bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pleistocene–Holocene Transition in Cantabrian Spain: current reflections on culture change
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy
Published: June 2017

This contribution reviews the evidence for technological continuity and change (both gradual and abrupt) among the classic Magdalenian, Azilian, Asturian and non‐coastal Mesolithic culture‐adaptive traditions against the backdrop of environmental change across the Pleistocene–Holocene (i.e. Bølling–Boreal) transition in Cantabrian Spain. It explores the interacting, non‐exclusive roles of environment, demography, subsistence and ‘tradition’ or historical contingency in explaining both inertia and change in the cultural records (including settlement, mobility, artistic activity and even world‐view or ideology) observed by archeologists in this long‐occupied, southerly wing of the classic Franco‐Cantabrian culture area.
C2C value co‐creation through social interactions in tourism
Authors: Reichenberger Ina
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the social practice of customer‐to‐customer value co‐creation in tourism contexts by considering visitor–visitor interactions, their manifestations, influential factors, and types of resulting value using extended social situation analysis. On the basis of 76 qualitative in‐depth interviews, results show that value co‐creation is not necessarily dependent upon the underlying social interactions but predominantly influenced by personal factors and attitudes towards sociability. The stronger the focus on other social actors is and the longer and more personal the social interactions are, the more complex and multilayered is the co‐created perceived value.
Flag backlash: Why does the presence of the American flag reduce product evaluation?
Authors: Wang Lili , Zuo Peng
Published: June 2017

The American flag is often incorporated into product branding. However, little research has investigated how the use of American flag imagery as a marketing tool for products influences consumer behavior. The present research examines (1) whether the presence of the American flag on a product affects consumers’ evaluation of products and (2) the social cognitive mechanisms underlying the effect of the flag on product‐related judgments. This research provides evidence that the presence of the American flag on a product induces negative product evaluation (Study 1). This negative effect is found to be moderated by participants’ trait level of psychological reactance (Study 2) and mediated by participants’ outrage (Study 3a) and perceived persuasion (Study 3b). When the American flag's link with the product is broken, its negative impact on product evaluation disappears (Study 4).
A Monte Carlo model and its commissioning for the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion radiosurgery system
Authors: Yuan Jiankui , Machtay Mitchell
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To develop and commission a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation model for the Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) Perfexion (PFX) radiosurgery system.

Method

We previously established a source model for MC simulations of the LGK PFX for the purpose of the treatment planning system (TPS) dose verification and plan evaluation. To make practical and effective use of the model in clinic, several issues need to be addressed. First, thorough commissioning procedures are needed to ensure the validity of the model parameters, such as the source‐to‐focus (STF) distance, the source solid angle. Second, an efficient source particle sampling method is required to facilitate dose calculations for multitarget and multishot configurations in patient treatment plans. Third, inseparably, it is interesting to know the dose difference between the two GK TPS algorithms (TMR and convolution) and the MC method in extreme heterogeneous cases resulting from the inhomogeneous effect. We report our recent development in addressing these issues. Phantoms with the frame fiducials were manually created in the format of DICOM CT image to eliminate the uncertainties associated with scanner artifacts and image registration. The created homogeneous phantom was used to calibrate the model parameters to match the output factors with the manufacturer provided data, and the heterogeneous phantom with multilayer materials was used to study the inhomogeneous effect.

Results

The agreement between the MC calculation and TPS was very good for the homogeneous spherical phantom. The difference of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the profiles was less than 1 mm except for the profile for 16 mm collimator along z‐axis (less than 2 mm). For the extreme heterogeneous test case, it was shown that the TMR algorithm can overestimate the target dose by up to 22% using the measure of dose volume parameter D95. The agreement between the MC method and the TPS convolution method was better (within 3.6%) for the target near the center of phantom, however, discrepancy (up to 10.7%) existed for the target close to the skull. The difference between the two TPS dose algorithms was about 11%.

Conclusions

Considerable dose difference may result from the effect of heterogeneity, such as in the regions of the air cavities and bones. As the MC method has been extensively used in conventional external beams, it is worthwhile for further investigation in applying the MC method to accurate dose planning in the new GK PFX radiosurgery platform.
Intravenous palivizumab in respiratory syncytial virus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplant in children
Authors: Torres Juan Pablo , Tapia Lorena I. , Catalán Paula , De la Maza Verónica , Mejías Asunción
Published: June 2017

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause lower respiratory tract disease and mortality in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We report two children who underwent HSCT and developed RSV infection simultaneously at the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit. The treatment with intravenous palivizumab was provided and sequential viral loads were measured in nasopharyngeal (NP) and whole blood samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report where RSV loads were measured in parallel (NP and blood), before and after palivizumab, in correlation with a favorable clinical outcome in both cases.
Overexpression of minichromosome maintenance protein 10 in medulloblastoma and its clinical implications
Authors: Senfter Daniel , Erkan Erdogan Pekcan , Özer Erdener , Jungwirth Gerhard , Madlener Sibylle , Kool Marcel , Ströbel Thomas , Saydam Nurten , Saydam Okay
Published: June 2017

Background

Overexpression of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins 2, 3, and 7 is associated with migration and invasion in medulloblastoma (MB). However, expression profiling of all prereplication complex (pre‐RC) has not been addressed in MBs.

