bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Drug Delivery to the Brain Using Liposome-Based Strategies: Studies that Provide Mechanistic Insights Are Essential
Authors: Juhairiyah Firda , de Lange Elizabeth C. M.
Published: October 2021

Brain drug delivery may be restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and enhancement by liposome-based drug delivery strategies has been investigated. As access to the human brain is limited, many studies have been performed in experimental animals. Whereas providing interesting data, such studies have room for improvement to provide mechanistic insight into the rate and extent of specifically BBB transport and intrabrain distribution processes that all together govern CNS target delivery of the free drug. This review shortly summarizes BBB transport and current liposome-based strategies to overcome BBB transport restrictions, with the emphasis on how to determine the individual mechanisms that all together determine the time course offreedrug brain concentrations, following their administration as such, and in liposomes. Animal studies using microdialysis providing time course information on unbound drug in plasma and brain are highlighted, as these provide the mechanistic information needed to understand BBB drug transport of the drug, and the impact of a liposomal formulations of that drug on BBB transport. Overall, these studies show that brain distribution of a drug administered as liposomal formulation depends on both drug properties and liposomal formulation characteristics. In general, evidence suggests that active transporters at the BBB, either being influx or efflux transporters, are circumvented by liposomes. It is concluded that liposomal formulations may provide interesting changes in BBB transport. More mechanistic studies are needed to understand relevant mechanisms in liposomal drug delivery to the brain, providing an improved basis for its prediction in human using animal data.
Rethinking the Political Economy of Development in Mao's China
Authors: Meyskens Covell F.
Published: October 2021

This article examines two theoretical frameworks used to evaluate Maoist development. The first is based on neoclassical economic theory, and the second is rooted in the idea that the Chinese Communist Party made China into a state capitalist regime. Both these theoretical frameworks presume to know what economic practices the CCP should have engaged in and fault the Party for not conforming to their standards of judgment. This article finds this normative approach to analyzing Maoist development to be wanting for four reasons. In its drive to depict China as acting anomalously, this normative standpoint insufficiently attends to the empirical specificities of economic activities of the Mao era. It does not take enough into account how China's socialist identity shaped the CCP's economic initiatives. Nor does it dig deep enough into how the geopolitical dynamics of the Cold War influenced Chinese development. This way of writing the history of the Mao period also overlooks similarities between China and other developmental states in Cold War East Asia. This article calls on historians to adopt a different approach to the study of Chinese development and scour available documentation with the aim of comprehending the economic practices of Mao's China on their own terms.
Foundations of Theory in PRC History: Mass Communications Research, Political Culture, and the Values Paradigm
Authors: Johnson Matthew D.
Published: October 2021

This article describes the US origins of the field of PRC history. It argues that research on PRC history is widely derived from an approach to knowledge that predates area studies: the theory that societies can be controlled and changed through the transformation of human cognition—referred to as “public opinion,” “values,” “culture,” “political culture,” “tradition,” or “belief”—by nonviolent means. The author calls this approach to knowledge the values paradigm. A separate, but related argument is that this paradigm has proven more important than the availability or content of new sources in determining how PRC history has been written. The aim behind these arguments is twofold: to highlight the intellectual debt (or burden) that links PRC history, via area studies, to policy science; and to elucidate other ways of guiding research in place of the increasingly exhausted values paradigm–based approach. The conclusions they lead to are that historical and social scientific explanations of political change in China have become intellectually dependent on the abstraction of mass consciousness, and that this abstraction has been used to obscure the endemic violence of Maoism.
Syrian Men’s Disability and Their Masculine Trajectories in the Context of Displacement in Jordan and Turkey
Authors: Muhanna-Matar Aitemad
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the relationship between men’s physical disability and the trajectories of negotiating masculinities in the context of Syrian refugee displacement in Jordan and Turkey. The article draws its analysis from the personal narratives of five displaced Syrian refugee men who sustained injuries during the war in Syria. It explores how Syrian refugee men with disabilities remake their masculine bodies and selves to create a new version of masculinity that responds to the changes in their socioeconomic circumstances and bodies. The article argues that the disabled Syrian refugee men went through multiple and contradictory masculine trajectories that intersect with multiple identities and different types of disability. Disabled Syrian refugee men’s emergent masculine embodiments created a version of masculinity that, although it adhered to the patriarchal family values of connectivity and intimacy, does not in its practice legitimate domination within the family and in the Syrian refugee community.
Muslim Fashionistas in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Kütük-Kuriş Merve
Published: October 2021

