bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of Phase in the Psychoses
Authors: Beaton Thomas
Published: August 2008

Change of phase is a well-recognised feature in the course of certain of the psychoses. In manic-depressive insanity it is on the phasic variation of the affective state that the separation of that type of mental disorder is based. So, also, in many cases of the chronic psychoses phase changes occur as the disorder progresses, and as the patient fits in new experience and builds up fresh mental content on the basis of the already existing delusional state.
The Genetic Origin of Dementia Præcox
Authors: Mott Frederick W.
Published: August 2008

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,—Last year I had the honour of delivering the Maudsley Lecture, and I brought forward a certain amount of evidence in favour of the genetic causation of dementia præcox. I have continued these investigations and published the results in papers entitled “Further Pathological Studies in Dementia Præcox, especially in Relation to the Interstitial Cells of Leydig,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1922, vol. xv (Section of Psychiatry), pp. 1–30; also “The Reproductive Organs in Relation to Mental Disorders,” Brit. Med. Journ., March 25, 1922. The former investigation included 27 cases of dementia præcox, the onset occurring in adolescence; also the results obtained in 9 cases of psychoses other than dementia præcox occurring in post-adolescence, and 4 cases of primary dementia, in which the demential symptoms came on in post-adolescence. From these investigations, and from others which I have been pursuing, I have come to the conclusion that it is better to speak of primary dementia, which may occur either in the pre-adolescent period, adolescence, or post-adolescence; moreover, I am of opinion that all the psychoses belong to one group and are genetic in origin. In those forms of psychoses in which recovery takes place—for example, confusional insanity or exhaustion psychosis, benign stupor, periodic insanity, or manic-depressive insanity—we may assume there is a suspension of neuronic function in the highest psychic level; but all these conditions I have found may end in a terminal dementia, in which the changes in the reproductive organs and in the brain do not differ from those met with in the primary dementia of adolescence, the dementia indicative of a suppression of function. In the primary dementias, naturally, the symptoms may be partially due to a suspension, and partially to a suppression of function, and I would explain partial remission of symptoms by a partial restoration of function in neurones in which the nuclear change was either not present or not advanced.
The Activating Effect of Blood-serum for Cobra Venom in Mental Deficiency and other Mental Affections
Authors: Watson H. Ferguson
Published: August 2008

Between the years 1910 and 1913 I carried out a research at the Clinical Laboratory, Glasgow University, on the activating effect of the blood-serum for cobra venom in various diseases. Since then a fairly extensive research has been carried out on various forms of mental disease, more especially on the commoner forms of mental disorder and mental defect in institutions, in order to confirm the view that the auxilytic action of human serum on cobra venom in haemolysis produces characteristic reactions whereby certain diseases can be diagnosed.
Some Aspects of Sociology and their Psychiatrical Application
Authors: Suttie Ian D.
Published: August 2008

It has been admitted that there is nothing of culture outside the contents and processes of “individual minds.” It may, therefore, be argued that “individual” psychology, or at any rate a special application or department thereof, can give an adequate account of culture. In the first place the development of culture is a matter of centuries; its progressions are infinitesimal and cannot be traced in the life-history of the individual. A history of culture has, therefore, facts of its own to deal with—if only as a descriptive science folk psychology (or ethnology) is amply justified.
The Religious Aspect of Ulster Revivalism
Authors: M'Ilwaine W.
Published: August 2008

The regions of religion and philosophy are distinct, but by no means opposed. Some professors of the Christian faith may have fallen into the error that revelation and science are antagonistic, but such a position has neither any foundation in fact, nor any countenance in the Divine record. Warnings, no doubt, occur in the apostolic writings under the head of science and philosophy; but these are directed against “science falsely so called“, and such philosophy as is identified with “vain deceit.” There can be no opposition between nature and revelation, inasmuch as the author of both is the same God, who is “light“, and whose essence is “truth”. In examining therefore a mental phenomenon, such as that of Revivalism, as lately exhibited in the northern counties of Ireland, and during whose rise and progress so much of a religious element was developed, it would be, in a manner, impossible to do justice to the subject, without a direct reference to this element; nor will the interests of evangelical truth be injured, by an endeavour to discriminate between the false and the true, the genuine and the factitious, in this singular excitement; neither, I must presume, will the pages of a journal devoted mainly to subjects of a psychological character be diverted from their legitimate application if the Religious Aspect of Ulster Revivalism be introduced to them.
The History and Progress of Psychological Medicine. An Inaugural Address
Authors: Browne J. Crichton
Published: August 2008

Gentlemen—My first and most agreeable duty, on taking possession of this chair, to which you have called me, is to express to you the gratitude which I feel for the distinguished honour with which you have invested me. I cannot hope to enable you to estimate the sincerity of the feeling by the force of its expression, for I can only, in very simple terms, assure you that I heartily appreciate your great kindness; and I can only very briefly acknowledge the eminent favour which I have received at your hands.
The Genesis of Mind
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

