bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations Between ADHD and Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Milberger Sharon , Biederman Joseph , Faraone Stephen V. , Wilens Timothy , Chu Monica P.
Published: February 2010

This article investigates the relationship between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and psychoactive substance use disorders (PSUD) in siblings of ADHD and normal‐control probands and addresses issues of psychiatric comorbidity and gender. Using DSM‐III‐R structured diagnostic interviews and blind raters, the authors conducted a 4‐year follow‐up of siblings. ADHD and male gender predicted higher rates and an earlier onset of PSUD after adjusting for high‐risk status, other psychiatric disorders, and age. Risk was particularly high if the siblings had ADHD plus conduct disorder. This study's findings confirms the authors' prior report highlighting the importance of drug and alcohol prevention and cessation programs aimed at ADHD youth and their siblings, particularly those with comorbid conduct disorder.
Perceived Social Support and Treatment Retention on an Inpatient Addiction Treatment Unit
Authors: Westreich Laurence , Heitner Caroline , Cooper Melissa , Galanter Marc , Guedj Philippe
Published: February 2010

The authors measured perceived social support among patients and their families as a predictor of retention in an inpatient addiction rehabilitation program. After detoxification from all substances of abuse, 66 sequentially admitted inpatients gave demographic and diagnostic information and completed scales of perceived social support from the program and their own families. Scales were completed at 7, 14, and 21 days. A total of 46 subjects completed the 21‐day program, and 20 did not. Homeless status, initial weak perceived social support from family, and a relatively shorter history of crack‐cocaine use were correlated with completion of the program. Patients with stronger connections to shelter and family were less likely to complete an inpatient addiction rehabilitation program. Patients who reported more years of crack‐cocaine use were also less likely to complete the program. The authors discuss implications for treatment.
Effects of Deviant Child Behavior on Parental Alcohol Consumption:Stress‐Induced Drinking in Parents of ADHD Children
Authors: Pelham William E. , Lang Alan R. , Atkeson Beverly , Murphy Debra A. , Gnagy Elizabeth M. , Greiner Andrew R. , Vodde‐Hamilton Mary , Greenslade Karen E.
Published: February 2010

Distress and ad lib alcohol consumption after interactions with child confederates were investigated in parents of children with externalizing disorders—attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), or oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Sixty subjects interacted with boys trained to act like either normal children or children with ADHD/CD/ODD. Interactions with deviant confederates resulted in feelings of inadequacy and produced negative affect but had no effect on alcohol consumption. Post hoc analyses showed that parents with a family history of alcohol problems (FH+) showed increased drinking after interaction with a deviant confederate, compared with FH+ parents who interacted with the normal confederate. FH‐ parents showed the opposite pattern of results. (Am J Addict 1998; 7:103–114)
Impact of Social Anxiety in a “Therapeutic Community”‐Oriented Cocaine Treatment Clinic
Authors: Egelko Susan , Galanter Marc
Published: February 2010

The authors assessed social‐evaluative anxiety in 50 cocaine abusers attending an outpatient therapeutic‐community (TC)‐oriented clinic. This group‐based modality presumes that the ability of clients to self‐disclose is key to recovery. Fully half of the clients tested, some of whom had been attending treatment for a number of months, showed an elevation of social withdrawal and distress. Newcomers with higher social anxiety scores were less likely to drop out of treatment over the first 3 months, and self‐reported level of social anxiety decreased over this time interval. These findings suggest that social anxiety may be an important consideration in treatment for cocaine abuse and that the rigors of a modified TC with intense focus on group involvement may reduce social anxiety. (Am J Addict 1998; 7:136–141)
Auricular Acupuncture as an Adjunctive Treatment for Cocaine Addiction: A Pilot Study
Authors: Otto Katharine C. , Quinn Colin , Sung Yung‐Fong
Published: February 2010

The authors conducted a single‐blind study of auricular acupuncture in 36 cocaine‐dependent inpatient veterans on a substance abuse treatment unit to determine whether the treatment could help reduce craving, increase treatment retention, and prevent relapse. Acupuncture was given on a predetermined schedule to both treatment and control groups, with status assessed regularly by independent, blinded raters. The study failed to show a significant difference between treatment and control groups. However, the study patients, as a whole, did remain in treatment longer than a retrospectively analyzed group who received no acupuncture. (Am J Addict 1998; 7:164–170)
The Relationship Between Substance Use Disorders, Impulse Control Disorders, and Pathological Aggression
Authors: Brady Kathleen T. , Myrick Hugh , McElroy Susan
Published: February 2010

The authors examine the relationship between substance use disorders, impulse control disorders (ICDs), and pathological aggression. Phenomenologic evidence, neurobiologic evidence, and comorbidity data, as well as evidence from the pharmacotherapy of aggression and impulse control and substance use disorders, suggest links between substance use, impulsivity, and pathologic aggression. There also is evidence suggesting that dysfunction in common neurotransmitter systems, particularly the serotonin and GABAergic systems, may be involved in both disorders. Serotonergic agents have been explored in the treatment of ICDs, pathological aggression, and substance use disorders. Mood‐stabilizing anticonvulsant agents such as sodium valproate and carbamazepine, which have GABAergic activity, have received preliminary exploration in the treatment of ICDs and aggression in a number of psychiatric disorders. There is also evidence that these agents may be useful in subgroups of individuals with substance use disorders.
Ephedrine Abuse Among 36 Female Weightlifters
Authors: Gruber Amanda J. , Pope Harrison G.
Published: February 2010