Turkey’s Islamic fashion market transformed during the 2010s with the entry of young, bourgeois, fashion-conscious Muslim female entrepreneurs. As designers, manufacturers, and retailers, these “Muslim fashionistas” not only gained the attention of young Muslim women but also became lifestyle gurus, projecting images of the successful entrepreneur, the ideal mother, the benevolent philanthropist, and the leisure enthusiast. This combination of roles resonates with the notion of the “ideal Muslim woman” promoted by the government. But its performance entails moments of imperfection and moral dilemma, as the demands of capitalism and consumerism place Muslim fashionistas in opposition to the teachings of their faith and traditional gender regimes. Drawing on practice theory, and on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Istanbul, this article explores Muslim fashionistas’ everyday performances in the fields of family, charity, and leisure. The objective is to analyze how these agents negotiate and interpret quotidian inconsistencies between their religious and social ideals and those ideals’ manifestation.
Regulated inositol synthesis is critical for balanced metabolism and development in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Rivera Maria J. , Contreras Altagracia , Nguyen LongThy T. , Eldon Elizabeth D. , Klig Lisa S.
Published: October 2021

Myo-inositol is a precursor of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol (PI). It is involved in many essential cellular processes including signal transduction, energy metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and osmoregulation. Inositol is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate by myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase (MIPSp). The Drosophila melanogaster Inos gene encodes MIPSp. Abnormalities in myo-inositol metabolism have been implicated in type 2 diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Obesity and high blood (hemolymph) glucose are two hallmarks of diabetes, which can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster third-instar larvae by high-sucrose diets. This study shows that dietary inositol reduces the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes of third-instar larvae fed high-sucrose diets. Furthermore, this study demonstrates Inos mRNA regulation by dietary inositol; when more inositol is provided there is less Inos mRNA. Third-instar larvae with dysregulated high levels of Inos mRNA and MIPSp show dramatic reductions of the obese-like and high-hemolymph glucose phenotypes. These strains, however, also display developmental defects and pupal lethality. The few individuals that eclose die within two days with striking defects: structural alterations of the wings and legs, and heads lacking proboscises. This study is an exciting extension of the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for exploring the junction of development and metabolism.
Agrin/Lrp4 signal constrains MuSK-dependent neuromuscular synapse development in appendicular muscle
Authors: Walker Lauren J. , Roque Rebecca A. , Navarro Maria F. , Granato Michael
Published: October 2021

The receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK, its co-receptor Lrp4 and the Agrin ligand constitute a signaling pathway that is crucial in axial muscle for neuromuscular synapse development, yet whether this pathway functions similarly in appendicular muscle is unclear. Here, using the larval zebrafish pectoral fin, equivalent to tetrapod forelimbs, we show that, similar to axial muscle, developing appendicular muscles form aneural acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters prior to innervation. As motor axons arrive, neural AChR clusters form, eventually leading to functional synapses in a MuSK-dependent manner. We find that loss of Agrin or Lrp4 function, which abolishes synaptic AChR clusters in axial muscle, results in enlarged presynaptic nerve regions and progressively expanding appendicular AChR clusters, mimicking the consequences of motoneuron ablation. Moreover, musk depletion in lrp4 mutants partially restores synaptic AChR patterning. Combined, our results provide compelling evidence that, in addition to the canonical pathway in which Agrin/Lrp4 stimulates MuSK activity, Agrin/Lrp4 signaling in appendicular muscle constrains MuSK-dependent neuromuscular synapse organization. Thus, we reveal a previously unappreciated role for Agrin/Lrp4 signaling, thereby highlighting distinct differences between axial and appendicular synapse development.
Infant leukaemia – faithful models, cell of origin and the niche
Authors: Duguid Alasdair , Mattiucci Domenico , Ottersbach Katrin
Published: October 2021

For patients and their families, the diagnosis of infant leukaemia is devastating. This disease has not seen the improvements in outcomes experienced with other paediatric leukaemias and it is becoming ever more apparent that infant leukaemia is a distinct biological entity. Insights into some of the distinguishing features of infant leukaemia, such as a single mutation – the MLL-gene rearrangement, the biology of disease aggressiveness and lineage plasticity, and the high incidence of central nervous system involvement, are likely to be gained from understanding the interactions between leukaemic cells and their environment or niche. The origins of infant leukaemia lie in the embryonic haematopoietic system, which is characterised by shifting locations and dynamic changes in the microenvironment. Understanding this foetal or embryonic context is integral to understanding infant leukaemia development. Owing to its rarity and prenatal origins, developing accurate modelling systems for further investigation of infant leukaemia is essential. In this Review, we discuss how available in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo infant leukaemia models contribute to our current understanding of the leukaemia niche in embryonic development, established disease and specialised non-haematopoietic niches. The mechanistic insights provided by accurate models will help identify viable novel therapeutic options.
Nuclear import of BCL11B is mediated by a classical nuclear localization signal and not the Krüppel-like zinc fingers
Authors: Grabarczyk Piotr , Delin Martin , Rogińska Dorota , Schulig Lukas , Forkel Hannes , Depke Maren , Link Andreas , Machaliński Bogusław , Schmidt Christian Andreas
Published: October 2021