As it has ever been the custom of man to act as if he were eternal, and lavishly to scatter the limited force which he embodies as though the supply were inexhaustible, it produces no unaccustomed surprise to witness the useless expenditure of force which is so frequently made at the present time. It may even, perhaps, be deemed a token of some modesty, that the being, who since his first formation has been continually occupied in metaphysical regions with the investigation of the origin of all things, should be content for a while to amuse himself with physical theories concerning his own origin. That which is to be regretted in the new and comparatively praiseworthy occupation is the old evil of hasty theorizing on the one hand, and on the other hand, the evil, scarcely less ancient, of an impetuous eagerness to demolish any theory, however plausible, which comes athwart a favourite prejudice. What though the anatomist does discover a very close resemblance and very slight differences between the structure of a gorilla and the structure of a human being; there is no need, on that account, that mankind in a feeling of injured dignity should angrily rouse up and disclaim the undesired relationship. Whatever may be said or written, it is quite plain after all that a man is not a gorilla, and that a gorilla is not a man; it is furthermore manifest that gorillas do not breed men now-a-days, and that we have not the shadow of any evidence to guide us in forming; an opinion as to what they may have clone in times past. The negative testimony of Du Chaillu, who says that he searched in vain in the gorilla region for any intermediate race or link between it and man, scarcely adds anything to the conviction of the non-existence of any such link, which has long been universally entertained.*
Moral Imbecility
Authors: Suttie Ian D.
Published: August 2008

There is a type of social psychology which finds the explanation of man's social behaviour in a hypothetical “disposition” of his mind. This motive-complex is conceived as specialized for the function of adapting conduct to social life, and as being in itself relatively closely integrated, developing and functioning as a whole. Of this hypothetical “gregarious instinct” McDougall goes so far as to say: “For it is highly probable that instinctive dispositions are Mendelian units” (Journ of Abn. Psych, and Soc. Psych., vol. xvi, p. 316). This plainly suggests that the unity of the social disposition (its existence as a discrete factor in development) is to be regarded as antedating experience—that it is an ultimate datum for psychology not susceptible to analysis, and is not a derivative of any other known motive such as “love,” “fear,” or “hope of reward.” This “instinct” interpretation of social behaviour has been criticized on many grounds (as unfruitful for psychology and incompatible with biological fact); but of course the demonstration of a Mendelian transmission of the social disposition would compel us to regard it as an element of character. Our conception of mental development and of the “socialization” of the individual, of the relative significance of upbringing as compared with organic endowment and our whole psycho-pathology depend upon our acceptance or rejection of McDougall's view. If he is right in regard to the germinal “unit” determination of the social disposition, criminological studies should offer verification. I propose, therefore, to consider how far we are justified in regarding moral insanity and moral imbecility as true “morbid entities.”
A Case of Actinomycosis
Authors: Grossman S.
Published: August 2008

Actinomycosis is a rare local specific infectious disease, due to the actinomyces, or ray fungus. The actinomyces is a streptothrix, and grows in colonies which are just visible to the naked eye, and these colonies, on microscopical examination, are found to consist of three elements–filaments, cocci, and clubs. In young cultures they stain uniformly, and are Gram-positive. The streptothrix gives rise to a hard, slow-growing tumour, going on to ulceration, with a thin sero-purulent discharge, containing yellow granules in which the ray fungus can be found. The organism is found growing on cereals, especially barley, and commonly infects cattle. Man is infected in the same way, and the disease is generally met with in farmers, corn-eaters, graziers, etc., especially if the patient has the habit of chewing straw, the infection most commonly occurring in the tongue, jaw, and spreading thence to the skin of the face and neck.
The Reaction of the Blood to the Ingestion of Protein in the Psychoses
Authors: Martin F. R.
Published: August 2008

The symptoms dealt with in psychological medicine are largely those of faulty adaptation to environment. Certification has as its basis abnormal reaction to stimuli requiring the more complicated responses of the organism. For many years pathological investigation of the psychoses was chiefly confined to post-mortem examination of the brain, but the activity of the brain is dependent on the functioning of the rest of the body, and of recent years research has been conducted on a wider basis.
Encephalitis Lethargica
Authors: Good Thomas Saxty
Published: August 2008

Encephalitis, a disease to be defined as any non-suppurative inflammation of the brain, has been recognized for many years. Crookshank (I) points out that clinical occurrences of the nature of what we now ascribe to encephalo-myelitis and encephalo meningitis have been recorded for the last 450 years.
The Sixth Maudsley Lecture: On Mind and Brain
Authors: Bolton Joseph Shaw
Published: August 2008

