bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated mRNA expression and defective processing of cathepsin D in HeLa cells lacking the mannose 6‐phosphate pathway
Authors: Liu Lin , Doray Balraj
Published: May 2021

Disruption of the mannose 6‐phosphate (M‐6‐P) pathway in HeLa cells by inactivation of the GNPTAB gene, which encodes the α/β subunits of GlcNAc‐1‐phosphotransferase, results in missorting of newly synthesized lysosomal acid hydrolases to the cell culture media instead of transport to the endolysosomal system. We previously demonstrated that the majority of the lysosomal aspartyl protease, cathepsin D, is secreted in these GNPTAB−/− HeLa cells. However, the intracellular content of cathepsin D in these cells was still greater than that of WT HeLa cells which retained most of the protease, indicating a marked elevation of cathepsin D expression in response to abrogation of the M‐6‐P pathway. Here, we demonstrate that HeLa cells lacking GlcNAc‐1‐phosphotransferase show a fivefold increase in cathepsin D mRNA expression over control cells, accounting for the increase in cathepsin D at the protein level. Further, we show that this increase at the mRNA level occurs independent of the transcription factors TFEB and TFE3. The intracellular cathepsin D can still be trafficked to lysosomes in the absence of the M‐6‐P pathway, but fails to undergo proteolytic processing into the fully mature heavy and light chains. Uptake experiments performed by feeding GNPTAB−/− HeLa cells with various phosphorylated cathepsins reveal that only cathepsin B is capable of partially restoring cleavage, providing evidence for a role for cathepsin B in the proteolytic processing of cathepsin D.
Complete chloroplast genomes of Achnatherum inebrians and comparative analyses with related species from Poaceae
Authors: Wei Xuekai , Li Xiuzhang , Chen Taixiang , Chen Zhenjiang , Jin Yuanyuan , Malik Kamran , Li Chunjie
Published: May 2021

This article reports the complete chloroplast genome of Achnatherum inebrians, a poisonous herb that is widely distributed in the rangelands of Northern China. The genome is 137 714 bp in total and consists of a large single‐copy (81 758 bp) region and small single‐copy (12 682 bp) region separated by a pair of inverted repeats (21 637 bp). The genome contains 130 genes, including 84 protein‐coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and the guanine + cytosine content is 36.17%. We subsequently performed comparative analysis of complete genomes from A. inebrians and other Poaceae‐related species from GenBank. Thirty‐eight simple sequence repeats were identified, further demonstrating rapid evolution in Poaceae. Finally, the phylogenetic trees of 37 species of Poaceae and 2 species of Amaranthaceae were constructed by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, based on the genes of the complete chloroplast genome. We identified hotspots that can be used as molecular markers and barcodes for phylogenetic analysis, as well as for species identification. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. inebrians is a member of the genus Stipa rather than Achnatherum.
Exploring triheptanoin as treatment for short chain enoyl CoA hydratase deficiency
Authors: Engelstad Kristin , Salazar Rachel , Koenigsberger Dorcas , Stackowtiz Erin , Brodlie Susan , Brandabur Melanie , De Vivo Darryl C.
Published: May 2021

We explored the benefits of triheptanoin as a treatment for Short Chain Enoyl Co‐A Hydratase (SCEH) deficiency. One child with early onset, severe SCEH Deficiency was treated with triheptanoin, an odd chain oil with anapleurotic properties, for 37 months. Blood and urine chemistry safety measures, motor skills assessment, physical exam, and neurological assessment were monitored over a 27 month period. Modest sustained gains in motor skills, attention, muscle bulk, and strength were observed without any significant adverse effects. Triheptanoin appears to be a promising effective treatment for SCEH Deficiency.
Access to Care and Diagnostic Delays in Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Results From the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Legacy Registry
Authors: Neely Jessica , Shalen Julia , Sturrock Hugh , Kim Susan ,   for the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Investigators
Published: May 2021

Objective

To determine factors associated with diagnostic delays and outcomes in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Legacy Registry (CLR).

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study of subjects aged 0 to 17 years with JDM enrolled to the CLR from 2010 to 2015. Access to care was measured by calculating the distance from the subject zip code of residence to the treating pediatric rheumatology center and determining the state density of pediatric rheumatologists based on the 2015 American College of Rheumatology Workforce Study. Delay was categorized as early (<30 days), typical (1‐3 months), moderate (3‐12 months), and severe (>12 months). Ordered generalized additive models were used to determine the association between these measures and diagnostic delays.

Results

The median time to diagnosis was 3.1 months; 37.2% of patients experienced moderate delays, and 14.6% experienced severe delays. In a univariate analysis, younger age of disease onset and male sex were associated with delays. Using a generalized additive model accounting for age, sex, race, and ethnicity, increasing distance from treating pediatric rheumatologist and younger age at disease onset were associated with diagnostic delay. There was no association between the state density of rheumatologists and diagnostic delays in this model.

