bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Aryl Sulfotransferases: Sulfation of Quercetin and Its Derivatives
Authors: Purchartová Kateřina , Valentová Kateřina , Pelantová Helena , Marhol Petr , Cvačka Josef , Havlíček Libor , Křenková Alena , Vavříková Eva , Biedermann David , Chambers Christopher S. , Křen Vladimír
Published: July 2015

Two types of sulfotransferases, namely recombinant rat liver aryl sulfotransferase AstIV and bacterial aryl sulfotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense, were used for the sulfation of quercetin, its glycosylated derivatives (isoquercitrin and rutin), and dihydroquercetin ((+)‐taxifolin). The rat liver enzyme was able to sulfate only quercetin and taxifolin, whereas the quercetin glycosides remained intact. The D. hafniense enzyme sulfated isoquercitrin and rutin selectively at the C‐4′ position of the catechol moiety with very good yields. Taxifolin was sulfated at the C‐4′ position and a minor amount of the C‐3′ isomer was formed. Sulfation of quercetin proceeded preferentially at the C‐3′ position, but a lower proportion of the C‐4′ isomer was formed as well. A detailed analysis of the kinetics of this reaction is provided and a full structural analysis of all products is presented.
Quantitative Analysis of HAADF–STEM Images of MoVTeTaO M1 Phase Catalyst for Propane Ammoxidation to Acrylonitrile
Authors: Woo Jungwon , Borisevich Albina , Koch Christoph , Guliants Vadim V.
Published: July 2015

High‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF–STEM) image simulations were performed to determine accurate metal distributions in the MoVTeTaO M1 phase catalyst for propane ammoxidation. QSTEM simulation, based on a multislice method with the frozen phonon approximation, was chosen because of the excellent agreement between experimental and simulated HAADF–STEM images. This simulation method successfully provided accurate metal distributions in the MoVTeTaO M1 phase and indicated significantly lower V occupancies of the linking sites 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7, and higher Ta occupancy in site 9 than the previously reported metal occupancies. This novel methodology for accurate HAADF–STEM image analysis is a valuable tool for accurate analysis of local chemical compositions in a wide range of ordered catalytic materials.
Fast X‐ray Tomographic Microscopy: Investigating Mechanisms of Performance Drop during Freeze Starts of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Mayrhuber Immanuel , Marone Federica , Stampanoni Marco , Schmidt Thomas J. , Büchi Felix N.
Published: July 2015

The success of a freeze start of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell depends on the state and spatial distribution of the water produced in the porous structures of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), namely, the gas diffusion and catalyst layers. To improve understanding of performance loss that occurs during freeze starts, the water/ice phase is imaged in the MEA by means of X‐ray tomographic microscopy at temperatures between −10 and −20 °C. As the duration of the isothermal freeze starts can be as short as 20 s before a performance drop occurs, the acquisition time for one tomographic scan is reduced to only 4.9 s. Interpretation of the images and the voltage transients show three different mechanisms for the performance drop. The main difference between the three mechanisms is the lack or appearance of supercooled water in the gas diffusion layer. Fast X‐ray imaging is well suited to solve this challenge.
Selective Halogenation Using an Aniline Catalyst
Authors: Samanta Ramesh C. , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: July 2015

Electrophilic halogenation is used to produce a wide variety of halogenated compounds. Previously reported methods have been developed mainly using a reagent‐based approach. Unfortunately, a suitable “catalytic” process for halogen transfer reactions has yet to be achieved. In this study, arylamines have been found to generate an N‐halo arylamine intermediate, which acts as a highly reactive but selective catalytic electrophilic halogen source. A wide variety of heteroaromatic and aromatic compounds are halogenated using commercially available N‐halosuccinimides, for example, NCS, NBS, and NIS, with good to excellent yields and with very high selectivity. In the case of unactivated double bonds, allylic chlorides are obtained under chlorination conditions, whereas bromocyclization occurs for polyolefin. The reactivity of the catalyst can be tuned by varying the electronic properties of the arene moiety of catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Azoles or Thiazoles with Aryl Thioethers via C—H/C—S Activation.
Authors: Zhu Feng , Wang Zhong‐Xia
Published: July 2015

The title reaction displays a broad substrate scope and good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkyl Nitrites as Valuable Reagents in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Csende Ferenc
Published: July 2015

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Review of Progress in High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Badwal S. P. S. , Giddey S. , Munnings C. , Kulkarni A.
Published: July 2015

Review: 85 refs.
Effect of orifice size and bond number on bubble formation characteristics: A CFD study
Authors: Islam M. Tariqul , Ganesan Poo Balan , Sahu Jaya Narayan , Sandaran Shanti Chandran
Published: July 2015

