bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality traits of basketball players of different universities of Rajasthan
Authors: Ruhal Ajay Singh , Chaudhary Dinesh , Yadav Dinesh Kumar
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the personality traits of basketball players of different universities of Rajasthan the subject were male basketball players selected from different universities of Rajasthan that is, MDS University, Ajmer, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, JNV University, Jodhpur, MLS University, Udaipur, University of Bikaner and University of Kota. The subjects were ranging from 18 to 24 year of age. Selected psychological variables were personality traits to test the personality of basketball players of different university of Rajasthan. HJ Eysenck's personality inventory test was used. To compare the basketball players of different universities on the variables viz. personality traits one way analysis of variances was employed to check the variability of selected basketball teams at 0.05 level of significance. To tests the significance difference LSD post hoc test was used to find out the significance difference between the means of selected basketball teams. Within the limitation of study following conclusions were drawn: significant difference was found between basketball players of MDS University, Ajmer and University of Kota; Rajasthan, Jaipur and MLS. University, Udaipur; University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and University of Bikaner; University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and University of Kota; JNV University, Jodhpur and MLS University, Udaipur; JNV University, Jodhpur and University of Bikaner; JNV University, Jodhpur and University of Kota; University of Bikaner and University of Kota.
An insight into the international coach as a reflective practitioner
Authors: Tones S
Published: July 2011

The notion of the reflective practitioner pervades education in the UK and is currently being promoted as a hallmark of coach professionalism and good coaching practice. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the reflective process conducted by soccer coaches. This study seeks to illustrate and understand the process of reflection as it was experienced and used by one international soccer coach. The coach kept a reflective ‘think book’ (learning journal) in which experiences, views, thoughts and feelings were recorded. The reflective commentaries contained in the learning journal covered the duration of an international soccer tournament (3 weeks). In order to avoid the introduction of bias, the coach participating in this study was given an ‘open’ or ‘free’ choice in terms of the issues selected for reflection. This strategy is based on the assumption that the issues identified will represent an indication of coaches' professional and personal needs and priorities. All the reflective commentaries were read and re-read in order to identify emerging themes or patterns. Open coding was employed to allow free generation of data and to develop key categories for analysis and interpretation. In total the learning journal contained 12 reflective commentaries. The focus of the reflective commentaries ranged from the management of the coaching and medical staff; squad and team selection; training and match preparation; match review; strategic and tactical match decisions; diplomacy and coaching at international level. In terms of depth of reflection, aspects of the commentaries go beyond a technical or instrumental level. Discussion centres on the general process of coach reflection in soccer and specifically the adopted use of a ‘think book’ as a tool for reflection as well as the focus and extent of learning. The findings of this study should be of relevance not only to the coach involved in this study, but should equally be of interest to other coaches, coach educators and coach mentors.
Study of lipid profile of trained and untrained population
Authors: Purohit Sunil , Kumar Rabindra , Sebastian Kunjama , Singh Simarjeet
Published: July 2011

