bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-destabilizing loop observed in a jetting-to-dripping transition
Authors: Umemura Akira , Osaka Jun
Published: July 2014

It is well known that water slowly issued vertically downward exhibits a hysteresis phenomenon. A jetting-to-dripping transition appearing upon a stepwise decrease in jet issue speed was used to identify the origin of the Plateau–Rayleigh unstable wave elements which disintegrate the jetting liquid. In the present laboratory experiment using a stainless steel nozzle of inner radius 1 mm and length 30 mm, the transition occurred at a dimensionless jet issue speed of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}\sqrt{\rho U^{2}a_{0} /\sigma } =0.8,$ where $\rho $ and $\sigma $ respectively denote the density and surface tension coefficient of the liquid issued at the speed $U$ from the nozzle of radius $a_0$. The jet length gradually shortened with an oscillation of considerably large amplitude and period. High-speed camera images show that this oscillation is caused by tip contraction capillary wave (TCCW) elements which are elongated by the gravitationally accelerating jet flow and become Plateau–Rayleigh unstable wave elements. The jet length increases while the jet tip experiences end-pinching and radiates TCCW elements upstream. Only those TCCW elements destabilized at appropriate locations can grow sufficiently to shorten the jet. Since the unstable wave elements produced nearer the nozzle exit have much smaller amplitude at the jet tip, the end-pinching becomes effective. Thus, these processes are repeatable and constitute a self-destabilizing loop. The observed jetting-to-dripping transition has nothing to do with the random nozzle disturbances which were believed to be the origin of the Plateau–Rayleigh unstable wave in conventional instability theories. It is also different from the feature conjectured from current absolute/convective instability analysis. The underling physics of the self-destabilizing loop are explored in detail by numerical simulations based on a one-dimensional model.
Settlement Planning and Urban Symbology in Syro-Anatolian Cities
Authors: Osborne James F.
Published: July 2014

Few subjects have excited the imagination of archaeologists working in ancient complex societies as have monumentality and urban planning. Yet the two topics are rarely explicitly theorized in a sustained integrated investigation within a single study, despite the fact that monumental architecture is often considered a primary basis for identifying the presence of urban planning. This article makes the related methodological arguments that both phenomena benefit from a more full consideration of one another, and that the meaningful aspect of monumentality and urban symbology needs to be considered in conjunction with the formal aspect of monuments and urban layouts. These positions are then implemented in a study of the Syro-Anatolian city-state system that existed in the ancient Near East during the early first millennium bc. The capital cities of these polities were characterized by a program of monumentality that brought royalty, city walls, gates and monumental sculpture into an unmistakable constellation of associations. The consistency of this pattern of monumentality and urban form suggests that at least a degree of urban planning existed.
Social Interaction at the End of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B: an Inter-site Analysis in the Euphrates Valley
Authors: Borrell Ferran , Molist Miquel
Published: July 2014

This article discusses contact, social relationships, and social organization between sites at the end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic in the Euphrates valley; all of which are of high importance for reconstructing and modelling social organization in consolidated agricultural villages. Our analysis has succeeded in identifying a complex range of overlapping levels and types of social interaction that occurred simultaneously and operated at different scales including the household, the community and inter-regional communities. This complex mixture of interacting spheres, together with the identification of cultural-social boundaries, enables us to understand and explain inter-site variation in material culture and mortuary practices. Moreover, they reflect the growing social complexity of large farming communities at the end of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic and the role played by settlement as the social unit through which these communities became more distinctive and self-consciously different.
Übergang vom Studium in den Beruf
Authors: Kirstein Nicole , Fröhlich-Gildhoff Klaus
Published: July 2014

Dieser Beitrag zeigt die Ergebnisse einer umfassenden Befragung zur Berufseinmündung und -entwicklung der AbsolventInnen kindheitspädagogischer BA Studiengänge an neun Studienstandorten in Baden-Württemberg. Die Studie greift die Ausbildungsreform und -innovation in der Früh-/Kindheitspädagogik auf und hat u. a. das Ziel, empirische Daten zur Entwicklung der akademisch ausgebildeten Fachkräfte im Feld der frühkindlichen Bildung, Betreuung und Erziehung zu liefern. Um der Komplexität der Fragestellungen Rechnung zu tragen, wurde eine multimethodische (Einsatz quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden) und mehrperspektivische Vorgehensweise umgesetzt, welche die unterschiedlichen Perspektiven der AbsolventInnen selbst, der Arbeitgeber bzw. Trägerverbände und der FachkollegInnen am Arbeitsplatz berücksichtigte. Dieser Beitrag bezieht sich auf die Ergebnisse der quantitativen AbsolventInnenstudie. Hierzu wurden die AbsolventInnen zu zwei Zeitpunkten (zu Studienende und 1,5 bis 3,5 Jahre nach Studienabschluss) mittels einer Kombination längsschnittlicher und querschnittlicher Erhebungen befragt. Die Befunde geben Auskunft zum Profil der Studierenden, zur Studienzufriedenheit, dem Übergang vom Studium in den Beruf oder ein weiterführendes Studium, zur selbst eingeschätzten Kompetenzentwicklung, zu der beruflichen Erstplatzierung und Arbeitszufriedenheit kindheitspädagogischer BachelorabsolventInnen in Baden-Württemberg. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die AbsolventInnen mit der Studienwahl überwiegend zufrieden sind sowie schnell und in großer Zahl in das Berufsfeld Eingang finden. Innerhalb der frühpädagogischen Anforderungsbereiche prägt sich die selbst eingeschätzte Kompetenz der BerufseinsteigerInnen unterschiedlich aus. In der Berufseinstiegsphase zeigt sich ein – im Vergleich zum Kompetenzniveau bei Studienabschluss – signifikanter Zuwachs in den Bereichen Didaktik, Zusammenarbeit mit Eltern und Beziehungsgestaltung, während ein Kompetenzabbau in den Bereichen Vernetzung sowie Forschung und Wissenschaft zu beobachten ist. Arbeitszufriedenheit generieren die Befragten insbesondere aus der Zusammenarbeit mit den Kindern, während unzureichende Rahmenbedingungen des Berufsfeldes und ebenso die strukturelle wie monetäre Gleichstellung mit beruflich ausgebildeten ErzieherInnen Unzufriedenheit hervorrufen.
Suicidal Ideation and Familicidal-Suicidal Ideation Among Individuals Presenting to Problem Gambling Services
Authors: Wong Paul W. C. , Kwok Noel C. F. , Tang Joe Y. C. , Blaszczynski Alexander , Tse Samson
Published: July 2014

