bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First artificial hybrid of the eel species Anguilla australis and Anguilla anguilla
Authors: Burgerhout Erik , Brittijn Sebastiaan A , Kurwie Tagried , Decker Paul , Dirks Ron P , Palstra Arjan P , Spaink Herman P , Van den Thillart Guido EEJM
Published: March 2011

Background

Studies on artificial hybridization of differentAnguillaspecies were conducted recently, i.e. femaleA. australiswith maleA. dieffenbachii, and femaleA. japonicawith maleA. anguilla. The existence of these artificial hybrids was however not demonstrated by independent genetic methods. Two species -A. anguillaandA. australis- that are phylogenetically close but have different sexual maturation times (12-25 weeks and 6-8 weeks, respectively), were expected to produce favourable hybrids for reproduction studies.

Results

A modification of the protocol for the reproduction ofAnguilla japonicawas used to produce eight-dayAnguilla australislarvae, with a success rate of 71.4%. Thus ten out of 14 females produced eggs that could be fertilized, and three batches resulted in mass hatching. Hybrid larvae from femaleA. australisx maleA. Anguillasurvived for up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). The early development of the hybrid showed typical characteristics ofA. anguillatail pigmentation at 50 hours post fertilization (hpf), indicating expression of genes derived from the father.

Conclusions

In this paper we describe the first production of hybrid larvae from maleA. anguillaand femaleA. australisand their survival for up to 7 dpf. A species-specific nucleotide difference in the 18 S rDNA gene confirmed that genes from bothA. australisandA. anguillawere present in the hybrids. The developmental stages of the hybrid eel embryos and larvae are described using high resolution images. Video footage also indicated a heart beat in 5-dpf larva.
Clinical and molecular characterization of a cohort of patients with novel nucleotide alterations of the Dystrophin gene detected by direct sequencing
Authors: Magri Francesca , Del Bo Roberto , D'Angelo Maria G , Govoni Alessandra , Ghezzi Serena , Gandossini Sandra , Sciacco Monica , Ciscato Patrizia , Bordoni Andreina , Tedeschi Silvana , Fortunato Francesco , Lucchini Valeria , Cereda Matteo , Corti Stefania , Moggio Maurizio , Bresolin Nereo , Comi Giacomo P
Published: March 2011

Background

Duchenne and Becker Muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD) are allelic disorders caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which encodes a sarcolemmal protein responsible for muscle integrity. Deletions and duplications account for approximately 75% of mutations in DMD and 85% in BMD. The implementation of techniques allowing complete gene sequencing has focused attention on small point mutations and other mechanisms underlying complex rearrangements.

Methods

We selected 47 patients (41 families; 35 DMD, 6 BMD) without deletions and duplications in DMD gene (excluded by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis). This cohort was investigated by systematic direct sequence analysis to study sequence variation. We focused our attention on rare mutational events which were further studied through transcript analysis.

Results

We identified 40 different nucleotide alterations in DMD gene and their clinical correlates; altogether, 16 mutations were novel. DMD probands carried 9 microinsertions/microdeletions, 19 nonsense mutations, and 7 splice-site mutations. BMD patients carried 2 nonsense mutations, 2 splice-site mutations, 1 missense substitution, and 1 single base insertion. The most frequent stop codon was TGA (n = 10 patients), followed by TAG (n = 7) and TAA (n = 4). We also analyzed the molecular mechanisms of five rare mutational events. They are two frame-shifting mutations in the DMD gene 3'end in BMD and three novel splicing defects: IVS42: c.6118-3C>A, which causes a leaky splice-site; c.9560A>G, which determines a cryptic splice-site activation and c.9564-426 T>G, which creates pseudoexon retention within IVS65.

Conclusion

The analysis of our patients' sample, carrying point mutations or complex rearrangements in DMD gene, contributes to the knowledge on phenotypic correlations in dystrophinopatic patients and can provide a better understanding of pre-mRNA maturation defects and dystrophin functional domains. These data can have a prognostic relevance and can be useful in directing new therapeutic approaches, which rely on a precise definition of the genetic defects as well as their molecular consequences.
Value of oral glucose tolerance test in the acute phase of myocardial infarction
Authors: Bronisz Agata , Kozinski Marek , Magielski Przemyslaw , Fabiszak Tomasz , Gierach Joanna , Swiatkiewicz Iwona , Sukiennik Adam , Kubica Aldona , Bronisz Marek , Grabczewska Zofia , Sinkiewicz Anna , Junik Roman , Kubica Jacek
Published: March 2011

Background

Although European guidelines advise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) before or shortly after hospital discharge, data supporting this recommendation are inconclusive. We aimed to analyze whether disturbances in glucose metabolism diagnosed before hospital discharge in AMI patients represents a latent pre-existing condition or rather temporary finding. Additionally, we planned to investigate the value of pre-selected glycemic control parameters as predictors of long-term glucometabolic state.

Methods

We assessed admission glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, mean blood glucose concentration on days 1 and 2 in 200 patients with a first AMI but without overt disturbances of glucose metabolism. We also performed OGTT at discharge and 3 months after discharge.

