bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESULTS OF A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE RATIO OF METEORITE TO OXIDITE AT THE BARRINGER METEORITE CRATER OF ARIZONA*
Authors: KREINS EARL RAYMOND , Leonard Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

In a region approximately 60° west of north and about one mile distant from the rim of the Barringer Meteorite Crater of Arizona (CN = + 1110,350), it has been determined, from the results of a systematic survey, that, in an area of 4 square meters, in which there was at least one meteorite, there was, on the average, 1.33 times as much meteorite by weight as oxidite.
RECENT AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN METEORITICS*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C.
Published: September 2012

This paper consists of (1) the opening remarks made on the occasion of the dedication of the new building for the Institute of Meteoritics of the University of New Mexico; (2) the answers received from a number of leading American meteoriticists to three questions pertaining to the subject of the address and propounded in the introduction; (3) a list of some fifty meteoritical problems currently awaiting solution or requiring further research; and (4) the closing statement.
THE EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FOR KAMACITE AND TAENITE
Authors: BUDDHUE JOHN DAVIS
Published: September 2012

The average of 10 analyses of kamacite corresponds to the formula Fe16Ni. Hexahedrites are composed mainly of kamacite, but the average of 48 analyses of 34 hexahedrites corresponds to the formula Fe18Ni. Kamacite is doubtless a saturated solution of nickel in iron.

The average composition of taenite is close to Fe2Ni. Taenite is possibly an intermetallic compound of iron and nickel.

Plessite, being a mixture of kamacite and taenite, has no meaningful average composition.
THE PECULIAR STRUCTURE OF THE SHIRAHAGI, JAPAN, SIDERITE (CN =± 1375,367)*
Authors: MURAVAMA SADAO
Published: September 2012

A short history of the Shirahagi siderite (subclass = O (m)) is given, the peculiar structure of the iron is described and illustrated, and several possible explanations to account for that structure are advanced. It is concluded that the unusual structure was acquired most probably during the flight of the meteorite thru the Earth's atmosphere.
ASYMMETRICAL LINES IN THE SPECTRA OF METEORS
Authors: RUSSELL JOHN A.
Published: September 2012

Possible explanations of asymmetrical lines in the spectra of meteors are discussed, together with the possible bearing of these asymmetries on anomalies in the photometric data obtained from certain spectra of meteors.
GRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF A FIREBALL TRAJECTORY*
Authors: HUZARSKI RICHARD G.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a projective graphic method for reconstructing from field observations made by laymen the trajectory of a meteorite thru the atmosphere. Given sufficient data, the method quickly produces the geographic coördinates and the elevation above sea‐level of both the beginning and the end point of the trajectory, the curvatures of the path of the meteorite in both the vertical and the horizontal planes, the point of impact with the Earth, and the mean velocity of the meteorite. The solution can be carried out fully under field conditions, and produces results of an accuracy commensurate with the accuracy of the original observations.
PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE CHICO, NEW MEXICO, AEROLITE (CN = 1042,365)*
Authors: LAPAZ LINCOLN
Published: September 2012

This paper gives an account of the discovery and identification of the largest aerolite found to date in the State of New Mexico, namely, Chico, Colfax County (CN = 1042,365). The meteorite, which weighs 231 pounds, is a chondrite notable for the extraordinary size of some of the chondri that it contains. The largest of these bodies so far found is in shape approximately an ellipsoid of three unequal axes of dimensions 57 × 44 × 26 mm. Since the density of this metal‐rich chondrus is certainly in excess of the average density, S.5, determined for the whole meteorite, its weight exceeds 120 gm., i.e., one‐fourth of a pound.
THE MARLOW, OKLAHOMA, AEROLITE (CN = 0981,346)*
Authors: LEONARD FREDERICK C.
Published: September 2012

A 344‐gm., nearly complete aerolite, found about 1936 February, in the vicinity of Marlow, Stephens County, Oklahoma (CN of the place of find = 0981,346), is described. The specimen is classified provisionally as an enstatite‐olivine chondrite (symbol = Cop1).
ALTERATION OF THE WIDMANSTÄTTEN STRUCTURE OF METEORITES BY HEATING*
Authors: KNOX REED
Published: September 2012

Short‐timed, elevated‐temperature heat‐treatments performed on a small Barringer Crater iron indicate that taenite lamellae will survive such treatments with little apparent alteration. The writer states his belief that diffusion during prolonged heating, such as might occur in the case of a meteorite's closely approaching the Sun, would eventually erase an original octahedral taenite pattern. He suggests that meteorites may exist that are octahedritic in chemical composition but that do not exhibit the Widmanstätten structure on a macroscopic scale.
THE RECOVERY OF A FIFTH MEMBER OF THE CAPE YORK, WEST GREENLAND, SIDERITIC FALL (CN = 0670,760:)*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

The circumstances of the discovery and recovery, on 1955 August 9, of what appears to be the fifth and, to date, the smallest‐known member of the famous Cape York, West Greenland, sideritic fall — a mass weighing 106 pounds — are detailed, together with a brief description of the specimen, in a letter received from Mr. William G. Melbourne, a U.C.L.A. alumnus and a member of the party that recovered the meteorite.
THE PROBLEM OF THE CHINGUETTI [FRENCH WEST AFRICA] METEORITE [CN = 0127,202:]*
Authors: Monod Théodore , Brady L. F.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents an account of the discovery of the giant Chinguetti (Adrar), French West Africa meteorite (CN = 0127,202:) and a history of the subsequent searches conducted in an attempt to relocate the mass. Suggestions are made for further investigation into the problem of the rediscovery of the meteorite thru the use of an air‐borne magnetometer.]
THE PREPARATION OF A SPHERICAL SPECIMEN OF METEORITIC IRON*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: September 2012

