bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les stratégies d’adaptation comme manière de résister à la force de déshumanisation de l’insécurité alimentaire
Authors: Cantin Étienne , Duhaime Gérard
Published: July 2020

Les personnes confrontées à l’insécurité alimentaire doivent recourir à une variété de stratégies pour subvenir à leurs besoins, mais ce faisant, elles peuvent expérimenter la déshumanisation. Cette recherche exploratoire vise à rendre compte de l’impact de la déshumanisation sur le quotidien des individus. L’analyse d’un corpus de seize entrevues a permis de dégager quatre logiques d’action qui orientent les pratiques des participant.es en fonction de critères d’acceptabilité sociale véhiculés par chacun et permettent d’exercer un contrôle symbolique sur leur vie économique.
L’impact d’une parole délirante sur l’écoute dans le travail social clinique en santé mentale1
Authors: Galbrun Frédérick
Published: July 2020

En privilégiant l’angle de l’écoute comme pratique discursive, cet article met en relief certains résultats obtenus lors d’une recherche qualitative réalisée auprès de travailleuses sociales québécoises francophones. Tout d’abord, une redéfinition de l’écoute comme activité complexe, se déployant sur plusieurs niveaux, aide à mettre à jour une pratique souvent minimisée et occultée en travail social. Ce faisant, la rencontre avec une parole qualifiée de délirante vient souligner certains des enjeux liés à cette minimisation, entre autres la nécessité de formation à une éthique réflexive comme manière d’être plutôt que manière de faire.
Rire après les Rébellions : les femmes comme miroir déformant de l’actualité canadienne
dans Le Fantasque de Napoléon Aubin
Authors: Bédard Mylène
Published: July 2020

Comme la presse humoristique s’attribue le mandat d’instruire le peuple en révélant
au grand jour une vérité dissimulée, cet article entend examiner la rupture provoquée par
l’échec des insurrections par le prisme du journal humoristique Le Fantasque entre
1837 et 1842. Une attention particulière sera portée à la représentation des femmes, qui
sont à la fois l’objet du discours, destinataires et sujets, dans la rhétorique du rire.
Celles-ci jouent, en effet, un rôle clé dans l’entreprise de fictionnalisation que mène
Napoléon Aubin pour se détourner de l’actualité politique, qui fournit peu de matière à rire
sous l’Union.
De l’héritage des Lumières catholiques à la modernisation de l’éducation : l’exemple du « Règlement pour l’enseignement » (1844) à l’usage des Ursulines
Authors: Bernier Marc André
Published: July 2020

Le « Règlement pour l’enseignement » qu’adoptent les Ursulines de Québec en 1844 propose un modèle éducatif qui résulte d’une dynamique historique complexe. Ce modèle est d’abord l’expression d’une attitude intellectuelle et morale que le xixe siècle hérite du siècle précédent et que la critique universitaire actuelle associe aux « Lumières catholiques ». C’est ainsi que le Règlement illustre un projet éducatif qu’éclaire la science moderne et qui bannit notamment les châtiments corporels. Cette modernisation des pratiques éducatives s’inscrit ensuite dans le contexte de la construction d’un ethos de la respectabilité bourgeoise, dont les principaux emblèmes empruntent largement à la culture de la société curiale d’Ancien Régime et, en particulier, à la rhétorique.
La trajectoire de Joseph-Guillaume Barthe (1816-1893) : un romantisme déphasé
Authors: Desbiens Marie-Frédérique , Livernois Jonathan
Published: July 2020

La trajectoire de Joseph-Guillaume Barthe (1816-1893), encore peu étudiée à ce jour, traverse tout le xixe siècle et est étroitement liée au mouvement romantique dont elle permet d’éclairer les contours et les mutations. La lecture à la croisée de l’analyse textuelle et de l’histoire intellectuelle qui est ici offerte permet d’en retracer l’évolution, en tirant le fil du parcours littéraire et politique de Barthe, de son appel à la littérature signé sous le pseudonyme de Marie-Louise dans Le Populaire, en mai 1837, à ses Souvenirs d’un demi-siècle parus en 1885, en passant par son journal de prison (1840) et Le Canada reconquis par la France (1855). On constatera un réel déphasage dans la perspective de l’homme de lettres après les rébellions de 1837-1838, comme si le romantisme libéral de Barthe, valorisé dans les années 1830, distinct du romantisme conservateur qui se mettait déjà en place dans les années 1840 et qui allait devenir la norme dans les années 1860 sous la gouverne d’Henri-Raymond Casgrain, était devenu une tare dont il fallait se défaire. D’où le passage de Barthe à la trappe de l’histoire littéraire qu’explique aussi cet article.
Étude comparative des programmes canadiens de mesures de rechange ou comment favoriser le désengorgement des tribunaux
Authors: Desrosiers Julie , Rossi Catherine , Cloutier Maude , Brassard Vicky , Béland-Ouellette Alexandre
Published: July 2020

Les mesures de rechange permettent de répondre à la commission d’une infraction sans recourir au système de justice criminelle. Dès 1996, le législateur fédéral a autorisé les provinces à adopter des programmes de mesures de rechange, dans le but de réserver le recours au système judiciaire aux infractions sérieuses et de désengorger les tribunaux. Pourtant, certains des programmes mis en place sont très restrictifs et rendent difficile l’atteinte de cet objectif. La présente étude dresse un portrait rigoureux et systématique des programmes de mesures de rechange offerts dans les différentes provinces canadiennes et analyse leur capacité à réduire le volume du contentieux judiciaire. Le législateur fédéral a conféré une marge de manoeuvre importante aux provinces à cet égard. En comparant les conditions d’admissibilité à ces programmes au regard des infractions commises, des caractéristiques des contrevenants et des procédures utilisées, l’étude met en lumière la timidité du Programme de mesures de rechange général récemment instauré par le législateur québécois.
La notion de causalité et le délit de négligence (common law) / responsabilité extracontractuelle du fait personnel (droit civil) au Canada : une étude en droit comparé
Authors: Katsivela Marel
Published: July 2020

