bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Kent Infant Development Scale: Concurrent and Predictive Validity of a Modified Administration
Authors: Morrow-Tlucak Mary , Ernhart Claire B. , Liddle Cherie L.
Published: August 2011

A modified administration of the Kent Infant Development Scale for infants 6 to 8 mo. old was used in a prospective study of risk factors in infant development. The Mental Development Index and Psychomotor Development Index of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development were also administered at 6 mo., the Mental Index only at 1 and 2 yr. and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale at age 3. The modified administration is described. Concurrent validity with the 6-mo. Bayley scales was substantial. Adequate predictive validity for 1- and 2-yr. Bayley scores and 3-yr. Stanford-Binet IQ was achieved with the Kent as compared to the predictive ability of the 6-mo. Bayley index.
Comparison of Intelligence and Memory in Patients with Diffuse and Focal Injury
Authors: Hinkeldey Nancy S. , Corrigan John D.
Published: August 2011

Solomon, Greene, Farr, and Kelly in 1986 speculated that large discrepancies between Intelligence and Memory quotients (IQ-MQ) reflecting poorer performance on memory casks may be due to focal brain damage, while smaller differences may result from diffuse damage. The present study investigated this hypothesis in a rehabilitation population with sufferers of unilateral cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) representing focal damage and those with closed-head injury (CHI) representing diffuse damage. The IQ-MQ discrepancy was examined in two samples, one administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the other the WAIS—R. Analysis of covariance indicated that IQ-MQ was significantly different for the two groups administered the WAIS—R but not the WAIS. However, the direction of the difference in discrepancy score was opposite that posited by Solomon, et al., i.e., relatively poorer memory was observed in patients with diffuse damage. Results are discussed in relation to demographic differences between the two kinds of patients and the inability to remove effects of group differences by using analysis of covariance as well as neuropathological factors that confound focal and diffuse injury in subjects showing closed-head injury and cerebrovascular injury. Finally, the effect on IQ-MQ discrepancy scores based on the WAIS—R is discussed in light of previously held “rules of thumb” about clinically significant differences.
Antiques: Does Age Enhance the Value of an Object?
Authors: Mathes Eugene , Mathes Wayne
Published: August 2011

Age enhanced the value of an object but only for antique dealers, not college students.
Factors to Consider in Research on Prevention of Relapse in Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Hall David W.
Published: August 2011

The current state of research on prevention of relapse in cigarette smoking is reviewed and a number of factors relevant to research on such prevention discussed. Issues related to timing of the program, criterion for inclusion in the program, individual vs group treatment, and control of the influences of smoking by significant others are discussed.
Type a Behavior and Situation-Specific Perceptions of Control
Authors: Dyck Dennis G. , Moser Cathy G. , Janisse Michel Pierre
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to study perceptions of control for recalled situations among Jenkins Activity Survey-defined Type A and Type B college students. The subjects recalled past situations of competition and time pressure and then provided ratings of vividness and perceived control for self and others. The results indicated that Type A subjects had more vivid recollections of both competition and time pressure situations than did Type B persons. On the other hand, Type A scorers made higher ratings of perceived control-for-self than Type B scorers for recalled competitive but not for time pressure situations. Other results indicated that the speed and impatience scores on Jenkins' scale were negatively correlated to perceptions of control in the recalled time pressure situations. These results, together with recent findings which show that Type A persons perceive less control in recalled angry situations indicate that A/B differences in perceived control are situationally specific. The possible role of differences in social comparisons in mediating these interactional effects is discussed.
Depressive Symptoms before and One Year after Heart Surgery
Authors: Magni Guido
Published: August 2011

For 57 patients undergoing major heart surgery depressive symptoms were assessed before the operation and one year afterwards. The Zung Self-rating Depression Scale was used. Mean depressive scores significantly decreased at the follow-up. However, looking at frequencies instead of mean scores indicated about one-fourth of the sample showed clinically significant depressive symptomatology one year after surgery.
Somatomotor Thresholds in the New Zealand Albino Rabbit in Response to Paraorbital Electric Shock
Authors: Hernandez Linda L. , Buchanan Shirley L. , Powell D. A.
Published: August 2011

A procedure for assessing objectively unconditioned responses to paraorbital electrical shock is described. Using the method of constant stimuli human observers can reliably detect “eye twitch”, “eyeblink”, and “jump” responses when a brief unsignalled paraorbital shock is presented.
Psychokinetic (PK) Testing on a Computer
Authors: Vitulli William F. , Lambert J. Ken
Published: August 2011