The volume of fluid with the continuum surface force (VOF‐CSF) model has been used in the present numerical study to investigate bubble formation and shapes in a bubble column. The effects of orifice sizes ranging from 0.5–1.5 mm on the bubble formation stages (i.e., expansion, elongation, and pinch‐off), bubble contact angle, departure diameter, time, and shape of bubble are investigated under a constant inlet velocity (0.2 m/s) boundary condition (BC). It is found that the initial formation of a bubble is dependent on the orifice diameter. Consequently, the formation of the bubble's hemispherical shape at the orifice is faster for a smaller orifice diameter than for a larger orifice diameter which forms a bigger bubble. A leading bubble requires a longer time to detach itself from an orifice in comparison to the next bubble (the second bubble), but interestingly the third bubble detaches much faster than the second. This model was also used to investigate the effect of the Bond number (Boσ). An increase of the Bond number (Boσ) from 0.047 to 0.16 speeds up the bubble pinch‐off, but a further increase in the Boσ (e.g. 0.17–0.47) slows it down. Based on the simulated cases used in this study, the findings demonstrate the capacity and accuracy of the CFD method in predicting bubble formation characteristics. The findings may be useful in the design of spargers for bubble column reactors.
Complex karyotype is a stronger predictor than del(17p) for an inferior outcome in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients treated with ibrutinib‐based regimens
Authors: Thompson Philip A. , O'Brien Susan M. , Wierda William G. , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Stingo Francesco , Smith Susan C. , Burger Jan A. , Estrov Zeev , Jain Nitin , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Keating Michael J.
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Ibrutinib is active in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In patients treated with ibrutinib for R/R CLL, del(17p), identified by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), is associated with inferior progression‐free survival despite equivalent initial response rates. Del(17p) is frequently associated with a complex metaphase karyotype (CKT); the prognostic significance of CKT in ibrutinib‐treated patients has not been reported.

METHODS

This study reviewed 88 patients treated for R/R CLL at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center with investigational ibrutinib‐based regimens from 2010 to 2013. Pretreatment FISH and lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated metaphase cytogenetic analysis were performed on bone marrow.

RESULTS

An adequate pretreatment metaphase karyotype was available for 56 of the 88 patients. The karyotype was complex in 21 of the 56 cases; 17 of the 21 had del(17p) according to FISH. The overall response rate, including partial remission with persistent lymphocytosis, was 94%; 18% had complete responses. In a multivariate analysis (MVA), only CKT was significantly associated with event‐free survival (EFS; hazard ratio [HR], 6.6 [95% CI 1.7‐25.6]; P = .006). Fludarabine‐refractory CLL (HR, 6.9 [95% CI 1.8‐27.1], P = .005) and CKT (HR 5.9 [95% CI 1.6‐22.2], P = .008) were independently associated with inferior overall survival (OS) in MVA. Del(17p) by FISH was not significantly associated with EFS or OS in MVA.

CONCLUSIONS

CKT is a powerful predictor of outcomes for ibrutinib‐treated patients with R/R CLL and may be a stronger predictor of biological behavior than del(17p) by FISH. Because of their relatively poor outcomes, patients with CKT are ideal candidates for studies of consolidative treatment strategies or novel treatment combinations. Cancer 2015 © 2015 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2015;121:3612–3621. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
miR‐124 Contributes to the functional maturity of microglia
Authors: Svahn Adam J. , Giacomotto Jean , Graeber Manuel B. , Rinkwitz Silke , Becker Thomas S.
Published: July 2015

During early development of the central nervous system (CNS), a subset of yolk‐sac derived myeloid cells populate the brain and provide the seed for the microglial cell population, which will self‐renew throughout life. As development progresses, individual microglial cells transition from a phagocytic amoeboid state through a transitional morphing phase into the sessile, ramified, and normally nonphagocytic microglia observed in the adult CNS under healthy conditions. The molecular drivers of this tissue‐specific maturation profile are not known. However, a survey of tissue resident macrophages identified miR‐124 to be expressed in microglia. In this study, we used transgenic zebrafish to overexpress miR‐124 in the mpeg1 expressing yolk‐sac‐derived myeloid cells that seed the microglia. In addition, a systemic sponge designed to neutralize the effects of miR‐124 was used to assess microglial development in a miR‐124 loss‐of‐function environment. Following the induction of miR‐124 overexpression, microglial motility and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells were significantly reduced. miR‐124 overexpression in microglia resulted in the accumulation of residual apoptotic cell bodies in the optic tectum, which could not be achieved by miR‐124 overexpression in differentiated neurons. Conversely, expression of the miR‐124 sponge caused an increase in the motility of microglia and transiently rescued motility and phagocytosis functions when activated simultaneously with miR‐124 overexpression. This study provides in vivo evidence that miR‐124 activity has a key role in the development of functionally mature microglia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 507–518, 2016
Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopic Study of the Self‐Aggregation of 2‐Substituted Benz­ene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides
Authors: Invernizzi Christian , Dalvit Claudio , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen , Neier Reinhard
Published: July 2015

The self‐assembly of N,N′,N″‐trialkylbenzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides (BTAs) 1 or of “crowded” BTAs 11 and 12 lead to supramolecular columnar‐stacked structures with attractive material properties. The introduction of three alkoxy groups is reported to reinforce the self‐assembly process. The influence of a single substituent introduced onto the aromatic core of BTA significantly affects the self‐assembly process. The aggregation process of 2‐substituted BTAs in the bulk and in solution, as studied by DSC, POM, X‐ray diffraction and 1H NMR experiments, is impaired by hydrogen‐bond‐accepting substituents but strengthened by non‐hydrogen‐bond‐accepting substituents.
α‐Oxo‐Iminoxyls of Isoxazolones, Pyrazol­ones and 1,2,3‐Triazolone
Authors: Koch Rainer , Wollweber Hans‐Joachim , Müller‐Starke Hans , Wentrup Curt
Published: July 2015

