bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrine active contaminants in aquatic systems and intersex in common sport fishes
Authors: Lee Pow Crystal S.D. , Law J. Mac , Kwak Thomas J. , Cope W. Gregory , Rice James A. , Kullman Seth W. , Aday D. Derek
Published: September 2016

Male fish are susceptible to developing intersex, a condition characterized by the presence of testicular oocytes. In the present study, the relationship between intersex and exposure to estrogenic endocrine active contaminants (EACs) was assessed for 2 genera of sport fish, Micropterus and Lepomis, at 20 riverine sites. Seasonal trends and relationships between EACs and intersex (prevalence and severity) were examined at varying putative sources of EACs throughout North Carolina, identified as point sources, nonpoint sources, and reference sites. Intersex was identified in both genera, which was documented for the first time in wild-caught Lepomis. Intersex was more prevalent (59.8%) and more severe (1.6 mean rank) in Micropterus, which was highly correlation to EACs in sediment. In contrast, intersex was less common (9.9%) and less severe (0.2 mean rank) in Lepomis and was highly correlated to EACs in the water column. The authors found that concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, industrial EACs, and estrogens were highest at point source sites; however, no source type variation was identified in the prevalence or severity of intersex, nor were there seasonal trends in intersex or EAC concentrations. The authors’ results associate genus-specific prevalence of intersex with specific EAC classes in common sport fishes having biological, ecological, and conservation implications. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:959–968. © 2016 SETAC
Innovation Partnerships to Enhance Student Learning and Development
Authors: Roberts Dennis C. , Komives Susan R.
Published: September 2016

Following chapters that have offered examples and tools relevant to higher education institutions that wish to enhance student learning and development, this chapter summarizes and extends the conversation of how true partnerships in international higher education can be cultivated to achieve the deepest impact.
Effects at Farm and Community Level of the Adoption of Sprinkler Irrigation in the Ecuadorian Andes
Authors: Communal Tamara , Faysse Nicolas , Bleuze Sylvain , Aceldo Byron
Published: September 2016

The shift from surface to sprinkler or drip irrigation has been hailed as a promising way to improve the performance of community‐managed irrigation schemes, but its effects have mainly been assessed at plot level. The study assesses the changes in water distribution and collective maintenance rules and in farm production patterns, which may be triggered or supported by the introduction of this technique. The case study reported here is a community‐managed irrigation scheme in the Ecuadorian Andes. At the farm level, farmers spent less labour time per hectare on irrigation. Farms endowed with more land and water resources used sprinkler irrigation to intensify their agricultural activities. By contrast, many farms with limited water and land resources used the time saved by shifting to sprinkler to increase off‐farm work. At the community level, the shift reduced the frequency of the irrigation turn and increased the reliability of water distribution. Sprinkler irrigation thus appears to be a versatile tool that helped farms evolve in different directions. However, to enable a significant improvement in farmers' ability to earn a living from farming, it should be part of a global approach that also tackles farm constraints which are not connected with access to water. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of pO2by luminescence lifetime spectroscopy: A comparative study of the phototoxicity and sensitivity of [Ru(Phen)3]2+and PdTCPPin vivo
Authors: Huntosova Veronika , Gerelli Emmanuel , Horvath Denis , Wagnieres Georges
Published: September 2016

Dysfunctions in tissue metabolism can be detected at early stages by oxygen partial pressure (pO2) measurement. The measurement of emission lifetimes offers very promising and non‐invasive approach to estimate pO2in vivo. This study compares two extensively used oxygen sensors and assesses theirin vivooxygen sensitivity and phototoxic effect. Luminescence lifetime of Ru‐polypyridyl complex and of Pd‐porphyrin is measured in the Chick's Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) model with a dedicated optical fiber‐based, time‐resolved spectrometer. The Pd‐porphyrin luminescence lifetimes measured in the CAM model exposed to different pO2levels are longer and have a broader dynamic range (10–100 μs) than those of Ru‐polypyridyl complex (0.6–1 μs). The combined statistical analysis based on an estimate of the kurtosis and skewness, bootstrapping method and routine normality tests is performed. The indicators of the averages and signal to noise ratio stability are also calculated. The combination of several data processing allows selection of the better sensor for a given application. In particular, it is found that the advantage of Ru‐polypyridyl complex over Pd‐porphyrin is two‐fold: i) Ru‐polypyridyl complex datasets have consistently better statistical characteristics, ii) Ru‐polypyridyl exhibits lower cytotoxicity.

