bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevenção do câncer de próstata na ótica do usuário portador de hipertensão e diabetes
Authors: Vieira Luiza Jane Eyre de Souza , Santos Zélia Maria de Sousa Araújo , Landim Fátima Luna Pinheiro , Caetano Joselany Áfio , Sá Neta Clycia de Albuquerque
Published: January 2008

Estudo exploratório que objetiva identificar o conhecimento do usuário sobre a prevenção do câncer de próstata. A amostra constou de cem usuários portadores de hipertensão arterial e/ou diabetes, acompanhados em uma instituição de saúde em Fortaleza (CE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, organizados em categorias e analisados com base nas experiências dos entrevistados e na literatura selecionada. A maioria dos usuários (68%) provinha da zona rural. Desses, 53 (77,9%) procediam da capital, 53% recebiam de um a três salários mínimos mensais e a maioria (52%) iniciou o ensino fundamental. Encontrou-se que 65% nada sabiam informar sobre a prevenção do câncer de próstata. Desses últimos, nove (13,8%) fizeram o exame de prevenção. Trinta e cinco foram orientados, sendo que doze (34,2%) realizaram o procedimento preventivo. A não realização do exame estava relacionada ao déficit de conhecimento, aos preconceitos e à ausência de sintomatologia. Contudo, atribui-se esse fato à falta de educação sanitária do usuário, à atuação dos profissionais centrada nos problemas de saúde do usuário - hipertensão e/ou diabetes, e ao difícil acesso aos serviços de saúde.
O modo de inserção do médico no processo produtivo em saúde: o caso das unidades básicas de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Gariglio Maria Terezinha , Radicchi Antônio Leite Alves
Published: January 2008

O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever e analisar o processo de trabalho ou o modo de inserção do médico no processo produtivo em saúde. O tema se justifica pelo entendimento de que esse modo de trabalhar possa ser um problema e ao mesmo tempo uma chave que possibilite a implantação de modelos de assistência eticamente e politicamente comprometidos com a vida dos usuários dos sistemas públicos de saúde. A descrição do problema começa pela construção do arquétipo médico e seus condicionantes históricos e socioculturais; toma como exemplo o processo de trabalho dos médicos em unidades básicas de saúde em Belo Horizonte construído através de entrevistas e observação participante e aponta algumas possibilidades de intervenção através da introdução de novos conceitos e tecnologias capazes de transformar o trabalho desses profissionais de modo a garantir a formação de vínculos e de maior gradiente de responsabilização pelo cuidado e pela vida dos usuários que procuram os serviços públicos de saúde.
Racionalidades médicas e integralidade
Authors: Tesser Charles Dalcanale , Luz Madel Therezinha
Published: January 2008

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir aspectos da "integralidade", princípio normativo do SUS, a partir de pesquisas organizadas ao redor da categoria "racionalidade médica" e da epistemologia de Ludwik Fleck. O artigo discute a categoria integralidade, defendendo que a mesma tem distintos significados para doentes e curadores especializados; tem maior relevância e significa uma missão permanente para estes últimos; vincula-se ao relacionamento curador-doente e à eficácia da ação terapêutica. A integralidade constitui um grave problema para a biomedicina, cujo saber esquartejou o doente e centrou sua ação nas "doenças biomédicas". Aí, a integralidade está tanto mais bloqueada quanto mais especializado o ambiente. A atenuação desses bloqueios passa pela periferia dos círculos especializados e pelo trabalho em equipes multidisciplinares, traduzidos no SUS, acertadamente, como prioridade para a atenção primária ou básica. Inversamente, outras racionalidades, como a homeopatia e a medicina tradicional chinesa, comportam um saber/prática facilitador da integralidade nos seus círculos esotéricos e seu desafio, além de sua presença incipiente no SUS, é levar ao mundo de suas práticas, a integralidade de seus círculos esotéricos originais.
Auto-avaliação nos programas de pós-graduação na área da saúde coletiva: características e limitações
Authors: Hortale Virginia Alonso , Moreira Carlos Otávio Fiúza
Published: January 2008

O artigo objetiva discutir as características e limitações da avaliação interna ou auto-avaliação dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu da área de Saúde Coletiva. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo com base em relatórios de 25 programas que participaram da avaliação trienal (2001-2003) da CAPES. Para fins de análise, levou-se em consideração a explicitação de três aspectos: (a) instrumentos e/ou procedimentos utilizados; (b) processo de auto-avaliação e (c) produto desse processo. Os resultados mostraram que os procedimentos usados nos programas são variados e usados de forma assistemática. Quanto aos processos desencadeados para alcançar os produtos, na maioria dos programas não ficou explicitado como eles ocorrem, pois os produtos informados nem sempre têm relação direta com os processos desenvolvidos e com a melhoria da qualidade do programa. Discute-se a importância de fazer da auto-avaliação um instrumento de crítica e de tomada de decisões. Sugere-se a implementação de estruturas básicas de funcionamento, dentre elas: grupo de trabalho e equipe de coordenação do processo de avaliação interna; participação efetiva dos integrantes da instituição; compromisso dos dirigentes e do corpo de professores; informações confiáveis; utilização efetiva dos resultados obtidos.
O sujeito na literatura acadêmica sobre gestão em saúde: notas para a questão da autonomia
Authors: Abrahão Ana Lucia , Martins Carla Macedo , Geisler Adriana
Published: January 2008

