bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing social media for measuring public attitudes toward controversies and their driving factors: a case study of migration
Authors: Chen Yiyi , Sack Harald , Alam Mehwish
Published: September 2022

Among other ways of expressing opinions on media such as blogs, and forums, social media (such as Twitter) has become one of the most widely used channels by populations for expressing their opinions. With an increasing interest in the topic of migration in Europe, it is important to process and analyze these opinions. To this end, this study aims at measuring the public attitudes toward migration in terms of sentiments and hate speech from a large number of tweets crawled on the decisive topic of migration. This study introduces a knowledge base (KB) of anonymized migration-related annotated tweets termed as (MGKB). The tweets from 2013 to July 2021 in the European countries that are hosts of immigrants are collected, pre-processed, and filtered using advanced topic modeling techniques. BERT-based entity linking and sentiment analysis, complemented by attention-based hate speech detection, are performed to annotate the curated tweets. Moreover, external databases are used to identify the potential social and economic factors causing negative public attitudes toward migration. The analysis aligns with the hypothesis that the countries with more migrants have fewer negative and hateful tweets. To further promote research in the interdisciplinary fields of social sciences and computer science, the outcomes are integrated into MGKB, which significantly extends the existing ontology to consider the public attitudes toward migrations and economic indicators. This study further discusses the use-cases and exploitation of MGKB. Finally, MGKB is made publicly available, fully supporting the FAIR principles.
Anaerobic digestion of algal–bacterial biomass of an Algal Turf Scrubber system
Authors: Cheenakula D. , Hoffstadt K. , Krafft S. , Reinecke D. , Klose H. , Kuperjans I. , Grömping M.
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the anaerobic digestion of an algal–bacterial biofilm grown in artificial wastewater in an Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS). The ATS system was located in a greenhouse (50°54′19ʺN, 6°24′55ʺE, Germany) and was exposed to seasonal conditions during the experiment period. The methane (CH4) potential of untreated algal–bacterial biofilm (UAB) and thermally pretreated biofilm (PAB) using different microbial inocula was determined by anaerobic batch fermentation. Methane productivity of UAB differed significantly between microbial inocula of digested wastepaper, a mixture of manure and maize silage, anaerobic sewage sludge, and percolated green waste. UAB using sewage sludge as inoculum showed the highest methane productivity. The share of methane in biogas was dependent on inoculum. Using PAB, a strong positive impact on methane productivity was identified for the digested wastepaper (116.4%) and a mixture of manure and maize silage (107.4%) inocula. By contrast, the methane yield was significantly reduced for the digested anaerobic sewage sludge (50.6%) and percolated green waste (43.5%) inocula. To further evaluate the potential of algal–bacterial biofilm for biogas production in wastewater treatment and biogas plants in a circular bioeconomy, scale-up calculations were conducted. It was found that a 0.116 km2 ATS would be required in an average municipal wastewater treatment plant which can be viewed as problematic in terms of space consumption. However, a substantial amount of energy surplus (4.7–12.5 MWh a−1) can be gained through the addition of algal–bacterial biomass to the anaerobic digester of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Wastewater treatment and subsequent energy production through algae show dominancy over conventional technologies.

Graphical abstract
Broadening environmental governance ontologies to enhance ecosystem-based management in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Fisher Karen , Makey Leane , Macpherson Elizabeth , Paul Adrienne , Rennie Hamish , Talbot-Jones Julia , Jorgensen Eric
Published: September 2022

Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is a holistic approach to managing marine environments that can potentially reconcile cross-sectoral conflicts, scale mismatches, and fulfil sustainability objectives. In Aotearoa New Zealand (Aotearoa NZ), the operationalisation of EBM has been uneven; however, a set of principles to guide EBM in Aotearoa NZ provides a useful foundation to enable and enhance its uptake and to support governance approaches that attend to the rights, values, interests, and knowledges of Māori, the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa. In acknowledging the need to give attention to the governance of marine environments, we apply insights from the ‘relational turn’ in social sciences and sustainability science to explore the ontological and epistemological broadening of ‘governance’ to identify opportunities for alternative forms of governance that accommodate Indigenous ways of knowing. We propose fourpou(or enabling conditions) that generate alternatives to governance models underpinned by a ‘modernist’ (dualistic, technocratic) ontology: (i) enacting interactive administrative arrangements; (ii) diversifying knowledge production; (iii) prioritising equity, justice, and social difference; and (iv) recognising interconnections and interconnectedness. Our analysis of seven governance examples exposes evidence of radical and progressive transformations occurring within Aotearoa NZ regarding conceptions of the environment and the role of people in it that could support the wider uptake of EBM. Rather than advocating a ‘perfect model’ of governance for EBM, we find potential in EBM as a strategic approach to managing marine environments because of the synergies with Indigenous and relational ontologies, which lie in the emphasis on interconnectedness, inclusivity, diversity, and relationality.
Potential Influences of the Darknet on Illicit Drug Diffusion
Authors: Bancroft Angus
Published: September 2022

Purpose of Review

Darknet-hosted drug markets (‘cryptomarkets’) are an established model of illicit drug distribution which makes use of specialised online hosting and payment systems to link buyers and sellers remotely. Cryptomarkets appear to professionalise, gentrify and integrate drug markets. Therefore, they can be hypothesised to have effects on drug availability by allowing purchases by people who use drugs (PWUD) outside of face-to-face networks that have typified drug distribution. They may attract new buyers and may change use patterns by offering a greater range of higher-potency drugs. This paper examines the research on cryptomarkets’ potential impacts on drug availability.

