bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐type doped nano‐diamond in a first MEMS application
Authors: Dipalo M. , Kusterer J. , Janischowsky K. , Kohn E.
Published: September 2006

Nanocrystalline diamond is an interesting material for MEMS applications especially due to its outstanding mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties. The current choice for doping is boron, resulting in p‐type conduction. It has two difficulties: firstly, at high concentration (as needed for full activation) the lattice becomes highly stressed and may degrade the material's quality. Secondly, it contaminates the growth chamber, resulting in a memory effect. A recent alternative is n‐type nitrogen doping, avoiding these disadvantages. However, nitrogen is mainly incorporated in the grain boundaries and thus inhomogeneously distributed. In turn this may limit the material's stability. Here we present a first trial to use nitrogen‐doped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD), grown by hot filament CVD, in a water microjet as heater element. No stability problems were encountered even at high overdrive power. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical characteristics of n‐type diamond Schottky diodes and metal/diamond interfaces
Authors: Suzuki Mariko , Koizumi Satoshi , Katagiri Masayuki , Ono Tomio , Sakuma Naoshi , Yoshida Hiroaki , Sakai Tadashi , Uchikoga Shuichi
Published: September 2006

Electrical characteristics of n‐type diamond Schottky diodes and metal/diamond interfaces have been systematically investigated for phosphorus (P)‐doped homoepitaxial diamond layers. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the Ni/n‐type diamond Schottky diode show excellent rectification properties from 297 K to 773 K. The ideality factor and the rectification ratio were 1.0 and ∼106 at +10 V at 573 K, respectively. The rectifying properties deteriorated with increasing P concentration in the diamond layers. Temperature‐dependent capacitance–frequency (C–f) and conductance–frequency (G–f) measurements on the Schottky diodes have shown that the capacitance is reduced at high frequency due to the inability of deep centers to maintain an equilibrium ionization state under a high‐frequency modulation. C–V measurements deduced that the P electrical activity (the ratio of the net donor concentration to the P concentration) was nearly 1 from low concentration (1.6 × 1016cm–3) to high concentration (2.7 × 1018cm–3) of P. The Schottky barrier height was found to be almost constant at ∼4.3 eV independent of the metal work function (Ni, Pt, Al and Ti). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Compositional and electrical characterisation of the hydrogen–oxygen terminated diamond (100) surface
Authors: Deferme W. , Haenen K. , Tanasa G. , Flipse C. F. J. , Nesládek M.
Published: September 2006

In this work (100) diamond films are hydrogenated using a conventional MWPE‐CVD (microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition) reactor containing a H2 or a H2/O2 mixture. For the latter, XPS (X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) experiments show an increased presence of oxygen at the (sub)‐surface. Contrary to pure H2‐plasma treated samples, H2/O2‐treated layers still posses enough conductivity to enable STS (Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy) investigations to be carried out after an annealing at 410 °C in UHV (Ultra High Vacuum). Evidence for surface resonance states is detected, yielding a possible explanation for the measured conductivity. UPS (UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy) data point to a negative electron affinity of –0.3 eV for the H2/O2‐treated layers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of single‐crystal CVD‐diamond detectors for spectroscopy and timing
Authors: Pomorski M. , Berdermann E. , Caragheorgheopol A. , Ciobanu M. , Kiš M. , Martemiyanov A. , Nebel C. , Moritz P.
Published: September 2006

Charge‐transport parameters measured for several single‐crystal CVD‐diamond films are discussed as well as the consequences for the energy‐ and the time resolution of charged‐particle detectors made of these samples. Applying a transient‐current technique, where 241Am α‐particles are used for e–h pair creation, low‐field electron mobility values varying in the range 1300 < µ 0–e [cm2/Vs] < 3100 are obtained, and a common saturation velocity around v sat–e ≈ 1.9 × 107 [cm/s]. Hole data show impressive uniformity with µ 0–h ≈ 2330 [cm2/Vs] and v sat–h ≈ 1.4 × 107 [cm/s]. At detector operation bias (0.3 V/μm < E D < 3 V/μm) the holes drift systematically faster than the electrons. The lifetime of the charge carriers in best samples amounts to τ h ≈ 1 µs for holes and to τ e ∼ 320 ns for electrons. Comparable to the energy resolution of commercial silicon detectors, a ΔE = 17 keV (FWHM) is measured for 5.5 MeV α‐particles and ΔE /E ∼ 1% for heavy ions. Tests of single‐ and polycrystalline detectors with relativistic 27Al ions of 2 AGeV reveal the same intrinsic time resolution of σ (Δt) = 28 ps indicating limitations due to electronic noise. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thick single crystal CVD diamond prepared from CH4‐rich mixtures
Authors: Bogdan G. , De Corte K. , Deferme W. , Haenen K. , Nesládek M.
Published: September 2006

Recent interests in freestanding single‐crystal CVD diamond (SC‐CVD) discs for several applications in electronics led to an intense study of SC‐CVD layer growth and properties. In this work we have investigated the growth mechanism of monocrystalline CVD diamond films with surfaces smooth in nanometer scale taking into account the defect incorporation in the SC‐CVD layers. Specifically we discuss the surface structure characteristics for these conditions as studied with high‐resolution AFM mapping. The as‐grown CVD layers were removed from the substrate by laser cutting, followed by a polishing step, yielding freestanding plates. Subsequently, microscopic and colour studies as well as infrared absorption spectroscopy were performed. These investigations revealed the presence of several characteristic defects and impurities. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocation distributions in brown diamond
Authors: Willems B. , Martineau P. M. , Fisher D. , Van Royen J. , Van Tendeloo G.
Published: September 2006

