bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Joseph Chamberlain, Parnell and the Irish ‘central board’ scheme, 1884-5
Authors: Howard C.H.D.
Published: August 2016

There goes the man who killed the home rule bill.’ Few will question the truth of this comment on Joseph Chamberlain. Yet the man who so vigorously opposed the home rule bill had from the very beginning of the second Gladstone administration, in which he held the comparatively junior office of president of the board of trade, been one of the members of the cabinet most anxious to consider Irish needs and opinion. He had criticized Forster’s coercion policy and had pressed for remedial legislation. He had acted as the link between the cabinet and the negotiators of the ‘Kilmainham treaty’. For a brief period he had been conspicuous for the relative closeness of his relations with Parnell and other leading Irish nationalists. ‘ I have spoken freely and openly to him [Parnell] and to many other Irish members, since Mr Forster ceased to be Irish secretary,’ he wrote to Gladstone on 7 June 1882, after his attention had been called to newspaper comments on the fact that he had been observed in conversation with Parnell in a lobby of the house of commons the day previously. At the end of 1884 and in 1885 he had engaged in negotiations with Parnell with a view to the establishment in Ireland of what later came to be known as a ‘national council’, but at the time was usually termed a ‘central board’.
XXIX the justiciar and the murder of the MacMurroughs in 1282
Authors: Frame Robin
Published: August 2016

When the Irish chieftains sent their ‘Remonstrance’ to Pope John XXII at the time of the Bruce invasion, they included among their indictments of English rule in Ireland the murder of Murchertach MacMurrough, the Irish king of Leinster, and of Art, his brother. The killer they named as ‘Geoffrey de Pencoyt’. This was evidently an event of some moment, to be classed with the more famous murder of Brian Rua O’Brien by Thomas de Clare in 1277 and the slaughter of the O’Conors of Offaly by Peter de Bermingham in 1305. Yet beyond the fact that the murder took place at Arklow on 21 July 1282, very little is known about it. The documents printed below shed new light on the event, suggesting strongly that it was politically motivated and inspired by the Isish justiciar, Stephen Fulbourne. They also furnish tlie crucial missing links between facts that have long been known, but which have not hitherto made coherent sense.
Two contemporary historians of the Confederation of Kilkenny
Authors: Corish Patrick J.
Published: August 2016

In the decade of the 1650's many of the Irish confederate leaders, lay and ecclesiastical, found themselves exiles in Europe. In exile, they naturally turned again to the disputes which had disrupted the confederation and had helped to make Cromwell's campaign easier than it might otherwise have been. These disputes grew more and more bitter in the disappointment of defeat; and no matter what point they started from, they had a way of returning to the censures which the papal nuncio, Rinuccini, had pronounced on 27 May 1648. These censures had divided the confederation beyond hope of reunion; even after ten years, they were still regarded by one party as having been justly inflicted, necessary for the preservation of the Catholic religion, while the other considered them to have been unjust and invalid, and the real cause of the subsequent overthrow of the confederation.
XV. Parnell and the Galway election of 1886
Authors: Moody T.W.
Published: August 2016

The eight letters printed below consist of seven written to, and one written by, Edmund Dwyer Gray, M.P., editor and proprietor of the Freeman's Journal and an influential member of the Irish parliamentary party. They relate to the inner history of the by-election for Galway city held in February 1886. These letters, with ten others of historical interest unrelated to the Galway group, were given in 1904 by Gray's son, also named Edmund Dwyer, to Charles Tenison, who passed them on to his brother, Alfred Tenison Collins. Collins, then secretary of the Hibernian Bank, was one of the most eminent figures in Irish banking when he retired in 1937. He died in 1945 in his 93rd year. Deeply interested in the history of the home-rule movement, with which, in his business capacity, he had close contacts, he had contemplated writing a life of Parnell, and appears to have collected material for that purpose, of which the Gray letters alone have survived. They were placed at my disposal through the kindness of his daughter, Mrs James Boydell, who has since presented them to the library of Trinity College.
XVI. The Irish Wine Trade, 1614–15
Authors: Kearney H. F.
Published: August 2016

Almost nothing is known of trade between Ireland and the continent during the first half of the seventeenth century. It is true that the existence of direct commercial links can be deduced from isolated references in the state papers and elsewhere, but these give little or no material for constructing a detailed picture. The importance of the wine trade may be inferred from the fact that when customs duties were increased in 1632, wine, along with salt, was the only imported commodity to be affected; from this one may conclude that the administration considered that the quantity of wine imported was sufficiently great for an increased duty to be worthwhile. This is indirect evidence, however. The value of the present document is that it throws some direct light upon the state of an important branch of Irish overseas trade in a particular year. The destruction of all but a few of the Irish port books makes such direct evidence all the more valuable. Mention may here be made of copies of some of the earliest Irish port books which are to be found in the papers of Sir Arthur Ingram who was one of the original farmers for Ireland in 1613. The examination of continental economic arcives may in due course help to fill the gap still futher.
The fixing of rents by agreement in co. Galway, 1881–5
Authors: Buckley K.
Published: August 2016

