bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Stigma Towards People with Opioid Use Problems: Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Opening Minds Provider Attitudes Towards Opioid-Use Scale (OM-PATOS)
Authors: Knaak Stephanie , Patten Scott , Stuart Heather
Published: March 2022

Many countries are experiencing an ongoing opioid crisis characterized by high rates of opioid use problems, overdose, poisoning, and death. Stigma has been identified as a central problem for seeking and receiving quality services from health providers and first respondents. The Mental Health Commission of Canada developed a scale that could be used to measure stigma in this population, as no such scale currently exists. This paper provides the results of psychometric testing of this new scale, known as the Opening Minds Provider Attitudes Towards Opioid-Use Scale (OM-PATOS), using exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis. EFA findings showed a 15 item 2-factor solution, with subscales of ‘attitudes’ (6 items) and ‘behaviours/motivation to help’ (9 items). The confirmatory factor analysis provided some preliminary confirmation of the factor structure suggested by the exploratory analyses, but further research with larger samples is needed to fully confirm the factor structure. Overall, results support the use of the 15-item scale with health professionals and first responders, with factors used for descriptive value rather than as calculated subscales until further research can be completed.
Epistemic stability and epistemic adaptability: interdisciplinary knowledge integration competencies for complex sustainability issues
Authors: Horn A. , Urias E. , Zweekhorst M. B. M.
Published: March 2022

Global sustainability challenges transcend disciplines and, therefore, demand interdisciplinary approaches that are characterized by cross-disciplinary collaboration and integration across disciplines. In accordance with this need for interdisciplinary approaches, sustainability professionals have been reported to require interdisciplinary competencies. Although the necessity of interdisciplinary competencies is generally agreed upon, and there has been extensive research to understand competencies for interdisciplinarity, there is still no comprehensive understanding of how individual competencies shape the ability to integrate knowledge across disciplines. Therefore, based on empirical research and literature review, we propose a novel framework to understand competencies for interdisciplinarity. The empirical data were collected through written reflection and interviews with 19 students in the context of an interdisciplinary master’s course. We describe four typical behaviours—naïve, assertive, accommodating, and integrative. Based on these behavioural typologies, we define two sets of competencies that collaborators require to engage in interdisciplinary knowledge integration: Epistemic Stability (ES) and Epistemic Adaptability (EA). ES competencies are the competencies to contribute one’s own academic knowledge, such as theoretical and methodological grounding in one’s own field and confidence, and EA competencies are the competencies to engage with academic knowledge contributed by others, such as curiosity, openness and communicative skills. Our findings show that interdisciplinary knowledge integration requires ES and EA competencies. Our framework for interdisciplinary competencies offers insights for revising and designing more interventions to prepare (future) professionals for interdisciplinary work on sustainability issues, providing insights on criteria for assessment, management, and training.
The Ethical Self in the Later Foucault: the Question of Normativity
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: March 2022

Michel’s Foucault’s later work has been the subject of much critical interest regarding the question of whether it provides a normative stance that prescribes how the self ought to act. Having first outlined the nature of the debate, I engage with Foucault’s comparative analysis of the ethical systems of ancient Greeks and Christianity to show that he holds that the former maintains that the ethical subject was premised not on adherence to a priori rules as in Christianity, but from and around an on-going process of practical experimentation. From this, Foucault goes on to describe the practices through which the self acted to make and re-make itself, which leads to the question of whether such descriptions also contain prescriptions as to how the self should act. I argue that they do contain a prescriptively normative stance, but in a very specific sense. Rather than delineating the specific ethical commitments we should adopt, Foucault takes off from the example of the ancient Greeks to insist that individuals should adopt an indeterminate orientating principle based on absolute openness to each context, with this principle given content through a context-specific, spontaneous, on-going, and inherently individual, albeit socially situated, process of practical experimentation. The result is a highly original account of normativity that makes individuals absolutely responsible for themselves and their ethical activities in each moment.
Social Determinants of Health, Race, and Diabetes Population Health Improvement: Black/African Americans as a Population Exemplar
Authors: Hill-Briggs Felicia , Ephraim Patti L. , Vrany Elizabeth A. , Davidson Karina W. , Pekmezaris Renee , Salas-Lopez Debbie , Alfano Catherine M. , Gary-Webb Tiffany L.
Published: March 2022

Purpose of Review

To summarize evidence of impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on diabetes risk, morbidity, and mortality and to illustrate this impact in a population context.

Recent Findings

Key findings from the American Diabetes Association’s scientific review of five SDOH domains (socioeconomic status, neighborhood and physical environment, food environment, health care, social context) are highlighted. Population-based data on Black/African American adults illustrate persisting diabetes disparities and inequities in the SDOH conditions in which this population is born, grows, lives, and ages, with historical contributors. SDOH recommendations from US national committees largely address a health sector response, including health professional education, SDOH measurement, and patient referral to services for social needs. Fewer recommendations address solutions for systemic racism and socioeconomic discrimination as root causes.

