bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue‐engineered composites for the repair of large osteochondral defects
Authors: Schaefer Dirk , Martin Ivan , Jundt G. , Seidel Joachim , Heberer Michael , Grodzinsky Alan , Bergin Ingrid , Vunjak‐Novakovic Gordana , Freed Lisa E.
Published: October 2002

Objective

To test the hypothesis that engineered cartilage can provide a mechanically functional template capable of undergoing orderly remodeling during the repair of large osteochondral defects in adult rabbits, as assessed by quantitative structural and functional methods.

Methods

Engineered cartilage generated in vitro from chondrocytes cultured on a biodegradable scaffold was sutured to a subchondral support and the resulting composite press‐fitted into a 7‐mm long, 5‐mm wide, 5‐mm deep osteochondral defect in a rabbit knee joint. Defects left empty (group 1) or treated with cell‐free composites (group 2) served as controls for defects treated with composites of engineered cartilage and the support, without or with adsorbed bone marrow (groups 3 and 4, respectively).

Results

Engineered cartilage withstood physiologic loading and remodeled over 6 months into osteochondral tissue with characteristic architectural features and physiologic Young's moduli. Composites integrated well with host bone in 90% of cases but did not integrate well with host cartilage. Structurally, 6‐month repairs in groups 3 and 4 were superior to those in group 2 with respect to histologic score, cartilage thickness, and thickness uniformity, but were inferior to those in unoperated control tissue. At 6 months, Young's moduli in groups 2, 3, and 4 (0.68, 0.80, and 0.79 MPa, respectively) approached that in unoperated control tissue (0.84 MPa), whereas the corresponding modulus in group 1 (0.37 MPa) was significantly lower.

Conclusion

Composites of tissue‐engineered cartilage and a subchondral support promote the orderly remodeling of large osteochondral defects in adult rabbits.
Effects of initial choices in the prisoner's dilemma
Authors: Tung Au Wing , Komorita S. S.
Published: October 2002

In the two‐person prisoner's dilemma game (PDG), there is considerable evidence that the tit‐for‐tat (TFT) strategy is most effective in inducing the other person to cooperate. One of the important features of the TFT strategy is that it cooperates on the first trial. We varied the initial choices of a simulated other, and tested the effects of (a) initial choices (cooperation or defection), and (b) persistence of initial choices: unilateral cooperation (or defection) on the first trial, first two trials, or first four trials. Results showed that a cooperative strategy—one that starts with cooperative choices—induced greater cooperation than a strategy that started with defections. The results of this study clearly show that (a) a cooperative strategy—one that initiates unilateral cooperation at the outset and then adopts a TFT strategy—is very effective in inducing subsequent cooperation from the other party, (b) the effectiveness of a cooperative strategy varies directly with the cooperative orientation of the other party (a cooperative strategy is more effective against a cooperative than a competitive person), and (c) initial cooperation is more effective if it is repeated more than once. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SNARE interactions in membrane trafficking: A perspective from mammalian central synapses
Authors: Kavalali Ege T.
Published: October 2002

SNAREs (soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are a large family of proteins that are present on all organelles involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking and secretion. The interaction of complementary SNAREs found on opposing membranes presents an attractive lock‐and‐key mechanism, which may underlie the specificity of vesicle trafficking. Moreover, formation of the tight complex between a vesicle membrane SNARE and corresponding target membrane SNAREs could drive membrane fusion. In synapses, this tight complex, also referred to as the synaptic core complex, is essential for neurotransmitter release. However, recent observations in knockout mice lacking major synaptic SNAREs challenge the prevailing notion on the executive role of these proteins in fusion and open up several questions about their exact role(s) in neurotransmitter release. Persistence of a form of regulated neurotransmitter release in these mutant mice also raises the possibility that other cognate or non‐cognate SNAREs may partially compensate for the loss of a particular SNARE. Future analysis of SNARE function in central synapses will also have implications for the role of these molecules in other vesicle trafficking events such as endocytosis and vesicle replenishment. Such analysis can provide a molecular basis for synaptic processes including certain forms of short‐term synaptic plasticity. BioEssays 24:926–936, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of at‐line and in‐situ near‐infrared spectroscopy to monitor biomass in an industrial fed‐batch Escherichia coli process
Authors: Arnold S. Alison , Gaensakoo Rumpai , Harvey Linda M. , McNeil Brian
Published: October 2002

