bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Organizational Structure of Advertising Agencies and New Directions
Authors: Gürel Pinar Altiok , Firlar Talat , Firlar Nursen
Published: April 2015

The acceleration of globalization caused transformations in the area of communication, as in many other areas, and innovations brought about by information technologies have diversified operation methods and management, as well as organizational understandings of business companies within the global competition environment. Evolving towards post-modern structuring, companies have gravitated to customer-oriented business management strategies, where companies see their customers and market environment from different angles while conducting their advertising activities. The mass marketing sense, which was effective for a long period of time, was gradually alienated, and particularly with the intense utilization of social media and digital environments, the understanding of personal marketing (which more quickly connects products with their target audiences) was adopted in order to influence customers, who now have a multitude of choices. This chapter focuses on introducing the new organizational structures of advertising agencies in the social media age.
Advertising in the World of Social Media-Based Brand Communities
Authors: Habibi Mohammad Reza , Laroche Michel , Richard Marie-Odile
Published: April 2015

Social media has revolutionized marketing practices and created many opportunities for smart marketers to take advantage of its unique characteristics. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept of Social Media-Based Brand Communities to advertisers and show how they can use these communities to work for them in creating and distributing favorable communication messages to masses of consumers. The authors underscore that consumers in a brand community can be employed as unpaid volunteer ambassadors of the brand who diligently try to create favorable impressions about the brand in the external world. Social media has also empowered them to do so through participating in brand communities based in social media. These communities, however, are different from conventional brand communities on at least five dimensions: social context, structure, scale, storytelling, and myriad affiliated communities. Therefore, marketers should treat such communities differently. This chapter provides the essentials all marketers should know before facilitating brand communities in social media.
Corporate Advertising at the Age of Social Media
Authors: Aktan Ercan , Ozupek Mehmet Nejat
Published: April 2015

As one of the main issues of public relations, corporate advertising is an important pattern for the companies from the point of ensuring positive communication with their customers and sending image-based messages. Social media, which is one of the important communicational environments, has become a channel with high-level interaction with which the institutions may deliver their corporate advertising to the target group. Social media, which provide symmetrical interaction, may be convenient for increasing the effectiveness of corporate advertising messages and may provide positive contributions to the goodwill of the institutions. In this chapter, the term of corporate advertising with an important public relations aspect for the first thing and then the term of social media are studied, and finally, the benefits of the advertisements which will be held in the social media and their advantages to the corporations are discussed.
Turkish Healthcare Industry Promotional Practices and Digital Era
Authors: Basal Bilgen
Published: April 2015

In this chapter, promotional activities of Turkish healthcare sector have been reviewed both on historical and contemporary basis. Anatolian medical folk culture regarding health and Islam give the traces of today's pharmaceuticals. Herbalists are examined as the first pharmacists and the first promotional practitioners. The importance of good product quality, ethical and socially responsible considerations, community wealth to form health sensitive and conscious stakeholders has been observed. Legendary, made-in-Turkey painkiller and febrifuge pharmaceutical, Gripin, and its successful promotional practices and pioneering promotional activities of Eczacibasi health group has been examined in this chapter as well. Early healthcare promotional efforts between 1950-1990 and afterwards have been studied to forecast the future. In the last parts of this chapter, the importance of crisis management and ingredients of a new reputation formula in pharmaceutical industry and digital communication in health has been studied.
The Influence of Perceived Interactivity of Social Media Advertising and Voluntary Self-Disclosure on Attitudes and Intentions to Pass-Along
Authors: Chu Shu-Chuan , Kim Yeuseung
Published: April 2015

Social media provide advertisers with opportunities to disseminate advertising and develop relationships with consumers in an interactive environment. To gain an understanding of this current advertising platform, this chapter examines how the perceived interactivity of an ad in social media and consumers' voluntary self-disclosure affect attitude toward an ad, attitude toward a brand, and pass-along intentions. An online experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses and answer the research question. Contrary to the prediction, a highly interactive social media ad was not more effective than a low-interactive one. High voluntary self-disclosure individuals had more favorable attitudes and intentions to pass-along the ad. Theoretical and practical implications for social media advertising are discussed.
Theory of Cognitive Constructivism
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: April 2015

This chapter reveals the theory of cognitive constructivism that represents significant perspectives on information seeking, information retrieval and knowledge formation. Regarding theory of cognitive constructivism, the perspective of information seeking assists organizations in facilitating constructivists' instructional access to emphasize students' practical roles in knowledge management through independent information seeking and implementation. The utilization of cognitive constructivism is necessary for modern organizations that seek to serve suppliers and customers, increase business performance, strengthen competitiveness, and achieve continuous success in global business. Therefore, it is essential for modern organizations to examine their cognitive constructivism applications, develop a strategic plan to regularly check their practical advancements, and immediately respond to the cognitive constructivism needs of customers in modern organizations. Applying the theory of cognitive constructivism will favorably enhance organizational performance and reach strategic goals in the information age.
Dervin's Sense-Making Theory
Authors: Dervin Brenda
Published: April 2015

