bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Agreements among Psychiatrists and “Blind” Rorschach Raters or the Education of an Interdisciplinary Research Team
Authors: Vandenberg Steven G. , Rosenzweig Norman , Moore Kenneth R. , Dukay Alexander F.
Published: September 2011

A special psychiatric rating form was constructed which would also be suitable for ratings made from Rorschach protocols only, called “blind” ratings, since the rater did not see the patient. Ratings were made independently by three psychiatrists but based on the same interview, while the Rorschach ratings were mace independently by two psychologists with special experience in Rorschach interpretation, If we define “agreement” arbitrarily as a correlation or chi square value at a better than .10 level of significance, there was agreement among the psychiatrists on almost a third of the scales, and consistency on one-fourth of the 59 scales. There was agreement among the Rorschach ratings on almost half of the scales. However, there was agreement between the psychiatric and Rorschach ratings on only 9 out of the 59 scales. These scales were concerned with: organization of thinking, pathognomic verbalizations, appropriateness of affect, anxiety, phobias, obsessions, direction of orientation (active or passive attitude), reality testing, and ego strength. It is noticeable that several of these items appear to call for global judgments about constructs for which precise definitions or simple diagnostic tests are lacking. No systematic individual differences among judges were found. The rating form contained 30 numerical and 29 categorical scales. There was a higher incidence of significant indices of agreement and consistency for the numerical than for the categorical scales.
Problems in the Interpretation of “Experimental Neurosis”
Authors: Hunt Howard F.
Published: September 2011

Because of their emotional character and avoidant topography, “experimental neurosis” and other aversively controlled animal behaviors have an appealing face validity as analogues of human psychopathology. Species differences pose serious obstacles to direct inference from the animal to the human case, however, and ethological considerations require more attention than they have received if the proper animal analogues are to be identified. The desirability of studying basic behavioral processes in simple, analyzable experimental situations is reaffirmed. The discussion also questions the universal applicability in psychopathology of the “episodic” model, according to which the organism develops pathological behavior as a result of one or a few repetitions of a traumatic experience. Factors influencing the slow, accretive development of pathology (as in Calhoun's “behavioral sinks”) deserve more attention than they have received so far.
Dimensions of Social Interactions among Infant Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Locke Katherine D. , Locke Edwin A. , Morgan George A. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

To determine the basic dimensions of social interactions in infant rhesus monkeys, 12 animals were divided into groups of four each and observed in a playroom situation. Each monkey was observed for a total of 3 hr. in 18 test sessions over a 2-mo. period. A factor analysis of three separate sets of data yielded two independent factors: an approach-avoidance factor in which the monkey being observed passes or approaches another animal who withdraws, and an avoidance-approach factor in which the monkey being observed withdraws as another monkey passes or approaches. The first factor appears similar to what is ordinarily called “dominance” among humans and the second factor appears similar to what is ordinarily called “submission.” Unlike studies with humans, no “love-hostility” factor emerged. This was thought to be due to the age and/or early social deprivation of Ss. There was little consistency in the behavior of the monkeys when group compositions were changed.
Attitude Differences among Social Groups within a Highly Selected Population
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Wallace Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

The remits of an analysis of data from attitude scales given to 33 members of 3 fraternities within a highly-selected college population showed that significant attitude differences exist within small social groups.
Aspects of the Theoretical Status of Aesthetic Response Typologies
Authors: Gregson R. A. M.
Published: September 2011

Aesthetic response typologies are criticised for their imprecision and lack of theoretical parsimony. An alternative approach which subsumes reported characteristics of aesthetic choices under one model, related to stochastic learning theory, is advanced.
Effect of Unconsumed Reward on Subsequent Alternation of Choice
Authors: Spear Norman E. , Hill Winfred F. , Campbell Donald T.
Published: September 2011

The quantity of food reward initially available and the quantity remaining in the goal box of either chosen discriminandum were investigated as possible determinants of subsequent choice behavior, i.e., subsequent repetition or alternation of choice. In two similar experiments, 108 rats were divided equally among 3 experimental conditions: Ss in Group C+ and Group C were identical in terms of the number of food pellets consumed on each trial but differed in that Ss in Group C+ always had a considerable quantity remaining upon their removal from the chosen alternative. Ss in Group One were always presented with 1 pellet, which they consumed. No differences in alternation behavior were found among these groups.
Test-Retest Item Statistics
Authors: Goldberg Lewis R. , Rorer Leonard G.
Published: September 2011

The availability of reliabilities of the individual items of the MMPI, CPI and EPPS is described.
Local Response Rates as Affected by Reinforcement Quality
Authors: Keehn J. D. , Barakat Hind
Published: September 2011

