bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Development of an Extreme Precipitation Event in the Ili Valley, Xinjiang, China and Analysis of Gravity Waves
Authors: Huang Xin , Zhou Yushu , Liu Lu
Published: July 2020

We used observational data and the results from a high-resolution numerical simulation model to analyze the occurrence and development of an extreme precipitation event in the Ili Valley, Xinjiang, China on 26 June 2015. We analyzed the horizontal wavelength, period, speed, ducting, energy propagation and feedback mechanism of inertial gravity waves. A low-level convergence line was formed in the valley by the northerly and westerly winds as a result of Central Asian vortices and the trumpet-shaped topography of the Ili Valley. There was sufficient water vapor in the valley for the precipitation event to develop. A mesoscale vortex formed and developed on the low-level convergence line and the rainfall was distributed either near the convergence line or the mesoscale vortex. The low-level convergence line and the uplift caused by the terrain triggered convection, and then the convection triggered waves at lower levels. The combination of ascending motion induced by the lower level waves and the mesoscale vortex led to the development of convection, causing the precipitation to intensify. When the convection moved eastward to Gongliu County, it was coupled with the ascending phase of upper level waves, causing both the convection and precipitation to intensify again. We applied spectral analysis methods to verify that the waves were inertial gravity waves. The upper level inertial gravity waves propagated westward at a mean speed of −12 m s−1 with periods of 73–179 min and horizontal wavelengths of 50–55 km. The lower level inertial gravity waves propagated eastward at a mean speed of 8 m s−1 with periods of 73–200 min and a horizontal wavelength of 85 km. The more (less) favorable waveguide conditions determined whether the gravity waves persisted for a long (short) time and propagated for a longer (shorter) distance. Based on the mesoscale Eliassen–Palm flux theory, the wave energy of inertial gravity waves had an important effect on the maintenance and development of convection and precipitation by affecting wind strength and wind divergence. Feedback was mainly through the meridional and vertical transport of zonal momentum and the meridional transport of heat.
On the Uniqueness Classes of Solutions of Boundary Value Problems for Third-Order Equations of the Pseudo-Elliptic Type
Authors: Khashimov Abdukomil Risbekovich , Smetanová Dana
Published: July 2020

The paper is devoted to solutions of the third order pseudo-elliptic type equations. An energy estimates for solutions of the equations considering transformation’s character of the body form were established by using of an analog of the Saint-Venant principle. In consequence of this estimate, the uniqueness theorems were obtained for solutions of the first boundary value problem for third order equations in unlimited domains. The energy estimates are illustrated on two examples.
The Unknown Process Osseointegration
Authors: López-Valverde Nansi , Flores-Fraile Javier , López-Valverde Antonio
Published: July 2020

Although it was already described more than fifty years ago, there is yet no in-depth knowledge regarding the process of osseointegration as far as its mechanism of action is concerned. It could be one of the body’s ways of reacting to a foreign body, where the individual’s immune response capacity is involved. It is known that the nervous system has an impact on bone health and that the role of the autonomic nervous system in bone remodeling is an attractive field for current research. In the future, immuno/neuromodulatory techniques will open new and exciting lines of research.
Intramuscular Ganglion Cyst of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis Secondary to Muscle Tear: A Case Report
Authors: Chang Min Cheol , Boudier-Revéret Mathieu , Hsiao Ming-Yen
Published: July 2020

In the current study, we present a case of an intramuscular ganglion cyst in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle (FHB) that arose secondary to a muscle tear. Through this study, we propose a possible aetiology for the development of intramuscular ganglionic cysts. A 50-year-old woman presented with acute pain and swelling over the right mid-plantar area after prolonged kneeling for scrubbing floors. Ultrasonography examination performed at 5 days after the onset of symptoms revealed a partial tear of the right FHB. Follow-up evaluations were conducted, with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography, at 24 and 54 days after symptom onset. MRI revealed a ganglion cyst in the mid-portion of the FHB without connection to the adjacent joint capsule or tendon sheath. On the ultrasonography examination at 45 days after onset, at the same location where a tear was seen on the initial examination, an anechoic defect in the mid-portion of the FHB was observed, compatible with a ganglion cyst. Given the favourable natural evolution, no aspiration or surgery were performed. The patient was discharged with minimal symptoms. The results suggest that the intramuscular ganglion cyst can develop following a muscle tear.
PUT-Hand—Hybrid Industrial and Biomimetic Gripper for Elastic Object Manipulation
Authors: Mańkowski Tomasz , Tomczyński Jakub , Walas Krzysztof , Belter Dominik
Published: July 2020

