bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal offerings among the Minaeans: The case of ancient Yathil
Authors: Agostini Alessio
Published: April 2020

The hypostyle hall of the Minaean temple Qabḍum in Barāqish (ancient Yathil), dedicated to ʿAthtar dhu‐Qabḍ, is characterised by the presence of four long offertory tables that were discovered in situ in an overall good condition. This article presents an analysis of these objects together with their epigraphic material with the aim of better understanding the rituals that may have been connected to them. The topic is also analysed within the complex history of the sacral area of Yathil, as organised and used by the Minaeans, while also taking into account the later and brief intrusion of the Amīr tribe in the pre‐Islamic site. A comparison with the similar hypostyle hall that was uncovered in the nearby temple of Nakraḥ is also offered, as regards the position and organization of the cultic furniture. The presence of differently arranged cenacles in the South Arabian sacral architecture, which may have been associated with a variety of ceremonies, is also briefly discussed. The use of offertory tables according to a liturgic calendar is finally addressed with the study of a new inscription from the same temple of ʿAthtar dhu‐Qabḍ (Y.05.B.B.14).
DNA Zip‐coding: identifying the source populations supplying the international trade of a critically endangered coastal shark
Authors: Fields A. T. , Fischer G. A. , Shea S. K. H. , Zhang H. , Feldheim K. A. , Chapman D. D.
Published: April 2020

There is an urgent need for population‐specific trade information for overexploited sharks, as international trade regulations are becoming an important tool for their conservation [i.e., listings on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)]. We tested a genetic stock identification (GSI) workflow to quantify the relative contributions of different source populations of the CITES‐listed scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini to international trade hubs for products such as dried fins. We grouped published mitochondrial control region sequences from wild‐captured sharks sampled in 15 locations into 9 differentiated populations that provide broad coverage of the species global distribution. GSI simulations established that these populations are highly identifiable and we trialed this approach to assess the provenance of processed fin trimmings collected randomly from the retail market of Hong Kong, one of the world’s largest shark fin trade hubs in 2014–2015 (N = 72). In this pilot survey, we found over 75% of scalloped hammerhead fin trimmings came from two Pacific Ocean populations, but mostly from the Eastern Pacific (61.4%, of all trimmings; se 7.1%) where this species is listed as ‘Endangered’ under the United States Endangered Species Act. Six of the nine populations were found in this sample of the market, indicating near global sourcing of scalloped hammerhead fins in Hong Kong. We suggest technical and sampling considerations for employing GSI at fin trade hubs in the future to investigate regional sourcing of scalloped hammerheads and other coastal sharks in international trade. Random GSI in trade hubs could revolutionize our understanding of global shark trade dynamics and provide critical information required to effectively implement shark fisheries management and trade restrictions.
Second‐language learning difficulties in Italian children with reading difficulties
Authors: Fazio Denise , Ferrari Livia , Testa Silvia , Tamburrelli Federica , Marra Emma , Biancardi Marta , Palladino Paola , Marzocchi Gian Marco
Published: April 2020

Background

Children with dyslexia often show second‐language reading and writing difficulties, but the cognitive mechanisms connected to this impairment need to be clarified.

Aims

The present study examined the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying learning English as a foreign language in 4th‐ to the 8th‐grade Italian students showing reading difficulties (RD) or typical development (TD). For this purpose, screening involving 901 students was carried out to select children with RD.

Sample

Ninety students with RD were compared with 90 typically developing (TD) children matched for non‐verbal IQ, grade, and gender.

Methods

The two groups were compared on different measures to understand the relationships between reading skills in their mother tongue and in English as a second‐language (L2). Subsequently, their phonological and memory skills were investigated to understand the potential role of these variables in learning L2 English.

Results

Students with RD obtained worse results than TD students for phonological awareness and working memory, which are both crucial to L2 learning.

Conclusions

The results suggest that memory mainly influences accuracy in English writing and, together with phonological skills, plays an important role in reading accuracy. Socio‐economic status also plays an important role in L2 learning.
Pharmacological targeting of natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Miyazato Kiho , Hayakawa Yoshihiro
Published: April 2020

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that rapidly respond to cancer cells without prior sensitization or restriction to the cognate antigen in comparison with tumor antigen‐specific T cells. Recent advances in understanding NK‐cell biology have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and maturation of NK cells, in addition to the control of their effector functions by investigating the receptors and ligands involved in the recognition of cancer cells by NK cells. Such clarification of NK‐cell recognition of cancer cells also revealed the mechanism by which cancer cells potentially evade NK–cell‐dependent immune surveillance. Furthermore, the recent clinical results of T–cell‐targeted cancer immunotherapy have increased the expectations for new immunotherapies by targeting NK cells. However, the potential use of NK cells in cancer immunotherapy is not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the current evidence and future potential of pharmacological targeting of NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Oncolytic adenovirus ORCA-010 increases the type 1 T cell stimulatory capacity of melanoma-conditioned dendritic cells
Authors: López González M , van de Ven R , de Haan H , Eck van der Sluijs J , Dong W , van Beusechem V W , de Gruijl T D
Published: April 2020

