bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation Efficiency of a Multipole Acoustic Source in a Fluid‐Filled Borehole
Authors: Jing‐Ji CAO , Xiao‐Ming TANG , Yuan‐Da SU , Zhou‐Tuo WEI
Published: April 2016

The single‐well imaging using reflected wave field has become an important well logging technology to detect formation geologic structures outside a borehole. For this application, various types of sources are used, including monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources. Using the concept of acoustic energy flow density, we propose a method to evaluate the radiation property and efficiency of a borehole source by comparing the energy flow of guided waves along borehole to that of radiated waves away from borehole. Using this method, we study the frequency variation characteristics of the energy flow and radiation efficiency for a multipole source in a fluid‐filled borehole. Our results demonstrate that the radiation efficiency and dominant frequency of monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources are all different. The radiation efficiency of monopole is very low in the frequency range below 5 kHz, because the Stoneley wave carries almost all the energy away along borehole. In contrast, the dipole radiation efficiency is much greater than the monopole source in the low‐frequency range. This result explains why the dipole source is a better low‐frequency source than the monopole.
Evaluation of the visibility of colored objects under led lighting with various correlated color temperatures
Authors: Hong Seongkwan , Kim Intae , Kim Hyunsun , Sohn Arom , Choi An‐Seop , Sung Minki , Jeong Jae‐Weon
Published: April 2016

This study proposes a “visibility” concept of colored objects that includes a combination of color brightness and appearance perception of colored objects that are illuminated by seven LED lights (each with a CIE color rendering index under 80 but with various correlated color temperatures). To determine the brightness perception of colored objects, luminance calculations and measurements were conducted. The areas of the “color brightness graph” in this study correspond to the results of eight different color sample papers under each of the LED lights with different CCTs. The luminance values were calculated by multiplying the SPD by the spectral luminous efficiency and spectral reflectance of a colored object. The luminance values were measured under these conditions to identify the relationship between the luminance calculations and the measured values. Efficient CCTs were identified for each color sample in terms of the brightness of the colored object. Further subjective evaluations were also conducted to identify the relationship between luminance values and subjective brightness perception. In addition, subjective evaluations of the color appearance perception were conducted to identify the overall visibility concept of colored objects. The subjective evaluations included brightness perception, color appearance, and similarity of the reference light source. The visibility of the colored objects was analyzed according to the results of the brightness and appearance perception of the colored objects that were illuminated by LED lights with various CCTs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 78–88, 2017
Self‐Assembly of the Cyclic Lipopeptide Daptomycin: Spherical Micelle Formation Does Not Depend on the Presence of Calcium Chloride
Authors: Kirkham Steven , Castelletto Valeria , Hamley Ian William , Inoue Katsuaki , Rambo Robert , Reza Mehedi , Ruokolainen Janne
Published: April 2016

The cyclic lipopeptide Daptomycin, used as a treatment for infections where antimicrobial resistance is observed, is shown to self‐assemble into spherical micelles above a critical aggregation concentration. Micelles are observed either in the absence or presence of CaCl2, in contrast to claims in the literature that CaCl2 is required for micellization.
Quality and exploitation of umbilical cord blood for cell therapy: Are we beyond our capabilities?
Authors: Roura Santiago , Pujal Josep Maria , Gálvez‐Montón Carolina , Bayes‐Genis Antoni
Published: April 2016

There is increasing interest in identifying novel stem cell sources for application in emerging cell therapies. In this context, umbilical cord blood (UCB) shows great promise in multiple clinical settings. The number of UCB banks has therefore increased worldwide, with the objective of preserving potentially life‐saving cells that are usually discarded after birth. After a rather long and costly processing procedure, the resultant UCB‐derived cell products are cryopreserved until transplantation to patients. However, in many cases, only a small proportion of administered cells engraft successfully. Thus, can we do any better regarding current UCB‐based therapeutic approaches? Here we discuss concerns about the use of UCB that are not critically pondered by researchers, clinicians, and banking services, including wasting samples with small volumes and the need for more reliable quality and functional controls to ensure the biological activity of stem cells and subsequent engraftment and treatment efficacy. Finally, we appeal for collaborative agreements between research institutions and UCB banks in order to redirect currently discarded small‐volume UCB units for basic and clinical research purposes. Developmental Dynamics 245:710–717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No effect of blood sampling or phytohaemagglutinin injection on postfledging survival in a wild songbird
Authors: Bowers Emerson Keith , Sakaluk Scott K. , Thompson Charles F.
Published: April 2016

