bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preharvest Ethephon Sprays Reduce Superficial Scald of ‘Granny Smith’ Apples
Authors: Lurie Susan , Meir Shimon , Arie Ruth Ben
Published: September 2022

Various combinations of preharvest ethephon sprays were applied to ‘Granny Smith’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh). The fruit were harvested twice the first year with selective picking from the interior and exterior of the tree and three times the second year. Scald incidence was measured after storage at 0°C in air for 3 or 6 months plus 1 week at 20°. There was a correlation between scald after storage and fruit soluble solids concentration and firmness at harvest and with conjugated triene levels at harvest or after storage. Ethephon sprays reduced scald incidence between 20% to 75% depending on treatment and storage length.
Free Trade: Impact on North American Horticulture PLENARY ADDRESS1
Authors: Switzer Clayton M.
Published: September 2022

I am honored to have this opportunity to discuss the issue of bilateral trade and the potential impact it may have on the Canadian and American horticultural industries.
Three Mimic Mutants for Reclining Foliage in Common Bean
Authors: Bassett Mark J. , Awuma Kafui
Published: September 2022

Two new mutants for the reclining foliage (RF) character were induced by treating seed of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding lines B-351 and 182-1 with 20 krad of γ-radiation. These two mutants were shown to be monogenic and recessive. Allelism tests between the common RF gene rf and the two new mimic mutants for RF indicated that each of the three mutants has an independent locus. The symbols rf2 and rf3 were given to the new mutants. F2 data from the allelism tests showed that the rf2 stock carries a recessive epistatic gene i that does not affect rf2 but suppresses expression of rf and rf3. The rf locus was shown to be independent of the Sur locus for RF in linkage group VII.
Interspecific Hybrid Verification of Plum × Apricot Hybrids Via Isozyme Analyses
Authors: Byrne David H. , Littleton Thomas G.
Published: September 2022

A series of diploid plum (Prunus salicina Lindl. and hybrids), apricot (P. armeniaca L.), and plum × apricot (plumcot) clones were surveyed for six enzyme systems to identify a biochemical marker system for plumcots. Peroxidase (EC 1.11,1.7) was the best marker for identifying plum × apricot hybrids. The other systems contained plum or apricot specific alleles useful in verifying hybrid parentage of first or later generation derivatives.
Differential Reaction of Tepary Bean Lines to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli
Authors: Zaiter Haytham Z. , Coyne Dermont P. , Vidaver Anne K. , Steadman James R.
Published: September 2022

The leaf and pod reactions of 18 tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) accessions and one susceptible dry bean check, ‘Spinel’ (P. vulgaris), to five common blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) strains of diverse origin were determined in greenhouse tests. Tepary accessions showed incompatible reaction, slight symptoms, or moderate to severe symptoms on the leaves and pods. Statistical interactions of bacterial strains × host compatibility for both leaves and pods were evident. There were intermediate to moderately high positive correlations between the reaction of leaves and pods for four strains and a low correlation with one strain. Selection for resistance should be done in both pods and leaves.
Short-term Cooling of Cucumber Roots Alters Leaf Carbohydrate Metabolism
Authors: Suzanne Robbins N. , Pharr David M.
Published: September 2022

The influence of short-term cooling of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Calypso’) roots on leaf expansion and carbohydrate metabolism was studied. Leaf expansion of greenhouse-grown cucumber plants irrigated twice daily with chilled water (5°C) was reduced by about 15% relative to that of plants irrigated with water at ambient greenhouse air temperature, even though the soil was never below 15°C. Leaf carbon exchange rate was not affected by rooting medium temperature. However, photoassimilate export rate was reduced from leaves of plants with cooled roots and starch accumulation in leaves of these plants was increased relative to that in control plants. Galactinol concentrations were significantly higher in leaves of plants that had reduced photoassimilate export rates.
Optimizing Planting Methods for an Intensive Muskmelon Production System
Authors: Brown James E. , Osborn Marla C.
Published: September 2022

The use of plastic mulch and spunbonded row covers in melon production has increased in the past decade (2, 3,5). Research has shown that muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] can be grown successfully with black plastic mulch (BPM) and/or row covers. When row covers are used in combination with BPM, higher yields and earlier maturity of some crops are achieved than when BPM is used alone (1, 2, 5). Though numerous studies (1, 2, 4) have reported the benefits of black plastic mulch and row covers in melon production, information is limited on response of melons using these materials with different planting methods. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of BPM and row cover on direct-seeded and transplanted muskmelon production.
Micropropagation of Peperomia and Begonia Species using Petiole Segments
Authors: Ramachandra Srinivasa , Khatamian H.
Published: September 2022

Many species of Peperomia and Begonia are used as indoor foliage plants. Some species, such as P. viridis (3), Peperomia ‘Red Ripple’ (2), and Begonia × tuberhybrida (7), are reported to be easily propagated by tissue culture. However, attempts to regenerate P. sandersii CDC. (1) and P. eburnea (4) by tissue culture have failed. This paper describes procedures for in vitro propagation of P. argyreia E. Morr. ‘Watermelon’, P. caperata Yunck. ‘Emerald Ripple’ and B. erythrophylla J. Neumann ‘Beefsteak’ using petiole segments.
Plant Propagation using an Aero-hydroponics System
Authors: Soffer Hillel , Burger David W.
Published: September 2022

