bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Latinos and Criminal Justice: An Encyclopedia
Authors: Molloy Molly
Published: September 2016

This new reference work brings together a wealth of information from more than thirty scholars hitherto available only in a widely scattered array of academic literature, journalism, and government reports dealing with various aspects of the intersection of Latina/o peoples and the US criminal justice system. In the editor’s introduction, José Luis Morín states the need to fill this information void. While called “an encyclopedia,” this work is less a traditional A-Z reference source and more a collection of themed essays that thoroughly explore various subjects reflecting the most current research and analysis of issues that encompass scholarship in law, political science, ethnic and gender studies, as well as criminology and sociology.
Book Review: Modern China
Authors: Lucisano Dana M.
Published: September 2016

Are you still adding country studies to your print reference collection? If so, you might be interested in the Understanding Modern Nations series published by ABC-CLIO. Along with Modern China, ABC-CLIO released Modern Spain during 2015. Forthcoming titles will cover Brazil, Mexico, India, Japan, and South Africa. Why these particular countries? It appears that the publisher is pitching titles that they believe will be responsive to the needs of high school seniors and college undergraduates.
Book Review: Native American Almanac: More than 50,000 Years of the Cultures and Histories of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Euster Lisa
Published: September 2016

The authors emphasize early what Native American Almanac is not: an almanac, an encyclopedia, nor a scholarly work, among other things. It is described as a well-researched “historical overview of Native communities in what is now the United States” (ix). Despite the title, it is heavily focused on the post-contact period. The main arrangement is by geographical region, with an overview chapter and one discussing urban settings. Each chapter is introduced by a regional history, followed by discussion of tribes, their histories, and other information.
For Your Enrichment: Assistance Animals in the Library: How One Academic Library Developed Best Practices
Authors: Marrall Rebecca M.
Published: September 2016

Effectively addressing concerns about assistance animals in any library setting is often problematic due to a lack of awareness about assistance animals in general, which then leads to uncertainty on how to proceed in these situations. Library personnel, regardless of library type, are often unaware of legal definitions of assistance animals. When compelled to respond to a patron complaint about “a dog in the library,” many library professionals are uncertain about which questions they may legally ask a patron who is accompanied by an animal. This uncertainty then creates concern about how to act in these situations, and thus, many library personnel may seek to avoid it entirely. However, with knowledge, time, some organizational development, and the appropriate legal vetting, it is possible to establish a best-practices protocol for handling complaints or concerns about patrons with an assistance animal in a library. This article details one such case study at an academic library in the Pacific Northwest.
Meios de acesso à literatura para pessoas com cegueira: Braille ou Áudio-livro?
Authors: Santos Vivian , Pereira Amanda Cristina dos Santos , Zorel Paulo Eduardo , Costa Ailton Barcelos da , Almeida Maria Amelia , Duarte Marcia
Published: September 2016

O acesso à literatura por pessoas cegas vem acontecendo, prioritariamente, através do sistema braille. Devido ao avanço e a popularização da tecnologia, tem ocorrido uma procura maior pela literatura em áudio em nosso país. Dessa forma, o estudo surgiu do questionamento de como o acesso à literatura por pessoas cegas vem ocorrendo, tendo como objetivo analisar as implicações do uso desses meios de acesso por pessoas cegas. O instrumento de coleta de dados consistiu em um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, que foi aplicado a cinco pessoas cegas. Estas, por sua vez, foram gravadas e transcritas, com os dados agrupados por blocos temáticos, em tabelas e gráficos, para análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Os resultados indicaram que os sujeitos mais velhos, não dão preferência por nenhum dos meios, pois de acordo com os mesmos, ambos têm suas vantagens e desvantagens. Já os sujeitos mais jovens, revelaram preferência pelo áudio e pelo braille. Conclui-se que, ambos os meios de acesso estudados possuem suas implicações positivas e negativas, de tal forma que as pessoas cegas tendem a optar por ambos, mas apesar disso, em termos de preferência, o braille prevalece drasticamente.
O convívio acadêmico: representações sociais de alunos com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais
Authors: Sales Zenilda Nogueira , Missias-Moreira Ramon , Couto Edvaldo Souza
Published: September 2016

É evidente o papel da universidade e seu compromisso de proporcionar uma educação mais justa e democrática para todos os jovens e contribuir para a elaboração de conhecimento e efetivação de políticas inclusivas. Este estudo objetivou apreender e analisar as representações sociais de alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais no ensino superior. Estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo, fundamentado na abordagem processual da Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizado numa universidade estadual da Bahia. Foi utilizada como técnica de coleta a entrevista semi-estruturada, como instrumento o questionário. Para analisar os resultados foi utilizada a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temático Categorial, de onde emergiram as seguintes categorias e subcategorias: Dificuldades e Limitações (Barreiras Atitudinais; Barreiras Pedagógicas) e Relações Interpessoais (Relação Interpessoal com os Colegas; Relação Interpessoal com os Professores). Evidenciou-se despreparo da universidade, e dos profissionais que fazem parte dela, no sentido de proporcionar a inclusão e atendimento adequado às necessidades especiais dos alunos. É necessário que a universidade invista na definição de políticas institucionais para construção de ações inclusivas, que beneficiem o processo ensino/aprendizagem e a interação social dos alunos com necessidades educacionais especiais.
A escola e a educação inclusiva: professoras e alunos em cena
Authors: Ferreira Carla Mercês Rocha Jatobá , Lopes Tatiane Felipe
Published: September 2016