The injection of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and sampling of blood are widely used in studies of wild vertebrates to assess components of immune and endocrine function and health state and to obtain genetic material. Despite the pervasive use of these techniques in the life sciences, their potential effects on survival are rarely considered. For example, whether injection of the immunogen PHA into body parts critical for locomotion (e.g., the prepatagium, or wing web, in birds) affects survival has not been tested. Here, we test whether injection of PHA into the wing web and blood sampling from nestling house wrens affects their subsequent recruitment and survival as breeding adults. Capture‐mark‐recapture analysis on a large sample of young (N = 20,152 fledglings from 3959 broods) treated over 10 years revealed that neither PHA injection nor blood sampling affected individual survival and detection probability. Recruitment as a breeder varied among years, but this variation was not attributable to sampling effort, or the percent of all adults identified at the nest during a given year. Variation in the percent of adults identified was primarily attributable to the effect of nest depredation on our ability to capture nesting pairs. Our results indicating lack of an effect of blood sampling and immune stimulation on survival are encouraging, but we recommend further work to assess the potential negative effects of all commonly used techniques on the survival of study subjects in the wild, including the potential costs associated with mounting various immunological responses.
Population‐specific effects of developmental temperature on body condition and jumping performance of a widespread European frog
Authors: Drakulić Sanja , Feldhaar Heike , Lisičić Duje , Mioč Mia , Cizelj Ivan , Seiler Michael , Spatz Theresa , Rödel Mark‐Oliver
Published: April 2016

All physiological processes of ectotherms depend on environmental temperature. Thus, adaptation of physiological mechanisms to the thermal environments is important for achieving optimal performance and fitness. The European Common Frog, Rana temporaria, is widely distributed across different thermal habitats. This makes it an exceptional model for studying the adaptations to different thermal conditions. We raised tadpoles from Germany and Croatia at two constant temperature treatments (15°C, 20°C), and under natural temperature fluctuations (in outdoor treatments), and tested how different developmental temperatures affected developmental traits, that is, length of larval development, morphometrics, and body condition, as well as jumping performance of metamorphs. Our results revealed population‐specific differences in developmental time, body condition, and jumping performance. Croatian frogs developed faster in all treatments, were heavier, in better body condition, and had longer hind limbs and better jumping abilities than German metamorphs. The populations further differed in thermal sensitivity of jumping performance. While metamorphs from Croatia increased their jumping performance with higher temperatures, German metamorphs reached their performance maximum at lower temperatures. These population‐specific differences in common environments indicate local genetic adaptation, with southern populations being better adapted to higher temperatures than those from north of the Alps.
Carbon storage in China's forest ecosystems: estimation by different integrative methods
Authors: Peng Shunlei , Wen Ding , He Nianpeng , Yu Guirui , Ma Anna , Wang Qiufeng
Published: April 2016

Carbon (C) storage for all the components, especially dead mass and soil organic carbon, was rarely reported and remained uncertainty in China's forest ecosystems. This study used field‐measured data published between 2004 and 2014 to estimate C storage by three forest type classifications and three spatial interpolations and assessed the uncertainty in C storage resulting from different integrative methods in China's forest ecosystems. The results showed that C storage in China's forest ecosystems ranged from 30.99 to 34.96 Pg C by the six integrative methods. We detected 5.0% variation (coefficient of variation, CV, %) among the six methods, which was influenced mainly by soil C estimates. Soil C density and storage in the 0–100 cm soil layer were estimated to be 136.11–153.16 Mg C·ha−1 and 20.63–23.21 Pg C, respectively. Dead mass C density and storage were estimated to be 3.66–5.41 Mg C·ha−1 and 0.68–0.82 Pg C, respectively. Mean C storage in China's forest ecosystems estimated by the six integrative methods was 8.557 Pg C (25.8%) for aboveground biomass, 1.950 Pg C (5.9%) for belowground biomass, 0.697 Pg C (2.1%) for dead mass, and 21.958 Pg C (66.2%) for soil organic C in the 0–100 cm soil layer. The R:S ratio was 0.23, and C storage in the soil was 2.1 times greater than in the vegetation. Carbon storage estimates with respect to forest type classification (38 forest subtypes) were closer to the average value than those calculated using the spatial interpolation methods. Variance among different methods and data sources may partially explain the high uncertainty of C storage detected by different studies. This study demonstrates the importance of using multimethodological approaches to estimate C storage accurately in the large‐scale forest ecosystems.
Face‐Shared Octahedral Dimer In2O7S2 in the Non‐Centrosymmetric Barium Indiumsilicate Oxysulfide Ba2In2Si3O10S
Authors: Guo Wei‐Huan , Jiang Xiao‐Ming , Liu Bin‐Wen , Wu Jia‐Wei , Li Shu‐Fang , Zeng Hui‐Yi , Guo Guo‐Cong , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: April 2016

The first indiumsilicate oxysulfide Ba2In2Si3O10S (1) was obtained by an alkali polychalcogenide flux method through a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. It crystallizes in the non‐centrosymmetric space group Pca21 (No. 29), with a = 23.060(6), b = 5.2954(6), c = 8.779(2) Å, and Z = 4. Its three‐dimensional (3D) framework is constructed from one‐dimensional (1D) infinite ∞1[In2O7S2/2] double octahedral chains bridged by corner‐sharing Si tetrahedral trimers [Si3O10]8–, yielding a 3D framework with the channels filled with Ba2+ cations along the b direction. It is unprecedented in that the two distorted indium octahedra in 1 face‐share to form a [In2O7S2] dimer in indium oxides and oxide chalcogenides.
Next‐Generation Summative English Language Proficiency Assessments for English Learners: Priorities for Policy and Research
Authors: Wolf Mikyung Kim , Guzman‐Orth Danielle , Hauck Maurice Cogan
Published: April 2016