Background: Studies have consistently reported high rates of suicidal ideation (SI) among individuals with disordered gambling. None have explored gambling-related familicidal-suicidal ideation (FSI). Aims: This study examined the (1) prevalence of SI and FSI among treatment-seeking gamblers in Hong Kong, (2) characteristic profile of factors associated with SI and FSI, and (3) factors that predict SI and FSI. Method: This is a retrospective analysis of data collected at initial clinical assessments from a specialized gambling counseling centre in Hong Kong. Participants were gamblers (N = 3,686) who sought treatment at the centre between 2003 and 2012. Information about socio-gambling demographics, physical and mental health status, current presenting problems, self-rated South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS, Chinese version), and occurrence of SI or FSI were examined. Descriptive analysis and ordinal regression analysis were used to investigate the characteristics of the gamblers and the association of variables. Results: In our sample, 720 (20.0%) individuals reported SI, and 22 (0.6%) individuals reported FSI at the initial assessment. Individuals with SI and FSI differed from the nonsuicidal individuals in terms of their demographics, gambling experiences and severity, mental and physical wellbeing, and types of gambling-related problems. The adjusted ordinal regression model shows that participating in table games in casinos and having familial and financial problems seem to enhance the likelihood of having SI and FSI. Conclusion: While mental health issues are significantly related to SI and FSI among gambling treatment seekers, the impacts of physical, family, and financial strains should not be underestimated.
Methods for Predicting Diabetes Phase III Efficacy Outcome From Early Data: Superior Performance Obtained Using Longitudinal Approaches
Authors: Møller JB , Kristensen NR , Klim S , Karlsson MO , Ingwersen SH , Kjellsson MC
Published: July 2014

The link between glucose and HbA1c at steady state has previously been described using steady‐state or longitudinal relationships. We evaluated five published methods for prediction of HbA1c after 26/28 weeks using data from four clinical trials. Methods (1) and (2): steady‐state regression of HbA1c on fasting plasma glucose and mean plasma glucose, respectively, (3) an indirect response model of fasting plasma glucose effects on HbA1c, (4) model of glycosylation of red blood cells, and (5) coupled indirect response model for mean plasma glucose and HbA1c. Absolute mean prediction errors were 0.61, 0.38, 0.55, 0.37, and 0.15% points, respectively, for Methods 1 through 5. This indicates that predictions improved by using mean plasma glucose instead of fasting plasma glucose, by inclusion of longitudinal glucose data and further by inclusion of longitudinal HbA1c data until 12 weeks. For prediction of trial outcome, the longitudinal models based on mean plasma glucose (Methods 4 and 5) had substantially better performance compared with the other methods.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e122; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.20; published online 02 July 2014
Ontogenesis of the HPI axis and molecular regulation of the cortisol stress response during early development in Dicentrarchus labrax.
Authors: Tsalafouta A. , Papandroulakis N. , Gorissen M. , Katharios P. , Flik G. , Pavlidis M.
Published: July 2014

The cortisol stress response and the molecular programming of the corticoid axis were characterized for the first time during early ontogeny in a Mediterranean marine teleost, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Sea bass embryos, pre-larvae and larvae at specific points of development were exposed to acute stressors and the temporal patterns of cortisol whole body concentrations and the expression of genes involved in corticosteroid biosynthesis, degradation and signaling were determined. Expression of genes (gr1, gr2, mr, crf) involved into the corticoid response regulation combined with histological data indicated that, although a cortisol stress response is evident for the first time around first feeding, a pattern becomes established in larvae at flexion until the formation of all fins. Moreover, mRNA transcript levels of 11β-hydroxylase and 11β-hsd2 showed a strong correlation with the whole body cortisol concentrations. Concluding, our data reveal the presence of an adaptive mechanism in European sea bass at early ontogeny enabling to cope with external stressful stimuli and provide a better insight into the onset and regulation of the stress response in this species.
Semiconductor Quantum Dots
Authors: Green Mark ,   Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: July 2014

Quantum dots are nano-sized particles of semiconducting material, typically chalcogenides or phosphides of metals found across groups II to VI of the periodic table. Their small size causes them to exhibit unique optical and electrical properties which are now finding applications in electronics, optics and in the biological sciences.

