bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Gneiss and other Azoic Rocks, and on the superjacent Palæozoic Formations, of Bavaria and Bohemia
Authors: Murchison Roderick I.
Published: October 2009

In my last journey to Bohemia, I had no sooner reached Darmstadt than I was gratified to find that, in two of the most recently published geological maps of Germany, M. Ludwig had marked the Palæozoic subdivisions as Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian.

Thus, in travelling to the baths of Marienbad, I perceived that on the western flank of the crystalline rocks of Eastern Bohemia and the Erzgebirge the author had thus named and delineated the
three
oldest of these groups in the tract around Hot, where, when I first explored it, “grauwacke” only was applied to the whole region by German authorities.

It was, indeed, in the year 1839 that Professor Sedgwick and myself began to make the subdivision, by pointing out the existence of both Devonian and Carboniferous limestones near Hof. In subsequent years, with the good maps of Naumann, I tracked Silurian rocks, with Graptolites, as separated from Devonian limestones, extending from the Frankenwald into the Thüringerwald, where certain meagre representatives of the Tipper Carboniferous rocks are surmounted by a full Permian series.

Proceeding from Eisenach on the north-west, where the great Palæozoic promontory of the Thüringerwald terminates in a point, we see, in advancing to the south-east, that these Palæozoic rocks gradually expand, until, in the latitude of Hof, they occupy a great width, and are succeeded on the south-east by the inferior azoic and crystalline rocks of the Fichtelgebirge and the broad tracts of eastern Bohemia.
Further Observations on the Devonian Plants of Maine, Gaspé, and New York
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

The present paper raises the number of species obtained from the Devonian rocks of Eastern America to about eighty-two, but does not in any respect invalidate the general conclusions stated in my former paper. Of the whole number of species, only two can with certainty be referred to the Lower Devonian, and these also occur higher in the series. Twenty-one are found in the Middle Devonian, and of these nine or ten ascend to the Upper Devonian, which has afforded about sixty-eight species; and of these probably ten are known in the Carboniferous System. It must be observed, however, that the precise age of the beds at Perry and St. John is uncertain, and that they are referred to the Upper Devonian principally on the evidence of their fossil Plants,—the stratigraphical evidence being sufficient merely to prove their Precarboniferous date.
On the Section at Moulin Quignon, Abbeville, and on the peculiar Character of some of the Flint Implements recently discovered there
Authors: Prestwich Joseph
Published: October 2009

A short notice of the age and character of these beds was given by me in a paper read before the Royal Society in May 1859, and I should not have recurred to this small section had not the recent announcement of the discovery of a Human Jaw and of Flint Implements of a peculiar type, by M. Boucher de Perthes, attracted particular attention to these beds, and led to questions being raised respecting both the age of the beds and the genuineness of the remains.
Description of a new fossil Thecidium (Thecidium Adamsi) from the Miocene Beds of Malta
Authors: Macdonald J. Denis
Published: October 2009

Amongst the many mteresting fossils occurring in the lower part of the calcareous sandstone of Malta, there is a beautiful little Thecidium; and as I believe it has not yet been described or named, it may be worthy of a brief notice.

It appears to me that the nearest ally to the little Shell which I am about to describe is the recent
Thecidium Mediterraneum
. The species about to be described is, however, very much smaller, being only ⅙th of an inch in length; besides which many other decidedly specific differences present themselves on closer inspection. As to its general figure, it much resembles a horse's hoof in miniature, the fixed ventral valve corresponding to the unguis or body, the hinge-area to the soft posterior part of the “frog,” and the dorsal valve to a shoe-plate. This comparison gives a good idea of the obliquity of the shell in the longitudinal plane, the great depth of the ventral valve, and its lengthened surface of attachment (figs. 1–3).
On the Occurrence of a Bituminous Substance near Mountgerald
Authors: Anderson G.
Published: October 2009

The section exposed by some deep cuttings for the Ross-shire Railway, two miles north of Dingwall, was described by Dr. Anderson in this letter. The rock in these catlings is a grey, micaceous, regularly bedded, and almost horizontal conglomerate, but exhibiting enormous convolutions and twistings of the beds. The strike is N.W. to S.E., and the rock, in some places, passes into a fine compact sandstone. It is traversed at intervals by what appear to be perpendicular veins or fissures, lined for the thickness of an inch or two with a black, shining, compact, bituminous substance having a black streak and a conchoidal fracture. It burns with smoke and flame, and becomes electrical when rubbed; and it does not exhibit any trace of organized matter. Its composition is said to be similar to that of the Albertite of New Brunswiek.

A bituminous substance has long been found in veins at Strathpeffer in quantities sufficient for burning in the neighbouring cottages. To what extent these veins may go down in the adjoining rocks is not known. At Mountgerald the seams are not thicker than an inch or two; but in the beds of the Boulder-clay, immediately above the sandstone-conglomerate, small pieces of the coaly matter occur in abundance. The bituminous shale comes in near the sandstone-conglomerate in which the black matter occurs, and, as the author believes,
above
it; and he traced the former thence over the ridges looking down on the Cromarty Firth as for as into Strathskea.
On the Occurrence of a Bituminous Mineral at Mountgerald, Scotland
Authors: Mackenzie A. C.
Published: October 2009

The author first gave a history of the discovery of this bituminous substance at Monutgerald, stating that it was first noticed about fifteen years ago, by the tenant of the farm of Woodlands (Mr. M'Ewan), whilst making a drain. The farmer followed the seam as far as he was able, and procured several cartloads of the mineral, which he used as fuel.