Ephedrine, a central nervous system stimulant, is widely available over the counter in nutritional supplements for bodybuilders and other athletes. Recently, federal agencies in the United States have reported growing numbers of adverse events attributable to use of this drug. The authors describe preliminary observations of 36 dedicated female athletes who reported ephedrine use. Many of these women had used the drug for years, often in high doses. Most had experienced at least some adverse effects and seven (19%) displayed frank ephedrine dependence at the time of the interview. Eating disorders and disorders of body image appeared to be especially prevalent among ephedrine users.
Pregnant Women With Negative Alcohol Screens Do Drink Less: A Prospective Study
Authors: Chang Grace , Wilkins‐Haug Louise , Berman Susan , Goetz Margaret Ann
Published: February 2010

The authors examined the antepartum alcohol consumption of 100 women with negative alcohol screens as they initiated prenatal care. Subjects completed a comprehensive assessment of their alcohol use at 15.7 ± 4.9 weeks gestation and again 2 months after delivery, with 96% follow‐up. The majority (87%) were abstinent in the 90‐day period before study enrollment, while pregnant. Moreover, 92% drank no alcohol in the interval between study enrollment and delivery. These results are compared with the antepartum alcohol consumption of 250 women with positive alcohol screens. Routine prenatal screening can efficiently identify those at risk for alcohol consumption in the antepartum.
Cigarette Smoking During Early Cocaine Abstinence
Authors: Radzius Aleksandras , Gorelick David A. , Henningfield Jack E.
Published: February 2010

Use of cocaine has been reported to increase cigarette smoking, but there are no published studies of cigarette smoking during early cocaine abstinence. The authors assessed ad libitum cigarette smoking of 12 cocaine‐dependent smokers housed on a closed research ward. Last cocaine use averaged 0.6 grams 1.8 days before admission. Smoking was measured indirectly with computerized cigarette dispensers. There was no significant difference between self‐reported daily number of cigarettes smoked before admission and the number of cigarettes dispensed daily for the first 7 full days after admission. These findings suggest that early cocaine abstinence does not significantly alter cigarette smoking.
Drug Use Problem Awareness and Treatment Readiness in Dual‐Diagnosis Patients
Authors: Salloum Ihsan M. , Moss Howard B. , Daley Dennis C. , Cornelius Jack R. , Kirisci Levent , Al‐Maalouf Mosa
Published: February 2010

Problem awareness and treatment readiness are factors that influence treatment‐seeking behavior, and thus, morbidity and outcome. The authors elucidated patterns of problem awareness and treatment readiness among hospitalized dually diagnosed patients by administering the Problem Awareness and Readiness for Treatment subscales of the Alcohol Use Inventory to 67 psychiatric inpatients with comorbid substance‐related disorders and using a multivariate model approach to data analysis. The results suggested differential and interactive effects of gender, ethnicity, voluntary admission status, and a diagnosis of major depression (MDD) on drug abuse problem awareness and treatment readiness. Female gender, voluntary admission status, and a comorbid diagnosis of MDD were associated with increased awareness and readiness for treatment.
HIV Risk Factors in Dually Diagnosed Patients
Authors: Krakow David Sert , Galanter Marc , Dermatis Helen , Westreich Laurence M.
Published: February 2010

The authors examined correlates of HIV seropositivity in a sample of dually diagnosed inpatients. The subjects were 147 consecutively admitted patients to a specialized dual‐diagnosis unit in a municipal hospital who were given a structured interview and HIV testing. The HIV seroprevalence was 19%, with women having a nearly fourfold increased risk of being HIV seropositive, as compared with men. Cocaine as drug of choice was also highly significant as a risk factor for HIV infection, independent of gender. This finding suggests that targeted prevention and education programs need to be developed for the dually diagnosed patient.
Effect of Opioid Dependence Pharmacotherapies on Zidovudine Disposition
Authors: McCance‐Katz Elinore F. , Rainey Petrie M. , Friedland Gerald , Kosten Thomas R. , Jatlow Peter
Published: February 2010

Injection drug users are frequently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and receive opioid dependence pharmacotherapies and zidovudine (ZDV), the latter as a component of highly active antiretroviral therapy. We previously reported that methadone substantially increases ZDV concentrations. We now report on oral ZDV pharmacokinetics in 52 subjects receiving the opioid dependence pharmacotherapies l‐a‐acetylmethadol LAAM, buprenorphine, or naltrexone, and 17 non‐opioid‐treated controls. Relative to the area under the time‐concentration curve (AUC) of ZDV in control subjects, no statistically significant differences in ZDV AUC were observed in participants treated with LAAM (p = .75), buprenorphine (p = .37), or naltrexone (p = .34). While methadone maintenance may result in ZDV toxicity and possibly require dose adjustments, other opioid pharmacotherapies should not produce ZDV toxicity.
Effects of Illicit Drug Use on Adherence to Prescribed Antiretroviral Medication
Authors: Rosen Marc I. , Rigsby Michael O. , Dieckhaus Kevin D. , Cramer Joyce A.
Published: February 2010

