bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH OF CORN SEEDLINGS: EFFECTS OF NIGHT TEMPERATURE UNDER OPTIMUM SOIL MOISTURE OR UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS
Authors: GRZESIAK S. , MAJOR D. J. , ROOD S. B. , FRHYMAN S.
Published: March 2010

Emergence and early seedling growth of two corn hybrids, Stewart 2300 and B73 × Mo17, were studied in growth cabinets in which night temperatures ranged from 5 to 20 °C. Emergence was more rapid at higher night temperatures and the two hybrids had relatively constant growing degree day (base temperature of 3 °C) requirements to reach 80% emergence. Both leaf area and dry matter increased most rapidly under 15 °C night temperatures and relative growth rate and net assimilation rate decreased with lower night temperatures when moisture was adequate. Under drought conditions, however, night temperature had little effect on growth rate. These findings indicate that cool night temperatures lead to reductions in photosynthesis. The finding that drought reduces the effects of cool night temperature is consistent with the theory that photosynthesis is reduced after cool nights because stomatal opening is inhibited by a temperature-induced water deficit.
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON THE COLD ACCLIMATION OF WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: TYLER N. J. , GUSTA L. V. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Mineral nutrition influenced the rate of cold acclimation and the level of hardiness attained by winter wheat plants grown in modified Hoagland’s solution. Plants grown in modified Hoagland’s solution at (a) one-half strength (control), (b) low potassium and (c) low phosphorus acclimated the fastest and were the hardiest. Plants grown in high and very high levels of nitrogen and a high level of phosphorus were the least hardy. For the acclimation period, significant correlation coefficients existed between the LT50 and osmotic potential, crown moisture content and crown dry weight for all nutrient regimes. However, when differences due to nutrient regimes were considered, there were no significant correlations with LT50.
EFFECTS OF WITHIN-ROW PLANT UNIFORMITY ON GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE
Authors: MULDOON J. F. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted over 3 yr to study the effects of variability in intra-row spacing on grain yield of maize; effects of non-uniformity in seedling size were also investigated. Experiment 1 consisted of single-row plots which were thinned in the seedling stage to produce stands of equivalent mean densities (i.e., the same number of plants per plot row), but with different lengths of gaps within the row; two additional treatments involved the selection of seedling plants which were either very uniform, or non-uniform, in height. Yield was unaffected by the presence of gaps up to 1 m long within the row. In general, plots of uniform seedling size outyieldcd those where seedling size was more variable. Experiment 2 involved a comparison of plots seeded to produce one, two, three or four plants per hill at an equivalent mean plant density (same number of plants per plot row). On average, yield was not depressed until the number of plants per hill exceeded two. No treatment effect on the intra-plot standard deviation of ear dry weight per plant was measured in any test. Experimental results indicate that uniformity of spacing, within the range commonly encountered with properly adjusted, commercial maize planters, is unlikely to affect yield. Uniformity of seeding depth is likely to be more crucial.
PERFORMANCE OF A NATURALLY OCCURRING SUBSPECIES HYBRID IN B. campestris L. var. oleifera Metzg.
Authors: HUTCHESON D. S. , DOWNEY R. K. , CAMPBELL S. J.
Published: March 2010

A naturally occurring subspecies hybrid of the type Brassica campestris ssp. sarson Prain. ’R-500’ × B. campestris L. var. oleifera Metzg. was identified. Hybrid seed borne on R-500 plants is larger and more darkly pigmented than seed from self- and sib pollinations of R-500. Of 77 seeds selected on the basis of diameter and testa color, 60 had erucic acid levels indicating that they were hybrids between R-500 and an unknown low erucic acid type. The hybrid yielded 146% of the B. campestris var. oleifera ’Candle’ in a replicated test. Oil content of the hybrid was 2.6% lower than Candle but protein content was 4.1% higher. Yield of oil and protein per hectare was 137% and 160% of Candle, respectively. Seed borne on the hybrid is brown but crude fiber content of the meal is not significantly different from the yellow-seeded, low fiber cultivar Candle. Seed produced on hybrid plants has high erucic acid oil (28.9%) and high glucosinolate meal (95.5 μm/g). Days to maturity of the hybrid is intermediate between B. campestris and B. napus.
EARLY GENERATION SELECTION FOR PROTEIN IN Glycine max × G. soja CROSSES
Authors: ERICKSON L. R. , BEVERSDORF W. D. , VOLDENG H. D.
Published: March 2010

Early generation selection for high seed-protein content would be desirable in breeding programs attempting to combine high yield and high protein content in soybeans (Gycine max (L.) Merr.). The heritability of seed-protein content in the F2 and F3 was measured in four crosses and mass and family selection for protein were compared in the F3 of these crosses. Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc., a putative wild ancestor of the soybean, was the male parent in all crosses and selection intensity was at 10%. The heritability of protein in the F2, calculated by parent-offspring regression, was 27%. The broad-sense heritability of protein in F3 families grown over two locations in one season was 78%. Mean protein content for every selected population was greater (P ≤ 0.01) than the mean for the non-selected control population (45.3%). Mean protein contents of the F4 populations resulting from these selection methods were: mass selection in the F2 and F3, 48.0%; mass selection in the F3 following one generation of single seed descent, 48.8%; selection among F3 families, 47.6%; selection among and within F3 families, 47.5%. Either method of mass selection was superior to either method of family selection at the 0.01 level. Although early selection (mass or family) raised the mean protein content of a population, segregation continued to give rise to low-protein genotypes thereby requiring further selection.
PATURAGE VERSUS ENSILAGE POUR LA PRODUCTION LAITIERE
Authors: DIONNE J. L. , ROY G. , PELLETIER G. , FERNET C. , GENEST J. , TREMBLAY A.
Published: March 2010

