bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of carrier concentration on properties of InAs waveguide layers in interband cascade laser structures
Authors: Dyksik M. , Motyka M. , Sęk G. , Misiewicz J. , Dallner M. , Höfling S. , Kamp M.
Published: July 2016

We present a characterization of doped InAs layers in interband cascade lasers exploiting the plasmon-enhanced waveguiding. Fast differential reflectance was employed in order to identify the plasma-edge frequency via the Berreman effect and shown as an advantageous method when compared to other types of measurements. The carrier concentration was then derived and compared with the nominal doping densities. The emission properties of the investigated structures were studied by means of photoluminescence (PL). Its full-width at half-maximum and integrated intensity were extracted from PL spectra and analyzed in the function of the doping density (carrier concentration). The PL linewidth was found to be independent of the carrier concentration indicating an insignificant contribution of doping to the structural properties deterioration. The PL intensity decay with the carrier concentration suggests being dominated by Auger recombination losses.
Measuring 20-100 T B-fields using Zeeman splitting of sodium emission lines on a 500 kA pulsed power machine
Authors: Banasek J. T. , Engelbrecht J. T. , Pikuz S. A. , Shelkovenko T. A. , Hammer D. A.
Published: July 2016

We have shown that Zeeman splitting of the sodium (Na) D-lines at 5890 and 5896 Å can be used to measure the magnetic field (B-field) produced in high current pulsed power experiments. We have measured the B-field next to a return current conductor in a hybrid X-pinch experiment near a peak current of about 500 kA. Na is deposited on the conductor and then is desorbed and excited by radiation from the hybrid X-pinch. The D-line emission spectrum implies B-fields of about 20 T with a return current post of 4 mm diameter or up to 120 T with a return current wire of 0.455 mm diameter. These measurements were consistent or lower than the expected B-field, thereby showing that basic Zeeman splitting can be used to measure the B-field in a pulsed-power-driven high-energy-density (HED) plasma experiment. We hope to extend these measurement techniques using suitable ionized species to measurements within HED plasmas.
The large deviation principle and steady-state fluctuation theorem for the entropy production rate of a stochastic process in magnetic fields
Authors: Chen Yong , Ge Hao , Xiong Jie , Xu Lihu
Published: July 2016

Fluctuation theorem is one of the major achievements in the field of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics during the past two decades. There exist very few results for steady-state fluctuation theorem of sample entropy production rate in terms of large deviation principle for diffusion processes due to the technical difficulties. Here we give a proof for the steady-state fluctuation theorem of a diffusion process in magnetic fields, with explicit expressions of the free energy function and rate function. The proof is based on the Karhunen-Loève expansion of complex-valued Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process.
Development of an FPGA-based multipoint laser pyroshock measurement system for explosive bolts
Authors: Abbas Syed Haider , Jang Jae-Kyeong , Lee Jung-Ryul , Kim Zaeill
Published: July 2016

Pyroshock can cause failure to the objective of an aerospace structure by damaging its sensitive electronic equipment, which is responsible for performing decisive operations. A pyroshock is the high intensity shock wave that is generated when a pyrotechnic device is explosively triggered to separate, release, or activate structural subsystems of an aerospace architecture. Pyroshock measurement plays an important role in experimental simulations to understand the characteristics of pyroshock on the host structure. This paper presents a technology to measure a pyroshock wave at multiple points using laser Doppler vibrometers (LDVs). These LDVs detect the pyroshock wave generated due to an explosive-based pyrotechnical event. Field programmable gate array (FPGA) based data acquisition is used in the study to acquire pyroshock signals simultaneously from multiple channels. This paper describes the complete system design for multipoint pyroshock measurement. The firmware architecture for the implementation of multichannel data acquisition on an FPGA-based development board is also discussed. An experiment using explosive bolts was configured to test the reliability of the system. Pyroshock was generated using explosive excitation on a 22-mm-thick steel plate. Three LDVs were deployed to capture the pyroshock wave at different points. The pyroshocks captured were displayed as acceleration plots. The results showed that our system effectively captured the pyroshock wave with a peak-to-peak magnitude of 303 741 g. The contribution of this paper is a specialized architecture of firmware design programmed in FPGA for data acquisition of large amount of multichannel pyroshock data. The advantages of the developed system are the near-field, multipoint, non-contact, and remote measurement of a pyroshock wave, which is dangerous and expensive to produce in aerospace pyrotechnic tests.
Diagnostic for determining the mix in inertial confinement fusion capsule hotspot
Authors: He Shibei , Ding Yongkun , Miao Wenyong , Zhang Xing , Tu Shaoyong , Yuan Yongteng , Pu Yudong , Yan Ji , Wei Minxi , Yin Chuansheng
Published: July 2016