SDOH are systemic, population-based, cyclical, and intergenerational, requiring extension beyond health care solutions to multi-sector and multi-policy approaches to achieve future population health improvement.
The leaky pipeline of publications and knowledge generation in medical education
Authors: Kusurkar Rashmi A.
Published: March 2022

None
Resolutions of operads via Koszul (bi)algebras
Authors: Tamaroff Pedro
Published: March 2022

We introduce a construction that produces from each bialgebra H an operad $$\mathsf {Ass}_H$$

Ass
H

controlling associative algebras in the monoidal category of H-modules or, briefly, H-algebras. When the underlying algebra of this bialgebra is Koszul, we give explicit formulas for the minimal model of this operad depending only on the coproduct of H and the Koszul model of H. This operad is seldom quadratic—and hence does not fall within the reach of Koszul duality theory—so our work provides a new rich family of examples where an explicit minimal model of an operad can be obtained. As an application, we observe that if we take H to be the mod-2 Steenrod algebra $${\mathscr {A}}$$
A
, then this notion of an associative H-algebra coincides with the usual notion of an $$\mathscr {A}$$
A
-algebra considered by homotopy theorists. This makes available to us an operad $$\mathsf {Ass}_{{\mathscr {A}}}$$

Ass
A

along with its minimal model that controls the category of associative $${\mathscr {A}}$$
A
-algebras, and the notion of strong homotopy associative $${\mathscr {A}}$$
A
-algebras.
University spillovers, absorptive capacities, and firm performance
Authors: Lehmann Erik E. , Menter Matthias , Wirsching Katharine
Published: March 2022

This study investigates the impact of both university spillovers and firms’ absorptive capacities on firms’ financial performance, using a multilevel approach. Considering internal firm characteristics as well as external regional characteristics, our results clearly show that university spillovers do not have a per se stimulating effect. It is the interaction between firms’ absorptive capacities and local university spillovers, which proves to have a positive and significant effect on firms’ economic performance. We further find that there is an optimal level of absorptive capacities, implying that ‘a more the better’ logic does not apply. Our findings give impetus to a call for more comprehensive public policy strategies. Policy makers have to balance the support provided to knowledge producing regional actors such as universities as well as knowledge exploiting actors such as knowledge-based firms to leverage local resources and ultimately create economic value within regional innovation systems by enabling efficient technology transfer processes.
Development of digital organ-on-a-chip to assess hepatotoxicity and extracellular vesicle-based anti-liver cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Wu Guohua , Wu Jianguo , Li Zihan , Shi Shengyu , Wu Di , Wang Xuanbo , Xu Han , Liu Hui , Huang Yixiao , Wang Rending , Shen Jia , Dong Zhihong , Wang Shuqi
Published: March 2022

Organ-on-a-chip systems have been increasingly recognized as attractive platforms to assess toxicity and to develop new therapeutic agents. However, current organ-on-a-chip platforms are limited by a “single pot” design, which inevitably requires holistic analysis and limits parallel processing. Here, we developed a digital organ-on-a-chip by combining a microwell array with cellular microspheres, which significantly increased the parallelism over traditional organ-on-a-chip for drug development. Up to 127 uniform liver cancer microspheres in this digital organ-on-a-chip format served as individual analytical units, allowing for analysis with high consistency and quick response. Our platform displayed evident anti-cancer efficacy at a concentration of 10 μM for sorafenib, and had greater alignment than the “single pot” organ-on-a-chip with a previous in vivo study. In addition, this digital organ-on-a-chip demonstrated the treatment efficacy of natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicles for liver cancer at 50 μg/mL. The successful development of this digital organ-on-a-chip platform provides high-parallelism and a low-variability analytical tool for toxicity assessment and the exploration of new anticancer modalities, thereby accelerating the joint endeavor to combat cancer.

