bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modificações no pogônio e no nariz de acordo com o modo respiratório
Authors: Tanaka Orlando , Fabianski Suelem Tisiane , Karakida Lílian Mary , Knop Luégya Amorin Henriques , Retamoso Luciana Borges
Published: February 2012

INTRODUÇÃO: o perfil mole do indivíduo é resultado de mudanças complexas que ocorrem nos tecidos duros e moles das estruturas faciais. O pogônio e o nariz são estruturas dominantes na face e influenciam no grau de convexidade do perfil. Assim, é fundamental a análise das estruturas do pogônio e a inclusão das estruturas nasais no plano de tratamento ortodôntico. OBJETIVO: avaliar longitudinalmente as modificações dimensionais no plano anteroposterior do pogônio e do nariz de indivíduos com má oclusão de Classe II, divisão 1 de Angle, em dois momentos distintos do desenvolvimento craniofacial. MÉTODOS: foram realizados traçados cefalométricos sobre telerradiografias em norma lateral de 40 indivíduos, sendo 23 respiradores predominantemente nasais (RN) e 17 predominantemente bucais (RB). RESULTADOS: foram obtidas as medidas lineares e angulares LS'-Pog', LS'-B', B'-Pog', Pog'-PogTeg', Linha NB, Pog-NB, N'-Prn, Prn-NPog, N-Prn-Sn e Prn-Sn-LS. O teste ANOVA a dois critérios com medidas repetidas foi aplicado para indicar diferenças entre os valores médios dessas variáveis segundo os momentos e/ou modo respiratório. Observou-se que as variáveis LS'-B', Pog'-PogTeg', Linha NB e Pog-NB, N'-Prn, Prn-NPog, N-Prn-Sn e Prn-Sn-LS apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) quando comparados os momentos final e inicial, embora não houvesse diferença significativa entre os modos respiratórios. Em nenhuma das variáveis se observou interação entre o modo respiratório e os momentos. CONCLUSÃO: há alteração estatisticamente significativa do pogônio e do nariz no plano anteroposterior no decorrer do crescimento, porém sem qualquer interferência do modo respiratório.
Coleta e cultura de células-tronco obtidas da polpa de dentes decíduos: técnica e relato de caso clínico
Authors: Jesus Alan Araujo de , Soares Milena Botelho Pereira , Soares Ana Prates , Nogueira Renata Campos , Guimarães Elisalva Teixeira , Araújo Telma Martins de , Santos Ricardo Ribeiro dos
Published: February 2012

INTRODUÇÃO: as células-tronco (CT) possuem capacidade de induzir a regeneração tecidual e, portanto, apresentam um potencial terapêutico. Assim como a medula óssea e o cordão umbilical, a polpa dentária é uma das fontes disponíveis de CT. O seu fácil acesso e o fato de os dentes decíduos não serem órgãos vitais, que normalmente são descartados após a esfoliação, provêm um atrativo para testes de segurança e viabilidade terapêutica dessas células. OBJETIVOS: descrever a coleta, o isolamento e o cultivo de CT obtidas da polpa de dentes decíduos, assim como a sua caracterização por meio de citometria de fluxo e da indução da diferenciação em linhagens osteogênica e adipogênica. MÉTODOS: as CT foram obtidas de forma relativamente simples e apresentaram boa capacidade proliferativa, mesmo a partir de pouca quantidade de tecido pulpar. RESULTADOS: a análise por citometria de fluxo confirmou as características de CT mesenquimais, com baixos níveis de expressão dos antígenos CD34 e CD45, que são marcadores de células hematopoiéticas, e altos níveis de expressão dos antígenos CD105, CD166, CD90 e CD73, que são marcadores de CT mesenquimais. A plasticidade das células foi confirmada pela identificação de depósitos de cálcio nas culturas que receberam meio osteogênico, e de acúmulo lipídico intracelular nas culturas que receberam meio adipogênico. CONCLUSÕES: as CT de dentes decíduos têm um potencial promissor de aplicação em regeneração tecidual. Sendo assim, é importante difundir entre os cirurgiões-dentistas o conhecimento sobre a existência e as características dessa fonte de CT, discutindo a técnica utilizada, suas limitações e possíveis indicações.
The urban futures methodology applied to urban regeneration
Authors: Rogers Chris D. F. , Lombardi D. Rachel , Leach Joanne M. , Cooper Rachel F. D.
Published: February 2012

Making cities more sustainable is a top priority – for national governments, for cities and for the people who live, work and visit urban areas. The past decade has seen a concerted UK effort to develop, apply and assess sustainability solutions for the present and near future; however, little has been done to test urban regeneration solutions beyond that. This paper describes a methodology that has developed future scenarios for the year 2050 against which to test the robustness of current engineering solutions, thereby providing unique insights into the potential impacts of present urban planning and design decisions, and thus financial investments. If a proposed solution delivers a positive legacy, regardless of the future against which it is tested, then it can be adopted with confidence. When there are very different outcomes depending on the future, the solution can either be modified to create an improved outcome regardless of the future or implemented in the knowledge of the likely impacts if the future develops in different ways. The urban futures methodology has been applied to the Lancaster Luneside East regeneration site, for which contextual information is described along with a justification for its use as a case study to trial the methodology.
Resilient ecological solutions for urban regeneration
Authors: Hale James David , Sadler Jon
Published: February 2012