During the past ten years, largely perhaps as a consequence of the tremendous mental strain to which the nations of Europe have been subjected, myriads of people who previously left the great questions of life and destiny to the priesthood, and contented themselves with their daily round of duties and pleasures, have begun seriously to think. These, seeing their own ignorance in the minds of others, have set to work as raw recruits to cultivate their own little holdings as if the whole world were virgin soil, and they were the first pioneers.
Lilliputian Hallucinations
Authors: Alexander Marion C.
Published: August 2008

Many French psychiatrists have described a particular variety of visual hallucination to which M. Leroy has given the name “Lilliputian.“ They are found in many types of insanity and also have been known to occur in normal people. Their character does not vary in that the patient sees everything in miniature. Little men, little horses indeed little animals of all kinds, sometimes not any larger than one's finger, disport themselves under his gaze, all relatively proportioned, perfectly made little people who seem to him to belong to a world of their own, and to have stepped out of it into this big one of ours. There is a condition known as micropsia, in which the patient sees objects around him several sizes smaller than they are in reality, but this must not be confused—as easily it might—with true Lilliputian hallucinations. It might be put into the category of illusion, for there is a perception of an actual object, seen very much reduced in size, like the reflection in a convex mirror.
The Mental Factor in Miners' Nystagmus
Authors: Eddison H. Wilfred
Published: August 2008

Through the kind recommendation of the late Dr. W. H. R. Rivers I was appointed by the Medical Research Council to undertake a study of the psychoneurotic aspects of miners' nystagmus for six months in 1920–21, and subsequently given permission to publish my results.
The Physico-Psycho-Galvanic Reflex in the Neuroses and Psychoses. (Essay for which was awarded the Bronze Medal of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, 1926.)
Authors: McCowan P. K.
Published: August 2008

Discussing experimental psychiatry Kraepelin observes that lack of comprehension of the experimental test, lack of ability to execute it, lack of interest, of co-operation, and of endurance, all conspire to increase the task of the experimenter and to modify the value of the results. The consequent demand for trustworthy experimental methods, which without too complicated technique and too unusual demands on the patient shall yield information of significant variations from the normal in quantitative terms, voices at once the need and the embarrassment of the experimental psychiatrist. The determination of the electrical conductivity of the skin is undoubtedly one valuable method of approach in this search after quantitative information, and this paper is the result of some months' investigation which I carried out at the Maudsley Hospital, when, through the kindness of the Medical Superintendent, Dr. E. Mapother, I had put at my disposal cases of psycho-neuroses and early psychoses.
Endocrine Therapy and the Psychoses
Authors: Molony Charles B.
Published: August 2008

In 1913 the late Sir William Osler made the prophetic statement that the glands of internal secretion would open up many fields of endeavour in the science of medicine within the next two decades. In view of subsequent events it must be acknowledged that he thereby displayed even more than the usual vision for which he was famous.
The Treatment of General Paralysis by Tryparsamide
Authors: Brown M. , Martin A. R.
Published: August 2008

In spite of the inability of organic arsenical compounds to stem the course of general paralysis, nevertheless, as each new member of this group appears it is given a trial in the hope that it may do good. This has been done in many cases in the, absence of evidence supporting the use of the drug, and where the only justification for its use appears to have been its relation to salvarsan. The results have always proved discouraging, and indeed in many cases the dissolution process has actually been hastened.
Introverted and Extroverted Tendencies of Schizoid and Syntonic States as Manifested by Vocation
Authors: Fleming G. W. T. H.
Published: August 2008

It is to Jung, of Zurich, that we are indebted for the attempted division of attitudes of mind into the introverted and the extroverted types. In his Analytical Psychology he gives us a chapter on types, and in 1924 appeared his large work on Psychological Types. According to Jung, the introverted type of individual is characterized by the fact that his libido is turned towards his own personality to a certain extent—he finds within himself the uncon ditioned value. The extroverted type has his libido to a certain extent externally—he finds the unconditioned value outside himself.
On the Therapeutic Effects of the Subcutaneous Injection of Ringer-Locke's Solution in Various Forms of Mental Disease
Authors: Morowoka T.
Published: August 2008

Since May, 1915, I have habitually used the Cantani injection in moribund cases of general paralysis, and I have been impressed on many occasions by the remarkable effects produced, in that the life of the patient has been prolonged generally for several days and often for a matter of weeks or months. I had been taught that nearly all forms of mental disease were practically incurable, and that general paralysis in particular was not only incurable, but invariably fatal. In view of my experience, however, I determined to try and improve the method. In taking up the investigation I was largely influenced by the fact that if the method of treatment were successful it would have the strong practical advantage of keeping the patients alive until relatives residing at long distances could reach them and so be present at the death-bed.
A Hypothesis of the Mechanism of the Functional Psychoses
Authors: Chevens L. C. F.
Published: August 2008

