bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Problem-Based Learning Occupational Therapy Course: The Second Year
Authors: Busuttil Joseph
Published: April 2015

The second year of the first occupational therapy course in Malta started in October 1985. This article outlines some of the major developments occurring during the year at the occupational therapy school, as well as in the local occupational therapy profession in general.
Practical Aspects of Stress Management
Authors: Cox Christine
Published: April 2015

This article describes some of the practical aspects of stress management and methods of implementing management techniques and coping strategies. It is designed to complement the article on ‘Stress in occupational therapy: how to cope’ (Craik1), which reviews the themes and proposed strategies in the literature on stress management.
Who is the Consumer?
Authors: Gilmore Deborah
Published: April 2015

The concept of using occupational therapists as resource people is explored, bringing into question the established role of the occupational therapist. A method of working productively to benefit not only the client but also those working in close contact with him or her is proposed.
Thurlow House Child Abuse Assessment Programme: Residential Family Evaluation1
Authors: Irving Nick , Carr Alan , Gawlinski George , McDonnell Dermot
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the contribution of an occupational therapist to a comprehensive assessment programme for families with physically abused children. Initially, a brief outline of the entire programme is set out. In the light of this, an approach to residential family assessment, pioneered by occupational therapy in the West Norfolk and Wisbech health district, is described in detail.
Adults with a Mental Handicap: Working with Support Staff to Achieve Occupational Therapy Aims
Authors: Isaac Debbie
Published: April 2015

As the occupational therapist on a community mental handicap team, the author was involved in the resettlement of adults with a mental handicap into the local community. This entailed close liaison with support staff responsible for the day-to-day care of the clients. The article describes various sessions and activities the author devised for use with the support staff to enhance their understanding of occupational therapy.
The Microcomputer as an Aid to Written Communication
Authors: Workman Diana , Geggie Colin , Creasey Graham
Published: April 2015

This article discusses the use of computers by disabled people as aids to written communication, based on a research project investigating access to microcomputers for people rendered tetraplegic by a high spinal cord injury.
Bathing Aids for Handicapped Children
Authors: Milne Jenny
Published: April 2015

An evaluation of bathing aids for handicapped children was carried out in the East Anglian Region between January 1986 and July 1987. This article offers a brief outline of the project which was sponsored under the DHSS Disability Equipment Assessment Programme. The full report is available from DHSS Publications.
The Role of the Occupational Therapist in the Field of Alcohol Abuse
Authors: Nixon Janet
Published: April 2015

This article looks at the role of the occupational therapist on a national level, covering the views of 21 occupational therapists working in the field of alcohol abuse in England and Wales. The survey includes such areas as staffing, treatment, involvement with other disciplines, evaluation and assessment, education and students, as well as future changes in the role of the occupational therapist.
A System of Cardiac Rehabilitation: Psychophysiological Basis and Practice
Authors: King Jenny C , Nixon P G F
Published: April 2015

In the past, exercise therapy has been widely employed as the basis of cardiac rehabilitation, but reviews have not shown great benefit.1 Attention is now turning to models which help the patient to learn to defend the integrity of his internal milieu in the face of an external environment which is challenging, uncertain and rapidly changing. This discussion paper describes the Charing Cross Model, its psychophysiological basis, practice and implications for occupational therapy.
Cardiac Rehabilitation: Occupational Therapy Enhancement of an Existing Cardiac Outpatient Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Helm Marjorie , Ellson Judith
Published: April 2015

The initiation of an occupational therapy programme for cardiac outpatients is described. The emphasis is on health education, relaxation, sport and leisure activities; consequently, self-awareness, self-confidence, stamina and physical as well as psychological independence are fostered.
Literacy/Numeracy Provision and its Effectiveness in Psychiatric Hospitals
Authors: Borikar A M , Bumstead J M
Published: April 2015

For many years the occupational therapist has been involved in dealing with the lack of literacy/numeracy skills of psychiatrically ill people. With the growing emphasis on ‘back to the community’, this is a much needed service in psychiatric hospitals. This article attempts to assess, with its small sample survey, the provision of such a service in psychiatric hospitals and its effectiveness. The survey findings reveal that there is a huge gap in the available resources. The authors suggest possible ways that improvement can be achieved.
Erikson's Model of Personality Development Related to Clinical Material
Authors: Temple Sylvia
Published: April 2015

An examination of Erikson's model of personality development is provided, followed by a description of stages of development with reference to clinical material from a psychiatric day hospital treating adult neurotic patients. The article includes a discussion of work produced in art therapy sessions.
Disabled Persons (Services, Consultation and Representation) Act 1986
Authors: Dimond Bridgit
Published: April 2015