Abstract and Introduction

Meteoritic‐iron specimens are nearly always prepared for study by making a flat surface in a random direction, which seldom bears any definite relation to the crystallographic axes of the specimen. For some purposes a sphere would be preferable, but spheres are almost never prepared. The only ones known to me are one in the British Museum (Natural History)1 and another described and figured by Goldschmidt.1,2 A third is rumored to have turned up in a Los Angeles pawn shop, but I have not seen it. This scarcity of spheres is due possibly to the mistaken notion that they are difficult to prepare. That they are not difficult to make would seem to be demonstrated by the fact that I made one the first time I tried, even tho I had never used a metal lathe before. No special tools were required.
MINERAL FORMULAS, THE CLASSIFICATIONAL SEQUENCE, AND THE AOUELLOUL CRATER*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C.
Published: September 2012

This communication is a miscellany consisting of notes on “I. Formulas for the Meteoritic Silicates Expressed as Series of Oxides”; “II. Alternative Formulas for Other Meteoritic Minerals”; “III. On the Classificational Sequence of Meteorites”; and “IV. On the Form of the Aouelloul, French West Africa, Crater (CN = 0127,202).”
NEW SURFACE AREA FORMED BY A PROJECTILE STRIKING LIMESTONE PARTICLES
Authors: Morrison H. L. , Allen W. A.
Published: September 2012

Experiments were performed by using 50‐caliber projectiles with different nose‐shapes to determine the amount of projectile energy expended in comminution of the target material when the target was limestone particles. The energy expended by the projectile in crushing the target material is characterized by Von Rittinger's number, which is the increase of surface area of target material per unit of energy expended in crushing. It has been found that, for a crushed limestone target, the energy expended in comminution is a definite fraction of the total kinetic energy of the projectile. This fraction was found to vary slightly for different projectile configurations.
THE FIREBALL OF 1954 MAY 15*
Authors: Russell John A.
Published: September 2012

Orbital elements of the fireball of 1954 May 15 indicate that the meteorite that caused it was moving in a direct orbit of low inclination and moderate semi‐major axis but of high eccentricity. The intrinsic luminosity is estimated to have been 70 billion candlepower! The color of the meteor changed progressively along the visible path from blue‐green to red.
METEORITIC DUST FROM THE GEMINID SHOWER OF 1949*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis
Published: September 2012

A single slide, exposed 1949 December 14–15, captured 477 probably meteoritic spherules, of which 326 were black, 139 were siliceous, and 12 looked metallic. A few showed pits or dimples. The curve showing the relation between number and diameter is similar to those obtained previously.
METEOR LIGHT‐CURVES AND TRAIN PRODUCTION*
Authors: Bergh Sidney van den
Published: September 2012

It is found that two distinct groups of sporadic meteors exist: class I meteors, which are train‐producing and have irregular light‐curves, and class R meteors, which have regular light‐curves and are non‐train‐producing.
MAGNITUDES OF SPORADIC AND PERSEID METEORS*
Authors: Bergh Sidney van den
Published: September 2012

It is found that in the range from the zeroth to the fifth magnitude, the number of sporadic meteors increases by a factor of 2.01 ± 0.08 per magnitude. For the Perseids, the number reaches a maximum between the third and fourth magnitudes.
THE CANADIAN FIREBALL PROCESSION OF 1913 FEBRUARY 9
Authors: LaPaz Lincoln
Published: September 2012

This paper calls attention to the unscientific procedures by means of which C. C. Wylie has sought to controvert C. A. Chant's satellitory interpretation of the great Canadian fireball procession of 1913 February 9. Attention is directed to the many long‐buried United States observations of the fireball procession that have recently been brought to light by Alexander D. Mebane's painstaking work. The data secured by Mebane not only definitely discredit Wylie's interpretatation of the Canadian incident as an ordinary meteor shower, but also provide further corroboration of the accuracy of Chant's interpretation of that phenomenon, at least in the somewhat modified form attributed to it by Denning, Davidson, Fisher, and Pickering.
AUSTRALITE INVESTIGATIONS AND THEIR BEARING ON THE TEKTITE PROBLEM*
Authors: Cassidy William A.
Published: September 2012

Australites are believed to be meteorites because their occurrence suggests a meteoritic strewn‐field and their “secondary” characteristics suggest swift passage thru the air. The australites are considered to have arrived in the Earth's atmosphere as glassy bodies that already possessed rotational shapes. If australites are meteorites, certain other kinds of tektites also are meteorites. The hypotheses of Michel, H. E. Suess, Paneth, and Stair for the origin of tektites are unconvincing in one or more respects. Tektites had probably the same origin as other meteorites, as fragments of a disrupted planet; tektites correspond to granites, as do stony meteorites to the basic mantle of the Earth. The meteorite‐planet, however, must have been an autotektic (i.e., self‐melting) system, heating up because the proportion of acidic to basic rocks was greater than that of the Earth. Its tektitic surface, containing most of the radioactive material in the planet, was molten at the time of disruption, while the stony meteoritic mantle was still crystalline. The planet may have been disrupted relatively recently.
THE RICHLAND, NAVARRO COUNTY, TEXAS, METEORITE (CN = 0964,319): A NEW HEXAHEDRITE*
Authors: Henderson Edward P. , Monnig Oscar E.
Published: September 2012