A series of α‐oxo‐iminoxyls was obtained by PbO2 oxidation of 4‐oximinoisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones, 4‐oximinopyrazol‐5(4H)‐ones, and 1‐phenyl‐4‐oximino‐1,2,3‐triazol‐5(4H)‐one and characterized by electron spin resonance spectroscopy in conjunction with DFT calculations of structures, energies, and hyperfine coupling constants. The iminoxyls are σ‐radicals existing largely in the Z configuration with respect to the C=O group, but minor amounts of the E isomers were observable in several cases. Couplings of the free‐radical electron with N1, N2, N3, C4 and C5 ring nuclei as well as the imine nitrogen N6 were observed, and some isomers were also observed to couple with a CH3 group in position 3 and with the ortho‐H atoms of an aryl group in position 3. The lower energies of the Z isomers relative to the E isomers can be ascribed to a stabilizing interaction between a singly occupied orbital on the oxime oxygen and a lone pair orbital on the carbonyl oxygen.
Understanding the complexities of Salmonella–host crosstalk as revealed by in vivo model organisms
Authors: Verma Smriti , Srikanth Chittur V.
Published: July 2015

Foodborne infections caused by non‐typhoidal Salmonellae, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST), pose a major challenge in the developed and developing world. With constant rise of drug‐resistant strains, understanding the epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis and host–pathogen interactions biology is a mandatory requirement to enable health systems to be ready to combat these illnesses. Patient data from hospitals, at least from some parts of the world, have aided in epidemiological understanding of ST‐mediated disease. Most of the other aspects connected to Salmonella–host crosstalk have come from model systems that offer convenience, genetic tractability and low maintenance costs that make them extremely valuable tools. Complex model systems such as the bovine model have helped in understanding key virulence factors needed for infection. Simple systems such as fruit flies and Caenorhabditis elegans have aided in identification of novel virulence factors, host pathways and mechanistic details of interactions. Some of the path‐breaking concepts of the field have come from mice model of ST colitis, which allows genetic manipulations as well as high degree of similarity to human counterpart. Together, they are invaluable for correlating in vitro findings of ST‐induced disease progression in vivo. The current review is a compilation of various advances of ST–host interactions at cellular and molecular levels that has come from investigations involving model organisms. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(7):482–497, 2015
Dual biofunctional polymer modifications to address endothelialization and smooth muscle cell integration of ePTFE vascular grafts
Authors: Bastijanic Jennifer M. , Kligman Faina L. , Marchant Roger E. , Kottke‐Marchant Kandice
Published: July 2015

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts were coated on the luminal surface with a cell‐adhesive fluorosurfactant (FSP) polymer to promote endothelialization, followed by ethanol hydration to degas the pores and subsequent cell‐adhesive, enzymatically degradable poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogel incorporation into the graft interstices to accommodate potential smooth muscle cell integration in the graft wall. The FSP coating on ePTFE was stable as demonstrated by a significantly reduced receding water contact angle on FSP‐coated ePTFE (14.5 ± 6.4°) compared to uncoated ePTFE (105.3 ± 4.5°, P < 0.05) after ethanol exposure. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the same surfaces confirmed FSP presence. Localization of the FSP and hydrogel within the ePTFE graft construct was assessed using fluorescently labeled polymers, and demonstrated hydrogel infiltration throughout the thickness of the graft wall, with FSP coating limited to the lumen and adventitial surfaces. FSP at the luminal surface on dual‐coated grafts was able to bind endothelial cells (EC) (98.7 ± 23.1 cells/mm2) similar to fibronectin controls (129.4 ± 40.7 cells/mm2), and significantly higher than uncoated ePTFE (31.6 ± 19 cells/mm2, P < 0.05). These results indicate that ePTFE grafts can be simultaneously modified with two different polymers that have potential to directly address both endothelialization and intimal hyperplasia. Such a construct is a promising candidate for an off‐the‐shelf synthetic graft for small‐diameter graft applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 71–81, 2016.
Nanometer‐sized extracellular matrix coating on polymer‐based scaffold for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Uchida Noriyuki , Sivaraman Srikanth , Amoroso Nicholas J. , Wagner William R. , Nishiguchi Akihiro , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru , Nagatomi Jiro
Published: July 2015

