bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinuclear Chlorido‐, Alkyl(chlorido)‐, and Hydridoyttrium Complexes Supported by μ‐Bridging‐Silyl‐Linked Bis(amidinate) Ligands
Authors: Skvortsov Grigorii G. , Tolpyguin Alexei O. , Fukin Georgy K. , Cherkasov Anton V. , Trifonov Alexander A.
Published: March 2010

A chloridoyttrium complex supported by a silyl‐linked bis(amidinate) ligand, [(Me2Si{NC(Ph)N(2,6‐iPr2–C6H3)}2)2(YCl)2(μ‐Cl)]–[Li(thf)4]+ (2) (thf = tetrahydrofuran), was synthesized by the reaction of equimolar amounts of anhydrous YCl3 and lithium amidinate [(Me2Si{NC(Ph)N(2,6‐iPr2–C6H3)}2)2Li3]–[Li(thf)4]+ (1) in thf at 20 °C. Complex 2 was isolated after recrystallization from a thf/hexane mixture in 72 % yield. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis has revealed that 2 is a dinuclear compound composed of a discrete complex anion [(Me2Si{NC(Ph)N(2,6‐iPr2–C6H3)}2)2(YCl)2(μ‐Cl)]–, containing one μ‐bridging and two terminal chloride ligands, and a cation [Li(thf)4]+. The formation of a dimeric structure results from the coordination of amidinate fragments of the same dianionic ligand on two different yttrium ions and the presence of a μ‐bridging chloride ligand. Alkylation of 2 with one equivalent of Me3SiCH2Li in toluene afforded an alkyl(chlorido)yttrium complex, [Me2Si{NC(Ph)N(2,6‐iPr2–C6H3)}2]2[Y(thf)](μ‐Cl)[Y(CH2SiMe3)] (3). X‐ray crystal structure investigation has shown that 3 is a dimeric complex as a result of the “spanning” coordination mode of the ansa‐bis(amidinate) ligands and the presence of one μ2‐chloride ligand, while the alkyl group remains terminal. Treatment of the in situ generated alkyl derivative [Me2Si{NC(Ph)N(2,6‐iPr2–C6H3)}2]2[Y(CH2SiMe3)]2 (4) with PhSiH3 in toluene results in the formation of the corresponding hydridoyttrium complex [Me2Si{NC(Ph)N(2,6‐iPr2–C6H3)}2Y(μ‐H)]2 (5), which was isolated after recrystallization from toluene in 73 % yield. According to the X‐ray crystal structure analysis, 5 adopts a dimeric structure with two μ‐bridging bis(amidinate) and two μ2‐hydrido ligands.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Poly(alkylidenamine) Nitrile Ruthenium Metallodendrimers
Authors: Jardim Manuel G. , Rissanen Kari , Rodrigues João
Published: March 2010

Complete functionalization of N,N,N′,N′‐[tetrakis(cyanoethyl)hexamethylenediamine] [N≡C(CH2)2]2N(CH2)6N[(CH2)2C≡N]2 (4) and N,N,N′,N′‐[tetrakis(cyanoethoxypropyl)hexamethylenediamine] [N≡C(CH2)2O(CH2)3]2N(CH2)6N[(CH2)3O(CH2)2C≡N]2 (7) with the organometallic moiety [Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)2Cl] and the five‐coordinate cis‐[RuCl(dppe)2][PF6] [dppe = 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane] was attained with good yield, respectively, by treating the metallofragment with the core in methanol (at room temperature and in presence of TlPF6 as a chloride abstractor) and in 1,2‐dichloroethane (under reflux). These novel nitrile‐functionalized poly(alkylidenamine) dendrimers peripherally functionalized with the ruthenium moieties [Ru(η5‐C5H5)(PPh3)2]+ and [RuCl(dppe)2]+ (8–11) were fully characterized by NMR (1H, 13C, 31P), TOF‐MS and FTIR. The present results represent a step forward in the knowledge of the most adequate synthetic strategy for total coordination of poly(alkylidenamine) nitrile core derivatives to the different ruthenium complex moieties and confirm the versatility of these systems as building blocks in metallodendrimer chemistry.
fac‐Ir(ppy)3: Structures in the Gas‐Phase and of a New Solid Modification
Authors: Berger Raphael J. F. , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Neumann Beate , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: March 2010

The structure of fac‐Ir(ppy)3 has been determined in the gas phase by means of electron diffraction. A new modification (space group P$\bar {4}$21c) has been obtained by sublimation of the compound at 385 °C and its structure been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Concerning the importance of fac‐Ir(ppy)3 as triplet emitter in OLED devices, and the fact that the relevant layers most of these are generated via gas phase deposition techniques the new structures are of high relevance. They mark an improvement to an earlier solid‐state structure determination of a monoclinic modification yielded by crystallisation from solution. Selected structural parameters are (gas/solid): Ir1–C8 2.033(6)/2.016(2) Å, Ir1–N2 2.158(7)/2.130(2) Å; N2–Ir1–N2b 98(1)°/94(2)°, C8–Ir1–C8b 93(1)°/94(2)°.
My body or my mind: The impact of state and trait objectification on women's cognitive resources
Authors: Gay Robin K. , Castano Emanuele
Published: March 2010