This paper is the third in a series concerning English language proficiency (ELP) assessments for K–12 English learners (ELs). The series, produced from Educational Testing Service (ETS), is intended to provide theory‐ and evidence‐based principles and recommendations for improving next‐generation ELP assessment systems, policies, and practices and to stimulate discussion on better serving K–12 EL students. The first paper articulated a high‐level conceptualization of next‐generation ELP assessment systems (Hauck, Wolf, & Mislevy, 2016). The second paper addressed accessibility issues in the context of ELP assessments for ELs and ELs with disabilities (Guzman‐Orth, Laitusis, Thurlow, & Christensen, 2016). The fourth paper dealt with one of the major uses of ELP assessments—the initial identification and classification of ELs (Lopez, Pooler, & Linquanti, 2016). The present paper focuses on summative ELP assessments that states use for accountability purposes. Based on the conversation that took place at the K–12 ELP Assessment Working Meeting on summative ELP assessments, we identify critical policy and research issues. We also highlight the challenges associated with measuring ELP in a diverse group of EL students and recommend ways to embrace and support EL students through shared goals and active communication across federal agencies, state agencies, local agencies, researchers, and practitioners.
Creating a Next‐Generation System of K–12 English Learner Language Proficiency Assessments
Authors: Hauck Maurice Cogan , Wolf Mikyung Kim , Mislevy Robert
Published: April 2016

This paper is the first in a series from Educational Testing Service (ETS) concerning English language proficiency (ELP) assessments for K–12 English learners (ELs). The goal of this paper, and the series, is to present research‐based ideas, principles, and recommendations for consideration by those who are conceptualizing, developing, and implementing ELP assessments for K–12 ELs and by all stakeholders in their education and assessment. We also hope to contribute to the active current discussion in the field on improving the instruction and assessment of EL students as well as contribute to bringing these ideas into practice. This paper articulates a high‐level vision for a next‐generation assessment system serving K–12 English learners with a brief overview of the current state of the art for K–12 ELP assessments and the context of current reforms. In addition, the paper discusses the role of digital technology in next‐generation K‐12 ELP assessment systems, noting the distinct conceptual and practical advantages that digital technology offers in assessing ELP as well as principles for evaluating the potential challenges of implementing a digitally based assessment system against these benefits. A proposed theory of action for K–12 ELP assessment systems is also discussed in this paper. The second paper in the series addressed accessibility issues in the context of ELP assessments for ELs and ELs with disabilities (Guzman‐Orth, Laitusis, Thurlow, & Christensen, 2016), the third paper addressed issues related to summative ELP assessments that emerged from the presentations and discussions at the English Language Proficiency Assessment Research working meeting (Wolf, Guzman‐Orth, & Hauck, 2016), and the fourth paper focused on a key concern within such systems—the initial identification and classification of ELs (Lopez, Pooler, & Linquanti, 2016).
Conceptualizing Accessibility for English Language Proficiency Assessments
Authors: Guzman‐Orth Danielle , Laitusis Cara , Thurlow Martha , Christensen Laurene
Published: April 2016

This paper is the second in a series from Educational Testing Service (ETS) that conceptualizes next‐generation English language proficiency (ELP) assessment systems for K‐12 English learners (ELs) in the United States. The first paper articulated a high‐level conceptualization of next‐generation ELP assessment systems (Hauck, Wolf, & Mislevy, 2016), the third paper addressed issues related to summative ELP assessments that emerged from the presentations and discussions at the English Language Proficiency Assessment Research working meeting (Wolf, Guzman‐Orth, & Hauck, 2016), and the fourth paper focused on a key concern within such systems—the initial identification and classification of ELs (Lopez, Pooler, & Linquanti, 2016). The goal of this paper is to address accessibility issues in the context of ELP assessments and to discuss critical considerations to improve the accessibility of ELP assessments for ELs and ELs with disabilities. Although accessibility for ELs and ELs with disabilities who are taking content assessments is also important, a discussion about content assessments is beyond the scope of the paper at this time. In this paper, we discuss challenges and areas of possible directions to pursue for ongoing and future ELP assessment development, policy implications, and research considerations to improve the ELP testing experience for all users.
Understanding leadership in a world of shared problems: advancing network governance in large landscape conservation
Authors: Imperial Mark T , Ospina Sonia , Johnston Erik , O'Leary Rosemary , Thomsen Jennifer , Williams Peter , Johnson Shawn
Published: April 2016

