bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic utility of preoperative platelet‐to‐albumin ratio in surgically treated oral cavity cancer patients
Authors: Tsai Yao‐Te , Fang Ku‐Hao , Tsai Ming‐Hsien , Lai Chia‐Hsuan , Ko Chien‐An , Tsai Ming‐Shao , Chang Geng‐He , Liao Chun‐Ta , Kang Chung‐Jan , Hsu Cheng‐Ming , Huang Ethan I. , Lee Yi‐Chan , Tsai Yuan‐Hsiung , Luan Chih‐Wei
Published: December 2023

Background

This study aimed to explore the prognostic utility of the preoperative platelet‐to‐albumin ratio (PAR) among patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed of 355 patients with surgically‐treated OSCC between 2008 and 2017. The optimal PAR cutoff for patient stratification was determined through X‐tile analysis. Prognostic variables for disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified using Cox proportional hazards models. We developed a PAR‐based nomogram to predict personalized OS.

Results

We determined the optimal PAR cutoff to be 7.45. A PAR of ≥7.45 was an independent negative prognostic factor for DFS and OS (hazard ratio = 1.748 and 2.386; p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). The developed nomogram demonstrates the practical utility of PAR and accurately predicts personalized OS.

Conclusions

The preoperative PAR is a promising and cost‐effective prognostic biomarker for patients with surgically‐treated OSCC; the PAR‐based nanogram accurately predicts OS for such patients.
Clinical effectiveness and treatment satisfaction between two triple‐therapy regimens in treating neuropathic pain: A real‐world data
Authors: Raju Nithya , Villavan Samyuktha , Ravi Saranya , Murugesan Roja , Theivendren Panneerselvam , Jaganathan Vennila , Rajan Redlin Jani , Karunanithi Krupanidhi
Published: December 2023

Triple‐therapy regimens involving Pregabalin or Gabapentin with nortriptyline and Methylcobalamin have been shown to be efficacious in treating neuropathic pain in clinical trials. This study aims to compare the clinical effectiveness and treatment satisfaction of two triple‐therapy regimens in treating neuropathic pain in a real‐world setting. This prospective, single‐center, observational study compared the efficacy, safety, and treatment satisfaction of triple therapy in Pregabalin triple therapy versus Gabapentin triple therapy for patients with neuropathic pain. The primary outcome measured the reduction in mean Self‐Administered Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs pain score value from the baseline to 12 weeks posttreatment. The secondary outcome measured the treatment satisfaction for both therapies using the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication version 1.4. Of 264 patients who received either treatment group, during the third follow‐up, it became evident that Group A Pregabalin triple therapy yielded a significantly more substantial reduction in neuropathic pain (60.61%) when compared to Group B Gabapentin triple therapy (12.88%). Furthermore, patients expressed markedly higher levels of satisfaction and convenience with the Pregabalin treatment (p ≤ 0.001). Our study's findings, encompassing both clinical effectiveness and treatment satisfaction, unequivocally demonstrate that Group A surpasses Group B in ameliorating neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pregabalin is a more effective and convenient treatment for neuropathic pain than Gabapentin, with no significant difference in side effects. Clinicians should consider Pregabalin as a first‐line treatment option for neuropathic pain, especially for patients not responding to Gabapentin or who seek a more convenient option.
Chromocolposcopy with fluorescein sodium for detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Patel Amrita , Suneja Amita , Malik Rashmi , Gupta Bindiya , Sharma Sonal
Published: December 2023

Objective

The aim of the study was to explore the utility of fluorescein sodium (FNa) as a contrast agent for colposcopy to detect premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix. The primary objective was to determine and compare the percentage detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of FNa and acetic acid (AA) positive areas.

Methods

This study included 120 screen positive women who underwent colposcopy using both 3% AA and FNa (0.06%). Observations for FNa staining were made under blue filter and directed biopsies were taken from acetowhite and fluorescent green areas. Benign lesions were considered as disease‐negative and low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high grade SIL (HSIL), and invasive cancer were considered as disease‐positive. Correlation between histopathology and FNa and AA was determined by Kappa statistics.

Results

The mean age was 39.59 ± 10.73 years and median parity was 2. Out of 120 patients, 57 had benign lesions, 18 had LSIL, 33 had HSIL and 12 had invasive carcinomas. Sensitivity was 98.41% versus 64.91% respectively and specificity was 85.71% versus 35.09% respectively with FNa and AA. Diagnostic accuracy of FNa and AA was 82.50% versus 61.60%. There was good agreement between FNa staining and final histopathology and fair agreement between AA application and HPE (κ = 0.643 vs 0.213, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Using FNa as a contrast agent during colposcopy results in greater accuracy for detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix as compared to AA.
Anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activity of elemental sulfur‐derived sustainable sulfur quantum dots
Authors: Priyadarshi Ruchir , Choi Hyunjin , Kim Hail , Han Sanghee , Riahi Zohreh , Tammina Sai Kumar , Rhim Jong‐Whan , Lee Seok‐Geun
Published: December 2023

