bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Conundrum of Papillary Breast Lesions within the C3 Category
Authors: Weigner Julie , Zardawi Ibrahim , Braye Stephen , McElduff Patrick
Published: September 2015

Objectives: To identify features that could define papillary ductal cell proliferation within the C3 category and to subcategorise papillary lesions into benign papillomas which can be managed conservatively and atypical/malignant papillary neoplasms which require surgical intervention. Study Design: A blind microscopic rescreen of all C3 cases was conducted. The corresponding histological outcome was compared with the cytology. Statistical analysis was performed using papillary versus non-papillary outcomes and benign versus atypical/malignant papillary lesions. In addition, macropapillary lesions (papilloma and encysted papillary carcinoma) were plotted against micropapillary ductal carcinoma in situ. Results: Two hundred thirty FNA cases reported as C3 included 72 papillary neoplasms (52 benign papillomas and 20 atypical/malignant papillary lesions). Features specific to papillary lesions within C3 include macropapillary fragments, complex sheets, palisading strips, cystic background, cohesion and a decreased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Features favouring atypical/malignant papillary lesions include decreased numbers of bare bipolar nuclei, discohesion and a non-cystic background. These features are common to most breast malignancies; however, identification of papillary features often results in a downgraded diagnosis from C5. Conclusions: This study supports the ability to reliably identify papillary ductal cell proliferation within C3. Certain features can distinguish papillary lesions from other C3 pathologies. This separation is likely to be clinically useful as papillary lesions may require a different management approach.
Progression of Monoclonal Gammopathy with Undetermined Significance to Multiple Myeloma Diagnosed by Kidney Biopsy: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Jin Hae , Kim Ji Won , Kim Young Nam , Kim Hye In , Kim Jun Young , Kwon Ghee Young , Kim Kihyun , Jang Hye Ryoun
Published: September 2015

Monoclonal gammopathy with undetermined significance (MGUS) carries a risk of progression to multiple myeloma, and progression is usually diagnosed with changes in M-protein or bone marrow biopsy. We report a case of 62-year-old female patient showing MGUS progression to multiple myeloma without significant changes in M-protein but diagnosed by kidney biopsy. During the follow-ups, azotemia and tubular proteinuria were aggravated without elevation of M-protein. Kidney biopsy showed intratubular and glomerular inclusions associated with plasma cell dysplasia. The progression of MGUS to multiple myeloma was diagnosed by this kidney biopsy. The patient's renal function and tubular proteinuria were markedly improved after chemotherapy.
Elevated Ejection-Phase Myocardial Wall Stress in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Gu Haotian , Sinha Manish D. , Li Ye , Simpson John , Chowienczyk Phil J.
Published: September 2015

Myocardial wall stress (MWS) is thought to be the mechanical stimulus to ventricular hypertrophy. The objective of this study was to examine whether MWS is elevated in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are at high risk of developing adverse cardiovascular events related to left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy. MWS, a function of left ventricular pressure, myocardial wall volume, and cavity volume, was obtained using carotid tonometry to estimate ventricular pressure and 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic wall-tracking to obtain LV cavity and wall volumes. Ninety-two children (50 boys) aged 11.2±3.2 (mean±SD) years, including healthy controls (n=16), and those with CKD disease divided into 3 groups according to estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min per 1.73 m
2
) >90 (CKD 1, n=26), 60 to 90 (CKD 2, n=23), and <60 (CKD≥3, n=27) were studied. There was no significant difference in age, height, weight, central or peripheral blood pressure, LV mass, or mass index in the 4 study groups. By contrast, peak, mean, and end-systolic MWS were higher in children with CKD and increased across stages of CKD (peak MWS, 338.8±18.5 and 397.5±14.3 s/cm
2
in controls and CKD≥3, respectively;
P
=0.01). Higher systolic MWS was explained by a form of LV dysfunction whereby dynamic values of the ratio of wall volume/cavity size during systole were lower in children with CKD than in those without (
P
=0.001). Children with CKD exhibit blood pressure–independent LV dysfunction which results in increased systolic MWS and which may predispose to LV hypertrophy in later life.
Renal Protective Effect of
N
-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats
Authors: Worou Morel E. , Liao Tang-Dong , D’Ambrosio Martin , Nakagawa Pablo , Janic Branislava , Peterson Edward L. , Rhaleb Nour-Eddine , Carretero Oscar A.
Published: September 2015

