bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic Confessions of High School Students: An Analysis of Adolescents' Developmental Concerns
Authors: Sandler Adrian D. , Hooper Stephen R. , Scarborough Anita A.
Published: August 2011

30 normally achieving and 24 high school students with learning disabilities from one public high school were enrolled in an exploratory study of adolescents' perceptions of their learning difficulties. Adolescents completed a structured interview based on metacognitive and information-processing theories. Items on which subjects reported the most substantial problems related mainly to attention and organization. Comparison of the frequencies of endorsement of items for each group showed adolescents with learning disabilities most commonly reported problems with use of strategies, retrieval memory, and rapid processing. Current assessment methods and instructional approaches often ignore these crucial aspects of learning and productivity by high school students.
The EEG in the Determination of Fitness to Fly
Authors: Murdoch B. D.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have shown a low incidence of clinical seizure development in healthy individuals with EEG epileptiform discharge activity. This has tended to de-emphasise the role of the EEG in screening pilots. A call is made for consideration of impairment of function associated with epileptiform discharges as a relevant factor in determination of fitness to fly and reconsideration of the role of the EEG in this area.
Body-Image Distortion and Mental Imagery
Authors: Auchus Mirella , Kose Gary , Allen Rhianon
Published: August 2011

This study explored whether body-image distortion is a function of difficulties with imagery or problems with judgment. 49 subjects were given the Modified Video Camera Technique to measure body-image distortion. Mental imagery was measured by a modified version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire and the Spatial Relations subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-educational Battery. Visual recall was assessed on the Meier Art Judgment Test. Judgment bias was assessed by the Stunkard Silhouette Method and the shape and weight subscales of the Eating Disorder Examination. Subjects who distorted body-image scored significantly more poorly on mental imagery than those who did not distort. No differences were found between groups on visual memory recall or in judgment bias.
A Memory Advantage for Serial Lists Composed of Active Words
Authors: Lamarche Sue , Campbell Margaret , Matheson Patty , Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

Results from subject-wise and word-wise analyses of recall for four types of emotional lists memorized by 14 subjects confirm that active words (pleasant and active, unpleasant and active) are better recalled than passive words (pleasant and passive, unpleasant and passive). The standardized formula ‘recall = .68 (serial position) + .24 (activation)’ successfully predicts 53% ( R = .73) of variance in the recall criterion.
Live-Social-Video Reward Maintains Joystick Task Performance in Bonnet Macaques
Authors: Andrews Michael W. , Rosenblum Leonard A.
Published: August 2011

A number of studies have now indicated that monkeys of several species will perform hundreds of food-rewarded joystick tasks on a daily basis. Our goal in this study was to identify the level of joystick task performance that could be maintained by 10 sec. of live, color video of a conspecific social group contingent upon the completion of a joystick task. The subjects were five individually housed bonnet macaques that were highly experienced on joystick tasks. Performance with social-video reward was compared to that maintained by a 190-mg banana-flavored pellet reward and to a nonreward condition. Comparable levels of task activity were maintained by both video and pellet reward, whereas task activity nearly ceased in the absence of reward. Four of the five monkeys increased their levels of task activity between the first and second weeks of social-video reward.
β-Endorphin Response to Endurance Exercise: Relationship to Exercise Dependence
Authors: Pierce Edgar E , Eastman Norris W. , Tripathi Hem L. , Olson Kristen G. , Dewey William L.
Published: August 2011

Considerable research has shown significant increases in β-endorphin levels after aerobic activity. These increases and their accompanying euphoric effect have been suggested as a possible psychophysiological mechanism underlying the exercise-dependence syndrome. The relationship between plasma β-endorphin levels and a tendency towards exercise dependence, however, has not been established. To examine this relationship, 8 women trained in aerobic dance completed an exercise-dependence assessment prior to participation in a 45-min. session of continuous aerobic dance. Plasma β-endorphin concentration was measured both prior to and following the aerobics routine. A Student t test for paired observations indicated that mean plasma β-endorphin levels (± SE) were significantly higher after the aerobics routine (11.96 ± 1.3 pg β-EP.ml−1) than preexercise levels (8.62 ± 1.4). However, β-endorphin difference values (% change) were not significantly correlated with scores on the exercise-dependence survey. Those data suggest that scores on exercise dependence are not related to changes in plasma β-endorphin levels after aerobic exercise.
Personal Values in Sport of Visually Impaired and Sighted Wrestlers
Authors: Barnett Beth E. , Merriman William J. , Lupo S. Quentin
Published: August 2011

