bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Free Vibration Analysis of Rotating Laminated Composite Pretwisted Cantilever Plates
Authors: Karmakar Amit , Sinha P. K.
Published: July 2017

A finite element method for free vibration characteristics of rotating laminated composite pretwisted cantilever plates is presented. A nine noded three-dimensional degenerated composite shell element is developed and used for the present analysis. A trigonometric increment of pretwist angle along the plate length is considered. The cubic polynomial approximation is assumed for pretwist angle along each elemental length. Plates with exponentially varying thickness and variable chordwise width are studied. Results are obtained to investigate the effects of angle of pretwist, thickness ratio, fibre orientation, aspect ratio, skew angle and precone angle on the natural frequencies of graphite/epoxy plates.
Response of Composite Stiffened Shells Under Stochastic Excitation
Authors: Goswami Sanjib
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the application of the finite element method to analyse the response of multidegree-linear-elastic structures subjected to stationary random stochastic loading. Normal-mode method is used in this study. For the first time, the random response analysis of composite stiffened shells has been described. Problems relating to concentric and eccentric stiffened composite shells have also been dealt with for the first time which is not available in any existing commercial package. The random distributed loads are assumed as stationary in time but can be nonhomogeneous in space. The formulation of both spatially homogeneous and nonhomogeneous loads have been indicated. The highly popular 9-noded Lagrangian element is used here for the analysis. The formulation of laminated stiffeners are also presented. An improved version of stiffener modelling is presented here in which the stiffener can be place inside the element. This will give more flexibility to the mesh division. As the first order shear deformation theory is incorporated for both the shell and the stiffener, the formulation can accommodate both thin and moderately thick shells. A simple lumped load concept has been used for spatially homogeneous loading. For spatially nonhomogeneous loading, however, the isoparametric shape functions and Gaussian integration technique have been employed to form the generalised nodal cross-spectral density matrix from the excitation. Displacement and stress response spectra for isotropic and composite stiffened plates and shells for different loading (white noise and jet noise) and boundary conditions have been presented here. Results, where available, have been compared to validate the formulation. A large number of new results based on the parametric study has been presented.
Aspects of the Tensile Response of Random Continuous Glass/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Okoli Okenwa I. , Smith G. F.
Published: July 2017

The impact properties of a material represent its capacity to absorb and dissipate energies under impact shock loading. If a material is strain rate sensitive, its static mechanical properties cannot be used in designing against impact failure. In addition, the failure modes in dynamic conditions can be quite different from those observed in static tests.

The effect of strain rate on failure mechanisms was investigated by viewing fractured surfaces of tensile specimens using a scanning electron microscope (S.E.M.). The relationship between the energy dissipated and fibre content was also evaluated.

Tensile tests were conducted on a random continuous glass/epoxy laminate at increasing rates of strain. A second laminate (with random continuous glass reinforcement) was tested in tension at various fibre volume fractions in order to ascertain the relationship between fibre content and energy dissipated.

The results suggest that although the fibres fail in a brittle mode, the matrix failure mode is dominant as strain rate is increased. In addition, increasing the test speed results in catastrophic failure due to enhanced crack propagation rate.

The results also indicated that increasing the fibre volume fraction saw an initial increase in energy to a peak value, followed by a decrease as the fibre content was increased. This implies that there is a point where increasing the fibre volume fraction becomes detrimental to energy absorption. This has been identified as the point where there is poor wetting of the glass fibres, possibly due to the resin penetration of the glass being restricted by the packing density.
Use of Synchrotron Radiation in Plastics Analysis
Authors: Rabeony M. , Shao H. , Liang K. S. , Siakali-Kioulafa E. , Hadjichristidis N.
Published: July 2017

We demonstrate the application of synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in measuring the thermodynamic properties of polymer blends. The polymers under investigation consist of poly(cyclohexyl acrylate) (PCHA) blended with the ortho and meta isomer of poly(bromostyrene) (P2BrS, P3BrS). Measurements of the absolute scattered intensity enable the determination of the second derivative of the Gibbs free energy of mixing with respect to the concentration, the location of the spinodal temperature, and the Flory-Huggins X-parameter.
Failure Prediction of Woven Fabric Composites after Deformations Induced by Forming
Authors: Vu-Khanh T. , Liu B.
Published: July 2017

