Perspectives of Men and Women Working in Vector Control in Africa Regarding Barriers and Opportunities for Achieving Gender Inclusivity
Authors: Ampuriire Patience , Bofu Ramadhani M. , Msugupakulya Betwel J. , Mponzi Winifrida P. , Matoke-Muhia Damaris , Finda Marceline F. , Okumu Fredros O. 
Published: October 2024

Background
Integrating gender inclusivity in strategies against vector-borne diseases is crucial for addressing their disproportionate impacts and enhancing the translation of research findings. Unfortunately, current efforts do not adequately consider key experiences and perspectives of local practitioners regarding factors like cultural norms, stereotypes, power structures, leadership, and workplace dynamics, further hindering gender inclusivity in African vector control programs. We therefore investigated the gender-related perspectives of men and women working in vector control in Africa and their recommendations for effective gender inclusivity.
Methods
This study targeted staff in public and private institutions involved in vector control research and implementation across 16 African countries, with a central focus on Tanzania. An exploratory mixed-methods design was used, starting in Tanzania with 22 in-depth interviews with team leaders, followed by seven focus group discussions with scientists and practitioners and two small group discussions with students pursuing vector-related courses. An online survey was also conducted, with 150 participants from all 16 countries, including researchers, academics, technicians, students, and vector control staff. We assessed knowledge, perceptions and experiences on gender distribution and inclusivity in vector control, differences in male and female perspectives and other gender-related experiences, including sexual harassment. Thematic content analysis was used for qualitative data, while survey findings were summarized descriptively.
Results
The survey revealed significant gender disparities in vector control staffing and leadership, with 70.3% of men and only 40.7% of women having held leadership roles. Men dominated vector control roles, except in academic research where gender balance was maintained until the master's level but biased towards men at PhD levels. Marriage appeared to impact women more than men, with 44.1% of women saying they had never married compared to only 18.7% of men. Participants generally agreed that gender inclusivity enhances community engagement, though views varied on its impact on creativity, costs, and morale. Some prioritized formal qualifications over gender, while others valued inclusivity for fostering diverse perspectives and better outcomes. More women than men strongly disagreed that gender inclusivity offers no benefits and creates hostile workplaces. Challenges to gender inclusivity included cultural norms limiting women's participation in activities like overnight fieldwork and the struggle to balance family responsibilities with career advancement. Male participants recognized the benefits of working with women but noted challenges related to societal expectations and workplace accommodations. Majority of participants (84.1%) had never experienced gender-based violence, but women were more likely than men to report sexual harassment. Most women had male managers, and over half believed their manager's gender significantly impacted their work environment. Some women preferred female leaders for relatability and support, while others had no preferences.
Conclusion
The study highlights significant gender disparities in staffing and leadership within vector control in Africa but also provides insights for stakeholders to develop strategies that promote equitable work environments. Although the benefits of gender inclusivity are broadly recognized, challenges related to cultural norms and societal expectations persist – and should be addressed by incorporating a gender lens that considers the perspectives of both men and women in vector control.