Dislocation distributions are characterized on a µm‐scale in various plastically deformed natural brown type IIa diamond samples before and after high‐pressure high‐temperature (HPHT) treatment. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used for a statistical study. Applying conventional diffraction contrast imaging, different parameters such as the total dislocation line density, the distribution of 〈101〉 and 〈112〉 line densities, and Burgers vectors of dislocations have been systematically determined for diamond samples before and after HPHT treatment. The total dislocation line density is about 109 cm–2, and does not change upon HPHT treatment. A significant proportion of the dislocations have 〈112〉 line directions besides the 〈101〉 line directions. No changes in dislocation distributions before and after HPHT‐treatment are reported so far. However, the presence of many paired 〈112〉 dislocations and small dislocation loops suggest a link to the current brown colour mechanism involving vacancy clusters or disks. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (a) 203/12
Authors: Jackman Richard B. , Nesládek Miloš , Haenen Ken
Published: September 2006

The 30 papers gathered in this issue of physica status solidi (a) give a thorough overview over different topics that were presented during the 11th edition of the International Workshop on Surface and Bulk Defects in CVD Diamond Films (SBDD), which took place from 22 to 24 February 2006, at the Hasselt University in Diepenbeek–Hasselt, Belgium. Since its start more than 10 years ago, the SBDD Workshop has grown into a well‐established, yearly “early bird” meeting place, addressing new emerging science related to the progress in the CVD diamond field. The 10 invited lectures, 29 contributed oral presentations and 26 posters were presented in several sessions during an intense two and a half day long meeting.

The number of participants reached 115 this year with participants coming from fifteen countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Sweden, UK, and USA. The mixture of young and established scientists, including a great proportion of students, made this meeting a hot spot of lively discussions on a wide range of scientific subjects, not only during the meeting itself, but also at several occasions throughout many social events offered by the hospitality of the city of Hasselt.

It stands for itself that the workshop would not have been possible without the support of many people and institutions. For financial aid we are especially indebted to the Scientific Research Community “Surface Modification of Materials” of the F.W.O.‐Vlaanderen (Belgium), whose incessant support plays an important role in keeping this meeting going. We also thank the Hasselt University for offering the lecture hall and infrastructure facilities and Seki Technotron Corp. for sponsoring the poster reception and their presence with a table top exhibit. Finally we highly appreciate the active approach of the editorial staff of physica status solidi in this conference and would like to thank most notably Stefan Hildebrandt, Ron Schulz‐Rheinländer, Christoph Lellig, and Julia Hübner, for their excellent and patient work, bringing the number of successfully published proceedings of SBDD in pss (a) up to 8 already!

To finish, we would all like to invite you to the 12th edition of the SBDD series, newly renamed as “Hasselt Diamond Workshop”, to be held at its established location of Diepenbeek–Hasselt. We look forward meeting you again at SBDD XII in 2007:

Hasselt Diamond Workshop – SBDD XII

28 February–2 March 2007

Hasselt University, Diepenbeek–Hasselt, Belgium

http://www.imo.uhasselt.be/SBDD2007

London, Paris, Hasselt, August 2006
Multi‐bit storage in reset process of Phase Change Access Memory (PRAM)
Authors: Zhang Yi , Feng Jie , Zhang Yin , Zhang Zufa , Lin Yinyin , Tang Ting'ao , Cai Bingchu , Chen Bomy
Published: September 2006

A Phase Change Access Memory (PRAM) cell with stacked phase‐change layers and heater layers is prepared. Multi‐bit storage in the reset process of the PRAM is realized by this stacked structure including phase‐change layers with uniform thickness and heater layers with different thickness. The thermal simulation results show three phase‐change layers in three temperature zones, and they will transform from polycrystalline to amorphous state layer by layer. There are four levels of resistance appearing in theR–Vcharacteristics, and 2‐bit storage is realized. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Impact of the Built Environment on Children's School Conduct Grades: The Role of Diversity of Use in a Hispanic Neighborhood
Authors: Szapocznik José , Lombard Joanna , Martinez Frank , Mason Craig A. , Gorman-Smith Deborah , Plater-Zyberk Elizabeth , Brown Scott C. , Spokane Arnold
Published: September 2006

A population‐based study examined the relationship between diversity of use of the built environment and teacher reports of children's grades. Diversity of use of the built environment (i.e., proportion of a block that is residential, institutional, commercial and vacant) was assessed for all 403 city blocks in East Little Havana, Miami—a Hispanic neighborhood. Cluster analysis identified three block‐types, based on diversity of use: Residential, Mixed‐Use, and Commercial. Cross‐classified hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the impact of diversity of use, school, gender, and year‐in‐school on academic and conduct grades for 2857 public school children who lived in these blocks. Contrary to popular belief, mixed‐use blocks were associated with optimal outcomes. Specifically, follow‐up analyses found that a youth living on a residential block had a 74% greater odds of being in the lowest 10% of conduct grades (conduct GPA <2.17) than a youth living on a mixed‐use block. In fact, an analysis of the population attributable fraction suggests that if the risk associated with residential blocks could be reduced to the level of risk associated with mixed‐use blocks, a 38% reduction in Conduct GPAs <2.17 could be achieved in the total population. These findings suggest that public policy targeting the built environment may be a mechanism for community‐based interventions to enhance children's classroom conduct, and potentially related sequelae.
Development of a Communication Aid to Facilitate Risk Communication in Consultations with Unaffected Women from High Risk Breast Cancer Families: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lobb E. A. , Butow P. N. , Moore A. , Barratt A. , Tucker K. , Gaff C. , Kirk J. , Dudding T. , Butt D.
Published: September 2006

The literature on risk perception in women from high‐risk breast cancer families reveals persistent over‐estimation of risk, even after counseling. In this study, a communication aid was designed to facilitate discussion of risk between clinical geneticists and genetic counselors and women from this high‐risk population. Method: Stage 1. The aid was developed by an expert panel of clinical geneticists, genetic counselors, psychologists, an epidemiologist, an oncologist, linguists and a consumer. It was guided by the international literature on risk communication and a large multi‐centre Australian study of risk communication. The 13 page full‐color communication aid used varying formats of words, numbers, graphs and pie‐charts to address (a) the woman's subjective risk; (b) the population risk of breast cancer; c) the risk of inherited breast cancer; (d) the cumulative risk for women with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations; (e) family risk factors; (f) the woman's suitability for genetic testing; (h) screening and management recommendations, and (i) a re‐assessment of the woman's subjective risk. Stage 2: A before–after pilot study of 38 women who were unaffected with breast cancer and were attending four Australian familial cancer clinics was undertaken. Baseline and follow‐up questionnaires were completed by 27 women. Outcomes were compared to those observed in 107 similar women undergoing genetic counseling without the communication aid in 2001. Results: The risk communication aid appears to be beneficial; breast cancer genetics knowledge improved in some areas and importantly, risk perceptions improved in the cohort receiving the communication aid. Psychological measures showed no difference in anxiety or depression between the group receiving the communication aid and the comparison cohort. Women and clinicians were very positive about the usefulness of the communication aid as an adjunct to the genetic counseling consultation.
Depression and Suicidal Ideation After Predictive Testing for Huntington's Disease: A Two‐Year Follow‐up Study
Authors: Larsson Maria U. , Luszcz Mary A. , Bui The‐Hung , Wahlin Tarja‐Brita Robins
Published: September 2006

The present study reports a two‐year follow‐up of psychological effects of predictive testing for Huntington's disease. Questionnaires assessing depression, general health, well‐being, self injurious behavior, life satisfaction, and lifestyle were completed by 35 carriers and 58 non‐carriers before the predictive test, and 2, 6, 12, and 24 months afterwards. Both carriers and non‐carriers showed high suicidal ideation before the predictive testing. Depression scores and frequency of suicidal thoughts increased for carriers, compared to non‐carriers, over time. There were no differences regarding life satisfaction or life style between carriers and non‐carriers. Predictive testing was beneficial in reducing overall ill‐health symptoms and increasing well‐being for those initially expressing concern about Huntington's disease. The importance of assessing suicidal ideation and of continuing to provide adequate support is emphasized.
Visioning Family‐Centered Care in Genetics: What Parents and Providers Have to Say
Authors: Hernandez Virginia Rondero , Selber Katherine , Tijerina Mary S.
Published: September 2006

The purpose of this multisite exploratory research study involving focus groups of consumers and service providers was to generate stakeholder input for a statewide strategic plan for genetic services in the southwestern region of the United States. This article describes the qualitative methods by which the data were collected and summarizes major themes in participants’ perceptions about genetic services. It also describes processes related to obtaining genetic services and characteristics of an ideal service delivery system for children affected by genetic disorders and the families that care for them. Implications for practice and policy are also reviewed.
Activation of Rac1 by Rho‐guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor‐β with defective isoprenyl‐binding pocket
Authors: Ota Takahide , Maeda Masayo , Murakami Manabu , Takegami Tsutomu , Suto Shiho , Tatsuka Masaaki
Published: September 2006

Rho‐guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor‐β (RhoGDIβ), a regulator for Rho GTPases, is implicated in cancer cell progression. We reported that C‐terminal truncated RhoGDIβ (ΔC(166–201)‐RhoGDIβ) promoted metastasis through activating Rac1 signaling pathway in ras‐transformed fibroblast cells. To better understand the mechanism of Rac1 activation by ΔC(166–201)‐RhoGDIβ during metastasis, the amount of GTP‐bound Rac1 was measured as the activation level of Rac1 in cells expressing various mutant RhoGDIβ with sequential C‐terminal deletions. Three C‐terminal hydrophobic amino acid residues (Trp191, Leu193, and Ile195) supposed to interact with isoprenyl groups of Rac1, was indispensable for a proper regulation of Rac1 activation/inhibition. Deletion of this region led RhoGDIβ to continuously associate with GTP‐bound Rac1, provoking constitutive activation of Rac1. Thus, impaired interaction of RhoGDIβ with Rac1 isoprenyl groups possibly makes RhoGDIβ function as a positive regulator for Rac1 during metastasis.
Establishment and characterization of SV40 large T antigen‐immortalized cell lines derived from fetal bovine brain tissues after prolonged cryopreservation
Authors: Takenouchi Takato , Iwamaru Yoshifumi , Sato Mitsuru , Yokoyama Takashi , Shinagawa Morikazu , Kitani Hiroshi
Published: September 2006

Bovine brain cell lines with specific characteristics are usefulin vitroexperimental systems for molecular and cellular investigation of the interactions between bovine specific neuropathogenic agents and the host. Here, we established two novel cell lines from cultures of cryopreserved fetal bovine brain tissue by the transfection of SV40 large T antigen. Both cell lines showed cobblestone morphology in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. They were immunostained with endothelial marker, Von Willebrand Factor. Endothelial properties, such as capillary‐like tube formation on matrigel and the incorporation of DiI‐AcLDL were confirmed with these cells. Removal of growth factors increased the number of cells expressing α‐smooth muscle actin, suggesting the potential of these cell lines to differentiate into smooth muscle cells. This study suggests an efficient protocol to immortalize brain endothelial cell lines from fetal bovine brain tissue culture.
Amphotericin B nasal spray has no effect on nasal polyps
Authors: Helbling A , Baumann A , Hänni C , Caversaccio M
Published: September 2006

Nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis are the products of an inflammatory process. Recently, fungal involvement has been thought to stimulate the development of polyps, and administration of antifungal agents was therefore considered a potential treatment. Several studies have been published indicating amphotericin B as an effective treatment for nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis. The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of intranasal applied amphotericin B on the growth of nasal polyps in a three-month, prospective, open trial. Our results show that nasal amphotericin B spray is not effective for nasal polyps and may even cause deterioration.
Introduction to ‘Dance’ special issue
Authors: Cohen Sara , Fairley Jan
Published: September 2006

‘Are ye dancin’?' ‘Are ye askin’?' ‘Yes I’m askin” ‘Then I’m dancin'!' This was the exchange between couples in Glasgow early in the twentieth century at the height of the ballroom dancing boom that made the city one of the dancing capitals of the world. It lingers on in Scottish dancing parlance. In Havana, people were dancing danzón; in Buenos Aires, tango; and in Río de Janeiro, samba. It was a time of big orchestras when women wore evening dresses and men wore suits. Today, whilst the clothes may have changed, dance with its link to sensual pleasure continues to be fundamental to our cultures.
Dance, gender, and popular music in Malawi: the case of rap and ragga
Authors: GILMAN LISA , FENN JOHN
Published: September 2006

Rap and ragga musics have found a place on the musical landscape of Malawi over the last decade, exemplified in a nation-wide scene characterised by competitions. Recordings and associated materials of rap and ragga that inform Malawian youth interpretations tend to emphasise male participation and masculine symbols. Competitions are male-dominated in their organisational structure and participatory roles. Though the articulated focus of these events is the musical component, movement practices are at the core of the scene, comprising part of contestants' performances and the more informal activities of spectators. Female involvement as dancers is much greater than as music-makers, making attention to dance crucial for understanding gender dynamics. Our exploration of intersections between dance, music, gender and class provides insight into the reasons for and implications of male dominance in this popular music/dance scene.
Dancing machines: ‘Dance Dance Revolution’, cybernetic dance, and musical taste
Authors: DEMERS JOANNA
Published: September 2006

In ‘Dance Dance Revolution’ (DDR), an arcade and home video game distributed by the Japanese entertainment corporation Konami, players move their feet in specific patterns set to electronic dance music. Only by achieving a high accuracy rate can a player advance from one level to the next. DDR enjoys worldwide popularity among teenagers and young adults, partially due to the marketing of the game's ‘soundtracks’ as separate, purchasable collections of underground techno, house, and drum ‘n’ bass. This article considers the Internet communities of DDR fans and their debates concerning ‘mainstream’ culture and musical taste.
Dancing back to front: regeton, sexuality, gender and transnationalism in Cuba
Authors: Fairley Jan
Published: September 2006

In this Middle Eight using ethnographic observation and interviews made in Cuba in May–July 2005 and March–April 2006 I problematise the new Latina/o dance music ‘reggaetón’ which in the USA is being heralded as ‘‘an expression of pan-Latino identity … the latest Latin musical style to sweep the world … the one with the most promise of finding a permanent, prominent place not just in US but in global popular culture …” (Marshall, 2006). Notably along with hip-hop with which it is now related in Cuban cultural politics, this is the first pan-Latin style of non-Cuban origin to have a strong presence in post-‘Special period’ 1990s revolutionary Cuba. I focus on the significance and possible history of the dance moves and the lyrics of two key songs, discussing possible political double meanings and implications within a Cuban context. While focusing particularly on issues of regeton in Cuba, I place regeton in Cuba in the larger context of reggaetón history in the Latin world and of Latin dance history and discuss it within the constant construction of an appropriate Cuban national identity. I pose open questions about gender, sexuality and generational attitudes. The overall theoretical context falls within the context of Järviluoma et al's work on ‘gender as cultural construction’ (2003). It builds on work on gender and dance which forms a small part of Fairley (2004).
Lesezeiten- und Blickbewegungsverfahren als Methoden für die soziale Kognitionsforschung
Authors: Krolak-Schwerdt Sabine , Kneer Julia
Published: September 2006

Zusammenfassung: In diesem Artikel werden die Vorteile von Lesezeiten- und Blickbewegungsmethoden für Prozessanalysen in der sozialen Kognitionsforschung vorgestellt. Zunächst werden die theoretischen und methodischen Grundlagen der Messung von Lesezeiten dargestellt. Anhand von zwei Experimenten wird die Anwendung von zwei verschiedenen Methoden beschrieben. In den Experimenten wurden Unterschiede in der Verarbeitung von Personinformationen untersucht, die in Form einer Liste von personbeschreibenden Aussagen dargeboten wurden oder durch Konjunktionen miteinander sprachlich verbunden wurden. Die Analyse der Lesezeiten, die als online-Messungen erhoben wurden, zeigte, dass Konjunktionen den ersten Integrationsprozess beim Lesen der Information erleichtern, wobei die Integration der, den Konjunktionen folgenden Informationen in einem Satz beeinflusst wird. Der Nutzen der vorgestellten Methoden für künftige Forschung in anderen Gebieten der sozialen Kognition wird diskutiert.
Erfassung selbstregulierten Lernens mit Selbstberichtsverfahren
Authors: Spörer Nadine , Brunstein Joachim C.
Published: September 2006

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Verfahren, die Merkmale selbstregulierten Lernens (kognitive, motivationale und metakognitive Lernstrategien) mit Methoden des Selbstberichts erfassen. Vier Verfahrensgruppen (Fragebogen, Interview, Lautes Denken, Lerntagebuch) werden vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf ihre Vor- und Nachteile vergleichend diskutiert. Danach werden Befunde berichtet, aus denen hervorgeht, dass selbstreguliertes Lernen in Abhängigkeit von der gewählten Erhebungsmethode unterschiedlich gut interindividuelle Differenzen in akademischen Leistungen aufklärt. Es wird weiterhin gezeigt, dass die Validität der Erhebungsmethode vom Grad der Strategiereife, die ein Lernender erreicht hat, beeinflusst wird. Zudem wird diskutiert, dass die o. g. Verfahren zwar Einzelkomponenten selbstregulierten Lernens erfassen, dass sie aber deren Zusammenspiel ebenso wie Situationsaspekte des Lernens oftmals vernachlässigen. Zur Steigerung der Varianzaufklärung und zur Bestimmung der differenziellen Validität bietet sich die Kombination unterschiedlicher Verfahren an, wie Befunde aus multi-methodalen Studien zeigen. Abschließend werden Ansätze vorgestellt, die selbstreguliertes Lernen in konstruktivistischen Lernumgebungen erfassen und darauf abzielen, die Kontextabhängigkeit selbstregulierten Lernens herauszustellen.
Lehrerbelastung und Unterrichtsqualität aus der Perspektive von Lehrenden und Lernenden
Authors: Klusmann Uta , Kunter Mareike , Trautwein Ulrich , Baumert Jürgen
Published: September 2006

Der Fragebogen zu Arbeitsbezogenen Verhaltens- und Erlebensmustern (AVEM; Schaarschmidt & Fischer, 1996 , 1997 ) erfasst anhand von 11 Subskalen personale und soziale Ressourcen bei der Bewältigung berufsbezogener Anforderungen. In Clusteranalysen mit Lehrerinnen und Lehrern resultierten in den meisten vorliegenden Studien vier Typen (Gesundheitstyp, Schontyp, Risikotyp A, Risikotyp B). Bisherige Arbeiten zum Zusammenhang zwischen dieser Typologie und Unterrichtsverhalten verwendeten ausschließlich Selbstberichtsdaten von Lehrkräften. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit sich die erlebte Belastung von Mathematiklehrkräften auch in dem von den Schülern berichteten Unterrichtsverhalten dieser Lehrkräfte widerspiegelt. Datenbasis ist eine Stichprobe von 314 Klassen der 9. Jahrgangsstufe und ihrer Mathematiklehrkräfte, die im Rahmen der nationalen PISA-Erhebung 2003 befragt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zum einen die clusteranalytische Replizierbarkeit der Schaarschmidtschen Typologie. Zum zweiten fanden sich auf vier von sechs untersuchten Dimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Typen, die zeigen, dass Schüler den Unterricht des Gesundheitstypus am positivsten beurteilen.
Concept Maps wirkungsvoll als Strukturierungshilfen einsetzen
Authors: Hardy Ilonca , Stadelhofer Beate
Published: September 2006

In dieser Studie wurden die Effekte unterschiedlich stark strukturierter Concept Maps für das Verständnis naturwissenschaftlicher Textinhalte und für das selbstständige Erstellen von Concept Maps in einem neuen Inhaltsgebiet bei 46 jungen Erwachsenen untersucht. Wir nahmen an, dass eine Balance zwischen Selbstkonstruktion und vorgegebener Strukturierung bei Lernenden sowohl die Wahrnehmung der inhaltlichen Zusammenhänge als auch der Anforderungen der Strategie des Concept Mappings unterstützen würde. Im ersten Untersuchungsteil erstellten Lernende entweder Concept Maps selbst aus den Textinhalten, arbeiteten mit erweiterbaren Lücken-Concept Maps oder nutzten vorgegebene Experten-Concept Maps zum Textverständnis. Im zweiten Untersuchungsteil erstellten Teilnehmer aller drei Gruppen selbstständig ein Concept Map in einem neuen Inhaltsgebiet. Gemäß unseren Annahmen war die strukturelle Unterstützung bei den Experten-Concept Maps bzw. Lücken-Concept Maps für das inhaltliche Verständnis von Vorteil, während für die selbstständige Strategieanwendung die vorangegangene eigene Konstruktionsaktivität in Form von selbstkonstruierten Concept Maps bzw. Lücken-Concept Maps ausschlaggebend war. Eine Balance zwischen Selbstkonstruktion und Strukturierung in der Lücken-Concept Map führte also zu einer Aufmerksamkeitslenkung sowohl auf wesentliche Inhalte als auch auf Anforderungen der Visualisierungsstrategie.
Die Bedeutung domänenspezifischer epistemologischer Überzeugungen für Motivation, Selbstkonzept und Lernstrategien von Studierenden
Authors: Urhahne Detlef
Published: September 2006

Epistemologische Überzeugungen sind Vorstellungen über die Struktur des Wissens und des Wissenserwerbs. Von einem domänenspezifischen Ansatz ausgehend wurden die Verbindungen epistemologischer Überzeugungen in den Naturwissenschaften zu Motivation, Selbstkonzept und Lernstrategien analysiert. An der Fragebogenuntersuchung nahmen einhundertundzwanzig Studierende des Grundstudiums für das Lehramt Biologie teil. Die Studienergebnisse zeigen, dass reifere epistemologische Überzeugungen mit einer höheren Leistungsmotivation und einem höheren fachspezifischen Selbstkonzept einhergehen. Lernende mit höher entwickelten epistemologischen Überzeugungen vermeiden oberflächliche und bevorzugen tiefer gehende Lernstrategien. Aus einer Clusteranalyse geht hervor, dass Personen mit einer relativistischen Weltsicht über ein höheres Selbstkonzept und bessere Lernstrategien verfügen als Personen mit einer konservativen Weltsicht. Eine Verbesserung des epistemologischen Verständnisses könnte zu günstigeren Lerndispositionen beitragen.
Lernermerkmale und Lehrqualität als Bedingungen der Studienzufriedenheit
Authors: Schiefele Ulrich , Jacob-Ebbinghaus Luzia
Published: September 2006

