bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-learning in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Bell Bradford S. , Federman Jessica E.
Published: May 2013

Over the past decade postsecondary education has been moving increasingly from the classroom to online. During the fall 2010 term 31 percent of U.S. college students took at least one online course. The primary reasons for the growth of e-learning in the nation’s colleges and universities include the desire of those institutions to generate new revenue streams, improve access, and offer students greater scheduling flexibility. Yet the growth of e-learning has been accompanied by a continuing debate about its effectiveness and by the recognition that a number of barriers impede its widespread adoption in higher education.

Through an extensive research review, Bradford Bell and Jessica Federman examine three key issues in the growing use of e-learning in postsecondary education. The first is whether e-learning is as effective as other delivery methods. The debate about the effectiveness of e-learning, the authors say, has been framed in terms of how it compares with other means of delivering instruction, most often traditional instructor-led classroom instruction. Bell and Federman review a number of meta-analyses and other studies that, taken together, show that e-learning produces outcomes equivalent to other delivery media when instructional conditions are held constant. The second issue is what particular features of e-learning influence its effectiveness. Here the authors move beyond the “does it work” question to examine how different instructional features and supports, such as immersion and interactivity, influence the effectiveness of e-learning programs. They review research that shows how these features can be configured to create e-learning programs that help different types of learners acquire different types of knowledge. In addressing the third issue—the barriers to the adoption of e-learning in postsecondary education—Bell and Federman discuss how concerns about fraud and cheating, uncertainties about the cost of e-learning, and the unique challenges faced by low-income and disadvantaged students have the potential to undermine the adoption of e-learning instruction.

Based on their research review, the authors conclude that e-learning can be an effective means of delivering postsecondary education. They also urge researchers to examine how different aspects of these programs influence their effectiveness and to address the numerous barriers to the adoption of online instruction in higher education.
An Overview of American Higher Education
Authors: Baum Sandy , Kurose Charles , McPherson Michael
Published: May 2013

This overview of postsecondary education in the United States reviews the dramatic changes over the past fifty years in the students who go to college, the institutions that produce higher education, and the ways it is financed. The article, by Sandy Baum, Charles Kurose, and Michael McPherson, creates the context for the articles that follow on timely issues facing the higher education community and policy makers.

The authors begin by observing that even the meaning of college has changed. The term that once referred primarily to a four-year period of academic study now applies to virtually any postsecondary study—academic or occupational, public or private, two-year or four-year—that can result in a certificate or degree. They survey the factors underlying the expansion of postsecondary school enrollments; the substantial increases in female, minority, disadvantaged, and older students; the development of public community colleges; and the rise of for-profit colleges. They discuss the changing ways in which federal and state governments help students and schools defray the costs of higher education as well as more recent budget tensions that are now reducing state support to public colleges. And they review the forces that have contributed to the costs of producing higher education and thus rising tuitions.

The authors also cite evidence on broad measures of college persistence and outcomes, including low completion rates at community and for-profit colleges, the increasing need for remedial education for poorly prepared high school students, and a growing gap between the earnings of those with a bachelor’s degree and those with less education. They disagree with critics who say that investments in higher education, particularly for students at the margin, no longer pay off. A sustained investment in effective education at all levels is vital to the nation’s future, they argue. But they caution that the American public no longer seems willing to pay more for more students to get more education. They therefore urge the higher education community to make every effort to find innovations, including creative uses of information technology, that can hold down costs while producing quality education.
Remembering in Public: On the Affective Management of History
Authors: Oushakine Serguei Alex.
Published: May 2013

Through a close reading of media reports and public rituals in 2005-2011, associated with the remembering of the Great Patriotic War, the essay traces a sizable mnemonic shift - from the playful retrofitting of the past in the late 1990s, with its aesthetics of ironic noninvolvement, to the obvious attempts to envision "history" as an assemblage of emotionally charged objects, undertaken during the past decade. Following two phenomena - forms of memorialization realized in the process of embodiment, and a desire for historical connectivity fulfilled through acts of memorial linking - the article shows how these two kinds of mnemonic activity emerge as dominant ways of approaching and organizing the Soviet experience of the Great Patriotic War in postmillennial Russia. В статье Сергея Ушакина анализируются различные форматы обращения к теме Великой Отечественной войны в прессе и публичные коммеморативные ритуалы 2005-2011 гг. В центре внимания - мнемонический сдвиг с игровой "ретроизации" 1990-х гг., с присущей ей эстетикой иронической дистанцированности, на попытки представить "историю" как набор эмоционально заряженных объектов. В статье рассматриваются два феномена: формы коммеморации, реализующиеся через наделение объектов эмоциональным содержанием, и создание ощущения исторической преемственности посредством акта коммеморативного увязывания. Ушакин показывает, как эти типы мнемонической деятельности функционируют в качестве доминирующих способов восприятия и организации советского опыта Великой Отечественной войны в России 2000-х годов.
They Were Genuinely Liberal, Liberals of the Right
Authors: Magun Artemy
Published: May 2013