Polymer reinforced by woven fabrics is probably the most common type of composite used in structural applications such as aircraft, boats, reservoirs, pressure vessels, etc. Woven fabrics offer many advantages in terms of manipulative requirements, including dimensional stability, good conformability, and deep-draw shape ability. In many applications, when the part geometry has a double curvature, the forming process usually results in significant in-plane shear deformation of the interlaced yams and the fabric composite becomes a non-orthogonal structure. The existing models proposed for orthogonal fabrics are unable to predict the thermo-elastic properties and the strengths of the deformed fabric structure (non-orthogonal structure). Recently, a new model, called the sub-plies model, has been proposed for the characterization of thermo-elastic properties of any deformed woven fabric composites. In this model, a woven fabric is divided into four fictional unidirectional sub-plies. The model allows determination of the thermo-elastic properties of deformed fabric composites (non-orthogonal structure) and direct use of layered shell elements in finite element codes. This paper presents the results of a study on the application of the sub-plies model in the prediction of tensile and compressive strengths of orthogonal and deformed graphite/epoxy woven-fabric composites. A special procedure is also proposed to measure the effect of fiber undulation on the mechanical properties of the constituent fictional plies. The equivalent coefficients of the on-axis tensile and compressive strengths of the constituent plies, determined by the proposed method, are applied to the maximum strain and quadratic criteria to predict the failure envelop of the composite. Tensile and compressive tests on specimens made of 8-harness satin and plain weave fabric composites were carried out to verify the proposed approach. The fabric structure of the test specimens was deformed by shearing to various angles between the interlaced yams before molding. The results show that prediction of tensile and compressive strengths by the sub-plies model and the quadratic criterion is in good agreement with experimental data.
Stress Field in Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Multiple Interfacial Layers
Authors: Upadhyay P. C. , Lyons Jed S.
Published: July 2017

Using the Composite Cylinders Assemblage (CCA) model, a generalized algorithm for the microstress analysis of multiply coated continuous fiber-reinforced composites under axisymmetric mechanical and/or hygrothermal loading is presented. An arbitrary number (p) of fiber coatings/layers (i.e., concentric interphases between fiber and matrix) are considered. All the p-phases are assumed to be transversely isotropic with respect to their stiffness and thermal and moisture expansion coefficients. Temperature and moisture fields can be different in each phase; uniform field becomes a specific case. Some of the earlier formulations reported in the literature, which are based on fouror five-phase CCA models, are derivable from the general algorithm presented in the paper. The formulation presented is expected to be useful especially for the analysis of metal-matrix composites where a number of reaction zones (phases) with distinctly different properties are found to exist between the coating and the matrix, or more than one type of coating is applied on the fiber.
High-Stakes Testing for Students With Mathematics Difficulty
Authors: Powell Sarah R.
Published: July 2017

Students with disabilities are frequently granted accommodations for high-stakes standardized tests to provide them an opportunity to demonstrate their academic knowledge without interference from their disability. One type of possible accommodation, test response format, concerns whether students respond in multiple-choice or constructed-response format. An experimental study was conducted to assess the performance differences of third-grade students with mathematics difficulty on a test of mathematics problem solving as a function of response format. Students responding in the multiple-choice format had a significant advantage over students answering in the constructed-response format.
Component Model of Reading Comprehension for Adult Education Participants
Authors: Mellard Daryl F. , Fall Emily
Published: July 2017

The following insights into the reading skills of 312 participants in adult basic and secondary education programs are based on a principal components analysis of reading components’ contributions to variance in reading comprehension. Overall, 75% of variance was explained by four composite variables representing word skills, language comprehension, memory, and fluency errors (which was nonsignificant). Differences existed in the degree to which the three significant components contributed to variance by adults’ functional reading level. These differences demonstrate a progression in which lowest ability readers seem to primarily draw on word skills and secondarily on memory, mid-level readers begin to integrate language comprehension skills with word reading and memory, and better readers engage in a balance of all three skills and abilities, yet remain below the 25th percentile in reading comprehension. Intervention developers and instructors are encouraged to not view this population as homogeneous but rather to be sensitive to the differences in reading behaviors among adult education participants.
Good Journalism and Business: An Industry Perspective
Authors: Overholser Geneva
Published: July 2017

This review of recent industry concerns about how profit pressures on media companies have affected journalism discusses how lamentations have turned recently to suggested solutions.
The Impact of Investing in Newsroom Resources
Authors: Rosenstiel Tom , Mitchell Amy
Published: July 2017

An analysis of Inland Press Association data for 1987 suggests that if a paper invests more in its newsroom, over time, it will increase revenue, circulation and profit substantially – much more than the cost of investing in the product.
News Staffing, News Budgets and News Capacity
Authors: Edmonds Rick
Published: July 2017

This article tests supposed industry rules about levels of newshole, staffing and newsroom budgets and suggests “news capacity” as a standard of evaluating newspaper commitment to newsgathering.
Quality Key to Highest City Zone Penetration in U.S.
Authors: Pardue Mary Jane
Published: July 2017

Pursuing innovations to better serve readers and refusing to sacrifice news quality to maximize profits, the Hussman family has transformed a struggling afternoon newspaper into the current Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.
Use of Newspaper Political Adwatches from 1988–2000
Authors: Glowaki Chris , Johnson Thomas J. , Kranenburg Kristine E.
Published: July 2017

