bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing a complex obsidian “source‐scape”: A geoarchaeological and geochemical approach in northwestern Patagonia
Authors: Barberena Ramiro , Fernández María V. , Rughini Agustina A. , Borrazzo Karen , Garvey Raven , Lucero Gustavo , Della Negra Claudia , Villanueva Guadalupe Romero , Durán Víctor , Cortegoso Valeria , Giesso Martín , Klesner Catherine , MacDonald Brandi L. , Glascock Michael D.
Published: November 2018

Northwestern Patagonia is located in a tectonically active part of the southern Andes (Argentina), which has facilitated the formation of obsidian, including pyroclastic deposits that have been affected by geomorphic processes, resulting in a complex obsidian landscape. To date, the geomorphic relocation of obsidian in the landscape has not been a focus of systematic research, and this hampers our understanding of prehistoric human mobility. We present an updated assessment of the regional availability of different obsidian types based on results from our research program, which combines geoarchaeological survey and geochemical characterization to understand the properties and distribution of obsidian. This robust “source‐scape” provides the foundation for reconstructing patterns of lithic provisioning and discard. Our results suggest that interpretations of obsidian availability across the landscape should be more nuanced than is typically acknowledged. Based on our improved “source‐scape,” we discuss the patterns observed in an archaeological X‐ray fluorescence database. When compared with the geoarchaeological reconstruction of obsidian availability, the archaeological record conforms to a distance‐decay pattern. Contrary to previous interpretations, we suggest that the distribution of obsidian types is not isomorphic with human home ranges. This geoarchaeological research program provides a basis for integrating the archaeological record of different Andean regions.
Synthesis of P‐stereogenic phosphonothioates via alcoholysis of phosphonothioates with a binaphthyl group
Authors: Kuwabara Kazuma , Maekawa Yuuki , Ebihara Masahiro , Maruyama Toshifumi , Murai Toshiaki
Published: November 2018

The reaction of phosphonothioates having a binaphthyl group with alkoxides proceeded via transfer of the axial chirality of the binaphthyl group to the central chirality of the phosphorus atom to give P‐stereogenic phosphonothioates with moderate‐to‐excellent diastereoselectivities. The reaction of phosphonoselenoates also proceeded in a similar fashion. The selenium atom of the obtained product could be excluded with tributylphosphine to give a trivalent phosphonite, which was isolated as a boron complex.
Acceptable-by-design QSARs to predict the dietary biomagnification of organic chemicals in fish
Authors: Grisoni Francesca , Consonni Viviana , Vighi Marco
Published: November 2018

This work presents the first-time QSAR approach to predict the laboratory-based fish biomagnification factor (BMF) of organic chemicals, to be used as a supporting tool for assessing bioaccumulation at the regulatory level. The developed strategy is based on 2 levels of prediction, with a varying trade-off between interpretability and performance according to the user's needs. We designed our models to be intrinsically acceptable at the regulatory level (in what we defined as “acceptable-by-design” strategy), by (i) complying with OECD principles directly in the approach development phase, (ii) choosing easy-to-apply modeling techniques, (iii) preferring simple descriptors when possible, and (iv) striving to provide data-driven mechanistic insights. Our novel tool has an error comparable to the observed experimental inter- and intraspecies variability and is stable on borderline compounds (root mean square error [RMSE] ranging from RMSE = 0.45 to RMSE = 0.45 log units on test data). Additionally, the models’ molecular descriptors are carefully described and interpreted, allowing us to gather additional mechanistic insights into the structural features controlling the dietary bioaccumulation of chemicals in fish. To improve the transparency and promote the application of the model, the data set and the stand alone prediction tool are provided free of charge at https://github.com/grisoniFr/bmf_qsar  Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:51–63. © 2018 SETAC
Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets: A new integrated pest management approach for Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Marianelli Leonardo , Paoli Francesco , Sabbatini Peverieri Giuseppino , Benvenuti Claudia , Barzanti Gian Paolo , Bosio Giovanni , Venanzio Davide , Giacometto Emanuela , Roversi Pio Federico
Published: November 2018

The Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman is a US and EU quarantine insect pest that has recently invaded northern Italy. Its ability to rapidly spread in new areas makes this insect a threat to agriculture. In the last decades, several trials on biological control of the Japanese beetle by entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi have been carried out with variable efficacy. However, the necessity of an integrated pest management approach to improve control has arisen. Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have been used to control other agricultural pests with an attract-and-kill strategy. Here, we present results from laboratory evaluation of 2 LLINs, Storanet® (BASF™) and ZeroFly® (Vestergaard™), against P. japonica adults. Both were effective in killing the beetles; however, some differences emerged if different exposure times were compared: ZeroFly® always gave 100% mortality in tests from 5-s to 30-min exposure; Storanet® showed 100% mortality only with 30-min exposure and going down to 89%–99% mortality for 5-s to 15-min exposure. A description of the paralysis process occurring at 5-s exposure is given. Possible field application of LLINs within programs of integrated pest management is discussed. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:259–265. © 2018 SETAC
Challenges in assessing the sunscreen‐melanoma association
Authors: Rueegg Corina S. , Stenehjem Jo S. , Egger Matthias , Ghiasvand Reza , Cho Eunyoung , Lund Eiliv , Weiderpass Elisabete , Green Adele C. , Veierød Marit B.
Published: November 2018

