bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Justice for Children — A Capability Approach
Authors: Schweiger Gottfried , Graf Gunter
Published: May 2016

In this chapter, we will outline a concept of social justice for children based on the capability approach. So far, this issue has received much less attention than it deserves given the particular social and political status of children in today’s world. The capability approach, as well as most other theories of justice, has not dealt with children thoroughly, although more and more literature on important questions in this regard is being published. We seek to answer two important questions that every concept of justice has to deal with: what is the right currency of justice, and what is its right principle? To phrase the questions slightly differently: what kinds of things are children entitled to as a matter of justice, and how should they be distributed? Our answer to the first question is that children are entitled to the achievement of important functionings; only as they develop is it adequate to provide them with capabilities. Hence, the capability approach to justice for children we want to defend is in large part a functioning approach. In regard to the second question, we defend a sufficientarian approach. In a nutshell, each and every child is entitled to reach a certain threshold in all these important functionings, and failing to do so constitutes an injustice. Since the main target of this book is child poverty in affluent societies and welfare states, we will model our concept of justice on children living within these societies, although we believe that many of our claims hold universally and could serve as the basis for a concept of global justice.
Benchmark of algorithms for solar clear-sky detection
Authors: Alia-Martinez M. , Antonanzas J. , Urraca R. , Martinez-de-Pison F. J. , Antonanzas-Torres F.
Published: May 2016

Nowadays, solar resource estimation via clear-sky models is widely accepted when correctly validated with on ground records. In the past, different approaches have been proposed in order to determine clear-sky periods of solar radiation on-ground records: visual inspection of registers, discretization via a threshold value of clear sky index, and correlation with estimated clear sky solar irradiation. However, due to the fact that the process must be automated and the need for universality, the search for clear-sky conditions presents a challenging feat. This study proposes a new algorithm based on the persistent value of the Linke turbidity in conjunction with a transitory filter. The determinant of the correlation matrix of estimated clear-sky solar irradiance and measured irradiance is calculated to distinguish between days under clear-sky conditions and cloudy or overcast days. The method was compared and proved superior against a review of other 10 commonly used techniques at 21 sites of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network, which includes diverse climates and terrain.
Superhard sp2–sp3 hybrid carbon allotropes with tunable electronic properties
Authors: Hu Meng , Ma Mengdong , Zhao Zhisheng , Yu Dongli , He Julong
Published: May 2016

Four sp2–sp3 hybrid carbon allotropes are proposed on the basis of first principles calculations. These four carbon allotropes are energetically more favorable than graphite under suitable pressure conditions. They can be assembled from graphite through intralayer wrinkling and interlayer buckling, which is similar to the formation of diamond from graphite. For one of the sp2–sp3 hybrid carbon allotropes, mC24, the electron diffraction patterns match these of i-carbon, which is synthesized from shock-compressed graphite (H. Hirai and K. Kondo, Science, 1991, 253, 772). The allotropes exhibit tunable electronic characteristics from metallic to semiconductive with band gaps comparable to those of silicon allotropes. They are all superhard materials with Vickers hardness values comparable to that of cubic BN. The sp2–sp3 hybrid carbon allotroes are promising materials for photovoltaic electronic devices, and abrasive and grinding tools.
Key role of heat shock protein 90 in leptin‐induced STAT3 activation and feeding regulation
Authors: Hosoi Toru , Kohda Toshiko , Matsuzaki Syu , Ishiguchi Mizuho , Kuwamura Ayaka , Akita Tomoyuki , Tanaka Junko , Ozawa Koichiro
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose

Leptin, an important regulator of the energy balance, acts on the brain to inhibit feeding. However, the mechanisms involved in leptin signalling have not yet been fully elucidated. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is involved in regulating cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of HSP90 in leptin signal transduction.

Experimental Approach

HEK293 and SH‐SY5Y cell lines stably transfected with the Ob‐Rb leptin receptor (HEK293 Ob‐Rb, SH‐SY5Y Ob‐Rb) were used in the present study. Phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was analysed by western blotting. An HSP90 inhibitor was administered i.c.v. into rats and their food intake was analysed.

Key Results

The knock‐down of HSP90 in the HEK293 Ob‐Rb cell line attenuated leptin‐induced JAK2 and STAT3 signalling. Moreover, leptin‐induced JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation was markedly attenuated by the HSP90 inhibitors geldanamycin, radicicol and novobiocin. However, these effects were not mediated through previously known factors, which are known to be involved in the development of leptin resistance, such as suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 or endoplasmic reticulum stress. The infusion of an HSP90 inhibitor into the CNS blunted the anorexigenic actions of leptin in rats (male Wister rat).