In the organic and toxic psychoses in which a symptom syndrome is known to be associated with gross brain changes or a definite toxin, it is hard enough to correlate the physical and mental. As McCurdy writes (i): “To find what cell change corresponds to the delusion of having a ship full of rubies is much more of a task than that of looking for a needle in a haystack.” In the case of the so-called functional psychoses—schizophrenia, the manic-depressive psychosis and paranoia—this difficulty is enhanced. It is only possible to treat the matter in the broadest manner, by considering the reaction between the organism and the environment.
Chronic Sepsis as a Cause of Mental Disorder
Authors: Hunter William
Published: August 2008

The part played by sepsis in producing nervous and mental disorders of all degrees of severity and the degree to which these can be prevented, checked, or controlled by antisepsis are singularly opportune subjects for discussion on an occasion marking the centenary of the birth of Lister. We are not only commemorating past achievement, but inaugurating a new campaign against sepsis in one of the greatest domains of medical diseases—that which bears the ill-omened title of insanity.
The Pathology of Epidemic Encephalitis
Authors: Greenfield J. Godwin
Published: August 2008

Epidemic encephalitis resembles many of the common infectious diseases in being caused by a virus which no one has seen, or has been able to grow in an artificial medium. Whether it has been possible even to transmit the disease to animals is still a matter of dispute, although the most recent work tends to confirm rather than to discredit the assertions of those who claim to have done so. This work is of the greatest interest, and it is of special importance in that it clarifies some of the difficult clinical problems which the disease presents. In particular, it seems to shed light on the question why the more acute forms of the disease are less often followed by progressive sequelæ than those in which it begins more insidiously.
The Beattie Smith Lectures on Insanity for 1926
Authors: Berry Richard J. A.
Published: August 2008

The nervous system of all vertebrates is built up of long conducting, specialized cells, termed neurons. In order to function, these neurons, or nerve-cells, must be linked together in chains or arcs. Each neuron in the chain or arc is structurally separated from other neurons by a break termed a synapse. The structural elements of a neuronic arc are, therefore, as follows:

1.

A sensitive receiving organ—the receptor or sense-organ.

2.

A centrally conducting receptor bipolar neuron.

3.

One or more short connector or internuncial neurons.

4.

A peripherally conducting effector multipolar neuron.

5.

An effector apparatus—for example, a muscle or a gland.
A Series of Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica at Whittingham Mental Hospital
Authors: Reid B.
Published: August 2008

Epidemic encephalitis has become an increasingly important cause of insanity among the population, and during the past few years this disease has been seen more and more among the new admissions of mental hospitals. The various forms in which this disease may manifest itself in the chronic stage are now well known, and can be intimately studied in any large institution. Up till the present, however, no account has yet been reported, so far as I am aware, of the appearance of encephalitis lethargica among patients already resident in a mental hospital.
Mental Disorder in Cardiac Disease
Authors: Coombs Carey F.
Published: August 2008

I do not propose to attempt any critical review of what has already been written on the subject which forms the title of this paper, but merely to lay before you my own experience. At the same time I may remind you that there is distinguished support for the view that a close association exists between insanity and disturbances of the cerebral circulation caused by cardiac defects.
The Mongol: A New Explanation
Authors: Clark R. M.
Published: August 2008

It is now nearly sixty years since Langdon-Down first distin guished the mongol, and it must be admitted that to-day the ætiology of this type of idiot is as obscure as ever.
Bacterial Change in Mental Disorder: Preliminary Note on Morgan's Bacillus
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: August 2008

In a previous communication it has been shown that among intestinal bacteria of the coliform group Bacillus paracoli and Bacterium coli mutabile are at least four times more common in the insane than in the general community, and that they are to be found in great number in at least one-half of the former during acute phases of illness. It was suggested that both the illness and the increase of these bacteria might be due to a third factor, namely, to the action of some other intestinal organism, since certain workers had found that colon bacilli when grown on phenol varied to the mutabile type, and it is well known that phenol is formed in the intestine by certain bacteria.
Part I. The Determination of Urinary Acidity
Authors: Mann S. A. , Morris R. W. , Rowe G. K.
Published: August 2008

The following is the first of a series of communications relating to urinary excretion in cases of mental disorder with special reference to acid excretion. In this paper it is proposed only to deal with the make-up of urinary acidity and the methods for the determination of the acid characters. It is well known that respiratory regulation constitutes the first line of defence against change of body reaction, and that the kidneys afford the second protection against alteration by variations in the acid-base ratio of the urine. It is also fully established that urinary acidity is dependent on the nature of diet ingested, but it is not so well recognized that the urinary reaction is also dependent on the adequacy of the respiratory compensatory mechanism, and it would appear that those interested in dietetics and chemical effects on urinary acidity have not appreciated sufficiently the significance of the physiological influences, and those concerned with the respiratory side have been apt to disregard the influence of diet. The organism promptly defends itself against alkalinity by the excretion of bicarbonate, whether the alkalinity be due to ingested alkali or excessive exhalation of acid (CO2), and this excretion of bicarbonate appears to be independent of any particular renal threshold for bicarbonate. The response of the organism to acidity, however, is a much longer process, and in this case the kidney compensation takes the form of retention of base by ammonium base production and the retention of bicarbonate by alteration of the ratio of mono- and dibasic phosphate excreted according to the equation—
Menstruation in Relation to Mental Disorders
Authors: Healey F. H.
Published: August 2008

