bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artistic Functions
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan
Published: February 2020

Chapter 9 seeks to underwrite an explanation mooted in earlier chapters of the existence of inconsistent affective norms across fictions and real life: the norms that are recognized to govern affective, desire-like, and evaluative engagements with works of art follow from the distinctive functions by which those works are constituted. This functional view of art, articulated in general aesthetic and ontological terms, is defended against both those who assert that works of art have no function (committing to a version of artistic autonomy) and those who would identify a set of particular functions all works of art have qua art. This chapter concludes by showing that that functional view has the resources to explain how ethical considerations can bear an internal relation to the evaluation of fictions in artistic terms.
Prologue
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

In 1955, Martha Graham and her company of diverse dancers landed in Japan to begin their first official State Department–sponsored tour of Asia and the Middle East to countries that President Dwight D. Eisenhower designated as the “domino nations,” or those most likely to fall to communist influence. On the tarmac, Graham was greeted by mass crowds and children bearing bouquets. American modern dance challenged the Soviet ballet, as a tour by Galina Ulanova preceding Graham. Newspapers announced, “U.S. and Soviet Competition in Dancing: Graham and Ulanova.” Graham triumphed with her abstract works alongside tales from the Western canon, fractured narratives, and female protagonists, all to describe the “soul of mankind.” Graham became useful as she attached herself to Eisenhower’s American battle for “hearts and minds,” particularly since she added the frontier and its pioneers to the cast of archetypes presented onstage in “the language that needs no words,” and embodied what she called the “universal.” Graham was heralded as an ambassadress during high-level diplomatic exchanges and embassy parties on the “cocktail circuit of diplomacy.” Graham and her company also functioned as diplomats when they engaged with the public during lecture-demonstrations and shopping for artifacts. While Graham proclaimed that her work was “universal,” and thus not political, one critic remarked that “the patriotic placing of American national interest at the end with Appalachian Spring” served “to underscore the diplomatic nature of this cultural mission.” Graham’s dances were modernist and seemingly apolitical art as creatures of Cold War politics.
How Martha Graham Became a Cultural Ambassador
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

Writing about cultural diplomacy the year before Martha Graham left on her maiden tour, the United States Information Agency concluded, “Events should be planned and ‘planted’ to implement propaganda themes.” Unpacking the telling of modern dance history and Martha Graham’s position as both the global dance “Picasso” and the American “First Lady of Modern Dance” reveals how Graham’s tours became useful to the US government. During the interwar period, a formal definition of “modern dance” in the United States began with references to the pre–World War I and interwar Germans, with dancers seeking to create a distinctive medium informed by modernist tenets through a concept of the “free dance.” American Isadora Duncan, a “Mother of Modern Dance,” had performed for Lenin in the newly founded communist state, and then penned, “I See America Dancing.” Graham’s studies with Denishawn included “oriental” references in its new choreography, as well as Americana. With the rhetoric of Frederick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis, Duncan, Shawn, Graham, and others explored a new dance for the United States in writing and practice: Graham used a technique of distillation and abstraction in Lamentation, and then utilized the approach with American pioneers and frontier nationalism. Thus in the United States, post–World War II scholars asserted that modernism could have emerged only from the “land of the free,” and not from totalitarian states such as Germany or Japan, and certainly not the Soviet Union. Freedom and universalism found through an exploration of the human psyche—tenets built into the form by Germans, Japanese, and Soviet followers—became particularly important in the Cold War “psychwar” campaigns once claimed as “distinctly American.”
“Dedicated to Freedom”
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

In West Berlin, 1957, Graham performed her solo Judith during the opening ceremonies of Congress Hall, an American-designed modernist building that, with its transparent glass walls, luminous curved roof, and reflecting pool, was a “symbol of the Free World,” according to the German press, situated just one hundred yards from the line dividing West Berlin from East, liberal democracy from communism. Modernism in dance met the architecture of diplomacy. “We should have the freedom of modern dancing as well as that of speech,” Graham declared when she arrived in Berlin; she embodied the modern impulse and the ideal of freedom and democracy that came with it. Led by Eleanor Lansing Dulles, the sister of both John Foster, Eisenhower’s secretary of state, and Allen, director of the CIA, the Americans planning the inauguration of Congress Hall understood that with Martha Graham, they had a cultural ambassador who was “dedicated to freedom.” However, bringing heavy-handed references to the nation’s Nazi past, Graham received poor reviews in Germany. A few days later, Graham watched as Mary Wigman received raves. Yet the Congress Hall committee reported back that Graham’s performance could be considered a success because up to half of the elite audience was from East Germany. Graham received a polite but curt note from Dulles and began drinking heavily after returning home to choreograph Clytemnestra, the first three-act modern ballet.
“Forever Modern”
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