The Government has been extremely slow in bringing into force all the sections of the Disabled Persons (Services, Consultation and Representation Act) 1986. This short article reviews the current position of what is in force and what still remains to be brought into force. Basic provisions for enforcing statutory duties are mentioned briefly.
Problems with Assessments of Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Eakin Pamela
Published: April 2015

This is the second of two articles addressing the design and use of assessments of activities of daily living (ADL). The first article reviewed 15 published ADL assessments and evaluated their usefulness for occupational therapists together with any evidence for their reliability and validity. The importance of using standardised assessments was stressed. This second article explains what is meant by terms such as reliability, validity and operationalisation. It details the consequences of using assessments in which these terms are misunderstood or, even, totally absent.
Preparing Elderly People for Life in a ‘Home’
Authors: Thompson Belinda
Published: April 2015

This article discusses the change in life style which accompanies moving into a residential home, and a positive approach used on an assessment ward to help people prepare for it.
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Authors: Young Howard L
Published: April 2015

This article, in three parts, is about peripheral vascular disease. The topic has appeared on medicine and surgery examination papers regularly over the last few years. Examiners have become increasingly concerned about the content of many answers, the number of similar inaccuracies that have appeared and, in particular, the confusion between arterial disease and venous disorders, their treatment and management. Concern was also expressed at the disturbing tendency for amputation to be quoted as the only form of treatment available. The Education and Research Board takes the view that it is essential that therapists have a thorough, up-to-date understanding of the symptoms, management and prognosis of vascular disease, particularly since these conditions are often present in patients whose primary referral may have been for other reasons. In this article the topic of amputation is not considered in depth since this is considered to be only one option — a last resort in the range of treatments available. It is hoped that this article will assist students and occupational therapists alike to ensure that their knowledge and approach to this topic is up to date. — L S Phillips, Chairman, Examinations Standing Group (England, Ireland & Wales).
The Model of Human Occupation and Occupational Therapy Practice with Elderly Patients Part 1: Characteristics of Ageing
Authors: Burton Jean E
Published: April 2015

The characteristics of normal ageing relevant to occupational therapy practice are described in relation to the components of Kielhofner's model of human occupation. The importance of the volitional subsystem, the motivational factors, for successful treatment of elderly patients is discussed and the significance of roles and routines in the maintenance and rehabilitation of elderly people is explored. Communication and perceptual-motor performance skills are reviewed briefly. However, process skills, which include the intellectual functions of planning, problem solving, learning and memory, are examined in more detail in order to dispel some of the stereotypes of elderly people which limit their function by lowering public and health care workers' expectations.
A ‘Refreshing’ Retainer Scheme
Authors: Smithson Susan , Sutcliffe Pip
Published: April 2015

This article is a case study of an occupational therapist who has participated in a retainer scheme since March 1987. The main benefit of this scheme to the occupational therapy manager involved is in the provision of continuity of service during periods of staff absence. Participating occupational therapists are enabled to extend their clinical experience and remain in touch with the profession during a career break while their children are young.
Just the Jobs? A Student Readership Survey of the British Journal of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Pool Jacqueline
Published: April 2015

This article describes a student readership survey of the British Journal of Occupational Therapy conducted with the 1987–1988 occupational therapy finalist students at Liverpool Institute of Higher Education. The aim of the research was to determine if this journal meets students' needs and if they, in turn, make appropriate use of it. This was achieved by comparing the numbers of students interested in various sections and categories of the journal with the number of journal pages allocated to each of these areas. The findings indicate that student needs and allocation of journal space correlate in 67% of the categories and sections. Reasons for the non-correlation of the remaining 33% are discussed.
Prelinguistic Skills and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Hong Chia Swee , Kewley Catherine
Published: April 2015

Communication is a vital human need. This article outlines the development of language and prelinguistic skills and offers suggestions to help children with a profound handicap to develop their communication and related abilities.
Thumbnail Sketches of Disabling Diseases Encountered by Community Staff: Part 5
Authors: Sutcliffe Pip
Published: April 2015

The articles in this short series for associate members sketch the major features of some long-term diseases commonly encountered by health and social service workers helping people in their own homes. They provide a starting point for understanding the problems of sufferers and their carers in adjusting their lives to these disabling conditions, particularly as they affect family life. Health and social service workers will develop their own sensitivity to life issues raised by these illnesses through further reading and experience.
A Method of Caseload Management
Authors: Haylock Sally , McGovern Jane
Published: April 2015

This article outlines a caseload management system which has been developed and introduced for trained staff in the occupational therapy department of King's College Hospital in South East London. This simple system, which has proved effective in monitoring referrals to the department and staff caseloads, aims to avoid stress on staff and helps to ensure a quality service for those patients receiving occupational therapy. Although designed for use in a physical department, the system could be adapted for use in other specialties.
Conflicts for the Female Therapist: Some Reflections
Authors: Cracknell Elizabeth
Published: April 2015