Synthesis of these materials began in the late 1980’s and this book gives a thorough background to the topic, referencing these early discoveries. Any rapidly-expanding field will contain vast amounts of publications, and this book presents a complete overview of the field, bringing together the most relevant and seminal aspects literature in an informed and succinct manner.

The author has been an active participant in the field since its infancy in the mid 1990’s, and presents a unique handbook to the synthesis and application of this unique class of materials. Drawing on both his own experience and referencing the primary literature, Mark Green has prepared. Postgraduates and experienced researchers will benefit from the comprehensive nature of the book, as will manufacturers of quantum dots and those wishing to apply them.
Quantification of CP4 EPSPS in genetically modified Nicotiana tabacum leaves by LC-MS/MS with18O-labelling
Authors: Zhang Mei , Teng Zhongqiu , Xu Wei , Dai Rongji , Qing Hong , Deng Yulin , Xu Jianguo
Published: July 2014

The CP4 EPSPS gene is widely used in herbicide-tolerant crops/plants all over the world.
NiFe2O4nanoparticles decorated with MWCNTs as a selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of epinephrine using differential pulse voltammetry
Authors: Ensafi Ali A. , Saeid F. , Rezaei B. , Allafchian Ali R.
Published: July 2014

A new electrochemical method was developed for epinephrine detection based on NiFe2O4–MWCNT-modified electrode. The nanocomposite has a synergic effect on the oxidation of epinephrine.
A sensitive SERS assay for detecting proteins and nucleic acids using a triple-helix molecular switch for cascade signal amplification
Authors: Ye Sujuan , Wu Yanying , Zhang Wen , Li Na , Tang Bo
Published: July 2014

A sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection system is developed for proteins and nucleic acids based on a triple-helix molecular switch for multiple cycle signal amplification.
The effect of the supramolecular network of (Z)-3-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-acrylonitrile on the fluorescence behavior of a single crystal: experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Percino M. Judith , Cerón Margarita , Soriano-Moro Guillermo , Castro M. Eugenia , Chapela Víctor M. , Bonilla José , Reyes-Reyes Marisol , López-Sandoval Román
Published: July 2014

The molecular structure, molecular interactions, self-assembly behaviour and optical properties of a α,β-unsaturated nitrile were analyzed.
Morphology and chemical states of size-selected Ptnclusters on an aluminium oxide film on NiAl(110)
Authors: Beniya Atsushi , Isomura Noritake , Hirata Hirohito , Watanabe Yoshihide
Published: July 2014

Size-selected Ptnclusters on the Al2O3surface form two-dimensional planar structures atn≤ 18 and three-dimensional two-layer structures start to appear atn≥ 19. They are composed of neutral and cationic Pt atoms.
Critical temperature and products of intrachain polaron recombination in conjugated polymers
Authors: da Cunha Wiliam Ferreira , Ribeiro Junior Luiz Antonio , Gargano Ricardo , e Silva Geraldo Magela
Published: July 2014

The intrachain recombination dynamics between oppositely charged polarons is theoretically investigated through the use of a version of the Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (SSH) model modified to include an external electric field, an extended Hubbard model, Coulomb interactions, and temperature effects in the framework of a nonadiabatic evolution method.
Mechanism of water oxidation by non-heme iron catalysts when driven with sodium periodate
Authors: Parent Alexander R. , Nakazono Takashi , Lin Shu , Utsunomiya Satoshi , Sakai Ken
Published: July 2014

Non-heme iron complexes were determined to serve as homogeneous water oxidation catalysts when driven with sodium periodate. Both mononuclear and dinuclear complexes were found to be active for water oxidation, with the monomeric species exhibiting higher rates.
Structural insights for the design of new borate–phosphates: synthesis, crystal structure and optical properties of Pb4O(BO3)(PO4) and Bi4O3(BO3)(PO4)
Authors: Wang Ying , Pan Shilie , Huang Shengshi , Dong Lingyun , Zhang Min , Han Shujuan , Wang Xian
Published: July 2014

A principle to design new borate–phosphates has been proposed.
Photoelectric conversion at a [Ru(bpy)3]2+-based metallic triad anchored on ITO surface
Authors: Farran Rajaa , Jouvenot Damien , Loiseau Frédérique , Chauvin Jérôme , Deronzier Alain
Published: July 2014

A tri-metallic triad was built on ITO by a stepwise procedure, exhibiting photocurrent properties.
t-BuXPhos: a highly efficient ligand for Buchwald–Hartwig coupling in water
Authors: Wagner Patrick , Bollenbach Maud , Doebelin Christelle , Bihel Frédéric , Bourguignon Jean-Jacques , Salomé Christophe , Schmitt Martine
Published: July 2014

A highly efficient, eco-friendly N-arylation was disclosed outspreading perspectives in green Buchwald–Hartwig reactions.
The effect of aryl hydrazono ester containing dipeptides (AHEDs) on mosquito egg-laying behaviour
Authors: Agrawal Sumit K. , Tikar Sachin , Yadav Ruchi , Halve Anand K. , Sathe Manisha
Published: July 2014