O presente artigo analisa as concepções de sujeito veiculadas na literatura acadêmica sobre gestão em saúde. O corpus é composto a partir dos artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos em periódicos da área de Saúde Coletiva. O artigo supõe, para a análise destas concepções, que o trabalho (em saúde), no contexto do capitalismo, está baseado em uma antinomia que denominamos "autonomia-controle" e busca explorar as possibilidades de superação desta antinomia em cada concepção. O mapeamento indicou três diferentes concepções de sujeito, a saber: o psicológico-cognitivista, o psicanalítico-subjetivista e o histórico-comunicativo. O artigo tece ainda considerações sobre as relações entre, de um lado, tais concepções de sujeito e suas possibilidades de produção de autonomia, e, de outro lado, a organização capitalista da cultura e do trabalho.
Environmental exposures and gene regulation in disease etiology
Authors: Edwards Thea M. , Myers John Peterson
Published: January 2008

Health or disease is shaped for all individuals by interactions between their genes and environment. Exactly how the environment changes gene expression and how this can lead to disease are being explored in a fruitful new approach to environmental health research, representative studies of which are reviewed here. We searched Web of Science and references of relevant publications to understand the diversity of gene regulatory mechanisms affected by environmental exposures with disease implications. Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, air pollutants, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, hormones, nutrition, and behavior can change gene expression through a broad array of gene regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, chemically induced changes in gene regulation are associated with serious and complex human diseases, including cancer, diabetes and obesity, infertility, respiratory diseases, allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. The reviewed studies indicate that genetic predisposition for disease is best predicted in the context of environmental exposures. And the genetic mechanisms investigated in these studies offer new avenues for risk assessment research. Finally, we are likely to witness dramatic improvements in human health, and reductions in medical costs, if environmental pollution is decreased.
Validade de um questionário quantitativo de freqüência alimentar desenvolvido para população feminina no nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Lima Flávia Emília Leite de , Slater Bethzabeth , Latorre Maria do Rosário D. O. , Fisberg Regina Mara
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Verificar a validade relativa de um questionário quantitativo de freqüência alimentar (QQFA) para ser utilizado em estudo caso-controle sobre fatores dietéticos e câncer de mama no Estado da Paraíba. MÉTODOS: A validade relativa do QQFA, com 68 itens alimentares, foi investigada em uma população de 38 mulheres, entre 25 e 80 anos, potenciais controles para o estudo principal. As participantes responderam a quatro recordatórios de 24horas (R24h), administrados por entrevistador, por telefone, em um período de um ano, e um QQFA ao final do estudo. Os valores médios de energia e nutrientes do QQFA foram comparados com a média dos quatro R24h através do teste-t emparelhado. Os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson entre a média dos nutrientes antes e após o ajuste por energia nos dois métodos foram calculados e sua correção foi realizada pela variabilidade intrapessoal (coeficiente de correlação deatenuado). RESULTADOS: A validade relativa foi verificada para energia, carboidratos, lipídios, proteínas, vitamina A e Vitamina C. Analisando os coeficientes de correlação bruta, observaram-se valores adequados de energia (r=0,53) e lipídios (r=0,40) e baixo para vitamina C (r=0,08). Quando os coeficientes foram corrigidos pela variabilidade intraindividual, todos os nutrientes tiveram seus coeficientes consideravelmente aumentados (r= 0,36 0,67). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que o QQFA apresentou uma validade satisfatória para ser utilizado em estudos de dieta e câncer em mulheres na Paraíba. Contudo, para seu uso em áreas geográficas ou populações distintas, procedimentos de calibração do questionário devem ser realizados anteriormente.
Tendência do aleitamento materno no Brasil no último quarto do século XX
Authors: Sena Maria Cristina Ferreira , Silva Eduardo Freitas da , Pereira Maurício Gomes
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: analisar a evolução do aleitamento materno no Brasil de 1974-1975 a 1999. MÉTODO: foram comparados três inquéritos populacionais realizados em 1974-1975, 1989, 1999. Os três estudos variaram quanto aos objetivos, plano amostral e coleta de dados, mas foi constante a definição de aleitamento materno. Os resultados das duas primeiras pesquisas foram retirados de trabalho que analisou a evolução do aleitamento materno no período correspondente. Os do terceiro foram gerados por nova análise do banco de dados do estudo original. A fim de permitir a comparação direta dos resultados desta análise com os demais, utilizou-se o modelo probito. A evolução do aleitamento materno nos três pontos no tempo aqui considerados foi verificada pelo método gráfico e por números-índice. RESULTADOS: o aumento da freqüência da amamentação, no período de 25 anos decorridos entre a primeira e a terceira pesquisa, correspondeu a 40% no grupo de crianças com um mês de vida, a 150%, no quarto mês, a 200%, no sexto mês, e a 240% aos 12 meses. CONCLUSÃO: persistiu nos anos de 1990 a tendência de aumento da prática da amamentação verificada no país no período de 1974-1975 a 1989.
Co-infecção HIV/HCV em pacientes de Botucatu e região
Authors: Corvino Sílvia M. , Henriques Rita M.S. , Grotto Rejane M.T. , Pardini Maria Inês de M.C.
Published: January 2008

