bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiomics sequencing and immune microenvironment characteristics define three subtypes of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Pan Baoyue , Yan Shumei , Yuan Linjing , Xiang Huiling , Ju Mingxiu , Xu Shijie , Jia Weihua , Li Jundong , Zhao Qi , Zheng Min
Published: May 2024

Small cell cervical carcinoma (SCCC) is the most common neuroendocrine tumor in the female genital tract, with an unfavorable prognosis and lacking an evidence‐based therapeutic approach. Until now, the distinct subtypes and immune characteristics of SCCC combined with genome and transcriptome have not been described. We performed genomic (n = 18), HPV integration (n = 18), and transcriptomic sequencing (n = 19) of SCCC samples. We assessed differences in immune characteristics between SCCC and conventional cervical cancer, and other small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, through bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemical assays. We stratified SCCC patients through non‐negative matrix factorization and described the characteristics of these distinct types. We further validated it using multiplex immunofluorescence (n = 77) and investigated its clinical prognostic effect. We confirmed a high frequency of PIK3CA and TP53 alterations and HPV18 integrations in SCCC. SCCC and other small cell carcinoma had similar expression signatures and immune cell infiltration patterns. Comparing patients with SCCC to those with conventional cervical cancer, the former presented immune excluded or ‘desert’ infiltration. The number of CD8+ cells in the invasion margin of SCCC patients predicted favorable clinical outcomes. We identified three transcriptome subtypes: an inflamed phenotype with high‐level expression of genes related to the MHC‐II complex (CD74) and IFN‐α/β (SCCC‐I), and two neuroendocrine subtypes with high‐level expression of ASCL1 or NEUROD1, respectively. Combined with multiple technologies, we found that the neuroendocrine groups had more TP53 mutations and SCCC‐I had more PIK3CA mutations. Multiplex immunofluorescence validated these subtypes and SCCC‐I was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival. These results provide insights into SCCC tumor heterogeneity and potential therapies. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Molecular design of free volume structure in thermally rearranged polybenzoxazole membranes for gas separation studied by positron annihilation
Authors: Liu Xu , Liu Qian , Qi Ning , Chen Zhiquan
Published: May 2024

In this work, 2,2‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (APAF) was used as the fixed diamine monomer, and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (6FDA), 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA), 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic diandhydride (BPDA) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) were selected as four different dianhydride monomers, respectively, to prepare the thermally rearranged polybenzoxazole (TR‐PBO) gas separation membranes with different structures via a thermal rearrangement reaction at 450°C. The microstructure of TR‐PBO membranes was investigated using X‐ray diffraction and positron annihilation spectroscopy. All the TR‐PBO membranes exhibit bimodal free volume structure, containing ultramicropores (<0.7 nm) and micropores (<2 nm) with size of 3.6–4.6 and 7.6–8.4 Å, respectively. As the steric hindrance of the bridging groups in the dianhydride monomers increases, the radius and number of pores in the membranes increases, leading to an increase in fractional free volume (FFV). The pure gas permeation test shows a positive correlation between gas permeability and FFV in the TR‐PBO membranes, indicating that an increase in FFV is favorable for the diffusion of gas molecules. Particularly, the ultramicropores play a decisive role on the gas selectivity. All the TR‐PBO membranes exhibit excellent gas permeaselectivity. Among them, the H2/CH4 separation performance of APAF‐6FDA and APAF‐ODPA membranes approaches the 2008 Robeson upper bound, which is due to the high number of both micropores and ultramicropores. Our results demonstrate that the free volume structure of polymer membranes can be designed by selecting monomers with different structures and utilizing thermal rearrangement reactions, allowing for the preparation of gas separation membranes with high permeability and selectivity.
Management of respiratory issues in patients with Rett syndrome: Italian experts' consensus using a Delphi approach
Authors: Cherchi Claudio , Chiappini Elena , Amaddeo Alessandro , Chiarini Testa Maria Beatrice , Banfi Paolo , Veneselli Edvige , Cutrera Renato ,   the panel for the Problems in Patients with Rett Syndrome
Published: May 2024

Background

Despite the publication of the 2020 guidelines on how to manage Rett Syndrome (RS), some fundamental topics are still open, in particular respiratory problems.

Objective

Identification and reinforcement of current recommendations concerning the management of respiratory issues in RS patients.

Materials and Methods

Using a Delphi approach, the leading group reviewed the literature and formulated 14 statements. A multidisciplinary panel of 29 experts were invited to score, for each statement, their agreement on a 1–5 scale. The cut‐off level for consensus was 75%, obtained through multiple rounds.

Results

The panel agreed that in all RS types, respiratory issues should be faced at an early stage, regardless of epilepsy onset. It is recommended to perform periodically sleep studies in all Congenital Rett Syndrome, and in selected cases with other RS types. Noninvasive ventilation should be considered in all RS subjects with sleep respiratory disorders and in those with hypotonia associated with hypercapnia. Chest physiotherapy should be performed in all RS patients with difficult management of the accumulation of respiratory secretions, using airway clearance techniques and devices (PEP‐mask, AMBU bag, or cough machine), more appropriate and tolerated by the patients. The panel recommended individualized programs for the management of scoliosis, and to consider performing gastrostomy in patients at increased risk of ab ingestis pneumonia.

