bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A typed representation for
HTML and XML documents in Haskell
Authors: THIEMANN PETER
Published: September 2002

We define a family of embedded domain specific languages for generating HTML and XML
documents. Each language is implemented as a combinator library in Haskell. The generated
HTML/XML documents are guaranteed to be well-formed. In addition, each library can
guarantee that the generated documents are valid XML documents to a certain extent
(for HTML only a weaker guarantee is possible). On top of the libraries, Haskell serves
as a meta language to define parameterized documents, to map structured documents to
HTML/XML, to define conditional content, or to define entire web sites. The combinator
libraries support element-transforming style, a programming style that allows programs to
have a visual appearance similar to HTML/XML documents, without modifying the syntax
of Haskell.
Late-onset schizophrenia and very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis
Authors: Howard Robert
Published: September 2002

The classification of schizophrenia-like and paranoid disorders in elderly people has a
long and somewhat confusing history which can largely be blamed for the currently uncertain
nosological position of such patients. To Kraepelin, dementia praecox was fundamentally a
disorder of emotion and volition, while paraphrenia was characterized by hallucinations and
delusions without deterioration or disturbance of affective response, and paranoia involved
the insidious development of a permanent delusional system which resulted from internal
causes and was accompanied by perfect preservation of orderly thinking, acting and will.
However, by the eighth edition of his textbook in 1913, Kraepelin was expressing serious
doubts about the assumptions on which his conception of dementia praecox had been based.
In some cases, a complete and lasting recovery was seen and the relationship between onset
and early adult life was not absolute. Indeed, Bleuler had introduced the term
‘schizophrenia’ in order to get away from the concept of the disorder as an
adolescent mental deterioration.
Suicide in late life
Authors: Snowdon John
Published: September 2002

If we can better understand why people kill themselves, it should be possible to
reduce suicide rates. The major aim of this article is to consider whether any factors
associated with higher rates of suicide in old age are amenable to preventive interventions.

It is said that epidemiology is the basic science of prevention. Multiple
interacting factors contribute to the causation of suicide, though commonly, in the
individual case, a single circumstance or condition can be identified as the major
precipitant of suicidal behaviour. Cross-sectional studies may reveal factors that
correlate with high suicide rates in particular populations, while long-term studies
can show associations between changes in suicide rate and in socio-environmental
conditions.
A review of the distribution and status of Pygmy Palm-Swift Micropanyptila furcata
in Venezuela
Authors: Collins Charles T. , Ryan Thomas P. , Kelsey Rodd
Published: September 2002

Pygmy Palm-Swift Micropanyptila furcata is endemic to the Maracaibo Basin of Venezuela and Colombia. Described
by Sutton in 1928, it is still known only from < 30 museum specimens from seven localities, leading it to be included
in the first edition of the bird Red Data Book, but not subsequent editions. During a field survey in January 1995 we
regularly encountered this species throughout the south-eastern Maracaibo Basin in Venezuela, at elevations from 30
m to 800 m. We found them in a variety of habitats including cleared pastures, cropland, open forest and rural towns,
and observed them near mature cultivated palms, which represented nesting and roosting substrates. Pygmy Palm-Swifts
foraged in small groups immediately above the treetops and over grass savannah. As we recorded them at
nearly all previously known sites and many additional ones, often in close proximity to human activities and potential
sources of disturbance, we suggest that it is not a rare bird and currently does not require special status or conservation
efforts.
Imagining the Cathars in Late-twentieth-century Languedoc
Authors: McCaffrey Emily
Published: September 2002

This article describes the recent resurgence of the popular memory of the thirteenth-century Cathar, or Albigensian, heresy and its bloody repression in Languedoc, south-western France. After centuries of having been relegated to the realms of elite historical theological and political writing, today the memory of the Cathars dominates local history, culture, literature and tourism. Indeed, the popular memory of the Cathars has become central to collective identity and its expressions. The article explores how local professional historians have mediated, sometimes awkwardly, between academic history and popular history.
Recent advances in gene therapy with skin cells
Authors: DEL RIO MARCELA , LARCHER FERNANDO , JORCANO JOSÉ LUIS
Published: September 2002

Somatic gene therapy remains a promising therapeutic approach for both inherited and acquired disorders. Among the tissues amenable to gene therapy, the skin, and particularly the epidermal cells, present several features advantageous for genetic manipulation and monitoring of therapeutic effects. Candidate diseases for cutaneous gene therapy not only involve skin defects but also systemic abnormalities. The robust basic and pre-clinical data gathered during the last few years have allowed the imminent launching of keratinocyte-based gene therapy with applications to patients.
EVALUATION OF TWO TREATMENTS FOR CHILDREN WITH SEVERE BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS: CHILD BEHAVIOUR AND MATERNAL MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
Authors: Hutchings Judy , Appleton Peter , Smith Mike , Lane Eleanor , Nash Susan
Published: September 2002