Fifteen peptide derivatives were synthesized to study oviposition responses in mosquitoes at two different concentrations. AHED-6 showed the maximum oviposition attractant activity while AHED-13 exhibited the highest oviposition deterrent activity.
Synthesis and fluorescence properties of benzoxazole-1,4-dihydropyridine dyads achieved by a multicomponent reaction
Authors: Affeldt Ricardo Ferreira , de Amorim Borges Antônio César , Russowsky Dennis , Severo Rodembusch Fabiano
Published: July 2014

Photoactive ESIPT dyads with a high Stokes' shift were obtained by a multicomponent one-pot Hantzsch synthesis.
A “click” chemistry constructed affinity system for 2-oxoglutaric acid receptors and binding proteins
Authors: Wang Yang , Assaf Zeinab , Liu Xinjun , Ziarelli Fabio , Latifi Amel , Lamrabet Otmane , Quéléver Gilles , Qu Fanqi , Zhang Cheng-Cai , Peng Ling
Published: July 2014

An ingenious and robust affinity resin to capture the 2-oxoglutaric acid binding proteins was constructed via “click” chemistry and validated using a known 2-OG receptor in cell lysate.
Enhanced catalysis and enantioselective resolution of racemic naproxen methyl ester by lipase encapsulated within iron oxide nanoparticles coated with calix[8]arene valeric acid complexes
Authors: Sayin Serkan , Akoz Enise , Yilmaz Mustafa
Published: July 2014

In this study, two types of nanoparticles have been used as additives for the encapsulation of Candida rugosa lipase via the sol–gel method.
A convenient, economical and scalable multi-gram synthesis of 1-vinylcyclopropyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate
Authors: Ojo O. Stephen , Inglesby Phillip A. , Negru Daniela E. , Evans P. Andrew
Published: July 2014

The efficient and scalable synthesis of a valuable vinylcyclopropane (VCP) building block, which circumvents several problems encountered in previous syntheses, has been developed.
Reaction of 6-aminouracils with aldehydes in water as both solvent and reactant under FeCl3·6H2O catalysis: towards 5-alkyl/arylidenebarbituric acids
Authors: Kalita Subarna Jyoti , Mecadon Hormi , Chandra Deka Dibakar
Published: July 2014

5-Alkyl/arylidenebarbituric acids were efficiently synthesized through an FeCl3·6H2O catalyzed domino reaction of 6-aminouracils, water and aldehydes with water serving a dual role as both solvent and reactant, under benign conditions.
Synthesis of indole-based functional polymers with well-defined structures via a catalyst-free C–N coupling reaction
Authors: Chang Guanjun , Yang Li , Liu Shenye , Luo Xuan , Lin Runxiong , Zhang Lin
Published: July 2014

Poly(N-arylene diindolylmethane)s with high molecular weights have been synthesized by a catalyst-free C–N coupling reaction, which exhibit outstanding fluorescence and promising cross-linked film-forming ability.
DNA-functionalized polystyrene particles and their controlled self-assembly
Authors: Chollakup Rungsima , Smitthipong Wirasak , Chworos Arkadiusz
Published: July 2014

DNA-grafted particles can assemble together, and the interaction strength is related to the hydrogen bonding from DNA linker between DNA-grafted particles. Two types of DNA linker are proposed.
Porous Cu–BTC silica monoliths as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation of alkylbenzenes
Authors: Song Guo-Qiang , Lu Ying-Xun , Zhang Qi , Wang Fan , Ma Xiao-Kun , Huang Xian-Feng , Zhang Zhi-Hui
Published: July 2014

Macro-/mesoporous silica supported Cu–BTC monoliths were in situ synthesized as efficient reusable heterogeneous catalysts for the selective oxidation from alkylbenzenes to ketones with moderate to excellent yields. The catalytic selectivity of such low-cost catalysts due to the sizes and shapes of the substrates.
A fast and convenient cellulose hydrogel-coated colander for high-efficiency oil–water separation
Authors: Lu Fei , Chen Yuning , Liu Na , Cao Yingze , Xu Liangxin , Wei Yen , Feng Lin
Published: July 2014

A simple method to prepare a cellulose-coated colander that can scoop floating oil.
Effective discrimination of GTP from ATP by a cationic tentacle porphyrin through “turn-on” fluorescence intensity
Authors: Karunakaran Suneesh C. , Paul Albish K. , Ramaiah Danaboyina
Published: July 2014

Cationic porphyrin selectively recognises guanosine based nucleotides was utilized as fluorescence “turn-on” probe to discriminate GTP from ATP through FID assay.
Site activation effects promoted by intramolecular hydrogen bond interactions in SNAr reactions
Authors: Gallardo-Fuentes Sebastián , Tapia Ricardo A. , Contreras Renato , Campodónico Paola R.
Published: July 2014

The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of benzohydrazide derivatives towards 2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine is used as model system to experimentally and theoretically show that intramolecular hydrogen-bond formation operates as a perturbation that elicits a dual response at the reaction center of the transition state (TS) structure.
Facile and efficient synthesis of 1-haloalkynes via DBU-mediated reaction of terminal alkynes and N-haloimides under mild conditions
Authors: Li Mengru , Li Yueju , Zhao Baozhong , Liang Fushun , Jin Long-Yi
Published: July 2014

Directly from terminal alkynes and with N-halosuccinimides (halo = Br and I) or N-cholorophthalimide as the halogen sources, DBU as the activator, 1-haloalkynes were prepared in good to excellent yields at room temperature.
Molecularly imprinted polymer beads for nicotine recognition prepared by RAFT precipitation polymerization: a step forward towards multi-functionalities
Authors: Zhou Tongchang , Jørgensen Lars , Mattebjerg Maria Ahlm , Chronakis Ioannis S. , Ye Lei
Published: July 2014