A analysis of newspaper advertising coverage found most adwatch stories examined both strategy and accuracy, while general advertising stories focused on strategy over accuracy.
Local Advertisers Say Cost Less Important than Media Effects
Authors: Reid Leonard N. , King Karen Whitehill
Published: July 2017

In a survey of businesses in a six-county region in a Southern state, 130 advertisers indicated that selection of local media is driven primarily by their ability to increase sales, followed by the ability to reach a target audience.
Comparing Internet vs. Paper in Newspaper Source Surveys
Authors: Maier Scott R.
Published: July 2017

This study compared paper versus mixed-mode data collection in accuracy surveys of newspaper sources in 20 markets. Mixed-mode data collection enhanced survey participation and quality.
Study Compares Yahoo! News Story Preferences
Authors: Curtain Patricia A. , Dougall Elizabeth , Mersey Rachel Davis
Published: July 2017

This study of choices on the Yahoo! News portal suggests that while users access more entertainment than they might find in their daily paper, they also want national/political and world events and issues.
Papers Lead TV in Covering Complex Environmental Issues
Authors: Riffe Daniel , Lacy Stephen , Reimold Daniel
Published: July 2017

Both television and newspapers got high marks for environmental coverage in a statewide survey. However, participants rated newspapers higher for their coverage of more complex issues, such as costs and solutions to environmental problems.
Journalism's ‘Dirty Data’ below Researchers' Radar
Authors: Messner Marcus , Garrison Bruce
Published: July 2017

This study reviews the uses of and problems with databases used in reporting, including errors and the lack of effort to repair them. Scholars and professionals, despite the serious ramifications, pay little attention to the problems.
News Editors' Demographics Predict Their Social Capital
Authors: Nah Seungahn , Chung Deborah S.
Published: July 2017

A survey of Kentucky community newspaper editors finds that editors hold different levels of social capital depending on their demographic characteristics. For example, female editors tend to have trust in people and have more organizational affiliations than do male editors.
Job Security, Satisfaction Influence Work Commitment
Authors: Reinardy Scott
Published: July 2017

A nationwide survey of newspaper journalists found that coping control, perceptions of job quality and job security and organizational commitment are significant, positive predictors of job satisfaction.
Photojournalists Enjoy Web Work, Additional Autonomy
Authors: Yaschur Carolyn
Published: July 2017

A nationwide survey of daily newspaper photojournalists and photo editors reveals staff decreases and workload shifts in the past three years. Photojournalists find job satisfaction in producing quality work, shooting for the web and displaying their work in photo galleries.
TV News Framing Supports Societal Poverty Solutions
Authors: Kim Sei-Hill , Shanahan James , Choi Doo-Hun
Published: July 2017

An analysis of television and newspaper coverage of poverty indicates that coverage has focused largely on societal-level, as opposed to individual causes and solutions. Television news viewing was positively associated with viewers' perceived government responsibility for solving problems.
Local Science Reporting Relies on Generalists, Not Specialists
Authors: Crow Deserai Anderson , Stevens J. Richard
Published: July 2017

This study surveys Colorado reporters to examine the state of local science and environmental journalism. Despite budget cuts and the loss of specialist reporters, local news outlets continue to cover science and the environment with generalists.
Reporters' Gender Affects Views on Health Reporting
Authors: Len-Ríos Maria , Hinnant Amanda , Jeong Ji Yeon
Published: July 2017

A survey of a large national sample suggests that female health journalists feel more strongly than do their male counterparts about the importance of serving as health advocates. The study also finds that female journalists pay more attention to representing women in health news.
Young Adults Expect More from Free News Tabloids
Authors: Zerba Amy
Published: July 2017

Eight focus groups of 18-to 29-year olds suggest that young adults want more local news, event listings, shorter stories, breakout texts, conversational writing, less inside humor, positive ad experiences and more political news in niche publications geared toward them.
New York Times' DealBook Model for New Media Reporting
Authors: Ji Hong , Sheehy Michael
Published: July 2017

A study of more than 300 entries posted in The New York Times' DealBook found that over time it has evolved from being a news aggregator heavily dependent on other information sources to being a content producer and major player in reporting braking financial news.
Reasons for Veiled Sources Spike after 2004 Scandals
Authors: Gladney George Albert , Shapiro Ivor , Ray Regan
Published: July 2017

The percentage of stories that include a rationale for using anonymous sources rose dramatically in both The New York Times and The Washington Post following the Blair-Kelley scandals and the setting up of new newsroom policies.
“God Bless America” Serves to Rally Americans to War
Authors: Kaylor Brian T.
Published: July 2017

