bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical dilemmas in neurodegenerative disease: Respecting patients at the twilight of agency
Authors: Jaworska Agnieszka
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on dilemmas faced by caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients in cases in which current preferences of such patients come into conflict with the attitudes and values the person held during better health. To which set of preferences should conscientious caregivers give priority? The chapter argues that many Alzheimer’s patients, at least up to the middle stages of the disease, are still capable of rudimentary autonomy and that they still have authority concerning their well-being. The capacity to value is often not completely lost in dementia, and insofar as it is not, respect for the immediate interests of a demented person compromises neither their well-being nor the respect for their autonomy. In the postscript, emerging neuroscience evidence is discussed that may suggest that, for a time, the capacity to value is not only preserved but even enhanced in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Behavioral and brain-based research on free moral agency: Threatening or empowering?
Authors: Racine Eric , Dubljević Veljko
Published: September 2017

The belief that people are free human beings is central to much explanation of human behavior as well as to a broad set of social practices such as law, ethics, and politics. Neuroscience has been heralded as a game-changer that will radically alter how people perceive human freedom and potentially lead to the denial of its very existence. This chapter first examines some of the claims made by neuroscience research that challenge beliefs in free moral agency. It posits that a commonly held but unfounded objectivist and essential stance toward free moral agency and an equally common dichotomist fact–value/is–ought tension are at the center of these problematic interpretations. A resolution can be found in pragmatist theory and recent research in social psychology, both of which suggest that knowledge can also empower moral agency.
The neurobiology of addiction as a window on voluntary control of behavior and moral responsibility
Authors: Hyman Steven E.
Published: September 2017

Many laboratories, working worldwide on both animal models and human subjects, have produced significant insights into the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie drug addiction. Addictive drugs produce pathologic activation of brain reward circuits, resulting in long-term alterations in brain circuitry involved in decision-making and control of behavior. The result is a loss of control over drug seeking and engagement in compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. This scientific view is in tension with moral models that see drug use by addicted people as a matter of errant choice combined with inadequate efforts at control. This chapter explores the implications of these models for moral responsibility and legal culpability, and discusses the urgent need for advances in treatment.
Looking to the future: Clinical and policy implications of the brain disease model of addiction
Authors: Carter Adrian , Hall Wayne
Published: September 2017

The increasing recognition of addiction as a brain disease promises to significantly improve clinical treatment, reduce the stigma and discrimination aimed at people with an addiction, increase treatment funding and access, and discourage the use of punitive responses. This chapter argues that the brain disease model of addiction is not supported by the evidence sought in laboratories worldwide, and has failed to provide the clinical, social, and public policy benefits espoused by its proponents. Treating addiction solely as a brain disease may in fact reduce treatment-seeking, increase stigma, and focus attention on the medical treatment of addiction at the expense of more broadly effective public health policies that reduce the harms of drug use. The neuroscience research of addiction needs to be framed in a way that both accurately reflects the impact of drug use on the brain and communicated in a way that realizes the clinical and social benefits while eschewing avoidable harms.
Concussion, neuroethics, and sport: Policies of the past do not suffice for the future
Authors: Partridge Brad , Hall Wayne
Published: September 2017

Concussion management policies have become a major priority worldwide for sports that involve frequent collisions between participants because repeated head trauma has been associated with long-term cognitive impairments, mental health problems, and some forms of neurological degeneration. A number of concussion management policies have been developed by professional bodies and subsequently adopted by various sporting leagues. These have offered little guidance on how to navigate ethical issues in identifying and managing concussion. This chapter discusses ethical issues that arise in the diagnosis of concussion, debates about the longer-term consequences of repeated concussion injuries, and the design and implementation of policies that aim to prevent and manage concussion injuries in sporting matches.
The impact of neuroscience in the law: How perceptions of control and responsibility affect the definition of disability
Authors: Chandler Jennifer A.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this chapter is to consider the hypothesis that neurobiological accounts of behavior will affect the law, not just in the criminal context where there is evidence that neurobiological explanations may affect judgments of criminal responsibility, but also in how disability in the law is defined. The definition of disability is important as it sets the parameters of entitlements to disability benefits and the scope of legal protection from discrimination in human rights law. The chapter explores the impact of neurobiological explanations of behavioral conditions in this context. It presents cases involving addictions to gambling, sex, or the Internet, and nicotine to illustrate how medicalization, and occasionally neurobiological explanations, account for disabilities that ought to be accommodated rather than punished.
Neuroethics and neurotechnology: Instrumentality and human rights
Authors: Fins Joseph J.
Published: September 2017

