bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial Perspective: Mental health needs of children and young people of Black ethnicity.1 Is it time to reconceptualise racism as a traumatic experience?
Authors: Ayodeji Eunice , Dubicka Bernadka , Abuah Omolade , Odebiyi Babatunde , Sultana Rezina , Ani Cornelius
Published: July 2021

We explore racial inequality in relation to Black children and young people (CYP) and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS). We argue that the experience of racism should be universally considered an Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE). We argue that racism and the vicarious trauma arising from exposure to frequent media reports of racially motivated violence against persons of Black ethnicity can all predispose Black CYP to increased risk of mental health problems. We make recommendations to improve Black CYP’s early access to CAMHS, and to reduce their overrepresentation in psychiatric in‐patient settings in the UK. This would require making CAMHS more welcoming to Black CYP and consideration of the impact of racism and trauma in the diagnostic and treatment formulation for Black CYP. This should include: the impact of racism in staff training, improving the cultural competence of CAMHS staff, and supporting Black CYP to articulate their experiences of racism and related traumas whilst facilitating their development of coping strategies to manage these experiences.
Normobaric oxygen may correct chronic cerebral ischemia‐mediated EEG anomalies
Authors: Ding Jia‐Yue , Liu Yu , Rajah Gary‐B. , Chen Zhi‐Ying , Zhang Shi‐Yong , Ding Yu‐Chuan , Ji Xun‐Ming , Meng Ran
Published: July 2021

Aims

To explore the safety and efficacy of normobaric oxygen (NBO) on correcting chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) and related EEG anomalies.

Methods

This prospective randomized trial (NCT03745092) enrolled 50 cases of CCI patients, which were divided into NBO (8 L/min of oxygen supplement) group and control group (room air) randomly, and also enrolled 21 healthy volunteers. Two times of 30‐min EEG recordings with the interval of 45min of NBO or room air were analyzed quantitatively.

Results

The CCI‐mediated EEG presented with two patterns of electrical activities: high‐power oscillations (high‐power EEG, n = 26) and paroxysmal slow activities under the normal‐power background (normal‐power EEG, n = 24). The fronto‐central absolute power (AP) of the beta, alpha, theta, and delta in the high‐power EEG was higher than that in healthy EEG (p < 0.05). The fronto‐central theta/alpha, delta/alpha and (delta + theta)/(alpha + beta) ratios in the normal‐power EEG were higher than those in healthy EEG (p < 0.05). The high‐power EEG in NBO group had higher fronto‐central AP reduction rates than those in control group (p < 0.05). NBO remarkably reduced the fronto‐central theta/alpha, delta/alpha, and (delta + theta)/(alpha + beta) ratios in the normal‐power EEG (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

NBO rapidly ameliorates CCI‐mediated EEG anomalies, including attenuation of the abnormal high‐power oscillations and the paroxysmal slow activities associated with CCI.
Bank board changes in size and composition: Do they matter for investors?
Authors: Vallelado Eleuterio , García‐Olalla Myriam
Published: July 2021

Research Question/Issue

This research seeks to explain whether changes in bank board size and/or composition signal the effectiveness of the board in terms of monitoring and advising.

Research Findings/Insights

Our contribution provides empirical evidence on the negative reaction of investors to board changes, identifies the variables that explain this reaction, and finds that banks with experienced executive directors on their board are candidates to announce increases in board size. Our empirical analysis is based on 608 announcements by banks headquartered in 19 European countries over the period 2003–2015. We apply the Event Studies methodology, Heckman's analysis, system estimator regressions, and probit analysis.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

Our results allow us to conclude that investors perceive changes in board composition as an ineffective response to bank problems, except when the changes increase the number of non‐executives. Bank shareholders positively value board changes when the bank has a powerful corporate executive officer and negatively value those banks with high dividends that announce these changes. Banks with higher interest margin and higher executive experience and seniority are more prone to make changes in board size and composition, while those with powerful corporate executive officers, executive directors distracted by their responsibilities on other boards, higher non‐executive attrition, where all non‐executives are male, with one‐tier boards, headquartered in a large country, or those delisting from stock markets will avoid changes in board size.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study offers insights to policy makers interested in enhancing banks' corporate governance. Boards should improve the information and transparency of their announcements to signal the effectiveness of board decisions. In addition, it provides insights about the influence of Board Chairs who hold the position of corporate executive officer in the design and effectiveness of banks' corporate governance.
Consumer showrooming with supplier encroachment and omnichannel retailing
Authors: Zhang Shichen , Yao Yao , Zhang Jianxiong
Published: July 2021

Consumers with uncertainty about product value often evaluate a product in a physical store but then purchase it online at a lower price. This popular shopping behavior is referred to as “showrooming.” Recent studies find that showrooming adversely affects the retailer. The advance of e‐commerce has attracted an increasing number of suppliers to the practice of building an online channel alongside their preexisting traditional retail channel and has encouraged numerous retailers to embark on the practice of omnichannel retailing. We explore the effects of consumer showrooming within a framework of both supplier encroachment and retailer omnichannel retailing where two types of consumer showrooming behaviors exist: intershowrooming and intrashowrooming. Our results show that both the supplier and the retailer can benefit from consumer showrooming when the consumers' hassle costs associated with visiting the retailer and the retailer's additional revenue associated with each visit are intermediate. Moreover, the retailer's omnichannel strategy may shrink this “win‐win” range because an extra online channel for the retailer will aggravate the competition effect of showrooming.
Implicit manual and oculomotor sequence learning in developmental language disorder
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Clark Gillian M.
Published: July 2021