Dervin's Sense-Making Methodology (SMM) has been frequently referred to and used as a substantive theory, particularly so in the field of Information Science. Yet, SMM was not developed as a substantive theory but rather as a philosophically informed methodological approach for attending to (and researching) human sense-making and sense-unmaking. In the field of Information Science, this “theoretical approach” has been most frequently used to explicate and study variable analytic measures categorized as information needs, seeking, and use. In its uses, SMM can be termed depending on context as theory, as well as meta-theory, methodology, and method. All of these perspectives are relevant to the purposes of this chapter - to position SMM within the Information Science field in terms of its historical origins and to describe how it's positioning as meta-theory, methodology, and method has had applications to the study of information needs, seeking, and use, and to substantive theorizing.
Krikelas' Model of Information Seeking Behavior (1983)
Authors: Sawant Sarika
Published: April 2015

Over the period of four decades plenty of information seeking behavior models have been presented by many researchers. James Krikelas (1983) was the first to develop an information seeking model derived from published Library and Information Science (LIS) literature about information needs and uncertainty. The present chapter discusses the Krikelas model, the researcher's views of the model and the empirical studies that implemented it. The Krikelas model can be reassessed considering the advances taking place in today's online environment. The internal and external source preferences which are important part of the model have taken new form. The advanced online tools and techniques can help the researcher in capturing information, organizing and eventually collaborating with others to fulfill the information giving and gathering process. Further studies are recommended to redesign the Krikelas model considering new possibilities with the addition of feedback at the end.
Bates' Berrypicking Model (1989, 2002, 2005)
Authors: Lillard Linda L. , Ha YooJin
Published: April 2015

Bates' model integrated a biological and a socio-cultural perspective to argue that, in practice, information seeking does not follow a systematic search process but more commonly takes the form of “berry picking”, or finding information bit by bit using a range of sources. According to her theory, humans collect most of their information through passive, undirected behavior, while the remainder is generated using three types of behavior defined as monitoring, browsing and directed search. Bates argued that a process of sampling and selection that she refers to as “berry picking”, underlies most browsing and directed searches, and has evolved from traditional mating and foraging behaviors. The chapter discusses the diverse theoretical perspectives on which Bates' model is based, and its key contributions to Information Science.
Chatman's Theories of Information Behavior (1996, 1999, 2000)
Authors: Musa Abdullahi I.
Published: April 2015

Information behaviors are complex practices rooted within individual's everyday social and cultural dynamics. However, understanding the social and cultural dynamics of information seeking and use is a major challenge for many graduate students, scholars, and information practitioners. The objective of this chapter is to advance the understandings of social contexts and cultural situations in information behavior processes using Chatman's theories of information behaviors: theory of information poverty, theory of life in the round, and the theory of normative behavior. Over the past twenty years scholars have adopted Chatman's theories as a lens to illuminate understandings of information behaviors in diverse contexts and situations. This chapter synthesizes these studies. The chapter is useful for information professionals and scholars who are interested in applying social theories to examine the social and cultural dynamics of information practices in different settings.
Information Grounds Theory (1999, 2004)
Authors: Al-Aufi Ali Saif
Published: April 2015

As a study and research topic, information behavior has always remained central to the field of library and information science. Theorization in this area has, likewise, constantly attracted the interest of many researchers and so outbound empirical research has generated an enormous body of literature. Information grounds as a theory is one of the latest evolving phenomena in the area of information behavior. It seeks to interpret peoples' interaction with information in a social context. This chapter attempts to elaborate on the emergence and development of information grounds and its capability to delineate everyday information behavior. The chapter also reviews the literature that has used information grounds as a basis for interpreting information behavior in different social settings and it identifies opportunities for future research in user studies that can build upon information grounds to explore and clarify the information needs and behavior of certain groups in different socio-cultural environments.
Ajzen and Fishbein's Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (1980)
Authors: Al-Suqri Mohammed Nasser , Al-Kharusi Rahma Mohammed
Published: April 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the TRA and the main variants on this model, considers the main criticisms and limitations of the theory, and discusses examples of empirical studies that have helped validate this theoretical perspective and contributed to its development over time. It also considers the relevance of these theories for Library and Information Science. Potential future research directions relating to the TRA and related theories are discussed. These include additional meta-analyses using statistical techniques to refine the underlying structure of the theory and enhance understanding of its applicability in different contexts, and the use of qualitative research to improve understanding of the thought processes involved in behavioral decision-making and the factors that influence these.
Davis' Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (1989)
Authors: Silva Patrícia
Published: April 2015

This chapter reviews the literature about the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which is an information systems models theory that explain how users come to accept use a technology determined. The model suggests that when users are presented with a new technology, a number of factors influence their decision about how and when they will use it. While TAM is one of the most influential models used in the studies of the technology acceptance and empirically proved to have high validity, it must be used to a certain extent with caution, because with the internationalization of companies, there is a growing need to understand how cultural factors can affect the ability of a multinational organization to adopt and use information technologies. This model provides a foundation for further research to understand why users accept or reject information technology and how to improve the acceptance.
Rogers' Innovation Diffusion Theory (1962, 1995)
Authors: Miller Rebecca L.
Published: April 2015

