bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Elections on Public Opinion Toward Democracy
Authors: Robbins Michael D. H. , Tessler Mark
Published: February 2012

Given the importance of developing a democratic culture for the long-term survival of democracy, it is crucial to understand whether and how public support for democracy changes over time in response to different events, particularly those that may contribute to democratization. Elections are a key institution associated with democracy; but elections are also found in most nondemocratic regimes, raising questions about whether electoral experiences affect the way that ordinary citizens think about democracy. The present article uses original survey data collected in Algeria in 2002, 2004, and 2006 to investigate this question. It finds that individuals who favor platforms, ideological orientations, or candidates who are excluded from participation in an election and/or believe that an election has not been free and fair have lower levels of support for democracy after the election than other members of society.
Synthesis of Ni-P-PTFE-nano-Al2O3 composite plating coating on 45 steel by electroless plating
Authors: Suiyuan Chen , Ying Shi , Hong Fan , Jing Liang , Changsheng Liu , Kai Sun
Published: February 2012

Hybrid Ni-P alloy plating coating containing nano-A12O3 and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles on the substrate of 45 steel has been prepared by an electroless plating method. The microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance of the composite plating coating were analyzed using a microhardness tester, optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and friction-wear tester. The results show that the Ni–P–PTFE–nano-Al2O3 composite plating coating with high wear resistance and a low friction coefficient, made by the combination of 3g/L nano-A12O3 and 10 mL/L PTFE particles in plating solution, was responsible for enhancing tribological and lubricating properties on the 45 steel surface. The microhardness of the Ni-P-PTFE-nano-Al2O3 amorphous coating was HV452; its hardness was correspondingly increased and reached HV756 with a heat treatment at 350°C for 1 h, with the PTFE particles in the coating undestroyed. Simultaneously, the wear loss was 1.6 mg and the friction coefficient was 0.11, the cooperative effect of both particles enabled the Ni-P-PTFE-nano-A12O3 composite coating to have highly wear-resistant and lubricating properties.
A life cycle for modeling and simulation
Authors: Balci Osman
Published: February 2012

Conducting large-scale complex modeling and simulation (M&S) projects continues to pose significant challenges for M&S engineers, project managers, and sponsoring organizations. This paper presents a M&S life cycle to alleviate the challenges. The M&S life cycle describes a framework for organization of the processes, work products, quality assurance activities, and project management activities required to develop, use, maintain, and reuse a M&S application from birth to retirement. It provides guidance to a M&S developer (engineer), manager, organization, and community of interest. The M&S life cycle specifies the work products to be created by executing the corresponding processes, together with the integrated verification, validation, and quality assurance activities. The M&S life cycle is critically needed to modularize and structure a M&S application development, and to provide valuable guidance for conducting a M&S project successfully.
A two-hit model: behavioural investigation of the effect of combined neonatal MK-801 administration and isolation rearing in the rat
Authors: Lim Ann Li , Taylor David Alan , Malone Daniel Thomas
Published: February 2012

This study combined two neurodevelopmental manipulations, neonatal MK-801 treatment and isolation rearing, to produce a ‘two-hit’ model and determine whether two hits induce a more robust behavioural phenotype of an animal model of aspects of schizophrenia compared with individual manipulations alone. The effect of clozapine was also assessed. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received 0.2 mg/kg MK-801 or saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily on postnatal days (PNDs) 7–10 and were assigned to group or isolation rearing at weaning (PND 21). From PND 77, they received a vehicle or 5 mg/kg clozapine (i.p.) treatment regimen and were subjected to three prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, a locomotor activity assessment and a novel object recognition task. MK-801-treated rats reared in isolation displayed robust PPI disruptions which were consistently manifested in all three tests. PPI deficits were also detected in saline-treated rats reared in isolation but not in all tests. Only the two-hit rats demonstrated hyperlocomotion and impaired object recognition memory. Clozapine restored PPI anomalies in the two-hit rats. The two-hit model showed greater psychotic-like effects than either neonatal MK-801 or isolation rearing alone. The preliminary predictive validity shown with clozapine suggests this model may be useful for predicting the efficacy of putative antipsychotics.
Writing Manuals for Psychodynamic Group Treatments
Authors: Lorentzen Steinar
Published: February 2012

Treatment manuals may have different purposes. In clinical work it may be to demonstrate the main feabtures and principles of a treatment method to trainees. In psychotherapy research it may be an attempt to ensure that all patients are influenced in a similar way, thus trying to increase the internal validity of the study. Measures taken to ensure internal validity (randomization, inclusion of patients with similar diagnosis, check of treatment fidelity etc.) often reduce the possibility of generalizing the results from such studies to a regular clinical context (external validity).