The Krüppel-like transcription factor (KLF) BCL11B is characterized by a wide tissue distribution and crucial functions in key developmental and cellular processes, as well as in various pathologies including cancer and HIV infection. Although the basics of BCL11B activity and relevant interactions with other proteins have been uncovered, how this exclusively nuclear protein localizes to its compartment remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that unlike other KLFs, BCL11B does not require the C-terminal DNA-binding domain to pass through the nuclear envelope but has an independent, previously unidentified, nuclear localization signal (NLS), which is located distantly from the zinc finger domains and fulfills the essential criteria of being an autonomous NLS. First, it can redirect a heterologous cytoplasmic protein to the nucleus. Second, its mutation causes aberrant localization of the protein of origin. Finally, we provide experimental and in silico evidences of the direct interaction with importin-α. The relative conservation of this motif allows formulating a consensus sequence (K/R)K-X13–14-KR+K++ (‘+’ indicates amino acids with similar chemical properties), which can be found in all BCL11B orthologs among vertebrates and in the closely related protein BCL11A.
Rapid embryonic development supports the early onset of gill functions in two coral reef damselfishes
Authors: Prescott Leteisha A. , Regish Amy M. , McMahon Shannon J. , McCormick Stephen D. , Rummer Jodie L.
Published: October 2021

The gill is one of the most important organs for growth and survival of fishes. Early life stages in coral reef fishes often exhibit extreme physiological and demographic characteristics that are linked to well-established respiratory and ionoregulatory processes. However, gill development and function in coral reef fishes is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated gill morphology, oxygen uptake and ionoregulatory systems throughout embryogenesis in two coral reef damselfishes, Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion melanopus (Pomacentridae). In both species, we found key gill structures to develop rapidly early in the embryonic phase. Ionoregulatory cells appear on gill filaments 3–4 days post-fertilization and increase in density, whilst disappearing or shrinking in cutaneous locations. Primary respiratory tissue (lamellae) appears 5–7 days post-fertilization, coinciding with a peak in oxygen uptake rates of the developing embryos. Oxygen uptake was unaffected by phenylhydrazine across all ages (pre-hatching), indicating that haemoglobin is not yet required for oxygen uptake. This suggests that gills have limited contribution to respiratory functions during embryonic development, at least until hatching. Rapid gill development in damselfishes, when compared with that in most previously investigated fishes, may reflect preparations for a high-performance, challenging lifestyle on tropical reefs, but may also make reef fishes more vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors.
Influence of Age and Estradiol on Sympathetic Nerve Activity Responses to Exercise in Women
Authors: WENNER MEGAN M. , GREANEY JODY L. , MATTHEWS EVAN L. , MCGINTY SHANE , KAUR JASDEEP , VONGPATANASIN WANPEN , FADEL PAUL J.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Postmenopausal women (PMW) display exaggerated increases in blood pressure (BP) during exercise, yet the mechanism(s) involved remain unclear. Moreover, research on the impact of menopausal changes in estradiol on cardiovascular control during exercise are limited. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that sympathetic responses during exercise are augmented in PMWcompared with young women (YW), and estradiol administration attenuates these responses.

Methods

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in 13 PMW (58 ± 1 yr) and 17 YW (22 ± 1 yr) during 2 min of isometric handgrip. Separately, MSNA and BP responses were measured during isometric handgrip in six PMW (53 ± 1 yr) before and after 1 month of transdermal estradiol (100 μg·d−1). A period of postexercise ischemia (PEI) to isolate muscle metaboreflex activation followed all handgrip bouts.

Results

Resting MAP was similar between PMW and YW, whereas MSNA was greater in PMW (23 ± 3 vs 8 ± 1 bursts per minute; P < 0.05). During handgrip, the increases in MSNA (PMW Δ16 ± 2 vs YW Δ6 ± 1 bursts per minute; P < 0.05) and MAP (PMW Δ18 ± 2 vs YW Δ12 ± 2 mm Hg; P < 0.05) were greater in PMW and remained augmented during PEI. Estradiol administration decreased resting MAP but not MSNA in PMW. Moreover, MSNA (PMW (−E2) Δ27 ± 8 bursts per minute versus PMW (+E2) Δ12 ± 5 bursts per minute; P < 0.05) and MAP (Δ31 ± 8 mm Hg vs Δ20 ± 6 mm Hg; P < 0.05) responses during handgrip were attenuated in PMW after estradiol administration. Likewise, MAP responses during PEI were lower after estradiol.