In July, 1927, at a British Medical Association meeting, in the Obstetrics and Gynæcology Section, G. I. Strachan dealt with the mental side of the hygiene of menstruation. He made the statements that in cases where menstruation was influenced in mental disease it was usually in the direction of excess, and moreover he had found no justification for the text-book statement that insanity was usually accompanied by amenorrhœa. A study of the more important text-books of psychiatry reveals a paucity of information on the subject, and this has stimulated me to collect any facts which have bearing on this interesting problem.
The Diagnosis of General Paralysis of the Insane as a Clinical and Pathological Entity
Authors: Brander John
Published: August 2008

At the outset of this communication let it be said that the intention is not to make any new or original contribution to the subject, but to re-state some old facts which, it seems to me, are in danger of being forgotten by the older ones amongst us, and have not been sufficently impressed upon those who have recently come to the study of general paralysis. My own experience leads me to hold suspect the way the diagnosis of this disease is arrived at to-day in many quarters, and consequently to question the validity of many published statistics. In the time at my disposal it is not possible to alter settled beliefs, but I hope to arouse doubts and to shake some confident and easy convictions. If the doubts be carried into the study of future cases my object will have been attained.
The Relation of the Spirochæta Pallida to the Pathological Changes of Dementia Paralytica
Authors: Smyth J. F.
Published: August 2008

The rationale of the malarial treatment of general paralysis has not, so far, been thoroughly understood. It has been believed by some that the remission is due to the destruction of spirochætes in the cortex by the intermittent waves of high temperature, which leave them no time to organize a defensive mechanism. This explanation assumes that the destruction of the spirochæte with, perhaps, its removal from the brain may result in a cessation of the active progress of the disease and, in some cases, in a complete return to normal cerebral function.
Variation in Agglutinin Formation in Mental Hospital Patients and Its Probable Relation to Focal Sepsis
Authors: Pickworth F. A.
Published: August 2008

It is well known that injection of protein substance into the blood causes the appearance in the blood of antibodies to the protein. Injection of bacteria is followed by the appearance of several kinds of antibodies, and the substances which produce “clumping” constitute one, or rather two, of these antibodies. The appearance of agglutinins in the blood following vaccination or infection has been shown to occur regularly in such a large number of individuals, and in animals, that there can be no doubt that this production of antibodies is a natural phenomenon connected with successful resistance to the deleterious effects of the organisms. Non-production or abnormalities in the production of agglutinins following injection of bacteria represents a pathological process probably of the nature of sepsis.
A Review of Blood-Pressures in the Insane
Authors: Paddle K. C. L.
Published: August 2008

In this investigation of blood-pressures in the various forms of insanity, 920 male cases were examined. In order to reduce the numerous variable factors to a minimum, the following procedure was adopted.
The Mongol: A New Explanation
Authors: Clark R. M.
Published: August 2008

Further consideration of the theory that mongolism is caused by a fcetal hyperthyroidism ceasing at birth shows that much can be added to support this view.
Considerations on Dementia Præcox as a Physical Disease
Authors: Bamford C. B.
Published: August 2008

It is a matter of common observation that dementia præcox, in common with many other forms of dementia, pursues a very chronic course. In fact, the slow progress of the process is one of its outstanding features. In most cases of dementia præcox, no matter how sudden and acute the onset may be, the tendency is for this to subside after a varying period of time.
The Relation of Muscular Tonus and the Patellar Reflex to Mental Work
Authors: Golla F. L. , Antonovitch S.
Published: August 2008

The fact that intellectual effort is accompanied by an increase of muscular tonus was demonstrated by one of us in 1921 (1), the method employed being the registration, by means of a highly magnifying optical lever system, of slight displacement of a relaxed limb. It was found that those muscles which were in a state of postural tension increased in tonus during intellectual work, whilst the fully relaxed antagonists remained unaffected.
On the Excitation Processes of Fits and Other Convulsive and Emotional States
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

In the previous paper on the subconscious and conscious mind it was tacitly assumed throughout that excitation processes, though capable of activating the responding organ, yet are kept within the limits of that organ's capacity to respond. In the case of the heart, however, it was definitely pointed out that the responding organ had a limited capacity to give a normal response; also that the intensity of excitation processes could exceed this capacity (1, 3).
A Note on Urinary Reactions in Relation to Intestinal Toxæmia in Psychotic Subjects
Authors: Mann S. A. , Shipp H. L.
Published: August 2008