This article describes how treatment manuals for short- and long-term analytic group psychotherapies (20 and 80 weekly sessions, respectively) were developed. We wanted to study the significance of the treatment length, and potential moderators and mediators of differential change in the treatment of regular patients with mixed disorders (anxiety, affective, and mild to moderate personality disorders) who had been referred to outpatient services. The article presents reflections, choices, and dilemmas encountered in developing these manuals. Brief examples from the manuals are presented, highlighting differences between the two formats.
Biogenic carbon-enriched and pollutant depleted SRF from commercial and pretreated heterogeneous waste generated by NIR sensor-based sorting
Authors: Pieber Simone , Ragossnig Arne , Pomberger Roland , Curtis Alexander
Published: February 2012

Mechanical processing using predominantly particle size and density as separation criteria is currently applied in the production of solid-recovered fuel or refuse-derived fuel. It does not sufficiently allow for the optimization of the quality of heterogeneous solid waste for subsequent energy recovery. Material-specific processing, in contrast, allows the separation criterion to be linked to specific chemical constituents. Therefore, the technical applicability of material-specific sorting of heterogeneous waste, in order to optimize its routing options, was evaluated. Two sorting steps were tested on a pilot and a large scale. Near infrared multiplexed sensor-based sorting devices were used (1) to reduce the chlorine (Cl) respectively pollutant content, in order to broaden the utilization options of SRF in industrial co-incineration, and (2) to increase the biogenic carbon (Cbio) content, which is highly relevant in the light of the EU emission trading scheme on CO2. It was found that the technology is generally applicable for the heterogeneous waste fractions looked at, if the sensor systems are appropriately adjusted for the sorting task. The first sorting step allowed for the removal of up to 40% of the Cl freight by separating only 3 to 5% of the material mass. Very low Cl concentrations were achieved in the output stream to be used as solid-recovered fuel stream and additionally, the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration was decreased. A two- to four-fold enriched Cbio content was achieved by the second sorting step. Due to lower yields in the large-scale test further challenges need to be addressed.
Envisioning a Gerontology-Enriched theory of Care
Authors: Berridge Clara
Published: February 2012

Care in old age is not a citizenship right in the United States, and unmet needs remain a hidden struggle. When measured against an ethics of care, long-term care (LTC) falls short. A critical step toward more just systems of LTC is to bring feminist theories of care into cooperation with gerontology and disability thought. Doing so will entail keeping all participants in the care relationship in focus and reworking the relationship of ethics of care to justice. This article draws on the capabilities approach to justice, as developed by feminist philosopher Martha Nussbaum, which has care, dependence, and dignity at its core.
Alternative format preferences among secondary school visually impaired students in Nigeria
Authors: Adetoro ‘Niran
Published: February 2012

Persons with visual impairment have consistently shown a preference for one alternative reading format over another, often because of factors outside their control. This study adopted survey research design to investigate alternative format preferences among secondary school visually impaired students, focusing on Southwestern Nigeria. Using total enumeration technique, data were gathered from 123 students from six purposively selected secondary schools through the use of a questionnaire and an interview schedule with reliability scores (α = 0.77) and (α = 0.75) respectively. Interviews were carried out with 104 (84.5%) visually impaired students. The study found that talking books/audio recordings were the most preferred format (53%) – 51% for blind and 55% for partially sighted students respectively. Reasons for talking book preference include ease of understanding and playback, time savings, teacher’s ineptitude, difficulty and volume of Braille materials. The study recommends collaboration of libraries and other stakeholders in improving talking book collectieons, provision of digital talking books, Braille literacy and a national strategy for training of Braille teachers and Braillists.
Public library use of free e-resources
Authors: Hill Heather , Bossaller Jenny
Published: February 2012

This article describes a multi-method research project examining the use of various freely available online collections and projects, such as Project Gutenberg, the Internet Archive, and Creative Commons-licensed ebooks, by public libraries. This research begins with the questions: what are libraries doing with freely available materials? Are there barriers to incorporating them into the collection? What role are librarians playing in expanding access and awareness of these resources?
Scientific authority in policy contexts: Public attitudes about environmental scientists, medical researchers, and economists
Authors: O’Brien Timothy L.
Published: February 2012

This paper uses data from the US General Social Survey to examine public support for scientists in policy contexts and its link to scientific disciplines. An analysis of attitudes about the amount of influence that environmental scientists, two kinds of medical researchers, and economists should have over policy decisions reveals that in each discipline the extent to which scientists are thought to serve the nation’s best interests is the strongest determinant of attitudes about scientists as policy advisors. Perceptions of scientists’ technical knowledge and the level of consensus in the scientific community also have direct, albeit weaker effects on opinions about scientists’ appropriate roles in policy settings. Whereas previous research has stressed the importance of local variability in understanding the transfer of scientific authority across institutional boundaries, these results point to considerable homogeneity in the social bases of scientific authority in policy contexts.
“Targeting to Zero” in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Secola Rita , Lewis Mary Ann , Pike Nancy , Needleman Jack , Doering Lynn
Published: February 2012