O artigo analisa tópicos da educação inclusiva relativos a professores e alunos. Destaca como elementos discursivos situações observadas no cotidiano de duas escolas públicas de uma cidade do interior mineiro, como também falas e opiniões emitidas por professoras e alunos das respectivas escolas. Estes dados se configuram como resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com o apoio do Programa de Iniciação Científica da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, no período 2011-2013. A pesquisa é qualitativa e os dados foram coletados através de observações sistemáticas e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os resultados apresentados no artigo apontam para o desconforto e  queixa pelo despreparo pedagógico para o exercício de uma educação inclusiva, por parte das professoras. O artigo argumenta em favor de uma melhor compreensão do cotidiano escolar, quando este se apresenta permeado por situações que podem ser tratadas de maneira inclusiva. Em modo conclusivo, destaca a urgência de mudanças no olhar docente sobre aquelas crianças que demandam atenção diferencial, atentando-se  para que ‘déficits’ sejam minimizados  e possibilidades educativas buscadas, como possível saída para o imobilismo que transparece nos pronunciamentos docentes.
Matthias Konradt. Israel, Church, and the Gentiles in the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Barker James W.
Published: September 2016

No abstract is available.
Lysosomal membrane glycoproteins bind cholesterol and contribute to lysosomal cholesterol export
Authors: Li Jian , Pfeffer Suzanne R
Published: September 2016

LAMP1 and LAMP2 proteins are highly abundant, ubiquitous, mammalian proteins that line the lysosome limiting membrane, and protect it from lysosomal hydrolase action. LAMP2 deficiency causes Danon’s disease, an X-linked hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. LAMP2 is needed for chaperone-mediated autophagy, and its expression improves tissue function in models of aging. We show here that human LAMP1 and LAMP2 bind cholesterol in a manner that buries the cholesterol 3β-hydroxyl group; they also bind tightly to NPC1 and NPC2 proteins that export cholesterol from lysosomes. Quantitation of cellular LAMP2 and NPC1 protein levels suggest that LAMP proteins represent a significant cholesterol binding site at the lysosome limiting membrane, and may signal cholesterol availability. Functional rescue experiments show that the ability of human LAMP2 to facilitate cholesterol export from lysosomes relies on its ability to bind cholesterol directly.
Liver and Spleen Stiffness Measurements by Point Shear Wave Elastography via Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse
Authors: Balakrishnan Maya , Souza Fernanda , Muñoz Carolina , Augustin Salvador , Loo Nicole , Deng Yanhong , Ciarleglio Maria , Garcia-Tsao Guadalupe
Published: September 2016

Objectives

Measurements of liver stiffness and spleen stiffness are useful noninvasive ways to assess fibrosis and portal hypertension in patients with chronic liver disease. One method for assessing stiffness is by point shear wave elastography via acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI). Its advantage is that sites where stiffness is measured are visualized sonographically. However, its reliability has not been well established, and all studies done to date evaluating the use of ARFI in chronic liver disease have been performed outside the United States. We aimed to characterize the intraobserver and interobserver variability of ARFI‐measured liver and spleen stiffness.

Methods

Two hepatologists evaluated unselected hepatology outpatients with ARFI. Exclusions were hepatocellular carcinoma, ascites, a surgical shunt or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, portal thrombosis, and cholestatic disease. Each operator obtained 20 measurements from the right liver lobe and spleen. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated.

Results

A total of 177 patients were included: median age, 61 years; 85% male; and 43% obese. Intraobserver ICCs were the same for both observers for liver stiffness (0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85–0.92) and spleen stiffness (0.72; 95% CI, 0.61–0.80). Interobserver agreement was excellent for liver stiffness (ICC, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76–0.90) but not as good for spleen stiffness (ICC, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60–0.83). A body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or greater, waist circumference of greater than 105 cm, and skin‐to‐capsule distance of 2 cm or greater negatively affected the ICC for liver stiffness; small spleen size negatively affected the ICC for spleen stiffness.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this article is the first report of ARFI findings in a US population with chronic liver disease. Liver stiffness reproducibility was excellent, particularly in nonobese patients. Spleen stiffness reproducibility was excellent in those with larger spleens and therefore may be most useful in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
Completed Sonographic Anatomic Surveys
Authors: Glantz J. Christopher
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To determine how often fetal organ systems are imaged completely and whether this rate varies by hospital.

Methods

All initial sonographic anatomic examinations between 16 and 24 weeks from 3 hospitals (perinatal designation levels I–III) from January 2012 through December 2013 were identified in their obstetric and gynecologic anatomic survey report databases, focusing on 36 anatomic fields. Structures were grouped into regions: brain, face, spine, heart, abdomen, and extremities. Rates of complete visualization of each structure, structure grouping, and the total were calculated and compared by χ2 testing.

Results

From 7211 examinations (2578 from level I, 986 from level II, and 3647 from level III), the completion rate was 16.8% (I, 20.6%; II, 20.0%; and III, 13.2%; P < .00001). Brain and extremity imaging was complete 85% of the time or more but spine only 62.4% (sacrum consistently lowest). Completeness rates varied significantly (P< .00001) for the face (28.1%–64.4%, due to low rates of clearing lips at level III, and level I not clearing profiles), heart (37.3%–56.1%, level I < II < III), and abdomen (65.2%–85.7%, due to lower rates of clearing kidneys at level I). Completion of both the heart and spine was 32.0% (I, 23.0%; II, 25.4%; and III, 40.2%; P < .00001).