Sulfur quantum dots (SQDs) are attracting increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their unique properties, such as antibacterial activity, free radical scavenging potential, optical properties, biocompatibility, and non‐toxicity. Ethylenediamine passivated SQDs (ED‐SQDs) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Cytotoxicity evaluation of ED‐SQDs on RAW264.7 cells showed more than 90% cell viability even at 500 μg/mL of ED‐SQDs, with an established IC50 value of 880.9 μg/mL. In addition, ED‐SQDs showed potent antioxidant activity in vitro, effectively scavenging ABTS and DPPH free radicals at concentrations below 100 μg/mL, comparable to ascorbic acid. ED‐SQD reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages, lowered pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and inactivated LPS‐activated STAT3. In addition, ED‐SQD increased nuclear NRF2 and the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes in LPS‐stimulated cells. These results reveal the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory potential of ED‐SQDs at non‐toxic concentrations, providing evidence for their potential anti‐inflammatory applications.
Microstructural and histochemical analysis of shoots and cones of Juniperus seravschanica (Cupressaceae)
Authors: Rezanejad Farkhondeh , Ganjalikhani Hakemi Farzad
Published: December 2023

Juniper species contain abundant compounds that are used in the medicine, cosmetic, and wood industry. Furthermore, these components protect the genus against herbivores, pathogens and detrimental abiotic conditions. Stains and specific reagents can be used individually or simultaneously to mark cell shape, arrangement and the material they are made from. Microchemical analyses using specific reagents and stains under light microscopy are helpful for the characterization of chemical compounds present in plant tissues. The autofluorescence of endogenous fluorophores is used to enable their localization in plant cells and tissues. This paper aims to investigate the cytochemical and histochemical traits of the shoots (leaves and stems) and female cones (berries) of Juniperus seravschanica. Light and florescent microscopy techniques were used to analyze the cytology and localization of different compounds for the first time. Microscopy‐based histochemical analyses revealed various products in terms of composition and distribution among the shoots and female cones. These specific compounds contained lignin, tannins, polysaccharides, starch, phenolic compounds, chlorophyll, terpenoids, neutral lipids, and proteins. However, the anatomical position of each metabolite and its concentration was different among leaf, stem, and female cone. Phenolic cells of young cones were differentiated into sclereid cells during development. The density of phenolic cells, sclereid cells, and resin glans was higher in female cones than leaves and stems. The high levels of various components can be related to high resistance of the species against biotic and abiotic stresses, confirm its industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural applications and is useful for identification of diagnostic taxonomic traits.

Research Highlights

Microscopical and histochemical analyses showed various compounds in J. seravschanica

The phenolic cells differentiated to sclereid cells during development

High levels of idioblasts and various compounds show its high resistance and medicinal role
A detailed anatomical approach to taxonomically problematic endemic Seseli L. (Apiaceae) taxa in Türkiye
Authors: Mavi İdman Dudu Özlem
Published: December 2023

In this study, the vegetative anatomical features of the taxa, which were previously named as Seseli gummiferum subsp. ilgazense A.Duran, Ö.Çetin & M.Öztürk and S. paphlagonicum Pimenov & Kljuykov, were compared with a closely related species, S. resinosum Freyn & Sint., which is also endemic in Türkiye. The root, the stem, the leaf segment, the petiole, and the rachis parts were examined anatomically and explained in detail for the first time to discuss the results of recent morphological and molecular studies with the anatomy of the taxa. The results show that S. gummiferum subsp. ilgazense and S. paphlagonicum have anatomically similar characters. However, in terms of the same characters, these taxa quite differ from a closely related species, S. resinosum. The most prominent different characters can be listed as the shape of stems, petioles and rachis, the presence of sclereids in the roots, the collenchyma arrangement of stems and petioles, the surface view of rachis and the sclerenchyma above floem in the stems and rachis. This revisional and detailed descriptive study highlights the importance of anatomy in the taxonomy of Apiaceae, and it is obvious that it will assist future taxonomic research in the genus.

Research Highlights

Vegetative anatomical characters are also taxonomically important as well as the fruit anatomy in the family Apiaceae.

The vegetative anatomy supports the molecular data that, the taxa named as S. gummiferum in Türkiye seem to be S. paphlagonicum.
Colorado merger recognizes community, service access needs
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: December 2023

Aiming to meet the needs of communities facing challenges related to poor mental health, service access and increasing suicide rates among young people — and with an opioid and fentanyl epidemic — two Colorado‐based organizations have announced a partnership that will create the largest, most innovative behavioral health provider in the state, leaders announced.
RAND examines AI suicide risk monitoring tool in K‐12 schools
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: December 2023

Observing the ongoing and increasing youth mental health crisis among students, RAND Corporation researchers have released a new report about how artificial intelligence (AI)‐based suicide risk monitoring tools are being used in K‐12 schools to detect and prevent youth suicide risk and self‐harm.
Process controlled microstructure of polyvinylidene fluoride/functionalized single walled carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Roy Rinu Elizabeth , Rajeev R. S.
Published: December 2023

