bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interplanetary Harmonies
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the first of three of Plato’s afterlife myths treated in this book, namely the Spindle of Necessity from the Myth of Er in the Republic. The Spindle is a representation of the planetary orbits, along with the sound they are said to produce, which we know as the harmony of the spheres. The author argues against the traditional interpretation of this harmony as an octave scale, arguing instead for the Spindle as an anticipation of the harmonic series. In this she has called upon evidence for ancient recognition of tones as composite, and for the use of harmonics in ancient performance practice. This is important because, as she argues, Plato is striving toward an abstract, mathematical framework for consonance, which, further, carries ethical connotations. Combining as it does astronomy and music, the Spindle represents the role of sound and vision in shaping our understanding of the cosmos of which the soul is a part. Musical concord acts as a blueprint for the souls’ right ethical conduct during incarnation, which ought to follow natural laws, among which is the law of harmony. In the Myth of Er, the human soul is privileged to a vision of concord, in order to understand what to strive for.
Conclusion
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: May 2020

The Conclusion draws on the author’s interview with leading meteorologist Howard Bluestein to explore the state of contemporary tornado science, which helped inspire modern chaos theory. Just as the weather has taken Americans to the outer limits of theology, bedeviling them with the same unanswerable questions that have nagged humans for centuries, scientists now recognize fundamental limitations on their ability to predict a tornado. Thus, even though meteorologists continue to make lifesaving advances in forecasting outbreaks of severe weather, the tornado remains a uniquely American totem—a symbol of Americans’ quest for mastery, but the embodiment of primal, unconquerable mystery.
Improvisation and health
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses specifically upon the use of musical improvisation for health and well-being. It considers the fundamental features of improvisation and links them to possible improvements in health and well-being. A model showing the different types of communication processes involved is also presented. Improvisation has long been associated with the potential to bring about improvement in health. It is a key process used by music therapists and early texts outlining music therapy practice contained numerous examples of improvisational activities. This chapter draws these processes and potential outcomes together and explains four characteristics of musical improvisation identified as underpinning the health benefits: improvisation links conscious with unconscious processes; improvisation makes unique demands on cognition; improvisation facilitates creative interaction; and, improvisation enables the non-verbal expression of thoughts and feelings that may otherwise be difficult to express. When improvisation is viewed as a sophisticated form of social interaction, links to other non-musical contexts and the implications for health and well-being are clear.
The way forward
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B.
Published: May 2020

This chapters presents conclusions and overarching summaries of key issues, outlining implications for future research. The accessibility of an arts practice that offers creative engagement at any level of virtuosity can have a transformative effect on music education and the ways we feel about making music in our everyday lives. The location of creative agency within a group, rather than within an individual, calls for a new psychology and musicology of improvisation. These issues and other aspects of the way ahead are discussed, with suggestions for new directions in studying, making, or researching music and other improvisatory arts in years to come. In the moments of improvisation, we have opportunities: to explore our identity; to connect with other people; to make conceptual breakthroughs and gain new insights; to develop our confidence or self-esteem; to be understood; to be misunderstood; and still to have fun within an artistic and expressive environment.
Reliance on Heuristics and Concrete, Easy-to-Evaluate Attributes
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Reliance on Heuristics and Concrete, Easy-to-Evaluate Attributes,” focuses on how the less objectively numerate rely on simpler, one-attribute decision making more than the highly numerate. In particular, the less objectively numerate are more likely to neglect provided statistics and decide based on the compelling power of stories. In other words, they are more susceptible to using mental shortcuts, such as the availability heuristic and representativeness heuristic, to make their decisions. As a result, they are influenced more than the highly numerate when others try to manipulate them with numbers, and they make worse decisions. This chapter explains in plain language the rules and principles that the highly numerate follow instead so that the less numerate can learn them.
The Highly Numerate Understand the Feel of Numbers
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “The Highly Numerate Understand the Feel of Numbers,” discusses the critical importance to decision making of good and bad feelings derived from numeric information. Decisions are hard to make sometimes because we don’t have a feel for what an important number means. The highly numerate, however, appear to compare numbers more, derive more number-related affect, and use those feelings to guide their decision making. This process is believed to underlie part of the highly numerate’s ability to be more sensitive to numeric data in judgments and decisions. This same process, however, can result in the highly numerate overusing or making faulty interpretations of numbers. This chapter continues to explain the rules and principles followed by the highly numerate.
Evidence-Based Information Presentation Matters
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: May 2020