This investigation compared the priority given to 14 sport-related values by 11 wrestlers with normal sight and 11 with visual impairments. The Survey of Values in Sport was given to 22 high school wrestlers during the competitive season. Independent t tests were used to evaluate differences in priority of values between the two groups. Significant differences were found on cooperation, group coordination, being a good sport, and being in a good place, which wrestlers with visual impairments valued higher in priority than the wrestlers with normal sight.
Karate for Self-Defense: An Analysis of Goju-Ryu and Kyokushinkai Kata
Authors: Layton Clive , Higaonna Morio , Arneil Steve
Published: August 2011

12 Goju-ryu and 24 Kyokushinkai kata (forms) widely practised today were analysed for blocking and counter-offensive techniques. A statistically significant preference was found for blocking in Goju-ryu kata and a significant preference for counter-offensive techniques in Kyokushinkai kata. The kata from both styles were seen as fostering nonviolence in their practitioners, however.
Perceived Parents' Support for Learning and Aspirations for Australian Adolescents
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

Relationships were examined between perceptions of parents' support for learning and measures of aspirations for Australian adolescents from different ethnic groups. The findings indicated that perceptions of parents' support combined to have significant associations with aspirations but there were ethnic-group differences in how adolescents' perceptions of fathers' and mothers' support were related to their aspirations.
Evaluation of the Influence of Illiteracy on Neuropsychological Performances by Elderly Persons
Authors: Grossi D. , Correra G. , Cause C. , Ruscitto M. A. , Vecchione V. , Vigliardi M. V. , Nolfe G.
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to verify the role of the primary notions acquired in early school in the formation of a general strategy in elaboration of information. For this purpose we selected a tiny rural village in southern Italy which comprises a substantial number of elderly persons having very little formal schooling. These subjects were screened using a test battery composed of classic neuropsychological tests and reaction-time tests. In the subjects studied we observed a significant correlation between the amount of education and the neuropsychological performances, although no such correlation existed for reaction times. Subjects having little schooling (up to 3 years) performed better than the illiterate persons on the Constructional Apraxia test and on the Raven Matrices. However, the reaction times were similar in these groups. On this basis we claim that reaction-time tests might form a basic tool in evaluating cognitive performances of persons with very little schooling. Further, the primary notions learned during the first few years of schooling induce an improvement in mental strategies that is well-preserved in the normal aging process.
Effects of Self-Modeling on Self-Efficacy and Balance Beam Performance
Authors: Winfrey Mary L. , Weeks Douglas L.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effect of self-modeling on self-efficacy and performance of balance beam routines. Subjects were intermediate-level female gymnasts who were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a self-modeling or a control group. For the self-modeling group, self-modeling videotapes were made of each subject performing her balance beam routine. During a 6-wk. period, self-modeling group subjects viewed the videotape of themselves three times a week prior to practice. During this time, the control group and self-modeling group participated in their normal instructional program. All subjects completed self-efficacy inventories and balance beam skill tests at four intervals, a pretest, a 2-wk. test, a 4-wk. test, and a 6-wk. posttest. Although no significant differences in ratings of self-efficacy or balance beam performance between the groups were found, the correlation between subjects' self-rated performance scores and actual performance scores for the self-modeling group was significant ( r = .92). This correlation was not significant for the control group ( r = .02). This significant correlation suggests that self-modeling may enhance performers' ability to assess their own performance realistically, improving their understanding and use of instructional feedback to enhance performance.
Comparison of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—Survey Form, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development with Infants Evaluated for Developmental Delay
Authors: Raggio Donald J. , Massingale Twila W.
Published: August 2011

The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is an extensive revision of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale; however, research comparing the two scales with different populations and measures of intelligence is limited. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—Survey Form, the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, and the mental scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 44 infants referred for evaluation of developmental delay. The differences between means were compared and shared variance examined. The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—Survey Form scores were significantly higher than those of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Bayley Mental Development Index. No significant differences were found between the means of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development—Mental Development Index. Correlations were .59 between the Bayley Index and scores on the Vineland—Survey Form and .72 between the Bayley Index and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Between versions of the Vineland scale r = .39. Implications for diagnosis and educational classification are discussed.
Gender Differences in Motor Performance of 50- to 79-Year-Old Adults
Authors: Rudisill Mary E. , Toole Tonya
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess gender and age differences among 73 men and women (50—59, 60—69, and 70—79 yr.) on five motor tasks (balance, standing long jump, sit and reach, hand grip, and Softball throw). Differences between men and women on the standing long jump, hand grip, and the Softball throw favored men. The men had better performance scores than the women on each of these tasks. An interaction of gender by age was noted on the balance task. Women 50—59 yr. old balanced significantly longer than the men of that age group. Age differences were found for the standing long jump, hand grip, and Softball throw. The 50—59 age group performed significantly better than the 60—69 and the 70—79 age groups Performance decreased on each task across age groups. These findings suggest gender differences in motor performance of older adults as has been noted for children.
Performance of Subjects with Probable Alzheimer Disease and Normal Elderly Controls on the Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test
Authors: Mack James L. , Patterson Marian B. , Schnell Audrey H. , Whitehouse Peter J.
Published: August 2011