There is a substantial literature reporting the co-occurrence of maternal depression and child behaviour problems. Behavioural interventions have proven efficacy in the treatment of conduct problems, and a number of studies have reported gains in parental mental health following parent training. The mechanisms by which this is achieved are not clear, but it is likely that interventions that include parent training in observation skills and exposure to success will impact on both the child's conduct problems and maternal depression. This paper reports on the outcomes of two treatments for children with severely disruptive behaviour, the standard treatment offered by a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, and an intensive parent training intervention. It was predicted that the more specific skills training in the intensive treatment would make improvements in maternal health and child behaviour more likely. Significant overall improvements were found in measures of child behaviour, parental practices and maternal mental health. A correlation emerged between the improved child behaviour and the improved parenting strategies. Significant improvements for the intensive treatment group were seen on every measure. Significant improvement in the measure of maternal mental health contrasted with little change for the standard treatment group.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL CASE FORMULATION. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL, SYSTEMIC AND SOCIAL CONTEXT: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Calam Rachel
Published: September 2002

The historical origins of the case formulation approach to assessment and treatment are described and its role in clinical practice and research discussed. It is argued that treatment based on individual case formulations should not be precluded from clinical trials. The empirical evidence for the reliability and efficacy of case formulation is reviewed. The evidence that an idiosyncratic case formulation approach to treatment has any advantage over a standard protocol is equivocal; however, the studies that have been carried out are under powered and potentially suffer from a Type II error. The standard procedure for case formulation is briefly described and the argument advanced that this method of clinical assessment should be soundly based upon empirical evidence and hypothesis testing and not on speculation. Three modifications are suggested to the current practice of case formulation. These are: 1) the conceptualization of dysfunctional systems in the maintenance of clinical problems; 2) the historical background of a clinical problem should be described in terms of vulnerabilities and epidemiological evidence-base; and 3) the pivotal role of social behaviour and context should be emphasized and accommodated in a formulation. The advantages of a case formulation, in providing an understanding of the maintenance of clinical problems, in providing an integrated approach to intervention are outlined.
THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT OF A COMORBID ANXIETY DISORDER ON PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN A PATIENT WITH A DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Good John
Published: September 2002

This case study deals with the effect of treatment of social phobia on psychotic symptoms in a patient with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Stress vulnerability models were used to provide a rationale for treatment. The phobia was treated using standard CBT techniques while the therapist avoided any direct treatment of the psychotic symptoms. Scores for social phobia reduced to a sub clinical level over the course of treatment and the psychotic symptoms rapidly abated. Although only a single case study and therefore impossible to generalize to a wider patient group the study would seem to suggest that treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders can effect psychotic symptoms. Some thoughts are presented as to why this might be the case.
CHANGES TO AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS AND
DYSFUNCTIONAL ATTITUDES IN GROUP CBT FOR DEPRESSION
Authors: Furlong Michele , Oei Tian P. S.
Published: September 2002

The present study sought to clarify the role of cognitive change in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) by examining the relationship between depression outcome and changes to automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes at different points of therapy. Thirty patients suffering from Major Depression (MDD) or Dysthymia attended the 12 sessions of a group CBT program. Multiple regressions found total scores on the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ) and cumulative change scores on the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) to predict scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at later stages of therapy, though neither form of cognition was predictive from earlier stages of therapy. Only scores on the ATQ were significantly related to both cognitive and somatic subscales of the BDI, indicating that automatic thoughts are more directly related to cognitive change than dysfunctional attitudes. Overall findings suggest that significant reductions in both automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes are related to non-clinical levels of depressive symptoms at the end of the treatment.
Incentives to retire later – a solution to the
social security crisis?
Authors: BREYER FRIEDRICH , KIFMANN MATHIAS
Published: September 2002

As one possible solution to the well-known financing crisis of unfunded social security systems,
an increase in the retirement age is a popular option. To induce workers to retire later, it has
been proposed to strengthen the link between retirement age and benefit level. The present
paper is devoted to analyzing the long-run financial implications of such a reform. We show
that with actuarial adjustments the long-run contribution rate is an increasing function of
the retirement age chosen by workers. Moreover, the implicit tax paid to the pension system
by a participant can increase in the long run if the retirement age rises in response to a
‘steep’ adjustment rule. In this sense, the proposed ‘cure’ may worsen the disease. Finally, we
show how the negative effects can be avoided by forming a capital stock from the additional
revenues due to later retirement.
High‐Yield Production of Lutein by the Green Microalga Chlorella protothecoidesin Heterotrophic Fed‐Batch Culture
Authors: Shi Xian‐Ming , Chen Feng
Published: September 2002