Mr. Mackenzie then noticed the similarity of this substance to the Albertite of New Brunswick; he also stated that he first saw it, about five years ago, in a field on the farm of Woodlands, and that, more recently, a railway-cutting on the farm of Mount Rich, 400 yards south-east of the former locality, enabled, him to make the following observations regarding its mode of occurrence.

The line of railway here passes through a cutting in what is called the Craig, and it was in this cutting that further quantities of the mineral were discovered, from which the specimens in the Society's possession were taken.

Where the cutting commences, about 1¼ mile from Dingwall, the rock consists of a grey sandstone similar to that of the Tulloch Quarry, and having a north-west dip; but the strata are much disturbed and broken. The beds continue for about 18 yards, at the end of which space there appears a shaly rock mixed with clay, dipping north at a sharp angle, and underlying the sandstone for about 12 yards.
On the Occurrence of Rocks of Upper Cretaceous Age in Eastern Bengal
Authors: Oldham T.
Published: October 2009

During the years 1851–52, I had an opportunity of visiting the Khasi Hills, in Eastern Bengal, and made a tolerably large collection of the fossils occurring in the rocks there. At that time the Geological Survey of India had no office or place in which these fossils could be opened out for examination, nor were there in India any collections sufficient for comparison, or any libraries containing the books necessary for reference. I was, therefore, compelled to be satisfied with such a cursory examination as could be made during the packing up of the specimens. This examination was even more cursory than it would otherwise have been, inasmuch as my deeply regretted friend Edward Forbes had promised to go carefully over all these fossils and to describe any that proved new or interesting. I had, by letter, pointed out to him the great interest which attached to them, inasmuch as many of them strongly recalled some of the forms which he had then recently described from the beautiful collections of Messrs. Kaye and Cunliffe from South India, while other beds contained undoubted Nummulites and several known “Nummulitic” fossils. The collection which I had made was chiefly from the Nummulitic Limestone, close to the station of Cherra Poonji; but there was also a good number from the sandstones underlying this limestone, to which I especially requested Prof. Forbes's attention, as they appeared to me to be of Cretaceous rather than Tertiary age.
On the White Limestone of Jamaica, and its associated intrusive Rocks
Authors: Lennox A.
Published: October 2009

In this paper the author described the Limestone of Jamaica and its associated eruptive rocks.
On the Formation and Preservation of Lakes by Ice Action
Authors: Belt Thomas
Published: October 2009

The author remarks on the number of lakes, great and small, that occur in Nova Scotia, either in connected chains or isolated on the tops and sides of the hills. It is a common feature in British America, increasing as we proceed northwards.

The lakes constituting the Shubenacadian chain, stretching almost across the province of Nova Scotia, are found by the author to be in true rock-basins of hard quartzites and metamorphosed schists, of Lower Silurian age, covered irregularly with unstratifed Boalderclay. The surfaces are scratched, grooved, polished, and moutonnée, and bear huge transported boulders.
A Notice of the Geology of Jamaica, especially with reference to the District of Clarendon; with Descriptions of the Cretaceous, Eocene, and Miocene Corals of the Islands
Authors: Duncan P. Martin , Wall G. P.
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.

T
he
Corals from Jamaica hitherto described came from the inclined white limestones, and from the shales and sands subordinate to them; their Mid-tertiary age has been demonstrated, together with that of the Shells and
Foraminifera
; and the general succession of the Tertiary strata has been brought several times before the Society. All the Corals, moreover, which have been described from the other islands of the Caribbean Sea were derived from strata of a Miocene age. But this communication refers to the Cretaceous and Eocene as well as to the Miocene fauna of Jamaica, and it offers the first palæontological proofs of the existence of the Eocene formation in the West Indian Islands†.

To do justice to those engaged in the geological survey of Jamaica, it is necessary to bear in mind that there is no good map of the island, no perfect trigonometrical survey, that dense vegetation covers everything, and that the physical difficulties are very great. Hence it has arisen that the geology of the island is still in its infancy. The general features of the country have been determined, and the relations of the series of formations also, but their palæontology has not been much studied.

After the publication of Sir. H. De la Beche's memoir on Jamaica, little was done for many years in the geology of the island, and the first important communication on it was a diagram of the succession of the strata, which was drawn by the late Mr. Barrett, and which
On the Correlation of the Cretaceous Formations of the North-east of Ireland
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: October 2009

I
n
a former communication I described “The Rhætic and Lower Liassic Rocks of the neighbourhood of Belfast”*, and I now propose to continue the subject with a description of the strata which surmount the Liassic series, namely, the Upper Cretaceous rocks in part.