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of competitive training on serum lipid profile. Three groups of subjects were studied, that is, walker (n = 11), boxers (n = 11) and sedentary subjects (n = 11). Triglycerides, cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (C/H ratio), total cholesterol and its fractions – HDL, LDL and VLDL cholesterols were determined in serum by an enzymatic/colorimetric method. Result shows that sedentary subjects have least favourable concentrations of lipid profile. But a statistically significant difference of C/H ratio, LDL and HDL-cholesterol was found in walkers as compared with other groups. On the basis of the results we can conclude that competitive sport training has beneficial effect on serum lipid profile and endurance-directed activity has more favourable effects on lipid parameters.
Comparison of the basic motor abilities and school achievements in the first grade elementary school boys who attended pre-school with those who did not
Authors: Demih Amin Mohammadi , Landi Ali Khajeh
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the basic motor abilities and school achievement of first grade elementary school boy's students who attended pre-school and those students who did not. This research is a causal-comparative study. Two-hundred students (100 with pre-school and 100 without pre-school) were chosen by stage random sampling. The instrument of this study was the basic motor ability test constructed by Arenhim and Sinkler (1974). The test of hypothesis at p<0.05 showed that: there were significant differences between the scores of the basic motor abilities and academic achievement students who attended pre-school and those who did not. Those attended pre-school showed better achievement. Therefore, it is recommended to provide situation for pre-school children to increase basic motor abilities under supervision of skill teachers.
Will to win as a psychological differential to play and triumph among male runners, jumpers and throwers
Authors: Singh Vikram , Reddy T Onima
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to compare will to win as a psychological differential to play and triumph among male runners, jumpers and throwers. For the purpose of the study, 60 male athletes (15 short distance runners, 15 long distance runners, 15 jumpers and 15 throwers) were randomly selected from 10th National Junior Federation Cup Athletic Championship 2010 held at Visakhapatnam as the subjects of the study. The variable selected for the purpose of this study was: will to win. Will to win was assessed by the total scores in Will to Win Questionnaire constructed and standardised by Prof Anand Kumar Shrivastava and Prem Shankar Shukla. With the help of the questionnaire related to will to win as a psychological variable necessary data were collected. Data were collected with regard to will to win variable from 60 male athletes in 10th National Junior Federation Cup Athletic Championship 2010 held at Visakhapatnam. The data was analysed by applying descriptive statistic that is, mean, SD, SE and range and analysis of variance. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The findings of the study in relation to will to win showed significant difference among long distance runners in comparison to short distance runners, jumpers and throwers. On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn: long distance runner possessed high will to win in comparison to short distance runners, jumpers and throwers because will to win is defined as the intensity of the desire to defeat an opponent or to exceed some performance standard in a given sports. The sequence of will to win among athletes was long distance runners, throwers, short distance runners and jumpers.
Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 2
Authors: Haji-Abadi Mahdi Rostami , Rahnama Nader , Sohrabi Mahdi , Khayambashi Khalil
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Vividness of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 2 (VMIQ-2). In the first stage validity and reliability and in the second stage concurrent validity questionnaire VMIQ-2 by a Persian version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire revised was evaluated. In the first stage of this study, 125 male and 96 female athletes of different levels of competition and in the second stage, 20 male and 30 female athletes from the two levels of competitive and non-competitive sports were studied. For the main component analysis, factor analysis and to confirm the structure of the questionnaire varimax rotation was used. The Kronbakh α applied for measuring the reliability between subscales and the correlation method was used for determining the relationship between subscales, structure determination of validity and also to determine the validity of two simultaneous questionnaires MIQ-R and VMIQ-2. The results showed that about 47% of the questions related to the variance VMIQ were covered. Values of α coefficients for subscales of visual external and internal imagery, kinesthetic imagery and total scale, was respectively r=0.86, r=0.89, r=0.91 and r=0.95, that suggests the existence of a high reliability in the subscales and overall scale vividness of movement imagery. Regarding its validity, the results showed that this questionnaire has concurrent validity (−0.70) and acceptable convergent validity of the construction between its subscales (p<0.001). It can be concluded that the Persian version of VMIQ-2 has the suitable validity and reliability.
‘Sports psychology’ a crucial ingredient for athletes success: conceptual view
Authors: Kumar Parsanjeet , Shirotriya Awadhesh Kr
Published: July 2011

Traditionally sports people have dedicated an enormous amount of preparation to their physical conditioning and technical skills. The importance and attention to psychological preparation can often be over looked. The diversity, unpredictability and intensity of sport places challenges to the athlete both on a physically and psychologically level. The human mind is complex with people learning and developing at different speeds. Psychological skills will be an inherent ability for some to control their state under pressure and maintain focus during extreme circumstances of uncertainty. Sports psychology is striving hard to investigate athletic performance, to stabilise it and to improve sports performance by seeking an appropriate balance between physiological and psychological dimensions of performance. Sports psychology is a healthy field with a bright future and within physical education, the field continues to grow. Sports psychology offers advancements in the mental aspects of athletic competition and performance. Research shows that mental training, in addition to physical training, can improve results much more than physical training alone. Sports psychology has significantly changed lives of many athletes, coaches and other sports and exercise professionals. Mental Game Coaching is that the segment of sports psychology that concentrates specifically on helping athletes break through the mental barriers that are keeping them from performing up to their peak potential. By focusing on the mental skills needed to be successful in any sporting competition, mental game coaching seeks to achieve the overall goal of performance improvement. Sports psychology encompasses various branches of psychology as they are related to our ability to understand athlete performance, how to make it better, and how to improve exercise programmes.
Psycho-social correlates of basketball performance at national level
Authors: Guttikonda Sreerama
Published: July 2011