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐functionalized single walled carbon nanotube (FSWCNT) film composites were prepared by two different process conditions—air drying and vacuum drying. Though reports on –PVDF‐FSWCNT composites are available, we provide a new outlook here, which is based on optimized functionalization and novel processing conditions. The microstructural and phase changes occurring in PVDF having nanotubes functionalized for different extent of time were investigated and confirmed that those functionalized for 4 h (FSWCNAT‐4) create polar γ phase in PVDF with improved mechanical and electrical properties. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed that PVDF/FSWCNT‐4 composites have the maximum percentage of functional groups. It is also found that PVDF/FSWCNT‐4 composite films prepared through air drying were rough and had a cloudy appearance suitable for applications demanding open porous structures, whereas those prepared through vacuum drying process were smooth and homogeneous with high optical transparency, suitable for microelectronic applications. Thus, by suitably controlling the processing conditions and by using optimally functionalized nanotubes, PVDF films with multifunctional properties could be achieved. In order to extract the full capabilities of PVDF/SWCNT films, functionalization of the nanotube together with processing conditions plays a significant role.
Load bearing investigations on novel Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene‐carbon quantum dots 3D printed core/bamboo fiber polyester sandwich composite for structural applications
Authors: Alshahrani Hassan , Arun Prakash V. R.
Published: December 2023

In this research, a novel 3D printed core and natural fiber polyester composite skin based thick sandwich panel was developed as structural material for domestic and commercial infrastructure applications. The main objective of this research was to analyze how the carbon quantum dots (C‐dots) from agriculture waste strengthen the softer thermoplastic acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) core and overall sandwich panel's load bearing properties. The core of sandwich was prepared using additive manufacturing method whereas the skin was developed by hand layup method. According to the results the C‐dots of 20 phr into the ABS improved the compression properties of core in both flatwise and edgewise directions. A highest tensile and flexural strength of skin was observed to be 114 and 146 MPa respectively. The addition of C‐dots improved the load bearing effect and also restricts the deformation against load. This performance improved novel 3D printed core and bamboo fiber skin sandwich could be used as an alternative construction and building material where the commercial plywood and other forms of powder wood face damages via weather and termite issues.

Highlights

Higher filler volume of up to 20 phr of carbon quantum dots in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were developed

Novel 3D printed thin walled core of 1 mm diameter was developed using carbon quantum dots and ABS.

Bamboo fiber‐polyester skin with highest tensile strength of 114 MPa was developed.

Improved flatwise compression and tensile strength were achieved for ABS core with 20 phr of Carbon quantum dots

Flexural strength and edgewise compression properties were improved with 20 phr of Carbon quantum dots in ABS
Effect of hygrothermal aging on novel hybrid composites: Transforming textile waste into a valuable product
Authors: Russel Eastus , Nagappan Beemkumar , Karsh Pradeepkumar , Madhu S. , Devarajan Yuvarajan , Suresh G. , Vezhavendhan R.
Published: December 2023

The textile industry now produces thousands of tons of waste worldwide, and the total amount of discarded material waste increases yearly. Hygrothermal aging of cotton/E‐glass (hybrid) fiber reinforced with various proportions of graphene oxide (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%) was performed. Epoxy and vinyl ester (50:50) have been chosen because of the Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs) concept. Laminates were subjected to 50, 60, and 70°C temperatures for 180 days. Further,Tgand the degree of cross‐linking have been determined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC analysis proves that a hot water bath enhances the cross‐linking of the polymer. IPN laminates were also intermittently weighed for water uptake, and their consecutive mechanical properties like tensile, flexural, and impact strength were obtained. From this work, it was observed that the addition of 5 w.t% graphene oxide in cotton/E glass fiber vinyl ester/epoxy resin hybrid IPN composites showed a tensile strength of 375.61 MPa, flexural strength of 393.54 MPa, Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of 49 MPa and the impact strength of 22.54 MPa. Moreover, the lowest inclusion of particulate addition exhibits better mechanical properties than (up to 5% of GO) the highest particulate loading into the matrix. SEM study was conducted on the broken specimens to know the impact of diffusion characteristics on the physical properties of the IPN composites.

Highlights

Natural and synthetic fibers are used as reinforcements.

Waste cotton/E glass fiber vinyl epoxy composites are fabricated.

Laminates were subjected to diverse temperatures for 180 days.

The moisture diffusion coefficient is proportional to water temperature.

Bathtub temperature affects the tensile strength of the laminate.
Mechanical, morphological, and numerical evaluation of biocompatible ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene/nano‐zeolite nanocomposites
Authors: Soudmand B. H. , Mohsenzadeh R.
Published: December 2023

The incorporation of bio‐friendly nano‐zeolite (NZ) into ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), renowned for its exceptional biocompatibility, presents an intriguing pathway for robust structural biomedical applications. This study aimed to investigate the influence of NZ integration on the tensile and impact properties of UHMWPE/NZ nanocomposites through experimental and morphological assessments. The morphology examinations primarily entailed particle distribution, clustering extent, and the primary toughening response induced by fillers under impact loading. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized to investigate the bonding characteristics between NZ and UHMWPE within the nanocomposites. Moreover, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to examine alterations in the crystalline structure of the nanocomposites, revealing an increase of up to 9% in crystallinity () following the incorporation of NZ. Tensile tests demonstrated significant improvements, with a 45% increase in tensile modulus and a 14% increment in strength upon the inclusion of NZ. Impact toughness consistently showed enhancements of up to 24%. The improved impact strength was attributed to the extensive partial particle‐induced debonding and subsequent release of plastic constraints within the matrix. The micro‐mechanisms responsible for nanoparticle‐triggered toughening were further investigated using super‐magnified images from impact‐fractured SEM micrographs, and various impact toughening mechanisms were observed, classified, and discussed in the UHMWPE/NZ nanocomposites. Various analytical solutions were employed to predict the elastic modulus and tensile strength of nanocomposites. Subsequently, the results were compared to experimental data, and any discrepancies were thoroughly justified.

