bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Confined Spaces in the Catalytic Activity of 1D and 2D Heterogeneous Carbon‐Based Catalysts for Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Triarylbenzenes: RGO‐SO3H vs. MWCNTs‐SO3H
Authors: Golestanzadeh Mohsen , Naeimi Hossein
Published: February 2019

One hot debate between catalytic activities of sulfonated reduced graphene oxide (RGO‐SO3H), as the 2D heterogeneous carbon‐based catalyst, and sulfonated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐SO3H), as the 1D heterogeneous carbon‐based catalyst, was investigated in the synthesis of 1,3,5‐triarylbenzenes under different conditions. This comparison study revealed that the 2D catalytic system was more efficient relative to the 1D catalyst in terms of yields of the target products, turnover frequency of the catalyst (TOF), and the reusability. The reasons of this observation such as specific surface area, confinement spaces in 1D and 2D carbon‐based catalysts, solvent accessible surface area, surface active sites, and the availability of supported functional groups on carbon nanostructures will discuss. Moreover, the application of synthesized compounds as a substrate was checked in carbon‐carbon bond formation. Also, one of the synthesized compounds was produced using three approaches under metal and non‐metal conditions. Notably, the recyclability of the two catalytic systems was checked.
Metal Telluride Nanomaterials: Facile Synthesis, Properties and Applications for Third Generation Devices.
Authors: Jamwal Deepika , Mehta Surinder Kumar
Published: February 2019

From the material science community, metal telluride semiconductor nanostructures have lately attracted a significant quantity of attention. On account of physics associated in quantum confinement, remarkable surface chemistry metal telluride became the most explored group of semiconductor nanomaterials. The intensive concern in this area originates from their exceptional optical, chemical and electronic properties which give rise to their potential use in the field of solar energy conversion, nonlinear optics, catalysis, thermoelectric and magnetic, as well as other areas. In the current review, shape and size‐controlled synthesis strategies, substantial properties and some selected applications for metal telluride nanostructures are highlighted, for the synthesis of nanoparticles each method is favourably analyzed.
Nucleobase Soft Metallogel Composites with Antifouling Activities against ESKAPE Pathogens
Authors: Pratibha  , Shukla Manjulika , Kaul Grace , Chopra Sidharth , Verma Sandeep
Published: February 2019

Microbial infections pose a global threat and present a major challenge to public health and welfare. Specifically, ESKAPE pathogens are the primary cause of nosocomial infections, which wreak morbidity and mortality in immune‐compromised patients, with a potential threat of antibiotic resistance. Consequently, there is an ever‐increasing impetus to discover newer inhibitors of these pathogenic strains. Herein, we report activities of bis‐purine silver gel‐like composites, 1/PEG, 2/PEG, 3/PEG, 1/PCL, and 2/PCL, possessing antimicrobial activities against the ESKAPE pathogens. Composites 2/PEG and 3/PEG successfully inhibited Staphylococcus aureus initiated bacterial growth and biofilm formation on surface of interest.
Dinuclear Manganese Carbonyl Complexes: Electrocatalytic Reduction of Protons to Dihydrogen
Authors: Kaim Vishakha , Natarajan Mookan , Kaur‐Ghumaan Sandeep
Published: February 2019

Studies on Mn complexes as electrocatalysts for proton reduction are limited. Mostly Mn complexes have been investigated for CO2 activation. Hence, hydrogen production by three Mn complexes [(Mn(CO)3(μ‐SN2C7H5))2] 1, [(Mn(CO)3(μ‐S2NC7H4))2] 3 and [Mn2(CO)7(μ‐S2NC7H4)2] 4 is reported in the paper. The complexes 1, 3 and 4 effectively catalyzed electrochemical proton reduction in CH3CN with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the proton source. Complexes 1, 3 and 4 displayed turnover frequency (TOF / s−1) (overpotential, η / V) of 358 (0.83), 111 (0.79) and 102 (0.77), respectively for the catalytic process.
PhI(OAc)2‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis and their Antibacterial Activity of Flavone and Coumarin Based Isoxazoles Under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Waheed Mohd , Ahmed Naseem , Alsharif Meshari A , Alahmdi Mohammed Issa , Mukhtar Sayeed
Published: February 2019

A facile synthetic method of flavone and coumarin based isoxazoles, and tri‐substituted isoxazoles is reported using aromatic aldehydes, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and O‐propargyl flavones/coumarin, and internal acetylene via one‐pot condensation and subsequent [3+2] cycloaddition in the presence of phenyliodinediacetate (PIDA) under mild reaction conditions. This methodology is also successfully applied for O‐propargyl flavone containing heterocyclic ring such as furan and thiophene. One‐pot, high yields (90‐75%), shorter reaction time, easy work‐up and purification by recrystallization are the key advantages of our protocol. All synthesized compounds were tested for antibacterial activity, showed MICconcentration ≥ 1024μg/mL, and compared with standard drugs concentration. MICs data revealed high values against all tested antibiotics which were found in the range of 4 ≥ 4,096 μg mL−1.
Light Driven Water Oxidation Coupled With C‐N Coupling Reaction Using a Hybrid Cu‐PW12O40 Based Soft‐Oxometalate
Authors: Das Santu , Das Kousik , Kübel Christian , Roy Soumyajit
Published: February 2019