Conclusions

With a comprehensive reporting system, completion rates for full anatomic sonograms are low. Facial, cardiac, and spinal structures are least complete, and follow‐up examinations often remain incomplete. Completion benchmarks would be helpful because “incomplete” studies lead to repeated examinations that increase health care costs.
Three‐base periodicity of sites of sequence variation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus core genomes
Authors: Morán Losada Patricia , Fischer Sebastian , Chouvarine Philippe , Tümmler Burkhard
Published: September 2016

The three‐base periodicity property is characteristic of protein‐coding sequences. Here, we report on three‐base periodicity of sequence variation in the core genome of bacteria. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) syntenies were extracted from pairwise genome alignments of 41 Staphylococcus aureus or 20 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The length of fragment pairs with identical nucleotides at all SNP positions showed a length‐dependent overrepresentation of multiples of three nucleotides at corresponding codon positions of the AT‐rich S. aureus and the GC‐rich P. aeruginosa. Three‐base SNP periodicity seems to be a characteristic feature of the tightly arranged bacterial core genome.
Rethinking flood hazard at the global scale
Authors: Schumann Guy J.‐P. , Stampoulis Dimitrios , Smith Andrew M. , Sampson Christopher C. , Andreadis Konstantinos M. , Neal Jeffrey C. , Bates Paul D.
Published: September 2016

Flooding is governed by the amount and timing of water spilling out of channels and moving across adjacent land, often with little warning. At global scales, flood hazard is typically inferred from streamflow, precipitation or from satellite images, yielding a largely incomplete picture. Thus, at present, the floodplain inundation variables, which define hazard, cannot be accurately predicted nor can they be measured at large scales. Here we present, for the first time, a complete continuous long‐term simulation of floodplain water depths at continental scale. Simulations of floodplain inundation were performed with a hydrodynamic model based on gauged streamflow for the Australian continent from 1973 to 2012. We found the magnitude and timing of floodplain storage to differ significantly from streamflow in terms of their distribution. Furthermore, floodplain volume gave a much sharper discrimination of high hazard and low hazard periods than discharge. These discrepancies have implications for characterizing flood hazard at the global scale from precipitation and streamflow records alone, suggesting that simulations and observations of inundation are also needed.
Multiangle photopolarimetric aerosol retrievals in the vicinity of clouds: Synthetic study based on a large eddy simulation
Authors: Stap F. A. , Hasekamp O. P. , Emde C. , Röckmann T.
Published: September 2016

We investigate the effect of cloud contamination and 3‐D radiative transfer effects on aerosol retrievals from multiangle photopolarimetric measurements in the vicinity of clouds. To this end multiangle, multiwavelength photopolarimetric observations are simulated using a 3‐D radiative transfer model for scenes with realistic cloud properties, based on a large eddy simulation. Spatial resolutions of 2 × 2, 4 × 4, and 6 × 6 km2 have been considered. It is found that a goodness‐of‐fit criterion efficiently filters out cloud contamination. However, it does not filter out all scenes that are affected by 3‐D radiative effects, resulting in small biases in the retrieved aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and single‐scattering albedo (SSA). We also found that measurements at higher spatial resolution (2 × 2 km2) do not result in retrievals closer to clouds compared to measurements at coarser spatial resolutions (4 × 4 and 6 × 6 km2). If cloud parameters are fitted simultaneously with aerosol parameters using a 1‐D radiative transfer model and the Independent Pixel Approximation, more successful retrievals are obtained in partially cloudy scenes and in the vicinity of clouds. This effect is most apparent at 6 × 6 km2 and only marginal at 2 × 2 km2 resolution. The retrieved aerosol AOT and SSA from the simultaneous aerosol and cloud retrievals still have a small bias, like the aerosol‐only retrievals. We conclude that in order to substantially improve aerosol retrievals in the vicinity of clouds, a retrieval algorithm is needed that takes into account 3‐D radiative transfer effects.
Hygroscopic growth and cloud droplet activation of xanthan gum as a proxy for marine hydrogels
Authors: Dawson K. W. , Petters M. D. , Meskhidze N. , Petters S. Suda , Kreidenweis S. M.
Published: September 2016

Knowledge of the physical characteristics and chemical composition of marine organic aerosols is needed for the quantification of their effects on cloud microphysical processes and solar radiative transfer. Here we use xanthan gum (XG)—a bacterial biopolymer—as a proxy for marine hydrogels. Measurements were performed for pure XG particles and mixtures of XG with sodium chloride, calcium nitrate, and calcium carbonate. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter (κ) is derived from hygroscopic growth factor measurements (κgf) at variable water activity (aw) and from cloud condensation nuclei activation efficiency (κccn). The Zdanovskii, Stokes, and Robinson (ZSR) hygroscopicity parameter derived for multicomponent systems (κmix, sol) is used to compare measurements of κgf and κccn. Pure XG shows close agreement of κgf (at aw = 0.9) and κccn of 0.09 and 0.10, respectively. Adding salts to the system results in deviations of κgf (at aw = 0.9) from κccn. The measured κgf and ZSR‐derived hygroscopicity parameter (κmix, sol) values for different solutions show close agreement at aw > 0.9, while κgf is lower in comparison to κmix, sol at aw < 0.9. The differences between predicted κmix, sol and measured κgf and κccn values are explained by the effects of hydration and presence of salt ions on the structure of the polymer networks. Results from this study imply that at supersaturations of 0.1 and 0.5%, the presence of 30% sea salt by mass can reduce the activation diameter of pure primary marine organic aerosols from 257 to 156 nm and from 87 to 53 nm, respectively.
Hydrogel films and microcapsules based on soy protein isolate combined with alginate
Authors: Tansaz Samira , Durmann Ann‐Katrin , Detsch Rainer , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: September 2016