Molecularly imprinted polymer beads synthesized by RAFT precipitation polymerization enable versatile surface functionalization and new applications.
Laccase-catalyzed synthesis of aniline oligomers and their application for the protection of copper against corrosion
Authors: Shumakovich Galina P. , Otrokhov Grigory V. , Khlupova Maria E. , Vasil'eva Irina S. , Zaitseva Elena A. , Morozova Olga V. , Yaropolov Alexander I.
Published: July 2014

A new method for the enzymatic synthesis of oligoaniline soluble in organic solutions is developed. Aniline oligomers showed a high inhibition of copper corrosion in aqueous HCl and NaCl solutions.
Simulation of degradation of the organic contaminants ethylene glycol and phenol by iron nanoparticles using the kinetic Monte Carlo method
Authors: Jalali Hamed Moradmand
Published: July 2014

We applied kinetic Monte Carlo simulation to study the kinetics and mechanisms of the degradation of the organic pollutants ethylene glycol and phenol by iron(iii) nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide as the catalytic system.
Fabrication temperature modulates bulk properties of polymeric gels synthesized by different crosslinking methods
Authors: Raina Deepak Bushan , Koul Raman , Bangroo Aniket , Kumar Ashok
Published: July 2014

Fabrication temperature influences bulk properties of polymeric gels. Freezing of precursors leads to reduced mechanical strength due to increase in porosity. At higher temperatures, the porosity is reduced and that in turn leads to increased mechanical and rheological properties.
Two-point halogen bonding between 3,6-dihalopyromellitic diimides
Authors: Cao Dennis , Hong Michael , Blackburn Anthea K. , Liu Zhichang , Holcroft James M. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: July 2014

The syntheses of several 3,6-dihalopyromellitic diimides have been achieved. Two-point intermolecular halogen–oxygen interactions—reminiscent of carboxylic acid dimers—are observed in the solid-state superstructures of (i) these molecules and (ii) their charge-transfer complexes with electron-rich naphthalenes.
Thiosquaramides: pH switchable anion transporters
Authors: Busschaert Nathalie , Elmes Robert B. P. , Czech Dawid D. , Wu Xin , Kirby Isabelle L. , Peck Evan M. , Hendzel Kevin D. , Shaw Scott K. , Chan Bun , Smith Bradley D. , Jolliffe Katrina A. , Gale Philip A.
Published: July 2014

Thiosquaramides show pH controlled anion transport properties in lipid bilayers.
Carbon encapsulated 3D hierarchical Fe3O4spheres as advanced anode materials with long cycle lifetimes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Fan Xiulin , Shao Jie , Xiao Xuezhang , Chen Lixin , Wang Xinhua , Li Shouquan , Ge Hongwei
Published: July 2014

As anode materials for lithium ion batteries, metal oxides have large storage capacity.
Quaternized poly (ether ether ketone)s doped with phosphoric acid for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Authors: Zhang Na , Wang Baolong , Zhao Chengji , Wang Shuang , Zhang Yurong , Bu Fanzhe , Cui Ying , Li Xuefeng , Na Hui
Published: July 2014

The quaternized poly(ether ether ketone)s, which were aminated by trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine and 1-methylimidazole, were studied as alternative HTPEM materials.
Synthesis of hierarchically nanostructured TiO2spheres with tunable morphologies based on a novel amphiphilic polymer precursor and their use for heavy metal ion sequestration
Authors: Sun Wei , Chen Min , Zhou Shuxue , Wu Limin
Published: July 2014

Hierarchically nanostructured TiO2spheres with tunable morphologies and excellent heavy metal ion sequestration performances were fabricated from an amphiphilic polymer/inorganic precursor.
A three-dimensional Mn3O4network supported on a nitrogenated graphene electrocatalyst for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media
Authors: Bikkarolla Santosh Kumar , Yu Fengjiao , Zhou Wuzong , Joseph Paul , Cumpson Peter , Papakonstantinou Pagona
Published: July 2014

A 3D hierarchical Mn3O4nanoflake structure supported on nitrogenated reduced graphene oxide (NrGO), with excellent oxygen reduction in alkaline medium, was developed by electrodeposition. High performance is attributed to poor nanoflake crystallinity and strong nanoflake–NrGO coupling.
Facile synthesis of azo-linked porous organic frameworks via reductive homocoupling for selective CO2 capture
Authors: Lu Jingzhi , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2014

A facile Zn-induced reductive homocoupling reaction was used to synthesize azo-linked porous organic frameworks (azo-POFs) from easily accessed nitro monomers.
A new aspect of Chevrel compounds as positive electrodes for magnesium batteries
Authors: Ichitsubo T. , Yagi S. , Nakamura R. , Ichikawa Y. , Okamoto S. , Sugimura K. , Kawaguchi T. , Kitada A. , Oishi M. , Doi T. , Matsubara E.
Published: July 2014

Chevrel compounds have been reexamined as potential positive electrodes for magnesium rechargeable batteries; their redox potential can be as high as about 2–3 V vs. Mg/Mg2+.
Large-scale synthesis of Ag–Si core–shell nanowall arrays as high-performance anode materials of Li-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Wenjia , Du Ning , Xiao Chengmao , Wu Hao , Zhang Hui , Yang Deren
Published: July 2014