There is a need for biological conservation at the global scale, and urban conservation has the potential to support the delivery of this wider goal. Despite historic trends, efforts are underway to protect and enhance the quality, quantity and accessibility of green infrastructure within cities, including biodiversity features within new developments. However, there are questions over their long-term persistence and function. This paper applies an urban futures resilience analysis to a case study site to illustrate how such concerns may be explored and addressed in practice. The analysis identifies vulnerable sustainability solutions and clarifies the aspects that may be improved. The results suggest that the resilience of these solutions is questionable, even though resilience has clearly been considered. In particular, future compliance with, and enforcement of, planning conditions is questionable. The resilience of these ecological solutions may be improved by including some redundancy, designing for low maintenance, incorporating microclimate buffers and locating features in areas unlikely to be subject to future disturbance. The establishment of endowment funds or other dedicated funding mechanisms should also be explored. The paper also recommends that a futures-based resilience analysis be included within the development planning process.
Scenario-based sustainable water management and urban regeneration
Authors: Farmani Raziyeh , Butler David , Hunt Dexter V. L. , Memon Fayyaz A. , Abdelmeguid Hossam , Ward Sarah , Rogers Chris D F
Published: February 2012

Deployable output (source availability) from water resources in north west England is predicted to decrease over the next 25 years. Alternative supply management strategies are planned to help avoid a deficit in the supply–demand balance within the region but have yet to be considered in detail. This paper assesses the contribution of such an alternative supply strategy at local level on the water resource supply–demand balance at regional level based on a proposed urban regeneration site in north west England. Various water conservation and reuse measures are investigated considering local and regional conditions and constraints. Four future scenarios are presented and used to describe how the future might be (rather than how it will be), to allow an assessment to be made of how current ‘sustainable solutions’ might cope whatever the future holds. The analysis determines the solution contributions under each future and indicates that some strategies will deliver their full intended benefits under scenarios least expected but most needed. It is recommended that to help reduce the regional supply–demand deficit and maximise system resilience to future change, a wide range of water demand management measures should be incorporated on this and other sites.
Centrifuge study of capacity of a skirted foundation under eccentric transient and sustained uplift
Authors: ACOSTA-MARTINEZ H.E. , GOURVENEC S. , RANDOLPH M.F.
Published: February 2012

Environmental and buoyancy forces impart overturning moments and potentially direct uplift to offshore foundation systems. Shallow skirted foundations are an attractive design solution, as negative excess pore pressures developed within the soil plug provide temporary uplift resistance. This paper presents the results of beam centrifuge tests on a shallow skirted foundation in a lightly overconsolidated clay under eccentric transient and sustained uplift. When compared with the response under concentric uplift, the experimental results show a reduction in capacity and an increase in the rate of degradation of capacity under sustained loading.
Numerical simulation of pressure-controlled cavity expansion process in clay at constant volumetric expansion rate
Authors: YEUNG A.T. , AU S.K.A. , LAM T.H.
Published: February 2012

The cavity expansion theory is being applied to describe many geotechnical engineering processes. Many of these processes are controlled by the cavity volumetric expansion rate in practice. As soil is not an elastic material, the injection pressure is a non-linear function of the cavity volume, rendering it very difficult to produce the appropriate time history of injection pressure so that the controlled cavity volumetric expansion rate can be simulated. In this technical note, an algorithm to develop the time history of injection pressure using appropriate soil properties to generate the required cavity volumetric expansion rate in clay is presented. The simulation and experimental results of a series of laboratory-scale compaction grouting experiments are presented as an example to demonstrate the validity of the approach.
Water smart parks
Authors: Eves Geoffery Raymond
Published: February 2012

Predicted reductions in rainfall mean that water available for allocation may be reduced. This paper illustrates one organisation's efforts to meet this challenge and to contribute to sustainable water practices for the next generation. A local government authority in Perth, Western Australia currently uses 10–20% more groundwater than its licensed allocation of 7500 kilolitres/ha per year. The challenge is to bring groundwater for irrigation within the licence allocation, and also to balance that groundwater across all suburbs. The local government authority has developed the ‘water smart park’ strategy, which consists of a range of options designed to optimise water use efficiency and to match current and future use with groundwater allocations. To achieve this target each hydrozone has different watering needs; while all high use and active sporting grounds will be maintained as at present, local parks may be a little less green. To preserve the amenity and aesthetic appeal of these areas, a number of the ecozones will undergo extensive planting and landscaping. Preliminary works have commenced on this strategy to ensure that the extensive range of parks and reserves continue to be available to residents and the next generation in an environmentally responsible manner.
Domestic food waste – the carbon and financial costs of the options
Authors: Evans Tim D
Published: February 2012