This chapter presents an overview of a key overarching theory of adoption of innovations, Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory. A complex yet coherent set of concepts and models comprise the overall theory, which is summarized by the definition established by Rogers (2003): “the process by which (1) an innovation (2) is communicated through certain channels (3) over time (4) among the members of a social system” (p. 11, emphasis in the original). First, a brief background on Everett Rogers is provided, then a history of the development of the theory basis is presented. Next, the four core components of the theory, as well as the strengths and limitations of the theory are discussed. Finally, the relation between the diffusion of innovations theory and other technology adoption theories, specifically TAM and UTAUT are briefly described, with areas for possible further expansion identified.
Database Sharding
Authors: Bagui Sikha , Nguyen Loi Tang
Published: April 2015

In this paper, the authors present an architecture and implementation of a distributed database system using sharding to provide high availability, fault-tolerance, and scalability of large databases in the cloud. Sharding, or horizontal partitioning, is used to disperse the data among the data nodes located on commodity servers for effective management of big data on the cloud.
Cloud Computing
Authors: Ouf Shimaa , Nasr Mona
Published: April 2015

The population is living in a complex world at information explosion age. Today in Enterprises, the size and complexity of managing information have been increasing significantly and the demand for cost efficient information storage and processing grows higher. Enterprises need to optimize their IT management and minimize server maintenance costs become greater as usage demands prove to be increasingly unpredictable. Cloud computing offers a promising solution. Cloud computing is a computing model that relies on a large, centralized data center to store and process a great wealth of information. Computing power and storage space are provided on-demand to Enterprises that outsource their IT management to the cloud service provider. The immediate advantage to this computing model is a lower infrastructure maintenance cost. Since Enterprises that use cloud no longer require on-site servers, they eliminate the associated cost in IT management and electrical power.
Three Dimensional Hypercube Model and Mechanism
Authors: Patra Prashant Kumar , Pradhan Padma Lochan
Published: April 2015

The automated access control mechanism afforded to an automated system control in order to attain the maximum objectives of preserving the confidentiality, integrity, authentication & high availability of information system resources. The risk optimization is the process of identifying vulnerabilities, risk, uncertainties and threats to operating system resources to achieving the maximum business objectives and deciding the maximum counter measures in to optimizing the lowest level of risk. This proposed three dimensional hypercube security models and mechanism is going to be providing high level accountability for individuals who are accessing sensitive information on multiple relation functions, operation and services (RFOS) on multiple application, system software, server and network. This accountability is accomplished through access control mechanisms & services that require Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Access control, Non repudiation, Availability & Privacy through operating system control and audit function. One has to develop the computer algebraic system over a relation, function, operation & services for multiple business, resources and location for risk optimization on complex real time large scale operating system. This paper contributes to the development of an optimization mechanism that objective to determine the optimal cost to be invested into security mechanisms on the measure component of the system security. Furthermore, the model optimize the cost, time & resources is supposed to optimize the system risks and maximize the business throughput and high security system. One has to develop one solution (ACM) for multiple issue which is satisfying to the pervasive and ubiquitous computing based on distributed object oriented system.
Immersion and Perceived Value
Authors: Charfi Ahmed Anis
Published: April 2015

Webmasters aim increasingly at encouraging visitors' immersion in the heart of an online experience. In order to better understand this phenomenon, a qualitative and a quantitative study are presented here that analyze the influence of immersive experiences on the online perceived value of the visit and on the potential responses of the visitor towards the site, the brand and the product. The author's study shows that virtual reality web sites generate episodes of immersion, which have an impact on the hedonic and utilitarian value of the visit experience. The author also shows that perceived value plays the role of mediator between the immersion and visitors' behavior and the author highlights the moderating effect of involvement and expertise on the relationship between immersion and perceived value. Finally, from theoretical and managerial points of view, our results offer perspectives on the perceived benefits of online' immersive experiences.
Robot Friendship
Authors: Emmeche Claus
Published: April 2015

Friendship is used here as a conceptual vehicle for framing questions about the distinctiveness of human cognition in relation to natural systems such as other animal species and to artificial systems such as robots. By exploring this very common form of a human interpersonal relationship, the author indicates that even though it is difficult to say something generally true about friendship among humans, distinct forms of friendship as practiced and distinct notions of friendship have been investigated in the social and human sciences and in biology. A more general conceptualization of friendship as a triadic relation analogous to the sign relation is suggested. Based on this the author asks how one may conceive of robot-robot and robot-human friendships; and how an interdisciplinary perspective upon that relation can contribute to analyse levels of embodied cognition in natural and artificial systems.
A failing in the Calderon-Zygmund theory of Dirichlet problems for linear equations with discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Boccardo Lucio
Published: April 2015

