bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM KONSUMEN TERHADAP PELAKU USAHA DIGITAL
Authors: Diana Herma , Hini HD Mastrati
Published: March 2022

Situs internet di Indonesia banyak pelaku usaha yang mencantumkan disclaimer. Disclaimer yang dicantumkan dalam situs internet di Indonesia seringkali menyatakan pengalihan tanggung jawab dari pelaku usaha kepada konsumen. Banyak konsumen yang tidak menyadari keberadaan disclaimer karena letaknya sulit terlihat. Pencantuman disclaimer tersebut tidak adil bagi konsumen, sehingga sangat penting untuk diadakan penelitian. Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini yaitu bentuk pengaturan pencantuman disclaimer dalam situs internet di Indonesia dan perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen berkaitan dengan pencantuman disclaimer dalam situs internet di Indonesia. Saat ini perlindungan hukum secara umum dapat diberikan kepada konsumen secara preventif dengan dibentuknya suatu Lembaga Sertifikasi Keandalan (LSK) dan secara represif melalui jalur litigasi dapat dilakukan dengan pengajuan gugatan perdata dan sanksi pidana berdasarkan Undang-undang No.11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE). Dalam Penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang -undangan dan pendekatan analisis konsep hukum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap permasalahan tersebut, bentuk pengaturan hukum terhadap pencantuman disclaimer di Indonesia ditinjau dari Undang-undang No.11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik atau UU ITE yang secara khusus ( lex specialis derogate legi generali ) mengatur kegiatan di pelaku usaha digital , masih belum jelas.
Simpósio sobre vacinação no atual contexto pandêmico: um relato de experiência
Authors: Belo Ramos da Silva Ludmila , Tavares de Arruda Amanda , Carvalho Fonseca e Albuquerque Ana Sofia , Hirt Ribeiro Ana Vitória , Arcuri Cavalcanti Giovana , Lemes Gondin de Oliveira Matheus , Da Silva Sampaio Medrado Thamires , Sales Rocha Vitória Maria , Medeiros de Ataides Ana Maria
Published: March 2022

Resumo: 

Introdução: No cenário da pandemia de Covid-19, o Brasil chegou à segunda posição do ranking de mortes por infecção pelo novo coronavírus.  Apesar do avanço da vacinação no país, a propagação de notícias falsas sobre o funcionamento e eficácia das vacinas evidenciou a necessidade de educar a população, sobretudo os estudantes das áreas de saúde, a respeito desses imunizantes. Dessa forma, este relato objetiva descrever as experiências desse evento e estimular a realização de outros que abordem a mesma temática.

Relato de Experiência: A atividade “I Simpósio de Vacinação da IFMSA Brazil XXX” foi idealizada durante uma Reunião de Planejamento de Atividades, onde ocorreu a seleção de seus oito (8) coordenadores. As inscrições foram realizadas pela plataforma Even3, e a divulgação se deu por meio de publicações no Instagram e WhatsApp. O evento ocorreu de forma online, com transmissão pelo Youtube, em quatro (4) encontros entre os dias 22 e 30 de março de 2021. As palestras foram conduzidas por dois médicos e uma enfermeira, sendo o último encontro uma mesa redonda com os dois primeiros.

Discussão: Foi identificada grande satisfação do público com o conhecimento adquirido no evento, a partir da abordagem ampla, dinâmica e de fácil entendimento dos palestrantes. Destaca-se o contentamento dos participantes com a oportunidade de compreender os mecanismos, a eficiência e a importância das vacinas para o Covid-19 no enfrentamento da pandemia atual.

Conclusão: O evento ampliou os conhecimentos dos participantes sobre a vacinação, desmistificando preconcepções com informações confiáveis. Os participantes relataram preparo para promover educação em saúde em suas comunidades, condição essencial no contexto da pandemia. Dessa forma, destaca-se a importância da promoção de outras atividades com propostas semelhantes, de modo a reiterar informações sobre como a imunização pode prevenir e a erradicar doenças.

Palavras-Chave: Vacinação; Saúde Pública; Imunização; Educação em Saúde.
Response: Physical Education Learning Assignment Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Candra Oki , Wahyudi Wahyudi , Prasetyo Tri
Published: March 2022

The  purpose  of  the study. The purpose of this study was to find out how deep the response of students to the assignment assigned by the health physical education teacher in determining the number of respondents when the teacher gave physical education assignments. Materials and methods. This research was descriptive quantitative research. The research began by collecting assignments that have been given through online methods to students in the form of google form. The study population was 108 students of SMP IT Raudhatur Rahmah Pekanbaru, Riau. The sample in this study was all students of SMP IT Raudhtaur Rahmah. The sampling technique applied was total sampling. Results. The results obtained based on several assignments that have been given via google form in this study were as follows: For the subject of the passing and catching, dribbling, and shooting on basketball learning, the average scores were 54.25%, 46, 01%, and 42.02%, respectively. Teachers must be more active and creative in packaging the learning process so that it attracts students to take part in the Physical Education learning provided and considering that the response of students in learning physical education during the Covid-19 pandemic was low Conclusions. Online learning was very ineffective as a learning process as it was caused by many factors and can be proven by the low of student response in doing the task which has been given. a solution is needed so that the teaching and learning process can be carried out with an appropriate method so that students are not disadvantaged in the learning activities themselves, which not only receive the knowledge they need, but also includes learning related to the character and emotion that should be given by the teacher in the learning process.
PERAN MEDIASI SIKAP PADA PENGARUH KEPERCAYAAN MEREK TERHADAP PERSEPSI KULINER HALAL (Studi Pada Mahasiswa dan Dosen Institut Islam Mamba'ul 'Ulum Surakarta)
Authors: Sulistyowati S , Baehaqi B
Published: March 2022

