Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Authors: Bosson Jennifer K. , Jurek Paweł , Vandello Joseph A. , Kosakowska-Berezecka Natasza , Olech Michał , Besta Tomasz , Bender Michael , Hoorens Vera , Becker Maja , Timur Sevincer A. , Best Deborah L. , Safdar Saba , Włodarczyk Anna , Zawisza Magdalena , Żadkowska Magdalena , Abuhamdeh Sami , Badu Agyemang Collins , Akbaş Gülçin , Albayrak-Aydemir Nihan , Ammirati Soline , Anderson Joel , Anjum Gulnaz , Ariyanto Amarina , Jamir Benzon R. Aruta John , Ashraf Mujeeba , Bakaitytė Aistė , Bertolli Chiara , Bërxulli Dashamir , Bi Chongzeng , Block Katharina , Boehnke Mandy , Bongiorno Renata , Bosak Janine , Casini Annalisa , Chen Qingwei , Chi Peilian , Cubela Adoric Vera , Daalmans Serena , Dandy Justine , Lemus Soledad de , Dhakal Sandesh , Dvorianchikov Nikolay , Egami Sonoko , Etchezahar Edgardo , Sofia Esteves Carla , Felix Neto , Froehlich Laura , Garcia-Sanchez Efrain , Gavreliuc Alin , Gavreliuc Dana , Gomez Ángel , Guizzo Francesca , Graf Sylvie , Greijdanus Hedy , Grigoryan Ani , Grzymała-Moszczyńska Joanna , Guerch Keltouma , Gustafsson Sendén Marie , Hale Miriam-Linnea , Hämer Hannah , Hirai Mika , Hoang Duc Lam , Hřebíčková Martina , Hutchings Paul B. , Høj Jensen Dorthe , Jasinskaja-Lahti Inga , Karabati Serdar , Kelmendi Kaltrina , Kengyel Gabriella , Khachatryan Narine , Ghazzawi Rawan , Kinahan Mary , Kirby Teri A. , Kovács Monika , Kozlowski Desiree , Krivoshchekov Vladislav , Kulich Clara , Kurosawa Tai , Thi Lac An Nhan , Labarthe Javier , Latu Ioana , Anne Lauri Mary , Mankowski Eric , Musbau Lawal Abiodun , Li Junyi , Lindner Jana , Lindqvist Anna , Maitner Angela T. , Makarova Elena , Makashvili Ana , Malayeri Shera , Malik Sadia , Mancini Tiziana , Manzi Claudia , Mari Silvia , Martiny Sarah E. , Mayer Claude-Hélène , Mihić Vladimir , Milošević Đorđević Jasna , Moreno-Bella Eva , Moscatelli Silvia , Bryan Moynihan Andrew , Muller Dominique , Narhetali Erita , Neto Félix , Noels Kimberly A. , Nyúl Boglárka , O’Connor Emma C. , Ochoa Danielle P. , Ohno Sachiko , Olanrewaju Adebayo Sulaiman , Osborne Randall , Giuseppina Pacilli Maria , Palacio Jorge , Patnaik Snigdha , Pavlopoulos Vassilis , Pérez de León Pablo , Piterová Ivana , Barreiros Porto Juliana , Puzio Angelica , Pyrkosz-Pacyna Joanna , Rentería Pérez Erico , Renström Emma , Rousseaux Tiphaine , Ryan Michelle K. , Sainz Mario , Salvati Marco , Samekin Adil , Schindler Simon , Seydi Masoumeh , Shepherd Debra , Sherbaji Sara , Schmader Toni , Simão Cláudia , Sobhie Rosita , Souza Lucille De , Sarter Emma , Sulejmanović Dijana , Sullivan Katie E. , Tatsumi Mariko , Tavitian-Elmadjian Lucy , Jain Thakur Suparna , Thi Mong Chi Quang , Torre Beatriz , Torres Ana , Torres Claudio V. , Türkoğlu Beril , Ungaretti Joaquín , Valshtein Timothy , Van Laar Colette , van der Noll Jolanda , Vasiutynskyi Vadym , Vauclair Christin-Melanie , Venäläinen Satu , Vohra Neharika , Walentynowicz Marta , Ward Colleen , Yang Yaping , Yzerbyt Vincent , Zanello Valeska , Ludmila Zapata-Calvente Antonella , Žukauskienė Rita 
Published: March 2021

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions ( N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.