bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain Insulin Signaling Is Increased in Insulin-Resistant States and Decreases in FOXOs and PGC-1α and Increases in Aβ1–40/42 and Phospho-Tau May Abet Alzheimer Development
Authors: Sajan Mini , Hansen Barbara , Ivey Robert , Sajan Joshua , Ari Csilla , Song Shijie , Braun Ursula , Leitges Michael , Farese-Higgs Margaret , Farese Robert V.
Published: February 2016

Increased coexistence of Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) suggests that insulin resistance abets neurodegenerative processes, but linkage mechanisms are obscure. Here, we examined insulin signaling factors in brains of insulin-resistant high-fat–fed mice, ob/ob mice, mice with genetically impaired muscle glucose transport, and monkeys with diet-dependent long-standing obesity/T2DM. In each model, the resting/basal activities of insulin-regulated brain protein kinases, Akt and atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), were maximally increased. Moreover, Akt hyperactivation was accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of substrates glycogen synthase kinase-3β and mammalian target of rapamycin and FOXO proteins FOXO1, FOXO3A, and FOXO4 and decreased peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression. Akt hyperactivation was confirmed in individual neurons of anterocortical and hippocampal regions that house cognition/memory centers. Remarkably, β-amyloid (Aβ1–40/42) peptide levels were as follows: increased in the short term by insulin in normal mice, increased basally in insulin-resistant mice and monkeys, and accompanied by diminished amyloid precursor protein in monkeys. Phosphorylated tau levels were increased in ob/ob mice and T2DM monkeys. Importantly, with correction of hyperinsulinemia by inhibition of hepatic aPKC and improvement in systemic insulin resistance, brain insulin signaling normalized. As FOXOs and PGC-1α are essential for memory and long-term neuronal function and regeneration and as Aβ1–40/42 and phospho-tau may increase interneuronal plaques and intraneuronal tangles, presently observed aberrations in hyperinsulinemic states may participate in linking insulin resistance to AD.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors:   The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group
Published: February 2016

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well-established in type 2 but not type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We assessed risk factors in the long-term (mean 27 years) follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort with T1DM. Cox proportional hazards multivariate models assessed the association of traditional and novel risk factors, including HbA1c, with major atherosclerotic cardiovascular events (MACE) (fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI] or stroke) and any-CVD (MACE plus confirmed angina, silent MI, revascularization, or congestive heart failure). Age and mean HbA1c were strongly associated with any-CVD and with MACE. For each percentage point increase in mean HbA1c, the risk for any-CVD and for MACE increased by 31 and 42%, respectively. CVD and MACE were associated with seven other conventional factors, such as blood pressure, lipids, and lack of ACE inhibitor use, but not with sex. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves for the association of age and HbA1c, taken together with any-CVD and for MACE, were 0.70 and 0.77, respectively, and for the final models, including all significant risk factors, were 0.75 and 0.82. Although many conventional CVD risk factors apply in T1DM, hyperglycemia is an important risk factor second only to age.
Isolation of flavonoids from onion skins and their effects on K562 cell viability
Authors: Shi Guo-Qing , Yang Jing , Liu Jiang , Liu Sheng-Nan , Song Han-Xue , Zhao Wen-En , Liu Yan-Qi
Published: February 2016

To investigate the anti-proliferative activity of flavonoids from onion skins, extraction by 50% ethanol (v/v), soxhlet polar fractionation, pH gradient separation, thin-layer chromatography, and recrystallization methods were used to isolate and purify flavonoids from dry onion skins. Anti-proliferative activities of some flavonoids obtained on leukemia K562 cell line were deter-mined by MTT assay. Results showed that flavonoids of onion skins were mainly in form of quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, apigenin-7-O-?-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-?-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-7-O-?-D-glucopyranoside and rutin. Quercetin and kaempferol decreased K562 cell viability, and quercetin had stronger effect. However, isorhamnetin and rutin exhibited certain proliferation-promoting effects. It suggests that ortho hydroxyl groups on B ring of onion flavonoids might be the key structural elements of their cytotoxic effects on K562 cells, and hydroxyl groups in position 3 or carbonyl groups in position 4 might be one of the structural effect elements.
Le Coup du Parapluie. Macbeth et Columbo à Scotland Yard
Authors: Hatchuel Sarah , Vienne-Guerrin Nathalie
Published: February 2016

Cet article se propose d’analyser un épisode de la série Columbo intitulé « Dagger of the Mind » (1972) au cœur duquel se trouve le Macbeth de Shakespeare. Nous examinons la tension que cet épisode met en œuvre entre une série américaine du xxe siècle, Columbo, d’un côté, et la pièce de Shakespeare, Macbeth, de l’autre. La mise en miroir des deux oeuvres suggérée dès les premières images et reprise au cours de l’enquête invite à explorer comment Columbo et Macbeth s’articulent, ce que Macbeth fait à Columbo et ce que Columbo fait à Macbeth, notamment dans le contexte britannique qui caractérise l’épisode et tranche avec le décor habituellement américain de la série. Après avoir examiné quelques modes d’interpénétration et d’articulation des deux mondes, nous analysons le processus de démythification et de pétrification qui semble être à l’œuvre dans cet épisode où le poignard paraît trouver son substitut grotesque dans un accessoire essentiel, anglais par excellence : le parapluie. La reprise qui est au cœur de cet épisode sera donc analysée en termes de chevauchement d’une part et d’écart d’autre part. Être et ne pas être tout à la fois : c’est dans cette tension que réside la complexité de la reprise et de l’écho tels qu’ils apparaissent dans cet épisode.
Treme: New Orleans Remix
Authors: Hudelet Ariane
Published: February 2016