La causalité est une préoccupation commune à la common law et au droit civil touchant le délit de négligence (common law) et la responsabilité extracontractuelle du fait personnel (droit civil) au Canada. La présente étude entreprend une analyse comparée de cette notion et elle répertorie les similitudes, les divergences et le niveau de convergence des règles qui la régissent. Même s’il existe des rapprochements entre les règles applicables à la causalité en common law et celles en droit civil, il ne manque pas de divergences. La convergence des règles applicables n’est établie qu’en partie dans ce domaine.
Quand compatir tient lieu de faire. Les paradoxes sociologiques de la compassion1
Authors: Soulet Marc-Henry
Published: July 2020

L’objectif de cette contribution portant sur la compassion est d’examiner ce que cette notion veut dire d’un point de vue sociologique, ce qu’elle nous apprend et permet de comprendre de l’activité sociale. Cet article vise en ce sens à identifier les vertus sociologiques de la compassion, en dégageant ce qu’elle recouvre et ce à quoi elle engage à la lumière de deux variables : d’une part, sa qualité de relation sociale et, d’autre part, son rapport à l’action. Il en ressort une idée-force : la compassion est avant tout une relation sociale, mais a) une relation sociale paradoxale qui égalise sur la base d’une différence maintenue, b) une relation sociale marquée du sceau de l’impuissance en même temps qu’appelant une action et c) une relation momentanée de reconnaissance d’autrui. Ce texte se conclut par l’énoncé de quelques idées explicatives de l’origine de l’impuissance au coeur de la compassion.
Compassion et conflit des solidarités
Authors: Savidan Patrick
Published: July 2020

Cet article examine la compassion comme ressort du souci de l’autre tel qu’il se manifeste quand il est associé à un problème d’injustice distributive, qu’il s’agisse de pauvreté ou d’inégalités socio-économiques. Dans cette perspective, on soutient parfois que les inégalités ou les injustices économiques et sociales augmentent parce que nous n’aurions pas suffisamment le souci de l’autre ou des autres, soit que nous ne nous préoccupions pas suffisamment de la place réservée à l’autre dans le système de production, soit que nous soyons indifférents à l’insuffisance des moyens mis en place pour compenser les injustices pourtant constatées. Ce qui signifierait, inversement, que pour pouvoir combattre ces injustices, il conviendrait de renforcer la compassion, de l’éveiller davantage. L’objectif serait d’inciter les membres d’une société donnée à se sentir plus solidaires les uns des autres et en particulier des plus défavorisés, soit dans une perspective caritative assumée, soit par un soutien renforcé aux pratiques, institutions et politiques de l’État social. Cette optique paraît cependant négliger une autre possibilité : nous pourrions assister actuellement à une mutation de l’économie générale de la solidarité qui a un impact direct sur la façon dont s’expriment le souci d’autrui et la perception de nos obligations en matière de solidarité privée et publique. Si cette hypothèse est vérifiée, elle peut offrir des clés d’interprétation de l’évolution de l’État social et des systèmes de redistribution publique.
La compassion : un pâtir-avec fragile
Authors: Châtel Viviane
Published: July 2020

La condition d’humanité se définit principalement par celle d’interaction. Seul sur son île déserte, Robinson se meurt. Mais l’organisation contemporaine du monde, axée principalement sur l’individualisation des comportements, associée au désir de réussite et aux impératifs de rentabilité et d’efficacité, a perverti largement cette condition, une perversion qui s’est retrouvée et qui se retrouve dans les actes les plus inhumains de la planète, comme les crimes contre l’humanité ou les génocides. Et si les catastrophes naturelles et les catastrophes humaines (comme les guerres) nous enjoignent en quelque sorte à la compassion, celle-ci s’avère principalement élective et éphémère, tant l’émotion ne saurait dicter l’acte moral. Aussi, proposons-nous de déplacer le focus vers la responsabilité-pour-autrui, celle qui, parce que appartenant à la même humanité, nous rend co-responsable de tout mal commis et de toute injustice commise dans le monde et, qui, à la différence de la compassion, s’adresse à tout être humain, d’où qu’il vienne et quel qu’il soit, une responsabilité qui nous oblige, une responsabilité qui nous solidarise.
Le travail social, un métier de compassion
Authors: Dorvil Henri , Guèvremont Sarah Boucher , Marzano-Poitras Vincent
Published: July 2020

Les auteurs abordent les enjeux que soulèvent la compassion et le don de soi pour le travail social dans les contextes historiques et organisationnels de son inscription. Le rôle et la place de ces sentiments et de l’agir qu’ils appellent et rendent possibles sont explorés à partir de sources sociologiques, philosophiques, historiques et littéraires. La compassion est définie comme une émotion fondée sur l’empathie, qui relie à la souffrance d’autrui et peut structurer l’activité professionnelle, tout en participant parfois de la fonction de contrôle jouée par le travail social.
Joan Vich: “El Cuarentena Fest surgió de las ganas de hacer algo cuando empezamos a cancelar conciertos como si fueran fichas de dominó”
Authors: Costa Gálvez Lola
Published: July 2020