Procedural memory functioning in developmental language disorder (DLD) has largely been investigated by examining implicit sequence learning by the manual motor system. This study examined whether poor sequence learning in DLD is present in the oculomotor domain. Twenty children with DLD and 20 age‐matched typically developing (TD) children were presented with a serial reaction time (SRT) task. On the task, a visual stimulus repeatedly appears in different positions on a computer display which prompts a manual response. The children were unaware that on the first three blocks and final block of trials, the visual stimulus followed a sequence. On the fourth block, the stimulus appeared in random positions. Manual reaction times (RT) and saccadic amplitudes were recorded, which assessed sequence learning in the manual and oculomotor domains, respectively. Manual RT were sensitive to sequence learning for the TD group, but not the DLD group. For the TD group, manual RT increased when the random block was presented. This was not the case for the DLD group. In the oculomotor domain, sequence learning was present in both groups. Specifically, sequence learning was found to modulate saccadic amplitudes resulting in both DLD and TD children being able to anticipate the location of the visual stimulus. Overall, the study indicates that not all aspects of the procedural memory system are equally impaired in DLD.
Identifying HbA1c trajectories and modifiable risk factors of trajectories in 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds with recent‐onset type 1 diabetes from the United States
Authors: Patton Susana R. , Feldman Keith , Majidi Shideh , Noser Amy , Clements Mark A.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To explore glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) patterns in 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds in the recent‐onset period of type 1 diabetes and identify parent psychosocial factors that may predict children's HbA1c trajectory using a prospective, longitudinal design.

Research design and methods

We measured family demographics and parent psychosocial factors at baseline. We collected HbA1c levels from children every 3 months for up to 30 months. Deriving several features around HbA1c trends, we used k‐means clustering to group trajectories and linear and logistic regressions to identify parent psychosocial predictors of children's HbA1c trajectories.

Results

The final cohort included 106 families (48 boys, mean child age 7.50 ± 1.35 years and mean diabetes duration 4.71 ± 3.19 months). We identified four unique HbA1c trajectories in children: high increasing, high stable, intermediate increasing and low stable. Compared to a low stable trajectory, increasing parent‐reported hypoglycaemia fear total score was associated with decreased odds of having a high stable or intermediate increasing trajectory. Increasing parent‐reported diabetes‐specific family conflict total score was associated with increased odds of having a high stable or intermediate increasing trajectory.

Conclusions

We are the first to identify distinct HbA1c trajectories in 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds with recent‐onset type 1 diabetes as well as parent psychosocial factors that may predict high stable or increasing trajectories and could represent future treatment targets.
Neurophysiology of embodied mental rotation: Event‐related potentials in a mental rotation task with human bodies as compared to alphanumeric stimuli
Authors: Krause Daniel , Richert Benjamin , Weigelt Matthias
Published: July 2021

The present study examines if the neural signature of information processing in mental rotation tasks is moderated by stimulus characteristics (e.g., body‐related vs. non‐body‐related stimuli). In the present experiment, stimulus sets of human figures (back view; left vs. right arm abduction) and alphanumeric characters (‘R’; normal vs. mirrored view) were scrutinized with event‐related potentials (ERPs) in the electroencephalography (EEG). Participants had to judge parity between an upright (0° orientation) and a comparison stimulus (stimulus disparity; 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° or 180°). There was a main effect of stimulus disparity for the behavioural (response time and error rates), as well as for the neural data (rotation‐related negativity, RRN). The interaction of stimulus disparity and stimulus type was significant for the RRN, but not for the response time. Lower RRN amplitudes for letters indicate a more pronounced use of alternative processes (e.g., memory retrieval), which seems to be reflected in higher N350 amplitudes. Moreover, the increase of the RRN amplitude and the increase in response time as a function of disparity were positively correlated. Task differences were evident for several ERP components (i.e., N150, P150 and N250), being independent of disparity, which might reflect differences in early and late object cognition prior to the mental rotation process itself. This might be associated with the task‐dependent activation of embodied cognition processes in mental rotation tasks.
Mattering and parental presence in systemic therapy using nonviolent resistance: The utilization of imaginary methods
Authors: Beckers Willem , Jakob Peter , Schreiter Marie Luise
Published: July 2021

