bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Granulin–Epithelin Precursor Renders Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Resistant to Natural Killer Cytotoxicity
Authors: Cheung Phyllis F.Y. , Yip Chi Wai , Wong Nicholas C.L. , Fong Daniel Y.T. , Ng Linda W.C. , Wan Angus M.Y. , Wong Chun Kwok , Cheung Tan To , Ng Irene O.L. , Poon Ronnie T.P. , Fan Sheung Tat , Cheung Siu Tim
Published: October 2014

Immunoevasion is an emerging hallmark of cancer. Impairment of natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity is a mechanism to evade host immunosurveillance. Granulin–epithelin precursor (GEP) is a hepatic oncofetal protein regulating growth, invasion, and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We examined the role of GEP in conferring HCC cells the ability to evade NK cytotoxicity. In HCC cell lines, GEP overexpression reduced, whereas GEP suppression enhanced sensitivity to NK cytotoxicity. GEP downregulated surface expression of MHC class I chain–related molecule A (MICA), ligand for NK stimulatory receptor NK group 2 member D (NKG2D), and upregulated human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E), ligand for NK inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A. Functionally, GEP augmented production of soluble MICA, which suppressed NK activation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 activity was involved partly in the GEP-regulated MICA shedding from HCC cells. In primary HCCs (n = 80), elevated GEP (P < 0.001), MICA (P < 0.001), and HLA-E (P = 0.089) expression was observed when compared with those in nontumor (n = 80) and normal livers (n = 10). Serum GEP (P = 0.010) and MICA (P < 0.001) levels were higher in patients with HCC (n = 80) than in healthy individuals (n = 30). High serum GEP and/or MICA levels were associated with poor recurrence-free survival (log-rank test, P = 0.042). Importantly, GEP blockade by mAbs sensitized HCC cells to NK cytotoxicity through MICA. In summary, GEP rendered HCC cells resistant to NK cytotoxicity by modulating MICA expression, which could be reversed by GEP blockade using antibody. Serum GEP and MICA levels are prognostic factors and can be used to stratify patients for targeted therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(12); 1209–19. ©2014 AACR.
Regulation of ClC-2 Activity by SPAK and OSR1
Authors: Warsi Jamshed , Hosseinzadeh Zohreh , Elvira Bernat , Bissinger Rosi , Shumilina Ekaterina , Lang Florian
Published: October 2014

Background/Aims: SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) are powerful regulators of diverse transport processes. Both kinases are activated by cell shrinkage and participate in stimulation of regulatory cell volume increase (RVI). Execution of RVI involves inhibition of Cl- channels. The present study explored whether SPAK and/or OSR1 regulate the activity of the Cl- channel ClC-2. Methods: To this end, ClC-2 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes with or without additional expression of wild type SPAK, constitutively active SPAKT233E, WNK1 insensitive inactive SPAKT233A, catalytically inactive SPAKD212A, wild type OSR1, constitutively active OSR1T185E, WNK1 insensitive inactive OSR1T185A, and catalytically inactive OSR1D164A. Cl- channel activity was determined by dual electrode voltage clamp. Results: Expression of ClC-2 was followed by the appearance of a conductance (GCl), which was significantly decreased following coexpression of wild-type SPAK, SPAKT233E, wild type OSR1 or OSR1T185E, but not by coexpression of SPAKT233A, SPAKD212A, OSR1T185A, or OSR1D164A. Inhibition of ClC-2 insertion by brefeldin A (5 μM) resulted in a decline of GCl which was similar in the absence and presence of SPAK or OSR1, suggesting that SPAK and OSR1 did not accelerate the retrieval of ClC-2 protein from the cell membrane. Conclusion: SPAK and OSR1 are powerful negative regulators of the cell volume regulatory Cl- channel ClC-2.
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Features of Seborrheic Dermatitis for Plaque Psoriasis Differentiation
Authors: Agozzino Marina , Berardesca Enzo , Donadio Carlo , Franceschini Chiara , de Felice Catia Margarete , Cavallotti Claudia , Sperduti Isabella , Ardigò Marco
Published: October 2014

Background: Plaque psoriasis (PP) and seborrheic dermatitis (SD) are chronic inflammatory skin diseases with similar clinical and pathological features. Differential diagnosis can be difficult, especially when particular skin areas of the face are involved. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) has been demonstrated to be useful for ‘real-time' diagnosis of skin inflammatory diseases. Objective: To define distinctive confocal criteria of SD and to evaluate the usefulness of this technique for noninvasive differential diagnosis with PP. Methods: A total of 40 patients affected by PP and 19 patients by SD involving the face were recruited and subjected to RCM evaluation. Univariate and adjusted odds ratios were calculated. Discriminant functions were used to plot ROC curves. Results: The results disclosed specific patterns for SD and PP. The following distinctive confocal features for SD have been identified: spongiosis, dermal inflammation and horizontal orientation of dilated blood vessels. Conclusion: SD has a specific and easily recognizable confocal pattern supporting clinical differentiation with PP.
Evaluating Dissociated Optic Nerve Fiber Layer Appearance Using En Face Layer Imaging Produced by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kusuhara Sentaro , Matsumiya Wataru , Imai Hisaori , Honda Shigeru , Tsukahara Yasutomo , Negi Akira
Published: October 2014