Within the last year a series of papers has been issued (1, 2, 3) from this laboratory indicating that in the psychotic there exists a disturbed regulation of the respiratory mechanism for the control of acid-base equilibrium, which, in the cases examined, mainly depressed psychoses, manifested itself as an inexcitability of the respiratory centre, shown by a failure of response to CO2 stimulation. The work was done on uncertified borderline cases of insanity; it has since been confirmed by Marsh (4) on certified patients, and his results in 73 cases confirm the original findings and indicate plainly that dementia præcox and depressive psychoses fall into a group showing a variable inexcitability of the respiratory centre. The question naturally arises whether this condition is a cause or an effect of the mental state, and, from the point of view of cause, whether it is due to the drug-like action of some substance arising from faulty metabolism, or is an exhaustion effect. The question of intestinal toxæmia obviously needs investigation in this respect. This subject has been freely discussed in the literature and its significance becomes of greater importance in relation to psychoses owing to the work of Buscaino (5, 6) and Scheiner (7, 8) in Italy, and of Stewart (9) in this country. Buscaino describes a reaction of the urine with silver nitrate in certain psychotic cases, alcoholic insanities and dementia præcox, and from this assumes the existence of a toxic substance from liver derangement in these cases. He further describes lesions of the small intestine of mental patients which may result in undue permeability of its walls; it is not proposed to discuss this latter aspect of his work, but to deal with his silver nitrate reaction.
The Concept of the Ego in Psychiatry, with Special Reference to Psychoanalysis
Authors: Nicole J. Ernest
Published: August 2008

[The following is an almost verbatim transcription of some impromptu remarks made before an informal discussion at a meeting of a local group of the Psychopathology Sub-Committee. These remarks are, therefore, very sketchy and unoriginal, and the reason for committing them to paper at all in such an unvarnished form, is briefly this:

Few medical officers in mental hospitals wish to master all the intricacies of psycho-analysis, but many seek some concise, elementary knowledge concerning psycho-analysis as a body of theories (rather than psycho-analysis as a technique). It is for these that the following recapitulation is being published, largely in accordance with the suggestion of members present at the original group meeting, and in the hope of encouraging others, equally unversed in the finer details of the subject, to come forward and discuss these problems.]
Psycho-Analytic Principles and Society
Authors: Farnell Frederic J.
Published: August 2008

“It is at least conceivable that our present complacent assurance that every individual must live and act within the arbitrary limits assigned by conventional and purely artificial standards of conduct, or else be segregated from society, may be fallacious and inimical to the best development of the race.”
Some Recent Work on the Pathology of Schizophrenia
Authors: Golla F. L.
Published: August 2008

Inasmuch as the following is a summary of results of investigations into the pathology of mental disorders that have been conducted at the Central Pathological Laboratory at the Maudsley Hospital during the past few years, I shall deal with the general results obtained by my co-workers in the broadest fashion, alluding only to such facts as appear to be relevant to the hypothesis I am putting before you. When the present investigations were begun we had already abundant evidence of anatomical lesions occurring in schizophrenia, worked out in this laboratory by Sir Frederick Mott (1), (2), (3), assisted by Mr. Geary. The completeness of this evidence is a matter of history and is not now seriously disputed. (A few of the slides from the collection left to the laboratory by Mott were here shown.)
A Brief Résumé of the Types of Insanity Commonly Met with in India, with a Full Description of “Indian Hemp Insanity” Peculiar to the Country
Authors: Dhunjibhoy Jal Edulji
Published: August 2008

India, like many other countries in the world, for centuries held the “demonologicalconception” of insanity. As late as the eighteenth century the insane were regarded as possessed by evil spirits, and requiring drastic measures to get rid of their afflictions. Under this belief some were mercilessly flogged and others were made to drink or eat nauseating stuff. With the progress of civilization, India, like Europe, began to erect grim, sombre buildings for the treatment of her mentally afflicted, with small openings in the walls, guarded by strong iron bars; narrow corridors, dark cells and desolate compounds, where no tree, shrub or flower ever grew. Moreover, the old asylums were manned by brutal types of attendants,who were always ready to impose manacles and chains and stripes at their own free will. Insanitary conditions and semistarvation of the patients were special features of these institutions. Of recent years, however, India has been making a steady though sather slow progress in psychological medicine. The old asylums in the Provinces are now called mental hospitals, and the old buildings are either given up, or improved as far as practicable to fit in with their new names. A humanitarian hospital system for the insane has been instituted.
The Serum Cholesterol In Mental Disorders
Authors: Duncan A. Glen
Published: August 2008

In view of the fact that cholesterol is one of the principal constituents of nervous tissue and presumably plays an important part in the functioning of that tissue, it is surprising that comparatively little attention has been given to the study of the variations of the blood cholesterol in disorders of the brain and mind. Such researches as have been published do not appear to have been based, as a rule, on any extensive number of cases, and there is rarely any attempt to analyse the results according to the actual mental state of the patient, apart from the diagnosis. It is therefore not remarkable that the conclusions of different observers have been somewhat contradictory.
Description of Psychiatric and Allied Activities Seen on an American Tour
Authors: Petrie A. A. W.
Published: August 2008