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Gelatin/chondroitin sulfate nanofibrous scaffolds for stimulation of wound healing: In‐vitro and in‐vivo study
Authors: Pezeshki‐Modaress Mohamad , Mirzadeh Hamid , Zandi Mojgan , Rajabi‐Zeleti Sareh , Sodeifi Niloofar , Aghdami Nasser , Mofrad Mohammad R. K.
Published: September 2016

In this research, fabrication of gelatin/chondroitin sulfate (GAG) nanofibrous scaffolds using electrospinning technique for skin tissue engineering was studied. The influence of GAG content on chemical, physical, mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds were investigated. Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells were cultured and bioactivity of electrospun gelatin/GAG scaffolds for skin tissue engineering was assayed. Biological results illustrated that HDF cells attached and spread well on gelatin/GAG nanofibrous scaffolds displaying spindle‐like shapes and stretching. MTS assay was performed to evaluate the cell proliferation on electrospun gelatin/GAG scaffolds. The results confirmed the influence of GAG content as well as the nanofibrous structure on cell proliferation and attachment of substrates. The gelatin/GAG nanofibrous scaffolds with the desired thickness for in‐vivo evaluations were used on the full‐thickness wounds. Pathobiological results showed that cell loaded gelatin/GAG scaffolds significantly accelerated wounds healing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2020–2034, 2017.
Effective tracking of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging using melanin‐based gadolinium3+ nanoparticles
Authors: Cai Wen‐Wen , Wang Ling‐Jie , Li Si‐Jin , Zhang Xi‐Ping , Li Ting‐Ting‐ , Wang Ying‐Hua , Yang Xi , Xie Jun , Li Jian‐Ding , Liu Shi‐Jie , Xu Wen , He Sheng , Cheng Zhen , Fan Qu‐Li , Zhang Rui‐Ping
Published: September 2016

Tracking transplanted stem cells is necessary to clarify cellular properties and improve transplantation success. In this study, we designed and synthesized melanin‐based gadolinium3+ (Gd3+)‐chelate nanoparticles (MNP‐Gd3+) of ∼7 nm for stem cell tracking in vivo. MNP‐Gd3+ possesses many beneficial properties, such as its high stability and sensitivity, shorter T1 relaxation time, higher cell labeling efficiency, and lower cytotoxicity compared with commercial imaging agents. We found that the T1 relaxivity (r1) of MNP‐Gd3+ was significantly higher than that of Gd‐DTPA; the nanoparticles were taken up by bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via endocytosis and were broadly distributed in the cytoplasm. Based on an in vitro MTT assay, no cytotoxicity of labeled stem cells was observed for MNP‐Gd3+ concentrations of less than 800 µg/mL. Furthermore, we tracked MNP‐Gd3+‐labeled BMSCs in vivo using 3.0T MRI equipment. After intramuscular injection, MNP‐Gd3+‐labeled BMSCs were detected, even after four weeks, by 3T MRI. We concluded that MNP‐Gd3+ nanoparticles at appropriate concentrations can be used to effectively monitor and track BMSCs in vivo. MNP‐Gd3+ nanoparticles have potential as a new positive MRI contrast agent in clinical applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 131–137, 2017.
The impact of ageing, physical activity, and pre‐frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and intramyocellular lipids in men
Authors: St‐Jean‐Pelletier Félix , Pion Charlotte H , Leduc‐Gaudet Jean‐Philippe , Sgarioto Nicolas , Zovilé Igor , Barbat‐Artigas Sébastien , Reynaud Olivier , Alkaterji Feras , Lemieux François C , Grenon Alexis , Gaudreau Pierrette , Hepple Russell T , Chevalier Stéphanie , Belanger Marc , Morais José A , Aubertin‐Leheudre Mylène , Gouspillou Gilles
Published: September 2016

Background

The exact impact of ageing on skeletal muscle phenotype and mitochondrial and lipid content remains controversial, probably because physical activity, which greatly influences muscle physiology, is rarely accounted for. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the effects of ageing, physical activity, and pre‐frailty on skeletal muscle phenotype, and mitochondrial and intramyocellular lipid content in men.

Methods

Recreationally active young adult (20–30 yo; YA); active (ACT) and sedentary (SED) middle‐age (50–65 yo; MA‐ACT and MA‐SED); and older (65 + yo; 65 + ACT and 65 + SED) and pre‐frail older (65 + PF) men were recruited. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were collected to assess, on muscle cross sections, muscle phenotype (using myosin heavy chain isoforms immunolabelling), the fibre type‐specific content of mitochondria (by quantifying the succinate dehydrogenase stain intensity), and the fibre type‐specific lipid content (by quantifying the Oil Red O stain intensity).

Results

Only 65 + SED and 65 + PF displayed significantly lower overall and type IIa fibre sizes vs. YA. 65 + SED displayed a lower type IIa fibre proportion vs. YA. MA‐SED and 65 + SED displayed a higher hybrid type IIa/IIx fibre proportion vs. YA. Sedentary and pre‐frail, but not active, men displayed lower mitochondrial content irrespective of fibre type vs. YA. 65 + SED, but not 65 + ACT, displayed a higher lipid content in type I fibres vs. YA. Finally, mitochondrial content, but not lipid content, was positively correlated with indices of muscle function, functional capacity, and insulin sensitivity across all subjects.

