bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Psychology of Empathy
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces empathy as central to Heinz Kohut’s theory of self psychology and foundational to the development of the key conceptual ideas in this book. Kohut’s understanding of empathy evolved between the late 1950s and his death in 1981 and notably occurred at a time when psychoanalysis was in need of a theory that could define the psychological context of the evolving therapeutic encounter. Kohut’s theorizing of how empathy provides access to the inner experience of the other was at the forefront of just such a paradigm shift in psychoanalysis. It dramatically transformed clinical practice as it shifted the emphasis from the intrapsychic to a more mutually engaged stance. Kohut’s perspectives are corroborated within contemporary neurobiology in the work of infant researchers such as Beatrice Beebe.
Clinical Dimensions of Empathy
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This chapter outlines clinical meanings of empathy, bridging theory and practice with three of Heinz Kohut’s cases. The first, a disguised autobiography, Mr. Z. explores the theoretical dimension of empathy that illuminates faulty caregiving resulting in developmental trauma and later clinical presentation. The second, Miss F., addresses empathy’s functions at the heart of a psychoanalytic treatment. Kohut’s empathic response to her needs for mirroring and validation directly improved the experience of the treatment. Finally, Mr. M. illustrates how the imperative for sustained empathic attunement by the analyst produces a nuanced and productive analysis. The importance of empathy in the transference is explored as potential for reparative acknowledgment of empathic failure is presented. All these dimensions of empathy are elaborated upon in a vignette of the analytic and supervisory relationship of Marian Tolpin and Kohut.
Rage and Aggression
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

Heinz Kohut conceptualized aggression as a healthy and life-affirming aspect of the human experience, as distinct from the expression of rage at the individual or societal level. In doing so, Kohut offered a new interpretation of aggression that was not based on drive theory. That in turn led to a theory of rage that explains much about violence and its relationship to self states. This chapter discusses in detail the interplay of rage with narcissistic injury, shame, and humiliation. It delineates the sequence leading to rage, including the significance of fragmentation of the self, of which rage is a restitutional byproduct. As was often the case with Kohut, his theorizing on rage was informed by a range of sources, including his clinical work, literature, and history. Vignettes from these sources are included as well as implications for clinical practice.
Healing in Psychotherapy
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Heinz Kohut’s key concepts of transmuting internalization, optimal responsiveness, virtual self, and explaining, which together provide an alternative to the psychoanalytic tradition that radically privileged transference interpretation as the sole path toward healing. Healing is not a linear process for Kohut because the self remains in a lifelong dependent relation to others. People do not “outgrow” their need for others, although they can relate to others in increasingly more complex and even symbolic ways. This chapter offers criticism of Kohut’s idea of optimal failure, arguing that cure in talk therapy occurs because of the prolonged experience of empathic attunement, which allows for the creation of new structures in the self. It is the mother’s abiding connection with the infant that allows for the laying down of those tracks of experience that form the nuclear self. In other words, it is the empathy that heals, rather than interpretation.
Termination
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

Psychoanalysis has long grappled with defining the criteria for the termination of treatment. By the mid-20th century, rigid ideas around endings dominated thinking in this area. Heinz Kohut opened up understanding of termination by introducing a sense of openness, fluidity, and nonlinearity to the conceptualization of endings of therapy. His ideas lie scattered throughout his writings. This chapter brings together those disparate writings. Kohut’s most important idea in this area, although it is implicit rather than explicit in his writing, is that the self tilts toward cohesion and wholeness. The therapist’s job is to nudge the listing ship upright. Termination marks the often vague, yet real, point of mutual recognition of that wholeness between patient and analyst, as reflected in the patient’s transformation of self disorders and improved capacity for creativity, humor, courage, empathy, and wisdom.
Politics, Leadership, and Creativity
Authors: Strozier Charles B. , Pinteris Konstantine , Kelley Kathleen , Cher Deborah
Published: October 2022

Heinz Kohut believed that his ideas about the self extended beyond the consulting room. He never privileged individual data from psychoanalytic treatment over the broader context of human experience as expressed in literature, music, culture, politics, and history. In his soul, he regarded the human condition as a totality, and he wrote often on political and religious figures such as Jesus, Churchill, Hitler, as well as writers such as Goethe, Kafka, and Thomas Mann. This chapter examines Kohut’s fascinating thoughts of the psychology of Freud and how his personality shaped psychoanalytic theory and practice in its notion of Guilty Man. Kohut, on the contrary, argues for a grasp of the tragic in the contemporary self that one sees prefigured in modern art beginning with cubism, music after Arnold Schoenberg, and literature in the work of Kafka, which explored important psychological states of formless despair and fragmentation.
Settling for Second Best
Authors: Brodbeck David
Published: October 2022