Just weeks before Graham was to leave on her tour under Nixon, he resigned. “My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over,” the new president, Gerald R. Ford, declared. For Graham, having Ford in the White House and Henry Kissinger at the State Department promised to be a dream come true. The new first lady, Betty Bloomer Ford, had been Graham’s student and performed with the company in her youth; Kissinger supported Graham’s upcoming tour. Graham became a political bond in a moment of triage. “A principal objective of the Graham visit is political,” declared a State Department official. “Or politico-cultural,” he then corrected himself. Graham would begin in South Korea and then travel to Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma, and South Vietnam. She would also return to Japan, but since she was popular there, box office receipts would pay her way. The itinerary reflected Nixon and Kissinger’s desire to soothe any mayhem regarding their desire to open China to the West, a policy continued by Ford. With the publicity of Soviet ballet defections, Graham promised the first lady that she would deploy Nureyev for a new work of Americana for a gala in New York upon her return. Americana was back on board with Graham “center stage” as a matriarch of what came to be described as “historic” or even “old-fashioned” modernism.
Dancing along the Wall
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

“You Are Leaving the American Sector,” signs read as Martha Graham and her company crossed from West Germany to celebrate Berlin’s 750th anniversary. The East German government sought reunification; for the communists, “reunification,” “peace,” and thus the promise of “human bonds” became political weapons. Although the “Stalin Note” in 1952 promised West Germans “the rights of man” and some freedoms, Stalin demanded military neutrality. The US and West German governments finally decided it was communist propaganda. “Peace” remained a contested term with the “peaceful Soviets,” positioned against a “warmongering America.” Graham’s East Berlin repertory featured Frontier, the same work of Americana that had she had presented at the White House in 1937 and then more recently under Gerald Ford. Unlike Graham’s pioneer woman, East Berliners stood in front of a wall, a barbed-wire fence; Graham’s dancer stood in front of a fence and envisioned an expansionist future—not a stopping point. “The girl is seeing a great landscape, untrammeled,” Graham said to an East German of her pioneer woman, performed by an African American dancer to emphasize racial inclusion as an American tenet: “It’s the appetite for space, which is one of the characteristics of America. It’s one of the things that has made us pioneers.” Five months later, Ronald Reagan stood in the West demanding, “Tear down this wall.” Reagan and Graham worked in tandem to bring East Germany into the Western fold.
Coda
Authors: Phillips Victoria
Published: February 2020

In the early spring of 1989, First Lady Barbara Bush received Martha Graham at the White House for a social call and a discussion of Graham’s upcoming tour, again “behind the Iron Curtain.” They exchanged gifts but also broke with protocol as they played with the Bush dogs; a relaxed familiarity infused the women’s smiles as the new pups jumped on Graham’s lap. The company would return to Poland and Yugoslavia, move to Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and then finish in Russia, appearing in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Graham prepared for the tour with a gala featuring Mikhail Baryshnikov, the newest Soviet defector, in a “premiere” of American Document, with Baryshnikov dancing and reciting words from American documents such as the Declaration of Independence. Graham would come out of retirement as a dancer, and a film of her dancing with the defector would be shown on tour. Graham recruited Barbara Bush to become gala chair, and wrote notes describing the tour plans. Although the Wall would not fall until November, the month Graham was to perform in the bloc nations, peaceful revolts began to take place in Poland and Hungary. Reserved in his approach, President Bush may not have appreciated Graham’s heavy-handed Americana. Remaining ever-contemporary, Graham’s tour scout returned from Moscow to the United States, sharing a plane with Donald Trump’s own real estate scout. The Bush tour never took place. Graham passed away on April Fool’s Day, in 1991, the same year the Cold War officially ended.
Divested
Authors: Lin Ken-Hou , Neely Megan Tobias
Published: February 2020

Finance is an inescapable part of American life. From how one pursues an education, buys a home, runs a business, or saves for retirement, finance orders the lives of ordinary Americans. And as finance continues to expand, inequality soars. This book demonstrates why widening inequality cannot be understood without examining the rise of finance. The growth of the financial sector has dramatically transformed the American economy by redistributing resources from workers and families into the hands of owners, executives, and financial professionals. The average American is now divested from a world driven by the maximization of financial profit. The book provides systematic evidence to document how the ascendance of finance on Wall Street, Main Street, and among households is a fundamental cause of economic inequality. It argues that finance has reshaped the economy in three important ways. First, the financial sector extracts resources from the economy at large without providing commensurate economic benefit to those outside the financial services industry. Second, firms in other economic sectors have become increasingly involved in lending and speculative investing, which weakens the demand for labor and the bargaining power of workers. And third, the shift of risks and uncertainties once shouldered by unions, corporations, and governments onto families escalates the consumption of financial products, which in turns exacerbates wealth inequality.
American Life in Debt
Authors: Lin Ken-Hou , Neely Megan Tobias
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines how financialization exacerbates inequality through the expansion of household debt. It identifies three primary avenues through which household debt has become a primary driver of inequality among families. First, families have unequal access to credit. Those who need it the most are the least likely to have access to credit; when they do, these families face the heaviest financial burden for taking out credit. Second, those who are well-off have abundant access to cheap credit and use that credit as a part of a household investment strategy that bolsters their wealth. Third, though policymakers have long championed credit as a solution to inequalities in wages and in labor markets, the expansion of credit is inadequate for addressing economic hardship. Credit can provide relief to a family in the short term, but it deepens economic divisions over time.
The Aftermath
Authors: Lin Ken-Hou , Neely Megan Tobias
Published: February 2020