Recent Findings

1. Cryptomarkets tend to address established PWUD who mainly already have access to existing distribution systems. Their greatest impact may be on what is available and the quantities available, and not the overall ease of access.

2. Cryptomarkets may provide new data sources which can inform our understanding of drug markets.

3. Cryptomarkets may define PWUD as consumers and contribute to reshaping their identities around principles of self-directed, informed consumption.

4. In terms of size, cryptomarkets are currently smaller than other modes of digital drug distribution such as through social media and messaging apps and should be seen as a specialist subset of that genre.

5. Users of cryptomarkets often integrate drug-purchase and consumption repertoires across multiple sites, online and offline, and cryptomarkets can be one element.

The cryptomarkets are of interest partly because they alter the practical calculus around drug diffusion and partly because they contribute to the formation of digitally enabled drug use which emphasises a consumer relationship between buyer and seller.
The Importance of Screening for Chagas Disease Against the Backdrop of Changing Epidemiology in the USA
Authors: Ayres Jennifer , Marcus Rachel , Standley Claire J.
Published: September 2022

Purpose of Review

This review seeks to identify factors contributing to the changing epidemiology of Chagas disease in the United States of America (US). By showcasing screening programs for Chagas disease that currently exist in endemic and non-endemic settings, we make recommendations for expanding access to Chagas disease diagnosis and care in the US.

Recent Findings

Several factors including but not limited to increasing migration, climate change, rapid population growth, growing urbanization, changing transportation patterns, and rising poverty are thought to contribute to changes in the epidemiology of Chagas disease in the US. Outlined are some examples of successful screening programs for Chagas disease in other countries as well as in some areas of the US, notably those which focus on screening high-risk populations and are linked to affordable and effective treatment options.

Given concerns that Chagas disease prevalence and even risk of transmission may be increasing in the US, there is a need for improving detection and treatment of the disease. There are many successful screening programs in place that can be replicated and/or expanded upon in the US. Specifically, we propose integrating Chagas disease into relevant clinical guidelines, particularly in cardiology and obstetrics/gynecology, and using advocacy as a tool to raise awareness of Chagas disease.
Screening for Intellectual Disabilities and/or Autism Amongst Older Children and Young Adults: a Systematic Review of Tools for Use in Africa
Authors: Nwokolo Eziafakaku Uchechukwu , Langdon Peter E. , Murphy Glynis H.
Published: September 2022

There are many well-developed screening tools for both intellectual disabilities and autism, but they may not be culturally appropriate for use within Africa. Our specific aims were to complete a systematic review to (1) describe and critically appraise short screening tools for the detection of intellectual disabilities and autism for older children and young adults, (2) consider the psychometric properties of these tools, and (3) judge the cultural appropriateness of these tools for use within Africa. Six screening tools for intellectual disabilities and twelve for autism were identified and appraised using the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines. We identified two screening tools which appeared appropriate for validation for use within African nations.
The Association Between Relationship Orientation, Relationship Quality and Sexual Satisfaction
Authors: Herzberg Philipp Yorck , Wildfang Swetlana , Quittschalle Janine
Published: September 2022

Although, uncommitted dating via online apps is widespread, most people find value in long-term, trusting relationships. From a social and evolutionary point of view, it has been theorized that mating strategies, and, in particular, short-term strategies make some relationships more vulnerable than others. In our study, we examined short- and long-term relationship orientation and their association with relationship quality. We analysed data from 395 heterosexual couples using the actor-partner-interdependence model in order to explore effects on individuals and couples. Results demonstrated that short-term orientation was associated with lower levels of relationship quality and an increased likelihood of complaints about the partner and the relationship. Long-term relationship orientation, on the other hand, was associated with higher levels of relationship quality. In addition, higher levels of sexual satisfaction mediate the association between short-term orientation and relationship quality. In-depth analyses revealed gender- and couple effects.
Removal of contaminant in electroplating wastewater and its toxic effect using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles
Authors: Shittu Oluwatosin Kudirat , Ihebunna Onyinye , Gara Theresa Yebo
Published: September 2022

This research is designed to remove contaminant in electroplating wastewater, using biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and to determine its in-vivo toxic effect. Silver nanoparticles (SNPs: 1,2,3 and 4) synthesized at different conditions and characterised, yielded spherical shapes of irregular sizes comprising of − OH, − C=C, − C=O, − C–H and − NO functional groups. The electroplating wastewater treated with the synthesized SNPs, were subjected to physicochemical analysis which revealed the ability of the SNPs to remove pollutants, with SNP4 displaying a higher affinity. The haematological investigation disclosed no significant impact on haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell, neutrophils and lymphocytes compared to the control group. Although, the liver tissues revealed toxic effects of the treated wastewater. The study validates that the biosynthesized SNPs contained stabilizing and reducing agent and also has the ability to eliminate pollutant in electroplating wastewater.