Psychological and social dimensions in India will not remain static and are found to change with rapidly changing economic, social and political configurations in our country. The research scholar has undertaken the present study to find out the psycho-social correlates of basketball performance at national level. Thirty-six male senior basketball players of national level were selected. The data obtained from the neuroticism, extroversion, sports achievement motivation, sports competitive anxiety, incentive motivation and socio-economic status were analysed by the use of Pearson's product moment correlation. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. The analysis of data revealed that the neuroticism and extroversions are significantly related, however neuroticism in negatively significant, sport achievement motivation and incentive motivations are also found to be significantly related, sports competitive anxiety and socio-economic status were not found to be significantly related to basketball performance of male national level basketball players.
Effect of two types of spectators on the performance of motor tasks
Authors: Dhapola Mahesh Singh , Pant Bhagwati P D , Pandey Vivek , Pant Gaurav
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of hostile and favourable spectators on the performances of motor tasks. For the purpose of this study a total of 50 students of LNUPE were selected and randomly divided into two groups A and B, 25 each (15 male and 10 female). These subjects were tested on the selected variables such as bent knee sit ups, pull-ups (male)/flexed arm hang (female), bass stick test (crosswise), field goal speed test and dribbling test. Total 200 students of LNUPE were selected as spectators and were asked to first act as hostile spectators and then as favourable ones in order to create the two atmospheres for the study. Hostile spectators tried to disturb the subjects while they were performing by whistling, taunting, booing, shouting and hooting them whereas favourable spectators helped in facilitating the performance by clapping, cheering and appreciating the performance efforts in order to create an appropriate atmosphere. These variables were particularly chosen because of their administrative feasibility and they could be conducted very close to the spectators as the size of the spectators was a smaller one. ‘t Test’ was employed at 0.05 level of significance to compare the performance of both the groups under hostile and favourable situations types of spectators on the performance of motor tasks. The statistical findings revealed that the performance of pull ups (male)/flexed arm hang (female), bass stick test (static balance) and field goal speed test showed a significance differences on comparison whereas bent knee sit-ups and dribbling test showed no significant differences on comparison of performances when performed under the presence of hostile and favourable spectators.
Expert performance from the perspective of error identification
Authors: Tripathi Vivekanand , Pande Namita
Published: July 2011

It is a fact that experts perform better than novices. Experts think faster and more accurately than novices. But what happens when a mistake occurs during the performance in a task. How experts and novices perform under such situation, when a mistake has already taken place, and how they find the solutions in an efficient manner? The present study investigates this issue that how experts are better in handling such situation where a mistake has taken place and they intend to rectify it. Error identification, resultant consequences, and rectification abilities, are the few dimensions on which the experts and novices have been assessed. Focused interview of two experts and one novice was done (after blind fold Rubik's cube solving), and the emerging themes were analysed. The present study reveals that while solving Rubik's cube, where a predesigned course of action (pre-programmed steps) was running, when there was any discrepancy found in the real intermediary step and pre-programmed intermediary step, then the experts and novices behave differently. While solving Rubik's cube, experts are able to identify the error earlier than the novices, and in comparison to novices experts handle such situation in a better manner. Experts stated that as soon as they identify an error they immediately start a process of rectification. While novices stated that only when they get stuck with cube, they realise that they did some mistake, and when they tried to rectify it they found it difficult. That makes experts effective, efficient and faster. It does not mean that experts are always correct or error free, they are also prone to mistakes, but most of the times their ‘rectification ability’ (due to more cumulative experience) helps them to control the situations. So if we include ‘error identification and rectification’ task in our training programmes than it will positively helps to improve the performance.
Analysis of the factorial validity and reliability of the Malay version of the revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2
Authors: Hashim Hairul Anuar , Zulkifli Erie-Zuraidee
Published: July 2011

Sport competition can be a major source of stress among youth sport athletes. Knowledge of competitive state anxiety may be beneficial for both sport performance and development of young athletes. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2), and more recently the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) are often used instruments to measure competitive state anxiety. Indeed, there is evidence suggesting excellent psychometric properties of these instruments in their original as well culturally adapted forms. Given the potential benefits of this instrument in understanding youth athletes’ affective states, CSAI-2R was translated into Malaysian language and has been a precursor to several studies. However, given no prior assessment of the psychometric properties of the translated version, the present study sought to examine the factorial validity and reliability of the Malaysian version of the CSAI-2R. The questionnaire was administered to 236 young Taekwondo athletes. Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), three models were tested, a 1-factor model, a 2-factor model and a 3-factor model. The 3-factor model consisting of self-confidence, somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety factors was expected to yield the best model fit. As expected, CFA results revealed close model fit of the 3-factor model when compared to two others tested models (χ2= 170.197, df = 116, p <0.05; RMR = 0.06; GFI = 0.0.92; RMSEA = 0.05, ECVI = 1.04, AIC = 244.19). Furthermore, significant unstandardised regression weights (<0.05) for all of the path loadings were obtained indicating good convergent validity of the subscales. The results also revealed an acceptable reliability for the subscales (α = 0.65 for somatic anxiety, 0.77 for cognitive anxiety and 0.76 for self-confidence subscales). Overall, the findings support the factorial validity and reliability of the Malaysian version of CSAI-2R. However, future studies with larger sample are needed to confirm if the findings are sample specific or more general.
Determinant of psychological markers of physical activity habituation among 10–12 years old children
Authors: Wahat N A , Jawis M N , Hashim H A , Bistamam N S
Published: July 2011

