bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the classification of Dupuytren’s disease
Authors: Akhavani M. A. , McMurtrie A. , Webb M. , Muir L.
Published: January 2015

Although much has been published about the treatment of Dupuytren’s disease, there is no clear consensus regarding the most effective form of treatment. Part of this uncertainty may result from the absence of a universal method of assessing this condition. We undertook a review of the literature in order to summarize the various methods by which Dupuytren’s disease has been measured and quantified. We included all articles that offered a classification or assessment system for the disease. We excluded articles that dealt solely with surgical technique (although inevitably there was some overlap). We conclude that there are many methods of assessment, but that none of them is perfect and that further work is needed in the field.
Detection of parasitic particles in domestic and urban wastewaters and assessment of removal efficiency of treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Hatam-Nahavandi Kareem , Mahvi Amir Hossein , Mohebali Mehdi , Keshavarz Hossein , Mobedi Iraj , Rezaeian Mostafa
Published: January 2015

Background

In recent years, decreasing annual rainfalls in some countries and population growth have led to a shortage of freshwater resources. Thus, recycled wastewaters has been suggested for agricultural activities. Contamination of wastewaters with pathogens is a major concern for the use of these waters. This study aimed to (i) investigate the occurrence of helminth eggs and protozoan (oo)cysts in human and livestock wastewaters, and (ii) evaluate the parasite removal efficiencies of urban and slaughterhouse treatment plants in Tehran province, Iran. One hundred and eight samples were collected from five urban and domestic wastewater treatment plants in Iran. Wastewater samples were concentrated by centrifugal-concentration and filtration methods.

Results

The quantity of helminths egg and protozoa (oo)cyst per liter of urban raw wastewater ranged from 1.2 × 101 to 2.9 × 101 and from 9.6 × 102 to 1.9 × 103, respectively. The number of eggs and (oo)cysts per liter of animal raw wastewater ranged from 1.6 × 103 to 4.9 × 103 and 3.1 × 104 to 6.0 × 104, respectively. The helminths and protozoa identified in urban treatment plants included hookworms, Hymenolepis and Rhabditis (or probably Strongyloides), Entamoeba, Isospora, Giardia, Chilomastix and Cryptosporidium, while in slaughterhouses Trichuris, Trichostrongylus, Moniezia, Dicrocoelium, Fasciola, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, Eimeria and Giardia were isolated. The overall removal efficiency of eggs and (oo)cysts in the treatment plants ranged from 94.8 to 95.7% and from 79.3 to 85.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

The study results revealed that the efficacy of removal of nematode eggs, and not protozoan (oo)cysts, in urban wastewater treatment plants, is in compliance with the WHO parasitological guideline (<1 nematode per liter) required for unrestricted irrigation.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces vascular leakage via autophagy
Authors: Chen Hong-Ru , Chuang Yung-Chun , Chao Chiao-Hsuan , Yeh Trai-Ming
Published: January 2015

Vascular leakage is an important feature of acute inflammatory shock, which currently has no effective treatment. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can induce vascular leakage and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of shock. However, the mechanism of MIF-induced vascular leakage is still unclear. In this study, using recombinant MIF (rMIF), we demonstrated that MIF induced disorganization and degradation of junction proteins and increased the permeability of human endothelial cells in vitro. Western blotting analysis showed that rMIF treatment induced LC3 conversion and p62 degradation. Inhibition of autophagy with a PI3K inhibitor (3-MA), a ROS scavenger (NAC) or autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion inhibitors (bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine) rescued rMIF-induced vascular leakage, suggesting that autophagy mediates MIF-induced vascular leakage. The potential involvement of other signaling pathways was also studied using different inhibitors, and the results suggested that MIF-induced vascular leakage may occur through the ERK pathway. In conclusion, we showed that MIF triggered autophagic degradation of endothelial cells, resulting in vascular leakage. Inhibition of MIF-induced autophagy may provide therapeutic targets against vascular leakage in inflammatory shock.
mRNA expression analysis of the SUMO pathway genes in the adult mouse retina
Authors: Abad-Morales Víctor , Domènech Elena B. , Garanto Alejandro , Marfany Gemma
Published: January 2015

Sumoylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates different cellular processes by conjugation/deconjugation of SUMO moieties to target proteins. Most work on the functional relevance of SUMO has focused on cell cycle, DNA repair and cancer in cultured cells, but data on the inter-dependence of separate components of the SUMO pathway in highly specialized tissues, such as the retina, is still scanty. Nonetheless, several retinal transcription factors (TFs) relevant for cone and rod fate, as well as some circadian rhythm regulators, are regulated by sumoylation. Here we present a comprehensive survey of SUMO pathway gene expression in the murine retina by quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH). The mRNA expression levels were quantified in retinas obtained under four different light/dark conditions, revealing distinct levels of gene expression. In addition, a SUMO pathway retinal gene atlas based on the mRNA expression pattern was drawn. Although most genes are ubiquitously expressed, some patterns could be defined in a first step to determine its biological significance and interdependence. The wide expression of the SUMO pathway genes, the transcriptional response under several light/dark conditions, and the diversity of expression patterns in different cell layers clearly support sumoylation as a relevant post-translational modification in the retina. This expression atlas intends to be a reference framework for retinal researchers and to depict a more comprehensive view of the SUMO-regulated processes in the retina.
UXT potentiates angiogenesis by attenuating Notch signaling
Authors: Zhou Yi , Ge Rui , Wang Rui , Liu Feng , Huang Yuefeng , Liu Heng , Hao Yan , Zhou Qin , Wang Chen
Published: January 2015