Perhaps more than any other phrase, “God Bless America” best represents America's civil religion. An example of its use in The New York Times from 1987 to 2008 found the phrase 1,787 times. Yet, the overwhelming tone of its use was patriotic/nationalistic, not religious.
Group Ownership Increases among Weekly Newspapers
Authors: Coulson David C. , Lacy Stephen , Riffe Daniel
Published: July 2017

This study found that between 1997 and 2009 the community weekly newspaper industry became more rural, as the percentage of weeklies in suburban areas declined. The proportion of weeklies that were group owned increased by about half.
Newspapers Frame Julian Assange Differently
Authors: Luther Catherine A. , Radovic Ivanka
Published: July 2017

This analysis of coverage of Assange in two U. S. and two French newspapers found that The New York Times was more critical of Wikileaks and more leery of Internet freedom of expression than was The Washington Post. LeMonde framed Assange as a journalist.
Preference for Newspaper Courtesy Title Use in a Southeastern State
Authors: Cloud George William
Published: July 2017

A North Carolina survey indicates some support for a return to courtesy title use in newspapers, but that result may have been influenced by regional biases. The best advice for newspapers is to move slowly and to base any changes on evidence of individual audience preferences.
Antonin Scalia: Judge & Justice
Authors: Hopkins W. Wat , Yarbrough Timothy L.
Published: July 2017

If his Supreme Court posture on free expression cases continues to favor free expression about half of the time, Justice Scalia will be a pleasant surprise. But in access and reputation cases, the odds of Scalia backing the press are more like 1 to 3.
Gender Stereotypes in Wire Service Sports Photos
Authors: Wanta Wayne , Leggett Dawn
Published: July 2017

In wire service photos from the 1987 Wimbledon tennis tournament, male athletes were pictured as more emotional than women; women more dominated than men. Differences exist in male-female photo coverage, but there's no evidence that photographers reinforce gender stereotypes.
Characteristics of Graphics Managers at Metropolitan Dailies
Authors: Gentry James K. , Zang Barbara
Published: July 2017

Perhaps the newest species of newsroom administrator is the graphics manager. This study describes who they are, where they came from and the challenges they face as both neophyte managers and visual communicators working in word-oriented institutions.
Endorsing “Style-of-Life” Issues: Virginia Editors Respond to Two Gambling Proposals
Authors: Rystrom Kenneth
Published: July 2017

Editorial writers, perhaps uncertain about public sentiment, changed their arguments on gambling issues after voters approved a statewide lottery in 1987. Once voters had settled the basic moral issue of state-sanctioned gambling, editorials dropped moral arguments on a second gambling referendum a year later.
The Effect of Price Increases on Newspaper Circulation
Authors: Picard Robert G.
Published: July 2017

A case study of a mid-sized Midwestern paper shows that circulation losses don't necessarily result when copy prices are increased. Price increases for circulation need not be feared by local monopoly publishers, if those increases are reasonable.
Infographics Today: Using Qualitative Devices to Display Quantitative Information
Authors: Utt Sandra H. , Pasternack Steve
Published: July 2017

Creative vision has been joined by technological capability to generate a surge in the number and variety of graphic devices on newspaper pages. And this has been accompanied by an expansion in the role of graphic departments.
Daily Newspaper Coverage of the Organization, Delivery and Financing of Health Care
Authors: Walsh-Childers Kim , Chance Jean , Swain Kristie Alley
Published: July 2017

Health car egot far less coverage than crime, education or sports in 1993 when a critical national dialogue was taking place.
What Digital Formats Do Consumers Prefer?
Authors: Schierhorn Carl , Wearden Stanley T. , Schierhorn Ann B. , Tabar Pamela S. , Andrews Scott C.
Published: July 2017

This experimental study indicates an overwhelming preference for portable document viewer format over traditional newspaper and web site formats.
Professional Mystique and Journalists' Dissatisfaction
Authors: McQuarrie Fiona
Published: July 2017

The professional mystique which affects other professions does not affect journalists.
Online Staffers: Superstars or Second-Class Citizens?
Authors: Singer Jane B. , Tharp Martha P. , Haruta Amon
Published: July 2017

Online newspaper staffs remain small, with salaries and benefits roughly commensurate with those paid to print employees in comparable jobs. Online editors express concerns about the pressure to turn a profit, as well as about how they and their staffs are perceived by many of their print colleagues.
Differences of Community Newspaper Goals and Functions in Large Urban Areas
Authors: Jeffres Leo W. , Cutietta Connie , Lee Jae-Won , Sekerka Leslie
Published: July 2017

This survey of editors of urban community newspapers shows the watchdog function is the main one, followed by an activist role or civic journalism role.
Ambulatory Phlebectomy: A Review
Authors: Olivencia Jose Antonio
Published: July 2017