Conservation of large landscapes requires three interconnected types of leadership: collaborative leadership, in which network members share leadership functions at different points in time; distributive leadership, in which network processes provide local opportunities for members to act proactively for the benefit of the network; and architectural leadership, in which the structure of the network is intentionally designed to allow network processes to occur. In network governance, each leadership approach is necessary to achieve sustained, successful outcomes. We discuss each of these approaches to leadership and offer specific practices for leaders of networks, including: shaping the network's identity and vision, attracting members, instilling leadership skills in members, and advancing common interests. These practices are then illustrated in case studies.
Fitted finite element discretization of two‐phase Stokes flow
Authors: Agnese Marco , Nürnberg Robert
Published: April 2016

We propose a novel fitted finite element method for two‐phase Stokes flow problems that uses piecewise linear finite elements to approximate the moving interface. The method can be shown to be unconditionally stable. Moreover, spherical stationary solutions are captured exactly by the numerical approximation. In addition, the meshes describing the discrete interface in general do not deteriorate in time, which means that in numerical simulations, a smoothing or a remeshing of the interface mesh is not necessary. We present several numerical experiments for our numerical method, which demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Performance of MnO2‐based Air Cathodes for Zinc‐air Batteries
Authors: Li G. , Mezaal M. A. , Zhang R. , Zhang K. , Lei L.
Published: April 2016

This paper compares the oxygen reduction on four MnO2‐based air cathodes assembled in home‐made electrochemical cells, with some particular observations on α‐MnO2 cathode. The results show that the catalytic activity decreases in the following order: electrolytic MnO2 (EMD) > natural MnO2 (NMD) > β‐MnO2 > α‐MnO2. The maximum power density of the zinc‐air battery with EMD as the catalyst reaches up to 141.8 mW cm−2 at the current density of 222.5 mA cm−2, which is about 60%, 20% and 10% higher than that of α‐MnO2 (90.0 mW cm−2 at 120.3 mA cm−2), β‐MnO2 (121.5 mW cm−2 at 150.4 mA cm−2) and NMD (128.2 mW cm−2 at 207.8 mA cm−2), respectively. It is believed that its unique crystal structure and biggest BET surface area make EMD have the smallest charge transfer resistance (Rct), thus EMD has the highest activity.
Is Fine‐Grained Simulation Able to Propose New Polyelectrolyte Membranes?
Authors: Fleury A. , Godey F. , Laflamme P. , Ghoufi A. , Soldera A.
Published: April 2016

An extensive understanding in the molecular motions that occur in Nafion® should lead to important development of improved proton exchange membrane for use in fuel cells (PEMFC). As water molecules are added in the system, changes within the Nafion® chain definitely take place. To visualize such a process, molecular dynamics is especially useful. Can information gained at this level of details be useful to propose new molecules, with ultimately better physical properties, such as higher proton conductivity? For this purpose, we first computed non‐bond parameters stemming from the study of the trifluorosufonic acid. They are inserted in the pcff force field. We then applied the procedure developed in our lab to extract the glass transition temperature of Nafion® with different water uptakes. The plasticization effect is first confirmed, fostering a molecular analysis. The particular behavior of the sulfur‐sulfur distance is revealed, guiding the design of new monomers.
Emergence of Civilization, Changes in Fluvio‐Deltaic Style, and Nutrient Redistribution Forced by Holocene Sea‐Level Rise
Authors: Pennington Benjamin T. , Bunbury Judith , Hovius Niels
Published: April 2016

During the mid‐Holocene, the first large‐scale civilizations emerged in lower alluvial systems after a marked decrease in sea‐level rise at 7–6 kyr. We show that as the landscapes of deltas and lower alluvial plains adjusted to this decrease in the rate of relative sea‐level rise, the abundance and location of resources available for human exploitation changed as did the network of waterways. This dynamic environmental evolution contributed to archaeological changes in the three fluvio‐deltaic settings considered herein: Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Huang He in China. Specifically, an increase in the scale and intensity of agricultural practice, and the focussing of power toward a single city can be interpreted as responses to these environmental changes. Other archaeological observations, and the cultural trajectories leading to the formation of the Primary States also need to be considered in light of these evolving landscapes.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Variously Substituted Allylic Phosphates
Authors: Bahri Leila , Barhoumi‐Slimi T. , Sanhoury M. A. K. , Ben Dhia M. T.
Published: April 2016

New allylic phosphates were synthesized through phosphorylation of the corresponding alcohols. These compounds were obtained as mixtures of two (Z and E) isomers in 55–85% yield. They were characterized by multinuclear (1H, 13C, 31P, and 19F) NMR, IR spectroscopy, and HRMS.
Diplopia as a sequel of unilateral neck dissection
Authors: Gupta Madan P. , Sagar Prem , Hota Ashutosh , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Rajeev
Published: April 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to discuss the underlying etiology of raised intracranial pressure and its sequel after unilateral internal jugular vein ligation. In addition, the management protocol for such rare cases has been discussed along with literature review.

Methods

PubMed and Google were used to search the literature for cases of raised intracranial pressure with complications after unilateral internal jugular vein (IJV) ligation. Twelve case reports with 17 patients were identified.

