bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative investigation of glutamate and GABA gene expression in the hippocampus after focal brain ischemia and central lps administration
Authors: Kalinina T. S , Shishkina G. T , Lanshakov D. A , Sukhareva E. V , Onufriev M. V , Moiseeva Y. V , Gulyaeva N. V , Dygalo N. N
Published: April 2024

Among the responses in the early stages of stroke, activation of neurodegenerative and proinflammatory processes in the hippocampus is of key importance for the development of negative post-ischemic functional consequences. However, it remains unclear which genes are involved in these processes. The aim of this work was a comparative study of the expression of genes encoding glutamate and GABA transporters and receptors, as well as inflammation markers in the hippocampus one day after two types of ischemic exposure (according to Koizumi - MCAO-MK, and Longa - MCAO-ML), as well as after direct pro-inflammatory activation by central administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results obtained revealed both differences and similarities between the responses to the impacts applied in the work. A greater number of genes that changed the expression associated with the activation of apoptosis and neuroinflammation, glutamate reception, and markers of the GABAergic system were found after MCAO-ML and LPS, than after MCAO-MK. In turn, MCAO-MK and LPS were characterized, in comparison with MCAO-ML, by changes in a larger number of genes involved in glutamate transport. The most pronounced difference between MCAO-ML and MCAO-MK and LPS was changes in the expression of genes for calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent kinases. The revealed features of the responses of the hippocampal transcriptome to two types of ischemia and a pro-inflammatory stimulus will contribute to further understanding of the causes of the diversity of stroke consequences, both in model studies and in the clinic.
О-Аcetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase from Clostridioides difficile: the role of tyrosine residues of the active center
Authors: Kulikova V. V , Revtovich S. V , Lyfenko A. D , Morozova E. A , Koval V. S , Bazhulina N. P , Demidkina T. V
Published: April 2024

O-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrylase is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of methionine in Clostridioides difficile. The mechanism of the γ-substitution reaction of O-acetyl-L-homoserine catalyzed by this enzyme is the least studied among pyridoxal-5′-phosphate-dependent enzymes involved in the metabolism of cysteine and methionine. To clarify the role of the active site residues Tyr52 and Tyr107, four mutant forms of the enzyme with replacements for phenylalanine and alanine were obtained. The catalytic and spectral properties of mutant forms were investigated. The rate of the γ-substitution reaction catalyzed by mutant forms with the replacement of the Tyr52 residue decreased by more than three orders of magnitude compared to the wild-type enzyme. Tyr107Phe and Tyr107Ala mutant forms practically did not catalyze this reaction. Replacements of the residues Tyr52 and Tyr107 led to a decrease in the affinity of the apoenzyme to the coenzyme by three orders of magnitude and changes in the ionic state of the internal aldimine of the enzyme. The obtained results allowed us to assume that Tyr52 is involved in ensuring the optimal position of the catalytic coenzyme-binding lysine residue at the stages of C-α-proton elimination and elimination of the side group of the substrate. Tyr107 can act as a general acid catalyst at the stage of acetate elimination.
Glutaredoxin 1 from evolutionary ancient Hydra: characteristics of the enzyme and its possible functions in cell
Authors: Perween N. , Pekhale K. , Haval G. , Bose G. S , Mittal S. P.K , Ghaskadbi S. , Ghaskadbi S. S
Published: April 2024

Glutaredoxin (Grx) is an antioxidant redox protein that uses glutathione (GSH) as an electron donor. Grx plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, such as antioxidant defense, control of cellular redox state, redox control of transcription, reversible S-glutathionylation of specific proteins, apoptosis, cell differentiation, etc. In the current study, we have isolated and characterized dithiol glutaredoxin from Hydra vulgaris Ind-Pune (HvGrx1). Sequence analysis showed that HvGrx1 belongs to the Grx family with the classical Grx motif (CPYC). Phylogenetic analysis and homology modeling revealed that HvGrx1 is closely related to Grx2 from zebrafish. HvGrx1 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells; the purified protein had a molecular weight of 11.82 kDa. HvGrx1 efficiently reduced β-hydroxyethyl disulfide (HED) with the temperature optimum of 25°C and pH optimum 8.0. HvGrx1 was ubiquitously expressed in all body parts of Hydra. Expression of HvGrx1 mRNA and enzymatic activity of HvGrx1 were significantly upregulated post H2O2 treatment. When expressed in human cells, HvGrx1 protected the cells from oxidative stress and enhanced cell proliferation and migration. Although Hydra is a simple invertebrate, HvGrx1 is evolutionary closer to its homologs from higher vertebrates (similar to many other Hydra proteins).
Metabolism of sphingolipids in tumor cells
Authors: Pokrovsky V. S , Ivanova-radkevich V. I , Kuznetsova O. M
Published: April 2024

