bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social and economic contributions to the pattern of ‘suicide’ in south-east England, 1530–1590
Authors: Stevenson S. J.
Published: November 2008

Mon article précédent (Continuity and Change2 (1)) a évalué comment les vices des systèmes légaux et administratifs ont influencé le nombre de cas de suicide enregistrés en Angleterre entre 1530 et 1590. Le présent article se concentre sur les questions suivantes: la répartition des risques de suicide selon les âges, l'exploitation des tensions engendrées au sein des communautés confrontées à tout cas de suicide éventuel et la répartition des suicides parmi les régions supposées avoir une organisation sociale différente. En ce qui concerne l'âge et les tensions dan la communauté, on suggère que les risques de suicide auraient pu ètre les plus élevés parmi les jeunes, si I'on considère le fait que le plus grand nombre de noyades accidentelles a été également enregistré dans le groupe d'âge le plus jeune. La fréquente utilisation des verdicts de mort accidentelle aurait pu provenir à la fois de l'emploi courant des jeunes avec ou prés de l'eau et du peu d'intérêt de la communautéà prononcer des verdicts de suicide envers ceux qui ne possédaient ni terres ni biens à distribuer. II semble également probable que la mort violente sous tous ses aspects ait augmenté considérablement en période de pénurie et que bon nombre de suicides parmi les jeunes résultaient de leur expulsion des maisons où ils avaient été en service. En ce qui concerne la répartition géographique des suicides, aucune preuve concluante selon laquelle le nombre de suicides varierait sous différents régimes agraires n'a été découverte; et pourtant, il semble que le taux de suicide aurait pu être plus élevé dans les zones ayant la densité de population la plus basse. Certains thèmes abordés de façon fort peu concluante comprennent la fréquence des meurtres domestiques suivis de suicide, la géographic du suicide imitatif, les relatifs penchants vers le suicide des “intellectuels aliénes” de la fin du seizième siècle, ainsi que tout effet possible sur le taux de suicide causé par l'urbanisation ou la Réforme.
Sickness in an early modern workplace
Authors: Riley James C.
Published: November 2008

Cette étude utilise des sources manuscrites pour extraire les taux de maladie parmi les imprimeurs d' Anvers entre 1654 et 1782 et utilise ces taux pour comparer les expériences de maladie de cette population avec les impressions normatives de santé dans le lieu de travail moderne des débuts. Les deux images, l'une quantitative et l'autre reposant sur des impressions, sont en désaccord, la première suggèrant que la caractéristique marquante du lieu de travail moderne des débuts était l'imprévisibilité de la maladie plutôt qu'un taux élevé de maladie. Cette étude est la première à faire ressortir les séries de taux de maladie pour une population moderne des débuts et elle identifie une catégorie de sources qui pourrait fournir des renseignements similaires sur d'autres populations.
The varying household arrangements of the elderly in three English villages: Nottinghamshire, 1851–1881
Authors: Rose Sonya O.
Published: November 2008

L'auteur suit les conditions de vie des résidents, âgés de 55 ans et plus, d'aprés des données puisées dans les registres des enquêteurs, lors des recensements de 1851 et de 1881, dans trois villages du Nottinghamshire ayant des industries de base différentes. Les conditions de vie des veuves varient en 1881 selon le type d'industrie locale. A part cela, il existe peu de différences dans les conditions de vie des personnes âgées lorsqu'elles dépendent de l'industrie spécifiquement locale. Les données corroborent les études qui semblent suggérer que l'âge en soi ne change en rien la façon dont vivent les personnes âgées. Ce sont plutôt la situation de la famille et le sexe, auquel s'ajoute l'âge avancé, qui créent des différences dans le mode de vie des personnes. Les résultats de ces recherches semblent suggérer que c'est plutôt l'aptitude relative des résidents âgés à rester indépendants et éventuellement la possibilité pour leurs enfants ou collatéraux adultes de subvenir à leurs besoins matériels qui déterminent le mode de vie des personnes âgées.
The parish and the poor in Florence at the time of the Black Death: the case of S. Frediano
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2008

Les récentes études sur l'aide dispensée aux pauvres en Europe à la fin du Moyen-Age et au début de l'ère moderne rêvèlent que les grandes institutions de charitè, telles que les confrèries et hôpitaux ne venaient souvent en aide qu'à un très petit pourcentage d'indigents. Cela signifie que les pauvres dépendaient pour leur survie de systèmes de charité qui reposaient sur des rèseaux personnels à un niveau local. Cet article examine le rôle de la paroisse florentine en matiére d'aide aux pauvres, rôle qui comprenait les aumônes, l'enterrement gratuit et l'hébergement gratuit ou subventionné grâce à des contacts personnels au niveau de la rue.
The fællig and the family: the understanding of the family in Danish medieval law
Authors: Pedersen Frederik
Published: November 2008