Purpose: To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for a dissociated optic nerve fiber layer (DONFL) appearance after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 189 eyes that underwent PPV with internal limiting membrane removal and judged the presence/absence of an apparent DONFL based on en face layer images produced by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results: An apparent DONFL was observed in 47 (24.9%) eyes. The incidence of an apparent DONFL was significantly higher in the macular hole (MH) group (76.5%) than in the non-MH group (epiretinal membrane, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, and others; 4.9%; p < 0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, surgical indication for MH was identified as the most significant DONFL risk factor (odds ratio 63.7; p = 1.05 × 10-8). Conclusion: Postoperative OCT en face layer imaging clarified that MH eyes are liable to have an apparent DONFL following PPV.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESA) for Preventing the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 19 Studies
Authors: Covic Adrian , Nistor Ionut , Donciu Mihaela-Dora , Dumea Raluca , Bolignano Davide , Goldsmith David
Published: October 2014

Background: The effect of anemia correction on kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients remains unclear. As 19-40% of patients with CKD receive an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA), this is a potentially important consideration. Summary: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials to January 1, 2014 in adult patients with CKD stages 1 to 4. Selection criteria for studies: randomized controlled trials of at least 2 months duration. Patients were allocated to ESA versus placebo, no treatment, or different ESA doses with the purpose of achieving a higher versus a lower hemoglobin target. The analyzed outcomes were the need for renal replacement therapy, doubling of serum creatinine, change in GFR (ml/min), mortality and withdrawal of treatment due to adverse events. A total of 19 trials (n = 8,129 participants with CKD stage 1-4) were reviewed. There was no difference in the risk of end-stage kidney disease (RR, 0.97 [CI 0.83-1.20], 17 trials, 8,104 participants), change in GFR (Mean Difference [MD] -0.45 [-2.21, 1.31], 9 trials, 1,848 participants) or withdrawal of treatment due to adverse events (RR, 1.18 [CI 0.77-1.81], 10 trials, n = 1,958 participants) for patients at higher hemoglobin (Hb) targets. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences in mortality (Risk Ratio [RR] 1.10 [CI 0.90-1.35], 16 trials, n = 8,082 participants) were observed. Key Messages: There is no evidence that ESA treatment affects renal function in patients with CKD. Use of these agents should not therefore be influenced by considerations about influencing CKD progression.
Clinical and Neuroimaging Characterization of Chinese Dementia Patients with PSEN1 and PSEN2 Mutations
Authors: Shi Zhihong , Wang Ying , Liu Shuai , Liu Mengyuan , Liu Shuling , Zhou Yuying , Wang Jinhuan , Cai Li , Huo Ya Ruth , Gao Shuo , Ji Yong
Published: October 2014

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two common forms of primary neurodegenerative dementia. Mutations in 3 genes (PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP) have been identified in patients with early-onset AD. Methods: We performed gene sequencing in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP in 61 AD and 35 FTD Chinese patients. Amyloid load using 11C-labeled Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PIB) positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebral glucose metabolism using 18F-fludeoxyglucose PET were evaluated in patients carrying mutations. Results: We identified 1 known pathogenic PSEN1 (p.His163Arg, c.488A>G) mutation and 3 novel PSEN2 mutations in 6 patients. The novel mutation PSEN2 (p.His169Asn, c.505C>A) was identified in 1 patient with familial late-onset AD and in 1 sporadic FTD patient. The PSEN2 (p.Val214Leu, c.640G>T; p.Lys82Arg, c.245A>G) mutations were identified in 2 early-onset AD patients and 1 early-onset AD patient, respectively. Three patients with PSEN2 mutations were observed to have PIB retention on the cortex and striatum. One patient with the FTD phenotype was not observed to have PIB retention. Conclusion: PSEN2 mutations are common in the Chinese Han population with a history of AD and FTD. Pathogenic mutations or risk variants in the PSEN2 gene can influence both FTD and AD phenotypic traits and show variations in neuroimaging characterization. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Flk-1/KDR Mediates Ethanol-Stimulated Endothelial Cell Notch Signaling and Angiogenic Activity
Authors: Morrow David , Hatch Ekaterina , Hamm Katie , Cahill Paul A. , Redmond Eileen M.
Published: October 2014

