bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adenosine Attenuates LPS-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Inhibition of Mitochondrial Function via the ER Pathway
Authors: Zeng Mengnan , Zhang Beibei , Li Benke , Kan Yuxuan , Wang Shengchao , Feng Weisheng , Zheng Xiaoke
Published: January 2019

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome with a high rate of mortality. It is caused by an abnormal immune response to infection, and the occurrence of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy is the primary cause of death. The present study was designed to examine the effects of adenosine on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced cardiac anomalies and the underlying mechanisms involved. Adenosine (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.g., 2 times/day) was administered for three days, followed by the induction of sepsis by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg/2h). The effects of adenosine on inflammatory factors, LVEF, LVFS, and MAPK in septic rats (half male and half female) were observed. Subsequently, the effect of adenosine (10 μM) on the mitochondrial function of H9c2 cells stimulated with LPS (20 μg/mL, 24 h) was observed in the presence and absence of the estrogen receptor-specific antagonist ICI182,780. The results show that medium to high doses of adenosine can significantly promote cardiac function (LVEF and LVFS) and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, PCT, and cTnI) and p-JNK in septic rats, with a significant difference seen between male and female rats. The results of flow cytometry show that adenosine significantly inhibited increases in ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the swelling degree of mitochondria in H9c2 cells stimulated with LPS, but this effect could be blocked by ICI182,780, indicating that adenosine attenuated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting mitochondrial function via the ER pathway.
In-Package Air Cold Plasma Treatment of Chicken Breast Meat: Treatment Time Effect
Authors: Zhuang Hong , Rothrock Jr. Michael J. , Hiett Kelli L. , Lawrence Kurt C. , Gamble Gary R. , Bowker Brian C. , Keener Kevin M.
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of in-package dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) atmospheric cold plasma (CP) on meat color, microbiological quality and safety of chicken breast meat (pectoralis major). Raw broiler breast meat was collected from a local commercial plant. Noninoculated meat samples and meat samples inoculated with Campylobacter and Salmonella were packed in polymeric trays with air. The packaged samples were CP-treated at 70 kV for different times (0, 60, 180, or 300 sec) and stored at 4°C for 5 days. Microbial counts (psychrophiles, Campylobacter, Salmonella) and meat color (International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L∗a∗b∗) were measured before CP treatments and after 5 days of posttreatment storage. Psychrophile growth was inhibited (P<0.05), and both food-borne pathogens were reduced (P<0.05) by more than 90% with CP treatments regardless of treatment time. No differences in pathogenic bacterial counts were observed between the three treatment times; however, increasing treatment time beyond 60 sec resulted in additional inhibition of psychrophilic growth. There were no differences (P>0.05) in a∗ and b∗ values between pretreatment and posttreatment plus storage; however, all CP treatments resulted in increased L∗ value (P<0.05). Results indicate that in-package CP treatments can be used to reduce both microbial spoilage and food-borne pathogen risks, which could increase microbial food safety, although it may result in an overall paler breast meat, and the reduction (about 1 log) in pathogenic and spoilage microbes are limited.
Inappropriate Defibrillator Shocks due to Mechanical Inference from an Investigational Device
Authors: Yang Ying chi , Aung Thein Tun , Wase Abdul
Published: January 2019

Cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) is an investigational device-based therapy to enhance ventricular contractility in systolic heart failure patients who are not candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) owing to the absence of wide QRS complexes or who have failed to respond on CRT. The principal mechanism is based on the stimulation of cardiac muscles by nonexcitatory electrical signals to augment the influx of calcium ions into the cardiomyocytes. The majority of patients receiving CCM therapy have concurrent implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and the manufacturer declares both devices can be used in parallel without any interactions. Nevertheless, proper lead positioning of both devices are crucial, and it is mandatory to check device-device interactions during each and every cardiac electronic implantable device-related procedure to prevent adverse outcomes.
CD4+ TSCMs in the Bone Marrow Assist in Maturation of Antibodies against Influenza in Mice
Authors: Wu Kang , Wang Fei , Guo Guangwu , Li Yuqing , Qiu Li-Jun , Li Xuefeng
Published: January 2019

The bone marrow (BM) is not only a reservoir of hematopoietic stem cells but a repository of immunological memory cells. Further characterizing BM-resident memory T cells would be helpful to reveal the complicated relationship between the BM and immunological memory. In this study, we identified CD122high stem cell antigen-1 (Sca-1) high B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) high CD4+ stem cell-like memory T cells (TSCMs) as a distinct memory T cell subset, which preferentially reside in the BM, where they respond vigorously to blood-borne antigens. Interestingly, the natural CD4+ TSCMs homing to the BM colocalized with VCAM-1+ IL-15+ IL-7+ CXCL-12+ stromal cells. Furthermore, compared to spleen-resident CD4+ TSCMs, BM-resident TSCMs induced the production of high-affinity antibodies against influenza by B lymphocytes more efficiently. Taken together, these observations indicate that the BM provides an appropriate microenvironment for the survival of CD4+ TSCMs, which broadens our knowledge regarding the memory maintenance of antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes.
Minimum Water Requirement Method for High-Performance Sulphoaluminate Cement-Based Materials
Authors: Zhang Hong-ping , Bai Pei-kang , Wang Jian-hong , Dong Yan-li , Han Yun-shan
Published: January 2019