Numbers of studies has been done to determine physiological effect of physical activity (PA) on children's health throughout the life. However, few studies were done to determine psychological effects and markers towards PA specifically among Malaysian children. It is important to determine the motivational cues in performing the exercise behaviour among children, therefore help to sustain their PA throughout the life. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological correlates of PA and to provide evidence of psychological markers of PA habituation among children. Three hundred and eighty children (age 10.5 ± 0.5 years old) were randomly recruited from district of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia primary schools. Subject's height and weight (BMI) followed by PA-Q was obtained during the test visits. Results indicated that physical education enjoyment showed positive correlations with intention (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), attitude (r = 0.44, p < 0.01), subjective norms (r = 0.48, p < 0.01), behavioural control (r = 0.47, p < 0.01), habit strength (r = 0.49, p < 0.01) and the sustainability of doing PA outside the school (r = 0.23, p < 0.01). These data suggest that children PA is positively correlates with enjoyment experienced during physical education lesson during the school. Moreover, intention to perform exercise was positively correlates with attitude, subjective norm and behavioural control. Therefore, it can lead to the automaticity to perform the exercise behaviour regularly and increase the sustainability to carry it out throughout the life.
Motives for competition among athlete's of selected sports and games at inter-varsity level
Authors: Acharya Ashutosh , Acharya Jayashree
Published: July 2011

To find out the motives of male intervarsity level players in India (N=160) for participating in sports competition in the event of basketball (N=40), track and field (N=40), football (40) and gymnastics (40) in the age group of 18–25 years with a mean and SD of 19.47 ± 1.42. Motives for competition questionnaire (Blood, Suinn, 1982) was used to measure the variables. This questionnaire has 19 categories. To examine the hypothesis, descriptive and comparative statistics of analysis of variance was calculated. A significant difference was found in physical fitness and health scores as the obtained ‘f’ value of 5.12 was greater than required value of 4.00 at 3.156 df, mean difference was found between basketball players and football players. Significant difference was also found in friendship and personal association scores, as the obtained ‘f’ value of 7.65 was greater than the required value of 4.00 at 3.156 df, mean difference was found basketball players and football players as well as between football players and gymnasts. The mean differences were tested at 0.05 level of significance. No significant difference was found in other 17 categories of motives (social approval, competition, self mastery, life style, fear of failure, success and achievement, tangible pay offs, recognition, intimidation/control, heterosexuality, competing conditions/crowd, independence/individuality, family, emotional release, status, self-direction/awareness and understanding reasons) for competition among the selected group players.
A comparative study of the psychological profiles of Indian Railways and Madhya Pradesh National and International Level Male Cricket Players: a pilot study
Authors: Bhagirathi Sameer E , Mehta Deepak , Chandel Sudhira
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to find out the comparative result of the Psychological Profiles of Indian Railways and Madhya Pradesh International and National Level Male Cricket Players. The subject's age ranged between 18 and 25 years, they all were selected randomly from the Railways and Madhya Pradesh as U-19 and U-22 Cricket teams. The experts made two groups of 49–49 players, one group made up of Madhya Pradesh cricket players and another group made up of Railways Cricket players, those who are continuously participating at national and international level. The experts used questionnaires of Rainer and Martin's Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) and the Maudsley Personality Inventory; the questions addressed various aspects of Sports Competition Anxiety and Personality traits of cricket players, respectively. The questionnaire has filled by the Railways and Madhya Pradesh U-19 and U-22 Cricket teams players, respectively. For the evaluation of questionnaire two sample t test was employed, and the findings revealed that there was a significant difference found that is, 2.8 in their Personality parameters, it means Railways Cricketers were better in their Personality as compare to Madhya Pradesh Cricketers and found Insignificant that is, 0.12 in the SCAT, which means there was no difference in Sports Competition Anxiety of Railways Cricketers and Madhya Pradesh Cricketers. Sports Psychology can help a lot in assessing the personality and sports anxiety characteristics of the players or individuals performance in cricket not only demands systematic training to develop physical and physiological variables but also demands training and considerations of psychological characteristics for success in this field.
Effect of autogenic training and mental imagery on the trait anxiety of the hockey players
Authors: Dhiman Chitra , Bedi Harneet Shallu
Published: July 2011

