bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Trimolecular Condensation Between Indole, Meldrum′s Acid and Chiral Sugar‐Derived Aldehydes.
Authors: Dardennes Emmanuel , Gerard Stephane , Petermann Christian , Sapi Janos
Published: July 2010

Reaction of the aldehydes (I), (V), and (VIII) with indole and Meldrum′s acid is found to proceed with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective ProPhenol‐Catalyzed Addition of 1,3‐Diynes to Aldehydes to Generate Synthetically Versatile Building Blocks and Diyne Natural Products.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Chan Vincent S. , Yamamoto Daisuke
Published: July 2010

A catalytic and enantioselective process is developed where POPh3 is found to interact synergistically with ProPhenol to substantially enhance the chiral recognition.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt Catalysis at the Crossroads: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alder—Ene Reaction versus [2 + 2] Cycloaddition.
Authors: Hilt Gerhard , Paul Anna , Treutwein Jonas
Published: July 2010

Depending on the Cobalt ligand used (dppp or dppe), cyclobutene derivatives [cf.(III)] or Alder‐ene products [cf.(VIII)] arise with changing ratios, sometimes as a single product [cf.(V)].
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Rotors: Synthesis and Evaluation as Viscosity Sensors.
Authors: Sutharsan Jeyanthy , Lichlyter Darcy , Wright Nathan E. , Dakanali Marianna , Haidekker Mark A. , Theodorakis Emmanuel A.
Published: July 2010

A variety of molecular rotors, mainly p‐N,N‐dialkylaminobenzylidene compounds, are prepared from the aromatic aldehydes and malonic acid derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Polyfluoroarenesulfonyl Bromides from Polyfluoroarenethiols.
Authors: Platonov Vyacheslav E. , Bredikhin Roman A. , Maksimov Alexander M. , Kireenkov Victor V.
Published: July 2010

The reactions of polyfluoroarenethiols with bromine and fuming nitric acid or other bromine‐containing oxidative systems afford the corresponding polyfluoroarenesulfonyl bromides in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Additions of Arenethiols to Ynamides for the Selective Synthesis of N‐[(Z)‐2‐(Arylsulfanyl)‐1‐alkenyl]amides.
Authors: Sato Akinori , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: July 2010

Arenethiols undergo highly regio‐ and stereoselective radical addition to ynamides to furnish the title arylsulfanyl‐alkenylamides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines from N‐Alkenyl and Alkynyl N‐Benzoyloxysulfonamides Catalyzed by (CuOTf)2·C6H6.
Authors: Liu Wei‐Min , Liu Zhen‐Hong , Cheong Wei‐Wen , Priscilla Lu‐Yi Teo , Li Yongxin , Narasaka Koichi
Published: July 2010

A variety of 2,5‐disubstituted pyrrolidines is synthesized by radical cyclization of various N‐4‐ and N‐5‐alkenyl and alkynyl N‐benzoyloxysulfonamides.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Iodo‐3‐ethoxypyrazoles: An Entry Point to New Chemical Entities.
Authors: Guillou Sandrine , Janin Yves L.
Published: July 2010

Pyrazole (III) is prepared by a simplified method and transformed to the iodinated isomers (VII) and (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of Benzynes and Nitrile Oxides: Synthesis of Benzisoxazoles.
Authors: Crossley James A. , Browne Duncan L.
Published: July 2010

Bu4NF is an effective reagent for the simultaneous in situ generation of benzyne and nitrile oxide, which produces benzisoxazoles via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Thiazolidinones Derived from 4‐Methylcoumarinyl‐7‐oxyacetic Hydrazide.
Authors: Manojkumar P. , Ravi T. K. , Gopalakrishnan S.
Published: July 2010

22 Compounds of type (III) are prepared and screened for their actibacterial activities against S.
ChemInform Abstract: Tsukuba‐Green: A Fluorescent Dye that Emits Green Fluorescence Useful for Live‐Cell Imaging.
Authors: Senda Naoko , Miwa Yoshihiro , Tanaka Junko , Momotake Atsuya , Arai Tatsuo
Published: July 2010

The title compound (IV), an unexpected product of the BiCl3‐catalyzed Pechmann condensation, shows strong fluorescence at 509 nm in water.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Indeno[1,2‐c]isoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Mahmoud Mahmoud R. , El‐Shahawi Manal M. , El‐Bordany Eman A. A. , Abu El‐Azm Fatma S. M.
Published: July 2010

The reactions of (VII), easily prepared starting from diester (I), with various N‐nucleophiles is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Alternative Direction of a Biginelli‐Like Multicomponent Reaction with 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole as the Urea Component.
Authors: Gorobets Nikolay Yu. , Sedash Yuriy V. , Ostras Konstantin S. , Zaremba Oleg V. , Shishkina Svetlana V. , Baumer Vyacheslav N. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Kovalenko Sergiy M. , Desenko Sergey M. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: July 2010