This exploratory investigation attempted to measure possible PK effects with the use of a standard Televideo terminal (CRT). A set of numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were randomly programmed to display themselves automatically on the CRT screen, one at a time, at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 1 or 3 sec. for different groups of subjects. 66 undergraduate volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three sets of instructions designed to raise or lower the value of the numbers with conscious effort alone (PK) or to remain neutral with regard to the random numbers. Three series of 25 numbers ranging from 1 to 5 were flashed on the CRT screen at rates of 1-sec. or 3-sec. interstimulus intervals for different groups. Results from a 3 × 2 factorial design yielded no significant difference between levels of instructions; however, there was a significant difference for rate of digit presentation. A separate one-way analysis of variance done on the three sets of 25 numbers also gave a significant difference. These exploratory data suggest further testing for “low-level” PK effects.
Elite Editorial Favorability and American Public Opinion: A Case Study of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Authors: Kressel Neil J.
Published: August 2011

The correspondence between trends in the mass media and trends in public opinion has important practical, theoretical, and methodological implications—even if we cannot untangle the causal relationships involved. The present study attempts to clarify empirically the aggregate-level mass media—public opinion connection for one major political issue, the Arab-Israeli conflict. Mass media data came from a content analysis of 867 elite newspaper editorials on the dispute (1972–1982); public opinion data came from the frequently asked Middle East “sympathy” question. Favorability measures for editorials, mass public opinion, and college-educated public opinion were highly intercorrelated, in part as a result of a common time trend. When this time trend was partialled out, significant relationships remained between editorial opinion and public opinion. In addition, events heavily covered in mass media tended to crystallize opinion among the college educated but not among the mass public.
Influence of Social-Desirability Responding on the Sarason Test Anxiety Scale: Implications for Selection of Subjects
Authors: Blankstein Kirk R. , Toner Brenda B.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between the concepts of social desirability and test anxiety as assessed by Sarason's Test Anxiety Scale was examined. Sarason's scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale were administered to 137 women and 62 men under nonanonymous evaluative conditions. Although high social-desirability respondents reported lower levels of test anxiety, the correlation was significant for women only. It was concluded that the Test Anxiety Scale is not seriously compromised by social desirability bias. However, the meanings and implications of the significant relation were further explored by considering two-factor interpretations of social desirability. The use of the Marlowe-Crowne scale to identify defensive subjects low in test anxiety was examined. Approximately 30% of potential low-anxious subjects were classified as defensive low-anxiety subjects. The results suggest that the Marlowe-Crowne scale may be used in research to differentiate genuine from defensive low test-anxious subjects.
Elementary Teachers' Cognitive and Affective Perceptions of Exceptional Children
Authors: Aldridge Jerry T. , Clayton Gypsy Abbott
Published: August 2011

114 elementary teachers were examined on knowledge of exceptional children and attitudes toward mentally retarded children in a pretest-posttest experimental control group design. 20 teachers were enrolled in a 10-wk. course in which characteristics of exceptional students were discussed. These 20 teachers, called administrative teachers, provided inservice training to 57 participating teachers (experimental group). Statistically significant changes in knowledge occurred for the 57 participating teachers but not in a control group of 57 used for comparison. No significant changes in attitudes toward mentally retarded children were observed.
A Study of Narcissism, Affiliation, Intimacy, and Power Motives among Students in Business Administration
Authors: Carroll Lynne
Published: August 2011

This research examined the intercorrelations of scores on narcissism and the motives for affiliation, intimacy, and power. 65 students in a Master's program for business administration were given the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and the Thematic Apperception Test. A significant difference in narcissism was found between men and women. Men and women also were significantly different on the need for intimacy. Narcissism was significantly and negatively correlated with the need for intimacy and significantly and positively correlated with the need for power. The hypothesized association between narcissism and the need for affiliation was not substantiated.
Does a Single Exposure to Filmed Violence Affect Aggressive Tendencies? A Case of Serendipity
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Hemlin Karin , Söderberg Monica
Published: August 2011

22 women and 20 men in their early twenties were randomly assigned to either a Control group (11 women, 9 men) or an Experimental group (11 women, 11 men). Both groups were pretested on an Adjective Check List scored for aggression. The Control group then watched a nonaggressive movie and the Experimental group an aggressive movie. All subjects were finally tested on four TAT pictures scored for aggression. The hypothesis was that men in the Experimental group would be more aggressive than women as a function of sex-role stereotyping. The results indicated no sex differences on the pretest and no effects of watching the films, but women were significantly more aggressive on the posttest regardless of group assignment. This shows the need for using subtle measures of aggression in laboratory research.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: XLVII. Comment on “the Lunar-Lunacy Relationship”: More Ado about the Full Moon
Authors: Rotton James , Kelly I. W.
Published: August 2011

This commentary repeats questions raised in prepublication reviews of “the lunar-lunacy relationship.”
Psychological Disturbances in Children of Single Parents
Authors: Pillay Anthony L.
Published: August 2011