Food waste is the most difficult waste fraction of household waste to manage because it is wet and putrescible. It becomes odorous and it attracts flies and scavengers. When it sticks to other wastes, it reduces the yield of dry recyclables. Home composting has the benefit of proximity but many are unwilling or unable to practise it. Source segregation and storage for kerbside collection and treatment works for many households but not for all, participation is especially low among households in flatted properties. The in-sink food waste disposer (FWD) is used extensively in Australia, New Zealand and the USA but it has been relatively underutilised in Europe. Using data from the published literature, the global warming potentials for landfill, incineration and centralised composting were calculated to be respectively +743, +13 and −14 kgCO2e/t food waste; anaerobic digestion was approximately −170 kgCO2e/t food waste irrespective of whether the food waste is delivered by truck or by FWD and the public sewer. Surahammar in Sweden has provided a unique opportunity to assess the impacts of FWD at community scale and compare them with results from laboratory studies and field trials. Over 14 years, FWD installation went from zero to 50% of households voluntarily; 4-weekly influent monitoring data from the wastewater treatment works of the town show that biogas increased by 46% but flow (water use) and chemical and biological load did not change significantly.
Culture in sustainable infrastructure: the polycentric cultural framework model
Authors: Omoregie Alohan
Published: February 2012

The state of infrastructure and services is widely perceived as a measure of development and a major catalyst for growth in both developed and developing economies. However, financing, maintaining and replicating existing infrastructures in areas of need have been mostly ineffective. In view of the widespread failures and poor state of infrastructure and services, there is a need to review current delivery and procurement frameworks. Given that sustainable infrastructure is also an essential prerequisite for sustainable development, this paper presents a polycentric cultural framework for infrastructure and service delivery; a framework which emphasises the integration of infrastructure users, communities, public and private sectors throughout the process of conceptualisation to actual delivery of infrastructure, by taking the recipients’ culture, beliefs and values into account. The framework also emphasises the use of systemic referendum among stakeholders by way of the traditional consultative processes and the collaborative consensus paradigm to achieve an effective and sustainable delivery of infrastructure and services.
Insights from Christian anthropology for a water-related technoethics
Authors: Galván José M.
Published: February 2012

The personal dimension of the divine creation, the creation of a human being as the image of God and its consequences, particularly the constitution of mankind as ‘lord’ of the rest of creation with the duty of manifesting Love in this lordship, and finally the total inclusion of the material dimension of creation in the original divine design, can be seen as the main points to consider to establish biblical guidelines for a water-related technoethics. The relevance of these aspects in the modern and postmodern paradigms is discussed, pointing to the causes of the negative modern crisis, and proposing an integration between the concepts of natural, cultural and artificial (‘artificial water’) in order to improve the use of water as a common good for the whole of humanity.
Spiritual understandings of conflict and transformation and their contribution to water dialogue
Authors: Wolf Aaron T.
Published: February 2012

Water management is conflict management, and has been since time immemorial. And yet models of conflict management of recent times regularly ignore the balance between rationality and spirituality that has prevailed in our thinking for millennia, relying almost entirely on the measurable. While this focus has been helpful, perhaps some part of the answer lies not in the world of rationality at all, but rather in the spiritual, ethical and moral dimensions of water conflict resolution, and that re-acknowledging the balance between the rational and the transcendent offers constructs for understanding and working with process. Acknowledging the balance between the quantifiable and the transcendent allows both for more coherent models of conflict transformation and for direct applications to water negotiations.

This paper begins by setting the context of current understanding of water conflict and cooperation, then by documenting the geography of the ‘Enlightenment Rift’ – the process by which the global West/North has separated the worlds of rationality and spirituality – and the impact of this rift on ideas related to natural resources management. We continue with a discussion of the current clash of world views, and conclude with a section describing how the two world views might gently be interwoven, for example within a fairly universal construct of four worlds of perception, and how this construct might be employed within the framework of more effective water conflict management and transformation.
Does the Internet Change How We Die and Mourn? Overview and Analysis
Authors: Walter Tony , Hourizi Rachid , Moncur Wendy , Pitsillides Stacey
Published: February 2012

The article outlines the issues that the internet presents to death studies. Part 1 describes a range of online practices that may affect dying, the funeral, grief and memorialization, inheritance and archaeology; it also summarizes the kinds of research that have been done in these fields. Part 2 argues that these new online practices have implications for, and may be illuminated by, key concepts in death studies: the sequestration (or separation from everyday life) of death and dying, disenfranchisement of grief, private grief, social death, illness and grief narratives, continuing bonds with the dead, and the presence of the dead in society. In particular, social network sites can bring dying and grieving out of both the private and public realms and into the everyday life of social networks beyond the immediate family, and provide an audience for once private communications with the dead.
Beyond Words: Some Uses of Music in the Funeral Setting
Authors: Caswell Glenys
Published: February 2012

Music is a common feature of funerals, both in terms of sacred music and also secular music when a funeral is personalized to the individual who has died. Drawing on data from research exploring Scottish funeral practices, this article examines some of the ways in which music can be used during a funeral. It suggests five specific uses of music in the funeral context: the use of music as a means of control; the use of music as a means of inclusion and exclusion; music as a source of collective activity; music as a means of creating or shifting emotion; and music as a means of evoking the memory of the deceased person. These uses of music are described and discussed, and suggestions made for further research exploring the use of music in funerals.
Exploring Death Anxiety among Elderly People: A Literature Review and Empirical Investigation
Authors: Missler Marjolein , Stroebe Margaret , Geurtsen Lilian , Mastenbroek Mirjam , Chmoun Sara , Van Der Houwen Karolijne
Published: February 2012

