bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics in central and edge populations of a narrowly endemic plant
Authors: Aikens Melissa L. , Roach Deborah A.
Published: February 2014

Species' range limits can be caused by environmental gradients, and in such cases, abundance is thought to be highest in the center of a species range and decline towards the edge (the abundant‐center model). Although in theory decreased abundance is caused by a decline in performance at the edge, it has been shown that performance and abundance are not necessarily related. Few studies have compared abundance and performance in center and edge populations of endemic species, whose ranges may be restricted by the availability of specialized habitat rather than environmental gradients across their range. Additionally, range‐wide studies that examine both northern and southern edge populations are rare. We used Roan Mountain rattlesnake‐root (Prenanthes roanensis), a perennial plant endemic to the Southern Appalachians (USA), to compare abundance and performance between central populations and populations at the northern and southern edges of the range. To account for multiple fitness components across the life cycle, we measured performance of edge populations as vital‐rate contributions to population growth rate compared to the center. Abundance did not decline at the range edge, but some vital‐rate contributions were lower in edge populations compared to central populations. However, each edge population differed in which vital‐rate contributions were lower compared to the center. Our results do not support the abundant‐center model, and it appears that local factors are important in structuring the range of this endemic species. It is important to recognize that when implementing conservation or management plans, populations in close proximity may have substantial variation in demographic rates due to differences in the local environment.
Gender Equality and Violent Behavior: How Neighborhood Gender Equality Influences the Gender Gap in Violence
Authors: Lei Man-Kit , Simons Ronald L. , Simons Leslie Gordon , Edmond Mary Bond
Published: February 2014

Using a sample of 703 African American adolescents from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS) along with census data from the year 2000, we examine the association between neighborhood-level gender equality and violence. We find that boys’ and girls’ violent behavior is unevenly distributed across neighborhood contexts. In particular, gender differences in violent behavior are less pronounced in gender-equalitarian neighborhoods compared to those characterized by gender inequality. We also find that the gender gap narrows in gender-equalitarian neighborhoods because boys’ rates of violence decrease whereas girls’ rates remain relatively low across neighborhoods. This is in stark contrast to the pessimistic predictions of theorists who argue that the narrowing of the gender gap in equalitarian settings is the result of an increase in girls’ violence. In addition, the relationship between neighborhood gender equality and violence is mediated by a specific articulation of masculinity characterized by toughness. Our results provide evidence for the use of gender-specific neighborhood prevention programs.
Testing Johnson’s Typology: Is There Gender Symmetry in Intimate Terrorism?
Authors: Jasinski Jana , Blumenstein Lindsey , Morgan Rachel
Published: February 2014

Despite the vast literature on gender symmetry in the perpetration of domestic assault, few studies have looked specifically at both the female and male victims of violence. Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS) and building on the work of Johnson and Leone (2005), this study is a comparison of the female and male victims of intimate terrorism (IT) and an examination of the effects of IT on male victims. The findings indicate that IT, as a type of violence, does not have the same characteristics when the victims are men. Men involved in a terroristic marriage are not more likely to be injured, do not miss work more frequently, and are not more likely to report symptoms of depression compared to men involved in situational couple violence (SCV). Other findings appear to point to gender symmetry between women and men regarding IT, although broad conclusions based on these findings cannot be made in the absence of a sufficient means to measure the level of coercion within the relationship. Additional research is needed with more innovative and complete measures of control, the defining characteristic of IT.
Developing Low-Cost Training Environments: How Do Effector and Visual Realism Influence the Perceptual Grounding of Actions?
Authors: Lu Shulan , Harter Derek , Kosito Paweena , Kotturu Pratyush
Published: February 2014

Research has demonstrated that people treat digital technology-based environments as if they were real. The implication is that perceiving and enacting actions in these environments draws upon the representations and skills humans have developed in the real world. These findings are consistent with the insight from grounded cognition in that the same set of representations used in perceptual grounding of actions are the basis of many forms of cognitive processing. This research investigates factors that could support users in leveraging their existing real-world representations to improve learning outcomes in desktop virtual training environments. A reasonable hypothesis is that users are more likely to evoke existing real-world processing (including being sensitive to potential risk) if technological artifacts they use are congruent with their experiential basis. In an effector (WiiMote vs. mouse) by visual realism (high vs. low) design, participants watched as a computer avatar cut a cucumber and performed a cut on their own. Participants treated WiiMote more like a knife than a mouse as they demonstrated risk aversion by taking a longer time in performing the task when the visual realism was lifelike. The results demonstrate the usefulness of an embodied perspective when designing and developing digital-physical computing interfaces.
Excellent Word-Reading Ability in the Context of an Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study of a Swedish-Speaking 7-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Johnels Jakob Åsberg , Miniscalco Carmela
Published: February 2014