Procedure

We performed mRNA expression profiling of a large set of pre‐RC elements in cell lines and tumor tissues of MB. RNAi technology was employed for functional studies in MB cell lines.

Results

Our data showed that most of the pre‐RC components are significantly overexpressed in MB. Among all pre‐RC mRNAs, MCM10 showed the highest level of expression (∼500‐ to 1,000‐fold) in MB cell lines and tissues compared to the levels detected in cerebellum. In addition, RNAi silencing of MCM10 caused reduced cell proliferation and cell viability in MB cells.

Conclusions

Taken together, our study reveals that the pre‐RC is dysregulated in MB. In addition, MCM10, a member of this complex, is significantly overexpressed in MB and is required for tumor cell proliferation.
Improvement of interfacial properties in bismaleimide composites using functionalized graphene oxide grafted carbon fiber
Authors: Li Wei , Li Qiang , Yue Yuan Zhi , Wang Ming Yu , Ren Rong
Published: June 2017

A hierarchical reinforcement, which was used to improve the interfacial properties of bismaleimide (BMI) composites, was prepared by grafting functionalized graphene oxide (GO) onto a carbon fiber surface. The GO and carbon fibers were first functionalized separately to create interactional functional groups on their surfaces. The grafting process was then realized by an amidation reaction of the amine and acyl chloride function groups formed on GO and carbon fibers, respectively. The surface groups of functionalized GO and carbon fibers were identified by an X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The resulting reinforcement was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic contact angle analysis. Experimental results showed that the functionalized GO were successfully grafted onto the carbon fibers surfaces and significantly increased the surface energy of carbon fibers. The study also indicated that the prepared hierarchical reinforcement could significantly improve the interfacial adhesion of resulting BMI composite. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:886–893, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
The time‐dependent “cure‐death” model investigating two equally important endpoints simultaneously in trials treating high‐risk patients with resistant pathogens
Authors: Sommer Harriet , Wolkewitz Martin , Schumacher Martin ,   on behalf of the COMBACTE‐NET consortium
Published: June 2017

A variety of primary endpoints are used in clinical trials treating patients with severe infectious diseases, and existing guidelines do not provide a consistent recommendation. We propose to study simultaneously two primary endpoints, cure and death, in a comprehensive multistate cure‐death model as starting point for a treatment comparison. This technique enables us to study the temporal dynamic of the patient‐relevant probability to be cured and alive. We describe and compare traditional and innovative methods suitable for a treatment comparison based on this model. Traditional analyses using risk differences focus on one prespecified timepoint only. A restricted logrank‐based test of treatment effect is sensitive to ordered categories of responses and integrates information on duration of response. The pseudo‐value regression provides a direct regression model for examination of treatment effect via difference in transition probabilities. Applied to a topical real data example and simulation scenarios, we demonstrate advantages and limitations and provide an insight into how these methods can handle different kinds of treatment imbalances. The cure‐death model provides a suitable framework to gain a better understanding of how a new treatment influences the time‐dynamic cure and death process. This might help the future planning of randomised clinical trials, sample size calculations, and data analyses.
Advanced Carbon Cloth as Current Collector for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Lithium‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Wang Chih‐Chieh , Lin Yi‐Chen , Chiu Kuo‐Feng , Leu Hoang‐Jyh , Ko Tse‐Hao
Published: June 2017

In this study, pristine and modified carbon cloth replaced with Al foil as current collector for lithium‐rich layered oxide cathodes (Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2, LLO). The modified carbon cloths were prepared by modification of the pristine carbon cloth with phenolic resin (PR) and carbon nanotubes (CNT), followed by carbonization at 1000oC in nitrogen atmosphere. The first charge‐discharge capacities of the lithium‐rich layered oxide cathodes using the carbon cloth as current collector were 312 mAhg−1 and 252 mAhg−1, respectively, which was comparable with Al foil. Interestingly, an improved rate capability was obtained. After 100 cycles, the capacity of the carbon cloth was 138 mAhg−1 and 78 mAhg−1 in comparison with that of Al foil, 125 mAhg−1 and 50 mAhg−1 under 1 C and 5 C rate, respectively. In addition, after 100 cycles, no significant changes on the morphology and Id/Ig value of Raman spectra were observed. According to electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), the charge transfer resistance of the carbon cloth, 12 ohm, was significantly lower than that of Al foil, 166 ohm. As a consequence, the enhanced rate capability was obtained. The lower resistance was associated with the increased surface area, better adhesion between the slurry and current collector interface and formation of semi‐ionic C−F bonds.
A Graphene Quantum Dots–Hypochlorite Hybrid System for the Quantitative Fluorescent Determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity
Authors: Wang Min , Chen Jie , Liu Chenghao , Qiu Jianding , Wang Xiaomeng , Chen Peng , Xu Chenjie
Published: June 2017

