Infectious Disorders
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente
Published: November 2023

Inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) is a common cause of conductive hearing loss, particularly in children. Either infected (suppurative otitis) or noninfected (serous otitis) fluid accumulates in the middle ear, impairing conduction of airborne sound. Because the air cavity of the middle ear is in direct communication with the mastoid air cells, infection can spread throughout the pneumatized parts of the temporal bone (see Fig. 2–2). Typical patterns of progression of middle ear infections are summarized in Figure 8–1.
Brownian Motion And Langevin Equations
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

The theory of Brownian motion is perhaps the simplest approximate way to treat the dynamics of nonequilibrium systems. The fundamental equation is called the Langevin equation; it contains both frictional forces and random forces. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem relates these forces to each other. This theorem has many important and far­ reaching generalizations. For the present, we focus on the most elementary version of the theorem.
Projection Operators
Authors: Zwanzig Robert
Published: November 2023

Theoretical treatments of nonequilibrium systems are often based on master equations or Langevin or Fokker-Planck equations. When we use such models, we typically do not hope for a complete, detailed, and exact treatment of a problem. Rather, we tend to think in terms of approximations in which irrelevant details are omitted and only those aspects of the problem that appear to be physically important are included. This is a standard approach to the theoretical analysis of complex situations; when it is used with common sense, it is a very productive one.
Every Man His Own Physician: Thomsonianism
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

The different systems of alternative medicine that appeared on the scene in the early nineteenth century took form in response to distinct trends in medical thought and practice, as well as in the broader culture.
The Licensing Question: The Campaign for Medical Freedom
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

Before early twentieth-century alternative medicine can be examined with respect to individual systems of practice, it is necessary to consider an issue that was of paramount importance to all, that of the revival of medical licensing laws. No matter was more disturbing to irregulars, no threat provoked so much outraged—yet reasoned—criticism of the regular profession, than the attempts of the medical establishment to bar non-approved healers from practice. Since every system responded to the threat with much the same objections and actions, it is more efficient to address the subject of opposition to medical licensing in a short chapter that serves as a foreword to the twentieth century than to take it up individually for each school of practice.
Therapeutic Universalism: Naturopathy
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the 1840s, a young German man who had ruined his health through overstudy for the priesthood came across a volume on hydropathy. Desperate to repair a “withered body” that, according to two regular physicians, was already “on the brink of the grave,” Sebastian Kneipp threw himself into the water-cure regimen. Slowly his strength returned, eventually to the point that he could renew his studies and gain ordination. Once a priest, he was assigned to Wo¨rishofen, a remote settlement west of Munich. There parishioners petitioned him to save their sickened frames as he had his own, and water-cure, the “life-boat sent to me by a merciful Providence,” worked the same wonders for them. As word spread, Wo¨rishofen began to exert as magnetic a pull on Continental health-seekers as Graefenberg had in an earlier day.
Ecophysiology of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Deciduous Forests
Authors: Neufeld Howard S , Young Donald R
Published: November 2023

Light availability is the primary limiting resource for understory plants of eastern deciduous forests, and their long-term persistence in these habitats depends on adaptations that enable photosynthesis sufficient to maintain a positive annual carbon balance (Pearcy et al. 1987).
Composition and Dynamics of the Understory Vegetation in the Boreal Forests of Quebec
Authors: Grandpre´ Louis De , Bergeron Yves , Nguyen Thuy , Boudreault Catherine , Grondin Pierre
Published: November 2023

The boreal forest of Quebec extends from the 48th to the 58th northern parallels (fig. 10.1). It can be subdivided into four forest domains (from south to north): the Abies balsamea (Mill.) and Betula papyrifera (Marsh.) domain, the Picea mariana (Mill.) and feathermoss domain, the Picea mariana lichen woodland, and the forest-tundra domain (Grondin et al. 1996; Saucier et al. 1998). This chapter will be restricted to the Abies balsamea-Betula papyrifera and the Picea mariana-feathermoss domains, which extend from 48° to 52° north latitude and include much of the closed-canopy, commercial boreal forest in Quebec. In this zone, average annual temperatures range between 1° and -2.5°C, and average annual precipitation is between 600 and 1400 mm. Temperature and precipitation decrease toward the north, and precipitation increases from west to east. The main tree species are Picea mariana, Picea glauca (Moench), Abies balsamea, Pinus banksiana (Lamb.), Larix laricina (Du Roi), Populus tremuloides (Michx.), and Betula papyrifera.
The Herbaceous Layer as a Filter Determining Spatial Pattern in Forest Tree Regeneration
Authors: George Lisa O , Bazzaz Fakhri A
Published: November 2023