Article highlights

Spherical shaped SNPs exhibits loosely bound properties and aggregation.

SNPs contained functional groups acting as stabilizing and reducing agent.

The SNPs treated wastewater had no significant impact on haemoglobin, packed cell volume and red blood cell in rats.

The synthesized SNPs had the ability to remove contaminant from the electroplating wastewater.
COVID-19 has heightened tensions between and exposed threats to core values of emergency medicine
Authors: Purdy Eve , Forster Gillian , Manlove Hayley , McDonough Laura , Powell Meredith , Wood Krista , Rang Louise , Dagnone Damon , Brison Rob , Henry Doug , Douglas Stuart L.
Published: September 2022

Background

Professional culture is a powerful influence in emergency departments, but incompletely understood. Disasters magnify cultural realities, and as such the COVID-19 pandemic offered a unique opportunity to better understand emergency medicine (EM) values, practices, and beliefs.

Methods

We conducted a collaborative ethnography at a tertiary care center during the acute phase of the response to the threat of COVID-19 (March–May 2020). Collaborative ethnography is a method that partners directly with communities during design, data gathering, and analysis to study culture. An ED-based research team gathered data including field notes from 300 h of participant observation and informal interviews, 42 semi-structured interviews, and 57 departmental documents. Data were deductively coded using a previously generated framework for understanding EM culture.

Results

Each of seven core values from the original framework were identified in the dataset and further contextualized understanding of EM culture. COVID-19 exacerbated pre-existing tensions and threats to the core values of EM. For example, the desire to provide patient-centered care was impeded by strict visitor restrictions; the ability to treat life-threatening illness was impaired by new resuscitation room layouts and infection control procedures; and subtle changes in protocols had downstream impact on flow and the ability to balance needs and resources at a system level. The cultural values related to teams were protective and strengthened during this time. The pandemic exposed problems with the status quo, underscored inherent tensions between ED values, and highlighted threats to self-identity.

Conclusion

COVID-19 has highlighted and compounded existing tensions and threats to the core values of EM, underscoring a critical mismatch between values and practice. Realignment of the realities of ED work with staff values is urgently needed.
Irregular Migrants and the Right to Health
Authors: Angeleri Stefano
Published: September 2022

In our globalised world, where inequality is deepening and migration movements are increasing, states continue to maintain strong regulatory control over immigration, health and social policies. Arguments based on state sovereignty can be employed to differentiate irregular migrants from other groups and reduce their right to physical and mental health to the provision of emergency medical care, even where resources are available. Drawing on the enabling and constraining factors of human rights law and public health, this book explores the scope and limits of the right to health of migrants in irregular situations, in international and European human rights law. Addressing these peoples' health solely with an exceptional medical paradigm is inconsistent with the special attention granted to people in vulnerable situations and non-discrimination in human rights, the emerging rights-based approach to disability, the social priorities of public health and the interdependence of human rights.
TOWARDS THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PRESENT-DAY HUMAN IMPACT ON PEATLAND DEPOSITS FORMED SINCE THE LATE GLACIAL: A “RETROSPECTIVE” AGE–DEPTH MODEL OF THE GREL RAISED BOG (POLISH INNER CARPATHIANS)
Authors: Margielewski Włodzimierz , Michczyńska Danuta J , Buczek Krzysztof , Michczyński Adam , Korzeń Katarzyna , Obidowicz Andrzej
Published: September 2022

During the last 60 years, the thickness of the Grel peatland deposits (Polish Inner Carpathians), was decreased twice: from about 7.4 m in 1962, to 3.9 m in 2019. Pollen analyses of peat deposits performed in 1962 (Koperowa 1962) and 2019 (this study) showed that the peatland deposits have accumulated since the Oldest Dryas Stadial up to the present day. Comparative analysis of both palynological profiles was carried out, which exhibits a high consistency of the percentage of pollen of several taxa for the 10 horizons occurring in both profiles. Based on the age–depth curve made for the new profile, the modeled age for the above-mentioned compliance levels was obtained and based on this age, a “retrospective” age–depth model was elaborated for the Koperowa’s profile. The analysis of both profiles showed that the compaction of sediments did not occur proportionally in the entire sequence. The conducted research indicates that contemporary human activity may significantly affect the whole length of peatland profiles, not only their upper parts, as previously was considered. The reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment (palaeoclimate) based on multiproxy analysis of the peatland deposits is capable to precisely document this phenomenon.
Structural Domination and Freedom in the Labor Market: From Voluntariness to Independence
Authors: BRYAN ALEXANDER
Published: September 2022