Inspired by photosynthesis, we have developed a system, which photochemically splits water to produce oxygen and protons and stores the released electron first in the metal oxide cluster followed by transfer to a Cu(II) centre to generate Cu(I) in situ in the reaction. Later the generated Cu(I) acts as an active catalyst for click reaction with a yield of up to 93% and for multi component coupling reaction to synthesize propargylamide with a yield of up to 87%.
Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous H[P, Al]‐ZSM‐5 and its Catalytic Performance in Coupling Transformation of Methanol with 1‐Butene
Authors: Tian Haifeng , Lv Jinlong , Liao Jiankang , Yu Lei , Tang Xiaohua , Zha Fei , Chang Yue
Published: February 2019

Hierarchically porous P substituted HZSM‐5 (H[P, Al]‐ZSM‐5‐AT‐0.05 M ) was successfully synthesized by isomorphous substitution method with introduced P atoms into ZSM‐5 zeolite frameworks followed by alkali treatment. H[P, Al]‐ZSM‐5‐AT‐0.05 M was characterized by XRD, ICP‐OES, SEM, FT‐IR, N2 adsorption‐desorption, NH3‐TPD, XPS, Py‐IR, and TG‐DTA, respectively. The surface area, pore volume, particle size and P/Al (molar ratio) are 328 m2.g−1, 0.23 cm3.g−1, 563 nm and 0.027, respectively. The catalytic performance of H[P, Al]‐ZSM‐5‐AT‐0.05 M in coupling reaction of methanol with 1‐butene was investigated in the fixed‐bed reactor. On the condition of reaction temperature at 500°C under atmosphere pressure, the main product is propylene with the selectivity and yield of 33.7% and 31.0%, respectively. Hydrogen transfer index was calculated to 0.24. Moreover, its diffusion limitation was investigated with the self‐etherification of benzyl alcohol reaction. The value of Thiele modulus (
) and effectiveness factor (
) are 0.08 and 16.9, respectively.
Biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Supported on Zeolite Y and its Application in Catalytic C‐N Cross Coupling Reactions between Amines and Aryl halides
Authors: Raiza Anasdass Jaculin , Pandian Kannaiyan , Kumar Rajendran Ganesh
Published: February 2019

A biosynthesis of Copper Nanoparticles supported on Zeolite Y and its application as efficient, reusable, heterogeneous catalyst in C−N cross coupling reactions between amines and aryl halides are reported. The biosynthesis of CuNPs/Zeolite Y was achieved by the reduction of CuSO4.5H2O with the lemon juice (without peal) and encapsulated into the Zeolite Y in a single step. In this biosynthetic method, the ascorbic acid present in the lemon juice acted as a reducing agent for CuSO4.5H2O. The CuNPs/Zeolite Y was characterized using UV‐Vis, powder XRD, FT‐IR, HR SEM, EDS and TGA. The average size of the CuNPs are found to be 50 nm and has large surface area for the efficient catalysis. The new catalyst is effect in catalyzing the C−N cross coupling reaction between amines and aryl halides (yield ranging from 89% to 95% depends on amine and aryl halide used). The catalyst can be recovered from the reaction mixture by simple procedure. The recovered catalyst is found to be active in catalyzing the coupling reaction even after five runs.
‐NO and ‐CN directed Metal Organic Ionic Framework used for Concentration Responsive Adsorption of Organic Pollutant, Bovine Serum Albumin and 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐Picrylhydrazyl
Authors: Ameta Rakesh K. , Singh Man
Published: February 2019

We describe the synthesis and characterization of Metal Organic Ionic Framework (MOIF) product of ionic association of [Fe(CN)6]4−/ [Fe(CN)6]3−/ [Fe(CN)5NO]2− and Cetylpyridinium ion via an ion exchange reaction in water. Raman and powder XRD measurements were used to characterize their structures. Simultaneous fitting of small angle X‐ray Scattering (SAXS) is performed in order to obtain an accurate description of the system. The anionic metal complex and Cetylpyridinium are strongly electrostatic bonded to each other those are investigated with UV/ Vis and FTIR spectra. Their dye, protein and free radical adsorption studies have revealed their importance in material research. The Langmuir isotherm has been used to estimate the interaction between adsorbate and adsorbent with the equilibrium isotherm; characteristics for the adsorption system. Ameta‐Nature‐Activity–Relationship model is proposed to understand the role of oxidation states and similarity and dissimilarity of ligands associated with central metal ion accounTable for strong and weaker adsorption.
Magnetically Recyclable Nano Nickel Ferrite Catalyzed One‐pot Chalcogenation of Bioactive Heterocycles Under Aerobic Condition
Authors: Das Dwaipayan , Mukherjee Prasun , Das Asish R.
Published: February 2019

A practical ligand free Nano Nickel ferrite (NNF) catalysis has been established for the one pot direct sulfenylation of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, 4‐hydroxyquinolinone and pyrazolone derivatives by reacting them with several easily available aromatic iodides and elemental sulfur. Additionally, the protocol is highly facile for direct selenoetherification of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, 4‐hdroxyquinolinone scaffolds employing elemental selenium. The important aspects of this direct chalcogenation protocol are the use of easily recyclable nano Nickel ferrite catalyst, inexpensive reactants, use of elemental sulfur and selenium under aerobic condition.
A Novel and Facile Synthesis of Chroman‐4‐one Derivatives via Cascade Radical Cyclization Under Metal‐free Condition
Authors: Xiao Yong‐Mei , Liu Yang , Mai Wen‐Peng , Mao Pu , Yuan Jin‐Wei , Yang Liang‐Ru
Published: February 2019