Given the growing number of elderly persons in society and concerns about their health and well-being, the aim was to review the available literature on their death anxiety, and to explore features of this experience among a small sample of older men and women in care facilities. In both the review and empirical parts of this study, components and correlates of death anxiety were investigated. The review revealed limited research focus on death anxiety among the elderly, particularly among those in institutions, but suggested both components and correlates for inclusion in our empirical study. Results showed that, among our elderly participants in an assisted living facility (N = 49; age range: 60–96 years), there were higher levels of fear for others and of the dying process than for fear of the unknown. Notably, among the correlates identified, fear for significant others was associated with poor physical health; fear of the dying process was related to low self-esteem, little purpose in life, and poor mental well-being. Gender differences in death anxiety were found: women showed greater fear for the death of loved ones and for the consequences of their own death on these loved ones, than did men. These patterns are discussed in the light of concerns about the welfare of elderly persons; scientific implications are also considered.
Women and Psychosis
Authors: Seeman Mary V
Published: February 2012

Background: There are subtle differences in the presentation of psychosis that depend on the biological sex of the person exhibiting the symptoms. Because much of the early research in the field was conducted on male animals and on men, several issues of importance to women have been relatively neglected until recently. Current research into psychotic illness is beginning to analyze results for men and women separately and greater emphasis on qualitative methods has allowed the experiences of women patients to be documented. Methods: The last decade of research into the many facets of psychosis in women were reviewed for this paper by introducing the relevant search terms into PubMed, PsycINFO and SOCINDEX. Results: Subtle differences are reported in several areas, with important ramifications for treatment. Conclusions: It is important for service providers to devise treatment programs that address the different needs of the two sexes. Effective treatment of women with psychosis is especially important in that these women are often mothers, whose well being impacts on the health of the next generation.
Optimization of the aging regime of Al-based alloys
Authors: Ivanov Svetlana , Ivanic Ljubica , Guskovic Dragoslav , Mladenovic Srba
Published: February 2012

Successful simulation of problems and phenomena related to the changes of the
alloys composition is possible by applying simplex plans. The concentration
(simplex) triangle application for the design of the optimal regime of
Al-5wt%Cu-Pb-Bi alloy aging process is presented in this paper. The iso-lines
of the given alloy?s mechanical properties in temperature-aging time
coordinates were obtained by applying the mathematical models based of the
given aging regimes, and the obtained results of changed properties.
Regression polynomial of the fourth degree was used as the mathematical
model, whereas the effect of the aging regime has been observed through the
changes of tensile strength and contraction. Based on the obtained results,
we have come to the conclusion that the simplex lattice method can be
successfully applied to a great number of heat treatment aspects when with
the increase of the temperature the duration time must be reduced, and vice
versa (aging, annealing, homogenizing, etc.).
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among an Urban Population in Kenya
Authors: Kaduka Lydia U. , Kombe Yeri , Kenya Eucharia , Kuria Elizabeth , Bore John K. , Bukania Zipporah N. , Mwangi Moses
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE

Developing countries are undergoing an epidemiologic transition accompanied by increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) linked to urbanization and lifestyle modifications. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of CVD risk factors whose extent in Kenya remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and factors associated with its occurrence among an urban population in Kenya.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a household cross-sectional survey comprising 539 adults (aged ≥18 years) living in Nairobi, drawn from 30 clusters across five socioeconomic classes. Measurements included waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerides (TAGs), fasting glucose, and blood pressure.

RESULTS

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 34.6% and was higher in women than in men (40.2 vs. 29%; P < 0.001). The most frequently observed features were raised blood pressure, a higher waist circumference, and low HDL cholesterol (men: 96.2, 80.8, and 80%; women: 89.8, 97.2, and 96.3%, respectively), whereas raised fasting glucose and TAGs were observed less frequently (men: 26.9 and 63.3%; women: 26.9 and 30.6%, respectively). The main factors associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome were increasing age, socioeconomic status, and education.

CONCLUSIONS

Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in this urban population, especially among women, but the incidence of individual factors suggests that poor glycemic control is not the major contributor. Longitudinal studies are required to establish true causes of metabolic syndrome in Kenya. The Kenyan government needs to create awareness, develop prevention strategies, and strengthen the health care system to accommodate screening and management of CVDs.
Prevalence of Prediabetes and Diabetes and Metabolic Profile of Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Authors: Ortiz-Lopez Carolina , Lomonaco Romina , Orsak Beverly , Finch Joan , Chang Zhi , Kochunov Valeria G. , Hardies Jean , Cusi Kenneth
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE

Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are believed to be common and associated with a worse metabolic profile in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, no previous study has systematically screened this population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied the prevalence and the metabolic impact of prediabetes and T2DM in 118 patients with NAFLD. The control group comprised 20 subjects without NAFLD matched for age, sex, and adiposity. We measured 1) plasma glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration during an oral glucose tolerance test; 2) liver fat by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); 3) liver and muscle insulin sensitivity (euglycemic insulin clamp with 3-[3H]glucose); and 4) indexes of insulin resistance (IR) at the level of the liver (HIRi= endogenous glucose production × fasting plasma insulin [FPI]) and adipose tissue (Adipo-IRi= fasting FFA × FPI).