Muller's introduction in 1953 of ambulatory phlebectomy, although initially not appreciated nor readily accepted, revolutionized the surgical treatment of varicosities of the lower extremities forever. However, many years had to pass before this would be reality. This article follows the treatment of incompetent saphenofemoral and saphenopopliteal junctions. Ambulatory phlebectomy is an efficient, efficacious, cosmetically superior, appropriate, and cost-effective procedure for the treatment of the varicosities of the lower extremities. It is performed under local anesthesia in an office setting, with the patient returning home the same day. In many instances, the patient is able to return to work the day following the operation.
Widespread Immunity for HMOs via ERISA Preemption Leaves Physicians Solely Liable for Medical Malpractice
Authors: Cifarelli Philip S. , Aberle Diane M.
Published: July 2017

The American health care market has evolved to the point where independent practice association structured health maintenance organizations (HMOs) are the most common health benefit offered to employees by their employers. Employer-sponsored health care delivery systems are regulated by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) of 1974, which contains a loophole against liability for HMOs. That is, although HMOs are both an insurer and a health care provider, they are immune from liability for acts of medical negligence. Therefore, although HMOs have usurped physician and patient control over health care decisions through characteristic cost-containment policies and procedures, physicians remain fully accountable in a lawsuit brought by unhappy and dissatisfied patients. The Patient Bill of Rights is legislation currently before Congress that would amend ERISA and force insurers to put patients' health before the company bottom line. The American Medical Association and American College of Physicians, among many, endorse proposed reform provisions, including assurances that doctors and patients can openly discuss treatment options and enforcement mechanisms in which health plans would be held legally accountable when they make decisions that harm patients. The United States Supreme Court, given the conservative composition, will likely practice judicial restraint and defer to Congress to enact the needed changes to ERISA.
Poly(Butanediol Spermate): A Hydrolytically Labile Polyester-Based Nitric Oxide Carrier
Authors: Rao Weisun , Smith Daniel J.
Published: July 2017

A polyester composed of spermic acid and 1,4-butanediol was synthesized via a Michael-type reaction, using 1,4-diaminobutane and 1,4-butanediol diacrylate. A linear polymer, poly(butanediol spermate), with Mw of 3,000 and a molecular weight distribution of 1.95, was insoluble in organic solvents, but slowly dissolved in water. After dissolving in water poly(butanediol spermate) hydrolyzed to produce spermic acid and 1,4-butanediol. The rate of hydrolysis was pH-dependent. At 20°C in buffers of pH 9.7, 7.4, and 4.8, 50% decomposition occurred in 2.5, 1.5, and 3.5 hours, respectively. Secondary amines in the polymer were chemically modified (34-45%) with nitric oxide to form 1-substituted diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolates which spontaneously released nitric oxide in neutral or acidic aqueous solutions. The poly(butanediol spermate) diazeniumdiolate, in pH 7.4 buffer at 37°C, slowly dissolved and hydrolyzed with a 50% hydrolysis in 190 hours. Nitric oxide release from the polymer was delayed for approximately 100 hours then given a first order release of nitric oxide with a half-life of 110 hours. In contrast, at pH 5.0 and 37°C, the poly(butanediol spermate) diazeniumdiolate slowly dissolved but immediately released nitric oxide with a half-life of 180 hours, and 50% hydrolysis time for polymer of 520 hours. Poly(butanediol spermate) diazeniumdiolate is potentially useful for site-specific nitric oxide delivery with subsequent hydrolysis of polymer to natural products when used in mildly acidic to neutral conditions.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Two Different Career Education Courses on Career Decidedness for College Freshmen: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Huiling Peng
Published: July 2017

An exploratory study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two different career education courses on career decision making for college freshmen in Taiwan. Two different career education courses were designed for college students; one was a cognitive restructuring intervention and the other was a career decision skills training intervention. The cognitive restructuring career education course was compared to two other conditions. Approximately 164 college freshmen were administered the Career Decision Scale, a demographic sheet, and a follow-up questionnaire. The design selected for the study was a pre- and post-test design, using two experimental groups (two approaches to career education courses) and one control group. A total of 152 subjects completed both pre- and post-analyses. A 3 x 2 multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was performed. The factors were treatment and gender. In the comparisons of the students who took the two different approaches to career education courses and the students who did not, statistical analyses of the data indicated that regardless of gender, a significant treatment main effect on the indecision scale of the Career Decision Scale was found. However, there were no significant treatment group differences between the two experimental groups. Implications and suggestions for designing a college career education course were also discussed.
Utilizing Federal Funds for Experiential Education: The Job Location and Development Program
Authors: Miller Kristina L.
Published: July 2017