Timothy and Ladino-timothy pastures (Phleum pratence L. et Trifolium repens L.) were compared to corn (Zea mays) and alfalfa-timothy silages (Medicago sativa L. and Phleum pratence L.) for forage and milk production. Three groups of 10 Holstein cows were used over three summers. Concentrate feeding was done according to the amount of milk fat produced. The grazing season extended from 29 May to 7 Oct., and the stoking rate was 3.09 cows per hectare. Cows fed silage were kept in confinement. Forage dry matter yields were 8677 kg/ha for the timothy pasture, 6574 kg/ha for the Ladino-timothy pasture, 7040 kg/ha for the alfalfa-timothy silage and 8740 kg/ha for the corn silage. Milk production per hectare was highest from fields harvested for silage: 11 891 kg/ha from silage compared to 8147 kg/ha from pasture. The forage-producing area required per cow was 0.15 ha for the silage crop and 0.28 ha for the pastures. Daily fat corrected milk production per cow was 21.8 kg on Ladino-timothy pasture, 21.6 kg on timothy pasture and only 18.2 kg per cow fed silage. The feed conversion index was 1.16 kg of dry matter per kilogram of milk for cows on pasture and 0.88 for those receiving silage. Milk produced from timothy pasture contained more protein than milk produced from silage; other milk constituents were not affected by treatments. A high concentration of urea was found in the blood serum of cows grazing on pasture due to the high amount of nitrogen contained in the herbage.
INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSIVE YEARS OF SIMULATED GRAZING (CLIPPING) ON PINEGRASS GROWTH
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G. , BROOKE B. , McLEAN A. , HALL J.
Published: March 2010

Pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.) plots were clipped for four consecutive years, and the effect on vigor was evaluated by counting tiller number∙m−2. Stand vigor, the potential of the pinegrass to produce tillers in a unit area of ground, decreased with successive years of biweekly clipping to a height of 5 cm or 10 cm. Clipping to 15 cm did not significantly affect stand vigor. Clipping intensities could be characterized by the time (t½) required for the number of tillers to decrease by half: t½ = 1 yr for 5 cm clip; t½ = 3.7 yr for 10 cm clip; and t½ = 7.8 yr for 15 cm clip.
EFFECTS OF CO2 MIST AND HIGH INTENSITY SUPPLEMENTARY LIGHTING ON PROPAGATION OF SELECTED WOODY ORNAMENTALS
Authors: LIN W. C. , MOLNAR J. M.
Published: March 2010

Injection of CO2 into the mist water (CO2 mist) promoted rooting of Ilex Aquifolium L. ’Italian’ and ’Shortspra’, Juniperus Sabina L., Magnolia Sieboldii K. Koch and Magnolia × Soulangiana Soul. -Bod., but inhibited rooting of Rhododendron ’Sonata’. Daily high intensity supplementary lighting with high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps for 16 h promoted rooting of Magnolia × Soulangiana and Rhododendron ’Anna Rose Whitney’, but inhibited rooting of Juniperus Sabina, Juniperus squamata D. Don, and Rhododendron ’Sonata’. These results are discussed in terms of photosynthesis, CO2, light and water.
MUSKETEER WINTER RYE
Authors: McLEOD J. G. , McBEAN D. S. , BUZINSKI S. R.
Published: March 2010

Musketeer, a new high-yielding cultivar of winter rye (Secale cereale L.), combines good winterhardiness, high test weight, and 1000-kernel weight, early heading and maturity and good resistance to lodging. It is well-adapted to Western Canadian growing conditions. It was licensed in July 1980. Breeder seed of Musketeer will be maintained by the Swift Current Research Station, Agriculture Canada. Seed will be distributed through SeCan.
FINALE FIELD PEAS
Authors: LANGILLE J. E. , MACLEOD J. A. , SMELTZER G. G. , BUBAR J. S.
Published: March 2010

A green-seeded cultivar of field peas (Pisum sativum L. ’Finale’) was licenced in the summer of 1980 and will be released to growers in 1981. Finale is well-adapted to most areas of the Maritime region, where it generally outyieldcd the presently recommended cultivars Century and Trapper in Atlantic Provinces Regional Trials. Performance was excellent when compared to that of Century in a limited number of field trials.
EX RICO 23 WHITE BEAN
Authors: BEVERSDORF W.D. , HUME D.J.
Published: March 2010

Ex Rico 23 is a white (navy) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) adapted to field bean production in southwestern Ontario. It exhibits much more tolerance to white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) than other cultivars, along with good agronomic performance and cooking quality.
MINAS SNOW RHODODENDRON
Authors: CRAIG D. L.
Published: March 2010

Minas Snow is a hardy, attractive, semi-compact, floriferous, white-flowered rhododendron that can be readily propagated from well-ripened softwood cuttings.
RECEPTIVITE DE CULTIVARS DE CEREALES DE PRINTEMPS A LA CONTAMINATION DES GRAINES SUR INFLORESCENCE PAR LES Fusarium SPP.
Authors: COUTURE LUC
Published: March 2010