Our study was designed to evaluate perceptual ability measured by the Gollin Incomplete Pictures Test (in which subjects identify fragmented pictures of common objects) in Alzheimer Disease. We developed a standardized procedure for administering Gollin's test and compared the performance of 58 Alzheimer patients and 37 elderly controls on the Gollin, two design copying tests, the Mini-Mental State Examination, a verbal version of the Knox Cubes test, a recognition memory test, and a verbal fluency test. Alzheimer patients performed significantly more poorly than controls on all tests. Factor analysis demonstrated a visual perceptual factor, with loadings on the Gollin test and design copying and three other factors representing primary memory, secondary memory, and language Results indicate the Gollin test measures visual perceptual ability, but the precise nature of the task requires further study. Identification of fragmented pictures appears a practical and potentially useful measure for evaluating at least some aspects of visual perception in patients with generalized cognitive impairment.
A Test of Episodic Visual Memory
Authors: Weekes Brendan
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between episodic visual memory and word recognition using a novel test of episodic visual memory. 40 subjects learned a set of pseudo-orthographic stimuli which were processed in terms of visual form and structure information during study. Subsequent recognition was better for more frequently and elaboratively processed stimuli, indicating performance was dependent on episodic visual memory. Recognition-test performance was also associated with visual lexical decision but not auditory lexical decision. It was concluded that recognition-test performance was associated with operation of episodic visual memory but independent of lexical access and thereby provides a useful diagnostic tool for the neuropsychological investigation of surface dyslexia.
Body-Image Attitudes among Obese Enrollees in a Commercial Weight-Loss Program
Authors: Cash Thomas F.
Published: August 2011

Substantial research shows less favorable body-image experiences among overweight and obese persons relative to persons of average weight. The purpose of this investigation of body image was to compare 102 enrollees in a commercial, very-low-calorie diet program to 258 age- and weight-matched control subjects. Whereas enrollees were more strongly invested in their physical appearance, they held a more disparaging view of their looks. Relative to the control group, enrollees also felt less healthy, yet their evaluation of and investment in their physical fitness were more positive. Obese persons constitute a heterogeneous population, and those who seek rapid and extensive weight loss in commercial programs may have special body-image concerns and needs.
Field Independence, Transcendental Meditation, and Achievement in College Art: A Reexamination
Authors: Fergusson Lee C.
Published: August 2011

This study confirmed that scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test of 106 undergraduate art students from four universities were positively correlated .32 with grade point average, .27 with artistic ability, and .21 with how students perceived their own artistic competence in relation to peers. The 12 art students who practiced Transcendental Meditation tended to score higher on the test of field independence ( Ms = 13.7 vs 10.4, 10.5, and 12.8) than the nonmeditating students ( ns = 22, 38, and 34). Data suggest experiments may be useful.
A Study of the Application of Fitts' Law to Selected Cerebral Palsied Adults
Authors: Bravo Pedro E. , LeGare Miriam , Cook Albert M. , Hussey Susan
Published: August 2011

Fitts' Law was applied to the evaluation of discrete aimed arm movements in one dimension performed by 6 adults with cerebral palsy and 6 adults with normal movement. Targets (1.27, 3.81, 6.35, 8.89 cm in width) placed at distances of 20.32, 30.48, 40.64, and 50.80 cm provided Indices of Difficulty of 2.19 to 6.32 bits. A video game was used for the signal to move. The t tests for corrected means showed that the cerebral palsied group had greater reaction and movement times than the normal group. Linear regression analyses for pooled data and for the individual cerebral palsied subjects showed (a) no relationship between reaction time and Index of Difficulty for either group and (b) a negative, linear relationship between reaction time and Index of Difficulty for 1 cerebral palsied subject. Movement time was linearly and positively related to the Index of Difficulty for the normal group but not for the cerebral palsied group. Two cerebral palsied subjects had movement times which conformed to Fitts' Law. While the exceptions to Fitts' Law may be due to the limited range of movement and spasticity caused by severe cerebral palsy, there are indications that two of the cerebral palsied subjects were performing ballistic rather than visually guided aimed movements. Fitts' Law may still apply when the distances and target positions are individualized to conform to subjects' specific limitations and when the signal to move is auditory rather than visual.
Eye Colour: An Unconsidered Variable in Cognitive Research?
Authors: Fallone Anthony R. , Baluch Bahman
Published: August 2011