The way in which the government defines "financial need" does not always account for the individual decisions families make when sending a student to college. Many students who do not qualify for federal financial aid must still pay for part of their educational expenses, and need a part-time job in order to do so. The Job Location and Development (JLD) program was designed to help these students find the employment they need, to pick up where federal work study leaves off. Since 1979, the MU Career Center and the Office of Student Financial Aid at the University of Missouri-Columbia have together operated a JLD program on campus that, since its inception, has helped more than 25,000 students find employment while in school. Those employment opportunities serve to not only assist students in funding their education, but also to provide students the opportunity to learn about themselves—their strengths and weaknesses, their career interests, perhaps what major they ought to choose—as well as valuable skills they can use after graduation.
AILO–a phoenix arisen
Authors: Ellis P.J.
Published: July 2017

The Association of Industrial Liaison Officers (AILO) is a young organization, yet its members have many years’ experience of successfully linking the expertise and equipment in educational establishments to the needs of industry and commerce. AILO members were transferring technology as early as the 1960s under the Industrial Liaison Scheme sponsored by the then Ministry of Technology (Mintech) in conjunction with Local Education Authorities.
Developing countries
Authors: Abril Eduardo R.
Published: July 2017

This paper from Argentina discusses the importance of universities in providing well trained people capable of helping developing countries to progress and analyses types of link between government, industry and education which respect the different objectives of each and at the same time serve the common purpose of progress.
The Leicester Space Centre
Authors: Edwards K.J.R. , Pounds K.A.
Published: July 2017

Leicester University in the UK has for many years been a leader in space science. Recently an expansion of this programme was announced, with the inauguration of the Leicester Space Centre by the Secretary of State for Education and Science. Here, the Vice Chancellor and the Head of Physics and Astronomy at Leicester outline the background to this development. Current Space Research at the University involves some 80 graduate scientists, engineers and support staff and has an annual budget of over £1.5 million. Much of the work is carried out with UK industry, all of it lies – necessarily – within international space programmes. The principal aims of the Leicester initiative are threefold: to broaden the scope of its space programme, to enhance and develop industrial links, and to train the next generation of space scientists and engineers.
EC-Level Developments in the 1980s Affecting the Industry–Higher Education Interface
Authors: Watson Dennys
Published: July 2017

During the 1980s various policies and initiatives were developed at European Community level which had direct or indirect impacts on the industry–higher education interface at national and local levels. This article first sets these in the context of more general conditions and trends in the EC, and then reviews specific developments under three main headings: education and training; research programmes; and technology transfer, innovations and entrepreneurship. Each review is accompanied by speculation on likely future developments.
The Think Tank
Authors: Elsner Paul A. , Beauchamp Janet
Published: July 2017

In January 1992, the Think Tank project received the prestigious Anderson Medal, awarded by the Business-Higher Education Forum of the American Council on Education. The Medal is awarded annually to an ‘exemplary three-way partnership of higher education, local business and public schools working together to improve the performance of American students’. Given their potential impacts on the future graduate flow, workforce, and social health, such partnerships are considered by many to be crucial developments in the formulation of strategies to combat the crisis in education and training. The active participation of the higher education and business partners in such projects are essential to their success. In this article, Paul Elsner and Janet Beauchamp describe the development and current activities of the Think Tank and the contributions of the various partners, and illustrate the many benefits that can accrue from successful collaboration of this kind.
The Access 2000 Chicago Partnership
Authors: Hamilton Eric
Published: July 2017

In January 1993, the Access 2000 Partnership received the prestigious Anderson Medal, awarded by the Business–Higher Education Forum of the American Council on Education. The Medal is awarded annually to an ‘exemplary three-way partnership of higher education, local business and public schools working together to improve the performance of American students’. In this article, against the background of the evolution of Access 2000, Eric Hamilton focuses on seven ways in which the business and education communities can cooperate effectively to enhance educational and work opportunities for American students. The benefits for both the business and education sectors are great, he argues, if priority is given to solving major social and economic problems, rather than simply to such short-term advantages as image-warming for industry or cash injections for education.
The European Dimension of University Management
Authors: Kelly John
Published: July 2017

The fourth Framework of the European Union, with its greatly increased budget, will have considerable impact on the research activities of universities throughout Europe. The introduction of the SOCRATES and LEONARDO programmes, aiming to combine the various EU programmes broadly relating to education, student mobility and training, has important implications for the future organization and administration of activities both at Europe-wide level and within the individual higher education institutions. In this article, John Kelly assesses the significance of these developments in the light of the ever-increasing involvement of European universities in EU programmes and projects. With the briefcase example of his own university, he also looks at likely administrative changes and developments in individual universities.
What Can We Learn from 25 Years of Lifelong Learning in Japan?
Authors: Lorriman John
Published: July 2017