Whether sunscreen use affects melanoma risk has been widely studied with contradictory results. To answer this question we performed a systematic review of all published studies, accounting for sources of heterogeneity and bias. We searched for original articles investigating the sunscreen‐melanoma association in humans to February 28, 2018. We then used random‐effects meta‐analysis to combine estimates of the association, stratified by study design. Stratified meta‐analysis and meta‐regression were used to identify sources of heterogeneity. We included 21,069 melanoma cases from 28 studies published 1979–2018: 23 case–control (11 hospital‐based, 12 population‐based), 1 ecological, 3 cohort and 1 randomised controlled trial (RCT). There was marked heterogeneity across study designs and among case–control studies but adjustment for confounding by sun exposure, sunburns and phenotype systematically moved estimates toward decreased melanoma risk among sunscreen users. Ever‐ vs. never‐use of sunscreen was inversely associated with melanoma in hospital‐based case–control studies (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95%confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.87, pheterogeneity < 0.001), the ecological study (rate ratio = 0.48, 95%CI 0.35–0.66), and the RCT (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.49, 95%CI 0.24–1.01). It was not associated in population‐based case–control studies (OR = 1.17, 95%CI 0.90–1.51, pheterogeneity < 0.001) and was positively associated in the cohort studies (HR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.07–1.51, pheterogeneity = 0.236). The association differed by latitude (pinteraction = 0.042), region (pinteraction = 0.008), adjustment for naevi/freckling (pinteraction = 0.035), and proportion of never‐sunscreen‐users (pinteraction = 0·012). Evidence from observational studies on sunscreen use and melanoma risk was weak and heterogeneous, consistent with the challenges of controlling for innate confounding by indication. The only RCT showed a protective effect of sunscreen.
Measurement of tumor mutational burden (TMB) in routine molecular diagnostics: in silico and real‐life analysis of three larger gene panels
Authors: Endris Volker , Buchhalter Ivo , Allgäuer Michael , Rempel Eugen , Lier Amelie , Volckmar Anna‐Lena , Kirchner Martina , von Winterfeld Moritz , Leichsenring Jonas , Neumann Olaf , Penzel Roland , Weichert Wilko , Glimm Hanno , Fröhling Stefan , Winter Hauke , Herth Felix , Thomas Michael , Schirmacher Peter , Budczies Jan , Stenzinger Albrecht
Published: November 2018

Assessment of Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) for response stratification of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors is emerging as a new biomarker. Commonly defined as the total number of exonic somatic mutations, TMB approximates the amount of neoantigens that potentially are recognized by the immune system. While whole exome sequencing (WES) is an unbiased approach to quantify TMB, implementation in diagnostics is hampered by tissue availability as well as time and cost constrains. Conversely, panel‐based targeted sequencing is nowadays widely used in routine molecular diagnostics, but only very limited data are available on its performance for TMB estimation. Here, we evaluated three commercially available larger gene panels with covered genomic regions of 0.39 Megabase pairs (Mbp), 0.53 Mbp and 1.7 Mbp using i) in silico analysis of TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data and ii) wet‐lab sequencing of a total of 92 formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) cancer samples grouped in three independent cohorts (non‐small cell lung cancer, NSCLC; colorectal cancer, CRC; and mixed cancer types) for which matching WES data were available. We observed a strong correlation of the panel data with WES mutation counts especially for the gene panel >1Mbp. Sensitivity and specificity related to TMB cutpoints for checkpoint inhibitor response in NSCLC determined by wet‐lab experiments well reflected the in silico data. Additionally, we highlight potential pitfalls in bioinformatics pipelines and provide recommendations for variant filtering. In summary, our study is a valuable data source for researchers working in the field of immuno‐oncology as well as for diagnostic laboratories planning TMB testing.
Development and evaluation of realistic optical cell models for rapid and label‐free cell assay by diffraction imaging
Authors: Wang Shuting , Liu Jing , Lu Jun Q. , Wang Wenjin , Al‐Qaysi Safaa A. , Xu Yaohui , Jiang Wenhuan , Hu Xin‐Hua
Published: November 2018