N
-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (Ac-SDKP) is a natural tetrapeptide with anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties. Its effect on salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is unknown. We hypothesized that in Dahl SS rats on high-salt (HS) diet, Ac-SDKP prevents loss of nephrin expression and renal immune cell infiltration, leading to a decrease in albuminuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. To test this, Dahl SS rats and consomic SS13BN controls were fed either a low-salt (0.23% NaCl) or HS (4% NaCl) diet and treated for 6 weeks with vehicle or Ac-SDKP at either low or high dose (800 or 1600 µg/kg per day, respectively). HS increased systolic blood pressure in SS rats (HS+vehicle, 186±5 versus low salt+vehicle, 141±3 mm Hg;
P
<0.005) but not in SS13BN rats. Ac-SDKP did not affect blood pressure. Compared with low salt, HS-induced albuminuria, renal inflammation, fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis in both strains, but the damages were higher in SS than in SS13BN. Interestingly, in SS13BN rats, Ac-SDKP prevented albuminuria induced by HS (HS+vehicle, 44±8 versus HS+low Ac-SDKP, 24±3 or HS+high Ac-SDKP, 8±1 mg/24 h;
P
<0.05), whereas in SS rats, only high Ac-SDKP dose significantly attenuated albuminuria (HS+vehicle, 94±10 versus HS+high Ac-SDKP, 57±7 mg/24 h;
P
<0.05). In both strains, Ac-SDKP prevented HS-induced inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. In summary, in SS rats on HS diet, at low and high doses, Ac-SDKP prevented renal damage without affecting the blood pressure. Only the high dose of Ac-SDKP attenuated HS-induced albuminuria. Conversely, in SS13BN rats, both doses of Ac-SDKP prevented HS-induced renal damage and albuminuria.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Negatively Affects Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Naïve Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Perticone Francesco , Perticone Maria , Maio Raffaele , Sciacqua Angela , Andreucci Michele , Tripepi Giovanni , Corrao Salvatore , Mallamaci Francesca , Sesti Giorgio , Zoccali Carmine
Published: September 2015

Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, promoting arterial calcification in experimental models, is a powerful predictor of total and cardiovascular mortality in general population and in patients with renal or cardiovascular diseases. For this study, to evaluate a possible correlation between serum alkaline phosphatase levels and endothelial function, assessed by strain gauge plethysmography, we enrolled 500 naïve hypertensives divided into increasing tertiles of alkaline phosphatase. The maximal response to acetylcholine was inversely related to alkaline phosphatase (
r
=−0.55;
P
<0.001), and this association was independent (
r
=−0.61;
P
<0.001) of demographic and classical risk factors, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum phosphorus and calcium, C-reactive protein, and albuminuria. At multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk of endothelial dysfunction was ≈3-fold higher in patients in the third tertile than that of patients in the first tertile. We also tested the combined role of alkaline phosphatase and serum phosphorus on endothelial function. The steepness of the alkaline phosphatase/vasodilating response to acetylcholine relationship was substantially attenuated (
P
<0.001) in patients with serum phosphorus above the median value when compared with patients with serum phosphorus below the median (−5.0% versus −10.2% per alkaline phosphatase unit, respectively), and this interaction remained highly significant (
P
<0.001) after adjustment of all the previously mentioned risk factors. Our data support a strong and significant inverse relationship between alkaline phosphatase and endothelium-dependent vasodilation, which was attenuated by relatively higher serum phosphorus levels.
Evolutionary Visual Exploration: Evaluation of an IEC Framework for Guided Visual Search
Authors: Boukhelifa N. , Bezerianos A. , Cancino W. , Lutton E.
Published: September 2015

We evaluate and analyse a framework for evolutionary visual exploration (EVE) that guides users in exploring large search spaces. EVE uses an interactive evolutionary algorithm to steer the exploration of multidimensional data sets toward two-dimensional projections that are interesting to the analyst. Our method smoothly combines automatically calculated metrics and user input in order to propose pertinent views to the user. In this article, we revisit this framework and a prototype application that was developed as a demonstrator, and summarise our previous study with domain experts and its main findings. We then report on results from a new user study with a clearly predefined task, which examines how users leverage the system and how the system evolves to match their needs. While we previously showed that using EVE, domain experts were able to formulate interesting hypotheses and reach new insights when exploring freely, our new findings indicate that users, guided by the interactive evolutionary algorithm, are able to converge quickly to an interesting view of their data when a clear task is specified. We provide a detailed analysis of how users interact with an evolutionary algorithm and how the system responds to their exploration strategies and evaluation patterns. Our work aims at building a bridge between the domains of visual analytics and interactive evolution. The benefits are numerous, in particular for evaluating interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) techniques based on user study methodologies.
MOTA: A Many-Objective Tuning Algorithm Specialized for Tuning under Multiple Objective Function Evaluation Budgets
Authors: Dymond Antoine S. , Kok Schalk , Heyns P. Stephan
Published: September 2015

Control parameter studies assist practitioners to select optimization algorithm parameter values that are appropriate for the problem at hand. Parameter values are well suited to a problem if they result in a search that is effective given that problem’s objective function(s), constraints, and termination criteria. Given these considerations a many-objective tuning algorithm named MOTA is presented. MOTA is specialized for tuning a stochastic optimization algorithm according to multiple performance measures, each over a range of objective function evaluation budgets. MOTA’s specialization consists of four aspects: (1) a tuning problem formulation that consists of both a speed objective and a speed decision variable; (2) a control parameter tuple assessment procedure that utilizes information from a single assessment run’s history to gauge that tuple’s performance at multiple evaluation budgets; (3) a preemptively terminating resampling strategy for handling the noise present when tuning stochastic algorithms; and (4) the use of bi-objective decomposition to assist in many-objective optimization. MOTA combines these aspects together with differential evolution operators to search for effective control parameter values. Numerical experiments consisting of tuning NSGA-II and MOEA/D demonstrate that MOTA is effective at many-objective tuning.
Analysis of Randomised Search Heuristics for Dynamic Optimisation
Authors: Jansen Thomas , Zarges Christine
Published: September 2015