Objectification theory posits that as a result of pervasive sexual objectification of the female body in American culture, women are socialized to take an observers' perspective towards the self, resulting in self‐objectification. This tendency, combined with an objectifying context, is hypothesized to increase cognitive load, thereby impairing performance. Two experiments tested this hypothesis by investigating the joint impact of trait and state objectification on cognitive load among women. Results of the first experiment showed longer response latencies on a Letter Number Sequencing task, specifically among women high in trait self‐objectification (TSO), in a highly objectifying condition. The second experiment replicated results from the first while also exploring possible correlates of the effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotype threat: Antecedents and consequences for working women
Authors: von Hippel Courtney , Issa Mona , Ma Roslyn , Stokes Abby
Published: March 2010

Three studies investigated antecedents and consequences of stereotype threat for female employees. The results of Studies 1 and 2 suggest that social comparisons with men are associated with feelings of stereotype threat whereas social comparisons with women are not. Stereotype threat, in turn, was associated with conflict surrounding women's identity as female employees and with decreased perceived likelihood of achieving career goals. Study 3 extended these findings by demonstrating that feelings of stereotype threat are also negatively related to workplace attitudes and turnover intentions. Furthermore, the effect of stereotype threat on these job attitudes and intentions was itself mediated by identity conflict and perceived likelihood of achieving career goals. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Oxidation and Sensitive Determination of Acetaminophen in Pharmaceuticals at Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐Modified Screen‐Printed Electrodes
Authors: Su Wan‐Yu , Cheng Shu‐Hua
Published: March 2010

The current study reports electrocatalytic oxidation of acetaminophen at screen‐printed electrode (SPE) modified with electrogenerated poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film. Cyclic voltammetric studies show that the SPE/PEDOT electrode lowers overpotentials and improves electrochemical behavior of acetaminophen (ACAP) in aqueous buffer solutions, compared to the bare SPE. Excellent analytical features are achieved, including high sensitivity, low detection limit and satisfactory dynamic range, by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and flow‐injection amperometry (FIA) under optimized conditions. The proposed methods obtain satisfactory results in detection of acetaminophen in two commercial tablets.
Genetic polymorphism in the conjugating enzyme UGT1A1 and the risk of head and neck cancer
Authors: Lacko Martin , Roelofs Hennie M.J. , te Morsche Rene H.M. , Voogd Adri C. , Ophuis Michel B. Oude , Peters Wilbert H.M. , Manni Johannes J.
Published: March 2010

UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is an enzyme which catalyses not only the glucuronidation of tobacco smoke carcinogens like benzopyrene, but also of the endogenous substrate bilirubin. Bilirubin for a long time was considered to be only a toxic waste product of hemoglobin degradation, but recent findings have shown that bilirubin is a potent antioxidant, which may play a protective role against cancer. We investigated whether a genetic polymorphism inUGT1A1 (UGT1A1*28), associated with a reduced UGT1A1 enzyme activity, may have a risk‐modifying effect on head and neck carcinogenesis. Blood samples from 421 patients with oral, pharyngeal or laryngeal carcinoma, and 417 healthy controls were investigated for theUGT1A1*28polymorphism. On the basis of the occurrence of this polymorphism, patients and controls were divided according to predicted UGT1A1 enzyme activity (low, intermediate, high). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant increased distribution of predicted high activityUGT1A1*1polymorphisms among the patients (OR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.02–1.83). Stratified analyses demonstrated that predicted high activityUGT1A1polymorphisms were present even more significantly in patients with laryngeal cancer, older patients, heavy smokers and heavy drinkers. In conclusion, the predicted high activityUGT1A1*1polymorphism, which results in lower serum levels of the endogenous antioxidant bilirubin, was associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer.
Vertebral deformity in men
Authors: Mann Thomas , Oviatt Shelia K. , Wilson David , Nelson David , Orwoll Eric S.
Published: March 2010

Vertebral fracture is the most prevalent manifestation of osteoporosis in women, but there is very little information concerning vertebral fracture in men. These studies begin to determine the prevalence, radiographic character, and relationship to bone mineral density of vertebral deformity in men. A group of 144 white men aged 34–94 years (83% between 50 and 80 years) were studied. Thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs were obtained using standardized techniques, and morphometric measures of vertebrae (T6–L5) were obtained using a computerized digitization pad. Vertebral deformities (wedge, midbody, and crush) were identified using several criteria. In addition, a skeletal radiologist independently identified vertebral deformities, as well as vertebrae affected by epiphysitis (Scheuermann's disease), using classic radiographic criteria. Bone mineral density was measured at lumbar spine and proximal femoral sites using dual-photon absorptiometry. The prevalence of vertebral deformity was related to the criteria used for their identification. Utilizing vertebral-specific criteria (anterior/posterior or midbody/posterior vertebral height more than 3 SD below vertebral specific mean), 10% of subjects had vertebral deformity. Wedge deformity occurred primarily in thoracic vertebrae and were more common than midbody deformity, which occurred more commonly in lumbar vertebrae. Crush deformities were not observed. Evidence of vertebral epiphysitis was present in 9% of subjects but was not responsible for vertebral deformity sufficient to be falsely identified using the more than −3 SD criterion. Bone mineral density in subjects with vertebral deformity was clearly reduced at both vertebral (p = 0.003) and proximal femoral (p = 0.002) measurements sites. The number of vertebral deformities was negatively correlated with vertebral bone mineral density. In summary, vertebral deformity in men is associated with generalized osteopenia.
Predicting degradability parameters of diets for ruminants using regressions on chemical components
Authors: Bruno‐Soares Arminda Martins , Cadima Jorge , Matos Teresa de Jesus S
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: Dry matter degradability (DMD) parameters (a, b and c in the Ørskov and McDonald model) are usually determined by the nylon bag technique. The aim of this study was to estimate DMD parameters of ruminant mixed diets, which are in general unavailable, through multiple linear regressions on their chemical composition (ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL)). The regressions were based on data from 77 feeds.