Graphic abstract
Temperature-mediated regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Brightbill C. Maddie , Sung Sibum
Published: March 2022

Throughout a plant’s life cycle, temperature plays a major role in development. Regulatory modules use temperature cues to control gene expression, facilitating physiological change from germination to flowering. These regulatory modules control morphological and molecular responses to temperature changes caused by seasonal changes or by temporary fluctuations, providing a versatile plasticity of plants. In this review, we outline how temperature changes affect the regulatory modules that induce and repress flowering, in addition to general temperature regulation. Recent studies have identified several regulatory modules by which floral transition and growth responses are controlled in a temperature-dependent manner. This review will report on recent studies related to floral transition and ambient temperature response.
Worst-Case Analysis of a New Heuristic for the Travelling Salesman Problem
Authors: Christofides Nicos
Published: March 2022

An O(n3) heuristic algorithm is described for solving d-city travelling salesman problems (TSP) whose cost matrix satisfies the triangularity condition. The algorithm involves as substeps the computation of a shortest spanning tree of the graph G defining the TSP and the finding of a minimum cost perfect matching of a certain induced subgraph of G. A worst-case analysis of this heuristic shows that the ratio of the answer obtained to the optimum TSP solution is strictly less than 3/2. This represents a 50% reduction over the value 2 which was the previously best known such ratio for the performance of other polynomial growth algorithms for the TSP.
The Medical Information Scientific Process: Define, Research, Evaluate, Synthesize, and Share (DRESS)
Authors: Albano Dominick , Pragga Farah , Rai Rena , Flowers Teresa , Parmar Prachi , Wnorowski Susan , Hermes-DeSantis Evelyn R.
Published: March 2022

Medical information (MI) professionals are primarily responsible for researching and responding to unsolicited requests for information on their company’s product(s). In an effort to set a standard for quality, the Pharma Collaboration for Transparent Medical Information (phactMI) created a code of practice for the provision of medical information to healthcare professionals. This code introduced the term “MI science skills” to describe the expertise required to perform the duties of an MI professional. These skills can be summarized by the acronym DRESS. In order to effectively and efficiently respond to an unsolicited request for information, the MI professional essentially follows five steps: define the question, research the topic, evaluate the evidence, synthesize a response, and share the answer. As this approach mirrors the scientific process for data generation, MI scientist may be a more apt description for this role. This paper explains the rationale behind the term MI scientist and the skills associated with each component of the DRESS approach.
Reflections on the human role in AI policy formulations: how do national AI strategies view people?
Authors: Salo-Pöntinen Henrikki , Saariluoma Pertti
Published: March 2022

Purpose

There is no artificial intelligence (AI) without people. People design and develop AI; they modify and use it and they have to reorganize the ways they have carried out tasks in their work and everyday life. National strategies are documents made to describe how different nations foster AI and as human dimensions are such an important aspect of AI, this study sought to investigate major national strategy documents to determine how they view the human role in emerging AI societies.

Approach

Our method for analyzing the strategies was conceptual analysis since the development of technology is embedded with conceptual ideas of humanity, explicit or implicit, and in addition to deepening analysis of explicit argumentation the method enables the deconstruction and reconstruction of meanings and conceptual relations within the strategies, exposing presumptions and tacit commitments of the writers.

Findings

The analysis of the documents illustrates that the general tendency in national strategies is globally dominantly technology-driven as the state of affairs appears to be creating new technologies. However, various human research points such as usability, user experience, sociotechnical and life-based themes are less well represented. Because national strategies are used to develop innovation processes, we argue that future development of national strategies could be improved by taking human research issues more energetically in the agenda.

Originality

Our study elaborates the current trends in AI-policy discourses and discusses reasons and possibilities for more holistic policymaking, making it a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and the larger public.
The origin of smiling, laughing, and crying: The defensive mimic theory
Authors: Graziano Michael S. A.
Published: March 2022

Why do we leak lubricant from the eyes to solicit comfort from others? Why do we bare our teeth and crinkle our faces to express non-aggression? The defensive mimic theory proposes that a broad range of human emotional expressions evolved originally as exaggerated, temporally extended mimics of the fast, defensive reflexes that normally protect the body surface. Defensive reflexes are so important to survival that they cannot be safely suppressed; yet they also broadcast information about an animal's internal state, information that can potentially be exploited by other animals. Once others can observe and exploit an animal's defensive reflexes, it may be advantageous to the animal to run interference by creating mimic defensive actions, thereby manipulating the behaviour of others. Through this interaction over millions of years, many human emotional expressions may have evolved. Here, human social signals including smiling, laughing and crying, are compared component-by-component with the known, well-studied features of primate defensive reflexes. It is suggested that the defensive mimic theory can adequately account for the physical form of not all, but a large range of, human emotional expression.
Experimental properties of continuously forced, shear-driven, stratified turbulence. Part 1. Mean flows, self-organisation, turbulent fractions
Authors: Lefauve Adrien , Linden P.F.
Published: March 2022