Conclusions

These data suggest that PMW exhibit an exaggerated MSNA and BP response to isometric exercise, due in part to heightened metaboreflex activation. Furthermore, estradiol administration attenuated BP and MSNA responses to exercise in PMW.
An Empirical Dynamic Model of Trade with Consumer Accumulation
Authors: Piveteau Paul
Published: October 2021

This paper develops a dynamic structural model of trade in which firms slowly accumulate consumers in foreign markets. Estimating the model using export data from individual firms and a particle Markov chain Monte Carlo estimator, the model predicts lower survival rates for new exporters and estimates low entry costs of exporting—less than half of those estimated in the absence of consumer accumulation. Using simulations and out-of-sample predictions, I show that the introduction of such frictions and the reduction in estimated entry costs allow the model to match important facts regarding the aggregate response of international trade to shocks. (JEL D22, F12, F14, L66)
Voter Turnout and Preference Aggregation
Authors: Kawai Kei , Toyama Yuta , Watanabe Yasutora
Published: October 2021

We study how voter turnout affects the aggregation of preferences in elections. Under voluntary voting, election outcomes disproportionately aggregate the preferences of voters with low voting cost and high preference intensity. We show identification of the correlation structure among preferences, costs, and perceptions of voting efficacy, and explore how the correlation affects preference aggregation. Using 2004 US presidential election data, we find that young, low-income, less-educated, and minority voters are underrepresented. All of these groups tend to prefer Democrats, except for the less educated. Democrats would have won the majority of the electoral votes if all eligible voters had turned out. (JEL D12, D72)
Program Recertification Costs: Evidence from SNAP
Authors: Homonoff Tatiana , Somerville Jason
Published: October 2021

Participants in means-tested programs must periodically document eligibility through a recertification process. If all cases that fail recertification are ineligible, the exact timing of this process should be irrelevant. We find that later recertification interview assignments for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which leave less time to reschedule missed interviews, decrease recertification success by 22 percent. The consequences of not recertifying due to later interviews are highly skewed: most cases quickly reenroll, while one-quarter remain off SNAP for over a year. The marginal disenrolled case is as needy as the average participant, suggesting inefficient screening from late interviews. (JEL H51, H75, I12, I18, I38)
Why Are Relatively Poor People Not More Supportive of Redistribution? Evidence from a Randomized Survey Experiment across Ten Countries
Authors: Hoy Christopher , Mager Franziska
Published: October 2021

We test a key assumption underlying seminal theories about preferences for redistribution, which is that relatively poor people should be the most in favor of redistribution. We conduct a randomized survey experiment with over 30,000 participants across 10 countries, half of whom are informed of their position in the national income distribution. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, people who are told they are relatively poorer than they thought are less concerned about inequality and are not more supportive of redistribution. This finding is consistent with people using their own living standard as a “benchmark” for what they consider acceptable for others. (JEL D12, D31, H23, I31, I32)
A novel e-learning tool to improve knowledge and awareness of pelvic radiotherapy late effects: qualitative responses amongst therapeutic radiographers
Authors: Oliver Lauren Ann , Porritt Bridget , Kirby Mike
Published: October 2021

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a novel e-learning intervention to increase knowledge, awareness and confidence surrounding pelvic radiotherapy late effects amongst therapeutic radiographers (RTTs), and to change staff perceptions of responsibility in providing such information to patients.

Methods:

The e-learning intervention was developed using blended learning software (Articulate Global, New York). 23 therapeutic radiographers within a single UK radiotherapy institution received the e-learning. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were utilised pre- and post-intervention to obtain qualitative and quantitative results. Thematic analysis of coded interview responses identified recurring themes, whilst statistical analysis was conducted using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. This first paper presents the qualitative results.

Results:

Thematic analysis revealed increased knowledge and awareness of pelvic radiotherapy late effects amongst participants. Five key themes were identified: Knowledge/Confidence; Consent; Professional Responsibility; Gaps within Practice and Time/Space. Whilst several staff reported increased confidence in discussing late effects with patients, further training utilising “blended” pedagogical approaches may be required to achieve longstanding improvements. Following e-learning, participants demonstrated increased professional responsibility to deliver late effects information to patients.

Conclusion:

The novel e-learning intervention increased staff knowledge, awareness and confidence surrounding pelvic radiotherapy late effects, whilst changing staff perceptions on professional responsibility in delivering such information.

Advances in knowledge:

The e-learning has been disseminated to all hospitals within the region including a new “Radiotherapy Late Effects Clinic”, educating various healthcare professionals. Study recommendations have led to introduction of dedicated radiotherapy late effects modules on a novel MSc programme at a UK University.
A simple and cheap aerosol penetrometer for filter testing using an electronic cigarette.
Authors: Lifka Sebastian , Ponomarev Ivan , Weth Agnes , Baumgartner David , Lamprecht Bernd , Baumgartner Werner
Published: October 2021

Background: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic face masks grew in importance as their use by the general population was recommended by health officials in order to minimize the risk of infection and prevent further spread of the virus. To ensure health protection of medical personnel and other system relevant staff, it is of considerable interest to quickly test if a certain lot of filtering facepiece masks meets the requirements or if the penetration changes under different conditions. As certified penetrometers are rather expensive and were difficult to obtain during the COVID-19 pandemic, we describe two quite simple and cheap methods to quickly test the filter penetration based on an electronic cigarette.

