bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silo para cereales. Bandholm
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: September 2016

El silo de Bandholm, para cereales, construido en la isla de Lolland, tiene una capacidad de 13 a 14.000 toneladas. Esta estructura se ha subdividido en células individuales de unas 400 toneladas de capacidad cada una. La obra ha sido proyectada y construida por Christiani & Nielsen.
Almacenes Bayer, Alemania, y Banco Alemán de Leverkusen
Authors: Schaeffer Heyrothsberge P.
Published: September 2016

La plaza del Ayuntamiento, con su nuevo edificio municipal de ocho plantas de altura, va cerrando sus lados con edificaciones nobles, tratadas con verdadera dignidad y respondiendo a un concepto de uniformidad y armonía afín. Entre ellos están los almacenes Bayer y el Banco Alemán.
Teoría de la flexión antimétrica en láminas esféricas
Authors: Tsubol Yoshikatsu , Akino Kinji
Published: September 2016

Exposición y estudio, desarrollado analíticamente, de la teoría que conduce al cálculo de láminas esféricas sometidas a flexión y provocadas por fuerzas asimétricas, cuyo origen es debido a la acción del viento, efectos sísmicos o a la combinación de ambos. Aunque el tema ha sido ya analizado anteriormente por otros autores, en este trabajo se pretende simplificar la compleja mecánica de la solución general.
Wychall Farm, escuela primaria en Birmingham
Authors: Norrish K. V. , Stainton M. S.
Published: September 2016

Esta escuela se encuentra emplazada en la populosa e industrial ciudad de Birmingham. Aunque fue construida de acuerdo con las nuevas normas de arquitectura docente, con muchos puntos de similitud con otras semejantes, presenta un carácter original y una organización netamente abierta hacia el exterior, alegre, despejada y con amplio patio central, en el que campea el ornato incomparable de una vegetación cuidada.
Nuevo puente, en Ceilán
Authors: Seshadri B.
Published: September 2016

Sobre el río Kelani Ganga, situado al norte de la ciudad de Colombo, capital de Ceilán, se ha construido un nuevo puente de hormigón armado, de diez tramos, 275 m de longitud total, 24 m de anchura de tablero y calzada de 18 m de ancho, que se ha subdivido en seis bandas de circulación, tres para cada una de las dos direcciones de tráfico.
Las presas de Bhakra y Nangal
Authors: Sarwal S.
Published: September 2016

La presa Bhakra se halla situada en el paraje del mismo nombre, a unos 320 km al norte de Nueva Delhi (India), al pie de los montes del Himalaya y encajada en un angosto y escarpado paso del río Sutlej, que es el mayor tributario del río Indo. El proyecto general constituye la construcción de una presa de gravedad, de gran altura, en Bhakra, dos embalses de reserva, un canal de 64 millas de longitud, cuatro centrales generadoras y unos 5.000 km de canales de distribución de una amplia red de distribución de aguas para riego. A 29 km de la presa principal se construye la presa de Nangal, de menor altura y capacidad.
Quitanieves mecánico impelente
Authors: Bunce & Son Wm. , Swindon Nr.
Published: September 2016

Con objeto de obtener una máquina apropiada para las condiciones en que se exige se limpien las carreteras y caminos ingleses en los períodos invernales de nevadas, la casa Bunce & Son fabrica un tipo especial de quitanieves, ligero, muy práctico, con una gran capacidad para la limpieza de las capas de nieve que pudieran obstruir el paso de la circulación rodada en caminos o lugares donde la nieve pueda depositarse lateralmente a cierta distancia.
Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single- and multi-layer energy budget scheme
Authors: Chen Yiying , Ryder James , Bastrikov Vladislav , McGrath Matthew J. , Naudts Kim , Otto Juliane , Ottlé Catherine , Peylin Philippe , Polcher Jan , Valade Aude , Black Andrew , Elbers Jan A. , Moors Eddy , Foken Thomas , van Gorsel Eva , Haverd Vanessa , Heinesch Bernard , Tiedemann Frank , Knohl Alexander , Launiainen Samuli , Loustau Denis , Ogée Jérôme , Vessala Timo , Luyssaert Sebastiaan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics for land–atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalar exchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this study we evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budget in the ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 land surface model (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can be coupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aim to provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range of forest types. Top-canopy and sub-canopy flux observations from eight sites were collected in order to conduct this evaluation. The sites crossed climate zones from temperate to boreal and the vegetation types included deciduous, evergreen broad-leaved and evergreen needle-leaved forest with a maximum leaf area index (LAI; all-sided) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The parametrization approach proposed in this study was based on three selected physical processes – namely the diffusion, advection, and turbulent mixing within the canopy. Short-term sub-canopy observations and long-term surface fluxes were used to calibrate the parameters in the sub-canopy radiation, turbulence, and resistance modules with an automatic tuning process. The multi-layer model was found to capture the dynamics of sub-canopy turbulence, temperature, and energy fluxes. The performance of the new multi-layer model was further compared against the existing single-layer model. Although the multi-layer model simulation results showed few or no improvements to both the nighttime energy balance and energy partitioning during winter compared with a single-layer model simulation, the increased model complexity does provide a more detailed description of the canopy micrometeorology of various forest types. The multi-layer model links to potential future environmental and ecological studies such as the assessment of in-canopy species vulnerability to climate change, the climate effects of disturbance intensities and frequencies, and the consequences of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem.
Nacelle power curve measurement with spinner anemometer and
uncertainty evaluation
Authors: Demurtas Giorgio , Friis Pedersen Troels , Wagner Rozenn
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The objective of this investigation was to verify the feasibility of using the spinner anemometer calibration and nacelle transfer function determined on one reference turbine, to assess the power performance of a second identical turbine. An experiment was set up with a met-mast in a position suitable to measure the power curve of the two wind turbines, both equipped with a spinner anemometer. An IEC 61400-12-1 compliant power curve was then measured for both turbines using the met-mast. The NTF (Nacelle Transfer Function) was measured on the reference turbine and then applied to both turbines to calculate the free wind speed. For each of the two wind turbines, the power curve (PC) was measured with the met-mast and the nacelle power curve (NPC) with the spinner anemometer. Four power curves (two PC and two NPC) were compared in terms of AEP (Annual Energy Production) for a Rayleigh wind speed probability distribution. For each turbine, the NPC agreed with the corresponding PC within 0.10 % of AEP for the reference turbine and within 0,38 % for the second turbine, for a mean wind speed of 8 m/s.
Soft coercion: Reciprocal expectations of availability in the use of mobile communication
Authors: Ling Rich
Published: September 2016