Conclusions

This consensus could support everyday clinical practice on respiratory issues in RS patients, complementary to existing recommendations by regulatory agencies and guidelines.
Understanding the stability of a plastic‐degrading Rieske iron oxidoreductase system
Authors: Beech Jessica Lusty , Maurya Anjani K. , Rodrigues da Silva Ronivaldo , Akpoto Emmanuel , Asundi Arun , Fecko Julia Ann , Yennawar Neela H. , Sarangi Ritimukta , Tassone Christopher , Weiss Thomas M. , DuBois Jennifer L.
Published: May 2024

Rieske oxygenases (ROs) are a diverse metalloenzyme class with growing potential in bioconversion and synthetic applications. We postulated that ROs are nonetheless underutilized because they are unstable. Terephthalate dioxygenase (TPADO PDB ID 7Q05) is a structurally characterized heterohexameric α3β3 RO that, with its cognate reductase (TPARED), catalyzes the first intracellular step of bacterial polyethylene terephthalate plastic bioconversion. Here, we showed that the heterologously expressed TPADO/TPARED system exhibits only ~300 total turnovers at its optimal pH and temperature. We investigated the thermal stability of the system and the unfolding pathway of TPADO through a combination of biochemical and biophysical approaches. The system's activity is thermally limited by a melting temperature (Tm) of 39.9°C for the monomeric TPARED, while the independent Tm of TPADO is 50.8°C. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a two‐step thermal decomposition pathway for TPADO with Tm values of 47.6 and 58.0°C (ΔH = 210 and 509 kcal mol−1, respectively) for each step. Temperature‐dependent small‐angle x‐ray scattering and dynamic light scattering both detected heat‐induced dissociation of TPADO subunits at 53.8°C, followed by higher‐temperature loss of tertiary structure that coincided with protein aggregation. The computed enthalpies of dissociation for the monomer interfaces were most congruent with a decomposition pathway initiated by β‐β interface dissociation, a pattern predicted to be widespread in ROs. As a strategy for enhancing TPADO stability, we propose prioritizing the re‐engineering of the β subunit interfaces, with subsequent targeted improvements of the subunits.
Structural basis of chemokine recognition by the class A3 tick evasin EVA‐ACA1001
Authors: Devkota Shankar Raj , Aryal Pramod , Wilce Matthew C. J. , Payne Richard J. , Stone Martin J. , Bhusal Ram Prasad
Published: May 2024

Ticks produce chemokine‐binding proteins, known as evasins, in their saliva to subvert the host's immune response. Evasins bind to chemokines and thereby inhibit the activation of their cognate chemokine receptors, thus suppressing leukocyte recruitment and inflammation. We recently described subclass A3 evasins, which, like other class A evasins, exclusively target CC chemokines but appear to use a different binding site architecture to control target selectivity among CC chemokines. We now describe the structural basis of chemokine recognition by the class A3 evasin EVA‐ACA1001. EVA‐ACA1001 binds to almost all human CC chemokines and inhibits receptor activation. Truncation mutants of EVA‐ACA1001 showed that, unlike class A1 evasins, both the N‐ and C‐termini of EVA‐ACA1001 play minimal roles in chemokine binding. To understand the structural basis of its broad chemokine recognition, we determined the crystal structure of EVA‐ACA1001 in complex with the human chemokine CCL16. EVA‐ACA1001 forms backbone‐backbone interactions with the CC motif of CCL16, a conserved feature of all class A evasin‐chemokine complexes. A hydrophobic pocket in EVA‐ACA1001, formed by several aromatic side chains and the unique disulfide bond of class A3 evasins, accommodates the residue immediately following the CC motif (the “CC + 1 residue”) of CCL16. This interaction is shared with EVA‐AAM1001, the only other class A3 evasins characterized to date, suggesting it may represent a common mechanism that accounts for the broad recognition of CC chemokines by class A3 evasins.
In silico identification of a novel Cdc2‐like kinase 2 (CLK2) inhibitor in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Chiao , Hsu Chia‐Ming , Chao Min‐Wu , Hsu Kai‐Cheng , Lin Tony Eight , Yen Shih‐Chung , Tu Huang‐Ju , Pan Shiow‐Lin
Published: May 2024