Hablamos sobre el significado, la maquinaria y la puesta en marcha de los festivales de música tras del parón por la COVID-19 con Joan Vich, programador artístico del Festival Internacional de Benicàssim (FIB) entre 2007 y 2019, actual director de Ground Control Management y Monkey Brain, y organizador del Cuarentena Fest.
COVID-19: A Shortcut to Surveillance Capitalism?
Authors: Erol Alkim
Published: July 2020

A raíz de la crisis sanitaria de la COVID-19, la investigadora y becaria predoctoral Alkim Erol reflexiona sobre el impacto que el confinamiento estricto ha generado en nuestra sociedad. Estar expuestos a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación dejó de ser una opción para convertirse en una necesidad perentoria. De este modo, puede haberse acelerado, justificado y apuntalado el advenimiento del llamado Surveillance Capitalism (capitalismo de vigilancia), la tendencia que convierte en mercancía nuestros datos personales.
Stable and dynamic representations of value in the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Enel Pierre , Wallis Joni D , Rich Erin L
Published: July 2020

Optimal decision-making requires that stimulus-value associations are kept up to date by constantly comparing the expected value of a stimulus with its experienced outcome. To do this, value information must be held in mind when a stimulus and outcome are separated in time. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms of working memory (WM) for value. Contradicting theories have suggested WM requires either persistent or transient neuronal activity, with stable or dynamic representations, respectively. To test these hypotheses, we recorded neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of two monkeys performing a valuation task. We found that features of all hypotheses were simultaneously present in prefrontal activity, and no single hypothesis was exclusively supported. Instead, mixed dynamics supported robust, time invariant value representations while also encoding the information in a temporally specific manner. We suggest that this hybrid coding is a critical mechanism supporting flexible cognitive abilities.
Development and validation of an analytical method for detection and quantification of benzophenone, bisphenol A, diethyl phthalate and 4-nonylphenol by UPLC-MS/MS in surface water
Authors: de Araujo Frederico Goytacazes , Bauerfeldt Glauco F. , Marques Marcia , Martins Eduardo Monteiro
Published: July 2020

Guandu River is the main water source for 9 million inhabitants in Rio de Janeiro city and some others included in the metropolitan region of the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Here, the development of a chromatographic method and its application to assess the occurrence of 4-nonylphenol (4NP), benzophenone (BP), bisphenol A (BPA) and diethyl-phthalate (DEP), known as endocrine disruptors (EDs), is reported. Sample were prepared by solid phase extraction (SPE) with C18 cartridge and methanol as elution solvent. Validation of analytical method followed the United States Environmental Protection Agency protocol (USEPA 8000D guide) and selectivity, matrix effect, linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were evaluated. The recovery was greater than 90%, accuracy was found between 80% and 115% and relative standard deviation (RSD) below 11.03%. LOQ ranged from 10.0 to 50.0 ng L−1, while the LOD ranged from 0.87 to 5.72 ng L−1. The coefficients of determination (R2) were greater than 0.99 for all compounds within a linear ranges of 10.0 to 500 ng L−1 for 4NP and BP and 50.0 to 500 ng L−1 for BPA and DEP. The method was therefore considered selective and robust for all micropollutants. Matrix effect was observed for BP, 4NP and DEP. The developed method was applied to analyze five samples collected monthly during 2018 at a selected sampling point of a river in Rio de Janeiro State. The maximum concentrations found for BPA, BP, DEP and 4NP were 182.04, 286.20, 2.56×103 and 13.48 ng L−1 respectively. These values are high enough to justify an investigation on the presence of these micropollutants in drinking water as well as to extend the monitoring for the search of similar pollutants and their metabolites.
Predicting the effect of variants on splicing using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Thanapattheerakul Thanyathorn , Engchuan Worrawat , Chan Jonathan H.
Published: July 2020

Mutations that cause an error in the splicing of a messenger RNA (mRNA) can lead to diseases in humans. Various computational models have been developed to recognize the sequence pattern of the splice sites. In recent studies, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures were shown to outperform other existing models in predicting the splice sites. However, an insufficient effort has been put into extending the CNN model to predict the effect of the genomic variants on the splicing of mRNAs. This study proposes a framework to elaborate on the utility of CNNs to assess the effect of splice variants on the identification of potential disease-causing variants that disrupt the RNA splicing process. Five models, including three CNN-based and two non-CNN machine learning based, were trained and compared using two existing splice site datasets, Genome Wide Human splice sites (GWH) and a dataset provided at the Deep Learning and Artificial Intelligence winter school 2018 (DLAI). The donor sites were also used to test on the HSplice tool to evaluate the predictive models. To improve the effectiveness of predictive models, two datasets were combined. The CNN model with four convolutional layers showed the best splice site prediction performance with an AUPRC of 93.4% and 88.8% for donor and acceptor sites, respectively. The effects of variants on splicing were estimated by applying the best model on variant data from the ClinVar database. Based on the estimation, the framework could effectively differentiate pathogenic variants from the benign variants (p = 5.9 × 10−7). These promising results support that the proposed framework could be applied in future genetic studies to identify disease causing loci involving the splicing mechanism. The datasets and Python scripts used in this study are available on the GitHub repository at https://github.com/smiile8888/rna-splice-sites-recognition.
Evaluation of psychological stress in scientific researchers during the 2019–2020 COVID-19 outbreak in China
Authors: Zhang Xueyan , Li Xinyu , Liao Zhenxin , Zhao Mingyi , Zhuang Quan
Published: July 2020

Background

Beginning in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused an outbreak of infectious pneumonia. The Chinese government introduced a series of grounding measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The living and working patterns of many scientific researchers also underwent significant changes during this period.