Alginate hydrogels are combined with soy protein isolate (SPI), a plant derived protein with low immunogenicity, appropriate biodegradability and low cost, to produce biocompatible films, and microcapsules. The cell–material interaction is assessed through the use of mouse embryotic fibroblast cells (MEF cells) on films, and the results illustrate that the alginate/SPI hydrogel films support cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation. Cell biology results combined with degradation studies suggest that such hydrogels are promising biomaterials for soft tissue regeneration or as wound dressing materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44358.
Effect of mahanimbine, an alkaloid from curry leaves, on high‐fat diet‐induced adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory alterations
Authors: Jagtap Sneha , Khare Pragyanshu , Mangal Priyanka , Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran , Bishnoi Mahendra , Bhutani Kamlesh Kumar
Published: September 2016

Spices and condiments, small but an integral part of the daily diet, are known to affect physiological functions. This study evaluated the effects of mahanimbine, a major carbazole alkaloid from Murraya koenigii (curry leaves), against progression of high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced metabolic complications in mice (male and female). Mahanimbine at 2 mg/kg (HFD + LD) and 4 mg/kg (HFD + HD) of body weight was administered daily along with HFD feeding for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, male HFD + LD and HFD + HD groups showed 51.70 ± 3.59% and 47.37 ± 3.73% weight gain, respectively, as compared with 71.02 ± 6.04% in HFD fed mice whereas female HFD + LD and HFD + HD groups showed 24.31 ± 1.68% and 25.10 ± 2.61% weight gain as compared with HFD group with 36.69 ± 3.60% of weight gain. Mahanimbine prevented HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and fat accumulation in adipose tissue and liver along with the restricted progression of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, mahanimbine treatment improved glucose clearance and upregulated the expression of insulin responsive genes in liver and adipose tissue. Male and female mice showed different traits in development of HFD‐induced metabolic disturbances; however, mahanimbine treatment exerted similar effects in both the sexes. In addition, mahanimbine lowered the absorption of dietary fat resulting in dietary fat excretion. In conclusion, daily consumption of mahanimbine and thereby curry leaves may alleviate development of HFD‐induced metabolic alterations. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):220–231, 2017
Tonic immobility differentiates stress responses in PTSD
Authors: Fragkaki Iro , Stins John , Roelofs Karin , Jongedijk Ruud A. , Hagenaars Muriel A.
Published: September 2016

Background

Tonic immobility (TI) is a state of physical immobility associated with extreme stress and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it is unknown whether TI is associated with a distinct actual stress response, i.e., objective immobility measured by a stabilometric platform. This study made a first step in exploring this as well as differences in body sway responses between PTSD patients and healthy controls. We hypothesized that PTSD would be related to increased body sway under stress, whereas TI would be related to decreased body sway under stress.

Methods

Eye closure was selected as a PTSD‐relevant stress induction procedure. Body sway and heart rate (HR) were measured in 12 PTSD patients and 12 healthy controls in four conditions: (1) maintaining a stable stance with eyes open, (2) with eyes closed, (3) during a mental arithmetic task with eyes open, and (4) with eyes closed.

Results

As predicted, PTSD patients showed increased body sway from eyes open to eyes closed compared to controls and this effect was eliminated by executing the arithmetic task. Most importantly, retrospective self‐reported TI was associated with lower body sway increases in PTSD and higher body sway decreases in controls from eyes‐open to eyes‐closed conditions.

Conclusions

These preliminary findings suggest that eye closure has a different effect on PTSD patients than controls and that high self‐reported TI might indicate a distinct stress response pattern, i.e., a proneness for immobility. It may be relevant to take such individual differences in stress‐response into account in PTSD treatment.
Helicobacter pylori overcomes natural immunity in repeated infections
Authors: Stenström Björn , Windsor Helen M. , Fulurija Alma , Benghezal Mohammed , Kumarasinghe M. Priyanthi , Kimura Kazufumi , Tay Chin Yen , Viiala Charlie H. , Ee Hooi C. , Lu Wei , Schoep Tobias D. , Webberley K. Mary , Marshall Barry J.
Published: September 2016

Key Clinical Message

Repeated experimental reinfection of two subjects indicates that Helicobacter pylori infection does not promote an immune response protective against future reinfection. Our results highlight the importance of preventing reinfection after eradication, through public health initiatives, and possibly treatment of family members. They indicate difficulties for vaccine development, especially therapeutic vaccines.
Run‐to‐run optimization of batch processes with self‐optimizing control strategy
Authors: Ye Lingjian , Guan Hongwei , Yuan Xiaofeng , Ma Xiushui
Published: September 2016