The 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath exacerbated both income and wealth inequality. Incomes remained steady for top earners but dropped for the bottom 60 percent of earners. The mortgage crisis signaled a collapse in wealth for middle- and working-class families. Chapter 7 traces the major developments since the financial crisis, showing how most regulatory and legal responses were designed to boost liquidity, reduce systematic risk, and penalize fraudulent activities in financial markets. While working toward these goals, these policies simultaneously facilitated the increased concentration of financial market power and intensified the intertwinement of Wall Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, the private intermediation of public services, and the dominance of finance in corporate governance. In the end, these policies have done more to restore than reform the financial order.
Conclusion
Authors: Lin Ken-Hou , Neely Megan Tobias
Published: February 2020

This concluding chapter uses the example of a 1965 study by social psychologist Melvin Lerner and another later study he conducted with Carolyn Simmons to introduce the thesis of this book. These experiments lead to the Just World Hypothesis. In this, Lerner argued that, to gain a basic sense of control, people needed to believe that the world (or at least the environment relevant to themselves) is fundamentally just. The central thesis of this book is not quite as clear-cut as that, rather it has been that the rise of finance is a fundamental cause of the growing economic inequality in the United States. This concluding chapter goes on to expand on that thesis. Finally, it looks beyond the United States and to the future.
Estrogen Receptors at the Membrane
Authors: Tonn Eisinger Katherine R. , Mermelstein Paul G. , Meitzen John
Published: February 2020

Recent research has established that modified versions of classical estrogen receptors (ERs) act at the membrane to influence neuronal function. Specifically, palmitoylated ERα and ERβ stimulate signal transduction pathways from the membrane through transactivation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Caveolin (Cav) proteins assemble mGluR and ER into functional signaling microdomains, with the pairing of specific mGluR and ER varying by brain region and Cav isoform. Palmitoylation regulates the trafficking, localization, and interaction of these proteins by allowing association with membrane lipid rafts. This chapter outlines the discovery that the same ERs responsible for nuclear signaling act at the plasma membrane to exert a wide array of effects. Membrane-associated ER signaling affects molecular, structural, and physiological states, leading to system-level changes in circuit dynamics and, ultimately, behavior.
Rapid Modulation of Spinogenesis by Estradiol in the Neocortex
Authors: Srivastava Deepak P. , Sellers Katherine J. , Evans Peter D.
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores our recent advances in our understanding of how estrogens can modulate spinogenesis within the cortex and its relevance for estrogenic-regulation of cognition. It describes how estrogens, including 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptor modulators, rapidly modify dendritic spine density concurrently with influencing cognitive behaviors that require cortical processing. Furthermore, it reviews the evidence that these effects are not limited to female animals but may represent a relevant mechanism in the male brain. This chapter will also explore the emerging role for a novel estrogen receptor, G-protein estrogen receptor (GPER), in mediating the rapid effects of estrogens on dendritic spines. Finally, the chapter also reviews the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie rapid estrogenic signaling, linking this signaling to the modulation of spinogenesis, which may ultimately provide a cellular model by which estrogens can produce long-lasting changes in neural circuitry.
Estrogenic Regulation of Synaptic Actin Proteins and Plasticity
Authors: Kramár Enikö A.
Published: February 2020

Estrogens are rapid and potent facilitators of synaptic plasticity in the adult brain; however, the steps that link estrogens to factors that regulate synaptic strength remain unclear. The present chapter will first review the acute effects of 17β-estradiol on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP). It will then describe a synaptic model used to study the substrates of LTP and provide evidence for the ability of estradiol to rapidly engage a selective actin signaling cascade associated with the consolidation of LTP. Finally, it will be shown that chronic reductions in estradiol levels disrupt LTP and actin dynamics but can be reversed by acute infusions of the hormone. It is concluded here that estradiol can promote learning-related plasticity by modifying the synaptic cytoskeleton.
Estrogenic Regulation of Glia and Neuroinflammation
Authors: Crespo-Castrillo Andrea , Arevalo Maria Angeles , Garcia-Segura Luis M. , Yanguas-Casás Natalia
Published: February 2020

This chapter on estrogenic regulation of glia and neuroinflammation reviews the role of glial cells in the modulation of synaptic function under physiological conditions and in the regulation of the neuroinflammatory response under pathological conditions. The anti-inflammatory actions of estradiol on astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia and the implication of these actions for the neuroprotective and tissue repair effects of the hormone are also discussed. Finally, the therapeutic potential of synthetic and natural estrogenic compounds for the control of neuroinflammation is examined. Because reducing neuroinflammation prevents the progressive loss of neural structure and function that leads to functional and mental impairments, regulation of glial cell activation via estradiol is a promising therapeutic approach.
Estrogenic Regulation of Spatial Memory in Songbirds
Authors: Bailey David J. , Saldanha Colin J.
Published: February 2020