The green microalga Chlorella protothecoideswas grown heterotrophically in batch mode in a 3.7‐L fermenter containing 40 g/L glucose and 3.6 g/L urea. In the late exponential phase, concentrated nutrients containing glucose and urea were fed into the culture, in which the nitrogen source was sufficient compared to carbon source. As a result, a maximum cell dry weight concentration of 48 g/L was achieved. This cell dry weight concentration was 28.4 g/L higher than that obtained in batch culture under the same growth conditions. In another cultivation run, the culture was provided with the same initial concentrations of glucose (40 g/L) and urea (3.6 g/L) as in the batch mode, followed by a relatively reduced supply of nitrogen source in the fed‐batch mode to establish a nitrogen‐limited culture. Such a modification resulted in an enhanced lutein production without significantly lowering biomass production. The cellular lutein content was 0.27 mg/g higher than that obtained in the N‐sufficient culture. The improvements were also reflected by higher maximum lutein yield, lutein productivity, and lutein yield coefficient on glucose. This N‐limited fed‐batch culture was successfully scaled up from 3.7 L to 30 L, and a three‐step cultivation process was developed for the high‐yield production of lutein. The maximum cell dry weight concentration (45.8 g/L) achieved in the large fermenter (30 L) was comparable to that in the small one (3.7 L). The maintenance of the culture at a higher temperature (i.e., 32 °C) for 84 h resulted in a 19.9% increase in lutein content but a 13.6% decrease in cell dry weight concentration as compared to the fed‐batch culture (30 L) without such a treatment. The enhancement of lutein production resulted from the combination of nitrogen limitation and high‐temperature stress.
Comparative Study of the Inactivation Kinetics of Pectinmethylesterase in Tomato Juice and Purified Form
Authors: Fachin Diana , Van Loey Ann M. , Nguyen Binh Ly , Verlent Isabel , Indrawati  , Hendrickx Marc E.
Published: September 2002

Pectinmethylesterase (PME) extracted from tomato fruit was purified by affinity chromatography. A single peak of PME activity was observed, presenting a molar mass of 33.6 kDa, an isoelectric point higher than 9.3, and an optimal temperature and pH for activity of 55 °C and 8.0, respectively. The processing stability of purified tomato PME in buffer solution was compared to PME stability in tomato juice. In both media, thermal inactivation of PME presented first‐order inactivation kinetics, PME in tomato juice being more heat‐labile than purified PME. Regarding high‐pressure treatment, tomato PME showed to be very pressure‐resistant, revealing an outspoken antagonistic effect of temperature and pressure. To avoid cloud loss in tomato juice, a time‐temperature treatment of 1 min at 76.5 °C was calculated in order to have a residual PME activity of 1 × 10−4U/mL.
Development of an Optimal Medium for Continuous Ferrous Iron Oxidation by Immobilized Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidansCells
Authors: Kim Tae Wan , Kim Chang Joon , Chang Yong Keun , Ryu Hee Wook , Cho Kyung‐Suk
Published: September 2002

This study was aimed at developing an immobilized bioreactor system in which long‐term continuous ferrous iron oxidation can be realized with no formation of jarosite, which causes clogging of support pores and reactor lines. For this purpose, a medium with no jarosite formation was developed first by selecting optimal nitrogen and phosphate sources and their concentrations. Then with the developed medium containing ammonium phosphate instead of ammonium sulfate and potassium phosphate, repeated batch and continuous operations of ferrous iron oxidation by Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidanscells immobilized in a depth filter were successfully performed for an extended period of time. For about 510 h of operation including 450 h of continuous operation at dilution rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 h‐1, no formation of jarosite and thus no clogging of the reactor system were observed. The maximum ferrous iron oxidation rate was as high as 2.6 g/(L·h) at a dilution rate of 0.3 h‐1.
Cultivation of Primary Porcine Hepatocytes in an OXY‐HFB for Use as a Bioartificial Liver Device
Authors: Jasmund Inka , Langsch Angelika , Simmoteit Robert , Bader Augustinus
Published: September 2002

Bioreactors being developed for bioartificial liver devices vary greatly in their construction. Until now, primary liver cells were cultivated either in sandwich configuration, as spheroids, or in special hollow fiber systems. Primary hepatocytes are demanding on their environment and have a high oxygen consumption. To get good results, optimal cultivation conditions are needed. The idea of the project was to investigate a new concept of an oxygenating hollow fiber bioreactor (OXY‐HFB). The OXY‐HFB should consist exclusively of oxygenating and internal heat exchange fibers to yield a simple and effective design. Primary liver cells were seeded on the surface of the fibers in the extrafiber space. Oxygen requirements and temperature control were supplied through the fibers. The culture medium was perfused through the extrafiber space and therefore brought into direct hepatocellular contact. The OXY‐HFB concept offers different advantages. A high cell density of 2.5 × 107cells/mL can be obtained. This results in a cell number of 2.5 × 109liver cells per bioreactor. Furthermore, the OXY‐HFB is easily handled because no incubator is required. To study the efficiency of this bioreactor technique, various parameters were investigated over a cultivation period of three weeks. These included urea synthesis, lactate formation, glucose elimination, albumin synthesis, oxygen level, and pH. Furthermore, the metabolites of diazepam were measured. The biochemical performance of the bioreactor remained stable over the investigated time period. These results demonstrate that porcine liver cells preserve their viability and primary metabolism in the OXY‐HFB over the complete period of study.
An Integrated Process for Mammalian Cell Perfusion Cultivation and Product Purification Using a Dynamic Filter
Authors: Castilho Leda R. , Anspach F. Birger , Deckwer Wolf‐Dieter
Published: September 2002

