bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Cost of Population Aging in Iran
Authors: Ghorbani Alireza , Raeissi Pouran , Abdollah Milani Mahnoosh
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The decline in fertility rates and the increase in life expectancy have changed the demographic structure of many countries substantially and entail long-term economic implications too. Population aging has adverse effects on countries’ economies, especially with respect to the social security system and the welfare structure.

METHODS: Given the importance of the phenomenon of population aging and the increased longevity in recent decades, the present study was conducted to address the welfare implications of population aging in Iran during a span of 150 years using the Overlapping Generations (OLG) model.

RESULTS: Examining the effect of reduced population growth or population aging on economic welfare, labor supply, capital assets and government expenditure during the span of 150 years suggested a decline in economic welfare in the early years; however, the rate of decline slowed down toward the end of the period; the same finding also applies to labor supply. Overall, population aging had the greatest impact on capital assets.

CONCLUSION: Population aging can cause a drastic transition in consumption and saving behaviors. Labor markets can also undergo similar transitions in their labor supply and have implications for labor productivity. The combination of these changes affects economic growth and welfare. The results of the study suggest that supporting the workforce and employing the immigrant population in the labor market can help reduce the adverse consequences of the phenomenon of population aging.
Comparison of Efficacy and Side Effects of Azithromycin and Co-Amoxiclav in the Treatment of Acute Sinusitis in Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Amani Soroush , Mohammadi-Najafabadi Ali , Ahmadi Ali
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Regarding high prevalence of common cold and sinusitis in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province and the lack of studies on patients referring hospitals in this province, this study was conducted to determine and compare the efficacy and side effects of azithromycin and co-amoxiclav.

METHODS: This study was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. The study population of this clinical trial was consisted of 90 patients with acute sinusitis aged 12-65 years. At least two major criteria or one major criterion and two minor criteria with duration of at least 7 days and at most 28 days, were some of the sinusitis diagnostic criteria for inclusion of the patients into the study. The patients were examined for symptoms prior to and twice after the treatment. The treatment was administration with 500 mg azithromycin tablet per day for three days in group 1 (G1) and 625 mg co-amoxiclav tablet every 8 h for 10 days in group 2 (G2). The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, independent t-test, and chi-square in Stata software and P < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS: Mean±Standard deviation age of all patients was 32.14±9.91 years. Out of 90 participants in the study, 50 (55.56%) were male and the rest were female. The patients’ symptoms were quantitatively similar in the two groups (22.3±2 and 22.2±1.9 in G1 and G2, respectively) prior to the intervention. The score at second examination decreased to 3.7±2.1 in G1 and to 9.4±2.7 in G2, significantly different from that prior to intervention and between the two groups (P<0.001). Although the score decreased in the two groups at third examination, it was not significant in the two groups (P=0.652). The cure rate in azithromycin group was derived 87.5% and 88%, and in co-amoxiclav group 32.4% and 83.3% at the days 5 and 10 of treatment, respectively. The most prevalent side effects in the two groups were diarrhea and nausea. The prevalence of diarrhea was obtained 21% and 33% in G1 and G2, respectively. 
CONCLUSION: No significant difference in side effects was seen between the two groups. Although the cure was faster in the patients treated with azithromycin than those treated with co-amoxiclav, co-amoxiclav is still considered as adequately working against acute sinusitis bacterial pathogens. In view of this efficacy, co-amoxiclav seems to lead to no drug resistance and could be used to treat the patient
Challenges of Transferring Burn Victims to Hospitals: Experiences of Emergency Medical Services Personnel
Authors: Khankeh Hamid Reza , Froutan Razieh , Fallahi-Khoshknab Masoud , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Norouzi Kian
Published: March 2016

A thorough understanding of experiences of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel related to the field transfer of burn victims can be used as a prerequisite of quality improvement of pre-hospital clinical care for these kinds of victims. The aim of the present study was to explore the experiences of EMS personnel during transferring burn victims. In this qualitative research, content analysis was performed to explore the experiences and perceptions of a purposeful sample of Iranian EMS personnel (n = 32). Data collection continued until a point of saturation was reached. Data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interview and field observations and analyzed by qualitative inductive content analysis.

After data analyzing from experiences of pre-hospital emergency personnel during transferring burn victims 7 subcategories were developed and classified into three main categories as challenges of transferring burn victim including; risks during patient transfer, restrictions in the admission of burn victims and uncertainties about patient referral. This study showed that different factors affect the quality of pre-hospital clinical services to the field transfer of burn victims that should be considered to improve the quality of pre-hospital clinical care of burn victims in dynamic programs. Further investigation is needed to explore the process of these crucial services.
Online diensten over de grens
Authors: Visser D.J.G. , Kreijger P. J.
Published: March 2016

Online diensten over de grens

Op 9 december 2015 presenteerde de Europese Commissie een voorstel voor een ‘Verordening betreffende de grensoverschrijdende portabiliteit van online-inhoudsdiensten in de interne markt’.COM(2015) 627 final, Brussel, 9 december 2015. Consumenten in de EU krijgen recht op toegang tot de online content waar ze in hun eigen land een abonnement op hebben, wanneer ze tijdelijk in een ander EU-land verblijven. Dit voorstel, dat vermoedelijk snel zal worden goedgekeurd en in werking zal treden, wordt in deze bijdrage besproken.