This paper deals with the run‐to‐run optimization problem of batch processes in the presence of uncertainty with a tailored self‐optimizing control (SOC) strategy. Firstly, the dynamic programming problem for the batch process is transformed into a static nonlinear programming (NLP) problem using the control parameterization method. Then combinations of output measurements are selected as controlled variables (CVs), which are batch‐wise controlled to account for uncertainties. However, although existing SOC methods appear directly applicable to such a static NLP formulation, a major problem therein is that the number of control parameters is generally large to maintain a satisfactory optimizing performance, which makes them inappropriate as being manipulated variables for closed‐loop optimization. To circumvent this difficulty, it is proposed to alternatively use the so‐called latent effective manipulated variables as the control system's manipulated variables, which are linear combinations of original control parameters, however, less in number whilst implicitly dominating optimal operation in the whole uncertain space. This way, the run‐to‐run self‐optimizing control system is designed with less process‐dependent CVs and operated with minimal complexity. A simulated fed‐batch reactor is provided to illustrate the proposed methodology.
An efficient virtual system clock for the wireless raspberry pi computer platform
Authors: Dutra Diego L. C. , Corrêa Edilson C. , Amorim Claudio L.
Published: September 2016

The use of Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) by Energy‐Efficient (EE) computer systems considerably increases the requirements regarding the design of efficient system clocks. On the one hand, the operation of a system clock must support the independent operating frequencies of the processor core units, the dynamic migration of the running processes between the processors core units, and the use of synchronization and time interpolation techniques to maintain the accuracy of the system clock. On the other hand, an efficient system clock has to minimize the overhead of its own operation, aiming at energy efficiency of EE computer systems.

In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of the RVEC virtual system clock for the EE Wireless Raspberry Pi (RasPi) platform. In the RasPi platform, the use of DVFS for reducing the energy consumption hinders the direct use of the cycle count of the ARM11 processor core for building an efficient system clock. Therefore, a distinct feature of RVEC is to obviate this obstacle, such that it can make use of the cycle count circuit for precise and accurate time measurements, concurrently with the use of DVFS by the operating system of the ARM11 processor core. Specifically, this paper presents the design and experimental evaluation of an implementation of the RVEC virtual system clock in the Linux kernel of the RasPi platform with DVFS. Our experimental results validate the RVEC virtual system clock as an efficient system clock for the EE RasPi platform that runs the Linux operating system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel application of multi‐event modeling to estimate class segregation in a highly migratory oceanic vertebrate
Authors: Chapple T. K. , Chambert T. , Kanive P. E. , Jorgensen S. J. , Rotella J. J. , Anderson S. D. , Carlisle A. B. , Block B. A.
Published: September 2016

Spatial segregation of animals by class (i.e., maturity or sex) within a population due to differential rates of temporary emigration (TE) from study sites can be an important life history feature to consider in population assessment and management. However, such rates are poorly known; new quantitative approaches to address these knowledge gaps are needed. We present a novel application of multi‐event models that takes advantage of two sources of detections to differentiate temporary emigration from apparent absence to quantify class segregation within a study population of double‐marked (photo‐identified and tagged with coded acoustic transmitters) white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in central California. We use this model to test if sex‐specific patterns in TE result in disparate apparent capture probabilities (po) between male and female white sharks, which can affect the observed sex ratio. The best‐supported model showed a contrasting pattern of Pr(TE) from coastal aggregation sites between sexes (for males Pr[TE] = 0.015 [95% CI = 0.00, 0.31] and Pr[TE]= 0.57 [0.40, 0.72] for females), but not maturity classes. Additionally, by accounting for Pr(TE) and imperfect detection, we were able to estimate class‐specific values of true capture probability (p*) for tagged and untagged sharks. The best‐supported model identified differences between maturity classes but no difference between sexes or tagging impacts (tagged mature sharks p* = 0.55 (0.46–0.63) and sub‐adult sharks p* = 0.36 (0.25, 0.50); and untagged mature sharks p* = 0.50 (0.39–0.61) and sub‐adults p* = 0.18 (0.10, 0.31). Estimated sex‐based differences in po were linked to sex‐specific differences in Pr(TE) but not in p*; once the Pr(TE) is accounted for, the p* between sexes was not different. These results indicate that the observed sex ratio is not a consequence of unequal detectability and sex‐specific values of Pr(TE) are important drivers of the observed male‐dominated sex ratio. Our modeling approach reveals complex class‐specific patterns in Pr(TE) and p* in a mark‐recapture data set, and highlights challenges for the population modeling and conservation of white sharks in central California. The model we develop here can be used to estimate rates of temporary emigration and class segregation when two detection methods are used.
Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by Cassia fistula seed carbon: Kinetics, equilibrium, and desorption studies
Authors: Senniappan Sasireka , Palanisamy Shanmughaprabha , Shanmugam Sabarathinam , Gobalsamy Selvakumari
Published: September 2016