Birds are excellent animal models in studies of cognition, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and sex differences in behavior. Experiments with diverse avian species have revealed a potent modulation of neuroanatomy and complex brain function by steroids, both during development and adulthood. This chapter describes some of the foundational and more recent developments in the estrogenic modulation of spatial memory function, as well as related studies regarding effects of the steroid on auditory discrimination and memory for song in passerines. More specifically, the chapter describes the evolution of our understanding of how locally synthesized and rapidly acting estradiol modulates higher cognitive functions in this varied and important vertebrate class, as well as the mechanisms whereby this synaptic aromatization may underlie the learning and retention of these behaviors.
Estrogenic Regulation of Recognition Memory and Spinogenesis
Authors: Luine Victoria N. , Frankfurt Maya
Published: February 2020

This chapter reviews the relationship between estrogens, memory, and dendritic spine plasticity. Estrogens, given systemically or directly into the hippocampus, enhance memory consolidation in object recognition and object placement tasks within minutes of application. Dendritic spine density in the CA1 area of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex increases under the same conditions, suggesting that changes in dendritic spine density are an important component of estrogen’s ability to impact memory processes. Possible receptors and signaling pathways mediating the molecular mechanisms in response to estrogen are discussed. Although the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated, research to date suggests that modulation of dendritic spines by estradiol is a key component in promotion of memory consolidation.
Puberty
Authors: Juraska Janice M.
Published: February 2020

This chapter reviews the remodeling of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence, which occurs in both humans and rats. Other neural regions involved in cognitive behavior are also affected, but the majority of evidence at this time comes from the prefrontal cortex where synapses, dendrites, and neurons are pruned while myelination of the underlying white matter increases. There are studies that indicate at least some of these changes are triggered by the hormones of puberty. The most definitive of these are in rats where the ovarian hormones have been implicated. The neural remodeling during adolescence also influences cognitive behavior, again with some evidence for puberty initiating the change. Future studies examining cognitive behavior during adolescence should account for pubertal status and for the sex difference in the age of pubertal onset, since this may be at least as important chronological age.
Estrogenic Regulation of Hippocampal Neurogenesis Throughout the Lifespan
Authors: Yagi Shunya , Eid Rand S. , Qiu Wansu , Duarte-Guterman Paula , Galea Liisa A. M.
Published: February 2020

Neurogenesis in the hippocampus exists across a number of species, including humans. Steroid hormones, such as estrogens, modulate neurogenesis dependent on age, reproductive experience and sex. Findings are discussed in the chapter with reference to how neurogenesis in the hippocampus is related to learning and memory. Natural fluctuations in ovarian hormones or removal of ovaries modulate neurogenesis in the short term but not in the long term. Maternal experience has long-lasting effects on neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Acute estrogens increase proliferation in adult female rodents, but influence survival of new neurons dependent on a number of factors including sex, cognitive training, type of estrogen, and whether or not cells were produced under estrogens. This chapter outlines findings indicating that estrogens can be strong modulators of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which may have implications for disorders involving hippocampal dysfunction that target women.
Effects of Estradiol on Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons and Their Impact on Cognitive Performance and Age-Related Cognitive Decline
Authors: Gibbs Robert B.
Published: February 2020

Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain play an important role in modulating wakefulness, alertness, and selective attention and contribute significantly to learning and memory processes. These neurons also are affected by estrogens. Loss of circulating estrogens negatively impacts the functionality of cholinergic projections to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, resulting in impaired cognitive performance. These effects can be reversed by appropriate estrogen treatment or treatment with selective estrogen receptor agonists. Evidence also suggests that the cholinergic neurons play an essential role in enabling effects of estrogens on synaptic plasticity, which benefit cognitive performance. This chapter summarizes evidence for estrogen effects on basal forebrain cholinergic projections and the relevance of these findings to the maintenance of cognitive performance and to the prevention of age- and disease-related cognitive decline in women.
Estrogenic Regulation of Synaptic Health and Cognition in Aging Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Crimins Johanna L. , Hara Yuko , Morrison John H.
Published: February 2020

A compelling case can be made for estrogen’s role in maintaining synaptic health in the context of cognitive aging. This chapter first reviews clinical literature pertinent to estrogenic actions on cognition in menopausal women. Next, the authors provide a comprehensive summary of recent investigations in aging rhesus monkeys, which have emerged as a particularly powerful model for the study of synaptic and cognitive effects of both natural and surgical menopause. In particular, we focus on hippocampal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurons and circuits that degenerate in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. The responsiveness of these brain regions to estrogen and implications for their related memory systems are discussed. Finally, the chapter highlights work that needs to be done to more fully understand the molecular basis for the complex interplay between menopause, aging, and vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease in higher cognitive function and synaptic health.
Oral Contraceptive Effects on Cognition
Authors: Patel Soniya Assudani , McQuade Courtney , Astur Robert S.
Published: February 2020

