bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trivariate gamma regression
Authors: Rahayu Anita , Purhadi  , Sutikno  , Prastyo Dedy Dwi
Published: June 2019

Regression analysis is a method for determining a causal relationship between the response and predictor variables. The regression model has been developed in various ways, one of them is based on the distribution of the response variables. In this study, the response variables follow trivariate gamma distribution, such that the regression model developed is Trivariate Gamma Regression (TGR). The purposes of this study are to obtain the parameter estimators, test statistics, and hypothesis testing on parameters are significance (overall and partial) of the TGR model. The parameter estimators are obtained using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE). The overall test for the model’s significance is using Maximum Likelihood Ratio Test (MLRT), and the partial test is using the Z test. Based on the results of this study, it can be inferred that the parameter estimators obtained from the MLE are not closed form. Hence a numerical method is needed. In this study, the algorithm of numerical optimization used is BFGS quasi-Newton.
Classification of Breast Cancer using Fast Fuzzy Clustering based on Kernel
Authors: Rustam Zuherman , Hartini Sri
Published: June 2019

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the world. The classification is the initial process of executing patient treatment, which is important as it increases life expectancy as well as quality. In this paper, a new method is proposed based on kernel, which is modified from KC-Means: it combines K-Means, Fuzzy C-Means algorithm, and kernel function. The C-Means algorithm is applied on the centers of a fixed number of groups founded by K-Means, and the kernel function is expected to improve the accuracy of classification with its ability to separate data which cannot be separated linearly. We applied the proposed method on a dataset of 201 breast cancer and 85 non-breast cancer samples from the UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository. Results concluded that fast fuzzy clustering has an accuracy of 85.26%, but fast fuzzy clustering based on kernel is 89.74%, with a better running time on average than 90.95% with the same method.
Comparison between fuzzy robust kernel c-means (FRKCM) and fuzzy entropy kernel c-means (FEKCM) classifier for intrusion detection system (IDS)
Authors: Shandri Nedya , Rustam Zuherman , Sarwinda Devvi
Published: June 2019

Technology is growing very fast. We can now access everything using internet anywhere and anytime. That is why it is important to have internet security since we are always open to an online fraud, property damage and theft. IDS (Intrusion Detection System) can be used to detect any system or network attack. In this empirical study, we use dataset from KDD Cup 1999, which consist of five classes: normal, probe, dos, u2r and r2l. There is some classifier method for IDS, but in this study, we will use Fuzzy Robust Kernel C-Means (FRKCM) with Polynomial kernel and Fuzzy Entropy Kernel C-Means (FEKCM) with RBF kernel to find a better result that increase accuracy of the network attacks. There will be an accuracy comparison between FRKCM method and FEKCM method. The accuracy result from this study is 99% with time execution faster.
Employing Gravity Model to Measure International Trade Potential
Authors: Sinaga Aldon MHP , Masyhuri  , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Widodo Sri
Published: June 2019

Starting from the analogy of gravitational forces to explain the volume of bilateral trade, the Gravity model has become a very popular model in international trade research. The Gravity Model has also been widely developed by adding various independent variables. Instead to measuring trading volume and various factors that influence the volume of trade, there is not much utilization of the gravity model to measure trade potential. This research is intended to implement a gravity model to measure the potential of Indonesian fruit trade. The measurement of trade potential is carried out by using data on the three main group of Indonesian exported fruits (based on 6 digits HS Code) which traded in 16 years. The classical gravity model, employed in this research contains independent variables, such as the amount of tariffs, the existence of free trade agreements, population, GNP of each country, distance and share of trade. The method of analysis used refers to the gravity model applied by Susanto, et al (2007) and regression analysis method applied by Arita et al (2014). Since its easily fits with some important stylized facts, it is easy to use real data, and also easily estimates using Ordinary Least Square (OLS), the Gravity Model can be a comprehensive instrument for managing big data to present rapid and dynamic estimates of international trade in line with the demands of the Revolution Industry 4.0.
Mixed Second Order Indicator Model: The First Order Using Principal Component Analysis and The Second Order Using Factor Analysis
Authors: Hutahayan Benny , Solimun  , Rinaldo Fernandes Adji Achmad , Armanu  , Yanti Indah , Astuti Ani Budi , Nurjannah  , Amaliana Luthfatul
Published: June 2019

The second order indicator model can be the first order having formative or reflective indicators of an underlying second order. The research used principal component analysis in the first order and factor analysis in the second order. The variable used in the research was ihsan behavior. This research aims to apply multivariate analysis, i.e. the principal component analysis in the first order and the factor analysis in the second order to obtain the latent variable data of ihsan behavior in the second order indicator model. The data used in this research were primary data by distributing questionnaires. Respondents of this research were lecturers of the Faculty of Economics and Business at the University of X. The research results generated latent variable data in the form of ihsan behavior. Ihsan behavior was reflected in six indicators, i.e. doing something perfectly, repaying goodness with more goodness, reducing optimally unpleasant consequences, as a solution when justice cannot be realized, as a logical consequence rather than faith, and as an investment in future success.
Structural Analysis of Polymeric Copper(II)–Pyrazinamide Complexes Prepared from Two Different Copper(II) Salts
Authors: Khunur Mohammad Misbah , Prananto Yuniar Ponco
Published: June 2019