It is demonstrated that the title compound behaves differently compared to other aminoazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Parallel Synthesis of Novel 3‐Substituted 1‐Ethyl‐6‐methylpyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine‐5,7(1H,6H)‐dione Analogues.
Authors: Chen Yongsheng , Barber Jack R. , Ng Shi Chung , Zhou Yuefen
Published: July 2010

The preparation of a library of 37 novel 1H‐pyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine‐5,7‐dione analogues (V) via parallel synthesis is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Substituted Benzimidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalin‐6(5H)‐ones via an Intramolecular Goldberg Reaction.
Authors: Meng Tao , Zhang Yongliang , Li Min , Wang Xin , Shen Jingkang
Published: July 2010

The conditions of the intramolecular Goldberg reaction [CuI/N,N‐dimethylglycine] are successfully applied to the synthesis of the title compounds (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Improved and Scalable Synthetic Route to the Synthon 17‐β‐(2‐Carboxyethyl)‐1,3,5(10)estratriene: An Important Intermediate in the Synthesis of Bone‐Targeting Estrogens.
Authors: Nasim Shama , Vartak Ashish P. , Pierce William M. Jr. , Taylor K. Grant , Crooks Peter A.
Published: July 2010

A new route to synthon (V) is presented which overcomes the difficulties of known procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Synthesis of Dipeptides in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Malhotra Sanjay V. , Zhang Chengdong , Wang Hao
Published: July 2010

Immobilized protease‐catalyzed synthesis of peptides (III) from natural amino acids (I) and (II) is achieved in ionic liquids.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Cobalt‐Free Oxygen‐Permeable Perovskite‐Type Membrane.
Authors: Efimov Konstantin , Halfer Torben , Kuhn Alexander , Heitjans Paul , Caro Juergen , Feldhoff Armin
Published: July 2010

The new cobalt‐free perovskite (Ba0.5Sr0.5) (Fe0.8Cu0.2)O3‐δ is synthesized by a sol—gel method and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, TEM, conductivity, and oxygen permeation measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of an Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridine Series Against the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus.
Authors: Chezal Jean‐Michel , et al. et al.
Published: July 2010

A series of imidazolo[1,2‐a]pyrrolo[2,3‐c]pyridines is prepared and evaluated for their activities against the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in MDBK cells.
ChemInform Abstract: P—Rb System
Authors: Sangster James M.
Published: July 2010

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aligned, Ultralong Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes: From Synthesis, Sorting, to Electronic Devices
Authors: Liu Zhongfan , Jiao Liying , Yao Yagang , Xian Xiaojun , Zhang Jin
Published: July 2010

Review: 162 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combining Electronic Structure Calculations and Spectroscopy to Unravel the Structure of Grafted Organometallic Complexes
Authors: Wischert Raphael , Coperet Christophe , Delbecq Francoise , Soutet Philippe
Published: July 2010

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Metalated Container Molecules
Authors: Kersting Berthold
Published: July 2010

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Tweezers for Fullerenes
Authors: Perez Emilio M. , Martin Nazario
Published: July 2010

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes versus Organocatalysts in Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions
Authors: Najera Carmen , Sansano Jose M. , Yus Miguel
Published: July 2010

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2,6,6‐Tetraalkylpiperidine‐N‐oxyls and N‐Alkoxyamines. Part 1. Nitroxide Radicals in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Schoning Kai‐Uwe
Published: July 2010

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perchloric Acid and Its Salts: Very Powerful Catalysts in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Dalpozzo Renato , Bartoli Giuseppe , Sambri Letizia , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: July 2010

Review: 407 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bifunctional Molecular Systems with Pendant Bis(pentafluorophenyl)boryl Groups: From Intramolecular C—H Activation to Heterolytic Dihydrogen Splitting
Authors: Hill Michael , Herrmann Christoph , Spies Patrick , Kehr Gerald , Bergander Klaus , Froehlich Roland , Erker Gerhard
Published: July 2010

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Nanoparticles for Biology and Medicine
Authors: Giljohann David A. , Seferos Dwight S. , Daniel Weston L. , Massich Matthew D. , Patel Pinal C. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: July 2010

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Data Integration for Dynamic and Sustainable Systems Biology Resources: Challenges and Lessons Learned
Authors: Sullivan Daniel E. , Gabbard Joseph L. Jr. , Shukla Maulik , Sobral Bruno
Published: July 2010

Review: 38 refs.
Study of High‐Beta Plasmas in a Helical System
Authors: Yamada H. , Watanabe K. Y. , Sakakibara S. , Suzuki Y. , Ohdachi S. , Kobayashi M. , Funaba H. , LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2010

Recent experiments in LHD have demonstrated reactor‐relevant high β plasmas. The high beta state with the volume averaged beta of 5 % has been maintained for longer than 100 times the energy confinement time without any disastrous instability. Accumulated data and extended knowledge is a firm basis for a reactor assessment as well as comprehensive physics understanding of high β plasmas. This article addresses highlighted issues from the latest experimental observations in the LHD experiment, which are related to reconfirmation of gaps in non‐dimensional parameters, characteristics of growth of MHD instabilities, effects of stochastic magnetic field and resonant magnetic perturbation, and transport associated with a resistive interchange mode (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Low‐Order Rational Surfaces on the Radial Electric Field of TJ‐II ECH Plasmas
Authors: Bondarenko O. , Estrada T. , Jiménez‐Gómez R. , López‐Bruna D. , Happel T. , Romero J. , López‐Fraguas A. , Ascasíbar E. , Blanco E.
Published: July 2010