An incentive to study these formations was the knowledge that the results of the labours of the late Robert McAdam, Esq., F.G.S., had been anxiously looked for by many geologists†, who hoped that the true relationship of the Irish Cretaceous beds would have been satisfactorily determined by him from the study of his own collection of local fossils. That geologist has passed away from amongst us without having accomplished these researches; and as his collection has not been applied to the furtherance of the much-desired object up to the present time, I have undertaken the task he may have intended to perform. During a residence of two years and a half in Belfast, I have worked assiduously in collecting fossils from the Irish Cretaceous strata, and in studying their lithology and stratigraphical characters, with the hope that these materials would enable me to correlate them satisfactorily; and I shall now endeavour to show that they belong to the so-called Upper Greensand and to the Upper Chalk.

The general features of the disposition of the Neozoic rocks in the neighbourhood of Belfast may be understood by reference to the accompanying section.

II. A
bsent
F
ormations
.

1.
Oolitic Strata
.—In the foregoing section, the Cretaceous beds
On the Geological Structure of the Malvern Hills and adjacent Districts
Authors: Holl Harvey B.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
a short communication which was read at the last meeting of the British Association (1863), “On the Geology of the Malvern Hills,” I expressed my belief that the rocks which had hitherto been treated of as syenite, and supposed to form the axis of the hills, were in reality of metamorphic origin, and belonged to the Pre-Cambrian, Azoic, or Laurentian age†.

In that communication I also intimated that I should enter into further details at no distant date; but the completion of the paper has been delayed by circumstances which were unavoidable. In the meantime, I have been enabled to clear up certain points on which I was not then altogether satisfied, and to avail myself of some recent researches of my friend the Rev. J. H. Timins, of West Malling, into the chemical constitution of many of these rocks, which have a bearing upon the subject of this memoir, as will be seen in the sequel*.

The objects of this communication are the following:—(1)to discuss the structure and origin of the crystalline rocks of the Malvern Hills; (2) to give the result of an examination of the super-imposed Palæozoic strata immediately adjacent; and (3) to endeavour to show the chronological relationship of the several events in their geological history.

II. M
etamorphic
R
ocks
.

It will be preferable to commence the description at the southern extremity of the hills, where older deposits are seen resting upon the metamorphic rocks than in the northern part of the chain.

1.
On the Geology of Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Hector J.
Published: October 2009

T
he
south-western part of the Province is composed of crystalline rocks, forming lofty and rugged mountains, intersected by deeply cut valleys, which are occupied on the west by arms of the sea, but on the east by the great lakes. The base-rock of this system is a foliated and contorted gneiss, corresponding to Humboldt's Gneiss-granite of South America. Associated with it are granites, syenites, and diorites. Wrapping round this batch of crystalline strata, and sometimes resting at great altitudes (say 5000 feet) on its surface, are a series of hornblende-slates, soft micaceous and amphibolic gneiss, clay-slates, and quartzites, associated with felstone-dykes, serpentine, and granular limestone. I believe these to be metamorphic rocks of not very ancient date.

To the eastward of these two formations the country is traversed by a depression that widens towards the south, and enters the mountain-chain by a pass only 2000 feet in altitude above the sea; this is the “Greenstone Pass” that I discovered last year. Along the line of this depression, and resting on the last-mentioned slates, &c. (unconformably?), are well-bedded sandstones, shales, and porphyritic conglomerates, together with soft greenstone-slates and diabase-rock in patches. This further reminds me of Darwin's great porphyritic formation in South America, and is probably also all that we have to represent the Lower Mesozoic rocks (No. VI.). In the N.E. and S.E. part of the Province, what I take to be the same formation, or an upper series of it, passes into sandstones and shales, thrown into bold plications
Note on communicating the Notes and Map of Dr. Julius Haast upon the Glaciers and Rock-Basins of New Zealand
Authors: Murchison R. I.
Published: October 2009

I
n
a letter to Sir R. I. Murchison, Dr. Haast informed him that for five years he had attentively followed the discussions on glacier-theories, and that, independently of other authors, he came, in March 1862, to the same conclusions in New Zealand as Professor Ramsay had come to in Europe, namely, “that the numerous lakes met with on both sides of the high Alpine chain of New Zealand were formed by the action of glaciers.” He further stated, that this view was communicated to various friends in Europe, and printed in his Colonial Reports, as Geologist of the Province of Canterbury.

Until recently, the constant field- and other occupations of Dr. Haast have prevented his carrying out his intention of writing a paper on the subject for the Geological Society. This paper he hopes to transmit soon; and in the meantime he has forwarded to Sir Roderick Murchison the following notes, as a
résumé
of his views, and has illustrated them by a skilfully executed MS. map, the general features only of which are given on p. 134. He has also transmitted to the Royal Geographical Society a series of very beautifully coloured sketches of all the chief glaciers of New Zealand, and their moraines.