Four white rats were trained to bar press on reinforcement schedule Tandem FI 30 sec. FR11, a procedure intended to approximate a runway situation with intertrial intervals of at least 30 sec. Means and distributions of times taken by Ss to make 10 responses were approximately equal irrespective of reinforcement quality over the range 0 to 32% sucrose by weight in water. Similiar results were obtained with two other Ss reinforced on schedule FR12, 5-sec. delay, and with another reinforced on schedule FR24. The results were interpreted as showing that reinforcement quality affects competing behavior rather than response speed when S is responding.
Social Factors Affecting Emotionality and Resistance to Disease in Animals: IV. Differential Housing, Emotionality, and Walker 256 Carcinosarcoma in the Rat
Authors: Ader Robert , Friedman Stanford B.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted in which male, Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually or in groups of 5 to 7 per cage from weaning until maturity. On the standard tests of emotionality there were large and consistent differences in emotional reactivity between the differentially reared groups. Also, systematic observation of reactions to handling showed significantly more startle, vocalization, and resistance to being picked up in the individually-housed animals. There were no differences between the group- and individually-reared animals in their responses to the transplanted tumor.
Wisc Factor Structure for Normal Negro Pre-School Children
Authors: Osborne R. Travis
Published: September 2011

In order to estimate the dimensionality of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, factor analysis was applied to a 30 by 30 intercorrelation matrix of the WISC and four reference tests. The 10 standard WISC subtests, except Coding, were split into two, three, or four parts to yield as many variables as possible. Ss, were 111 Negro pre-school children; mean age, 6 yr. 1 mo.; the mean full scale IQ was 84. Evidence is presented supporting 10 statistically significant orthogonal dimensions. Not all factors are perfectly congruent with the subtest structure of the WISC or concordant with the results of prior factorizations of the WISC at the pre-school level. There is no factor for Block Design apart from Picture Arrangement. The Digit Span subtest splits involve three different WISC factors, two are from the performance section of the test and one is from the verbal section. Coding is involved in only one factor; Manipulation of Areas, one of the non-verbal reference tests. At least 7 of the 10 significant pre-school factors are readily identified by WISC subtests or combinations of WISC subtests.
Learning during Recall Trials
Authors: Richardson Jack , Gropper Mitzi S.
Published: September 2011

A series of 5 recall trials, without informational feedback, were given following IL in an RI paradigm. The recall trials produced an increase in the number of correct responses and an increase in the stability of the correct responses. Relearning took fewer trials following the recall trials and there was no evidence that practice of errors during the recall trials interfered with relearning.
Techniques for Chronic Electrode Implantation and Brain Potential Recordings
Authors: Watanabe Kyozo , Law Thomas
Published: September 2011

A detailed but simple technique of chronic multiple-electrode implantation as well as preparation of electrode components are explained. In addition, some hints for EEG recording techniques by multiple electrodes are given.
Factor Analysis of MMPI and SVIB Scores for a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Anderson Wayne , Anker James
Published: September 2011

The MMPIs and SVIBs of 107 psychiatric patients were factor analyzed to investigate the possibility of factors common to the two tests. Six factors were derived, two made up of MMPI scales and four of SVIB scales. Correlations between rotated factors and correlations between factor scores indicated some significant relationships between personality and interests in a psychiatric population. For example, in a psychiatric population there is a tendency for disorganization of thinking to be greater in a group whose primary interests are in the verbal linguistic area.
Intraclass Correlation as an Approximation to the Coefficient of Generalizability
Authors: Cronbach Lee J. , Ikeda Hiroshi , Avner R. A.
Published: September 2011

The theory of generalizability (Cronbach, et al., 1963) regards a measure as sampled from a universe of comparable but not necessarily equivalent measures. The most suitable index of agreement would be the average of the squared correlations of the measures with the average of all measures. Since this cannot be directly determined, the intraclass coefficient is used. Comparison of the two indices for hypothetical universes shows that they agree closely, save for types of universe unlikely to be found in practice.
Factor Analysis of Emotionality and Conditioning in Mice
Authors: Furchtgott Ernest , Cureton Edward E.
Published: September 2011

14 measures of “emotional” behavior, 3 of escape and 3 of avoidance conditioning were obtained on 126 offspring of 101 ♂ and C3H ♂ mice. A factor analysis of the data produced 4 factors, labeled “Fear I: freezing,” “Avoidance Conditioning,” “Escape Conditioning,” and “Fear II: non-locomotor variety,” respectively. The conclusions were that: (a) “emotionality” is not a unitary variable; (b) in terms of individual difference variables escape and avoidance conditioning are not related; and (c) several indices of fearfulness are inversely related to rate of avoidance conditioning, but no relationship was observed between escape conditioning and any measures of emotional behavior.
Models for “how People Predict Three Balls Fall into Three Cells”
Authors: Frankmann Raymond W.
Published: September 2011