Devido à similaridade nas rotas de transmissão, a co-infecção HIV/HCV é freqüente, afetando em média 30 a 50% dos portadores de HIV. O presente estudo visou avaliar uma possível associação entre os subtipos do HIV e genótipos do HCV em pacientes co-infectados, com base na análise das freqüências em pacientes mono e co-infectados. Para determinação da freqüência dos subtipos HIV e genótipos HCV, foram analisados respectivamente 124 e 496 pacientes mono-infectados. O estudo da co-infecção foi realizado num grupo de 150 pacientes HIV positivos e esteve presente em 22 (14,7%) dos pacientes. A freqüência dos subtipos do HIV-1 em mono-infectados foi: subtipo B (85,5%), subtipo F (12,9%) e recombinante B/F (1,6%), enquanto nos genótipos HCV foi: 1a (25%), 1b (29,4%), 1a/1b (3,6%), 3a (35%), 2 (1,8%) e 5 (0,4%). Nos co-infectados o padrão de distribuição dos subtipos HIV-1 é semelhante aos mono-infectados, ou seja, subtipo B (85,0%), seguido do subtipo F (15,0%). A distribuição de freqüência de genótipos HCV nos co-infectados foi: 1a (36,3%), 1b (27,3%), 1a/1b (9,1%) e 3a (27,3%) mostrando um aumento de 10% na freqüência do genótipo 1, queda de 7,7% no genótipo 3 e ausência de outros genótipos. A análise estatística de associação entre os subtipos HIV e genótipos HCV (Goodman) mostrou que no genótipo 1 (HCV) ocorreu predominância do subtipo B, enquanto no genótipo 3 (HCV) a distribuição dos subtipos B e F (HIV-1) foi casual. Isto aponta para a necessidade de mais estudos desse grupo e um maior valor amostral.
Características da Aids na terceira idade em um hospital de referência do Estado do Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Araújo Vera Lúcia Borges de , Brito Daniele Mary Silva de , Gimeniz Marli Teresinha , Queiroz Terezinha Almeida , Tavares Clodis Maria
Published: January 2008

Idosos contaminados pelo HIV ampliam as estatísticas ao redor do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral descrever as características da Aids em pessoas com 60 anos de idade ou mais, atendidos em hospital de referência para HIV/Aids no Ceará, no período de 1989 a 2004. Desenvolveu-se pesquisa documental utilizando fichas de notificação compulsória de Aids disponíveis no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Obteve-se notificação de 107 casos, dos quais 50 encontravam-se vivos e 57 foram a óbito. Pela análise observou-se crescimento progressivo dos casos, que, em sua maioria (77,5%), concentravam-se em Fortaleza. A faixa etária mais comprometida foi a de 60 a 69 anos (77,5%). Grande parte dos indivíduos mostrou baixo nível de escolaridade (44,0%). A subcategoria heterossexual aumentou ao longo do tempo. Evidenciou-se maior letalidade entre as mulheres (73,9%). O conjunto de dados analisados permite inferir que entre a população acima de 60 anos com Aids no Ceará verifica-se tendência semelhante às demais faixas etárias e fenômenos observados no país, a saber: heterossexualização, feminização, envelhecimento, pauperização.
Características da morbidade por causas externas em serviço de urgência
Authors: Mesquita Filho Marcos , Jorge Maria Helena Prado de Mello
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Causas externas de morbi-mortalidade são problemas relevantes de saúde pública. Dados referentes à morbidade são pouco conhecidos. Muito se perde por ausência de informações dos serviços de urgência/emergência. O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer a situação da morbidade por causas externas em um serviço de pronto-atendimento em cidade de médio porte do sul de Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal e descritivo no ano de 2003, sobre 380 pacientes vitimados por causas externas encaminhados a um serviço de atendimento a urgências de Pouso Alegre, MG. RESULTADOS: Os grupamentos mais atendidos foram: outras causas externas de traumatismos acidentais (73,1%), destacando-se contato com objeto cortante, quedas e mordedura/golpe provocado por cães; acidentes de transportes, que corresponderam a 13,7% das vítimas; e agressões, 10,8%. A prevalência em homens foi maior do que em mulheres. A maioria das vítimas tinha menos de 40 anos. O local de ocorrência mais comum foram residências, nos fins de semana, entre 12:00 e 17:59 h. Os tipos mais comuns de lesão foram ferimentos. Os traumatismos apresentaram localizações mais freqüentes nos membros superiores. CONCLUSÕES: Estes achados sugerem a existência de uma realidade, em causas externas, pouco conhecida e trabalhada pela saúde pública. A implantação de políticas de saúde e sistemas específicos de informação é alternativa para se enfrentar e conhecer melhor este problema.
Características de abortamentos atendidos em uma maternidade pública do Município da Serra - ES
Authors: Nader Priscilla Rocha Araújo , Blandino Vanez da Rocha Panetto , Maciel Ethel Leonor Nóia
Published: January 2008