Dynamic optimisation is an area of application where randomised search heuristics like evolutionary algorithms and artificial immune systems are often successful. The theoretical foundation of this important topic suffers from a lack of a generally accepted analytical framework as well as a lack of widely accepted example problems. This article tackles both problems by discussing necessary conditions for useful and practically relevant theoretical analysis as well as introducing a concrete family of dynamic example problems that draws inspiration from a well-known static example problem and exhibits a bi-stable dynamic. After the stage has been set this way, the framework is made concrete by presenting the results of thorough theoretical and statistical analysis for mutation-based evolutionary algorithms and artificial immune systems.
Realism and Malarkey: Henry Kissinger's State Department, Détente, and Domestic Consensus
Authors: Allen David
Published: September 2015

This article uses recently declassified archival documents to reassess public opinion in the United States regarding East-West détente. When Henry Kissinger was U.S. secretary of state during the Nixon and Ford administrations, he made dozens of speeches intended to educate the public in what he considered the proper methods of diplomacy. By analyzing those “heartland” speeches using recently released documents, the article shows that Kissinger and the State Department tried much harder to create a foreign policy consensus behind détente and realism than previously understood. Despite these efforts, Kissinger's message was lost on the public. The article provides the first extended analysis of a series of fact-finding “town meetings” held by the State Department in five locations across the United States—meetings that revealed how badly Kissinger had failed. By February 1976, all those involved in U.S. foreign policymaking—Kissinger's opponents, his advisers, and the wider public—desired a greater role for moral values in foreign policy.
The U.S. “Loss” of Czechoslovakia: On the Edge of Historical Truth
Authors: Smetana Vít
Published: September 2015

This review essay provides a critical assessment of a book published in 2012 by Igor Lukes, On the Edge of the Cold War: American Diplomats and Spies in Postwar Prague. Lukes's aim in the book is to explain why the United States failed to prevent Czechoslovakia from being absorbed into the Soviet bloc after the Second World War. Although the book is highly readable and contains useful information, it is professionally unbalanced. Lukes's generally acceptable conclusions are undermined by numerous factual and methodological mistakes. These flaws stem from Lukes's frequently insufficient historical critique of his sources, his neglect of other important documentation, and his tendency to ignore much of the relevant historical literature.
A new species of Cololejeunea (Lejeuneaceae: Cololejeuneoideae) from Panama

Authors: Z. María Isabel Morales , Dauphin Gregorio
Published: September 2015

A new species of Cololejeunea section Protocolea, is described from Cerro Fábrega in Panama. The diagnostic characteristics of C. tixierii are lobes ovate-lanceolate, lobules never inflate but explanate or folded without forming a keel, reaching about half of the lobe length and perianth only faintly keeled at maturity.
New lichens and lichen records from Papua New Guinea, with the description of Crustospathula, a new genus in the Bacidiaceae

Authors: Aptroot André
Published: September 2015

Several lichen species are reported from the first time from New Guinea, based on material collected by the author in 1995. The following new taxa are described: Crustospathula cartilaginea gen. et spec. nov., Pseudopyrenula serusiauxii spec. nov. and Trypethelium galligenum spec. nov. Psoroma papuana Aptroot & Diederich nom. nov. is proposed as new name for Psoroma pannarioides Aptroot & Diederich.
Book Reviews
Authors: Aptroot A.
Published: August 2015

Recollecting Edvard August Vainio &  Lichenology in Latin America - history, current knowledge and application reviews.
A type catalogue of Campylopodioideae and Paraleucobryoideae (Musci, Dicranaceae), Part II, Campylopus

Authors: Frahm Jan-Peter
Published: August 2015

All species of Campylopus Brid. are listed, including citations of basionyms and homotypic synonyms, completed by citation of the type specimen and its location, as well as the current use or other uses of the name.
Systematic revision and phylogeny of the genera Blakeius Ashmead, 1903 and Liomutilla André, 1907, with description of two new genera (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmillinae)
Authors: TURRISI GIUSEPPE FABRIZIO , PALMERINI MAURIZIO MATTEINI , BROTHERS DENIS J.
Published: September 2015