The Japanese government first officially launched the concept of lifelong learning 25 years ago. This article shows how Japan's industrial success is in fact based on approaches to people development which are centuries old, but which owe much, too, to British and other foreign experts recruited during the Meiji era in the 1870s. The concept of management in the West needs challenging, and recognition needs to be given to the emphasis in Japan on on-the-job training. An Anglo–Japanese comparative research project is described, together with practical proposals on what other nations might do to compete more effectively in future, using lifelong learning, with the Japanese.
Expanding Roles for US Research Universities in Economic Development
Authors: Walshok Mary Lindenstein
Published: July 2017

In the USA, the responsibility for the development of new knowledge and the provision of advanced education and knowledge has remained very predominantly with the research universities. The author argues that it is important to recognize the value of basic science research and of social science studies which do not have an identifiable short-term application — studies in Serbo—Croat language and culture, for example, were of little tangible value in the 1970s but their existence and continuation have been more than justified in recent years. In this context, recognizing the central importance of knowledge in social and economic development and the universities as the main centres for this essential resource, the author examines how the research universities can best supply ‘knowledge linkages' and contribute to regional economic development, in terms of specific approaches and actions. While technology transfer programmes, science parks and applied degrees are all needed, universities have also to reaffirm the significance of their basic research and liberal arts programmes and at the same time to establish and develop linkages between a variety of academic programmes and a variety of constituencies within their regional communities.
Trends in Collaborative Research in Italy–the Role of Public Laboratories and Policy Implications
Authors: Potì Bianca , Cioppi Marco
Published: July 2017

Through the findings of a set of case studies of public research laboratories in Italy, this paper examines the extent to which the political objective of improved integration of public scientific research into the social system in Italy has been achieved. Two findings are highlighted: (1) the objective has only partially been achieved because of barriers within the public institution responsible for the management of these research programmes (especially the culturally defensive position of the academic community against the development of closer and stronger links with industry); (2) there is a continuing conflict between the priorities of the quality and the transferability of research. In practice, the degree of success in the transfer of results seems to be dependent on the particular mix of professional competencies, collaborations with external researchers, and the quality of the links with industry in the laboratory conducting the research programme. The authors consider the ways in which (and the extents to which) laboratories are adapting their working methods in the context of the need to achieve better relationships with industry. They also examine the degree of success in transferring research results into commercial applications. In conclusion, they suggest policy measures to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public-sector research programmes.
Developing an Effective Technological Incubator
Authors: Goldberg Albert I. , Lavi-Steiner Orna
Published: July 2017

A considerable number of highly educated engineers emigrated from the former USSR to Israel in 1989–92. As a partial solution for their employment, the Israeli government established 28 technological incubators for developing and commercializing innovative technological ideas. These incubators faced three serious challenges. First, a blueprint was needed on how to organize incubators for maximum benefit to new entrepreneurs. Second, criteria had to be developed for the acceptance of new projects. And third, project groups had to be structured so as eventually to result in successful independent enterprises.
Protecting Your Royalty Payments Using Audit Clauses in Licence Agreements
Authors: Kiernan Vincent J.
Published: July 2017

How do licensors know if they are receiving all the royalties they are entitled to? How do licensors reduce the likelihood of disputes with the licensees over what is covered by a royalty? Licensors need to spend extra time and effort thinking about what happens in a licensing agreement after the deal has been signed, particularly in relation to reporting. This article provides several ideas on how to diminish the prospect of royalty disputes and provides suggested clauses for inclusion in agreements.
Promoting the Success of US Industry/University Research Centres
Authors: Tornatzky Louis , Lovelace Kay , Gray Denis O. , Walters S. George , Geisler Eliezer
Published: July 2017

The industry/university (I/U) research centre, once a novelty on university campuses, has become the dominant vehicle for industry's funding of academic research in the USA. While the authors' recent volume, ‘Managing the Industry/University Cooperative Research Center’, documents a variety of skills and competencies needed to build and sustain these boundary-spanning organizations, none plays a more important role in centre success than leadership. Drawing on the literature on leadership and over fifteen years of experience with and research on the National Science Foundation's Industry/University Cooperative Research Centers programme, the authors define and illustrate leadership in the context of an I/U research centre. Leadership in a cooperative research centre often involves helping constituencies to deal with adaptive challenges, situations which require learning both to define the problem and to develop and implement a solution. Since these situations usually involve constituencies with conflicting values and priorities, they are typically best resolved by a participatory leadership style. Critical leadership challenges observed in cooperative research centres are discussed, including: exercising intrapreneurship, creating a compelling technical vision, spanning organizational boundaries, creating cooperative research teams, managing a changing centre and knowing oneself.
Electronic Commerce Resource Centers
Authors: Gulledge Thomas R. , Sommer Rainer , Tarimcilar M. Murat
Published: July 2017

