bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructural organization of human insula is linked to its macrofunctional circuitry and predicts cognitive control
Authors: Menon Vinod , Gallardo Guillermo , Pinsk Mark A , Nguyen Van-Dang , Li Jing-Rebecca , Cai Weidong , Wassermann Demian
Published: June 2020

The human insular cortex is a heterogeneous brain structure which plays an integrative role in guiding behavior. The cytoarchitectonic organization of the human insula has been investigated over the last century using postmortem brains but there has been little progress in noninvasive in vivo mapping of its microstructure and large-scale functional circuitry. Quantitative modeling of multi-shell diffusion MRI data from 413 participants revealed that human insula microstructure differs significantly across subdivisions that serve distinct cognitive and affective functions. Insular microstructural organization was mirrored in its functionally interconnected circuits with the anterior cingulate cortex that anchors the salience network, a system important for adaptive switching of cognitive control systems. Furthermore, insular microstructural features, confirmed in Macaca mulatta, were linked to behavior and predicted individual differences in cognitive control ability. Our findings open new possibilities for probing psychiatric and neurological disorders impacted by insular cortex dysfunction, including autism, schizophrenia, and fronto-temporal dementia.
Genome editing enables reverse genetics of multicellular development in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta
Authors: Booth David S , King Nicole
Published: June 2020

In a previous study, we established a forward genetic screen to identify genes required for multicellular development in the choanoflagellate, Salpingoeca rosetta (Levin et al., 2014). Yet, the paucity of reverse genetic tools for choanoflagellates has hampered direct tests of gene function and impeded the establishment of choanoflagellates as a model for reconstructing the origin of their closest living relatives, the animals. Here we establish CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in S. rosetta by engineering a selectable marker to enrich for edited cells. We then use genome editing to disrupt the coding sequence of a S. rosetta C-type lectin gene, rosetteless, and thereby demonstrate its necessity for multicellular rosette development. This work advances S. rosetta as a model system in which to investigate how genes identified from genetic screens and genomic surveys function in choanoflagellates and evolved as critical regulators of animal biology.
The His-Gly motif of acid-sensing ion channels resides in a reentrant ‘loop’ implicated in gating and ion selectivity
Authors: Yoder Nate , Gouaux Eric
Published: June 2020

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated members of the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin (ENaC/DEG) superfamily of ion channels and are expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The homotrimeric splice variant ASIC1a has been implicated in nociception, fear memory, mood disorders and ischemia. Here, we extract full-length chicken ASIC1 (cASIC1) from cell membranes using styrene maleic acid (SMA) copolymer, elucidating structures of ASIC1 channels in both high pH resting and low pH desensitized conformations by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structures of resting and desensitized channels reveal a reentrant loop at the amino terminus of ASIC1 that includes the highly conserved ‘His-Gly’ (HG) motif. The reentrant loop lines the lower ion permeation pathway and buttresses the ‘Gly-Ala-Ser’ (GAS) constriction, thus providing a structural explanation for the role of the His-Gly dipeptide in the structure and function of ASICs.
Comparative study of gut microbiota in Tibetan wild asses (Equus kiang) and domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau
Authors: Liu Hongjin , Zhao Xinquan , Han Xueping , Xu Shixiao , Zhao Liang , Hu Linyong , Xu Tianwei , Zhao Na , Zhang Xiaoling , Chen Dongdong , He Fuquan , Chen Xin
Published: June 2020

Tibetan wild asses (Equus Kiang) are the only wild species of perissodactyls on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and appears on the International Union for Conversation of Nature (IUCN) 2012 Red List of threatened species. Therefore, understanding the gut microbiota composition and function of wild asses can provide a theoretical for the situ conservation of wild animals in the future.In this study, we measured the dry matter digestion by the 4 molar hydrochloric acid (4N HCL) acid-insoluble ash method and analyzed the intestinal microbiota of wild asses and domestic donkeys by high-throughput sequencing of the 16s rDNA genes in V3–V4 regions. The results showed that the dry matter digestion in wild asses was significantly higher than in domestic donkeys (P < 0.05). No significant difference in alpha diversity was detected between these two groups. Beta diversity showed that the bacterial community structure of wild asses was acutely different from domestic donkeys. At the phylum level, the two dominant phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in wild asses were significantly higher than that in domestic donkeys. At the genus level, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214, Phascolarctobacterium, Coprostanoligenes_group, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group and Akkermansia in wild asses were significantly higher than in domestic donkeys. Moreover, statistical comparisons showed that 40 different metabolic pathways exhibited significant differences. Among them, 29 pathways had richer concentrations in wild asses than domestic donkeys, mainly included amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. Of note, network analysis showed that wild asses harbored a relatively more complex bacterial network than domestic donkeys, possibly reflecting the specific niche adaption of gut bacterial communities through species interactions. The overall results indicated that wild asses have advantages over domestic donkeys in dry matter digestion, gut microbial community composition and function, and wild asses have their unique intestinal flora to adapt high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
Screening of Restorable WA-CMS Rice Genotypes for Bacterial Blight (BB) Resistance
Authors: Sinha Surabhi , Sinha Sweta , Kumar Mankesh , Singh Suresh Prasad , Kumar Anand , Kumar Amarendra , . Satyendra
Published: June 2020

Aim: To screen and evaluate rice genotypes which were found to be having restorability for WA-CMS cytoplasm for their further use in the hybrid breeding program.

Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used in the study.

Place and Duration of the Study: The genotypes used in the study were comprised of promising lines from various experiments, local varieties and landraces, etc. The study was conducted during June 2017 to May 2018.

Methodology: In the present study, 55 rice lines which were found to have restorable capacity for WA-CMS system were screened for 4 Bacterial Blight resistance genes viz. Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21, against most prevalent races of the pathogen throughout the country, using PCR based molecular markers namely, MP1+MP2, xa5 multiplex, xa13 prom and pTA248, respectively.

Results: Bacterial Blight (BB) is considered to be one of the most important diseases of the rice crop. As hybrids are one of the most viable options to increase rice yields, the parental material used for the development of hybrids, must be having genes which show resistance against BB. Out of 55 restorer lines, 43 genotypes amplified for Xa4, 7 genotypes namely R. Bhagwati, IRBB5-9, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pratikhya, IR 88964-24-2-1-4, IR 94314-20-2-1B, HHZ 5-DT8-DT1-Y1 showed positive bands for xa5, 3 genotypes namely PAU 3220, N. Usar Dhan 3 and Pratikhya showed positive bands for xa13. However, only one genotype namely Pratikhya amplified for Xa21. In combinations, Narendra Usar Dhan 3 amplified for xa5 and xa13. Pratikhya was the only genotype found to have all 4 BB (Xa4, xa5, xa13, Xa21) resistance genes under consideration. 

Conclusion: Genotypes having different BB resistant genes in combinations along with good capability of restoration for prevalent WA-CMS system can further be used as male parent in the hybrid breeding programme for development of BB resistant hybrids.
Investigation of Elite Rice Genotypes for Resistant against False Smut Disease of Rice in Bihar
Authors: Kumar Uday , Kumar Amarendra
Published: June 2020

False smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is the most devastating disease of rice in different parts of the world including India. The host resistance approach is most important for the management of this disease. In the present investigation, forty-four elite germplasm were screened epiphytotically in kharif 2019-20 at Bihar Agricultural University research farm, Sabour to know disease reaction against the false smut disease of rice. Out of these, seven germplasms viz. RVK-04, RVK-06, RVK-16, BRR-0057, BRR-0060, BRR-0078 and Rajendra Swasini were found immune or highly resistant (HR). Sabour Ardhjal showed resistance (R) reaction with very less percent of disease infection (0.68 %.). Eight germplasms were found moderately resistance (MR) ranges of disease infection 3.24 - 4.81% and six germplasms were showed maximum percent of disease infection (susceptible) i.e., Arize 6444 Gold, Sahbhagi Dhan, RVK-08, RVK-13, RVK-15, BRR-0071 ranged 25.70-26.26 %. The highly resistant genotypes may be further utilized for the development of resistant variety through the rice breeding programme.
STAT3‐mediated MLST8 gene expression regulates cap‐dependent translation in cancer cells
Authors: Lee Hyunji , Chin Hyunjung , Kim Hyeyoung , Jung Hosung , Lee Daekee
Published: June 2020

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) regulates cell growth, cell survival, angiogenesis, metastasis of cancer cells, and cancer immune evasion by regulating gene expression as a transcription factor. However, the effect of STAT3 on translation is almost unknown. We demonstrated that STAT3 acts as a trans‐acting factor for MLST8 gene expression and the protein level of mLST8, a core component of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1/2), positively regulates the mTORC1/2 downstream pathways. Suppression of STAT3 by siRNA attenuated 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation, cap‐dependent translation, and cell proliferation in a variety of cancer cells. In HCT116 cells, STAT3 knockdown‐induced decreases in 4E‐BP1 and AKT phosphorylation levels were further attenuated by MLST8 knockdown or recovered by mLST8 overexpression. STAT3 knockdown‐induced G2/M phase arrest was partially restored by co‐knockdown of 4EBP1, and the attenuation of cell proliferation was enhanced by the expression of an mTORC1‐mediated phosphorylation‐defective mutant of 4E‐BP1. ChIP and promoter mapping using a luciferase reporter assay showed that the −951 to −894 bp of MLST8 promoter seems to include STAT3‐binding site. Overall, these results suggest that STAT3‐driven MLST8 gene expression regulates cap‐dependent translation through 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation in cancer cells.
Protein‐Derived Cofactors
Authors: Davidson Victor L
Published: June 2020

Protein‐derived cofactors are catalytic or redox‐active centres in proteins that are formed by covalent irreversible posttranslational modification of one or more amino acid residues. The mechanisms by which these posttranslational modifications are catalysed are quite diverse. In some cases, these modifications occur autocatalytically, and in other cases, an enzyme is required for their catalysis. The formation of protein‐derived cofactors expands the range of chemical reactions that may be catalysed by enzymes in the absence of exogenous metal or organic cofactors. Protein‐derived cofactors typically function as electrophiles in catalysis and sometimes stabilise free‐radical intermediates or mediate biological electron transfer. This article describes the structures and functions of several protein‐derived cofactors and the diverse mechanisms of posttranslational modification through which they are generated.