The problem of psychological disturbances in children of single parents is relatively unresearched in South Africa. A survey of a psychological clinic population (Indian and “Coloured” children) is briefly reported. A large proportion (60.5%) of the 147 children attending the clinic were from nonintact homes, and boys with behaviour problems dominated this group.
Relaxation Training and Home Practice in the Treatment of Anxiety
Authors: Flanders Philip , McNamara J. Regis
Published: August 2011

To ascertain whether home practice was an important component of the relaxation treatment for anxiety, highly anxious undergraduates practiced relaxation at home, practiced it in a group, and were put on a waiting-list control. Subjects who practiced relaxation at home had significantly greater reductions in anxiety than those who only practiced it as part of a group. However, compliance with doing the relaxation exercises ( n = 27) was not significantly correlated with reduction of anxiety.
Effectiveness of Citizen Volunteers Functioning as Counselors for High-Risk Young Male Offenders
Authors: Moore Richard H.
Published: August 2011

This research evaluated a counseling program utilizing citizen volunteers in 1:1 relationships with young male offenders placed on probation for 12 mo. 100 high-risk offenders were randomly assigned to either citizen counseling with regular probation or to regular probation only. A random sample of 50 low-risk offenders assigned to regular probation served as a comparison group. Low-risk offenders were superior to the high-risk groups on measures of behavior, personality functioning, and social competence. Citizen-counseled high-risk offenders, compared to other high-risk offenders, committed fewer and less serious criminal offenses, were employed more regularly, made better educational progress, and appeared to be somewhat less rebellious, less impulsive, and more responsible as measured on the California Psychological Inventory at the end of probation. The implications and unique features of the programming, which may limit the generality of the findings to other settings, were discussed. Potentially limiting conditions included the stringent selection and matching procedures, the high caliber of the volunteers, the severe demands imposed on the time (weekly meetings over about 10 mo.) and talents (crisis counseling, tutoring, advocacy, friendship, and resource brokerage) of the unpaid citizen volunteers, and the availability of vital community resources, such as vocational and educational opportunities.
Parents' Memories of Child-Related Life-Threatening Events
Authors: Denholm Carey J.
Published: August 2011

7 male and 8 female parents of 2 children each reported life-threatening incidents to their children which occurred over a 5-yr. period. Statements were similar in context and temporal aspects, however, differences were noted in emphasis and actual choice of words and the ability to separate emotional reactions from the actual incident.
Health Locus of Control, Humor, and Reduction in Aggression
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: August 2011

Humor appreciation has been posited to provide a socially acceptable method to release hostility and experience a positive mood state. Research into this relationship has produced equivocal results. The present study examined the proposition that previous inconsistencies were based on no assessment of Health Locus of Control. Differentiated as internal and external scorers on the health scale, 144 college women experienced either an induction of arousal of aggression or a neutral nonarousing procedure. They were presented three stimulus conditions, neutral humor, aggressive humor, or nonhumorous material, and then assessed for mood state. Scores on the Health Locus of Control were significant showing effective use of humor to reduce anger. Internal scorers on the health scale registered, when angered, most enjoyment of aggressive humor. Health Locus of Control appears a significant factor in college women's capacity to use humor for mood regulation.
Component and Process Analysis of Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Zettle Robert D. , Hayes Steven C.
Published: August 2011

A component and process analysis of cognitive therapy was conducted. Three components, distancing, cognitive restructuring, and behavioral homework, were presented in various sequential combinations during 12 wk. of treatment to 12 women between 22 and 64 yr. of age ( M = 41.5 yr.). Time-series analyses of individual improvement suggested that components combined in an additive rather than interactive manner. The mechanisms through which components initiated therapeutic change were evaluated by measures assessing both cognitive and behavioral processes specific to depression. The results of the component and process analysis differed from predictions derived from cognitive theory. Replication with a larger sample is needed. Implications for the practice of and further research in cognitive therapy are discussed.
Nondiscriminated Wheel-Running Avoidance Learning in Mice
Authors: Shimai Satoshi , Iso Hiroyuki
Published: August 2011

24 CFW mice were trained in a newly developed wheel-running apparatus for avoidance learning in mice. Scrambled shock could be delivered through a ball bearing which supports the shaft of the wheel. Responses were defined as rotation of the wheel quarter, half, and full turn for three groups. Animals quickly developed the running response under a nondiscriminated avoidance schedule in all groups. These findings are consistent with previous data for rats.
Effect of Fathers' Absence on Delinquent Boys: Dependency and Hypermasculinity
Authors: Moran Patricia , Barclay Allan
Published: August 2011

40 male delinquents, comprising four matched groups with fathers present or absent, and Negro or white, were studied to estimate the effect these variables had on the development of covert and overt sex-role identification. A trend was noted toward greater field-dependence for delinquent boys than for nondelinquents, and among boys whose fathers were absent than those whose fathers were present. The Negro delinquent boys with fathers present were significantly more feminine in interest patterns than the Negro nondelinquent boys whose fathers were present. Discussion is based on theories of identification and delinquency.
Narcissism and Embellishments of Signature
Authors: Dillon Kathleen M.
Published: August 2011