This article arises from personal reflections following study in a particular field. It analyses some of the factors which influence the development of a women's profession in a male-orientated society. The structure and relationships within the health services are perceived as a reflection of the position of men and women in society. A second issue, that of the perspective which produces the classification of occupations, is touched upon. The importance of keeping valued ‘female’ characteristics as well as developing ‘male’ ones is discussed.
Sensory Re-Education in the Hand following Nerve Repair Using Therapeutic Guidelines Based on Neurophysiological Function
Authors: Palmer Philip J
Published: April 2015

It is well known that, following peripheral nerve repair, a formal programme of sensory re-education can be a useful therapeutic tool. Less well established is the theoretical basis for these programmes and exactly when therapeutic intervention should take place. In an attempt to overcome this shortfall, A Lee Dellon, an American hand surgeon, investigated sensory function and patterns of recovery following nerve repair. This article includes a brief review of Dellon's theory of sensory recovery and the methods of assessment/treatment which he uses. Therapeutic intervention is reassessed with reference both to Dellon's theory and to practical difficulties with its application.
An Investigative Study of Early Developmental Factors in Children with Motor/Learning Difficulties
Authors: Stephenson Elizabeth , McKay Christina , Chesson Rosemary
Published: April 2015

The work reported here is part of a wider study initiated to explore through parental interviews the psychosocial and physiological development of children with motor/learning difficulties attending an occupational therapy department at a children's hospital. A basic profile of the children (age, sex, social class, type of dysfunction, IQ, education and marital status of parents and family size) is provided. In addition, the children's developmental histories from birth, including data on milestones, are presented and discussed.
The Role of Work in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Vostanis Panos
Published: April 2015

During the last few decades, there has been increasing emphasis on the social element of the treatment of chronic psychiatric patients. This has led to the development of mental health services in the community, outside the traditional psychiatric hospital. Rehabilitation services, in particular, have played a major role in the return of part of the long-stay psychiatric population to the community and in the prevention of social disablement. Most approaches of psychiatric rehabilitation are based on the components of occupational rehabilitation and residential care. This article attempts to review the major studies and models of vocational rehabilitation and to evaluate the role of work in the rehabilitation process. The basic principles and stages of rehabilitation are also briefly discussed.
Occupational Therapy in Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Bennett Sally L , Hill Graham , Trevan-Hawke Judith
Published: April 2015

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a relatively new and complicated procedure for patients with a range of malignant and non-malignant disorders, including aplastic anaemia, leukaemia and severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. To date, there has been little discussion of the occupational therapist's role in BMT. This article outlines six stages of BMT, and discusses occupational therapy assessment, treatment and long-term follow-up in order to highlight the contribution occupational therapy may make in the care of these patients.
Are There Schoolchildren in Lewisham Who are Experiencing Practical Difficulties at Home and/or at School?
Authors: Inglis Sally
Published: April 2015

A study was undertaken to ascertain the number of schoolchildren who are educated in, or live in, the Lewisham area and are experiencing difficulty at home and/or at school in daily living skills, handwriting/perceptual skills and general upper limb function/coordination. Parents and/or teachers of 258 children were asked to indicate by questionnaire whether or not each area was a difficulty for a child, and whether they felt that occupational therapy would be of benefit to that child at home or at school. The results showed that there were 77 children who were experiencing difficulties in one or more of the above areas and the parents and teachers of 92% of these indicated that they felt that occupational therapy would be of benefit. The results imply that there are a large number of children whose problems in these areas are not currently being met. It is proposed that an expansion of the paediatric occupational therapy service in Lewisham would help to alleviate this need.
The Use of Teleconferencing with Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Clark Charles , Homer Stephanie , Paul Barbara
Published: April 2015

St Loye's School of Occupational Therapy, Exeter, has been investigating the use of teleconferencing over a 2-year period. Clinical training of students takes place at various locations throughout England, during which time students are required to undertake written assignments set by St Loye's. This article explains the practicalities of using teleconferencing as a method of maintaining contact and supervision with students in connection with one of these assignments. It identifies difficulties in using teleconferencing with occupational therapy students and discusses effective ways of utilising this communication system.
Partial Hand Prostheses: A Clinic Profile
Authors: Kulkarni J R
Published: April 2015

A clinic profile of partial hand prostheses for partially mutilated hands is detailed. Seventy-five patients are on record as having been prescribed partial hand prostheses in the regional disability prosthetic clinic. To date, they constitute about 6.25% of all upper limb prosthesis users in the region.
Theme-Centred Group Work: The Theme-Centred Interaction (TCI) Approach to Groups
Authors: Dean Paul
Published: April 2015