2 models are presented for Lieberman's (1963) study of how Ss predict 3 distinguishable balls will fall into 3 cells. Both models assume that there are differential preferences for the cells. These are represented by cell preference probabilities which govern the placement of balls into cells. In the pattern model this assumption is supplemented by a set of preferences (represented by probabilities) for patterns in which the balls may be arranged. In the repetition model the cell preferences are supplemented by a duplication probability which represents the notion that S considers, before placing the 2nd and 3rd ball, whether or not they will fall into an already occupied cell. Comparisons are made with a simple equiprobable model.
Recall as a Function of Awareness of CS-UCS Contingency
Authors: Golin Sanford
Published: September 2011

Ss were presented with a list of words some of which were followed by shock, others not followed by shock. Ss were aware of the relationship between shock and some of the shocked words (SA words) but were unaware of this relationship for others of the shocked words (SU words). One-half of the Ss recalled the words immediately, the other half after a 30-min. delay. Delayed recall of SU words was inferior to that of SA words and delayed recall of SU words was inferior to that of immediate recall of SU words. The results indicated that shock resulted in a decrease in delayed recall when S was unaware of the CS-UCS contingency.
Drugs and Placebos: Effects of Instructions upon Performance and Mood under Amphetamine Sulphate and Chloral Hydrate with Younger Subjects
Authors: Krugman A. D. , Ross Sherman , Lyerly S. B.
Published: September 2011

This is a brief report of the third experiment using a new design to study the effects of drugs and placebos upon human performance and mood. The earlier studies, using older male Ss, had demonstrated significant effects attributable to differences in drugs and in expectations arising from instructions given. The present study, with younger Ss, did not yield significant results. Possible explanations are discussed.
Comparison of the Toy Play Behavior of Autistic, Retarded, and Normal Children
Authors: Tilton James R. , Ottinger Donald R.
Published: September 2011

Autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children were observed individually during 20-min. play periods in which they were allowed complete freedom in the selection and use of toys. The observation period was divided into 60 segments and observers recorded which of a number of defined categories of toy uses occurred during each segment. This technique also provided a measure of the number of distinctly different acts comprising S's toy play repertoire. Both normal and retarded Ss exceeded the autistic Ss, and the normals surpassed the retardates in the proportion of over-all play devoted to combinational uses of toys. The play of the autistic group included higher proportions of both oral and repetitive uses of toys than that of the other groups. The toy play repertoires of the autistic Ss contained fewer distinctly different acts than the repertoires of either the normals or retardates.
Rate of Learning and Associative Inhibition
Authors: Norton Frances J.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies suggest that susceptibility to associative inhibition may vary inversely with learning speed. To investigate differential effects of interference, fast and slow Ss learned a list of paired adjectives to a common performance criterion. Experimental groups recalled under interference conditions produced by the interspersing of new items in the recall list. Interference occurred both when Ss were instructed to learn the new items while recalling those previously learned and also when Ss were instructed to attend only to previously learned items. Mean recall scores for experimental Ss were significantly inferior to those of a control group. Slow learners were more adversely affected by interference than fast learners.
Effects of a Continuously Flashing Subliminal Verbal Food Stimulus on Subjective Hunger Ratings
Authors: Spence Donald P.
Published: September 2011

The word “cheese” was continuously flashed 30 times at brief exposure and low illumination during the visual presentation of a clearly visible list of words. Ss were instructed to recall the words; a subsequent check showed they could not discriminate the stimulus from a blank side. Ss rated themselves as significantly hungrier at the end of the experiment than at the beginning, and the increase in hunger was significantly greater than in a group exposed to only 5 flashes of the same stimulus.
Self Ratings, Level of Ideal-Self Ratings, and Defensiveness
Authors: Wylie Ruth C.
Published: September 2011

Four self-regard measures referring to specific traits and to over-all self-regard, and four defensiveness measures referring to corresponding dimensions were applied to a male and/or a female sample. Major findings are: (a) A strong self-favorability bias occurred, plausibly indicative of denial influencing the self concept. (b) Personally stated ideal-self ratings (PSI) correlated across Ss with self ratings (SRs), and, to a limited extent, with a rationalization measure, suggesting that PSI has psychodynamic significance. (c) Defense measures having face validity and satisfactory reliability failed to intercorrelate even when purporting to index the same defense regarding the same trait. This suggests that defensiveness is not a unitary construct, and more work on defense measures is needed. (d) High self-regard tended to be associated with less rationalizing and projecting than did low self-regard.
An Attempt to Establish Secondary Reinforcement with Rewarding Brain Stimulation
Authors: Mogenson G. J.
Published: September 2011

Previous attempts to demonstrate secondary reinforcement with rewarding brain stimulation as the primary reinforcer have yielded contradictory results. Further investigation of this problem seemed warranted especially in view of the potential importance of the secondary reinforcement procedure in the investigation of neural associative processes during learning. It was found that a peripheral stimulus, which had been paired with rewarding brain stimulation, did not acquire secondary reinforcing properties. Several reasons were suggested to account for the failure to demonstrate secondary reinforcement.
Delay of Reinforcement and Resistance to Extinction: A Supplementary Report
Authors: Renner K. Edward
Published: September 2011