Conclusions

Taken altogether, our results indicate that ageing in sedentary men is associated with (i) complex changes in muscle phenotype preferentially affecting type IIa fibres; (ii) a decline in mitochondrial content affecting all fibre types; and (iii) an increase in lipid content in type I fibres. They also indicate that physical activity partially protects from the effects of ageing on muscle phenotype, mitochondrial content, and lipid accumulation. No skeletal specific muscle phenotype of pre‐frailty was observed.
The effects of ionizing radiation on the growth plate in rat tibiae
Authors: Rocha Flaviana Soares , Limirio Pedro Henrique Justino Oliveira , Zanetta‐Barbosa Darceny , Batista Jonas Dantas , Dechichi Paula
Published: September 2016

The deleterious effects of ionizing radiation on the growth plate continue to be cause for concern. This study evaluated the ionizing radiation effects on bone development and growth plate in the tibia of rats. All animals were submitted to ionizing radiation on the left leg. The animals were divided into two groups and euthanized 30 and 60 days after radiation. The tibiae were removed and separated into groups: control 30 days, irradiated 30 days, control 60 days and irradiated 60 days. Animals in each group (n = 7) were used for macroscopic and histological analysis. The irradiated tibiae showed arrested growth, angular deformity and limb length discrepancy when compared with nonirradiated tibiae. There was statistical difference between control and radiation groups in all the parameters analyzed, except in the lateral‐medial thickness of the distal epiphysis. Histological analysis showed evident changes in the growth plate, which was thicker in the Groups irradiated for 30 days, and irradiated for 60 days, compared with their respective controls. The growth plate showed wide areas with disorganized zones of chondrocytes and severely reduced calcification zone. It was concluded that ionizing radiation damaged the growth plate, compromised the endochondral ossification process, and resulted in complete arrest of bone development.
Occurrence of viral DNA in paired samples of corneal rim and cornea preservation fluid
Authors: Broniek G. , Langwińska‐Wośko E. , Sybilska M. , Szaflik J.P. , Przybylski M. , Wróblewska M.
Published: September 2016

Corneal transplants have one of the highest success rates among all transplantological procedures. Corneas intended for transplantation are stored in a preservation fluid, which is then tested for bacterial and fungal infections. Among all analyses of infectious complications following corneal transplants, infections caused by bacteria or fungi are the most prominent. Surprisingly, however, apart from a few publications, there is a lack of data regarding the occurrence of viruses in donor corneas and the risk of transmitting these to their recipients. The intention of this research was therefore to determine the frequency with which human herpesvirus 1 (HHV‐1), human herpesvirus 2 (HHV‐2), and human adenovirus (HAdV) occur in transplanted corneal tissue, as well as in samples of preservation fluid. The study comprised 57 paired samples, with each pair consisting of a fragment of the corneal tissue remaining after its trepanation for transplantation surgery and a sample of corneal preservation fluid. Sample pairs were all tested for the presence of the DNA of three viruses (HHV‐1, HHV‐2, and HAdV) using real time PCR technique. Viral DNA was found in three of the tested corneas—HHV‐1 DNA in one paired sample (1.8%) and adenovirus DNA in two single samples (3.5%). We postulate that virological testing of corneas for transplantation should be considered, particularly in the case of donors with increased risk factors for herpesvirus and adenovirus reactivation. J. Med. Virol. 89:732–736, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Creativity for Deliberate Harm: Malevolent Creativity and Social Information Processing Theory
Authors: Gutworth Melissa B. , Cushenbery Lily , Hunter Samuel T.
Published: September 2016

Both popular press and academic research laud the benefits of creativity. Malevolent creativity, however, is the application of creativity to intentionally harm others. This study examines predictors of malevolent creativity, considering both contextual and individual difference influences. Social information processing theory suggests that situational cues might be more influential in shaping malevolent creativity. Two experimental laboratory studies test the effects of both formal and informal situational cues and find that these factors are predictive of malevolent creativity components above and beyond individual differences such as personality and cognitive ability. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Pharmacological management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
Authors: Franchi Bruno
Published: September 2016

Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a heterogenous cluster of symptoms associated with dementia. They place a significant burden on patients, carers and the health system. BPSD commonly present as apathy and depression, and in more severe cases agitation, aggression and psychosis. Approaches to BPSD management include non‐pharmacological and pharmacological treatments. Several classes of medication, including antipsychotic agents, antidepressants, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and analgesics, may have small but significant effects on BPSD in some patients. However, the side effect profiles of these medications commonly limit their use, and an understanding of their potential for adverse effects coupled with careful ongoing observation is crucial. This review focuses on the pharmacological treatment of BPSD and selection of treatments based on patients’ presenting symptoms and expected adverse drug reactions.
The U‐shaped association of body mass index with mortality: Influence of the traits height, intelligence, and education
Authors: Jørgensen Terese Sara Høj , Osler Merete , Ängquist Lars Henrik , Zimmermann Esther , Christensen Gunhild Tidemann , Sørensen Thorkild I.A.
Published: September 2016

Objective

The U‐shaped association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality may depend on other traits with permanent health effects. Whether the association between BMI and mortality depends on levels of health‐related traits known to be inversely associated with mortality throughout adult life such as height, intelligence, and education was investigated.