The Five Songs for Four-Voice Male Chorus, Op. 41 (1867), was the only essay Brahms published in a genre that had been a prime medium for the expression of liberal-nationalist sentiment dating back to the years of Napoleonic domination of the German lands. Modern commentators, more apt to think of Hitler’s Germany than of the unified Germany the liberal nationalists dreamt about, have been critical of, not to say appalled by, the songs’ supposedly “aggressive-chauvinistic” and “ideologically questionable” texts (Meischein) and have interpreted Brahms’s decision to compose them as evidence of “how far toward military enthusiasm [his] youthful patriotism could lean” (Beller-McKenna). This chapter suggests that it is high time to rethink these assumptions. What has been missing is the careful delineation of the historical context in which the music was written. Only with that established can we hope to hear the songs with the ears of Brahms’s contemporaries.
Hearing and Seeing Brahms’s Harps
Authors: Hines Jane
Published: October 2022

The harp might more readily conjure images of celestial beings than the music of Brahms, who wrote for the instrument in only three of his works: the German Requiem, Nänie, and the Op. 17 songs. Rather than scoring for the harp itself, Brahms more frequently resorted to techniques that simulated the sound of a harp. This chapter reconsiders how and where we hear the harp in Brahms’s music, arguing that Brahms’s use of real and implied harps demands acts of interpretation from the listener. This involves a consideration of the symbolism of Brahms’s harps as they relate to two different concepts: transfiguration and monumentality. The chapter concludes by exploring the relationship between Brahms’s harps and Max Klinger’s Brahmsphantasie, itself a monument to Brahms, that harnesses the symbolism and the iconography of the harp to convey Klinger’s response to Brahms’s music.
Brahms and the Unreliable Narrative
Authors: Schmalfeldt Janet
Published: October 2022

Of the many poets Brahms chose for his songs, one will remain anonymous—the Scottish bard-as-narrator who transmitted the horrific account of a patricide known as the “Edward” ballad. Brahms cited Herder’s translation of “Edward” as a motto for his Ballade, Op. 10, No. 1. What to make of his reference to the “Edward” tale has been debated ever since. No commentator has contested that the first part of the Ballade represents the opening dialogue of the poem; but parallels between poetic structure and musical form end there. This chapter draws on the literary concept of “the unreliable narrative” to propose that Brahms’s displacement of the poem’s climax conspires with his tonal plan and motivic interconnections to suggest that two unreliable characters inhabit the narrative. Mother and son both lie, both know that they have colluded. The dialogue itself is a charade, and both pay the heavy price of guilt.
Doesn’t Play Well with Others
Authors: Scott Anna
Published: October 2022

If we are to rethink Brahms, we must play him differently. In chamber contexts, this means not playing well with others, in the sense of both improperly and asynchronously—an approach that comes naturally to those who have embodied the early-recorded styles of musicians close to Brahms. Unleashing these styles in his Sonata for Violin and Piano in A Major, Op. 100, and Piano Quintet in F Minor, Op. 34, reveals a conception of Brahmsian identity steeped in risk, potentiality, and variability: qualities that are prized in chamber playing in theory, but often actively discouraged in practice. This coarser, more reckless and individualistic mode of performance destabilizes understandings of how Brahms’s music should sound, and also poses the question of whether the field might benefit from a more discordant ecosystem of thought and practice, with new findings in the latter demonstrating the contingency of the former, and vice versa.
First-Theme Syntax in Brahms’s Sonata Forms
Authors: Horton Julian
Published: October 2022

The recent burgeoning of interest in the analysis of nineteenth-century sonata forms under the aegis of the so-called New Formenlehre has opened up new avenues of research for scholars of Brahms’s music. Taking its bearings especially from the work of James Webster and William Caplin, this chapter explores one such avenue, by applying a systematic, corpus-based methodology to the study of first-theme syntax in Brahms’s first-movement sonata forms. The chapter develops a categorical framework for theorizing Brahms’s thematic syntax, before addressing in detail the compositional choices that characterize Brahms’s paths from thematic initiation to closure.
Intentional Transgressions
Authors: Samarotto Frank
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines one aspect of contrast between the transformational approach to tonal harmony, as found in Neo-Riemannian theory, and the prolongational approach, as exemplified by Schenkerian theory. What makes this conceivable is that transformational and Schenkerian theories exemplify two fundamentally different sorts of generative structures. Do transformational operations automatically entail a departure from tonal coherence? This investigation considers that question by locating rare situations in which a series of logical harmonic steps threaten to undermine prolongational coherence. This is examined in three works by Brahms: the Waltz in G-♯ Minor, Op. 39, No. 14; the Rhapsody in B Minor, Op. 79; No. 1; and the sixth movement of the German Requiem. Each features an intentional transgression of tonal boundaries.
Templates of Grief
Authors: Sprigge Martha
Published: October 2022