In the present work, a dynamic filter was employed to develop an integrated perfusion/purification process. A recombinant CHO cell line producing a human anti‐HIV IgG was employed in the experiments. In the first part of this work, the dynamic filter was fitted with conventional microfiltration membranes and tested as a new external cell retention device for perfusion cultivations. The filter was connected to a running perfusion bioreactor and operated for approximately 400 h at an average cell concentration of 10 million cells mL−1, whereby cell viability remained above 90% and no problems of sterility were experienced. In the second part of this work, the dynamic filter was employed to simultaneously carry out cell separation and product purification, using membrane adsorbers containing Protein A affinity ligands. An automated system was built, which integrated the features of an automated perfusion bioreactor and of a liquid chromatography system. The IgG was continuously adsorbed onto the affinity membranes and was periodically recovered through elution cycles. After connection of the filter, the system was operated for approximately 300 h, whereby three elution cycles were carried out. No progressive increase in transmembrane pressure was observed, indicating no membrane fouling problems, and the IgG was recovered practically free of contaminants in a 14‐fold concentrated form, indicating that the integrated, one‐step perfusion/purification process developed during this work is a promising alternative for the production of biologicals derived from mammalian cells.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of l‐Alanine Using the Alanine Dehydrogenase of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus
Authors: Vadas Alexander J. H. , Schröder Imke , Monbouquette Harold G.
Published: September 2002

Alanine dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgiduswas used at room temperature for batch synthesis of l‐alanine by the reductive amination of pyruvate. The reaction mixture included yeast formate dehydrogenase for regeneration of NADH with formate as electron donor. The synthesis of l‐alanine at room temperature was accompanied by no detectable loss of alanine dehydrogenase activity over 139 h and ≥99% consumption of pyruvate. The total number of enzyme turnovers was 5.1 million. This work demonstrates the potential utility of novel hyperthermostable enzymes that can be both very active and highly stable at moderate temperature.
Quantitative estimation of global patterns of surface ocean biological productivity and its seasonal variation on timescales from centuries to millennia
Authors: Loubere Paul , Fariduddin Mohammad
Published: September 2002

We present a quantitative method, based on the relative abundances of benthic foraminifera in deep‐sea sediments, for estimating surface ocean biological productivity over the timescale of centuries to millennia. We calibrate the method using a global data set composed of 207 samples from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans from a water depth range between 2300 and 3600 m. The sample set was developed so that other, potentially significant, environmental variables would be uncorrelated to overlying surface ocean productivity. A regression of assemblages against productivity yielded an r2 = 0.89 demonstrating a strong productivity signal in the faunal data. In addition, we examined assemblage response to annual variability in biological productivity (seasonality). Our data set included a range of seasonalities which we quantified into a seasonality index using the pigment color bands from the coastal zone color scanner (CZCS). The response of benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition to our seasonality index was tested with regression analysis. We obtained a statistically highly significant r2 = 0.75. Further, discriminant function analysis revealed a clear separation among sample groups based on surface ocean productivity and our seasonality index. Finally, we tested the response of benthic foraminiferal assemblages to three different modes of seasonality. We observed a distinct separation of our samples into groups representing low seasonal variability, strong seasonality with a single main productivity event in the year, and strong seasonality with multiple productivity events in the year. Reconstructing surface ocean biological productivity with benthic foraminifera will aid in modeling marine biogeochemical cycles. Also, estimating mode and range of annual seasonality will provide insight to changing oceanic processes, allowing the examination of the mechanisms causing changes in the marine biotic system over time.

This article contains supplementary material.
The impact of land use change on C turnover in soils
Authors: Wang Yang , Amundson Ronald , Trumbore Susan
Published: September 2002

Measurements of CO2 flux, soil temperature, and moisture content of selected natural and disturbed soils in central California were made on a monthly basis from August 1994 to October 1995 in an attempt to detect the effects of temperature, moisture, and land use change on CO2 production in soils. Soil CO2 flux displayed a strong negative correlation with soil temperature and a positive correlation with soil moisture at the natural site. However, at the disturbed site, the linear correlation between CO2 flux and temperature/moisture was insignificant. The negative correlation between soil CO2 flux and soil temperature is in contrast to what has been observed in other ecosystems but is typical for Mediterranean ecosystems in which grasses are biologically active only during cool months. Comparison of carbon (C) inventories of paired natural and disturbed soils indicates that both cultivation and logging have resulted in a significant decrease in total soil C content. The reduction in soil C storage is about 26% for the cultivated soil and around 30% for the logged soil. Most of the C loss is from the upper horizons. Radiocarbon (14C) measurements of both recent and archived soil samples demonstrate large differences in C input rate and turnover time between natural and disturbed soils. The average turnover times of organic matter are longer in disturbed soils than in the corresponding natural soils as a result of preferential loss of C from “active” soil C pools. In both natural and disturbed soils, the average turnover times of organic matter increase with depth from decades or less in shallow horizons to hundreds of years or even thousands of years in deeper horizons. Our results show that land use change can have significant impact on soil C cycle and that shallow soil horizons are most susceptible to disturbance because of shorter turnover times of organic C in these horizons.
A global model of silicon cycling: Sensitivity to eddy parameterization and dissolution
Authors: Gnanadesikan Anand
Published: September 2002