If neuroethics is distinct from mainstream medical ethics, it is an ethics of technology, framing and posing novel questions that have normative implications. For example, advances in functional neuroimaging have informed our understanding of disorders of consciousness, posing questions about our ethical obligations to individuals now appreciated to be in liminal states of consciousness. Although this new knowledge derives from technological progress, technology alone can not address the ethical implications of our expanded gaze into the injured brain. To fully apprehend the meaning and significance of this new knowledge necessitates a response that is more than technical, requiring substantive contributions from the humanities and social sciences. Interdisciplinary inquiry can help inform and sustain scientific progress and realize the instrumentality of technology in advancing the human rights of individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions.
Appearing without Shame
Authors: Taylor Claire
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 reviews recent investigations of living standards which focus on subsistence and consumption measures, arguing that these should also be viewed in terms of ‘living without shame’. This leads to discussion of how the penetes represent themselves and how these representations follow or clash with the discourses discussed in Chapter 2. By using archaeological and epigraphic evidence it reveals how (i) patterns of labour are proudly claimed, and (ii) non-elite groups are driving (certain sorts of) consumption. This realigns ideas about poverty more closely to the voices of the penetes themselves. It then examines how the living standards of non-citizen groups can be assessed. Well-being indicators such as affiliation, social connectivity, personal relationships, and emotional bonds are used to explore the functionings of (in particular) marginalized groups such as slaves and non-citizens, therefore broadening the discussion of living standards from that based on economic criteria alone.
Poverty, Inequality, and Well-Being in Fourth-Century Athens
Authors: Taylor Claire
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter brings together some of the threads running through the book. It argues that there is much to gain by viewing poverty in the ancient world as multidimensional, that poverty and well-being are fundamentally shaped by social relations, and the viewing the economic history of the Greek world through the perspective of the penetes and other groups who are categorized as poor is valuable and necessary.
Introduction
Authors: Riley Kathleen
Published: September 2017

The Introduction begins with a succinct factual account of Wilde’s classical ‘biography’, from his childhood and early schooling, through his years as a student at Trinity College Dublin and Magdalen College, Oxford, to his later literary success. It explains the novelty of, and the cause for, the broad interdisciplinary approach taken in this book, and argues that the contributed essays, dealing in multifaceted but complementary ways, add significantly to modern Wildean scholarship. The Introduction is intended as a guide to the themes covered in this collection and the links which unite them in their mission. It argues that Wilde’s classicism was crucial to his self-creation, to his taking control of his own myth, and that one of the most striking aspects of his classicism was his commoditization of the ancient world, his use of it in literary ‘products’ designed to be consumed by large middle-class audiences.
Beyond Sculpture
Authors: Stokes John
Published: September 2017

In the 1880s, Wilde responded with enthusiasm to reconstructions of classical Greek theatre staged in Oxford, Cambridge, and London, and his published reviews draw extensively on his own classical training together with ideas taken from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Walter Pater, and John Addington Symonds. He took a similar interest in contemporary plays based on classical subjects, such as Alfred Lord Tennyson’s The Cup and John Todhunter’s Helena in Troas. This chapter describes how Wilde’s experience of Greek theatre and its offshoots in live performance contributed to his fascination with the art of the actor, with theatrical space, with the deployment of scenery, and with the relation of archaeology to architecture. It concludes by tracing an underlying shift in his dramatic theory from ‘plasticity’ to ‘psychology’.
‘Tragedy in the disguise of mirth’
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Wilde’s interest in the relationship between tragedy and comedy in the context of Victorian responses to Euripides and Menander. Debates about tragedy and comedy in relation to psychology, realism, and the representation of women in texts by Robert Browning and George Eliot are part of a wider fascination with ancient drama in Victorian literature. Wilde was one of the readers who restored Euripides to prominence and critical favour in the 1880s and 1890s. The reception of Euripides’ tragedies with a happy ending and Menander’s New Comedy, mediated by Shakespeare, influenced Wilde’s tragicomic treatment of themes from contemporary melodrama in his Society comedies.
Burning with a ‘hard, gem-like flame’
Authors: Hext Kate
Published: September 2017

This chapter spans Oscar Wilde’s career in order to consider how he uses Heraclitus’ philosophy of flux to underpin his conception of the pleasure-seeking, hedonistic individual. By the late 1870s, when Wilde arrived at Oxford, Heraclitus had acquired a new significance through Benjamin Jowett’s reforms to the Literæ Humaniores syllabus and the work Wilde famously referred to as ‘my golden book’, Walter Pater’s Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873). With an epigraph from Plato’s Cratylus, its ‘Conclusion’ presented the modern world as the epitome of Heraclitean flux, and counselled that, in consequence, ‘to burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life’. Exactly how Wilde takes up—and indeed, fundamentally challenges—this assertion’s hedonistic implications and the Heraclitean flux that underpins it in ‘The Critic as Artist’, The Picture of Dorian Gray, and De Profundis is the focus of this chapter.
Wilde and Roman History
Authors: Smith II Philip E.
Published: September 2017