30 male and 20 female college students completed a measure of narcissism and signed a simulated birthday card with the instructions to embellish their signatures as they normally would if sending the card to a good friend. While narcissism scores did not differ significantly between sexes, women who did choose to embellish their signatures with multiple exclamation points and underlinings had significantly higher narcissism scores than women who did not. Men added significantly fewer embellishments to their signatures than women, and their embellishments did not appear to be related to their narcissism scores.
Perceived Stress during Videoterminal Use: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Cipolli Carlo , Rovesti Sergio , Tartoni Pier Luigi , Vivoli Gianfranco
Published: August 2011

Modifications in stress, measured using Spielberger, et al.'s self-rating State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were assessed on working and rest days for bank employees making regular use of videodisplay terminals. While on work days state-anxiety increased over that on rest days, it did not vary with respect to amount of use of videodisplay terminals. Moreover, state-anxiety significantly covaried with scores on trait-anxiety. These findings suggest that, while increases in state-anxiety can be induced by use of videodisplay terminals, these are not proportional to the amount of use but rather depend on such factors as personality.
Paranormal Beliefs in British and Southern USA College Students
Authors: Davies Martin F.
Published: August 2011

Beliefs in a variety of paranormal phenomena were examined in a sample of British college students and were compared with the beliefs obtained in a previous study from a sample of Southern USA college students. The main difference between the British and American students concerned traditional religious belief. Not only were the American students greater believers than the British students in traditional religion, but factor analysis indicated that traditional religious belief in these American students was separate from their other paranormal beliefs which was not the case for the British students.
Performance on the Community Mental Health Ideology Scale by Executive Directors of Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Stawar Terry L. , Dupree John H.
Published: August 2011

Baker and Schulberg's Community Mental Health Ideology scale was administered to 53 executive directors of community mental health centers. Adherence to community mental health ideology was surprisingly low. Women directors were more community-oriented than men; ideology was not significantly related to age, discipline, or years of experience.
An Introduction to a Metabehavioral Model with Implications for Social Skills Training for Aggressive Adolescents
Authors: Svec Henry , Bechard Joseph
Published: August 2011

A model is introduced which combines traditional metacognitive explanations for the acquisition of social skills with situationally specific environment variables. This “metabehavioral” model suggests considering such variables as situational characteristics, task demands, and personal characteristics in predicting social performance. Use of this model may help professionals training behaviorally disordered children in social skills.
Reliability of Boder's Classification of Spelling Errors: Naive Raters
Authors: Kenyon John , Bridgman Jennifer , Kerr Susan , Mills Lynn
Published: August 2011

Boder-type screening tests were constructed from basic school readers. Three naive raters classified spelling errors of 104 monolingual and bilingual reading-disabled children according to Boder's patterns of dysphonetic, dyseidetic, and mixed strategies. The reliabilities were .53 for one rater and .77 for three raters.
Successful Treatment of Chronic Psychogenic Vomiting by Self-Monitoring
Authors: Dura Jason R.
Published: August 2011

A 25-yr.-old male psychiatric inpatient with a history of chronic psychogenic vomiting was treated using self-monitoring. Vomiting ceased after introduction of self-monitoring and reoccurred once prior to discharge.
The View from the Poblacion Callampa: Some Null Findings
Authors: Simpson-Housley Paul , Navarro Patricio Larrain
Published: August 2011

84 residents of Las Lomas, Santiago de Chile took part in a study of the relations of locus of control with residential satisfaction, job, and housing search. Null findings resulted, but in spite of extremely poor living conditions, high residential satisfaction prevailed.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XLVI. The Pioneer Work of Alfred Binet on Children as Eyewitnesses
Authors: Cunningham Jacqueline L.
Published: August 2011

The pioneer work of Alfred Binet (1857–1911) on eyewitness testimony (1900) often is cited today in support for a traditional view of the extreme suggestibility of children. Binet, on the other hand, interpreted his findings as showing that suggestibility is not a static trait among children but rather is a function of cognitive and social factors associated with attempts to influence during interrogation. Ironically, those conclusions made nearly 90 years ago are mirrored in modern conceptualizations of the nature of children's suggestibility. In light of renewed interest in historical work on this topic, this paper provides general information about Binet's La suggestibilité (1900) and of some reactions surrounding its publication.
Evaluation of a Small Group on a Psychogeriatric Ward and the Implications for Nursing Staff and Occupational Therapy Staff
Authors: Spall R. , Hills A. , Whitworth M.
Published: August 2011