A simple model of silicon cycling has been embedded in a coarse‐resolution ocean general circulation model. The modeled distribution of silicate was extremely sensitive to the parameterization of the effects of mesoscale eddies, and was somewhat sensitive to the distribution of dissolution within the water column. The modeled export flux of biogenic silica varied by a factor of 2 with respect to both the range of dissolution and eddy parameterizations. The best results were found when eddies were parameterized as mixing along isopycnals while simultaneously driving an advective flux so as to homogenize the depth of isopycnal surfaces (the so‐called Gent‐McWilliams parameterization). The Gent‐McWilliams scheme produced the most realistic stratification field in the Southern Ocean, reducing vertical exchange and hence export fluxes of biogenic silica. This scheme did not solve the model's tendency to underpredict the formation of the North Atlantic Deep Water and to overpredict the importance of Antarctic source waters in the abyss, especially in the Atlantic. When used with a temperature‐dependent dissolution scheme, this model predicted a global production of 89 Tmol yr−1 with about 40% occurring in both the Southern Ocean and the tropics. In both the North Pacific and Southern Oceans, local silicate maxima are maintained by near‐surface inflow of silicate with outflow at depth. The modeled production of biogenic silica showed little sensitivity to polar freshening when the Gent‐McWilliams parameterization was used. The results emphasize the impact of including both the diffusive and advective effects of eddies, as in the Gent‐McWilliams parameterization.
Closing the global N2O budget: A retrospective analysis 1500–1994
Authors: Kroeze Carolien , Mosier Arvin , Bouwman Lex
Published: September 2002

We present new estimates of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions for the period 1500–1994 based on revised Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1997; Mosier et al., 1998]. Use of these estimates as input to a simple atmospheric box model resulted in a closed N2O budget over time, showing that increases in atmospheric N2O can be primarily attributed to changes in food production systems. We hypothesize that before the ninetheenth century conversion of natural land to agriculture had no net effect on N2O. During the twentieth century a fast expansion of agricultural land coupled with intensification of land use may have caused a net increase in N2O. In our base scenario the total N2O emissions increased from 11 Tg N yr−1 in 1850 to 15 Tg N yr−1 in 1970 and to 18 Tg N yr−1 in 1994.
Controls on CH4 emissions from a northern peatland
Authors: Bellisario L. M. , Bubier J. L. , Moore T. R. , Chanton J. P.
Published: September 2002

We examined the controls on summer CH4 emission from five sites in a peatland complex near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, representing a minerotrophic gradient from bog to rich fen at wet sites, where the water table positions ranged from −10 to −1 cm. Average CH4 flux, determined by static chambers on collars, ranged from 22 to 239 mg CH4−C m−2 d−1 and was related to peat temperature. There was an inverse relationship between water table position and CH4 flux: higher water tables led to smaller fluxes. The determination of anaerobic CH4 production and aerobic CH4 consumption potentials in laboratory incubations of peat samples was unable to explain much of the variation in CH4 flux. Average net ecosystem exchange of CO2 ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 g CO2−C m−2 d−1 and was strongly correlated with CH4 flux; CH4 emission averaged 4% of CO2 uptake. End‐of‐season sedge biomass was also strongly related to CH4 flux, indicating the important role that vascular plants play in regulating CH4 flux. Determination of isotopic signatures in peat pore water CH4 revealed average δ13C values of between −50 and −73‰ and δD of between −368 and −388‰. Sites with large CH4 emission rates also had high CO2 exchange rates and enriched δ13C CH4 signatures, suggesting the importance of the acetate fermentation pathway of methanogenesis. Comparison of δD and δ13C signatures in pore water CH4 revealed a slope shallow enough to suggest that oxidation is not an important overall control on CH4 emissions at these sites, though it appeared to be important at one site. Analysis of 14C in pore water CH4 showed that most of the CH4 was of recent origin with percent of modern carbon values of between 112 and 128%. The study has shown the importance of vascular plant activities in controlling CH4 emissions from these wetland sites through influences on the availability of fresh plant material for methanogenesis, rhizospheric oxidation, and plant transport of CH4.
Two spacecraft observation of plasma sheet convection jet during continuous external driving
Authors: Yermolaev Yu. I. , Sergeev V. A. , Zelenyi L. M. , Petrukovich A. A. , Sauvaud J. ‐A. , Mukai T. , Kokubun S.
Published: September 2002

During ∼18 hours of continuous activity caused by long interval of southward IMF, the INTERBALL/Tail Probe and GEOTAIL spacecraft monitored the plasma sheet in dusk and dawn sectors of the midtail plasma sheet at 25–30 RE. While bursty bulk flows were persistently observed at both spacecraft, there was a systematic difference between the hourly averages of the Earthward flux transport. During a 3‐hour interval the average flux transport rate (Ey) on GEOTAIL (dawn plasma sheet) was ∼3 times larger than both the average Ey on INTERBALL (dusk plasma sheet), and the cross‐tail Ey0 expected for the existing IMF conditions. This implies that the most intense bursty bulk flows tend to be confined within a limited longitudinal sector of the magnetotail (X < −30 RE) forming the observed average convection jet feature.
Unusual isotopic composition of solar energetic particles observed in the November 6, 1997 event
Authors: Leske R. A. , Cohen C. M. S. , Cummings A. C. , Mewaldt R. A. , Stone E. C. , Dougherty B. L. , Wiedenbeck M. E. , Christian E. R. , von Rosenvinge T. T.
Published: September 2002