Cet article étudie l'entente de la famille telle qu'elle se traduit par l'institution du fællig dans les codes danois du 13e siècle. Dans les pays avoisinants le fællig est une institution qui règie les relations purement économiques, tandis que dans les codes danois il devient le nom commun d'un groupe de personnes qui peut s'attendre à hériter les biens meubles de l'aîné des membres mâles (et parfois, par accord, de l'aînée) de la famille. Si la famille nucléaire est le noyau du fællig il connait cependant une fluidité remarquable quant à ses membres. he fællig peut compter trois générations et le ‘guardien’ (husbonde) a le droit de racheter les biens des membres qui changent de statut légal, par exemple, lorsqu'ils se marient ou s'ils deviennent hors la loi. Cet article affirme que l'époque à laquelle on peut éliminer un membre par rachat coincide avec celle où ce membre cesse d'être économiquement un avantage pour le fællig ou qu'il ne peut pas plus longtemps participer à ses activités.
Mortality in early modern Scotland: the life expectancy of advocates
Authors: Houston Rab
Published: November 2008

On ignore presque tout des niveaux de mortalité en Ecosse avant le 19e siècle. Cet article utilise des données biographiques concernant une élite de juristes (les avocats) pour constituer des tables de survie des adultes pour une tranche de la population de l'Ecosse aux 17e et 18e siècles. A 25 et à 30 ans les avocats ont des taux d'espérance de vie pareils à ceux des élites européennes, mais supérieurs à ceux des pairs anglais et probablement de loin supérieurs à celui du reste de la population écossaise du 18e siécle. A la fin du 17e et au début du 18e siècle il y a un sérieux progrès quant à la mortalité adulte, mais le 18e siècle n'en connait, pour ainsi dire, point. L'auteur avance des suppositions pour les raisons de ce changement de l'espérance de vie.
Intergenerational social mobility in late-seventeenth- and early-eighteenth-century England
Authors: Cooper Sheila M.
Published: November 2008

Cet article traite de la mobilité sociale entre générations, en comparant surtout cette mobilité des enfants en Angleterre à la fin du 17e siècle. A l'aide de rôles d'impot, de testaments et de dossiers concernant les hommes libres et les apprentis, ainsi que d'autres archives provenant essentiellement de la ville de King's Lynn, cette étude examine les conséquences de la profession des parents, de leur fortune pour la mobilité sociale des enfants telles qu'elles sont reflétées particulièrement par leurs professions. Cette article étudie le rang de naissance et le sexe pour évaluer des effets différentiels de ces variables pour les enfants. Ces témoignages démontrent que l'influence de l'occupation des parents sur celle de l'enfant peut mener tantôt au blocage social, tantôt à la mobilité; que la fortune autant des parents que de la famille au sens large du mot, a son influence sur la mobilité sociale; que dans une société à forte mortalité, le décès du père ou de la mère ou des frères ou des soeurs, ou d'autres membres de la parenté a une influence imprévisible quoiqu'importante sur la mobilité des enfants.
The structure of prostitution in Elizabethan London
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: November 2008

Cet article étudie la relation entre les documents d'archive et les sources littéraires par la comparaison des descriptions d'un certain type de comportement social – notamment la prostitution à Londres à l'époque élizabéthaine – telles qu'on les retrouve dans les registres du tribunal de Bridewell à Londres et dans un choix d'œuvres en prose et de pi`ces de théâtre contemporaines. La première partie offre un bref exposé sur la provenance des principales sources. Les paragraphes suivants recherchent la relation entre les catins, les souteneurs et les prostituées, la répartition du pouvoir dans les maisons de prostitution, le tarif des honoraires et le profil social des clients. Pour terminer suit une brève description de la place que tient la prostitution dans la structure de l'existence à Londres.
Female employment and infant mortality: some evidence from British towns, 1911, 1931 and 1951
Authors: Graham David
Published: November 2008

A la fin du XIXe siècle et encore au début du XXe siècle, on rencontre l'opinion que le travail des femmes est nuisible à la survie des enfants. Une serie de données concernant 51 villes britanniques pour les années 1911, 1931 et 1951 permet, par une analyse factorielle à deux ou plusieurs variables, d'étudier de près le lien hypothétique formulé ci-dessus. II ressort qu'il existe une forte corrélation positive entre travail féminin et mortalité infantile dans les années 1911 et 1951 et une corrélation encore positive mais beaucoup plus faible en 1931, alors que les autres variables telles que la mortalité génerate, la fécondité et le niveau social s'avérent jouer un rôle majeur dans ce domaine.
Genealogical skewing and political support: patrician politics in fifteenth-century Ragusa (Dubrovnik)
Authors: Rheubottom David B.
Published: November 2008

A partir des archives de la noblesse de Raguse/Dubrovnik au XVe siècle, l'auteur recrée tout d'abord l'univers des families patriciennes de la ville et détermine sa spécificité, puis il montre les consequences de la structure observée sur le nombre d'individus apparentes susceptiblés d'apporter leur appui à la politique familiale, enfin il définit les périodes où ces derniers peuvent intervenir. La structure particuliere du réseau familial est associée à la différence d'ôge qui existe entre les conjoints et aux caracteres specifiques du modele de mariage dans les régions méditerranéennes. La vie politique de Raguse est dominée par de grands groupes agnatiques, mais le succès ne dépend pas du nombre de ces individus apparentés. On démontre que ce phénoméne est associé à la structure de l'univers parental.
SHARP TWO-SIDED BOUNDS FOR DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER A HAZARD RATE CONSTRAINT
Authors: Brown Mark , Kemperman J. H. B.
Published: November 2008