RESULTS: The prediction model for a was reduced to a simple linear regression on NDF (adjusted R2 = 0.727, F test P < 0.001). A regression model for b was obtained with ADL as the sole predictor (adjusted R2 = 0.691, P < 0.001). The model's upper asymptote (a + b) was predicted from ADL, NDF and ash (adjusted R2 = 0.908, P < 0.001). Modelling c proved more difficult (adjusted R2 with all five predictors = 0.481, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Regressing model parameters on feed chemical composition is a promising method for estimating the degradability of mixed diets, providing an alternative to invasive and expensive laboratory techniques. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Aqua regia extractable selenium concentrations of some Scottish topsoils measured by ICP‐MS and the relationship with mineral and organic soil components
Authors: Shand Charles A , Balsam Matthias , Hillier Stephen J , Hudson Gordon , Newman Gareth , Arthur John R , Nicol Fergus
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: To provide information concerning the geographical distribution of selenium (Se) in the soils of Scotland, we analysed 47 arable soils selected on the basis of their parent rock, which were expected to have relatively high, low or unclassified Se concentrations. To investigate relationships between the actual minerals in the soils and the aqua regia extractable Se concentration of the soil, soil minerals were quantified by X‐ray diffraction.

RESULTS: The aqua regia extractable Se concentrations of the soils were between 0.19 and 1.46 mg kg−1. No simple correlation between the aqua regia extractable Se concentrations of the soil and the parent rock classification estimated by soil survey was evident. Partial least squares analysis revealed that the aqua regia extractable Se concentration of the soils was positively related to loss on ignition (LOI) or C concentration and negatively related to the K‐feldspar concentration, with other minerals being less important.

CONCLUSION: The Se concentration of arable topsoils from Scotland is more related to LOI or carbon concentration, with parent material being less important. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of mineral nutrition in minimizing cadmium accumulation by plants
Authors: Sarwar Nadeem , Saifullah  , Malhi Sukhdev S , Zia Munir Hussain , Naeem Asif , Bibi Sadia , Farid Ghulam
Published: March 2010

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal for both plants and animals. The presence of Cd in agricultural soils is of great concern regarding its entry into the food chain. Cadmium enters into the soil–plant environment mainly through anthropogenic activities. Compounds of Cd are more soluble than other heavy metals, so it is more available and readily taken up by plants and accumulates in different edible plant parts through which it enters the food chain. A number of approaches are being used to minimize the entry of Cd into the food chain. Proper plant nutrition is one of the good strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain. Plant nutrients play a very important role in developing plant tolerance to Cd toxicity and thus, low Cd accumulation in different plant parts. In this report, the role of some macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and calcium), micronutrients (zinc, iron and manganese), and silicon (a beneficial nutrient) has been discussed in detail as to how these nutrients play their role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Separation of α‐ from β‐arylalanines by nickel nitrilotriacetate chromatography
Authors: Wijeratne Salinda , Byrne Noelle A. , Walker Kevin D.
Published: March 2010

A method is described to separate α‐ from β‐arylalanines by ligand exchange chromatography on a nickel nitrilotriacetate agarose column with UV monitoring of the effluent. Separate mixtures containing an α‐ and β‐arylalanine pair (1 mg of each) were individually loaded onto the nickel resin pre‐equilibrated with the mobile phase at room temperature, and the amino acids were eluted from the column with a gradient from pH 12.0–8.0. The β‐arylalanines eluted first, followed by the α‐isomers. The four α/β‐amino acid pairs tested were well separated with baseline resolution. An aliquot of each fraction was chemically treated to derivatize the amino acids to their N‐acyl methyl ester analogs, and their identities were confirmed by GC/MS analysis. The sample recovery was quantitative (>98%), and the column matrix was very resilient, as demonstrated by consistent separation of the solutes after ∼100 preparative cycles.
Comparison of HPLC enantioseparation of substituted binaphthyls on CD‐, polysaccharide‐ and synthetic polymer‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Loukotková Lucie , Tesařová Eva , Bosáková Zuzana , Repko Pavel , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: March 2010