A novel and facile method for the synthesis of 3‐(2‐oxo‐2‐arylethyl)chroman‐4‐ones under metal‐free conditions is described. In the presence of nBu4NBr and K2S2O8, arylaldehydes or aliphatic aldehydes with various functional groups could react with different 2‐(allyloxy)arylaldehydes via radical process to produce chroman‐4‐one derivatives in moderate to good yields. The method features metal‐free, step‐economical manner and easily available starting materials, exhibiting its practical synthetic value in some biologically active compounds.
Buckled Structures: Fabrication and Applications in Wearable Electronics
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Dou Yuanyuan , Li Jingjing , Liu Zunfeng
Published: February 2019

Wearable electronics have attracted a tremendous amount of attention due to their many potential applications, such as personalized health monitoring, motion detection, and smart clothing, where electronic devices must conformably form contacts with curvilinear surfaces and undergo large deformations. Structural design and material selection have been the key factors for the development of wearable electronics in the recent decades. As one of the most widely used geometries, buckling structures endow high stretchability, high mechanical durability, and comfortable contact for human–machine interaction via wearable devices. In addition, buckling structures that are derived from natural biosurfaces have high potential for use in cost‐effective and high‐grade wearable electronics. This review provides fundamental insights into buckling fabrication and discusses recent advancements for practical applications of buckled electronics, such as interconnects, sensors, transistors, energy storage, and conversion devices. In addition to the incorporation of desired functions, the simple and consecutive manipulation and advanced structural design of the buckled structures are discussed, which are important for advancing the field of wearable electronics. The remaining challenges and future perspectives for buckled electronics are briefly discussed in the final section.
Complementary Resistive Switching Using Metal–Ferroelectric–Metal Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Qian Mengdi , Fina Ignasi , Sánchez Florencio , Fontcuberta Josep
Published: February 2019

Complementary resistive switching (CRS) devices are receiving attention because they can potentially solve the current‐sneak and current‐leakage problems of memory arrays based on resistive switching (RS) elements. It is shown here that a simple anti‐serial connection of two ferroelectric tunnel junctions, based on BaTiO3, with symmetric top metallic electrodes and a common, floating bottom nanometric film electrode, constitute a CRS memory element. It allows nonvolatile storage of binary states (“1” = “HRS+LRS” and “0” = “LRS+HRS”), where HRS (LRS) indicate the high (low) resistance state of each ferroelectric tunnel junction. Remarkably, these states have an identical and large resistance in the remanent state, characteristic of CRS. Here, protocols for writing information are reported and it is shown that non‐destructive or destructive reading schemes can be chosen by selecting the appropriate reading voltage amplitude. Moreover, this dual‐tunnel device has a significantly lower power consumption than a single ferroelectric tunnel junction to perform writing/reading functions, as is experimentally demonstrated. These findings illustrate that the recent impressive development of ferroelectric tunnel junctions can be further exploited to contribute to solving critical bottlenecks in data storage and logic functions implemented using RS elements.
Numerical investigation of the punching shear capacity of transversely prestressed concrete deck slabs
Authors: Amir Sana , van der Veen Cor , Walraven Joost C. , de Boer Ane
Published: February 2019

Most of the Dutch bridges were built around middle of the last century and it is vital for designers to find out if these bridges can still be considered safe for the traffic of modern times. The capacity in shear is especially critical as it was not considered in design recommendations before 1976. Therefore, experiments on a 1:2 scale model of a transversely prestressed concrete bridge deck cast between concrete girders were carried out to investigate the bearing (punching shear) capacity. The scale was selected based on the space available in the laboratory and the expected failure loads that would have to be applied. Also, a three‐dimensional, solid, nonlinear finite element model was developed in the Finite Element Analysis software package TNO DIANA to study the structural behavior of deck slabs and is the focus of this paper. The results of the experimental and numerical analyses leads to the conclusion that existing bridges still have significant residual strength due to the presence of transverse prestressing and the membrane forces, and nonlinear finite element models can predict the load carrying capacity quite accurately.
The South American genera of Hemerocallidaceae (Eccremis and Pasithea): two introductions to the New World
Authors: Wurdack Kenneth J.J. , Dorr Laurence J.
Published: February 2019

Two unispecific genera, Eccremis and Pasithea, are the only representatives of Hemerocallidaceae (Asparagales) native to the Western Hemisphere. The affinities of the former genus have been recently questioned. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data (plastid atpB, ndhF, rbcL, trnL-F) spanning the Asparagales recover a monophyletic Hemerocallidaceae and strongly support the inclusion of Eccremis within that family. Eccremis is sister to Dianella and not closely associated with Pasithea, which indicates two introductions of Hemerocallidaceae to the New World. A taxonomic synopsis of Eccremis and Pasithea is presented and morphological character evolution and biogeography are discussed.
Is Persea (Lauraceae) monophyletic? Evidence from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences
Authors: Rohwer Jens G. , Li Jie , Rudolph Barbara , Schmidt Sabrina A. , van der Werff Henk , Li Hsi-wen
Published: February 2019