The incidence of Fusarium spp. in seeds was determined in 21 samples of each of 34 lines of spring cereals, namely 13 lines of common wheat (Triticum aestivum), 13 lines of oats (Avena sativa) and 8 lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare), harvested in Québec in 1978. The number of surface-sterilized seeds displaying Fusarium on a selective agar medium was used as a basis of determination. Average infection in wheat cultivars was 11%, as against 15% in oats and in barley. Significant differences were found among cultivars in all three cereals, being the most marked in wheat and the least marked in barley. There is a significant negative correlation between plant height and seed infection of the lines involved in the three species: r = −0,61 (wheat), −0,66 (oats), −0,90 (barley). Life span of the crop is also significantly related to infection of wheat lines (r = +0,76). Moreover, lines of hard wheat (Neepawa, BW-20, Sinton) are all less infected than lines of soft wheat, just as lines of malting barley (OAC 21, Conquest, Bonanza) are all less infected than feed barley types.
VARIABILITY IN HULL CONTENT, KERNEL OIL CONTENT, AND WHOLE SEED OIL CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS AND PARENTAL LINES
Authors: DEDIO W.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-five sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids and seven parental lines were analyzed for hull and oil content. The hull content varied from 21.6 to 28.2% in the hybrids. The oil content varied from 59.8 to 64.6% in the kernel and from 42.5 to 50.3% in the whole seed. The variation of these characters was even greater in the parental lines. Hull content was negatively correlated with both kernel and whole seed oil content and with seed weight. Oil content of the kernel was positively correlated with oil content of the whole seed. Some variation in ease of dehulling was observed using a barley pearler.
EFFECT OF STEAM-TREATED GRASS SILAGE ON ANIMAL GAIN
Authors: CALDER F. W.
Published: March 2010

Four crops as unwilted silage were compared for weight gain with steers: (a) mixed grasses harvested 14–15 June at early head stage with 61% digestible dry matter (DM) in vitro; (b) similar grass, steamed while standing, with the Dutch Thermal Unit, harvested 14–15 June at early head stage with 63% digestible DM; (c) second harvest of grass from the same area as a but harvested 22–24 Aug. at early head stage with 59% digestible DM; (d) grass-legume, second harvest on 22–24 Aug. at early head-early bloom stage with 62% digestible DM. One group of steers were fed each of the four silages alone and an equal number of steers were given 1 kg of ground barley with the silage. Animal gains when these silages only were offered were, for (a) 0.45; (b) 0.71; (c) 0.47 and (d) 0.71 kg per head per day. There was an increase of 57% in weight gain resulting from the steaming of the standing grass sward prior to ensiling. This was greater than the 30% increase in weight gain obtained by supplementing the conventional silage ration with 1 kg per day of barley.
INHERITANCE OF NECTAR PRODUCTION IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: MURRELL DOROTHY C. , TOMES DWIGHT T. , SHUEL R. W.
Published: March 2010

Significant differences in nectar production were observed among seven cultivars and one germplasm release of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). The cultivars Carroll and Leo were consistently higher and Maitland consistently lower in μ1 nectar/umbel produced. Nectar production varied significantly among genotypes within cultivars and germplasm. Four parents, two high and two low nectar producers, were crossed in a diallel to determine the inheritance pattern for nectar production. The progeny of these crosses were near the midparent values. General combining ability effects were highly significant while specific combining ability were unimportant. Broad sense heritability was 92%. The heritability estimates from the analysis of variance were used to predict response to selection in a breeding population. The results indicated that selection for low nectar production would be more effective than selection for high nectar production.
EFFECTS OF SOIL FUMIGATION AND LIMING ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION OF ALFALFA AND TIMOTHY
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , WILLIS C. B.
Published: March 2010

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of liming and fumigation of soil with methyl bromide on the nutrient concentration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.). The four lime levels used gave soil pH values of 5.1, 5.6, 6.3 and 6.7. Liming had a significant effect on yield and on concentration of all nutrients measured, except Cu. Soil fumigation increased the yield of timothy significantly, but not of alfalfa, and the plant tissue concentrations of P, S, Mo, Mn and Zn in both crops were increased significantly when compared to non-fumigation. A significant interaction was noted among crops, lime levels, and fumigation treatments, in which the alfalfa tissue P and Mn increases with fumigation were much higher at lower soil pH levels than at higher soil pH levels. Tissue K, Fe and B concentrations in timothy and N in timothy and alfalfa decreased significantly with fumigation.
SUPPLEMENTAL HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LIGHTING AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SEED GERANIUMS
Authors: TSUJITA M. J.
Published: March 2010

F1 seed-propagated geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) flowered earlier when plants received in excess of 400 E∙m−2 cumulative photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Two out of three cultivars grown at 17 °C night temperature which received 443 E∙m−2 natural lighting or 341 E∙m−2 natural plus 102 E∙m−2 high pressure sodium lighting (HPS) over a 4-wk period following transplanting flowered earlier. Flowering was accelerated by 2 wks when a total of 920 E∙m−2 cumulative PAR (726 E∙m−2 natural plus 194 E∙m−2 HPS) was received by plants over an 8-wk period. Reducing night temperature from 17 to 13 °C delayed flowering by 2 wk. Supplementary HPS irradiation for 6–8 wk overcame the delay in flowering induced by low night temperature and produced compact plants with more shoots.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 52. Achillea millefolium L. S.L.
Authors: WARWICK S. I. , BLACK L.
Published: March 2010