Conclusions and Implications

HSP90 may be a novel factor involved in leptin‐mediated signalling that is linked to anorexia.
Truth and Stories
Authors: Samuels David W.
Published: May 2016

This essay attempts to account for a shift, over the past century, in the narrative particle used in San Carlos Apache storytelling. Early text collections feature a verb of speaking. More recent storytellers tend to use a particle glossed variously as a received wisdom particle, a remote past particle, or, most productively, a deferred realization particle. Drawing on Zygmunt Bauman, I argue that the collective administrative agendas of government, education, military, and religious personnel on the San Carlos Apache Reservation, orbiting around the conjoined metapragmatics of modernity, Christianity, and literacy, help to explain the social life of these narrative particles. I focus particularly on the role of Lutheran missionaries in San Carlos in supporting the idea of an increased reliability accruing to the deferred realization of writing and reading.
Snack Sharing and the Moral Metalanguage of Exchange: Children's Reproduction of Rank‐Based Redistribution in Senegal
Authors: Yount‐André Chelsie
Published: May 2016

Adults in Senegal explain children's snack sharing practices as the product of gender and age differences in children's temperament, describing older girls as better behaved and thus better suited to divvy up food. But close examination of children's language practices while sharing food reveals the nuanced semiotic strategies they draw on to negotiate rights to material resources. This article builds on Judith Irvine's research into the intersections of language and material exchange, to shed light on the ways children participate in the reproduction of linguistic forms that mediate material circulation. Analysis of snack sharing between siblings in Dakar illustrates how children embody contrasting semiotic practices linked to caste‐based modes of behavior. I argue that the semiotic resources children use to negotiate obligation and entitlement while sharing food can illuminate the naturalization of morally charged forms of language materiality that underpin material circulation according to asymmetrical, but complimentary social roles.
The Difference Language Makes: The Life‐History of Nahuatl in Two Mexican Families
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus
Published: May 2016

In this article, I describe two families from two different Mexican communities where the Nahuatl language is spoken. In both families the parental generation speaks Nahuatl as a first language, but the way that the adult children use and relate to the language varies widely between the families and between the individual siblings within a family. Some master the language and have made the language an important source of identity and livelihood, whereas others have all but abandoned it. I describe how this variation in linguistic outcomes is related to the children's life histories, including the influence of significant life events and educational experience, which are in turn tied to political changes in Mexican society. I show how the Nahuatl language has been a source of different options and obstacles in their lives. I propose that a life‐history perspective on language transmission anchored in a phenomenological semiotics will enhance our understanding of the relation between language ideology and agency.
Phosphatidylserine on blood cells and endothelial cells contributes to the hypercoagulable state in cirrhosis
Authors: Wu Xiaoming , Yao Zhipeng , Zhao Lu , Zhang Yan , Cao Muhua , Li Tao , Ding Wenbo , Liu Yan , Deng Ruijuan , Dong Zengxiang , Chen He , Novakovic Valerie A. , Bi Yayan , Kou Junjie , Tian Ye , Zhou Jin , Shi Jialan
Published: May 2016

Background & Aims

The mechanism of thrombogenicity in cirrhosis is largely unknown. Our objective was to study the relationship between phosphatidylserine on blood cells and endothelial cells and the hypercoagulable state in cirrhotic patients.

Methods

Patients with cirrhosis and healthy controls were studied. Lactadherin was used to quantify phosphatidylserine exposure on blood cells and endothelial cells. Procoagulant activity of cells was evaluated using clotting time and purified coagulation complex assays. Fibrin production was determined by turbidity. Phosphatidylserine exposure, fibrin strands and FVa/Xa binding on cells were observed using confocal microscopy.

Results

Our study showed that phosphatidylserine exposure on erythrocytes, platelets and leucocytes in cirrhotic patients increased progressively with Child–Pugh categories. In addition, we found that endothelial cells treated with cirrhotic serum in vitro exposed more phosphatidylserine than those exposed to healthy serum. The exposed phosphatidylserine supported a shorter coagulation time and increased FXa, thrombin and fibrin formation. Notably, phosphatidylserine+ erythrocytes also promoted shorter coagulation times and more fibrin generation in cirrhotic microparticle‐depleted plasma, regardless of Child–Pugh categories. Confocal microscopy data showed that the FVa/FXa complex and fibrin fibrils colocalized with phosphatidylserine on endothelial cells. Lactadherin significantly inhibited FXa and thrombin generation and consequently decreased fibrin production in normal or cirrhotic plasma.