RESULTS

Prediabetes and T2DM was present in 85% versus 30% in controls (P < 0.0001), all unaware of having abnormal glucose metabolism. NAFLD patients were IR at the level of the adipose tissue, liver, and muscle (all P < 0.01–0.001). Muscle and liver insulin sensitivity were impaired in patients with NAFLD to a similar degree, whether they had prediabetes or T2DM. Only adipose tissue IR worsened in T2DM and correlated with the severity of muscle (r = 0.34; P < 0.001) and hepatic (r = 0.57; P < 0.0001) IR and steatosis by MRS (r = 0.35; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with NAFLD may benefit from early screening for T2DM, because the prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism is much higher than previously appreciated. Regardless of glucose tolerance status, severe IR is common. In patients with T2DM, adipose tissue IR appears to play a major role in the severity of NAFLD.
Microfiber loop resonator based temperature sensor
Authors: Harun S. W. , Lim K. S. , Damanhuri S. S. A. , Ahmad H.
Published: February 2012

A microfiber loop resonator (MLR) is fabricated by coiling a microfiber which is fabricated using a flame heating technique, into itself. A temperature response on a comb spectrum of a fabricated MLR, which is embedded in a low refractive index polymer, is investigated. The spacing of the transmission comb spectrum of the MLR is observed to be unchanged with the temperature. However, the extinction ratio of the spectrum is observed to be linearly decreased with the temperature. The slope of the extinction ratio reduction against temperature was about 0.043dB/°C. The dependence of the extinction ratio on temperature is due to the change in the material’s refractive index.
Civilizing Mission: Animal Protection in Hobart 1878–1914
Authors: Petrow Stefan
Published: February 2012

The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was one of the most prominent pressure groups in nineteenth-century England. This middle-class reform group, inspired by the Christian faith, led the movement to defend animals from mistreatment. It enforced the law using its army of Inspectors and used education to engender kindness towards animals. While historians have debated the work of the RSPCA at length, they have paid less attention to the work of branches of the SPCA established in the British colonies. This article focuses on the activities of the Tasmanian SPCA from its formation in 1878 to the suspension of its activities in 1914. The Tasmanian society was inspired by the philosophy and methods of the parent society and initiated a ‘civilizing mission’ to deal with the widespread cruelty to animals in the capital Hobart. This article assesses the work of the society in protecting domestic animals, especially horses, which were widely used for work, transport and recreation. Although difficult to measure changing cultural attitudes, by 1914 the TSPCA seems to have helped change long established practices and ensured that the law was of more than symbolic protection to animals.
James Beattie, Practical Ethics, and the Human Nature Question
Authors: Ablondi Fred
Published: February 2012

This article begins by examining James Beattie's conception of speculative ethics, which he regards as the study of the foundation and nature of virtue. This leads to a discussion of the moral sense, or conscience, which Beattie claims is part of the nature of every rational being and which is designed to lead us to a virtuous life. Given this, I ask why Beattie thought himself warranted, or even needed, to dispense practical ethical advice. Answering this involves looking at Beattie's views on the importance of proper education, as well as the role played by his acceptance of providential naturalism. Beattie's answer is not only consistent with his ‘lecturing others’ as to their practical duties, his understanding of the relation between the speculative and the practical also allows him to respond to what contemporary ethicists call the Application Problem. A comparison with Reid's ethical thought will help bring out this latter point.
Adam Smith and the Theory of Punishment
Authors: Stalley Richard
Published: February 2012

A distinctive theory of punishment plays a central role in Smith's moral and legal theory. According to this theory, we regard the punishment of a crime as deserved only to the extent that an impartial spectator would go along with the actual or supposed resentment of the victim. The first part of this paper argues that Smith's theory deserves serious consideration and relates it to other theories such as utilitarianism and more orthodox forms of retributivism. The second part considers the objection that, because Smith's theory implies that punishment is justified only when there is some person or persons who is the victim of the crime, it cannot explain the many cases where punishment is imposed purely for the public good. It is argued that Smith's theory could be extended to cover such cases. The third part defends Smith's theory against the objection that, because it relies on our natural feelings, it cannot provide an adequate moral justification of punishment.
Native American Indian Women, Fat Studies and Feminism
Authors: Boisvert Jennifer A.
Published: February 2012

This paper examines the experience of fat oppression in Native American Indian women from a feminist-multicultural perspective, thereby increasing our understanding of the multiple intersecting oppressions in these women's lives. This examination uncovers the unique realities of Native American Indian women and bridges fat studies and feminist bodies of literature. Recommendations are made that can further research, practice and activism agendas for women of colour.
Fat Activist Community: A Conversation Piece
Authors: Cooper Charlotte , Murray Samantha
Published: February 2012