Although recognized as a student of Greek language and culture, Wilde also read Latin fluently and studied Roman history and literature. This knowledge is displayed in his thesis-length essay, ‘Historical Criticism’, written in 1879 but unpublished in his lifetime; it compares classical Greek and Roman historians, with about 90 per cent of the exposition devoted to the Greeks. Wilde’s truncated consideration of Roman historians like Livy and Tacitus in ‘Historical Criticism’ would have been amplified considerably if he had included more of the language and examples he drafted, as seen in the unquoted entries in his two Oxford notebooks and in the ‘Historical Criticism’ notebook. Allusions and mentions in Wilde’s letters and later works, from his poetry and journalism to critical essays and finally to De Profundis, also display the lifelong range of his references to Roman history, historians, and culture.
The Oath of Supremacy
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: September 2017

Chapter 1 explores the impact of the Oath of Supremacy, looking at two trials, those of Thomas More and Anne Boleyn, which resulted from the astonishing changes precipitated by Henry’s decision to divorce Catherine of Aragon, forcing English men and women to wonder how honest they could be about their loyalties and precipitating a crisis concerning the nature of speech and language in public culture. The chapter explores these two important trials in terms of the Reformation, showing how arguments about truth and lying became particularly significant as the King assumed the right to rule the Church as well as the state. Uncovering the truth of each trial may be less important than understanding that they are about truth and whose right it is to declare what is truth and what lies.
Introduction
Authors: Parr Connal
Published: September 2017

This book is a synthesis of the political and the creative, telescoping modern history and politics with theatre and television drama. It centres on ten writers: St John Ervine (1883–1971), Thomas Carnduff (1886–1956), John Hewitt (1907–87), Sam Thompson (1916–65), Stewart Parker (1941–88), Graham Reid (1945–), Ron Hutchinson (1947–), Gary Mitchell (1965–), Christina Reid (1942–2015), and Marie Jones (1951–). While never intending to ghettoize Protestant writers, or indeed suggest that only those from this background can write illuminatingly about it, one of the reasons the book does not focus on the work of a playwright like Donegal-born Frank McGuinness—especially ...
Words as Weapons
Authors: Parr Connal
Published: September 2017

‘Culture wars’ in Northern Ireland are literary and rest upon the misperception—and political claim—that Ulster Protestants lack a culture aside from Orangeism. Unionist politicians and Republican writers have accordingly cultivated the myth that Ulster Protestants lack literary heritage and have never been involved in the theatre. The community has internalized a post-conflict ‘defeatism’ and a conviction that it has produced little or nothing of artistic merit. This has been fortified by the individualist, splintered nature of the Protestant community as opposed to the more cohesive and communally robust Catholic equivalent. The Republican movement and its associated writers mainly view literature as an arm of the struggle, which is shown to be important in bringing about an end to conflict, but has led to a derogation of working-class Protestants. The chapter also considers Ulster Loyalist engagement with poetry and drama.
The Strange Radicalism of Thomas Carnduff and St John Ervine
Authors: Parr Connal
Published: September 2017

St John Ervine and Thomas Carnduff were born in working-class Protestant parts of Belfast in the 1880s, though Ervine would escape to an eventually prosperous existence in England. Orangeism, the politics of early twentieth-century Ireland, the militancy of the age—and the involvement of these writers in it—along with Ervine’s journey from ardent Fabian to reactionary Unionist, via his pivotal experiences managing the Abbey Theatre and losing a leg in the First World War, are all discussed. Carnduff’s own tumultuous life is reflected through his complicated Orange affiliation, gut class-consciousness, poetry, unpublished work, contempt for the local (and gentrified) Ulster artistic scene, and veneration of socially conscious United Irishman James Hope. It concludes with an assessment of their respective legacies and continuing import.
Ron Hutchinson, Graham Reid, and the Hard Eighties
Authors: Parr Connal
Published: September 2017

The political and theatrical climate of the 1980s are charted through Graham Reid and Ron Hutchinson, two dramatists who produced their key works in the decade. An apparent (and sentimentalized) ‘golden age’ for Irish and Ulster drama simultaneously accompanied the hardships of deindustrialization. Both writers explored Protestant identity via their exiled trajectories as writers based outside Northern Ireland, reaching large audiences through television drama. Hutchinson—following his Play for Today experiments—would go on to success in America, while Reid’s Billy plays (1982–4) earned plaudits for their depiction of universal working-class life. Through their performed and unproduced projects both Reid and Hutchinson also confront the Reverend Ian Paisley, whose controversial legacy is assessed and contested by other Ulster Protestants, itself a reflection of political diversity within Ulster Protestantism.
Introduction
Authors: Pollard Tanya
Published: September 2017