Although small in stature and seemingly ephemeral in nature, herbaceous understory communities have the potential to exert a strong influence on the dynamics of forest tree regeneration. Through study of fern-dominated understory communities in central Massachusetts mixed-deciduous forests, we have found that this understory stratum can act as a selective fitter of tree seedling species in their earliest life stages. All trees, first as seeds, must penetrate this layer to reach the forest floor and then germinate and grow under the “canopy” of the herbaceous stratum. The microenvironment at and near the forest floor is dictated largely by the nearby herbs and shrubs above. Tree seedlings that are able to germinate, survive, and grow in this environment will ultimately emerge from this stratum and become potential successors to the forest canopy. Tree seedling species performance may vary considerably under the particular rigors of a well-developed understory, and it is this variability that enables the understory to fiter tree seedlings.
The Iconicity of Metarepresentations
Authors: Recanati François
Published: November 2023

On the face of it, such metarepresentations seem to contain a primary representation, namely, ‘Kangaroos have tails’, and something like an operator ‘John believes (that)’, which makes a sentence out of a sentence. In this respect, ‘John believes that S’ appears to be very much like ‘It is not the case that S’.
The Neurospora Era
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

The decision to switch from Drosophila to Neurospora was made by Beadle while he was listening to Tatum giving a lecture in a course he had organized on comparative biochemistry. With a strong background in the nutrition and biochemistry of bacteria, Tatum was well prepared for this task. His education and doctoral research had convinced him of the validity of the Unity of Biochemistry, the evolutionary conservation of biochemical processes among all living organisms. His theme was that the basic building blocks of life—amino acids, sugars, lipids, growth factors—participated in fundamentally similar chemical pathways among all forms of life. Hence the most fruitful way to study a problem in animal metabolism might be to begin with a microbe that may well prove more convenient for experimental manipulation.
Vocal Hybrids: Sprechstimme and Recitation
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

Several hybrid and alternative forms of vocal declamation were developed and exploited during the twentieth century and continue to be used by contemporary composers. None of them could be called normal singing in the traditional sense. These mixtures of speech and song rely on aspects of both functions of the voice, exhibiting characteristics of each. Composers who incorporated some type of speech-song in their music were doing so in an attempt to heighten dramatic, conversational, or coloristic elements of both text and music.
Vocal Effects
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

The use of the voice as an extended sonic source was a primary creative motivator for twentieth-century composers. They already knew that the voice was capable of various kinds of vocalism, artistry, and communication due to a rich history in the development of vocalization in Western music. Several hundred years of music history had brought forth five basic approaches to vocalization: bel canto (a lyrical, legato-smooth vocal line); coloratura (florid music that emphasizes agility and flexibility); declamatory (a style that stresses extreme ranges of dynamics, pitch, and vocal color); recitative (a declamatory style that focuses on the delivery of a text within a limited vocal range); and folk song styles (based on naturalness, clarity, and simplicity, with little or no use of vibrato).
The Divine Marriage: Combining Believable Acting with Expressive Singing
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