Conclusions

These results lead us to believe that exposed phosphatidylserine on activated or injured erythrocytes, platelets, leucocytes and endothelial cells plays an important role in the hypercoagulable state in cirrhotic patients. Thus, blocking phosphatidylserine binding sites might be a new therapeutic target for preventing thrombosis.
World Englishes and creative idioms in English as a lingua franca
Authors: PITZL MARIE‐LUISE
Published: May 2016

Although language contact is usually long‐term and extensive in the postcolonial contexts of world Englishes, it also takes place in situations where English is used as a lingua franca (ELF) for international communication. The particulars and conceptualization of this transient type of language contact in ELF are the focus of the present paper. Building upon previous studies on the creative use and variation of idioms in ELF, this paper looks at creative idioms in ELF interactions as emblematic instances of such transient language contact and multilingual creativity.
Displacement Mapping as a Metric Tool for Optimizing Mesh Models Originated by 3D Digitization
Authors: Guidi Gabriele , Angheleddu Davide
Published: May 2016

In the past 20 years, several methods have been proposed for re-coding 3D models with a low-spatial-frequency 3D representation plus a high-frequency 2D map for recovering the details. This approach has been explored with different kinds of mapping (bump, normal, relief, parallax, displacement), which have been shown to be effective in dramatically reducing model size while still maintaining a good visual appearance. For this reason, these approaches are widely applied in those situations where the rendering time constraints are critical (e.g., real-time rendering of complex models for gaming). However, the significant difference between the original detailed 3D model and the re-coded version has made it impossible to consider the latter as a metrically satisfying substitute for the former. The purpose of this article is to propose a re-coding method based on displaced subdivision surfaces that makes it possible to adapt the re-coded 3D representation to the metrological limitations of the 3D capturing technique used for generating the original mesh. In this way, it is possible to keep the geometric incoherency between the re-coded and the acquired mesh below the threshold determined by the natural capturing technology uncertainty. The resulting re-coded model can be therefore considered as close to the physical object/scenario, as the original acquired mesh, with a great advantage in terms of 3D representation size, UV parametrization, topological coherence, and scalability. The method has been tested on three cultural heritage objects with different complexity: a damaged wooden painting by Leonardo da Vinci (a nearly 2.5D shape), a Roman stone head sculpture (full 3D shape with simple topology), and a full body bronze sculpture by Donatello (full 3D shape with complex topology), demonstrating the coherency between the re-coded models and the originals, with a model size compression depending on the topological complexity that may reach a level of better than 1:25.
Corpus COFLA
Authors: Kroher Nadine , Díaz-Báñez José-Miguel , Mora Joaquin , Gómez Emilia
Published: May 2016

Flamenco is a music tradition from Southern Spain that attracts a growing community of enthusiasts around the world. Its unique melodic and rhythmic elements, the typically spontaneous and improvised interpretation, and its diversity regarding styles make this still largely undocumented art form a particularly interesting material for musicological studies. In prior works, it has already been demonstrated that research on computational analysis of flamenco music, despite it being a relatively new field, can provide powerful tools for the discovery and diffusion of this genre. In this article, we present
corpusCOFLA
, a data framework for the development of such computational tools. The proposed collection of audio recordings and metadata serves as a pool for creating annotated subsets that can be used in development and evaluation of algorithms for specific music information retrieval tasks. First, we describe the design criteria for the corpus creation and then provide various examples of subsets drawn from the corpus. We showcase possible research applications in the context of computational study of flamenco music and give perspectives regarding further development of the corpus.
MARSA
Authors: Cao Tien-Dung , Pham Tran-Vu , Vu Quang-Hieu , Truong Hong-Linh , Le Duc-Hung , Dustdar Schahram
Published: May 2016

This article introduces a dynamic cloud-based marketplace of near-realtime human sensing data (MARSA) for different stakeholders to sell and buy near-realtime data. MARSA is designed for environments where information technology (IT) infrastructures are not well developed but the need to gather and sell near-realtime data is great. To this end, we present techniques for selecting data types and managing data contracts based on different cost models, quality of data, and data rights. We design our MARSA platform by leveraging different data transferring solutions to enable an open and scalable communication mechanism between sellers (data providers) and buyers (data consumers). To evaluate MARSA, we carry out several experiments with the near-realtime transportation data provided by people in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, and simulated scenarios in multicloud environments.
Using a Real Bare Machine in a Project-Based Learning Environment for Teaching Computer Structure
Authors: Larraza-Mendiluze Edurne , Garay-Vitoria Nestor , Soraluze Iratxe , Martín José , Muguerza Javier , Ruiz-Vázquez Txelo
Published: May 2016

The computer input/output (I/O) subsystem and its functioning are very abstract concepts that are difficult for undergraduate freshmen to understand. However, it is important that freshmen assimilate these low-level concepts if they are going to be taught about the operating systems (OS) working over that architecture layer, or working directly with them in embedded systems, real-time systems, or in the area of human--computer interaction (HCI). This article describes the use of a game console (Nintendo® DS, NDS) in a project-based learning (PBL or PjBL) environment in which the design of a game is the basis of the project in order to encourage the students to get more involved with the computer I/O subsystem abstraction. A 4yr experience is reported in which the action research model (planning, acting, observing, and reflecting) has been followed. The general procedure for the 4yr and the specific characteristics and achieved results for each year are reported. The aim of the study was twofold: to assess the learning effectiveness of the active PjBL educational approach and some related factors, and to analyze the motivation toward the subject fostered by the game console. The first aim is analyzed using the scores achieved by the students; the second aim is analyzed via satisfaction questionnaires.
Feasibility and Perceptions of Cell Phone–Based, Health-Related Communication With Adolescents in an Economically Depressed Area
Authors: Sawni Anju , Cederna-Meko Crystal , LaChance Jenny L. , Buttigieg Angie , Le Quoc , Nunuk Irene , Ang Joyce , Burrell Katherine M.
Published: May 2016