Methods: The first method uses a precision scale, the second method uses a light scattering detector to measure the filter penetration. To make sure these two methods yield reliable results, both were tested with freshly cut filter samples covering the range of approx. 2 % to 60 % filter penetration and compared to the results of a certified penetrometer.

Results: The comparison of the two methods with the certified penetrometer showed a good correlation and therefore allow a quick and rather reliable estimation of the penetration.

Conclusions: Several examples about the use of faulty masks and the resulting health risks show that simple, fast, cheap and broadly available methods for filter characterization might be useful in these days.
Methodological Features of the Formation of Ideas about Units of Time Measurement in Primary Schoolchildren (Correcting All-Russian Verification Work Errors)
Authors: Moshnina R. , Khilenko T.
Published: October 2021

A very important skill that helps younger schoolchildren to navigate in the world around them is the ability to determine the time with the help of a clock. The development of temporal representations in them is of vital practical importance. How to make the process of formation and development of temporal representations attractive for younger schoolchildren? The article provides methodological recommendations, as well as a number of simple, exciting tasks that allow you to create a positive atmosphere in the lesson and stimulate students' interest in studying the category of time.
Physical activity is associated with low-level stress among a sample of seniors during COVID-19 outbreak?
Authors: Alcântara Chellsea Hortêncio , Costa Rafael Martins da , Brito Elorides de , Marques Maira Mendes dos Santos , Ribeiro Euler Esteves , Leon Elisa Brosina de
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to verify the association of physical activity, behaviors, and health conditions with stress among a sample of older adults from Manaus, Brazil, during the COVID-19 outbreak. This is a cross-sectional analysis of 79 older adults (76% female; age: 68.24 ± 6.82 years) from Fundação Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade (FUnATI). The perceived stress (PS) was assessed by the Perceived Stress Scale, while a questionnaire via telephone call. The variables also included physical activity, sleep quality, sociodemographic, and health condition variables. Linear Bayesian mixed-effects regression models were applied to verify the association between these correlates with PS. Older people who met the recommendations before the COVID-19 outbreak but did not meet the same recommendations during the COVID-19 outbreak have a higher PS score compared to those older people who did not meet the PA recommendations at either time. In contrast, those elderly people who met PA recommendations before and during the COVID-19 outbreak had a lower PS score compared to their peers who did not meet physical activity recommendations at either time. Those older people who did not meet the PA recommendations before the COVID-19 outbreak, but did meet the PA recommendations during the COVID-19 outbreak, did not have significant differences in the PS score compared to their peers who did not meet the PA recommendations in either moment. Sleep changes and high BMI were negatively associated with PS. The maintenance of physical activity during the pandemic was associated with lower levels of stress in older people.
Does the Potential to Merge Reduce Competition?
Authors: Hackbarth Dirk , Taub Bart
Published: October 2021

We study anticompetitive horizontal mergers in a dynamic model with noisy collusion. At each instant, firms either privately choose output levels or merge to form a monopoly, trading off the benefits of avoiding price wars against the costs of merging. The potential to merge decreases pre-merger collusion, as punishments effected by price wars are weakened. We thus extend the result of Davidson and Deneckere [Davidson C, Deneckere R (1984) Horizontal mergers and collusive behavior. Internat. J. Indust. Organ. 2(2):117–132.], who analyzed the weakening of punishments post-merger, demonstrating that pre-merger collusion is weakened, in a fully stochastic model. Thus, although anticompetitive mergers harm competition ex post, the implication is that barriers and costs of merging due to regulation should be reduced to promote competition exante.

This paper was accepted by Tomasz Piskorski, finance.
Work readiness in rehabilitation medicine: a qualitative exploration and framework
Authors: Suleman Salima , Hall Mark , Bostick Geoffrey , Paslawski Teresa , Schmitz Cori , McFarlane Lu-Anne
Published: October 2021

Background/aims

The skills and attributes that facilitate the transition from student to professional (also known as work readiness) have not been fully explored in rehabilitation medicine. The aim of this study was to develop a model of work readiness for new rehabilitation medicine professionals that allows for a successful transition to the workplace.

Methods

A qualitative approach was used to explore the perspectives of 26 clinicians, regulators and employers about work readiness in rehabilitation disciplines. Transcripts were coded and analysed using content analysis methods.

Results

At the core of work readiness for rehabilitation medicine professionals were three complex endeavours that were framed as professional challenges. Each endeavour integrated one or more foundational skills and could improve context-bound applied skills.

Conclusions

Work readiness in rehabilitation requires active and ongoing commitment from students, post-secondary programmes and employers.
Understanding brokers, intermediaries, and boundary spanners: a multi-sectoral review of strategies, skills, and outcomes
Authors: Neal Jennifer Watling , Posner Stephen , Brutzman Brian
Published: October 2021

Background:

Brokers, intermediaries, and boundary spanners (BIBS) bridge research and policy or practice, and can elevate the role of evidence in decision making. However, there is limited integration of the literature across different sectors to understand the strategies that BIBS use, the skills needed to carry out these strategies, and the expected outcomes of these strategies.