Conclusion

In the CLR, we found moderate to severe diagnostic delays in the majority of subjects with JDM. Our data suggest that access to care, measured as the distance traveled to treating rheumatologist, is an important factor associated with delays in care but also highlight age as a contributing factor, suggesting that JDM may be less recognizable in young children.
Human Adult Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes and Articular Chondrocytes Exhibit Prominent Overlap in Their Transcriptomic Signatures
Authors: Jones Kyle , Angelozzi Marco , Gangishetti Umesh , Haseeb Abdul , de Charleroy Charles , Lefebvre Véronique , Bhattaram Pallavi
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) and articular chondrocytes (AC) derive from a common pool of embryonic precursor cells. They are currently believed to engage in largely distinct differentiation programs to build synovium and articular cartilage and maintain healthy tissues throughout life. We tested this hypothesis by deeply characterizing and comparing their transcriptomic attributes.

Methods

We profiled the transcriptomes of freshly isolated AC, synovium, primary FLS, and dermal fibroblasts from healthy adult humans using bulk RNA sequencing assays and downloaded published single‐cell RNA sequencing data from freshly isolated human FLS. We integrated all data to define cell‐specific signatures and validated findings with quantitative reverse transcription PCR of human samples and RNA hybridization of mouse joint sections.

Results

We identified 212 AC and 168 FLS markers on the basis of exclusive or enriched expression in either cell and 294 AC/FLS markers on the basis of similar expression in both cells. AC markers included joint‐specific and pan‐cartilaginous genes. FLS and AC/FLS markers featured 37 and 55 joint‐specific genes, respectively, and 131 and 239 pan‐fibroblastic genes, respectively. These signatures included many previously unrecognized markers with potentially important joint‐specific roles. AC/FLS markers overlapped in their expression patterns among all FLS and AC subpopulations, suggesting that they fulfill joint‐specific properties in all, rather than in discrete, AC and FLS subpopulations.

Conclusion

This study broadens knowledge and identifies a prominent overlap of the human adult AC and FLS transcriptomic signatures. It also provides data resources to help further decipher mechanisms underlying joint homeostasis and degeneration and to improve the quality control of tissues engineered for regenerative treatments.
The effect of pandemic‐related alcohol marketing: No data yet
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2021

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has a page devoted to updates on state alcohol policies adopted in response to the pandemic, but it has no information on the effects of these policies, which include expanded home delivery, curbside pickup, to‐go cocktails and more. The policies were meant to limit virus exposure. Some states have extended these policies, with the enthusiastic support of and urging by restaurant and alcohol beverage lobbies, until 2023, which could be well after the pandemic emergency ends.
Central registries, Part 2: The role of a national registry
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2021

Central registries have existed in the opioid treatment program system for 50 years, to make sure that patients don't enroll in more than one program. They are run by the states, usually under contract. Nobody knows them better than John Phillips, co‐founder of Creative Socio‐Medics Corp. in the 1960s, now Netsmart Technologies, and founder of the first central registry system in New York state. Now co‐president of Stop Stigma Now, Phillips talked about the significance of changes to the methadone registration system at the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) conference last month.
FDA moves to ban menthol cigarettes
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: May 2021

Last week, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced it is going to ban menthol cigarettes within the year. The decision is based on the addictiveness, not of menthol, but of the nicotine. For the same reason, the FDA banned all other flavored cigarettes in 2009. “Banning menthol—the last allowable flavor—in cigarettes and banning all flavors in cigars will help save lives, particularly among those disproportionately affected by these deadly products,” said acting FDA commissioner Janet Woodcock, M.D., on April 29. “With these actions, the FDA will help significantly reduce youth initiation, increase the chances of smoking cessation among current smokers, and address health disparities experienced by communities of color, low‐income populations, and LGBTQ+ individuals, all of whom are far more likely to use these tobacco products.” Studies show that menthol increases the appeal of tobacco, especially among young people and Blacks. “For far too long, certain populations, including African Americans, have been targeted, and disproportionately impacted by tobacco use,” said Mitch Zeller, J.D., director of the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products. “Despite the tremendous progress we've made in getting people to stop smoking over the past 55 years, that progress hasn't been experienced by everyone equally.” H. Westley Clark, M.D., J.D., Dean's Executive Professor at Santa Clara University, told ADAW after the announcement that farmers should be incentivized to grow non‐tobacco products, stores incentivized to sell other products, and nicotine replacement and other therapies be made available. Taxation helps as well, as does limited access to the product, he said. The FDA said it will work with partners in other federal agencies to make sure the support is there for those who are trying to quit.
Available Active Sites on ε‐Fe3N Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Facile Route for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Qiang Ruo , Wang Hui , Xu Kang , Yuan Qunyao , Yu Youxing , Li Lei , Wang Jiaou , Zheng Lirong , Sherrell Peter C. , Chen Jun , Bi Xiaofang
Published: May 2021