In this work, we propose the use of steel slag instead of slag powder, in addition to fly ash and silica fume, to obtain high-performance sulphoaluminate cement-based materials. According to the closest-packing theory and on the basis of the minimum water requirement test, the influence of mineral admixtures on the minimum water requirement was evaluated for sulphoaluminate composite system paste. The optimal composition of the cementitious materials was thus determined. Orthogonal tests were used to assess the validity of this ratio. The correlation between minimum water requirement and the standard consistence was not only analyzed in the system of the minimum water requirement method decided but also in the complicate system of the orthogonal tests determined. Experimental results show that the influence of steel slag on the minimum water requirement is the largest in composite cement paste; minimum water requirement and standard consistency have a good correlation; the cement paste designed with the optimum composite had the highest strength of all the tested materials, but minimum water requirement and strength have a poor correlation in the orthogonal tests. We demonstrate that standard consistency evaluation can replace the minimum water requirement method to determine the optimum ratio of cement mineral admixtures. The proposed method not only simplifies the process but also makes the method more scientific.
Higher-Order Mode Electromagnetic Analysis of a Material Sample between Two Flanged Coaxial Probes for Broadband Modelling of Dielectric Measurement Setups
Authors: Haro-Báez Raúl V. , Córcoles Juan , Ruiz-Cruz Jorge A. , Montejo-Garai José R. , Rebollar Jesús M.
Published: January 2019

The characterization of the dielectric properties of a material requires a measurement technique and its associated analysis method. In this work, the configuration involving two coaxial probes with a material for dielectric measurement between them is analyzed with a mode-matching approach. To that effect, two models with different complexity and particularities are proposed. It will be shown how convergence is sped up for accurate results by using a proper choice of higher-order modes along with a combination of perfect electric wall and perfect magnetic wall boundary conditions. It will also be shown how the frequency response is affected by the flange mounting size, which can be, rigorously and efficiently, taken into account with the same type of approach. This numerical study is validated through a wide range of simulations with reference values from another method, showing how the proposed approaches can be used for the broadband characterization of this well-known, but with a recent renewed interest from the research community, dielectric measurement setup.
Covert Intention to Answer to Self-Referential Questions Is Represented in Alpha-Band Local and Interregional Neural Synchronies
Authors: Choi Jeong Woo , Cha Kwang Su , Kim Kyung Hwan
Published: January 2019

The most fundamental and simplest intention for interpersonal communication may be the intentions to answer “yes” or “no” to a question, based on a binary decision. However, the neural mechanism of this type of intention has not been investigated in detail. The main purpose of this study was to investigate cortical processing of the “yes/no” intentions to answer self-referential questions. Multichannel electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded while covertly answering self-referential questions with either “yes” or “no”. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and interregional phase synchrony (PS) were investigated to identify the differences in local and global neural synchronies between two intentions. We found that the local and interregional neural synchronies in the alpha-band were significantly different between “yes” and “no,” especially at the period of retaining the intention in mind, which was greater for “no” than for “yes.” These results can be interpreted to signify that a higher cognitive load during working memory retention or higher attentional demand is required for the “no” intention compared to “yes.” Our findings suggest that both local and global neural synchronies in the alpha-band may be significantly differentiated during a critical temporal epoch, according to the contents of the mental representation of the intention.
A Novel Deep Learning Method for Obtaining Bilingual Corpus from Multilingual Website
Authors: Zhu ShaoLin , Li Xiao , Yang YaTing , Wang Lei , Mi ChengGang
Published: January 2019

Machine translation needs a large number of parallel sentence pairs to make sure of having a good translation performance. However, the lack of parallel corpus heavily limits machine translation for low‐resources language pairs. We propose a novel method that combines the continuous word embeddings with deep learning to obtain parallel sentences. Since parallel sentences are very invaluable for low‐resources language pair, we introduce cross‐lingual semantic representation to induce bilingual signals. Our experiments show that we can achieve promising results under lacking external resources for low‐resource languages. Finally, we construct a state‐of‐the‐art machine translation system in low‐resources language pair.
TM Electromagnetic Scattering from PEC Polygonal Cross-Section Cylinders: A New Analytical Approach for the Efficient Evaluation of Improper Integrals Involving Oscillating and Slowly Decaying Functions
Authors: Lucido Mario , Santomassimo Chiara , Schettino Fulvio , Migliore Marco Donald , Pinchera Daniele , Panariello Gaetano
Published: January 2019

The analysis of the TM electromagnetic scattering from perfectly electrically conducting polygonal cross-section cylinders is successfully carried out by means of an electric field integral equation formulation in the spectral domain and the method of analytical preconditioning which leads to a matrix equation at which Fredholm’s theory can be applied. Hence, the convergence of the discretization scheme is guaranteed. Unfortunately, the matrix coefficients are improper integrals involving oscillating and, in the worst cases, slowly decaying functions. Moreover, the classical analytical asymptotic acceleration technique leads to faster decaying integrands without overcoming the most important problem of their oscillating nature. Thus, the computation time rapidly increases as higher is the accuracy required for the solution. The aim of this paper is to show a new analytical technique for the efficient evaluation of such kind of integrals even when high accuracy is required for the solution.
The Characteristics of Metaheuristic Method in Selection of Path Pairs on Multicriteria Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Gunantara Nyoman , Nurweda Putra I Dewa Nyoman
Published: January 2019