This conversation piece explores the variety of experiences the authors have had within fat activism, with specific focus on community spaces, activities and dynamics. Here, the authors discuss the complexities, difficulties and productive potential of a range of fat activist communities.
Optimization of Agitation and Aeration for Very High Gravity Ethanol Fermentation from Sweet Sorghum Juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using an Orthogonal Array Design
Authors: Khongsay Naulchan , Laopaiboon Lakkana , Jaisil Prasit , Laopaiboon Pattana
Published: February 2012

Optimization of three parameters: agitation rate (A; 100, 200 and 300 rpm), aeration rate (B; 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 vvm) and aeration timing (C; 2, 4 and 6 h), for ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice under very high gravity (VHG, 290 g L−1 of total sugar) conditions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae NP 01 was attempted using an L9 (34) orthogonal array design. The fermentation was carried out at 30 °C in a 2-L bioreactor and the initial yeast cell concentration was approximately 2 × 107 cells mL−1. The results showed that the optimum condition for ethanol fermentation should be A2B3C2 corresponding to agitation rate, 200 rpm; aeration rate, 2.5 vvm and aeration timing, 4 h. The verification experiments under the optimum condition clearly indicated that the aeration and agitation strategies improved ethanol production. The ethanol concentration (P), productivity (Qp) and ethanol yield (Yp/s) were 132.82 ± 1.06 g L−1, 2.55 ± 0.00 g L−1h−1 and 0.50 ± 0.00, respectively. Under the same condition without aeration (agitation rate at 200 rpm), P and Qp were only 118.02 ± 1.19 g L−1 and 2.19 ± 0.04 g L−1h−1, respectively while Yp/s was not different from that under the optimum condition.
Phylogeography of Saproxylic and Forest Floor Invertebrates from Tallaganda, South-eastern Australia
Authors: Garrick Ryan C. , Rowell David M. , Sunnucks Paul
Published: February 2012

The interaction between physiogeographic landscape context and certain life history characteristics, particularly dispersal ability, can generate predictable outcomes for how species responded to Pleistocene (and earlier) climatic changes. Furthermore, the extent to which impacts of past landscape-level changes ‘scale-up’ to whole communities has begun to be addressed via comparative phylogeographic analyses of co-distributed species. Here we present an overview of a body of research on flightless low-mobility forest invertebrates, focusing on two springtails and two terrestrial flatworms, from Tallaganda on the Great Dividing Range of south-eastern Australia. These species are distantly-related, and represent contrasting trophic levels (i.e., slime-mold-grazers vs. higher-level predators). However, they share an association with the dead wood (saproxylic) habitat. Spatial patterns of intraspecific genetic diversity partly conform to topography-based divisions that circumscribe five ‘microgeographic regions’ at Tallaganda. In synthesizing population processes and past events that generated contemporary spatial patterns of genetic diversity in these forest floor invertebrates, we highlight cases of phylogeographic congruence, pseudo-congruence, and incongruence. Finally, we propose conservation-oriented recommendations for the prioritisation of areas for protection.
4-[(2-Hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzylidene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one
Authors: Naganagowda Gadada , Petsom Amorn
Published: February 2012

Novel 4-[(2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzylidene)amino]-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one was prepared via condensation of 2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzaldehyde (1) with 4-amino-1,2-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (2) in ethanol/acetic acid under reflux. The structure of the synthesized compound was assigned on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data.
Mechanisms of Membrane Curvature Generation in Membrane Traffic
Authors: Shin Hye-Won , Takatsu Hiroyuki , Nakayama Kazuhisa
Published: February 2012

During the vesicular trafficking process, cellular membranes undergo dynamic morphological changes, in particular at the vesicle generation and fusion steps. Changes in membrane shape are regulated by small GTPases, coat proteins and other accessory proteins, such as BAR domain-containing proteins. In addition, membrane deformation entails changes in the lipid composition as well as asymmetric distribution of lipids over the two leaflets of the membrane bilayer. Given that P4-ATPases, which catalyze unidirectional flipping of lipid molecules from the exoplasmic to the cytoplasmic leaflets of the bilayer, are crucial for the trafficking of proteins in the secretory and endocytic pathways, changes in the lipid composition are involved in the vesicular trafficking process. Membrane remodeling is under complex regulation that involves the composition and distribution of lipids as well as assembly of proteins.
Integrated Biophotonics with CYTOP
Authors: Leosson Kristjan , Agnarsson Björn
Published: February 2012

We describe how the amorphous fluoropolymer CYTOP can be advantageously used as a waveguide cladding material in integrated optical circuits suitable for applications in integrated biophotonics. The unique refractive index of CYTOP (n = 1.34) enables the cladding material to be well index-matched to an optically probed sample solution. Furthermore, ultra-high index contrast waveguides can be fabricated, using conventional optical polymers as waveguide core materials, offering a route to large-scale integration of optical functions on a single chip. We discuss applications of this platform to evanescent-wave excitation fluorescence microscopy, passive and/or thermo-electrically-controlled on-chip light manipulation, on-chip light generation, and direct integration with microfluidic circuits through low-temperature bonding.
Oligonucleotide-Templated Reactions for Sensing Nucleic Acids
Authors: Shibata Aya , Abe Hiroshi , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: February 2012