Key Concepts

Protein‐derived cofactors are formed by irreversible posttranslational modification of amino acid residues.

Protein‐derived cofactors typically serve as electrophiles or stabilise free radicals during enzyme catalysis.

Amino acid residues may acquire new catalytic or redox functions from posttranslational modification.

Modification of amino acids that provide ligands for metals can alter the properties of metalloenzymes.

Protein‐derived cofactors are formed by a variety of autocatalytic and enzyme‐catalysed processes.
Biological Chemistry of Toxic Metals and Metalloids, Such as Arsenic, Cadmium, and Mercury
Authors: Sarpong‐Kumankomah Sophia , Miller Kerri , Gailer Jürgen
Published: June 2020

Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death in the world which causes an estimated nine million annual premature deaths. Owing to the exceptional longevity of highly toxic arsenic, cadmium, and mercury species in the environment, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ASTDR) has ranked them within the top 7 chemicals of concern in terms of their frequency, toxicity, and potential for human exposure at national priority sites. Accordingly, the chronic exposure of human populations – including children – to these pollutants via the diet, drinking water and air is of increasing public health concern as it may be causally linked to human diseases, which have no known etiology. To unravel potential toxic metal exposure‐disease relationships, the elucidation of their bioinorganic chemistry in the bloodstream is critical as these processes determine which and how much of an absorbed toxic metal species and/or its metabolites will reach toxicological target organs. Considering the analytical complexity of this biological fluid, appropriate analytical techniques must be employed. We highlight advanced instrumental analytical approaches that can be used and provide examples of how their application has revealed new insight into the mechanisms of chronic toxicity of arsenic, cadmium and mercury species in mammals. A comprehensive understanding of the bioinorganic chemistry of individual toxic metal species is urgently needed to reassess current environmental regulations to reduce the global disease burden.
Structural Stabilization and Piezoelectric Enhancement in Epitaxial (Ti1−xMgx)0.25Al0.75N(0001) Layers
Authors: Wang Baiwei , Aryana Kiumars , Gaskins John T. , Hopkins Patrick E. , Khare Sanjay V. , Gall Daniel
Published: June 2020

Epitaxial (Ti1−xMgx)0.25Al0.75N(0001)/Al2O3(0001) layers are used as a model system to explore how Fermi‐level engineering facilitates structural stabilization of a host matrix despite the intentional introduction of local bonding instabilities that enhance the piezoelectric response. The destabilizing octahedral bonding preference of Ti dopants and the preferred 0.67 nitrogen‐to‐Mg ratio for Mg dopants deteriorate the wurtzite AlN matrix for both Ti‐rich (x < 0.2) and Mg‐rich (x ≥ 0.9) alloys. Conversely, x = 0.5 leads to a stability peak with a minimum in the lattice constant ratio c/a, which is caused by a Fermi‐level shift into the bandgap and a trend toward nondirectional ionic bonding, leading to a maximum in the expected piezoelectric stress constant e33. The refractive index and the subgap absorption decrease with x, the optical bandgap increases, and the elastic constant along the hexagonal axis C33 = 270 ± 14 GPa remains composition independent, leading to an expected piezoelectric constant d33 = 6.4 pC N−1 at x = 0.5, which is 50% larger than for the pure AlN matrix. Thus, contrary to the typical anticorrelation between stability and electromechanical coupling, the (Ti1−xMgx)0.25Al0.75N system exhibits simultaneous maxima in the structural stability and the piezoelectric response at x = 0.5.
Ultrasensitive Strain Gauges Enabled by Graphene‐Stabilized Silicone Emulsions
Authors: O’Mara Marcus A. , Ogilvie Sean P. , Large Matthew J. , Amorim Graf Aline , Sehnal Anne C. , Lynch Peter J. , Salvage Jonathan P. , Jurewicz Izabela , King Alice A. K. , Dalton Alan B.
Published: June 2020

Here, an approach is presented to incorporate graphene nanosheets into a silicone rubber matrix via solid stabilization of oil‐in‐water emulsions. These emulsions can be cured into discrete, graphene‐coated silicone balls or continuous, elastomeric films by controlling the degree of coalescence. The electromechanical properties of the resulting composites as a function of interdiffusion time and graphene loading level are characterized. With conductivities approaching 1 S m−1, elongation to break up to 160%, and a gauge factor of ≈20 in the low‐strain linear regime, small strains such as pulse can be accurately measured. At higher strains, the electromechanical response exhibits a robust exponential dependence, allowing accurate readout for higher strain movements such as chest motion and joint bending. The exponential gauge factor is found to be ≈20, independent of loading level and valid up to 80% strain; this consistent performance is due to the emulsion‐templated microstructure of the composites. The robust behavior may facilitate high‐strain sensing in the nonlinear regime using nanocomposites, where relative resistance change values in excess of 107 enable highly accurate bodily motion monitoring.
PEG Modified CsPbIBr2 Perovskite Film for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells
Authors: You Yibo , Tian Wei , Wang Min , Cao Fengren , Sun Haoxuan , Li Liang
Published: June 2020