The effects of deprivation level, goal-related cues, and delay of reinforcement on the extinction of a position discrimination response were observed. Deprivation level and cues did not differentially affect rate of extinction or the number of perseveration responses. Delay of reinforcement resulted in a lower level of performance at the end of acquisition and during extinction, and for immediate reinforcement Ss, the rate of decline during extinction was faster although they showed greater initial perseveration.
Associative Asymmetry in S-R vs R-S Recall of Double-Function Lists
Authors: Battig William F. , Koppenaal R. J.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to the Asch-Ebenholtz principle of associative symmetry, significantly poorer backward (R–S) than forward (S–R) recall was demonstrated following the learning of double-function paired-associate lists, wherein each item appears once as a stimulus and again as a response term but is paired with two different other terms. Since equal availability of stimulus and response terms is guaranteed by the formal identity of the two sets within these double-function lists, thereby eliminating a major shortcoming of previous attempts to test the Asch-Ebenholtz thesis that S–R and R–S associations within each pair are necessarily equivalent in strength, the present results offer strong evidence against the validity of the principle of associative symmetry as applied to paired-associate learning.
Relation between Single Word Association and Continued Association Response Hierarchies
Authors: Garskof Bertram E.
Published: September 2011

Association data for 20 words were obtained through two methods, single word association and continued association. Response frequencies in single word association were correlated with response frequencies in continued association and with a measure of association strength in continued association which took into account frequency and average order of emission of response words. The latter correlations ranged from .52 to .94 and were in each case higher than the corresponding frequency-frequency correlations. It was concluded that continued association and single word association produce similar response hierarchies and that order of emission is related to association strength in continued association. It was suggested that the order of emission-frequency measure developed in this paper may be an economical and perhaps useful measure of association strength.
Effects of Overlearning and Spatial Delay of Reinforcement upon a Discrimination Reversal
Authors: Paul Coleman , Havlena Joan
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained on a brightness discrimination task under two conditions of spatial delay of reinforcement. Groups received either 0 or 150 postcriterial trials and then were given reversal training. Reversal training was under either the same delay as experienced in original learning or the alternate one. The results indicated that the delay variable, ineffective in original learning, affected reversal acquisition. The postcriterial trials had no affect on trials to reversal criterion. Further analysis indicated that overtraining resulted in a greater number of initial responses to the originally positive stimulus early in reversal training.
Effects of Heightened Drive (Shock) on Performance in a Tachistoscopic Color-Word Interference Task
Authors: Tecce Joseph J. , Dimartino Mary
Published: September 2011

A tachistoscopic modification of the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test was used in an attempt to demonstrate the interactive effects of shock and stimulus-competition on color identification. Results approached statistical significance.
Married Group Therapy: A Setting for Reducing Resistances
Authors: Henderson Norman B.
Published: September 2011

Three different kinds of resistance are described: (1) classical psychoanalytic; (2) avoidance motivated by a fear of exterior control; and (3) fear of disapproval, ridicule, and reproach. A case history is presented in which all of these resistances are apparent. The use of group therapy in dealing with these resistances is described.
Teacher Role Expectations of Teacher Candidates
Authors: Murray John B. , Barrett Joseph
Published: September 2011

Senior practice teaching groups were administered the Teacher Practices Questionnaire (TPQ) before and after their practice-teaching experience; sophomore students in an educational psychology course were also administered the TPQ at the beginning of this course. Results for all groups were compared with those reported by Sorenson, et al. on a group enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles. Though significant differences on the five scales of the TPQ were noted among all groups, the present authors feel that the area most promising for further investigation would be the gross differences noted for the group in the educationa. psychology course. The TPQ results reflect the effectiveness of training in professional education courses in the development of teacher role expectations.
Responsibility for Management of Patients in Psychotherapy and Competence in Psychotherapy
Authors: Bookbinder Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

