bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMAL SAMPLING STRATEGY FOR DATA MINING
Authors: Ghaffar A. , Shahbaz M. , Mahmood W.
Published: January 2025

Latest technology like Internet, corporate intranets, data warehouses, ERPâ€˜s, satellites, digital sensors, embedded systems, mobiles networks all are generating such a massive amount of data that it is getting very difficult to analyze and understand all these data, even using data mining tools. Huge datasets are becoming a difficult challenge for classification algorithms. With increasing amounts of data, data mining algorithms are getting slower and analysis is getting less interactive. Sampling can be a solution. Using a fraction of computing resources, Sampling can often provide same level of accuracy. The process of sampling requires much care because there are many factors involved in the determination of correct sample size. The approach proposed in this paper tries to find a solution to this problem. Based on a statistical formula, after setting some parameters, it returns a sample size called â€œsufficient sample sizeâ€, which is then selected through probability sampling. Results indicate the usefulness of this technique in coping with the problem of huge datasets.
POLLUTION LEVEL ASSESSMENT OF ROAD DUST FROM ISLAMABAD EXPRESSWAY
Authors: Faiz Y. , Siddique N. , Tufail M.
Published: January 2025

Thirteen road dust and four soil samples were analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) to determine the elemental composition of road dust collected from Islamabad Expressway. Pollution parameters and indicators such as Enrichment Factors (EFs), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Index (PI) and Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) were calculated and showed that the area around Islamabad Expressway is low to moderately polluted especially by elements such as Mg and Sb. The IPI of the elements was found to vary in the order; Mg>Sb>Cu>Sr Pb>Ga>Na >Sn Zn>Yb>Se>Hf. The 5 samples collected around the busy intersections of Faizabad and Zero Point have higher amounts of most of the elements determined. Moreover the pollution indices for these samples indicate that these sites are more contaminated than the remaining 8 sampling sites.
PHYTOREMEDIATION USING EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES AQUATIC PLANT
Authors: Majid A. , Siddique N.
Published: January 2025

Phytoremediation is a cost effective approach for the treatment of polluted soil and contaminated water. The effectiveness of one aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes was evaluated for its capability in removing copper from copper solution using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The aquatic plant was placed in solutions containing 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L and 6 mg/L of copper, for a period of 18 days and the change in Cu concentration was measured. Results showed an increase of copper within the plantsâ€™ root and shoot tissues and a decrease of copper concentration in the solution. It was found that roots tend to accumulate a higher amount of copper than shoots due to translocation process. The maximum growth of Eichhornia crassipes was in the 2 mg/L solution which shows that growth was affected by the presence of Cu in the water. The maximum removal of copper in the solutions containing Eichhornia crassipes was 87.5% from the 4 mg/L solution. Eichhornia crassipes accumulated upto 1265.0 mg/kg of Cu in its roots indicating that this aquatic plant species may be used as a hyper-accumulator for copper.
FORMATION OF LOPSIDED AND BAR STRUCTURES IN NON-STATIONARY GRAVITATING SYSTEMS. I- ISOTROPIC CASE
Authors: Sultana M. , Khalid M.
Published: January 2025

This is an examination of the gravitational instability of bar-like and lopsided structures of non-stationary isotropic disk model. Non-stationary analogs of the dispersion equation of these two oscillation modes are discussed, in this paper. Growth rates of both oscillation modes are found with the help of non-stationary dispersion equation. Results are presented in the form of graphs which show dependence of initial virial ratio on rotation parameter . A comparative analysis of the growth rates of both oscillation modes is made and found that lopsided structures overall dominates the bar-like structures.
POWER FLOW CONTROL STRATEGY IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK FOR DC TYPE DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCE AT LOAD BUS
Authors: Hanif A. , Choudhry M. A.
Published: January 2025

