bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Rate Measurements and Corrosion-Erosion Protection in Limestone Slurry Scrubbers
Authors: Burda PA
Published: December 2008

Corrosion and erosion in the limestone slurry scrubber module is described. An electrochemical technique of the two-electrode system was used to determine the corrosion rates. The results were compared with the weight-loss method. The tendency of carbon and stainless steels to pit was also determined. Pitting was expressed as the “pitting factor.”

Materials and coating problems were found to vary considerably inside the module depending on location, amount of deposits on surfaces, type of protective coating, and care in surface preparation. Because of deposits formation, the application of the two-electrode polarization instrument method has to be carefully considered for continuous corrosion measurements in erosive-scaling liquids such as the scrubber spray slurry. Application of the “pitting factor” was useful to assess the penetration increase when erosion-corrosion took place. Monolithic linings, reinforced with glass mat, cloth, or flake showed the best erosion resistance. The quality of surface preparation was essential to lining life. It was found, however, that after ten years of scrubber, 25% of the original area of the scrubber coatings was replaced by clad Type 304 stainless steel.
Specimen Preparation for Microinfrared Analysis
Authors: Humecki HJ
Published: December 2008

Improved sensitivity of detectors and more powerful computers have extended the useful limits of infrared spectroscopy downward to the nanogram level. The analyst must adopt the techniques of the microscopist in preparing these tiny specimens for analysis if he is to take full advantage of these advances. Some techniques are described for dealing with small specimens, including transferring nanolitre quantities of liquids to a salt window and preparing spectra pyrolyzates from filled and pigmented polymer specimens of less than 1 µg.
Instrumental and Sampling Factors in Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Katon JE , Lang PL , Schiering DW , O'Keefe JF
Published: December 2008

Infrared microspectroscopy is an emerging technical field of great promise. As with all new fields, there are experimental techniques and applications specifically related to this field. This paper discusses some general features and experimental techniques developed for use with a commercial infrared microspectrometer as applied to fiber identification. It then discusses a specially constructed infrared microscope which may be utilized with specialized accessories, diamond anvil cells, to generally and easily obtain infrared spectra of specimens which are initially too thick.
Applications of Recent Developments in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Microsampling Techniques to Polymeric Materials
Authors: Harthcock MA
Published: December 2008

Infrared microspectroscopy utilizing an optical microscope coupled with appropriate optics for recording infrared spectra has two advantages over “standard” microsampling techniques: (1) elimination or reduced time for specimen preparation and (2) infrared spectra can be recorded on specific microscopic regions of a specimen. Applications of the technique to polymeric materials are presented to demonstrate its advantages and its value as an analytical tool in the field of polymer science. Examples include (1) identification of gels or inclusions in a polyethylene film, (2) molecular structure differences due to branching in a bimodal morphology of spherulite sizes in an ethylene/olefin copolymer, (3) comparison of attenuated total reflectance and microtransmittance data obtained for polymer laminates, and (4) the identification of the composition of a “streaked” area in a polymer film which coats the surface of some aluminum foil.
Skiing Injuries in Alpine Recreational Skiers
Authors: Ekeland A , Holtmoen Å , Lystad H
Published: December 2008

A total of 328 injured skiers were recorded in 4 Norwegian ski resorts during the winter of 1985/1986 and compared with a population of 316 uninjured skiers.

The most common injury sites were the knee (24%), shoulder (15%), and head (14%). Only 6% of the injured skiers suffered a lower leg fracture, but the frequency of this fracture was almost six times higher in children below age ten years than in adult skiers.

Beginners had an injury risk four times the average, whereas skiers taking formal skiing instruction during the current season were underrepresented among the injured skiers. Tested bindings were more common among uninjured skiers, and such bindings were also more apt to release during the accident than bindings not tested.

Nine percent of the injuries occurred during powder skiing, whereas 16% of the injured population and 30% of the uninjured population spent some time powder skiing the current day.

In conclusion, skiers ought to take instruction and self-release test their bindings for safer skiing.
An Investigation into Ski Injuries and Equipment in Switzerland: Objectives, Means, and Observations
Authors: Bally A , Bonjour F
Published: December 2008

During the 1983–1984 season a large epidemiologic study was effected in three regions of Switzerland. This study was completed at the end of the 1985–1986 season by studies of cases relating to lesions of the knee. Specific studies on ski equipment were also conducted through the years.

The objectives of these studies are as follows: • identification of injury mechanisms, • to give prominence to situations where the equipment (boots and bindings) are contributing factors, and • on slope evaluations of the efficiency of currently used bindings. To achieve these objectives, the following means have been used: • enquiries into the accidents (questionnaires, interviews, diagnostics, and equipment checks), • enquiries into the uninjured population (questionnaires and equipment checks), and • lift-line survey (categorizing skiers by sex, age, and weight and categorizing bindings by model).

More then 2000 accidents have been investigated. The evaluation of these data provide a large quantity of information in several areas relating to the above objectives.
Snowboarding Injuries on Alpine Slopes
Authors: Shealy JE , Sundman PD
Published: December 2008

This paper compares snowboarding injuries on alpine ski slopes with downhill skiing injuries. Such information is essential in determining the risks and injury patterns of the sport, the relative safety of the sport, what standards might be needed to regulate the equipment and the sport, the risk for insurance purposes, and so forth.

Information on snowboard-related injuries was gathered during the 1985/1986 season at three ski areas in the United States. The data were analyzed with respect to demographic variables (age, gender, weight, and so forth) as well as injury variables (part of body, type of injury, possible injury mechanisms, and so forth). Comparisons were made to alpine ski injury data, including the injury rate.

The results indicate that the overall rate for snowboarding is comparable to alpine skiing. Relatively speaking, snowboarding has more ankle, wrist, hand, and finger injuries, and fewer knee injuries than alpine skiing. The distributions for upper and lower extremity injuries is about the same. In snowboarding, almost twice as many lower extremity injuries are to the left leg as opposed to the right leg.
Ability and Physical Condition in Relation to Injury Risk in Downhill Skiing
Authors: Bouter LM , Knipschild PG , Volovics A
Published: December 2008

A case-control study was performed by way of a postal questionnaire among Dutch downhill skiers insured by a company covering one-third of the market. Cases (N = 572) were a sample of those who claimed medical costs because of a ski injury that prevented them from skiing or other activities for one day or longer. Controls (N = 576) were a sample of uninjured skiers who claimed for nonmedical reasons. Self-reported beginners appeared to have an elevated injury risk (OR = 2.1) compared to intermediate or advanced skiers. Among skiers with only 1 or 2 years of experience ski lessons seemed to have a protective effect. No beneficial effect on injury risk could be demonstrated in this study for training on an artificial ski run, ski gymnastics, a good physical condition, or sports participation.
A Mechanical Alpine Ski Binding with Programmable Release
Authors: Wunderly GS , Hull ML
Published: December 2008

Modern alpine ski bindings have evolved through a design approach that combined intuitive mechanics, traditional designs, and early concepts of the sport's injuries. Unfortunately for today's skier, this design approach has not yielded alpine ski bindings that protect effectively against lower limb injury.

A new approach to ski binding design is advanced. The new approach begins both with a release locus derived from injury mechanics research and knowledge of the expected loading and then incorporates these into the final binding design.

A mechanical ski binding designed by following this new approach is presented. This binding offers a number of performance features lacking in commercially available designs. One feature is the ability to eliminate the axial force supported by the tibial shaft from affecting release in forward bending. A second feature is the binding's ability to release according to virtually any preprogrammed locus of the combination of moments in both bending and torsion. A third feature is a release mechanism that is insensitive to the common frictional forces that affect the release consistency of conventional heel-toe type bindings. In addition to these features, the binding offers a variety of operational conveniences. The presentation of the binding not only describes the design details, but also evaluates the release performance (that is, locus and consistency) based on laboratory tests under quasi-static loading.
On the Skiability of Snow
Authors: Brown CA , Outwater JO
Published: December 2008

Control during alpine skiing is achieved principally through the mechanical interaction between the ski and the snow. In that the nature of this interaction is basically a cutting or machining process, it is proposed that the complex physical and mechanical properties of the snow responsible for its skiability can be related to its machinability. A simple testing device is presented, which can machine the snow while keeping the ratio of the thrust (vertical) to cutting (horizontal) forces equal to the tangent of the edge angle. The edge angle is varied to find a critical angle such that skidding occurs at large angles and holding at smaller angles. Using traditional machining theory, it is shown that this critical angle should be a function of the shear-strength-to-hardness ratio of the snow. A plot of critical angles versus shear-strength-to-hardness ratios is presented, which divides the surface into carving or holding and skidding regions.

Critical angles have been measured between about 40 and 70°. These angles correspond to shear-strength-to-hardness ratios between 0.24 and 3.84. The difficulty of relating this critical angle to some function of maximum skiable slope steepness is discussed relative to ski technique and forces on the ski.
Television Programs to Prevent Skiing Injuries
Authors: Figueras JM
Published: December 2008

During the 1985/1986 and 1986/1987 skiing seasons, the Televisió de Catalunya TV3 aired a 20-min weekly program about winter sports every Thursday evening. It was called “Temps de Neu” (Snow Time). In each program, 3 min were assigned to Dr. José M. Figueras to comment on the prevention of skiing accidents. The idea for this type of continued program was based on the experience of Dr. Ejnar Eriksson, some television programs about skiing safety, and on the fact that sporadic, although longer, programs previously broadcasted were not effective enough.
A Clothing Design Prototype to Meet Male Alpine Ski Instructors' Needs for Thermal Comfort
Authors: Laine DC , Hester SB
Published: December 2008

The goal of this research was to identify the problem areas in present ski instructors' uniforms and to design a garment with the right combination of fabrics, insulation, and design features to meet the body's need for thermal comfort. Data were collected from managers at 111 randomly selected ski resorts in North America as well as from individual male instructors at 44 resorts in the United States and Canada.

The prototype design considered the combination of fabrics, insulation, and design features required by the ski instructor. The researcher used information on functions of the body, the basis for cold weather clothing, the structure and functions of textiles, and the questionnaire results. The middle shell was the critical factor in the uniform design. In it the concept of layering different materials in various parts of the garment to provide protection from varied weather conditions and to supplement the functions of the body was used. The prototype uses optimum design features and provides the instructor with a garment that can be worn in a range of weather conditions and at various exertion levels.
Glove Box Enclosed D-C Plasma Source for the Determination of Metals in Plutonium Solutions
Authors: Morris WF
Published: December 2008

The direct-current plasma source of a Beckman Spectraspan IIIB emission spectrometer was enclosed in a glove box at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in December 1982. Since that time, the system has been used for the routine determination of alloy and impurity metals in plutonium solutions. This paper presents the systematic steps involved in developing the glove box and gives information regarding the performance of the plasma in the glove box and the effectiveness of the glove box in containment of plutonium.
Modification of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer for Analysis of Plutonium Impurities
Authors: Brown GE
Published: December 2008

The current status of inductively coupled plasma development for use in determining impurities in plutonium metal at Rockwell International's Rocky Flats Plant is discussed in this paper. The design and installation of the facility are discussed in detail, and the proposed chemical procedure is mentioned briefly. To provide protection to personnel, the plasma torch is installed inside an open-faced hood. Light from the torch is transferred to the polychromator through a quartz window or to supplemental monochromators using quartz fiber-optic cables. After the plutonium and americium are removed by a solvent extraction procedure, the impurities remaining in the aqueous phase are analyzed with the aid of an autosampler and peristaltic pump located in an adjacent glove box.
Remote Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant
Authors: Stone RW , Dykes FW
Published: December 2008

A remote shielded inductively coupled plasma source is used for analysis of highly radioactive samples in the Remote Analytical Laboratory at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The shielded plasma source is located in a lead-shielded cubicle adjacent to a concrete-shielded hot cell. A passageway is provided between the hot cell and the cubicle. The cubicle contains a removable module that holds all of the functional components of the system except the induction coil. The chief components of the module are a sampling system, three-way valve, peristaltic pump, torch holder and shield, and ignitor. The radio-frequency (RF) induction coil is suspended on the end wall of the cubicle by two 5-in.-long bus bars that pass through the wall of the cubicle and connect to an impedance-matching network. The network couples the coil to a 1.5-kW, 40.68-MHz radio-frequency generator. The emission from the plasma passes outside the cubicle through a quartz window, through a lead-shielded optical system, and into a very high resolution spectrometer. Samples are diluted in the main hot cell, placed on a movable sample cart and moved through the passageway into the cubicle for analysis.

Design criteria, safety considerations, maintenance, and the operation of the facility are discussed.
Differential Aeration Effect on Corrosion of Copper Concentric Neutral Wires in the Soil
Authors: Burda PA
Published: December 2008

The objective of this research was to identify the dominant effect of differential aeration mechanisms on corrosion of copper concentric neutrals (CN). Laboratory data indicate that the corrosion of CN wires is accelerated by differential aeration/concentration effects when groundwater with mud and debris fills the conduit. The differential aeration was dependent on diffusion of air, nature of environment, anode to cathode area ratios, and pH.
Tomorrow's Designs for Geotextile Applications
Authors: Giroud JP
Published: December 2008

The first part of this paper presents a review of existing design methods for selected geotextile applications such as filtration, drainage, and unpaved roads. The discussion shows that geotextile applications can be designed using rational methods and that most of these methods are similar to classical soil mechanics design methods. Therefore, geotechnical engineers are well-equipped with the basics for designing with geotextiles, and designs that one would think are “tomorrow's designs” can, in fact, be done as soon as tomorrow morning by those geotechnical engineers who are aware of available design methods. The second part of this paper is an attempt at predicting the evolution of design concepts and design methods. The following topics are addressed: new materials, new construction methods, progress in the evaluation of geotextile properties, and expected results from research. The discussion shows how important it is for geotechnical engineers to keep abreast of new developments.
Hazardous Waste Minimization Audits: Strategy and Methodology
Authors: Resch ME
Published: December 2008

Hazardous waste minimization audits have been performed at numerous industrialized facilities. The strategies and methodologies used in these minimization audits are detailed and thorough, and they efficiently utilize the manpower of the audit team. The auditing procedures presented in this paper can be used either by personnel contracted to perform minimization audits at client facilities, or by in-plant personnel performing minimization “self audits.”

The waste minimization audit consists of six principal phases: (1) preparations made before the site visit, (2) onsite information gathering, (3) identification of minimization opportunities for specific wastes, (4) prioritization of minimization opportunities for specific wastes, (5) development of plant-wide minimization recommendations, and (6) recommendations for management of wastes that cannot be further minimized.
Demetallation of Used Oil to Facilitate Its Utilization as a Fuel
Authors: Tarrer AR , Kaminski J , Kang JH , Parrish J , Bates ER , Dhuldhoya NP
Published: December 2008

Used oil invariably contains soluble and insoluble metal-bearing compounds. The presence of these compounds complicates the recycling of used oil as a fuel, by causing boiler maintenance problems and by making it difficult to comply with paniculate emission standards and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. Demetallating a used oil before its burning minimizes maintenance problems and facilitates meeting the regulatory requirements controlling its burning. Different physical and chemical methods can be used to demetallate used oils. In this work, a chemical demetallation agent was used to convert entrained nonfilterable metals into a form that could be effectively removed by filtration. Two different types of chemical demetallation agents were used: metallic borohy-drides (NaBH4 and KBH4) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The activity and selectivity of these demetallation agents under different reaction conditions in various types and sizes of reactors (thereby varying mass transfer rates) were compared. Several types of used oils having different metal contents were examined.

It was observed in this study that metallic borohydrides were highly selective with regard to the types of metals they removed. The accompanying sludge formed also made the separation operation inefficient. On the other hand, results obtained with DAP were extremely favorable. The presence of water during the reaction was found to play an important role as a carrier for the DAP, aiding in its dispersion and reducing the importance of mass transfer. This study, which also evaluated different separation techniques, found the use of both sedimentation and filtration to be practical, with filtration rates being significantly accelerated by the addition of low percentages of No. 2 fuel oil.
Elimination of Precoat Filter Sludge Hazardous Waste
Authors: Kieffer RJ
Published: December 2008

Hazardous waste disposal regulations forced a reconsideration of process and product quality requirements to eliminate the need to treat and dispose of a hazardous sludge containing flammable solvents. This resulted in a new liquid cyclone process to replace the precoat filter system, which generated hazardous waste sludge. Besides eliminating a complex, labor-intensive, material-wasting process, replacement of the precoat filter prevented further generation of ignitable hazardous waste.

The new process, using liquid cyclones to make the required liquid-solids separation, must have a gas-free feed for efficient operation. Beneficial particle classification, a result of the cyclone process, improved material efficiencies and had no discernible negative effects on product quality.

The liquid cyclone system designed to separate suspended solids from a polymer solution, and its interrelation with the contiguous processes are described in this paper. Product and beneficial process changes resulting from the system change are also discussed.
Utilization of Ash Products from Combustion of Shredded Solid Waste
Authors: Mahoney PF , Mullen JF
Published: December 2008

Two streams of ash result from the combustion of municipal solid waste: fly ash and bottom ash. Studies have consistently found fly ash to contain levels of heavy metals, dioxins, acid gas constituents and other pollutants in excess of regulatory standards, while the bottom ash stream is generally within acceptable limits for those same pollutants.

Research and development activities focused on the reuse of bottom ash as a lightweight aggregate have shown very promising opportunities for recycling a portion of this waste stream. The industry approach thus far has been to combine the two streams to assure that the fly ash is not classified as a hazardous or toxic material under present and proposed Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. However, with the increasing regulatory demand for the removal of hydrochloric acid (HC1) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), the technology for the removal of potentially harmful substances from waste conbustion fuel gases will improve, and more heavy metals, dioxins, and so forth will be concentrated in fly ash, rendering it less useful in recycling applications.

It is suggested that the two separate ash streams can no longer reasonably be considered one and should be analyzed and treated separately. This will increase and enhance the opportunity to recycle the bottom ash (75%) and to focus on a reduced quantity of fly ash material (25%) for fixation and disposal. Such action would conform to the principles of, and the present regulatory trend towards, waste minimization.

Implementation of both a processed refuse fuel (PRF) bottom ash reuse study being conducted by Energy Answers Corporation, and preliminary results of a fly ash fixation process will be discussed as a rationale for mandatory separation of fly ash and bottom ash streams.
Exercise and Regional Dosimetry: Factors Governing Gas Transport in the Lower Airways
Authors: Ultman JS
Published: December 2008

The primary responses of the lung to exercise are an increase in and a redistribution of ventilation and perfusion. In the presence of environmental pollutant gases, these changes will have a direct effect on the internal distribution of pollutant concentration and absorption in the lower airways. In the conducting airways, higher ventilation rates promote turbulence and increase gas phase mass transfer coefficients, and this can accelerate the absorption of pollutant by bronchial tissue. Also, the larger tidal volumes associated with exercise increase alveolar ventilation, resulting in higher pollutant exposure levels in the respiratory air spaces.

Uptake of sparingly soluble, slowly reacting pollutants into the pulmonary circulation depends on the relationship between ventilation and perfusion. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the ventilation/perfusion ratio VA/Q, has an influence on pollutant concentration in the intervening parenchymal tissue. During exercise, regional distributions of VA/Q become more uniform, implying a more homogeneous distribution of pollutant exposure between different lung regions. On the other hand, intraregional VAQ distributions become less uniform, so that pollutant exposure within a lung segment is expected to be more heterogeneous.
Respiratory Infection and Oxidants
Authors: Frampton MW , Roberts NJ
Published: December 2008

Oxidant pollutants in the atmosphere, particularly ozone and nitrogen dioxide, can injure components of the respiratory tract important in the defense against infection. Epidemiologic studies have not conclusively associated elevated oxidant levels with an increased incidence of respiratory infections, but considerable experimental evidence in animals links oxidant exposure to impaired antibacterial defense and alterations in various alveolar macrophage functions. Oxidants may impair the immune response to viral infection, and thus alter the manifestations of community-acquired infections. Current studies of human responses to ambient levels of oxidants may provide a framework for the extrapolation of animal data to humans, and may define specific mechanisms of injury.
Damage Initiation and Growth in Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Harmon D , Saff C
Published: December 2008

Elevated temperature applications for advanced fighters and hypersonic vehicles, along with advanced fabrication techniques, such as diffusion bonding and superplastic forming, have brought renewed interest in metal matrix composites for aircraft structures. In order to predict the strength and durability of metal matrix structures, it will be necessary to predict the mode in which failure occurs, such as net section failure, shear along the fiber, or other modes. Test and analysis results demonstrate the differences between strength and fatigue failure modes of uni-directionally reinforced aluminum matrix composites (AMC) and those in titanium matrix composites (TMC). These tests include detailed optical and scanning electron microscope studies of failures in aluminum and titanium matrix composites.
Surface Encapsulation Process for Stabilizing Intractable Contaminants
Authors: Unger SL , Telles RW , Lubowitz HR
Published: December 2008

This paper reports advanced technology for stabilization/solidification of pollutants for their final disposal in the earth. Pollutants are secured in modules fabricated with organic resins. The modules exhibit high-performance pollutant stability versus stresses of handling, transportation, and final disposal. They are set forth for managing pollutants because present stabilization/solidification products do not satisfactorily address such stresses.

Organic resins are materials of choice for module fabrication because of their excellent chemical stability. But cost-effective, high-performance pollutant stabilization/solidification by resin modules requires judicious resin selection and module design. Polybutadiene resin was identified as an excellent material for binding pollutant particles and forming aggomerates. Agglomerates holding more than 90% by weight pollutants were readily prepared. They were reinforced by fusing polyethylene resin pellets onto their surfaces, thereby encapsulating aggomerates by seamless resin jackets.

Testing of laboratory-scale modules holding toxic wastes demonstrated their outstanding stability under harsh physical, chemical, and mechanical stresses. Based on successful stabilization/solidification of many types of pollutants on a laboratory-scale, the process was scaled up under Department of Energy sponsorship. The work included design and construction of a prototype apparatus for fabricating commercial-size modules. A moldule is cylindrical in shape, has a capacity of 182 L, and is 61 cm high and 61 cm in diameter. In securing sodium sulfate, a pollutant formed in nuclear plants, the module weighs 325 kg, holds 87% by weight salt in a thermoset polybutadiene matrix, and is reinforced by seamless, 0.95-cm-thick, high-density polyethylene jackets.
Emergency Spill Control in Semiconductor Manufacture
Authors: Hilbert AC
Published: December 2008

State-of-the art technologies in the semiconductor industry require the use of exotic processing techniques using unusual and hazardous chemicals. The objective of this paper is to provide a safe procedure for clean-up and disposal of emergency dry and liquid chemical spills as they relate to manufacturing shop operations. It will give detailed information on correct and proper procedures and list all the personal protective equipment required, i.e. gloves, protective sleeves, Tyvek suits, respirators, self-contained breathing apparatus. A 21-minute video tape was produced by AT&T for use in training employees in the event of emergency spill clean up.
Development of A Chemical Warfare Protective Dive Suit (Cwpds) for United States Navy Diving in Contaminated Water.
Authors: Pohlman TR
Published: December 2008

The Chemical Warfare Protective Dive Suit (CWPDS) is a diver-worn, dry suit ensemble being developed to protect U.S. Navy divers while performing missions in contaminated water. The primary component of the CWPDS is the leakproof dry suit, with detachable gloves and a neck entry fitted for a MK 12 breastplate. In selecting the material to be used in the fabrication of the CWPDS dry suit, thirty-six chemicals and five Chemical Warfare (CW) agents were tested against candidate materials. Design of the CWPDS was constrained by the choice of the material and by the missions to be performed by the divers. The purpose of this paper is to present the design criteria for the CWPDS and the challenges encountered while designing a suit to be used for diving in chemically contaminated water.
Field Experience with Type Certificated Civil Aircraft Operated on Motor Gasolines and Worldwide Survey of Motor Gasoline Characteristics
Authors: Pendleton PO
Published: December 2008

The primary purpose of this paper is to describe the results obtained from operating civil type certificated aircraft on automotive (motor) gasoline. The operational information was obtained by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the course of reviewing aircraft and engine maintenance reports, malfunction and defect reports, and accident and incident reports. Automotive fuel consumption is compared with aviation gasoline in the aircraft operating environment. Proven and perceived factors that may have contributed to the positive and negative results obtained, include the influence of different aircraft fuel systems, the effects of ambient temperature, altitudes, and fuel additives and blends previously, presently, and anticipated to be available. Currently proposed changes in motor gasoline blending and performance characteristics and the impact of the anticipated changes on intermittent combustion powered aircraft engines and aircraft fuel systems are reviewed.

The secondary purpose of this paper is to assess the dispensing procedures for motor gasolines that have resulted as the aviation usage of this product has increased for all general aviation airfields and major airports in the United States. These dispensing procedures are reviewed to establish trends anticipated for their effect on the motor gasoline retailer and the airport fueling services presently and perceived to be available.

This paper presents a comparison of domestic motor gasolines with those of other countries as an appendix.
The Performance of Alternate Fuels in General Aviation Aircraft
Authors: Wares R , Ferrara AM
Published: December 2008

This report describes the results of a study that measured the effects of pressure altitude on fuel weathering. In this study, samples of unleaded automobile gasoline were exposed to varying pressure altitudes, and the effects of this exposure on aircraft performance and volatility were measured. The composition of the fuel, aircraft configuration, and the initial temperature of the fuel when transferred to the tank were varied to determine the extent these variables affect aircraft performance.

The experiments that were conducted demonstrated that the use of 43°C (110°F) automobile gasoline for aircraft certification procedures is a severe test that ensures the greatest margin of safety. In addition, it was shown that methyl-tertiary-butyl ether is an acceptable fuel for use in general aviation aircraft.

Several different oxygenated fuels (including gasolines containing alcohols) were weathered in ground-based tests, and the results are presented here.
A Proposal for Fuel Specification Activities Relating to General Aviation Intermittent Combustion Engines
Authors: Gonzalez C
Published: December 2008

It is considered a matter of vital international interest to assure the survival of general aviation and to consolidate its important role in the overall transportation picture around the globe. However, in spite of plentiful supplies of crude, the general aviation industry has suffered severe setbacks in recent years due in part to increased costs and decreasing availability of aviation gasolines. Simply stated, the vulnerability of these fuel supplies is now well substantiated and a concerted effort involving fuel producers, general aviation manufacturers, professional societies such as The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and user groups is required to establish long-range strategies in this area.

Since 1981, Cessna Aircraft has performed extensive studies and related supportive research activities on current typical general aviation intermittent combustion power plants, and power plants envisioned for development within a time frame of 20 years.

This paper reflects on generalized results of these efforts and the results of a close surveillance of similar related efforts in the United States and abroad. The potential impact of various aviation and currently non-aviation fuels on said future power-plant development activities are covered in detail. Further, the continuing need for assuring acceptable fuel characteristics at the point of aircraft refueling is the key to the safety and success of future activities.

Proposed ASTM activities related to the development of new specifications or revisions or both to existing specifications, considered indispensable to support general aviation fuel requirements envisioned for the future, are defined with justifications for those proposals.
Silicone Sealants in Insulating Glass
Authors: Schoenherr WJ , Haugsby MH , Gladstone ME
Published: December 2008

Insulating glass silicone secondary sealants withstand the effects of temperature and sunlight to prolong the life of insulating glass units (IGUs). They also provide structural integrity for IGUs in silicone structural sealant glazing applications. Thorough testing by the sealant manufacturer establishes the high performance of silicone sealants in various IGU and structural applications. IGU fabricators promote the performance of quality silicone sealants through careful workmanship.
Novel Quantitative Polymer Analysis Through Computerized Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Willis HA , Chalmers JM , Mackenzie MW , Barnes DJ
Published: December 2008

Infrared quantitative analysis of synthetic polymers can be improved in convenience, speed, and precision by the use of computer methods. Examples are given of applications using dispersive and Fourier transform spectrometers and a near-infrared analyser. Measurements include transmittance, specular and diffuse reflectance, and photo-acoustic spectra.
Biomechanical Investigations of the Heel Release of Ski Safety Bindings by Triceps Surae Muscle Action
Authors: Menke W , Bodem F
Published: December 2008

In a motion analysis laboratory over 100 controlled frontal ski falls could be analyzed by electromyographic, kinematic, and dynamographic methods. One of the most important results was the finding, that about 0.1 s after the beginning of the fall, there is a continuous increasing of Musculus gastrocnemius activity, which corresponds to the development of tensile force in the Achilles tendon and is in full accordance with the plantar flexion of the ankle joint that occurs at the same time. According to the results, binding release by active plantar flexion of the ankle joint has to be considered as a regular heel release mechanism that occurs, in particular, in slow frontal ski falls.
The In-Boot Fracture
Authors: Shealy JE , Ettlinger CF
Published: December 2008

While the overall skiing injury rate has decreased dramatically over the past decade or so, the greatest reduction has taken place with respect to tibial shaft and ankle injuries. Torsional injuries of the tibia have decreased by 85 to 90% from its previous value. Bending fractures of the tibia have only been reduced by about 60 to 65% from its previous value. In fact, bending fractures are now more common than twisting fractures. In this report, a series of five bending fractures are examined. In each case, the binding release values were set in accordance with recommended values. In each case, the binding failed to release. When the boots were tested in the manner of International Committee for Safety in Skiing (IAS) Ski Shoes for Adults, Size 36 and Larger (150) for forward flex, the boots were found to allow forward flex well in excess of the 40° to 45° value in the IAS 150 specification. This report suggests that the failure of the boot to act as a transmission device to transmit the load from the skier to the binding may be a major factor in bending fractures of the tibia. Recommendations are made with respect to variables that an appropriate standard or specification should consider.
Comparison of the BfU and IAS Binding Adjustment Systems for Competitive Skiers
Authors: Ekeland A , Lund Ø
Published: December 2008

The binding lateral toe release torques recommended by The Swiss Association for Accident Prevention (BfU) and the International Association for Safety in Skiing (IAS) have been compared for 376 competitive skiers. The ski racers were randomly selected from the participants of seven alpine competitions, arranged in Norway during the winters of 1982 and 1983.

The lateral toe release torques recommended by BfU were generally higher than those recommended by IAS, and for all skiers, the mean difference between the BfU and IAS recommended values was 9%. The difference was highest for adolescents aged 12 to 15 years, being 24% for girls and 15% for boys. In contrast, BfU recommended release torques about 10% below those of IAS for adult males.

The differences between the two binding adjustment systems were less than those previously reported for recreational skiers. This may be related to the better correlation between the body weight and the tibia head diameter, which was observed for the ski racers.
A New Electromechanical Binding/Dynamometer for Actively Controlled Snow Ski Binding Systems
Authors: Wunderly G , Hull ML
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the design and performance evaluation of a second generation integral binding/dynamometer. To reduce cross-sensitivity, the dynamometer consists of seven elastic elements that are designed to offer minimal mechanical coupling. Through judicious location of the elements and interconnection of strain gages fixed to the elements, the dynamometer signals indicate the generalized loading (that is, six load components) between the boot and ski. Dynamometer elements are contained within the housing of the binding. The housing is fixed to the ski using a technique that makes the dynamometer readings immune to ski flexure. Accuracy checks of the dynamometer under a variety of loadings have documented its ability to consistently resolve forces to within 10% and moments to within 5%.

The binding mechanism can be activated either manually or electrically. Electrical actuation is accomplished by means of a solenoid; manual operation is facilitated by locating manual controls to the front rather than the rear of the boot. To insure that the binding releases when the solenoid is energized, a special mechanism isolates the force, which the solenoid must overcome, from the variable contact forces developed between the boot and binding. By means of laboratory testing under loading typical of release conditions, the reliability of the mechanism to decouple the boot from the ski has been established.
Four Cases of Anorectal Abscess After Hip Contusion While on Skis
Authors: Matsuda N
Published: December 2008

Infection of the ischiorectal space may spread rapidly and extensively resulting in an anorectal abscess. The infection commonly results from hematogenous infection, a ruptured anal hemorrhoid, anal fissures, prolapsed thrombosed internal hemorrhoid, or in association with injury of the anal skin or mucous membrane by the nozzle of an enema syringe. I present here four cases of posterior anorectal abscess (PAA) resulting from a hip contusion sustained while skiing during the past four ski seasons.
The Critical Role of Epidemiological Studies in Assessing the Frequence and Causative Factors in Sports-Related Injuries
Authors: Clarke KS
Published: December 2008

“Calculated risk,” as a concept, champions the premise that the benefits of sport both cause and justify the risks of sport. Calculated risk, however, need not be only a concept but a measure that can be derived from a valid epidemiological data base. Such a data base requires the presence of a central registry of uniformly and continuously submitted information concerning whatever injuries are experienced in the sport, whatever scenario data are associated with the injury's onset, and whatever exposure data are associated with those programs and products that are followed by the central registry. Such a central registry would enable hockey leadership to have an inventory of what is being experienced, an evaluation of the need and significance of suggested changes in the sport, an awareness of the change in injury patterns when rules or other practices are modified, and a base for rebuttal or reinforcement of safety concepts circulating within hockey circles.
Assumption of Risk—Hockey Injuries
Authors: Abraham CJ , Newman M , Shulman S , Pugh J
Published: December 2008

Before any recovery for injury can be obtained through litigation, a prerequisite must be attached to the original action in that there must be a duty owed by the defendant to the injured party (plaintiff). If there is any culpable conduct that is attributable to the injured party (or to the decedent), contributory negligence or assumption of risk is taken into account but does not bar recovery.

Although the assumption of risk is a valid defense in an action in which a hockey player is injured, there are many areas that must be investigated relating to the conduct of the injured party. Issues relating to the duties owed to the participants in the sport by the owner of a hockey rink as to possible defective conditions and the participants' right to obtain redress because of defectively designed equipment must be fully investigated and documented prior to placing fault.

There are many risks assumed by a hockey player. Some of the variables relating to the risks depend upon the exercise of reasonable care, the degree of awareness of the common hazards, and the condition of the rink and its surroundings, as well as the type of protective equipment issued and worn by the player.

As a result of the advances in technology over the last decade, there has been a decrease in the number of injuries. However, even with the new proposal for standard practices for ice hockey playing facilities which was drafted this year, the number of injuries reported will probably remain at approximately the same level unless state-of-the-art technology in bio-mechanics and materials science is applied to established guidelines for the protective equipment of the player and the vertical enclosure surrounding the hockey rink.
Design of Hockey Rinks and the Development of Standards
Authors: Keating M , Norris R
Published: December 2008

Since its inception, the game of ice hockey has evolved as a result of a convergence of ideas from Canada, the United States, and Europe. As a result of differing influences, there is a wide variety of playing facilities currently in use, accompanied by wide disparities in the margins of safety to players, officials, and spectators. This report reviews studies on rink design presently in progress to facilitate the development of a standard for hockey rinks.
Inclusion Control in Calcium Treated Steels
Authors: Saleil J , Leroy F , Gaye H , Gatellier C
Published: December 2008

Calcium alloys are widely used for controlling the composition and morphology of nonmetallic inclusions (oxides and sulfides). By fine-tuning the calcium treatment, producing very clean steels with good fatigue limits is possible, as is improved machinability steels covering a wide range of machining speeds from carbide tool machining to ceramic tool machining. When producing such steels the steelmaker faces a double problem: adjusting the quantity of calcium to the inclusions to be modified, and forecasting the partition of calcium between oxides and sulfides. To help the steelmaker, two developments were achieved. First was a thermodynamical model predicting the partition of calcium between oxides and sulfides and the compositions of oxides. Second was the analysis of inclusions extracted from steel by nonaqueous electrolyte dissolution to check the model and to provide inclusion ratios like (Ca/AI)oxide and Casulf to be correlated with steelmaking practice or a machinability index.