One of the key goals in bioprocess monitoring is to achieve real‐time knowledge of conditions within the bioreactor, i.e., in‐situ. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), with its ability to carry out multi‐analyte quantification rapidly with little sample presentation, is potentially applicable in this role. In the present study, the application of NIRS to a complex, fed‐batch industrial E. coli (RV308/PHKY531) process was investigated. This process undergoes a series of temperature changes and is vigorously agitated and aerated. These conditions can pose added challenges to in‐situ NIRS. Using the measurement of a key analyte (biomass) as an illustration, the details of the relationship between the at‐line and in‐situ use of NIRS are considered from the viewpoint of both theory and practical application. This study shows that NIRS can be used both at‐line and in‐situ in order to achieve good predictive models for biomass. There are particular challenges imposed by in‐situ operation (loss of wavelength regions and noise) which meant the need for signal optimisation studies. This showed that whilst the at‐line modelling process may provide some useful information for the in‐situ process, there were distinct differences. This study shows that the in‐situ use of NIRS in a highly challenging matrix (similar to those encountered in current industrial practice) is possible, and thus extends previous works in the area. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 405–413, 2002.
Production of cytidine 5′‐monophosphate N‐acetylneuraminic acid using recombinant Escherichia coli as a biocatalyst
Authors: Lee Sun‐Gu , Lee Jeong‐Oh , Yi Jung‐Kyu , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: October 2002

An Escherichia coli strain expressing three recombinant enzymes, i.e., cytidine 5′‐monophosphate (CMP) kinase, sialic acid aldolase and cytidine 5′‐monophosphate N‐acetylneuraminic acid (CMP‐NeuAc) synthetase, was utilized as a biocatalyst for the production of CMP‐NeuAc. Both recombinant E. coli extract and whole cells catalyzed the production of CMP‐NeuAc from CMP (20 mM), N‐acetylmannosamine (40 mM), pyruvate (60 mM), ATP (1 mM), and acetylphosphate (60 mM), resulting in 90% conversion yield based on initial CMP concentration used. It was confirmed that endogenous acetate kinase can catalyze not only the ATP regeneration in the conversion of CMP to CDP but also the conversion of CDP to CTP. On the other hand, endogenous pyruvate kinase and polyphosphate kinase could not regenerate ATP efficiently. The addition of exogenous acetate kinase to the reaction mixture containing the cell extract increased the conversion rate of CMP to CMP‐NeuAc by about 1.5‐fold, but the addition of exogenous inorganic pyrophosphatase had no influence on the reaction. This E. coli strain could also be employed as an enzyme source for in situ regeneration of CMP‐NeuAc in a sialyltransferase catalyzed reaction. About 90% conversion yield of α2,3‐sialyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine was obtained from N‐acetyllactosamine (20 mM), CMP (2 mM), N‐acetylmannosamine (40 mM), pyruvate (60 mM), ATP (1 mM), and acetyl phosphate (80 mM) using the recombinant E. coli extract and α2,3‐sialyltransferase. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 516–524, 2002.
Re‐inventing anatomy: The impact of plastination on how we see the human body
Authors: Jones D.G.
Published: October 2002

Over the past 20 years the development of plastination has opened up new vistas for gross anatomy. In particular, it has led to a major expansion in the range of human anatomic specimens available for teaching and its potential value in research is increasingly being appreciated. More recently, it has burst into the public arena through what has become known as ‘Anatomy Art,’ as depicted in the von Hagens exhibition, Körperwelten (Bodyworlds). In this exhibition, the lifeless cadavers of the dissecting room have been transformed into standing, sitting, and jumping lifelike plastinated ‘models’ that demonstrate spinal cords, tumorous lungs, cirrhotic livers, joint prostheses, and sagittally sectioned whole bodies. Not surprisingly, the exhibition has raised considerable ethical debate about treating human cadavers in this way, an issue of particular relevance to anatomists. This article is an attempt to further this debate by considering the nature of plastinated human specimens, and the context within which they should be examined. The only rationale for displaying (plastinated) human material in the public domain is an educational one, with a basis in a museum ethos. The boundaries of this educational rationale are discussed, as are the opportunities and challenges presented by plastination to the anatomical community. Clin. Anat. 15:436–440, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location of the ventral margin of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe of the human liver with special reference to the configuration of hepatic portal vein branches
Authors: Kwon Daehyun , Murakami Gen , Hata Fumitake , Wang Hee Jung , Chung Min Suk , Hirata Koichi
Published: October 2002

The topographic anatomy of the ventral margin of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe of the human liver has not been clearly described to date. To this end we hypothesize the existence of a precaudate plane, a flat or slightly curved plane defined by the ventral margins of the ligamentum venosum and the hilar plate. Using 76 cadaveric livers, we investigated whether the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe extended ventral to this plane and whether the paracaval caudate branch of the portal vein (PC) ran through this plane to its ventral side. In 28 of the specimens (36.8%), the PC extended over the plane to a variable depth: less than 10 mm in 10 specimens, 10–20 mm in 10, and more than 20 mm in eight specimens. This ventral extension of the PC consistently included its penetration into the dome‐like area under the terminals of the three major hepatic veins; therefore, the ventrally extended PC often interdigitated with these veins and their tributaries (in practice, the ventral margin of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe could generally be considered to run alongside the middle hepatic vein). Moreover, the ventral extension of the PC often reached the upper, diaphragmatic surface or the dorsal surface of the liver immediately to the right of the inferior vena cava. Several branches (termed border branches) in the ventral extension were difficult to identify as belonging to the PC. We discuss both the marginal configuration of the paracaval portion of the caudate lobe and how to identify and operate on the ventrally extended PC and related border branches during liver surgery. Clin. Anat. 15:387–401, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservative management of contained coronary perforation after percutaneous intervention
Authors: Owens Patrick E. , Motwani Joseph G.
Published: October 2002