COM(2015) 627 final), Brussel, 9 december 2015
Taking a Closer Look: LGBTQ Characters in Books for Intermediate-Grade Children
Authors: Suzuki Tadayuki , Fiehn Barbara
Published: March 2016

Some years ago a student in our graduate course on children’s literature said, “We have looked at a lot of picture books with LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Questioning) themes and characters, but are there any books for intermediate-level elementary students? There aren’t any listed in our textbook.” Until hearing the question from this student, we had never thought about the availability of LGBTQ books for intermediate-grade children. However, this question began a search lasting several years and resulted in the book list at the end of this article. In 2012, Jamie Campbell Naidoo’s book Rainbow Family Collections affirmed the experiences we had locating LGBTQ books for intermediate-level elementary students.1 This book covers LGBTQ media for preschool through grade six published through 2011, as a result, we have limited this article to books published since 2011. This article also discusses why locating these titles is often difficult and why the books need to be available to students.
Editor's Note: Little Cogs Make Big Machines Work
Authors: Verbeten Sharon
Published: March 2016

Hasn’t it been an extraordinary year to be involved in children’s literature? As I write this, I’m still basking in the glow of the Youth Media Awards, which gave us some amazing and somewhat surprising winners. But overall, the squeals of delight could be heard throughout rainy Boston. It’s an invigorating experience to be sure, much like every convention experience I’ve had.
Envisioning a Twenty-First Century Children’s Library
Authors: Medlar Andrew
Published: March 2016

Most children born today will still be alive when the twenty-second century dawns—along with about eleven billion other people—and it’s vital that the twenty-first century is dedicated to making sure that they’re ready. Libraries play a critical role in that preparation and that nurturing already happens every day in children’s libraries around the globe. Indeed, it is the core purpose of the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) to “create a better future for children through libraries” and that very future is what the thousands of members of ALSC, and every single person serving children in libraries worldwide, are moving toward together.
Predictors of loneliness in a sample of college men and women in Cyprus: The role of anxiety and social skills
Authors: Panayiotou Georgia , Panteli Maria , Theodorou Marios
Published: March 2016

Aim

This investigation examined the association between social anxiety and loneliness, and the role of associated characteristics specifically self-esteem, social skills and anxiety sensitivity, among young adults in Cyprus, and potential gender differences in the prediction of perceived loneliness.

Method

Questionnaires on loneliness, social skills, anxiety sensitivity and self-esteem were administered to a college sample in Cyprus.

Results

Mediated regression supported full mediation by social skills and self-esteem, but not by anxiety sensitivity in the association between social anxiety and loneliness. For men, loneliness was mostly predicted by anxiety sensitivity, but among women by poor social skills and lower self-esteem. For neither gender were these effects moderated by social anxiety level.

Conclusion

Social anxiety and loneliness are related but distinct constructs. Interventions focusing on social skill acquisition and practice, and anxiety tolerance for men may improve confidence and ultimately result in decreased loneliness among youth.
Effect of III–V on insulator structure on quantum well intermixing
Authors: Takashima Seiya , Ikku Yuki , Takenaka Mitsuru , Takagi Shinichi
Published: March 2016

To achieve the monolithic active/passive integration on the III–V CMOS photonics platform, quantum well intermixing (QWI) on III–V on insulator (III–V-OI) is studied for fabricating multi-bandgap III–V-OI wafers. By optimizing the QWI condition for a 250-nm-thick III–V layer, which contains a five-layer InGaAsP-based multi-quantum well (MQW) with 80-nm-thick indium phosphide (InP) cladding layers, we have successfully achieved a photoluminescence (PL) peak shift of over 100 nm on the III–V-OI wafer. We have also found that the progress of QWI on the III–V-OI wafer is slower than that on the InP bulk wafer regardless of the buried oxide (BOX) thickness, bonding interface materials, and handle wafers. We have also found that the progress of QWI on the III–V-OI wafer is slower than that on the InP bulk wafer regardless of the buried oxide (BOX) thickness, bonding interface materials, and bulk support wafers on which the III–V-OI structure is formed (handle wafers). By comparing between the measured PL shift and simulated diffusions of phosphorus vacancies and interstitials during QWI, we have found that the slow QWI progress in the III–V-OI wafer is probably attributed to the enhanced recombination of vacancies and interstitials by the diffusion blocking of vacancies and interstitials at the BOX interface.
Anti-apoptotic response during anoxia and recovery in a freeze-tolerant wood frog (Rana sylvatica)
Authors: Gerber Victoria E.M. , Wijenayake Sanoji , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: March 2016