The three seasons of Treme broadcast so far on HBO show how life, in all its forms (economic, social, cultural), resumed in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. The multi-track dimension of the show (we see bits and pieces of the existence of common people, without a rigid narrative structure) falls into one form of the serial narrative, which tends to erase the notions of beginning and ending and gives the impression of a flow in which we get caught for the duration of each episode. The passages from one narrative arc to another occur very fluidly, evoking a musical construction. Indeed, by using as a main structure the different musical performances which punctuate the series, Treme is above all a recreation of the rhythm and beat of a city: music accompanies the important moments of the lives of these characters, and the major stages of the plot and of character development seem to follow the typical jazz structure – recurring phrases submitted to variations and improvisations. The combination of historical facts and fiction in this musical structure also alllows Treme to take up highly political issues: it reflects the specificity of a city that refuses to give in, and strongly defends its culture. This article focuses on the way these original narrative and aesthetic choices manage to echo a political questioning of the nature of the trauma that hit New Orleans in 2005. Far from being a natural, inevitable disaster like the hurricane itself, the flooding which ensued was, in Creighton Bernette’s terms (the character performed by John Goodman) “a man-made catastrophe, a federal fuck up of epic proportions, and decades in the making.” Treme’s fictional enterprise could thus be seen as an attempt to reorchestrate this recent history and its human consequences, unlike stereotypical media or political representations.
Glee et la reprise jubilatoire
Authors: Marcucci Virginie
Published: February 2016

Cet article s’intéresse aux différents niveaux auxquels la reprise fonctionne dans la série Glee, diffusée par la FOX depuis 2009. En effet, la reprise y est un concept polyvalent servant aussi bien à construire un univers rigide et normé qu’à le saper et à le déstabiliser. Dans un premier temps, on remarquera que la reprise est de type générique et marque Glee comme une teen series, avec son cortège de situations éculées et de personnages parfois un peu attendus. À cette reprise générique s’ajoute une reprise de clichés et de stéréotypes appliqués aux comportements (notamment genrés) des protagonistes, permettant de construire des personnages masculins et féminins conformes aux attentes de la société, extra-diégétique (composée des téléspectateurs) ou intra-diégétique (composée des personnages). Pourtant, le lieu de la diégèse – le « glee club » auquel appartiennent les héros – introduit grâce à la performance théâtrale et musicale un nouveau type de reprise, qui joue un rôle différent et floute les contours pourtant si bien dessinés au premier abord des identités de genre des personnages. C’est ici le rôle queer de la reprise qui nous intéressera, au sens où ce terme est entendu par Judith Butler, c’est-à-dire en ce qu’elle permet de tordre et de courber les lignes apparemment droites et rectilignes des comportements de genre attachés à chacun des deux sexes biologiques. Enfin, on verra que cette subversion, si elle bouleverse et remet en jeu l’ordre apparemment naturel des choses, est également le prérequis à la construction d’un nouvel ordre (fût-il caractérisé par la mouvance et la fluidité). En effet, elle permet in fine un positionnement très progressiste de la série et de son propos : une fois les attributs de genre montrés comme n’étant pas fermement, ni naturellement, attachés à un sexe ou à l’autre, il est facile d’en faire de même pour la sexualité et l’attente souvent systématique d’une hétérosexualité (ou hétéronormativité).
Recurrence, Remediation and Metatextuality in Queer As Folk
Authors: Michlin Monica
Published: February 2016

This article examines how recurrence functions diegetically within the series Queer As Folk (Showtime, 2000-2005), and how variations on the same event – the gay-bashing of Justin – are deliberately woven into the narrative. As a charged element within the soap opera framework of the series and within its political discourse, the bashing is reprised in a series of inset remediations (comics, theatrical show, storyboard to a Hollywood film, short sequences of animated film). This intermediality can be read as a form of hypertext and of multiplatform storytelling, as well as the series’ metatextual image for itself. I will argue that remediation allows the series to articulate subversive messages, both in highlighting the queer subtext in established mainstream popular culture genres (comics, action hero films) and in highlighting the series’ own singular achievement, beyond the creation of an “out” gay comics hero: the queering of soap itself.
CSI, de la série au jeu : « a more immersive experience »
Authors: Monnet-Cantagrel Hélène
Published: February 2016