This article summarises the main principles involved in participating in and leading groups based on the Theme-Centred Interaction (TCI) approach. After a brief introduction to the life and work of the originator, Ruth Cohn, the article describes the TCI approach in more detail, including the main axioms and postulates of TCI philosophy and specific recommendations for group leaders.
Coping with the Problems of Minor Tranquilliser Use in South Wales
Authors: Blank Alison
Published: April 2015

Whilst working as a member of the community mental health team, the author was part of an initiative looking at minor tranquilliser use in the locality. This article describes the way in which the adult psychiatric service, the local drugs advice project and the local branch of MIND set about meeting the needs of the community.
Lumbar Spinal Orthoses: Direct Moulding using Thermoplastic Mesh Sheet
Authors: Cunliffe M W
Published: April 2015

This article describes the application of a low-cost rigid adjustable lumbar brace made from sheet X-LITE. The results from 41 patients, who presented with a variety of lumbar spinal conditions and who have been fitted with this type of brace at the Royal Preston Hospital, show that the brace provides pain relief and support.
Self-Instruction in the Training of Functional Skills: A Single Case Study
Authors: Giles Gordon Muir , Morgan John H
Published: April 2015

This article presents a treatment programme for the development of personal hygiene behaviour in a patient who had herpes simplex encephalitis 5 years earlier. The patient has severe memory and organisational problems, but is of average overall intelligence. The programme consists, in part, of chaining a series of nine discrete activities by using linking phrases. The programme allowed the patient to structure his behaviour and wash in a well organised non-repetitive way. The results are discussed in the light of previous failures to affect behaviour using apparently similar methods.
Index Medicus and Medline for Occupational Therapists. Part 1: An Overview of Coverage and Searching Methods
Authors: Roberts David
Published: April 2015

Index Medicus and its online equivalent, Medline, is the major bibliographic index in medicine. Although some journals central to occupational therapy are not covered, many citations in areas like rehabilitation and psychiatry will be relevant. Finding references accurately and comprehensively depends on correct searching technique and some understanding of the sophisticated indexing system. An overview of these topics is given in part 1 of the article, followed by a more detailed discussion with emphasis on rehabilitation, psychiatry and community care in part 2. Aspects of the system covered include specificity, coordination and the hierarchical nature of the indexing thesaurus and the relative merits of the published and online formats.
Expert Systems and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Arnold M E , Penn Barbara
Published: April 2015

Expert systems have their roots in the medical profession (MYCIN is probably the best known) with many areas of application. A number of systems have been built, mainly to assist in diagnostic procedures. Few expert systems have been built for use in the profession of occupational therapy. The authors have explored the use of expert systems to assist occupational therapists in their assessment of patients needing wheelchairs and in prescribing them. A prototype expert system has been built and is now operational. Lessons have been learned regarding: constructing the knowledge base; resource implications; deficiencies in the prototype; and the way ahead.
Occupational Therapy in Australia: A Changing Profession and Changing Attitudes
Authors: Graham Jenny , Allen Felicity
Published: April 2015

This article reports the main findings of the Victorian Occupational Therapy Labour-Force Survey in 1986, and compares them where possible with data obtained in a national survey conducted four years earlier by Lansbury.1 Recent socioeconomic changes in Victoria have led to a considerable growth in demand for occupational therapists. The main reserve labour force consists of women caring for dependent children, many of whom would welcome the opportunity to return to work if their needs for flexible hours and on-site child care were catered for. Whilst the changes in patterns of employment and career attitudes could be interpreted as indicators of a decrease in labour-force problems, the profession's continued acceptance of traditional working conditions suggests that problems may be perpetuated rather than alleviated.
Occupational Therapy in Bulimia
Authors: Martin Joan E
Published: April 2015

In this second article on bulimia, the role of occupational therapy is discussed. Some approaches examined Include psychoeducational groups and the use of projective techniques. The area of body image is explored. The complications and outcome of the condition are reviewed since they form an important part of the educational groups.
Zen in the Art of Occupational Therapy, Part One
Authors: Kelly Greg , McFarlane Heather
Published: April 2015