Using the Solar Isotope Spectrometer on the Advanced Composition Explorer, we have measured the isotopic composition of solar energetic particles (SEPs) with energies of tens of MeV/nucleon during the November 6, 1997 solar event, including isotopes never before reported in SEPs, such as 34S, 38Ar, 44Ca, 54Fe, and 60Ni, as well as isotopes of C, N, O, Ne, Mg, and Si. Abundances are found to be enhanced by factors of ∼2 relative to the standard solar system values for 22Ne/20Ne and 26Mg/24Mg. Overall, the enrichments of the isotope ratios show a correlation with the ratio of masses, M2/M1, scaling approximately as (M2/M1)7, although significant deviations from this trend are evident.
How robust is isotropic delay time tomography for anisotropic mantle?
Authors: Sobolev Stephan V. , Grésillaud Alain , Cara Michel
Published: September 2002

Using isotropic inversion of teleseismic P‐travel times computed for laterally varying anisotropic structures, we investigate how anisotropy may show up in classical tomographic studies based on isotropic 3‐D inversions. Anisotropic bodies of several tens of kilometers in the upper mantle may significantly bias the estimation of the isotropic part of a P‐wave velocity image. The largest artifacts are introduced by anisotropic bodies with a dipping olivine “a” axis which could be associated with fossil subduction zones. However, anisotropy‐induced artifacts are negligible for anisotropy caused by pure shear deformation of the lithosphere due to horizontal extension or compression. The negative P‐wave velocity anomaly arising from isotropic inversion beneath a rift zone may be enhanced if the olivine crystal's “a” axes are preferentially oriented parallel to the asthenospheric flow along the rift axis. Examination of recently published tomographic models shows that the image of the Rhine Graben may contain significant anisotropic artifacts.
A prolonged He+ enhancement within a coronal mass ejection in the solar wind
Authors: Skoug R. M. , Bame S. J. , Feldman W. C. , Gosling J. T. , McComas D. J. , Steinberg J. T. , Tokar R. L. , Riley P. , Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F. , Smith C. W.
Published: September 2002

A coronal mass ejection and magnetic cloud containing an unusually large enhancement of He+ was observed in the solar wind by the plasma and magnetic field instruments on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft on May 2–4, 1998. The He+/He++ ratio during this event exceeded 0.5% for a period of more than 24 hours, and reached values as high as 100%. The high He+/He++ ratio indicates the presence of prominence material, and in fact a disappearing filament and prominence were observed at the Sun in association with this event. The prolonged observation of He+ indicates that prominence material extended through much of this CME, the first such observation in a CME in the solar wind.
Inferred charge states of high energy solar particles from the solar isotope spectrometer on ACE
Authors: Cohen C. M. S. , Cummings A. C. , Leske R. A. , Mewaldt R. A. , Stone E. C. , Dougherty B. L. , Wiedenbeck M. E. , Christian E. R. , von Rosenvinge T. T.
Published: September 2002

The large solar event on November 6, 1997, was enriched in heavy elements (Fe/O ∼ 1) with very hard energy spectra (power law index of −2). There was also a large enrichment in heavier isotopes, suggesting unusually strong charge to mass (Q/M) fractionation (∼(Q/M)−7). Assuming that the fractionation is dominated by Q/M and first ionization potential (FIP) related processes, we have inferred the charge states of twelve elements with energies of 12–60 MeV/nucleon. These results suggest a source temperature of 3–6 × 106K, significantly higher than deduced at lower energies.
Remotely sensed specific humidity: Development of a derived product from the GOES Imager channel 3
Authors: Moody Jennie L. , Wimmers Anthony J. , Devenport J. Clay
Published: September 2002

The analytic expression relating GOES‐E/W channel 3 water‐vapor radiance to relative humidity is used along with upper‐troposphere temperature observations to derive a high horizontal resolution brightness temperature product that correlates well with measured specific humidity. Moisture information in raw water‐vapor images is obscured by strong horizontal temperature gradients in the upper troposphere. This information is exposed in the derived product. Our results illustrate that the ability to remotely sense and resolve differences in water‐vapor content increases with atmospheric dryness.
Particle acceleration and sources in the November 1997 solar energetic particle events
Authors: Mason G. M. , Cohen C. M. S. , Cummings A. C. , Dwyer J. R. , Gold R. E. , Krimigis S. M. , Leske R. A. , Mazur J. E. , Mewaldt R. A. , Möbius E. , Popecki M. , Stone E. C. , von Rosenvinge T. T. , Wiedenbeck M. E.
Published: September 2002