A diagnostic is developed for determining the hotspot mix in inertial confinement fusion experiments. A multi-channel pinhole camera measures Bremsstrahlung emissions from implosion capsules ranging from 6 keV to 30 keV and records an image of the hotspot. Meanwhile, a planar crystal spectrometer measures Ar line emissions used to deduce the electron density of the hotspot. An X-ray streaked camera records the burn duration. With the Bremsstrahlung spectrum, electron density, hotspot volume, and burn duration, the mix quantity is determined by solving a pair of linear equations. This inferred mix amount has an uncertainty due to the uncertainty of the electron density, but with the help of the measured neutron product, the most likely mix quantity value can be determined. This technique is applied to experimental images to infer the quantity of CH ablator mix into the hotspot.
Probing infinity in bounded two-dimensional electrostatic systems
Authors: Abutalib M. , Batle J. , Ooi C. H. Raymond
Published: July 2016

The total electrostatic energy of systems of identical particles of equal charge is studied in configurations bounded in space, but divergent in the number of charges. This approach shall guide us to unveil a non-linear, functional form specifying the divergent nature of system energy. We consider fractals to be physical entities, with charges located in their vertices or nodes. This description is interesting since features, such as the corresponding fractal dimension, can characterize the total energy EN. Finally, at local length scales, we describe how energy diverges at charge accumulation points in the fractal, that is, almost everywhere by definition.
On the representability problem and the physical meaning of coarse-grained models
Authors: Wagner Jacob W. , Dama James F. , Durumeric Aleksander E. P. , Voth Gregory A.
Published: July 2016

In coarse-grained (CG) models where certain fine-grained (FG, i.e., atomistic resolution) observables are not directly represented, one can nonetheless identify indirect the CG observables that capture the FG observable’s dependence on CG coordinates. Often, in these cases it appears that a CG observable can be defined by analogy to an all-atom or FG observable, but the similarity is misleading and significantly undermines the interpretation of both bottom-up and top-down CG models. Such problems emerge especially clearly in the framework of the systematic bottom-up CG modeling, where a direct and transparent correspondence between FG and CG variables establishes precise conditions for consistency between CG observables and underlying FG models. Here we present and investigate these representability challenges and illustrate them via the bottom-up conceptual framework for several simple analytically tractable polymer models. The examples provide special focus on the observables of configurational internal energy, entropy, and pressure, which have been at the root of controversy in the CG literature, as well as discuss observables that would seem to be entirely missing in the CG representation but can nonetheless be correlated with CG behavior. Though we investigate these problems in the framework of systematic coarse-graining, the lessons apply to top-down CG modeling also, with crucial implications for simulation at constant pressure and surface tension and for the interpretations of structural and thermodynamic correlations for comparison to experiment.
Influence of the electrode gap separation on the pseudospark-sourced electron beam generation
Authors: Zhao J. , Yin H. , Zhang L. , Shu G. , He W. , Zhang J. , Zhang Q. , Phelps A. D. R. , Cross A. W.
Published: July 2016

Pseudospark-sourced electron beam is a self-focused intense electron beam which can propagate without any external focusing magnetic field. This electron beam can drive a beam-wave interaction directly or after being post-accelerated. It is especially suitable for terahertz radiation generation due to the ability of a pseudospark discharge to produce small size in the micron range and very high current density and bright electron beams. In this paper, a single-gap pseudospark discharge chamber has been built and tested with several electrode gap separations to explore the dependence of the pseudospark-sourced electron beam current on the discharge voltage and the electrode gap separation. Experimental results show that the beam pulses have similar pulse width and delay time from the distinct drop of the applied voltage for smaller electrode gap separations but longer delay time for the largest gap separation used in the experiment. It has been found that the electron beam only starts to occur when the charging voltage is above a certain value, which is defined as the starting voltage of the electron beam. The starting voltage is different for different electrode gap separations and decreases with increasing electrode gap separation in our pseudospark discharge configuration. The electron beam current increases with the increasing discharge voltage following two tendencies. Under the same discharge voltage, the configuration with the larger electrode gap separation will generate higher electron beam current. When the discharge voltage is higher than 10 kV, the beam current generated at the electrode gap separation of 17.0 mm, is much higher than that generated at smaller gap separations. The ionization of the neutral gas in the main gap is inferred to contribute more to the current increase with increasing electrode gap separation.
Nanosecond-timescale spin transfer using individual electrons in a quadruple-quantum-dot device
Authors: Baart T. A. , Jovanovic N. , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Vandersypen L. M. K.
Published: July 2016