Antioxidants play a major part in the prevention and impairment of oxidative stress‐induced damages and diseases. Evaluating the antioxidants activity/capacity in food and biological fluid is proved to be useful for the diagnosis and treatment of these oxidative stress‐induced diseases. Herein, a graphene quantum dots (GQDs)–hypochlorite system to detect the antioxidants including nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in the biological fluid is proposed. The detection principle is based on the fact that antioxidants can protect the fluorescence of GQDs from hypochlorite‐caused quenching by acting as the scavengers of hypochlorite. The GQDs–hypochlorite system allows the accurate quantification of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of commercial drinks as well as the extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) secretion upon stimulation of cytokines or hyperglycemia. This system shows the excellent analytical recoveries for commercial drinks (>89.9%) and good consistency with ELISA testing for SOD secretion in cell‐conditioned medium. These results demonstrate the ability and reliability of the GQD–hypochlorite system for detecting and quantifying TAC in real drinks and complex biological fluids.
Synergistic Impacts of Electrolyte Adsorption on the Thermoelectric Properties of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Nakano Motohiro , Nakashima Takuya , Kawai Tsuyoshi , Nonoguchi Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2017

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes are promising candidates for light‐weight and flexible energy materials. Recently, the thermoelectric properties of single‐walled carbon nanotubes have been dramatically improved by ionic liquid addition; however, controlling factors remain unsolved. Here the thermoelectric properties of single‐walled carbon nanotubes enhanced by electrolytes are investigated. Complementary characterization with absorption, Raman, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that shallow hole doping plays a partial role in the enhanced electrical conductivity. The molecular factors controlling the thermoelectric properties of carbon nanotubes are systematically investigated in terms of the ionic functionalities of ionic liquids. It is revealed that appropriate ionic liquids show a synergistic enhancement in conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient. The discovery of significantly precise doping enables the generation of thermoelectric power factor exceeding 460 µW m–1 K–2.
Posterior convergence rates for high‐dimensional precision matrix estimation usingG‐Wishart priors
Authors: Banerjee Sayantan
Published: June 2017

We study the posterior convergence behaviour of a precision matrix corresponding to a Gaussian graphical model in the high‐dimensional set‐up under sparsity assumptions. Recent works include studying posterior convergence rates of precision matrices assuming an approximate banding structure, and extension of such result to arbitrary decomposable graphical models using a transformation to Cholesky factor of the precision matrices. In this paper, we study the same for the wider class of arbitrary decomposable graphical models under similar sparsity assumptions using aG‐Wishart prior, but without the complications of using a Cholesky factor, and arrive at identical posterior convergence rates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enterprise data breach: causes, challenges, prevention, and future directions
Authors: Cheng Long , Liu Fang , Yao Danfeng (Daphne)
Published: June 2017

A data breach is the intentional or inadvertent exposure of confidential information to unauthorized parties. In the digital era, data has become one of the most critical components of an enterprise. Data leakage poses serious threats to organizations, including significant reputational damage and financial losses. As the volume of data is growing exponentially and data breaches are happening more frequently than ever before, detecting and preventing data loss has become one of the most pressing security concerns for enterprises. Despite a plethora of research efforts on safeguarding sensitive information from being leaked, it remains an active research problem. This review helps interested readers to learn about enterprise data leak threats, recent data leak incidents, various state‐of‐the‐art prevention and detection techniques, new challenges, and promising solutions and exciting opportunities. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2017, 7:e1211. doi: 10.1002/widm.1211

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Business and Industry

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining

Technologies > Prediction
Well Oriented ZnO Nanorods Array: Negative Resistance and Optical Switching
Authors: Rahmati Ali , Yousefi Maryam
Published: June 2017

Well‐oriented ZnO nanorods (NRs) arrays were grown on Si, alumina, quartz, and FTO substrates through a ZnO seed layer followed by low temperature wet chemical process. The influence of sputtered ZnO seed layer thickness (100, 50, 32, and 16 nm), annealing temperature and CuOx coverage on the characteristics of ZnO NRs were investigated in this study. The crystalline structural, chemical, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO NRs arrays were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission‐ scanning electron microscopy equipped by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (FE‐SEM/EDX), Raman scattering, UV/Vis ‐ near IR absorption spectroscopy and current‐voltage characteristic. XRD and Raman spectra measurement revealed that the synthesize ZnO displayed hexagonal wurtzite structure. The individual rod diameter, density, and orientation can be controlled by varying the seed layer thickness. The mean diameter and maximum length of ZnO NRs are around 55–66 nm and 282 nm, respectively. ZnO NRs/ ZnO thin film structure shows optical switching and negative differential resistance behavior as applicable to ON/OFF gate and memory devices.
Harnessing Whole Genome Sequencing in Medical Mycology
Authors: Cuomo Christina A.
Published: June 2017