In this article, the design of a five-fingered anthropomorphic gripper is presented specifically designed for the manipulation of elastic objects. The manipulator features a hybrid design, being equipped with three fully actuated fingers for precise manipulation, and two underactuated, tendon-driven digits for secure power grasping. For ease of reproducibility, the design uses as many off-the-shelf and 3D-printed components as possible. The on-board controller circuit and firmware are also presented. The design includes resistive position and angle sensors in each joint, resulting in full joint observability. The controller has a position-based controller integrated, along with USB communication protocol, enabling gripper state reporting and direct motor control from a PC. A high-level driver operating as a Robot Operating System node is also provided. All drives and circuitry of the PUT-Hand are integrated within the hand itself. The sensory system of the hand includes tri-axial optical force sensors placed on fully actuated fingers’ fingertips for reaction force measurement. A set of experiments is provided to present the motion and perception capabilities of the gripper. All design files and source codes are available online under CC BY-NC 4.0 and MIT licenses.
“The Very Highest Level of Mythic Resonance.” Angela Carter and the Trope of Recognition
Authors: Oramus Dominika
Published: July 2020

This essay aims at adding to the critical debate on Angela Carter and myths from a more technical perspective and discusses her keen interest in the “lo and behold” moment of recognition. I claim that for Carter myths “work” in literary texts by producing a sudden illumination. At that moment, an image reveals itself to be interposed from an older story that has, or used to have, some cultural importance. In order to describe this phenomenon, I am going to refer to Aristotle’s definition of recognition in his Poetics and essays of C.G. Jung, for whom myths are instances of revelation. To prove that Carter was very much interested in the technicalities of recognition, I analyse her non-fiction devoted to Edgar Allan Poe and Charlotte Brontë. Carter’s sample mythic reading of Jane Eyre (1847) and her plans to re-write the last chapter of this novel provide me with enough material to risk a hypothesis regarding how, in her opinion, myths might intertextually enrich the reading experience.
Providing Sports Venues on Mainland China: Implications for Promoting Leisure-Time Physical Activity and National Fitness Policies
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Xuhui
Published: July 2020

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) has been well documented as having substantial health benefits. The 2014 Chinese Fitness Survey Report stated that a lack of physical activity (PA) spaces is the most important non-human factor, leading to 10% of leisure-time physical inactivity in people aged 20 and above. We investigated the provision of sports venues in China and discussed the development of sports venues and national fitness policies in the context of promoting LTPA and public health. We analyzed information from China’s most recent sport venue census, the Sixth National Sports Venues Census, conducted in 2013. The number of sports venues increased between 2000 and 2013, with an inflection point around the year 2008. At the end of 2013, there were 12.45 venues for every 10,000 residents, and the per capita area was 1.46 m2. However, numbers were still small compared with the United States and Japan. The percentages of full-time access, part-time access and membership venues were 51.5%, 14.3% and 34.2% respectively. Only half of sports venues were fully open to the public, meaning that the realized number and area per capita could be even lower. A lack of sports venues forces people who want to engage in PA to occupy other urban spaces that are not planned and designed for PA. Urban parks had 119,750 fitness station facilities (3.32% of the total), and 2366 urban fitness trails (19.24%), with a combined length of 6450 km (32.91%). On average, urban and rural areas had 13.17 and 10.80 venues per 10,000 persons, and 1.83 m2 and 0.97 m2 per capita. The urban-rural gap in sports venues exactly embodies some aspects of the “urban-rural dual structure” in China’s society. Measures to promote PA should focus on new and existing sports venues. In the policy making process, Chinese governments need to pay attention to the potential impact of related, external factors such as the gap between the urban and the rural and the potential advantage of indoor venues against summer heat and air pollution.
Beyond the Genomic Mutation: Rethinking the Molecular Biomarkers of K-RAS Dependency in Pancreatic Cancers
Authors: Mottini Carla , Cardone Luca
Published: July 2020

Oncogenic v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (K-RAS) plays a key role in the development and maintenance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The targeting of K-RAS would be beneficial to treat tumors whose growth depends on active K-RAS. The analysis of K-RAS genomic mutations is a clinical routine; however, an emerging question is whether the mutational status is able to identify tumors effectively dependent on K-RAS for tailoring targeted therapies. With the emergence of novel K-RAS inhibitors in clinical settings, this question is relevant. Several studies support the notion that the K-RAS mutation is not a sufficient biomarker deciphering the effective dependency of the tumor. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of tumors, while revealing K-RAS signaling complexity and K-RAS-driven molecular pathways crucial for PDAC growth, are opening the opportunity to specifically identify K-RAS-dependent- or K-RAS-independent tumor subtypes by using novel molecular biomarkers. This would help tumor selection aimed at tailoring therapies against K-RAS. In this review, we will present studies about how the K-RAS mutation can also be interpreted in a state of K-RAS dependency, for which it is possible to identify specific K-RAS-driven molecular biomarkers in certain PDAC subtypes, beyond the genomic K-RAS mutational status.
Climatic Characteristics and Modeling Evaluation of Pan Evapotranspiration over Henan Province, China
Authors: Zhang Miao , Su Bo , Nazeer Majid , Bilal Muhammad , Qi Pengcheng , Han Ge
Published: July 2020