This study aims to determine: 1) Analyzing the effect of brand trust on consumer attitudes towards halal culinary products. 2) Analyzing the influence of brand trust on Halal Label Perception of halal culinary. 3) Analyzing the influence of consumer attitudes on the Perception of the Halal Label of Halal Culinary. 4) Analyzing consumer attitudes in mediating the influence of brand trust on Halal Label Perception of halal culinary. This type of research is quantitative research. The population in this study are students and lecturers of the Islamic Institute of Mamba’ul ‘Ulum Surakarta. The sample in this study was taken to facilitate research from the large number of populations, the sample selection can be seen in the sampling technique, the number of samples in this study were students and lecturers of the Islamic Institute of Mamba’ul ‘Ulum Surakarta. The sampling technique used in this study is a non-probability method because it uses an accidental sampling technique. Research Results: 1) Brand Trust has a positive and significant effect on consumer attitudes of Halal Culinary products. This means that the Brand Trust felt by consumers on Halal Culinary products can increase the Perception of the Halal Label on these products. These results show that the better the brand trust felt by consumers, it has a positive influence on consumer attitudes towards halal culinary products. 2) Brand trust has a positive and significant effect on satisfaction with halal culinary purchases. This means that the brand trust felt by consumers in halal culinary products can increase purchase satisfaction for these products. These results show that the better the brand trust felt by consumers in halal culinary products, the higher the satisfaction of purchasing these halal culinary products. 3) Consumer attitudes have a positive and significant effect on buyer satisfaction of halal culinary products. This means that consumer attitudes perceived by consumers on halal culinary products can increase buyer satisfaction for these products. This shows that the higher the attitude of consumers perceived by consumers on halal culinary products, the higher the satisfaction of buyers with these products. 4) Consumer attitudes mediate positively and significantly affect brand trust on purchase satisfaction of halal culinary products, in other words, consumer attitudes affect Halal Label Perception through brand trust. The better the perceived buyer satisfaction, the higher the brand trust which will increase the perception of the halal culinary label.
Programa de Desenvolvimento Profissional para docentes de educação básica: perspectivas sobre ensino-pesquisa-docência
Authors: Monteiro Vivian Bitello , Morosini Marilia
Published: March 2022

A obra proposta pelas pesquisadoras tem como objetivo desenvolver proposições para o ensino-pesquisa-docência a partir de espaços de reflexões com professores da educação básica.
Dendrophthoe Glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow (Loranthaceae) - An Addition to the Flora of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Singh Lal , Ranjan Vinay
Published: March 2022

Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Blakely) Barlow is being reported for the first time from Tamil Nadu. Detailed taxonomic description, illustration and scanned images of specimens are also given.
Miliusa Amplexicaulis (Annonaceae) -A New Distributional record for India from the Bay Islands
Authors: Prabhu S. , Murugan Chidambaram
Published: March 2022

Miliusaamplexicaulis Ridl. (Annonaceae), so far recorded from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, is reported here as a new distributional record for India from the Bay Islands.
Understanding Teacher Compensation: A State-by-State Analysis
Authors: Carver-Thomas Desiree , Patrick Susan
Published: March 2022

Offering competitive teacher compensation is an important part of the puzzle to recruiting and retaining a strong and diverse teacher workforce. The maps and associated tables that follow show three teacher wage indicators for each state: (1) average annual starting salary for public school teachers, (2) average annual starting salary for public school teachers adjusted for cost-of-living differences across states, and (3) average weekly wage competitiveness—how much teachers earn relative to other college-educated workers in that state. Together, these indicators signal the overall wage conditions underlying efforts to attract and retain well-prepared teachers across a state. The ﬁnal table in the series shows all three indicators for each state. Teacher starting salaries and cost of living vary by district, so within states (with the exception of Hawaii and Washington, DC, which each comprise a single school district), there are districts that will be higher or lower than their state average on these indicators.
PENGARUH MARKETING MIX TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH (UKM) PADA USAHA KERAJINAN TANGAN (HANDICRAFT) DISENTRA PRODUKSI RUMAH TANGGA KOTA PALEMBANG
Authors: Wibowati Januar Ida , Nasrullah Nasrullah
Published: March 2022