The common wood frog,Rana sylvatica, utilizes freeze tolerance as a means of winter survival. Concealed beneath a layer of leaf litter and blanketed by snow, these frogs withstand subzero temperatures by allowing approximately 65–70% of total body water to freeze. Freezing is generally considered to be an ischemic event in which the blood oxygen supply is impeded and may lead to low levels of ATP production and exposure to oxidative stress. Therefore, it is as important to selectively upregulate cytoprotective mechanisms such as the heat shock protein (HSP) response and expression of antioxidants as it is to shut down majority of ATP consuming processes in the cell. The objective of this study was to investigate another probable cytoprotective mechanism, anti-apoptosis during oxygen deprivation and recovery in the anoxia tolerant wood frog. In particular, relative protein expression levels of two important apoptotic regulator proteins, Bax and p-p53 (S46), and five anti-apoptotic/pro-survival proteins, Bcl-2, p-Bcl-2 (S70), Bcl-xL, x-IAP, and c-IAP in response to normoxic, 24 Hr anoxic exposure, and 4 Hr recovery stages were assessed in the liver and skeletal muscle using western immunoblotting. The results suggest a tissue-specific regulation of the anti-apoptotic pathway in the wood frog, where both liver and skeletal muscle shows an overall decrease in apoptosis and an increase in cell survival. This type of cytoprotective mechanism could be aimed at preserving the existing cellular components during long-term anoxia and oxygen recovery phases in the wood frog.
Dramatyping: a generic algorithm for detecting reasonable temporal correlations between drug administration and lab value alterations
Authors: Newe Axel
Published: March 2016

According to the World Health Organization, one of the criteria for the standardized assessment of case causality in adverse drug reactions is the temporal relationship between the intake of a drug and the occurrence of a reaction or a laboratory test abnormality. This article presents and describes an algorithm for the detection of a reasonable temporal correlation between the administration of a drug and the alteration of a laboratory value course. The algorithm is designed to process normalized lab values and is therefore universally applicable. It has a sensitivity of 0.932 for the detection of lab value courses that show changes in temporal correlation with the administration of a drug and it has a specificity of 0.967 for the detection of lab value courses that show no changes. Therefore, the algorithm is appropriate to screen the data of electronic health records and to support human experts in revealing adverse drug reactions. A reference implementation in Python programming language is available.
An X‐ray spectroscopic perspective on Messinian evaporite from Sicily: Sedimentary fabrics, element distributions, and chemical environments of S and Mg
Authors: Yoshimura Toshihiro , Kuroda Junichiro , Lugli Stefano , Tamenori Yusuke , Ogawa Nanako O. , Jiménez‐Espejo Francisco J. , Isaji Yuta , Roveri Marco , Manzi Vinicio , Kawahata Hodaka , Ohkouchi Naohiko
Published: March 2016

The Messinian salinity crisis is a dramatic hydrological and biological crisis that occurred in the Mediterranean basin at 5.97–5.33 Ma. The interpretation of the facies and stratigraphic associations of the Messinian salt deposits is still the object of active research because of the absence of modern depositional analogues of comparable scale. In this study, the spatial distributions of Na, Mg, S, O, Si, and Al in a potassic‐magnesian salt and a halite layers of Messinian evaporites from the Realmonte mine on Sicily were determined using synchrotron based micro‐X‐ray fluorescence. The dominant molecular host site of Mg and S obtained by X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) is applied to specify the hydrochemistry of hypersaline brines and the presence of diagenetic minerals, thus shedding light on evaporative concentration processes in the Caltanissetta Basin of Sicily. Mg and S K‐edge XANES spectra revealed the presence of highly soluble Mg‐bearing sulfates. The massive halite layer “unit C,” contains less soluble minerals, thus did not exceed the stage of halite crystallization. We infer that as evaporative concentration increased, the density of the brine at the shallow margin of the basin increased as salinity increased to concentrations over 70 times the starting values, creating brines that were oversaturated with Mg‐sulfate. Density stratification of the deep basin caused heavy brines to sink to the bottom and become overlain by more dilute brines. We propose lateral advection of dense Mg‐sulfate brines that certainly affected marine biota.
Electrostatic solitary waves and electrostatic waves at the magnetopause
Authors: Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A. , André M.
Published: March 2016

Electrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) are characterized by localized bipolar electric fields parallel to the magnetic field and are frequently observed in space plasmas. In this paper a study of ESWs and field‐aligned electrostatic waves, which do not exhibit localized bipolar fields, near the magnetopause is presented using the Cluster spacecraft. The speeds, length scales, field strengths, and potentials are calculated and compared with the local plasma conditions. A large range of speeds is observed, suggesting different generation mechanisms. In contrast, a smaller range of length scales normalized to the Debye length λD is found. For ESWs the average length between the positive and negative peak fields is 9 λD, comparable to the average half wavelength of electrostatic waves. Statistically, the lengths and speeds of ESWs and electrostatic waves are shown to be similar. The length scales and potentials of the ESWs are consistent with predictions for stable electron holes. The maximum ESW potentials are shown to be constrained by the length scale and the magnetic field strength at the magnetopause and in the magnetosheath. The observed waves are consistent with those generated by the warm bistreaming instability, beam‐plasma instability, and electron‐ion instabilities, which account for the observed speeds and length scales. The large range of wave speeds suggests that the waves can couple different electron populations and electrons with ions, heating the plasma and contributing to anomalous resistivity.
A 26 year high‐resolution dynamical downscaling over the Wasatch Mountains: Synoptic effects on winter precipitation performance
Authors: Scalzitti Jason , Strong Courtenay , Kochanski Adam K.
Published: March 2016

A 26 year high‐resolution dynamical downscaling over the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA, was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with initial and boundary conditions derived from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Precipitation validation was conducted on the inner (4 km resolution) domain with Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) and Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model data sets. Analysis of seasonal performance reveals the model's overall good skill at reproducing the spatial distribution of precipitation. Annual precipitation validates within ∼20% of SNOTEL. The largest monthly biases occurred in December–January (∼+30%) stemming from a small set of high‐precipitation events. Composite analysis of cold season days with large positive or negative precipitation biases reveals two distinct synoptic regimes with significantly different moisture, temperature, and circulation patterns that respectively enhanced geopotential height and moisture biases consistent with the sign of their mean precipitation biases. The number of cold season days with large (>5 mm) positive precipitation bias was negatively correlated with El Niño (r = − 0.55), indicating storm track‐related effects on the sign of the bias consistent with the distinct synoptic regimes revealed by the above‐noted composite analyses.
A unified framework for modeling landscape evolution by discrete flows
Authors: Shelef Eitan , Hilley George E.
Published: March 2016

Topographic features such as branched valley networks and undissected convex‐up hillslopes are observed in disparate physical environments. In some cases, these features are formed by sediment transport processes that occur discretely in space and time, while in others, by transport processes that are uniformly distributed across the landscape. This paper presents an analytical framework that reconciles the basic attributes of such sediment transport processes with the topographic features that they form and casts those in terms that are likely common to different physical environments. In this framework, temporal changes in surface elevation reflect the frequency with which the landscape is traversed by geophysical flows generated discretely in time and space. This frequency depends on the distance to which flows travel downslope, which depends on the dynamics of individual flows, the lithologic and topographic properties of the underlying substrate, and the coevolution of topography, erosion, and the routing of flows over the topographic surface. To explore this framework, we postulate simple formulations for sediment transport and flow runout distance and demonstrate that the conditions for hillslope and channel network formation can be cast in terms of fundamental parameters such as distance from drainage divide and a friction‐like coefficient that describes a flow's resistance to motion. The framework we propose is intentionally general, but the postulated formulas can be substituted with those that aim to describe a specific process and to capture variations in the size distribution of such flow events.
Frequency, pressure, and strain dependence of nonlinear elasticity in Berea Sandstone
Authors: Rivière Jacques , Pimienta Lucas , Scuderi Marco , Candela Thibault , Shokouhi Parisa , Fortin Jérôme , Schubnel Alexandre , Marone Chris , Johnson Paul A.
Published: March 2016

Acoustoelasticity measurements in a sample of room dry Berea sandstone are conducted at various loading frequencies to explore the transition between the quasi‐static (
) and dynamic (few kilohertz) nonlinear elastic response. We carry out these measurements at multiple confining pressures and perform a multivariate regression analysis to quantify the dependence of the harmonic content on strain amplitude, frequency, and pressure. The modulus softening (equivalent to the harmonic at 0f) increases by a factor 2–3 over 3 orders of magnitude increase in frequency. Harmonics at 2f, 4f, and 6f exhibit similar behaviors. In contrast, the harmonic at 1f appears frequency independent. This result corroborates previous studies showing that the nonlinear elasticity of rocks can be described with a minimum of two physical mechanisms. This study provides quantitative data that describes the rate dependency of nonlinear elasticity. These findings can be used to improve theories relating the macroscopic elastic response to microstructural features.
Electron butterfly distribution modulation by magnetosonic waves
Authors: Maldonado Armando A. , Chen Lunjin , Claudepierre Seth G. , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Spence Harlan
Published: March 2016