We study the experimental properties of exchange flows in a stratified inclined duct, which are simultaneously turbulent, strongly stratified by a mean vertical density gradient, driven by a mean vertical shear, and continuously forced by gravity. We focus on the ‘core’ shear layer away from the duct walls, where these flows are excellent experimentally realisable approximations of canonical hyperbolic-tangent stratified shear layers, whose forcing allows mean and turbulent properties to reach quasi-steady states. We analyse state-of-the-art data sets of the time-resolved density and velocity in three-dimensional subvolumes of the duct in 16 experiments covering a range of flow regimes (Holmboe waves, intermittent turbulence, full turbulence). In this Part 1 we first reveal the permissible regions in the multidimensional parameter space (Reynolds number, bulk Richardson number, velocity-to-density layer thickness ratio), and their link to experimentally controllable parameters. Reynolds-averaged balances then reveal the subtle momentum forcing and dissipation mechanisms in each layer, the broadening or sharpening of the density interface, and the importance of the streamwise non-periodicity of these flows. Mean flows suggest a tendency towards self-similarity of the velocity and density profiles with increasing turbulence, and gradient Richardson number statistics support prior ‘internal mixing’ theories of ‘equilibrium Richardson number’, ‘marginal stability’ and ‘self-organised criticality’. Turbulent volume fractions based on enstrophy and overturn thresholds quantify the nature of turbulence between different regimes in different regions of parameter space, while highlighting the challenges of obtaining representative statistics in spatiotemporally intermittent flows. These insights may stimulate and assist the development of numerical simulations with a higher degree of experimental realism.
Nudging-based data assimilation of the turbulent flow around a square cylinder
Authors: Zauner M. , Mons V. , Marquet O. , Leclaire B.
Published: March 2022

We investigate the estimation of the turbulent flow around a canonical square cylinder at

$Re=22\,000$

based on temporally resolved but spatially sparse velocity data and solving the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations. Flow reconstruction from sparse data is achieved through the application of a nudging data assimilation technique. It involves the introduction of a feedback control term in the momentum equations which allows us to drive URANS predictions towards reference data, which are here extracted from a direct numerical simulation. Such a data assimilation approach induces negligible supplementary computational cost compared with that of a standard URANS simulation. The influence of the spatial resolution of the reference data on the reconstruction performances is systematically investigated. Using a spacing of the order of one cylinder length between data points, we already observe synchronisation of the low-frequency vortex shedding between the full reference flow and the one that is estimated by URANS. The present data assimilation procedure allows us to compensate for deficiencies in standard URANS calculations and leads to a significant decrease in temporal and spectral errors as computed by spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. Furthermore, high accuracy in terms of mean-flow prediction by URANS is achieved. When considering spacings between measurements that are of the order of the wavelength of the Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices, such phenomena in the shear layers at the top and bottom of the cylinder are correctly estimated, while they are not self-sustained in standard URANS. The influence of the structure of the feedback control term in the data assimilation procedure is also investigated.
Asynchronous and synchronous quenching of a globally unstable jet via axisymmetry breaking
Authors: Kushwaha Abhijit K. , Worth Nicholas A. , Dawson James R. , Gupta Vikrant , Li Larry K.B.
Published: March 2022

We explore experimentally whether axisymmetry breaking can be exploited for the open-loop control of a prototypical hydrodynamic oscillator, namely a low-density inertial jet exhibiting global self-excited axisymmetric oscillations. We find that when forced transversely or axially at a low amplitude, the jet always transitions first from a period-1 limit cycle to

$\mathbb {T}^2$

quasiperiodicity via a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. However, we find that the subsequent transition, from

$\mathbb {T}^2$

quasiperiodicity to

$1:1$

lock-in, depends on the spatial symmetry of the applied perturbations: axial forcing induces a saddle-node bifurcation at small detuning but an inverse Neimark–Sacker bifurcation at large detuning, whereas transverse forcing always induces an inverse Neimark–Sacker bifurcation irrespective of the detuning. Crucially, we find that only transverse forcing can enable both asynchronous and synchronous quenching of the natural mode to occur without resonant or non-resonant amplification of the forced mode, resulting in substantially lower values of the overall response amplitude across all detuning values. From this, we conclude that breaking the jet axisymmetry via transverse forcing is a more effective control strategy than preserving the jet axisymmetry via axial forcing. Finally, we show that the observed synchronization phenomena can be modelled qualitatively with just two forced coupled Van der Pol oscillators. The success of such a simple low-dimensional model in capturing the complex synchronization dynamics of a multi-modal hydrodynamic system opens up new opportunities for axisymmetry breaking to be exploited for the open-loop control of other globally unstable flows.
Feminist Demands and the Problem of Housework
Authors: FORRESTER KATRINA
Published: March 2022