In crystal engineering, the presence of different types of anion may alter the structure of transition metal complexes. Thus, the anions may also govern the properties of the metal complexes. Hereby we reported a structural analysis of polymeric copper(II)-pyrazinamide (pza) complexes prepared from copper(II) sulphate and copper(II) chloride. The complexes were crystallised using a bench-top technique with copper(II):pza molar ratio of 1:2 in a layered H2O-CH3OH solvent at room temperature. Single crystal XRD, ATR-IR and melting point apparatus were used to analyse the structure and characterise the complexes. Single crystal XRD analyses reveals that both complexes, [Cu( µ-pza)(SO4)(H2O)2]n (A) and [Cu(pza)2( µ-Cl)2]n (B) forms a 1D polymeric structure with different metal-ligand connectivity around the octahedral copper centre. The copper centres are also linked by different ligand, namely pyrazinamide in A and chloride in B. Thus, the Cu…Cu distances in both complexes are different, 6.719 Å in A and 3.658 Å in B. Unlike in A, the crystal structure of B has two unique copper centres. In addition, crystal structures of A and B were also compared to closely related copper(II)-pza complexes from published literature. As also observed in many metal complexes, crystal structures of copper(II)-pza complex were affected by the anion of the metal salts used in the reaction, in which the anion also involves in the crystal structures.
Preventive Study Garlic Extract Water (Allium sativum) Toward SGPT, SGOT, and the Description of Liver Histopathology on Rat (Rattus norvegicus), which were exposed by Rhodamine B
Authors: Mahdi Chanif , Pratama Chandra Afyan , Pratiwi Herlina
Published: June 2019

Rhodamine B is a textile coloring materials which often mixed in food coloring. The use of Rhodamine B in food for a long time may result in liver dysfunction or cancer. However, when exposed Rhodamine B in large quantities in a short time it will be symptoms of acute poisoning of Rhodamine B. The allicin and alliin content in garlic works as an antioxidant that can neutralize free radicals there by lowering oxidative stress and help prevent an increase in SGOT and SGPT and improve depiction hepatic histopathology. The purpose of this study are to determine the effect of preventive therapy extract water of garlic (Allium sativum) on levels of SGOT and the SGPT and liver histopathology description of rat (Rattus norvegicus) which were exposed by Rhodamine B. This study used male rats strain Wistar with 8 weeks of age and weight of 200 grams which were divided into 5 groups: group A (negative control), B (positive control), group C, D, and E were fed with rodhamin B and given preventive water with garlic juice with successive doses of 0.5 mL, 1 mL, and 1.5 mL. SGPT and SGOT level measurements performed by spectrophotometric method and observation of rat liver histopathology performed using light microscope. The data analysis activities of SGPT/SGOT using ANOVA, and the description of histopathology were analyzed descriptively. The results showed giving garlic extract with a dose of 1.5 mL/0.2 kg bw were able to decrease the activity of SGPT, i.e. respectively for treatments A to E, 18.89%, 17.3 %, 40.96% and SGOT 41.44%, 45.96%, 49.69%, and to improve the hepatocyte cells in rat exposed to Rhodamine B. The conclusion of this study is water garlic juice can be used as herbal therapy in mice which were exposed by Rhodamine B.
A Study of Kir6.2 Gene Sequence in Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated by CSN1S2 Protein of Etawah Crossbred Goat Milk
Authors: Meidinna Hazna Noor , Fatchiyah Fatchiyah
Published: June 2019

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. High blood glucose levels in T2DM patients are treated by sulfonylurea. However, the long-term use of sulfonylurea can affect the regulation of glucose homeostasis and cause hypoglycemia. The cascade gene associated with the hypoglycemia is Kir6.2, a constituent of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP), in the neuron. Kir6.2 mutations cause dysregulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and glucagon secretion by pancreatic alpha cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of CSN1S2 protein of etawah crossbred goat milk on Kir6.2 gene sequences in the rat model of T2DM. The experimental animals used were male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into two major groups, namely control group and T2DM group. Each group was administrated by CSN1S2 protein with the dose of 375 mg/kg BW, 750 mg/kg BW, 1500 mg/kg BW, and without CSN1S2 protein administration. Each group was replicated three times. DNA was isolated from the rat brain. Kir6.2 gene was amplified by using specific primers. PCR products were purified and sequenced by using ABI 3730xl DNA Sequencer. DNA sequences were analyzed by using MEGA7 software. Amplification of the Kir6.2 gene produced 1173 bp DNA. There was no change in the Kir6.2 sequence in all treatments. The 25 mg/kg BW dose of streptozotocin had no effect on Kir6.2 gene sequence in the rat brain. This study also showed that administration of CSN1S2 protein at the dose of 375 mg/kg BB, 750 mg/kg BW, and 1500 mg/kg BW did not cause mutations in the Kir6.2 gene in the brain of the rat model of T2DM.
Luteinizing Hormone effect on the GDF-9 and BMPR-1a Expression of Bovine Granulosa Cells culture
Authors: Rahayu Sri , Prasetyawan Sasangka , Souhaly Jantje , Ciptadi Gatot
Published: June 2019