We demonstrate the synthesis of Ag–Si core–shell nanowall arrays via a simple displacement reaction and subsequent RF-sputtering deposition.
Preventing bacterial colonization using colloidal crystals
Authors: Kargar Mehdi , Pruden Amy , Ducker William A.
Published: July 2014

A monolayer of polystyrene particles inhibits colony formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and causes adsorption in particular locations.
Molecular evolution of the substrate specificity of ent-kaurene synthases to adapt to gibberellin biosynthesis in land plants
Authors: Shimane Manami , Ueno Yohei , Morisaki Keiko , Oogami Shingo , Natsume Masahiro , Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Nozaki Hiroshi , Kawaide Hiroshi
Published: July 2014

ent-Kaurene is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone gibberellin. In ent-kaurene biosynthesis in flowering plants, two diterpene cyclases (DTCs), ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP) synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS), catalyse the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to ent-CDP and ent-CDP to ent-kaurene, respectively. In contrast, the moss Physcomitrella patens has a bifunctional ent-CPS/KS (PpCPS/KS) that catalyses both cyclization reactions. To gain more insight into the functional diversity of ent-kaurene biosynthetic enzymes in land plants, we focused on DTCs in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. The present paper describes the characterization of two S. moellendorffii DTCs (SmKS and SmDTC3) in vitro. SmDTC3 converted ent-CDP into ent-16α-hydroxykaurane and also used other CDP stereoisomers as substrate. Remarkably, SmKS, which produces ent-kaurene from ent-CDP, showed similar substrate selectivity: both SmKS and SmDTC3 synthesized sandaracopimaradiene from normal CDP. Therefore, the diversity of substrate recognition among KSs from other plants was investigated. PpCPS/KS could use normal CDP and syn-CDP as well as ent-CDP as substrate. In contrast, lettuce KS showed high specificity for ent-CDP, and rice KS recognized only ent-CDP. Our studies imply that ancient KS having low substrate specificity has evolved to be specific for ent-CDP to the biosynthesis of gibberellin.
Perceptions of Speech-Language Pathologists Linked to Evidence-Based Practice Use in Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Douglas Natalie F. , Hinckley Jacqueline J. , Haley William E. , Andel Ross , Chisolm Theresa H. , Eddins Ann C.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

This study explored whether perceptions of evidence or organizational context were associated with the use of external memory aids with residents with dementia in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs).

Method

A survey design, supplemented by a small sample of exploratory interviews, was completed within the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework. Ninety-six speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and 68 facility rehabilitation directors (FRDs) completed the Organizational Readiness to Change Assessment (Helfrich, Li, Sharp, & Sales, 2009) in relationship to the use of external memory aids. Five SLPs completed an interview exploring perceptions of evidence and context in relationship to memory aid use.

Results

SLPs and FRDs had favorable perceptions of evidence supporting memory aids. FRDs perceived the organizational context of the SNF more favorably than SLPs. SLP participants used external memory aids in the past 6 months in 45.89% of cases of residents with dementia. For SLP participants, a 26% (
p
< .05) increase of external memory aid use was associated with every 1-unit change in favor of the evidence. Interview data revealed barriers to external memory aid implementation.

Conclusions

Part of evidence-based practice implementation may be influenced by clinician perceptions. Efforts to increase implementation of external memory aids in SNFs should address these clinician perceptions.
Cochlear Implants and School Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Hohla Laura , Switzer Christine
Published: July 2014

School-based speech-language pathologists are providing services for children's cochlear implants (CIs) because of newborn screenings, early amplification and early intervention allowing many of the children with CIs to attend regular educational programs. The CI is explained along with tips to make listening in the classroom better for the CI user. A hierarchy of listening skill development is outlined along with evaluation procedures for assessing listening, speech, and language skills for children with CIs at the early intervention, preschool, elementary school, and high school levels. A detailed therapy program is provided as well to assist the school clinician. Resources are listed to provide information not only for the clinicians and students, but for teachers and parents as well.
CHARGE Syndrome: An Introduction for Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Hartshorne Timothy S. , Hissong Kirsten N.
Published: July 2014

CHARGE syndrome, identified in 1979 and a gene found in 2004, is a highly variable disorder, making “typical” CHARGE hard to describe. Few children will have all of the characteristic anomalies. Therefore, it is essential to know what the anomalies are and be able to know how the specific child is affected in order to plan well for treatment. Characteristic behaviors, which can be challenging, can be understood as attempts to self-regulate and must be understood. These children manage best in an environment that is predictable. Children with CHARGE are multisensory impaired, which can severely restrict their “communication bubble.” Building communication is essential for children with CHARGE and the role of the speech-language pathologist is critical to their success in life.
Illumination invariant face recognition based on dual‐tree complex wavelet transform
Authors: Hu Haifeng
Published: July 2014

This study presents a new dual‐tree complex wavelet transform (DT‐CWT)‐based illumination normalisation approach for face recognition under varying lighting conditions. The method consists of three steps. First, the DT‐CWT‐based edge detection method is proposed which can obtain estimation for facial feature edges in different directionality and resolution level. Second, the DT‐CWT‐based denoising model is employed to obtain the multi‐scale illumination invariant structures in the logarithm domain. Finally, by combining the obtained illumination invariant features and edge estimation information, the enhanced facial features are obtained which have more discriminating power for variable lighting face recognition. The effectiveness of the method is validated in comparative performance against many classical illumination compensation methods using the YaleB database and the CMU PIE database.
Utility based framework for optimal network measurement
Authors: Parker Ben M. , Gilmour Steven G. , Schormans John
Published: July 2014