This paper provides a description and an analysis of the effectiveness of the Electronic Commerce Resource Center (ECRC) concept, as implemented in the USA. Following the general presentation, a specific discussion of the industry-education partnership at a Center in Fairfax, Virginia is provided. The mission of the ECRC network is to transfer process improving and enabling electronic commerce technologies to small and medium-sized businesses and government agencies. Each ECRC is a virtual organization, comprised of industry and university partners. In order to achieve its mission, the ECRC focuses on demonstrating emerging technologies, and then rapidly transferring the technologies to small and medium-size businesses. The ECRC mission also requires the provision of training on process improving methods, legacy data management, and enabling technologies. Finally the effectiveness of the Fairfax ECRC is analysed within the context of our internally established performance measurement system. The authors argue that the ECRC concept could be successfully transferred to other countries, given the intense worldwide interest in electronic commerce.
Incubation Infrastructure for Knowledge-Intensive Companies around the University of Twente
Authors: van der Sijde P.C. , van Driem G.A.
Published: July 2017

The University of Twente in The Netherlands actively encourages students to start up their own companies after graduation. This paper describes the incubation infrastructure that it has developed for start-up ventures. The authors discuss the BTC-Twente, the University's business incubator; the Business & Science Park Enschede, which has been established alongside the campus of the University of Twente; and the availability of funds in the region for new companies and the ways in which the sources of finance inter-relate to see an enterprise through the various stages of its development. This case study is presented to indicate how a university can play a key role in the creation of business and employment in its region.
‘Solving the Problems Makes You Strong’
Authors: Gornall Lynne , Thomas Brychan
Published: July 2017

‘Columbus' was a personal and professional development programme in the UK which involved a partnership between managers of educational and industrial organizations. The aim was to assist staff to acquire skills of ‘change capability’ – the ability to cope proactively with change – as a way of addressing higher national training needs. The project ethos was one of a ‘voyage of discovery’, with an emphasis on self-reliance, and of learning via contact with the ‘other cultures' of the partner organizations. A mentoring system was used to underpin self-directed study and learning agreements, and these were the principal methods by which the ‘change capability’ was to be achieved. A pilot group was selected to participate in the first programme. It concluded after twelve months when it became clear that a full-scale programme could not be implemented for reasons discussed in this paper. At that time, however, a qualitative study was commissioned by the Steering Group. The present paper is based on this and describes the participants' experiences and achievements, as well as some of the scheme's distinctive features.
British Decision-Making on Vehicle Emissions: The Emerging Environmental Dimension
Authors: Boehmer-Christiansen Sonja
Published: July 2017

This paper relates to a previous article published in this journal on vehicle emission regulation in Europe. The former paper explained the long drawn out (and yet not fully completed) negotiations for European Community standards in terms of technology choice (lean-burn engines versus catalytic conversion of exhaust gases) and envisaged commercial implications for the Euopean car industry, and the outcome as a highly satisfactory one to the industry. In the present paper British regulatory regime and decision-making processes for vehicles emissions is described and assessed. While Britain lost the argument, the position it adopted in Europe was rational given the British policy context and the limitations inherent in a technocratic policymaking process which remains biased towards science rather than technology.
Environmental Insulation Thickness
Authors: Bowdidge J.R.
Published: July 2017

This report introduced the new concept of Environmental Insulation Thickness which is defined with reference to the total pollution created during manufacture and saved during the use of insulation. Briefly, the EIT is the thickness of insulation beyond which no further reduction in pollution can be achieved by the additional use of insulation. The idea and method of calculation is similar to that used in the calculation of economic insulation thickness in which the total cost curve shows a minimum at the most economic thickness of insulation.

Although the principles of the analyses are similar, the thicknesses which are given by the two approaches are very different because the Environmental insulation thicknesses are so high in comparison with those currently considered to be economic.

It can be argued, however, that true costs should include environmental impacts. In this event, the two methods should approximate one to the other.

The report shows the relationship between current insulation measures which are in use and points out that the Environmental Insulation Thickness represents the maximum potential for pollution saving through insulation irrespective of cost

The report also demonstrates the opportunity we are afforded by insulation to mitigate the effects of our activity upon the environment
Commercial Considerations of Industrial Energy Emissions Policy
Authors: Rodger J.D.
Published: July 2017

The presentation deals with environmental aspects of energy management from the perspective of the industrial consumer, and focuses on the commercial considerations that need to be taken into account in determining policies and selecting instruments to give effect to those policies. Acid rain is discussed only briefly since the main sources of pollution are power station flue gases and vehicle exhaust gases. Global warming is treated more extensively, beginning with a consideration of policy options. A review of the approaches available to reduce carbon dioxide emissions leads on to consideration of the opportunities for energy conservation in different sectors of the economy. The presentation ends with an assessment of the policy instruments available.