Growth Differentiation Factor-9 (GDF-9) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 1a (BMPR-1a) was a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily known to regulated ovarian functions in mammals. In addition, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) also has an important role in ovarian function. The objectives of this research are to observe effect of LH on the GDF-9 and BMPR-1a expression in granulosa cells (GCs) culture. Bovine ovaries were obtained from a slaughterhouse and carried to the laboratory within 30 min in a container kept at 37 °C in saline containing gentamicin and amphotericin. The ovaries were washed with pre-warmed PBS supplemented with gentamicin and amphotericin. Granulosa cells were collected from follicles by aspiration using a syringe with needle (20G). The cells were centrifuged for 1 min at 800g at room temperature and washed twice in DMEM/F12 medium and filtered through a stainless steel filter (100 um) to get the GCs then seeded in 6 well culture plates. The cells were cultured at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 h and then the wells were washed with PBS to remove unattached cells. The culture medium was replaced with serum-free medium supplemented with LH at 100 ng/mL and cultured for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted from GCs using TRIsure. The RNA quality and quantity were estimated by using spectrophotometer at 260/280 nm. Aliquots (1 ug) of total RNA from each pool of GCs were independently reverse-transcribed to cDNA. The mRNA expression of GDF-9 and BMPR-1a was estimated by the quantitative real-time PCR method. The results showed that LH added to the culture medium can increase the expression of GDF9 and BMPR-1a of granulosa cells.
Sandstone Reservoir Distribution Mapping of Bekasap Formation Using Seismic Attributes and Identification of Stratigraphic Trap in ‘X’ Field, Central Sumatera Basin
Authors: Suwondo  , Haris A. , Riyanto A. , Wiyono J.
Published: June 2019

The ‘X’ field is an oil-producing field in the Central Sumatra Basin. Central Sumatra Basin is the largest oil-producing sedimentary basin in Indonesia. The field is an area in the form of onlaping Bekasap Formation to the Basement High. The onlapping feature has potential for stratigraphic traps. This study aims to identify the potential stratigraphic traps for hydrocarbon accumulation, the distribution of sandstone reservoirs, facies types and the depositional environments. The data used in the study are 3D seismic data, well log, and core data. The research methods used including the analysis of electrofacies based on well log, seismic attributes, and conceptual geology model. The research shows that there is a stratigraphic trap in the form of intra-formation and regional traps. Intra-formation traps were formed vertically by the intersection of sandstone and shale lithologies and lateral facies changes, whereas the regional traps are formed by the shale layer of Telisa Formation and Bekasap Formation with onlapping on the Basement High. Based on AI inversion and RMS amplitude show the distribution of Top A sandstone reservoir is Northeast - Southwest on onlaping zone to the Basement High. The reservoir was deposited in depositional environment as wave dominated delta which is four facies associations: distributary channel, upper shoreface, lower shoreface, and offshore facies.
Study on the Vibrant Angular Velocity Measurement Algorithm Based on Planar Sensor Array
Authors: Zhao Tianhe , Wang Wei
Published: June 2019

To solve the complex vibration testing six degree-of-freedom rigid space problem, this paper designs a sensor array configuration model and corresponding algorithm. The model integrating the method of integration and the method of the square calculates the angular velocity data. Through the analysis of the inner link of data in sensor output equation, the calculating data updates and iterations constantly, maintaining understanding of real-time and accuracy of calculation data. At the same time it can solve the problem of the error accumulation of integral method and extraction of the problem of misjudgement of symbols. The simulation results show that the error is always within the range of 10-4 in 1000 seconds.
US academy votes to eject sexual harassers
Authors: Gwynne Peter
Published: June 2019

Members of the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) have voted to allow the academy’s council to rescind the membership of individuals who have committed “egregious violations” of its code of conduct, including for proven cases of sexual harassment.
Science must be more reproducible
Authors: Blaustein Richard
Published: June 2019

Researchers must describe in a “clear, specific and complete way” how they obtain scientific results if reproducibility and replicability in science is to be upheld.
Thousands join worldwide March for Science
Authors: Banks Michael
Published: June 2019

Scientists at more than 150 locations around the world joined the global March for Science event on 4 May.
The master of disaster
Authors: Crease Robert P
Published: June 2019

Leonardo da Vinci died 500 years ago, but his work contains clues for how to think about the modern problem of global warming, finds Robert P Crease
Part-time, great time
Authors: Houghton Isobel
Published: June 2019