An empowered sense of “self” is crucial for emotional well‐being and positive relationships. Certain family interaction patterns can disrupt the adult's sense of “mattering” to the child, eroding their perceived self‐efficacy. Mattering can be understood as a felt sense of relational agency which is necessary for experiencing one's interactions as meaningful, effective, and self‐determined. When parents generate more positive future narratives in co‐creation with their therapist, their sense of relevance to a child can be restored. In this way, more constructive forms of interaction can emerge with their child which has hitherto eschewed their care. This article aims to provide a conceptual basis for addressing an absence of reciprocity, where children demonstrate harmful or self‐destructive behavior and refuse to cooperate in therapy. In such instances, one‐sided parental action, utilizing nonviolent resistance methods, can influence relational dynamics. Imaginary methods can then facilitate shifts to psychological states in which the parent internally experiences efficacy and mattering more often without requiring validation from the “physical child” in the here and now. We introduce examples of specific imaginary techniques, which in our clinical practice have shown to facilitate such shifts in parents. We discuss neuroscientific theories that may account for their powerful impact we witness in our clinical experience.
Cohesive stress and fiber pullout behavior in fracture response of concrete with steel and macropolypropylene hybrid fiber blends
Authors: Bhogone Manjunath V. , Pazhankave Silpa S. , Subramaniam Kolluru V. L.
Published: July 2021

The fracture behavior of concrete with steel and macropolypropylene hybrid fiber blends (HyFRC) is evaluated and compared with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Fiber blends at identical volume fraction as SFRC are shown to produce an improvement in the fracture response. At small crack separation, immediately after cracking, higher cohesive stress is produced in HyFRC compared to SFRC. Polypropylene fibers in concrete contribute cohesive stresses at larger crack separation. Polypropylene fibers in the concrete matrix improve the efficiency of the steel fibers by mobilizing a higher resistance at the initiation of the pullout. The initial stiffness, peak load, and the residual frictional resistance of the steel fiber pullout are increased with the addition of the polypropylene fibers. The higher reinforcing efficiency of steel fibers in the presence of polypropylene fibers is due to improved fiber–matrix bond, which results in a higher cohesive stress at smaller crack openings.
Do exotic poeciliids affect the distribution or trophic niche of native fishes? Absence of evidence from Hong Kong streams
Authors: Tsang Alphonse Hin Fat , Dudgeon David
Published: July 2021

Exotic poeciliids have been reported to reduce abundance and richness of native fishes and, more generally, constrain the trophic niches of native counterparts. However, understanding of the consequences of poeciliids on native fishes in tropical streams is limited.

We conducted a survey of lowland streams in Hong Kong during 2018–19 to document the prevalence of poeciliids and look for signs that they had affected the distribution of native fishes. Overall, 31 native and 15 exotic fishes were recorded during the survey. Exotics occurred at 37 out of 45 survey sites, with poeciliids present at 35 sites. Richness of poeciliids or other exotic fishes had no correlation with the number of native species at each site. Moreover, native fish assemblages appeared unaffected by poeciliids, which might reflect a legacy of stream pollution.

By comparing nine streams where the presence and composition of poeciliids varied, we investigated whether the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) alone, and in combination with the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii), and variable platy (Xiphophorus variatus), affected the trophic niche of native half‐banded barb (Puntius semifasciolatus: Cyprinidae) which has a similar body size to the poeciliids, as quantified by gut content and stable‐isotope analysis. We also tested whether the trophic niche of the mosquitofish was affected by the three other poeciliids.

Gut‐content analysis indicated that the half‐handed barb fed on aquatic invertebrates, while the mosquitofish ate mainly terrestrial insects. The three other poeciliids were predominately primary consumers.

The mosquitofish, alone or in combination with other poeciliids, had no detectable effects on the dietary or isotopic niche of the barb, nor was the niche of the mosquitofish influenced by the presence of other poeciliids. Limited dietary overlap and differences in microhabitat use were likely to account for the absence of a detectable niche shift by the barb where poeciliids were present.
Making powder aerosol deposition accessible for small amounts: A novel and modular approach to produce dense ceramic films
Authors: Exner Jörg , Linz Mario , Kita Jaroslaw , Moos Ralf
Published: July 2021

Powder aerosol deposition is a promising technique to deposit dense ceramic films directly at room temperature. While previous developments pointed towards larger and more complex deposition devices, this work follows a different approach and proposes a simplified and miniaturized coating device (denoted as Micro‐PAD, µPAD). The aim is twofold: creating a smaller and flexible device consisting of an aerosol generation unit and a deposition chamber with a combined low areal footprint of 30 cm by 20 cm (that, e.g., easily fits in a glove box) as well as lowering the hurdle for other researchers to use the powder aerosol deposition. Therefore, we introduce a device mainly based on commercially available components/connectors as well as manual operated valves/flow meters. A key point is the elimination of moving components by just using a spot deposition that was enabled by using a circular de‐Laval‐type nozzle.