This research analyzes the metaheuristic methods, that is, ant colony optimization (ACO), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), in the selection of path pairs on multicriteria ad hoc network. Multicriteria used are signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), load variance, and power consumption. Analysis of the simulation result is done as follows: first, in terms of computing time, the ACO method takes the most time compared with GA and PSO methods. Second, in terms of multicriteria performance, i.e., the performance of SNR, load variance, and power consumption, the GA method shows the same value in each repetition. It is different from ACO and PSO that show varying values. Finally, the selection of the path pairs by the GA method indicates the pairs of the path that are always the same as by the ACO and PSO methods indicate those that vary.
Fuzzy Iterative Sliding Mode Control Applied for Path Following of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle with Large Inertia
Authors: Wang Guanxue , Xu Guohua , Liu Gang , Wang Wenjin , Li Ben
Published: January 2019

The aim of this paper is to develop a fuzzy iterative sliding mode control (FISMC) scheme for special autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) on three‐dimensional (3D) path following. In this paper, the characteristics of the AUV are considered, which include a large scale, large inertia, and high speed. The FISMC controller designs iterative sliding mode surfaces by using a hyperbolic tangent function to keep the system with fast convergence and robust performance. At the same time, system uncertainties and environmental disturbances are taken into account. The control algorithm introduces fuzzy control to optimize the control parameters online to enhance the adaptability of the system and inhibit the chattering of the actuators. The performance of the proposed FISMC is demonstrated with numerical simulations.
Energy Evolution and Mechanical Features of Granite Subjected to Triaxial Loading‐Unloading Cycles
Authors: Pei Feng , Ji Hongguang , Zhang Tongzhao
Published: January 2019

Energy evolution varies during the whole process of rock deformation, and mechanical parameters are markedly altered under cyclic loading and unloading. In order to investigate the effects of confining pressure on energy evolution and mechanical parameters, cyclic loading and unloading experiments were performed for granite under six different confining pressures. The experiment revealed the confining pressure effect on variation and allocation pattern of energy and mechanical characteristics. Four characteristic energy parameters, namely, storage energy rock, storage energy limit, energy storage ratio, and energy dissipation ratio, were proposed to describe energy storage and dissipation properties of rock. Elastic modulus and dissipation ratio presented a downward “U” and “U”‐shaped trends, respectively, with loading and unloading cycles, while Poisson’s ratio increased linearly at the same time. Elastic energy was accumulated mainly before peak stress, while the energy dissipation and release were dominant after the peak strength. As the confining pressure increased, efficiency of energy accumulation and storage limit improved. An exponential function was proposed to express the relationship between the energy storage limit and confining pressure. Dissipation energy increased nonlinearly with the strain, and the volume dilatancy point defined the turning point from a relatively slow growth to an accelerated growth of dissipation energy. The dilatancy point can be used as an important indication for the rapid development of dissipation energy.
Real-Time Optical Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps in the Routine Clinical Practice Using the NICE and WASP Classifications in a Nonacademic Setting
Authors: Castela Joana , Mão de Ferro Susana , Rosa Isadora , Lage Pedro , Ferreira Sara , Pereira Silva João , Cortez Pinto João , Vale Rodrigues Rita , Moleiro Joana , Claro Isabel , Esteves Susana , Dias Pereira António
Published: January 2019

Background: Narrow-band imaging (NBI) allows “in vivo” classification of colorectal polyps. Objectives: We evaluated the optical diagnosis by nonexpert community-based endoscopists in routine clinical practice, the impact of training, and whether the endoscopists could achieve the threshold for the “do not resect” policy. Methods: This was an observational study performed in two periods (P1 and P2). Endoscopists had no prior experience in NBI in P1 and applied the technique on a daily basis for 1 year before participation in P2. Lesions were classified by applying the NBI International Colorectal Endoscopic (NICE) and Workgroup serrAted polypS and Polyposis (WASP) classifications, simultaneously. Results: A total of 290 polyps were analyzed. The overall accuracy of optical diagnosis was 0.75 (95% CI 0.68–0.81) in P1, with an increase to 0.82 (95% CI 0.73–0.89) in P2 (p = 0.260). The accuracy of the NICE/WASP classifications to differentiate adenomatous from nonadenomatous histology was 0.78 (95% CI 0.72–0.84) in P1 and 0.86 (95% CI 0.77–0.92) in P2 (p = 0.164); assignments made with a high confidence level achieved statistical significance (13% improvement, 95% CI 3–22%; p = 0.022). The negative predictive value for adenomatous histology of diminutive rectosigmoid polyps was 81% (95% CI 64–93%) and 80% (95% CI 59–93%) in P1 and P2, respectively. Conclusions: Nonexpert endoscopists achieved moderate accuracy for real-time optical diagnosis of colorectal lesions with the NICE/WASP classifications. The overall performance of the endoscopists improved after sustained use of optical diagnosis, but did not achieve the standards for the implementation of the “do not resect” strategy.
A Simple Modification for the Usage of Flexible Cystoscope in Modified Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction with Renal Calculi: A Flexible Guiding Tube
Authors: Hong Peng , Li Ziao , Zhu Dongdong , Zhuang Liyan , Yang Kunlin , Hao Han , Li Xuesong , Zhou Liqun
Published: January 2019

