bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting Outside of Ourselves
Authors: McCarroll Christopher
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an account of the spatial perspectival characteristics and the self-presence of remembering from-the-outside. The chapter develops the Constructive Encoding approach, according to which the context of encoding may play a role in the construction of observer perspectives. The Constructive Encoding approach recognizes the multiple and multiperspectival sources of information available during perception, and suggests that observer perspectives may be constructed from non-egocentric information available during perceptual experience. This chapter provides a way of understanding the idea that one need not see oneself from-the-outside in order to have a memory that is recalled from-the-outside. This chapter not only provides a better understanding of observer perspectives but also sheds light on the perspectival mind.
The Accidental Political Advantages of a Nonpolitical Book Program
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

In the early years of the Cold War, the US government devoted substantial energy and funds to using books as weapons against the Soviet Union. Books and the principles they represented were to counter Soviet accusations of American materialism and spread American ideals around the globe. Founded in 1952, Franklin Books Program, Inc. was a gray propaganda program that operated at the nexus of US public–private cultural diplomacy efforts. USIA bureaucrats believed Franklin successfully carried out diplomatic objectives by highlighting the positive aspects of American culture and those who ran Franklin emphasized the “nonpolitical” aspects of cultural diplomacy, many of which directly targeted children. Franklin’s textbooks and juvenile science books cultivated a literate population friendly to the United States, reaching out to foreign young people through books, which like art, seemed to transcend the written word and represent abstract ideals of freedom and democracy.
“Your Grandchildren Will Grow Up Under Communism!”
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

A potent weapon in the Cold War, advertising relied on the notion of childhood innocence to promote Cold War containment at home and to advance a crucial pillar of US Cold War ideology abroad—the superiority of free market capitalism over communism. This chapter analyzes how images of children and ideas about childhood informed several major Advertising Council public service campaigns as well as consumer advertising during the 1950s. The distinction between domestic advertising and foreign propaganda during the Cold War was often a fine one, as both routinely used images of children to represent the nation to Americans and to potential allies around the world. In the hands of government propagandists and corporate advertisers, children simultaneously functioned as symbols of the happiness and security that could be achieved through a commitment to democratic capitalism and as symbols illustrating the nation’s vulnerability to the spread of Soviet communism.
The Cold War in the Schools
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

The Cold War experiences of America’s schoolchildren are often summed up by quick references to “duck and cover,” a problematic simplification that reduces children to victims in need of government protection. By looking at a variety of school experiences—classroom instruction, federal and voluntary programs, civil defense and opposition to it, as well as world friendship outreach—it is clear that children experienced the Cold War in their schools in many ways. Although civil defense was ingrained in the daily school experiences of Cold War kids, so, too, were fitness tests, atomic science, and art exchange programs. Global competition with the Soviet Union changed the way children learned, from science and math classes to history and citizenship training. Understanding the complexity of American students’ experiences strengthens our ability to decipher the meaning of the Cold War for American youth and its impact on the politics of the 1960s.
Conclusion
Authors: Grieve Victoria M.
Published: June 2018

Throughout the twentieth century, children had become important symbolic representations to justify war, peace, humanitarian aid, and government intervention. But the Cold War, the global struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union following World War II, politicized children in new ways. Children themselves became political actors, cultural ambassadors, and semi-official diplomats of both nations. Government propaganda, private advertising, popular culture, and the public schools taught children how to fulfill these roles. By the early 1960s, however, some Americans began to argue that the very real possibility of nuclear war made children the reason to end, rather than escalate, the Cold War. But the politicized children of the Cold War years did not “return” to being children in the 1960s and 1970s. They took their politics in different directions, to the New Right and the New Left, to college campuses, and to the streets.
Cultural Identity Theory and Education
Authors: Urrieta Luis
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents a selective overview of the study of identity. Identity is defined broadly as self-understandings, especially those with strong emotional resonances, and often marked with socially constructed raced, gendered, classed, and sexual identity labels. The definition of identity is based on two assumptions: (a) the study of identity is the study of subject formation and (b) identity is about power. The chapter then proceeds to address two aspects of cultural identity as a concept: first, the power that cultural identity has for identity politics, followed by the political dimensions of cultural identity as used by oppressed and minoritized groups in social movements and activism, especially those related to education. The chapter then focuses on the relevance of identity to address difference in education and concludes with asserting the importance of qualitative research in the study of identity.
Beyond Survival
Authors: Ender Tommy , Rodríguez Esmeralda
Published: June 2018