Pan evapotranspiration (E) is an important physical parameter in agricultural water resources research. Many climatic factors affect E, and one of the essential challenges is to model or predict E utilizing limited climatic parameters. In this study, the performance of four different artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms i.e., multiple hidden layer back propagation (MBP), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), probabilistic neural networks (PNN), and wavelet neural network (WNN) and one empirical model namely Stephens–Stewart (SS) were employed to predict monthly E. Long-term climatic data (i.e., 1961–2013) was used for the validation of the proposed model in the Henan province of China. It was found that different models had diverse prediction accuracies in various geographical locations, MBP model outperformed other models over almost all stations (maximum R2 = 0.96), and the WNN model was the best over two sites, the accuracies of the five models ranked as MBP, WNN, GRNN, PNN, and SS. The performances of WNN and GRNN were almost the same, five-input ANN models provided better accuracy than the two-input (solar radiation (Ro) and air temperature (T)) SS empirical model (R2 = 0.80). Similarly. the two-input ANN models (maximum R2 = 0.83) also generally performed better than the two-input (Ro and T) SS empirical model. The study could reveal that the above ANN models can be used to predict E successfully in hydrological modeling over Henan Province.
Organic Matter Preservation in Ancient Soils of Earth and Mars
Authors: Broz Adrian P.
Published: July 2020

The emerging field of astropedology is the study of ancient soils on Earth and other planetary bodies. Examination of the complex factors that control the preservation of organic matter and other biosignatures in ancient soils is a high priority for current and future missions to Mars. Though previously defined by biological activity, an updated definition of soil as planetary surfaces altered in place by biological, chemical or physical processes was adopted in 2017 by the Soil Science Society of America in response to mounting evidence of pedogenic-like features on Mars. Ancient (4.1–3.7 billion year old [Byr]) phyllosilicate-rich surface environments on Mars show evidence of sustained subaerial weathering of sediments with liquid water at circumneutral pH, which is a soil-forming process. The accumulation of buried, fossilized soils, or paleosols, has been widely observed on Earth, and recent investigations suggest paleosol-like features may be widespread across the surface of Mars. However, the complex array of preservation and degradation factors controlling the fate of biosignatures in paleosols remains unexplored. This paper identifies the dominant factors contributing to the preservation and degradation of organic carbon in paleosols through the geological record on Earth, and offers suggestions for prioritizing locations for in situ biosignature detection and Mars Sample Return across a diverse array of potential paleosols and paleoenvironments of early Mars. A compilation of previously published data and original research spanning a diverse suite of paleosols from the Pleistocene (1 Myr) to the Archean (3.7 Byr) show that redox state is the predominant control for the organic matter content of paleosols. Most notably, the chemically reduced surface horizons (layers) of Archean (2.3 Byr) paleosols have organic matter concentrations ranging from 0.014–0.25%. However, clay mineralogy, amorphous phase abundance, diagenetic alteration and sulfur content are all significant factors that influence the preservation of organic carbon. The surface layers of paleosols that formed under chemically reducing conditions with high amounts of iron/magnesium smectites and amorphous colloids should be considered high priority locations for biosignature investigation within subaerial paleoenvironments on Mars.
Utilization of Banana Fiber-Reinforced Hybrid Composites in the Sports Industry
Authors: Al Rashid Ans , Khalid Muhammad Yasir , Imran Ramsha , Ali Umair , Koc Muammer
Published: July 2020

The sports industry is an ever-growing sector worldwide. With technological advancements in information technologies, the sports industry has merged with the entertainment industry, reaching and influencing billions of people globally. However, to ensure and advance the safety, security, and sustainability of the sports industry, technological innovations are always needed in several manufacturing and materials processes to achieve cost-effectiveness, efficiency, durability, reusability, and recyclability of products used in this industry. For example, 90% of the field hockey equipment produced in the world comes from Sialkot, Pakistan. Most export quality field hockey equipment is currently produced via reinforcement of glass/carbon fibers in epoxy resin. The current study aimed to introduce new materials for field hockey equipment to reduce manufacturing costs and the environmental impact of synthetic materials, without comprising the quality of the final product. Our literature review on natural fibers revealed that they offer excellent and compatible mechanical properties. Based on extensive experimental studies, we concluded that banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites could be an alternative to pure glass fiber reinforced composites, with comparable and even higher load withstanding capabilities. Using banana fiber reinforced hybrid composites for the fabrication of hockey products would cut costs and lower the environmental impact stemming from the uses of biodegradable organic materials. It will also lead to the development of a domestic economy based on domestic resources.
Research on Low Temperature Performance of Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture and Improvement Measures Based on Fracture Energy
Authors: Zhang Jialin , Zheng Mulian , Pei Jianzhong , Zhang Jiupeng , Li Rui
Published: July 2020