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever as características do abortamento de mulheres admitidas em uma maternidade pública do Espírito Santo. É um estudo transversal. A amostra constituiu-se de 21 mulheres que induziram o abortamento e 62 que o declararam como espontâneo, internadas no período de agosto de 2005 a janeiro de 2006. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um formulário. Os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS, versão 14.0. Em ambos os tipos de abortamento, a maioria das mulheres (85,5%) não planejou a gestação e a idade gestacional predominante foi de dez semanas e menos. Um maior percentual de mulheres do grupo do abortamento induzido foi aconselhado a abortar (47,6%), apresentou hemorragia (28,6%) e sinais de infecção (19,1%) à admissão, e necessitou utilizar antibioticoterapia (19,1%). O método de escolha para a prática do abortamento foi o Misoprostol (76,2%). O pai do concepto teve maior participação na decisão do aborto do que a família. Os principais motivos que levaram à indução do abortamento foram falta de condições financeiras (29,4%), falta de apoio do pai do concepto (20,6%), e ter uma relação conjugal instável (17,7%). Conclui-se que é necessário aumentar as possibilidades de se planejar a gestação e valorizar o Planejamento Familiar como um componente indispensável para o processo global de desenvolvimento social e econômico do País.
Broads outdoor centre: a lesson in low-impact engineering
Authors: Best Andrew
Published: January 2008

The new Whitlingham outdoor education centre in the Norfolk Broads near Norwich, UK is a fine example of how imaginative structural and civil engineering can result in solutions which are both practical and financially efficient, but also entirely sympathetic with the local environment. The project has also helped transform a disused gravel extraction pit into a thriving country park and outdoor activities centre. Design features include the use of removable and recyclable steel screw anchors rather than concrete piles, extensive use of glue-laminated timber construction, a structurally efficient yet translucent canopy and a low-cost on-site effluent treatment plant. A novel plastic sheet-piling system was also adopted to solve the unexpected problem of underwater soil erosion through an existing gabion retaining wall.
‘Elred‘: new water for London from old assets
Authors: Hamilton Alexander , Riches Jamie , Realey Graham , Thomas Howard
Published: January 2008

The east London resource development project (‘Elred’) is a much-needed new urban water supply scheme created largely from redundant assets. It consists of a wellfield, a connecting raw-water pipeline network and a treatment works; with a capacity up to 23 Ml/day, in the heart of the UK capital. Unusually, the wellfield re-uses boreholes originally drilled for temporary dewatering during construction of the recently completed Channel Tunnel Rail Link tunnels. Furthermore, the raw-water network re-uses the dewatering discharge pipelines and the treatment works is located at and re-utilises a disused pumping station. This paper describes the design and construction of this innovative scheme, including the hydrogeological and groundwater modelling studies to establish yield and sustainability of the Chalk aquifer.
Gibraltar runoff: a steep challenge for decommissioning
Authors: Cooper Mike , Stubbs Paul , Carter Tony , Dunn Stuart
Published: January 2008

Much of the British government's water supply in Gibraltar over the last century was achieved by fixing corrugated iron sheeting on steep sand slopes flanking the rocky peninsula to catch rainfall. However, introduction of desalination plant has rendered the massive catchments redundant. Over the past 30 years they had also started to become a liability, with large sheets becoming detached in high winds and two major landslides resulting from concentrated wetting of underlying sand. This paper describes the challenging design and construction of a decommissioning scheme for the east-side Ministry of Defense catchments, involving removing 13 ha of sheeting, installing 78 km of stabilising ground anchors, placing a temporary coir matting and seeding with indigenous plants—and all on a 250 m high, 34° slope.
Deep impact: why post-tsunami wells need a measured approach
Authors: Lytton Lucy
Published: January 2008

Following the Asian tsunami of 26 December 2004, the vital domestic fresh-water wells in the coastal zone were either scoured out of the ground entirely or filled with salt water, mud, debris and bodies. Emergency teams naturally exerted huge efforts in trying to restore intact wells, first clearing and then pumping them out. However, it soon became apparent little could be done to rehabilitate the wells in the short term due to the massive intrusion of saline groundwater as well as the fundamentally unsatisfactory nature of local water supply and drainage arrangements. Based on a study carried out on 64 wells in the Ampara district a month after the event, this paper identifies the long-standing issues that need to be solved before a reliable water supply can be established in the coastal zone.
Probabilistic analysis of train–track vertical impact forces
Authors: Leong J. , Murray M. H.
Published: January 2008