Sphingolipids are a diverse family of complex lipids, in which the determining component is sphingoid base, usually bound to a fatty acid by an amide bond. The metabolism of sphingolipids has long remained on the periphery of biochemical research. Recently, it has begun to attract more and more attention due to the diverse and often multidirectional effects of sphingolipids with a similar chemical structure. Sphingosine and ceramides (N-acylsphingosines), as well as their phosphorylated derivatives (sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphates) play the role of signaling molecules. Ceramides can cause apoptosis, regulate the stability of cell membranes and the cellular response to stress. In general, ceramides and sphingoid bases as signaling molecules slow down anabolic and accelerate catabolic reactions, suppressing cell proliferation. Phosphorylated derivatives of ceramide-1-phosphate and sphingosine-1-phosphate, on the contrary, stimulate cell proliferation and division. The significant participation of sphingolipids in the regulation of apoptosis and cell division processes makes them critically important compounds regulating tumor progression. The enzymes of sphingolipid metabolism and the receptors of the corresponding sphingolipids can be considered as targets for antitumor therapy. This review aims to highlight the main pathways of metabolism of sphingolipids in human cells, with special emphasis on the known features of their metabolism in tumor cells.
Molecular orchestra of microbiotic metabolites in the scenario of carcinogenesis
Authors: Shatova O. P , Zabolotneva A. A , Shestopalov A. V
Published: April 2024

The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are extremely complex. Many players determine the scenario of malignant cell transformation, tumor growth and metastasis. In recent decades, more and more attention has been paid to the role of the symbiotic human microbiota in the regulation of metabolism and the functioning of the immune system of the host organism. Such a symbiosis of a macroorganism and its microorganisms was combined into the concept of a holoorganism. In the process of coevolution of the participants of the holoorganism, the ways of their interaction were formed, and the metabolites of the microbiota acquired a special role - signaling molecules and the main regulators of molecular interactions in the holoorganism. Being involved in the signaling pathways of the host, bacterial metabolites turned out to be obligatory participants in both physiological and pathological processes, including tumor growth. At the same time, the effects of signaling metabolites often have a multidirectional character, manifested in the impact both on the functions of the host cells and on the metabolic activity and composition of the microbiome. This review discusses the role of some microbiotic metabolites in the induction and prevention of the process of malignant transformation of cells in the host organism, as well as their influence on the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. We have tried to draw the reader’s attention to the role of some components of the molecular orchestra of microbial metabolites in the initiation and progression of tumor growth.
Methionine addiction of cancer cells targeted by methioninase
Authors: Pokrovsky V. S , Abo qoura L. , Demidova E. A , Han Q. , Hoffman R. M
Published: April 2024

All types of cancer are addicted to methionine, which is known as the “Hoffman effect”. Restricting methionine inhibits the growth and proliferation of all tested types of cancer cells, while normal cells are unaffected. Methionine addiction is targeted with methioninase (METase), which has been shown to be effective and safe as a therapy for all types of cancer cells and animal cancer models, either alone or in combination with common cancer medications. Approximately six years ago, researchers developed a rMETase that may be taken orally as a supplement and has resulted in anecdotal positive results in patients with advanced cancer. Currently, there are 8 clinical studies on METase, including 2 from the 1990s and 6 more recent ones. This review focuses on the clinical studies of METase-mediated methionine restriction, specifically the oral dosage form of rMETase as a supplement alone or in combination with common chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer.
Fluorescent conjugates based on prostatic specific membrane antigen ligands as an effective visualization tool for prostate cancer
Authors: Uspenskaia A. A , Krasnikov P. A , Majouga A. G , Beloglazkina E. K , Machulkin A. E
Published: April 2024

Fluorescent dyes are widely used in histological studies and in intraoperative surgery, including against prostate cancer (PC), which is one of the most common types of cancerous tumors among men today. Targeted delivery of fluorescent conjugates greatly improves diagnostic efficiency and allows for timely correct diagnosis. In the case of PC, the protein marker is prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). To date, a large number of diagnostic conjugates targeting PSMA have been created based on modified urea. The review focuses on narrowly targeted conjugates selectively binding to PSMA and answers the following questions. Which fluorescent dyes are already in use in the field of PC diagnosis? What factors influence the structure-activity ratio of the final molecule? What should be considered when selecting a fluorescent tag to create new diagnostic conjugates? And what can be offered in this field to date?
Evaluation of the antitumor potential of soloxolone tryptamide against glioblastoma multiforme using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches
Authors: Markov A. V , Odarenko K. V , Sen'kova A. V , Ilyina A. A , Zenkova M. A
Published: April 2024

