bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Recovery of World Labor Markets and the U. S. Monetary Stance: Rationale and Evidence
Authors: Felmingham B. S.
Published: May 2007

U. S. monetary impulses may be transmitted to foreign unemployment through two channels: in the first (Keynesian) channel U. S. monetary expansion boosts the U. S. demand for domestic and foreign production. This leads to an export led recovery in foreign countries. The second (monetarist) channel depends on the usual balance of payments adjustment: U. S. monetary expansion which increases foreign money supplies initiates real recovery provided foreign business cycles respond to the monetary adjustment. The spectral analysis of individual time series for U. S. and foreign unemployment over the period 1960(2) to 1980(2) reveal dominant cycles in each series coinciding with the periodicity of the business cycle. The main arguments of the study are tested in ten separate cross spectral studies of the U. S. money stock and foreign unemployment. The following general conclusion emerges: U. S. monetary expansion promises to reduce unemployment in some foreign states, but has no effect in others. This conclusion does not support the case for U. S. monetary expansion, as the effect on world unemployment is not universal, but the potential costs in the form of higher inflation remain.
‘Dynamic Equilibrium’ with Constant Wages: J. S. Mill's Malthusian Analysis of the Secular Wage Path
Authors: Hollander Samuel
Published: May 2007

According to Malthusian growth theory the wage rate may be maintained constant on the path to the stationary state, at a level above ‘subsistence’ by appropriate reductions in the population growth rate. In this paper we document J. S. MILL'S version of the Malthusian model and various applications thereof.
Terms of Trade and Welfare: Estimates
Authors: Kohli Ulrich
Published: May 2007

In this paper we evaluate the welfare effects of changes in a country's terms of trade and in its import tariff. Imports are treated as intermediate goods, and the welfare measures which we use are based on production theory and on duality theory with special attention devoted to the setting of international trade theory. Empirical estimates are reported for the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland.
Integrating Consumption and Investment Motives in a Neoclassical Model of Demand for Education
Authors: Kodde David A. , Ritzen Jozef M. M.
Published: May 2007

Empirical evidence does not agree with the investment‐model of the demand for education: out of pocket costs have another impact than earnings foregone. This difference can be explained by consumption motives. The demand for education is then greater, the full price of education exceeds discounted future incremental earnings, net discounted wealth is not maximum and the rate of return to marginal investments in education is smaller than the interest rate.
Global Conflict or Cooperation over the CO2 Climate Impact?
Authors: Kosobud Richard F. , Daly Thomas A.
Published: May 2007

The objective of this study is to present some preliminary estimates of regional long run benefits and costs due to the CO2 greenhouse effect within an economic framework that permits an appraisal of CO2 policy control costs. We utilize a mathematical programming framework to solve for growth paths for North and South America both for CO2 constrained (by an optimal emissions tax rate) and unconstrained scenarios. The possible losses to North America and gains to South America suggest international cooperation on CO2 control policy may be very difficult. Cooperative adjustments to increased CO2 may prove more feasible.
A Theory of Truth in Autobiography
Authors: BUCHANAN JAMES M. , TOLLISON ROBERT D.
Published: May 2007

The ‘truth’ in autobiography depends on the observable historical record of a person's life. The less attractive the observed life, the more ‘truthful’ is the autobiography. This result does not require differential standards of honesty among autobiographers. It does depend on the presupposition that there exists a common value scale along which lives may be judged, and upon the common directional bias toward the ‘good’ in all autobiography.
Der konjunkturelle Einfluss der Geld‐ und Fiskalpolitik in der Bundesrepublik 1972‐1982
Authors: Hansen Gerd
Published: May 2007

In dieser Studie werden Schätzungen der Strukturparameter und Multiplikatoren eines neuen klassischen makroökonometrischen Modells (mit rationalen Erwartungen) vorgestellt und mit denen der unrestringierten reduzierten Form sowie mit Schätzungen eines Modells ohne strukturelle Restriktionen aber mit den Restriktionen der rationalen Erwartungen verglichen. Als Ergebnis werden die strukturellen Restriktionen, die insbesondere aus der Lucas‐Sargent‐Angebotsfunktion resultieren, abgelehnt. Die unrestringierte Schätzung ergibt signifikante Einflüsse der erwarteten Komponenten der Staatsausgaben, der Exporte und der Terms of Trade auf den Output, aber keine dominanten Einflüsse der erwarteten und unerwarteten Geldmenge. Eine deutliche Verantwortung der Bundesbank für die Konjunkturzyklen seit der ersten ölkrise lässt sich daher nicht nachweisen. Das Testresultat für die aus den rationalen Erwartungen resultierenden Restriktionen hängt davon ab, wie die Erwartungen über die exogenen Variablen gebildet werden. Die Restriktionen aus rationalen Erwartungen werden angenommen, wenn autoregressive Prozesse für die Erwartungsbildung verwendet werden, sie werden abgelehnt, wenn gleitende Durchschnitte benutzt werden. Schliesslich wird die Hypothese der Konstanz der Parameter der Lucas‐Sargent‐Angebotsfunktion getestet und dabei abgelehnt.
A Model of the Political Economy of International Investment Sanctions: The Case of South Africa
Authors: KAEMPFER WILLIAM H. , LOWENBERG ANTON D.
Published: May 2007