Immune checkpoint blockade has resulted in durable responses in patients with metastatic melanoma, but only in a fraction of treated patients. For immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to be effective, sufficient infiltration with tumor-reactive T cells is essential. Oncolytic viruses (OV) selectively replicate in and lyse tumor cells and so induce an immunogenic form of cell death, providing at once a source of tumor-associated (neo)antigens and of danger signals that together induce effective T cell immunity and tumor infiltration. Melanoma-associated suppression of dendritic cell (DC) differentiation effectively hampers OV- or immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced anti-tumor immunity, due to a consequent inability to prime and attract anti-tumor effector T cells. Here, we set out to study the effect of ORCA-010, a clinical stage oncolytic adenovirus, on DC differentiation and functionality in the context of human melanoma. In melanoma and monocyte co-cultures, employing a panel of five melanoma cell lines with varying origins and oncogenic mutation status, we observed clear suppression of DC development with apparent skewing of monocyte differentiation to a more M2-macrophage-like state. We established the ability of ORCA-010 to productively infect and lyse the melanoma cells. Moreover, although ORCA-010 was unable to restore DC differentiation, it induced activation and an increased co-stimulatory capacity of monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. Their subsequent ability to prime effector T cells with a type I cytokine profile was significantly increased in an allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction. Our findings suggest that ORCA-010 is a valuable immunotherapeutic agent for melanoma.
Treatment of a case presenting as critical adenoviral ARDS using Cidofovir with early combinatorial prone ventilation and ECMO
Authors: Liu Chao , Ning Wei‐wei , Chen Yan‐bin , Zhu Ye‐han , Xia Yu , Huang Jian‐an , Chen Cheng
Published: April 2020

Here, we report a case of adenoviral pneumonia associated with critical ARDS treated with Cidofovir, prone ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The patient responded well to therapy and recovered without further complications. Cidofovir, with early prone ventilation and ECMO support, may be a therapeutic option for patients with critical ARDS related to adenoviral pneumonia.
Graft survival of fourth‐time renal transplant recipients is similar to third‐time recipients: A SRTR database analysis
Authors: Petrun Branden M. , Christie Robert , Nygaard Rachel M. , Israni Ajay , Hill Mark J. , Richardson Chad J. , Stahler Paul A.
Published: April 2020

Background

Candidates for repeat kidney transplant (KT) have increased. While graft and patient survival are inferior to primary KT, second and third KTs improve patient survival over dialysis. Little is known about the outcomes after fourth KTs.

Methods

We retrospectively compared characteristics of third and fourth KTs in the SRTR. Factors associated with graft survival in third vs fourth KT and patient survival of fourth KT vs patients waitlisted for a 4th KT were assessed by Cox regression and multivariable linear regression analysis.

Results

There were 3055 third‐ and fourth‐time KTs performed in the United States. Fourth‐time graft survival was not significantly different from third‐time transplants (HR 1.06, P = .653). Patients who received a fourth KT have a significant survival advantage compared with patients who remained on the waitlist for a fourth KT (HR = 0.53, P = .006).

Conclusions

Graft and patient survival of fourth KTs are comparable to third KTs, but inferior to first and second KTs in terms of graft and patient survival. Recipients of fourth KT have had an increased life expectancy compared with patients waitlisted for a fourth KT.
Improving our departmental reporting of thyroid cytology specimens against national guidelines: A two‐cycle retrospective audit
Authors: Halliday Edwin , Harrison Eleanor , Sansom Hugh , Ahsan Syed Farhan , Harrison Katherine
Published: April 2020

Introduction

In the UK, guidelines from the Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) facilitate consistent and reproducible reporting and classification of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) thyroid specimens. The aim was to audit our department against RCPath guidelines to refine and improve our reporting process.

Methods

Two‐cycle retrospective observational audit of all patients undergoing thyroid FNAC over a 2‐year period (1 year for each cycle). Final histology was correlated. The positive predictive value (PPV) for malignant neoplastic lesions was calculated; for Thy1, Thy1c, Thy2 and Thy2c all cases without final histology were assumed to be benign, while for Thy3a, Thy3f, Thy4 and Thy5 samples the PPV calculation was based only on those cytology samples with corresponding histology. False positive and false negative cases were reviewed.

Results

In total, 288 cytology samples were included in the first cycle; 96 (33.3%) had corresponding histology. There were 287 samples included in the second cycle; 119 (41.5%) had follow‐up histology. The rate of non‐diagnostic samples (Thy1/1c) decreased from 39.6% to 30.0%. The PPV for malignant neoplastic lesions was Thy1/1c 2.6%, Thy2/2c 0.0%, Thy3a 40.0%, Thy3f 19.4%, Thy4 75.0%, Thy5 100.0% (first cycle); Thy1/1c 4.7%, Thy2/2c 0.7%, Thy3a 13.3%, Thy3f, 7.7%, Thy4, 50.0%, Thy5 100.0% (second cycle).

