bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cadaverine as a Putative Component of Oral Malodor
Authors: Goldberg S. , Kozlovsky A. , Gordon D. , Gelernter I. , Sintov A. , Rosenberg M.
Published: July 2017

Whereas previous studies have shown correlations between volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and bad breath levels, it is probable that other compounds found in the oral cavity may contribute to oral malodor. In the present investigation, the possibility that diamines (cadaverine and putrescine) are associated with oral malodor parameters was assessed. Saliva samples from 52 subjects were analyzed for cadaverine and putrescine by HPLC. Oral malodor of whole mouth, tongue, and saliva of the subjects was recorded by an experienced judge on a continuous 10-cm scale; peak and steady-state VSC intraoral levels were measured by the Interscan 1170 sulphide monitor. Log-transformed VSC and diamine levels were compared with odor judge measurements by Pearson analysis and stepwise forward multiple regression. Putrescine scores were not significantly associated with odor judge parameters or with VSC levels (p > 0.1). However, highly significant correlations (p ≤ 0.003) were found between cadaverine levels and all three odor judge assessments. In contrast, associations between cadaverine and VSC measurements were non-significant. In an attempt to correlate odor judge results in terms of both VSC and diamines, we carried out stepwise forward multiple regression. Results showed that VSC and cadaverine both factor significantly in explaining each of the odor judge measurements, with multiple r values ranging from 0.545 (p = 0.0002) to 0.604 (p < 0.0001). The results suggest that cadaverine levels are associated with oral malodor, and that this association may be independent of VSC.
Lack of Significant Effect of Coffee and Caffeine on Fluoride Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Chen X. , Whitford G.M.
Published: July 2017

It has been reported that rat plasma fluoride (F) concentrations are higher by up to 100% when F is administered ig in coffee or a caffeine solution compared with when it is administered in water. It was hypothesized that the consumption of caffeinated beverages has contributed to the prevalence of dental fluorosis. The present studies were done to determine the physiological mechanism for these effects. For approximately 2 h after F was administered in coffee, plasma F concentrations were higher than when administered in water, decaffeinated coffee, or a caffeine solution (3 mg/kg), but the intergroup differences were small and generally not statistically significant. The 4-hour plasma AUC values did not differ with statistical significance. There were no differences among the groups in the renal or extrarenal (skeletal) clearances of F, which suggested that the higher plasma F concentrations in the coffee groups may have been due to a slight and transient increase in absorption rate. The possibility that caffeine per se might elevate endogenous plasma F and calcium concentrations was excluded after caffeine (25 mg/kg) ig without F was given. In addition, the renal excretion, clearance, and fractional renal clearance of calcium did not differ among the groups. The results indicated that decaffeinated coffee and caffeine had no effect on F metabolism, whereas caffeinated coffee appeared to increase the initial absorption rate but not the 4-hour bio-availability. The possibility that the ingestion of F with caffeinated coffee has contributed to the increased prevalence of dental fluorosis in the US is supported only weakly by the present findings. Long-term exposure studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
Regulation of PG Synthase by EGF and PDGF in Human Oral, Breast, Stomach, and Fibrosarcoma Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Yang C.Y. , Meng C.L.
Published: July 2017

Prostaglandins may inhibit or promote tumor cell replication, depending on the cell system that is investigated. In our laboratory, we have established and characterized four different specific human cancer cell lines. The objectives of this study were to examine and compare the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PG synthase, EC 1.14.99.1) activity of these cell lines by measuring the conversion of arachidonate to 3H-PGE2 and 3H-PGF2α. We found that the oral epidermal carcinoma cell line (OEC-M1) had a moderate degree of PG synthase activity. Enzyme activity could be partially blocked (statistically significant) by the addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 20 ng/mL and almost completely inhibited by platelet-derived growth factor at (PDGF) 20 mU/mL. By contrast, we discovered that the human breast adenocarcinama cell line (BC-M1) did not contain significant PG synthase, and enzyme activity could be significantly activated by the addition of epidermal growth factor at 20 ng/mL and platelet-derived growth factor at 20 mU/mL. We also found that the human stomach adenocarcinoma cell line (SCM-1) had a significant amount of PG synthase activity, and these PG synthase activities were not activated or inhibited by EGF at 20 ng/mL or PDGF at 20 mU/mL. Furthermore, the human fibrosarcoma (FS-Ml) cell line also contained a moderate degree of PG synthase activity, which could be significantly inhibited by PDGF at 20 mU/mL but was not inhibited by EGF at 20 ng/mL. The results suggest that EGF and PDGF may be involved in the regulation of the PG synthase activities of human oral, breast, stomach, and fibrosarcoma cancer cells.
The Effect of Supersaturation on Apatite Crystal Formation in Aqueous Solutions at Physiologic pH and Temperature
Authors: Ishikawa K. , Eanes E.D. , Tung M.S.
Published: July 2017