Methods for rapid and label‐free cell assay are highly desired in life science. Single‐shot diffraction imaging presents strong potentials to achieve this goal as evidenced by past experimental results using methods such as polarization diffraction imaging flow cytometry. We present here a platform of methods toward solving these problems and results of optical cell model (OCM) evaluations by calculations and analysis of cross‐polarized diffraction image (p‐DI) pairs. Four types of realistic OCMs have been developed with two prostate cell structures and adjustable refractive index (RI) parameters to investigate the effects of cell morphology and index distribution on calculated p‐DI pairs. Image patterns have been characterized by a gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) algorithm and four GLCM parameters and linear depolarization ratio δL have been selected to compare calculated against measured data of prostate cells. Our results show that the irregular shapes of and heterogeneity in RI distributions for organelles play significant roles in the spatial distribution of scattered light by cells in comparison to the average RI values and their differences among the organelles. Discrepancies in GLCM and δL parameters between calculated and measured p‐DI data provide useful insight for understanding light scattering by single cells and improving OCM.
A novel urine analysis technique combining affinity chromatography with Au nanoparticle based surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for potential applications in non‐invasive cancer screening
Authors: Lin Xueliang , Wang Lingna , Lin Huijing , Lin Duo , Lin Jinyong , Liu Xiujie , Qiu Sufang , Xu Yuanji , Chen Guannan , Feng Shangyuan
Published: November 2018

Modified nucleoside in urine samples is one of the most common biomarkers for cancer screening. Therefore, we developed a novel detection method for modified nucleoside detection in human urine. In this work, the modified nucleoside from real cancer patient's urine samples was first separated and purified using the affinity chromatography (AC) technology relying on its specific adsorption capacity. Then, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology with the capability of single molecular detection was used to sensitively characterize the biomolecular features of modified nucleoside. A total of 141 high‐quality SERS spectra of urinary modified nucleoside can be obtained from 50 gastric cancer patients and 43 breast cancer patients, as well as 48 healthy volunteers. Using principal component analysis combined with linear discriminant analysis (PCA‐LDA), the diagnostic sensitivities for identifying gastric cancer vs normal, breast cancer vs normal, gastric cancer vs breast cancer were 84.0%, 76.7% and 82.0%, respectively, and the corresponding diagnostic specificities for each combination were 95.8%, 87.5% and 90.7%, respectively. These results show that this novel method based on urinary modified nucleoside detection combining AC and SERS technologies holds promising potential for developing a specific, non‐invasive and label‐free tool for cancer screening.
Enhanced selective cellular proliferation by multi‐biofunctionalization of medical implant surfaces with heterodimeric BMP‐2/6, fibronectin, and FGF‐2
Authors: Ettelt Volker , Belitsky Alice , Lehnert Michael , Loidl‐Stahlhofen Angelika , Epple Matthias , Veith Michael
Published: November 2018

Increasing cell adhesion on implant surfaces is an issue of high biomedical importance. Early colonization with endogenous cells reduces the risk of bacterial contamination and enhances the integration of an implant into the diverse cellular tissues surrounding it. In vivo integration of implants is controlled by a complex spatial and temporal interplay of cytokines and adhesive molecules. The concept of a multi‐biofunctionalized TiO2 surface for stimulating bone and soft tissue growth is presented here. All supramolecular architectures were built with a biotin–streptavidin coupling system. Biofunctionalization of TiO2 with immobilized FGF‐2 and heparin could be shown to selectively increase the proliferation of fibroblasts while immobilized BMP‐2 only stimulated the growth of osteoblasts. Furthermore, TiO2 surfaces biofunctionalized with either the BMP‐2 or BMP‐2/6 growth factor and the cell adhesion‐enhancing protein fibronectin showed higher osteoblast adhesion than a TiO2 surface functionalized with only one of these proteins. In conclusion, the presented immobilization strategy is applicable in vivo for a selective surface coating of implants in both hard and connective tissue. The combined immobilization of different extracellular proteins on implants has the potential to further influence cell‐specific reactions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2910–2922, 2018.
A novel ceramic coating for reduced metal ion release in metal‐on‐metal hip surgery
Authors: Blunn Gordon W. , Ferro De Godoy Roberta , Meswania Jayantilal , Briggs Tim W. R. , Tyler Philippa , Hargunani Rikin , Wilson Hannah , Khan Imran , Marriott Tim , Coathup Melanie J.
Published: November 2018

An ovine total hip arthroplasty model was developed to evaluate metal ion release, wear, the biological response and adverse tissue reaction to metal‐on‐metal (MoM) bearing materials. The performance of an advanced superlattice ceramic coating (SLC) was evaluated as a bearing surface and experimental groups divided into; (1) MoM articulating surfaces coated with a SLC coating (SLC‐MoM), (2) uncoated MoM surfaces (MoM), and (3) metal on polyethylene (MoP) surfaces. Implants remained in vivo for 13 months and blood chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) metal ion levels were measured pre and postoperatively. Synovial tissue was graded using an ALVAL scoring system. When compared with the MoM group, sheep with SLC‐MoM implants showed significantly lower levels of chromium and cobalt metal ions within blood over the 13‐month period. Evidence of gray tissue staining was observed in the synovium of implants in the MOM group. A significantly lower ALVAL score was measured in the SLC‐MoM group (3.88) when compared with MoM components (6.67) (p = 0.010). ALVAL results showed no significant difference when SLC‐MOM components were compared to MoP (5.25). This model was able to distinguish wear and the effect of released debris between different bearing combinations and demonstrated the effect of a SLC coating when applied onto the bearing surface. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1760–1771, 2019.
Study on immortal conditions of chicken embryonic stem cells
Authors: Sun Changhua , Wang Yingjie , Jin Kai , Song Jiuzhou , Zuo Qisheng , Zhang Yani , Chen Guohong , Li Bichun
Published: November 2018