This article develops an account of demand-making and provides a novel framework for evaluating the demands and strategies of social movements. It explores three features of demands, arguing that they disclose social conditions, create constituencies, and set the horizons of the world that social movements seek to build. It does so by considering two feminist demands: the demand for wages for housework and for the socialization of housework. By revisiting revolutionary feminism in the 1970s, it contrasts two strategic perspectives articulated in debates about housework: what Selma James called the “perspective of winning” and what I call the “perspective of investment,” a strategy for change that sees short-term reforms as investments in long-term transformations. In light of this, I endorse the demand to socialize housework as apt for the contemporary care economy and show how my account of demand-making contributes to the political theory of social movements by clarifying movement demands for “non-reformist reforms,” such as defund the police.
TORT'S HIERARCHY OF PROTECTED INTERESTS
Authors: Murphy John
Published: March 2022

It is widely accepted that tort law operates according to a hierarchy of protected interests. Some commentators suggest that this hierarchy can be put to dispositive uses in cases characterised by a clash of interests held respectively by the claimant and defendant (the inferior interest giving way). Others argue that thinking in terms of a hierarchy of interests sheds light on three unusual aspects of tort law: viz. the existence of torts that are actionable per se, the existence of strict liability torts, and the existence of actions in which injunctive relief is routinely awarded even though compensatory damages are tort law's default remedy. This article tests both claims. It concludes that an intuitively appealing hierarchy of interests can be identified, and that it might well possess dispositive significance all other things being equal. But it also observes that all other things are seldom equal, and that departures from the hierarchy occur for various reasons that can be clearly identified and which should be borne in mind when thinking about its dispositive utility. It also urges caution in making connections between the status of certain interests and the fact that they are protected by torts that are actionable per se, strict liability torts and torts in connection with which injunctions are awarded almost as a matter of course.
Effects of the thermal denaturation degree of a whey protein isolate on the strength of acid milk gels and the dissociation of κ-casein
Authors: Oka Daiki , Ono Wataru , Tamaki Shojiro , Noguchi Tomohiro , Takano Katsumi
Published: March 2022

In this study, the effects of the degree of thermal denaturation of whey protein (WP) added to milk on the dissociation of κ-casein from casein micelles were investigated, since they are related to the strength of acid milk gel and its factors. Acid milk gels were prepared by heating thermally denatured WP isolate (WPI) and undenatured milk mixtures and treating them with glucono-δ-lactone as a coagulant. The strength of these gels was negatively correlated with the WPI denaturation degree and strongly positively correlated with the extent of κ-casein dissociation from casein micelles. This behavior was ascribed to the fact that α-lactalbumin (α-La) and β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) contained in WPI denatured after heating and engaged in disulfide bond formation with each other. With an increase in the degree of denaturation and disulfide bond formation, the bonding between β-lactoglobulin and κ-casein was suppressed to decrease the amount of κ-casein–WPI complexes. When β-Lg forms SS bonds with α-La, the number of highly reactive, free SH groups decreases, which complicates the formation of SS bridges between β-Lg and κ-casein. Thus, the denaturation degree of WPI largely determined the degree of κ-casein dissociation from casein micelles and, consequently, the strength of acid milk gels. Adding WP to milk increases the strength of acid milk gel, and it can be controlled by changing the degree of thermal denaturation of the WP. Furthermore, it was clarified for the first time that the dissociation of κ-casein from casein micelles influences this effect. Further studies are needed to elucidate the structural features of κ-casein-dissociated micelles.
First isolation and scanning electron microscopy of haptoral sclerites ofMacrogyrodactylus(Monogenea)
Authors: Maduenyane Mpho , Dos Santos Quinton Marco , Avenant-Oldewage Annemariè
Published: March 2022

Macrogyrodactylus congolensis(Prudhoe, 1957) is one of six species ofMacrogyrodactylus, all of which are endemic to Africa. This monogenean is a host-specific ectoparasite of the African sharptooth catfish,Clarias gariepinus(Burchell, 1822). It attaches to the host with a posterior haptor armed with sclerites. The specific morphology of sclerites is taxonomically significant and usually studied using light microscopy. The aim of the present study was to confirm the identification of macrogyrodactylid parasites using classic morphology (light microscopy of glycerine ammonium picrate mounted specimens) and molecular techniques (18S rDNA, ITS rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) mtDNA). Additionally, the sclerites were accurately described with a technique not previously used for the genus, whereby haptoral sclerites were isolated by removing the encapsulating soft tissue with a digestion buffer and studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphology and morphometry of studied specimens corresponded to available data forM. congolensis, confirming the identity of the parasite. All previous descriptions were summarized in a table and discrepancies discussed. Molecular analysis also confirmed the specimens to beM. congolensis, but ITS rDNA and COI mtDNA was more reliable than 18S rDNA in this regard. The isolation of haptoral sclerites and their study using SEM was successful, resolving the morphology of all sclerites. This study provided the first reconstruction of the haptor of aMacrogyrodactylusspecies following SEM analysis, as well as the first mtDNA forM. congolensis. Further study of isolated haptoral sclerites of other macrogyrodactylids is required to determine the full benefits of studying their isolated sclerites.
Phylogeny, species delimitation and ecological and morphological diversity of Characithecium (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae)
Authors: Wendt Emília W. , Malabarba Luiz R. , Braga Mariana P. , Boeger Walter A. , Landis Michael , Carvalho Tiago P.
Published: March 2022