The importance of supersaturation in the dynamics of apatite precipitation from aqueous solutions is well-established. To determine whether this parameter has a comparable impact on the concomitant development of the textural properties of this phase, such as crystal size and shape, we investigated mineral accretion in synthetic solutions seeded with 0.67 g/L apatite over a range of supersaturations at pH 7.4 and 37°C. A dual specific-ion electrode-controlled titration method was used to maintain the seeded reactions under the following solution conditions: 1.0 to 1.8 mmol/L Ca2+, 0.67 to 1.2 mmol/L total phosphate (PO 4), Ca/PO4 (initial) = 1.5, 143 mmol/L KNO3, and 10 mmol/L HEPES. Samples were collected for chemical and textural analyses when the seed apatite was reduced by new accretions to 1/2,1/4,1/8,1/16, and 1/32 of the total solids in suspension. All new accretions were found to be apatitic. At the lowest supersaturation, accretion occurred primarily by growth of the seed crystals. However, at the highest supersaturation examined, the crystals at the end of the experiments were actually smaller, on average, than the original seeds, even though the total mass increased 32-fold. The results suggest that proliferation of new crystals supplanted growth of the seed crystals as supersaturation was increased. The results also suggest that differences in tissue fluid supersaturation may contribute to the large disparity in dimensions between dentin and enamel apatite crystals.
Stress Analysis of a Bulk-filled Class V Light-cured Composite Restoration
Authors: Katona T.R. , Winkler M.M.
Published: July 2017

Clinical failures are often associated with the polymerization shrinkage of resin composite restorative materials. These problems include tooth sensitivity and fracture, marginal leakage, loss of the restoration, and recurrent decay. Our goal was to examine transient composite distortions and interface stresses as a bulk-filled light-cured composite polymerized in a Class V restoration. The analysis was based on a finite element model. The curing of the restoration was divided into 4 steps: approximately 1/30, 1/4, 1/2, and full depth (1/1) of cure. Since the actual curing pattern is not known, calculations were performed for three hypothetical (flat, convex, and concave) polymerization front shapes. The calculations showed that the assumed shape was a critical factor in determining cured surface deformations. For example, the initial cure depth (1/30) resulted in a surface bulge if the polymerization front was presumed convex, while the concave front resulted in a large intrusion. By the time that about 1/2 the depth of the restoration was cured, the differences were essentially gone. The final surface outline was intruded. Interface stresses in the curing restoration were qualitatively similar regardless of the assumed polymerization shape. As with surface distortions, the stresses changed with curing depth. It was concluded that (1) transient events during polymerization are possible contributors to clinical complications, and (2) more must be known about the polymerization pattern.
Transgressing, Puking, Covenanting
Authors: Morgan Jonathan
Published: July 2017

This article argues that the imperatives arising from the ecological crisis demand that Christian interpreters (re)visit the book of Leviticus and, in particular, its conception of land. Furthermore, it contends that the neglect of this most agriculturally engaged of biblical texts and the failure of Christianity to construct an ethically robust theology of land are hermeneutically connected. Leviticus' strange, yet profound descriptions of the land as an active character, covenanting with YHWH and the people, not only represent a challenge to certain trends in the history of interpretation, but, it is suggested, also constitute a fruitful location for ecotheological reflection.
Creation's Praise of God
Authors: Coad Dominic
Published: July 2017

The theme of creation's praise of God has occasionally appeared in ecological theological literature but its full potential has not yet been realized. An engagement between the biblical text and Christian tradition, exemplified by Psalm 148 and the work of Thomas Aquinas, may allow this theme to take on a greater importance. Understanding praise as essential to creation's being allows humanity and non-humanity to be identified much more closely while producing a theology which is firmly grounded in the richness of orthodox Christian tradition.
Juniper trees and pistachio nuts
Authors: Briggs Richard S.
Published: July 2017

Trust and suspicion in biblical interpretation might best be understood as modes of imaginative engagement with the biblical text. This paper explores the extent to which a hermeneutic which implicitly either trusts or is suspicious of Scripture is an appropriate framework for texts which themselves have concerns about the merits or limitations of both trust and suspicion. By way of case studies in biblical and other literary texts, it is suggested that one must strive for an appropriate balance of trust and suspicion in the reading of biblical narrative.
The Politics of Resurrection
Authors: Bullimore Matthew
Published: July 2017

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the work of Carl Schmitt, the German jurist of the last century. This essay explores Schmitt's account of sovereignty within the context of his ‘political theology’. It describes Giorgio Agamben's use of Schmitt's theory of sovereignty as a lens through which to appraise critically contemporary geopolitics, before examining Jacob Taubes' messianic response to Schmitt. It suggests that a theological politics based on resurrection and participation in Christ is able to respond still further. The essay concludes by exploring what might be the relationship between the Church and political authority.
Worldwide Shifts in Mission from 1910 to 2010
Authors: Wild-Wood Emma
Published: July 2017