Consider a continuous nonnegative random variable X with mean μ and hazard function h. Assume further that a≤h(t)≤b for all t≥0. Under these constraints, we obtain sharp two-sided bounds for $\bar{F}(t) = \hbox{Pr}(X \gt t)$. An application to birth and death processes is discussed.
FUNCTIONALS OF BROWNIAN BRIDGES ARISING IN THE CURRENT MISMATCH IN D/A CONVERTERS
Authors: Heydenreich Markus , van der Hofstad Remco , Radulov Georgi
Published: November 2008

Digital-to-analog converters (DAC) transform signals from the abstract digital domain to the real analog world. In many applications, DACs play a crucial role. Due to variability in the production, various errors arise that influence the performance of the DAC. We focus on the current errors, which describe the fluctuations in the currents of the various unit current elements in the DAC. A key performance measure of the DAC is the Integrated Nonlinearity (INL), which we study in this article. There are several DAC architectures. The most widely used architectures are the thermometer and the binary and the segmented architectures. We study the two extreme architectures, namely the thermometer and the binary architectures. We assume that the current errors are independent and identically normally distributed and reformulate the INL as a functional of a Brownian bridge. We then proceed by investigating these functionals. For the thermometer case, the functional is the maximal absolute value of the Brownian bridge, which has been investigated in the literature. For the binary case, we investigate properties of the functional, such as its mean, variance, and density.
Recognition, reflection, and role models: Critical elements in education about care in medicine
Authors: Janssen Anna L. , MacLeod Roderick D. , Walker Simon T.
Published: November 2008

Objective:

Medical education can be described as a socialization process that has a tendency to produce doctors who struggle to convey to patients that they care. Yet, for people who are suffering, to enjoy the quality of life they are entitled to, it is important that they feel cared for as people, rather than simply attended to as patients.

Method:

This article addresses how we teach medical students the art of caring for the person rather than simply treating the disease—a question particularly relevant to end-of-life care where, in addition to the physical needs, attention to the psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual needs of the patient is paramount. Following an overview of what it is to care and why it is important that patients feel cared for, we investigate how we learn to care and develop caring human relationships, describing the development and display of empathy in adulthood and the developmental impact of human interaction.

Results:

We outline evidence of situational barriers to effective education about care in medicine including role models, ward culture, and the socialization process.

Significance of results:

We then propose a model for medical education based on patient contact, reflection, self-care, role model development, and feedback that will see students learn the art of human care as well as the science of disease management.
The dying patient: The right to know versus the duty to be aware
Authors: Pery Shlomit , Wein Simon
Published: November 2008

Should terminal patients know about their impending deaths? How much should they know? How do we determine “should”?
Welfare Reform and Sexual Regulation. By Anna Marie Smith. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 297p. $29.99
Authors: Arnold Kathleen R.
Published: November 2008

In her book, Anna Marie Smith meticulously analyzes the racial and gendered dimensions of the U.S. welfare state and the ways in which it punishes the unmarried and imposes hetero-normative standards on all types of poor families. Smith's aim is to “expand the disciplinary limits of feminist political theory” (p. 6) by drawing on case law, public policy, and social theory. She exposes highly undemocratic practices directed at poor women and men, as well as what amounts to a eugenic project seeking to limit poor people's reproduction. Significantly, individuals of color are targeted by the state for eugenic control and moral policing. In particular, Smith points out how welfare reform and the implementation of “paternafare”—a program that forces poor women to identify biological fathers so that the state can pursue these “deadbeat dads”—do not help the one group who even conservatives agree are “innocent”—children. Very rarely are any party's circumstances elevated by this system, and most often “payers” are forced into deeper poverty. Furthermore, the state's hetero-normative stance marginalizes lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered individuals (LGBTs) in a legal system in which their rights are already deeply compromised.
NG2 cells generate oligodendrocytes and gray matter astrocytes in the spinal cord
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqin , Hill Robert A. , Nishiyama Akiko
Published: November 2008