Under the Land Law (Ireland) Act, 1881, there were two ways by which a judicial rent might be fixed for an agricultural holding in Ireland to which the act applied. One way was by the landlord, or tenant, or both jointly, applying to the land commission court or to the civil bills court of the county; the court then, after considering all the circumstances of the case, fixed a ‘fair’ rent. The other way was by landlord and tenant making a written agreement out of court as to what was the ‘fair’ rent of the holding, and lodging the agreement in court; the agreement, after three months, was filed by the court as the judicial rent of the holding, without any enquiry being made by the court. In both cases the rent was fixed for a period of fifteen years, at the end of which period the landlord or tenant was at liberty to apply to the court to have the rent fixed for a second term of fifteen years or to lodge a fresh agreement in court for such purpose; a tenant whose rent had been fixed in court for the first term might, if he wished, lodge an agreement for the second term, and conversely a tenant whose rent had been fixed by agreement for the first term might have it fixed in court for the second term. Much has been written about the fixing of judicial rents in court; little comment has been made on the fixing of rents by agreement out of court, and this is not surprising, since it was essentially a silent process, involving no public proceedings. Yet this latter process was a very important part of the whole operation of the rent-fixing acts in Ireland.
Some unsettled problems in English and Irish population history 1750-1845
Authors: Connell K. H.
Published: August 2016

So far as is known there was no precedent in the experience of England and Ireland for population increase as rapid or as sustained as that which appears to have begun in England in the 1750s and in Ireland some thirty years later If the available figures can be trusted the number of Englishmen (and Welshmen) more than doubled between 1750 and 1831 and the number of Irish living in Ireland doubled between 1780 and 1841. In England the rapid growth of population provides an essential part of the explanation of the coming of the industrial revolution. In Ireland it did even more than largely determine the magnitude of the catastrophe of the Famine. It was unbridled population growth, succeeded by famine, which incised on the minds of the Irish and their rulers unforgettable lessons which guided their conduct in the following century and ensured that Irish economic and social development, moulded by the exigencies of a declining population, should provide a unique model for the historian—and one which he has examined all too little.

It is tantalising that the elucidation of the dimensions and the structure of a problem of such overriding importance should be so elusive. The elusiveness, of course, must largely be attributed to the non-existence or the inadequacy of the appropriate statistics. It was not until half a century after the growth of population had begun that parliament at last insisted that the people be counted regularly.
The Sources for a Bibliography of Irish History, 1500-1700
Authors: Povey K.
Published: August 2016

If a librarian who makes no claim to any Special knowledge of history needs an excuse for contributing to this Journal, it may be found in the boldness with which some historians undertake bibliographical tasks without admitting the ignorance they do not feel. But an acquaintance with bibliographical method is a necessary part of the equipment of every scholar, and to promulgate the theory of it is very much the business of librarians. The primary object of a published bibliography is to enable users of it to identify books in the catalogues of libraries, and it must therefore consist of accurate descriptions made on recognisable principles. A valuable secondary object is to help librarians to supply the deficiencies of their collections, and this cannot be done unless the bibliography is competently Condensed from a survey of all the relevant material. This essay, then, is not intended to be a direct contribution to the history of Ireland ; I have merely chosen a limited period of Irish history from which to draw examples illustrating some principles of bibliographical compilation.
The origins and development of an Ulster urban network, 1600-41
Authors: Gillespie Raymond
Published: August 2016

Historians of any pre-industrial society, such as early seventeenth-century Ireland, must devote the bulk of their energies to the study of the rural world. Rural society, however, cannot be studied in isolation without a serious distortion of the reality of the social structure, since the urban element, although subsidiary, was nevertheless an important feature of pre-industrial society. There are, however, considerable problems in studying urban history in early modern Ulster since the sources can only be described as meagre. The basic sources used by many English early modern urban historians, the corporation records, are missing for all but a few Ulster towns. Only Belfast and Carrickfergus have corporation books for the pre-1641 period. The dearth of other important sources, such as freemen's rolls, means that areas of human activity such as the occupational structure of Ulster towns cannot be demonstrated with the accuracy that English early modern historians have been able to attain. Nor will it be possible to chart the detail of the day-to-day administrative or political structures of towns. Topics such as local elections, the minutiae of poor relief, and law and order must remain relatively shadowy This is not to argue that the history of the Ulster town cannot be written. The work of R. J. Hunter has demonstrated that it is possible by using fragments of central government and local records not only to reconstruct the administrative context of the establishment of towns but also to discover the social, economic, and political structures of individual towns. Ulster towns are among the better documented principal towns in Ireland for the early modern period. The interest of central government in the development of the plantation produced a number of surveys which shed considerable light on urban development. Indeed two of the principal towns in Ulster, Coleraine and Derry, are well documented because of the disputes which surrounded the activities of their developers, the Irish Society, and a rival planter, Sir Thomas Phillips. Ulster also provides an important case study in urbanisation since it contained an older pre-seventeenth-century urban network which was expanded and developed as part of both the informal colonisation and the more formal plantation scheme in Ulster. It is the aim of this paper to examine the development of this new urban network.
Research on Irish history in Irish universities, 1984
Authors: Woods C. J.
Published: August 2016

