bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Code of Ethics of the National Society of Genetic Counselors: Explication of Revisions
Authors: Bennett R. L. , Callanan N. , Gordon E. , Karns L. , Mooney K. H. , Ruzicka R. , Schmerler S. , Weissman S. ,   the National Society of Genetic Counselors Code of Ethics Work Group
Published: September 2006

The Code of Ethics (COE) of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) was adopted in 1992. In 2004, the NSGC leadership appointed the Code of Ethics Work Group (COEWG) to consider revisions to the NSGC COE based on advice from the NSGC legal counsel, and to consider additional changes given growth in the scope of genetic counseling practice since the adoption of the original COE. After input from the NSGC membership, changes to the COE addressing the recommendations of the NSGC legal counsel were approved in December 2004. The COEWG then reviewed ethical codes and codes of professional conduct from 22 professional organizations, deemed to have similar goals and philosophies to the NSGC, searching for themes that encompassed genetic counseling practice that might not yet be addressed in the NSGC COE. Additional revisions to the COE were proposed, and after feedback from the NSGC membership, the revised COE was approved in January 2006 by majority vote of full members of the NSGC. The explications for the 2004 and 2006 revisions are presented.
ROMAN OMENS, ROMAN AUDIENCES, AND ROMAN HISTORY
Authors: RIPAT PAULINE
Published: September 2006

The role divination played in allocating, maintaining, and justifying the authority of the senatorial élite in the Republic has been well established. Attention has also been paid to the use made of unofficial forms of divination by ambitious members of the ruling élite in the later Republic, who sought (often successfully) to make themselves pre-eminent before their peers by claiming personal divine attention. What has received less attention in discussions of prophecy and authority is the role the general population of non-élites played in this ideological system which served the interests of the powerful rich, either collectively or individually, at the expense of the less powerful poor. The following seeks to begin to correct this oversight, as discussion of this factor is urgently needed if the observations just identified are to be considered sound. This is simply because authority, the expected reward of élite claims of divine favouritism, can be neither universally shared nor coerced. It must be willingly granted to an individual or segment of society by an authority-lacking majority. Where divination is concerned, the identification of an occurrence as a ‘real' divine message is subjective, and general concession to accept one person's (or one group's) claims about divination as true is a concession of real authority. In short, if élite claims of divine favouritism were made to impress the general population, the general population had to be impressed for the claims to be at all meaningful.
DEVOTIO IBERICA AND THE MANIPULATION OF ANCIENT HISTORY TO SUIT SPAIN'S MYTHIC NATIONALIST PAST
Authors: GREENLAND FIONA
Published: September 2006

In the middle of the fourth century BC, Publius Decius Mus, a celebrated general in the Roman army, sacrificed himself against enemy lines in return for the gods' protection of his soldiers and city. Two hundred and seventy years later, the eques Quintus Sertorius was rescued from the battlefield by his Iberian followers, who hoisted him onto their shoulders and passed him safely over a city wall, out of the range of fire. What Decius did was called a devotio by ancient writers; modern scholars cite Sertorius' rescue as an example of devotio Iberica. In both cases, a cognate of the verb devoveo is used. This paper explores the confusion between two related but nevertheless distinct uses of the term, and argues that devotio Iberica, although possibly referring to an actual phenomenon, should be understood primarily as an ancient practice invented by modern historians to further an idealized image of ancient Spain under the Francoist dictatorship.
Academic Clinical Oncology and Radiobiology Research Network (ACORRN): Establishing a coordinated network of groups and individuals who carry out Radiotherapy and Radiobiology Research in the UK
Authors: Love K. , Heap G. , Russell W.
Published: September 2006

The Academic Clinical Oncology and Radiobiology Research Network (ACORRN) was launched in 2005 by the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) to revitalise radiotherapy (RTX) and radiobiology (RB) research in the UK [Price P. Clin Oncol 2005; 17:299–304]. The network was established in response to the sharp decline over the past 10 years in the number of clinical academics and radiation biologists. The decline had left the UK's radiotherapy and RB communities with insufficient infrastructure and capacity, despite radiotherapy experiencing one of the most rapid advances in technology and computerisation of any field in medicine.
Prostate irradiation in patients with hip prostheses – a retrospective analysis
Authors: James L.
Published: September 2006

There are several clinically useful techniques for delivering radical radiotherapy to the prostate. One such beam arrangement is a conformal four-field box technique. Patients who have undergone a total hip replacement have in place a metallic prosthesis, which presents challenges in achieving a homogenous dose distribution. This is due to the increased density of the metal in comparison to bone and soft tissue. The resultant effect is additional attenuation of the X-ray beam as it passes through the prosthesis. The interaction of the photons with the metal also causes increased scatter. Thus, the dose delivered to the tumour is reduced if it is not corrected for. Due to the uncertainty in the amount of attenuation, it is recommended to avoid irradiating through the hip concerned. This means that the four-field box technique cannot be used. Instead, different field arrangements are used such as three or four oblique fields. This is a retrospective investigation into which field arrangement would be the most appropriate for early stage prostate cancer patients. Ten previously treated prostate patients were planned with different beam arrangements avoiding the prosthesis. The results were analysed and are presented with reference to the doses to the organs at risk and the planning target volume. The results indicate that the beam arrangement of choice should be three fields (anterior, posterior and lateral) or a three-field oblique beam arrangement. It has been proved that these plans are acceptable as a solution in this scenario.
The role of counselling and communication skills: how can they enhance a patient's ‘first day’ experience?
Authors: Martin K.-L. , Hodgson D.
Published: September 2006