The claim that workers are subject to structural domination in the labor market is a central contention of the recent radical turn in republican political theory, but it remains undertheorized. Two core components—the claim that workers have “no reasonable alternative” to selling their labor to capitalists and the relevance of exposure to potential interference in such cases—remain unclear. Without a more precise specification of the conditions of structural domination, it is difficult to assess how well republican prescriptions minimize it. I develop a revised defense of the central claim through an analysis of these components. I clarify what it is to have reasonable alternatives in the labor market but show that holding such options is insufficient to avoid structural domination. I argue that the dependence at the heart of structural domination can be constituted multifariously and develop an additional criterion directed at capturing such dependence in production.
The evolutionary dance between culture, genes, and everything in between
Authors: Abdellaoui Abdel
Published: September 2022

Uchiyama et al. describe how a more complete measurement of the dynamic nature of culture could help us unmask the true richness of genetic effects on behaviour. I underscore this notion here by reflecting on the role that the dynamic relationship between culture and DNA has played in our evolutionary history and will play in our evolutionary future.
AJust SoStory: on the recent emergence of the purpose subordinatorjust so
Authors: KALTENBÖCK GUNTHER , TEN WOLDE ELNORA
Published: September 2022

This article identifiesjust soas a newly emerging purpose subordinator. Using data from theCorpus of Contemporary American Englishand theCorpus of Historical American English, it traces its development and steady increase in frequency from its first attestation in the mid nineteenth century to the present day.Just sois shown to represent a case of semantic specialization where the purpose meaning wins out over the conditional meaning, thus filling the niche of an informal purpose subordinator and providing an alternative to its multifunctional and semantically ambiguous competitorsso thatandso. With increasing grammaticalization thejust sopurpose subordinator also exhibits signs of intersubjectification, being coopted for syntactically independent, interpersonal uses (e.g.just so we're clear) and culminating in the emergence of a new discourse marker in the form ofjust so you knowin the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. To account for the emergence of purposejust so, a constructional network approach is adopted, which considers the network links to other purpose subordinators, notablyso thatandso.
Preferences of people in choosing a family physician in rural areas: a qualitative inquiry from Iran
Authors: Bazyar Mohammad , Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid , Bahmani Mona , Sadeghifar Jamil , Momeni Khalil , Shaabani Zahra
Published: September 2022

Background:

Creating a stable and long-term relationship called ‘longitudinality’ between the population and general practitioners is crucial for the family physician program. The constant change of family physicians (FPs) can deteriorate longitudinality. This study aims to reveal what factors people usually consider when choosing a new FP or changing their current FP.

Method:

A qualitative study with a thematic analysis approach was carried out in Ilam province, Iran, in 2019. Purposeful sampling with a maximum variation strategy was followed to select the key informants. We did 34 interviews with following groups: patients (rural residents); FPs; and experts from Iran Health Insurance Organization, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, and Health Network Development Center. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis to identify and contextualize the preferences of people in choosing a FP in rural areas. All the processes related to data coding and emerging themes were carried out using MAXQDA 2012 software.

Results:

The content of the interviews was categorized into 2 main themes, 6 sub-themes, and 39 codes. The first theme was ‘family physician characteristics’ including four sub-themes: general behaviors, social and physical characteristics, professional expertise, and pharmaceutical prescriptions. The second theme was ‘health center’ consisting of two sub-themes including location and physical features and properties of the health center.

Conclusion:

Some of the factors extracted from the interviews may have a different effect on the choice of people with different demographics. For instance, patients may have different ideas about the age, gender, years of medical practice, and finally, language and origin of the birthplace of FPs. Quantitative studies are needed to rank the factors identified in this study according to their significance for choosing FP and reveal patients’ preferences for each factor.
Toward Robust River Plastic Detection: Combining Lab and Field‐Based Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Tasseron Paolo F. , Schreyers Louise , Peller Joseph , Biermann Lauren , van Emmerik Tim
Published: September 2022

Plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems has increased dramatically in the last five decades, with strong impacts on human and aquatic life. Recent studies endorse the need for innovative approaches to monitor the presence, abundance, and types of plastic in these ecosystems. One approach gaining rapid traction is the use of multi‐ and hyperspectral cameras. However, most experiments using this approach were in controlled environments, making findings challenging to apply in natural environments. We present a method linking lab‐ and field‐based identification of macroplastics using hyperspectral data (1,150–1,675 nm). Experiments using riverbank‐harvested macroplastics were set up in a laboratory environment, and on the banks of the Rhine River. Representative pixel selections of eleven lab‐based images (n = 786,264 pixels) and two field‐based images (n = 40,289 pixels) were used to analyze the differences between these environments. Next, classifier algorithms such as support vector machines (SVM), spectral angle mapper (SAM) and spectral information divergence (SID) were applied, because of their robustness to varying light conditions and high accuracies in mapping spectral similarities. Our results showed that SAM classifiers are most robust in separating plastic pixels from background elements. By applying lab‐based data for plastic detection in field‐based images, user accuracies for plastics to up to 93.6% (n = 8,370 plastic pixels) were attained. This study provides key fundamental insights in linking lab‐based data to plastic detection in the field. With this paper we aim to contribute to the development of future spectral missions to detect and monitor plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.
Relative Controls of Vapor Pressure Deficit and Soil Water Stress on Canopy Conductance in Global Simulations by an Earth System Model
Authors: Fang Yilin , Leung L. Ruby
Published: September 2022