Artemy Magun thinks that Mark Lipovetsky nicely emphasizes the social subject that is the bearer of the hegemonic ideology of the late Soviet period. However, he approaches the ITR discourse as described by Lipovetsky as a reflection of a classical bourgeois consciousness. Magun suggests that Soviet ITRs were the result of the thermidorean embourgeoisement of Soviet society, particularly epitomized in the mass emergence of private apartments in the 1960s and reinforced through the stimulation of consum­erism in the 1970s. This being said, he thinks that the social basis of late Soviet ideology should not be absolutized. Today ITRs are a thing of the past. Their place is taken by the cognitariat : educated wage laborers, mostly specializing in communications and management, who are much less secure and self-assured than the Soviet ITRs. Although their slogans are familiar from the Soviet and perestroika eras (moral opposition to the regime, and the defense of "normalcy" against the irrational corrupt mafiosi), now they no longer correspond to social reality. These values are specters of the past (Marx), an instance of false consciousness. By way of a conclusion, Magun reprimands Lipovetsky for relying on the works of "prominent representa­tives of the Russian liberal right" such as Lev Gudkov and Dina Khapaeva, whose pessimistic assessment of the contemporary Russian society seduces Lipovetsky to exaggerate the continuity with Soviet times. Similarly, his idealized reading of the West is based on the uncritical evocation of the "apologetic pop best seller by Richard Florida." Magun calls for a serious consideration of the ruptures between late Soviet and post-Soviet histories and acceptance of the idea that the Soviet ITRs were "genuinely liberal, liberals of the right."
Артемий Магун считает, что Марку Липовецкому удалось очертить социальную базу технократической и консервативной идеологии, которая парадоксальным образом стала ассоциироваться с позднесо­ветским и постсоветским либерализмом. Магун развивает аргумент Липовецкого в марксистском ключе, предлагая классовый анализ буржуазной природы советского технократического общественного слоя. Он подчеркивает наличие важных различий между советским технократическим классом и когнитариатом постсоветского общества. Протестное движение когнитариата использует старые перестроечные лозунги, но находится в другой, менее безопасной, социальной позиции. Магун тем самым заключает, что это противоречие между социальной позицией и заимствованной идеологией вскоре должно разрешиться. В конце своего эссе автор критикует Липовецкого за использование работ Льва Гудкова и Дины Хапаевой, которые, с его точки зрения, являются выразителями постсоветской консервативной идеологии, или правого либерализма. Таким образом, по мнению Магуна, Липовецкий упускает возможность проанализировать глобальные тенденции к праволиберальному повороту части интеллектуального класса, что характеризует постсоветскую Россию.
Was Lev Gumilev a "Eurasianist?": A New Look at His Postwar Contacts with Petr Savitskii
Authors: Beisswenger Martin
Published: May 2013

This article reexamines the personal and intellectual contacts between P. N. Savitskii and L. N. Gumilev during the 1950s and 1960s in order to assess the validity of Gumilev's claims to be "the last Eurasianist." These contacts are placed within the context of Savitskii's dynamic intellectual biography. It is argued that after World War II, when his contacts with Gumilev took place, Savitskii himself had already abandoned the central ideas of "classical" Eurasianism and, thus, strictly speaking ceased to be a Eurasianist. At least since the late 1930s Savitskii's "classical" Eurasianist historiosophical and political ideas developed into a new, explicitly anti-Western and pro-Soviet, yet still anticommunist conceptual framework that can be called "trans-Eurasianism." It was Savitskii's "trans-Eurasianism" that brought him intellectually close to Gumilev. By adding this transitional stage to Savitskii's intellectual odyssey we can better explain both continuities and discontinuities between "classical" and neo-Eurasianism. Мартин Бейсвенгер по-новому анализирует личные и интеллекту­альные контакты между П. Н. Савицким и Л. Н. Гумилевым в 1950-е и 1960-е гг., пытаясь оценить обоснованность утверждений Гумилева о себе как о "последнем евразийце". Эти контакты рассмотрены в кон­тексте динамично изменяющейся интеллектуальной биографии Савиц­кого. В статье утверждается, что после Второй мировой войны, когда завязались контакты между Савицким и Гумилевым, сам Савицкий уже отошел от основных идейных положений "классического" евразийства и, в точном понимании этого слова, уже перестал быть евразийцем. По крайней мере, с конца 1930-х гг. историософские и политические идеи Савицкого периода "классического" евразийства постепенно сменились новыми концептуальными представлениями, которые можно обозна­чить термином "трансевразийство". Эти представления были открыто антизападническими и просоветскими, но в то же время по-прежнему оставались антикоммунистическими. Именно "трансевразийство" Савицкого интеллектуально сблизило его с Гумилевым. Выделив эту новую, переходную стадию в интеллектуальной одиссее Савицкого, можно лучше объяснить преемственность и различия между "класси­ческим" евразийством и неоевразийством.
Феминистская языковая реформа как ресурс беларуского национализма: частный случай "феминизации бела­руского языка"
Authors: Першай Александр
Published: May 2013