Cesium lead mixed‐halide perovskite (CsPbIBr2), as one of the all‐inorganic perovskites, has attracted great attention owing to its great ambient stability and suitable bandgap. Unfortunately, due to its low film coverage, high density of defects and unfavorable band energy level, the CsPbIBr2 based solar cells suffer from low efficiency. In this work, the Lewis base poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is adopted as additive to modify the pure CsPbIBr2. By optimizing the molecular weight and dosage of PEG, the resultant PEG:CsPbIBr2 film possesses suppressed non‐radiative electron–hole recombination, a favorable energy band structure and a weaker sensitive to the moisture. As a result, the device based on the PEG:CsPbIBr2 yields a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.10%, with a open‐circuit voltage of 1.21 V, a short‐circuit current of 12.25 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 74.82%, which is 44.3% higher than its counterpart without PEG. Moreover, the PEG modified device shows excellent long‐term stability, retaining over 90% of the initial efficiency after 600 h storage in ambient condition without encapsulation. In comparison, the device without PEG shows an inferior stability with PCE sharply dropping to 0% within 50 h.
Improving Metal Adsorption on Triethylenetetramine (TETA) Functionalized SBA‐15 Mesoporous Silica Using Potentiometry, EPR and ssNMR
Authors: Lachowicz Joanna Izabela , Emwas Abdul‐Hamid , Delpiano Giulia Rossella , Salis Andrea , Piludu Marco , Jaremko Lukasz , Jaremko Mariusz
Published: June 2020

Nanomaterials have received growing attention in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological disorders because the low blood brain barrier permeability hinders the classical pharmacological approach. Metal ion chelators combined with nanoparticles prove effective in the treatment of neurodegeneration and are under extensive studies. Most chelating agents and metallodrugs compete with endogenous molecules for metal coordination, and do not reach the active site. Determining the competition between metallodrugs and endogenous molecules requires knowing the stability constants of formed metal complexes. In this study, for the first time, potentiometric titrations are used to determine metal complex formation constants, and to quantify ligand content in functionalized materials. This new potentiometric approach allows physico–chemical characterization of mesoporous functionalized materials and their metal adsorption capacity in water solution. The potentiometric results are compared with isotherm models obtained by spectroscopic measurements and yield rewarding data fitting. The potentiometric method described here can be extended to different types of nanostructured materials carrying surface ionizable groups.
The Neolithic Pitted Ware culture foragers were culturally but not genetically influenced by the Battle Axe culture herders
Authors: Coutinho Alexandra , Günther Torsten , Munters Arielle R. , Svensson Emma M. , Götherström Anders , Storå Jan , Malmström Helena , Jakobsson Mattias
Published: June 2020

Objectives

In order to understand contacts between cultural spheres in the third millennium BC, we investigated the impact of a new herder culture, the Battle Axe culture, arriving to Scandinavia on the people of the sub‐Neolithic hunter‐gatherer Pitted Ware culture. By investigating the genetic make‐up of Pitted Ware culture people from two types of burials (typical Pitted Ware culture burials and Battle Axe culture‐influenced burials), we could determine the impact of migration and the impact of cultural influences.

Methods

We sequenced and analyzed the genomes of 25 individuals from typical Pitted Ware culture burials and from Pitted Ware culture burials with Battle Axe culture influences in order to determine if the different burial types were associated with different gene‐pools.

Results

The genomic data show that all individuals belonged to one genetic population—a population associated with the Pitted Ware culture—irrespective of the burial style.

Conclusion

We conclude that the Pitted Ware culture communities were not impacted by gene‐flow, that is, via migration or exchange of mates. These different cultural expressions in the Pitted Ware culture burials are instead a consequence of cultural exchange.
Strong Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity in Polycrystalline Layers of (AgxSn1‐xS)1.2(TiS2)2 with Prospects Toward Improved Thermoelectric Performance
Authors: Yin Cong , Guo Xuming , Liu Hangtian , Chen Zhiyu , Hu Qing , Ang Ran
Published: June 2020

Anisotropic tuning is of crucial importance for designing and developing high‐performance thermoelectric materials. Here, a prominent anisotropic thermoelectric characteristic of Ag‐substituted misfit‐layered (SnS)1.2(TiS2)2 alloys is investigated in the perpendicular (in‐plane) and parallel (out‐of‐plane) to the pressing direction. In the in‐plane direction, the (AgxSn1‐xS)1.2(TiS2)2 alloys possess a highest power factor of 0.86 mW K−2 m−1 at 520 K, while in the out‐of‐plane direction the lowest lattice thermal conductivity (0.37 W K−1 m−1) is achieved, which is driven by the natural intercalated structure where the out‐of‐plane phonon is strongly scattered without affecting the in‐plane mobility. Moreover, along the in‐plane orientation, the introduced point defects due to the substitution of Sn by Ag trigger a significant reduction of lattice thermal conductivity. In contrast, along the out‐of‐plane orientation, the decreased carrier concentration enables a large Seebeck coefficient and power factor, ultimately ensuring high thermoelectric performance. The present finding in the misfit‐layered chalcogenide opens up a new route to manipulating thermoelectrics via anisotropy engineering.
Highly efficient synthesis of chromeno[2,3‐b]pyridine using Graphene‐Oxide/N1,N3‐bis (pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)propane‐1,3‐diamine‐Copper nanocomposites as a novel catalyst
Authors: Karamshahi Zahra , Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Keypour Hassan , Rezaei Mohammad Taher
Published: June 2020