Results

There were 13 male and 4 female patients ranging between the ages of 26 and 61 years. Headache (n = 12/17; 70.5%), diplopia (n = 10/17; 58.8%), impaired vision (n = 9/17; 52.9%), and aplasia or hypoplasia of the transverse sinus were seen in these patients.

Conclusion

Although very rare, this potential complication after unilateral IJV ligation should be kept in mind. Magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) is the investigation of choice to ascertain the underlying etiology. Conservative management should be started immediately. Surgical options are reserved for patients with progressive symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:E2475–E2478, 2016
Head and neck chondrosarcomas: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database
Authors: Ellis Mark A. , Gerry Daniel R. , Byrd J. Kenneth
Published: April 2016

Background

Chondrosarcoma is a rare tumor of the head and neck. Because of the limited clinical data, no studies have conducted a thorough comparison between head and neck chondrosarcomas and those arising at other body sites.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we compared 682 patients with chondrosarcomas of the head and neck with 4757 patients with non–head and neck chondrosarcomas, evaluating disease‐specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) based on tumor location, histology, grade, stage, and treatment.

Results

Head and neck chondrosarcomas displayed a lower grade (p < .001) and stage (p < .0001) compared with other chondrosarcomas. Overall, chondrosarcomas of the head and neck had significantly higher DSS and OS than non–head and neck chondrosarcomas (p < .001).

Conclusion

Chondrosarcomas of the head and neck display a lower grade and stage compared with other chondrosarcomas. DSS and OS were significantly greater for chondrosarcomas of the head and neck. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1359–1366, 2016
Localized sinonasal mucosal melanoma: Outcomes and associations with stage, radiotherapy, and positron emission tomography response
Authors: Samstein Robert M. , Carvajal Richard D. , Postow Michael A. , Callahan Margaret K. , Shoushtari Alexander N. , Patel Snehal G. , Lee Nancy Y. , Barker Christopher A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Sinonasal mucosal melanoma is a rare neoplasm with a poor prognosis.

Methods

Retrospective analysis was conducted on 78 patients with localized sinonasal mucosal melanoma treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC from 1998–2013). Demographic, tumor, imaging, and treatment factors were recorded and survival and disease‐control outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Median overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) were 32 and 50 months, respectively. Median locoregional recurrence‐free survival (LRFS) and distant recurrence‐free survival (DRFS) were 43 and 12 months, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated greater OS in nasal cavity tumors and earlier T classification. Radiotherapy (RT) was associated with significantly greater LRFS (5‐years; 35% vs 59%; p = .01), but no difference in OS. Post‐RT positron emission tomography (PET) response was associated with greater OS.

Conclusion

Distant metastasis is the predominant mode of recurrence in sinonasal mucosal melanoma, but local recurrence remains common. RT is associated with improved local control, but no survival benefit. The prognostic value of post‐RT PET imaging warrants further investigation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1310–1317, 2016
Comparison of the therapeutic effects of total laryngectomy and a larynx‐preservation approach in patients with T4a laryngeal cancer and thyroid cartilage invasion: A multicenter retrospective review
Authors: Choi Yoon Seok , Park Sang Gon , Song Eun‐Kee , Cho Sang‐Hee , Park Moo‐Rim , Park Keon Uk , Lee Ki‐Hyeong , Song Ik‐Chan , Lee Hyo Jin , Jo Deog‐Yeon , Kim Samyong , Yun Hwan‐Jung ,   on behalf of the Korean South West Oncology Group (KSWOG) Investigators
Published: April 2016

Background

In T4a laryngeal cancer with thyroid cartilage invasion, no optimal frontline treatment has yet been defined in controlled trials.

Methods

We reviewed data from 89 patients with T4a laryngeal cancer featuring thyroid cartilage invasion who were treated initially with either total laryngectomy (n = 53) or a larynx‐preservation strategy (n = 36).

Results

The median progression‐free survival (PFS) of the total laryngectomy group had not been attained at the time of analysis and was thus significantly longer than that of the larynx‐preservation group (8.7 months). The median overall survival (OS) of patients who underwent total laryngectomy was 87.2 months, significantly longer than that of the larynx‐preservation group (31.3 months). The survival benefit of primary surgery compared to a larynx‐preservation strategy was more striking in patients of lower N classifications.

Conclusion

Total laryngectomy may be a better therapeutic option to treat T4a laryngeal cancer featuring thyroid cartilage invasion, especially in patients exhibiting limited nodal involvement (N0/N1). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1271–1277, 2016
Relapse status as a prognostic factor in patients receiving salvage surgery for recurrent or residual nasopharyngeal cancer after definitive treatment
Authors: Chee Jeremy , Ting Yohanes , Ong Yew Kwang , Chao Siew Shuen , Loh Kwok Seng , Lim Chwee Ming
Published: April 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of relapse status (recurrent vs residual disease) in patients receiving surgical salvage for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

Retrospective review was conducted on 52 patients who underwent salvage surgery for locoregional relapse of NPC. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate the prognostic value of relapse status.