Reducing or eliminating hospital acquired infections is a national quality of care priority. The majority of the 12 400 children diagnosed with cancer each year require long-term intravenous access to receive intensive and complex therapies. These children are at high risk for infection by nature of their disease and treatment, which often involves use of a central venous catheter (CVC). Throughout the nation, nurses assume frontline responsibility for safe, quality CVC care to minimize the risk of potentially life-threatening infections. Substantial financial and human costs are associated with CVC-related bloodstream infections, including prolonged hospital lengths of stay and increased care required to treat these infections. The purpose of this review of the literature is to summarize existing adult and pediatric data on CVC-related bloodstream infections and explore nursing models of CVC care that may improve pediatric oncology patient outcomes.
Using Improvement Science to Promote Evidence-Based Practice in a Childhood Cancer and Hematology Center
Authors: Hockenberry Marilyn J. , McCarthy Kathy S. , Taylor Olga A. , Hesselgrave Joy , Bernhardt Melanie B. , Daves Marla , Kamdar Kala
Published: February 2012

A major children’s cancer and hematology center established a Quality Transformation (QT) Core to develop and monitor empirical outcomes that demonstrate excellence in clinical care. The QT Core, based on the Institute of Medicine’s domains of quality health care, aims to ensure that care is safe, effective, patient centered, timely, efficient, and equitable. Specific goals for the first year of the QT Core were to develop a team of improvement science experts, engage faculty and staff in QT initiatives, promote accountability for excellence in clinical care, and establish specific metrics to evaluate process, structure, and outcomes for QT Core projects. The purpose of this article is to discuss the successful development of a quality transformation core within a pediatric subspecialty and demonstrate the principles of improvement science through an actual quality transformation project designed to implement an evidence-based guideline for procedural sedation for children with cancer. The QT Core within this subspecialty was founded on principles of successful transformation of patient care that includes motivation to change, leaders committed to quality, active engagement of staff in meaningful problem-solving initiatives, alignment with organization goals with resource allocation, and integration to bridge boundaries throughout an organization. These key principles are demonstrated through the discussion of the development of the QT Core and implementation of an evidence-based procedure sedation guideline. Pediatric and pediatric subspecialty groups can be on the forefront of national initiatives that promote quality health care, exemplified by the QT Core developed within the cancer and hematology center.
Palliative Chemotherapy for Malignant Ascites Secondary to Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Malayev Yuliya , Levene Richard , Gonzalez Faustino
Published: February 2012

Although research has shown that palliative chemotherapy is beneficial compared to lack of treatment (Schorge JO, Schaffer JI, Halvorson LM, et al. ed. Williams Gynecology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Medical; 2008.), other studies show aggressive end-of-life treatment adversely affects quality of life and shortens life span (Arriba L, Fader A, Frasure H, von Gruenigen V. A review of issues surrounding quality of life among women with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;119(2):390-396.). Without a consensus on palliative chemotherapy, underutilization during end of life prevails, and likely will continue without additional research (Barbera L, Elit L, Krzyzanowska M, et al. End of life care for women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;118(2):196-201.). This article aims to evaluate and examine existing chemotherapy for palliation of malignant ascites secondary to ovarian cancer and compare commonly used regimens. Agents will be evaluated by their modes of administration. Oral agents include cyclophosphamide and thalidomide, and intraperitoneal vehicles include taxane-based agents, platinum-based agents, antibiotics, and biologic agents. In addition, cost, ethics, and quality of life discussions factor into this review. Palliative care’s goal is to find a balance between life expectancy and symptom relief with minimal adverse effects.
Spiritual Needs and Spiritual Care for Veterans at End of Life and Their Families
Authors: Chang Bei-Hung , Stein Nathan R. , Trevino Kelly , Stewart Max , Hendricks Ann , Skarf Lara M.
Published: February 2012

Spiritual care is an important domain of palliative care programs across the country and in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System specifically. This qualitative study assessed the spiritual needs, spiritual care received, and satisfaction with spiritual care of both Veterans at the end of life and their families. Seventeen Veterans and 9 family members participated. They expressed a wide range of spiritual needs, including a wish of Veterans to have a better understanding of traumatic events that occurred during their combat experience. Some Veterans reported military experience enhanced their spirituality. Generally, respondents reported satisfaction with VA spiritual care, but indicated that Veterans may benefit from greater access to VA chaplains and explicit discussion of the impact of their military experience on their spirituality.
Developing Reflective Practitioners
Authors: West Chad
Published: February 2012

Developing reflective habits in preservice teachers is an important task of teacher education. The use of teaching cases in preservice and inservice teacher education has been strongly supported as a tool to promote this process of reflection in education research and music education research. More recently, education researchers have begun to explore the use of video-cases to promote reflection in preservice teacher education. This article first discusses the process of reflective thinking and its importance to preservice teacher education. Next are implications for using video-cases to help preservice music teachers critically examine their beliefs and shift their focus from themselves to their students. Finally, research is presented for effectively structuring video-case experiences, along with recommendations for implementing video-cases in the music education classroom.
What Determines the Formal Versus Relational Nature of Local Government Contracting?
Authors: Lamothe Meeyoung , Lamothe Scott
Published: February 2012