This note is devoted to the Calderon-Zygmund theory for linear differential operators with discontinuous coefficients. It is known that the theory holds if the datum

f(x)

, in (1.1) belongs to the Lebesgue space

L^m \Omega

, with

1 < m < \frac {2N}{N+2}

(see [6]). In this paper we prove that the theory fails if

m >\frac {N}{2}

.
New approximations of the total variation and filters in Imaging
Authors: Brezis Haïm
Published: April 2015

In this paper I present several results concerning the approximation of the BV-norm by non-local functionals. Some of these functionals are convex, others are non-convex. The mode of convergence introduces mysterious novelties and numerous problems remain open. The original motivation comes from Image Processing.
Lealdade do Consumidor e Programas de Fidelidade: uma análise topográfica do campo de conhecimento à luz da bibliometria, estatística espacial e redes sociais
Authors: Rocha Viviane Moura , Ponchio Mateus Canniatti , Francisco Eduardo de Rezende
Published: April 2015

Apresenta-se neste artigo uma análise topográfica do campo de conhecimento constituído pelos conceitos de lealdade do consumidor e pelos programas de fidelidade, amplamente estudados nas últimas décadas e ainda relevantes à área de marketing. A partir de 250 artigos acadêmicos publicados nos últimos dez anos em periódicos científicos indexados, selecionou-se um subconjunto de 76 que continham 3.223 artigos acadêmicos referenciados. Foram tabulados e analisados os periódicos de publicação, as palavras-chave, os resumos, os autores, suas instituições de origem e as redes de citação correspondentes por meio de técnicas bibliométricas, estatística espacial e análise de redes. Os resultados permitem identificar a centralidade desses componentes no campo e os principais autores, periódicos, instituições e países intermediadores da difusão do conhecimento, o que favorece a compreensão da constituição do campo por pesquisadores e estudantes.
Novas Propostas Pedagógicas para o Desenvolvimento de Disciplinas Ministradas em Línguas Estrangeiras nas Salas de Aula Multiculturais
Authors: Gonçalves Roberto Birch , Stallivieri Luciane
Published: April 2015

Este estudo discorre sobre a atual tendência da oferta de disciplinas de graduação, ministradas em línguas estrangeiras, fundamentais para a formação dos profissionais globais, que necessitam de competências diferenciadas para atuação em mercados multiculturais. Fez-se uma reflexão sobre os conceitos de internacionalização, mobilidade acadêmica e internacionalização curricular e realizou-se um estudo de caso longitudinal, num período de três anos (2010-2013), descrevendo a trajetória da disciplina Intercultural Communication, ministrada em língua inglesa numa sala de aula multicultural, em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior. Para análise dos resultados, foram utilizados os dados fornecidos pelo sistema de avaliação on-line. Os resultados mostram o grau de satisfação dos estudantes que cursaram a disciplina e colocam em relevo as competências dos profissionais que ministram aulas em línguas estrangeiras em que a habilidade com a língua é fundamental, no entanto, o domínio do conteúdo e a aplicação de metodologias adequadas não são menos importantes.
O Método Fenomenológico na Pesquisa sobre Empreendedorismo no Brasil
Authors: Silva Suely Percínio Moreira , Gil Antonio Carlos
Published: April 2015