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive neoplasia characterized by uncontrollable diffusive growth, development of resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy and a high rate of recurrence that leads to low survival of patients with GBM. Given the number of signaling pathways regulating GBM pathogenesis, the development of novel anti-glioblastoma compounds based on multitarget natural metabolites is a promising direction for the study. In the current work, the antitumor potential of semisynthetic triterpenoid soloxolone tryptamide (STA) against human glioblastoma U87 cells was explored. It was found that STA effectively blocked the growth of U87 cells in 2D and 3D culture systems, enhanced the adhesiveness of tumor cells and displayed synergistic cytotoxicity with temozolomide. Performed in silico analysis revealed that the pronounced anti-glioblastoma activity of STA can be explained by its direct interaction with EGFR, ERBB2 and AKT1, which play an important role in the regulation of GBM malignancy. Along with observed direct modulatory action of STA on U87 cells, explored compound had a normalizing effect on the tumor microenvironment in murine heterotopic U87 xenograft model, suppressing the development of immature blood vessels and the production of elastin in tumor tissue. Taken together, obtained results clearly demonstrate that STA can be considered a novel promising antitumor candidate for GMB treatment.
The effect of hippocampal overexpression of dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) on the behavior of mice with genetic predisposition to depressive-like behavior
Authors: Kaminskaya Y. P , Ilchibaeva T. V , Khotskin N. V , Naumenko V. S , Tsybko A. S
Published: April 2024

Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is the promising tool for treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, its role in the regulation of non-motor behavior, including various psychopathologies, remains unclear. In this regard, the aim of present work was to study the effect of CDNF overexpression in the hippocampus on the behavior of ASC mice (Antidepressant Sensitive Cataleptics) with a genetic predisposition to depression-like behavior. CDNF overexpression in mouse hippocampal neurons was induced using an adeno-associated viral vector. Four weeks after stereotaxic injection of the AAV-CDNF construct into the dorsal hippocampus, home cage behavior, exploratory, anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, as well as spatial and associative learning were assessed. We found significant improvements in the dynamics of spatial learning in the Morris water maze in CDNF-overexpressing animals. At the same time, no effect of CDNF was found on other studied behaviors. The behavior of the experimental animals in the home cage conditions did not differ from that in the control group, except for a decrease in the total amount of food eaten and a slight increase in the number of sleep episodes in the light phase of the day. In the present study we also attempted to determine the molecular basis for the above mentioned changes by genes expression assessment. We did not find significant changes in the mRNA level of key kinases, genes involved in neuroplasticity and neuronal survival as well as genes encoding receptors for the main neurotransmitter systems. However, animals overexpressing CDNF show increased lever of spliced Xbp indicating activation of the Ire1α/Xbp1 pathway traditionally associated with ER stress. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CDNF was co-localized with the ER marker calreticulin. Thus, the effects of endogenous CDNF on behavior that we have found may be mediated by a specific molecular cascade, which emphasizes its difference from classical neurotrophic factors.
Protective effects of peroxiredoxin 6 in modeling proinflammatory response using RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Parfenyuk S. B , Glushkova O. V , Sharapov M. G , Khrenov M. O , Lunin S. M , Kuzekova A. A , Mubarakshina E. K , Novoselova T. V , Cherenkov D. A
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to study the effects of peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), a recombinant antioxidant protein, on the level of proinflammatory responses caused by endotoxin exposure to RAW 264.7 macrophages. The addition of LPS to the RAW 264.7 cell culture medium expectedly increased the production of TNF-α, and the addition of PRDX6 led to a significant decrease in its production by 15-20%. The level of production of another proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, significantly activated by endotoxin, was completely normalized under the PRDX6 action. In addition, the addition of PRDX6 reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by endotoxin and also prevented overexpression of the iNos gene in RAW 264.7 cells. The results showed that PRDX6 has a suppressive effect on the expression of the Nfe2l2 gene and the production of the transcription factor NRF-2 during the first 6 h of cell culture. The addition of endotoxin causes the activation of the NF-κB and SAPK/JNK signaling cascades, while in the presence of PRDX6, the activity of these signaling cascades decreases. It is known that the proinflammatory response of cells caused by bacterial LPS leads to the activation of apoptosis and the elimination of damaged cells. Our studies confirm this, since LPS leads to the activation of the Trp53 gene, a marker of apoptosis. The addition of peroxiredoxin 6 in the first hours of the development of an acute proinflammatory response leads to the suppression of Trp53 gene expression, which indicates a protective effect of PRDX6 that reduces apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
Novel b-cell epitopes of non-neutralizing antibodies in the receptor-binding domain of the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 with differing effects on the severity of the course of COVID-19
Authors: Matveev A. L , Pyankov O. V , Khlusevich Y. A , Tyazhelkova O. V , Emelyanova L. A , Timofeeva A. M , Shipovalov A. V , Chechushkov A. V , Zaitseva N. S
Published: April 2024