Recent studies about innovations in GO/N‐Ligand‐Cu Nano‐Composites have been done. Graphene‐Oxide is improved with N1,N3‐bis (pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)propane‐1,3‐diamine and after that is matched with copper (Cu). The chemical composition and the structure of the catalyst were analyzed by TGA/DTG, EDX, XRD, FT‐IR, TEM, and SEM. The results demonstrated that GO/N‐Ligand‐Cu was able to catalyze the chromeno[2,3‐b]pyridine compounds to obtain high yields in short reaction time. The results of the present work are hoped to assist the growth of a new class of heterogeneous catalysts as the high‐function candidate for industrial applications.
In‐situ sol–gel synthesis of zirconia networks in flexible and conductive composite films
Authors: Azarian Mohammad Hossein , Mahmood Wan Ahmad Kamil
Published: June 2020

The conductive and stretchable films with improved hardness are suitable for the fabrication of flexible electronic devices. This study describes the sol–gel technique to prepare a novel conductive and flexible film consisting of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR), doped polyaniline (PD) and zirconia. The zirconia networks were directly synthesized in‐situ in ENR/PD solution and flexible conductive composite film with improved hardness was obtained. The morphology study revealed the size of PD decreased significantly from 77.89 ± 43.95 nm to 4.32 ± 1.13 nm and highest electrical conductivity of 1.9 × 10−3 S/cm was achieved with 10 wt.% percolation threshold of zirconia precursor. The binding energy of Zr3d5/2 and Zr3d3/2 decreased, suggesting that zirconia was converted to the lower oxidation state. Furthermore, the shape of PD changed from spherical to rod‐like structure with root mean square value of 2 nm, while the hardness and reduced modulus improved to 1.72 MPa and 36.7 MPa, respectively.
Quantifying links between instream woody habitat and freshwater fish species in south‐eastern Australia to inform waterway restoration
Authors: Tonkin Zeb , Kitchingman Adrian , Fanson Ben , Lyon Jarod , Ayres Renae , Sharley Joanne , Koster Wayne M. , O'Mahony Justin , Hackett Graeme , Reich Paul , Hale Robin
Published: June 2020

Removal of instream woody habitat (IWH) is one factor attributed to declines in fish populations worldwide. Restoration of IWH to help fish populations recover is now common; however, quantitative predictions about the outcomes of these interventions is rare. As such, quantitative links between IWH and fish abundance is of interest to managers to inform conservation and restoration activities.

Links between instream habitat attributes, especially IWH, and selected fish species of recreational, cultural, and ecological significance were explored at 335 sites spanning eight streams across south‐eastern Australia. Data were collected on fish abundance and length, IWH density and a range of other habitat attributes at a scale that incorporated at least one of each of the major mesohabitat types (functional river elements). The data were analysed using Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear mixed models to examine fish habitat associations and used to make quantitative predictions of responses to future restoration.

Strong positive relationships were found between fish abundance and IWH density and the strength of this relationship varied between species and waterways. Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii), a species commonly targeted by IWH interventions, displayed the strongest association with IWH density. River blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus) also showed a significant relationship with IWH, but this effect was waterway specific. Fish length was only related to IWH for river blackfish. These results may reflect differences in the life histories of these two species. We suggest that differences in habitat association through ontogeny may be more relevant at smaller spatial scales.

The results generated in this study can be used to guide waterway restoration and develop quantitative predictions about how fish might respond to IWH interventions across south‐eastern Australia. This approach provides a powerful quantitative framework within which to explore management options and objectives, and to test our predicted responses to habitat restoration.
Amorphous Polyphosphate and Ca‐Carbonate Nanoparticles Improve the Self‐Healing Properties of both Technical and Medical Cements
Authors: Tolba Emad , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Shunfeng , Neufurth Meik , Ackermann Maximilian , Schröder Heinz C. , Müller Werner E. G.
Published: June 2020

Cement is used both as a construction material and for medical applications. Previously, it has been shown that the physiological polymer inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is morphogenetically active in regeneration of skin, bone, and cartilage. The present study investigates the question if this polymer is also a suitable additive to improve the self‐healing capacity not only of construction cement but also of inorganic bone void fillers. For the application in the cement, two different polyP‐based amorphous nanoparticles (NP) are prepared, amorphous Ca‐polyP NP and amorphous Ca‐carbonate (ACC) NP. The particles are integrated into poly(methyl methacrylate) in a concentration ratio of 1:10. This material applied onto Portland cement blocks either by brush application or by blow spinning strongly accelerates the self‐healing property of the cement after a 10 day incubation period. Most likely, this process depends on bacteria and their membrane‐associated alkaline phosphatase, resulting in the formation of calcite from ACC. In a second approach, polyP is integrated into a calcium‐silicate‐based cement used in reconstitutive medicine. Subsequently, the cement becomes softer and more elastic. The data show that bioinspired polyP/ACC NP are suitable additives to improve the self‐healing of construction cement and to biologize bone cement.
Multivalent Antibody‐Recruiting Macromolecules: Linking Increased Binding Affinity with Enhanced Innate Immune Killing
Authors: Uvyn Annemiek , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: June 2020