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui secara parsial dan Simultan pengaruh marketing mix (bauran pemasaran) terhadap usaha kerajinan tangan (handicraft) disentra produksi rumah tangga kota Palembang dan Untuk mengetahui pengaruh yang dominan di antara variabel marketing mix (bauran pemasaran) yang mempengaruhi usaha kerajinan tangan (handicraft) disentra produksi rumah tangga kota Palembang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksploratif, dengan mewawancara, memberikan kuesioner, dan mengobservasi orang dan fenomena adalah tiga metode pengumpulan data yang utama dalam penelitian survei. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan objek penelitian Konsumen yang membeli handicraft Palembang yang berlokasi di Komplek Maskrebet Jln.Sedap Malam I Blok B.18 No.18 Palembang yaitu di“Yun Din Collection” Dalam melakukan penelitian agar tidak menyimpang dari permasalahan yang ada maka penulis menitikberatkan pembahasan pada pengaruh entrepreneut terhadap pengembangan UKM pada usaha kerajinan tangan (handicraft) di sektor produksi rumah tangga kota Palembang. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat baik dari segi teoritis maupun praktis. Dalam Teoritis Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah pengetahuan mengenai perkembangan Usaha untuk kepentingan penelitian di masa yang akan datang dan bermanfaat bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan referensi untuk penelitian selanjutnya dengan tema yang sejenis. Sedangkan manfaat Praktis Bagi pengusaha, Penelitian ini diharapkan pengusaha dapat mengembangkan usahanya dengan baik dan dapat menerapkan bauran pemasaran dengan baik. Bagi Pengambil Kebijakan (Dinas UMKM) Penelitian ini diharapkan sebagai referensi dalam mengambil keputusan untuk memajukan Usaha kerajinan tangan (handicraft) disentra produksi rumah tangga kota Palembang
PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN BPJS KESEHATAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DI UPTD PUSKESMAS BANDAR KOTA PAGAR ALAM
Authors: Astarina Yesita , Fujiansyah Deki , Yudianto Ruaman
Published: March 2022

The aims of this study were 1) to determine the effect of BPJS Health service quality

on outpatient satisfaction at UPTD Bandar Kota Pagar Alam Health Center, 2) to

determine the relationship between BPJS Health service quality and outpatient

satisfaction at UPTD Puskesmas Bandar Kota Pagar Alam. The research method

used is associative research type. Primary data were obtained from questionnaires

distributed to 96 respondents who were outpatients at the UPTD Puskemas Bandar

Kota Pagar Alam. Secondary data was obtained through literature study (relevant

books and literature) and agency internal data. The indicators used were obtained

from this study, namely the dimensions of BPJS Service Quality (X) and the

dimensions of Patient Satisfaction (Y). Based on the results of the analysis of

research that has been done, that the correlation calculation in this study, the effect of

service quality (X) on patient satisfaction (Y) the correlation value of 0.608 means

that there is a correlation value in a strong level and a positive sign on the correlation

coefficient indicates a unidirectional relationship between quality service (X) with

patient satisfaction variable (Y) at UPTD Puskesmas Bandar Kota Pagar Alam.

There is an influence of service quality on patient satisfaction of UPTD Puskesmas

Bandar Kota Pagar Alam. Based on this statement, it means that Ha can be accepted.
Association of Neck Pain With Hand Grip Strength in Private School Teachers of Lahore
Authors: Omer Abdullah , Bukhari Bazal ` , Haseeb Narmeen , Afzal Zirwa , Hashim Adnan , Ali Sarwat
Published: March 2022

Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorderand getting persistently developing all through the world.It is seen in different sorts of Professions, for instance, Dentists, Physiotherapists, Teachers, etc.Assessment of hand grip strength is compulsory for the assessment of upper limb disabilities and successful exercise treatment.The present investigation design to discover the relationship of neck pain as estimated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Neck Disability as estimated by Neck Disability Index (NDI) with hand grasping strength estimated by digital hand dynamometer in lb. (Unit). Objective:To find the association of neck pain with hand grip strength in private school teachers of Lahore. Methods: 210 school teachers were selected. Data was collected from different schools of Lahore. Data was collected through self-made questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 24.0. Data was completed in a span of 11 visits. Results:The prevalence of neck pain was 20.3%.Among 210 instructors, the pervasiveness of NPD and hand grasp quality was 48.7% and 45.6% individually. There was critical relationship between the degree of Neck pain and Hand grip strength. The association was found between them, NPD index and hand grip strength among selected participants is hundred percent. The above P value chi square value is 0.03 which is less than 0.05 which shows that there is association between and neck pain and Hand grip strength. Conclusion:This research shows the association of neck pain with hand grip strength in school teachers.
Perception of Physiotherapists of Lahore, Pakistan about the effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Short and Long Term Pain Management
Authors: Arslan Hafiz Rana Muhammad , Islam Faiza , Hassan Muhammad Saad , Muneeb Hafiza Neelam , Zubair Ali , Hamid Muhammad Faizan
Published: March 2022

To determine the knowledge about TENS usage among professional physical therapists of Lahore city. Methods: In this study cross sectional survey was conducted in Physiotherapy department of UOL Teaching Hospital, CMH, Ghurki Teaching Hospital and Social Security Hospital, Lahore. The sample size of 117physical therapist participated in this study. Questionnaire was used to determine response of participants. Results: 117 questionnaires were filled by physical therapists, using electrotherapy (TENS) in their setup. Only 81.2% physical therapist found TENS effective as a sole treatment for acute pain, while 36.8% founds it effective as a sole treatment for chronic pain. Physical therapists 70% in Lahore prefer using gels/lotions with TENS about for prolonged relief. Majority of physical therapists (84.6%) were satisfied with the effectiveness of TENS applying with other modalities. Conclusion: TENS is frequently used among Physical Therapist aged more than 26 years. Most of physical therapist found it effective for both short and long term care. Physical therapist were frequently using it for the management of frozen shoulder pain.
Comparison of combined isotonic and deep friction soft tissue techniques on pain and function in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis
Authors: Bashir Aleena , Hafeez Sana , Sarfraz Khurram , Bashir Anum , Anwar Samra , Asad Farwa
Published: March 2022