Competence in psychotherapy requires more than an understanding of dynamics and techniques of interpretation. The therapist needs confidence in applying therapeutic skills, particularly when handling patient management issues (type of therapy needed, suicidal and homicidal tendencies, psychotic episodes, psychophysiological symptoms, requests for tranquilizing medication, termination). Although the correct handling of these critical incidents is vital, they are more difficult than other issues. The best way to learn to manage critical incidents is to have them. But this depends upon the setting in which therapy takes place. Agency therapists have less opportunity to master the skills and anxieties of more responsibility and more intensive relationships with their patients as compared with therapists in private practice. Psychology's lack of its own inpatient facilities discourages psychologists from working with the full range of emotional problems, which in turn limits their opportunities to improve their competence in psychotherapy with severely disturbed people. Inpatient settings are currently more of a problem than outpatient settings. Psychology needs to establish its own residential psychological treatment centers, which would protect psychotherapy outpatients during crises, and permit psychotherapy to continue, rather than be disrupted by somatic therapies.
Replication Report: Absence of a Successive Contrast Effect on Instrumental Running Behavior after a Shift in Sucrose Concentration
Authors: Spear Norman E.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 16 rats were given several sessions of rewarded placements into the goal box prior to instrumental runway training. Group 4% received 4% sucrose solution and Group 36% received 36% sucrose solution upon each consummatory-experience placement. Both groups then were given 48, partially-reinforced (50%), instrumental trials with 36% sucrose solution as reward. No contrast effect was found as Group 36% ran faster than Group 4% throughout instrumental training.
Variable Interval Response Rate as a Function of Prior Partial Reinforcement of a Running Response
Authors: Porter John J. , Brady Kenneth R. , Elstad Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 8 rats were given 60 trials of 100% reward followed by 80 trials of 50% random reward in the first goal box (GB) of a double alley. The effects of non-reward in GB1 were measured in a second alley, where Ss bar-pressed on a 30-sec. VI reward schedule. Two control groups of 8 Ss received identical training except that they were never rewarded in GB1. For all Ss Alley 1 and GB1 were white, for one experimental and one control group Alley 2 was white, for the other two black. A significant frustration effect was obtained for the two experimental groups; however, this effect was not significant when compared to the bar-pressing rate of the control groups. None of the effects of brightness of Alley 2 were significant.
Recent (1962–1964) Psychiatric-Patient Validation Norms for the Shipley-Institute of Living Scale
Authors: Stone Le Roy A.
Published: September 2011

The Shipley-Institute of Living Scale was administered to 886 mental patients who were newly admitted to a state hospital. Frequency distributions, frequency percentages, means, and standard deviations for the four Shipley Scale scores (Vocabulary, Abstraction, Total, and Conceptual Quotient) were computed. No sex differences were observed. The mean Conceptual Quotient found was similar to the median values observed 25 yr. ago in the original validation of the Shipley Scale.
A Simple Cortical Electrode System for Unanesthetized Small Animals
Authors: Whitehouse James M.
Published: September 2011

A simple and inexpensive cortical electrode suitable for small animals such as the rat is described. The device is easy to use and provides a very good level of recording quality.
Systematic Observation and Reinforcement Technique in Toilet Training
Authors: Pumroy Donald K. , Pumroy Shirley S.
Published: September 2011

At 26 and 29 no. of age the authors' son and daughter were rewarded with an after dinner mint for asking to be allowed to urinate and completing the act successfully. The male was observed until he was 30 mo. and the female until she was 34 mo. Learning was observed in each child. No emotional problems appeared.
Use of Matching Method in Measuring Reliability of Individual Clinician's Diagnostic Judgment
Authors: Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

This study aimed at exploring reliability differences in clinical diagnostic judgments. Twenty clinical psychologists volunteered for an examination of the consistency of their judgmental performance in matching test results and projective protocols against autobiographies. Psychologist-judges matched, at a better than chance level, Rorschach, TAT, and Sentence Completion Test protocols and objective, paper-and-pencil test data for 6 Ss against their complete autobiographies. Judges differed among themselves but individually were consistent. Judges who were superior in matching one kind of test against autobiography were superior in matching all other tests against autobiography. The matching test is a promising tool for measuring the reliability of diagnostic judgment of test analyzers and interpreters. Further research is needed in the use of matching methods in the study of clinical diagnosis.
Strain Differences Occurring in an Experimental Study of Punishment
Authors: Kleban Morton H.
Published: September 2011

Forty-three Sprague-Dawley and 43 Wistar rats were given reward training for 40 trials in a Y-maze. On the next 20 trials, control groups were continued under the same training procedure, and 50% shock trials were introduced in the training of the remaining rats. For the extinction training, the reward was shifted to the opposite arm and 50% shock was continued for the no-delay and 30-sec. delay shock groups. The most significant results were that in the 30-sec. delay groups, the delay helped the Sprague-Dawley rats reverse in a minimum number of trials, whereas the Wistar rats showed strong indications of response stereotypy. The findings with respect to the Sprague-Dawley rats supported the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of delay in overcoming response persistence and the findings on the Wistar rats supported the empirical evidence on omission in punishment. The difference in response to punishment between the two albino strains emphasizes the need for experimental study of strain factors. Experiments should be repeated with several animal strains to remedy over-generalization from single strains and to help elaborate our understanding of the interaction present between punishment and strains.
Direction of Hostility and Psychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Haas Kurt
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the direction of hostility was related to neurotic and psychotic trends. To determine psychiatric symptoms and assess the direction of hostility 24 Ss were tested. It was found that, while the neurotic trends correlated with covert hostility, psychotic signs were related to overt hostility.
Self-Determined Aversive Thresholds from the Medial Hypothalamus of the Rat
Authors: Poschel B. P. H. , Ninteman F. W.
Published: September 2011