The delimitation of genera within the Persea group (Lauraceae) has always been controversial. In an attempt to resolve the phylogenetic lines within this group, we analyzed ITS sequences of 61 species of the Persea group (Lauraceae) and 30 other species of Lauraceae. Several of the traditional genera or subgenera form well­supported groups, viz., Persea subg. Eriodaphne, Machilus, Persea subg. Persea, and Alseodaphne including Dehaasia. The included species of Phoebe form two clades that are unresolved with respect to Alseodaphne. However, Persea subg. Eriodaphne (together with the Macaronesian Apollonias barbujana) forms one of the clades of an unresolved basal trichotomy within the Persea group, whereas Persea subg. Persea is well supported as member of an otherwise Asian clade including Alseodaphne and Phoebe. This indicates that Persea, as currently circumscribed, is not monophyletic. The affinities of the Macaronesian Persea indica are clearly American rather than Asian.
Relationships within Blumea (Inuleae, Asteraceae) and the utility of the 5S­NTS in species­level phylogeny reconstruction
Authors: Pornpongrungrueng Pimwadee , Borchsenius Finn , Gustafsson Mats H.G.
Published: February 2019

In an attempt to improve the phylogenetic resolution in clades of the genus Blumea beyond what could be achieved with sequence data from plastid regions (trnL­F, psbA­trnH) and ITS, the 5S­NTS (non­transcribed spacer) was sequenced as it has been reported to show higher levels of variation than the former regions. 5SNTS yields a tree less resolved than ITS and the plastid regions; the latter markers, moreover, provided more resolution at deeper nodes. When combined with ITS and plastid sequences, 5S­NTS adds very little resolution. The results indicate that previously published, morphology­based sectional classifications of the genus are highly unnatural. The three varieties of B. hieraciifolia belong to different clades and should be treated as different species.
Reticulate evolution and taxonomic concepts in theRanunculus auricomuscomplex (Ranunculaceae): insights from analysis of morphological, karyological and molecular data
Authors: Hörandl Elvira , Greilhuber Johann , Klímová Katarina , Paun Ovidiu , Temsch Eva , Emadzade Khatere , Hodálová Iva
Published: February 2019

TheRanunculus auricomuscomplex is an interesting model system for studying the evolution and diversity of apomictic polyploid complexes. It comprises hundreds of agamospecies, usually referred to two distinct morphotypes (traditionally named "R. auricomus" and "R. cassubicus") which are connected by several intermediate forms. Here we try to elucidate the evolution of apomictic"cassubicus" morphotypes and we test criteria for different classification concepts by combining the information of molecular phylogenetic, morphological, karyological and population genetic data (AFLPs, amplified fragment length polymorphism). Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the nrDNA ITS and plastid data (matK , trnk, psbJ­psbA) suggest a deep split between the diploid sexual species R. notabilis ("auricomus" morphotype) from the closely related allopatric taxa R. cassubicifolius and R. carpaticola ("cassubicus"). The apomictic "cassubicus" morphotypes are not monophyletic, as one, R. hungaricus, groups with R. notabilis, which may be due to hybrid origin. Morphometric studies and ploidy level determinations via Feulgen densitometry show a transition from 4xR.hungaricusto the 6xapomictic hybrid derivatives ofR. cassubicifoliusandR. carpaticola. In two accessions, AFLPs and flow cytometric data suggest local gene flow among different apomictic polyploid morphotypes. Frequent facultative sexuality of apomicts may increase genetic diversity by continuous formation of new cytotypes, local hybridization and introgression, which obstructs the fixation of distinct agamospecies. We conclude that "R. cassubicus" and "R. auricomus" cannot be regarded as species but should be treated as either informal groups, or as (notho)taxa at the sectional level. To reflect the different evolutionary processes involved, we propose a separate classification of the sexual species,R. notabilisand the closely related species pairR. cassubicifoliusandR. carpaticola. Based on these well­defined biological species, the apomictic biotypes can be classified as nothotaxa.
Typification of Linnaean names in Liliaceae
Authors: Peruzzi Lorenzo E. , Jarvis Charlie E.
Published: February 2019

The typification of eleven Linnaean names of taxa belonging to the current circumscription of Liliaceae is discussed. Lectotypes are designated from the Linnaean herbarium at LINN (Lilium bulbiferum, L. candidum, L. martagon), the Burser herbarium at UPS (Bulbocodium serotinum, Fritillaria pyrenaica, Lilium bulbiferum), the Van Royen Herbarium at L (Fritillaria persica, Lilium chalcedonicum, Uvularia amplexifolia), the Clifford Herbarium at BM (Lilium pomponium) and from the Sloane herbarium in BM­SL (Bulbocodium autumnale). A specimen in BM is designated as the neotype of Lilium camschatcense. Each type choice maintains the present usage of the corresponding Linnaean name.
Echinochloa colona versus" Echinochloa colonum" (Poaceae)
Authors: Michael Peter W.
Published: February 2019