Nine species of Palaearctic Myrmillinae with females bearing two round spots on the second metasomal tergite, currently assigned to two genera, Blakeius Ashmead, 1903 and Liomutilla André, 1907, are revised and their phylogenetic relationships are investigated. The cladistic analyses demonstrate that Blakeius is not strictly monophyletic but includes three distinct lineages: Blakeius s. str., containing three species, an additional two genera proposed as new (Bidecoloratilla Turrisi & Matteini Palmerini, gen. nov., with four species, type species Mutilla chiesi Spinola, 1839, and Bimaculatilla Turrisi & Matteini Palmerini, gen. nov., including only type species Myrmilla invreai Suárez, 1958), and the monotypic genus Liomutilla is nested within the former Blakeius. A new status is proposed for Bla. cobosi (Suárez, 1958), stat. nov., and the specific status of Bid. iberica (Suárez, 1958), is confirmed. New combinations are proposed for Bim. invreai (Suárez, 1958), comb. nov. (from Myrmilla), Bid. chiesi (Spinola, 1839), comb. nov., Bid. iberica (Suárez, 1958), comb. nov., Bid. leopoldina (Invrea, 1955), comb. nov. Bid. negrei (Suárez, 1958), comb. nov. (all from Blakeius). Lectotypes are designated for Myr. otini Giner Marí, 1959 (♀) and Myr. leopoldina Invrea, 1955 (♂). Redescriptions of all treated taxa, based also on material belonging to the type series, are provided, along with illustrations of both sexes. Based on extensive material of relevant museum collections and personal collections, the distributions of all treated taxa are revised and illustrated through distributional maps. A revised key to genera of the subfamily Myrmillinae of the Palaearctic Region is given.
A 6-yr Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Climatology and Its Relationship to Rainfall over Central and Eastern China
Authors: Xia Rudi , Zhang Da-Lin , Wang Bailin
Published: September 2015

The cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning climatology and its relationship to rainfall over central and eastern China is examined, using data from 32 million CG lightning flashes and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission measurements during a 6-yr period covering 2008–13. Results show substantial spatial and temporal variations of flash density across China. Flash counts are the highest (lowest) in summer (winter) with the lowest (highest) proportion of positive flashes. CG lightning over northern China is more active only in summer, whereas in winter CG lightning is more active only in the Yangtze River basin. The highest CG lightning densities, exceeding 9 flashes per kilometer squared per year and more than 70 CG lightning days per year, are found in the northern Pearl River delta region, followed by the Sichuan basin, the Yangtze River delta, and the southeastern coast of China in that order. Lower-flash-density days occur over mountainous regions as a result of the development of short-lived afternoon storms, while higher-flash-density days, typically associated with nocturnal thunderstorms, appear over the north China plain and Sichuan basin. The highest number of CG lightning flashes is found in August whereas monthly convective rainfall peaks in May or July. Flash rates during the warm season are typically maximized in the afternoon hours in coincidence with a convective rainfall peak except for the Sichuan basin and its surrounding mountainous areas where a single late-night convective rainfall peak dominates. Much less lightning activity corresponds to a late-night to morning rainfall peak over the plains in eastern China because of the increased proportion of stratiform rainfall during that period.
The Linkage between Upper-Level Jet Streams over East Asia and East Asian Winter Monsoon Variability
Authors: Luo Xiao , Zhang Yaocun
Published: September 2015

This study investigates the linkage between East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) variability and upper-level jets, with particular focus on the East Asian polar front jet (PJ) and its concurrent variation with the subtropical jet located to the south of the Tibetan Plateau (TSJ). The winter upper-level zonal wind variations over the Asian landmass (70°–120°E) are dominated by two principal modes (i.e., meridional displacement of the PJ and out-of-phase variation in the intensity of the TSJ and PJ) and they are closely linked to the EAWM northern mode and southern mode, respectively. Southward shifting of the PJ concurs with northwestward displacement of the Siberian high (SH), an enhanced northern East Asian trough, leading to cold winter in northern East Asia. Meanwhile the simultaneous TSJ intensification and PJ weakening is linked to an amplified SH, a southward shift of the Aleutian low (AL), a strengthened southern East Asian trough, and a wavelike anomaly pattern extending from western Barents Sea downstream to East Asia at the 500-hPa level. Equatorward shift of the PJ is associated with La Niña conditions in the tropics and sea ice anomalies over the Arctic. An intensified TSJ and weakened PJ are preceded by autumn warming over the central and eastern Pacific Ocean and are linked to circulation anomalies induced by the extensions of stationary Rossby waves, as well as synoptic-scale transient eddy activity anomalies. Therefore, a combination of external forcing and internal atmospheric dynamics plays a role in driving the variations of two leading EOFs, and there is potential for seasonal forecasting of both modes.
Formation Mechanism of Barrier Layer in the Subtropical Pacific
Authors: Katsura Shota , Oka Eitarou , Sato Kanako
Published: September 2015