Dynamic magnetic configuration scan experiments have been conducted in order to investigate the influence of the rotational transform on plasma rotation, radial electric field and turbulence. The main magnetic resonances (7/4 and 5/3 in this work) make a positive contribution to the local radial electric field, which depends on the plasma density and plasma radius. A local reduction in the level of density fluctuations due to the influence of low order rational surfaces is also observed. These results could explain local transport changes associated to low order rational surfaces observed in TJ‐II ECH plasmas (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast‐Ion Response to Energetic‐Particle‐Driven MHD Activity in Heliotron J
Authors: Kobayashi S. , Nagaoka K. , Yamamoto S. , Mizuuchi T. , Nagasaki K. , Okada H. , Minami T. , Murakami S. , Lee H. Y. , Suzuki Y. , Nakamura Y. , Takeiri Y. , Yokoyama M. , Hanatani K. , Hosaka K. , Konoshima S. , Ohshima S. , Toushi K. , Sano F.
Published: July 2010

In Heliotron J, low magnetic shear configuration, instabilities with frequency chirping in the frequency range of Alfvén eigenmodes have been observed in tangentially injected neutral beam plasmas. These modes are induced by energetic‐particle driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities such as global Alfvén eigenmode or energetic particle mode. A hybrid directional Langmuir probe system has been installed into Heliotron J to investigate the response of fast‐ion fluxes to the MHD modes. A high coherent response of the ion flux to the bursting modes has been observed not only by the co‐directed probe but also by the counter‐directed one. A linear correlation between the response of the co‐directed ion flux and the mode amplitude has been found. The radial profile of the response of the co‐directed ions has decreased with the minor radius and has not been obtained significantly outside last closed flux surface. These results indicate that the fast‐ion response is due to a resonant convective oscillation. The ion flux response of the counter‐directed probe has appeared in the growth phase of the mode burst. Its phase relation is different from that of co‐directed one and magnetic probe located at the Heliotron J vacuum vessel. Two candidates of the detected ion flux of the counter‐directed probe have been discussed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density Collapse Events Observed in the Large Helical Device
Authors: Ohdachi S. , Sakamoto R. , Miyazawa J. , Morisaki T. , Masuzaki S. , Yamada H. , Watanabe K.Y. , Jacobo V.R. , Nakajima N. , Watanabe F. , Takeuchi M. , Toi K. , Sakakibara S. , Suzuki Y. , Narushima Y. , Yamada I. , Mianami T. , Narihara K. , Tanaka K. , Tokuzawa T. , Kawahata K. , LHD Experiment Group
Published: July 2010

A core density collapse (CDC) phenomenon is a rapid collapse events observed in super dense core (SDC) plasma with internal diffusion barrier (IDB) in the Large Helical Device (LHD). By CDC, the central beta is decreased by up to 50%. The collapse starts from the edge region of the plasma. CDCs appear with plasma parameters where the high–n ballooning modes are unstable at ϱ ∼ 0.8. With less collisional conditions, m = 1 type oscillations are observed with similar beta profile. The origin of the m = 1 oscillations is not clarified (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trees never rest: the multiple facets of hydraulic redistribution
Authors: Nadezhdina Nadezhda , David Teresa S. , David Jorge S. , Ferreira Maria Isabel , Dohnal Michal , Tesař Miroslav , Gartner Karl , Leitgeb Ernst , Nadezhdin Valeriy , Cermak Jan , Jimenez Maria Soledad , Morales Domingo
Published: July 2010

The upward movement of water due to transpiration stops when soil water potential (Ψs) drops below leaf water potential (ΨL). Under these circumstances, water can move in any direction in the plant‐soil continuum through the passive conduits of roots and stems towards the lowest Ψs. This is generally termed as hydraulic redistribution (HR), but the positioning and orientation of the driving water potential gradient may vary. Any experimental method that can measure bi‐directional and low flows in the sapwood of roots and stems will be suitable to detect HR. Using one approach for measuring sap flow (the heat field deformation technique, HFD) in several forest species and sites across Europe, we were able to provide evidence on different types of HR: vertical hydraulic redistribution (VHR), horizontal hydraulic redistribution (HHR), foliar uptake (FU) and tissue dehydration (TD). VHR is the vertical water movement through roots in response to water potential differences between deep and topsoil, either hydraulic lift or hydraulic descent. HHR is the lateral water movement through roots in response to horizontal water potential gradients, namely under localised irrigation. FU is the water movement from crown to soil through stems when the crown is wetted by foggy weather. TD is the downward movement of water in stems or roots from above‐ground tree tissues to soil under prolonged drought or frost. Results from direct sap flow measurements indicated the vectoral and widespread nature of HR, a phenomenon of paramount importance for overall physiology and ecohydrology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies of family farms to strengthen their resilience
Authors: Darnhofer Ika
Published: July 2010

