bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Back Cover: Exploring photoinactivation of microbial biofilms using laser scanning microscopy and confined 2‐photon excitation (J. Biophotonics 10/2018)
Authors: Thomsen Hanna , Graf Fabrice E. , Farewell Anne , Ericson Marica B.
Published: October 2018

Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and super resolution microscopy are valuable tools for understanding drug delivery within a complex 3D bacterial biofilm community. The authors demonstrate the penetration depth and localization of a cyclodextrin‐photosensitizer complex compared to the photosensitizer alone using the inherent optical sectioning and spectral detection afforded by MPM and subcellular resolution provided by Airyscan confocal microscopy. An experimental technique for spatially confined bacterial inactivation is demonstrated for the first time.

Further details can be found in the article by Hanna Thomsen, Fabrice E. Graf, Anne Farewell, and Marica B. Ericson (e201800018).

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Representation of DNA environment: Spiral staircase distribution function
Authors: Silanteva Irina , Komolkin Andrei V.
Published: October 2018

In the present study, we investigated the local structure of DNA and its environment using a new visualization technique. The spiral staircase distribution function (SSDF) is determined as two‐dimensional density distribution of atoms of water and ligands in local reference frames linked with each base pair of poly‐DNA molecule, either GC or AT. This property of SSDF provides opportunity to study sequence‐specific binding of ions, peptides, and other agents derived from a molecular dynamics computer simulation. The spatial structure of double‐stranded DNA environment in water solution containing either Mg2+ or Na+ ions was investigated using of SSDF. The distributions of ions around GC and AT base pairs are shown separately. It is observed that Mg2+ ions interact with DNA atoms by means of the layer of water molecules and penetrate into the major groove only. Na+ ions have a direct contact with DNA atoms and penetrate both into the major and minor grooves of DNA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New aspects of quantum electrodynamics on electronic structure and dynamics
Authors: Tachibana Akitomo
Published: October 2018

Application of Alpha‐oscillator theory to quantum electrodynamics (QED) solves the mystery (Feynman) of the double‐slit phenomenon involved in the foundation of quantum mechanics (QM). Even if with the same initial condition given, different spots on the screen can be predicted deterministically with no introduction of hidden variables. The interference pattern is similar to, but cannot be reproduced quantitatively by, that of the QM wave function, contrary to many‐years‐anticipation: a new prediction, awaiting experimental test over and above the Bohr–Einstein gedanken experiment. The general proof has already been published in Ref. [3a] and the concrete numerical algorithm of the extended normal mode technique for concrete trajectory of one electron in Ref. [3b]. In this article, (1) the new “interpretation” of the QED wave function is given in section “Interpretation of Wave Function in QED”: the QED wave function used in the extended normal mode technique gives probability density distribution function of the initial values of trajectories. Moreover, (2) for the sake of demonstration of this new interpretation, the time‐independent stationary state QM wave function is substituted to the QED wave function in section “Internal Self‐Stress of Energetic Particles”: the QED wave function is realized by internal self‐stress revealed as energy density at the initial conditions. The renewed energy density is applied to study a unified scheme for generalized chemical reactivity. This is a new kind of chemical force acting in between electrons not in between nuclei. This paves a way for more advanced time‐dependent simulation of electronic structure and dynamics in chemical reaction dynamics by tracing trajectories of many electrons. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanism and rate constants of the CH2 + CH2CO reactions in triplet and singlet states: A theoretical study
Authors: Savchenkova Anna S. , Semenikhin Alexander S. , Chechet Ivan V. , Matveev Sergey G. , Konnov Alexander A. , Mebel Alexander M.
Published: October 2018

Ab initio and density functional CCSD(T)‐F12/cc‐pVQZ‐f12//B2PLYPD3/6‐311G** calculations have been performed to unravel the reaction mechanism of triplet and singlet methylene CH2 with ketene CH2CO. The computed potential energy diagrams and molecular properties have been then utilized in Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus‐Master Equation (RRKM‐ME) calculations of the reaction rate constants and product branching ratios combined with the use of nonadiabatic transition state theory for spin‐forbidden triplet‐singlet isomerization. The results indicate that the most important channels of the reaction of ketene with triplet methylene lead to the formation of the HCCO + CH3 and C2H4 + CO products, where the former channel is preferable at higher temperatures from 1000 K and above. In the C2H4 + CO product pair, the ethylene molecule can be formed either adiabatically in the triplet electronic state or via triplet‐singlet intersystem crossing in the singlet electronic state occurring in the vicinity of the CH2COCH2 intermediate or along the pathway of CO elimination from the initial CH2CH2CO complex. The predominant products of the reaction of ketene with singlet methylene have been shown to be C2H4 + CO. The formation of these products mostly proceeds via a well‐skipping mechanism but at high pressures may to some extent involve collisional stabilization of the CH3CHCO and cyclic CH2COCH2 intermediates followed by their thermal unimolecular decomposition. The calculated rate constants at different pressures from 0.01 to 100 atm have been fitted by the modified Arrhenius expressions in the temperature range of 300–3000 K, which are proposed for kinetic modeling of ketene reactions in combustion. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of New Sulfobetaine Gemini Surfactants with Hydroxyls and Their Effects on Surface‐Active Properties
Authors: Zhou Ming , Bu Juncheng , Ma Yuan , Zou Jiaxi , Fu Hong , Yang Farong
Published: October 2018