The present research investigation was an attempt to enhance the performance of the hockey players by regulating their trait anxiety level through implementing autogenic training and mental imagery. Pre- and post-test design was used for this purpose. Sample of the study included 31 hockey players of Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports, Patiala. The trait anxiety test (Spielberger 1973) was used to assess trait anxiety of the participants in pre- and post-test conditions. In order to analyse pre- and post-test data t test was applied. The findings revealed that the trait anxiety of the hockey players was significantly reduced, t-ratio = 3.84**, p<0.01, in post-test condition (mean = 29.55) as compared to the pretest condition (mean = 36.81). The concerned coaches had observed improvement in the performance of the hockey players.
Participation in sport as an assessment of women empowerment
Authors: Dubey Bipin Kumar , Dubey Binayak Kumar , Acharya Jayashree
Published: July 2011

According to National Policy for the Empowerment of Women (2001) section 6.2 ‘A holistic approach to women's health which includes both nutrition and health services will be adopted and special attention will be given to the needs of women and the girl at all stages of the life cycle’. The present study examines empowerment of women through games and sports keeping in view the physical, mental and social health. One hundred and fifty college going female subjects, age ranging between 18 and 25 years with a mean and SD of 21.26 ± 2.07 from different District of Gwalior, India were administered a self developed questionnaire. The various responses received were analysed using percentage. Study shows that participation in games and sports makes them physically active (44%), improve their health (42%), positive feeling of well being (45%), prevention of chronic disease (45%), prevention of osteoporosis (41%). Further, sports and games relieves emotional strain (58%), makes them to think logically (36%), reduces anxiety, depression and stress (38%), enhance decision making, organisational and management skill over time (46%), foster self-esteem and empowerment (30%), offers more freedom in comparison to past (58%), opportunities for leadership and achievement (56%), economic and social development (61%), encourages women to form clubs and hence have a career in sport (48%). Majority of the women had a favourable attitude towards participation in games and sports thus helping to improve their physical, mental, and social health. Gender violence (68%) and discrimination (56%) can be reduced if more and more females participated in sports. Further, sports helps in providing equal status to women.
Status and recognition of sportswomen in Indian society
Authors: Kadhiravan Vasanthi
Published: July 2011

In the early 1900s when club life was introduced in India, sporting activities also found a serious place in female lives due to the facilities provided. Women pioneers had started blazing the trail. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Health Minister in India first set an example for North Indian women by taking to competitive tennis. The efforts of such sporting personalities have yielded fruits. The female sensation in badminton today is world no 2 Saina Newhal. Similar legendary sportswomen are Karnam Malleshwari, Anju Bobby George, PT Usha and Sania Mirza. Even if they are a step ahead, a number of factors ensure that sportswomen stay two steps behind. Though the Indian culture looks up to a woman as a mother of a race, the Indian society is firm with the belief that women are naturally inferior to men because of the faith that a woman's duty is bound only to birthing and taking care of her family. The level of physical education and sports for females has been hampered because of the endless limitations. Their road to glory is a fight against prejudice, inferiority and discrimination. Customs and traditions seep their way into discouraging woman achievers. We need sportswomen of yesteryear to handle the reigns and encourage the upcoming generations. Our society has to work towards a massive cultural reform where we have a healthy work ethic. Until that is done Indian women will be only chasing a mirage, not medals, in international sporting events.
Constraints of Indian women participation in games and sports
Authors: Rao Nalluri Srinivasa
Published: July 2011

‘Women in Sport’ has been a topic virtually ignored by most scholars and thus female sport participation has been a relatively undeveloped area of research. Sex role, stereotyping, male research bias and the reward structure of society have contributed to this neglect. Currently, sport for women represents a fast growing changing element in Indian culture, and recent trends have sparked a need for knowledge about the female sport participation.

Statement of the problem

The problem under investigation was a study on the constraints of women participation in sports in India. The constraints referred to in the problem stated above will be confined to the study of parental, community, tradition, religion, college and personal constraints of women participation in sports in India.

Significance of the Study

This study has brought to light some new facts regarding women's non-participation in games and sports. The results may go a long way in removing some of these prejudices, thus, some hidden talents of women will be helpful to improve the level of participation and achievement at the national and international level.

Population

The population under this study was college women who were studying Pre-Degree, Degree and PG Colleges in the Arts, Science and Professional Colleges in India.

Sample

Thousand women of 25 colleges were selected from 12 states in India on a random sampling basis. They were the subjects for the present study and they were selected from selected states in India.

Conclusion

There has been lack of encouragement from the parents and family members.

The traditional way of living was a big hurdle for women taking part in games and sports.

There was lack of sports orientation of the people living in the society. Taking part in games and sports for women has not been become a common phenomenon.

There had not been a good leadership among physical education personnel and a proper motivating system.