This chapter, “Evidence-Based Information Presentation Matters,” introduces the problem: poorly presented numbers, widespread innumeracy, and barriers introduced by the communicators themselves. These issues combine to produce negative consequences for health and financial well-being and for shared decisions about public resources. Because risk and other numbers can be confusing and overwhelming, the challenge is not merely to provide them accurately. Instead, the communication challenge includes presenting them so that consumers can comprehend and use them and thus increase control over their experiences and outcomes. Chapter 15 links earlier chapters on the psychology of how decision makers process information to five evidence-based strategies for how to present numbers to increase how well people comprehend and use them in judgments and decisions. Strategically choosing information-formatting techniques allows abstract and impotent data to become useable information that facilitates informed decisions that concord with what people value.
Conflict and Cooperation
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 traces the history of the encounter between religion and medicine from the therapeutic cults of the ancients, East and West, to the healing ministry of Christ and to the work and writings of myriad later figures. These include medieval physician-philosophers such as Moses Maimonides, John Wesley and the fathers of the natural hygiene movement, and pioneers of contemporary discourse on religion’s influences on health and healing. This history also involves important figures from Christianity, Judaism, and Islam and from Asian religions and new religious movements. Unpacking this history entails weighing competing narratives about the relations between the institutions of religion and medicine, which at times have been characterized by conflict and at other times by cooperation.
Healers and Healthcare
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 narrates the history of religious healers from the time of the ancients through developments in Asia and the Greco-Roman world and in the early church. The chapter also describes the origins of hospitals as religiously sponsored institutions of care for the sick. These institutions emerged globally, across faith traditions—in the pagan world, in Christianity, in Islam, in the global East—and they remain today largely an expression of religious outreach. This can be observed in the United States, for example, in the countless religiously branded hospitals, medical centers, and healthcare facilities in most communities that go by names such as Catholic, Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Adventist, Episcopal, Jewish, and so on.
Scientists and Scholars
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 summarizes the extensive body of empirical research studies that identify health impacts of religious practice, identity, and beliefs. These include thousands of epidemiologic, clinical, social, and behavioral studies, as well as investigations from other fields, notably health services research, the biomedical sciences, and psychiatry and clinical psychology. Population-health studies are emphasized, and the latest findings are summarized on the impact of religion, for better or worse, on medical and psychiatric outcomes and rates of morbidity, mortality, and disability, both in the United States and globally, and across religious affiliation. The work of Jeff Levin and his colleagues is highlighted here. Also summarized and critiqued are the controversial clinical trials of healing prayer that have received so much attention since the late 1980s
Prescriptions and Proscriptions
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