CSI est une franchise de séries policières construites autour d’un même principe narratif de résolution des enquêtes par les techniques scientifiques d’investigation. D’objectif ouvertement commercial, de l’ordre du marketing, et répétitives, les franchises de médias n’ont pas toujours bonne presse, accusées de consacrer la transformation des biens culturels en produits industriels. Les franchises sont pourtant une pratique de plus en plus fréquente à la télévision - américaine - qui, depuis le Telecommunications Act de 1996, est entrée dans une logique de compétition et de branding, fait qui, à lui seul, interroge quant à son potentiel d’incidence. Outre des séries dérivées, ce sont autant de productions matérielles (jouets, jeux, livres, objets de consommation) qu’immatérielles (sites wiki, pages facebook, fils twitter) qui accompagnent les séries dans leur développement, donnant à ces récits l’envergure d’univers aux multiples aspects et voies d’entrée. Les franchises reposent cependant sur un principe de reproduction où la série d’origine fonctionne comme une matrice de sérialisation. Dès lors, les développements en franchise peuvent se comprendre comme une forme exponentielle de la dynamique narrative sérielle de variation et de répétition. À partir des formes télévisuelles et vidéoludiques de CSI, il s’agira de voir comment leur étude peut être révélatrice de la spécificité du récit sériel, dans sa morphologie comme dans sa visée sémiotique et pragmatique.
Les constellations narratives. Que font les téléspectateurs des adaptations multimédiatiques des séries télévisées ?
Authors: Sepulchre Sarah
Published: February 2016

Les séries télévisées débordent de plus en plus du petit écran pour investir d’autres supports comme le livre, Internet, le cinéma, les jeux. Nous appelons “constellations” ces ensembles d’éléments qui semblent participer d’une même histoire. La première partie de l’article montre que cette notion est proche de celles de “transmédia” (Henry Jenkins). Ce qui semble au cœur de ces systèmes narratifs est la création de mondes diégétiques immersifs (Anne Besson). Le second volet de la contribution développe donc les notions d’immersion (Renée Bourassa, Jean-Marie Schaeffer) et de figure (Bertrand Gervais), qui nous permettront de conceptualiser les pratiques des lecteurs. Une étude de réception exploratoire basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec des amateurs de séries télévisées conclut ce texte. Elle montre que les consommateurs prennent en effet plaisir à prolonger la jouissance du monde diégétique par une immersion plus fictionnelle que technique. En revanche, les éléments qui alimentent l’univers ne sont pas toujours de nature fictionnelle car les lecteurs utilisent parfois des informations sur les acteurs ou sur les lieux du récit pour nourrir leur activité imaginative. Les constellations restent cependant des récits transmédiatiques faibles car les différentes entrées sont moins autonomes que dans les cas idéaux décrits par Henry Jenkins. Ces ensembles narratifs fonctionnent en effet davantage sur la base du modèle satellitaire présenté par Richard Saint-Gelais. Enfin, il apparaît que la consommation de constellation est une véritable appropriation de l’univers fictionnel par les lecteurs.
Friday Night Lights (NBC et The 101 Network, 2006-2011) ou le réinvestissement du mythe de la small town
Authors: Billard Gérald , Brennetot Arnaud
Published: February 2016

À partir de l’exemple de Friday Night Lights, cet article entend montrer comment la double adaptation d’un livre documentaire puis d’un film au format d’une série télévisée peut conduire à une amplification et à un approfondissement de la mise en scène tels que l’histoire particulière d’une petite communauté locale du Texas conduit à une relecture originale de quelques-uns des grands thèmes de la fiction télévisée contemporaine (la réalisation de soi, la cohésion sociale, la pression communautaire, etc.). Le réinvestissement du mythe géographique de la small town donne alors l’occasion aux créateurs de la série de proposer une représentation humaniste et nuancée de la vie collective, alternative aux visions désabusées ou nihilistes qui prolifèrent par ailleurs dans nombre de drama series diffusées sur les chaînes du câble aux États-Unis, sans pour autant renoncer à la vraisemblance des événements ou à la puissance des émotions.
« Somewhere over the rainbow… » – (re-)construction élégiaque d’une mémoire collective et populaire : Life on Mars et Ashes to Ashes (BBC1, 2006-2010)
Authors: Bellenger-Morvan Yannick
Published: February 2016

Cet article propose une étude de deux séries britanniques contemporaines, Life on Mars et Ashes to Ashes (BBC1, 2006-2010) qui toutes deux mettent en scène un retour vers le passé comme condition d’une quête initiatique. La reconstitution des différentes époques, les années 1970 puis les années 1980, est une occasion pour les concepteurs de la série de rendre hommage au patrimoine culturel populaire des Britanniques. Les références musicales et télévisuelles produisent certes un effet de réel, mais elles deviennent surtout des signes à interpréter pour les héros comme pour les spectateurs. Les détournements parodiques sont nombreux, qui jouent sur notre anticipation pour mieux déjouer nos attentes : sous un prétexte humoristique, les deux séries mettent en question la représentation du Réel tel que l’entend Clément Rosset. Nous verrons comment les deux séries ont recours à de nombreux dispositifs métafictionnels afin d’illustrer l’impossibilité pour les héros de saisir leur histoire. Il s’agit, en définitive, d’entamer une réflexion sur le rôle de la télévision dans l’élaboration d’un roman national.
MLN4924, a First-in-Class NEDD8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor, Attenuates IFN-β Production
Authors: Song Hui , Huai Wanwan , Yu Zhongxia , Wang Wenwen , Zhao Jing , Zhang Lining , Zhao Wei
Published: February 2016