Sulfobetaine gemini surfactants, bis{[(N‐methyl‐N‐(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxyl) propyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyl‐3‐sulfonic acid sodium) propyl] methylene} ammonium chlorides (n = 10, 12, 14), were synthesized by etherification, ring‐opening reaction, and quaternization with epichlorohydrin, linear‐saturated alcohol, N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine, and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropane sulfonic acid sodium as main raw materials. The structures of the sulfobetaine gemini surfactants with hydroxyls were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and elemental analysis. With increasing length of the carbon chain, the values of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) initially decreased. These compounds exhibit superior surface‐active properties compared to single‐chain sulfobetaine surfactants such as dodecyl dimethyl hydroxyl sulfopropyl betaine surfactants. The efficiency of adsorption at the water/air interface (pC20) of these surfactants is very high. The shorter hydrophobic chain length of sulfobetaine gemini surfactants, the faster the surface tension reduction, and the smaller the aggregation number of sulfobetaine gemini surfactants. The micelle diameter and the maximum wetting angle of pure water drop/air increased, but the maximum wetting angle of water phase/n‐decane decreased with the increase of the hydrophobic chain length. With the increase of the hydrophobic chain length, salinity resistance went up and the corresponding interfacial tension reduced. Their foam volume and foam half‐life were investigated. Our studies have indicated that synthesized gemini surfactants can effectively reduce the oil/water interfacial tension to ultralow interfacial tension of hexane (IFT) (10−3 mN m−1 orders of magnitude) under the conditions of high temperature and high salinity.
Ensiling characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation, microbial communities and aerobic stability of low‐dry matter silages produced with sweet sorghum and alfalfa mixtures
Authors: Chen Lei , Dong Zhihao , Li Junfeng , Shao Tao
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND

Silages produced with grass and legume mixtures may have positive associative effects on silage quality and animal performance when ruminants are fed the silages. The present study aimed to determine the preservation characteristics, in vitro rumen fermentation profile and microbial abundance of silages, produced with mixtures of sweet sorghum (SS) and alfalfa (AF) in different ratios: 100:0 (Control), 75:25 (SA25), 50:50 (SA50), 25:75 (SA75) and 0:100 (SA100) on a fresh weight basis.

RESULTS

As the proportion of AF increased in the silages, pH, acetic acid, ammonia nitrogen and crude protein (CP) concentrations, and aerobic stability increased (P < 0.05), whereas lactic acid and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) concentrations decreased (P < 0.05). Increasing the proportion of AF in the silages, increased (P < 0.05) the in vitro degradability of dry matter and CP, as well as the proportions of genus Prevotella, but decreased (P < 0.05) the in vitro degradability of NDF (IVNDFD) and ADF (IVADFD) and proportions of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Compared to the Control silage, SA25 silage had greater (P < 0.05) proportions of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, IVNDFD, IVADFD, ruminal short chain fatty acids and microbial protein concentrations, as well as lower (P < 0.05) methane production.

CONCLUSION

The silage produced with the SS to AF ratio of 75:25 was the most suitable for ruminants use as a result of the optimal balance of fermentation quality, feed‐nutritional value and aerobic stability. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Illinois pleased with ‘A’ parity grade; says more work needed
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: October 2018

The state of Illinois received an A grade (100 score) in the “Evaluating State Mental Health and Addiction Parity Statutes State Report Card,” released Oct. 3, marking the 10‐year anniversary of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (see story, beginning on page one).
Anticipation versus reactive reoptimization for dynamic vehicle routing with stochastic requests
Authors: Ulmer Marlin W.
Published: October 2018

Due to new business models and technological advances, dynamic vehicle routing is gaining increasing interest. Especially solving dynamic vehicle routing problems with stochastic customer requests becomes increasingly important, for example, in e‐commerce and same‐day delivery. Solving these problems is challenging, because it requires optimization along two dimensions. First, as a reaction to new customer requests, current routing plans need to be reoptimized. Second, potential future requests need to be anticipated in current decision making. Decisions need to be derived in real‐time. The limited time often prohibits extensive optimization in both dimensions and the question arises how to utilize the limited calculation time effectively. In this paper, we analyze the merits of reactive route reoptimization and anticipation for a dynamic vehicle routing problem with stochastic requests. To this end, we compare an existing method from each dimension as well a policy allowing for a tunable combination of the two approaches. We show how the appropriate optimization combination is strongly connected to the degree of dynamism, the percentage of unknown requests. We also show that our combination does not provide significant benefit compared to the respectively best optimization dimension.
Synthesis and characterization of POSS hybrid organogels using Menschutkin quaternization chemistry
Authors: Kilic Deniz , Karaca Balta Demet , Saloglu Didem , Temel Gokhan
Published: October 2018