Climate change impacts soil water (SW) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), critically influencing land‐atmosphere water vapor and CO2 exchange. There is a lack of model‐based global evaluation of the relative roles of the aforementioned water stresses in limiting canopy conductance Gc. Using the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), we conducted four land‐atmosphere coupled simulations for the historical period with and without a plant hydraulics scheme (PHS) and under present‐day and quadrupling of CO2 concentrations. By fitting an empirical model of Gc to the E3SM simulations, we evaluated the relative dominance of the limitation of Gc by water stresses caused by VPD and SW in the growing season. The empirical model is based on a multiplicative algorithm that adjusts Gc according to VPD, SW saturation, and their interaction. Our results show positive trends of VPD over land during the historical period, with large differences between simulations with/without PHS. Despite the differences, Gc is more limited by SW than VPD except in grasslands when SW saturations are above the 60th quantiles, and the fraction of grassland limited by VPD becomes small under dry soil conditions. Ignoring SW and VPD interaction may underestimate the relative role of VPD on Gc by as much as 33% in the dry SW quantile. Based on our uncalibrated results, including PHS may accentuate SW stress limitation on Gc by simulating wetter soil and higher evapotranspiration that lower VPD. Elevated CO2 reduces Gc by increasing water use efficiency and ameliorates SW stress on Gc.
Major Investment in Air-Conditioning Needed to Address Future Heat Waves
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer
Published: September 2022

More than 80% of urban residents will need AC by the 2050s, but many of the world’s poorer countries may struggle to meet that demand.
A Dual‐Level Magmatic System Beneath the East Pacific Rise, 9°N
Authors: Dunn Robert A.
Published: September 2022

Data from three co‐located wide‐angle ocean‐bottom seismograph experiments were used to make a new two‐dimensional tomographic image of the East Pacific Rise at 9°N. The upper half of the crustal magmatic system has a different seismic structure than the lower half, presumably corresponding with differences in melt storage and crustal cooling. The upper region is narrow (∼4.5 km wide at 2–3 km depth bsf) and estimated to contain higher melt fractions; the lower region broadens with depth and contains lower melt fractions. The shape of the system suggests steeply‐dipping isotherms and relatively stronger hydrothermal circulation in the upper gabbroic section of the crust, with moderately flattening isotherms and less circulation in the lower gabbroic section.
Direct Evidence of a Slow‐Slip Transient Modulating the Spatiotemporal and Frequency‐Magnitude Earthquake Distribution: Insights From the Armutlu Peninsula, Northwestern Turkey
Authors: Bocchini G. M. , Martínez‐Garzón P. , Verdecchia A. , Harrington R. M. , Bohnhoff M. , Turkmen T. , Nurlu M.
Published: September 2022

Earthquakes and slow‐slip events interact, however, detailed studies investigating their interplay are still limited. We generate the highest resolution microseismicity catalog to date for the northern Armutlu Peninsula in a ∼1‐year period to perform a detailed seismicity distribution analysis and correlate the results with a local, geodetically observed slow‐slip transient within the same period. Seismicity shows a transition of cluster‐type behavior from swarm‐like to burst‐like, accompanied by an increasing relative proportion of clustered (non‐Poissonian) relative to background (Poissonian) seismicity and gradually decreasing b‐value as the geodetically observed slow‐slip transient ends. The observed slow‐slip transient decay correlates with gradually increasing effective‐stress‐drop values. The observed correlation between the b‐value and geodetic transient highlights the influence of aseismic deformation on seismic deformation and the impact of slow‐slip transients on local seismic hazard.
Recovery Rate of a Salt Marsh From the 1700 CE Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquake, Netarts Bay, Oregon
Authors: Peck Erin K. , Guilderson Thomas P. , Walczak Maureen H. , Wheatcroft Robert A.
Published: September 2022

Since the 1700 CE Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake and associated coseismic subsidence and tsunami, vegetated intertidal habitats have reestablished across Pacific Northwest estuaries, yet timescales and mechanisms of recovery are uncertain. We investigated the timescale of salt marsh reestablishment in Netarts Bay, Oregon following the 1700 CE earthquake using a combination of excess 210Pb, 14C, stratigraphic constraints, and Bayesian age‐depth modeling. Coseismic subsidence lowered the area to low/mid marsh, which persisted for 200 years before transition to modern high marsh. The modern high marsh now appears in dynamic equilibrium with modern sea level rise. In addition to serving as a methodological proof of concept for dating the past 300 years, these results provide insight into intertidal morphodynamic response to large perturbations along tectonically active margins.
Compound Flooding in a Subtropical Estuary Caused by Hurricane Irma 2017
Authors: Juárez Braulio , Stockton Savanna A. , Serafin Katherine A. , Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo
Published: September 2022