A patient arriving for their first Radiotherapy appointment can exhibit an array of behaviours, such as anxiety or aggression, which are generated by intense emotions. Each patient will have their own individual concerns and their needs should be addressed, to make their first experience in the Radiotherapy Department as smooth and stress free as possible.

The radiographer's role at this point is undoubtedly to provide patients with information, whilst demonstrating a compassionate and genuine nature. This can make all the difference to the way a patient reacts and copes with the entire course of radiotherapy.

The skills that will allow a radiographer to handle these situations are, in the first instance; good communication skills, but in addition to this the development of some basic counselling skills could further enhance patient care.

The aim of this article is to discuss the benefits of utilising basic counselling skills to create the best environment possible for the patient, and possibly answer some questions about their legitimate nature.
Thermo-luminescent dosimeter evaluation of extra-target dose in intensity modulated sequential tomotherapy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Fuller C.D. , Thomas C.R. , Wong A. , Voeltz L. , Salter B.J. , Fuss M.
Published: September 2006

The proximity of abdominal tumors to non-target organs has motivated exploration of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), with its demonstrated capability to create conformal dose gradients, in abdominal tumors. However, substantial extra-target dose may be observed to radiosensitive organs remote from the treatment field.

We present dosimetric data from two patients receiving abdominal IMRT using a sequential tomotherapy technique, demonstrating substantial dose to extra-target organs.
Barney's version: Observations from the edge
Authors: CHOCHINOV HARVEY M.
Published: September 2006

My good friend and colleague Barney Sneiderman died yesterday. A few
months ago he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer; the day before
yesterday, after failed trials of chemotherapy and staying at
home—with community palliative care supports—as long as
possible, he determined it was time to enter one of our city's
inpatient palliative care units. Less than a day later, he was gone. Some
readers of Palliative & Supportive Care may actually be
familiar with Barney, through his various published works. As a professor
of law at the University of Manitoba, he was known for his expertise in
health issues and the law and biomedical ethics. He was a frequent speaker
to medical professionals on medico-legal subjects, and had a
cross-appointment with the Faculty of Medicine at the University of
Manitoba. Besides his many publications, the book he coauthored,
Canadian Medical Law: An Introduction for Physicians, Nurses and Other
Health Care Professionals, third edition, is considered an
authoritative work on legal issues relating to patient care and treatment
and addresses the most frequent and pressing concerns facing health care
professionals and the lawyers who advise them.
Randomized clinical trial on cognitive therapy for depression in women with metastatic breast cancer: Psychological and immunological effects
Authors: SAVARD JOSÉE , SIMARD SÉBASTIEN , GIGUÈRE ISABELLE , IVERS HANS , MORIN CHARLES M. , MAUNSELL ELIZABETH , GAGNON PIERRE , ROBERT JEAN , MARCEAU DANIÈLE
Published: September 2006

Objective:Depression is particularly prevalent in patients with advanced cancer. Cognitive therapy (CT) is an empirically supported treatment for depression in the general population. However, efficacy remains to be demonstrated in patients with advanced cancer. A prior controlled trial of CT in a group format showed improvements in depression, mood disturbance, and self-esteem; however, these effects were not maintained over time. Studies examining the efficacy of individual format CT interventions that may ensure more long-term maintenance of benefits are necessary. This study assessed the efficacy of CT for depression administered individually in women with metastatic breast cancer and its effect on immune function.

Method: Forty-five women were randomly assigned to either individual CT or to a waiting-list control (WLC) condition. CT was composed of eight weekly sessions of CT and three booster sessions administered at 3-week intervals following the end of treatment.

Results: Patients treated with CT had significantly lower scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at posttreatment compared to untreated patients. Pooled data from both groups indicated significant reductions of depressive symptoms from pre- to posttreatment, as well as reduction of associated symptoms including anxiety, fatigue, and insomnia symptoms. These effects were well sustained at the 3- and 6-month follow-up evaluations. CT for depression did not appear to have a significant impact on immune functioning.

Significance of results: Findings of this study support the efficacy of CT for depression in this population and suggest that the administration of individual and booster sessions after treatment termination may be instrumental in sustaining the treatment effects over time.
Physician perspectives on end-of-life care: Factors of race, specialty, and geography
Authors: CARTER CINDY L. , ZAPKA JANE G. , O'NEILL SUZANNE , DesHARNAIS SUSAN , HENNESSY WINNIE , KURENT JEROME , CARTER RICKEY
Published: September 2006

Objectives: To describe physicians' end-of-life practices, perceptions regarding end-of-life care and characterize differences based upon physician specialty and demographic characteristics. To illuminate physicians' perceptions about differences among their African-American and Caucasian patients' preferences for end-of-life care.