Oral contraception (OC) has been a common method of birth control for decades, yet the effects of this hormone manipulation on cognition are largely unknown. Although some studies have addressed this subject, efforts to make definitive conclusions are hampered by methodological issues including variations in OC type and hormone constituents, inconsistencies in cognitive tasks used, and insufficient power to detect effects. This chapter will review existing data on the effects of OCs on verbal memory, spatial memory, and emotional memory. It ends by considering ways in which to improve the methodological approaches used in studies of OCs to enable a better understanding of the ways in which these exogenous hormone treatments may influence cognitive function.
Estrogen Neuroprotection and Anti-Inflammation Actions in the Hippocampus
Authors: Thakkar Roshni D. , Wang Ruimin , Sareddy Gangadhara R. , Vadlamudi Ratna K. , Brann Darrell W.
Published: February 2020

The steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) is neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative conditions, including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This chapter focuses on the evidence supporting a neuroprotective role of E2 in the hippocampus in cerebral ischemia and AD and reviews various mechanisms thought to underlie E2-induced neuroprotection. Specifically, the chapter discusses the mechanistic role of (a) the various estrogen receptor subtypes, (b) genomic versus nongenomic signaling, (c) regulation of the prosurvival Wnt/β−catenin pathway, and (d) anti-inflammatory effects of E2 in the hippocampus. Finally, we also discuss the role of a novel estrogen receptor co-activator protein, proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) in mediating E2 genomic and non-genomic signaling, as well as the neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of E2 in the hippocampus.
Estradiol and Sex Differences in Generalized Fear
Authors: Adkins Jordan M. , Jasnow Aaron M. , Lynch Joseph F.
Published: February 2020

In the United States, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders has reached nearly epidemic proportions. Years of research has focused on the link between 17β-estradiol and the sex differences observed in anxiety disorders. Evidence suggests that estradiol plays a critical role in the way female rodents and women respond in various tasks assessing anxiety-like behaviors, fear learning, and fear extinction. One hallmark feature of many anxiety disorders is the tendency to express fear to nonthreatening contexts or cues. This generalized fear supports spreading of fear responses and can serve to maintain anxiety states. This chapter reviews the literature linking estradiol to anxiety behavior in female rodents and anxiety in women, including research on estradiol in fear learning and fear extinction. The chapter also presents data suggesting that female rats generalize fear at a faster rate than males, and this is due to estradiol. Through a series of experiments, the authors determine that estradiol promotes contextual fear generalization in female rats through activation of cytosolic estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) within the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus (dCA1). Additionally, estradiol promotes fear generalization likely through augmented glutamatergic signaling within the dCA1 and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, in males, estradiol (and testosterone) function to reduce fear generalization and do so by activation of both ERβ and ERα within the dCA1. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the critical role of estradiol in context fear generalization will yield the knowledge and information necessary for developing novel, sex-specific, treatments for anxiety disorders.
Role of Estrogens in Addiction-Related Learning
Authors: Yousuf Hanna
Published: February 2020

Females exhibit more vulnerability to cocaine abuse compared to males. Sexually dimorphic patterns of cocaine seeking have been observed in both humans and rodents during the different stages of the addiction cycle. While cocaine pharmacokinetics play a minimal role in driving sex differences in addictive behaviors, hormonal influences may be responsible for the reinforcing properties of cocaine in females. In particular, 17β-estradiol (E2), enhances performance in a variety of learning paradigms and may act to enhance the formation of drug-related learning. Paradoxically, preclinical work demonstrates that the memory-enhancing effects of E2 may also aid to suppress cocaine seeking via extinction training. In addition to discussing how E2 mediates cocaine use in females, this chapter provides neurobiological mechanisms underlying E2’s influence on cocaine addiction. Finally, this chapter discusses potential strategies for novel therapeutic interventions for female cocaine addicts.
Introduction
Authors: Brennan Matt
Published: February 2020

This chapter explains the motivations for researching the social history of the drum kit. It traces the history of drummer jokes and outlines the structure of the chapters to follow. Chapter 1 traces the racist roots of linking drummers to primitive stereotypes and contrasts this against the cleverness of drummers that culminated in the invention of the drum. Chapter 2 shows how drummers in fact contributed to redefining the boundaries between noise and music. Chapter 3 reveals how drummers developed new conventions of literacy while standardizing both the components and performance practice of their instrument. Chapter 4 examines the development of the status of drummers as creative artists. Chapter 5 looks at drumming as a form of musical labour. Chapter 6 considers attempts to replace the drum kit and drummers with new technologies, and how such efforts ultimately underscored the centrality of the drum kit as part of the contemporary soundscape.
Noisy drummers, ragtime, jazz, and the avant-garde
Authors: Brennan Matt
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the early drum kit and how it challenged preconceptions about the relationship between noise and music. First, it explores the development of ragtime music. Second, it examines the negative impact of the early music scholarship on the status of the drum kit and drummers. Third, it discusses the profession of trap drummers and their role in performing sound effects for silent film. Fourth, it discusses the challenges facing women who wished to become professional drummers, the association between percussive noise and immigrant cultures, the influence of Chinese instruments on the early drum kit, and the origins of Tin Pan Alley. Fifth, it examines the role of the drum kit in the birth of jazz. Sixth, it explores the drum kit and drummers in 1920s recording studios. Finally, it examines the influence of the drum kit and other percussion instruments in classical music.
Studious drummers, selling drum outfits, standardization, and stardom
Authors: Brennan Matt
Published: February 2020