Results

The prevalence of disturbances in glucose metabolism (as assessed by OGTT) at 3 months was significantly lower than at discharge (29% vs. 48%, p = 0.0001). Disturbances in glucose metabolism were not confirmed in 63% of patients with impaired glucose tolerance and in 36% of patients with diabetes mellitus diagnosed during the acute phase of AMI. Age >77 years, glucose ≥12.06 mmol/l at 120 minutes during OGTT before discharge and mean blood glucose level on day 2 >7.5 mmol/l were identified as independent predictors of disturbances in glucose metabolism at the 3-month follow-up.

Conclusions

Disturbances in glucose metabolism observed in patients with a first AMI are predominantly transient. Elderly age, high plasma glucose concentration at 120 minutes during OGTT at discharge and elevated mean blood glucose level on day 2 were associated with sustained disturbances in glucose metabolism.
Investigation of pre-structured GaAs surfaces for subsequent site-selective InAs quantum dot growth
Authors: Helfrich Mathieu , Gröger Roland , Förste Alexander , Litvinov Dimitri , Gerthsen Dagmar , Schimmel Thomas , Schaadt Daniel M
Published: March 2011

In this study, we investigated pre-structured (100) GaAs sample surfaces with respect to subsequent site-selective quantum dot growth. Defects occurring in the GaAs buffer layer grown after pre-structuring are attributed to insufficient cleaning of the samples prior to regrowth. Successive cleaning steps were analyzed and optimized. A UV-ozone cleaning is performed at the end of sample preparation in order to get rid of remaining organic contamination.
Protocol: A simple phenol-based method for 96-well extraction of high quality RNA from Arabidopsis
Authors: Box Mathew S , Coustham Vincent , Dean Caroline , Mylne Joshua S
Published: March 2011

Background

Many experiments in modern plant molecular biology require the processing of large numbers of samples for a variety of applications from mutant screens to the analysis of natural variants. A severe bottleneck to many such analyses is the acquisition of good yields of high quality RNA suitable for use in sensitive downstream applications such as real time quantitative reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real time qRT-PCR). Although several commercial kits are available for high-throughput RNA extraction in 96-well format, only one non-kit method has been described in the literature using the commercial reagent TRIZOL.

Results

We describe an unusual phenomenon when using TRIZOL reagent with young Arabidopsis seedlings. This prompted us to develop a high-throughput RNA extraction protocol (HTP96) adapted from a well established phenol:chloroform-LiCl method (P:C-L) that is cheap, reliable and requires no specialist equipment. With this protocol 192 high quality RNA samples can be prepared in 96-well format in three hours (less than 1 minute per sample) with less than 1% loss of samples. We demonstrate that the RNA derived from this protocol is of high quality and suitable for use in real time qRT-PCR assays.

Conclusion

The development of the HTP96 protocol has vastly increased our sample throughput, allowing us to fully exploit the large sample capacity of modern real time qRT-PCR thermocyclers, now commonplace in many labs, and develop an effective high-throughput gene expression platform. We propose that the HTP96 protocol will significantly benefit any plant scientist with the task of obtaining hundreds of high quality RNA extractions.
Implementation in a Large Health System of a Program to Identify Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Owens William L. , Gallagher Thomas J. , Kincheloe Michael J. , Ruetten Victoria L.
Published: March 2011

To implement an evidence-based screening and high-risk intervention program for breast cancer, primary care providers, breast care specialists, administrators, and support staff must work together in a multidisciplinary manner.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update: Recommendations on the Role of Bone-Modifying Agents in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Van Poznak Catherine H. , Von Roenn Jamie H. , Temin Sarah
Published: March 2011

Journal of Clinical Oncology recently published ASCO's update to its guideline on the use of bone-modifying agents for patients with bone metastases, the scope of which was narrowed to the use of bone-modifying agents for patients with evidence of bone metastases.
The fighter problem: optimal allocation of a discrete commodity
Authors: Bartroff Jay , Samuel-Cahn Ester
Published: March 2011

In this paper we study the fighter problem with discrete ammunition. An aircraft (fighter) equipped with n anti-aircraft missiles is intercepted by enemy airplanes, the appearance of which follows a homogeneous Poisson process with known intensity. If j of the n missiles are spent at an encounter, they destroy an enemy plane with probability a(j), where a(0) = 0 and {a(j)} is a known, strictly increasing concave sequence, e.g. a(j) = 1 - qj, 0 < q < 1. If the enemy is not destroyed, the enemy shoots the fighter down with known probability 1 - u, where 0 ≤ u ≤ 1. The goal of the fighter is to shoot down as many enemy airplanes as possible during a given time period [0, T]. Let K(n, t) be the smallest optimal number of missiles to be used at a present encounter, when the fighter has flying time t remaining and n missiles remaining. Three seemingly obvious properties of K(n, t) have been conjectured: (A) the closer to the destination, the more of the n missiles one should use; (B) the more missiles one has; the more one should use; and (C) the more missiles one has, the more one should save for possible future encounters. We show that (C) holds for all 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, that (A) and (B) hold for the ‘invincible fighter’ (u = 1), and that (A) holds but (B) fails for the ‘frail fighter’ (u = 0); the latter is shown through a surprising counterexample, which is also valid for small u > 0 values.
Partial match queries in two-dimensional quadtrees: a probabilistic approach
Authors: Curien Nicolas , Joseph Adrien
Published: March 2011