In this article, we examine the governance structures used to manage local service delivery contracts with an eye toward two specific concerns. First, we contend that public managers likely use dual regimes in which contract writing is more formal in nature than is the management style adopted during contract implementation. We also explore the determinants of such mechanisms. We find some evidence to support our contention in that managers frequently contact and communicate with their vendors despite the presence of clearly and formally written contracts. We further find that the formal versus relational nature of written contract features is influenced by different factors (service characteristics, market conditions, vendor ownership) than is management style (reputation, management capacity, expectations of continuing relationships).
Putting a Tax on Oil
Authors: Crane Keith , Burger Nicholas , Wachs Martin
Published: February 2012

We investigate the possibility of using a percentage tax on crude oil and imported refined oil products consumed in the United States to fund the nation’s transportation infrastructure. This tax on oil could replace existing gasoline and diesel taxes and, potentially, other transportation taxes, such as taxes on airline tickets. The revenues from this tax could be used to fully fund federal infrastructure expenditures on highways, public transit, and aviation. The goal of this article is to raise the key issues associated with using an oil tax to fund U.S. transportation infrastructure, identify decisions Congress would need to make in designing such a tax, and outline some of the likely implications of adopting such a tax.
Social support and invalidation by others contribute uniquely to the understanding of physical and mental health of patients with rheumatic diseases
Authors: Kool Marianne B , van Middendorp Henriët , Lumley Mark A , Bijlsma Johannes WJ , Geenen Rinie
Published: February 2012

This study examined whether social support and invalidation (lack of understanding and discounting by others) are differently associated with physical and mental health. Participants were 1455 patients with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, osteorarthritis, or another rheumatic disease. Participants completed online questionnaires. Social support correlated negatively with discounting responses of others (moderately) and lack of understanding (strongly). Both invalidation and social support were additively associated with patients’ mental health, but only discounting was significantly associated with patients’ physical health. This suggests that improving health of patients with rheumatic diseases requires the consideration of both social support and invalidation.
Patterns and correlates of multiple risk factors for adult-onset cancer among adolescents1
Authors: Mays Darren , Peshkin Beth N. , Walker Leslie R. , Abraham Anisha A. , Hawkins Kirsten B. , Tercyak Kenneth P.
Published: February 2012

The authors investigated patterns and correlates of multiple cancer risk factors (MCRFs) among adolescents. Baseline data from an intervention efficacy trial were analyzed to examine patterns of co-occurring MCRFs and sociodemographic and theoretical (e.g. prevention self-efficacy) correlates of MCRFs among adolescents ( N = 50) aged 13–21 years. The mean total MCRFs was 4.6 (SD = 1.6; range = 0–9). The most common risk factors were intentions to use alcohol ( n = 40, 80%), <5 daily servings of fruits/vegetables ( n = 40, 80%), and lifetime alcohol use ( n = 38, 76%). MCRFs commonly co-occurred, suggesting a clustered risk profile. Higher age ( B = 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 0.38) and lower prevention self-efficacy ( B = −0.16, 95% CI: −0.30, −0.02) were significantly ( p < 0.05) associated with MCRFs. Multiple health behavior change interventions are needed to prevent accumulation of risk factors as youth mature. Self-efficacy may be an important target for prevention interventions.
Optimizing the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Elterman Dean S. , Barkin Jack , Kaplan Steven A.
Published: February 2012

One of the challenges facing primary care physicians and specialists as the population ages is the management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). While as many as 18% of men in their 40s report bother from an enlarged prostate, that figure rises dramatically, whereby 50% of men in their 50s and 90% of men in their 90s will complain of bothersome symptoms related to an enlarged prostate. Studies have shown that BPH is a progressive disease, which if left untreated can result in worsening of symptoms, acute urinary retention and renal failure. Until about 20 years ago the only management option available to urologists was surgery. In the early 1990s medical therapy emerged as the predominant treatment for BPH. Therapy may be tailored to target symptoms and progression of disease.
Assessments of Crime Seriousness on an American Indian Reservation
Authors: Greenberg David F.
Published: February 2012

Data from a survey of residents of a Southern Ute Indian reservation in Colorado carried out by Abril (2007) are used to compare perceptions of crime seriousness held by members of an American Indian tribe with those of non-Indians living on the same reservation. There are few significant or substantial differences between the two groups. These findings bear on debates in criminology and the sociology of law regarding the extent to which the content of the criminal law reflects a broad consensus in society or entails the imposition of rules made by and for dominant groups on subordinate groups holding different cultural values and norms. Additional data are deployed to assess subcultural explanations of high levels of interpersonal violence on American Indian reservations.
Development Dynamics of Remittances in Bangladesh
Authors: Barai Munim K.
Published: February 2012