Purpose of Review

Comparative genome sequencing studies of human fungal pathogens enable identification of genes and variants associated with virulence and drug resistance. This review describes current approaches, resources, and advances in applying whole genome sequencing to study clinically important fungal pathogens.

Recent Findings

Genomes for some important fungal pathogens were only recently assembled, revealing gene family expansions in many species and extreme gene loss in one obligate species. The scale and scope of species sequenced is rapidly expanding, leveraging technological advances to assemble and annotate genomes with higher precision. By using iteratively improved reference assemblies or those generated de novo for new species, recent studies have compared the sequence of isolates representing populations or clinical cohorts. Whole genome approaches provide the resolution necessary for comparison of closely related isolates, for example, in the analysis of outbreaks or sampled across time within a single host.

Genomic analysis of fungal pathogens has enabled both basic research and diagnostic studies. The increased scale of sequencing can be applied across populations, and new metagenomic methods allow direct analysis of complex samples.
When we are the violent: The Chechen Islamist guerrillas’ discourse on their own armed actions
Authors: Tarín Sanz Adrián
Published: June 2017

Over the last decades, the strategic profile of the discourse with which wars are narrated has been reinforced. This discourse has also varied in the light of a recent – and alleged – peace culture permeating Western societies. Whereas the war discourse in Russia during the Second Russian-Chechen War has been widely studied, this has not been the case of the rhetoric of the Chechen Islamist guerrillas. The aim of this paper is to contribute to bridging this gap in the academic literature on the North Caucasus, employing to this end a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of a selection of texts posted by the Kavkaz Center (KC) news agency. On the basis of this analysis, it can be concluded that one of the main discursive strategies revolved around the construction of an “us” embodying the Chechen victims of the initial aggression in a conflict provoked by the Russian “other”.
Qualitative analysis of the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver in multi‐canal BPPV using a biomechanical model: Introduction of an expanded Dix‐Hallpike maneuver for enhanced diagnosis of multi‐canal BPPV
Authors: Traboulsi Henri , Teixido Michael
Published: June 2017

Introduction/Objective

Multiple canal BPPV can be a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. This is due in part to the complex anatomy of the labyrinth but also to complex and often simultaneous ocular responses that result from stimulation of multiple canals during traditional diagnostic testing. Our objective was to analyze the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver used in the diagnosis of BPPV to look for patterns of simultaneous canal response and to develop a diagnostic maneuver that will allow separation of canal responses in multiple canal BPPV.

Methods

A previously created and published 3D biomechanical model of the human labyrinths for the study of BPPV was used to analyze and compare the position and movement of otoliths in the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver as well as in a proposed expanded version of the traditional Dix‐Hallpike maneuver.

Results

The traditional Dix‐Hallpike maneuver with the head hanging may promote movement of otoliths in 5 of the six semicircular canals. The Dix‐Hallpike maneuver with the head lowered only to the horizontal position allows for otoconia in only the lowermost posterior canal to fall to the most gravity dependent position. This position allows for minimal or no movement of otoconia in the contralateral posterior canal, or in either superior canal. Turning the head ninety degrees to the opposite side while still in the horizontal position will provoke otolith movement in only the contralateral posterior canal. The superior canals can then be examined for free otolith debris by extending the neck to a head‐hanging position. These positions may be assumed directly from one to the next in the lying position. There seems to be no advantage to sitting up between positions.

Conclusion

The Dix–Hallpike maneuver may cause simultaneous movement of otoliths present in multiple canals and create an obstacle to accurate diagnosis in multi‐canal BPPV. An expanded Dix‐Hallpike maneuver is described which adds intermediate steps with the head positioned to the right and left in the horizontal position before head‐hanging. This expanded maneuver has helped to isolate affected semi‐circular canals for individual assessment in multiple canal BPPV.
Margaret Thatcher and the Middle East
Authors: Bermant Azriel
Published: June 2017