Evidence analysed based on reaction time has contributed to the development of cognitive models of human information processing. Essential to the consideration of possible variables to be controlled when designing experimental work on cognitively related issues are variables such as the subjects' age, sex, or education. Barely a handful of studies have ever taken eye colour seriously as a variable to be controlled when exploring cognitively related issues. Very few researchers have considered the possibility that a person's eye colour might influence reaction time. The question is whether eye colour should be taken seriously when designing experimental work in cognitive psychology. In this study we found significant differences in choice reaction time using the McCarthy and Donchin (1981) paradigm, the dark-eyed subjects being faster than the light-eyed. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Neuropsychological Effects of Styrene Exposure: A Review of Current Literature
Authors: Groth-Marnat Gary
Published: August 2011

Research on the neuropsychological effects of exposure to styrene are reviewed, including subjective complaints, laboratory exposure, short- and long-term occupational exposure, possible long-term occupational illness, neuropsychiatric implications, and animals' behavior. The findings are discussed in relation to optimal levels of exposure, drivers' safety, a sensitive neuropsychological screening battery, current controversies, and future directions for research.
Simple and Derived Words: Influence on other Values of Words
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: August 2011

We investigated whether the reported values of a word are affected by whether that word is simple or derived. We selected 400 Spanish words at random from a dictionary. Simple words were significantly shorter and more frequently used than derived words and had entered the language significantly earlier. 226 psychology students were asked to rate the words on scales of imagery, concreteness, familiarity, emotionality, and meaningfulness. Simple words were rated significantly higher than derived words on all scales except emotionality.
Effect of Fatiguing Maximal Isokinetic Quadriceps Contractions on Ability to Estimate Knee-Position
Authors: Marks Ray , Quinney H. Arthur
Published: August 2011

This randomized controlled study compared the accuracy of knee positioning by 8 women after fatiguing maximal isokinetic contractions of the quadriceps with those of 8 controls who performed no exercise. The mean algebraic error (AE) and variable error (VE) showed a significant posttest improvement for the control group after a 5-min. intertrial period. There was no change in accuracy of knee positioning postexercise, however, for the experimental group. These findings suggest that, while a single bout of fatiguing knee exercises may not alter absolute accuracy of knee positioning, the movements may undermine the relative proficiency attainable by learning. They suggest a role for central as well as peripheral mechanisms in mediating this sensory modality
Caveat Examiner: Beware Clever Students
Authors: Welte Peter O.
Published: August 2011

The administration procedures for the Design Sequences subtest from the Detroit Tests of Learning Aptitude (Third Edition) contain an anomaly which makes it possible for astute examinees to discover a significant shortcut to solving the visual memory task. Discovery of this serendipitous “key” would give some examinees a distinct advantage on the subtest. The time needed to locate target designs is shortened thereby decreasing the time interval during which forgetting occurs. Once the key is uncovered, a significant portion of the memory task evaporates. This could yield artificially inflated memory scores for some students. An alternate administration procedure is proposed keeping in mind the problems attendant upon evaluating data obtained with nonstandardized administrations.
Schema of Coins and Memory for Features of Coins
Authors: Kikuno Haruo
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to examine the memory for coins of 7-yr.-old children and junior college students. Subjects in the free-recall group were asked to draw a coin from memory. Those in the cued-recall group used another coin as a retrieval cue to draw a coin. Analysis showed that students recalled significantly more distinctive features than children, but there were no significant differences on common and covariant features recalled by students and children. These results suggest that adults have elaborated schemata with more distinctive features for coins than do children.
Interaction of the Alerting Effect of Noise with Partial Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Rhythmicity of Vigilance
Authors: Tassi P. , Nicolas A. , Seegmuller C. , Dewasmes G. , Libert J. P. , Muzet A.
Published: August 2011

Only a few studies have been devoted to the interaction of noise with sleep deprivation and time of day. In a previous study we demonstrated that noise had an alerting effect on cognitive performance during the early night but not during the late night. However, it was not clear whether these different effects of noise were related to prior sleep debt or to time of day as both factors varied simultaneously. In the present experiment, we further studied this issue to identify which of these two factors was responsible for the noise effects. Analysis showed that, when performance was tested at different times with an equivalent prior sleep debt, noise improved speed of response at 0500 but not at 0800 at which variability of response time increased. Noise had no effect on errors. It is suggested that the effect of noise depends on the underlying arousal and raises arousal from its low level due either to time of day or to partial sleep deprivation.
Reliability and Validity of the Lifestyle Exercise Inventory
Authors: Cardinal Bradley J.
Published: August 2011

A Lifestyle Exercise Inventory based on the Theoretical Pattern of Physical Activity Model has been developed. To assess the inventory's internal reliability and examine its concurrent validity, a sample of 108 women completed the measure along with two well-established indices of physical activity. The inventory showed satisfactory internal reliability (Cronbach alpha = .73) and equivocal results with regard to concurrent validity ( r = .30, r = .08).
Development of the Concept of Middleness in Children: Response Time and Complexity
Authors: Cox Richard H. , Williams Kathleen
Published: August 2011