The operational capability of µPAD is proven for the deposition of alumina films and compared to conventional PAD in terms of mechanical, crystalline, and optical film properties. Thick films with a bell‐shape‐like profile are deposited by µPAD, featuring a plateau in the center of the film with a diameter of 5 mm and a FWHM (full width at half maximum) diameter of about 10 mm. Alumina films produced by µPAD do not only match the properties of corresponding PAD films, but oftentimes outperform them. Here, µPAD films exhibit increased hardness and optical transmittance values, surpassing reference values of the conventional sprayed counterparts by at least 10%. Also, film integrity and adhesion to the substrate are slightly higher in case of µPAD. Reasons for the improved film properties are found by X‐ray diffraction, with a significantly higher fracturing of impacting particles during µPAD combined with improved film consolidation as observed by SEM. Furthermore, µPAD featured doubled to tripled the deposition rates and, markedly almost doubled the deposition efficiency.
A comparable study of the EPR spectra and local structures for 3d1‐ and 3d9‐doped halo‐borate glasses
Authors: Ding Chang‐Chun , Chu Xiao‐Hong
Published: July 2021

The spin Hamiltonian parameters (SHPs) of Cu2+‐doped halo‐glasses PbX2–PbO–B2O3 (X = F and Br) are investigated by means of the perturbation method where the impact of the halides and the local structure of the dopants, that is, the [CuO6]10− clusters suffering the tetragonal elongation distortions, is involved. By comparing with the obtained results of the 3d1 system (VO2+), Cu2+ and V4+ are complementary state, which show opposite distortions. Furthermore, the d‐d transition bands and the sign of anisotropy g factors also show whole opposite concentration variation trends with similar fluctuations due to the increase of non‐bridging oxygen (NBO). The values of the optical basicity Λth referring to the Pauling electronegativity, whose influence on E1 and g factors are also discussed. The above correlations would be beneficial to analyze and predict the properties of analogous borate glasses and ceramics when doped with different transition metal ions.
Neutrophil–T cell crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Kvedaraite Egle
Published: July 2021

Neutrophils are the most abundant leucocytes in human blood, promptly recruited to the site of tissue injury, where they orchestrate inflammation and tissue repair. The multifaceted functions of neutrophils have been more appreciated during the recent decade, and these cells are now recognized as sophisticated and essential players in infection, cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. Consequently, our understanding of the role of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), their immune responses and their ability to shape adaptive immunity in the gut have been recognized. Here, current knowledge on neutrophil responses in IBD and their capacity to influence T cells are summarized with an emphasis on the role of these cells in human disease.
Impact of dermal matrix thickness on split‐thickness skin graft survival and wound contraction in a single‐stage procedure
Authors: Kemp Bohan Phillip M. , Cooper Laura E. , Fletcher John L. , Corkins Christopher J. , Natesan Shanmugasundaram , Aden James K. , Carlsson Anders , Chan Rodney K.
Published: July 2021

Optimal treatment of full‐thickness skin injuries requires dermal and epidermal replacement. To spare donor dermis, dermal substitutes can be used ahead of split‐thickness skin graft (STSG) application. However, this two‐stage procedure requires an additional general anaesthetic, often prolongs hospitalisation, and increases outpatient services. Although a few case series have described successful single‐stage reconstructions, with application of both STSG and dermal substitute at the index operation, we have little understanding of how the physical characteristics of dermal substitutes affects the success of a single‐stage procedure. Here, we evaluated several dermal substitutes to optimise single‐stage skin replacement in a preclinical porcine model. A porcine full‐thickness excisional wound model was used to evaluate the following dermal substitutes: autologous dermal graft (ADG; thicknesses 0.15‐0.60 mm), Integra (0.4‐0.8 mm), Alloderm (0.9‐1.6 mm), and chitosan‐based hydrogel (0.1‐0.2 mm). After excision, each wound was treated with either a dermal substitute followed by STSG or STSG alone (control). Endpoints included graft take at postoperative days (PODs) 7 and 14, wound closure at POD 28, and wound contracture from POD 28‐120. Graft take was highest in the STSG alone and hydrogel groups at POD 14 (86.9% ± 19.5% and 81.3% ± 12.3%, respectively; P < .001). There were no differences in graft take at POD 7 or in wound closure at POD 28, though highest rates of wound closure were seen in the STSG alone and hydrogel groups (93.6% ± 9.1% and 99.8% ± 0.5%, respectively). ADG‐treated wounds demonstrated the least amount of wound contracture at each time point. Increase dermal substitute thickness was associated with worse percent graft take at PODs 14 and 28 (Spearman ρ of −0.50 and −0.45, respectively; P < .001). In this preclinical single‐stage skin reconstruction model, thinner ADG and hydrogel dermal substitutes outperformed thicker dermal substitutes. Both substitute thickness and composition affect treatment success. Further preclinical and clinical studies to optimise this treatment modality are warranted.
Phase development of phosphate‐bonded Al2O3‐MgAl2O4 high‐temperature ceramics: XRD and solid‐state NMR investigations
Authors: Hahn Dominik , Masoudi Alavi Ali , Hopp Vanessa , Quirmbach Peter
Published: July 2021