Antibodies against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (RBD of S-protein) contribute significantly to the humoral immune response during coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and after vaccination. The main focus of the study of the epitope composition of RBD is concentrated on the epitopes recognized by viral neutralizing antibodies. The role of antibodies that bind to RBD but are unable to neutralize the virus in the formation of the immune response remains unclear. In this investigation, the immunochemical properties of two mouse monoclonal antibodies RS17 and S11 against RBD were examined. Both antibodies were shown to have high affinity, but they did not neutralize the virus. The epitopes of these antibodies were localized using phage display: the epitope recognized by the RS17 antibody is located at the N-terminal site of RBD (348-SVYAVNRKRIS-358); the epitope recognized by the S11 antibody is inside the receptor-binding motif of RBD (452-YRLFRKSN-459). Three groups of sera were tested for antibodies competing with non-neutralizing antibodies S11 and RS17: 1) from unvaccinated volunteers, who did not suffer from COVID-19 previously; 2) from people who had had a mild form of COVID-19; 3) from people who had had a severe form of COVID-19. Antibodies competing with the S11 antibody were shown to occur with equal frequency in each of the serum groups studied. At the same time, the presence of antibodies competing with antibody RS17 in the sera was associated with the severity of COVID-19 and was significantly more frequent in the group of sera obtained from patients with severe COVID-19. In conclusion, despite the clear significance of anti-RBD antibodies for the formation of an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2, it is important to analyze their viral neutralizing activity and to confirm the absence of negative features of obtained anti-RBD antibodies after vaccination.
Heterologous expression of recombinant proteins and their derivatives used as carriers for conjugate vaccines
Authors: Khodak Yu. A
Published: April 2024

The carrier proteins that provide an effective and long-term immune response to weak antigens has become a real breakthrough in disease prevention, making it available to a wider range of patients and making it possible to obtain reliable vaccines against a variety of pathogens. Currently, research is continuing both to identify new peptides, proteins, and their complexes potentially suitable for use as carriers, and to develop new methods for isolation, purification and conjugation of already known and well-proven proteins. The use of recombinant proteins has a number of advantages over isolation from natural sources, such as simpler cultivation of the host organism, the possibility of modifying the genetic construction, the use of numerous promoter variants, signal sequences, and other regulatory elements. This review is devoted to the methods of obtaining both traditional and new recombinant proteins and their derivatives being used or potentially suitable for use as carrier proteins for conjugate vaccines.
Impaired enzymatic antioxidant defense in erythrocytes of rats with ammonia-induced encephalopathy: role NMDA receptors
Authors: Kosenko E. A , Alilova G. A , Tikhonova L. A
Published: April 2024

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), a medical term that deals with a neuropsychiatric disorder seen in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction, has been known for more than a century, however, pathogenetic mechanisms underlying cerebral dysfunction during conditions of liver disease are still not entirely understood. There is a consensus that an accumulation of ammonia in brain as a result of impaired detoxification capacity of the liver or the appearance of a portosystemic shunt is a primary cause of HE. Current evidence suggests that ammonia toxicity is mediated by hyperactivation of glutamate receptors, mainly N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R) and affects many processes of aerobic metabolism that provides energy for a myriad of specific functions and viability of nerve cells. Recent reports on the presence of functional NMDA receptors in erythrocytes and deviations from normal ranges in many blood test parameters that was indicative of impaired hemodynamics and reduced carrying capacity for oxygen in erythrocytes in most patients with HE implicate the relationship between “erythrocyte damage” and cerebral dysfunction. In order to understand how, during hyperammonemia, disturbances in energy metabolism in brain that needs a constant supply of a high level of oxygen in the blood lead to encephalopathy, it is necessary to reveal ammonia-induced disorders in energy metabolism and antioxidant defense system of erythrocytes and explore the potential role of ammonia in reduced brain oxygenation. To detect the said missing link, the activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of GSH, GSSG and H2O2 were measured in animals with hyperammonemia by using MK-801, a powerful noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist. It was found that the accumulation of ammonia in the blood of animals with hyperammonemia occurs within rat erythrocytes in large amounts and makes these cells which do not contain enzymes for the removal of ammonia, more susceptible to a prooxidant environment of ammonia created during oxidative stress that was completely or partially inhibited with the help of MK-801. Data obtained provide a support to identification of extra risk factors in cognitive disorders and in the prediction of unfavorable outcome with hypoperfusion in patients with elevated concentrations of ammonia in the blood.
Features of proton transport mechanism in ESR, a retinal protein from Exiguobacterium sibiricum
Authors: Petrovskaya L. E , Siletsky S. A , Mamedov M. D , Lukashev E. P , Balashov S. P , Dolgikh D. A , Kirpichnikov M. P
Published: April 2024