Dysregulation of RNA splicing processes is intricately linked to tumorigenesis in various cancers, especially breast cancer. Cdc2‐like kinase 2 (CLK2), an oncogenic RNA‐splicing kinase pivotal in breast cancer, plays a significant role, particularly in the context of triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype marked by substantial medical challenges due to its low survival rates. In this study, we employed a structure‐based virtual screening (SBVS) method to identify potential CLK2 inhibitors with novel chemical structures for treating TNBC. Compound 670551 emerged as a novel CLK2 inhibitor with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 619.7 nM. Importantly, Compound 670551 exhibited high selectivity for CLK2 over other protein kinases. Functionally, this compound significantly reduced the survival and proliferation of TNBC cells. Results from a cell‐based assay demonstrated that this inhibitor led to a decrease in RNA splicing proteins, such as SRSF4 and SRSF6, resulting in cell apoptosis. In summary, we identified a novel CLK2 inhibitor as a promising potential treatment for TNBC therapy.
AMPActiPred: A three‐stage framework for predicting antibacterial peptides and activity levels with deep forest
Authors: Yao Lantian , Guan Jiahui , Xie Peilin , Chung Chia‐Ru , Deng Junyang , Huang Yixian , Chiang Ying‐Chih , Lee Tzong‐Yi
Published: May 2024

The emergence and spread of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria pose a significant public health threat, necessitating the exploration of alternative antibacterial strategies. Antibacterial peptide (ABP) is a kind of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) that has the potential ability to fight against bacteria infection, offering a promising avenue for developing novel therapeutic interventions. This study introduces AMPActiPred, a three‐stage computational framework designed to identify ABPs, characterize their activity against diverse bacterial species, and predict their activity levels. AMPActiPred employed multiple effective peptide descriptors to effectively capture the compositional features and physicochemical properties of peptides. AMPActiPred utilized deep forest architecture, a cascading architecture similar to deep neural networks, capable of effectively processing and exploring original features to enhance predictive performance. In the first stage, AMPActiPred focuses on ABP identification, achieving an Accuracy of 87.6% and an MCC of 0.742 on an elaborate dataset, demonstrating state‐of‐the‐art performance. In the second stage, AMPActiPred achieved an average GMean at 82.8% in identifying ABPs targeting 10 bacterial species, indicating AMPActiPred can achieve balanced predictions regarding the functional activity of ABP across this set of species. In the third stage, AMPActiPred demonstrates robust predictive capabilities for ABP activity levels with an average PCC of 0.722. Furthermore, AMPActiPred exhibits excellent interpretability, elucidating crucial features associated with antibacterial activity. AMPActiPred is the first computational framework capable of predicting targets and activity levels of ABPs. Finally, to facilitate the utilization of AMPActiPred, we have established a user‐friendly web interface deployed at https://awi.cuhk.edu.cn/∼AMPActiPred/.
Addition of sodium malonate alters the morphology and increases the critical flux during tangential flow filtration of precipitated immunoglobulins
Authors: Behboudi Ali , Minervini Mirko , Badinger Zachary S. , Haddad William W. , Zydney Andrew L.
Published: May 2024

Recent studies have demonstrated that one can control the packing density, and in turn the filterability, of protein precipitates by changing the pH and buffer composition of the precipitating solution to increase the structure/order within the precipitate. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sodium malonate, which is known to enhance protein crystallizability, on the morphology of immunoglobulin precipitates formed using a combination of ZnCl2 and polyethylene glycol. The addition of sodium malonate significantly stabilized the precipitate particles as shown by an increase in melting temperature, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and an increase in the enthalpy of interaction, as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. The sodium malonate also increased the selectivity of the precipitation, significantly reducing the coprecipitation of DNA from a clarified cell culture fluid. The resulting precipitate had a greater packing density and improved filterability, enabling continuous tangential flow filtration with minimal membrane fouling relative to precipitates formed under otherwise identical conditions but in the absence of sodium malonate. These results provide important insights into strategies for controlling precipitate morphology to enhance the performance of precipitation‐filtration processes for the purification of therapeutic proteins.
Cutibacterium acnes invades prostate epithelial cells to induce BRCAness as a possible pathogen of prostate cancer
Authors: Ashida Shingo , Kawada Chiaki , Tanaka Hiroko , Kurabayashi Atsushi , Yagyu Ken‐ichi , Sakamoto Shuji , Maejima Kazuhiro , Miyano Satoru , Daibata Masanori , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Inoue Keiji
Published: May 2024

Background

Abundant evidence suggests that chronic inflammation is linked to prostate cancer and that infection is a possible cause of prostate cancer.

Methods

To identify microbiota or pathogens associated with prostate cancer, we investigated the transcriptomes of 20 human prostate cancer tissues. We performed de novo assembly of nonhuman sequences from RNA‐seq data.

Results

We identified four bacteria as candidate microbiota in the prostate, including Moraxella osloensis, Uncultured chroococcidiopsis, Cutibacterium acnes, and Micrococcus luteus. Among these, C. acnes was detected in 19 of 20 prostate cancer tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. We then analyzed the gene expression profiles of prostate epithelial cells infected in vitro with C. acnes and found significant changes in homologous recombination (HR) and the Fanconi anemia pathway. Notably, electron microscopy demonstrated that C. acnes invaded prostate epithelial cells and localized in perinuclear vesicles, whereas analysis of γH2AX foci and HR assays demonstrated impaired HR repair. In particular, BRCA2 was significantly downregulated in C. acnes–infected cells.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that C. acnes infection in the prostate could lead to HR deficiency (BRCAness) which promotes DNA double‐strand breaks, thereby increasing the risk of cancer development.
Optimal hybrid layout of point and open‐path gas detectors in process facilities of natural gas stations
Authors: Xiao Fei , Qian Hao , Liu Lisheng , Shao Lingling
Published: May 2024