Methods

An opportunity sample (n = 251) was obtained in China using a questionnaire with 42 questions on scientific research progress and psychological stress during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Results

Of the 251 participants, 76.9% indicated that their research was affected by the COVID-19 outbreak, and participants who were affected by the outbreak had higher stress levels than those who were not affected. Participants who conducted COVID-19 research and indicated concern that they would fail to finish the research on time were more likely to indicate high levels of stress. Respondents indicated that extending deadlines (64.1%), receiving support from superiors for research (51.8%), and increasing benefits for researchers (51.0%) would likely relieve outbreak-related stress.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 outbreak had a major impact on the experiments of researchers in the life sciences, especially in basic and clinical medicine. It has also caused high levels of psychological stress in these populations. Measures should be taken to relieve psychological pressure on basic medical researchers and students who will soon complete their degrees (e.g., Master’s and PhD candidates in graduation years).
Novel circulating protein biomarkers for thyroid cancer determined through data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Dandan , Wu Jie , Liu Zhongjuan , Qiu Ling , Zhang Yimin
Published: July 2020

Background

Distinguishing between different types of thyroid cancers (TC) remains challenging in clinical laboratories. As different tumor types require different clinical interventions, it is necessary to establish new methods for accurate diagnosis of TC.

Methods

Proteomic analysis of the human serum was performed through data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry for 29 patients with TC (stages I–IV): 13 cases of papillary TC (PTC), 10 cases of medullary TC (MTC), and six cases follicular TC (FTC). In addition, 15 patients with benign thyroid nodules (TNs) and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Subsequently, 17 differentially expressed proteins were identified in 291 patients with TC, including 247 with PTC, 38 with MTC, and six with FTC, and 69 patients with benign TNs and 176 with HC, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

In total, 517 proteins were detected in the serum samples using an Orbitrap Q-Exactive-plus mass spectrometer. The amyloid beta A4 protein, apolipoprotein A-IV, gelsolin, contactin-1, gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, and complement factor H-related protein 1 (CFHR1) were selected for further analysis. The median serum CFHR1 levels were significantly higher in the MTC and FTC groups than in the PTC and control groups (P < 0.001). CFHR1 exhibited higher diagnostic performance in distinguishing patients with MTC from those with PTC (P < 0.001), with a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 85.08%, area under the curve of 0.93, and detection cut-off of 0.92 ng/mL.

Conclusion

CFHR1 may serve as a novel biomarker to distinguish PTC from MTC with high sensitivity and specificity.
COVID-19 Stamps - A New Collecting Theme Vs Philatelic Promotion of Care for Affected Community and Environment (I)
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile , Pop Alexandru Leonard , Coman Mirela
Published: July 2020

The Coronavirus has reached its claws into every aspect of human activity, and philately is no exception. This is reflected both by decisions to cancel some philatelic issues, originally scheduled in the Editorial Plan of the Postal Administrations, in shifting the dates of appearance of other issues or editing new issues with the theme of the new Coronavirus. Starting from the attempts to investigate the philatelic appearances that have as concern the Coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the paper aim was to identify, index and describe them based on open-source databases, postal administration sites, respectively philatelic trade platforms. In this context, the focus was to familarise the reader with the diversity of philatelic issues related to COVID-19 emitted by different postal administration all over the world. As a result of searches in databases with open-source access to philatelic materials, an interesting series of pieces were identified, issued by the postal administrations of Iran, Vietnam, Switzerland, Isle of Man, Kingdom of Morocco and United Arab Emirates. Each philatelic piece was analyzed and described separately, in order to show what the international concerns about Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection really are.
Typology of Skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) Fisheries at Nizam Zachman Oceanic Fishing Port, Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Afriliani Wanda , Anna Zuzy , Handaka Asep Agus , Khan Alexander M. A.
Published: July 2020

This study aims to analyze the aspects of technical, social, and economic typologies of skipjack fisheries at Nizam Zachman oceanic fishing port, Jakarta. This research expected to provide information for decision-making in formulating policies in skipjack fisheries activities, thus they remain sustainable—this research conducted at Nizam Zachman oceanic fishing port, Jakarta from August 2019 to February 2020. The method used in this research is the survey method by interviewing the respondent through questionnaires for 100 respondents. The sampling method was done randomly, and the data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative. The social typology shows the orientation of Nizam Zachman as an industrial ocean fishing port is for commercial purposes. The main productive age level of fishers ranges from 35-39 years (33%) and the last education is a primary school (46%). Regarding the work experience, 38% had been fisher between 16-20 years. The technical typology shows the fishing gear that operated to catch skipjack at Nizam Zachman are purse seine, longline, also carrier vessel. In general, 74% of the size fleets were in 100-200 GT and the length of trips in 1-2 months (48%). The fishing ground area is in 572, 711 and 712 FMA. The economic typology shows skipjack production/trip by purse seine was 54%, longline (1%) and carrier vessel (57%).
Hydroxicloroquine, What is the Role of the Drug in the Treatment of COVID-19? A Review
Authors: Ramos Eliza Miranda , Reis Francisco José Mendes dos , Facco Gilberto Gonçalves , Araújo Emerson Luiz Lima , Souza Igor Domingos de , Ramos Glícia Caroline Andrade , Fonseca Alessandro Carvalho da , Ramos Iara Barbosa , Ramos Hugo Vieira , Nascimento Valter Aragão do
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Coronaviruses (COVID-19) is an emerging virus with severe respiratory infection. Despite several efforts, so far there is no medicine to fight it and use it as the ideal treatment. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to describe the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 and thus present its benefits in the respective doses.