The present research describes a series of organic–inorganic hybrid gels based on polystyrene and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) prepared using free radical copolymerization and Menschutkin chemistry techniques. In the first step, poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) is readily achieved by thermally initiated radical copolymerization and the subsequently obtained copolymer reacts with diethanolamine functional POSS nanoparticles which are employed as the crosslinker. The resulting hybrid network possesses ionic moieties and inorganic POSS nanoparticles. The POSS‐containing hybrid gels exhibit excellent organic solvent absorption and show good mechanical behaviour. Gel containing 0.8 × 10−3 mmol of POSS(DEA)8 (DEA, diethanolamine) reached the highest swelling ratio; hence, the corresponding gel can absorb organic solvent up to 20× its weight. The rate constant, coefficients and diffusional behaviour of hybrid organogels in organic solvent were examined as well. The organic solvent intake of the hybrid gel follows a non‐Fickian type diffusion. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of asymmetrically substituted head‐to‐head polyacetylenes from 2,3‐disubstituted‐1,3‐butadienes
Authors: Yu Yunhai , Qu Chengke , He Junpo
Published: October 2018

Asymmetrically substituted head‐to‐head polyacetylenes with phenyl and triphenylamine, thienyl or pyrenyl side groups were synthesized through anionic or controlled radical polymerization of 2,3‐disubstituted‐1,3‐butadienes and subsequent dehydrogenation process. Anionic polymerizations of the designed monomers bearing pendent triphenylamine and thienyl group gave narrow disperse disubstituted precursor polybutadienes with exclusive 1,4‐ or 4,1‐structure, which were confirmed by GPC and NMR measurements. In addition, the monomers possessing pyrenyl group were polymerized via nitroxide mediated radical polymerization and the resulting polymers were obtained with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersities. These polybutadiene precursors were then dehydrogenated in the presence of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone. Thus asymmetrically substituted head‐to‐head polyacetylenes were obtained as indicated by 1H NMR. The properties of polybutadiene precursors and the corresponding polyacetylenes were analyzed by UV–vis, DSC, and TGA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 395–402
Micro‐/Mesoporous conjugated polymer based on star‐shaped triazine‐functional triphenylamine framework as the performance‐improved cathode of Li‐organic battery
Authors: Chen Zhangxin , Su Chang , Zhu Xiaogang , Xu Ruoteng , Xu Lihuan , Zhang Cheng
Published: October 2018

A novel organic conjugated polymer based on star‐shaped triazine‐functional triphenylamine framework poly[1,3,5‐tris(4‐diphenylamino‐phenyl)triazine] (PTDAPTz) is designed and synthesized successfully by FeCl3‐catalysted chemical oxidative polymerization. The polymer PTDAPTz powder exhibits a compactly packed pleated skirt shape‐like morphology with a high surface area (~930 m2 g−1) and a bimodal pore size distribution ranging from micropores (~0.55 nm) to small diameter mesopores (~2–6 nm). As explored as the cathode material, the obtained PTDAPTz presents the double charge–discharge process characteristics of both the free radical redox of triphenylamine unit and the bipolar redox of triazine unit in the polymer and a well‐defined multistage charge/discharge voltage plateau (~3.8 V for p‐doped and ~2.0 V for n‐doped) during the charge–discharge process. Also, the PTDAPTz demonstrates an improved capacity (stabilized at 123 mA h g−1 until 50th cycle) and the enhanced rate performance compared to polytriphenylamine (PTPAn). Specially, the discharge curve for the part of triphenylamine unit presents an obviously improved discharge plateau (~3.8 V for PTDAPTz compared to ~3.6 V for PTPAn) due to the electron‐withdrawing effect of the triazine unit to triphenylamine. The elaborate structural design and created micro‐/mesoporous morphology with the double charge–discharge process make PTDAPTz a potential candidate as the performance‐improved cathode of Li‐organic battery. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2574–2583
Synthesis of transparent block copolymers consisting of poly(diisopropyl fumarate) and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) segments by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization using trithiocarbonates as the chain transfer agents
Authors: Takada Kohei , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: October 2018

The reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of diisopropyl fumarate (DiPF) was carried out using ethyl 2‐[[(dodecylthio)thioxymethyl]thio]‐2‐methylpropionate (T1) and 1,1′‐(1,2‐ethanediyl) bis[2‐[[(dodecylthio)thioxymethyl]thio]‐2‐methylpropionate] (T2) as the monofunctional and difunctional chain transfer agents (CTAs) to synthesize poly(diisopropyl fumarate) (PDiPF) with a rigid chain conformation. The obtained PDiPF had a well‐controlled molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and structure of the chain ends. Size exclusion chromatography and NMR measurements revealed an excellent introduction efficiency (84–98%) of the terminal trithiocarbonate group into the polymer chain end. They were available as the monofunctional and difunctional macro‐CTAs to synthesize the AB and ABA block copolymers, respectively. While the well‐controlled block copolymers were solely obtained by the polymerization of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate as the second monomer in the presence of PDiPF as the macro‐CTA, the block copolymerization of DiPF using poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) as the macro‐CTA failed. The trithiocarbonate group at the chain end was completely removed by the reaction with n‐butylamine and it was valid for the improvement of the coloration and other optical properties of the transparent polymers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2584–2594
Precipitation Behavior in High‐Purity Aluminium Alloys with Trace Elements – The Role of Quenched‐in Vacancies
Authors: Lotter Frank , Muehle Uwe , Elsayed Mohamed , Ibrahim Alaa M. , Schubert Thomas , Krause‐Rehberg Reinhard , Kieback Bernd , Staab Torsten E. M.
Published: October 2018

The main mechanism for the strengthening of aluminium‐copper alloys of the 2xxx type is hardening by copper‐rich precipitates. However, their size, distribution, and crystal structure determine the final mechanical properties of the material. It has been shown that alloying additionally small amounts of cadmium, indium, or tin influences the precipitation behavior as well as the final strength of Al‐Cu alloys. The binding energy of quenched‐in vacancies to trace elements in the aluminium matrix is recognized as an influence on the diffusion behavior of the copper atoms and thus the preferred type of precipitate changes. A precondition for this influence is the transition of trace elements into solid solution during the solution heat treatment. In the present work, solubility and interaction with quenched‐in vacancies is analyzed for the elements In, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Pb in high‐purity binary alloys using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The results confirm on one hand literature data and deliver on the other hand new structural details. A subsequent anneal at moderate temperature leads to finely distributed precipitations on the nanoscale.
Gas–Solid Reduction Behavior of In‐flight Fine Hematite Ore Particles by Hydrogen
Authors: Xing Li‐Yong , Zou Zong‐Shu , Qu Ying‐Xia , Shao Lei , Zou Jia‐Qi
Published: October 2018

The ironmaking processes that directly use the raw materials of iron ore fines have more advantages on the aspects of environmental protection and energy conservation. In this work, the gas–solid reduction behavior and kinetic mechanism of the in‐flight fine hematite particles in hydrogen atmosphere are studied with a High‐temperature Drop Tube Furnace (HDTF). The experiments are carried out at 1450–1550 K. The particle size is 53–64 µm and the reaction time is 0.65–1.93 s. With the morphological observation, it is found that the unreacted shrinking core model can describe the in‐flight reduction process of the fine hematite particles in hydrogen atmosphere. According to the analysis based on micro‐kinetics, the rate‐controlling step of the gas–solid reduction process is the solid‐state diffusion of oxygen ions through a dense product layer. This is attributed to the blocking of the tiny pores at high temperature or the generation of dense‐iron layer that nucleate and spread over the oxide. The blocking or the dense‐iron layer region prevent the reducing gas from direct contact with the reaction interface. The activation energies of the gas–solid reaction calculated by model‐fitting and model‐free approaches are 338 and 310 kJ mol−1, respectively.
A new model approach of electrical cyber physical systems considering cyber security
Authors: Wang Yinan , Yan Gangfeng
Published: October 2018

The integration of modern computing and advanced communication technologies with power grids has led to the emergence of electrical cyber physical systems (ECPSs). However, with the massive applications of communication technologies, power grids are becoming more vulnerable to cyber attacks, and there is no general model for analyzing the influence of such attacks. This paper focuses on modeling ECPSs considering cyber security. A multiple characteristic association (MCA) approach is proposed for analyzing cascading failures and cyber attacks based on the DC power flow model. It can comprehensively and qualitatively formulate the characteristics of power grids, communication facilities, and their interdependent relationships. The proposed model approach has good expansibility when analyzing the mechanism and impacts of cyber attacks. Three possible cyber attack scenarios (denial‐of‐service attack, uplink spoofing attack, and downlink spoofing attack) are qualitatively studied. Simulation results with IEEE systems verify that cyber attacks happening on information uplinks or downlinks have different impacts on power grids. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maternal and perinatal outcomes after elective induction of labor at 39 weeks in uncomplicated singleton pregnancy: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sotiriadis A. , Petousis S. , Thilaganathan B. , Figueras F. , Martins W. P. , Odibo A. O. , Dinas K. , Hyett J.
Published: October 2018

Objective

The rate of maternal and perinatal complications increases after 39 weeks' gestation in both unselected and complicated pregnancies. The aim of this study was to synthesize quantitatively the available evidence on the effect of elective induction of labor at 39 weeks on the risk of Cesarean section, and on maternal and perinatal outcomes.