Oligonucleotide-templated reactions are useful for applying nucleic acid sensing. Various chemistries for oligonucleotide-templated reaction have been reported so far. Major scientific interests are focused on the development of signal amplification systems and signal generation systems. We introduce the recent advances of oligonucleotide-templated reaction in consideration of the above two points.
Wettability of Y2O3: A Relative Analysis of Thermally Oxidized, Reactively Sputtered and Template Assisted Nanostructured Coatings
Authors: Barshilia Harish C. , Chaudhary Archana , Kumar Praveen , Manikandanath Natarajan T.
Published: February 2012

The wettability of reactively sputtered Y2O3, thermally oxidized Y-Y2O3 and Cd-CdO template assisted Y2O3 coatings has been studied. The wettability of as-deposited Y2O3 coatings was determined by contact angle measurements. The water contact angles for reactively sputtered, thermally oxidized and template assisted Y2O3 nanostructured coatings were 99°, 117° and 155°, respectively. The average surface roughness values of reactively sputtered, thermally oxidized and template assisted Y2O3 coatings were determined by using atomic force microscopy and the corresponding values were 3, 11 and 180 nm, respectively. The low contact angle of the sputter deposited Y2O3 and thermally oxidized Y-Y2O3 coatings is attributed to a densely packed nano-grain like microstructure without any void space, leading to low surface roughness. A water droplet on such surfaces is mostly in contact with a solid surface relative to a void space, leading to a hydrophobic surface (low contact angle). Surface roughness is a crucial factor for the fabrication of a superhydrophobic surface. For Y2O3 coatings, the surface roughness was improved by depositing a thin film of Y2O3 on the Cd-CdO template (average roughness = 178 nm), which resulted in a contact angle greater than 150°. The work of adhesion of water was very high for the reactively sputtered Y2O3 (54 mJ/m2) and thermally oxidized Y-Y2O3 coatings (43 mJ/m2) compared to the Cd-CdO template assisted Y2O3 coating (7 mJ/m2).
Fiber Surface Modification Technology for Fiber-Optic Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Xue Chenyang , Yuan Yanling , Lee Junyang , Sun Dong , Xiong Jijun
Published: February 2012

Considerable studies have been performed on the development of optical fiber sensors modified by gold nanoparticles based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) technique. The current paper presents a new approach in fiber surface modification technology for biosensors. Star-shaped gold nanoparticles obtained through the seed-mediated solution growth method were found to self-assemble on the surface of tapered optical fibers via amino- and mercapto-silane coupling agents. Transmitted power spectra of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (APTMS)-modified fiber were obtained, which can verify that the silane coupling agent surface modification method is successful. Transmission spectra are characterized in different concentrations of ethanol and gentian violet solutions to validate the sensitivity of the modified fiber. Assembly using star-shaped gold nanoparticles and amino/mercapto silane coupling agent are analyzed and compared. The transmission spectra of the gold nanoparticles show that the nanoparticles are sensitive to the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium. After the fibers are treated in t-dodecylmercaptan to obtain their transmission spectra, APTMS-modified fiber becomes less sensitive to different media, except that modified by 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy silane (MPTMS). Experimental results of the transmission spectra show that the surface modified by the gold nanoparticles using MPTMS is firmer compared to that obtained using APTMS.
Travail, emploi, chômage : un PS sans souffle ?
Authors: Maric Michel
Published: February 2012

Résumé Alors que les transformations contemporaines du travail et de l’emploi et les évolutions économiques et sociales appellent avec urgence une véritable reconstruction du modèle social français, le Parti socialiste manquerait-il de souffle pour définir et promouvoir des réformes ambitieuses dans ce domaine ? Se situe-t-il à l’excès, dans l’affirmation de son aptitude à être « bon gestionnaire », dans une démarche de simple concurrence avec son principal opposant ? N’est-il pas prisonnier d’une logique de démarcation bridée dans laquelle se trouvent deux partis de gouvernement devant éviter, l’un et l’autre, le risque d’ambitions incomprises susceptibles d’effrayer l’électorat médian ? La lecture du projet socialiste que fait ici Michel Maric apporte une réponse quelque peu nuancée à ces questions.
Une Europe de gauche est-elle encore possible ?
Authors: Schwartz Antoine
Published: February 2012

Résumé Depuis la crise financière, devenue celle des dettes publiques, le discours européiste a perdu de sa superbe. Les contradictions qui minent la construction européenne apparaissent aux yeux de tous – notamment l’illusion de prétendre instituer une solidarité entre les peuples par la voie du libre marché. La critique de l’Union européenne a gagné une force nouvelle, à tel point que des thématiques qui, hier encore, relevaient de l’indicible, telle la remise en cause des missions de la Banque centrale européenne (BCE), voire la sortie de l’euro, ont désormais intégré le périmètre du possible. Et pourtant, malgré les mouvements de révolte qui s’affirment un peu partout sur le continent, l’horizon d’une « autre Europe », sociale et démocratique, paraît plus éloigné que jamais. Comment se situent les partis de la gauche face à cette situation ? Y a-t-il un espace possible entre l’adhésion enchantée à l’intégration européenne et un rejet régressif porté par l’extrême droite ? Quelle serait aujourd’hui la marge de manœuvre d’un gouvernement qui prétendrait mener une « autre politique », sans rompre avec l’ordre européen ?
À quoi sert le Parti socialiste ?
Authors: Marlière Philippe
Published: February 2012