When you perform, you want to move your audiences by communicating all the nuances of the music, ideas, and feelings of each piece. You will succeed if you are believable as your character, because believability is the magic key with which you unlock the audience’s empathy. When audience members empathize with your character, they open the floodgates of their feelings; they are moved. You are believable when you appear to be in your character’s situation— when you seem to be inventing the music and words as spontaneous responses to what the character is experiencing. This requires that you understand every word that you sing and that is sung to you and that you make the connections between your thoughts, your feelings, your breathing, and your body that we do in real life. As an actor-singer you will create this complete believability most successfully if you think of your voice as an evocative acting tool. Think of beautiful singing as an outpouring of your character’s feelings.
Getting Good: Rehearsing
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Rehearsals are the laboratories in which you work out how you will interpret and perform a piece. Together with the other performers, the music director, stage director, choreographer, and designers, you search for the choices that will illuminate the work in an appropriate and aesthetically pleasing manner and will make your character believable.
Delivering a Believable Character: Performing
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Since it is not easy to prepare yourself vocally and physically to meet the demands of performing, it is worthwhile giving your preparation process special attention and developing procedures that work for you. (You may want to adopt some of the suggestions about preparing for auditions in chapter 11 and look at the relaxation exercises and physical and character warmups in chapter 12.) Unless you know that there is a suitable space at the theater, plan to do most of your warm up at home.
The Management Strategies of Start-Up Factories
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter discusses a number of changes in the business environment-increasing competition, new technologies, more general skill requirements, and weaker unions-that might be encouraging employers to replace traditional methods of workplace management with new high performance management practices. A variety of theories also argue for the superiority of high performance over more traditional management practices as a means of improving efficiency and raising productivity, and there is growing evidence to support this view.
The T1-Like Bacteriophages
Authors: German Gregory J , Misra Rajeev , Kropinski Andrew M
Published: November 2023

The Dark Side of T1 Phage Although T1 got its initial fame from its use, in 1943, by Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück in their landmark fluctuation test (64), an entirely different reason has resulted in its notoriety since then. This phage’s resistance to desiccation results in its persistence for weeks in an aerosol which in turn created a real nightmare for laboratories engaged in research employing E. coli K-12 strains. It was not uncommon to hear cries from laboratory workers that their overnight bacterial cultures contained only floating debris. This was the result of an onslaught by T1. Laboratories were quarantined for days until the airborne count of T1 vanished. Bacterial geneticists have had T1-resistant E. coli tonA mutants since the 1940s, and as a result many laboratories protected against unwanted invasion of T1 by introducing null tonA alleles into their E. coli strain collection. Even today T1 maintains its bad reputation because it remains a problem, particularly in laboratories that only casually use E. coli strains for experiments involving cloning, protein overproduction, and analysis of genomic libraries. Because of this, almost all commercially available transformation-competent E. coli cells now contain a tonA mutation. Despite the knowledge of T1-mediated calamities, many laboratories continue to work with E. coli strains that are not tonA. Apparently, it often takes a large-scale disaster for laboratories to become believers in the incidental havoc T1 can wreak on innocent bacterial cultures. Despite its infamy, phage T1 is an interesting phage in its own right. In this chapter we consider the biology of the T1-like phages, concentrating on phage T1 and the related phage TLS.
The Return of the Gene (1988)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

We have two images of natural selection. The orthodox story is told in terms of individuals. More organisms of any given kind are produced than can survive and repro duce to their full potential. Although these organisms are of a kind, they are not identical. Some of the differences among them make a difference to their prospects for survival or reproduction, and hence, on the average, to their actual reproduction. Some of the differences which are relevant to survival and reproduction are (at least partly) heritable. The result is evolution under natural selection, a process in which, barring complications, the average fitness of the organisms within a kind can be expected to increase with time.
Function and Design (1993)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

The organic world is full of functions, and biologists’ descriptions of that world abound in functional talk. Organs, traits, and behavioral strategies all have functions. Thus the function of the bicoid protein is to establish anterior-posterior polarity in the Drosophila embryo; the function of the length of jackrabbits’ ears is to assist in thermoregulation in desert environments; and the function of a male baboon’s picking up a juvenile in the presence of a strange male may be to appease the stranger, or to protect the juvenile, or to impress surrounding females. Ascriptions of function have worried many philosophers. Do they presuppose some kind of supernatural purposiveness that ought to be rejected? Do they fulfil any explana tory role? Despite a long, and increasingly sophisticated, literature addressing these questions, I believe that we still lack a clear and complete account of function ascriptions. My aim in what follows is to take some further steps toward dissolving the mysteries that surround functional discourse.
Evolution of Altruism in Optional and Compulsory Games (1995)
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2023