2010 is the centenary of the influential Edinburgh World Missionary Conference. To mark the centenary, mission scholars and practitioners across the world are engaged in processes of reflection on contemporary challenges of mission. This article briefly examines the 1910 Conference and outlines some changes in the understanding and context of mission over the century, emphasizing the spread of the Christian Church across the globe since 1910. It concludes by describing the studies of mission and world Christianity and their influence on the 2010 study process.
The grammar of ministry and mission
Authors: Platten Stephen
Published: July 2017

Mission and ministry are both key ecclesiological concepts but both remain elusive. Ministry is necessarily set within the wider context of sacramentality but it can be defined in such a way that clericalization of the laity is implied. However, ordained ministry is representative so all remain part of the laos. Mission has recently become an all-embracing concept much as ministry was hitherto. The recent Church of England report Mission-Shaped Church has led to a lack of clarity in defining mission. As a concept it is differently understood depending on the theological starting point. Mission is defined by the nature of God and God's sending of the Church as part of the missio Dei. Mission includes evangelism, witness and service and these are integral to a full understanding of the term. Both ministry and mission are related to diakonia and also imply participation in God expressed by the term deification.
On young Lukács on Kierkegaard
Authors: Price Zachary
Published: July 2017

Lukács' mature theory of Hegelian Marxism has been criticized for the determinacy with which it predicts utopia as a possibility for the future. This paper instead examines Lukács' early, pre-Marxist thinking, which asserts utopia only as the grounding concept for a procedure of cultural criticism, and not as the outcome of any foreseeable process of social change. I attempt to evaluate this non-Marxist utopianism of the young Lukács by focusing in particular on ‘The Foundering of Form Against Life: Søren Kierkegaard and Regine Olsen’, a 1910 essay in which Lukács criticizes Kierkegaard for failing to articulate any concept of utopia and for focusing instead on private ‘faith’ as a potential solution to the endemic problems of modernity, such as alienation and reification. Because young Lukács himself thus sets up Kierkegaard as a dystopian rival for his own utopian thought, I use a comparison between these two thinkers as a basis for speculation on the advantages and disadvantages of positing a normative concept of utopia as the basis for social criticism.
The Third
Authors: Simmons William Paul
Published: July 2017

Emmanuel Levinas' radical heteronomous ethics has received a great deal of scholarly attention. However, his political thought remains relatively neglected. This essay shows how Levinas moves from the anarchical, ethical relationship with the Other to the totalizing realm of politics with his phenomenology of the third person, the Third. With the appearance of the Third, the ego must respond to more than one Other. It must decide whom to respond to first. This decision leads the ego from the an-archical, ethical realm to the realm of politics. Although the Third universalizes the an-archical relationship with the Other into the political realm, it does not supplant the original ethical relationship. Instead, there is a never-ending oscillation between ethics and politics. The world of institutions and impersonal justice must be held in check by the an-archical responsibility for the Other. Levinas calls for both an-archy and justice.
Damages in German Labor Law – Amending the AGG
Authors: Frenzel Hartmut H. , Thöni Magdalena
Published: July 2017

The European legislature has enacted European anti-discrimination laws (Race Equality Directive - 2000/43/EC, Employment Equality Directive - 2000/78/EC, Directives on equal treatment for men and women - 2002/73/EC) with the task of all member states of converting them into national laws. The German legislature has decided to enact in the General Act on Equal Treatment (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz - abbreviated AGG) by means of civil law with damage-compensation and compensation for non-economic-loss.

The focus of this work at hand is to assess whether the existing form of the AGG is efficient from the perspective of law and economics.

Firstly, we will assess the legality of damage-compensation and compensation for non-economic-loss as well as the role of the legislator and legal application.

Secondly, we will analyse the perspective of Law and economics in examining civil law sanctions such as efficient alternatives for amending the AGG.
Book Review: Times Past in Korea
Authors: Taplin Ruth
Published: July 2017

Times Past in Korea An Illustrated Collection of Encounters, Events, Custom and Daily Life Recorded by Foreign Visitors by Martin Uden
Are Trade and Competition Policy Substitutes or Complements? The Case of South Africa
Authors: Holden Merle
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the relationship between competition and trade policy in South Africa in order to address the role that each policy can play in achieving greater efficiency and welfare. There is the view, given the trade liberalisation that has occurred in South Africa, that the need for an active competition policy is accordingly reduced. While both trade and competition policy has been reformed in recent years, and import penetration has risen, it is not clear whether imports have been able to curb the possible abuse of market power. In the light of changes in trade policy over the period 1993 to 1996, the paper therefore develops an empirical model to test whether trade liberalisation has had an impact on the exercise of market power in South Africa. The reform of competition policy has however been more recent and therefore its exercise in more active form will not be captured in the period under review. The striking change of the period lies in the dramatic rise in import penetration ratios that occurred in the industrial sector offering the opportunity to estimate the impact of such penetration on profitability and market structure.
The Impact of Eastwards Enlargement of the EU on Non-applicant and Delayed-Accession Countries*
Authors: Dyker David A.
Published: July 2017