Retention and enantioseparation behavior of ten 2,2′‐disubstituted or 2,3,2′‐trisubstituted 1,1′‐binaphthyls and 8,3′‐disubstituted 1,2′‐binaphthyls, which are used as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis, was investigated on eight chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on β‐CD, polysaccharides (tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) cellulose or amylose CSPs) and new synthetic polymers (trans‐1,2‐diamino‐cyclohexane, trans‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine and trans‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐(11S,12S)‐11,12‐dicarboxylic acid CSPs). Normal‐, reversed‐phase and polar‐organic separation modes were employed. The effect of the mobile phase composition was examined. The enantiomeric separation of binaphthyl derivatives, which possess quite similar structures, was possible in different enantioselective environments. The substituents and their positions on the binaphthyl skeleton affect their properties and, as a consequence, the separation system suitable for their enantioseparation. In general, the presence of ionizable groups on the binaphthyl skeleton, substitution with non‐identical groups and a chiral axis in the 1,2′ position had the greatest impact on the enantiomeric discrimination. The 8,3′‐disubstituted 1,2′‐binaphthyl derivatives were the most easily separated compounds in several separation systems. From all the chiral stationary phases tested, cellulose‐based columns were shown to be the most convenient for enantioseparation of the studied analytes. However, the polymeric CSPs with their complementary behavior provided good enantioselective environments for some derivatives that could be hardly separated in any other chromatographic system.
Development of single‐drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS for the determination of aliphatic amines in tobacco
Authors: Sha Yunfei , Meng Jiaoran , Lin Huaqing , Deng Chunhui , Liu Baizhan
Published: March 2010

In this work, for the first time, headspace (HS) single‐drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS was developed to determine the aliphatic amines in tobacco samples. In the HS extraction procedure, the mixture of derivatization reagent and organic solvent was employed as the extraction solvent for HS single‐drop microextraction and in situ derivatization of aliphatic amine in the samples. Fast extraction and simultaneous derivatization of the analytes were performed in a single step, and the obtained derivatives in the microdrop extraction solvent were analyzed by GC‐MS. The optimized experiment conditions were: sample preparation temperature of 80°C and time of 30 min, HS extraction solvent (the mixture of benzyl alcohol and 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzaldehyde) volume of 2.0 μL, extraction time of 90 s. With the optimal conditions, the method validations were also studied. The method has good linearity (R2 more than 0.99), accepted precision (RSD less than 13%), good recovery (98–104%) and low limit of detection (0.11–0.97 μg/g). Finally, the proposed technique was successfully applied to the analyses of aliphatic amines in tobacco samples of seven different brands. It was further demonstrated that the proposed method offered a simple, low‐cost and reliable approach to determine aliphatic amines in tobacco samples.
Carisbamate in essential tremor: Brief report of a proof of concept study
Authors: Elble Rodger J. , Biondi David M. , Ascher Steve , Wiegand Frank , Hulihan Joseph
Published: March 2010

The efficacy and safety of carisbamate, an investigational neuromodulator currently in development for epilepsy, were examined in a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over, placebo‐controlled study of essential tremor. Sixty‐two patients (intent‐to‐treat analysis set; mean age 64 years; 66% men) received carisbamate 400 mg/day or matching placebo in a crossover study design with two 21‐day treatment periods. The Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marín Tremor Rating Scale (TRS) was the primary assessment tool. Carisbamate and placebo treatment did not differ in their effect on the TRS (P = 0.94) or on measures of affect, mood, or quality of life. Carisbamate was generally well tolerated and had an adverse event profile comparable to that of placebo. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Assessing suturing techniques using a virtual reality surgical simulator
Authors: Kazemi Hamed , Rappel James K. , Poston Timothy , Hai Lim Beng , Burdet Etienne , Leong Teo Chee
Published: March 2010

Advantages of virtual‐reality simulators surgical skill assessment and training include more training time, no risk to patient, repeatable difficulty level, reliable feedback, without the resource demands, and ethical issues of animal‐based training. We tested this for a key subtask and showed a strong link between skill in the simulator and in reality. Suturing performance was assessed for four groups of participants, including experienced surgeons and naive subjects, on a custom‐made virtual‐reality simulator. Each subject tried the experiment 30 times using five different types of needles to perform a standardized suture placement task. Traditional metrics of performance as well as new metrics enabled by our system were proposed, and the data indicate difference between trained and untrained performance. In all traditional parameters such as time, number of attempts, and motion quantity, the medical surgeons outperformed the other three groups, though differences were not significant. However, motion smoothness, penetration and exit angles, tear size areas, and orientation change were statistically significant in the trained group when compared with untrained group. This suggests that these parameters can be used in virtual microsurgery training. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:479–486, 2010.
Performance of algebraic multigrid methods for non‐symmetric matrices arising in particle methods
Authors: Seibold B.
Published: March 2010

Large linear systems with sparse, non‐symmetric matrices are known to arise in the modeling of Markov chains or in the discretization of convection–diffusion problems. Due to their potential of solving sparse linear systems with an effort that is linear in the number of unknowns, algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods are of fundamental interest for such systems. For symmetric positive definite matrices, fundamental theoretical convergence results are established, and efficient AMG solvers have been developed. In contrast, for non‐symmetric matrices, theoretical convergence results have been provided only recently. A property that is sufficient for convergence is that the matrix be an M‐matrix.

