bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Does Lung Size Matter?
Authors: Madenci Arin , Gajarski Robert , Marchetti Kathryn , Klein Edwin , Coughlin Megan , Kreutzmann Jeannie , Treadwell Marjorie , Ladino-Torres Maria , Mychaliska George , Church Joseph
Published: October 2017

Purpose The relationship between pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PHTN) in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains ill-defined. We hypothesized that prenatal estimates of lung size would directly correlate with PHTN severity.

Methods Infants with isolated CDH (born 2004–2015) at a single institution were included. Estimates of lung size included observed-to-expected LHR (o:eLHR) and %-predicted lung volumes (PPLV = observed/predicted volumes). The primary outcome was severity of PHTN (grade 0–3) on echocardiography performed between day of life 3 and 30.

Results Among 62 patients included, there was 32% mortality and 65% ECMO utilization. PPLV (odds ratio [OR] = 0.94 per 1 grade in PHTN severity, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89–0.98, p < 0.01) and o:eLHR (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94–0.99, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with PHTN grade. Among patients on ECMO, PPLV (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84–0.99, p = 0.03) and o:eLHR (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92–0.99, p = 0.01) were more strongly associated with PHTN grade. PPLV and o:eLHR were significantly associated with the use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.83–0.98, p = 0.01 and OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91–0.98, p < 0.01, respectively) and epoprostenol (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84–0.99, p = 0.02 and OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89–0.98, p < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion Among infants with isolated CDH, PPLV, and o:eLHR were significantly associated with PHTN severity, especially among patients requiring ECMO. Prenatal lung size may help predict postnatal PHTN and associated therapies.
Use of Fresh Osteochondral Allografts in the Patellofemoral Joint
Authors: Kremser Victor , Altintas Burak , Lattermann Christian
Published: October 2017

Fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation has become a mainstay for the treatment of osteochondral defects in the tibiofemoral joint. With excellent outcomes and high survival times, this technology has recently become more interesting for use in the patellofemoral (PF) joint. This review article will point out the historical difficulties that the use of fresh OCA poses. With newer surgical approaches and a better understanding of the mechanical requirements of the PF joint, the use of OCA transplantation has shown increasingly better results. Illustrating the technique for the preparation and implantation of single plug allografts and bulk allografts to the trochlea and patella as well as the analysis of the available literature, we point out the current state of the art as well as potentially achievable long-term results. Finally, we will point out emerging technology seeking to further develop the use of allograft technology in patellofemoral chondral defects.
Symposium „Teilhabeforschung – aktuelle Entwicklungen in Deutschland“ am 19. Juni 2017 in Hannover
Authors: Andreeva Elena , Stein Sandra , Wontorra Petra , Vieweg Barbara , Gutenbrunner Christoph
Published: October 2017

Die Förderung der Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen und chronischen Erkrankungen ist bundesweit in aller Munde. Teilhabe bedeutet, dass alle Personen als gleichberechtigte Mitglieder der Gesellschaft ihr Leben in allen wichtigen Bereichen selbstbestimmt – ohne Bevormundung und strukturelle Zwänge – gestalten können. Zu diesen Bereichen gehören Beruf, Politik und Kultur genauso wie Freizeit und Wohnen. Mit der Ratifizierung der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention im Jahr 2009 hat sich Deutschland dazu verpflichtet, die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderungen in allen gesellschaftlichen Lebensbereichen voranzubringen und die Idee einer inklusiven Gesellschaft umzusetzen. Die Forschung zu Teilhabe hat sich als ein immer wichtigerer Forschungsbereich etabliert. Dabei beschränkt sich der Teilhabeaspekt nicht nur auf den Forschungsgegenstand; auch das Forschungsdesign selbst kann partizipativ gestaltet sein.
Resilienzfaktoren bei Angehörigen von Menschen mit problematischem Substanzkonsum
Authors: Soellner Renate , Hofheinz Christine
Published: October 2017

Ziel In einer deutschsprachigen Stichprobe von Angehörigen von Menschen mit problematischem Substanzkonsum sollten Resilienzfaktoren identifiziert werden. Resilienz als Ergebnis wurde sowohl als das Fehlen von Belastung als auch über das Vorhandensein von Lebensqualität verstanden.

Methodik 221 Personen, die sich selbst als Angehörige eines Menschen mit problematischem Konsum von Alkohol und/oder illegalen Drogen definierten, nahmen an einer deutschlandweiten Fragebogenstudie (online und paper-pencil) teil. Die Erhebung fand zwischen Januar und August 2016 statt. Resilienz als Ergebnis wurde über psychische und physische Symptombelastung sowie Lebensqualität erfasst. Resilienzfaktoren waren Schulbildung, sozio-ökonomischer Status, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und Zufriedenheit mit der Unterstützung des Hilfesystems sowie der emotionalen Unterstützung im privaten Umfeld. Die Prüfung der Resilienzfaktoren erfolgte mittels multipler Regressionsanalysen.