The ability to coherently transport electron-spin states between different sites of gate-defined semiconductor quantum dots is an essential ingredient for a quantum-dot-based quantum computer. Previous shuttles using electrostatic gating were too slow to move an electron within the spin dephasing time across an array. Here, we report a nanosecond-timescale spin transfer of individual electrons across a quadruple-quantum-dot device. Utilizing enhanced relaxation rates at a so-called hot spot, we can upper bound the shuttle time to at most 150 ns. While actual shuttle times are likely shorter, 150 ns is already fast enough to preserve spin coherence in, e.g., silicon based quantum dots. This work therefore realizes an important prerequisite for coherent spin transfer in quantum dot arrays.
Tunable microwave bandpass filter integrated power divider based on the high anisotropy electro-optic nematic liquid crystal
Authors: Liu Yupeng , Liu Yang , Li Haiyan , Jiang Di , Cao Weiping , Chen Hui , Xia Lei , Xu Ruimin
Published: July 2016

A novel, compact microwave tunable bandpass filter integrated power divider, based on the high anisotropy electro-optic nematic liquid crystal, is proposed in this letter. Liquid crystal, as the electro-optic material, is placed between top inverted microstrip line and the metal plate. The proposed structure can realize continuous tunable bandpass response and miniaturization. The proposed design concept is validated by the good performance of simulation results and experimental results. The electro-optic material has shown great potential for microwave application.
Structure, mechanical, and frictional properties of hydrogenated fullerene-like amorphous carbon film prepared by direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Wang Yongfu , Gao Kaixiong , Zhang Junyan
Published: July 2016

In this study, fullerene like carbon (FL-C) is introduced in hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) film by employing a direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The film has a low friction and wear, such as 0.011 and 2.3 × 10−9mm3/N m in the N2, and 0.014 and 8.4 × 10−8mm3/N m in the humid air, and high hardness and elasticity (25.8 GPa and 83.1%), to make further engineering applications in practice. It has several nanometers ordered domains consisting of less frequently cross-linked graphitic sheet stacks. We provide new evidences for understanding the reported Raman fit model involving four vibrational frequencies from five, six, and seven C-atom rings of FL-C structures, and discuss the structure evolution before or after friction according to the change in the 1200 cm−1 Raman band intensity caused by five- and seven-carbon rings. Friction inevitably facilitates the transformation of carbon into FL-C nanostructures, namely, the ultra low friction comes from both such structures within the carbon film and the sliding induced at friction interface.
Theoretical modeling of electron mobility in superfluid 4He
Authors: Aitken Frédéric , Bonifaci Nelly , von Haeften Klaus , Eloranta Jussi
Published: July 2016

The Orsay-Trento bosonic density functional theory model is extended to include dissipation due to the viscous response of superfluid 4He present at finite temperatures. The viscous functional is derived from the Navier-Stokes equation by using the Madelung transformation and includes the contribution of interfacial viscous response present at the gas-liquid boundaries. This contribution was obtained by calibrating the model against the experimentally determined electron mobilities from 1.2 K to 2.1 K along the saturated vapor pressure line, where the viscous response is dominated by thermal rotons. The temperature dependence of ion mobility was calculated for several different solvation cavity sizes and the data are rationalized in the context of roton scattering and Stokes limited mobility models. Results are compared to the experimentally observed “exotic ion” data, which provides estimates for the corresponding bubble sizes in the liquid. Possible sources of such ions are briefly discussed.
[Sb4Au4Sb4]2−: A designer all-metal aromatic sandwich
Authors: Tian Wen-Juan , Guo Jin-Chang , Li Da-Zhi , You Xue-Rui , Wang Ying-Jin , Sun Zhong-Ming , Zhai Hua-Jin
Published: July 2016

We report on the computational design of an all-metal aromatic sandwich, [Sb4Au4Sb4]2−. The triple-layered, square-prismatic sandwich complex is the global minimum of the system from Coalescence Kick and Minima Hopping structural searches. Following a standard, qualitative chemical bonding analysis via canonical molecular orbitals, the sandwich complex can be formally described as [Sb4]+[Au4]4−[Sb4]+, showing ionic bonding characters with electron transfers in between the Sb4/Au4/Sb4 layers. For an in-depth understanding of the system, one needs to go beyond the above picture. Significant Sb → Au donation and Sb ← Au back-donation occur, redistributing electrons from the Sb4/Au4/Sb4 layers to the interlayer Sb–Au–Sb edges, which effectively lead to four Sb–Au–Sb three-center two-electron bonds. The complex is a system with 30 valence electrons, excluding the Sb 5s and Au 5d lone-pairs. The two [Sb4]+ ligands constitute an unusual three-fold (π and σ) aromatic system with all 22 electrons being delocalized. An energy gap of ∼1.6 eV is predicted for this all-metal sandwich. The complex is a rare example for rational design of cluster compounds and invites forth-coming synthetic efforts.
Investigation of the static and dynamic fragmentation of metallic liquid sheets induced by random surface fluctuations
Authors: Durand O. , Soulard L. , Bourasseau E. , Filippini G.
Published: July 2016

We perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the static and dynamic fragmentation of metallic liquid sheets of tin induced by random surface fluctuations. The static regime is analyzed by simulating sheets of different thicknesses, and the dynamic fragmentation is ensured by applying along the longitudinal direction of a sheet an instantaneous expansion velocity per initial unit length (expansion rate) with values ranging from 1 × 109 to 3 × 1010 s−1. The simulations show that the static/dynamic fragmentation becomes possible when the fluctuations of the upper and lower surfaces of the sheets can either overlap or make the local volume density of the system go down below a critical value. These two mechanisms cause locally in the sheet the random nucleation of pores of void, on a timescale that exponentially increases with the sheet thickness. Afterwards, the pores develop following distinct stages of growth, coalescence, and percolation, and later in time aggregates of liquid metal are formed. The simulations also show that the fragmentation of static sheets is characterized by relatively mono-dispersed surface and volume distributions of the pores and aggregates, respectively, whereas in extreme conditions of dynamic fragmentation (expansion rate typically in the range of 1 × 1010 s−1), the distributions are rather poly-dispersed and obey a power law decay with surface (volume). A model derived from the simulations suggests that both dynamic and static regimes of fragmentation are similar for expansion rates below typically 1 × 107 s−1.
Exciton dynamics at a single dislocation in GaN probed by picosecond time-resolved cathodoluminescence
Authors: Liu W. , Carlin J.-F. , Grandjean N. , Deveaud B. , Jacopin G.
Published: July 2016

We investigate the dynamics of donor bound excitons (D°XA) at T = 10 K around an isolated single edge dislocation in homoepitaxial GaN, using a picosecond time-resolved cathodoluminescence (TR-CL) setup with high temporal and spatial resolutions. An ∼ 1.3 meV dipole-like energy shift of D°XA is observed around the dislocation, induced by the local strain fields. By simultaneously recording the variations of both the exciton lifetime and the CL intensity across the dislocation, we directly assess the dynamics of excitons around the defect. Our observations are well reproduced by a diffusion model. It allows us to deduce an exciton diffusion length of ∼24 nm as well as an effective area of the dislocation with a radius of ∼95 nm, where the recombination can be regarded as entirely non-radiative.
Cavitation and radicals drive the sonochemical synthesis of functional polymer spheres
Authors: Narayanan Badri , Deshmukh Sanket A. , Shrestha Lok Kumar , Ariga Katsuhiko , Pol Vilas G. , Sankaranarayanan Subramanian K. R. S.
Published: July 2016

Sonochemical synthesis can lead to a dramatic increase in the kinetics of formation of polymer spheres (templates for carbon spheres) compared to the modified Stöber silica method applied to produce analogous polymer spheres. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations of the sonochemical process indicate a significantly enhanced rate of polymer sphere formation starting from resorcinol and formaldehyde precursors. The associated chemical reaction kinetics enhancement due to sonication is postulated to arise from the localized lowering of atomic densities, localized heating, and generation of radicals due to cavitation collapse in aqueous systems. This dramatic increase in reaction rates translates into enhanced nucleation and growth of the polymer spheres. The results are of broad significance to understanding mechanisms of sonication induced synthesis as well as technologies utilizing polymers spheres.
Low-frequency tunable acoustic absorber based on split tube resonators
Authors: Wu Xiaoxiao , Fu Caixing , Li Xin , Meng Yan , Gao Yibo , Tian Jingxuan , Wang Li , Huang Yingzhou , Yang Zhiyu , Wen Weijia
Published: July 2016

We demonstrate a high-efficiency tunable acoustic absorber for low frequencies (<500 Hz) with subwavelength thickness. The acoustic absorber is based on split tube resonators and could reach high-efficiency absorption at tunable resonance frequency with wavelength in air at least 30 times larger than its total thickness in simulations and experiments. The resonance frequency and high-efficiency absorption of the absorber are robust under oblique incidence even at large angles. The absorber could have potential applications for acoustic engineering due to its high structural stability, ease of fabrication, subwavelength thickness, and robust high-efficiency.
Hydrodynamics of domain walls in ferroelectrics and multiferroics: Impact on memory devices
Authors: Scott J. F. , Evans D. M. , Gregg J. M. , Gruverman A.
Published: July 2016

The standard “Kittel Law” for the thickness and shape of ferroelectric, ferroelastic, or ferromagnet domains assumes mechanical equilibrium. The present paper shows that such domains may be highly nonequilibrium, with unusual thicknesses and shapes. In lead germanate and multiferroic lead zirconate titanate iron tantalate domain wall instabilities resemble hydrodynamics (Richtmyer–Meshkov and Helfrich–Hurault, respectively).
Estimating watershed degradation over the last century and its impact on water-treatment costs for the world’s large cities
Authors: McDonald Robert I. , Weber Katherine F. , Padowski Julie , Boucher Tim , Shemie Daniel
Published: July 2016