This exploratory analysis compared adherence to antiretroviral medication on days that illicit drugs were used and on matched abstinence days in twelve subjects who used MEMS caps during participation in a clinical trial. Adherence on drug use days was lower in seven subjects, higher in one, and the same in four. Three subjects maintained 100% adherence despite illicit substance use on studied days. Thus, in a subset of patients, the actions involved in procuring drugs and the acute effects of using them contribute to non‐adherence on those specific drug use days.
Barriers to the Use of Medications to Treat Alcoholism
Authors: Mark Tami L. , Kranzler Henry R. , Poole Virginia H. , Hagen Carol A. , McLeod Caroline , Crosse Scott
Published: February 2010

In 1994, naltrexone became the first medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration as an adjunct in alcoholism treatment in almost fifty years. Despite evidence of its efficacy, use of naltrexone is not widespread. Patient and physician focus groups were used to identify reasons naltrexone has not been prescribed more widely. Barriers to its widespread use include a lack of awareness, a lack of evidence of efficacy in practice, side effects, time for patient management, a reluctance to take medications, medication addiction concerns, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) philosophy, and price. The study indicates that medications to treat alcoholism must overcome numerous barriers before becoming widely accepted.
Pharmacologic Treatments for Heroin and Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Kleber Herbert D.
Published: February 2010

Given the difficulty of achieving sustained recovery, pharmacotherapy of opioid and cocaine addiction is more effective when combined with behavioral and psychosocial approaches. Effective pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence and withdrawal include methadone, L‐alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM), naltrexone, buprenorphine, and clonidine. Treatment of cocaine addiction includes anti‐craving agents, dopamine agonists or blocking agents, antidepressants, and treatment of co‐morbid psychiatric disorders, but all with mixed results. In this paper, we discuss the use of medication in the context of general principles of opioid and cocaine addiction treatment. Both established medications and promising directions in pharmacotherapy will be addressed.
Reducing Hospitalizations and Arrests for Substance Abusers
Authors: Groppenbacher John , Batzer Gabrielle Bemis , White Lon
Published: February 2010

This four‐year outcome study examines the results of the VA Contracted Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for veterans with substance abuse problems. Race, marital status, housing status, and exposure to combat in the military characterized the male veteran subjects. Hospitalization rates and arrest rates were tracked for two years prior to and two years post‐residential treatment. The authors also examined treatment outcomes for those who completed outpatient substance abuse treatment after an episode of residential care. This study shows a 30% reduction of hospitalizations and arrests following residential treatment. Those veterans who completed both residential and outpatient treatment had the best outcomes in terms of number of hospitalizations and arrests in a two‐year follow‐up.
Measuring Alcohol Consumption Among Older Adults: A Comparison of Available Methods
Authors: Reid M. Carrington , Tinetti Mary E. , O'Connor Patrick G. , Kosten Thomas R. , Concato John
Published: February 2010

We determined levels of agreement and concordance between five alcohol measures among older veterans from a VA primary care clinic (N = 303) and community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries (N = 511). 511). The individuals recruited for the study had not been previously identified for alcohol use. Quantity‐frequency questions, a binge drinking question, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CAGE, and questions on lifetime consumption were administered to all current drinkers. To assess agreement between the measures, we conducted pairwise comparisons (eg, QF vs. CAGE) by determining the percentage of participants who screened positive on both measures and calculated kappa values to determine concordance. Only modest levels of agreement and concordance were found between the measures. The use of any individual measure may fail to detect many older adults with important alcohol exposures. Until optimal methods for measuring alcohol exposures in elderly adults are defined, we suggest that a combination of measures be used when obtaining alcohol histories in older persons.
The Effect of a Cultural Intervention on Adherence to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Therapy in Latino Immigrants
Authors: Ailinger Rita L. , Martyn Diona , Lasus Howard , Lima Garcia Natalie
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a cultural intervention (CI) on increasing adherence to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) therapy among Latino immigrants.

Design and Sample: This clinical study used a preexperimental design. A nonprobability sample of 86 Latino immigrant clients who were starting LTBI therapy were enrolled in the intervention. The comparison group was an historical sample of 131 clients' records randomly selected from the previous year.

Intervention: The CI, designed by the principal investigator, was delivered by 2 Spanish‐speaking interventionist nurses at each of 9 clinic visits. The intervention was based on Latino cultural values and included 5 components.

Measures: The patients' adherence was measured by a self‐report of the number of pills taken.

Results: The findings of this study were that clients in the CI group took a significantly greater number of doses of INH than those in the historical sample.