A history of the important contributions of religious and theological scholars to the birth and growth of the field of medical ethics. Religious values influence medical decision-making in the clinical setting and across the life course for many controversial issues, such as abortion and euthanasia. However, conclusions regarding those procedures or courses of action that are proscribed (forbidden or discouraged) or prescribed (mandated or recommended) by respective religious codes (e.g., halachah, or Jewish law) often differ across and among Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish bioethicists and those of other faith traditions. The work of leading scholars in this field is discussed, with special reference to difficult medical decisions at the beginning and end of life.
Challenges and Choices
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9 outlines the many ongoing challenges to establish and maintain alliances and partnerships between the faith-based and medical sectors. These include serious questions that remain to be addressed regarding legal and constitutional issues, the politics of policy development, jurisdictional and turf disputes across sectors, professional and training requirements, ethical concerns of many types, and the special challenges of research and evaluation. Prospects for the future of such partnerships are critically assessed, and agendas for future programmatic and scholarly work are offered. The takeaway point for the book is stated and discussed, namely that the intersections of the faith-based and medical sectors are multifaceted and of long standing.
Introduction
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter establishes the book’s goal of recovering the media history of consulting and determining what the global growth of consulting knowledge can tell us about the modern world. The time span of the investigation, from 1880 to 1930, covers three parallel developments, which lead to a fundamental transformation of industrial knowledge structures. First, there is the constitution of an independent form of managerial activity in industry. Second, there is the establishment of the field of corporate consulting. Third, there is the emergence of a series of visualization techniques after 1880, which are at the disposal of the first two spheres, management and corporate consulting. These three tropes lead to a new form of visual management that follows from oral and written forms of management. The introduction describes the interdisciplinary approach the author adopts to trace the visual culture and historical epistemology of business consulting and consulting knowledge between media and business history and theory.
Visual Culture and Consulting
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the concept of visual management and shows how visual charting, simulation devices, and calculation devices were used in business organizations. It describes the installation of planning and charting rooms, centralized spaces in which business data were collated and visualized. With this, different scenarios could be devised, graphically compared, and interpolated into the future. This form of visual management enabled a fast reaction to production disruptions, which needed to be facilitated in planning processes and accounting. Corporate consultants such as Harrington Emerson or Frederick W. Taylor designed and described the fundamental methods of accounting and refined manufacturing norms on the factory floor. Visual aids such as logarithmic slide rules and nomographic machine cards became standard practice in the regulation of machines in factory-floor production routines. Gantt charts facilitated the coordination of interlinked production processes.
Consulting, Cinematic Utopia, and Organizational Restraints
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 discusses Frank and Lillian Gilbreth’s understanding of media and the attempts at implementing their consulting model in the business world as a solution for tackling the crisis of corporate control. It describes the strong ties of their film-based motion studies to Montessori pedagogy and how their approach was used to train typewriter operators and employees in corporations. It outlines that for the Gilbreths media technology was more than a mere useful instrument for corporate consulting. They associated the new media of this period, and above all film, with utopian ideas about the efficacy of these new visual forms of representation. The chapter shows that in the corporate reality of a consulting project, these ideas could only be realized to a limited degree. Their approach was part of a whole series of other reform-oriented attempts that were introduced in what was at the time a corporate environment receptive to innovation.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoof Florian
Published: May 2020

The Conclusion sums up the key issues of the book. It characterizes media and business consulting as a historically emergent relation between loose and solid coupling. It shows how business consultants strategically use “new media” to create new services or rebrand existing offers. In the context of business consulting and management, media techniques and apparatuses function as discursive channels for factors that were until then incapable of being articulated or represented. The graphic media network translated the heterogeneous fields of management and consulting into a loose visual coupling: the basic prerequisite for the definition of generally valid concepts, and the formation of an accepted canon of managerial methods. This leads to a politics of consulting that shifts the power structures in society.
Meter as Rhythm
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