Contained perforation of the coronary artery may occur following coronary intervention and is generally managed aggressively with acute percutaneous or surgical intervention. We report a case of contained perforation following intervention on an occluded right coronary artery, leading to lumenal compression by perivascular hematoma and reduced distal flow. This was managed conservatively with an excellent clinical and angiographic outcome. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:211–214. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathologic analysis of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy
Authors: Tsuji Takahiro , Ikari Yuji , Tamura Tsutomu , Wanibuchi Yasuhiko , Hara Kazuhiro
Published: October 2002

To clarify mechanisms of restenosis following percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy (PTMC), we studied 253 patients (25% male) with PTMC using an Inoue balloon. Initial success (defined as either a mitral valve area ≥ 1.5 cm2 or more than twice the pre‐PTMC valve area) was achieved in 95% of patients. During a mean follow‐up period of 8 ± 3 years, 12 patients underwent mitral valve replacement due to mitral valve restenosis. Visual inspection of the 12 resected valves with restenosis did not reveal fusion of the commissures. Histologically, all the resected mitral valves had evidence of end‐stage rheumatic valvular disease, such as severe fibrosis and calcification. Deterioration of Wilkins echo score supported rheumatic disease progression in the leaflets and subvalvular region. Therefore, restenosis is not due to recurrence of fusion in commissures in these Japanese patients. Histologic and echocardiographic findings suggest that restenosis is based on end‐stage valvular disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:205–210. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occasional‐operator percutaneous brachial coronary angiography: First, do no arm
Authors: Hildick‐Smith David J.R. , Khan Zafar I. , Shapiro Leonard M. , Petch Michael C.
Published: October 2002

The percutaneous brachial approach to coronary angiography is perceived, rightly or wrongly, to be the easiest of the arm approaches. Predominantly femoral operators may therefore be encouraged to use the percutaneous brachial approach as an occasional procedure. We decided to investigate prospectively whether this was a reasonable strategy by examining outcome in patients who underwent percutaneous brachial cardiac catheterization by occasional brachial operators. Between October 1997 and 2000, 55 patients underwent percutaneous brachial coronary angiography (0.6% of coronary angiographies), aged 66 ± 10 years, of whom 40 (73%) were male. Chief indications for a brachial approach were peripheral vascular disease in 35 (64%), failed femoral approach in 10 (18%), and orthopnoea in 5 (9%). The procedure was completed successfully in 46 patients (84%). Reasons for failure were failure of access (two), brachial artery spasm (one), inability to negotiate brachial/subclavian tortuosity (two), dissection of the brachial artery (two), and inability to intubate a vein graft (two). Six patients required catheterization from an alternative site (brachial arteriotomy in two, percutaneous transradial in two, femoral in two), with success in all. There were complications of varying severity in 20 patients (36%). Major complications were false aneurysm requiring surgical repair (one), large brachial hematoma requiring surgical exploration and arterial repair (one), and hematoma with clinical median nerve dysfunction for one month. Minor complications included need for repeat coronary angiography via alternative approach (six), weakness of radial pulse < 24 hr (two), brachial artery dissection without clinical sequelae (two), brachial artery spasm terminating procedure (one), and wound oozing (three). Percutaneous brachial coronary angiography is a hazardous procedure when undertaken by occasional brachial operators. Complications are unacceptably frequent. As with all practical procedures, complication rates are likely to be inversely proportional to operator volumes. Patients requiring an arm approach should be referred to operators with high‐volume brachial or radial experience. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:161–165. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein binding of indobufen enantiomers: Pharmacokinetics of free fraction—studies after single or multiple doses of rac‐indobufen
Authors: Główka Franciszek K. , Caldwell John
Published: October 2002