Conclusions

Our department was able to reduce the rate of non‐diagnostic FNAC samples and improve the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC. Auditing local outcomes helps refine and improve the reporting process. Review of false positive and false negative cases helps examine potential pitfalls of cytology.
Regulation of adipocyte thermogenesis: mechanisms controlling obesity
Authors: Hussain Mohammed Faiz , Roesler Anna , Kazak Lawrence
Published: April 2020

Adipocyte biology has been intensely researched in recent years due to the emergence of obesity as a serious global health concern and because of the realization that adipose tissue is more than simply a cell type that stores and releases lipids. The plasticity of adipose tissues, to rapidly adapt to altered physiological states of energy demand, is under neuronal and endocrine control. The capacity for white adipocytes to store chemical energy in lipid droplets is key for protecting other organs from the toxic effects of ectopic lipid deposition. In contrast, thermogenic (brown and beige) adipocytes combust macronutrients to generate heat. The thermogenic activity of adipocytes allows them to protect themselves and other tissues from lipid overaccumulation. Advances in brown fat biology have uncovered key molecular players involved in adipocyte determination, differentiation, and thermogenic activation. It is now, well appreciated that three distinct adipocyte types exist: white, beige, and brown. Moreover, functional differences are present within adipocyte subtypes located in anatomically distinct locations. Adding to this complexity is the recent realization from single‐cell sequencing studies that adipocyte progenitors are also heterogeneous. Understanding the molecular details of how to increase the number of thermogenic fat cells and their activation may delineate some of the pathophysiological basis of obesity and obesity‐related diseases. Here, we review recent advances that have extended our understanding of the central role that adipose tissue plays in energy balance and the mechanisms that control their amount and function.
Membrane targeting of core autophagy players during autophagosome biogenesis
Authors: Dudley Leo J. , Makar Agata N. , Gammoh Noor
Published: April 2020

Autophagosomes are vital organelles required to facilitate the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic cargo, thereby playing an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. A number of autophagy‐related (ATG) protein complexes are recruited to the site of autophagosome biogenesis where they act to facilitate membrane growth and maturation. Regulated recruitment of ATG complexes to autophagosomal membranes is essential for their autophagic activities and is required to ensure the efficient engulfment of cargo destined for lysosomal degradation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the spatiotemporal hierarchy between ATG proteins, examining the mechanisms underlying their recruitment to membranes. A particular focus is placed on the relevance of phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate and the extent to which the core autophagy players are reliant on this lipid for their localisation to autophagic membranes. In addition, open questions and potential future research directions regarding the membrane recruitment and displacement of ATG proteins are discussed here.
The validity and reliability of the Stoma Self‐Efficacy Scale: A methodological study
Authors: Karaçay Pelin , Toğluk Yigitoglu Eylem , Karadağ Ayişe
Published: April 2020

Aims

To assess the validity and reliability of the stoma self‐efficacy scale for Turkish‐speaking individuals with stoma.

Background

Self‐efficacy in stoma care is one of the most important variables requiring compliance for an increase in the quality of life and well‐being of individuals with stoma.

Design

A methodological study.

Methods

This study used translation and back translation for the scale's language equivalence and expert opinion for the content validity. An expert panel and 10 individuals with stoma evaluated the scale for face validity. The scale's reliability was assessed by internal consistency, Pearson correlation, and test–retest reliability in a sample of 174 individuals with stomas. The scale's construct validity was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis.

Results

The content validity index was .96, and Cronbach's alpha was .95. In the test–retest analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficients were high. In the factor analysis, two factors emerged from the scale, and after the confirmatory factor analysis and scale modification, the fit indices of the model were found to provide a good level of validity.

Conclusion

The Turkish version of the stoma self‐efficacy scale is a valid and reliable tool to determine the levels of self‐efficacy in individuals with stoma.
Abuse in the caregiving relationship between older people with memory disorders and family caregivers: A systematic review
Authors: Välimäki Tarja , Mäki‐Petäjä‐Leinonen Anna , Vaismoradi Mojtaba
Published: April 2020

Aim

To synthesize what is known about elder abuse and relationship factors associated with abuse between caregivers and older people with memory disorders at home.

Background

Concerns about abuse in the caring relationship between older people with memory disorders and family caregivers have increased. Abuse is associated with negative outcomes on older people's health, quality of life, and zest for life. Abuse in the caring relationship manifests in financial exploitation, neglect, mistreatment, and physical issues.

Design

Systematic review.

Data Sources

Databases including Scopus, PubMed/Medline, SveMed+, Cinalh, SonINDEX, and ProQuest were searched using keywords about abuse in the caring relationship between older people with memory disorders and family caregivers at home. Articles published between 2005–2019 were retrieved and underwent data analysis and knowledge synthesis.

Review Methods

The review was presented under the categories of the dyadic approach of elder abuse in connection with the role of caregiver (risk) and care recipient (vulnerability) by Fulmer et al. (2005).

Results

The search process led to 12 quantitative studies, including an intervention, a prospective, nine surveys, and a cross‐sectional structural interview. Findings were synthesized and presented under ‘personal’, ‘physical and psychological’, and ‘social’ domains indicating the bilateral roles of caregiver and care recipient leading to abuse.