Exploring efficient noble‐metal‐free water‐splitting electrocatalysts from earth‐abundant elements is of great importance to realize wide applications in the generation of hydrogen fuel for clean energy. Here, a facile route is reported to synthesize ε‐Fe3N single‐phase nanoparticles by thermal ammonolysis of Fe precursors. The roles of nitrogen atoms in tailoring the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities of ε‐Fe3N have been systematically investigated. HER activity is enhanced by reducing the effective coordination number of nitrogen atoms from 2.61 to 1.67, where the standard coordination number in ε‐Fe3N is 2. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the reduction of nitrogen content lowers the energy of Tafel process on the (100)‐FeN‐exposed and (110) N‐exposed surfaces. Both surfaces are thermodynamically favored for the HER. Furthermore, the active sites of Tafel process change from the kinetically less favored hollow sites of Fe atoms to the kinetically more favored top site of N atoms and the bridge site of Fe atoms on both (100)‐FeN and (110) N‐exposed surfaces. The findings propose a novel strategy to enhance HER activity by using nitrogen deficiency, which is of great importance for the development of highly active transition metal based electrocatalysts.
Luminescence in Crystalline Organic Materials: From Molecules to Molecular Solids
Authors: Gierschner Johannes , Shi Junqing , Milián‐Medina Begoña , Roca‐Sanjuán Daniel , Varghese Shinto , Park SooYoung
Published: May 2021

Luminescent small, all‐organic molecules are of tremendous interest in materials and life science applications. Nevertheless, targeted design requires a basic understanding of the excited state deactivation pathways of the molecules themselves, and the modulations of the processes that occur in the solid state. This particularly concerns crystalline molecular solids, as here not only solid‐state rigidification contributes to these modulations, but specific intermolecular interactions as well. Starting from the molecular properties, this work carefully disentangles all intramolecular and intermolecular factors to the radiative and nonradiative processes in crystalline all‐organic molecular solids to provide guidelines for targeted molecular materials design.
Multidimensionally Manipulated Active Coding Metasurface by Merging Pancharatnam–Berry Phase and Dynamic Phase
Authors: Jiang Lixin , Jing Yao , Li Yongfeng , Wan Weipeng , Cheng Yang , Zheng Lin , Wang Jiafu , Zhu Zhibiao , Wang He , Feng Maochang , Zhang Jieqiu , Qu Shaobo
Published: May 2021

Multidimensionally (amplitude, polarization, and phase) manipulated metasurfaces have drawn more significant advantages in modern photonic applications. In this paper, the active multidimensionally manipulated metasurface merging Pancharatnam–Berry phase and dynamic phase is proposed. The phase and polarization of the coding elements here can be adjusted dynamically by utilizing positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) diodes. More remarkably, the independent feeding of the coding elements in two layers is creatively proposed so that each coding element of the active coding metasurface (ACM) has four basic response states. And the four states can be dynamically switched by regulating the bias voltages imposed on the PIN diodes through field programmable gate array (FPGA). Therefore, the versatile functionalities of the ACM are achieved and all the functionalities can be implemented in real‐time. As a proof of concept, three specific functionalities are validated both from the simulation and measurement on a fabricated prototype with good coincidence with each other. The ACM can achieve copolarization, crosspolarization anomalous reflection, and circular‐linear polarization conversion for the incident circularly polarized wave. The proposed ACM opens new vistas in active metadevices and has broad application prospects in multifunctional devices and communication systems.
The Role of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes in Optical Applications
Authors: Tunstall-Garcia Helen , Charles Bethan L. , Evans Rachel C.
Published: May 2021

The popularity of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) for use in hybrid organic–inorganic materials and devices has grown in the past two decades due to desirable properties such as good thermal stability and biocompatibility, as well as their potential to be functionalized for a wide range of applications, from polymer composites to optoelectronics. Herein, the role of POSS for photonic applications, including sensing, bioimaging, and optoelectronic devices, is summarized. Functionalized POSS building blocks commonly incorporated with luminescent materials are identified, and areas of potential growth within the field are discussed. The addition of POSS to light‐emitting materials is widely shown to prevent aggregation in organic lumophores and inorganic nanocrystals, leading to reduced photoluminescence quenching. The POSS unit is also capable of acting as a passivating agent for nanocrystals and thin films, improving the emission quantum yields of photoluminescent materials and devices. POSS therefore offers the potential to enhance both the functional and photonic properties of cutting‐edge hybrid technologies.
Holography, Fourier Optics, and Beyond Photonic Crystals: Holographic Fabrications for Weyl Points, Bound States in the Continuum, and Exceptional Points
Authors: Lim Yongjun , Park Haedong , Kang Byungsoo , Kim Kwangjin , Yang Daegyum , Lee Seungwoo
Published: May 2021