In reply to the news story “Parenthood drives women out of science”, which was based on a study that followed the careers of more than 4000 US-based scientists over an eight-year period (April p13).
The new time's wrong
Authors: Atkins Chris
Published: June 2019

In reply to the Cyberspace cryptic crossword (March p76), the answers to which were given last month (May p56).
Solve for X
Authors: Randall Ian
Published: June 2019

“For the average journalist,” particle physicist Bruno Mansoulié notes astutely, “equations just mean a vanishing audience.” His book All of Physics (Almost) in 15 Equations introduces, explains and contextualizes fundamental equations.
Video versus the blackboard
Authors: da Silva Manuela Ramos Marques , da Silva Pedro Sidónio Pereira
Published: June 2019

My 18-year old-nephew was recently sitting across the table from me, searching for a video about the mathematical Mengoli series.
An elementary approach to the dimension of measures satisfying a first-order linear PDE constraint
Authors: Arroyo-Rabasa Adolfo
Published: June 2019

We give a simple criterion on the set of probability tangent measuresTan⁡(μ,x)\operatorname {Tan}(\mu ,x)of a positive Radon measureμ\mu, which yields lower bounds on the Hausdorff dimension ofμ\mu. As an application, we give anelementaryand purely algebraic proof of the sharp Hausdorff dimension lower bounds for first-order linear PDE-constrained measures; bounds for closed (measure) differential forms and normal currents are further discussed. Aweak structure theoremin the spirit of [Ann. Math. 184(3) (2016), pp. 1017–1039] is also discussed for such measures.
Lyapunov-type characterisation of exponential dichotomies with applications to the heat and Klein–Gordon equations
Authors: Chen Gong , Jendrej Jacek
Published: June 2019

We give a sufficient condition for the existence of an exponential dichotomy for a general linear dynamical system (not necessarily invertible) in a Banach space, in discrete or continuous time. We provide applications to the backward heat equation with a potential varying in time, and to the heat equation with a finite number of slowly moving potentials. We also consider the Klein–Gordon equation with a finite number of potentials whose centres move at sublight speed with small accelerations.
24-Hour vs. Spot Urinary Sodium and Potassium Measurements in Adult Hypertensive Patients: A Cohort Validation Study
Authors: Wan Elizabeth R , Cross Jennifer , Sofat Reecha , Walsh Stephen B
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND

Sodium intake is correlated with the development of hypertension. Guyton’s principals suggest that the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion reflects sodium ingestion over the same period. 24-hour urine collections are arduous to collect, so many centers use spot urinary measurements instead. We compared spot to matched 24-hour urinary electrolyte measurements.

METHODS

We examined 419 hypertensive patients from the UCL Complex Hypertension Clinic. 77 had matched and complete 24-hour and spot urinary and serum biochemistry to examine.

We compared the spot and 24-hour urinary; sodium concentration, Na/Cr ratio, FENa, Kawasaki and Tanaka estimated sodium excretion as well as the potassium concentration, K/Cr ratio, Kawasaki and Tanaka potassium excretion.

RESULTS

Our cohort was 58% male and the median age was 41 years. The 24-hour and spot Na concentrations correlated moderately (r = 0.4633, P < 0.0001). The 24-hour and spot Na/creatinine ratios correlated weakly (r = 0.2625, P = 0.0194). The 24-hour and spot FENa results showed a weak negative correlation (r = −0.222, P = ns). The 24-hour sodium excretion and the Kawasaki-derived spot urine sodium excretion correlated moderately (r = 0.3118, P = 0.0052). All Bland–Altman analyses showed poor agreement.

The 24-hour and spot potassium concentrations correlated very poorly (r = 0.1158, P = ns). The 24-hour and spot urinary K/creatinine ratios correlated weakly (r = 0.47, P ≤ 0.0001). 24-hour and Kawasaki and Tanaka estimated potassium excretions correlated much better (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Spot urinary measurements of sodium give a very poor understanding of the natriuresis occurring over the same 24-hour period. The Kawasaki and Tanaka estimations of the 24-hour sodium excretion showed a much lower correlation than previously reported.
Bacillus pumilus increases boron uptake and inhibits rapeseed growth under boron supply irrespective of phosphorus fertilization
Authors: Masood Sajid , Zhao Xue Qiang , Shen Ren Fang
Published: June 2019