Many advocates of sanctions against South Africa have proposed that such measures will reduce the wealth of white South Africans and thereby raise the costs of apartheid to those who benefit from it by such a large amount that whites will voluntarily choose to terminate the apartheid system. This paper examines the likely effects of disinvestment sanctions on the survivability of apartheid. An ‘interest‐group’ model of the South African state is developed, in which apartheid policies are treated as endogenous outcomes of a political decision‐making process. The effects of sanctions are introduced through the impact of international capital flows and asset prices on the major interest groups within the white electorate. It is shown that disinvestment policies may not diminish apartheid via market effects, but could have an impact upon the political costs of maintaining apartheid institutions.
Some Testable Implications of a Preference for Subjective Novelty
Authors: Middleton Elliott
Published: May 2007

A model of the response to subjective novelty represented by the Wundt curve was first informally introduced to economists by Scitovsky [1976]. The present paper operationalizes the subjective novelty concept using information theory. A distinction is drawn between informational utility and physical utility in the standard model. A successful empirical test is performed using a measure of consumer sentiment.
Risk Allocation in Large‐Scale Resource Ventures
Authors: SIEBERT HORST
Published: May 2007

The paper analyzes risk allocation in large‐scale resource ventures. High set‐up costs, a long gestation period of ten years and more and a high financial risk are characteristics for large‐scale resource ventures. Financial risk is the result of economic risk (price risk, cost risk), technological risk (innovation in extraction, exploration) and political risk (taxation schemes, extraction rights). Large‐scale resource ventures represent an interesting case of risk allocation in which many players are involved. Institutional arrangements for risk allocation in large‐scale resource ventures are interpreted as a complex net of contractual relationships between different players. The paper analyzes a theoretical framework in which risk allocation is studied. Policies of risk shifting for the individual agent and institutional arrangements for risk shifting in the case of large‐scale resource ventures are studied. The net of relations between different players is a check on the strategic behavior arising from idiosyncratic problems and thus reduces contract risk.
Does Economic Sclerosis Set in with Age? An Empirical Study of the Olson Hypothesis
Authors: WALLIS JOHN JOSEPH , OATES WALLACE E.
Published: May 2007

MANCUR OLSON has suggested that the rate of economic growth declines as stable polities grow older, a proposition he tested using data from the United States in the 1960s. We reexamine OLSON'S hypothesis, using a large panel data set covering the twentieth century in the U.S. We find, first, that younger states typically had relatively large governments, rather than the smaller governments one might suspect if OLSON were correct. Second, we fail to find convincing evidence to support OLSON'S specific claim: that older states have, ceteris paribus, lower rates of economic growth. The only specification that supports the hypothesis is one in which population movements are attributed wholly to OLSONian forces. The obstacles to testing the OLSON hypothesis are formidable because of the difficulty of separating migration into OLSON and non‐OLSON components.

MANCUR OLSON hat die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass das Wirtschaftswachstum mit dem zunehmenden Alter stabiler politischer Systeme abnimmt, und diese Hypothese mittels Daten aus den Vereinigten Staaten der sechziger Jahre getestet. Die Autoren überprüfen OLSONS Hypothese, wobei sie umfangreiches Datenmaterial verwenden, welches das 20.Jahrhundert in den USA abdeckt. Hiernach lässt sich kein überzeu‐gender Hinweis zur Stützung von OLSONS Behauptung finden. Die einzige Spezifika‐tion, welche die Hypothese unterstützt, ist jene, in welcher Bevölkerungsbewegungen vollständig OLSONschen Kräften zugeordnet werden. Die Hindernisse beim Testen der Hypothese sind gewaltig wegen der Schwierigkeiten, Wanderungen in OLSON‐und Nicht‐OLSON‐Komponenten zu unterteilen.

MANCUR OLSON a suggéré que le taux de croissance économique décline lorsque les structures politiques vieillissent, hypothèse qu'il a testée sur des données américaines de la fin des années 60. Nous reexaminons l'hypothèse d'OLSON en utilisant un vaste ensemble de données couvrant le 20e siècle aux Etats‐Unis. Nous avons d'abord trouvé que les jeunes états ont des gouvernments relativement étoffes, alors que si OLSON avait vu juste, ces gouvernements auraient du̧ȩtre plus réduits. En second lieu, nous n'avons pu trouver de preuve convaincante de l'affirmation principale d'OLSONà savoir que, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, les états les plus anciens connaissent des taux de croissance économique plus faibles. La seule caractéristique qui pourrait soutenir l'hypothèse est celle dans laquelle les mouvements de population sont attribués grossièrement aux forces olsoniennes. Mais il est extrèmement difficile de tester l'hypothèse d'OLSON car on a beaucoup de mal a séparer, dans les migrations, les composantes olsoniennes et non olsoniennes.
International and Multinational Strategic Behaviour
Authors: Jacquemin Alexis
Published: May 2007