In this paper, we present how the simulation of incompressible fluid flows with particle methods leads to large linear systems with sparse, non‐symmetric matrices. In each time step, the Poisson equation is approximated by meshfree finite differences. While traditional least squares approaches do not guarantee an M‐matrix structure, an approach based on linear optimization yields optimally sparse M‐matrices. For both types of discretization approaches, we investigate the performance of a classical AMG method, as well as an algebraic multilevel iteration (AMLI) type method. While in the considered test problems, the M‐matrix structure turns out not to be necessary for the convergence of AMG, problems can occur when it is violated. In addition, the matrices obtained by the linear optimization approach result in fast solution times due to their optimal sparsity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artifactual hypoglycaemia secondary to leukaemoid reaction
Authors: Elrishi MA , Simpson AI , Bradley EJ , Lawrence IG
Published: March 2010

Artifactual hypoglycaemia presents clinically as asymptomatic hypoglycaemia, and may be associated with an increased white blood cell count. The authors report a case of artifactual hypoglycaemia secondary to leukaemoid reaction in a patient with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Following thorough investigation and exclusion of true hypoglycaemia, this phenomenon was eventually diagnosed. The importance of awareness in the clinically asymptomatic patient of this phenomenon, taking measures to reduce erroneous laboratory glucose results, and confirmatory testing with a glucometer is emphasised. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Issues in Front-End Decision Making on Projects
Authors: Williams Terry , Samset Knut
Published: March 2010

The importance of the front-end decision-making phase in projects is being increasingly recognized—the need to “do the right project” is on a par with “doing the project right.” This area is underrepresented in the literature, but there are a number of key themes that run throughout, identifying key issues or difficulties during this stage. This article looks at some of these themes and includes: the need for alignment between organizational strategy and the project concept; dealing with complexity, in particular the systemicity and interrelatedness within project decisions; consideration of the ambiguity implicit in all major projects; taking into account psychological and political biases within estimation of benefits and costs; consideration of the social geography and politics within decision-making groups; and preparation for the turbulence within the project environment, including the maintenance of strategic alignment.
Outlook and adaptation in advanced cancer: a systematic review
Authors: O'Brien Charlotte Wattebot , Moorey Stirling
Published: March 2010

‘Fighting spirit’ in early‐stage cancer comprises optimism about prognosis, a belief that the disease and/or its effects are controllable, and a determination to cope with the situation using various active coping methods. It is associated with better adjustment. In advanced cancer, the usefulness of this coping style is contentious. This systematic review identified eight studies that investigated these qualities in advanced cancer. They provided some evidence that positive attitude and self‐efficacy may be associated with better emotional adjustment; active, problem‐focused coping appears to be adaptive and avoidant coping maladaptive. However, major methodological flaws make any conclusions highly speculative. Further research in this area using larger samples and longitudinal design is required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rasch analysis of positive changes following adversity in cancer patients attending community support groups
Authors: Chien Tsair‐Wei , Wang Wen‐Chung , Chien Chih‐Chiang , Hwang Wei‐Shou
Published: March 2010

Objective: This study assessed the 38‐item Perceived Benefits Scale (PBS) by examining whether the items constructed a single latent trait and formed an interval scale. This would justify its use to measure the advantages of benefit‐finding brought to patients with different cancers from participation in community‐based cancer support groups.

Methods: A total of 300 patients were randomly recruited from a 1300‐bed medical centre in Taiwan. The Rasch rating scale model was used to examine the model‐data fit. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis was conducted to verify construct equivalence across groups. Comparisons were made among demographic characteristics for various types of patient support groups.

Results: Of the 38 items on the PBS, 28 were applicable to cancer patients and were divided into two distinct unidimensional domains; both met the Rasch model's expectation to constitute a single construct. DIF was found between types of cancers patients, but not between genders. Positive changes following adversity were statistically significantly associated with and ascribed to the duration of patient attendance in community‐based cancer support groups.

Conclusion: The two domains verified by Rasch analysis can be used through Rasch‐transformed measures to make further statistical inference when comparing positive changes following adversity within and between cancer groups. The psychometric properties of the PBS verified by Rasch modeling fit to the unidimensionality, but need a huge sample size to support its validity and reliability in future studies. Nonetheless, we should be cautious to make comparisons among types of cancer patients due to DIF exhibited in scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single amino acid substitution in the SdhB protein of succinate dehydrogenase determines resistance to amicarthiazol in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Jun , Li Jun , Zhao Wei , Zhou Ming‐Guo
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae Ishiyama, a causal agent of rice bacterial leaf blight, was found to be sensitive in vitro to the systemic fungicide amicarthiazol (2‐amino‐4‐methylthiazole ‐5‐carboxanilide), which is a potent inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, EC 1.3.99.1). This paper aimed to determine the molecular resistance mechanism of X. oryzae pv. oryzae to amicarthiazol.