The following list gives particulars of theses on Irish historical subjects, or on subjects having a distinct bearing on Irish history, which were successfully completed during 1984 in the history departments of the universities of Ireland. The information has been supplied directly by the heads of department and has been checked for accuracy and completeness.
The sacred and the secular: the Augustinian priory of Kells in Ossory, 1193–1541
Authors: Empey C. A.
Published: August 2016

At first sight the choice of the Augustinian priory of Kells in Ossory as the subject of a case study may seem a trifle arbitrary. True, its imposing ruins provide a feast for the archaeologist, but the loss of the original register — in place of which we have to settle for a few pages of tantalising excerpts — leaves the historian with a mere snack. Moreover, the priory falls well short of being a member of the big monastic league: at the Dissolution its income was barely quarter that of the great Augustinian abbey of St Thomas, Dublin. How can one justify choosing a subject which is both poorly documented and undistinguished? The short answer is that it is precisely this lack of distinctiveness which makes it representative of a large proportion of Augustinian houses founded in the wake of the Norman conquest.
The role of Vincentian parish missions in the ‘Irish counter-reformation’ of the mid nineteenth century
Authors: Murphy James H.
Published: August 2016

Professor Desmond Bowen has stressed the importance of the religious question in determining the development of the nation in nineteenth century Ireland:

religion was of paramount importance in the lives of the two peoples or ‘nations’ of Ireland. Their leaders ‘speaking in the name of religion’ could exercise tremendous power because they spoke to the hearts of men in a way that no secular political movement could ever do. It was ‘religion’ in a broad sense that divided the people shaped their different cultures and persuaded them to breed separately and to work separately in a rapidly changing society.
Historical Revision
Authors: Richardson H. G.
Published: August 2016

In a pleasant popular account of the owners of Gormanston Castle and of some documents connected with them, recently published by Father Aubrey Gwynn, there is one matter upon which comment seems desirable: this is the author's restatement of the late Miss M. V. Clarke's hypothesis regarding the Irish Modus tenendi parliamentum or rather one copy of it, that exemplified in 1419. That a historian so learned and critical as Fr. Gwynn should accept this hypothesis without reserve, and indeed hold up Miss Clarke's essays as ‘ models of their kind ’, suggests that they are capable of a good deal of mischief.
The Expansion of Irish Christianity to 1200
Authors: Ó Briain Felim
Published: August 2016

Like most historical subjects the question of the expansion has suffered both from an over-enthusiastic and too uncritical an approach and from an unduly sceptical and hypercritical attitude towards the sources of information. And both attitudes are visible from the very beginning of interest in the subject.
William King's Administration of the Diocese of Derry, 1691–1703
Authors: Beckett J. C.
Published: August 2016

The see of Derry was (until the disestablishment of the church) one of the richest in Ireland, and the success of King William's forces in the north not unnaturally aroused some speculation about the next occupant. It is true that when the siege of Derry was raised Bishop Hopkins was still alive, but his unpopular action in opposing resistance to James's army no doubt helped to persuade the king's ecclesiastical advisers that his health was unequal to the continued discharge of his duties. At any rate, by September 1689, at least nine months before Hopkins died, it was generally known that George Walker was to have the appointment.
The Rise and Fall of the Belfast Cotton Industry
Authors: Monaghan John J.
Published: August 2016

Though Belfast's present position as a great centre of trade was won for her chiefly by the manufacture of linen and the building of ships, the foundation of her prosperity, contrary to popular belief, is to be traced to the cotton industry, which had its rise about the year 1790 and flourished till about 1830, when the linen industry which had then been gathering force in Ireland profited from a slump in the cotton industry and ousted it from its preeminence. The manufacture of cotton was begun in Leinster and Munster as early as 1750, and, before 1782, was developed in the counties of Cork, Carlow, Dublin, Meath, Kildare and Waterford. The Linen Board, strangely enough, encouraged the cotton industry by the payment of bounties that were intended solely for mixed fabrics, that is cloth made of linen warp and cotton weft. As the manufacturers used the money for the purchase of spinning jennies and carding machines, the Linen Board was, in fact, subsidising the cotton manufacture.
V. Magna Carta Hiberniae
Authors: Richardson H. G.
Published: August 2016