The butterfly pitch angle distribution is observed as a dip in an otherwise normal distribution of electrons centered about αeq=90°. During storm times, the formation of the butterfly distribution on the nightside magnetosphere has been attributed to L shell splitting combined with magnetopause shadowing and strong positive radial flux gradients. It has been shown that this distribution can be caused by combined chorus and magnetosonic wave scattering where the two waves work together but at different local times. Presented in our study is an event on 21 August 2013, using Van Allen Probe measurements, where a butterfly distribution formation is modulated by local magnetosonic coherent magnetosonic waves intensity. Transition from normal to butterfly distributions coincides with rising magnetosonic wave intensity while an opposite transition occurs when wave intensity diminishes. We propose that bounce resonance with waves is the underlying process responsible for such rapid modulation, which is confirmed by our test particle simulation.
The role of the sea on the flash floods events over Liguria (northwestern Italy)
Authors: Cassola F. , Ferrari F. , Mazzino A. , Miglietta M. M.
Published: March 2016

The sensitivity to sea surface temperature (SST) of small‐scale, flood‐causing convective systems in Mediterranean coastal areas is analyzed by means of mesoscale numerical simulations. Two different SST initializations are considered: a coarse field provided by a global atmospheric model and a high‐resolution multisatellite analysis. Quantitative precipitation forecasts are evaluated for a number of recent severe rainfall episodes in Liguria (northwestern Italy). In several cases, using a higher‐resolution SST leads to more realistic precipitation estimates in the forecasting range 36–48 h. In the shorter range, the satellite SST has a limited, or even negative, impact, due to the relatively slow adjustment of initial atmospheric fields. In one case, the satellite SST is beneficial for the only run forced with accurate large‐scale initial conditions. The results of this work suggest that a potentially significant improvement in severe precipitation forecasting in the Mediterranean could be achieved using realistic small‐scale SST fields.
The stratospheric pathway for Arctic impacts on midlatitude climate
Authors: Nakamura Tetsu , Yamazaki Koji , Iwamoto Katsushi , Honda Meiji , Miyoshi Yasunobu , Ogawa Yasunobu , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Ukita Jinro
Published: March 2016

Recent evidence from both observations and model simulations suggests that an Arctic sea ice reduction tends to cause a negative Arctic Oscillation (AO) phase with severe winter weather in the Northern Hemisphere, which is often preceded by weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex. Although this evidence hints at a stratospheric involvement in the Arctic‐midlatitude climate linkage, the exact role of the stratosphere remains elusive. Here we show that tropospheric AO response to the Arctic sea ice reduction largely disappears when suppressing the stratospheric wave mean flow interactions in numerical experiments. The results confirm a crucial role of the stratosphere in the sea ice impacts on the midlatitudes by coupling between the stratospheric polar vortex and planetary‐scale waves. Those results and consistency with observation‐based evidence suggest that a recent Arctic sea ice loss is linked to midlatitudes extreme weather events associated with the negative AO phase.
Dual‐Earner Couples in theUnitedStates
Authors: Dai Wenqian
Published: March 2016

With the massive movement of women into the US labor force, dual‐earner couples have become a norm in the United States. The shift from single‐earner to dual‐earner family has affected the marital relationship, the well‐being of family members, employers, and communities, with both positive and negative effects. Dual‐earner couples generally have less traditional gender ideologies and share household tasks more equally than single‐earner couples. This increase in the husband's participation in housework promotes the wife's marital satisfaction. Dual‐earner couples suffer from work–family conflict and are vulnerable to crossover stress. They usually negotiate their role conflicts between work and family. There are gender differences in experiencing work–family stress and how to cope with work–family conflict. Some research reports ethnic differences in the division of labor between husband and wife. Nonstandard work schedules negatively affect marital relationships and increase the chances of divorce. The majority of homosexual dual‐earner couples work outside the home and do the housework together. Their division of labor and relationship are more equal than those of heterosexual couples. With the increasing entrance of women into full‐time professional and managerial positions, dual‐career couples have emerged as a subset of dual‐earner couples. The dual‐career lifestyle will be viable among only a minority of couples because of its high demand for dedication and aspiration.
Japan, Families in
Authors: Moore Mel
Published: March 2016

Family has been, and continues to be, the primary social unit in Japan. A three‐generation, highly structured, and male‐led household system, known as the “ie,” is the traditional and idealized family form in Japan. After World War II, family structures and values underwent rapid social change as western ideologies of equality and free choice marriage became mainstream. Today, three‐generation households and a privileged role for sons are virtually nonexistent. Family structures are more varied than ever before, and typically revolve around couples and a nuclear household form. Rates of divorce and births outside marriage have increased in recent years, yet remain significantly lower than in comparable nations. Although the prominence of family in everyday life remains, and most continue to feel obligated to contribute positively to the success and perpetuation of their families, such values have diminished considerably among youth in Japan today.
Reproductive Rights
Authors: Duncan Melanie L.
Published: March 2016