This article describes investigations on the phase development (T ≤ 1500℃) of phosphate‐bonded Al2O3‐MgAl2O4 high‐temperature ceramics by a combination of solid‐state MAS NMR and X‐ray diffraction analyses. The ceramic body was bonded with inorganic hydrogen orthophosphates (Al, Mg, Ca, Zr) with a total binder content of 3 wt.% P2O5. The binding mechanisms of these phosphate‐bonded ceramics could be extensively deduced by analyses of phase developments during hardening, strength development, and high‐temperature phase formation at T ≤ 1500℃: The formation of a network of aluminum phosphate compounds by acid and condensation reactions of the phosphate with the ceramic body is proven to be the active binding process. The binding process is initiated by the formation of active phosphoric acid phosphate phases, which in principle prerequisites water solubility of the binder. Thermal treatment, especially at T ≤ 600℃, promotes the degree of P‐cross‐linking of the phosphate structures. In addition to these phosphate‐ceramic reactions, it was also possible to identify parallel pure phosphate–phosphate conversions of the initial phosphates (via condensation and polymerization) without reactions with ceramic components. The contribution of these structures to the binding effect can be estimated to be minor. Only at temperatures of T ≥ 600℃, these Ca, Mg and Zr phosphates begin to react with the ceramic material to form aluminum phosphates. The phosphate bond has a permanent effect until the formation of the ceramic bond (T > 1000℃). High‐temperature phases are usually crystalline PO4‐sintered structures which are formed by reaction with MgAl2O4.
Attitudes towards sexuality and related caregiver support of people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review on the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: de Wit Wouter , van Oorsouw Wietske M. W. J. , Embregts Petri J. C. M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Sexual health remains at risk for people with an intellectual disability. Attitudes towards sexuality, its support and education have an important role in promoting sexual health. The current review aims to provide an overview of the current research on supportive and restrictive attitudes towards sexuality and its support of people with intellectual disabilities themselves.

Method

A systematic review was conducted, searching across eight databases. The quality of the studies was assessed with the Mixed‐Method Appraisal Tool.

Results

Six themes emerged from the data: sexual behaviour, sexual identity, intimate relationships, barriers to sexual expression, sex education and support by caregivers. Supportive and restrictive attitudes were reported throughout.

Conclusions

Attitudes regarding sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities are heterogeneous and people with intellectual disabilities seem to be able to express their sexual desires, needs and attitudes. Findings allow for improved individual support and in‐depth research questions.
Paid carers' understanding and experiences of meaningful involvement in bereavement for people with intellectual disability when a significant other is dying
Authors: Hedayioglu Julie , Marsden Sue , Sackree Amy , Oliver David
Published: July 2021

Background

Wider communication about death and dying for those with intellectual disabilities has been highlighted as being of key importance.

Objective

To gain the perspective of paid carers based in residential homes about meaningfully supporting individuals with intellectual disabilities in the bereavement process.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with paid carers working across two residential homes.

Results

Four themes were identified: (a) challenges in having conversations about death and dying; (b) meaningful involvement of residents in the bereavement process; (c) the relationship between paid carers and residents (including the impact of a resident's death on paid carers); and (d) the support needs of paid carers.

Conclusions

The recommendations from previous research of meaningfully involving people with intellectual disabilities in the bereavement process have not filtered fully into practice. Paid carers still highlight the need for specialist support and advice to help them discuss and increase involvement in death and dying.
Access to post‐acute care services reduces emergency department utilisation among individuals insured by Medicaid: An observational study
Authors: Brom Heather , Anusiewicz Colleen V. , Udoeyo Idorenyin , Chittams Jesse , Brooks Carthon J. Margo
Published: July 2021

Aims and objectives

We examined whether access to post‐acute care services differed between individuals insured by Medicaid and commercial insurers and whether those differences explained emergency department utilisation 30 days post‐hospitalisation.

Background

Timely follow‐up to community‐based providers is a strategy to improve post‐hospitalisation outcomes. However, little is known regarding the influence of post‐acute care services on the likelihood of emergency department use post‐hospitalisation for individuals insured by Medicaid.

Design

We conducted a retrospective observational study of electronic health record data from an academic medical centre in a large northeastern urban setting. The STROBE checklist was used in reporting this observational study.

Methods

Our analysis included adults insured by Medicaid or commercial insurers who were discharged from medical services between 1 August–31 October 2017 (n = 785). Logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of post‐acute care services (primary care, home health, specialty care) on the odds of an emergency department visit.

Results

Post‐hospitalisation, 12% (n = 59) of individuals insured by Medicaid experienced an emergency department visit compared to 4.2% (n = 13) of individuals commercially insured. Having Medicaid insurance was associated with higher odds of emergency department visits post‐hospitalisation (OR = 3.24). Having a home care visit or specialty care visit within 30 days post‐discharge were significant predictors of lower odds of emergency department visits. Specific to specialty care visits, Medicaid was no longer a significant predictor of emergency department visits with specialty care being more influential (OR = 0.01).

Conclusions

Improving connections to appropriate post‐acute care services, specifically specialty care, may improve outcomes among individuals insured by Medicaid.

Relevance to clinical practice

Hospital‐based nurses, including those in direct care, case management and discharge planning, play an important role in facilitating referrals and scheduling appointments prior to discharge. Individuals insured by Medicaid may require additional support in accessing these services and nurses are well‐positioned to facilitate care continuity.
Oral health status and behavior in elderly Koreans with periodontal disease
Authors: Lee Sae‐Rom , Han Mi Ah , Park Jong , Ryu So Yeon , Kim So Yeong
Published: July 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate oral health status and oral health behaviors in elderly Koreans with periodontal disease.