Margaret Thatcher and the Middle East examines Thatcher's policy on the Middle East, with a spotlight on her approach towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It questions claims that she sought to counter the Foreign Office Middle East policy, and maintains that the prime minister was actually in close agreement with the Whitehall bureaucracy on the Arab-Israeli conflict. In particular, the volume argues that Thatcher's concerns over Soviet ambitions in the Middle East encouraged her to oppose the policies of Israel's Likud governments, and to work actively for an urgent resolution of the conflict. Furthermore, while Thatcher was strongly pro-American, this was not translated into automatic support for Israel. Indeed, the Thatcher government was very much at odds with the Reagan administration over the Middle East, as a result of Washington's neglect of the forces of moderation in the region.
Insights into the mechanisms of copper dyshomeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Gil-Bea Francisco J , Aldanondo Garazi , Lasa-Fernández Haizpea , López de Munain Adolfo , Vallejo-Illarramendi Ainara
Published: June 2017

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neuromuscular disease characterised by a progressive loss of motor neurons that usually results in paralysis and death within 2 to 5 years after disease onset. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in ALS remain largely unknown and to date there is no effective treatment for this disease. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence suggesting that dysregulation of copper homeostasis in the central nervous system is a crucial underlying event in motor neuron degeneration and ALS pathophysiology. We also review and discuss novel approaches seeking to target copper delivery to treat ALS. These novel approaches may be clinically relevant not only for ALS but also for other neurological disorders with abnormal copper homeostasis, such as Parkinson's, Huntington's and Prion diseases.
A NOTE ON SCHMIDT’S CONJECTURE
Authors: POULAKIS DIMITRIOS
Published: June 2017

Schmidt [‘Integer points on curves of genus 1’, Compos. Math. 81 (1992), 33–59] conjectured that the number of integer points on the elliptic curve defined by the equation $y^{2}=x^{3}+ax^{2}+bx+c$, with $a,b,c\in \mathbb{Z}$, is $O_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}}(\max \{1,|a|,|b|,|c|\}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}})$ for any $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}>0$. On the other hand, Duke [‘Bounds for arithmetic multiplicities’, Proc. Int. Congress Mathematicians, Vol. II (1998), 163–172] conjectured that the number of algebraic number fields of given degree and discriminant $D$ is $O_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}}(|D|^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}})$. In this note, we prove that Duke’s conjecture for quartic number fields implies Schmidt’s conjecture. We also give a short unconditional proof of Schmidt’s conjecture for the elliptic curve $y^{2}=x^{3}+ax$.
PUBLIC RITUAL AND THE PROCLAMATION OF RICHARD CROMWELL AS LORD PROTECTOR IN ENGLISH TOWNS, SEPTEMBER 1658
Authors: CALLADINE AMY
Published: June 2017

The requirement to proclaim Richard Cromwell lord protector in September 1658 forced town leaders to engage with an unstable political context through the production of a large-scale public event. This article examines the ceremonies used in a range of provincial towns to offer a new perspective on urban culture in 1650s England. By analysing both contemporary print and the records of civic government, it reveals how urban inhabitants could maintain a variety of performative responses to state directive whilst approaching the moment of succession actively and pragmatically to confront issues specific to their respective locales. Crucially, there was no standard ritual experience and civic authorities remained relatively free to modify existing codes and apply them in the way/s that made most sense to their particular situation. In addition to confirming the essentially ambiguous nature of ceremonial expectation in this context, the findings presented in this article complicate our understanding of urban government during the last months of the protectorate by emphasizing the capacity for towns of varied religious and/or political complexion to use public ritual to further corporate interests and negotiate a range of specific concerns in both a national and a local framework.
Regime Types and Terrorism
Authors: Gaibulloev Khusrav , Piazza James A. , Sandler Todd
Published: June 2017

Regime type has opposing effects on terrorism. If a regime constrains the executive branch, then terrorism may be more prevalent. If, however, a regime allows all viewpoints to be represented, then grievances may be held in check, resulting in less terrorism. Regimes that value constituents’ lives and property will also act to limit attacks. We formulate a game-theoretic model, containing a terrorist group and targeted government, that captures these opposing forces and supports a nonlinear relationship between regime type and terrorism. This model indicates how diverse samples in the literature can result in different relationships between regime type and terrorism. Seldom does it support the positive relationship that is prevalent in the terrorism literature. We apply a large variety of empirical techniques to show that regime type has a robust inverted U-shaped impact on various terrorism measures. Foreign policy variables (e.g., alliance with the United States) are not a robust influence on terrorism.
Raga Rock: Popular Music and the Turn to the East in the 1960s
Authors: IRELAND BRIAN , GEMIE SHARIF
Published: June 2017