Surface modification can play a crucial role in enhancing cell adhesion to synthetic polymer‐based scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. Here, we report a novel approach for layer‐by‐layer (LbL) fabrication of nanometer‐size fibronectin and gelatin (FN‐G) layers on electrospun fibrous poly(carbonate urethane)urea (PCUU) scaffolds. Alternate immersions into the solutions of fibronectin and gelatin provided thickness‐controlled FN‐G nano‐layers (PCUUFN‐G) which maintained the scaffold's 3D structure and width of fibrous bundle of PCUU as evidenced by scanning electron miscroscopy. The PCUUFN‐G scaffold improved cell adhesion and proliferation of bladder smooth muscles (BSMCs) when compared to uncoated PCUU. The high affinity of PCUUFN‐G for cells was further demonstrated by migration of adherent BSMCs from culture plates to the scaffold. Moreover, the culture of UROtsa cells, human urothelium‐derived cell line, on PCUUFN‐G resulted in an 11–15 μm thick multilayered cell structure with cell‐to‐cell contacts although many UROtsa cells died without forming cell connections on PCUU. Together these results indicate that this approach will aid in advancing the technology for engineering bladder tissues in vitro. Because FN‐G nano‐layers formation is based on nonspecific physical adsorption of fibronectin onto polymer and its subsequent interactions with gelatin, this technique may be applicable to other polymer‐based scaffold systems for various tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 94–103, 2016.
PTH Signaling in Osteoprogenitors Is Essential for B-Lymphocyte Differentiation and Mobilization
Authors: Panaroni Cristina , Fulzele Keertik , Saini Vaibhav , Chubb Rhiannon , Pajevic Paola Divieti , Wu Joy Y
Published: July 2015

Cells of the osteoblast lineage provide critical support for B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling in osteoblastic cells through its receptor (PPR) is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem cells; however, its role in regulation of B lymphopoiesis is not clear. Here we demonstrate that deletion of PPR in osteoprogenitors results in a significant loss of trabecular and cortical bone. PPR signaling in osteoprogenitors, but not in mature osteoblasts or osteocytes, is critical for B-cell precursor differentiation via IL-7 production. Interestingly, despite a severe reduction in B-cell progenitors in BM, mature B-lymphocytes were increased 3.5-fold in the BM of mice lacking PPR in osteoprogenitors. This retention of mature IgD+ B cells in the BM was associated with increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) by PPR-deficient osteoprogenitors, and treatment with VCAM1 neutralizing antibody increased mobilization of B lymphocytes from mutant BM. Our results demonstrate that PPR signaling in early osteoblasts is necessary for B-cell differentiation via IL-7 secretion and for B-lymphocyte mobilization via VCAM1. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Pilot evaluation of the population pharmacokinetics of bumetanide in term newborn infants with seizures
Authors: Jullien Vincent , Pressler Ronit M. , Boylan Geraldine , Blennow Mats , Marlow Neil , Chiron Catherine , Pons Gerard ,   for the NEMO Consortium Neonatal Seizure Treatment With Medication Off‐Patent
Published: July 2015

Recent experimental data suggest bumetanide as a possible therapeutic option in newborn infants with seizures after birth asphyxia. Because pharmacokinetic (PK) data are lacking in this population, who very often benefit from therapeutic cooling, which can modify the PK behavior of a drug, a PK study was conducted in term infants with seizures caused by hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy. Fourteen infants were included, 13 of them being cooled. Forty‐nine blood samples were available for the determination of the plasma concentration of bumetanide. Concentration‐time data were analyzed by the use of a population approach performed with Monolix Software. Bumetanide was found to follow a 2‐compartment model. The mean values were 0.063 L/h for clearance, 0.28 and 0.44 L for the central and peripheral distribution volumes, respectively, and 0.59 L/h for the distribution clearance. Birth body weight explained the interindividual variability of bumetanide clearance via an allometric model. No relationship was found between bumetanide exposure and its efficacy (reduction in seizure burden) or its toxicity (hearing loss). This study describes the first PK model of bumetanide in hypothermia‐treated infants with seizures.
A novel five‐lipoxygenase activity protein inhibitor labeled with carbon‐14 and deuterium
Authors: Latli Bachir , Hrapchak Matt , Gao Joe J. , Busacca Carl A. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: July 2015

2‐[4‐(3‐{(1R)‐1‐[4‐(2‐Aminopyrimidin‐5‐yl)phenyl]‐1‐cyclopropylethyl}‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl]‐N,N‐dimethylacetamide (1), is a novel and selective five‐lipoxygenase activity protein (FLAP) inhibitor with excellent pharmacokinetics properties. The availability of a key chiral intermediate allowed the synthesis of [14C]‐(1) in six radiochemical steps and in 47% overall radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 51 mCi/mmol using carbon‐14 zinc cyanide. 2‐Chloro‐N,N‐dimethyl‐2H6‐acetamide was prepared and condensed with a penultimate intermediate to give [2H6]‐(1) in very high yield and in more than 99% isotopic enrichment.
Odanacatib increases mineralized callus during fracture healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model
Authors: Pennypacker Brenda L. , Gilberto David , Gatto Nicholas T. , Samadfam Rana , Smith Susan Y. , Kimmel Donald B. , Duong Le Thi
Published: July 2015