Methods

The study was based on a cohort of young men with data on weight, height, intelligence test score, and education from the Danish Conscription Database. In total, 346,500 men born 1939 to 1959 were followed until December 2013. The association between BMI and mortality was analyzed using Cox‐regression models including interactions between BMI and height, intelligence, and education, respectively.

Results

BMI and mortality showed the U‐shaped association from the start of the follow‐up period, and it persisted through the subsequent 56 years. As expected, the mortality was inversely associated with height, intelligence, and education, but the U shape of the association between BMI and mortality was unaffected by the levels of these traits except at higher BMI values, where the slopes were steeper for men with higher levels of height, intelligence, and education.

Conclusions

High and low BMI was associated with higher mortality throughout life regardless of the levels of height, intelligence, and education.
Identification of low abundance cyclophilins in human plasma
Authors: Schumann Michael , Ihling Christian H. , Prell Erik , Schierhorn Angelika , Sinz Andrea , Fischer Gunter , Schiene‐Fischer Cordelia , Malešević Miroslav
Published: September 2016

Cylophilins (Cyps) belong to the ubiquitously distributed enzyme class of peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (EC5.2.1.8), which are foldases capable of accelerating slow steps in the refolding of denatured proteins. At least 20 different Cyp isoenzymes are broadly distributed among all organs and cellular compartments in humans. Extracellularly localized Cyps came into the scientific focus recently because of their involvement in the control of inflammatory diseases, as well as viral and bacterial infections. However, detailed insights into Cyp functions are often hampered by the lack of sensitive detection methods. We present an improved method for affinity purification and detection of Cyp in biotic samples in this manuscript. The procedure takes advantage of two novel cyclosporine A derivatives. Derivative 1 was used to capture Cyps from the sample while derivative 2 was applied for selective release from the affinity matrix. Using this approach, eight different Cyp (CypA, CypB, CypC, Cyp40 (PPID), CypE, CypD (PPIF), CypH, and CypL1) were unambiguously detected in healthy human blood plasma. Moreover, extracellular CypA was found to be partially modified by Nε acetylation on residues Lys44, Lys133, Lys155, as well as Nα acetylation at the N‐terminal Val residue. Nα acetylation of Ser2 residue was also found for Cyp40.
Transformative Graduate Education Through the Use of Restorative Practices
Authors: Bailie John W. , Adamson Craig W.
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses key findings from two recent studies that examine transformative learning experiences in a restorative practices–based graduate program at the International Institute for Restorative Practices (IIRP). Restorative practices is a new interdisciplinary social science that studies the development and maintenance of relationships and community through participatory learning and decision‐making.
Adult Learning, Transformative Education, and Indigenous Epistemology
Authors: McEachern Diane
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes an innovative program that weaves together adult learning, transformative education, and indigenous epistemology in order to prepare Alaskan rural indigenous social service providers to better serve their communities.
Iyengar Yoga for Motherhood: Teaching Transformation in a Nonformal Learning Environment
Authors: Tate Amy
Published: September 2016

This chapter looks at ways in which pregnant women adopt the practices of Iyengar yoga, its value as a mode of transformative learning within a nonformal learning space, and the culture of body maintenance that drives practitioners.
Concentrations of trace elements in sea urchins and macroalgae commonly present in Sargassum beds: implications for trophic transfer
Authors: Hernández‐Almaraz Pablo , Méndez‐Rodríguez Lía , Zenteno‐Savín Tania , O'Hara Todd M. , Harley John R. , Serviere‐Zaragoza Elisa
Published: September 2016

The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic of cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, and iron among lower trophic levels, sea urchins and macroalgae. Diets and isotopic values were used in combination to explore trophic positions and potential transference of metals from primary producers to consumers. Concentrations of trace elements were measured in two species of sea urchin (Tripneustes depressus and Eucidaris thouarsii) and nine macroalgae that are usually used as food in four Sargassum beds, one of which is close to a phosphorite mine. Specimens were collected when Sargassum fronds were at their greatest (winter) and lowest (summer) abundance. Highest concentrations of Cd, and Cu in both urchin species were recorded in winter at the site near the phosphorite mine. Concentrations of Pb in T. depressus were below the detectable limit, whereas E. thouarsii, which in addition to a high concentration of Pb, had high amounts of Cu and Zn. Gut content analysis, indicates that the diet of both sea urchins at the four sites and two collection dates is mainly macroalgae. The δ15N isotopic values in sea urchins in a typical Sargassum bed were in good agreement with a diet dominated by macroalgae, with T. depressus having herbivorous habits and E. thouarsii having omnivorous habits in this environment. We found macroalgae important in the dynamics of metals in food webs, potentially contributing to transferring Cd, Cu, and Zn to key invertebrate species, such as sea urchins, indicating connectivity of food webs and ecological structuring of marine environments.
Improvement in the Safety of Use of Hand Dishwashing Liquids Through the Addition of Hydrophobic Plant Extracts
Authors: Wasilewski Tomasz , Seweryn Artur , Krajewski Maciej
Published: September 2016