The article investigates how present-day Belarusian nationalism determines the quality of research and intellectual writing in Belarus. This is a case study of a book titled "Feminization of the Belarusian Language," by Uladzislaŭ Harbatski, which supposedly advocates gender equity in language and aims to introduce female versions of professional titles. The article argues that the Belarusian nationalist and anticolonial agenda overwrites the feminist message in the case of linguistic feminization. The latter is just an occasion to fight for the revival of "proper" Belarusian, which was affected by the Russification Language Reform of 1933 during Soviet totalitarianism. It is an occasion to publicly articulate the issues related to the Belarusian nationalist movement and identity. No matter how small, the book in question represents a tendency in post-Soviet Belarusian humanities to declare and employ a specific research field in order to reproduce the pro-European nationalist and anticolonial agenda.
Was the Soviet Engineer So Unique?
Authors: Tamas Pal
Published: May 2013

In his essay Pal Tamas attempts to "translate" Lipovetsky's project into the language of the sociology of science and professions and to determine whether the ITRs as a discursive community (Lipovetsky) and a sociological/professional group coincide. He applies to the Soviet case the classical German distinction between the Bildungsburgertum (the middle class shaped by education rather than economic position) and the proprietor class, and concludes that the ITRs fulfilled the social role of the former under the absence of the later. Tamas traces the story of the Soviet technical intelligentsia and the genealogy of the "Soviet engineer" as the symbol and carrier of Soviet modernity. He focuses on the application of the American and German tripartite model of the engineer, the manager, and the (corporate) lawyer to Soviet realities of the 1930s, and on the Soviet script of the engineer. Tamas summarizes the post-Soviet transfer of former ITRs to global professionals in a basic typology of their habitual maps. The essay concludes with the assertion that a dialogue with Lipovetsky's model of the ITR culture seems to be a fruitful way of pursuing innovative research on late Soviet modernity.

Пал Тамаш попытался "перевести" размышления Марка Липовецкого на язык социологии науки и профессий и ответить на вопрос, совпадает ли ИТР как дискурсивное сообщество с ИТР как социологической/профессиональной группой. К советскому материалу он прикладывает классическое немецкое разграничение между Bildungsburgertum (средний класс, определяемый не столько через экономическую позицию, сколько через образование) и классом собственников и делает вывод, что ИТР выполняли социальную функцию первого при отсутствии в стране второго. Тамаш прослеживает историю советской технической интеллигенции и генеалогию "советского инженера" как символа и носителя советской модерности. Он рассматривает, как американская и немецкая трехчленная модель "инженер - менеджер - юрист (корпоративный)" была адаптирована к советским реалиям 1930-х гг. и как возник "советский сценарий инженера". Постсоветскую эволюцию ИТР в глобальных профессионалов Тамаш представляет в виде типологии их основных поведенческих (хабитуальных) карт. Эссе завершается признанием, что диалог с моделью ИТР-культуры Липовецкого может быть продуктивным способом новаторского осмысления позднесоветской модерности.
Humanism of "Zhivago's Children" versus Progressivism of the ITRs
Authors: Zubok Vladislav
Published: May 2013

In his reaction to Mark Lipovetsky's essay, Vladislav Zubok suggests that the Soviet intelligentsia was not a second version of the prerevolutionary one and warns against treating the Soviet educated classes epiphenomenally. Similarly, post-Soviet Russian intellectuals differ drastically in their environ ment from Soviet ones. Zubok also argues that the "binary concepts" and "essentialist thinking" of the Soviet intelligentsia criticized by Lipovetsky are part of any politics, and conceptual vehicles such as class, gender, or nation are important for political mobilization. Zubok also wonders about the lack of patriotism among contemporary Russian liberals and connects the absence of political nationalism or patriotism among the intelligentsia to the specific conditions of the post-Stalin USSR. For Zubok, even the political nation of "rossiiane" requires a culture of affection. He contends that the historical lesson for the Russian intelligentsia lies in its inability to bridge the gap to the millions of supporters of Vladimir Putin. Finally, Zubok argues that although the Soviet intelligentsia did not generate its own postructuralism or participate in the Western strand of it, this did not present a uniform phenomenon. Zubok describes the diversity of this intelligentsia as underwritten by the "universalist humanism" of the Russian tradition, from the religious-philosophical writers of the Silver Age to the formalists. Finally, Zubok argues that Russian intellectuals cannot limit themselves to cultural politics if they desire political relevance. В своей реакции на эссе Марка Липовецкого Владислав Зубок утверждает, что советская интеллигенция вовсе не была очередным переизданием дореволюционной русской интеллигенции. Он также говорит о том, что не следует рассматривать советскую интеллигенцию как деривативный и вторичный феномен. Постсоветские интеллектуалы также радикально отличаются от своих советских предшественников. Зубок утверждает, что "бинарные концепты" и "эссенциалистское мышление", которые Липовецкий подвергает критике в своем эссе, являются неотделимой частью политики и такие понятия, как "класс", "гендер" или "нация", важны для политической мобилизации. Зубок задает вопрос, почему современные российские интеллектуалы избе­гают проявлений патриотизма, и связывает отсутствие патриотизма и политического национализма в России со специфическими условиями постсталинского СССР. Как утверждает Зубок, даже политическая нация "россиян" требует культуры аффекции. По мнению Зубока, исторический урок для российской интеллигенции состоит в ее не­способности найти взаимопонимание с миллионами тех, кто голосует за Путина. Зубок заключает свою реакцию на эссе Липовецкого тем, что указывает на разнообразие советской интеллигенции и ее корни в "универсалистском гуманизме" Серебряного века. По мнению Зубока, российские интеллектуалы, если они не хотят оставаться политическими маргиналами, не могут ограничивать себя вопросами культурной политики.
Итак, как мы понимаем свободу? (Генеало­гия свободы). Лекция в университете Нового Южного Уэльса 30 августа 2012 г.
Authors: Скиннер Квентин
Published: May 2013