During and after the Second World War, the Dresdner Kreuzchor frequently performed Brahms’s choral mourning works in memorial services. Brahms drew on Lutheran mourning customs in the composition of his German Requiem, though the work had circulated in increasingly secular contexts in the years since. The Dresdner Kreuzchor repositioned Brahms’s Requiem as part of Lutheran burial culture, using these customs to provide emotional solace both during the war and after their city was firebombed in February 1945. Brahms’s Requiem also influenced new choral memorial works within the Kreuzchor community. This included a mourning motet and a Requiem by Rudolf Mauersberger, the cantor of the Dresdner Kreuzchor from 1930 to 1971. By turning to Brahms in both composition and performance, members of Dresden’s oldest musical institutions maintained their nation’s cultural heritage, expressed their personal grief about the firebombing, and avoided verbally articulating guilt about their involvement in the Third Reich.
“Aimez-vous Brahms?”
Authors: Beller-McKenna Daniel
Published: October 2022

The eponymous query of Françoise Sagan’s 1959 novel Aimez-vous Brahms . . . had already appeared twice in print prior to its use by Sagan: in a 1908 announcement of an upcoming series of performances of Brahms’s chamber works, and in a 1945 essay on the end of the war. In both cases Brahms stands as a symbol of the past, and as a representative of Germanness, in opposition to modern French music. In 1959, Sagan rendered Brahms a cipher (“did she care for Brahms?” her heroine asks herself) to mark the passing of modernism and the rise of a new generation who came of age in the decade after the war. Thus, her book serves as a culmination of one strain of Brahms reception history, and the start of a new one, a transition that is emphasized by George Auric’s use of Brahms’s music in the film adaptation of Sagan’s novel.
Brahms’s Serious Songs in the Orchestral Imagination
Authors: Perry Frankie
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the arrangement history of Brahms’s Serious Songs (Vier ernste Gesänge, Op. 121), considering ways in which orchestral adaptations interact with received scholarly and popular understandings of Brahms’s revered late songs. The two versions used as case studies are Malcolm Sargent’s orchestration of 1944, which became intertwined in its early reception with perceived biographical parallels between Brahms’s situation, at the time he composed Op. 121, and Sargent’s at the time of his orchestration; and Detlev Glanert’s framed orchestration of 2004–2005 (Vier Präludien und ernste Gesänge), which gently reimagines the music-historical context of Brahms’s songs through four added preludes and a postlude. The investigation demonstrates that attention to arrangements and compositional engagements of source works alongside broader reception-historical trends can contribute significantly to a more holistic understanding of how musical meanings accumulate over time.
Hearing Rihm Hearing Brahms
Authors: Grimes Nicole
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Wolfgang Rihm’s engagement with Brahms in relation to Rihm’s 2012 composition Symphonie “Nähe fern.” It explores the historicist approach to composition shared by these two composers who were working more than a century apart from one another, and considers their preoccupation with art and literature, and the degree to which their music is intricately linked with this shared intellectual heritage. Goethe’s poem “Dämmrung senkte sich von oben” forms a central point in this chapter, which opens out in several directions: onto the question of how the music of Brahms and Rihm is coded by German literary history; onto the treatment of tonality which becomes a metaphor for the imagery of distance and closeness that is intrinsic to Symphonie “Nähe fern”; and onto a discussion of modes of listening, hearing, and perception in relation to the enduring influence of aesthetic humanism over two centuries of German music and letters.
Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Augustine’s understanding of where evil comes from as presented in the first book of his On Free Choice of the Will. The first section introduces Augustine’s life and works. The second section presents Augustine’s account of what makes an action evil. The third section presents his account of what makes an action well ordered. The fourth section discusses an objection to Augustine’s account of evil action and the well-ordered person. The fifth section considers a further objection to Augustine’s overall account and highlights two conclusions. Finally, the sixth section explores contemporary accounts of the relationship between freedom and determinism.
Augustine’s On Free Choice of the Will
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Augustine’s account of why we have free will in spite of the fact that we may use it to do evil. The first section provides an overview of the setup and structure of Augustine’s discussion. The second section looks at Augustine’s argument concerning how it is manifest that God exists. The third section looks at his argument that all things, insofar as they are good, must come from God. In the fourth section, the chapter considers Augustine’s argument that free will, insofar as it is a good thing, must come from God. The fifth section closes with a discussion of the relationship between happiness and immortality.
Al-Ghazali’s The Rescuer from Error
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses al-Ghazali’s mysticism, the nature of mysticism, and the potential for mystical belief to serve as a foundation for religious belief. Toward that end, the chapter first canvases al-Ghazali’s own turn toward mysticism. The chapter then discusses three accounts of religious experience: religious experience as an intuitive, unmediated feeling; mysticism as a kind of perception; and mysticism as subjective interpretation. The chapter concludes with an investigation of whether or not religious experience might justify religious belief. In particular, it asks if religious experience can only provide an objective reason for religious belief when supported by other religious beliefs, or whether it might be counted as an epistemically basic practice in its own right.
Aquinas’s Summa Theologica
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Thomas Aquinas’s attempt to show that the first mover must have impersonal attributes traditionally associated with God. The first section examines Aquinas’s arguments for the conclusion that God is simple because God cannot be composed of either matter and form nor essence and existence. The second section explores Aquinas’s arguments for the conclusion that God is perfect because as the first cause God must have all the world’s perfections. The third section looks at Aquinas’s argument that God must be infinite because God cannot be limited in any way. The fourth section examines Aquinas’s argument that God must be unique in virtue of being the first cause. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Aquinas’s doctrine of analogical predication.
Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Hume’s treatments of the causal argument for God’s existence, the problem of evil, and “true” religion in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. The first section discusses Hume’s treatment of the causal argument for the existence of God. The second section discusses Hume’s account of the problem of evil. The third section presents Cleanthes’s attempt to steer a middle course between fideism and atheism. The fourth section presents Hume’s account of “true religion” and takes up four puzzles concerning it. The fifth and final section discusses two more recent treatments of the problem of evil, those of J. L. Mackie and Marilyn McCord Adams.
Mill’s Essays on Religion
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter uses John Stuart Mill’s Essays on Religion as a springboard to explore secular humanism and the utility of religion. The first section introduces Mill’s life and works. The second section looks at Mill’s essay “On Nature” and his arguments that nature cannot be a useful guide to morality. The third section clarifies the sense of Mill’s question “Is religion useful?” Mill’s real question is not whether religion is in fact useful but rather whether religion plays an essential role in the obtainment of important social and private goods. The fourth and fifth sections take up the question of the public and private utility of religion. Finally, the sixth section provides an overview of contemporary secular humanism.
Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter investigates Nietzsche’s views on conscience, bad conscience, and guilt. The first section explicates Nietzsche’s account of the origins of conscience understood as a capacity for long-term memory and will. The second section looks at Nietzsche’s account of the origins of bad conscience understood as a capacity for self-reproach. The third section explores Nietzsche’s account of moral guilt understood as a sense of guilt essentially connected with the postulation of a divine being to whom we owe something that we can never fully repay. Finally, the fourth section considers the relationship between sympathy and conscience from a contemporary perspective.
James’s The Will to Believe