“Beyond Survival: A Portrait of Latin@ Identity in North Carolina” reveals the complex identities developed by Latin@s living in the US state of North Carolina since the start of the 21st century. The chapter reviews qualitative research conducted on Latin@ communities in the state using meta-ethnographic synthesis. It also takes into account the personal experiences of two Latin@ doctoral students who moved to the state to engage in research. The resulting synthesis illustrates how Latin@ communities are developing new discourses and forging spaces through education, identity, and fuerzas (strength) in the face of systematic barriers. The emergence of supervivencia (beyond mere survival) also resists deficit perspectives on Latin@s in the state.
Spaces in Between
Authors: Kolano Lan Quach , Childers-McKee Cherese , King Elena
Published: June 2018

“Spaces in Between: A Meta-Ethnography of Racialized Southeast Asian American Youth Identities” explores how youth identities within this community are defined, understood in the current literature, and racialized as a collective. The authors use meta-ethnography as a methodological tool to critically examine the narratives that are constructed about Southeast Asian American youth and highlight the ways in which they work to resist, embrace, or complicate false dichotomies of model versus failure. The chapter illuminates underlying themes of racism/colorism and shows how students embrace fluidity in their identities and cross fixed boundaries. Moreover, it asserts that an understanding of Southeast Asian American youth identity cannot be achieved without considering the influence of structural, historical, and political forces that act on identity.
Native Youth Navigating Identity Through Colonization, Culture, and Community
Authors: Martin Karla , Locklear Leslie
Published: June 2018

This meta-ethnography examines qualitative research done on or with Native American youth. In an effort to counter the colonized narratives that are prevalent in today’s system, this chapter includes studies that gave way to Native youth voice and agency. This research centers Native youth’s voices to help us understand Native youth identity, their experiences in and out of school, and ways we can support them. The five articles that are a part of this meta-ethnography took very different views on the development of Native American youth identity. However, three key aspects emerged as essential to the identity development of Native youth: identity: language, culture and adult-youth relationships.
The Denial of Competence
Authors: Hatt Beth
Published: June 2018

The legacy of the social construction of race, class, and gender within the social construction of smartness and identity in US schools are synthesized utilizing meta-ethnography. The study examines ethnographies of smartness and identity while also exploring what meta-ethnography has to offer for qualitative research. The analyses demonstrate that race, class, and gender are key factors in how student identities of ability or smartness are constructed within schools. The meta-ethnography reveals a better understanding of the daily, sociocultural processes in schools that contribute to the denial of competence to students across race, class, and gender. Major themes include epistemologies of schooling, learning as the production of identity, and teacher power in shaping student identities. The results are significant in that new insights are revealed into how gender, class, and racial identities develop within the daily practices of classrooms about notions of ability.
Introduction
Authors: Schimpfössl Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

This introduction provides an overview of Rich Russians, a sociological study of Russia’s new rich. It delineates the approach applied in conducting biographical narrative interviews with multimillionaires, billionaires, their spouses, and their children. It underlines that the individuals concerned are themselves highly conscious of the need to explain their success during the transition to a market economy and justify the more refined forms of distinction which they now display in order to distance themselves from upstart imitators. It also reviews the critical literature on the study of the Russian elite and of social distinction in other countries, especially the work of Max Weber and Pierre Bourdieu. These studies remained distinct from one another due to the absence of a Russian bourgeoisie in twentieth-century history. The current study is the first to bring these traditions together in recognition of the fact that a bourgeoisie has now appeared in Russia.
Becoming Bourgeois
Authors: Schimpfössl Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

Social distinction forms part of the package of how to be rich, together with the gravitas of family history, merit-based achievements, exclusivity in lifestyles and possessions, art philanthropy, and care for the less fortunate. This chapter highlights how Russia’s new bourgeoisie have learned not to show off their money but to embrace more cautious tastes, which are a mark of discerning, bourgeois distinction. It begins with a review of the recent trend toward “new modesty” on the evidence of sartorial signs and female companions. It then moves on to the modification of attitudes toward vehicles and modes of transport, using the example of the Moscow Metro, and the role of the intelligentsia in creating narratives of distinction. Overall, the chapter argues that Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of social distinction works for contemporary Russia.
The Quest for Legitimacy and Superiority
Authors: Schimpfössl Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