Hydroponic and aeroponic methods have been used to study the propagation and growth of plants (1, 2, 4). A combination of these two methods of liquid culture, aero-hydroponics, has been developed (3). Known as the Ein Gedi System (EGS), this aerohydroponics method incorporates the advantages (buffered nutrient capacity of hydroponics and water oxygenation of aeroponics) of both types of liquid culture. The objective of this study was to compare aero-hydroponics (EGS) and solid media for cutting propagation with and without overhead mist.
‘Bounty’ Peach
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Fogle Harold W. , Gilreath Lenard E. , Patten Kim , Neuendorff Elizabeth W. , Okie William R.
Published: September 2022

‘Bounty’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was released because of its large fruit size, excellent flavor (as judged by us), and productivity, particularly under dry soil conditions of eastern Texas. Its ability to produce fruit of uniform maturity throughout the canopy makes it especially suitable for once-over harvesting. ‘Bounty’ has outstanding potential as a mid-season fresh-market peach for the south-central United States, particularly Texas, and is suggested for trial in the mid-Atlantic and eastern United States.
High Carotene Mass Carrot Population
Authors: Simon Philipp W. , Wolff Xenia Y. , Peterson C. E. , Kammerlohr Dale S. , Rubatzky Vince E. , Strandberg James O. , Bassett Mark J. , White J. M.
Published: September 2022

Carotenes from vegetables and fruits are vitamin A precursors that contribute about half of the vitamin A in the U.S. diet (3) and two-thirds of the world diet (5). Carrots typically contain 65 to 90 ppm carotenes (1) and are estimated to be the major source of carotene for U.S. consumers (3). Few pro-vitamin A sources surpass the carotene content of typical carrots, although red palm oil can contain >825 ppm carotenes (2). Genetic selection for higher carotene levels in carrots could increase the dietary consumption of carotene and consequently vitamin A. A high carotene mass carrot population was developed for use in breeding, genetic, and biochemical studies of carrot (Fig. 1).
Introduction to the Colloquium
Authors: Lamberts Mary L.
Published: September 2022

This colloquium was jointly sponsored by the following ASHS Working Groups: Women in Horticulture, Climatology and Meteorology, Floriculture, Food Quality and Nutrition, Mycorrhiza, Nursery Crops, Ornamentals/Landscape and Turf, Ornamental Plant Breeding, Postharvest, and Vegetable Breeding. The sponsorship of these groups for a colloquium on statistics indicates the wide appeal and universality of concern among the many disparate interest groups within the science of horticulture for this topic.
Pecan Shells as an Organic Component of Container Potting Media
Authors: Wang Tsai-Yih , Pokorny Franklin A.
Published: September 2022

Pecan shells, a waste product of the nut processing industry, were evaluated as a potential container medium component. Raw shells need to be hammer-milled or otherwise transformed into a physically consistent product. Shells were acidic (pH 4.8) and low in soluble salts and water-extractable nutrients. Four shell-based media (100% milled pecan shells, 3 shells: 1 sand, 1 shells: 1 sand, and 1 shells: 3 sand, v/v) were evaluated. Control medium was 1.5 Canadian sphagnum peat: 1 perlite (v/v). Growth of begonia (Begonia semperflorens Link and Otto ‘Scarlet’) and tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Rutgers’) increased linearly as percentage of sand was increased from 0% to 75%. Begonias grown in the 1 shell : 3 sand mix equaled growth and quality of control plants. None of the tomato plants in shell-based media were comparable in growth to the control, because of phytotoxic substances associated with shells and the inadequacy of easily available water of shell-based media. Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ grown in shell-based media were equivalent in size and quality to those in peat-perlite.
Water Management during Tall Fescue Establishment
Authors: Fry Jack D. , Butler Jack D.
Published: September 2022

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine effects of deficit irrigation and pre-plant soil incorporation of a hydrophilic polymer on the establishment of ‘Rebel’ tall fescue. In the field, lysimeters containing a sandy clay loam soil were seeded with tall fescue and irrigated with equivalents of 50% or 100% of the potential evapotranspiration (ETp) (i.e., water used when soil moisture is not limiting) of a mature turf. The low irrigation level resulted in poor germination and stand establishment. Pre-plant incorporation of a hydrophilic polymer (98 kg·ha-1) was ineffective in enhancing seedling survival under dry soil conditions. Greenhouse studies evaluating higher levels of polymer application on tall fescue establishment during drought revealed that the polymer did not reduce plant stress until occupying at least 1.0% of the soil volume to a depth of 12.5 cm. Excessive polymer amounts would be required to achieve this proportion in the field.
Comparison of Controlled-release Fertilizers for Production of Rhododendron ‘Anna Rose Whitney’
Authors: French Christopher J. , Alsbury James
Published: September 2022

Two controlled-release formulations, Nutricote 16N-4.3P-8.3K and Osmocote 18N-2.6P-10K and two application methods, dibbling and incorporation, were compared during production of containerized Rhododendron ‘Anna Rose Whitney’ (R. griersonianum × R. ‘Countess of Derby’). Plants treated with Nutricote produced more vegetative growth than those treated with Osmocote; there was no difference between fertilizers with respect to flower bud set. Dibbling fertilizer produced better growth than incorporation, particularly with Osmocote. Dibbling fertilizer increased flower bud set. There was a negative relationship between soluble salt levels in the growing medium and plant growth.
Heat Treatment for Control of Postharvest Diseases and Insect Pests of Fruits
Authors: Melvin Couey H.
Published: September 2022