Since the 1990s, applications of holography and Fourier optics have been significantly expanded from the spatial modulation of light propagation to the nanofabrication of superlattices. Holographic mixing of multiple beams is found to be highly compatible with unprecedented engineering of 1D, 2D, and 3D superlattices, particularly at the nanoscales. This is essential for the development of champion photonic crystals working at optical frequencies. However, these extensive efforts toward holographic photonic crystals have declined with the failure to obtain a champion photonic crystal and the rapid rise of other important classes of optical modes in the 2010s such as Weyl points, bound state in continuum (BIC), and exceptional points (EPs). To obtain photonic crystals, the symmetric modulations of the sinusoidally distributed real part of permittivity (Re(ε)), that can be considered as waves of matter from the viewpoint of Fourier optics, are sufficient. However, Weyl points, BIC, and EPs demand more complicated and advanced modulation of such as asymmetrically distributed wave of Re(ε) and the coupled Re(ε) and imaginary ε (Im(ε)). It is, therefore, important to determine whether holographic fabrications can be an efficient solution to Weyl points, BIC, and EPs. In this review, a comprehensive overview of holography, Fourier optical surface/volume gratings, and their implementations for Weyl points, BIC, and EPs is presented.
HNRNPL Circularizes ARHGAP35 to Produce an Oncogenic Protein
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Bing , Zhao Jingjing , Li Qin , Chen Siyuan , Guo Tianan , Li Yuchen , Lai Hongyan , Chen Zhiao , Meng Zhiqiang , Guo Weijie , He Xianghuo , Huang Shenglin
Published: May 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an intriguing class of widely prevalent endogenous RNAs, the vast majority of which have not been characterized functionally. Here, we identified a novel oncogenic circRNA originating from the back‐splicing of Exon2 and Exon3 of a tumor suppressor gene, ARHGAP35 (also known as P190‐A), termed as circARHGAP35. have observe that circARHGAP35 and linear ARHGAP35 have antithetical expression and functions. Interestingly, circARHGAP35 contains a 3867 nt long ORF with an m6A‐modified start codon and encodes a truncated protein comprising four FF domains and lacking the Rho GAP domain. Mechanistically, circARHGAP35 protein promotes cancer cell progression by interacting with TFII‐I protein in the nucleus. The RNA binding protein, HNRNPL, facilitates the formation of circARHGAP35. Clinically, circARHGAP35 is associated with poor survival in cancer patients. Our findings characterize an oncogenic circRNA and demonstrate a novel mechanism of oncogene activation in cancer by circRNA through the production of a truncated protein.
A Versatile and Robust Platform for the Scalable Manufacture of Biomimetic Nanovaccines
Authors: Hu Hanze , Yang Chao , Zhang Fan , Li Mingqiang , Tu Zhaoxu , Mu Lizhong , Dawulieti Jianati , Lao Yeh‐Hsing , Xiao Zixuan , Yan Huize , Sun Wen , Shao Dan , Leong Kam W.
Published: May 2021

Biomimetic strategies are useful for designing potent vaccines. Decorating a nanoparticulate adjuvant with cell membrane fragments as the antigen‐presenting source exemplifies, such as a promising strategy. For translation, a standardizable, consistent, and scalable approach for coating nanoadjuvant with the cell membrane is important. Here a turbulent mixing and self‐assembly method called flash nanocomplexation (FNC) for producing cell membrane‐coated nanovaccines in a scalable manner is demonstrated. The broad applicability of this FNC technique compared with bulk‐sonication by using ten different core materials and multiple cell membrane types is shown. FNC‐produced biomimetic nanoparticles have promising colloidal stability and narrow particle polydispersity, indicating an equal or more homogeneous coating compared to the bulk‐sonication method. The potency of a nanovaccine comprised of B16‐F10 cancer cell membrane decorating mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with the adjuvant CpG is then demonstrated. The FNC‐fabricated nanovaccines when combined with anti‐CTLA‐4 show potency in lymph node targeting, DC antigen presentation, and T cell immune activation, leading to prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in a melanoma mouse model. This study advances the design of a biomimetic nanovaccine enabled by a robust and versatile nanomanufacturing technique.
The Twisting of Dome‐Like Metamaterial from Brittle to Ductile
Authors: Cheng Lizi , Tang Tao , Yang Haokun , Hao Fengqian , Wu Ge , Lyu Fucong , Bu Yu , Zhao Yilu , Zhao Yan , Liu Guo , Cheng Xuan , Lu Jian
Published: May 2021

Architected materials can exhibit mechanical properties that do not occur with ordinary solids. By integrating hierarchy and size effects, microarchitected metamaterials fabricated by two‐photon lithography with a metallic or ceramic coating can be ultrastrong but lightweight. However, the attainment of both strength and ductility is generally mutually exclusive. Inspired by the Pantheon dome in Rome, which can withstand high load while keeping low density, microarchitected domes with a gradient helix are designed and deposited in a hierarchical nanostructured aluminum film with ultrahigh strength and considerable plasticity. Despite having a thick coating, which usually causes catastrophic collapse, the thick‐walled metallic dome shows recoverability during compression. The compressive strength increases to 73 times that of current ductile‐like microlattices, leading to the metamaterial occupying the domain of the material property space that is hitherto empty. Detailed in situ experimental and computational work reveals the graceful (noncatastrophic) failure due to the helical twisting and plastic flow in the supra‐nanomaterial. It is a promising method of suppressing brittle failure via a combination of architectural and material design. It can be used to impart enhanced functionality, making programmable stiffness, and tailored energy absorption all possible.
A Stretchable and Safe Polymer Electrolyte with a Protecting‐Layer Strategy for Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Shengzhao , Liang Taibo , Wang Donghuang , Xu Yanjun , Cui Yongliang , Li Jingru , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping
Published: May 2021