The shortness of the tour allowed only a limited number of places to be visited, and the salient and most distinctive features of psychiatric and allied activities in each to be seen. These included general and mental hospitals, psychiatric clinics and reception units, observation wards, mental deficiency institutions, mental hygiene centres, child guidance centres, including nursery schools, and child delinquency work associated with juvenile courts, etc.
The Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Pressure in Hydrocephalus and Microcephalus
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

Several fallacies may occur in the recording of the pressure of the cerebro-spinal fluid. These fallacies may be related to (1) the type of apparatus used, (2) movements of the patient, and (3) reading of the pressure.
The Organic Acids of the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid
Authors: Hurst R. H.
Published: August 2008

The electrometric titration method for the investigation of “organic acids,” as developed by Perlzweig and Delrue (1) and applied to the examination of sera, indicated a method of investigation of the organic acids of the cerebro-spinal fluid, and an attempt has been made in this paper to investigate the significance of the organic acid titration in mental disorders. Owing to the difficulty of obtaining normal cerebro-spinal fluid, the research had to be confined to the investigation of paretic and non-paretic cerebro-spinal fluids obtained from mental cases. In the former case adequate specimens were obtainable during the process of collection of fluid for diagnostic purposes, and the results obtained in some cases were confirmed by independent collection.
On the Sense of Effort
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

When the relations between self and environment are considered, a duality is found; the attention of the observer can either be consciously directed to objects, or objects can attract conscious attention. Thus, a gun fired unexpectedly in one's immediate neighbourhood would probably attract one's attention, whereas a row of runners lined up for the race are all “attention” in readiness for the sound of the gun. This duality I shall attempt to put in terms of my fundamental equation H + L = T.
On Dreams and Theories
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: August 2008

In previous communications made to this Journal I have pointed out that the cerebral excitation processes mediating an idea, or judgment, are produced by the interaction of two factors which I term H and L respectively, and that, in the case of judgment, the factor L constitutes the material to be judged and the factor H judging capacity. When the judge has interacted with the material brought for judging, there results a judgment (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). So long also as we avoid some form of fit (2) or spasm (4), the sum of the two factors H and L must fall within the limits of another factor, T, the capacity of the responding organ (1).
An Investigation Into the Position in Family of Mental Defectives
Authors: Turner F. Douglas , Penrose Lionel S.
Published: August 2008

This investigation was undertaken at the instance of the Mental Deficiency Sub-committee of the Research and Clinical Committee of the Association. It is an attempt to answer the question whether or not the order in which a mentally defective child is born into a family can have any influence as a cause of the mental defect.
Blood-Sugar Studies in Abnormal Mental States
Authors: McCowan P. K. , Quastel J. H.
Published: August 2008

Some explanation may seem to be necessary to account for further research into the question of sugar tolerance in psychotic subjects, as it may be thought that this line of research has been exhausted by the numerous workers in this field. A study of their work, however, shows that no critical attempt has been made to correlate the result of the sugar tolerance test with the mental and physical state of the subject at the actual time of the test. Instead, groups of patients suffering from certain psychoses have been investigated, and the results reported as percentages of abnormal curves in such psychoses. Thus, when it has been reported that a certain percentage of melancholics or schizophrenics show sustained hyperglycæmia after glucose ingestion, no attempt has been made to find out in what way these differed from the remainder in whom normal sugar tolerance was found.
Mental Disorders Associated with Pernicious Anæmia
Authors: Phillips Norman R.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of the liver treatment for pernicious anæmia some four years ago that disease has received considerable publicity. It has been generally recognized as having three main clinical manifestations. Thus it may show itself as a blood disease, as a gastro-intestinal disease, or as a nervous lesion (subacute combined degeneration of the cord). It is, however, by no means generally recognized that pernicious anæmia has yet another way of manifesting itself,viz., by the occurrence of mental disorder. The object of this paper is to emphasize this fourth aspect of pernicious anæmia. In this country the subject has not hitherto received the consideration which is due to it. Nevertheless, a number of observers in other countries have shown, both by their own personal observations and from statistics, that mental disorders are frequently met with in the course of pernicious anæmia. The degree of mental affection varies in different cases. There may be merely a modification of character, with irritability and changing mood. W. Richardson would include in this mild group many patients described as uncooperative.
Alleged Hæmoclasia in the Insane: A Study of Fifty Cases, with Special Reference to Technique
Authors: Power T. D. , Pettit A. W.
Published: August 2008