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses William James’s defense of the right to believe as set out in The Will to Believe. The first section introduces James, his life, and his works. The second section discusses evidentialism, the epistemological view that the only reason to believe something is that it is what is best supported by the evidence. The third section sets out a series of distinctions that frame James’s discussion. The fourth section explores a first line of argument James made in support of the (epistemic) right to religious belief. The fifth section addresses a second, more radical line of argument, for the same conclusion. The sixth section discusses the nature of philosophical progress and draws the book to a close.
Interactions between Species
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The population size of one species is affected by the population sizes of other species, which may include predators, prey, parasites, mutualists, and competitors. These interactions are usefully modeled by a path diagram, where arrows indicate how the change in one species’ population size would affect that of another species. This chapter focuses on competition, showing how competition between species affects not only population size but also geographical distribution of species, even at continental scales. In many cases, both exploitation (resource reduction) and interference (aggressive interactions) are involved in competition between species. The concept of the niche is introduced, where in the case of exploitation competition species coexist because each can efficiently exploit at least one resource most efficiently. In the case of interference competition, dominant species gain access to abundant resources but cannot persist where resources are less abundant. Alternative models of coexistence beyond niche partitioning are introduced.
Predation and Food Webs
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Predation is the species interaction in which one species consumes another. A food chain is a path diagram connecting species at different trophic levels: producers (plants) are eaten by primary consumers, which are eaten by secondary consumers, followed by tertiary consumers. If such chains are broken by removal of a species, the trophic level two links below will also decrease: for example, loss of otters to the fur trade led to an increase in urchins and a decrease in kelp, with ramifying effects on a large community of species that depend on kelp forest. Because humans often hunt large species, trophic cascades are an increasing phenomenon. The food chain may be extended by adding competitors, leading to a food web. Theoretically, the impact of any one species in the web on any other can be obtained by summing all the paths between them.
Parasites and Pathogens
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Parasites exploit other species, causing some degree of harm. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses act as parasites but are generally termed pathogens, and they cause millions of human deaths a year. Parasites and pathogens can generate population cycles where, when the parasite is common, host populations decrease to low numbers, followed by the disappearance of the parasite and the subsequent increase in the host. Then the cycle continues. Similar dynamics are observed when host populations do not decrease, but instead develop immunity, again resulting in the inability of the parasite to persist. Vaccination can replace natural immunity. Not all individuals need to be vaccinated or immune before the disease will die out: all that is required is that on average the disease is passed on to less than one host. A model of disease spread with reference to the 1917–1918 influenza pandemic is described to show that, in this case, vaccination or immunity of about half of all individuals would be sufficient to end the pandemic.
The Human Food Supply
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Our food consists entirely of other species. Eighty percent of what we eat comes directly from crops, and most of the rest derives from animals fed on crops. Forty percent of the total calories we consume comes from two crops: rice and wheat. Competitors, predators, parasites and pathogens all result in substantial crop losses. Notably, growing crops in monocultures makes them susceptible to disease and predation, particularly by specialist insects. Competitors, pathogens, and insect predators are constantly evolving to combat our attempts to control them: weeds mimic the appearance of the cultivated species, more than 600 arthropod species are now resistant to pesticides, and more than 40 species plant species somewhat resistant to the commonly applied herbicide Roundup. Application of more and alternative pesticides and herbicides is required to combat enemies. A complementary solution is to use biological control, whereby natural enemies are released, which has sometimes been successful but other times has led to the natural enemy becoming a pest in its own right.
Predictions of Future Climate and Its Effects
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Ongoing emissions may lead to a global 2°C rise in temperature over historical levels. A 2°C rise is comparable to some episodes of the last interglacial period, which suffered few extinctions. Climate is changing faster than that time period, with much higher CO2 levels, and we are presently on course for a 2°C rise or more. Corals are experiencing many bleaching events (through expulsion of symbiotic algae) associated with a warm ocean and are less able to sequester calcium carbonate in a more acidic ocean. Some species on land will be unable to keep up with the pace of change in climate; Amazonia is expected to dry out; and threats from disease, invasive species, and so on, are being exacerbated by climate change. The need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels cannot be met by current biofuel technology, a failure that points to the importance of renewables, most notably wind and solar power.
Pollution
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Pollution—the contamination of the environment by humans—takes many forms, including plastics, mining runoff, air pollution, sewage, and light pollution. It has been directly responsible for the decline of many species, ranging from vultures in India to peregrine falcons in the United States. This chapter focuses on fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. A remarkable feature of the Anthropocene is that humans now fix as much atmospheric nitrogen as the natural world, primarily for use as fertilizer, and thus are altering natural ecosystems. Notably, rapid growth of algae in water bodies and their subsequent decomposition has led to depleted oxygen, and “dead zones” in both freshwater and the oceans. Many studies have demonstrated the negative effects of herbicides and pesticides on animal development and survival. Atrazine, widely used on cornfields, directly affects amphibian development. DDT and PCB accumulate in fat, which becomes particularly problematic for top predators. While legislative and other action is required to control pollutants, new forms are continually arising, making it exceptionally difficult to control and predict outcomes.
Invasive Species
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Invasive species are species that have been introduced from elsewhere and now cause economic or environmental harm. Such introductions were formerly sometimes deliberate, for example, for biological control, but now they are largely accidental, and because of increased global trade, they continue to increase. A small fraction of alien species become invasive, sometimes because they have left their natural enemies behind and so they flourish, but more often because native species are poorly adapted to deal with them. This is exemplified by the brown tree snake introduced to the island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean, causing the extinction of native birds and lizards. Elimination of most invasive species is likely impossible, hence the focus on the importance of reducing further arrivals. The costs of invasive species are illustrated by the introduced emerald ash borer in the United States, which has killed millions of ash trees, at a cost of almost $2 billion annually in the years leading up to 2010.
Harvesting in the Ocean
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The ocean has been exploited for a much shorter duration than land, making it possible to assess current stocks against historical baselines, inferred by modeling catches over the past 400 years. Present numbers range from 33% (whales) to less than 5% (turtles) of their historical maxima. Whales have recently increased as a result of the 1982 moratorium on whaling, but many are still considered endangered. Although official records suggest that fish catch has plateaued since 1990, a thorough assessment indicates that catch likely reached a maximum in the early 1990s and has been declining ever since, primarily because of stock depletion. As on land, large species are removed first and the smaller primary consumers are removed only after initial depletion. This process is known as fishing down the food chain. Ramifying effects on the food web are particularly clear for corals, which suffer from algal overgrowth in locations of heavy fishing. Despite declines, few marine species are known to have become extinct, including just two mammal species.
Harvesting
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