This case study seeks to extend our knowledge of the phenotype associated with excellent word reading in autism spectrum disorder by a detailed examination of psycholinguistic, neuropsychological/cognitive, and classroom/academic functioning of a Swedish-speaking 7-year-old boy (called “Jonas”). On age-referenced word reading-decoding assessment, Jonas scored among the top 7%. Reading comprehension status varied as a function of information source. Jonas’s phonological processing and phonological memory performance was found to be normal to strong. In contrast, he scored poorly on tests of oral semantic, syntactical, and narrative language. On the WISC-III, Jonas performed highly uneven across subtests from impaired to above average levels. On the Kaufman factors, Jonas had a peak in perceptual organization (IQ score 119), thus reflecting very strong visual attention skills, which together with normal to strong phonological abilities might underlie his excellent word reading. Finally, both his parents and teacher reported on other classroom-learning skills and difficulties.
The Truth Behind Subchondral Cysts in Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Authors: Audrey Han Xinyun , Abd Razak Hamid Rahmatullah Bin , Andrew Tan Hwee Chye
Published: February 2014

Background:

Subchondral cysts have always been taught to be one of the cardinal radiological features of knee osteoarthritis but are not well understood. We aimed to evaluate the radiological prevalence and epidemiology of subchondral cysts in patients with knee osteoarthritis to determine if they are truly a cardinal radiological feature.

Methods:

All patients of a single surgeon with symptoms of knee osteoarthritis were selected for this study. All patients had failed a trial of conservative therapy and were planned for total knee arthroplasty. Patients with symptoms of and documentary evidence of inflammatory arthritis, other neurological and orthopaedic problems causing functional deficits were excluded from this study. A total of 806 plain radiographs were analyzed with the aid of an atlas for the presence of narrowed joint space, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis and subchondral cysts. The radiological prevalence of each feature was then calculated. Demographics and pre-operative measurements were compared between patients with and without radiological evidence of subchondral cysts.

Results:

Subchondral cysts were only present in 30.6% of the study population. Narrowed joint space was present in 99.5%, osteophytes in 98.1% and subchondral sclerosis in 88.3% of all radiographs. The differences in prevalence were statistically significant. There was a higher proportion of females in patients with radiological evidence of subchondral cysts. These patients also had a greater varus deformity preoperatively.

Conclusion:

With a radiological prevalence of 30.6%, subchondral cysts should not be considered a cardinal radiological feature of osteoarthritis. Subchondral cysts may be associated with the female gender and genu varum.
Arresting a Struggling Subject; Does the Forthcoming Police Officers Physical Fitness have an Impact on the Outcome?
Authors: Thomas Dillern, , Ole Ragnar Jenssen, , Pål Lagestad, , Ørjan Nygård, , Jørgen Ingebrigtsen,
Published: February 2014

Handling a struggling subject has been pointed out as one of the maximal physical exertions of police work. However, the relationship between general physical fitness and the ability to manage an intractable subject is only scarcely examined. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to examine how general physical fitness correlates with the forthcoming police officers’ ability to handle in a simulated arrest handling test. Nineteen male police students voluntarily agreed to participate. Four physical tests were conducted (bench press, counter movement jump, hang ups and 3000 meter running test). Scores from these tests were converted into a physical test index (physical index). Further, a simulation of handling a struggling subject during arrest was conducted. The simulation contained two takedown tests and two self-defense tests. Scores from the arresting simulation tests were also aggregated in a performance score index (arrest index). Later, the two indexes were correlated. We found a large correlation 0.547 (p<0.05) between the physical index and the arrest index. We also found that age was largely and moderately correlated to the physical index (p<0.05) and the arrest index (p<0.1), respectively. Although the police officers handling of a struggling subject during arrest involves a skill component related to the executing of diverse impact methods, our findings clearly show that it is also about some form of physical capability. The present study therefore highlights the importance of physical fitness within the police force.
Relations Between Psychological Characteristics and Physical Abilities in a Sample of Female Police Candidates
Authors: Dag Kolarević , Raša Dimitrijević , Goran Vučković , Nenad Koropanovski , Milivoj Dopsaj
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this research was to examine possible relations between basic personality traits and cognitive abilities and basic physical functions in a sample of female candidates studying at Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies (ACPS) in Belgrade. Literature review has shown that this problem has not been sufficiently studied, so it would benefit to gain a deeper insight into understanding of psychophysical functioning. Further contribution would include a better understanding of the nature of mind-body influence. In pragmatic sense, this work should help improve professional orientation and selection tasks in Police education and different profiles of police forces in Serbia.

Samples of 267 female candidates studying at ACPS, aged 18 to 19 were given different personality and cognitive tests. Basic motoric space was covered by seven representative tests.