Rats were implanted with permanent electrodes in the medial hypothalamus, an area where the duration of electrical stimulation seems the main determinant of the centrally-elicited reinforcing effect, with brief stimulation yielding reward and prolonged stimulation yielding punishment. The reinforcing effect in this study was made as purely punishing as possible by applying stimulation to the hypothalamus continuously. When stimulus intensity was varied in a self-adjustment situation, Ss readily learned to press a lever to regulate the intensity of the continuously applied stimulus. Thresholds of the centrally-elicited aversive effect were thereby estimated, and these thresholds proved to be highly resistant to adaptation or fatigue effects from prolonged stimulation.
Authoritarianism and Candidate Preference
Authors: Higgins Jerry
Published: September 2011

20 male, Caucasian undergraduates were administered the California F scale of authoritarianism and subsequently asked for their preference between the two major candidates in the 1964 United States presidential election. Splitting the sample at the median F-scale score, it was found that the higher scorers preferred Goldwater over Johnson, while the lower scorers preferred Johnson over Goldwater.
Psychology of the Scientist: XII. Neglect of Revolutionary Ideas in Psychology
Authors: Margoshes Adam , Litt Sheldon
Published: September 2011

Radically new ideas typically meet with irrational opposition in all fields of thought, including science. As a result, progress is slowed down and some ideas need to be rediscovered before they become widely accepted. Two examples are cited from the recent psychological literature: an extensive review of the role of muscle tension in personality theory failed to acknowledge Wilhelm Reich's major contributions; and a study of the personality of cancer patients failed to credit Reich's earlier work, although almost identical conclusions were reached.
Further Study of Interactive Effects of Amphetamine and Food Deprivation
Authors: Cole Sherwood O.
Published: September 2011

64 male Holtzman rats were randomly assigned to 16 independent amphetamine and food deprivation conditions to determine the interaction effects of the conditions on food consumption and contact time with the food dish. The results demonstrated a significant interaction effect of amphetamine and food deprivation on food consumption ( p < .05) and on contact time ( p < .01). The results were discussed in relation to previous findings of such an interaction effect, and it was concluded that the phenomenon demonstrates a considerable amount of generality.
Overnight Performance Decrement with Intracranial Reinforcement
Authors: Wasden Ronald E. , Reid Larry D. , Porter Paul B.
Published: September 2011

An overnight performance decrement is allegedly characteristic of habits maintained by intracranial electrical stimulation. The decrement was here found to be (a) not common to all electrode sites, (b) reduced by one un-reinforced trial, and (c) reduced by intracranial stimulation administered below a rewarding intensity. The electrode sites not associated with performance decrement were in the median forebrain bundle (MFB). Those associated with decrement were somewhat removed from the MFB, at sites other experiments have shown to be both positively and negatively reinforcing. These findings are discussed in relation to Deutsch's theory of simultaneous drive-induction and reinforcement.
Use of a “Conformity” Scale to Assess Vocational Interests of Undergraduates
Authors: Elliott Rogers
Published: September 2011

A scale taken primarily from items which have discriminated conformers from nonconformers has been found to correlate to a low but significant degree with aptitude, to discriminate undergraduates from graduates very successfully, and to relate significantly to the different postgraduate plans of undergraduates.
Note on Individual Storage Loads and Individual Load Reductions
Authors: Lloyd Kenneth E.
Published: September 2011

Sequential memory tasks require E to construct a sequence of items to be remembered and cues to recall these items. In a series of studies sequences were constructed in terms of the average number of items S was remembering at a recall point and of the average number of items S was asked to recall at a recall point. These averages were based on values assigned to individual items and recall points. The present study systematically varied the distribution of these individual values that formed the averages. Bimodal distributions affected recall differently from symmetrical distributions.
A Sequential Guessing Game for Studying Problem Solving
Authors: Shouksmith George
Published: September 2011

A binary guessing game was used to study non-verbal problem solving. Results suggested that inappropriate expectancies interfere with performance on this task. A distinction between simple and complex learning was made and a concept learning paradigm presented for these findings.
Teaching Acquisition and Application of Legal Concepts by Self-Instructional Devices
Authors: Wills Thomas A. , Dertke Max
Published: September 2011

51 regularly enrolled law students in 3 matched groups were taught a portion of criminal law after pretesting. The analysis of covariance on the posttests showed that a program designed to teach content and application was superior ( p < .01) to both the traditional teaching method and a program designed to teach content alone. Both programs were superior ( p < .01) to the traditional method in teaching either content or ability to apply content. It was concluded that the acquisition and application of complex abstract material can be taught efficiently with programmed material.
Conceptual Thinking of Sixth-Grade Children as Measured by the Vigotsky Block Test
Authors: Meece R. Sherilyn , Rosenblum Sidney
Published: September 2011