At present, there are no specific indicators and requirements for the low-temperature crack resistance of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture (CRME) in the Chinese road mixture specifications. In order to expand the application of this technology in the asphalt surface layer in cold areas, this paper studied the influence of 10 influencing factors on the low-temperature anti-cracking performance of CRME through the semicircular bending test (SCB) with fracture energy as the evaluation index. The research results show that the fracture energy index of the SCB test can be used to evaluate the low temperature crack resistance of CRME. After 10 kinds of influencing factors were analyzed, it was found that the biggest factor affecting the low-temperature cracking resistance of the mixture was the recycling agent, which had an effect on the fracture energy index of over 60%. Followed by cement, fiber and compaction work, the degree of influence exceeded 30%. Finally, combined with engineering application experience, some specific measures to improve the low-temperature anti-cracking performance of CRME were proposed.
Stability Improvement of Flexible Shallow Shells Using Neutron Radiation
Authors: Krysko Anton V. , Awrejcewicz Jan , Papkova Irina V. , Krysko Vadim A.
Published: July 2020

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are increasingly playing a significant role in the aviation industry and space exploration. Moreover, there is a need to study the neutron radiation effect on the MEMS structural members and the MEMS devices reliability in general. Experiments with MEMS structural members showed changes in their operation after exposure to neutron radiation. In this study, the neutron irradiation effect on the flexible MEMS resonators’ stability in the form of shallow rectangular shells is investigated. The theory of flexible rectangular shallow shells under the influence of both neutron irradiation and temperature field is developed. It consists of three components. First, the theory of flexible rectangular shallow shells under neutron radiation in temperature field was considered based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis and energetic Hamilton principle. Second, the theory of plasticity relaxation and cyclic loading were taken into account. Third, the Birger method of variable parameters was employed. The derived mathematical model was solved using both the finite difference method and the Bubnov–Galerkin method of higher approximations. It was established based on a few numeric examples that the irradiation direction of the MEMS structural members significantly affects the magnitude and shape of the plastic deformations’ distribution, as well as the forces magnitude in the shell middle surface, although qualitatively with the same deflection the diagrams of the main investigated functions were similar.
Microstructural and Wear Properties of Annealed Medium Carbon Steel Plate (EN8) Cladded with Martensitic Stainless Steel (AISI410)
Authors: Bhaumik Shubrajit , Mukherjee Manidipto , Sarkar Parijat , Nayek Anish , Paleu Viorel
Published: July 2020

Limited work on the wear properties of martensitic stainless-steel weld clads initiated this work which included investigations on microstructural and wear properties of cladded AISI 410 (filler wire)/EN 8 plates (substrate). Three layers of martensitic stainless steel (AISI 410) were deposited using metal inert gas (MIG) welding on medium carbon steel (EN 8) achieving a 51.5 ± 2.35 HRC of top layer. The elemental and phase fractions of the cladded layers indicated 98% martensite phase and retained austenite (2%). About 40% dilution was observed between EN 8 and the first weld layer. The results of tests carried out on pin on disc tribometer revealed an enhancement of anti-wear life of the martensitic weld cladded EN 8 by three times that of uncladded EN 8. The uncladded EN 8 plate suffered severe damage and high wear, leading to its failure at 478 s. The failure of the uncladded EN 8 sample was identified by the occurrence of high vibration of the pin on disc tribometer which ultimately stopped the tribometer. On the other hand, the cladded EN 8 sample continued running for 3600 s, exhibiting normal wear. After the tribo test, the surfaces of the pins of both cladded and uncladded EN 8 were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 3D profilometer. The surface characterization of tribo pairs indicated ploughing and galling to be the primary wear mechanisms. The average grain size of top and middle layer was in the range of 2–3.5 µm, while the base metal showed 5.02 µm mean grain size, resulting in higher hardness of clad layers than base metal, also favoring better wear resistance of the cladded EN 8 samples as compared to uncladded EN 8 samples.
Effect of Vacuum Annealing on the Nickel-Based Coatings Deposited on a CGI Cast Iron through Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Gao Peihu , Chen Baiyang , Zeng Shencong , Yang Zhong , Guo Yongchun , Liang Minxian , Xu Tao , Li Jianping
Published: July 2020