This paper shows that the recent work introducing the strategic dimension into the analysis of international trade allows a fruitful enlargement of the traditional approach. The first section highlights certain aspects of international strategic relations, including the role played by the public authorities. The second applies this approach to private and public collusive strategies in international trade. Finally the third section introduces the elements of a theory of strategic foreign direct investment in the European context. The conclusion underlines that the central message of the strategic approach is not a support to more activist trade policies but the need for international credible rules and coordination that prevent unilateral strategies leading to ruinous industrial policy and mutually destructive trade wars.
Things Governments Do to Money: A Recent History of Currency Reform Schemes and Scams
Authors: Mas Ignacio
Published: May 2007

Confiscation of currency has sometimes occurred through the fine print of currency reforms. While only a small fraction of currency reforms world‐wide have masked a confiscation, when they don't they are likely to follow a hyperinflationary bout. Thus, one way or another, currency reforms are emblematic of government reneging on its most idiosyncratic liability or extracting monopoly rents from its provision of an exchange medium. This paper reviews the international experience with currency reforms over the last fifty years. It focuses on the purported justifications, mechanism for implementation, common pitfalls and revenues associated with actual discriminatory currency conversion exercises.

Die Einziehung von Währungen ist irn Rahmen von Wähngsreformen manchmal vorgekommen. Weltweit hat nur ein kleiner Teil der Wähngsreformen die Einziehung getamt. Täten sie dies nicht, so würden sie wahrscheinlich einen hyperinflationären Kampf führen. Auf die eine oder andere Art sind Wähngsreformen daher typisch füreine Regierung, die auf ihre charakteristischen Verpflichtungen zurückkommt oder die Monopolrenten durch die Bereitstellung eines Tauschmittels herausholt. Dieser Artikel gewährt einen Übexblick über die internationalen Erfahrungen mit Wähngsreformen während den letzten fünfzig Jahren. Dabei konzenhiert man sich auf die vorgegebenen Rechtfertigungen, die Techniken der Durchführung, übliche Fallgruben und auf die Erträge in Zusammenhang mit gegenwärtigen diskriminiemden Wähngsumtauschübungen.

RÉUMÉ

La confiscation de la monnaie a été parfois mise en valeur à travers ľanalyse fine des réformes mon. monétäires. Tandis que seulernent une faible fraction des réformes monétaires a mondialement caché une confiscation, wlles sont, dans le cas contraire, de nature à suivre un rythme hyper‐inflationniste. Ainsi, ďune manièreg ou ďune autre, les réformes financières sont emblématiques du renoncement du gouvernement vis à vis de ses plus distinctives responsabilités ou ses rentes du situation de monopole provenant de ses réserves de moyen ďéchange. Cet article passe en revue, sur les cinquante derniéres années, les expériences internationales en matière de réforme monétaire. II se concentre sur les justifications avancées, les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre, les pièges usuels et les revenus associés aux réel exercises discrimminatoires de conversion monétaire.
European versus American Economics, Artificial Intelligence and Scientific Content
Authors: III H.E. Frech
Published: May 2007

The author, born in 1946, is professor of economics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has been a visiting professor at Harvard University and at the University of Chicago and an economist in the U.S. government. He has served as a consultant or expert witness for governmental agencies and private parties, and has given lectures at numerous conferences and institutions in North America and in Europe.
A Rhetorical Perspective on the Differences Between European and American Economists
Authors: Klamer Arjo
Published: May 2007

The author, born in 1953, is professor of Economics of Art and Culture at Erasmus University, Amsterdam and Research Professor of Economics at George Washington University. After getting his M.A. at the University of Amsterdam he went to the U.S. where he spent 17 years at Duke University, Wellesley College, University of Iowa and George Washington University.
Three Conditions for Some Distinctiveness in the Contribution of Europeans to Economics
Authors: Salmon Pierre
Published: May 2007

The author, born in 1938, is professor of economics at the Université de Bourgogne (France). He graduated in law at the University of Paris and in public administration at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. He then turned to economics at the universities of Rennes and Paris. He was professor of economics at the European University Institute at Florence (Italy) and spent two years as counsellor for social sciences in the department for scientific research of the French government.
CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH TWO VARIABLES IN DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: LABOUR TURNOVER AND OVERTIME
Authors: Brée David S.
Published: May 2007