This paper examines how the mobile phone has grown to be an essential item in daily life. It simultaneously represents a gadget that affords us freedom while also tying us to our closest social contacts. The mobile phone provides personal utility via a bewildering number of apps and functions. Through the socially enforced mutual expectation of availability, it ties us to our social sphere while also helping us to create and maintain social cohesion. We are pushed (or coerced) into being in contact via a mobile communication device. This paper draws on qualitative interviews and focus groups from the past two decades to trace the dimensions of this social expectation. The focus in this paper is not on the channel of mediation, i.e., voice vs. chat vs. texting vs. social networking, etc. The focus is on examining the development of the reciprocal social expectation for telephonic availability. The analysis shows how the generalized expectation of availability operates on a daily basis and becomes acutely operative in the case of emergencies such as in the immediate wake of the 22 July Oslo bombings.
Progressive fatigue and central cyanosis due to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension as the initial manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a boy: A case report
Authors: Feng Zhang , Arnav Prasad Shrestha , Lao Jinquan , Ye Bingbing , Peng Xiaofei , Krishna Deo Mandal , Luo Liu , Cao Zhifeng , Pang Yusheng
Published: September 2016

Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in pediatrics is rarely seen, especially in boys. Sometimes SLE may only present as progressive fatigue and central cyanosis that may be diagnosed initially as cardiovascular diseases, which makes harder the diagnosis of SLE. We present a 13-year-old boy with a month of progressive fatigue and central cyanosis, diagnosed only as severe idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The boy was finally diagnosed as severe pulmonary arterial hypertension of systemic lupus erythematosus. Due to different choices of therapy, underlying cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension should be diagnosed and searched thoroughly.
Exploring the Use of Video-clips for Motivation Building in a Secondary School EFL Setting
Authors: Park Yujong , Jung Eunsu
Published: September 2016

By employing an action research framework, this study evaluated the effectiveness of a video-based curriculum in motivating EFL learners to learn English. Fifteen Korean EFL students at the secondary school context participated in an 8-week English program, which employed video clips including TED talk replays, sitcoms, TV news reports and movies as its main study material. Results from the motivation surveys (adapted from Gardner, 1985) and interviews with students showed that 1) after taking the class, students became more motivated, especially in terms of gaining a positive attitude for the English language and culture, and 2) competitive group activities that followed the watching of video materials positively influenced student participation. Implications for EFL classrooms with low student motivation are discussed.
Bernardo Ares, José Manuel de; Echeverría Pereda, Elena (coords.) (2011). Las Cortes de Madrid y Versalles en el año 1707: Estudio traductológico e histórico de las correspondencias real y diplomática
Authors: Amor López Silvia
Published: September 2016

Bernardo Ares, José Manuel de; Echeverría Pereda, Elena (coords.) (2011). Las Cortes de Madrid y Versalles en el año 1707: Estudio traductológico e histórico de las correspondencias real y diplomática. Madrid: Sílex, 450 p.
Catalunya i València durant la Guerra de Successió. “La comuna empresa de la llibertat”
Authors: Pérez Aparicio Carme
Published: September 2016