Reproductive rights, also referred to as reproductive justice, covers a broad spectrum of issues pertaining to women's bodies, sexuality, and fertility. Some of the issues that fall under the umbrella of reproductive rights include: birth control/contraception, pregnancy, birth, abortion, and female genital mutilation. The relative importance of any one given issue under the umbrella of reproductive justice varies, based on the region being discussed. For instance, what may be of importance in North America may not hold the same weight in Africa. The varying issues that are associated with reproductive rights are discussed in relation to the legal and social challenges that they present.
Journal of Aging and Health
Authors: Markides Kyriakos S.
Published: March 2016

The
Journal of Aging and Health
was launched in 1989 by SAGE Publications to provide a forum for publication of research findings related to health and aging by behavioral and social scientists, epidemiologists, demographers, social workers, nursing and medical researchers, and others from related disciplines. A sampling of research articles demonstrates the important of family factors to aging and health outcomes. As the population of both developed and developing nations continue to age the field of family gerontology will also grow and the
Journal of Aging and Health
will welcome relevant submissions.
Interracial Adoption
Authors: Albański Łukasz
Published: March 2016

This entry provides an overview of the phenomenon of interracial adoption in Canada and the United States. Distinctions are made between domestic and international adoption. Key terms of white privilege, transracial paradox, cultural socialization strategies, and identity crisis are discussed to delineate some of the social concerns (i.e., identity formation, cultural socializations, the potential disjuncture between parental acknowledgment of difference, and rejection of difference) that surround interracial adoption. Before summarizing the main ideas in the current article, a discussion is offered that deconstructs white privilege and the transracial paradox.
Family Estrangement
Authors: Scharp Kristina M.
Published: March 2016

Family estrangement is a phenomenon where at least one family member no longer wants to have a relationship, and/or seeks to put boundaries around their relationship, with another family member because of a negative relationship. Researched as a psychological cutoff, communicative process, or legal classification, scholars agree that family estrangement can be a significant life disruption, with psychological, physiological, and relational ramifications, but also can be a healthy solution to an unhealthy environment.
Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Sellnow‐Richmond Scott , Sellnow‐Richmond Debbie
Published: March 2016

Gender and sexuality have a complex relationship to one another and a profound impact on an individual's sense of self and their relationships. These concepts are influenced by many factors, including one's family unit, where understandings of gender and sexuality begin. Gender has historically influenced expectations of one's sexuality and vice versa. There are several key approaches to understanding the relationship between gender and sexuality, each worthy of understanding as they illuminate different perspectives and assumptions about these two interconnected concepts.
Child Abduction in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Alberts Beth , Alberts Jess K.
Published: March 2016

Child abduction is every parent's worst nightmare. However, even missing‐persons professionals do not know exactly how many children are abducted each year. Nonetheless, we do know that relatively few children, perhaps 10 percent, are abducted by strangers. Approximately 78 percent are believed to be abducted by a family member and 12 percent by a family acquaintance. Although motivations for a given abduction vary, most can be grouped into four broad categories: emotion‐based, sexual predation, profit, and maternal desire. No matter who is the perpetrator or what their motive, the families of abducted children suffer greatly, as do the children themselves. To help prevent child abductions, local and state governments have enacted Amber Alert Programs, and the national government has passed legislation to protect children and punish their abductors. Despite all that has been done, more consistent research needs to be conducted and legislation approved that is responsive to research findings.
Consanguinity
Authors: Marshall Ashley R.
Published: March 2016

Consanguinity is defined as a marriage or relationship between close relatives. Consanguineous marriages are uncommon in Western Europe and North America; however, in many other parts of the world consanguineous marriages is still prevalent, particular in rural areas among the poor and lest education sections of society. These unions vary across and within communities, ethnicity, religion, cultures, and geography.
Economic Distress in theUnitedStates
Authors: Betz‐Hamilton Axton E. , Nagarajan Aarthi
Published: March 2016

Economic distress is an outcome of being unable to financially sustain oneself at a desired level. It can be brought on by a variety of factors, including lack of financial knowledge and loss of employment, and can lead to a person having limited resources. There are several means of support for those experiencing economic distress, including education, and food and housing assistance.
Early Childhood
Authors: Hughes Teresa Shehan
Published: March 2016

For some time, researchers have highlighted the importance of the early stages of a child's life. It is during these early childhood years that children acquire the skills that direct and influence their future interactions with family, school, and community. The complexities of how a child develops during early childhood emphasize the need to provide age‐appropriate activities and education that will allow children to successfully react to varying stimuli occurring within their individual environment.
Remarriage: Starting Over
Authors: Russell Luke T. , Coleman Marilyn , Ganong Lawrence H.
Published: March 2016

