bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘‘MoreThan She Deserves’’: Woman Suffrage Memorials in the ‘‘Equality State’’
Authors: Lamont Victoria
Published: June 2011

Abstract: How is it that the first significant victory in the history of the woman suffrage movement—the enfranchisement of women in Wyoming Territory in 1869—is also the most poorly remembered and understood? This article argues that the terms by which woman suffrage was deemed memorable in Wyoming were at odds with the historical material itself: Political women were frowned upon in Wyoming; hence memorials were erected to women who had played a relatively minor role in the movement, while the most active suffragists were demonized as mannish office seekers. Buildings most closely associated with woman suffrage, such as the site where the first woman jurors deliberated, were allowed to go to ruin while monuments to early suffrage ‘‘mothers’’ were erected on sites of dubious provenance. This fragile foundation rendered these memorials vulnerable to critique by twentieth-century historians who characterized suffrage as a gift given to women by a chivalrous legislature. Meanwhile, the woman activists who had sacrificed their reputations for the sake of the cause have been all but forgotten.
TheTraffic in Affect: Marietta Holley, Suffrage, and Late­Nineteenth-Century Popular Humour
Authors: Epp Michael H.
Published: June 2011

Abstract: After calling for a major re-theorization of the relations in mass culture between humour, the politics of affect, and the stereotype, I engage these relations through a case study of the articulation of women’s rights with the traffic in affect. The argument focuses on late-nineteenth-century
Relearning Denise Levertov’s Alphabet: War, Flesh, and the Intimacy of Otherness
Authors: Narbeshuber Lisa
Published: June 2011

Abstract: The essay reads and re-evaluates Denise Levertov’s poetry on the Vietnam War, including Relearning the Alphabet (1970), To Stay Alive (1971) and Footprints (1972). Levertov theorizes how the body, however inscribed by the writing of the culture, shares a certain universality of flesh, and it can be used to locate oneself and to find the meaning of another in oneself. With reference to Charles Olson and the Black Mountain poets, the essay, then, explores how Levertov attends to the lost fact of the body, forms that read, hear, and touch the social and historical fibre in the apparently isolated, eternal presence. Levertov is interested in the possibility of compassion, intimacy, and human suffering, as she envisions, for example, the body of the Vietnamese child connected to her psyche and her body. With an acute sense of worldliness and without accepting a clear division between the public and the private, Levertov’s poetry and poetics patiently seek an embodied self and an open, flexible vision of language.
Baby Jane Grew Up: The Dramatic Intersection of Age with Disability
Authors: Chivers Sally
Published: June 2011

Abstract: In this article, I examine how the spectacle of aging film stars replicates and dictates the cultural attitudes that make risking the scandal of anachronism ‘‘necessary and inevitable as a sign of life,’’ as Mary Russo puts it, even when age does not literally signify death (in other words, even when the actresses are only middle-aged) (21). With close attention to Hollywood films Sunset Boulevard and Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? I argue that the conflation of disability with gender and aging in the character of Blanche Hudson encapsulates the impossible standards imposed on all non-normative bodies (that is, all bodies) by Hollywood cinema. While aging bodies are not necessarily disabled, older people frequently face being treated as though they were physically less capable than they once were. The assumption that disability is automatic in later life has negative impacts both on those older people who do not experience significant physical impairment and on those older people who have lived with physical impairments since long before they were labelled old. In Baby Jane, the collision of Blanche Hudson’s physical disability with Jane Hudson’s psychiatric illness relies upon an understanding of their obsolescence as performers; their failed physicality mirrors their stalled career paths. However, as I will argue, the double-edged performances offered by Joan Crawford and Bette Davis undermine that obsolescence.
Chinese American Writers of the Real and the Fake: Authenticity and the TwinTraditions of Life Writing
Authors: Madsen Deborah L.
Published: June 2011

Abstract: The Chinese Exclusion Acts of the late nineteenth century placed severe limitations on the development of Chinese ethnic communities in the United States. The polarization of categories of Chinese Americans gave rise to two distinct traditions of Chinese writing in and about America: a ‘‘high,’’ cultural tradition and a ‘‘low,’’ working-class tradition. The infamous conflict between Frank Chin and Maxine Hong Kingston, whom he accused of being ‘‘un-Chinese’’ and a ‘‘fake,’’ can be explained in terms of Chin’s privileging of the ‘‘low’’ tradition of Chinese American writing as the ‘‘authentic’’ tradition. Chin accuses Kingston of practising an inauthentic Orientalism inherited from the apologetic autobiographies written in the Chinese American ‘‘high’’ tradition. Here, the Orientalism of foundational autobiographies such as Pardee Lowe’s Father and Glorious Descendant (1943) and Jade Snow Wong’s Fifth Chinese Daughter (1950) is engaged through the concept of ‘‘competence’’ developed in genre theory. Within this context, the use of generic Chinese American autobiographical conventions by Chin and Kingston can be related to the representation of authenticity through particular ethnic discourses.
Great Stone Faces: Henry James, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Quest for American Authenticity
Authors: Hoople Robin
Published: June 2011