The data was subjected to correlational analysis. There were few small statistically significant correlation coefficients. Further analysis by canonical correlations analysis has not given statistically significant canonical correlations. There were most significant correlations between contraction and stretching test and psychological characteristics. Those findings lead authors to conclude that this very physical trait in a sample of women is sensitive to psychological influence in case of professional selection.
Efficacy of an Intense Rifle Fencing Training
Authors: Aguirre-Puig José Antonio , Clemente-Suarez Vicente Javier , Montañez-González Pedro , Robles-Pérez José Juan
Published: February 2014

The present study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of an intensive rifle fencing training based on a couple of
the most effective fencing techniques compared to a traditional fencing training. 20 male professional soldiers of Spanish
Army (28.6±2.4 years) were randomly divided in an experimental group (n: 10) and control group (n: 10). After 1 h rifle
training sessions during 6 days, soldiers conducted simulated close quarter combats with rifles. Results showed that the
experimental group obtained higher number of victories (17.0 vs. 7.0), number of techniques used (13.0 vs. 6.0), and had
variations in body location of impact (head, trunk, legs and arms vs. head, trunk and arms) than control group. The
experimental rifle fencing training focused on selected fencing techniques was more effective than the traditional rifle
fencing training focused on a higher technical repertory.
Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Response of Male and Female Soldiers during a Simulated Attack Maneuver
Authors: Jiménez Díaz José Fernando , Ramos Campo Domingo Jesús , Arias Jacobo Ángel Rubio , Sánchez Fernando Martínez , García Paula Esteban , Clemente-Suárez Vicente Javier , Villa Vicente José Gerardo
Published: February 2014

The study of organic response during combat is poorly reported in specific literature, despite being essential to
improve soldiers training. The aim of the present research was to study the body composition and organic response during
a treadmill test simulating the attack maneuver of a light infantry company, studying the differences between soldiers
gender. Body composition and organic response in the treadmill test were analyzed in 27 healthy professional soldiers.
Body weight was lower and fat mass was higher in female soldiers, and height and muscle mass were higher in male
soldiers. In treadmill test, values of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2), oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold and maximal
heart rate (HR) and HR at anaerobic threshold, were higher in male soldiers (male vs. female: 51.9±1.2 vs. 50.4±1.3
ml/kg/min; 3278.9±93.9 vs. 2721.8 ml/min; 194.2±1.9 vs. 184.0±6.6 bpm; 181.3±1.8 vs. 171.4±1.7 bpm respectively).
During simulated attack maneuver female soldiers presented lower VO2 and higher HR than male soldiers, showing a
worse physical fitness level. These data could be used by military coach to improve specific combat training. It is also
recommended a decrease in the weigh carried by soldiers and to improve their aerobic performance to maximize the
efficiency in last phases of combat maneuvers.
Current State of Psychiatry in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , Al Zaben Faten , Sehlo Mohammad Gamal , Khalifa Doaa Ahmed , Al Ahwal Mahmoud Shaheen
Published: February 2014

Background:

In 1983, an article and accompanying editorial was published on the state of psychiatry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), which was described as “a mental health system in statu nascendi.”

Methods:

We provide a 30-year update on advances in mental health care in KSA. Data are reported from a wide range of sources, including the 2007 Saudi Arabian Mental and Social Health Atlas, which compares services in KSA with the rest of the world.

Results:

We examine how the current mental health system operates in KSA, including recent changes in mental healthcare policy and development of a national mental healthcare plan. Discussed are current needs based on the prevalence and recognition of mental disorders; availability of services and providers (psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, psychologists, and social workers); education and training in psychiatry; developments in consultation-liaison, addictions, child-adolescent, and geriatric psychiatry; and progress in mental health research.

Conclusions:

Mental healthcare in Saudi Arabia has come a long way in a very short time, despite cultural, religious, social, and political challenges, although there still remain areas where improvement is needed. The development of psychiatry in KSA serves as a model for countries in the Middle East and around the world.
Parenting Stress and Dimensions of Parenting Behavior: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Links with Adolescents' Somatization
Authors: Rousseau Sofie , Grietens Hans , Vanderfaeillie Johan , Hoppenbrouwers Karel , Wiersema Jan Roelf , Van Leeuwen Karla
Published: February 2014

Objective:

This study explored direct and indirect associations between adolescents' somatization, parenting stress, and three parenting dimensions (warmth, psychological control, and harsh punishment). First, the associations were explored cross-sectionally. Second, significant cross-sectional links were further examined longitudinally in order to decide upon temporality.

Method:

A total of 1499 adolescents and one of their parents (mostly the mother) agreed to participate. Questionnaires were administered when the child was respectively 12–13 (T1), 13–14 (T2), and 14–15 (T3) years old. Adolescents reported on their somatization, parents on their parenting behavior and parenting stress.

Results:

Cross-sectionally, indirect links were found between all parenting dimensions and adolescents' somatization, through parenting stress. Longitudinal examination revealed two key aspects. First, parenting stress significantly predicted somatization. Higher T1 parenting stress was predictive for higher T2 and T3 somatization. When controlled for T1 parenting stress, higher T2 parenting stress (or in other words increased parenting stress at T2) was predictive for lower T3 somatization. Second, parenting stress was found to significantly predict parenting behaviors. Higher T1 parenting stress was predictive for higher T2 and T3 harsh punishment but increased parenting stress at T2 was predictive for lower harsh punishment one year later. Higher T1 parenting stress significantly predicted higher T2 psychological control.