Neddylation is a posttranslational protein modification that conjugates ubiquitin-like protein neural precursor cell–expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8 (NEDD8) to target proteins and regulates diverse cellular processes. MLN4924, a novel NEDD8 activating enzyme inhibitor, which has emerged as a promising anticancer drug, has a multifaceted function by inhibiting the process of neddylation. However, the potential roles of MLN4924 and neddylation in IFN-β production remain unknown. In this study, we show that MLN4924 inhibits TLR3/4- and retinoic acid–inducible gene-I–induced IFN-β expression in different cells, whereas NEDD8 knockdown had no effects on IFN-β expression. The ability of the MLN4924 to inhibit IFN-β production was confirmed in vivo, as mice treated with MLN4924 exhibited decreased levels of IFN-β upon LPS or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stimulation. Furthermore, we show that MLN4924 inhibits IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) transcriptional activation and prevents IRF3 binding to IFN-β promoter. Our findings suggest that MLN4924 inhibits TLR3/4- and retinoic acid–inducible gene-I–induced IFN-β expression by preventing IRF3 binding to the IFN-β promoter, with a neddylation-independent manner. Therefore, our results provide new insight into the mechanism of MLN4924 and may have significant implications for the treatment of MLN4924.
The Impact of Organizational Justice on Employee Performance: A Survey in Turkey and Turkish Context
Authors: Kalay Faruk
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of three aspects of organizational justice, namely, distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice, on the task performance of employees in the context of Turkey. The study was conducted based on data collected from 942 teachers working in public schools in three Turkish metropolitan cities. The hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques. The findings of the study indicated that among the three aspects of organizational justice, distributive justice has a positive and significant impact on task performance. However, it was determined that the other two aspects, procedural justice and interactional justice, have no significant impact on task performance.
The Big-Two Model of Personality and Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Gözükara İzlem , Şimşek Ömer
Published: February 2016

Personality traits can be categorized using a hierarchical structure in accordance with their correlations. Such hierarchy is derived by collecting more specific personality traits with similar underlying sources under a more general trait. Personality traits affect how people behave and perceive situations in multiple life domains. Prior research demonstrated the predictive value of the personality variables in multiple role occupation; however, most researchers have used the Big-Five personality traits. Therefore, the present study aims to discuss work-family conflict from the perspective of the Big-Two model of personality. The study sample included 250 participants. The study data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed by testing a structural equation model. The results showed that individuals who score high in stability experience greater work-family conflict, whereas individuals scoring high in plasticity experience less work-family conflict.
Public-Private Nexus for the Educational Development of Central-Tribal Region of Pakistan
Authors: Khayyam Umer , Edling Herbert
Published: February 2016

Public-private blend remains the more pragmatic approach for efficiency through assistance and mutual cooperation for the contemporary educational policies in any area. This article summarizes PPP for advancement of the secondary education through quantifiable and qualitative support from both the poles in the most backward central tribal region of Pakistan. It is focused on policy strategies, over the years, from the national educational institutions facilitated by not-for-profit sector to increase net enrolment rate, gross enrolment ratio and reduction in gender parity through the package of developed infrastructure, teaching material provision and studentships. Furthermore, training of the teaching-staff to boost quality aspect to provide enough qualified human resource to tertiary level alternatively to improve the local economy. However, the article concludes wide-range objectives’ setting through sequential educational policies, and strategies, investment of significant financial resources, and outlaying of comprehensive mechanism of implementation, yet, triggered retrogression across net enrolment rate, gross enrolment ratio, wide geographical and gender disparity besides discrepancies across selection of teachers for training, training modules and trainers’ competencies.
Moderation Movement in Iran; Moving between Liberalism and Religious Intellectualism
Authors: Amini Ansar , Mosaver Rahmani Amir Hossein
Published: February 2016

If we consider the moderation movement as a political method, this method can get help from other thoughts and discourses for reaching its desired goal. Accordingly, it seems that this movement can be defined as a thought derived from two discourses. One of them, as the dominant discourse in the global system, is called liberalism and its tolerance and moderation can be observed from John Rawls’s political thought to recent thinkers like John Walls and social righteousness discourse and the proponents of liberal democracy. The other discourse, religious intellectualism in Iran, has emphasized the need for reforms, tolerance, moderation and avoidance of extremes after 1982s. Nowadays it seems that there is no country which does not benefit from the parameters of liberalism like human rights’ discourse, democracy, tolerance, secularism, supporting the rule of law, etc. in its slogans and policies. On the other hand, religious intellectualism in Iran, as a known movement from previous decades up to now, has made an attempt to reconcile religion with the modern world and its political thought is based on such concepts as democracy, tolerance, human rights, spiritual wisdom, etc. This paper aimed to completely describe the main concepts of liberalism as a political philosophy and then religious intellectualism in Iran and reach a comprehensive view of the political thought in the moderation movement. Accordingly, the main question of the study can be posed as “to what extent can the moderation movement be influenced by other discourses dominant in the global system (liberalism) and the religious intellectualism movement?” Undoubtedly, in this study we do not intend to prove that liberalism and religious intellectualism or moderation are the same and the discussion and arguments made in this paper are in line with the effects that moderation has received from external (liberalism) and internal (religious intellectualism) sources. Descriptive-analytic and descriptive-historical methods were used for this purpose. 
Barriers to Implementation of Information and Communication (ICT) in Public Sudanese Secondary Schools: Teacher’s Prospective
Authors: Elemam Abdelwahed Elsafi
Published: February 2016