Abstract: In the century dividing the publication of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s ‘‘The Great Stone Face’’ from Gutzon Borglum’s completion of the pres­idential monument at Mt. Rushmore, the United States came of age as a world power. This essay discusses the strained relationship between Henry James and Theodore Roosevelt in order to highlight some of the tensions and contradictions that characterized this passage. Roosevelt’s inclusion in the monument at Mt. Rushmore both recalls Hawthorne’s story and symbolically corroborates some of James’s most serious reservations about the cultural fate of the nation.
Unsymmetrical Mesoporphyrinic Complexes of Copper (II) and Zinc (II). Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Cytotoxicity Evaluation
Authors: Boscencu Rica
Published: June 2011

New unsymmetrical mesoporphyrinic complexes, namely 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20–tris-(4-carboxymethylphenyl)–21,23-Zn(II)-porphine and 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-10,15,20–tris-(4-carboxymethylphenyl)–21,23-Cu(II)-porphine, were synthesized using a microwave irradiation method. The structures of the porphyrinic complexes were confirmed using FT-IR, UV–Vis, EPR and NMR spectral data. The spectral absorption and emission properties of the porphyrinic complexes were studied in organic solvents of different polarities and the influence of solvent polarity on the wavelengths of the absorbance and fluorescence band maxima is described. The cytotoxicity evaluation of the porphyrinic complexes was performed on human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 for different doses and incubation times. The obtained result indicates a lack of or low toxicity for both compounds, thus recommending them for further testing in light activation protocols.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Some Novel Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Sun Li , Wu Jie , Zhang Lingzi , Luo Min , Sun Dequn
Published: June 2011

Three series of new pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and their antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro against fourteen phytopathogenic fungi. The results indicated that most of the synthesized compounds possessed fungicidal activities and some of them are more potent than the control fungicides. Preliminary SAR was also discussed.
Ricin Trafficking in Plant and Mammalian Cells
Authors: Lord J. Michael , Spooner Robert A.
Published: June 2011

Ricin is a heterodimeric plant protein that is potently toxic to mammalian and many other eukaryotic cells. It is synthesized and stored in the endosperm cells of maturing Ricinus communis seeds (castor beans). The ricin family has two major members, both, lectins, collectively known as Ricinus communis agglutinin ll (ricin) and Ricinus communis agglutinin l (RCA). These proteins are stored in vacuoles within the endosperm cells of mature Ricinus seeds and they are rapidly broken down by hydrolysis during the early stages of post-germinative growth. Both ricin and RCA traffic within the plant cell from their site of synthesis to the storage vacuoles, and when they intoxicate mammalian cells they traffic from outside the cell to their site of action. In this review we will consider both of these trafficking routes.
Ce que les médias font de l'Église catholique
Authors: Schlegel Jean-Louis
Published: June 2011

On doit s'attendre à ce que l'image médiatique de l'Église catholique ne soit pas fidèle. Les intérêts des médias et ceux de l'Église, la perception de l'Église catholique par les médias (sur sa puissance supposée, par exemple) et la perception qu'on en a de l'intérieur ne coïncident pas. Doit-on dire que pour autant tout est faux dans l'image médiatique de l'Église catholique ? Voire. Une enquête plus précise montre que cette image correspond aussi, sur certains points, à la réalité de l'Église catholique que décrivent les spécialistes du religieux.
La consécration médiatique du charisme
Authors: Vincent Gilbert
Published: June 2011

Les médias — tout particulièrement la télévision — , en raison de leur fonctionnement propre, sont prédisposés à accorder la première importance à la forme charismatique du religieux. À priori, n 'importe quelle tradition religieuse étant susceptible de recourir à cette forme, toutes les religions sont médiatiques. Pourtant, les plus médiatisables restent sans doute celles dont le groupe croyant se laisse le mieux représenter comme Un. D'autre part, nous montrerons qu'il importe de distinguer deux versions de charisme, blanche et noire, ne serait-ce que pour rendre compte de la façon dont le phénomène sectaire est mis en scène par les médias.
Le traitement télévisuel du religieux. Comment s'y prendre, en pratique ?
Authors: Boudier Séverine
Published: June 2011

Le religieux, à la télévision comme dans la vie, montre une multitude de facettes. Sont ici décrites trois émissions de télévision, qui répondent chacune à des besoins différents, donc à un public particulier. Débat, analyse de textes ou temps de célébration... chaque exercice a ses exigences propres. Les émissions religieuses peuvent-elles et doivent- elles parler à tous ?
Nano copper oxide catalyzed synthesis of symmetrical diaryl sulfides under ligand free conditions
Authors: Reddy K Harsha Vardhan , Reddy V Prakash , Kumar A Ashwan , Kranthi G , Nageswar YVD
Published: June 2011

Potassium thiocyanate acts as an efficient sulfur surrogate in C–S cross-coupling reactions mediated by recyclable copper oxide nanoparticles under ligand free conditions. This protocol avoids foul smelling thiols, for the synthesis of a variety of symmetrical diaryl sulfides, via the cross-coupling of different aryl halides with potassium thiocyanate, affording corresponding products in moderate to excellent yields.
MIESTŲ MEDINĖS ARCHITEKTŪROS IŠSAUGOJIMO GALIMYBĖS
Authors: Lukšionytė Nijolė
Published: June 2011

Institutions for Lithuania’s heritage protection have been declaring the necessity of preserving wooden architecture since 2002; however, there have been very few realistic results. Although the Vilnius City Municipality initiated a strategic programme for saving wooden architecture, there have been no tangible results to date.