Literacy, education, and standardization were key steps forward in consolidating the drum kit’s legitimacy in the 1930s. This chapter examines the biographies of many early drummers and how they learnt to play the drum kit. Arguments over how to play the drum kit were inseparable from the changing form of the drum kit itself, as manufacturers like Ludwig, Slingerland, Leedy, and Gretsch competed to sell standardized, pre-bundled drum kits in their catalogues rather than the hodge-podge, self-assembled drum kits of the past. This chapter discusses the creation of an international market for drum kits through a combination of instrument innovation, education, and old-fashioned hucksterism. Drum manufacturers created their own newsletters as a way of convincing drummers to buy their product. The chapter also examines the career of swing era drummer Gene Krupa, comparing him with African-American drummer Chick Webb, an influential but less well known drumming bandleader.
Publics
Authors: Gordon Eric , Mugar Gabriel
Published: February 2020

This chapter reviews concepts of the public, from Aristotle to Dewey, and challenges singular notions of the public good, which can exclude a wide variety of perspectives and subjectivities. The consideration of publics—how they form and communicate—is introduced as central to the work of civic design. This includes understanding the mass media ecosystem and how small and large groups interact within that larger context. Unlike human-centered design that focuses on the needs of individual users, civic design considers the needs of a plurality of publics and considers the power relations that organize them. A case study of a role playing game in New York’s Participatory Budgeting process is introduced, along with several other examples of civic designers deliberately and thoughtfully cultivating publics.
The Stone Inscription of Tsogt Taij (Čoɣtu Tayiǰi)
Authors: Baumann Brian
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides an English translation of the stone inscription of Čoγtu Tayiǰi. Čoγtu Tayiǰi was a Mongolian prince over the Khalkha people in what today is the country of Mongolia. He lived in the waning years of the Yuan Dynasty (1260–1635) and died patronizing Sakyapa Buddhism in war against rising Gèlukpa hegemony under the Fifth Dalai Lama and his benefactor, Güüshi Khan of the Oirad Qoshod clan. The inscription, said to have been composed by him upon ascending to the summit of a lofty mountain in the Khangai range during a hunting expedition, is an elegy of the Buddhist world, expressing love and longing for a paternal aunt who recently had moved to a faraway land. The poem is said to have been taken down by a page named Erke who was with him at the time (in the late summer of 1621) and then inscribed in stone a few years later (in 1624) by another page, this one named Dayičing, and a knight named Güyeng.
Siregetü Güüsi Čorǰi’s Treatise that Contains the Complete Meanings of the Most Important [Buddhist Concepts] To Be Used (The Last Chapter)
Authors: Bareja-Starzyńska Agata
Published: February 2020

This chapter presents the last part of the manual of Buddhism composed by Siregetü Güüsi Čorǰi entitled Čiqula kereglegči tegüs udq-a-tu šastir. It is a lexicon of Buddhist technical terms, which are sometimes accompanied by short explanations. Siregetü Güüsi Čorǰi’s work can be regarded as a pioneering attempt of rendering diverse Buddhist terms in the Mongolian language, before a full translation of the Tibetan Kanjur (T. bka’ ’gyur) into Mongolian was completed in 1629. Moreover, Mongolian Buddhist terminological dictionaries appeared much later in the eighteenth century. The manual was used by Siregetü Güüsi Čorǰi’s contemporaries and by the later generations of Mongolian Buddhists until modern times.
The Autobiography of the First Khalkha Zaya Paṇḍita Lobsang Trinley
Authors: Ujeed Sangseraima
Published: February 2020

The First Zaya Paṇḍita Lobsang Trinley (Tib. Blo bzang ’phrin las, Mong. Luvsanphrinle, 1642–1715) was and remains known as one of the most prolific Mongolian Buddhist masters in history. Despite his desire to stay in Tibet to continue his study of Buddhism, he was sent back to Mongolia to spread the Dharma among the Mongols by the Fifth Dalai Lama, which sets his experience aside from many of his peers. His autobiography translated and presented here is the first known Tibetan language biographical work authored by a Mongolian and went on to have a huge influence on Buddhist biographical writing in Mongolian lands. Although following what the author saw to be the idealized model of Tibetan Buddhist biographical writing, this work also weaves in stylistically Mongolian characteristics. The author’s own experience contained within, as well as the way in which this life story is presented, created a piece of writing that is able to personify the amalgamated Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhist world of the seventeenth century.
Zava Damdin’s Beautifying Ornament for the Mind of the Faithful: A Praise-Biography of My Root Lama Vajradhara, He Who Possesses the Three Types of Kindness, the Great Mahāpaṇḍita Endowed with Excellent Discipline and Learning Named “Sanjaa”
Authors: King Matthew W.
Published: February 2020