Confusion in current botanical literature about the correct spelling of the specific epithet of the important crop weed referred to as either Echinochloa colona or E. colonum is resolved in favour of E. colona. The use of " colonus " as an adjective is not found in classical Latin dictionaries published since the latter part of the 19th century but is found in dictionaries, listed here, published between the late 17th and early 19th centuries. Linnaeus and other early botanists were quite in order to adopt " colonus " as an adjective and decline it according to the gender of the generic name, as in Panicum colonum L. and Echinochloa colona (L.) Link.
Conservation of microalgal type material: Approaches needed for 21st century science
Authors: Day John G. , Pröschold Thomas , Friedl Thomas , Lorenz Maike , Silva Paul C.
Published: February 2019

The current edition of the International code of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code) accepts cultures of fungi and algae as types provided that they are preserved in a metabolically inactive state. In this article the authors outline a procedure for cryopreserving type cultures at ultra‐low temperatures (<−135°C), thus ensuring that the material is held in a stable, metabolically inactive state. This procedure would allow direct access to live ex‐type cultures, facilitating traditional research as well as molecular, metabolomic and proteomic studies.
Species identity in the Solanum bahamense species group (Solanaceae, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)
Authors: Strickland-Constable Rose , Schneider Harald , Ansell Stephen W. , Russell Stephen J. , Knapp Sandra
Published: February 2019

The Solanum bahamense L. species group is a small monophyletic group of spiny solanums (Solanum subg. Leptostemonum) restricted to the West Indies. The group has been variously recognised as including one to five species, and one of these (Solanum ensifolium Dunal, as S. drymophilum O.E. Schulz) is listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We here use a combination of morphological characters and plastid sequence data to assess diversity within the group and to explore patterns of differentiation across the archipelago. We recognise three species in the group: S. polyacanthos Lam., endemic to Hispaniola, S. ensifolium Dunal, endemic to Puerto Rico, and S. bahamense L., widespread across the region from the Florida Keys to Grenada, but absent from Hispaniola. Within S. bahamense, three geographically distinct lineages can be distinguished. Maximal genetic diversity in the group occurs in the centre of the archipelago, on Hispaniola and Puerto Rico (including the Virgin Islands). A taxonomic treatment of the three species is provided, with a key, complete typification for all synonyms and exsiccatae (in an Appendix). We recognise the distinctness of S. ensifolium and our data provide support for its inclusion in the Endangered Species Act and its Red List status as critically endangered.
Botanical nomenclature and plant fossils
Authors: Cleal Christopher J. , Thomas Barry A.
Published: February 2019

The provisions in the Code for naming plant fossil taxa have changed substantially over the years. The history of these changes reflects the tension between palaeobotanists (including palynologists studying plant microfossils) who need a flexible set of regulations, and the tendency for the Code to include nomenclatural regulations that constrain taxonomic decisions. The current Vienna Code now provides for plant fossils to be named as fossil taxa, which is a flexible taxonomic concept that should suit the needs of most palaeobotanists. However, the Vienna Code also incorporates the more restrictive concept of morphotaxa and most palaeobotanists seem to be under the misapprehension that plant fossils can only be named as morphotaxa. In our view, the concept of morphotaxa is logically flawed and unnecessary in practice, and should be removed from the Code.
Typification of the name Smilax lanceolata L.
Authors: Acosta Lilian Ferrufino , Greuter Werner
Published: February 2019

A mislabelled specimen in the Clifford herbarium (BM) is identified as the single extant original element on which Linnaeus based Smilax lanceolata. It is here designated as the lectotype of the name, corroborating its placement in the synonymy of S. laurifolia L.
Xylosma congesta (Lour.) Merr. (Salicaceae) the correct name for the species otherwise known as X. japonica or X. racemosa
Authors: Zmarzty Sue
Published: February 2019

Xylosma congesta (Lour.) Merr. is the correct name for a species for which two additional names are in common use: Xylosma japonica A. Gray and X. racemosa (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq. This paper aims to stabilize the name of the species.
Evolution and systematic value of fruit and seed characters in Adoxaceae (Dipsacales)
Authors: Jacobs Bart , Huysmans Suzy , Smets Erik
Published: February 2019

This study presents a description of the morphology and anatomy of the fruits and seeds of Adoxa, Sambucus, and Viburnum. A phylogenetic study included Adoxa moschatellina, Sinadoxa corydalifolia, Sambucus, Tetradoxa omeiensis, and Viburnum. All major clades of Caprifoliaceae, the sister family of Adoxaceae, were sampled and used as outgroup. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference optimality criteria were used to analyze three datasets, molecular data (ITS, trnK, matK), morphological data (21 fruit and seed characters), and a combined dataset. We used parsimony optimization to study character evolution. Results of the phylogenetic analyses were congruent with previously published results. Viburnum is the basalmost lineage in the family and sister to subfamily Adoxoideae. In Adoxoideae, Sambucus is sister to the Adoxina clade (i.e., Adoxa, Sinadoxa, and Tetradoxa). Our results also confirmed the sister relationship between Sinadoxa corydalifolia and Adoxa plus Tetradoxa. For the first time, clear autapomorphies are described for Sambucus, such as a long, slender, cylindrical embryo, sclereids with a u–shaped sclerification pattern, a rugose endocarp surface, and numerous, small calcium oxalate crystals in the endocarp sclereids. Character evolution in Sambucus, however, is complex and a broader sampling is required to draw firm conclusions. The evolution toward Viburnum is marked by a number of shifts such as the development of small, amorphous crystals in endosperm cells and a well–developed, parenchymatous seed coat. Based on our results and previous studies we hypothesize a paedomorphic event took place at the origin of Adoxina. Evidence supporting this hypothesis is the presence of green fruits, weakly sclerified endocarp sclereids, small seeds, and semi–inferior ovaries in Adoxina. Finally, our results indicate that the first Adoxaceae were characterized by tricarpellate ovaries with an endocarp composed of an outer layer of sclereids and an inner layer of fibers. A thorough study of the fruits and seeds of Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa is vital to fully understand fruit and seed evolution in Adoxaceae.
The botanical and zoological codes impede biodiversity research by discouraging publication of unnamed new species
Authors: Oliver Paul M. , Lee Michael S.Y.
Published: February 2019