Methods

PubMed, US Registry of Clinical Trials, SCOPUS and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to August 2018. Additionally, the references of retrieved articles were searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials of singleton uncomplicated pregnancies in which participants were randomized between 39 + 0 and 39 + 6 gestational weeks to either induction of labor or expectant management. The risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The overall quality of evidence was assessed according to the GRADE guideline. Primary outcomes included Cesarean section, maternal death and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Secondary outcomes included operative delivery, Grade‐3/4 perineal laceration, postpartum hemorrhage, maternal infection, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, maternal thrombotic events, length of maternal hospital stay, neonatal death, need for neonatal respiratory support, cerebral palsy, length of stay in NICU and length of neonatal hospital stay. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) were calculated using random‐effects models.

Results

The meta‐analysis included five studies (7261 cases). Induction of labor was associated with a decreased risk for Cesarean section (moderate quality of evidence; RR 0.86 (95% CI, 0.78–0.94); I2 = 0.1%), maternal hypertension (moderate quality of evidence; RR 0.65 (95% CI, 0.57–0.75); I2 = 0%) and neonatal respiratory support (moderate quality of evidence; RR 0.73 (95% CI, 0.58–0.95); I2 = 0%). Neonates born after induction weighed, on average, 81 g (95% CI, 63–100 g) less than those born after expectant management. No significant effects were found for the other outcomes with the available data. The main limitation of our analysis was that the majority of data were derived from a single large study. A second limitation arose from the open‐label design of the studies, which may theoretically have affected the readiness of the attending clinician to resort to Cesarean section.

Conclusions

Elective induction of labor in uncomplicated singleton pregnancy at 39 weeks' gestation is not associated with maternal or perinatal complications and may reduce the need for Cesarean section, risk of hypertensive disease of pregnancy and need for neonatal respiratory support. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Lead(II) Coordination Sphere and Ligand Coordination Mode Changes During Removal of Water Molecule by Solid‐state Thermal Conversion
Authors: Moghadam Zarin , Akhbari Kamran , Phuruangrat Anukorn
Published: October 2018

The solid‐state conversion of a 3D lead(II) coordination polymer, [Pb(1,4‐BDC)(H2O)]n (1) microstructures (1,4‐H2BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid) with PbO7 coordination sphere, was synthesized by a sonochemical process to a 3D [Pb(1,4‐BDC)]n (2) coordination polymer with nanoparticle morphology and the same coordination environment was observed upon thermal treatment and dehydration. The color of this compound did not change during the process. This process is irreversible and compound 2 cannot absorb water again. Adsorption and desorption of water in these lead(II) coordination polymers were studied by IR spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG‐DTA), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Uplifting GPPZ: a ten-dimensional dual of $$ \mathcal{N}={1}^{\ast } $$
Authors: Bobev Nikolay , Gautason Friðrik Freyr , Niehoff Benjamin E. , van Muiden Jesse
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We find a new supersymmetric solution of type IIB supergravity which is the uplift of the GPPZ solution of maximal SO(6) gauged supergravity in five dimensions. This background is expected to be holographically dual to an

$$ \mathcal{N}={1}^{\ast } $$

N
=

1
∗

supersymmetric mass deformation of four-dimensional

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

SYM. The ten-dimensional solution is singular in the region corresponding to the IR regime of the dual gauge theory and we discuss the physics of the singularity in some detail.
Fatal Pulmonary Edema in a Child After Jellyfish Stings in Korea
Authors: Kim Ji Hye , Han Seung Baik , Durey Areum
Published: October 2018

Jellyfish have been increasing at a global scale in recent years. These blooms not only have deleterious effects on marine ecosystems, they also increase the risk of jellyfish stings and accompanying envenomation. Here, we report a fatal case of pulmonary edema caused by jellyfish envenomation in a child in Korea. The patient died 4 h after envenomation despite cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nemopilema nomurai was the suspected species of jellyfish encountered by the patient, although we are unable to confirm this. With this case report, we aim to inform on the serious issue of toxicity associated with jellyfish species that bloom mainly along Korean, east Chinese, and Japanese shores and to discuss appropriate first aid methods in case of jellyfish stings.
Structured Finance and the Social Contract: How Tranching Challenges Contractualist Approaches to Financial Risk
Authors: Scharding Tobey
Published: October 2018

Many ethicists argue that contract theory offers the most promising strategy for regulating risks. I challenge the adequacy of the contractualist approach for evaluating the complicated, novel risks associated with some structured financial products, particularly focusing on risks to third parties. Structured financial products like collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) divide a pool of financial assets into risk “tranches” organized from least to most risky. Investors purchase various tranches based on their individual risk-and-return preferences. Whereas contract theory holds that investment risks are ethically permitted (roughly) when everyone—including both parties directly involved in the investments and third parties—consents to them, structured financial products like CDOs show that even risks to which everyone consents are ethically problematic when they involve systemic risks of ruin.
A Multinomial Framework for Ideal Point Estimation
Authors: Goplerud Max
Published: October 2018