Conclusions:

Clinicians should be aware that parenting stress may be a risk factor for the development of somatization in early adolescence. However, in later adolescence, increased parenting stress might be protective.
Sleep Quality among Primary Care Attendees in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Nuhu Folorunsho Tajudeen , Yusuf Abdulkareem Jika , Adeyemi Solomon Olusola , Kalu Aderonke Olawunmi
Published: February 2014

Objective:

To assess sleep quality and its determinants among primary care patients in a Northern Nigerian setting.

Methods:

We administered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to 217 consecutive patients attending the General Outpatient Clinic of Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital, Kaduna, and PSQI to 223 age-matched controls to evaluate their sleep quality and levels of anxiety and depression. A data collection sheet was used to record the sociodemographic characteristics of patients and controls, and the clinical characteristics of the patients.

Results:

The mean ages of all the subjects, patients, and controls were 33.7 ( SD 10.6), 33.5 ( SD 10.6), and 34.0 ( SD 10.5) years respectively; 54.4% of the patients were females, 54.8% were Muslims, 56.2% admitted they had pain, 60.8% and 46.5% had anxiety and depressive symptoms respectively, while 68.7% had poor sleep quality. The mean global score of sleep quality for patients was 9.2 ( SD 3.6) while that of the control was 3.8 ( SD 1.4). The difference was statistically significant ( t = 20.834, P value < 0.001, 95% CI 4.891–5.910). Islamic religious faith, presence of pain, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with poor quality of sleep ( P value < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis identified being a Muslim (OR 6.422, P value 0.027, 95% CI 0.196–0.907), pain (OR 8.038, P value < 0.001, 95% CI 0.016–0.091), and anxiety symptoms (OR 5.253, P value < 0.001, 95% CI 0.136–0.473) as predictors of poor sleep quality among the patients.

Conclusion:

Poor quality of sleep is common in primary care patients. Efforts should be made to improve its recognition, identify associated factors, and consider a holistic approach to patients' care.
Physician Wellness in Rural America: A Review
Authors: Haggerty Treah S. , Fields Scott A. , Selby-Nelson Emily M. , Foley Kimberly P. , Shrader Carl D.
Published: February 2014

Objective:

The primary purpose of this article is to review the unique wellness factors that affect physicians practicing in rural communities. Research has indicated that rural communities often struggle to attract and retain primary care physicians and numerous wellness factors impact these attraction/retention rates.

Method:

Articles selected for inclusion in this review were determined based upon their relevance to rural physicians, overall wellness factors of physicians, and recruitment and retention of physicians in rural communities. Articles were included from peer-reviewed journals focusing upon both medical and psychological perspectives of rural physician wellness factors.

Results:

Results indicated that rural physicians often have fewer resources, an increased workload, and longer hours when compared to their urban counterparts. These factors contribute to lower job satisfaction, poor retention rates, and decreased physician wellness. Research also demonstrates that physicians who are unwell are more likely to experience substance abuse, depression, relationship difficulties, and general psychological distress. These issues are particularly prominent in rural practice settings and may have significant impact upon rural patients.

Conclusion:

To date, there are few assessment measures available to assess physician wellness and no evidence-based treatments to address wellness deficits in rural physicians' medical or psychological health. Such resources would have the potential to benefit individual rural physicians and the quality of healthcare they deliver to rural communities. Future research should focus upon the assessment and promotion of rural physician well being, which may improve recruitment and retention of quality physicians to provide optimal care in rural communities.
The challenges of the urban transport strategy of Belgrade
Authors: Jovanovic Miomir
Published: February 2014

Belgrade?s main characteristics are: a) high densities, b) extremely high
concentration of jobs in CBD and its central zone, c) very high level of
usage of urban public transport and of pedestrian movements. According to the
Newman - Kenworthy classification, Belgrade is a typical ?public transport
city?, while due to its transport strategy Belgrade can be best described as
a hybrid of the Thomson?s ?low cost strategy? (very high usage of buses) and
?strong centre strategy? (high concentration of jobs in it?s CBD). This type
of spatial development and urban transport strategy is extremely sensitive to
the rise of personal motorization and automobile usage. Since in Belgrade: a)
main mode of transport are buses, b) streets are very narrow, c) although
public transport oriented, Belgrade doesn?t have rail systems with separated,
?exclusive? right of way (metros, and light rail systems - traffic jams at
Belgrade?s streets are extremely pronounced - number of vehicles per 1 km of
streets is - 277 vehicles/km. Hence, Belgrade has four times more vehicles
per 1 km of street network than Australian cities, two times more than
metropolises of the USA and Canada, and 25% more than the West European and
wealthy Asian cities. In short, Belgrade is (for a very long time) mature for
a rail (metro or LRT) system, with completely separated, exclusive right of
way, and much more strict private motor vehicles limitation strategy.
Challenges in the differential diagnosis of granulomatous lung disease
Authors: Djordjevic Snezana , Ristic Lidija , Rancic Milan , RADOVIC Milan , Radjenovic-Petkovic Tatjana , Golubovic Slavica
Published: February 2014