In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to chicken embryonic stem cells (ESCs) studies in relation to extensive applications in gene therapy and regenerative medicine. However, the approaches used are still immature. In this study, we showed that the chicken ESCs clones with a clear border can express alkaline phosphatase and marker proteins such as SSEA‐1, SOX2, and OCT4 stably. In addition, culture medium containing 10 μmol/L of vitamin C (VC) could significantly promote the proliferation of ESCs cells. Moreover, ESCs transfected with p:enhanced green fluorescent protein (pEGFP)‐hTERT could be subcultured more than tenth generations in culture medium containing exogenous factors (mLIF + bFGF + hSCF) and VC, and these ESCs clone could still be regenerated following cryopreservation. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results showed that there was no significant difference between SSEA‐1, SOX2, and OCT4 expression during ESCs immortalization and that the tenth generation of ESCs was still able to express marker proteins SSEA‐1, SOX2, and OCT4. Our results showed that an immobilized system for ESCs was established, and the ESCs were cultured in vitro maintaining their pluripotency.
Ablation of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, Band 4.1B and Whirlin, leads to cerebellar purkinje axon pathology and motor dysfunction
Authors: Saifetiarova Julia , Bhat Manzoor A.
Published: November 2018

The cerebellar cortex receives neural information from other brain regions to allow fine motor coordination and motor learning. The primary output neurons from the cerebellum are the Purkinje neurons that transmit inhibitory responses to deep cerebellar nuclei through their myelinated axons. Altered morphological organization and electrical properties of the Purkinje axons lead to detrimental changes in locomotor activity often leading to cerebellar ataxias. Two cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins Band 4.1B (4.1B) and Whirlin (Whrn) have been previously shown to play independent roles in axonal domain organization and maintenance in myelinated axons in the spinal cord and sciatic nerves. Immunoblot analysis had indicated cerebellar expression for both 4.1B and Whrn; however, their subcellular localization and cerebellum‐specific functions have not been characterized. Using 4.1B and Whrn single and double mutant animals, we show that both proteins are expressed in common cellular compartments of the cerebellum and play cooperative roles in preservation of the integrity of Purkinje neuron myelinated axons. We demonstrate that both 4.1B and Whrn are required for the maintenance of axonal ultrastructure and health. Loss of 4.1B and Whrn leads to axonal transport defects manifested by formation of swellings containing cytoskeletal components, membranous organelles, and vesicles. Moreover, ablation of both proteins progressively affects cerebellar function with impairment in locomotor performance detected by altered gait parameters. Together, our data indicate that 4.1B and Whrn are required for maintaining proper axonal cytoskeletal organization and axonal domains, which is necessary for cerebellum‐controlled fine motor coordination.
The Prevention of a High Dose of Vitamin D or Its Combination with Sulforaphane on Intestinal Inflammation and Tumorigenesis in Apc1638N Mice Fed a High‐Fat Diet
Authors: Li Jinchao , Frederick Armina‐Lyn M. , Jin Yu , Guo Chi , Xiao Hang , Wood Richard J. , Liu Zhenhua
Published: November 2018

Scope

The previous study shows that obesity‐promoted inflammation is responsible for the activation of the intestinal tumorigenic Wnt‐signaling. The present study aims to test a dietary strategy, dietary supplementation with a high dose of vitamin D (VD) or its combination with sulforaphane (SFN) to inhibit intestinal inflammation and obesity‐associated tumorigenesis.

Methods and results

Apc1638N mice are randomly divided into four groups: LF, a low‐fat diet (10 kcal% fat) with 200 IU VD; HF, a high‐fat diet (60 kcal% fat) with 200 IU VD; HFD, a high‐fat diet with 5000 IU VD; and HFDS, a high‐fat diet plus 5000 IU VD and 0.23 g SFN per ≈4000 kcal. VD administration decreased tumor incidence and size, and the co‐administration with SFN (HFDS) magnified the effects. Inflammation and Wnt‐signaling are suppressed by VD. The addition of SFN decreased the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and increased autophagy.