Seasonal and interannual variations of the barrier layer (BL) and its formation mechanism in the subtropical North and South Pacific were investigated by using raw and gridded Argo profiling float data and various surface flux data in 2003–12 and hydrographic section data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment Hydrographic Programme. BLs detected by raw Argo profiles, which existed within the sea surface salinity (SSS) front located on the equator side of SSS maxima, were thickest and most frequent in winter and had a temporal scale shorter than 10 days, indicating their transient nature. Surface and subsurface processes for the BL formation suggested by previous studies were evaluated. Poleward Ekman advection of fresher water was dominant as the surface freshening process but cannot explain the observed seasonal variations of the BL. Subsurface equatorward intrusion of high-salinity tropical water was too deep to produce salinity stratification within isothermal layers. These results strongly suggest that BLs in the subtropical Pacific are formed mainly through tilting of the SSS front due to the poleward Ekman flow near the sea surface and the equatorward geostrophic flow in the subsurface. This idea is supported by the dominant contribution of the meridional SSS gradient to the meridional sea surface density gradient within the SSS front and the correspondence between the seasonal variations of the BL and isothermal layer depth. On an interannual time scale, the winter BL thickness in the North and South Pacific was related to the Pacific decadal oscillation and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, respectively, through the intensity of trade winds controlling isothermal layer depth.
Determinants of All-Cause Mortality and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease (2009 to 2013) in Older Adults
Authors: Chrysohoou Christina , Pitsavos Christos , Lazaros George , Skoumas John , Tousoulis Dimitris , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: September 2015

Aim:

Ikaria Island (North-East Aegean, Greece) has been recognized as one of the places with the highest life expectancy around the world (the Blues Zones). Risk factors in relation to 4-year all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in elders were studied.

Methods:

From June to October 2009, 330 men and 343 women, aged 65 to 100 years, were enrolled, and in June to July 2013, they were reevaluated.

Results:

Age-standardized, gender-specific, all-cause mortality rate was 790 deaths per 10 000 inhabitants, and causes of death were CVD (36%), cancer (21%), infection (10%), respiratory disease (2%), and other (31%). Incidence of CVDwas 520 cases per 10 000 men inhabitants and 320 cases per 10 000 women ( P = .03). Age, male gender, heart rate, urea levels, left atrial maximum volume, left ventricular hypertrophy, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and moderate to severe depression were positively associated with mortality, whereas left ventricular ejection fraction as well as coffee and tea drinking, fruit intake, and exclusive olive oil use were inversely associated with CVD.

Conclusion:

Heart function markers in addition to antioxidant dietary factors were placed in this puzzle of CVD morbidity.
Information anorexia
Authors: Brown Scott
Published: September 2015

The author explores the concept of ‘information anorexia’ – the idea that one may not be receiving the essential information one needs to be an effective information professional. In the article, the author outlines a construct of information anorexia and its causes, illustrates some factors that might lead to information anorexia, and puts forth some thoughts and practices on coping with it in the professional and personal realm.
Knowledge adoption
Authors: Chirawattanakij Suphong , Ractham Vichita Vathanophas
Published: September 2015

This research examines factors influencing individual intention to adopt knowledge from others in the workplace. These factors were collected from focus groups and comparative reviews of knowledge contribution and categorized into three types based on the theory of planned behaviour. Self-motivation describes recipient’s internal judgement of benefits and drawbacks in adopting knowledge; environmental motivation manifests external drivers that potentially influence the adoption; and sender-driven motivation represents internal encouragement arising from the user’s perception of the sender’s characteristics or their relationship with a sender. The work indicated that the most significant influences on the decision to adopt knowledge were monetary incentive, career advancement, reputation, perceived job overload and the expertise of the knowledge provider (or knowledge donor). In designing business strategies to foster knowledge sharing, organizations can include encouragement for knowledge adoption in employees’ personal development plans and assess this in performance evaluations. Support from direct supervisors is important in encouraging staff to comfortably and confidently seek knowledge.
Inconsistency within Expressed and Observed Racial Identifications
Authors: Laster Pirtle Whitney N. , Brown Tony N.
Published: August 2015

The present study extends previous work on distress that arises from discrepancy between self and interviewer racial identifications. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) data, we examine mental health consequences of inconsistency over time within expressed (self) and observed (interviewer) racial identifications among American Indians. Given that phenotype signals race, we also contribute to prior research by examining whether skin color moderates inconsistency’s mental health consequences. Analyses show that observed racial inconsistency increased American Indians’ depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. That is, when interviewers labeled a respondent “American Indian” at one wave of data but not another, there were deleterious implications for mental health status. In addition, an interaction between observed inconsistency and skin color demonstrated that observed inconsistency tended to be harmful when respondents were observed as having light skin. We argue observed inconsistency captures the distressing experience of being not readily classifiable.
A Shared Global Perspective on Hate Crime?
Authors: Perry Joanna
Published: September 2015

The hate crime concept describes a set of actions that span the worlds of activism, policy, and scholarship and provides the basis for these actors to work together and open up the rule of law to communities that often exist outside its protection. However, there is huge diversity in current approaches across and within these worlds to recording, reporting, legislating against, and researching hate crime, which challenges the notion of a shared and global concept of hate crime. This article offers a framework that helps describe the processes and relationships that generate and refine national and international concepts of hate crime. In so doing, it starts to assess to what extent an internationally coherent approach to understanding and responding to targeted, bigoted violence has been achieved.
Fault diagnosis and robust fault-tolerant control for linear over-actuated systems
Authors: Zhou Meng , Qi Juntong , Wang Zhenhua , Shen Yi
Published: September 2015

This paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis and robust fault-tolerant control strategy for over-actuated systems which subject to actuator faults. Firstly, the considered fault is formulated into an additive term (which is referred to as virtual fault). Then an augmented state observer is used to estimate this virtual additive fault. To achieve fault isolation and estimation for the over-actuated system, which is more difficult than that of an ordinary system, this paper considers the actuator fault as a sparse signal and proposes a constrained sparse optimization approach to recover the actual multiplicative fault in the over-actuated system. Based on the fault diagnosis result, a robust fault-tolerant controller is designed by the virtual actuator approach, which aims to construct a reconfiguration block to force the output of the reconfigured faulty plant approximated the behavior of a nominal system. Finally, the proposed fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant scheme is applied to an ADMIRE model. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
When Policy and Infrastructure Provisions are Exemplary but still Insufficient: Paradoxes Affecting Education for Sustainability (EfS) in a Custom-designed Sustainability School
Authors: Kuzich Sonja , Taylor Elisabeth , Taylor Peter Charles
Published: September 2015

Schools willing to implement education for sustainability (EfS) commonly find themselves confronted with curricula, school grounds and buildings and teaching practices that do not lend themselves easily to best practice EfS. In this article, we present what we learned about some of the challenges confronted daily by the staff of a purpose-built sustainability primary school situated in a ‘green’ suburb in Western Australia. Over the period of a year, we regularly engaged with the staff of the school through semi-structured, in-depth interviews and classroom observations as part of an interpretive ethnographic study. We identified three key themes—policy infrastructure, physical infrastructure and pedagogical infrastructure—that serve as both affordances and counter-affordances to best practice EfS. Given the paradoxical interplay of the affordances and counter-affordances shaping the school’s implementation of EfS, we suggest that overcoming these paradoxes requires no less than a transformation of school culture.
Tlokoeng Valley Community’s Conceptions of Wetlands: Prospects for more Sustainable Water Resources Management
Authors: Mokuku Tšepo , Taylor Jim
Published: September 2015

This article explores prospects for community-based water resources management in Tlokoeng Valley, in the northern district of Lesotho. A qualitative survey was conducted to establish the pre-knowledge of the valley community. This provided a basis for a community education programme on wetlands conservation. Fifteen focus group interviews (FGIs) were conducted with 105 participants from four villages in the valley. An in-depth analysis of the responses was undertaken to determine emerging environmental worldviews. The findings of the study indicate the community’s limited knowledge of the ecological/scientific value of wetlands, influences of modernism and/or the risk of the ‘tragedy of the commons’ in the use of wetland resources. The occurrence of indigenous epistemology commensurate with ecocentrism was also limited. It is argued that education interventions should be enabling learning experiences that are community driven, and should integrate evidence-based citizen science activities, such as miniSASS, and draw on the theory of lehae-la-rona1 for its potential to create a sense of connectedness with the environment.
Documentary Film: DamNation
Authors: Calder Wynn
Published: September 2015

Documentary Film, Directed by Ben Knight and Travis Rummel. Presented by Patagonia, 2014, 87 minutes (52 minutes classroom version available). Grade Level: 7–12, College, Adults. www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/damn.html
Strategies Used by Older Patients to Prevent Functional Decline During Hospitalization
Authors: Lafrenière Sylvie , Folch Nathalie , Dubois Sylvie , Bédard Lucie , Ducharme Francine
Published: September 2015

Almost one third of older patients hospitalized for acute care suffer functional decline. Few studies have investigated the point of view of older patients on prevention of this decline. Within the framework of a descriptive qualitative study, the perceptions of 30 hospitalized older adults were collected regarding their personal prevention strategies, the barriers to implementing these, and nursing staff interventions deemed useful. Results show that participants are sensitive to the risk of functional decline and utilize various preventive strategies particularly to maintain their physical abilities, maintain good spirits, keep a clear mind, and foster nutrition and sleep. Their strategies are difficult to implement on account of internal and external barriers. Nursing interventions deemed useful are good relational approach, strong basic care, appropriate assessment, and respect for level of autonomy. The study underscores that older hospitalized patients are applying strategies to prevent functional decline, but some nursing interventions may thwart their efforts.
Crime Rates in India
Authors: Ansari Sami , Verma Arvind , Dadkhah Kamran M.
Published: September 2015

This study presents the trend analyses of police-recorded crime data in India. We demonstrate the long-term trends of serious violent and property crimes and examine whether the crime trend in India follows the global crime trend, especially the declining trend in the United States and West European countries. By examining the peaks, troughs, and turning points, this study examines the similarities and differences in long-term trends between different crime types. The data for our study are drawn from Crime in India, an annual publication by the National Crime Record Bureau of India. The results suggest that rates of murder, robbery, burglary, theft, and rioting follow declining trends, while rates of rape show an increasing trend between 1971 and 2011. The homicide trend is the only crime category following the global crime trend. While recognizing the universal and India-specific limitations of the police-recorded crime data, we want readers to consider the findings of the study with caution. We strongly recommend that India establish a national crime victimization survey and regularly participate in the International Crime Victimization Survey.
Smooth 3D manifolds based on thin plates
Authors: Grachev VA , Neustadt YS
Published: September 2015