For long there has been accepted as genuine a charter, purporting to be issued by Henry III, which follows the text of his first reissue of the Great Charter in favour of his English subjects but which has been to some extent modified to adapt it to Irish conditions. This document, to which the title Magna Carta Hiberniae has been applied, has received an official cachet by its inclusion, with no mark of suspicion, in the first volume of the Early statutes of Ireland, edited by H. F. Berry. In undertaking a careful enquiry into the transmission of the text and its historical background, Dr. Dudley Edwards has performed a valuable service and, as a result, the authenticity of the supposed charter is, at least, very much open to question. He might, indeed, have gone further than he has done and have stated as a positive conclusion his tentative conjecture ‘ that Magna Carta Hiberniae is an adaptation of Henry's first charter, compiled in Ireland ’.
Narrative construction of resilience: stories of older Czech adults
Authors: DUBOVSKÁ EVA , CHRZ VLADIMÍR , TAVEL PETER , POLÁČKOVÁ ŠOLCOVÁ IVA , RŮŽIČKA JIŘÍ
Published: August 2016

Some older adults handle the pitfalls of ageing better than others. One explanation emerges from the concept of resilience, the ability to bounce back from the adversities of later life. In this study, we approached resilience from the narrative perspective. This study is a part of a project based on the DIPEx qualitative methodology, focused on different aspects of ageing. A combination of narrative and semi-structured interviews was conducted with 50 older adults (aged 75 and over). From the total number of interviews, a sub-group of 11 resilient participants was selected on the basis of the criteria set for resilience: (a) past exposure to adversity; and (b) positive adaptation to this adversity in terms of quality of life, happiness and activity. The results of the analysis are presented in the framework of five categories: (a) thematic lines, (b) agency and positioning; (c) values and beliefs; (d) reflections and perspectives; and (e) plot and genre. Both agency and reflections point to actively resisting old age as an important characteristic of resilient older adults in the Czech Republic. This resistance is often allied with irony, but we have also found genres of heroic coping and affirmation of lucky moments. Key thematic lines were love of life, emphasis on the importance of movement and positive social relationships; key values expressed by the participants were relational, existential and spiritual.
International courts and global democratic values: Participation, accountability, and justification
Authors: Kuyper Jonathan W. , Squatrito Theresa
Published: August 2016

In a post-Cold War era characterised by globalisation and deep interdependence, the actions of national governments increasingly have an effect beyond their own territorial borders. Moreover, key agents of global governance – international organisations and their bureaucracies, non-state actors and private agents – exercise pervasive forms of authority. Due to these shifts, it is widely noted that world politics suffers from a democratic deficit. This article contributes to work on global democracy by looking at the role of international courts. Building upon an original dataset covering the 24 international courts in existence since the end of the Second World War, we argue that international courts are able to advance democratic values and shape democratic practices beyond the state. They can do so by fostering equal participation, accountability, and public justification that link individuals directly with sites of transnational authority. We contend that the ability of international courts to promote these values is conditioned by institutional design choices concerning access rules, review powers, and provisions regarding judicial reason-giving. We canvass these design features of different international courts and assess the promises and pitfalls for global democratisation. We conclude by linking our analysis of international courts and global democratisation with debates about the legitimation and politicisation of global governance at large.
Arabic in contact with English in Asia
Authors: Hashim Azirah , Leitner Gerhard , Al Aqad Mohammed
Published: August 2016

Arabic has a long history of contact with languages outside the Middle East (Lapidus, 2015; Beg, 1979). In Asia, the spread of Arabic began with the trade network that connected the Middle East with South Asia, South-East, East Asia and East Africa from the fifth century. It intensified with the rise of Islam from the seventh century onwards (Morgan & Reid, 2010; Azirah & Leitner, 2016). In this paper we investigate the impact of Arabic on today's English in the context of Asian Englishes. More specifically we ask if the contact of Arabic with English in Asia has led to the creation of an Arabic-Islamic layer of English in countries that have a majority or a significant minority of Muslims. Would such a layer add a new dimension to the texture of English and be integrative across national Englishes? Or would it be divisive inside individual countries? In order to explore such issues we created a corpus of Arabic loanwords in Asian Englishes. Such a database will contribute to a better coverage of the impact of Arabic in dictionaries and to the study of English as a (multiple) national, regional and global language.
Personal Engagement: Constructive Source of Knowledge or Problem for Scholarship in Christian Spirituality?
Authors: Villegas Diana L.
Published: August 2016

Traditionally, works that have formed part of the history of Christian spirituality have been produced by authors engaged in and committed to their subject matter. How can this 2000 year-old characteristic of Christian spirituality be incorporated into the contemporary identity of the discipline in a manner congruent with critical scholarly methodology and in a manner that can be communicated to scholars in other disciplines?