Instead of offering a definition of freedom, Quentin Skinner in his lecture proceeds genealogically, asking how the concept arose and developed in our culture and what uses it has been put to. He concentrates on the Anglophone tradition of political philosophy, beginning from the liberal concept of freedom in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan . Hobbes thought that freedom consists in an absence of interference, and he offered an analysis of interference. In the Hobbesian account, only bodily interference takes away freedom of action, and if it is only one's will that is coerced, one obeys freely. This assumption was reconsidered in John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1690). Locke claimed that coercion of the will − and not just coercion of the body − takes away freedom. Skinner turns to an intellectual genealogy of "coercion," paying attention not only to Locke's interpretation but also to Jeremy Bentham's in the treatise Of Laws in General . Skinner calls this genealogical line the liberal way of thinking about negative freedom that in a way culminates in Isaiah Berlin's famous essay, Two Concepts of Liberty . He then turns to another line of thinking within the liberal tradition, represented by John Stuart Mill's On Liberty of 1859. Mill rejected the interpersonal nature of freedom and asked: could it be the case that the agent who interferes with your own freedom could be yourself? Skinner reviews three major answers to this question: the tradition connecting freedom and reason (from Plato to Kant); the idea of the yoke of public opinion, which feeds an important strand of existentialist moral philosophy that contrasts a genuinely free action with an authentic action; and the concept of the false consciousness (Marx). Skinner then proceeds to the end of the nineteenth century, when no-interference (the negative definition) became a radically incomplete way of thinking about freedom, and when the idea that human nature is normative was inserted into their logic of thinking. To have freedom was reconsidered as to be able to act in accord with the essence of human nature (neo-Hegelian moral and political philosophers). Skinner further scrutinizes this "positive" view of freedom: the Christian version; in Hannah Arendt's essay Between Past and Future (freedom is politics); in the great Canadian philosopher of freedom Charles Taylor's, Sources of the Self , and so on. At the end, Skinner reestablishes a tradition that was marginalized by the rise of modern liberal political philosophy − the tradition that thinks of freedom not by contrast with interference but by contrast with slavery. He shows how hidden mechanisms of societal inequality can be made visible with the help of this concept and concludes, that "something of extreme importance has got rubbed out, in Gramscian terms, by the hegemony of liberal ideologies and it would be beneficial to our current discussions about civic freedom if it could be put back."
Soviet Modernity in a Global Conversation: The Universe of Elite Progressors
Authors: Lemon Alaina
Published: May 2013

Alaina Lemon finds Lipovetsky's argument compelling and provocative. She confirms that the tropes of exceptional personalities that Lipovetsky describes are present; whether or not they are directly performative, they have had and still have effects. Lemon attempts to apply Lipovetsky's de construction of the ITR-culture to the U.S. context and sees the effects of similar techniques in the Anglophone media for creating representations of "stupid masses" and "ironic" elites. There is no shortage of science-fiction texts and movies in the United States that have lionized "the one," "the genius," "the enlightened." Lemon starts with examining some of the reasons that Americans might have trouble seeing this affinity, and continues with analyzing the narrative of elitism and progressorship in the popular TV series Star Trek (1966 onward). She concludes with the following suggestions: "perhaps the linkages that Lipovetsky sees between long-standing tropes of elite progressors of evolution and recent failures of social protest have drawn force as they have shuttled through transnational circuits of translation and practice? It matters less where they first emerged (if one can even argue such a thing), but rather, what they do."