Heat treatments have been used to control fungal diseases and insect infestation of fruit for many years. However, with the development of effective fungicides and insecticides, especially fumigants, which could be applied cheaply and easily, interest in heat treatments waned. Stringent short- and long-term safety studies imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has made retention of registration for many agricultural chemicals increasingly difficult. Some of the fumigants, such as ethylene dibromide, which were developed and used to control insects during the past 20 to 30 years, are no longer registered; others may lose registration in the future. These regulatory restrictions also increase the cost of developing new chemical fumigants and, therefore, interest in heat disinfestation has been revived (5).
Ethanol Production from Food Processing Wastes
Authors: Badger Phillip C. , Broder Jacqueline D.
Published: September 2022

Liquid fuels, the most versatile form of energy, primarily are produced from oil. They are subject to wide price fluctuations and critical shortages. Ethanol, which can be used as a liquid fuel or liquid fuel supplement, readily can be produced from starch and sugar feedstocks. Ethanol production from cellulosic sources or biomass can provide renewable, domestically produced fuel from the decentralized sources of U.S. farms and forests. Such production has other stategic implications for the United States, such as strengthening the farm economy, reducing vulnerability to oil boycotts, and reducing the amounts of dollars exported. More information is available on using ethanol in internal combustion engines than any other nonpetroleum-based liquid fuel. For these reasons, ethanol represents the best near-term choice for a liquid fuel from biomass.
Using Waste Energy in Greenhouse Crop Production
Authors: Tiessen Herman
Published: September 2022

The North American greenhouse industry has come under considerable financial stress in the past decade, with numerous firms leaving the industry. The main reason often given was the increased energy costs. Some growers of greenhouse crops have gone out of business because of energy costs. Recently energy costs have stabilized; this change, accompanied with higher returns for domestically grown greenhouse crops, has decreased the growers’ concerns about the energy situation. We would be naive to think that energy costs will not rise again in the future.
Nutritional Stresses in Tomato Genotypes Grown under High-pressure Sodium Vapor Lamps
Authors: Barker Allen V. , Corey Kenneth A. , Craker Lyle E.
Published: September 2022

Three genotypes (‘Heinz 1350’, neglecta-1, yellow-green-5) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during winter under natural light or with natural light supplemented with light from high-pressure sodium vapor (HPS) lamps (200-400 μmol·s-1·m-2). The plants were grown in sand culture with NO-3 or NH+4 nutrition. Symptoms resembling Ca, Mg, K, and P deficiencies developed on the foliage of plants exposed to radiation from HPS lamps. Clustering of short branches in the lateral and terminal growing regions (yg-5) and epinasty (‘Heinz 1350’ and neg-1) developed on the shoots receiving HPS irradiation. Ethylene evolution by the three genotypes was enhanced by the supplemental lighting and NH+4 nutrition. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, and P in the shoots were lower in plants receiving HPS irradiation than in plants grown under natural light. Dry weights of shoots were increased by supplemental lighting relative to the weights of the plants receiving only natural light. Total accumulation of Ca, Mg, K, and P was not suppressed by HPS lighting, indicating that the phytotoxic effects of the lamps was not due to their effects on total nutrient accumulation.
Light Acclimatization in Ptychosperma elegans
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry , McConnell Dennis B.
Published: September 2022

Sun-grown (2100 μmol·s-1·m-2) Ptychosperma elegans palms were acclimatized for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 12 months under shade (570 μmol·s-1·m-2). Plant height was greater in palms grown under shade for 6 months or longer and plant color gradually improved when palms were grown under shade for 2 months or longer. Leaves produced under shade had an undifferentiated mesophyll comprised of isodiametric and rectangular cells. Full sun leaves had a mesophyll with distinct palisade cells and abaxial mesophyll cells comprised of rectangular and isodiametric cells. The mesophyll in both light levels had small intercellular spaces. Sun leaves were replaced under shade at a rate of about one leaf every 3 months. After 10 weeks in an interior environment, the number of green leaves remaining on the palms was directly proportional to the number of shade leaves on the plant before placement in the interior environment and to the length of time the palms had been grown under shade.
Annual Bluegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Evapotranspiration Rates
Authors: Fry Jack D. , Butler Jack D.
Published: September 2022

Potential evapotranspiration (ET) (i.e., ET when soil water is not limiting) rates of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) were determined during two consecutive summers using weighing lysimeters in the field. When evaluated under putting green conditions, significant species differences in ET were observed during several weeks in 1985 and 1986. Differences were small, however, and irrigation requirements should not vary much between these species. Both species exhibited lower water use rates in 1986 when cut at 6 mm (4.6 mm·day-1) than at 12 mm (4.9 mm·day-1). These small differences should not greatly affect water requirements of putting green turf maintained at variable cutting heights. Variability of ET throughout the study periods suggests that water savings could result if ET is monitored, and irrigation adjusted accordingly.
Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Young Orange Trees Grown with High Levels of Silicon
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: September 2022

One-year-old ‘Hamlin’ and 2-year-old ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees on rough lemon (C. limon Burm. f.) rootstock were grown in solution culture for 7 months. The solutions of the two treatments were identical, except for Si. The KNO3 in the –Si solution was substituted by K2SiO3 and NH4NO3 to supply 66 ppm Si in the +Si solution. Solution pH was initially adjusted with HNO3 and NH4OH and maintained at 7 ± 0.5 by addition of dolomite. Plant weight at 28-day intervals showed significant differences in fresh weight increase between treatments only in the first 2 months. Analysis of eight different tree tissues for Si and 14 other elements showed strong correlations between Si levels and levels of P, S, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Mo, especially in the leaves, bark, and feeder roots. Si accumulated mostly in the leaves and the feeder roots, a pattern that was also found in field-grown, 17-year-old ‘Hamlin’ on rough lemon trees.
Evaluation of Slow-release Nitrogen Carriers on Centipedegrass
Authors: Carrow R. N. , Johnson B. J.
Published: September 2022

Several slow-release nitrogen (N) sources, applied as single spring treatments at 98 kg N/ha, were compared to a single application of water-soluble N in April at 98 kg N/ha or 49 kg N/ha applied in April and repeated in June to evaluate their effect on centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] performance. In spring, Escote 100, IBDU (fine, isobutylidene diurea), sulfur-coated urea (SCU) and SCU + AN provided color equal to NH4NO3 (AN), but only treatments containing SCU produced turfgrass quality equal to AN. During the summer, all slow-release N carrier treatments provided turfgrass quality and color that was equal to or better than that provided by AN. Ureaform (UF) resulted in better late fall color than did AN, but fall quality ratings were similar regardless of N source. Thatch accumulation was similar for all treatments and no centipede decline was observed. Leaf N content was not markedly influenced by treatment and no consistent trend in relative growth rate among N sources was apparent. Thus, while no single slow-release N source provided a season-long advantage over AN applied in April, all could be used effectively on centipedegrass.
Growth and Nutrient Status of Celery Seedlings in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization and NO3:NH4 Ratio
Authors: Tremblay Nicolas , Gosselin André
Published: September 2022

Celery seedlings (Apium graveolens L. cv. Florida 683) were seeded in multicell styrofoam trays containing a commercial peat mix. They were irrigated with nutrient solutions containing three N fertilizations (150, 250, or 350 mg N/liter) and three NO3:NH4 ratios (1:1, 2:1, or 3:1) in factorial combinations. Growth measurements and saturated medium extracts were obtained on days 38, 45, and 52 after seeding. Increasing N fertilization increased leaf area and shoot dry weight, but decreased root dry weight and root : shoot ratio. The lowest NO3:NH4 ratio had increased the percentage of shoot dry matter by the end of the experiment. Nitrogen was preferentially taken up as NH4-N. The composition of the fertilizer solution had a greater effect on young celery seedlings than on older ones. A minimum of 250 mg N/Iiter at a NO3:NH4 ratio of 2:1 appears to be adequate for celery seedlings grown in multicells.
In Vitro Shoot Proliferation of Pyrus calleryana from Vegetative Buds
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Harbage James F.
Published: September 2022

In vitro shoot proliferation of Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ was investigated on medium containing BA at 0, 1, 2, 10, or 20 µM in factorial combination with IBA at 0, 0.5, or 5.0 µM. Shoot proliferation increased as BA level increased but the magnitude was reduced as IBA level increased. Greatest shoot proliferation was on medium excluding IBA. Shoots were longest on medium containing 1 or 2 µM BA. Medium with 2 µM BA and 0.5 µM IBA was optimum for shoot proliferation and length. Shoot fasciation increased as BA level increased, but addition of IBA to BA reduced fasciation. Rooting of microcuttings with IBA and sucrose was unsuccessful. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H purin-6-amino (BA); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Isozyme Variation Among Desert Willow Cultivars
Authors: Marquard Robert D. , Tipton Jimmy L. , Skorpenske Richard G.
Published: September 2022

Enzyme expression of desert willow [Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet] was studied for malate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, esterase, diaphorase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase using leaf tissue. Each enzyme was polymorphic and well-resolved by starch gel electrophoresis. One polymorphic region of activity was exhibited by each enzyme, except phosphoglucose isomerase, which produced two polymorphic regions. Malate dehydrogenase or diaphorase and phosphoglucose isomerase can be used to uniquely identify each of the six desert willow cultivars from leaf tissue.
Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Lettuce
Authors: O’Malley P J. , Hartmann R. W.
Published: September 2022

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), a thrips-transmitted virus disease, has become a limiting factor in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production throughout Hawaii and several other areas of the world. In this study, two partially resistant lettuce cultivars, Tinto and PI 342517 (‘Ancora’), were crossed with the susceptible check cultivar Green Mignonette and to each other. Results of resistance tests of the F1 and F2 plants suggest that ‘Tinto’ and PI 342517 have the same genes for resistance and that this resistance is partially dominant.
FLOWERTIPS—A Turbo-Pascal Program for Flower Gardening
Authors: Smith Ronald C. , Askew Robert G. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: September 2022

With thousands of species and named cultivars to choose, it is a challenge to select appropriate plants for landscape applications (3). Selections of annual and perennial plants with specific pictorial characteristics (color, height, longevity, and blooming period), water requirements, and propagation methods can be time-consuming.
‘Flordacres’ Peach
Authors: Sherman W. B. , Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

‘Flordacres’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is released for grower trial by the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station (Fig. 1). It bears attractive fruit with yellow flesh and ripens after ‘Flordaking’ and before ‘June Gold’ in northern Florida.
‘Loomis’ Muscadine Grape
Authors: Lane R. P. , Owen M. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Loomis’ (Fig. 1) is a pistillate-flowered muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) released by the Univ. of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations. ‘Loomis’ is named in recognition of N.H. Loomis, who was the grape breeder at the United States Horticultural Field Station, Meridian, Miss., where it originated.
Scheduling Irrigations for Cucumbers
Authors: Ells James E. , Gordon Kruse E. , McSay Ann E.
Published: September 2022

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) irrigation scheduling was studied during the 4 years of 1983-1986. Tensiometers were used during the first year to determine when to irrigate, and the USDA irrigation scheduling program was used to determine the amount of water to apply. The data from the first year’s study indicated that the plants had not been stressed; therefore, the following year, estimates of the available water depletion were made with the USDA irrigation scheduling program, with tensiometers used only for comparison. After 4 years of study, we concluded that the best combination of high yield, high water use efficiency, and fewest number of irrigations was obtained if cucumbers were irrigated when the original scheduling program determined that 40% of the available water was depleted, applying only 70% of the water that the program indicated was required. This signaled that the program was overestimating the rate at which water was being depleted. Therefore, as a final step, a revised set of cucumber coefficients that approximated daily evapotranspiration (ET) more closely was determined. When using the revised coefficients, cucumbers should receive the exact amount of water called for by the irrigation program.
Influence of Dikegulac Sprays on Shoot Emergence and Growth of Asparagus
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Johnson Clarence , Howard Philamenia
Published: September 2022

Spraying 9-month-old asparagus seedlings (Asparagus officinalis L.) with dikegulac-sodium (atrinal) solutions ranging from 0 to 500 ppm in 100-ppm increments increased the number of new shoots, particularly within the range of 300 to 500 ppm. The response was elicited 4 weeks after the treatment and continued thereafter over the 10 weeks, during which measurements were taken. Dikegulac did not affect the height or the fresh and dry weights of the plants for this first phase. Emergence of new shoots after the plants had been cut off was equally affected by dikegulac; 300 to 500 ppm was still the most effective. However, effectiveness was significant after 2 weeks. The height of plants was significantly reduced by the chemical, but the fresh and dry weights were not affected. At the third phase, none of the growth characteristics, including shoot emergence, was affected by the chemical. This lack of response may be attributable to the depletion of carbohydrate reserves in the fleshy roots. Chemical name used: 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac).
Yield Stability Differences Among Collard Cultivars
Authors: Olson Stephen M. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: September 2022

Eight collard (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) cultivars were evaluated for phenotypic yield stability during 4 years in northern Florida. A cultivar, characterized as possessing stability, performed above average yield in both favorable and unfavorable environments, with minimal deviations between environments. Linear relationships between individual cultivar yields and environmental mean yields were used to statistically evaluate phenotypic stability. Cultivars with mean yields above the grand mean, regression coefficients ≤1, and coefficient of linear determination ≥50% were considered to have phenotypic stability. Using these statistical criteria, only ‘Blue Max’ was considered to have phenotypic yield stability; all other cultivars were considered to be unstable. Selection for improved collard yield adaptability could be performed using empirical formulas already developed.
Honey Bee Foraging Behavior on Ornamental Crabapple Pollenizers and Commercial Apple Cultivars
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Johansen C. A. , Lunden J. D.
Published: September 2022

Data on flower characteristics and honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging behavior were collected on 34 ornamental crabapple and five apple cultivars. Honey bees showed a strong fidelity to foraging on either non-white or white flowers. Nectar reward had little or no correlation to this behavior. Reflectance readings in a blue range (at 436 nm) were more closely correlated with flower-color categories than ultraviolet reflectance. Considering bee behavior and bloom timing, ‘Manchurian’, ‘Snowdrift’, and ‘Golden Hornet’ are potential ornamental crabapple pollenizers for ‘Delicious’ under Pacific Northwest conditions.
A Rapid Method for Determination of Nut Volume of Pecan
Authors: Marquard Robert D.
Published: September 2022

Nut weight and percent kernel are most commonly used to estimate size and kernel development of pecans (Carya illinoensis). However, because of differences in shell thickness, nut specific gravity (NSG) is considered, by some, to be more appropriate than percent kernel as a measure of kernel development (2, 3). Another disadvantage of measuring percent kernel is that it is a time-consuming procedure that requires care in nut cracking and kernel extraction.
The South Atlantic Coast Vegetable Project: A Multistate Team Approach to Research on Alternative Farming Opportunities
Authors: Bauer Larry L. , Epperson James E. , Garrett J. Thomas , Sanders Douglas C.
Published: September 2022

The South Atlantic Coast vegetable project, officially titled “Agricultural Adjustment in the Southeast Through Alternative Cropping Systems”, involves a group of horticulturists and agricultural economists working as an interdisciplinary team. This regional project directly involves three universities—the Depts. of Horticulture and Agricultural Economics at Clemson Univ., the Univ. of Georgia, and North Carolina State Univ.
Blueberry Culture in North America
Authors: Hancock James F. , Draper Arlen D.
Published: September 2022

Blueberries belong to the genus Vaccinium in the heath family Ericaceae. Several sections are agriculturally important, including Cyanococcus (true blueberries), Oxycoccus (cranberries), and Myrtillus (bilberries and whortleberries). Wild representatives of Oxycoccus and Myrtillus are found in both Europe and North America, while Cyanococcus is solely North American.
Physiological Mechanisms Involved with Genotypic Differences in Ion Absorption and Utilization
Authors: Glass Anthony D. M.
Published: September 2022

It is well-known that all plants require at least 16 essential elements for normal growth and development. Yet, even before this group of elements had been defined, fertilizer trials that began at Rothamstead in the 1850s (and continue to the present day) had established that plants differ significantly in their responses to fertilizers and soil amendments and that plant community structure can be dramatically altered by manipulating soil nutrient status (25).
Screening Strategies for Improved Nutrient Uptake and Use by Plants
Authors: Chaney Rufus L. , Bell Paul F. , Coulombe Bruce A.
Published: September 2022

When plant nutrition problems are observed in the field, one is faced with the question “What is the best and most economical way to solve this problem?” Traditionally, workers in both agronomy and horticulture have used soil amendments to correct deficiencies of macro- and micronutrients, and to correct soil pH to avoid Al or Mn toxicity. Horticulturists have had few economic limitations in solving plant nutrition problems because they work with crops with higher production costs and potential profit. Philosophically, we must recognize that some nutrients are removed from soils by cropping, and these must be replaced eventually. We can remove stored nutrients from the soil, but this reduces soil fertility. For elements such as Zn, Cu, Mn, B, and Co, addition of elemental fertilizers is both effective and inexpensive in nearly all cases. Boron, Cu, and Zn fertilization are normal horticultural management practices. Soil testing or plant analysis can identify potential microelement fertility problems and deficiencies can be avoided by timely fertilizer application. Similarly, the pH of the surface soil can be economically raised by limestone to reduce the availability of some toxic ions such as Al and Mn. This approach has been called “Change the soil”.
Genotypic Responses of Vegetable Crops to Nitrogen Nutrition
Authors: Barker Allen V.
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen is used in large amounts by plants, for it is assimilated into many compounds that are essential and principal plant constituents. Proteins, including enzymes, cofactors of enzymatically catalyzed reactions, genetic material, and chlorophyll, are a few of the N-containing components of plants. Because of the major role of N in plant nutrition, it has been suggested that significant improvements in plant genetic resources could be made by increasing the efficiency of N use in crops (Vose, 1963). Increased efficiency in N use may allow for increased crop productivity or quality and permit plants to survive under conditions of limited supplies of N. Manufacture of N fertilizers accounts for about one-third of the energy consumption in agricultural production, or ≈ 1% of the total energy consumption in the United States (Davis and Blouin, 1977). The fraction of total energy consumption represented by manufacture of N fertilizers is small, but some consider this usage to be a significant portion of the total. Costs of N fertilizers, nevertheless, vary with costs of energy. Consideration of conservation and costs have stimulated interests further for developing cultivars that are efficient in N use.
Air and Substrate Temperatures For ‘Atlas’ and ‘Monika’ Alstroemeria
Authors: Keil-Gunderson L. S. , Goldsberry K. L. , Chapman P. L.
Published: September 2022

‘Atlas’ and ‘Monika’ alstroemeria (Alstroemeria hybrida L.) were grown in cooled (12 to 16C) and noncooled (15 to 18C) gravel substrate in four temperature-controlled greenhouse compartments having mean day/night air temperatures of: 20/14, 20/13, 22/13, and 24/14C. Total flower production of ‘Atlas’ in all compartments was 1.6 times greater than for ‘Monika’. The greatest production of ‘Atlas’ occurred with 20C average daytime air temperatures combined with root substrate temperatures 12C to 14C, which favored year-round production. Warmer day temperatures tended to improve flower grade and stem length of ‘Monika’; however, the higher yield in cooler air temperatures outweighed the contributions of warmer air temperatures to quality. ‘Atlas’ stems were significantly longer and of better quality than ‘Monika’ in all temperature regimes.
Origin of Somatic Embryos in Celery Tissue Culture
Authors: Kim Yong-Hwan , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

Somatic embryos were induced from the primary callus of celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Utah Improved #15) arising from leaf blade explants placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium supplemented with 9 μM 2,4-D for 4 weeks and then subcultured to 2,4-D-free MS medium. The histological origin of somatic embryos was from single cells along the surface of callus clumps. Embryos proceeded in a standard developmental pattern through the globular-, heart-, and torpedo-shaped stages. Secondary somatic embryos occurred on the cotyledons and hypocotyls of primary embryos. Chemical names used: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).
In Vitro Propagation of Oxydendrum arboreum from Mature Trees
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Stefani Marcia A.
Published: September 2022