Methodology: The methodology used was the systematic review with meta-analysis.

Results: From the reading of the 75 papers found, only three articles were excluded for not presenting a complete abstract, 65 were excluded for not presenting eligibility according to the inclusion criteria, 01 was excluded for reaching a methodological score below 20 points in Down and Black (1998) and ending the process of inclusion of the articles, only 06 articles were included and included 894 patients.

Conclusion: Despite the small number of published articles, this meta-analysis found that the use of hydroxychloroquine as an adjunct therapy in the follow-up of COVID-19 in patients with mild to severe clinical signs brings benefits and avoids hospitalization in intensive care.
Flexible and Semi‐Transparent Ultra‐Thin CIGSe Solar Cells Prepared on Ultra‐Thin Glass Substrate: A Key to Flexible Bifacial Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Kim Dongryeol , Shin Sang Su , Lee Sang Min , Cho Jun‐Sik , Yun Jae Ho , Lee Ho Seong , Park Joo Hyung
Published: July 2020

For applications to semi‐transparent and/or bifacial solar cells in building‐integrated photovoltaics and building‐applied photovoltaics, studies are underway to reduce the processing cost and time by decreasing the thickness of Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 (CIGSe) absorber to the ultra‐thin scale (≤500 nm). To dynamically and affordably meet the growing demand for electric power, daylighting, and architectural aesthetics of buildings in urban area, flexible semi‐transparent ultra‐thin (F‐STUT) CIGSe solar cells are proposed on flexible ultra‐thin glass (UTG) and compared with rigid semi‐transparent ultra‐thin (STUT) CIGSe solar cells fabricated on soda‐lime glass (SLG). At all the tested deposition temperatures of CIGSe, the F‐STUT CIGSe solar cells exhibit superior performance compared to the rigid STUT CIGSe solar cells. Furthermore, through realistic measurement under ≈1.3‐sun illumination, maximum bifacial power conversion efficiency of 11.90% and 13.23% are obtained for SLG and UTG, respectively. The major advantages of using UTG instead of SLG are not only the intrinsic characteristics of UTG, such as flexibility and high transmittance, but also collateral benefits such as the larger CIGSe grain size at the deposition temperature, better CIGSe crystalline quality, more precise controllability of the alkali element, and reduced thickness of the interfacial GaOx layer, which enhance the photovoltaic parameters.
Phase Engineering of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with Unprecedentedly High Phase Purity, Stability, and Scalability via Molten‐Metal‐Assisted Intercalation
Authors: Park Sanghyeon , Kim Changmin , Park Sung O. , Oh Nam Khen , Kim Ungsoo , Lee Junghyun , Seo Jihyung , Yang Yejin , Lim Hyeong Yong , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Guntae , Park Hyesung
Published: July 2020

The crystalline phase of layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) directly determines their material property. The most thermodynamically stable phase structures in TMDs are the semiconducting 2H and metastable metallic 1T phases. To overcome the low phase purity and instability of 1T‐TMDs, which limits the utilization of their intrinsic properties, various synthesis strategies for 1T‐TMDs have been proposed in phase‐engineering studies. Herein, a facile and scalable synthesis of 1T‐phase molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) via the molten‐metal‐assisted intercalation (MMI) approach is introduced, which exploits the capillary action of molten potassium and the difference between the electron affinity of MoS2 and the ionization potential of potassium. Highly reactive molten potassium metal can readily intercalate into the MoS2 interlayers, inducing an efficient phase transition from the 2H to 1T crystal structure. The ionic bonding between the intercalated potassium and sulfur lowers the energy barrier of the 1T‐phase transition, enhancing the phase stability of the 1T crystals. Owing to the high purity and stability of the 1T phase, the electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction is significantly higher in 1T‐MoS2 (MMI) than in 2H‐MoS2 and even in 1T‐MoS2 synthesized using n‐butyllithium.
Improved Mechanical Durability of High‐Performance OPVs Using Semi‐Interpenetrating Networks
Authors: Hu Zhiqi , Sun Changxu , Lin Allen , Jackson Joshua , Terlier Tanguy , Owolabi Damilola , Mei Hao , Li Yilin , Wang Yafei , Sidhik Siraj , Hao Fang , Yao Yan , Mohite Aditya D. , Verduzco Rafael
Published: July 2020

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices offer a number of unique advantages over conventional single crystal silicon solar cells, such as simple and low‐cost fabrication, significantly reduced weight, high flexibility, and semitransparency. However, OPV devices exhibit poor durability to mechanical deformations. Here, the use of an elastic semi‐interpenetrating network is studied to improve the mechanical durability of the active layer of OPV devices based on the high‐performance poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl‐3‐fluoro)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione)]:2,2′‐[[6,6,12,12‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐6,12‐dihydrodithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene‐2,8‐diyl]bis[methylidyne(3‐oxo‐1H‐indene‐2,1(3H)‐diylidene)]]bis[propanedinitrile] donor:acceptor blend (PBDBT‐2F:ITIC). The elastic interpenetrating network is synthesized in situ through the UV photoinitiated crosslinking of thiol–ene additives in the active layer. The effects of strain as a function of bending on the network‐stabilized active layer structure are systematically investigated. The elastic interpenetrating network suppresses crack formation and improves durability to high‐curvature and repeated bending deformations. Performance measurements show that network‐stabilized devices outperform pristine devices above a critical bending strain and number of bending deformations. The photovoltaic performance in general decreases with the increase in the network content, and the best performing devices are obtained using network forming reagents that are most compatible with the donor:acceptor system. This work describes an effective route to flexible devices using semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks and provides insight into the design of the networks to maximize photovoltaic performance.
Flickering Polarons Extending over Ten Nanometres Mediate Charge Transport in High‐Mobility Organic Crystals
Authors: Giannini Samuele , Ziogos Orestis George , Carof Antoine , Ellis Matthew , Blumberger Jochen
Published: July 2020