The effects of the cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib (ODN) on fracture healing were monitored for ∼6 and 15 weeks post‐fracture in two separate studies using the unilateral transverse mid‐ulnar osteotomy model in skeletally mature female rabbits. Rabbits were pre‐treated for 3–4 weeks with vehicle (Veh), ODN (2 mg/kg, po, daily), or alendronate (ALN) (0.3 mg/kg, sc, twice‐weekly) prior to osteotomy. In Study 1, the animals were maintained on the same respective treatment for ∼6 weeks. In Study 2, the animals were also continued on the same therapy or switched from Veh to ODN or ODN to Veh for 15 weeks. No treatment‐related impairment of fracture union was seen by qualitative histological assessments in the first study. Cartilage retention was detected in the calluses of ALN‐treated rabbits at week‐6, while calluses in the ODN and Veh groups contained bony tissue with significantly less residual cartilage. ODN treatment also markedly increased the number of cathepsin K‐(+) osteoclasts in the callus, indicating enhanced callus remodeling. From the second study, ex vivo DXA and pQCT confirmed that ODN treatment pre‐ and post‐osteotomy increased callus bone mineral content and bone mineral density (BMD) versus Veh (p < 0.001) and discontinuation of ODN post‐surgery returned callus BMD to Veh. Peak load of ODN‐ or ALN‐treated calluses were comparable to Veh. ODN increased callus yield load (20%, p = 0.056) and stiffness (26%, p < 0.05) versus Veh. These studies demonstrated that ODN increased mineralized callus during the early phase of fracture repair without impairing callus formation or biomechanical integrity at the fracture site. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 34:72–80, 2016.
Collaborative New Product Alliances: A Review of the Literature and Research Perspectives
Authors: Prange Christiane , Eng Teck‐Yong , Li Jun
Published: July 2015

Alliance and NPD evolve in a dynamic and interrelated manner so that the management of collaborative NPD alliances becomes the management of an evolving cycle of two interrelated process loops.
Escaping the Collapse Trap: Remaining Capable Without Capabilities
Authors: Manfield Russell , Newey Lance
Published: July 2015

Resilient firms need to maintain function even while under duress, both with routine actions and when routines collapse.
Modulation of gut microbiota in rats fed high‐fat diets by processing whole‐grain barley to barley malt
Authors: Zhong Yadong , Nyman Margareta , Fåk Frida
Published: July 2015

Scope

The gut microbiota is linked with human health, and by manipulating its composition, health conditions might be improved. The aim of this study was to investigate whether two barley products, whole‐grain barley and barley malt, caused differentiation of the cecal microbiota in rats fed high‐fat diets and whether there were correlations with the short‐chain fatty acids formed.

Methods and results

Male Wistar rats were given barley or malt (7‐8 dietary fiber/100 g) for 4 weeks. Cellulose was used as a control, and the cecal microbiota was analyzed with next‐generation sequencing of 16S rDNA. The barley group had higher abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria and lower abundances of Firmicutes and Deferribacteres than the control group; the alpha diversity was also lower. At the genus level, the barley group had higher abundances of Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Bilophila. Turicibacter and Roseburia were more abundant in the malt group, and Parabacteroides, Dorea and rc4‐4 were enriched in the control group. Most genera correlated with acetic and propionic acids, but Roseburia and Turicibacter instead correlated with butyric acid. Succinic acid correlated with Clostridium and Akkermansia.

Conclusion

Bioprocessing is a potential method to modulate the gut microbiota for enhanced effects on human health.
Extended Monopole antenna Array with individual Shield (EMAS) coil: An improved monopole antenna design for brain imaging at 7 tesla MRI
Authors: Woo Myung‐Kyun , Hong Suk‐Min , Lee Jongho , Kang Chang‐Ki , Park Sung‐Yeon , Son Young‐Don , Kim Young‐Bo , Cho Zang‐Hee
Published: July 2015

Purpose

To propose a new Extended Monopole antenna Array with individual Shields (EMAS) coil that improves the B1 field coverage and uniformity along the z‐direction.

Methods

To increase the spatial coverage of Monopole antenna Array (MA) coil, each monopole antenna was shielded and extended in length. Performance of this new coil, which is referred to as EMAS coil, was compared with the original MA coil and an Extended Monopole antenna Array coil with no shield (EMA). For comparison, flip angle, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), and receive sensitivity maps were measured at multiple regions of interest (ROIs) in the brain.

Results

The EMAS coil demonstrated substantially larger flip angle and receive sensitivity than the MA and EMA coils in the inferior aspect of the brain. In the brainstem ROI, for example, the flip angle in the EMAS coil was increased by 45.5% (or 60.0%) and the receive sensitivity was increased by 26.9% (or 14.9%), resulting in an SNR gain of 84.8% (or 76.3%) when compared with the MA coil (or EMA).

Conclusion

The EMAS coil provided 25.7% (or 24.4%) more uniform
field distribution compared with the MA (or EMA) coil in sagittal. The EMAS coil successfully extended the imaging volume in lower part of the brain. Magn Reson Med 75:2566–2572, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TH17 predominant T‐cell responses in radiation‐induced bowel disease are modulated by treatment with adipose‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Bessout Raphaëlle , Demarquay Christelle , Moussa Lara , René Alice , Doix Bastien , Benderitter Marc , Sémont Alexandra , Mathieu Noëlle
Published: July 2015