6 elderly confused ladies were selected from a psychogeriatric ward (mean age: 77.5 yr.; age range: 73 to 83 yr.). An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effect of having the ladies seated in a circle with a group leader for group discussion. Recreational material relating to particular topics was used as an aid to discussion. Meetings lasted for 30 min. each week for 6 wk., during each phase of the study. Different categories of engaged and disengaged behaviour were devised and observations using these categories were made to assess changes throughout the study. Over-all, during experimental periods, ‘engagement’ was increased by the presence of staff and of recreational material, and neutral and ‘sleeping’ behaviour decreased. Observations on the ward showed no evidence of generalisation to the general ward environment. An unexpected finding in the group sessions was that patient-patient interaction decreased during experimental periods. Some implications of the findings for nursing and occupational therapy staff are discussed.
The ‘Maquillage’ Practice in Brazzaville
Authors: Didillon Henriette , Bounsana Dominique , Vandewiele Michel
Published: August 2011

This study is about the “maquillage”, the practice of bleaching one's skin by use of cosmetics. Our objective was to appraise the extent to which the “maquillage” is accepted in the population of Brazzaville and to measure attitudes toward this practice. Administering a questionnaire to 420 subjects (190 youth and 230 adults; 210 women and 210 men), we obtained the following results: bright complexion is suitable for women while a dark one is preferable for men. A quarter of the men and half of the women are users of brightening products, when we do not take into account antiseptic soaps. The motivations put forward were chiefly a longing for beauty and skin care (64%), seduction to be noticed in society (44%), identification with the white (18%), and fashion (14%).
Gun Ownership and Carrying: Comparison of Protective and Subcultural Correlates
Authors: Bryant Clifton D. , Shoemaker Donald J.
Published: August 2011

Data from 1046 respondents in Virginia suggest subcultural, as compared to protective, motivations for possession of and carrying guns.
Determinants of Body Image in Women at Midlife
Authors: Rackley James Vann , Warren Sheridan A. , Bird Gloria W.
Published: August 2011

40 middle-aged women, 35 to 55 yr. of age, participated in a study of the relation between satisfaction with body image, importance of body image, self-esteem, and mastery. Findings indicated that women with higher satisfaction with body-image tended to place more importance on body image. Those women also reported higher self-esteem and mastery of life events.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the BEM Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Martin Harry J. , Ramanaiah Nerella V.
Published: August 2011

Confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analyses of the long and short versions of Bern's Masculinity and Femininity scales were conducted using two samples. The long-form Femininity Scale contained a number of items that did not load properly on the hypothesized factor. The short form of the inventory was more homogeneous than the long form and provided a better fit to the data than both two- and four-factor models of the long form.
Holland's Hexagonal Model Applied to Nontraditional Premedical Students
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the validity of Holland's Hexagonal Model utilizing data from the Self-directed Search interest inventory given to 57 black and 43 white premedical students enrolled in a medical education preparatory program. The program was designed to increase the number of qualified applicants who are underrepresented in the medical profession. The results produced positive support for Holland's Hexagonal Model. Implications for the practical application of the hexagon are discussed.
Significance Test in Studies of Nonrandomly Assigned Subjects: A Call for More Discussion
Authors: Tachibana Toshiaki
Published: August 2011

There is a fundamental difficulty with a significance test in studies in which subjects are nonrandomly assigned, e.g., differences in strain, sex, age groups, and species, etc. The implausibility of the assumption of random sampling and the use of the significance test in such studies is pointed out. Inference without reliance on the significance test is needed not only in studies of subjects nonrandomly assigned but also in those in which assignment of subjects is random. It is emphasized that inference without the significance test remains a standard scientific approach, in spite of the widespread use of many statistical tests. A call is made for more discussion of the problem.
Examination of Sex Differences in Expectations of Pay and Perceptions of Equity in Pay
Authors: Summers Timothy P.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 72 undergraduate business students was tested to examine the effects of sex on expectations of pay and perceptions of equity in pay. The respondents completed a questionnaire which assessed their expectations for the range of starting salaries for 1988 graduates in their own major, and the salary levels which would make them feel overrewarded and underrewarded. Multivariate analyses of variance performed upon six dependent variables related to perception of pay gave significant over-all main effects for sex. Specifically, men, relative to women, had lower tolerance for underpayment and expected higher starting salaries at the lowest and next lowest points on a salary range which they expected to apply to 1988 graduates in their major fields. No differences were found in tolerance for overpayment or for the two high end-points of the salary range.
SCL-90 Assessed Psychopathology in Pathological Gamblers
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex P. , McConaghy Neil
Published: August 2011