NG2 cells represent a unique glial cell population that is distributed widely throughout the developing and adult CNS and is distinct from astrocytes, mature oligodendrocytes and microglia. The ability of NG2 cells to differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes has been documented in vivo and in vitro. We reported recently that NG2 cells in the forebrain differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes but into a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes (Zhuet al., 2008). However, the in vivo fate of NG2 cells in the spinal cord and cerebellum has remained unknown. To investigate the fate of NG2 cells in caudal central nervous system (CNS) regions in vivo, we examined the phenotype of cells that express EGFP in mice that are double transgenic for NG2CreBAC and the Cre reporter Z/EG. The fate of NG2 cells can be studied in these mice by permanent expression of EGFP in cells that have undergone Cre-mediated recombination in NG2 cells. We find that NG2 cells give rise to oligodendrocytes in both gray and white matter of the spinal cord and cerebellum, and to protoplasmic astrocytes in the gray matter of the spinal cord. However, NG2 cells do not give rise to astrocytes in the white matter of the spinal cord and cerebellum. These observations indicate that NG2 cells serve as precursor cells for oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of protoplasmic astrocytes throughout the rostrocaudal axis of the CNS.
Global monthly averaged CO2 fluxes recovered using a geostatistical inverse modeling approach: 1. Results using atmospheric measurements
Authors: Mueller Kim L. , Gourdji Sharon M. , Michalak Anna M.
Published: November 2008

This study presents monthly CO2 fluxes from 1997 to 2001 at a 3.75° latitude × 5° longitude resolution, inferred using a geostatistical inverse modeling approach. The approach focuses on quantifying the information content of measurements from the NOAA‐ESRL cooperative air sampling network with regard to the global CO2 budget at different spatial and temporal scales. The geostatistical approach avoids the use of explicit prior flux estimates that have formed the basis of previous synthesis Bayesian inversions and does not prescribe spatial patterns of flux for large, aggregated regions. Instead, the method relies strongly on the atmospheric measurements and the inferred spatial autocorrelation of the fluxes to estimate sources and sinks and their associated uncertainties at the resolution of the atmospheric transport model. Results show that grid‐scale estimates exhibit high uncertainty and relatively little small‐scale variability, but generally reflect reasonable fluxes in areas that are relatively well constrained by measurements. The aggregated continental‐scale fluxes are better constrained, and estimates are consistent with results from previous synthesis Bayesian inversion studies for many regions. Observed differences at the continental scale are primarily attributable to the choice of a priori assumptions in the current work relative to those in other synthesis Bayesian studies. Overall, the results indicate that the geostatistical inverse modeling approach is able to estimate global fluxes using the limited atmospheric measurement network without relying on assumptions about a priori estimates of the flux distribution. As such, the method provides a means of isolating the information content of the atmospheric measurements, and thus serves as a valuable tool for reconciling top‐down and bottom‐up estimates of CO2 flux variability.
Effects of solar wind magnetosphere coupling recorded at different geomagnetic latitudes: Separation of directly‐driven and storage/release systems
Authors: Finch I. D. , Lockwood M. L. , Rouillard A. P.
Published: November 2008

The effect on geomagnetic activity of solar wind speed, compared with that of the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field, differs with geomagnetic latitude. In this study we construct a new index based on monthly standard deviations in the H‐component of the geomagnetic field for all geomagnetic latitudes. We demonstrate that for this index the response at auroral regions correlates best with interplanetary coupling functions which include the solar wind speed while mid‐ and low‐latitude regions respond to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field strength. These results are used to isolate the responsible geomagnetic current systems.
Remote sensing of tropical tropopause layer radiation balance using A‐train measurements
Authors: Feldman D. R. , L'Ecuyer T. S. , Liou K. N. , Yung Y. L.
Published: November 2008

Determining the level of zero net radiative heating (LZH) is critical to understanding parcel trajectory in the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) and associated stratospheric hydration processes. Previous studies of the TTL radiative balance have focused on using radiosonde data, but remote sensing measurements from polar‐orbiting satellites may provide the relevant horizontal and vertical information for assessing TTL solar heating and infrared cooling rates, especially across the Pacific Ocean. CloudSat provides a considerable amount of vertical information about the distribution of cloud properties relevant to heating rate analysis. The ability of CloudSat measurements and ancillary information to constrain LZH is explored. We employ formal error propagation analysis for derived heating rate uncertainty given the CloudSat cloud property retrieval algorithms. Estimation of the LZH to within approximately 0.5 to 1 km is achievable with CloudSat, but it has a low‐altitude bias because the radar is unable to detect thin cirrus. This can be remedied with the proper utilization of Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) lidar backscatter information. By utilizing an orbital simulation with the GISS data set, we explore the representativeness of non‐cross‐track scanning active sounders in terms of describing the LZH distribution. In order to supplement CloudSat, we explore the ability of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS (AMSR‐E) to constrain LZH and find that these passive sounders are useful where the cloud top height does not exceed 7 km. The spatiotemporal distributions of LZH derived from CloudSat and CALIPSO measurements are presented which suggest that thin cirrus have a limited effect on LZH mean values but affect LZH variability.
Modeling the environmental effects of moderate‐sized impacts on Mars
Authors: Segura Teresa L. , Toon O. Brian , Colaprete Anthony
Published: November 2008