Design and methods: Twenty-four African-American and 16 Caucasian physicians (N= 40) participated in an in-person interview including 23 primary care physicians, 7 cardiologists, and 10 oncologists. Twenty-four practices were in urban areas and 16 were in rural counties.

Results: Physicians perceived racial differences in preferences for end-of-life care between their Caucasian and African-American patients. Whereas oncologists and primary care physicians overwhelmingly reported having working relationships with hospice, only 57% of cardiologists reported having those contacts. African-American physicians were more likely than Caucasian physicians to perceive racial differences in their patients preferences for pain medication.

Significance of results: Demographic factors such as race of physician and patient may impact the provider's perspective on end-of-life care including processes of care and communication with patients.
Physicians' interpretation of the prognostic term “terminal”: A survey among Norwegian physicians
Authors: ROGG LOTTE , GRAUGAARD PETER KJÆR , LOGE JON HÅVARD
Published: September 2006

Objective: Optimal clinical practice depends upon a precise language with common understanding of core terms. The aim of the present study was to examine how Norwegian physicians understand the commonly used but poorly defined term “terminal.”

Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 1605 Norwegian physicians, representative of the Norwegian medical community. Nine hundred and sixty-eight responded and defined “terminal” in expected weeks left to live. The effects of gender, age, specialty, and experience with prognostication toward end of life on the estimation of “terminal” were investigated.

Results: Norwegian physicians on average expect a “terminal” patient to have 3.6 (± 3.5SD) weeks to live with expectation ranging from 0 to 26 weeks. The majority (83.5%) defined “terminal” as less than 5 weeks' survival; 15.0% as 5 to 12 weeks' survival and 1.5% as more than 12 weeks' survival. No difference between genders was observed, whereas the youngest physicians (27–39 years) held shorter definitions than the other age groups. Physicians in internal medicine, surgery, and anaesthesiology held significantly shorter estimations of “terminal” than did physicians in general practice, public health, and psychiatry.

Significance of results: Our study shows that the majority of Norwegian physicians restrict “terminal” to the last 2–4 weeks of patients' lives. A life expectancy of a few days compared to several weeks should lead to different clinical actions. Efforts should therefore be made to come to a common definition of the term. In our opinion the use of “terminal” should be limited to when death is expected within a few days.
Conceptualization of psycho-existential suffering by the Japanese Task Force: The first step of a nationwide project
Authors: MURATA HISAYUKI , MORITA TATSUYA
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:Although the relief of psycho-existential or spiritual suffering is one of the most important roles of palliative care clinicians, lack of an accepted conceptual framework leads to considerable confusion in research in this field. The primary aim of this article is to illustrate the process of developing a conceptual framework by the Japanese Task Force as the initial step of a nationwide project.

Methods:We used consensus-building methods with 26 panel members and 100 multidisciplinary peer reviewers. The panel consisted of six palliative care physicians, six psychiatrists, five nursing experts, four social workers or psychologists, two philosophers, a pastoral care worker, a sociologist, and an occupational therapist. Through 2 days of face-to-face discussion and follow-up discussion by e-mail, we reached a consensus.

Results:The group agreed to adopt a conceptual framework as the starting point of this study, by combining the empirical model from multicenter observations, a theoretical hypothesis, and good death studies in Japan. We defined “psycho-existential suffering” as “pain caused by extinction of the being and the meaning of the self.” We assumed that psycho-existential suffering is caused by the loss of essential components that compose the being and the meaning of human beings: loss of relationships (with others), loss of autonomy (independence, control over future, continuity of self), and loss of temporality (the future). Sense of meaning and peace of mind can be interpreted as an outcome of the psycho-existential state and thus the general end points of our interventions. This model extracted seven categories to be intensively studied in the future: relationship, control, continuity of self, burden to others, generativity, death anxiety, and hope.

Conclusions:A Japanese nationwide multidisciplinary group agreed on a conceptual framework to facilitate research in psycho-existential suffering in terminally ill cancer patients. This model will be revised according to continuing qualitative studies, surveys, and intervention trials.
A literature review of palliative care, end of life, and dementia
Authors: ROGER KERSTIN STIEBER
Published: September 2006

Objective:Little attention has been paid in research to the palliative care of those dying with dementia. This literature review summarizes current research in the social sciences, including medical sociology on palliative care in the example of dementia.

Methods:A designated set of search words was applied to a comprehensive set of university-based search engines to ensure that relevant social science research since 200 was included.

Results:Primary themes discussed in the article include person-centered care, grief, agitation, aggression, pain management, care provision, training and education, decision-making, primary settings of care, and spirituality and dignity. Other key gaps in the literature are discussed.