Sir Roderick Murchison then quotes Dr. Haast as follows:—“I fully agree with you that all valleys have not been excavated by glaciers; the more so as there is every proof that glaciers, like watercourses, choose any natural depressions, be it line of junction of two
On the Coal-measures of New South Wales, with
Spirifer, Glossopteris, and Lepidodendron
Authors: Keene William
Published: October 2009

T
he
main feature in the geology of New South Wales is the “Sydney Sandstone,” and in no case has any younger rock come under my observation. From reports which can be depended upon, there is, however, no lack of more recent deposits in South-western Australia, and I possess specimens, given to me by an explorer, from the River Belliands (Queensland), very near the place of my own examinations in the North-east, containing fine Belemnites and Shells of the Cretaceous period.

In the southern part of New South Wales, near the head-waters of the Lachlan River, I found some remarkable blocks, containing large leaves in high relief, which would, at first sight, be pronounced Tertiary; but, from their position, I cannot separate them from the siliceous beds intercalated with the auriferous shales, far older than the Coal-measures, these leaves are accompanied by very distinct impressions of Ferns; and I beg to direct the special attention of phytologists to the specimens from these beds which will be found in the collection sent by me to the International Exhibition of 1862, and presented by the New South Wales Exhibition Commissioners to the Bath Philosophical Society.

The upper beds of the “Sydney Sandstone” contain shales which I have called “the false coal-measures” (the “Wyanamatta shales” of the Rev. W. B. Clarke). These shales are invariably mistaken by even intelligent miners for the Coal-measures, and I have been frequently called upon to examine them for coal; but their position is 800 feet above the upper
On the History of the Last Geological Changes in Scotland
Authors: Jamieson Thomas F.
Published: October 2009

§ 1. I
ntroduction
.

A
t
the end of a paper forwarded to the Society in December 1859, and printed in the 16th volume of the Quarterly Journal, I gave a concise outline of what seemed to me to have been the geological history of Scotland since the commencement of the glacial period. The following pages are devoted to a further illustration of this subject. The facts on which I rest my conclusions are derived from the midland region of Scotland, chiefly from the part lying between the Moray Firth and the Firth of Forth. This district seems to me to contain remarkably good evidence of the changes that have taken place, and these changes, I believe, have been general over the greater part of Britain.

§ 2. P
reglacial
T
races
.

The absence of the later Tertiary strata in Scotland leaves us in the dark as to the state of things that ushered in the glacial period in that country. There are, however, on the eastern coast of Aberdeenshire, in the parishes of Slains and Cruden, some thick masses of sand and gravel which appear to be of Tertiary age, and are probably equivalent to the Red Crag of England. These beds, in some places, contain remains of shells evidently belonging to a considerable number of species, but so broken and worn that in the great majority of cases it is impossible to arrive at a satisfactory determination of their specific character. Nevertheless I have got enough now collected to enable me to
Note on the Volcanic Tufa of Latacunga, at the foot of Cotopaxi; and on the Cangáua, or Volcanic Mud of the Quitenian Andes
Authors: Spruce Richard
Published: October 2009

I
n
this paper it was stated that the town of Latacunga (in lat. 1° S., and 9000 feet above the sea) is entirely built of a volcanic tufa, immense deposits of which occur there, that this tufa is due to ancient eruptions of Cotopaxi, and that the smiths of Latacunga and Ambato use it instead of charcoal whenever their stock of that combustible is exhausted. Mr. Spruce then described the tufa as whitish, light, porous, and more or less fibrous. It fuses after having been heated to redness for a considerable time, and on cooling becomes a vitreous mass with a glossy white or greenish surface. It has then only half its original volume, but nearly the same weight.

The deposits of volcanic mud called “Cangáua” were also described. This substance is met with throughout the Quitenian Andes, and the modern towns of Ambato and Riobamba are built of it, though it is said not to constitute a good building-material; it is compact, slightly argillaceous, more or less saline, and yields very slowly to atmospheric agencies or even to running water. The most extensive beds of it, the date of which is known, occur in valleys east of Carguairazo. This mountain was formerly as high as Chimborazo; but on the night of June 29th, 1699, its hollow cone fell in, with a shock that destroyed the neighbouring towns, including Ambato, Riobamba, and Alausi, the latter nearly a degree of latitude to the southward. Very few of the inhabitants of Ambato escaped; and scarcely had they gathered together on the ruins of the town when they were driven away by floods of fetid mud, which united just below its site. The river Patate (a tributary of the Pastasa) and the Ambato, which runs into it, were for some weeks blocked up, and their waters spread over the country, forming large lakes; but they finally re-excavated their original channels*. One valley, however, between Ambato and the village of Tisaleo was completely filled up, and so remains to this day, the stream which traversed it having found another outlet. Here the Cangáua spreads out into broad sheets nearly a quarter of a mile across.
A Description of the Echinodermata from the Strata on the South-eastern Coast of Arabia, and at Bagh on the Nerbudda, in the Collection of the Geological Society
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—There is a small collection of Echinoderms, Brachiopods, Pectens, and Zoantharia in the Foreign Museum of the Society which came from Bagh on the Nerbudda. It forms a portion of that assemblage of fossils which enabled Capt. Keatinge to determine the existence of Cretaceous strata in the northwest of the Indian peninsula, and it was presented to the Society by Dr. H. J. Carter, F.R.S. The specimens from the cliffs at Ras Fartak and Ras Sharwên, in South-eastern Arabia, were collected by Dr. Carter, and include Echinoderms, Zoantharia, Foraminifera, and Pectens; they were given to the Society by their distinguished collector in the hope that they would, at some time or another, be examined and named, special reference being made to the Bagh series.