Theologians and philosophers of religion have argued for the importance of participatory knowledge for full understanding of the transcendent and of the rituals and practices of religions that claim to have a transformative effect upon the life of persons. Based on these arguments, this essay suggests that scholars' engagement in the practice of spirituality is an important source of knowledge and that it is a source of knowledge that can contribute to critical reflection.
Weaving the Inward Thread to Awakening: The Perennial Appeal of Ramana Maharshi
Authors: Forsthoefel Thomas A.
Published: August 2016

This article considers the “perennial” appeal of Ramana Maharshi, the twentieth-century Hindu saint from South India (1879–1950). While not as well-known in the West as either Ramakrishna or Ramana's contemporary, Sri Aurobindo, Ramana's life and teaching have evoked a surprisingly strong positive reaction from Indians and Westerners alike. The reason for this, first of all, is to be located in the perennial philosophy which his life and teaching implicate, and the use made of that philosophy by neo-Hindu apologists or Western scholars and spiritual figures interested in “mysticism” across cultures or interfaith dialogue. Second, the appeal of Ramana can also be located in the compelling attraction of holiness, a phenomenon which raises the fundamental question of what it means to be human. In the case of Ramana, the compelling example of human “being” provokes inquiry into the depth dimension of human existence, where, in the non-dualistic tradition which he represents, one discovers divinity.
The Revised Roman Liturgy and the Gospel Restored: The Problems and Promises of a Crucial Reform
Authors: Ryan John Barry
Published: August 2016

A major work of reform of the Roman liturgy was the restoration of more extensive biblical selections at the worship of the church. This article studies the reform insofar as it applies to the use of the New Testament at the liturgy of the hours, at mass, and in the other rites of the church. It judges the restoration to be admirable from a theoretical viewpoint. However, before this reform can take root, serious problems in the practical order must be addressed. The reform places pressures on the liturgical homilist, the celebrant of the liturgy of the hours, the faithful who hear the Word, and those who plan liturgies.
Theme and Counter-Theme in Contemporary Spirituality
Authors: Cenkner William
Published: August 2016

The contemporary religious seeker often experiences the feeling of being about to be quartered by wild horses running in opposite directions. Such a person recognizes the situation that Yeats describes in “The Second Coming”:

Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;

Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,

The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere

The ceremony of innocence is drowned;

The best lack all conviction, while the worst

Are full of passionate intensity.
Julian of Norwich, Mary Magdalene, and the Drama of Prayer
Authors: Koenig Elisabeth K. J.
Published: August 2016

This article attempts to reveal how Julian uses imagery to make real and concrete for her readers the experience of affective union with God through contemplative prayer. Part of Julian's strategy involves an identification of herself with the figure of Mary Magdalene, in medieval times the seeker of Christ par excellence. I highlight imagery in theBook of Showingsthat Julian and her readers probably would have associated with the Magdalene. But the more important insight is that, through her use of Magdalene imagery, Julian emphasizes the dramatic elements in the soul's quest for God. In this, she is following the example of many medieval authors, including William of St. Thierry, her major influence, who stressed that the Song of Songs was, not allegory, but essentially a drama between the soul and God. In this study I try to uncover precisely what this drama is like through a word-study of Julian's term for her visions,schewynges, or showings. I also note striking similarities between Julian's individual showings and the actual drama performed in her time, with specific attention to the figure of the Magdalene.
Building Community, Real and Virtual
Authors: Buckley Francis J.
Published: August 2016

In a University of San Francisco course on Building Christian Community videotapes of weekly sessions were exchanged with students in Taiwan and students communicated over the internet. Students learned how to report on the content, critique the process, and to apply principles. They grew more and more comfortable in class discussions, interrupting and contradicting each other and the teacher. Their discussions via e-mail grew in breadth of interest and in depth of content. Goals, strategies, and results of the course are critically assessed. Several advantages of distance learning via the internet emerged.
Can Christian Faith Survive Auschwitz?
Authors: Fasching Darrell J.
Published: August 2016

This paper argues that, for both Jews and Christians, the Holocaust represents a hermeneutic rupture. After Auschwitz, Jews find their belief in the God of history called into question. And Christians find their past interpretations of the Gospel as good news called into question, when forced by the Holocaust to see that it has been used to justify 2000 years of persecution, expulsion, and pogrom against the Jewish people. For Christians to acknowledge the Holocaust as hermeneutic rupture is to give it the authority of a new hermeneutic criterion for interpreting the Gospel, in which nothing is the word of God which denies the covenantal integrity of the Jewish People. The Holocaust forces a redefinition of the “canon within the canon” in which Paul's letter to the Romans and the Book of Job become central texts. Romans becomes the cornerstone of post-Holocaust theology because it predates the fall of the temple and the emergence of the anti-Judaic myth of Christian supercession and affirms the ongoing election of the Jewish people. And after the Holocaust, the Book of Job takes on new meaning as an allegory, only a desacralized Christianity which demythologizes some of its most sacred traditions in order to affirm human dignity and Jewish integrity can survive Auschwitz with any authenticity.
Being Catholic and Being American
Authors: Curran Charles E.
Published: August 2016

The story of Catholicism in the United States can best be understood in light of the struggle to be both Catholic and American. This question of being both Catholic and American is currently raised with great urgency in these days because of recent tensions between the Vatican and the Catholic Church in the United States.