Antibody‐recruiting molecules (ARMs) are a novel class of immunotherapeutics. They are capable of introducing antibodies onto disease‐relevant targets such as cancer cells, bacterial cells or viruses. This can induce antibody‐mediated immune responses such as antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody‐dependent phagocytosis (ADCP), which can kill the pathogen. In contrast to the classic ARMs, multivalent ARMs could offer the advantage of increasing the efficiency of antibody recruitment and subsequent innate immune killing. Such compounds consist of multiple target‐binding termini (TBT) and/or antibody‐binding termini (ABT). Those multivalent interactions are able to convert low binding affinities into increased binding avidities. This minireview summarizes the current status of multivalent ARMs and gives insight into possible benefits, hurdles still to be overcome and future perspectives.
Expanding the Spectrum of Antibiotics Capable of Killing Multidrug‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Lam Anh K. , Panlilio Hannah , Pusavat Jennifer , Wouters Cassandra L. , Moen Erika L. , Brennan Robert E. , Rice Charles V.
Published: June 2020

Infections from antibiotic‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a serious threat because reduced antibiotic efficacy complicates treatment decisions and prolongs the disease state in many patients. To expand the arsenal of treatments against antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) pathogens, 600‐Da branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) can overcome antibiotic resistance mechanisms and potentiate β‐lactam antibiotics against Gram‐positive bacteria. BPEI binds cell‐wall teichoic acids and disables resistance factors from penicillin binding proteins PBP2a and PBP4. This study describes a new mechanism of action for BPEI potentiation of antibiotics generally regarded as agents effective against Gram‐positive pathogens but not Gram‐negative bacteria. 600‐Da BPEI is able to reduce the barriers to drug influx and facilitate the uptake of a non‐β‐lactam co‐drug, erythromycin, which targets the intracellular machinery. Also, BPEI can suppress production of the cytokine interleukin IL‐8 by human epithelial keratinocytes. This enables BPEI to function as a broad‐spectrum antibiotic potentiator, and expands the opportunities to improve drug design, antibiotic development, and therapeutic approaches against pathogenic bacteria, especially for wound care.
Nasopharynx cancer: Induction or adjuvant? That is the question
Authors: Lee Nancy Y. , Sherman Eric J.
Published: June 2020

The authors of this editorial evaluate the current data examining the benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of advanced nasopharynx cancer.
NPC‐0501 trial on the value of changing chemoradiotherapy sequence, replacing 5‐fluorouracil with capecitabine, and altering fractionation for patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Lee Anne W. M. , Ngan Roger K. C. , Ng Wai‐Tong , Tung Stewart Y. , Cheng Ashley A. C. , Kwong Dora L. W. , Lu Tai‐Xiang , Chan Anthony T. C. , Sze Henry C. K. , Yiu Harry H. Y. , Wong Frank C. S. , Yuen Kam‐Tong , Chappell Rick , Choi Horace C. W.
Published: June 2020

Background

A current recommendation for the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is conventional fractionated radiotherapy (RT) with concurrent cisplatin followed by adjuvant cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil (PF). This randomized NPC‐0501 trial evaluated the therapeutic effect of changing to an induction‐concurrent sequence or accelerated‐fractionation sequence, and/or replacing 5‐fluorouracil with capecitabine (X).

Methods

Patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer stage III to stage IVB NPC initially were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 treatment arms (6‐arm full‐randomization cohort). The protocol was amended in 2009 to permit centers to opt out of randomization regarding fractionation (3‐arm chemotherapy cohort).

Results

A total of 803 patients were accrued (1 of whom was nonevaluable) from 2006 to 2012. Based on the overall comparisons, neither changing the chemotherapy sequence nor accelerated fractionation improved treatment outcome. However, secondary analyses demonstrated that when adjusted for RT parameters and other significant factors, the induction‐concurrent sequence, especially the induction‐PX regimen, achieved significant improvements in progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival. Efficacy varied among different RT groups: although no impact was observed in the accelerated‐fractionation group and the 3‐arm chemotherapy cohort, a comparison of the induction‐concurrent versus concurrent‐adjuvant sequence in the conventional‐fractionation group demonstrated a significant benefit in PFS (78% vs 62% at 5 years; P = .015) and a marginal benefit in overall survival (84% vs 72%; P = .042) after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Comparison of the induction‐PX versus the adjuvant‐PF regimen demonstrated better PFS (78% vs 62%; P = .027) without an increase in overall late toxicity.