We investigated the effect of hydrophobic extract concentration on the safety of using hand dishwashing liquids (HDL). A series of formulations was prepared, differing in the concentration of the hydrophobic chamomile extract obtained in supercritical CO2 conditions (from 0 to 0.7 %). We found that an increase in the concentration of the extract led to a decrease in the zein number, and reduced changes in the pH level of bovine serum albumin solution (i.e., two parameters determining the irritant activity of the formulations). It was also found that the additives reduced transepidermal water loss and improved the skin hydration level. Based on the findings of the study, a mechanism has been proposed, according to which hydrophobic plant extracts form aggregates in the volume phase of the washing bath. The surface of the aggregates is the adsorption area for surfactant monomers responsible for the irritant effect. Increasing the addition of the extract was shown to reduce the negative impact of the formulations on the skin of the hands, thus contributing to a greater safety of use of HDL.
Synthesis, Surface Properties and Effect of an Amino Acid Head Group of 11‐(2‐Methoxy‐4‐vinylphenoxy)undecanoicacid‐Based Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Darapureddi Prabhakara Rao , Nayak Rati Ranjan
Published: September 2016

Our present research describes the surface properties of three biobased anionic surfactant synthesized from vinylguaiacol and 11‐bromo undecanoic acid. To further improve its hydrophobicity and bioavailability, amino acid head group incorporation was carried out. All these synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized using NMR and mass spectroscopy. The performance properties such as foaming, wetting, emulsification value and calcium tolerance were evaluated. The studied surfactants possess excellent emulsion stability and moderate calcium tolerance as compared to commercially available surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The micelle formation and the thermodynamics involved at the air–water interface were estimated from surface tension measurements. These surfactants showed a higher tendency towards adsorption at the air–water interface than micellization. Dynamic light scattering and steady state fluorescence anisotropy study were carried out to shed light on the bulk micellization properties of the synthesized surfactant. Along with spherical micelles of <5 nm size, larger aggregates (35–84 nm) were observed with higher anisotropy values. FESEM images further confirmed the larger spherical micelles formed by these surfactants. The surfactants formed chiral aggregates above the critical micelle concentration as indicated by circular dichroism spectra. These surfactants may be suitable candidates for additives to detergents to improve their calcium tolerance especially in the case of hard water. Furthermore, a low foaming ability along with high emulsion stability may find these surfactants to be better replacement of the conventional surfactant used as emulsifiers in many industrial applications.
Influence of Hydrocarbon Chain Branching on Foam Properties of Olefin Sulfonate with FoamScan
Authors: Wang Yong , Liu Xiaochen , Zhou Yawen , Niu Jinping
Published: September 2016

The influence of surfactant structure on foam properties of internal olefin sulfonate (IOS) and alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) in aqueous solutions was estimated from measurements of the foamability, foam stability, and foam morphology, as obtained from conductivity and image analyses techniques. It was found that the foamability and foam stability of C16–18 AOS are higher compared to that of C16–18 IOS, indicating that hydrocarbon chain branching decreases the foamability and foam stability. The foamability and foam stability are enhanced with increasing surfactant concentration, which increases the adsorbed quantity of surfactant molecules at the air–water interface. The influence of hydrocarbon chain branching on foam morphology was also investigated. It was found that foam cells produced by branched chain C16–18 IOS are larger than the foam cells generated by straight chain C16–18 AOS.
Perilla Oil Reduces Fatty Streak Formation at Aortic Sinus via Attenuation of Plasma Lipids and Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase in ApoE KO Mice
Authors: Hong Sun Hee , Kim Mijeong , Noh Jeong Sook , Song Yeong Ok
Published: September 2016

Consumption of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a reduced incidence of atherosclerosis. Perilla oil (PO) is a vegetable oil rich in α‐linolenic acid (ALA), an n‐3 PUFA. In this study, antiatherogenic effects and related mechanisms of PO were investigated in atherosclerotic mice. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice (male, n = 27) were fed high‐cholesterol and high‐fat diets containing 10 % w/w lard (LD), PO, or sunflower oil (SO) for 10 weeks. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations reduced in the PO and SO groups compared to the concentrations in the LD group (P < 0.05). The PO group showed reduced fatty streak lesion size at the aortic sinus (P < 0.05) compared to the sizes in the LD and SO groups. A morphometric analysis showed enhancement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the PO group compared to that in the LD group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, aortic protein expression of intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was diminished in the PO group compared to that in the LD and SO groups (P < 0.05). These findings suggested that PO inhibited the development of aortic atherosclerosis by improving the plasma lipid profile, regulating nitric oxide synthase, and suppressing the vascular inflammatory response in the aorta of ApoE KO mice.
A Review of the Evidence Supporting the Taste of Non‐esterified Fatty Acids in Humans
Authors: Running Cordelia A. , Mattes Richard D.
Published: September 2016