The purpose of this article s to analyse the needs and opportunities for preserving wooden architecture in Kaunas. Wooden buildings such as small manor and garden estate houses, villas, cottages, summer homes, rental houses and residential military and railway complexes have survived in Kaunas. Representative buildings of all these types need to be preserved in all parts of Kaunas. These reflect the juncture of professional and ethnic traditions in cities, estates and villages. Therefore such buildings are exceptional at conveying local identity.

The 2009 educational project carried out at the Faculty of Arts of Vytautas Magnus University revealed that the survival of wooden houses largely depends on the motivation of their owners. The most important condition for preserving wooden architecture is to attract the owners of these buildings to join with the supporters of this architectural heritage. Consultations on the maintenance of such buildings to retain the heritage must be organised. The community interested in rehabilitation of wooden structures could generate and share information in a virtual environment.

Santrauka

Paveldosaugos institucijos Lietuvoje nuo 2002 m. deklaruoja medinės architektūros išsaugojimo būtinumą, tačiau realių rezultatų pasiekta labai nedaug. Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės iniciatyva parengta medinės architektūros apsaugos strategijos programa kol kas nedavė apčiuopiamų rezultatų. Straipsnis skirtas Kauno medinės architektūros išsaugojimo poreikių ir galimybių analizei. Kaune išliko medinių dvarelių, sodybinių namų, vilų, kotedžų, vasarnamių, nuomojamų namų, kariškių ir geležinkeliečių gyvenamųjų kompleksų. Reikėtų išsaugoti šių tipologinių grupių architektūros reprezentantus visose miesto dalyse. Jie atspindi profesionaliosios ir etninės (miesto, dvaro, kaimo) tradicijų jungtį ir dėl to yra išskirtiniai lokalinio tapatumo perdavėjai. VDU Menų fakultete 2009 m. vykdytas edukacinis projektas atskleidė, jog medinių namų išlikimas daugiausia priklauso nuo savininkų motyvacijos. Savininkų patraukimas į medinio paveldo rėmėjų pusę laikytinas svarbiausia išsaugojimo sąlyga. Būtina organizuoti konsultavimą apie paveldui palankią namų priežiūrą ir tvarkymą. Medinių namų atgaivinimu suinteresuota bendruomenė galėtų kurtis ir dalintis informacija virtualioje aplinkoje.
MIESTO ERDVĖS IR KULTŪROS NARATYVAI
Authors: Kačerauskas Tomas
Published: June 2011

The article deals with the urban spaces in the perspective of the cultural narratives. The main thesis is followed: the urban life spaces open after clash between the aspects of cultural visuality and narrativeness. The minor theses are followed: a city is the place of existential education, where we transit to a new life space over and over; a city is the space of both historical signs and utopia without any place; a city is the public place for realization of private aims; every change of urban place influences other urban spaces; spacesness is to be characterized as capability to transit from one existential region to another one; temporality by opening new historical regions is an aspect of spacesness; a city is the autarchic formation as much as it ensures the transition from narrativeness to visuality and from spacesness to temporality; a city is both the environment of communication and communicative actor; the mobile connection of the urban spaces follows from certain cultural narration. The author uses the tools of existential phenomenology and cultural regionalistics.

Santrauka

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos miesto erdvės iš kultūros naratyvų perspektyvos. Iškeliama didžioji tezė: miesto gyvenamosios erdvės atsiveria susidūrus kultūros vaizdiškumo ir pasakojamumo aspektams. Mažosios tezės: miestas – egzistencinio ugdymo vieta, kur pereinama į vis naują gyvenamąją erdvę; miestas – ir istorinių žymenų santalkos vieta, ir utopiškai bevietis; miestas – viešoji erdvė, skirta privatiems tikslams įgyvendinti; kiekvienos miesto vietos pokytis veikia visas kitas jo erdves; erdviškumas apibūdintinas kaip geba pereiti nuo vieno egzistencijos regiono prie kito; laikiškumas atverdamas naujus istorinius regionus yra erdviškumo aspektas; miestas – savipakankamas darinys tiek, kiek jis užtikrina perėjimą nuo pasakojamumo prie vaizdumo ir nuo erdviškumo prie laikiškumo; miestas – ir komunikacijos aplinka, ir komunikacinis veikėjas; miesto erdvių judri sankiba susiklosto kaip kultūros naratyvo pasekmė. Straipsnyje egzistencijos fenomenologijos priemonės derinamos su kultūrinės regionalistikos prieigomis.
KAI KURIE EKSPERIMENTINĖS ARCHITEKTŪROS TIPOLOGINĖS RAIDOS YPATUMAI
Authors: Grunskis Tomas
Published: June 2011

In continuation of his previously analyzed subject of experimental architecture, the article author discusses the development of this branch of architecture by describing the context of such development and its most prominent features and peculiarities. The article defines and suggests the general typology of experimental architecture, which summarizes examples of experimental architecture according to the character, function or purpose of experiment. The article also deals with foregrounding of socio-cultural aspect of experimental architecture development by relating it to different conditions and circumstances of the social – cultural context, which prevail in different periods of such architecture development. Besides, the author discusses the brandification process of experimental architecture, or, in other words, the regularities inherent to implementation of ideas and concepts of experimental architecture and their turning into architectural trademarks. Santrauka Tęsdamas anksčiau nagrinėtą eksperimentinės architektūros temą, autorius straipsnyje aptaria šios architektūros srities raidą, apibūdindamas tiek tos raidos kontekstą, tiek ir ryškesnius jos bruožus bei ypatumus. Čia aptariama ir siūloma bendroji eksperimentinės architektūros tipologija, kuri apibendrina eksperimentinės architektūros pavyzdžius pagal eksperimentavimo pobūdį ir funkciją arba paskirtį. Taip pat straipsnyje aktualizuojamas sociokultūrinis eksperimentinės architektūros raidos aspektas, ją siejant su įvairiomis socialinio bei kultūrinio konteksto sąlygomis ir aplinkybėmis, būdingomis skirtingais šios architektūros rūšies raidos laikotarpiais. Be to, straipsnyje aptariamas eksperimentinės architektūros brandifikacijos procesas arba tai, kokie dėsningumai yra būdingi eksperimentinės architektūros idėjų ir koncepcijų įgyvendinimui bei jų virsmui architektūriniu prekiniu ženklu.
Changer « à l'insu de son plein gré » ? Les défis de l'intervention sous mandat
Authors: Denis Catherine , Seron Claude
Published: June 2011