A maioria das pesquisas sobre o empreendedorismo tem sido realizada segundo a perspectiva positivista. Verifica-se, no entanto, tendência para sua investigação sob outros enfoques. Assim, elaborou-se o presente estudo, que tem como objetivos: 1) Discutir a aplicabilidade do método fenomenológico no estudo do empreendedorismo; 2) Analisar o “estado da arte” da investigação acerca do empreendedorismo sob esse enfoque. Trata-se de um ensaio fundamentado em contribuições teóricas e em relatos de pesquisas empíricas de cunho fenomenológico sobre empreendedorismo no Brasil. O método fenomenológico apresenta grande potencial para o estudo do empreendedorismo, pois permite que a ação empreendedora seja conhecida sob o ponto de vista do próprio empreendedor. Contudo, ainda é reduzido o número de pesquisas sobre empreendedorismo com a aplicação desse método.  Recomenda-se aos pesquisadores que atentem para o potencial desse método para a compreensão do fenômeno empreendedor e que se disponham a investigá-lo sob a perspectiva dos próprios empreendedores.
Effects of age and time of day of sampling on proximate and fatty acid composition of whole eggs from two strains of laying hens
Authors: Stanišić N. , Petričević V. , Škrbić Z. , Lukić M. , Pavlovski Z. , Lilić S. , Petričević M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of breed (Naked Neck – NN – and Lohmann Brown – LB), age (46 to 49 weeks) and the time of day of sampling (morning eggs – M – and afternoon eggs – A) on the proximate and fatty acid composition of whole eggs. Eggs of commercial hens (LB) had significantly (P < 0.001) less fat, ash and protein and lower dry-matter content (more water content) compared to the autochthonous breed (NN). The NN eggs contained significantly (P < 0.001) more SFA (saturated fatty acid) and less PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) than LB ones, while the share of the eggs' total n-3 fatty acids did not differ significantly between breeds. The share of total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) significantly (P = 0.011) decreased, while the share of total PUFA, n-6 and n-6 / n-3 ratio significantly increased (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.032, respectively) with age of hens. Additionally, compared with morning eggs, afternoon eggs had a significantly (P = 0.046) higher share of total n-6 fatty acids. PCA (principal component analysis) offered a good separation of the samples according to breed and age when two first principal component were extracted. PC1 was positively related to parameters of proximate composition and SFA content, while PC2 was positively determined by PUFA, n-6 and n-3 content. Eggs of autochthonous hens (NN) were located in the positive area of PC1, whereas those from the commercial hens (LB) were in the negative quarter, which indicates opposite characteristics.
Zeeman effect in atmospheric O2 measured by ground-based microwave radiometry
Authors: Navas-Guzmán F. , Kämpfer N. , Murk A. , Larsson R. , Buehler S. A. , Eriksson P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. In this work we study the Zeeman effect on stratospheric O2 using ground-based microwave radiometer measurements. The interaction of the Earth magnetic field with the oxygen dipole leads to a splitting of O2 energy states, which polarizes the emission spectra. A special campaign was carried out in order to measure this effect in the oxygen emission line centered at 53.07 GHz. Both a fixed and a rotating mirror were incorporated into the TEMPERA (TEMPERature RAdiometer) in order to be able to measure under different observational angles. This new configuration allowed us to change the angle between the observational path and the Earth magnetic field direction. Moreover, a high-resolution spectrometer (1 kHz) was used in order to measure for the first time the polarization state of the radiation due to the Zeeman effect in the main isotopologue of oxygen from ground-based microwave measurements. The measured spectra showed a clear polarized signature when the observational angles were changed, evidencing the Zeeman effect in the oxygen molecule. In addition, simulations carried out with the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) allowed us to verify the microwave measurements showing a very good agreement between model and measurements. The results suggest some interesting new aspects for research of the upper atmosphere.
Low-level mixing height detection in coastal locations with a scanning Doppler lidar
Authors: Vakkari V. , O'Connor E. J. , Nisantzi A. , Mamouri R. E. , Hadjimitsis D. G.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Mixing layer height (MLH) is one of the key parameters in describing lower tropospheric dynamics and capturing its diurnal variability is crucial, especially for interpreting surface observations. In this paper we introduce a method for identifying MLH below the minimum range of a scanning Doppler lidar when operated at vertical. The method we propose is based on velocity variance in low-elevation-angle conical scanning and is applied to measurements in two very different coastal environments: Limassol, Cyprus, during summer and Loviisa, Finland, during winter. At both locations, the new method agrees well with MLH derived from turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate profiles obtained from vertically pointing measurements. The low-level scanning routine frequently indicated non-zero MLH less than 100 m above the surface. Such low MLHs were more common in wintertime Loviisa on the Baltic Sea coast than during summertime in Mediterranean Limassol.
An examination of the long-term CO records from MOPITT and IASI: comparison of retrieval methodology
Authors: George M. , Clerbaux C. , Bouarar I. , Coheur P.-F. , Deeter M. N. , Edwards D. P. , Francis G. , Gille J. C. , Hadji-Lazaro J. , Hurtmans D. , Inness A. , Mao D. , Worden H. M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key atmospheric compound that can be remotely sensed by satellite on the global scale. Fifteen years of continuous observations are now available from the MOPITT/Terra mission (2000 to present). Another fifteen and more years of observations will be provided by the IASI/MetOp instrument series (2007–2023>). In order to study long term variability and trends, a homogeneous record is required, which is not straightforward as the retrieved products are instrument and processing dependent. The present study aims at evaluating the consistency between the CO products derived from the MOPITT and IASI missions, both for total columns and vertical profiles, during a six year overlap period (2008–2013). The analysis is performed by first comparing the available 2013 versions of the retrieval algorithms, and second using a dedicated reprocessing of MOPITT CO profiles and columns based on the IASI a priori constraints. MOPITT v5T total columns are generally slightly higher over land (bias ranging from 0 to 13%) than IASI v20100815 data. When IASI and MOPITT data are retrieved with the same a priori constraints, correlation coefficients are slightly improved. Large discrepancies (total column bias over 15%) observed in the Northern Hemisphere during the winter months are reduced by a factor of 2 to 2.5. The detailed analysis of retrieved vertical profiles compared with collocated aircraft data from the MOZAIC-IAGOS network, illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of a constant vs. a variable a priori. On one hand, MOPITT agrees better with the aircraft profiles for observations with persisting high levels of CO throughout the year due to pollution or seasonal fire activity (because the climatology-based a priori is supposed to be closer to the real atmospheric state). On the other hand, IASI performs better when unexpected events leading to high levels of CO occur, due to the less constrained variance-covariance matrix.