Plasma-sprayed nickel-based self-fusion alloy coatings were annealed in a vacuum at 990, 1020 and 1050 °C for 20 min to increase the bonding between the compacted graphite cast iron substrate and coating, as well as the inner cohesion of the coatings. It was found that nickel and chromium diffused between nickel-based alloy coatings and compacted graphite cast iron substrate. A metallurgical translation zone with a thickness up to 1145 μm formed during the vacuum annealing, which resulted in an enhancement of the adhesion between the coating and substrate. The adhesion strength at room temperature was increased from the as-sprayed coating of 33.4 MPa to the annealed one of 163 MPa. Meanwhile, the adhesion strength at 500 °C reached 146 MPa. Conversely, the inner cohesion of the coating was improved with the particles’ interfaces healed after vacuum annealing. The micro-hardness of the annealed coatings was increased to 902 HV from the as-sprayed one of 578 HV.
Measuring Surface and Interfacial Tension In Situ in Microdripping Mode for Electrohydrodynamic Applications
Authors: Budhwani Karim I. , Pekmezi Gerald M. , Selim Mohamed M.
Published: July 2020

Walking on water is made possible, at least for tiny insects, by molecular interaction at the interfaces of dissimilar materials. Impact of these interactions—surface tension (SFT) and, more broadly, interfacial tension (IFT)—is particularly evident at micro and nano sizescales. Thus, implications of walking on water can be significant for SFT or IFT (S/IFT)-driven nanofabrication technologies, such as electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA), in developing next generation biomimetic microphysiological systems (MPS) and drug delivery systems (DDS). However, current methods for estimating S/IFT, based on sessile drops or new surface formation on a ring or plate, are unsuitable for integration with EHDA assemblies used in electrospinning and electrospraying. Here, we show an in situ method for estimating S/IFT specifically devised for EHDA applications using signal processing algorithms that correlate the frequency and periodicity of liquid dispensed in EHDA microdripping mode with numerical solutions from computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Estimated S/IFT was generally in agreement with published ranges for water–air, 70% ethanol–air, chloroform–air, and chloroform–water. SFT for solutions with surfactants decreased with increasing concentrations of surfactant, but at relatively higher than published values. This was anticipated, considering that established methods measure SFT at boundaries with asymmetrically high concentrations of surfactants which lower SFT.
An Improved Passivity-based Control of Electrostatic MEMS Device
Authors: Ryalat Mutaz , Salim Damiri Hazem , ElMoaqet Hisham , AlRabadi Imad
Published: July 2020

It is commonly known that the performance of an electrostatic microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device is limited to a specific range of the full gap distance due to the inherited “pull-in instability” phenomenon. In this work, we design a controller to extend the stabilization range of an electrostatic MEMS device and to enhance its performance. The interconnection and damping assignment-passivity based control (IDA-PBC) method is used and the controller design involves coordinate transformations and a coupling between the mechanical and electrical subsystems of the device. The method deploys a design of a speed observer to estimate the speed, which cannot be directly measured by sensors. The effectiveness of the dynamical controller is verified via numerical simulations; it is evident by the extended travel range of the parallel plates as well as the improved performance of the plates, even with a naturally lighter damping ratio.
Performance Analysis of a Travelling-Wave Ultrasonic Motor under Impact Load
Authors: Huang Jiahan , Sun Dong
Published: July 2020

With the increased application of ultrasonic motors, it is necessary to put forward higher demand for the adaptability to environment. Impact, as a type of extreme environment, is widespread in weapon systems, machinery and aerospace. However, there are few reports about the influence of impact on an ultrasonic motor. This article aimed to study the reasons for the performance degradation and failure mechanism of an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment. First, a finite element model is established to observe the dynamic response of ultrasonic motor in a shock environment. Meanwhile, the reasons of the performance degradation in the motor are discussed. An impact experiment is carried out to test the influence of impact on an ultrasonic motor, including the influence on the mechanical characteristic of an ultrasonic motor and the vibration characteristic of a stator. In addition, the protection effect of rubber on an ultrasonic motor in a shock environment is verified via an experimental method. This article reveals the failure mechanism of ultrasonic motors in a shock environment and provides a basis for the improvement of the anti-impact property of ultrasonic motors.
Heterostructured g-CN/TiO2 Photocatalysts Prepared by Thermolysis of g-CN/MIL-125(Ti) Composites for Efficient Pollutant Degradation and Hydrogen Production
Authors: Tatykayev Batukhan , Chouchene Bilel , Balan Lavinia , Gries Thomas , Medjahdi Ghouti , Girot Emilien , Uralbekov Bolat , Schneider Raphaël
Published: July 2020