Results

Median follow‐up duration was 44.4 months. Mean overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) for patients with NPC with residual and recurrent disease after surgical salvage were 107.4 and 54.4 months, and 83.6 and 34.6 months, respectively (p < .001). This improved survival was demonstrated regardless whether the relapse was at the primary or nodal site. Multivariate analysis revealed that recurrent disease status and nodal disease relapse were independent poor prognostic factors for survival in patients receiving salvage surgery for NPC.

Conclusion

In patients undergoing surgical salvage for NPC relapse, residual disease carries a better prognosis than recurrent disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1393–1400, 2016
Prediction of occult lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the oropharynx using peritumoral Prospero homeobox protein 1 lymphatic nuclear quantification
Authors: Mermod Maxime , Bongiovanni Massimo , Petrova Tatiana V. , Dubikovskaya Elena A. , Simon Christian , Tolstonog Genrich , Monnier Yan
Published: April 2016

Background

The use of lymphatic vessel density as a predictor of occult lymph node metastasis (OLNM) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has never been reported.

Methods

Staining of the specific lymphatic endothelial cells nuclear marker, PROX1, as an indicator of lymphatic vessel density was determined by counting the number of positive cells in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the oral cavity and the oropharynx with clinically negative necks. Correlation with histopathological data was established.

Results

Peritumoral PROX1 lymphatic nuclear count significantly correlated with the detection of OLNM in multivariate analysis (p < .005). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of this parameter was 60%, 95%, 85%, and 90%, respectively.

Conclusion

Peritumoral PROX1 lymphatic nuclear count in primary SCCs of the oral cavity and the oropharynx allows accurate prediction of occult lymph node metastasis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1407–1415, 2016
Insight into the epidemiology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural spread
Authors: Warren Timothy A. , Whiteman David C. , Porceddu Sandro V. , Panizza Benedict J.
Published: April 2016

Background

Perineural spread (PNS) of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) can be associated with poor outcomes. Disease understanding and awareness is limited leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify epidemiological features of patients with PNS of cutaneous SCCHN.

Methods

Tumor characteristics and demographics of patients with PNS of cutaneous SCCHN managed through a single institution were collected between 1998 and 2013.

Results

One hundred twenty patients were included in this study. The majority had a history of skin cancer (85.8%). The median time from primary tumor treatment to PNS symptom onset was 16 months (range, 1–86 months). A total of 34.2% had no perineural invasion (PNI) detected in the primary, and 22.5% had no known primary tumor. Only 5.8% of the patients had nodal involvement at presentation.

Conclusion

Patients can present with PNS from cutaneous SCCHN with no known primary tumor or with primary tumors without PNI. The majority of patients presented without regional nodal involvement. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1416–1420, 2016
Quantitative maternal hepatitis B surface antigen predicts maternally transmitted hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Wen Wan‐Hsin , Huang Chi‐Wen , Chie Wei‐Chu , Yeung Chun‐Yan , Zhao Lu‐Lu , Lin Wen‐Terng , Wu Jia‐Feng , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Hsu Hong‐Yuan , Chang Mei‐Hwei , Lin Lung‐Huang , Chen Huey‐Ling
Published: April 2016

Despite immunoprophylaxis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission in highly viremic mothers remains a global health issue. Using quantitative maternal surface antigen (HBsAg) to predict HBV infection in infants has not been investigated. We enrolled 526 mother‐infant pairs with positive maternal HBsAg under current immunoprophylaxis. Maternal viral load and quantitative HBsAg were measured in the peripartum period. Infant HBsAg seropositivity for more than 6 months was defined as chronic infection. Rates of chronic infection in infants at various maternal HBsAg levels were estimated using a multivariate logistic regression model. Results showed that maternal HBsAg was positively correlated with maternal viral load (r = 0.69; P < 0.001) and accurately predicted maternal viral load above 6, 7, and 8 log10 IU/mL with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.97, 0.98, and 0.95. Nineteen infants were chronically infected. After adjustment for the other risk factor, maternal HBsAg level was significantly associated with risk of infection (adjusted odds ratio for each log10 IU/mL increase, 15.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.89‐57.94; P < 0.001). The AUC for predicting infection by quantitative maternal HBsAg was comparable to that by maternal viral load (0.89 vs. 0.87; P = 0.459). Estimated rates of infection at maternal HBsAg levels of 4, 4.5, and 5 log10 IU/mL were 2.4% (95% CI, 0.1‐4.6; P = 0.04), 8.6% (95% CI, 4.5‐12.7; P < 0.001), and 26.4% (95% CI, 12.6‐40.2; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Quantitative maternal HBsAg predicts infection in infants as well as maternal viral load does. Antiviral therapy may be considered in pregnant women with an HBsAg level above 4‐4.5 log10 IU/mL to interrupt mother‐to‐infant transmission. (Hepatology 2016;64:1451‐1461)
Evaluating sampling efficiency when estimating sediment source contributions to suspended sediment in rivers by fingerprinting
Authors: Clarke Robin T. , Minella Jean P. G.
Published: April 2016