24 boys and 16 girls ages 4 through 7 years were tested on an apparatus that required children to select the middle of 3, 5, 7, or 9 stimulus lights when arranged adjacent to one another and when spaced symmetrically or asymmetrically. Analysis indicated response time decreased with age and increased as a function of the number of stimulus lights in the task. Time to respond to asymmetrical arrangements was greater than for problems whose stimuli were arranged symmetrically.
Household Structure and Suicide in Elderly Japanese Women
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1967 to 1986 in Japan, the proportion of three-generation households was negatively associated with suicide rates of both elderly men and women and with the over-all age-adjusted female suicide rate, qualifying the conclusions drawn by Dodge and Austin in their study.
An Investigation of the Color-Affect Hypothesis in Exner's Comprehensive System
Authors: Stevens David T. , Edwards Keith J. , Hunter William F. , Bridgman Laird
Published: August 2011

The color-affect hypothesis states that color responses on the Rorschach provide information regarding an individual's emotional life. The present study explored the several color-affect interpretive hypotheses in Exner's popular Comprehensive System by using a theory-relevant measure of affective modulation inferred from 32 undergraduates' behavior in an emotionally salient dyadic interaction. Subjects designated as high affective modulators ( n = 6) and low affective modulators ( n = 10) according to Exner's theory were not significantly different on a discrepancy score measure of affective modulation. It is suggested that Rorschach color scores may be insensitive to the more subtle forms of affective modulation present in less emotionally disordered individuals. Further research is suggested and caution is advised for clinicians assessing affective modulation styles in less severely disturbed patients based on traditional color-affect interpretive theory.
Age Distribution among Suicides in Nations of the World
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The increase of suicide rates with age in nations of the world was strongest in the more developed nations with relatively fewer children and a more urban population.
The Relation between Sign Language Skill and Spatial Visualization Ability: Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Talbot Karyn F. , Haude Richard H.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to ascertain whether a relationship exists between the experience of an individual in American Sign Language (ASL) and performance on the Mental Rotations Test. 51 women were divided into three groups on the basis of self-reported ASL skill (years of experience). All subjects then completed the Mental Rotations Test, a paper-and-pencil test of spatial ability. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was also administered to examine possible apprehension about evaluation. Significant differences in scores on mental rotations were found, with 18 experienced signers scoring significantly higher than either mean of the two less experienced groups ( ns = 16 and 17). It appears that people experienced in ASL perform better on the Mental Rotations Test. No evidence for a difference in anxiety related to the amount of experience a person had in ASL was found.
Efficacy of Progressive Muscle Relaxation for Reducing State Anxiety among Elderly Adults on Memory Tasks
Authors: Rankin Eugene J. , Gilner Frank H. , Gfeller Jeffrey D. , Katz Barry M.
Published: August 2011

Cognitively intact anxious elderly subjects were randomly assigned to either a progressive muscle relaxation-training condition or control condition ( ns = 15) and then completed selected subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. Despite significant reductions in state anxiety in the relaxation group, no significant differences were detected between the two groups on memory measures. These results are discussed within the context of previous research, and suggestions for further research are made.
An Illusion of Velocity in Motion Perception
Authors: Noguchi Kazuhito , Haishi Koichi , Sato Daisuke
Published: August 2011

We report a phenomenon that seems to have potential to elucidate a role of eye movement in motion perception. When tracking a target controlled by a triangular wave, the viewer perceives movement of the target like a ball bouncing in between two walls. We measured eye movement with electrooculograms (EOGs) when the subject was tracking a target controlled by a triangular wave. Eye movement after passing the turning point and rapidly returning to the target with saccadic movement and then smoothly tracking the target was recorded for all 4 adults. It was considered that extraretinal information on eye position during saccade may mainly contribute to this illusion.
The Rorschach and Personality Classifications of the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Hix Michael , Ebner Debbie , Stanford Matthew , Pantle Mark , Kerr J. Andrew , Patton Jim
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 48 adolescent inpatients, the Rorschach whole response and white space response were significantly related to gender and California Psychological Inventory classification.
“Experimental Amnesia” Induced by Emotional Items
Authors: Angelini R. , Capozzoli F. , Lepore P. , Grossi D. , Orsini A.
Published: August 2011

Tulving described an effect of retrograde amnesia in a free-recall task of word lists, produced by inserting items having priority in recall. Other authors confirmed the amnesic effect without giving instructions for priority both in recall and in recognition tasks. The effect was explained by Tulving as a premature termination of encoding processes. The similarity between these experiments and the researches aimed at reproducing amnesia by emotional trauma led us to hypothesize that the two phenomena might be due to the same functional mechanisms. We have organized a free-recall task of word lists into which emotional items were inserted. Our aim was to verify whether with these experimental conditions Tulving's results would be reproduced. The obtained data show amnesic effects in free recall; nevertheless, they do not seem to confirm closely the experimental hypothesis. Lastly, changes in primacy and recency effects produced by emotional items are analyzed.
Organizational Commitment and Individual Values
Authors: Knoop Robert
Published: August 2011