This chapter presents a unique devotional biography from Khalkha by Zava Damdin Luvsandamdin (1867–1937) about his beloved guru Sanjaa (1837–1906). Completed in the late summer of 1914, some three years after the collapse of the Qing and the formation of a perilous Mongolian autonomous theocracy in 1911, Beautifying Ornament provides rare details about the life of an otherwise little-known Mongolian luminary from the late imperial period. Written in Tibetan and employing literary genres shared by that time across the Tibeto-Mongolian cultural interface, Beautifying Ornament sets narrative details proper to an “outer biography” (Tib. phyi rnam) into devotional verse (Tib. bstod) joined with a concluding “seven-limb prayer” liturgy directed to the departed Sanjaa for regular recitation by his disciples. Beautifying Ornament also illuminates the understudied globalisms of nineteenth-century Mongolian Buddhist life that sustained zones of contact and exchange between Mongol, Chinese, Tibetan, Nepalese, Japanese, Russian, and Indian Buddhist communities, scholastic institutions, and pilgrimage sites.
Didactic Poetry of Danzanravjaa
Authors: Wickham-Smith Simon
Published: February 2020

The work of the nineteenth-century monk, poet, and scholar Danzanravjaa (1803–1856) offers a philosophically profound, yet imagistically accessible, teaching on Buddhist practice. In presenting the central ideas of Buddhism in the language of the nomadic herders among whom he lived, Danzanravjaa communicated the experience of meditation, of cause and effect, and of the important social effects of spiritual practice, in the language of travel, landscape, and the natural world. Danzanravjaa’s approach, both to Buddhism and to his students, is reflected today in the renewed popularity of his work.
The Khalkha Zaya Paṇḍita’s Smoke Offering Rituals to the Khangai Mountain Range
Authors: Teleki Krisztina
Published: February 2020

This chapter introduces the life and activity of the Khalkha Zaya Paṇḍita, Luvsanprinlei (Tib. Blo bzang ‘phrin las, 1642–1719), briefly describes his sixteen smoke offering ritual texts, and provides a translation of selected five short texts dedicated to different geographical sites in the Khangai Mountain Range. The five texts reflect the Mongols’ belief in spirit landowners, or caretakers, who must be pacified and pleased with offerings and encouraged to ensure prosperity and well-being. The male deity of the Khangai Range, together with its female consort, has manifold retinues, including local gods and spirits who live in nearby valleys, lakes, and springs. The colophons of the five texts mention Zaya Paṇḍita as the author, and they name monks and laypeople who encouraged and supported him. The five texts illustrate how smoke offering practices spread at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Mongolia. Several geographical sites mentioned in the texts can be identified in the current area of Arkhangai, Zavkhan, and Bayankhongor provinces.
Ritual Texts of Mergen Gegeen
Authors: Ujeed Uranchimeg
Published: February 2020

Mergen Gegeen’s popular ritual texts combine the traditional Mongolian folk literature with Buddhist liturgical patterns. In this way, Mergen Gegeen infused Buddhist ideas into popular practices. A Rosary of Wish-Granting Jewels for Offering to the Tngri and Nāgas Mergren Gegeen clearly states that anything can be absorbed by Buddhism as long as it is within the framework of Buddhist doctrine and on the right path to serve the living beings. In the two texts concerning Muna Qan, An Extensive Prayer to the Glorious Muna Qan: The Immediate Wish-Granting Jewel Herein and The Smoke Offering and Offering to Glorious Muna Qan and to the Masters of Water Called the Jewel Mighty King, Mergen Gegeen attempts to convert a local pre-Buddhist deity Muna Qan into a protector of the Dharma.
Ritual Texts Dedicated to the White Old Man with Examples from the Classical Mongolian and Oirat (Clear Script) Textual Corpora
Authors: Birtalan Ágnes
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines some examples from the ritual text corpora written in “Classical Mongolian” and in Oirat “Clear Script,” dedicated to the veneration of the Mongolian nature deity, the White Old Man. The deity’s mythology, iconography, and the variety of ritual genres connected to him have been extensively studied. However, the rich textual corpus, especially the newly discovered Oirat incense offering texts and the various aspects of the White Old Man’s contemporary popularity among all Mongolian ethnic groups, evokes the revision of the deity’s ethos. Being a primordial nature spirit of highest importance became integrated later into the Buddhist pantheon and returned as syncretic deity into the folk religious practice. The chapter examines the similarities and differences between the Classical Mongolian and Oirat offering text versions and provides a glimpse into the newly invented religious practices dedicated to the deity.
Incense Offering to the Lord Chinggis Khan
Authors: King Matthew W.
Published: February 2020