Packet level measurement is now routinely used to evaluate the loss and delay performance of broadband networks. In active measurement, probe packets provide samples of the loss and delay and from these samples the performance of the traffic as a whole can be deduced. However this is prone to errors: inaccuracy due to taking insufficient samples, self‐interference due to injecting too many probe packets, and possible sample‐correlation induced bias. In this paper we consider the optimisation of probing rate by treating all measurements as numerical experiments which can be optimally designed by using the statistical principles of design of experiments. We develop an analytical technique that quantifies an overall utility function associated with: (i) the disruption caused per probe packet, (ii) the bias and (iii) the variance as a function of the probing (sampling) rate. Our numerical results show that the optimal probing rate depends strongly on what parameter the network engineer seeks to measure.
An exploratory study of smokers’ and stakeholders’ expectations of the implementation of a smoke‐free policy in a university setting
Authors: Burns Sharyn , Bowser Nicole , Smith Jenny , Jancey Jonine , Crawford Gemma
Published: July 2014

Issues addressed

Smoke‐free policies restricting tobacco use in public places are common in many middle‐ and high‐income countries. Implementation of a smoke‐free policy does not automatically result in a smoke‐free environment, and appropriate enforcement procedures must be clearly communicated and implemented. Safety and restrictions in private spaces, especially student housing, are also issues that need to be explored. This research explored perceptions and attitudes of staff and student smokers and key stakeholders before the implementation of a complete campus ban on smoking at a large Australian university.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with staff and student smokers (n = 9) and stakeholders (n = 9). The interviews explored attitudes towards a completely smoke‐free policy in the university environment, perceptions relating to enforcement of and compliance with a completely smoke‐free policy, and support needed from the university for smokers.

Results

Participants generally supported a complete smoke‐free policy. Key themes associated with the policy implementation included health implications, stigmatisation and labelling, liberty, and enforcement.

Conclusion

Smoke‐free policies require careful planning, evaluation, and appropriate enforcement to ensure maximum impact. Further research is needed to improve compliance with smoke‐free policies in outdoor environments and diverse spaces.

So what?

A better understanding of attitudes and intentions towards a smoke‐free policy before implementation may provide useful insight into the potential challenges and provide guidelines for the development of strategies to improve policy readiness and adherence. University support for smokers to quit is essential when implementing a smoke‐free policy.
School‐based humanistic counselling for psychological distress in young people: A practice research network to address the attrition problem
Authors: Cooper Mick , Mcginnis Susan , Carrick Lorna
Published: July 2014

Aims: School‐based humanistic counselling (SBHC) is a common psychological intervention for young people, particularly in the UK. However, studies have tended to suffer from high attrition rates, such that effects may have been over‐estimated. This paper describes a low budget ‘star topology’ practice research network (PRN) outcome evaluation of SBHC in a sample where attrition rates were minimised. Design: A practice‐based longitudinal study in a small PRN compared levels of psychological distress at first and last session from session‐by‐session data. Multilevel regression modelling was used to identify predictors of outcomes. Methods: Eight counsellors working across 11 schools agreed to use session‐by‐session self‐rating on the Young Person's CORE (YP‐CORE) yielding data from 256 young people aged 11 to 17. Predictors of outcomes were analysed using multilevel regression analysis. Results: Mean levels of distress on the YP‐CORE reduced from 18.29 (SD = 7.32) at baseline to 9.10 (SD = 6.19) at endpoint, giving a baseline to endpoint effect size of 1.26 (95% CI = 1.06–1.46). Lower levels of psychological distress at endpoint were associated with male clients, younger age groups, greater rates of attendance at counselling, and bereavement as a presenting problem. Conclusions: This ‘star topology’ PRN focused on a single study and demonstrated that such a system can provide relatively low cost, high quality data. The data showed that SBHC is associated with large reductions in psychological distress, and that this cannot be attributed to the high attrition rates of previous datasets.
Finiteness criteria in Gorenstein homological algebra
Authors: Emmanouil Ioannis , Talelli Olympia
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we examine the class of modules of finite Gorenstein projective dimension and study approximations of modules in that class by modules which are either Gorenstein projective or else have finite projective dimension. We also examine the relevance of complete cohomology in the study of modules of finite Gorenstein projective dimension and obtain, over group rings, such a finiteness criterion that involves only complete cohomology.
Extreme trans-Neptunian objects and the Kozai mechanism: signalling the presence of trans-Plutonian planets
Authors: de la Fuente Marcos C. , de la Fuente Marcos R.
Published: July 2014