The third chapter asks how the rich account for their wealth in a country where, not long ago, being rich was considered a social crime. It explores the everyday ideologies the rich employ to explain their rise in business and/or politics. My samples includes those who claim in neoliberal fashion that everybody can make it, and those who see their achievements as grounded in their biological superiority. In the course of the 2000s, rich Russians have developed a desire to feel that they deserve their wealth not only because of how cunningly and ruthlessly they have outdone others, but because of their cultural capital, for example as philanthropists. In particular, in response to economic crisis and inequality, some members of the bourgeoisie are developing narratives of legitimacy based on their paternalistic care for the less fortunate, identifying themselves with pre-Revolutionary benefactors or the Soviet welfare state.
The Inheritors’ Coming of Age
Authors: Schimpfössl Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

Chapter 7 focuses on the upbringing of the second generation of the Russian bourgeoisie. As the first generation of wealthy Russians grows older, they are becoming more aware of their own mortality and are preparing to hand over their wealth to the next generation. It seems that rich Russians are yet to find a convincing narrative to justify their children’s legitimate entitlement to wealth that does not contradict their own everyday ideology of being self-made. Nevertheless, a two-pronged approach is emerging. First, in line with the shift toward new modesty, children are being encouraged to cultivate a habitus of privilege, as Sherman suggests in the case with wealthy US Americans, which makes them appear morally worthy in an environment marked by extreme inequality. Second, via their philanthropy the rich are supporting institutions and scholars in an effort to strengthen a dynamic capitalist environment in which privileged status is respected.
Introduction
Authors: Davenport Christian , Melander Erik , Regan Patrick M.
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the authors’ concepts of peace and conflict, as well as their approach to rigorous study of the topic. As stated, their goal is to identify and redirect researchers away from studying political conflict and violence in isolation and to encourage more deep thinking about what peace is (that is, that peace is not simply the absence of political conflict and violence). In particular, the authors define peace as a form of “political mutuality.” To facilitate this new study of peace, they examine its roots and identify how and where standard research has gone astray. They discuss the intricate connection between the study of peace and the study of conflict, and they not only provide a means to return to earlier methods of investigation that were better grounded theoretically, but they also map out a way to study the topic empirically.
Crisis Management
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

A useful management approach for responding to crises is the incident command system. Developed in the 1970s to coordinate efforts at the scenes of fires and other disasters, incident command is now the standard management structure recommended for a broad range of disasters by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Key attributes of incident command include clear leadership, specified roles, and management by objective. Once an agency has developed the ability to activate an incident command or a modified version of incident command, it is worth using it regularly—including to better manage everyday public health challenges. Doing so builds the muscles of an organization in such areas as mobilizing resources, public communications, and decision-making under pressure.
Preventing the Next Crisis
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

In a crisis and its aftermath, public health officials may have the opportunity to achieve lasting, positive reforms. There are three steps to such success. First, by responding swiftly and effectively to the immediate challenge, agencies establish credibility with key audiences. Second, at the right moment, backed by thoughtful analysis, leaders are able to provide a coherent explanation of what happened, revealing the need for further action to prevent the problem from recurring or growing worse. Third, officials jump into the fray to make the case for change. Successful advocacy can involve calling key decision-makers, working with journalists, writing op/eds, and developing alliances with key advocates in the public and private sectors.
Machiavelli’s Moses
Authors: Schmidt, Jr Ronald J.
Published: June 2018

Turning again to a question posed by a contemporary political theorist, the chapter uses an injunction by George Shulman and a close reading of Machiavelli’s discussions of Moses and the Florentine Friar Girolamo Savonarola to try to imagine a prophetic language that is democratic. Shulman recognizes that prophetic language is too important to the American political imagination to allow it to by monopolized by reactionary thinkers, and he demonstrates its effectiveness in the politics of abolition. By coyly emphasizing the political skill and democratic power of Moses, and contrasting that with Savonarola’s eventual political failure and execution, Machiavelli provides with a different way to think of the ways in which prophetic language both shapes our politics and provides democratic resources.
Targeted Development
Authors: Bermeo Sarah
Published: June 2018

Industrialized states find it increasingly difficult to insulate themselves from spillovers associated with underdevelopment abroad. In a globalizing world many concerns caused or enhanced by underdevelopment—migration, political instability, violence, refugee flows, trafficking in persons and illicit substances, spread of disease, lawlessness and its ability to provide havens for terrorists and criminals, pollution, and others—are not confined within national borders. Industrialized states, unable to protect themselves from the impact of events in developing countries, have responded with a strategy of targeted development: pursuing development abroad when and where it serves their own self-interest. This book examines the emergence of targeted development as an important foreign policy goal of wealthy states. Through historical comparisons, the development of a formal model, and empirical analysis of foreign aid, trade agreements, and climate finance, the book demonstrates that targeted development has emerged as an important component of foreign policy across multiple issue areas linking industrialized and developing countries. These findings show a rising importance for development in foreign policy and have implications for understanding which countries are likely to be left behind by globalization, the role of international institutions in promoting development, and the study of effectiveness for development policies.
Reorienting Foreign Aid*
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