The present study was carried out to investigate how plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) influence plant growth and uptake of boron (B) and phosphorus (P) in rapeseed (Brassica napus). Rapeseed was subjected to control, B, P and B + P treatments, either with or without B. pumilus (PGPB) inoculation, and grown in pot culture for 6 weeks. In the absence of B. pumilus, the addition of B, P or both elements improved the growth of rapeseed compared with the control. Interestingly, B. pumilus inoculation inhibited plant growth and enhanced B uptake under B and B + P but not under control and P conditions. In addition, B. pumilus inoculation decreased the pH of soil under B and B + P supplies. Bacillus pumilus inoculation thus increased rapeseed B uptake and inhibited growth under B supply, which suggests that the effects of PGPB on rapeseed growth depend on the addition of B to soil. Bacillus pumilus inoculation may therefore be recommended for the enhancement of rapeseed B levels in B-deficient soils but not in B-sufficient ones.
The Screening Utility and Ecological Validity of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Bill Payment Subtest in Older Adults with and without Dementia
Authors: Kenney Lauren E , Margolis Seth A , Davis Jennifer D , Tremont Geoffrey
Published: June 2019

Objective

The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Bill Payment subtest has shown strong diagnostic accuracy in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus non-AD. Its relationship to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or all-cause dementia has not been fully examined nor has its ecological validity as a proxy of financial independence.

Method

We describe 270 women (63%) and men (age = 72 ± 8.39) who completed Bill Payment during outpatient neuropsychological evaluation. Seventy-one were cognitively normal (CN), 160 had MCI, and 39 had Dementia. Two hundred fourteen were independent in money management, 31 were assisted (had oversight/some help), and 25 were dependent (relied on others). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves tested Bill Payment’s utility as a dementia screen. Kruskal–Wallis tests examined whether Bill Payment differed by levels of financial independence.

Results

At a cutoff of 17, Bill Payment had strong sensitivity (0.87) and specificity (0.80) for dementia versus CN cases. A cutoff of 15 distinguished dementia from MCI (Sn = 0.64, Sp = 0.85), whereas a cutoff of 16 distinguished dementia from functionally unimpaired cases (MCI + CN) with greater sensitivity and similar specificity (Sn = 0.74, Sp = 0.81). Sensitivity attenuated in MCI versus CN cases (Sn = 0.46, Sp = 0.83). Those who were independent in money management had higher scores than assisted and dependent cases (p ≤ 0.046). Assisted and dependent cases were no different (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Bill Payment is a valid screen of all-cause dementia. Lower Bill Payment scores may mark subtle functional decline beyond cognitive impairment alone. Specifically, results provide preliminary evidence of Bill Payment’s ecological validity as a measure related to financial independence. It may prove useful when impaired financial abilities are suspected but unreported.
Robust Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Two Quaternary Mixtures Containing Paracetamol, Codeine, Guaifenesin and Pseudoephedrine or Phenylephrine in their Dosage Forms
Authors: El-Kimary Eman I , Khamis Essam F , Belal Saeid F , Abdel Moneim Mona M
Published: June 2019

Two simple validated and highly selective methods for analysis of paracetamol, codeine, guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine quaternary mixtures were developed. The first method is a high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method where separation was successful using Agilent C18 (150 × 4.6 mm) column, gradient elution of phosphate buffer pH 3, methanol and acetonitrile and diode-array detection at 210 nm. The second method is a HPTLC method followed by densitometric measurement of the spots at 257 nm. Separation was carried out on Merck HPTLC aluminum sheets of silica gel using methylene chloride: methanol: glacial acetic acid: ammonia (17.8: 1.68: 0.4: 0.12, v/v) mobile phase. The methods were applied successfully for analysis of both quaternary mixtures in laboratory-prepared tablets and also validated in regards to linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity and stability.
Occupational structure in Ireland in the nineteenth century: data sources and avenues of exploration
Authors: Begley Jason , Geary Frank , Stark Tom
Published: June 2019

This paper considers structural change in post-Famine Ireland through an examination of changes in the allocation of the labour force across three broad production sectors: primary, secondary and tertiary. To do so, it makes extensive use of the Irish Census of Population from 1821 to 1911 as a source of occupational information. While there are a number of concerns with these returns, outlined and explored here, the Irish census remains the most complete source of information available on male and female labour force activity and occupations in Ireland during this period. The outcome of this exercise is a picture of Irish primary, secondary and tertiary sector employment during the latter half of the nineteenth century that is consistent with that of an economy undergoing a development transition: modernising albeit slowly. While Ireland was the poorest region of the UK economy, it was one of the richer European economies in terms of GDP per head and undergoing a development transition similar to a number of European economies during this period.
Sharing the Riches of the Sea: The Redistributive and Fiscal Dimension of Deep Seabed Exploitation
Authors: Feichtner Isabel
Published: June 2019