Resilience thinking offers a framework to emphasize dynamics and interdependencies across time, space and domains. It is based on understanding social–ecological systems as complex, and future developments as unpredictable, thus emphasizing adaptive approaches to management. In this paper the four clusters of factors that have been identified as building resilience in large‐scale social–ecological systems are applied at the farm level. Suggestions on how these factors could be operationalized at the farm level are derived from workshops held with family farmers in Austria. The results show that farmers understand change as unpredictable and unfolding, have a number of strategies to ensure the flexibility and adaptability of their farm and build extensive networks to diversify information and income sources. However, these strategies, while ensuring adaptability and transformability, compete for scarce resources. The farmers thus face trade‐offs between strategies that ensure the adaptive capacity of their farm over the long term and those ensuring profitability over the short term. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Modelling policies for multifunctional agriculture and rural development – a norwegian case study
Authors: Refsgaard Karen , Johnson Thomas G.
Published: July 2010

This paper outlines the development and use of a simulation model designed to analyse multifunctional agriculture and rural development policy. The model was the core of the EU research project, TOP‐MARD (Towards a Policy Model for Multifunctional Agriculture and Rural Development). The TOP‐MARD project explored ways in which both market and non‐market ‘functions’ of agriculture and farm households interact with the process of economic development and the quality of life in a variety of rural territories, and how different kinds of policy influence these relationships. A model was developed in common between 11 European research partners and then adapted to the 11 study regions. In this paper the model is applied to the Norwegian study region, Hordaland County. The study concludes that reducing agricultural subsidies can lead to improvements in regional economic performance by releasing labour and capital to uses with higher returns and by creating positive feedback to the economy by improving environmental quality and overall quality of life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Local strategic planning processes and sustainability transitions in infrastructure sectors
Authors: Truffer Bernhard , Störmer Eckhard , Maurer Max , Ruef Annette
Published: July 2010

Sustainability transitions have repeatedly been demanded in various economic sectors to confront global environmental problems. The present paper analyses the role of strategic planning processes for improving the prospects of achieving sustainable transitions in infrastructure sectors. Current planning approaches in these sectors tend to perpetuate the established socio‐technical configurations by neglecting context uncertainties, by ignoring radical system alternatives and by focusing on narrow value considerations. In order to improve the prospects for sustainable transitions, more reflexive and discursive strategic planning methods are needed. We present the ‘Regional Infrastructure Foresight’ methodology as a specific procedural proposal and analyse results from its application to a case study in the Swiss sanitation sector. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Soft‐coupling of national biophysical and economic models for improved understanding of feedbacks
Authors: Turner Graham M. , Baynes Timothy
Published: July 2010

Rather than attempting to create a single integrated economic–environment model of the Australian economy, this paper presents research on the linking or soft‐coupling of separate environment and economic models. The model of the environment is provided by the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework (ASFF), used to identify the significant physical challenges facing Australia in the decades ahead. To address the perceived issue of missing prices in the ASFF this research explores how the link with economic models can be made, and demonstrates several advantages of taking this approach. This paper shows the results of coupling the ASFF with two different economic models, a partial equilibrium model and a dynamic monetary circuit model, which differ substantially in their fundamental assumptions and representation of the way national economies function. This demonstrates the flexibility inherent in soft‐coupling separate models, as compared with the more common approach of using fully integrated models. We find coherence of the biophysical model with the partial equilibrium model is limited as the latter does not have a system‐wide extent. The coupling between biophysical and dynamic economic models demonstrates the role of increasing efficiency as a driver of economic growth and subsequent environmental degradation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Chromophoric Lewis Base Adducts of Methyltrioxorhenium: Synthesis, Catalysis and Photochemistry
Authors: Hauser Simone A. , Korinth Valentina , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Cokoja Mirza , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: July 2010

A series of chromophoric Lewis base adducts of methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) was examined. The ligands were pyridine derivatives with different size of the aromatic system and variable substituents, thus providing a variation of electronic and steric parameters. The complexes were fully characterised (UV/Vis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and elemental analysis) and their stability constants in dichloromethane were determined by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, this report presents a study of the influence of these N‐donor ligands coordinated to MTO on the catalytic activity of epoxidation of 1‐octene. Each compound was tested twice; in a catalytic reaction under exclusion of light and in daylight. No significant differences in catalytic performance were found. The behaviour of the complexes under irradiation with UV light was investigated by means of 17O‐NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The herein exposed experiments aimed for probing potential beneficial effects of chromophoric N‐donor ligands in MTO adducts, as they might activate the catalytic system by providing additional energy for weakening bonds that have to be broken during the catalytic cycle.
A Series of Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Biphenyl‐3,4′,5‐tricarboxylate: Syntheses, Structures, Luminescence and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Lin Zu‐Jin , Xu Bo , Liu Tian‐Fu , Cao Min‐Na , Lü Jian , Cao Rong
Published: July 2010