The importance of values as a component of the definition of organizational commitment was tested. Although all of the 21 work values analyzed for 142 nurses and 29 nurse managers were significantly related to commitment, one (pride in the organization) accounted for 66% of the variance in commitment. Results were discussed in terms of perceptual variability and organizational efficiency and effectiveness.
Diurnal Variations in Olfactory Sensitivity and the Relationship to Food Intake
Authors: Koelega Harry S.
Published: August 2011

At least a dozen studies have investigated the effects of food intake on olfactory sensitivity. Most studies reported the existence of food-related changes in sensitivity but the findings are highly discrepant. In the present study, earlier studies are reviewed, their shortcomings discussed, and the results of an experiment are reported. Using an air-dilution olfactometer, sensitivity to the odor of acetophenone was assessed throughout the day in seven subjects on four consecutive days, both with and without lunch. In the group data no consistent pattern of changes in sensitivity related to food intake was found, although some individual subjects showed a diurnal variation. Some suggestions are made enhancing the possibility that in the future a relationship between food intake and olfactory sensitivity may be observed.
Importance of Free-Throws at Various Stages of Basketball Games
Authors: Kozar Bill , Vaughn Ross E. , Whitfield Keith E. , Lord Russell H. , Dye Bobby
Published: August 2011

Basketball coaches often refer to their teams' success or failure as a product of their players' performances at the free-throw line. In the present study, play-by-play records of 490 NCAA Division I men's basketball games were analyzed to assess the percentage of points scored from free-throws at various stages of the games. About 20% of all points were scored from free-throws. Free-throws comprised a significantly higher percentage of total points scored during the last 5 minutes than the first 35 minutes of the game for both winning and losing teams. Also, in the last 5 minutes of 246 games decided by 9 points or less and 244 decided by 10 points or more, winners scored a significantly higher percentage of points from free-throws than did losers. Suggestions for structuring practice conditions are discussed.
Illusion of Length in Acute- and Obtuse-Angle Figures
Authors: Predebon John
Published: August 2011

The apparent expansion and contraction of the length of the arms of an obtuse (160°) and an acute (20°) angle were measured as a function of the relative lengths of the arms. 20 subjects reproduced the apparent length of the fixed-length (50-mm) horizontal lower arm of the angle. The length of the oblique arm was varied from 10 to 90 mm in 20-mm steps. The expansion of the obtuse-angle horizontal arm and the contraction of the acute-angle horizontal arm decreased as a function of the length of the oblique arm. The acute-angle illusion did not reverse from apparent contraction to apparent expansion for the longer oblique arms. These results are relevant to assimilation theories of visual-length distortions; they suggest that the assimilatory processes mediating the angle-length illusion are confined mainly to spatial regions near the vertex of the angle.
Effects of Learner-Centered Laboratory Activities on Achievement and Students' Preferences in Two High School Biology Courses
Authors: Matthews Douglas R , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: August 2011

The effects of two types of teaching procedures in two sections of high school biology on 46 students' achievement and preferences were examined using a pre-posttest comparison-group design. The 19 students in the lab group were taught a unit in cell biology through lecture and a guided laboratory approach. The comparison group of 27 were students in 12th grade biology who were taught the same material by lecture and nonexperimental learner-centered activities. Pre- and posttest scores on an examination requiring formal operational reasoning and a teacher-designed questionnaire were analyzed. Students in the laboratory group scored significantly higher at posttest, but no significant differences in students' preferences were found. In high school biology instruction, use of guided laboratory activities may be advantageous.
Role of Prenatal Position in Grasp-Reflex Asymmetry in Human Neonates
Authors: Tan Uner
Published: August 2011

Grasp-reflex strengths were quantitatively measured from the right and left hands of 70 full-term human neonates. The right-left grasp-reflex linearly correlated with grasp-reflex only of the right hand in neonates with a right-ear-facing-out prenatal position. In neonates with left-ear-facing-out prenatal position, this grasp-reflex linearly increased with the grasp-reflex of the right hand and linearly decreased with the grasp reflex of the left hand. It was suggested that grasp-reflex asymmetry in neonates may, at least partly, depend upon prenatal position, which may also influence the later developing hand preference in humans.
Task Equivalence and a Failure to Detect Interference Effects among the Logical Memory Stories of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised
Authors: Rankin Eugene J. , Gore Paul A.
Published: August 2011