Conclusions: Using a CI to increase adherence to LTBI therapy shows promise for public health nursing practice.
Reflective Practice Enhances Public Health Nurse Implementation of Nurse‐Family Partnership
Authors: Beam Rita J. , O'Brien Ruth A. , Neal Michelle
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Reflective practice is defined as a cyclical process involving a series of phases in which an individual describes a salient event, attends to his/her positive and negative feelings about the event, and ultimately reexamines the experience in an effort to understand and to plan how he or she would act in a similar situation in the future. This paper describes how the concept of reflective practice is integrated into the evidence‐based Nurse‐Family Partnership (NFP) program. The pivotal role of the nursing supervisor in guiding nurses to engage in reflection on their work with families is emphasized. Exemplars drawn from the experience of 2 NFP nursing supervisors are presented to illustrate how reflection in the NFP program is operationalized. The benefits as well as the challenges to the use of reflective practice are also discussed. While anecdotal comments from NFP nurses and supervisors are cited to suggest how the regular use of reflective practice has the potential to improve implementation of the program with families, the authors further propose that research is needed to more rigorously examine the benefits that reflective practice may have on the quality of program implementation, family outcomes, and the retention of nurses working in the NFP program.
Willingness of University Nursing Students to Volunteer During a Pandemic
Authors: Yonge Olive , Rosychuk Rhonda J. , Bailey Tracey M. , Lake Rob , Marrie Thomas J.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: The global threat of an influenza pandemic continues to grow and thus universities have begun emergency preparedness planning. This study examined stakeholder's knowledge, risk‐perception, and willingness to volunteer.

Design and Sample: The design of this study is a cross‐sectional survey. Questionnaires were sent to 1,512 nursing students and were returned by 484, yielding a response rate of 32% for this subgroup. Nursing students may be a much‐needed human resource in the event of an influenza pandemic.

Measures: The measurement tool was a Web‐based questionnaire regarding pandemic influenza designed by a subgroup of researchers on the Public Health Response Committee.

Results: Most nursing students (67.9%) said they were likely to volunteer in the event of a pandemic if they were able to do so. An even higher number (77.4%) said they would volunteer if provided protective garments. Overall, 70.7% of students supported the proposition that nursing students have a professional obligation to volunteer during a pandemic. Nursing students indicated that they have had a wealth of volunteer experience in the past and they would apply this service ethic to a pandemic situation.

Conclusions: Emergency preparedness competencies should be integrated into existing nursing curricula and other health science programs. University administrations need to engage in planning to create protocol for recruitment, practice, and protection of volunteers.
Formation of Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals on the Surface of Ca–Al‐Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Watanabe Yujiro , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Yamada Hirohisa , Stevens Geffrey W. , Moriyoshi Yusuke , Tanaka Junzo , Komatsu Yu
Published: February 2010

Highly crystalline Ca–Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) covered with needle‐like hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocrystals was prepared from Ca–Al–Cl LDH by an alkaline treatment at 40°C using a Na3PO4 solution at pH 9.0. The HA nanocrystals had lengths of 100–200 nm, widths of 30 nm, and were grown on the surface of hexagonal LDH plate crystals. A 80‐nm‐thick nanolayer was observed between the HA and LDH, and was found to contain calcium and phosphate, but no aluminum or chloride. This layer was initially formed by the anion exchange reaction of phosphate ions in solution with chloride ions in the LDH crystals. The LDH structure was retained during this reaction. The elution of calcium ions from the LDH basal layers initiated the precipitation of the HA crystals on the surface. The stability of LDH in hydrochloric acid (pH 3) was dramatically improved by the presence of the nanolayers. The LDH–HA nanocomposites are acid‐resistant and have potential in areas such as the sustainable removal of harmful anions and cations and as drug delivery carriers.
Structural Changes in Silica Glass by Continuous‐Wave Laser Backside Irradiation
Authors: Hidai Hirofumi , Yoshioka Masato , Hiromatsu Kuniaki , Tokura Hitoshi
Published: February 2010

We report on a permanent change in the physical properties inside silica glass by rapid heating and quenching using a continuous‐wave laser beam. The absorption of the glass was enhanced by laser heating, and the heated spot moved as a result of thermal radiation and conduction. To trigger heating, an absorbent material was placed on the backside of a glass plate and irradiated through the glass. Laser illumination with a power of 11 W focused on the absorbent material induced a cylindrical modified zone along the laser beam with a length of up to 5.5 mm that was modified at a rate of ∼130 mm/s. The characteristics of the modified silica glass were studied. The modified area consists of two layers, and the diameters of the inner and outer zones are ∼40 and ∼55 μm, respectively. The inner zone was modified by laser heating. The fictive temperature is estimated to be ∼1900 K. The etch rate and hardness of the modified glass increased owing to the increment of the fictive temperature. The outer zone was modified by tensile stress due to the densification of the inner zone. In the outer zone, the etch rate is increased and hardness is decreased.
Implicit Person Theories and Change in Teacher Evaluation: A Longitudinal Field Study
Authors: Tam Kim‐Pong , Pak S. Tess , Hui C. Harry , Kwan Siu‐On , Goh Mario Kheng Hsiang
Published: February 2010

Adopting a longitudinal field study, this paper investigates whether entity theorists (students who believe human attributes are fixed) are less likely than incremental theorists (students who believe human attributes are malleable) to change their evaluations of a teacher in accordance with his behavioral changes. An instructor exhibited some forgetful behaviors in the first half of a course, and ceased doing so in the second half. Consistent with our hypothesis, incremental theorists adjusted their perceptions of the instructor. They rated him as less forgetful accordingly at the end of the course than at the middle. Entity theorists, however, did not show this change. With improved ecological validity, this study extends previous laboratory studies to teacher evaluation.
Hybrid zones and cultural traits of the Australian ringneckPlatycercus zonarius
Authors: Baker Myron C.
Published: February 2010

