bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Orchids Left and Dandelions Right? Frontal Brain Activation Asymmetry and Its Sensitivity to Developmental Context
Authors: Fortier Paz , Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Waxman Jordana A. , Boyle Michael H. , Saigal Saroj , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: June 2014

To clarify long-standing conceptual and empirical inconsistencies in models describing the relation between frontal brain asymmetry and emotion, we tested a theory of biological sensitivity to context. We examined whether asymmetry of alpha activation in frontal brain regions, as measured by resting electroencephalography, is sensitive to early developmental contexts. Specifically, we investigated whether frontal asymmetry moderates the association between birth weight and adult outcomes. Adults with left frontal asymmetry (LFA) who were born at extremely low birth weight exhibited high levels of attention problems and withdrawn behaviors in their 30s, whereas normal-birth-weight adults with LFA had low levels of these problem behaviors. Adults with right frontal asymmetry (RFA) displayed a relatively moderate amount of problem behavior regardless of birth weight. Our findings suggest that LFA is associated with sensitivity to developmental context and may help explain why LFA is associated with both positive and negative outcomes, whereas RFA seems to be associated with a more canalized process in some contexts.
Multilevel Induction of Categories: Venomous Snakes Hijack the Learning of Lower Category Levels
Authors: Noh Sharon M. , Yan Veronica X. , Vendetti Michael S. , Castel Alan D. , Bjork Robert A.
Published: June 2014

The induction of categories and concepts from examples—which plays an important role in how people come to organize and understand the world—can happen at multiple levels, but how do competing values at these different levels affect learning? Using perceptually rich images of snakes, we asked participants to attend to either the snakes’ specific genus or a broader categorization and then tested induction at both levels. We also varied the intrinsic value of the broader categorization (high value: whether the snake was venomous; low value: whether it was tropical). We found an interaction between study instruction and intrinsic value: Participants in the low-value condition were better able to induce the level they were instructed to attend to (i.e., genus or broader category) than to induce the level they were not instructed to attend to, whereas participants in the high-value condition, regardless of the level of categorization they were instructed to attend to, were significantly better at learning the broad categorization (for them, whether the snake was venomous) than were participants in the low-value condition. Our results suggest that intrinsically valuable features can disrupt the intentional learning of other, task-relevant information, but enhance the incidental learning of the same information.
Different ways of problematising biotechnology – and what it means for technology governance
Authors: Bogner Alexander , Torgersen Helge
Published: June 2014

To understand controversies over technologies better, we propose the concept of ‘problematisation’. Drawing on Foucault’s idea of problematisation and on the concept of frames in media research, we identify characteristic forms of problematising biotechnology in pertaining controversies, typically emphasising ethical, risk or economic aspects. They provide a common basis for disputes and allow participants to argue effectively. The different forms are important for how controversies are negotiated, which experts get involved, what role public engagement plays and how political decisions are legitimised – in short, for technology governance. We develop a heuristic for analysing the link between forms of problematisation and different options for technology governance. Applied to synthetic biology, we discuss different problematisations of this technology and the implications for governance.
Korean nurses’ ethical dilemmas, professional values and professional quality of life
Authors: Kim Kyunghee , Han Yonghee , Kim Ji-su
Published: June 2014

Background:

In the changing medical environment, professional stress continuously increases as the individual’s quality of life suffers. Of all the healthcare professions, nursing is especially prone to burnout, compassion fatigue and reduced compassion satisfaction, due to the tensions resulting from the physical and psychological stress of caring for extremely ill patients.

Objectives:

This study examined the professional quality of life of clinical nurses in Korea and the relationship between their experiences in ethical dilemmas and professional values.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample consisting of 488 clinical nurses. We used four questionnaires to measure the participants’ demographic characteristics, experiences in ethical dilemmas, professional nursing values and professional quality of life (ProQOL assessment, Version 5). Ethical considerations: This study received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Bronco Memorial Hospital. Written informed consent was given by all participants.

Results:

The nurses’ professional quality of life was affected by ethical dilemmas and professional nursing values. The factors influencing compassion satisfaction were age, client domain of ethical dilemmas, social awareness, professionalism of nursing and the roles of nursing services in professional values. The factors influencing burnout were marital status (married), religion (yes), human life domain, professional work domain of ethical dilemmas, social awareness and the role of nursing services in nursing professional values. The factors influencing secondary traumatic stress were human life domain, client domain and the professional work domain of ethical dilemmas.