Retinal-containing photosensitive proteins, rhodopsins, have been detected in many microorganisms. The interest in them is largely explained by their role in storing light energy and photoregulation in microorganisms and the prospects for use in optogenetics in order to control the activity of neurons, including for the treatment of various diseases. One of the representatives of microbial rhodopsins is ESR, a retinal protein from Exiguobacterium sibiricum. The presence of a lysine residue (Lys96) as a proton donor for the Schiff base distinguishes ESR from homologous proteins. This feature, along with the hydrogen bonding of the proton acceptor Asp85 with the His57 residue, determines its functional characteristics as a proton pump. The review examines the results of ESR studies conducted using various methods, including the method of direct electrometry. Comparison of the obtained data with the results of spatial structure determination and with other retinal proteins allows drawing conclusions about the mechanisms of transport of hydrogen ions in the ESR molecule and similar retinal proteins.
Proteomic approach to investigate the expression, localization, and functions of the protein product of the SOWAHD gene during granulocytic differentiation
Authors: Novikova S. E , Tolstova T. V , Soloveva N. A , Farafonova T. E , Tikhonova O. V , Kurbatov L. K , Rusanov A. L , Zgoda V. G
Published: April 2024

Cataloging human proteins, determining their level of content, cellular localization, function performed, and potential medical significance are important tasks facing the global proteomic community. At present, the localization and functions of protein products for almost half of the protein-coding genes are unknown or poorly understood. The study of the organelle proteome is a promising approach to reveal the localization and functions of human proteins. The nuclear proteome is of particular interest because many nuclear-localized proteins, such as transcription factors, perform regulatory functions that determine cell fate. According to the results of a meta-analysis of the nuclear proteome, or nucleome, of HL-60 cells treated by all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), it was revealed that the function and localization of the protein product of the SOWAHD gene is poorly understood, in addition, there is no comprehensive information on the expression of SOWAHD at the protein level. In HL-60 cells for the protein-coding gene SOWAHD, mRNA expression was determined at the level of 6.4 ± 0.7 transcripts per million molecules. Using targeted mass spectrometry, the content of SOWAHD protein was measured in the range of 0.27-1.25 fmol/µg of total protein. Using stable isotope pulse-chase labeling, the half-life for the protein product of the SOWAHD gene was determined to be approximately 19 h. Proteomic profiling of the nuclear fraction of HL-60 cells showed that the SOWAHD protein content increased during ATRA-induced granulocytic differentiation, peaking at 9 h after the addition of the inductor and followed by a decrease at later time points. The results of the study indicate for the first time the nuclear localization and involvement of the protein product of the SOWAHD gene in induced granulocytic differentiation.
Immune privileges as a result of mutual regulation of the immune and stem systems
Authors: Karpenko D. V
Published: April 2024

The immune privileges of cancer stem cells are a well-known and widely studied problem, as the presence of such cells in tumors is associated with refractoriness, recurrence, and metastasis. Accumulating evidence also suggests the presence of immune privileges for non-pathologic stem cells in addition to their other defense mechanisms against damaging factors. This similarity between pathologic and normal stem cells raises the question of why stem cells have such a potentially damaging property. The regulation of vital processes of autoimmunity control and regeneration by interactions between immune cells, stem cells and their microenvironment are reviewed as determinants of stem cell immune privilege formation. A deep mutual integration in the regulation of stem and immune cells is noted. Based on the diversity and complexity of the mutual regulation of stem cells, their microenvironment and the immune system, I propose to use the term “stem system”.
Topology of ubiquitin chains in the e3 ubiquitin ligase rnf168 chromatosome entourage
Authors: Kudriaeva A. A , Yakubova L. A , Saratov G. A , Vladimirov V. I , Lipkin V. M , Belogurov A. A
Published: April 2024

Genome stability is critical for normal functioning of cells and depends on accuracy of DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and DNA repair. Cellular defense mechanisms against DNA damage are important for preventing the development of cancer and aging. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168 of the RING superfamily is an essential component of the complex responsible for the ubiquitination of H2A/H2A.X histones near DNA double-strand breaks, which is a key step in attracting repair factors to the injury site. In this study, we unequivocally showed that RNF168 does not have ability to directly distinguish the architecture of polyubiquitin chains, except for tropism of its two ubiquitin-binding domains UDM1/2 to K63 ubiquitin chains. Analysis of the intracellular chromatosomal environment of full-length RNF168 and its domains by ligand-induced bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) revealed that the C-terminal part of UDM1 is associated with K63 ubiquitin chains; RING and the N-terminal part of UDM2 are sterically close to K63- and K48- ubiquitin chains, while the C-terminal part of UDM1 is colocalized with all possible ubiquitin variants. Our observations together with the available structural data suggest that the C-terminal part of UDM1 binds K63 polyubiquitin chains on linker histone H1; RING and the N-terminal part of UDM2 are located in the central part of the nucleosome and sterically close to H1 and K48-ubiquitinated alternative substrates of RNF168, such as JMJD2A/B demethylases, while the C-terminal part of UDM1 is in the region of an activated ubiquitin residue associated with E2 ubiquitin ligase, engaged by RNF168.
Factors of Degradation, Transformation, and Distribution of Medicinal Substances in the Water–Bottom Sediment System
Authors: Kozlova M. A. , Shchegol’kova N. M.
Published: April 2024