Rhythm is often regarded as one of the most problematic and least understood aspects of music. Restricted to those attributes that are susceptible to calibration and measurement, rhythm is usually identified with meter, durational pattern, or durational proportion. But how shall one account for those attributes of rhythm that point to the particularity and spontaneity of aesthetic experience as it is happening? Drawing on insights from the modern “process” philosophy of Henri Bergson, William James, and A. N. Whitehead, this book releases meter from its mechanistic connotations and recognizes it as a concrete, visceral agent of musical expression. It reinterprets oppositions of law and freedom, structure and process, determinacy and indeterminacy to form a theory that engages diverse repertories and aesthetic issues. Ultimately, this revised 20th anniversary edition of Christopher Hasty’s Meter as Rhythm facilitates the work’s current contexts of application, from new subfields in ethnomusicology and music cognition to non-music fields like literary studies, physics, and biology
General Character of the Opposition
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter presents the opposition of rhythm and meter as a contrast of (1) rhythm as variegated pattern and meter as periodic repetition; and (2) rhythmic and metric accent or, more broadly, rhythm as event and meter as a measurement of the duration of that event. These oppositions are sufficiently commonplace that it has not been necessary to invoke the work of specific theorists except to document the most radical interpretation of metrical accent as durationless. In one form or another, these two interpretations can be found in most current writing on rhythm and meter. Although these interpretations need not be seen as incompatible, there has been a tendency in more systematic treatments to posit one or the other as fundamental. Ultimately, it is in the opposition of meter and rhythm that one encounters most poignantly the opposition of law versus freedom, mechanical versus organic, general versus particular, or constant repetition of the same versus spontaneous creation of the ever new.
Evaluations of Rhythm and Meter
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines various opinions on rhythm and meter. To begin with a relatively neutral assessment, one may turn first to the thought of Alfred Lorenz. Lorenz assimilates both meter and rhythm to form and refers the difference between regularity and irregularity—or rational and irrational—to a difference of time scale. In equating form and rhythm, Lorenz designates meter as rationale Rhythmik, one means of rhythmic formation among many. Moritz Hauptmann also identifies the metrical with the rational but insists upon a strict separation between meter and rhythm in which rhythm itself is viewed as irrational. Meanwhile, Friedrich Neumann proposes a much starker separation of meter and rhythm. Neumann characterizes meter as “quantitative/outer time”—time viewed in relation to space. Rhythm, on the other hand, is “qualitative/inner time”—time viewed from the standpoint of being and becoming, past and future, and memory and anticipation. The chapter also looks at Thrasybulos Georgiades' argument that it is precisely meter, newly conceived as a relatively autonomous “concept,” that is the hallmark of High Classical style.
Discontinuity of Number and Continuity of Tonal “Motion”
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the opposition of metrical and tonal organization that appears in many current theories of musical rhythm. This disparity arises from conceiving of duration as abstract quantity or “time span” rather than as endurance or the process through which something comes to endure. In this abstraction, “motion,” “energy,” and “tension and relaxation” are ascribed to things that happen “in” time—and not to time itself. Abstract duration, conceived as quantitatively determinant time span, is solely the product of measurement; and to take a measurement, one must isolate points of initiation and termination. These points, even if they are not represented by numbers, have the properties of numbers, among which is the property of discontinuity. Meanwhile, the idea of continuous tonal motion, based on the notions of co-presence and the priority of whole over part, points to a way of detaching duration from numerical measurement.
Precedents for a Theory of Projection
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter evaluates the work of two theorists who have discussed in detail the phenomenon of “projection.” Friedrich Neumann's concept of the rhythmic pair differs from this book's account of projection most obviously in its isolation of the pair as an autonomous “whole,” its separation of rhythm and meter, and its invocation of time point for the determination of an event's boundaries. Although Neumann describes the process through which a rhythmic pair might become unified as a “higher order” discrimination, he does not consider the process through which equality is produced and removes projection from meter in order to characterize an exclusively rhythmic order that in many respects resembles Hugo Reimann's dynamic, “organic” model. By contrast, Moritz Hauptmann is concerned with the process whereby determinate duration and equality are created and proposes a theory in which meter, quite apart from rhythm, is regarded as a dynamic, organic phenomenon arising from an innate human disposition for equal measure. The chapter then considers Hauptmann's analysis of the formation of duple meter.
Metrical Particularity
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the flexible and complex operation of meter. The meter signature indicates a grouping of equal beats that is often repeated in the course of the piece; and there may be situations in which such beats can be felt even when they are not explicitly articulated. In many cases, one can, and often do, count pulses or beat time without consulting the notation. The notated or felt bar thus seems to be a privileged measure. Typically, the duration of the bar accommodates a comfortable projective potential. Although the bar is often a favorable environment for projection, projection itself is not limited to the bar and does not require a homogeneous train of pulses. If meter is identified with projection, there will be no reason to identify meter with bar or to presuppose an invariant procession of equal beats. In this case, the rhythmic particularity of a bar will be inseparable from its metrical particularity. And each measure or each metrical unit could be viewed as a unique projective situation in which uniqueness or particularity arises both from the measure's internal constitution and from its assimilation of prior events.
Obstacles to a View of Meter as Process
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the obstacles to viewing meter as a process in which the determinacy of the past is molded to the demands of the emerging novelty of the present. “Novelty” here implies freedom—the freedom to make decisions and to create experiences that are not mere repetitions and that are not, therefore, predetermined. Viewed in this way, meter is not distinct from rhythm as “general” is from “particular” or as “law” is from “freedom.” There are, however, two customary interpretations of meter that do support such a distinction and therefore demand refutation. The first is the reduction of meter to the mechanical repetition of equal durations conceived as habit. The second is the identification of meter with measures conceived as time spans that contain rhythmic events and which can be joined as contents of yet larger containers.
Problems of Meter in Early-Seventeenth-Century and Twentieth-Century Music
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses meter in early-seventeenth-century and twentieth-century music. Specifically, it analyzes compositions by Monteverdi, Schütz, Webern, and Babbitt. Monteverdi's “Ohimè, se tanto amate” from the fourth book of madrigals presents a metrical subtlety rarely encountered in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century music. Here the projective field is very mobile, and mensural determinacy is restricted to relatively small measures. Meanwhile, Schütz's concertato motet “Adjoro vos, filiae Jerusalem” from the Symphoniae sacrae, Book I (1629), demonstrates extremely subtle rhythmic detail and great projective contrast used in the service of a compelling larger gesture. Here the repetition of small melodic figures is used for the creation of complex projective fields that serve the continuity of phrases and sections. The chapter then looks at the much smaller measures and much greater ambiguity in some music of the twentieth century.
Toward a Music of Durational Indeterminacy
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the intense reduction of projective potential observed in Webern's op. 22 and carried even further by the brokenness of the projective field in Babbitt's Du invites comparison with efforts in the years following the Second World War to eliminate meter's hold on the attention and its involvement in the formation of those more or less determinate sonic durations called “phrases.” Boulez's le marteau sans maître's nine movements offers a great variety of approaches to musical continuity. Excerpts from this work thus lead to the end of the present study—a consideration of rhythm in music that has attempted to renounce meter's efficacy in the formation of phrase. An examination of these excerpts allows for a consideration of some more general questions of rhythm and some of the novel experiences offered by “the New Music.” The chapter also discusses the distinction of “constituent” and “phrase” in detail.
Introduction
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