Molecular systematics is advancing rapidly, while the pool of taxonomic expertise dwindles: thus, the lag between recognising potential new species, and formally describing those species, will increase. Given the urgency of the biodiversity crisis, the existence of potential new undescribed species should be communicated as rapidly and widely as possible, thus highlighting the relevance and importance of systematics to other sciences, and to biodiversity managers, policy makers, and the general public. However, under the current botanical and zoological codes, scientists who reveal the existence of unrecognised taxa are vulnerable to having those candidate species rapidly named by unscrupulous individuals using unrefereed (and often self‐published) works. This compelling argument for peer review in nomenclature has been largely overlooked in previous debates about the codes. The botanical and zoological codes need to be immediately updated to discourage such taxonomic piracy; this would encourage taxonomists to disseminate their vital biodiversity data as quickly and broadly as possible.
Polymorphism of postmating reproductive isolation within plant species
Authors: Scopece Giovanni , Lexer Christian , Widmer Alex , Cozzolino Salvatore
Published: February 2019

Speciation can be viewed as the evolution of reproductive isolation between formerly interbreeding populations. Recent years have seen great advances in our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying postmating reproductive isolation during plant speciation. Nevertheless, little is known about the early stages of species divergence and the evolution of reproductive isolation at the within species level. Direct or indirect evidence indicates that intrinsic postzygotic mechanisms are prevalent and often polymorphic among allopatric conspecific populations of plants. We review studies that report direct or indirect evidence for polymorphism of genic (i.e., gene‐based) postmating reproductive isolation within species' ranges. Specifically, we focus on three genic mechanisms often held responsible for reproductive isolation between species: Bateson‐Dobzhansky‐Muller (BDM) incompatibilities and two widespread types of genomic conflict, transmission ratio distortion and cytonuclear interactions. We further highlight the close similarity between reported cases of outbreeding depression among conspecific populations, especially those that correspond to the intrinsic co‐adaptation model, and the origin of genetic incompatibilities. This association holds great promise to help improve our understanding of the processes involved in the initial stage of speciation, and it highlights the close (and often overlooked) relationship between evolutionary and conservation biology.
What we still don't know about polyploidy
Authors: Soltis Douglas E. , Buggs Richard J.A. , Doyle Jeff J. , Soltis Pamela S.
Published: February 2019

During the past decade there has been a tremendous resurgence of interest in polyploidy that has in large part been stimulated by the development of increasingly powerful genetic and genomic tools. The result has been numerous new insights into the genomic and genetic consequences of polyploidy. The plethora of new discoveries has dramatically reshaped traditional views and concomitantly revealed that polyploidy is a highly dynamic and ubiquitous process. These recent advances in our understanding of polyploidy have stimulated numerous reviews, most focused on the various genetic, epigenetic, and genomic consequences of polyploid evolution. Whereas genetic and genomic attributes of polyploidization have received considerable attention, other crucial areas of polyploid evolution have received much less (e.g., ecology, pollination biology, physiology). The focus of this paper is not to review again recent discoveries, but to emphasize what we do not yet know about polyploidy, which despite all that has been learned about genome doubling is still an enormous amount. Our list is not meant to be comprehensive, but includes a range of topics that we have placed in several general categories, including mode of formation, ecological and physiological consequences, and genomic rules. Questions include: What is (are) the most frequent mechanism(s) of polyploidization? What factors promote/facilitate polyploidization? What factors favor autopolyploid vs. allopolyploid formation? Do multiple origins result in lineages with differing evolutionary trajectories and/or cryptic species? Our major goals are to stimulate discussion and promote further research.
How many of Cassini anagrams should there be? Molecular systematics and phylogenetic relationships in the Filago group (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), with special focus on the genus Filago
Authors: Galbany-Casals Mercè , Andrés-Sánchez Santiago , Garcia-Jacas Núria , Susanna Alfonso , Rico Enrique , Martínez-Ortega M. Montserrat
Published: February 2019