Aims and objectives:

In this review, we characterise the strategies, skills, and outcomes of BIBS across the literature in education, environmental, health and other relevant sectors.

Methods:

We included 185 conceptual and review papers written in English that included descriptions or conceptualisations of BIBS in the context of knowledge transfer or research use in the education, environmental, health, or other relevant sectors (for example, social services, international development). For each included paper, we extracted and coded information on sector, BIBS strategies, skills, and outcomes.

Findings:

Our review revealed five strategies used by BIBS that were emphasised in the literature. Specifically, 79.5% of papers mentioned facilitating relationships, 75.7% mentioned disseminating evidence, 56.8% mentioned finding alignment, 48.6% mentioned capacity building, and 37.3% mentioned advising decisions as strategies used by BIBS. Additionally, papers described skills and expected outcomes that were common across these strategies as well as those that were unique to specific strategies.

Discussion and conclusions:

We discuss implications of these findings for understanding how BIBS interface with knowledge users and producers as well as directions for future research on BIBS and the professionalisation of BIBS roles.
Band selection for oxygenation estimation with multispectral/hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Ayala Leonardo , Isensee Fabian , Wirkert Sebastian J. , Vemuri Anant S. , Maier-Hein Klaus H. , Fei Baowei , Maier-Hein Lena
Published: October 2021

Multispectral imaging provides valuable information on tissue composition such as hemoglobin oxygen saturation. However, the real-time application of this technique in interventional medicine can be challenging due to the long acquisition times needed for large amounts of hyperspectral data with hundreds of bands. While this challenge can partially be addressed by choosing a discriminative subset of bands, the band selection methods proposed to date are mainly restricted by the availability of often hard to obtain reference measurements. We address this bottleneck with a new approach to band selection that leverages highly accurate Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. We hypothesize that a so chosen small subset of bands can reproduce or even improve upon the results of a quasi continuous spectral measurement. We further investigate whether novel domain adaptation techniques can address the inevitable domain shift stemming from the use of simulations. Initial results based on in silico and in vivo experiments suggest that 10-20 bands are sufficient to closely reproduce results from spectral measurements with 101 bands in the 500-700 nm range. The investigated domain adaptation technique, which only requires unlabeled in vivo measurements, yielded better results than the pure in silico band selection method. Overall, our method could guide development of fast multispectral imaging systems suited for interventional use without relying on complex hardware setups or manually labeled data.
Self-synchronized reflection-mode acousto-optic imaging system utilizing nanosecond laser pulses
Authors: Nowak Lukasz J. , Steenbergen Wiendelt
Published: October 2021

We present an acousto-optic imaging system operating in reflection-mode and utilizing a pair of compact, triggerable lasers with 532 and 1064 nm wavelength and nanosecond pulse duration. The system maps the fluence rate distribution of light transmitted through optically scattering samples. The imaging is performed using an acousto-optic probe comprising an ultrasound linear array with attached optical fiber on one side and a camera on the other. The described hardware configuration images samples with access restricted to one side only and ensures mobility of the entire setup. The major challenge of the introduced approach is mitigating the effects of laser parameter instabilities and precise synchronization of ultrasound and laser pulses. We solved this issue by developing an electronic feedback circuit and a microcontroller-based synchronization and control system triggering the ultrasound scanner. Schematics and details regarding control algorithms are introduced. The imaging performance of the system is demonstrated on examples of results obtained for solid, acoustically-homogeneous and optically scattering phantoms with and without light absorbing inclusions present. Adjusting the size and location of the region of interest within the camera sensor matrix and the number of laser pulses illuminating every frame allows for significant improvements in terms of the achievable peak signal to noise ratio. We demonstrate that the developed synchronization algorithm and system play a crucial role in ensuring imaging quality and accuracy.
High-speed multiview imaging approaching 4pi steradians using conic section mirrors: theoretical and practical considerations
Authors: Zhou Kevin C. , Dhalla Al-Hafeez , McNabb Ryan P. , Qian Ruobing , Farsiu Sina , Izatt Joseph A.
Published: October 2021