Ergebnisse Angehörige von Menschen mit problematischem Substanzkonsum sind psychisch und physisch belasteter und beschreiben ihre Lebensqualität als niedriger als eine Normstichprobe. Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung erwies sich als der einschlägigste Prädiktor für die Vorhersage der Resilienz, während Schulbildung und Zufriedenheit mit der Unterstützung des Hilfesystems keinen Vorhersagebeitrag leisteten. Resilienz als positives Maß im Sinne von Lebensqualität war darüber hinaus durch die Zufriedenheit mit der emotionalen Unterstützung im privaten Umfeld assoziiert.

Schlussfolgerungen Der Austausch mit anderen Betroffenen (u. a. in Selbsthilfegruppen oder gruppentherapeutischen Angeboten) kann für Angehörige eine wichtige Unterstützungsmöglichkeit sein um Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung zu stärken und sollte weiter gefördert werden. Darüber hinaus kann schon durch Zuwendung und emotionale Unterstützung (Empathie) eine höhere subjektive Lebensqualität erreicht werden. Dies stellt einen relativ niedrigschwelligen Ansatzpunkt für alle Akteure im Versorgungssystem dar.
Kinderheilkunde im Spiegel der Kinderrechtskonvention
Authors: Klein Christoph
Published: October 2017

Die Kinderrechtskonvention der Vereinten Nationen ist nicht nur ein völkerrechtlich bindendes Dokument, das Kindern umfassende Rechte gewährt, sondern ist auch im Rang eines einfachen Gesetzes in Deutschland verbindlich. Mit Blick auf die medizinische Versorgung ist darin das „Recht auf das erreichbare Höchstmaß an Gesundheit“ sowie das Prinzip des „Vorrangs des Kindeswohls“ bei allen Entscheidungen öffentlicher oder privater Institutionen festgeschrieben. In diesem Beitrag sollen einige grundlegende Aspekte der Kinderrechtskonvention und der Monitorierung ihrer Umsetzung dargestellt sowie aktuelle Entwicklungen der Kinder- und Jugendmedizin in Deutschland im Licht der Konvention beleuchtet werden.
Benefit-Cost Analysis of Radiocesium Decorporation by a Prussian Blue Treatment and Stockpiling
Authors: Rump Alexis , Stricklin Daniela , Lamkowski Andreas , Eder Stefan , Port Matthias
Published: October 2017

In the case of an attack by a “dirty bomb” with cesium-137 there is a risk of internal contamination. The excretion of cesium-137 can be enhanced by Prussian Blue (PB), and thus the committed effective dose be reduced. We analyzed the benefit and costs of PB decorporation treatment. We simulated the reduction of the radiological dose by PB treatment after cesium-137 incorporation by inhalation. The saving of life time was quantified using the monetary “value of a statistical life” (VSL). Treatment costs were based on the market price of PB in Germany. Moreover we considered the holding costs of stockpiling. The benefit of PB treatment increases with its duration up to about 90 days. If treatment initiation is delayed, the maximum achievable benefit is decreased. For a VSL of 1.646 million €, the net benefit of a 90-days treatment started 1 day after the incorporation remains positive up to a stockpiling duration of 10 years. If starting PB treatment as late as the 180th day after incorporation, the costs will surpass the benefit. We conclude that a prompt decision making and early treatment initiation greatly impacts on the medical but also economic efficiency of a PB treatment.
Temperature induced phase transformations and negative electrocaloric effect in (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 antiferroelectric single crystal
Authors: Zhuo Fangping , Li Qiang , Yan Qingfeng , Zhang Yiling , Wu Hong-Hui , Xi Xiaoqing , Chu Xiangcheng , Cao Wenwu
Published: October 2017

Temperature induced phase transitions and electrocaloric effect (ECE) of (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O3 (PLZST) single crystals have been comprehensively studied. Based on the in situ evolution of domain structures and dielectric properties of the PLZST crystals, the phase transitions during heating are in the sequence of orthorhombic antiferroelectric → rhombohedral ferroelectric → cubic paraelectric. Coexistence of the negative and positive ECEs has been achieved in the PLZST single crystals. A negative ECE value of −1.26 °C and enhanced electrocaloric strength of −0.21 K mm/kV near the Curie temperature have been obtained. A modified Landau model gives a satisfactory description of the experimentally observed unusual ECE. Moreover, a temperature–electric field phase diagram is also established based on theoretical analysis. Our results will help people understand better the electrocaloric family, particularly on the negative and/or positive effect in antiferroelectrics and ferroelectrics.
Effects of collision energy and vibrational excitation of CH3+ cations on its reactivity with hydrocarbons: But-2-yne CH3CCCH3 as reagent partner
Authors: Cernuto Andrea , Lopes Allan , Romanzin Claire , Cunha de Miranda Barbara , Ascenzi Daniela , Tosi Paolo , Tonachini Glauco , Maranzana Andrea , Polášek Miroslav , Žabka Jan , Alcaraz Christian
Published: October 2017