We previously reported that ethanol (EtOH) stimulates endothelial angiogenic activity mediated via a notch- and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) pathway. As crosstalk exists between notch and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, we examined whether the VEGF receptor (VEGFR) Flk-1 (fetal liver kinase 1) mediates EtOH-stimulated notch signaling and angiogenic activity. Methods and Results: Treatment of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) with EtOH (1-50 mM, 24 h) dose-dependently increased Flk-1 expression with a maximum increase observed at 25 mM EtOH. Ethanol treatment activated both Flk-1 and Flt-1 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1) as indicated by their phosphorylation, and subsequent stimulation of Akt. EtOH activation of Flk-1 was inhibited by the VEGFR inhibitor SU5416. Gene silencing of Flk-1 using small interfering RNA inhibited the EtOH-induced increase in notch receptors 1 and 4 and notch target gene (hairy enhancer of split-related transcription factor 1) mRNA. Knockdown of Flk-1 inhibited EtOH-induced Ang-1/Tie-2 mRNA expression and blocked EtOH-induced HCAEC network formation on Matrigel, a response that was restored by notch ligand, notch ligand delta-like ligand 4, treatment. In vivo, moderate alcohol feeding increased vascular remodeling in mouse ischemic hindlimbs. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that EtOH activates Flk-1 and Flt-1 receptors in HCAECs and promotes angiogenic activity via an Flk-1/notch pathway. These effects of EtOH may be relevant to the influence of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular health.
Breast Cancer Mimic: Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as an Isolated Breast Mass
Authors: Taghavi Margaret , Zhang Yanhong , Lindfors Karen , Aminololama-Shakeri Shadi
Published: October 2014

Background: Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma typically localizes to the skin, and dissemination to internal organs is rare. Lymphomatous involvement of the breasts is also rare. We describe the clinical and radiological findings of an unusual case of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma presenting as an isolated breast mass without associated skin changes. Case Presentation: The patient was a 55-year-old Caucasian female who initially presented with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma around her eyes and forehead with recurrence involving the skin between her breasts. Three years after terminating treatment due to a lack of symptoms, she presented for an annual screening mammogram that found a new mass in her upper inner right breast without imaging signs of cutaneous extension. On physical examination, there were no corresponding skin findings. Due to the suspicious imaging features of the mass that caused concern for primary breast malignancy, she underwent a core biopsy which revealed cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion: When evaluating patients with a systemic disease who present with findings atypical for that process, it is important to still consider the systemic disease as a potential etiology, particularly with lymphoma given its reputation as a great mimicker.
Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC in the Baltic States: An International Scientific Workshop with Live Surgery
Authors: Poskus Eligijus , Strupas Kestutis , Gushchin Vadim , Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: October 2014

Background: Around the globe a new interest in the multidisciplinary management of peritoneal metastases using neoadjuvant chemotherapy, cytoreductive surgery (CRS), hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC), and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy has occurred. The combined use of these treatment modalities has required the creation of centers of excellence to manage patients with peritoneal metastases with a high level of success as well as a low incidence of adverse events. Methods: A 2-day workshop hosted by the Center of Abdominal Surgery, Vilnius University Hospital, with 230 participants was organized to explore the current practice in the Baltic states. Live surgery with video transmission initiated the efforts. Then, presentations by five experts from high-volume peritoneal surface malignancy centers were made and discussed. A summary of the efforts to date in Lithuania and Estonia was presented and collected for publication. Results: The live surgery served as a focal point for all subsequent presentations. The five invited speakers reviewed the rationale, current literature, indications and contraindications, implementation, and current European guidelines for management. The results of CRS and HIPEC from five centers in Lithuania and Estonia currently active revealed 127 patients treated to date, half of whom carried a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. There was an incidence of major complications of 11.8% and a mortality of 1.6%. Data regarding long-term survival benefits will require further follow-up. Conclusions: Progress in peritoneal surface oncology in the Baltic states was confirmed. With a low morbidity and mortality, these clinical programs promise to provide continued benefit for patients with peritoneal metastases - a condition judged to be terminal in the past.
Antiphospholipid Antibodies Attenuate Endothelial Repair and Promote Neointima Formation in Mice
Authors: Ulrich Victoria , Konaniah Eddy S. , Lee Wan‐Ru , Khadka Sadiksha , Shen Yu‐Min , Herz Joachim , Salmon Jane E. , Hui David Y. , Shaul Philip W. , Mineo Chieko
Published: October 2014

Background

Antiphospholipid syndrome patients have antiphospholipid antibodies (
aPL
s) that promote thrombosis, and they have increased cardiovascular disease risk. Although the basis for the thrombosis has been well delineated, it is not known why antiphospholipid syndrome patients also have an increased prevalence of nonthrombotic vascular occlusion. The aims of this work were to determine if
aPL
s directly promote medial hypertrophy or neointima formation in mice and to identify the underlying mechanisms.

Methods and Results

Medial hypertrophy and neointima formation invoked by carotid artery endothelial denudation were evaluated in mice administered normal human IgG or
aPL
s. While
aPL
s had no effect on medial hypertrophy, they caused exaggerated neointima development. This was related to an
aPL
‐induced impairment in reendothelialization post denudation, and scratch assays in cell culture revealed that there are direct effects of
aPL
s on endothelium that retard cell migration. Further experiments showed that
aPL
antagonism of endothelial migration and repair is mediated by antibody recognition of β2‐glycoprotein I, apolipoprotein E receptor 2, and a decline in bioavailable NO. Consistent with these mechanisms, the adverse impacts of
aPL
s on reendothelialization and neointima formation were fully prevented by the NO donor molsidomine.