The issue of EU enlargement has spawned a large number of studies of the impact, in macroeconomic and microeconomic terms, of the accession of new members to the Union. These studies have ranged widely, from conventional estimates of trade creation effects to more speculative assessments of the likely impact of enlargement in terms of patterns of business networking and regional development. But they have focused almost exclusively on the impact of enlargement on the existing EU, and on the candidate countries themselves. This study seeks to redress the balance by concentrating on the impact of EU enlargement on the great bulk of the transition region which will remain outside the EU for the foreseeable future.
Foreign Direct Investment in Petroleum Sector in Poland
Authors: Nowak Bartlomiej
Published: July 2017

Based on the research, the investments made over the transition decade in the Polish petroleum market are insufficient. In 1995 Polish authorities expected that until the year 2010 in Polish petroleum – energy sector there will be investments of around US $38.5 billion. Until 2003 only 15% of that sum was invested in the sector. Additionally from US $65.1 billion, invested in Poland in years 1990–2002 only slightly over US $2 billion of the overall sum was allocated for the specific development of fuel station networks in Poland.

At the present time the Polish petroleum market is comparatively less profitable than neighbouring countries where profit margins are higher. What is the reason for this? According to the study, there are at least few reasons explaining the worsening of development of the petroleum sector in Poland, than in other CEE countries. Firstly, a main obstacle is the delays in restructuring and privatisation of companies in the Polish petroleum sector. Secondly, complicated administrative procedures together with unclear laws. Thirdly, a lack of real competition due to the monopolistic position of PKN Orlen SA.

However, research shows that despite the above mentioned problems and under-development of the Polish petroleum sector both the Polish market as a whole and the petroleum market are both large and attractive enough to attract greater amounts of foreign direct investment in the forthcoming years.

Polish companies had big expectations at the beginning of the transition process. They were expecting that foreign investors will after investment, reshape their companies, increase their efficiency and competitive position through the transfer of modern technology and the introduction of new management techniques. It was also expected that investors would bring access to new markets, distribution networks and financing. These expectations were true. Research, practice, survey and interviews show that companies privatised through FDI began to show improvements in efficiency very rapidly as a result of an improved financial situation, more effective strategic planning and management.
Book Review: Economics and Religion
Authors: Kula Adam , Kula Erhun
Published: July 2017

Paul Oslington, Economics and Religion, Volumes 1 and 2, 2003, Elgar, Cheltenham, Volume 1, 513 pages, Volume 2, 460 pages (hardback), £250.
Book Review: CreatingPerforming Organisations: InternationalPerspectives for Indian Management
Authors: Rishi Parul
Published: July 2017

Editors: Biswajeet Pattanayak, Vipin Gupta with Phalgu Niranjana. CreatingPerforming Organisations: InternationalPerspectives for Indian Management. Response Books – Sage 2002, 588 pp. ISBN 81-7829-114-2
Changing Structures in Korean Corporate Governance; a review of recent legislation affecting Boards of Directors
Authors: Hong J.S.
Published: July 2017

Since the financial crisis of 1997, the Korean Commercial Code has been dramatically reformed to address several problems in the Korean corporate governance structure. The main purpose of legal reform in Korea has been to restrain small groups of controlling shareholders who exercise practical power over the corporate management. Especially in 1998, 1999, 2000, the Korean Company Law has been considerably revised to restrain controlling shareholders’ practical power. To name just a few: such matters as the Liability of Shadow Directors, the Introduction of Outside Directors, Committees in Board of Directors, Adopting Accumulative Voting, etc., have been newly inserted. The legal reform in Korea is coming to a close with the enforcement of the Korean Securities Class Action that was strongly opposed by the Federation of Korean Industries in January 2005. However, view of the general public is that changes to the antiquated management ruling system by controlling shareholders have not been successfully implemented. The process of legal reform is therefore likely to continue beyond the next presidential election.
Book Review: The Birth of Industrial Britain: Economic Change 1750–1850
Authors: Bailey Mark
Published: July 2017

The Birth of Industrial Britain: Economic Change 1750–1850 by Kenneth Morgan (Longman, 1999) ISBN: 0-582-29833-4
Income Disparity Trends and Data Problems in Singapore: Some Myths and Realities
Authors: Mukhopadhaya Pundarik
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the myths related the income disparity problem in Singapore and explored the realities. To explain this, the paper considers the problem of computing income inequality with the existing published data in Singapore. Trends in earning inequality in the Singapore labour force for three decades are explained. Other dimensions of economic inequality are explored. It is suggested that education policy is not a sufficient remedy to curtail inequality. Also more emphasis is recommended on the aspect in health care financing which in the current set-up adds further stress to income disparity in Singapore.