Introduction. Granulomatous lung diseases comprise a large family sharing the
histological denominator of granuloma formation. Review of literature. From a
diagnostic standpoint, epithelioid granulomas, are considered to be
nonspecific lesions, they can be associated with infection, immunological
conditions or they may be idiopathic. The precise diagnosis of granulomatous
disorders can be readily apparent on clinical and radiological ground alone
in some cases or extremely difficult even after histological examination of
large surgical samples in a limited number of conditions. No single and
specific diagnostic test has been developed so far. To achieve a timely
diagnosis and help reduce associated morbidity and mortality, it is essential
to recognize both the typical and the atypical manifestations of the disease.
Differential diagnosis and management demand a skilful interpretation of
clinical findings and pathological evidence. Conclusion. A
clinicopathological synthesis provides the strongest foundation.
The application results of 18F - FDG/PET scan in chronic sarcoidosis
Authors: Videnovic-Ivanov Jelica , Sobic-Saranovic Dragana , Grozdic Isidora , Mihailovic-Vucinic Violeta , Filipovic Snezana , Stjepanovic Mihailo
Published: February 2014

Introduction. The authors evaluated the application of 18 Ffluoro-2-deoxy-D:
-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography to diagnose the
activity in patients with chronic sarcoidosis. Material and Methods. The
study sample included 71 patients (48 females and 23 males, their mean age
being 47?3 years) with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis of chronic course. Results.
All patients underwent 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission
tomography/computed tomography, which detected inflammation in 65 patients
(91.5%) (maximum standardized uptake value, 8.1 ? 3.9).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme levels were significantly higher in the
patients with positive than in those with negative 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D:
-glucose positron emission tomography/ computed tomography results.
Conclusion. 18 F-fluoro- 2-deoxy-D: -glucose positron emission
tomography/computed tomography revealed the functional inflammatory active
localizations in chronic sarcoidosis. The obtained results contribute to the
adequate therapeutic option.
Clinical manifestations of neurosarcoidosis
Authors: Stjepanovic Mihailo , Jovanovic Dragana , Dudvarski-Ilic Aleksandra , Mihailovic-Vucinic Violeta , Skodric-Trifunovic Vesna , Popevic Spasoje
Published: February 2014

Introduction. Sarcoidosis affects the central nervous system more frequently
than it was previously believed. Since the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis is
often delayed, it may result in serious complications. Being non-specific
when present, the symptoms may be subtle and resemble those of other
neurological diseases. While the cranial nerves are most frequently affected,
neurosarcoidosis can involve other nervous system tissues including the
meninges, brain parenchyma (especially the hypothalamic region), spinal cord,
peripheral nerve and muscle. Discussion and Review of Literature. During the
past decade, a significant progress was made in understanding the
epidemiology and pathophysiology of neurosarcoidosis, as well as the
possibility to diagnose and treat this disease. Studies have shown that the
optimal diagnostic imaging modality for neurosarcoidosis is magnetic
resonance imaging with gadolinium because it enhances visualization of
granulomatous infiltration in neural tissue. Subclinical neurosarcoidosis may
not be uncommon in patients with sarcoidosis. It is now evident that
neurosarcoidosis does not invariably present as a catastrophic event. Adverse
effects associated with high-dose systemic corticosteroids, the standard
therapy, have discouraged practitioners from initiating treatment in the
absence of significant symptomatic neurological disease. However, other
immunosuppressive agents as well newer biologic agents have emerged as an
effective, well-tolerated therapeutic alternative to corticosteroids, which
are often effective in corticosteroid- recalcitrant cases. Conclusion.
Neurosarcoidosis, as a localized granulomatous disease, is possible and not
so rare. Early recognition of neurological involvement in patients with
undiagnosed or diagnosed sarcoidosis is crucial to prevent complications,
which can sometimes be life-threatening.
Nonsteroid therapy of sarcoidosis
Authors: Mihailovic-Vucinic Violeta , Stjepanovic Mihailo , Videnovic-Ivanov Jelica , Gvozdenovic Branislav , Filipovic Snezana , Dudvarski-Ilic Aleksandra
Published: February 2014

Introduction. Corticosteroid therapy used to be considered a common treatment
for sarcoidosis patients. Discussion and Review of Literature. It is known
that corticosteroids have many side affects, and that knowledge called for
other possible treatments, non-steroidal agents that would allow prolonged
treatment of chronic sarcoidosis and avoid side effects of steroids on
metabolism, glicoregulation, increase in body weight, osteoporosis, Cushing
syndrome etc. There is a wide range of medications that can offer alternative
to corticosteroid therapy. So far, none of the agents has been absolutely
perfect. Conclusion. Therefore, it can be concluded that every clinician
should choose the best possible treatment for each sarcoidosis patient.
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and non-specific airway hyperreactivity in patients suffering from bronchial asthma
Authors: Novkovic Dobrivoje , Skuletic Vesna , Vulin Aleksandra , Cvetkovic Gordana
Published: February 2014