As part of a project developing a new limit states design method for prestressed concrete railway sleepers, extensive measurements were conducted of vertical impact forces exerted by trains on track. The vertical impact forces due to defects in the train wheels were found to occur randomly and followed an exponential distribution with time. This distribution is used to predict return periods for various levels of impact forces, needed for limit states design of sleepers. The effect of train speed was studied and showed that doubling the speed of a train would increase impact forces by about 140% for a wide range of return periods, but increasing the return period from 25 years to 200 years increased the impact force by only 10 to 15%. Applying a proposed cumulative damage model to the Monte Carlo method, it was found that the return period used for potential design of sleepers had little effect on the rate of sleeper failure in the period up to 20 years sleeper age, but that the return period had a large effect after that time.
Energy balance framework for appraising road projects
Authors: Odoki J. B. , Akena R.
Published: January 2008

The appraisal of road transport projects is primarily based on the assessment of economic benefits, which are estimated by comparing the total discounted costs calculated for a base case against that for the project case. This is essentially an economic balance analysis. A similar analytical framework is proposed for comparing the total energy used by different modes of road transport for the base case and project case. The proposed energy balance framework has been implemented in the new Highway Development and Management (HDM-4) model. This can be used to calculate total energy consumption at project and network level analyses of road investment policies and strategies, differences in the consumption of renewable and non-renewable fuels by non-motorised and motorised road transport modes, energy use during road-works, and the total national energy consumption in the road sector. This permits comparisons to be made between different modes of road transport and thereby influence policy on long-term investments in the road sector. The application of the energy balance framework is demonstrated using case studies featuring typical examples of road investment schemes.
Brixton station congestion relief project, London
Authors: Biggam G. , Jayawardena H.
Published: January 2008

The Victoria line, extended to Brixton by July 1971, was London's first completely new underground line since the ‘tube boom’ of the early twentieth century. The new line created connections between the underground and national rail networks, and relieved congestion on London's transport network. Three decades later, Brixton station was at the forefront of a new challenge, this time to improve accessibility of the London Underground network to disabled and encumbered passengers. In 2001 work began to provide step-free access from street to platform levels at Brixton station, to alleviate congestion within the station, and to harness additional benefits by constructing new office and retail facilities. This paper describes the construction, emergency preparedness, site safety, contract administration and assurance aspects of delivering the project. The project successfully executed demolition, building construction, structural, tunnelling and services works while maintaining the safe and effective operation of the station. A number of recommendations are made to assist in the execution of similar projects.
Modelling of personality, attitudes and risky driving
Authors: Kalyoncuoglu S. F. , Tigdemir M.
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this study was to use latent variable analysis to model the relationships between the personality characteristics (personal and social adaptations), traffic safety attitudes, risky driving behaviour of drivers and involvement in traffic accidents. A structural equation modelling analysis was performed in order to investigate whether the hypothesised effect of personality upon traffic accidents was mediated through risky driving behaviour and safety attitudes. The results showed that there is a considerable effect of personal and social adaptation scales on traffic safety attitudes and risky driving behaviour. Latent variable analysis indicated that the latent variables of personal adaptation and social adaptation predicted two other latent variables (risky driving behaviour and traffic safety attitudes) with relatively high path coefficients. In addition to this, the analyses revealed that the attitudes to traffic safety in particular had an impact on road accidents.
Trait-based ecological risk assessment (TERA): The new frontier?
Authors: Baird Donald J , Rubach Mascha N , Van den Brinkt Paul J
Published: January 2008

Traits describe the physical characteristics, ecological niche, and functional role of species within ecosystems, and trait-based approaches are now being introduced into the field of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA). The costs and benefits arising from the adoption of these approaches in the assessment of risks from toxic substances are described, and the path forward for this new frontier in risk assessment science is presented. In particular, the necessity for more open collaboration and web-based data-sharing to facilitate the development of these exciting new tools is stressed, and the role of scientific organizations such as SETAC as promoters of this ambitious program is highlighted.
Gas Condensate Relative Permeability for Well Calculations
Authors: Whitson Curtis H. , Fevang Øivind , Sævareid Aud
Published: January 2008

This paper addresses several issues related to the modeling and experimental design of relative permeabilities used for simulating gas condensate well deliverability.

The key relation defining steady-state flow in gas condensate wells is krg as a function of krg/kro. Strictly speaking, saturations are not important – i.e. the determination of kr(S). Once the krg =f(krg/kro) relationship is experimentally established and correlated with capillary number (Nc), accurate modeling of condensate blockage is possible.

Special steady-state experimental procedures have been developed to measure krg as a function of krg/kro and Nc. Saturations, though they can be measured, are not necessary. We have paid particular attention to the effect of hysteresis on the relation krg =f(krg/kro), based on our observation that many repeated cycles of partial/complete imbibition and drainage occur in the near-well region during the life of a gas condensate well.