JEL Classification: 128, D31, D63
Institutions, Entrepreneurship and Economic Performance: Reinterpreting Rogernomics
Authors: Brownlow Graham , Batstone Chris
Published: July 2017

Entrepreneurship has been a neglected issue in the teaching and research of mainstream economics. Baumol has likened entrepreneurship to a spectre that haunts the mainstream. He provides a model of entrepreneurship that draws on a variety of sources and which suggests that entrepreneurship, depending on the underlying incentives, can affect an economy for good or ill. This framework is applied to the long-run economic development of New Zealand and is used to explain why the free market reforms initiated in response to financial crisis in 1984, did not lead to sustained economic improvement in the manner consistent with that of Ireland’s ‘Celtic tiger’. It is suggested that New Zealand, because of the unique features of its historical experience, has inherited institutions that tend to reward unproductive and destructive entrepreneurship. It is shown empirically that the free market reforms did little to reverse this situation. Some policy conclusions for New Zealand are derived based on Baumol’s model and the Irish experience. Baumol’s model, with its important role for history and politics, provides an important framework for interdisciplinary economists seeking to study economic performance.
Can Newly Industrializing Economies Catch Up in the Science-Based Industries? A Study of the Korean Biotechnology Sector
Authors: Cho Dong-Sung , Hyun Eunjung , Lee Soo Hee
Published: July 2017

This paper analyzes the Korean biotechnology sector with an analytical framework of National Innovation System (NIS). We examine whether newly industrializing economies (NIEs) can catch up with advanced economies in newly-emerging, knowledge-intensive industries such as biotechnology. We demonstrate that Korea is emerging as a key player in the global biotechnology scene in terms of R&D activities, catching up with other advanced countries, such as Japan, and keeping pace with regional competitors like Taiwan, Singapore and China. While the substantial increase in innovation capabilities lends support to the plausibility of the catching-up view, we also find that improvements and adaptations need to be made in transferring knowledge effectively from public to private sector and in commercializing biotechnology with the institutional support of private funding. Our study highlights the mechanisms by which collective competence of managing knowledge creation and diffusion is facilitated in a developing economy.
Chinese Cultural Construction of Harmony: Implications for an Ongoing Dialogue on Sustainability
Authors: Shi Tian
Published: July 2017

Sustainable development has now become a general policy goal around the world. However, this concept is open to interpretation depending on different socio-cultural, economic and political circumstances. This is mainly because we are now living in a world that is characterised by heterogeneous rather than homogeneous frames of reference, motives and interests, institutional settings and agendas. This paper provides a brief Chinese cultural context of the sustainability discourse. It is argued that social and cultural considerations will be crucial on the way towards the achievement of sustainable development. Chinese interpretation of sustainability has reflected the significant influence from the country’s unique cultural and philosophical heritage. Although the concept of sustainable development still remains ambiguous and lacks consistency in its use, it has allowed peoples with different backgrounds and often conflicting interests to reach some common ground upon which concrete policies can be developed and implemented toward a sustainable future. To achieve the goal of sustainable development, it is proposed that one of the priorities at the current stage is to maintain cultural diversity and promote inter- and trans-cultural communications.
Systemic Analysis of Pension Systems – Macroeconomic Flows
Authors: Jaworski Piotr M.
Published: July 2017

The paper is devoted to the field of pension systems. It puts forward the argument that, the size of resources directed towards the retired is not dependent on their economic form but on the readiness of those working to support those who are retired. Economics, therefore, plays only a secondary role as the economic mechanism is identical no matter what organisational form is chosen. In order to demonstrate this three organisational models are presented: family, pay-as-you-go and funded. Through the comparison of macroeconomic flows in all three of them, it is concluded that they are, in fact, identical to the resulting outcome point of view. The final conclusion, therefore, is that any system is just a means of dividing the current national product among the two groups and the size of resources devoted to pensioners is controlled and determined by the working population.
How to Have your Cake and Eat it Too: Resolving the Efficiency-Equity Trade-off in Minimum Wage Legislation
Authors: Mukerji Nikil , Schumacher Christoph R.
Published: July 2017

Minimum wages are usually assumed to be inefficient as they prevent the full exploitation of mutual gains from trade. Yet advocates of wage regulation policies have repeatedly claimed that this loss in market efficiency can be justified by the pursuit of ethical goals. Policy makers, it is argued, should not focus on efficiency alone. Rather, they should try to find an adequate balance between efficiency and equity targets. This idea is based on a two-worlds-paradigm that sees ethics and economics as two inherently conflicting ways of thinking. We, however, believe that this view of the relationship between ethics and economics is fundamentally flawed and blurs our understanding of how an ethically responsible regulation of the labour market should be conducted. In drawing on an economic-ethical approach that resolves the antinomy between efficiency and equity, we show that ethics and economics are, in fact, two sides of the same coin and that minimum wage legislation can only be ethically responsible, if it is at the same time economically efficient. In other words, we can have our cake and eat it too. On the basis of our approach, we develop two simple game theoretical models for different types of labour markets and derive policy implications from an economic-ethical viewpoint. We suggest that under the assumption of perfectly competitive labour markets a tax-funded wage subsidy is preferable over minimum wages, as it makes everyone better off. If, however, employers have monopsony power in the wage setting process, the minimum wage is justifiable under certain conditions.
Employer-led Vocational Education and Training Systems
Authors: Sung Johnny
Published: July 2017