English-language scientific publications on the natural degradation and transformation of medicinal substances in the aquatic environment under the effect of various factors are reviewed. The medicines that are most common in water are listed. The main source of pollution is shown to be poorly treated municipal sewage. The factors that affect the fate of substances in the medium and are considered in the article are the dilution or concentration due to changes in the hydrological regime or the conditions of the use of medicines, water pH, wind-wave roiling, photodegradation, bioaccumulation, etc. The analysis of foreign studies of drug contamination was used to make conclusions about the prospects of the development of these areas for use in Russian studies.
Changes in Water Balance Elements in the Basins of the Largest Tributaries of Lake Baikal in the Late XX–Early XXI Century
Authors: Chalov S. R. , Denisova I. S. , Grigor’ev V. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Long-term variations in the water balance were analyzed in the basins of 20 largest tributaries of the Baikal. The values of river runoff were derived from actual data on the period from 1976 to 2019, and those of evaporation, precipitation, and potential evaporation, from ERA5-Land reanalysis since 1976 to 2020. Data were obtained to show an increase in the potential evaporation in all analyzed drainage basins by values from 0.39 to 0.62% per year since 1976 to 2020. A moderate or statistically insignificant decrease is typical of precipitation (0.25 to 0.59% per year) and water discharges, mostly due to a decrease in the summer runoff at a rate of 5.6%/10 years. The possible role of changes in vegetation cover in these processes was studied by evaluating NDVI parameter in 2019 compared with 2002 by data of space surveys MOD13A3 and MYD13A3 with MODIS spectroradiometer of Terra and Aqua satellites. A conclusion was made about the key role of precipitation in the decrease in the maximal runoff in Lake Baikal basin.
Space and Time Variations of Hydroenvironmental Characteristics of the Ivankovo Reservoir in Years with Different Weather Conditions
Authors: Grechushnikova M. G. , Lomova D. V. , Lomov V. A. , Kremenetskaya E. R. , Grigor’eva, I. L. , Komissarov A. B. , Fedorova L. P.
Published: April 2024

The article gives the results of studies of the hydroecological characteristics (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical characteristics, production, methane concentration and emission, and the abundance of phytoplankton and benthos) in the Ivankovo Reservoir in August 2020–2021. Data of integrated surveys were used to show that the specific weather conditions and flowage have led to difference in these closely interrelated characteristics. The hot weather and the low flowage in 2021 contributed to an increase in oxygen consumption by bed soil, intensification of exchange processes at the water–bottom sediment interface, an increase in mineral phosphorus flux, more active blooming of the water body, decay of dead organic matter at higher temperature of the bottom layer. The role of bioturbation in changes in the rate of exchange processes between bottom water layer and sediments is demonstrated. The changes in the combination of processes in the water body caused an increase in methane flux into the atmosphere in 2021 compared with the previous year.
Channel Morphology and Flow Distribution between Islands in Complex Parallel-Branch Bifurcation in the Lower Lena and Their Long-Term Variations
Authors: Chalov R. S. , Golubtsov G. B. , Zavadskii A. S. , Golovlev  P. P. , Chalov S. R.
Published: April 2024

The first full morphological–hydrological characteristic is given to complex parallel-branch bifurcations of the lower Lena, which have formed at the total (taken with islands) channel width in individual links from 12.6 to 28 km and their length from 36 to 45 km. The number of islands in the branching links is 29 in the Upper Monastyrskii and more than 40 in the Cherpalskii bifurcations. It is shown that, all over the length, two branches with largest water abundance can be identified—the left and the right—of which the latter, navigable in all links and more abundant in water, runs along or near the right, bedrock bank. The left branch concentrates the runoff of water and sediments from the Vilyui, the left tributary of the Lena; this, along with the sediment-removing role, determines its shallowness and higher secondary branching. The links of the branches are separated by short segments of channel narrowing down to 5–8 km, in which two-midstream flow persists. It is shown that groups of islands (archipelagoes) in the middle of the river between the main branches are separated by relatively low-flow central branches subparallel to them (overall, within 10–15% of river flow), numerous transverse channels between islands and divided into into two parts (upstream and downstream) by diagonal branches, through which water partly redistributes between the main branches. It was shown that, at many-year scale and at seasonal runoff variations, the water abundance in the main and subparallel branches is practically constant, while the discharge in diagonal branches varies periodically from 10–15 to 30–35%, depending on channel transformations in the right main branch. This coincides with the periodic redistribution of water discharges, the development and shallowing of channels in secondary branching of the main channel, which lie near the sites of separation of diagonal branches from them. The revealed regularities for the first time give data on the channel regime of parallel-branch bifurcation of the channel of a large river, which is of great importance for the improvement of navigation in the Lower Lena
The Effect of Natural and Anthropogenic Climate Changes on River Runoff and Snow Water Equivalent in the Lena River Basin
Authors: Kalugin A. S. , Lupakov S. Yu.
Published: April 2024