Conclusion

This review depicted factors influencing abuse in the caring relationship between older people with memory disorders and their family caregivers at home. They included family caregivers’ psychological issues, knowledge of memory disorders and modifications, previous caring relationship, social support, number of care recipients, and care recipients’ functional level.

Impact

This review identifies what influences elder abuse by family caregivers using the dyadic approach and explains how abuse can be prevented through suggested strategies.

The review findings are relevant to multidisciplinary healthcare providers and can guide the provision of support, screening and assessment, educational programs, and legislative initiatives.
Predictors of students' participation in internet or computer tutoring for additional instruction and its effect on academic achievement
Authors: Zhu Jinxin , Mok Magdalena M. C.
Published: April 2020

In recent years, it has become common to use the internet or computer tutoring with a programme or application for additional instruction (ICTPAAI), in addition to the mandatory school schedule. This study aimed to understand students' participation in ICTPAAI and its relation to academic achievement. Multilevel structural equation modelling was conducted on a sample comprising 6,425 Chinese students (Mage15.72 years; 48.9% girls) who had various forms of additional instruction during the 2014/2015 school year. Results showed that the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to complete schoolwork, whether in school or outside of school, was positively associated with students' participation in ICTPAAI; however, students' ICT interest, ICT self‐efficacy and ICT autonomy were not. Students' participation in ICTPAAI was negatively associated with their academic achievement at the end of the school year; much variance was explained at the school level. These findings suggest that students should be cautious about participating in this form of additional instruction and that schools play an important role in students' participation in ICTPAAI.
Comment on the supplement article: trainingrequirements and recommendation for the specialty of dermatology and venereology European Standards of Postgraduate Medical Specialist Training: the necessity for adequate training of European dermatology residents in skin of colour
Authors: Plachouri K.‐M. , Georgiou S.
Published: April 2020

Linked article: H.P.M. Gollnick, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34: e597–e598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16484
Answer to the comment by Plachouri et al. on the necessity for adequate training of European dermatology residents in skin of colour
Authors: Gollnick H.P.M. , Arenberger P. , Czarnecka‐Operacz M.
Published: April 2020

Linked article: K.‐M. Plachouri, et al. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34: e596–e597. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.16478
Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar: Morphological and Behavioral Differences Induced by Fibronectin through GTPases Activation and Actin‐Binding Proteins
Authors: Talamás‐Lara Daniel , Rosales‐Encina José Luis , Chávez‐Munguía Bibiana , Acosta‐Virgen Karla , Hernández‐Ramírez Verónica Ivonne , Salazar‐Villatoro Lizbeth , Espinosa‐Cantellano Martha , Martínez‐Palomo Adolfo , Talamás‐Rohana Patricia
Published: April 2020

Early steps of tissue invasion by Entamoeba histolytica are mediated by adhesion and migration through matrix components such as fibronectin with the participation of the actin cytoskeleton. Striking differences in their produced structures, movement, and migration were found. These observations suggest differential changes in their ability to organize the actin cytoskeleton and, therefore, to modify its morphology after adhesion to fibronectin. To understand these observations, we explore deeper the cytoskeleton pathway of E. histolytica compared to Entamoeba dispar, analyzing the activation and involvement of actin cytoskeleton regulatory proteins such as small GTPases (Rho, Rac1 and Cdc42), myosin IB, paxillin, alpha‐actinin, and ARP2/3 during interaction with fibronectin. Results showed a higher activation of Rac1 in E. histolytica compared to E. dispar, while Cdc42 and RhoA were equally activated in both amebae; besides, variations in the amount of myosin IB, paxillin, and ARP2/3 were detected among these species, coinciding and reflected in formation of lamellipodia in E. histolytica and filopodia in E. dispar. These could partially explain the higher invasive capacity of E. histolytica compared to E. dispar, due to its pleomorphic ability, high motility, migration, activation, and abundance of proteins involved in the cytoskeleton arrangement.
Scalp marking tool (SMarT): A simple, novel method to mark the scalp for follow‐up examination
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Mathur Mahesh
Published: April 2020

This study describes a novel and noninvasive method to mark the scalp for a follow‐up examination. This method can be utilized for trichoscopic examination or assess treatment response at a particular scalp site during follow‐up examinations. It can be easily implemented within a dermatology clinic with minimal use of resources.
Bioactive indanes: insight into the bioactivity of indane dimers related to the lead anti-inflammatory molecule PH46A
Authors: Chan Kit , Frankish Neil , Zhang Tao , Ece Abdulilah , Cannon Aoife , O'Sullivan Jacintha , Sheridan Helen
Published: April 2020

Objectives

PH46A (1) demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity in phenotypic models but its mechanism and site of action have been elusive. Current study focused on the bioactivity of PH46 (2) and related novel indane dimers (6-10) to investigate the impact of changes in substitution and stereochemistry at the C-1 and C-2 positions of the PH46 (2) scaffold.