This chapter applies the theory of targeted development to foreign aid and analyzes bilateral aid allocation from 23 donors to 156 recipient for the period 1973–2012. The targeted development framework predicts that donors will use aid where it can most benefit themselves by decreasing negative spillovers from underdevelopment, and that this concern with spillovers will have grown as globalization has increased. The analysis shows that in the post-2001 period, donors give more aid to nearby countries and to those that are linked to themselves through trade, migration, or historical ties. These countries have an increased likelihood of transmitting spillovers to the donor state. This marks a change from the Cold War period, when non-development considerations were leading determinants of aid policy. The analysis also shows that donors alter the composition of aid based on the quality of governance in a recipient, consistent with an attempt to increase aid effectiveness.
Public Apologies
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H.A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers a typology of public apologies and argues that these new forms that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century can tell us something about the nature of “publicity” in such public moral acts. After categorizing and giving examples of six forms of such public apologies—those offered by celebrities, those offered by corporations, those offered by diplomats, those offered by regimes, those offered in courts, and those offered for historical atrocities—the chapter ends by considering what it is that these public apologies can mean and what they can reveal about the most recent evolutionary transformation of the moral practice of apologizing.
An Italian Monk in Merovingian Gaul
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers Jonas of Bobbio not only as one of the most important writers of the seventh century but also as an individual and historical figure in his own right whom it is possible to frame within the wider social, cultural, and political developments of his lifetime. A native of Susa, an Alpine town in northern Italy, Jonas became a monk of Bobbio and personal assistant to successive Bobbio abbots before undertaking missionary work in northern Gaul with Bishop Amandus in the 630s. It is likely he became abbot of the double community of Marchiennes-Hamage, for which he may have written a rule for nuns, the Regula cuiusdam ad virgines, previously ascribed to Abbot Waldebert of Luxeuil. Jonas’s occasional personal writing gives us a good insight into the life of a seventh-century monk whose monastic duties and missionary work took him across Europe and brought him into contact with a wide network of ecclesiastical and political figures.
Sanctity and Community
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at important aspects of Jonas of Bobbio’s hagiography in relation to the broader political and social changes of the seventh century. The chapter deals with the writing and the use of hagiography in the political sphere and with the increasing prominence of the Frankish aristocracy in hagiographic texts from this period. It also traces the growing alliance between the monasteries and the secular authorities during this time and explores changing ideas in relation to sanctity whereby there is an increasing focus on the sacredness of the monastic community and institution rather than on individual, charismatic holy men.
Epilogue
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: June 2018

Short conclusion to the work and summary of main themes. When the Lives are studied as a complete dossier, they show complementary and interconnected themes and concerns. This Epilogue provides a summary of the context and motivation behind the writing of Jonas’s three saints’ Lives. Jonas’s hagiography shows the growing alliance between monasteries and secular authorities in the seventh century. This was a time of dynamic social, political, and religious change, processes that are reflected in many ways in Jonas’s own life and works.
Fixing Reference on Intentionality
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter fixes reference on our target, intentionality. "Intentionality" is sometimes defined as the "aboutness" or "directedness" of mental states. While such definitions succeed at gesturing towards the phenomenon of interest, they are too fuzzy and metaphorical to fix firmly upon it. This chapter recommends an alternative ostensive way of defining "intentionality" as the feature of mental states that we at least sometimes notice introspectively in ourselves and are tempted to describe using representational terms like "of" or "about". This chapter argues that this definition does a better job than alternative definitions—such as those in terms of folk psychology, the mind-brain sciences, and truth and reference—at capturing the phenomenon that talk of "aboutness" and "directedness" is gesturing at.
The Mismatch Problem for Tracking Theories
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

One prominent theory of intentionality is the tracking theory, on which original intentionality arises from tracking, where tracking is detecting, carrying information about or having the function of carrying information about, or otherwise appropriately corresponding to items in the environment. This chapter argues that tracking theories cannot accommodate certain paradigm cases of intentionality; in these mismatch cases, the contents ascribed by the tracking theory fail to match the contents that we have theory-independent reason to ascribe. This chapter focuses on one of the most obvious mismatch cases, that of perceptual representations of color: Tracking theories predict that perceptual color representations represent surface reflectance profiles or the like, while theory-independent considerations suggest that they represent primitive colors, which, it happens, are probably uninstantiated.
Prophecy and the Pastoral Office
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