Résumé Les auteurs retracent l’évolution de leur pratique avec des familles envoyées en consultation par les autorités de l’aide et de la protection de la jeunesse au cours de ces vingt dernières années. Ils commencent par faire part des changements méthodologiques qu’ils ont opérés dans leur travail sous mandat et de l’évolution du contexte social. Ensuite, ils abordent plus concrètement trois axes de travail utiles pour amener des parents contraints de consulter à opérer des changements dans l’intérêt de leurs enfants : le travail autour de la contrainte, le processus d’affiliation et enfin la question de la responsabilisation.
Comment souplesse et liberté peuvent générer des effets thérapeutiques dans un cadre de guidance sous contrainte en milieu ouvert
Authors: Mainguet Catherine , Mousnier Etienne , Vanneste François
Published: June 2011

Résumé Ce texte de l’équipe du Sairso vous introduit dans son quotidien avec les familles. À chaque étape, la capacité d’adaptation est un atout : lors de la première rencontre avec la famille, lors de la rédaction de rapports et lors du travail en co-intervention. Des vignettes cliniques illustreront la manière dont l’équipe s’ajuste au système (famille, mandant, intervenants) afin de créer un espace relationnel au plus près des besoins de la famille, lequel servira de terreau à l’émergence de la guidance. Tout au long de l’accompagnement, l’équipe cherche à rebondir grâce à une souplesse et une liberté d’esprit... et de cœur.
Soins et contraintes des délinquants sexuels et des soignants en Défense Sociale. Le projet « Épicéas »
Authors: Oswald Pierre
Published: June 2011

Résumé La loi de Défense Sociale spécifie que les délinquants qui, au moment des faits, présentaient un état de démence les rendant incapables du contrôle de leurs actes doivent être internés. L’Établissement de Défense Sociale de Tournai accueille 350 internés, dont près de 150 délinquants sexuels. Conscients des limites des prises en charge existantes, nous avons développé le projet « Épicéas ». Composé de soignants provenant d’horizons divers, notre projet développe une approche globale, tout en insistant sur les aspects humanistes et systémiques. L’abord des patients délinquants sexuels et de leurs familles, dans le cadre de la contrainte de l’internement, est un champ encore peu balisé par les systémiciens. Mais à côté des approches plus classiques, nous affirmons ici que l’outil systémique est particulièrement adapté à nos patients et à leurs familles.
Les armées européennes ne peuvent-elles mener que des guerres limitées ?
Authors: Strachan Hew
Published: June 2011

Longtemps organisées autour du concept de guerre totale, les armées occidentales se réduisent à la fin de la guerre froide, tout en s’engageant dans des conflits exigeant de larges déploiements. Les sociétés européennes ne savent plus bien quels types de guerre elles veulent mener : c’est le concept même de guerre limitée et ses instruments qui sont à repenser. politique étrangère
Pour une Politique agricole commune ambitieuse, mais renouvelée
Authors: Guillou Marion
Published: June 2011

Plusieurs facteurs, dont les évolutions démographiques, climatiques et environnementales, obligent à repenser la Politique agricole commune (PAC). Son renouvellement doit conduire à une stabilisation des revenus des agriculteurs et des prix des produits agricoles, à une meilleure prise en compte des biens publics que sont notamment le climat et la biodiversité et à un développement de l’innovation « verte ». politique étrangère
Quelle réforme pour la Politique agricole commune et le budget européen ?
Authors: Boulanger Pierre H.
Published: June 2011

Depuis les objectifs fixés par le traité de Rome à la Politique agricole commune (PAC), les dynamiques européennes et les évolutions de l’environnement international n’ont cessé de complexifier les problèmes. La PAC est sans doute arrivée à la fin d’un cycle fondé sur une politique de soutien aux prix de marché. Un nouveau paradigme doit rapidement émerger, pour être mis en œuvre à compter de 2014. Le résultat des négociations multilatérales pourrait accélérer une réforme ambitieuse de la PAC. politique étrangère
Des familles face à la vocation
Authors: Laillier Joël
Published: June 2011

Résumé La scolarité à l'école de danse de l'Opéra s'accompagne souvent d'un investissement familial très important qui peut paraître démesuré tant il comporte de sacrifices pour toute la famille alors que les chances de réussite demeurent très incertaines. L'enquête menée auprès des familles des petits rats permet d'expliquer ce paradoxe en interrogeant les logiques d'adhésion des parents. Celles-ci s'articulent entre un système de justification et l'imposition de motifs d'ordre religieux et moral qui s'appuient sur des dispositions sociales particulières. Derrière les mécanismes d'adhésion, apparaît alors une sélection sociale de familles « accordées » à la formation.
Journal Writing: A Teaching Strategy for Gerontology Nursing Courses
Authors: Miller Sally M.
Published: June 2011