An elastic and safe electrolyte is demanded for flexible batteries. Herein, a stretchable solid electrolyte comprised of crosslinked elastic polymer matrix, poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP), and flameproof triethyl phosphate (TEP) is fabricated, which exhibits ultrahigh elongation of 450%, nonflammability and ionic conductivity above 1 mS cm−1. In addition, in order to improve the interface compatibility between the electrolyte and Li anode and stabilize the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI), a protecting layer containing poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is designed to effectively prevent the anode from reacting with TEP and optimize the chemical composition in SEI, leading to a tougher and more stable SEI on the anode. The LiFePO4/Li cells employing this double‐layer electrolyte exhibit an 85.0% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 1 C. Moreover, a flexible battery based on this solid electrolyte is fabricated, which can work in stretched, folded, and twisted conditions. This design of a stretchable double‐layer solid electrolyte provides a new concept for safe and flexible solid‐state batteries.
Mistranslation Drives Alterations in Protein Levels and the Effects of a Synonymous Variant at the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Locus
Authors: Bayoumi Ali , Elsayed Asmaa , Han Shuanglin , Petta Salvatore , Adams Leon A. , Aller Rocio , Khan Anis , García‐Monzón Carmelo , Arias‐Loste María Teresa , Miele Luca , Latchoumanin Olivier , Alenizi Shafi , Gallego‐Durán Rocio , Fischer Janett , Berg Thomas , Craxì Antonio , Metwally Mayada , Qiao Liang , Liddle Christopher , Yki‐Järvinen Hannele , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Romero‐Gomez Manuel , George Jacob , Eslam Mohammed
Published: May 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver‐derived hormone with pleiotropic beneficial effects on metabolism. Paradoxically, FGF21 levels are elevated in metabolic diseases. Interventions that restore metabolic homeostasis reduce FGF21. Whether abnormalities in FGF21 secretion or resistance in peripheral tissues is the initiating factor in altering FGF21 levels and function in humans is unknown. A genetic approach is used to help resolve this paradox. The authors demonstrate that the primary event in dysmetabolic phenotypes is the elevation of FGF21 secretion. The latter is regulated by translational reprogramming in a genotype‐ and context‐dependent manner. To relate the findings to tissues outcomes, the minor (A) allele of rs838133 is shown to be associated with increased hepatic inflammation in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease. The results here highlight a dominant role for translation of the FGF21 protein to explain variations in blood levels that is at least partially inherited. These results provide a framework for translational reprogramming of FGF21 to treat metabolic diseases.
Synthetic Artificial Apoptosis‐Inducing Receptor for On‐Demand Deactivation of Engineered Cells
Authors: Monge Pere , Løvschall Kaja Borup , Søgaard Ane Bretschneider , Walther Raoul , Golbek Thaddeus W. , Schmüser Lars , Weidner Tobias , Zelikin Alexander N.
Published: May 2021

The design of a fully synthetic, chemical “apoptosis‐inducing receptor” (AIR) molecule is reported that is anchored into the lipid bilayer of cells, is activated by the incoming biological input, and responds with the release of a secondary messenger—a highly potent toxin for cell killing. The AIR molecule has four elements, namely, an exofacial trigger group, a bilayer anchor, a toxin as a secondary messenger, and a self‐immolative scaffold as a mechanism for signal transduction. Receptor installation into cells is established via a robust protocol with minimal cell handling. The synthetic receptor remains dormant in the engineered cells, but is effectively triggered externally by the addition of an activating biomolecule (enzyme) or in a mixed cell population through interaction with the surrounding cells. In 3D cell culture (spheroids), receptor activation is accessible for at least 5 days, which compares favorably with other state of the art receptor designs.
Direct Characterization of Thermal Nonequilibrium between Optical and Acoustic Phonons in Graphene Paper under Photon Excitation
Authors: Zobeiri Hamidreza , Hunter Nicholas , Wang Ridong , Wang Tianyu , Wang Xinwei
Published: May 2021

Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to measure thermophysical properties of 2D materials. The local intense photon heating induces strong thermal nonequilibrium between optical and acoustic phonons. Both first principle calculations and recent indirect Raman measurements prove this phenomenon. To date, no direct measurement of the thermal nonequilibrium between optical and acoustic phonons has been reported. Here, this physical phenomenon is directly characterized for the first time through a novel approach combining both electrothermal and optothermal techniques. While the optical phonon temperature is determined from Raman wavenumber, the acoustic phonon temperature is precisely determined using high‐precision thermal conductivity and laser power absorption that are measured with negligible nonequilibrium among energy carriers. For graphene paper, the energy coupling factor between in‐plane optical and overall acoustic phonons is found at (1.59–3.10) × 1015 W m−3 K−1, agreeing well with the quantum mechanical modeling result of 4.1 × 1015 W m−3 K−1. Under ≈1 µm diameter laser heating, the optical phonon temperature rise is over 80% higher than that of the acoustic phonons. This observation points out the importance of subtracting optical–acoustic phonon thermal nonequilibrium in Raman‐based thermal characterization.
Van der Waals Phonon Polariton Microstructures for Configurable Infrared Electromagnetic Field Localizations
Authors: Huang Wuchao , Sun Fengsheng , Zheng Zebo , Folland Thomas G. , Chen Xuexian , Liao Huizhen , Xu Ningsheng , Caldwell Joshua D. , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi
Published: May 2021