Алайна Лемон считает концепцию ИТР-культуры, предложенную Марком Липовецким, весьма убедительной. Вне зависимости от того, обладают ли выявленные им тропы прогрессорства непосредственной перформативностью, они влияли и влияют на восприятие реальности. В своем эссе Лемон пытается оценить возможности деконструкции ИТР-культуры применительно к американскому контексту. В частности ее интересует действие подобных техник (использование аналогичных тропов) в англофонных средствах массовой информации применительно к утверждению образов "примитивных масс" и "ироничных" элит. Лемон подчеркивает, что в США существует богатая традиция научной фантастики и кино, прославляющая "избранного", "гения", "просвещенного". Лемон рассматривает причины, не позволяющие американцам видеть близость этой традиции культурному феномену, описанному Липовецким. Далее она переходит к анализу нарратива элитизма и прогрессорства в популярном телевизионном сериале Star Trek (в эфире с 1966 г.). Эссе завершается следующим предположением: "…возможно, связи, которые Липовецкий устанавливает между устойчивыми тропами элитного прогрессорства и неудачами недавней волны социального протеста, усиливались по мере того как они путешествовали по транснациональным сетям перевода и практики? Не так уж важно, где они возникли впервые (если вообще об этом можно говорить), важнее то, как они действуют и какой результат производят".
Q&A Session after the Public Lecture of Quentin Skinner
Authors: Kessler Clive , Skinner Quentin , Maddison Sarah , Malpas Nick , Gascoigne John , Rao Ursula , Donald James
Published: May 2013

This is a publication of the Q&A session that followed Quentin Skin­ner's lecture. He was asked to reflect on variations of dependence (as an alternative to using a general notion of dependence); to comment on the application of his (positive) notion of freedom to cases where the outcome of the struggle for freedom is a different kind of unfreedom; to clarify rela­tionships between the concepts of nondependence and noninterference and self-realization and noninterference. Настоящая публикация является расшифровкой обмена вопросами и ответами, последовавшего после лекции Квентина Скиннера. В частности его попросили ответить на вопросы о вариантах зависимости как альтернативе использования обобщенного понятия зависимости, о трактовке "свободы" применительно к ситуациям, когда борьба за свободу приводит к новому состоянию несвободы, об отношениях между концепциями независимости и невмешательства, самореализации и невмешательства.
Clarifying Positions
Authors: Lipovetsky Mark
Published: May 2013

In his response to the colleagues' critique, Lipovetsky emphasizes the discursive (as opposed to political and/or ideological) character of the intelligentsia community, shaped by the ITR discourse. Developing ideas generated by the discussion and revisiting the trope of "progressor", he introduces a hypothesis of this discursive formation as a version of "internal colonization" (Alexander Etkind). In this capacity, this discourse has obtained a central position in late Soviet culture and, having undergone the transformation, preserved its significance, now predominantly conservative, for post-Soviet culture. В своем ответе на отзывы коллег Марк Липовецкий подчеркивает дискурсивный (а не политический или идеологический) характер интеллигентского сообщества, образованного ИТР-дискурсом. Отталкиваясь от высказанных в дискуссии суждений и развивая троп "прогрессора", он высказывает гипотезу об ИТР-дискурсе как варианте "внутренней колонизации" (А. Эткинд). Именно в этом качестве ИТР-дискурс приобрел одну из центральных позиций в поздней советской культуре и, трансформировавшись, сохранил теперь все более консервативное значение для постсоветской культуры.
В связи с переходом на другое место жительства: коллективная межэтническая кооперация в ситуации карабахского конфликта
Authors: Гусейнова Севиль , Румянцев Сергей
Published: May 2013

Sevil Huseinova and Sergey Rumiantsev suggest new ways to approach the political/nationalist conflicts that accompanied the dissolution of the USSR. In their research, they seek ways to overcome mythologizing, historicizing (rooting into the past), and essentializing narratives of the so-called ethnic conflicts, by changing the scale of their analysis from the macro level to a microanalysis. If the first approach presents political conflicts as a clash of homogeneous and coherent groups, the second approach is inspired by Rogers Brubaker's criticism of the "realism of the group." It privileges decentralized, nonstate and local mechanisms of everyday intra-ethnic cooperation along the lines conceptualized by James Fearon and David Laitin. This methodological approach is applied to the case study of a peaceful collective population exchange between two villages during the Armenian−Azerbaijani conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. The long-term research included participant observation and the collection of biographical interviews. As a result, the authors deconstruct the broad net of local interethnic cooperation that is usually invisible in a macro-level analysis. They trace the escalation of the conflict and its perception on a local level, the emergence of the idea of the population exchange and stages of its implementation, the changes in individual and collective understandings of belonging (to a territory, a region, a state, a nation), the transfer of collective traditional practices and rituals, and so on. Huseinova and Rumiantsev conclude that the Karabakh conflict, as many other similar cases that resulted from the dissolution of the USSR, should be analyzed as new and modern conflicts and contextualized at a micro level. Overall, their research undermines the validity of approaching the post-Soviet ethnic conflicts as having "resumed," as incidents of historical and lasting struggles and disagreements.
Shedding the White and Blue: American Migration and Soviet Dreams in the Era of the New Economic Policy
Authors: Sawyer Benjamin W.
Published: May 2013