The Introduction, “Recovering Greek Tragic Women,” establishes the book’s key premises by documenting the habitual early modern identification of tragedy and comedy with their Greek origins, and linking emerging conceptions of these genres with the Greek plays most frequently published, translated, performed, and discussed in the period. It explores the model of theatrical sympathy that emerges in early modern responses to these plays through examining commentaries on and translations of the period’s most popular Greek play, Euripides’ Hecuba, and reflects on their broader implications for understanding the period’s responses to classical literary precursors. The Introduction argues that responses to tragic icons such as Hecuba from playwrights including Shakespeare offer a specifically theatrical model for intertextual engagement, challenging assumptions not only about the nature of Greek reception in the period but also about the nature of dramatic collaboration.
What’s Hecuba to Him?
Authors: Pollard Tanya
Published: September 2017

Chapter 3, “What’s Hecuba to Him?,” observes that when Hamlet reflects on the charged power of the tragic theater, he turns to Hecuba: “What’s Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba,/ That he should weep for her?” Building on Chapter 3’s account of Hecuba’s prominence in Titus Andronicus, this chapter argues that Hecuba offers Shakespeare a privileged symbol for tragedy, one that defines the genre especially by its power to move audiences’ emotions. In staging Hamlet’s imagined encounter with Hecuba, Shakespeare reflects on his own negotiations with a genre identified especially with grief, sympathy, and the affective impact of female lament.
Parodying Shakespeare’s Euripides in Bartholomew Fair
Authors: Pollard Tanya
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6, “Parodying Shakespeare’s Euripides in Bartholomew Fair,” argues that Shakespeare’s fascination with Greek tragedy’s female icons led his contemporaries to identify him with the dramatic tradition they represented. In particular, Ben Jonson adopts an Aristophanic strategy to parody Shakespeare’s versions of Euripidean heroines in Bartholomew Fair. The play simultaneously imitates, mocks, and pays homage to Shakespeare’s tragicomic restorations, through parodic versions of the Greek female figures who shape their miraculous reversals. Allusions to Ceres, Furies, and Hero and Leander highlight Greek tragic patterns including suffering mothers and daughters, reunions with veiled wives returning from a mock-underworld, and a suffering virgin escaping the sacrifice of an unwanted marriage. Tracing these Euripidean underpinnings illuminates Jonson’s responses not only to Shakespeare, but also to Greek plays. In his tongue-in-cheek recreations of Shakespeare’s Euripidean plots, Jonson recreates their pleasurable redemptions while maintaining his wry skepticism toward their miraculous resolutions.
Principles in Health Economics and Policy
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

Principles in Health Economics and Policy, second edition, is a concise introduction to health economics and its application to health policy. It introduces the subject of economics, explains the fundamental failures in the market for healthcare, and discusses the concepts of equity and fairness when applied to health and healthcare. The book takes a globally relevant, policy-oriented approach that emphasizes the application of economic analysis to universal health policy issues in an accessible manner. It explores four principal questions facing health policymakers all over the world. These questions are universal in that they are relevant no matter how much money a country spends on its health service, and no matter its political system. The structure of this book reflects the following logical order of these four questions: How should society intervene in the determinants that affect health? How should healthcare be financed? How should healthcare providers be paid? And, how should alternative healthcare programmes be evaluated when setting priorities? The book is an ideal reference guide for everyone interested in how the tools of health economics can be applied when shaping health policy.
Economics and efficiency
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

This chapter, the longest in the book, explains the fundamentals of microeconomics and its application to the analysis of health and healthcare. The concepts of scarcity and opportunity costs lie at the heart of the economics discipline. Based on the standard production function with two input factors, the important concept of cost-efficiency is explained; and based on the premise of scarcity in the availability of input factors, the concept of opportunity costs is explained. An important insight from consumer theory is that people make trade-offs. Their preferences and income determine their chosen combination of goods, as illustrated by an indifference curve. An important piece of information for policymakers attempting to intervene in people’s demand for healthy, and unhealthy, goods is to know how sensitive demand is to changing prices and income. The chapter explains and defines elasticities of demand.
Health-related behaviour
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines three health determinants that lie inside of individuals’ own control: diet, physical activity, and substance use. The choices exhibited over these three classes of goods (or bads) have fundamental impacts on the health of the individual. Under each of them, three types of policy interventions are discussed: prices, regulations, and ‘nudges’. Generally, price interventions such as indirect taxation and subsidies are useful when demand is responsive to price changes, that is, on price-elastic goods. Regulations are required when consumers do not respond much to price changes, that is, for price-inelastic goods. The use of ‘nudges’ is based on the insight from behavioural economics that consumers are sensitive to how their choice sets are being presented. Through ‘choice architecture’ policymakers can help individuals make healthy choices rather than being victims of a short-sighted weak will.
Uncertainty and health insurance
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