Conclusion

The administration of VD, at 5000 IU level, exerts an anti‐inflammatory property and leads to suppressed intestinal Wnt‐signaling and tumorigenesis in obese mice. The molecular function of SFN on a high dose of VD supplementation, although displayed on the inhibition of HDAC and the activation of autophagy, needs further investigation.
The potentiality of NMR‐based metabolomics in food science and food authentication assessment
Authors: Consonni Roberto , Cagliani Laura Ruth
Published: November 2018

In the last years, there was an increasing interest on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, whose applications experienced an exponential growth in several research fields, particularly in food science. NMR was initially developed as the elective technique for structure elucidation of single molecules and nowadays is playing a dominant role in complex mixtures investigations. In the era of the “omics” techniques, NMR was rapidly enrolled as one of the most powerful methods to approach metabolomics studies. Its use in analytical routines, characterized by rapid and reproducible measurements, would provide the identification of a wide range of chemical compounds simultaneously, disclosing sophisticated frauds or addressing the geographical origin, as well as revealing potential markers for other authentication purposes. The great economic value of high‐quality or guaranteed foods demands highly detailed characterization to protect both consumers and producers from frauds. The present scenario suggests metabolomics as the privileged approach of modern analytical studies for the next decades. The large potentiality of high‐resolution NMR techniques is here presented through specific applications and using different approaches focused on the authentication process of some foods, like tomato paste, saffron, honey, roasted coffee, and balsamic and traditional balsamic vinegar of Modena, with a particular focus on geographical origin characterization, ageing determination, and fraud detection.
When to switch from bilateral to unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: A simple way to elicit seizures in high seizure threshold cases
Authors: Eda Masatoshi , Matsuki Ryo
Published: November 2018

Aims

Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for various psychiatric disorders, its therapeutic effect depends on the occurrence of adequate seizures. Thus, the management of inadequate seizures remains a clinical problem. Here, we aimed to develop a simple method to elicit adequate seizures in high seizure threshold patients during ECT sessions.

Methods

Right unilateral ECT was performed in 87 sessions (22 inpatients) in which 504 millicoulombs bilateral (bitemporal or bifrontal) electrical stimulation had failed to induce adequate seizures. A Thymatron® System IV (Somatics LLC, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) and the LOW 0.5 program were used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The electrode placement was bitemporal, bifrontal, or right unilateral (d'Elia placement). The minimum duration for an adequate seizure was 15 seconds in the electroencephalogram record of the Thymatron® stimulator. The efficacy of treatment was estimated by the Global Assessment of Functioning at the time of admission and discharge. Cognitive assessment was not performed.

Results

By switching to right unilateral stimulation immediately after failure of bilateral stimulation, adequate seizures were achieved in 71 of 87 (81.6%) sessions. Improvement in the Global Assessment of Functioning was observed in 23 of 28 (82.1%) treatment courses.

Conclusion

Switching from bilateral to unilateral electrode placement may be a simple clinical option for eliciting adequate seizures in high seizure threshold cases.
Sequential heat release: an innovative approach for the control of curing profiles during composite processing based on dual‐curing systems
Authors: Romero Maria , Fernández‐Francos Xavier , Ramis Xavier
Published: November 2018

The sequential heat release (SHR) taking place in dual‐curing systems can facilitate thermal management and control of conversion and temperature gradients during processing of thick composite parts, hence reducing the appearance of internal stresses that compromise the quality of processed parts. This concept is demonstrated in this work by means of numerical simulation of conversion and temperature profiles during processing of an off‐stoichiometric thiol–epoxy dual‐curable system. The simulated processing scenario is the curing stage during resin transfer moulding processing (i.e. after injection or infusion), assuming one‐dimensional heat transfer across the thickness of the composite part. The kinetics of both polymerization stages of the dual‐curing system and thermophysical properties needed for the simulations have been determined using thermal analysis techniques and suitable phenomenological models. The simulations show that SHR makes it possible to reach a stable and uniform intermediate material after completion of the first polymerization process, and enables a better control of the subsequent crosslinking taking place during the second polymerization process due to the lower remaining exothermicity. A simple optimization of curing cycles for composite parts of different thickness has been performed on the basis of quality–time criteria, producing results that are very close to the Pareto‐optimal front obtained by genetic algorithm optimization procedures. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
CP in the dark
Authors: Azevedo Duarte , Ferreira Pedro M. , Muhlleitner M. Margarete , Patel Shruti , Santos Rui , Wittbrodt Jonas
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We build a model containing two scalar doublets and a scalar singlet with a specific discrete symmetry. After spontaneous symmetry breaking, the model has Standard Model-like phenomenology, as well as a hidden scalar sector which provides a viable dark matter candidate. We show that CP violation in the scalar sector occurs exclusively in the hidden sector, and consider possible experimental signatures of this CP violation. In particular, we study contribution to anomalous gauge couplings from the hidden scalars.
Tiny Marine Shells Reveal Past Patterns in Ocean Dynamics
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: November 2018

A 400,000-year calcium carbonate record from the ocean floor sheds light on deep-ocean circulation and on mechanisms driving climate patterns and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Black Carbon Not the Primary Cause of Historic Glacial Retreat
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: November 2018

Ice cores and glacial records reveal that European glaciers retreated before the rise of industrialization in the 1870s, suggesting that soot deposition did not primarily drive the shift.
Mechanisms Controlling Air Stratification Within a Large Diameter Borehole and Atmospheric Exchange
Authors: Levintal Elad , Dragila Maria I. , Lensky Nadav G. , Weisbrod Noam
Published: November 2018