Objective: To present our technique of laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) with concomitant pyelolithotomy in ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) complicated by renal calculi and compare outcome with a group of UPJO patients undergoing modified LP without coexistent calculi. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 51 UPJO patients undergoing modified LP from January 2013 to November 2016 at our institution. Sixteen patients were diagnosed as UPJO with coexistent ipsilateral renal calculi and underwent pyelolithotomy using our modified technique at the time of modified LP. The outcome data of this group were compared with those of 16 matched patients undergoing modified LP without calculi. Results: No conversion to open surgery occurred. The mean operative time for modified LP and pyelolithotomy was 151.6 min, while the mean operative time for modified LP was 137.6 min (p = 0.21). Additionally, no differences in estimated blood loss (p = 0.96) or postoperative complications (p = 1.00) were observed between the 2 groups. The stone-free rate was 100%. During a mean follow-up of 27.1 months, there were no recurrent calculi or secondary UPJO. Conclusions: The combination of our novel flexible guiding tube and modified suture technique provides a practical and economic approach with satisfying outcome in the treating of UPJO with concomitant renal calculi.
Prediction of Recurrence after Transsphenoidal Surgery for Cushing’s Disease: The Use of Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Liu Yifan , Liu Xiaohai , Hong Xinyu , Liu Penghao , Bao Xinjie , Yao Yong , Xing Bing , Li Yansheng , Huang Yi , Zhu Huijuan , Lu Lin , Wang Renzhi , Feng Ming
Published: January 2019

Background: There are no reliable predictive models for recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for Cushing’s disease (CD). Objectives: This study aimed to develop machine learning (ML)-based predictive models for CD recurrence after initial TSS and to evaluate their performance. Method: A total of 354 CD patients were included in this retrospective, supervised learning, data mining study. Predictive models for recurrence were developed according to 17 variables using 7 algorithms. Models were evaluated based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: All patients were followed up for over 12 months (mean ± SD 43.80 ± 35.61). The recurrence rate was 13.0%. Age (p < 0.001), postoperative morning serum cortisol nadir (p = 0.002), and postoperative (p < 0.001) and preoperative (p = 0.04) morning adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) level were significantly related to recurrence. AUCs of the 7 models ranged from 0.608 to 0.781. The best performance (AUC = 0.781, 95% CI 0.706, 0.856) appeared when 8 variables were introduced to the random forest (RF) algorithm, which was much better than that of logistic regression (AUC = 0.684, p = 0.008) and that of using only postoperative morning serum cortisol (AUC = 0.635, p < 0.001). According to the feature selection algorithms, the top 3 predictors were age, postoperative serum cortisol, and postoperative ACTH. Conclusions: Using ML-based models for prediction of the recurrence after initial TSS for CD is feasible, and RF performs best. The performance of most of ML-based models was significantly better than that of some conventional models.
TLR2 Promotes Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Chondrogenic Differentiation and Consequent Calcification via the Concerted Actions of Osteoprotegerin Suppression and IL-6–Mediated RANKL Induction
Authors: Lee Guan-Lin , Yeh Chang-Ching , Wu Jing-Yiing , Lin Hui-Chen , Wang Yi-Fu , Kuo Ya-Yi , Hsieh Yi-Ting , Hsu Yu-Juei , Kuo Cheng-Chin
Published: January 2019

Objective—

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transformation to an osteochondrogenic phenotype is an initial step toward arterial calcification, which is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease–related morbidity and mortality. TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) plays a pathogenic role in the development of vascular diseases, but its regulation in calcification of arteries and VSMCs remains unclear. We postulate that TLR2-mediated inflammation participates in mediating atherosclerotic arterial calcification and VSMC calcification.

Approach and Results—

We found that
ApoE
−/−
Tlr2
−/−
genotype in mice suppressed high-fat diet–induced atherosclerotic plaques formation during initiation but progressively lost its preventative capacity, compared with
ApoE
−/−
mice. However, TLR2 deficiency prohibited high-fat diet–induced advanced atherosclerotic calcification, chondrogenic metaplasia, and OPG (osteoprotegerin) downregulation in the calcified lesions. Incubation of VSMCs in a calcifying medium revealed that TLR2 agonists significantly increased VSMC calcification and chondrogenic differentiation. Furthermore, TLR2 deficiency suppressed TLR2 agonist–mediated VSMC chondrogenic differentiation and consequent calcification, which were triggered via the concerted actions of IL (interleukin)-6–mediated RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) induction and OPG suppression. Inhibition experiments with pharmacological inhibitors demonstrated that IL-6–mediated RANKL induction is signaled by p38 and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) pathways, whereas the OPG is suppressed via NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) dependent signaling mediated by ERK1/2.

Conclusions—

We concluded that on ligand binding, TLR2 activates p38 and ERK1/2 signaling to selectively modulate the upregulation of IL-6–mediated RANKL and downregulation of OPG. These signaling pathways act in concert to induce chondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs, which in turn leads to vascular calcification during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Ventricular Fibrillation Waveform Analysis During Chest Compressions to Predict Survival From Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Coult Jason , Blackwood Jennifer , Sherman Lawrence , Rea Thomas D. , Kudenchuk Peter J. , Kwok Heemun
Published: January 2019

Background:

Quantitative measures of the ventricular fibrillation (VF) ECG waveform can assess myocardial physiology and predict cardiac arrest outcomes, making these measures a candidate to help guide resuscitation. Chest compressions are typically paused for waveform measure calculation because compressions cause ECG artifact. However, such pauses contradict resuscitation guideline recommendations to minimize cardiopulmonary resuscitation interruptions. We evaluated a comprehensive group of VF measures with and without ongoing compressions to determine their performance under both conditions for predicting functionally-intact survival, the study’s primary outcome.