The hydrological models ECOMAG and HBV were used to calculate the characteristics of river flow and snow Water Equivalent in the Lena River basin. The input data included the meteorological observations and the results of calculations with global climate models with the implementation of scenarios of natural climate conditions, taking into account the anthropogenic effect on climate. The calculations were made for a historical period (1970–1999) and up to the end of the XXI century. Hydrological models for several hydrometric gages in the Lena basin were calibrated and verified. The simulation of the annual and seasonal runoff using the climate model data was evaluated by comparison with observation data. According to the results using numerical experiments over the historical period, the increase in the Lena runoff is mostly due to natural climate variations. Conversely, in the XXI century, the anthropogenic climate changes determine the specific features of the regime of river runoff and snow cover. The warming caused by an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere leads to an increase in snow water equivalent and transformation of the hydrological regime in the area, in particular, to an earlier beginning of active snow melting (up to two weeks) and higher maximal discharges during spring flood. At the same time, the volume of runoff decreases in the summer and increases in the autumn and winter.
Roughness Parameter of Shallow Water Bodies
Authors: Repina I. A. , Artamonov A. Yu. , Kapustin I. A. , Mol’kov A. A. , Stepanenko V. M.
Published: April 2024

The results of measurements of atmospheric turbulence characteristics were used to obtain parameterizations for calculating the dynamic roughness parameter and the roughness parameters for temperature and humidity for a shallow closed water body. At medium wind speeds, the results of calculations by Charnock formula are in agreement with observation data; in this case, the c parameter is three times as large as that in the case of an open ocean, and the passage from the viscous to wave mechanism occurs at high wind speeds, while the dynamic roughness parameter at the same wind speeds is greater. The roughness parameters for temperature and humidity at wind speed from 0.5 to 3 m/s are not equal. The empirical coefficients in the equations describing the ratio of the dynamic roughness to the roughness parameter for temperature (humidity) on Reynolds number are close to those obtained before for other closed water bodies, thus suggesting a common formation mechanism of transport processes in a viscous sublayer. The obtained parameterizations can be used in Earth system models and lake models for calculating turbulent flows over continental water bodies.
Floods in the Vistula Mouth Area and Their Effect on Changes in the Delta Hydrographic Network
Authors: Mikhailova M. V.
Published: April 2024

A general geographic characteristic of the Vistula basin and mouth area is given; brief data on the modern hydrological regime of the river mouth are presented. The history of floods in the Vistula delta and their studies is considered in detail, as well as delta evolution and the dynamics of its hydrographic network.
A personalized approach to monitoring and therapy of critical conditions
Authors: Kirov M. Yu. , Kuz’kov V. V. , Fot E. V. , Smetkin A. A.
Published: April 2024

The key aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of critical conditions are considered. Particular attention is paid to invasive hemodynamic monitoring in sepsis and septic shock. The authors considered the strategy of fluid therapy and respiratory support both in intensive care patients and in the perioperative period of major surgical interventions. The results of clinical studies formed the basis of a personalized approach to monitoring and therapy of critical conditions. This approach, representing one of the promising areas of modern medicine, changes the diagnostic and therapeutic tactics, can significantly improve clinical outcomes, can reduce the burden on the healthcare system and the duration of hospitalization, and can reduce the number of complications and deaths.
Migration effects of social imbalances
Authors: Tsapenko I. P.
Published: April 2024

Social imbalances cause or underlie practically all migrations. Due to the diversity and multidimensionality of both processes, the multiplicity of channels for their interaction, their integration into larger social trends, and other overlapping factors, this influence is nonlinear, inhomogeneous, and sometimes ambiguous. Nevertheless, when considering imbalances in such migration optics, it turns out that their dynamics are coupled with changes in the intensity, nature, and directions of human flows. First, the trend towards smoothing global income inequality in the context of the crisis of globalization and other social shifts makes the upward dynamics of mobility change to rather oscillatory, sometimes even downward. Second, although the dominant role of the socioeconomic imbalances in the movement of the population persists, sociopolitical differences between states, especially gaps in the security of living conditions, are becoming increasingly important. This is manifested in the growing share of refugees and asylum seekers in the total number of migrants. Third, against the background of the continued dominance of the global asymmetry of world development in determining migration routes, the effect of imbalances at the regional level is intensifying, in the context of which there are shifts in the geography of migration, in particular, a more intensive expansion of migration corridors between the countries of the South compared to other routes and a powerful surge of forced migration in Europe.
Dinosaurs of Russia: A review of the localities
Authors: Averianov A. O. , Lopatin A. V.
Published: April 2024