Hollywood films offer a blueprint for the treatment of race and representation in the larger American culture, moving as they do from explicitly racist content in early films to attempts at greater equity and justice to, at last, stories written by, made by, and starring the people they represent. In the process, they remind us how we use culture to make meaning, why film can be both a negative and a positive influence for us, and how our wisdom traditions both reflect and stand in opposition to the culture. Even hateful films like The Birth of a Nation (1915) offer us the opportunity to reflect on how Americans have thought about race—and how they might think about it now.
The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

The Birth of a Nation is one of the most popular and most reviled films in American history, and it continues to influence racial discourse, drawing a clear line from its release in 1915 to white supremacism today. A film can shape the way we see ourselves and see others and can even be the cause of violence when it encourages violent responses to societal issues. White supremacist marchers in Charlottesville one hundred years later were echoing the derogatory messages of this film, the first to be screened in the White House. Yet despite its hateful messages, the film is a cinematic masterpiece. Part of our attempt to grapple with The Birth of a Nation is our recognition that, as James Baldwin noted, the film is simultaneously an artistic gem and a work of vile propaganda.
Best Supporting Actors
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

After many years of racial derogation or absence, Casablanca and Gone with the Wind are films that offered larger and more representative roles for black actors, in line with the greater involvement African Americans experienced in American culture with the coming of World War II. While Sam (Dooley Wilson) is not the focus of Casablanca, his role in the film goes far beyond earlier roles for black people, and his friendship is essential in shaping Rick (Humphrey Bogart), the film’s hero. While he disappears in the last part of the film, Sam is a character who makes Rick’s transformation possible, and points to the coming awareness of America’s multicultural reality.
Do the Right Thing
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

After almost a century of white writers, actors, and filmmakers telling the stories of people of color—when in fact they chose to do so, Do the Right Thing represents the phase of Hollywood storytelling in which people outside the white mainstream are allowed to tell their own stories. It also tells a powerfully prescient narrative about violence against black bodies and the difficulty of dialogue about race. Although critics feared that Do the Right Thing might prompt riots and violence, this movie about a hot summer day in Brooklyn thoughtfully reflects on racial stereotypes, the prejudice we all bear, and the necessity of community, making it one of the most important films on race and prejudice ever filmed.
Get Out
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

In its revision of both Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner and significant films from the horror genre, Get Out explores the state of race relations one hundred years after The Birth of a Nation—what has changed and what, sadly, remains the same. Black bodies remain at risk of violence and conversion even at the hands of white liberals, and writer/director Jordan Peele suggests that in the current day the lives of many black people still look like something drawn from horror stories—but there can also be victories and survival. Get Out offers a contemporary exploration of race that acknowledges 100 years of pain andprejudice, but seeks a way forward where black bodies do not simply have violence imposed upon them.
“And you, what do you think of optimism?”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

The chapter illustrates the benefits (and in some cases, the dangers) of anticipation in the pursuit of the good life. It discusses how anticipation figures in decision-making, savoring, and optimism. It shows how anticipation can often boost our levels of subjective well-being and explains why anticipation is linked to numerous positive health outcomes. Anticipation also helps us to overcome life obstacles and remain resilient in the face of difficult challenges. Thus, anticipation is a crucial ingredient of the good life. In addition to its ability to prolong and amplify positive experiences, anticipation is a motivating mechanism that provides us with the emotional energy we need to pursue what we believe is significant and important.
“Immobile paradises promise us nothing”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