Significance of the results:Given the projected increase within the next 20 years of people dying with dementia (Hanrahan et al., 2001), palliative care for those dying with dementia will become more relevant than ever.
Waiting
Authors: BREITBART WILLIAM
Published: September 2006

Waiting…. We've all done it. We have all had that
universal experience of waiting. Waiting for news; waiting in line;
waiting in traffic. Waiting can be distressing, exciting, or a neutral
experience. It all depends on the context. Waiting in line at the store is
a rather neutral experience, especially if the line is short and you are
not running late for something important. Waiting to see your child come
off of the bus after a 3-day school trip can be exciting and full of
joyous expectation. Waiting for the results of a biopsy, taken from your
child's liver to determine if he has a life-threatening illness, is
an experience filled with pain and fear. This last context of waiting is
the subject of this brief essay.
Das vergessene Wasser
Authors: Wertli  , Suter
Published: September 2006

Der Stellenwert des Wassers in der Prävention und Ernährungsmedizin wird leider immer noch unterschätzt. Die physiologische Bedeutung braucht nicht näher erläutert zu werden. Im Hinblick auf die Klimatrends sowie veränderte Altersstruktur der Population müssen Empfehlungen bezüglich Trinkmengen und zum Teil auch Salzzufuhr überdacht werden. Im klinischen Alltag sollten regelmässig die Trinkgewohnheiten und Trinkmenge erfragt werden. In den warmen Jahreszeiten muss die bestehende Medikation auf Medikamente, die den Flüssigkeits- und Wärmehaushalt beeinflussen, überprüft und allenfalls angepasst werden. Trinkgewohnheiten können Hinweise auf einen ungesunden Lebensstil geben und sollten in die medizinische Beratung einbezogen werden. Nahrungsmittel mit einem hohen Wassergehalt haben in der Regel eine geringe Energiedichte und können zur Kontrolle des Körpergewichts beitragen.
38-jähriger Patient mit Myalgien und schmerzassoziierter Insomnie
Authors: Thierfelder  , Landolt  , Bassetti
Published: September 2006

Bei einem 38-jährigen Patienten war eine akut aufgetretene Polyneuropathie wegweisend für die Diagnose einer HIV-Primoinfektion. 10–20% der HIV-Infizierten zeigen als erstes Symptom eine neurologische Symptomatik. Die akute HIV-Infektion wird aufgrund einer Vielzahl unspezifischer Symptome häufig verpasst. Falls Verdacht darauf besteht, muss ein kombinierter Suchtest zum Nachweis von HIV-Antikörpern und vom p24-Antigen durchgeführt werden. Wegen des hohen Transmissionsrisikos bei hoher Viruslast im Frühstadium ist die frühzeitige Diagnosestellung von Bedeutung. Die Frühtherapie einer HIV-Infektion ist aufgrund fehlender prospektiv vergleichender Studien kontrovers.
Can Infant Cognitive Psychology Be Helpful in Understanding Learning Processes?
Authors: Lécuyer Roger
Published: September 2006

Since teaching and learning has become a major economic activity of modern society, different learning models can be considered in order to increase its effectiveness and efficiency. For a long time infant cognitive psychology was influenced by nativist theories and, thus, early learning has been underestimated and insufficiently studied. However, in recent years, infant psychology has described developmental sequences, learning situations, and social mechanisms that influence development. Thus, infant psychology appears again to be developmental. Since infant learning is fast and efficient, this paper proposes that it can be considered as a model for teaching and learning in older children and adults. Some examples of early acquired knowledge and some acquisition situations are presented. Conversely, some examples of later failures are exposed. The relevant theoretical contexts are discussed. The consequences of learning mechanisms observed in infants for pedagogy are considered.
Mental Representation of Money in Experts and Nonexperts after the Introduction of the Euro
Authors: Lotto Lorella , Rubaltelli Enrico , Rumiati Rino , Savadori Lucia
Published: September 2006

The aim of the present study is to show the representation of the category “money” that Italians have after the introduction of the Euro. In addition, it was assessed whether different expertise in handling money might have an effect. To assess the expertise we asked to answer three different groups (students, retailers, and bank clerks) to answer the questionnaire. It was expected that the mental representation of the concept of money should be different among the three groups since they have different ways of handling money depending on their specific activities. Results showed that different exemplars of money are actually perceived as differently representative of the concept money. Moreover, there was an effect of expertise, which led the three groups to have different mental representations of the money category.
Cross-Cultural Assessment of Emotional States and Personality Traits
Authors: Spielberger Charles D.
Published: September 2006

Biographical information regarding Wilhelm Wundt and William James is briefly described, and the contributions of these founders of psychology in Europe and the US to the understanding of emotions and personality are reviewed. Important theoretical contributions of Darwin and Freud to the historical evolution of emotions and personality as psychological constructs are also examined. Critical issues and sources of error in the cross-cultural adaptation of psychological tests of emotional states and personality traits are evaluated, emphasizing the importance of construct equivalence in the languages of the tests that are being translated and adapted. The nature of anxiety, anger, depression, and curiosity as fundamental psychological concepts is discussed, and the importance of measuring these vital signs in diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.
Memory Processes, Aging, Cognitive Decline, and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Nilsson Lars-Göran
Published: September 2006