Methods

Cytotoxicity profiles of compounds were established using THP-1 macrophages and SW480 cells. Effects of the compounds were then evaluated at 10 µm using 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and 15-LOX enzymes, and 5-LOX binding was evaluated in silico against NDGA, nitric oxide (NO) released from LPS-induced SW480 cells and cytokines in THP-1 macrophages (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ) and in SW480 cells (IL-8).

Key findings

PH46 (2) and 7 cause reduction in NO, inhibition of 5-LOX with high binding energy and no cytotoxicity effects in THP-1 macrophages and SW480 cell lines (up to 50 µm). The cytokine profiling of the series demonstrated inhibition of IL-6 and TNF-α in THP-1 macrophages together with IL-8 in SW480 cells.

Conclusions

The observed profile of cytokine modulation (IL-6/ TNF-α, IL-8) and inhibition of release of NO and 5-LOX may contribute to the in vivo effects demonstrated by indane dimers and PH46A (1) in murine models of colitis.
Context effect and confirmation bias in criminal fact finding
Authors: Rassin Eric
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Fact finding is an important part of the job of criminal trial judges and juries. In the literature, several potential pitfalls hindering fact finding have been identified, such as context effects (i.e. an unintended effect of non‐probative information on conviction) and confirmation bias (i.e. a skewed selection of and overreliance on guilt‐confirming evidence and neglect of exonerating information). In the present study, the effect of irrelevant contextual information on conviction and subsequent confirmation bias was tested.

Method

A sample of Dutch professional criminal trial judges (N = 105) studied a case file and decided on their conviction of the suspect’s guilt, and subsequent investigation endeavours. There were two versions of the file, differing in non‐probative details that might affect conviction, such as crime severity and facial appearance of the suspect.

Results

Findings suggest that context information indeed affected conviction, and the subsequent preference for guilt‐confirming investigation endeavours.

Conclusion

Professional judges may be susceptible to bias threatening the objectivity of legal decision‐making.
The combination of PIVKA‐II and AFP improves the detection accuracy for HCC in HBV caucasian cirrhotics on long‐term oral therapy
Authors: Loglio Alessandro , Iavarone Massimo , Facchetti Floriana , Di Paolo Dhanai , Perbellini Riccardo , Lunghi Giovanna , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Galli Claudio , Sandri Maria T. , Viganò Mauro , Sangiovanni Angelo , Colombo Massimo , Lampertico Pietro
Published: April 2020

Background & Aims

Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist‐II (PIVKA‐II) has been suggested as a serum biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asian hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐treated subjects but no studies tested it in Caucasian cirrhotics long‐term nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs)‐treated. We assessed the detection accuracy of PIVKA‐II alone or in combination with alpha‐foetoprotein (AFP) in patients under surveillance.

Methods

This cross‐sectional, single centre case‐control study was conducted in 212 NUC‐treated cirrhotics: 64 HCC and 148 HCC‐free controls for 84 (60‐107) months. PIVKA‐II was determined by a CMIA immunoassay (Abbott; limit of quantification: 8.2 mAU/mL).

Results

Protein induced by vitamin K absence or agonist II (PIVKA‐II) and AFP levels were significantly higher in HCC patients [Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system stage 0/A in 91%, diameter 20 (6‐50) mm] compared to controls: 109 (17‐12 157) vs 31 (13‐82) mAU/mL and 5 (1‐1163) vs 2 (1‐7) ng/mL (P < .001 for both markers), with a cut‐off of 48 mAU/mL and 4.2 ng/mL by AUROC analysis. The PIVKA‐II 82 mAU/mL and AFP 7 ng/mL cut‐offs showed 100% specificity, with the former more sensitive (54% vs 42%), accurate (86% vs 83%), with higher negative predictive value (80% vs 76%) compared to AFP for HCC detection. PIVKA‐II more frequently than AFP levels exceeded the cut‐off 6‐18 months before HCC diagnosis. Combining PIVKA‐II with AFP increased sensitivity, accuracy and negative predictive values to 67%, 90% and 85%, preserving 100% specificity. PIVKA‐II was associated with lesions >20 mm or neoplastic thrombosis.

Conclusions

Combination of PIVKA‐II and AFP increases the detection rate for HCC in NUC‐treated HBV Caucasian cirrhotics, a potential new approach for surveillance.
Do reactive oxygen species or does oxygen itself confer obligate anaerobiosis? The case of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Authors: Khademian Maryam , Imlay James A.
Published: April 2020