The methyl carbocation is ubiquitous in gaseous environments, such as planetary ionospheres, cometary comae, and the interstellar medium, as well as combustion systems and plasma setups for technological applications. Here we report on a joint experimental and theoretical study on the mechanism of the reaction CH3+ + CH3CCCH3 (but-2-yne, also known as dimethylacetylene), by combining guided ion beam mass spectrometry experiments with ab initio calculations of the potential energy hypersurface. Such a reaction is relevant in understanding the chemical evolution of Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan. Two complementary setups have been used: in one case, methyl cations are generated via electron ionization, while in the other case, direct vacuum ultraviolet photoionization with synchrotron radiation of methyl radicals is used to study internal energy effects on the reactivity. Absolute reactive cross sections have been measured as a function of collision energy, and product branching ratios have been derived. The two most abundant products result from electron and hydride transfer, occurring via direct and barrierless mechanisms, while other channels are initiated by the electrophilic addition of the methyl cation to the triple bond of but-2-yne. Among the minor channels, special relevance is placed on the formation of C5H7+, stemming from H2 loss from the addition complex. This is the only observed condensation product with the formation of new C—C bonds, and it might represent a viable pathway for the synthesis of complex organic species in astronomical environments and laboratory plasmas.
Simulation of the stress dependence of hysteresis loss using an energy-based domain model
Authors: Ito Shumpei , Mifune Takeshi , Matsuo Tetsuji , Kaido Chikara , Takahashi Yasuhito , Fujiwara Koji
Published: October 2017

The assembled domain structure model (ADSM) is a multiscale magnetization model that can be used to simulate the magnetic properties of a core material. This paper reveals the mechanism of the hysteresis loss increase due to compressive stress applied to a silicon steel sheet by conducting a simulation using the ADSM. A simple method of adjusting the simulated hysteresis loss to the measured loss is also proposed. By adjusting the hysteresis loss under a stress-free condition, the stress dependence of the hysteresis loss of a non-oriented silicon steel sheet is quantitatively reconstructed using the ADSM, where the stress-induced anisotropy strengthens the pinning effect along the stress direction.
Using finite element modelling and experimental methods to investigate planar coil sensor topologies for inductive measurement of displacement
Authors: Moreton Gregory , Meydan Turgut , Williams Paul
Published: October 2017

The usage of planar sensors is widespread due to their non-contact nature and small size profiles, however only a few basic design types are generally considered. In order to develop planar coil designs we have performed extensive finite element modelling (FEM) and experimentation to understand the performance of different planar sensor topologies when used in inductive sensing. We have applied this approach to develop a novel displacement sensor. Models of different topologies with varying pitch values have been analysed using the ANSYS Maxwell FEM package, furthermore the models incorporated a movable soft magnetic amorphous ribbon element. The different models used in the FEM were then constructed and experimentally tested with topologies that included mesh, meander, square coil, and circular coil configurations. The sensors were used to detect the displacement of the amorphous ribbon. A LabView program controlled both the displacement stage and the impedance analyser, the latter capturing the varying inductance values with ribbon displacement. There was good correlation between the FEM models and the experimental data confirming that the methodology described here offers an effective way for developing planar coil based sensors with improved performance.
Magnetic losses reduction in grain oriented silicon steel by pulse and continuous fiber laser processing
Authors: Petryshynets Ivan , Kováč František , Puchý Viktor , Šebek Martin , Füzer Ján , Kollár Peter
Published: October 2017

The present paper shows the impact of different laser scribing conditions on possible reduction of magnetic losses in grain oriented electrical steel sheets. The experimental Fe-3%Si steel was taken from industrial line after final box annealing. The surface of investigated steel was subjected to fiber laser processing using both pulse and continuous scribing regimes in order to generate residual thermal stresses inducing the magnetic domains structure refinement. The magnetic losses of experimental samples before and after individual laser scribing regimes were tested in AC magnetic field with 50Hz frequency and induction of 1.5T. The most significant magnetic losses reduction of 38% was obtained at optimized conditions of continuous laser scribing regime. A semi quantitative relationship has been found between the domain patterns and the used fiber laser processing.
High-throughput investigation of orientations effect on nanoscale magnetization reversal in cobalt ferrite thin films induced by electric field
Authors: Dhanapal Pravarthana , Guo Shanshan , Wang Baomin , Yang Huali , Agarwal Sandeep , Zhan Qingfeng , Li Run-Wei
Published: October 2017

The magnetoelectric device concept which enables the non-volatile electric field control of magnetism needs to be investigated for the development of practical information storage devices. In this aspect, the emerging field of magneto-ionics based on the modulation of magnetism by field-driven ion migration is promising because it only requires a simple sample structure in the solid state and has good cyclability. However, the degree of ion migration within the magnetic structure is strongly dependent on the crystal orientations. Since the epitaxial films growing on the commercial single crystal substrates have limited orientations, the ability of magnetism modulated by field-driven ion migration cannot be optimized and understood by using these data. In this work, we utilized the high-throughput synthesis approach, namely, combinatorial substrate epitaxy, which utilizes a polycrystalline substrate. This provides a platform to develop and understand the degree of ionic migration in different orientations of the model system CoFe2O4 (CFO) films. The library of electric driven nanoscale magnetization reversal data of CFO with different orientations was obtained by applying the electric field in the same region of known CFO grain orientations. It was determined from the analysis that the [110] crystal direction exhibits the maximum nanoscale magnetization reversal ratio. This is mainly attributed to the ease Co2+ migration in the [110] direction under the electric field assisted by a Fe3+ and oxygen vacancies.
A sub-thermionic MoS2 FET with tunable transport
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shubhadeep , Ganapathi Kolla Lakshmi , Mohan Sangeneni , Bhat Navakanta
Published: October 2017