A series of isostructural lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) formulated as [Ln4(BPT)4(DMF)2(H2O)8]·(DMF)5·(H2O)3 {BPT = biphenyl‐3,4′,5‐tricarboxylate, Ln = Eu(1), Gd(2), Tb (3), Dy (4), Ho (5), or Er (6)} have beenhydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that these complexes are isomorphous and isostructural, and each forms a three‐dimensional structure possessing one‐dimensional channels filled with lattice and coordinated water and DMF molecules. They show framework dynamics upon dehydration and rehydration. When heated above 220 °C for four hours, the crystallinity of the as‐prepared hydrated materials degrades completely to the amorphous dehydrated phases, but the structure is restored upon rehydration. Photoluminescence measurements show that complexes 1 and 3 are highly emissive at room temperature with quantum yields of 14.4 % and 60.9 %, respectively, but the yields unexpectedly fall to 5.2 % and 32.6 % after thermal treatment. The recovery of the quantum yields upon rehydration indicates that guest molecules enhance the luminescence rather than quench it. Results of magnetic measurements indicate that all complexes display antiferromagnetic behavior.
Integration of on‐chip peristaltic pumps and injection valves with microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection
Authors: Bowen Amanda L. , Martin R. Scott
Published: July 2010

A microfluidic approach that integrates peristaltic pumping from an on‐chip reservoir with injection valves, microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection is described. Fabrication and operation of both the peristaltic pumps and injection valves were optimized to ensure efficient pumping and discrete injections. The final device uses the peristaltic pumps to continuously direct sample from a reservoir containing a mixture of analytes to injection valves that are coupled with microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection. The separation and direct detection of dopamine and norepinephrine were possible with this approach and the utility of the device was demonstrated by monitoring the stimulated release of these neurotransmitters from a layer of cells introduced into the microchip. It is also shown that this pumping/reservoir approach can be expanded to multiple reservoirs and pumps, where one reservoir can be addressed individually or multiple reservoirs sampled simultaneously.
The development of mini pentameric STR loci for rapid analysis of forensic DNA samples on a microfluidic system
Authors: Aboud Maurice J. , Gassmann Marcus , McCord Bruce R.
Published: July 2010

There is increasing interest in developing methods for portable DNA analysis in mass disasters and criminal identification. Currently most forensic STR DNA analysis is performed by CE; however, these instruments are not portable and require long sample run times. One potential solution is the development of microfluidic systems for DNA typing. Unfortunately, fairly long (ca. 20 cm) separation channels are usually required for the proper resolution of multiplexed STR loci used in human identification. Commercially available systems like the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer have a small footprint and utilize chips with shorter channels and reduced resolution. Such portable systems might be valuable for evidence screening in remote locations. However, due to their lower resolution, most standard 4 base STR loci and their inherent 2 base variants will not resolve on such systems. In this paper, we discuss the development of reduced length pentameric (5 base) STR amplicons. Pentameric STRs have fewer variant alleles and are easier to separate due to the wider spacing between alleles. By incorporating novel denaturing sieving polymers in a short microfluidic channel, we demonstrate efficient separations on these chips. Such an approach can serve as a useful tool for rapid microfluidic DNA typing.
Microchip‐ESI‐MS determination of dissociation constant of the lysozyme–NAG3 complex
Authors: Svobodová Jaroslava , Mathur Sonal , Muck Alexander , Letzel Thomas , Svatoš Aleš
Published: July 2010

An on‐line microfluidic system for determination of dissociation constants of enzyme/substrate weak interactions by nanoESI‐MS is introduced. The microchip was designed to permit the enzyme and the substrate to mix by molecular diffusion in a pressure‐driven laminar flow. Introduction of reagent solutions into the chip was an optimized combination of a micropump and an autosampler to enable automation of the measurements. The system performance was tested for monitoring of non‐covalent interactions of hen egg white lysozyme with N‐acetyl glucosamine oligomers. Dissociation constant (KD) of the hen egg white lysozyme‐N‐acetyl glucosamine oligomer complex was determined by non‐linear regression analysis, and the range of KD values (39±6×10−6 and 19.6±8×10−6 M for manual and automated infusions, respectively) confirms the previously reported values. Such miniaturization of a continuous‐flow enzyme assay system to a microfluidic format can maximize the capabilities of mass spectrometric detection, reduce the sample size and analysis time required, as well as the associated costs for on‐line enzymatic kinetic studies.
Development of an integrated microfluidic instrument for unattended water‐monitoring applications
Authors: VanderNoot Victoria A. , Renzi Ronald F. , Mosier Bruce P. , Van de Vreugde James L. , Shokair Isaac , Haroldsen Brent L.
Published: July 2010

Field‐deployable detection technologies in the nation's water supplies have become a high priority in recent years. The unattended water sensor is presented which employs microfluidic chip‐based gel electrophoresis for monitoring proteinaceous analytes in a small integrated sensor platform. The instrument collects samples directly from a domestic water flow. The sample is then processed in an automated microfluidic module using in‐house designed fittings, microfluidic pumps and valves prior to analysis via Sandia's μChemLab™ module, which couples chip‐based electrophoresis separations with sensitive LIF detection. The system is controlled using LabVIEW software to analyze water samples about every 12 min. The sample preparation, detection and data analysis has all been fully automated. Pressure transducers and a positive control verify correct operation of the system, remotely. A two‐color LIF detector with internal standards allows corrections to migration time to account for ambient temperature changes. The initial unattended water sensor prototype is configured to detect protein biotoxins such as ricin as a first step toward a total bioanalysis capability based on protein profiling. The system has undergone significant testing at two water utilities. The design and optimization of the sample preparation train is presented with results from both laboratory and field testing.
Analyte transport past a nanofluidic intermediate electrode junction in a microfluidic device
Authors: Mao Xiuli , Reschke Brent R. , Timperman Aaron T.
Published: July 2010

A glass microfluidic device is presented in which a microchannel is split into two regions with different electric fields by a nanochannel intermediate electrode junction formed by dielectric breakdown. The objective is to sink current through the nanochannel junction without sample loss or broadening of the band as it passes the junction. This type of performance is desired in many microfluidic applications, including the coupling of microchannel/CE with ESI‐MS, electrochemical detection, and electric field gradient focusing. The voltage offsets in this study are suitable for microchannel/CE‐ESI‐MS. Imaging of the transport of model anions and cations through the junction indicates that the junction exhibits nanofluidic behavior and the mean depth of the nanochannel is estimated to be ∼105 nm. The ion permselectivity of the nanochannel induces concentration polarization and enriched and depleted concentration polarization zones form on opposite sides of the nanochannel, altering the current and electric field distributions along the main microchannel. Anion transport efficiency past the junction was high, 96.0%, and varied little over the pH range of 4.0–8.0. In contrast, cation transport is much lower, and decreases from 72 to 11% from pH 4.0 to 8.0. Band broadening increases with increasing pH less than 70% over the pH range of 4.0–8.0. It is anticipated that this characterization will aid in the understanding and optimization of such junctions made from permselective membranes and porous glass.
A spring‐driven press device for hot embossing and thermal bonding of PMMA microfluidic chips
Authors: Chen Zhi , Zhang Luyan , Chen Gang
Published: July 2010

A novel spring‐driven press device was designed and manufactured for hot embossing and thermal bonding of PMMA microfluidic chips in this work. This simple device consisted of two semi‐cylinder silicone rubber press heads, three steel clamping plates, and three compression springs that were assembled together using two screw bolts and two butterfly nuts. The three springs were clamped between the upper and the middle clamping plates, whereas the two press heads were assembled between the middle and the lower clamping plates. After an epoxy template covered by a PMMA plate or a PMMA channel plate together with a cover were sandwiched between two microscopic glass slides for embossing or bonding, respectively, they were clamped between the two elastic press heads of the press device by fastening the screw nuts on the upper clamping plate. Because the convex press heads applied pressure along the middle line of the glass slides, they would deform resulting in a negative pressure gradient from the middle to the sides so that air bubbles between the sandwiched parts could be squeezed out during embossing and bonding processes. High‐quality PMMA microfluidic chips were prepared by using this unique device and were successfully applied in the electrophoretic separation of several cations.
Application of capillary electrophoresis to predict crossover frequency of polystyrene particles in dielectrophoresis
Authors: White Christian M. , Holland Lisa A. , Famouri Parviz
Published: July 2010

CE is used to calculate the zeta potential of polystyrene particles in order to estimate the surface conductivity of the particles. These values are used to predict the dielectrophoretic behavior, including the crossover frequency of particles under the influence of an AC electric field. Predictions for fluorescent polystyrene particles that are unmodified, carboxylate‐modified, or streptavidin‐modified are tested using miniaturized dielectrophoresis cells containing patterned gold quadrupole electrodes. The particle surface conductivities derived from CE separations differ from those derived from dielectrophoresis experiments by ≤0.003 S/m and serve as a guide to effectively select the suspending medium to generate a crossover frequency ∼0.5 MHz. Prediction of dielectrophoresis crossover frequency is limited by several factors, especially the accuracy and precision of the conductivity measurements for the particle and suspending medium. A rapid analysis of particles by CE is a viable alternative to determine zeta potential.
Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip‐capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Felhofer Jessica L. , Blanes Lucas , Garcia Carlos D.
Published: July 2010

Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip‐CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high‐voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
A framework development for predicting the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in natural streams using an artificial neural network
Authors: Noori R. , Karbassi A.R. , Mehdizadeh H. , Vesali‐Naseh M. , Sabahi M.S.
Published: July 2010