Dietary fats contribute to the flavor of foods by multiple mechanisms. A role for their taste has only recently gained credence. Current evidence indicates non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are the effective stimuli for the taste component. CD36 and GPR120 are putative receptors, but may not fully account for the totality of the range of sensations elicited by fatty acids. The sensory quality of long‐chain NEFA is not adequately characterized by commonly accepted taste primary qualities and has been termed oleogustus. There is marked individual variability in sensitivity to the taste of NEFA prompting hypotheses of genetic and environmental determinants. Though an association with BMI has been proposed, the preponderance of evidence is not supportive. The importance of oleogustus has not been fully established, but likely contributes to flavor, which influences food choice as well as lipid metabolism and chronic disease risk. A better understanding of oleogustus may provide insights useful for product formulation.
Neuroprotective actions of pterostilbene on hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats through upregulation of heme oxygenase‐1
Authors: Li Dan , Song Tingting , Yang Lin , Wang Xueying , Yang Changhong , Jiang Yongsheng
Published: September 2016

Neonatal hypoxic–ischemic (HI) brain damage causes acute mortality and morbidity in newborns and long‐term neurological disorders in the survivors. Pterostilbene (PTE) is a natural compound possessing various biological and pharmacological activities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PTE on neonatal HI brain damagein P7 rat model and to explore the possible mechanisms. Neonatal HI brain damage was induced in rat pups (P7). Prior to the induction of HI injury, PTE was injected with or without zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), an inhibitor of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1). ZnPP was used to test whether abnormal changes of HO‐1 expression were involved in the effect of PTE. The results showed that PTE exhibited excellent neuroprotective effects against neonatal HI brain injury, as evidenced by the decrease of brain infarct volume, brain edema, neurological score, and improvement in motor coordination motor deficit and working memory deficit. PTE pretreatment decreased the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and key transcription factor p65 NF‐κB, and reduced the number of TUNEL‐stained neurons, indicating the inhibition of inflammation and programmed cell death. Moreover, PTE pretreatment decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content, increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased reactive oxygen species level, indicating that PTE played an important antioxidant role. Furthermore, ZnPP was able to inhibit PTE‐induced suppression of oxidative stress, programmed cell death, inflammation and brain damage. In conclusion, PTE pretreatment prevented HI‐induced brain injury in newborns through HO‐1‐mediated reduction of oxidative stress, programmed cell death, and inflammation, and final improvement of histological and functional injury. Overall, the data that obtained in rat model provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of neonatal HI brain injury and may be translational to human clinical intervention for HI‐associated brain injury in newborns.
Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG and NICE criteria
Authors: Djelmis Josip , Pavić Mato , Mulliqi Kotori Vjosa , Pavlić Renar Ivana , Ivanisevic Marina , Oreskovic Slavko
Published: September 2016

Objective

To investigate the impact of the International Association of Diabetic Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and overt diabetes as compared with the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria, and to evaluate the prevalence of maternal and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of 5.1–5.5 mmol/L.

Methods

A retrospective study was undertaken of data for women who underwent a 2‐hour 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test at 24–32 weeks of a singleton pregnancy at a center in Croatia between January 2012 and December 2014.

Results

Among 4646 included women, 1074 (23.1%) had GDM according to IADPSG criteria, 826 (17.8%) would be diagnosed according to NICE criteria, and 50 (1.1%) had overt diabetes. FPG levels were 5.1–5.5 mmol/L for 409 (8.8%) women. Compared with a control group (n = 3391), these women had higher odds of large‐for‐gestational‐age newborns (odds ratio 3.7, 95% CI 2.0–4.6) and cesarean delivery (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.3).

Conclusion

Women with FPG levels of 5.1–5.5 mmol/L have an increased risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcome, although they would not be diagnosed with GDM according to NICE criteria.
Clinicopathological features and pituitary homeobox 1 gene expression in the progression and prognosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Barut Figen , Udul Perihan , Kokturk Furuzan , Kandemir Nilufer Onak , Keser Sevinc Hallac , Ozdamar Sukru Oguz
Published: September 2016

The evidence that PITX1 (pituitary homeobox 1) is a significant tumor suppressor in human cancer remains largely circumstantial, but it clearly warrants further study as little is known about the tumor‐inhibitory roles of PITX1 in cutaneous malignant melanoma. The aims of this study were to investigate PITX1 gene expression in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma and to evaluate its potential relevance to clinicopathological characteristics and tumor cell proliferation. Clinicopathological findings of patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma were analyzed retrospectively. PITX1 and Ki‐67 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry in malignant melanoma and healthy tissue samples from each patient. Labeling indices were calculated based on PITX1 gene and Ki‐67 expression. The correlation between PITX1and Ki‐67 expressions was analyzed in cutaneous malignant melanoma cases. The relationship between PITX1 expression intensity and clinicopathological characteristics was also analyzed. PITX1 expression was observed in all (100%) normal healthy skin tissue samples. In addition, PITX1 expression was found in 56 (80%) and was absent in 14 (20%) of the 70 cutaneous malignant melanoma cases. Ki‐67 positive expression was only detected in the 14 (20%) PITX1‐negative cases. PITX1‐positive tumor cells were observed on the surface, but Ki‐67 positive tumor cells were observed in deeper zones of the tumor nests. PITX1 expression was downregulated in human cutaneous malignant melanoma lesions compared with healthy skin tissue, but Ki‐67 expression was upregulated in concordance with the progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma. PITX1 expression may be involved in tumor progression and is a potential tumor suppressor gene and prognostic marker for cutaneous malignant melanoma.
On an analytical model of wake vortex separation of aircraft
Authors: Campos L.M.B.C. , Marques J.M.G.
Published: September 2016