Conclusion:

Intervention to help nurses increase their professional quality of life will have a greater chance of success if they are based on the nurses’ values and beliefs about the ethical dilemmas they face and foster the establishment of positive professional values.
Fiscal Centralisation and the Rise of the Modern State in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Pamuk Şevket
Published: June 2014

This article reviews the evolution of Ottoman fiscal institutions and analyses long-term trends in the revenues of the Ottoman central administration from the sixteenth century until World War I. It also compares long-term trends in Ottoman revenues with those of European, and to a lesser extent, Asian states. The Ottomans were often involved in wars with their European neighbours but much less so with their neighbours in Asia where interstate rivalry was less intense. Wars put enormous pressure on the states and their survival depended closely on their ability raise revenue. As a result, wars, centralisation of finances and emergence of centralised states were interrelated processes. Revenues of the Ottoman central administration lagged well behind its European neighbours until the end of the eighteenth century because local elites retained large part of the revenues. However, the centralising reforms of the nineteenth century enabled the Ottomans to raise their central revenues significantly and survive until World War I.
Imported Chronology
Authors: Forberg Corinna
Published: June 2014

From the early seventeenth century onwards, Indian miniatures were highly coveted by European collectors. Shortly after arriving in Europe, they were copied in paintings as well as in drawings and prints. What is peculiar is that almost all the copies had been made in the Northern Netherlands in the period from c. 1600 to 1740 for the Dutch and international art and book market. The circle of collectors, artists and writers who were involved in this process was very close. Investigating their intrinsic motives, one common interest could be traced: far beyond costume or ethnological studies, they used Indian miniatures and their European copies as historical witnesses. With the help of a complete portrait-series of both Mughal emperors and Hindu gods, the calculation of the world’s duration was scrutinised in confrontation with the Biblical chronology.
Correlates of Current Smoking Among Malaysian Secondary School Children
Authors: Tee Guat Hiong , Kaur Gurpreet
Published: June 2014

Cigarette smoking in adolescent is a significant public health problem, leading to the risk of addiction, morbidity, and mortality in the long term. This study determined the prevalence and correlates of current smoking among adolescent school children. A nationwide school-based survey among 25 507 students between Forms 1 to 5 (aged 12-17) was conducted using a 2-stage cluster sampling design. The prevalence of current smoking was 11.5%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that current smoking was significantly associated with males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.87, 4.98), current drinking (aOR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.46, 3.74), drug used (aOR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.24, 7.11), and being bullied (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.98) at least once in the past 12 months. Smoking is associated with several behaviors that pose risks to adolescents, such as social issues and smoking-related health problems. Thus, early and integrated prevention programs that address multiple risk behaviors simultaneously are required.
Nurses’ Perceptions of the Practice of Restricting a Child for a Clinical Procedure
Authors: Brenner Maria , Treacy Margaret Pearl , Drennan Jonathan , Fealy Gerard
Published: June 2014

Restricting a child for a clinical procedure has been linked to negative physical and psychological sequelae. The practice of restriction remains an implicit and unquestioned aspect of care for children during a clinical procedure. In this study we aimed to describe the practice of restricting a child’s movement for a clinical procedure by conducting focus groups with children’s nurses. Data were analyzed using a thematic network analysis framework. The findings show that nurses are likely to restrict children based on particular characteristics of the child; for example, the child’s age. The findings indicate that there is no consistent approach to the practice of restricting a child for a clinical procedure, suggesting tension between nurses and other health care professionals, and nurses and parents, about this practice. The findings suggest the need for wider exploration of the practice of restriction at the organizational level and a need for children’s nurses to feel more empowered to act as advocates for those in their care.
Contextual Factors in the Health of People With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Cabassa Leopoldo J. , Siantz Elizabeth , Nicasio Andel , Guarnaccia Peter , Lewis-Fernández Roberto
Published: June 2014

People living with serious mental illness (SMI) have shorter life expectancies than the general population. We examined how contextual factors influence the physical health of this population. We conducted interviews, focus groups, and participant observations with stakeholders from six behavioral health organizations. We found that consumers’ avoidance of overt disagreement during medical visits, their mistrust of medical institutions, and cultural variations in body image influenced the clinical encounter. Mental health providers’ ambivalence about intervening in consumers’ physical health, primary care providers’ misattribution of physical symptoms to mental disorders, and providers’ stigmatization of consumers shaped clinical encounters. Consumers’ diets were shaped by food environments and social norms associated with traditional diets. Internal and external factors impacted consumers’ physical activity. In this article, we illustrate the importance of considering contextual factors in the development and implementation of interventions aimed at improving the physical health of people with SMI.
Let’s Burn Them All
Authors: Werner Roye
Published: June 2014