Two hybrid zones between subspecies of the Australian ringneck parrot (Psittacidae:Platycercus zonarius) were examined for morphological (plumage patterns) and cultural (learned contact flight calls) traits. Mensural traits and plumage patterns also were quantified in a study in the 1960s. My samples were taken from populations in the allopatric distributions of the parental taxaP. z. zonarius(Port Lincoln parrot),P. z. semitorquatus(twenty‐eight parrot), andP. z. barnardi(Mallee ringneck) and within the hybrid zones. The two hybrid zones differed in the distribution of plumage patterns: (a) in thezonarius – semitorquatuszone of intergradation all sample locations comprised birds of both subspecies’ plumage patterns as well as numerous birds in hybrid plumage and (b) in thezonarius – barnardizone of intergradation all birds were in hybrid plumage. The cultural trait also differed in the two hybrid zones: the acoustic features ofP. z. zonariusflight call predominated in the birds in the hybrid zone withP. z. semitorquatus, regardless of plumage displayed by the individuals; whereas in theP. z. zonarius – P. z. barnardizone of hybridization the acoustic features of theP. z. barnardiflight call notes evidently have swamped out those ofP. z. zonarius. The results on the cultural trait reject ‘coexistence’ and ‘blending’ models of cultural interchange but support a ‘cultural dominance’ model. Hypotheses are discussed concerning historical and behavioral means by which the patterns arise.
Is Apolipoprotien E codon 112 Polymorphisms Associated with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss?
Authors: Ozornek Hakan , Ergin Elif , Jeyendran Rajasingam S. , Ozay Alev T. , Pillai Delanie , Coulam Carolyn
Published: February 2010

Citation Ozornek H, Ergin E, Jeyendran RS, Ozay AT, Pillai D, Coulam C. Is Apolipoprotien E codon 112 polymorphisms associated with recurrent pregnancy loss? Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 87–92

Problem  To compare the prevalence of 112T>C point mutations among women experiencing RPL with fertile control women.

Method of Study  Buccal swabs were obtained from 232 individuals: 136 with a history of ≥2 abortions, 37 with at least 2 live births and 59 with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DNA was extracted and PCR amplification of Apo E codons was performed.

Results  The allelic frequency of a cytosine at position 112 was 11.4% (31/272) among patients experiencing RPL, compared with a frequency of 5.4% (4/74) among the fertile controls (P = 0.19) and 19.5% (23/118) among individuals with a history of DVT. However, significantly more E3/E4 and E4/E4 genotypes were seen among individuals experiencing RPL and DVT than fertile controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Apo E4 codon 112C point mutation is, by itself, not associated with an elevated risk of recurrent pregnancy loss, but rather codon 112C in association with codon 158C is a risk factor for RPL.
A reduction in hippocampal GABAA receptor α5 subunits disrupts the memory for location of objects in mice
Authors: Prut L. , Prenosil G. , Willadt S. , Vogt K. , Fritschy J.‐M. , Crestani F.
Published: February 2010

The memory for location of objects, which binds information about objects to discrete positions or spatial contexts of occurrence, is a form of episodic memory particularly sensitive to hippocampal damage. Its early decline is symptomatic for elderly dementia. Substances that selectively reduce α5‐GABAA receptor function are currently developed as potential cognition enhancers for Alzheimer's syndrome and other dementia, consistent with genetic studies implicating these receptors that are highly expressed in hippocampus in learning performance. Here we explored the consequences of reduced GABAAα5‐subunit contents, as occurring in α5(H105R) knock‐in mice, on the memory for location of objects. This required the behavioral characterization of α5(H105R) and wild‐type animals in various tasks examining learning and memory retrieval strategies for objects, locations, contexts and their combinations. In mutants, decreased amounts of α5‐subunits and retained long‐term potentiation in hippocampus were confirmed. They exhibited hyperactivity with conserved circadian rhythm in familiar actimeters, and normal exploration and emotional reactivity in novel places, allocentric spatial guidance, and motor pattern learning acquisition, inhibition and flexibility in T‐ and eight‐arm mazes. Processing of object, position and context memories and object‐guided response learning were spared. Genotype difference in object‐in‐place memory retrieval and in encoding and response learning strategies for object–location combinations manifested as a bias favoring object‐based recognition and guidance strategies over spatial processing of objects in the mutants. These findings identify in α5(H105R) mice a behavioral–cognitive phenotype affecting basal locomotion and the memory for location of objects indicative of hippocampal dysfunction resulting from moderately decreased α5‐subunit contents.
Novel synthetic gluco‐disaccharide RSCL‐0409 – a lipopolysaccharide‐induced Toll‐like receptor‐mediated signalling antagonist
Authors: Kalluri Mani D. , Datla Praneel , Bellary Akshaya , Basha Khalander , Sharma Ashwani , Sharma Anuradha , Singh Shiva , Upadhyay Shakti , Rajagopal Vikram
Published: February 2010