In this paper we analyse one particular interaction: the development of a self-consciously “Eastern”-sounding music within Western pop music. We understand this in the context of several “journeys to the East”: some virtual (the interest in oriental religions, the adoption of Eastern musical forms) and some real (the journeys taken to the East by some musicians and by thousands of young people). We will consider, first, the milieu within which these changes took place, and then analyse the methods, scale and motivations of those Western artists who took inspiration from Eastern, mainly Indian, music in the 1960s and 1970s to create what became known as “raga rock.” Our aim is to demonstrate that these developments added up to a “neo-orientalism”: resembling the older, imperial orientalism in its tendency to simplify and romanticize the East, but different from it in the passionate sincerity of its admiration for certain Eastern forms, which were taken to the point of challenging dominant cultural and even political norms within the West.
Sinonasal organised haematoma: clinical features and successful application of modified transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy
Authors: Suzuki M , Nakamura Y , Ozaki S , Yokota M , Murakami S
Published: June 2017

Objective:

Although organised haematoma often induces bone thinning and destruction similar to malignant diseases, the aetiology of organised haematoma and the optimal treatment remain unclear. This paper presents the clinical features of individuals with organised haematoma, and describes cases in which a novel modified approach was successfully applied for resection of organised haematoma in the maxillary sinus.

Method:

Pre-operative examination data were evaluated retrospectively. Modified transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy was employed.

Results:

Fourteen patients with organised haematoma were treated. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed heterogeneous enhancement in all patients. Eight patients underwent modified transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy, without complications such as facial numbness, tooth numbness, facial tingling, lacrimation and eye discharge. Dissection of the apertura piriformis and anterior maxillary wall was not necessary for any of these eight patients. No recurrence was observed.

Conclusion:

Pre-operative examinations can be helpful in determining the likelihood of organised haematoma. Modified transnasal endoscopic medial maxillectomy appears to be a safe and effective method for organised haematoma resection.
From the SAIN,LIM system to the SENS algorithm: a review of a French approach of nutrient profiling
Authors: Tharrey Marion , Maillot Matthieu , Azaïs-Braesco Véronique , Darmon Nicole
Published: June 2017

Nutrient profiling aims to classify or rank foods according to their nutritional composition to assist policies aimed at improving the nutritional quality of foods and diets. The present paper reviews a French approach of nutrient profiling by describing the SAIN,LIM system and its evolution from its early draft to the simplified nutrition labelling system (SENS) algorithm. Considered in 2010 by WHO as the ‘French model’ of nutrient profiling, SAIN,LIM classifies foods into four classes based on two scores: a nutrient density score (NDS) called SAIN and a score of nutrients to limit called LIM, and one threshold on each score. The system was first developed by the French Food Standard Agency in 2008 in response to the European regulation on nutrition and health claims (European Commission (EC) 1924/2006) to determine foods that may be eligible for bearing claims. Recently, the European regulation (EC 1169/2011) on the provision of food information to consumers allowed simplified nutrition labelling to facilitate consumer information and help them make fully informed choices. In that context, the SAIN,LIM was adapted to obtain the SENS algorithm, a system able to rank foods for simplified nutrition labelling. The implementation of the algorithm followed a step-by-step, systematic, transparent and logical process where shortcomings of the SAIN,LIM were addressed by integrating specificities of food categories in the SENS, reducing the number of nutrients, ordering the four classes and introducing European reference intakes. Through the French example, this review shows how an existing nutrient profiling system can be specifically adapted to support public health nutrition policies.
EXPERIENCES IN ADAPTING EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT RAPID REVIEWS TO INFORM LOCAL DECISION MAKING
Authors: Macpherson Karen , Thompson Lorna
Published: June 2017

Objectives: The Scottish Health Technologies Group (SHTG) produces rapid reviews on nonmedicine technologies to inform advice for decision making in the National Health Service in Scotland (NHSScotland). This study describes our experiences and lessons learned in adapting for NHSScotland two rapid Relative Effectiveness Assessments (REAs) produced as part of the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) project to test collaborative preparation and then local adaptation.

Methods: The REAs were examined for their relevance to NHSScotland and the feasibility of their adaptation evaluated using a screening toolkit. Some supplementary literature searches were conducted and additional background information on epidemiology and the specific technologies was sought. To inform decision making within Scotland, it was also necessary to identify and review cost-effective analyses.

Results: Robust evidence reviews were delivered for NHSScotland. Time saved was less than anticipated, partly due to the need to add in health economic information, and partly because of attempts to supplement and update the EUnetHTA material. The preparation of an accompanying advice statement for NHSScotland enabled the inclusion of local contextual information.