A review is provided of information on the biology of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L., sensu lato) a very complex polyploid group in Canada. Native variants occur across Canada and consist of both tetraploid and hexaploid races. Introduced hexaploids occur predominately in eastern Canada. Yarrow is found as a weed in pastures, meadows, lawns, roadsides and waste places. The species has a wide climatic range and is particularly drought-tolerant. Vegetative spread is rapid, increasing competitive advantage in closed communities, whereas seed reproductive allocation is low. Plants of the species are self-incompatible and insect-pollinated. Factors affecting seed germination are summarized; these include response to temperature, moisture, light, seed age, nitrate ions, sowing depth and fertilizers. Yarrow control in pastures may be provided by 3,6 dichloropicolinic acid or herbicide mixtures containing diclorprop or mecoprop.
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING LEAF AREA
Authors: BAILEY W. G. , STEWART R. B.
Published: March 2010

A photographic technique is described for evaluating leaf area employing an image analyzer. Use of this technique is illustrated in the determination of the relationship between leaf area and dry weight.
MACRO- AND MICRONUTRIENT STATUS OF CORN GROWN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: WHITE RONALD P. , GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

Corn leaf tissue and corresponding soil samples collected from 61 fields in Prince Edward Island indicated no serious deficiencies in any of the investigated nutrients, though a few samples contained marginal Zn or Mo levels. Whole-plant samples from 25 of the locations at harvest averaged higher in K and lower in Ca, Mg, and Zn than values reported elsewhere.
GENETIC INHIBITION OF EXPRESSION OF RESISTANCE GENE Lr23 IN WHEAT TO Puccinia recondita
Authors: DYCK P. L.
Published: March 2010

The common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) experimental line Prelude/8* Marquis was determined to have a gene that inhibits the expression of gene Lr23 for seedling resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm.) whereas the cultivar Prelude does not. This inhibitor had previously been reported in the cultivar Thatcher.
AN INEXPENSIVE AND DISPOSABLE SMALL-VOLUME SPRAYER MADE FROM A SODA STRAW
Authors: DUCZEK LORNE J.
Published: March 2010

A sprayer was made from a soda straw cut almost through and bent at less than 90 degrees with one end in the solution and the other connected to an air line. The unit provided a simple, easily made, inexpensive and disposable sprayer for delivering small quantities of liquid as a fine spray.
INHERITANCE OF THE MUCILAGE CHARACTER IN Brassica campestris L. var. oleifera ’CANDLE’
Authors: KING JANE R. , KLASSEN A. J. , DOWNEY R. K.
Published: March 2010

A simple test was devised to detect the presence of mucilage in the seed coat of Brassica seeds. The presence of mucilage in seeds of the B. campestris cultivar Candle was found to be controlled by two genes exhibiting dominance epistasis. There was no discernable correlation between seed coat color and the presence of mucilage.
GROWING SUNFLOWERS IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: READ D. W. L. , ANDERSON C. H. , CAMPBELL C. A.
Published: March 2010

Sunflower is a possible alternative crop to hard red spring wheat in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan. To date, little research has been done on sunflowers in this region. A study was carried out to determine the proper row spacing at which this crop should be grown. At the same time, it was necessary to determine whether sunflowers would leave sufficient residues to protect the soil from wind erosion while encouraging overwinter snow conservation. Sunflowers were grown on summer fallow at 18-, 36- and 53-cm row spacing, with and without added P fertilizer, over a 5-yr period. Hard red spring wheat was grown for comparison. A row spacing of 36 cm produced greater sunflower yields than did row spacings of 18 or 53 cm. Fertilizer increased the yield of 18-cm spacing slightly only in wet years. Yield of wheat was 1.9–3.5 times as great as that of sunflowers. Sunflowers had no deleterious effect on the yield of a subsequent wheat crop. There was no difference between sunflowers and wheat regarding their effect on soil erosiveness or water and nitrogen use.
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF Sorghum bicolor. 4. HORMAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO DROUGHT STRESS IN FIELD-GROWN PLANTS
Authors: KANNANGARA T. , DURLEY R. C. , SIMPSON G. M. , STOUT D. G.
Published: March 2010

This study was undertaken to investigate the nature of hormonal changes in relation to drought stress in two cultivars of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. Two cultivars, M–35 and NK300, were grown in a field plot protected by a rain shelter. Plants in one soil compartment were stressed by withholding water while those in another (controls) were irrigated frequently. Levels of the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA), phaseic acid (PA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were determined in the youngest leaves of control and stressed plants at intervals throughout the growth cycle. Plant height, senescence, and leaf water status were also determined. Leaf water potential (ψw) and solute potential (ψs) were reduced in both cultivars by drought stress; values for M–35 plants were lower than NK300. Leaf senescence was higher in M–35 plants and was promoted by stress in both cultivars. Cultivar M–35 behaved as a drought-tolerant plant whereas cultivar NK300 behaved more like a drought avoider. ABA levels were higher in M–35 control plants than in corresponding NK300 plants and levels in both cultivars followed seasonal changes in leaf water potential. Under drought stress, ABA levels increased between 1.5 and 2 times in both cultivars with the largest increases occurring during the vegetative stage in M–35 and during the flowering stage for NK300. PA levels in both cultivars were higher in stressed than in control plants. PA levels in M–35 plants were relatively low and constant throughout the life cycle, whereas in NK300, levels were high until shortly before flowering. IAA levels were higher in NK300 than in M–35 plants, particularly during the vegetative stage. Under drought stress, IAA levels were reduced in both cultivars with a more pronounced reduction in NK300. The high level of ABA in the more drought-tolerant cultivar M–35 was associated with low leaf ψw and ψs and high leaf senescence. On the other hand, in the drought avoider, NK300, high levels of IAA and PA were associated with high leaf ψw and ψs. It is concluded that these cultivars, which differ in their response to drought stress, can be distinguished by their leaf hormone levels.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RUSSIAN AND ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY N FERTILIZATION AND DATE OF HARVEST
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , WINKLEMAN G. E. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