In this rejoinder to “Let’s Burn Them All,” a librarian supports the author’s case for eliminating textbooks in the teaching of management and organizational behavior. A move away from textbooks would free libraries from worrying about whether and to what extent to provide expensive textbook access to students, a long-standing dilemma. Students could be newly exposed to the rich array of resources that the library provides. Professors and librarians could work more closely together in creating collections that support classroom learning. And faculty could be inspired by and become involved in the Open Access movement, an outcome greatly desired by the academic library world.
Terrorism as Formal Organization, Network, and Social Movement
Authors: Comas Jordi , Shrivastava Paul , Martin Eric C.
Published: June 2014

Terrorism can be difficult to conceptualize as an organizational phenomenon. We argue that an organizational understanding of terrorism is enhanced if we understand that the collectivities that conduct terrorism can adopt any or all of the three forms of organizing: formal organization, network, and social movement. In short, organizational studies can contribute to the study of terrorism by articulating this polymorphic framework of forms. Using four illustrative cases drawn from a variety of geographic and ideological contexts (the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam [LTTE], Hezbollah, and Al-Qaeda), we demonstrate the value of the polymorphic framework to avoid problems with traditional definitions of terrorism. In addition, the polymorphic framework can inspire further research about why and how terrorist groups shift from more or less fragmented networks, more or less formal organizations, and more or less embedded in social movements.
Use of Propranolol for Hypersexual Behavior in an Adolescent With Autism
Authors: Deepmala  , Agrawal Mayank
Published: June 2014

Objective: To report a case of an adolescent with autism with clinically significant hypersexual behaviors in whom a trial of low-dose propranolol led to major clinical improvement. Case Summary: This case report describes a 13-year-old boy with a history of autism who presented to the outpatient psychiatric clinic for hypersexual behaviors that started at the onset of puberty. The behaviors affected his functioning both at school and home. A trial of low-dose propranolol, 0.3 mg/kg/d (10 mg twice a day), targeting hypersexual behavior led to remarkable clinical improvement. The behaviors remained stable on this dose of propranolol for 1 year. Discussion: Hypersexual behavior exhibited by adolescent patients with autism can be a big challenge to manage. The literature on pharmacological options to manage these behaviors in children and adolescents with autism is limited. Clinical data of propranolol use are novel. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case report of low-dose propranolol leading to clinically significant improvement in hypersexual behaviors in an adolescent with autism. Propranolol use may expand the choice of treatment option in this patient population.
Soft Tissue Giant Cell Tumor of Low Malignant Potential of Mediastinum
Authors: Jain Deepali , Arava Sudheer , Mishra Biplab , Sharma Sanjay , Sharma Raju , Parshad Rajinder
Published: June 2014

Giant cell tumor (GCT) is primarily a bone neoplasm. Rare origin of the tumor from soft tissues has been reported. Involvement of mediastinum by GCT is even rarer. We herein describe an interesting case of huge mediastinal tumor in a young man. Radiologically, no primary osseous lesion was present throughout the body. Morphologically, tumor resembles osseous GCT with increased mitotic activity. Hence, the case was diagnosed as soft tissue GCT of low malignant potential at the rare site of mediastinum. To the best of our knowledge, the present case is the fourth reported case. Pathologists and clinicians need to be aware of the rare diagnosis of GCT in mediastinum and should carefully evaluate the clinical and radiological findings.
Numerical and experimental investigation of stop-bands in finite and infinite periodic one-dimensional structures
Authors: Domadiya Parthkumar G , Manconi Elisabetta , Vanali Marcello , Andersen Lars V , Ricci Andrea
Published: June 2014

Adding periodicity to structures leads to wavemode interaction, which generates pass- and stop-bands. The frequencies at which stop-bands occur are related to the periodic nature of the structure. Thus structural periodicity can be shaped in order to design vibro-acoustic filters for reducing vibration and noise transmission. The aim of this paper is to investigate, numerically and experimentally, stop-bands in periodic one-dimensional structures. Two methods for predicting stop-bands are described: the first method applies to infinite periodic structures using a wave approach; the second method deals with the evaluation of a vibration level difference (VLD) in a finite periodic structure embedded within an infinite one-dimensional waveguide. This VLD is defined to predict the performance in terms of noise and vibration insulation of periodic cells embedded in an otherwise uniform structure. Numerical examples are presented, and results are discussed and validated experimentally. Very good agreement between the numerical and experimental models in terms of stop-bands is shown. In particular, the results show that the stop-bands obtained using a wave approach (applied to a single cell of the structure) predict those obtained from the VLD of the corresponding finite periodic structure.
Urban Regime Change
Authors: Keiser Richard
Published: June 2014