The Filago group (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) comprises eleven genera, mainly distributed in Eurasia, northern Africa and northern America: Ancistrocarphus, Bombycilaena, Chamaepus, Cymbolaena, Evacidium, Evax, Filago, Logfia, Micropus, Psilocarphus and Stylocline. The main morphological character that defines the group is that the receptacular paleae subtend, and more or less enclose, the female florets. The aims of this work are, with the use of three chloroplast DNA regions (rpl32‐trnL intergenic spacer, trnL intron, and trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer) and two nuclear DNA regions (ITS, ETS), to test whether the Filago group is monophyletic; to place its members within Gnaphalieae using a broad sampling of the tribe; and to investigate in detail the phylogenetic relationships among the Old World members of the Filago group and provide some new insight into the generic circumscription and infrageneric classification based on natural entities. Our results do not show statistical support for a monophyletic Filago group. The traditional generic circumscription of most of the genera, as well as the traditional infrageneric classification of the genus Filago, do not correlate with the inferred phylogenetic relationships. A monophyletic circumscription of Filago and a new subgeneric treatment for this genus are proposed, this involving description of a new subgenus (Filago subg. Crocidion Andrés‐Sánchez & Galbany, subg. nov.) and four new combinations (Filago subg. Pseudevax (DC.) Andrés‐Sánchez & Galbany, comb. et stat. nov.; Filago discolor (DC.) Andrés‐Sánchez & Galbany, comb. nov.; Filago gaditana (Pau) Andrés‐Sánchez & Galbany, comb. et stat. nov. and Filago griffithii (A. Gray) Andrés‐Sánchez & Galbany, comb. nov.). The genera Cymbolaena, Evacidium and Evax are synonymised under Filago. Several incongruences found between chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence analyses, as well as a notable degree of intraspecific sequence variation in all regions sequenced are documented and discussed.
Report on the Special Committee on the Nomenclature of Fungi with a Pleomorphic Life Cycle
Authors: Redhead Scott A.
Published: February 2019

Historically, nonlichenized fungi in two phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with pleomorphic life cycles may have more than one acceptable legitimate name with priority given to names typified by teleomorphs. This idea has been challenged amidst considerable prolonged debate. An intermediate step towards normalized nomenclature was made in Vienna through the introduction of teleomorph epitypes. A Special Committee was formed to provide guidance on another proposal to prohibit future dual nomenclature and to review the need for Article 59. Committee membership fluctuated between ten and twelve individuals whose opinions were divided over three options: (1) delete Article 59, (2) remove the option for epitypification, or (3) revise the Article further. The Committee reached an impasse and as a body could not recommend acceptance or rejection of any particular proposal. A set of proposals discussed by the Committee is made separately and independently.
Nomenclature and typification of names of genera and subdivisions of genera inCypereae(Cyperaceae): 1. Names of genera in theCyperusclade
Authors: Huygh Wim , Larridon Isabel , Reynders Marc , Muasya A. Muthama , Govaerts Rafaël , Simpson David A. , Goetghebeur Paul
Published: February 2019

The morphological diversity and the presence of several convergent evolutionary lineages in the Cypereae tribe (Cyperaceae) have given rise to various conflicting classifications. These conflicts do not only arise in the delimitation of genera and their subdivisions, but also in the use of similar subdivisional names for different species groups and different names for similar species groups. This has resulted in the publication of approximately 350 names of genera and subdivi sions of genera to accommodate the ca. 950 species in Cyperus and its segregate genera. This complex nomenclature has led to an accumulation of errors in the assessment of valid publication, priority and legitimacy, and in typification in almost all existing taxonomic treatments for the group. Renewed interest in the phylogeny and taxonomy of Cypereae reveals the need to evaluate the nomenclature of generic names and names of subdivisions of genera. In this paper, the first in a series of four papers, we present a survey of all generic names described in the Cyperus clade, designate types where needed, and evaluate priority and legitimacy.
Underestimated endemic species diversity in the dry inter‐Andean valley of the Río Marañón, northern Peru: An example from Mimosa (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)
Authors: Särkinen Tiina E. , Marcelo-Peña José Luis , Yomona A. Daza , Simon Marcelo F. , Pennington R. Toby , Hughes Colin E.
Published: February 2019

Molecular phylogenies which include multiple accessions of species and near complete taxon sampling can be an important tool for estimating species diversity when used in combination with traditional morphology‐based taxonomy. Here we use a densely sampled plastid gene tree for a morphologically complex group within the legume genus Mimosa (sect. Batocaulon ser. Andinae) to improve estimates of species limits and diversity in the poorly known dry inter‐Andean valley of the Río Marañón, northern Peru. Based on the plastid gene tree, Mimosa ser. Andinae, which previously comprised four species, is re‐circumscribed to include six Andean dry‐forest species from northern Peru, Ecuador and southern Colombia, including the new species, M. jaenensis, described here. A further three candidate species are identified within the section based on high levels of sequence variation among accessions. With the additional species, the Marañón valley is now known to harbour nine narrowly restricted endemic species of Mimosa, a pattern of multiple congeneric endemics mirrored in many other plant genera as well as several animal groups. Our results, in combination with other published studies, suggest that overall species diversity in the Marañón has been significantly under‐estimated. Further work is needed to identify conservation priority areas in the Marañón in order to protect its unique flora.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16
Authors: Norvell Lorelei L.
Published: February 2019