Conclusions

APLs blunt endothelial repair, and there is related
aPL
‐induced exaggeration in neointima formation after endothelial injury in mice. The initiating process entails NO deficiency mediated by β2‐glycoprotein I recognition by
aPL
s and apolipoprotein E receptor 2. The modulation of endothelial apolipoprotein E receptor 2 function or NO bioavailability may represent new interventions to prevent the nonthrombotic vascular occlusion and resulting cardiovascular disorders that afflict antiphospholipid syndrome patients.
Infection After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Lord Aaron S. , Langefeld Carl D. , Sekar Padmini , Moomaw Charles J. , Badjatia Neeraj , Vashkevich Anastasia , Rosand Jonathan , Osborne Jennifer , Woo Daniel , Elkind Mitchell S.V.
Published: October 2014

Background and Purpose—

Risk factors for infections after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and their association with outcomes are unknown. We hypothesized there are predictors of poststroke infection and infections drive worse outcomes.

Methods—

We determined prevalence of infections in a multicenter, triethnic study of ICH. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to determine the association of infection with admission characteristics and hospital complications. We performed logistic regression on association of infection with outcomes after controlling for known determinants of prognosis after ICH (volume, age, infratentorial location, intraventricular hemorrhage, and Glasgow Coma Scale).

Results—

Among 800 patients, infections occurred in 245 (31%). Admission characteristics associated with infection in multivariable models were ICH volume (odds ratio [OR], 1.02/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.03), lower Glasgow Coma Scale (OR, 0.91 per point; 95% CI, 0.87–0.95), deep location (reference lobar: OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.28–2.88), and black race (reference white: OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.01–2.32). In a logistic regression of admission and hospital factors, infections were associated with intubation (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.1–4.5), dysphagia (with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 2.03–5.05 and without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.04–4.23), pulmonary edema (OR, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.29–12.33), and deep vein thrombosis (OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.86–21.02), but not ICH volume or Glasgow Coma Scale. Infected patients had higher discharge mortality (16% versus 8%;
P
=0.001) and worse 3-month outcomes (modified Rankin Scale ≥3; 80% versus 51%;
P
<0.001). Infection was an independent predictor of poor 3-month outcome (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.8–3.9).

Conclusions—

There are identifiable risk factors for infection after ICH, and infections predict poor outcomes.
Comparison of the Tada Formula With Software Slicer
Authors: Xu Xinghua , Chen Xiaolei , Zhang Jun , Zheng Yi , Sun Guochen , Yu Xinguang , Xu Bainan
Published: October 2014

Background and Purpose—

The Tada (ABC/2) formula has been used widely for volume assessment of intracerebral hematoma. However, the formula is crude for irregularly shaped hematoma. We aimed to compare the accuracy of the ABC/2 formula with open source software Slicer.

Methods—

Computed tomographic images of 294 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hematoma were collected. Hematoma volumes were assessed with the ABC/2 formula and calculated with software 3D Slicer. Results of these 2 methods were compared with regard to hematoma size and shape.

Results—

The estimated hematoma volume was 58.41±37.83 cm
3
using the ABC/2 formula, compared with 50.38±31.93 cm
3
with 3D Slicer (mean percentage deviation, 16.38±9.15%). When allocate patients into groups according to hematoma size, the mean estimation error were 3.24 cm
3
(17.72%), 5.85 cm
3
(13.72%), and 15.14 cm
3
(17.48%) for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. When divided by shape, estimation error was 3.33 cm
3
(9.76%), 7.19 cm
3
(18.37%), and 29.39 cm
3
(39.12%) for regular, irregular, and multilobular hematomas.

Conclusions—

There is significant estimation error using the ABC/2 formula to calculate hematoma volume. Compared with hematoma size, estimation error is more significantly associated with hematoma shape.
Behavioural induction of unreceptivity to mating from a post-copulatory display in the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis
Authors: Seidelmann K.
Published: October 2014

In monandrous species, females have to manage their mating receptivity not only to gather an appropriate sperm supply, but to avoid further male sexual harassment as well. The shutdown of female receptivity to mating is often an irreversible process and therefore should result from a reliable signal. Females of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis (syn. O. rufa), mate only once within the first day after their emergence from the maternal nest. The unreceptivity to mating of a mated female is induced by a male post-copulatory display, which takes place for about 10 min after ejaculating. During this display the male obviously applies an anti-aphrodisiac that reduces female’s attractiveness resulting in protection from other rival male sexual harassment. Protection by odour is only temporarily needed because females eventually reduce their attractiveness and receptivity to mating by themselves within a few days after emergence. The autonomous decrease in virgin female’s receptivity to mating is simply age driven and independent from mating status. In summary, the involvement of ejaculate substances in causing a loss of female receptivity to mating can be excluded for this species.
Male body size and parental relatedness but not nuptial colouration influence paternity success during scramble competition in Rana arvalis
Authors: Rausch Anna M. , Sztatecsny Marc , Jehle Robert , Ringler Eva , Hödl Walter
Published: October 2014