Remittance inflows in the economy of Bangladesh are getting larger every passing year, matching with the increasing external demand for its manpower. The ensuing development impacts of remittances, as a means of transfer of wealth, on socioeconomic factors are increasingly viewed with importance. Remittances have helped improve the social and economic indicators like nutrition, living condition and housing, education, health care, poverty reduction, social security, and investment activities of the recipient households. The relative weight of remittances has also increased against most of the macroeconomic variables alongside the contribution to GDP. Moreover, Bangladesh has been able to avoid any serious imbalances in BOP’s current account, although it has persistent merchandize trade deficits. Not only that, the export tradable sector has thus far remained unaffected from the Dutch Disease effects of remittances.
Effect of welding conditions on reduction in angular distortion by welding with trailing heat sink
Authors: Okano S , Mochizuki M , Toyoda M , Ueyama T
Published: February 2012

The effectiveness of welding with a trailing heat sink in reducing the angular distortion of a weld has been experimentally investigated with focus on the cooling position. A numerical model of welding with a trailing heat sink is constructed through the comparison of measured values of weld penetration, thermal cycles and angular distortion with those calculated. On the basis of this model, the effect of welding heat input conditions on the reduction in angular distortion is discussed to evaluate the versatility of welding with a trailing heat sink. The results indicate that the choice of an appropriate cooling position behind the welding heat source is essential for the effective reduction in angular distortion. The reduction in angular distortion by the heat sink at the appropriate cooling position increases with the heat input parameter Qnet/ h 2 , where Qnet is the weld heat input and h is the thickness of the plate.
Regulation of mast cell survival and function by tuberous sclerosis complex 1
Authors: Shin Jinwook , Pan Hongjie , Zhong Xiao-Ping
Published: February 2012

Mast cells play critical roles in allergic disorders and asthma. The importance of tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2-mammalian target of rapamycin (TSC1/2-mTOR) signaling in mast cells is unknown. Here, we report that TSC1 is a critical regulator for mTOR signaling in mast cells downstream of FcεRI and c-Kit, and differentially controls mast cell degranulation and cytokine production. TSC1-deficiency results in impaired mast cell degranulation, but enhanced cytokine production in vitro and in vivo after FcεRI engagement. Furthermore, TSC1 is critical for mast cell survival through multiple pathways of apoptosis including the down-regulation of p53, miR-34a, reactive oxygen species, and the up-regulation of Bcl-2. Together, these findings reveal that TSC1 is a critical regulator of mast cell activation and survival, suggesting the manipulation of the TSC1/2-mTOR pathway as a therapeutic strategy for mast cell-mediated diseases.
Paediatric CT scan usage and referrals of children to computed tomography in Germany-a cross-sectional survey of medical practice and awareness of radiation related health risks among physicians
Authors: Merzenich Hiltrud , Krille Lucian , Hammer Gael , Kaiser Melanie , Yamashita Shunichi , Zeeb Hajo
Published: February 2012

Background

Computed tomography (CT) is a major source of ionizing radiation exposure in medical diagnostic. Compared to adults, children are supposed to be more susceptible to health risks related to radiation. The purpose of a cross-sectional survey among office-based physicians in Germany was the assessment of medical practice in paediatric CT referrals and to investigate physicians' knowledge of radiation doses and potential health risks of radiation exposure from CT in children.

Methods

A standardized questionnaire was distributed to all paediatricians and surgeons in two defined study areas. Furthermore, the study population included a random sample of general practitioners in the two areas. The questionnaire covered the frequency of referrals for paediatric CT examinations, the medical diagnoses leading to paediatric CT referrals, physicians' knowledge of radiation doses and potential health risks of radiation exposure from CT in children.

Results

A total of 295 (36.4%) physicians responded. 59% of the doctors had not referred a child to CT in the past year, and approximately 30% referred only 1-5 children annually. The most frequent indications for a CT examination in children were trauma or a suspected cancer. 42% of the referrals were related to minor diagnoses or unspecific symptoms. The participants underestimated the radiation exposure due to CT and they overestimated the radiation exposure due to conventional X-ray examinations.

Conclusions

In Germany, the frequency of referrals of children to computed tomography is moderate. The knowledge on the risks from radiation exposure among office-based physicians in our sample varied, but there was a tendency to underestimate potential CT risks. Advanced radiological training might lead to considerable amendments in terms of knowledge and practice of CT referral.
Characterization and specificity of the linear epitope of the enterovirus 71 VP2 protein
Authors: Kiener Tanja K , Jia Qiang , Lim Xiao Fang , He Fang , Meng Tao , Kwong Chow Vincent Tak , Kwang Jimmy
Published: February 2012

Background

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease in the Asia-Pacific region over the last decade. Hand, foot and mouth disease can be caused by different etiological agents from the enterovirus family, mainly EV71 and coxsackieviruses, which are genetically closely related. Nevertheless, infection with EV71 may occasionally lead to high fever, neurologic complications and the emergence of a rapidly fatal syndrome of pulmonary edema associated with brainstem encephalitis. The rapid progression and high mortality of severe EV71 infection has highlighted the need for EV71-specific diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Monoclonal antibodies are urgently needed to specifically detect EV71 antigens from patient specimens early in the infection process. Furthermore, the elucidation of viral epitopes will contribute to the development of targeted therapeutics and vaccines.