Polar van der Waals (vdW) crystals that support phonon polaritons have recently attracted much attention because they can confine infrared and terahertz (THz) light to deeply subwavelength dimensions, allowing for the guiding and manipulation of light at the nanoscale. The practical applications of these crystals in devices rely strongly on deterministic engineering of their spatially localized electromagnetic field distributions, which has remained challenging. The polariton interference can be enhanced and tailored by patterning the vdW crystal α‐MoO3 into microstructures that support highly in‐plane anisotropic phonon polaritons. The orientation of the polaritonic in‐plane isofrequency curve relative to the microstructure edges is a critical parameter governing the polariton interference, rendering the configuration of infrared electromagnetic field localizations by enabling the tuning of the microstructure size and shape and the excitation frequency. Thus, the study presents an effective rationale for engineering infrared light flow in planar photonic devices.
Magnetophoretic Decoupler for Disaggregation and Interparticle Distance Control
Authors: Kim Hyeonseol , Lim Byeonghwa , Yoon Jonghwan , Kim Keonmok , Torati Sri Ramulu , Kim CheolGi
Published: May 2021

The manipulation of superparamagnetic beads has attracted various lab on a chip and magnetic tweezer platforms for separating, sorting, and labeling cells and bioentities, but the irreversible aggregation of beads owing to magnetic interactions has limited its actual functionality. Here, an efficient solution is developed for the disaggregation of magnetic beads and interparticle distance control with a magnetophoretic decoupler using an external rotating magnetic field. A unique magnetic potential energy distribution in the form of an asymmetric magnetic thin film around the gap is created and tuned in a controlled manner, regulated by the size ratio of the bead with a magnetic pattern. Hence, the aggregated beads are detached into single beads and transported in one direction in an array pattern. Furthermore, the simultaneous and accurate spacing control of multiple magnetic bead pairs is performed by adjusting the angle of the rotating magnetic field, which continuously changes the energy well associated with a specific shape of the magnetic patterns. This technique offers an advanced solution for the disaggregation and controlled manipulation of beads, can allow new possibilities for the enhanced functioning of lab on a chip and magnetic tweezers platforms for biological assays, intercellular interactions, and magnetic biochip systems.
Dual‐Gate Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Marine Sensing
Authors: Wu Shuo‐En , Yao Lulu , Shiller Alan , Barnard Andrew H. , Azoulay Jason David , Ng Tse Nga
Published: May 2021

Monitoring dissolved oxygen is essential to marine research, but the high redox potentials required to drive sensing reactions have posed an ongoing instability issue in the sensors. Here, a novel dual‐gate configuration for organic electrochemical transistors that extends the device electrochemical stability window is demonstrated. This paper presents the sensor operating principle that relates the channel conductance to potentials on the two gates. This broadly applicable design allows a large potential to be applied between the gates for sensing analytes, while synergistically modulating the channel within a lower potential range to maintain the stability of the semiconductor. Specifically, the sensor achieves a detection limit of 0.3 ppm dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater, with a sensitivity of 222 µA cm−2 ppm−1 for concentrations below 5 ppm. The device demonstrates reliable operation over 5 days and is capable of monitoring oxygenation changes arising from the photosynthesis cycles of saltwater macro‐algae. This dual‐gate configuration serves to extend the sensor operating voltage window and improves device stability. Thus, this new configuration provides a new type of compact, robust sensor for marine research, and opportunities in other fields ranging from waste‐water management to bioelectronics.
A Highly Active Rh@Pd Nanocube Catalyst for Methanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Yang Sufang , Yang Xiaobo , Tong Xili , Yang Nianjun
Published: May 2021

The performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is limited by the sluggish methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Novel electrocatalysts are thus highly desired to boost the MOR. Herein, the morphology and composition of a bimetallic catalyst with a core–shell structure are thus tuned to realize improved MOR performance. On the Rh@Pd nanocube electrocatalyst, synthesized by means of a wet chemical approach and a surfactant as a morphological regulator, efficient MOR is achieved within a potential range as wide as 0.362 V at a current density as high as 100 mA mgcat−1. The catalytic activity reaches 608.5 mA mgRh−1 at the first oxidation peak of the MOR and 1487.8 mA mgPd−1 at the second oxidation peak of the MOR. This catalyst displays increased antipoisoning capacity toward CO and long‐term stability. The superior performance of this bimetallic core–shell catalyst is attributed to the electron transfer from the Rh core to the semicoated Pd shell. Such a strategy paves a new way to design, synthesize, and utilize metal catalysts and further to develop DMFCs on a large scale and probably for industrial applications.
Grassland productivity estimates informed by soil moisture measurements: Statistical and mechanistic approaches
Authors: Krueger Erik S. , Ochsner Tyson E. , Levi Matthew R. , Basara Jeffrey B. , Snitker Grant J. , Wyatt Briana M.
Published: May 2021