An approach for fitting steady-state gas condensate relative permeability data has been developed and used for modeling relative permeability curves. A generalized relative permeability model is applied, where the "immiscible" or "rock" curves are linked with "miscible" or "straight-line" curves by a transition function dependent on the capillary number.

Treatment of "inertial" high velocity flow (HVF) within the condensate blockage region and locally at the wellbore are also treated.

The composite effect of condensate blockage is handled using a "Muskat" pseudopressure model, where relative permeabilities are corrected for the positive effect of capillary number dependence and the negative effect of inertial high velocity flow.
Environmental Policies, Politics, and Community Risk Perception: Case Study of Community Contamination in Casper, Wyoming
Authors: Tajik Mansoureh , Gottlieb Karen , Lowndes Nita , Stewart Gloria
Published: January 2008

Objectives:

We identify and explain factors that affected a community's perception of risk due to extensive industrial contamination and people's distrust of government agencies regarding the environmental investigations.

Methods:

Intrinsic bounded case study methodology was used to conduct research about extensive environmental contaminations due to activities of an oil refinery in North Casper, Wyoming, and the citizens' response. Data were collected from multiple sources that included public testimonies, observations, public hearings and meetings minutes, newspaper articles, archived records obtained from federal and state environmental and health agencies, as well as industry records obtained through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests.

Findings:

The overarching theme that emerged was lack of trust due to several critical events and factors such as no response or delay in response time to community concerns, lack of transparency, perceived cover up, vague and fragmented communication by government and state officials, perception of pro-industry stance, and perceived unfair treatment.

Discussion and Conclusion:

People's perception of environmental risks and their willingness to accept official explanations and outcomes of environmental investigations are strongly affected by their direct experiences with government agencies and the evidence of influence the powerful industries exert over relevant investigations. The government cannot successfully address public and community concerns about environmental health impacts of contaminations and in turn the public perception of risk unless it adopts and implements policies, procedures, and protocols that are clear, timely, transparent, and free from industry influence.
Morphological Characteristics of the Symphyseal Region in Adult Skeletal Class III Crossbite and Openbite Malocclusions
Authors: Chung Chooryung Judi , Jung Sinae , Baik Hyoung-Seon
Published: January 2008

Objective: To evaluate the relationship of the morphological characteristics of the symphyseal region of adult Class III malocclusion to the differences in overjet and overbite.

Materials and Methods: The basal and symphyseal widths along with the alveolar and symphyseal heights were evaluated using data from the lateral cephalograms of Korean adult male skeletal Class III, divided into crossbite (n = 28) and openbite (n = 41) groups. Korean male normal occlusion samples (n = 32) were used as controls.

Results: The width of the symphyseal region including the basal width, point B width, Id width, symphyseal thickness, and pogonion width were similar in adult Class III crossbite and normal occlusion groups, but significantly less in the adult Class III openbite group (P < .001). The alveolar height was similar in the adult Class III crossbite and control groups, but significantly less in the adult Class III openbite group (P < .05). However, the symphyseal height was similar in all three groups.

Conclusions: An openbite, rather than a negative overjet, is the major factor influencing the symphyseal morphology in an adult Class III malocclusion.
Radiographic findings in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis: 125 cases (1989–2006)
Authors: Crews Laura J. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Newman Allison B.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To identify radiographic patterns in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis and radiographic factors associated with outcome.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—125 dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed, and for each lung lobe, the primary radiographic pattern and percentage of lobar involvement at the time of initial examination were recorded.

Results—79 dogs survived, 38 died, and 8 were euthanized without treatment. The initial radiographic pattern was variable and not significantly associated with outcome. Mean half-time for radiographic resolution of pulmonary infiltrates was 41.4 days for all patterns except masses, for which mean half-time to resolution was 90.8 days. Transient radiographic worsening was seen in 20 of 87 (23%) dogs but was not associated with a poor prognosis. Pulmonary bullae were seen in 20 (16%) dogs, most often in association with an alveolar pattern. Accuracy of using percentage of right caudal lung lobe involvement (≤ 20% vs > 20%) to predict outcome was 74.4%; accuracy of using number of affected lobes (< 4 vs ≥ 4) to predict outcome was 65.8%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a nonuniform distribution of pulmonary infiltrates was equally as likely as a diffuse nodular interstitial pattern in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis. On the basis of half-time for resolution of pulmonary infiltrates, follow-up radiography should be performed no more often than every 4 to 6 weeks in clinically stable patients. Transient radiographic worsening that occurred during the initial weeks of treatment was not associated with a poorer prognosis.
Utility of diagnostic tests for and medical treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs: 125 cases (1989–2006)
Authors: Crews Laura J. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Newman Allison B. , Sharkey Leslie C.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To compare results of the most common diagnostic tests for pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs, identify factors associated with outcome, and determine response to various antifungal treatment protocols.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—125 dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed, and information was obtained regarding diagnostic methods, results of routine laboratory testing, and radiographic response to antifungal treatment.