Results

We have identified the monoclonal antibody 7C7 from a screen of hybridoma cells derived from mice immunized with the EV71-B5 strain. The linear epitope of 7C7 was mapped to amino acids 142-146 (EDSHP) of the VP2 capsid protein and was characterized in detail. Mutational analysis of the epitope showed that the aspartic acid to asparagine mutation of the EV71 subgenogroup A (BrCr strain) did not interfere with antibody recognition. In contrast, the serine to threonine mutation at position 144 of VP2, present in recently emerged EV71-C4 China strains, abolished antigenicity. Mice injected with this virus strain did not produce any antibodies against the VP2 protein. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting confirmed that 7C7 specifically recognized EV71 subgenogroups and did not cross-react to Coxsackieviruses 4, 6, 10, and 16. 7C7 was successfully used as a detection antibody in an antigen-capture ELISA assay.

Conclusions

Detailed mapping showed that the VP2 protein of Enterovirus 71 contains a single, linear, non-neutralizing epitope, spanning amino acids 142-146 which are located in the VP2 protein's E-F loop. The S/T(144) mutation in this epitope confers a loss of VP2 antigenicity to some newly emerged EV71-C4 strains from China. The corresponding monoclonal antibody 7C7 was used successfully in an AC-ELISA and did not cross-react to coxsackieviruses 4, 6, 10, and 16 in immunofluorescence assay and Western blots. 7C7 is the first monoclonal antibody described, that can differentiate Coxsackievirus 16 from Enterovirus 71.
Expansion of a subset of CD14highCD16negCCR2low/neg monocytes functionally similar to myeloid-derived suppressor cells during SIV and HIV infection
Authors: Gama Lucio , Shirk Erin N , Russell Julia N , Carvalho Karina I , Li Ming , Queen Suzanne E , Kalil Jorge , Zink M Christine , Clements Janice E , Kallas Esper G
Published: February 2012

Monocytes have been categorized in three main subpopulations based on CD14 and CD16 surface expression. Classical monocytes express the CD14++CD16−CCR2+ phenotype and migrate to inflammatory sites by quickly responding to CCL2 signaling. Here, we identified and characterized the expansion of a novel monocyte subset during HIV and SIV infection, which were undistinguishable from classical monocytes, based on CD14 and CD16 expression, but expressed significantly lower surface CCR2. Transcriptome analysis of sorted cells demonstrated that the CCR2low/neg cells are a distinct subpopulation and express lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation markers than their CCR2high counterparts. They exhibited impaired phagocytosis and greatly diminished chemotaxis in response to CCL2 and CCL7. In addition, these monocytes are refractory to SIV infection and suppress CD8+ T cell proliferation in vitro. These cells express higher levels of STAT3 and NOS2, suggesting a phenotype similar to monocytic myeloid-derived cells, which suppress expansion of CD8+ T cells in vivo. They may reflect an antiproliferative response against the extreme immune activation observed during HIV and SIV infections. In addition, they may suppress antiviral responses and thus, have a role in AIDS pathogenesis. Antiretroviral therapy in infected macaque and human subjects caused this population to decline, suggesting that this atypical phenotype is linked to viral replication.
Monte Carlo full-waveform inversion of crosshole GPR data using multiple-point geostatistical a priori information
Authors: Cordua Knud Skou , Hansen Thomas Mejer , Mosegaard Klaus
Published: February 2012

We present a general Monte Carlo full-waveform inversion strategy that integrates a priori information described by geostatistical algorithms with Bayesian inverse problem theory. The extended Metropolis algorithm can be used to sample the a posteriori probability density of highly nonlinear inverse problems, such as full-waveform inversion. Sequential Gibbs sampling is a method that allows efficient sampling of a priori probability densities described by geostatistical algorithms based on either two-point (e.g., Gaussian) or multiple-point statistics. We outline the theoretical framework for a full-waveform inversion strategy that integrates the extended Metropolis algorithm with sequential Gibbs sampling such that arbitrary complex geostatistically defined a priori information can be included. At the same time we show how temporally and/or spatiallycorrelated data uncertainties can be taken into account during the inversion. The suggested inversion strategy is tested on synthetic tomographic crosshole ground-penetrating radar full-waveform data using multiple-point-based a priori information. This is, to our knowledge, the first example of obtaining a posteriori realizations of a full-waveform inverse problem. Benefits of the proposed methodology compared with deterministic inversion approaches include: (1) The a posteriori model variability reflects the states of information provided by the data uncertainties and a priori information, which provides a means of obtaining resolution analysis. (2) Based on a posteriori realizations, complicated statistical questions can be answered, such as the probability of connectivity across a layer. (3) Complex a priori information can be included through geostatistical algorithms. These benefits, however, require more computing resources than traditional methods do. Moreover, an adequate knowledge of data uncertainties and a priori information is required to obtain meaningful uncertainty estimates. The latter may be a key challenge when considering field experiments, which will not be addressed here.
An effective crosswell seismic traveltime-estimation approach for quasi-continuous reservoir monitoring
Authors: Arogunmati Adeyemi , Harris Jerry M.
Published: February 2012