66 healthy young adults, matched on age, sex, and education, were administered the Logical Memory passages of the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised in standard order (A + B) or reverse order (B + A). Recall of both stories was similar regardless of the order of administration, suggesting that the stories were equivalent in task difficulty. Despite equivalence of story difficulty, proactive interference was not observed in this sample. These results are discussed within the context of previous research, and suggestions for further research are made.
Coverage of Women's Sports in Selected Newspapers
Authors: Sage Marta , Furst David M.
Published: August 2011

Sports sections from 3 newspapers with large, medium, and small circulations were analyzed for their coverage of women's sports. Contrary to Theberge and Cronk, extent of coverage was not related to newspapers' circulation.
Validity of the Work Addiction Risk Test
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Post Phyllis
Published: August 2011

50 subjects correctly classified the 25 items of the Work Addiction Risk Test by symptom, giving support for face validity.
Selective Adaptation to Low Spatial Frequencies Does Not Decrease the Mueller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Larsen Janet D. , Goldstein Beth Anne
Published: August 2011

The idea that low spatial-frequency information in the Mueller-Lyer figure accounts for a major part of the illusion was tested in a series of five studies. In Study 1, subjects were selectively adapted to high or low square-wave spatial-frequency gratings with no difference in the magnitude of illusion they experienced. Similarly, adaptation to sinusoidal grating patterns with either high or low spatial frequency had no effect on the magnitude of illusion experienced (Studies 2 to 5). The failure of adaptation to low spatial-frequency gratings to affect the magnitude of illusion experienced indicates either that the illusion cannot be accounted for by the low spatial-frequency information or that adaptation of the visual system by grating patterns cannot be used to explore any effects of the low spatial frequencies in the figure.
Another Look at the Time-Score Relationship
Authors: Beaulieu R. P. , Frost Bruce
Published: August 2011

137 men and women enrolled in three sections of a junior-level management course took three examinations during a semester. Scores were correlated with the time spent responding to the examinations. A wide range of mostly nonsignificant rs were obtained, with no difference for gender or section observed.
Effects of Upper Limb Muscle Vibration on Human Voluntary Wrist Flexion-Extension Movements
Authors: Kasai T. , Kawanishi M. , Yahagi S.
Published: August 2011

The effect of upper limb muscle tendon vibration during alternating step flexion-extension movements about the wrist was studied in 6 normal humans. A vibrator was mounted over either the wrist flexor muscle or the elbow flexor and extensor muscles. Vibration was applied either to a single muscle or simultaneously to both muscles during wrist flexion-extension movements. After a period of practice, subjects learned the required movements and were able to make them with their eyes closed. Simultaneous application of subthreshold vibration to the wrist flexor and the elbow extensor or flexor muscles during extension movements produced an undershooting of the required end-movement position. The observed results indicated the pattern of transjoint projections from elbow extensor and flexor muscles to motoneurons supplying wrist extensor and flexor muscles. It is also suggested that those transjoint projections play an important role in coordinated movement of wrist and elbow joints.
Varied Sign Language Systems and Their Mediating Effects on WISC—R Verbal Subtests of Profoundly Deaf Students: A Replication
Authors: Chovan William , Benfield James R.
Published: August 2011

This study replicated the 1984 work of Miller who reported a normal mean Verbal IQ of profoundly deaf students. To 27 profoundly deaf students the WISC—R Verbal Scale was administered using one of three signed language systems. The means do not support Miller's findings and raise some doubt about the mediating effects of language systems among profoundly deaf students.
Attitudes toward Women in the Military during the Persian Gulf War
Authors: Hurrell Rose Marie , Lukens John H.
Published: August 2011

This study describes the development of a scale to measure public attitudes toward women in the military (Women in the Military Scale) and reports its use with a sample of 97 college women surveyed during the Persian Gulf war. Analysis indicates that the scale has acceptable internal consistency reliability and is relatively free of social desirability as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. A significant positive correlation between scores on the scale and on the Sex-role Ideology Scale suggests support for the validity of the new scale. With regard to the attitudes assessed, the results indicate that subjects tend to favor attitudes endorsing the equivalent capacities of men and women to function in the military. When issues of combat or women's roles as wives and mothers are considered, scores tend to reflect less support for women in the military.
An Analysis of the Information-Search Process in the Game of Twenty Questions
Authors: Takemura Kazuhisa
Published: August 2011

In the present study, a simplified version of the game of Twenty Questions was employed to examine the information-search process. Information analysis of responses from 72 undergraduate women showed (1) only 22.6% of the subjects used an information-search strategy so amount of information would be maximized, whereas 77.4% of the subjects did not use such an optimal strategy. (2) The subjects tended to search for information by risky strategies. (3) Amounts of information and values of surprise changed in the process of information search.
Empirical Contribution to the Question of Sex-Dependent Inheritance of Spatial Ability
Authors: Gittler Georg , Vitouch Oliver
Published: August 2011