Angiogenesis is spatially and temporally orchestrated by a myriad of signaling pathways, including the Notch signaling pathway. Here, we identified UXT as an evolutionarily conserved and developmentally expressed protein, indispensable for intersegmental vessel (ISV) formation in zebrafish. Deficiency of UXT in zebrafish embryos results in shorter ISVs, loss of tip cell behavior, and impairment of endothelial cell migration and division. Significantly, UXT attenuates the expression of the Notch-responsive genes in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, UXT binds to the promoters of the Notch signaling target genes and specifically interacts with the transactivation region domain of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD), impairing the interaction between NICD and the transcription factor RBP-Jκ endogenously. This prevents RBP-Jκ/CSL from activation and thus inhibits the consequent gene inductions. Furthermore, blockade of Notch signaling rescues the angiogenesis defect caused by UXT knockdown both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the data presented in this study characterize UXT as a novel repressor of Notch signaling, shedding new light on the molecular regulation of angiogenesis.
The cyclophilin A DIAGEOTROPICA gene affects auxin transport in both root and shoot to control lateral root formation
Authors: Ivanchenko Maria G. , Zhu Jinsheng , Wang Bangjun , Medvecká Eva , Du Yunlong , Azzarello Elisa , Mancuso Stefano , Megraw Molly , Filichkin Sergei , Dubrovsky Joseph G. , Friml Jiří , Geisler Markus
Published: January 2015

Cyclophilin A is a conserved peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) best known as the cellular receptor of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. Despite significant effort, evidence of developmental functions of cyclophilin A in non-plant systems has remained obscure. Mutations in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cyclophilin A ortholog, DIAGEOTROPICA (DGT), have been shown to abolish the organogenesis of lateral roots; however, a mechanistic explanation of the phenotype is lacking. Here, we show that the dgt mutant lacks auxin maxima relevant to priming and specification of lateral root founder cells. DGT is expressed in shoot and root, and localizes to both the nucleus and cytoplasm during lateral root organogenesis. Mutation of ENTIRE/IAA9, a member of the auxin-responsive Aux/IAA protein family of transcriptional repressors, partially restores the inability of dgt to initiate lateral root primordia but not the primordia outgrowth. By comparison, grafting of a wild-type scion restores the process of lateral root formation, consistent with participation of a mobile signal. Antibodies do not detect movement of the DGT protein into the dgt rootstock; however, experiments with radiolabeled auxin and an auxin-specific microelectrode demonstrate abnormal auxin fluxes. Functional studies of DGT in heterologous yeast and tobacco-leaf auxin-transport systems demonstrate that DGT negatively regulates PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters by affecting their plasma membrane localization. Studies in tomato support complex effects of the dgt mutation on PIN expression level, expression domain and plasma membrane localization. Our data demonstrate that DGT regulates auxin transport in lateral root formation.
Cavefish eye loss in response to an early block in retinal differentiation progression
Authors: Stemmer Manuel , Schuhmacher Laura-Nadine , Foulkes Nicholas S. , Bertolucci Cristiano , Wittbrodt Joachim
Published: January 2015

The troglomorphic phenotype shared by diverse cave-dwelling animals is regarded as a classical example of convergent evolution. One unresolved question is whether the characteristic eye loss in diverse cave species is based on interference with the same genetic program. Phreatichthys andruzzii, a Somalian cavefish, has evolved under constant conditions in complete darkness and shows severe troglomorphic characteristics, such as complete loss of eyes, pigments and scales. During early embryonic development, a complete eye is formed but is subsequently lost. In Astyanax mexicanus, another blind cavefish, eye loss has been attributed to interference during eye field patterning. To address whether similar pathways have been targeted by evolution independently, we investigated the retinal development of P. andruzzii, studying the expression of marker genes involved in eye patterning, morphogenesis, differentiation and maintenance. In contrast to Astyanax, patterning of the eye field and evagination of the optic vesicles proceeds without obvious deviation. However, the subsequent differentiation of retinal cell types is arrested during generation of the first-born cell type, retinal ganglion cells, which also fail to project correctly to the optic tectum. Eye degeneration in both species is driven by progressive apoptosis. However, it is retinal apoptosis in Phreatichthys that progresses in a wave-like manner and eliminates progenitor cells that fail to differentiate, in contrast to Astyanax, where lens apoptosis appears to serve as a driving force. Thus, evolution has targeted late retinal differentiation events, indicating that there are several ways to discontinue the development and maintenance of an eye.
Down-regulation of E2F1 during ER stress is required to induce apoptosis
Authors: Pagliarini Vittoria , Giglio Paola , Bernardoni Paolo , De Zio Daniela , Fimia Gian Maria , Piacentini Marco , Corazzari Mauro
Published: January 2015