Hearing that I was studying the Bagh fossils, Dr. Carter wrote to me to direct my attention to those from S.E. Arabia; for he considers that both the localities are of Neocomian age*, and that they are along the same line of the great fault which, running parallel with the coast-line of S.E. Arabia, reaches the Vindya range on the Nerbudda.

2.
Position of the Strata
.—The town of Bagh is situated about 22 miles from the Nerbudda, 145 miles from the sea, and about 850 feet above its level. A Bryozoan limestone had long been known to exist in its neighbourhood, and the stones of Mandoo, crowded as they are with fossils, had excited the attention of Drs. Carter and Oldham†. Capt. Keatinge and Mr.
On the Chalk of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: October 2009

T
he
following notes were made during holiday rambles in the autumn of the years 1863 and 1864, and as some of them seem to throw a little light on a formation the details of which have been hitherto somewhat neglected, I trust that they may be not unacceptable to the Society.

The divisions of the Chalk in the Isle of Wight are well enough known, but nevertheless it will be as well to mention them here before giving the details as to the line of demarcation between the first two, which is the special object of this paper. They are—

White Chalk with flints, many hundred feet thick (1200 feet or more?).

White Chalk without flints, about 200 feet?

Chalk-marl, 60 or 80 feet?

The “Chloritic Marl,” which my friend and colleague, Mr. Bristow, classes as the bottom part of the Chalk ‡, I should rather look on as belonging to the Upper Greensand; for it seems to me to be the representative of the clayey greensand that forms the upper part of the latter formation in Surrey, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, &c.*; and in taking this view I follow the late Professor E. Forbes and Captain Ibbetson †, although the last-named observer has also spoken of the Chloritic Marl as separating the Chalk-marl from the Upper Greensand, as if he doubted to which formation to refer it, notwithstanding that in the same paper he correlates it with the greensand of Surrey ‡.

I shall not treat
On the Azoic and Palæozoic Rocks of Southern New Brunswick
Authors: Matthew G. E.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
t
is now twenty-two years since Dr. Abraham Gesner made a geological survey of this province.

The grand features recognized by him were the existence of a great interior coal-basin, flanked on either side by more elevated tracts of metamorphic and igneous rocks, and of a large Upper Silurian area, coterminous with the northern boundary of the province.

Among the later observers who have laboured in New Brunswick may be mentioned Principal Dawson, of M'Gill University, Montreal, Dr. James Robb, Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, late State Geologist for Maine, and Prof. L. W. Bailey, of the University of New Brunswick*.

At the time when Dr. Dawson's memoir on the Devonian Flora was written, the sediment underlying the Devonian beds had been examined only in the vicinity of the City of St. John, and, supposing that they formed a connected series, he called them the “St. John Series,” without attempting to fix their precise age.

When my own paper (Observations on the Geology of St. John co., New Brunswick) was written, we had learned to distinguish the “Portland” (nos. 7 and 8 of Dawson's List) as an independent series. But although a break was suspected to exist between the St. John and Bloomsbury groups (no. 4, and nos. 5, 6, in part, of Dawson), a careful examination along the base of the latter did not reveal its occurrence. Subsequent explorations further west confirmed the suspicion, and, with the nearly simultaneous discovery of Trilobites, threw new light upon the relations
On the Superficial Deposits of the Valley of the Medway, with Remarks on the Denudation of the Weald
Authors: Foster C. Le Neve , Topley William
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
.

D
uring
the last few years the subject of river-gravel has so much occupied the attention of geologists, that a short description of the gravel and brick-earth of the valley of the Medway will not be without interest, especially as those deposits have a most important bearing on the denudation of the Weald. In the present paper we propose, firstly, to describe the superficial deposits of the valley of the Medway, and, secondly, to show what light those deposits throw on the theory of the denudation of the Weald.

P
art
I. D
escription of the
S
uperficial
D
eposits
.

a. General Description of the Valley of the Medway
.—Before describing the superficial deposits it will be well to devote a few lines to a concise account of the basin of the Medway; the position of the beds will then be more readily understood. As we intend to treat of only so much of the basin as lies within and south of the Chalk escarpment, we can confine our description to that part. The escarpment of the Chalk forms on the north a well-marked boundary to our district. On the east the line of watershed separating the valley of the Medway from that of the Stour passes south from the Chalk by Lenham to Pluckley and Shadoxhurst; thence the watershed turns westwards, and, passing Cranbrook, Ticehurst, Wadhurst, Crowborough, and West Hoathly*, divides the waters of the Medway from those of the Rother and the Ouse. From West Hoathly a line passing northwards by Copthorn Common
On the Discovery of a New Genus of
Cirripedia
in the Wenlock Limestone and Shale of Dudley
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

T
he
genus
Chiton
of Linnæus (established in 1758) is remarkable among the Mollusca from the aberrant form of its shelly covering.