We report studies of two large solar energetic particle (SEP) events on Nov. 4 and 6, 1997 that were observed using advanced energetic particle detectors on the ACE and the Wind spacecraft. Both events showed enriched Fe/O, and had a ∼1 MeV/n ³He/4He ratio = 2.1 × 10−3, 4 times the coronal value. The Nov. 6 event had exceptionally hard spectra, with much higher intensities of high energy (10s of MeV) particles than the Nov. 4 event, yet below 1 MeV/n the intensities in the Nov. 6 event were lower than for Nov. 4. Strong, complex temporal variations observed for ∼120 keV Fe/O contrasted with only gradual changes of this ratio at ∼25 MeV/n. A spectral break was observed in the Nov. 6 event, wherein below a few MeV/n the spectra became harder. Taken together, these observations point to different seed and acceleration mechanisms dominating at low and high energies in these events.
FAST Observations of Inertial Alfven Waves in the Dayside Aurora
Authors: Chaston C. C. , Carlson C. W. , Peria W. J. , Ergun R. E. , McFadden J. P.
Published: September 2002

Bursts of large amplitude impulsive electric and magnetic field oscillations are a common feature observed from FAST when crossing the dayside auroral oval at altitudes from 1500–2500 km. The oscillations have transverse amplitudes of up to 1 V/m and 100nT and exhibit a parallel electric field component with amplitudes which may be as large as 100mV/m. Calculation of E1/B1 over 100 events yields an average value four times the local Alfven speed. The wave period is usually less than 0.25s with ‘perpendicular wavelengths’ which average to 7.1 electron skin depths (c/ωpe∼80m). Poynting flux calculations indicate predominately downward fluxes with magnitude up 10−2 Wm−2 usually accompanied by a smaller upwards component. Invariably these waves are accompanied by field‐aligned fluxes of down going and sometimes counterstreaming suprathermal electrons. Comparison with theoretical studies indicate that these observations are consistent with the characteristics of a shear Alfven wave with k⟂∼ωpe/c propagating in the inertial dispersive regime and interfering with a reflected component. However the observed large parallel electric field component, if real, has yet to be explained
Tomographic measurements of the Kuroshio Extension Meander and its associated eddies
Authors: Yuan Gang , Nakano Iwao , Fujimori Hidetoshi , Nakamura Toshiaki , Kamoshida Takashi , Kaya Akio
Published: September 2002

A 1000‐km scale three‐dimensional (3D) acoustic tomography experiment has been conducted in the Kuroshio Extension region from July to September 1997. The 3D temperature fields show the energetic meander of the Kuroshio Extension with high time resolution. Mesoscale eddies associated with the meander with horizontal scale greater than 200‐km are resolved in the tomographic inversion. These results are consistent with other measurements such as ADCP, XCTD and TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry. Variable oceanic structures in a 1000‐km domain, which are difficult targets for conventional point measurement techniques, can be measured well by ocean acoustic tomography with real‐time data telemetry.
Quasi‐steady exchange flow in the bosphorus
Authors: Gregg Michael C. , Özsoy Emin , Latif Mohammed A.
Published: September 2002

Current meter moorings and high‐resolution surveys in the Bosphorus reveal important details of the exchange flow. During early September 1994, the flow was quasi‐steady and demonstrated strong mixing, particularly in the surface layer after it entered the principal contraction of the strait. Composite Froude numbers in the contraction are lower than expected, consistent with recent modeling that shows friction producing significant deviations from predictions of inviscid two‐layer hydraulic theory.
Assessing the impact of mid‐Holocene insolation on the atmosphere‐ocean system
Authors: Bush Andrew B. G.
Published: September 2002

A sequence of numerical simulations was performed in order to assess the role of early‐ to mid‐Holocene orbital forcing on the coupled atmosphere‐ocean system. Results from both an atmosphere‐only general circulation model (GCM) forced by specified sea surface temperatures and a coupled atmosphere‐ocean GCM consistently suggest a stronger south Asian monsoon and a strengthened Pacific Walker circulation. The latter feature interacts dynamically with the equatorial ocean in the coupled model to produce enhanced Pacific upwelling, a more pronounced cold tongue, and an even stronger monsoon. Results suggest that the climate of the equatorial Pacific was more similar to the La Niña phase of the modern Southern Oscillation rather than the El Niño phase.
Galileo energetic particles detector measurements of hot ions in the neutral sheet region of Jupiter's magnetodisk
Authors: Kane M. , Williams D. J. , Mauk B. H. , McEntire R. W. , Roelof E. C.
Published: September 2002

Hot ions discriminated by mass, look direction, and energy have been detected by the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) on the Galileo spacecraft in the Jovian magnetosphere. Using techniques adapted from analysis of Voyager ion measurements, EPD data have been fitted to a three‐species convected κ distribution function using a nonlinear least squares technique. The ion species were assumed to be sulfur, oxygen, and protons of arbitrary charge. The bulk flow speed of ions in the neutral sheet region of Jupiter's magnetodisk deduced from the model was found to increase slightly with increasing radial distance from Jupiter within a 20–60 RJ region near local midnight. The resulting flow speed of ∼0.5 times the rigid corotation speed beyond 30 RJ is similar to that found from analysis of Voyager measurements. The behavior of protons, sulfur, and oxygen is consistent with adiabatic cooling (T/B = constant) with increasing radial distance in the region analyzed. The distribution functions are similar to those derived from Voyager measurements, with sulfur contributing the largest component of the total hot ion pressure.
An 11‐year solar cycle in tropospheric ozone from TOMS measurements
Authors: Chandra S. , Ziemke J. R. , Stewart R. W.
Published: September 2002