Large boreholes dot the landscape across much of the arid low latitudes. Here we explore air dynamics within these features to understand their significance to gas transport at the Earth‐atmosphere interface. We instrumented a large‐diameter (3.4 m) borehole and the borehole‐atmosphere interface to explore under natural conditions the role of atmospheric variability on gas transport down to the water table at a depth of 59 m. Two independent tracers that naturally existed inside the borehole, water vapor and CO2, were used to map diffusive and advective transport regions and rates. We hypothesize that temporal variations in atmospheric and borehole air temperature determine the transport regime; thus, we conducted two separate 1‐month observations, during summer and winter. Of several potential air transport mechanisms known to act within cavities, thermal‐induced convection (TIC) was found to be the dominating advective mechanism inside the borehole. During winter, TIC circulated atmospheric air throughout the entire borehole down to the water table. During summer, however, atmospheric air reached only down to the middle of the borehole, indicating stable stratification below that depth; TIC was limited to the upper mixed layer overlying a diffusive transport layer. During times when TIC was suppressed, the stratified borehole air developed relatively low temperatures, and accumulated elevated CO2 concentrations and high vapor content, which were then vented to the atmosphere during convective active periods.
Isotopic labelling in ethylene oligomerization: addressing the issue of 1-octene vs. 1-hexene selectivity
Authors: Hirscher Nathanael A. , Labinger Jay A. , Agapie Theodor
Published: November 2018

The selectivity-determining mechanistic steps of ethylene tetramerization and trimerization are evaluated in light of isotopic labeling experiments.
Levelized cost of CO2mitigation from hydrogen production routes
Authors: Parkinson B. , Balcombe P. , Speirs J. F. , Hawkes A. D. , Hellgardt K.
Published: November 2018

The levelized cost of carbon mitigation and proportional decarbonisation fraction ranges of hydrogen production technologies relative to steam methane reforming.
Alpha-terpineol affects synthesis and antitumor activity of triterpenoids fromAntrodia cinnamomeamycelia in solid-state culture
Authors: Zhang Yutian , Li Diying , Wang Zhuo , Zang Wanting , Rao Pan , Liang Yunxiang , Mei Yuxia
Published: November 2018

To enhance production ofAntrodia cinnamomeatriterpenoids (ACTs) from mycelia in solid-state culture, α-terpineol was added to the medium as an elicitor at an optimal concentration of 0.05 mL L−1.
Plasmon-induced photoelectrochemical water oxidation enabled by in situ layer-by-layer construction of cascade charge transfer channel in multilayered photoanode
Authors: Zeng Zhiping , Li Tao , Li Yu-Bing , Dai Xiao-Cheng , Huang Ming-Hui , He Yunhui , Xiao Guangcan , Xiao Fang-Xing
Published: November 2018

Cascade charge transfer between graphene quantum dots and Ag nanocrystals in photoelectrochemical water splitting was finely regulated by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly.
Ag doping induced abnormal lattice thermal conductivity in Cu2Se
Authors: Liu Weidi , Shi Xiaolei , Hong Min , Yang Lei , Moshwan Raza , Chen Zhi-Gang , Zou Jin
Published: November 2018

Schematic diagram of Cu+/Ag+ diffusion in the Se sublattice of Cu2Se, in which blocked diffusion of Ag+ may subsequently block the diffusion of other Cu+ and weaken the scattering of phonons.
Highly efficient rare-earth-free deep red emitting phosphor La2Li1−ySb1−xO6:xMn4+,yMg2+: application in high-power warm w-LEDs
Authors: Zhong Jiasong , Peng Yongzhao , Chen Daqin , Liu Meijiao , Li Xinyue , Zhu Yiwen , Ji Zhengguo
Published: November 2018

A highly efficient La2Li1−ySb1−xO6:xMn4+,yMg2+ red phosphor with enhanced photoluminescence and the corresponding PiG-based high-power warm w-LEDs were investigated.
Photoluminescence tuning in a novel Bi3+/Mn4+ co-doped La2ATiO6:(A = Mg, Zn) double perovskite structure: phase transition and energy transfer
Authors: Xing Gongcheng , Feng Yuxin , Pan Min , Wei Yi , Li Guogang , Dang Peipei , Liang Sisi , Molokeev Maxim S. , Cheng Ziyong , Lin Jun
Published: November 2018

Enhanced red emission of Mn4+ and photoluminescence tuning by Bi3+ → Mn4+ energy transfer and symmetric changes in Bi3+/Mn4+-doped La2ATiO6 (A = Mg, Zn) double perovskite structure phosphors.
Speech Intervention Outcomes Associated With Word Lexicality and Intervention Intensity
Authors: Cummings Alycia , Hallgrimson Janet , Robinson Sarah
Published: November 2018

Purpose

This study examined how lexical representations and intervention intensity affect phonological acquisition and generalization in children with speech sound disorders.