This chapter seeks to explain why most people prefer to have a health insurance plan. Two types of uncertainty give rise to the demand for financial protection: people do not know if they will ever come to need healthcare, and they do not know the full financial implications of illness. Health insurance would take away—or at least reduce—such financial uncertainties associated with future illnesses. A model is presented to show the so-called welfare gain from health insurance. This is followed by an investigation into the potential efficiency losses of health insurance, due to excess demand for services. In the last section, a different efficiency problem is discussed: when people have an incentive to signal ‘false risks’, this can lead to there being no market for insurance contracts which reflect ‘true risks’.
Prepayment schemes
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers two different ways of organizing revenue collection in statutory healthcare schemes: social health insurance and taxation. The two models are commonly referred to as ‘Bismarck vs Beveridge’ after the men associated with the origin of these systems: the first German chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), and the British economist Lord William Beveridge (1879–1963). The differences between these two compulsory prepayment schemes are discussed and compared with private health insurance. Based on a simple diagram introduced by the World Health Organization, three dimensions of coverage are illustrated. Some policy dilemmas are highlighted when attempting to achieve universal health coverage. Finally, various combinations of public and private prepayment schemes are discussed.
Primary care: paying general practitioners
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the three most widely used remuneration systems for general practitioners (GPs): fee-for-service, capitation, and salary. Each system has its pros and cons, so in practice some sort of blended system would often be chosen. A concern with the fee-for-service system is that it might make doctors provide too many services, that is, supplier-induced demand. Capitation breaks the link between payment and amount of services provided by giving the GP a fixed fee for each patient registered on the list. This system may lead GPs to selectively attract healthy patients and make unnecessary referrals to specialists. A salary system does not include an incentive mechanism, and is therefore assumed to involve lower productivity. After a comparison of the three payment systems, the chapter suggests a typology of GPs’ motivations along two dimensions: financial versus non-financial rewards, and selfish versus altruistic.
Costs and the cost-effectiveness threshold
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel
Published: September 2017

Chapter 19 starts by distinguishing between the two contrasting perspectives that an economic evaluation would take: the healthcare sector perspective versus the societal perspective. The former is considered a ‘narrow analysis’ which includes only the costs accruing within the healthcare sector, while the latter represents a ‘broad analysis’ that accounts for all resource implications in all sectors of the economy. After an investigation into various types of costs, a ‘limited societal perspective’ is suggested to be more appropriate than either of the two ‘extreme perspectives’. The chapter continues with a discussion of the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) threshold and explains the difference between a demand side- versus a supply-side approach to determining a threshold value for a QALY.
The Deaths of Combatants
Authors: Gross Michael L
Published: September 2017

Although there are few restrictions on killing combatants, the contemporary law of war bans weapons that cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering. Because military necessity and humanitarian norms often conflict, no clear regulations have emerged. Instead, states sometimes ban weapons because they cause horrific wounds. But this determination is subjective and has led the Red Cross to seek objective medical guidelines on unnecessary suffering. A close look shows how it is often difficult to apply these guidelines to new non-lethal technologies, which include electromagnetic, pharmacological, and neurological weapons. These weapons do not cause obvious injury and suffering and may even reduce combatant and civilian injuries. Nevertheless, they can cause intense transient pain or impinge upon human dignity when they undermine cognitive capabilities. Weighing the costs of new technologies against their benefits remains an abiding challenge for humanitarian law.
The Equality of Combatants in Asymmetric War
Authors: Finkelstein Claire
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the relationship between the principle of distinction and the idea that combatants are “morally equal” on the battlefield. This relationship is of particular interest, as well as complexity, in so-called asymmetric warfare, namely warfare between traditional state actors and non-state actors such as ISIS or al-Qaeda. It argues that an essential concept for understanding the moral equality principle is that of role responsibility. The notion of role responsibility, where it applies, has the effect of isolating the rights and duties that pertain to the actor from other segments of morality and enables morality to be discontinuous across its various domains. The result is that two principles of right may conflict with one another across the various domains to which they apply. This explains how a combatant can be on the wrong side of a conflict and yet have the right to kill an opposing combatant in war. The idea is challenging to extend to asymmetric war.
Introduction
Authors: Prestel Joseph Ben
Published: September 2017