Highlights

The mechanical traits of UHMWPE/nano‐zeolite nanocomposites were explored.

Tensile and impact strength increased up to 14% and 24% with NZ addition.

Morphological inspections were conducted to assess filler‐induced debonding.

Toughening mechanisms were assessed through super‐magnified SEM micrographs.

Micromechanical models were used to predict the tensile modulus and strength.
Biodegradable polymers and composites: Recent development and challenges
Authors: Maurya Atul Kumar , de Souza Felipe Martins , Dawsey Tim , Gupta Ram K.
Published: December 2023

Biodegradable polymers are highly sought after as they have the potential to reduce the issue of plastic waste and eventually lead to a circular economy. Yet, conciliating eco‐friendliness with competitive properties is often challenging. Polymerization and processing techniques have been developed and optimized to improve such factors. Some of the common polymerization methods to obtain such materials are condensation, ring‐opening, addition, and biocatalytic‐assisted polymerization. Alongside that, processing techniques such as melt mixing/extrusion, solution castings, compression, and injection molding have also been employed for the manufacture of biodegradable polymers. While these traditional techniques are viable routes to market, there is still the need to further improve their properties to make them comparable to their petrochemical‐based counterparts. To assist with that, the production of composites and blending techniques are facile approaches that demonstrated promising improvements in their properties. Based on these aspects, this review is aimed at discussing the main types of biodegradable polymers, followed by the compositing approaches reported in the recent literature, their structure–property relationships, and biodegradability mechanisms. The first section provides an introductory overview of biodegradable polymers and their composites. The second section focuses on the most prominent polymers used in the industry. Furthermore, the fabrication techniques, along with their property and application relationships are provided with an emphasis on mechanical reinforcements and the biomedical field. Finally, some future perspectives are given to clarify some of the known challenges and, possibly, provide some insights for the reader to develop novel ideas.
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of pure and surface‐modified silica/high‐density polyethylene nanocomposites
Authors: Hojatzadeh Saeideh , Rahimpour Farshad , Sharifzadeh Esmail
Published: December 2023

The isothermal crystallization kinetics of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites containing 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 2 wt% of pure and surface‐modified silica were evaluated at three crystallization temperatures (Tc) of 120°C, 121°C, and 122°C using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and applying Avrami, Tobin, and Malkin equations. According to Hoffman‐Weeks theory, the values of the equilibrium melting point () of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing nanoparticle content and were higher in the samples containing AMS nanoparticles, owing to the larger crystal. The results of all three models offered the same trend according to which the change in the crystallization temperature influenced the nucleation mechanism and the crystallization rate. It was found that a greater number of spherulites can be formed via increasing Tc from 120°C to 122°C which also decreased the crystallization rate of the nanocomposites. At the crystallization temperature of 122°C, the lowest melting temperature was recorded for the samples, attributed to the formation of more crystals with a lower thickness. Moreover, in HDPE/AMS nanocomposites, the crystallization rate was higher than that of HDPE/PSN, ascribed to the positive effect of surface modification on nanoparticles.

Highlights

Increased polymer/particle compatibility and isothermal crystallization.

Evaluating the nucleation and crystallization using different models.

The impact of isothermal crystallization temperature on crystallinity.

Variation of equilibrium melting point with the nanoparticle content.
Research on the effects of jute fibers filler content and surface treatment on the mechanical properties of natural rubber latex foam
Authors: Li Yi , Du Yue , Teng Fei , Liang Ce , Gao Shuang , Zhao Zengxia
Published: December 2023

Natural rubber latex foam (NRLF) filled with untreated and alkali/silane coupling agent‐treated jute fibers (JFs) were prepared using the Dunlop method. The JFs fillers were added at 0, 1, 3, and 5 phr. The density, crosslinking degree, and surface morphology of the untreated jute‐filled NRLF were studied, and the tensile and compression properties of the untreated and surface‐treated NRLF were compared. The results showed that the density, the modulus at 100% elongation (M100), and compression set of the untreated jute‐filled NRLF increased with increasing JFs filler content. The crosslinking degree, tensile strength, elongation at break, and recovery rate decreased with increasing JFs filler content. Regarding mechanical properties, the surface‐treated JFs‐filled NRLF exhibited higher tensile strength and M100 than the untreated group, indicating that alkali/silane coupling agent treatment enhanced the interaction between JFs and the matrix. However, the elongation at break was lower. As for the compression set and recovery rate, there was no significant difference between the two groups, indicating that alkali/silane coupling agent treatment had little effect on the compression set and recovery rate of JFs‐filled NRLF.
Covalent adaptable network offers “sustainable” closed‐loop circularity in epoxy vitrimers
Authors: Tripathi Sandeep , H Supriya , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: December 2023