Nine measures of Vigotsky Block Test performance were obtained from 50 sixth-grade girls with mental ages ranging from 8 to 14. Of 45 intercorrelations obtained between the measures and mental ages, and among the measures themselves, 20 were significant ( p = .01 or .05) In general, it was demonstrated that an increase in mental age results in greater ability to verbalize the major concept involved in the Vigotsky test. Mental age was not related to the use of more “mature” types of approaches to the task or to the amount of time or the number of clues needed to complete it successfully. A formula was derived for obtaining the four Vigotsky measures which contributed significantly to predicting the mental ages of Ss from their test performance. Some children's norms for the Vigotsky were also presented.
Three Cognitive Dimensions
Authors: Ross John
Published: September 2011

A logical space developed by Oppenheim to differentiate and locate publications was used to construct a self-report questionnaire. Factor analysis of responses to the questionnaire gave reason to suppose that Oppenheim's dimensional scheme may provide a basis for cognitive styles each corresponding to a different dimension.
Schedules of Reinforcement and Individual Differences in Learning and Recall
Authors: Butters Nelson , Wiener Morton , Kellner Harold
Published: September 2011

To test hypotheses derived from the Alternative Response Model of “defense mechanisms,” three different types of responders to adequacy material were studied in a paired-associate learning and recall paradigm under three different patterns of reinforcement. Differences in response patterns to specific reinforcement conditions between Direct-relevant Responders (conflict-free) and the ether two groups of Ss (Indirect-relevant and Non-relevant Responders) were found. The results were only partially consistent with the predictions and previous results. However, the results for the learning task and the recall task were different from each other. Several problems deriving from the particular experimental paradigm used were evident. Further programmatic research was suggested.
Attempts to Predict Success on an Insight Problem
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Maier Norman R. F.
Published: September 2011

18 predictor variables were related to a pass-fail criterion of success on Maiet's Hatrack Problem (Maier, 1945), a problem requiring insight. The correlations of all 18 predictors with the criterion were uniformly low and insignificant, pointing up our inability to predict success on an insight problem. It is suggested that insight problems may require different abilities for their solution than “other” problems. The fact that consistent relationships fail to appear when insight problems are used as the experimental task further supports this suggestion. An explanation based on the assumption that blind trial and error is the type of mental process engaged in by a person when trying to solve an insight problem, was evaluated. The behavioral data indicated that this explanation was inadequate in explaining performance of Ss on this problem because Ss tended to approach the problem in a selective manner (persisted in directions), and increased time for search did not increase the number of correct solutions produced.
Self-Image Stability: The Problem of Validation
Authors: Tippett Jean S. , Silber Earle
Published: September 2011

An effort to subject various measures of self-image stability to certain criteria for validation was made. The measures used did not meet the specified criteria. Some of the problems in defining the concept and some of the measuring problems are discussed. It was felt that self-image stability may not be a global generalized trait but rather one that contains specific components not necessarily related to one another. The work calls attention to a necessary caution with respect to measures of self-image stability that have been used in research or may continue to be used without the benefit of necessary validation.
Social-Class Correlates of Selected Cognitive Functions
Authors: Scott Ralph
Published: September 2011

Using data from four tests of cognitive functions for 126 14- to 16-yr.-old students certain social-class differences appeared related to levels of need content. The observation that lower-class Ss tended to prefer items of lower need levels in the Maslow hierarchy when confronted with reality situations and higher need contents in fantasy-choice situations was interpreted as reflecting motivational conflict.
Conditioning and Generalization of Positive Self-Evaluations in a Partially Structured Diagnostic Interview
Authors: Aiken Edwin G. , Parker William H.
Published: September 2011

Ss were asked to discuss certain characteristics of themselves in a diagnostic interview setting. Experimental Ss were provided sham GSR feedback on the insightfulness of their self-descriptions. The feedback was actually controlled by the interviewer. Experimental Ss were rewarded for positive and punished for negative self-describing. Control Ss received no feedback. Experimental Ss were found to be reliably higher than controls in the proportion of positive self-descriptions during the interview and in favorable self-evaluations on a post-test measure of generalization.
Harold Schlosberg: An Appreciation
Authors: Kling J. W.
Published: September 2011

Harold Schlosberg served Psychology for almost four decades, providing constructive and imaginative leadership as a scientist, a teacher, and an administrator. In each of these roles, he made contributions of lasting significance to the science and the profession of Psychology.
Communication Length as an Index of Communicator Attitude
Authors: Mehrabian Albert
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that communications about liked objects are longer than communications about disliked objects. Ss wrote letters of recommendation about liked and disliked people under conditions where the topics to be covered in the letter were minimally or partially specified. The hypothesis was confirmed for conditions of both minimal and partial topic specification.
Obtaining Group Measures from Personality Test Scores: Auto Brand Choice Predicted from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Authors: Marcus Alan S.
Published: September 2011