Significance

Urban water-treatment costs depend on the water quality at the city’s source, which in turn depends on the land use in the source watersheds. Here, we show that globally urban source watershed degradation is widespread, with 9 in 10 cities losing significant amounts of natural land cover in their source watersheds to agriculture and development. This watershed degradation has impacted the cost of water treatment for about one in three large cities globally, increasing those costs by about half. This increase in cost matters because increases in water-treatment costs are paid for by those living in cities, so watershed degradation has had a real quantitative cost to hundreds of millions of urbanites.
Hemodynamic Response to Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Longitudinal Insights from an Implantable Hemodynamic Monitor
Authors: Mehmood Muddassir , Agarwal Richa , Raina Amresh , Correa‐Jaque Priscilla , Benza Raymond L.
Published: July 2016

Despite new therapeutic options, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a progressive disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. As such, additional strategies for monitoring and adjunctive management of this disease are important. A 59‐year‐old woman with scleroderma‐associated PAH received an implantable hemodynamic monitor (IHM) as part of a research protocol at our institution. Pulmonary artery pressures, heart rate, and cardiac output (sensor‐based algorithm) were measured on a daily basis, and parameters of right ventricular (RV) performance and afterload were calculated. At the time of IHM implant, the patient had functional class III symptoms, was receiving triple‐drug therapy, and had normal hemoglobin levels. Four months after implant, and with further optimization of prostacyclin therapy, she had improvement in her symptoms. However, shortly thereafter, while the patient was receiving stable drug therapy, her case regressed with worsening symptoms, and the patient received a new diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Oral iron supplementation resulted in normalization of hemoglobin levels and improvement in the patient's iron profile. A gradual and sustained reduction in pulmonary pressures was noted after initiation of oral iron accompanied by increased RV performance and favorable reduction in RV afterload. The patient had significant symptomatic improvement. Iron deficiency is an underappreciated yet easily treatable risk factor in PAH. Use of IHM in this case longitudinally illustrates the optimization of pulmonary hemodynamics and RV afterload in tandem with clinical improvement achieved by a simple therapy.
White Flows the River
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

White freedom and black slavery and servitude were central pillars of a consensus white culture built in the West during the early national period. Prior to national and regional debates over slavery that would emerge during the 1840s, for most white middle border residents slavery represented more than contradicted democratic ascendance in the West, seen especially in its slave states. Rather than the Ohio River forming an absolute barrier that slavery could not penetrate, and despite the Northwest Ordinance that reputedly barred slavery from the “free” part of the middle border, slavery and white supremacy were interwoven into the fabric of the entire western region. Outright slavery existed in Kentucky and later Missouri, but legislative Black Codes in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio and support for the legalization of slavery there sharply proscribed African Americans’ freedoms and discouraged their residence.
Bitter Harvest
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

Among the political and ideological effects of the Emancipation Proclamation was a more deeply divided white population in the middle border states in 1862 and 1863, pitting white and black civilians and military personnel. More than any other issue, emancipation disrupted the white consensus of the middle border region as residents consolidated all other controversial war initiatives: confiscation, conscription, and the suspension of habeas corpus. The term “Conservative” arose in organized politics as a designation among white residents, whether Republicans or Democrats, for a blend of patriotism, opposition to wartime emancipation, protest against racial equality, and even outright support for slavery. The backlash against emancipation and the 1862 midterm elections ignited a civil war within the middle border’s free states and troops. Republicans used harsh measures to rein in new Democratic majorities, and partisanship emerged in the form of the rise of empowered dissenting groups, or “Copperheads.”
Shadow Wars
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

The intertwined strands of the “war within the war” after emancipation and the fall 1862 midterm elections developed into a civilian home-front war between 1863 and 1865. Interactions between the middle border’s war supporters and dissenters fueled the hardening of ideological and political positions into a wartime binary that would outlast the conflict. Guerrilla warfare was only the most apparent manifestation of the internecine struggle as white residents turned against the government’s war. Emancipation and black enlistment ignited a full political war among black and white, slave and free, Conservatives and Radicals, and drew the active and sustained engagement of women amid a “fire in the rear.” The conflict reached into communities as local, partisan discord and even violence more than as organized electoral politics. Wartime dissent peaked prior to the 1864 presidential election, declining precipitously after Lincoln’s re-election and the Republican Party’s resounding victory in the West.
Southern Cross, North Star
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