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was examined to determine whether its obligate anaerobiosis is imposed by endogenous reactive oxygen species or by molecular oxygen itself. Previous analyses established that aerated B. thetaiotaomicron loses some enzyme activities due to a high rate of endogenous superoxide formation. However, the present study establishes that another key step in central metabolism is poisoned by molecular oxygen itself. Pyruvate dissimilation was shown to depend upon two enzymes, pyruvate:formate lyase (PFL) and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), that lose activity upon aeration. PFL is a glycyl‐radical enzyme whose vulnerability to oxygen is already understood. The rate of PFOR damage was unaffected by the level of superoxide or peroxide, showing that molecular oxygen itself is the culprit. The cell cannot repair PFOR, which amplifies the impact of damage. The rates of PFOR and fumarase inactivation are similar, suggesting that superoxide dismutase is calibrated so the oxygen‐ and superoxide‐sensitive enzymes are equally sensitive to aeration. The physiological purpose of PFL and PFOR is to degrade pyruvate without disrupting the redox balance, and they do so using catalytic mechanisms that are intrinsically vulnerable to oxygen. In this way, the anaerobic excellence and oxygen sensitivity of B. thetaiotaomicron are two sides of the same coin.
Colorectal adenocarcinoma metastasis to palatine tonsil as the first presentation: A case report and literature review
Authors: Karawita T. S. , Steele K. , Dhar V. , Chaston N. , Nissanka‐Jayasuriya E. H.
Published: April 2020

Metastases account for only 0.8% of all tonsillar malignancies and the lung, breast, kidney and melanoma are the commonest primary sites. Metastasis of colorectal carcinoma to the palatine tonsil is rare. We report of a 73‐year‐old man who presented with metastatic colorectal carcinoma in the right tonsil as the first presentation; the primary colorectal adenocarcinoma was diagnosed retrospectively. On magnetic resonance imaging, a 3.45 cm tumour was identified in the right oropharynx with associated lymphadenopathy. Tonsillectomy histology confirmed metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. On further imaging, an 8cm mass was identified in the sigmoid colon and a biopsy confirmed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient received two cycles of palliative chemotherapy but died 5 months following presentation. Literature review identified 13 case reports in the English scientific literature and clinicopathological analysis of these is presented. The mean age was 55.21 years (age range – 37–81) with male predominance. Half of the patients had a primary tumour in the rectum. Tonsillar involvement was either primary presentation or has been present at the time of diagnosis of primary colorectal tumour in five cases; in all of these, the differentiation of tumour was poor and 3/5 had signet ring morphology. These tumours showed poor prognosis and the life expectancy was 6–15 months irrespective of the type of treatment. This case highlights the importance of considering metastatic carcinoma in the differential diagnosis even at unlikely sites.
Surgical resection of osteochondroma in the mandibular condyle associated with directional orthodontic treatment: review of literature and a case report
Authors: Bachesk A.B. , Sessenta Junior C.F. , Iwaki Filho L.
Published: April 2020

Characterised by abnormal bone and/or cartilage formation on the surface of a normal bone, osteochondroma is a benign tumour manifested by poorly oriented bony protuberances, covered by hyaline cartilage and of normal histological appearance. Osteochondroma rarely occurs in the buccal and maxillofacial region, and the signs and symptoms vary according to the size and location of the tumour. In cases that involve the condyle of the mandible, the commonly recommended management is the radical resection of the tumour including the condyle, aiming to re‐establish aesthetics and function. When total condilectomy is chosen, there is a discussion in the literature about whether to perform mandibular condyle reconstruction or not. In the vast majority of cases reported, immediate reconstruction or association with other surgical procedures, such as orthognathic surgery, was chosen. This article aims to report a successful management of a case of osteochondroma in the mandibular condyle, resected surgically without immediate reconstruction, associated with directional orthodontic treatment and correlated it with the literature.
Delayed patch test reaction to budesonide in an 8‐year‐old
Authors: Tam Idy , Yu JiaDe
Published: April 2020

Topical corticosteroids are an emerging cause of allergic contact dermatitis in children that may often be missed. It is important to consider patch testing with corticosteroids to detect allergic contact dermatitis in patients with persistent or worsening of dermatitis despite topical corticoseroid treatment. However, delayed reactions (>7 days) to topical corticosteroids may occur, leading to false‐negative reactions and misdiagnosis. Herein, we report a case of an 8‐year‐old girl who developed a positive reaction to budesonide on day 12 of patch testing.
Hope in political philosophy
Authors: Blöser Claudia , Huber Jakob , Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2020

The language of hope is a ubiquitous part of political life, but its value is increasingly contested. While there is an emerging debate about hope in political philosophy, an assessment of the prevalent scepticism about its role in political practice is still outstanding. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of historical and recent treatments of hope in political philosophy and to indicate lines of further research. We argue that even though political philosophy can draw on recent analyses of hope in analytic philosophy, there are distinct challenges for an account of hope in political contexts. Examples such as racial injustice or climate change show the need for a systematic normative account that is sensitive to the unavoidability of hope in politics as much as its characteristic dangers.
Wide vessels sustain marginal transpiration flux and do not optimize inefficient gas exchange activity under impaired hydraulic control and salinity
Authors: Jerszurki Daniela , Sperling Or , Parthasarathi Theivasigamani , Lichston Juliana Espada , Yaaran Adi , Moshelion Menachem , Rachmilevitch Shimon , Lazarovitch Naftali
Published: April 2020