Background/Aim. Physical activity is a common stimulus of asthmatic symptoms
manifestation. Airway hyperreactivity is a predisposing cause of exercise
induced bronchial obstruction, diagnosed by histamine inhalation. The aim of
this study was to determine the relation between the amounts of histamine
needed to induce non-specific airway hyperreactivity and exercise-induced
bronchial obstruction. Methods. This randomized cross-over study included 160
male patients (age 19-27 years) suffering from bronchial asthma who showed
positive results as the reaction after the histamine bronchial provocation
test. Histamine concentrations were in a range of 0.03 to 4 mg/mL. Each
patient participated in the exercise stress test conducted on a conveyor
belt. The results of the exercise stress test were considered positive if the
FEV1 level dropped by at least 15% from its initial value, 5-10 minutes after
the test. Results. All the patients showed positive results as the reaction
after the histamine bronchial provocation test, while 50 of them showed
positive results after the exercise-induced stress test. There was a
statistically highly significant difference in administrated histamine
concentrations between the group of patients that had positive results on
exercise stress test and those who did not (1mg/mL vs 0.5mg/mL; U = 1678; p <
0.01). Also, there was a statistically significant difference concerning the
frequency of the positive results regarding histamine concentration after
induced stress test (?2 = 10.885; p = 0.001). Among the patients with
positive results, there was a statistically highly significant number of
patients with bronchial obstruction induced by less than 2 mg/mL of histamine
(p < 0.01). A statistically significant relation between the amount of
histamine needed to induce bronchial obstruction and the results of the
exercise stress test (p < 0.01) was also observed after the testing.
Conclusion. In the group of patients with positive results after the
exercise-induced stress test, there were significantly more patients with
positive results to non-specific bronchial provocation test with lower
histamine concentrations. Histamine concentrations needed to induce
non-specific hyperreactivity of asthmatic airway were shown to be related to
the reactivity to physical effort.
The Dynamics of Diabetes Among Birth Cohorts in the U.S.
Authors: Fishman Ezra I. , Stokes Andrew , Preston Samuel H.
Published: February 2014

OBJECTIVE

Using a nationally representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population, we estimated trends in diabetes prevalence across cohorts born 1910–1989 and provide the first estimates of age-specific diabetes incidence using nationally representative, measured data.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were from 40,130 nonpregnant individuals aged 20–79 years who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988–1994, and the continuous 1999–2010 NHANES. We defined diabetes as HbA1c ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or taking diabetes medication. We estimated age-specific diabetes prevalence for the 5-year age-groups 20–24 through 75–79 for cohorts born 1910–1919 through 1980–1989 and calendar periods 1988–1994, 1999–2002, 2003–2006, and 2007–2010. We modeled diabetes prevalence as a function of age, calendar year, and birth cohort, and used our cohort model to estimate age-specific diabetes incidence.

RESULTS

Age-adjusted diabetes prevalence rose by a factor of 4.9 between the birth cohorts of 1910–1919 and 1980–1989. Diabetes prevalence rose with age within each birth cohort. Models based on birth cohorts show a steeper age pattern of diabetes prevalence than those based on calendar years. Diabetes incidence peaks at 55–64 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes prevalence has risen across cohorts born through the 20th century. Changes across birth cohorts explain the majority of observed increases in prevalence over time. Incidence peaks between 55 and 64 years of age and then declines at older ages.
Properties of singlet- and triplet-excited states of hemicyanine dyes
Authors: Mártire Daniel , Massad Walter , Montejano Hernán , Gonzalez Mónica , Caregnato Paula , Villata Laura , García Norman
Published: February 2014

The fluorescence emission spectra and fluorescence quantum yields of hemicyanine dyes LDS 698, LDS 722, and LDS 730 were measured in different media. No transient species was detected in the laser flash-photolysis experiments performed with Ar-saturated solutions of the dyes in methanol. However, in the presence of 0.08 M potassium iodide, the absorption of the triplet states was clearly observed. Oxygen consumption measurements in the absence and presence of a chemical trap (furfuryl alcohol) in MeOH: H2O (φ r = 1: 1) solutions of the dyes containing KI confirmed the generation of singlet molecular oxygen.
Employing Multilevel Intersectionality in Educational Research
Authors: Núñez Anne-Marie
Published: February 2014

The theoretical framework of intersectionality shows much promise in exploring how multiple social identities and their relationships with interlocking systems of power influence educational equity, particularly for historically underserved groups in education. Yet, social scientists have critiqued this framework for not adequately specifying how these dimensions shape life opportunities. This essay draws on the work of sociologist Floya Anthias to advance a conceptual model of intersectionality for educational research. This model addresses how different levels of analysis, types of practices, and relationships between social categories separately or together affect educational opportunities. To illustrate the model’s utility in research, policy, and practice, I apply this model to understand contextual influences on Latino im/migrant students’ college access.
Attitudes toward Adults with Intellectual Disability: A Survey of Ontario Occupational and Physical Therapy Students
Authors: Vermeltfoort Kayla , Staruszkiewicz Anna , Anselm Katherine , Badnjevic Alma , Burton Kristin , Switzer-McIntyre Sharon , Yeung Euson , Balogh Robert
Published: February 2014