Soil moisture is a fundamental determinant of plant growth, but soil moisture measurements are rarely assimilated into grassland productivity models, in part because methods of incorporating such data into statistical and mechanistic yield models have not been adequately investigated. Therefore, our objectives were to (a) quantify statistical relationships between in situ soil moisture measurements and biomass yield on grasslands in Oklahoma and (b) develop a simple, mechanistic biomass‐yield model for grasslands capable of assimilating in situ soil moisture data. Soil moisture measurements (as fraction of available water capacity, FAW) explained 60% of the variability in county‐level wild hay yield reported by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). We next evaluated the performance of mechanistic, evapotranspiration (ET)‐driven grassland productivity models with and without assimilation of measured FAW into the models’ water balance routines. Models were calibrated by comparing estimated ET with ET measured using eddy covariance, and calibration proved essential for accurate ET estimates. Models were validated by comparing NASS county‐level hay yields to the modeled yields, which were the product of normalized transpiration estimates (the ratio of transpiration to reference ET) and an empirically derived grassland water productivity (the ratio of accumulated biomass to normalized transpiration) estimate. The mechanistic model produced more accurate estimates of wild‐hay yields with soil moisture data assimilation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency [NSE] = 0.55) than without (NSE = 0.10). These results suggest that improved estimates of grassland productivity could be achieved using in situ soil moisture, which could benefit grazing management decisions, wildfire preparedness, and disaster assistance programs.
All‐polymer solar cells with over 16% efficiency and enhanced stability enabled by compatible solvent and polymer additives
Authors: Ma Ruijie , Yu Jianwei , Liu Tao , Zhang Guangye , Xiao Yiqun , Luo Zhenghui , Chai Gaoda , Chen Yuzhong , Fan Qunping , Su Wenyan , Li Gang , Wang Ergang , Lu Xinhui , Gao Feng , Tang Bo , Yan He
Published: May 2021

Considering the robust and stable nature of the active layers, advancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) has long been the priority for all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). Despite the recent surge of PCE, the photovoltaic parameters of the state‐of‐the‐art all‐PSC still lag those of the polymer:small molecule‐based devices. To compete with the counterparts, judicious modulation of the morphology and thus the device electrical properties are needed. It is difficult to improve all the parameters concurrently for the all‐PSCs with advanced efficiency, and one increase is typically accompanied by the drop of the other(s). In this work, with the aids of the solvent additive (1‐chloronaphthalene) and the n‐type polymer additive (N2200), we can fine‐tune the morphology of the active layer and demonstrate a 16.04% efficient all‐PSC based on the PM6:PY‐IT active layer. The grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements show that the shape of the crystallites can be altered, and the reshaped crystallites lead to enhanced and more balanced charge transport, reduced recombination, and suppressed energy loss, which lead to concurrently improved and device efficiency and stability.
Biallelic ASCC1 variants including a novel intronic variant result in expanded phenotypic spectrum of spinal muscular atrophy with congenital bone fractures 2 (SMABF2)
Authors: Rosano Kristen K. , Wegner Daniel J. , Shinawi Marwan , Baldridge Dustin , Bucelli Robert C. , Dahiya Sonika , White Frances V. , Willing Marcia C. , McAllister William , Taft Ryan J. , Bluske Krista , Buchanan Amanda , Cole Francis Sessions , Wambach Jennifer A.
Published: May 2021

Spinal muscular atrophy with congenital bone fractures 2 (SMABF2), a type of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC), is characterized by congenital joint contractures, prenatal fractures of long bones, and respiratory distress and results from biallelic variants in ASCC1. Here, we describe an infant with severe, diffuse hypotonia, congenital contractures, and pulmonary hypoplasia characteristic of SMABF2, with the unique features of cleft palate, small spleen, transverse liver, and pulmonary thromboemboli with chondroid appearance. This infant also had impaired coagulation with diffuse petechiae and ecchymoses which has only been reported in one other infant with AMC. Using trio whole genome sequencing, our proband was identified to have biallelic variants in ASCC1. Using deep next generation sequencing of parental cDNA, we characterized alteration of splicing encoded by the novel, maternally inherited ASCC1 variant (c.297‐8 T > G) which provides a mechanism for functional pathogenicity. The paternally inherited ASCC1 variant is a rare nonsense variant (c.466C > T; p.Arg156*) that has been previously identified in one other infant with AMC. This report extends the phenotypic characteristics of ASCC1‐associated AMC (SMABF2) and describes a novel intronic variant that partially disrupts RNA splicing.
An early Holocene human skull from Zhaoguo cave, Southwestern China
Authors: Zhang Yameng , Lu Hongliang , Zhang Xinglong , Zhu Mei , He Kunyu , Yuan Haibing , Xing Song
Published: May 2021

Objectives

In this study, we describe a newly excavated early Holocene human cranium from Guizhou, Southwestern China, namely the Zhaoguo M1 (ZG 1). We aim to evaluate its morphological resemblance with Late Pleistocene human, and Northern and Southern China Neolithic populations. We also aim to infer its position in the process of East Asian population regionalization.

Materials and Methods

The ZG 1 skull is almost complete, only missing parts of the right parietal and the basicranium around the foramen magnum. Comparative samples include Late Pleistocene humans and Neolithic populations from Northern and Southern China. Univariate and multivariate analyses are carried out in the study.

Results

ZG 1 has a dolichocephalic cranium, wide zygomatic breadth, moderate glabella and supraobtial projection, marked canine fossa, and thin cranial vault. The nasal floor, maximum cranial breadth position, and frontal arc proportion are all congruent with modern human. Statistical analysis suggests that ZG 1's measurements are most similar to those of Southern China Neolithic specimens, with some closer to Late Pleistocene humans.