This article seeks to clarify how the principle of common heritage is being implemented and concretized by the fiscal regime of deep seabed mining. It first explicates the exploitation rationale underlying the common heritage principle. It argues that common heritage is a jurisdictional principle that lays the basis for the international allocation and administration of exploitation rights and, thus, for the effective economic exploitation of seabed minerals. This exploitation bias is strengthened by the perceived remoteness of deep seabed mining and the real institutional disembeddedness of the International Seabed Authority (ISA). To better understand the distribution conflicts that the law of deep seabed mining addresses, the article introduces two (competing) sets of public interest objectives: participation in exploitation and revenue generation pursued by newly independent (and, today, developing) states and access to raw materials pursued by industrialized states. The article then focuses on the different ways in which the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the 1994 Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI promote, reconcile and detract from the identified public interest objectives. It reveals how the participation objective has given way to a focus on market supply and revenue generation, and how the changes of the 1994 Implementation Agreement may be read as an attempt to dissolve the conflict between these competing public interest objectives, and to depoliticize the seabed regime. Third, the article turns to the ongoing work on a mining code for the deep seabed that, inter alia, must implement the ISA’s mandates to generate revenue from deep seabed mining and to redistribute this revenue. It shows how the ISA’s adoption of an individualist stakeholder orientation and its deference to commercial expectations of profitability, in the context of growing political attention to the oceans as a source of economic growth, are further transforming the notion of common heritage and benefit sharing and concomitantly undermine the regime’s redistributive ambitions. It also clarifies how the sponsorship of deep seabed mining by small Pacific island states holds only little promise of significant public revenue generation for these states, but may work to undermine solidarity among developing states. The article ends with a call on international lawyers to recognize the designing of a mining code for the deep seabed as the making of political economy.
Rapamycin Affects Palmitate-Induced Lipotoxicity in Osteoblasts by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Al Saedi Ahmed , A. Goodman Craig , E. Myers Damian , Hayes Alan , Duque Gustavo
Published: June 2019

Bone marrow fat infiltration is one of the hallmarks of aging and osteoporotic bones. Marrow adipocytes produce substantial amounts of palmitic acid (PA). PA is toxic to bone-forming osteoblasts in vitro, affecting their differentiation, function, and survival. Since rapamycin (RAP)-induced inhibition of target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activates autophagy and prevents apoptosis, we hypothesized that RAP may preserve osteoblast viability and reduce PA-induced lipotoxicity. Normal human osteoblasts were incubated with RAP in the presence of a lipotoxic concentration of PA or vehicle for 24 and 48 hours. Expression of LC3 protein levels and the phosphorylation of the direct mTORC1 target p70S6K1-T389 were quantified by Western blot. Lysosomes and autophagosomes were studied using confocal fluorescence imaging, lysotracker, and live-cell imaging. RAP reduced PA-induced apoptosis. In addition, PA-induced autophagosome formation increased substantially over the time-course, an effect that was significantly regulated by the presence of RAP in the media. In addition, LC3I/II ratios were higher in PA-induced cells with RAP whereas p70S6K1-T389 were lower in PA and RAP together. In summary, this study highlights the role of the RAP-sensitive mTORC1 pathway in normal human osteoblasts under lipotoxic conditions. RAP-associated therapies could, potentially, be targeted for specific roles in osteoporosis and aging bone.
The genome assembly and annotation of yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge)
Authors: Liang Qiang , Li Huayang , Li Shouke , Yuan Fuling , Sun Jingfeng , Duan Qicheng , Li Qingyun , Zhang Rui , Sang Ya Lin , Wang Nian , Hou Xiangwen , Yang Ke Qiang , Liu Jian Ning , Yang Long
Published: June 2019

Background

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge), a deciduous shrub or small tree native to north China, is of great economic value. Seeds of yellowhorn are rich in oil containing unsaturated long-chain fatty acids that have been used for producing edible oil and nervonic acid capsules. However, the lack of a high-quality genome sequence hampers the understanding of its evolution and gene functions.

Findings

In this study, a whole genome of yellowhorn was sequenced and assembled by integration of Illumina sequencing, Pacific Biosciences single-molecule real-time sequencing, 10X Genomics linked reads, Bionano optical maps, and Hi-C. The yellowhorn genome assembly was 439.97 Mb, which comprised 15 pseudo-chromosomes covering 95.42% (419.84 Mb) of the assembled genome. The repetitive fractions accounted for 56.39% of the yellowhorn genome. The genome contained 21,059 protein-coding genes. Of them, 18,503 (87.86%) genes were found to be functionally annotated with ≥1 "annotation" term by searching against other databases. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 341, 135, 125, 113, and 100 genes were specifically expressed in hermaphrodite flower, staminate flower, young fruit, leaf, and shoot, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that yellowhorn and Dimocarpus longan diverged from their most recent common ancestor ~46 million years ago.

Conclusions

The availability and subsequent annotation of the yellowhorn genome, as well as the identification of tissue-specific functional genes, provides a valuable reference for plant comparative genomics, evolutionary studies, and molecular design breeding.
A large interactive visual database of copy number variants discovered in taurine cattle
Authors: Kommadath Arun , Grant Jason R , Krivushin Kirill , Butty Adrien M , Baes Christine F , Carthy Tara R , Berry Donagh P , Stothard Paul
Published: June 2019

Background

Copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to genetic diversity and phenotypic variation. We aimed to discover CNVs in taurine cattle using a large collection of whole-genome sequences and to provide an interactive database of the identified CNV regions (CNVRs) that includes visualizations of sequence read alignments, CNV boundaries, and genome annotations.