More animals could be harvested if depleted stocks were allowed to increase. Stocks are depleted because capture remains profitable even when populations are low, and a failure to allow them to recover requires restraint on the part of all interested parties. Government legislation and enforcement often require setting a quota. This is done by using models of population growth and catch, as described for one of the best-managed and best-modeled fisheries, Alaskan herring. Even in this case predictions remain uncertain, so allowable catch is set at a cautious level. Elsewhere, models are rare or nonexistent, and enforcement becomes a major issue, especially when multiple countries target the same resource. A promising route is to declare sanctuaries where fishing is entirely banned and allow fishing on the sanctuary’s edge. The rise of modern technologies, such as tracking individuals using videos uploaded to YouTube, is described.
Population Declines
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on evidence for declines in populations, which is difficult because it requires both evaluation of land-use change (habitat conversion) and changes within habitats. Examples are given of declines attributed to a single COPHID threat, including many in protected areas resulting from harvesting, disease, and invasive species. Three approaches to evaluating population changes are considered: the first compares pristine habitat with disturbed areas, finding that undisturbed habitat is critical to the maintenance of many species, especially in tropical rainforests. The second studies time series, exemplified by the North American Breeding Bird Survey, which finds a 30% decline in the number of birds between 1970 and 2010. This decline is attributed to multiple causes, including the rise of new generations of pesticides. The third uses the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List to document the number of species considered threatened. For the best studied groups (amphibians, birds, and mammals combined) the figure is 20%.
Charlottesville and the End of American Exceptionalism
Authors: Olick Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