Characithecium (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) is a genus containing nine species that live on the gills of a characid clade containing genera Astyanax, Andromakhe, Psalidodon and Oligosarcus (Characiformes, Characidae) in South and Central America. Earlier studies suggest a tight coevolutionary history between these parasites and their hosts mainly due to the phylogenetic proximity between these genera of fish. Hence, this study explores phylogenetic relationships, species limits and extrinsic factors (geography and ecology) explaining parasite prevalence. To understand the evolutionary history of the genus, we constructed a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis, which includes eight of the nine known species of Characithecium sampled from a broad spectrum of host species. The phylogeny supports the monophyly of Characithecium, with its most recent common ancestor dating from the Miocene. Using generalized mixed-yule coalescent and Bayesian Poisson tree process methods, species delimitation analyses suggested fewer species than the proposed delimitation based on morphology alone, recovering four and six entities, respectively. The results indicate that species of Characithecium have wider geographical and host distribution and higher prevalence on Oligosarcus species compared to Astyanax and Psalidodon. Correlation between parasite prevalence and biotic and abiotic traits, based on generalized linear models, indicates that the frequency of occurrence of different species of Characithecium is associated with distinct factors, such as host genus, high altitudes, rivers and streams, and different ecoregions. Our results suggest that species of Characithecium are highly opportunistic, exploring resources in different manner as our data reveal the ability of these parasites to explore a diverse environment of variable biotic (e.g. hosts) and abiotic features.
The Reproduction of Caruso
Authors: Williams Gavin
Published: March 2022

Few figures loom larger in the early history of recorded sound than Enrico Caruso. Man and voice are ubiquitous in the making of gramophone markets, and conspicuous, too, as means of scholarly explanation by which a sound medium was born. In sound studies, Caruso has become a cipher for ‘audile technique’ (Jonathan Sterne's coinage), the bodily practices by which listeners came to engage musical media as something for their ears alone. This article inquires after what made Caruso a reproducible person. It portrays him as a singer celebrity deeply involved in his own reproduction through the media of caricature, sculpture, film and opera house. Through analysis of Caruso's productions for New York's Italian diaspora and farther afield, it argues that an ensemble of media meant he was reproduced beyond familiar, cosmopolitan circuits of operatic celebrity. Finally, it shows how politics of celebrity reproduction were transformed following Caruso's death, through the writing of history, into new imaginations and techniques for listening.
Reflections on Posthuman Ethics. Grievability and the More-than-human Worlds of Iron and Viking Age Scandinavia
Authors: Eriksen Marianne Hem , Kay Kevin
Published: March 2022

Posthuman feminism grows out of interdisciplinary discourse exploring relational metaphysics. It is set apart from other approaches in the broader ontological turn by its central ethical claim: by actively forming kinship or alliances among human and non-humans, we can overcome major challenges of today's world and create a better future. Archaeologists and anthropologists are well situated to investigate this claim, as we already work with worlds unstructured by western dichotomies. This paper explores one such past world—Iron and Viking Age Scandinavia—to ask how alternative more-than-human relationships may work in practice. Specifically, we examine the relations among swords, animals, houses and humans in the first millenniumce, assessing ethical commitments within Butler's framework of grievability. We argue that the picture that emerges is fundamentally relational and unfamiliar, with complex articulations of bodies and personhood criss-crossing human–object divides; however, the ethical commitments of this world leave us deeply uncomfortable. Thus, although we welcome posthuman feminism's call to ontological openness, we caution against too easy an association between more-than-human kinship and ethical projects.
The cognate facilitation effect depends on the presence of identical cognates
Authors: Arana Sophie L. , Oliveira Helena M. , Fernandes Ana Isabel , Soares Ana Paula , Comesaña Montserrat
Published: March 2022

Previous research has shown that the direction of the cognate facilitation effect (CFE) can disappear if identical cognate words are removed from the stimulus list while keeping task requirements constant (Comesaña, Ferré, Romero, Guasch, Soares & García-Chico, 2015). These results do not fit well with leading computational models of bilingual word recognition (BIA+, Multilink), according to which there are no top-down influences at early stages of word processing. Influences would be post-lexical in nature and would result from competition at the response level. This study aimed to examine this issue by manipulating stimulus list composition and examining its impact on cognate word recognition. We varied the proportion of identical cognates in the experimental lists with four ratios of identical vs. non-identical cognates (50-50; 25-75; 12-88, and 0-100, respectively). Results showed that the CFE gradually decreases as the proportion of identical cognates also decreases. These findings cannot be explained by mechanisms of response competition, but instead seem to imply a dynamic and language-specific top-down regulation of lexical activation.
The Idea of God and the Empirical Investigation of Nature in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Spagnesi Lorenzo
Published: March 2022