A general method is proposed which measures the increase in uncertainty when sampling effort is reduced in sediment fingerprinting. The method gives quantitative measures of how reduced sampling of material in one of the source areas, and/or of suspended sediment in streams, increases the uncertainties in the proportions of sediment contributed from the sources. Because the proportions of sediment contributed by the source areas must add to one, standard errors of the estimated proportions cannot be used as the usual measures of uncertainty: the paper uses instead the volume of the joint 95% confidence region for the estimated proportions. The paper shows how the uncertainty in this volume changes as numbers of suspended sediment samples, and the numbers of samples collected from cropped fields, are reduced by successive steps from 24 (20, in the case of cropped fields) to 16, 12, 8, 4 and 2 samples. As expected, uncertainty increases rapidly as the number of samples – whether of suspended sediment or from cropped fields – is reduced drastically. The pattern of increasing uncertainty is similar both for reductions in suspended sediment sampling, and for reduced sampling from cropped areas. When the number of suspended sediment samples, and the number of samples from cropped fields, are reduced to the same values, the increase in uncertainty from fewer suspended sediment samples was always slightly greater than the increased uncertainty from the reduced sampling of cropped areas, although this finding took no account of differences in the costs of field sampling and laboratory analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells modulate experimental autoimmune arthritis by inducing an early regulatory innate cell signature
Authors: Lopez‐Santalla Mercedes , Menta Ramon , Mancheño‐Corvo Pablo , Lopez‐Belmonte Juan , DelaRosa Olga , Bueren Juan A. , Dalemans Wilfried , Lombardo Eleuterio , Garin Marina I.
Published: April 2016

Modulation of innate immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis and other immune‐mediated disorders is of critical importance in the clinic since a growing body of information has shown the key contribution of dysregulated innate responses in the progression of the disease. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are the focus of intensive efforts worldwide due to their key role in tissue regeneration and modulation of inflammation. In this study, we define innate immune responses occurring during the early course of treatment with a single dose of expanded adipose‐derived MSCs (eASCs) in established collagen‐induced arthritis. eASCs delay the progression of the disease during the early phase of the disease. This is accompanied by a transient induction of Ly6C+ monocytes that differentiate into IL10+F4/80+ cells in arthritic mice. Strikingly, the induced IL10+F4/80+ myeloid cells preferentially accumulated in the draining lymph nodes. This effect was accompanied with a concomitant declining of their frequencies in the spleens. Our results show that eASCs attenuate the arthritic process by inducing an early innate cell signature that involves a transient induction of Ly6C+ monocytes in periphery that differentiate into IL10+F4/80+ macrophages. Our findings demonstrate that early regulatory innate cell responses, involving the monocyte compartment, are targeted by the eASCs during the onset of collagen‐induced inflammation.
Bladder cancer diagnosis from bladder wash by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel test for tumor recurrence
Authors: Gok Seher , Aydin Ozge Z. , Sural Yavuz S. , Zorlu Ferruh , Bayol Umit , Severcan Feride
Published: April 2016

This study proposes Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a more sensitive, rapid, non‐destructive and operator‐independent analytical diagnostic method for bladder cancer recurrence from bladder wash than other routinely used urine cytology and cystoscopy methods.

A total of 136 patients were recruited. FTIR spectroscopic experiments were carried out as a blind study, the classification results of which were then compared with those of cytology and cystoscopy. Firstly, 71 samples (n = 37; bladder cancer and n = 34; control) were studied with transmittance FTIR spectroscopy. After achieving successful differentiation of the groups, to develop a more rapid diagnostic tool and check the reproducibility of the results, the work was continued with different samples (n = 65 as n = 44; bladder cancer and n = 21; control), using the reflection mode (ATR) of FTIR spectroscopy by a different operator. The results revealed significant alterations in moleculer content in the cancer group. Based on the spectral differences, using transmittance FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics, the diseased group was successfully differentiated from the control. When only carcinoma group was taken into consideration a sensitivity value of 100% was achieved. Similar results were also obtained by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. This study shows the power of infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.

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Synthesis of a poly(ethylene glycol) galloyl sensitizer tip for an ’all‐in‐one' photodynamic device
Authors: Ghogare Ashwini A. , Greer Alexander
Published: April 2016

This paper describes the synthesis of a specialized silica tip for an optical fiber device capable of delivering all components necessary for photodynamic therapy. Oxygen, light and a cleavable tripolyethylene glycol (PEG)‐galloyl pheophorbide sensitizer are simultaneously delivered by the silica tip, where the tip was synthesized in six steps. A comparison of synthetic steps to reach PEGylated sensitizers bound to fluorinated silica and a previously reported Teflon/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite (
Ghosh, G. et al.
J. Phys. Chem. B
2015, 119,
4155–
4164) was made. The hydrolytic stability of the attached PEGs and the extent to which the PEG groups enhance solubility will also be discussed. The new triPEG‐galloyl sensitizer has the potential for use in intraoperative pointsource photodynamic therapy which aims for precision treatment of residual disease.