Conclusions

For patients irradiated using conventional fractionation, changing the chemotherapy sequence from a concurrent‐adjuvant to an induction‐concurrent sequence, particularly using induction cisplatin and capecitabine, potentially could improve efficacy without an adverse impact on late toxicity. However, further validation is needed for confirmation of these findings.
Vibrio fischeri: Laboratory Cultivation, Storage, and Common Phenotypic Assays
Authors: Christensen David G. , Visick Karen L.
Published: June 2020

Vibrio fischeri is a nonpathogenic organism related to pathogenic Vibrio species that can be readily grown and stored with common laboratory equipment. In this article, protocols for routine growth, storage, and phenotypic assessment of V. fischeri, as well as recipes for useful media, are included. Specifically, this article describes procedures and considerations for growth of this microbe in complex and minimal media. It also describes assays for biofilm formation, motility, and bioluminescence, three commonly assessed phenotypes of V. fischeri. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Growth of V. fischeri from frozen stocks

Basic Protocol 2: Growth of V. fischeri in rich, undefined liquid medium

Alternate Protocol 1: Growth of V. fischeri in minimal medium

Basic Protocol 3: Storage of V. fischeri in frozen stocks

Basic Protocol 4: Biofilm assay on solid agar

Alternate Protocol 2: Biofilm assay in shaking liquid culture

Alternate Protocol 3: Biofilm assay in static liquid culture

Basic Protocol 5: Motility assay

Basic Protocol 6: Luminescence assay
Expansion Microscopy for Beginners: Visualizing Microtubules in Expanded Cultured HeLa Cells
Authors: Zhang Chi , Kang Jeong Seuk , Asano Shoh M. , Gao Ruixuan , Boyden Edward S.
Published: June 2020

Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a technique that physically expands preserved cells and tissues before microscope imaging, so that conventional diffraction‐limited microscopes can perform nanoscale‐resolution imaging. In ExM, biomolecules or their markers are linked to a dense, swellable gel network synthesized throughout a specimen. Mechanical homogenization of the sample (e.g., by protease digestion) and the addition of water enable isotropic swelling of the gel, so that the relative positions of biomolecules are preserved. We previously presented ExM protocols for analyzing proteins and RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we describe a cookbook‐style ExM protocol for expanding cultured HeLa cells with immunostained microtubules, aimed to help newcomers familiarize themselves with the experimental setups and skills required to successfully perform ExM. Our aim is to help beginners, or students in a wet‐lab classroom setting, learn all the key steps of ExM. © 2020 The Authors.
Managing diversity through transgender inclusion in developing countries: A collaborative corporate social responsibility initiative from Bangladesh
Authors: Fontana Enrico
Published: June 2020

While drawing on a collaborative corporate social responsibility initiative to manage diversity, this article investigates the main drivers of discrimination and the ways to reduce discrimination affecting transgenders in organizations in Bangladesh, a developing country. Often part of the “Hijra” community, transgenders in Bangladesh were acknowledged by the government in 2013 as third gender individuals but remain the most excluded of the excluded and struggle to retain jobs. This research finds that Bangladeshi transgenders at work suffer from internal intimidation because of the gurus or leaders in the community and also from direct and indirect workplace harassment from other workers. Subsequently, it offers a typology of collaborative practices to facilitate inclusion based on persuasion and dialog with gurus, the police, imams, and workers. Finally, this article contributes to the nascent literature on diversity management through transgender inclusion as well as the literature on transgenders and the Hijra community in Bangladesh.
Maternal early life maltreatment and psychopathology affect the next generation: Alterations in post‐awakening cortisol levels of primary school‐aged children
Authors: Hillmann Karen , Neukel Corinne , Zimmermann Johannes , Fuchs Anna , Zietlow Anna‐Lena , Möhler Eva , Herpertz Sabine C. , Kaess Michael , Bertsch Katja
Published: June 2020

Early life maltreatment (ELM) has severe and lasting effects on the individual, which might also impact the next generation. On an endocrine level, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis has been suggested to play an important role in the interplay between ELM and the development of mental disorders. Several studies have revealed that maternal post‐awakening cortisol concentration, maternal sensitivity, maternal ELM and psychopathology are associated with children's cortisol levels. We investigated the post‐awakening cortisol concentrations in 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children (N = 53) whose mothers either had experienced ELM and had developed a lifetime mental disorder (N = 15 ELM and disorder group), had experienced ELM without developing a mental disorder (N = 12 ELM‐only group), or had neither experienced ELM nor developed a mental disorder (N = 26 HC‐group). Furthermore, we assessed maternal post‐awakening cortisol concentrations, maternal psychopathology, and sensitivity. Multilevel analysis revealed higher cortisol at awakening (S1) levels in children of mothers with ELM and disorder. Maternal cortisol at awakening (S1) also predicted the child's cortisol at awakening (S1), and no effect of maternal sensitivity could be found. The current results replicate an attunement of cortisol levels (S1) between mothers and children and suggest an association between the children's endocrine stress system and maternal factors such as ELM and psychopathology.
Zonation of mangrove flora and fauna in a subtropical estuarine wetland based on surface elevation
Authors: Ma Wei , Wang Wenqing , Tang Chaoyi , Chen Guogui , Wang Mao
Published: June 2020