This article aims to justify the positive role in the empirical investigation of nature that Kant attributes to the idea of God in the Critique of Pure Reason. In particular, I propose to read the Transcendental Ideal section and the Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic together to see whether they can reciprocally illuminate each other. I argue that it is only by looking at the transcendental deduction of the ideas of reason and the resulting analogical conception of God (which Kant provides in the Appendix) that a fully legitimate positive use of the idea of God can be vindicated.
Identifying Children With Self-Regulation Problems
Authors: Scionti Nicoletta , Luzi Giulia , Zampini Laura , Marzocchi Gian Marco
Published: March 2022

Abstract: The Preschool Self-Regulation Questionnaire (Questionario di Valutazione dell’Autoregolazione [QUVA-p]) is a teacher-completed screening tool for assessing child dysregulation at preschool age. This study presents the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, which was investigated in a sample of 413 preschoolers. We tested for construct validity, measurement invariance across gender, subscale internal consistency, subscale convergent validity with executive control tasks (working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility), and power to detect child differences in executive control. Results show that the factorial structure of the QUVA-p is in line with Nigg’s theoretical model of self-regulation and the subscales have good reliability. Measurement invariance is maintained across gender; the instrument reveals small but significant associations with executive control tasks, and it could be useful to detect child differences in executive control.
Trends, Breaks, and Biases in the Frequency of Reported Glacier Lake Outburst Floods
Authors: Veh Georg , Lützow Natalie , Kharlamova Varvara , Petrakov Dmitry , Hugonnet Romain , Korup Oliver
Published: March 2022

Thousands of glacier lakes have been forming behind natural dams in high mountains following glacier retreat since the early 20th century. Some of these lakes abruptly released pulses of water and sediment with disastrous downstream consequences. Yet it remains unclear whether the reported rise of these glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) has been fueled by a warming atmosphere and enhanced meltwater production, or simply a growing research effort. Here we estimate trends and biases in GLOF reporting based on the largest global catalog of 1,997 dated glacier‐related floods in six major mountain ranges from 1901 to 2017. We find that the positive trend in the number of reported GLOFs has decayed distinctly after a break in the 1970s, coinciding with independently detected trend changes in annual air temperatures and in the annual number of field‐based glacier surveys (a proxy of scientific reporting). We observe that GLOF reports and glacier surveys decelerated, while temperature rise accelerated in the past five decades. Enhanced warming alone can thus hardly explain the annual number of reported GLOFs, suggesting that temperature‐driven glacier lake formation, growth, and failure are weakly coupled, or that outbursts have been overlooked. Indeed, our analysis emphasizes a distinct geographic and temporal bias in GLOF reporting, and we project that between two to four out of five GLOFs on average might have gone unnoticed in the early to mid‐20th century. We recommend that such biases should be considered, or better corrected for, when attributing the frequency of reported GLOFs to atmospheric warming.
Quantification of Seasonal and Interannual Variations of the Tibetan Plateau Surface Thermodynamic Forcing Based on the Potential Vorticity
Authors: He Bian , Sheng Chen , Wu Guoxiong , Liu Yimin , Tang Yiqiong
Published: March 2022

In this study, a new index based on the potential vorticity (PV) framework is proposed for the quantification of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) surface thermodynamic and dynamic forcing. The results show that the derived TP surface PV (SPV) includes the topographical effect, near‐surface absolute vorticity, and land–air potential temperature differences. The climatological annual cycle of the SPV suggests that the TP transitions from a cooling to a heating source in April. The SPV reaches a maximum from June to August, which is consistent with the evolution of the Asian summer monsoon precipitation. Further analysis suggests that the intensified SPV in the boreal summer results in a low‐level cyclonic circulation anomaly associated with increased precipitation over the southeastern slope of the TP and South China and decreased precipitation over the Indian Ocean. In winter, the intensified SPV is associated with local cold air and divergence at the TP surface.
Simulation of Infrasonic Acoustic Wave Imprints on Airglow Layers During the 2016 M7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake
Authors: Inchin P. A. , Guerrero J. Aguilar , Snively J. B. , Kaneko Y.
Published: March 2022