The binding of the enantiomers of indobufen (INDB) to human serum proteins was investigated using the racemic mixture or the pure (+)‐S‐enantiomer in a concentration range of 2.5–100.0 mg/L. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of free (unbound) and total INDB enantiomers were studied 1) following administration of a single 200 mg rac‐INDB tablet to healthy volunteers, and 2) in obliterative atherosclerosis patients at steady state. The free fraction of INDB was obtained by ultrafiltration. Using the racemic mixture, the binding parameters of the two enantiomers were different, showing enantioselectivity in protein binding. The (−)‐R‐enantiomer was bound more strongly to human serum albumin, with association constant K = 11.95 ± 0.98 × 105 M−1 and n = 0.72 ± 0.02 binding sites. The comparable data for the (+)‐S‐enantiomer were K = 4.65 ± 0.02 × 105 M−1, n = 0.92 ± 0.01. When the binding of (+)‐S‐enantiomer was studied alone, the association constant K (2.10 ± 0.18 × 105 M−1) was lower and the number of binding sites was increased, to n = 1.87 ± 0.17. Competition occurred between the enantiomers, with the (−)‐R‐enantiomer displacing its antipode. The fraction of both enantiomers bound to serum proteins was 99.0%, which increased with decreasing initial concentration of the enantiomers. In healthy volunteers the (+)‐S‐enantiomer was eliminated faster than its (−)‐R antipode, resulting in a lower AUC for the (+)‐S‐enantiomer. Significant differences were observed in the total INDB enantiomer concentrations. The mean unbound fraction of (−)‐R‐ and (+)‐S‐INDB was 0.45% and 0.43%, respectively. Levels of the free (+)‐S‐enantiomer were higher than its (−)‐R‐antipode at steady state in patients with obliterative atherosclerosis who also took other drugs. The free enantiomer fraction increased to around 1% upon repeated administration. We conclude that the more rapid elimination of the (+)‐S enantiomer is associated with its weaker binding to serum proteins. Chirality 14:736–741, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current density mapping approach for design of clinical magnetic resonance imaging magnets
Authors: Crozier Stuart , Zhao Huawei , Doddrell David M.
Published: October 2002

Novel current density mapping (CDM) schemes are developed for the design of new actively shielded, clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets. This is an extended inverse method in which the entire potential solution space for the superconductors has been considered, rather than single current density layers. The solution provides an insight into the required superconducting coil pattern for a desired magnet configuration. This information is then used as an initial set of parameters for the magnet structure, and a previously developed hybrid numerical optimization technique is used to obtain the final geometry of the magnet. The CDM scheme is applied to the design of compact symmetric, asymmetric, and open architecture 1.0–1.5 T MRI magnet systems of novel geometry and utility. A new symmetric 1.0‐T system that is just 1 m in length with a full 50‐cm diameter of the active, or sensitive, volume (DSV) is detailed, as well as an asymmetric system in which a 50‐cm DSV begins just 14 cm from the end of the coil structure. Finally a 1.0‐T open magnet system with a full 50‐cm DSV is presented. These new designs provide clinically useful homogeneous regions and have appropriately restricted stray fields but, in some of the designs, the DSV is much closer to the end of the magnet system than in conventional designs. These new designs have the potential to reduce patient claustrophobia and improve physician access to patients undergoing scans. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 208–215, 2002
Interleukin‐2, interferon‐α, 5‐fluorouracil, and vinblastine in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Gez Eliahu , Rubinov Raphael , Gaitini Diana , Meretyk Shimon , Best Lael‐Anson , Native Ofer , Stein Avi , Erlich Nahum , Beny Alexander , Zidan Jamal , Haim Nissim , Kuten Abraham
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The current study evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α (IFN‐α), 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), and vinblastine (VBL) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC).

METHODS

Sixty‐two MRCC patients, median age 63 years, received immunochemotherapy. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1 for 45 patients and 2 for 17 patients. Fifty‐four patients underwent nephrectomy prior to treatment. Sites of disease were lungs, lymph nodes, bone, kidney, and liver. Treatment consisted of IL‐2 10 MIU/m2 subcutaneous (SC), three times per week, Weeks 1‐4; IFN‐α 6 MIU/m2 SC, once per week, Weeks 1‐4 and 9 MIU/m2, three times per week, Weeks 5‐7; 5‐FU 600 mg/m2 and VBL 6 mg/m2, intravenous bolus, Day 1 of Weeks 5 and 7.

RESULTS

In a median followup of 34 months, 62 patients were evaluated for tumor response. Four patients achieved complete response for 26+, 34+, 51+, and 56+ months, respectively; 14 patients achieved partial response for a median of 14 months; and 20 patients achieved stable disease for a median of 9 months. Seven patients (5 partial response, 2 stable disease) underwent complete resection of residual tumor. Five patients remained alive with no evidence of disease for 27, 32, 36, 42, and 48 months, respectively. Nine patients achieved long‐term complete response for a median of 36 months. Three‐year survival rate for the entire group and for 11 complete responders was 88%. Common side effects were flu‐like symptoms, nausea, headache, and depression. Four patients were excluded because of treatment intolerance, and one patient died after nephrectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Immunochemotherapy is effective and well‐tolerated by patients with MRCC. Surgical intervention for resection of residual disease is justified. Cancer 2002;95:1644–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10842
Prognostic factors for the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma in the U.S.
Authors: Eloubeidi Mohamad A. , Desmond Renee , Arguedas Miguel R. , Reed Carolyn E. , Wilcox C. Mel
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

The current TNM classification system does not consider tumor length or the number of lymph nodes in the staging and classification scheme for patients with esophageal carcinoma. Using data from the National Cancer Institute SEER Program, the authors explored the effect of tumor length and number of positive lymph nodes on survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma.