The process of becoming happily remarried requires navigating a series of relationships, transitions, and difficulties that differ from the challenges confronted in first‐marriage couple formation. Though there is limited research on repartnering dynamics, researchers and clinicians have uncovered some clues about adaptive strategies for remarried couples. Negotiating the identity shifts from married to divorced to eligible dating partner, managing and balancing relationships between new partners and parental responsibilities if there are children from prior marriages, and forming a new household that meshes two previously independent systems are all processes in which adults must engage when entering a second or higher order marriage.
Age at First Marriage
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Newsom Kimmery C.
Published: March 2016

Age at first marriage, and possibly age at first cohabitation, represent perhaps the strongest demographic predictors of both subsequent relationship satisfaction and stability in western developed nations. Although age at marriage is related to cohabitation, educational attainment, premarital births, and other factors, it appears to be the most important. Age at marriage may act as a suppressor variable for any adverse effects of premarital cohabitation or other related issues. Younger age at marriage is generally associated with lower socioeconomic status and lower educational attainment. Age at marriage decreased between 1900 and the 1950s in the United States but has risen since then. Age at marriage also figures into the red/blue state divide in the United States (red states are traditionally Republican; blue states are traditionally Democratic), being earlier in red states and later in blue states.
Industrialization and Family Change
Authors: Pridgen Stephen , Weinbrenner Donald
Published: March 2016

The historical process of industrialization fundamentally changed the ways in which families were structured and interacted. These shifts in the institution of family affected not only the roles of spouses and parents but also those of children and extended kin networks. Men and women faced changing roles in the public and private spheres of life, which greatly impacted the basic functions and definitions of the family unit. This progression of the family formed the foundation for what would become known as the modern family structure.
A New Class of Renewable Thermoplastics with Extraordinary Performance from Nanostructured Lignin‐Elastomers
Authors: Tran Chau D. , Chen Jihua , Keum Jong K. , Naskar Amit K.
Published: March 2016

A new class of thermoplastic elastomers has been created by introducing nanoscale‐dispersed lignin (a biomass‐derived phenolic oligomer) into nitrile rubber. Temperature‐induced controlled miscibility between the lignin and the rubber during high shear melt‐phase synthesis allows tuning the material's morphology and performance. The sustainable product has unprecedented yield stress (15–45 MPa), strain hardens at large deformation, and has outstanding recyclability. The multiphase polymers developed from an equal‐mass mixture of a melt‐stable lignin fraction and nitrile rubber with optimal acrylonitrile content, using the method described here, show 5–100 nm lignin lamellae with a high‐modulus rubbery interphase. Molded or printed elastomeric products prepared from the lignin‐nitrile material offer an additional revenue stream to pulping mills and biorefineries.
The Dynamic Phase Transition Modulation of Ion‐Liquid Gating VO2 Thin Film: Formation, Diffusion, and Recovery of Oxygen Vacancies
Authors: Chen Shi , Wang Xi jun , Fan Lele , Liao Guangming , Chen Yuliang , Chu Wangsheng , Song Li , Jiang Jun , Zou Chongwen
Published: March 2016

Electrolyte gating with ionic liquids (IL) on correlated vanadium dioxide (VO2) nanowires/beams is effective to modulate the metal‐insulator transition (MIT) behavior. While for macrosize VO2 film, the gating treatment shows different phase modulation process and the intrinsic mechanism is still not clear, though the oxygen‐vacancy diffusion channel is always adopted for the explanation. Herein, the dynamic phase modulation of electrolyte gated VO2 films is investigated and the oxygen vacancies formation, diffusion, and recovery at the IL/oxide interface are observed. As a relatively slow electrochemical reaction, the gating effect gradually permeates from surface to the inside of VO2 film, along with an unsynchronized changes of integral electric, optical, and structure properties. First‐principles‐based theoretical calculation reveals that the oxygen vacancies can not only cause the structural deformations in monoclinic VO2, but also account for the MIT transition by inducing polarization charges and thereby adjusting the d‐orbital occupancy. The findings not only clarify the oxygen vacancies statement of electrolyte gated VO2 film, but also can be extended to other ionic liquid/oxide systems for better understanding of the surface electrochemical stability and electronic properties modulation.
Nanoparticle Clusters: Assembly and Control Over Internal Order, Current Capabilities, and Future Potential
Authors: Stolarczyk Jacek K. , Deak Andras , Brougham Dermot F.
Published: March 2016

The current state of the art in the use of colloidal methods to form nanoparticle assemblies, or clusters (NPCs) is reviewed. The focus is on the two‐step approach, which exploits the advantages of bottom‐up wet chemical NP synthesis procedures, with subsequent colloidal destabilization to trigger assembly in a controlled manner. Recent successes in the application of functional NPCs with enhanced emergent collective properties for a wide range of applications, including in biomedical detection, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancement, photocatalysis, and light harvesting, are highlighted. The role of the NP–NP interactions in the formation of monodisperse ordered clusters is described and the different assembly processes from a wide range of literature sources are classified according to the nature of the perturbation from the initial equilibrium state (dispersed NPs). Finally, the future for the field and the anticipated role of computational approaches in developing next‐generation functional NPCs are briefly discussed.
Ophthalmologic manifestations of focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz syndrome): A case series of 18 patients
Authors: Gisseman Jordan D. , Herce Honey H.
Published: March 2016

Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (FDH) or Goltz syndrome is a rare multi‐system disorder with cutaneous, ocular, dental, and skeletal anomalies due to dysplasia of mesoectodermal derived tissues. It is an X‐linked inheritance syndrome caused by mutations in the PORCN gene. This study is aimed to investigate the ocular findings in patients with Goltz syndrome. To date, there have been a limited number of case reports on the ocular manifestations of FDH. This is a prospective, non‐consecutive, observational case series. Prospective ophthalmologic evaluation was performed on 18 patients with confirmed genetic testing for FDH, Goltz Syndrome, as a component of a larger multi‐subspecialty study to better characterize the findings of this condition. Special attention was placed on evaluating the incidence of anophthalmia, microphthalmia, colobomas (iris, optic nerve, and/or retinal), cataracts, nystagmus, and strabismus. A complete ophthalmologic exam was done on all the patients. The mean patient age was 12.8 years (1–55 years). Eighty‐nine percent were female and 77% (14/18) of patients had some form of an ophthalmologic manifestation of the condition. Ophthalmological findings included chorioretinal colobomas (61%), iris colobomas (50%), microphthalmia (44%), anophthalmia (11%), cataracts (11%), and conjunctival and eyelid papillomas (5%). Nystagmus was present in 33% and strabismus in 22% of the patients. Visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to no light perception. This study demonstrates a higher incidence of ophthalmologic manifestations as previously reported (77% vs. 40%). To our knowledge, this is the largest case series reported in the literature with 18 patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iron‐Carbonyl‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral [4+2] Annulation of N−H Imines and Internal Alkynes by C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Jia Teng , Zhao Chongyang , He Ruoyu , Chen Hui , Wang Congyang
Published: March 2016

Stoichiometric C−H bond activation of arenes mediated by iron carbonyls was reported by Pauson as early as in 1965, yet the catalytic C−H transformations have not been developed. Herein, an iron‐catalyzed annulation of N−H imines and internal alkynes to furnish cis‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines is described, and represents the first iron‐carbonyl‐catalyzed C−H activation reaction of arenes. Remarkablely, this is also the first redox‐neutral [4+2] annulation of imines and alkynes proceeding by C−H activation. The reaction also features only cis stereoselectivity and excellent atom economy as neither base, nor external ligand, nor additive is required. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal an oxidative addition mechanism for C−H bond activation to afford a dinuclear ferracycle and a synergetic diiron‐promoted H‐transfer to the alkyne as the turnover‐determining step.
Stereoarrayed CF3‐Substituted 1,3‐Diols by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Cotman Andrej Emanuel , Cahard Dominique , Mohar Barbara
Published: March 2016

CF3‐substituted 1,3‐diols were stereoselectively prepared in excellent enantiopurity and high yield from CF3‐substituted diketones by using an ansa‐ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in formic acid/triethylamine. The intermediate mono‐reduced alcohol was also obtained in very high enantiopurity by applying milder reaction conditions. In particular, CF3C(O)‐substituted benzofused cyclic ketones underwent either a single or a double dynamic kinetic resolution during their reduction.
A Single Excitation‐Duplexed Imaging Strategy for Profiling Cell Surface Protein‐Specific Glycoforms
Authors: Wu Na , Bao Lei , Ding Lin , Ju Huangxian
Published: March 2016

This work develops a site‐specific duplexed luminescence resonance energy transfer system on cell surface for simultaneous imaging of two kinds of monosaccharides on a specific protein by single near‐infrared excitation. The single excitation‐duplexed imaging system utilizes aptamer modified upconversion luminescent nanoparticles as an energy donor to target the protein, and two fluorescent dye acceptors to tag two kinds of cell surface monosaccharides by a dual metabolic labeling technique. Upon excitation at 980 nm, only the dyes linked to protein‐specific glycans can be lit up by the donor by two parallel energy transfer processes, for in situ duplexed imaging of glycoforms on specific protein. Using MUC1 as the model, this strategy can visualize distinct glycoforms of MUC1 on various cell types and quantitatively track terminal monosaccharide pattern. This approach provides a versatile platform for profiling protein‐specific glycoforms, thus contributing to the study of the regulation mechanisms of protein functions by glycosylation.
Synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles over reusable CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: an efficient and green sonochemical process
Authors: Eidi Esmaiel , Kassaee M. Z. , Nasresfahani Zahra
Published: March 2016

Numerous reports of the synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles demonstrate their significance as biologically important molecules. Here we carried out their fast and efficient one‐step green sonochemical synthesis through condensation of aldehyde, diketone and ammonium acetate, over reusable superparamagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.