This study examines the current situation of ICT implementation at five public secondary schools in Sudan. The study adopted the quantitative method where a sample of five secondary schools was selected. A total of 40 secondary school teachers responded to the designed questionnaire. By using Statistic Package of Social Science (SPSS), the data was analyzed. The findings indicate that the ICT implementation at the five secondary schools was poorly achieved, and school teachers still have not acquired the necessary skills of ICT that enable them to implement ICT in classrooms. Further, the lack financial support, insufficient existence of computer labs, low internet connectivity, inadequate technical support and lack of time were main barriers that prevent the implementation of ICT in schools.
The School Career and the Educational Exclusion of the Roma Children in Greece
Authors: Tourtouras Christos , Pavlis Korre Maria , Kyridis Argyris
Published: February 2016

The school career of Roma children in Greece is inevitable connected with their social and educational exclusion from Greek society. The present article examines the main factors which affect the educational status of Roma children and presents a survey which was conducted in the area of Thessaloniki in northern Greece focusing on the school career of 117 Roma children. Following their educational course from primary to secondary school and high school, the survey highlights an extended school failure of Roma children, as there is still a large percentage of children not attending school or presenting poor attendance and leakage from the school system. The survey confirms that for school to become accessible, attractive and effective for children belonging to cultural, ethnic and social minority groups, specific characteristics of each group should be taken into account in the content of analytical school programs across the educational process.
The Relationship Between Irritable Bowel Syndrome , Depression , Anxiety, and Stress among a Sample of Irritable Bowel Patients - Predictive Study
Authors: Gaber Osama Hasan
Published: February 2016

This study aimed to examine the relationship of irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, depression and stress among a sample of78 IBS patients (Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for Irritable Bowel Syndrome),anxiety symptoms scale ,Depression symptoms scale ,and stress scale (prepared by the researcher) were used Pearson Correlation Coefficient showed that there are statistically significant relationship between IBS and Anxiety ,Depression and Stress (P≤=0.01).The Regression and Prediction Coefficient (stepwise) was also used and showed that the depression and Stress of predicts to IBS.
The Family Navigation Project: An innovation in working with families to match mental health services with their youth's needs
Authors: Markoulakis Roula , Weingust Staci , Foot Jeanne , Levitt Anthony
Published: February 2016

The Family Navigation Project provides an innovative navigation service that supports families who are struggling with navigating the complex youth mental health and addictions system. Navigators engage one-on-one with families to help them access timely and specialized care for youth experiencing mental health or addictions concerns.
The long‐term impact of magnesium in seawater on foraminiferal mineralogy: Mechanism and consequences
Authors: van Dijk I. , de Nooijer L. J. , Hart M. B. , Reichart G.‐J.
Published: February 2016

Foraminifera are unicellular protists, primarily known for their calcium carbonate shells that provide an extensive fossil record. This record, ranging from Cambrian to present shows both major shifts and gradual changes in the relative occurrence of taxa producing different polymorphs of carbonate. Here we present evidence for coupling between shifts in calcite‐ versus aragonite‐producing species and periods with, respectively, low and high seawater Mg/Ca throughout the Phanerozoic. During periods when seawater Mg/Ca is <2 mol/mol, low‐Mg calcite‐producing species dominate the foraminiferal community. Vice versa, high‐Mg calcite‐ and aragonite‐producing species are more abundant during periods with relatively high seawater Mg/Ca. This alteration in dominance of the phase precipitated is due to selective recovery of groups producing the favorable polymorph after shifts from calcite to aragonite seas. In addition, relatively high extinction rates of species producing the mineral phase not favored by the seawater Mg/Ca of that time may be responsible for this alteration. These results imply that the current high seawater Mg/Ca will, in the long term, favor prevalence of high‐Mg and aragonite‐producing foraminifera over calcite‐producing taxa, possibly shifting the balance toward a community in which calcite production is less dominant.
Linking nutrient loading and oxygen in the coastal ocean: A new global scale model
Authors: Reed Daniel C. , Harrison John A.
Published: February 2016

Recent decades have witnessed an exponential spread of low‐oxygen regions in the coastal ocean due at least in‐part to enhanced terrestrial nutrient inputs. As oxygen deprivation is a major stressor on marine ecosystems, there is a great need to quantitatively link shifts in nutrient loading with changes in oxygen concentrations. To this end, we have developed and here describe, evaluate, and apply the Coastal Ocean Oxygen Linked to Benthic Exchange And Nutrient Supply (COOLBEANS) model, a first‐of‐its‐kind, spatially explicit (with 152 coastal segments) model, global model of coastal oxygen and nutrient dynamics. In COOLBEANS, benthic oxygen demand (BOD) is calculated using empirical models for aerobic respiration, iron reduction, and sulfate reduction, while oxygen supply is represented by a simple parameterization of exchange between surface and bottom waters. A nutrient cycling component translates shifts in riverine nutrient inputs into changes in organic matter delivery to sediments and, ultimately, oxygen uptake. Modeled BOD reproduces observations reasonably well (Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.71), and estimates of exchange between surface and bottom waters correlate with stratification. The model examines sensitivity of bottom water oxygen to changes in nutrient inputs and vertical exchange between surface and bottom waters, highlighting the importance of this vertical exchange in defining the susceptibility of a system to oxygen depletion. These sensitivities along with estimated maximum hypoxic areas that are supported by present day nutrient loads are consistent with existing hypoxic regions. Sensitivities are put into context by applying historic changes in nitrogen loading observed in the Gulf of Mexico to the global coastal ocean, demonstrating that such loads would drive many systems anoxic or even sulfidic.
Rapid automated W‐phase slip inversion for the Illapel great earthquake (2015, Mw = 8.3)
Authors: Benavente Roberto , Cummins Phil R. , Dettmer Jan
Published: February 2016

We perform rapid W‐phase finite fault inversion for the 2015 Illapel great earthquake (Mw = 8.3). To evaluate the performance of the inversion in a near real time context, we divide seismic stations into four groups. The groups consider stations up to epicentral distances of 30°, 50°, 75°, and 90°, respectively. The results for the first group could have been available within 25 min after the origin time and the results for the last group within 1 h. The four results consistently show a peak slip of ∼10 m near the trench with trench perpendicular rake which is consistent with the tsunami genesis of the event. The slip location is similar to that in the preliminary U.S. Geological Survey solution. The inversion is automated and provides meaningful results within 25 min after the event. This makes the method particularly suited to emergency management and early warning at regional and teletsunami distances.
Emissions of coalbed and natural gas methane from abandoned oil and gas wells in the United States
Authors: Townsend‐Small Amy , Ferrara Thomas W. , Lyon David R. , Fries Anastasia E. , Lamb Brian K.
Published: February 2016

Recent work indicates that oil and gas methane (CH4) inventories for the United States are underestimated. Here we present results from direct measurements of CH4 emissions from 138 abandoned oil and gas wells, a source currently missing from inventories. Most abandoned wells do not emit CH4, but 6.5% of wells had measurable CH4 emissions. Twenty‐five percent of wells we visited that had not been plugged emitted > 5 g CH4 h−1. Stable isotopes indicate that wells emit natural gas and/or coalbed CH4. We estimate that abandoned wells make a small contribution (<1%) to regional CH4 emissions in our study areas. Additional data are needed to accurately determine the contribution of abandoned wells to national CH4 budgets, particularly measurements in other basins and better characterization of the abundance and regional distribution of high emitters.
An oblate beaming cone for Io‐controlled Jovian decameter emission
Authors: Galopeau P. H. M. , Boudjada M. Y.
Published: February 2016

We investigate the emission cone of the Io‐controlled Jovian decameter radiation from the layout of the sources in the central meridian longitude (CML)‐Io phase diagram where the occurrence of the radiation is plotted versus the central meridian longitude (CML) and the phase of the satellite Io. Four zones of enhanced probability are revealed in this diagram and named Io‐controlled sources Io‐A, Io‐B, Io‐C, and Io‐D. We propose an angular representation of the CML‐Io phase diagram in a coordinate system linked to the local magnetic field in the radio source and the gradient of the magnetic field. The angular distribution of the sources in such a diagram clearly shows that the radio emission is radiated in a hollow cone which is not axisymmetrical around the magnetic field gradient but flattened in the direction of the magnetic field vector. The use of elliptic coordinates allows us to compute the variable opening angle and the flattening of the cone in both Jovian hemispheres. Finally, it comes from our investigation that the flattening of the emission cone allows the theoretical existence of a Jovian active longitude sector much more easily than in the case of an axisymmetrical cone, and the zones of maximum theoretical amplification correspond to the areas of high occurrence probability observed in the CML‐Io phase diagram.
Europa's far ultraviolet oxygen aurora from a comprehensive set of HST observations
Authors: Roth Lorenz , Saur Joachim , Retherford Kurt D. , Strobel Darrell F. , Feldman Paul D. , McGrath Melissa A. , Spencer John R. , Blöcker Aljona , Ivchenko Nickolay
Published: February 2016