We present an iterative approach for quasi-continuous time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring. This approach involves recording sparse data sets frequently, rather than complete data sets infrequently. In other words, it involves acquiring a completely sampled baseline data set followed by sparse monitor data sets at short calendar-time intervals. We use the term “sparse” to describe a data set that is a small fraction of what would normally be recorded in the field to reconstruct a high-spatial-resolution image of the subsurface. Each monitor data set could be as little as 2% of a single, complete conventional data set. The series of recorded time-lapse data sets is then used to estimate missing, unrecorded data in the sparse data sets. The approach was tested on synthetic and field crosswell traveltime data sets. Results show that this approach can be effective for quasi-continuous reservoir monitoring. Also, the accuracy of the estimated data increases as more sparse data sets are added to the time-lapse data series. Finally, a moving estimation window can be used to reduce computational effort for estimating data.
Multicomponent f-x seismic random noise attenuation via vector autoregressive operators
Authors: Naghizadeh Mostafa , Sacchi Mauricio
Published: February 2012

We propose an extension of the traditional frequency-space ([Formula: see text]) random noise attenuation method to three-component seismic records. For this purpose, we develop a three-component vector autoregressive (VAR) model in the [Formula: see text] domain that is applied to the multicomponent spatial samples of each individual temporal frequency. VAR model parameters are estimated using the least-squares minimization of forward and backward prediction errors. VAR modeling effectively identifies the potential coherencies between various components of a multicomponent signal. We use the squared coherence spectrum of VAR models as an indicator to determine these coherencies. Synthetic and real data examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Cannabinoid receptors in submandibular acinar cells: functional coupling between saliva fluid and electrolytes secretion and Ca2+ signalling
Authors: Kopach Olga , Vats Juliana , Netsyk Olga , Voitenko Nana , Irving Andrew , Fedirko Nataliya
Published: February 2012

Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) belong to G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, which activation in salivary cells inhibits agonist-stimulated salivation and modifies saliva content. However, the role of different CBR subtypes in acinar cell physiology and in intracellular signalling remains unclear. Here, we uncover the functioning of CB1Rs and CB2Rs in acinar cells of rat submandibular gland and their essential role in saliva secretion. Pharmacological activation of CB1Rs and CB2Rs in the submandibular gland suppressed saliva outflow and modified saliva content produced by the submandibular gland in vivo. Using Na+-selective microelectrodes to record secretory Na+ responses in the lumen of acini we observed a reduction in Na+ transport following the activation of CBRs, which was counteracted by the selective CB1Rs antagonist, AM251. In addition, activation of CB1Rs or CB2Rs caused inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity in microsomes derived from the gland tissue as well as isolated acinar cells. Using Ca2+ imaging technique, we showed that an activation of both CB1Rs and CB2Rs alters [Ca2+]cyt signalling in acinar cells by distinct pathways, involving Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), respectively. Our data demonstrate the functional expression of CB1Rs and CB2Rs in acinar cells, and their implications in the regulation of salivary gland functioning.
Myf5 haploinsufficiency reveals distinct cell fate potentials for adult skeletal muscle stem cells
Authors: Gayraud-Morel Barbara , Chrétien Fabrice , Jory Aurélie , Sambasivan Ramkumar , Negroni Elisa , Flamant Patricia , Soubigou Guillaume , Coppée Jean-Yves , Di Santo James , Cumano Ana , Mouly Vincent , Tajbakhsh Shahragim
Published: February 2012

Skeletal muscle stem cell fate in adult mice is regulated by critical transcription factors, including the determination genes Myf5 and Myod. The precise role of Myf5 in regulating quiescent muscle stem cells has remained elusive. Here we show that most, but not all quiescent satellite cells express Myf5 protein, but at varying levels, and that resident Myf5 heterozygous muscle stem cells are more primed for myogenic commitment compared to wild type satellite cells. Paradoxically however, heterotypic transplantation of Myf5 heterozygous cells into regenerating muscles results in higher self-renewal capacity compared to wild-type stem cells, whereas myofibre regenerative capacity is not altered. In contrast, Pax7 haploinsufficiency does not show major modifications by transcriptome analysis. These observations provide a mechanism linking Myf5 levels to muscle stem cell heterogeneity and fate by exposing two distinct and opposing phenotypes associated with Myf5 haploinsufficiency. These findings have important implications for how stem cell fates can be modulated by critical transcription factors while generating a pool of responsive heterogeneous cells.
Inhibition of mRNA maturation in trypanosomes causes the formation of novel foci at the nuclear periphery containing cytoplasmic regulators of mRNA fate
Authors: Kramer Susanne , Marnef Aline , Standart Nancy , Carrington Mark
Published: February 2012