The main objective of the present investigation is to predict longitudinal dispersion coefficient (Kx) in natural streams using artificial neural network (ANN) technique based on most famous training functions such as Trainlm, Trainrp, Trainscg, Trainoss, and so on. To achieve the goal, hydraulic and geometric data (shear velocity, channel width, local flow depth, and mean longitudinal velocity) that are easily obtained in natural streams are used. First, we have tried to review the most well‐known of published work in the field due to find out deficiencies of them. Second, new approach of ANN model based on the famous training functions is applied for predicting Kx in natural streams and then the best architectures for each training functions is selected by trial and error. Finally, Levenberg‐Marquardt training function (Trainlm) is selected as the best choice for training the network parameters. Determination coefficient (R2) and mean absolute error for ANN (Trainrp) model were equal to 0.94 and 33 in the training and 0.95 and 30 in the testing steps, respectively. It is hoped that the presented methodology in the research, can be useful in river water quality management studies. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011.
Use of selected industrial waste materials in concrete mixture
Authors: Mesci Başak , Çoruh Semra , Ergun Osman Nuri
Published: July 2010

In this study, chromite industry waste and red mud were used in the production of concrete. They were ground and incorporated into concrete with the levels of 5%, 10% and 15% by the weight of binder. Ten mixtures were prepared with different proportions of both the chromite industry waste and the red mud. The experimental results indicate that the mixtures that were ground with 5% chromite industry waste and 5% red mud, substituted with Portland cement gave compressive strength performance similar to that of the reference mixture. A higher percentage of the chromite industry waste and the red mud (15%) replacement yielded lower strength values. The leaching tests that were carried out confirmed that the process makes it possible to obtain materials without major risks for the environment. This study shows that using waste materials in concrete to cost‐effective help solve some of the issues with solid waste problems. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
The Promoting Effect of Europium on PtSn/C Catalyst for Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Wang F. , Zheng Y. , Guo Y.
Published: July 2010

Well‐dispersed PtSnEu/C and PtSn/C catalysts were prepared by the impregnation–reduction method using formic acid as a reductant and characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesised catalysts with different atomic ratios of Pt/Sn/Eu have the Pt face centered cubic (fcc) structure and their particle sizes are 3–4 nm. The PtSnEu/C catalyst is composed of many Pt (0), SnO2, Eu(OH)3, a small amount of Pt(II) and partly alloyed PtSn, but no metallic Eu. The electrochemical measurements indicate that in comparison with Pt3Sn1/C catalyst, the Pt3Sn1Eu1/C catalyst for ethanol oxidation has more negative onset potential, smaller apparent activation energy and lower electrochemical impedance so that it exhibits very high catalytic activity. Its peak current density increases by 135% and 40%, compared with Pt3Sn1/C and Pt1Ru1/C (JM) catalysts, respectively. This is because the Eu(OH)3 formed by adding Eu to PtSn/C catalyst can provide the OH group which is in favour of the removal of adsorbed intermediates and ethanol oxidation.
Methanol‐Tolerant Heterogeneous PdCo@PdPt/C Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Yang J. , Cheng C. H. , Zhou W. , Lee J. Y. , Liu Z.
Published: July 2010

We have prepared carbon‐supported nanoparticles with the heterogeneous structure of a PdPt shell on a PdCo core which are effective for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in the presence of methanol. The preparation was based on the galvanic replacement reaction between PdCo/C nanoparticles and PtCl42–, a method of general utility which can be extended to the preparation of other core‐shell electrocatalysts. The heterogeneous PdCo‐core and PtPd‐shell architecture was confirmed by multiple techniques including high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The activity of the PdCo@PdPt/C catalyst in ORR was evaluated in acidic solutions both with and without methanol (0.1 M). The results showed four to sixfold increases in activity over a standard Pt/C catalyst with no apparent loss of catalyst stability. It is inferred that the strain effect from the lattice mismatch between the shell and core components is the major contributor for the enhancement of ORR activity and selectivity.
Investigation of Channel‐to‐Channel Cross Convection in Serpentine Flow Fields
Authors: Tehlar D. , Flückiger R. , Wokaun A. , Büchi F. N.
Published: July 2010

Channel‐to‐channel cross convection in serpentine flow fields of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) can influence the overall cell performance. The effect strongly depends on the gas transport properties of the gas diffusion layer (GDL). For the first time measured anisotropic, compression dependent permeability and effective diffusivity of GDLs are used to quantify the influence of cross convection on the local current distribution and performance. A model was developed to examine different channel‐rib geometries and GDL characteristics. The results show that cross convection can significantly increase the current density and consequently the power density of PEFCs. A strong sensitivity to GDL compression, flow velocity and rib width was found. As an optimised case the GDL thickness under the rib was increased resulting in about 20% higher current densities. Precise knowledge of the GDL characteristics and its compression are key to understand channel‐to‐channel cross convection and optimise perfomance.
On the Stability of Sr‐Doped La2CuO4 Against Different Electrolytes for IT‐SOFCs
Authors: Ruiz‐Bustos R. , Cantos‐Gómez A. , Dos santos‐García A. J. , Sánchez‐Bautista C. , van Duijn J.
Published: July 2010