Purpose: To examine attitudes of students in Ontario master's degree programmes in occupational therapy (MScOT) and physical therapy (MScPT) toward adults with intellectual disability (ID). Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey study was conducted. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to 1,255 MScOT/PT students at five Ontario universities via email, using a modified Dillman approach. Descriptive statistics were used to describe experiences, attitudes, willingness, and preparedness. Results: Overall response rate was 17.9%. A total of 96.0% of respondents felt “quite” or “very willing” to deliver rehabilitation to adults with ID; however, 50.7% of respondents felt “not at all prepared” or “a little prepared” to interact with this population in a clinical setting. Of those who felt unprepared, 75.4% reported it to be due to inadequate knowledge. In addition, Ontario MScOT/PT students have neutral attitudes toward adults with ID. Conclusions: While many MScOT/PT students are willing to deliver rehabilitation to adults with ID, a large proportion do not feel adequately prepared to interact with this population in a clinical setting. These findings could inform future research and curricular reform in the rehabilitation professions so that future clinicians are better prepared to provide support for this population.
Intelligence as Trait—and State?
Authors: Sternberg Robert
Published: February 2014

We tend to think of intelligence as trait-like. However, with increasing use of psychoactive drugs that enhance performance on psychometric tests of intelligence, investigators need to think of intelligence also as having state-like properties. Questions of the ethics of such drug use will need to be faced in the field of high-stakes psychometric testing as they now are being faced in professional athletics.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Detection Using an Aptamer and PNA-Based Bound/Free Separation System
Authors: Mita Chifuku , Abe Koichi , Fukaya Takahiro , Ikebukuro Kazunori
Published: February 2014

We have developed a bound/free separation system using a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) aptamer and a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) to detect VEGF. In this system, we designed capture PNA (CaPNA), which hybridizes with the aptamer in the absence of the target protein, but does not hybridize with the aptamer in the presence of the target protein due to steric hindrance and/or stabilization of the aptamer’s structure. By removing the aptamers not bound to the target protein using CaPNA immobilized beads, we can detect the target protein by measuring signals labeled with the aptamer in the supernatant. In this study, we detected VEGF using CaPNA-immobilized beads without the time-consuming washing step. This simple and rapid system can detect 25 nM of VEGF in 15 min.
Investigation on the Cyclic Response of Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) Slit Damper Devices Simulated by Quasi-Static Finite Element (FE) Analyses
Authors: Hu Jong
Published: February 2014

In this paper, the superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) slit damper system as an alternative design approach for steel structures is intended to be evaluated with respect to inelastic behavior simulated by refined finite element (FE) analyses. Although the steel slit dampers conventionally used for aseismic design are able to dissipate a considerable amount of energy generated by the plastic yielding of the base materials, large permanent deformation may occur in the entire structure. After strong seismic events, extra damage repair costs are required to restore the original configuration and to replace defective devices with new ones. Innovative slit dampers fabricated by superelastic SMAs that automatically recover their initial conditions only by the removal of stresses without heat treatment are introduced with a view toward mitigating the problem of permanent deformation. The cyclically tested FE models are calibrated to experimental results for the purpose of predicting accurate behavior. This study also focuses on the material constitutive model that is able to reproduce the inherent behavior of superelastic SMA materials by taking phase transformation between austenite and martensite into consideration. The responses of SMA slit dampers are compared to those of steel slit dampers. Axial stress and strain components are also investigated on the FE models under cyclic loading in an effort to validate the adequacy of FE modeling and then to compare between two slit damper systems. It can be shown that SMA slit dampers exhibit many structural advantages in terms of ultimate strength, moderate energy dissipation and recentering capability.
An Efficient and Adaptive Mutual Authentication Framework for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network-Based Applications
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Ylianttila Mika , Gurtov Andrei , Lee Sang-Gon , Lee Hoon-Jae
Published: February 2014

Robust security is highly coveted in real wireless sensor network (WSN) applications since wireless sensors’ sense critical data from the application environment. This article presents an efficient and adaptive mutual authentication framework that suits real heterogeneous WSN-based applications (such as smart homes, industrial environments, smart grids, and healthcare monitoring). The proposed framework offers: (i) key initialization; (ii) secure network (cluster) formation (i.e., mutual authentication and dynamic key establishment); (iii) key revocation; and (iv) new node addition into the network. The correctness of the proposed scheme is formally verified. An extensive analysis shows the proposed scheme coupled with message confidentiality, mutual authentication and dynamic session key establishment, node privacy, and message freshness. Moreover, the preliminary study also reveals the proposed framework is secure against popular types of attacks, such as impersonation attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, and information-leakage attacks. As a result, we believe the proposed framework achieves efficiency at reasonable computation and communication costs and it can be a safeguard to real heterogeneous WSN applications.
Sophora microphylla (Fabaceae) microsatellite markers and their utility across the genus
Authors: Van Etten Megan L. , Houliston Gary J. , Mitchell Caroline M. , Heenan Peter B. , Robertson Alastair W. , Tate Jennifer A.
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: Genus‐specific microsatellite markers were developed for Sophora for population genetic and systematic studies of the group in New Zealand, and potentially elsewhere in the geographic range.