RESULTS: UV‐induced resistant mutants of X. oryzae pv. oryzae to amicarthiazol were isolated. The activity of SDH in wild‐type X. oryzae pv. oryzae was strongly inhibited by amicarthiazol, while that in resistant mutants was insensitive, although their SDH activity was decreased compared with the wild‐type sensitive strain without amicarthiazol. A mutation of Histidine229 (CAC) to Tyrosine229 (TAC) was identified in sdhB, which encoded the iron–sulfur protein subunit of SDH. The sdhB from the mutant was ligated into a cosmid, pUFR034, to generate pUFR034RAX, which conferred resistance to amicarthiazol when transformed into the wild‐type sensitive strain.

CONCLUSION: A mutation of His229 (CAC) to Tyr229 (TAC) in SdhB was responsible for determining amicarthiazol resistance. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Safer prescribing through education, IT and better systems
Authors: Titmarsh Steve
Published: March 2010

Steve Titmarsh reports on the British Pharmacological Society's winter symposium that focused on the causes of prescribing errors and how prescribing could be improved. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
The archeology of cognitive evolution
Authors: Davidson Iain
Published: March 2010

This discussion of archeology of cognition is concerned primarily with the evolutionary emergence of the cognition particular to modern humans but there is an implication for the evolution of cognition among modern humans. Archeological evidence can provide important insights into the evolutionary emergence of human cognition, but theoretical considerations are fundamental in understanding what sorts of cognition there might have been between the ape‐like common ancestor and modern humans. Archeology is the only source of evidence for the behavior associated with such theoretical stages. Cognitive archeology, therefore, involves an iterative interaction between theory from outside archeology and more or less direct evidence from the past. This review considers the range of possible evidence from archeology and genetics and summarizes some of the results of analysis of nonhuman primates particularly to assess characteristics of the last common ancestor (LCA) of apes and humans. The history of changes in size and shape of the brain since separation from other apes introduces the need to assess the appropriate cognitive theories to interpret such evidence. The review concentrates on two such approaches: Baddeley's working memory model as interpreted by Coolidge and Wynn, and Barnard's interacting cognitive subsystems as it has been elaborated to define the cognitive conditions for hominins between the LCA and modern people. Most of the rest of the review considers how the evidence from stone tools might be consistent with such theoretical models of cognition. This evidence is consistent with views that modern human behavior only emerged in the last 100,000 years (or so) but it gives an explanation for that in terms of cognition. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Effects of denudation and burial on growth and reproduction of Artemisia ordosica in Mu Us sandland
Authors: Li Shou‐Li , Zuidema Pieter A. , Yu Fei‐Hai , Werger Marinus J. A. , Dong Ming
Published: March 2010

Plants in a dune environment have a high risk of being denudated by wind or buried by sand. We conducted a field experiment to assess growth and reproductive performance as well as biomass allocation of Artemisia ordosica after denudation and burial. Height growth decreased after denudation, but remained constant after burial; biomass was reduced by severe burial, but not by moderate ones. Vegetative growth measured by current‐year generated vegetative branches declined with increasing severity of burial. Reproductive maturity was not affected by either denudation or burial, and reproduction decreased only after severe denudation. After denudation, biomass allocated to reproduction was greatly reduced, as shown by strongly reduced biomass allocation to fruits and whole reproductive branches, but that allocated to current‐year vegetative growth was maintained. Biomass allocation to reproduction and vegetative growth remained rather stable after burial. Current‐year reproductive‐to‐vegetative‐biomass ratio was lower after denudation than after burial, indicating that vegetative growth was more favored by A. ordosica after denudation. These modifications are adaptive in the fluctuating environment of mobile sand dunes where denudation and burial frequently occur.
Cutaneous Nerves at Risk during the Posterior Midline Approach to the Elbow
Authors: Katcherian Christopher G. , Strauch Robert J.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cutaneous nerves at risk during the posterior midline approach to the elbow and proximal ulna. Ten fresh frozen cadaver upper extremities were used for this study. A posterior midline skin incision extending from 10 cm proximal to 15 cm distal to the olecranon tip was created. All superficial nerves were identified and preserved. Nerve diameters were measured, their distance from the olecranon tip assessed, and they were dissected proximally to confirm their nerve of origin. Point of nerve arborization to skin from the midline incision was quantified. An average of one confirmed nerve proximal and five distal to the olecranon tip were identified with an average diameter of 0.9 mm proximal and 1.3 mm distal to the olecranon. The largest nerves were typically located 2 cm proximal (range 7–46 mm) and 45 mm distal (range 9–135 mm) to the olecranon. The branches arborized into the skin an average of 5.2 mm lateral to the incision. All nerves joined the posterior medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve are at risk with a straight posterior midline elbow incision, though the clinical significance of injury to these nerves at this location is unknown.
Detection of Hydrocarbons in Irradiated Chilled Beef by HS‐SPME–GC–MS and Optimization of the Method
Authors: Li An , Ha Yiming , Wang Feng , Li Yanjie
Published: March 2010