Photocatalysts composed of graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) and TiO2 were efficiently prepared by thermolysis of the MIL-125(Ti) metal organic framework deposited on g-CN. The heterojunction between the 12 nm-sized TiO2 nanoparticles and g-CN was well established and the highest photocatalytic activity was observed for the g-CN/TiO2 (3:1) material. The g-CN/TiO2 (3:1) composite exhibits high visible light performances both for the degradation of pollutants like the Orange II dye or tetracycline but also for the production of hydrogen (hydrogen evolution rate (HER) up to 1330 μmolh−1g−1 and apparent quantum yield of 0.22% using NiS as a cocatalyst). The improved visible light performances originate from the high specific surface area of the photocatalyst (86 m2g−1) and from the efficient charge carriers separation as demonstrated by photoluminescence, photocurrent measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The synthetic process developed in this work is based on the thermal decomposition of metal organic framework deposited on a graphitic material and holds huge promise for the preparation of porous heterostructured photocatalysts.
It Is Really Simple: Foods and Human Health, The Whole Story
Authors: Thompson Henry J.
Published: July 2020

Evidence continues to emerge that the gut-associated microbiome plays a central role in mediating the effects of diet on human health. A recent review of this field published in Nutrients, “The Western Diet-Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease”, advances several dimensions of the diet–gut microbiome interaction that have received limited investigation. The intent of this editorial is to focus attention on components of processed foods, the consumption of which may alter the gut-associated microbiome in a manner that accounts for impacts on the immunity–inflammation axis that underlie the pathogenesis of obesity associated metabolic diseases. While examination of the issues that the authors articulate will take time, they unveil a simple fact—eating whole foods is an achievable path to health now. In saving this important observation until the end of their review, Zinöcker and Lindseth missed an opportunity to promote an important research strategy: use whole foods as the positive control in discerning those aspects of food processing that are detrimental versus being without effect.
The Powdered Root of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Improves Beta-Cell Number and Pancreatic Islet Performance through PDX1 Induction and Shows Antihyperglycemic Activity in db/db Mice
Authors: Tsai Chi-Hao , Fang Te-Chao , Liao Po-Lin , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Chan Yen-Ju , Cheng Yu-Wen , Li Ching-Hao
Published: July 2020

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a common metabolic disorder worldwide. In addition to the chief feature of long-standing hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and a number of complications develop in parallel. It is believed that an adequate control of blood glucose levels can cause these complications to go into remission. This study was performed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL) in vivo. The blood-glucose-lowering activity of EL was studied in db/db mice administered crude powdered EL root (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) orally for eight weeks. At the end of the study, HbA1c, insulin, plasma lipid levels, and histopathology were performed. Powdered EL root showed significant antihyperglycemic activity along with the control of body weight. After eight weeks of treatment, both the blood cholesterol level and the glycogen deposit in hepatocytes were remarkably lower, whereas the secreting insulin level was elevated. An improvement in islet performance was manifested as an increase in beta-cell number and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) expression. Neogenesis or formation of new islets from pancreatic duct epithelial cells seen in the EL-treated group was encouraging. This study confirms the antihyperglycemic activity of EL through PDX1-associated beta-cell expansion resulting in an enhancement of islet performance.
Curcumin, a Natural Antimicrobial Agent with Strain-Specific Activity
Authors: Adamczak Artur , Ożarowski Marcin , Karpiński Tomasz M.
Published: July 2020

Curcumin, a principal bioactive substance of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), is reported as a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agent. However, its antimicrobial properties require further detailed investigations into clinical and multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. In this work, we tested curcumin’s efficacy against over 100 strains of pathogens belonging to 19 species. This activity was determined by the broth microdilution method and by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Our findings confirmed a much greater sensitivity of Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. This study exhibited a significantly larger variation in the curcumin activity than previous works and suggested that numerous clinical strains of widespread pathogens have a poor sensitivity to curcumin. Similarly, the MICs of the MDR types of Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis were high (≥2000 µg/mL). However, curcumin was effective against some species and strains: Streptococcus pyogenes (median MIC = 31.25 µg/mL), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (250 µg/mL), Acinetobacter lwoffii (250 µg/mL), and individual strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (62.5 µg/mL). The sensitivity of species was not associated with its affiliation to the genus, and it could differ a lot (e.g., S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae and A. lwoffii, A. baumannii). Hence, curcumin can be considered as a promising antibacterial agent, but with a very selective activity.
Re-Defining the Villain in A Song of Ice and Fire from the Aspect of Totemism
Authors: Öztürk Emrah
Published: July 2020