Methods:

Five-second VF ECG segments were collected with and without chest compressions before 2755 defibrillation shocks from 1151 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Twenty-four individual measures and 3 combination measures were implemented. Measures were optimized to predict functionally-intact survival (Cerebral Performance Category score ≤2) using 460 training cases, and their performance evaluated using 691 independent test cases.

Results:

Measures predicted functionally-intact survival on test data with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 0.56 to 0.75 (median, 0.73) without chest compressions and from 0.53 to 0.75 (median, 0.69) with compressions (
P
<0.001 for difference). Of all measures evaluated, the support vector machine model ranked highest both without chest compressions (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73–0.78) and with compressions (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72–0.78;
P
=0.75 for difference).

Conclusions:

VF waveform measures predict functionally-intact survival when calculated during chest compressions, but prognostic performance is generally reduced compared with compression-free analysis. However, support vector machine models exhibited similar performance with and without compressions while also achieving the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Such machine learning models may, therefore, offer means to guide resuscitation during uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Do Clinicians Overestimate the Severity of Intracerebral Hemorrhage?
Authors: Tilling Elliot J. , El Tawil Salwa , Muir Keith W.
Published: January 2019

Background and Purpose—

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a poorer prognosis than acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, clinician perception of prognosis may influence treatment decisions and adversely affect outcome. On acute CT, the conspicuity of ICH compared with AIS may lead clinicians to overestimate severity and influence prognostic evaluation. We investigated whether clinicians’ estimates of volume, severity, and prognosis from acute imaging differed between ICH and AIS.

Methods—

CT scans from participants with acute ICH or ischemic stroke were reviewed. Volume was calculated using the ABC/2 method and automated volumetric analysis via specialized imaging software. ICH cases were matched with AIS cases for lesion volume, based on acute (<6 hours) CT for ICH, and 24-hour CT for AIS. Blind to clinical information, clinicians estimated lesion volume to the nearest 5 mL, graded lesion severity from 1 (mild) to 5 (very severe), and estimated 30-day prognosis using the modified Rankin Scale.

Results—

We compared 33 ICH cases with 33 volume-matched AIS cases. Clinicians overestimated ICH volume and underestimated AIS volumes: mean differences (estimated−actual volume) were +8 mL (±30) for ICH and −8 mL (±27) for AIS (
P
<0.001). Observers rated ICH to be of greater severity and poorer prognosis compared with AIS cases: 109 of 265 (41%) ICH cases rated severity categories 4 or 5 compared with 36 of 257 (14%) AIS,
P
<0.001; estimated modified Rankin Scale of 0 to 2 in 125 of 265 (47%) ICH compared with 190 of 257 (74%) AIS,
P
<0.001. Results were unaffected by presence of intraventricular blood. Estimated severity and prognosis for ICH remained significantly worse compared with AIS after adjustment for estimated volumes.

Conclusions—

Clinicians overestimated ICH volume and severity compared with AIS of equivalent volume and also assigned significantly worse prognosis independent of volume estimates.
Effect of Glyceryl Trinitrate on Hemodynamics in Acute Stroke
Authors: Appleton Jason P. , Woodhouse Lisa J. , Bereczki Daniel , Berge Eivind , Christensen Hanne K. , Collins Rónán , Gommans John , Ntaios George , Ozturk Serefnur , Szatmari Szabolcs , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Sprigg Nikola , Rothwell Peter M. , Bath Philip M. ,   for the ENOS Investigators
Published: January 2019

Background and Purpose—

Increased blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and their derivatives (variability, pulse pressure, rate-pressure product) are associated with poor clinical outcome in acute stroke. We assessed the effects of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on hemodynamic parameters and these on outcome in participants in the ENOS trial (Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke).

Methods—

Four thousand and eleven patients with acute stroke and raised BP were randomized within 48 hours of onset to transdermal GTN or no GTN for 7 days. Peripheral hemodynamics were measured at baseline (3 measures) and daily (2 measures) during treatment. Between-visit BP variability over days 1 to 7 (as SD) was assessed in quintiles. Functional outcome was assessed as modified Rankin Scale and cognition as telephone mini-mental state examination at day 90. Analyses were adjusted for baseline prognostic variables. Data are mean difference or odds ratios with 95% CI.

Results—

Increased baseline BP (diastolic, variability), heart rate, and rate-pressure product were each associated with unfavorable functional outcome at day 90. Increased between-visit systolic BP variability was associated with an unfavourable shift in modified Rankin Scale (highest quintile adjusted odds ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.37–1.99), worse cognitive scores (telephone mini-mental state examination: highest quintile adjusted mean difference, −2.03; 95% CI, −2.84 to −1.22), and increased odds of death at day 90 (highest quintile adjusted odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.12–2.19). GTN lowered BP and rate-pressure product and increased heart rate at day 1 and reduced between-visit systolic BP variability.

Conclusions—

Increased between-visit BP variability was associated with poor functional and cognitive outcomes and increased death 90 days after acute stroke. In addition to lowering BP and rate-pressure product, GTN reduced between-visit systolic BP variability. Agents that lower BP variability in acute stroke require further study.
Inverse Association Between HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol and Stroke Risk Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Shen Yun , Shi Lizheng , Nauman Elizabeth , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Price-Haywood Eboni G. , Bazzano Alessandra N. , Nigam Somesh , Hu Gang
Published: January 2019

Background and Purpose—

Few studies have assessed the association of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol with stroke risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to investigate the association of HDL cholesterol with total and type-specific stroke risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods—

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 27 113 blacks and 40 431 whites with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of different levels of HDL cholesterol with stroke risk.