History shows that Rome has always been suspicious and fearful that the American Catholic Church would become too American and in the process lose what is essential to its Roman Catholicism. Jay Dolan points out two historical periods in which attempts were made to incorporate more American approaches and understandings into the life of the church, but these attempts were ultimately unsuccessful.

In the late eighteenth century, the young Catholic Church in the United States attempted to appropriate many American ideas into its life. Recall that at this time the Catholic Church was a very small minority church. Dolan refers to this movement as a Republican Catholicism and links this understanding with the leading figure in the early American church, John Carroll. Carroll, before he was elected by the clergy as the first bishop in the United States in 1789, had asked Rome to grant to the church in the United States that ecclesiastical liberty which the temper of the age and of the people requires.
Widening the Sphere of Discourse: Reflections on the Feminist Perspective in Religious Studies
Authors: Weaver Mary Jo
Published: August 2016

This past February I spent a bracing weekend with two feminist pioneers in their own fields. Joan Huber is an old friend and early mentor, Dean of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Ohio State, and a well-published feminist sociologist. Susan Gubar, my best friend at Indiana University for more than a decade, is a distinguished literary critic and co-author of landmark books likeThe Madwoman in the Attic, andThe Norton Anthology of Literature by Women. Both have changed the shape of their respective disciplines with their work on women and so carry impeccable feminist credentials. Susan and I went to Columbus to help Joan prepare for her March debate with Carol Gilligan.

Since I grew up next to Joan as a teenager, weekends with her are always wonderful for me because they combine all the comforts of home with all the things I could never do while growing up. When I go to Joan's house I eat wonderful meals, drink too much, abandon all my resolutions about smoking, stay up too late, and engage in fabulous conversation. Adding Susan to this cluster of stimulants tripled the pleasure, and the fact that it took us hours to get there and forced us to reread Gilligan did not dampen the occasion. I looked forward to the visit and secretly hoped that the conversation would do something to renew my flagging feminist spirit.
KOSHI SHUNJŪ
Authors: von Falkenhausen Lothar
Published: August 2016

The Fuyang bamboo-strip “Annals” was compiled prior to 165 B.C., at least sixty or seventy years earlier than Sima Qian edited the various chronological tables in the Shiji. The “Annals,” which begins about the time of the Gong He interregnum of the Western Zhou and continues through the time of Qin Shi huangdi, seems to be incompatible with the “Qin Records” and was perhaps compiled using the “Historical Records” of some state other than Qin. It possibly includes two different types of tables: one in which years denominate the vertical columns and statenames the horizontal rows, with events recorded therein horizontally; and one that records the number of years that the feudal lords reigned. Although extensive damage makes it impossible to reconstitute the “Annals,” it can still provide useful information regarding some historical questions, such as the Warring States-period states of “East Zhou” and “West Zhou,” the appellations “Current King” and “Current Duke,” etc.
8. Art Historical Issues Arising From the M5 Burial at Anyang
Authors: Kane Virginia
Published: August 2016

This paper takes the position that the “late Wu Ting” or “Period II” dating for M5, now accepted by many scholars, cannot be reconciled with the advanced typological and stylistic qualities exhibited by so many of its bronze vessels, and that therefore the reading of the M5 bronze inscriptions as “Fu Hao” and the viewing of this as the name of a single individual woman, the consort of Wu Ting, constitute a methodology which must be rejected. Instead, the inscriptions could be read as “Fu Tzu,” with Tzu ( ) recognized as the feminization of the Shang surname Tzu ( ). Since this name would have been inherited by all daughters of the Tzu clan, there would have been at any one time a sizable number of royal women of various ages appropriately titled “Fu Tzu” ; and the necessity of identifying the Fu Tzu of the M5 inscriptions only with a woman named in the Wu Ting oracle bones can be eliminated. It is, moreover, likely that even in the Wu Ting oracle-bone inscriptions the references to “Fu Tzu” actually concerned several different ladies of the royal clan—daughters or aunts of the king, as well as consorts (the royal clan being endogamous).
Xunzi in the Light of the Guodian Manuscripts
Authors: Goldin Paul Rakita
Published: August 2016

This article discusses the several previously unknown Confucian texts discovered in 1993 in a Warring States tomb at Guodian, near Jingmen, Hubei Province. I believe that these works should be understood as doctrinal material deriving from a single tradition of Confucianism and datable to around 300 B.C. Of the surviving literature from the same period, they are closer to theXunzithan to any other text, and anticipate several characteristic themes in Xunzi's philosophy. These are: the notion of human nature (xing性),and the controversy over whether the source of morality is internar or “external”; the role of learning (xue學)and habitual practice (xi習) in moral development; the content and origin of ritual (li禮), by which human beings accord with the Way; the conception of the ruler as the mind (xin心) of the state; and the psychological utility of music (yue樂) in inculcating proper values.