Hurricane Irma affected the Florida peninsula from 10 to 12 September 2017. The peninsula's east coast was hit hardest: the city of Jacksonville flooded around the St. Johns River estuary with storm surge that exceeded 1.5 m and rainfall that surpassed 20 cm in 24 hr. This study used observations such as water and wind velocities, river discharge, and salinity data to determine whether compounding forcings influenced flood levels. Results show that flooding was initiated by the ocean (first punch) and then exacerbated by river discharge (second punch). The 1–2 punch from the ocean and then the river caused record flooding, with impacts lasting through September. Peak storm surge occurred while winds were receding, and river discharge was increasing, rather than at the peak of either process. Compound flood models should consider the phase lag between driving processes, as the individual maxima may not occur simultaneously, yet still exacerbate flooding.
Pore Space Topology Controls Ultrasonic Waveforms in Dry Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Di Martino Maria Del Pilar , De Siena Luca , Tisato Nicola
Published: September 2022

Pore space controls the mechanical and transport properties of rocks. At the laboratory scale, seismic modeling is usually performed in relatively homogeneous settings, and the influence of the pore space on the recorded wavefields is determined by rock‐fluid interactions. Understanding this influence in dry rocks is instrumental for assessing the impact of pore topology on waves propagating in heterogeneous environments, such as volcanoes. Here, we simulated the propagation of shear waves as a function of pore space parameters in computational models built as proxies for volcanic rocks. The spectral‐element simulations provide results comparable with ultrasonic experiments, and the outcome shows that the size, shape, volume, and location of pores impact amplitudes and phases. These variations intensify in waveform coda after multiple scattering. Our results confirm that pore topology is one of the primary regulators of the propagation of elastic waves in dry rocks regardless of porosity.
CSES Satellite Observations of 50 Hz Power Line Radiation Over Mainland China and Its Response to COVID‐19
Authors: Zhao Shufan , Liao Li , Shen Xuhui , Lu Hengxin , Zhima Zeren , Huang Jianping , Zhou Chen
Published: September 2022

We present a low‐altitude satellite survey of power line harmonic radiation (PLHR) at 50 Hz over Mainland China. We analyzed the month‐to‐month variation pattern in PLHR occurrence rate and further analyzed its correlation with some influencing factors (i.e., solar radiation, lightning flashes, and electricity consumption) using CSES satellite electric field data from 2019 to 2021. We also investigate the response of PLHR occurrence rate to COVID‐19. The statistical results show the dayside PLHR occurrence rate decreasing from winter to summer solstice and increasing from summer to winter solstice, which indicates it is controlled by the solar radiation. The nightside variation is more complex, which may be due to many sources that could influence the nightside lower ionosphere. The PLHR occurrence rate significantly decreased over Mainland China in February 2020, which is because of the significant decrease in electricity consumption due to the suspension of industrial production caused by COVID‐19.
Absolute Paleolatitude of Northern Zealandia From the Middle Eocene to the Early Miocene
Authors: Dallanave Edoardo , Sutherland Rupert , Dickens Gerald R. , Chang Liao , Tema Evdokia , Alegret Laia , Agnini Claudia , Westerhold Thomas , Newsam Cherry , Lam Adriane R. , Stratford Wanda , Collot Julien , Etienne Samuel , von Dobeneck Tilo
Published: September 2022

The absolute position during the Cenozoic of northern Zealandia, a continent that lies more than 90% submerged in the southwest Pacific Ocean, is inferred from global plate motion models, because local paleomagnetic constraints are virtually absent. We present new paleolatitude constraints using paleomagnetic data from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1507 on northern Zealandia and Site U1511 drilled in the adjacent Tasman Sea Basin. After correcting for inclination shallowing, five paleolatitude estimates provide a trajectory of northern Zealandia past position from the middle Eocene to the early Miocene, spanning geomagnetic polarity chrons C21n to C5Er (∼48–18 Ma). The paleolatitude estimates support previous works on global absolute plate motion where northern Zealandia migrated 6° northward between the early Oligocene and early Miocene, but with lower absolute paleolatitudes, particularly in the Bartonian and Priabonian (C18n–C13r). True polar wander (solid Earth rotation with respect to the spin axis), which only can be resolved using paleomagnetic data, may explain the discrepancy. This new paleomagnetic information anchors past latitudes of Zealandia to Earth's spin axis, with implications not only for global geodynamics, but also for addressing paleoceanographic and paleoclimate problems, which generally require precise paleolatitude placement of proxy data.
A Global‐Scale Mineral Dust Equation
Authors: Liu Xuan , Turner Jay R. , Hand Jenny L. , Schichtel Bret A. , Martin Randall V.
Published: September 2022