It has been clearly found that government college women had expressed more constraints compared to private college women.
Role of incentive marks in women's sports participation
Authors: Nandurkar P B , Nandurkar P P , Petkar H J
Published: July 2011

In our Pride India, percentage ratio of men and women is 52.48 and percentage ratio for the literacy among the men and women is 70 and 48, respectively. Woman play vital role in development of India. Hence she should get the representation in all area like education, employment and sports. But even after the 62 years of the independence, women are still deprived in this male dominant culture and her participation is very negligible in sports. Even considering the ratio of men and women at Olympic it is 58:42. Also the numbers of games which are dedicated to men is more that the games that has been played by women. Even at local level like school level or intercollegiate level, women's participation in sports is very less as compare to men. The reasons for this less participation could be (1) less % of literacy, (2) male dominant culture, (3) family and social level abstraction, (4) less availability of women coach, (5) no independent games facilities for women, (6) child marriage, (7) low health conscience, (8) more emphasis on study, (9) cut through competition in education, (10) more emphasis on tuition classes, (11) less importance to sports at society level, (12) lack of government plans for sports person and (13) lack of incentive marks.

It has been observed constantly that instead of overall development of students, parents are after the merit and percentage of their child. Now it is necessary to inculcate the feeling that the sport is also a part of education and plays vital role in life of individual. Especially for 10th class percentage, parents start the tuition classes from 9th class, from 9th to 12th std, the students become completely busy in tuition as well as in study, at the age of 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th and these students remain physically unfit due to lack of participation in sports. Even in girl students, the attraction towards the games and sports would be decreased due to this academic competitive environment. If one wants to be a good sports person then he/she needs to practice constantly 3–4 h daily for 4–5 years. But the view to look towards these facts are negative. Most of the parents think that only a single certificate would be the gain out of all these efforts. Instead of that it would be more prestigious to be a rank holder. Especially for the girl students, it is necessary to come forward and increase their participation in sports and games. Hence to increase the participation through the academic encouragement, the incentive marks can be enmarked in their mark statement. For the district level participation, 3 marks; for securing 1st, 2nd, 3rd position, 5 marks; for the state level participation, 10 marks; for securing 1st, 2nd, 3rd position, 15 marks, etc. If sports marks are allotted according to the level of participation then participation can be increased and in future it can be a good scenario in sports.
Physiological profile of elite Iranian junior Greco-Roman wrestlers
Authors: Rahmani-Nia Farhad
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological profile of elite Iranian junior Greco-Roman wrestlers. Seventy-one elite wrestlers (aged 19.7±0.8 years), who participated in Iran national training camps were selected for this study periodically. The physiological profile included body weight, maximal oxygen consumption (Bruce protocol), muscular endurance and strength (pull-ups, push-ups, grip strength, bench press, squat and bent-knee sit-ups tests), speed (40 yd running), agility (4 × 9 m running) and body composition (7 sites skinfold). Major results (mean ± SD) are as follow: body weight (kg) 77.4 ± 19.5, flexibility (cm) 40.95 ± 5.25, maximal oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) 50 ± 4.75, bench press (w/kg) 1.47± 0.18, squat (w/kg) 1.76 ± 0.22, push ups (n) 66.7 ± 8.4, pull ups (n) 31.4 ± 11, grip strength (W/N) 0.89± 0.14, bent-knee sit-ups (n) 67± 6.6, speed (s) 5.1± 0.23, agility (s) 8.9± 0.7 and BF (%) 10.8±4.1. The present study provides baseline physiological data which have been used in the prescription of individual training programmes for these athletes. This information is also available to the coaches and contributes to the strategy for individual matches.
Talent identification in kabaddi
Authors: Thakur Vishal
Published: July 2011

Studies have revealed that scientific approach for talent identification is of utmost importance for superior performance in sports. It is very important that every sportsman is aware of his or her standard of performance and where he or she stands in comparison to other players. Measurement will show the coach how effective his training is and how well the player has assimilated the skill taught. If tests are administered during the training process, the evaluation becomes a motivating factor for the trainees, leading to self-improvement. In kabaddi the need for a scientific approach in talent identification of players at a young age can be nurturing, in a systematic manner to bring out their potential in full and for best performance. The selected tests must be objective, reliable, valid and should be applied in correct norms.
Aerobic and anaerobic performance improvement through yogic practice
Authors: Saha M , Tomer O S , Halder K , Pathak A
Published: July 2011

