bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterisation of a salt‐stable protease from the halophilic archaeonHalogranum rubrum
Authors: Gao Ruichang , Shi Tong , Liu Xiangdong , Zhao Mengqin , Cui Henglin , Yuan Li
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND

Because proteases play an important role in the fermentation of fish sauce, the purification and characterisation of an extracellular protease from the halophilic archaeonHalogranum rubrumwas investigated.

RESULTS

The molecular mass of the protease was estimated to be approximately 47 kDa based on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electropheresis (SDS‐PAGE) and native‐PAGE analysis. The optimum conditions for catalytic activity were pH 8.0 and 50°C. The protease showed alkaline stability (pH 7.0–10.0). The protease also exhibited novel catalytic ability over a broad range of salinity (NaCl 0–3 mol L−1). Calcium ion enhanced the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. TheKmandVmaxvalues of the purified protease for casein were calculated to be 4.89 mg mL−1and 1111.11 U mL−1, respectively. The protease was strongly inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Meanwhile, the protease was stable in the presence of Triton X‐100, isopropanol, ethanol or dithio‐bis‐nitrobenzoic (DTNB), but was inhibited by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methanol. MALDI ‐TOF/TOF MS analysis revealed that the protease shared some functional traits with protease produced byHalogranum salarium. Furthermore, it exhibited high hydrolytic activity on silver carp myosin protein.

CONCLUSION

The protease is an alkaline and salt‐tolerant enzyme that hydrolyses silver carp myosin with high efficiency. These excellent characteristics make this protease an attractive candidate for industrial use in low‐salt fish sauce fermentation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
MR lymphangiography in the treatment of lymphedema
Authors: Neligan Peter C. , Kung Theodore A. , Maki Jeffrey H.
Published: July 2016

Lymphedema is a common condition frequently seen in cancer patients who have had lymph node dissection +/− radiation treatment. Traditional management is mainly non‐surgical and unsatisfactory. Surgical treatment has relied on excisional techniques in the past. Physiologic operations have more recently been devised to help improve this condition. Assessing patients and deciding which of the available operations to offer them can be challenging. MRI is an extremely useful tool in patient assessment and treatment planning. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:18–22. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Alcohol and Carbonyl Functional Groups on the Competition between Unimolecular Decomposition and Isomerization in C4 and C5 Alkoxy Radicals
Authors: Dames Enoch E. , Green William H.
Published: July 2016

Presented here are computed rates for the thermal unimolecular decomposition of a variety of alkoxy radicals with four‐ and five‐carbon length backbones. Three classes of molecules are examined: alkoxy radicals with saturated hydrocarbon backbones, those with alcohol functional groups, and those with carbonyl functional groups. The chosen species represent many of those found during the combustion of fossil fuels as well as bio‐derived alternatives. Density functional theory calculations were benchmarked against higher level coupled cluster calculations and used to explore the potential energy surfaces of these systems. Transition state theory was used to calculate high‐pressure limit rate coefficients of all radical intermediates in the regimes relevant to atmospheric chemistry and combustion. We show that the assumption that alkoxy radicals quickly decompose via β‐scission to aldehydes and other radicals is not valid for some of the alkoxy radicals investigated in this work. We further illustrate how intra‐H migrations in larger alkoxy radicals with carbonyl and alcohol functional groups can dominate unimolecular decomposition under combustion and atmospheric relevant conditions. Finally, we discuss why carbonyl groups can increase or decrease intra‐H migration barriers depending on their location relative to the transferring H‐atom.
Transoral robotic surgery in the seated position: Rethinking our operative approach
Authors: Moore Eric J. , Van Abel Kathryn M. , Olsen Kerry D.
Published: July 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Transoral surgery (TOS) is commonly performed in a supine patient with an oral retractor. Paradoxically, this strategy can create difficulty with visualizing and accessing pathology at the base of tongue, inferior pharynx, and larynx. We investigate the feasibility of TOS with the patient in the seated position.

Study Design

Pilot study.

Methods

TOS utilizing the da Vinci Robotic Surgical Xi and Si systems (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) was performed on a fresh cadaver placed in both the traditional supine position and the seated position. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the seated position was then performed on two patients for a supraglottic laryngectomy and a hypopharyngeal carcinoma resection.

Results

Visualization of the entire upper aerodigestive tract was possible in the cadaver and two patients in the seated position. The Si was superior for docking, instrumentation, and assistant access. The minimum operating table height is critical for successful access. Advantages of this position included increased posterior airway/operative space by approximately 2 cm, ability to manipulate the surgical field (nonrigid retraction), and improved visualization. Surgical procedures were completed in comparable times compared with standard TORS procedures. There were no complications related to seated TORS.

Conclusions

TORS in the seated position was both safe and effective in this pilot study. It allows the surgeon to optimally operate in the inferior pharynx and larynx without the limitation of line of site access and visualization. A paradigm shift in patient positioning during TOS may allow improved surgical access and even greater patient candidacy. Further clinical investigation into this technique is warranted.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:122–126, 2017
Low 22‐item sinonasal outcome test scores in chronic rhinosinusitis: Why do patients seek treatment?
Authors: Levy Joshua M. , Mace Jess C. , Rudmik Luke , Soler Zachary M. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: July 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who experience minimal reductions in quality of life (QoL) may present for treatment despite QoL scores comparable to controls without CRS. This study seeks to identify cofactors influencing patients with CRS and low 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores to seek care.

Study Design

Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort.

Methods

Patients with CRS were enrolled between April 2011 and September 2015. Patients with sinonasal mucocele or unilateral sinus opacification were excluded. Control subjects without CRS were enrolled for comparison. Low‐SNOT CRS was defined as a SNOT‐22 score < 20.

Results

A total of 774 subjects (low‐SNOT CRS, n = 38; high‐SNOT CRS, SNOT‐22 ≥ 20, n = 641; controls without CRS, n = 95) were enrolled. Low SNOT scores were identified in 6% of subjects with CRS. After adjustment, low‐SNOT CRS and control groups without CRS reported similar baseline average SNOT‐22 total scores (P = .879). Unexpectedly, compared to controls, low‐SNOT CRS patients had significantly better average psychological (2.1 ± 2.3 vs. 5.8 ± 6.0; P = .030) and sleep dysfunction (2.7 ± 3.4 vs. 6.0 ± 5.2; P = .016) scores. Fourteen of 38 (37%) low‐SNOT patients elected to undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), with a significantly lower likelihood of reporting a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) when compared to high‐SNOT patients (43% vs. 82%; P < .001) after a mean follow‐up of ∼15 months.

Conclusions

Low‐SNOT CRS patients represent an outlier population for which measures of QoL fail to identify factors influencing the decision to seek treatment. Low‐SNOT CRS patients electing ESS have a decreased likelihood of reporting MCIDs following ESS. Further study is required to identify novel factors associated with treatment‐seeking behavior in this population.

Level of Evidence

3B Laryngoscope, 127:22–28, 2017
Factors affecting revision rate of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Koskinen Anni , Salo Riikka , Huhtala Heini , Myller Jyri , Rautiainen Markus , Kääriäinen Janne , Penttilä Matti , Renkonen Risto , Raitiola Hannu , Mäkelä Mika , Toppila‐Salmi Sanna
Published: July 2016

Objective

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a variable multifactorial disease. It can be divided into forms with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP). Sinus and/or nasal polypectomy surgery are considered if maximal conservative treatment is insufficient. The predictive factors of the need of revision surgery comprise mostly the CRSwNP phenotype and are not fully understood.

Study Design

The aim of this follow‐up study was to evaluate the factors associated with the revision surgery rate in CRS patients with variable extent of disease.

Methods

Data of CRS patients (N = 178) undergoing sinus surgery and/or nasal polypectomy in 2001 to 2010 were used. Patient characteristics and follow‐up data were collected from patient records and questionnaires. Associations were analyzed by Fisher's exact, Mann Whitney U, and the Kaplan‐Meier method with log‐rank test. Unadjusted Cox's proportional hazard models were used for 12 variables and were fitted for the need for revision sinus surgery and/or nasal polypectomy during follow‐up of in average 9 years.

Results

The proportion of CRS patients who had undergone revision in 5 years was 9.6%. After adjustment, the following factors associated significantly with the need for recurrent CRS surgery: allergic rhinitis, corticosteroid treatment, previous surgery of CRS, and recurrent NP.

Conclusion

Increased risk of progressive CRS phenotypes with the need for revision surgery would putatively be recognized by relatively simple clinical questions. Further studies with increased sample size are needed to evaluate whether these predictive factors would be relevant for developing better detection and management of progressive CRS.

Level of Evidence

2b.
Hyaluronic Acid Derivative with Improved Versatility for Processing and Biological Functionalization
Authors: Palumbo Fabio S. , Agnello Stefano , Fiorica Calogero , Pitarresi Giovanna , Puleio Roberto , Tamburello Anna , Loria Ruggero , Giammona Gaetano
Published: July 2016

A hydrophobic/amino functionalized derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA‐EDA‐C18) has been processed by salt leaching technique as porous scaffold without need of chemical crosslinking. Aim of this work is to demonstrate the improved versatility of HA‐EDA‐C18 in terms of processing and biological functionalization. In particular, the chemical procedure to tether thiol bearing RGD peptide has been described. Moreover, the possibility to load and to control the release of slightly water soluble effectors has been demonstrated by using dexamethasone. First, the swelling and degradation profiles of the scaffolds have been investigated, then the evaluation of metabolic activity of bovine chondrocytes, the histological analysis, and microscope observations has been performed to evaluate cellular adhesion and proliferation as well as the production of collagen type II.

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Redox Reducible and Hydrolytically Degradable PEG–PLA Elastomers as Biomaterial for Temporary Drug‐Eluting Medical Devices
Authors: Rupnik Simona , Buwalda Sytze , Dejean Stéphane , Bethry Audrey , Garric Xavier , Coudane Jean , Nottelet Benjamin
Published: July 2016

With the aim to develop biomaterials for temporary medical devices, a series of novel reducible and/or degradable elastomers has been prepared from PLA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PLA copolymers photo‐crosslinked with diallyl sulfide or pentaerythritol tetrakis(3‐mercaptopropionate). Thermal and mechanical properties, including elastic limit and Young modulus, are assessed. Degradation is then evaluated under standard hydrolytic conditions. Reducibility of a selected elastomer is then illustrated using 2‐mercaptoethanol or glutathione as reducing agents. The redox‐sensitivity of the selected elastomer and the possibility to modulate the degradability are shown. Considering drug‐eluting elastomeric devices applications, anti‐inflammatory drug ibuprofen loading is illustrated with the two simplest elastomer formulations. A rapid or slow linear release is observed as a function of the low or high molecular weight of the triblock pre‐polymers. Finally, the cytocompatibility of the degradable elastomers is assessed with regard to their potential to favor or inhibit L929 murine fibroblasts proliferation as a function of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the triblock copolymers.

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Prostaglandin E2 stimulates urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor via EP2 receptor‐dependent signaling pathways in human AGS gastric cancer cells
Authors: Lian Sen , Xia Yong , Ung Trong Thuan , Khoi Pham Ngoc , Yoon Hyun Joong , Lee Sam Gyu , Kim Kyung Keun , Jung Young Do
Published: July 2016

Aberrant expression of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been observed in human gastric cancers. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), whose biosynthesis is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), is implicated in cancer metastasis; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PGE2‐driven uPAR expression are yet to be elucidated in human gastric cancer AGS cells. In this study, we showed that PGE2 induces uPAR expression in concentration‐ and time‐dependent manners. Furthermore, using antagonists and siRNA, we found that among the four subtypes of PGE2 receptors, EP2 receptors are involved in PGE2‐induced uPAR expression. PGE2 induced the activation of Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (Erk), and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Specific inhibitor and mutagenesis studies showed that Src, EGFR, JNK1/2, and Erk1/2 are involved in PGE2‐induced uPAR expression. PGE2 induces EP2‐dependent phosphorylation of Src, while the activation of Src‐dependent EGFR leads to the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and Erk1/2. Deletion and site‐directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated the involvement of transcription factor activator protein (AP)‐1 and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) in PGE2‐induced uPAR expression. EGFR‐dependent MAPKs (JNK1/2 and Erk1/2) function as the upstream signaling molecules in the activation of AP‐1 and NF‐κB, respectively. AGS cells pre‐treated with PGE2 showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness, which was partially abrogated by uPAR‐neutralizing antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that PGE2‐induced uPAR expression, which stimulates invasiveness of human gastric cancer AGS cells, is mediated by the EP2 receptor‐dependent Src/EGFR/JNK1/2, Erk1/2/AP‐1, and Src/EGFR/JNK1/2, Erk1/2/NF‐κB cascades. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IGFBP‐3 inhibits Wnt signaling in metastatic melanoma cells
Authors: Naspi Antimo , Zingariello Maria , Sancillo Laura , Panasiti Vincenzo , Polinari Dorina , Martella Marianna , Rosa Alba Rana , Londei Paola
Published: July 2016

In previous works, we have shown that insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3), a tissue and circulating protein able to bind to IGFs, decreases drastically in the blood serum of patients with diffuse metastatic melanoma. In agreement with the clinical data, recombinant IGFBP‐3 was found to inhibit the motility and invasiveness of cultured metastatic melanoma cells and to prevent growth of grafted melanomas in mice. The present work was aimed at identifying the signal transduction pathways underlying the anti‐tumoral effects of IGFBP‐3. We show that the anti‐tumoral effect of IGFBP‐3 is due to inhibition of the Wnt pathway and depends upon the presence of CD44, a receptor protein known to modulate Wnt signaling. Once it has entered the cell, IGFBP‐3 binds the Wnt signalosome interacting specifically with its component GSK‐3β. As a consequence, the β‐catenin destruction complex dissociates from the LRP6 Wnt receptor and GSK‐3β is activated through dephosphorylation, becoming free to target cytoplasmic β‐catenin which is degraded by the proteasomal pathway. Altogether, the results suggest that IGFBP‐3 is a novel and effective inhibitor of Wnt signaling. As IGFBP‐3 is a physiological protein which has no detectable toxic effects either on cultured cells or live mice, it might qualify as an interesting new therapeutic agent in melanoma, and potentially many other cancers with a hyperactive Wnt signaling. © 2016 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the reflection of solitons of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Katsaounis Theodoros , Mitsotakis Dimitrios
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we perform a numerical study on the interesting phenomenon of soliton reflection of solid walls. We consider the 2D cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation as the underlying mathematical model, and we use an implicit–explicit type Crank–Nicolson finite element scheme for its numerical solution. After verifying the perfect reflection of the solitons on a vertical wall, we present the imperfect reflection of a dark soliton on a diagonal wall. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the symmetry analysis and conservation laws of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional Hénon–Lane–Emden system
Authors: Muatjetjeja Ben
Published: July 2016

We carry out a complete Lie symmetry analysis and Noether symmetry classification of the (1 + 1)‐dimensional H
non–Lane–Emden system. It is shown that the principal Lie algebra, which is one dimensional, extends in several cases. It is also shown that four main cases transpire in the Noether classification with respect to the Lagrangian. In addition, conservation laws for the H
non–Lane–Emden system are constructed. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the importance and the physical interpretation of these conserved vectors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic degenerate Sobolev equations: well posedness and exact controllability
Authors: Liaskos Konstantinos B. , Stratis Ioannis G. , Pantelous Athanasios A.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we revisit the recently proposed results for a general class of linear stochastic degenerate Sobolev systems with additive noise by using a different approach keeping, however, the main assumptions unchanged for the purpose of comparison. In particular, the mild and strong well‐posedness for the initial and final value problems are presented and studied by applying a suitable transformation that formulates the degenerate stochastic system as a pseudoparabolic one. Based on the derived results for the forward and backward cases, under this new framework, the conditions for the exact controllability are revisited for a particular class of degenerate Sobolev systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The optimum size of Seoul's districts in South Korea
Authors: Choi Intae
Published: July 2016

The optimum size of a city is marginal size when the city has inefficiencies in urban administration or the point that when a city loses attraction from citizens. This paper is examining optimal size of Seoul Autonomous Districts in South Korea. Because of the highly dense population in Seoul area, the government of South Korea is trying to solve this problem by implementing policies on developing non Seoul areas. However, it is important why Seoul in South Korea has abnormal dense population in comparison to other areas. Seoul is consisted of 25 autonomous districts and this paper found one autonomous district. Gangnam‐gu is a highly inefficient district comparing to other districts in Seoul. This finding can be a cause of dense population problem in Seoul. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the Consequences of Imprisonment for Union Formation and Dissolution in Denmark
Authors: Fallesen Peter , Andersen Lars H.
Published: July 2016

Crime and subsequent imprisonment reduces men's chances on the marriage market and increases their divorce risk, but existing research, with a few notable exceptions, is silent about the underlying mechanisms driving these effects. This article studies the effect of home confinement under electronic monitoring as a noncustodial alternative to imprisonment on the risk of relationship dissolution and being single, thereby distinguishing between effects of incarceration and of committing crime. We study a policy that expanded the use of electronic monitoring to address nonrandom selection into electronic monitoring instead of in prison. Results from a sample of 4,522 men show that home confinement under electronic monitoring significantly and persistently lowers the risk both of being single and of becoming single during the first five years following conviction. The results show that one of the tools that could promote decarceration trends also secures better relationship outcomes of convicted men.
Fabrication of polytetrafluoroethylene–carbon nanotube composite coatings for friction and wear reduction
Authors: Lim Won‐Seok , Khadem Mahdi , Anle Yu , Kim Dae‐Eun
Published: July 2016

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix with inherently low friction was prepared in the form of a coating and reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance its wear resistance. PTFE–CNT composite coatings with various CNT contents were deposited on silicon (100) substrates by spin coating followed by a heat treatment process. The effects of cooling rate during the heat treatment process on the morphology, mechanical properties as well as friction and wear behavior of the coatings were investigated under different loading conditions. It was revealed that the slow‐cooled PTFE–CNT composite coating containing 1 wt% and 5 wt% CNT had the highest wear resistance with respect to the applied normal load. The overall experimental results demonstrated that, in comparison to pure PTFE coating, the friction and wear behavior of PTFE–CNT composite coatings could be improved by incorporating an optimum amount of CNT in the PTFE matrix and performing the heat treatment under a specified condition. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E710–E722, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cyclopentadithiophene based branched polymer electrets synthesized by friedel–crafts polymerization
Authors: Liu Zhengdong , Bao Yan , Ling Haifeng , Hu Hui , Ju Hao , Xie Linghai , Bian Linyi , Chang Yongzheng , Yi Mingdong , Huang Wei
Published: July 2016

In this report, the BF3·Et2O catalyzed Friedel–Crafts polymerization of cyclopentadithiophene monomers for branched conjugation‐interrupted polymer electrets with the potential application in OFET memories were demonstrated. Branched polycyclopentadithiophenes with controlled molecular weights (Mn) of approximately 8800 g/mol and narrow polydispersity index (PDI = 1.08–1.49) were obtained through the optimized polymerization temperature and time, and monomer addition strategy. OFET memories by using the synthesized polymers as the electret layers were fabricated and exhibited multilevel flash memory behaviors, wide memory windows, high on/off ratios, and long retention lifetime. Impressively, due to the strong hydrophobic, extended pi‐conjugation and electron‐donating properties, the branched polycyclopentadithiophene based OFET memory exhibited much lower programming voltage than other branched polymer electrets based devices. It is expected that the branched polycyclopentadithiophenes probably have potential application in other organic electronic devices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3140–3150
Proteomic characterization of platelet gel releasate from adult peripheral and cord blood
Authors: Longo Valentina , Rebulla Paolo , Pupella Simonetta , Zolla Lello , Rinalducci Sara
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Activated platelet gel (PG) derived from adult peripheral blood (APB) has been extensively used for topical therapy of various clinical conditions. Conversely, few observations on PG from umbilical cord blood (CB) have been reported so far. Although PG preparations are known to contain a high concentration of a large number of biological factors involved in inflammation and tissue repair, their comprehensive characterization is still missing. The innovative goal of our research was to use proteomics technologies in order to profile biologically active components in these blood derivatives.

Experimental design

Supernatants recovered from three independent APB and CB‐derived PGs, prepared using batroxobin, were enriched for low‐abundance proteins with ProteoMiner and subsequently analyzed by GeLC‐MS/MS.

Results

The 751 and 760 proteins were identified in the APB and CB‐derived PG releasates, respectively. A core dataset including only proteins found in 2/3 and 3/3 biological replicates was generated and functionally characterized by gene ontology. Searching against Vesiclepedia database showed that 33% of our dataset consists of novel releasate proteins. Comparison between the two types of PG secretomes revealed that 117 proteins are present only in the APB‐derived samples, 104 proteins are distinctive of the CB‐derived samples, and 229 are in common.

Conclusion and clinical relevance

Our study highlighted a differential content of proteins supporting tissue repair and regeneration between APB and CB‐derived PGs. These findings may help better identifying future appropriate clinical applications.
Cysteine redox proteomics of the hemoglobin‐depleted cytosolic fraction of stored red blood cells
Authors: Delobel Julien , Prudent Michel , Crettaz David , ElHajj Zeinab , Riederer Beat M. , Tissot Jean‐Daniel , Lion Niels
Published: July 2016

Purpose

Erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) represent the most transfused labile blood products. They are stored at 4°C in additive solutions for up to 56 days. Protein oxidation is a marker of oxidative stress and cysteine residues, whose oxidations are required for physiological cell functions, are highly prone to such modification.

Experimental design

Five ECs from independent donations were followed. Soluble protein extracts were prepared at days 6, 27, and 41, and cysteines were alkylated, reduced, and labeled with infrared dyes. Samples were mixed two by two (day 6 as reference) and analyzed by 2D‐DIGE. Detection of labeled cysteines allows quantitative comparison of oxidative status. Spots of interest were analyzed by proteomics.

Results

Thirty‐two spots containing 43 proteins were classified as increasing, decreasing, or exhibiting a peak of expression during storage. Proteins having catalytic and antioxidant activities were particularly affected during storage, for example, peroxiredoxin‐1 and DJ‐1 were reversibly oxidized and catalase was irreversibly oxidized. These proteins could be used to evaluate different storage strategies to maintain proper protein function during the overall storage period.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

This redox‐DIGE approach brings new quantitative data on oxidized proteins in stored red blood cells. As previously reported on carbonylation, the oxidative damages differently affect protein functions.
Constructing thioether‐tethered cyclic peptides via on‐resin intra‐molecular thiol–ene reaction
Authors: Zhao Bingchuan , Zhang Qingzhou , Li Zigang
Published: July 2016

Thiol–ene reactions have been used in a variety of applications that mostly involve an inter‐molecular pathway. Herein, we report a facile method to construct thioether‐tethered cyclic peptides via an intra‐molecular thiol–ene reaction. This reaction is efficient, selective, and has good residue compatibility. Short peptides with thioether tethers were constructed and were used to construct longer cyclic peptides. This synthetic method may be useful for constructing bioactive peptides. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Halogenation of Arenes via an In situ Generated Hypohalous Acid from m‐CPBA and HX: Mechanistic Insights from Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Chen Chung‐Yu , Senadi Gopal Chandru , Liu Mei‐Chun , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: July 2016

The direct halogenation of arenes under metal‐free condition has been developed via an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction through in situ generation of hypohalous acid from HX and m‐CPBA. The reactive halonium ion (X+) was generated from halide anion (X−) using m‐CPBA as an oxidant for the first time. This interesting finding has been supported by cyclic voltammetry studies. The notable features of this reaction are very short reaction time, diversified substrate scope for chlorination as well as bromination reaction, scalable, good reaction yield and mild reaction condition.
Integrated Charge Transfer in Organic Ferroelectrics for Flexible Multisensing Materials
Authors: Xu Beibei , Ren Shenqiang
Published: July 2016

The ultimate or end point of functional materials development is the realization of strong coupling between all energy regimes (optical, electronic, magnetic, and elastic), enabling the same material to be utilized for multifunctionalities. However, the integration of multifunctionalities in soft materials with the existence of various coupling is still in its early stage. Here, the coupling between ferroelectricity and charge transfer by combining bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene‐C60 charge‐transfer crystals with ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride polymer matrix is reported, which enables external stimuli‐controlled polarization, optoelectronic and magnetic field sensing properties. Such flexible composite films also display a superior strain‐dependent capacitance and resistance change with a giant piezoresistance coefficient of 7.89 × 10−6 Pa−1. This mutual coupled material with the realization of enhanced couplings across these energy domains opens up the potential for multisensing applications.
Pathology of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Lopez-Beltran Antonio , Montironi Rodolfo , Cheng Liang
Published: July 2016

This concise, practical guide is structured to reflect the thought process of the practising pathologist. A key feature is the use of algorithms to aid in reaching the correct diagnosis, for both common and complex bladder tumors and tumor-like lesions. Its coverage of diagnostic criteria is in keeping with international standards and best practice, and the practical layout provides quick access to relevant information, integrating conventional histology, immunohistochemical markers and key clinical knowledge. Topics covered include the full spectrum of pathologic conditions that afflict the bladder and urothelium, as well as the pathology of the renal pelvis, ureter and the urethra. Accompanied by numerous images, this is an essential guide for trainee and practising surgical pathologists, urologists and oncologists.
Coning motion stability of spinning missiles with strapdown seekers
Authors: He S. , Lin D. , Wang J.
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates the problem of coning motion stability of spinning missiles equipped with strapdown seekers. During model derivation, it is found that the scaling factor error between the strapdown seeker and the onboard gyro introduces an undesired parasitic loop in the guidance system and, therefore, results in stability issues. Through stability analysis, a sufficient and necessary condition for the stability of spinning missiles with strapdown seekers is proposed analytically. Theoretical and numerical results reveal that the scaling factor error, spinning rate and navigation ratio play important roles in stable regions of the guidance system. Consequently, autopilot gains must be checked carefully to satisfy the stability conditions.
Learning Identities, Education and Community
Authors: Erstad Ola , Gilje Øystein , Sefton-Green Julian , Arnseth Hans Christian
Published: July 2016

This book offers a case study of children and young people in Groruddalen, Norway, as they live, study and work within the contexts of their families, educational institutions and informal activities. Examining learning as a life-wide concept, the study reveals how 'learning identities' are forged through complex interplays between young people and their communities, and how these identities translate and transfer across different locations and learning contexts. The authors also explore how diverse immigrant populations integrate and conceptualize their education as a key route to personal meaning and future productivity. In highlighting the relationships between education, literacy and identity within a sociocultural context, this book is at the cutting edge of discussions about what matters as children learn.
Conjuring Asia
Authors: Goto-Jones Chris
Published: July 2016

The promise of magic has always commanded the human imagination, but the story of industrial modernity is usually seen as a process of disenchantment. Drawing on the writings and performances of the so-called 'Golden Age Magicians' from the turn of the twentieth century, Chris Goto-Jones unveils the ways in which European and North American encounters with (and representations of) Asia - the fabled Mystic East - worked to re-enchant experiences of the modern world. Beginning with a reconceptualization of the meaning of 'modern magic' itself - moving beyond conventional categories of 'real' and 'fake' magic - Goto-Jones' acclaimed book guides us on a magical mystery tour around India, China and Japan, showing us levitations and decapitations, magic duels and bullet catches, goldfish bowls and paper butterflies. In the end, this mesmerizing book reveals Orientalism as a kind of magic in itself, casting a spell over Western culture that leaves it transformed even today.
Multilayer Social Networks
Authors: Dickison Mark E. , Magnani Matteo , Rossi Luca
Published: July 2016

Multilayer networks, in particular multilayer social networks, where users belong to and interact on different networks at the same time, are an active research area in social network analysis, computer science, and physics. These networks have traditionally been studied within these separate research communities, leading to the development of several independent models and methods to deal with the same set of problems. This book unifies and consolidates existing practical and theoretical knowledge on multilayer networks including data collection and analysis, modeling, and mining of multilayer social network systems, the evolution of interconnected social networks, and dynamic processes such as information spreading. A single real dataset is used to illustrate the concepts presented throughout the book, demonstrating both the practical utility and the potential shortcomings of the various methods. Researchers from all areas of network analysis will learn new aspects and future directions of this emerging field.
The Syntactic Structures of Korean
Authors: Kim Jong-Bok
Published: July 2016

Covering both core and peripheral phenomena, The Syntactic Structures of Korean is a concrete and precise grammar of the language. Based on the framework of Sign-based Construction Grammar, it provides a grammar of Korean which is computationally implementable and cognitively viable. Remarkably broad, yet in-depth, it is an outstanding analysis of Korean syntax and semantics which will be welcomed by those working in linguistics and the Korean language.
Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability, and Corruption
Authors: Schwindt-Bayer Leslie A. , Tavits Margit
Published: July 2016

Corruption is a significant problem for democracies throughout the world. Even the most democratic countries constantly face the threat of corruption and the consequences of it at the polls. Why are some governments more corrupt than others, even after considering cultural, social, and political characteristics? In Corruption, Accountability, and Clarity of Responsibility, the authors argue that clarity of responsibility is critical for reducing corruption in democracies. The authors provide a number of empirical tests of this argument, including a cross-national time-series statistical analysis to show that the higher the level of clarity the lower the perceived corruption levels. Using survey and experimental data, the authors show that clarity causes voters to punish incumbents for corruption. Preliminary tests further indicate that elites respond to these electoral incentives and are more likely to combat corruption when clarity is high.
Knowing China
Authors: Pieke Frank N.
Published: July 2016

Contemporary China appears both deceptively familiar and inexplicably different. China is a cauldron of forms of entrepreneurship, social organization, ways of life and governance that are at once new and unique, recognizably Chinese and generically modern. In analyzing and interpreting these developments, Frank N. Pieke adopts a China-centric perspective to move beyond western preoccupations, desires, or fears. Each chapter starts with a key question about China, showing that such questions and assumptions are often based on a misunderstanding or misconstruction of what China is today. Pieke explores twenty-first-century China as a unique kind of neo-socialist society, combining features of state socialism, neoliberal governance, capitalism and rapid globalization. Understanding this society not only helps us to know China better, but takes us beyond the old dichotomies of West versus East, developed versus developing, tradition versus modernity, democracy versus dictatorship, and capitalism versus socialism.
Convergence of One-Parameter Operator Semigroups
Authors: Bobrowski Adam
Published: July 2016

This book presents a detailed and contemporary account of the classical theory of convergence of semigroups and its more recent development treating the case where the limit semigroup, in contrast to the approximating semigroups, acts merely on a subspace of the original Banach space (this is the case, for example, with singular perturbations). The author demonstrates the far-reaching applications of this theory using real examples from various branches of pure and applied mathematics, with a particular emphasis on mathematical biology. The book may serve as a useful reference, containing a significant number of new results ranging from the analysis of fish populations to signaling pathways in living cells. It comprises many short chapters, which allows readers to pick and choose those topics most relevant to them, and it contains 160 end-of-chapter exercises so that readers can test their understanding of the material as they go along.
Sour Grapes
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: July 2016

Drawing on philosophy, political and social theory, decision-theory, economics, psychology, history and literature, Jon Elster's classic book Sour Grapes continues and complements the arguments of his acclaimed earlier book, Ulysses and the Sirens. Elster begins with an analysis of the notation of rationality, before tackling the notions of irrational behavior, desires and belief with highly sophisticated arguments that subvert the orthodox theories of rational choice. Presented in a fresh series livery and with a specially commissioned preface written by Richard Holton, illuminating its continuing importance to philosophical enquiry, Sour Grapes has been revived for a new generation of readers.
Logic of Statistical Inference
Authors: Hacking Ian , Romeijn Jan-Willem
Published: July 2016

One of Ian Hacking's earliest publications, this book showcases his early ideas on the central concepts and questions surrounding statistical reasoning. He explores the basic principles of statistical reasoning and tests them, both at a philosophical level and in terms of their practical consequences for statisticians. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Jan-Willem Romeijn, illuminating its enduring importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, Hacking's influential and original work has been revived for a new generation of readers.
Developing Countries and Preferential Services Trade
Authors: Sieber-Gasser Charlotte
Published: July 2016

WTO law sets the global minimum standards for trade regulation, while allowing some regulatory flexibility for developing countries. The exact scope of regulatory flexibility is often unclear and, at times, flexibility may be counterproductive to sustainable economic growth in developing countries. Undisputedly, developing countries would have some flexibility with respect to tailoring preferential services trade agreements to their individual economic needs and circumstances, but empirical data from over 280 preferential services trade agreements worldwide shows that this flexibility is rarely used. This volume clarifies the regulatory scope of flexibility for preferential services trade agreements between developing countries by linking the legal interpretation of WTO law with evidence from research in economics and political sciences. The book suggests that the current regulatory framework leaves room for meaningful flexibility for developing countries, and encourages policymakers and scholars to take these flexibilities into consideration in their design and study of trade policies.
Trilobites of the suborder Illaenina from the Silurian of north Queensland, Australia
Authors: Holloway David J. , Lane Philip D.
Published: July 2016

The trilobite fauna of the middle Silurian (Telychian to possibly earliest Sheinwoodian) Tomcat Creek limestone in the Broken River Province of north Queensland is dominated by the suborder Illaenina, including illaenimorphs (Illaeninae and Bumastinae) and members of the Scutelluidae. Scutelluidae are most diverse, with eight genera, of whichDolabrapex,Iotoryx,Perizostra, andQuintoniaare new.Perizostrais the first scutelluid with a cephalon that may be described as of phacomorph appearance. Illaenimorphs are represented by three genera, includingOpsypharus, which is regarded as a senior synonym ofParacybantyxbut distinct fromFailleanawith which it has been placed in synonymy by some authors. Thirteen species are new:Cybantyx?ergodes,Opsypharus pandanensis,Australoscutellum talenti,Dolabrapex acomus,Illaenoscutellum psephos,Iotoryx clarksoni,Japonoscutellum mawsonae,J. drakton,J. fractum,Kosovopeltis avita,Perizostra campbelli,Quintonia arata, andQ. pavo. A species ofStenopariais placed in open nomenclature. The species ofAustraloscutellum,Illaenoscutellum, and possiblyKosovopeltisare the oldest known representatives of those genera. These genera andJaponoscutellumare also common in faunas from limestones of Wenlock to Ludlow age in central western New South Wales, reflecting the similarity in lithofacies. The monotypic Late Ordovician genusCraigheadia, which has been regarded as a scutelluid, belongs to the Lichidae and is probably a junior synonym ofLeiolichas.
Approximate Estimation of the Passage Vorticity in the Secondary Flow Behind A Cascade
Authors: Soundranayagam S.
Published: July 2016

Expressions for the secondary circulation behind a cascade are derived in Ref. 1. A simple derivation of the same results is given in Ref. 2. The secondary flows within the blade passages and their extensions downstream are determined by the “secondary passage circulation”, Г, given by

for a diffusing cascade, and

for an accelerating cascade,

where Ul inlet velocity to cascade

z distance in spanwise direction

s blade pitch

αl, inlet flow angle

α2 outlet flow angle

Ll, distance along lower side of aerofoil

L2 distance along upper side of aerofoil

q1 velocity along lower side of aerofoil

qu velocity along upper side of aerofoil.
The Future for Solid Propellant Rockets
Authors: Pearce K. W.
Published: July 2016

Ten years ago it seemed that the solid propellant rocket engine could make only a limited contribution to rocketry. Although it was simpler and more compact than its liquid propellant rival it suffered from three serious drawbacks. The nozzle was uncooled and so the burning time had to be short, the entire propellant container was subjected to the full combustion pressure and temperature and therefore the inert weight of the engine was high and, since the specific impulse of solid propellants is in general lower than that of liquid propellants (because solids are partially reacted systems) the engine performance was consequently poor, and finally, no means were available for controlling the magnitude and duration of the rocket thrust. These facts were the foundation of the opinion, still held by some people, that solid propellant engines were only suitable as boosters or short burning time sustainers for small missiles.
A Note on Liquid and Solid Propellants for Rockets
Authors: Andrews E. G. D. , Mottram A. W. T.
Published: July 2016

During the Second World War, a great many rockets were made and used operationally by both sides. By the end of the conflict, a pattern had begun to emerge. For applications where burning times were short and performance unimportant when compared with the need for simplicity, solid propellant rockets were used exclusively. Where control of thrust and the ability to start and stop repeatedly were involved, as in aircraft propulsion, or where performance was vital, as in the V2 ballistic missile, liquid propellants were applied. Since the war, this general pattern has persisted. There has been a progressive improvement in the performance of both types. At the same time, the thrust and total impulse of rockets have risen, until engines producing over one million pounds of thrust are envisaged.
An Estimate of the Forces on Annular Fairings
Authors: Bagley J. A.
Published: July 2016

An Annular Fairing can be used to control the flow through an airscrew, which is then generally referred to as a ducted fan. There are obvious affinities between such a fairing and the fairings used to control the flow through turbo-jet engines, but there are certain significant differences which have to be recognised when such fairings are designed. In particular, a fairing for a ducted fan is usually much shorter than one for a turbo-jet engine. Whereas it is usually convenient and justifiable to treat the internal and external flows of a turbo-jet nacelle separately and to consider the interactions between the intake and nozzle to be small, a short fairing must be treated as a whole. The simple calculations made in this note may give some indication of the order of fairing length where this becomes necessary.
Thrust Reversal for Jet Aircraft
Authors: Colley R. H.
Published: July 2016

Several years ago it became apparent that there was a need for some means of reversing the thrust of jet engines on landing—the equivalent of reversing pitch propellers on piston and turbo-prop engines.

Many different designs were investigated on the drawing-board, with experimental backing in some cases, and when the best configurations had crystallised detail work started on a reverser for the Avon engine. While this was being developed a second design, identical in its main principle but different in many small ways, was prepared for the Conway engine.
Damage to Axial Compressors
Authors: Dunham J.
Published: July 2016

A centrifugal compressor rotor is quite robust, but the blading of an axial compressor looks horrifyingly fragile and very susceptible to damage by objects sucked into the engine. The introduction of axial compressor engines into airline service brings this again to the attention of designers and service engineers. The object of this paper is to outline the problem, and to describe one experimental approach to assessing the relative merits of different blade materials from the damage point of view.
Some Factors Affecting the Choice of Materials
Authors: Heath W. G.
Published: July 2016

For the purpose of this paper, certain fundamental parameters are assumed to be outside the control of the structures designer. It is, however, realised that the designer is often able to show that small changes in one or more of these parameters may have far-reaching effects.

These basic parameters include the aircraft size, weight, operating speed and altitude, aerodynamic characteristics and load factors. Fig. 1 shows how these combine together in various ways to give the loads acting on the structure, the temperature environment and the stiffness required to prevent aeroelastic disturbances.