The final chapter of the book discusses how boredom, frustration, and anticipation constitute elements of the good life by relating those states to influential views about how we regulate our behavior. A recent lesson from the psychology of self-regulation is that we are better adjusted and more successful in achieving our goals if we are able to move from state to state. The chapter shows how boredom, frustration, and anticipation are states that ensure that we keep moving and that we do not linger too much in situations that do not meet our expectations and desires. The good life is not something that happens to us; it is something that we actively bring about. Boredom, frustration, and anticipation can help us achieve the good life by moving us out of an unsatisfactory present and into a better future.
The Relevance of Deliberative Freedom
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

Chapter Three, “The Relevance of Deliberative Freedom,” begins by considering a number of recent legal cases of discrimination in which we cannot understand the concerns of the claimants unless we think of the wrongness of discrimination as extending beyond social subordination. The author argues that in these cases—cases such as Masterpiece Cake Shop and Chand v. I.A.A.F.—the discriminatee has been denied deliberative freedom, in circumstances where they have a right to it. Deliberative freedom is the freedom to deliberate about one’s life, and to decide what to do in light of those deliberations, without having to treat certain personal traits, or other people’s assumptions about them, as costs, and without having to live one’s life with these traits always before one’s eyes. People do not always have a right to particular deliberative freedoms; but there are circumstances in which they do, and wrongful discrimination often denies people these freedoms in circumstances where they do have a right to them. In this chapter, the author explores the idea of deliberative freedom in detail and explains both what it consists in and when we have a right to it. The author discusses the idea of “white privilege” in relation to deliberative freedoms. The author shows how both direct and indirect discrimination can deprive people of deliberative freedom in circumstances where they have a right to it. Lastly, the chapter argues that, given the importance in our society of treating others as beings capable of autonomy, infringing someone’s right to deliberative freedom is a way of failing to treat them as an equal.
A Pluralist Answer to the Question of Inequality
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

Chapter Five, “A Pluralist Answer to the Question of Inequality,” explains how the three different components of this pluralist theory of wrongful discrimination fit together into a coherent and unified picture. Each of the three wrongs discussed in earlier chapters—unfair subordination, infringements of a right to deliberative freedom, and denials of basic goods—is a way of failing to treat someone as an equal. But each gives us a different way of understanding what it means to fail to treat someone as an equal. In this Chapter, the author also considers the relationship between these three ways of failing to treat someone as an equal. The author also argues that each, on its own, is sufficient to render discrimination wrongful; although most cases of wrongful discrimination will be wrong for more than one reason. Finally, the author presents a number of advantages of this pluralist theory, explaining how it helps us to resolve puzzles about whether discrimination wrongs individuals or groups, and about the kinds of comparative judgments that we need to when assessing whether a particular discriminatory practice wrongs people.
Indirect Discrimination
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

Chapter Six, “Indirect Discrimination,” makes explicit the implications that the author’s pluralist theory of wrongful discrimination has for our understanding of indirect discrimination. The author argues that the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination is not always morally significant. Indirect discrimination, like direct discrimination, can subordinate people; it can infringe their right to deliberative freedom; and it can deny them access to a basic good. The author also considers questions of responsibility and culpability. The author distinguishes between “responsibility for cost” and “responsibility as culpability.” Agents of indirect discrimination are, in many cases, both responsible for the costs of rectifying discrimination and also responsible in the sense of “culpable.” The author explains how we can see both indirect and direct discrimination as involving negligence on the part of the discriminator.
The Duty to Treat Others as Equals: Who Stands Under It?
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

Chapter Seven, “The Duty to Treat Others as Equals: Who Stands Under It?,” focuses on the obligations of governments and private individuals to treat people as equals. The author considers several arguments for the claim that governments owe those whom they govern a duty to treat them as equals. The author then turns to the duties of individuals. The author argues that we do not acquire a duty to treat others as equals only when we occupy certain institutional roles. Rather, we always have an obligation to treat others as equals, in the specific senses discussed in this book: we must not unfairly subordinate some to others, or infringe their right to a particular deliberative freedom, or deny them access to a basic good when it is in our power to give it to them. The author argues that this obligation is not too demanding, and distinguishes it from the duty to give equal concern to everyone’s interests in one’s deliberations. The author tries to show that this duty is consistent with recognizing the importance of a variety of individual freedoms, and that there are often good reasons for the state not to use anti-discrimination law to regulate decisions made in more personal contexts. The author also explains why, nevertheless, the state has an obligation to help us fulfil our obligations in these more personal context, by creating the conditions under which we can relate to others as equals.
Conclusion
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