The regulation of cytokines and pro‐inflammatory genes is an absolute essentiality to combat inflammatory diseases. The present study investigated the effects of 4‐O‐chloroacetyl‐2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐levulinoyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl]‐(1‐3)‐1‐O‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐deoxy‐2‐N‐trichloroacetyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside (RSCL‐0409), a novel small molecule Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signalling antagonist, and its mechanism of action in human monocytic (THP‐1) cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In THP‐1 and RAW264.7 cells, RSCL‐0409 suppressed LPS‐induced production of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 10.6 μm and mRNA expression of ICAM‐1, Cox‐2 and interleukin‐8 with no evidence of cytotoxicity. RSCL‐0409 also suppressed TNF‐α production from LPS‐stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Similar results were obtained in vivo in a murine model of LPS‐induced inflammation, where pretreatment with RSCL‐0409 resulted in significant inhibition of TNF‐α. It is also noteworthy that RSCL‐0409 suppressed the cytokine production induced by TLR2 and ‐4 ligands and not for any other TLR ligands. RSCL‐0409 significantly inhibited p65 nuclear translocation induced by LPS. In conclusion, RSCL‐0409, a novel small molecule, is the first of its kind in the category of carbohydrate‐derived TLR signalling antagonists and could definitely be a promising therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases whose pathogenesis involves TLR2‐ or TLR4‐mediated signalling processes.
Loss of sense transgene‐induced post‐transcriptional gene silencing by sequential introduction of the same transgene sequences in tobacco
Authors: Hirai Sayaka , Takahashi Kouta , Abiko Tomomi , Kodama Hiroaki
Published: February 2010

RNA silencing is an epigenetic inhibition of gene expression and is guided by small interfering RNAs. Sense transgene‐induced post‐transcriptional gene silencing (S‐PTGS) occurs in a portion of a transgenic plant population. When a sense transgene encoding a tobacco endoplasmic reticulum ω‐3 fatty acid desaturase (NtFAD3) was introduced into tobacco plants, an S‐PTGS line, S44, was obtained. Introduction of another copy of the NtFAD3 transgene into S44 plants caused a phenotypic change from S‐PTGS to overexpression. Because this change was associated with the methylation of the promoter sequences of the transgene, reduced transcriptional activity may abolish S‐PTGS and residual transcription of the sense transgene may account for the overexpression. To clarify whether RNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM) can repress the transcriptional activity of the S44 transgene locus, we introduced several RdDM constructs targeting the transgene promoter. An RdDM construct harboring a 200‐bp‐long fragment of promoter sequences efficiently abrogated the generation of NtFAD3 small interfering RNAs in S44 plants. Transcription of the transgene was partially repressed, but the resulting NtFAD3 mRNAs successfully accumulated and an overexpressed phenotype was established. Our results indicate an example in which overexpression of the transgene is established by complex epigenetic interactions among the transgenic loci.
Characterization of an N6 adenine methyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori strain 26695 which methylates adjacent adenines on the same strand
Authors: Kumar Ritesh , Mukhopadhyay Asish K. , Rao Desirazu N.
Published: February 2010

Genomic sequences of Helicobacter pylori strains 26695, J99, HPAGI and G27 have revealed an abundance of restriction and modification genes. hp0050, which encodes an N6 adenine DNA methyltransferase, was cloned, overexpressed and purified to near homogeneity. It recognizes the sequence 5′‐GRRG‐3′ (where R is A or G) and, most intriguingly, methylates both adenines when R is A (5′‐GAAG‐3′). Kinetic analysis suggests a nonprocessive (repeated‐hit) mechanism of methylation in which HP0050 methyltransferase methylates one adenine at a time in the sequence 5′‐GAAG‐3′. This is the first report of an N6 adenine DNA methyltransferase that methylates two adjacent residues on the same strand. Interestingly, HP0050 homologs from two clinical strains of H. pylori (PG227 and 128) methylate only 5′‐GAGG‐3′ compared with 5′‐GRRG‐3′ in strain 26695. HP0050 methyltransferase is highly conserved as it is present in more than 90% of H. pylori strains. Inactivation of hp0050 in strain PG227 resulted in poor growth, suggesting its role in the biology of H. pylori. Collectively, these findings provide impetus for exploring the role(s) of this conserved DNA methyltransferase in the cellular processes of H. pylori.
The Phelps–Koopmans theorem and potential optimality
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: February 2010

The Phelps–Koopmans theorem states that if every limit point of a path of capital stocks exceeds the “golden rule,” then that path is inefficient: there is another feasible path from the same initial stock that provides at least as much consumption at every date and strictly more consumption at some date. I show that in a model with nonconvex technologies and preferences, the theorem is false in a strong sense. Not only can there be efficient paths with capital stocks forever above and bounded away from a unique golden rule, such paths can also be optimal under the infinite discounted sum of a one‐period utility function. The paper makes clear, moreover, that this latter criterion is strictly more demanding than the efficiency of a path.
On uniform convergence of undiscounted optimal programs in the Mitra–Wan forestry model: The strictly concave case
Authors: Khan M. Ali , Piazza Adriana
Published: February 2010