Nitrate limitation and ocean acidification interact with UV-B to reduce photosynthetic performance in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Li W. , Gao K. , Beardall J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. It has been proposed that ocean acidification (OA) will interact with other environmental factors to influence the overall impact of global change on biological systems. Accordingly we investigated the influence of nitrogen limitation and OA on the physiology of diatoms by growing the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin under elevated (1000 μatm; high CO2 – HC) or ambient (390 μatm; low CO2 – LC) levels of CO2 with replete (110 μmol L−1; high nitrate – HN) or reduced (10 μmol L−1; low nitrate – LN) levels of NO3- and subjecting the cells to solar radiation with or without UV irradiance to determine their susceptibility to UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm). Our results indicate that OA and UVB induced significantly higher inhibition of both the photosynthetic rate and quantum yield under LN than under HN conditions. UVA or/and UVB increased the cells' non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) regardless of the CO2 levels. Under LN and OA conditions, activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were enhanced, along with the highest sensitivity to UVB and the lowest ratio of repair to damage of PSII. HC-grown cells showed a faster recovery rate of yield under HN but not under LN conditions. We conclude therefore that nutrient limitation makes cells more prone to the deleterious effects of UV radiation and that HC conditions (ocean acidification) exacerbate this effect. The finding that nitrate limitation and ocean acidification interact with UV-B to reduce photosynthetic performance of the diatom P. tricornutum implies that ocean primary production and the marine biological C pump will be affected by OA under multiple stressors.
Impact of rockfalls on protection measures: an experimental approach
Authors: Yuan J. K. , Li Y. R. , Huang R. Q. , Pei X. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The determination of rockfall impact force is crucial in designing protection measures. In the present study, laboratory tests are carried out by testing the weight and shape of the falling rock fragments, drop height, incident angle, platform on the slideway, and cushion layer on the protection measures to investigate their influences on the impact force. The test results indicate that the impact force is positively exponential to the weight of rockfall and the instantaneous impact velocity of the rockfall approaching the protection measures. The impact velocity is found to be dominated not only by the drop height but also by the shape of rockfall and the length of the platform on the slideway. A great drop height and/or a short platform produces a fast impact velocity. Spherical rockfalls experience a greater impact velocity than cubes and elongated cuboids. A layer of cushion on the protection measures may reduce the impact force to a greater extent. The reduction effects are dominated by the cushion material and the thickness of the cushion layer. The thicker the cushion layer, the greater the reduction effect and the less the impact force. The stiffer the buffer material, the lower the buffering effect and the greater the impact force. The present study indicates that the current standard in China for designing protection measures may overestimate the impact force by not taking into consideration the rockfall shape, platform, and cushion layer.
Forecast-based financing: an approach for catalyzing humanitarian action based on extreme weather and climate forecasts
Authors: Coughlan de Perez E. , van den Hurk B. , van Aalst M. K. , Jongman B. , Klose T. , Suarez P.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Disaster risk reduction efforts traditionally focus on long-term preventative measures or post-disaster response. Outside of these, there are many short-term actions, such as evacuation, that can be implemented in the period of time between a warning and a potential disaster to reduce the risk of impacts. However, this precious window of opportunity is regularly overlooked in the case of climate and weather forecasts, which can indicate heightened risk of disaster but are rarely used to initiate preventative action. Barriers range from the protracted debate over the best strategy for intervention to the inherent uncomfortableness on the part of donors to invest in a situation that will likely arise but is not certain. In general, it is unclear what levels of forecast probability and magnitude are "worth" reacting to. Here, we propose a novel forecast-based financing system to automatically trigger action based on climate forecasts or observations. The system matches threshold forecast probabilities with appropriate actions, disburses required funding when threshold forecasts are issued, and develops standard operating procedures that contain the mandate to act when these threshold forecasts are issued. We detail the methods that can be used to establish such a system, and provide illustrations from several pilot cases. Ultimately, such a system can be scaled up in disaster-prone areas worldwide to improve effectiveness at reducing the risk of disaster.
Technical Note: A fully automated purge and trap GC-MS system for quantification of volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes between the ocean and atmosphere
Authors: Andrews S. J. , Hackenberg S. C. , Carpenter L. J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The oceans are a key source of a number of atmospherically important volatile gases. The accurate and robust determination of trace gases in seawater is a significant analytical challenge, requiring reproducible and ideally automated sample handling, a high efficiency of seawater–air transfer, removal of water vapour from the sample stream, and high sensitivity and selectivity of the analysis. Here we describe a system that was developed for the fully automated analysis of dissolved very short-lived halogenated species (VSLS) sampled from an under-way seawater supply. The system can also be used for semi-automated batch sampling from Niskin bottles filled during CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profiles. The essential components comprise a bespoke, automated purge and trap (AutoP & T) unit coupled to a commercial thermal desorption and gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (TD-GC-MS). The AutoP & T system has completed five research cruises, from the tropics to the poles, and collected over 2500 oceanic samples to date. It is able to quantify >25 species over a boiling point range of 34–180 °C with Henry's law coefficients of 0.018 and greater (CH22l, kHcc dimensionless gas/aqueous) and has been used to measure organic sulfurs, hydrocarbons, halocarbons and terpenes. In the eastern tropical Pacific, the high sensitivity and sampling frequency provided new information regarding the distribution of VSLS, including novel measurements of a photolytically driven diurnal cycle of CH22l within the surface ocean water.
Laughing Horse Magazine and Regional Modernism in New Mexico
Authors: Worden Daniel
Published: April 2015