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has recently emerged as an alternative target to induce cell death in tumours, since prolonged ER stress results in the induction of apoptosis also in chemoresistant transformed cells. Here we show the DNA damage-upregulated/activated pro-apoptotic factor E2F1 is unexpectedly down-regulated during the ER stress-mediated apoptotic program. E2F1 decline is a late event during the ER response mediated by the two UPR sensors and key players ATF6 and IRE1. While ATF6 directly interacts with E2F1 promoter, IRE1 requires the involvement of the known E2F1 modulator E2F7, through the activation of its main target Xbp-1. Importantly, inhibition of E2F1 decrease prevents ER stress-induced apoptosis, while E2F1 knock-down efficiently sensitize cells to ER stress-dependent apoptosis leading to the up-regulation of two main factors in the UPR pro-apoptotic execution phase, Puma and Noxa. Our results point out a novel key role of E2F1 in the survival/death cell decision under ER stress, and unveil E2F1 inactivation as a valuable novel potential therapeutic strategy to increase the response of tumour cells to ER stress-based anticancer treatments.
Assembly and quality control of protein phosphatase 1 holoenzyme involve Cdc48-Shp1 chaperone
Authors: Cheng You-Liang , Chen Rey-Huei
Published: January 2015

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) controls many aspects of cell physiology, which depends on its correct targeting in the cell. Nuclear localization of Glc7, the catalytic subunit of PP1 in budding yeast, requires the AAA-ATPase Cdc48 and its adaptor Shp1 through an unknown mechanism. Herein, we show that mutations in SHP1 cause misfolding of Glc7 that co-aggregates with Hsp104 and Hsp42 chaperones and requires the proteasome for clearance. Mutation or depletion of the PP1 regulatory subunits Sds22 and Ypi1 that are involved in nuclear targeting of Glc7 also produce Glc7 aggregates, indicating that association with regulatory subunits stabilizes Glc7 conformation. Use of a substrate-trap Cdc48QQ mutant reveals that Glc7-Sds22-Ypi1 transiently associates with and is the major target of Cdc48-Shp1. Furthermore, Cdc48-Shp1 binds and prevents misfolding of PP1-like phosphatases Ppz2 and Ppq1, but not other types of phosphatases. Our data propose that Cdc48-Shp1 functions as a molecular chaperone for the structural integrity of PP1 complex in general and that it specifically promotes the assembly of Glc7-Sds22-Ypi1 for nuclear import.
A maternal effectrough dealmutation suggesting multiple pathways regulating Drosophila RZZ kinetochore recruitment
Authors: Défachelles Lénaïg , Hainline Sarah G. , Menant Alexandra , Lee Laura A. , Karess Roger E.
Published: January 2015

Proper kinetochore recruitment and regulation of Dynein and the Mad1-Mad2 complex requires the Rod-Zw10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex. We describe rodZ3, a maternal-effect Drosophila mutation changing a single residue in the Rough Deal (Rod) subunit of RZZ. Although RZ3ZZ complex is present in early syncytial stage embryos laid by homozygous rodZ3 mothers, it is not recruited to kinetochores. Consequently, the embryos have no spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and syncytial mitoses are profoundly perturbed. The polar body (residual meiotic products) cannot remain in its SAC-dependent metaphase-like state, and decondenses into chromatin. In neuroblasts of homozygous rodZ3 larvae, RZ3ZZ recruitment is only partially reduced, the SAC is functional and mitosis is relatively normal. RZ3ZZ nevertheless behaves abnormally: it does not further accumulate on kinetochores when microtubules are depolymerized; it reduces the rate of Mad1 recruitment; and it dominantly interferes with the dynein-mediated streaming of RZZ from attached kinetochores. These results suggest that the mutated residue of rodZ3 is required for normal RZZ kinetochore recruitment and function and moreover that the RZZ recruitment pathway may differ in syncytial stage embryos and post-embryonic somatic cells.
Decatransin, a novel natural product inhibiting protein translocation at the Sec61/SecY translocon
Authors: Junne Tina , Wong Joanne , Studer Christian , Aust Thomas , Bauer Benedikt W. , Beibel Martin , Bhullar Bhupinder , Bruccoleri Robert , Eichenberger Jürg , Estoppey David , Hartmann Nicole , Knapp Britta , Krastel Philipp , Melin Nicolas , Oakeley Edward J. , Oberer Lukas , Riedl Ralph , Roma Guglielmo , Schuierer Sven , Petersen Frank , Tallarico John A. , Rapoport Tom A. , Spiess Martin , Hoepfner Dominic
Published: January 2015

A new cyclic decadepsipeptide was isolated from Chaetosphaeria tulasneorum with potent bioactivity on mammalian and yeast cells. Chemogenomic profiling in S. cerevisiae indicated that the Sec61 translocon, the machinery for protein translocation and membrane insertion at the endoplasmic reticulum, is the target. The profiles were similar to those of cyclic heptadepsipeptides of a distinct chemotype (HUN-7293/cotransin) that had previously been shown to inhibit cotranslational translocation at the mammalian Sec61 translocon. Unbiased, genome-wide mutagenesis followed by full-genome sequencing in both fungal and mammalian cells identified dominant mutations in Sec61p/Sec61α1 to confer resistance. Most, but not all, of these mutations affected inhibition by both chemotypes, despite an absence of structural similarity. Biochemical analysis confirmed inhibition of protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum of both co- and posttranslationally translocated substrates by both chemotypes, demonstrating a mechanism independent of a translating ribosome. Most interestingly, both chemotypes were found to also inhibit SecYEG, the bacterial Sec61 homolog. We suggest “decatransin” as the name for this novel decadepsipeptide translocation inhibitor.
Biomechanics and energetics of running on uneven terrain
Authors: Voloshina Alexandra S. , Ferris Daniel P.
Published: January 2015