Method

Using a single-subject multiple baseline design, 24 children with speech sound disorders (3;6 to 6;10 [years;months]) were split into 3 word lexicality types targeting word-initial complex singleton phonemes: /ɹ l ʧ θ/. Specifically, academic vocabulary words, nonwords (NWs), and high-frequency (HF) words were contrasted. Intervention intensity was examined by comparing the performance of 12 children who completed eleven 50-min sessions (4 children/word type) to the performance of 12 who completed 19 sessions (4 children/word type). Children's production accuracy of their treated phonemes and overall percent consonants correct values were used to measure phonological generalization via percentage accuracy scores and
d
scores.

Results

All word lexicality conditions elicited phonological change, suggesting that academic vocabulary words, NWs, and HF words are viable intervention targets. Group mean averages were similarly high for the NWs and HF words, although children in the NW condition demonstrated more consistent phonological gains. Children who received 19 intervention sessions achieved 6 times more gains in treated sound accuracy than did children who received 11 sessions.

Conclusions

Word lexicality did not significantly influence children's intervention outcomes. More intensive intervention, as characterized by the number sessions, resulted in greater phonological change than did a shorter intervention program. Intervention intensity outcomes should be considered when establishing best practices for speech intervention scheduling.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7336055
Influence of aluminium oxidation on insulation properties of oxide coating
Authors: Posmyk Andrzej
Published: November 2018

The article presents the influence of aluminium oxidation parameters on the insulating properties of oxide coatings on aluminium strips of electrical windings. The effect of H2SO4 electrolyte concentration, its temperature and anode current density on the value of unit breakdown voltage was determined. A significant influence of the contact surface area of the measuring electrode with the coating on the breakdown voltage was found. The error of breakdown voltage measurement does not exceed 5% if the contact surface area of the electrode is a minimum of 10 cm2. Constant and varying components of the breakdown voltage were distinguished. The constant component is up to 55% of the value and depends mainly on the thickness of the coating. The varying component depends on the surface topography of the oxide, mainly on the number of roughness peaks per unit area.
Work-Family Conflict and Work-Life Conflict
Authors: Kossek Ellen Ernst , Lee Kyung-Hee
Published: November 2018

Work-family and work-life conflict are forms of inter-role conflict that occur when the energy, time, or behavioral demands of the work role conflicts with family or personal life roles. Work-family conflict is a specific form of work-life conflict. Work-family conflict is of growing importance in society as it has important consequences for work, non-work, and personal outcomes such as productivity, turnover, family well-being, health, and stress. Work-family conflict relates to critical employment, family, and personal life outcomes. These include work outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover), family outcomes (e.g., marital satisfaction and family satisfaction), and personal outcomes related to physical health (e.g., physical symptoms, eating and exercise behaviors), and psychological health (e.g., stress and depressive symptoms, life satisfaction). Many different theoretical perspectives are used to understand work-life conflict: starting with role theory, and more recently conservation of resources, job demands and resources, and life course theories. Many methodological challenges are holding back the advancement of work-family conflict research. These include (1) construct overlap between work-family conflict and work-life conflict, and work-life balance measures; (2) measurement issues related to directionality and operationalization; and (3) a lack of longitudinal and multilevel studies. Future research should include studies to (1) advance construct development on linkages between different forms of work-family and work-life conflict; (2) improve methodological modeling to better delineate work-family conflict mechanisms; (3) foster increased variation in samples; (4) develop resiliency interventions that fit specific occupational contextual demands; (5) increase integration and sophistication of theoretical approaches; and (6) update work-family studies to take into account the influence of the growing prevalence of technology that is transforming work-family relationships.
Neofunctionalism
Authors: Niemann Arne
Published: November 2018

Developed in the 1950s and 1960s, neofunctionalism underwent several ups and downs, often closely related to the stops and starts of the European integration process. During this time, neofunctionalism has repeatedly become subject to revision, a development that has continued in the new millennium. The theory has been widely criticized, and some of the criticisms have aptly revealed considerable shortcomings, but neofunctionalism retains a central place in conceptualizing European integration. This is due to (a) neofunctionalism possessing a unique toolkit for analyzing important issues of European integration, mainly concerning the dynamics of the integration process; (b) the theory inspiring subsequent (micro-level) theorizing, and later approaches having frequently drawn on neofunctionalist tenets and concepts; (c) neofunctionalism having proven to be capable of reformation. Instead of pinning the theory solely down to certain time-sensitive formulations dating from up to six decades ago, neofunctionalism should be understood as an evolving theory, whose research agenda is by no means exhausted.
Adult Education, Community, and Learning for Democracy in Scotland
Authors: Crowther Jim , Ackland Aileen , Petrie Margaret , Wallace David
Published: November 2018

Historically, the relationship between adult education and democracy has been one of mutual synergy with education providing the context for thoughtful reflection and democratic action. The social purpose of adult education was precisely in its contribution to making the world a more socially just and more democratic place. However, this relationship has been eroded over the years as adult education and democratic life have become increasingly distanced from each other. Can this be repaired? This is the central theme of this entry, which is explored through trends relating to adult education, community, and democracy, and articulated through the particular experiences of the Scottish context we are familiar with. This article argues that adult education can enrich democratic culture and practice and that in turn democratic issues and debates can energize and stimulate adult education.