This paper creates a multinomial framework for ideal point estimation (mIRT) using recent developments in Bayesian statistics. The core model relies on a flexible multinomial specification that includes most common models in political science as “special cases.” I show that popular extensions (e.g., dynamic smoothing, inclusion of covariates, and network models) can be easily incorporated whilst maintaining the ability to estimate a model using a Gibbs Sampler or exact EM algorithm. By showing that these models can be written and estimated using a shared framework, the paper aims to reduce the proliferation of bespoke ideal point models as well as extend the ability of applied researchers to estimate models quickly using the EM algorithm. I apply this framework to a thorny question in scaling survey responses—the treatment of nonresponse. Focusing on the American National Election Study (ANES), I suggest that a simple but principled solution is to treat questions as multinomial where nonresponse is a distinct (modeled) category. The exploratory results suggest that certain questions tend to attract many more invalid answers and that many of these questions (particularly when signaling out particular social groups for evaluation) are masking noncentrist (typically conservative) beliefs.
When BLUE is not best: non-normal errors and the linear model
Authors: Baissa Daniel K. , Rainey Carlisle
Published: October 2018

Researchers in political science often estimate linear models of continuous outcomes using least squares. While it is well known that least-squares estimates are sensitive to single, unusual data points, this knowledge has not led to careful practices when using least-squares estimators. Using statistical theory and Monte Carlo simulations, we highlight the importance of using more robust estimators along with variable transformations. We also discuss several approaches to detect, summarize, and communicate the influence of particular data points.
SEKHMET STATUES FROM THE REIGN OF AMENHOTEP iii IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM and A FORMERLY UNCATALOGUED HEAD FRAGMENT: A REASSESSMENT
Authors: Draper-Stumm Tara
Published: October 2018

Beyond the borders of Egypt, the British Museum has the largest collection of granodiorite statues and fragments of statues of the goddess Sekhmet produced in the reign of Amenhotepiii(c 1390–1352bc; eighteenth dynasty). With so much new material being uncovered in recent years at the site of Amenhotepiii’s funerary temple at Kom el-Hettan in Luxor (Egypt), a reassessment of the British Museum statues was inevitable. The British Museum statues are an ideal sample group for study, offering variations in type, proportions, stone colouration, decoration and state of finish. The group also includes a formerly uncatalogued head fragment with an unusual uraei crown, which relates to surviving examples found at the Mut Temple at Karnak and at Kom el-Hettan in Luxor.
Performing and analysing tone-induced cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in traumatic and non-traumatic vestibular pathology
Authors: Mallinson A I , Longridge N S
Published: October 2018

Objective

This paper discusses our technique of carrying out cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing in a single position. The described technique allows for a symmetrical, natural flexion of the neck muscles, which is helpful as many of our patients have suffered traumatic deceleration injures.

Methods

Patients with suspected vestibular pathology referred by specialists were sequentially assessed in a tertiary referral neuro-otology unit within a teaching hospital using our technique and our previously established normative database. All patients underwent standardised vestibular assessment in addition to cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential assessment. Our normative data are in keeping with that reported by other centres.

Results

Many of the patients had abnormal vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials, which is in line with a history suggesting otolithic disease.

Conclusion

Both cervical and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials offer several parameters for detecting abnormalities. The technique reported enables us to assess patients in an accurate fashion whether or not they have suffered traumatic neck injuries.
Contribution of phonological and morphological information in reading Arabic: A developmental perspective
Authors: BAR-ON AMALIA , SHALHOUB-AWWAD YASMIN , TUMA-BASILA REEM IBRAHEEM
Published: October 2018

Arabic-speaking students learn to read a transparent maʃku:l script, which provides full vowel information using letters to represent long vowels and phonemic diacritics for short vowels. Gradually, they progress to an opaque ɣayr-maʃku:l script, without diacritics. In this script, internal short vowels can be retrieved using morphological information about word patterns. The current study compared the contribution of phonological information to that of morphological information in the reading acquisition process in Arabic. Four Arabic-speaking groups (2nd, 4th, 6th grades, and adults) read three lists of pseudowords aloud. Two lists included the same morphologically based pseudowords (MPW), one maʃku:l and the second ɣayr-maʃku:l. The third list comprised matched maʃku:l nonwords (NW) with no internal morphological structure. All groups read the ɣayr-maʃku:l MPW list faster than the two other maʃku:l lists, and maʃku:l NWs were read the slowest. There was an age by list type accuracy interaction: while ɣayr-maʃku:l MPWs were read more accurately with increasing age, there were no differences between the student groups with respect to either of the other two lists. However, maʃku:l MPWs were read more accurately than maʃku:l NWs. The findings suggest that from very early on, morphology exceeds phonology, playing a crucial role in supplementing missing vowel information.
Married Women's Economic Rights Reform in State Legislatures and Courts, 1839–1920
Authors: Chatfield Sara
Published: October 2018