Dr. Woodward, in his ‘Manual of the Mollusca’ (p. 156), thus describes it:—

“The shell is composed of eight transverse imbricating plates, lodged in a coriaceous mantle which forms an expanded margin around the body.

“The first seven plates have posterior apices, the eighth has its apex nearly in front.

“The six middle plates are each divided by lines of sculpturing into a dorsal and two lateral areas.

“All are inserted into the mantle of the animal by processes (apophyses) from their front margins.”

I may add that these plates are always unilinear, and that the two sides are symmetrical, such an instance as a
Chiton
with unsymmetrical or bilineal rows of plates being unknown (see Plate XIV. fig. 6).

More than 200 species are known, occurring in all climates throughout the world, from low water to 25 fathoms; and it is interesting to find that upwards of forty species of Chitons are recorded by palæontologists in a fossil state, extending back in time to the epoch of the Lower Silurian.

During the past month I have had my attention drawn by Messrs. E. J. Hollier and Charles Ketley to the two species of fossil Chitons which were described and figured by M. L. de Koninck (‘Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, &c., de Belique,’ 26
me
année, 2
me
sér. t. iii. 1857*, p. 199, pl. 1. fig. 2), and
On the Mammalian Remains found by E. Wood, Esq., near Richmond, Yorkshire
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

I
n
the introduction to this paper Messrs. Wood and Roberts state that a large assemblage of Mammalian and other bones was discovered, during the autumn of last year (in making excavations for a new sewer), on a terrace of blue clay mixed with limestone-débris, on the north bank of the River Swale, and at a height of about 130 feet above it. The bones lay at a depth from the surface of from 4 to 7 feet, in ground previously undisturbed; and it is supposed that the accumulation of clay and limestone-pebbles was derived from the limestones northward and westward by pluvial action, extending through a considerable period of time. Many of the bones have been cut and sawn by human hands, and the authors express their opinion that the deposit is made up of the commingled contents of several “kökken-möddings.”

Mr. Boyd Dawkins also remarks that the condition of the bones proves them to have been derived from one of those heaps of kitchen-refuse that are of various ages, and that railway-cuttings have proved to be by no means so uncommon as is generally supposed. Most of the bones, except the solid and marrowless, are broken; and of the numerous skulls there is not one that is perfect. The great bulk of the remains exhibit unmistakeable evidence of being cut or sawn, and some are stained black as if from being imbedded in an old cinder-heap. The patches of blue colouring-matter visible upon a great many of the specimens are owing to a deposit of phosphate of iron, consequent on the decomposition of the animal matter contained in them in contact with oxide of iron.

The remains of the Carnivores, as one would naturally suppose, bear a very small proportion to those of the Herbivora. Two species however have been determined. One right scapula which belonged to an aged individual is indistinguishable from that of the Brown or Black Bear—
Ursus arctos
*. It is indeed very remarkable that the remains of
Ursus arctos
should be so very rarely found, as the range of the species in Britain extends as far back as the period of the great Carnivora.
On Marine Fossiliferous Secondary Formations in Australia
Authors: Clarke W. B.
Published: October 2009

I
n
Australia, until the year 1860, no deposits of Secondary age had been demonstrated, although Sir T. L. Mitchell, in 1846, during his exploration of tropical Australia, had collected Belemnites and a few other fossils, which are now known to belong to a Lower Secondary formation, such as occurs on the Maranoa River, in Queensland.

During my own explorations in 1851–3, I had received a portion of an Ammonite found in the Clarence River District, in New South Wales; and in 1859, Mr. Selwyn* obtained two supposed Cretaceous fossils from the drift-gravel in Victoria.

But these were all the data that had been accumulated in Eastern Australia up to 1861, when my paper “On the position of certain plants in the Coal-bearing beds of Australia” was read before the Geological Society†. But of Oolitic fossils no species had been found in New South Wales in 1860, nor to my knowledge in any part of Australia, as stated in my book on the Gold-fields; for I was then unaware even that Mr. Gregory had discovered any Secondary fossils in Western Australia, which fact I first became acquainted with in an editorial note appended to the paper cited. In Mr. Gregory's paper‡, afterwards published, he mentions Cretaceous, but not Jurassic fossils.

Shortly after this, my friend Mr. W. P. Gordon, who then lived at Wollumbilla, north of the Condamine River, was requested by me to examine his neighbourhood, and to send me any fossils he might discover, as I was led to
Report on Recent Discoveries of Gold in New Brunswick
Authors: Shea W. S.
Published: October 2009

M
r
. S
hea
gives in his report a detailed account of his explorations into the gold-bearing gravels of certain river-valleys in the counties Victoria, Northumberland, Carleton, and York, in Central New Brunswick. He has been enabled therefrom to draw the following inferences:—(1) That the gold in these alluvial deposits is derived from the quartz-veins penetrating the rock of the district; (2) that the gravel, which contains pebbles of all sizes, is derived from the disintegration of the rocks of the district; and (3) that, judging from the richness in gold of paying drift in California, it is probable that these auriferous gravels will pay also.
Remarks on the Drift in a part of Warwickshire, and on the evidence of Glacial action which it affords
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

T
here
are many points of great interest in the history of the Drift in Warwickshire, which it would be very desirable to have recorded, and which I hoped to have undertaken, but have not yet been able to accomplish; in the meantime, a few notes upon the subject, though confined to a very small area in the county, may be of service.