We have modeled the effects of moderate‐sized (30–100 km diameter) impacts on Mars using a one‐dimensional radiative‐convective model. The model computes the evolution of temperature following an impact and includes a subsurface model to compute the evolution of the ground temperature; a hydrological cycle to follow the evaporation, condensation, and precipitation of injected and surface‐evaporated water; a radiative transfer code to compute greenhouse warming by CO2, water vapor, and water clouds; and an atmospheric thermodynamics module to compute the latent heating due to cloud formation/dissipation. We have found that parts of the Martian regolith may be kept above freezing for 95 days to decades by the modeled events. However, if we include the radiative effects of water clouds, a sustained greenhouse climate is computed for impactors 50 km in size that could be centuries long. The amount of water precipitated out of the atmosphere from vaporization of impactor, target, and polar caps yields global rainfall totals ranging from 40 to 18 m depending on the size of the impactor and assumed background CO2atmosphere. We also estimate the surface erosion following precipitation events and find that the total erosion done by all impactors in time is the same order of magnitude as the total erosion estimated to have occurred on early Mars.
Psychosocial Determinants of Adequacy of Gestational Weight Gain
Authors: Webb Jennifer B. , Siega‐Riz Anna M. , Dole Nancy
Published: November 2008

Pregnancy is a critical time window for evaluating weight gain on subsequent risk for obesity among women of childbearing age. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, self‐esteem, and fetal health locus of control (FHLC) beliefs were significant risk factors for adequacy of gestational weight gain (GWG) when maternal sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors were considered. A total of 1,605 women were prospectively followed from ≤20 weeks' gestation through delivery. Participants completed standard self‐report questionnaires. Adequacy of GWG was expressed as the ratio of observed/expected weight gain based on Institute of Medicine recommendations. Multivariate ANOVA models were conducted and generalized linear models were performed to calculate risk ratios. Higher depressive symptoms reported throughout pregnancy were significantly associated with higher adequacy ratios. Stronger beliefs in chance in determining fetal health predicted inadequate relative to adequate GWG and was positively associated with larger GWG ratios overall. Several relationships were attenuated when adjusted for covariates. The relationship between psychosocial status and adequacy of GWG is significantly impacted by maternal sociodemographic factors and health practices engaged in during pregnancy. Women who tend to believe that external factors primarily determine fetal health appear to be more vulnerable to nonadherence to clinical GWG guidelines. These results have important implications for targeting prevention and intervention efforts for improving maternal and fetal outcomes secondary to GWG patterns.
Intracellular catalase/peroxidase from the phytopathogenic rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea: expression analysis and biochemical characterization of the recombinant protein
Authors: Zamocky Marcel , Furtmüller Paul G. , Bellei Marzia , Battistuzzi Gianantonio , Stadlmann Johannes , Vlasits Jutta , Obinger Christian
Published: November 2008

Phytopathogenic fungi such as the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea are unique in having two catalase/peroxidase (KatG) paralogues located either intracellularly (KatG1) or extracellularly (KatG2). The coding genes have recently been shown to derive from a lateral gene transfer from a (proteo)bacterial genome followed by gene duplication and diversification. Here we demonstrate that KatG1 is expressed constitutively in M. grisea. It is the first eukaryotic catalase/peroxidase to be expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli in high amounts, with high purity and with almost 100% haem occupancy. Recombinant MagKatG1 is an acidic, mainly homodimeric, oxidoreductase with a predominant five-co-ordinated high-spin haem b. At 25 °C and pH 7.0, the E0′ (standard reduction potential) of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple was found to be −186±10 mV. It bound cyanide monophasically with an apparent bimolecular rate constant of (9.0±0.4)×105 M−1·s−1 at pH 7.0 and at 25 °C and with a Kd value of 1.5 μM. Its predominantly catalase activity was characterized by a pH optimum at 6.0 and kcat and Km values of 7010 s−1 and 4.8 mM respectively. In addition, it acts as a versatile peroxidase with a pH optimum in the range 5.0–5.5 using both one-electron [2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) o-dianisidine, pyrogallol or guaiacol] and two-electron (Br−, I− or ethanol) donors. Structure–function relationships are discussed with respect to data reported for prokaryotic KatGs, as is the physiological role of MagKatG1. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that (intracellular) MagKatG1 can be regarded as a typical representative for catalase/peroxidase of both phytopathogenic and saprotrophic fungi.
Carrier recombination lifetime characterization of molecular beam epitaxially grown HgCdTe
Authors: Chang Y. , Grein C. H. , Zhao J. , Becker C. R. , Flatte M. E. , Liao P.-K. , Aqariden F. , Sivananthan S.
Published: November 2008

Carrier recombination lifetime measurements and analyses based on Shockley–Read–Hall, radiative, and Auger recombination mechanisms were utilized to characterize the material quality of HgCdTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The Auger recombination mechanism employed in this analysis is in the theoretical framework according to Beattie and Landsberg [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 249, 16 (1959)], which we independently re-evaluated using the electronic band structures computed with a 14-band k⋅p methodology and direct evaluations of the transition rates. The Levenberg–Marquette method was used to fit the temperature-dependent carrier recombination lifetimes as measured by the photoconductive decay technique. Based on the above methods, carrier recombination lifetime measurements were developed as a routine characterization technique.
Quantum Markovian activated surface diffusion of interacting adsorbates
Authors: Martínez-Casado R. , Sanz A. S. , Miret-Artés S.
Published: November 2008