In recent years, rapid changes have occurred within the health care system. Economic, political, scientific and social forces are transforming our view of health and, with the awakened interest in unconventional models of treatment, it is Important to assess the new set of demands placed on occupational therapy in relation to this change. Now that a greater emphasis is being placed on integrated methods of treatment, it is appropriate that we should consider the concepts of our own profession and their application to current changes of thought. The holistic approach to occupational therapy still has a valid contribution to make in the treatment process but perhaps a fresher application of this concept, including alternative Eastern philosophies, would promote a more balanced, dynamic outlook for occupational therapy, encour aging principles of self-help and creating a more challenging and more integrated practice of treatment. The article attempts to explain the principles of Eastern philosophy with reference to the Chinese ‘Book of Changes’ — the ‘I Ching’ — and to illustrate its relevance to new technology and scientific research.
The Casson Memorial Lecture: Through a Glass, Darkly
Authors: Barnitt Rosemary E
Published: April 2015

The Casson Memorial Lecture 1991 was delivered on 19 April at the 16th Annual Conference of the College of Occupational Therapists, held at the University of East Angila, Norwich. Lord Ennals was in the chair.
Can We Measure ‘Output’? Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Health Indices and Occupational Therapy
Authors: McCulloch Douglas
Published: April 2015

The question ‘Is it possible?’ logically precedes the question ‘Should it be done?’ It is hoped to show that the output of an occupational therapy department can be measured, and that it should be. The article begins with a discussion of output measurement and its implications, in the context of a hospital occupational therapy department. The Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY) approach is then explained and its relevance to occupational therapy is assessed.
Two Hundred Years of Therapeutic Occupations for Women Hospital Patients
Authors: Bracegirdle Hazel
Published: April 2015

In the second article in the series, a brief history of the use of occupation in the treatment of women in psychiatric hospitals from the mid-19th century onwards is given. The continued emphasis on sex-differentiated activities is discussed because this is thought to have implications for women's roles and opportunities. To see whether or not occupational therapists' choice of therapeutic activities has changed during the past 25 years as a reflection of the growth of feminism, back issues of BJOT are examined. Overall, attitudes towards women with mental illnesses are shown to have become more liberal, with less stress on retraining for traditional roles and tasks. However, occupational therapy may well lag behind as social roles are redefined and there is yet no room for complacency.
Appointment Timetabling: A Quality Issue
Authors: Blythe Cathy
Published: April 2015

In responding to a questionnaire, over one-third of the 189 patients who answered expressed difficulties in attending for appointments during normal departmental hours. An amended timetable was run as a pilot study for 2 months, reducing missed appointments from 14.62% to 10.81%. Subsequently, additional alterations to the timetable reduced missed appointments further, to 9.74%.
Occupational Therapy in the Management of High Level Quadriplegia
Authors: Hammell Karen R Whalley
Published: April 2015

The rehabilitation of the high level quadriplegic patient has been largely ignored in occupational therapy literature. With the comparatively recent survival of these patients and the low expectation for rehabilitation potential, as this has traditionally been viewed, the design of a therapy programme is a challenge to the vision and skills of the occupational therapist. This article outlines many of the available equipment options and indicates the unique rote that the occupational therapist has to play in increasing the quality of life for this patient group.
Joint Protection: A Critical Review
Authors: Palmer Philip , Simons Jane
Published: April 2015

This literature review considers the evidence to support or disclaim the efficacy of joint protection principles in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The principles used in the occupational therapy department of the Guest Hospital, Dudley, are examined and appraised individually. The application of these principles is then discussed in the context of overall patient care.
Occupational Therapy and the Pain Management Team
Authors: O'Hara P M
Published: April 2015

This article discusses the problems and challenges facing an occupational therapist in pain management, and the diverse roles the therapist is asked to play within the team structure. It is written in response to all those who contact the Gloucester Royal Hospital to find out how an occupational therapist works in the pain management team.
The Occupational Therapy Labour Market, Part 2: The Non-Practising Register as an Instrument for Staff Retention
Authors: Sutcliffe Pip
Published: April 2015

A register of non-practising occupational therapists is proposed as an inexpensive and easily implemented method of improving staff retention, thereby easing the problem of staff recruitment. It is suggested that this method would be effective.
An Overview of Occupational Therapy in the Context of the American Influence on the Profession: Part 2
Authors: Mocellin George
Published: April 2015

This article presents an overview of the genesis of the beliefs and values about occupational therapy as they emerged in the USA, reviews some of the factors associated with these developments, and questions the professional relevance of the concept of occupation as promulgated in the model of human occupation. Part 1 provided the background: it offered an historical outline of the beginning of occupational therapy in the USA, by reflecting on the meaning of occupation and by evaluating the concept of occupation as therapy. Part 2 considers the scientific aspects of ‘occupation’ from a paradigmatic perspective and concludes with suggesting that the concept of competence, rather than occupation, has provided and will continue to provide the philosophical underpinning for occupational therapy.
Head Injury: Developing Community Occupational Therapy to Meet the Challenge
Authors: Warnock Heather , Northin Debbie , Carberry Susan , Ward Elizabeth , Hughes David , Tennant Alan , Chamberlain M Anne
Published: April 2015