We examined the feasibility and perception of cell-based (texting, voicemail [VM], and email/social media), health-related communication with adolescents in Genesee County, MI, where 22% reside below the poverty level. Results of an anonymous survey found that 86% of respondents owned a cell phone, 87% had data, 96% texted, 90.5% emailed/used social media, and 68% had VM. Most adolescents were interested in cell-based communication via texting (52%), VM (37%), and email/social media (31%). Interest in types of health communication included appointment reminders (99% texting; 94% VM; 95% email/social media), shot reminders (84.5% texting; 74.5% VM; 81% email/social media), call for test results (71.5% texting; 75% VM; 65% email/social media), medication reminders (63% texting; 54% VM; 58% e-mail/social media), and health tips (36% texting; 18.5% VM; 73% email/social media). Cell-based health-related communication with adolescents is feasible even within low socioeconomic status populations, primarily via texting. Health providers should embrace cell-based patient communication.
Session II: Cells and Extracellular Matrices of the Dental Pulp — C.T. Hanks, Chairman
Authors: Linde A.
Published: May 2016

The dental pulp is a loose connective tissue, characterized by its specific anatomical location. Its extracellular components are obvious subjects for study, since such components are largely responsible for the physiological properties of the tissue. Several clinically important processes occur ex-tracellularly, e.g., defense mechanisms such as inflammatory reactions and formation of calcified tissue. The dental mesenchyme has a crucial role during early tooth morphogenesis. The dental pulp, or rather the dental papilla, seems to have only an indirect role during dentinogenesis.

This review discusses proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, fibronec-tin and other non-collagenous proteins, and the different types of collagen that have been studied in pulp connective tissue. With regard to its biochemical constituents, the pulp is similar to other loose connective tissues. Collagen type I is the major fibrous component, but collagen type III also constitutes a large portion. Fibronectin is present, as is a high content of proteoglycan. In the proteoglycans, all normally occurring connective tissue glycosaminoglycans can be demonstrated.

The composition of the pulpal extracellular matrix during tooth development is quite different from that of the mature tooth. Thus, it is important not to draw any too-far-reaching conclusions about the situation in human pulp from results obtained by studying pulp from animal teeth with ongoing dentinogenesis.

In spite of their common ancestry, pulp and dentin differ considerably in extracellular matrix composition. Proteoglycans and collagen type I are present in dentin. No type III collagen or fibronectin can be found in the dentin, although it is present in the dental pulp. In contrast, the unusual type I trimer collagen is synthesized by odontoblasts. A group of anionic non-collagenous proteins, such as phosphoproteins and γ-car-boxyglutamate-containing proteins, constitutes a considerable portion of the dentin organic matrix, but is absent from the pulp.
Using the Bootstrap Method to Evaluate the Critical Range of Misfit for Polytomous Rasch Fit Statistics
Authors: Seol Hyunsoo
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to apply the bootstrap procedure to evaluate how the bootstrapped confidence intervals (CIs) for polytomous Rasch fit statistics might differ according to sample sizes and test lengths in comparison with the rule-of-thumb critical value of misfit. A total of 25 simulated data sets were generated to fit the Rasch measurement and then a total of 1,000 replications were conducted to compute the bootstrapped CIs under each of 25 testing conditions. The results showed that rule-of-thumb critical values for assessing the magnitude of misfit were not applicable because the infit and outfit mean square error statistics showed different magnitudes of variability over testing conditions and the standardized fit statistics did not exactly follow the standard normal distribution. Further, they also do not share the same critical range for the item and person misfit. Based on the results of the study, the bootstrapped CIs can be used to identify misfitting items or persons as they offer a reasonable alternative solution, especially when the distributions of the infit and outfit statistics are not well known and depend on sample size.
Social Connectedness, Self-Efficacy, and Mental Health Outcomes Among Homeless Youth
Authors: Begun Stephanie , Bender Kimberly A. , Brown Samantha M. , Barman-Adhikari Anamika , Ferguson Kristin
Published: May 2016