Regime theorists have developed typologies that characterize a range of potential regimes. There has been little investigation of regime change, the transformational process by which one regime type is replaced with a different regime. This research hypothesizes that political corruption scandals create propitious conditions for regime change. Using three U.S. urban case studies, we show that scandals destabilized dominant regimes and led to their replacement by new regimes characterized by both alternative electoral coalitions and alternative patterns of political and economic distribution.
The Enduring Significance of Race in Mixed-Income Developments
Authors: Khare Amy T. , Joseph Mark L. , Chaskin Robert J.
Published: June 2014

While public housing reforms seek to address poverty among what is a predominantly African-American population, there has been little explicit attention given to the signance of race in the formation of new mixed-income communities. Indeed, the policy framing of these efforts has focused on economic integration and has been essentially silent about racial integration. In this article, we examine whether and how race remains relevant to the everyday life and experiences of residents in mixed-income developments. Drawing on a multiyear research study of three mixed-income developments in Chicago, we examine the nature of interracial and intraracial social dynamics within these (still) predominantly African-American neighborhoods. Consistent with critical race theory, we find that institutionalized notions of “ghetto culture” continue to inhere in the attitudes of many higher-income, nonblack homeowners and professionals in these contexts, and that the relative privilege and power these groups have to establish and enforce norms, policies, and rules generate and reproduce inequality fundamentally grounded in race. Consistent with secondary marginalization theory, we also find that the increasing economic diversity and widening cleavages among Blacks living in these contexts generate complex intraracial social dynamics where relocated public housing residents and other low-income Black renters experience marginalization from both black and nonblack neighbors. We argue that because the design of mixed-income development policy frames residents’ social identities primarily along the lines of income and housing tenure rather than race, it ignores what we find to be the enduring, if nuanced and complex, significance of race.
The Uncoupling of the Economic City
Authors: Mallach Alan
Published: June 2014

Recent years have seen unprecedented revitalization in many of America’s older industrial cities. The dynamics of revitalization, however, have tended to concentrate population and job growth in small parts of the city to the exclusion of the rest of the city, manifested in an uncoupling of the “economic city,” the city as a locus of economic activity, from the city’s population, leading in turn to growing economic and racial inequality within the city. As cities become increasingly polarized by race and income, this uncoupling has had particularly adverse consequences for these cities’ African-American populations. This article studies trends over the past decade in a cluster of 10 cities, including Detroit, St. Louis, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and others, and explores the implications of increasing polarization for these cities’ future.
Measuring Home Care Caseloads
Authors: Collister Barbara , Slauenwhite Carol Ann , Fraser Kimberly D. , Swanson Signe , Fong Andrew
Published: June 2014

In response to caseloads that are increasing in numbers and acuity, Alberta Health Services developed the Caseload Intensity Tool (CIT). The development and testing process led to a valid and reliable tool that connects client clinical condition to clinician response. The CIT allows clinicians to discriminate between levels of client intensity quickly and accurately. The scores for each client are summarized first into a client intensity scale and then a caseload intensity scale. The CIT can facilitate caseload management including matching client needs to resources and improving staff resource management, for example, equitable caseloads. There is potential for the tool to validate the relatively invisible work of case managers making it understandable, measurable, and defensible during times of rising costs and budget restraint.
Characteristics of Clients Using Home Visiting Nursing Services at Nighttime and Early Morning in Japan
Authors: Taguchi Atsuko , Naruse Takashi , Kuwahara Yuki , Matsunaga Atsushi , Nagata Satoko , Murashima Sachiyo
Published: June 2014

Our objectives were to classify the characteristics of clients such as their diseases and the period of services provided to clients who are using home visiting nurse agency (HVNA) services at nighttime. The nighttime HVNA services provided to 31 clients were analyzed. Two major reasons for cancellation of nighttime and early morning HVNA service were identified: (1) cancellation due to death, and (2) cancellation as a result of achieving goals for receiving the service. As to the former reason, those who died of terminal cancer used the service for approximately 2 months, whereas those who died of other causes used the service for approximately 11 months. The establishment of such a service system requires the development of a method to achieve stable management of an HVNA.
Experimental study of tribological properties of surface texture on rock bit sliding bearings
Authors: Wang GR , Zhong L , He X , Yang QM , Yang CH , Jiang L
Published: June 2014