The following five generic names are recommended for conservation: Cladia against Heterodea; Hemipholiota against Nemecomyces; Lactarius with conserved type; Mixia against Phytoceratiomyxa; Stirtonia A.L. Sm. against Stirtonia R. Br. bis; the following five specific names are also recommended for conservation: Aspicilia aquatica against Lichen mazarinus; Dermatocarpon bucekii (Placopyrenium bucekii) against Placidium steineri; Hebeloma cylindrosporum against Hebeloma angustispermum; Psoroma versicolor (Degeliella versicolor) against Psoroma subdescendens; Thelephora comedens (Vuilleminia comedens) with conserved type. Lecidea epiploica is recommended for rejection under Art. 56 and it is recommended that Verrucaria thelostoma and Pyrenula umbonata not be rejected under Art. 56. As a result of reference under Art. 53.5, it is recommended that the following two pairs of names be treated as homonyms: Calongea Healey & al. and Calongia D. Hawksw. & Etayo; and Phyllocratera Sérus. & Aptroot and Phyllocrater Wernham.
Ancient allopolyploidy in the everlasting daisies (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): Complex relationships among extant clades
Authors: Smissen Rob D. , Galbany-Casals Mercè , Breitwieser Ilse
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the everlasting daisy tribe Gnaphalieae colonized the globe repeatedly and rapidly from southern Africa. However, both the circumscription of monophyletic groups of “out of Africa” Gnaphalieae genera and the identification of their sister groups in southern Africa has proved difficult. We have analysed sequences of nrDNA spacers (ITS, ETS), cpDNA (ndhF, trnL intron, trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer, trnK intron), and low‐copy nuclear markers to examine selected relationships within the crown radiation of the tribe. We focused on relationships among two putative clades suggested by previous studies and a representative sampling of genera endemic to Australasia. Incongruities between nrDNA and cpDNA trees are frequent and some involve robustly supported clades. However, trees generated for two low‐copy nuclear markers are largely congruent with each other but imply that allopolyploidy preceded the radiations of at least four separate extant lineages within the tribe, one largely or entirely restricted to Australasia, one almost global, and two still poorly sampled. Collectively, these four putative allopolyploid lineages may account for more than half of the described species diversity of the tribe.
Novel synchronous sampling scheme based on oversampling for a process bus system
Authors: Kojima Kazuhiro , Tomida Tsuneo , Itagaki Daiju , Okai Makoto , Katayanagi Yasutaka , Iwamaru Akifumi , Hasegawa Shun , Furusawa Yujiro
Published: February 2019

In recent years, the possibility of applying process bus technology in accordance with IEC 61850 and IEC 61869 standards for protection relay systems has been investigated as a method of reducing the bulk of metallic cables in the substation environment and to support the digital transformation of power grid field data. Conventional process bus system sampling synchronization is enabled using dedicated devices for synchronization control, and hence the system is highly dependent upon the dedicated devices, which causes challenges in the durability, reliability, and cost aspects. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new configuration method for the process bus using a synchronous sampling scheme based upon oversampling and high‐speed publishing rate of the sampled value frame. Subsequently, we discuss the validity and efficacy of the proposed method. Moreover, we present the interoperability test results using prototype stand‐alone merging units and intelligent electric devices from three vendors. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First detection of porcine circovirus type 3 in Colombia and the complete genome sequence demonstrates the circulation of PCV3a1 and PCV3a2
Authors: Vargas‐Bermudez Diana S. , Campos Fabricio S. , Bonil Laura , Mogollon Darío , Jaime Jairo
Published: February 2019

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was recently discovered and is a new species of the genus circovirus. Clinically, it is associated with absence of symptoms or with different clinical syndromes. It has been reported in different countries of America, Europe and Asia. Last year, in Colombia, some farms have reported symptoms similar to those caused by PCV2. Samples were taken from two farms located in the centre of the country, and the presence of PCV3 was determined by PCR in two samples, one from a pool of sera and another from mesenteric lymph node. The strains were fully sequenced (GenBank accession numbers MH327784 and MH327785) and classified into subgroups a1 and a2. According to this classification and its analysis, strain a2 is located within the group called “Linker” that may be evolving towards group “b”. In addition to the above, the two Colombian strains were compared with 104 strains reported in the GenBank database. The phylogenetic tree obtained grouped according to the classification of subgroups a1, a2, b1 and b2. It was found that subgroups a1 and a2 were well grouped when comparing whole genomes, but the same was not observed with the strains of group “b”. In the latter, no subgroups were evidenced when comparing complete genomes. It is suggested that a new classification of PCV3 subgroups should be proposed, based on whole genome sequences. This is the first report of PCV3 in Colombia and its complete genome sequence.
Actants and aktionsart: The Norwegian verb få as the dynamic counterpart to ha / Actants et mode d'action : le verbe norvégien få comme contrepartie dynamique de ha
Authors: Halmøy Madeleine
Published: February 2019

Following Denis Bouchard's neo-Saussurean Sign Theory of Language, with a focus on the notion of Grammar Semantics, this article sketches a proposal for a unified understanding of the most multifunctional among Norwegian verbs, namely få ‘get’. Based on Bouchard's analysis of French être ‘be’ and avoir ‘have’ and corresponding signs in other languages, I propose that få is the dynamic version of ha ‘have’, which is a bivalent transitive copula. This abstract semantic value is shown to form the basis for the many contextual interpretations få receives, in its use both as a main verb and as an auxiliary. To my knowledge, a monosemic, unified understanding of få that covers all its uses and interpretations has not yet been proposed, especially not one that highlights its relationships with være ‘be’, ha ‘have’ and bli ‘be, become, get’. The study also includes a contrastive analysis of få and the English verb get.