Results—79 dogs survived, 38 died, and 8 were euthanized. Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration and transtracheal lavage were the most common diagnostic methods. Results of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for antibodies against Blastomyces dermatitidis were negative in 12 of 24 (50%) dogs. Only 3 of 94 (3.2%) dogs in which cytologic or histologic examination or bacterial culture of pulmonary samples were performed had any evidence of concurrent bacterial infection. The half-time for radiographic resolution of pulmonary infiltrates did not vary significantly with antifungal treatment, and use of a loading dosage of itraconazole was not associated with significant improvements in outcome or time to disease resolution. Dogs that died had a higher number of band neutrophils at initial examination, compared with those that survived.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the agar gel immunodiffusion test should not be used as the sole diagnostic test for pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs, that concurrent bacterial pneumonia was uncommon in dogs with pulmonary blastomycosis, and that the rate with which pulmonary infiltrates resolved did not vary significantly among antifungal treatments.
Self-expanding nitinol stents for the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs: 12 cases (2001–2004)
Authors: Sura Patricia A. , Krahwinkel Delbert J.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To evaluate long-term outcome following nitinol stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—12 client-owned dogs with endoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse refractory to medical management.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for 12 dogs in which 1 or more self-expanding nitinol stents were placed for the treatment of endoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse. A total of 17 stents were placed.

Results—Survival times after stent placement ranged from 1 to 48 months. Three of 12 dogs died within 6 months after stent placement. Nine dogs survived > 1 year after stent placement, and 7 dogs survived > 2 years. Of the deceased dogs, 5 of 9 succumbed to tracheal disease. Other causes of death included congestive heart failure, cerebral neoplasia, cerebrovascular accident, and renal failure. Material failure (stent fracture) was a common complication (5/12 dogs). Other complications reported included excessive granulation tissue within the stent lumen, tracheitis, and pneumonia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Placement of an intraluminal stent with self-expanding nitinol stents was a successful palliative treatment for tracheal collapse in dogs that did not respond to medical management. Disease progression is inevitable, but substantial improvement in respiratory function may be achieved for a period of months to years.
Factors associated with vesicular stomatitis in animals in the western United States
Authors: Duarte Paulo C. , Morley Paul S. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Creekmore Lynn H.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To identify factors associated with development of vesicular stomatitis (VS).

Design—Case-control study.

Sample Population—138 livestock premises and 118 horses suspected of having VS in Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado.

Procedures—Premises with ≥ 1 animal with clinical signs and laboratory confirmation of infection were classified as case premises. Premises where laboratory confirmation results were negative were control premises. Among equine premises, case and control horses were selected on the basis of premises status. A survey was conducted to identify factors associated with VS for premises and specific horses.

Results—Control of insect populations in the 2 weeks before the VS investigation decreased the odds of disease for premises where vegetation coverage was grassland or pasture (odds ratio [OR], 0.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 0.7). Odds of VS for premises covered with grassland or pasture increased when measures to control insect populations were not used (OR, 11; 95% CI, 0.8 to 156.3) and for premises that had a body of water (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.6). Use of measures to prevent insect bites or harassment by insects (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1 to 0.8) and spending time in shelters (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.1) in the 2 weeks prior to investigation decreased the odds of being a case horse.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Insect control and spending time in shelters decreased the odds for infection with VS. Premises covered with grassland or pasture or that had a body of water were at a higher risk.
Body wall tears during late pregnancy in mares: 13 cases (1995–2006)
Authors: Ross Julie , Palmer Jonathan E. , Wilkins Pamela A.
Published: January 2008

Objective—To review management of pregnant mares with body wall defects and assess the effect of various management strategies on the outcome of mares and their foals.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—13 mares.

Procedures—Medical records of eligible mares were reviewed. Signalment, history, admitting complaint, clinical findings, parity, type of body wall defect, concurrent diagnoses, postpartum complications, outcome of fetus, outcome of mare, and type of clinical case management were recorded.

Results—8 mares received conservative management and 5 mares received interventional management. Survival of mares to discharge was good, and no difference in mare survival was identified on the basis of type of management, type of body wall defect, or presence of hydrops. Foal survival was significantly better in the conservative management group, compared with those managed by interventional management, and was also better without hydrops.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Foal survival can be improved in mares with body wall defects that occur during parturition without compromising mare survival by use of conservative management strategies that avoid induction of parturition or elective caesarian section and allow for natural parturition. Potentially, improved fetal readiness for birth may play a role.
Changes in the Natural Environment Recorded in the Sediments of the Karaśne Lake-Mire Complex (Lublin Polesie, E Poland)
Authors: Bałaga Krystyna
Published: January 2008