The effects of three rates of N fertilizer and nine fortnightly dates of initial harvest on the N, P, Ca, Mg and K concentrations and the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio of Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum Fisch. Schult.) were studied on irrigated land for 2 yr. The N, P, K and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios declined with increasing maturity. The N, P, and K concentrations tended to increase with N fertilization, while N fertilization appeared to have little influence on percent Ca, percent Mg and the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio. Altai wild ryegrass had a higher N, P, Ca, Mg, K and K/(Ca + Mg) ratio than RWR which, in turn, was higher than CWG. Crested wheatgrass utilized prior to early June, RWR utilized prior to late June, and AWR utilized prior to early July had the suggested minimum level for lactating beef cows of 1.60% N. Only samples cut during May equalled the suggested minimum of 0.32% P. Supplementation with N and P may be required with rations or pastures using these grasses in June or later. The percent K was adequate on all sampling dates. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio for CWG did not exceed the suggested maximum of 2.2, but the ratio for AWR and RWR was above this maximum for May, June and part of July, indicating there may be some danger of grass tetany with these grasses during the May-June period and supplementation with Mg and/or Ca may be required for good performance.
THE IMPORTANCE OF LEAF FROST RESISTANCE TO THE WINTER SURVIVAL OF SEEDLING STANDS OF ALFALFA
Authors: McKENZIE J. S. , McLEAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

Plants propagated from single plant selections of the alfalfa cultivars Saranac and Luna (Medicago sativa L.), Beaver (M. media Pers.) and Anik (M. falcata L.) were transplanted into the field in May and subjected to a range of freezing temperatures at 3-wk intervals during August and September. A portable field freezing chamber was used to study the influence of frost on leaf injury in the fall and winterkill following the severe 1977–1978 winter. Leaves of all plants had the capacity to harden during the fall, but the selection from Anik was consistently the most frost hardy. Temperatures ranging from −4 to −5 °C in mid-August caused 50% leaf injury to the selections of Beaver, Saranac and Luna, while in late September, temperatures ranging from −9.5 to −10.5 °C were required to produce similar amounts of injury. In the Anik selection, −6 °C in mid-August caused 50% leaf injury, but in late September −12.5 °C caused less than 35% injury. Thus, the Anik selection appeared to start hardening about 3 wk earlier than all other selections. In all plants, the potential for winter injury during the 1977–1978 winter increased as a result of leaf frost damage during mid-August and early September in 1977. The application of these results to the winter survival of seedling stands of alfalfa is discussed.
RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER ON CRESTED WHEATGRASS UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS
Authors: READ D. W. L. , WINKLEMAN G. E.
Published: March 2010

Rates of 0, 50, 100, 400 and 800 kg N/ha, with and without 44 kg P/ha, were broadcast on old stands of crested wheatgrass on two soils in southwestern Saskatchewan. There was a pool of residual N developed in the soil under the 400- and 800-kg treatments which lasted for up to 10 yr. The yield and N content of the forage was increased by the residual N when moisture was adequate. In a clay loam there was no indication that any N moved down beyond 120 cm in the soil; most of it was held in the 30–90 cm depths. On the sandy loam soil there may have been some movement beyond 120 cm. Even from the lower rates of N application, where there was no pool of residual mineral N, the yields have been consistently slightly higher than from the check plots, indicating a possible slow release of N from the biomass. Phosphorus remained available for the 10 yr. The recovery rates for N ranged from 97% to 22%, and for P they were 51% and 61% of the applied nutrient.
INFLUENCE OF POPULATION DENSITY AND HYBRID MATURITY ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF FORAGE MAIZE
Authors: FAIREY N. A.
Published: March 2010

Nine maize hybrids, representing early, medium and late maturities (maximum 3000 corn heat units), were grown at 75 000 and 100 000 plants/ha for 2 yr at two locations in order to examine the in vitro digestible dry matter (DDM) yield and quality of whole-plant (shoot) and stover components. Early hybrids produced 90% as much DDM yield as medium or late hybrids. Comparing densities, the higher density resulted in a greater increase in DDM yield at Surrey than at Agassiz and it did not depress whole-plant dry matter (DM) content. Whole-plant DM digestibility (DMD) was 2% lower for early hybrids compared to mediums or lates. Density had no influence on whole-plant DMD at Surrey, but the higher density reduced it by 1% at Agassiz. Stover DDM yield was greater at Surrey than at Agassiz whereas whole-plant DDM yield was greater at Agassiz. Harvest index was positively, but not closely, correlated with whole-plant DMD (r = 0.28***) and was inversely correlated with stover DMD (r = − 0.45***). Thus, nutritive value of maize was only marginally dependent on the grain component. Results suggest that, in the marginal corn-growing environments of the region studied, it may be beneficial to use hybrids considerably later than those normally adapted and grow them at a density approaching 100 000 plants/ha to maximize digestible yields and quality. The harvested forage may have a DM content too low for direct ensiling, but this can be rectified by addition of dry high-protein supplements (e.g. alfalfa cubes) at ensiling time.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 53. Convolvulus arvensis L.
Authors: WEAVER SUSAN E. , RILEY WALKER R.
Published: March 2010