We analyze the mean cost of the partial match queries in random two-dimensional quadtrees. The method is based on fragmentation theory. The convergence is guaranteed by a coupling argument of Markov chains, whereas the value of the limit is computed as the fixed point of an integral equation.
Standby Redundancy Allocations in Series and Parallel Systems
Authors: Misra Neeraj , Misra Amit Kumar , Dhariyal Ishwari Dutt
Published: March 2011

To enhance the performance of a system, a common practice employed by reliability engineers is to use redundant components in the system. In this paper we compare lifetimes of series (parallel) systems arising out of different allocations of one or two standby redundancies. These comparisons are made with respect to the increasing concave (convex) order, the hazard rate order, and the stochastic precedence order. The main results extend some related conclusions in the literature.
Simulation-Based Computation of the Workload Correlation Function in a Lévy-Driven Queue
Authors: Glynn Peter W. , Mandjes Michel
Published: March 2011

In this paper we consider a single-server queue with Lévy input, and, in particular, its workload process (Qt)t≥0, focusing on its correlation structure. With the correlation function defined asr(t):= cov(Q0,Qt) / varQ0(assuming that the workload process is in stationarity at time 0), we first study its transform ∫0∞r(t)e-ϑtdt, both for when the Lévy process has positive jumps and when it has negative jumps. These expressions allow us to prove thatr(·) is positive, decreasing, and convex, relying on the machinery of completely monotone functions. For the light-tailed case, we estimate the behavior ofr(t) for larget. We then focus on techniques to estimater(t) by simulation. Naive simulation techniques require roughly (r(t))-2runs to obtain an estimate of a given precision, but we develop a coupling technique that leads to substantial variance reduction (the required number of runs being roughly (r(t))-1). If this is augmented with importance sampling, it even leads to a logarithmically efficient algorithm.
Large Deviations for the Graph Distance in Supercritical Continuum Percolation
Authors: Yao Chang-Long , Chen Ge , Guo Tian-De
Published: March 2011

Denote the Palm measure of a homogeneous Poisson process Hλ with two points 0 and x by P0,x. We prove that there exists a constant μ ≥ 1 such that P0,x(D(0, x) / μ||x||2 ∉ (1 − ε, 1 + ε) | 0, x ∈ C∞) exponentially decreases when ||x||2 tends to ∞, where D(0, x) is the graph distance between 0 and x in the infinite component C∞ of the random geometric graph G(Hλ; 1). We derive a large deviation inequality for an asymptotic shape result. Our results have applications in many fields and especially in wireless sensor networks.
Doppler flow spectra of the superior vena cava in a rat model of chronic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Sun Dan Dan , Chen Hong Mao , Yuan Li Jun , Duan Yun You , Liang Ning Nan , Wang Yue Min
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to explore the changes of the Doppler flow spectra of the superior vena cava (SVC) in a rat model of chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH). Thirty-two rats were injected with monocrotaline (MCT) to establish a model of chronic PH. Eight rats from the control group had a sham operation by injecting Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered solution. Serial echocardiographic parameters of the SVC were analysed four weeks after treating with MCT or placebo, and the relationship was analysed between the Doppler flow spectra of SVC and the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP). PH models were successfully established in 29 rats. The right ventricular systolic pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and PASP in the PH group were significantly higher than those in the sham group at 28 days ( P < 0.001). The ratios of SVC maximum reverse peak flow velocity/maximum systolic peak flow velocity (VAr/VS) and maximum reverse peak velocity time integral/maximum systolic peak velocity time integral (VTIAr/VTIS) increased significantly ( P < 0.05) after MCT injection. These results demonstrate that echocardiography can be used to monitor the haemodynamic changes in SVC in MCT-induced chronic PH rat models. The ratios of VAr/VS and VTIAr/VTIS may be sensitive indices for evaluating PH.
The Effect of Si on the Precipitates for Nb Bearing High Purity Ferritic Stainless Steel
Authors: Ito Masatoshi , Honda Yuma , Aramaki Masatoshi , Kato Yasushi , Furukimi Osamu
Published: March 2011

The effect of Si on the precipitation of the Laves phase in high purity 17Cr–0.5Nb ferritic stainless steel was investigated. Precipitation was observed using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Quantitative analysis of the amount of precipitates as Laves phase was performed. The precipitation rate of the Laves phase and the equilibrium amount of precipitates of the Laves phase increased with the amount of Si. A Si peak was detected in the Laves phase in 0.5Si steel by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis. It was revealed that precipitation of the Laves phase was promoted and the chemical composition of the Laves phase was changed by the addition of Si.
Crack Growth Resistance of Laser Surface Remelted Nodular Cast Iron
Authors: Šturm Roman , Grum Janez
Published: March 2011