Maturation of all cytoplasmic mRNAs in trypanosomes involves trans-splicing of a short exon at the 5′ end. Inhibition of trans-splicing results in an accumulation of partially processed oligocistronic mRNAs. Here, it is shown that the accumulation of newly synthesised partially processed mRNAs results in the formation of novel foci around the periphery of the nucleus. These nuclear periphery granules (NPGs) contain the full complement of P-body proteins identified in trypanosomes to date as well as poly(A)-binding protein 2 and the trypanosome homologue of the RNA helicase VASA. NPGs resemble perinuclear germ granules from metazoa more than P-bodies as they: (i) are localised around the nuclear periphery, (ii) are dependent on active transcription, (iii) are not dissipated by cycloheximide, (iv) contain VASA and (v) depend on nuclear integrity. In addition, NPGs can be induced in cells depleted of the P-body core component SCD6. The description of NPGs in trypanosomes provides evidence that there is a perinuclear compartment that may determine the fate of newly transcribed mRNAs and that germ granules could be a specialised derivative.
Cancer associated variant expression and interaction of CIZ1 with cyclin A1 in differentiating male germ cells
Authors: Greaves Erin A. , Copeland Nikki A. , Coverley Dawn , Ainscough Justin F. X.
Published: February 2012

CIZ1 is a nuclear matrix associated DNA replication factor unique to higher eukaryotes, for which alternatively spliced isoforms have been associated with a range of disorders. In vitro the CIZ1 N-terminus interacts with cyclins E and A via distinct sites, enabling functional cooperation with cyclin A-Cdk2 to promote replication initiation. C-terminal sequences anchor CIZ1 to fixed sites on the nuclear matrix imposing spatial constraint on cyclin dependent kinase activity. Here we demonstrate that CIZ1 is predominantly expressed as predicted full-length product throughout mouse development, consistent with a ubiquitous role in cell and tissue renewal. CIZ1 is expressed in proliferating stem cells of the testis, but is notably down-regulated following commitment to differentiation. Significantly, CIZ1 is re-expressed at high levels in non-proliferative spermatocytes prior to meiotic division. Sequence analysis identifies at least seven alternatively spliced variants at this time, including a dominant cancer-associated form and a set of novel isoforms. Furthermore, we show that in these post-replicative cells CIZ1 interacts with the germ cell specific cyclin, A1, that has been implicated in DNA double-strand break repair. Consistent with this role, antibody depletion of CIZ1 reduces the capacity for testis extract to repair digested plasmid DNA in vitro. Together, the data imply novel post-replicative roles for CIZ1 in germ cell differentiation that may include meiotic recombination, a process intrinsic to genome stability and diversification.
Sculpting the endomembrane system in deep time: High resolution phylogenetics of Rab GTPases
Authors: Elias Marek , Brighouse Andrew , Castello Carme Gabernet , Field Mark C. , Dacks Joel B.
Published: February 2012

The presence of a nucleus and other membrane-bounded intracellular compartments is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells. Endosymbiosis accounts for the origins of mitochondria and plastids, but the evolutionary ancestry of the remaining cellular compartments is incompletely documented. Resolving the evolutionary history of organelle-identity encoding proteins within the endomembrane system is a necessity for unraveling the origins and diversification of the endogenously-derived organelles. Comparative genomics reveals events after the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), but resolution of events prior to LECA, and a full account of the intracellular compartments present in LECA, has proved elusive. We have devised and exploited a novel phylogenetic strategy to reconstruct the history of the Rab GTPases, a key family of endomembrane-specificity proteins. Strikingly, we infer a remarkably sophisticated organellar composition for LECA, which we predict possessed as many as 23 Rab GTPases. This repertoire is significantly greater than that present in many modern organisms and unexpectedly indicates a major role for secondary loss in the evolutionary diversification of the endomembrane system. Two novel Rab paralogs of unknown function but wide distribution, and thus presumably ancient nature, are identified; RabTitan and RTW. Further, we show that many novel Rab paralogs emerged relatively suddenly during early metazoan evolution, which is in stark contrast to the lack of significant Rab family expansions at the onset of most other major eukaryotic groups. Finally, we reconstruct higher-order ancestral clades of Rabs primarily linked with endocytic and exocytic process, suggesting the presence of primordial Rabs associated with the establishment of those pathways and giving the deepest glimpse to date into pre-LECA history of the endomembrane system.