Illuminating or imaging samples from a broad angular range is essential in a wide variety of computational 3D imaging and resolution-enhancement techniques, such as optical projection tomography, optical diffraction tomography, synthetic aperture microscopy, Fourier ptychographic microscopy, structured illumination microscopy, photogrammetry, and optical coherence refraction tomography. The wider the angular coverage, the better the resolution enhancement or 3D-resolving capabilities. However, achieving such angular ranges is a practical challenge, especially when approaching±90∘or beyond. Often, researchers resort to expensive, proprietary high numerical aperture (NA) objectives or to rotating the sample or source-detector pair, which sacrifices temporal resolution or perturbs the sample. Here, we propose several new strategies for multiangle imaging approaching 4pi steradians using concave parabolic or ellipsoidal mirrors and fast, low rotational inertia scanners, such as galvanometers. We derive theoretically and empirically relations between a variety of system parameters (e.g.,  NA, wavelength, focal length, telecentricity) and achievable fields of view (FOVs) and importantly show that intrinsic tilt aberrations donotrestrict FOV for many multiview imaging applications, contrary to conventional wisdom. Finally, we present strategies for avoiding spherical aberrations at obliquely illuminated flat boundaries. Our simple designs allow for high-speed multiangle imaging for microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic applications.
Suppression of spurious image duplicates in Fourier holograms by pixel apodization of a spatial light modulator
Authors: Starobrat Joanna , Fiderkiewicz Szymon , Kołodziejczyk Andrzej , Sypek Maciej , Beck Romuald , Pavłov Krystian , Słowikowski Mateusz , Kowalczyk Adam , Suszek Jarosław , Makowski Michał
Published: October 2021

Holographic projectors and near-eye displays are a promising technology with truly three-dimensional, natural viewing and excellent energetic efficiency. Spatial light modulators with periodic pixel matrices cause image duplicates, which distract the viewer and waste energy of the playback beam. We present the engineering of the far field intensity envelope, which suppresses higher-order image duplicates in the simplest possible optical setup by physically changing the shape of modulator pixels with attached apodizing masks. Numerical and experimental results show the limited number of perceived duplicates and better uniformity in off-axis projections for the price of compromised energetic efficiency due to amplitude masks.
Achromatic frequency doubling of supercontinuum pulses for transient absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Keil E. , Malevich P. , Hauer J.
Published: October 2021

We present achromatic frequency doubling of supercontinuum pulses from a hollow core fiber as a technique for obtaining tunable ultrashort pulses in the near UV and blue spectral range. Pulse energies are stable on a 1.1% level, averaged over 100 000 shots. By the use of conventional optics only, we compress a 0.2 µJ pulse at a center wavelength of 475 nm to a pulse duration of 12 fs, as measured by X-FROG. We test the capabilities of the approach by employing the ASHG-pulses as a pump in a transient absorption experiment on β-carotene in solution.
Static full-Stokes Fourier transform imaging spectropolarimeter capturing spectral, polarization, and spatial characteristics
Authors: Bai Caixun , Li Jianxin , Zhang Wenfei , Xu Yixuan , Feng Yutao
Published: October 2021

A static full-Stokes Fourier transform imaging spectropolarimeter incorporating a liquid-crystal polarization modulator (LPM) and birefringent shearing interferometer (BSI) is reported. It can decode the polarization information at each wavelength along the spatial dimension of a two-dimensional data array. The LPM has a high-speed time-division architecture and employs two ferroelectric liquid crystals and two wave plates to produce four polarization states, providing full-Stokes polarimetric information with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The BSI comprises two birefringent crystal plates and generates an optical path difference with good linear distribution for broadband interference, allowing a fast and high-precision spectral recovery. The optimized design of LPM and BSI are introduced in detail. Subsequently, the signal reconstruction is verified through simulations and experiments. The proposed scheme is highly efficient, exhibits a higher spectral resolution, and constitutes a compact technical approach to realize high-dimensional optical measurement.
Widely wavelength tunable Dy3+/Er3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Zhu Xiushan , Norwood Robert A. , Peyghambarian Nasser
Published: October 2021

Wavelength tunable dysprosium-erbium (Dy3+/Er3+) co-doped ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) fiber lasers pumped at 980 nm were developed with a bulk grating blazed at 3.1 µm in the Littrow configuration and their performances were investigated. A wavelength tunable range of 674.4 nm (2709.2 nm −3373.6 nm) was achieved with a 4.5-m 0.25 mol.% Dy3+/ 4 mol.% Er3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber. Our experiments demonstrated that either Er3+ or Dy3+ can be lasing individually in a Dy3+/Er3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber and a fiber laser with wavelength tunable range from 2.7 µm to 3.4 µm or longer wavelengths can be achieved with proper fiber and cavity design.
Analytical transient analysis of temporal boundary value problems using the d’Alembert formula
Authors: Mai Wending , Werner Douglas H.
Published: October 2021

Temporal boundary value problems (TBVPs) provide the foundation for analyzing electromagnetic wave propagation in time-varying media. In this paper, we point out that TBVPs fall into the category of unbounded initial value problems, which have traveling wave solutions. By dividing the entire time frame into several subdomains and applying the d’Alembert formula, the transient expressions for waves propagating through temporal boundaries can be evaluated analytically. Moreover, unlike their spatial analogs, TBVPs are subject to causality. Therefore, the resulting analytical transient solutions resulting from the d’Alembert formula are unique to temporal systems.
Pulse repetition rate tuning of a harmonically mode-locked ring fiber laser using resonant optical injection
Authors: Ribenek V. A. , Stoliarov D. A. , Korobko D. A. , Fotiadi A. A.
Published: October 2021