To determine the effects of combined isotonic and deep friction soft tissue techniques on pain and function in patient with chronic lateral epicondylitis. Study Design: Quasi Experimental study. Place and Duration of study: Data was collected from Mednic clinic and services hospital Lahore, for 6 months of duration after the approval of synopsis. Method: Quasi Experimental study was conducted on twenty-two patients of chronic lateral epicondylitis. Participants were allocated to either combined isotonic technique group and deep friction soft tissue technique group, both groups were treated for 12 sessions in 4 weeks. NPRS and PRTEE scale were used to measure the treatment effect before and after treatment of 3 session per week, total 12 sessions in 4 weeks to each participant. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21. Results: Total participants 22 were classified into two groups, Group A (combined isotonic technique) and Group B (deep friction soft tissue technique group). Minimum age was 30, maximum age was 46, mean age 37 and standard deviation was ±4.93. The significance was greater than 0.05 which mean the data is normally distributed as the value of Shapiro wilk test for NPRS .88 and for PTREE was .208, therefore parametric test (paired and independent T test) was applied. The significance values for all statistical tests were set to 0.05. Paired sample T test for NPRS mean difference reading for group A was 2.63 ±.9244 and group B was 1.09 ±.3015 and for PRTEE mean difference for group A was 14.09 ±7.8288 and group B was 5.81 ±3.945 showed that although in both group changes were significant but difference of mean was greater in Combined isotonic technique group. Independent T test comparison of mean score of NPRS and PRTEE between Group A and Group B showed that there was significant difference in value, pretreatment NPRS mean difference was .011 and post treatment NPRS score was 1.54. pretreatment PRTEE mean difference was 1.90 and post treatment NPRS score was 6.36 so combined isotonic technique showed greater mean difference after treatment. Conclusion: The study concluded that combined isotonic exercises group showed better results than deep friction soft tissue technique group for improvement of pain and functional disability in lateral epicondylitis patients
ASSOCIATION OF SONOGRAPHIC GRADING OF FATTY LIVER DISEASE WITH LIVER FUNCTION TESTS AND CT HOUNSFIELD
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Areeb , Ali Noraiz , Yousaf Muhammad , Fatima Mehreen , Ahmad Mian Hasnan , Sohail Zainab , Niaz Gulshan , Sohail Areeb , Yaqoob Namra , Khan Sania , Tuaha Mansoor Abdur-Rehman
Published: March 2022

Fatty Liver Disease is described as the accumulation of triglycerides within cytoplasmic vesicles of hepatocytes exceeding 5 percent of total liver weight. It is generally of two types: Alcoholic or Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It has a tendency to progress and cause steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic liver disease, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovarian syndrome and adenocarcinomas. It is associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, high triglycerides and low HDL levels.The Objective of this study is to find association of  Sonographic Grading of Fatty Liver Disease with Liver function tests and CT Hounsfield units. The evaluation of the significance of Ultrasound and LFTs over Computed Tomography is the aim of this study for the diagnosis of Fatty Liver Disease. Material and Method:104 patients were undergone CT exams, Ultrasound exams and LFT tests for this this study (mean age: 38 years). Their hepatic (right lobe and left lobe) and Splenic Hounsfield units were obtained, Ultrasonographic grades were specified and LFTs were recorded. Crosstabulations, multiple comparisons and ANOVA was done separately on the results obtained. Results:In a cross-tabulation between Lobes of Liver, Hounsfield Units and Fatty Liver Grades through ultrasonography, a significant association is seen.The means of total bilirubin in three groups of Fatty Liver (Grade I, Grade II, Grade III) are statistically insignificant. The means of ALT, AST and Alkaline Phosphatase in three groups of Fatty Liver (Grade I, Grade II, Grade III) are statistically significant. Conclusion:It is concluded that Ultrasound is effective in diagnosing this disease in all grades of FattyLiver Disease along with Liver Function Tests.
AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH TO UNDERMINE THE KNOWLEDGE RELATED ATTRIBUTES OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AMONG ADULT FEMALES
Authors: Aslam Maria , Batool Maham , Tahir Mishal , Asmat Amina , Naeem Simra , Tul Wusqa Urwa , Haneef Yusra , Sabir Urva
Published: March 2022