The X-linked recessive gene hypothesis, a theory to predict the mode of genetic inheritance of spatial ability, was tested using a new Rasch-calibrated space test, the Three-dimensional Cube Test (Gittler, 1990). This allowed solving the homogeneity problem (insufficient unidimensionality of test material) by which earlier research in this field was affected. The empirical correlations from our sample of 134 families were compared with the theoretically predicted values. Present data do not corroborate the model; however, the problems of its general falsification are discussed. The fact that differences in performance in favour of males exist in the parental generation but not in the filial generation accentuates the importance of environmental factors.
A Zoom Lens before the Eyes during Imagery: Individual Differences and Strange, Unexpected Responses
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio
Published: August 2011

The research examined some aspects of an hypothetical involvement of the eyes in the process of imagery and the individual differences in the modulation of the imagery-perception interaction of 59 (7 male and 52 female) undergraduate students in psychology. The subjects were asked to image with open eyes and to project, looking through a zoom lens, the “mental” image onto a white screen. While the subject was imaging, the experimenter moved the lever of the zoom lens in the direction of an hypothetical enlargement. This movement evoked different classes of responses: 46% of the subjects had a loss, even if for a short time, of the image, 37% of the subjects observed a strange and unexpected enlargement of the mental image, 7% did not observe any change in imagery, and 10% had other responses. A psychophysiological discussion concerned the strange phenomena observed in this research that have not yet been explored enough.
A Decision-Making Heuristic for the Analysis of Unstructured Qualitative Data
Authors: Côté Jean , Salmela John H.
Published: August 2011

Based on the guidelines suggested by Côté, Salmela, Baria, and Russell in 1993, this article provides a decision-making heuristic addendum to facilitate the organization and interpretation of unstructured qualitative data. At each decision point of the qualitative analysis, criteria are suggested to explore the phenomenon of issue and guide the coding process. The objectives of these methodological procedures are to facilitate the task of organizing and interpreting large bodies of qualitative data and to enhance the reliability and validity of the coding of this inductive process.
Instructions for Additional Qualitative Scoring of the Initial-Letter Word-Association Test
Authors: Z̄ivković Momčilo
Published: August 2011

An additional scoring method is based on grouping test-words according to whether the same sign is given by subjects to the test-words. In this way five test-word categories are formed, Eros (test-words with double plus signs), demi-Eros (single plus sign), demi-Thanatos (single minus), Thanatos (double minus), and Deviant (± and ø signs). The next step in scoring is to count the number of test-words in a given scoring category whose meanings do not conform. The greater the discrepancy between the test-word category and its meaning, the less well adapted is the subject. Several illustrative protocols are discussed.
An Evaluation of a Glasser Quality Classroom: No Effects on Achievement in Mathematics but on Attitude towards School
Authors: Chambers Christina L. , McLaughlin T. F.
Published: August 2011

18 students were taught Grade 9 mathematics in a Glasser approach in which need-satisyfing strategies were used. 16 control students were traditionally taught the regular program. Pre- and posttest scores on an Alberta Education Achievement examination and a teacher-designed questionnaire showed groups scored similarly on achievement but the Glasser group had a significantly more positive mean on attitude at posttest, supporting Glasser's position for attitude only.
Acculturation and Intelligence: Effects of Acculturation on Problem-Solving
Authors: García-Vázquez Enedina , Ehly Stewart W.
Published: August 2011

The use of intelligence tests with students from culturally diverse backgrounds historically has been controversial. Research has focused on several forms of bias without examining effects of cultural change on problem-solving abilities, so the present study was undertaken. 23 children in Grades 6 to 9 were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised and the Acculturation Quick Screen. At test indicated that children who were more acculturated to the school environment had higher Verbal IQs than less acculturated children. Other results implied that a student does not have to give up the first language to develop problem-solving skills. Another implication is that, with bilingual and Hispanic children, the verbal subtests can be viewed as a measure of their adaptation to school demands.
Sinistrality and Reduced Longevity: Reply to Coren and Halpern's Replay
Authors: Lembessis Elizabeth , Fudin Robert
Published: August 2011

Coren and Halpern's response to Fudin, Renninger, Lembessis, and Hirshon's 1993 report of a nonsignificant difference in longevity between left-handed and right-handed baseball players contained errors of fact, theory, and omission. Especially disturbing is that they ignored the fact that our negative findings were found not only with parametric tests but with the same nonparametric tests that they had used. We defend our use of parametric tests given the particular data we analyzed, and we comment on the databases that we and Halpern and Coren considered and the results of studies of handedness and longevity.
Marketing and Psychophysics: Cornflakes and Stevens' Power Function
Authors: Clayson Dennis E.
Published: August 2011

Although major firms do not publish their pricing and packaging strategies, an analysis of 83 pairs of boxes of breakfast cereals using Stevens' Law showed that firms price their products on the perception of size rather than by actual size. By contrast, laundry detergents are priced by actual weight and volume.