Beginning in 1839 and continuing through the early twentieth century, the American states passed laws expanding married women's economic rights, including the right to own property and sign contracts. In almost every state, these significant legal changes took place before women had the right to vote. I argue that married women's economic rights reform is best understood as a piecemeal, iterative process in which multiple state-level institutions interacted over time. This rights expansion often occurred as a by-product of male political actors pursuing issues largely unrelated to gender—such as debt relief and commercial development—combined with paternalistic views of women as needing protection from the state. State courts played a crucial role by making evident the contradictions inherent in vague and inconsistent legal reforms. Ultimately, male political actors liberalized married women's economic rights to the extent that they thought it was necessary to allow for the development of efficient and workable property rights in a commercial economy, leaving women's place in the economy partially but not fully liberalized.
Reflections in the Fishbowl: the Changing Role of Law Librarians in the Mix of an Evolving Legal Profession
Authors: Baranow Victoria Elizabeth
Published: October 2018

This paper by Victoria Elizabeth Baranow is a reflective piece after co-moderating a session at the 2017 CALL Conference in Ottawa with Shaunna Mireau. The session was titled ‘Unconference Through the Fishbowl: The Changing Role of Law Librarians in the Mix of an Evolving Legal Profession.’ A play-by-play article on the session was written based on notes and recollections from the session and published in the TALL Quarterly, the journal by the Toronto Association of Law Libraries.1 The article was used as the basis for this paper; which goes one step further in attempting to answer some of the big questions we are faced with each day while also questioning some of the assumptions and wider cultural forces at play in our law librarianship profession.**
The First Law & Technology International Writing Competition
Authors: Terrell Matthew
Published: October 2018

In this two-part feature, Dr Matthew Terrell provides a brief introduction to a new initiative that was launched by Justis in 2017: the inaugural Law and Technology International Writing Competition. This was a competition aimed at attracting students to write a 1,000 word piece in the style of a blog entry. The winner was Róisín Costello from Trinity College Dublin and her article, entitled ‘The Tortoise and the Hare? Due Process and Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence in the Digital Age’, follows this introduction.
The Tortoise and the Hare? Due Process and Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence in the Digital Age
Authors: Costello Róisín
Published: October 2018

Under Moore's Law the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles relative to cost and size every two years. In practical terms this means personal computers become twice as powerful and half as large every 24 months. However, this rapid rate of proliferation and improvement has not been mirrored in law.
Apatinib-induced protective autophagy and apoptosis through the AKT–mTOR pathway in anaplastic thyroid cancer
Authors: Feng Haoran , Cheng Xi , Kuang Jie , Chen Lingxie , Yuen Stanley , Shi Minmin , Liang Juyong , Shen Baiyong , Jin Zhijian , Yan Jiqi , Qiu Weihua
Published: October 2018

Apatinib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, has been shown to promote anti-cancer action across a wide range of malignancies, including gastric, lung, and breast cancers. Our previous study showed that apatinib increases apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), but the direct functional mechanism of tumor lethality mediated by apatinib is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that apatinib induced both autophagy and apoptosis in human ATC cells through downregulation of p-AKT and p-mTOR signals via the AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, inhibition of apatinib-induced autophagy increased apatinib-induced apoptosis in ATC cells, and additional tumor suppression was critically produced by the combination of apatinib and the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine in vivo and in vitro. These findings showed that both autophagy and AKT/mTOR signals were engaged in ATC cell death evoked by apatinib. ATC patients might benefit from the new anti-cancer drug, and molecular targeted treatment in combination with autophagy inhibitors shows promise as a treatment improvement.
Apelin inhibited epithelial−mesenchymal transition of podocytes in diabetic mice through downregulating immunoproteasome subunits β5i
Authors: Yin Jiming , Wang Yangjia , Chang Jing , Li Bin , Zhang Jia , Liu Yu , Lai Song , Jiang Ying , Li Huihua , Zeng Xiangjun
Published: October 2018

The epithelial−mesenchymal transition (EMT) of podocytes had been reported to be involved in the glomerular fibrosis in diabetic kidney diseases, which was regulated by TGFβ and NFκB pathways. And apelin, an adipokine which is upregulated in diabetic kidney diseases, was reported to be negatively correlated to TGFβ in polycystic kidney disease and attenuate EMT in renal tubular cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin might inhibit the EMT of podocytes through downregulating the expression and activation of TGFβ/Smad pathway in diabetic kidney diseases. The results showed that apelin in glomeruli of diabetic mice were increased and exogenous apelin inhibited the EMT of podocytes in diabetic mice, which were accompanied with the decreased expression of proteasome subunits β5i. The results from β5iKO mice confirmed that the inhibiting effects of apelin on EMT of podocytes in diabetic mice were dependent on β5i. The results from culture podocytes showed that apelin decreased the degradation of pIκB and promoted the translocation of IκB into nucleus through decreasing the expression of β5i, which would inhibit the promoting effects of NFκB on expression of TGFβ and followed by decreased activation of Smad pathway and EMT in podocytes. In conclusion, apelin might act as an EMT suppressor for podocytes to decrease the process of glomerular fibrosis in diabetic mice.
Energy level tuned indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films for efficient photovoltaics
Authors: Song Jung Hoon , Choi Hyekyoung , Pham Hien Thu , Jeong Sohee
Published: October 2018