Luther and Zwingli employed the prophet and biblical prophecy later in their careers to define the key functions of the pastoral office and consolidate Protestant clerical authority. Luther emphasized the duties of the prophet-pastor to preach Christ and the Gospel and guard true doctrine. Zwingli presented a dual conception of the prophetic office—as gifted exegete and as watchman of Christian society—and distinctively emphasized the cooperative relationship between the Protestant pastor and the civil magistrate in fostering Christian piety and an ethical society. New in both of their accounts was an emphasis on knowledge of the biblical languages in the prophet-pastor’s work as exegete. Their uses of the prophet and biblical prophecy helped them establish the prime authority of Scripture and furthered their visions of the reform of worship.
Prophecy and the Teaching Office
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

Bullinger proves pivotal in the history of Protestant views of the prophet and prophecy, for he signaled a significant shift from a focus on the office of the prophet to a focus on prophetic duties, particularly the task of teaching. Calvin even more profoundly identified the prophet with the office of teacher. In his use of Old Testament prophets as significant models for his ministry, Calvin cast this in terms of teaching and intentionally avoided explicit prophetic terminology so that ultimately he viewed himself as a teacher with prophetic functions. Distinctive to Calvin was his emphasis on the prophet’s duty to apply Scripture to contemporary circumstances and his language of temporary and permanent offices. Bullinger and Calvin both employed the prophet and biblical prophecy in their worship reforms and to strengthen scriptural and clerical authority, yet confessional distinctions around these uses increasingly emerged.
The Prophet, Prophecy, and the Pastoral Office in the Next Generation
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

The next generation of Lutheran, Swiss Reformed, and Calvinist leaders emphasized the prophet as an interpreter of Scripture and true worship as that which adheres to God’s Word alone. They further employed the prophet and biblical prophecy to illuminate key pastoral duties, strengthen Protestant clerical authority, and frame clerical authority firmly within the authority of Scripture. The text of I Corinthians 14:3 continued to demarcate the primary tasks of the Protestant pastor—tasks they increasingly identified within the teaching office. The next generation, however, added an emphasis on the right disposition of the godly pastor, even as they more squarely placed authority in his hands. They looked to biblical models of prophecy to provide a process for discerning right doctrine and biblical interpretation that both affirmed the priesthood of all believers and located public authority in the hands of established Protestant pastors. Explicit prophetic terminology nonetheless notably eclipsed.
Later Lutheran, Swiss Reformed, and Calvinist Readings of Sacred History in the Old Testament Prophets
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

The next generation of Lutheran, Swiss Reformed, and Calvinist Reformed leaders retained the distinctive confessional emphases on transition (Luther), extension (Calvin), and covenant (Swiss Reformed) in their engagements with the sacred history of the Old Testament prophets. Lutheran exegetes emphasized literal prophecies of Christ; Calvinists emphasized an analogical interpretation; and Swiss Reformed leaders upheld both readings of the text simultaneously. Confessional distinctions remained palpable in their identification of doctrine as the prime content (Lutheran) versus history (Reformed) and an overall view of history as one of decline (Lutheran) versus progress (Reformed), in which increasing emphasis on the apocalyptic element becomes evident in both.
Conclusion
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: June 2018

The prophet and biblical prophecy challenged Roman Catholic priestly authority and asserted the priesthood of all believers and then later functioned to clarify and strengthen Protestant clerical identity and authority. The prophet and biblical prophecy were also powerful tools for promoting distinctly Protestant visions of worship and its reform. The prophet and biblical prophecy ultimately enabled Protestants to establish Scripture as the prime authority; this goal relied heavily upon profound affirmations of Scripture’s perspicuity and the work of the Holy Spirit. Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin tied the proper uses of prophecy tightly to Scripture as a final, sufficient revelation and thereby domesticated it for the purposes of establishing an ordered ministry under the authority of Scripture. At the heart of confessional disputes over the right interpretation of Old Testament prophecy was a disagreement concerning its perspicuous content.
Introduction
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This introduction explains the background for present concerns with a deeper understanding and defense of basic norms of plan rationality, both synchronic and diachronic. It gives an overview of the defense adumbrated in these essays: one that involves but goes beyond appeal to pragmatic benefits of general forms of practical thinking involved in our planning agency. A central idea is that these planning norms track conditions of a planning agent’s self-governance, both synchronic and diachronic. The reflective significance of this tracking thesis depends on an end of one’s self-governance over time. While this end is not essential to agency, it is a rationally self-sustaining keystone of a stable reflective equilibrium involving basic planning norms. It is thereby in a position to play a role in our planning framework that is analogous to the role of concern with quality of will in the framework of reactive attitudes, as understood by Peter Strawson.
Intention, Belief, and Instrumental Rationality
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This essay continues my critique of the cognitivist view that the norms on intention of instrumental rationality and consistency are, at bottom, norms of theoretical rationality on one’s beliefs. It critically examines the cognitivist views of Gilbert Harman, J. David Velleman, Kieran Setiya, and John Broome. The essay sketches a proposed alternative to such cognitivism: the practical commitment view of instrumental rationality. The essay explores the challenge posed for cognitivism by the possibility of false beliefs about one’s own intentions; and the essay also explores the idea that, while belief aims at truth, intention aims at coordinated, effective control of action.
The Interplay of Intention and Reason
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