Simulations of hypothesized but unobserved mesopause airglow (MA) disturbances generated by infrasonic acoustic waves (IAWs) during the 2016 M7.8 Kaikoura earthquake are performed. Realistic surface displacements are calculated in a forward seismic wave propagation model and incorporated into a 3‐D nonlinear compressible neutral atmosphere model as a source of IAWs at the surface‐air interface. Inchin et al. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1029/2020av000260 previously showed that Global Positioning System‐based total electron content (TEC) observations can be used to constrain the finite‐fault kinematics of the Kaikoura earthquake. However, due to limitations of Global Navigation Satellite System network coverage and coalescence of nonlinear IAW fronts, they pointed to the relative insensitivity of the observed near‐zenith TEC perturbations to the rupture evolution on the Papatea fault (PF). Here, we demonstrate that MA observations may have been able to supplement the investigation of the PF, providing information on both the timing of rupture initiation and its direction of propagation. The amplitudes of perturbations of vertically integrated volume emission rates for the simulated hydroxyl (OH)(3,1) and atomic oxygen O(1S) 557.7 nm reach ∼18% peak‐to‐peak, and ∼3.2% (5.8 K) peak‐to‐peak perturbations in OH(3,1) temperature. Our results suggest that observations of nighttime MA imprints of coseismic IAWs are feasible with ground‐based imagers, and may supplement the study of finite‐fault kinematics of large crustal earthquakes.
Effects of Regional Thermal State on the Crustal Annulus Relaxation of Lunar Large Impact Basins
Authors: Ding Min , Zhu Meng‐Hua
Published: March 2022

The Moon reveals striking asymmetries in the crustal structure and chemical composition between its nearside and farside. With the gravity‐based crustal thickness model, we find that most large impact basins with rim diameters greater than 450 km on the nearside have no crustal annulus, which is instead common for basins on the farside. Previous impact hydrodynamic simulations show that the thermal state has significant influences on the impact cratering process. However, the effects of the thermal state on the long‐term post‐impact relaxation, not well studied, may be equally important for explaining the different crustal annulus structures between the nearside and farside basins. In this work, we export crustal structure and impact‐induced thermal anomaly from impact hydrodynamic simulations to subsequent post‐impact viscoelastic relaxation models, and vary the near‐surface temperature gradient and radiogenic element content (represented by Th content as a proxy) to explore influences of the crustal thermal state on the post‐impact relaxation of the annulus. Our modeling results indicate that as the basin structure starts with a relatively hot state and cools afterwards, a prolonged high‐temperature (>1,200 K) duration of the crustal annulus is required for its effective relaxation, which corresponds to a high near‐surface temperature gradient or Th content of the crust. More specifically, a near‐surface temperature gradient greater than 30 K/km in combination with a Th content of 4 ppm for the bulk crust (or a Th content of 10 ppm for a 10 km‐thick KREEP layer underlying the crust), likely representing the early thermal state of the nearside, can produce the complete annulus relaxation. In contrast, a near‐surface temperature gradient lower than 20 K/km with a crustal Th content of 1 ppm, possibly representing the thermal state of the lunar farside, produces limited relaxation. Our modeling results show that the thermal state of the lunar crust controls the final crustal annulus structure of impact basins, which can explain the different crustal annuli of large impact basins between the nearside and farside of the Moon.
3D Flow Structures During Upwelling Events in Lakes of Moderate Size
Authors: Valbuena Sergio A. , Bombardelli Fabián A. , Cortés Alicia , Largier John L. , Roberts Derek C. , Forrest Alexander L. , Schladow S. Geoffrey
Published: March 2022

Upwelling can impact water quality dynamics in stratified water bodies. Conceptual models generally classify the upwelling response to winds in lakes into either a non‐rotational (2D, closed‐basin) model or a rotational (coastal upwelling) counterpart. The non‐rotational model is broadly applied in rotationally influenced lakes. The upwelling response to winds in stratified lakes may exhibit elements of both conceptual models. Here, we present the results of simulations with an accurate three‐dimensional numerical model of a lake of moderate size (Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada, USA), and focus our analyses on addressing the influence of the Coriolis force during the upwelling setup and relaxation phases. Upwelling was observed at the upwind boundary as well as along the coast to the left of the mean wind direction due to Ekman‐driven divergence. On the downwind shoreline, where downwelling occurs, alongshore currents appeared in response to wind forcing. Following the relaxation of the wind, our simulations reveal, for the first time, the existence of powerful cyclonic alongshore currents in lakes of moderate size, which are found to be in quasi‐geostrophic balance. These currents followed the characteristics of coastal jets often observed in large lakes and the coastal ocean. Our work leads us to conclude that upwelling setup in lakes with length scales ≈20 km and Burger numbers S < 1, exhibits a combination of dynamics predicted by both the non‐rotational, 2D, closed basin model, and the rotational coastal‐upwelling conceptual model.