Results—

During a mean follow-up period of 3.0 years, 8496 patients developed stroke (8048 ischemic and 448 hemorrhagic). Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios across levels of HDL at baseline (<30 [reference group], 30–39.9, 40–49.9, 50–59.9, 60–69.9, 70–79.9, and ≥80 mg/dL) were 1.00, 0.86, 0.77, 0.71, 0.71, 0.77, and 0.69 (
P
trend
<0.001) for total stroke, 1.00, 0.89, 0.82, 0.75, 0.78, 0.76, and 0.75 (
P
trend
<0.001) for ischemic stroke, and 1.00, 0.89, 0.69, 0.66, 0.47, and 0.94 (
P
trend
=0.021) for hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. When we used an updated mean value of HDL cholesterol, the inverse association of HDL cholesterol with stroke risk did not change. This inverse association was consistent among patients of different ages, races, sexes, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c levels, never and past or current smokers, and patients with and without using glucose-lowering, cholesterol-lowering, or antihypertensive agents.

Conclusions—

The present study found consistent inverse associations between HDL cholesterol and the risk of total, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
TÜRKİYE’NİN İTHALAT TALEP FONKSİYONUNUN YAPISAL KIRILMALI EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ İLE TAHMİNİ
Authors: ALAKBAROV Naib , ÖZKAYA Merhmet Hilmi , GÜNDÜZ Murat , ŞAŞMAZ Mahmut Ünsal
Published: January 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı

2001-2015 dönemine ilişkin Türkiye’nin ithalat talep fonksiyonunu yapısal

kırılmalı eşbütünleşme analizi ile tahmin etmek ve tahmin sonuçlarına bağlı

olarak politika önermektir. Bu kapsamda Maki (2012) eşbütünleşme testi yöntemi

kullanılmış ve çoklu yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin geçerli olduğu

görülmüştür. Türkiye’nin ithalat talebinde özellikle 2006 yılı ikinci çeyreği,

2008 yılı ikinci çeyreği, 2011yılı ikinci çeyreği ve 2014 yılı ikinci

çeyreğinde yapısal kırılma yaşandığı görülmektedir. Bunun yanında, OLS, FMOLS,

DOLS ve CCR yöntemleri kullanılarak hata düzeltme mekanizması ile hem uzun

dönem hem de kısa dönem ithalat gelir ve fiyat esneklikleri tahmin edilmiştir.

Araştırmanın bulguları Türkiye’nin ithalat talebinin gelir esnekliğinin fiyat

esnekliğinden daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanı sıra Türkiye’nin

ithalat talebinin 2008 küresel krizinden sonra çok sayıda yapısal kırılma

yaşadığı görülmektedir. Bu açıdan değerlendirildiğinde, Türkiye’nin ithalat

talebinin gelir değişmelerinden daha fazla etkilendiği sonucuna ulaşmak

mümkündür.
SAHİPLİK YAPISI VE SERMAYE KARARLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ: BİST İMALAT SEKTÖRÜ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: TEMİZ Hüseyin , DALKILIÇ Elçin
Published: January 2019

Bu

çalışmanın amacı firma sermaye yapısı ile sahiplik yapısı arasındaki

ilişkilerin incelemesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda BİST’de işlem gören İmalat Sektörü

firmaları örneklem grubu olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada örneklem firmalarına

ait 2012-2016 yıllarını kapsayan 137 firmaya ait 685 firma-yıl verisi

kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında sermaye yapısı kararları ve sahiplik yapısı

arasındaki ilişkilerin farklı açılardan ele alınması amacıyla altı hipotez test

edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre en büyük ortak oranı, kurumsal ortak ve

yabancı ortak payı ile firmaların borçluluk durumunu gösteren finansal kaldıraç

oranı arasında negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler tespit

edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan elde edilen bulguların, firmaların halka açıklık

oranının artmasının finansal kaldıraç oranını azalttığı hipotezini

desteklemediği görülmüştür. 
A new species of Luisia (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Vandeae) from the Western Ghats of India
Authors: KARUPPUSAMY SUBBIAH , RAVICHANDRAN VELLINGIRI
Published: January 2019

A new species of Luisia megamalayana (Orchidaceae) is described and illustrated from Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary of southern Western Ghats of India.
First record of the genus Empidideicus (Diptera: Bombylioidea: Mythicomyiidae) from Iran, with description of six new species
Authors: GHARALI BABAK , KAMALI KARIM , EVENHUIS NEAL , TALEBI ALI ASGHAR , KHALGANI JAFAR
Published: January 2019

Six new species of the genus Empidideicus, E. amicus Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov., E. ebellicus Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov., E. greatheadi Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov., E. legulicoxa Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov., E. matricarius Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov., and E. persicus Gharali & Evenhuis, sp. nov. are described from the northern parts of Iran. A diagnostic key to Iranian species are presented. The subfamily Empidideicinae is recorded from Iran for the first time.
Six new species of Thalassaphorura (Collembola, Onychiuridae) from southern China, with a key to world species of the genus
Authors: SUN XIN , CHEN JIAN-XIU , DEHARVENG LOUIS
Published: January 2019