The introduction shows that the historical parallels between cities in Europe and the Middle East during the nineteenth century are an underresearched topic in history, demonstrating that Eurocentric tendencies have led to a separation between historical studies on cities in these two regions. It shows how a comparison between Berlin and Cairo contributes to the study of potential parallels between cities in Europe and the Middle East. It is in this context that the history of emotions opens up a new perspective. While older comparative studies have focused on the origins of urban change, the introduction argues that a history of emotions shifts the focus towards the study of how contemporaries negotiated urban change. In this way, the history of emotions helps to overcome Eurocentric pitfalls and offers the possibility of a more global urban history, in which the histories of Berlin and Cairo begin to speak to each other.
Who is Rational?
Authors: Prestel Joseph Ben
Published: September 2017

Beginning around 1860, authors in the Egyptian capital portrayed Cairo’s changing cityscape and the recent emergence of local newspapers in terms of their impact on rationality (‘aql). In their descriptions, these contemporaries depicted rationality as an education of the heart that especially enabled men from the middle class to control their bodies and passions. The chapter shows that Cairo’s transformation was, however, not always associated with rising rationality by drawing on a different set of sources. Police and court records from the 1860s and 1870s demonstrate that contemporaries also described processes of urban change as a danger to the “honor” of lower-class women. Like the debates in Berlin, emotional practices in Cairo thus served as a way to address the social formation of the Egyptian capital during a time of dynamic transformation.
Second-Order Decisions
Authors: Ullmann-Margalit Edna
Published: September 2017

People are often reluctant to make decisions by calculating the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action in particular cases. Knowing, in addition, that they may err, people and institutions often resort to second order strategies for reducing the burdens of, and risk of error in, first order decisions. They make a second order decision when they choose one from among such possible strategies. They adopt rules or presumptions; they create standards; they delegate authority to others; they take small steps; they pick rather than choose. Some of these strategies impose high costs before decision but low costs at the time of ultimate decision; others impose low costs both before and at the time of ultimate decision; still others impose low costs before decision while exporting to others the high costs at the time of decision.
Internalism Re-explained
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: September 2017

According to ‘internalism’, what it is rational for me to think at a given time depends purely on the internal mental states and events that are present in my mind at that time. Intuitively, internalism is compelling. But should we trust the intuition? What is the distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ here? Don’t parallel intuitions establish controversial doctrines in the philosophy of mind, like the existence of ‘narrow content’? Why would this intuition be true? This chapter answers these questions. Internalism is true because we need to have norms that we can follow directly (not by reasoning about those norms, or by any more complex process of reasoning at all); and the only norms that we can follow directly in this sense at a given time are ones that supervene on the internal mental states and events that are present in our minds at (or shortly before) the time.
Conclusion
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph
Published: September 2017

It is explained how the conception of rationality proposed earlier in this book can set the agenda for the study of rational belief and rational choice. Part of the task will be to investigate the kind of ‘rational probability’ that was introduced in Chapter 9; the other part will be to study the conditions under which each kind of mental state counts as ‘correct’. There are reasons for thinking that the relevant notion of correctness must be such that in the case of belief, a correct belief is a belief in a true proposition, and in the case of choice, it is ‘akratic’ to choose something if one is fully confident that it is not correct to choose it. It is explained what light this approach could shed on the traditional issues about rational belief and rational choice.
‘All the World’s a Stage-Painting’: Scenery, Optics, and Greek Epistemology
Authors: Burnyeat M. F.
Published: September 2017

In the fourth century BCE, Anaxarchus and Monimus compared the world to stage-painting, to express scepticism about sense-perception and the worthlessness of human affairs, respectively. But the comparison traces back to Democritus’ discussion of Anaxagoras’ famous claim, a century earlier, that ‘appearances are a sight of things unseen’. According to Vitruvius, they were influenced by what Agatharchus had written about stage-painting, something that can be assessed properly only by considering the genre of technical treatises and the claims of those who were first to write on a subject. The comparison with phenomenal experience should ultimately be credited to Anaxagoras, though the points that he and Democritus make differ, owing to their different views of how the macroscopic world is related to underlying reality. These texts are thus not about the early history of perspectival painting, but stem from a fifth-century epistemological debate about what, if anything, sense-perception reveals about reality.
Identity and Explanation in the Euthyphro
Authors: Ebrey David
Published: September 2017