Results

CNVs were identified in each of 4 whole-genome sequencing datasets, which together represent >500 bulls from 17 breeds, using a popular multi-sample read-depth−based algorithm, cn.MOPS. Quality control and CNVR construction, performed dataset-wise to avoid batch effects, resulted in 26,223 CNVRs covering 107.75 unique Mb (4.05%) of the bovine genome. Hierarchical clustering of samples by CNVR genotypes indicated clear separation by breeds. An interactive HTML database was created that allows data filtering options, provides graphical and tabular data summaries including Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests on genotype proportions, and displays genes and quantitative trait loci at each CNVR. Notably, the database provides sequence read alignments at each CNVR genotype and the boundaries of constituent CNVs in individual samples. Besides numerous novel discoveries, we corroborated the genotypes reported for a CNVR at the KIT locus known to be associated with the piebald coat colour phenotype in Hereford and some Simmental cattle.

Conclusions

We present a large comprehensive collection of taurine cattle CNVs in a novel interactive visual database that displays CNV boundaries, read depths, and genome features for individual CNVRs, thus providing users with a powerful means to explore and scrutinize CNVRs of interest more thoroughly.
Swing-back and trap-door technique repair for interrupted aortic arch with right-sided descending aorta
Authors: Shiraishi Shuichi , Sugimoto Ai , Tsuchida Masanori
Published: June 2019

A right-sided descending aorta with a left aortic arch is a rare congenital anomaly in which the aortic arch crosses the midline from the left side of the trachea coursing to the descending aorta in the right thoracic cavity. The surgical repair of an interrupted aortic arch with a right-sided descending aorta carries great risks of bronchial and oesophageal obstruction. Herein, we describe a case of successful surgical repair of an interrupted aortic arch with a right-sided descending aorta using the swing-back and trap-door techniques.
Development and dissemination of clinical decision support across institutions: standardization and sharing of refugee health screening modules
Authors: Orenstein Evan W , Yun Katherine , Warden Clara , Westerhaus Michael J , Mirth Morgan G , Karavite Dean , Mamo Blain , Sundar Kavya , Michel Jeremy J
Published: June 2019

Objectives

We developed and piloted a process for sharing guideline-based clinical decision support (CDS) across institutions, using health screening of newly arrived refugees as a case example.

Materials and Methods

We developed CDS to support care of newly arrived refugees through a systematic process including a needs assessment, a 2-phase cognitive task analysis, structured preimplementation testing, local implementation, and staged dissemination. We sought consensus from prospective users on CDS scope, applicable content, basic supported workflows, and final structure. We documented processes and developed sharable artifacts from each phase of development. We publically shared CDS artifacts through online dissemination platforms. We collected feedback and implementation data from implementation sites.

Results

Responses from 19 organizations demonstrated a need for improved CDS for newly arrived refugee patients. A guided multicenter workflow analysis identified 2 main workflows used by organizations that would need to be supported by shared CDS. We developed CDS through an iterative design process, which was successfully disseminated to other sites using online dissemination repositories. Implementation sites had a small-to-modest analyst time commitment but reported a good match between CDS and workflow.

Conclusion

Sharing of CDS requires overcoming technical and workflow barriers. We used a guided multicenter workflow analysis and online dissemination repositories to create flexible CDS that has been adapted at 3 sites. Organizations looking to develop sharable CDS should consider evaluating the workflows of multiple institutions and collecting feedback on scope, design, and content in order to make a more generalizable product.
The Dynamics of “Neither Agree Nor Disagree” Answers in Attitudinal Questions
Authors: Truebner Miriam
Published: June 2019

Attitudinal questions are an integral part of surveys in the social sciences. Previous research based on cross-sectional data has shown that both respondents’ characteristics and questionnaire design can lead to higher use of midpoint responses when questions are operationalized on uneven rating scales. To further current understanding of this phenomenon, in this article we apply hybrid regression models to analyze differences between respondents but also developmental changes within respondents, allowing for a more profound interpretation of the dynamics behind midpoint responses, theoretically explained by satisficing behavior. For our midpoint analyses, we use a set of attitudinal item blocks asked in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) from 1991 to 2008. Respondents’ reports and interviewers’ judgments offer satisficing-related indicators regarding ability and motivation, enabling particularly accurate analyses of midpoint response behavior in terms of the “neither agree nor disagree” option. Results show that depending on respondents’ specific characteristics, higher use of the midpoint cannot automatically be equated with nonsubstantive response behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that specific indicators related to low ability and motivation do not uniformly increase midpoint responses. Application of the hybrid model reveals that changes in respondents’ characteristics do not affect midpoint response. We speculate that there are unobserved personality attributes that affect the propensity to midpoint response and conclude by reflecting on reasons for the increase in midpoint responses over the years.
Epimutations in Developmental Genes Underlie the Onset of Domestication in Farmed European Sea Bass
Authors: Anastasiadi Dafni , Piferrer Francesc
Published: June 2019