A new hexahedrite from Richland, Navarro County, Texas, is described. Analyses of the kamacite and of both the needles and the plates of rhabdite are given. The rhabdite needles contain 7.5% more nickel than the plates. These phosphide inclusions are oriented in rows parallel to the Neumann lines. Some features that have apparently not been previously observed in hexahedrites are described, and micro‐hardness measurements are given for these features and for the kamacite.
THE LORETO, BAJA CALIFORNIA, METEORITE (CN = 1113,260), AND ITS SIMILARITY TO THE MORITO, CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO, METEORITE*
Authors: Henderson Edward P. , Perry Stuart H.
Published: September 2012

A new 209‐lb. meteorite, a medium octahedrite, from the vicinity of Loreto, Baja California, Mexico, found about 1896, at longitude 111° 20′ W., latitude 26° 00′ N., is described. The similarity between it and the Morito, Chihuahua, Mexico, meteorite, known since 1600, found at longitude 105° 40′ W., latitude 27° 53′ N., is discussed. Some significance is attached to the fractures in the Loreto iron. Loreto and Morito are proposed as possibly “paired” falls.
Application of the Scientific Method to Problems of Crater Recognition*
Authors: HALLEDAY IAN , GRIFFIN A. A.
Published: September 2012

Some principles of the scientific method of reaching conclusions are reviewed and applied to West Hawk Lake, Manitoba, and lead to its interpretation as an ancient meteorite crater. The feature is 12000 feet in diameter, with water depths as great as 365 feet. A gravity survey indicates a negative gravity anomaly of 6 milligals associated with the lake. This is interpreted as due to a breccia zone overlain with sediments.
A Re‐Examination of the Craters in the Faugeres‐Cabrerolles Region of Southern France*
Authors: BEALS C. S.
Published: September 2012

Five of the six known craters in the vicinity of Cabrerolles and Faugeres, ranging in diameter from 200 to 55m were examined on the ground while additional studies of the same craters were made on aerial photographs. The topography of the five craters and their relationship with their surroundings suggested a relatively recent origin.

A comparison was made of these craters with others of recent origin whose formation by meteorite impact was regarded as substantially beyond doubt. All of the comparison craters (including the Barringer Crater, diameter 1.3 km, and the Kaalijarv Crater in Estonia, diameter 200 m) showed the phenomena of raised rims and uplifted strata around their edges so clearly as to suggest a definite diagnostic feature. Since no indication of raised rims or radially uptilted strata was found in any of the five French craters it seems justifiable to doubt that any of these interesting features was formed by meteorite impact.
Lonar Crater, India, a Meteorite Crater?
Authors: LAFOND EUGENE C. , DIETZ ROBERT S.
Published: September 2012

A recent field reconnaissance by one of us (ECL) has tended to support the view that the Lonar Crater, India, is probably a Quaternary meteorite crater. This origin is suggested by the high degree of circularity, the depth to diameter ratio, the breccia of crushed rock revealed by drilling, the quaquaversal dip of the surrounding country rock, the mounds of debris lying around the crater rim, and its regional uniqueness.

Although developed in the Deccan flood basalts, the crater cannot be genetically related to these traps, as they were laid down in the Cretaceous, whereas the crater is physiographically young, probably Pleistocene. Cryptovolcanic phenomena (steam explosion, diatreme action, etc.), caldera subsidence and solution collapse cannot adequately account for this depression.
Anomalous Sounds and Electromagnetic Effects Associated with Fireball Entry*
Authors: LAMAR DONALD L. , ROMIG MARY F.
Published: September 2012

Observers located as much as 300 km from the ground trace of bright fireballs have sometimes reported hearing swishing sounds simultaneously with the fireball passage. These sounds are anomalous because the geometry of fireball path and observer locations requires that the effect producing the sound sensation be propagated at the speed of light. The great number and striking similarity of these sound reports, which have appeared in the published literature for several centuries, are difficult to attribute to coincidence or psychological suggestion. The description of the anomalous sounds as a hissing or crackling and rare reports of odors which may be ozone suggest that the sounds are caused by electric discharges near the observer. These discharges may be the result of perturbation of the geopotential gradient by the fireball. The occurrence of other electromagnetic disturbances during fireballs, such as deflection of compass needles, induction in long lines, and radio interference, support this inference. It is also possible that the anomalous sounds are due to strong electromagnetic radiations from the fireball which are transduced by natural objects, perhaps even the human brain.
Non‐Destructive Activation Analysis of Meteorites
Authors: FISHER DAVID E.
Published: September 2012

Gamma spectrometry is a useful substitute for chemistry in the activation analysis of meteoritic specimens. After irradiation, instead of dissolving the sample and chemically extracting particular elements, the sample is instead placed in a scintillation counter and its gamma spectrum analyzed with the aid of a multichannel analyzer. By a suitable choice of irradiation conditions, various nuclides can be made to stand out clearly against the background of the irradiated meteorite. As examples, recent data are presented for aluminum and fluorine analysis of chondrites.
A Thin, Flanged, Boat‐Shaped Australite from Port Campbell, Victoria Australia
Authors: BAKER GEORGE
Published: September 2012