Schematic of the synthesis of a photoactive silica surface. It is composed of fluorinated silica connected to a photo‐releasable sensitizer with short‐chain PEGs.

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Schematic of the synthesis of a photoactive silica surface. It is composed of fluorinated silica connected to a photo‐releasable sensitizer with short‐chain PEGs.
Exposure Matching for Extrapolation of Efficacy in Pediatric Drug Development
Authors: Mulugeta Yeruk , Barrett Jeffrey S. , Nelson Robert , Eshete Abel Tilahun , Mushtaq Alvina , Yao Lynne , Glasgow Nicole , Mulberg Andrew E. , Gonzalez Daniel , Green Dionna , Florian Jeffry , Krudys Kevin , Seo Shirley , Kim Insook , Chilukuri Dakshina , Burckart Gilbert J.
Published: April 2016

During drug development, matching adult systemic exposures of drugs is a common approach for dose selection in pediatric patients when efficacy is partially or fully extrapolated. This is a systematic review of approaches used for matching adult systemic exposures as the basis for dose selection in pediatric trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1998 and 2012. The trial design of pediatric pharmacokinetic (PK) studies and the pediatric and adult systemic exposure data were obtained from FDA publicly available databases containing reviews of pediatric trials. Exposure‐matching approaches that were used as the basis for pediatric dose selection were reviewed. The PK data from the adult and pediatric populations were used to quantify exposure agreement between the 2 patient populations. The main measures were the pediatric PK studies’ trial design elements and drug systemic exposures (adult and pediatric). There were 31 products (86 trials) with full or partial extrapolation of efficacy with an available PK assessment. Pediatric exposures had a range of mean Cmax and AUC ratios (pediatric/adult) of 0.63 to 4.19 and 0.36 to 3.60, respectively. Seven of the 86 trials (8.1%) had a predefined acceptance boundary used to match adult exposures. The key PK parameter was consistently predefined for antiviral and anti‐infective products. Approaches to match exposure in children and adults varied across products. A consistent approach for systemic exposure matching and evaluating pediatric PK studies is needed to guide future pediatric trials.
Evidence supporting laparoscopic major hepatectomy
Authors: Cheek Susannah M. , Sucandy Iswanto , Tsung Allan , Marsh J. Wallis , Geller David A.
Published: April 2016

Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) has been increasing in frequency with over 9,000 cases done worldwide. Benefits of laparoscopic resection include less blood loss, smaller incisions, decreased postoperative morbidity, and shorter length of stay compared to open liver resection. With increased experience, several centers have reported series of laparoscopic major hepatectomy, although this represents only about 25% of total LLR performed. Evidence is accumulating to support laparoscopic major hepatectomy with the understanding that there is a steep learning curve, and surgeons should begin with minor LLR before moving on to laparoscopic major hepatectomy. Controversy still remains concerning indications, techniques, learning curve, risks, and long‐term cancer outcomes with laparoscopic major hepatectomy.
The current state of pediatric hospital medicine fellowships: A survey of program directors
Authors: Shah Neha H. , Rhim Hai Jung H. , Maniscalco Jennifer , Wilson Karen , Rassbach Caroline
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

Pediatric hospital medicine (PHM) fellowship programs have grown rapidly over the last 20 years and have varied in duration and content. In an effort to standardize training in the absence of a single accrediting body, PHM fellowship directors now meet annually to discuss strategies for standardizing and enhancing training.

OBJECTIVES

To explore similarities and differences in curricular structure among PHM fellowship programs in an effort to inform future curriculum standardization efforts.

METHODS

An electronic survey was distributed by e‐mail to all PHM fellowship directors in April 2014. The survey consisted of 30 multiple‐choice and short‐answer questions focused on various curricular aspects of training developed by the authors.

RESULTS

Twenty‐seven of 31 fellowship programs (87%) responded to the survey. Duration of most programs was 2 years (63%), with 6, 1‐year programs (22%) and 4 (15%) 3‐year programs making up the remainder. The average amount of clinical time among programs was 50% (range approximately 20%–65%). In addition to general inpatient pediatric service time, most programs require other clinical rotations. The majority of programs allow fellows to bill independently for their services. Most programs offer certificate courses, courses for credit or noncredit courses, with 11 programs offering masters' degrees. Twenty‐one (81%) programs provide a scholarship oversight committee for their fellows. Current fellows' primary areas of research are varied.

CONCLUSION

Though variability exists regarding program length, clinical composition, and nonclinical offerings, several common themes emerged that may help inform the development of a standard curriculum for use across all programs. This information provides a useful starting point if pediatric hospital medicine obtains formal subspecialty status. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:324–328. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine