bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sous l'invocation du Sud : la Voix dans la fiction sudiste et l'œuvre de Shelby Foote
Authors: Carmignani Paul
Published: October 2015

Southern literature, which is rooted in the tradition of story-telling/story-listening and repeatedly describes places and characters as being surrounded with a halo of echoes and stories, lends itself to an exploration of the essential interrelatedness of Voice and Fiction. A short examination of Foote's works reveals 1) that initiation into the realm of the written word often takes place only after the would-be novelist immerses himself in some sort of flumen verborum or exposes himself to an oracular voice echoing myths and legends — a necessary rite for the novelist to find his own authorial voice, 2) that fiction-writing is basically a vocal art and that voice, however ephemeral it may sound, is the unsubstantial fabric literature is made of.
Voix et autorité dans End Zone, de Don DeLillo
Authors: Happe François
Published: October 2015

End Zone may be read as the failure of two voices trying to assert their authority : the voice of the narrator, Gary Harkness, whose mastery over his own narrative is challenged by a parasitic, « authorial voice », and the voice of the single-minded coach, Creed, « a landlocked Ahab » embarked on the doomed pursuit of the original univocality of the Word. In a quasi-entropic movement, both voices, falling victims to « language's infinite treachery », lapse into silence.
Amos ’n’ Andy. Les avatars d’un stéréotype ethnique
Authors: Royot Daniel
Published: October 2015

Throughout the Thirties, the Amos "n" Andy radio series was authored and played by Cornell and Gosden, two white showmen who impersonated Black characters from the Chicago South Side ghetto. Derived from the stereotypes of the minstrel and the Zip Coon, Amos, Andy and their entourage thus provided the public a popular urban comedy of manners. Such a portrayal of life in the Depression was denounced as racist by the NAACP, but most listeners, whether white or black, saw a burlesque métaphore of the years of crisis in the makeshift attitude of the two comic underdogs.
Hard Times Blues. The 1930’s as Reflected in Song
Authors: Copans Sim
Published: October 2015

Cet article recense un certain nombre de thèmes évoqués dans les chants populaires des années trente — misère sociale, revendications syndicales, soutien à la politique du New Deal. On trouve dans cette production authentique, souvent naïve et savoureuse, l'écho direct des préoccupations du peuple américain de l'époque.
La ville américaine dans le cinéma de science-fiction américain
Authors: Hougron Alexandre
Published: October 2015

American science fiction movies generally contain the most achieved and suggestive urban fantasies. All representations of the American city in such movies mostly depend on two components : Myth and History. Symbolized as the achievement of a noble Humanity, the city is often presented as suffering form the harsh assaults of a hostile and alien identity : monsters, or extraterrestrial beings. A second representation, depicting the cities under nightmarish features, came later and is to be related to the recent evolution of American cities. In such movies as Blade Runner, Invasion Los Angeles, Terminator, or Robocop, the enemy is no more an extraneous entity, but it spreads out from the corrupted heart of the decaying city, and one can see in this interiorization of the evil forces threatening the city dwellers the long way covered since the confident days of the consumer society to the present-day fears of American life.
American Labor History in Six Recent Documentaries
Authors: Chamorand Elisabeth
Published: October 2015

Pourquoi y a-t-il relativement peu de documentaires sur l'histoire ouvrière américaine, et tant de difficultés de distribution et de financement ? L'étude de six documentaires récents montre que l'intérêt de ces films dépend de la coopération active des ouvriers interviewés ; le documentaliste ne parvient à l'obtenir que si les ouvriers se sentent impliqués dans un projet militant visant à changer l'ordre social.
Knocking the Paste Eye out of the Idol: the Second Death of George Armstrong Custer
Authors: Rolland Marc
Published: October 2015

Peu d'événements ont autant frappé l'imagination collective des Américains que la mort de George A. Custer. Sanglante humiliation des tuniques bleues, mort expiatoire d'un héros solaire, bourde militaire absurde et sanglante, quel que soit le jugement objectif que l'on porte sur cette tragédie, celle-ci entra aussitôt dans la légende. Il était dès lors fatal qu'un tel personnage trouve une place émérite dans le « western » né quelques années à peine après les faits. Aux questions éternelles soulevées par cet étonnant personnage — son ascension météorique, sa personnalité, son éventuelle désobéissance — , les années plus récentes ont ajouté une identité manichéenne. En effet, on a voulu camper Custer dans un rôle de massacreur d'Indiens. Ce rôle de bouc émissaire, d'idole déboulonné avec ferveur, était-il plus juste que l'icône héroïque ?
Dances With Wolves : un Indien peut en cacher un autre
Authors: Rigal-Cellard Bernadette
Published: October 2015

Costner's film has been hailed as a politically correct testimonial dedicated to the truth about the Indians. My argument is to show how, on the contrary, Dances contains all the ingredients of the classical western and reactualizes Euro-American myths about the West and the Native Americans which it misrepresents, while it rehabilitates the good and noble white male yearning for physical and spiritual wholeness.
Le cercle, la schize et le miroir : notes sur les figures de l’autre chez Michael Cimino
Authors: Chauvin Serge
Published: October 2015

Cimino's films take up several motifs and forms borrowed from Western movies as they describe the primarily violent confrontation between ethnic and/or social communities — as best exemplified and thematized both by the history of the Far West and by the Vietnam War. Cimino describes communities as closed, hermetic circles forbidding any linear trajectory. The outsider, first othered, may be taken up again by the communal circle, as a mirror image, a double and an object of desire, but only through a frontal, deadly duel.
Race Factor in the US Presidential Politics: Elevating the Dialogue
Authors: Okebaram Uwah Godwin
Published: October 2015

This article argues that although the US has made significant gains in race relations, race still plays a major if not decisive role in who is elected president. Examining how the major candidates in the 1992 presidential election manipulated and exploited race and race-based issues to gain or not to lose votes, the paper posits that race relations and concomitant problems could improve if the racial dialogue is elevated to a new politically palatable discourse.
American Psycho, American Censorship and the Dahmer Case
Authors: Zaller Robert
Published: October 2015

Cet essai explore la controverse autour de la publication du roman de Brett Easton Ellis, American Psycho. Cet ouvrage, rappelé par la maison d'édition à la suite de violentes critiques juste avant la publication, décrit un tueur dont le profil saisissant avait provoqué toute une gamme de commentaires. La raison d'une réaction hostile de la critique vient de ce que l'ouvrage donne une « formulation violente et particulière du rituel capitaliste de consommation insensée ». Nous soulignerons ici le contraste entre l'accueil fait à American Psycho et la réaction au cas Jeffrey Dahmer dont les crimes, bien que réels, furent considérés moins dangereux pour l'ordre public que ceux de son homologue fictif.
La Bannière étoilée en Amérique latine : un symbole contesté
Authors: Vagnoux Isabelle
Published: October 2015

This paper describes the official U.S. reactions first in the United States, then in Latin America, to the desecration of the American flag. A crime for some, a simple form of expression for others, the issue has given rise to heated debates in the United States. In Latin America, defiling the Stars and Stripes is just another aspect of endemic anti-Americanism, and Washington very rarely responds except when important political interests are at stake. Only twice did the insult — though purely symbolical — to the U.S. flag lead to severe conflicts : with Mexico in 1914, and with Panama in 1964.
Hollywood et la France, 1896-1930
Authors: Portes Jacques
Published: October 2015

French-American rivalry about movies is frequent nowadays, but it begun with the cinema itself. During a short period, around 1908, cinema was really international and a French producer as Pathé was successful in the United States. Rapidly, American companies became stronger, due to a large internal market. First World War gave way to an American hegemony over Europe ; France tried to resist, economically and ideologically but could only limit American invasion. Before the triumph of the talking film, Hollywood'strength was solidly built in France ; it never went backwards.
L’identité ethnique des Franco-Américains du Maine
Authors: Marche Guillaume
Published: October 2015

Unlike other ethnie minorities, or sexual minorities, and in spite of their numbers, Franco-Americans do not make themselves visible. Their history is one of gradual acculturation. But they are adamant that the French culture is still alive, although it was dramatically affected by social change in the 1950's. Most Franco-Americans think of their ethnic group as a success of the Melting Pot. But this rather tends to show that they are not ready to face their status as a minority.
Langue populaire américaine et dictionnaires : quelques remarques sociolexicographiques
Authors: Bejoint Henri
Published: October 2015

Although the « popular language » concept is never referred to as such, a socio-lexicographic analysis reveals that popular speech in the US is a form of spontaneous, everyday-life English which comprises characteristics alien to British English ; it is a linguistic emblem of independence. Paradoxically, many Americans take a conservative view of linguistic usage. A discrepancy is therefore visible between the Americans' practice of popular speech and their dislike of linguistic permissiveness.
Le rock, entre la marge et la masse
Authors: Chastagner Claude
Published: October 2015

Critics have often debated the value of rock music. Should it be regarded as the ' standardized product of mass culture or rather as the true expression of the people ? No definite answer can be given insofar as rock music, whose success relies on the American business organization, has repeatedly tried to sever its links with mass consumption and assert itself as a popular counter-culture. However, no rock movement has remained counter-cultural for long before being absorbed by the logic of the marketplace. Such cyclical movements lend its value to rock music, whose true nature lies in this dynamic, regenerative process.
Musique noire tous publics : la recette Motown
Authors: Knecht-Bechdolff Gabrielle
Published: October 2015

A multi-media entertainment concept as well as a record company, Motown was born in the socially transitional 50's. Its founder Berry Gordy was the intuitive entrepreneur capable of using his musical, social, and economic backgrounds to build a monumental cross-over business which, for the first time in history, unified the previously separate rhythm'n'blues and pop audiences on a massive scale. Purists find that this global breakthrough was completed at the expense of the black musical heritage and the African-American identity, not to mention the fact that culture ought not to be weighed in terms of dollars. But then, the Motown phenomenon can only be measured within the American context in which all enterprise, including culture, is valued « at the bottom line ».
Italy: an Object of Demonstration in Wilson’s Foreign Policy. Retrospects of the Fiume Appeal of April 23, 1919
Authors: Rossini Daniela
Published: October 2015

En appelant directement à l'opinion publique italienne pour faire céder le gouvernement de Rome sur l'épineuse question de l'Adriatique, le président Woodrow Wilson, de l'avis de nombreux historiens, commit non seulement une maladresse tactique, mais une grossière erreur psychologique lors de la Conférence de la Paix de 1919 si l'on en juge par le tollé nationaliste que son initiative allait provoquer en Italie. Le présent article montre qu'en fait son attitude à propos de Fiume découlait logiquement de la piètre opinion que le président des États-Unis — comme nombre de ses contemporains — se faisait des dirigeants italiens, de sa propension au messianisme et au moralisme diplomatiques et, plus généralement, de la méconnaissance américaine des réalités, aspirations et susceptibilités européennes.
Policy as Myth and Myth as Policy: the Monroe Doctrine in Recent Central American Policies of the United States
Authors: Krakau Knud
Published: October 2015

Cet article propose de prendre de nouveau au sérieux la vénérable doctrine de Monroe comme mythe politique — comme le dernier acte du puissant drame historique de « la création de la république américaine ». A partir de sources anthropologiques et sociopsychologiques, cinq catégories (intangibilité, perception, prescription, projection, conciliation des contradictions) sont développées puis utilisées pour examiner la récente politique latino-américaine des Etats-Unis. Vue sous cet angle, la doctrine de Monroe continue de servir d'utile instrument d'analyse.
Socialismo o muerte : vingt-cinq ans de turbulences entre les Etats-Unis et Cuba (1968-1993)
Authors: Vagnoux Isabelle
Published: October 2015

Ever since 1960, Cuba has been targeted as public enemy number one by Washington. No matter who is in the White House, hostility has always prevailed, part of it owing to Castro's adventurism abroad. After the coercive and military actions of the 1960's, US-Cuban relationships, except for a few episodes, have turned into cold hostility, occasionally resorting to mutual black-mail. Yet, the various foreign policy actors in Washington hardly share uniform views and the growing role of the Cuban exile community in US decision making is not to be overlooked.
La supériorité militaire soviétique : l’alibi et l’instrument de l’hégémonie américaine
Authors: Lépinasse Pierre
Published: October 2015

The end of the Cold War following the collapse of the Soviet system caused many, on being told about the sorry state of the USSR's whole economy and industry, to wonder why and how the Red army had been built into such an ominous threat. After reviewing a number of American books and journals from 1944 to 1993, one may come to surmise that Moscow's purposely inflated power was used as an alibi to federally subsidize private corporations, with the taxpayers' money, so as to make them highly competitive in world markets.
Le yoyo de l’histoire : Vineland de Pynchon
Authors: Chorier Bénédicte
Published: October 2015

In Vineland, published in 1990, Thomas Pynchon turns back to American history, from the early days of the settlers to the Reagan era. Past and present are intimately mixed into a narrative, in a yoyo-like movement between the two poles. This paper explores the way history is written into the original space of Vineland county and shows how, despite the apparently linear progression of the story, Pynchon's unstable prose challenges not so much past history as the present.
Innocence and Guilt in William H. Gass’s The Tunnel
Authors: Maniez Claire
Published: October 2015

The Tunnel de William H. Gass, qui doit sortir fin 1994 après une gestation de près de trente ans, représente l'aboutissement de l'œuvre de l'auteur, essais et fiction confondus. En utilisant comme narrateur un historien, auteur d'un ouvrage sur l'Allemagne nazie qui trahit ses tendances fascistes, Gass pose de façon aiguë le problème du « cadrage » de la réalité par le langage. La forme autobiographique du récit amène le lecteur à s'identifier (fût-ce partiellement) avec le narrateur, mais aussi à prendre ses distances avec une conscience pervertie qui annule la différence entre langage et réalité, entre fiction et histoire.
L’histoire et la refiguration de l’instant : White Noise de Don DeLillo
Authors: Couturier Maurice
Published: October 2015

White Noise can be considered, in Leclair's terms, as « a systems novel », like Gravity's Rainbow or The Public Burning ; yet, it is also acutely concerned with history in the making and with the fictionalization of the present through its instant recycling by the media. The narrator and protagonist shifts from a total involvement in the present moment to a tragic preoccupation with his individual future after the pollution alert, but he is never able to achieve that « refiguration » which, for Ricceur, constitutes the main strategy to try and beat the aporia of time.
Réconciliation dans Moon Palace de Paul Auster
Authors: Coulomb-Buffa Chantal
Published: October 2015

In Moon Palace, Paul Auster « lets the story be » and does not allow his text to be submitted to any technical deconstructive process. His « excessive » story-telling however, does not mean that he has returned to the realm of old-time mimesis. His writing keeps questioning the infinite power of text to generate itself and the impossibility to reach any original truth. Far from reflecting reality, stories are for Auster a means of capturing the ontological experience of things.
Facettes du lobbying : l’Amérique est-elle à vendre ?
Authors: Deysine Anne
Published: October 2015

Lobbying is an integral part of the American political system at all levels and is here to stay in spite of the harsh criticisms leveled at special interests and of the development of the « revolving door » system. The primary targets of interest groups are members of Congress (especially members of the HR & Senate powerful committees) accused of being bought by gifts and PAC contributions. But the methods (expertise, grassroots mobilization, media campaigns, gifts, campaign contributions and legal action) are also used by the President, public-interest groups and foreign firms and governments. The best example is Japan which spends more than 500 million $ a year in order to create a « Japan-friendly » climate and is blamed for America's loss of competitiveness.
Financing of Elections and Lobbying: the Role of PACs in the 1992 Elections
Authors: Alexander Herbert E.
Published: October 2015

Les tentatives de réforme du financement des campagnes électorales, longtemps dans l'impasse, ont finalement abouti à l'adoption de cinq lois importantes dans les années 1970 mais une nouvelle réforme s'impose due aux conséquences non souhaitées et non souhaitables de la législation telle qu'elle a été modifiée par un arrêt de la Cour Suprême, en particulier la prolifération des PACs. Les chiffres montrent une dépendance accrue des Représentants et des Sénateurs (vis-à-vis de ces contributions) souvent accusés de se laisser acheter par les lobbies. Le délicat équilibre entre 1er amendement (garantir la liberté de parole) et le 5e amendement (égaliser l'accès à l'arène politique) n'est pas encore atteint.
Pouvoir formel et pouvoir informel à l’échelon local : le cas de New York
Authors: Pouzoulet Catherine
Published: October 2015

In 1992, the New York City Council voted a waste management plan which called for the building of a giant incinerator in the Brooklyn Navy Yard and an extensive recycling program to help reduce New York's waste. The vote was the outcome of intense brokering. For more than a decade, the plan had been held up by political conflict pitting city officials against environmentalists and community groups. The case-study which chronicles the decision-making process demonstrates how grassroots lobbying was ultimately defeated and evaluates whether the current disjunction between the formal requirements of citizen participation and political representation and the informal power structure of the « urban regime » does not pose a threat to the democratic nature of the global city.
Réserves de la crise dans The Scarlet Letter
Authors: Sammarcelli Françoise
Published: October 2015

This paper examines the inscription of crisis in an excerpt from ch. 7 of The Scarlet Letter. Crisis must be thought of in terms of uncertainty and disruption in a text which resorts to description in order to defer confrontation and explores the dialectic of specularity the same and the other. The passage highlights the power of and can be read as a scene of embedded observation which calls iconic and linguistic representation into question through effects of distortion, reflections and reduplication. Thus the text dramatizes the displacement of codes while the crisis of authority is aesthetically transmuted into a moment of critique.
Interrogations sur le seuil (critique) des quatre romans de William Gaddis
Authors: Félix Brigitte
Published: October 2015

As Frank Kermode put it in The Sense of an Ending, « crisis, however facile the conception, is inescapably a central element in our endeavours towards making sense of our world ». Because of the emphasis on the subject of origins and causes in W. Gaddis's work, questioning the notion of critical moment in relation to the opening page of each novel appears as a way to reexamine the complexity of Gaddis's fictional world. From a survey of the various critical situations at the start, we will move onto a characterization of the beginning as an impossible moment which challenges the reader's desire to enter the « house of fiction ».
Theoretical Reflections on Crises and Revolutions
Authors: Portis Larry
Published: October 2015

Les crises ne sont pas seulement des événements : la notion même de crise est une construction conceptuelle et un outil méthodologique. La nature de la crise en tant que phénomène historique a changé au cours du XIXe siècle et c'est sa récurrence qui conduit à l'idée de révolution. En effet les crises cycliques liées aux mutations économiques ont été si régulières qu'un changement révolutionnaire est devenu envisageable pour un nombre croissant de personnes. Les débats idéologiques du XXe siècle ont été conditionnés par ces considérations et la persistance des crises rend l'idée de révolution toujours actuelle.
Lake Street dans les années 30 : un quartier noir de Chicago et la crise économique.
Authors: Pauillac Myriam
Published: October 2015

For Blacks in Chicago the economic depression of 1929 began to show its signs as early as 1928. Concentrated in low wage employments they quickly found themselves replaced by their white counterparts or fired altogether. For those who lived in Lake Street, located on the West Side of the City, the depression gave the opportunity to renew their ties as a community, and redefined the meaning of self- help and responsibility to the community. In the same manner, it is in the depression era that a key structural change, one of the most important after emancipation, was to take place. For it is at that time that the gradual but slow conversion of African Americans from the Republican Party to the Democratic Party was to take place.
Familles afro-américaines en crise
Authors: Le Dantec-Lowry Hélène
Published: October 2015

The arguments used by social scientists regarding a crisis of African-American kinship system are examined. Recent research has often countered Moynihan's thesis, focusing on the resistance of Black kin networks or on the adverse conditions faced by Blacks. The debate on this subject is shown to have evolved depending on the political context. It is argued here that a study of black families should take into account cultural specificities as well as the economic position of the Blacks and their minority status. The discussion centers on female-headed families and teenage mothers, emphasizing that the problems they face may also be present in other groups, and thus suggesting that the family crisis may be a more general phenomenon in American society.
La révolution industrielle, progrès technique ou crise de l’économie de marché ? Le cas des Etats-Unis, 1800-1850
Authors: Gervais Pierre
Published: October 2015

Interpretations of the industrial revolution in the United States have revolved so far around technical or managerial breakthroughs combining with various « pre-conditions » to bring about the contemporary industrial order. But up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, economic agents in a market economy were primarily concerned with controlling that market through cartels and monopolies, and were not necessarily interested in productivity. This paper argues that the rush to increase productivity, and the accompanying technical progress, were solutions developed to answer a growing crisis of political and social institutions increasingly unable to regulate an expanding market economy.
The Economic Crisis in the United States: How Much Crisis, How Much Rhetoric?
Authors: Otte George
Published: October 2015

Depuis la fin de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, les États-Unis ont subi neuf récessions. La dernière en date a coïncidé presque exactement avec l'élection présidentielle de 1992 et avec une importante restructuration de l'économie américaine, ce qui a attiré sur elle une attention exagérée. Elle est considérée comme une vraie crise économique, parce qu'on lui impute l'augmentation du chômage des cadres supérieurs des grandes sociétés jusque-là protégés, un déclin général des salaires sans rapport avec elle et la très lente reprise de l'économie qui l'a suivie. Pourtant, si l'on examine cette récession de façon purement statistique, elle fut courte et modérée, l'une des moins sévères depuis la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. La crise économique dont les États-Unis auraient souffert au début des années 90 est fondée sur des discours plutôt que sur des faits.
La crise intérieure et la politique étrangère des Etats-Unis
Authors: Guerlain Pierre
Published: October 2015

The United States has been in the grip of a declinist discourse for several decades, the Gulf War notwithstanding. This domestic crisis has had an impact on international relations and prompted U.S. authorities and business leaders to devise new global strategies. Even if the cultural dimension appears to be gaining strength in the US approach to international relations, the traditional aims of America's foreign policy since World War II have not changed in a significant way.
L’éternel féministe : un discours critique et ses mythes
Authors: Joubert Claire
Published: October 2015

This study proposes to evaluate the efficacy of feminist criticism since it established its original programme in resistance to a critical and canonical tradition ruled by phallic « universals ». Whilst my reading recognizes the incisiveness of the new tools, especially in the concept of « gender », it regrets the loss of critical power resulting from a textual practice based around what has to appear as a reactionary, reflectionist and subjectivist aesthetics. Relying on a set of myths (feminist Fables, mother-theories, mother-texts), it inverts, therefore fails to subvert, the fundamental tropes of patriarchal discourse.
Qu’est-ce qu’elles veulent encore ? Un regard freudien sur la critique littéraire féministe
Authors: Lemardeley-Cunci Marie-Christine
Published: October 2015

Between gynocriticism and the Freudian psychoanalytic interpretation of feminity the divide seems difficult to bridge. Yet some conceptual haze has obscured the issue. While gynocriticism has mapped a new literary landscape for women, psychoanalytic criticism is probing textual traces. The invention of a new reading style combining theory and autobiography stems from an intimate inquiry into what a woman wants.
Le pouvoir politique mexicain-américain : illusion ou réalité ?
Authors: Vagnoux Isabelle
Published: October 2015

Present in ever-increasing numbers on the U.S. territory, Mexican Americans are trying to recover some of the political clout they lost back in 1848. The elections of 1992 marked a significant rise in Mexican or, more generally, Hispanic politics, following over a century of apathy and discrimination. After a brief historical survey, this paper proposes to fathom the reality of Mexican-American power in the United States and to discuss the optimism that accompanied the election returns of 1992.
Salem Re-visited: Sexuality and the American University
Authors: Russo Gloria
Published: October 2015

Les campus américains connaissent aujourd'hui une vague sans précédent de procès pour harcèlement sexuel. Les diverses interprétations que l'on peut en donner sont peu satisfaisantes. Cependant, étudié dans le contexte du monde très clos du campus américain, le phénomène, ainsi que les nouveaux codes qui définissent le harcèlement sexuel, deviennent plus compréhensibles.
Corps féminin et échange symbolique : d’Edith Wharton à Ellen Glasgow
Authors: Intissar-Zaugg Brigitte
Published: October 2015