The inability to scale supply voltage and hence reduce power consumption remains a serious challenge in modern nanotransistors. This arises primarily because the Sub-threshold Swing (SS) of the thermionic MOSFET, a measure of its switching efficiency, is restricted by the Boltzmann limit (kBT/q = 60 mV/dec at 300 K). Tunneling FETs, the most promising candidates to circumvent this limit, employ band-to-band tunneling, yielding very low OFF currents and steep SS but at the expense of severely degraded ON currents. In a completely different approach, by introducing concurrent tuning of thermionic and tunneling components through metal/semiconductor Schottky junctions, we achieve an amalgamation of steep SS and high ON currents in the same device. We demonstrate sub-thermionic transport sustained up to 4 decades with SSmin ∼ 8.3 mV/dec and SSavg ∼ 37.5(25) mV/dec for 4(3) dec in few layer MoS2 dual gated FETs (planar and CMOS compatible) using tunnel injected Schottky contacts for a highly scaled drain voltage of 10 mV, the lowest for any sub-thermionic devices. Furthermore, the same devices can be tuned to operate in the thermionic regime with a field effect mobility of ∼84.3 cm2 V−1 s−1. A detailed mechanism involving the independent control of the Schottky barrier height and width through efficient device architecture and material processing elucidates the functioning of these devices. The Gate Tunable Thermionic Tunnel FET can function at a supply voltage of as low as 0.5 V, reducing power consumption dramatically.
Titanium magnetic polarization at the Fe/BaTiO3 interfaces: An effect of ferroelectric polarization discontinuity
Authors: Paul Amitesh , Zheng Jian-Guo , Aoki Toshihiro
Published: October 2017

The exotic magnetic phenomena and the associated functionalities have attracted extensive scientific interest in fundamental physics and cater to the purpose of the novel material search. In this article, with a combination of the electron energy-loss spectroscopy and the X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have investigated the interfacial Fe atoms and the induced ferromagnetic moment of Ti atoms in Fe/BaTiO3 (BTO) heterostructures. The samples were grown with two different BTO thicknesses, thus resulting in two different states of distorted oxygen environments or different electrostatic potentials. We demonstrate that in these systems, the electronic and magnetic proximity effects remain coupled as the ferroelectric polar discontinuity is held responsible for an induced transfer of the interface electrons. These electrons migrate from the Fe2+ layers to the Ti(4+)–δ layers with the hybridization via O-2p oxide orbitals into Ti orbitals to screen the ferroelectric polarization. These findings, in charge neutral BaO–TiO2 and FeO layers or nonpolar/nopolar interface, essentially underline the central role of the covalent bonding in defining the spin-electronic properties.
Anisotropy-driven quantum capacitance in multi-layered black phosphorus
Authors: Sengupta Parijat , Rakheja Shaloo
Published: October 2017

We report analytic results on quantum capacitance (Cq) measurements and their optical tuning in a dual-gated device with potassium-doped multi-layered black phosphorous (BP) as the channel material. The two-dimensional (2D) layered BP is highly anisotropic with a semi-Dirac dispersion marked by linear and quadratic contributions. The Cq calculations mirror this asymmetric arrangement. A further increase in the asymmetry and consequently Cq is predicted by photon-dressing the BP dispersion. To achieve this and tune Cq in a field-effect transistor (FET), we suggest a configuration wherein a pair of electrostatic (top) and optical (back) gates clamp a BP channel. The back gate shines an optical pulse to rearrange the dispersion of the 2D BP. Analytic calculations are done with Floquet Hamiltonians in the off-resonant regime. The value of such Cq calculations, in addition to its role in adjusting the current drive of an FET, is discussed in the context of metal-insulator and topological phase transitions and enhancements to the thermoelectric figure of merit.
High-throughput direct measurement of magnetocaloric effect based on lock-in thermography technique
Authors: Hirayama Yusuke , Iguchi Ryo , Miao Xue-Fei , Hono Kazuhiro , Uchida Ken-ichi
Published: October 2017

We demonstrate a high-throughput direct measurement method for the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) by means of a lock-in thermography (LIT) technique. This method enables systematic measurements of the magnetic-field and operation-frequency dependences of the temperature change induced by the MCE. This is accomplished in a shorter time compared to conventional adiabatic temperature measurement methods. The direct measurement based on LIT is free from any possible miscalculations and errors arising from indirect measurements using thermodynamic relations. Importantly, the LIT technique makes simultaneous MCE measurements of multiple materials possible without increasing the measurement time, realizing high-throughput investigations of the MCE. By applying this method to Gd, we obtain the MCE-induced temperature change of 1.84 ± 0.11 K under a modulation field of 1.0 T and modulation frequency of 0.5 Hz at a temperature of 300.5 ± 0.5 K, offering evidence that the LIT method gives quantitative results.
Brightly and directionally luminescent single-walled carbon nanotubes in a wedge cavity
Authors: Zhou Weihang , Zhang Yingjun , Zhang Xinhan , Tian Chuan , Xu Chunyan
Published: October 2017