The causal relationships in a two variable system are examined, using a simultaneous linear differential equation model. Emphasis is placed on the necessity for considering mutual interaction instead of looking for unidirectional causality. To demonstrate the usefulness of this approach an example is taken from the management science literature concerning the relationship between labour turnover and overtime. It is shown that, on certain assumptions, the data disconfirm a hypothesis previously thought to be confirmed. Certain informal observations made in the original paper were shown to receive confirmation from the data.
COULD DECISION ANALYSIS HAVE SAVED HAMLET?
Authors: Graves Desmond , Lethbridge David
Published: May 2007

Decision analysis suffers from a number of disadvantages, such as potentially spurious accuracy. However, an application to a problem that has a deep cultural interest gives us some insight into one of the real problems of decision‐making ‐ the will to act.
PROCEDURES FOR MANAGERS IN IDEA‐DEFICIENT SITUATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF BRAINSTORMING APPROACHES
Authors: Rickards T. , Freedman B. L.
Published: May 2007

The literature of brainstroming procedures has been examined in order to obtain guidlines for managers in idea‐deficient situations. Various techniques and procedures have developed and are often incorporated into larger systems of managerial problem‐solving. There seem two main reasons for utilizing the processes. The first is as an aid to creativity. The second is as an effective means of amassing ideas. These underlying principles have not been satisfactorily validated in the literature, but use of the technique for the latter, variety generating purpose, may be easier to justify than use as a creativity spurring device. It is suggested that further research is needed into expectations of practitioners and clients of brainstorming sessions.
BUSINESSMEN AND BUSINESS SCHOOL FACULTY: A COMPARISON OF VALUE SYSTEMS
Authors: Hofstede Geert
Published: May 2007

Seventeen faculty members at a European business school scored two values tests, L. V. Gordon's S.I.V. and S.P.V. Their scores are compared to those of 372 executive course participants in general, to those of sixteen American participants in particular, and to those of participants who were rated by the faculty as top performers in class. Results show faculty to differ significantly from participants toward more academic values and less will to manage, and this being a role rather than a nationality difference. Results also show that faculty members evaluate most highly participants with value profiles largely similar to theirs, but higher in ‘Leadership’ and relatively low in ‘Independence’. These data are considered as a demonstration of the type of organizational socialization which businessmen undergo when they participate in a campus course.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND JOB INVOLVEMENT AS ANTECEDENTS OF BOUNDARY SPANNING BEHAVIOUR: A PATH ANALYSIS
Authors: Dailey Robert C. , Morgan Cyril P.
Published: May 2007

The relationships between age, aspects of tenure, locus of control, job involvement, and boundary spanning behaviour (B.S.B.) were examined using path analysis for 281 scientists and engineers. It was found that locus of control and age were significant determinants of job involvement. It was also shown that locus of control and job involvement were significant determinants of B.S.B. These findings are discussed relative to previous research on locus of control, job involvement, and B.S.B. Finally, new research designs are advocated which incorporate task characteristics, role dynamics constructs, and environmental uncertainty as determinants of B.S.B.
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT IN NON‐BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS: A DESIGN AND ITS EVALUATION
Authors: Dittrich J. E.
Published: May 2007

A management training design for non‐business administrators is described which incorporates programmed instruction, case studies, experiential exercises and brief lectures in eight two and a half hour sessions. The design accommodates a wide range of participants and demonstrates high content acquisition and retention.
CONGEALING OIL: INVENTING IDEOLOGIES TO JUSTIFY ACTING IDEOLOGIES OUT
Authors: Starbuck William H.
Published: May 2007

Studies of organizations in crisis show how forcefully and universally ideologies affect organizations, and life in general. Under the influence of societal and organizational ideologies, quite normal organizations manufacture crises for themselves, and then escape or succumb, depending on which ideologies dominate. Yet organization theorists have paid little attention to the ideological elements in organizations—apparently because of misguided perceptions that objectively measurable phenomena are more real or more important.

Organization theorists have carried out numerous studies of so‐called objective phenomena, and their aggregate finding is that almost nothing correlates strongly and consistently with anything else. This null finding fits the hypothesis that organizational structures and technologies are primarily arbitrary, temporary, and superficial characteristics. These characteristics are determined by complex interactions among ideologies‐ although determined may be an inappropriate description because people acting under the influence of ideologies perceive that they are choosing freely.

Ideologies are logically integrated clusters of beliefs, values, rituals, and symbols. The interactions among elements within an ideology enable a change by one element to produce far‐reaching effects. The interactions between ideologies are probably controlled by ceremonies and rituals, and communications between ideologies emphasize stylized or metaphorical language. One can see rituals and language at work when organizations are acting.