This article examines immigration from North America to the Soviet Union under the immigration policy of the NEP-era Soviet state (1921-1927). Drawing on archival sources in both the United States and Russia, Sawyer contends that the failure of this policy to fulfill Soviet leaders' goals rests primarily with those charged with recruiting and managing immigration. In supporting this argument, Sawyer interrogates the expectations of state policymakers in Moscow, their agents outside the Soviet capital, and the migrants themselves, to demonstrate that the "disillusion" narrative that has long served as the dominant explanation for the policy's failure is not only largely incorrect, but also is dismissive of those who had very real reasons to be dissatisfied with their new lives. Far from "utopian dreamers" whose unrealistic visions of Soviet space were shattered by the horrible political realities they encountered upon arrival, most American migrants in these years held expectations that were not inherently out of reach, but were made unattainable by the disconnect between the aims of Soviet leaders in Moscow and their agents outside the capital as well as the administrative deficiencies of the early Soviet state. В статье исследуется проблема иммиграции из Северной Америки в СССР и советская иммиграционная политика в годы нэпа (1921-1927). Основываясь на американских и российских (советских) архивных источниках, Сойер утверждает, что неспособность этой политики решить задачи, стоявшие перед советским руководством, объясняется провалом в деятельности организаций и лиц, занимавшихся рекрути­рованием и управлением иммиграцией. Сойер анализирует ожидания от иммиграции советского руководства в Москве, ответственных лиц за пределами столицы и самих иммигрантов. Он показывает, что нар­ратив "разочарования", который в течение долгого времени служил основным объяснением провала советской иммиграционной политики, не вполне верен, поскольку не учитывает реальных оснований для разочарования новых иммигрантов в СССР. Эти иммигранты вовсе не были "мечтателями-утопистами", чьи нереалистичные представления разбивались при столкновении с ужасными политическими реалиями советской жизни. Как показывает Сойер, ожидания большинства американских иммигрантов не выходили за пределы достижимого и они были готовы адаптироваться к местным условиям. Иммиграционная кампания провалилась из-за отсутствия четкой координации задач и действий советского руководства в Москве с исполнителями за пределами столицы, а также в силу административной неэффективности раннего советского государства.
Yesuwǒn: An Ongoing Experiment in the Kangwǒndo Wilderness
Authors: Torrey Deberniere
Published: May 2013

In the mid 1960s, a small group of people pitched a tent in the mountains of Kangwŏn province and began building Yesuwŏn (Jesus Abbey). They were led by an American Anglican couple who envisioned a quiet, twelve-member household dedicated to prayer, labor, and the experiment of communal living. But by the mid 1980s, thousands were visiting the “Abbey” each year, and its long-term household at times reached fifty or more. The lifestyle of this community and the writings of its founder, Archer Torrey, became a popular reference point in movements toward renewal in mainstream Korean Evangelicalism. This position of influence may be traced to several factors. First, the Abbey’s existence and the teachings of its founder have challenged the tendency in the mainstream Korean Church to favor sectarianism and church growth over holism and social justice. At the same time, the community’s message has affirmed the traditional emphases of prayer and the work of the Holy Spirit. Finally, the Abbey’s manner of existence independent of a mission board and adaptive to the needs arising over time has further integrated it into the Korean Christian landscape. As of this writing, the community faces a time of transition, and the experiment remains open to the future.
Contested Heritage: The “Yanghwajin Controversy” and Korean Protestantism
Authors: Underwood Elizabeth
Published: May 2013

In 2007, the Yanghwajin cemetery in Seoul, Korea became the site of a controversy between the mostly foreign Seoul Union Church and the Hundredth Anniversary Memorial Church, formed by the Committee for the Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary of the Korean Church. The controversy, ostensibly over the care of the foreigners’ cemetery and possession of a chapel built to commemorate a century of Protestant Christianity in Korea, is also a conflict over the heritage represented by the missionaries buried in the cemetery. Though missionary graves make up less than a quarter of the graves at Yanghwajin, the cemetery has become a site of heritage for the Korean Protestant Church. As such, the narratives told there hold enormous sway. In this essay I examine the narratives emerging from the controversy, to determine what they say about the role of missionaries in Korean history, the legacy of those missionaries today, and the relationship of the church to Korea’s modernization. I argue that these narratives selectively craft the story of early missionaries in response to Korean nationalist historiography in an effort to assert the relevance of the Korean Protestant Church to Korean modernization and historical memory.
The Transformation of the Catholic Church in Korea: From a Missionary Church to an Indigenous Church
Authors: Baker Don
Published: May 2013

A Catholic community emerged in Korea at the end of the eighteenth century but Korea’s Catholics were not allowed to practice their faith openly until the end of the nineteenth century. The official persecution Catholics endured for most of the nineteenth century left the Catholic community in Korea weak and battered, and dependent for survival on foreign missionaries. The Korean Catholic Church did not become a truly Korean church, one with a clergy that was predominantly Korean, until after the Korean War. Today, however, the vast majority of Catholic priests and nuns are Korean, and every bishop is Korean, a sharp contrast with the 1930s when none were. This Koreanization of the clergy has been accompanied by a Koreanization of Catholic rituals and parish life, including the use of Korean rather than Latin in major rituals and a greater role for lay believers in the management of parishes. In addition, since its leadership is now Korean, the Korean Catholic Church has taken a much more active role in such local issues as democratization and protection of the environment. As a result, the Korean Catholic community has attracted many more members, almost tripling in size since 1985.
The Bishop’s Dilemma: Gustave Mutel and the Catholic Church in Korea, 1890–1910
Authors: Rausch Franklin
Published: May 2013