Plants optimize water use and carbon assimilation via transient regulation of stomata resistance and by limiting hydraulic conductivity in a long‐term response of xylem anatomy. We postulated that without effective hydraulic regulation plants would permanently restrain water loss and photosynthetic productivity under salt stress conditions. We compared wild‐type tomatoes to a transgenic type (TT) with impaired stomatal control. Gas exchange activity, biomass, starch content, leaf area and root traits, mineral composition and main stems xylem anatomy and hydraulic conductivity were analyzed in plants exposed to salinities of 1 and 4 dS m−1 over 60 days. As the xylem cannot easily readjust to different environmental conditions, shifts in its anatomy and the permanent effect on plant hydraulic conductivity kept transpiration at lower levels under unstressed conditions and maintained it under salt‐stress, while sustaining higher but inefficient assimilation rates, leading to starch accumulation and decreased plant biomass, leaf and root area and root length. Narrow conduits in unstressed TT plants were related to permanent restrain of hydraulic conductivity and plant transpiration. Under salinity, TT plants followed the atmospheric water demand, sustained similar transpiration rate from unstressed to salt‐stressed conditions and possibly maintained hydraulic integrity, due to likely impaired hydraulic regulation, wider conduits and higher hydraulic conductivity. The accumulation of salts and starch in the TT plants was a strong evidence of salinity tolerance via osmotic regulation, also thought to help to maintain the assimilation rates and transpiration flux under salinity, although it was not translated into higher growth.
Synthesis and integration of thin film solid state electrolytes for 3D Li-ion microbatteries
Authors: Sheil Ryan , Chang Jane P.
Published: April 2020

An essential element to realize lithium-ion microbatteries is an effective and conformal thin film solid state electrolyte over irregular or porous structures with specific composition and controlled elemental spatial distribution. Atomic layer deposition is a surface reaction based and non-line-of-sight technique that can rationally design an optimal electrolyte material, including high conductivity for lithium ions; adhesion to the substrate; uniformity over large area; thermal, mechanical, and electrical stability; and reproducibility required to integrate this deposition method into a manufacturing process. This review focuses on the current state-of-the-art development of a thin film solid state electrolyte, highlights the tunability of the electrical and electrochemical properties by controlling the composition and the microstructure of these materials, and discusses the future outlook in this technologically important area.
Epitaxial metals for interconnects beyond Cu
Authors: Barmak Katayun , Ezzat Sameer , Gusley Ryan , Jog Atharv , Kerdsongpanya Sit , Khaniya Asim , Milosevic Erik , Richardson William , Sentosun Kadir , Zangiabadi Amirali , Gall Daniel , Kaden William E. , Mucciolo Eduardo R. , Schelling Patrick K. , West Alan C. , Coffey Kevin R.
Published: April 2020

Experimentally measured resistivity of Co(0001) and Ru(0001) single crystal thin films, grown on c-plane sapphire substrates, as a function of thickness is modeled using the semiclassical model of Fuchs–Sondheimer. The model fits show that the resistivity of Ru would cross below that for Co at a thickness of approximately 20 nm. For Ru films with thicknesses above 20 nm, transmission electron microscopy evidences threading and misfit dislocations, stacking faults, and deformation twins. Exposure of Co films to ambient air and the deposition of oxide layers of SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, and Cr2O3 on Ru degrade the surface specularity of the metallic layer. However, for the Ru films, annealing in a reducing ambient restores the surface specularity. Epitaxial electrochemical deposition of Co on epitaxially deposited Ru layers is used as an example to demonstrate the feasibility of generating epitaxial interconnects for back-end-of-line structures. An electron transport model based on a tight-binding approach is described, with Ru interconnects used as an example. The model allows conductivity to be computed for structures comprising large ensembles of atoms (105–106), scales linearly with system size, and can also incorporate defects.
Optimization of HiPIMS discharges: The selection of pulse power, pulse length, gas pressure, and magnetic field strength
Authors: Brenning Nils , Butler Alexandre , Hajihoseini Hamidreza , Rudolph Martin , Raadu Michael A. , Gudmundsson Jon Tomas , Minea Tiberiu , Lundin Daniel
Published: April 2020

In high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) operation, there are basically two goals: a high ionized flux fraction of the sputtered target material and a high deposition rate. In this work, it is demonstrated that the former always comes at the cost of the latter. This makes a choice necessary, referred to as the HiPIMS compromise. It is here proposed that this compromise is most easily made by varying the discharge current amplitude, which opens up for optimization of additionally four external process parameters: the pulse length, the working gas pressure, the magnetic field strength, and the degree of magnetic unbalance to achieve the optimum combination of the ionized flux fraction and the deposition rate. As a figure of merit, useful for comparing different discharges, (1−βt) is identified, which is the fraction of ionized sputtered material that escapes back-attraction toward the cathode target. It is shown that a discharge with a higher value of (1−βt) always can be arranged to give better combinations of ionization and deposition rate than a discharge with a lower (1−βt). Maximization of (1−βt) is carried out empirically, based on data from two discharges with Ti targets in Ar working gas. These discharges were first modeled in order to convert measured plasma parameters to values of (1−βt). The combined effects of varying the different process parameters were then analyzed using a process flow chart model. The effect of varying the degree of unbalance in the studied range was small. For the remaining three parameters, it is found that optimum is achieved by minimizing the magnetic field strength, minimizing the working gas pressure, and minimizing the pulse length as far as compatible with the requirement to ignite and maintain a stable discharge.
Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Keating Christopher J. , Párraga Montilla Juan Á. , Latorre Román Pedro Á. , Moreno del Castillo Rafael
Published: April 2020