La mort sense descendència de Carles II situava a Europa i a la Monarquia Hispànica en una autèntica cruïlla. Els dos candidats finals al tron, l’arxiduc Carles d’Àustria i el duc d’Anjou, Felip de Borbó, representaven trajectòries político-dinàstiques ben diferents. Per als Regnes de la Corona d’Aragó estava en joc la pervivència del sistema pactista i la defensa dels seus projectes i interessos econòmics. En aquests context, Catalunya i València mantingueren una relació ben estreta, d’ajuda mútua, durant l’etapa de govern austriacista, que continuà després de la victòria borbònica d’Almansa i de l’abolició dels Furs valencians, en un intent de frenar l’ofensiva militar sobre Catalunya i de restaurar el sistema pactista al Regne de València. Malgrat tot, l’ocupació borbònica de Barcelona i els Tractats d’Utrecht i Rastatt posaren fi a aquestos projectes.
Parets, Miquel (2011). Crònica
Authors: Güell Junkert Manel
Published: September 2016

Parets, Miquel (2011). Crònica. A cura de M. Rosa Margalef. Estudi de James S. Amelang, Antoni Simon i Xavier Torres. Barcelona: Barcino (Baró de Maldà; 5), 438 p.
Vermeir, René; Eebben, Maurits; Fagel, Raymond (eds.) (2011). Agentes e identidades en movimiento: España y los Países Bajos, siglos XVI-XVIII
Authors: Greco Antonio Marco
Published: September 2016

Vermeir, René; Eebben, Maurits; Fagel, Raymond (eds.) (2011). Agentes e identidades en movimiento: España y los Países Bajos, siglos XVI-XVIII. Madrid: Sílex Ediciones, 464 p.
Significance of stigma receptivity in intergeneric cross-pollination of Salix × Populus
Authors: Zenkteler Elżbieta , Wojciechowicz Maria Katarzyna , Zarychta Łukasz
Published: September 2016

The pollen–stigma interaction plays an important role in reproductive process and has been continuously studied in many interspecific and intergeneric crossing experiments. The aim of this study was to investigate stigma receptivity (SR) of willow in order to determine the most suitable period for its pollination with poplar pollen and improve the effectiveness of Salix × Populus crosses. Tissue samples were examined histologically using light, epifluorescent, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Willow SR was determined by stigma morphological traits, test of pollen germination rate, Peroxtesmo test of peroxidase and esterase activity on stigma surface as well as papilla ultrastructure at anthesis. We have ascertained that the SR duration in willow is short, lasting from 1 to 2 DA. The poplar pollen germination rate on willow stigmas on 1 DA ranged from 26.3 to 11.2%.
Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Diffuse Lung Disease: Update for the Pathologist
Authors: Colby Thomas V. , Tomassetti Sara , Cavazza Alberto , Dubini Alessandra , Poletti Venerino
Published: September 2016

Context.—

Transbronchial cryobiopsy has recently been proposed as an alternative to surgical biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease.

Objective.—

To familiarize pathologists with transbronchial cryobiopsy, including what it is, how it is performed, how it compares to other techniques of lung biopsy in diffuse lung disease, what are the technical issues relating to it, what the complications are, how cryobiopsies should be interpreted, and the clinical usefulness of cryobiopsy.

Data Sources.—

All the available literature on cryobiopsy in diffuse lung disease through May 2016, primarily in the last 5 years, was reviewed, and some unpublished data known to the authors were included.

Conclusions.—

Cryobiopsies are considerably larger than forceps biopsies and allow pattern recognition approaching that of a surgical lung biopsy in many cases. Artifacts associated with cryobiopsy are minimal. In comparison with surgical lung biopsies, the diagnosis rate with cryobiopsies is lower, in the neighborhood of 80%, versus higher than 90% for surgical lung biopsies. Cryobiopsy is proposed as an alternative to surgical lung biopsy and a technique that may appreciably decrease the number of patients who require surgical lung biopsy for diagnosis. This is important because the mortality from cryobiopsy is very small (0.1% to date) compared with surgical lung biopsy (1.7% for elective procedures and considerably higher for nonelective procedures).
Biopharmaceutical Startup’s Need of a Regulatory Strategy
Authors: Schueler Julia , Ostler Tobias
Published: September 2016

Human drug development and approval is a risky process. To assess the importance of the regulatory part, especially for startup’s or not yet established companies, we gathered some evidence by a survey amongst European venture capital investors. We asked: how do regulatory issues in biopharmaceutical development impact young companies’ development and their financing? In addition to the survey an intensive literature research and analysis on drug failures and refusals was undertaken. Overall the expectations of involved venture capital investors identified were very congruent to the regulators views.The most striking insight was that developing companies looking for first and follow on financing rounds should prepare to have a regulatory strategy or plan available already during the first contact. Regulatory issues are an important part of the risk/value evaluation and therefore investment decision.
An Impediment to Personalized Medicine Commercialization is the Lack of Understanding of the Value of the Testing
Authors: Johnson Anthony
Published: September 2016