The diagnosis of Thalassaphorura Bagnall, 1949 is updated and a key to the world species of the genus is given. Thalassaphorura is recorded for the first time in the Guangxi province, where it is well diversified and usually dominant in Collembola communities. Eight species were collected, including 6 species new to science that are described in this paper (Thalassaphorura bapen sp. nov., T. grandis sp. nov., T. pomorskii sp. nov., T. reducta sp. nov., T. tiani sp. nov. and T. tibiotarsalis sp. nov.) and two widespread species newly recorded from China (T. petaloides and T. encarpata). Half of the species (T. encarpata, T. grandis sp. nov., T. petaloides and T. pomorskii sp. nov.) were only represented by females and are assumed to be parthenogenetic, the four other ones are bisexual.
First report of Aulopus (Teleostei: Aulopidae) from Southwestern Atlantic, with a review of records and a key to Western Atlantic Aulopoidei species
Authors: CARVALHO-FILHO ALFREDO , MARCOVALDI GUY , SAMPAIO CLÁUDIO L. S. , PAIVA M. ISABEL G. , DUARTE LUIZ A. G.
Published: January 2019

In this second paper dedicated to report on deep-sea fishes from Brazilian waters, mainly from Bahia, the presence of one family and three species of Aulopoidei is reported for the first time from Brazilian waters: the aulopid Aulopus filamentosus (royal flagfin), the synodontids Saurida normani and Synodus poeyi (shortjaw lizardfish and offshore lizardfish, respectively). The presence of Synodus saurus and Saurida suspicio in Brazilian waters is discussed, and a key to the Western Atlantic Aulopoidei is provided.
A review of the Chinese species of Hessebius Verhoeff, 1941 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae)
Authors: PEI SUJIAN , MA HUIQIN , ZAPPAROLI MARZIO , ZHU MINGSHENG
Published: January 2019

The present paper reviews the centipede species of the genus Hessebius Verhoeff, 1941 (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae) of the Chinese fauna, H. jangtseanus (Verhoeff, 1942), H. longispinipes Ma, Pei & Zhu, 2009 and H. multiforaminis Pei, Ma, Zapparoli & Zhu, sp. nov. H. kosswigi Verhoeff, 1941, from Turkey, is selected by subsequent designation as type species of the genus, which was previously unavailable. Schizotergitius styliferus Loksa, 1978, from Mongolia, is transferred in Hessebius (n. comb.) and its relationships with H. longispinipes are briefly discussed. A comparative table of the diagnostic characters of the Sino–Mongolian species of the genus is given.
A new species of Dendrophryniscus Jiménez–de–la–Espada from the Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)
Authors: DE CARVALHO-E-SILVA ANA MARIA PAULINO TELLES , MONGIN MARCELLE MANTOANELLI , IZECKSOHN EUGENIO , DE CARVALHO-E-SILVA SERGIO POTSCH
Published: January 2019

A new species of Dendrophryniscus is described from the Atlantic Rain Forest, in the Serra dos Órgãos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at 1050 m a.s.l. The description was based on three female specimens, with a mean snout-vent length of 23.0 mm. The new species, Dendrophryniscus organensis, differs from the eight other known species in having a characteristic dorsal color pattern, with the tips of the fingers and toes, the snout, and the sub-rostral crest reddish-orange, rostral angle accentuated, end of the snout triangular in dorsal view, and the relation of tibia and snout-vent length equals to 0.4. The large size of the oocytes suggest that the new species reproduces in bromeliads, which places the new species in the D. brevipollicatus group together with D. berthalutzae, D. carvalhoi, D. krausae, and D. stawiarskyi.
The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae
Authors: DAVIES KERRIE A. , YE WEIMIN , GIBLIN-DAVIS ROBIN M. , TAYLOR GARY S. , SCHEFFER SONJA , THOMAS W. KELLEY
Published: January 2019

Collection data and biological information is presented on the genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from Australasia, India and The Philippines, an emended diagnosis of the genus is presented, and its putative phylogeny is discussed based on molecular and morphological evidence. About 20 clades have been found, and are outlined, including information on nematode and fly morphology; plant host species and distribution. Fly morphology, particularly the structure of the dorsal shield of third stage larvae, is congruent with the clades of nematodes, suggesting coevolution. However, little evidence of coevolution between the fly/nematode association and their host plants is apparent: host-switching appears to have been common, although host-specificity is stringent among most clades. A key to the species and morphospecies of nematodes collected from Corymbia, Angophora, Metrosideros, Syzygium, narrow-leaved Melaleuca, and Eucalyptus is presented.
The new genus Habeastrum, with two new species (Gastropoda, Diplommatinidae) in Mato Grosso do Sul caves, Brazil
Authors: SIMONE LUIZ RICARDO L.
Published: January 2019

The central region of Brazil has been a wellspring of terrestrial mollusk biodiversity. One possible reason is that the region has a larger amount of limestone, relatively scanty in Brazilian territory (Ker 1997). Several new taxa from that region have been recently described, including new species and new genera (e.g., Simone 2012a, b, 2013). The region also is rich in caves, which are sometimes inhabited by endemic troglobian or troglophile species.
New species of Neoplecostomus (Neoplecostomini: Loricariidae) lacking adipose fin from upper Rio Paraná basin, central Brazil
Authors: SILVA GABRIEL S. C. , REIA LAIS , ZAWADZKI CLÁUDIO H. , ROXO FABIO F.
Published: January 2019