The SCL-90 was administered to 68 pathological gamblers receiving behavioural treatment for uncontrollable gambling to assess the degree of psychopathology present within this recently recognized psychiatric category. Consistent with the literature, pathological gamblers were characterized by high depression, t-test analyses showed pathological gamblers obtained significantly higher scores on all scales than those of normal controls. Five of the scale scores were similar to, and the remainder, with the exception of Depression, were signficantly lower than those of psychiatric outpatients. Results indicate the presence of increased psychopathology in pathological gamblers.
Effect of Biasing an Attitude Scale: Acquiescence, Reactance, or Balancing?
Authors: Duhan Dale F. , Keown Charles F. , Falkenberg Andreas W.
Published: August 2011

In a between-subjects experiment, both attitude statements and instructions were biased in a 3 × 3 factorial design. There was no main effect of biasing instructions and no interaction between instructions and attitude statements, however, there was a main effect of biasing attitude statements. Mean scores of subjects responding to the balanced format were mote favorable to the issue of socialized medicine than subjects responding to the all-positive and all-negative formats. Possible explanations for these results include reactance to the all-positive format and acquiescence to the all-negative format by moderately conservative subjects or balancing by subjects when presented with all-positive or all-negative formats.
Effect of Valence and Structure of Feedback on Reception in Personal Growth Groups
Authors: Pine Charles J. , Jacobs Alfred
Published: August 2011

60 college students participated in a one-time personal growth group experience. Subjects were assigned to one of eight groups. Groups participated in three exercises to promote interpersonal contact. Feedback sessions followed for all groups. Two groups generated and exchanged positive feedback and two groups generated and exchanged negative feedback among group members. Lists of statements (positive or negative) were used as feedback in the other four groups. Major factors were valence, structure, and replication Positive feedback was more credible, desirable, and influential than negative feedback as rated by recipients and donors. Exchanging positive information appears more easily achieved in short-term groups than is negative information, and apparently whether information is invented or selected from lists is not crucial. Group cohesiveness and personality change apparently ate not differentially influenced by main variables. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research.
Low Scores on MMPI Scales 2 and 0 as Indicators of Character Pathology in Men
Authors: Venn Jonathan
Published: August 2011

Seventeen men with low scores on MMPI Scales 2 and 0 showed relatively high incidences of arrest, personal injury, impulsivity, recklessness, deceitfulness, and other indicators of probable character pathology. Subjects were taken from a population of 7,153 adult males who took the MMPI as part of employment screening. Low-2-low-0 subjects were compared with a control group of 142 men randomly selected from the same population. Descriptive statistics, brief case histories, interpretive remarks, and limitations of the present data are presented.
A Study of the Relationships between Personal Characteristics, Life Events, the Type a Behavior Pattern, and Well-Being in Older Adults
Authors: Kopac Catharine A. , Robertson-Tchabo Elizabeth A. , Holt Robert W.
Published: August 2011

21 men and 76 women between the ages of 68.0 and 97.0 yr. of age were administered the Geriatric Scale of Recent Life Events, the Jenkins Activity Survey, the Framingham Type A Scale, and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Happiness Scale. A Type A pattern of behavior was noted for this sample, aspects of well-being were observed differentially by sex, and Type A behavior was predictive of illness for this age group.
Modifying Effects of Coping Strategies on the Relation of Organizational Role Stress and Mental Health
Authors: Srivastava A. K. , Singh H. S.
Published: August 2011

The study examined the modifying effects of ‘approach’ and of ‘avoidance’ coping strategies on the relation of organizational role stress and mental health in a sample of 300 industrial supervisors. A significant positive relationship was noted between role stress and mental ill health. The approach-coping group reported mote role stress but scored lower on the measure of mental ill health in comparison to avoidance-coping group. Analysis also showed that approach-coping markedly alleviated and avoidance-coping strategies intensified the harming effects of role stress on mental health.
Measuring Eriksonian Development in the Adult: The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory
Authors: Darling-Fisher Cynthia S. , Leidy Nancy Kline
Published: August 2011

To measure psychosocial attributes that arise from progression through Erik Erikson's eight stages of development, a new inventory was developed by modifying the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory by Rosenthal, Gurney, and Moore, which assesses Erikson's first six stages of life cycle development. New scales were created to measure the last two stages. To conduct an empirically based revision and evaluate its psychometric qualities, the modified version and potential items for the two new scales were administered to a convenience sample of 168 men and women whose ages ranged from 19 to 86 yr. Alpha reliability coefficients for this 80-item instrument were trust .82, autonomy .84, initiative .78, industry .88, identity .83, intimacy .78, generativity .75, ego integrity .80, and .97 for the entire scale. The construct validity was indicated by positive correlations between chronological age and the attributes associated with adulthood, an increase in mean generativity and ego integrity levels with age, and an association between the strength of attributes and participation in regular exercise. Reliability and validity of this modified inventory were supported.
Effects of Beer and Wine on Male Aggression as Measured by a Paper-and-Pen Test
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were performed testing whether alcohol in the form of beer and wine would increase aggression measured on a self-rating aggression inventory. No significant differences among sober and intoxicated subjects were obtained either for beer or wine. This result was discussed in terms of specific beverage-type effects on aggression, in terms of blood alcohol level, and in terms of the response measure used.
Job Satisfaction and Machiavellian Orientation among Discount Store Executives
Authors: Topol Martin T. , Gable Myron
Published: August 2011