Bishop Gustave Mutel (1854–1933) has been criticized for condemning An Chunggŭn (1879–1910) for assassinating Itō Hirobumi (1841–1909). This rejection of An’s actions has led not only to scholarly criticism, but to a struggle within the Catholic Church between conservative and progressive Catholics over how authority is exercised. This debate, connected to power and framed by nationalism, at times overlooks Bishop Mutel’s own worldview. Therefore, in this study, based primarily on Mutel’s own writings, I will explore the question of why Mutel acted in the way he did from the religious perspective he held, and by doing so, I will reveal the difficult situation he and the Catholic Church faced in the waning days of the Chosŏn dynasty. I will do this by looking first at his background and religious views, then by examining his relationship with the Chosŏn and Japanese colonial states, and end by analyzing his reaction to An’s assassination of Itō. I will argue that as a missionary who focused on spiritual salvation, Mutel sought tolerance for the Catholic Church and a strong government that could protect the lives and property of Catholics, leading him to grudgingly accept the Japanese colonial state and to condemn the assassination.
Via Media in the Land of Morning Calm: The Anglican Church in Korea
Authors: Kim Sean C.
Published: May 2013

Anglicanism has traditionally identified itself as the via media , the “middle way” between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. This study examines the history of the Anglican Church in Korea. What has been its relationship to the Catholic and Protestant churches? Has the via media meant serving as a bridge between the two? Or has it meant maintaining an independent position? The history of Korean Anglicanism reveals a changing and evolving identity. Initially, the Anglican Church was a small, relatively isolated community that sought ties with neither Catholics nor Protestants. But as the Church started to grow and develop, especially after the Korean War, Anglicans assumed an active role in the ecumenical movement, reaching out to both Catholics and Protestants. The shift took place as two significant transformations took place in the Church. First, a new generation of missionaries arrived to rebuild the Church after the war—a group more socially and politically engaged than their predecessors. Second, the postwar years also witnessed the emergence of native Korean leaders in the Church. The missionaries and Korean leaders alike envisioned a vital ecumenical and national role for the Anglican Church.
Protestant Bible Education for Women: First Steps in Professional Education for Modern Korean Women
Authors: Strawn Lee-Ellen
Published: May 2013

Bible education in the Korean Protestant Church is a notable strain of modern education for women in the early twentieth century. Not only did these opportunities provide many Korean women with basic literacy skills, but the advanced training for certified Bible Woman status represented the initial steps in women’s professional education. Such professional education of Bible Women, open to women from all walks of life, was an avenue for self-betterment, professional transformation and social mobility. With a focus on theological and practical training, Bible classes, Bible institutes and Bible training schools provided women with heretofore unavailable opportunities to meet publicly with women of diverse backgrounds and to be taught and led by Korean women. Bible classes provided some of the first opportunities for professional female leadership in modern Korea and thus they portrayed a pattern of transmission of the Bible both for and by Korean women. In this way, Bible education for women deserves to be recognized as the first steps in women’s leadership and professional education in modern Korean society.
“Japan and Korea for Christ and His Church”: The Unexpected Success and Demise of the Yotsuya/William D. Cunningham Mission, a Mission of the Stone-Campbell Movement
Authors: Lee Timothy S.
Published: May 2013

The Yotsuya/William D. Cunningham Mission operated from 1901 to 1953 in Japan and Korea as a mission of the Independent Christian Church, a stream of the Stone-Campbell Movement, a Protestant reform movement that originated in the United States and known during its earlier years for its eschewal of denominationalism and emphasis on a return to biblical Christianity. The founders of the Mission, William D. Cunningham and his spouse Emily Boyd, sought to develop the Mission mainly as a Japan-based endeavor, with Korea as a subsidiary. But as the Mission developed, the Cunninghams unexpectedly discovered that they were more successful in Korean than in Japan, causing them to reorient their mission policy to cater more to Koreans. For a time, the Yotsuya/Cunningham Mission thrived, becoming the most successful mission of the Independent Christians in Japan. Following the death of Williams, however, the Mission fell on hard times and eventually folded, as it found itself embroiled in internal rivalries and unable to recover from the difficulties it experienced in the final years of Japanese rule in Korea, owing mainly to its refusal to embrace State Shintoism.
Writing on the Margins of the World: Hester Lynch Piozzi’s Retrospection (1801) as Middlebrow Art?
Authors: Hughes-Warrington Marnie
Published: May 2013