In the natural world, legged animals regularly run across uneven terrain with remarkable ease. To gain understanding of how running on uneven terrain affects the biomechanics and energetics of locomotion, we studied human subjects (N=12) running at 2.3 m s−1 on an uneven terrain treadmill, with up to a 2.5 cm height variation. We hypothesized that running on uneven terrain would show increased energy expenditure, step parameter variability and leg stiffness compared with running on smooth terrain. Subject energy expenditure increased by 5% (0.68 W kg−1; P<0.05) when running on uneven terrain compared with smooth terrain. Step width and length variability also increased by 27% and 26%, respectively (P<0.05). Positive and negative ankle work decreased on uneven terrain by 22% (0.413 J kg−1) and 18% (0.147 J kg−1), respectively (P=0.0001 and P=0.0008). Mean muscle activity increased on uneven terrain for three muscles in the thigh (P<0.05). Leg stiffness also increased by 20% (P<0.05) during running on uneven terrain compared with smooth terrain. Calculations of gravitational potential energy fluctuations suggest that about half of the energetic increases can be explained by additional positive and negative mechanical work for up and down steps on the uneven surface. This is consistent between walking and running, as the absolute increases in energetic cost for walking and running on uneven terrain were similar: 0.68 and 0.48 W kg−1, respectively. These results provide insight into how surface smoothness can affect locomotion biomechanics and energetics in the real world.
The effects of acute salinity challenges on osmoregulation in Mozambique tilapia reared in a tidally changing salinity
Authors: Moorman Benjamin P. , Lerner Darren T. , Grau E. Gordon , Seale Andre P.
Published: January 2015

This study characterizes the differences in osmoregulatory capacity among Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, reared in freshwater (FW), in seawater (SW) or under tidally driven changes in salinity. This was addressed through the use of an abrupt exposure to a change in salinity. We measured changes in: (1) plasma osmolality and prolactin (PRL) levels; (2) pituitary expression of prolactin (PRL) and its receptors, PRLR1 and PRLR2; (3) branchial expression of PRLR1, PRLR2, Na+/Cl− co-transporter (NCC), Na+/K+/2Cl− co-transporter (NKCC), α1a and α1b isoforms of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3). Mozambique tilapia reared in a tidal environment successfully adapted to SW while fish reared in FW did not survive a transfer to SW beyond the 6 h sampling. With the exception of CFTR, the change in the expression of ion pumps, transporters and channels was more gradual in fish transferred from tidally changing salinities to SW than in fish transferred from FW to SW. Upon transfer to SW, the increase in CFTR expression was more robust in tidal fish than in FW fish. Tidal and SW fish successfully adapted when transferred to FW. These results suggest that Mozambique tilapia reared in a tidally changing salinity, a condition that more closely represents their natural history, gain an adaptive advantage compared with fish reared in FW when facing a hyperosmotic challenge.
Nutrient balancing of the adult worker bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) depends on the dietary source of essential amino acids
Authors: Stabler Daniel , Paoli Pier P. , Nicolson Susan W. , Wright Geraldine A.
Published: January 2015

Animals carefully regulate the amount of protein that they consume. The quantity of individual essential amino acids (EAAs) obtained from dietary protein depends on the protein source, but how the proportion of EAAs in the diet affects nutrient balancing has rarely been studied. Recent research using the Geometric Framework for Nutrition has revealed that forager honeybees who receive much of their dietary EAAs from floral nectar and not from solid protein have relatively low requirements for dietary EAAs. Here, we examined the nutritional requirements for protein and carbohydrates of foragers of the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. By using protein (sodium caseinate) or an equimolar mixture of the 10 EAAs, we found that the intake target (nutritional optimum) of adult workers depended on the source and proportion of dietary EAAs. When bees consumed caseinate-containing diets in a range of ratios between 1:250 and 1:25 (protein to carbohydrate), they achieved an intake target (IT) of 1:149 (w/w). In contrast to those fed protein, bees fed the EAA diets had an IT more biased towards carbohydrates (1:560 w/w) but also had a greater risk of death than those fed caseinate. We also tested how the dietary source of EAAs affected free AAs in bee haemolymph. Bees fed diets near their IT had similar haemolymph AA profiles, whereas bees fed diets high in caseinate had elevated levels of leucine, threonine, valine and alanine in the haemolymph. We found that like honeybees, bumblebee workers prioritize carbohydrate intake and have a relatively low requirement for protein. The dietary source of EAAs influenced both the ratio of protein/EAA to carbohydrate and the overall amount of carbohydrate eaten. Our data support the idea that EAAs and carbohydrates in haemolymph are important determinants of nutritional state in insects.
Vocalisations of the bigeye Pempheris adspersa: characteristics, source level and active space
Authors: Radford Craig A. , Ghazali Shahriman , Jeffs Andrew G. , Montgomery John C.
Published: January 2015

Fish sounds are an important biological component of the underwater soundscape. Understanding species-specific sounds and their associated behaviour is critical for determining how animals use the biological component of the soundscape. Using both field and laboratory experiments, we describe the sound production of a nocturnal planktivore, Pempheris adspersa (New Zealand bigeye), and provide calculations for the potential effective distance of the sound for intraspecific communication. Bigeye vocalisations recorded in the field were confirmed as such by tank recordings. They can be described as popping sounds, with individual pops of short duration (7.9±0.3 ms) and a peak frequency of 405±12 Hz. Sound production varied during a 24 h period, with peak vocalisation activity occurring during the night, when the fish are most active. The source level of the bigeye vocalisation was 115.8±0.2 dB re. 1 µPa at 1 m, which is relatively quiet compared with other soniferous fish. Effective calling range, or active space, depended on both season and lunar phase, with a maximum calling distance of 31.6 m and a minimum of 0.6 m. The bigeyes' nocturnal behaviour, characteristics of their vocalisation, source level and the spatial scale of its active space reported in the current study demonstrate the potential for fish vocalisations to function effectively as contact calls for maintaining school cohesion in darkness.
A Comparison of the P?li and Chinese Versions of the Brahma Sa?yutta, a Collection of Early Buddhist Discourses on Brahm?s, the Exalted Gods
Authors: Choong Mun-Keat
Published: January 2015