The laser surface remelting (LSR) process is applied to modify the surface properties of nodular cast iron and is suitable for manufacture of various machine and tool parts. Usually, studies of surface remelted layers include microstructural and microchemical analyses, measurements of residual stresses, and various wear and corrosion tests. This paper will represent microstructural and microhardness analyses of the thin surface layer after laser remelting of nodular cast iron 500-7. Particular attention is paid to fatigue crack initiation and propagation tests. Crack initiation and growth behavior was assessed under bending test conditions. The comparison is made between as-received nodular cast iron 500-7 and the same material, where one of the surfaces is altered with the LSR process. As the crack propagation is perpendicular to the laser remelted layer, the specimens with a thin laser surface remelted layer exhibited higher resistance to fatigue crack growth in the low stress intensity factor range ΔKth than as-received nodular cast iron specimens. Also, ΔKIC is higher in the case of the laser remelted surface.
Recognition of 5α-reductase-2 deficiency in an adult female 46XY DSD clinic
Authors: Berra Marta , Williams Emma L , Muroni Barbara , Creighton Sarah M , Honour John W , Rumsby Gill , Conway Gerard S
Published: March 2011

Context

The late presentation of steroid 5α-reductase-2 (SRD5A2) deficiency in females is poorly characterised. The ratios of 5α/5β-reduced metabolites of adrenal steroids in a urine steroid profile (USP) can give an indication of SRD5A2 deficiency, although the diagnostic cut-off for 5α/5β ratios are not clearly defined in genetically confirmed cases.

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of SRD5A2 deficiency in an adult clinic for disorders of sexual development (DSD) focussing on 46XY partially virilised adult female subjects. We investigated the relationship between USP results and SRD5A2 genetic sequence and determined the cut-off for USP 5α/5β-reduced steroid ratios compared with gene sequencing for the identification of SRD5A2 deficiency.

Methods

USP and SRD5A2 genetic analyses were performed in 23 adult females, aged 19–57 years, with 46XY DSD and in four males with confirmed SRD5A2 deficiency. 5α-Reductase activity was assessed using the USP ratio of androsterone to aetiocholanolone (A/Ae), 5α-tetrahydrocortisol (5α-THF)/tetrahydrocortisol (THF) and 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone to tetrahydrocorticosterone (5α-THB/THB).

Results

The SRD5A2 gene mutations were found in 10/23 (43%) females and in all four males. Totally, four novel mutations were identified. All mutation-positive subjects had A/Ae and 5α-THB/THB ratios below the lower limit of normal (100% sensitivity) while the sensitivity of 5α-THF/THF ratio was 90%.

Conclusion

SRD5A2 deficiency is more prevalent than expected in the adult female 46XY DSD population. The clinical spectrum of this disorder may extend to a more female phenotype than previously considered to include individuals with little or no virilisation.
Effect of Liposomal Lidocaine and Sucrose Alone and in Combination for Venipuncture Pain in Newborns
Authors: Taddio Anna , Shah Vibhuti , Stephens Derek , Parvez Elena , Hogan Mary-Ellen , Kikuta Andrew , Koren Gideon , Katz Joel
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the relative effectiveness of liposomal lidocaine, sucrose, and their combination for reducing pain in term newborns.

METHODS:

Ours was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, double-dummy trial of 330 healthy term newborns. Before venipuncture for the newborn screening test, neonates received (1) 1 g of liposomal lidocaine cream topically, (2) 2 mL of 24% sucrose solution orally, or (3) sucrose and liposomal lidocaine. The facial grimacing score (0–100) was used to assess pain. Adverse events and lidocaine levels were used to assess safety.

RESULTS:

Infant characteristics did not differ among groups. Facial grimacing scores were lower in the sucrose group compared with those in the liposomal lidocaine group (mean difference: −27 [95% confidence interval (CI): −36 to −19; P < .001) and for the sucrose plus liposomal lidocaine group compared with those in the liposomal lidocaine group (mean difference: −23 [95% CI: −31 to −14]; P < .001). The sucrose and sucrose plus liposomal lidocaine groups did not differ (mean difference: −5 [95% CI: −13 to 4]; P = .3). Local skin reactions were not observed, and the incidence of spitting up did not differ between sucrose-exposed and non–sucrose-exposed infants (1.4% vs 2.7%, respectively; P = .22). The mean (SD) plasma lidocaine level was 44.6 (55.3) ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS:

Sucrose was more effective than liposomal lidocaine for reducing pain during venipuncture in newborns. The addition of liposomal lidocaine to sucrose did not confer any additional benefit to sucrose alone. There was no evidence of harm from liposomal lidocaine or sucrose.
Prairie ecosystems and the carbon problem
Authors: DeLuca Thomas H , Zabinski Catherine A
Published: March 2011