Single-walled carbon nanotubes suffer severely from their extremely low luminescence quantum yield and spectral purity. In this work, we produced brightly and directionally luminescent, as well as spectrally pure, carbon nanotubes by embedding them into a wedge-shaped planar cavity. By controlling the detuning between the cavity mode and exciton emission, the photoluminescence of carbon nanotubes could be enhanced up to 60 times. Coupling efficiency, i.e., percentage of nanotube luminescence emitted into a cavity mode, was found to be detuning dependent with a maximum efficiency of ∼54%. Moreover, emission from nanotubes inside the cavity becomes highly directional. The emission angle was measured to be less than 1.8°, demonstrating their great potential in device applications of future optoelectronics.
Pathways for diffusion in the potential energy landscape of the network glass former SiO2
Authors: Niblett S. P. , Biedermann M. , Wales D. J. , de Souza V. K.
Published: October 2017

We study the dynamical behaviour of a computer model for viscous silica, the archetypal strong glass former, and compare its diffusion mechanism with earlier studies of a fragile binary Lennard-Jones liquid. Three different methods of analysis are employed. First, the temperature and time scale dependence of the diffusion constant is analysed. Negative correlation of particle displacements influences transport properties in silica as well as in fragile liquids. We suggest that the difference between Arrhenius and super-Arrhenius diffusive behaviour results from competition between the correlation time scale and the caging time scale. Second, we analyse the dynamics using a geometrical definition of cage-breaking transitions that was proposed previously for fragile glass formers. We find that this definition accurately captures the bond rearrangement mechanisms that control transport in open network liquids, and reproduces the diffusion constants accurately at low temperatures. As the same method is applicable to both strong and fragile glass formers, we can compare correlation time scales in these two types of systems. We compare the time spent in chains of correlated cage breaks with the characteristic caging time and find that correlations in the fragile binary Lennard-Jones system persist for an order of magnitude longer than those in the strong silica system. We investigate the origin of the correlation behaviour by sampling the potential energy landscape for silica and comparing it with the binary Lennard-Jones model. We find no qualitative difference between the landscapes, but several metrics suggest that the landscape of the fragile liquid is rougher and more frustrated. Metabasins in silica are smaller than those in binary Lennard-Jones and contain fewer high-barrier processes. This difference probably leads to the observed separation of correlation and caging time scales.
A finite state projection algorithm for the stationary solution of the chemical master equation
Authors: Gupta Ankit , Mikelson Jan , Khammash Mustafa
Published: October 2017

The chemical master equation (CME) is frequently used in systems biology to quantify the effects of stochastic fluctuations that arise due to biomolecular species with low copy numbers. The CME is a system of ordinary differential equations that describes the evolution of probability density for each population vector in the state-space of the stochastic reaction dynamics. For many examples of interest, this state-space is infinite, making it difficult to obtain exact solutions of the CME. To deal with this problem, the Finite State Projection (FSP) algorithm was developed by Munsky and Khammash [J. Chem. Phys. 124(4), 044104 (2006)], to provide approximate solutions to the CME by truncating the state-space. The FSP works well for finite time-periods but it cannot be used for estimating the stationary solutions of CMEs, which are often of interest in systems biology. The aim of this paper is to develop a version of FSP which we refer to as the stationary FSP (sFSP) that allows one to obtain accurate approximations of the stationary solutions of a CME by solving a finite linear-algebraic system that yields the stationary distribution of a continuous-time Markov chain over the truncated state-space. We derive bounds for the approximation error incurred by sFSP and we establish that under certain stability conditions, these errors can be made arbitrarily small by appropriately expanding the truncated state-space. We provide several examples to illustrate our sFSP method and demonstrate its efficiency in estimating the stationary distributions. In particular, we show that using a quantized tensor-train implementation of our sFSP method, problems admitting more than 100 × 106 states can be efficiently solved.
Comment on “Lock-in in forced vibration of a circular cylinder” [Phys. Fluids 28, 113605 (2016)]
Authors: Konstantinidis Efstathios
Published: October 2017

A recent study by Kumar et al. investigated synchronization in uniform flow past a transversely oscillating cylinder. They showed that free vibration response for a system without structural damping is in excellent agreement with the contour of zero energy transfer on the map of normalized amplitude and frequency corresponding to forced sinusoidal oscillation. However, a careful investigation of their data challenges the full analogy between free and forced sinusoidal vibrations. It is further shown here that free response generally is neither sinusoidal nor corresponds to the contour of zero energy transfer even if the structural damping is zero.
Preface: Special Topic on Reaction Pathways
Authors: Clementi Cecilia , Henkelman Graeme
Published: October 2017