Methods

The data of the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018) were used. This cross‐sectional study included 2981 individuals who were at least 65 years of age. Periodontal disease was assessed in oral health exams. Subjective oral health status (e.g., toothache) and oral health behaviors (e.g., tooth brushing and oral health examination) were assessed in health interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, and logistic regression.

Results

The overall prevalence of periodontal disease in the study population was 47.5%. Individuals with periodontal disease were more likely to have a toothache than those without periodontal disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20–1.77). Individuals with periodontal disease were also more likely to have chewing discomfort (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.01–1.44) and less likely to use oral hygiene products (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.60–0.91) than those without periodontal disease.

Conclusions

About half of elderly had the periodontal disease. Elderly Koreans with periodontal disease were more likely to have poor oral health and behavior than those without periodontal disease. The results of this study provide an insight into social and behavioral factors associated with periodontal diseases in older Koreans. It is necessary to confirm these results through prospective studies.
Superficial temporal axial pattern flap for facial reconstruction of skin defects in dogs and cats
Authors: de la Puerta B. , Buracco P. , Ladlow J. , Emmerson T. , Del Magno S. , Field E. , Baines S.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Report the use, complications and outcome of the superficial temporal axial pattern flap (STA) when used for closure of skin defects localised to the maxillofacial region in dogs and cats.

Materials and Methods

Multi‐centre retrospective cohort study. Medical records of dogs and cats treated with a STA flap for closure of skin defects were reviewed. Information regarding signalment, reason for axial pattern flap use, flap size, flap healing, postoperative complications including need for surgical revision and overall outcome were collected.

Results

Nineteen patients were included: nine dogs and 10 cats. Indications for the STA flap included closure of defects following excision of tumours (18/19, 94.7%) and fungal granuloma resection (1/19, 5.2%). 100% flap survival occurred in 17 of 19 flaps (89.4%). Postoperative complications occurred in eight of 19 flaps (42.1%). A major complication of full thickness partial necrosis of the flap occurred in one of 19 cases (5.2%), where the flap length exceeded recommended guidelines. Minor complications related to the flap were seen in four of 19 cases (21%). This included partial thickness flap necrosis, flap oedema and wound discharge. Complications related to the location of surgery (5/19, 26.3%) included mild ectropion, mild exposure of the eye, reduced ability to blink and subcutaneous emphysema.

Clinical Significance

The STA flap is a good option for closure of a skin defect localised to the maxillofacial region. STA flaps were associated with a high percentage of survival and a low incidence of major complications.
Cage culture of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) in a tropical reservoir in India and associated impacts on water and sediment quality
Authors: Parakkandi Jesna , Das Basanta Kumar , Saha Ajoy , Vijayakumar Leela Ramya , Gunasekharan Janarthanan
Published: July 2021

Cage culture of Etroplus suratensis (Pearlspot) was carried out in Krishnagiri reservoir, India, a highly productive reservoir to analyze the feasibility of growing this species in freshwater cages and to investigate the effect on selected environmental parameters. Fish of average weight 5.98 ± 0.52 g were stocked at 10 ind. m3 in High‐Density Poly‐Ethylene floating cages (3 × 3 × 2 m) made of nylon knotless net with 12 mm mesh size. Fish were fed commercial pellet feed containing 32% protein at 5–3% of body weight a day. A reference point was fixed 100 m away from the cage site to compare the water quality as well as plankton abundance with the cage site. After 7 months, the fish grew to 90.31 ± 2.48 g, with low mean weight gain during the first 2 months, and a steady increase thereafter. Overall, the growth of Etroplus in terms of the analyzed parameters viz. specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio, and protein efficiency ratio viz. 1.3 ± 0.013, 2.87 ± 0.08, 0.35 ± 0.01 and 1.01 ± 0.03, respectively, was found to be satisfactory in freshwater cages irrespective of low survival (52%). Zooplankton and phytoplankton density at the cage was significantly higher throughout the study, maybe due to the abundance of primary nutrients from the decomposition of leftover feed.
EASL versus LI‐RADS: Intra‐individual comparison of MRI with extracellular contrast and gadoxetic acid for diagnosis of small HCC
Authors: Min Ji Hye , Kim Jong Man , Kim Young Kon , Kim Honsoul , Cha Dong Ik , Kang Tae Wook , Choi Gyu Seong , Choi Seo‐Youn , Ahn Soohyun
Published: July 2021

Background & Aims

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) and European Association for the Study (EASL) criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis have been updated in 2018. We aimed to compare the HCC diagnostic performance of LI‐RADS and EASL criteria with extracellular contrast agents‐MRI (ECA‐MRI) and hepatobiliary agents‐MRI (HBA‐MRI).