There has been great interest in carbon (C) storage in terrestrial landscapes and the potential for trading C released during fossil‐fuel combustion for C stored in agricultural landscapes. This is particularly important in the Great Plains of North America, where increased C storage under conservation tillage represents millions of dollars in C credits. However, we contend that the logic behind such trading is imperfect on multiple levels. We suggest that increased C storage in Great Plains soils with conservation tillage can, at best, only partially replenish what was previously emitted by tillage of native prairies. Furthermore, there is disagreement on whether reduced tillage actually does increase C storage in prairie soils. Use of alternative agricultural practices that emulate natural prairie diversity, processes, and function, as well as the establishment of permanent prairie reserves, will aid in recovery of previously lost C and provide for increased biodiversity and resilience in the face of changing climate conditions.
The Effects of Relative Performance Information and Framed Information Systems Feedback on Performance in a Production Task
Authors: Murthy Uday S. , Schafer Brad A.
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: Information systems’ reports typically contain quantitative feedback such as monetary values or the number of units sold or produced. We investigate if providing relative performance information (RPI) feedback and framing the feedback in a positive (good job) or negative (poor job) manner induces performance improvements in a repetitive task. We also investigate if feedback framing interacts with performer level, such that framed feedback has a differential effect for low performers, compared to average and high performers. An experiment was conducted using a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design, crossing feedback framing (positive, negative, or control), relative performance information (no RPI, rank-ordered RPI, percent RPI in first session, percent RPI in second session), and contract type (fixed or variable), using 289 student participants assuming the role of production workers. Results revealed a significant positive effect of providing relative performance feedback and positively framed feedback. The results also indicate an interaction between worker performance level and feedback framing, such that low-performing workers improved performance in response to positive feedback significantly more than average and high-performing workers. Feedback framing did not have an incremental effect over relative performance feedback. These results have implications for the design of accounting information systems in terms of the type of feedback provided to workers.
Information Security and Sarbanes-Oxley Compliance: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Wallace Linda , Lin Hui , Cefaratti Meghann Abell
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) created a resurgence of organizational focus on internal controls. In this study, we examine the extent to which the information technology (IT) controls suggested by the ISO 17799 security framework have been integrated into organizations’ internal control environments. We collected survey data from 636 members of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) on the current usage of IT controls in their organizations. In addition to identifying the most and least commonly implemented IT controls, the survey results indicate that control implementation differences exist based on a company’s status as public or private, the size of the company, and the industry in which the company operates. Training of internal auditors and/or IT personnel is also associated with significant differences in implemented controls. We discuss the implications of our research and offer suggestions for future research.
Evaluation of the safety of vaccinating mares against equine viral arteritis during mid or late gestation or during the immediate postpartum period
Authors: Broaddus Charles C. , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. , White Jena L. R. , Timoney Peter J. , Funk Rebecca A. , Holyoak G. Reed
Published: March 2011

Objective—To determine whether it is safe to vaccinate pregnant or postpartum mares with a commercial modified-live virus vaccine against equine viral arteritis (EVA).

Design—Randomized controlled study.

Animals—73 mares and their foals.

Procedures—Mares were vaccinated during mid gestation, during late gestation, or 2 or 3 days after parturition with a commercial modified-live virus vaccine or were not vaccinated. Foaling outcomes were recorded, and serum, blood, milk, and nasopharyngeal samples were obtained.

Results—All mares vaccinated during mid gestation foaled without any problems; 21 of 22 mares in this group had antibody titers against EAV at the time of foaling. Of the 19 mares vaccinated during late gestation, 3 aborted; antibody titers against EAV were detected in 13 of 15 mares from which serum was obtained at the time of foaling. All postparturient vaccinates were seronegative at foaling; all of them seroconverted after vaccination. No adverse effects were detected in any of their foals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When faced with a substantial risk of natural exposure to EAV, it would appear to be safe to vaccinate healthy pregnant mares up to 3 months before foaling and during the immediate postpartum period. Vaccinating mares during the last 2 months of gestation was associated with a risk of abortion; this risk must be weighed against the much greater risk of widespread abortions in unprotected populations of pregnant mares naturally infected with EAV.
Evaluation of the effect of hetastarch and lactated Ringer's solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy llamas
Authors: Carney Katelyn R. , McKenzie Erica C. , Mosley Craig A. , Payton Mark E.
Published: March 2011

Objective—To compare the effects of hetastarch and lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) on plasma colloid osmotic pressure (pCOP) and other hematologic variables in healthy llamas.

Design—Prospective crossover study.

Animals—6 healthy female llamas.

Procedures—Llamas were administered LRS (45 mL/kg [20.5 mL/lb]) and, after a 3-day washout period, hetastarch (15 mL/kg [6.8 mL/lb]) during 60-minute IV infusions. Serum total protein, serum albumin, and hemoglobin concentrations and Hct were measured before each infusion (baseline), immediately after each infusion was completed (0 hours), and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours. The pCOP was measured at baseline and at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after each infusion was completed; additional measurements of pCOP were obtained 72 and 96 hours after hetastarch infusion.

Results—Hetastarch administration significantly increased mean ± SEM pCOP from 23.5 ± 0.3 mm Hg (baseline) to a peak of 28.4 ± 0.6 mm Hg (12 hours); significant increases in pCOP persisted at 96 hours after hetastarch administration. Administration of LRS significantly decreased albumin and total protein concentrations; in addition, mean ± SEM pCOP decreased from 24.1 ± 0.4 mm Hg (baseline) to 18.0 ± 0.3 mm Hg (0 hours). Hetastarch administration caused more pronounced decreases in Hct (0 hours) and concentrations of hemoglobin (0 hours), albumin (all time points), and total protein (all time points) than did LRS administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hetastarch administration increased pCOP in healthy llamas for 96 hours with no clinically important complications.
High Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance among HIV-1-Untreated Patients in Guinea-Conakry and in Niger
Authors: Charpentier Charlotte , Bellecave Pantxika , Cisse Mohamed , Mamadou Saidou , Diakite Mandiou , Peytavin Gilles , Tchiombiano Stéphanie , Teisseire Pierre , Pizarro Louis , Storto Alexandre , Brun-Vézinet Françoise , Katlama Christine , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Masquelier Bernard , Descamps Diane
Published: March 2011

Background

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 from recently diagnosed and untreated patients living in Conakry, Guinea-Conakry and in Niamey, Niger.