Because open‐path gas detectors offer superior technical performance, leakage monitoring systems tend to use a hybrid layout of point and open‐path gas detectors. However, most research on the optimized layout of leakage monitoring has focused only on point gas detectors. In this paper, an optimization model for a hybrid layout of point and open‐path gas detectors was proposed considering the cost–benefit ratio and detection time. As the measured value of an open‐path gas detector is an integral concentration, a monitor line in the simulation was calculated via the approximate rectangle method. The results showed that the use of a multiobjective gas detector layout considering the cost–benefit ratio and an improved non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II) could optimize the layout of hybrid detectors. The hybrid layout was analyzed in a case study of process facilities at a natural gas station. As the number of detectors increased (safety investment), the proportion of open‐path gas detectors increased, improving both leakage monitoring performance and the cost–benefit ratio. Additionally, the layout of the point gas detectors was analyzed. A comparison of objective function values for detection time showed the superiority of the hybrid layout in our research.
Flower Extract–Polyvinyl Alcohol‐Based Biocomposites for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications
Authors: Sagade Muktar Ahmed Rumana Farheen , Sagade Mokthar Ahamed Mizba Tazleem , Madanahalli Ankanathappa Sangamesha , Sannathammegowda Krishnaveni
Published: May 2024

The proliferation of single‐use plastics has led to widespread pollution and ecological harm, prompting a concerted effort to develop sustainable alternatives. Among them, biocomposite plastic films have emerged as a promising solution for food packing applications. Herein, the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) biocomposite films incorporating Clitoria ternatea (CT) flower extracts is reported. The obtained films are subjected to various analytical techniques. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis reveals the intense peak of hydrogen bonding at 3321 cm−1 in the composite film. CT‐PVA films possess less opacity and UV light‐blocking capabilities. The PVA‐CT films are examined for water absorption, UV barrier, soil degradability, and water‐soluble properties, greater propensity to dissolve in water during the water absorption test is noticed. Enzymatic oxidation followed by hydrolysis of functional groups enhances the soil degradation rate in biocomposite films. Further, the colorimetric study of CT‐PVA solution at different pH shows colored CT–PVA films. From the results and observations, the CT‐PVA biocomposite film (8 mL) proves to be a promising candidate for utilization in the food industry as a packaging material.
Potential therapeutic strategies to halt viral neuroinvasion
Authors: Zhang Luping , Ashraf Usama , Chen Huanchun , Cao Shengbo , Ye Jing
Published: May 2024

The viral infection of the central nervous system is a significant public health concern. So far, most clinical cases of viral neuroinvasion are dealt with supportive and/or symptomatic treatments due to the unavailability of specific treatments. Thus, developing specific therapies is required to alleviate neurological symptoms and disorders. In this review, we shed light on molecular aspects of viruses' entry into the brain which upon targeting with specific drugs have shown promising efficacy in vitro and in preclinical in vivo model systems. Further assessing the therapeutic potential of these drugs in clinical trials may offer opportunities to halt viral neuroinvasion in humans.
TKO‐SLAM: Visual SLAM algorithm based on time‐delay feature regression and keyframe pose optimization
Authors: Xu Tao , Chen Mengyuan , Liu Jinhui
Published: May 2024

This paper addresses the challenge of generating clear image frames and minimizing the loss of keyframes by a robot engaging in rapid large viewing angle motion. These issues often lead to detrimental consequences such as trajectory drifting and loss during the construction of curved motion trajectories. To tackle this, we proposed a novel visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, TKO‐SLAM, which is based on time‐delay feature regression and keyframe position optimization. TKO‐SLAM uses a multiscale recurrent neural network to rectify object deformation and image motion smear. This network effectively repairs the time‐delay image features caused by the rapid movement of the robot, thereby enhancing visual clarity. Simultaneously, inspired by the keyframe selection strategy of the ORB‐SLAM3 algorithm, we introduced a grayscale motion‐based image processing method to supplement keyframes that may be omitted due to the robot's rapid large viewing angle motion. To further refine the algorithm, the time‐delay feature regression image keyframes and adjacent secondary keyframes were used as dual measurement constraints to optimize camera poses and restore robot trajectories. The results of experiments on the benchmark RGB‐D data set TUM and real‐world scenarios show that TKO‐SLAM algorithm achieves more than 10% better localization accuracy than the PKS‐SLAM algorithm in the rapid large viewing angle motion scenario, and has advantages over the SOTA algorithms.
Prior effective sample size for exponential family distributions with multiple parameters
Authors: Tamanoi Ryota
Published: May 2024