This chapter translates two liturgies representative of one of the great transmutations of Inner Asian history: Chinggis Khan’s transition from brilliant conqueror to wrathful manifestation of a Buddha. As wrathful Buddha, Chinggis Khan acts as a hybrid protector—at once a Cakravartin Wheel-Turning King, a pious Buddhist laymen, a supramundane dharmapāla, and still a special envoy of Tngri’s supreme power as he was known from pre-Buddhist days. He appears in rituals such as the text that follows as both the man who historically conquered much of Eurasia in order to clear obstacles for the Dharma to arrive in Mongol lands, and as a Buddha for ritual actors invoking his blessing, purification, and protection required to complete the path to enlightenment. The first text is an eighteenth-century incense offering associated with the Inner Mongolian monastic tradition of Mergen Gegeen, while the second is a offering to Chinggis Khan traditionally written and recited in Tibetan but recently translated into Khalkha Mongolian using Cyrillic script as part of the ongoing postsocialist Buddhist revival.
The Legend of Mother Tārā the Green
Authors: Baumann Brian
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides a translation of a popular Mongolian literary text, Noγoγan Dar-a eke-yin tuγuǰi (Legend of Mother Tārā the Green). As savioress and mother of all sentient beings, the deity Tara personifies the apotheosis of womanhood for the Mongolian Buddhist world as one who is meek, nurturing, and selflessly devoted to the benefit of sentient beings. Because it appears to have been taken down from oral tradition, when and where the legend was originally promulgated among the Mongols is difficult to determine. As indicated by peculiarities of its language, the text itself was likely written no earlier than the late nineteenth century. The tale functions as a form of political propaganda to inculcate Buddhist values and worldview among the Mongolian populace. In this it may be seen as a quintessentially scientific text and as such possesses a certain universal appeal.
Zava Damdin’s “A 1931 Survey of Mongolian Monastic Colleges”
Authors: King Matthew W.
Published: February 2020

This chapter presents a 1931 survey of Buddhist institutional life in Outer and Inner Mongolia and in Buryatia. It is a ground-level view by a Buddhist author writing from within the increasingly embattled monastic worlds of socialist Mongolia, soon to be erased by state purges. Like a few other chapters in this volume, it is drawn from the writings of the Khalkha polymath of the revolutionary era, Zava Damdin Luvsandamdin (1867–1937). This survey is embedded in his famous 1931 history of the Dharma in Mongol lands, The Golden Book (Tib. Gser kyi deb ther), the last history of such scope and purpose by a Khalkha monk prior to the devastating socialist state violence of the late 1930s. The survey comes after synthetic presentations of the early, middle, and later spread of the Dharma into Mongol lands, the latter tied inextricably to the Géluk school and the Qing formation that had collapsed in 1911/1912. The survey translated here is a final statement about the translocalism that defined Buddhism in early twentieth-century Mongolia, where most major monasteries were woven at once into local political and social landscapes while also consciously mediating trans-Eurasian ritual, intellectual, and material culture traditions.
Agwan Dorjiev’s Questions about the Past and Future of Mongolian Buddhism
Authors: King Matthew W.
Published: February 2020

This chapter translates a 1924 letter exchange between two luminaries of the final years of prepurge Buddhism in Mongol and Buryat lands: the Khalkha polymath Zava Damdin Luvsandamdin (1867–1937) and the diplomat, reformer, and abbot Agvan Dorjiev (1854–1938). Both figures were deeply engaged with revolutionary intellectual currents circulating between China, the British Raj, Russia, Siberia, Tibet, Japan, and Mongolia in the early decades of the twentieth century. Both sought an advantage for Buddhist monastic life in competing models of revolutionary development and emancipation being debated in the Soviet Union and Mongolian People’s Republic. In the exchange translated here, these two tragic figures debate topics as diverse as the prehistory of the Mongolian community, the whereabouts of the fabled “land of Li,” and how best to counter the threat of scientific empiricism.
Agvaannyam
Authors: King Matthew W.
Published: February 2020

This chapter translates a selection from a 1965 Tibetan-language work by the Buryat luminary Agvaannyam (Tib. Ngag dbang nyi ma, 1907–1990). As a youth, Agvaannyam was selected to study in the great Géluk monastic colleges of Central Tibet, leaving Buryatia for first Khalkha Mongolia and the Lhasa region just before successive waves of revolutionary upheaval. In time, Agvaannyam became a prominent figure in the Tibetan and Mongolian diaspora and refugee community based in India and Europe. His six-volume work contains an untranslated autobiography and the 285-folio Lamp of Scripture and Reasoning, written in c. 1965, from which the current selection is drawn. In this translated section we see the author’s vision of a continuity of Buddhist transmission that could offset the bloody ruptures to tradition in Buryatia, Mongolia, and Tibet during its author’s lifetime.