METHODS

Patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were subgrouped according to historic stage with localized, regional, or distant disease. Demographic factors (age at diagnosis, race, and gender) and tumor characteristics (morphology, histologic grade, tumor length, primary site, depth of invasion, number of positive lymph nodes, proportion of positive lymph nodes dissected, and distant metastatic sites) were examined.

RESULTS

Overall factors that were associated with an increased mortality risk included increasing age at diagnosis, black race versus white race, histologic grade, primary tumor site in the lower esophagus and abdomen versus upper regions, and increasing depth of invasion. Among patients with regional disease, the number of positive lymph nodes (≥ 5 vs. < 5) was related to an increasing risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.06–1.56). The proportion of positive lymph nodes compared with the number of lymph nodes dissected conferred an increased risk (HR, 1.63; 95%CI, 1.26–2.11). Among patients with distant disease, sites other than distant lymph nodes implied an increased mortality risk (HR, 1.37; 95%CI, 1.37–1.65). Tumor length was an independent predictor of mortality when controlling for depth of invasion in patients with localized disease (HR, 1.15; 95%CI, 1.08–1.21).

CONCLUSIONS

Tumor length, the number of involved lymph nodes, and the ratio of positive lymph nodes are important prognostic factors for survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma. A revised TNM classification system for patients with esophageal carcinoma might consider adding tumor length and number of positive lymph nodes as two important prognostic factors. Cancer 2002;95:1434–43. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10868
The role of extreme phenotype selection studies in the identification of clinically relevant genotypes in cancer research
Authors: Luis Perez‐Gracia Jose , Gloria Ruiz‐Ilundain Maria , Garcia‐Ribas Ignacio , Maria Carrasco Eva
Published: October 2002

The investigation of genetic alterations that may be related to the prognosis of patients with malignant disease has become a frequently used strategy in recent years. Although some conclusions have been reached in certain studies, the complexity and the multifactorial nature of most neoplastic diseases makes it difficult to identify clinically relevant information, and the results of some studies have been of borderline significance or have been conflicting. In contrast, the identification and the study of patients or families with very characteristic phenotypes have yielded outstanding results in the identification of the genetic characteristics underlying such phenotypes. Although, in most cases, the individuals who are selected for these types of studies are characterized by a negative phenotype (i.e., individuals who are at increased risk for developing a specific disease), a few studies have been directed toward individuals with phenotypes that imply an unusually good prognosis (i.e., individuals who present with a decreased risk for developing specific diseases despite an important exposure to well‐known risk factors). Therefore, it seems logical to develop this strategy further as a valid methodology for the study of other diseases, such as cancer. The study of individuals with phenotypes that imply an extremely good prognosis, such as long‐term survivors of theoretically incurable malignancies or individuals who seem to be protected against a certain neoplastic disorder despite having a markedly increased risk for its development, may unveil genetic alterations that explain such characteristic phenotypes and may provide potentially useful therapeutic targets against these diseases. Cancer 2002;95:1605–10. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10877
The phylogenetic significance of crustacean optic neuropils and chiasmata: A re‐examination
Authors: Harzsch Steffen
Published: October 2002

Recent molecular data challenge the traditional hypotheses of arthropod phylogeny founded on morphologic characters. In this discussion, the structure of the visual systems in Pterygota (Hexapoda) and Decapoda (Malacostraca, Crustacea) is an important argument. Although many components of their visual systems depict structural homology, differences exist between Pterygota/Decapoda on the one side and Branchiopoda (Entomostraca) on the other in that the latter do not have a third optic neuropil or optic chiasmata. Therefore, the goals of the current study were to explore whether the third optic neuropils in Pterygota and Decapoda are homologous, to examine the formation of the first two optic neuropils and the chiasmata in Crustacea, and to compare these processes with Pterygota. For this purpose, five species of entomostracan and malacostracan crustaceans were analyzed by examination of serial sections, fluorescence labeling with phallotoxins, and anti‐histamine immunohistochemistry. We found that the chiasmata of Decapoda and Pterygota are characterized by striking similarities regarding both the level of individually identifiable classes of neurons and ontogenetic mechanisms, which are clearly different from those in Branchiopoda. Furthermore, the third optic neuropil of Decapoda and Pterygota, the lobula, shares an ontogenetic protocerebral origin and an innervation by corresponding sets of histamine‐immunoreactive neurons, suggesting homology of the lobula in these two groups. In conclusion, the characteristics of the visual system are in conflict with the traditional classification of Arthropoda. Instead, they support a sister‐group relationship of Hexapoda and Malacostraca, as suggested by some of the molecular studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 453: 10–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of voltage‐dependent potassium channels in the developing visual system of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Pollock Natashka S. , Ferguson Shane C. D. , McFarlane Sarah
Published: October 2002