The influences of frictional characteristics of textured surface on rock bit sliding bearing have been investigated through unit experiments where the friction couple was equivalent to a pin-on-disc configuration. Cylindrical and elliptical textures are designed with different sizes, densities ratio and depths, fabricated using precision micro-mechanical engraving. Under the identical testing conditions in which the test force is 430 N and average linear velocity is 0.29 m/s, cylindrical texture with diameter of 300 µm, density ratio of 5.04%, and depth of 40 µm, exhibits lower friction coefficient, temperature rise and wear loss than that of untextured unit specimens. Friction coefficient decreased by 56.3%, similarly temperature rise decreased by 51.9%, and wear loss of textured disc specimens decreased by 52.9%. This study presents that the designed texture with relative small size and density ratio has obvious effect of lubrication and antifriction improvement compared with other specimens which has the same texture depth of 40 µm that it is approximately half of rock bearing radial clearance for rock bit sliding bearing under low-speed and high-load operating conditions.
Analysis of real contact area between an elasto-plastic rough body and an elasto-plastic flat body
Authors: Huang Jianmeng , Gao Chenghui , Chen Jingjing , Zeng Xiangyou
Published: June 2014

A three-dimensional model of an elasto-plastic rough surface featured by fractal geometry sliding over an elasto-plastic flat body is developed. The three-dimensional model considers the thermo-mechanical coupling and the heat flux coupling between the sliding surfaces. To obtain the transient real contact area, the problem under this three-dimensional model is solved by the finite element method. The results show that the real contact area is a small fraction of the nominal contact area during the loading and sliding process, and increases with the increase in the applied normal load. In the initial stage of friction sliding, the real contact area increases and fluctuates noticeably for the abrupt change of sliding speed, and then varies in a small range under the constant normal load and sliding velocity. It is also shown that frictional heating increases the real contact area, the instantaneous maximum contact pressure by comparing the results with those obtained from the same model, however, in which the thermal effect of frictional heat is not considered. That is to say, the real contact area is larger when the thermo-mechanical coupling is considered. It is crucial to take the thermo-mechanical coupling effect into account especially for the micro frictional sliding analysis.
Wear behavior of the Al (LM24)–garnet particulate composites under dry sliding conditions
Authors: Sivakumar S , Padmanaban KP , Uthayakumar M
Published: June 2014

Dry sliding wear behavior of LM24 cast alloy reinforced with garnet particulate composite against EN32 steel disc was investigated, using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Experiments were carried out with sliding velocity ranging from 1.0 to 3.0 m/s, different load conditions from 20 to 80 N, and with a constant sliding distance of 3000 m. Samples were prepared with different weight percentage of garnet in the alloy varying from 3% to 15% in a step of 3 wt% prepared by liquid metallurgical technique. Scanning electron microscopy was used to realize the distribution of reinforcement in the matrix material and mechanism of wear. Experiments showed that the 15% garnet composite exhibited lower wear rate at all applied loads. The wear resistance was better at low loads and mild to severe wear was exhibited when load/sliding velocity was increased.
Investigation on defect control for final chemical mechanical polishing of aluminum alloy
Authors: Pan Guoshun , Gong Hua , Gu Zhonghua , Zou Chunli , Chen Gaopan
Published: June 2014

In acid final chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of aluminum alloy, the addition of a small amount of nitric acid (HNO3) is proved to be the effective measure for reducing the orange peel defect due to the protective film produced by HNO3 on aluminum alloy; however, it makes point defects worse. The effect of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) on point defects is investigated. HPMA adsorbs on the surface of aluminum alloy first, and the composite film formed by both HPMA and HNO3 is proved to be efficient for controlling both the orange peel and point defects. When the aluminum alloy is polished by the acid original slurry with 0.7 wt% HNO3 and 0.1 wt% HPMA, the roughness of the aluminum alloy surface is low to 0.678 nm.
If You Are the One: Dating shows and feminist politics in contemporary China
Authors: Li Luzhou
Published: June 2014

Dating shows are experiencing resurgence in contemporary China. This study conducts a critical discourse analysis of If You Are the One, one of the most popular dating shows, to examine what are the ways in which women are represented and how the show is both shaped by and constitutive of the ongoing sociocultural practices in contemporary China. The study concludes with the observation of women’s subordination to the collusion between commercialism and patriarchy and of double manipulations of women in media discourses by forces of both market and state. Facing a state–market complex, feminism has a long way to go in China.
The Cairns abortion trial: Language, deviance, and the ‘spoiled identity’
Authors: Evans Brodie , O’Brien Erin
Published: June 2014

In 2009 a couple in Cairns were charged, and later found not guilty, of illegally obtaining a medical abortion through the use of medication imported from overseas. The court case reignited the discussions surrounding the illegality and social acceptance of abortion in Queensland, Australia. Based on a discourse analysis of 150 online news media articles covering the Cairns trial, this article critically examines the language and key words relied upon by media when covering the Cairns trial. It argues that, despite popular support for the decriminalisation of abortion, emotive language that aligns with a pro-life ideology is still being employed which has the power to shape perceptions of deviance and stigma surrounding abortion. This is useful to demonstrate how media discourse surrounding abortion needs to further align with a pro-choice ideology for women to be empowered for their choices.
Talking, wrestling, and recycling: an investigation of three analytic approaches to qualitative data in education research
Authors: Collier Diane R , Moffatt Lyndsay , Perry Mia
Published: June 2014