According to many interpreters, Socrates in the Euthyphro thinks that an answer to ‘what is the holy?’ should pick out some feature that is prior to being holy. While this is a powerful way to think of answers to the ‘what is it?’ question, one that Aristotle develops, I argue that the Euthyphro provides an important alternative to this Aristotelian account. Instead, an answer to ‘what is the holy?’ should pick out precisely being holy, not some feature prior to it. I begin by showing how this interpretation allows for a straightforward reading of a key argument: Socrates’ refutation of Euthyphro’s proposal that the holy is the god-loved. Then I address considerations that seem to favour the Aristotelian account. I end by explaining how answers to ‘what is f-ness?’ questions are informative on this account, even though they do not identify anything other than f-ness.
Varieties of Pleasure in Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Price A. W.
Published: September 2017

It is a familiar contrast between Plato and Aristotle that Plato identifies pleasure with a process of replenishment, Aristotle with an activity (or quality of an activity) that contains its end within itself. It complicates the contrast that the Philebus does not actually insist on any single account, whereas the Rhetoric invokes the Platonic conception, but then extends it indefinitely. Aristotle’s discussions of pleasure in the Ethics can be interpreted as being of a piece, and as applying to a wide range of perceptions and activities. However, a distinction between being glad to be acting in some way and enjoying so acting would permit a more nuanced understanding of pleasure, and a more plausible view of ethical virtue.
Natural Rights in Albert the Great
Authors: Rovira Mónica García-Salmones
Published: September 2017

Paying careful attention to his use of language, this chapter introduces Albert the Great’s contribution to natural rights into the scholarly debate between subjective and objective rights. Teacher of Thomas Aquinas, Albert’s work on ius naturale has been overshadowed in many aspects by the significance and impact of his student’s. However, Albert’s early appearance on the stage of empirical sciences as a student of nature has been widely recognized. Eclectic in his use of sources, Albert would generously use Stoic writings, and would become as well a first-rate commentator of Aristotle’s works. As a theologian, Albert’s Augustinian influences cannot be neglected. The text examined here, De bono (1242), constitutes an early and thorough elaboration of an original doctrine of natural right and, importantly, of natural rights.
‘If I forget thee, O Jerusalem’
Authors: Paz Reut Yael
Published: September 2017

The holiness of Jerusalem—the house of the one God—is central to the three monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and, because of this, also to global politics and international law. But Jerusalem is also where twentieth-century international law—as a civilizing, Western, and modern project intended as a counterpoise to the extremities of religious differences and passions—repeatedly fails. There is one interesting exception. During the Berlin Congress of 1878, Western European imperial powers integrated an Eastern status quo regime first legalized by the Ottoman firmans (decrees) that had governed—and still govern—the city’s holy places since the sixteenth century. This chapter examines the complex relationship between monotheism, international law, and Jerusalem by unpacking one article—Article LXII of the Berlin Treaty (1878)—that incorporated the custom of ‘Status Quo’ formulated by Jerusalem’s Ottoman, Oriental, and Muslim rulers into the predominantly Christian European Law of Nations.
Introduction
Authors: Archer Harriet
Published: September 2017

The introduction reflects on standard early modern prefatory statements of textual imperfection as a productive way into the narrative of the Mirror for Magistrates’ sixty-year evolution. Portrayed in successive editions as unfinished and open to expansion and revision, the Mirror compromises the stability of national history and text itself in the course of its metaliterary commentary on its own textual history. The introduction sketches the Mirror’s chequered reception in modern scholarship, from mid-twentieth-century scepticism to its recent critical revival, and gestures towards its pervasive presence in late Elizabethan literary culture as evidence of the centrality of its models of reading and writing history for Spenser, Shakespeare, and others. An outline of the subsequent chapters concludes this section.
Dramatic Geography
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: September 2017