Organizations can act in either of two modes: a problem‐solving mode in which perceived problems instigate searches for solutions, or an action generating mode in which choices of actions stimulate the creation of problems to justify the actions. Problem solving is abnormal, and action generating normal. In the action‐generating mode, people watch the results of their actions, appraise these results as good or bad, and propose needs for action. Whether needs for action are real is decided by collective voting in which votes are phrased as clichts about causation. These clichts give birth to quasi‐theories that explain why certain actions are needed to solve problems.
THE IRRATIONALITY OF ACTION AND ACTION RATIONALITY: DECISIONS, IDEOLOGIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIONS
Authors: Brunsson Nils
Published: May 2007

Irrationality is a basic feature of organizational behaviour. Organizational decision making tends to be irrational, and organizational ideologies bias organizations’perceptions. Much effort has been spent on prescribing how organizations should achieve more rationality. However, rational decision making affords a bad basis for action. Some irrationalities are necessary requirements for organizational actions. Choices are facilitated by narrow and clear organizational ideologies, and actions are facilitated by irrational decision‐making procedures which maximize motivation and commitment.
HOW IDEOLOGIES SUPPLANT FORMAL STRUCTURES AND SHAPE RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Meyer Alan D.
Published: May 2007

Observations of nineteen hospitals show how organizational ideologies are manifested and sustained by beliefs, stories, languages, and ceremonial acts. The data indicate that harmonious ideologies accompany simple structures, but that discordant ones accompany elaborate structures. Through their effects on people and structures, ideologies guide organizations’responses to external threats.
SOME EVIDENCE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL MANAGERIAL CULTURE
Authors: Everett James E. , Stening Bruce W. , Longton Peter A.
Published: May 2007

An analysis is reported of the relations between the semantic responses obtained from managers of four nationalities. A total of 365 expatriate and local managers in the Singaporean subsidiaries of 34 American, British and Japanese M.N.C.s assessed their own and each of the other groups along each of 18 adjectival antonym pairs. For each nationality the correlations between the semantic items are used as similarity data for multidimensional scaling of the adjectives. It is shown that the 18 adjectival pairs can be reduced to a two‐dimensional circular map for each nationality, and that the placing of the adjectives on the circle agrees with a root mean square misfit of about 10° for the four nationalities. The results support the hypothesis that, for the groups considered, a shared international culture exists in the managerial context. The two dimensions on which the 36 semantic items can be mapped are interpretable as functional/dysfunctional and open/closed.
PERFORMANCE IN PLANNING A LARGE PROJECT [1]
Authors: Woodward S. N.
Published: May 2007

Performance assessment in matrix structures is particularly problematical, for matrix structures themselves represent a compromise, and performance within the structure usually requires achievement of an ‘even balance’—and there are no conventions for judging ‘evenness’. Analysis of a planning project in British Rail suggests that under conditions of ‘conservative incrementalism’, the agreement of interested parties itself constitutes evidence of successful performance in a matrix structure, as well as providing essential pre‐construction monitoring. More generally, where conventional performance indicators are deficient or inadequate, analysis of the problems in the task environment provides a base against which to assess performance.
ANALYZING CULTURAL STEREOTYPES IN MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS: UNITED STATES AND AUSTRALIA
Authors: Jenner Stephen R.
Published: May 2007

As U.S. business becomes more international, so does U.S. management education. Executive development programmes offer courses in the U.S. and abroad to managers from many nations. As part of the transfer of U.S. management methods, the concepts, techniques and beliefs taught in these programmes may not be easily accepted, especially by foreign managers. Careful examination of cultural differences in attitudes and opinions is a necessary step in the successful transfer of management technology.

This paper compares U.S. and Australian managers' values, attitudes, beliefs and opinions on a wide range of topics using a modified version of Schein's Public Opinion Questionnaire. Our findings suggest that there are common business management views as well as national differences among managers in the U.S. and Australia.
ABSENTEEISM AND TURNOVER: IS THERE A PROGRESSION? [1]
Authors: Gupta Nina , Jenkins G. Douglas
Published: May 2007

Three patterns of relationships between employee absenteeism and turnover have been suggested in the past—that withdrawal progresses from absenteeism to turnover, that absenteeism and turnover are alternatives to each other, and that absenteeism and turnover are unrelated. This paper examines the proposition that there is a rising trend of absences for leavers as the point of their turnover approaches, using data from employees of two midwestern U.S. organizations, a bank and a manufacturing company. A paired subjects design is used for analysis of the progression notion. The results affirm the existence of a positive association between absenteeism and turnover but provide, at best, weak confirmation of the progression hypothesis. The results from the two organizations are also different from each other. Measurement, sample, analysis, and theory problems are discussed as potential explanations of the differential results.
IMPLANTED DECISION‐MAKING: AMERICAN OWNED FIRMS IN BRITAIN [I]
Authors: Mallory Geoffrey R. , Butler Richard J. , Cray David , Hickson David J. , Wilson David C.
Published: May 2007

decision‐making processes are compared in American and British subsidiaries in Britain to investigate how far processual characteristics as distinct from structural features, may be implanted in subsidiaries abroad. Managements in the British owned subsidiaries tend to route their biggest decisions through the formalities of standing committees in conformity with customary procedures, taking a comparatively long time to do so. Managements in the American owned subsidiaries tend to rely on informally assembled working groups which help to arrive at a decision comparatively rapidly through a process which does not ostensibly follow any recognized procedure. The British mode is formal within a non‐formalized customary pattern, the American mode informal within a formalized frame.
JAPANESE AND BRITISH MANAGERIAL COLLEAGUES—HOW THEY VIEW EACH OTHER
Authors: Everett J. E. , Stening B. W.
Published: May 2007