This research work presents a feed forward power flow control strategy in the secondary distribution network working in parallel with a DC type distributed energy resource (DER) unit with SPWM-IGBT Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The developed control strategy enables the VSC to be used as power flow controller at the load bus in the presence of utility supply. Due to the investigated control strategy, power flow control from distributed energy resource (DER) to common load bus is such that power flows to the load without facing any power quality problem. The technique has an added advantage of controlling power flow without having a dedicated power flow controller. The SPWM-IGBT VSC is serving the purpose of dc-ac converter as well as power flow controller. Simulations for a test system using proposed power flow control strategy are carried out using SimPower Systems toolbox of MATLABÂ® and SimulinkÂ® . The results show that a reliable, effective and efficient operation of DC type DER unit in coordination with main utility network can be achieved.
THUNDERSTORM AND RAINFALL FREQUENCIES OVER SINDH, PAKISTAN FOR THE PERIOD 1961-2010
Authors: Sadiq N.
Published: January 2025

The study is aimed to analyze the fifty years (1961-2010) data of Thunderstorm (TS) and Rainfall (RF) frequencies for the Sindh province via nine meteorological stations that are almost unevenly distributed over the region. Monthly, overall seasonal and station wise seasonal percentages are calculated and analyzed. In addition, percentage frequency comparison of TS and RF are also incorporated. Both the activities are observed with greatest frequency (59%) in monsoon while annual diversity of TS is found greater than RF. During monsoon period, Badin is the most while Jacobabad and Larkana are the least affected reported stations by frequent storms along with rainfall, respectively.
DESIGN OF A MACHINE LEARNING BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REALISTIC WEAR AND TEAR ESTIMATION OF THE BRAKING SYSTEM OF A VEHICLE
Authors: Rehmat M. A. , Shahbaz M. , Aslam M. , Ghaffar A.
Published: January 2025

Commuting from place to place is among one of the basic needs of human beings. Vehicles are the general mode of transportation since their commercialization. The major safety hazard in vehicles is the braking system which cannot only endanger the lives of the people travelling in it but also the others who are on the roads or in other vehicles. A realistic wear and tear analysis of the braking system can help in avoiding severe accidents. We have devised a framework which will provide the required hardware and software tools to estimate the realistic wear and tear of the braking system of a vehicle. The machine learning algorithms are used to determine different modes of the transportation of a vehicle like moving, stationary, braking, turning left or right. A high shock survivability and high resolution accelerometer is used to get the raw data and then with the help of machine learning algorithms specific criteria is set to get a threshold. When the decelerations cross that particular threshold, an indication is set to let the user know about the time for the check up of the braking system which could be the replacement of the brake pads or other component. The framework is flexible enough to be used to get the wear and tear of any part of the vehicle which has a direct impact upon change in acceleration. The framework provides a learning mode which helps to define a specific criteria and a monitoring mode which actually indicates that the specific criteria has met.
REVIEW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE IN SOLVING THE HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING
Authors: Zaheer S. , Haroon S. , Malik T. N. , Hashmi I.
Published: January 2025

Short term hydrothermal scheduling (STHTS) is a very complex, dynamic large-scale non-linear optimization problem. There are many algorithms and powerful optimization methods used to address this issue. Evolutionary algorithms have been effectively employed to obtain a global optimized solution of non linear problems like STHTS. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary method. It can be successfully employed to get a best possible solution of STHTS problem due to its features of robustness, easy implementation and computational efficiency. Here the literature on the Particle Swarm Optimization method is collected and reviewed to sort out the STHTS problem. A review of most of the publications upto 2012 on this topic is given.
SURVEY ON APPLICATION OF LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION, INTERIOR POINT AND DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR THE SOLUTION OF HYDROTHERMAL SCHEDULING
Authors: Hashmi I. , Umair M. , Islam N. U. , Haroon S. , Nadeem T.
Published: January 2025

This paper provides a critical analysis of research work published on the topic Hydro thermal Coordination problem using Lagrangian Relaxation, Interior Point, and Dynamic Programming. The HTS is a large scale, mixed integer, complex, and nonlinear problem. Lagrangian Relaxation fails to find feasible solution. Moreover, it doesnâ€™t converge to global minima. Interior Point uses the interior of a given solution instead of using the vertices. Dynamic Programming requires long computation time and storage memory. In addition there is also one more drawback of DP is â€œcurse of dimensionalityâ€. The drawbacks of these techniques are resolved by the usage of modern techniques like, coevolutionary, differential co-evolutionary, stochastic programming, GA, BFA, and PSO etc. At the end a conclusion has been presented based on the literature survey.
UHF/VHF INTERNET TV BROADCASTING SYSTEM
Authors: Attiqa R. , Hanif A. , Akram A.
Published: January 2025