This article is a product of qualitative analyses followed by a collaboration and conversation amongst critical friends. Three methodologies (social semiotic/sociocultural, ethnomethodology, and rhizomatic analysis) were used to analyze the same piece of interview data. An inquiry into the various characteristics, commonalities, and distinctions of these diverse approaches to analysis was then undertaken through extended conversations. Authors worked through the kinds of questions that could be asked and the answers that might be possible given particular theoretical and methodological stances and choices. Analysis of the ensuing inquiry suggests the possibility of deeper reflexivity and new understandings in talking across paradigms. Struggles over representation and compromises in the process created tensions and questions that could not be easily resolved.
On why we dig the beach: Tracing the subjects and objects of the bucket and spade for a relational materialist theory of the beach
Authors: Franklin Adrian
Published: June 2014

This article investigates the origins of the bucket and spade as a foundational element in the relational materialism of the beach as a space of vacationing. Using the intensification of Romantic beach painting through the early nineteenth century alongside prose descriptions and the development of photography at the beach, the article locates more precisely than ever before how the bucket and spade derived from the cohabitation of the beach by pioneering Romantic travellers and ethnic fishing cultures in which the former fell under the spell of the latter. It traces material connections and relations that transformed both creating new visitor subjectivities around an active engagement with the multiple affordances of the beach and a transformation of local peasant cultures from fishing and foraging to livelihoods based on the provisioning and facilitation of vacationing. The bucket and spade holds more significance than its role as a sandcastle-building tool; seen through the tidal changes and the different angles of photography, and especially through their relational engagement with the beach, the agency of the bucket and spade is revealed.
Measuring X-Efficiency in NCAA Division III Athletics
Authors: Kashian Russell D. , Pagel Jeff
Published: June 2014

This article expands on previous research regarding the relative efficiency of National Collegiate Athletic Association III Athletic Departments. In our analysis, we employ Frontier Analysis to develop an efficiency score for each program over the time frame of 2007-2008 to 2011-2012. We find that private schools dominate the rankings of the most efficient athletic departments. In addition, it is clear that some inputs are more valuable than others. In reviewing the yearly cross-sectional results, it is evident that for the average institution, increasing the number of female students participating in sports will yield the greatest expected increases in Director’s Cup points.
Synergistic Epistasis of Paraoxonase 1 (rs662 and rs85460) and Apolipoprotein E4 Genes in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia
Authors: Alam Rizwan , Tripathi Manjari , Mansoori Nasim , Parveen Shama , Luthra Kalpana , Lakshmy Ramakrishnan , Sharma Subhadra , Arulselvi Subramanian , Mukhopadhyay Asok K.
Published: June 2014

Genetic polymorphism and epistasis play a role in etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). In this case-control study, a total of 241 patients were included in the study to see the effect of paraoxonase 1 (PON1; rs662 and rs85460) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genes in altering the odds of having AD and VaD along with serum PON and lipid profile. The presence of at least 1 variant allele of rs662, but not rs85460, increased the risk of having AD by 1.8-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-3.40) and VaD by 3.09-fold (95% CI: 1.4-6.9). The interaction between PON1 genes (rs662 and rs85460) and ApoE genes showed synergistic epistasis in altering the odds of significantly having both AD and VaD. On the other hand, low serum level of high-density lipoprotein and low level of serum PON activity were found associated significantly ( P ≤ .001 in both cases) only in patients with VaD as compared to healthy control.
Variables Within a Household That Influence Quality-of-Life Outcomes for Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Living in the Community
Authors: Francis Grace Lucille , Blue-Banning Martha , Turnbull Rud
Published: June 2014

Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their families face many important decisions as the individuals with IDD enter adulthood, including where to live. Although there are numerous housing options for individuals with IDD outside of institutions, there is a paucity of information available to inform them about how various characteristics of these settings can affect their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to determine key variables within a household that influence individual quality of life (QOL) of people with IDD living in community settings, thereby enabling these individuals and their families to make informed decisions regarding housing options available to them.
Does Providing Transition Services by Age 14 Produce Better Vocational Outcomes for Students With Intellectual Disability?
Authors: Cimera Robert Evert , Burgess Sloane , Bedesem Peña L.
Published: June 2014