The hydrocarbons 1,7‐hexadecadiene (1,7‐C16:2) and 8‐heptadecene (8‐C17:1), which are used as markers for identifying irradiated chilled beef, were easily detectable in chilled beef irradiated at 0.5 kGy or higher by using a new method of headspace solid‐phase microextraction, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME–GC–MS). The conditions for using SPME were optimized in this study for qualitative and quantitative determination of 1,7‐C16:2 and 8‐C17:1 produced by γ‐radiation in chilled beef. The relationship between irradiation dose and production of hydrocarbons was also studied, which showed good linear correlation with the coefficients of 0.9942 and 0.9943 for 1,7‐C16:2 and 8‐C17:1, respectively. HS‐SPME–GC–MS is a simple and sensitive method for the analysis of hydrocarbons in irradiated chilled beef.
Interaction Between Polar Components and the Degree of Unsaturation of Fatty Acids on the Oxidative Stability of Emulsions
Authors: Decker Eric A. , Alamed Jean , Castro Inar A.
Published: March 2010

Minor components (polar components) and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids are the main factors responsible for the oxidative stability of bulk oils and emulsions. The isolated effects of these two factors and their interaction were evaluated in oil–in‐water emulsions stored at 32 °C. Samples of coconut, olive, soybean, linseed and fish oils, both full and stripped of their polar components, were used to prepare the emulsions (1% w/w). The maximum concentration of hydroperoxide (LOOHmax) and the rate of formation of hydroperoxides (μmol L−1 h−1) were used to measure the primary products. Hexanal, propanal and malondialdehyde were used to determine the secondary products of the oxidized emulsions containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. LOOHmax varied from 0.16 to 12.75 mmol/kg among the samples. The interaction between the polar components and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids was significant (p < 0.001) when the hydroperoxides were evaluated. In general, the degree of unsaturation (β1) and the absence of polar components (β2), respectively, represented 30 and 20% of the contribution to increase the mean oxidation, with the interaction (β12) contribution being more sensitive to the rate of formation of hydroperoxides (16%) than to the LOOHmax (5%). The significance of this interaction suggests that both strategies present synergism and should be applied to improve the oxidative stability of food emulsions.
Rapid screening for the posterior fat pad sign in suspected pediatric elbow fractures using point-of-care ultrasound: a “FAST exam” for the traumatized elbow
Authors: Tsung James W. , Blaivas Michael
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Children with elbow injuries frequently present to the emergency department for evaluation. Fractures of the elbow are sometimes not visualized on plain radiographs and the only sign of an occult fracture is an elevated posterior fat pad that normally sits within the olecranon fossa. The elevated posterior fat pad sign is highly sensitive and its absence likely rules out fractures of the elbow and can be readily visualized by ultrasound. Lipohemarthrosis within an elevated fat pad can also be visualized by ultrasound, but not by X-ray. This finding with an elevated posterior fat pat adds additional specificity to rule in elbow fractures.

Methods

We report the use of point-of-care ultrasound to rapidly screen for the presence of the posterior fat pad sign and lipohemarthrosis in a series of children presenting with elbow injuries to the emergency department.

Results

Point-of-care ultrasound identified elevated and normal posterior fat pads that correlated with X-ray. Lipohemarthrosis within an elevated fat pad was also detectable by ultrasonography.

Conclusions

Knowledge of whether a posterior fat pad is elevated or not and noting the presence of lipohemarthrosis by using point-of-care ultrasound may be helpful to expedite diagnosis and treatment of these patients, especially in settings with no access to plain radiography.
Bowel Preparation Regimen for Computed Tomography Colonography
Authors: Behrens Carola , Eddy Richard , Stevenson Giles , Audet Louise , Mathieson John
Published: March 2010

Purpose

This study was designed to determine whether a reduction in oral contrast dose and a change in timing of administration will result in less residual material in the colonic lumen.

Method

We retrospectively assessed, in a blinded fashion, the amount and nature of residual material in the colon in 40 patients who received computed tomography colonography. Half of the cohort received the standard bowel-preparation regimen, whereas a sex- and age-matched test arm received the modified regimen. A scoring system that consisted of metrics to quantify the nature and extent of residual fluid and solid material was defined. Image analysis was conducted with the investigators blinded to the group assignment of each patient. Three different trained observers independently reviewed and scored the 6 colonic segments in supine and prone positions for each patient in the cohort. In cases in which interobserver discrepancies existed, the observers reanalyzed the images together to come to an agreement on scores.

Results

The new bowel-preparation regimen resulted in significantly less “sticky coat” ( P < .005), a problematic phenomenon in which the colonic mucosa is covered in a thin coating of residual contrast and fecal material. There was no difference in the amount of residual fluid. Fewer masses of stool were noted with the new preparation, but this was not found to be statistically significant.