Conclusions: Collaborative production and adaptation of HTAs is feasible and would be aided by the inclusion of cost-effectiveness analyses in the original work. Agencies should develop clear processes for adapting such reviews for their context with the focus on selecting appropriate topics for adaptation, avoiding unnecessary supplementation of the original work, and ensuring local ownership of final advice.
Securing Protection for De Facto Refugees: The Case of Central America's Northern Triangle
Authors: Medrano Celia
Published: June 2017

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports that the number of requests for international refugee or asylum protection increased fivefold from 2010 to 2015. In the United States these requests are mainly filed by citizens from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras—the countries collectively referred to as the Northern Triangle of Central America (TNCA). These applicants flee their countries of origin to escape threats to their lives and personal safety from gang violence, organized crime, and even police and military agents. Though the violence cannot be classified as a “war,” the daily life of many Central Americans is currently marked by human tragedies comparable to those experienced during the regional armed conflicts of past decades.
Pro Mundo Mori?The Problem of Cosmopolitan Motivation in War
Authors: Erez Lior
Published: June 2017

This article presents a new understanding of the problem of cosmopolitan motivation in war, comparing it to the motivational critique of social justice cosmopolitanism. The problem of cosmopolitanism's “motivational gap” is best interpreted as a political one, not a meta-ethical or ethical one. That is, the salient issue is not whether an individual soldier is able to be motivated by cosmopolitan concerns, nor is it whether being motivated by cosmopolitanism would be too demanding. Rather, given considerations of legitimacy in the use of political power, a democratic army has to be able to motivate its soldiers to take on the necessary risks without relying on coercion alone. Patriotic identification offers a way to achieve this in wars of national defense, but less so in armed humanitarian interventions (AHIs). Two potential implications are that either AHIs should be privatized or that national armies should be transformed to become more cosmopolitan.
Does Who Matter? Legal Authority and the Use of Military Violence
Authors: Wrange Pål
Published: June 2017

What does authority mean under international law? There are various actors with different forms of authority, but no overarching concept of what characteristic endows an actor with authority, and even less of a coherent conception of legitimacy as a requirement for such authority. In fact, international law recognizes different authorities for different causes and different contexts, allocated to different actors, who base their authority on different characteristics (state legitimacy, representativity, military power, control). After disaggregating the concept of authority and outlining some of the consequences that follow from each type, this article highlights a number of different actors and describes the various authorities each has under international law. For instance, under jus in bello, nonstate actors can create a state of armed conflict in which they can often continue to use military means without legal sanction. While jus ad bellum may still in principle require legitimacy (in the formal sense of being a state), current jus in bello covers a range of non-state actors. Thus, from a practical point of view, the jus in bello regulations undermine any jus ad bellum requirement of legitimate authority.
The Perspective of the Rebel: A Gap in the Global Normative Architecture
Authors: Finlay Christopher J.
Published: June 2017

If people have a right to rebel against domestic tyranny, wrongful foreign occupation, or colonial rule, then the normative principles commonly invoked to deal with civil conflicts present a problem. While rebels in some cases might justifiably try to secure human rights by resort to violence, the three normative pillars dealing with armed force provide at best only a partial reflection of the ethics of armed revolt. This article argues that (first) the concept of “terrorism” and the ongoing attempt to define it in international law, (second) the laws of war and their application to armed conflict, and (third) the Responsibility to Protect all obscure as much as clarify the problem. Given the prevalence of political oppression and the occurrence of civil conflicts originating in attempts to confront it, there is therefore a pressing need to establish a place for the rights of rebellion in the international normative architecture.
Spatiotemporal analysis of tuberculosis incidence and its associated factors in mainland China
Authors: GUO C. , DU Y. , SHEN S. Q. , LAO X. Q. , QIAN J. , OU C. Q.
Published: June 2017

Spatiotemporal analysis is an important tool to monitor changes of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology, identify high-risk regions and guide resource allocation. However, there are limited data on the contributing factors of TB incidence. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of TB incidence and its associated factors in mainland China during 2005–2013. Global Moran's I test, Getis-Ord Gi index and heat maps were used to examine the spatial clustering and seasonal patterns. Generalized Linear Mixed Model was applied to identify factors associated with TB incidence. TB incidence presented high geographical variations with two main hot spots, while a generally consistent seasonal pattern was observed with a peak in late winter. Furthermore, we found province-level TB incidence increased with the proportion of the elderly but decreased with Gross Demographic Product per capita and the male:female ratio. Meteorological factors also influenced TB incidence. TB showed obvious spatial clustering in mainland China and both the demographic and socio-economic factors and meteorological measures were associated with TB incidence. These results provide the related information to identify the high-risk districts and the evidence for the government to develop corresponding control measures.
REGIONAL POPULATION STRUCTURE IN POSTCLASSIC MEXICO
Authors: Ragsdale Corey S.
Published: June 2017

The majority of our knowledge about population structure in Mexico during the Postclassic period (a.d.900–1520) is based on archaeological data. During this time, populations were in contact with each other through extensive trade networks and via the expansion of powerful empires in central and west Mexico. Though archaeological data provides a wealth of information about these relationships, little is known about the effects of these processes on population structure and biological, morphological variation or whether these effects vary across geographic regions. In this study, dental morphological observations are used as a proxy for genetic data in order to assess the differences in regional population structures throughout Mexico. Our analyses show differences in population structure between the various cultural and geographic areas around Mexico. We further conclude that population structures are affected by economic, political, or religious processes. This study provides bioarchaeological support for archaeological interpretations of population structure in Postclassic Mexico.
Activation delay-induced mechanical dyssynchrony in single-ventricle heart disease
Authors: Forsha Daniel , Risum Niels , Barker Piers
Published: June 2017