Accumulating evidence suggests that voltage‐dependent potassium (Kv) channels have important and varied roles in the development of neuronal and non‐neuronal cell types. They have been implicated in processes such as proliferation, cell adhesion, migration, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance. In this study, we used antibodies against several electrically active Kv channel α‐subunits (Kv1–4) to describe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Kv channel subunits in Xenopus laevis retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata, axons, and growth cones. We found that RGCs express Kv1.3‐, Kv1.5‐, Kv3.4‐, and Kv4.2‐like subunits. Each subunit displayed unique cellular and subcellular distributions. Moreover, the expression patterns changed considerably over the major period of Xenopus retinal cell genesis and differentiation. Weak or no immunoreactivity was observed with antibodies against Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.6, and Kv3.2 subunits in RGCs or other retinal cell types. In support of our previous pharmacologic evidence implicating Kv channels in RGC axon outgrowth, we found that Kv1.5‐, Kv3.4‐, and Kv4.2‐like proteins, but not Kv1.3‐like subunits, are abundantly expressed in RGC growth cones. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:381–391, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of urocortin‐like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Kozicz Tamás , Arimura Akira , Maderdrut Jerome L. , Lázár Gyula
Published: October 2002

Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), sauvagine, and urotensin I are all members of the so‐called CRF neuropeptide family. Urocortin (Ucn), a 40‐amino‐acid neuropeptide recently isolated from the rat brain, is the newest member of this family. Until now, the distribution of Ucn in the central nervous system (CNS) has been studied only in placental mammals. We used a polyclonal antiserum against rat Ucn to determine the distribution of Ucn‐like immunoreactivity in the CNS of the green frog, Rana esculenta. The great majority of Ucn‐immunoreactive perikarya was seen in the anterior preoptic area, ventromedial thalamic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and Edinger‐Westphal nucleus. Urocortin‐immunoreactive nerve cells were also observed in the motor nuclei of the trigeminal and facial nerves and in the hypoglossal nucleus. Immunoreactive fibers were found in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, many of the thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, mesencephalic tectum, tegmental nuclei, torus semicircularis, and dorsal horn and central field of the spinal cord. Only scattered Ucn‐immunoreactive axon terminals were observed in the external zone of the medial eminence. The densest accumulations of Ucn‐immunoreactive nerve terminals were seen in the granular layer of the cerebellum and cochlear nuclei. Our results suggest that an ortholog of mammalian Ucn occurs in the CNS of the green frog. The distribution of Ucn‐like immunoreactivity in Rana esculenta showed many similarities to the distribution in placental mammals. The distribution of Ucn‐like immunoreactivity in the anuran CNS was different from that of CRF and sauvagine, so our results suggest that at least three different lineages of the CRF neuropeptide family occur in the anuran CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:185–198, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebellar Golgi, Purkinje, and basket cells have reduced γ‐aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in stargazer mutant mice
Authors: Richardson Christine A. , Leitch Beulah
Published: October 2002

The stargazer mutant mouse has characteristic ataxia and head‐tossing traits coupled with a severe impairment in the acquisition of classical eye‐blink conditioning (Qiao et al. [1996] J. Neurosci. 16:640–648; Qiao et al. [ 1998] J. Neurosci. 18:6990–6999). These phenotypes are thought to be cerebellar mediated and have been attributed to the specific reduction in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The granule cells in the cerebellum of the stargazer mouse exhibit a near‐total and exclusive ablation of BDNF mRNA expression and a consequent defect in TrkB receptor signalling. To investigate whether the stargazer mutation and lack of availability of BDNF in the granule cells compromise the phenotype of the cerebellar inhibitory neurons, specifically their immunoreactivity for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA); the levels of GABA neurotransmitter expressed in Golgi, Purkinje, and basket cells; and the density of their synaptic contacts were compared in stargazer and wild‐type controls using electron microscopy and quantitative immunogold labelling. The data presented in this study clearly show that, in the spontaneous ataxic mutant mouse stargazer, the cerebellar inhibitory neurons have significantly reduced levels of GABA immunoreactivity indicative of a significant decrease in their GABA content compared with wild‐type controls. Furthermore, the density of inhibitory synapses between Golgi interneurons and granule cells and also between basket and Purkinje cells in stargazer mutants is reduced to approximately half that in wild‐type controls. Whether this reduction in GABA content and inhibitory synapse density is directly attributable to the lack of BDNF in the cerebellum of the stargazer mutant is yet to be proved. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:85–99, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new cytometric method for the immunophenotypic characterization of bone‐derived human osteoclasts
Authors: Benito Gloria Elena , Sánchez María Luz , del Pino‐Montes Javier , Calvo José Julián , Menéndez Pablo , García‐Marcos María Antonia , Osdoby Philip , Orfao Alberto
Published: October 2002

Background

Osteoclast cell function relates to bone resorption. Isolation and characterization of these cells from in vivo sources remain difficult. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of using flow cytometry to identify and characterize human mature osteoclasts obtained from bone tissues.

Methods

Bone femoral heads obtained as discarded surgical material were used. To check the nature of 121F+ (a monoclonal antibody specific for human osteoclasts) cells by flow cytometry, we used laser scanning cytometry to analyze simultaneously the immunophenotype and DNA cell content of osteoclast‐like cell‐enriched bone samples.