Shoots forced from dormant stems and nodal explants from current season’s growth of a 24-year-old sourwood [Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC] were cultured on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with zeatin. The greatest number of shoots >10 mm was produced with 4 μM zeatin, whereas BA and 2iP were ineffective at the same concentrations. Addition of IAA (5 and 10 μM) to the medium reduced the number of shoots. Thidiazuron (0.0045–0.045 μM) produced a few short shoots. In vitro rooting of the proliferated shoots was enhanced with 2.5 to 10 μM of IBA in the culture medium. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-niten-1-ol (zeatin); N-phenyl-N’-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron, TDZ).
Response of Mycorrhizal Bell Peppers to Inoculation Timing, Phosphorus, and Water Stress
Authors: Waterer Doug R. , Coltman Robert R.
Published: September 2022

Responses of bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) to inoculation with the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus aggregatum (Schenck and Smith emend Koske) were examined under greenhouse and field conditions. Inoculation did not affect tissue P concentrations, growth, or yields in “high”-P soil (0.30 mg P/liter of soil solution) in either the greenhouse or field. In “low”-P soil (0.03 mg P/Iiter), inoculation increased tissue P concentrations, plant weights, and fruit yields relative to noninoculated plants. Tissue P concentrations increased more rapidly after transplanting when seedlings were inoculated at seeding than when inoculation was delayed until transplanting. In the field, total fruit yields and final shoot fresh weights also were higher when transplants were inoculated before transplanting. Water stress reduced fruit yields of plants growing in P-deficient soil less if they were inoculated than if they were not inoculated.
Similarity of Peach Bud Development and Cold Hardiness in Orchards with Different Floor Management Practices
Authors: Sharratt B. S. , Davis G. A. , Ashworth E. N. , Glenn D. M.
Published: September 2022

Orchard floor management has been found to affect the microclimate both seasonally (4) and on radiation frost nights (1, 3). Altering orchard climates by floor management could potentially modify bud hardiness and development due to radiative and convective heat transfer from the soil to the bud. However, information is unavailable to support this contention. This study was designed to investigate peach bud development and hardiness under two different orchard floor management systems.
AC-70-154, A Gummy Stem Blight-resistant Muskmelon Breeding Line
Authors: Norton J. D. , Cosper R. D.
Published: September 2022

Diseases, particularly gummy stem blight [Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm], downy mildew [Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk, and Curt.) Rostow], and powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht) Poll], are major factors limiting production of muskmelon in the southern United States (Anonymous, 1962; Chiu, 1948; Ellis, 1951; Norton and Prasad, 1965; Prasad and Norton, 1967; Winstead et al., 1960). Severe economic losses have been reported in the field, in transit, and in storage. Although satisfactory control of gummy stem blight (GSB), downy mildew (DM), and powdery mildew (PM) may be accomplished with the proper application of organic fungicides during normal weather conditions, chemical control is not effective during periods of high humidity and rainfall. Furthermore, only three cultivars—Chilton, Gulfcoast, and AU-rora-are reported to be resistant to GSB (Norton, 1971; Norton, 1972; Norton et al., 1985). The discovery that plant introduction 140471 had a high level of resistance to GSB (Sowell et al., 1966) led to the initiation of an Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station muskmelon breeding program to develop multiple disease-resistant breeding lines with high yields of excellent-quality fruit (Norton and Prasad, 1965; Prasad and Norton, 1967).
‘Ozark Pink’ VF Tomato
Authors: McFerran J. , Goode M. J. , Scott S. J. , Montgomery F. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Ozark Pink’ VF is an indeterminate, pink-fruited tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) developed at the Univ. of Arkansas to replace ‘Traveler 76’ (2), which is susceptible to verticillium wilt. ‘Ozark Pink’ provides the excellent flavor quality of traditional Arkansas pink tomatoes with improved fruit size and disease resistance over ‘Traveler 76’. Fruits also are larger and firmer than ‘VF Pink’ (3), which was grown primarily in southeastern Arkansas. ‘Ozark Pink’ is adapted to stake culture and vine-ripe harvest for local market, shipping short distances and for home gardens throughout Arkansas and the Ozark Mountain area. Pink cultivars remain the most popular type sold as bedding plants and at roadside stands in Arkansas, although part of the commercial acreage now grows red-fruited cultivars.
Rootstock Effect on Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of ‘Redhaven’ Peach Trees
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Cummins James N.
Published: September 2022

Foliar nutrient concentrations of ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] on its own roots and budded on eight rootstocks [vegetatively propagated GF 655-2, ‘Damas’ (GF 1869), ‘Amandier’ (GF 677), and ‘Citation’, and seedlings of ‘Hal-ford’, ‘Lovell’, ‘Bailey’, and ‘Siberian C’] were analyzed for two seasons. Rootstocks selected for calcareous soils (‘Amandier’, ‘Damas’, and GF 655-2) were the most efficient in accumulation of nutrients other than Mg and B, for which they were the least efficient. For N and P, the levels of foliar nutrients were within proposed sufficiency ranges, regardless of the rootstock. Foliar levels of K and Zn were below the sufficiency range for all rootstocks tested. Differences among rootstocks were most evident in the foliar levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, and Cu. Rootstock had a small but significant effect on the foliar nutrient concentration.
Irrigation, Fertilization, and Polyethylene Covers Influence Bud Development in Prickly Pear
Authors: Nerd Avinoam , Karady Avraham , Mizrahi Yosef
Published: September 2022