Over the past 20 years there have been tremendous advancements in technology in areas such as imaging, medicinal chemistry, data integration, the digitization of medical records, computing power and yet the medical delivery model is largely unchanged. The healthcare community now has a treasure chest of new tools that should permit it to be much more proactive, effective and thus produce improved outcomes at lower costs. Personalized medicine (PM), also called Precision Medicine by some, is the category in which all of these new tools can be grouped. While there are a myriad of reasons such as legacy infrastructure, lack of incentives, costs of adopting new technologies,  one of  the major reasons, is the lack of understanding of the value of such testing  by payers. Moving to a value based pricing model for diagnostic testing will increase adoption rate of PM, raise reimbursement rates for PM testing and improve quality of care at a lower cost for patients.  The end result of this will be tests that have a demonstrated benefit in PM business models and result in the acceleration of commercialization.
National and Local Definitions of an Environmental Nuisance: Water Pollution and River Decontamination in Six Urban Areas of Quebec, 1945–1980
Authors: Castonguay Stéphane , Bernard Vincent
Published: September 2016

When it created the Water Purification Board in 1961, the Quebec government intended to proceed with a major reorganization of the municipal wastewater treatment and drinking water systems throughout the province. In the following decades, the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment developed a series of programs and policies for the treatment of wastewater. If water pollution then appeared as a national problem and the subject of a consensual definition, neighbouring communities were facing specific problems that government policies tended to obscure. Our analysis of six municipalities (Drummondville, Sherbrooke, Saint-Hyacinthe, Granby, Trois-Rivières, and Shawinigan) located in three river basins (Saint-François, Yamaska, and Saint-Maurice), each with its own topography and hydrology, population, and industrial growth, and political and cultural history, reveals precisely how communities articulated their different understandings of pollution problems, as well as their distinct definitions of nuisance and means of coping with pollution. By identifying, at the local level, multiple representations of pollution phenomena and practices put forward to decontaminate water, we shed light on the difficulties surrounding the implementation of water treatment infrastructure in municipalities across Quebec between 1945 and 1980.
Paraboea yunfuensis: a new calcicolous species of Gesneriaceae from Yunfu, Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Wen Fang , Wei Yi-Gang
Published: September 2016

Paraboea yunfuensis F.Wen & Y.G.Wei (Gesneriaceae) is described as a new species endemic to the Guangdong Province, China. This species is one of two peltate-leaved Paraboea species in China. It is distinguished from the similar-looking P. peltifolia by the presence of longer pedicel and filaments, shorter staminodes, linear-lanceolate calyx lobes, and an indumentum on peduncles, pedicels, and calyx lobes. A detailed description, photographs of a specimen from the type location, and a table of comparative characters are provided.
Lysimachia nummularia (Primulaceae) naturalised in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Kodela Phillip , Jobson Richard W
Published: September 2016

In November 2015 the first naturalised collection of Lysimachia nummularia L. (Primulaceae) was made for New South Wales from the Apsley River on the Northern Tablelands. This creeping, perennial herb is native to Eurasia and previously recorded as naturalised in Australia in Victoria and Tasmania. It has the potential to be an invasive weed, particularly in wetland and other damp habitats. A description of L. nummularia is provided as well as a key to Lysimachia taxa occurring in New South Wales.
Seasonal predictability of sea surface temperature anomalies over the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension: Low in summer and high in winter
Authors: Wu Yujie , Duan Wansuo , Rong Xinyao
Published: September 2016

The seasonal predictability of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the Kuroshio‐Oyashio Extension (KOE) is explored by performing perfect model predictability experiments from the viewpoint of initial error growth in a global coupled model. It is found that prediction errors of KOE‐SSTA always increase in the boreal summer and decrease in the boreal winter. This leads to smaller (larger) prediction errors and higher (lower) prediction skills in boreal winter (summer). This seasonal characteristic of the KOE‐SSTA error growth implies a season‐dependent predictability that is lower in summer and higher in winter. The mechanism responsible for error growth associated with seasonal predictability is also explored. The error increase in summer and error decrease in winter in the KOE‐SSTA are both largely attributed to the seasonal evolution of latent heat flux error and mean temperature advection by vertical current error in the KOE region, both of which are forced by the prediction error of 1 month leading zonal wind stress per unit mass for the mixed layer over the KOE region. The shallowest (deepest) mixed layer in summer (winter) amplifies (reduces) the forcing of zonal wind stress errors on the error growth of KOE‐SSTA, thereby causing the seasonal evolution of prediction errors of KOE‐SSTA and ultimately resulting in the season‐dependent predictability of the KOE‐SSTA, i.e., low in summer and high in winter.
Biogeochemical cycling in the Bering Sea over the onset of major Northern Hemisphere Glaciation
Authors: Swann George E. A. , Snelling Andrea M. , Pike Jennifer
Published: September 2016

The Bering Sea is one of the most biologically productive regions in the marine system and plays a key role in regulating the flow of waters to the Arctic Ocean and into the subarctic North Pacific Ocean. Cores from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 323 to the Bering Sea provide the first opportunity to obtain reconstructions from the region that extend back to the Pliocene. Previous research at Bowers Ridge, south Bering Sea, has revealed stable levels of siliceous productivity over the onset of major Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG) (circa 2.85–2.73 Ma). However, diatom silica isotope records of oxygen (δ18Odiatom) and silicon (δ30Sidiatom) presented here demonstrate that this interval was associated with a progressive increase in the supply of silicic acid to the region, superimposed on shift to a more dynamic environment characterized by colder temperatures and increased sea ice. This concluded at 2.58 Ma with a sharp increase in diatom productivity, further increases in photic zone nutrient availability and a permanent shift to colder sea surface conditions. These transitions are suggested to reflect a gradually more intense nutrient leakage from the subarctic northwest Pacific Ocean, with increases in productivity further aided by increased sea ice‐ and wind‐driven mixing in the Bering Sea. In suggesting a linkage in biogeochemical cycling between the south Bering Sea and subarctic Northwest Pacific Ocean, mainly via the Kamchatka Strait, this work highlights the need to consider the interconnectivity of these two systems when future reconstructions are carried out in the region.
Transient forcing effects on mixing of two fluids for a stable stratification
Authors: Pool María , Dentz Marco , Post Vincent E. A.
Published: September 2016

Mixing and dispersion in coastal aquifers are strongly influenced by periodic temporal flow fluctuations on multiple time scales ranging from days (tides), seasons (pumping and recharge) to glacial cycles (regression and transgressions). Transient forcing effects lead to a complex space and time‐dependent flow response which induces enhanced spreading and mixing of dissolved substances. We study effective mixing and solute transport in temporally fluctuating one‐dimensional flow for a stable stratification of two fluids of different density using detailed numerical simulation as well as accurate column experiments. We quantify the observed transport behaviors and interface evolution by a time‐averaged model that is obtained from a two‐scale expansion of the full transport problem, and derive explicit expressions for the center of mass and width of the mixing zone between the two fluids. We find that the magnitude of transient‐driven mixing is mainly controlled by the hydraulic diffusivity, the period, and the initial interface location. At an initial time regime, mixing can be characterized by an effective dispersion coefficient and both the interface position and width evolve linearly in time. At larger times, the spatial variability of the flow velocity leads to a deceleration of the interface and a compression of its width, which is manifested by a subdiffusive evolution of its width as
.
White matter hyperintensities, incident mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline in old age
Authors: Boyle Patricia A. , Yu Lei , Fleischman Debra A. , Leurgans Sue , Yang Jingyun , Wilson Robert S. , Schneider Julie A. , Arvanitakis Zoe , Arfanakis Konstantinos , Bennett David A.
Published: September 2016

Objective

Examine the association of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) with risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and rate of decline in multiple cognitive systems in community‐based older persons.

Methods

Participants (n = 354) were older persons initially free of cognitive impairment from two ongoing longitudinal epidemiologic studies of aging. All underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for quantification of WMH and gray matter volumes and detailed annual clinical evaluations including 17 cognitive tests. Proportional hazards models were used to examine the relationship between WMH and incident MCI, and mixed‐effects models were used to examine the relationship between WMH and decline in global cognition and five specific cognitive systems.

Results

During up to about 6 years of follow‐up (mean = 4.1), 106 (30% of 354) persons developed MCI. In a proportional hazards model adjusted for age, gender, and education, WMH volume was associated with a substantially increased risk of MCI (P < 0.001). Thus, a person with a high WMH volume (90th percentile) was about 2.7 times more likely to develop MCI compared to a person with a low volume (10th percentile). WMH volume also was associated with an increased rate of decline in global cognition (P < 0.001), perceptual speed, working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory. Associations persisted after adjustment for total gray matter volume, vascular risk factors, and vascular diseases.

Interpretation

WMH contribute to the development of MCI and are associated with progressive decline in multiple cognitive systems in old age.
Preparation and Properties of High Strength Fe–Ni–P Ternary Alloys
Authors: Chai Wuqian , German Randall M. , Olevsky Eugene A. , Wei Xialu , Jiang Runjian , Cui Guodong
Published: September 2016

The high strength Fe–Ni–P ternary alloys were fabricated using Fe–Ni–P composite powder by liquid sintering technique. The effects of the sintering temperature on the microstructure and properties are investigated. The phase composition of the sintered Fe–Ni–P alloys are mainly consisted of α‐Fe(Ni,P), γ‐Fe(Ni,P), and (Fe,Ni)3P. The microstructure mainly depends on the sintering temperature and the Fe/Ni ratio. A persistent liquid phase dominates the sintering process, leading to a highest density of 7.56 g cm−3 at 1 000 °C. The sample sintered at 975 °C reveals a good combination of magnetic and mechanical properties with a compressive strength of 2 060 MPa and a saturation magnetization of 95.74 emu g−1, which indicates its potential application as wear resistant magnetic material.
SiRNA Crosslinked Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Inflammation‐induced Liver Injury
Authors: Tang Yaqin , Zeng Ziying , He Xiao , Wang Tingting , Ning Xinghai , Feng Xuli
Published: September 2016