We present the case of an infant with a single functional ventricle who developed ventricular dysfunction and heart failure due to an electrical activation delay and dyssynchrony. Earlier recognition of this potentially reversible aetiology may have changed her poor outcome.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FINANCIAL INSTABILITY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE: STRESSING THE BUSINESS OF NONLINEAR MODELING
Authors: Ubilava David
Published: June 2017

The recent global financial crisis and the subsequent recession have revitalized the discussion on causal interactions between financial and economic sectors. In this study, I apply the financial stress and the national activity indices–respectively developed by Federal Reserve Banks of Kansas City and Chicago–to investigate the impact of financial uncertainty on an overall economic performance. I examine nonlinear dynamics in a vector smooth transition autoregressive framework, and illustrate regime-dependent asymmetries in the financial and economic indices using the generalized impulse-response functions. The results reveal more amplified dynamics during the stressed conditions. I further evaluate benefits of nonlinear modeling in an out-of-sample setting. The forecasting exercise brings out the important advantages that nonlinear modeling provides in the identification of the causal effect of financial instability on overall economic performance.
HOW POWERFUL ARE TRADE UNIONS? A SKILL-BIASED TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE APPROACH
Authors: Neto Antonio , Afonso Oscar , Silva Sandra T.
Published: June 2017

This paper proposes a new theoretical framework aimed at understanding the link between technological change, skill premium, and employment. We build an endogenous growth model of directed technological change with vertical research and development (R&D) in which low-skilled workers might be organized in a trade union. This union can act as a monopoly seller of labor and decide unilaterally the low-skilled wage, or as amanagerialunion that bargains wage and employment with the employers' federation, i.e., firms. Our results suggest that (i) the impacts of trade unions on technological-bias and on the level of (un)employment crucially depend on their type and preferences; and (ii) trade unions can actually increase low-skilled wages and employment if they have some bargaining power and are employment-oriented. Furthermore, our framework provides some highlights to explain the relationship between wage dispersion and the deunionization process that occurred in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 1980s.
A TIME-VARYING APPROACH OF THE US WELFARE COST OF INFLATION
Authors: Miller Stephen M. , Martins Luis Filipe , Gupta Rangan
Published: June 2017

Money-demand specifications exhibit instability, especially for long spans of data. This paper reconsiders the welfare cost of inflation for the US economy using a flexible time-varying (TV) cointegration methodology to estimate the money-demand function. We find evidence that the TV cointegration estimation provides a better fit of the actual data than a time-invariant estimation and that the throughout unitary income elasticity only exists for the log–log form over the entire sample period. Our estimate of the welfare cost of inflation for a 10% inflation rate lies in the range of 0.025–0.75% of gross domestic product (GDP) and averages 0.27%. In sum, our findings fall well within the ranges of existing studies of the welfare cost of inflation. We find that the welfare cost averages 7.4% higher during expansions than recessions for 10% inflation rate. Finally, the interest elasticity of money demand shows substantial variability over our sample period.
Forging a Gender Path in Modern Mexican History
Authors: Vaughan Mary Kay
Published: June 2017

In 1975, Richard Graham asked me to give a paper on Mexican women at the Southwestern Social Science Association meeting. Surely, he asked me only because he thought that as a woman I would know something about women—I am sure that was my only qualification in his mind. Thankfully, he also asked Dawn Keremitsis, who had done work on Mexican women workers. Fortunately, I had included in my 1973 dissertation a chapter on women's vocational education. I wrote my entire dissertation on José Vasconcelos's educational crusade in a state of shock at the race and class biases I encountered in the documents. In the case of women, my outrage soared, propelled by my second-wave-feminist conviction that women had to be liberated from the slavery of the home. So I had written a dogmatic chapter and paper on how revolutionary educators wanted to remove women from the workforce, restore them to domesticity, train them to work in small, badly paid, home-based industries, and subordinate them to men and motherhood. Middle-class women prescribed class practices of motherhood and domesticity as if, I argued, women of the subaltern classes knew nothing of homemaking and mothering.
“The barracks receives spoiled children and returns men”:Debating Military Service, Masculinity and Nation-Building in Argentina, 1901–1930
Authors: Ablard Jonathan D.
Published: June 2017

In 1918 an anonymous conscript writing toLa Protesta, an anarchist paper known for its anti-militarism, complained about life in the Argentine navy. The military was a “school of vice” where everyone was reduced to a number and was subject to the most cruel and random subordination. The conscript fumed, “You even lose control of your hair.”