Homeless youth frequently meet diagnosis criteria for depressive and/or substance use disorder(s). Although prior research has established that both social connectedness and self-efficacy buffer vulnerable youth’s adverse health outcomes, few studies have compared the potential of these protective factors on homeless youth’s mental well-being. The current study analyzes comparative effects of social connectedness and self-efficacy on meeting criteria for major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, and the co-occurrence of both disorders among a sample of 601 service-seeking homeless youth in Austin, Denver, and Los Angeles. Hierarchical logistic regressions indicate that while both social connectedness and self-efficacy constructs are valuable protective factors, social connectedness may offer greater utility, particularly in buffering against more complex mental health outcomes, such as the co-occurrence of depressive and substance use disorders. Accordingly, resource-strapped homeless youth service providers and researchers may benefit from tailoring mental health intervention strategies to further emphasize social connectedness in future efforts.
Parents’ Interpretations of Screen Time Recommendations for Children Younger Than 2 Years
Authors: Brown Alice , Smolenaers Emma
Published: May 2016

Move and Play Every Day: National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0-5 Years was part of a suite of physical activity guidelines issued by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing in 2010. Guidelines included the recommendation that “children younger than 2 years should not spend any time watching television or using other electronic media.” In-depth semistructured interviews investigated parents’ interpretations and factors affecting decision making regarding screen time behaviors of their young children (from birth to 2 years). Results reveal great diversity in understandings of recommendations and confirm that unique contextual factors, many of which emerge from the micro-environment of the family home, affect decision making. Variations in interpretation may account for disparities in the awareness and effectiveness of recommendations. Results may help inform future guidelines and interventions by pointing to the need to consider the idiosyncratic nature of young families in order to have the desired impact.
‘Unsung Heroines’
Authors: Raikes Ben
Published: May 2016

This article focusses on the issues that arise when grandmothers are put in the position of caring for their grandchildren while their parents are in prison. It will present the lived experience of three grandmothers who are in this position and 16 imprisoned mothers, whose mothers were caring for their children, who participated in two focus groups at two different female prisons. It is now well established that parental imprisonment generally has a negative impact upon children. Children with imprisoned mothers often face the most disruption to their lives. Many children with mothers in prison are cared for by their grandparents, with grandmothers generally doing the majority of the care. Pressures faced by grandparent carers of children with incarcerated parents occur as a result of stigma, loss, isolation, poor health and a lack of practical, emotional and financial support. If grandparents were not willing to provide this care, many more children with parents in prison would face being placed in foster care, or in children’s homes. The complexities encountered by both grandparents and imprisoned mothers as a result of the changes in roles that arise from these circumstances will be explored.
The effects of manganese ions on rheology and thermal properties of polyether ether ketone
Authors: Su Yang , Wang Tao , Dang Guodong , Zhou Hongwei , Chen Chunhai
Published: May 2016

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) mixed with manganese (Mn) of different valences was prepared to simulate conditions of impurity. The melt flow rate (MFR) and rheological behaviour were systematically studied to characterize the mobility from different angles. MFR test was used for the preliminary exploration of mixtures of Mn ions. The results showed that Mn, Mn(II), and Mn(IV) had little impact on the mobility of PEEK contrary to Mn(VII) and that long chain branching or cross-linking was suspected. Mn(VII) was determined to be the main object of this research. Capillary rheometer test demonstrated that the apparent shear viscosity constantly reduced with the increase of apparent shear rate, and that the addition of Mn(VII) could worsen the mobility of PEEK. Similarly, parallel plate rheometer studies proved that the complex viscosity increased along with the content of Mn(VII) and LCB was confirmed. Thermal analysis revealed that LCB occurred internally and that thermal stability was worse.
Maximum range trajectory optimization for a boost-glide vehicle using adaptive mesh refinement pseudospectral methods
Authors: Qiu Wenjie , Jia Qingzhong , Meng Xiuyun , Sun Yibo
Published: May 2016

The maximum down range trajectory optimization problem with multiple phases and multiple constraints corresponding to the flight of a boost-glide vehicle is considered. The longitudinal motion model was built as a multiphase optimization problem under constraints. Legendre–Gauss–Radau collocation points were used to transcribe the optimization problem into a finite-dimensional nonlinear programming problem, and the maximization down range trajectory was obtained based on adaptive mesh refinement pseudospectral methods. However, sometimes it is difficult to find interior points without position constraints. A novel optimization strategy based on dynamic programming theory was proposed to search the free interior points more accurately and quickly, which resulted in almost the same optimized trajectory while producing a small mesh. The results of numerical examples showed that the boost-glide vehicle trajectory optimization problem is solved using the adaptive mesh refinement pseudospectral methods.
Evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of olivetoric and physodic acid in cultured human amnion fibroblasts
Authors: Emsen B , Turkez H , Togar B , Aslan A
Published: May 2016