Traditional Epoxies take hours to cure before their properties can be realized and this restricts its use in applications where quick turn‐around time is imperative. Herein, we developed fast curing Epoxies (which cure within 2 h) using Vitrimer chemistries. A unique dynamic curing agent (bio‐based Schiff motif) consisting of an aldehyde (here, cinnamaldehyde) and an amine (here, mussel inspired dopamine) is used to facilitate imine exchange during the curing process and maintains the network integrity‐ a key requirement to achieve excellent structural properties in epoxy based components. By incorporating this covalent adaptable network, various epoxies were designed which can cure within 2 h. The resulting epoxy vitrimers exhibited high tensile strength (68 MPa), exceptionally high Tg (128°C), fast stress relaxation (a relaxation time of 15.2 s at 180°C) and an activation energy of 105 kJ/mol. This associative covalent adaptable network (imine exchange) also rendered the epoxies re‐processable and re‐usable and offers closed‐loop circularity in plastics. The resulting epoxy also exhibited self‐healing property triggered by the exchangeable bonds. The self‐healing behavior of this epoxy was manifested from the surface conductivity measurements wherein the conducting pathway (facilitated by spraying conducting particles on the vitrimer epoxy substrate) was restored post self‐healing in substrates containing epoxy vitrimers. In addition, the epoxies cured using this Schiff based motif dissolves in a specific solvent and can be recovered and re‐purposed. The excellent mechanical properties achieved by retaining the network integrity together with the self‐healing properties offers myriad applications for the designed epoxy cured using bio‐based Schiff motif.

Highlights

Developed fast curing Epoxies that cures in 2 h using Vitrimer chemistries.

Fully bio‐based hardener was used to realize the network topology.

The dynamic exchange reaction results in re‐processability, reusable, recyclable and self‐healable that is not possible in the case of traditional epoxy.

It exhibited high tensile strength, exceptional Tg, fast stress relaxation and an activation energy of 105 KJ/mol.
A pragmatic approach to analyze the ability of ethylene‐octene copolymer in the long chain branching of polypropylene in molten and solid state
Authors: Negaresh Mohammadmahdi , Karbalaei‐Bagher Milad , Jahani Yousef , Forouzan Ali
Published: December 2023

The investigation of chain branching in polypropylene (PP) holds significant importance for comprehending the impact of structural modifications on the properties of PP. The utilization of ethylene‐octene copolymer (EOC) presents a valuable opportunity to examine the influence of branching density on the ability of electron beam irradiation or a chemical agent in a PP blend. The introducing long chain branches (LCB) into PP can enhance its mechanical properties, particularly impact strength. This characteristic is of particular significance in applications where the material is subjected to mechanical stress, such as automotive components or packaging materials. Blends of PP/EOC were produced using 20 and 30 wt% of EOC and 0.5 phr trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) monomer. To evaluate the efficiency of branching in both solid and molten states, irradiated samples and samples mixed with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) were selected. The rheological properties of the molten blends in shear and extensional modes were assessed, and their morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The existence of LCB in all samples was confirmed through dynamic viscoelastic measurements. It was concluded that although the irradiation promoted chain scission within the backbone, which resulted in long chain branching, DCP created LCB on the backbone chains of PP through chemical reaction in the melt state. Additionally, the strain hardening constant (n) was calculated, and its value for the irradiated sample PP/EOC 80/20 was 0.19, whereas its value for this blend when employing DCP was 0.14. While the complex viscosity of irradiated blend (8764 Pa.s) was greater than that of melt state branched blend (8377 Pa.s) at 0.1 rad/s, in the higher frequencies it became smaller due to the more effective creation of long chain branches through peroxide grafting in the molten state. The results of the study verified the presence of LCB in the materials by observing longer relaxation time and strain hardening behavior.

Highlights

The chain branching of PP/EOC blends was investigated in both the melt state and solid state through the presence of TMPTMA monomer.

The effectiveness of TMPTMA monomer in grafting was mostly notable in the molten state.

The steady state viscosity of LCB‐(PP/EOC) was higher in the presence of dicumyl peroxide compared to irradiated PP/EOC.

The samples containing 80 wt% of PP exhibited longer side branches compared to the sample with 70 wt% of PP according to shear and extensional rheometry.