Results

Results were compared with conventional morphologic and cytochemical studies. The percentage of cells that showed both cytochemical (tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP]+) and immunophenotypic (121F+) osteoclast‐associated characteristics was very similar (12.5 ± 6.2 versus 14.7 ± 11.7; P = 0.46). Laser scanning cytometry showed that 121F+ cells were bigger (P = 0.04) and they had a higher DNA cell content (P = 0.04) and more nuclei per cell (P = 0.04) than the 121F‐ cells present in the same sample.

Discussion

This study relied on the combined use of the 121F+ antibody and different cytometry‐based techniques to characterize the osteoclast populations from human bone. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 49:261–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of several flow cytometric assays for the analysis of T‐cell responses in goats
Authors: Totté Philippe , Esteves Isabel , Gunter Nico , Martinez Dominique , Bensaida Albert
Published: October 2002

Background

Flow cytometry (FCM) provides an alternative to radioactive methods for the analysis of T‐cell responses. However, a comparative study of common FCM assays in an outbred ruminant model is lacking, which motivated this work.

Methods

Goats immunized with the obligate intracellular bacterium Cowdria ruminantium, inactivated and emulsified in oil‐based adjuvants, were used as a model to study T‐cell recall responses in vitro. FCM‐based methods to measure Cowdria‐induced lymphoblastogenesis, DNA synthesis, and interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) expression by T‐cell subsets were compared.

Results

IL‐2R expression was the most sensitive and reliable method provided that the number of molecules per cell was analyzed and not simply the percentage of positive cells of a given phenotype. Despite high background due to adjuvant and low proliferation, this method could detect antigen‐specific activation of immune CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions

FCM‐based measurement of lymphoblastogenesis and DNA synthesis are not the most appropriate methods to analyze T‐lymphocyte activation during vaccination of outbred animals. On several occasions, analysis of IL‐2R expression was the only assay capable of discriminating between vaccinated and naive animals in this model. Cytometry 49:49–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic manifestations of cystitis follicularis in urine specimens
Authors: Zaharopoulos Paul
Published: October 2002

Four cases of cystitis follicularis diagnosed by urine cytology are presented, and are the first reported in the cytologic literature. Cystitis follicularis (follicular cystitis) is characterized by formation of lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria of the trigonal region of the bladder, and is considered to be the result of repeated bouts of urinary tract infection, usually bacterial, with other pathologic processes contributing to the development and prolongation of the infection. Cytologically it differs from chronic cystitis with prominent lymphocytosis by the presence of cellular elements from the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, reminiscent of the cytologic findings in follicular cervicitis, with possible additional epithelial cytologic atypias from the overlying urothelium, which frequently undergoes reactive changes (hyperplastic, metaplastic, and ulcerative). The practical aspect of recognition of this entity in cytologic specimens is avoiding diagnostic errors of possible malignancy (lymphoid or other), and also of other forms of inflammatory disease, such as granulomatous type, with a different clinical significance. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:205–209. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endometrial cells and the AutoPap system for primary screening of cervicovaginal Pap smears
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Thomas Premi
Published: October 2002

In 1998, the AutoPap 300 received FDA approval for primary screening of conventional cervical smears. As approved, smears categorized as “no further review” and comprising up to 25% of the smears screened by the AutoPap 300 can be reported as negative for malignant and dysplastic cells without screening by a cytotechnologist. We studied 106 conventional cervical smears in which glandular endometrial cells had been identified by manual screening to assess the ability of the AutoPap System (TriPath Imaging, Inc., Burlington, NC) to (1) designate conventional Papanicolaou smears that contain endometrial cells for “review,” and (2) stratify smears that contain endometrial cells as more or less likely to be abnormal.

Although the number of cases in our study was small, our findings indicate that (1) the AutoPap System is slightly less sensitive than manual screening by experienced cytotechnologists for the detection of endometrial cells in conventional smears, as the System designated for “review” 94.3% of all smears containing endometrial cells, 92.9% of smears reported as atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) or endometrial adenocarcinoma, and 100% of the four smears with subsequently confirmed endometrial adenocarcinomas, (2) ranking of smears into quintiles by the AutoPap System did not provide additional diagnostically useful information with respect to endometrial pathology, (3) the number of endometrial cells in the smears did not correlate with quintile assignment, and (4) for most patients, routine use of the AutoPap System for primary screening of conventional cervical smears is unlikely to contribute to delay in the diagnosis of clinically significant endometrial lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:232–237. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal ion chelation in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Angel Itzchak , Bar Adina , Horovitz Tammy , Taler Galia , Krakovsky Michael , Resnitsky Dalia , Rosenberg Gilad , Striem Sarina , Friedman Jonathan E. , Kozak Alex
Published: October 2002