Contemporary biological discussions of the evolution of altruism define altruistic behavior as that which increases the fitness of another animal at a cost in fitness to the animal engaging in the behavior. In the past decades, study of the evolution of genetic dispositions to altruistic behavior in this sense has been advanced by considering two special instances: (i) cases in which the animal’s own reproductive losses are made up through increases in the reproductive successes of kin, and (ii) cases in which the short-term losses of altruistic actions are made up through a system of reciprocation. Separating these instances is heuristically helpful, but artificial, since it is possible that interactions with relatives might involve short-term fitness losses that are made up through contributions from both sources.
National Environmental Performance Measurement and Determinants
Authors: Esty Daniel C , Porter Michael E
Published: November 2023

Environmental performance, encompassing the control of pollution and stewardship of natural resources, is of growing concern in both advanced and developing economies. Environmental quality plays a major role in quality of life, with a direct impact on the health and safety of a nation’s citizens as well as its attractiveness as a place to live. Many governments work hard to address environmental issues, but public expectations often outstrip results. As a result, pollution control and natural resource management have increasingly become core governmental challenges.
Under The Banyan Tree
Authors: Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

In this concise, understandable and hard-hitting analysis of human affairs affected by population growth, Sheldon Segal lays out the problems and suggests the solutions. In topics ranging from global food supply, to environmental problems, to urbanization, he gives us his take on the importance of moving a society from high fertility to low fertility. By using the Banyan Tree as a metaphor for nature’s classroom, often the only schoolroom in impoverished rural villages, Segal highlights the role of education in uplifting women and reducing the birth rate. In the near future the world will require food for 3 billion more people - the major proportion of this population increase occurring in societies with current existing high levels of malnutrition. Dr Segal traces the evolution of the population movement from an emphasis on demographic issues to the pre-eminence of women’s health and empowerment. The book includes an authoritative analysis of the biology of human reproduction and contraception, including the potential for new contraceptive methods for both women and men. Segal urges a coaliltion of concerned leadership in the field, reminding us that we face real antagnosists who are zealous opponents of population policy. Laced with entertaining anecdotes and eyewitness descriptions of key events of the last half of the 20th century, this is a remarkable account of the global transition to lower fertility, told by someone who has been both a participant and an observer in this historic epoch.
The Future of Feminist Liberalism 1
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C
Published: November 2023

Giribala, at the age of fourteen, then started off to make her home with her husband. Her mother put into a bundle the pots and pans that she would be needing. Watching her doing that, Aulchand remarked, “Put in some rice and lentils too. I’ve got a job at the house of the babu. Must report to work the moment I get back . . . “ Giribala picked up the bundle of rice, lentils, and cooking oil and left her village, walking a few steps behind him. He walked ahead, and from time to time asked her to walk faster, as the afternoon was starting to fade.
The Scope of Moral Requirement
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2023

The subject of this article is the duty of beneficence: the obligation we have to promote one another’s good. It is generally agreed that there is a duty of easy rescue; we are required to provide aid when that will prevent or relieve dire conditions for someone, when the cost to us is slight or moderate. And also that there is a companion duty of consideration or helpfulness, a requirement that we “lend a hand” to persons whose permissible activities or projects would founder without some small help we might easily provide.
Killing in the Heat of Passion
Authors: Baron Marcia
Published: November 2023

The supposition that, other things being equal, the “cooler” the homicide, the more culpable the killer, is well entrenched in the law. As Justice Powell observed in Mullaney v. Wilbur, “heat of passion ‘has been, almost from the inception of the common law of homicide, the single most important factor in determining the degree of culpability attaching to an unlawful homicide.’” Nonetheless, the defense is the subject of vigorous debate among legal scholars. Somewhat surprisingly, it has caught the attention of only a few philosophers.
A Defense of Skepticism
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

The Skepticism that I will defend is a negative thesis concerning what we know. I happily accept the fact that there is much that many of us correctly and reasonably believe, but much more than that is needed for us to know even a fair amount. Here I will not argue that nobody knows anything about anything, though that would be quite consistent with the skeptical thesis for which I will argue. The somewhat less radical thesis which I will defend is this one: every human being knows, at best, hardly anything to be so. More specifically, I will argue that hardly anyone knows that 45 and 56 are equal to 101, if anyone at all. On this skeptical thesis, no one will know the thesis to be true. But this is all right. For I only want to argue that it may be reasonable for us to suppose the thesis to be true, not that we should ever know it to be true.