Convolvulus arvensis L., field bindweed, is an introduced weed which occurs in the agricultural regions of all provinces of Canada with the exception of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Its twining growth habit and extensive root and rhizome system make it exceptionally difficult to control. It spreads by both seeds and root or rhizome fragments. Details of its morphology, reproductive biology, response to parasites, and methods of control are presented.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 54. Crepis tectorum L.
Authors: NAJDA H. G. , DARWENT A. L. , HAMILTON G.
Published: March 2010

Narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard (Crepis tectorum L.) occurs across most of Canada but is particularly abundant in the parkland zone of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. It is a serious weed in forage crop fields and has been increasing rapidly in many areas. This account is a summary of the most recent biological information on C. tectorum, including previously unpublished data.
A COMPARISON OF FIELD-SEEDED AND TRANSPLANTED TOMATOES GROWN ON A CLAY SOIL
Authors: LIPTAY A. , BOLTON E. F. , DIRKS V. A.
Published: March 2010

Seeded and transplanted tomatoes were grown on Brookston clay soil under a number of management practices that were designed to hasten maturity of tomato fruits. The most effective management practice found to hasten maturity was the use of a raised (20-cm-high) bed prepared in the autumn previous to planting. It was also observed that seeded tomatoes required approximately 200 more heat units than transplanted tomatoes to reach the same stage of maturity. A study of various seeding methods indicated that the methods that provided a microenvironment conducive for seed-germination (as with plug-mix) resulted in improved emergence of tomato seedlings.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS AND ROOTS USED TO DISTINGUISH STANDARD FROM IRRADIATION-INDUCED VARIANT APPLE TREES
Authors: PARLIMAN B. J. , STUSHNOFF C.
Published: March 2010

Beacon apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) variants derived from gamma-irradiated scionwood on Columbia Crab seedling (CC) rootstocks were compared to both standard Beacon/clonal rootstocks, standard Beacon/CC rootstocks and Columbia Crab seedling trees. Stem or root measurements of trees classed as induced spur-type dwarf variants/CC rootstocks had larger bark to xylem ratios than trees from other growth habit classes. Stem and root bark to xylem ratios have the potential to be used as juvenile selection criteria in screening for spur-type dwarf variants in irradiation-exposed apple tree populations.
BONUS CUCUMBER
Authors: NUTTALL Y W. , BONN W. G.
Published: March 2010

Bonus is a white-spine, gynoecious, F1 hybrid cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) developed for the processing trade. It is highly tolerant to angular leaf spot and cucumber mosaic virus and resistant to scab. The main features of Bonus are good productivity, shape and color, and excellent fresh and salt-stock quality.
BONNYVEE AND HARVESTVEE TOMATOES
Authors: KERR E. A. , COOK F. I.
Published: March 2010

Bonnyvee and Harvestvee are firm, good-flavored, crack-resistant, midseason, hand-pick tomatoes, introduced for processing into ketchup or juice and for fresh market. Bonnyvee has smoother fruit with smaller core and less locular gel whereas Harvestvee has larger fruit and is more productive.
THE RESPONSE OF SELECTED Phaseolus vulgaris L. CULTIVARS TO OZONE UNDER CONTROLLED FUMIGATION AND AMBIENT FIELD LEVELS
Authors: HUCL P. , BEVERSDORF W. D.
Published: March 2010

In 1977, a cross section of the Phaseolus vulgaris L. world collection was screened for ozone insensitivity in fumigation chambers. A number of cultivars were selected for their high level of insensitivity to ozone (O3). These selections, along with three cultivars reported as highly insensitive and a number of white bean cultivars, were further evaluated under more stringent conditions in a controlled environment as well as under field conditions over a 2-yr period. All the white bean cultivars were sensitive to O3 under controlled conditions, but under field conditions later maturing cultivars escaped serious injury from ambient O3 levels. Early-maturing white bean cultivars tended to suffer reduced yields and earlier senescence compared with plots chemically protected from ambient O3 injury. The yields of cultivars selected as O3 insensitive in chamber fumigations were not affected by ambient field O3 levels in the field trials.
RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL GROWTH IN THE DETERMINATION OF MAIZE (Zea mays L.) KERNEL SIZE
Authors: BAGNARA D. , DAYNARD T. B.
Published: March 2010

At intervals during grain filling, measurements were made of the dry weight of the endosperm, embryo, and pericarp of several inbreds of maize differing in kernel size, and their reciprocal crosses. Differences were observed among genotypes in the growth characteristics of endosperm, embryo and pericarp, i.e., in initial dry weight, length of the lag period, rate and duration of growth and maximum dry weight at physiological maturity. The variability in the latter was mostly a function of rate of growth. For both embryo and endosperm growth, length of the lag period was positively associated with rate of growth while no relationship appeared to exist with duration of growth. An artificially imposed delay of 4 days in date of pollination for the hybrid UN 106 resulted in a less-than-proportional shortening of lag period in basal kernels of treated plants, as compared with control, as well as a lower maximum dry weight (DW). Endosperm, embryo, and pericarp size at physiological maturity, as well as their growth rates, were closely correlated with pericarp DW at 12 days after pollination. Therefore, early pericarp size may represent a determining factor in controlling the subsequent growth of all kernel components, irrespective of their specific genomic and allelic constitution. Possibly because of this pericarp role, a close coordination was evident in the growth and maturation of embryo and endosperm.
ISOZYME STUDIES IN Brassica. I. ELECTROPHORETIC TECHNIQUES FOR LEAF ENZYMES AND COMPARISON OF B. napus, B. campestris AND B. oleracea USING PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE
Authors: COULTHART M. , DENFORD K. E.
Published: March 2010