Conclusion

A new bowel-preparation regimen that consisted of lower quantities of contrast administered earlier in the day preceding computed tomography colonography resulted in a lower incidence of adherent contrast and fecal matter. The reduction of this “sticky coat” problem not only improved radiologic analysis of the colon but may permit same-day therapy via colonoscopy if indicated on imaging.
Combinatorics of Symmetric Designs
Authors: Ionin Yury J. , Shrikhande Mohan S.
Published: March 2010

The aim of this book is to provide a unified exposition of the theory of symmetric designs with emphasis on recent developments. The authors cover the combinatorial aspects of the theory giving particular attention to the construction of symmetric designs and related objects. The last five chapters of the book are devoted to balanced generalized weighing matrices, decomposable symmetric designs, subdesigns of symmetric designs, non-embeddable quasi-residual designs, and Ryser designs. Most results in these chapters have never previously appeared in book form. The book concludes with a comprehensive bibliography of over 400 entries. Researchers in all areas of combinatorial designs, including coding theory and finite geometries, will find much of interest here. Detailed proofs and a large number of exercises make this book suitable as a text for an advanced course in combinatorial designs.
Conceptual Anomalies in Economics and Statistics
Authors: Neuberg Leland Gerson
Published: March 2010

Do economics and statistics succeed in explaining human social behaviour? To answer this question. Leland Gerson Neuberg studies some pioneering controlled social experiments. Starting in the late 1960s, economists and statisticians sought to improve social policy formation with random assignment experiments such as those that provided income guarantees in the form of a negative income tax. This book explores anomalies in the conceptual basis of such experiments and in the foundations of statistics and economics more generally. Scientific inquiry always faces certain philosophical problems. Controlled experiments of human social behaviour, however, cannot avoid some methodological difficulties not evident in physical science experiments. Drawing upon several examples, the author argues that methodological anomalies prevent microeconomics and statistics from explaining human social behaviour as coherently as the physical sciences explain nature. He concludes that controlled social experiments are a frequently overrated tool for social policy improvement.
An Introduction to Maximum Principles and Symmetry in Elliptic Problems
Authors: Fraenkel L. E.
Published: March 2010

Originally published in 2000, this was the first book to present the basic theory of the symmetry of solutions to second-order elliptic partial differential equations by means of the maximum principle. It proceeds from elementary facts about the linear case to recent results about positive solutions of non-linear elliptic equations. Gidas, Ni and Nirenberg, building on work of Alexandrov and of Serrin, have shown that the shape of the set on which such elliptic equations are solved has a strong effect on the form of positive solutions. In particular, if the equation and its boundary condition allow spherically symmetric solutions, then, remarkably, all positive solutions are spherically symmetric. Results are presented with minimal prerequisites in a style suited to graduate students. Two long and leisurely appendices give basic facts about the Laplace and Poisson equations. There is a plentiful supply of exercises, with detailed hints.
The Constitution of a Federal Commonwealth
Authors: Aroney Nicholas
Published: March 2010

By analysing original sources and evaluating conceptual frameworks, this book discusses the idea proclaimed in the Preamble to the Constitution that Australia is a federal commonwealth. Taking careful account of the influence which the American, Canadian and Swiss Constitutions had upon the framers of the Australian Constitution, the author shows how the framers wrestled with the problem of integrating federal ideas with inherited British traditions and their own experiences of parliamentary government. In so doing, the book explains how the Constitution came into being in the context of the groundswell of federal ideas then sweeping the English-speaking world. In advancing an original argument about the relationship between the formation of the Constitution, the representative institutions, configurations of power and amending formulas contained therein, light is shed on the terms and structure of the Constitution and a range of problems associated with its interpretation and practical operation are addressed.
Bioscience Ethics
Authors: Pollard Irina
Published: March 2010

Bioscience ethics facilitates free and accurate information transfer from applied science to applied bioethics. Its major elements are: increased understanding of biological systems, responsible use of technology, and attuning ethnocentric debates to new scientific insights. Pioneered by Irina Pollard in 1994, bioscience ethics has become an internationally recognized discipline, interfacing science and bioethics within professional perspectives such as medical, legal, bio-engineering, and economics. Written for students and professionals alike, the fundamental feature of this book is its breadth, important because bioscience ethics interweaves many diverse subjects in the process of gathering specialist scientific knowledge for bioethical review. It contains chapters which embrace topics affecting human reproduction, end-of-life care and euthanasia, challenge human-dominated ecosystems, and review population growth, economic activity and warfare. A background section describes the evolution of ethical consciousness, explores the future, and proposes that the reworking of ethical boundaries can enhance mature decision-making in harmony with changing technology.
European Labour Law
Authors: Bercusson Brian
Published: March 2010

European Labour Law explores how individual European national legal systems, in symbiosis with the European Union, produce a transnational labour law system that is distinct and genuinely European in character. Professor Brian Bercusson describes the evolution of this system, its national, transnational and global contexts and its institutional and substantive structures. The collective industrial-relations dimension of employment is examined, and the labour law of the EU as manifested in, for example, European works councils is analysed. Important subjects which have traditionally received little attention in some European labour law systems are covered, for example, the fragmentation of the workforce into atypical forms of employment. Attention is also given to the enforcement of European labour law through administrative or judicial mechanisms and the European social dialogue at intersectoral and sectoral levels. This new edition has been extensively updated, as the EU's influence on this area of social policy continues to grow.