• Methods and Results: From sequencing a total genomic DNA library (using Roche 454), we identified and developed 29 polymorphic microsatellite markers for S. microphylla and S. chathamica. We tested 12 of these markers on 14 S. chathamica individuals and four S. microphylla populations. All loci amplified in both species and species‐specific alleles occurred at seven loci. In S. microphylla populations, the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000–0.960 and 0.000–0.908, respectively, with alleles per locus ranging from seven to 23.

• Conclusions: The developed markers will be valuable in studies of phylogenetics, population structure, mating system, and selection of provenances for restoration projects.
Environmentální bezpečnost: Návrh koncepčního rámce pro aplikace v České republice
Authors: Janoušková Svatava , Hák Tomáš , Lorencová Eliška , Vačkář David
Published: February 2014

This article aims to provide an integrated overview of the environmental security concept. Moreover, the article frames interpretation of environmental security in the historical context and also provides information regarding current understanding of this concept in environmental security studies. Objective of this article is to propose a conceptual framework of environmental security that cover all relevant environmental security areas and provides comprehensive overview. Conceptual framework of environmental security in the proposed conception contains four main components: energy security, raw material security, ecological and biological security and dimension of traditional security. In addition, purpose of this article is to establish a conceptual framework that can be applied in decision-making processes and assist in design of appropriate strategies concerning environmental security issues.
Open source data logger for low-cost environmental monitoring
Authors: Baker Ed
Published: February 2014

The increasing transformation of biodiversity into a data-intensive science has seen numerous independent systems linked and aggregated into the current landscape of biodiversity informatics. This paper outlines how we can move forward with this programme, incorporating real time environmental monitoring into our methodology using low-power and low-cost computing platforms.
Transformations de l'engagement civique et nouvel art américain de la guerre
Authors: Cusumano Eugenio , Vennesson Pascal
Published: February 2014

En prenant pour point de départ la relation entre les transformations de la place et du rôle du peuple et la conduite de la guerre conceptualisée par Clausewitz, cet article explore la relation entre la transformation de l’engagement civique et la capacité des États à convertir les ressources sociétales en puissance militaire. Inscrit dans la tradition de recherche réaliste néo-classique qui considère que des facteurs « internes » affectent la réponse des États aux menaces internationales, nous montrons que les transformations de long terme de la participation civique aux États-Unis ont été un élément-clé de l’évolution de l’art américain de la guerre. Les principales caractéristiques des emplois de la force par les États-Unis – une armée professionnelle, un recours majeur à la puissance aérienne de précision, l’utilisation d’alliés locaux et de compagnies militaires et de sécurité privée – sont toutes liées à la nécessité de réduire les sacrifices imposés au peuple américain, sur le plan personnel ou financier, même si l’efficacité stratégique s’en trouve diminuée. Nous montrons que la transformation de l’engagement civique a affecté la capacité à convertir les ressources sociétales en puissance militaire. En retour, cette contrainte a favorisé l’évolution du « format militaire » et le recours à des moyens et à des stratégies militaires qui réduisent l’extraction et la mobilisation des « ressources humaines » et de la richesse pour l’effort de guerre, conduisant à l’avènement progressif d’un art américain de la guerre profondément transformé.
Les enjeux de la professionnalisation des Gardiens de la Paix
Authors: Bordes Véronique
Published: February 2014

Dans la société actuelle, la police constitue un champ professionnel qui vit des mutations profondes. Au débat qui mettait en regard prévention et répression, se substitue aujourd’hui un autre débat, celui de la logique de résultat renvoyant à une « politique du chiffre ». Le rôle de la police est questionné, voire controversé. L’exercice professionnel, particulièrement délicat, qui se spécifie par un rapport aux situations inédites, implique un processus de professionnalisation qui, commencé en école de police, se poursuit durant la carrière tant cette profession est soumise à l’évolution des contextes sociaux. La professionnalisation des gardiens de la paix, comme tout processus de professionnalisation, suppose la mise en œuvre de pratiques d’évaluation auxquelles s’ajoutent des processus de reconnaissance professionnelle et sociale. Les processus d’évaluation et de reconnaissance professionnelle jouent un rôle spécifique dans le processus de professionnalisation de la police. Aux attributions de valeur crées en formation se greffent des processus de considération émanant de la société. La professionnalisation de la police se situe dans un double regard, interne et externe, cette double approbation étant parfois difficile à vivre. Cet article tente de comprendre les processus de professionnalisation des gardiens de la paix et ses conséquences.