Methods

The study was performed in two countries of Western Africa – Guinea-Conakry and Niger – using the same survey method in both sites. All newly HIV-1 diagnosed patients, naive of antiretroviral drugs, were consecutively included during September 2009 in each of the two sites. Protease and reverse transcriptase sequencing was performed using the ANRS procedures. Drug resistance mutations were identified according to the 2009 update surveillance drug resistance mutations.

Results

In Conakry, 99 patients were included, most of whom (89%) were infected with CRF02_AG recombinant virus. Resistance analysis among the 93 samples showed that ≥1 drug resistance mutation was observed in 8 samples, leading to a prevalence of primary resistance of 8.6% (95% CI 2.91–14.29%). In Niamey, 96 patients were included; a high diversity in HIV-1 subtypes was observed with 47 (51%) patients infected with CRF02_AG. Resistance analysis performed among the 92 samples with successful genotypic resistance test showed that ≥1 drug resistance mutation was observed in 6 samples, leading to a prevalence of primary resistance of 6.5% (95% CI 1.50–11.50%).

Conclusions

We reported the first antiretroviral drug resistance survey studies in antiretroviral-naive patients living in Guinea-Conakry and in Niger. The prevalence of resistance was between 6% and 9% in both sites, which is higher than most of the other countries from Western Africa region.
Dissociation et imbrication du formel et de l'informel : une matrice coloniale américaine
Authors: Monnet Jérôme
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’opposition formel-informel, prévalente dans les politiques et les représentations publiques au début du xxi e siècle, résulte de l’histoire moderne qui a dissocié et catégorisé les individus, les activités et les espaces. En étudiant un corpus iconographique mexicain du xviii e siècle, l’article montre que la dissociation du formel et de l’informel a accompagné celle des activités économique et domestique et celle des espaces public et privé. Les catégories sociales dominantes ont été caractérisées par la différenciation fonctionnelle de leurs espaces, alors que les catégories populaires sont stigmatisées par l’impureté qui résulte de l’indétermination pratique de leurs origines comme de leurs espaces de vie et de travail.
Sándor Radó, géographe et agent de renseignement
Authors: Bourgeois Guillaume
Published: March 2011

Sándor Radó occupe l’une des plus belles places au Panthéon des agents soviétiques de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, entre Richard Sorge et Leopold Trepper. L’originalité de ce Hongrois tient à ce qu’il fut, en même temps qu’un officier de renseignement, un géographe distingué et pour le moins inventif. Guillaume Bourgeois retrace la démarche qui le conduisit du militantisme communiste à la maîtrise d’une discipline savante, puis d’une approche géopolitique de la cartographie à la direction d’un réseau de renseignement. Il aborde les aspects singuliers et précaires de sa vie au goulag avant d’évoquer son retour à Budapest – homme fort du régime et patron de l’école géographique hongroise post-stalinienne. Les vicissitudes de son sort résument l’histoire du monde communiste en même temps qu’elles éclairent les conditions des échanges entre l’Ouest et l’Est pour ce qui touche à la cartographie mondiale.
Le milieu aérien, acteur et objet du renseignement
Authors: Aubout Mickaël
Published: March 2011

Si la relation entre renseignement et géographie semble évidente, qu’en est-il de celle entre troisième dimension et géographie, l’armée de l’air n’y voyant qu’« une couche de gaz dépourvue d’obstacles » et d’en conclure « c’est donc un milieu qui offre une transparence ». Aussi la mission de renseignement, dans et à partir du milieu aérien, implique-t-elle in fine la conception d’une géographie politique et militaire aérienne. Le renseignement aérospatial est devenu un levier d’influence dans le jeu des relations internationales. La troisième dimension contribue à forger la vision des décideurs politiques et militaires, et, par là même, influe sur leurs décisions et leurs actions. Avec l’emploi de la troisième dimension dans l’acquisition de renseignement, ce n’est pas seulement une nouvelle capacité de renseignement qui s’ouvre aux autorités politico-militaires, c’est également une nouvelle appréhension du territoire adverse et de son propre territoire qui émerge. La troisième dimension, par l’observation et le ciblage proposé, offre ainsi au commandement une nouvelle conception de la géographie de l’ennemi.
Pascal – et Heidegger. Heidegger lecteur de Pascal
Authors: Guest Gérard
Published: March 2011