A quantum Markovian activated atom-surface diffusion model with interacting adsorbates is proposed for the intermediate scattering function, which is shown to be complex-valued and factorizable into a classical-like and a quantum-mechanical factor. Applications to the diffusion of Na atoms on flat (weakly corrugated) and corrugated-Cu(001) surfaces at different coverages and surface temperatures are analyzed. Quantum effects are relevant to diffusion at low surface temperatures and coverages even for relatively heavy particles, such as Na atoms, where transport by tunneling is absent.
Comment on “Molecular structure and dynamics of off-center Cu2+ ions and strongly coupled Cu2+–Cu2+ pairs in BaF2 crystals: Electron paramagnetic resonance and electron spin relaxation studies” [J. Chem. Phys. 127, 124705 (2007)]
Authors: García-Fernández P. , Aramburu J. A. , Moreno M. , Barriuso M. T.
Published: November 2008

In the recent study of Cu2+-doped BaF2 Hoffmann et al. demonstrated using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that the Cu2+ impurity experiences an off-center shift from the substitutional position and ascribe this distortion to the Jahn–Teller effect. In this comment, we propose that the off-center distortion observed for BaF2:Cu2+ is driven by pseudo-Jahn–Teller interactions which are qualitatively different and in competition with the usual Jahn–Teller effect. It is also stressed that off-center phenomena in a given host lattice are not necessarily enhanced by decreasing the ionic radius of the impurity.
The vibrational spectrum of fanlike ScC3 in solid Ar
Authors: Kinzer R. E. , Rittby C. M .L. , Graham W. R. M.
Published: November 2008

Fourier transform infrared spectra of fanlike (C2v) ScC3 have been obtained by trapping the vapor from the Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) laser ablation of C13-enriched graphite and Sc rods in solid Ar at ∼10 K. Three vibrational fundamentals, the ν5(b2)=1478.0 cm−1 asymmetric carbon stretch, the ν3(a1)=557.0 cm−1 symmetric metal-carbon stretch, and the ν1(a1)=1190.7 cm−1 symmetric carbon stretch have been observed for the first time. The measured isotopic spectra are in good agreement with DFT-B3LYP/6-311G(3df,3pd) simulated spectra and indicate a A22 ground state rather than B41 as suggested by other theoretical calculations. The frequency of the ν3(a1) fundamental is consistent with a frequency of 560±30 cm−1 reported in a photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of ScC3.
Nucleation and diffusion during growth of ternary Co1−xNixSi2 thin films studied by complementary techniques in real time
Authors: Smeets D. , Demeulemeester J. , De Keyser K. , Deduytsche D. , Detavernier C. , Comrie C. M. , Theron C. C. , Lavoie C. , Vantomme A.
Published: November 2008

The growth kinetics of ternary Co1−xNixSi2 thin films was studied in real time. The “Kissinger” method was applied to the results of ramped sheet resistance measurements to extract the apparent activation energy for the growth process. By simultaneously acquiring sheet resistance, x-ray diffraction and laser light scattering data on one hand and combining resistance measurements and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry on the other hand, we could distinguish between the initial, nucleation controlled thin film growth, and the subsequent diffusion controlled growth. The apparent activation energy for the initial growth decreases with increasing Ni concentration as a result of a lower nucleation barrier for the ternary disilicide. The markedly different microstructure of the ternary Co1−xNixSi2 films with respect to pure CoSi2 layers lies at the origin of a lower activation energy for the diffusion controlled growth of the ternary films. Despite the low activation energy, these films grow at a much slower rate than CoSi2 films due to the large grain size and consequently lower density of grain boundary diffusion paths. These results explain the unexpected high thermal budget required for the formation of low resistivity Co1−xNixSi2 thin films.
20
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-gate-length erbium-/platinum-silicided n-∕p-type Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
Authors: Jang Moongyu , Choi Cheljong , Lee Seongjae
Published: November 2008

20 - nm -gate-length erbium-/platinum-silicided n-∕p-type Schottky barrier metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (SB-MOSFETs) were manufactured. The manufactured 20-nm-gate-length n-∕p-type SB-MOSFETs showed large on/off current ratio (>106) with low leakage current less than 10−5μA∕μm due to the existence of the Schottky barrier between source and channel region. The saturation currents were 550 and −376μA∕μm when drain and gate voltages are 2∕−2 and 3∕−3V, for the n-∕p-type SB-MOSFET, respectively.
Vertical integration on plastic substrates using transfer printing
Authors: Tunnell A. J. , Ballarotto V. W. , Hines D. R. , Williams E. D.
Published: November 2008

A process for preparing vertical interconnects for flexible electronics using transfer printing is reported. The interconnects are initially prepared on a sacrificial transfer substrate in a four step process that yields a subassembly of upper electrode, interconnect, and dielectric. This subassembly is printed as a unit onto the lower electrodes. The average contact resistance is less than 1 Ω/25 μm2 interconnect cross section. The quality of the resulting conductive paths is established by fabricating and characterizing (to 5 GHz) the inductances and quality factors of a series of square planar spiral inductors.
Evidence of Cd1−xMnxS nanocrystal growth in a glass matrix by the fusion method
Authors: Dantas N. O. , Neto E. S. F. , Silva R. S. , Jesus D. R. , Pelegrini F.
Published: November 2008