We introduce indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films for photovoltaic devices, fabricated by two-step surface modification. Native ligands and unwanted oxides on the surface are peeled off followed by passivating with incoming atomic or short ligands. The near-infrared-absorbing n-type indium arsenide colloidal quantum dot films can be tuned in energy-level positions up to 0.4 eV depending on the surface chemistry, and consequently, they boost collection efficiency when used in various emerging solar cells. As an example, we demonstrate p–n junction between n-type indium arsenide and p-type lead sulfide colloidal quantum dot layers, which leads to a favorable electronic band alignment and charge extraction from both colloidal quantum dot layers. A certified power conversion efficiency of 7.92% is achieved without additionally supporting carrier transport layers. This study provides richer materials to explore for high-efficiency emerging photovoltaics and will broaden research interest for various optoelectronic applications using the n-type covalent nanocrystal arrays.
Characterization of a long overlooked copper protein from methane- and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
Authors: Fisher Oriana S. , Kenney Grace E. , Ross Matthew O. , Ro Soo Y. , Lemma Betelehem E. , Batelu Sharon , Thomas Paul M. , Sosnowski Victoria C. , DeHart Caroline J. , Kelleher Neil L. , Stemmler Timothy L. , Hoffman Brian M. , Rosenzweig Amy C.
Published: October 2018

Methane-oxidizing microbes catalyze the oxidation of the greenhouse gas methane using the copper-dependent enzyme particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO). Isolated pMMO exhibits lower activity than whole cells, however, suggesting that additional components may be required. A pMMO homolog, ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), converts ammonia to hydroxylamine in ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) which produce another potent greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide. Here we show that PmoD, a protein encoded within many pmo operons that is homologous to the AmoD proteins encoded within AOB amo operons, forms a copper center that exhibits the features of a well-defined CuA site using a previously unobserved ligand set derived from a cupredoxin homodimer. PmoD is critical for copper-dependent growth on methane, and genetic analyses strongly support a role directly related to pMMO and AMO. These findings identify a copper-binding protein that may represent a missing link in the function of enzymes critical to the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.
The dimensionality of niche space allows bounded and unbounded processes to jointly influence diversification
Authors: Larcombe Matthew J. , Jordan Gregory J. , Bryant David , Higgins Steven I.
Published: October 2018

There are two prominent and competing hypotheses that disagree about the effect of competition on diversification processes. The first, the bounded hypothesis, suggests that species diversity is limited (bounded) by competition between species for finite ecological niche space. The second, the unbounded hypothesis, proposes that innovations associated with evolution render competition unimportant over macroevolutionary timescales. Here we use phylogenetically structured niche modelling to show that processes consistent with both of these diversification models drive species accumulation in conifers. In agreement with the bounded hypothesis, niche competition constrained diversification, and in line with the unbounded hypothesis, niche evolution and partitioning promoted diversification. We then analyse niche traits to show that these diversification enhancing and inhibiting processes can occur simultaneously on different niche dimensions. Together these results suggest a new hypothesis for lineage diversification based on the multi-dimensional nature of ecological niches that can accommodate both bounded and unbounded evolutionary processes.
Single cell RNA-seq reveals profound transcriptional similarity between Barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal submucosal glands
Authors: Owen Richard Peter , White Michael Joseph , Severson David Tyler , Braden Barbara , Bailey Adam , Goldin Robert , Wang Lai Mun , Ruiz-Puig Carlos , Maynard Nicholas David , Green Angie , Piazza Paolo , Buck David , Middleton Mark Ross , Ponting Chris Paul , Schuster-Böckler Benjamin , Lu Xin
Published: October 2018

Barrett’s oesophagus is a precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. In this common condition, squamous epithelium in the oesophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium in response to acid reflux. Barrett’s oesophagus is highly heterogeneous and its relationships to normal tissues are unclear. Here we investigate the cellular complexity of Barrett’s oesophagus and the upper gastrointestinal tract using RNA-sequencing of single cells from multiple biopsies from six patients with Barrett’s oesophagus and two patients without oesophageal pathology. We find that cell populations in Barrett’s oesophagus, marked by LEFTY1 and OLFM4, exhibit a profound transcriptional overlap with oesophageal submucosal gland cells, but not with gastric or duodenal cells. Additionally, SPINK4 and ITLN1 mark cells that precede morphologically identifiable goblet cells in colon and Barrett’s oesophagus, potentially aiding the identification of metaplasia. Our findings reveal striking transcriptional relationships between normal tissue populations and cells in a premalignant condition, with implications for clinical practice.
Author Correction: Computer keyboard interaction as an indicator of early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Giancardo L. , Sánchez-Ferro A. , Arroyo-Gallego T. , Butterworth I. , Mendoza C. S. , Montero P. , Matarazzo M. , Obeso J. A. , Gray M. L. , Estépar R. San José
Published: October 2018

A correction has been published and is appended to both the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.