A recently discovered, thin, flanged, boat‐shaped australite weighing 0.711 grams and measuring 27.2 mm by 10.5 mm by 1.8 mm to 2.4 mm from Port Campbell on the south coast of western Victoria, Australia, consists of approximately sixty five to seventy per cent circumferential flange glass which is relatively smooth and attached peripherally to an elongated, flow‐lined central core. The form is a rare and unique specimen representing the final ablation product of an originally somewhat larger, thicker, elongated primary australite shape, probably a biaxial ellipsoid of revolution, that became modified by aerodynamical heating during non‐rotational, high speed transit through the earth's atmosphere.
Meteoroid Bumpers: Aluminum*
Authors: ROLSTEN R. F. , HUNT H. H. , WELLNITZ J. N.
Published: September 2012

Aluminum bumpers (Type 6061‐T6) with thicknesses of 0.1875, 0.125, 0.090, 0.063, and 0.032 inch have been subjected to impact with a 0.57 gram cylindrical steel projectile traveling at 9,400 to 21,700 ft/sec. In addition, the 0.032 inch bumpers were subjected to impact with 0.21 gram cylindrical steel projectiles traveling at 11,800 to 14,700 ft/sec. An aluminum (6061‐T6) vehicle hull was used in all experiments. For any given thickness of bumper, the vehicle hull was varied in both thickness and distance of separation from the bumper in order to establish the total weight and thickness of the structure necessary to prevent complete penetration by a given high velocity particle.

It appears from the experimental data that spaced plates offer more effective protection from high velocity particles than a single plate of the same material and total mass. Moreover, it appears that thinner bumpers require less total weight in the vehicle to provide the same protection efficiency. This weight advantage provided by the thinner bumpers is reduced as the space between the bumper and plate is decreased.
The Fall and the Discovery of Meteorites in the Past Ten Years, 1953 – 1963
Authors: KRINOV E. L.
Published: September 2012

Data on the 64 new meteorites which fell or were discovered in the past ten years are analyzed in terms of type, weight, number per year, and geographic distribution. The type and mass distribution of 76 meteorites not entered in the Prior‐Hey catalogue before 1962 is also presented.
The Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, and Nickel Distribution in the Murray Carbonaceous Chondrite*
Authors: FREDRIKSSON KURT , KEIL KLAUS
Published: September 2012

A discussion is given of preliminary results of an analysis of the Murray carbonaceous chondrite which fell September 30, 1950, 9 miles east of Murray, near Wildcat Creek, Kentucky. The object is a mechanical mixture of minerals formed under different conditions at different localities.
The Variation in the Frequency of Meteorite Impart with Geographic Latitude*
Authors: HALLIDAY IAN
Published: September 2012

Consideration of the orbits of meteorites indicates that their inclinations to the ecliptic are small and may be neglected in many statistical treatments. With this assumption the variation in the rates of meteorite falls per unit area on the surface of the earth is derived for meteorite velocities of 15, 20 and 25 km/sec as a function of both ecliptic and geographic latitude. At low meteorite velocities the variation is small but for meteorites with average or above average velocity the rate of impact in polar regions decreases to 50 or 60% of the equatorial values.
The Metallography of Manitouwabing, Parry Sound, Ontario: A New Canadian Siderite
Authors: KNOX REED
Published: September 2012

An eighty‐five pound siderite found in the autumn of 1962 in the Parry Sound District of Ontario appears, on the basis of a small specimen, to be a medium octahedrite. It has a sharp sub‐surface alteration zone, and the microstructure indicates a history involving severe shock. The fall possibly occurred during the winter of 1954.
Dumbbell Shaped Australite from Port Campbell, Victoria
Authors: BAKER GEORGE
Published: September 2012

A dumbbell shaped australite from Port Campbell, western Victoria, weighing a little over 5 grams and with a specific gravity of 2.381, possesses two gibbosities of unequal size and remnants of a circumferential flange with the same width in the waist regions as around the two unequal gibbosities.

The anterior surface that faced down the flight path during high speed entry through the earth's atmosphere shows an unusual series of flow ridges in the aerodynamic sculpture pattern that extends from the stagnation point region of the larger gibbosity, across the waist region, and across the smaller gibbosity to its distal end. Such a series of flow ridges indicates that the trim of the dumbbell of tektite glass was generally broadside‐on, but with the front pole of the larger gibbosity somewhat in advance of that of the smaller gibbosity, so that the long axis of the form was at a small angle to the normal to the flight path direction.
Secondary Meteorites from the Arizona Crater
Authors: HALL RALPH A.
Published: September 2012

The similarity of the morphology of Goalpara and Nova Urei and sheared Coconino sandstone is demonstrated. On the assumption that they are generically related, the problems of metamorphosis are analyzed. On this basis a model secondary meteorite is constructed. It is concluded that known physical and chemical functions need not be extrapolated beyond reasonable possibilities to explain the metamorphosis of Coconino to Goalpara and Nova Urei. These considerations, if valid, might throw some light on the apparent bunching of cosmic exposure ages of certain meteorites.
Origin of Goose Lake Fragments
Authors: BUTLER C.P.
Published: September 2012