The setting of priors is an important issue in Bayesian analysis. In particular, when external information is applied, a prior with too much information can dominate the posterior inferences. To prevent this effect, the effective sample size (ESS) can be used. Various ESSs have been proposed recently; however, all have the problem of limiting the applicable prior distributions. For example, one ESS can only be used with a prior that can be approximated by a normal distribution, and another ESS cannot be applied when the parameters are multidimensional. We propose an ESS to be applied to more prior distributions when the sampling model belongs to an exponential family (including the normal model and logistic regression models). This ESS has the predictive consistency and can be used with multidimensional parameters. It is confirmed from normally distributed data with the Student's‐t priors that this ESS behaves as well as an existing predictively consistent ESS for one‐parameter exponential families. As examples of multivariate parameters, ESSs for linear and logistic regression models are also discussed.
Energy‐efficient physical layer security schemes for low Earth orbit satellite systems
Authors: Chan Satya , Kim Sooyoung , Kim Hee Wook , Ku Bon‐Jun , Oh Daesub
Published: May 2024

This paper introduces four proposals to enhance physical layer security (PLS) in low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems. The first proposal leverages the Alamouti code aided by artificial noise (AN) and involves the collaborative use of two LEO satellites, ensuring secure downlink transmission. Its efficiency is further enhanced when implementing a power‐balanced Alamouti code. The second PLS proposal capitalizes on an reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) to introduce interference to potential eavesdroppers. As the RIS manages the reflected channel, this security measure is achieved without necessitating additional transmit power or receiver operations. The third proposal integrates the first and second solutions, resulting in improved secrecy rates compared to the individual proposals, nearly reaching the maximum achievable rate. The fourth proposal is based on a relay‐based method, securing all transmission links from the satellite to the relay and from the satellite and relay to the legitimate user. The secrecy performance simulation results presented in the paper demonstrate the remarkable effectiveness of the proposed solutions.
Self‐Assembled Cyclotriguaiacyclene‐Integrated Supramolecular Systems for Liquid Crystal and Self‐Assembly Behavior
Authors: Panchal Meet K. , Sharma Vinay S. , Mali Hitendra , Rathod Suryajit L. , Parekh Hitesh M. , Suthar Deepak , Athar Mohd , Shrivastav Pranav S.
Published: May 2024

An advanced tri‐substituted supramolecular material was synthesized via conversion of cyclotriveratrylene to cyclotriguaiacyclene with further esterification reaction with fluorescein unit embedded with side‐arms. All four luminescent materials exhibited columnar hexagonal type mesophase on both heating and cooling conditions. The materials with hexadecyloxy and octadecyloxy tail group exhibit liquid crystalline behavior at room temperature indicating the presence of a mesophase even under ambient conditions. By combining polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and high‐temperature X‐Ray diffraction techniques to understanding the optical, thermal, and molecular packing behavior of the compounds in the liquid crystalline state. The cyclotriguaiacyclene core with high fluorescent nature displayed columnar hexagonal type self‐assembly at room temperature. All four supramolecular mesogens showed higher thermal stability of mesophase. The computational study provides the importance of the electronic nature of the compounds.
The Effect of Weakly Coordinating Solvent and Counter Anion on Diphosphine‐Palladium(II) Catalytic Reactivity for Copolymerization of 1‐Butene with Carbon Monoxide in Aqueous Media
Authors: Sunjuk Mahmoud , Abu‐Surrah Adnan S. , El‐Eswed Bassam , Schmid Markus
Published: May 2024

Water soluble bis(acetonitrile) diphospalladium (II) complexes cis‐[Pd(L1–L5)(NCCH3)2][BF4]2 (C1–C5) were obtained by the reaction [Pd(NCCH3)4][BF4]2 with diphosphines ligands L1–L5 (CH2(CH2PR2)2: where R=(CH2)nP(O)(OEt)2, n=2–4, n=6 and n=8)) in dichloromethane–acetonitrile. The isolated complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR spectroscopy. The complexes were applied as catalysts for the copolymerization of 1‐butene with carbon monoxide in aqueous media. The present work emphasized on the effect of weakly coordinated solvent and counterion on the catalytic behavior of cis‐[Pd(L1–L5)(NCCH3)2][BF4]2 complexes compared to previously prepared cis‐[ Pd(L1–L5)(OAc)2] (A1–A5). The exchange of π‐bonding NCCH3 ligand with π‐bonding CO and alkene was more favored than the exchange of σ‐bonding OAc− as reflected by the much higher catalytic activity (TON) of the former compared to the latter. In order to compare the catalytic efficiency of water soluble complexes with the performance of a standard, the water insoluble complex, cis‐[Pd(CH2(CH2P(CH2CH3)2)2(NCCH3)2][BF4]2, C6, was prepared and incorporated in the investigations. The isolated alternating 1‐butene/CO copolymer exhibits glass transition temperature of Tg=−3–−15 °C, which is in the range desirable for latex emulsion application. The solid content is up to 21 % with high molecular weight (Mw=4×104 g mol−1) and narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn=2–3). The C5 complex was found to be fourteen times more active in aqueous polymerization medium (6369 mol substr. mol Pd−1 h−1) than C6 complex in nonaqueous medium (441 mol substr. mol Pd−1 h−1).
Charge Redistribution of Lattice‐Mismatched Co─Cu3P Boosting pH‐Universal Water/Seawater Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Kun , Li Yongkang , Mi Junbao , Li Caixia , Li Hongdong , Wang Lei
Published: May 2024