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a worldwide common syndrome of reproductive women described as reproductive, endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. PCOS is affecting 5-15% women all around the world. PCOS is defined as multifactorial pathology, determined by the association of many factors such as genetic, endocrine and environmental. Prevalence rate of PCOS in Pakistan is more than 50% and it is increasing day by day in young females. The objective of study is to access the females who are at risk of PCOS and relationship between PCOS and infertility in young females. The method of study was cross-sectional, done among female students of university. The respondents were asked about some physical signs and symptoms such as, oily skin, gain weight, darkened skin around their neck, excessive hair growth, and acne. In the end of the research, it is concluded that 20 percent of females out 100 have PCO’s and are unaware of their symptoms. 48% respondents said they do not have PCOS but the symptoms that they answered according to the questionnaire shows that they have PCOS. The respondents were asked about their periods regularity. 53.9% respondents have irregular periods 33.3% shows they have regular period 3.9% says that some time they have irregular periods and 6.9% says they never faced any irregularity in their periods. Results   showed that 45% participants faced weight gain while the 15% does not know that they have gain any weight or not. Cravings percentage in PCOS patients increases from normal patients so the results shows that 39.2% participants have increase in cravings and 28.4% participants show they have no cravings and 30.4% don’t know about their cravings. The study concluded that adolescent girls were unaware of PCOS symptoms and their diet normally constitutes of junk food and beverages that effect their menstrual cycles.
A General Assessment of Confidence and Life Orientation among Medical Students
Authors: Ashraf Tahira , Iqbal Zunaira , Shafique Seema , Hanif Asif , Chaudhry Ashraf , Sabir Iqra
Published: March 2022

To measure the level of confidence and components of life orientation among medical students and compare the confidence level with respect to gender and study program. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at CMH Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan. Non-probability convenience sampling was used to collect data from 385 students using a Standard questionnaire developed and available online by University of Stirling. Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare confidence level of students with respect to gender and study programs. Results: There were 49.73% males and 50.27% females in this study and among them, 82.97% MBBS students, 10.81% of Nursing and 6.22% of the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students. The mean self esteem level in students was very low  i.e. 15.8351±3.1178,  mean optimism level, self efficacy and mindset level were all low  i.e. 6.3568±2.28753, 2.8792±.56600, and 3.9061±1.25499 respectively that means students were generally under-confident. There was no median difference of any component of confidence level with respect to gender and study programs, except optimism which was slightly higher in males compared to females. Conclusion: The average level of four components of life orientation i.e. optimism, self esteem, self efficacy and mindset as well as average confidence level were all low among medical students irrespective of gender and study programs.
Jonas Karolis – Dievo Lietuvai duotas taleris
Authors: Narbutas Sigitas
Published: March 2022

Studijoje aptariamas Jono Karolio Chodkevičiaus vaizdavimas Lietuvos neolotyniškoje poezijoje. Vienalaikių kūrinių turinį sudaro svarbiausi Chodkevičiaus biografijos faktai, jo bei jo šeimos narių pagerbimas ir jo fundacijos. Juose apdainuojami ne visi, o tik svarbiausi įvykiai bei nuopelnai. Visi šie neolotyniškosios poezijos kūriniai yra proginiai. Pagal įvykio turinį juos galima apžvelgti teminėmis grupėmis, atskirai aptariant herojinę, laidotuvių, sveikinimų (gimus bei pradėjus eiti pareigas) ir dėkojimo už suteiktis poeziją. Studija skiriama Chodkevičiaus gimimo 450-osioms ir mirties 400-osioms metinėms paminėti. Esminiai žodžiai: Jonas Karolis Chodkevičius; Karolis IX Vaza; Livonijos karas (1600–1611); Salaspilio (Kirchholmo) mūšis; Chotyno mūšis (1621); neolotyniškoji poezija; senoji Lietuvos literatūra.
Издания «Апостола» Ивана Федорова, Петра Мстиславца и братьев Мамоничей в книжных собраниях Риги
Authors: Морозова Надежда
Published: March 2022

В специальной книговедческой научной литературе с середины ХХ в. бытует информация о наличии в научных библиотеках Риги экземпляров московского (1564 г.) и львовского (1574 г.) изданий «Апостола» Ивана Федорова и Петра Мстиславца. В первой половине 1970-х гг. в старообрядческой печати появилась информация о том, что старопечатный московский федоровский «Апостол» имеется также в книжнице Рижской Гребенщиковской старообрядческой общины. В данной статье показано, что приводимая в библиографических справочниках информация о вышеназванных экземплярах и изданиях не всегда соответствует действительности. Так, «Апостол» Ивана Федорова и Петра Мстиславца хранится только в книжнице Рижской Гребенщиковской общины, а в Латвийской национальной библиотеке и Академической библиотеке Латвийского университета представлены издания «Апостола», напечатанные в типографии братьев Мамомичей в 1590-х гг. Ключевые слова: Старопечатный церковнославянский «Апостол»; Иван Федоров; типография Мамоничей; Академическая библиотека Латвийского университета; Латвийская национальная библиотека; Рижская Гребенщиковская старообрядческая община.
Lietuvos prezidento institucijos istorijos atgarsiai Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos dokumentuose
Authors: Sperskienė Rasa
Published: March 2022

Šiame straipsnyje tiriama šimtametė Lietuvos prezidento institucijos istorija, kuriai pagrįsti pasitelkti dokumentai, ikonografija, saugomi Lietuvos MA Vrublevskių bibliotekos Rankraščių ir Retų spaudinių skyriuose. Esminiai žodžiai: Lietuvos prezidento institucija; seimų dominavimo, autoritarinio valdymo laikotarpiai; sovietinė okupacija; nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimas.
Nacionalinė retrospektyvioji analizinė bibliografija ‒ universalus mokslo ir kultūros istorijos šaltinis
Authors: Miknienė Giedrė , Railienė Birutė
Published: March 2022