Female mate choice promotes the development of male secondary sexual traits such as nuptial colouration, whereas scramble competition favours male traits which enhance their ability for access to females. In the explosively breeding moor frog (Rana arvalis), males express a conspicuous blue colouration during a short reproductive period characterised by scramble competition. In the present study we used controlled mating experiments and genetic markers to disentangle the effects of colouration, body size and pairwise genetic relatedness in determining paternity success. Males observed in amplexus with a female prior to spawning were larger than their competitors but did not differ from them in colouration. Polyandry occurred in 67% of the 18 analysed egg clutches, and amplecting males did not always achieve the highest siring success, most likely due to stray sperm. Successful mating pairs were characterised by higher genetic divergence between them than expected by chance. We confirm previous evidence that male nuptial colouration is not a trait selected by females, and provide evidence that male reproductive success is influenced by male size as well as genetic attributes.
Mate preference does not influence reproductive motivation and parental cooperation in female zebra finches
Authors: Pogány Ákos , Szurovecz Zita , Vincze Ernő , Barta Zoltán , Székely Tamás
Published: October 2014

In socially monogamous species, low availability of sexually active unpaired individuals in the local population may constrain mate choice, resulting in mating with sub-optimal partners. Here we experimentally investigate whether female reproductive behaviour is different when paired with a preferred or a non-preferred male in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). First, we assessed female mating preferences using a four-way choice apparatus, then females were caged together with either their preferred or least-preferred male. Female reproductive motivation, assessed by the propensity of laying eggs within two weeks from pairing and clutch mass, did not differ between the two experimental groups. Females responded to mate removal by either increasing their care, so as to compensate for the lost care of their mate, or by significantly reducing incubation. This bimodal response was not explained by mate preference, nevertheless, we found that females with lower baseline (i.e., pre-manipulation) incubation effort were more likely to cease incubation during mate removal. Taken together, we found no evidence that female reproductive behaviour varies along with mate preference.
The Impact of Non-Roman Catholic Observers at Vatican II
Authors: Norwood Donald W.
Published: October 2014

Not all accounts of Vatican II, 1962–65, recognize that the 200 carefully selected non-Roman Catholic Observers had a considerable influence on the Council and on its major documents about the Church, Church unity, liturgy, the Jews and religious freedom. Their impact is assessed both by Roman Catholic theologians like Congar and Willebrands and Observers such as Bishop Moorman and Robert McAfee Brown together with comments Karl Barth later made on some of the documents in his discussions with Pope Paul VI and others, including Ratzinger and Rahner in Rome. An attempt is made to explain how the Observers had the influence they did. One conclusion is that they helped the Council evolve from what could have been a purely domestic affair and a rubber-stamping exercise dealing with 70 documents, already prepared by the Curia, and Commissioners appointed by the Pope, into a genuinely ecumenical, deliberative, debating and decision-making council of the worldwide Church.
Is Church Development ‘Natural’?
Authors: Råmunddal Lars
Published: October 2014

The aim of this article is to give a theologically and scientifically based answer to the question whether church development is ‘natural’ in the sense that Christian A. Schwarz describes in his book Natural Church Development. Giving a reasonable answer to this question requires, first of all, that an analysis and assessment be done on how Schwarz’s biotic church growth paradigm is constructed and what kind of historical and theological factors have formed Schwartz’s thinking. Part of this theoretical analysis is also to find out what kind of epistemology and ecclesiological ontology seem to be the theoretical basis for Schwarz’s theory. Finally, I will contribute to the debate on the function of biotic growth theory in church development practice. Here I argue mostly out of my own previous empirical research. My conclusion will be that I cannot find any theologically and scientifically sound arguments to support the theory that church growth is natural – or biotic – as Schwarz claims. From a practical viewpoint, I conclude that there is no plausible connection between biotic theory and the church development practices recommended by Schwarz.
Theo-political Visions
Authors: Phillips Craig A.
Published: October 2014

This article examines the work Giorgio Agamben and other contemporary philosophers who profane theological and messianic discourses in their post-secular and post-political projects. These theorists examine, among other things, monastic discipline and rules, the life and witness of St. Francis, and the messianic discourses of St. Paul for their material and political potential in developing a post-secular politics. Their work does not seek simply to invert the theological so as to secularize it, but rather to move beyond it. Accompanying this philosophical turn to a post-secular retrieval and reshaping of theological discourses is a search for a new kind of community beyond the politics of the modern nation-state, and in Agamben’s case, even beyond law itself. The communities these theorists imagine often bear a strong resemblance to the ecclesiastical structures and community they seek to replace.
Istanbul During the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
Authors: Erol Baykal
Published: October 2014

During the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) Istanbul suddenly found itself at the frontline of an unexpectedly disastrous conflict with its Balkan neighbours. One direct consequence of these wars, through troop mobilisation and refugee movement, was a major outbreak of cholera in the Ottoman capital. While entrepreneurs tried to turn this calamity into profit, by selling (useless) medication, the government tried to control the flow of information regarding the disease in order to better combat the epidemic and both parties used the press to achieve their goals. Despite the chaos of the war and the size of the outbreak, the acted efficiently and successfully prevented a potential disaster.
For Pilgrims and for Trade
Authors: Pétriat Philippe
Published: October 2014

This article argues that public works were a major field where local notables associated themselves with Ottoman plans during the Tanzimat period. The documents this article is built on aim at evidencing the very tangible aspect of Ottomanization when imperial interests matched local ones.