New Mexico was central to the development of American modernism in the 1920s and 1930s, and Laughing Horse magazine documented the distinctive form that modernism took there. Crucial to the arts and literary communities in Santa Fe and Taos, Laughing Horse provided a venue for established writers like Mary Austin and D. H. Lawrence, as well as younger writers like Lynn Riggs and Frank Waters, and the magazine also featured iconic visual images that reinforced the magazine's regionalist, yet also modernist, aesthetic. This essay argues that Laughing Horse and its network of little magazines are central, rather than peripheral, to modernism.
AVALIAÇÃO DA MEDIDA DE PRESSÃO ARTERIAL ATRAVÉS DE EQUIPAMENTO ACOPLADO A SMARTPHONE EM JOVENS SADIOS
Authors: Alessi Alexandre , Iga Fabiana Akemi , Mendes Pontarolla Felipe , Azevedo Couceiro Gabriela
Published: April 2015

Na era atual, em que os smartphones vêm ganhando espaço no meio médico, é fundamental a avaliação científica da real eficácia e reprodutibilidade dessas novas tecnologias. Nesse contexto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar, de forma inédita no nosso país, o esfigmomanômetro acoplado ao smartphone (Withings Blood Pressure Monitor) em comparação com outros métodos (esfigmomanômetros de mercúrio, aneróide e digital). Foram selecionados de forma aleatória 45 alunos sadios do curso de Medicina da UFPR e realizadas três medidas por aparelho, sendo comparadas entre as quatro modalidades, em ordem aleatória e em cada aluno. Também foi avaliada a preferência de método entre smartphone e digital. Os dados obtidos foram analisados nos modelos t-Student pareado e oneway Anova, com significância de p<0.05. Obtivemos 576 medidas; na comparação individual das medidas, em relação à pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), quando confrontados cada aparelho entre si, o smartphone não apresentou diferença significativa com os demais métodos (p > 0,05), seja em cada leitura por aluno ou entre os diferentes métodos. Quanto à pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), houve diferença significativa entre o smartphone e os demais aparelhos (p<0.05). Na análise específica das médias repetidas em cada aluno por cada método, em relação à PAD, o smartphone foi o único a diferir significativamente de todos os outros métodos, existindo uma variabilidade entre cada medida. Quanto à análise de preferência, os quesitos tempo de medida, desconforto à compressão do manguito e apresentação visual das medidas não influenciaram significativamente a escolha, sendo que 51,9% optaram pelo smartphone e 29,6% pelo digital.
CÂNCER PEDIÁTRICO: PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DOS PACIENTES ATENDIDOS NO SERVIÇO DE ONCOLOGIA PEDIÁTRICA DO HOSPITAL DE CLÍNICAS DA UFPR
Authors: Hadas Tania Cristine , Gaete Adriane Elizabeth Gamarra , Pianovski Mara Albonei Dudeque
Published: April 2015

Objetivo: Avaliar epidemiologicamente os dados das crianças atendidas no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, diagnosticadas com câncer em um período de 10 anos. Métodos: Análise dos dados de 424 pacientes, de 0 a 14 anos, diagnosticados no período de 2001 a 2010. Foram excluídos da análise de sobrevida os pacientes com diagnóstico realizado após 31/12/2009, aqueles com carcinoma de suprarrenal e os que realizaram tratamento prévio em outros serviços.Resultados: Do total, 211 (49,8%) eram do sexo masculino e 213 (50,2%) do sexo feminino. Em relação à distribuição dos pacientes de acordo com a faixa etária, 30 (7,1%) eram menores de 1 ano, 179 (42,2%) de 1 a 4 anos, 137 (32,3%) de 5 a 9 anos e 78 (18,4%) de 10 a 14 anos. Em ordem de frequência, ficaram em primeiro lugar as leucemias (46,0%), seguidas pelos linfomas (13,0%), retinoblastomas (7,8%) e tumores de sistema nervoso central (SNC) (6,0%). Os tumores sólidos em geral corresponderam a 174 casos (41,0%). Foram incluídos 316 casos na análise de sobrevida, dentre os quais 220 (69,6%) estavam vivos ao final de 5 anos de seguimento, 92 (29,1%) foram a óbito pela neoplasia ou por causas a ela relacionadas e 4 (1,3%) por outras causas. A sobrevida global em 5 anos foi de 74,1% para as leucemias, 78,2% para os linfomas e 67,9% para os tumores sólidos. Conclusão: A análise de sobrevida das leucemias está em concordância com os dados de estudos de países desenvolvidos.
QUALIDADE DE VIDA, USO DE INSULINA E DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 NA CIDADE DE CURITIBA – PR – DISTRITO PORTÃO
Authors: Lagana Caio Cesar Cervi , Salvatti Natália Boing , Zaions Rafaela Maria , Batista Ricardo , Schirr Roberto Augusto , Faria Ana Cristina Ravazzani de Almeida , Kusma Solena Ziemer
Published: April 2015