Literature supports the impact of yogic practice on physical performance especially, the aerobic aspects. The study therefore attempted to compare the effect of 3 months yogic practice on aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Healthy young male volunteers of age 21–33 years, height 174.8±3.52 cm and weight 69.6±7.17 kg (mean±SD) were participated in this study (64 volunteers for anaerobic (n1=64) and 21 volunteers for aerobic (n2=21)). The yoga training imparted by certified yoga teacher included the practice of yogasanas, pranayamas, meditation, mudra and bandh for 2 h in the morning and 1½ h in the evening during the weekdays. Wingate Anaerobic Test protocol was applied for the prediction of peak and average anaerobic power. The device consisted of a mechanically braked bicycle ergometer and a software controlling the test. Aerobic performance was assessed by submaximal exercise for 5 min on a bicycle ergometer with a fixed load of 150 w and cycle speed 50 rpm. Heart rate was recorded at rest, 5 min of exercise. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio of weight to height squared. After 3 months body weight and BMI decreased significantly (p < 0.05). After training, heart rate decreased non-significant by 5.10%, at 5 min of exercise as compared to that before training. Peak and average anaerobic power (Wingate Test) improved significantly (p < 0.05). The study revealed that 3 months continuous yogic exercise resulted improvement in anaerobic capacity of individuals, as compared to aerobic capacity.
Effects of yoga on anxiety and depression in women
Authors: Rahimi Eskandar , Bavaqar Sosan
Published: July 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of yoga on anxiety and depression in Shirazian women. Anxiety and depression are illnesses that increasing in incidence worldwide. They have a profound effect on an individual's physical, emotional, mental and spiritual capacities. It seems that alternative medical systems such as yoga practice can be used for these disorders.

Method

Thirty-four Shirazian women age 34± volunteer participated in this study and were divided randomly in two control and experimental groups. Exercise protocol included 16 sessions Hata Yoga in the experimental group was carried out. The two training sessions a week and each session 90 M were performed. DASS questionnaire was used to assess anxiety and depression.

Results

Overall findings showed that anxiety and depression significant difference between pretest and post-test experimental group. Also, test anxiety and depression between the experimental and control groups at p <0.05 was a significant difference.

Conclusion

The principle aim of this study was investigating the effect of Hata Yoga practices on anxiety and depression. Anxiety and depression are illnesses which are increasing in incidence worldwide, have a profound effect on an individual's physical, emotional, mental and spiritual capacities, and affect the community as a whole because of reduction persons, ability to perform. Not only does a person's ability to enjoy life decrease, but their ability to work, to fulfil their roles as spouse or parent, and to contribute to their community become impaired. As the result of this study and other similar studies yoga practice has benefits for the management of the symptoms of these illnesses, and can create balance in the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual capacities of individuals, so it can be used as alternative health practice to prevent depression and anxiety.
Competing against doping
Authors: Kumar Rajesh
Published: July 2011

Sport is thought of as an activity that is governed by a set of rules and that which is engaged in competitively, while doping is the idea of using banned natural or synthetic substance for the purpose of enhancing sports performance. Sports goes beyond a measure of athletic excellence and the winning of trophies, medals and cash awards has become a pride to the nation and sports persons. Sports teach us about honest endeavour, commitment and fair play. The use of performance enhancement drugs is very harmful to the body. Doping in sports is not a new phenomenon; athletes have taken performance-enhancing agents since the beginning of time. The ancient Olympics in Greece were riddled with doping. In ancient Rome, gladiators drank herbal infusions to strengthen them before chariot races. The first doping death occurred in 1886 in cycling. In the early 1900, the popular doping agent was a cocktail of alcohol and strychnine. The use of performance-enhancing drugs is a form of cheating, that is quite widespread and common in sports. Performance-enhancing drugs such as stimulants, anabolic steroids, diuretics, β-blockers, etc are harmful to the health. Despite harmful effects, the sports persons are using drugs to become famous and rich. Performance enhancement may be attained fairly through good dietary nutrition and effective training and recovery programmes. Athletes require good dietary advice from early on in their career to achieve high-level sports performance. Sports must be doping-free and performance must be achieved through scientific sports coaching. Sports and games must be played in a fair manner.
Study on relevant effects of aeroyoga on physiological parameters of youth
Authors: Gupta Benu , Agarwal Mukesh , Arora Sunita
Published: July 2011