It is known that lichens are utilized for the treatment of many diseases including ulcer, diabetes, and cancer for many years. Secondary metabolites in the structure of the lichens provide various activity properties for them. In the present study, cytotoxic and oxidative effects of main constituents of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae), olivetoric acid (OA), and physodic acid (PA) were investigated on cultured human amnion fibroblasts (HAFs). OA and PA were isolated from P. furfuracea using column chromatography and their structures were determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. HAFs were incubated during 48 h in the presence of OA and PA, at different concentrations from 6.25 mg/L to 200 mg/L. OA showed higher cytotoxicity than PA. In fact, median inhibitory concentration values of OA and PA were 571.27 and 3373.69 mg/L, respectively. The lower concentrations (<50 mg/L) of OA and PA did not cause oxidative stress and genotoxicity; furthermore, they supported anti-oxidative capacity of HAFs. Therefore, all these data suggested that both tested metabolites, especially PA might be developed as natural health medicine to protect human body against oxidative stress and genotoxicity. As far as we know, this is the first report on the cytotoxic and anti-oxidative activities of OA and PA on HAFs.
Sibling Supporters’ Experiences of Giving Support to Siblings Who Have a Brother or a Sister With Cancer
Authors: Nolbris Margaretha Jenholt , Nilsson Stefan
Published: May 2016

Siblings of a child with a life-threatening disease, such as cancer, have a right to measures that promote their health and welfare. Siblings may find it hard to understand what is happening to the sick child with cancer and why he or she reacts as he or she does. The aim of the study was to explore sibling supporters’ thoughts about the experiences they had in providing support for siblings with a brother or a sister with a life-threatening disease such as cancer. All the 12 sibling supporters currently working in Sweden participated in a qualitative, descriptive study from which 5 categories emerged, showing that the sibling supporters supported siblings from diagnosis until possible death. They enabled siblings who were in the same situation to meet each other and arranged activities suited to their ages, as well as offering an encouraging environment. To help the siblings, the sibling supporters found it necessary to interact with both the parents and the ward staff. The sibling supporters felt that their support was important and necessary in helping siblings promote their own health both when the sick child was alive and also after his or her death. The experience of the sibling supporters was that they listened to the siblings’ stories and met them when they were in their crisis. The study confirms that sibling supporters should be a part of the health care team that treat and support the family when a child has cancer.
“Reconstructing a Sense of Self”
Authors: Le PhuongThao D.
Published: May 2016

Survivors of human trafficking who return to their community of origin must cope with the trauma they experienced as victims as well as the conditions that contributed to their trafficking vulnerabilities. In this article, I examine the psychosocial adjustment process among women survivors of trafficking who returned to Vietnam. Supplemented by participation observation, thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with survivors revealed that throughout the trafficking process, the women experienced multiple abuses and changes in relationships and environments. The women coped by navigating a process of “reconstructing a sense of self,” seeking congruence between their self-understandings and the changing contextual factors while exhibiting three main coping strategies: regulating emotional expression and thought, creating opportunities within constraints, and relating to cultural schemas. The findings underscore the importance of considering contextual factors such as cultural norms and societal values in efforts to assist trafficked survivors reintegrate into their communities.
Initial strain energy-based thermo-elastoviscoplastic two-parameter damage–self-healing models for bituminous composites—Part I: Formulations
Authors: Hong S , Yuan KY , Ju JW
Published: May 2016

The initial strain energy-based thermo-elastoviscoplastic two-parameter damage–self-healing formulations for asphalt concrete materials are proposed and implemented for numerical simulations of experimental data. A class of elastoviscoplastic two-parameter constitutive damage–self-healing models, based on a continuum thermodynamic framework, is developed within an initial-elastic strain energy-based formulation. The Helmholtz free energy potential is employed and uncoupled with an Arrhenius-type temperature term in order to account for the effect of temperature. In particular, the governing incremental damage and healing evolutions are coupled in volumetric and deviatoric parts and characterized through the net stress concept in conjunction with the hypothesis of strain equivalence. The conceptual illustration is shown for the proposed governing incremental damage and healing evolutions. The (undamaged) energy norms of the volumetric and deviatoric strain tensors as the equivalent volumetric and deviatoric strains are redefined and employed for the two-parameter damage and healing criteria. A rate-dependent (viscous) volumetric and deviatoric damage model with a structure analogous to viscoplasticity of the Perzyna type is used for rate sensitivity of bituminous composites. Completely new computational algorithms are systematically proposed in Part II of this sequel, based on the two-step operator splitting methodology. Comparisons with experimental measurements and model predictions are demonstrated in Part II of this sequel as well.
Words Du Jour: An Analysis of Traditional and Transitional Course Descriptors at Select J-Schools
Authors: Spillman Mary , Kuban Adam J. , Smith Suzy J.
Published: May 2016

Journalism education may be at a tipping point. It is unclear, however, what new form curricula might take. Through an analysis of individual course titles and descriptions that appeared in the 2013-2014 undergraduate catalogs of 68 selected universities, this exploratory study finds that most departments/schools are not offering classes that reflect pedagogical approaches recently promoted in professional literature (e.g., hospital model, entrepreneurship, apprenticeship) nor are they responding to calls for greater integration between the classroom and industry via quasi-professional experiences. Journalism programs are, instead, relying on historically recognized and accepted models—such as practicum and capstone.
A Phenomenological Study of Student Experiences in a Multiplatform Journalism Course
Authors: Auger Giselle A. , Tanes-Ehle Zeynep , Gee Charlie
Published: May 2016