This paper demonstrates a fractal system of thin plates connected with hinges. The system can be studied using the methods of the mechanics of solids with internal degrees of freedom. The structure is deployable, and initially, it is similar to a small-diameter one-dimensional manifold, which occupies significant volume after deployment. The geometry of solids is studied using the method of the moving hedron. The relationships enabling the definition of the geometry of the introduced manifolds are derived based on the Cartan structure equations. The proof substantially makes use of the fact that the fractal consists of thin plates that are not long compared to the sizes of the system. The mechanics are described for solids with rigid plastic hinges between the plates, and the hinges are made of shape memory material. Based on the ultimate load theorems, estimates are performed to specify the internal pressure that is required to deploy the package into a three-dimensional (3D) structure and the heat input needed to return the system into its initial state. Some possible applications of the smooth 3D manifolds are demonstrated.
The association of bone and osteoclasts with vascular calcification
Authors: Han Kum Hyun , Hennigar Randolph A , O’Neill W Charles
Published: September 2015

The presence of bone tissue in calcified arteries may provide insights into the pathophysiology and potential reversibility of calcification, but the prevalence, distribution, and determinants of bone and osteoclasts in calcified arteries are unknown. Specimens of 386 arteries from lower limb amputations in 108 patients were examined retrospectively. Calcification was present in 282 arteries from 89 patients, which was medial in 64%, intimal in 9%, and both in 27%. Bone was present in 6% of arteries, essentially all of which were heavily calcified. Multiple sampling revealed that the true prevalence of bone in heavily calcified arteries was 25%. Bone was more common in medial rather than intimal calcifications (10% vs 3%, p=0.03) but did not vary with artery location (above vs below the knee). Heavily calcified arteries with bone were more likely to come from patients who were older ( p=0.04), had diabetes ( p=0.06), or were receiving warfarin ( p=0.06), but there was no association with gender or renal failure. Bone was almost always adjacent to calcifications, along the periphery, but never within. Staining for the bone-specific proteins osteocalcin and osterix was noted in 20% and 45% of heavily calcified arteries without visible bone. Osteoclasts were present in 4.9% of arteries, all of which were heavily calcified and most of which contained bone. The frequent absence of bone in heavily calcified vessels and the histologic pattern strongly suggests a secondary rather than primary event. Recruitment of osteoclasts to vascular calcifications can occur but is rare, suggesting a limited capacity to reverse calcifications.
Searching for a sustainable process of service user and health professional online discussions to facilitate the implementation of e-health
Authors: Jones Ray B , Ashurst Emily J , Trappes-Lomax Tessa
Published: September 2015

Many e-health projects fail to be implemented. We aimed to find a sustainable process of service user and health professional online discussions about e-health to facilitate implementation and identification of needed research. A previously piloted course compared Mental Health participants’ views with publications, identifying ‘quick wins’ and barriers to e-health implementation. This study explored this approach further in eight domains including Health Promotion, Mental Health, and Carers. Courses comprised webinar, 1-week closed discussion forum, and final webinar. Participants discussed 12 e-health topics. Course analysis identified that five out of eight domains ‘worked’. Participation was appreciated and service users influenced health professional thinking. The principle of service user–health professional online discussions to prepare for e-health implementation works for most domains, but the work of participant recruitment and forum management may make other methods, such as Tweetchats or courses hosted by existing forums where service users predominate, easier to sustain in the long term.
Breastfeeding Attachment and Positioning Technique, Practices, and Knowledge of Related Issues Among Mothers in a Resettlement Colony of Delhi
Authors: Parashar Mamta , Singh Satyavir , Kishore Jugal , Patavegar Bilkish N.
Published: September 2015

Background. Breastfeeding confers benefits on both child and mother, including helping protect children against a variety of acute and chronic disorders. Mothers’ poor knowledge about the correct breastfeeding attachment and positioning technique and negative attitude toward breastfeeding, particularly in developing countries, may influence practice of effective breastfeeding. Thus, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing breastfeeding attachment and positioning technique, practices, and related knowledge among mothers. Study Design. A community-based survey. Setting. A resettlement colony consisting of 4 blocks having a population of 23 000. Participants. Two hundred mothers. Analysis. Data were analyzed using the software Epi-Info. Results. Fourteen percent of mothers were exclusively breastfeeding their babies. Colostrum was given to babies by 59% of the mothers. Only 25% of the mothers gave breast milk within 1 hour of their child’s birth. Majority of the mothers (74%) had not induced burping after breastfeeding. Some of the harmful practices observed were the following: (a) prelacteal feed was given in 84% and (b) artificial nipple (nipple-shaped pacifier) was given in 6% of the cases. Mothers had poor knowledge regarding feeding babies in certain situations such as low birth weight and hypothermia. They had incorrect knowledge of timing and frequency of breastfeeding. Only one fourth of the mothers knew about management of breastfeeding-related problems. Conclusion. Breastfeeding attachment and positioning technique and other related behaviors were found inadequate. There is an urgent requirement of demonstration of correct breastfeeding attachment and positioning technique by health care providers and behavior change among mothers and family members regarding feeding of babies.
Obstacles to Testing Molyneux’s Question Empirically
Authors: Cheng Tony
Published: September 2015