Sa?yutta of the P?li Sa?yutta-nik?ya in conjunction with two other versions preserved in Chinese translation in Taish? vol. 2, nos 99 and 100. Then it compares the main teachings contained in the three versions. This comparative study of these three different versions focuses on some shared images of Brahm?s and on disagreements of some teachings presented in the three versions. It reveals similarities and significant differences in structure and doctrinal content, thus advancing the historical/critical study of early Buddhist doctrine in this area.
Madness and Possession in P?li Texts
Authors: Collins Steven
Published: January 2015

In the context of contemporary interest in the use of Buddhist meditation practices in modern psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy, this article offers a preliminary survey of a subject hitherto almost completely unstudied: madness in Premodern P?li texts. (Possession, especially but not only by M?ra, who is both a deity and a phenomenological reality, is regarded by the P?li tradition as a kind of madness.) Using story-literature as well as doctrinal and jurisprudential texts, the article aims to collect together material on three ways in which the ideas and behaviours of madness are used: (i) the literal-pathological, (ii) in comparisons (‘as if’ mad), and (iii) in the metaphorical-evaluative sense where it is alleged that everyone who is not enlightened (or at least on the Path to it) is ‘mad’. It is centered around an eightfold classification of madness given in the commentary to a J?taka story, the Birth Story about Dar?mukha (Ja III #378, III 238–246).
Fluid Minds: Being a Buddhist the Shambhalian Way
Authors: McKinley Alexander
Published: January 2015

What are the criteria for counting something as Buddhist? This discipline-defining question has become increasingly perplexing as Buddhism is transmitted across the globe, taking new forms as it adapts to new contexts, especially as non-Buddhists increasingly come to participate in the meditation activities of Buddhist communities in the West. Through an ethnographic analysis of a Shambhala center in the southern United States, this article suggests that the best way to talk about such groups is neither through categorizing membership demographics, nor by ranking the different degrees of Buddhism practiced in Shambhala as more or less authentic, but rather by focusing on how the group ultimately coheres despite inevitable differences in opinion. Thus instead of defining what is ‘authentically’ Buddhist among Shambhalians, this article tracks the manner in which certain Buddhist forms of signification (especially meditation) are shared regardless of personal religious identities, forging a community through common interest.
Listening to Ingmar Bergman's Monsters
Authors: Luko Alexis
Published: January 2015

Many of Ingmar Bergman’s films are indebted to the horror genre through topics that explore physical and psychological torture, mutilation, illness, murder, sexual taboos, dream, psychoanalysis, madness, and the supernatural. These emblematic horror tropes are reinforced with close-ups of expressive mouths and eyes and a masterful manipulation of shadow and light, helping to create an aesthetic that is at once intimate and haunting. There is a third plane, an aural one, on which Bergman intertwines music, a rich palette of sound effects, deathly silence, and blood-chilling screams. This paper focuses on the significance of music and the voice (or the lack thereof) in Bergman’s soundtracks and expands ideas put forward by Julia Kristeva about the “abject” and by Michel Chion pertaining to the omniscient and bodiless acousmêtres or “acoustical beings” and mutes of film. This article examines mutes and acousmêtres in Persona and Hour of the Wolf, and how the quality of their voices or, indeed, their silence, aids them in articulating their identities and manipulating and tyrannizing those around them. Bergman’s characters threaten to destabilize the narrative if and when they find their bodies and/or voices, and thus maintain an ominous power as they straddle diegetic and non-diegetic aural space.
“Shirley, Bernstein Can’t Be Serious?”
Authors: Summers Tim
Published: January 2015

Elmer Bernstein describes that when he scored the comedy film Airplane! (1980), he “made up a role for the composer”, a “young, inexperienced composer composing th[e] score”. This article explores the notion of a scoring persona by examining how Bernstein not only deploys the persona in Airplane!, but also how he demonstrates that it is an insincere persona. The majority of the article analyses how Airplane!’s score, by using the compositional persona, satires film music, creates humor through the parodic music, and even seems to serve a pedagogical function. Airplane! highlights the issue of authorship in music for moving-image media and the article then suggests that audiences can understand film scores in terms of personas (whether or not intentionally, or consciously, deployed by the composers) and that understanding the work and impact of such personas is valuable for film music practitioners and analysts.
Michael V. Pisani, Music for the Melodramatic Theatre in Nineteenth-Century London and New York
Authors: Hickman Roger
Published: January 2015

Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2014. [xxvi, 386 (388) p. ISBN: 978-1-60938-230-8. $36.00 (trade paper)] Studies in Theatre History and Culture. Illustrations, figures, musical examples, tables, and index.
O orçamento de defesa dos EUA: racionalidade X pressões domésticas
Authors: Cortinhas Juliano da Silva
Published: January 2015