This Special Topic Issue on Reaction Pathways collects original research articles illustrating the state of the art in the development and application of methods to describe complex chemical systems in terms of relatively simple mechanisms and collective coordinates. A broad range of applications is presented, spanning the sub-fields of biophysics and material science, in an attempt to showcase the similarities in the formulation of the approaches and highlight the different needs of the different application domains.
Centralisation of oesophagectomy in Australia: is only caseload critical?
Authors: Hummel Richard , Ha Ngoc Hoang , Lord Andrew , Trochsler Markus I , Maddern Guy , Kanhere Harsh
Published: October 2017

Objective
High caseload is considered one of the most important factors for good outcomes after high-risk surgeries such as oesophagectomy. However, many Australian centres perform low volumes of oesophagectomies due to demographics. The aim of the present study was to audit outcome after oesophagectomy in an Australian low-volume centre over a period of 13 years and to discuss potential contributors to outcome other than just case volume.

Methods
Perioperative and long-term outcomes of all oesophagectomies over a 13-year period in a low-volume Australian tertiary care centre were analysed retrospectively. Data were compared in subgroups of patients in two separate time periods: 2000–05 (n=23) and 2006–12 (n=24).

Results
There were two perioperative deaths over the entire 13-year period with no postoperative mortality in the last decade. The complication and long-term survival rates for each of the two separate time periods were similar to those from high-volume centres, more so in the second half of the study period.

Conclusions
The data suggest that under specific conditions, oesophagectomies can be safely performed even in smaller- or low-volume centres in Australia. The policy of centralisation for these procedures in Australia needs to be carefully tailored to the needs of the population, clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness and optimal utilisation of existing facilities rather than on caseload alone.

What is known about the topic?
High caseload is considered one of the most important factors for good outcomes after oesophagectomy and a driving force behind centralisation of this procedure. However, other factors may also affect outcome – such as availability of experienced surgeons, specialist nurses, interventional radiology, gastroenterology, etc.

What does this paper add?
With the availability of appropriate levels of expertise, infrastructure and specialist nursing staff as is the case in most Australian tertiary centres, good perioperative outcomes can be obtained despite low volumes. Case load only should not be used as a surrogate marker of quality.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The policy of centralisation for oesophagectomy in Australia needs to be carefully thought out on the basis of population demographics, outcomes and cost-effectiveness, with the appropriate use of existing facilities, rather than on a caseload basis alone.
Handgun waiting periods reduce gun deaths
Authors: Luca Michael , Malhotra Deepak , Poliquin Christopher
Published: October 2017

Significance

Waiting period laws that delay the purchase of firearms by a few days reduce gun homicides by roughly 17%. Our results imply that the 17 states (including the District of Columbia) with waiting periods avoid roughly 750 gun homicides per year as a result of this policy. Expanding the waiting period policy to all other US states would prevent an additional 910 gun homicides per year without imposing any restrictions on who can own a gun.
Motion microscopy for visualizing and quantifying small motions
Authors: Wadhwa Neal , Chen Justin G. , Sellon Jonathan B. , Wei Donglai , Rubinstein Michael , Ghaffari Roozbeh , Freeman Dennis M. , Büyüköztürk Oral , Wang Pai , Sun Sijie , Kang Sung Hoon , Bertoldi Katia , Durand Frédo , Freeman William T.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Humans have difficulty seeing small motions with amplitudes below a threshold. Although there are optical techniques to visualize small static physical features (e.g., microscopes), visualization of small dynamic motions is extremely difficult. Here, we introduce a visualization tool, the motion microscope, that makes it possible to see and understand important biological and physical modes of motion. The motion microscope amplifies motions in a captured video sequence by rerendering small motions to make them large enough to see and quantifies those motions for analysis. Amplification of these tiny motions involves careful noise analysis to avoid the amplification of spurious signals. In the representative examples presented in this study, the visualizations reveal important motions that are invisible to the naked eye.
Overcoming factors limiting high-solids fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Yen , Cai Charles M. , Kumar Rajeev , Wyman Charles E.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Future production of renewable transportation fuels such as ethanol must rely on abundant nonfood plant sources also known as lignocellulosic biomass. However, a major historical barrier to low-cost production of ethanol from biomass is the low ethanol yields and titers that result from fermentation of biomass solids at high solids when compared with simple sugar fermentations. Here, we show that combining a cosolvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatment process with subsequent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) can achieve similar high ethanol yields and titers that match that of separate pure glucose fermentations. We demonstrate a strategy whereby direct fermentation of biomass to ethanol is now limited by the microbe rather than by the process.
Multimodal mapping of the brain’s functional connectivity and the adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Sudre Gustavo , Szekely Eszter , Sharp Wendy , Kasparek Steven , Shaw Philip
Published: October 2017