The internet has a great impact on information broadcasting. It provides greater storage capacity and fulfills the requirement of mobility that satisfy human desires. With this broadband service, Internet users can watch video contents all over the world. Conventional Televisions are not capable of receiving digital video streams like the streams from the internet. In our research work, we have developed a system such that TV can be made capable of receiving digital streams after converting it in analog format. This converted analog video is transmitted using high power TV transmitter.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MODIFIED CONTROL POINT IMAGE REGISTRATION METHOD
Authors: Shahid M. L. , Raja G.
Published: January 2025

Control Point Image Registration (CPIR) method is semi-automatic image registration technique in which control points are selected and matched manually. CPIR method is best suited for images that have distinct features; however, it needs highly skillful expert to select and match control points. This paper describes a modified CPIR method using fine tuning to register images which makes the control point selection and matching nearly independent of expertâ€™s skills. Fine tuning is achieved by applying normalized cross correlation which selects an 11x11 window around the input image control point and a 21x21 template across the reference image control point. The results of modified CPIR method are analyzed and it is found that modified method is more suitable and has low spatial dispersion values as compared to CPIR method.
A Review of Application of Genetic Algorithm in Solving Unit Commitment Problem
Authors: A. Bukhari S. B. , Ahmed A. , Raza S. A.
Published: January 2025

Unit commitment (UC) is a non-linear, combinatorial, mixed integer constrained optimization problem. The aim of unit commitment problem (UCP) is obtained the most cost effective on/off schedule for generating units to meet the forecasted load demand and spinning reserve for a specified time horizon. UCP can be seen as a two combined optimization problem, the on/off scheduling problem of generating units and the real power allocation problem. A feasible UC schedule must satisfy various system and unit constraints. Various techniques have been developed to solve generator scheduling problem/ UCP. Natural Evolution based techniques are extensively applied to obtain global optimal solution. Genetic algorithm is one of the evolutionary method. This paper presents a comprehensive review on genetic algorithm based unit commitment problem solution. A survey of all of the research papers up to the year 2013 on this topic is given.
Area Efficient Radix 4 2 64 Point Pipeline FFT Architecture Using Modified CSD Multiplier
Authors: Siddiq F. , Jamal H. , Muhammad T. , Iqbal M.
Published: January 2025

A modified Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based radix 42 algorithm for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems is presented. When compared with similar schemes like Canonic signed digit (CSD) Constant Multiplier, the modified CSD multiplier can provide a improvement of more than 36% in terms of multiplicative complexity. In Comparison of area being occupied the amount of full adders is reduced by 32% and amount of half adders is reduced by 42%. The modified CSD multiplier scheme is implemented on Xilinx ISE 10.1 using Spartan-III XC3S1000 FPGA as a target device. The synthesis results of modified CSD Multiplier on Xilinx show efficient Twiddle Factor ROM Design and effective area reduction in comparison to CSD constant multiplier.
Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Filters Using a Novel Technique of Matrix Inversion
Authors: Khan U. , Khan N. A. , Khan Y. , Khan N. , Nadeem S.
Published: January 2025

Adaptive filtering is one of the emerging areas in the field of digital signal processing. Adaptive filter alters its coefficients according to the situations, in order to minimize the cost function. The cost function is the difference between a desired or reference signal and the filter output signal. Once the desired signal is available for the process, the cost function is minimized by the adaptive filter and the tap weights are calculated algorithmically. According to the wiener solution the filter tap weight vector is calculated by multiplying the inverse of auto-correlation matrix R with the cross-correlation vector p. This paper evaluates the performance of adaptive filters by taking the inverse of the correlation matrix R through a new algorithm. The algorithm is tested and implemented in adaptive filtering for the applications of system identification and noise cancellation. Various parameters of adaptive filtering are examined for the processes. All the simulations are done in MATLAB software.
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AN IRON BASED AMORPHOUS ALLOY
Authors: Iqbal M. , Wang W. H.
Published: January 2025

The Fe-Si-B is a well known system of technical importance used for various applications due to promising magnetic properties and corrosion resistant. Melt spun ribbons (MSRs) of 50 m thickness of Fe77.5Si13.3B9.2 alloy were produced by melt spinning technique. Master alloys were prepared by using 3-4 N pure metals. The alloy was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stereo scan and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Elemental analysis was conducted by energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDAX). DSC results confirmed that the alloy showed wide supercooled liquid region before crystallization indicating good thermal stability. Activation energy was calculated to be 397 kJ/mol. Vickerâ€™s and nanohardness as well as elastic modulus were measured. Nanohradness (H) to elastic modulus (E) ratio (H/E) indicates existence of covalent bonding in Fe-B-Si amorphous alloy. It is expected that the alloy is fit for fabrication of small electronics components, jewelry applications, structural materials and core windings of â€œGreen transformersâ€.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS TO EVALUATE DISPERSION AND CONFINEMENT LOSS FOR WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEMS
Authors: Khalid M. , Arshad I. , Zafarullah M.
Published: January 2025

Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) is the innovative and vital advancement in the field of optical communication. Research is being carried out in this field to study the transmission properties of PCF and how these properties can be improved to get the most optimum design. In this paper, two different categories of PCF are used (i) single solid-core PCF and (ii) multi solid-core PCF. We evaluated the confinement loss and dispersion properties for different designs of PCF to find an appropriate design for effective propagation of light in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. For WDM systems, both the confinement loss and dispersion of the fiber should be minimized for effective propagation of light. We made different designs of PCF and compared them to achieve the best possible design. The wavelength range for WDM systems is from 1300nm to 1500nm. We studied the confinement loss and dispersion for this range of wavelengths.
SIMULATION AND ACQUISITION OF GPS L5 FREQUENCY SIGNAL AND COMPARISON WITH L1 SIGNAL
Authors: Latif K. , Usman M. , Hanif A.
Published: January 2025

Recent advances in GPS modernization efforts include transmission of L5 frequency signals. This paper emphasizes on the implementation of acquisition techniques for GPS L5 and GPS L1 signals. Both signals have been simulated and analysed in a detailed manner to obtain better acquisition results. In this context the signals have been generated, transmitted, received and acquired by suitable algorithms. Simulations were performed using Borland C++ Builder Compiler and MATLAB softwares. Results reveal that L5 signal offers many advantages, including that the acquisition peaks are more accurate, dominant and wider as compared to L1 signal, thus improving GPS system overall performance. Moreover, L5 signals reduce vulnerability to waveform deformation. Noise levels are also comparatively lower than previous signals.
Structural and Magnetic Studies of NixCo0.8-xMn0.2Fe2O4 Nanoparticles Prepared via Co-precipitation Rout
Authors: Adeela N. , Maaz K. , Khan U. , Iqbal M. , Hussain M. , Nisar A. , Ahmad M. , Karim S.
Published: January 2025

Ni substituted Mn-Co ferrite nanoparticles (NixCo0.8-xMn0.2Fe2O4), with doping content (x) varying from 0 to 0.1, have been synthesized via co-precipitation route. X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of single phase spinel ferrite structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy exhibits presence of two absorption bands appearing at 500-600 cm-1 which are characteristic feature of spinel ferrites. Microstructural analyses were carried out by using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope which determine the particle size and chemical composition of the synthesized nanoparticles. From TEM results, average particle size was determined to be about 20 nm, which is in good agreement with XRD results. Magnetic results show increase in coercivity and decrease in saturation magnetization with increasing doping concentration.
Shear Strain Model for Equal Channel Angular Pressing in High Elastic Extruded Plastics
Authors: Anjum N. A. , Khan M. Z. , Shah M. , Khalil M. S. , Pasha R. A. , Qayyum F. , Anwar W.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a novel model for plastic shear strain calculation in the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). The model is particularly formulated to furnish for the elastic recovery after extrusion. Due to high elastic recovery after plastic deformation in polymers, the behavior of Teflon and Nylon is investigated at different temperatures as they are famous for their low coefficient of friction and wall friction effects. The main concentration is given to the basic principle of ECAP processing parameters such as strain, slip bands, and shearing patterns. In this research, a new engraved circle marking technique is used to trace the plastic deformation in the specimens. Afterwards, image analysis approach is applied to measure the deformation, strain and rotation after extrusion. The experimental results are validated with the ABAQUS based numerical simulation. A close conformity is found between them.
Paramedial and Bol* Abel-Grassmann Groupoids
Authors: Shah M. , Ahmad I.
Published: January 2025