Tropospheric column ozone derived from Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) footprint measurements from 1979 to 1992 provide the first observational evidence of changes in tropospheric ozone in the marine atmosphere of the tropics which are out of phase with the stratospheric ozone changes on a time scale of a solar cycle. The estimated changes in tropospheric and stratospheric column ozone over a solar cycle are respectively −2.98±1.31 and +8.63±1.99 Dobson units (DU) or −12.6±5.6 and +3.69±0.86% from solar minimum to solar maximum. These values are statistically significant at the 2σ level. In comparison, linear trends in tropical tropospheric ozone are not statistically significant. These observations are qualitatively consistent with a modulation effect on tropospheric ozone photochemistry by UV‐induced changes in stratospheric ozone. However, in the low NOx regime of the marine atmosphere, the observed changes are significantly larger than estimated from a photochemical model. Explanation for the solar signal may include subtle solar‐induced changes in transport in the troposphere involving low boundary‐layer ozone and ozone precursors.
Multi‐beam MU radar measurements of advective accelerations in the atmosphere
Authors: Gavrilov N. M. , Fukao S. , Hashiguchi S.
Published: September 2002

A method is developed to calculate nonlinear zonal, sx, and meridional, sy, longitudinal advective accelerations from MU radar observations with antenna beam scanning in eight directions. The results of measurements of sx and sy at altitudes of 2–18 km on April 16–18, 1997, are presented. The values of sx and sy are mainly between −0.01 m s−2 and 0.01 m s−2 with increases up to ±0.04 m s−2 during tens of minutes to several hours in regions with vertical scales up to several kilometers. Such extremes are more frequent at the altitudes of tropo‐stratospheric jet at 10–15 km and may indicate regions of inclination from geostrophic balance and of increased generation of atmospheric waves.
Multiscaling nature of sonic velocities and lithology in the upper crystalline crust: Evidence from the KTB main borehole
Authors: Marsan David , Bean Christopher J.
Published: September 2002

The observed scaling of sonic logs is generally described using a monofractal model (fractional Brownian motion with Hurst exponent typically between 0.1 and 0.2, or fractional Lévy motion); even though such a description recognizes the existence of the self‐similarity of the logs, it offers only a limited account of the actual symmetry, as it misses the displayed heterogeneous fractality. Intermittency of the velocity increments is here observed, and calls for the use of a multifractal description. We quantify such a multifractality in the case of the P‐wave sonic log recorded at the KTB Main Borehole. We also show that the associated lithology, inferred from the gamma log, has a multifractal distribution as well, though characterized by a stronger intermittency. It can be expected that the multifractality of the sonic log is partially induced by the lithology, though the observed discrepancy in the degree of intermittency between the two logs indicates that the scaling symmetry of the seismic velocity is probably due to many different contributions. Such statistics for both sonic and gamma logs have important implications on our understanding of wave propagation and rock strength and permeability in the crystalline crust, as they show the crust to be more heterogeneous than is usually modeled.
Tree‐grass coexistence in Savannas: The role of spatial dynamics and climate fluctuations
Authors: Rodríguez‐Iturbe Ignacio , D'Odorico Paolo , Porporato Amilcare , Ridolfi Luca
Published: September 2002

The codominance of trees and grasses in savannas is explained as resulting from the minimization of vegetation stress. It is shown that under different climate, soil and vegetation conditions local interactions dictated by the spatial competition for soil moisture lead to an optimal state of minimum global water stress involving a stable coexistence of trees and grasses. The optimal state matches the observed canopy cover and soil moisture characteristics. Moreover, changes in canopy cover in the savanna environments are also suggested to result from climate fluctuations.
An operational near‐real‐time global temperature index
Authors: Quayle Robert G. , Peterson Thomas C. , Basist Alan N. , Godfrey Catherine S.
Published: September 2002

To capture the global land surface temperature signal in a timely way, a blend of traditional long‐term in situ climatic data sets, combined with real time Global Telecommunications System monthly CLIMAT summaries is employed. For the global sea surface, long‐term ship data climatologies are combined with a blend of ship, buoy, and satellite data to provide the greatest possible coverage over the oceans. The result is a global century‐scale surface temperature index that closely parallels other widely published global surface temperature measurements and can be updated monthly a week or two after the end of a month.
A quantitative test of the self‐organization hypothesis of the magnetopause Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability as an inverse problem
Authors: Miura Akira
Published: September 2002

The self‐organization hypothesis of the magnetopause Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability is tested against observations by two‐dimensional (2‐D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for two different initial seed perturbations. The linear relationships are obtained by the simulations between the period of the magnetopause oscillation caused by the K‐H instability and the distance along the magnetopause from the subsolar point. The comparison of the linear relationships with that obtained from reported observations of the magnetopause oscillations gives a reasonable thickness of the velocity shear layer near the subsolar point of 1570km‐3010km and a reasonable average magnetosheath flow speed along the magnetopause of 399km/sec‐766km/sec. This suggests that the self‐organization of the magnetopause K‐H instability, i.e., the successive pairings of vortices, really occurs along the magnetopause. The present comparison provides a useful method to determine the thickness of the velocity shear layer near the subsolar point as an inverse problem.