The middle border’s postwar political struggles and development of exclusivist war memories and meanings ended the region’s former white consensus. The willingness of white residents to resort to violence in the postwar period provided one measure of difference between former loyal states. However deep and shared their war wounds, they were felt discretely as white residents translated war experiences into distinct postwar understandings. Postemancipation racial discourse and violence contributed to white residents’ conscious distortion, even inversion, of these states’ war narratives so as to align them along the emergent North-South binary. The abstruse politics of white sacrifice, formal and especially informal, offered distinct lenses that obstructed reconciliation across what were seen as discrete regional cultures. The cultural politics of war memory and regional white identity divided these middle border states from one another too deeply for white supremacy to reunite them by any symbolic reconciliation.
Conclusion
Authors: Phillips Christopher
Published: July 2016

On the middle border, a half-century of politics, formally at the national and state levels and informally as innumerable, personalized war experiences retold by countless civilians and soldiers on both sides of the rivers, formed exclusivist cultural narratives of the bitterly lived war. Loss as much as victory thus defined the new regionalism on both sides of the rivers, less overwhelmed by outside forces than driven by internal conflicts framed against competing organizing principles known as sections. The West, a place of multiplicities imagined as individual and national possibilities, was pushed on rather than being been won or lost. In its place there would be two regions, two core communities created by exclusivist politics that imagined as much as they had experienced the war. The national confluence once represented as the West was remade as South and North, their great divide symbolized by the former region’s now-wide rivers.
Quantum electronic transport in solids
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

This chapter describes how the combination of the energy bands and the exclusion principle for electrons explains the main electronic features of solids. The kinetic theory for fermions is adapted to take into account the presence of bands, and the motion of electrons under electric fields or temperature gradients is studied. The origin of the dramatic difference between metals and insulators is explained and tools are given to compute the electrical conductivity of metals and insulators. The Onsager relations are obtained when temperature gradients are applied. The transport theory explains the nature of the relaxation time approximation and the Matthiessen and Wiedemann–Franz laws, and gives the corrections when the conditions for their validity are not fulfilled. The effect of magnetic fields is analysed, accounting for the Hall effect and magnetoresistance. Finally, the electronic properties of graphene are studied within this semiclassical description.
The Changing Landscape of Eldercare
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2016

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the demographic trends behind the progressive “graying” of the world’s population and the growing need for long-term care associated with it. In the process the chapter shows that aging is not an individual issue rather the product of technological, economic and cultural transformations that have taken places over centuries. The chapter then investigates the difficulties that states and families encounter in providing such care due in part to changes at the political, the social and the cultural level such as increased female participation in the labor market, increased geographic mobility, progressive deconstruction of extended and even nuclear families and a restructuring of welfare states linked to current neoliberal ideologies. Finally, the chapter analyzes the impact of adopting market-oriented ideologies and mechanisms to address the growing need for long-term care and its different outcomes in different societies of the Global North.
Satanic Ritual Abuse
Authors: Lewis James R.
Published: July 2016

The notion of an international Satanist conspiracy became prominent during the so-called Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA) scare. This scare—also referred to as the ‘Satanic Panic’—peaked in the late 1980s and early 1990s. During these years, significant segments of the law enforcement community and numerous therapists believed in the existence of a vast, underground network of evil Satanic cults sacrificing and abusing children. Less responsible members of the mass media avidly promoted the idea as an easy way of selling copy and increasing ratings. Although the Satanism scare did not involve an empirically-existing new religion, it shared many themes with the cult controversy. Anti-cultists, for example, jumped on the Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA) bandwagon as a way of promoting their own agenda, and NRM scholars spear-headed the academic analysis of the scare. In “Satanic Ritual Abuse,” James R. Lewis presents a systematic survey of this phenomenon.
Charisma and Authority in New Religious Movements
Authors: Prophet Erin
Published: July 2016

Using examples from new religious movements ranging from the Children of God to Sahaja Yoga, the chapter takes a multi-disciplinary approach, reviewing insights from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and management theory. It focuses on charisma as the authority to lead and transform religious traditions, reviewing not only identified qualities of leaders, but also the role of followers in creating and maintaining a collective myth, as well as the importance of the situation and culture in which the relationship develops. Key concepts include legitimation strategies, charismatization, and the role of the “charismatic aristocracy.” Attention is paid to factors contributing to instability and violence, particularly related to the institutionalization of charisma known as routinization, as well as optimal conditions for “benevolent” and “diffuse” charisma.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis James R. , Tøllefsen Inga
Published: July 2016

New Religious Movements (NRMs) was an emergent subfield in the 1970s and 1980s—a field that has grown to become a substantial category of study, involving at least three specialty journals, regular academic meetings focused on NRMs, and multiple specialty book series. The Introduction discusses how NRM studies came into being in response to the emergence of alternative religions as a significant phenomenon in the wake of the decline of the sixties counterculture, and in response to the “cult” controversy that had its heyday in the seventies. The Introduction also provides a chapter by chapter overview of the Handbook’s contents.
Disaffiliation and New Religious Movements
Authors: Currie Sean
Published: July 2016