Practical applications of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rely on the development of highly efficient, stable, and low‐cost catalysts. Tuning the electronic structure, morphology, and architecture of catalysts is an important way to realize efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts. Herein, Co‐doped Cu3P‐based sugar‐gourd structures (Co─Cu3P/CF) are prepared on copper foam as active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. This hierarchical structure facilitates fast mass transport during electrocatalysis. Notably, the introduction of Co not only induces a charge redistribution but also leads to lattice‐mismatch on the atomic scale, which creates defects and performs as additional active sites. Therefore, Co─Cu3P/CF requires an overpotential of only 81, 111, 185, and 230 mV to reach currents of 50, 100, 500, and 1000 mA cm−2 in alkaline media and remains stable after 10 000 CV cycles in a row and up to 110 h i–t stability tests. In addition, it also shows excellent HER performance in water/seawater electrolytes of different pH values. Experimental and DFT show that the introduction of Co modulates the electronic and energy level structures of the catalyst, optimizes the adsorption and desorption behavior of the intermediate, reduces the water dissociation energy barrier during the reaction, accelerates the Volmer step reaction, and thus improves the HER performance.
Photochemical and Patternable Synthesis of 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Film Using Dynamic Liquid/Solid Interface
Authors: Kim Taewoong , Oh Joohee , Kim Seung Cheol , Ahn Jong‐Guk , Kim Soyoung , Kim Young Yong , Lim Hyunseob
Published: May 2024

2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly porous crystalline materials with promising applications in organic electronics. Current methods involve either on‐surface synthesis (solid surface) or interfacial synthesis (liquid/liquid, liquid/gas interface) to create thin films for these applications, each with its drawbacks. On‐surface synthesis can lead to contamination from COF powder or unreacted chemicals, while interfacial synthesis risks damaging the film during post‐transfer processes. These challenges necessitate the development of alternative synthesis methods for high‐quality 2D COF films. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing homogeneous 2D COF thin films by combining photochemistry and a liquid‐flowing system. Leveraging previous work on liquid flow systems to prevent contamination during solvothermal synthesis, this approach to the photochemical method, resulting in the synthesis of high‐crystalline 2D COF films with tunable thickness is adopted. The photochemical approach offers spatially controllable energy sources, enabling patternable COF synthesis. Notably, it is successfully fabricated ultrasmooth patterned 2D COF films on hexagonal boron nitride, offering a streamlined process for optoelectronic device fabrication without additional pre, post‐processing steps.
Life-Cycle Risk, Resilience, and Sustainability of Individual and Spatially Distributed Structures
Authors: Frangopol Dan M. , Akiyama Mitsuyoshi
Published: May 2024

Field investigations after recent large earthquakes have confirmed that several structures were severely damaged and collapsed not only by the earthquake, but also by the subsequent tsunami, landslide, or fault displacement. Effect of material degradation due to chloride attack on structural performance should be considered when structures are located in a harsh environment. In addition, climate change has produced typhoons and hurricanes with extreme intensity in recent years. Sea-level rise could cause severe storm surges and tsunamis, and global warming is accelerating the deterioration of structures. When structures are exposed to these different types of hazards, it can be difficult to ensure their safety and additional performance indicators such as risk and resilience are needed. Several lessons were learned about the importance of investigating individual structures from the perspective of ensuring network functionality. A probabilistic life-cycle framework for quantifying the loss of functionality of road networks including bridges is needed. A risk-based decision-making approach at the network level is required to identify the dominant hazard and the vulnerable structures that require strengthening and retrofitting. After a catastrophic event, the functionality of transportation networks can be significantly degraded, resulting in catastrophic economic impacts. To quantify the promptness of recovery, it has become common to use the concept of resilience. In addition, the economic, environmental, and social impacts of disaster waste management systems need to be examined in terms of sustainability. Consequences related to resilience and sustainability need to be investigated and implemented in the risk assessment of road networks under multiple hazards. Life-cycle design and assessment methodologies can incorporate risk, resilience, sustainability and multiple hazards, learning from the lessons of past disasters. This keynote paper provides an overview of measures to ensure the functionality of individual and spatially distributed structures under multiple hazards from the perspectives of reliability, risk, resilience and sustainability.
Exploratory Research on the Thermal Properties of Wood in Real Fire Conditions
Authors: Popa Daniel , Iosim Dara-Dragana , Pintea Dan , Zaharia Raul , Franssen Jean-Marc
Published: May 2024