In der vorliegenden Studie wurden die Bedingungen der Zufriedenheit mit den Studieninhalten, den Studienbedingungen und der Bewältigung von Studienbelastungen bei Psychologiestudierenden im Hauptstudium untersucht. Auf der Grundlage früherer Studien wurde eine Auswahl relevanter Prädiktoren getroffen. Zudem wurden Aspekte der extrinsischen Studienmotivation und der Lehrqualität verstärkt einbezogen. Als Stichprobe dienten 101 Psychologiestudierende im Hauptstudium, die einen Fragebogen zur Erfassung der Studienzufriedenheit und zu potenziellen Bedingungsfaktoren beantworteten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass für alle drei Komponenten der Studienzufriedenheit eine hohe Varianzaufklärung erreicht werden konnte, wobei sich jeweils verschiedene Prädiktoren als entscheidend erwiesen haben. In allen drei Fällen ergab sich jedoch, dass jeweils mindestens eine motivationale Komponente und ein Aspekt der Lehrqualität ausschlaggebend waren. Für die Zufriedenheit mit den Studieninhalten waren dies vor allem die berufspraktische Relevanz der Lehre und das Fachinteresse sowie die leistungsbezogene extrinsische Lernmotivation, für die Zufriedenheit mit den Studienbedingungen das Engagement der Lehrenden und die berufsbezogene sowie leistungsbezogene extrinsische Lernmotivation und für die Zufriedenheit mit der Bewältigung von Studienbelastungen die Überforderung in der Lehre und das Fachinteresse. Lediglich die Zufriedenheit mit der Bewältigung von Studienbelastungen erwies sich darüber hinaus von der selbst eingeschätzten sozialen Kompetenz und der Belastungstoleranz abhängig.
Hochbegabte Underachiever als Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene
Authors: Sparfeldt Jörn R. , Schilling Susanne R. , Rost Detlef H.
Published: September 2006

Ausgehend von der bislang kaum beantworteten Frage nach der Entwicklung hochbegabter Underachiever werden die im Rahmen des Marburger Hochbegabtenprojekts von Hanses und Rost (1998) in der Grundschule identifizierten hochbegabten Underachiever (HBUA) als Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit parallelisierten und ebenfalls bereits als Grundschüler identifizierten hochbegabten Achievern (HBA; in der Grundschule: Vergleichbare Intelligenz, bessere Schulleistungen) und durchschnittlich begabten Achievern (DBA; in der Grundschule: Vergleichbare Schulleistungen, geringere Intelligenz) verglichen. Trotz vergleichbarer Intelligenz beider Hochbegabtengruppen in der neunten Klasse (IQ¯ = 128; HBUA: n = 18; HBA: n = 17; DBA: n = 17 mit IQ¯ = 104) gingen HBUA in der 9. Klasse seltener auf ein Gymnasium und machten seltener Abitur als HBA. Während sich HBUA im Grundschulalter in verschiedenen Selbstkonzeptfacetten negativer beschrieben als HBA, zeichneten sie sich als Jugendliche nicht mehr durch derart negativere Selbstkonzepte aus. Mütter beurteilten HBUA in der Grundschule und in der 9. Klasse als kognitiv weniger leistungsfähig und sozial-emotional unreifer als HBA, Väter im Jugendalter deutlicher als im Grundschulalter als sozial-emotional unreifer. Vergleichbar viele HBUA und DBA besuchten in der 9. Klasse ein Gymnasium, mehr HBUA machten Abitur. HBUA hatten im Jugendalter teilweise positivere und teilweise negativere Selbstkonzepte als DBA. Mütter beurteilten ihre DBA zu beiden Zeitpunkten als kognitiv weniger leistungsfähig als HBUA, Väter schätzten beide Gruppen ähnlich in ihrer kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit, sozial-emotionalen Unreife und sozialen Kompetenz ein.
Sind Altersunterschiede in der Gedächtnisspanne die Folge einer im Alter erhöhten Störbarkeit durch Interferenzen?
Authors: Behrendt Jörg , Titz Cora , Hasselhorn Marcus
Published: September 2006

Dem Hemmungs-Defizit-Modell zufolge beruhen im Alter verringerte Gedächtnisspannen auf der nachlassenden Fähigkeit, Interferenzen aus zuvor verarbeitetem Material auszublenden. Diese Annahme wurde in einer Studie überprüft, in der je 80 junge und ältere Erwachsene (19-35, vs. 57-78) komplexe Satzspannenaufgaben mit hoch und gering interferierendem Wortmaterial bearbeiteten, und zwar im Standardformat, mit der Länge nach aufsteigenden Itemsequenzen und umgekehrt (absteigend). Der Einfluss von Interferenzen sollte bei absteigender Darbietung geringer sein, als bei aufsteigender. Eine Veränderung des Interferenzausmaßes hatte keinen Einfluss auf Altersunterschiede in der Gedächtnisspanne. Für ältere Erwachsene waren jedoch mehr Intrusionsfehler durch irrelevante Wörter nachweisbar. Eine stärkere Störbarkeit durch interferierendes Material scheint also vorzuliegen, aber nicht in unmittelbarer Beziehung zu Altersunterschieden in der Gedächtnisspanne zu stehen.
Effekte eines multimodalen Aktivierungsprogrammes (SimA-P) für Bewohner von Einrichtungen der stationären Altenhilfe
Authors: Oswald Wolf D. , Ackermann Andreas , Gunzelmann Thomas
Published: September 2006

Lässt sich die verbliebene Selbstständigkeit von Pflegeheimbewohnern in kognitiver und funktioneller Hinsicht erhalten und fördern? Über die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Selbstständigkeitserhaltes durch geeignete therapeutische Methoden bei bereits pflegebedürftigen Bewohnern von Einrichtungen der stationären Altenhilfe ist wenig bekannt. Deshalb wurde im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes “Rehabilitation im Altenpflegeheim” die Anwendbarkeit und Effektivität eines rehabilitativen Interventionsansatzes bei einer Pflegeheimklientel untersucht. Hierzu wurden an einer Stichprobe von 294 Bewohnern von Pflegeheimen im Alter von 70-99 Jahren psychologische, funktionelle und medizinische Variablen als Faktoren der Selbstständigkeit vor allem in den Bereichen der Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens über einen Interventionszeitraum von 12 Monaten zu drei Zeitpunkten untersucht. Der Interventionsansatz geht aus den theoretischen und praktischen Ergebnissen der SimA-Studie (SimA = Selbstständig im Alter) (Oswald et al., seit 1991) hervor und berücksichtigt die Erkenntnisse aktueller geriatrischer und gerontopsychiatrischer Therapie- und Rehabilitationsstudien. Grundlage der Intervention stellt gemäß der Erkenntnisse der SimA-Studie eine Kombination aus kognitiver und körperlicher Aktivierung dar. Zusätzlich wurde für demenziell stärker eingeschränkte Pflegeheimbewohner ein spezifisch biographisch ausgerichtetes Aktivierungskonzept erarbeitet. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen signifikante Therapieeffekte auf kognitive und funktionelle Parameter sowie einen Transfer der Therapieinhalte auf Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens und die Sturzhäufigkeit der Teilnehmer.
Neurobiologische Grundlagen der Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche
Authors: Rüsseler Jascha
Published: September 2006

Zusammenfassung: Diese Überblicksarbeit stellt die wichtigsten neurobiologischen Theorien zu Ursachen der entwicklungsbedingten Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche und daraus abgeleitete Therapieansätze vor. Es wird zunächst ein kurzer Überblick über die Symptomatik und die vermuteten genetischen Grundlagen der Störung gegeben. Die phonologische Defizithypothese als eine allgemein akzeptierte, auf der kognitiven Ebene angesiedelte Theorie wird vorgestellt. Neurobiologische Modelle versuchen zu erklären, auf welchen neuroanatomischen/physiologischen Ursachen das phonologische Defizit beruht. Die magnozelluläre Defizithypothese, die Hypothese eines grundlegenden Verarbeitungsdefizits für sich zeitlich schnell verändernde Reize, die cerebelläre Defizithypothese sowie neuroanatomische Unterschiede zwischen normalen und legasthenen Lesern werden vorgestellt. Neurobiologisch fundierte Therapieansätze der Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche versuchen, in Ergänzung zu traditionellen, eher linguistisch orientierten Therapien die betroffenen neuronalen Systeme in ihrer Funktionsfähigkeit zu trainieren und dadurch die Voraussetzungen für die betroffenen Kinder zu schaffen, vom normalen Lese- und Schreibunterricht zu profitieren. Einige dieser Ansätze werden dargestellt. Abschließend wird darauf hingewiesen, dass eine differenzielle Zuweisung von Patienten zu bestimmten Therapieprogrammen auf der Basis einer fundierten (Ursachen-)Diagnostik in der Praxis stärker als bislang üblich durchgeführt werden sollte.
Beziehungszufriedenheit von PartnerInnen chronisch Hirngeschädigter
Authors: Hämmerling Ellen , Wendel Claudia
Published: September 2006

Zusammenfassung: Bezugnehmend auf das Prozessmodell der Pflegebelastung von Pearlin et al. (1990) wurde die Beziehungszufriedenheit der LebenspartnerInnen chronisch Hirngeschädigter in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Situations- und Belastungsparameter untersucht. Die Beziehungsqualität der 64 PartnerInnen wurde mit Hilfe der Paarklimaskalen (PKS) erhoben. Die psychische Belastung wurde mit Skalen der Symptom Checkliste 90-R (SCL-90-R), die alltagsbezogene Belastung mit dem Screen for Caregiver Burden (SCB) erfasst. Objektive Daten der Belastung wurden mittels eines demographischen und krankheitsspezifischen Fragebogens erfasst. Regressionsberechnungen ergaben, dass sowohl die Beziehungszufriedenheit als auch die psychische Belastung der LebenspartnerInnen ausschließlich von subjektiven Stressoren abhängig waren. Die Bedeutung subjektiver Stressoren für das Belastungserleben Angehöriger chronisch Kranker konnte somit unterstrichen werden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit angehörigenspezifischer Interventionen im Rehabilitationsprozess.
Methane fluxes from the littoral zone of hypereutrophic Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Wang Hongjun , Lu Jinwei , Wang Weidong , Yang Longyuan , Yin Chengqing
Published: September 2006

Methane (CH4) fluxes were measured in hypereutrophic Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake with static chambers for 1 year. The results showed that the macrophyte‐covered infralittoral zones were the “hotspots” of CH4 emission in water systems. There were large temporal variations for CH4 fluxes, ranging from −1.7 to 131 mg CH4 m−2 h−1, in the macrophyte‐covered littoral zone. The highest CH4 emissions occurred during the period of the summer algal bloom. The amount of CH4 flux from June to September accounted for about 50–90% of the annual fluxes. CH4 fluxes from the bare infralittoral zone (−0.2∼4.2 mg CH4 m−2 h−1) were low and close to those in the pelagic zone. The difference in CH4 fluxes between macrophyte‐covered and bare infralittoral zones indicated that vegetation in the inundated area played an essential role in CH4 production. In the infralittoral zone, the redox condition (DO, Eh), temperature, and primary production controlled CH4 fluxes; these variables explained 47% of flux variation, whereas such influences were not detected in the pelagic zone.
Radiative heating predictions for Huygens entry
Authors: Caillault L. , Walpot L. , Magin T. E. , Bourdon A. , Laux C. O.
Published: September 2006

Radiative heat flux predictions for the Huygens probe entry into Titan's atmosphere are presented in this paper. Radiative heating was computed with the radiation code SPECAIR, assuming a Boltzmann distribution of the excited electronic levels at a characteristic temperature taken as the vibrational temperature of the gas. CN violet is found to be the most intense emitter, followed by CN red, C2 Swan, and at early trajectory points by the first and second positive systems of N2. Solutions of the 1‐D radiative transport equation along stagnation streamlines show that self‐absorption by the plasma layer reduces the total emission by up to about 20%. The fine structure of the CN violet spectra (spin‐splitting) was taken into account to accurately determine self‐absorption by CN violet. The potential importance of argon radiation was estimated and shown to be negligible. The resulting fluxes were found to be sustainable by the Huygens's Thermal Protection System. The feasibility of the mission was deemed possible under the updated entry parameters and atmospheric composition.
Mineral particle size as a control on aerosol iron solubility
Authors: Baker A. R. , Jickells T. D.
Published: September 2006

Aerosol iron solubility is a major uncertainty in the global biogeochemical cycle of iron and, via its impact on ocean productivity, the carbon cycle and their influence on global climate. Previous studies have reported widely different values for this solubility (0.01 – 80%). Here we show that the primary control on aerosol iron solubility is the surface area to volume ratio of mineral aerosol particles, which changes during atmospheric transport as mineral aerosol concentration decreases due to preferential removal of larger particles (assuming particle morphology to be relatively constant with particle size). This important result indicates that aerosol iron solubility is not fixed, but will change predictably as an inverse function of dust concentration on both spatial and temporal (e.g. glacial – interglacial) scales.
Experimental determination of the deposition coefficient of small cirrus‐like ice crystals near −50°C
Authors: Magee Nathan , Moyle Alfred M. , Lamb Dennis
Published: September 2006

Several small ice particles were observed to grow and evaporate in a quadrupole electrodynamic levitation cell at temperatures between −40 and −60°C and variable supersaturation. The particle mass was traced throughout each experiment by analysis of the electrical (“springpoint”) boundaries for stable levitation. Measured growth of each particle was compared with that calculated from a standard particle‐growth model. The small particle sizes and long durations of the experiments provided great sensitivity to the particle‐mean deposition coefficient (αm). Suitable agreement between the measured and modeled growth histories was obtainable only upon using very small deposition coefficients: e.g., 0.0045 < αm < 0.0075, with αm ∼ 0.006 being the most‐likely value for a representative particle growing at −50°C. This finding of such low deposition coefficients suggests that cirrus‐cloud simulations need to account for the strong influence that the surface‐kinetic resistance exerts on the vapor growth of ice at atmospherically low temperatures.
Stratospheric ozone variation induced by the 11‐year solar cycle: Recent 22‐year simulation using 3‐D chemical transport model with reanalysis data
Authors: Sekiyama Tsuyoshi T. , Shibata Kiyotaka , Deushi Makoto , Kodera Kunihiko , Lean Judith L.
Published: September 2006

The atmospheric effect relating with 11‐year solar cycle is investigated with a focus on stratospheric ozone variation and its correlation with temperature variation. A three‐dimensional chemical transport model forced by a general circulation model has been integrated, where the dynamical field is assimilated into reanalysis data every time‐step, for two different experiments. The photolysis rates of one experiment are calculated through an observational time series of the solar ultraviolet irradiance, and for the other experiment the averaged irradiance is used. Multiple regression analyses of the model results for 22 years, from 1978 to 2000, have revealed that solar signals of ozone are related to meteorological (temperature and transport) changes not only bellow the middle stratosphere but also in the upper stratosphere where photochemical influence is dominant. The photochemical effect almost disappears below 20 hPa, indicating that the meteorological changes solely produce the solar signals of ozone below the middle stratosphere.
Madagascar: A pacemaker for the Agulhas Current system?
Authors: Penven P. , Lutjeharms J. R. E. , Florenchie P.
Published: September 2006

Western boundary currents are driven by zonally integrated wind‐stress curl over the width of subtropical basins. This cross‐basin integration is interrupted in the South Indian Ocean where Madagascar presents a formidable barrier. Nevertheless, a western boundary current has been thought to exist in the Mozambique Channel, the Mozambique Current. Recent observations have however shown that no such current exists and that the flow in the channel instead consists of a train of eddies. Is this western boundary anomaly due to the presence of Madagascar? We have used a primitive equations model to investigate the flow in the South West Indian Ocean as if there were no Madagascar. We show that a normal, continuous western boundary current is then formed that constitutes a continuum with the Agulhas Current. The presence of Madagascar is shown to affect the frequency of inter‐ocean exchange events south of Africa.
Static Coulomb failure function and aftershocks of 1995 Kobe earthquake: A statistical test
Authors: Kato Mamoru
Published: September 2006

The hypothesis that aftershocks are triggered by a change of the static Coulomb Failure stress is statistically tested for 1995 Kobe (Hyogo‐ken nanbu) Earthquake. We focus on the focal mechanisms of the aftershocks for the first 7 months and investigate whether these mechanisms are consistent with the static CFF triggering hypothesis. Two slip distribution models for the mainshock are tested and both explain focal mechanisms of more than 3/4 of the aftershocks. From a bootstrap statistical test, however, we find that such a high consistency rate between the observation and CFF based prediction is not statistically significant. The static CFF triggering is thus not a statistically strong hypothesis for 1995 Kobe aftershocks.