Studies suggest that the goal of convergence curriculum should be one in which students are prepared both conceptually and practically. The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of students working with new and traditional technologies to develop and produce news stories. The results indicate that participation in the course strengthened both students’ technological skills and skills of importance in traditional journalism—the ability to write, interview, and listen well; to construct a news story; and to adapt to varied situations. Students also developed a deeper understanding of themselves as storytellers.
Physician Perceptions of ADHD Stimulant Diversion and Misuse
Authors: Colaneri Natalie M. , Keim Sarah A. , Adesman Andrew
Published: May 2016

Objective: The recent rise in ADHD has prompted concerns about adolescents with ADHD diverting and/or misusing stimulants. This is the first study to assess physician perceptions of the pervasiveness of these issues. Method: Questionnaires were mailed to a national sample of pediatric subspecialists. Responses were analyzed ( n = 826; 18% response rate) using descriptive statistics and regression analyses. Results: In the past year, 59% of physicians suspected ≥1 patient(s) with ADHD diverted stimulants. Seventy-four percent believed ≥1 patient(s) feigned symptoms to obtain an initial ADHD diagnosis; 66% believed ≥1 patient(s) wanted stimulants to improve academic performance. Child and adolescent psychiatrists were most likely to suspect diversion and feigning symptoms. Thirty-nine percent of physicians believed diversion was at least “common.” Conclusion: Although many physicians suspected stimulant diversion and misuse, a substantial number were unaware of these issues, and subspecialist perceptions varied. These findings support the potential pervasiveness of these issues and the need for increased physician awareness.
Obesity frames and counter-frames in British and German online newspapers
Authors: Atanasova Dimitrinka , Koteyko Nelya
Published: May 2016

By featuring news articles highlighting certain aspects of obesity and backgrounding others, the media can frame these aspects as especially applicable to how obesity should be understood and addressed. Despite the highest rates in Europe, news reports from Britain and Germany have come under little scholarly scrutiny. In this article, we explore frames and their frequency of use in British and German online newspapers. Our findings reveal a dominant cross-national framing of obesity in terms of ‘self-control’, which places a more pronounced emphasis on individual responsibility than demonstrated by earlier studies and may contribute to a culture of weight bias and stigma. The results also reveal evidence for cross-national efforts to challenge this individualising framing with counter-frames of ‘acceptance’ and ‘coming out’. We argue that this is a positive development, which demonstrates the potential of media frames to function not only as possible contributors to weight bias and stigma but also as mechanisms for countering entrenched social conceptions of obesity.
Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The Linguistic Proximity Model
Authors: Westergaard Marit , Mitrofanova Natalia , Mykhaylyk Roksolana , Rodina Yulia
Published: May 2016

Aims and Objectives:

The main goal of the present study is to investigate effects of crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition by simultaneous bilinguals. We address the following research questions: Do both languages contribute to crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition, or is one of them chosen as the sole source of influence? Is crosslinguistic influence always from the typologically more similar language? Is crosslinguistic influence always facilitative, or can it also be non-facilitative?

Methodology:

The paper reports on a grammaticality judgment task with two word order conditions, both related to verb movement (verb-second in Norwegian and subject-auxiliary inversion in English).

Data and Analysis:

An experiment was carried out with three groups of 11-14-year-old participants, Norwegian-Russian bilinguals ( n=22), Norwegian-speaking monolinguals ( n=46), and Russian-speaking monolinguals ( n=31). The data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed effects logistic regression allowing us to estimate the effects of condition ( Adv-V, Aux-S), language (Norwegian, Norwegian-Russian, Russian) and their interaction on the correctness of judgments.

Findings:

The analysis reveals that while L1 Norwegian children over-accept ungrammatical sentences in English with a word order that reflects verb movement (V2), bilingual Norwegian-Russian children notice these errors significantly more often, just like L1 Russians. At the same time, the bilinguals score lower than L1 Russian children on grammatical trials, suggesting the presence of non-facilitative influence from Norwegian.

Originality:

This study argues for the Linguistic Proximity Model, which proposes incremental property-by-property learning and allows for both facilitative and non-facilitative influence from one or both of the previously acquired languages.