Straipsnis skiriamas nacionalinės retrospektyviosios analizinės bibliografijos reikšmei mokslo ir kultūros istorijos tyrimuose išnagrinėti. Tyrimo objektu pasirinkta lietuviškų periodinių ir tęstinių leidinių publikacijas registruojančio leidinio „Lietuvos bibliografija“ C serija. Straipsnio pradžioje analizuojamas nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų taikymas socialinių ir humanitarinių mokslų tyrimams, pateikiami trumpi statistiniai duomenys apie užsienio šalis, rengiančias nacionalinę analizinę bibliografiją. Toliau atskleidžiama nacionalinės retrospektyviosios bibliografijos Lietuvoje istorinė raida ir Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių bibliotekos (toliau – LMAVB) veikla bei indėlis, rengiant šios serijos leidinius, pateikiama nacionalinės retrospektyviosios analizinės bibliografijos leidinių sandara ir chronologinė aprėptis, publikacijų atrankos pagrindai, klasifikavimo sistema, technologiniai nacionalinės retrospektyviosios bibliografijos publikavimo pokyčiai. Esminiai žodžiai: nacionalinė retrospektyvioji bibliografija; nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenys; bibliografinių duomenų mokslo metodas; periodinių leidinių publikacijos; bibliografiniai leidiniai; bibliografinės duomenų bazės; Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių biblioteka.
Parekoen behaketaren bidez komunikazio-gaitasuna ebaluatzen: zer dute nahiago ikasleek, errubrika tradizionala ala bideo-behaketa
Authors: Hormaetxe Garazi , Iruskieta Mikel
Published: March 2022

Lan honen helburua ikasmaila ezberdinetako ikasleek euren parekoen ahozko komunikazio-jarduna eta -estrategiak nola ebaluatzen dituzten aztertzea da. Horretarako, bi tresna ezberdin erabili ditugu: bata, bideo-etiketa bidezko behaketa (Video Enhancing Observation, VEO tresnarekin) eta, bestea, errubrika digitala. Aztertu ditugun ikasle-taldeak bi hauek dira: Derrigorrezko Bigarren Hezkuntzako ikasle-taldea eta unibertsitateko ikasle-taldea. Ondoren, bi tresnen erabilerarekin lortu diren emaitzen inguruko hausnarketa egin da, horretarako ikasleei inkesta bidez galdetuta. Bukatzeko, ikasleen esperientzia oinarri hartuta, horien parte-hartzea deskribatu da eta, komunikazioko arloari erreparatuz gero, arreta handiena non jarri duten aipatu: errubrika bidez egindako ebaluazioan ala bideoan oinarritutakoan. Emaitzen arabera bai unibertsitateko ikasleek bai DBHko ikasleek uste dute egokiagoa dela bideo-etiketa bidezko behaketa, ahozko jarduna hobetzeko eta horri buruzko atzeraelikadura emateko.
An Overview of European Community Protection of Human Rights, with Some Special References to the U.K.
Authors: Dallen Russell M.
Published: March 2022

“Whoever hath an absolute authority to interpret any written or spoken laws, it is he who is truly the lawgiver, to all intents and purposes, and not the person who first spoke or wrote them.”

– Bishop Hoadly’s Sermon, preached before the King, 1717.
Correspondence
Authors: Kuijper Pieter Jan
Published: March 2022

The Editors welcome reactions to articles published in the Common Market Law Review and willpublish these where appropriate, in the interests of stimulating debate on Community law. The Editors reserve the right to shorten such reactions if necessary. The Editors’ decision whether or not to publish is final.
Can general measures be...selective? Some thoughts on the interpretation of a state aid definition
Authors: Vallindas Dimitri , Kurcz Bartlomiej
Published: March 2022

Selectivity constitutes a sine qua non condition of application of Article 87(1) EC. Therefore, in theory, general measures open to all undertakings do not constitute State aid. This article tries to explore and clarify the notion of general measures, by reviewing and analysing the relevant ECJ case law, Commission decisions and communications. The analysis shows that there is a grey area, where there are no coherent borders between general and selective measures. It may appear in practice that the ECJ case law limits to a large degree the scope of general measures, and almost every State measure, even that of general economic policy, can ultimately be found selective and constitute State aid.

The question of where to draw the line between general and selective measures is addressed. It is argued that it should be accepted that there is no such a thing as a measure that affects all undertakings identically. Some undertakings will always profit more from the measure than others. This should not, however, make such measures automatically selective. More coherent approach to general measures by all actors is needed in order to make sure that the notion is not stretched too far, at the same time avoiding virtually all economic policy actions involving State resources being brought under the scope of Article 87(1) EC.
EC external aviation relations: The Community’s increasing role, and the new EC/US agreement
Authors: Balfour John
Published: March 2022