In a series of essays—in particular, his 1994 essay “Assure and Threaten”—David Gauthier develops a two-tier pragmatic theory of practical rationality and argues, within that theory, for a distinctive account of the rationality of following through with prior assurances or threats. His discussion suggests that certain kinds of temporally extended agency play a special role in one’s temporally extended life going well. I argue that a related idea about diachronic self-governance helps explain a sense in which an accepted deliberative standard can be self-reinforcing. And this gives us resources to adjust Gauthier’s theory in response to a threat of what Kieran Setiya has called a “fragmentation of practical reason.”
Is Evolved Human Nature an Obstacle to Moral Progress?
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter critically examines an important source of conservative skepticism about the possibility of moral progress: the hypothesis that our evolved moral psychology imposes rather narrow and inflexible constraints on our ability to construct and implement “inclusivist” moralities—moralities that reject group-based restrictions on membership in the moral community, such as those based on race, ethnicity, gender, species, or on self-serving cooperative relationships between groups. This “evoconservative” challenge to the liberal cosmopolitan project appeals to contemporary evolutionary theory to support the long-standing but historically under-evidenced conservative assertion that human nature imposes powerful limitations on human other-regard—constraints that make certain attempts at moral reform futile or prohibitively costly. This chapter lays out evoconservative assumptions about the nature of the ancestral environment in which human morality supposedly came to be.
Naturalizing Moral Regression
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter proposes a theory of moral regression, arguing that inclusivist gains can be eroded not only if certain harsh biological and social conditions indicative of out-group threat actually reappear but also if significant numbers of people come to believe that such harsh conditions exist even when they do not. It argues that normal cognitive biases in conjunction with defective social-epistemic practices can cause people wrongly to believe that such harsh conditions exist, thus triggering the development and evolution of exclusivist moralities and the dismantling of inclusivist ones. Armed with detailed knowledge of the biological and social environments in which progressive moralities emerge and are sustained, as well as the conditions under which they are likely to be dismantled, human beings can take significant steps toward transforming the classic liberal faith in moral progress into a practical, empirically grounded hope.
De-Moralization and the Evolution of Invalid Moral Norms
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

The focus of this chapter shifts from moral progress in the form of inclusion to moral progress in the dimension of “de-moralization,” which occurs when behavior once thought to be morally impermissible comes to be seen as morally neutral or even laudable. The chapter shows that evolutionary processes act as both constraints and enablers in this important dimension of moral progress and then draws upon this analysis to rebut a different set of evoconservative arguments that view de-moralization as a hubristic endeavor that is bound to have unintended bad consequences. These evoconservative arguments are premised on overly simplified conceptions of evolutionary theory, and as a result they underestimate the extent to which cultural evolution permits the origin, proliferation, and preservation of invalid moral norms. Although the conservative worry that de-moralization (or other forms of moral reform, for that matter) could result in unintended bad consequences is valid, contained and limited experiments in de-moralization can manage this risk without forgoing the benefits of emancipation from invalid moral constraints.
Biomedical Moral Enhancement and Moral Progress
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter critically examines a different and highly provocative response to the thesis that evolved human moral psychology poses severe and inflexible limitations on moral progress: the “evoliberal” proposal to re-engineer human moral psychology through biomedical technologies in order to solve some of our most pressing moral problems: war, terrorism, genocide, and climate change. It shows that the evoliberal position is premised on the same problematic evolutionary assumptions that underpin the evoconservative view. Once our world’s great moral problems are recast in terms of failures of moral inclusivity, it becomes clear that biomedical moral enhancement technology is unlikely to be necessary or effective in addressing them. To the contrary, the evolutionary model of moral psychological development sketched in Part II suggests that cultural moral innovations that deploy our best understanding of the evolutionary development of human morality stand the best chance of driving moral progress and preventing moral regression.
Postscript
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