First, plans for urban modernization were wisely endorsed by the main merchants of Jeddah to enhance the port facilities. Second, Ottoman archives highlight how important this local support was for the imperial administration. The matching of imperial and local interests is conspicuous in the common language used in minutes of the city council’s sessions and the petitions dispatched to Istanbul by the merchants of Jeddah. It exemplifies how notables advocated their own scheme of public planning and made it fit the politics of Ottomanization by framing their requests in terms of two important motivations for Ottoman officials: the proceedings of the pilgrimage, and trade.
How Turks and Bulgarians Became Ethnic Brothers
Authors: Methodieva Milena B
Published: October 2014

In 1905 the Bulgarian authorities initiated preparations for a large-scale propaganda project in order to advertise the wellbeing of Bulgaria’s Muslims among the Muslim inhabitants of Ottoman Macedonia. Its purpose was to dispel inter-communal hostility during particularly turbulent times in the area. The project capitalized on arguments about ethnic and historical connections between Turks and Bulgarians by developing a novel theory maintaining that Bulgaria’s Turks were descendants of the Bulgars who founded the first Bulgarian state in the seventh century. However, Young Turk activists from the area were also involved in the enterprise hoping to use it for their own purposes. The article uses this interesting background to explore questions concerning Bulgarian policies and narratives about the local Muslim Bulgarian aspirations in Ottoman Macedonia, relations between Young Turks and Bulgarians, and Young Turk revolutionary strategies.
Portrayals of the Later Abbasid Caliphate: A Reappraisal of the Buyid-Era Caliphs in Arabic Chronicles, 334/945-447/1055
Authors: Scharfe Patrick
Published: October 2014

Like other decline narratives, the alleged decadence of the Abbasid caliphate after its loss of military power in the mid-fourth/tenth century has been seen historically as an index of the “decline” of Islamic civilization generally, and remnants of these images still remain. However, a contextual examination of the key Buyid-era sources, namely Arabic chronicles, reveals little consciousness that the caliphate had lost its meaning. Chroniclers such as Miskawayh (d. 421/1030) provide a Buyid-centric narrative, but sources closer to the caliphate indicate that the power and authority of the caliphate had been re-shaped rather than fatally undermined. A broader conception of power is necessary to understand the transformed position of the caliphs, taking into account “soft” cultural and diplomatic power rather than military force alone, as caliphs continued to lead by managing the religious and legal-judicial spheres.
A new species of Myrceugenia (Myrteae, Myrtaceae) from Distrito Federal, Brazil, with notes on its micromorphology
Authors: Gomes-Bezerra Kadja Milena , Faria Jair Eustáquio , Landrum Leslie , Soares-Silva Lucia Helena
Published: October 2014

During field collections for the doctoral thesis of the first author, a population of Myrceugenia was found in a gallery forest along Bananal stream in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. This population was recognized as a new species related to Myrceugenia glaucescens and M. acutata, separated by 800 km or more from previously known populations of those species in Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul states.  Specimens were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the leaf architeture was studied in diaphanized leaves.
Revision of the spider genus Mystaria Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae) and the description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region
Authors: LEWIS ALLET S. HONIBALL , DIPPENAAR-SCHOEMAN ANSIE S.
Published: October 2014

The spider genera Mystaria Simon, 1895 and Paramystaria Lessert, 1919 are revised (Mystarini: Thomisidae). About 400 individuals were studied. The approach followed was classical taxonomy using illustrated sexual dimorphic copulatory characters and described morphological characters, photographed or measured. Paramystaria is considered a junior synonym of Mystaria, based on similarity to the type M. rufolimbata Simon, 1895 but with the exclusion of M. unicolor Simon, 1895, a species last studied in 1895. Mystaria unicolor is re-described and placed in a new genus, Leroya gen. n., together with L. silva sp. n. (♂♀, DRC) which is recognised as the type species. Mystaria now contains 13 well-defined species, four of which are in new generic combinations. Four males are described for the first time, and eight new species. Re-described species include M. flavoguttata Lawrence, 1952, M. lata Lawrence, 1927, M. rufolimbata and M. variabilis Lessert, 1919. Subspecies elevated to species level include M. occidentalis Millot, 1942 and new species descriptions include M. budongo sp. n. (♂, Rwanda, DRC, Uganda), M. irmatrix sp. n. (♀♂, Mozambique, South Africa) M. lindaicapensis sp. n. (♀♂, South Africa), M. mnyama sp. n. (♀♂, South Africa), M. oreadae sp. n. (♀, Rwanda, DRC), M. savannensis sp. n. (♀♂, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe), M. soleil sp. n. (♀♂, Uganda, Kenya) and M. stakesbyi sp. n. (♀♂, Ghana, DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda). The insufficiently known taxa Paramystaria decorata Lessert, 1919 and P. variabilis delesserti Caporiacco, 1949 are also transferred to Mystaria. Keys are provided to species and related tribal genera, with geographic distributions of species recorded. Revisions of more genera are needed, in particular of those genera related to Mystarini, before phylogenetic relationships can be considered.
Interdecadal Variability of the South American Precipitation in the Monsoon Season
Authors: Grimm Alice M. , Saboia João P. J.
Published: October 2014