This paper presents four domains of markers that have been found to predict later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. These four domains are (1) data patterns of memory performance, (2) cardiovascular factors, (3) genetic markers, and (4) brain activity. The critical features of each domain are illustrated with data from the longitudinal Betula Study on memory, aging, and health ( Nilsson et al., 1997 ; Nilsson et al., 2004 ). Up to now, early signs regarding these domains have been examined one by one and it has been found that they are associated with later cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. However, it was also found that each marker accounts for only a very small part of the total variance, implying that single markers should not be used as predictors for cognitive decline or neurodegenerative disease. It is discussed whether modeling and simulations should be used as tools to combine markers at different levels to increase the amount of explained variance.
Personality, Emotionality, and Risk Prediction
Authors: Borkenau Peter , Mauer Nadine
Published: September 2006

We suggest a new approach for measuring individual differences in optimistic bias that adjusts risk estimates for oneself for: (1) risk estimates for other persons to control for response tendencies, and (2) risk estimates by knowledgeable informants to control for differences in actual risk. In two studies, we measured Positive and Negative Emotionality by self-reports and reports by knowledgeable informants. Moreover, likelihood estimates that pleasant and unpleasant events will occur to oneself and to an average other person were collected, and the knowledgeable informants provided risk estimates for the research participants. Risk estimates by knowledgeable informants were even more optimistic than self-estimates, and optimistic bias was related directly to Positive Emotionality and inversely to Negative Emotionality. These effects of personality on optimistic bias were not mediated by current mood.
Rat Strain and Sex Differences in Leptin Responses to Immobilization Stress
Authors: Ceballos Rachel M. , Faraday Martha M. , Cousino Klein Laura
Published: September 2006

The effects of immobilization (IM) stress on plasma leptin levels and bodyweight in adult Sprague-Dawley (19 males, 20 females) and Long-Evans (20 males, 20 females) rats were investigated. Following a 10-day baseline period, half the animals from each experimental group were exposed to immobilization stress or no-stress 20 min/day for 21 days. Plasma leptin and corticosterone levels were measured following stress or no-stress exposure on the last day of the experiment. Corticosterone levels confirmed stress exposure. Important interactive effects of stress, strain, and sex on leptin and corticosterone levels were also observed. Specifically, females displayed higher leptin levels than did males, regardless of stress exposure. Strain interacted with stress such that stressed Long-Evans rats displayed higher leptin levels than did stressed Sprague-Dawley rats; there were no strain differences in leptin levels among nonstressed rats. Also, correlations between leptin and corticosterone were strain-specific. Results are discussed with respect to previously unreported strain differences in the effects of immobilization stress on circulating plasma leptin and the relevance to inconsistent findings in the human literature.
Association Between Long-Term Job Strain and Metabolic Syndrome Factor Across Sex and Occupation
Authors: Kinnunen Marja-Liisa , Feldt Taru , Kinnunen Ulla , Kaprio Jaakko , Pulkkinen Lea
Published: September 2006

The present study investigated whether long-term job strain increases the prevalence of risk for metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, across sex and occupation. The participants (64 men, 62 women) were drawn from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, Finland. Job strain was measured by a combination of high job demands and low job control ( Karasek, 1979 ) at ages 36 and 42. Metabolic syndrome was measured at age 42. The results indicated that both sex and occupational group moderated the association between long-term job strain and the metabolic syndrome factor but in an unexpected way. In women, low long-term job strain was associated with higher levels of the metabolic syndrome factor. Among white-collar workers high long-term job strain was related to low levels of the metabolic syndrome factor. Hence, more research is needed to identify additional potential moderators of long-term job strain on metabolic syndrome across sex and occupation.
Small‐scale gravity modeling of upper crustal structures in the Araba Valley along the Dead Sea Transform
Authors: Tašárová Z. , Götze H.‐J. , El‐Kelani R. , Ebbing J. , Hassouneh M.
Published: September 2006

A detailed three‐dimensional (3‐D) gravity model of upper crustal structures was created for the Dead Sea Transform in the Araba/Arava Valley, located some 80 km south of the Dead Sea Basin. The density model covers an area of ∼30 × 30 km and incorporates results from several recent geophysical experiments performed in this region. The model presented is a local density model that focuses on the uppermost crustal layers to a depth of ∼5 km. Therefore, in order to separate the effect of regional structures (such as the crust‐mantle boundary) from that of local structures within the crust, a residual anomaly was computed from a newly compiled Bouguer gravity anomaly database. In contrast to the Bouguer anomaly, which is negative across the entire study area, the residual gravity field contains both positive and negative values. The 3‐D structural image of the upper crust reveals that the basement east and west of the Dead Sea Transform is vertically offset by 1.5 to 2.8 km. Considering the 105 km of sinistral displacement of the Dead Sea Transform, this result confirms the findings of other geophysical measurements that show an abrupt change in the physical parameters and geometry of the two lithological blocks that are juxtaposed along the Dead Sea Transform. Additionally, analysis of the calculated gravity gradients suggests that the Dead Sea Transform and the neighboring Zofar fault could be offset at depth with respect to the present‐day traces at the surface.
Monthly tidal temperatures 20–120 km from TIMED/SABER
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Forbes Jeffrey M. , Hagan Maura E. , Russell James M. , Palo Scott E. , Mertens Christopher J. , Mlynczak Martin G.
Published: September 2006

The SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite provides unprecedented geographical coverage for the determination and study of atmospheric tides. However, the slow local time precession rate of TIMED can cause longer‐term temperature variations to alias into the tidal signals. A new method of analyzing satellite data for tides has been developed to circumvent this difficulty, but at the expense of temporal resolution of the tidal fields, i.e., 120‐day mean tidal structures are obtained. In this work, we apply this method to SABER temperature data to derive a series of 120‐day mean tidal structures, extending between 20 and 120 km altitude, 50°S–50°N latitude, and centered on each month from September 2003 to September 2004. In addition to the migrating (Sun‐synchronous) diurnal and semidiurnal tides, a number of nonmigrating tides are revealed in the SABER measurements. Some of these waves are thought to originate via nonlinear coupling between the migrating tides and the stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number s = 1. Other nonmigrating tidal components appear to be forced by latent heating due to deep tropical convection. Of the latter, the eastward propagating diurnal tide with s = 3 is dominant and is as large as the migrating diurnal tide during some months. Of particular interest is the wave‐4 structure with respect to longitude that characterizes both the diurnal and semidiurnal total tidal fields. This feature is a result of the predominant wave‐4 topography/land‐sea longitude dependence at the surface, which is reflected in the diurnal and semidiurnal components of the latent heating rates due to deep tropical convection. The ability of the global‐scale wave model (GSWM) to approximate the observed tidal fields, including the wave‐4 total tidal structures, is also assessed.
Distribution and properties of open magnetic flux outside of coronal holes
Authors: Fisk L. A. , Zurbuchen T. H.
Published: September 2006

The open magnetic flux of the Sun, the component of the solar magnetic field that forms the heliospheric magnetic field, is known to be concentrated into coronal holes, regions of low plasma density where the solar wind escapes easily. There also is evidence for concentrations of open flux in the vicinity of active regions. In this paper we explore the possibility that there is an additional component of open flux. We argue that open magnetic flux will reconnect with closed magnetic loops and that this process will distribute a small fraction of the open flux into a uniform, radial component in regions that do not underlie the overexpansion of the magnetic field from coronal holes. This additional component of open flux will facilitate the escape of energetic particles from solar flares and also the escape of plasma to form the slow solar wind.
Ripples observed on the surface of the Earth's quasi‐perpendicular bow shock
Authors: Moullard O. , Burgess D. , Horbury T. S. , Lucek E. A.
Published: September 2006

Multipoint measurements from Cluster of a particularly slow encounter with the Earth's bow shock are presented. The shock is classified as high Mach number, quasi‐perpendicular, and high plasma beta. Coherent oscillations of the plasma density and the magnetic field amplitude are seen in the foot and ramp of the shock with period approximately 15 s; the traversal of the shock layer lasts 2 min. The oscillation amplitude decreases upstream from a maximum value at the location of the shock overshoot so that it is confined within the shock layer. Phase differences in the oscillations as seen on the four Cluster spacecraft indicate that the oscillations are propagating, and cannot be explained by a one‐dimensional shock profile fluctuating in position. Four‐point timing shows that the oscillations correspond to ripples traveling across the surface of the shock, with wavelength 1000–2000 km and propagation direction roughly parallel to the magnetic field. The presence of these oscillations could have major implications for the analysis of crossings observed at higher relative shock‐spacecraft speeds or where the interspacecraft spacing is larger and the shock velocity is changing.
Current plate movements across the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge determined from 5 years of continuous GPS measurements in Iceland
Authors: Geirsson Halldór , Árnadóttir Thóra , Völksen Christof , Jiang Weiping , Sturkell Erik , Villemin Thierry , Einarsson Páll , Sigmundsson Freysteinn , Stefánsson Ragnar
Published: September 2006

We analyze data spanning up to 5 years from 18 continuous GPS stations in Iceland, computing daily positions of the stations with three different high‐level geodetic processing software packages. We observe large‐scale crustal deformation due to plate spreading across Iceland. The observed plate divergence between the North American and the Eurasian plates is in general agreement with existing models of plate motion. Spreading is taken up within a ∼100–150 km wide plate boundary zone that runs through the island. Of the two parallel branches of the plate boundary in south Iceland, the eastern volcanic zone is currently taking up the majority of the spreading and little is left for the western volcanic zone. The plate boundary deformation field has been locally and temporarily affected in south Iceland by two Mw = 6.5 earthquakes in June 2000, inflation at Katla volcano during 2000 to 2004, and an eruption of Hekla volcano in February 2000. All stations with significant vertical velocities are moving up relative to the reference station REYK, with the highest velocity exceeding 20 mm/yr in the center of the island.
Mantle melting as a function of water content beneath back‐arc basins
Authors: Kelley Katherine A. , Plank Terry , Grove Timothy L. , Stolper Edward M. , Newman Sally , Hauri Erik
Published: September 2006