The induced side chain branches resulting from irradiation and the use of dicumyl peroxide help increase the miscibility of the polymers to a similar extent.
Explainability and extrapolation of machine learning models for predicting the glass transition temperature of polymers
Authors: Babbar Agrim , Ragunathan Sriram , Mitra Debirupa , Dutta Arnab , Patra Tarak K.
Published: December 2023

Machine learning (ML) offers promising tools to develop surrogate models for polymers' structure–property relations. Surrogate models can be built upon existing polymer data and are useful for rapidly predicting the properties of unknown polymers. The accuracy of such ML models appears to depend on the feature space representation of polymers, the range of training data, and learning algorithms. Here, we establish connections between these factors for predicting the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymers. Our analysis suggests linear models with fewer fitting parameters are as accurate as nonlinear models with many hidden and unexplainable parameters. Also, the performance of a monomer topology‐based ML model is found to be qualitatively identical to that of a physicochemical descriptor‐based ML model. We find that the ML models's performance in the extrapolative region is enhanced as the property range of the training data increases. Moreover, we establish new Tg – polymer chemistry correlations via ML. Our work illustrates how ML can advance the fundamental understanding of polymer structure–property correlations and its efficacy for extrapolation problems.
Monomer ratio‐controlled polyimides with enhanced dielectric properties and thermal stabilities through crosslinking network
Authors: Huang Yung‐Jen , Lin Jin‐Wei , Lee Yueh‐Hsing , Busireddy Manohar Reddy , Chen Jiun‐Tai , Hsu Chain‐Shu
Published: December 2023

Polyimides (PI) are considered as one of the most used materials for flexible printed circuit board substrates because of their excellent thermal stabilities, outstanding mechanical properties, and great dielectric properties. Dielectric constants (Dk) of common commercial PIs, however, are still above 3.0 (at 10 GHz), which is still substandard for high‐frequency applications. In this study, we develop thermally stable PIs with enhanced dielectric properties by structural design and crosslinking. Stiff aromatic 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) and soft aliphatic dimer diamines (DDA, priamine), including priamine 1074 (DDA‐1) and priamine 1071 (DDA‐2), are used as the diamines, and cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) is used as the dianhydride. By adjusting the ratio of the diamines, a series of PIs (PI‐1–PI‐5) with high thermal stabilities and low‐Dk values are synthesized. Among these PIs, PI‐4 synthesized by diamines with the ratio of TFMB:DDA‐1:DDA‐2 = 85:10:5, possesses relatively good performances. Therefore, PI‐4 is further chosen to be thermally crosslinked. By changing the contents of the crosslinker, triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC), crosslinked PIs (CPIs) are synthesized. The resulting CPIs have a significant improvement in thermal properties, dielectric properties, and mechanical strengths. Especially, for the CPI‐4‐30, in which 30% of TAIC is used, the glass transition temperature (Tg) increases by 20°C, the Dk decreases from 2.62 to 2.41, and the ultimate tensile strength boosts from 91.65 to 115.16 MPa. The CPIs with low Dk and high Tg values may have great potential as substrate materials for broad applications, such as microelectronics and integrated circuit packages.
A comprehensive review of haptic feedback in minimally invasive robotic liver surgery: Advancements and challenges
Authors: Selim Mostafa , Dresscher Douwe , Abayazid Momen
Published: December 2023

Background

Liver medical procedures are considered one of the most challenging because of the liver's complex geometry, heterogeneity, mechanical properties, and movement due to respiration. Haptic features integrated into needle insertion systems and other medical devices could support physicians but are uncommon. Additional training time and safety concerns make it difficult to implement in robot‐assisted surgery. The main challenges of any haptic device in a teleoperated system are the stability and transparency levels required to develop a safe and efficient system that suits the physician's needs.

Purpose

The objective of the review article is to investigate whether haptic‐based teleoperation potentially improves the efficiency and safety of liver needle insertion procedures compared with insertion without haptic feedback. In addition, it looks into haptic technology that can be integrated into simulators to train novice physicians in liver procedures.

Methods

This review presents the physician's needs during liver interventions and the consequent requirements of haptic features to help the physician. This paper provides an overview of the different aspects of a teleoperation system in various applications, especially in the medical field. It finally presents the state‐of‐the‐art haptic technology in robot‐assisted procedures for the liver. This includes 3D virtual models of the liver and force measurement techniques used in haptic rendering to estimate the real‐time position of the surgical instrument relative to the liver.

Results

Haptic feedback technology can be used to navigate the surgical tool through the desired trajectory to reach the target accurately and avoid critical regions. It also helps distinguish between various textures of liver tissue.

Conclusion

Haptic feedback can complement the physician's experience to compensate for the lack of real‐time imaging during Computed Tomography guided (CT‐guided) liver procedures. Consequently, it helps the physician mitigate the destruction of healthy tissues and takes less time to reach the target.
No-Shows to Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinic Visits: Patient Perspectives
Authors: Fragoso Natalie M. , Masson Rahul , Shih Terri , Mayo Tiffany , Okoye Ginette , Shi Vivian Y. , Hsiao Jennifer L.
Published: December 2023

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory skin condition that typically requires consistent care. Contributory factors to why patients with HS miss their clinic appointments have not been investigated.

Objectives

This article seeks to characterise reasons that HS patients do not keep their appointments and identify strategies to minimise no-show rates and improve delivery of care to HS patients.

Methods

An anonymous survey was distributed to online HS support groups.