Résumé Le relevé des affleurements de la référence explicite à Pascal, dans les textes de Heidegger, montre que celle-ci n’est nullement aussi erratique qu’il y paraît. Ce gisement de références se concentre autour de quelques thèmes fondamentaux, tels : l’ excédentarité de l’« Être » ; la description du caractère mouvementé de la « condition humaine » (de l’ existence et de la finitude ) ; mais aussi : la « logique du cœur » ; et surtout : la place singulière de Pascal, eu égard à Descartes et à l’inflexion décisive que celui-ci apporte à la configuration des Temps modernes, dans un épisode majeur de l’histoire de la métaphysique occidentale. – Mais rien de la thématique pascalienne de la révélation du « Dieu caché » n’y est expressément relevé. – Pourtant, une puissante et quelque peu énigmatique analogie pourrait devoir venir s’y nouer et s’y faire jour – quoique sur un mode « sigétique » – entre la « théologie » pascalienne de la révélation du « Dieu caché » , d’une part, et la méditation heideggerienne de la structure paradoxale du « retrait de l’Être » , d’autre part, avec l’étrange révélation qui s’y annonce de la fugitive parution du « signe de la passée du dernier Dieu » des Compléments à la philosophie [Beiträge zur Philosophie] .
L'inquiétude dans De la Recherche de la vérité
Authors: Parmentier Marc
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’article vise à mettre en évidence, dans De la recherche de la vérité , la juxtaposition d’un concept théologique et d’un concept purement anthropologique de l’inquiétude. Dans les livres III et IV de son ouvrage, Malebranche tente d’inscrire la confrontation entre l’amour des biens finis et l’amour pour le bien en général dans un cadre mécaniste d’inspiration cartésienne. Cette tentative n’aboutit pas à un modèle simple et univoque, on peut toutefois en préserver la cohérence en interprétant l’inquiétude comme la manifestation propre aux mouvements infiniment petits. Par ailleurs, le livre II du même ouvrage confère à l’inquiétude une signification purement humaine, liée à l’expérience de la douleur, dont les déterminations semblent opposées à l’inquiétude d’origine théologique. C’est cette interprétation laïcisée qui prévaut dans les ouvrages ultérieurs de Malebranche ainsi que dans la fortune du concept chez les auteurs du xviii e siècle.
Cet amour éblouissant aux sources de l'agir juste
Authors: Müller Denis
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’éthique n’est pas seulement science réflexive sur les questions morales et les problèmes pratiques, elle prend son origine, plus profondément, dans la quête d’une parole d’amour susceptible de fonder la confiance et de motiver l’action juste. C’est seulement à condition de se laisser toucher dans sa singularité la plus intime que l’être humain s’avèrera capable d’opérer la synthèse des circonstances particulières de son histoire et d’une visée d’universalité concrète. Par delà le laxisme et le moralisme peut alors s’entrouvrir la possibilité pratique, pour les chrétiens, d’une suivance de Jésus de Nazareth, dans ses actes et ses paroles, ainsi qu’à la lumière éblouissante de son destin pascal et de l’Amour de Dieu qu’il révèle et promeut.
La dignité de la personne humaine
Authors: Riaudel Olivier
Published: March 2011

Résumé Peut-on jeter des ponts entre ce que la théologie morale et la modernité philosophique entendent par personne ? Pas sûr. Du théâtre grec antique à la théologie augustino-thomiste via Boèce, un parcours nous éclairera d’abord. Il n’existe pas de dimension relationnelle chez Boèce. S. Thomas a tenté un dépassement de cette impasse en exploitant le verbe subsistere . K. Barth et K. Rahner sont connus pour avoir critiqué l’application à Dieu de la notion moderne de « personne », qui ne saurait être réduite au sujet conscient de lui-même. L’apport de Richard de Saint-Victor et celui de Hegel, à évaluer aussi, amènent in fine à créditer la tentative récente de W. Pannenberg de la personne comme « présence du Soi dans l’instant du Je ».
La fabrique de l'enfant
Authors: Valentin Claude
Published: March 2011

Résumé Après avoir rappelé le statut quasi sans valeur de l’enfant dans le monde grec antique, dans lequel le rôle de la femme change au moment de la naissance de l’enfant, c’est la philosophie qui est ici interrogée : infanticide légitime chez Platon, raisons démographiques de justification de l’avortement chez Aristote. La littérature, de son côté, présente l’enfant comme le futur défenseur de la cité. Mais c’est surtout la médecine qui modifie le regard sur l’enfance, par exemple du point de vue de la viabilité du fœtus. L’Ancien Testament témoigne, à son tour, d’une véritable éthique de la génération contrastant en cela avec l’Antiquité traditionnelle : la Genèse bien sûr, avec les textes de création, et surtout l’interdit du sacrifice d’enfant à qui est préféré le sacrifice du bélier offert par Abraham. L’enfance est respectée comme signe de Dieu. Dès lors, des rites de passages et d’initiation apparaissent pour valoriser, désacraliser et libérer. La législation témoigne de régressions possibles : coutume et tradition l’ont dictée plutôt que désir et sentiment. L’éducation se fait reconnaissance. Éduquer, c’est aimer et enseigner ; et le père est le premier éducateur.
Development of a signature probe targeting the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer of a ruminal Ruminococcus flavefaciens isolate from reindeer
Authors: Præsteng K. , Mackie R. , Cann I. , Mathiesen S. , Sundset M.
Published: March 2011