Interdecadal variability modes of monsoon precipitation over South America (SA) are provided by a continental-scale rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis, and their connections to well-known climatic indices and SST anomalies are examined. The analysis, carried out for austral spring and summer, uses a comprehensive set of station data assembled and verified for the period 1950–2000. The presented modes are robust, consistent with previous regional-scale studies and with modes obtained from longer time series over smaller domains. Opposite phases of the main modes show differences around 50% in monthly precipitation. There are significant relationships between the interdecadal variability in spring and summer, indicating local and remote influences. The first modes for both seasons are dipole-like, displaying opposite anomalies in central-east and southeast SA. They tend to reverse polarity from spring to summer. Yet the summer second mode and its related spring fourth mode, which affect the core monsoon region in central Brazil and central-northwestern Argentina, show similar factor loadings, indicating persistence of anomalies from one season to the other, contrary to the first modes. The other presented modes describe the variability in different regions with great monsoon precipitation. Significant connections with different combinations of climatic indices and SST anomalies provide physical basis for the presented modes: three show the strongest connections with SST-based indices, and two have the strongest connections with atmospheric indices. However, the main modes show connections with more than one climatic index and more than one oceanic region, stressing the importance of combined influence.
Are Simulated Megadroughts in the North American Southwest Forced?*
Authors: Coats Sloan , Smerdon Jason E. , Cook Benjamin I. , Seager Richard
Published: October 2014

Multidecadal drought periods in the North American Southwest (25°–42.5°N, 125°–105°W), so-called megadroughts, are a prominent feature of the paleoclimate record over the last millennium (LM). Six forced transient simulations of the LM along with corresponding historical (1850–2005) and 500-yr preindustrial control runs from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are analyzed to determine if atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are able to simulate droughts that are similar in persistence and severity to the megadroughts in the proxy-derived North American Drought Atlas. Megadroughts are found in each of the AOGCM simulations of the LM, although there are intermodel differences in the number, persistence, and severity of these features. Despite these differences, a common feature of the simulated megadroughts is that they are not forced by changes in the exogenous forcing conditions. Furthermore, only the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), version 4, simulation contains megadroughts that are consistently forced by cooler conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean. These La Niña–like mean states are not accompanied by changes to the interannual variability of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation system and result from internal multidecadal variability of the tropical Pacific mean state, of which the CCSM has the largest magnitude of the analyzed simulations. Critically, the CCSM is also found to have a realistic teleconnection between the tropical Pacific and North America that is stationary on multidecadal time scales. Generally, models with some combination of a realistic and stationary teleconnection and large multidecadal variability in the tropical Pacific are found to have the highest incidence of megadroughts driven by the tropical Pacific boundary conditions.
Ensemble Sensitivity Analysis Applied to a Southern Plains Convective Event
Authors: Bednarczyk Christopher N. , Ancell Brian C.
Published: October 2014

Forecast sensitivity of an April 2012 severe convection event in northern Texas is investigated with a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model–based ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Through ensemble sensitivity analysis (ESA), which relates a forecast metric to initial and early forecast errors by linear regression, features of the flow are revealed that reflect dynamical relationships with the forecast convection. Results indicate that ESA can be successfully applied to high-resolution forecasts of convection, and the most important features are related to the synoptic-scale flow such as positioning of an upper-level low and lower-level thermodynamic characteristics of air masses. Comparisons of the maximum and minimum convectively active members in the region of interest show that the fields generated by ESA are consistent with the actual evolution of the event: members with more eastward progression of the synoptic-scale system produced a stronger convection forecast. The forecast metric of interest is modified in several ways to further evaluate the strength of the results of the sensitivity analysis. Three different variables acting as convection proxies (reflectivity, vertical velocity, and precipitation) are tested along with changing the location of the forecast metric and its spatial size. These additional tests highlight the same synoptic features of the flow with the only major differences reflecting the importance of magnitude versus position of the convective forecast.
Coalitions of the willing? International backing and British public support for military action
Authors: Johns Robert , Davies Graeme AM
Published: October 2014

Studies of public support for war highlight the importance of context. Most people do not simply support or oppose the use of force but instead assess its merits depending on various aspects of the situation. One such aspect is the extent of international backing – whether from individual states or supranational organizations – for military action. This backing may be active, notably through the contribution of troops, or more a passive matter of endorsement or authorization of action. In this article, a survey experiment embedded in a major internet survey of British foreign policy attitudes (N = 2,205) is used to explore how international backing affects public support for military action. Britain’s military potential and recent history make it an obvious case study here. Both active and endorsement backing prove to have separate and significant positive effects on support. Importantly, the absolute number of troops involved matters far less than the proportion of total troop numbers to be contributed. And the perceived strength of the enemy predicts support only when the British are to contribute a large proportion of total forces. Predispositional variables are used to investigate the sources of the experimental effects but with little success: the impact of international backing proves remarkably consistent across the sample.
The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders
Authors: Bullis Jacqueline R. , Sauer-Zavala Shannon , Bentley Kate H. , Thompson-Hollands Johanna , Carl Jenna R. , Barlow David H.
Published: October 2014