The later deposits of this kind are to be found along the valley of the Avon, and consist of the usual finer sands and gravels with mammalian remains; but I have not yet heard of any flint implements having been detected with them, though I do not think they have been so diligently searched after in the neighbourhood of Warwick, Stratford, and elsewhere in the county, as they have been in other places; and they may turn up at any time*. At Warwick and Leamington this gravel contains many rolled fragments of Liassic fossils, including the small corals (a species of
Montlivaltia
) immediately derived from the Hippopodium-bed at Fenny Compton, and pieces of Permian wood; and when the Jephson gardens were being made at the latter town, several fine remains of Elephant, Rhinoceros, and other mammalia were obtained, some of which are now deposited in the Warwick Museum. I believe some land- and freshwater shells were also procured; but I am not aware that any particular account has been given of them, or that any notice was taken of them at the time. Similar mammalian remains were found
On the Dentition of Rhinoceros leptorhinus, Owen
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

1.
Rhinoceros tichorhinus
.—The remains, of the British Pleistocene species of Rhinoceros merit a most careful examination, from their numbers and wide distribution, and the fact that they afford evidence of four species of the genus having roamed through the forests and perished in the floods of that portion of the ancient continent which now forms the British Isles. Of these, the most commonly known and the most widely spread is the
Rhinoceros tichorhinus
of Cuvier, or “
Rhinocéros à narines cloisonnées
;” it is characterized by the possession of an osseous septum, which completely insulates the one nostril from the other, and stands in direct relation to the development of a very large anterior horn, by the stoutness of its bones, and by certain dental and other peculiarities which it is unnecessary to mention in this place. The discovery of the carcass of this animal in 1771, preserved in the frozen sand of the Wilouji, a tributary of the Lena, proves that, unlike all the existing species of the genus, its hide was without folds, and that it was fitted to endure a climate of considerable severity by its clothing of hair. The remains swept down by the Pleistocene floods, and stored away in the dens of the Pleistocene carnivora, prove that the animals of this species ranged in considerable numbers throughout the Europeo-Asiatic continent (Scandinavia being excepted), north of a line passing through the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Caspian Sea, and the Altai Mountains. From the drawing of a
On New Specimens of
Eozoon
Authors: Logan W. E.
Published: October 2009

S
ince
the subject of Laurentian fossils was placed before this Society in the papers of Dr. Dawson, Dr. Carpenter, Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, and myself in 1865, additional specimens of
Eozoon
have been obtained during the explorations of the Geological Survey of Canada. These, as in the case of the specimens first discovered, have been submitted to the examination of Dr. Dawson; and it will be observed, from his remarks contained in the paper which is to follow, that one of them has afforded further, and what appears to him conclusive, evidence of their organic character. The specimens and remarks have been submitted to Dr. Carpenter, who coincides with Dr. Dawson; and the object of what I have to say in connexion with these new specimens is merely to point out the localities in which they have been procured.

The most important of these specimens was met with last summer by Mr. G. H. Vennor, one of the assistants on the Canadian Geological Survey, in the township of Tudor and county of Hastings, Canada West, about forty-five miles inland from the north shore of Lake Ontario, west of Kingston. It occurred on the surface of a layer, inches thick, or dark-grey micaceous limestone or calc-schist, near the middle of a great zone of similar rock, which is interstratified with beds of yellowish-brown sandstone, grey close-grained siliceous limestone, white coarsely granular limestone, and bands of dark-bluish compact limestone and black pyritiferous slates, to the whole of which Mr. Vennor gives a
On the Geology of the Princess Islands in the Sea of Marmora
Authors: Swan W. R.
Published: October 2009

M
r
. S
wan
points out the existence of a considerable mass of Devonian strata, partly fossiliferous, in several of these islands, of an age different from that of the beds of the Bosphorus, which latter he has shown in a former paper to belong to the lowest of the Devonian series of the Rhine. The presence of the remains of fish in the above strata, and of an ancient coral-reef in one of these islands (Andirovitho), is also noticed.

The rocks which form the remaining portions of these islands are (1) Trachytic, of younger age than the Devonian strata, and (2) Trappean, more recent than the Trachytic. The quartz-rocks, of which some of the islands are largely, and others entirely composed, are altered sandstones of Devonian age.
On the Physical Structure of West Somerset and North Devon, and on the Palæontological Value of the Devonian Fossils
Authors: Etheridge Robert
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

I
t
seems almost superfluous that another paper should be written upon the structure and succession of the Rocks of “West Somerset and North Devon;” but of late their position or place in the geological series has been questioned in an able paper by Professor Jukes*, in which he endeavoured to prove that the entire series of slates, sandstones, and limestones of the North Devon and West Somerset area belong partly to the Old Red Sandstone and partly to the Carboniferous rocks, rather than to the so-called Devonian Group, to which they have hitherto been considered to belong. In other words, Professor Jukes has propounded views as to the relative succession and physical structure of North Devon diametrically opposed to those held by most geologists, and based upon the investigations of Sir Roderick Murchison and Professor Sedgwick, Professor John Phillips, De La Beche, Weaver, and others; and he distinctly states that they have “all misunderstood the structure of the country,” and this arising chiefly from their having been previously unacquainted with the structure and succession of the lower members of the Carboniferous group of rocks, and with the upper series of the Old Red Sandstone, as shown in the South of Ireland (
the Irish Old Red Sandstone
).