The mutual perceptions were obtained of 113 Japanese and 100 British managers working in the London offices of 18 Japanese companies. Eighteen semantic differential items were used to permit each respondent to report his auto stereotype of his own nationality of manager, his hetero stereotype of the other nationality, and his meta stereotype (his opinion as to how they would assess his own group). The degree of agreement between the auto stereotype of each group and the hetero stereotype held of it by the other group is discussed, and the accuracy of the meta stereotypes is examined. It is also shown that the 18 semantic items can be reduced to 3 principal components which, after rotation, are consistent in meaning between the two nationalities. The three rotated factors are interpretable as ‘approval’, ‘open style’ and ‘functional’. The factors permit a more concise comparison of the stereotypes.
OBSTACLES TO STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION IN A NATIONALIZED INDUSTRY[1]
Authors: Wernham Roy
Published: May 2007

Implementation of policy or strategy in the public sector has attracted a growing interest in the U.S.A. (Bardach, 1977; Derthick, 1972; Pressman and Wildavsky, 1973) and more recently in the U.K. (Dunsire, 1978; Levitt, 1980; S.S.R.C., 1979). the emphasis in this stream of work is on centre‐periphery relationships and their respective uses of power and authority and on interorganizational relationships. This emphasis probably stems from the overt independence of local Government and some other public bodies from central Government in their appointment, composition, manner of carrying out their duties and, in resource terms, raising revenue. In large ‘commercial’ organizations, centre‐periphery relations have tended to be viewed more in terms of the formal organizational structure and have attracted less research attention.

A complementary but distinct stream of research, offering many parallels and useful insights into management science/O.R. implementation, has grown from the early work of Churchman and Scheinblatt (1965) ‐ for example Schultz and Slevin (1975), Doktor et al. (1979). This second stream concentrates more on technical, operational aspects and largely ignores power relations which are assumed to correspond closely to the formal organization structure. A third stream of research has emerged from the strategic management literature (Ansoff, 1979; Anthony, 1965; Lewin, 1981; Steiner and Miner, 1977). Here the emphasis has been on budgeting and control though the scope has broadened to embrace e.g. considerations of power. A fourth related contributor, drawn on mainly by the policy and strategy streams and largely ignored in the public policy literature, is the organizational behaviour literature with its work on the exercise of power in organizations (for example, Cyert and March, 1963; Mumford and Pettigrew, 1975).

In the study to be described here, which predates privatization, insights have been drawn from, and relationships established between, each of these streams of work, none of which has yet produced a comprehensive theory of implementation; regretably it remains beyond the scope of this study to do so. Hypotheses have emerged from the study which are offered as a contribution to theory buiding in implementation. It is hoped that they, in combination with findings from other research, will bring nearer the goal of a comprehensive theory of implementation as a guide to planning and action applicable to both the public and private sectors.

While there have been some empirical studies of strategy formulation, little field research has been undertaken on implementation (Bardach, 1977; Hofer, 1976; Schultz and Slevin, 1975).
SOME CORRELATES OF DISCRETION FOR CHARTERED SURVEYORS
Authors: Dickson John W.
Published: May 2007

The discretion of professionals in small organizational practices was examined. This research identified three types of discretion: (1) discretion over clients; (2) discretion over the choice and sequence of tasks; (3) discretion over task rules and procedures. the first two forms of discretion are associated with high performance and job satisfaction. Discretion over rules and procedures in tasks (contrary to the job design literature) is not associated with satisfaction or performance, and is positively associated with role conflict and role ambiguity. Organization size reduces discretion over clients, but not over tasks. Reduced discretion over clients in turn is associated with low ability to attract work.
ORGANIZATION DESIGN AND THE LIFE‐CYCLES OF PRODUCTS [1]
Authors: Donaldson Lex
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a model which elaborates the relationship between organization design and the product life‐cycle. Consideration is given to the structural implications of corporations which have multiple products at differing phases in their life‐cycles. This involves a theoretical synthesis of work on P.L.C. with that on degree of product diversification.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: Dastmalchian Ali
Published: May 2007

This article is primarily concerned with exploring the relationships between organizational climate and characteristics of organizational environments. Environmental characteristics include dependencies, competition and uncertainty. In addition, the relationship of climate and environments with dimensions of organizational structure and size are examined. Using data from 15 industrial organizations in Britain, the results have shown that different environmental characteristics have different associations with organizational climate. Also, the relationships between organizational environments and climate are not similar to those found between environments and structure. It is suggested that the creation of appropriate climates and structural design as responses to environmental pressures may be considered as complementary strategies in an attempt to maintain administrative control. The results, therefore, provide support for the suggestion that, in order to improve our understanding of the dynamics of organizational climate, characteristics of organizational environments should be incorporated into future research designs.
INTRODUCING MARKET FORCES INTO MANAGERIAL DECISION‐MAKING IN CHINESE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Henley John S. , Nyaw Mee Kau
Published: May 2007