In many regards, American national memory has constituted an exception within the trend toward accepting responsibility for regrettable pasts that has occurred in various places throughout the world. This chapter demonstrates the ways in which this has been the case, as well as points to signs of change, an end to American exceptionalism in national memory politics. This change has come about, although not without great struggle, following the murderous Unite the Right rally that took place in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017. Sociological approaches to national memory elucidate the forces leading to this change, as well as the structure of indifference and inattention that required it.
The Weight of the Past
Authors: Cunningham David
Published: October 2022

Through a close account of the contentious history surrounding the Confederate soldier’s statue on the University of Mississippi campus, this chapter examines how the significance of any monumental object is shaped by, and bears upon, the valences exerted by other sites within its surrounding environment. Rooted in field theory, the ecological approach developed in this chapter emphasizes spatial and temporal contexts to examine three distinct phases in the statue’s trajectory to date, characterized by (1) the parallelism inherent in an additive approach to the commemorative landscape, (2) the amplification of critiques of that landscape that followed from a campaign to contextualize broader histories surrounding campus spaces, and (3) the current push to dismantle symbols of White supremacy on campus. As in earlier periods, the outcome of this current phase will be forged within the nexus of dismantling campaigns and elite efforts to resist or circumvent such changes.
Social Representations of History, Living Historical Memory, and Historical Charters
Authors: Liu James H. , Choi Sarah Y. , Zhang Robert Jiqi , Vilar Roosevelt , Hakim Moh. Abdul
Published: October 2022

Living historical memory (LHM; informally communicated by living generations) and historical charters (the core and foundation of a country’s collective memory) are theorized as two complementary parts of collective memory working together to maintain a nation’s political culture. Historical charters are the enduring core of social representations of history, which are abstract, stable, and embed core national values. They are flanked by peripheral elements of LHM that change and adapt the nation to face current issues. A cross-cultural study of LHM shows that it facilitates critical consciousness—that is, less justification of the current social system, lower orientation to social dominance, as well as slightly higher national identity, especially in developing countries. LHM adapts people for change more than maintaining stability. In the case of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the dominant event in American LHM, it reflects a negative emotional climate and perception of relative decline, as well indicating that the American historical charter may be oriented toward “defender of the free world” more than “enlightened civilization.”
Decades Later
Authors: Abel Magdalena , Umanath Sharda , Barzykowski Krystian
Published: October 2022