The theory of hæmoclasia, which was first propounded by Widal, rests on the assumption that, during the digestion of proteins, a leucocytosis normally occurs in the blood. When the liver is diseased, proteose substances find their way into the systemic circulation, and produce a series of manifestations characterized by lowering of the blood-pressure, hypercoagulability, leucopenia, decreased refractive index of the blood and fewer blood-platelets. From this discovery a clinical test was evolved, which was at one time believed to be of considerable assistance in estimating the functional efficiency of the liver. In the performance of this test the number of white blood-corpuscles in the circulation is alone taken as a criterion of the presence or absence of hæmoclasia, the other phenomena, e.g., raised blood-pressure, hypercoagulability, etc., not being usually investigated. A white blood-count is performed on a fasting patient, who is then given 200 grm. of milk. Further leucocytic estimations are thereafter made at intervals of twenty and forty minutes, and if a leucocytosis fails to appear, or a leucopenia occurs, the patient is said to exhibit an hæmoclastic crisis.
Pick's Disease (Circumscribed Senile Atrophy) and Alzheimer's Disease.∗
Authors: Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

Pick's disease and Alzheimer's disease are well-defined, if rare, groups of cases which have been differentiated from the main bulk of the dementing psychoses occurring at and around the presenile period. Although these two sub-groups have much in common on the clinical side, their histopathological features are so strikingly different that many authorities consider them to be separate disease-entities.
Sir David Drummond, C.B.E., M.D., D.C.L.
Authors: Drummond David
Published: August 2008

Sir David Drummond, who had been an Honorary Member of the Association since 1925, died on April 28 last. He was born in 1852, and graduated M.B., M.Ch. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1874; he took his M.D. in 1876. He spent the greater part of his life in Newcastle-on-Tyne, and at the Royal Infirmary of that city he was elected Pathologist and Assistant Physician in 1878. Later he became Physician, and on his retirement in 1912 he was made Consulting Physician. His name was a household word in the greater part of Northumberland and Durham, in which counties he had a very large consulting practice in general medicine, always paying more attention to organic nervous disorders and to conditions arising as a sequel to syphilis. Although he never worked in a mental hospital, he was always drawn towards abnormal mental states, more especially if there was some organic basis for the mental breakdown.
Bedford Pierce, M.D., F.R.C.P.
Authors: Macleod Neil
Published: August 2008

An account of the life and work of Dr. Bedford Pierce may suitably begin with some remarks which appear in his book, Addresses to Mental Nurses. In the course of a preface to his Lecture on “Character and Outlook” he says:

“Perhaps a few autobiographical details may fittingly be given here for the encouragement of any who may think they are handicapped by lack of money or influence.

“In his early days the writer was brought up in a home not far removed from poverty. He was an only child; his father died when he was an infant, leaving him to the care of his mother, a courageous woman possessing deep religious convictions. When ten years of age he went to a boarding school at Croydon belonging to the Society of Friends, and so had the advantage of a plain Quaker education.

“But financial reasons compelled him to leave school when 14, and he was then apprenticed to a chemist in a distant northern city. Aware of his limitations, for several years he attended evening classes in languages and natural science. Eight years later he gave up business, and, after three months' private study, succeeded in passing the London Matriculation, which he regards as his greatest academic achievement ! Entering St. Bartholomew's Hospital as a medical student, he was fortunate in examinations, and to a large extent maintained himself by the aid of scholarships.”
The Treatment of the Voluntary Boarder
Authors: Wilson Henry L.
Published: August 2008

The following paper is the result of experience gained during two and a half years' work at The Retreat, York.

It was prepared at the time that public attention was being focused upon the Mental Treatment Act, 1930. One of the most striking features of that Act was the provision that any person—pauper or otherwise—could be received into any mental hospital by applying for admission voluntarily. The removal of the bar of certification was widely welcomed; this welcome was believed by the writer to be partly a sentimental one. So little was known of any of the legal and medical difficulties which the voluntary boarder system had produced during the forty years it had been in fairly constant use in the registered mental hospitals, that these problems were seldom referred to when the Mental Treatment Act was under consideration.
Some Remarks on the Treatment of General Paralysis by Diathermy
Authors: Graham Norman B.
Published: August 2008

Acting on the theory that hyperpyrexia is the effective agent in the treatment of general paralysis by malaria, Neymann and Osborne (1) experimented on dogs to see whether, by means of diathermy, sufficient heat could be generated to raise the temperature of the experimental animals to a high degree without injurious results.

This being found practicable, they devised a method of applying diathermy to the human subject, with the same purpose in view.

They found that they were able, by using a suitable set of electrodes, and by thorough insulation of the individual, to raise the body temperature to any height, and, moreover, to keep the temperature under definite control.
Crime in Schizophrenic Reaction Types
Authors: Murdoch James Hunter
Published: August 2008

The following is an account of the cases of schizophrenia admitted to Broadmoor from 1900 till 1931.

The use of the term “schizophrenia” in place of “dementia præcox” has rendered the classification of these cases more accurate than would have been possible with the older name, and also made possible the inclusion of several cases which otherwise would have had to be left out.