A robust method to estimate mineral dust mass in ambient particulate matter (PM) is essential, as the dust fraction cannot be directly measured but is needed to understand dust impacts on the environment and human health. In this study, a global‐scale dust equation is developed that builds on the widely used Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network's “soil” formula that is based on five measured elements (Al, Si, Ca, Fe, and Ti). We incorporate K, Mg, and Na into the equation using the mineral‐to‐aluminum (MAL) mass ratio of (K2O + MgO + Na2O)/Al2O3 and apply a correction factor (CF) to account for other missing compounds. We obtain region‐specific MAL ratios and CFs by investigating the variation in dust composition across desert regions. To calculate reference dust mass for equation evaluation, we use total‐mineral‐mass (summing all oxides of crustal elements) and residual‐mass (subtracting non‐dust species from total PM) approaches. For desert dust in source regions, the normalized mean bias (NMB) of the global equation (within ±1%) is significantly smaller than the NMB of the IMPROVE equation (−6% to 10%). For PM2.5 with high dust content measured by the IMPROVE network, the global equation estimates dust mass well (NMB within ±5%) at most sites. For desert dust transported to non‐source regions, the global equation still performs well (NMB within ±2%). The global equation can also represent paved road, unpaved road, and agricultural soil dust (NMB within ±5%). This global equation provides a promising approach for calculating dust mass based on elemental analysis of dust.
Using Multiscale Ethane/Methane Observations to Attribute Coal Mine Vent Emissions in the San Juan Basin From 2013 to 2021
Authors: Meyer Aaron G. , Lindenmaier Rodica , Heerah Sajjan , Benedict Katherine B. , Kort Eric A. , Peischl Jeff , Dubey Manvendra K.
Published: September 2022

Source attribution of natural gas emissions from fossil fuels in New Mexico's San Juan Basin (SJB) is challenging due to source heterogeneity and emissions transience. We demonstrate that ethane (C2H6) to methane (CH4) mixing ratios can identify and separate sources over different scales using various measurement techniques. We report simultaneous CH4 and C2H6 observations near a coal mine vent and oil and gas (O&G) emission sources using ground‐based in situ measurements in 2020/2021. During these campaigns, we observed a stable coal vent C2H6:CH4 ratio of 1.28% ± 0.11%, discernibly different than nearby O&G source ratios ranging from 0.9% to 16.8%. We analyze airborne observations of the SJB taken in 2014/2015 that exhibit similar coal vent ratios and further show the region's heterogeneity. We identify episodic O&G sources, including a gas plant source detected in 2014/2015 that is absent in our 2020/2021 data. We examine total column observations of C2H6 and CH4 made in 2013 with a solar spectrometer and find a C2H6:CH4 ratio of 1.3% ± 0.4% for the coal vent. The stable and unique coal vent ratio relative to other O&G sources in the region is used to demonstrate that consistent attribution is possible using various measurement methods at multiple scales across many years. Finally, we demonstrate that using C2H6 as a proxy for fossil CH4 inversions can inform detailed basin‐scale inversions, provided we understand source specific changes in the C2H6:CH4 ratio like we report in the SJB.
Quantifying the Natural Climate Solution Potential of Agricultural Systems by Combining Eddy Covariance and Remote Sensing
Authors: Wiesner Susanne , Desai Ankur R. , Duff Alison J. , Metzger Stefan , Stoy Paul C.
Published: September 2022

Livestock agriculture accounts for ∼15% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Recently, natural climate solutions (NCS) have been identified to mitigate farm‐scale GHG emissions. Nevertheless, their impacts are difficult to quantify due to farm spatial heterogeneity and effort required to measure changes in carbon stocks. Remote sensing (RS) models are difficult to parameterize for heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Eddy covariance (EC) in combination with novel techniques that quantitatively match source area variations could help update such vegetation‐specific parameters while accounting for pronounced heterogeneity. We evaluate a plant physiological parameter, the maximum quantum yield (MQY), which is commonly used to calculate gross and net primary productivity in RS applications. RS models often rely on spatially invariable MQY, which leads to inconsistencies between RS and EC models. We evaluate if EC data improve RS models by updating crop specific MQYs to quantify agricultural GHG mitigation potentials. We assessed how farm harvest compared to annual sums of (a) RS without improvements, (b) EC results, and (c) EC‐RS models. We then estimated emissions to calculate the annual GHG balance, including mitigation through plant carbon uptake. Our results indicate that EC‐RS models significantly improved the prediction of crop yields. The EC model captures diurnal variations in carbon dynamics in contrast to RS models based on input limitations. A net zero GHG balance indicated that perennial vegetation mitigated over 60% of emissions while comprising 40% of the landscape. We conclude that the combination of RS and EC can improve the quantification of NCS in agroecosystems.
Prediction of daily mean and one-hour maximum PM2.5 concentrations and applications in Central Mexico using satellite-based machine-learning models
Authors: Gutiérrez-Avila Iván , Arfer Kodi B. , Carrión Daniel , Rush Johnathan , Kloog Itai , Naeger Aaron R. , Grutter Michel , Páramo-Figueroa Víctor Hugo , Riojas-Rodríguez Horacio , Just Allan C.
Published: September 2022

Background

Machine-learning algorithms are becoming popular techniques to predict ambient air PM2.5 concentrations at high spatial resolutions (1 × 1 km) using satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD). Most machine-learning models have aimed to predict 24 h-averaged PM2.5 concentrations (mean PM2.5) in high-income regions. Over Mexico, none have been developed to predict subdaily peak levels, such as the maximum daily 1-h concentration (max PM2.5).

Objective

Our goal was to develop a machine-learning model to predict mean PM2.5 and max PM2.5 concentrations in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area from 2004 through 2019.