In both the UK and New Zealand, we have witnessed the adoption of employer-led national training systems in recent times. The rationale underpinning these systems is that industry training ought to be relevant to the needs of industry and should attract a high level of employers’ investment in training that is relevant to their sector. This has led to the establishment of a series of national and sector-based training bodies in both the UK and New Zealand – i.e. the Sector Skills Councils and the Industry Training Organisations – which form the basis of an employer-led national training strategy. Although both systems claim to be ‘employer-led’ as well as driven by a national qualifications framework and ‘sector-based’ training supported by sectoral bodies, the results so far are fairly different in the two countries. This paper therefore argues that simply inviting ‘employers’ to be a part of a system of national sector-based training bodies is insufficient in stimulating desirable national training outcomes. A series of mutually reinforcing institutional and policy elements have to be in place in order to create an effective sectoral approach to national skills development.
Surviving Apprenticeship Training: A Duration Analysis of Apprenticeship Contracts in Australia
Authors: Mangan John , Trendle Bernard
Published: July 2017

Fifty percent of youth entrants to apprenticeships in Australia fail to complete their course producing costs to, employers, the trainees themselves and society in general. This study uses data from the Direct Entry Level Training Administration for a duration analysis of this high attrition rate. We find those most likely to survive apprenticeship training will be males who have completed high school prior to training, work with a single employer, undertake train within the Government system and avoid occupations such as food trades and hairdressing.
Telework: Timesaving or Time-Consuming? An Investigation into Actual Working Hours
Authors: Peters Pascale , Wetzels Cécile , Tijdens Kea
Published: July 2017

This paper aims to clarify the relationship between telework and the actual time employees put into their jobs. One of the reported threats to teleworkers’ personal lives is that in order to finish their work, they not only use up saved commuting time, but also part of their non-working hours, even to the extent of becoming workaholics. Recent empirical analyses show that teleworkers do seem to work longer hours than non-teleworkers. Yet there is an interesting observation to be made: teleworkers are not found to work longer hours when compared with employees who are given the teleworking option but not taking it. One might hypothesise, therefore, that there might be other factors accounting for the longer working hours of teleworkers (and of “teleworkable” job-holders), rather than teleworking as such. For that reason, the effect of teleworking on working hours was controlled for job and pay system characteristics. In line with expectations, salaried work, higher wages and some fringe benefits accounted for longer hours, and telework did not. Therefore, telework may be rightly used as an HRM-tool to attract and/or retain (scarce) personnel, for it allows employees to save commuting time and, consequently, contributes to a better work-home balance.
Book Review: Chinese Ethnic Business: Global and Local Perspectives
Authors: Spoonley Paul
Published: July 2017

Chinese Ethnic Business: Global and Local Perspectives Eric Fong and Chiu Luk (Eds), Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2007, 247 pages ISBN 10: 0-415-39718-9
Book Review: The Future of Corporate Groups Law [Kigyō Ketsugou Housei no Shōraizou]
Authors: Matsunaka Manabu
Published: July 2017

The Future of Corporate Groups Law [Kigyō Ketsugou Housei no Shōraizou]. Takahashi, Eiji. 2008. Chuokeizaisha, Tokyo. 312 pp. ISBN978-4-502-96390-2
The European Union’s Energy Security within the Framework of Turkish Membership
Authors: Eriş Özgür Ünal
Published: July 2017

Energy supply is one of the most significant security issues of the modern times. Especially in recent years it has become to dominate the European Union in terms of securing supplies through diversification of oil and gas fields. In this respect the Caspian area is likely to become a major energy source, in which Turkey’s position as an energy corridor becomes prominent. This paper looks at the European Union policy to meet its energy needs in terms of tapping into the oil and gas fields of the Caspian region.
On the Retail Sector
Authors: Correa Amelia
Published: July 2017

We append a retail trade sector to the industrial sector of an economy. The macroeconomic model is a variant of the circuit approach to monetary macroeconomics. The conclusion is that an increase in the size of the ‘unproductive’ sector, employment in the ‘productive’ sector remaining constant, leads to a rise in the price level and interest rates.
Value-Energy Interrelationship and Dynamic Added Value Taxation
Authors: Bartenev Victor N.
Published: July 2017

Energy and system grounds of economy and its taxation subsystem based on operational identity (isomorphism) between economy and electric power amplifier are considered. Consistent economy treating as an added value amplifier allows coupling monetary and energy units in the form of value-energy correlation characterizing economic efficiency and growth. For well-developed economy, this correlation is approximated by electric energy price. System stability requirements lead to the concept of dynamic added value taxation (DAVT) performing powerful economy regulating functions. In particular, DAVT can serve as an effective mean for stabilizing energy-carriers prices. To define more precisely value-energy isomorphism, system interrelationship between added value and Gibbs free energy is discussed.