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) has demonstrated promising results among patients with heterogeneous anxiety and comorbid depressive disorders when delivered on an individual basis, but greater efficiencies may be achieved with group-based applications. The aim of the present study was to provide a preliminary exploration of the UP when delivered in a group format. Among diagnostically diverse patients ( N = 11), the UP group treatment resulted in moderate to strong effects on anxiety and depressive symptoms, functional impairment, quality of life, and emotion regulation skills, as well as good acceptability and overall satisfaction ratings from patients. Three clinical cases are presented in detail to illustrate the group-based UP delivery, followed by a critical discussion of associated challenges and proposed guidelines for group administration, as well as directions for future research.
Branched‐Chain Amino Acid–Rich Supplements Containing Microelements Have Antioxidant Effects on Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice
Authors: Tanaka Hiroaki , Fukahori Suguru , Baba Shinji , Ueno Takato , Sivakumar Ramadoss , Yagi Minoru , Asagiri Kimio , Ishii Shinji , Tanaka Yoshiaki
Published: October 2014

Background: The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether the administration of antioxidant‐rich nutrients, including branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), microelements, and vitamins, both alone and in combination, has a positive impact on liver function in a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model and identify the mechanisms underlying these effects. Methods: Seven‐week‐old male KKAy mice fed a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient diet (MCD) for 4 weeks were divided into 7 groups and fed the following planned diets for another 4 weeks: group A (normal diet), group B (MCD; control), group C (MCD with rich microelements), group D (MCD with rich BCAAs), group E (MCD with rich microelements and BCAAs), and group F (MCD with rich microelements, BCAAs, and vitamins). We then conducted biochemical assays, histological analyses, immunohistochemistry for 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and 4‐hydroxy‐2′‐nonenal (4‐HNE), and Western blotting for insulin glucose signaling, lipid metabolism, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–related signaling in liver specimens obtained from mice in each group. Results: The morphometric grades of all NASH‐related findings and the mean degree of 8‐OHdG immunolocalization in groups D–F were significantly lower than those observed in group B. The expression levels of insulin receptor β subunit (IRβ) and p‐elF in groups E and F and those of phosphatidyl‐inositol 3 kinase (PI3K85), p‐AcelCoA, and PERK in group F were similar to those noted in group A. Conclusions: The administration of a combination of antioxidant‐rich nutrients, including BCAAs and microelements, is likely to suppress the progression of NASH by reducing oxidative stress, primarily via the downregulation of the ER stress pathway.
Social and non-social fear in preschoolers and prospective associations with lying about cheating
Authors: Zwirs Barbara W. C. , Székely Eszter , Herba Catherine M. , Verhulst Frank C. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: October 2014

Little is known about the development of children’s lying. The present study examined whether observed social and non-social fear in preschoolers predicts children’s consistent cheating ( N = 460; M = 4.3 years of age) and consistent lying about cheating. When left alone, 155 (34%) children cheated in both games conducted. Of these consistently cheating children, 54 (35%) children lied about their cheating after both games, whereas the remaining 101 children confessed to cheating after at least one game. Children’s temperamental fear did not predict consistent cheating. However, non-social (but not social) fear did predict consistent lying. Children with lower levels of non-social fear were more likely to lie. These findings suggest that non-social fear plays a role in the development of children’s antisocial lying.
Antidepressant drug development: Focus on triple monoamine reuptake inhibition
Authors: Lane Roger M
Published: October 2014

Many patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) only partially respond, and some have no clinically meaningful response, to current widely used antidepressant drugs. Due to the purported role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression, triple-reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) that simultaneously inhibit serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine reuptake could be a useful addition to the armamentarium of treatments for MDD. A TRI should more effectively activate mesolimbic dopamine-related reward-networks, restore positive mood and reduce potent 5-HT reuptake blockade associated “hypodopaminergic” adverse effects of decreased libido, weight gain and “blunting” of emotions. On the other hand, dopaminergic effects raise concern over abuse liability and TRIs may have many of the cardiovascular effects associated with NET inhibition. Several clinical development programs for potential TRI antidepressants have failed to demonstrate significantly greater efficacy than placebo or standard of care. Successful late-stage clinical development of a TRI is more likely if experimental research studies in the target population of depressed patients have demonstrated target engagement that differentially and dose-dependently improves assessments of reward-network dysfunction relative to existing antidepressants. TRI treatment could be individualized on the basis of predictive markers such as the burden of decreased positive mood symptoms and/or neuroimaging evidence of reward network dysfunction. This review focuses on how the next generation of monoamine-based treatments could be efficiently developed to address unmet medical need in MDD.