In the present study, we describe a new species of Neoplecostomus from central Brazil. The new species is known from Córrego Cachoeira a right tributary of the upper Rio Paraná basin. It can be distinguished from all congeners by absence of adipose fin or azygous plates on the dorsum surface of the caudal peduncle. Additionally, the new species differs from N. botucatu and N. paranensis by having a dark caudal fin with a unique v-shaped hyaline vertical area and a larger lower lip. A discussion on the morphological variation of adipose fin among species of Neoplecostomus is also provided.
Grebennikovius, a new genus to accommodate Epactoides basilewskyi (Balthasar, 1960) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Deltochilini)
Authors: MLAMBO SUKOLUHLE , SCHOLTZ CLARKE H. , DESCHODT CHRISTIAN M.
Published: January 2019

Phacosoma basilewskyi Balthasar, 1960 was described for a peculiar East African deltochiline dung beetle species. Years later, Paulian (1975) erected the deltochiline genus Madaphacosoma Paulian, 1975 for two new Malagasy species, namely Madaphacosoma humberti Paulian, 1975, as the type species, and M. betschi Paulian, 1975. Phacosoma basilewskyi was transferred to Madaphacosoma in that same publication. Later, Paulian (1991) added Madaphacosoma major Paulian, 1991 to the genus for a total of three Madagascan and one mainland African species. Recently, Madaphacosoma together with three other genera occurring in Madagascar, namely Aleiantus Olsoufieff, 1947, Phacosomoides Martinez & Pereira, 1959 and Sikorantus Paulian, 1976, were synonymized with Epactoides Olsoufieff, 1947 by Wirta & Montreuil (2008). Although Madaphacosoma basilewskyi (Balthasar, 1960) is not specifically mentioned as a new combination with three other species, M. major, M. humberti and M. betschi, catalogued on pages 661–662 in Wirta & Montreuil (2008), and the genus is treated as valid by Tarasov & Dimitrov (2016) and Tarasov (2017), it is currently lumped with the other Malagasy species in the genus Epactoides. The current accepted name for the species is thus Epactoides basilewskyi (Balthasar, 1960).
Mixing Estimates for Estuaries
Authors: Burchard Hans , Lange Xaver , Klingbeil Knut , MacCready Parker
Published: January 2019

The well-known Knudsen relations and the total exchange flow (TEF) analysis framework provide quantifications of exchange flow across an open boundary to the adjacent ocean in terms of bulk values (Knudsen theory: inflow and outflow volume or salinity) or with resolution in salinity space (TEF: profiles of volume and salt flux in salinity coordinates). In the present study, these theories are extended toward mixing of salinity, defined as the decay of salinity variance due to turbulent mixing. In addition to the advective fluxes, diffusive fluxes across the boundary are also considered now. These new Knudsen and TEF relations for mixing are derived by applying Gauss’s theorem to the salinity square and salinity variance equations. As a result of the analysis, four different Knudsen relations for the mixing in estuaries are derived. The first one is exact and considers nonperiodicity as well as nonconstancy of the inflow and outflow salinities. The other three formulations are approximate only, in the sense that either nonperiodicity or nonconstancy or both are relaxed. The simplest of those formulations has recently been derived by MacCready et al. and estimates the estuarine mixing as the product of inflow salinity, outflow salinity, and time-averaged river runoff. These four mixing estimates are systematically assessed by means of a number of idealized estuarine test cases. For periodic tidal flow, the simplest estimate still predicts the effective (physical plus numerical) mixing within an error of about 10%.
CX3CR1-CCR2-dependent monocyte-microglial signaling modulates neurovascular leakage and acute injury in a mouse model of childhood stroke
Authors: Faustino Joel , Chip Sophorn , Derugin Nikita , Jullienne Amandine , Hamer Mary , Haddad Elizabeth , Butovsky Oleg , Obenaus Andre , Vexler Zinaida S
Published: January 2019

Stroke is among the top 10 causes of death in children. The developmental stage of the brain is central to stroke pathophysiology. The incidence of childhood arterial ischemic stroke (CAIS) is lower than of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke but the rate of recurrence is strikingly high. Vascular inflammation is seen as major contributor to CAIS but the mechanisms that govern structural-functional basis of vascular abnormalities remain poorly understood. To identify the contribution of immune-neurovascular interactions to CAIS, we established stroke model in postnatal day 21 (P21) mice. We demonstrate acute functional deficits and histological injury and chronic MRI-identifiable injury, brain atrophy and marked derangements in the vascular network. In contrast to negligible albumin leakage and neutrophil infiltration following acute perinatal stroke, CAIS leads to significantly increased albumin leakage and neutrophil infiltration in injured regions of wild type mice and mice with functional CX3CR1-CCR2 receptors. In mice with dysfunctional CX3CR1-CCR2 signaling, extravascular albumin leakage is significantly attenuated, infiltration of injurious Ccr2+-monocytes essentially aborted, accumulation of Ly6G+ neutrophils reduced and acute injury attenuated. Unique identifiers of microglia and monocytes revealed phenotypic changes in each cell subtype of the monocyte lineage after CAIS. Taken together, CX3CR1-CCR2-dependent microglia-monocyte signaling contributes to cerebrovascular leakage, inflammation and CAIS injury.