This paper focuses on the fundamental changes in the management of state enterprises that are taking place in China. Specifically, we discuss the expansion of enterprise autonomy and changes in the managerial decision‐making structure. The genesis of the reform programme is traced back to inefficiencies caused by the over‐centralized state planning system which reduced enterprise management to little more than an administrative function dominated by the Party secretary. As a consequence, managerial and technical cadres became demoralized and the growth of staff functions such as accounting, marketing and personnel management was stunted. From a series of experiments launched in 1978 has grown the realization that tinkering around with the state planning apparatus is insufficient to stimulate entrepreneurship and vigorous industrial expansion. Accordingly, reform has been launched on a broad front both within the state apparatus, in an endeavour to roll back external constraints on enterprise, and within the enterprise itself, by seeking to provide powerful incentives both to managerial cadres and workers through a system stressing individual responsibility and rewards commensurate with results. A number of severe constraints on the reform programme are analysed, in particular, the changing balance of power within the enterprise between the factory director, the Party secretary, the workers’congress and the trade union. Contradictions exist within the new structure of decision‐making but, given a period of political stability and sustained economic growth, there should be sufficient surplus to mollify discontent and stifle those who refuse to give up their belief in the virtues of having‘politics in command’of the industrial enterprise.
MANAGERS’ PROTOTYPES OF FINANCIAL TERMS
Authors: Walton Eric J.
Published: May 2007

Like most experience, people endow organizations with meaning. Meaninggiving has been explained as a categorization process of matching stimuli against prototypes. This study explores the applicability of such a view to organizations by focusing on a central component of the perspective ‐ prototypes. A phenomenological design is used to uncover the content of organizational prototypes. Data collected from a sample of managers in the financial industry demonstrate the utility of the prototype notion, indicating that further exploration is warranted of how organizations are categorized.
THE MANAGEMENT OF NEW OFFICE TECHNOLOGY: CHOICE, CONTROL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY
Authors: Storey John
Published: May 2007

Amongst the growing literature on the technical and social aspects of microelectronics in work organizations, a considerable portion has direct or indirect pertinence to the question of managerial practice. That segment of the literature relating to new office technology is perhaps especially conscious of this angle — not least because this sphere of innovation has a clear bearing on the managerial role itself.

Drawing both on theoretical issues extracted from this literature, and on empirical studies in three insurance companies, it is argued that while control is of crucial long‐term importance in shaping the general direction of organizational change using new technology, there are sound sociological reasons why the path which is beaten out in that direction remains a far from straight one. Moreover, while differences in organizational practice between these organizations are found to exist, these appear to be associated only indirectly with the diverse levels of technological sophistication.
INDUSTRIALIZATION, MANAGEMENT EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS[1]
Authors: Warner Malcolm
Published: May 2007

This paper discusses the emergence of management education and training in the UK, France, Germany, USA, Japan, USSR, and China. It argues that given kinds of environmental changes may lead to a wide variety of training responses, depending on the industrial and cultural contexts in which they take place.
DISSIMILAR STRUCTURAL AND CONTROL PROFILES OF EDUCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL ORGANIZATIONS[1]
Authors: Koberg Christine S.
Published: May 2007

This article contrasts the characteristic structural and control profiles of educational organizations with those of technical organizations. A group of primary and secondary schools and the operating units of an industrial firm differed both in structural variables and in three activities of control: buffering, smoothing, and forecasting. the article suggests that educational organizations emphasize modes of control that operate on components peripheral rather than central to the organization's technical core.
THE LEARNING STYLES QUESTIONNAIRE: AN ALTERNATIVE TO KOLB'S INVENTORY?
Authors: Allinson Christopher W. , Hayes John
Published: May 2007

An important consideration in the design of educational programmes is the learning style of students. In the field of management education, Kolb's theory of learning styles has received particular attention. Research has shown, however, that his associated measure, the Learning Style Inventory (LSI), may be of doubtful utility. the present study of British and overseas managers examines the measurement properties of one alternative, Honey and Mumford's Learning Styles Questionnaire (LSQ). the results, calling into question Kolb's theory itself, suggest that the LSQ may be preferred to the LSI on account of the distribution of its scores, its temporal stability and its construct and face validity. Its predictive validity, however, remains in doubt.
ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE AND THEORIES OF STRATEGIC CHOICE
Authors: Whittington R.
Published: May 2007