World War II as a global war had an impact upon almost all nations. The events that took place during the war and their consequences are still being debated today, decades later. This chapter discusses the results of two empirical studies that examined how people from 12 different nations remember World War II. Participants from Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States were asked to nominate the 10 most important events of World War II. The results show great cross-national overlap in events considered to be the most important ones, but they also show striking differences. In particular, Russian participants’ narrative seems quite different from that of other nationals. This chapter discusses potential ways in which national memories may come to adapt to a particular perspective over time but also how persistent idiosyncratic memories of a nation’s past may serve national identity.
How Collective Memories Emerge
Authors: Rajaram Suparna , Peña Tori , Greeley Garrett D.
Published: October 2022

The opportunities for people to connect with others and build collective narratives of the past have increased over time, and these opportunities have catapulted to a global level with the advent of the internet and social media. As the theme of this book asks, How is it then that in this era of globalization, there is a rise of populism and nationalism? This chapter approaches this question from a cognitive psychological perspective to explore the nature of group-level memory representation. A key antecedent process called collaborative remembering is explored to understand how memories converge in groups and how shared memory representations can come to vary across different groups and contexts. This chapter identifies specific cognitive mechanisms that are activated during collaborative remembering and that lead to memory reconstruction, ultimately giving rise to collective memories. It discusses four attributes of collective memory formation: who talks to whom, who knows what, aligned memories structures, and emotional valence of information. It is concluded that by linking aligned memory structures to the idea of narrative forms as cultural tools, aligned memory structures may serve as laboratory analogs to understand the building blocks of collective memory.
Populist Beliefs
Authors: Marsh Elizabeth J. , Stanley Matthew , Taylor Morgan K.
Published: October 2022

Why do many people believe that gun deaths are at an all-time high? This chapter explores the cognitive factors that support the acceptance of this and other incorrect beliefs. It highlights how people use heuristics to judge truth, relying on cues such as source credibility and ease of processing to decide whether something is true. Such heuristics develop because they often lead people to the correct answers, quickly and efficiently, but they can also cause mistakes. This chapter focuses on how people often make rapid decisions in complex situations that require simplification of incoming information. It also describes how having demonstrated knowledge is not always protective, with implications for interventions. Finally, it takes a deep dive into one cognitive process, namely the shifting accessibility of knowledge, to understand how activating one’s national identity can change the speed with which related information is retrieved.
The Narrative Tools of National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: October 2022

The re-emergence of populist nationalism in the 21st century calls for a deeper understanding of how narratives shape mental and cultural life. Approaching narratives as “equipment for living,” this chapter addresses the issue of “narrative truth” as it applies to “specific narratives,” “narrative templates,” and “privileged event narratives.” Differences over this sort of truth can give rise to stark differences in understanding past and present events and even lead to conflict between national communities. An analysis of how the United States and China engaged in a struggle to control the narrative of the COVID-19 pandemic is used to illustrate these claims, and the chapter concludes with proposals for how conflict over such matters might be managed.
Politics (beastly boasts, apocalyptic affects)
Authors: Moore Stephen D.
Published: October 2022

This chapter appropriates Deleuze’s reading tactics, together with contemporary affect theory, to connect the book of Revelation with the Trump presidency, post-Trump Trumpism, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, the chapter relates Revelation’s Beast to Trump and Trumpism noneschatologically in a nonrepresentational reading strategy. The chapter’s operative assumption is not that Trump or the pandemic were prophesied in Revelation, but rather that Revelation possesses multiple sockets into which the pandemic, the Trump presidency, and now the Trump legacy may be plugged and thereby illuminated. The chapter proceeds, not by reading for relations of resemblance or analogy between Revelation’s visions and recent events, but rather by reading the events as though they were folded into the visions, coextensive with and co-implicated in them in a continuous plane of interimbrication. The chapter takes the form of a simultaneous plague journal and reign-of-the-Beast journal, and ends with a post-Beast postscript.
Hindu Women and the Gendering of Religious and Ritual Authority in Trinidad
Authors: Ramlakhan Priyanka
Published: October 2022

This chapter deals with two Hindu women in Trinidad whose religious activities (in two very different ways) take place in public, articulating a new gendered religious authority and ritual agency. Brahmanical and devotional Hindu traditions were initially transplanted to Trinidad by Indian indentured laborers between 1845 and 1917. While women have been structurally part of Hindu public practices in Trinidad, there still is a long history of their omission from positions of religious authority, being rather participants than religious specialists and leaders. Ramlakhan investigates the role of the paṇḍitā (priestess) and the nāū (priest’s assistant), which are currently two roles in which woman are asserting ritual agency that challenges the androcentric construction of Hinduism in Trinidad. The latter at the same time is a ritual expert and healer whose śakti (power) is authenticated through her devotion to a local mud volcano goddess named Bālka Devī. Both women work within patriarchal structures to bring about change, yet they do not necessarily compete with their male counterparts because they are forging an entirely distinct space that is especially for women but also one in which men benefit.
A Tale of Two Stūpas
Authors: Welter Albert
Published: October 2022