Focusing on early modern plays that stage encounters between peoples of different cultures, this book asks how a sense of geographical location was created in early modern theatres that featured minimal scenery. While previous studies have stressed these plays’ connections to a historical Mediterranean in which England was increasingly involved, this book demonstrates how their dramatic geography was shaped through a literary and theatrical heritage. Reading canonical plays including The Merchant of Venice, The Jew of Malta, and The Tempest alongside lesser-known dramas such as Soliman and Perseda, Guy of Warwick, and The Travels of the Three English Brothers, Dramatic Geography illustrates, first, how early modern dramatists staging foreign worlds drew upon a romance tradition dating back to the medieval period, and second, how they responded to one another’s plays to create an ‘intertheatrical geography’. These strategies, the book argues, shape the plays’ wider meanings in important ways, and could only have operated within the theatrical environment peculiar to early modern London: one in which playwrights worked in close proximity, in one instance perhaps even living together while composing Mediterranean dramas, and one where they could expect audiences to respond to subtle generic and intertextual negotiations. In reassessing this group of plays, the book brings into conversation scholarship on theatre history, cultural encounter, and literary geography; it also contributes to current debates in early modern studies regarding the nature of dramatic authorship, the relationship between genre and history, and the continuities that run between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Romancing the Mediterranean
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the ways in which romance literature presents geographical space. To provide a foundation for the chapters that follow, it focuses on a number of classical, medieval, and early modern romances and romance-inflected texts that present the Mediterranean, asking how romance as a mode of writing interacts with the historical realities of the Mediterranean world. In exploring different forms of romance geography, the chapter proffers a distinction between the ‘Hellenistic’ mode, which stresses the Mediterranean’s status as a site of productive interaction between overlapping cultures, and the ‘chivalric’ mode, which presents it as a site of conflict; additionally, the chapter discusses the ways in which romance literature constructs a dynamic between the inner worlds of its protagonists and the outer worlds through which they travel.
‘Importunity Which Mocked All Denial’: The Amherst Charity Fund and the Foundation of Amherst College
Authors: Hammer Carl I
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses the complex history of the Amherst Charity Fund and Amherst College, located in western Massachusetts. The story of the Charity Fund, an independent fund which financed the foundation and early growth of Amherst College through designated scholarships and loans, incorporates many elements of the larger American myth. This chapter offers an alternative story based on the surviving historical record. In particular, it draws on the accounts of Noah Webster and Rufus Graves. It also cites the founding in 1815 of the Hampshire Education Society, whose aims contrast sharply with those embraced by the trustees of Amherst Academy, and how Amherst’s history was intertwined with that of Williams College. Finally, it highlights the important roles played by such men as Pastor David Parsons and Samuel F. Dickinson.
From Studium Generale to Modern Research University: Eight Hundred Years of Oxford History
Authors: Tyacke Nicholas
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the book The University of Oxford. A History (2016), by Laurence W. B. Brockliss. The book is divided into four parts: the ‘Catholic University’ (c.1100–1534), the ‘Anglican University’ (1534–1845), the ‘Imperial University’ (1845–1945), and the ‘World University’ (1945–2015). Brockliss’s account broadly endorses the idea that the 400 years or so between the high middle ages and the Victorian era of reform were a time of decline for Oxford, reaching the lowest point under the Hanoverians. Yet this interpretation has been seriously questioned by others, including Lucy Sutherland and Leslie Mitchell. The book tackles a range of topics related to Oxford, including its undergraduate curriculum, student population, research, funding, and institutional obstacles to reform.
Olga Weijers, A Scholar’s Paradise. Teaching and Debating in Medieval Paris (Turnhout: Brepols, 2015), 257 pp. ISBN: 9782503554631
Authors: Courtenay William J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the book A Scholar’s Paradise. Teaching and Debating in Medieval Paris (2015), by Olga Weijers. The book provides a detailed picture of the origins, structure, and development of the academic community in Paris in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, with particular emphasis on the faculty of arts. It consists of fifteen chapters covering topics such as the administrative structure and curriculum of the various faculties; the classification of knowledge, the branches of learning, and the content of teaching in the various disciplines; methods of teaching and the skills of analysis and argumentation; the lectio and the questio; and the different types of disputation. Weijers also examines academic ceremonies and events and presents a biography of a scholarly career in the thirteenth century, using that of Robert Kilwardby.
Klaas van Berkel and Bart Ramakers (eds), Petrus Camper in Context. Science, the Arts, and Society in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Republic (Hilversum: Verloren, 2015), 316pp., ill. ISBN: 9789087044671
Authors: Vermij Rienk
Published: September 2017

This chapter reviews the book Petrus Camper in Context. Science, the Arts, and Society in the Eighteenth-Century Dutch Republic (2015), edited by Klaas van Berkel and Bart Ramakers. The book focuses on the social standing of the Dutch professor of medicine Petrus Camper (1722–1789), and particularly his political role and his artistic ideas and accomplishments. It presents an interesting case of the role of science and medicine in the period of the Enlightenment. There are papers on Camper as a landowner and Frisian politician; on his connections to other intellectuals of his time; on his impact on the university of Groningen, where he taught for several years; and on his illustrations for William Smellie’s anatomical atlas. Camper’s scholarly work should be seen in the larger framework of his social responsibilities and the new ideal of citizenship as it emerged in the period of the Enlightenment.
Typography in sixteenth-century English dictionaries
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: September 2017

The chapter constitutes the first detailed study of how early lexicographers and printers exploited typography to present the description of the meaning of words and their morphological analyses to their readers. It provides an outline of the bi- and multilingual English dictionaries printed between 1499 and 1604 and illustrates the changes in the page layout (e.g. columns, indentation, frame structure), the introduction and use of different fonts and type sizes (e.g. black letter, italic type, roman type), capitalization, letter-spacing, and symbols (the pilcrow, the pointing hand, the ivy leaf, the asterism, etc.). Three typographical phases are distinguished.