Radiation proctitis is an insidious disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It may develop following the treatment of several cancers by radiotherapy when normal colorectal tissues are present in the irradiation field. There is no unified approach for the assessment and treatment of this disease, partly due to insufficient knowledge about the mechanism involved in the development of radiation proctitis. However, unresolved inflammation is hypothesized to have an important role in late side effects. This study aimed to analyse the involvement of specific immunity in colorectal damage developing after localized irradiation, and evaluate the benefit of immunomodulatory mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from adipose tissue (Ad‐MSCs) for reduction of late side effects. Our experimental model of colorectal irradiation induced severe colonic mucosal damage and fibrosis that was associated with T‐cell infiltration. Immune cell activation was investigated; adoptive transfer of T cells in nude rats showed stronger colonization by T cells isolated from irradiated rats. The predominant role of T cells in late radiation‐induced damage and regeneration processes was highlighted by in vivo depletion experiments. Treatments using Ad‐MSCs reduced T‐cell infiltration in the colon and reduced established colonic damage as measured by histological score, functional circular muscle contractibility, and collagen deposition. Here, we have demonstrated for the first time the predominance of the TH17 population compared to TH1 and TH2 in radiation‐induced bowel disease, and that this is reduced after Ad‐MSC treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated in vitro that IL17 acts directly on colonic smooth muscle cells to induce expression of pro‐inflammatory genes that could participate in the development of radiation‐induced injury. Our data demonstrate that the TH17 population is specifically induced during development of radiation‐induced side effects in the colon. Moreover, Ad‐MSC treatment modulates the TH17 population and reduces the extracellular matrix remodelling process induced following irradiation. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective localization of carbon nanotubes in PC/PET blends
Authors: Wiwattananukul Rujirek , Hachiya Yuki , Nobukawa Shogo , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: July 2015

The localization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in immiscible polymer blends composed of polycarbonate (PC) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is studied. Although partial miscibility is confirmed for the blend, presumably owing to the transesterification reaction, the MWCNT addition is found to have no influence on the miscibility. Moreover, morphological investigation and solvent extraction experiments reveal that MWCNTs are preferentially localized in PET phase. Thermal behavior demonstrates that MWCNTs act as an effective nucleating agent for PET, leading to the increment in crystallization temperature and crystallinity of PET. Tensile properties of PC/PET blends, i.e., Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate strength, are significantly improved by the addition of MWCNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:1103–1111, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
A viscoelastic–plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors of polycarbonate
Authors: Jiang Cheng Kai , Jiang Han , Zhang Jian Wei , Kang Guo Zheng
Published: July 2015

In this paper, a modified viscoelastic–plastic constitutive model has been proposed on the framework of Anand's work to describe the uniaxial ratcheting behavior of polycarbonate (PC) under tension–tension cyclic loading. The experimental observation illustrates that the previously accumulated deformation has an assignable influence on the subsequent material response during the ratcheting process of PC. Thus, the deformation resistance in the viscoelastic micromechanism is assumed to be evolving with the local accumulated inelastic strain rather than keeping unchanged in the original Anand's model. The proposed model is validated firstly by the monotonic tension and creep experiment results of PC. Then, its capability to describe the uniaxial ratcheting behaviors is compared with Anand model. Finally, the modified model is adopted to study the effect of mean stress, stress amplitude, loading rate, and peak holding time on the ratcheting behaviors of PC. It is shown that the proposed model can predict reasonably the uniaxial tension–tension ratcheting behavior of polymer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:2559–2565, 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Does Urbanisation Matter? A Temporal Analysis of the Socio‐demographic Gradient in the Rising Adulthood Overweight Epidemic in China, 1989–2009
Authors: Fu Qiang , Land Kenneth C.
Published: July 2015

Using eight successive waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, this study applies hierarchical age–period–cohort models to investigate the rising prevalence rates of adulthood overweight in China. We find that overweight prevalence rates increase throughout adulthood until the early 50s. Period effects are very strong with a virtually monotonic increase from 1989 to 2009. Yet, as posited by the reversal hypothesis (a diminishing positive association between overweight prevalence and socioeconomic status alongside development), this increase is levelling off or absent in most recent survey waves for women, urban residents, and individuals with higher educational attainment. Most importantly, substantial period variations are explained by rapid urbanisation, and the period increases in overweight prevalence closely track the pace of urbanisation in China. Cohorts born in the beginning years of the Great Chinese Famine (1958–1961) have the highest overweight prevalence rates, whereas cohorts experiencing the Famine during the childhood ages of adiposity rebound (the next rise in body mass index after infancy, typically from age 5 to 7 years) are significantly less likely to be overweight. These cohort patterns lend support to the critical‐period hypothesis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding Dynamics of Strategic Decision Making in Venture Creation: A Process Study of Effectuation and Causation
Authors: Reymen Isabelle M.M.J. , Andries Petra , Berends Hans , Mauer Rene , Stephan Ute , van Burg Elco
Published: July 2015

This study draws upon effectuation and causation as examples of planning‐based and flexible decision‐making logics and investigates dynamics in the use of both logics. The study applies a longitudinal process research approach to investigate strategic decision making in new venture creation over time. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyze 385 decision events across nine technology‐based ventures. Our observations suggest a hybrid perspective on strategic decision making, demonstrating how effectuation and causation logics are combined and how entrepreneurs' emphasis on these logics shifts and re‐shifts over time. We induce a dynamic model that extends the literature on strategic decision making in venture creation. Copyright © 2015 Strategic Management Society.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Property of the Quaternary Semiconductor La4Cd4In2S13
Authors: Zhao Hua‐Jun
Published: July 2015