This article argues that the prevailing dichotomization of organizational studies into voluntarist and deterministic orientations is too simple, and that this simplicity has dangerous consequences for accounts of strategic choice. Determinism has been equated exclusively with the operation of environmental constraint, with the implication that the agency necessary for strategic choice can be secured simply by the removal of this constraint. This focus on external constraint has obscured the continuing influence of ‘action determinist’ positions, in which action is determined by mechanisms internal to the actor him/herself. This article argues that many recent theorists of strategic choice have relied too much on the interpretive voluntarist dissolution of environmental structure and neglected to safeguard themselves from the action determinism latent in the Carnegie tradition. the article proposes an alternative Realist account that, by contrast with interpretive voluntarism, incorporates environmental structure as an essential precondition to actors’ internal and external capacities for strategic choice.
THE SELF‐FULFILLING PROPHECY LEADER: ACHIEVING THE METHARME EFFECT
Authors: FIELD R. H. G.
Published: May 2007

Self‐Altering Prophecies are expectations by a source person that when communicated lead to behaviours of a target person that would not have occurred had the prophecy not been made. When the prophecy is confirmed it is called a Self‐Fulfilling Prophechy (SFP), when it is disconfirmed it is named a Self‐Defeating Prophecy (SDP). The most well‐known example of an SFP is probably that of Pygmalion, a sculptor who carved an ivory statue of a woman so beautiful that his treating it as it were alive caused it be become so. The living statue was named Galatea, and she became the wife of Pygmalion. The overall conclusion of literature reviews of the SFP in education is that an SFP effect undeniably exists. In management contexts there is some evidence that the SFP effect exists. In this article an SFP leader model is presented that may be prescriptively used by leaders in organizations to produce a group social situation of high expectations. Members of the group may then subsequently act with positive expectations towards others in the organization to create a new and energized organizational climate and culture. This change is named the Metharme effect, after the daughter of Pygmalion and Galatea.
MANAGERIAL COGNITION: A MISSING LINK IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT RESEARCH
Authors: Stubbart Charles I.
Published: May 2007

This article explores the linkages between cognitive science and strategic management research. It begins by noting that Schendel and Hofer, in their classic work Strategic Management: A New View of Business Policy and Planning, implicitly assumed a cognitive basis for much of the strategy‐making process but did little to systematize a cognitive approach. Next, the article examines the foundations of modern cognitive science. Several areas of recent research that are particularly relevant to strategic thinking are reviewed. The article concludes with a call for a more explicit cognitive emphasis in strategic management.
ORGANIZATIONAL CONTROL: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE*
Authors: Das T. K.
Published: May 2007

Much of the literature on organizational control processes has traditionally been based on concepts of cybernetics, power, and authority. This article explores an alternative way of looking at the control phenomenon by introducing the idea of an evolutionary ‘controlling’ cycle. This idea is derived by modifying the basic organizing cycle (enactment, selection, retention) to a hierarchical form, with two distinct components. The model is then applied to understand the basic control modes informing markets, bureaucracies and clans. The article concludes with some comments on the likely future directions of the bureaucratic mode of organizational control.
DEFICIENCIES AND THE PERPETUATION OF POWER: LATENT FUNCTIONS IN MANAGEMENT APPRAISAL
Authors: Barlow Graham
Published: May 2007

Institutionalized procedures for management appraisal are considered to be necessary and appropriate devices which contribute to and are supported by rational‐legal ideologies of organization. The operation of such appraisal systems, however, is frequently regarded as deficient.

This article discusses three inter‐related propositions. They are that:

1. the rational‐legal procedures of appraisal systems contradict the social processes by means of which dominant organizational power groups emerge, cohere and are perpetuated;

2. management appraisal systems consequently come to operate in ways which manifestly are consistent with a rational‐legal ideology, but which do not constrain the prerogatives of members of dominant power groups to define reality and manage affairs in their own interests; and that

3. this inconsistency fulfils a latent function of perpetuating deficiency in the operation of management appraisal systems.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC DECISIONS
Authors: Schilit Warren Keith
Published: May 2007

This study examines the process of upward influence in a variety of strategic decisions. The study provides a list of categories and supporting data for the agents, methods, perceived outcomes, and perceived causes of success and failure of upward influence interactions that impact upon the strategic decision‐making process in organizations. The results suggest that: (a) middle‐level managers (MLMs) deal directly with their superiors and use rational or persuasive arguments in their upward influence interactions in strategic decisions; (2) MLMs are very successful in their influence interactions and attribute their successes to internal causes; (3) MLMs and their superiors view the influence episode similarly; and (4) upward influence activity in strategic decisions is quite similar to upward influence activity in non‐strategic decisions. The study also examines individual and organizational factors that are associated with success and failure in influence activity in strategic decision‐making.
THE STRATEGIC CONTINGENCIES THEORY OF POWER: MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Saunders Carol Stoak
Published: May 2007

The strategic contingencies theory of power proposed by Hickson et al. (1971) has been tested and compared to an alternative perspective. In the alternative perspective, the theory has been modified to include control of strategic contingencies as a moderating variable in the relationships between power and its determinants. A field study, using questionnaire and interview responses of 54 administrators at five universities, partially supports the modified theory.