RNA interference mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA) provides a powerful tool for gene regulation, and has a broad potential as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, therapeutics based on siRNA have had limited clinical success due to their undesirable pharmacokinetic properties. This study presents pH‐sensitive nanoparticles‐based siRNA delivery systems (PNSDS), which are positive‐charge‐free nanocarriers, composed of siRNA chemically crosslinked with multi‐armed poly(ethylene glycol) carriers via acid‐labile acetal linkers. The unique siRNA crosslinked structure of PNSDS allows it to have minimal cytotoxicity, high siRNA loading efficiency, and a stimulus‐responsive property that enables the selective intracellular release of siRNA in response to pH conditions. This study demonstrates that PNSDS can deliver tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) siRNA into macrophages and induce the efficient down regulation of the targeted gene in complete cell culture media. Moreover, PNSDS with mannose targeting moieties can selectively accumulate in mice liver, induce specific inhibition of macrophage TNF‐α expression in vivo, and consequently protect mice from inflammation‐induced liver damages. Therefore, this novel siRNA delivering platform would greatly improve the therapeutic potential of RNAi based therapies.
Ordered Nanoscale Heterojunction Architecture for Enhanced Solution‐Based CuInGaS2 Thin Film Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Barange Nilesh , Chu Van Ben , Nam Minwoo , Ahn In‐Hwan , Kim Young Dong , Han Il Ki , Min Byoung Koun , Ko Doo‐Hyun
Published: September 2016

Nanopatterned CuInGaS2 (CIGS) thin films synthesized by a sol‐gel‐based solution method and a nanoimprint lithography technique to achieve simultaneous photonic and electrical enhancements in thin film solar cell applications are demonstrated. The interdigitated CIGS nanopatterns in adjacent CdS layer form an ordered nanoscale heterojunction of optical contrast to create a light trapping architecture. This architecture concomitantly leads to increased junction area between the p‐CIGS/n‐CdS interface, and thereby influences effective charge transport. The electron beam induced current and capacitance–voltage characterization further supports the large carrier collection area and small depletion region of the nanopatterned CIGS solar cell devices. This strategic geometry affords localization of incident light inside and between the nanopatterns, where created excitons are easily dissociated, and it leads to the enhanced current generation of absorbed light. Ultimately, this approach improves the efficiency of the nanopatterned CIGS solar cell by 55% compared to its planar counterpart, and offers the possibility of simultaneous management for absorption and charge transport through a nanopatterning process.
Preparation of open‐cell foams from polymer blends by supercritical CO2 and their efficient oil‐absorbing performance
Authors: Fang Yu‐Wei , Bao Jin‐Biao , Yan Hai‐Kuo , Sun Wei , Zhao Ling , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: September 2016

Significance

This letter reports on the hydrophobicity and oleophilicity of open‐cell foams from polymer blends prepared by supercritical CO2. A typical bulk density of the foam is measured to be 0.05 g/cm3. The contact angle of the foam with water is determined to be 139.2°. The foam can selectively absorb the diesel from water with the uptake capacity of 17.0 g/g. The foams are technologically promising for application of oil spill cleanup. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4182–4185, 2016
Mixing and residence time distribution in ultrasonic microreactors
Authors: Dong Zhengya , Zhao Shuainan , Zhang Yuchao , Yao Chaoqun , Yuan Quan , Chen Guangwen
Published: September 2016

Intensification of liquid mixing was investigated in domestic fabricated ultrasonic microreactors. Under the ultrasonic field, cavitation bubbles were generated, which undergo vigorous translational motion and surface oscillation with different modes (volume, shape oscillation, and transient collapse). These cavitation phenomena induce intensive convective mixing and reduce the mixing time from 24–32 s to 0.2–1.0 s. The mixing performance decreases with the channel size, due to the weaker cavitation activity in smaller channel. The energy efficiency is comparable to that of the conventional T‐type and higher than the Y‐type and Caterpillar microreactors. Residence time distribution was also measured by a stimulus‐response experiment and analyzed with axial dispersion model. Axial dispersion was significantly reduced by the ultrasound‐induced radial mixing, leading to the increasing of Bo number with ultrasound power. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1404–1418, 2017
Liquid‐phase axial dispersion of turbulent gas–liquid co‐current flow through screen‐type static mixers
Authors: Azizi Fouad , Abou Hweij Khaled
Published: September 2016

This article discusses the characteristics of turbulent gas–liquid flow through tubular reactors/contactors equipped with screen‐type static mixers from a macromixing perspective. The effect of changing the reactor configuration, and the operating conditions, were investigated by using four different screen geometries of varying mesh numbers. Residence time distribution experiments were conducted in the turbulent regime (4500 < Re < 29,000). Using a deconvolution technique, the RTD function was extracted to quantify the axial/longitudinal liquid‐phase dispersion coefficient. The findings highlight that axial dispersion increases with an increasing flow rate and/or gas‐phase volume fraction. However, regardless of the number and geometry of the mixing elements, reactor configuration, and/or operating conditions, the recorded liquid‐phase axial dispersion coefficients in the presence of screens was lower than that for an empty pipe. Furthermore, the geometry of the screen was found to directly affect the axial dispersion coefficient in the reactor. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1390–1403, 2017
Paternal uniparental disomy with segmental loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11 are hallmark characteristics of syndromic and sporadic embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Robbins Katherine M. , Stabley Deborah L. , Holbrook Jennifer , Sahraoui Rebecca , Sadreameli Alexa , Conard Katrina , Baker Laura , Gripp Karen W. , Sol‐Church Katia
Published: September 2016