The Mach IV scale and the Index of Job Satisfaction were administered to 212 discount store executives. Female executives scored significantly higher on the Mach IV scale than male executives but not on job satisfaction. A significant negative correlation was observed between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction for the entire sample. Executives with lower Machiavellian scores tend to have higher job satisfaction.
Interpersonal Orientation and Living Group Preferences: A Validity Check on FIRO-B
Authors: Floyd Nubra Elaine
Published: August 2011

Construct validity of Schutz's FIRO-B was tested in terms of correlation with a Living Group Questionnaire developed to assess the interpersonal preferences of 123 students in an experimental college. After controlling for the intercorrelation of FIRO-B subscales, some Living Group Questionnaire items still appeared to tap more than one dimension of interpersonal need, but sex differences were found to account for the overlap. Results were seen as generally substantiating the validity of the FIRO-B.
Prevalence of Panic in Adolescents: A Brief Report
Authors: Zgourides George D. , Warren Ricks
Published: August 2011

In a recent survey of panic attacks administered to 338 high school students, a significant number of adolescents (31.9%) reported experiencing at least one panic attack meeting DSM-III diagnostic criteria. In addition, 4.7% of the students reported experiencing panic severely and frequently enough to fulfill diagnostic criteria for panic disorder. These prevalence rates are consistent with the findings of current research into the incidence of panic phenomena among adults and provide evidence for the commonality of panic across various age groups. As there are few data concerning the incidence of anxiety disorders in adolescents, further investigation into the prevalence of panic in this population is warranted.
A New Scale for the Measurement of Individual Innovativeness Amongst Research and Development Scientists
Authors: Jabri Muayyad M.
Published: August 2011

Within the conceptual framework provided by Koestler, a new measure of innovativeness, with items emphasizing association and bisociation, was constructed. 19 items were selected empirically to form the two subscales corresponding to the two hypothesized types. A heterogeneous sample of 249 individuals was used in validation. Two clearly defined orthogonally rotated factor dimensions were interpreted as describing quite accurately the postulated classification as advanced by Koestler and as furnishing evidence for the inventory's construct validity. Internal consistency estimates of reliability were high for both subscales. Validation efforts, including the assessment of relationships in natural and laboratory settings and correlations with other measures including measures of ability, are in progress.
Test-Retest Reliability of Battle's Anxiety Scale for Children
Authors: Battle James
Published: August 2011

798 boys and girls in Grades 2 through 9 participated in an assessment of the test-retest reliability of Battle's Anxiety Scale for Children, Form Q. Pearsonian correlations at Times 1 and 2 (1 wk. later) for subjects in Grades 2 through 6 were .84, .85, and .83 for all children, boys and girls, respectively. Values for subjects in Grades 7 through 9 were .86, .82, and .90 for all children, boys and girls, respectively.
Correlates of Empathy and Cognitive Style in Early Adolescence
Authors: Wise Pamela Sharratt , Cramer Stanley H.
Published: August 2011

This research examined the correlations among cognitive style, empathic traits, and other variables such as age, sex, grade, school ability, birth order, and school-related achievement, identified from previous empathy and cognitive-style research. Subjects were 840 seventh and eighth grade students. The Hogan Empathy Scale measured empathic disposition globally, while the Interpersonal Reactivity Index measured dimensional traits of empathic concern, personal distress, perspective taking, and fantasy. Cognitive style was assessed on the Group Embedded Figures Test. No significant correlation appeared between empathy and cognitive style as measured by this instrument. Two empathy factors were identified, a general empathic factor and a withdrawn personal distress factor. Correlations with the other variables are presented and discussed.
Using Personal and Family Variates to Predict Patients' Adjustment after Stroke
Authors: Noonan William C. , Evans Ron L. , Hendricks Rob
Published: August 2011

Forty patients diagnosed with strokes were evaluated to examine the contribution of typical stroke-outcome correlates toward personal adjustment. Multiple regression analyses indicated that significant variance in personal adjustment was accounted for by caregivers' anxiety. Compared to community norms, stroke patients were significantly more confused and depressed, but they were no different on interpersonal adjustment. Results may help in developing methods to identify stroke patients at risk for poor adjustment.
Hassles as a Measure of Stress in a Japanese Sample: Preliminary Research
Authors: Nakano Keiko
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationship between hassles and physical/psychological distress in a middle-aged Japanese sample of 64 men and 41 women. Hassles correlated strongly with physical/psychological symptoms, supporting the use of hassles as a predictor of adaptational outcomes.
An Empirical Investigation of Role Schemata: Occupations and Personality Characteristics
Authors: Levy David A. , Kaler Sandra R. , Schall Matthew
Published: August 2011