A project has been established to try to improve the quality of care given to patients after discharge from neurosurgery following a head injury. Set within the administrative area of Leeds City Council with a population of nearly three-quarters of a million people, it attempts to focus a small part of the social services occupational therapy service to respond to head injured patients and their families. During 1990, 56 patients were discharged from neurosurgery after 2 or more days' stay following a head injury, and were visited by one of three community occupational therapists specialising in head injury. They were given a comprehensive assessment of need after which the occupational therapist responded by (a) implementing a treatment programme and/or (b) providing equipment/adaptations and/or (c) referring to another agency. The average time taken to date for the initial assessment has been 2½ hours, with a range of 1–4 hours. Questions have arisen about the expanding role for the community occupational therapist with this group of service users.
Assessment of the Demands by General Practitioners for a Community Psychiatric Occupational Therapist Service
Authors: Sparling Elizabeth , Clark Norma , Laidlaw Joy
Published: April 2015

This article assesses and evaluates the needs of general practitioners within a local geographical area to ascertain their perceived use of a community psychiatric occupational therapist service. The survey confirmed their need for this service.
The Psychological Effects of Burn Injuries: A Literature Review
Authors: Fleet Jo
Published: April 2015

Revlous research identifies a number of variables that influence psychological adjustment following a burn injury. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the types of support available for adult burns patients and their value in the adjustment process and subsequent return to work. It concludes that social support is valuable during rehabilitation but that greater professional support is required.
The Use of Play in Occupational Therapy for Children: How the Therapist Can Help
Authors: Bracegirdle Hazel
Published: April 2015

Although children with impairments probably need more play experiences than other children in order to realise their developmental potential, they often cannot be left to get on with play unaided. Sensory, perceptual and motor difficulties, together with disorders of attention and learning, may seriously inhibit play behaviour. Some children may be barred from activities simply because expectations of them are low or because caretakers tend to overprotect them. Play is not only the most natural but also the most effective form of therapy for children and so this article attempts to equip the therapist with faith in his/her own role as a companion in play.
The Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery in Acute Stroke
Authors: Friedman Paul J , Leong Leny
Published: April 2015

Eighty-six elderly subjects completed the Rivermead Perceptual Assessment Battery (RPAB) within 14 days of stroke. The RPAB was scored with either a criterion score (number of subtests above cut-off) or total score, calculated by weighting all 16 subtest scores. Three shortened versions of the RPAB were also assessed. The RPAB results were compared with those of line bisection, line cancellation and drawing tests. Perceptual impairment as defined by the RPAB was equally common in dominant and non-dominant hemisphere stroke. RPAB criterion and total scores were correlated with line cancellation, line bisection, limb power and cognitive score. Both RPAB scores were significant univariate predictors of functional outcome and discharge residence. In multivariate models, Barthel ADL score at day 7 and RPAB criterion score were significant predictors of functional outcome; Barthel ADL score at day 7 was the only significant predictor of discharge residence for subjects previously living at home. Total RPAB score was no more useful than criterion score. The shortened RPAB version A predicted outcome as successfully as the full RPAB. The shortened RPAB version A as a screening test of perception following acute stroke is recommended.
1930s: Ourselves as others Saw Us
Authors: Hume Clephane A
Published: April 2015

A review of a Memorandum on Occupation Therapy for Mental Patients (Board of Control, 1933)1 and a pamphlet on Aids to Mental Health: the Benefits of Occupation, Recreation and Amusement (Eager, 71937)2.
‘Relinquishing What is Known and What is Safe’: A Description of a Job Swop Ethnographic Study
Authors: Heason Caroline , Hutchings Sue
Published: April 2015

This article describes the initiation, planning and implementation of a job exchange between a practitioner and an educator in a psychiatric setting. The experience provided an opportunity for a participant-observer study which helped to identify common personal and professional themes. The job exchange also acted as a catalyst for change, facilitating greater collaboration between local practitioners and educators. The value of reflective practice is also discussed, in reference to exploring sociocultural processes.
DFGs: Disabled Facilities Grants or Discrimination on Financial Grounds?
Authors: Taylor Allison J
Published: April 2015

Since the introduction of the Disabled Facilities Grant system, clients in the community who are house-owners have been required to contribute substantial sums of money toward the cost of large home adaptations. In many cases, this financial demand has been too great for the household to accept and the adaptation has been cancelled. This study used hypothetical clients and financial details to assess the feasibility of obtaining a loan for the required sum. A selection of high street banks and building societies were canvassed. The results confirmed the problems facing many clients in securing a loan, and highlighted the failings of the financial assessment procedure used to calculate the potential loan ability of householders.
Setting Standards and Developing Practice Guidelines: Accreditation of Clinical Experience
Authors: Openshaw Sheila , Goble Rita
Published: April 2015