As construction material, wood represents a response to concerns over the environmental impact caused by steel and concrete. A good performance of timber structural members must be demonstrated in fire. To perform numerical simulations of timber structures under elevated temperatures, EN1995-1-2 provides effective thermal properties of wood for computing the temperature distribution. These properties have been determined considering the standard time-temperature curve. The aim of the exploratory research is to verify to what extent these properties may be considered also for natural fires, by adapting the real exposure conditions within the numerical simulations. In the tests performed at the University of Liège, timber samples were subjected on one side to heat fluxes of different intensities, including decreasing phases. Time-temperature curves inside the samples were recorded by thermo-couples inserted at different distances from the exposed side. Using SAFIR software, dedicated to the analysis of structures under elevated temperatures, the temperature distribution within the samples was calculated considering thermal properties provided by EN1995-1-2. The comparison with the experimental results emphasized that the correspondence is not satisfactory for all cases.
Procedure for Generation of Finite Element Models of Steel Members from 3D Scanned Data
Authors: Szalai Viktor , Stratan Aurel , Ciutina Adrian , Clepe Andreea Diana , Ene Anna
Published: May 2024

With rapid development of 3D scanning technologies and implementation of digital twinning and reverse engineering in the construction industry, it became possible for finite element simulations to facilitate analysis of measured geometries when it is needed. A new approach to generate 3D solid models using advanced techniques in the field of 3D scanning is introduced in this paper. Constructing three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models with measured geometry of structures or structural elements can be technically difficult. To date, there is no robust automated approach to translate the data obtained from 3D scans directly into a model for FE analysis. This paper provides an overview on current applications of 3D scanning, and a case study that addresses the issue of processing three-dimensional point clouds that are generated from 3D scans of steel links. Another objective of this paper is to present a simple and practical procedure to convert point clouds into solid models that can be further used in FE analysis. Five distinct 3D scanning technologies were selected for the measurement of replaceable steel links to generate solid models based on the measured geometry. For the specific application addressed in this paper, the blue laser scanner with measuring arm has shown the most satisfactory results in terms of efficiency.
The Behavior of Heat-Damaged RC Beams Reinforced Internally with CFRP Strips
Authors: Al-Rousan Rajai Z. , Abdalla Khairedin M. , Alnemrawi Bara’a R.
Published: May 2024

When an RC (reinforced concrete) structure is prone to a very high temperature, the structure severely deteriorates; the reasons for this are: a) the degradation in the products of the cement hydration, b) the production of vapor’s pressure, and c) the incompatible change in the volumes of the components of concrete when the temperature is higher than 500 °C. Nevertheless, the structures damaged severely by excessive heat can be greatly able to re-have their original performance and qualities back if they are strengthened in shear with laminated CFRP (a short form for carbon fiber-reinforcement polymers) composites. However, the efficiency of this method is menaced because of two setbacks: 1) delamination, and 2) anchorage. This method aimed to examine its efficacy in reinforcing-in-flexural concrete beams, whether mainly or additionally, prior to and post being exposed to very high temperatures. In this paper, the study parameters were: 1) the CFRP sheet’s length of CFRP; and 2) the exposed temperature. Also, the researchers took into consideration to monitor: the structure’s behavior, the ultimate capacity of loading, the correspondent-to-loading deflections, toughness, and elastic stiffness. This research paper found that using internally installed sheets of CFRP for flexural strengthening proved to be highly efficient in damaged-by-heat RC beams.
Hybrid Renewable Energy to Greener and Smarter Cities: A Case Study of Kayseri Province
Authors: Bekçi Eyüp , Koca Kemal
Published: May 2024

In this study, a hybrid energy system was implemented to fulfill the electricity requirements of the trams operating in Kayseri province. The tram's annual electricity consumption data was acquired on a monthly basis from the local electricity company in Kayseri. Utilizing the obtained data, energy and cost simulations were conducted employing the Homer-Pro program. The primary objective of this investigation is to enhance sustainability while satisfying electricity demands with minimal carbon emissions. Consequently, the established hybrid energy system incorporates renewable energy sources, specifically wind, solar, and biomass energy, with the inclusion of batteries for energy storage. Furthermore, generators and converters are integrated for energy conversion purposes. The study encompasses a detailed cost analysis to identify the most economically efficient hybrid energy system, determined through optimization studies. Through this research, it is anticipated that the implementation of such a system will significantly diminish carbon emissions in Kayseri, contributing to a substantial increase in sustainability.
Stakeholders’ Engagement in CE Approach on the Built Environment, Albania Case
Authors: Nano Xhesila , Kripa Dorina
Published: May 2024

Circular economy principles remain relatively new tendencies in Albanian economy sectors, with some attempts throughout recent years, and until now, little research has been done in this aspect, especially in the construction sector. As the construction sector is connected with other sectors of the economy, its development or slowdown affects the indicators of other sectors. Moreover, this sector possesses numerous challenges, as special attention is needed on the impact that the momentum of construction and the expansion of the real estate market can have on the stability of the financial sector. Integrating the circular economy into the construction sector means understanding the role of stakeholders, their interactions, and the influences they can exert on the process itself, by adding value in each step of this chain process. By categorizing different groups of stakeholders and analyzing their activity regarding the circular economy approach in the construction sector in Albania, this paper presents a clear overview of what has been done until now, the consequences and benefits of these attempts, and also what can be improved in the future. The stakeholders’ theoretical analysis has shown that the relation between different stakeholders presents difficulties in cooperation, although these groups aim towards mutual objectives and goals. In this context, Albanian economy presents difficulties, as this approach is widely influenced not only by political decisions, but also by cultural and financial matters, making it more challenging to make progress.
Models of Circular Economy Principles
Authors: Haase Matthias , Bernegger Heinz , Meslec Mihaela
Published: May 2024