Methods

We present a new modeling approach based on extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and inverse-distance weighting that uses AOD, meteorology, and land-use variables. We also investigated applications of our mean PM2.5 predictions that can aid local authorities in air-quality management and public-health surveillance, such as the co-occurrence of high PM2.5 and heat, compliance with local air-quality standards, and the relationship of PM2.5 exposure with social marginalization.

Results

Our models for mean and max PM2.5 exhibited good performance, with overall cross-validated mean absolute errors (MAE) of 3.68 and 9.20 μg/m3, respectively, compared to mean absolute deviations from the median (MAD) of 8.55 and 15.64 μg/m3. In 2010, everybody in the study region was exposed to unhealthy levels of PM2.5. Hotter days had greater PM2.5 concentrations. Finally, we found similar exposure to PM2.5 across levels of social marginalization.

Significance

Machine learning algorithms can be used to predict highly spatiotemporally resolved PM2.5 concentrations even in regions with sparse monitoring.

Impact

Our PM2.5 predictions can aid local authorities in air-quality management and public-health surveillance, and they can advance epidemiological research in Central Mexico with state-of-the-art exposure assessment methods.
The roles of intratumour heterogeneity in the biology and treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Evan Theodore , Wang Victoria Min-Yi , Behrens Axel
Published: September 2022

Intratumour heterogeneity (ITH) has become an important focus of cancer research in recent years. ITH describes the cellular variation that enables tumour evolution, including tumour progression, metastasis and resistance to treatment. The selection and expansion of genetically distinct treatment-resistant cancer cell clones provides one explanation for treatment failure. However, tumour cell variation need not be genetically encoded. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in particular, the complex tumour microenvironment as well as crosstalk between tumour and stromal cells result in exceptionally variable tumour cell phenotypes that are also highly adaptable. In this review we discuss four different types of phenotypic heterogeneity within PDAC, from morphological to metabolic heterogeneity. We suggest that these different types of ITH are not independent, but, rather, can inform one another. Lastly, we highlight recent findings that suggest how therapeutic efforts may halt PDAC progression by constraining cellular heterogeneity.
Decitabine enhances targeting of AML cells by NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-T cells and promotes the maintenance of effector function and the memory phenotype
Authors: Kang Synat , Wang Lixin , Xu Lu , Wang Ruiqi , Kang Qingzheng , Gao Xuefeng , Yu Li
Published: September 2022

NY-ESO-1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTA) with re-expression in numerous cancer types, but its expression is suppressed in myeloid leukemia cells. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving decitabine (DAC) exhibit induced expression of NY-ESO-1 in blasts; thus, we investigated the effects of NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-engineered T (TCR-T) cells combined with DAC against AML. NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-T cells could efficiently eliminate AML cell lines (including U937, HL60, and Kasumi-1cells) and primary AML blasts in vitro by targeting the DAC-induced NY-ESO-1 expression. Moreover, the incubation of T cells with DAC during TCR transduction (designated as dTCR-T cells) could further enhance the anti-leukemia efficacy of TCR-T cells and increase the generation of memory-like phenotype. The combination of DAC with NY-ESO-1-specific dTCR-T cells showed a superior anti-tumor efficacy in vivo and prolonged the survival of an AML xenograft mouse model, with three out of five mice showing complete elimination of AML cells over 90 days. This outcome was correlated with enhanced expressions of IFN-γ and TNF-α, and an increased proportion of central memory T cells (CD45RO+CD62L+ and CD45RO+CCR7+). Taken together, these data provide preclinical evidence for the combined use of DAC and NY-ESO-1-specific dTCR-T cells for the treatment of AML.
Vibroacoustic analysis of dental air turbine noise
Authors: Lee Wonsup , Kwon Ho-Beom
Published: September 2022

Objective

The objective of this study is to analyze the noise mechanism of dental air turbine handpiece with vibroacoustic simulation.

Materials and methods

The operational part of the Gentle Silence Lux 8000B (KaVo Dental GmbH) was disassembled and scanned. The scanned data were rendered to smooth irregularities and then virtually reassembled. The rendering was 3D mesh modeled for the analysis. And, the interior void space and exterior space was mesh modeled as air layer. As per simulation input informations, the material property of steel was provided for the handpiece components. Supplied air pressure of 0.22 MPa at the inlet and static temperature of 25 °C was provided as operating conditions. Twenty virtual microphones were arrayed to measure the noise. Vibroacoustic noise simulation was performed with ACTRAN 2021 (MSC software corporation).

Results

The mean value of noise ranged from 49.88 to 66.38 dB while the peak value ranged from 69.53 to 81.64 dB depending on the microphone position. All microphones showed the similar noise pattern which had peak amplitude at around 4500 Hz. The calculated natural frequency of interior air layer was 4478.92 Hz and 7573.77 Hz.

Discussion

The simulated result showed similar tonal noise of dental handpiece suggesting air resonance phenomenon as a possible cause of dental handpiece noise.

Conclusion

Vibroacoustic analysis of the air layer contained within the dental air turbine handpiece showed the resonance peak noise at 4478.92 Hz under the simulated conditions.