With the aim of inducing early cropping, the effects of irrigation, fertilization, and polyethylene covering on bud emergence were studied in a 1-year-old plantation of prickly pear (Opuntia fucus-indica Mill.) established on sandy soil in the western Negev desert of Israel. Interruption of either irrigation and fertilization (N, P, K) or of irrigation in winter reduced the number of floral buds per plant and slightly delayed their emergence when compared to plants receiving continuous irrigation and fertilization. Polyethylene covering placed over the plants from mid-February to the end of March induced early floral bud emergence associated with early flowering, but was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of floral buds per plant.
Fruit Morphology of Red Raspberry and Its Relationship to Fruit Strength
Authors: Robbins JoAnn , Sjulin Thomas M.
Published: September 2022

Morphological characteristics of whole red raspberry fruit (weight, density), drupelets (height, diameter, number), receptacle cavities (depth, diameter), and pits (individual weight) were measured three times in 1983 on five cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and three times in 1984 on 10 cultivars. Fruit strength, measured by compression and cohesion, was also recorded. Across all genotypes, compression and cohesion measurements were highly correlated with fruit weight, drupelet height and number, receptacle cavity depth, and individual pit weight. Drupelet height, drupelet number, receptacle cavity depth and width, and individual pit weight provided the largest component contribution to both cohesive strength and compression strength by path analysis.
Vole Population Shifts Related to Rodenticide Usage
Authors: Byers R. E. , Carbaugh D. H.
Published: September 2022

Rodenticides applied in an apple orchard and containing zinc phosphide caused a shift in mixed pine (Microtus pinetorum) and meadow (M. pennyslvanicus) vole populations to more pine voles. The anticogulant, chlorophacinone (Rozol-pelleted formulation, CPN) caused a shift to more meadow voles. A lacquered wheat formulation of CPN was as effective as the Rozol-pelleted formulation when broadcast or hand-placed under shingles and appeared to weather better than Rozol. Cholecalciferol (Quintox-pelleted formulation) and one of the zinc phosphide (Ridall-pelleted formulation) formulations were not effective rodenticides. Chemicals used: 2-(p-chlorophenyl) phenylacetyl [-1,3-indanione [Rozol 0.005% chlorophacinone (CPN)]; 3-[3-(4’-bromo[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-y)-3-hydroxy-l-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one [Maki 0.005% Bromodialone (BDL)]; cholecalciferol [Quintox 0.075% Vitamin D3 (vit D3)]; Zn3P2 pellet zinc phosphide [ZP Rodent Bait AG —2%, W-ZP Rodent Bait AG Zinc phosphide (ZnP)].
Modeling Stem Elongation of Easter Lilies Grown Under Various Production Schemes
Authors: Hammer P. Allen , Hopper Douglas A.
Published: September 2022

Regression analysis of the height of ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ over time was used to develop prediction equations of Easter lily height (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.). Case-cooled (cooled before planting) and controlled-temperature-forced (cooled following planting) bulbs that received 6 or 7 weeks of cooling required different equations to predict height. Case-cooled bulbs precooled 6 weeks required 7.4 and 6.1 weeks of forcing for shoots to reach 50% of their final height for ‘Nellie White’ and ‘Ace’, respectively. Controlled-temperature-forced bulbs precooled 6 weeks required 11.1 and 9.0 weeks of forcing for shoots to reach 50% of their final height for ‘Nellie White’ and ‘Ace’, respectively. The equations provide a baseline of lily elongation over time.
Preemergence Weed Control in Statice
Authors: Gilreath James P.
Published: September 2022

Preemergence herbicides for weed control in field-grown statice [Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill.], applied pretransplant, with a second posttransplant application over the top of the crop before flowering, were evaluated. DCPA, oxadiazon, and oxyfluorfen generally provided safe, efficacious weed control in the first experiment (1984) and were further evaluated in the second experiment (1985), wherein crop vigor and yield were not reduced. Control of most weeds was good with DCPA, oxadiazon, and oxyfluorfen; however, crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control with oxyfluorfen was inconsistent in both experiments and decreased late in the season. Chemical names used: dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzene-dicarboxylate (DCPA); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene (oxyfluorfen).
Establishment of Kentucky Bluegrass Sod Following Application of Herbicides
Authors: Reicher Z. J. , Christians N. E.
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of several preemergence herbicides and of fenoxaprop, a postemergence herbicide, on establishment of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod. Fenoxaprop was applied at 0.20 and 0.40 kg·ha-1 28 and 14 days before sod harvest and 14 and 28 days after sod laying. Three preemergence herbicides, bensulide at 8.43 kg·ha-1, DCPA at 11.80 kg·ha-1, and pendimethalin at 1.69 kg·ha-1, were applied over the top of the freshly laid sod. All applications of fenoxaprop at 0.40 kg·ha-1 were phytotoxic by 14 days after application 8 weeks after sod laying in 1986. Fenoxaprop at 0.28 (1987 only) and 0.40 kg·ha-1 caused phytotoxicity on three of the four application dates, and fenoxaprop at 0.20 kg·ha-1 discolored the turf when applied 14 days before sod harvest. None of the treatments affected rooting 4 or 8 weeks after sod laying in 1987. Chemical names used: 0,(0-bis(1-methylethyl)-S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl]phosphorodithioate (bensulide); dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl) oxy]phenoxy] propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin).