bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural transplantation and recovery of cognitive function
Authors: Sinden John D. , Hodges Helen , Gray Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2010

Cognitive deficits were produced in rats by different methods of damaging the brain: chronic ingestion of alcohol, causing widespread damage to diffuse cholinergic and aminergic projection systems; lesions (by local injection of the excitotoxins, ibotenate, quisqualate, and AMPA) of the nuclei of origin of the forebrain cholinergic projection system (FCPS), which innervates the neocortex and hippocampal formation; transient cerebral ischaemia, producing focal damage especially in the CA1 pyramidal cells of the dorsal hippocampus; and lesions (by local injection of the neurotoxin, colchicine) of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Following chronic alcohol or lesions of the FCPS, transplants of cholinergically rich fetal brain tissue into the terminal areas (neocortex and/or hippocampus) restored performance almost to control levels, with a time course consistent with growth of the transplants and integration with host tissue; transplants of cholinergically poor fetal tissue (hippocampus) were without effect, as were transplants of cholinergically rich tissue into the region containing the nuclei of origin of the FCPS. Grafts of primary cells enriched in glia and cultured neuroblastoma cells into the terminal areas of the FCPS were equally effective, suggesting that there are multiple mechanisms by which neural transplants can restore cognitive function following diffuse cholinergic damage. In contrast, after ischaemia- or neurotoxin-induced damage to CA1 or dentate granule cells respectively, cholinergically rich fetal transplants into the damaged hippocampal formation were ineffective in restoring performance. After ischaemic damage, however, performance was restored by suspension grafts of CA1 cells but not by transplants containing CA3 pyramidal cells or granule cells; and after colchicine damage it was restored by solid grafts containing granule but not CA1 pyramidal cells. Furthermore, electrophysiological evidence has demonstrated functional, graft type-specific host-graft functional neuronal connectivity. Thus, restoration of cognitive function by neural transplants is possible after damage to either diffuse (cholinergic) or point-to-point (intrahippocampal) forebrain systems, but the transplant must be appropriate to the damage to be repaired. Because the different types of brain damage studied provide analogues of human alcoholic dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and heart attack, these results are encouraging with regard to the eventual application of neural transplant surgery to the treatment of cognitive deficits in humans.
Does behaviorism explain self-control?
Authors: Eisenberger Robert
Published: February 2010

Rachlin's hyperbolic-discounting model captures basic features of the subtlety of human impulsiveness and self-control and has received convincing experimental support. His distinction between self-control patterns and impulsive acts expands his earlier work to a greater range of self-control behaviors. Possible mechanisms that may weaken or strengthen patterns of self-control are considered.
Can teleological behaviorism account for the effects of instructions on self-control without invoking cognition?
Authors: Lemm Kristi , Shoda Yuichi , Mischel Walter
Published: February 2010

In its commitment to eschewing internal causes, the teleological behavioristic analysis endeavors to explain self-control through the temporal patterning of behavior, but it leaves unanswered the most challenging questions. It fails to account convincingly for experimental findings in which self-control behavior was predictably changed by verbal instructions to think about and imagine the rewards in different ways.
Thinking is a difficult habit to break
Authors: Overskeid Geir
Published: February 2010

Self-control is in the eye of the beholder. However, we speak of ”self-control” if a person has come to think conscious thoughts that change the motivational value of stimuli in the outside world. It is claimed that conscious thinking, and not habits bordering on compulsion, is behind self-control.
Commitment: Beyond Rachlin's control?
Authors: Wetherick N. E.
Published: February 2010

Rachlin's view of self-control is rejected on the grounds that his arguments do not establish the possibility of “molar” abstract, external, stimulus patterns and that his experiments, although they show that pigeons and human beings do sometimes choose postponed rather than immediate gratification, do not challenge the commonly held view that internal factors are involved in the former choice.
Self-control observed
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: February 2010

Complex cases of self-control involve processes such as guilt-avoidance, inhibition, self-punishment, conscious thought, free will, and imagination. Such processes, conceived as internal mediating mechanisms, serve the function in psychological theory of avoiding teleological causation. Acceptance of the scientific legitimacy of teleological behaviorism would obviate the need for internal mediation, redefine the above processes in terms of temporally extended patterns of overt behavior, and clarify their relation to selfcontrol.
Innateness versus expectation in human fears: Causal versus maintaining factors?
Authors: Edelmann Robert J.
Published: February 2010

This commentary focuses upon two issues raised by Davey's target article: (1) whether there are certain core features of stimuli we learn to fear, rather than specific types of objects or situations, which implies some element of innateness; and (2) whether expectancy biases serve to maintain rather than generate anxiety.
Preparedness, phobias, and the Panglossian paradigm
Authors: McNally Richard J.
Published: February 2010

In his critique of preparedness theory, Davey does not address the limitations of adaptationism. The purpose of this commentary is to outline problems that arise when one assumes that mental illness (e.g., phobic disorder)musthave had adaptive significance for it to have survived the vicissitudes of natural selection.
The uneven distribution of fears and phobias: A nonassociative account
Authors: Menzies Ross G.
Published: February 2010

A review of data concerning the uneven distribution of phobias suggests that nonassociative, ethological models can account for most of tile important findings that cannot be attributed to expectancy biases. The origin of a variety of fears that appear in fixed developmental patterns across divergent cultures and species can best be explained by biological models.
Associative learning: Stimulus arrangement and response consistency
Authors: Vaitl Dieter
Published: February 2010

Studies on associative learning in normals and patients need appropriate dependent measures which are sensitive enough to reflect stimulus-specific responses and also consider the context in which the conditioning takes place. Patient's fear responses, once acquired, seem to be maintained by specific cognitive biases such as individual belief systems and a tendency to stay consistent with their previous judgments.
The epistemological illusion
Authors: Bogdan Radu J.
Published: February 2010

I argue against the mentalist view that commonsense psychology (CSP) is about the intrinsic properties of the mind, and in particular against the notion that the evidence privately or publicly available to the CS psychologists confirms the mentalist view. I suggest that the internal phenomenology of mental attitudes merely provides access to a body of procedural knowledge, and that the propositional forms of the attitudes normally summarize extensive units of procedural knowledge.
Speaking of beliefs: Reporting or constituting mental entities?
Authors: Greve Werner , Buchner Axel
Published: February 2010

Gopnik's argument that instead of having privileged access we must develop a theory about our minds is criticized. First, the theory metaphor is too vague, and scientific concepts of what a theory is are left unexploited. Second, the studies Gopnik interprets as showing that children must develop a theory about their mental states are also compatible with the view that children have to develop these states.
Interpreting self-ascriptions
Authors: van Brakel J.
Published: February 2010

I argue that the same general principles apply in ascribing mental states and their contents to self and to others. Nevertheless Goldman is right that there is such a thing as FPA (First Person Authority). But Gopnik is right that FPA cannot be explained by reference to a special way of knowing or a special land of knowledge.
The cGMP-gated channel of photoreceptor cells: Its structural properties and role in phototransduction
Authors: Molday Robert S. , Hsu Yi-Te
Published: February 2010

The cyclic GMP-gated channel responds to changes in free intracellular cGMP, and as a result, it plays a central role in the phototransduction process in rod and cone photoreceptor cells. Recent biochemical, immunochemical, and molecular biology studies indicate that this channel consists of a complex of two distinct subunits and one or more associated proteins. Primary structural analysis indicates that the a and (3 subunits contain a cGMP-binding domain, an even number of membrane-spanning segments, a voltage sensor motif and a pore region. The latter two features are found in voltage-gated channels and suggest that these two classes of channels have evolved from the same ancestral channel protein. A working model for the membrane topography of the channel subunits is proposed based on immunogold labeling studies and sequence analysis. Recent studies also indicate that calmodulin binds to the 240 kDa protein of the channel complex and modulates the sensitivity of the channel for cGMP in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The molecular properties of the channel complex and the possible role of Ca2+-calmodulin modulation of the channel during photoactivation and photorecovery are discussed in relation to the current mechanism of phototransduction in photoreceptor cells
Psychophysical scaling methods reveal and measure context effects
Authors: Lockhead Gregory R.
Published: February 2010

People cannot make independent judgements of stimulus attributes and so “it is necessary to theorize in terms of stimulus structures” (Lockhead 1992, p. 551) rather than in terms of stimulus features. The new commentaries here further this statement and also support the observations in the target article that psychophysical scaling methods allow us to measure (1) how context determines judgments and (2) what people remember about prior stimuli.
“Multiple Drafts” of subjective experience viewed within a microgenetic framework for cognition and consciousness
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph
Published: February 2010

The notion of “multiple drafts” is one that has attracted the attention of researchers working within the “microgenetic” framework to perception and cognition, deriving from the work of Heinz Werner (1948). Dennett and Kinsboume's (1992) position can be further explored with reference to this earlier literature. The present commentary attempts to ground the D&K model within this larger theoretical debate.
Evaluation of central commands: Toward a theoretical basis for rehabilitation
Authors: Biryukova Elena V. , Frolov Alexandrez A. , Burnod Yves , Roby-Brami Agnès
Published: February 2010

The commentary focuses on the need for motor control modeling as a rationale for rehabilitation. We give examples in a bimanual unloading task and examine the potential consequences for recovery in patients with cerebral lesions. Hierarchical models of motor control lead to a distinction between “task optimization” and “motor optimization” and to a qualifier on Latash & Anson's “hands-off” position.
Defective preprogramming does not account for the clinical deficits of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Corcos Daniel M. , Pfann Kerstin D. , Buchman Aron S.
Published: February 2010

Latash & Anson argue that changed motor patterns should not be viewed as pathological. Instead, they should be viewed as adaptations to a primary deficit. We argue that the evidence shows: (1) bradykinesia is not an adaptation to a different primary deficit, and (2) bradykinetic movements are not “normal” slowed movements but, to the contrary, bradykinesia is part of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
The concept of “normal” movement and its consequences for therapy
Authors: Konczak Jürgen , Dichgans Johannes
Published: February 2010

The guideline for therapy should be the improvement of the individual's functionality, not the acquisition of the ill-defined “goldstandard” of normal movement. However, Latash & Anson's suggestion that only primary causes of dysfunction should be treated is problematic for two reasons: First, the distinction between genuine and adaptive changes in motor performance is not always possible, and second, adaptive changes do not necessarily improve motor function, but may actually be detrimental to the system's performance.
Frames of reference and normal movement
Authors: Newell Karl M. , Morrison Steven
Published: February 2010

Latash & Anson propose that so-called abnormal movements may be stable and adaptive coordination and control solutions to task goals in action. Their interpretation of this established viewpoint is confused throughout in the persistent crossing of frames of reference, both in the description of movement and action and the proposed theory for motor control.
When are adaptive motor patterns nonadaptive?
Authors: Summers Jeffery J. , Thomas Julie
Published: February 2010

The assumption that adaptive changes in motor patterns are optimal is questioned. Instances are cited where alteration of the adaptive motor patterns may be warranted. Other issues discussed are: (1) the relationship between central nervous system (CNS) priorities and the individual's priorities, (2) the use of cognitive bypass strategies by impaired individuals, and (3) conceiving CNS priorities as coordinative rules.
Developmental “movement disorders” and problem solving
Authors: Thelen Esther
Published: February 2010

Normal infants show a wide range of “atypical” movements. These, like the movements of atypical and normal adults, are best characterized as solutions to motor problems. Motor patterns alone may not be precise indicators of neurological status.
Anthropomorphizing the CNS: Is it what or who you know?
Authors: Wade Michael G. , Guan Jinhua
Published: February 2010

The target article pays insufficient attention to (1) the difficulties that arise when the term “normal” is used to describe motor skill behavior, and (2) the need to resist ascribing motor control to an intelligent central nervous system. A complex systems perspective is proposed with attractor states and periodicity identified as markers of atypical coordination and control.
Altered bilateral muscle synergies after stroke
Authors: Wing Alan M. , Kirker Stephen , Jenner John R.
Published: February 2010

Using movement disorders to understand the central nervous system's goals for motor behaviour may be easier in neurological models with a focal lesion of sudden onset, because the distinction between primary and adaptive changes may be clearer than in slowly progressive and/or diffuse neurological disease.
Toward peaceful coexistence of adaptive central strategies and medical professionals
Authors: Anson J. Greg , Latash Mark L.
Published: February 2010

We start with a number of philosophical and theoretical issues related to motor control, proceed through a spectrum of problems related to the role of adaptive changes in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to a primary disorder, and end with tentative practical recommendations. We consider the hierarchical and dynamic approaches to motor control not as incompatible alternatives but as ways of approaching two equally important issues, those of control and coordination. Professionals working in the area of physical therapy and rehabilitation should make use of the adaptive abilities of the CNS, identify goals, provide tools, and allow the CNS to develop optimal strategies. Therapists should intervene if they suspect that the CNS settles down in a local rather than a global optimum because of such factors as pain or the lack of a long-term predictive ability. Adaptive changes within the CNS may be important not only in pathologies but also in cases of specialized training, normal growth, and normal ageing.
Correspondence conception of memory: A good match is hard to find
Authors: Algom Daniel
Published: February 2010

The distinction that Koriat & Goldsmith have drawn between laboratory and naturalistic research is largely valid, but the metaphor they have chosen to characterize the latter may not be optimal. The “correspondence” approach is vulnerable on conceptual grounds and is not applicable to significant portions of empirical research.
Functional memory requires a quite different value metaphor
Authors: Anderson Norman H.
Published: February 2010

The function of memory is to allow past experience to subserve present goal-oriented thought and action. The defining characteristic of goal-oriented approach/avoidance is value. Value lies beyond the reproductive conception of memory that is basic to both metaphors discussed in Koriat & Goldsmith's target article. Functional memory requires a quite different metaphor, for which a grounded theory is available.
The alternative to the storehouse metaphor
Authors: Ben-Ze'ev Aaron
Published: February 2010

Koriat and Goldsmith clearly show the need for an alternative to the storehouse metaphor; however, the alternative metaphor they choose – the correspondence metaphor – is problematic. A more suitable one is the capacity metaphor.
The storehouse/correspondence partition in memory research: Promises and perils
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W.
Published: February 2010

The novel correspondence metaphor outlined by Koriat & Goldsmith offers important advantages for studying critical issues of memory-accuracy. It also fits well with the current emphasis on the reconstructive nature of memory and on the role of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors in memory performance. These positive features notwithstanding, the storehouse/correspondence framework faces potential perils having to do with its implied linkage to the laboratory/real-life controversy and its proposal of studying correspondence issues in isolation from memory phenomena captured by the storehouse paradigm.
Let's forget the everyday/laboratory controversy
Authors: Kvavilashvili Lia , Ellis Judi
Published: February 2010

In contrast to its aims, Koriat & Goldsmith's article vividly demonstrates(1) the complementarity of ecological and traditional approaches and (2) the difficulty of characterising the growing diversity of memory research with a single set of distinctions. Moreover, the contrast between correspondence and storehouse metaphors is important enough to stand alone without reference to an everyday/laboratory controversy, which is neither acute nor necessary.
Correspondence to the past: The essence of the archaeology metaphor
Authors: Larsen Steen F.
Published: February 2010

The correspondence view of memory is not a metaphor. However, correspondence is the essential feature of the archaeology metaphor, which harks back to Freud and Neisser. A modern version of this metaphor and some of its implications are briefly described. The archaeology metaphor integrates the idea of stored traces in a nonmechanistic framework.
Accuracy and quantity are poor measures of recall and recognition
Authors: Mayes Andrew R. , van Eijk Rob , Gooding Patricia L.
Published: February 2010

The value of accuracy and quantity as memory measures is assessed. It is argued that (1) accuracy does not measure correspondence (monitoring) because it ignores omissions and correct rejections, (2) quantity is confounded with monitoring in recall, and (3) in recognition, if targets and foils are unequal, both measures, even together, still ignore correct rejections.
False dichotomies and dead metaphors
Authors: McNamara Timothy P.
Published: February 2010

Koriat & Goldsmith's thesis is provocative but has three problems: First, quantity and accuracy are not simply related, they are complementary. Second, the storehouse metaphor is not the driving force behind contemporary theories of memory and may not be viable. Third, the taxonomy is incomplete, leaving unclassified several extremely influential methods and measures, such as priming and response latency.
Operationaling “correspondence”
Authors: Palmer David C.
Published: February 2010

The research guided by the correspondence metaphor is lauded for its emphasis on functional analysis, but the term “correspondence” itself needs clarification. Of the two terms in the relationship, only one is well defined. It is suggested that behavior at acquisition needs to be analyzed and that molecular principles from the learning laboratory might be useful in doing so.
Amnesia and metamemory demonstrate the importance of both metaphors
Authors: Schwartz Bennett L.
Published: February 2010

The correspondence metaphor is useful in developing functional models of memory. However, the storehouse metaphor is still useful in developing structural and process models of memory. Traditional research techniques explore the structure of memory; everyday techniques explore the function of memory. We illustrate this point with two examples: amnesia and metamemory. In each phenomenon, both metaphors are useful.
Classical antecedents for modern metaphors for memory
Authors: Small Jocelyn Penny
Published: February 2010

Classical antiquity provides not just the storehouse metaphor, which postdates Plato, but also parts of the correspondence metaphor. In the fifth century B.C., Thucydides (1.22) considered the role of gist and accuracy in writing history, and Aristotle (Poetics1451b, 1460b 8–11) offered an explanation. Finally, the Greek for truth (alêtheia) means “that which is not forgotten.”
Direct remembering and the correspondence metaphor
Authors: White K. Geoffrey
Published: February 2010

The correspondence view is consistent with a theory of direct remembering that assumes continuity between perception and memory. Two implications of direct remembering for correspondence are suggested. It is assumed that forgetting is exponential, and that remembering at one time is independent of factors influencing remembering at another. Elaboration of the correspondence view in the same terms as perception offers a novel approach to the study of memory.
The correspondence metaphor of memory: Right, wrong, or useful?
Authors: Koriat Asher , Goldsmith Morris
Published: February 2010

Our response to the commentators covers four general issues: (1) How useful is our proposed conceptualization of the real-life/laboratory controversy in terms of the contrast between the correspondence and storehouse metaphors? (2) What is the relationship between these two metaphors? (3) What are the unique implications of the correspondence metaphor for memory assessment and theory? (4) What are the nature and role of memory metaphors in memory research? We stress that the correspondence metaphor can be usefully exploited independent of the real-life/laboratory controversy, but that a variety of other metaphors, including the storehouse, should also be utilized in order to more fully capture the myriad facets and functions of memory in everyday life.
The evolutionary point of view: Rationality is elsewhere
Authors: Cabanac Michel
Published: February 2010

Baron has provided some examples of nonconsequentialism in decision making and describes them as biases; these may be the remnants of the biological origin of decision making. One may argue that decisions are made on the basis not of rationality but affective processes. Behavior follows the trend toward maximizing pleasure. This mechanism might explain apparent nonconsequentialism.
Parallel reasoning in structured connectionist networks: Signatures versus temporal synchrony
Authors: Lange Trent E. , Dyer Michael G.
Published: February 2010

Shastri & Ajjanagadde (1993) (S&A) argue convincingly that both structured connectionist networks and parallel dynamic inferencing are necessary for reflexive reasoning - a kind of inferencing and reasoning that occurs rapidly, spontaneously, and without conscious effort, and which seems necessary for everyday tasks such as natural language understanding. As S&A describe, reflexive reasoning requires a solution to thedynamic binding problem, that is, how to encode systematic and abstract knowledge and instantiate it in specific situations to draw appropriate inferences. Although symbolic artificial intelligence systems trivially solve the dynamic binding problem using computers' registers and pointers, it has remained a difficult problem for connectionist systems (see Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988). S&A's temporal synchrony solution to the dynamic binding problem using synchronous firing of argument units and the entities that are bound to them illustrates one way in which connectionist networks can do thisusing a constrained but important class of long-term knowledge rules. Their structured connectionist solution allows dynamic inferencing to proceed in parallel and therefore has a number of advantages for reflexive reasoning over most other connectionist and symbolic systems.
Temporal synchrony, dynamic bindings, and Shruti: A representational but nonclassical model of reflexive reasoning
Authors: Shastri Lokendra
Published: February 2010

Lange & Dyer misunderstand what is meant by an “entity” and confuse a medium of representation (synchrony) with the content being represented. This leads them to the erroneous conclusion that SHRUTI will run out of phases and that its representation of bindings lacks semantic content. It is argued that (1) the limit on the number of phases suffices, and (2) SHRUTI can be interpreted as using “dynamic signatures” that offer significant advantages over fixed preexisting signatures. Bonatti refers to three levels of commitment to a representational theory of the mind (RTM) and states that SHRUTI is committed to RTM at levels 1 and 2. He acknowledges that SHRUTI is not committed at level 3, but argues that an extended SHRUTI would have to make such a commitment. We agree that SHRUTI is committed to RTM at level 1 and, in a sense, also at level 2. SHRUTI, however, is not committed to RTM at level 3 and, even though it has been extended in several ways, it has retained its original representational character.
Recovered consciousness: A proposal for making consciousness integral to neuropsychological theories of memory in humans and nonhumans
Authors: Moscovitch Morris
Published: February 2010

Why is consciousness associated with recovery of memories that are initially dependent on the hippocampal system? A hypothesis is proposed that the medial temporal lobe/hippocampal complex (MTL/H) receives as its input only information that is consciously apprehended. By a process termed “cohesion,” the MTL/H binds into a memory trace those neural elements that mediated the conscious experience so that effectively, “consciousness” is an integral part of the memory trace. It is the phenomenological records of events (Conway 1992), integrated consciousness-content packets, that are recovered when memory traces are retrieved.
The hippocampal system: Dissociating its functional components and recombining them in the service of declarative memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard , Otto Tim , Cohen Neal J.
Published: February 2010

Continuing commentary raised several issues concerning our proposal that the hippocampus, parahippocampal region, and cortical association areas mediate different aspects of memory function. Recent relevant findings strengthen our argument that neocortical areas and the parahippocampal region maintain persistent encodings of specific single items and that the hippocampus mediates representations of the relations among these items. The reciprocally and closely interconnected structures that compose the hippocampal memory system work interactively to support flexible memory expression that is relevant to the natural behavior of animals and to conscious recollection in humans.
Varieties of group selection
Authors: Jones Doug
Published: February 2010

Group selection may be defined either broadly or narrowly. Narrowly defined group selection may involve either selection for altruism or group selection between alternative evolutionarily stable states. The last variety of group selection is likely to have been particularly important in human evolution.
Authoritarianism as a group-level adaptation in humans
Authors: van de Wetering Sven
Published: February 2010

Wilson & Sober's discussion of group selection is marred by the absence of plausible examples of human group-level behavioral adaptation. The trait of authoritarianism is one possible example of such an adaptation. It reduces within-group variance in reproductive success, manifests itself more strongly in response to group-level threat, and is found in a variety of cultures.
Genier than thou
Authors: Waller Mike
Published: February 2010

Many neo-Darwinists treat natural selection of genes and individual organisms as broadly equivalent. This enables Wilson & Sober (W&S) to propose a multilevel group selection model by drawing parallels between individuals and groups. The notion of gene/individual equivalence is a profound misconception. Its elimination negates W&S's current approach but offers the best way forward for both life and behavioural sciences.
The dating of linguistic beginnings
Authors: Tobias Phillip V.
Published: February 2010

The problem of how certain structure–function composites of high complexity could have evolved gradually and by natural selection has been with us at least since Charles Darwin admitted how difficult it was to explain, “his” theory, the origins of “organs of extreme perfection and complication” – such as the eyes of higher animals. Human language capacity is another evolutionary achievement of extraordinary perfection and complexity. Like other skilled human activities, it involves both central (neural) and peripheral (vocal and respiratory) complexes. The reduction of these to simpler building stones to which evolutionary principles may be applied is staggeringly difficult.
The lithic technology ofCebus apellaand its implications for brain evolution and the preconditions of language inHomo habilis
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles
Published: February 2010

Wilkins & Wakefield (1995) provide a thoughtful contribution to our understanding of language origins. In this commentary I attempt to define the relationship between object-manipulation and primate brain function further by reviewing research on aimed throwing and the production and use of stone tools by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebtis apella). I propose that examining the relation between brain function and object-manipulation inCebuswill provide insight into the preconditions of language in our hominid ancestors.
Further issues in neurolinguistic preconditions
Authors: Wilkins Wendy K. , Wakefield Jennie
Published: February 2010

This response to continuing commentary addresses brain-hand relationships inCebus apella(as introduced in West-ergaard's commentary), the evolutionary and acquisition parallels between music and language (suggested by Lynch), and the potential behavioral linguistic consequences of the evolutionary neurobiology inAustralopithecus africanusandHomo habilis(discussed by Tobias). Finally, we reiterate the importance of well informed, multidisciplinary approaches to the study of the emergence of human species-specific cognition, especially linguistic capacity.
Précis ofBehaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction
Authors: Zuriff G. E.
Published: February 2010

The conceptual framework of behaviorism is reconstructed in a logical scheme rather than along chronological lines. The resulting reconstruction is faithful to the history of behaviorism and yet meets the contemporary challenges arising from cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and philosophy. In this reconstruction, the fundamental premise is that psychology is to be a natural science, and the major corollaries are that psychology is to be objective and empirical. To a great extent, the reconstruction of behaviorism is an elaboration of behaviorist views of what it is for a science to be objective and empirical. The reconstruction examines and evaluates behaviorist positions on observation and the rejection of introspection, the behavioral data language, theory construction, stimulus-response psychology, the organization of behavior, complex processes, agency, and the interpretation of mentalistic language. The resulting reconstruction shows behaviorism to be a pragmatic psychological version of positivism based on a behavioral epistemology.
Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe
Published: February 2010

A new theory of attraction and liking based on kin selection suggests that people detect genetic similarity in others in order to give preferential treatment to those who are most similar to themselves. There are many sources of empirical and theoretical support for this view, including (1) the inclusive fitness theory of altruism, (2) kin recognition studies of animals raised apart, (3) assortative mating studies, (4) favoritism in families, (5) selective similarity among friends, and (6) ethnocentrism. Specific tests of the theory show that (1) sexually interacting couples who produce a child are genetically more similar to each other in blood antigens than they are either to sexually interacting couples who fail to produce a child or to randomly paired couples from the same sample; (2) similarity between marriage partners is most marked in the more genetically influenced of sets of anthropometric, cognitive, and personality characteristics; (3) after the death of a child, parental grief intensity is correlated with the child's similarity to the parent; (4) long-term male friendship pairs are more similar to each other in blood antigens than they are to random dyads from the same sample; and (5) similarity among best friends is most marked in the more genetically influenced of sets of attitudinal, personality, and anthropometric characteristics. The mechanisms underlying these findings may constitute a biological substrate of ethnocentrism, enabling group selection to occur.
On singular Sturm–Liouville boundary-value problems
Authors: Hai D. D.
Published: February 2010

We consider the existence of positive solutions for the boundary-value problem

(q(t)ϕ(u′))′ + λf(t,u) = 0, r < t < R,

au(r) − bϕ−1 (q(r))u′(r) = 0, cu(R) + dϕ−1(q(R))u′(R) = 0,

where ϕ(u′) = |u′|p−2u′, p > 1, λ > 0, f is p-superlinear or p-sublinear at ∞ and is allowed to become −∞ at u = 0. Our results unify and extend many known results in the literature.
Orlicz-Poincaré inequalities, maximal functions and AΦ-conditions
Authors: Björn Jana
Published: February 2010

For a measure μ on ℝn (or on a doubling metric measure space) and a Young function Φ, we define two versions of Orlicz–Poincaré inequalities as generalizations of the usual p-Poincaré inequality. It is shown that, on ℝ, one of them is equivalent to the boundedness of the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator from LΦ(ℝ,μ) to LΦ(ℝ,μ), while the other is equivalent to a generalization of the Muckenhoupt Ap-condition. While one direction in these equivalences is valid only on ℝ, the other holds in the general setting of doubling metric measure spaces. We also characterize both Orlicz–Poincaré inequalities on metric measure spaces by means of pointwise inequalities involving maximal functions of the gradient.
Darboux transformations and the factorization of generalized Sturm–Liouville problems
Authors: Binding Paul A. , Browne Patrick J. , Watson Bruce A.
Published: February 2010

A version of the Darboux transformation is explored for Sturm-Liouville problems with eigenvalue-dependent boundary conditions, from differential-equation and operator-theoretic viewpoints. Some of the literature on Darboux's transformation is related in a historical introduction.
Iterative reflections of monads
Authors: ADÁMEK JIŘÍ , MILIUS STEFAN , VELEBIL JIŘÍ
Published: February 2010

Iterative monads were introduced by Calvin Elgot in the 1970's and are those ideal monads in which every guarded system of recursive equations has a unique solution. We prove that every ideal monad has an iterative reflection, that is, an embedding into an iterative monad with the expected universal property. We also introduce the concept of iterativity for algebras for the monad , following in the footsteps of Evelyn Nelson and Jerzy Tiuryn, and prove that is iterative if and only if all free algebras for are iterative algebras.
THE OLD GENERATION OF ECONOMISTS AND THE NEW: AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORIAN’S APPROACH TO A SIGNIFICANT TRANSITION
Authors: WINCH DONALD
Published: February 2010

The article contrasts an intellectual history perspective on the transition from classical to neo-classical economics with doctrinal accounts of the marginal revolution. Marshall’s opinions on the mixture of theoretical, methodological, and moral and political elements involved in the generational divide shows that more was at stake than accounts in which theory alone is stressed suggest. It is also argued that in other respects less was at stake: drawing a sharp dividing line between pre- and post-marginal treatments of policy issues does not do justice to underlying continuities in the empirical utilitarian tradition. The article is dedicated to the memory of R. D. C. (Bob) Black, whose work on Jevons illustrates the benefits of an intellectual historian’s approach to this significant transition in economic thinking.
Recognizing vocal expressions of emotion in patients with social skills deficits following traumatic brain injury
Authors: DIMOSKA A. , MCDONALD S. , PELL M.C. , TATE R.L. , JAMES C.M.
Published: February 2010

Perception of emotion in voice is impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examined whether an inability to concurrently process semantic information (the “what”) and emotional prosody (the “how”) of spoken speech contributes to impaired recognition of emotional prosody and whether impairment is ameliorated when little or no semantic information is provided. Eighteen individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI showing social skills deficits during inpatient rehabilitation were compared with 18 demographically matched controls. Participants completed two discrimination tasks using spoken sentences that varied in the amount of semantic information: that is, (1) well-formed English, (2) a nonsense language, and (3) low-pass filtered speech producing “muffled” voices. Reducing semantic processing demands did not improve perception of emotional prosody. The TBI group were significantly less accurate than controls. Impairment was greater within the TBI group when accessing semantic memory to label the emotion of sentences, compared with simply making “same/different” judgments. Findings suggest an impairment of processing emotional prosody itself rather than semantic processing demands which leads to an over-reliance on the “what” rather than the “how” in conversational remarks. Emotional recognition accuracy was significantly related to the ability to inhibit prepotent responses, consistent with neuroanatomical research suggesting similar ventrofrontal systems subserve both functions. (JINS, 2010, 16, 369–382.)
Delirium auf der Intensivstation
Authors: Burkhart Christoph S. , Birkner-Binder Dagmar , Steiner Luzius A.
Published: February 2010

Die Prävalenz des Delirs bei Patienten auf der Intensivstation wird mit 20 – 80 % angegeben. Ein Delirium auf der Intensivstation ist äußerst belastend für die betroffenen Patienten und ihre Angehörigen und eine Herausforderung für die betreuenden Pflegenden und Ärzte. Das Delir auf der Intensivstation ist aber auch mit einer höheren Komplikationsrate, längerer Hospitalisation, höheren Kosten, protrahierten kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen und einer höheren Mortalität assoziiert. Dies zeigt, wie wichtig eine gezielte Prävention, das frühzeitige Erkennen und eine angemessene Therapie wären. Verschiedenste Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung eines Deliriums bei kritisch kranken Patienten sind bekannt, wobei allerdings die wenigsten beeinflussbar sind. Die Pathophysiologie des Deliriums ist weitgehend unklar, vermutlich sind mehrere Mechanismen an der Entstehung beteiligt. Die Diagnose eines Delirs auf der Intensivstation kann insbesondere bei sedierten und intubierten Patienten sehr schwierig sein. Deshalb wurden spezielle diagnostische Instrumente entwickelt, welche an die Besonderheiten dieser Patienten angepasst sind. Für die Therapie des Deliriums auf der Intensivstation stehen neben supportiven Maßnahmen typische und atypische Neuroleptika zur Verfügung.
Medikamentöse Therapieansätze des Delirs
Authors: Hammann Felix , Drewe Jürgen
Published: February 2010

Delirien werden in der Klinik häufig angetroffen. Prädisponierende Faktoren sind ein Alter > 70 Jahre, bestehende Demenz, Substanzmissbrauch und Polypharmazie. Auslösende Faktoren sind ebenso vielfältig und reichen von Infektionen und Dehydratation über Zustand nach Operationen bis hin zu Alkohol- und Medikamentenentzug. Ebenso können bestimmte anticholinerge und/oder dopaminerge Substanzen Delirien auslösen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden medikamentöse Therapieansätze des Delirs aus der aktuellen Literatur vorgestellt sowie auf potentiell Delir auslösende Substanzen hingewiesen.
Species sorting affects bacterioplankton community composition as determined by 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA fingerprints
Authors: Logue Jürg B , Lindström Eva S
Published: February 2010

To understand the mechanisms determining community composition, it is essential to distinctively unravel the importance of local from that of regional processes. In this effort, the mechanisms underlying bacterioplankton community assembly were analysed in eight lakes of short water residence time (WRT) during a four-season sampling campaign. Bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) was determined using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) on the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) and 16S rRNA. The relationship between similarity in BCC between a lake and its major inlet on the one hand and cell import per cell production rate from the inlet to the lake epilimnion on the other was used as a measure of the importance of cell dispersal (mass effects) for community assembly. Low similarities in BCC between lakes and their inlets were observed even at short WRTs, and the degree of similarity correlated better with the environmental conditions in lakes and streams than with cell import per cell production rates. Thus, mass effects seemed less important for local lake BCC in comparison to environmental habitat characteristics (species sorting). Analyses of 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA community fingerprints yielded similar results, indicating that species-sorting dynamics exerted an equally important effect on both the abundant and active fraction within the studied bacterioplankton communities.
Metastable Nanosized Diamond Formation from Fluid Systems
Authors: Simakov Sergei
Published: February 2010

The model of nanosized diamond particles formation at metastable P-T parameters from fluid is presented. It explains the specific of CVD diamond synthesis gases mixtures and hydrothermal growth of diamond at low P-T parameters as well as it explains the geneses of metamorphic and magmatic nano- and microdiamond in the shallow depth Earth rocks and the genesis of interstellar nanodiamond formations in the space.
A Triglyceride‐Raising APOA5 Genetic Variant Is Negatively Associated With Obesity and BMI in the Chinese Population
Authors: Wu Cho‐Kai , Chang Yi‐Cheng , Hua Shih‐Che , Wu Hon‐Yen , Lee Wei‐Jei , Chiang Fu‐Tien , Hwang Juey‐Jen , Lien Wen‐Pin , Chuang Lee‐Ming
Published: February 2010

Apolipoprotein A‐V (apo A‐V) exerts a potent triglyceride (TG)‐lowering effect through enhanced intravascular TG‐hydrolysis with increased uptake of TG‐derived free fatty acids into muscle and adipose tissue. Genetic variants in the APOA5 gene were strongly associated with plasma TG concentrations. The aim of this study was to examine whether APOA5 genetic variation was associated with obesity. We genotyped the missense c.553 G>T polymorphism (p.G185C) in the APOA5 gene in 1,085 Chinese (333 obese subjects and 752 nonobese controls). We analyzed the association between the c.553 G>T polymorphism and obesity and related metabolic phenotypes. The T allele at the c.553 G>T polymorphism was associated with higher plasma TG concentrations. Each additional T allele was associated with an increased TG concentration of 53.5 mg/dl (95% confidence interval (CI) 29.6–76.0, P < 0.0001). However, the T allele was associated lower risk of obesity (odds ratio (OR), 0.48; 95% CI 0.32–0.73, P = 0.0004). Each additional copy of the T allele was associated with a BMI decrease of 0.73 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.26–1.16, P = 0.002), equivalent to 2.11 kg in a person 1.7 m tall. We may then conclude that the TG‐raising APOA5 genetic variant was associated with a decrease in BMI and reduced risk of obesity in the Chinese population.
Nutrient Specific Feeding and Endocrine Effects of Jejunal Infusions
Authors: Dailey Megan J. , Tamashiro Kellie L.K. , Terrillion Chantelle E. , Moran Timothy H.
Published: February 2010

Intestinal nutrient infusions result in variable decreases in food intake and body weight based on the nutrient type and the specific intestinal infusion site. Only intrajejunal infusions of fatty acids decrease food intake beyond the calories infused. To test whether this extra‐compensatory decrease in food intake is specific to fatty acids, small volume intrajejunal infusions of glucose (Glu) and casein hydrolysate (Cas), as well as linoleic acid (LA) were administered to male Sprague–Dawley rats. Equal kilocalorie (kcal) loads of these nutrients (11.4) or vehicle were infused into the jejunum over 7 h/day for five consecutive days. Food intake was continuously monitored and body weight was measured daily. After the infusion on the final day, rats were killed and plasma collected. Intrajejunal infusions of LA and Glu, but not Cas, suppressed food intake beyond the caloric load of the infusate with no compensatory increase in food intake after the infusion period. Rats receiving LA and Glu infusions also lost significant body weight across the infusion days. Plasma glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) was increased in both the LA and Glu rats compared with control animals, with no significant change in the Cas‐infused animals. Peptide YY (PYY) levels increased in response to LA and Cas infusions. These results suggest that intrajejunal infusions of LA and Glu may decrease food intake and body weight via alterations in GLP‐1 signaling. Thus, particular nutrients are more effective at producing decreases in food intake, body weight, and inducing changes in peptide levels and could lead to a novel therapy for obesity.