The existence of an outer planet beyond Pluto has been a matter of debate for decades and the recent discovery of 2012 VP113 has just revived the interest for this controversial topic. This Sedna-like object has the most distant perihelion of any known minor planet and the value of its argument of perihelion is close to 0°. This property appears to be shared by almost all known asteroids with semimajor axis greater than 150 au and perihelion greater than 30 au (the extreme trans-Neptunian objects or ETNOs), and this fact has been interpreted as evidence for the existence of a super-Earth at 250 au. In this scenario, a population of stable asteroids may be shepherded by a distant, undiscovered planet larger than the Earth that keeps the value of their argument of perihelion librating around 0° as a result of the Kozai mechanism. Here, we study the visibility of these ETNOs and confirm that the observed excess of objects reaching perihelion near the ascending node cannot be explained in terms of any observational biases. This excess must be a true feature of this population and its possible origin is explored in the framework of the Kozai effect. The analysis of several possible scenarios strongly suggest that at least two trans-Plutonian planets must exist.
An Improved Leaf Disc Bioassay for Detecting Calonectria pseudonaviculata in Soil and Potting Media
Authors: Dart Norm , Hong Chuanxue , Bradley William Tyler
Published: July 2014

Boxwood blight caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata results in severe defoliation and dieback to boxwood (Buxus spp.). The pathogen was first described in the United Kingdom and New Zealand in the mid to late 1990s and has since spread throughout Europe and most recently to the United States and Canada. While many Calonectria spp. have an epidemiologically significant soil phase, little is known of the role of the soil phase of C. pseudonaviculata in the epidemiology of boxwood blight. We optimized a leaf disc bioassay for detecting and quantifying this pathogen in soil and compared this bioassay with a standard soil plating assay originally developed for quantifying Calonectria using a Suffolk sandy-loam soil. Additionally, the sensitivity of both assays was compared among three distinct soil types (sand-loam, silt-loam, and sand-peat potting media). The optimal incubation time for baiting C. pseudonaviculata from soil using the leaf disc bioassay was 96 h. The optimal soil moisture for the bioassay was 1,000% of field capacity (flooded with 3 to 5 mm water). The leaf disc bioassay was able to detect C. pseudonaviculata at levels as low as 1 microsclerotium/ g soil while the soil plating bioassay was unable to detect the pathogen below inoculum levels of 10 microsclerotia/g soil in the Suffolk sandy-loam soil. Soil type had a significant impact on the sensitivity of both assays.
First Report of Rice yellow mottle virus in Rice in Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Authors: Rakotomalala M. R. , Abera B. B. , Pinel-Galzi A. , Rakotoarisoa J. , Alemu D. , Fargette D.
Published: July 2014

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV, genus Sobemovirus) is a major biotic constraint to rice production in Africa. First reported in Kenya in 1966, RYMV was later found in most countries in Africa where rice (Oryza sativa, O. glaberrima) is grown (5). In the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, however, the disease has never been reported in rice fields. In September 2012, plants with leaf yellowing and mottling symptoms were observed near Bahir Dar and in the Fogera district in the northwestern part of the country during a joint survey of scientists from Madagascar (FOFIFA), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The disease was observed in 2013 in Fogera and Dera districts, where samples were collected, causing small patches of infected plants in ~5% of the fields. Symptomatic leaves of two plants collected in the fields were inoculated on five plants of the susceptible O. sativa cultivar IR64. All inoculated plants reproduced the typical yellow mottle symptoms. Symptomatic leaves of eight plants collected in the fields reacted positively when tested by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA tests with a polyclonal antiserum raised against a Madagascan isolate of RYMV (2), indicating for the first time the presence of the virus in Ethiopia. Triple antibody sandwich (TAS) tests with discriminant monoclonal antibodies (2) revealed that they all belonged to serotype 4, a serotype found in East Africa and in Madagascar. Total RNA was extracted by the RNeasy Plant Mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) from four samples. The 720-bp coat protein (CP) gene was amplified with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with the primers 5′CTCCCCCACCCATCCCGAGAATT3′ and 5′CAAAGATGGCCAGGAA3′ (3). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KMO17554, KMO14555, KMO17556, and KMO17557). The four sequences showed over 98% nucleotide identity between each other. They shared over 92% nucleotide identity with isolates of strains S4 found in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Madagascar (4). Agricultural changes associated to rice intensification are known to favor RYMV emergence and spread (5). Recent efforts have been led by the National Rice Research and Development Strategy (NRRDSE) to intensify rice cultivation in Ethiopia (1). Early knowledge of RYMV occurrence in the country is a prerequisite to extended surveys of the disease and implementation of control measures.

References: (1) K. Assefa et al. Challenges and opportunities of rice in Ethiopian agricultural development. www.eiar.gov.et/Publications/frgseries2.pdf , 2011. (2) D. Fargette et al. Arch. Virol. 147:583, 2002. (3) A. Pinel et al. Arch. Virol. 145:1621, 2000. (4) M. Rakotomalala et al. Virus Res. 171:71, 2013. (5) O. Traoré et al. Virus Res. 141:258, 2009.
Information Graphs for Binary Predictors
Authors: Hughes G. , McRoberts N. , Burnett F. J.
Published: July 2014

Binary predictors are used in a wide range of crop protection decision-making applications. Such predictors provide a simple analytical apparatus for the formulation of evidence related to risk factors, for use in the process of Bayesian updating of probabilities of crop disease. For diagrammatic interpretation of diagnostic probabilities, the receiver operating characteristic is available. Here, we view binary predictors from the perspective of diagnostic information. After a brief introduction to the basic information theoretic concepts of entropy and expected mutual information, we use an example data set to provide diagrammatic interpretations of expected mutual information, relative entropy, information inaccuracy, information updating, and specific information. Our information graphs also illustrate correspondences between diagnostic information and diagnostic probabilities.