Disturbance in metallochemical reactions and metal‐protein association are associated with chronic neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as with neurodegeneration triggered by acute cerebral ischaemia. Many neurological diseases have been linked directly or indirectly to perturbed homeostasis of Ca, Fe, Zn, or Cu ions. Consequently, acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders represent excellent targets for exploiting metal ion chelator approaches. Drug Dev. Res. 56: 300–309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of preweaning exposure to novel maternal odors on maternal responsiveness and selectivity in adulthood
Authors: Shah Akeel , Oxley Gina , Lovic Vedran , Fleming Alison S.
Published: October 2002

We examined the effects of odor exposure in the nest on the offspring's subsequent adult responsivity to pups scented with the same odor or a different odor. It was hypothesized that animals receiving exposure to the odor in the nest would be more maternally responsive to pups scented with the (same) exposed odor than to unscented (water‐scented) pups. In the first part of the study (Part A), Sprague‐Dawley female rat pups (days 1–18 of age) either received exposure to an artificial lemon odor or to the natural (water) odor in the nest. In the second part of the study (Part B), rat pups were exposed daily to lemon or neutral odorants in an incubator at a distance from the mother and the nest. On day 21, animals received odor preference tests for lemon versus neutral pine bedding. On day 60, animals were mated and their pups were removed at 15‐min intervals at the time of parturition. Animals were then tested for maternal behavior to foster pups on day 1 or 7 after parturition. Foster pups were scented either with the lemon odor or with water (unscented). Early exposure to lemon in the nest context enhanced animals' attraction to the lemon odor in juvenile tests. In adult maternal tests, exposure to odor on the mother and in the nest had two effects. It increased the latency for animals to express maternal behavior; however, once mothers expressed maternal behavior, they spent more time licking and crouching over pups scented with the same odorant to which they had been exposed earlier on their own mothers. Simple exposure to the lemon odorant out of context of the nest had no effect on adult maternal latencies or behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 187–196, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10064
Social vole parents force their mates to baby‐sit
Authors: Libhaber Noga , Eilam David
Published: October 2002

Parental care has been categorized into direct and indirect investment. The former includes direct contact with the offspring, as in lactation or huddling with the pups, and the latter includes activities such as nest building or hoarding food for the guarding mate. We report here an unfamiliar type of parental behavior in which one parent aggressively forces its mate to stay in the nest with the pups. In this “forced baby‐sitting,” one parent grasps the fur of its mate and drags it toward the nest. The behavior was observed in 6 of 10 pairs of the social vole (Microtus socilalis guentheri) and was typically executed by the male. Dragging the mate to the nest was not correlated with other parental behaviors; neither could we explain why‐when it occurred. However, this behavioral pattern was eye catching, and its goal was obviously to enforce the mate to stay in the nest with the pups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 236–240, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10075

To view video clips of “forced babysitting,” go to the journal's supplementary materials site.
Transmission fields from a perpendicular Hertz dipole through an infinite shielding plate
Authors: Hayashi Takahiro , Mizusawa Motoo , Yamaguchi Takashi , Amemiya Yoshifumi
Published: October 2002

It is well known that the magnetic fields or the electric fields near a wave source in the free space is inversely proportional to the third power of the distance between the source and the observation point. The magnetic fields passing through a conducting metallic shield placed near a magnetic Hertz dipole are inversely proportional to the fourth power of the distance between the source and the observation point. On the other hand, the electric fields due to an electric dipole is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. In this paper, in order to qualitatively determine the reason why the distance dependence is different in the presence of a shielding plate, we study the distributions of the surface electromagnetic currents and surface electromagnetic charges on the shielding plate, which can be derived by Huygens‐Fresnel's principle where the electromagnetic fields induced on the shielding plate act as the secondary sources. From this study, it is found that spreading of the magnetic field lines in the radial direction is inhibited by the shielding plate in the case of the magnetic Hertz dipole. The spreading of the electric field lines in the radial direction is enhanced in the case of the electric Hertz dipole. It is also found that the range of occurrence of the electromagnetic fields on the shielding plate contributing to formation of the transmitted fields on the wave source axis is wider in the case of an electric Hertz dipole than a magnetic Hertz dipole. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 54–64, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10022
Detection of the second harmonic signals using an ultrasonic transducer with the separately arranged transmitter and receiver
Authors: Adachi Hideo , Wakabayashi Katsuhiro , Nishio Masahiro , Ogawa Haruo , Kamakura Tomoo
Published: October 2002

We built a prototype ultrasonic transducer that transmits the fundamental wave and detects nonlinear harmonic waves generated in a target material. This transducer is constructed from a piezoelectric oscillator ring that is only used for transmission at the resonance frequency of f0 and a piezoelectric oscillator disk that is only used for reception at the resonance frequency of 2f0. The two oscillators are arranged in the same housing on the same axis and the same plane, but are separated. By optimally combining the material constants of the piezoelectric oscillators and optimizing the combination of the resonance sharpness Q, we found that the second harmonic signal could be detected with high selectivity and high reception sensitivity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(1): 27–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10030