JEL codes: E63, H21, O11, 023, Q43
Book Review: Intellectual Property and the New Japanese Global Economy
Authors: Curtin Sean
Published: July 2017

Intellectual Property and the New Japanese Global Economy, by Ruth Taplin, Routledge, 2009, 196 pages, ISBN: 978-0-415-46597-7
The Development of Hinterland Transport by Rail – The Story of Scandinavia and the Port of Gothenburg
Authors: Bergqvist Rickard , Woxenius Johan
Published: July 2017

This article analyses the phenomenon of hinterland transport by rail and the remarkable journey that has taken place during the last ten years in Europe, especially in Scandinavia. Furthermore, it includes a brief examination of how current trends affect the role and development of rail for hinterland transport. In fact, particularly in Scandinavia, most of the potential market for hinterland transport of maritime containers is already realised. Nevertheless, stakeholders face new challenges as a result of the current financial crisis and global recession. As a result, transport systems, such as the Scandinavian rail shuttle system, now show modest growth figures in comparison to the 15 to 20 percent of annual growth over the last ten years. Ultimately, rail shuttle services and dry ports will still play an important future role in ensuring competitive and sustainable logistics systems assuming that these companies are able to cope with the imminent challenges.
Book Review: Intellectual Property, Innovation and Management in Emerging Economies
Authors: Brewer James
Published: July 2017

Intellectual Property, Innovation and Management in Emerging Economies, edited by Ruth Taplin and Alojzy Z. Nowak, 2010, Routledge, ISBN10:0-415-55960-X
Book Review: Women in the Third World, Gender Issues in Rural and Urban Areas
Authors: Moss Frances
Published: July 2017

Women in the Third World, Gender Issues in Rural and Urban Areas, Lynne Brydon and Sylvia Chant, Published by Edward Elgar, 1989. ISBN Hardback 18 527 805 92 £32.50 Paperback 18 527 819 04 £9.95, 372 pp.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Amyloid und Paramyloid verschiedener Tierarten: I. Histomorphologie und färberische Eigenschaften des Amyloids und Paramyloids
Authors: Trautwein G.
Published: July 2017

Comparative studies on the amyloid of several animal species were carried out to determine the different amyloid varieties by their specific staining properties and thus distinguish them from similar hyaline tissue structures. The material studied included cases of amyloidosis of the kidneys, liver and adrenal glands of cattle, renal amyloidosis of the dog and splenic amyloidosis of the mink. In addition, there were cases of amyloidosis of the vascular walls in Aleutian disease of mink and in mucosal disease of cattle as well as lymph node amyloidosis of the horse. On the basis of their organ and tissue location and their staining properties, the amyloid varieties of cattle, dogs, mink and horses were classified as amyloid and paramyloid. Typical amyloid stains green with Masson-Goldner, blue with azan and remains colorless with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and Weigert's fibrin stain. Paramyloid, on the other hand, stains red with Masson-Goldner and azan, and blue with phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin and Weigert's stain. Common features of the two amyloid varieties are congophilia, birefringence, color change to green with congo red staining, and fluorescence with thioflavin T staining.
The Pathogenesis of Ocular Lesions of Infectious Canine Hepatitis: II. Experimental Ocular Hypersensitivity Produced by the Virus
Authors: Carmichael L. E.
Published: July 2017

The pathogenesis of the ocular lesions that occur during convalescence from infectious canine hepatitis was studied in susceptible dogs by passive sensitization, reverse-passive sensitization, and by intraocular inoculation with virus-antibody precipitate suspensions. By these methods it was demonstrated that iridocyclitis and corneal opacification could be produced. These lesions resembled those that occur naturally in this disease. It was concluded that the natural ocular lesions that follow infectious canine hepatitis are a consequence of Arthus-type hypersensitivity reactions.
Natural History of a Hamstring Tendon Autograft Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a Sheep Model
Authors: Goradia Vipool K. , Rochat Mark C. , Kida Masatoshi , Grana William A.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to describe the histologic structure of the intraarticular segment of a semitendinosus tendon autograft used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction over the first year after surgery. We performed an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a single hindlimb of 11 sheep using a doubled semitendinosus tendon autograft secured to the femur with an endoscopic button and polyester tape and to the tibia with sutures tied around a screw. The histologic structure of the intraarticular segment of the graft at 4, 8, 12, 24, and 52 weeks after surgery was compared with that of the normal semitendinosus tendon and anterior cruciate ligament. The random collagen fiber orientation progressed to a longitudinal orientation from the peripheral to the central areas of the graft over the initial 12 weeks after surgery. A uniform sinusoidal crimp pattern similar to that seen in the normal anterior cruciate ligament was identified under polarized light in nearly one-half of each graft by 24 weeks. Further maturation was noted at 52 weeks. Graft necrosis was not evident at any time period. This study showed that semitendinosus tendon autografts transform into a histologic structure similar to that of the normal anterior cruciate ligament over the initial year after surgery, as has been described for patellar tendon grafts.
Intramuscular Corticosteroid Injection for Hamstring Injuries
Authors: Levine William N. , Bergfeld John A. , Tessendorf William , Moorman Claude T.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of intramuscular corticosteroid injection in selected, severe hamstring injuries in professional football players. Clinicians have been reluctant to use corticosteroid injections in or around muscle-tendon units because of concern of incomplete healing or rupture. We retrospectively reviewed the computer database of one National Football League team for all hamstring injuries requiring treatment between January 1985 and January 1998. We found that 431 players had suffered such injury. We developed a clinical grading system to identify hamstring injury severity and to stratify players for treatment. Fifty-eight players (13%) sustained severe, discrete injuries with a palpable defect within the substance of the muscle and were treated with intramuscular injection of corticosteroid and anesthetic. There were no complications related to the injection of corticosteroid. Only nine players (16%) missed any games as a result of their injury. Final examination revealed no strength deficits, normal muscle bulk and tone, and the ability to generate normal power. We believe that the grading system we developed can assist in selection of injury type for injection. Although lack of a control group limits statements of efficacy of injection, our impression is that intramuscular corticosteroid injection hastens players’ return to full play and lessens the game and practice time they miss.
Longitudinal Effects of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Patellar Tendon Autograft Reconstruction on Neuromuscular Performance
Authors: Wojtys Edward M. , Huston Laura J.
Published: July 2017