Journal writing, recognized as a valuable method to augment and enrich learning, has been used in adult education, higher education, and in the health care professions. Journal writing promotes reflective thought and increases awareness. This article describes how journal writing was used in the gerontology rotation of an associate degree nursing program to engage students in the content, encourage examination of personal beliefs, recognize biases, and reflect on perceptions about older adults.
Research in THA and TKA From the United States Has Declined Over the Past Decade Relative to Other Countries
Authors: Meneghini R. Michael , Russo Glenn S. , Lieberman Jay R.
Published: June 2011

Decreasing reimbursement, increasing surgical volumes, and prohibitive institutional review board polices potentially deter residents from entering the subspecialty of joint replacement, while also inhibiting research production by existing surgeons. Our hypothesis is that there has been a decline in total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) research in the United States relative to other countries over the past decade.

All original research involving THA and TKA published in
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume
,
Journal of Arthroplasty
, and
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
over the past decade was queried. Country of origin and level of evidence of each publication were documented. From January 1999 to December 2008, 1724 original peer-reviewed research studies involving THA and TKA were identified. The percentage of publications from US institutions steadily declined from 65.8% in 1999 to 46.9% in 2008. The percentage of Level I and II studies from the United States increased from 9.7% in 1999 to 23.3% in 2008, which parallels the increase seen from all countries from 7.8% to 24.8% during the same decade.

Despite the improving levels of evidence, the relative percentage of publications from the United States on THA and TKA has declined over the past 10 years. In contrast to the relatively constant number from the United States, publications on THA and TKA from non-US institutions have increased over the past decade. These trends may have significant implications for future THA and TKA research in the United States.
Do Microfractures Improve High Tibial Osteotomy Outcome?
Authors: Pascale Walter , Luraghi Simone , Perico Laura , Pascale Valerio
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to determine if microfractures improve the outcome of high tibial osteotomy in patients with medial compartmental osteoarthritis in genu varum. Forty patients presenting with Outerbridge grade III and IV chondropathies on the femoral and/or the tibial joint surface underwent high tibial osteotomy with Puddu plates (Arthrex, Inc, Naples, Florida) for primary medial compartment osteoarthritis in genu varum at our institution. Patients were randomly assigned to either the high tibial osteotomy plus microfractures group (A; n=20) or the high tibial osteotomy alone group (B; n=20). Final assessment was conducted 5 years postoperatively, including clinical response measured by the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm score, and patient satisfaction score. All patients were blinded to the treatment received and followed the same rehabilitation protocol. A statistically significant improvement between pre- and postoperative values was observed for Lysholm and IKDC scores in both groups, without any statistically significant difference between them. Regarding the satisfaction score, there were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of preoperative self-assessment (
P
>.05), whereas postoperative subjective satisfaction at 5-year follow-up was significantly higher in group A than in group B (
P
=.0036).

Our study results provide further evidence that medial tibial osteotomy is an effective surgical option for treating a varus knee associated with medial degenerative arthritis in patients wishing to continue accustomed levels of physical activity. In particular, patient satisfaction was higher among those who underwent the combined treatment involving high tibial osteotomy to correct femorotibial angle and microfractures.
Metastases of the Pelvis: Does Resection Improve Survival?
Authors: Ruggieri Pietro , Mavrogenis Andreas F. , Angelini Andrea , Mercuri Mario
Published: June 2011

Limited data are available to compare the outcome of wide en bloc resection and curettage for pelvic metastases. Previous studies have reported that curettage is associated with high mortality and decreased survival compared to wide resection and have justified consideration of a radical surgical approach to achieve pain palliation and tumor control. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of curettage/marginal resection compared to wide en bloc resection for patients with pelvic metastases. The hypothesis was that wide resection does not improve survival even in patients with solitary pelvic metastases.