Ao longo das últimas décadas, gastos substanciais com defesa têm sido mantidos pelos EUA. Essas despesas simbolizam uma reação do país a condições sistêmicas, mas também se relacionam com os interesses de agentes domésticos que trabalham para sua manutenção. Neste artigo, pretende-se examinar como funcionou a combinação dessas pressões no período que marcou o fim da Guerra-Fria, por meio da comparação entre os orçamentos de defesa da primeira gestão de Reagan (1981-1984) e da Administração Bush (1989-1992).
A paz (ainda) pela jurisdição compulsória?
Authors: Galindo George Rodrigo Bandeira
Published: January 2015

Seguindo a tradição kantiana, Hans Kelsen, em seu Peace through Law (1944), defendeu que a criação de um tribunal internacional com jurisdição compulsória deveria ser o primeiro passo rumo à eliminação das guerras. Anos depois, Kelsen foi vitorioso e derrotado. Embora muitos tribunais internacionais possuam jurisdição compulsória, problemas como guerra e paz, por sua complexidade, continuam sem solução definitiva.
Uma política para o continente - reinterpretando a Doutrina Monroe
Authors: Teixeira Carlos Gustavo Poggio
Published: January 2015

A declaração de novembro de 2013 do Secretário de Estado dos Estados Unidos, John Kerry, de que "a era da Doutrina Monroe terminou" é uma excelente oportunidade para rediscutir essa que é considerada um dos princípios cardeais da política externa norte-americana para a América Latina desde a independência dos Estados latino-americanos. O presente artigo pretende jogar luz em um aspecto frequentemente menosprezado pelas análises acerca da Doutrina Monroe, qual seja, o fato de que tal doutrina, longe de ser uma política concreta para todo o continente, tinha duas facetas bastante distintas tanto do ponto vista retórico como político. Através do exame principalmente de bibliografia produzida nos Estados Unidos, em especial daquelas que tiveram acesso a fontes primárias, o artigo demonstra que a Doutrina Monroe tinha um caráter claramente caribenho - e não latino-americano - a partir do reconhecimento, por parte tanto dos formuladores de política dos Estados Unidos como dos sul-americanos, de que a América do Sul era um sistema separado da América do Norte. Assim, o artigo defende que ao sul do Panamá, a Doutrina Monroe adquiriu um aspecto consideravelmente mais "multilateral", o que foi evidenciado até mesmo pelo seu famoso Corolário Roosevelt.
Governança de recursos comuns: bacias hidrográficas transfronteiriças
Authors: Souza Matilde de , Veloso Franciely Torrente , Santos Letícia Britto dos , Caeiro Rebeca Bernardo da Silva
Published: January 2015

Este artigo analisa processos de inovação institucional, com foco para a governança das bacias transfronteiriças dos rios Apa, Acre, Lagoa Mirim e Quaraí, todos situados na América do Sul. Busca-se identificar a internalização de diretrizes internacionais para a gestão de águas e discutir inovações quanto a estruturas de governança desse recurso compartilhado.
Multi-level governance and social cohesion in the European Union: the assessment of local agents, a study case inside Galicia
Authors: López-Viso Mónica , Álvarez Antón Lois Fernández
Published: January 2015

Implementing multi-level governance has been a key priority in EU cohesion policy. This study assesses the perceived achievements and shortcomings in implementing European Social Fund by analyzing the deficits and weaknesses as well as the poor participation of local agents who are in direct contact with the beneficiaries in order to design and implement this fund, which is the main financial instrument of EU social policy.
Onsets and syllable prominence in Umutina
Authors: WETZELS W. Leo , TELLES Stella , HERMANS Ben
Published: January 2015

In Umutina the distribution of main word stress is sensitive to the sonority degree of vowels within a two-syllable window at the right side of the word, a property which it shares with a number of other languages. What makes Umutina particularly interesting is the fact that low sonorant onsets in the word final syllable impede the retraction of stress to the prefinal syllable, even when the prefinal nucleus is more sonorant than the final one. A constraint analysis is proposed based on the hypothesis that what makes syllables with low sonorant onsets prominent is the sharp sonority rise between a low sonorant onset and the following nucleus.
As hipóteses de Aryon Rodrigues: validade, valor e papel no cenário dos estudos de línguas indígenas e de linguística histórica
Authors: SOARES Marília Facó , CARVALHO Fernando Orphão de
Published: January 2015