From a single set of data, a method derives measures both of individuals' personalities and of social groups to which they belong. A scatter diagram of psychological test scores, of needs to be friendly and to be dominant, for example, is given a new origin at the median of the distribution. In this group-centered diagram, new axes, at 45° from the originals, divide the population equally into quadrants. A need axis distinguishes where one need is stronger than the other relative to the group. An intensity axis differentiates degree of strength of both needs combined. More auto owners were correctly classified with two need variables than by linear discriminant function with 10 variables. The method treats two measures on an individual in relationship with each other and in relationship to other individuals. This makes possible relating knowledge of individuals' personal systems with knowledge of social systems of groups in which individuals function.
Flag Preferences of Canadians: Before the Maple Leaf
Authors: Lawson E. D.
Published: September 2011

Following a similar study in the United States, 210 Canadian school children were asked their flag preferences. Both the Union Jack and the Red Ensign were rated high, with a slight preference for the Union Jack. Appreciation of the U. S. flag, although initially high in the lower grades, dropped off somewhat at the high school level. Results with the U. N. and Russian flags were very similar to those for American children: the U. N. showing steady growth in preference; the Soviet, persistent rejection.
“Intolerance of Ambiguity,” Walk's a Scale: Historical Comment
Authors: Ehrlich Danuta
Published: September 2011

Walk's A Scale has been reported to be associated positively and significantly with attitude measures of authoritarianism. The present writer, using two independent samples, found the Walk A Scale to have virtually no internal consistency. With 128 male university students, the application of the K-R 20 produced an r of .08. With 88 male college and female nursing students, use of the Tryon's Variance Form gave an r of .10. Moreover, computation of an inter-item correlational matrix for the 8 Walk A Scale items on the second sample produced consistently low, predominantly non-significant, and in one-third of the cases negative coefficients. Since these results indicate that Walk's A Scale it not homogeneous in a statistical sense, the scale should not be considered as a pure measure of “intolerance of ambiguity.”
Some Relations between Reaction Time and Choice of Response in Word Association
Authors: Wallenhorst Ralph
Published: September 2011

100 Ss responded to a test list of 100 stimulus words, presented orally in two different orders. Mean reaction times were tabulated for each stimulus word to facilitate identification of atypical responses. Reaction time was significantly related to commonality of response, but not to sex of S or frequency-of-use of the stimulus. Five response sets were identified; Ss who chose response words in accordance with them had shorter mean reaction times. Three forms of systematic perseveration extended through the test, strongly influencing choice of response words.
Johnson or Goldwater?: Some Personality and Attitude Correlates of Political Choice
Authors: Goldberg Philip A. , Stark Milton J.
Published: September 2011

Personality and attitude correlates of political preference in the presidential election of 1964 were investigated. Goldwater supporters were more authoritarian, more religious, more orthodox in their religious views and generally more guarded and conservative in their views. Johnson supporters were more maladjusted as measured by the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and the MMPI. This last finding led to speculations about the nature of psychometric and theoretical criteria and their relationship to liberalism-conservatism. The possibility of confounding of assessment of unconventionality and maladjustment was discussed.
Programmed Instruction and Learner Characteristics: Preliminary Data
Authors: Ripple Richard E. , O'Reilly Robert , Wightman Lawrence , Dacey John
Published: September 2011

Preliminary data are presented from a long-term project relating the structure of the learning task to selected personality characteristics of groups of Ss.
Effects of Differential Early Experiences and Neonatal Tranquilization on Later Behavior
Authors: Young Richard David
Published: September 2011

Neonatal rats were exposed to one of 3 environmental stimulus conditions (Control, Mechanical Rotation, and Hypothermia) and one of 4 drug injection groups (Control, Placebo, Chlorpromazine, and Reserpine) from 2 to 10 days of age. Later behavior testing at 30 days of age indicated an inverted U-shaped activity level for the 2 drug control groups over the environmental treatments, no differences for CPZ, and hyperactivity for all reserpine-treated Ss. The Rotation and Hypothermia tranquilization drug Ss made more errors than the corresponding control Ss in the water maze. Various neonatal early experiences and drug treatments differentially affect the adult Ss' responses in testing situations.
Effects of Delayed UCS Termination on Classical Avoidance Learning of the Bar-Press Response
Authors: Bolles Robert C. , Warren John A.
Published: September 2011

83 Ss were run in two experiments involving delay of shock termination. In the first, shock was terminated a brief interval after a shock-escape response, while in the second, only responses occurring a brief interval after shock onset were effective in terminating it. Although both procedures were designed to facilitate avoidance acquisition by minimizing freezing behavior, in both cases the use of delay led to decrements in acquisition.