Various models of Circular Economy (CE) principles have been developed in various sectors. This paper tries to give an overview of the main existing models found in literature. It explains the origins and evaluates the purpose by classifying the underlying definitions. It then compares the different models, explains the limitations and concludes with resulting principles for real estate applications. It takes a closer look at existing circular economy principles and which circular economy principles can be applied for space and infrastructure. The research approach is based on an extensive literature review of existing CE models and underlying principles in the built environment. A stepwise analysis is applied to each model. A collection of CE models is presented that helps to complete our understanding of the opportunities and limitations of CE strategies. This study analyses the existing CE models in a comprehensive manner. By comparing the different origins is manages to explain the opportunities and limitations of the different models. Providing the knowledge results in a better understanding of current CE strategies is a valuable addition to our current understanding of CE business models in real estate management.
A Study on Traffic Awareness at Jordanian Universities: A Case Study of the German Jordanian University
Authors: Albatayneh Omar , Gharaibeh Emhaidy , Malkawi Dima Husein , Jaber Tareq , AlOmaireyeen Yazeed
Published: May 2024

Traffic safety, particularly among young adults, is a critical public health concern that necessitates a deeper understanding of the factors influencing driving behaviors and compliance with traffic regulations. This study, conducted at the German Jordanian University in Amman, Jordan, aimed to elucidate these factors by evaluating the traffic awareness and behaviors of a diverse group comprising students, academic staff, and other university employees. Employing a survey methodology, the research engaged over 500 individuals, yielding 300 responses. This survey revealed notable trends, for example, a significant portion of drivers exhibited non-compliance with speed limits and seatbelt usage, coupled with prevalent mobile phone usage while driving. A concerning observation was that the majority of respondents who had experienced one or two accidents fell within the 18–19 age range. The study also highlighted the perception of social media as the most effective medium for traffic awareness campaigns, in contrast to television, which was deemed the least effective. These findings underscore a pressing need for comprehensive traffic safety education, especially among younger drivers. The results advocate for the integration of Traffic Awareness as a mandatory module within university curricula, ensuring a structured and consistent approach to instilling the importance of traffic safety measures. Such an initiative could significantly contribute to reducing traffic-related incidents and fostering a culture of responsible driving within the university community.
Geo- and Bio-Based Materials as Circular Solutions Towards a Regenerative Built Environment
Authors: Fernandes Jorge , Cosentino Livia , Mateus Ricardo
Published: May 2024

Global environmental awareness pushes the building sector to achieve carbon neutrality and find low embodied impact solutions. The European Union has set a 2050 goal and is regulating the whole carbon life cycle (embodied and operational) as part of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). In this scope, low-tech geo-bio-based materials can have an important role in reducing the embodied environmental impacts and carbon in buildings. Due to their low processing production, these materials fit in a circular approach since they can be easily recycled or returned to the natural environment at a minimal environmental cost. However, the lack of quantitative data on the life cycle environmental performance of some non-conventional techniques can hinder their use since professionals cannot compare the benefits of such versus conventional practice and comply with future EPBD requirements. This paper aims to contribute to the topic by presenting results on the life cycle environmental performance of earthen materials and bio-based insulation products versus conventional solutions based on data from Environmental Product Declarations or studies following the EN15804 standard. The results show that earthen materials can reduce the potential environmental impacts by about 50% versus conventional mansory walls. At the same time, bio-based insulation solutions offer the advantage of lowering operational carbon emissions and stocking carbon (e.g. straw has a Global Warming Potential performance about three times better than Expanded Polystyrene). The benefits of using earthen and bio-based materials are also discussed for the different building life-cycle stages, focusing on the possibility of reusing/recycling these materials in a closed-loop approach.
Circular Economy of Wind Turbines Waste in Constructions and Cities
Authors: De Simone Marilena , Ungureanu Daniel-Viorel , Campagna Daniele
Published: May 2024

Wind energy is one of the most widely distributed renewable energy sources. Generally, wind turbines have an expected lifetime of 20–25 years after which decommissioning is expected. Life cycle assessments show that optimal recycling at the end of life is of economic and environmental interest and is in line with the principles of a circular economy. Despite these benefits, current recycling processes cannot guarantee high-end material quality, but the reuse of parts of wind turbines as construction elements in buildings and infrastructures has been demonstrated to be a suitable option. This study presents an overview of wind power installations in Europe, emphasizing the typology of farms, onshore and offshore, and trends of the wind industry that promote an increase in the size and power of wind turbines. The study aims to make it clear how the different types of materials used in wind turbines, such as steel, iron, aluminium, copper, polymers, glass and carbon fibres, change according to the development of the technology. Moreover, examples of reusing wind turbine components in cities and buildings are collected and illustrated to provide a panorama of the potential for the reuse of these components in the concept of a circular economy in the construction sector.