In the book’s Conclusion, the author summarizes three ways in which discrimination wrongs people: by unfairly subordinating them to others, by infringing their right to a particular deliberative freedom, and by denying them access to a basic good. She identifies a number of advantages of this theory. She relates the theory to the serigraph on the cover of the book, discussing the wrongful discrimination faced by indigenous peoples in Canada.
Introduction
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: May 2020

The introduction offers a first glimpse into the complexities of contested sacred sites via the story of the Muslim holders of the keys to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The chapter introduces the reader to the prevalent “status quo” and “closure” models for governance of contested sacred sites and hints at the various challenges and mechanisms involved in the religion–state relations that inform such policies. It then provides an overview of the structure of the book, with a succinct description of the content of each chapter, assisting the readers in navigating their ways to the issues in which they are most interested.
Devils Tower National Monument/Bear Lodge (Wyoming)
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: May 2020

Chapter 2 explores the non-interference model in contested sacred sites through the examination of the struggle over rock climbing at the Devils Tower National Monument/Bear Lodge (Wyoming). It begins (section A) with an examination of the voluntary coordination between climbers and indigenous community members, assisted by a “nudge” from the authorities, aiming to bring about, but not legally force, the reduction of climbing activities at the site. The chapter then turns (section B) to a succinct description and analysis of the general approach of the separation between religion and state. Section C turns to a critical examination of the non-interference model upon its structure, justifications, advantages, and weaknesses. The final section (D), moves to map out and differentiate among three subtle policy variations of the non-interference model: “signaling,” “nudging,” and “ushering,” all of which aim to achieve successful coordination of activities at such sites between competing groups.
Ram Janmabhoomi/Babri Masjid (Uttar Pradesh)
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 examines the second model of governance of contested sacred sites: separation and division. The first section begins with an exploration of the Hindu–Muslim struggle over Ram Janmabhoomi/Babri Masjid, which culminated in the destruction of the Babri Masjid in 1992. The suggested solution by the Allahabad High Court to this conflict is the division of the site into three parts, each granted to one religious group. The second section examines the general approach of even-handedness to religion–state relations. This approach serves as a theoretical background to the separation and division model. The third section examines and defines the separation and division model; it discusses the structure, justifications, and shortcomings of this model. Finally, the fourth section examines non-statist, bottom-up sources for the separation and division model, using Axelrod’s cooperation theory, and applying it to the complex context of contested sacred sites.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

To say that what happened as the LDS Church globalized was a shift from the literal to the metaphorical is to understand only one piece of the puzzle. It is my contention that in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, we can see creative slippages taking place within Mormonism between the literal and metaphorical, text and object, and history and space. Rather than simply moving to more metaphorical understandings, the Mormon community has spiritualized and metaphorized and then reconcretized concepts such as gathering and Zion in the material and physical realm so that believers can continue to touch and physically engage these central theological principles.
This Is The Place!
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

The negotiations that took place in order to create the 1947 This Is The Place monument and secure the land on which it stands demonstrate church and state authorities’ attempts to construct place and memory in Utah. While portions of the monument confirm the narrative of the Latter-day Saints as part of God’s chosen people, other portions affirm Mormons as leaders in the civic life of Utah and the larger United States. The monument itself represents the tension and ultimate compromise between these two often competing narratives at a pivotal moment in Mormon history.
“The Price We Paid”
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

The events surrounding Martin’s Cove show the LDS Church’s process of sanctifying sacred space and the spatial exploration of Mormon theologies of suffering. The deaths near Martin’s Cove raise the question of how a good God, one who called the chosen people to Zion, would allow those same people to die so close to their journey’s end. In the space around the site, Mormons offer a theology of suffering through the storying and ritualization of space. From the LDS perspective, that theology of suffering justifies why the Mormons should have exclusive rights to Martin’s Cove.
The Sweetheart of the Riverton Stake
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the process whereby Bodil Mortensen became a Mormon martyr, the way her story was ritualized, and the way the presence of her bodily remains (along with the remains of fourteen others) sanctified the ground at Rock Creek Hollow. Examination of the creation of Bodil the martyr illuminates the way the slippage between metaphorical and literal interpretations happens in modern-day Mormonism.
The Future of Schools and Teacher Education
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: May 2020