Résumé En paraphrasant le titre d’un ouvrage consacré au Parti communiste français (PCF) au début des années 1980 1 , il faut se poser la question : à quoi sert-il le Parti socialiste ? (PS) Comme toute structure partisane, le PS remplit un rôle ; encore faut-il définir avec clarté la fonction qu’il exerce aujourd’hui dans la société française. Poser la question indique que la réponse ne va pas de soi, qu’elle nécessite d’être qualifiée. La force électorale du PS, certes toujours aléatoire, n’est pas à démontrer. Le PS occupe une position hégémonique depuis trente ans dans ce que l’on appelle encore le camp « progressiste » ou la « gauche ». « De gauche », le PS l’est indéniablement, ne serait-ce que parce que l’électorat le perçoit ainsi, nolens volens. Pourtant, son utilité à la gauche est de plus en plus discutable et discutée.
(S')occuper (de) la gauche, ou l'ignorer ?
Authors: Aguiton Christophe , Haeringer Nicolas
Published: February 2012

Résumé Le 22 novembre, des militants d’Occupy Wall Street (OWS) ont interrompu un discours de Barack Obama, dans le New Hampshire, pour lui demander (au moyen du fameux microphone humain popularisé depuis l’occupation débutée le 17 septembre au Sud de Manhattan) de s’attaquer aux banques qui « détruisent l’économie » et l’exhorter à sortir de son silence, qui « envoie le message que la brutalité policière 1 est acceptable ». Après avoir obtenu le calme de ses propres partisans, qui tentaient de noyer les revendications des militants d’OWS en lançant des slogans de soutien à sa politique, il a conclu son discours en affirmant : « les familles comme les vôtres, les jeunes comme ceux qui étaient là aujourd’hui – ça inclut ceux qui m’ont interrompu en chantant –, vous êtes la raison pour laquelle j’étais candidat ». À l’aube de la campagne présidentielle, il tendait ainsi explicitement la main aux militants d’Occupy Wall Street, et laissait entendre que leurs revendications seraient au centre de son éventuel second mandat. Mais les militants d’OWS se sont bien gardés de répondre à l’invitation. Les mouvements Occupy, Indignad@s, ou encore Uncut 2 , entretiennent en effet un rapport très distant aux acteurs de la sphère politique, qu’ils soient républicains ou démocrates, de droite comme de gauche : s’ils cherchent à les faire fléchir, ils n’entendent pour autant pas risquer la compromission ; et refusent de participer à toute forme de dialogue direct. Ces mouvements font tous l’objet d’une abondante production intellectuelle, par leurs acteurs eux-mêmes – une littérature, un ensemble de films, de flyers, de posters, dont la réflexivité, la lucidité et la maturité sont tout à fait remarquables. Le lecteur ou la lectrice ne perdrait ainsi rien à s’arrêter ici, pour se tourner vers les sites qui relaient et diffusent ces éléments 3 . Si elle ou s’il décide de poursuivre, il/elle trouvera ci-dessous (après un bref développement sur l’émergence de ces mouvements) quelques éléments de réflexion sur les questions qu’ils posent à l’ensemble de la gauche (sociale-démocrate comme radicale ; partidaire comme associative ou syndicale), en examinant successivement les raisons et conséquences de leur distance vis-à-vis de la gauche traditionnelle ; l’importance de l’action directe et de la préfiguration ; la portée micropolitique de ces expériences ; pour finir par une analyse des ruptures que proposent ces dynamiques avec les acteurs de l’altermondialisation. Cet article se base sur de longues conversations et rencontres avec des militants d’Occupy Wall Street, Occupy London, des Indignés français, espagnols et israéliens, et des animateurs du mouvement sénégalais « y’en a marre ». Nous avons ici fait le choix d’insister sur ce que ces mouvements portent de commun, même si nous sommes conscients qu’il y a un risque à se bercer de l’illusion que ces mouvements auraient des connexions naturelles (alors qu’elles doivent être construites).
La gauche et les intellectuels
Authors: Cusset François
Published: February 2012

Résumé Jamais la politique électorale, y compris à gauche, et le travail intellectuel, y compris critique, n’avaient été à ce point déconnectés l’un de l’autre. Les facteurs en sont nombreux : désenchantement politique, démocratisation intellectuelle, essor des mouvementismes et d’une protestation éclatée, obsolescence du mot de « gauche » sinon même de sa promesse d’émancipation. Il faut dire que la gauche officielle comme la caste intellectuelle sont toutes les deux à la traîne d’une année de feu, face à la vague contestataire mondiale inédite de l’an 2011.