New Yorker Edith Wharton and Virginian Ellen Glasgow are often associated by literary critiques as both wrote novels of and were staunch defenders of the feminine cause. This article deals with their positions toward marriage and the financial dependence of woman through the portrayal of three female characters : Lily Bart in The House of Mirth (1905) and Undine Spragg in The Custom of the Country (1913) by E. Wharton, and Dorinda Oakley in Barren Ground (1925) by E. Glasgow. We shall use as a basis Claude Lévi-Strauss s and Pierre Legendre's remarks on the subject of exchange, as well as Charlotte Perkins Gilman's reflections on marriage. The three heroines are all confronted with marriage at some point in their lives ; none of them really reaches her goal and can be said to be truly happy. Of the three, only Dorinda manages to come to terms with the life she has made for herself, thereby revealing that Glasgow went one step further than Wharton in the advancement of the feminine cause.
Dire la femme nouvelle : quelques stratégies narratives chez Ellen Glasgow, Kate Chopin et Willa Cather
Authors: Pitavy-Souques Danièle
Published: October 2015

Turn-of-the-century women writers have used strategies inspired from avant-garde painting and political discourse, and reversed the traditional theme of the scapegoat to both reject conventional images of women and present the New Woman.
Observations transatlantiques : les américanistes français et les Etats-Unis
Authors: Guerlain Pierre
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is to study the professional relationship between French American Studies specialists with their American colleagues and to analyze the specific contributions they, along with many other non-Americans, make to the field. As outsiders the French may have to overcome a geographic and cultural handicap but they also provide their American colleagues with fresh view-points and angles to tackle the many facets of American life. The relationship between insiders and outsiders is often central to a mutual widening of perceptions. America itself is made up of a collection of outsider groups, and the marginalized and forgotten within American society are in a similar position vis-à-vis mainstream society as foreign analysts are in relation to America. Their perceptions of America enrich the whole culture of the United States which, probably more than other countries, has a "common culture that is multicultural." Foreign observers, who work with Americans and in American institutions, often prove to be a boon to Americans themselves who might be too immersed in their cultural milieu to perceive what they take for granted. In the same way as Americanists the world over obviously benefit from the work of their American counterparts, the field of American Studies can only be enriched by transnational observation and cooperation.
L’institutionnalisation de l’environnementalisme aux Etats-Unis remise en cause par l’écologisme
Authors: Duban François
Published: October 2015

Environmentalism was rapidly institutionalized in the early seventies. With a body of environmental laws, specific institutions and powerful lobbies in Washington, mainstream environmentalism was designed to handle environmental problems efficiently. This approach has been criticized by radical environmentalists who question the dominant anthropocentric social paradigm for the sake of other species. It has given rise to a form of biocentric fundamentalism, precluding any policy based on compromise, jeopardizing American democratic tradition.
L’écologie américaine et son avenir politique
Authors: Djahansouz Gelareh
Published: October 2015

Modern American environmentalism, which can be traced to the 19th-century Conservation Movement, emerged in the late 1960s. In spite of some organizational and ideological weaknesses it has become a popular and political force. Ideology and partisanship, however, have shaped the environmental programs of the recent administrations. Whereas Republicans concentrate on economic priorities, the current Democratic administration has endorsed environmental ones as a flagship issue in its battle with Congress.
L’internement des américano-japonais pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale
Authors: McCollum Feeley Francis
Published: October 2015

The multicultural movement in the United States today is a collective post-Cold War attempt by ethnic minorities to redress long-standing grievances. The Japanese American community constitutes one part of this new political/cultural coalition. This essay describes the historical experiences of this particular ethnic minority in an effort to explain why many Japanese Americans today identify strongly with a social movement calling for the formal recognition of ethnic diversity within the United States and an end to institutionalized racism.
« Faire parler le silence de la folie » : le projet de Charles Brockden Brown
Authors: Amfreville Marc , Jaworski Philippe , Marçais Dominique
Published: October 2015

With the ambition of providing the United States with a national literature moving away from the "Gothic chimeras" of his English contemporaries, C.B. Brown (1771-1810) called upon science, and notably the emerging psychiatric lore, to ensure the verisimilitude of his novels. At a time when Pinel, Tuke and Rush were, according to M. Foucault, "silencing madness" by classifying mental illnesses, Brown let lunatic characters express anguish and fears dangerously akin to those of the typically enlightened and mentally healthy narrators who report them, thus casting a doubt on the very scientific premises he had appeared to rely upon and obliquely questioning the confident optimism of his age.
« A Geometric Joy– » : topologies dickinsoniennes
Authors: Cazé Antoine , Jaworski Philippe , Marçais Dominique
Published: October 2015

In the first half of the 19th century, the rapid development of science in its modern form reinforced the belief that the existence of God could be proved. "Natural theology, " as it was then called, was the theoretical framework in which Emily Dickinson was taught science at Amherst College. This article traces the influence of Dickinson's scientific schooling on her poetic use of the concept of "circumference. " By calling into question the dogmatic character of both religion and science through a subversive use of this mathematical notion, Dickinson opposes all forms of centrality and exposes her own, more open conception of the world, which relies on negation and the fluidity of signs. "Circumference" can be viewed as a structuring image of Dickinson's mental universe and it gives shape to her unfinished body of poems.
Sister’s Choice: Tradition and Subversion in Louisa May Alcott’s « The Brothers »
Authors: Bleu-Schwenninger Patricia
Published: October 2015

Dans cette nouvelle, écrite en pleine guerre de Sécession, Louisa May Alcott plaide éloquemment en faveur de l'abolitionnisme tout en se posant résolument en ardent défenseur de la cause féminine. Elle s'emploie très subtilement non seulement à lier, mais aussi à confondre les deux discours. Derrière l'image conventionnelle de l'héroïne se profile la figure de V androgyne, dont la fonction traditionnelle est de révéler des souffrances ou des aspirations jugées inexplicables par le commun des mortels. D'où un texte d'une extrême ambiguïté.
Rites de passage : de la fragmentation à la création dans The Ancient Child de N. Scott Momaday
Authors: Tissut Anne-Laure
Published: October 2015

This paper aims at showing how the various moves and metamorphoses in the themes and structures of The, Ancient Child express the hero's change of point of view on the universe and bring about a similar change in the readers '. The novel thus appears as an initiation, through creation and the restored powers of language and storytelling, to an attitude of wonder towards space in its mythical conception of a dynamic, ever-mutable whole.
Delegated Dominion: Language and Displacement in Cambridge by Caryl Philips
Authors: Birat Kathie
Published: October 2015

Dans le contexte de la littérature afro-américaine, le reflète un phénomène réel : le déracinement de l'Africain et sa transplantation dans le Nouveau Monde. Mais c'est le langage, vu comme un processus de déplacement, qui permet le mieux de saisir le dilemme de l'esclave qui ne dispose, pour s'exprimer, que du langage d'un autre. À travers l'analyse du discours d'une femme blanche, narratrice du roman Cambridge de l'écrivain antillais Caryl Phillips, cet article étudie les déplacements que le langage, vu comme un jeu de signifiants chargés de relayer la signification, fait subir à tous ceux, maîtres et esclaves, qui s'en servent.
Charlot centripète, ou le déplacement inutile
Authors: Bordat Francis
Published: October 2015

Mack Sennett's slapstick tradition and the comedy of silent clowns in the 1910s and 1920s are characterized by speeded up motion and the thrill of displacement. It is argued here that Chaplin 's tramp resists the centrifugal forces of that knockabout style. Rooted in the assumption that moving is "useless, " a centripetal principle sems to govern both Charlie's acting and Chaplin 's directing, to the extent of structuring the gags and the films themselves in a decisive way.
Le community college est-il menacé dans sa mission sociale ?
Authors: Soulas Christine
Published: October 2015

Community colleges have a unique place in American higher education, as they are at the same time two-year colleges, technical schools and institutes of continuing education. Their college transfer programs provide access to socially disadvantaged students, thanks to a non-selective admission policy, low tuition and remedial programs. The most determined of them may eventually obtain a degree from a university. Yet the middle classes are more and more attracted to these much more affordable institutions, making access difficult for those who have no other way to a college degree.
Femmes « dangereuses » : la criminalisation de femmes enceintes toxicomanes
Authors: Merchant Jennifer
Published: October 2015

In the last decade, a growing number of pregnant women in the United States have been investigated and/or charged with transmitting drugs to a minor, that is to say, to the fetus they are carrying. This wave of criminalization procedures, in some cases translated into legislative measures, essentially involves indigent women from minority groups. Far from achieving the announced objective of improving fetal and newborn health, these punitive policies have had the adverse effect of forcing women who need both drug treatment and prenatal care to go into hiding.
Frontières d’empires : vers une nouvelle historiographie de la « frontière » nord-américaine avant 1848
Authors: Rossignol Marie-Jeanne
Published: October 2015

In recent historical works dealing with the early American West, the "frontier" has become a central concept again. This paper surveys criticisms ofF. J. Turner's work as well as contemporary historiography. Today the pre-1 848 frontier must be defined both as a border and a region, and primarily studied as a place where empires clashed and cultures met if one is fully to develop the potentialities of this renewed field.
Comment créer le fictif : Linda Sexson, Margaret of the Imperfections
Authors: Profit Marie-Claude
Published: October 2015

As suggested by the oxymoronic title Margaret of the Imperfections, Lynda Sexson's art of fiction writing implies a tension between perfection and imperfection. This paper will analyse how she presents and represents her Ars Poetica : how to choose the germ for a story, how to make it grow, what recurrent figures correspond to this tension.
John Fante: The Burden of Modernism and the Life of his Mind
Authors: Martin Jay
Published: October 2015

La tradition méditative paraît centrale pour le processus créateur à l'œuvre chez John Fante, modulant son engagement à la suite des grands auteurs modernistes. Ses récits mêlent deux courants discrets du modernisme. Auteur, non d'« autobiographies» mais de «fictions autobiographiques », il adopte pour thème essentiel une critique des illusions grotesques de la vie moderne. Sa formation aux pratiques dévotionnelles du rite catholique romain et l'influence qu'eurent sur lui la tradition contemplative des Jésuites et les Exercices spirituels de St Ignace de Loyola paraissent cruciales pour une lecture informée de son œuvre.
L’école américaine, crise et désarroi
Authors: Montagutelli Malie
Published: October 2015