The focus in this volume is on the implications of the biological evolutionary origins of morality for the possibilities for moral progress. It makes no attempt to cast an account of the conditions under which progress or regression occurs in terms of cultural evolutionary explanations. The most rigorous, mathematically modeled cultural evolutionary explanations are of the “invisible hand” variety: they present cultural changes as the unintended emergent results of the actions of many individuals. Consequently, such explanations have limited applicability to cases of cultural change, including those that are morally progressive, which are the intended results of actions guided by moral reflection or changes in moral beliefs. Nonetheless, as analyses of the explanations of reductions in violence offered by the likes of Norbert Elias and Steven Pinker suggest, cultural evolutionary explanations of the invisible hand sort may be important pieces of the larger puzzle of moral progress.
Origins
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This chapter explains the conditions under which constituent assemblies emerge. As others have argued, more than one condition seems necessary, mostly having to do with pressures on the state to address a governance crisis. And yet, new constituent assemblies are more likely to emerge when the Incumbent feels he or she has the power advantage. The chapter makes two points. First, compelling structural conditions (exceptional circumstances) triggered constitutional assemblies in combination with the rise of the Opposition. Second, a strong desire by the Incumbent to seek new powers also triggered constituent assemblies, but only when the Incumbent anticipated a large power. This chapter offers as well a discussion of several cases of aborted constituent assemblies to further illustrate the role of power asymmetry as an explanatory factor.
Ecuador
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at Ecuador (1998–2008) to introduce yet another variation in power asymmetry: situations in which the Opposition splits. This split allows the Incumbent to form an alliance with former Opposition groups, thus permitting more expansion of presidential powers relative to the status quo. One of this book’s messages is that Incumbents require a large pro-Incumbent asymmetry to achieve their preferences. This chapter complicates this argument, showing how splits among non-Incumbent forces help the president achieve these goals—at a cost. In Ecuador, non-Incumbent forces split between traditional, region-based parties and newly mobilized nontraditional actors. One nontraditional actor—an indigenous group—also split, with one section supporting the president and the other becoming anti-Incumbent. The availability of so many nontraditional actors to form alliances with the Incumbent led to a remarkable pro-Incumbent table asymmetry. This alliance, however, required the Incumbent to offer concessions to nontraditional actors.
Eros at Dusk
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This book analyzes the relationship between wedding poetry and love poetry in the ancient world. By treating both Greek and Latin texts, it offers an innovative and wide-ranging discussion of the poetic representation of social occasions. The discourses associated with weddings and love affairs both foreground ideas of persuasion and praise even though they differ dramatically in their participants and their outcomes. Furthermore, these texts make it clear that the brief, idealized, and eroticized moment of the wedding stands in contrast to the long-lasting and harmonious agreement of the marriage. At times, these genres share traditional forms of erotic persuasion, but at other points, one genre purposefully alludes to the other to make a bride seem like a girlfriend or a girlfriend like a bride. Explicit divergences remind the audience of the different trajectories of the wedding, which will hopefully transition into a stable marriage, and the love affair, which is unlikely to endure with mutual affection. Important themes include the threshold; the evening star; plant and animal metaphors; heroic comparisons; reciprocity and the blessings of the gods; and sexual violence and persuasion. The consistency and durability of this intergeneric relationship demonstrates deep-seated conceptions of legitimate and illegitimate sexual relationships.
Catullan Women on the Threshold
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This chapter demonstates that Catullus 61, a wedding poem, and Catullus 68, an account of an extramarital rendezvous, are best read in tandem. Both revolve around a woman who crosses over a threshold. In Catullus 61, the woman is a bride, but in Catullus 68, she is the speaker’s mistress. Other points of overlap include the presiding deities Cupid and Hymenaeus, specific lexical choices, terminology of licit and illicit laps, and the women’s spatial and internal transitions. Both poems are composed for male friends and display heterosexual encounters in order to cement homosocial relationships. I show how each poem draws on the occasional discourse of the other in order to seduce the bride and elevate the mistress.
Conclusion
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

The conclusion opens with a demonstration of the shared vocabulary of weddings and seduction in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. In this poem, Aphrodite seduces Anchises by pretending to be a bride. The hymn serves to introduce two categories central to the argument of this book: poetic interaction and cultural frameworks. This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book by first demonstrating the divergent narrative forms of wedding poetry and love poetry. It then considers the relative absence of the groom from these genres. In the end, I show how certain poetic texts are intimately and intricately connected to specific social occasions and assumptions about ancient gender roles.
The Afterlife of Art and Objects
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