We introduce a new class of groupoids which we name Bol*-groupoids. This in turn gives another new class of AG-groupoids that we call Bol*-AG-groupoids. We also enlist two new classes of AG-groupoids namely paramedial AG-groupoids and AG-groupoid-semigroups. The latter is also an interesting new class of semigroups. We discuss some basic properties of these newly introduced classes and provide various finite examples to show their existence.
Lower Goru Formation-3D Modeling and Petrophysical Interpretation of Sawan Gas Field, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan
Authors: Abbas S. T. , Mirza K. , Arif S. J.
Published: January 2025

Sawan Gas field is tectonically stable area as it is a part of Platform region and far away from collision zone. The present study deals with the interpretation of available seismic and well logs data to evaluate the subsurface structure to interpret the occurring of hydrocarbons in the study area of Lower Indus Basin. Seismic modeling (structural interpretations of seismic sections and 3D subsurface structure modeling) and petrophysical properties of reservoir were carried out in this work using the software SMT Kingdom Suite 8.3. Reflectors marked in all seismic sections are continuous with little folding there by indicating presence of subsurface stratigraphic-cumstructural traps. Petrophysical parameters point to presence of reservoir potentials at different depth in both wells due to low water saturation and good effective porosities.
A Novel Image Encryption Scheme Based on Orthogonal Vectors
Authors: Ahmed N. , Saleem Y. , Habib H. A. , Afzal S. M. , Khurshid S. K.
Published: January 2025

Image is an important utility of daily life. Use of internet and transmission of digital media over insecure channel such as broadcasting and unicasting through satellite pose a threat to security. Therefore, a novel encryption scheme is proposed for color images with the ability to tolerate noise and JPEG compressed. The algorithm operates in two phases. First phase is a transposition cipher that transposes the position of each pixel. The second phase uses orthogonal vectors for further processing in frequency domain to produce the cipher image. The tri-color image is separated into three channels and at the end, fused to produce the RGB cipher image. Due to the use of orthogonal vectors, it develops tolerance towards compression and channel noise. Experimental test are performed on a reasonable dataset of images to prove cryptographic security. The recovered image is tested based on a performance metric of image quality. The cryptographic analysis and performance evaluation has shown tolerance to noise and compression with adequate cryptographic security.
Kinetic Studies of the Adsorption of Thorium Ions onto Rice Husk from Aqueous Media: Linear and Nonlinear Approach
Authors: Zafar S. , Khalid N. , Daud M. , Mirza M. L.
Published: January 2025

The present works deals with the investigation of sorption kinetic of thorium ions onto rice husk employing batch method and radiotracer technique. The study was conducted in nitric acid media at ambient temperature. Maximum adsorption of 24.08 mg Lâˆ’1 of thorium ion was observed at the optimized equilibrium time of 15 minutes, 0.1 g of adsorbent and nitric acid concentration of 1.0 Ã— 10âˆ’4 mol Lâˆ’1 . A comparison was made of the widely used pseudo first and second order kinetic models employing the method of least squares, for the adsorption of thorium ions onto rice husk. Different linear equations for first and second order kinetic were used for this purpose. The results showed the regression value â€œR2 â€ of 0.9711 for one linear equation of pseudo first order and 0.9997, 0.8877, 0.9315 and 0.9315, of type I, II, III, and IV models of linear equations for pseudo second order respectively. Kinetic parameters computed from linear and nonlinear forms of different models are reported and discussed. Among the linear expressions, Type I of the pseudo second order was found to be the most appropriate rate expression for the adsorption of thorium ions on rice husk.
Structural, Electric and Thermoelectric Studies of CaFeO3 System
Authors: Khan M. N. , Zafar N.
Published: January 2025