Since the ECJ’s “open skies” judgment in November 1992, the EC’s role in connection with external aviation relations has increased greatly “Horizontal”agreements have been signed with a number of countries. Essentially they all provide that EC ownership and control of Community carriers will be acceptable, but there are some interesting variations between them in other respects, particularly with regard to safeguards that some countries have succeeded in obtaining.The other principal development has been the EC/US air transport agreement. When this comes into effect at the end of March 2008, it will lead to radical changes in competition on the EC/US market, although the agreement falls short of European expectations in a number of respects, particularly with regard to the ownership and control of US airlines, and it remains to be seen whether progress can be made in these areas in the planned second stage.
Enhanced multilateralism and enhanced bilateralism: Integration without membership in the European Union
Authors: Lazowski Adam
Published: March 2022

Over the years the European Union and the European Communities have developed political and legal relations with third countries. Yet, legal integration with third countries without their membership in the club is a relatively new phenomenon employed, inter alia, in the relations with the EEA countries, the Swiss confederation and countries of Western Balkans (within the framework of the Energy Community). To reflect the nature of these new frameworks in the field of external relations, the notions of “enhanced multilateralism” and “enhanced bilateralism” are used. Arguably, the shared legal framework has led to the creation of the European Union Legal Space whereby selected pieces of acquis are applicable between the EU and the third countries. This, being a fascinating jigsaw puzzle of legal regimes, may be a source of concern as such forms of integration are capable of undermining the coherence of the EU legal order in the long run. This article looks at these models of integration and makes an attempt to identify the main benefits and risks.
Copyright law in the EC: Status quo, recent case law and policy perspectives
Authors: Leistner Matthias
Published: March 2022

The paper gives a topical overview of copyright law in the EC. Firstly, the remarkably comprehensive acquis communautaire in copyright law (with seven specific Directives in the field to date) is briefly outlined. Secondly, the growing body of ECJ case law, referring to the provisions of the Directives’ copyright acquis communautaire, is described and discussed in detail. Thirdly, recent policy initiatives of the Commission, such as the planned extension of the protection term for performing artists and producers of sound recordings as well as the recent Green Book on Copyright in the Knowledge Economy are briefly discussed and critically evaluated. Ultimately, this allows to identify certain core areas of European copyright law for further harmonization or consolidation, such as the fields of copyright contract law, collective management of copyrights and the area of exceptions to copyright in their interplay with technological protection measures. On that basis, perspectives for the future are developed, namely discussing the future possibility of a genuine unification of European copyright law by way of a Community copyright regulation.
The EU Fundamental Rights Agency within the European and international human rights architecture: The legal framework and some unsettled issues in a new field of administrative law
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin , von Bernstorff Jochen
Published: March 2022

With the establishment of the Fundamental Rights Agency, an important development might come full circle. The European administration by the Commission and the Council in the 1970s and 1980s entailed a process of constitutionalization of the European Communities, in particular through fundamental rights protection. Now the developed constitutional law of the Union might usher a new field of administrative law if the potential of the Fundamental Rights Agency is realized. The increasing influence of specific human or fundamental rights institutions in numerous States is calling into question an understanding of fundamental rights protection that is mainly focused on judicial review. Under the approach taken here, administrative rights promotion is conceived of as a significant instrument supplementing legal protection by the courts and therefore an important field of administrative activity: European administrative law scholarship should move accordingly into this field. To contribute to this end, the relevant developments in the Union are recapitulated in order then to present the Agency’s activities and tasks as a specialized agency for the promotion of fundamental rights where numerous unsettled issues lurk, in particular in light of the UN model of specialized independent institutions promoting human rights. Thereafter, the Agency’s possible impact on the constitution of Europe is analysed, while the last part of the article recalls the main findings and discuss the prospect of human and fundamental rights promotion as a new area of administrative law.
The Right to Cross-Border Education in the European Union
Authors: Jørgensen Stine
Published: March 2022

The ECJ is the driving force behind the realization of the right of students to pursue their education in another Member State. In the article the principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality is further developed as regards cross border student mobility. It is argued that a Member State’s demand for payment for an education only imposed on foreign students is a discriminatory measure falling within the ambit of the EC Treaty. The Member States thus have to justify a claim for payment imposed only on foreigners. Territorial restrictions on educational benefits, as well as territorial restrictions on student grants, are also discussed from the perspective of non-discrimination. The ECJ has consistently rejected the argument that Article 49 EC is applicable to public education. The approach to publicly funded education could however benefit from taking as its point of departure the idea that public education, like health care, is an individual welfare benefit. This approach would show that educational benefits and health care benefits have some common features which make the different legal treatment of these benefits difficult to explain.
One Step Beyond? From Sodemare to Docmorris: The EU’s Freedom of Establishment Case Law Concerning Healthcare
Authors: Hancher Leigh , Hancher Leigh
Published: March 2022

The article aims, first, to map out the broad lines in the establishment case law of the European courts and its impact on the “supply side” of healthcare provision. It is apparent that the development of this line of case law so far is relatively (e.g. compared to the services case law) slow and fragmented. On the one hand, recent cases such as DocMorris show an advance with regard to the earlier Sodemare case because non-discriminatory rules are now caught by the prohibition. This can be seen as “one step beyond”. However, the exceptions to the prohibition of obstacles to freedom of establishment are being liberally applied based on the Gebhard test. In this manner systems based on public provision and/or self-regulation remain on the whole shielded from market access and competitive entry. The main exception are those cases where the applicable national regulation is self-evidently incoherent and can be attacked on that basis as part of the proportionality test (necessity or appropriateness) of the measures. The article then looks at the possible contribution of a more integrated law and economics based approach to achieve both a more coherent framework for deciding such cases and an improved result in terms of controlling expenditure and universal provision of a high standard of care. Finally, the article identifies the development of the principle of proportionality in this context as part of the future research agenda
Guest Editorial: The no-bailout clause and rescue packages
Authors: Louis Jean-Victor
Published: March 2022