Like the tableau vivant, the cinematic still life experienced a stunning revival and reinvention in the late twentieth century. In contrast to the stereotypically postmodern overload of images, the still life in film initiates a moment of repose and contemplation within a medium more often defined by the forward rush of moving pictures. It also involves a profound meditation on the relationship between images and objects consistent with practices as diverse as the Spanish baroque still life and the Surrealist variation on the genre. With the work of Terence Davies and Alain Cavalier’s Thérèse (1986) as its primary touchstones, this chapter situates this renewed interest in the cinematic still life within the context of both the late twentieth-century cinema of painters and a socially oriented art cinema that focuses on marginal people and overlooked objects rather than the hegemonic historical narratives also undergoing a revival at the time.
Caliban’s Books
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

This chapter frames Peter Greenaway’s Prospero’s Books (1991) as an allegory of the adaptation of canonical literature to cinema, with The Tempest’s colonial concerns refigured as a confrontation between a “masterful” original and an “unfaithful” follower. The essay then situates the film’s meditation on the literary artifact and neobaroque aesthetics in opposition to the discourses of heritage circulating in Thatcherite Britain. It also traces the development of Greenaway’s career as an artist working with moving pictures but in unconventional contexts that deepen the connection between cinema and a material or architectural environment. It suggests that Greenaway’s cinematic books and paintings attempt to immerse objects and images in history and imbue them with traces of the past.
Conclusion
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

This brief conclusion considers a group of films and videos about cinema made in the late twentieth century. Cinema has always been a favorite topic for filmmakers, and that tendency continued at the turn of the millennium. Rather than frame film as a perpetually modern medium, this work views it as an aging, fragile, and exhausted art, though it also considers the history of cinema as a paradoxical source of innovation and renewal. This conclusion surveys key examples of cinema trained on itself and links this reflexive filmmaking to the era’s dominant themes, including belatedness and nostalgia. A final discussion of the Derek Jarman’s Blue highlights the relationship between surface and depth, aesthetics and history explored in this archaeomodern cinema.
Rome’s Loca Sancta
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the creation of holy sites in Rome that are comparable in their significance to those in Jerusalem—that is, touched by past sacred events and/or sacred bodies. It maps the reasons for the change of attitude toward Jerusalem in Rome, and makes the argument that once the locally connected holy sites projected into the urban space, especially the local bonding of the sites related to Peter and Paul, it was possible to include Jerusalem in the Roman decorative programs. The discussion concentrates on the dynamic involved in the commemoration of sacred spaces in Rome, from the architecture of the holy sites (Basilica Apostolorum, S. Paolo fuori le mura) to portable objects related to them.
Jerusalem in Rome
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

This chapter is about representations of contemporary constructions of earthly Christian Jerusalem in fifth-century Rome. Once the apostolic history of Rome had become visible in the city, and Rome had turned into a pilgrimage destination, where the faithful celebrated the commemoration of the local Roman martyrs, Jerusalem was welcomed to perform on stage, embraced by the strong arms of Peter and Paul. Thus, additional translations of relics from Palestine to Rome, as well as distinct appearances of Jerusalem and Bethlehem in mosaic decoration (S. Pudenziana; S. Maria Maggiore) and possibly architecture (S. Stefano Rotondo), will form the core of discussion. I will show how innovative Roman combinations of Rome and Jerusalem, as well as configurations of Rome as the “Promised Land,” were designed to reinforce the supreme position of Rome and its Apostolic See both in the present and at the End of Days.
Afterword
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit
Published: June 2018

Bishop Leo III (795–816) endowed the papal oratory of St. Lawrence, within the Lateran palace complex, with a chest of cypress wood filled with sacred objects. As it turned out, the wooden container, recalling the Ark of the Covenant, became the foundation for an expanding pontifical collection of relics and liturgical implements. The oratory, in consequence, was known from the Middle Ages onward as the Palatine Chapel of Sancta Sanctorum....
Introduction: Why Working Hours?
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

The length of work matters to both workers and employers. What happens to output when hours are extended? What happens to a worker’s well-being when hours are extended? What fraction of workers work long hours today and who are these workers? As the book’s introduction, the author explains his approach to these questions, the types of evidence he presents in later chapters, and his arguments for why some common approaches to this subject neglect confounding issues. A principal goal of the research presented in this monograph is to document the consequences of long working hours. Statistical analysis of hours in augmented with testimonies from workers.