There have recently been various empirical attempts to answer Molyneux’s question, for example, the experiments undertaken by the Held group. These studies, though intricate, have encountered some objections, for instance, from Schwenkler, who proposes two ways of improving the experiments. One is “to re-run [the] experiment with the stimulus objects made to move, and/or the subjects moved or permitted to move with respect to them” (p. 94), which would promote three dimensional or otherwise viewpoint-invariant representations. The other is “to use geometrically simpler shapes, such as the cube and sphere in Molyneux’s original proposal, or planar figures instead of three-dimensional solids” (p. 188). Connolly argues against the first modification but agrees with the second. In this article, I argue that the second modification is also problematic (though still surmountable), and that both Schwenkler and Connolly are too optimistic about the prospect of addressing Molyneux’s question empirically.
Mobile youth culture: A conceptual development
Authors: Vanden Abeele Mariek M. P.
Published: September 2015

The concept of “mobile youth culture” is frequently used in the field of adolescent mobile phone research to refer to the distinctive ways in which youths around the world embed the mobile phone in their everyday lives. Little attention, however, has been devoted to its theoretical foundations. Drawing from youth culture theory and new (mobile) media theories, this article conceptually develops mobile youth culture by (a) describing the commonalities in adolescent mobile phone use that constitute the culture, and by (b) discussing the origins of these commonalities through an analysis of the network, the social and personal logics inherent in mobile communication technology, and the way these are appropriated by youths to accommodate their transition to adulthood. The article concludes by pointing out the shortcomings of the concept: The limited attention for the heterogeneity in adolescent media use, the integration of mobile media technologies into young people’s media repertoires, the cross-generational implications of mobile media use, and the impact of local context and culture.
Interventional bronchoscopy in the management of thoracic malignancy
Authors: Hardavella Georgia , George Jeremy
Published: September 2015

Educational Aims

To highlight the various methods of interventional bronchoscopy.

To inform about the indications for palliation and curative bronchoscopy in lung cancer.

Interventional bronchoscopy is a rapidly expanding field in respiratory medicine offering minimally invasive therapeutic and palliative procedures for all types of lung neoplasms. This field has progressed over the last couple of decades with the application of new technology. The HERMES European curriculum recommendations include interventional bronchoscopy skills in the modules of thoracic tumours and bronchoscopy [1]. However, interventional bronchoscopy is not available in all training centres and consequently, not all trainees will obtain experience unless they rotate to centres specifically offering such training.

In this review, we give an overview of interventional bronchoscopic procedures used for the treatment and palliation of thoracic malignancy. These can be applied either with flexible or rigid bronchoscopy or a combination of both depending on the anatomical location of the tumour, the complexity of the case, bleeding risk, the operator’s expertise and preference as well as local availability. Specialised anaesthetic support and appropriately trained endoscopy staff are essential, allowing a multimodality approach to meet the high complexity of these cases.
The phenotypic signature of adaptation to thermal stress in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hug Shaun M. , Gaut Brandon S.
Published: September 2015

Background

In the short-term, organisms acclimate to stress through phenotypic plasticity, but in the longer term they adapt to stress genetically. The mutations that accrue during adaptation may contribute to completely novel phenotypes, or they may instead act to restore the phenotype from a stressed to a pre-stress condition. To better understand the influence of evolution on the diversity and direction of phenotypic change, we used Biolog microarrays to assay 94 phenotypes of 115 Escherichia coli clones that had adapted to high temperature (42.2 °C). We also assayed these same phenotypes in the clones’ ancestor under non-stress (37.0 °C) and stress (42.2 °C) conditions. We explored associations between Biolog phenotypes and genotypes, and we also investigated phenotypic differences between clones that have one of two adaptive genetic trajectories: one that is typified by mutations in the RNA polymerase β-subunit (rpoB) and another that is defined by mutations in the rho termination factor.

Results

Most (54 %) phenotypic variation was restorative, shifting the phenotype from the acclimated state back toward the unstressed state. Novel phenotypes were more rare, comprising between 5 and 18 % of informative phenotypic variation. Phenotypic variation associated statistically with genetic variation, demonstrating a genetic basis for phenotypic change. Finally, clones with rpoB mutations differed in phenotype from those with rho mutations, largely due to differences in chemical sensitivity.

Conclusions

Our results contribute to previous observations showing that a major component of adaptation in microbial evolution experiments is toward restoration to the unstressed state. In addition, we found that a large deletion strongly affected phenotypic variation. Finally, we demonstrated that the two genetic trajectories leading to thermal adaptation encompass different phenotypes.