The confrontation between good and evil is one of the essential aspects of the fantasy genre. In George R.R. Martin’s epic fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire (ASOIAF, 1996–2011), he approaches this conception from a critical point of view. Whilst Martin creates deep and challenging characters in his novels, he introduces the White Walkers to the audience as almost one-dimensional, classic antagonists. It can therefore be questioned whether this contradicts his approach towards the medieval ethos. In order to answer this question, I will approach the narration from the aspect of totemism, and will use totemic signs and values for my analysis. Firstly, I will establish a relationship between totemism and the Old Gods. Conceptions such as ‘sacred totem animal’, ‘totem as an emblem’, ‘restriction of incestuous intercourse’, and ‘spirits’ will be useful for comprehending the Old Gods. Furthermore, I will try to analyze the narration with the elements of totemism. Lastly, in the light of this examination, I will try to explain what theWhite Walkers represent within the narration.
Impact of Islam-Based Caring Intervention on Spiritual Well-Being in Muslim Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Komariah Maria , Hatthakit Urai , Boonyoung Nongnut
Published: July 2020

This research emphasizes the nurse’s role in incorporating Islamic teaching through the care practices provided in order to promote spiritual well-being in Muslim women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. In addition, religion and spirituality have been recognized as the primary resources for coping. The aim of the study, therefore, was to explore the impact of an Islam-based caring intervention on the spiritual well-being of Muslim women with cancer. Furthermore, data were collected using a questionnaire and, also, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual well-being (FACIT-Sp) on baseline (Time 1), days 3 (Time 2), 23 (Time 3), and 44 (Time 4). The results showed the significant impact of an Islam-based caring intervention on the participants’ level of spiritual well-being. In addition, the mean scores varied between the intervention and control group over time. Based on the reflection, participants stipulated feeling peace of mind, closer to God, spirit for further life, and healthier.
Estimating Wheat Grain Yield Using Sentinel-2 Imagery and Exploring Topographic Features and Rainfall Effects on Wheat Performance in Navarre, Spain
Authors: Segarra Joel , González-Torralba Jon , Aranjuelo Íker , Araus Jose Luis , Kefauver Shawn C.
Published: July 2020

Reliable methods for estimating wheat grain yield before harvest could help improve farm management and, if applied on a regional level, also help identify spatial factors that influence yield. Regional grain yield can be estimated using conventional methods, but the typical process is complex and labor-intensive. Here we describe the development of a streamlined approach using publicly accessible agricultural data, field-level yield, and remote sensing data from Sentinel-2 satellite to estimate regional wheat grain yield. We validated our method on wheat croplands in Navarre in northern Spain, which features heterogeneous topography and rainfall. First, this study developed stepwise multilinear equations to estimate grain yield based on various vegetation indices, which were measured at various phenological stages in order to determine the optimal timings. Second, the most suitable model was used to estimate grain yield in wheat parcels mapped from Sentinel-2 satellite images. We used a supervised pixel-based random forest classification and the estimates were compared to government-published post-harvest yield statistics. When tested, the model achieved an R2 of 0.83 in predicting grain yield at field level. The wheat parcels were mapped with an accuracy close to 86% for both overall accuracy and compared to official statistics. Third, the validated model was used to explore potential relationships of the mapped per-parcel grain yield estimation with topographic features and rainfall by using geographically weighted regressions. Topographic features and rainfall together accounted for an average for 11 to 20% of the observed spatial variation in grain yield in Navarre. These results highlight the ability of our method for estimating wheat grain yield before harvest and determining spatial factors that influence yield at the regional scale.
Application of a Nighttime Fog Detection Method Using SEVIRI Over an Arid Environment
Authors: Weston Michael , Temimi Marouane
Published: July 2020

Fog degrades horizontal visibility causing significant adverse impacts on transport systems. The detection of fog from satellite data remains challenging especially in the presence of higher clouds, dust, mist, or unknown underlying soil conditions. Observations from Meteosat second generation Spinning-Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (MSG SEVIRI) over the United Arab Emirates (UAE), an arid area on the Arabian Peninsula, from 2016 to 2018 (two fog seasons) are used in this study. We implement an adaptive threshold-based technique using pseudo-emissivity values to detect nocturnal fog from SEVIRI. The method allows the threshold to vary spatially and temporally. Low clouds are detected with the analysis of the vertical temperature gradient. Fog classification was verified against four stations in the UAE, namely Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Al Ain, and Al Maktoum, where visibility and meteorological observations are available. The probability of detection (POD) (false alarm ratio (FAR)) was 0.81 (0.40), 0.83 (0.50), 0.83 (0.33), and 0.77 (0.44) at Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Al Ain, and Al Maktoum, respectively. In addition, the spatial frequency of fog is presented, which provides new insights into the fog dynamics in the region.
“The Theater of the Mind”: The Effect of Radio Exposure on TV Advertising
Authors: Russo Vincenzo , Valesi Riccardo , Gallo Anna , Laureanti Rita , Zito Margherita
Published: July 2020