Hester Lynch Piozzi’s Retrospection is little discussed in the historiography of world history. This article explores Piozzi’s composition, publication, and repeated reinscription of the work from the mid 1780s to her death in 1821, and locates it within her varied efforts at describing a social index of affinity and cohesion. Drawing out this dimension of the work highlights the opportunity to connect textual annotation with another nineteenth-century textual expression of social relationships—photography—and thereby provides an avenue to expand John Sutton’s research on physical “exograms” through a consideration of desired as well as actual relationships. In this way, Retrospection —and world histories—are seen as opportunities for authors to bind themselves to the “middlebrow” communities of friend-readers, and thus as works of far “smaller compass” than traditional analyses of imperial and national themes would suggest.
Toward a Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean, 1750–1919
Authors: Burke Edmund
Published: May 2013

Is the modern Mediterranean one place with a common history? Or several places, riven by colonialism? Viewed from a global perspective, the Mediterranean region has enjoyed a common historical experience since 1500. Increasingly semiperipheral with respect to the world capitalist system, and characterized by weak state structures, delayed or muffled class formation, agrarian backwardness, and the persistence of pastoralism, the coming to modernity of the Mediterranean thus foreshadows the historical experience of the Third World in its unity and diversity. This article offers some strategies for approaching the modern Mediterranean as a new object of world historical study.
Visions of Juliana: A Portuguese Woman at the Court of the Mughals
Authors: Zaman Taymiya R.
Published: May 2013

This article discusses Juliana Dias da Costa (d. 1734), an influential Portuguese woman at the court of the Mughal king Bahadur Shah I (d. 1712). Through an analysis of sources that traverse three centuries and several languages, this article demonstrates how visions of Juliana were shaped by the political aspirations of those writing about her. To Jesuits, Juliana was a proxy for their mission in India, and to the Portuguese, she was one of their own, strategically placed at court to serve their interests. And for her impoverished descendants in British India, she was emblematic of times when they held both power and prestige. Concluding with the author’s encounter with a descendant of Juliana’s in Pakistan
An Early Modern South Asian Thinker on the Rise and Decline of Empires: Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi, the Mughals, and the Byzantines
Authors: Syros Vasileios
Published: May 2013

This article offers an in-depth discussion of the theory of civilization of Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi, a prominent Muslim scholar in eighteenth-century India. It shows that Shāh Walī Allāh articulates a naturalistic understanding of the genesis of social life and the evolution of civilization, outlines the factors involved in the decline of the state and the empire, and sets forth a program for dealing with a broad range of emergencies. It explores the ways in which Shāh Walī Allāh’s thought relates to previous Islamic political discourse, notably the akhlā q (Ṭūsī, Dawwānī) and Indo-Islamic (Baranī, Abū’l-Faẓl) traditions of political thought. It also investigates Shāh Walī Allāh’s use of the Byzantine paradigm as a heuristic device to trace the causes of the dissolution of the Mughal Empire. The article looks at Shāh Walī Allāh’s analysis of Byzantine decline from a cross-cultural perspective and places him in conversation with Byzantine political writers who discuss the factors that led to the decay of the Byzantine Empire.
Public Good and Partisan Gain: Political Languages of Faction in Late Imperial China and Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Levine Ari Daniel
Published: May 2013

This article compares the fictional rhetoric in late imperial China with that of eighteenth-century England to explain how political rhetoricians could justify the existence of ministerial factions at court by representing them as loyal servants of the public good. Yet, historical contingency and different alignments of state and society produced divergent discourses of political authority in China, where faction was deplored, and England, where partisan divisions were increasingly accepted. While limited monarchy and parliamentary governments made English partisanship defensible, Chinese rhetoricians of the Song and Ming dynasties failed to articulate political interests that were independent from the unitary monarchy they served.
Mass Entertainment Before Mass Entertainment
Authors: Knapp Jeffrey
Published: May 2013

Most theorists of mass entertainment restrict the phenomenon to the machine age. This essay argues that mass entertainment is more cogently defined in relation to the audience for whom it is intended rather than to the technologies for its production and distribution. To prove the point, the essay uses such key modern commentary on mass entertainment as Walter Benjamin’s “Work of Art” essay, Horkheimer and Adorno’s “Culture Industry” essay, and Noël Carroll’s book on A Philosophy of Mass Art to illuminate a Renaissance English city comedy, The Roaring Girl. At the same time, The Roaring Girl helps the essay critique the bias toward reductive totalization in these and other modern accounts of the mass audience.
What’s “New Critical” about “Close Reading”?: I. A. Richards and His New Critical Reception
Authors: North Joseph
Published: May 2013

Within the United States, debates about “close reading” often proceed as if the method were first developed by the New Critics. Indeed, the association between the two has sometimes been used as a stick with which to beat “close reading”: if the method is seen as having its origins in the New Criticism, then the suspicion arises that it is somehow at root a creature of Kantian aesthetics, decontextualising, dehistoricising and depoliticising—in a word, conservative. But what if “close reading” were originally developed by a very different intellectual formation—one with more liberal sensibilities, and, as a consequence, a very different account of the aesthetic? Taking a closer look at the history of the method allows us to see that “close reading” is now being critiqued on the grounds of its purported origins in the very kinds of views it was built to oppose.