Significance

Many children do not simply “outgrow” attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The disorder often persists and affects around one in 40 adults, presenting a major public health challenge. Defining the mechanisms that underpin this variable clinical outcome could stimulate novel approaches to boost recovery in ADHD. We map the brain’s functional architecture in 205 young adults followed clinically since childhood. We find clinically significant inattention persisting from childhood has a disruptive effect on the functional connections within and between the brain’s major networks. These disruptions are similar whether defined through direct observation of neuronal activity or measures of hemodynamic change. By contrast, adults who remit from childhood ADHD showed typical brain connectivity, suggesting convergence toward typical brain function may underpin recovery.
β-III-spectrin spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 mutation reveals a dominant cytoskeletal mechanism that underlies dendritic arborization
Authors: Avery Adam W. , Thomas David D. , Hays Thomas S.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Neurons are highly polarized cells critical to the processing of signals within the brain, and are distinguished by morphologically and functionally distinct axonal and somatodendritic compartments. Understanding mechanisms dictating neuronal morphological specialization will advance our understanding of neuronal function and neurodegenerative diseases. This report reveals that the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton contributes to the origin of dendritic arbor morphology. We show that this cytoskeleton is required for formation and stabilization of complex dendritic arbors in
Drosophila
. A human spinocerebellar ataxia type 5 mutation causes β-III-spectrin to bind actin with high affinity and disrupts expansion of the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton into distal regions of the arbor. Our data suggest that loss of the spectrin-actin cytoskeleton reduces stabilization of distal dendrites required for arbor outgrowth.
Increasing potential for intense tropical and subtropical thunderstorms under global warming
Authors: Singh Martin S. , Kuang Zhiming , Maloney Eric D. , Hannah Walter M. , Wolding Brandon O.
Published: October 2017

Significance

A substantial fraction of the world’s most intense thunderstorms occur in the tropics and subtropics, but the response of such storms to climate change remains uncertain. Here, we show that, in simulations of global warming, a measure of the energy available to thunderstorms increases robustly across the tropics and subtropics. Furthermore, we elucidate an important mechanism contributing to such increases in available energy, and we present observational evidence that this mechanism is present in Earth’s atmosphere. By combining theory, observations, and models, our results provide confidence in climate model projections of future intense thunderstorm potential; such model projections are shown to imply large future increases in the frequency of damaging thunderstorm environments in tropical and subtropical regions.
Revealing dynamics of helicase translocation on single-stranded DNA using high-resolution nanopore tweezers
Authors: Craig Jonathan M. , Laszlo Andrew H. , Brinkerhoff Henry , Derrington Ian M. , Noakes Matthew T. , Nova Ian C. , Tickman Benjamin I. , Doering Kenji , de Leeuw Noah F. , Gundlach Jens H.
Published: October 2017

Significance

DNA helicases are enzymes that use energy from ATP hydrolysis to move along nucleic acid tracks and unwind double-stranded DNA. Helicases are involved in every aspect of DNA metabolism and are therefore vital to maintaining genomic integrity. Using the single-molecule technique single-molecule picometer-resolution nanopore tweezers (SPRNT), which measures the position of DNA through the biological membrane protein MspA as an enzyme moves along the DNA, we monitored the kinetics of the helicase Hel308 at 1,000 times better temporal resolution than was previously possible. We derived a detailed mechanism for how ATP hydrolysis coordinates the motion of Hel308 along single-stranded DNA that can likely be applied to other structurally similar helicases and showed that the DNA sequence in Hel308 affects its kinetics.
PLETHORA transcription factors orchestrate de novo organ patterning during
Arabidopsis
lateral root outgrowth
Authors: Du Yujuan , Scheres Ben
Published: October 2017

Significance

Root architecture is an important trait that is shaped by the formation of primary roots, lateral roots, and adventitious roots. Here, we show that three PLETHORA (PLT) transcription factors are the key molecular triggers for the de novo organ patterning during
Arabidopsis
lateral root formation. PLT3, PLT5, and PLT7 redundantly regulate the correct initiation of formative cell divisions in incipient lateral root primordia and the proper establishment of gene expression programs that lead to the formation of a new growth axis.
Site-directed RNA repair of endogenous Mecp2 RNA in neurons
Authors: Sinnamon John R. , Kim Susan Y. , Corson Glen M. , Song Zhen , Nakai Hiroyuki , Adelman John P. , Mandel Gail
Published: October 2017

Significance

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the global transcriptional regulator, Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MECP2). We exploit a strategy to repair mutant
Mecp2
mRNA that if successful should reverse symptoms. The strategy utilizes the catalytic activity of a naturally occurring enzyme, Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR2), which in brain alters the mRNA sequence and function of proteins. In cultured RTT neurons co-expressing a modified ADAR2 protein and an appropriate RNA guide, a human mutation in
Mecp2
mRNA is repaired efficiently. RNA repair restores MeCP2 function, consistent with reversal of the pathological consequences of the RTT mutation. Our strategy holds promise for new therapeutic approaches to RTT and other neurological diseases.
The small GTPase RSG1 controls a final step in primary cilia initiation
Authors: Agbu Stephanie O. , Liang Yinwen , Liu Aimin , Anderson Kathryn V.
Published: October 2017