We report on a new, to the best of our knowledge, technique enabling fine-tuning of the pulse repetition rate (PRR) of a soliton harmonically mode-locked (HML) fiber laser built on the nonlinear polarization evolution (NPE). Optical injection of an external continuous wave (CW) into the HML laser cavity is used for this purpose enabling precise PRR tuning with the elementary step equal to the fundamental PRR one-by-one. The effect exhibits strong resonance dependence on the CW laser wavelength and available in both positive and negative directions. Our findings offer important insights into the HML laser dynamics associated with the birth and annihilation of solitons in the cavity.
„Sie werden eh einen Weg finden, um es zu umgehen“ – Ein führender Automobilhersteller kämpft mit Datensicherheit in der Neuproduktentwicklung
Authors: Weber Ramona , Gernreich Chris C. , Wolf Verena
Published: October 2021

Während sich Unternehmen die Möglichkeiten der vernetzten Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie für die gemeinsame Entwicklung neuer Produkte zunutze machen, stellen sich gleichzeitig Fragen nach dem Schutz von vertraulichen Informationen und Wissen. Um ihre ungewollte Verbreitung zu vermeiden, benötigen Unternehmen in verschiedenen Branchen klare Strategien zur Risikominimierung. Durch den aktuellen Wandel hin zur Elektromobilität herrscht in der Automobilindustrie ein harter Wettbewerb und die Gefahr von Nachahmung ist groß. Wir präsentieren eine explorative Fallstudie in einem führenden europäischen Automobilunternehmen und untersuchen das Verhalten am Arbeitsplatz und die damit verbundenen Informationssicherheit bei der Entwicklung neuer Produkte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Bewusstsein zum Schutz von Informationen in Organisationsroutinen verwurzelt ist und dass bestehende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen eine schwache Wirkung haben. Unpraktische formale Sicherheitsrichtlinien sowie hierarchische Spannungen und Zeitdruck führen zu riskanten Verhaltensweisen der Mitarbeiter. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutung von Transparenz und Flexibilität von Wissenssicherheitsrichtlinien hin. Darüber hinaus bieten wir eine neue Perspektive auf den Wissenstransfer, indem wir die sog. Sichtbarkeitslinie für Informationen einführen und einen Sicherheitsrahmen für die Praxis vorstellen.
Ten simple rules for training yourself in an emerging field
Authors: Woelmer Whitney M. , Bradley L. M. , Haber Lisa T. , Klinges David H. , Lewis Abigail S. L. , Mohr Elizabeth J. , Torrens Christa L. , Wheeler Kathryn I. , Willson Alyssa M.
Published: October 2021

The opportunity to participate in and contribute to emerging fields is increasingly prevalent in science. However, simply thinking about stepping outside of your academic silo can leave many students reeling from the uncertainty. Here, we describe 10 simple rules to successfully train yourself in an emerging field, based on our experience as students in the emerging field of ecological forecasting. Our advice begins with setting and revisiting specific goals to achieve your academic and career objectives and includes several useful rules for engaging with and contributing to an emerging field.
Radio-frequency exposure of the yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti) from 2 to 240 GHz
Authors: De Borre Eline , Joseph Wout , Aminzadeh Reza , Müller Pie , Boone Matthieu N. , Josipovic Iván , Hashemizadeh Sina , Kuster Niels , Kühn Sven , Thielens Arno
Published: October 2021

Fifth generation networks (5G) will be associated with a partial shift to higher carrier frequencies, including wavelengths comparable in size to insects. This may lead to higher absorption of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) by insects and could cause dielectric heating. The yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), a vector for diseases such as yellow and dengue fever, favors warm climates. Being exposed to higher frequency RF EMFs causing possible dielectric heating, could have an influence on behavior, physiology and morphology, and could be a possible factor for introduction of the species in regions where the yellow fever mosquito normally does not appear. In this study, the influence of far field RF exposure on A. aegypti was examined between 2 and 240 GHz. Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations, the distribution of the electric field in and around the insect and the absorbed RF power were found for six different mosquito models (three male, three female). The 3D models were created from micro-CT scans of real mosquitoes. The dielectric properties used in the simulation were measured from a mixture of homogenized A. aegypti. For a given incident RF power, the absorption increases with increasing frequency between 2 and 90 GHz with a maximum between 90 and 240 GHz. The absorption was maximal in the region where the wavelength matches the size of the mosquito. For a same incident field strength, the power absorption by the mosquito is 16 times higher at 60 GHz than at 6 GHz. The higher absorption of RF power by future technologies can result in dielectric heating and potentially influence the biology of this mosquito.