A search at the site of the Goose Lake meteorite impact point revealed large numbers of nickel‐iron and laminar oxide fragments. Evidence that the Neumann lines in the nickel‐iron fragments are quite dissimilar to those in the main mass of the meteorite suggests that their origin is independent, that they were swept up by the meteoroid during its long life in orbit around the sun. Only those fragments which found their way into the cavities of the main mass were recovered, all others being swept away by the air stream during its fall. Cavity transportation explains their abundance locally at the impact site, as well as protection against aerodynamic heating. The laminar oxide fragments, similar to those found at Canyon Diablo, appear to have come from another fall.
Determination of Octahedron Orientation from Widmanstätten Figure by the Template Method
Authors: READ WILLIAM F.
Published: September 2012

An easily constructed device is described for ascertaining the angles of orientation of the octahedron of Widmanstatten figures.
Bone tissue response to BMP‐2 adsorbed on amorphous microporous silica implants
Authors: Chaudhari Amol , Cardoso Marcio Vivan , Martens Johan , Vandamme Katleen , Naert Ignace , Duyck Joke
Published: September 2012

Aim

To evaluate bone regeneration potential of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) adsorbed on amorphous microporous silica (AMS).

Materials & Methods

Four implants [titanium as control (CTR); AMS‐coated titanium (AMS), BMP‐2 adsorbed on titanium (CTR+BMP) and AMS (AMS+BMP)] were implanted randomly in the tibiae of 20 New Zealand white rabbits. Bone specimens with implants were retrieved 2/4 weeks post implantation and analysed histologically and histomorphometrically. Bone fraction was measured in initial bone‐free area (bone regeneration area, BRA) and in the area with initial bone–implant contact [bone adaptation area (BAA)] (BFBRA & BFBAA). Bone–implant contact was measured in BRA (BICBRA). In vitro BMP‐2 release profiles were determined to evaluate the impact of the carrier surface. Mixed models were used for statistical analysis.

Results

BMP‐2 release profiles were different for CTR+BMP and AMS+BMP. BICBRA and BFBRA were significantly increased after 4 weeks compared to 2 weeks for AMS, CTR+BMP and AMS+BMP. However, no differences between the implant types were observed within both healing periods. BFBAA for CTR+BMP was smaller than that for CTR and AMS+BMP after 4 weeks. Despite slower BMP‐2 release, AMS+BMP did not stimulate bone regeneration. CTR+BMP caused bone resorption at the bone–implant interface.

Conclusions

BMP‐2 functionalized implant surfaces failed to stimulate bone regeneration and osseointegration.
The neural crest‐ and placodes‐derived afferent innervation of the mouse esophagus
Authors: Surdenikova L. , Ru F. , Nassenstein C. , Tatar M. , Kollarik M.
Published: September 2012

Background  The mouse is an invaluable model for mechanistic studies of esophageal nerves, but the afferent innervation of the mouse esophagus is incompletely understood. Vagal afferent neurons are derived from two embryonic sources: neural crest and epibranchial placodes. We hypothesized that both neural crest and placodes contribute to the TRPV1‐positive (potentially nociceptive) vagal innervation of the mouse esophagus.

Methods  Vagal jugular/nodose ganglion (JNG) and spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons were retrogradely labeled from the cervical esophagus. Single cell RT‐PCR was performed on the labeled neurons.

Key Results  In the Wnt1Cre/R26R mice expressing a reporter in the neural crest‐derived cells we found that both the neural crest‐ and the placodes‐derived vagal JNG neurons innervate the mouse esophagus. In the wild‐type mouse the esophageal vagal JNG TRPV1‐positive neurons segregated into two subsets: putative neural crest‐derived purinergic receptor P2X2‐negative/preprotachykinin‐A (PPT‐A)‐positive subset and putative placodes‐derived P2X2‐positive/PPTA‐negative subset. These subsets also segregated by the expression of TrkA and GFRα3 in the putative neural crest‐derived subset, and TrkB in the putative placodes‐derived subset. The TRPV1‐positive esophageal DRG neurons had the phenotype similar to the vagal putative neural crest‐derived subset.

Conclusions & Inferences  The TRPV1‐positive (potentially nociceptive) vagal afferent neurons innervating the mouse esophagus originate from both neural crest and placodes. The expression profile of the receptors for neurotrophic factors is similar between the neural crest‐derived vagal and spinal nociceptors, but distinct from the vagal placodes‐derived nociceptors.
Reduction of transpiration and altered nutrient allocation contribute to nutrient decline of crops grown in elevated CO2 concentrations
Authors: MCGRATH JUSTIN M. , LOBELL DAVID B.
Published: September 2012

Plants grown in elevated [CO2] have lower protein and mineral concentrations compared with plants grown in ambient [CO2]. Dilution by enhanced production of carbohydrates is a likely cause, but it cannot explain all of the reductions. Two proposed, but untested, hypotheses are that (1) reduced canopy transpiration reduces mass flow of nutrients to the roots thus reducing nutrient uptake and (2) changes in metabolite or enzyme concentrations caused by physiological changes alter requirements for minerals as protein cofactors or in other organic complexes, shifting allocation between tissues and possibly altering uptake. Here, we use the meta‐analysis of previous studies in crops to test these hypotheses. Nutrients acquired mostly by mass flow were decreased significantly more by elevated [CO2] than nutrients acquired by diffusion to the roots through the soil, supporting the first hypothesis. Similarly, Mg showed large concentration declines in leaves and wheat stems, but smaller decreases in other tissues. Because chlorophyll requires a large fraction of total plant Mg, and chlorophyll concentration is reduced by growth in elevated [CO2], this supports the second hypothesis. Understanding these mechanisms may guide efforts to improve nutrient content, and allow modeling of nutrient changes and health impacts under future climate change scenarios.
Goal setting: the key to a harmonious and successful practice
Authors: Lowndes Philip
Published: September 2012

Communicating well‐defined goals in business can improve decision making, change negative attitudes, and increase motivation. Philip Lowndes offers advice on how implementing effective goal‐ and target‐setting strategies can transform your practice.
Learning about scale, measurement and community mobilisation: reflections on the implementation of the Avahan HIV/AIDS initiative in India
Authors: Wheeler Tisha , Kiran Usha , Dallabetta Gina , Jayaram Matangi , Chandrasekaran Padma , Tangri Annie , Menon Hari , Kumta Sameer , Sgaier Sema , Ramakrishnan Aparajita , Moore James , Wadhwani Alkesh , Alexander Ashok
Published: September 2012

Debates have raged in development for decades about the appropriateness of participatory approaches and the degree to which they can be managed, scaled and measured. The Avahan programme confronted these issues over the last 7 years and concludes that it is advantageous to manage scaled community mobilisation processes so that participation evolves and programming on the ground is shaped by what is learnt through implementation. The donor (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) and its partners determined a standard set of programme activities that were implemented programme-wide but evolved with input from communities on the ground. Difficulties faced in monitoring and measurement in Avahan may be characteristic of similar efforts to measure community mobilisation in a scaled programme, and ultimately these challenges informed methods that were useful. The approach the programme undertook for learning and changing, the activities it built into the HIV prevention programme, and its logic model and measurement tools, may be relevant in other public health settings seeking to integrate community mobilisation.
PROBING SCALAR MESON STRUCTURES IN χc1 DECAYS INTO PSEUDOSCALAR AND SCALAR
Authors: WANG QIAN , LI GANG , ZHAO QIANG
Published: September 2012

We evaluate the decay branching ratios of χc1 → PS, in a quark model parametrization scheme, where P and S stand for pseudoscalar and scalar meson, respectively. An interesting feature of this decay process is that the [Formula: see text] annihilate via the pQCD hair-pin diagram is supposed to be dominant. Hence, this decay process should be sensitive to the quark components of the final-state light mesons, and would provide a great opportunity for testing the mixing relations among the scalar mesons, i.e. f0(1370), f0(1500) and f0(1710), by tagging the final state pseudoscalar mesons.
THE STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF BNxAs1-x ALLOYS
Authors: MOHAMMAD REZEK , KATIRCIOĞLU ŞENAY
Published: September 2012

The structural and electronic properties of BN x As 1-x alloys have been investigated in the total range of nitrogen by the FP-LAPW method based on DFT within the EV-PW-GGA scheme. The equilibrium lattice constants, bulk moduli, first-order pressure derivatives of the bulk moduli, and cohesive energies have been obtained by total energy calculations of the alloys after both volume and geometry optimizations. The large bowing parameters found for the lattice constants and bulk moduli have demonstrated that the validity of Vegard's linear rule in the definitions of these structural features of the BN x As 1-x alloys is broken. The energy bands and the effective masses of the alloys have been calculated as a function of nitrogen concentration. The large bowing displayed by the variation of the energy gaps has indicated the band gap engineering capacity of the BN x As 1-x alloys and again in deviations from Vegard's linear rule. The effective electron masses calculated either at the edges of the conduction bands or along the directions approaching the edges of the conduction bands are all found to be small with respect to the effective electron masses in the BAs and BN compounds calculated at the Δ min and X points, respectively.
A CONSENSUS MODEL FOR GROUP DECISION-MAKING PROBLEMS WITH INTERVAL FUZZY PREFERENCE RELATIONS
Authors: TAPIA GARCÍA J. M. , DEL MORAL M. J. , MARTÍNEZ M. A. , HERRERA-VIEDMA E.
Published: September 2012

Interval fuzzy preference relations can be useful to express decision makers' preferences in group decision-making problems. Usually, we apply a selection process and a consensus process to solve a group decision situation. In this paper, we present a consensus model for group decision-making problems with interval fuzzy preference relations. This model is based on two consensus criteria, a consensus measure and a proximity measure, and also on the concept of coincidence among preferences. We compute both consensus criteria in the three representation levels of a preference relation and design an automatic feedback mechanism to guide experts in the consensus reaching process. We show an application example in social work.
A NEW RBF NEURAL NETWORK FOR PREDICTION IN INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
Authors: TELMOUDI ACHRAF JABEUR , TLIJANI HATEM , NABLI LOTFI , ALI MAARUF , M'HIRI RADHI
Published: September 2012

A novel neural architecture for prediction in industrial control: the 'Double Recurrent Radial Basis Function network' (R2RBF) is introduced for dynamic monitoring and prognosis of industrial processes. Three applications of the R2RBF network on the prediction values confirmed that the proposed architecture minimizes the prediction error. The proposed R2RBF is excited by the recurrence of the output looped neurons on the input layer which produces a dynamic memory on both the input and output layers. Given the learning complexity of neural networks with the use of the back-propagation training method, a simple architecture is proposed consisting of two simple Recurrent Radial Basis Function networks (RRBF). Each RRBF only has the input layer with looped neurons using the sigmoid activation function. The output of the first RRBF also presents an additional input for the second RRBF. An unsupervised learning algorithm is proposed to determine the parameters of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) nodes. The K-means unsupervised learning algorithm used for the hidden layer is enhanced by the initialization of these input parameters by the output parameters of the RCE algorithm.
A NOVEL FIVE-CATEGORY LOAN-RISK EVALUATION MODEL USING MULTICLASS LS-SVM BY PSO
Authors: CAO JIE , LU HONGKE , WANG WEIWEI , WANG JIAN
Published: September 2012

Five-category loan classification (FCLC) is an international financial regulation approach. Recently, the application and implementation of FCLC in the Chinese microfinance bank has mostly relied on subjective judgment, and it is difficult to control and lower loan risk. In view of this, this paper is dedicated to researching and solving this problem by constructing the FCLC model based on improved particle-swarm optimization (PSO) and the multiclass, least-square, support-vector machine (LS-SVM). First, LS-SVM is the extension of SVM, which is proposed to achieve multiclass classification. Then, improved PSO is employed to determine the parameters of multiclass LS-SVM for improving classification accuracy. Finally, some experiments are carried out based on rural credit cooperative data to demonstrate the performance of our proposed model. The results show that the proposed model makes a distinct improvement in the accuracy rate compared with one-vs.-one (1-v-1) LS-SVM, one-vs.-rest (1-v-r) LS-SVM, 1-v-1 SVM, and 1-v-r SVM. In addition, it is an effective tool in solving the problem of loan-risk rating.
A SURVEY OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR PROTEIN COMPLEX PREDICTION FROM PROTEIN INTERACTION NETWORKS
Authors: SRIHARI SRIGANESH , LEONG HON WAI
Published: September 2012

Complexes of physically interacting proteins are one of the fundamental functional units responsible for driving key biological mechanisms within the cell. Their identification is therefore necessary to understand not only complex formation but also the higher level organization of the cell. With the advent of "high-throughput" techniques in molecular biology, significant amount of physical interaction data has been cataloged from organisms such as yeast, which has in turn fueled computational approaches to systematically mine complexes from the network of physical interactions among proteins (PPI network). In this survey, we review, classify and evaluate some of the key computational methods developed till date for the identification of protein complexes from PPI networks. We present two insightful taxonomies that reflect how these methods have evolved over the years toward improving automated complex prediction. We also discuss some open challenges facing accurate reconstruction of complexes, the crucial ones being the presence of high proportion of errors and noise in current high-throughput datasets and some key aspects overlooked by current complex detection methods. We hope this review will not only help to condense the history of computational complex detection for easy reference but also provide valuable insights to drive further research in this area.
ON NEW CLASSES OF EXPLICIT QUASI-EINSTEIN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS
Authors: PITEA ARIANA
Published: September 2012

This paper aims to introduce new classes of two-dimensional quasi-Einstein Riemannian manifolds, endowed with generalized Poincaré metrics.
TIME-DEPENDENT SUPERINTEGRABLE HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS
Authors: SARDANASHVILY G.
Published: September 2012

The Mishchenko–Fomenko theorem on action-angle coordinates is extended to time-dependent superintegrable Hamiltonian systems.
A MIXED EQUATION OF TRICOMI–KELDYSH TYPE
Authors: CHEN SHUXING
Published: September 2012

We study a mixed type equation, which is analogous, in parts, to Tricomi equation and Keldysh equation. For this equation, the characteristics in the hyperbolic region are transversal to the transition locus in a subset of the locus, but is tangential to it in another subset. We propose a formulation of a closed boundary value problem for such a mixed type equation, and prove that it admits a unique H1 solution with some higher regularity inside the domain. Our result shows the variety and the complexity of the boundary value problems for mixed-type equations.
PHASE-FIELD MODELING OF ELASTIC EFFECTS IN EUTECTIC GROWTH WITH MISFIT STRESSES
Authors: EBRAHIMI ZOHREH , REZENDEH JOAO
Published: September 2012

Elastic interactions, arising from a difference of lattice spacing between two coherent phases in eutectic alloys with misfit stresses, can have an influence on microstructural pattern formation of eutectic colonies during solidification process. From a thermodynamic point of view the elastic energy contributes to the free energy of the phases and modifies their mutual stability. Therefore, the elastic stresses will have an effect on stability of lamellae, lamellae spacing and growth modes. In this paper, a phase-field model is employed to investigate the influence of elastic misfits in eutectic growth. The model reduces to the traditional sharp-interface model in a thin-interface limit, where the microscopic interface width is small but finite. An elastic model is designed, based on linear microelasticity theory, to incorporate the elastic energy in the phase-field model. Theoretical and numerical approaches, required to model elastic effects, are formulated and the stress distributions in eutectic solidification structures are evaluated. The two-dimensional simulations are performed for directed eutectic growth and the simulation results for different values of the misfit stresses are illustrated.
The fine-scale seismic structure of the upper lithosphere within accreted Caledonian lithosphere: implications for the origins of the ‘Newer Granites’
Authors: O'Reilly B. M. , Hauser F. , Readman P. W.
Published: September 2012

Using the results of recent seismic investigations of the upper continental lithosphere within the Caledonian–Variscan fold belt in SW Ireland a geological model is developed for the late Caledonian–early Devonian accretion history of the crust. It is suggested that this geological model can explain a variety of geological phenomena. These include the origin of the ‘Newer Granite’ series in Britain and Ireland, the partial preservation of lower Devonian ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ rocks, within the braided Caledonian fault network and the relatively low metamorphic grade of the Caledonian basement rocks, into which many of the granites are intruded. The proposed model involves a process called ‘incipient delamination’, in which the mantle part of the lithosphere did not detach completely from the accreted crust during the late Caledonian to Acadian orogenic events.
Seismic reflection imaging and controls on the preservation of ancient sill-fed magmatic vents
Authors: Jackson Christopher A.-L.
Published: September 2012

Two-dimensional seismic reflection data from offshore southern Australia image a series of 2–13 km wide by 50–800 m high, sub-circular, Middle Eocene age mounds. The majority of the mounds occur above tips of igneous bodies intruded into the underlying Upper Cretaceous succession. The mounds are interpreted as the seismic expression of submarine volcanic vents, which are amongst the largest and oldest examples ever documented. These vents are pristine and have been preserved because of their submarine environment of emplacement and burial in a post-eruption, sediment drape.

Supplementary material:

Uninterpreted version of the seismic sections presented in Figure 3 is available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18545
.
c
. 1.85 Ga HP granulite-facies metamorphism in the Dunhuang block of the Tarim Craton, NW China: evidence from U–Pb zircon dating of mafic granulites
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Gong Jianghua , Yu Shengyao
Published: September 2012

Mafic granulites of the Dunhuang block, eastern Tarim Craton, record high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism followed by a medium- to low-pressure granulite-facies metamorphic overprint, suggesting a clockwise
P–T
path and implying an environment of collisional orogenesis. Zircon U–Pb ages of two samples are 1834 ± 12 Ma and 1842 ± 5 Ma. Mineral inclusions in zircon indicate that these ages record the high-pressure granulite-facies event, suggesting that the Tarim Craton may be related to the
c
. 1.85 Ga assembly of the Columbia supercontinent. Similar
c
. 1.85 Ga metamorphism in both the Dunhuang block and the Alxa block of the North China Craton supports their correlation across the Altyn Tagh fault.

Supplementary material:

Analytical procedures, mineral abbreviations, mineral chemistry and U–Pb dating data are available at
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18541
.
A Runtime System for Programming Out-of-Core Matrix Algorithms-by-Tiles on Multithreaded Architectures
Authors: Quintana-Ortí Gregorio , Igual Francisco D. , Marqués Mercedes , Quintana-Ortí Enrique S. , van de Geijn Robert A.
Published: September 2012

Out-of-core implementations of algorithms for dense matrix computations have traditionally focused on optimal use of memory so as to minimize I/O, often trading programmability for performance. In this article we show how the current state of hardware and software allows the programmability problem to be addressed without sacrificing performance. This comes from the realizations that memory is cheap and large, making it less necessary to optimally orchestrate I/O, and that new algorithms view matrices as collections of submatrices and computation as operations with those submatrices. This enables libraries to be coded at a high level of abstraction, leaving the tasks of scheduling the computations and data movement in the hands of a runtime system. This is in sharp contrast to more traditional approaches that leverage optimal use of in-core memory and, at the expense of introducing considerable programming complexity, explicit overlap of I/O with computation. Performance is demonstrated for this approach on multicore architectures as well as platforms equipped with hardware accelerators.
Automatic Fréchet Differentiation for the Numerical Solution of Boundary-Value Problems
Authors: Birkisson Asgeir , Driscoll Tobin A.
Published: September 2012

A new solver for nonlinear boundary-value problems (BVPs) in
Matlab
is presented, based on the Chebfun software system for representing functions and operators automatically as numerical objects. The solver implements Newton’s method in function space, where instead of the usual Jacobian matrices, the derivatives involved are Fréchet derivatives. A major novelty of this approach is the application of automatic differentiation (AD) techniques to compute the operator-valued Fréchet derivatives in the continuous context. Other novelties include the use of anonymous functions and numbering of each variable to enable a recursive, delayed evaluation of derivatives with forward mode AD . The AD techniques are applied within a new Chebfun class called which allows users to set up and solve nonlinear BVPs, both scalar and systems of coupled equations, in a few lines of code, using the “nonlinear backslash” operator (\). This framework enables one to study the behaviour of Newton’s method in function space.
SINR Diagrams
Authors: Avin Chen , Emek Yuval , Kantor Erez , Lotker Zvi , Peleg David , Roditty Liam
Published: September 2012

The rules governing the availability and quality of connections in a wireless network are described by
physical
models such as the
signal-to-interference & noise ratio (SINR)
model. For a collection of simultaneously transmitting stations in the plane, it is possible to identify a
reception zone
for each station, consisting of the points where its transmission is received correctly. The resulting
SINR diagram
partitions the plane into a reception zone per station and the remaining plane where no station can be heard.

SINR diagrams appear to be fundamental to understanding the behavior of wireless networks, and may play a key role in the development of suitable algorithms for such networks, analogous perhaps to the role played by Voronoi diagrams in the study of proximity queries and related issues in computational geometry. So far, however, the properties of SINR diagrams have not been studied systematically, and most algorithmic studies in wireless networking rely on simplified
graph-based
models such as the
unit disk graph (UDG)
model, which conveniently abstract away interference-related complications, and make it easier to handle algorithmic issues, but consequently fail to capture accurately some important aspects of wireless networks.

This article focuses on obtaining some basic understanding of SINR diagrams, their properties and their usability in algorithmic applications. Specifically, we have shown that assuming uniform power transmissions, the reception zones are convex and relatively well-rounded. These results are then used to develop an efficient approximation algorithm for a fundamental point location problem in wireless networks.