“... to enter the euro zone there must be an overwhelming sentiment within society that the country is preparing to achieve a common destiny with the other members ... One cannot jump in and jump out of the euro area as one hops on and off from a bus; participation in EMU commits the destiny of a country.” (Jean-Claude Trichet)
Re-Balancing Security and Justice: Protection of Fundamental Rights in Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters
Authors: Rijken Conny
Published: March 2022

In police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters within the EU, security seems to take precedence over justice. This article addresses the question of whether recent developments in the EU, and especially the adoption of the Roadmap to procedural safeguards and the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, will lead to a re-balancing of security and justice. The conclusion is that the scope of the Roadmap is too limited and more a duplication of what is covered by the ECHR. It therefore does not fill the procedural rights gap in police and judicial cooperation in the EU that currently exists. If the EU legislature does not fill this gap, it is to be hoped that the European Court of Justice will continue to play its role as the guardian of fundamental rights.
Of ages in – and edges of – EU law
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: March 2022

The notions of primacy and direct effect, as well as the relationship between them, influence the fundamental dynamics of the European Union legal order. Two recent judgments of the European Court of Justice, Mangold and Kücükdeveci, trigger uncertainty regarding the theoretical model underlying the effects of EU law and the circumstances in which EU law can create obligations for individuals. They constitute new landmarks for the identification of the edges of EU law.

It is submitted that the Court’s novel approach, allowing for the EU principle of equality to place new obligations on individuals, is founded upon the notion of direct effect. Although the Court does not clearly elucidate why it develops the horizontal direct effect of the principle of equality, it will be suggested that the reach of this case law may be limited to specific areas of EU secondary law (such as anti-discrimination law) actually giving effect to a general principle of EU law.
In legal limbo: Post-legislative guidance as a challenge for European administrative law
Authors: Scott Joanne
Published: March 2022

Post-legislative guidance is a regular feature of European Union law. It serves to elaborate upon the meaning and practical implications of European framework norms. This paper presents a case study on post-legislative guidance adopted in the area of climate change and operating at the interface between European and international law. It examines whether and when post-legislative guidance of this kind may be regarded as susceptible to European-level judicial review. It argues that although the European courts privilege substance over form in deciding which measures may be challenged, post-legislative guidance will frequently escape the scrutiny of these courts. The paper argues that the European courts' case law is premised upon a series of distinctions that operate to obscure the nature and impact of guidance as a governance form and that the European courts should create enhanced opportunities for judicial review. The paper considers what, concretely, this argument might mean for the development of European administrative law. While this paper focuses upon post-legislative guidance in the area of environmental law, the administrative law analysis presented is relevant also beyond this specific substantive sphere.
Key EU principles to combat transnational organized crime
Authors: Obokata Tom
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this article to critically analyse the core EU principles applicable to transnational organized crime: approximation of national laws and procedures, mutual recognition of judicial decisions and the principle of availability. These principles have been instrumental in closing various gaps created by divergence of criminal laws and justice systems among Member States and in promoting a common EU approach to the problem. Member States have also become more willing to implement measures such as framework decisions at the national level. These principles are explicitly or implicitly mentioned under the TEU and TFEU and therefore their legitimacy has been recognized under the current European legal framework. Nevertheless, it will be shown that a variety of problems, such as State sovereignty, a lack of due regard for protection of human rights, enlargement, and other practical difficulties are simultaneously affecting the ability of the EU and Member States to prevent and suppress the practice effectively. It is further argued that a criminal justice response to transnational organized crime on its own is not sufficient, and that the EU and Member States must address wider issues such as the supply of, and demand for, illicit goods and services.
EU agencies between Meroni and Romano or the devil and the deep blue sea
Authors: Chamon Merijn
Published: March 2022

A contentious issue regarding the institutional phenomenon of agencification of the Union administration is the question whether and to which extent executive powers may be conferred on EU agencies. This question has arisen because the Treaties neither foresee nor exclude the possibility for the Union legislature to establish other bodies through secondary law. So far this question has also remained unresolved because the Court of Justice has not yet ruled on this specific issue. In the case law of the Court there are however rulings to be found, notably the Meroni and Romano cases, in which the conferral of powers on bodies more or less similar to EU agencies was reviewed. Unsurprisingly these rulings, and especially the Meroni ruling, have therefore attracted the attention of legal scholars in their attempts to frame the process of agencification in the EU. Although the Meroni ruling is much more cited and analysed in the legal debate on agencies than the Romano judgment, it is argued in this contribution that the latter is far more relevant for current day agencies. By applying the reasoning in Romano to the EU agencies it is revealed, even more so than by applying the Meroni doctrine, that the ongoing agencification rests on very shaky legal grounds.