In the context of sea‐level rise (SLR), an understanding of the spatial distributions of mangrove flora and fauna is required for effective ecosystem management and conservation. These distributions are greatly affected by tidal inundation, and surface elevation is a reliable quantitative indicator of the effects of tidal inundation. Most recent studies have focused exclusively on the quantitative relationships between mangrove‐plant zonation and surface elevation, neglecting mangrove fauna. Here, we measured surface elevation along six transects through the mangrove forests of a subtropical estuarine wetland in Zhenzhu Bay (Guangxi, China), using a real‐time kinematic global positioning system. We identified the mangrove plants along each transect and investigated the spatial distributions of arboreal, epifaunal, and infaunal molluscs, as well as infaunal crabs, using traditional quadrats. Our results indicated that almost all mangrove forests in the bay were distributed within the 400–750 m intertidal zone, between the local mean sea level and mean high water (119 cm above mean sea level). Mangrove plants exhibited obvious zonation patterns, and different species tended to inhabit different niches along the elevation gradient: Aegiceras corniculatum dominated in seaward locations while Lumnitzera racemosa dominated in landward areas. Mangrove molluscs also showed distinct patterns of spatial zonation related to surface elevation, independent of life‐form and season. The spatial distributions of some molluscs were correlated to the relative abundances of certain mangrove plants. In contrast, the spatial distributions of crabs were not related to surface elevation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explicitly quantify the influences of surface elevation on the spatial distributions of mangrove fauna. This characterization of the vertical ranges of various flora and fauna in mangrove forests provides a basic framework for future studies aimed at predicting changes in the structure and functions of mangrove forests in response to SLR.
Effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles‐based nano‐fragrance on the central nervous system
Authors: Lu Zhiguo , Zhang Tianlu , Yang Jun , Wang Jianze , Shen Jie , Wang Xiangyu , Xiao Zuobing , Niu Yunwei , Liu Guiying , Zhang Xin
Published: June 2020

Fragrances are widely used in our daily lives and can make us feel happy. However, traditional aromatic products release fragrance quickly and have a strong aroma. This not only worsens our scenting experience, but also severely shortens the useful life of fragrance products. In this study, nano‐fragrances based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles with great encapsulation efficiency and slow‐release function were designed and prepared. In addition, this nano‐fragrances are applied to wallpapers. Open field tests showed that this nano‐fragrance had significant stress relief and anti‐depressant effects.
Legacy and Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Tree Swallows Along an Agricultural to Industrial Gradient: Maumee River, Ohio
Authors: Custer Christine M. , Custer Thomas W. , Dummer Paul M. , Schultz Sandra , Tseng Chi Yen , Karouna-Renier Natalie , Matson Cole W.
Published: June 2020

Exposure to multiple classes of contaminants, both legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), were assessed in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) tissue and diet samples from 6 sites along the Maumee River, Ohio, USA, to understand both exposure and possible effects of exposure to those CECs for which there are little avian data. The 6 sites represented a gradient from intensive agriculture upstream to highly urbanized and industrial landscapes downstream; 1 or 2 remote Wisconsin lakes were assessed for comparative purposes. Cytochrome P450 induction, DNA damage, and thyroid function were also assessed relative to contaminant exposure. Bioaccumulative CECs, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and perfluorinated substances, did not follow any upstream to downstream gradient; but both had significantly greater concentrations along the Maumee River than at the remote lake sites. Greater exposure to PBDEs was apparent in swallows at or near wastewater-treatment facilities than at other sites. Total polychlorinated biphenyl and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were greater in swallows at downstream locations compared to upstream sites and were associated with higher ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity. Few herbicides or nonorganochlorine insecticides were detected in swallow tissues or their food, except for atrazine and its metabolite desethylatrazine. Few pharmaceuticals and personal care products were detected except for DEET and iopamidol. Both were detected in most liver samples but not in eggs, as well as detected at the remote lake sites. This is one of the most comprehensive assessments to date of exposure and effects of a wide variety of CECs in birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1936–1952. © 2020 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Abstract

Combination of the concentration (ng/g) of multiple chemicals classes, agricultural, industrial, and those associated with wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, was sufficient to separate sites in multidimensional space based on adjacent land usages, Maumee River, Ohio, 2016 and 2017.
SPSC: A secure and privacy‐preserving autonomous platoon setup and communication scheme
Authors: Lai Chengzhe , Li Guanjie , Zheng Dong
Published: June 2020

The new driving model of autonomous platoon has outlined the blueprint for developing the intelligent transportation of system since it can improve safe driving, alleviate traffic congestion and bring more comfortable experience. Vehicles in the platoon can communicate and share driving data with each other through vehicular network for cooperatively driving. Therefore, it is crucial to avoid some misbehavior vehicles which can eavesdrop or even tamper important data. In this paper, we propose a secure and privacy‐preserving autonomous platoon setup and communication scheme, called SPSC, to help vehicles establish secure communication and avoid private information leakage. Specially, considering the dynamic and temporary characteristics of the autonomous platoon, the autonomous platoon communication can be divided into two scenarios, that is, intra‐platoon communication and inter‐platoon communication. In the intra‐platoon communication, the SPSC can securely set up platoon and dynamically manage the platoon members with privacy preservation by using private set intersection and group key agreement techniques, respectively. In the inter‐platoon communication, the SPSC can also achieve secure and anonymous communication by adopting certificateless ring signcyption technique. In addition, vehicle‐out‐platoon can trace the disputed or misbehavior platoon member with the assistance of Road Transportation Authority. The security analysis shows that SPSC can provide authentication, privacy protection, confidentiality and traceability. Finally, the performance of SPSC is comprehensively evaluated by simulation to demonstrate its efficiency in terms of the computation
cost.