Progress in the design of high‐mobility organic semiconductors has been hampered by an incomplete fundamental understanding of the elusive charge carrier dynamics mediating electrical current in these materials. To address this problem, a novel fully atomistic non‐adiabatic molecular dynamics approach termed fragment orbital‐based surface hopping (FOB‐SH) that propagates the electron‐nuclear motion has been further improved and, for the first time, used to calculate the full 2D charge mobility tensor for the conductive planes of six structurally well characterized organic single crystals, in good agreement with available experimental data. The nature of the charge carrier in these materials is best described as a flickering polaron constantly changing shape and extensions under the influence of thermal disorder. Thermal intra‐band excitations from modestly delocalized band edge states (up to 5 nm or 10–20 molecules) to highly delocalized tail states (up to 10 nm or 40–60 molecules in the most conductive materials) give rise to short, ≈ 10 fs‐long bursts of the charge carrier wavefunction that drives the spatial displacement of the polaron, resulting in carrier diffusion and mobility. This study implies that key to the design of high‐mobility materials is a high density of strongly delocalized and thermally accessible tail states.
An Organic Borate Salt with Superior p‐Doping Capability for Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Wegner Berthold , Lungwitz Dominique , Mansour Ahmed E. , Tait Claudia E. , Tanaka Naoki , Zhai Tianshu , Duhm Steffen , Forster Michael , Behrends Jan , Shoji Yoshiaki , Opitz Andreas , Scherf Ullrich , List‐Kratochvil Emil J. W. , Fukushima Takanori , Koch Norbert
Published: July 2020

Molecular doping allows enhancement and precise control of electrical properties of organic semiconductors, and is thus of central technological relevance for organic (opto‐) electronics. Beyond single‐component molecular electron acceptors and donors, organic salts have recently emerged as a promising class of dopants. However, the pertinent fundamental understanding of doping mechanisms and doping capabilities is limited. Here, the unique capabilities of the salt consisting of a borinium cation (Mes2B+; Mes: mesitylene) and the tetrakis(penta‐fluorophenyl)borate anion [B(C6F5)4]− is demonstrated as p‐type dopant for polymer semiconductors. With a range of experimental methods, the doping mechanism is identified to comprise electron transfer from the polymer to Mes2B+, and the positive charge on the polymer is stabilized by [B(C6F5)4]−. Notably, the former salt cation leaves during processing and is not present in films. The anion [B(C6F5)4]− even enables the stabilization of polarons and bipolarons in poly(3‐hexylthiophene), not yet achieved with other molecular dopants. From doping studies with high ionization energy polymer semiconductors, the effective electron affinity of Mes2B+[B(C6F5)4]− is estimated to be an impressive 5.9 eV. This significantly extends the parameter space for doping of polymer semiconductors.
Usefulness of microsurgical back‐table angioplasty for multiple hepatic arteries in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Harada Noboru , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Matsuura Toshiharu , Taguchi Tomoaki , Mori Masaki
Published: July 2020

The graft hepatic artery orifice is tiny in living donor liver transplantation, and therefore, it is more difficult to reconstruct the hepatic artery than in deceased donor liver transplantation. In situ, multi‐vessel hepatic artery reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation is time‐consuming, and reconstructions are often complicated if the hepatic graft has several stumps. We describe two living donor liver transplants using back‐table microsurgical angioplasty to combine two hepatic artery stumps to create a single orifice, and sequential single‐vessel hepatic artery reconstruction in the recipient. Briefly, we used double‐needle interrupted sutures for the two hepatic artery stumps with a biangular stay‐suture method in back‐table microsurgical angioplasty. Each suture was placed from the inner side of the arterial wall to the outer side, which allowed for safe and reliable suturing. After placing the interrupted sutures in the anterior wall, we turned over the vessels in the cold storage on the back table and placed interrupted sutures in the posterior wall. In the recipient, the single stump of the graft was anastomosed to the recipient's hepatic artery using an interrupted pattern and a surgical microscope. The postoperative courses of the donors and recipients were uneventful. Back‐table hepatic artery angioplasty is a feasible option to overcome the complexities of multi‐vessel arterial reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation. We recommend performing secure multi‐vessel hepatic arterial reconstruction adapted to the clinical scenario. Using simple appropriate anastomosis, back‐table microsurgical angiography may provide good results in living donor liver transplantation.
Venetoclax and hypomethylating agents in FLT3‐mutated acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Aldoss Ibrahim , Zhang Jianying , Mei Matthew , Al Malki Monzr M , Arslan Shukaib , Ngo Dat , Aribi Ahmed , Ali Haris , Sandhu Karamjeet , Salhotra Amandeep , Koller Paul , Khaled Samer , Artz Andrew , Snyder David , Nakamura Ryotaro , Forman Stephen J , Stein Anthony S. , Marcucci Guido , Pullarkat Vinod
Published: July 2020

FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations are prevalent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and their presence confers adverse risk. FLT3‐mutated (FLT3m) AML is a challenging leukemia to manage, particularly in older and unfit patients as well as patients with relapsed/refractory (r/r) disease. We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 50 FLT3m AML patients (17 treatment‐naïve, 33 r/r) treated with venetoclax (VEN) and hypomethylating agents (HMA). The overall CR/CRi rate with VEN‐HMA was 60% (94% in treatment‐naïve AML and 42% in r/r AML). Early (60‐days) treatment related mortality was 2%. The r/r AML setting was an independent predictor of lower complete response (OR: 0.08; 95%CI: 0.00‐0.60, P = .03). Cytogenetics‐molecular risk, concurrent mutations, the type of FLT3 mutation (ITD vs TKD), the ITD allelic ratio, the type of HMA, age, prior exposure to HMA and receipt of prior allogeneic transplant did not independently impact response or leukemia‐free survival (LFS). Concurrent IDH mutations were associated with lower CR/CRi (P = .01), while ASXL1 or TET2 mutations showed a non‐significant association toward higher CR/CRi (P = .07, for both). However, none of the concurrent mutations were an independent predictor for response when adjusted to AML setting. In conclusion, VEN‐HMA is associated with encouraging efficacy in FLT3m AML among both newly diagnosed unfit and r/r patients.
World‐Wide FINGERS Network: A global approach to risk reduction and prevention of dementia
Authors: Kivipelto Miia , Mangialasche Francesca , Snyder Heather M. , Allegri Ricardo , Andrieu Sandrine , Arai Hidenori , Baker Laura , Belleville Sylvie , Brodaty Henry , Brucki Sonia M. , Calandri Ismael , Caramelli Paulo , Chen Christopher , Chertkow Howard , Chew Effie , Choi Seong H. , Chowdhary Neerja , Crivelli Lucía , Torre Rafael De La , Du Yifeng , Dua Tarun , Espeland Mark , Feldman Howard H. , Hartmanis Maris , Hartmann Tobias , Heffernan Megan , Henry Christiani J. , Hong Chang H. , Håkansson Krister , Iwatsubo Takeshi , Jeong Jee H. , Jimenez‐Maggiora Gustavo , Koo Edward H. , Launer Lenore J. , Lehtisalo Jenni , Lopera Francisco , Martínez‐Lage Pablo , Martins Ralph , Middleton Lefkos , Molinuevo José L. , Montero‐Odasso Manuel , Moon So Y. , Morales‐Pérez Kristal , Nitrini Ricardo , Nygaard Haakon B. , Park Yoo K. , Peltonen Markku , Qiu Chengxuan , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Raman Rema , Rao Naren , Ravindranath Vijayalakshmi , Rosenberg Anna , Sakurai Takashi , Salinas Rosa M. , Scheltens Philip , Sevlever Gustavo , Soininen Hilkka , Sosa Ana L. , Suemoto Claudia K. , Tainta‐Cuezva Mikel , Velilla Lina , Wang Yongxiang , Whitmer Rachel , Xu Xin , Bain Lisa J. , Solomon Alina , Ngandu Tiia , Carrillo Maria C.
Published: July 2020

Reducing the risk of dementia can halt the worldwide increase of affected people. The multifactorial and heterogeneous nature of late‐onset dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), indicates a potential impact of multidomain lifestyle interventions on risk reduction. The positive results of the landmark multidomain Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) support such an approach. The World‐Wide FINGERS (WW‐FINGERS), launched in 2017 and including over 25 countries, is the first global network of multidomain lifestyle intervention trials for dementia risk reduction and prevention. WW‐FINGERS aims to adapt, test, and optimize the FINGER model to reduce risk across the spectrum of cognitive decline—from at‐risk asymptomatic states to early symptomatic stages—in different geographical, cultural, and economic settings. WW‐FINGERS aims to harmonize and adapt multidomain interventions across various countries and settings, to facilitate data sharing and analysis across studies, and to promote international joint initiatives to identify globally implementable and effective preventive strategies.
Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction on CuOx Nanocubes: Tracking the Evolution of Chemical State, Geometric Structure, and Catalytic Selectivity using Operando Spectroscopy
Authors: Möller Tim , Scholten Fabian , Thanh Trung Ngo , Sinev Ilya , Timoshenko Janis , Wang Xingli , Jovanov Zarko , Gliech Manuel , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz , Varela Ana Sofia , Strasser Peter
Published: July 2020

The direct electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into multi‐carbon (C2+) products still faces fundamental and technological challenges. While facet‐controlled and oxide‐derived Cu materials have been touted as promising catalysts, their stability has remained problematic and poorly understood. Herein we uncover changes in the chemical and morphological state of supported and unsupported Cu2O nanocubes during operation in low‐current H‐Cells and in high‐current gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) using neutral pH buffer conditions. While unsupported nanocubes achieved a sustained C2+ Faradaic efficiency of around 60 % for 40 h, the dispersion on a carbon support sharply shifted the selectivity pattern towards C1 products. Operando XAS and time‐resolved electron microscopy revealed the degradation of the cubic shape and, in the presence of a carbon support, the formation of small Cu‐seeds during the surprisingly slow reduction of bulk Cu2O. The initially (100)‐rich facet structure has presumably no controlling role on the catalytic selectivity, whereas the oxide‐derived generation of under‐coordinated lattice defects, can support the high C2+ product yields.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of imidazopyridine‐linked thiazolidinone as potential anticancer agents
Authors: Iqbal Md Azhar , Husain Asif , Alam Ozair , Khan Shah A. , Ahmad Aftab , Haider Md Rafi , Alam Md Aftab
Published: July 2020

In this study, two series of imidazopyridine‐linked thiazolidinone rings (5a–h and 6a–h) constituting 16 new compounds were synthesized and tested for their antiproliferative activity against a panel of three human cancer cell lines, that is, MCF‐7 (human breast cancer), A549 (human lung cancer), and DU145 (human prostate cancer). Three compounds, 5h, 6f, and 6h, exhibited remarkable results against all three cell lines, but compound 6h was found to be the most active one against the breast cancer cell line. Among all the synthesized compounds, 6h displayed the highest antioxidant results. Furthermore, the potent compounds 5h, 6f, and 6h showed no signs of toxicity at doses ranging from 50 to 500 mg/kg of animal body weight. The biochemical parameters (SGOT and SGPT) of compound 6h nearly matched the control in hepatotoxicity studies. The molecular docking and MM‐GBSADG binding studies are in agreement with the in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activity results. The most promising compound 6h was found to have the highest docking score and binding energy, and its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters are in the acceptable range. Thus, it can be concluded that 6h, an imidazopyridine derivative endowed with a thiazolidinone ring system, has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent.
PXR–ABC drug transporters/CYP‐mediated ursolic acid transport and metabolism in vitro and vivo
Authors: Jinhua Wen , Ying Zhou , Yuhua Li
Published: July 2020

The transporting kinetics and metabolic kinetics of ursolic acid were studied in transgenic cell models. Then, the pharmacokinetics features of ursolic acid and the expression of ATP‐binding cassette transporters (ABC transporter) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in tissues after pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation by 5‐pregnen‐3β‐ol‐20‐one‐16α‐carbonitrile (PCN) were investigated in rats. After silencing of PXR in Caco2–siRNA–PXR cells, there was a decrease in the protein abundance of P‐glycoprotein, breast cancer‐resistant protein, multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (MRP2), and CYP2C9. The apparent permeability (PDR) values of 10, 20, and 50 µM ursolic acid in Caco2 cells were 2.19 ± 0.44, 1.40 ± 0.17, and 1.25 ± 0.07, respectively, whereas in Caco2–siRNA–PXR cells, they were 1.85 ± 0.36, 1.24 ± 0.11, and 1.19 ± 0.04, respectively. PXR–RXRα would significantly activate ABC transporter expression in Caco2 cells. Compared with Caco2 cells, when the concentrations of ursolic acid were 10, 20, and 50 µM, the PDR values increased in Caco2–PXR–RXRα cells after PXR activation: 1.60 ± 0.31 versus 1.97 ± 0.21, 1.46 ± 0.08 versus 2.01 ± 0.19, and 1.32 ± 0.26 versus 2.09 ± 0.22, respectively. Simultaneously, PXR–RXRα would activate the expression of CYP2C9; metabolic kinetics of ursolic acid in CYP metabolizing enzyme lysate of Caco2 cells and Caco2–PXR–RXR cells was studied and it was found that the Km values were 81.99 ± 44.32 and 60.05 ± 29.62 µg/ml, and Vmax values were 3.77 ± 0.86 and 3.41 ± 0.96 µg · ml−1 · min−1, respectively. However, in human CYP metabolizing recombinase, we found that both CYP2C9 and CYP34A were involved in the metabolism of ursolic acid. Vm and Km values for CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 were 3.57 ± 1.12 µg · ml−1 · min−1 and 81.71 ± 18.38 µg/ml, 3.85 ± 1.46 µg · ml−1 · min−1 and 62.18 ± 14.56 µg/ml, respectively. As a strong agonist for mouse pxr, PCN could significantly affect pharmacokinetics of ursolic acid in rats, and it showed discrepant effects on messenger RNA expression of cyp and transporters in tissues.
Bewehrungsstrategien für den Beton‐3D‐Druck
Authors: Kloft Harald , Empelmann Martin , Hack Norman , Herrmann Eric , Lowke Dirk
Published: July 2020

Die Stahlbetonbauweise wurde in ihren Anfängen mit ingeniösen, materialsparenden Konstruktionen verbunden, entworfen aus dem Verständnis des kongenialen Zusammenwirkens der beiden Werkstoffe Beton und Stahl. Heutzutage ist Stahlbeton das am meisten eingesetzte Material im Bauwesen. Durch den Einsatz von Systemschalungen und einfach zu verlegenden Flächenbewehrungen werden Baukonstruktionen gefördert, die in Bezug auf Lohnkosten optimiert sind, aber oftmals eine ineffiziente Materialausnutzung aufweisen. Stefan Polónyi hat in diesem Zusammenhang immer wieder das mangelnde Verständnis der Ingenieure für das Zusammenwirken von Beton und Bewehrung kritisiert. Mit dem Beton‐3D‐Druck steht eine digitale Fertigungstechnologie bereit, die eine neue Gestaltungsfreiheit im Betonbau ermöglicht bei gleichzeitig ressourceneffizientem Materialeinsatz. Für die Integration der Bewehrung besteht die Chance für eine kraftflussgesteuerte Führung in den zugbeanspruchten Bereichen. Dies erfordert neue Strategien für die kombinierte Additive Fertigung von Beton und Bewehrung.