Professor Jukes also disputes the
reality
of the “time” succession (not the apparent) of the rock-groups of North Devon,
i. e.
those grits, slates, and sandstones which occur (in the Lynton area) from Lynton or the Foreland, on the north, to the
On
Hypsilophodon Foxii
, a new Dinosaurian from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Huxley T. H.
Published: October 2009

D
uring
the meeting of the British Association at Norwich in 1868, Mr. F. Fellows, on behalf of the Rev. W. Fox, read a paper on, and exhibited the skull of, a fossil reptile discovered by that indefatigable explorer of the rocks of the Isle of Wight in a bed of the Wealden formation, “which forms the floor of Cowleaze Chine, and rises to the top of the sea cliff at Barne's High, in the parish of Brixton.” Mr. Fox considered the reptile to be a “young
Iguanodon
,” or more probably a “new small species of
Iguanodon
,” and stated that he had found “several other skeletons” of the animal in the same locality.

In accordance with a wish expressed to me by Mr. Fellows, I made as careful an examination of the specimen as the circumstances would permit, and embodied the results of the investigation in some observations, accompanied by extemporaneous illustrations, which I made before Section C when the paper was read.

I pointed out the peculiar value of the skull, which arose from the nearly entire condition of the præmaxillary bones, which last had, up to that time, been displayed by no Dinosaurian fossil, except, perhaps,
Compsognathus
. I further drew attention to the singular fact that the incisor teeth, or those contained in the posterior moiety of each præmaxilla, were totally different in shape from the maxillary teeth; and that the anterior moiety of the præmaxilla was beak-like and edentulous. Moreover I expressed the opinion that while the affinity
Notes on the Structure of
Sigillaria
Authors: Dawson
Published: October 2009

I
n
this paper the author criticised the statements of Mr. Carruthers on the structure of
Sigillaria
(see Q. J. G. S. xxv. p. 248). He remarked that
Sigillaria
, as evidenced by his specimens, is not coniferous, that the coniferous trunks found in the coal-formation of Nova Scotia do not present discigerous tissue of the same type as that of
Sigillaria
, that no conifer has a slender woody axis surrounded by an enormously thick bark, that
Calamodendron
was probably a Gymnosperm and allied to
Sigillaria
, that, although
Stigmaria
may not always show medullary rays, the distinct separation of the wood into wedges is an evidence of their having existed, that the difference in minute structure between
Sigillaria
and
Stigmaria
involves no serious difficulty if the former be regarded as allied to Cycadeaceæ, and, further, that we do not know how many of the
Stigmariæ
belong to
Sigillaria
proper, or to
Favularia
, or to such forms as
Clathraria
and
Leioderma
, which may have been more nearly allied to
Lepidophloios
, that the fruit figured by Goldenberg as that of
Sigillaria
is more probably that of
Lepidophloios
, or may be a male catkin with pollen, and that the has found
Trigonocarpa
scattered around the trunks of
Sigillariæ
and on the surface of the soil in which they grew. He agreed with Mr. Carruthers in regarding Mr. Binney’s
Sigillaria vascularis
as allied to
Lepidodendron
.
Note on some new Animal Remains from the Carboniferous and Devonian of Canada
Authors: Dawson
Published: October 2009

T
he
author described the characters presented by the lower jaw of an Amphibian, of which a cast had occurred in the coarse sandstone of the Coal-formation between Ragged Reef and the Joggins Coalmine. It measured 6 inches in length; its surface was marked on the lower and posterior part with a network of ridges enclosing rounded depressions. The anterior part of the jaw had contained about 16 teeth, some of which remained in the matrix. These were stout, conical, and blunt, with large pulp-cavities, and about 32 longitudinal striæ corresponding to the same number of folds of dentine. The author stated that this jaw resembled most closely those of
Baphetes
and
Dendrerpeton
, but more especially the former. He regarded it as distinct from
Baphetes planiceps
, and proposed for it the name of
B. minor
. If distinct, this raises the number of species of Amphibia from the Coal-measures of Nova Scotia to nine.

The author also noticed some insect-remains found by him in slabs containing
Sphenophyllum
. They were referred by Mr. Scudder to the Blattariæ.

From the Devonian beds of Gaspé the author stated that he had obtained a small species of
Cephalaspis
, the first yet detected in America. With it were spines of
Machairacanthus
and remains of some other fishes. At Gaspé he had also obtained a new species of
Psilophyton
, several trunks of
Prototaxites
, and a species of
Cyclostigma
.