We examined persons after anterior cruciate ligament injury and for 1.5 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to analyze changes in anterior knee laxity, lower extremity muscle strength, endurance, and several parameters of neuromuscular function. Sixteen men and nine women (average age, 23.8 years) were evaluated preoperatively, then underwent intraarticular autogenous patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by the same surgeon and were evaluated at 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Muscle strength was measured isokinetically and neuromuscular function was quantified with simultaneous anterior tibial translation and surface electromyography tests. Forty subjects (26 men and 14 women; average age, 23.5 years) with no known knee abnormalities served as the control group. Subjective questionnaire results showed that by 18 months postoperatively, 20 subjects (80%) believed they had regained their preoperative levels of function. Unfortunately, muscle function in most subjects had not returned to normal. At 12 to 18 months postoperatively, when knee rehabilitation was terminated, significant deficiencies in muscle performance persisted in most patients. Interestingly, in this group of stable knees, quadriceps and hamstring muscle reaction times appeared to be the best objective indicators of subjective knee function.
Effect of Ankle Disk Training Combined with Tactile Stimulation to the Leg and Foot on Functional Instability of the Ankle
Authors: Matsusaka Nobuou , Yokoyama Shigeki , Tsurusaki Toshiya , Inokuchi Shigeru , Okita Minoru
Published: July 2017

Twenty-two university students with unilateral functional instability of the ankle participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. Subjects in both groups were trained to stand on the affected limb on an ankle disk. In group 1, two pieces of 1-cm wide nonelastic adhesive tape were applied to the skin around the lateral malleolus from the distal third of the lower leg to the sole of the foot before the training sessions. Subjects in group 2 participated in the training sessions without the application of the adhesive tape. Training was performed for 10 minutes a day, five times per week, for a period of 10 weeks. Subjects were tested for postural sway while standing on the affected limb before, during, and after the training period. In group 1, postural sway values decreased significantly after 4 weeks compared with the pretraining performance, and they were within the normal range after not more than 6 weeks of training. In group 2, the values did not improve significantly compared with the pretraining performance until after 6 weeks of training, and they were not within the normal range until after 8 weeks of training. The findings suggest that the 2-week earlier correction of postural sway in group 1 was due to an increased afferent input from skin receptors that were stimulated by the traction of the adhesive tape.
Tensile Fixation Strengths of Absorbable Meniscal Repair Devices as a Function of Hydrolysis Time
Authors: Arnoczky Steven P. , Lavagnino Michael
Published: July 2017

To determine the effect of hydrolysis time on the fixation strength of absorbable meniscal repair devices, adult bovine menisci were repaired with five devices and a suture. The ultimate tensile strength of the repair was then tested in six specimens immediately or after 6, 12, or 24 weeks of incubation at 37°C in a saline solution containing antibiotics, antimycotics, and protease inhibitors. Immediately after implantation the Bionx Meniscus Arrow had a significantly higher failure strength (57.7 13.8 N) than the Linvatec BioStinger (35.1 6.7 N), the Innovasive Clearfix screw (34.9 13 N), the Surgical Dynamics S D sorb staple (9.4 4.6 N), and the Mitek Meniscal Repair System (polydioxanone) (27.2 6.0 N). However, there was no significant difference between the Bionx Meniscus Arrow and a 2—0 polydioxanone vertical suture (51.6 2.7 N). The polydioxanone-based implants demonstrated a significant decrease in failure strength at 12 and 24 weeks. Similarly, the Surgical Dynamics S D sorb staple lost all fixation strength by 24 weeks. The remaining devices showed no significant loss of failure strength over the 24-week period, suggesting that 24 weeks of hydrolysis does not adversely affect the ultimate holding power of poly L-lactide-based meniscal fixation devices.