Contemporary society requires communication strategies that integrate different media channels in order to improve advertising performance. Currently, there are not many scientific research studies of the various mass media, comparing the results of audiovisual advertising to purely audio or visual messages aimed at detecting the best combination of media, especially from a neurophysiological perspective. This study aims to investigate the effects of previous exposure to an advertisement via radio on the consumers’ response to the same advertisement shown on television (TV) or as a banner on a website. A total of seventy participants in a between-subjects experiment watched several television commercials during the advertising break of a documentary or saw some banners during a web surfing task. Half were first exposed to the same advertisements via radio. The results have shown that participants who previously listened to the radio advertisements spent a longer time looking at the brand and had a higher engagement when watching the same advertisements on television. Moreover, they had a different kind of visual attention to the website banners. This pattern of results indicates the effect of mere exposure—that is, the exposure to a radio advertisement enhances the effectiveness of the same advertisement via television or web, offering useful insights for media planning campaigns. Even if mere exposure has been extensively studied, cross-media research is scarcely explored, whereas this study detected the effects of mere exposure in a cross-media communication strategy, showing that it can be measured through psychophysiological methods.
Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection
Authors: Weiller Florent , Gerber Lorenz , Trygg Johan , Fangel Jonatan U. , Willats William G.T. , Driouich Azeddine , Vivier Melané A. , Moore John P.
Published: July 2020

The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC–MS) of constituent monosaccharides. The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco.
Tunnel Syndromes in the Upper Limbs with Diabetes (Literature Review)
Authors: Al-Zamil M. , Minenko I.
Published: July 2020

Tunnel syndromes are the most common form of damage of the peripheral nerves of the upper limbs with diabetes mellitus and often progress unnoticed and cause persistent motor defects, worsening the course and prognosis of diabetic polyneuropathy of the upper limbs. This review demonstrates the most common focal neuropathies of the upper limbs encountered in diabetes mellitus: Carpal and cubital syndromes.
Marine fish parasite, Lernanthropus kroyeri (Copepoda) is a repository of Vibrio anguillarum as evidenced by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification method
Authors: YAVUZCAN Hijran , OTGUCUOĞLU Özge
Published: July 2020

Fish parasites act as a vector of other pathogenic diseases such as bacteria and virus in fish. Although it has been long known that fish parasites can act as a vector for bacterial pathogens, their role in the transmission of specific bacterial pathogens via particular parasites in the off-host stage has been neglected. The aim of the present study was to disclose that if the copepod parasite, Lernanthropus kroyeri in the off-host stage, can store up the aquatic bacterial pathogens: Aeromonas hydrophila, Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida, Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, and V. alginolyticus. Our results using the Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) method demonstrated that the bacteria, V. anguillarum is internally present in the off-host copepod parasites, L. kroyeri. It was also found that the parasite, L. kroyeri could survive in the off-host stage for a given time with its potential of vectoring ability in terms of transmission of the bacterium to the fish. This study demonstrates evidence that the copepod parasite in the off-host stage on the gills of sea bass is a reservoir of pathogen bacteria, Vibrio anguillarum.
LEARNING MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS IN MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES (MOOCs)
Authors: Jamal Nur Faezah , Abdul Ghafar Nor Mariyah , Ismail Isma Liana , Awang Chek Mohd Zaki , Baharuddin Mohd Sapuan
Published: July 2020

E-learning using Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has attracted a great deal of attention among higher education providers. The use of MOOCs is one of the great ideas supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Education in making the standard of our country’s education system in line with global education. Today, there were a growing number of MOOCs that continually becoming available on commercial platforms such as Openlearning.com and MOOCs Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM). Like many other subjects, Mathematical Statistics is a challenging subject for teaching and learning. Certain skills in this subject require ongoing guidance on how to provide the best teaching. Hence, MOOCs for Mathematical Statistics has been created to provide knowledge and skills to teach mathematics and statistical modeling briefly, conveniently, and effectively. This study focuses on providing a general design for assessing learners who study Mathematical Statistics through MOOCs platform. The platform is developed in such a way that learners can discuss and reflect. The design of MOOCs is governed by the Guidelines for Development and Delivery of Malaysia MOOCs. With the development of these MOOCs, it is hoped that it could help learners to understand Mathematical Statistics in a more effective and efficient way.