In this work, CdS nanocrystals (NCs) doped with Mn were synthesized in a glass matrix by fusion. The as-grown Cd1−xMnxS NCs were investigated by optical absorption, atomic force microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The incorporation of Mn2+ ions in CdS NCs was confirmed by an absorption transition blueshift with increasing Mn concentration x. EPR spectra demonstrated the existence of two distinct Mn2+ ion locations: one incorporated in the core and the other near the surface of the Cd1−xMnxS NCs. The hyperfine interaction constants used to simulate the EPR spectra were A=7.6 and 8.2 mT, respectively. The synthesis of high quality Cd1−xMnxS NCs may allow the control of optical and magnetic properties.
Building a topological and geometrical model of poplar tree using portable on-ground scanning LIDAR
Authors: Teobaldelli Maurizio , Puig Alcoriza David , Zenone Terenzio , Matteucci Marco , Seufert Günther , Sequeira Vitor
Published: November 2008

The objectives of this research were to investigate the suitability of advanced technologies like 3D-Laser scanning to acquire fair and sound information on structural and architectural characteristics of poplar stand, and to map topology of above-ground tree structures. The study area was an intensive poplar plantation located ~10 km north-west of the city of Pavia within the ‘Parco Regionale del Ticino’, Italy. A forest inventory of the poplar stand was conducted in 2005 and three 14-year-old poplar trees were selected and felled. The main architectural characteristics of poplar trees (destructive measurement) were compared with indirect measurement carried out using a portable on-ground scanning LIDAR IMAGER 5003 combined with the JRC-Reconstructor and AMAPmod softwares. The method permitted us to make an accurate estimate of the vertical and horizontal structure of the stand, to evaluate the stem and branches morphology of selected trees at different height in the canopy, and to create and validate multiscale representations of poplar tree architecture.
Parametric identification of a functional - structural tree growth model and application to beech trees (Fagus sylvatica)
Authors: Letort Véronique , Cournède Paul-Henry , Mathieu Amélie , de Reffye Philippe , Constant Thiéry
Published: November 2008

Functional–structural models provide detailed representations of tree growth and their application to forestry seems full of prospects. However, owing to the complexity of tree architecture, parametric identification of such models remains a critical issue. We present the GreenLab approach for modelling tree growth. It simulates tree growth plasticity in response to changes of their internal level of trophic competition, especially topological development and cambial growth. The model includes a simplified representation of tree architecture, based on a species-specific description of branching patterns. We study whether those simplifications allow enough flexibility to reproduce with the same set of parameters the growth of two observed understorey beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) of different ages in different environmental conditions. The parametric identification of the model is global, i.e. all parameters are estimated simultaneously, potentially providing a better description of interactions between sub-processes. As a result, the source–sink dynamics throughout tree development is retrieved. Simulated and measured trees were compared for their trunk profiles (fresh masses and dimensions of every growth units, ring diameters at different heights) and compartment masses of their order 2 branches. Possible improvements of this method by including topological criteria are discussed.
Toward extension of a single tree functional - structural model of Scots pine to stand level: effect of the canopy of randomly distributed, identical trees on development of tree structure
Authors: Sievänen Risto , Perttunen Jari , Nikinmaa Eero , Kaitaniemi Pekka
Published: November 2008

Functional–structural plant growth models (FSPMs) combine the description of the structure of plants and the resource acquisition and partitioning at a detailed architectural level. They offer a means to study tree and stand development on the basis of a structurally accurate description that combines resource capture at the same level of detail. We describe here how a ‘shoot-based’ individual tree model, LIGNUM of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has been applied to a group of identical trees (forest). The model has been applied to isolated trees and saplings growing in forest gaps. First, we present the LIGNUM model and the changes necessary for simulation of a forest instead of individual trees. LIGNUM derives tree growth on the basis of a process-based model of tree carbon balance and the architectural development of the 3-D tree crown. The time step is 1 year. We realised the forest as consisting of individual Scots pine trees on a plot 17 × 17 m, but simplified the stand description by simulating the growth of only one tree in the middle of the plot and assumed that the other trees were identical to it at all times. The model produced results that are comparable with observations made in real Scots pine trees and tree stands in Finland. The simulations with variable values of the parameters controlling the foliage–sapwood relationship, amount of sapwood required below a point in a branch or a stem, and the senescence of sapwood showed how growth declines when the sapwood requirement in the branches and stem was high. In this case, the proportion of resources allocated to the needles became small and the needle mass was low.
MAppleT: simulation of apple tree development using mixed stochastic and biomechanical models
Authors: Costes Evelyne , Smith Colin , Renton Michael , Guédon Yann , Prusinkiewicz Przemyslaw , Godin Christophe
Published: November 2008