This article presents results of multidisciplinary research which has been carried out in order to determine changes in the vegetation cover as well as changes in the structure of the Karaśne lake-mire complex in the Late Glacial and Holocene. In addition, human impact on the formation of the vegetation cover and the bio- and chronostratigraphy of the Late Glacial sediments is discussed.
Environmental Justice Analysis
Authors: Duthie Jen , Cervenka Ken , Waller S. Travis
Published: January 2008

This research focuses on three major challenges of incorporating environmental justice into metropolitan transportation planning. The data needed are compared with the data currently available on the spatial distributions of race and income, the spatial distributions of trip ends, trip tables, network performance, and cost estimates of improvements. Several conflicting definitions of equity are offered, as are applications for each within the context of environmental justice. The importance of choosing a correct unit of analysis is discussed, with particular emphasis on how the geographic unit of analysis is a poor proxy for the group unit, which is theoretically required, as the analysis's purpose is to compare performance measures across groups. The primary goal of this paper is to explore challenging topics such as these raising questions and concerns. The answers to the questions raised will differ depending on each implementing agency's objectives and resources.
This Land is your Land, this Land is my Land
Authors: Ungemah David
Published: January 2008

National experience has shown that perceived inequity to disadvantaged communities can derail the consideration of proposed toll and pricing projects. Even in areas with existing toll facilities, new proposals are not immune from fairness criticisms. Left unanswered, fairness issues may overwhelm public opinion and potentially elicit legal concerns. Five general types of equity apply to toll and priced facilities: geographic, income, participation, opportunity, and modal equity. The first two issues are generally more important in the planning process. Issues with geographic equity are largely reflected in public opinion, which in turn reflects participation and modal equity. Income equity also incorporates elements of opportunity equity and modal equity. Through the careful and deliberate planning process, issues pertaining to income equity can more easily be mitigated or alleviated than geographic equity, fulfilling the requirements of environmental justice. As toll and pricing policies are developed, planners and policy makers should address key questions designed to identify (a) potential income equity concerns and (b) ways to mitigate those concerns that may occur. Although no assessment can completely address all potential issues of equity and fairness, the principle of environmental justice requires transportation professionals to evaluate proposed projects with an open eye and an open mind. Ultimately, no project needs to be delayed or tabled because of issues of equity. Rather, correctly identifying concerns and addressing them through deliberate and transparent policy and action can help further the case for tolls in a broad transportation financing and planning context.
Methodological Challenges of Environmental Justice Assessments for Transportation Projects
Authors: Hartell Ann
Published: January 2008

Executive Order 12898 requires federal agencies to conduct environmental justice (EJ) assessments to determine if negative effects from projects will fall disproportionately on minority or low-income populations. This paper uses a case study of a proposed road-widening project in Daytona Beach, Florida, to illustrate how the choices of the reference area, study area, affected groups, and method for determining the decision threshold for a finding of disproportionality have important implications for the outcome of an assessment. A further complication is the use of decision thresholds that are based on measures of centrality in the data, such as a mean value, when the data have a bimodal distribution pattern, as seen in data on the racial compositions of census geographic units. Simple statistical tests are applied to support the methodological choices and the findings of disproportionality for each population. This analysis demonstrates that rather than selecting the precise method a priori, the characteristics and distribution of the data should be considered, and the method that most fairly represents the data should be selected. Conducting genuine EJ assessments not only is required by federal regulations but can head off conflicts, better reveal the true costs of projects, and allow the more equitable distribution of costs and benefits by better targeting mitigation efforts.
Assessment of Capabilities for Examining Long-Term Social Sustainability of Transport and Land Use Strategies
Authors: Lucas Karen , Marsden Greg , Brooks Michael , Kimble Mary
Published: January 2008

The development of transport and land use strategies tends to rely, to a large degree, on inputs from large strategic models. Although it is commonplace for such models to assess the economic and environmental impacts of transport strategies, few provide any real understanding of their social impacts. This paper reports on a study that aims to improve how the social sustainability of transport strategies is considered. The study is part of a wider project conducted to improve the ability to assess the overall sustainability of transport decisions. It describes the four-stage method that was adopted. The approach is pioneering, focusing as it does on accessibility to key services and facilities as a primary measure of social sustainability. Nevertheless, the approach has a number of serious limitations in both selecting indicators and applying them in practice. It is also clear from the experiences with adapting the outputs of state-of-the-art models that the technical capacity for assessing the social implications of transport continues to fall well short of the technical capacity for assessing the economic and environmental impacts of strategies. A series of recommendations to improve the technical capacity in this respect is provided.
Comparison of Socioeconomic and Demographic Profiles of Extreme Commuters in Several U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Authors: Marion Bernadette , Horner Mark W.
Published: January 2008

Extreme commuting denotes a one-way commute time of 90 min or more to work. Research into why individuals make such unusually long commutes is limited. In this paper, regression analyses by the use of Microdata files from the Bureau of the Census reveal the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics that increase an individual's odds of extreme commuting. Commuters in four metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Houston, Texas; and Tampa, Florida) were examined. The model results are consistent with the findings in the literature that define lengthy commutes as a constrained, rather than optimized, choice behavior.