Methods

We prospectively evaluated 179 participants with cirrhosis (n = 105) or non‐cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (n = 74) who underwent both ECA‐MRI and HBA‐MRI before surgery for de novo nodule(s) measuring 10‐30 mm. We compared the HCC diagnostic performance of EASL and LR‐5 in both MRIs.

Results

In an analysis of 215 observations (175 HCCs, 17 non‐HCC malignancies and 23 benign lesions) identified from cirrhotic or non‐cirrhotic CHB participants, LR‐5 with ECA‐MRI provided the highest sensitivity (80.7%), followed by EASL with ECA‐MRI (76.2%), LR‐5 with HBA‐MRI (67.3%) and EASL with HBA‐MRI (63.0%, all P < .05). The specificities were comparable (89.4%‐91.5%). When the analysis is limited to participants with pathological cirrhosis (123 observations), the sensitivity of LR‐5 with ECA‐MRI was similar to that of EASL with ECA‐MRI (82.7% vs 80.2%, P = .156), but higher than LR‐5 with HBA‐MRI (65.1%) or EASL with HBA‐MRI (62.8%, both P < .001), with comparable specificities (87.5%‐91.7%).

Conclusions

The LR‐5 with ECA‐MRI yielded the highest sensitivity with a similar specificity for HCC diagnosis in cirrhosis and non‐cirrhotic CHB participants, while the sensitivities of LR‐5 and EASL with ECA‐MRI are similar for cirrhosis participants. This indicates non‐invasive diagnosis criteria can differ by contrast agents and presence of cirrhosis.
The astrophysical context of collision processes in meteorites
Authors: Marrocchi Yves , Delbo Marco , Gounelle Matthieu
Published: July 2021

Chondrites are leftover solids from the early evolution of the solar protoplanetary disk that never experienced melting since their formation. They comprise unequilibrated assemblages of low‐ and high‐temperature components, including volatile‐rich, fine‐grained matrices, Fe‐Ni metal, sulfides, refractory inclusions, and chondrules. Consequently, chondrites are commonly described as pristine, primitive, or primordial rocks of the solar system. However, impact‐generated secondary features are abundant in chondrites, suggesting that collisions among early‐formed planetesimals and their fragmentation and reassembly have been effective throughout the evolution of the solar system. In this report, we review evidence of the major role of impacts in generating the current mineralogical and petrographic characteristics of chondrites. We provide perspective to these meteoritic features by discussing recent analyses of large‐scale structures of the main asteroid belt and remote‐sensing observations of asteroids. Observations at various spatial scales all attest that the “primitive” materials formed during the evolution of the solar system have largely been reprocessed, confirming previous studies that primitivity is relative, not absolute. This implies that (1) chondrites (and some differentiated meteorites) should systematically be envisioned as reprocessed and heterogeneous materials and (2) brecciated meteorites should be considered the norm and unbrecciated meteorites the exception.
Grandmothers: Central scaffolding sources impacting maternal and infant feeding practices in Colombia
Authors: Concha Natalia , Jovchelovitch Sandra
Published: July 2021

A growing body of evidence highlights that maternal and child nutrition programmes need to extend beyond the mother–child dyad by adopting a family systems approach, particularly in the Global South. Guided by a sociocultural and community psychology understanding of health, the paper explores factors identifying grandmothers as central resources for nutrition programmes. The study was conducted in a Colombian urban periphery applying a qualitative longitudinal design (prenatal and postpartum). It is based on interviews with adolescent mothers and mothers in their 20s (n = 35 at T1;n = 21 at T2), grandmothers (n = 15 at T1;n = 12 at T2) and community/public stakeholders (n = 17). Many of the participants live in low‐income households headed by grandmothers, who adjust feeding practices to the extent of their economic capacity. Findings reveal grandmothers play a central role in decision‐making and in enabling a holistic support system for the dyad. This is defined as grandmothers' scaffolding; it covers nutrition advice, breastfeeding and infant feeding, cultural practices, caregiving and maternal mental health. The study helps build the evidence‐base for the transferability of a family systems approach to Global South regions by using sociocultural and community psychology concepts to fortify the rationale for including grandmothers in maternal and child nutrition programmes. It argues for the need to continue raising the visibility of key actors like grandmothers and for nutrition programmes to align themselves more flexibly with the needs of families experiencing poverty.
Addressing anaemia in pregnancy in rural plains Nepal: A qualitative, formative study
Authors: Morrison Joanna , Giri Romi , Arjyal Abriti , Kharel Chandani , Harris‐Fry Helen , James Philip , Baral Sushil , Saville Naomi , Hillman Sara
Published: July 2021