There are about 1000 valid species taxa of dinosaurs in the world, 85% of which were described after 1990. Twelve taxa originate from Russia, and ten of them were also established after 1990. Over the past 30 years, the number of publications dedicated to the dinosaurs of Russia has increased by 6.6 times. The first finds on the territory of our country date back to the 1890s; to date, 34 localities of bone remains of dinosaurs have already been discovered in various regions of the Russian Federation, and their number has more than doubled over the past 20 years. This article provides a brief overview of the localities from the oldest to the latest. This is the first part of the review; further, the taxa of dinosaurs known from remains found in Russia will be considered in detail.
Soviet experience in the management of applied and academic science: In memory of Academician G.I. Marchuk
Authors: Il’in V. P.
Published: April 2024

Ten years ago, on March 24, 2013, Academician G.I. Marchuk died; his creative path includes outstanding results of basic and applied research in the field of computational mathematics and computer modeling, the creation of world-class scientific schools in atmospheric and ocean physics, nuclear reactor calculations, and mathematical immunology, as well as unique experience in managing industrial and mathematical science at the state level. The scientist’s behests, concentrated in his book The Science of Managing Science, indicate ways to reform the Russian Academy of Sciences, designed to ensure scientific and technological progress and sustainable development of society in our country.
The impact of social support measures on the provision of regional healthcare systems with human resources
Authors: Khodakova O. V. , Rugol' L. V. , Solomatnikov I. A. , Kamaeva I. O. , Deev I. A. , Kobyakova O. S.
Published: April 2024

Attention to measures of social support for medical personnel in the subjects of the Russian Federation is due to one of the main tasks in the development of regional healthcare systems—providing them with qualified medical personnel. To improve personnel policy in accordance with the law, a list of basic and additional measures to support medical and paramedical personnel in the subjects of the Russian Federation has been developed. In addition, the implementation of these measures is monitored, making data available for analysis. The article assesses the impact of social support measures for medical workers on the level of staffing in the subjects, which may be of particular interest in the formation of the most effective set of measures.
Three centuries of academic geography in Russia
Authors: Tishkov A. A.
Published: April 2024

Academic geography is one of the most demanding sciences in Russia. Over the 300 years of its development, it has covered a long way: the results obtained in numerous expeditions by generations of researchers contributed to the formation of a single geopolitical space of the country, the liquidation of blanks on the map of Northern Eurasia, and the mobilization of resources for the development of the economy. The academic geography of the 21st century, characterized by features of a worldview science, strives to respond effectively to the most topical modern challenges and to create, based on the latest research methods, the foundations for the future rational spatial development of Russia. This article traces the evolution of ideas, methods, and schools of geography in the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Carboxyalkyl derivatives of chitosan as promising growth and development regulators of medical plants
Authors: Khamidullina L. A. , Tobysheva P. D. , Cherepanova O. E. , Puzyrev I. S. , Pestov A. V.
Published: April 2024

Science-based biotechnologies serve as the foundation for the development of modern highly productive environmentally friendly horticulture. The natural polymer chitosan, due to its high availability, biosafety, and synthetic flexibility, is an excellent basis to construct new agrobiotechnological agents that meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical and food industries. The results of studies of the growth-regulating action of N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosan (CEC) in relation to seeds and young plants of Echinacea purpurea are presented. It is shown that chitosan alkyl derivatives are safe preparations that can be used successfully for the cultivation of food and medicinal plants, including rare and endangered species.
Current trends and prospects for the development of the university sector of Russian science
Authors: Zavarukhin V. P. , Antropova O. A.
Published: April 2024

This study is aimed at identifying the features and prospects for the development of the university sector of Russian science, including with account for modern foreign trends. Some topical aspects in the development of university science are analyzed in detail proceeding from statistical data and the results of sociological surveys on the degree of involvement of universities and their units in RD performance, as well as on the cost structure, types and sources of research funding, and the dynamics of the development of HR potential and certain indicators of the postgraduate system of training highly qualified personnel. Based on the international comparisons presented in this article, the authors consider the expediency and validity of the broad participation of universities in the implementation of RD and, ultimately, the ability to provide a high level of graduate training under such conditions. Since Russia lacks higher education establishments specializing mainly in basic research, it is concluded that it is necessary to create research universities on the basis of divisions and scientific centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences, endowed with the right to develop standards and programs for training highly qualified scientific personnel independently. It is argued that to implement the relevant tasks of the country’s socioeconomic development, it is advisable to develop alliances and consortia of scientific, educational, and business organizations.
Awards and Prizes
Authors: Blinkova N. V.
Published: April 2024

A.G. Dedov and A.S. Loktev were awarded the 2022 Balandin Prize. A. Zabanbark and L.I. Lobkovskii were awarded the 2022 Gubkin Prize.