This study examined the potential impact providing transition services early had on the vocational outcomes achieved by young adults with intellectual disability. Two groups were compared: 7,520 individuals from states requiring transition services be addressed in individualized educational programs (IEPs) by age 14 and 7,520 individuals from states requiring transition services be addressed by age 16. Individual from both groups were matched based on seven demographic variables. Results found that, in each of the 4 years (2007-2009) examined, individuals from the early transition states were more likely to be employed by the time their cases were closed than their matched peers from the later transition states. Specifically, over this 4-year period, 58.8% of participants from the early transition states became employed compared with 45.6% for individuals from later transition states.
Teaching the Profoundly Handicapped in the Public School Setting: Some Considerations
Authors: Stainback Susan , Stainback William
Published: June 2014

Profoundly handicapped children present the classroom teacher with a wide variety of characteristics and problem areas previously not recognized in the educational domain. These traits, such as physical rigidity and incorrect body alignment, must be considered in pinpointing instructional methods to promote the optimal potential of this population. The purpose of this article is to examine some of the primary instructional methods needed to effectively enhance the growth and development of the profoundly handicapped.
Training Needs Survey
Authors: Lynch Valerie , Shoemaker Sue , White Owen
Published: June 2014

A survey of current members of the American Association for the Education of the Severely/Profoundly Handicapped was conducted to assess needs within the field for the development and dissemination of training materials. Respondents rated (1) areas of critical need for training materials development, (2) delivery systems for training programs, (3) formats for the presentation of training materials, and (4) evaluation procedures for the measurement of training results. Responses indicate that training materials are needed across a number of training areas. The delivery system most frequently selected for training was college and university courses. Training based on practicum/application activities was the highest rated format for training materials. Overwhelmingly, respondents indicated that observation of the target behavior in natural settings was the preferred evaluation procedure.
The Trainee Performance Sample: Toward the Prediction of Habilitation Costs for Severely Handicapped Adults
Authors: Bellamy G. Thomas , Snyder Stephanie
Published: June 2014

Severely handicapped adults have often been excluded from vocational rehabilitation programs because they were not seen as feasible for ultimate occupational success. Recent training and management research has demonstrated that these adults can be quite successful with appropriate training, and a practical basis for selecting and placing them in training programs is needed. For this reason the Trainee Performance Sample (TPS) was developed to predict time required for vocational training. Preliminary data on the TPS indicate high internal consistency, reliability, and stability of scores over time and trainers. Further, correlations between TPS scores and training time and trials were above .75 in four of seven samples. Although considerably more research is needed, the TPS does appear to be a potentially useful instrument in making client acceptance and placement decisions for severely handicapped adults.
Who Are the Severely Handicapped?: A Problem in Definition
Authors: Justen Joseph E.
Published: June 2014

The need for adequate definitions for the severely handicapped as well as some of the problems involved in developing a suitable definition are discussed in this paper. Both practical and philosophical problems are considered. A tentative definition is proposed to generate further discussion.
Overcorrection: A Procedural Evaluation
Authors: Rusch Frank R. , Close Daniel W.
Published: June 2014

Recently overcorrection has been used to discourage inappropriate behaviors and encourage appropriate behaviors of severely and profoundly handicapped people. This procedure has combined verbal reprimands, verbal instructions, and manual guidance (if necessary) and dictates that an offender “overcorrect” his misbehavior. Two types of overcorrection training have been reported – restitutional overcorrection, in which the individual restores a disturbed setting or situation to a state vastly improved from that existing prior to the disruption, and positive practice overcorrection, requiring that the individual practice appropriate modes of responding several times following inappropriate behavior. This paper reviews the components of overcorrection, the rationale for its use, the two types of overcorrection training reported, the levels of instructional assistance, and some common misinterpretations. And it suggests extensions to the vocational and social development of the severely/profoundly handicapped.
Educational Validity Revisited
Authors: Test David W. , Spooner Fred , Cooke Nancy L.
Published: June 2014

In 1983, Voeltz and Evans introduced a set of criteria for establishing educational validity. Their intent was to improve the documentation of quality educational programs for learners with severe disabilities. Although the concept of educational validity is sound, we feel that Voeltz and Evans were not justified in rejecting single-subject research methodology as a vehicle for assessing educational validity. The present paper (a) provides a summary of the arguments of Voeltz and Evans against the use of single-subject research designs in establishing educational validity, (b) addresses each of the major concerns of Voeltz and Evans with single-subject research methodology, and (c) demonstrates how single-subject research methodology can be used to demonstrate educational validity.
Moving to Educational Validity: A Reply to Test, Spooner, and Cooke
Authors: Evans Ian M. , Meyer Luanna H.
Published: June 2014