Subduction zone magmas are characterized by high concentrations of H2O, presumably derived from the subducted plate and ultimately responsible for melting at this tectonic setting. Previous studies of the role of water during mantle melting beneath back‐arc basins found positive correlations between the H2O concentration of the mantle (H2Oo) and the extent of melting (F), in contrast to the negative correlations observed at mid‐ocean ridges. Here we examine data compiled from six back‐arc basins and three mid‐ocean ridge regions. We use TiO2 as a proxy for F, then use F to calculateH2Oo from measured H2O concentrations of submarine basalts. Back‐arc basins record up to 0.5 wt % H2O or more in their mantle sources and define positive, approximately linear correlations between H2Oo and F that vary regionally in slope and intercept. Ridge‐like mantle potential temperatures at back‐arc basins, constrained from Na‐Fe systematics (1350°–1500°C), correlate with variations in axial depth and wet melt productivity (∼30–80% F/wt % H2Oo). Water concentrations in back‐arc mantle sources increase toward the trench, and back‐arc spreading segments with the highest mean H2Oo are at anomalously shallow water depths, consistent with increases in crustal thickness and total melt production resulting from high H2O. These results contrast with those from ridges, which record low H2Oo (<0.05 wt %) and broadly negative correlations between H2Oo and F that result from purely passive melting and efficient melt focusing, where water and melt distribution are governed by the solid flow field. Back‐arc basin spreading combines ridge‐like adiabatic melting with nonadiabatic mantle melting paths that may be independent of the solid flow field and derive from the H2O supply from the subducting plate. These factors combine significant quantitative and qualitative differences in the integrated influence of water on melting phenomena in back‐arc basin and mid‐ocean ridge settings.
Swash‐aquifer interaction in the vicinity of the water table exit point on a sandy beach
Authors: Cartwright Nick , Baldock Tom E. , Nielsen Peter , Jeng Dong‐Sheng , Tao Longbin
Published: September 2006

The coupling of sandy beach aquifers with the swash zone in the vicinity of the water table exit point is investigated through simultaneous measurements of the instantaneous shoreline (swash front) location, pore pressures and the water table exit point. The field observations reveal new insights into swash‐aquifer coupling not previously gleaned from measurements of pore pressure only. In particular, for the case where the exit point is seaward of the observation point, the pore pressure response is correlated with the distance between the exit point and the shoreline in that when the distance is large the rate of pressure drop is fast and when the distance is small the rate decreases. The observations expose limitations in a simple model describing exit point dynamics which is based only on the force balance on a particle of water at the sand surface and neglects subsurface pressures. A new modified form of the model is shown to significantly improve the model‐data comparison through a parameterization of the effects of capillarity into the aquifer storage coefficient. The model enables sufficiently accurate predictions of the exit point to determine when the swash uprush propagates over a saturated or a partially saturated sand surface, potentially an important factor in the morphological evolution of the beach face. Observations of the shoreward propagation of the swash‐induced pore pressure waves ahead of the runup limit shows that the magnitude of the pressure fluctuation decays exponentially and that there is a linear increase in time lags, behavior similar to that of tidally induced water table waves. The location of the exit point and the intermittency of wave runup events is also shown to be significant in terms of the shore‐normal energy distribution. Seaward of the mean exit point location, peak energies are small because of the saturated sand surface within the seepage face acting as a “rigid lid” and limiting pressure fluctuations. Landward of the mean exit point the peak energies grow before decreasing landward of the maximum shoreline position.
Simulating tropical river plumes, a set of parametrizations based on macroscale data: A test case in the Mekong Delta region
Authors: Hordoir R. , Nguyen K. D. , Polcher J.
Published: September 2006

A year‐long simulation of the Mekong river plume is conducted. The purpose is to identify the main processes impacting the fate of tropical freshwater runoff onto the shelf for later inclusion into a global ocean circulation model. Factors influencing the river plume in a general case are listed and are included in a coastal ocean configuration of the Princeton Ocean Model. This is achieved either explicitly, as for wind forcing, or using parametrizations corresponding to the length and timescales of river plumes physics, as for tides or estuaries. Results exhibit a strong seasonal variability related to the monsoon wind and river flow regimes of the region. A comparison with in situ measurements made during a campaign carried out in 1997 shows a good agreement. Vertical salinity profiles extracted from the model configuration correspond to conductivity‐temperature‐depth salinity profiles behavior established during the campaign. This model configuration also provides a good estimate of sea surface salinity in the vicinity of the coast of the Mekong Delta.
Effects of climate variability on carbon sequestration among adjacent wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems
Authors: Kwon Hyo‐Jung , Oechel Walter C. , Zulueta Rommel C. , Hastings Steven J.
Published: September 2006