In this paper, we show that the 1986 Mitra–Wan result establishing asymptotic convergence of maximal programs to the unique golden‐rule forest in the case of undiscounted, strictly concave felicity functions can be strengthened, in the same setting, to the uniform asymptotic convergence of optimal programs to the unique golden‐rule forest. We work with a notationally reformulated version of the model that may have independent interest.
Expectation‐driven fluctuations and welfare loss under free trade in two‐country models
Authors: Nishimura Kazuo , Venditti Alain , Yano Makoto
Published: February 2010

This paper investigates the interlinkage in the business cycles based on expectation‐driven fluctuations of large‐country economies in a free‐trade equilibrium. We consider a two‐country, two‐good, two‐factor general equilibrium model with sector‐specific externalities. We show that some country's expectation‐driven fluctuations can spread throughout the world once trade opens even if the other country has determinacy under autarky. We thus prove that under free trade, globalization and market integration can have destabilizing effects on a country's competitive equilibrium. Finally, we characterize a configuration in which opening to international trade improves the stationary welfare at the world level but deteriorates the stationary welfare of the country that imports investment goods and exports consumption goods. We conclude that in opposition to the standard belief, international trade might not be beneficial to all trading partners in the long run.
Share ribs redux
Authors: Jones Ronald W.
Published: February 2010

Attempts to examine how commodity price changes affect internal income distribution in competitive Heckscher–Ohlin settings have typically focused on factor‐intensity differences among sectors, with each sector having a different factor being used most intensively, as captured by its factor distributive share having maximal value. This paper adopts this specification, but adds the restriction that the shape of the profile of distributive factor shares, from most to least intensively used, be the same among commodities. The focus is on the importance of the amount by which the most intensively used factor differs from the next as well as the rate of decline of shares for the less intensively used factors in any industry. Strong Stolper–Samuelson results are obtained for some share ribs, and oscillating factor returns for others.
Veterinary issues related to bears (Ursidae)
Authors: BOURNE D. C. , CRACKNELL J. M. , BACON H. J.
Published: February 2010

A wide variety of infectious and non‐infectious diseases has been described in bears. Some viral (e.g. canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis), bacterial (e.g. salmon poisoning) and parasitic diseases (particularly skin mites and ascarid infections) are of concern. Non‐infectious conditions, such as dental disease, degenerative joint disease and neoplasia, are very important in the management of captive bears. Appropriate anaesthesia is essential in both veterinary and biological interventions with bears.
Longitudinal Study of Reading Disability and Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for Education
Authors: Willcutt Erik G. , Betjemann Rebecca S. , Pennington Bruce F. , Olson Richard K. , DeFries John C. , Wadsworth Sally J.
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT— The majority of children who receive special education services meet criteria for reading disability (RD) or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but additional research is needed to understand the long‐term academic outcome of children in these groups. Individuals with RD only (N = 71), ADHD only (N = 66), both RD and ADHD (N = 51), or neither disorder (N = 118) were identified through the ongoing Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center twin study and retested 5 years later. Results of the follow‐up testing indicated that, in addition to ongoing reading difficulties, individuals with RD exhibited higher rates of academic difficulties, depression, and adolescent‐onset conduct disorder. Initial ADHD status was associated with academic and social difficulties and elevated rates of nearly all comorbid disorders 5 years later. The group with comorbid RD and ADHD had more stable reading deficits than the group with RD without ADHD and exhibited greater impairment than groups with either disorder alone on outcome measures of academic functioning and social difficulties. These results suggest that individuals with both RD and ADHD are at increased risk for negative outcomes as adolescents and young adults and that when RD and ADHD co‐occur, interventions should be provided for both disorders.
On the Streamwise Development of Density Jumps
Authors: Regev A. , Hassid S.
Published: February 2010

The analysis of density jumps in two-layer channel flows of miscible fluids controlled by a downstream obstruction, in which one of the layers is infinitely deep and at rest, is extended to consider the dependence of its features on its streamwise dimension. The momentum conservation equation in the entrainment and roller regions, and the energy conservation equation after the jump are corrected to account for friction. The streamwise coordinate is related to the increase in the density layer height through a linear expression derived from CFD calculations. Three regimes are distinguished: (1) for short distances from the origin to the obstruction, only an entrainment region exists; (2) for medium distances, two regions can be distinguished, i.e., the entrainment region, and the roller region, in which no entrainment is assumed; and (3) for long distances, three regions can be distinguished—the entrainment, the roller, and the postjump regions, characterized by approximate energy conservation. It is shown that initially the dimensionless total entrainment ratio increases as the distance to the obstruction increases, until a roller region appears. A further increase in distance to the obstruction does not have a significant effect on the total entrainment, until the appearance of a postjump region, resulting in a gradual decrease in the total entrainment. These results are supported by numerical calculations using the FLUENT CFD software package, which are in good agreement with experimental results.
Self-bias voltage diagnostics for the amorphous-to-microcrystalline transition in a-Si:H under a hydrogen-plasma treatment
Authors: Hadjadj A. , Pham N. , Roca i Cabarrocas P. , Jbara O.
Published: February 2010