Our article on educational validity summarized the major questions to be addressed for the evaluation of educational outcomes in programs for students with severe disabilities (Voeltz & Evans, 1983). In particular, we argued that the predominant emphasis upon single-subject research designs and the demonstration of the internal validity of intervention experiments were not sufficient for educational validity—a concept that requires systematic attention to larger issues of meaning-fulness in relationship to criterion environments. In this paper we respond to the arguments of Test, Spooner, and Cooke (1987) that single-subject design methodologies are capable of expansion to address educational validity. Based upon both theory and empirical data, we maintain that the serious limitations of the existing traditional methodologies continue to be problematic, so that we encourage movement toward a more comprehensive evaluative framework. Such a framework is critical to ensure that services and practices for persons with severe disabilities will be guided by research findings as well as social values.
The Integrated Programming Team: An Approach for Coordinating Professionals of Various Disciplines in Programs for Students with Severe and Multiple Handicaps
Authors: Campbell Philippa H.
Published: June 2014

Historically, several different team structures have been used to provide assessment and programming by various disciplines in educational settings. Student goals are established on the basis of isolated assessments by each team member with remedial programming provided through either direct (hands-on) or indirect (consultative) services. This article describes an alternate approach to team programming that uses parents and professionals to select unified programming goals, provide direct and indirect related services, integrate programming methods, and monitor student progress. Program philosophy and overall functional assessment-curriculum organizes team members and guides implementation within various educational structures serving students with severe disabilities.
Delineating Functional Competencies: A Component Model
Authors: Brown Fredda , Evans Ian M. , Weed Keri A. , Owen Valerie
Published: June 2014

This article describes a model for representing functional competencies in students with disabilities. Although strategies exist to identify skills and activities that are functional for students with severe handicaps, these strategies provide relatively little information on how to separate the functional skills into meaningful component parts that represent the range of behaviors needed in the natural environment. Data are presented to illustrate the narrow range of behaviors included in task analyses in current literature on skill acquisition. The Component Model of Functional Life Routines provides a systematic alternate approach to delineating the behaviors required in natural environments.
A Survey of Activities Engaged in and Skills Most Needed by Adults in Community Residences
Authors: Aveno Arlene
Published: June 2014

A national survey of 298 group homes and 138 foster homes serving adults with severe mental retardation was conducted in order to identify activities engaged in and skill competencies needed by adults living in these community residences. Residential staff were asked to rate 78 functional activities or skills in 8 categories; 31 of the activities were rated on a “frequency” scale and 47 skills were rated on a “need” scale. Foster home and group home staff gave similar ratings in five of the six “need” categories; however, group home staff indicated a greater need for outside work or day activity programs for their residents than did foster home staff. Furthermore, group home staff reported significantly higher frequency ratings for leisure activities than was reported in foster homes.
School-Based Vocational Programs and Labor Laws
Authors: Martin James E. , Husch James V.
Published: June 2014

Vocational programs have become an important part of the educational curriculum for students with moderate to severe handicapping conditions. Community-based instruction beginning at the elementary level and emphasis upon placement during the latter school years have created a need for school staff to better understand labor rules and regulations. This article reviews the rules and regulations of the U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act in relation to school-based vocational programs and emphasizes the payment of wages across different training and placement options.
In Vivo Use of Picture Prompt Training to Increase Independent Work at a Restaurant
Authors: Wilson Philip G. , Schepis Maureen M. , Mason-Main Martha
Published: June 2014

Procedures used to train an adult with severe disabilities to perform a variety of food service tasks in a restaurant are described. Dependent measures included (a) the rate of prompts delivered per 5-min interval and (b) the percentage of steps of the task analyses performed correctly. A multielement feature was embedded within a multiple baseline design, which allowed experimenters to determine when fading of instructional stimuli should occur. Maintenance and long-term follow-up data are presented. Following 20 months of employment, the owners continue to express their satisfaction with the participant's work performance.
Economic Evaluation of Employment Services: A Review of Applications
Authors: Rhodes Larry , Ramsing Kenneth , Hill Mark
Published: June 2014

A majority of states are engaged in the process of establishing community-based employment programs for persons with severe disabilities. The application of benefit-cost procedures frequently has been suggested as a method of comparing or evaluating alternative approaches. This article provides an overview of benefit-cost analysis and its limitations, and reviews the applications of benefit-cost analysis within vocational programs for persons with disabilities.
Integrating Related Services in Community Instruction
Authors: Rainforth Beverly , York Jennifer
Published: June 2014

Community-based instruction and transdisciplinary teamwork have been advocated as desirable elements of educational services for students with severe disabilities. As more students receive instruction in community environments, the need for related services personnel to participate in program development and implementation in off-campus locations becomes more evident. This article presents guidelines and examples of how transdisciplinary teams can deliver services to students with severe disabilities in community environments. Recommendations are also given for scheduling and other aspects of effective teamwork.