Thermal activation of Cassia fistula seed carbon and its subsequent adsorption of Pb (II) has been studied by batch adsorption technique. The main objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the lead adsorption from aqueous solution using C. fistula seed carbon, 2) study the influence of contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and initial metal ion concentration on adsorption process performance and 3) determine the appropriate adsorption isotherm and kinetic parameters of lead adsorption on C. fistula seed carbon. The experimental adsorption data fitted reasonably well with Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum Langmuir adsorbent capacity (Q0) was 47.62 mg/g. Kinetic evaluation of the experimental data showed that the adsorption process followed pseudo‐second order kinetics. The present study showed that thermally activated carbon prepared from C. fistula seed was capable of removing lead from aqueous solutions. The cost of removal is expected to be quite low, as the adsorbent is cheap and easily available in large quantities. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 138–146, 2017
Stereodynamics of some pyridoxine derivatives
Authors: Rakhmatullin I. Z. , Galiullina L. F. , Balandina A. A. , Garipov M. R. , Strelnik A. D. , Galiullina A. S. , Shtyrlin Y. G. , Klochkov V. V.
Published: September 2016

The conformational properties of three pyridoxine derivatives were studied by 1H dynamic NMR spectroscopy. Conformational exchange caused by a rotation of 2‐nytrophenyl group around one single C–C bond, of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl substituent around two single C–O bonds, and twist‐twist transformations of the seven‐membered ketal cycle was observed by NMR experiments at low temperatures. Meanwhile, the conformational exchange of the acetal ring remains fast in the NMR timescale even at 198 K. The energy barriers for all observed conformational exchange processes were determined by the lineshape analysis of dynamic NMR spectra. The activation barriers of the 2‐nitrophenyl group rotation were almost the same for all studied compounds, about 40–41 kJ/mol. The energy barriers of the conformational exchange processes of the 2,4‐nitrophenyl group and the ketal cycle increased significantly up to 10 kJ/mol in comparison with previously studied compounds with similar structure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a meal replacement system alone or in combination with phentermine on weight loss and food cravings
Authors: Moldovan Christina P. , Weldon Abby J. , Daher Noha S. , Schneider Louise E. , Bellinger Denise L. , Berk Lee S. , Hermé Alyson C. , Aréchiga Adam L. , Davis Willie L. , Peters Warren R.
Published: September 2016

Objective

To examine the effects of phentermine combined with a meal replacement program on weight loss and food cravings and to investigate the relationship between food cravings and weight loss.

Methods

In a 12‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 77 adults with obesity received either phentermine or placebo. All participants were provided Medifast® meal replacements, were instructed to follow the Take Shape for Life® Optimal Weight 5&1 Plan for weight loss, and received lifestyle coaching in the Habits of Health program. The Food Craving Inventory and the General Food Cravings State and Trait Questionnaires were used to measure food cravings.

Results

The phentermine group lost 12.1% of baseline body weight compared with 8.8% in the placebo group. Cravings for all food groups decreased in both groups; however, there was a greater reduction in cravings for fats and sweets in the phentermine group compared with the placebo group. Percent weight loss correlated significantly with reduced total food cravings (r = 0.332, P = 0.009), cravings for sweets (r = 0.412, P < 0.000), and state food cravings (r = 0.320, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

Both phentermine combined with a meal replacement program and meal replacements alone significantly reduced body weight and food cravings; however, the addition of phentermine enhanced these effects.
The anti‐adipogenic effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cells is absent with PCSK9 loss‐of‐function variants
Authors: Gagnon AnneMarie , Ooi Teik C. , Cousins Marion , Favreau Colette , Henry Kathy , Landry Anne , Sorisky Alexander
Published: September 2016

Objective

To determine the effect of (1) an oral fat load and (2) pro‐protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type (PCSK) 9 loss‐of‐function (LOF) variant status on the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to inhibit human adipogenesis.

Methods

PBMC from subjects with one or more PCSK9 LOF variants versus non‐variant controls were compared in the fasting state and after an oral fat load.

Results

Fasting triglyceride (TG) levels were lower in the LOF variant versus non‐variant group but rose to the same level after the oral fat load. Conditioned medium from PBMC was obtained in fasting (PBMC‐CM‐F) and 4‐h postprandial (PBMC‐CM‐PP) states. PBMC‐CM‐PP from non‐variant controls inhibited adipogenesis of human preadipocytes more than did PBMC‐CM‐F. In contrast, PBMC‐CM‐F or ‐PP from PCSK9 LOF variant subjects had no effect on adipogenesis. After the oral fat load, PBMC from PCSK9 LOF variant subjects showed significant increases in mRNA levels of interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c, CD36, and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), only MCP‐1 mRNA levels increased in PBMC from non‐variant controls.

Conclusions

The absence of anti‐adipogenic action of PBMC from PCSK9 LOF variant subjects points to a novel role for PCSK9 in PBMC‐adipose cell interactions.
Advanced Glycation Endproducts Impair Endothelial Progenitor Cell Migration and Homing via Syndecan 4 Shedding
Authors: Xie Jun , Li Ran , Wu Han , Chen Jianzhou , Li Guannan , Chen Qinhua , Wei Zhonghai , He Guixin , Wang Lian , Ferro Albert , Xu Biao
Published: September 2016

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a subtype of bone marrow–derived progenitor cells. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)-mediated EPC mobilization from bone marrow to areas of ischemia plays an important role in angiogenesis. Previous studies have reported that advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), which are important mediators of diabetes-related vascular pathology, may impair EPC migration and homing, but the mechanism is unclear. Syndecan-4 (synd4) is a ubiquitous heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptor on the cell surface, involved in SDF-1-dependent cell migration. The extracellular domain of synd4 (ext-synd4) is shed in the context of acute inflammation, but the shedding of ext-synd4 in response to AGEs is undefined. Here we investigated changes in ext-synd4 on EPCs in response to AGEs, focusing on the influence of impaired synd4 signaling on EPC migration and homing. We found decreased full length and increased residue of synd4 in cells incubated with AGEs, with concomitant increase in the soluble fragment of ext-synd4 in the cell medium. EPCs from patients with type 2 diabetes expressed less ext-synd4 as assessed by Western blotting. Flow cytometry analysis showed less ext-synd4 on circulating CD34+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells, of which EPCs form a subgroup. We then explored the role of synd4 in EPC migration and homing. Impaired migration of synd4-deficient EPCs was observed by a 2D-chemotaxis slide. Furthermore, poor homing of synd4−/− EPCs was observed in a mouse model of lower limb ischemia. This study demonstrates that the shedding of synd4 from EPCs plays a key role in AGE-mediated dysfunction of EPC migration and homing.
NIAGADS: The NIA Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Data Storage Site
Authors: Kuzma Amanda , Valladares Otto , Cweibel Rebecca , Greenfest‐Allen Emily , Childress Daniel M. , Malamon John , Gangadharan Prabhakaran , Zhao Yi , Qu Liming , Leung Yuk Yee , Naj Adam C. , Stoeckert Christian J. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Wang Li‐San
Published: September 2016

Work in the past 10 years has greatly expanded our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) genetics, with more than 20 susceptibility genetic loci discovered in large genome‐wide association and sequencing studies. The NIA Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease Data Storage Site (NIAGADS) is funded by National Institute on Aging to serve as a one‐stop portal for the community to access research data and findings generated from AD genetics projects. In this article, we describe the mission of NIAGADS, available resources, and data sets including the Alzheimer's Disease Sequencing Project, and how researchers may apply for access to genetic data.
Concordance of immune checkpoints within tumor immune contexture and their prognostic significance in gastric cancer
Authors: Dai Congqi , Geng Ruixuan , Wang Chenchen , Wong Angela , Qing Min , Hu Jianjun , Sun Yu , Lo A.W.I. , Li Jin
Published: September 2016

Checkpoint blockade therapy has emerged as a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy in several malignancies. However, patient prognosis and disease progression relevant to immune checkpoints in gastric tumor microenvironment are not defined. This study aims to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of immune checkpoints within gastric cancer. In the study, a cohort of 398 cancer tissues from stage I to IV gastric cancer patients were assessed for programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) infiltration using immunohistochemistry to ascertain their survival correlation. The data revealed that higher TIL density correlated with less risk of disease progression, and exhibited survival benefits in gastric cancer patients, and PD‐L1 positivity showed a significant association with the presence of high TIL infiltration. Furthermore, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect expression of multiple immune checkpoints with the relation to clinical outcome in 139 samples randomly selected from the same cohort, and higher messenger RNA levels of most immune checkpoints were associated with favorable outcome, while consistently showing a positive correlation with interferon gamma levels. In situ hybridization was used to determine the localization of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in 97 specimens, and showed EBV‐positive gastric cancer samples correlated with PD‐L1 expression and increased TIL density. These results suggest that induction of immune checkpoint within gastric cancer patients reflects a high immune infiltration density, especially in those with EBV‐associated gastric cancer, which may direct patient selection for checkpoint blockade therapy.
Generation of a sharp density increase in radiation transport between high-Z and low-Z plasmas
Authors: Meng Guangwei , Wang Jianguo , Wang Xuerong , Li Jinghong , Zhang Weiyan
Published: September 2016

A sharp density increase (referred to as density incrustation) of the Au plasmas in the radiative cooling process of high-Z Au plasmas confined by low-Z CH plasmas is found through the radiative hydrodynamic simulations. The temperature of Au plasmas changes obviously in the cooling layer while the pressure remains constant. Consequently, the Au plasmas in the cooling layer are compressed, and the density incrustation is formed. It is also shown that when the high-Z plasma opacity decreases or the low-Z plasma opacity increases, the peak density of the density incrustation becomes lower and the thickness of the density incrustation becomes wider. This phenomenon is crucial to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability at the interface of high-Z and low-Z plasmas, since the density variation of Au plasmas has a considerable influence on the Atwood number of the interface.
What Causes GPS Signal Loss on Satellites like Swarm?
Authors: Crane Leah
Published: September 2016

Using data from the European Space Agency's Swarm mission, scientists find that abrupt drops in the ionosphere's electron density may cause low-orbiting satellites to lose contact with GPS satellites
Comprehensive Earth System Models of the Last Glacial Cycle
Authors: Latif Mojib , Claussen Martin , Schulz Michael , Brücher Tim
Published: September 2016

Much of modern climate science fails to consider millennium-scale processes, many of which may prove to be important for predicting the climate trajectory in the shorter term.
Critical need for plutonium and uranium isotopic standards with lower uncertainties
Authors: Mathew Kattathu J. , Stanley Floyd E. , Thomas Mariam R. , Spencer Khalil J. , Colletti Lisa P. , Tandon Lav
Published: September 2016

Schematic of a Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS) Instrument.
Conjugated microporous polymer networks with adjustable microstructures for high CO2 uptake capacity and selectivity
Authors: Qin Long , Xu Guang-juan , Yao Chan , Xu Yan-hong
Published: September 2016

A series of phenylene-based conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) of the A6 + Mx (x = 2, 3, 4, 6) type were synthesized.
Superheating and melting within aluminum core–oxide shell nanoparticles for a broad range of heating rates: multiphysics phase field modeling
Authors: Hwang Yong Seok , Levitas Valery I.
Published: September 2016

Melting temperature of an Al nanoparticle encapsulated within an oxide shell depends on the heating rate and the geometry of a core–shell structure.
Is kinetic polymer arrest very specific to multiwalled carbon nanotubes?
Authors: Xavier Priti , Nair Keerthi M. , K. Lasitha , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: September 2016

Kinetic arrest due to the confinement of more mobile PVME chains in partially miscible polymeric blends of PS/PVME in the presence of anisotropically shaped MWCNTs.
Type-I van der Waals heterostructure formed by MoS2 and ReS2 monolayers
Authors: Bellus Matthew Z. , Li Ming , Lane Samuel D. , Ceballos Frank , Cui Qiannan , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Zhao Hui
Published: September 2016

Monolayers of ReS2 and MoS2 form a type-I van der Waals heterostructure with both the electrons and the holes confined in the ReS2 layer.
Synthesis and properties of novel 2′-C,4′-C-ethyleneoxy-bridged 2′-deoxyribonucleic acids with exocyclic methylene groups
Authors: Osawa Takashi , Obika Satoshi , Hari Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2016

Three methylene-EoDNAs were synthesized from 5-methyluridine and their modified oligonucleotides showed strong binding affinity with ssRNA and high nuclease resistance.
Supramolecular main-chain polycatenanes formed by orthogonal metal ion coordination and pillar[5]arene-based host–guest interaction
Authors: Xing Hao , Shi Bingbing
Published: September 2016

A novel supramolecular main-chain polycatenane was constructed by coordination-driven self-assembly, host–guest interaction and supramolecular polymerization.
Extractive denitrogenation of fuel oils using ionic liquids: a review
Authors: Abro Rashid , Abro Masroor , Gao Shurong , Bhutto Abdul Waheed , Ali Zeenat M. , Shah Asif , Chen Xiaochun , Yu Guangren
Published: September 2016

Extractive denitrogenation (EDN) of fuel oils using ILs is reviewed. EDN using ILs is a promising technology for the elimination of N-compounds from fuel oils.
Synthesis of azo linked polymers by a diazotization-coupling reaction and its application for CO2 capture
Authors: Manoranjan Narmadha , Woo Seong Ihl
Published: September 2016

Azo bridged, heterocyclic, microporous polymers were synthesized by a metal catalyst-free direct one-step coupling reaction of a diazotized amine group with the five-membered ring.
A dynamical coarse-grained model to disclose allosteric control of misfolding β2-microglobulin
Authors: Carrillo-Parramon O. , Brancolini G. , Corni S.
Published: September 2016

Development of a novel Coarse-Grained (CG) model to study β2-microglobulin dynamical features related to fibrillation: our one CG bead model is able to indicate propensities in the deformation behavior of the protein via investigation of the protein motion correlations.
Unsaturated copolyesters of lactide
Authors: Lahcini M. , Weidner S. M. , Oumayama J. , Scheliga F. , Kricheldorf H. R.
Published: September 2016

Four classes of unsaturated copolyesters of l-lactide were prepared either from isosorbide or bis(hydroxymethyl)tricyclodecane in combination with fumaric acid or from 1,4-butenediol or 1,4-butynediol with terephthalic acid.
G-quadruplex/protoporphyrin IX-functionalized silver nanoconjugates for targeted cancer cell photodynamic therapy
Authors: Ai Jun , Li Jing , Ga Lu , Yun Guohong , Xu Li , Wang Erkang
Published: September 2016

A new type of G-quadruplex/protoporphyrin IX-functionalized silver nanoconjugate was prepared and used for the targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer cells via the specific interaction between AS1411 and the nucleolin on the cell surface.
An amperometric glucose enzyme biosensor based on porous hexagonal boron nitride whiskers decorated with Pt nanoparticles
Authors: Li Qun , Luo Wenpo , Su Lei , Chen Junhong , Chou Kuo-Chih , Hou Xinmei
Published: September 2016

A novel amperometric electrode is fabricated using platinum nanoparticle (Pt NP) decorated porous hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) whiskers.
Polarity control and enhanced luminescence characteristics of semi-polar ZnO nanostructures grown on non-polar MgO(100) substrates
Authors: Mannam Ramanjaneyulu , Bellarmine F. , Kumar E. Senthil , DasGupta Nandita , Rao M. S. Ramachandra
Published: September 2016

Enhancing luminescence characteristics is one of the key challenges in ZnO nanostructures for highly efficient UV-blue LEDs and laser diodes. We report enhanced CL emission intensity by tailoring polar and non-polar ZnO nanostructures.
Au(iii)-aryl intermediates in oxidant-free C–N and C–O cross-coupling catalysis
Authors: Serra Jordi , Parella Teodor , Ribas Xavi
Published: September 2016

Au(iii)-aryl species have been crystallographically isolated as reactive intermediates in oxidant-free C–O and C–N cross coupling processes, using aromatic and aliphatic alcohols and amines, as well as water and amides, as nucleophiles.