Conclusion

ZG 1 shows a clear affinity with Southern China Neolithic populations, providing further support that regionalization of morphological variability patterns between Northern and Southern Neolithic populations could have originated at least 10,000 years ago.
Impact of Electrostatic Interaction on Bulk Morphology in Efficient Donor–Acceptor Photovoltaic Blends
Authors: Ma Lijiao , Yao Huifeng , Wang Jingwen , Xu Ye , Gao Mengyuan , Zu Yunfei , Cui Yong , Zhang Shaoqing , Ye Long , Hou Jianhui
Published: May 2021

Bulk heterojunctions comprising mixed donor (D) and acceptor (A) materials have proven to be the most efficient device structures for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The bulk morphology of such cells plays a key role in charge generation, recombination, and transport, thus determining the device performance. Although numerous studies have discussed the morphology‐performance relationship of these cells, the method of designing OPV materials with the desired morphology remains unclear. Herein, guided by molecular electrostatic potential distributions, we have established a connection between the chemical structure and bulk morphology. We show that the molecular orientation at the D‐A interface and the domain purity in the blend can be effectively modulated by modifying the functional groups. Enhancing the D‐A interaction is beneficial for charge generation. However, the resulting low domain purity and increased charge transfer ratio in its hybridization with the local excitation states lead to severe charge recombination. Fine‐tuning the bulk morphology can give balanced charge generation and recombination, which is crucial for further boosting the efficiency of the OPV cells.
Influence of microfibrillated cellulose and soft biocomponent on the morphology and thermal properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes
Authors: Panaitescu Denis Mihaela , Nicolae Cristian Andi , Melinte Violeta , Scutaru Andreea Laura , Gabor Augusta Raluca , Popa Marius Stelian , Oprea Madalina , Buruiana Tinca
Published: May 2021

Composite materials from thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with biodegradable segments and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were developed as alternatives to traditional materials used in packaging or biomedical applications. Two TPUs were synthesized by the prepolymer method starting from different soft segments, poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(butylene adipate) (PUBA) or poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PUEO), and isophorone diisocyanate/aliphatic chain extender. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) confirmed the structure and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) along with scanning electron microscopy showed that the soft segments with different hydrophobicity led to a higher phase mixing in PUBA and improved microphase separation in PUEO. MFC was added in the TPUs with different soft segments to increase biocompatibility, strength, and degradation rate. A better thermal stability, a gradual increase of crystallinity and a better dispersion of MFC were noticed in PUEO composites compared to PUBA ones. The crystallinity increased with 78% and 50% in PUBA and PUEO composites with 5 wt% MFC compared to the neat polyurethanes showing the nucleating ability of MFC. In addition, the enhanced storage modulus, with 75% and 25% in PUEO and PUBA composites, highlighted the reinforcing efficiency of MFC. Therefore, the addition of MFC to the already synthesized TPUs allows tailoring the morphology and thermal properties of TPUs for industrial application.
Rheological and mechanical properties of dynamic covalent polymers based on imine bond
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Wu Tongfei
Published: May 2021

Dynamic covalent polymers based on imine bond (FPIs), which are capable of reorganizing their constitution on the molecular level, are prepared from bio‐based dimer fatty acids. The irregular structure of carbon chains in dimer fatty acids leads to the amorphous nature of FPIs. The effect of imine bond on the glass transition temperature of FPIs is studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The linear viscoelasticity of FPIs is investigated by small amplitude oscillatory shear tests and analyzed by using the Likhtman‐McLeish theory. It is found that the rheological behavior of FPIs is similar with that of static, linear entangled polymers predicted by Likhtman‐McLeish theory, when the dynamic chain arrangements caused by imine‐bond exchange is not active enough. For FPIs, the temperature variation of viscosity is still following the Arrhenius law with an activation energy of ~50 kJ mol−1. Owing to the thermal adaptability, FPIs demonstrate great malleability, self‐healing capability and processing stability at elevated temperatures.
Facile preparation of functional and hybrid coatings by precipitations of polypyrrole and lysozyme via co‐assembly process
Authors: Zhou Xing , Song Renfang , Wang Dong , Fang Changqing , Song Yonghua , Yu Ruien , Wang Qiang , Deng Jingrui
Published: May 2021

The integration of biological matters and functional polymers to generate novel hybrids with multi‐functional properties has attracted an increasing attention in organic/organic systems, possessing a great promise for sensor, medical, and materials science applications. In this work, a facile co‐precipitation method was developed to prepare conductive composite via a co‐assembly process with one‐step. Lysozyme was employed as an assembly template, and the pyrrole monomers were polymerized and aggregated with the lysozyme nanoparticles via oxide polymerization, forming a hybrid and functional coating with significant conductivity of ca. 6.7 × 10−5 S. The structure and morphology of the hybrid is performed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, and laser scanning confocal microscope, and so on. The results showed that the coating was composed of homogenously and densely hybrid nanoparticles with the diameter of ca. 250 nm, possessing a certain degree of bio‐adhesion from the lysozyme precipitations according to the 3 M peeling test. In addition, the composite performed good infrared radiation shielding property when it was coated onto normal gauze. It suggests that the composite consisting of lysozyme and polypyrrole precipitations in nanoscale may possess significantly potential applications as conductive and shielding materials.