The systematic identification of essential supervisory practices when structuring a placement is described in this article. From identified practices, standards were set and practice guidelines developed. These form the basis of accreditation procedures for St Loye's School of Occupational Therapy, Exeter. This is the second article addressing the development of accreditation.
Aromatherapy and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Sanderson Helen , Ruddle Judy
Published: April 2015

Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils to promote health and wellbeing and is becoming increasingly popular with the general public. Many occupational therapists and other professionals are considering its use in the therapeutic environment. This article explores the therapeutic potential of aromatherapy within occupational therapy and examines some of the different ways in which it could be used.
Evaluating the Use of an Occupational Assessment with Elderly Rehabilitation Patients
Authors: Lycett Rachel
Published: April 2015

This study investigated the relevance of an occupational assessment, based on the model of human occupation, with elderly patients on rehabilitation wards. The assessment was implemented and evaluated on a three-part questionnaire administered by occupational therapists. The assessment showed some importance when establishing the needs of and planning treatment for this patient group. In particular, it collected important additional information about the patients' values and attitudes. The model was shown to be of particular benefit in one hospital and more relevant to patients expected to require longer-term treatment and those who had had a stroke.
Interpersonal Skills and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Lloyd Chris , Maas Frikkie
Published: April 2015

Carkhuff has been instrumental in defining and operationalising the core dimensions in the helping relationship. Research has shown that the level of the helper's interpersonal skills bears a direct relationship to the outcome of therapy. The interpersonal skills required in occupational therapy services are examined and suggestions are made concerning how to increase the level of interpersonal skills functioning of therapists.
Proximal Femoral Fractures in the Female Patient, a Controlled Trial: The Role of the Occupational Therapist and the Physiotherapist
Authors: Burns Anita , Park Kay
Published: April 2015

A randomised study was aimed at determining whether collaborative care of the proximal femoral fracture patient, by a multidisciplinary approach involving intensive physiotherapy and occupational therapy, could shorten hospital stay, improve personal independence at discharge and reduce the level of care needed after discharge.
The Outcome and Implications of Screening Student Projects for Evidence of Ethical Reasoning
Authors: Bagshaw Avril , Pinnington Lorraine
Published: April 2015

This article presents the results of a retrospective survey of research protocols submitted by occupational therapy students over a 3-year period. It follows a companion article1 which considered the increasing importance of ethics in occupational therapy education. Data concerning the number and type of projects conducted by students are reported and discussed in the context of their ethical implications. In addition, the advice given to students in response to their research protocols is outlined and the limitations of the ethical screening process are evaluated. The article concludes with recommendations for the future ethical education of students.
Models for Practice in Occupational Therapy: Part 1, Defining Terms
Authors: Creek Jennifer , Feaver Sally
Published: April 2015

The first part of this article attempts to clarify some of the confusion around the use of language to explain the theory of occupational therapy, including terms such as models, frames of reference and philosophical assumptions. It defines and differentiates between the terms and describes the components of a good model for practice.
An Introduction to Protocols for Occupational Therapy
Authors: Warren Inga
Published: April 2015

The use of protocols for clarifying thinking and promoting occupational therapy is described, drawing on personal experience. Potential applications and methods of presentation are outlined and illustrated.
Reprofiling and Skill Mix: Our Next Challenge
Authors: Atkinson Kim
Published: April 2015

The current economic and political climate within the National Health Service is demanding improvements in quality of service provision with increased throughput at lower unit cost. It is becoming increasingly important that managers find ways of making changes in these areas. Staffing is the most expensive resource in the NHS. Within the occupational therapy profession, staff are scarce and there is an increased demand for occupational therapy services. The importance of using human resources effectively and efficiently is becoming paramount in dealing with these two issues. The process of reprofiling and skill mix may provide the solution.
Massage as a Therapeutic Tool, Part 2
Authors: Westland Gill
Published: April 2015

Part 2 of this article concerns itself with some selected research references into the benefits of massage with particular clinical conditions and clients. As indicated previously, empirical studies of the benefits of massage are still fairly rudimentary and limited. A survey is provided of some of the studies that have been carried out but, clearly, further work still needs to be done: more careful consideration needs to be given to, for example, research design, control groups and placebo effects. Contraindications and precautions in the application of massage are also considered. Part 1 outlined some of the various massage systems and the importance of touch.
The Barthel Index: Confidence Limits
Authors: Eakin Pamela
Published: April 2015