Primary cilia, which are essential for normal development and tissue homeostasis, are extensions of the mother centriole, but the mechanisms that remodel the centriole to promote cilia initiation are poorly understood. Here we show that mouse embryos that lack the small guanosine triphosphatase RSG1 die at embryonic day 12.5, with developmental abnormalities characteristic of decreased cilia-dependent Hedgehog signaling. Rsg1 mutant embryos have fewer primary cilia than wild-type embryos, but the cilia that form are of normal length and traffic Hedgehog pathway proteins within the cilium correctly. Rsg1 mother centrioles recruit proteins required for cilia initiation and dock onto ciliary vesicles, but axonemal microtubules fail to elongate normally. RSG1 localizes to the mother centriole in a process that depends on tau tubulin kinase 2 (TTBK2), the CPLANE complex protein Inturned (INTU), and its own GTPase activity. The data suggest a specific role for RSG1 in the final maturation of the mother centriole and ciliary vesicle that allows extension of the ciliary axoneme.
Specifically differentiated T cell subset promotes tumor immunity over fatal immunity
Authors: Ramadan Abdulraouf , Griesenauer Brad , Adom Djamilatou , Kapur Reuben , Hanenberg Helmut , Liu Chen , Kaplan Mark H. , Paczesny Sophie
Published: October 2017

Allogeneic immune cells, particularly T cells in donor grafts, recognize and eliminate leukemic cells via graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactivity, and transfer of these cells is often used for high-risk hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia. Unfortunately, these cells also attack host normal tissues through the often fatal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Full separation of GVL activity from GVHD has yet to be achieved. Here, we show that, in mice and humans, a population of interleukin-9 (IL-9)–producing T cells activated via the ST2–IL-33 pathway (T9IL-33 cells) increases GVL while decreasing GVHD through two opposing mechanisms: protection from fatal immunity by amphiregulin expression and augmentation of antileukemic activity compared with T9, T1, and unmanipulated T cells through CD8α expression. Thus, adoptive transfer of allogeneic T9IL-33 cells offers an attractive approach for separating GVL activity from GVHD.
Soft actuator based on Kraton with GO/Ag/Pani composite electrodes for robotic applications
Authors: Khan Ajahar , Jain Ravi Kant , Banerjee Priyabrata , Inamuddin  , Asiri Abdullah M
Published: October 2017

In this work, electrochemically-driven Kraton/graphene oxide/Ag/polyaniline (Kraton/GO/Ag/Pani) polymer composite based ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) was fabricated as a soft actuator. Silver nanopowder with polyaniline coating used as an electrode material is a novel approach in the fabrication of IPMC, which gives new opportunities for development of the electrode on ionic polymer actuator surfaces directly without electroless plating of Pt or Au metal. The Kraton/GO/Ag/Pani membrane showed much higher water-uptake (WU), ion exchange capacity (IEC), proton conductivity than those of several reported IPMC membranes. The enhanced actuation performance indicates that the Kraton/GO/Ag/Pani is a better alternative to the highly expensive commercialized IPMC actuator.
Vertical Ownership and Export Performance: Firm‐Level Evidence from the Food Industry
Authors: Gaigné Carl , Latouche Karine , Turolla Stéphane
Published: October 2017

This article examines whether ownership arrangements between food firms and intermediaries improve the export performance of the former. We develop a theoretical model of trade with vertically‐linked industries whereby upstream manufacturers compete in export markets and may decide to acquire ownership stakes in an intermediary. The model highlights how more productive firms succeed in managing the double marginalization problem and in reducing the costs of exporting through forward acquisition. The predictions from the model are tested using firm‐level data on the French food industry. The results demonstrate that acquiring an intermediary lowers prices and distribution costs, and reveal that the benefits from forward acquisitions can be quite large. Conversely, we find that vertical ownership creates a market externality among manufacturers due to the reallocation of market shares from small firms to large firms, thereby forcing some low‐productivity firms to exit foreign markets.
Creating a sewing village in Seoul: towards participatory village-making or post-political urban regeneration?
Authors: Kim Jiyoun , Cho Mihye
Published: October 2017

This paper examines an urban regeneration project in the Changsin-Sungin Area (CSA), Seoul, by drawing on the current debates on post-political urban policy. Adjacent to Dongdaemun Fashion Market (DFM), the K-fashion hub, the CSA is known for the clustered sewing factories embedded in residential housing. In 2014, the CSA was selected as a test-bed for the implementation of the new policy called the Urban Regeneration Programme (URP). This new scheme is publicly funded seeking continuity and civic participation in urban regeneration. The CSA-URP contrasts with previous schemes in Korea, in which private developers, with state support, were the main drivers of massive demolition and reconstruction. In order to promote participation, the city government has created an intermediary for public–private partnership and adopted the public contest for the distribution of resources. Significantly, this new model has shifted its focus of regeneration from housing to public space, from entitlement to participation, and from proprietorship to cultural capital. This has also raised new queries about whether the new model effectively promotes residents’ bottom-up participation or manages consensual atmosphere. By contemplating Seoul’s latest urban regeneration experience, this paper examines whether the CSA-URP offers corrective forces to capital-led and top-down urbanization or it depoliticizes the political. Thereby, the paper aims to contribute to the critical understanding of post-political urbanism.