In this chapter, I examine the academic literature on disaffiliation from an interdisciplinary perspective, most notably scholarship in sociology, psychology, and religious studies. I begin briefly with deconversion, due to its close—and often conflated—association with disaffiliation, followed by an overview of key disaffiliation literature, including the development of causal and role theory approaches. I then discuss the “cult controversy” phenomenon and post-involvement attitudes of former members that featured prominently in early NRM scholarship. I conclude with a discussion on methodological prospects for future research on disaffiliation and NRMs.
The North American Anticult Movement
Authors: Shupe Anson
Published: July 2016

The modern North American anti-cult movement (hereafter ACM), a counter- movement, has been researched both conceptually and historically/organizationally. My purpose here is not to trace all the historical and sociological trivia and varieties of the ACM in North American during its thirty five-year heyday of growth, maturity, and then relative morbidity. Rather, I wish to accomplish two tasks: first, to place the understanding of counter-movements such as the modern ACM in a sociological social movement context (foreign as that may have seemed to its activists during the 1960s-90s); and second, to provide an overview of this current incarnation of a very old social movement theme in American history. Regarding the subject of counter-movements, Tahi Mottl correctly claimed thirty years ago that it was a relatively neglected one. Things are becoming slightly better today.
Śrīharṣa’s Dissident Epistemology
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2016

Śrīharṣa’s 12th-century Amassed Morsels of Refutation (Khandaṇa-khaṇḍa-khādya) is a brilliant take-down of the system-building philosophical activities of past thinkers, who had developed great philosophical edifices out of the various sūtra-compilations. Śrīharṣa demonstrates that a philosophical method based on the search for definitions is misguided, indeed incoherent. He develops a rival method, a method of refutation, to undercut the earlier approaches. His method requires him to reconstruct the best possible version of any definition, not merely the best one formulated, and his ability to articulate philosophical positions with greater insight, accuracy, and acuity than their own proponents is astonishing. This chapter examines his reconstruction of a theory of knowledge from his Nyāya predecessor, Udayana, and the counter-reaction of Gaṅgeśa, his Nyāya successor. I will also look at Bimal Matilal’s development of a theory of knowledge from post-Śrīharṣa early modern sources and comment on implications for the study of global epistemology.
Integrated Water Resources Management
Authors: Lubell Mark , Balazs Carolina
Published: July 2016

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has become a globally recognized approach to water governance. However, the definition of IWRM remains abstract, and implementation challenges remain. This chapter analyzes IWRM from the perspective of adaptive governance, which conceptualizes IWRM as an institutional arrangement that seeks to solve collective-action problems associated with water resources and adapt over time in response to social and environmental change. Adaptive governance synthesizes several strands of literature to identify the core social processes of water governance: cooperation, learning, and resource distribution. This chapter reviews the existing research on these ideas and presents frontier research questions that require continued investigation to understand how IWRM contributes to the sustainability and resilience of water governance. It argues that an adaptive governance lens allows movement beyond the contentious normative debate surrounding the appropriate definition of IWRM to analyze the core social and political processes driving its decision-making processes.
The Rise and Fall of Penal Transportation
Authors: Maxwell-Stewart Hamish
Published: July 2016

Many societies have either transported convicted prisoners to a place of coerced labor or sold them as slaves. From the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries several European states made extensive use of penal transportation to supply labor to overseas colonies. A practice that operated in parallel to the Atlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades, penal transportation was applied to both prisoners sentenced in European courts and those convicted in the colonies. Emerging at the same time as galley service and the workhouse, transportation expanded the range of sentencing options available to early modern states. Although criticized by European penal reformers in the nineteenth century because of its close association with slavery and other exploitative labor extraction systems, penal transportation survived into the twentieth century, largely because it was comparatively cheap and provided a means of punishing both metropolitan and colonial offenders.
A Brief History of the Underworld and Organized Crime, c. 1750–1950
Authors: Shore Heather
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the evolution of concepts and definitions relating to criminal organization since 1750. Terms such as the “underworld,” “organized crime,” and “professional crime” have increasingly become part of the criminal justice lexicon in the modern period. However, while there has been a strong tradition of criminological and sociological investigation into the structures and hierarchies of syndicated crime and street gangs in the first half of the twentieth century, much of this work has been dominated and implicitly shaped by North American contexts. The hidden nature of such criminal activity means that most attention has been paid to those offenders whose recidivism and notoriety brought them into public disrepute. Thus, historians’ investigations into organized crime have been characteristically limited. This chapter provides a broader overview of the historical chronologies and geographies of the “underworld” and explores the key historical studies into the organization of crime in the modern period.
John W. Kingdon,
Authors: Greer Scott
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines John Kingdon’s bookAgendas, Alternatives, and American Public Policy, considered an alternative to the more technocratic existing theories of policy-making. It begins by summarizing what the book says about American public policy and looking at the interlocking innovations that made it so important. In particular, it analyses two political processes that differ from the better known aspects of politics: agenda-setting and alternative specification. It then turns its attention to the second conceptual innovation inAgendas: the three streams of policy, politics, and problems. The chapter also describes coupling and the window of opportunity as potentially the most theoretically difficult parts of the book. In addition, it discusses potential theoretical directions that would go beyond further replication ofAgendas.
The Natural and Supernatural
Authors: Lotz-Heumann Ute
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the historiography on the natural and supernatural in early modern Europe with a particular emphasis on Protestantism. It considers the ways in which this subject is closely intertwined with other major research areas in early modern historiography, especially the subject of popular and elite religion and the question of Protestantism and desacralization/secularization. Next, this chapter introduces a case study on the interpretation of healing waters in German Lutheranism in order to provide readers with an example of the complex relationship between the natural and the supernatural following the Reformation. Finally, this article sketches an agenda for future research on Protestantism and the natural and supernatural in the early modern period.
Protestantism in the Age of Catholic Renewal
Authors: Soergel Philip
Published: July 2016