It is especially important for scholars to take note of these connections with Xunzi, in view of the emerging trend to associate the Guodian manuscripts with Zisi, the famous grandson of Confucius, whom Xunzi bitterly criticized.
The Analysis of Shear Distribution for Multi-Cell Beams in Flexure by means of Successive Numerical Approximations
Authors: Samson Derek R.
Published: August 2016

The determination of shear distributions for multi-cell sections can conveniently be considered as two separate problems.

(i)

the shear flow arising from a pure torsional couple applied in the plane of the section, and

(ii)

the shear flow arising from a resultant shear force acting on the section so as to produce no resultant twist per unit length of that section,i.e. through the shear centre of that section.

Both problems involve finding the value of one unknown shear flow for each cell, so that in multi-cell construction a set of simultaneous equations is obtained, which must be solved to obtain the shear pattern.

The solution of problem (i) by successive numerical approximations has been dealt with completely by Benscoter. The present paper gives a method for problem (ii).

The usefulness of the method becomes more apparent with increasing numbers of spar webs as may be envisaged for future wing sections of small thickness chord ratios. It is analogous in the procedure used to the Hardy Cross moment distribution method for continuous beams, and has similar advantages. An approximate solution of any required degree of accuracy is quickly obtainable at the design stage and the method is readily adaptable for use by a computer with no knowledge of the structural or mathematical theory involved.
The Noise From Aircraft
Authors: Walters A. G.
Published: August 2016

A general expression is obtained for the potential of sound or aerodynamic disturbance from a source moving with variable vector velocity, based on linear theory. Knowing the space time curve for the source, the Doppler frequency corrections and intensities can be determined. If in any part of its trajectory the aircraft exceeds the velocity of sound, the number of sonic bangs and the times of occurrence can be calculated. A numerical example is given. The following conclusions are deduced: (i) If at any point of its trajectory, the component of the aircraft velocity in the direction of the observer is equal to the velocity of sound, a sonic bang is propagated to the observer with the velocity of sound. This has been previously postulated by C. H. E. Warren. (ii) A bang as determined by conclusion (i) comprises two components and in certain circumstances the components in some of the bangs may be acoustically separable, thus giving rise to double bangs.
Engine Noise
Authors: Greatrex F. B.
Published: August 2016

The title of this paper could cover a number of interesting problems ranging from the ultrasonic scream from compressors and its (alleged) effect in producing “jet sickness,” to the noise from supersonic propellers but, since it is “in particular Jet Noise” which is under discussion, this paper deals entirely with that subject. Some new facts are presented, mostly obtained at my own firm, with the active encouragement of the Ministry of Supply, and some of their implications are discussed.
Receptances in Mechanical Systems
Authors: Duncan W. J. , Biot M. A. , Johnson D. C. , Bishop R. E. D.
Published: August 2016

We wish to propose that the word “receptance” should be used instead of “admittance” as applied to mechanical systems (see R. and M. 2,000, 1947). By this, we mean that if a generalised disturbing force Fseiωt is applied at the sth generalised co-ordinate qs of a linear oscillatory system, then the response at the rth generalised co-ordinate is given by

qs = αrsFseiωt

where αrs is the “Cross-receptance” between qr and qs. If r = s, then αrs would be the “direct receptance” at qs.
Biological and Aerodynamical Problems of Animal Flight
Authors: Holst Erich Von , Kuchemann Dietrich
Published: August 2016

The recurring discussions regarding human flapping flight (if possible, by muscle-power!) have done more harm than good, because they distract attention from other more important subjects.

For example, the heed for the faster and larger flying creatures (such as large birds) and for high-speed aeroplanes to reduce speed when necessary, without corresponding loss of lift. All kinds of “ high lift devices ” have been invented for aeroplanes. All are based on the principle of making possible a steeper angle of attack or a higher wing-camber, thus giving greater lift without causing eddies that would lead to a break-away of the airflow on the upper surface.
Leakage Rates From Pressurised Aircraft at Altitude
Authors: Staite H. J.
Published: August 2016

One of the routine ground tests carried out on pressurised aircraft is the measurement of the leakage rate and this is often expressed in the form of a time for the cabin excess pressure to fall from a given value to half that value. The technician, however, is usually concerned with the functioning of the pressurised cabin at high altitude and it is the purpose of this note to establish a means of forecasting the high altitude performance from the sea level test. The first part of the note describes the basic theory and provides a unique relationship connecting leakage times at any height with that pertaining to the sea level test. The latter part of the note gives an example of the use of this information in predicting the fall off of cabin pressure after pressurisation failure and with the aircraft descending.
Flexural Vibration of Plates on Uniform Elastic Foundations
Authors: Cox Hugh L.
Published: August 2016

The flexural vibration of uniform plates on uniform elastic foundations is of interest in connection with fatigue and sound intensity studies.
Buckling of Plates with Lateral Stiffeners
Authors: Yushan Huang
Published: August 2016

In most of the problems concerned with the buckling of plates it is assumed that the length of the plate is greater than its width, and that the edges of the plate, at which the compression loads are applied, are simply supported. The method of support of the side edges vary with the actual conditions.