The purpose was to study the relevant effects of new fitness regime aeroyoga on physiological parameters of the youth. The sample subjects were confined to the youth students ageing 16–21 years of Delhi and NCR. A total of 60 subjects were chosen randomly for the study. They were divided into three groups of 20 each. One group was treated with the regime of aerobics; the second was with yogasanas and the third with aeroyoga for fitness. The aeroyoga – a complete new fitness regime was developed and implemented on controlled and experimental group in comparison with yogasana and aerobic battery for the relevance. The physiological parameters were measured at three stages that is, at resting, pre-operational and post-operational. Also, the subjective assessment was done once in between the operation and after the completion of battery. Physiological measures considered were: Wt, Ht, BMI, fat%, hip-waist ratio, HR, MHR, BMR, VO2max and pulse rate. Analysis of variance – statistical technique was used to study the relevant effect of aeroyoga in comparison with aerobics and yogasana. The whole statistical work deals with study of independent and interaction effects as well as mean difference in Wt, Ht, BMI, fat%, hip-waist ratio, HR, MHR, BMR, VO2max, pulse rate and subjective assessment of aeroyoga, aerobics and yogasana battery on active and passive youth. The result revealed the significant difference in Wt, BMI, fat%, hip-waist ratio, HR, BMR, VO2max, pulse rate in youth going through aeroyoga, aerobics and yogasana. Whereas there was no significant difference found in Ht and MHR. The significant difference was found in subjective assessment.

Conclusions

The fitness battery of aeroyoga was found to delay the onset of fatigue in comparison to other fitness battery.

Aeroyoga was found to be more suitable fitness programme for the people irrespective of their physical and mental condition.

Aeroyoga was found to produce maximum workout in minimum time frame when compared with other two fitness regime employed.
Effect of meditation on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers of Banaras Hindu University
Authors: Mishra Pooja , Singh Moradhvaj , Yaduvanshi Santosh , Dureha D K
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Studies show that stress plays an important role on teacher's health and their job satisfaction. Usually the people are not aware about the amount of their stress that is, inadequate. They are not aware as how to reduce their stress. At work, they have to meet the expectation of others and put their emotions on hold. Another key component is job satisfaction which they want to enhance. To achieve job satisfaction, they have to cope up with both internal as well as external pressure.

Background

The purpose of the study was to find the effect of meditation on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers of Banaras Hindu University. Thirty teachers (n=30) were randomly selected for the study. In this study two separate questionnaires were used for assessing the mental stress and job satisfaction.

Method

The t test was applied to find out the effect of effect of 12 week training of meditation on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers of Banaras Hindu University. For testing the difference between mean gain of initial test and final test the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of significance.

Result

On the basis of findings, it can be concluded from the study that the meditation practice among teachers was significantly improved from the 12 week training of meditation on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers of Banaras Hindu University.
Health and fitness management through yoga
Authors: Kareemulla Syed
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Modern technology is trying hard to make our life easier. Now throughout the world man appears to be living a more and physically inactive life, he rides instead of walks, sits instead of standing and watches instead of participation. Thus there is an urgent need to bring about positive changes in the present day life-styles by participating in yoga, sports and physical education programmes.

Health

‘A state of complete Physical, Mental and Social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’.

Physical fitness

‘Physical fitness is the ability to carry out ones own routine activity without fatigue’.

Yoga

Yoga originated in India. The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘YUJ’ meaning to find the ‘Yoke’ our ancient sages have suggested eight stages of yoga to secure purity of body, mind and soul and final communion with God.

The various stages of yoga classified into (1) Yama (social discipline), (2) Niyama (individual discipline), (3) Asana (postures), (4) Pranayama (breath control), (5) Pratyahara (discipline of the senses), (6) Dharana (concentration), (7) Dhyana (meditation) and (8) Smadhi (self-realisation).

Need of yoga

Yoga is quite effective and easy to do these not only exercise the limbs and the trunk, but also the visceral vital organs, improving their disease resistance capacity. In fact, yoga is the medicine of the body which can restore the vigour of the vital organs like the heart and kidneys, etc.

Importance of physical fitness

▶

efficiency in work and performance

▶

develop immunity power resistance to disease

▶

efficient functioning of various systems of body

▶

proper development of body

▶

mental health of alertness

▶

ageing processes and longevity

▶

success in games and sports.

Dimensions of health

▶

physical well-being

▶

mental and emotional well-being

▶

social well-being

▶

spiritual well-being.

Development and maintenance of fitness and health

▶

regularity (daily yogic practices)

▶

progression

▶

total body involvement

▶

tolerance

▶

rest, sleep and recreation

▶

good habits

▶

proper nutrition

▶

medical check-up

40 Min yoga for health and fitness

Yogasanas5 minPranayama4 minConcentration5 minMeditation5 minSurya namaskara5 minBandhas and Mudras5 minShat Kriyas6 minRelaxation (Shavasana)5 min

Conclusion

The first wealth is health. Health and fitness – a way of life. The healthy and fit citizen assets to the nation and ill-health citizen debt to the nation. The health and fitness is not only for us but also for our coming generation.