As the Reformation matured in its second and third generation, it faced new challenges both from within its ranks and from without. In the wake of the conclusion of the Council of Trent, the renewal of spirit within the Catholic Church challenged Protestant churches throughout Northern Europe, while internally Protestantism came to be riven by doctrinal fault lines between Calvinists, Lutherans, and Anglicans. In response to growing competition between religions, many states moved to enforce doctrinal uniformity, even as a wave of moral disciplining became evident in places throughout Northern Europe. At the same time the increasingly heterodox religious scene helped to produce distinct doctrinal, liturgical, and devotional differences among the various post-Reformation religions, producing confessional identities that were to shape Europe into modern times.
Outsiders, Dissenters, and Competing Visions of Reform
Authors: Hotson Howard
Published: July 2016

During the middle decades of the seventeenth century, the Moravian pedagogue and pansophist, Jan Amos Comenius (1592‒1670), articulated an all-embracing program of “universal reformation.” Retracing the roots of this now unfamiliar vision reveals that Comenius drew inspiration from a large number of intertwined traditions, many dating back to the pre-Reformation era, united by their dissatisfaction with the magisterial Reformations of Luther and Calvin, and sustained by the desire to pursue further reformation on a broader front. Together, these neglected traditions bridge the historiographical chasm between the radical reformation of the early sixteenth century and the advent of Pietism in the latter seventeenth and thereby have the potential to reshape conceptions of the “long Reformation.”
General Introduction
Authors: Cassis Youssef , Grossman Richard S. , Schenk Catherine R.
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides a general introduction to the volume, whose objective is to present the state-of-the-art in banking and financial history. Financial history is of long standing, but it has gained even prominence since the mid-1970s—because of the huge development and transformation of the financial world, increasing financial instability, and more generally the growing role of financial services in ‘post-industrial’ societies. The volume concentrates on the economic and financial side of banking and financial activities, primarily though not solely in advanced economies (Western Europe, the United States, and Japan), in a long-term (from mid-nineteenth century to the present) comparative perspective. In addition to paying attention to general issues, not least those related to theoretical and methodological aspects of the discipline, the volume approaches the banking and financial world from four distinct but interrelated angles: financial institutions, financial markets, financial regulation, and financial crises.
Small-scale Credit Institutions
Authors: Wadhwani R. Daniel
Published: July 2016

This chapter begins by examining the reasons for the growing historiographical and theoretical interest in small-scale credit institutions, and in understanding variations in the institutional arrangements of intermediaries more broadly. It then briefly surveys the literature on a selection of these institutions—ROSCAs, savings banks, credit cooperatives, and building associations—to identify patterns of organization and development over time and place. Finally, it examines a number of theoretical perspectives that have been used to account for variation in in the organizational size, form, and practices that such small credit institutions embody. Specifically it considers transaction cost theories, location-based theories, socio-political theories, and cultural/narrative theories, and assesses their contributions and limitations in understanding the sources of variation and change in institutional arrangements.
Money Markets
Authors: Battilossi Stefano
Published: July 2016

The notion that money markets were essential for smooth working of the economy but exposed to liquidity shocks was a key lesson banking theorists and central bankers learnt from panics of the nineteenth century. This chapter deals with the historical experience of money market stabilization in Britain and the USA. Since the 1860s, the London market, based on specialized intermediaries (discount houses) trading mainly in banker acceptances and with regular access to the Bank of England as a lender of last resort, achieved an admired record of financial stability. In contrast, the New York market, operating essentially as an inter-bank reserve system with no central bank until 1913, was the epicenter of several disruptive crises during the National Banking era. In the interwar period, the attempt by US policy makers to transplant British institutions into the US financial system had only partial success in preventing new episodes of financial instability.