Significance:

The Linguistic Proximity Model and supporting experimental data contribute to existing models in third language acquisition by indicating that not just typological proximity but also structural similarity at an abstract level should be considered an important factor in third language acquisition.
Free vibration analysis of two parallel beams connected together through variable stiffness elastic layer with elastically restrained ends
Authors: Mirzabeigy Alborz , Madoliat Reza , Vahabi Mehdi
Published: May 2016

In this study, free transverse vibration of two parallel beams connected together through variable stiffness Winkler-type elastic layer is investigated. Euler–Bernoulli beam hypothesis has been applied and the support is considered to be translational and rotational elastic springs in each ends. Linear and parabolic variation has been considered for connecting layer. The equations of motion have been derived in the form of coupled differential equations with variable coefficients. The differential transform method has been applied to obtain natural frequencies and normalized mode shapes of system. Differential transform method is a semi-analytical approach based on Taylor expansion series which converts differential equations to recursive algebraic equations and does not need domain discretization. The results obtained from differential transform method have been validated with the results reported by well-known references in the case of two parallel beams connected through uniform elastic layer. The effects of variation type and total stiffness of connecting layer, flexural rigidity ratio of beams, and boundary conditions on behavior of system are investigated and discussed in detail.
Social work and the two cultures: The art and science of practice
Authors: Cornish Sally
Published: May 2016

Recent explorations of the nature of contemporary social work, tending to differentiate managerial and techno-rational practices from ‘real’ relationship-based interventions, are suggestive of there being an art and a science of social work, echoing Snow’s argument in his ‘Two Cultures’ lecture of 1959 about the especially English tendency to damaging divisions in academia. The concept, and the dangers Snow identified, are revisited and applied to social work in this theoretical article, with the science of practice being located in evidence-informed approaches and its art in relationship-based work.

Findings

Social work has long incorporated approaches which draw on the strengths of the humanities and science ‘cultures’ respectively, and recognises what each has to offer; it may also be considered to some extent as belonging to a ‘Third Culture’, along with other applied fields. Common to any culture, however, as applied within the profession, must be its ethical base.

Applications

As Snow noted, polarity between art and science can lead to common ground being lost which in social work may ultimately disadvantage service users. The professional value base provides the basis for a ‘social work culture’ as long as this is not itself divided by unconstructive schisms.
Sonographic Detection of a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Stomach
Authors: Udina Elizabeth L. , Fisher Kelsy L.
Published: May 2016

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise from mesenchymal tissue and represent the majority of gastric tumors. Diagnostic workup of GISTs is usually done through immunohistochemistry and imaging, typically not including sonography. A case is presented of a GIST that was initially identified sonographically with an unknown primary site. Sonography detected and characterized the mass, followed by the use of computed tomography to obtain additional information that led to the diagnosis. The use of both diagnostic imaging modalities allowed for accurate diagnosis and helped to determine the next step in proper treatment of the tumor.
Ciudad rural sustentable de Jaltenango: aciertos y desaciertos en el ordenamiento territorial
Authors: Torres-Fragoso Jaime , Castañeda-Arredondo Álvaro , Gallardo-García Enrique David
Published: May 2016

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los resultados del Programa de Ciudades Rurales Sustentables (CRS) implementado por el Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas, México, tomando como referencia la Ciudad Rural Sustentable de Jaltenango (CRSJ), edificada en el municipio de Ángel Albino Corzo en el año 2012. El Programa tiene la finalidad de atender a la población en situación de riesgo ante desastres naturales, dispersión geográfica y marginación. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de cuatro de los subsistemas que componen el Programa de CRS: demográficosociocultural, económico-productivo, urbano-territorial y gestión municipal. Entre los resultados obtenidos se encuentran tanto los beneficios como algunos efectos no esperados de la implementación de esta política, los cuales deben ser considerados en las revisiones y evaluaciones del Programa, para mejorar las decisiones que los actores involucrados deben tomar sobre los problemas públicos que se buscan solucionar.ABSTRACT This article analyzes the results of the Sustainable Rural Cities Program (CRS, por its name in Spanish) implemented by the government of Chiapas. It refers to the Sustainable Rural City of Jaltenango, built in 2012, in the township of Angel Albino Corzo. The program aims at assisting the population at risk of natural disasters, geographic dispersion and marginalization. This paper presents the results from four subsystems of the CRS Program: socio-demography, economic productivity, urban-land, and municipal management. Results show the benefits and some unexpected effects of the implementation of this policy. These effects must be considered in the program reviews and assessment to improve the decisions that stakeholders should make if they look for solutions to public problems.
Processus suicidaire des dirigeants de petites entreprises : état des lieux et mesures de prévention
Authors: Bah Thierno , Gaillon Dany
Published: May 2016

Très peu de recherches académiques sont consacrées à la souffrance et au suicide au travail des patrons de petites sociétés. Or, ces phénomènes les frappent directement, avec parfois même une intensité plus forte que chez les salariés. À partir des rares écrits existants sur le sujet et de quelques cas récents de suicides de dirigeants de petites entreprises, cet article identifie les causes du suicide patronal et présente un certain nombre de mesures pour lutter et prévenir ce phénomène, véritable fait de société au même titre que le suicide salarial.