The sulfide La4Cd4In2S13 in the quaternary RE/M/N/Q (RE = rare‐earth metal; M = Zn, Cd; N = Ga, In; Q = chalcogenides) system was prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements by solid‐state reactions at 1223 K in an evacuated silica tube. The La4Cd4In2S13, crystallizing in the Pbam space group, is isostructural with Pb4Bi4In2S13. The structure of La4Cd4In2S13 consists of double chains of CdS6 octahedra extending along [001] direction that are interconnected by single chains of InS6 octahedra by edge‐sharing into 1D ribbons. These ribbons are further fused by the infinite one‐dimensional chains of InS4 tetrahedra by corner‐sharing into Z‐shaped [Cd4In2S13]12– layers perpendicular to the b direction separated by the La3+ ions. UV/Vis/NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy study shows its optical gap of around 2.27 eV.
La adquisición de empresas. ¿En qué nivel de relación industrial son un modo más apropiado de diversificación empresarial?
Authors: Cernas Ortiz Daniel Arturo , Mercado Salgado Patricia
Published: July 2015

El objetivo de este trabajo correlacional es examinar el nivel de relación industrial entre empresas, la adquirente (que se diversifica) y la adquirida, que se asocia con una reacción más positiva por parte del mercado de valores. Para tal fin, se utiliza la metodología de estudios de eventos (o acontecimientos) a través de varios días antes y después del anuncio de una muestra de 460 adquisiciones hechas por empresas estadounidenses durante los añ cnje-os 2000 a 2003. Los resultados soportan parcialmente la conjetura de que el valor de la empresa aumenta en forma más pronunciada cuando los anuncios de adquisición involucran a entidades medianamente relacionadas. No obstante, solo cuando el nivel medio de relación empresarial es bajo (sin llegar a cero) la reacción del mercado de valores es más favorable.
An Analysis of Spatial Clustering of Stroke Types, In-hospital Mortality, and Reported Risk Factors in Alberta, Canada, Using Geographic Information Systems
Authors: van Rheenen Susan , Watson Timothy W.J. , Alexander Shelley , Hill Michael D.
Published: July 2015

Background

Despite advances in the quality and delivery of stroke care, regional disparities in stroke incidence and outcome persist. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems (GIS) can assist in identifying high-risk populations and regional differences in efficacy of stroke care. The aim of this study was to identify and locate geographic clusters of high or low rates of stroke, risk factors, and in-hospital mortality across a provincial health care network in Alberta, Canada.

Methods

This study employed a spatial epidemiological approach using population-based hospital administrative data. Getis-Ord Gi* and Spatial Scan statistics were used to identify and locate statistically significant “hot” and “cold” spots of stroke occurrence by type, risk factors, and in-hospital mortality.

Results

Marked regional variations were found. East central Alberta was a significant hot spot for ischemic stroke (relative risk [RR] 1.43, p<0.001), transient ischemic attack (RR 2.25, p<0.05), and in-hospital mortality (RR 1.50, p<0.05). Hot spots of intracerebral hemorrhage (RR 1.80, p<0.05) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR 1.64, p<0.05) were identified in a major urban centre. Unexpectedly, stroke risk factor hot spots (RR 2.58, p<0.001) were not spatially associated (did not overlap) with hot spots of ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions

Integration of health care administrative data sets with geographic information systems contributes valuable information by identifying the existence and location of regional disparities in the spatial distribution of stroke occurrence and outcomes. Findings from this study raise important questions regarding why regional differences exist and how disparities might be mitigated.
“Grown-Ups on White Plastic Chairs:” Soccer and Separatism in Senegal, 1969–2012
Authors: Deets Mark
Published: July 2015

I argue that the postcolonial Senegalese soccer stadium became a space for imagining and performing the nation for separatists from the Casamance region who tied their separatist discourse to the fortunes of Casa-Sports, a soccer club based in Ziguinchor. The twin histories of Casamançais soccer and separatism demonstrate the interplay of “space” and “place” in the stadium – constructed originally for defining and controlling the Senegalese nation but commandeered by separatists for subverting it. Non-elite Casa-Sports supporters, however, contested or ignored separatist assertions that supporting Casa-Sports meant supporting separatism, and vice versa. Thus, these non-elites revealed the stadium as a “space-place” for simultaneous, multiple national imaginings.
Roughness receptivity and shielding in a flat plate boundary layer
Authors: Kuester Matthew S. , White Edward B.
Published: July 2015