Domestication of wild animals induces a set of phenotypic characteristics collectively known as the domestication syndrome. However, how this syndrome emerges is still not clear. Recently, the neural crest cell deficit hypothesis proposed that it is generated by a mildly disrupted neural crest cell developmental program, but clear support is lacking due to the difficulties of distinguishing pure domestication effects from preexisting genetic differences between farmed and wild mammals and birds. Here, we use a farmed fish as model to investigate the role of persistent changes in DNA methylation (epimutations) in the process of domestication. We show that early domesticates of sea bass, with no genetic differences with wild counterparts, contain epimutations in tissues with different embryonic origins. About one fifth of epimutations that persist into adulthood are established by the time of gastrulation and affect genes involved in developmental processes that are expressed in embryonic structures, including the neural crest. Some of these genes are differentially expressed in sea bass with lower jaw malformations, a key feature of domestication syndrome. Interestingly, these epimutations significantly overlap with cytosine-to-thymine polymorphisms after 25 years of selective breeding. Furthermore, epimutated genes coincide with genes under positive selection in other domesticates. We argue that the initial stages of domestication include dynamic alterations in DNA methylation of developmental genes that affect the neural crest. Our results indicate a role for epimutations during the beginning of domestication that could be fixed as genetic variants and suggest a conserved molecular process to explain Darwin’s domestication syndrome across vertebrates.
Al-Maʿarrī
Authors: Smoor Pieter
Published: June 2019

Abu al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sulaymān al-Tanūkhī lived 363–449AH/973–1057 ce. Despite his blindness, he was very observant of both people and animals. Al-Maʿarrī, of Maʿarrat al- Nuʿmān, a town in Syria, thought that God would take note of whoever suffers and who causes suffering. When someone dies, there will be compensation for the good deeds done on earth. But what about sheep who offer their wool to be turned into coats? According to al-Maʿarrī, God is never to blame. He has the right to the throne and unceasing praise belongs to Him, for He is most elevated in the world, which appears as his reflection. The stars above observe people through a net hanging in heaven; they look like shimmering lights in the water. Al-Maʿarrī loved poetry and prose, and was interested in the nature of scriptural language. Having returned from his visits to neighboring Aleppo and then to distant Baghdad, he gathered many pupils to his hometown, Meanwhile, enemies tried to have him punished before the Qadi because of his extreme praise for the southern tribe of Tanukh. According to the angel Gabriel, the northern Muḍar should have precedence as the tribe of Muhammad. Al-Maʿarri was unwilling to try to imitate the message of the Qurʾan, but he did boast of his capability to achieve a highly polished and similar masterpiece. Indeed, he created a splendid structure out of metric verse and rhyming sentences. His prose, along with his poetry, is loaded with riddles, proverbs, praise, and lamentation. In his writings, speech is used by animals as well as humans. During his career, al-Maʿarrī escaped conviction due to friends in high positions. One of whom, first honored as the Byzantine catepano (governor) was later promoted by the Imam Caliph al-Ḥākim to become ʿAzīz al-Dawlah (“The Mighty One of the Dynasty,” or “Beloved of the Dynasty”). Another was honored as al-Muʾayyad fi l-Dīn (The Supported One in Religion) and he organized Fatimid propaganda. Finally, Abu al-ʿAlāʾ was well informed of the religious and political disputes between Sunnis and Shiʿites. Even the rule of women in Byzantium did not escape his notice.
Polish Literature: Baroque
Authors: Keane Barry
Published: June 2019

Emerging out of the Jesuit-led Counter-Reformation, the first manifestations of the Polish baroque, in terms of sacral and secular art and architecture coupled with an artistic and literary flourishing, appeared toward the end of the 16th century; and the era’s end was not seen until around the years 1740–1760, which came with the ascendancy of the ideals of the Enlightenment. The Polish baroque can be understood in a cultural sense as a symbiosis of the tastes and religious passion of the land-owning gentry of the Crown, the patronage of increasingly demagogic magnates, and a broad flourishing of artistic and epistolary expression from among the same caste and landed gentry, made all the more unique by the principle of the “Golden Freedom,” which bestowed a self-regarding liberty on landowners to demonstrate opinions in speech and writing, and to vote and be elected to the local and national assemblies. Central to the Polish baroque was Sarmatism, a belief, born of religious fervor, in the idea that the commonwealth of the gentry was a protectorate of the Catholic faith, and that Poland’s very location, being a buffer for Europe against incursions from the east, was a part of God’s divine plan. Whilst the prevailing liberal and heroic spirit championed the individual over monarchical absolutism and shaped viewpoints that were far from the murderous religious intolerance seen elsewhere in Counter-Reformational Europe, the ruling classes became over time swept up in an expression of religious exaltation, and, so convinced of their sanctified position, accelerated a process of curtailing the burgher and peasant classes, who were forced to accept progressively limited entitlements and privileges.