Shah and Cooper, in their ‘Commentary’ (BJOT February 1993), state that ‘rehabilitation workers can feel confident in advocating the use of the BI, as modified by Shah et al in 1989, as the preferred measure of ADL’. The evidence they present in their commentary fails to support this assertion.
Measuring Outcomes in Rehabilitation: A Review
Authors: Fricke Janet
Published: April 2015

A review of literature is undertaken to consider the issue of outcome measures and their current position in rehabilitation. The use of such indices in measuring and estimating the benefits of a rehabilitation programme is discussed in relation to outcome and funding issues. The selection and evaluation of suitable assessments is reviewed by considering their usefulness, construction, availability of manuals and training, reliability, validity and scoring. It is concluded that occupational therapists must introduce and use standardised assessments as part of their rehabilitation programme. By measuring change in status between admission and discharge and again at follow-up, it is possible to compare status at one date with another and so estimate and demonstrate the value of the treatment programme.
The Concept of Function
Authors: Unsworth Carolyn A
Published: April 2015

It appears that the focus of occupational therapy on function has moved away from the concept to centre on assessments. Conceptual debate concerning function has been muted and lost in the technicalities of the measurement process and measurement theory. Numerous reviews of functional assessments have recently appeared in the occupational therapy literature.1–5 Current discussions appear to be driven by technical issues, such as the demonstration of the reliability and validity of specific measures, rather than the extent to which the design and structure of the measures form the most appropriate conceptualisation of function. A re-centring of this issue towards conceptual discussions and away from measurement technicalities is highly desirable. The purpose of this article is to review the ways function is currently perceived and to raise many of the questions that the profession must debate and resolve regarding this issue.
Occupational Therapy with a Male-to-Female Transsexual: A Case Study
Authors: Jessop Nicola
Published: April 2015

A transsexual's performance in the chosen gender role can be seen in the context of functional performance of life skills, and should thus potentially be improved with appropriate occupational therapy. A detailed case study is used to illustrate the application of occupational therapy assessment and treatment with one such person, a young male-to-female transsexual in the very early stages of the lengthy pre-surgery assessment phase.
Causal Attributions: Theoretical Considerations and Their Relevance to Occupational Therapy Practice and Education
Authors: Esdaile Susan A , Madill Helen M
Published: April 2015

The aims of this article are to outline the principles of causal attribution theory, within the broader context of social learning theory; to relate these theories to occupational therapy practice; and to describe ways in which the authors have applied these constructs to the education of occupational therapy students. The last involved both the teaching of this subject to senior students and the use of theoretical constructs in the assessment of students' coping strategies in clinical fieldwork placements.
From Work to Therapy: The Changing Politics of Occupation in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: April 2015

Historically, there have been strong links between the establishment and maintenance of health through occupation, on the one hand, and broad sociopolitical and economic forces, on the other. As a result, occupational therapists have consistently contributed to, and been influenced by, prevalent attitudes to work, leisure, unemployment and poverty. This article examines the nature of these Interactions between occupational therapy and society, by exploring some of the continuities and discontinuities in the practice of occupational therapy within the history of a particular institution established in 1902 for children and adults with what are now referred to as ‘learning difficulties’ or ‘learning disabilities’. The article argues that it is the strength of the ideological and pragmatic links between therapy, health and work, rather than a reliance on rigid biomedical explanations of disease, that has traditionally constituted the basis for the professional expertise of occupational therapists.
Are Elderly Patients Getting Enough Occupational Therapy?
Authors: King Debra , Jones Melanie , Barrett James A , Lorains John W
Published: April 2015

One hundred patients (mean age 80.6 years) were prospectively studied with regard to delay in occupational therapy assessment and quantity of therapy in a department of medicine for the elderly. There was a mean delay of 2.2 days in assessment and each patient received an average of 4 hours less therapy than recommended. Home visits were carried out on 31 patients, who waited an average of 3.9 days for them to occur. These delays have implications in terms of quality of care delivered to elderly patients requiring rehabilitation and costs in terms of wasted expenditure, as well as adverse effects on other medical specialties.
Establishing Objectives in Occupational Therapy Practice, Part 1
Authors: Hammell Karen R Whalley
Published: April 2015

This article examines the range of objectives that needs to be included in a personal rehabilitation plan. It includes an analysis of what is implied by an objective and why realistic objectives should be a part of good planning in a rehabilitation programme. Part 2 will examine why it is important to be able to identify when an objective has been reached and what characteristics an objective must have in order that success in reaching it is immediately and unambiguously identifiable. The objectives are placed in the context of client and professional partnerships, implications of independence and issues surrounding choice and control. Illustration is provided with reference to traumatic spinal cord injury.