Surface roughness can affect boundary layer transition by acting as a receptivity mechanism for transient growth. While experiments have investigated transient growth of steady disturbances generated by discrete roughness elements, very few have studied distributed surface roughness. Some work predicts a ‘shielding’ effect, where smaller distributed roughness displaces the boundary layer away from the wall and lessens the impact of larger roughness peaks. This work describes an experiment specifically designed to study this effect. Three roughness configurations (a deterministic distributed roughness patch, a slanted rectangular prism, and the combination of the two) were manufactured using rapid prototyping and installed flush with the wall of a flat plate boundary layer. Naphthalene flow visualization and hotwire anemometry were used to characterize the boundary layer in the wakes of the different roughness configurations. Distributed roughness with roughness Reynolds numbers ($\mathit{Re}_{kk}$) between 113 and 182 initiated small-amplitude disturbances that underwent transient growth. The discrete roughness element created a pair of high- and low-speed steady streaks in the boundary layer at a sub-critical Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}_{kk}=151$). At a higher Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}_{kk}=220$), the discrete element created a turbulent wedge 15 boundary layer thicknesses downstream. When the distributed roughness was added around the discrete roughness, the discrete element’s wake amplitude was decreased. For the higher Reynolds number, this provided a small but measurable transition delay. The distributed roughness redirects energy from longer spanwise wavelength modes to shorter spanwise wavelength modes. The presence of the distributed roughness also decreased the growth rate of secondary instabilities in the roughness wake. This work demonstrates that shielding can delay roughness-induced transition and lays the ground work for future studies of roughness-induced transition.
Molecular genotyping ofEchinococcus granulosususing formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded preparations from human isolates in unusual tissue sites
Authors: Hizem A. , M'rad S. , Oudni-M'rad M. , Mestiri S. , Hammedi F. , Mezhoud H. , Zakhama A. , Mokni M. , Babba H.
Published: July 2015

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused byEchinococcus granulosusremains a serious problem worldwide for issues relating to public health and the economy. The most predominantly affected sites are the liver and the lungs, but other organs such as the heart, the spleen and the peritoneum can also be infected. Access to cysts from uncommon sites has limited genomic and molecular investigations. In the present study, genotypes ofE. granulosussensu lato were identified from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FF-PETs) implicated in human CE. Tissue samples were obtained from 57 patients with histologically confirmed CE. DNA samples were analysed using Egss 1 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific to the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene ofE. granulosussensu stricto. All cysts were typed asE. granulosussensu stricto with up to 35% of the liver and 16.6% of lungs being the most frequently infected, and up to 48.4% of samples being from rare sites. No correlation was found between cyst site and either the gender or the age of patients. This study demonstrates the possibility of exploiting atypical cysts using FF-PET samples and highlights the predominance ofE. granulosussensu stricto species in the Tunisian population, even in unusual infection sites.
Place and manner assimilation in Catalan consonant clusters
Authors: Recasens Daniel , Mira Meritxell
Published: July 2015

Electropalatographic data on the frequency of occurrence of assimilatory processes in Catalan C1##C2 sequences, where ## is inserted at the boundary between two consecutive words, reveal that regressive place assimilations operate more often on C1 = /n/ than on C1 = /t/ and are triggered by /ɡ/ rather than by the labials /pbm/ and the voiceless velar stop /k/. Regressive manner assimilations involving nasality and laterality are facilitated by homorganicity between the two consecutive consonants and thus apply more frequently in the clusters /pmtntltʎ/, where C1 and C2 share the same labial or dentoalveolar place of articulation, than in the sequences /pntmkmkn/, where the two consonants are heterorganic; on the other hand, /k/ is less prone than /pt/ to become nasal when followed by /mn/. Place assimilatory processes apply more often for some speakers than for others, and their frequency of occurrence increases whenever C1 is embedded in a frequent or function word. The articulatory motivation for some of these place and manner assimilatory processes, and the extent to which they are complete or partial, are also investigated.
The gradient effect of context on language switching and lexical access in bilingual production
Authors: OLSON DANIEL J.
Published: July 2015

Previous research on bilingual language switching costs has demonstrated asymmetrical switch costs, driven primarily by language dominance, such that switches into a more dominant language incur significantly greater reaction time delays than switches into a less dominant language. While such studies have generally relied on a fixed ratio of switch to nonswitch tokens, it is clear that bilinguals operate not in a fixed ratio, but along a naturally occurring bilingual continuum of modes or contexts. Bridging the concepts of language switching and language context, the current study examines language switching costs through a cued picture-naming study with variable contexts or modes. The results demonstrate that switch costs are dependent upon both language dominance and language context, with asymmetrical costs found in more monolingual modes and symmetrical costs found in bilingual modes. Implications are discussed with respect to language mode and gradient inhibitory mechanisms of language selection.
Pernicious Manipulation of Performance Measures in China's Cadre Evaluation System
Authors: Gao Jie
Published: July 2015

The implementation of China's reform era target-based cadre evaluation system has instigated various types of gaming behaviour on the part of local officials. How do these gaming strategies differ from each other? Why do local officials sacrifice the public interest for target fulfilment in some cases but not in others? This article argues that gaming is not monolithic and should not be treated as such. It develops a typology that distinguishes between pernicious and benign gaming, and looks into the symptoms and motives of pernicious gaming in particular. It finds that the distinct design of the measurement system – the combination of result-oriented targets imposed from above and high-powered incentives for target fulfilment – induces pernicious gaming. In addition, the system's implementation practically compels local officials to misrepresent their performance, even though they are aware of the negative impact of such behaviour on the public interest. This study shows that to understand the strategies, motivations and implications of gaming better, a more nuanced approach is needed.