Gel electrophoresis was performed on leaf enzymes of varieties of Brassica campestris L. (n = 10), B. oleracea L. (n = 9), their allotetraploid derivative B. napus L. (n = 19), and a synthetic hybrid group consisting of: two parents, autotetraploid B. campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino and autotetraploid B. oleracea L. var. acephala D.C., and their tetraploid hybrid, artificial B. napus. Disc electrophoresis was shown to be compatible with histochemically detectable activity on the gels, for 14 leaf enzymes of this material. One enzyme, phosphoglucomutase, has been compared between varieties, using slab gels. The results of the comparison are consistent with the expression in both natural and synthetic B. napus of parental isozymes from both B. campestris and B. oleracea. Putative allelic mobility variants were found for a structural locus, Pgm-1, both within and between varieties. These techniques should provide a means for attacking basic problems of homoeologous gene expression in allotetraploid Brassica species, as well as for identifying a large new class of genetic markers of possible use in breeding.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEMS FOR SUMMER FALLOW IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: ZENTNER R. P. , LINDWALL C. W.
Published: March 2010

The economic feasibility of substituting herbicides for mechanical tillage of summer fallow was assessed under a spring-wheat-fallow rotation at Lethbridge, Alberta. Six minimum tillage and two conventional tillage treatments were evaluated over a 9-yr period for differences in resource requirements and overhead costs. Also, break-even costs for herbicides that equate the cost of fallowing with minimum and conventional tillage systems were estimated at three prices for wheat and three prices for labor. The minimum tillage treatments required an average of 14.2% and 4.1% less resources than for the blade-only and one-way disc-only treatments (i.e., conventional tillage treatments), respectively. The herbicides-only treatment required the least amount of labor, fuel and oil, and machine repairs averaging 15.0, 22.7 and 22.9% less, respectively, than that required for the blade-only treatment. Break-even costs for herbicides were highest for the herbicides/fall blade treatment averaging $54.98, $77.59, and $100.20/ha relative to the blade-only treatment at wheat prices of $147, $220, and $294/t, respectively, and a price for labor of $5/h. The herbicides-only treatment ranked second with break-even costs averaging 16–33% lower than for the herbicides/fall blade treatment under similar price assumptions.
INTERACTION OF METHOD AND DATE OF PRUNING ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: ISMAIL AMR A. , HANSON ERIC J.
Published: March 2010

Lowbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were pruned mechanically by flail mowing or thermally by oil burning in the spring and fall. Plant growth pattern, vigor, and flower bud production were determined after one growing season. The incidence of winter injury to flower primordia and berry yields was also determined. The total number of stems produced was not affected by the pruning treatments, but the growth habit of stems was influenced by the method and time of pruning. The pruning treatments had no influence on the incidence of winter injury to flower primordia. Burning resulted in more flower buds per 0.1 m2 than mowing. Yields were not influenced by the method or time of pruning.
ANTHOCYANINS IN RIPE FRUIT OF THE SPARKLEBERRY, Vaccinium arboreum MARSH
Authors: BALLINGER W. E. , MANESS E. P. , BALLINGTON J. R.
Published: March 2010

The extracted and purified anthocyanins (Acy) of Vaccinium arboreum Marsh [section Batodendron (Nutt.) Klotzch], commonly called the sparkleberry, were indentified as the 3-monoglycosides of the aglycones delphinidin, petunidin, malvidin, cyanidin, and peonidin with the sugars arabinose, galactose, and glucose (except for cyanidin and malvidin) (or 13 of a potential 15 Acy). Vaccinium arboreum fruit contains Acy which are extremely similar to those reported for the fruits of highbush and lowbush blueberries (subgenus Cyanococcus). Vaccinium arboreum has at least 12 Acy, while those of V. stamineum (subgenus Polycodium), whose geographical range is similar to that of V. arboreum, has only three (monoglycosides of the sugars galactose, arabinose, or glucose with the aglycone cyanidin). If Acy of fruits were to be considered of taxonomic importance, V. arboreum would appear to be more closely associated with subgenus Cyanococcus than with Polycodium which is associated with subgenus Oxycoccus.
RESPONSE OF VARIOUS BROAD-LEAVED WEEDS, AND TOLERANCE OF CEREALS, TO SOIL AND FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF DPX-4189
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: March 2010

DPX-4189 (2-chloro-N-[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino-carbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide), applied at relatively low rates to the soil (40–200 g/ha) or foliage (1–100 g/ha), generally provided excellent control of a variety of broad-leaved weeds, but poor control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) showed excellent tolerence. At equivalent dosages, foliar applications were more effective than soil applications in the year of application. With foliar applications, herbicidal activity on a variety of annual broad-leaved weed species was reduced with application at later (four to eight) versus earlier (two to four) leaf stages. Preplant incorporated (PPI) treatments were more effective for control of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.) than soil surface (PE) or preemergence incorporated (PEI) treatments. DPX-4189 provided weed control 8 mo after application at 20 g/ha in the greenhouse and 12 mo after application at 40 g/ha in the field. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) topgrowth control during the year of application, and control of regrowth 1 yr after application of DPX-4189 at 50 g/ha under field conditions was excellent. DPX-4189 may be transported from the leaves to the roots of Canada thistle, but soil residue carryover is probably more important for control during the second year. DPX-4189 was readily leached in a silt-loam soil.
FACTORS AFFECTING YIELD AND VIGOR IN ASPARAGUS CULTIVARS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: DIRKS V. A. , NUTTALL V. W.
Published: March 2010