Construction of tree architectural databases over years is time consuming and cannot easily capture event dynamics, especially when both tree topology and geometry are considered. The present project aimed to bring together models of topology and geometry in a single simulation such that the architecture of an apple tree may emerge from process interactions. This integration was performed using L-systems. A mixed approach was developed based on stochastic models to simulate plant topology and mechanistic model for the geometry. The succession of growth units (GUs) along axes and their branching structure were jointly modelled by a hierarchical hidden Markov model. A biomechanical model, derived from previous studies, was used to calculate stem form at the metamer scale, taking into account the intra-year dynamics of primary, secondary and fruit growth. Outputs consist of 3-D mock-ups – geometric models representing the progression of tree form over time. To asses these models, a sensitivity analysis was performed and descriptors were compared between simulated and digitised trees, including the total number of GUs in the entire tree, descriptors of shoot geometry (basal diameter, length), and descriptors of axis geometry (inclination, curvature). In conclusion, despite some limitations, MAppleT constitutes a useful tool for simulating development of apple trees in interaction with gravity.
Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation of the light environment of plants
Authors: Cieslak Mikolaj , Lemieux Christiane , Hanan Jim , Prusinkiewicz Przemyslaw
Published: November 2008

The distribution of light in the canopy is a major factor regulating the growth and development of a plant. The main variables of interest are the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching different elements of the plant canopy, and the quality (spectral composition) of light reaching these elements. A light environment model based on Monte Carlo (MC) path tracing of photons, capable of computing both PAR and the spectral composition of light, was developed by Měch (1997), and can be conveniently interfaced with virtual plants expressed using the open L-system formalism. To improve the efficiency of the light distribution calculations provided by Měch’s MonteCarlo program, we have implemented a similar program QuasiMC, which supports a more efficient randomised quasi-Monte Carlo sampling method (RQMC). We have validated QuasiMC by comparing it with MonteCarlo and with the radiosity-based CARIBU software (Chelle et al. 2004), and we show that these two programs produce consistent results. We also assessed the performance of the RQMC path tracing algorithm by comparing it with Monte Carlo path tracing and confirmed that RQMC offers a speed and/or accuracy improvement over MC.
Modelling phloem and xylem transport within a complex architecture
Authors: Lacointe André , Minchin Peter E. H.
Published: November 2008

The function of the plant’s vasculature, incorporating both phloem and xylem, is of fundamental importance to the survival of all higher plants. Although the physiological mechanism involved in these two transport pathways has been known for some time, quantitative modelling of this has been slow to develop. 1-D continuous models have shown that the proposed mechanisms are quantitatively plausible (Thompson and Holbrook 2003) but more complex geometries (architectures) have remained out of reach because of mathematical difficulties. In this work, we extend the alternative modular approach by Daudet et al. (2002) using recently developed numerical tools which allow us to model complex architectures. After a full description of the extended model, we first show that it efficiently reproduces the results of the continuous approach when applied to the same simple configurations. The model is then applied to a more complex configuration with two sinks, confirming that sink priority is an emergent property of the Münch flow as earlier found with a minimalist model (Minchin et al. 1993). It is further shown how source leaf transpiration can change the relative carbon allocation rates among sinks.
Loss of the Ca
2+
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV in dopaminoceptive neurons enhances behavioral effects of cocaine
Authors: Bilbao Ainhoa , Parkitna Jan Rodriguez , Engblom David , Perreau-Lenz Stéphanie , Sanchis-Segura Carles , Schneider Miriam , Konopka Witold , Westphal Magdalena , Breen Gerome , Desrivieres Sylvane , Klugmann Matthias , Guindalini Camila , Vallada Homero , Laranjeira Ronaldo , Fonseca Fernando Rodriguez de , Schumann Gunter , Schütz Günther , Spanagel Rainer
Published: November 2008

The persistent nature of addiction has been associated with activity-induced plasticity of neurons within the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc). To identify the molecular processes leading to these adaptations, we performed Cre/loxP-mediated genetic ablations of two key regulators of gene expression in response to activity, the Ca
2+
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) and its postulated main target, the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). We found that acute cocaine-induced gene expression in the striatum was largely unaffected by the loss of CaMKIV. On the behavioral level, mice lacking CaMKIV in dopaminoceptive neurons displayed increased sensitivity to cocaine as evidenced by augmented expression of locomotor sensitization and enhanced conditioned place preference and reinstatement after extinction. However, the loss of CREB in the forebrain had no effect on either of these behaviors, even though it robustly blunted acute cocaine-induced transcription. To test the relevance of these observations for addiction in humans, we performed an association study of CAMK4 and CREB promoter polymorphisms with cocaine addiction in a large sample of addicts. We found that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the CAMK4 promoter was significantly associated with cocaine addiction, whereas variations in the CREB promoter regions did not correlate with drug abuse. These findings reveal a critical role for CaMKIV in the development and persistence of cocaine-induced behaviors, through mechanisms dissociated from acute effects on gene expression and CREB-dependent transcription.