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is emerging as a safe and effective means to combat chronic diseases. The objective of this work was to perform a systematic review of the effect of HIIT interventions in an aging population. Three electronic databases were searched for randomized trials comparing the effect of HIIT and moderate-intensity continuous training in older adults. After a thorough screening process, 15 articles were identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. All studies expressed a comparable or superior effect of HIIT in cardiorespiratory fitness measures. No studies reported a lessened effect of HIIT in comparison with moderate-intensity continuous training. This systematic review demonstrates that HIIT is a useful exercise regimen, which can be used in older adults to increase cardiorespiratory fitness. More research is needed to determine the effects of HIIT in an aging, predominately female population.
A Bottom-Up Approach To Develop a Synthetic Microbial Community Model: Application for Efficient Reduced-Salt Broad Bean Paste Fermentation
Authors: Jia Yun , Niu Cheng-Tuo , Lu Zhen-Ming , Zhang Xiao-Juan , Chai Li-Juan , Shi Jin-Song , Xu Zheng-Hong , Li Qi
Published: April 2020

Humans have mastered high-salinity fermentation techniques for bean-based fermented product preparation over thousands of years. High salinity was used to select the functional microbiota and conducted food fermentation production with unique flavor. Although a high-salinity environment is beneficial for suppressing harmful microbes in the open fermentation environment, the fermentation efficiency of functional microbes is partially inhibited. Therefore, application of defined starter cultures for reduced-salt fermentation in a sterile environment is an alternative approach to improve the fermentation efficiency of bean-based fermented foods and guide the transformation of traditional industry. However, the assembly and function of self-organized microbiota in an open fermentation environment are still unclear. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of microbial function and the mechanism of community succession in a high-salinity environment during the fermentation of broad bean paste so as to reconstruct the microbial community and realize efficient fermentation of broad bean paste in a sterile environment.
Microbial Ecology of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Hatcheries: Impacts of the Built Environment on Fish Mucosal Microbiota
Authors: Minich Jeremiah J. , Poore Greg D. , Jantawongsri Khattapan , Johnston Colin , Bowie Kate , Bowman John , Knight Rob , Nowak Barbara , Allen Eric E.
Published: April 2020

Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
, is the most farmed marine fish worldwide, with an annual production of 2,248 million metric tons in 2016. Salmon hatcheries are increasingly changing from flowthrough toward recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) design to accommodate more control over production along with improved environmental sustainability due to lower impacts on water consumption. To date, microbiome studies of hatcheries have focused either on the fish mucosal microbiota or on the built environment microbiota but have not combined the two to understand their interactions. Our study evaluates how the water and tank biofilm microbiota influences the fish microbiota across three mucosal environments (gill, skin, and digesta). Results from this study highlight how the built environment is a unique source of microbes to colonize fish mucus and, furthermore, how this can influence fish health. Further studies can use this knowledge to engineer built environments to modulate fish microbiota for beneficial phenotypes.
Pyrethroid Carboxylesterase PytH from
Sphingobium faniae
JZ-2: Structure and Catalytic Mechanism
Authors: Xu Dongqing , Gao Yanyan , Sun Bo , Ran Tingting , Zeng Liangping , He Jianhua , He Jian , Wang Weiwu
Published: April 2020

Pyrethroid pesticides are widely applied in agriculture and household; however, extensive use of these pesticides also causes serious environmental and health problems. The hydrolysis of pyrethroids by carboxylesterases is the major pathway of microbial degradation of pyrethroids, but the structure of carboxylesterases and its catalytic mechanism are still unknown. Carboxylesterase PytH from
Sphingobium faniae
JZ-2 could effectively hydrolyze a wide range of pyrethroid pesticides. The crystal structures of PytH are solved in this study. This showed that PytH belongs to the α/β-hydrolase fold proteins with typical catalytic Ser-His-Asp triad, though PytH has a low sequence identity (about 20%) with them. The special large hydrophobic binding pocket enabled PytH to bind bigger pyrethroid family substrates. Our structures shed light on the substrate selectivity and the future application of PytH and deepen our understanding of α/β-hydrolase members.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Inhibits Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Production by Blocking the Unfolded Protein Response To Facilitate Epithelial Adhesion and Infection
Authors: Pan Qiao , Wang Xiumei , Liu Tong , Yu Ying , Li Lu , Zhou Rui , Li Ganwu , Xin Jiuqing
Published: April 2020

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
causes the disease porcine enzootic pneumonia, a highly contagious and chronic disease affecting pigs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenicity is critical for developing effective interventions to control this swine respiratory disease. Here, we describe a novel virulence mechanism by which
M. hyopneumoniae
interferes with the host unfolded protein response (UPR) and eventually facilitates bacterial adhesion and infection.