The cellulolytic Ruminococcus flavefaciens has previously been introduced into the ruminant rumen to increase
microbial degradation of plant cell wall carbohydrates. The functional effect of an introduced bacterium depends on
its ability to establish in the digestive tract, and signature probes can be used as a tool to track and quantify introduced
strains. The purpose of this current study was to develop an oligonucleotide signature probe targeting the 16S-23S
rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of a putative probiotic cellulolytic isolate (R. flavefaciens strain 8/94-32) from
the rumen of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). The 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS of three Ruminococcus strains; R.
flavefaciens strain 8/94-32, R. flavefaciens FD-1 and Ruminococcus albus Ra-8, was investigated. The ITS region has
been reported to vary more between closely related bacteria compared to the widely used 16S rRNA gene, and a high
degree of sequence polymorphism was indeed detected between the three Ruminococcus strains studied. Based on
observed sequence differences, two oligonucloetide probes, ITSRumi1 and ITSRumi2, targeting the ITS region of
the R. flavefaciens isolate 8/94-32 were developed. Probe specificity was evaluated in dot blot hybridisations with R.
flavefaciens isolate 8/94-32 and four other Ruminococcus-strains tested. The probe ITSRumi1 gave positive signals
for the R. flavefaciens isolate 8/94-32 only, while probe ITSRumi2 gave positive signals for R. flavefaciens isolate
8/94-32 as well as for R. albus Ra-8. The result of hybridisations with the probe ITSRumi1 indicates that the probe
is specific for the R. flavefaciens strain 8/94-32 amongst the four Ruminococcus-strains tested, and is promising
for further studies using it as a signature probe for tracking this strain when re-introduced to the reindeer rumen.
The contribution of MRS and resistivity methods to the interpretation of actual evapo‐transpiration measurements: a case study in metamorphic context in north Bénin
Authors: Descloitres M. , Séguis L. , Legchenko A. , Wubda M. , Guyot A. , Cohard J.M.
Published: March 2011

A quantitative budget estimate of actual evapo‐transpiration is a key issue for enhanced hydrological modelling in northern Bénin. Actual evapo‐transpiration is estimated using large aperture scintillometer equipment, devoted to sensible heat flux measurements. However, a previous study reported that the actual evapo‐transpiration cycle is not fully understood. Indeed, the actual evapo‐transpiration depends strongly on several factors such as climate, vegetation pattern, soil water storage and human activities. The respective contributions of the aquifer and vadose zone to the actual evapo‐transpiration budget are not known. When using piezometric variations of the water table, the aquifer contribution is not easy to quantify since the specific yield may vary in the investigated area, located in a metamorphic rock environment. In the present study, we investigate whether significant differences in the aquifer’s specific yield could exist within the large aperture scintillometer measurement area, leading to different actual evapo‐transpiration water losses. We use joint frequency electromagnetic resistivity mapping, geological surveys and magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) to delineate the effective porosity of the regolith around the scintillometre measurement area. Thirteen MRS soundings implemented in key areas reveal a clear classification of the main geological units on the basis of their water content. The MRS water content varies between 1.5–3% for amphibolite and micaschists formations to more than 12% for quartzitic fractured formations, whereas the MRS relaxation time is less discriminating (150–250 ms), indicating a small variation in pore size. Then, as a first modelling exercise, we assumed that the MRS water content (the effective porosity) maximizes the specific yield. The actual evapo‐transpiration budget given by a previous study (Guyot et al. ) is then re‐interpreted using geophysical data: we found that a) the measured water table depletion can explain the actual evapo‐transpiration value providing enough water for the transpiration process and b) the significant discrepancies in actual evapo‐transpiration signals observed between the eastern and western parts of the watershed can be explained by the respective effective porosity of the geological units. Even if further research is needed to link MRS water content to the specific yield and to evaluate a possible role of the deep vadose zone, the hydrogeophysical mapping presented in this study highlights the role of the MRS method for providing relevant information to understand hydrological processes in this complicated geological context of north Bénin.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Keane P. C. , Kurzawa M. , Blain P. G. , Morris C. M.
Published: March 2011

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition that has increasingly been linked with mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of the electron transport chain. This inhibition leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of cellular energy levels, which can consequently cause cellular damage and death mediated by oxidative stress and excitotoxicity. A number of genes that have been shown to have links with inherited forms of PD encode mitochondrial proteins or proteins implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction, supporting the central involvement of mitochondria in PD. This involvement is corroborated by reports that environmental toxins that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain have been shown to be associated with PD. This paper aims to illustrate the considerable body of evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction with neuronal cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD patients and to highlight the important need for further research in this area.
Femoral Reconstruction Using External Fixation
Authors: Palatnik Yevgeniy , Rozbruch S. Robert
Published: March 2011

Background. The use of an external fixator for the purpose of distraction osteogenesis has been applied to a wide range of orthopedic problems caused by such diverse etiologies as congenital disease, metabolic conditions, infections, traumatic injuries, and congenital short stature. The purpose of this study was to analyze our experience of utilizing this method in patients undergoing a variety of orthopedic procedures of the femur.Methods. We retrospectively reviewed our experience of using external fixation for femoral reconstruction. Three subgroups were defined based on the primary reconstruction goal lengthening, deformity correction, and repair of nonunion/bone defect. Factors such as leg length discrepancy (LLD), limb alignment, and external fixation time and complications were evaluated for the entire group and the 3 subgroups.Results. There was substantial improvement in the overall LLD, femoral length discrepancy, and limb alignment as measured by mechanical axis deviation (MAD) and lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) for the entire group as well as the subgroups.Conclusions. The Ilizarov external fixator allows for decreased surgical exposure and preservation of blood supply to bone, avoidance of bone grafting and internal fixation, and simultaneous lengthening and deformity correction, making it a very useful technique for femoral reconstruction.