This study concerned the nature of stereotyping of occupational role information. The sample ( N = 110; 56 women, 54 men) ranged in age from 15 to 71 yr. ( M = 31 yr.). Subjects were asked to rate the extent to which 12 personality characteristics (introverted/extraverted, leader/follower, cold/warm, idealistic/realistic, competitive/cooperative, concerned with self/concerned with others, generous/greedy, high-strung/relaxed, honest/dishonest, feminine/masculine, logical/emotional, intelligent/non-intelligent) typify people in 14 occupations (teacher, business executive, actor, lawyer, librarian, clergy, homemaker, police, doctor, secretary, therapist, nurse, repair person, athlete). Multidimensional scaling procedures indicated that the predominant dimension differentiating the perceived personalities of persons in these occupations was achievement orientation versus helping orientation. Results show that people have well-developed schemata regarding the personalities of others in a number of different occupations. Recommendations for research are discussed.
Differences between Students' Values at Two Schools
Authors: Addleman John A.
Published: August 2011

116 undergraduates from a Christian liberal arts college (25 men and 91 women) and 91 undergraduates from a state university (34 men and 57 women) were given the Rokeach Value Survey. Two-sample t tests indicated that the subjects at the two schools ranked 5 of the 18 values significantly differently at p ≤ .05, 3 at p ≤ .01 level, and 4 at p ≤ .001. At the .001 level, “A Comfortable Life” and “Pleasure” were ranked significantly higher by students at the secular university, and “Salvation” and “Wisdom” were ranked significantly higher by students at the religious institution. Three explanations for these results are given.
Objective and Subjective Factors in Estimating Life Expectancy
Authors: Robbins Rosemary A.
Published: August 2011

This study was undertaken to elaborate on how people estimate their personal life spans. Undergraduates (49 women and 27 men) reported on their expected personal life spans, rough estimates of life spans in their families, and actual ages at death of family members, and then took Templer's 1970 Death Anxiety Scale. Correlational analyses indicated that the subjective factor of “rough” estimate of family life span was most strongly correlated with personal subjective life expectancy, replicating previous findings. When only “objective” or reality-based factors were considered, subjective life expectancy was correlated significantly with a corrected average age at death of family members as adjusted to eliminate “nonnatural cause” deaths. Multiple regression analyses showed that personal life expectancy is best predicted by the subjective factors of “rough” family-life expectancy and the Death Anxiety Scale.
Stress, Locus of Control, and Achievement of High School Seniors
Authors: Cole Tony , Sapp Gary L.
Published: August 2011

High school seniors in the top and bottom quartiles of achievement ( ns = 30) showed locus of control was strongly related to tension-stress, those internally oriented showing lower tension-stress. Number of life changes was associated with tension-stress; girls scored higher than boys. School-related stress was deemed to be an important factor in the lives of these students.
Comparison of Two Diagnostic Methods for Disturbance Problems
Authors: Brightman Harvey J. , Sayeed Lutfus
Published: August 2011

Managers were trained in the Kepner and Tregoe and the Fact Net diagnostic methods. Afterwards, subjects chose one method to diagnose a major problem which had occurred several years earlier in their organization. Diagnostic accuracy and time were the effectiveness measures. Both methods were equally effective. Problem solvers can choose either method to diagnose disturbance problems successfully.
Stress in a Seminar on Stress: A Methodological Study
Authors: Weybrew Benjamin B. , Jex Steve
Published: August 2011

16 graduate students in a seminar on stress responded to a 30-item adjective scale (anxious, tense, weak, etc.) during a nonstressful situation and again after a difficult test was introduced. The Incremental R-technique of factor analysis applied to the 30 × 30 difference-score correlation matrix yielded 10 factors, whose structure clearly indicated the hypothesis-generating possibilities of this analytical method, which should be applied to a larger data base.
Personality Inventory for Children: Selected Scales in Differentiating Conduct-Disordered and Emotionally Disturbed Students
Authors: Kelly Edward J.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of scores on selected scales from the Personality Inventory for Children (Lie, Depression, Delinquency, Withdrawal, Anxiety, Psychosis, Asocial Behavior, and Reality Distortion) which differentiate between students previously identified as “conduct disordered” or “emotionally disturbed” indicated that these scales, with the exception of Anxiety, can significantly differentiate between the two groups at elementary and secondary school levels, and between all conduct-disordered and emotionally disturbed boys across school grades. While most comparisons for girls fell short of significance because their numbers were limited, the relative differences on the various scales were similar to those obtained for the boys' groups. Applications from these results for the diagnostic uses of the Personality Inventory for Children and for research were suggested.