Results

Of the 254 respondents, 18.9% reported ever missing an appointment for HS. Common reasons for missing an appointment include: patient was experiencing an HS flare (72.9%), prior poor experience with a healthcare provider (54.2%) or healthcare staff member (37.5%), embarrassment of condition (41.7%), and distrust that the appointment would help with management of HS (39.6%). Respondents who were non-White, who were disabled, or who had lower socioeconomic status were more likely to have missed an appointment (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

This study highlights areas where dermatologists may help improve appointment attendance, including encouraging patients to seek care during flares and striving to optimise the patient experience.
Patients' Experiences of Primary Healthcare and Dermatology Provision for Alopecia
Authors: Zucchelli Fabio , van Dalen Marije , Sharratt Nick , Johnson Amy , Chambers Jen
Published: December 2023

Background

Alopecia describes a group of dermatological conditions characterised by hair loss, which are either non-scarring or scarring in nature, and range from bald patches to complete body hair loss, to general thinning. In the UK, the General Practitioner (GP) is typically the first point of contact, and some patients are referred for specialist dermatology consultation. However, little is known about how individuals with alopecia in the UK experience the care provided by the National Health Service.

Objectives

We aimed to understand patients' perceptions of primary healthcare and dermatology provision. Further, we aimed to investigate how care provision and patients' overall patient journey might be improved in the UK, and how these lessons may apply internationally.

Methods

An online mixed methods survey was distributed by Alopecia UK to UK-based individuals with alopecia. Open-ended text responses were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive analyses and dependent measures t-tests.

Results

A total of 291 participants completed the survey. They reported neutral-to-partial dissatisfaction with their GP appointments, with greater satisfaction in their most recent compared to their first appointment. Participants highlighted positive experiences with GPs and dermatologists as well as areas for improvement. Participants also expressed a desire for a greater degree of support and understanding about the psychological impact of alopecia.

Conclusions

Results highlight the importance of being empathic and caring healthcare professionals for patients with alopecia, the need for training for GPs on alopecia, as well as a simplified and joined up pathway between primary and secondary healthcare.
Toward Efficient and Fully Scalable Sputtered NiOx‐Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Modules via Co‐Ordinated Modification Strategies
Authors: Tutundzic Merve , Zhang Xin , Lammar Stijn , Singh Shivam , Marchezi Paulo , Merckx Tamara , Aguirre Aranzazu , Moons Ellen , Aernouts Tom , Kuang Yinghuan , Vermang Bart
Published: December 2023

Sputtered nickel oxide (NiOx) has become one of the most promising inorganic hole transport layers for p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its appealing features such as its robust nature, low material cost, and easy integration to tandem structures and large‐area applications. However, the main drawback with NiOx‐based PSCs is typically low open‐circuit voltage (VOC) due to the inferior energy‐level alignment, low charge mobility, and high recombination at the interface. Herein, two types of phosphonic acid self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited by blade coating as an interfacial layer to modulate the sputtered NiOx/perovskite interface properties are used. While sputtered NiOx serves as a conformally coated hole selective layer, the ultrathin SAM interlayer facilitates the hole extraction and minimizes the energy loss at the interface. Co‐ordinately introduced stabilizing additive, namely octadecyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate (I‐76), further improves the device performance of NiOx/SAM‐based PSCs, resulting in VOC of 1.14 V and a power conversion efficiency of 21.8%. By applying these strategies for perovskite module upscaling, aperture area module efficiencies of 19.7%, 17.5%, and 15.5% for perovskite minimodules of 4, 16, and 100 cm2 are demonstrated, corresponding to active area module efficiencies of 20.4%, 18.0%, and 16.4%, respectively.
High‐Performance Organic Photovoltaics Incorporating Bulk Heterojunction and p–i–n Active Layer Structures
Authors: Su Yu‐Wei , Tsai Ching‐En , Liao Tzu‐Chien , Wei Kung‐Hwa
Published: December 2023

In the past five years, significant advancements in the development of novel conjugated polymer donors (D) and non‐fullerene acceptors (A), such as small molecules, have substantially boosted the power conversion efficiency of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) devices to over 19%. Recently, in the pursuit of broader impact and heightened efficiency for OPVs, an alternative processing approach has emerged; this approach involves a sequential deposition (SD) technique or a layer‐by‐layer method, creating active layers with p–i–n structures (p and n stand for D and A region, respectively; i stands for BHJ region). Notably, this SD method is particularly effective in semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST‐OPVs), despite the material requirements it entails. SD‐processing methods enable the creation of vertical multiple junctions and controllable D/A interfaces, facilitating exciton dissociation and charge transport through a well‐designed pseudo p–i–n structure. Furthermore, ST‐OPVs can be integrated into building‐incorporated photovoltaic modules, offering potential applications in greenhouses and agricultural modernization. This integration allows for the comprehensive utilization of solar spectrum energy. In this review, current literature is consolidated on new materials, such as conjugated polymers and non‐fullerene small molecules as electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing materials, aimed at high‐efficiency OPVs and ST‐OPVs with BHJ‐ and p–i–n structured active layers, and perspectives are offered for future developments.
Industrial Czochralski n‐type Silicon Wafers: Gettering Effectiveness and Possible Bulk Limiting Defects
Authors: Le Tien , Cai Yalun , Yang Zhongshu , Chen Ran , Macdonald Daniel , Liu AnYao
Published: December 2023