Temporal and spatial variability in the Arctic introduces considerable uncertainty in the estimation of the current carbon budget and Arctic ecosystem response to climate change. Few representative measurements are available for land‐surface parameterization of the Arctic tundra in regional and global climate models. In this study, the eddy covariance technique was used to measure net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of Alaskan wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems during the summer (i.e., 1 June to 31 August) from 1999 to 2003 in order to quantify the seasonal and spatial variability in NEE and to determine controlling factors on NEE in these tundra ecosystems. Warmer and drier conditions prevailed for the moist tussock tundra compared with that of the wet sedge tundra. Over the 5‐year period, the wet sedge tundra was a sink for carbon of 46.4 to 70.0 gC m−2 season−1, while the moist tussock tundra either lost carbon of up to 60.8 gC m−2 season−1 or was in balance. The contrasting patterns of carbon balance at the two sites demonstrate that ecosystem difference can be more important in determining landscape NEE than intraseasonal and interseasonal variability due to environmental factors with respect to NEE. The wet sedge tundra showed an acclimation (e.g., over days) to temperature, while the moist tussock tundra illustrated a strong temperature dependence. Warming and drying accentuated ecosystem respiration in the moist tussock tundra, causing a net loss of carbon. Better characterization of spatial variability in NEE and associated environmental controls is required to improve current and future estimates of the Arctic terrestrial carbon balance.
Comparison of grid‐based algorithms for computing upslope contributing area
Authors: Erskine Robert H. , Green Timothy R. , Ramirez Jorge A. , MacDonald Lee H.
Published: September 2006

Terrain attributes based on upslope contributing area, A, are used widely in distributed hydrologic models. Several grid‐based algorithms are available for estimating A. In this study, five algorithms (D8, ρ8, MFD, DEMON, and D∞) were compared quantitatively on two undulating agricultural fields (63 and 109 ha) in northeastern Colorado. Global positioning system (GPS) data (0.02‐m accuracy) were used to generate grid digital elevation models (DEMs) at 5‐, 10‐, and 30‐m cell sizes. Relative differences between A values estimated using single‐ and multiple‐direction algorithms increased with decreasing grid cell size. Relative differences were greatest along ridges and side slopes, and differences decreased where the terrain became more convergent. Multiple‐direction algorithms (MFD, DEMON, and D∞), allowing for flow divergence, are recommended on these undulating terrains for 5‐ and 10‐m grids where A is most sensitive to the algorithm selection.
Wavelet analysis of the seismograms of the 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake and its application to tsunami early warning
Authors: Lockwood Oliver G. , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: September 2006

We applied the wavelet transform in an attempt to detect long‐period components early in a seismogram. We analyzed the displacement seismograms of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake (Mw = 9.2) and the 28 March 2005 Nias earthquake (Mw = 8.7). Wavelet analysis is able to clearly distinguish the amplitudes of the long‐period W phase between the seismograms of the two earthquakes before the S wave reaches the station. It shows that the 2004 earthquake generates a W phase of significantly greater amplitude. This facility has potential application to the rapid identification of truly great earthquakes with high tsunami potential.
An observational study of the impact of the North Pacific SST on the atmosphere
Authors: Liu Qinyu , Wen Na , Liu Zhengyu
Published: September 2006

To investigate the observed atmospheric response to SST variability in the North Pacific, the Maximum Covariance Analysis is performed between the monthly sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and the 500‐hPa geopotential height anomaly over the North Pacific using observations of the period 1958–1993. In addition to the strong remote ENSO impact in winter months, the MCA analysis suggests a significant local atmospheric response, with the summer atmosphere corresponding to the preceding winter SST over the North Pacific. In this local response, a horseshoe SSTA in winter, with a positive SSTA loading over the central‐western North Pacific surrounded by a negative SSTA, appears to persist into the spring and summer, eventually leading to an atmospheric response in summer with a wave‐train over the mid‐latitude North Pacific. This local response may imply some predictability of the North Pacific summer atmospheric circulation with a lead time of up to 6 months.
Relationship between flux and resident concentrations for anomalous dispersion
Authors: Zhang Yong , Baeumer Boris , Benson David A.
Published: September 2006

A concentration measurement in the field or laboratory will be most closely related to either the resident or the flux concentration. The former describes all solute particles present at some point while the latter describes solute particles that have moved irrevocably past some point. In addition, either measurement may preferentially sample a relatively mobile phase (say, by drawing a water sample) or both the mobile and immobile phases (say, by measuring in‐situ electrical conductivity). The relationship between the resident and flux concentrations for anomalous, fractional‐order, transport equations is developed analytically using an integral transform and explored further using a random walk model. The late‐time resident and flux concentrations may differ by several orders‐of‐magnitude, so that the relationships developed here are critical for making predictions of flux based on resident concentration measurements and vice‐versa.