A theory is presented on the effect of wake turbulence of a leading aircraft on the roll stability of a following aircraft, leading to a simple formula for the safe separation distance between the two aircraft that provides estimates of aircraft separation distances comparable to existing empirical regulations, based on experience. The formula includes the effects of flight and atmospheric conditions, and the characteristics of the leading and following aircraft; it applies to similar or dissimilar aircraft, and it indicates the parameters and conditions leading to increasing or decreasing separation. The formula is applied not only to the three International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) categories of aircraft (light, medium and heavy, respectively, Cessna Citation, B737 and B747) but also to ‘special’ aircraft requiring larger separation distance (Boeing 757) and to the world’s largest airliner (Airbus A380).
How Much Government Assistance Do European Wine Producers Receive?
Authors: Anderson Kym , Jensen Hans G.
Published: September 2016

The European Union's (EU) long-standing financial support for its wine industry has been nontrivial but very difficult to estimate. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) generic producer support estimate methodology has been able to capture some of the supports, but it excludes such measures as subsidized distillation of low-quality wine, grants to promote wine generically, protection via import tariffs, and grubbing-up premiums. Nor does the OECD disaggregate EU supports to individual member countries. This article provides a new set of more complete estimates of support to EU wine producers. It also reveals how unevenly those supports are spread across EU member countries. The new estimates suggest that during 2007–2012, annual assistance amounted to approximately 700 euros per hectare of vines or 0.15 euros per liter of wine produced in the EU as measured at the winery gate. That is equivalent to a nominal rate of direct plus indirect producer assistance of approximately 20%. (JEL Classifications: F14, H25, L66, Q18)
Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Effect in Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Coastal Waters off Northern Iberia
Authors: Monge Soares António M , Gutiérrez-Zugasti Igor , González-Morales Manuel , Matos Martins José M , Cuenca-Solana David , Bailey Geoffrey N
Published: September 2016

Radiocarbon dating of closely associated marine mollusk shells and terrestrial material (mammal bones or charred wood) collected from archaeological contexts in northern Atlantic Iberian coastal areas is used to quantify the marine14C reservoir effect (ΔR) for the coastal waters off the Cantabrian coast of northern Iberia. For the first time, ΔR values were reliably determined for these coastal waters and, also for the first time, a ΔR was calculated for the Late Pleistocene in Atlantic Iberia. Pairs of coeval samples of different carbon reservoirs selected from Upper Paleolithic (Late Pleistocene) and Mesolithic (Early Holocene) contexts yielded ΔR weighted mean values of –117±7014C yr and –105±2114C yr, respectively. These values show oceanographic conditions characterized by a reduced offset between atmospheric and surface water14C contents, suggesting a nonexistent or very weak upwelling and some stratification of the water column. Similar oceanographic conditions have been recorded in other areas of Atlantic Iberia during the Holocene, such as off Andalusian and northwestern Galician coasts. Results not only provide useful information on environmental conditions but also a framework to obtain more precise and reliable absolute chronologies for the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene in northern Iberia.
Uhl’s anomaly: perspective of fetal echocardiography and histopathological correlation
Authors: Dixon Damon B. , Mackey-Bojack Shannon M. , Sivanandam Shanthi
Published: September 2016

We report a case of Uhl’s anomaly imaged at 19 weeks of gestation by fetal echocardiography with pathological confirmation by anatomical gross heart specimen and tissue histology. Uhl’s anomaly of the right ventricle is a rare cardiac disorder with isolated right ventricular enlargement with almost complete absence of the right ventricular myocardium.
A multi-institutional study of factors affecting resource utilisation following the Fontan operation
Authors: Hinkle Kevin A. , Wilkes Jacob , McFadden Molly , Williams Richard V. , Minich LuAnn L. , Menon Shaji C.
Published: September 2016