Hangzhou and the surrounding environs (i.e., the Jiangnan region) have arguably the most developed Buddhist culture in China. A Tale of Two Stūpas: Diverging Paths in the Revival of Buddhism in Hangzhou China tells the story of Hangzhou Buddhism through the conceptions, erections, and resurrections of Yongming Stūpa, dedicated to the memory of one of Hangzhou’s leading Buddhist figures, and Leifeng Pagoda, built to house stūpas of the historical Buddha’s remains. While delving into the intricacies of these two sites, the work is particularly interested in their origins and their “resurrections.” What we find in both cases is a history marked by grandeur and tragedy, of expected and unexpected turns. Reconstructed, reactivated, and reasserted Yongming Stūpa and Leifeng Pagoda have resumed meaningful places in the contemporary Hangzhou landscape. Their contemporary resurgences are by no means the first. Both had suffered devastation before and endured long periods of neglect. Yet both were resurrected (and re-resurrected) during the course of their histories, a mark of the power of their endurance. A Tale of Two Stūpas shows how the dynamics of initial conception, resurrection, and re-resurrection work and what it tells us about the nature of Hangzhou Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism, more generally.
God, Knowledge, and the Good
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This book collects eighteen papers in philosophy of religion by Linda Zagzebski, spanning thirty-five years of her work. The papers are divided into eight topical categories: (I) foreknowledge and fatalism; (II) the problem of evil; (III) death, hell, and resurrection; (IV) God and morality; (V) omnisubjectivity; (VI) the rationality of religious belief; (VII) rational religious belief, self-trust, and authority; and (VIII) God, Trinity, and the metaphysics of modality. All papers have been at least lightly revised. The introduction relates the papers to the main themes of Zagzebski’s books in philosophy of religion, theistic ethics, and epistemology, as well as to some unpublished papers.
An Agent-Based Approach to the Problem of Evil (1996)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper argues against one of the supplementary premises in the logical problem of evil—the premise that a good being is motivated to produce good and to prevent or eliminate evil. That premise assumes that the good or evil of states of affairs is primary, and the goodness of agents is at least partly derivative from the good or bad of the states of affairs they aim to bring about or to prevent. This was the first paper in which Zagzebski explored divine motivation theory, a theory that bases good and bad on the motivational states of God. According to this theory, God is good in the primary sense, and the good and bad of everything else is derivative from God’s motives, which include permitting his creatures to be free persons. What makes free will necessary is not that God sees its goodness, but that God is motivated to have a relationship with creatures who have free will. Freedom is necessary because it is a condition for a personal relationship, not because of its goodness. God’s motives express the divine nature, and one finds out what good motives are by looking at the motives of God as expressed in what God does, not by conceptual analysis.
Religious Diversity and Social Responsibility (2001)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper explores what Zagzebski calls the second-person approach to rationality as it applies to the diversity of religious beliefs. The proposal is that rationality gives us social responsibilities, and that leads to some principles governing discourse across religious cultures. One is the Culture-Sensitivity principle: Persons should treat the members of other cultures and religions as though they are prima facie as rational as themselves. A second is the Rational Recognition principle: If a belief is rational, its rationality can be recognized, in principle, by rational persons in other cultures engaged in sympathetic contact with each other.
Quantifying Like a Regime
Authors: Wallace Jeremy L.
Published: October 2022

How does an authoritarian regime convince itself and others that it should rule? Regimes have contested identities, and individuals embedded in these regimes build justifications for their rule. Quantification is a rhetorical device central to many authoritarian justification strategies, with a variety of features attractive to such regimes. Quantification tends to engage the deliberative rather than the instinctive mind, taking the heat out of potentially emotionally charged political dilemmas. The appearance of objectivity and universalism rather than particularistic favoritism appeals to humanity’s pro-fairness disposition. Number-based discussions complicate issues, pushing deliberation into measurement questions rather than values and framing debates as being about concrete facts rather than more ephemeral but significant reactions. Yet quantification is hardly a panacea, as the gaming of evaluation systems eventually produces unreliable measures of their original intent and performance inevitably wanes. These effects lead audiences and authors to yearn for a different discourse.