The thermal stability of the cathode material against an electrolyte at the operating temperature plays an important role in the fuel cell's performance. As such, compatibility tests of the most common used electrolytes with La2–xSrxCuO4 have been performed. The chemical reaction between these two materials in the temperature ranging from 800 to 1,000 °C was examined by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The results show that in all the cases there is reaction above 925 °C, making conventional cell fabrication non‐appropriate. However, we demonstrate that infiltration is a useful technique for obtaining cuprate cermets for use as cathode materials in IT‐SOFCs.
Geophysical prospection for late Holocene burials in coastal environments: Possibilities and problems from a pilot study in South Australia
Authors: Moffat Ian , Wallis Lynley A. , Hounslow Mark W. , Niland Katrina , Domett Kate , Trevorrow George
Published: July 2010

Geophysical techniques have been widely employed for the noninvasive location of burial sites in archaeological and forensic investigations. This approach has met with varying degrees of success, depending on factors such as equipment choice, survey methodology, burial type, and geological setting. This paper reports the results of a multitechnique geophysical survey carried out immediately prior to the salvage excavation of two Indigenous burials from an eolian dune in coastal South Australia. Ground‐penetrating radar was not successful in defining the location of the burials owing to the disturbed nature of the local stratigraphy. Magnetic field intensity and apparent magnetic susceptibility surveys identified discrete anomalies that coincided with the location of skeletal material revealed during excavation, which we hypothesize to be due to burning or ochre use during funerary practices. Despite the spatial association of these features, subsequent laboratory analyses of the mineralogy and magnetic properties of sediments collected from the site failed to find a definite cause of the anomalies. Nevertheless, the association between them and the primary interment locations has implications for archaeological surveys carried out in the Australian coastal zone, as it highlights the potential of magnetic field intensity and apparent magnetic susceptibility geophysical techniques undertaken with a more refined survey methodology to afford a noninvasive, culturally appropriate means through which to detect Indigenous burials. This approach may prove particularly useful in areas with disturbed stratigraphy where ground‐penetrating radar is less effective. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geophysical identification of unmarked historic graves
Authors: Dalan Rinita A. , De Vore Steven L. , Clay R. Berle
Published: July 2010

Down‐hole magnetic susceptibility techniques were explored as a means of improving near‐surface geophysical surveys in historic grave detection. These techniques were used to document distinctive magnetic characteristics of grave shafts at three historic cemeteries first surveyed using various near‐surface geophysical methods. Tests revealed a low magnetic susceptibility signature that soil magnetic studies indicated was largely related to differential soil compaction associated with the excavation and refilling of grave shafts. Most apparent at depths beyond those reached by soil penetrometers, this magnetic signature offers a way to assess anomalies identified by near‐surface techniques that potentially represent graves. At one cemetery, magnetic studies of the interments themselves suggested spatially patterned, magnetically enhanced zones that might also aid in burial identification in certain contexts. While down‐hole techniques will not be foolproof, they do provide another geophysical tool that can be used to improve grave detection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enigmatic spiny‐rayed fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy
Authors: Bannikov Alexandre F. , Carnevale Giorgio
Published: July 2010

A new genus and species of percomorph fish,Pietschellus aenigmaticusgen. et sp. nov., is described from the Eocene (Ypresian) micritic limestone of the Monte Postale site of the Monte Bolca locality, northern Italy. This new percomorph taxon is based on a single well‐preserved nearly complete specimen that exhibits a unique combination of features. A detailed comparative analysis indicates thatPietschelluspossibly was a benthic fish which shares several character states with certain lophiiform, callionymoid, trachinoid, blennioid, pterygocephalid, cottoid and scorpaenoid taxa. Most of these shared character states, however, are reductive and seem to be related to the convergent benthic lifestyle and/or to the relative elongation of the body, being the product of parallel or convergent evolution. Therefore, the present evidence does not favour any sister‐group relationship and, as a consequence,Pietschellusis placed asincertae sediswithin the percomorph fishes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing the early 19th‐century Waal River by means of a 2D physics‐based numerical model
Authors: Arboleda Alejandro Montes , Crosato Alessandra , Middelkoop Hans
Published: July 2010

Suspended‐sediment concentration data are a missing link in reconstructions of the River Waal in the early 1800s. These reconstructions serve as a basis for assessing the long‐term effects of major interventions carried out between 1850 AD and the early 20th century. We used a 2D physics‐based morphodynamic model accounting for the influence of floodplain vegetation to fill in this gap. Historical discharge hydrographs were derived from a correlation between flow discharge records at Cologne and water level measurements of the Rhine branches in the Netherlands, taking into account the discharge distribution between the branches. Historical floodplain sedimentation rates were estimated using old cartographic information and recent geomorphologic field work. The computed historical sedimentation rates are found to be within the range of measured data, which suggests that fine suspended sediment concentrations in the early 1800s were comparable to contemporary ones. The computations show also how vegetation enhances the formation of natural levees close to the main channel and at the same time decreases the sedimentation rates in farther areas of the floodplain. A sensitivity analysis shows suspended sediment composition to have a strong influence on the resulting quantities and patterns of floodplain deposition. The reconstruction has also provided validation of the modelling tools to reproduce the effects of vegetation on sediment dynamics, enabling their implementation to study other cases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.