Costello syndrome (CS) arises from a typically paternally derived germline mutation in the proto‐oncogene HRAS, and is considered a rasopathy. CS results in failure‐to‐thrive, intellectual disabilities, short stature, coarse facial features, skeletal abnormalities, congenital heart disease, and a predisposition for cancer, most commonly embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS). The goal of this study was to characterize CS ERMS at the molecular level and to determine how divergent it is from sporadic ERMS. We characterized eleven ERMS tumors from eight unrelated CS patients, carrying paternally derived HRAS c.34G>A (p.Gly12Ser; 6) or c.35G>C (p.Gly12Ala; 2) mutations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was evaluated in all CS ERMS by microarray and/or short tandem repeat (STR) markers spanning the entire chromosome 11. Eight CS ERMS tumors displayed complete paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11 (pUPD11), whereas two displayed UPD only at 11p and a second primary ERMS tumor showed UPD limited to 11p15.5, the classical hallmark for ERMS. Three sporadic ERMS cell lines (RD, Rh36, Rh18) and eight formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) ERMS tumors were also analyzed for RAS mutations and LOH status. We found a higher than anticipated frequency of RAS mutations (HRAS or NRAS; 50%) in sporadic ERMS cell lines/tumors. Unexpectedly, complete uniparental disomy (UPD11) was observed in five specimens, while the other six showed LOH extending across the p and q arms of chromosome 11. In this study, we are able to clearly demonstrate complete UPD11 in both syndromic and sporadic ERMS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNA interaction, antimicrobial and molecular docking studies of biologically interesting Schiff base complexes incorporating 4‐formyl‐N,N‐dimethylaniline and propylenediamine
Authors: Packianathan Seemon , Kumaravel Ganesan , Raman Natarajan
Published: September 2016

Four new transition metal complexes incorporating a Schiff base ligand derived from propylenediamine and 4‐formyl‐N,N‐dimethylaniline have been synthesized using transition metal salts. The characterization of the newly formed complexes was done from physicochemical parameters and using various techniques like 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV, electron paramagnetic resonance and mass spectroscopies, powder X‐ray diffraction and magnetic susceptibility. All the complexes were found to be monomeric in nature with square planar geometry. X‐ray powder diffraction illustrates that the complexes have a crystalline nature. The interaction of metal complexes with calf thymus DNA was investigated using UV–visible absorption, viscosity measurements, cyclic voltammetry, emission spectroscopy and docking analysis. The results indicate that the Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes interact with DNA by intercalative binding mode with optimum intrinsic binding constants of 4.3 × 104, 3.9 × 104, 4.7 × 104 and 3.7 × 104 M−1, respectively. These DNA binding results were rationalized using molecular docking in which the docked structures indicate that the metal complexes fit well into the A‐T rich region of target DNA through intercalation. The metal complexes exhibit an effective cleavage with pUC19 DNA by an oxidative cleavage mechanism. The synthesized ligand and the complexes were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity. The complexes show enhanced antifungal and antibacterial activities compared to the free ligand.
Phenome‐Wide Association Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis Subgroups Identifies Association Between Seronegative Disease and Fibromyalgia
Authors: Doss Jayanth , Mo Huan , Carroll Robert J. , Crofford Leslie J. , Denny Joshua C.
Published: September 2016

Objective

The differences between seronegative and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have not been widely reported. We performed electronic health record (EHR)–based phenome‐wide association studies (PheWAS) to identify disease associations in seropositive and seronegative RA.

Methods

A validated algorithm identified RA subjects from the de‐identified version of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center EHR. Serotypes were determined by rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) values. We tested EHR‐derived phenotypes using PheWAS comparing seropositive RA and seronegative RA, yielding disease associations. PheWAS was also performed in RF‐positive versus RF‐negative subjects and ACPA‐positive versus ACPA‐negative subjects. Following PheWAS, select phenotypes were then manually reviewed, and fibromyalgia was specifically evaluated using a validated algorithm.

Results

A total of 2,199 RA individuals with either RF or ACPA testing were identified. Of these, 1,382 patients (63%) were classified as seropositive. Seronegative RA was associated with myalgia and myositis (odds ratio [OR] 2.1, P = 3.7 × 10−10) and back pain. A manual review of the health record showed that among subjects coded for Myalgia and Myositis, ∼80% had fibromyalgia. Follow‐up with a specific EHR algorithm for fibromyalgia confirmed that seronegative RA was associated with fibromyalgia (OR 1.8, P = 4.0 × 10−6). Seropositive RA was associated with chronic airway obstruction (OR 2.2, P = 1.4 × 10−4) and tobacco use (OR 2.2, P = 7.0 × 10−4).