Maternal anaemia prevalence in low‐income countries is unacceptably high. Our research explored the individual‐, family‐ and community‐level factors affecting antenatal care uptake, iron folic acid (IFA) intake and consumption of micronutrient‐rich diets among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. We discuss how these findings informed the development of a home visit and community mobilisation intervention to reduce anaemia in pregnancy. We used a qualitative methodology informed by the socio‐ecological framework, conducting semi‐structured interviews with recently pregnant women and key informants, and focus group discussions with mothers‐in‐law and fathers. We found that harmful gender norms restricted women's access to nutrient‐rich food, restricted their mobility and access to antenatal care. These norms also restricted fathers' role to that of the provider, as opposed to the caregiver. Pregnant women, mothers‐in‐law and fathers lacked awareness about iron‐rich foods and how to manage the side effects of IFA. Fathers lacked trust in government health facilities affecting access to care and trust in the efficacy of IFA. Our research informed interventions by (1) informing the development of intervention tools and training; (2) informing the intervention focus to engaging mothers‐in‐law and men to enable behaviour change; and (3) demonstrating the need to work in synergy across individual, family and community levels to address power and positionality, gender norms, trust in health services and harmful norms. Participatory groups and home visits will enable the development and implementation of feasible and acceptable strategies to address family and contextual issues generating knowledge and an enabling environment for behaviour change.
Genomic data of different resolutions reveal consistent inbreeding estimates but contrasting homozygosity landscapes for the threatened Aotearoa New Zealand hihi
Authors: Duntsch Laura , Whibley Annabel , Brekke Patricia , Ewen John G. , Santure Anna W.
Published: July 2021

Inbreeding can lead to a loss of heterozygosity in a population and when combined with genetic drift may reduce the adaptive potential of a species. However, there is uncertainty about whether resequencing data can provide accurate and consistent inbreeding estimates. Here, we performed an in‐depth inbreeding analysis for hihi (Notiomystis cincta), an endemic and nationally vulnerable passerine bird of Aotearoa New Zealand. We first focused on subsampling variants from a reference genome male, and found that low‐density data sets tend to miss runs of homozygosity (ROH) in some places and overestimate ROH length in others, resulting in contrasting homozygosity landscapes. Low‐coverage resequencing and 50 K SNP array densities can yield comparable inbreeding results to high‐coverage resequencing approaches, but the results for all data sets are highly dependent on the software settings employed. Second, we extended our analysis to 10 hihi where low‐coverage whole genome resequencing, RAD‐seq and SNP array genotypes are available. We inferred ROH and individual inbreeding to evaluate the relative effects of sequencing depth versus SNP density on estimating inbreeding coefficients and found that high rates of missingness downwardly bias both the number and length of ROH. In summary, when using genomic data to evaluate inbreeding, studies must consider that ROH estimates are heavily dependent on analysis parameters, data set density and individual sequencing depth.
Reducingnon‐melanomaskin cancer risk in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Thet Zaw , Lam Alfred K. , Ranganathan Dwarakanathan , Aung Soe Yu , Han Thin , Khoo Tien K.
Published: July 2021

With an increasing number of renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and improving patient survival, a higher incidence of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has been observed. NMSC in RTRs are often more numerous and biologically more aggressive than the general population, thus contributing towards an increase in morbidity and to a lesser degree, mortality. The resultant cumulative health and financial burden is a recognized concern. Proposed strategies in mitigating risks of developing NMSC and early therapeutic options thereof include tailored modification of immunosuppressants in conjunction with sun protection in all transplant patients. This review highlights the clinical and financial burden of transplant‐associated skin cancers, carcinogenic mechanisms in association with immunosuppression, importance of skin cancer awareness campaign and integrated transplant skin clinic, and the potential role of chemoprotective agents. A scheme is proposed for primary and secondary prevention of NMSC based on the available evidence.
Finnish adolescents' perceptions of their health choices: A qualitative study
Authors: Moilanen Tanja , Rahkonen Nina , Kangasniemi Mari
Published: July 2021

This study described adolescents' perceptions of the aims of their daily health choices and how they make them. We used a qualitative, explorative design, with 67 adolescents aged 15–16 years taking part in semi‐structured focus groups in Finland in 2016. We analyzed the data with qualitative inductive content analysis. Adolescents perceived their health choices as automatic and driven by knowledge and mistakes, and these decisions reflected their values and feelings. Their health choices were based on immediate and long‐term goals and they reported that making good choices improved their self‐confidence and enhanced their individuality. Adolescents also used health choices to promote other people's health. Health choices were linked to parental help and restrictions, and seeking acceptance from friends. Adolescents' health choices were also enabled and limited by society and the environment that they lived in. In conclusion, adolescents' health choices were an integral part of their daily decision‐making, reflected the environment they lived in, and aimed to promote their health and express their individuality.
Arbitrariness and the long road to permissivism
Authors: Fairchild Maegan
Published: July 2021

Radically permissive ontologies like mereological universalism and material plenitude are typically motivated by concerns about arbitrariness or anthropocentrism: it would be objectionably arbitrary, the thought goes, to countenance only those objects that we ordinarily take there to be. Despite the prevalence of this idea, it isn't at all clear what it is for a theory to be “objectionably arbitrary”, or what follows from a commitment to avoiding arbitrariness in metaphysics. This paper aims to clarify both questions, and examines whether arguments from arbitrariness really are the proper foundations for one or both varieties of ontological permissivism. I argue that these considerations (even when made more precise) are far less successful at motivating radical forms of permissivism than we often take them to be. To do better, permissivists must either supply a much more developed metaphysics of material objects, or a controversial (but tempting) conception of what we're doing when we do metaphysics.