Tendo como seu ponto de partida o estado da arte dos estudos de línguas indígenas e de linguística histórica na atualidade e ultrapassando, portanto, as fronteiras de estados nacionais, o presente artigo revisita hipóteses importantes de Aryon Rodrigues, cuja obra é uma das mais constantes – senão uma das maiores - referências nos estudos de linguística e línguas indígenas, deste lado e do outro lado do Atlântico e no contexto deste século e da segunda metade do século precedente. O artigo revisita, entre outras, hipóteses como: a das relações pré-históricas e históricas entre as línguas do tronco Tupi e aquelas da família Karib (hipótese Tupi-Karib; Rodrigues 1985a, 2003b, 2007a); e a do relacionamento genético mais distante envolvendo Tupi, Karib e Macro-Jê (Rodrigues 1990, 2000a e 2007). Ao fazê-lo, busca mostrar caminhos que permitam testar a validade destas e de outras hipóteses, colocando em cena, consequentemente, a questão de seu valor científico e a verificação de seu papel no cenário dos estudos de línguas indígenas e de linguística histórica, sobretudo. Ao mesmo tempo, o artigo lança um olhar sobre os detalhes da argumentação de Rodrigues, da utilização consistente do método que sustenta diferentes trabalhos seus e que lhe permitiu levantar determinadas hipóteses e aperfeiçoá-las, quer com relação à classificação de determinadas línguas, quer com relação a estabelecimento de determinados agrupamentos genéticos e a reconstruções linguísticas, quer ainda com respeito ao fundamento fonético e fonológico de determinadas ideias avançadas – ideias essas que, possuindo consequências para o estudo da mudança linguística, repercutem sobre a própria teoria fonológica, por se caracterizarem por um olhar mais aberto para relações menos familiares (Rodrigues, 1981, 1986a e 2003c). De especial importância para a avaliação detalhada das contribuições de Rodrigues - em suas consequências para a fonologia histórica, por exemplo, e como aplicações paradigmáticas do método histórico comparativo - dá-se atenção ainda ao seu trabalho de classificação interna da família Tupi- Guarani (Rodrigues 1945, 1958, 1978, 1985b) e do estabelecimento de relações e de reconstrução dentro do tronco Tupi (Rodrigues 1966, 1980, 2005, 2007b; Rodrigues, Cabral & Silva 2006; Rodrigues & Dietrich 1997; Hanke, Swadesh & Rodrigues 1958) além das suas contribuições para o estabelecimento de um grupo Macro-Jê (Rodrigues 1986b, 1992, 1999, 2000b). Deste modo, ao tratar das hipóteses de Rodrigues, sua validade, valor e papel no cenário dos estudos de línguas indígenas e de linguística histórica, o artigo busca igualmente contribuir com uma visão em detalhe dos caminhos científicos que Rodrigues percorreu, em sua prática de análise, enquanto cientista da linguagem.
Nem eu, nem você e nem ele: o morfema relacional em hierarquia de pessoa e marcação diferenciada de objeto no Kadiwéu
Authors: SANDALO Filomena
Published: January 2015

Em kadiwéu, uma língua Guaikurú, a pessoa do objeto afeta concordância e ordem de constituintes. O verbo deve ser marcado por um morfema relacional se o argumento interno for de primeira ou segunda pessoa, e um morfema de concordância de pessoa ocorre seguindo a hierarquia 1plOBJ>2>1>3 . Além disso, um argumento de primeira ou segunda pessoa deve preceder o verbo (ordem OV, o relacional ocorre), mas um argumento de terceira pessoa segue o verbo (ordem VO, o relacional não ocorre). Este trabalho argumenta que o morfema chamado de relacional é um morfema de concordância. Nesta abordagem, trata-se de um morfema empobrecido que marca concordância com um argumento inerno deslocado. Mais especificamente, este trabalho argumenta que os morfemas de pessoa do kadiwéu são concordância de TP, mas o chamado relacional é concordância de vP revertida para [-autor, -participante]. Este trabalho desenvolve ideias de Rodrigues (1990) sobre neutralização de pessoa.
A criação do espaço institucional da linguística e dos estudos das línguas indígenas no Brasil
Authors: GRANNIER Daniele Marcelle
Published: January 2015

Este artigo apresenta a situação dos estudos linguísticos em geral e dos estudos das línguas indígenas brasileiras antes da década de 1960, como pano de fundo para o relato da trajetória profissional de Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues como formador, pesquisador e criador do espaço institucional desses estudos no Brasil. Examinam-se as principais recomendações de seu relatório ao Simpósio de Cartagena e sua atuação na realização dessas metas, promovendo os primeiros Institutos Brasileiros de Linguística, participando dos Institutos Interamericanos de Linguística e desenvolvendo programas de pós-graduação em três instituições de ensino superior. Destaca-se o seu trabalho como orientador de dissertações e teses na área de línguas indígenas e apresenta-se o inventário das línguas indígenas estudadas até o momento.
Construções com o gerúndio em Kamaiurá
Authors: SEKI Lucy
Published: January 2015

Em Kamaiurá e outras línguas da família Tupi-Guarani são amplamente usadas construções envolvendo dois ou mais verbos, em que o segundo verbo aparece em uma forma tradicionalmente denominada gerúndio. É uma forma muito produtiva, e ocorre com funções diversificadas.Este trabalho analisa as construções em que um verbo no gerúndio vem concatenado a outro verbo, no nível da sentença, excluindo-se aquelas em que seu uso é condicionado por partículas e por fatores textuais. As construções com o gerúndio e suas funções são descritas e são apresentadas evidências de que embora tenham algumas características em comum com verbos seriais, elas exibem propriedades que levam a questionar tal interpretação.
Indicadores de circulação do acervo na Biblioteca Comunitária da Universidade Federal de São Carlos
Authors: Ninin Débora Marroco , Amaral Roniberto Morato do , Milanez Douglas Henrique , Faria Leandro Innocentini Lopes de
Published: January 2015