Conclusion

This PheWAS of RA patients identifies a strong association between seronegativity and fibromyalgia. It also affirms relationships between seropositivity and chronic airway obstruction and between seropositivity and tobacco use. These findings demonstrate the utility of the PheWAS approach to discover novel phenotype associations within different subgroups of a disease.
Managing shifting species: Ancient DNA reveals conservation conundrums in a dynamic world
Authors: Waters Jonathan M. , Grosser Stefanie
Published: September 2016

The spread of exotic species represents a major driver of biological change across the planet. While dispersal and colonization are natural biological processes, we suggest that the failure to recognize increasing rates of human‐facilitated self‐introductions may represent a threat to native lineages. Notably, recent biogeographic analyses have revealed numerous cases of biological range shifts in response to anthropogenic impacts and climate change. In particular, ancient DNA analyses have revealed several cases in which lineages traditionally thought to be long‐established “natives” are in fact recent colonizers. Such range expansion events have apparently occurred in response to human‐mediated native biodiversity declines and ecosystem change, particularly in recently colonized, isolated ecosystems such as New Zealand. While such events can potentially boost local biodiversity, the spread of exotic lineages may also hasten the decline of indigenous species, so it is essential that conservation managers recognize these rapid biotic shifts.​
Morphological and transport characteristics of swollen chitosan‐based proton exchange membranes studied by molecular modeling
Authors: Bahlakeh Ghasem , Mahdi Hasani‐Sadrabadi Mohammad , Jacob Karl I.
Published: September 2016

Chitosan biopolymer has been extensively applied in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) as a potential replacement to conventional Nafion membrane for its considerably reduced methanol crossover. Here, we computationally explored the influences of methanol concentration, temperature, and pH parameters upon the nanostructure and dynamics, particularly the methanol crossover, in chitosan proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) through molecular dynamics simulations. Theoretical results demonstrated the increased swelling and radius of gyration of chitosan chains at higher concentrations. Structural examinations further revealed that an increase in methanol loading weakened the water interactions with chitosan functionalities (amineNH2, hydroxylOH, and methoxyCH2OH) whereas improved the methanol affinities toward chitosan, reflecting higher methanol sorption capability of chitosan at enhanced concentrations. Additionally, it was found that interactions between solvents and chitosan strengthened under acidic pH conditions on account of amine protonation. The water diffusivity inside the swollen chitosan diminished by increasing CH3OH uptake, and in contrast diffusivity of methanol was noted to enhance. Furthermore, it was observed that an enhancement in temperature or a decrease in pH intensified solvent mobility. These insights imply that supplying methanol‐concentrated and/or acidic feed solutions into DMFCs based on chitosan PEMs could lower membrane performance due to the significant methanol transport dynamics.
What's in a Name? The Challenge and Utility of Defining Promising and High‐Impact Practices
Authors: Hatch Deryl K. , Crisp Gloria , Wesley Katherine
Published: September 2016

This chapter reviews multiple complementary and divergent descriptions of practices that have been identified as holding particular promise for high impact on college student success and offers a possible map of practices to illustrate key features and relationships.
Using Hybridization and Specialization to Enhance the First‐Year Experience in Community Colleges: A National Picture of High‐Impact Practices in First‐Year Seminars
Authors: Young Dallin George , Keup Jennifer R.
Published: September 2016

This chapter draws from national data to explore unique attributes of first‐year seminars in community college contexts as well as high‐impact practices that are often connected to them. Findings point to areas of opportunity for practice and directions for future research to better understand how community colleges can be poised to meet the increasing number of demands to support student success in effective ways.
Community College First‐Year Experience Programs: Examining Student Access, Experience, and Success from the Student Perspective
Authors: Acevedo‐Gil Nancy , Zerquera Desiree D.
Published: September 2016

This chapter examines community college first‐year experience programs using critical race theory and ecological theory. The study draws on diverse students’ experiences with access, support, and long‐term success within community colleges to assess how these programs foster student success, as told through the voices of student participants.
Histomorphological Phenotyping of the Adult Mouse Brain
Authors: Mikhaleva Anna , Kannan Meghna , Wagner Christel , Yalcin Binnaz
Published: September 2016

This article describes a series of standard operating procedures for morphological phenotyping of the mouse brain using basic histology. Many histological studies of the mouse brain use qualitative approaches based on what the human eye can detect. Consequently, some phenotypic information may be missed. Here we describe a quantitative approach for the assessment of brain morphology that is simple and robust. A total of 78 measurements are made throughout the brain at specific and well‐defined regions, including the cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Experimental design and timeline considerations, including strain background effects, the importance of sectioning quality, measurement variability, and efforts to correct human errors are discussed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Islet Insulin Secretion Measurements in the Mouse
Authors: Hugill Alison , Shimomura Kenju , Cox Roger D.
Published: September 2016

This article describes detailed protocols for in vitro measurements of insulin function and secretion in isolated mouse islets for the analysis of glucose homeostasis. We specify a method of enzyme digestion and hand picking to isolate and release the greatest number of high quality islets from the pancreas of the mouse. We describe an effective method for generating dynamic measurements of insulin secretion using a perifusion assay including a detailed protocol for constructing a peristaltic pump and tubing assembly. In addition we describe an alternative and simple technique for measuring insulin secretion using static incubation of isolated islets. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.