The authors demonstrate the possibility of using self-bias voltage on the radio-frequency electrode of a capacitively coupled deposition system as a diagnostic tool to detect the amorphous-to-microcrystalline silicon transition during the exposure of a-Si:H thin films to a hydrogen plasma. This is achieved by combining self-bias voltage (Vdc) and kinetic-ellipsometry measurements, which provide real-time information on the film properties. On intrinsic and n-type a-Si:H films, the hydrogen-plasma exposure results in the formation of a hydrogen-modified layer, which is accompanied with a decrease in the absolute values of Vdc, until a plateau corresponding to the nucleation and the growth of the microcrystalline layer occurs. On p-type a-Si:H, the amorphous-to-microcrystalline transition is characterized by a rapid increase in the absolute values of Vdc. This particular trend is ascribed to the effects of boron on both the solid and plasma phases.
Limits of Predictability in Human Mobility
Authors: Song Chaoming , Qu Zehui , Blumm Nicholas , Barabási Albert-László
Published: February 2010

Predictable Travel Routines

While people rarely perceive their actions to be random, current models of human activity are fundamentally stochastic. Processes that rely on human mobility patterns, like the prediction of new epidemics, traffic engineering, or city planning, could benefit from highly accurate predictive models. To investigate the predictability of human dynamics,Songet al.(p.1018) used the recorded trajectories of millions of mobile phone users, collected by mobile phone companies and anonymized for research purposes. They hypothesized that given the wide range of travel patterns that different users follow, there would be significant differences between their predictability as well: Users who travel less should be easier to predict than those who are constantly on the road. Surprisingly, there was 93% predictability across the whole user base, and individuals' predictability did not in general fall significantly below 80%.
Tinkering Inside the Organelle
Authors: Alcock Felicity , Clements Abigail , Webb Chaille , Lithgow Trevor
Published: February 2010

Debate about eukaryote evolution includes alternate views on the processes that gave rise to mitochondria.
The Silicate-Mediated Formose Reaction: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Sugar Silicates
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Gurusamy-Thangavelu Senthil A. , Ma Kuangbiao
Published: February 2010

Silicate in the Primordial Soup

Direct evidence for how prebiotic synthesis of complex organic molecules paved the way for the origin of life is extremely scarce. Thus, studies are mainly limited to controlled simulations of likely reactions in early Earth conditions. Similarly, chemical reactions in the laboratory may generate the products necessary for biosynthesis, but may nevertheless be geochemically irrelevant.

Lambert
et al.

(p.
984
) show that silicate ions, present in Earth's surface waters at relatively high concentrations, catalyze the formation of four- and six-carbon sugars from simple sugars via the formose reaction. The resulting complexes stabilize the sugar molecules, allowing sugars to accumulate in greater abundance. Silicate stabilization also circumvents the need for the formose reaction to proceed at high temperatures, thus extending the range of possible environments in which life could have originated.
Can We Understand Clouds Without Turbulence?
Authors: Bodenschatz E. , Malinowski S. P. , Shaw R. A. , Stratmann F.
Published: February 2010

Advances at the interface between atmospheric and turbulence research are helping to elucidate fundamental properties of clouds.
Bridging Science and Society
Authors: Agre Peter , Leshner Alan I.
Published: February 2010

The theme of this year's Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) seems especially timely: Bridging Science and Society. Virtually every major issue now confronting society has a science and technology component, and this means that “the need for general scientific understanding by the public has never been larger, and the penalty for scientific illiteracy never harsher.”
*
Today, science and technology are receiving unprecedented financial and policy support worldwide, as more countries invest in science and science education with the belief that these investments will enhance economic strength and improve the lives of their citizens. In the United States, the current national leadership frequently focuses on science, science education, and science-based policy-making. As well, the U.S. National Science Board just reported in
Science Indicators 2010
that the general citizenry continues to hold scientists in high regard, second only to firefighters in prestige. But this confidence and prestige depend on a belief in the integrity and credibility of science, as well as in the scientific community's ability to help solve global problems. A spate of recent incidents has threatened the public's trust and argues that greater attention is essential to maintaining a strong bridge between science and the rest of society.
Prominent Iranian Scientist Blocked From Attending Physics Meeting
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhijit
Published: February 2010

Iranian physicist Farhad Ardalan has spent enough time in the United States to regard it as his second home. But a case of apparent mistaken identity may prevent him from ever visiting his adopted country again.
S
-Nitrosylation from GSNOR Deficiency Impairs DNA Repair and Promotes Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Wei Wei , Li Bin , Hanes Martha A. , Kakar Sanjay , Chen Xin , Liu Limin
Published: February 2010

A reductase that removes harmful nitrosyl groups from cellular proteins guards against liver cancer, perhaps in part by ensuring the health of a crucial DNA repair enzyme.
Long-Term Thermostabilization of Live Poxviral and Adenoviral Vaccine Vectors at Supraphysiological Temperatures in Carbohydrate Glass
Authors: Alcock Robert , Cottingham Matthew G. , Rollier Christine S. , Furze Julie , De Costa Samodh D. , Hanlon Marian , Spencer Alexandra J. , Honeycutt Jared D. , Wyllie David H. , Gilbert Sarah C. , Bregu Migena , Hill Adrian V. S.
Published: February 2010

A sucrose-trehalose glass film dried onto a filter can preserve the activity of two potential live viral vaccine vectors at elevated temperatures for up to 6 months.