Com o intuito de contribuir para a temática dos estudos de uso e usuários, visando subsidiar a tomada de decisão mais racional e sustentável em relação à manutenção do acervo de uma biblioteca, este estudo teve como objetivo geral elaborar um conjunto de indicadores sobre o uso do acervo, por intermédio da técnica de análise bibliométrica e da análise das redes sociais. Como método de pesquisa, utilizou-se o estudo de caso, tendo como unidade-caso a Biblioteca Comunitária da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campusSão Carlos, São Paulo. A amostra de dados analisada compreendeu 119.720 registros referentes à circulação (empréstimo, renovação e reservas) do acervo, no ano de 2011. Foram elaborados e analisados indicadores sobre a utilização do acervo pela comunidade, com auxílio do softwareVantagePoint(r). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que o uso da bibliometria e da análise de rede para a realização de estudos de usos, prevista na teoria de estudos de usos e usuários, mostrou--se eficaz para estabelecer indicadores referentes ao perfil de usuários e uso do acervo, de forma automatizada e sem contato direto com os usuários.
A publicação de dados governamentais abertos: proposta de revisão da classe sobre Previdência Social do Vocabulário Controlado do Governo Eletrônico
Authors: Ribeiro Cláudio José Silva , Pereira Durval Vieira
Published: January 2015

Este trabalho analisa a classe sobre Previdência Social do Vocabulário Controlado do Governo Eletrônico, investigando a publicação de dados governamentais abertos, realizada pela Empresa de Tecnologia e Informações da Previdência Social. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, com objetivo de propor a revisão da classe sobre Previdência Social no domínio do Governo Eletrônico brasileiro, a fim de ampliar e corrigir a representação da área. O trabalho utiliza como metodologia: (1) pesquisa bibliográfica, para fundamentação teórica; (2) seleção da classe de assunto sobre Previdência Social do Vocabulário Controlado do Governo Eletrônico, como recorte; (3) análise dos pontos relacionados à categorização, linguagem escolhida (natural ou artificial), cobertura dos termos pertencentes ao escopo da classe de assunto estudado e relações apresentadas entre os termos; (4) propostas para revisão da classe estudada. O estudo aponta, nos resultados, falhas estruturais e inconsistências conceituais localizados no vocabulário. Discute a necessidade de se utilizarem vocabulários consistentes para representação dos dados publicados, a fim de torná-los legíveis por máquina e compartilháveis entre aplicações de software. Afirma que se deve investir em vocabulários já existentes para evitar esforços com a criação de outros instrumentos de representação. Julga necessário que outros órgãos públicos, além da Empresa de Tecnologia e Informações da Previdência Social, interessem-se em analisar e propor alterações e atualizações nas classes cuja temática contemple os dados por eles geridos. Conclui que a utilização do Vocabulário Controlado do Governo Eletrônico pode ir além de um mapa para navegação em páginas eletrônicas do setor público brasileiro, constituindo instrumento dinâmico de organização do conhecimento, podendo ser utilizado para diversos fins, de acordo com os interesses de cada usuário.
Efeitos da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase, os conteúdos de proteína e DNA e o desempenho
Authors: Tucci Fernanda Marcussi , Thomaz Maria Cristina , Hannas Melissa Izabel , Scandolera Antônio João , Budiño Fábio Enrique Lemos
Published: January 2015

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar o efeito da adição de glutamina, óleo de peixe ou parede celular de levedura à dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a expressão da enzima ornitina descarboxilase (ODC), o conteúdo de proteína e DNA em amostras de intestino delgado e o desempenho. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 24 leitões desmamados para medir o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial, inicial 1 e inicial 2. Foram testadas quatro dietas (T1 -dieta basal (DB); T2 - DB + 1% de glutamina; T3 -DB + 0,2% de parede celular de levedura; T4 -DB + 5% de óleo de peixe). No segundo experimento foram utilizados 45 leitões desmamados e distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial, com quatro dietas e três idades de abate (ao desmame, sete e 14 dias pós-desmame). As dietas testadas não alteraram o desempenho dos leitões em nenhuma das fases. Houve redução da expressão da enzima ODC, da concentração de proteína e da relação proteína/DNA aos sete dias pós-desmame, com aumento dos valores aos 14 dias, evidenciando um estado de hipotrofia da mucosa, sugerindo que o processo de síntese protéica no intestino delgado ficou comprometido na primeira semana após o desmame, e apresentou sinais de recuperação na segunda semana.
Evaluation of zebu nellore cattle blood samples using the Cell-Dyn 3500 hematology analyzer
Authors: Borges Alexandre Secorun , Amorim Rogério Martins , Takahira Regina Kiomi , Costa Joselito Nunes , Alencar Nayro Xavier , Peixoto Ana Paula Cardoso , Kohayagawa Aguemi , Kuchembuck Marcio Rubens Graf
Published: January 2015

The Cell-dyn 3500 is a multiparameter flow cytometer, which may analyze samples from several species performing several simultaneous analyses. It is able to perform white blood cells, red blood cells and platelet counts, besides differential leukocyte counts, packed cell volume and hemoglobin determination. Cell-Dyn 3500 performs total leukocyte count both optically and by impedance. The equipment may choose one or other method, based on the reliability of the results. Erythrocyte and platelet counts are determined by impedance. Leukocyte differentiation is based on an optical principle, using separation in multiangular polarized light. The objective of this study was to compare the results of complete blood count of Zebu Nellore heifers from Cell-dyn 3500, with those obtained from a semi-automated cell counter (Celm CC 510) and the manual technique. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in 5 mL EDTA vacuum tubes from 58 Nellore heifers, at 24 months of age. Samples were processed in parallel in the three different techniques. Results were analyzed using paired t test, Pearson's correlation and the Bland-Altmann method. There was a strong correlation for all parameters analyzed by Cell-Dyn 3500, manual method and semi-automated cell counter, except for basophils and monocytes counts. These results confirm that this analyzer is reliable for blood samples analysis of zebu cattle.