An assessment of the bulk material quality of industrial Czochralski (Cz) grown phosphorus‐doped n‐type silicon (Si) wafers along an ingot is reported. The minority charge carrier lifetimes of the Cz‐Si wafer bulk before and after phosphorous (POCl3) diffusion gettering are assessed, by applying room‐temperature superacid surface passivation to avoid any additional gettering or hydrogenation effect. A substantial increase in the bulk lifetime of all of the n‐type Cz‐Si wafers along the ingot is observed, indicating the effectiveness of a gettering step for such wafers and the presence of getterable metallic impurities in these wafers. By experimentally monitoring the lifetime changes upon a gettering anneal and simulating the gettering kinetics based on different metal diffusivities, iron is identified to be a limiting defect, at least for the wafers from the tail part of the ingot. A dissolved iron concentration of is estimated from the bulk lifetimes of the tail wafers. This lifetime kinetics approach is also a demonstration of a new method to identify iron, or other getterable metals with moderate diffusivities such as chromium, in n‐type silicon wafers.
Composition Engineering for the Content and Distribution of Sb–O, Se, S in Antimony Sulfoselenide Thin Films Using Chemical Bath Deposition for Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Zihao , Shi Chengwu , Cao Rui , Lv Kai , Ye Changsheng , Chen Wangchao , Hu Guiju , Guo Fuling , Wang Yanqing
Published: December 2023

Herein, Na2SSeO3 solutions are prepared by hydrothermal method at 140 °C for 8 h using Se powder and Na2SO3 solution (the molar ratios of Se:Na2SO3 = 1:4, 1:5, 1:6) and the chemical composition of Na2SSeO3 solutions is analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Sb2S
y
Se3−y
thin films are prepared by chemical bath deposition (CBD) at 90 °C for 5 h and subsequently annealed at 375 °C for 10 min and etched by N‐butyldithiocarbamic acid solution in DMF. The effect of the Na2SSeO3 solution, growth solution volume, etching on the thickness and chemical composition of Sb2S
y
Se3−y
thin films, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the corresponding solar cells is systematically investigated. The result reveals that the Na2SSeO3 solutions may be the mixing solutions containing Na2SSeO3, Na2S2SeO6, Na2S2Se2O6, Na2Se. When the molar ratio of Se:Na2SO3 and growth solution volume is 1:5 and 56 mL and the Sb2S
y
Se3−y
thin films with annealing are etched, the PCE of Sb2S
y
Se3−y
solar cells is 8.00% with spiro‐OMeTAD and 8.43% with spiro‐OMeTAD:TMT‐TTF. The PCE of 8.43% is the highest value for Sb2S
y
Se3−y
solar cells using CBD and demonstrates that the composition engineering is an important strategy for improving the PCE of Sb2S
y
Se3−y
solar cells using CBD.
Buckling of a nano‐rod with taken into account of surface effect
Authors: Bochkarev Anatolii
Published: December 2023

Buckling of a simple supported and cantilever nano‐rod and under action of self‐weight was modeled, taking into account the surface effect according to two models of surface elasticity – Gurtin–Murdoch and Steigmann–Ogden. The size effect under the buckling was studied by the Ritz method using two kinematic hypotheses, known as the rod theories of Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko. The simulation results were compared depending on the accepted surface elasticity model and the kinematic hypothesis.
Kompetenzen in der digitalisierten Arbeitswelt – eine Vision für die Personalentwicklung
Authors: Kauffeld Simone , Rothenbusch Sandra
Published: December 2023

Damit Unternehmen sich durch Digitalisierung weiterentwickeln können, müssen die Prozesse zum Aufbau sowie zur Verankerung und Optimierung benötigter Kompetenzen im Unternehmen aktiv gestaltet werden. Dieses einführende Kapitel stellt Möglichkeiten zum Erkennen von Handlungsbedarfen, zum Einbringen externen Wissens in Organisationen und zum Lernen am Arbeitsplatz in KMU vor, die in den weiteren Kapiteln des Bandes ausführlich präsentiert und diskutiert werden. Des Weiteren wird eine Vision der Kompetenzentwicklung in Organisationen skizziert, die an den raschen technologischen Wandel angepasst ist: Weder das Wissen von außen in Form von Weiterbildungs- und Qualifikationsmaßnahmen noch das arbeitsbezogene Lernen reichen in der heutigen Zeit alleinstehend aus. Lernen, Anwenden und Arbeiten müssen miteinander verschmelzen. Mitarbeitende sollten befähigt werden, sich aktiv an der Gestaltung von Transformationsprozessen und ihrer Arbeit zu beteiligen. Das Lerntransfersystem rückt dabei in den Fokus, das beispielsweise durch Transferprojekte und Reflexionsmöglichkeiten optimiert werden kann. Mitarbeitende mit Transferprojekten benötigen Handwerkszeug wie die motivierende Gesprächsführung, um Veränderungsbereitschaft und Technikakzeptanz im Unternehmen stiften zu können. Zudem müssen Weiterbildungs- und Qualifizierungsangebote und arbeitsbezogenes Lernen im Einklang mit den Unternehmenszielen stehen, sodass die Personal- zur Organisationsentwicklung genutzt werden kann.