In the case of short wide plates or plates with many lateral stiffeners, as shown in Figs, 1 and 2 respectively, the effect on the buckling load due to the conditions of support at the two side edges will become less, and that due to the conditions of support at the end edges will become important, so that they can no longer be assumed to be simply supported. For ease of calculation the side edges are assumed to be simply supported.
Flight Research at High Subsonic Speeds
Authors: Davies H.
Published: August 2016

Until about ten years ago the highest speeds achieved by aircraft, even in dives, rarely exceeded half the speed of sound. Under these conditions the air round the aircraft behaved very much as if it were incompressible, and the forces acting on the aircraft could be derived on the basis of laws governing the aerodynamics of incompressible fluids.

During the 1939-45 War great advances were made in the performance of aircraft and eventually speeds of over three-quarters of the speed of sound were being reached, even in level flight. At these speeds the air no longer behaves as an incompressible fluid; the aerodynamic laws involved become much more complicated and the aircraft designer is faced with a mass of new problems, involving many strange and unexpected effects.

The purpose of this lecture is to discuss the contribution which research in flight can make towards the elucidation of these problems, with special reference to work done at the Royal Aircraft Establishment during the past few years.
Model Experiments on the Site of Rongotai Aerodrome, Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Kidson C. I.
Published: August 2016

Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand, is situated in the south of the North Island, among the mountainous masses 2,000ft., high which form the northern shore of Cook Strait. The winds in this latitude are strong and persistent, and this, combined with the venturi effect of the Straits, gives-Wellington a very boisterous climate. The average run of wind per 24 hours is 310 miles and the average number of gales of force 8 or over is in excess of 60 per annum. There is little open ground near the city, and there is no aerodrome site within 30 miles which is free from atmospheric disturbances or topographical defects.
Visual Aids for Low Visibility Conditions
Authors: Calvert E. S.
Published: August 2016

This paper describes some work, mainly of a theoretical nature, done at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, during the years 1946-1947. The immediate object of this work was to establish some general principles for the guidance of the Ministry of Civil Aviation Airfield Lighting Committee, which is the body charged with the task of deciding what visual aids shall be installed on the civil airports of this country. The work is far from completion and from the scientific point of view, this account of it must necessarily leave some loose ends, but it is felt that the method of attack and the underlying ideas may prove useful to other workers in this field. If this should prove to be the case, then international standardisation will have been brought a little nearer, and as will be made clear in this paper, this is almost as necessary for the visual aids as for the radio aids.
Rotary Derivatives of a Delta Wing at Supersonic Speeds
Authors: Robinson A.
Published: August 2016

The rotary derivatives of a Delta wing pitching or rolling at supersonic speed are obtained in addition to the lift curve slope first given in an earlier investigation.
Large Aeroplanes
Authors: Roxbee Cox H.
Published: August 2016

I want this evening to present some reasons for believing- that we can build successful aeroplanes of enormous size, and, what is more important, that they will not be merely monuments to a desire for the gigantic.

In the past, bold computers have defined upper limits to the size of aeroplanes. Their prophecies have varied, and most of them have been belied by practical achievement. Their arguments were usually based on what has been called the “ Cube Law ” or the “ Square-Cube Rule.” This rule, though it has apparently proved misleading, is indeed correct when properly applied, and it forms a convenient point from which to begin an enquiry into the feasibility of the giant aeroplane.
Anodic Oxidation of Aluminium and its Alloys
Authors: Donaldson Craig J.
Published: August 2016

Within recent years the subject of anodic oxidation has been very fully and minutely examined, notably by Bengough, Stuart, and Dr. Sutton, who was responsible for the large-scale experiments carried out at the Royal Aircraft establishment, Farnborough, and who, with his collaborators, has presented a number of excellent papers to the Royal Aeronautical Society, the Institute of Metals, and other bodies. In addition, scientists and industrialists at home and abroad are continuously adding to knowledge of aluminium, its uses and adaptability, and are giving a growing impetus to penetrations into spheres formerly exclusive to steel, brass, copper, tin and timber, each substitution calling for special consideration, so that it is well-nigh impossible for one to broach the subject without impinging somewhere upon the work ol others.
Calculation of the Stresses in Annular Frames
Authors: Fahlbusch H. , Wegner W.
Published: August 2016

The stresses in annular frames of constant flexural stiffness, as they occur in thin-walled shells are determined, assuming a finite depth of frame cross-section. The calculations are carried out for the fundamental load cases and the results presented in the form of diagrams.