Today, public education in the United States is attacked by conservatives and liberals alike. Both groups disagree on what changes should be brought about, but they agree that the system is in dire need of improvement. After assessing the general situation in American schools, both elementary and secondary, today, as well as the nature of the debate, this article attempts to show that this crisis goes beyond mere issues of education and school management and that it challenges some of the fundamental options and traditional values of American society.
Évangélisme et enseignement : le Christian School Movement
Authors: Ben Barka Mokhtar
Published: October 2015

Declining public school enrolments have in recent years been accompanied by the sustained growth of non-public schools. Among these the fastest growing are Christian schools, which form the largest part of the Christian School Movement. Underlying this movement is the claim that churches and parents exclusively have the right and responsibility of educating the youth. This paper shows that the Christian School Movement is highly controversial.
L’éducation physique et la poursuite du bonheur
Authors: Cutcher Andrew
Published: October 2015

The history of sport and physical education gives us special insight into the political, economic, and social transformations that have shaped American society. From the origins of physical education to the present sporting institution, this paper attempts to trace the evolution of sports in child education and their inherent role in the assimilation of traditional American values.
Georgetown, Colorado : éducation et promotion sociale au XIXe siècle dans l’Ouest américain
Authors: Mareuil Chantal
Published: October 2015

The pictures of American West at the time of the Gold and Silver Rush which commonly appear in popular literature and western films tend to show a violent society, obsessed with wealth and material acquisitions, one in which education had no place. These representations are oversimplified and inadequate. In many a mining town during the second half of the 19th century, education was in fact held as one of the major priorities. In the respect, the example of Georgetown, Colorado, is an interesting case in point. The social élite which settled therefrom 1864 on played a determining role in the development of a very ambitious and elaborate school system. A series of laws for the promotion of schooling was adopted very early on by the legislature of the Territory of Colorado, which sustained the city in this effort. As a result, schools in Georgetown soon became an important factor in the integration of diverse national groups, in the settling of a permanent population and in the social promotion of the younger generation.
Les migrants de Saint-Domingue en Louisiane avant la guerre de Sécession : de l’intégration civique à l’influence politique
Authors: Hind Nathalie
Published: October 2015

In the late eighteenth century, the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue was ravaged by a slave rebellion which entailed the flight of thousands of people. The object of this essay is to study the migration of Saint-Domingans to the South of the United States and more particularly to Louisiana, as well as its peculiarities and influences on the society of the territory. The main focus will be on the political integration of the refugees, and on the role they played in Louisiana politics. Given the peculiarity of this incoming population, an assessment of the degree of integration achieved requires an analysis of factors other than the usual criteria of naturalization, citizenship, and the granting of voting rights.
De la citoyenneté symbolique : China Men, de M. H. Kingston
Authors: Feith Michel
Published: October 2015

As corollary to the legal and political notion of citizenship, this paper attempts to define a "symbolic citizenship" in Maxine Hong Kingston 's China Men. In contradistinction to the discriminatory institutional practices restricting immigrant access to the U. S. and naturalization, this form of citizenship is based on participation in the nation's pioneering history and material prosperity in its dreams of freedom and opportunity for all. To avoid thus condoning the myth of Manifest Destiny, the text multiplies alternative narratives which distanciate the eurocentric perspective and reveal a subtle interplay between "national" and "immigrant" outlooks. The result is a dialogic expansion of the meaning of America, critical of the discrepancy between the rigidity of citizenship conditions and the openness of the "symbolic " kind.
Le désordre du discours dans End Zone de Don DeLillo
Authors: Pellegrin Jean-Yves
Published: October 2015

If logic and mathematics as scientific languages are meant to bring out order in the world, they cause disorder when pervading other languages. This paper examines how DeLillo's End Zone pictures the dysfunctioning of speech and the helpless linguistic fight of those who try to restore order.
Pygmalion à l’ère de la virtualité : apprendre avec la machine
Authors: Chassay Jean-François
Published: October 2015

Galatea 2.2, Richard Powers' fifth novel, is a scientific fiction. Most of the action takes place in a computer laboratory where the protagonists, a computer scientist and a writer, are working together in order to perfect a computer with an immense knowledge of literature, and capable of analyzing literary texts. Powers updates one of the central myths of occidental literature : the creation of an artificial being, capable of thinking as a human being does, and arousing both hopes and fears in its observers. The novel ultimately questions the boundaries between what Charles Percy Snow has called the "two cultures" (i.e. science and the humanities).
Morts et renaissances du cinéma hollywoodien
Authors: Etcheverry Michel
Published: October 2015

The decline of the movie theater is perhaps one of the most significant manifestations of the evolution of the US movie industry. Consequently, the emergence of new technologies (television, cable, home video, to name but a few) has been interpreted as a sign of the potential demise of the Hollywood cinema. Movies are sometimes depicted as little more than commodities peddled to the general public by an entertainment industry obsessed with state-of-the-art technology and profit rather than artistic achievement. By focusing on spectatorship as well as the exhibition end of the film trade, this paper endeavors to show that these new communication technologies cannot really be construed as a threat to the Hollywood cinema, or for that matter to cinema at large.