Introdução: O diabetes mellitus resulta em defeitos na ação e/ou secreção da insulina e possui profundo impacto na qualidade de vida. O diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) compreende 85-95% dos casos com pico de incidência aos 60 anos. As complicações crônicas podem ser evitadas ou retardadas através do bom controle glicêmico. Objetivo: Conhecer a qualidade de vida através de um questionário aplicado em diabéticos tipo 2, no distrito Portão, município de Curitiba-PR, e correlaciona-lo com o uso de insulina. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento transversal. A amostra consiste em 156 diabéticos tipo 2 com mais de 18 anos de idade, cadastrados nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde e Unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família no Distrito Portão do município de Curitiba – PR. O instrumento utilizado baseia-se no questionário Diabetes Quality of Life Measures (DQOL – Brasil). As questões eram de caráter objetivo, questionando aspectos da doença, satisfação pessoal, impacto, preocupações sociais e vocacionais e preocupações relacionadas ao DM2. Resultados: 67,2% eram do sexo feminino, 58,9% tinham mais de 60 anos de idade e 46,9% eram aposentados. O tratamento com insulina associado ou não a comprimidos era utilizado por 37,2% dos pacientes. A média da hemoglobina glicada foi de 7,96% e 80,8% desconhecia sua utilidade. Foi encontrada diferença significativa (p<0,05) em todos os módulos do DQOL, mostrando maiores índices de insatisfação em usuários de insulina.  Conclusão: Os pacientes com DM2 que utilizam insulina possuem piores índices de qualidade de vida quando comparados aos que não usam insulina e o uso de insulina se mostrou como fator independente na redução da qualidade de vida no distrito do Portão em Curitiba-PR.
IMMUNOSENESCENCE AND ITS IMPACT ON MEDICAL PRACTICE. A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD PROBLEM.
Authors: Lorencetti Pedro G. , Van der Geest Kornelis S.M. , Wang Qi , Brouwer Elisabeth , Boots Annemieke M.H.
Published: April 2015

Introdução:O envelhecimento é um processo complexo que influencia todos os sistemas do corpo humano e seu impacto no sistema imune é chamado Imunosenescência. Essa condição é resultado de várias modulações imunológicas causadas por interações entre fatores genéticos e ambientais e é responsável por importantes condições clínicas em indivíduos idosos como alta prevalência de doenças infecciosas e autoimunes, neoplasias e menor eficácia de vacinas. Objetivo: Nesta revisão serão discutidos os problemas clínicos mais comuns na população idosa relacionados a Imunosenescência, e os novos achados da ciência básica relevantes a este tópico. Conclusão: A melhor compreensão da Imunosenescência é importante para prevenção de doenças comuns relacionadas à idade e para a promoção de um envelhecimento saudável.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Carvalho Mauricio
Published: April 2015

O Programa Ciências sem Fronteiras foi criado em julho de 2011 pelo Ministério da Ciência,Tecnologia e Inovação (MCTI), da Educação (MEC) e de suas respectivas instituições de fomento(CNPq e Capes). O programa visa aumentar a presença de pesquisadores e estudantes de váriosníveis em instituições de excelência no exterior e atrair jovens talentos científicos. O objetivo éfornecer 101.000 bolsas em um período de quatro anos, 75.000 bolsas com recursos do GovernoFederal e 26.000 bolsas concedidas com recursos da iniciativa privada. Neste número 04 daREVISTA MÉDICA DA UFPR (RMU), temos o prazer de publicar o artigo intitulado“Immunosenescence and its impact on medical practice. A new look at an old problem”. Asatisfação se deve a vários motivos: ser o primeiro artigo da RMU procedente de um serviço de forado Brasil, especificamente do Departamento de Reumatologia e Imunologia Clínica da Universidadede Groningen, na Holanda; por ser o primeiro autor (Pedro Gabriel Lorencetti, foto abaixo, nocentro, com coautores do artigo) aluno da UFPR e bolsista do Ciências sem Fronteiras. E finalmente,por revisar um tema fascinante, a chamada imunosenescência.Ainda nesta edição, o professor Alexandre Alessi, do Departamento de Clínica Médica daUFPR, apresenta o primeiro estudo brasileiro que avaliou um aparelho capaz de medir a pressãoarterial acoplado a um smartphone. Talvez, em futuro próximo, possamos utilizar esses tipos dedispositivo para, como médicos, compartilhar dados armazenados pelos pacientes, o que permitiriaum melhor seguimento dos portadores de hipertensão arterial.Finalmente, gostaria de destacar o estudo realizado no Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica doHospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, que avaliou dados de 424 criançasdiagnosticadas com câncer no período de 2001 a 2010.Boa Leitura.