This is not a book about praising Finnish school education. After a brief introduction to Finnish education and culture, the book delves into details about the new curricula changes, the workings of schools, and the thoughts and educational approaches of Finnish educators. Given the curricula changes effective as of August 2016, the book includes 14 school cases to exemplify the way schools are implementing policy changes and the way principals and teachers see the future of education and learning in Finland. The book also includes one in-depth analysis of curriculum changes for preservice teacher education and three more preservice teaching education programs at four universities in Finland. In this way, the book presents the views of changes in schools and universities not only from teachers and principals but also from professors, researchers, and lecturers. The book is unique because is based on ad hoc field research, comprising schools across all levels of education. The book shows in slow motion how the concepts of schools, teaching, and learning are fine-tuned in Finland. The title of the book, The Future of Schools and Teacher Education: How Far Ahead is Finland? summarizes the direction Finnish educators see teaching and learning toward the third decade of the twenty-first century.
The New National School Curricula
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: May 2020

This chapter details the main changes in all school curricula focusing on the peruskoulu (comprehensive school) curriculum for grades 1 to 9. The chapter begins with a list of 21 elements or characteristics of Finnish education, what I call “the Finnish way.” Then, it describes, in great detail, the structure of the new 1–9 peruskoulu curriculum, the transversal competencies or themes in all curricula at all levels of school education, and how those competencies or themes are actually made a part of the content curriculum. This chapter has a section about the process, that is, how the Finnish authorities built the new curriculum. It was built with a lot of collaboration among many stakeholders. Based on interviews with governmental experts, the building process is explained in the section on building institutional and organizational capacity.
Improving the Design and Interpretation of Sample Surveys in the Workplace
Authors: Mastrangelo Paul M.
Published: May 2020

Employee surveys increasingly rely on a sample of the full population to take the “pulse” of the organization, but the consequential reduction in score accuracy is rarely considered when interpreting results, particularly over multiple administrations or for multiple demographic groups. A review of methodological principles in this chapter leads to practical guidelines for improved survey administration, data interpretation, and stakeholder education. Ideally, each reported score should be based on a sample of 385 participants from a given population (e.g., total company, all women, all new hires); the response rate only matters when scores are based on smaller samples. The ability to meaningfully use survey data ceases when a sample is smaller than 100 and represents less than 80% of its population. When scores violate these guidelines, practitioners need to provide stakeholders with situation-specific assistance in plain language (examples included). To avoid delivering results that lack necessary accuracy, consider a census and three sample surveys (one per quarter) rather than monthly or quarterly sampling.
Lifecycle Surveys
Authors: Saltzman Jeffrey M. , Brooks Scott M. , Hendrickson Victoria
Published: May 2020

Lifecycle surveys include efforts such as onboarding surveys to help organizations gauge how welcomed employees feel as they join an organization and exit surveys to tell them why individuals quit. These types of surveys reflect the building and maintaining of a discipline of listening and responding to employees to improve the experience of individuals as well as systems at large within organizations. This chapter reviews how to avoid common limitations in designing these efforts, such as focusing on the individual experience at the expense of the organizational system’s performance or confusing the tool with the objective. Through tips and advice for the most frequently used lifecycle surveys (onboarding, exit, and census), this chapter provides a roadmap for creating and managing a larger landscape of lifecycle information, providing value not just to understand the employee perspective from onboarding through exit but also to support the organization’s strategy and performance.
Focus Groups
Authors: Cucina Jeffrey M. , Gast Ilene F.
Published: May 2020

When used in conjunction with employee surveys, focus groups can provide valuable qualitative data to support the employee survey process. Focus groups held prior to survey development and administration can uncover issues worthy of investigation and evaluate draft survey questions for sensitivity and readability. Post-survey focus groups can elucidate issues identified by the survey, solicit organizational members’ suggestions for resolving these issues, and gain management and employee feedback on possible programs to address identified issues. After describing how focus groups fit into the context of industrial–organizational psychology methodology, the authors outline steps for designing and conducting focus group studies and for analyzing the resulting data and reporting findings. The chapter concludes with an annotated list of additional resources for conducting focus groups.