We analyze a large set of far ultraviolet oxygen aurora images of Europa's atmosphere taken by Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS) in 1999 and on 19 occasions between 2012 and 2015. We find that both brightness and aurora morphology undergo systematic variations correlated to the periodically changing plasma environment. The time variable morphology seems to be strongly affected by Europa's interaction with the magnetospheric plasma. The brightest emissions are often found in the polar region where the ambient Jovian magnetic field line is normal to Europa's disk. Near the equator, where bright spots are found at Io, Europa's aurora is faint suggesting a general difference in how the plasma interaction shapes the aurora at Io and Europa. The dusk side is consistently brighter than the dawnside with only few exceptions, which cannot be readily explained by obvious plasma physical or known atmospheric effects. Brightness ratios of the near‐surface OI] 1356 Å to OI 1304 Å emissions between 1.5 and 2.8 with a mean ratio of 2.0 are measured, confirming that Europa's bound atmosphere is dominated by O2. The 1356/1304 ratio decreases with increasing altitude in agreement with a more extended atomic O corona, but O2 prevails at least up to altitudes of ∼900 km. Differing 1356/1304 line ratios on the plasma upstream and downstream hemispheres are explained by a differing O mixing ratio in the near‐surface O2 atmosphere of ∼5% (upstream) and
1% (downstream), respectively. During several eclipse observations, the aurora does not reveal any signs of systematic changes compared to the sunlit images suggesting no or only weak influence of sunlight on the aurora and an optically thin atmosphere.
Density variations in the Earth's magnetospheric cusps
Authors: Walsh B. M. , Niehof J. , Collier M. R. , Welling D. T. , Sibeck D. G. , Mozer F. S. , Fritz T. A. , Kuntz K. D.
Published: February 2016

Seven years of measurements from the Polar spacecraft are surveyed to monitor the variations of plasma density within the magnetospheric cusps. The spacecraft's orbital precession from 1998 through 2005 allows for coverage of both the northern and southern cusps from low altitude out to the magnetopause. In the mid‐ and high‐ altitude cusps, plasma density scales well with the solar wind density (ncusp/nsw∼0.8). This trend is fairly steady for radial distances greater then 4 RE. At low altitudes (r < 4RE) the density increases with decreasing altitude and even exceeds the solar wind density due to contributions from the ionosphere. The density of high charge state oxygen (O>+2) also displays a positive trend with solar wind density within the cusp. A multifluid simulation with the Block‐Adaptive‐Tree Solar Wind Roe‐Type Upwind Scheme MHD model was run to monitor the relative contributions of the ionosphere and solar wind plasma within the cusp. The simulation provides similar results to the statistical measurements from Polar and confirms the presence of ionospheric plasma at low altitudes.
Indian summer monsoon rainfall simulation and prediction skill in the CFSv2 coupled model: Impact of atmospheric horizontal resolution
Authors: Ramu Dandi A. , Sabeerali C. T. , Chattopadhyay Rajib , Rao D. Nagarjuna , George Gibies , Dhakate A. R. , Salunke K. , Srivastava A. , Rao Suryachandra A.
Published: February 2016

This study compares the simulation and prediction skill of the Indian summer monsoon at two different horizontal resolutions viz., T126 (~100 km) and T382 (~38 km) using 28 years of hindcast runs of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) model. It is found that the simulation of the mean state of the South Asian summer monsoon, its variance, and prediction skill of the all India summer monsoon rainfall (AISMR) are better represented in the high‐resolution configuration (T382) of the CFSv2 compared to the low‐resolution (T126) configuration. In the high‐resolution run, the systematic bias in the teleconnection between the AISMR and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) has considerably reduced and the teleconnections between the AISMR and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remained same. We hypothesize that the better simulation of mean climate and IOD‐AISMR teleconnection in high‐resolution configuration (T382) of CFSv2 are responsible for the improved prediction skill of AISMR in T382 configuration. Although the T382 configuration of CFSv2 has shown a significant improvement in the simulation and prediction of Indian summer monsoon as compared to the T126 configuration, several parallel efforts are still essential to understand the processes controlling some of the systematic biases of CFSv2 and those efforts are underway as part of the Monsoon Mission project.
Constraints on the composition and particle size of chloride salt‐bearing deposits on Mars
Authors: Glotch Timothy D. , Bandfield Joshua L. , Wolff Michael J. , Arnold Jessica A. , Che Congcong
Published: February 2016

Chloride salt‐bearing deposits on Mars were discovered using the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) and have been characterized by both mid‐infrared (MIR) and visible‐to‐near‐infrared (VNIR) remote sensing instruments. The chloride salt‐bearing deposits exhibit a blue slope at MIR wavelengths and a featureless red slope at VNIR wavelengths. These deposits also lack strong 3 µm bands in VNIR spectra, indicating that they are desiccated compared to the surrounding regolith. The lack of VNIR spectral features suggests that an anhydrous chloride salt, the most likely of which is halite, is responsible for the observed spectral slope. In this work, we use laboratory spectra and a hybrid T‐matrix/Hapke light scattering model to constrain the particle sizes and salt abundances of the Martian chloride salt‐bearing deposits. Our work shows that the two broad spectral classes of these deposits observed by THEMIS can be explained by a difference in the particle size of the admixed silicate regolith. In all cases, chloride salt abundances of 10–25% are required to match the THEMIS data. The chloride salt abundances determined in this work suggest deposition in a lacustrine/playa setting or in association with late‐stage groundwater upwelling.
Modeling the Jovian magnetic field and its secular variation using all available magnetic field observations
Authors: Ridley Victoria A. , Holme Richard
Published: February 2016

We present new models of Jupiter's internal magnetic field and secular variation from all available direct measurements from three decades of spacecraft observation. A regularized minimum norm approach allows the creation of smooth, numerically stable models displaying a high degree of structure. External field from the magnetodisk is modeled iteratively for each orbit. Jupiter's inner magnetosphere is highly stable with time, with no evidence for variation with solar activity. We compare two spherical harmonic models, one assuming a field constant in time and a second allowing for linear time variation. Including secular variation improves data fit with fewer additional parameters than increasing field complexity. Our favored solution indicates a ∼0.012% yr−1 increase in Jupiter's dipole magnetic moment from 1973 to 2003; this value is roughly one quarter of that for Earth. Inaccuracies in determination of the planetary reference frame cannot explain all the observed secular variation. Should more structure be allowed in the solutions, we find the northern hemispherical configuration resembles recent models based on satellite auroral footprint locations, and there is also evidence of a possible patch of reversed polar flux seen at the expected depth of the dynamo region, resembling that found at Earth and with implications for the Jovian interior. Finally, using our preferred model, we infer flow dynamics at the top of Jupiter's dynamo source. Though highly speculative, the results produce several gyres with some symmetry about the equator, similar to those seen at Earth's core‐mantle boundary, suggesting motion on cylinders aligned with the rotation axis.
The cause of advective slowdown of tracer pebbles in rivers: Implementation of Exner‐Based Master Equation for coevolving streamwise and vertical dispersion
Authors: Pelosi A. , Schumer R. , Parker G. , Ferguson R. I.
Published: February 2016

Tracer pebbles are often used to study bed load transport processes in gravel bed rivers. Models have been proposed for their downstream dispersion, and also for vertical dispersion, but not for the combined effects of downstream and vertical movement. Here we use the Exner‐Based Master Equation to characterize the transient coevolution of streamwise and vertical advection‐diffusion of tracer pebbles under equilibrium transport conditions (no net aggradation or degradation). The coevolution of streamwise and vertical dispersion gives rise to behavior that can differ markedly from that associated with purely streamwise processes with no vertical exchange. One example is streamwise advective slowdown. Particles that are advected downward into zones where the probability of reentrainment becomes asymptotically small are essentially trapped and can no longer participate in streamwise advection. As a result, the mean streamwise velocity of the tracer plume declines in time. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with two field experiments show encouraging agreement despite the simplified boundary conditions in the model.
Canopy‐atmosphere interactions under foggy condition—Size‐resolved fog droplet fluxes and their implications
Authors: El‐Madany T. S. , Walk J. B. , Deventer M. J. , Degefie D. T. , Chang S.‐C. , Juang J.‐Y. , Griessbaum F. , Klemm O.
Published: February 2016

Microphysical processes of fog and their spatial and temporal pattern are a challenge to study under natural conditions. This work focuses on the development of bidirectional fluxes of fog droplets above a forest canopy in northeastern Taiwan. Bidirectional fluxes occurred regularly, start from the smallest droplet class (<2.66 µm diameter), and subsequently extend to larger droplets up to 7.41 µm diameter. The development of the bidirectional fluxes with positive (upward) fluxes of smaller droplets and downward fluxes of larger fluxes is associated with a temperature gradient and with the activation of fog droplets according to the Köhler theory. Small fog droplets develop close to the canopy as result of evapotranspiration and subsequent condensation. The rapid growth of small fog droplets and the accelerated growth of activated droplets, a process which is more likely to occur at higher levels of the fog layer, lead to a sink of small droplets and a source of larger droplets within the fog. This is in accordance with the observation that positive droplet number fluxes of small fog droplets outnumber the negative fluxes from the larger fog droplets. For liquid water, the net flux is negative.
On the evening time exosphere of Mars: Result from MENCA aboard Mars Orbiter Mission
Authors: Bhardwaj Anil , Thampi Smitha V. , Das Tirtha Pratim , Dhanya M. B. , Naik Neha , Vajja Dinakar Prasad , Pradeepkumar P. , Sreelatha P. , Supriya G. , K. Abhishek J. , Mohankumar S. V. , Thampi R. Satheesh , Yadav Vipin K. , Sundar B. , Nandi Amarnath , Padmanabhan G. Padma , Aliyas A. V.
Published: February 2016

The Mars Exospheric Neutral Composition Analyser (MENCA) aboard the Indian Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a quadrupole mass spectrometer which provides in situ measurement of the composition of the low‐latitude Martian neutral exosphere. The altitude profiles of the three major constituents, i.e., amu 44 (CO2), amu 28 (N2 + CO), and amu 16 (O) in the Martian exosphere during evening (close to sunset terminator) hours are reported using MENCA observations from four orbits of MOM during late December 2014, when MOM's periapsis altitude was the lowest. The altitude range of the observation encompasses the diffusively separated region much above the well‐mixed atmosphere. The transition from CO2 to O‐dominated region is observed near 270 km. The mean exospheric temperature derived using these three mass numbers is 271 ± 5 K. These first observations corresponding to the Martian evening hours would help to provide constraints to the thermal escape models.