Between 1985 and 2009, twenty-one patients with pelvic metastases were treated with wide resection (12 patients) and curettage/marginal resection (9 patients) and adjuvants. Sixteen patients had solitary pelvic metastases. At a mean of 28 months (range, 2–152 months), we found no difference in survival to death or local recurrence with wide en bloc resection compared to curettage or marginal resection, even in patients with solitary pelvic metastases. The overall survival to death and local recurrence was 30% and 47% at 60 months, respectively. Survival to death of patients treated with wide resection was 18% at 60 months compared to 62% at 60 months of patients treated with curettage/marginal resection; no difference in survival to death between wide resection and curettage/marginal resection was observed even in patients with solitary pelvic metastases. Survival to local recurrence of patients treated with wide en bloc resection was 67% at 36 months compared to 26% at 36 months of patients treated with curettage/marginal resection; this was also not statistically significant. One patient treated with wide resection for a solitary pelvic metastasis had a postoperative complication.
Surgical Outcome Following Arthroscopic Fixation of Acromioclavicular Joint Disruption With the TightRope Device
Authors: Thiel Eric , Mutnal Amar , Gilot Gregory J.
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the preliminary radiographic and clinical results of grade IV and V acromioclavicular joint disruption repair using the arthroscopic Arthrex acromioclavicular TightRope (Naples, Florida) fixation technique. Numerous procedures have been described for surgical management of acromioclavicular joint disruption. The TightRope device involves an arthroscopic technique that allows nonrigid anatomic fixation of the acromioclavicular joint. A cohort of 10 men and 2 women with a mean age of 43 years (range, 25–61 years) underwent the acromioclavicular joint TightRope procedure between April 2007 and October 2009. Eleven patients had either Rockwood grade IV or V disruptions and 1 sustained a distal third clavicle fracture with acromioclavicular joint disruption. Data was collected from a chart review. Patients were evaluated clinically, radiographically, by the simple shoulder test, and by overall satisfaction. There were 2 failures of reduction and 1 loss of reduction at final radiographic follow-up. The rate of fixation failure was 16.6%. All patients had >110° of total elevation. The majority of patients obtained satisfactory functional results according to the Simple Shoulder Test averaging 11 of 12 questions answered positively (range, 7–12; standard deviation, 1.50) and 11 of 12 patients were satisfied with the procedure. At final phone interview at approximately 2 years postoperatively, 6 patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining patients were all satisfied with the procedure and no patients reported subjective loss of reduction or deterioration of function. Simple Shoulder Test average was maintained with 11 of 12 positively answered questions (range, 7–12; standard deviation, 2.0) This case series revealed a high rate of fixation failure with the TightRope system. Still, most patients were satisfied with the procedure and achieved high functional shoulder results.
Locally Administered Zoledronic Acid Therapy for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Authors: Nishisho Toshihiko , Hanaoka Naoyoshi , Endo Kenji , Takahashi Mitsuhiko , Yasui Natsuo
Published: June 2011

Giant cell tumor of bone is locally aggressive and occurs in the meta-epiphyseal region of long bones. Because of its high recurrence rate, local adjuvant therapies such as phenol or liquid nitrogen have been recommended. In the present study, zoledronic acid, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, was administered locally as an adjuvant during a biopsy. An otherwise healthy 43-year-old man presented with pain and swelling in the right knee. Plain radiographs showed an osteolytic lesion of the right proximal tibia. An open biopsy was performed and the intraoperative pathologic diagnosis was giant cell tumor of bone. Following biopsy, the defect was filled with betatricalcium phosphate, and 4 mg of zoledronic acid was locally administered into the tumor lesion. Two months after the biopsy, curettage and bone grafting were performed. Sections were obtained during the curettage for histology to evaluate the response to bisphosphonate treatment. Histologic examination revealed massive tumor cell death in the lesion in which both stromal cells and osteoclast-like giant cells were necrotic. Curettage was performed and the defect was filled with a commercial preshaped hydroxyapatitetricalcium phosphate bone substitute. Eighteen months after curettage, the patient had regained full range of motion and good function of the knee, and radiographs at 18 months after curettage revealed no recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone.
Bipolar Clavicular Dislocation
Authors: Argintar Evan , Holzman Michael , Gunther Stephen
Published: June 2011

Bipolar clavicular dislocation rarely occurs. Although referred to by several different names (panclavicular dislocation, bifocal clavicle dislocation, traumatic floating clavicle, and periarticular clavicle dislocation), knowledge regarding appropriate treatment of this condition is limited. Conservative therapy remains the gold standard in asymptomatic individuals. In younger individuals with higher functional demands, or individuals with persistent pain or instability, open reduction with internal fixation of the acromioclavicular joint has also proven successful. In situations with continued medial instability, internal fixation can be used at both the acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint.

Chronic bipolar dislocation may require total claviculectomy, especially when chronic dislocation has led to nonviable acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joint viability. This article presents a chronic case of bipolar dislocation treated by complete claviculectomy.
Treatment of Focal Osteochondral Defects of the Acetabulum With Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation
Authors: Krych Aaron J. , Lorich Dean G. , Kelly Bryan T.
Published: June 2011

To our knowledge, treatment of focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum with osteochondral allograft transplantation has not been described. As with osteochondral lesions of other weight-bearing surfaces, these defects may lead to disabling pain and early degenerative changes. In older patients who fail nonoperative treatment, hip arthroplasty is a reliable option to obtain pain relief and restore function. However, in young and active patients, it may be advantageous to restore joint congruity biologically. The clinical success of osteochondral allograft transplantation in the femoral condyles has been well-documented, with over 25 years of experience. We propose similar treatment principles in the hip joint.

This article presents the cases of a 24-year-old woman (patient 1) and a 32-year-old man (patient 2) with hip pain and dysfunction secondary to a focal osteochondral defect of the acetabulum. Both were treated with osteochondral allograft transplantation to the defect using a dowel technique. A magnetic resonance image at 18 months in both cases demonstrated incorporation of the allograft bone into the host acetabulum. At 24 months in patient 1 and 42 months in patient 2, radiographs showed no progressive osteoarthritis. Both patients’ Hip Outcome Scores were 100 points each.

Osteochondral allografts allow large areas to be resurfaced without donor site morbidity, and these grafts provide an immediate functional joint surface. Although it has not been proven in terms of long-term follow-up, we believe that osteochondral allograft transplantation for focal osteochondral defects of the acetabulum in young, active patients is a feasible option to restore joint congruity.
L’état de nature, modèle et miroir de la guerre civile
Authors: Grangé Ninon
Published: June 2011

Intervenant sur l’« état de nature comme modèle et miroir de la guerre civile », Ninon Grangé s’interroge sur l’oxymoron que constitue le couple barbarie/cité au nom d’un recouvrement de la politique par l’humanisation. La guerre civile complexifie les rapports politiques et n’est pas une régression dans la mesure où, contrairement à l’état de nature, il ne s’agit pas d’une hypothèse d’étude de nature fictionnelle : à ce titre elle est un arrêt plus qu’une rupture, une anomalie, un envers, un dérèglement du modèle de l’État qui, selon Hobbes, ne s’édifie pas contre la guerre mais contre la guerre civile (les conflits perpétuels entre les États relevant d’une sorte d’état de nature des républiques). Guerre et guerre civile posent le problème d’une permanence de l’état de nature au cœur même de l’état social. Le mode de sortie de ce paradoxe peut être perçu dans la question de l’amnistie (qui consiste à « ne pas rappeler les malheurs » selon l’étymologie grecque) comme nouveau départ de l’histoire et abolition de la distance entre les ennemis.
A la recherche d’une définition des institutions de la liberté.
Authors: GAILLE-NIKODIMOV Marie
Published: June 2011

Cet article explore une dimension essentielle, et jusqu’à présent peu analysée, du langage machiavélien : les métaphores médicales et parmi celles-ci, plus spécialement les termes et expressions qui lui permettent d’énoncer ses thèses majeures sur l’ordre institutionnel propre à la liberté. L’enquête sur les sources de la théorie médicale en vigueur au tournant du 16ème siècle – le présocratique Alcméon de Crotone, le corpus hippocratique tel qu’il est transmis par Galien – montre à la fois l’importance du vocabulaire médical pour Machiavel (les métaphores médicales ne sont donc en aucun cas de simples ornements) et les libertés qu’il prend à l’égard de cette source dans la formulation de ses idées politiques. L’analyse de cet usage oriente la réflexion vers une analyse du statut de l’idée de constitution mixte chez Machiavel : les institutions de la liberté correspondent-elles à cet idéal antique, formulé en Grèce, puis appliqué à la réalité romaine par Polybe, Cicéron et Denys d’Halicarnasse. En réalité, à travers sa pensée du conflit civil, Machiavel s’éloigne de manière radicale du modèle de la constitution mixte.
La qualification de l’ennemi chez Emer de Vattel
Authors: Senellart Michel
Published: June 2011

Michel Senellart partant de la lecture de Vattel (1714-1767) pose la question de l’« Étatisation de la guerre » et de la « qualification de l’ennemi », centrales pour réfléchir sur l’humanisation de la guerre fondée moins sur la définition du type de guerre que sur celle de ceux contre qui on se bat, ce qui permet le maintien d’un lien entre jus in bello et jus ad bellum. Les lectures divergentes de Vattel faites par Schmitt et par Bluntschli conduisent à poser le problème de la place des États dans les lois de la guerre, le second défendant la création d’une législation supranationale, au nom d’une logique de paix et de respect du droit des gens, alors que le second considère une telle instance supra étatique comme un des facteurs de « barbarisation » de la guerre car elle criminalise l’ennemi et brouille la distinction traditionnelle entre « ennemi » et « brigand ». M. Senellart conclut son intervention en posant que la vraie distinction n’est peut-être pas celle qui différencie normativisme (Bluntschli) et décisionnisme (Schmitt) mais celle qui oppose conception républicaine (reconnaissant une légitimité au peuple en armes) et conception étatiste, d’où une distinction possible entre ennemi actif et ennemi passif.
De Grotius à Srebrenica. La violence et la régulation de la violence dans l’espace yougoslave : réflexions critiques sur l’archéologie de la balkanisation
Authors: Krulic Joseph
Published: June 2011

Joseph Krulic intervenant sur la logique de longue durée des affrontements dans les Balkans récuse le lieu commun des « haines ancestrales » au profit d’une analyse des violences de longue durée entre les communautés, mais aussi à l’intérieur des communautés (notamment en Serbie), à partir de l’examen du système international et d’une comparaison entre périodes de calme et périodes de troubles. Il a manqué dans l’espace balkanique une double régulation traditionnelle de la violence : d’une part, la régulation impériale après la guerre de Trente Ans instaurant la paix comme non-guerre et instituant une guerre légale et limitée entre États ; d’autre part, la régulation par le droit par l’intermédiaire de la conjonction des théories de la souveraineté et de la raison d’État assurant un monopole étatique de la violence doublé d’un processus de « civilisation » (selon les théories de Norbert Elias). J. Krulic définit ainsi la balkanisation comme un effet d’un mélange de violence sociétale, de résidu d’empire, de déficit d’État et de prolifération étatique.
Le Léviathan dans la doctrine de l’État de Thomas Hobbes : sens et échec du décisionnisme politique
Authors: Tuchscherer Emmanuel
Published: June 2011

Présenté en 1938, le Der Leviathan de Carl Schmitt clos un ensemble de réflexions que le juriste et politologue allemand a consacré au décisionnisme politique. Au long de son commentaire sur Hobbes, Schmitt aboutit toutefois à un résultat inattendu. Naguère loué comme « le cas classique de la pensée décisionniste », Hobbes s’est métamorphosé à son insu en « ancêtre spirituel » de l’État législateur et libéral-constitutionnel. Schmitt a trouvé chez son allié le plus précieux les germes d’une pensée qu’il n’a cessé d’éreinter sous toutes ses formes, qu’on la décline dans sa version techniciste, positiviste, constitutionnaliste bourgeoise et libérale, individualiste ou pluraliste. C’est en ce sens que le Der Leviathan résume à bien des égards le sens et l’échec du décisionnisme politique.
4-1BB Triggering Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Modulating the Balance between Th17 and Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Kim Young H. , Choi Beom K. , Shin Su M. , Kim Chang H. , Oh Ho S. , Park Sang H. , Lee Don G. , Lee Myoung J. , Kim Kwang H. , Vinay Dass S. , Kwon Byoung S.
Published: June 2011

Agonistic anti–4-1BB Ab is known to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 4-1BB triggering typically leads to the expansion of CD8+ T cells, which produce abundant IFN-γ, and this in turn results in IDO-dependent suppression of autoimmune responses. However, because neutralization of IFN-γ or depletion of CD8+ T cell only partially abrogates the effect of 4-1BB triggering, we sought to identify an additional mechanism of 4-1BB–triggered suppression of autoimmune responses using IFN-γ- or IFN-γR–deficient mice. 4-1BB triggering inhibited the generation of Th17 cells that is responsible for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction and progression, and increased Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, particularly among CD4+ T cells. This was not due to a direct effect of 4-1BB signaling on CD4+ T cell differentiation: 4-1BB signaling not only reduced Th17 cells and increased Treg cells in wild-type mice, which could be due to IFN-γ production by the CD8+ T cells, but also did so in IFN-γ–deficient mice, in that case by downregulating IL-6 production. These results show that although secondary suppressive mechanisms evoked by 4-1BB triggering are usually masked by the strong effects of IFN-γ, 4-1BB signaling seems to modulate autoimmune responses by a number of mechanisms, and modulation of the Th17 versus Treg cell balance is one of those mechanisms.
The Interaction between IL-18 and IL-18 Receptor Limits the Magnitude of Protective Immunity and Enhances Pathogenic Responses following Infection with Intracellular Bacteria
Authors: Ghose Purnima , Ali Asim Q. , Fang Rong , Forbes Digna , Ballard Billy , Ismail Nahed
Published: June 2011

The binding of IL-18 to IL-18Rα induces both proinflammatory and protective functions during infection, depending on the context in which it occurs. IL-18 is highly expressed in the liver of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice following lethal infection with highly virulent Ixodes ovatus ehrlichia (IOE), an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute fatal toxic shock-like syndrome. In this study, we found that IOE infection of IL-18Rα−/− mice resulted in significantly less host cell apoptosis, decreased hepatic leukocyte recruitment, enhanced bacterial clearance, and prolonged survival compared with infected WT mice, suggesting a pathogenic role for IL-18/IL-18Rα in Ehrlichia-induced toxic shock. Although lack of IL-18R decreased the magnitude of IFN-γ producing type-1 immune response, enhanced resistance of IL-18Rα−/− mice against Ehrlichia correlated with increased proinflammatory cytokines at sites of infection, decreased systemic IL-10 production, increased frequency of protective NKT cells producing TNF-α and IFN-γ, and decreased frequency of pathogenic TNF-α–producing CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of immune WT CD8+ T cells increased bacterial burden in IL-18Rα−/− mice following IOE infection. Furthermore, rIL-18 treatment of WT mice infected with mildly virulent Ehrlichia muris impaired bacterial clearance and enhanced liver injury. Finally, lack of IL-18R signal reduced dendritic cell maturation and their TNF-α production, suggesting that IL-18 might promote the adaptive pathogenic immune responses against Ehrlichia by influencing T cell priming functions of dendritic cells. Together, these results suggested that the presence or absence of IL-18R signals governs the pathogenic versus protective immunity in a model of Ehrlichia-induced immunopathology.
Different NK Cell Developmental Events Require Different Levels of IL-15 Trans-Presentation
Authors: Lee Gilbert Aaron , Liou Yae-Huei , Wang Szu-Wen , Ko Kai-Liang , Jiang Si-Tse , Liao Nan-Shih
Published: June 2011

NK cell development requires IL-15, which is “trans-presented” to IL-15Rβγ on NK cells by IL-15Rα on other cells. In this study, we report that different levels of IL-15 trans-presentation are required for different NK cell developmental events to reach full maturation status. Because the IL-15Rα intracellular domain has the capacity to recruit signaling molecules, we generated knockin and transgenic (Tg) mice that lack the intracellular domain to assess the role of the IL-15 trans-presentation level independent of the function of this domain. The level of IL-15Rα on various cells of these mice follows the order WT > Tg6 > knockin > Tg1 ≥ knockout. Bone marrow (BM)–derived dendritic cells prepared from these mice induced Stat5 phosphorylation in NK cells. The level of phospho-Stat5 correlated with the level of IL-15Rα on BMDCs, thus offering the opportunity to study quantitative effects of IL-15 trans-presentation on NK cell development in vivo. We found that NK cell homeostasis, mature NK cell differentiation, and acquisition of Ly49 receptor and effector functions require different levels of IL-15 trans-presentation input to achieve full status. All NK cell developmental events examined were quantitatively regulated by the IL-15Rα level of BM-derived and radiation-resistant accessory cells, but not by IL-15Rα of NK cells. We also found that IL-15Rα of radiation-resistant cells was more potent than IL-15Rα of BM-derived accessory cells in support of stage 2 to stage 3 splenic mNK differentiation. In summary, each examined developmental event required a particular level of IL-15 trans-presentation by accessory cells.