Eleven cultivars of asparagus tested at Harrow during 1972–1976 showed wide variation in yield response to length of cutting period and season. Differential response to season was attributed, in part, to differential rust injury. The cultivar Waltham Washington yielded as well as the best experimental lines. No average difference in yield could be shown for length of harvest, but specific cultivars had optimum cutting periods. A significant regression of 1972 yields on 1971 rust severity was indicated (r = −0.87**). The need for further cultivar improvement to achieve the economic and market potential of asparagus in Ontario is discussed.
TOTAL LIPID, FREE STEROL, FREE FATTY ACID, AND TRIACYLGLYCEROL FATTY ACID CONTENT OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS-INFECTED TOBACCO
Authors: TREVATHAN L. E. , TOLIN S. A. , MOORE L. D. , ORCUTT D. M.
Published: March 2010

North Carolina 88 tobacco, a systemic host of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), was inoculated at the third leaf stage with purified TMV. Inoculated, asymptomatic, and systemically infected, symptomatic leaves were harvested 24 days after inoculation and analyzed for total lipids, free sterols, free fatty acids and triacylglycerol fatty acids. Infection resulted in significant quantitative increases in free sterol and decreases in both free and triacylglycerol fatty acid concentrations, but no changes in total lipid concentrations. Changes in all lipid components assayed occurred in TMV-inoculated leaves as well as in systemically infected leaves, with the only significant difference between them being a lower concentration of the triacylglycerol fatty acid, linolenic acid, in systemically infected leaves.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AND LEAF CLIPPING AFTER MID-SILK ON YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF MAIZE
Authors: REMISON S. U. , OMUETI O.
Published: March 2010

The effects of N nutrition and leaf clipping after mid-silk on maize were examined. N increased yield components and defoliation reduced weight of ears, grains, total dry matter aboveground, harvest index and grain moisture. Crude protein increased, especially with complete clipping.
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN KERNEL HARDNESS AND PROTEIN CONTENT IN A WINTER WHEAT PROGENY
Authors: SAMPSON D. R.
Published: March 2010

Ninety-nine F4 lines from the cross Lennox × Stadler of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ranged widely in both kernel hardness and kernel protein content. A nonsignificant correlation of r = −0.17 showed the absence of any tendency for hardness and high protein to be associated, contrary to what might be expected from the association found in commercial cultivars.
COMPARISON OF THE HAGBERG FALLING NUMBER AND MODIFIED GRAIN AMYLASE ANALYZER METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SPROUT DAMAGE IN RYE
Authors: KRUGER J. E. , TIPPLES K. H.
Published: March 2010

The Hagberg falling number method and a recently developed turbidometric method using the Perkin Elmer Model 191 Grain Amylase Analyzer were evaluated for measuring the levels of α-amylase activity in rye samples with varying sprout damage. Poor correlations were obtained between the a-amylase methods and percent visual sprout damage, although the two α-amylase methods correlated fairly well with each other. Differences between levels of α-amylase activity and levels of sprout damage may be explained by: (a) the difficulty in assessing sprout damage levels due to the presence of degermed or skinned kernels; (b) the association of higher levels of α-amylase activity with other types of damaged kernels; and (c) the severity of sprouting of individual rye kernels.
DROUGHT SURVIVAL OF SELECTED FORAGE GRASSES COMMONLY SEEDED IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Authors: CURRIE PAT O. , WHITE RICHARD S.
Published: March 2010

Prolonged drought between 1979 and 1981 killed or severely reduced stands of a number of grass species presumably adapted and frequently recommended for seeding rangelands in the Northern Great Plains. The drought damage took place on recently planted as well as established 2 years or older seedings. Cultivars of the intermediate-pubescent wheatgrass complex were killed or most severely damaged. Damage was also severe on seeded stands of the native green needlegrass, western and thickspike wheatgrasses and big bluegrass. Crested wheatgrass was only moderately drought tolerant, but two cultivars of Russian wild ryegrass established well even with adverse moisture conditions in the seeding year. Altai wild ryegrass seedlings established well but did not survive the drought. An established stand of Vinall Russian wild ryegrass increased in basal area and produced leaf growth and seedstalks during the most severe drought periods. These periodic droughts are sporadic in occurrence but need to be considered in reference to species recommendations for range seedings in the Northern Great Plains.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF LINGONBERRIES
Authors: HOLLOWAY PATRICIA S. , VAN VELDHUIZEN ROBERT M. , STUSHNOFF CECIL , WILDUNG DAVID K.
Published: March 2010

Lingonberries were grown in Fairbanks, Alaska for up to three growing seasons in containers under four treatments: 0, 44, 56 and 73% shade provided by various thicknesses of polypropylene shade cloth. Following three growing seasons, plants grown without shade produced the greatest number of stems and dry weight per plant. Leaf size and number of leaves per stem did not differ among treatments. Leafy rhizome branches were longer under 73% shade than under higher light intensities. Rhizomes were longer without shade than under lower light intensities. The results indicate that for maximum growth and dry matter accumulation lingonberries should be grown in full sunlight.