The few studies evaluating data on resource utilisation following the Fontan operation specifically are outdated. We sought to evaluate resource utilisation and factors associated with increased resource use after the Fontan operation in a contemporary, large, multi-institutional cohort. This retrospective cohort study of children who had the Fontan between January, 2004 and June, 2013 used the Pediatric Health Information Systems Database. Generalised linear regression analyses evaluated factors associated with resource use. Of 2187 Fontan patients included in the study, 62% were males. The median age at Fontan was 3.2 years (inter-quartile range (IQR): 2.6–3.8). The median length of stay following the Fontan was 9 days (IQR: 7–14). The median costs and charges in 2012 dollars for the Fontan operation were $93,900 (IQR: $67,800–$136,100) and $156,000 (IQR: $112,080–$225,607), respectively. Postoperative Fontan mortality (30 days) was 1% (n=21). Factors associated with increased resource utilisation included baseline and demographic factors such as region, race, and renal anomaly, factors at the bidirectional Glenn such as seizures, valvuloplasty, and surgical volume, number of admissions between the bidirectional Glenn and the Fontan, and factors at the Fontan such as surgical volume and age at Fontan. The most strongly associated factors for both increased Fontan length of stay and increased Fontan charges were number of bidirectional Glenn to Fontan admissions (p<0.001) and Fontan surgical volume per year (p<0.001). As patient characteristics and healthcare-related delivery variables accounted for most of the factors predicting increased resource utilisation, changes should target healthcare delivery factors to reduce costs in this resource-intensive population.
Can whole-blood parameters be used in follow-up of children with rheumatic valvular heart disease?
Authors: Karpuz Derya , Giray Dilek , Ozyurt Abdullah , Bozlu Gulcin , Unal Selma , Hallioglu Olgu
Published: September 2016

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, and mean platelet volume and the presence and severity of valvular involvement in patients with rheumatic heart disease.

Methods

Between April, 2012 and December, 2015, 151 patients who were admitted to the Pediatric Cardiology Unit with diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease and 148 healthy children were included to our study. Transthoracic echocardiography for all children was performed, and the values of red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, and mean platelet volume, besides other blood count parameters, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein levels were recorded.

Results

Red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume, and C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in patients with rheumatic heart disease when compared with healthy controls (p<0.01). Red blood cell distribution width was positively correlated with both C-reactive protein (r=0.271, p=0.035) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=0.308, p=0.006). When single valve involvement was compared with both aortic valve and mitral valve involvement in the study group, red blood cell distribution width and platelet distribution width were higher in patients with double valve involvement; however, this was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Conclusion

This is the first study in children with rheumatic heart disease that demonstrated significantly increased red blood cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, and mean platelet volume levels, as well as evaluated all three parameters together. Furthermore, red blood cell distribution width values in the chronical period of acute rheumatic fever, due to the positive correlation with the other chronic inflammatory markers, may help make the diagnosis in children.
The Role of Seafloor Methane in Ancient Global Warming
Authors: Stanley Sarah
Published: September 2016

New research suggests that release of methane from seafloor hydrates was much slower than hypothesized during a period of rapid global warming about 56 million years ago.
New AGU Congressional Science Fellows Take the Hill
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

This year's fellows hope to use their unique expertise to guide policy makers and shape legislation on pressing issues, such as climate warming and resource management.
Scientific Study Group Favors Recognizing Human-Influenced Epoch
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2016

A formal proposal could take 3–4 years to prepare and then would require evaluation and approval by other scientists.
Stereotyped initiation of retinal waves by bipolar cells via presynaptic NMDA autoreceptors
Authors: Zhang Rong-wei , Li Xiao-quan , Kawakami Koichi , Du Jiu-lin
Published: September 2016

Glutamatergic retinal waves, the spontaneous patterned neural activities propagating among developing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), instruct the activity-dependent refinement of visuotopic maps. However, its initiation and underlying mechanism remain largely elusive. Here using larval zebrafish and multiple in vivo approaches, we discover that bipolar cells (BCs) are responsible for the generation of glutamatergic retinal waves. The wave originates from BC axon terminals (ATs) and propagates laterally to nearby BCs and vertically to downstream RGCs and the optic tectum. Its initiation is triggered by the activation of and consequent glutamate release from BC ATs, and is mediated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) expressed at these ATs. Intercellular asymmetry of NMDAR expression at BC ATs enables the preferential initiation of waves at the temporal retina, where BC ATs express more NMDARs. Thus, our findings indicate that glutamatergic retinal waves are initiated by BCs through a presynaptic NMDA autoreceptor-dependent process.
Retinal orientation and interactions in rhodopsin reveal a two-stage trigger mechanism for activation
Authors: Kimata Naoki , Pope Andreyah , Eilers Markus , Opefi Chikwado A. , Ziliox Martine , Hirshfeld Amiram , Zaitseva Ekaterina , Vogel Reiner , Sheves Mordechai , Reeves Philip J. , Smith Steven O.
Published: September 2016

The 11-cis retinal chromophore is tightly packed within the interior of the visual receptor rhodopsin and isomerizes to the all-trans configuration following absorption of light. The mechanism by which this isomerization event drives the outward rotation of transmembrane helix H6, a hallmark of activated G protein-coupled receptors, is not well established. To address this question, we use solid-state NMR and FTIR spectroscopy to define the orientation and interactions of the retinal chromophore in the active metarhodopsin II intermediate. Here we show that isomerization of the 11-cis retinal chromophore generates strong steric interactions between its β-ionone ring and transmembrane helices H5 and H6, while deprotonation of its protonated Schiff’s base triggers the rearrangement of the hydrogen-bonding network involving residues on H6 and within the second extracellular loop. We integrate these observations with previous structural and functional studies to propose a two-stage mechanism for rhodopsin activation.