While the Scottish lens is distinctive, our argument has a broader reference point, as the neoliberal economic forces and subjectivities shaping adult education are global and pervasive, busily percolating in, down and across all sectors and levels of education. Our claim is that adult education can still play a critical role in nurturing democratic life. Rather than abandon democracy, the task of education is to deepen it at all levels and ensure politics is educative. From this view, adult education for democracy can reinvigorate the culture and institutions of democracy and, in the process, help to reclaim the lodestone—or soul—of adult education. For some readers, this may seem a nebulous idea; however, for others it will mean that which animates what is worthwhile in adult education. A profession without a soul is a dead one.

This article is a collaborative effort that draws from different university institutions involved in the training and formation of community educators. Together these institutions represent a spectrum of the Scottish university sector involved in this work and bring to this analysis considerable experience. Although different interests and distinctive emphases are represented in the perspectives here, this entry focuses on common ideas and values. We start therefore by situating ourselves in terms of professional, political, ideological, and theoretical orientations.
Teacher Education in Australia
Authors: Mayer Diane , Cotton Wayne , Simpson Alyson
Published: November 2018

The past decade has seen increasing federal intervention in teacher education in Australia, and like many other countries, more attention on teacher education as a policy problem. The current policy context calls for graduates from initial teacher education programs to be classroom ready and for teacher education programs to provide evidence of their effectiveness and their impact on student learning. It is suggested that teacher educators currently lack sufficient evidence and response to criticisms of effectiveness and impact. However, examination of the relevant literature and analysis of the discourses informing current policy demonstrate that it is the issue of how effectiveness is understood and framed, and what constitutes evidence of effectiveness, that needs closer examination by both teacher educators and policymakers before evidence of impact can be usefully claimed—or not.
Advances in Feminist Geography
Authors: Laliberte Nicole , Derickson Kate Driscoll , Dowler Lorraine
Published: November 2018

Geography and international studies are both deeply rooted in masculinist, imperialist, and patriarchal ways of viewing the world. However, over the past 20 years, the increase in the number of women within these fields has planted the seeds for the introduction of feminist intervention. Feminist geography is primarily concerned with the real experiences of individuals and groups in their own localities. It can be viewed as the study of "situated knowledges derived from the lives and experiences of women in different social and geographic locations." Feminist geographers consistently seek out techniques which are in line with their feminist philosophies. Although much of the work will be categorized as qualitative, such as ethnographic fieldwork, feminist geographers recognize the need for feminist approaches in quantitative analysis, and techniques alone do not render the project feminist. Rather, feminists in geography argue that all types of data collection must recognize the power relationship between the researcher and the researched. Feminist geography also operates at the local scale and crosses to the global. This is illustrated by geographers who not only study the daily lives of women in a refugee camp but also construct theoretical arguments focused on global forces such as climate change or war in relation to the international migration of women.
Contemporary Sources of Human Rights Violations
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: November 2018

Understanding the current disjuncture between human rights, authoritarianism, populism, nationalism, globalization, and forced migration has never been more urgent, especially in the face of gradual collapse of the liberal world order. Failure to address human rights violations will have grave consequences. Without understanding the sources of human rights violations, international human rights standards will do little to ensure their realization across the globe. Yet it is unrealistic to search exclusively for general laws and discernible patterns of human rights violations that could be held across all cases. While it is possible to systematically explore both proximate and underlying causes of human rights violations, such an analysis must be grounded in theory. It is thus important to unpack the sources of endemic human rights abuses, including those having to do with authoritarianism, xenophobic nationalism, sectarianism, torture, child labor, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing, genocide, forced migration, human/sexual trafficking, statelessness, and refugee crisis. To that end, there are two broad categories of human rights violations: domestic and international. Although there is agreement on the most pressing problems of human rights violations, there is no consensus over the answers. Our findings have broader implications for literature on human rights abuses, moral responsibility in the postliberal world order, and social justice.
Critical Theory, Security, and Emancipation
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: November 2018

Critical theory in International Relations originated from the Marxist tradition which, during the mid- to late Cold War, formed the basis of dependency and world systems theory. In the years before and after the Cold War, critical theory became part of a larger post-positivist challenge to the discipline and to the development of critical security studies. At the heart of contestation within the broader arena of critical security is the concept of emancipation, developed by members of the Frankfurt School such as Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Several key debates have been at the center of critical security studies relating to the construction of threats, identity and difference, human security, and emancipation. In particular, critical security analysts have addressed the question of how, given the range of threats or risks that exist in the world, some threats come to have priority over others and become the focus of discourses of security. Also, some scholars have disputed the idea that identity is dependent on difference. The concept of human security shifts attention away from states to individuals, emphasizing human rights, safety from violence, and sustainable development. In the case of emancipation, critical theorists have expressed concern that the concept is too closely linked with modernity, meta-narratives, especially Marxism and liberalism, and the Enlightenment belief that humanity is progressing toward a more perfect future. What is needed is not to avoid emancipation per se, but to pay close attention to its underlying assumptions.