Polycrystalline CaFeO3 samples were synthesized through solid state route at 1000 oC. The sintered samples were analyzed by XRD for crystal structure analysis. Electrical resistivity and seebeck coefficient were also measured for transport properties. The Rietveld analysis performed on the XRD data revealed that the sample is single phase with orthorhombic crystal symmetry. The space group was found to be pcmn. Power factor has been obtained from Seebeck Coefficient and electrical resistivity data. Electrical resistivity showed that conduction in the sample occurred through variable range hopping of the electrons. The negative Sign of Seebeck coefficient revealed that majority charge carriers in these samples are electrons. The properties determined make this material a potential candidate for electric and thermoelectric device applications.
Air Pollution Risk Assessment: A Comparative Study of Industrial Cities of Pakistan
Authors: Faiz Y. , Waheed S. , Daud M.
Published: January 2025

Currently in Pakistan there is little information regarding dose assessment for trace elements in air particulate matter (APM). US EPA health risk assessment model has been employed to calculate the elemental dose for thirty four elements quantified using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) technique in APM and soil samples collected from Faisalabad and Gujranwala cities. Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) have been assessed for Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Mn, Sb, Sr, V and Zn. Alarming elemental doses were observed as 1.91, 1.28, 1.26, 2.21 and 1.97 respectively for Al, Fe, K, Mg, and Na in suspended particulate matter (SPM) of Faisalabad. Likewise in Gujranwala the levels were 1.66, 9.84, 2.62, 1.32, 1.03 and 1.49 for Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na, respectively. For Faisalabad high HI values were evaluated for Al, Cr and Sb with respective values of 2.00, 1.01 and 1.46. Similarly, in SPM of Gujranwala the HI values for these elements were also high (1.73, 2.49E+02 and 3.94 respectively). Critically, high Cr hazard levels due to tanneries and chrome plating industries in Gujranwala city indicate alarming health hazard. Overall, Al, Cr and Sb are the current challenges to be managed.
Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Study of Cadmium Adsorption on Dalbergia Sissoo Sawdust
Authors: Khan A. S.A.
Published: January 2025

In the present paper, the equilibrium and thermodynamic parameters of cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution on sodium hydroxide modified Dalbergia sissoo sawdust were evaluated on the basis of Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The adsorption of cadmium on sawdust was monolayer type, renewable and occurred by complexation mechanism. The analysis of thermodynamic data indicated that adsorption of cadmium on Dalbergia sissoo sawdust is spontaneous, exothermic and entropy driven. The linear form of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was established which can be used for evaluation of saturated equilibrium concentration of adsorbate where all adsorption sites become fully occupied. The correlation between Langmuir and Temkin adsorption parameters was also explored which indicated that the magnitude of enthalpy of adsorption is equal to the heat of adsorption at half coverage. The results and interpretations based on present study may be used as a source for understanding the nature of adsorption phenomena.
Petrographic and Economic Aspects of the Sandstone Unit of the Kamlial Formation, Karaat Hills, South-Eastern Kohat Plateau, NW Pakistan
Authors: Khan M. A. , Khattak N. U. , Ali B. , Yar M. , Mahmood M. F. , Abuzar K. , Shakir U.
Published: January 2025

The Kamlial Formation of middle to late Miocene age is exposed in the hilly area of Karaat, district Karak, Pakistan. It mainly consist of sandstones with intercalations of shales. In order to observe different petrographic features, 16 samples were collected at an average interval of 5 m, from the sandstone unit of the formation. The studied samples mainly consist of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments with an average modal abundance of 45%, 9 % and 15 % respectively and variety of heavy and accessory minerals comprising of muscovite, biotite, garnet, epidote, monazite, tourmaline and zircon. Carbonate is the major cementing material in the studied samples of the Kamlial Formation. By plotting on the triangular diagram majority of the studied samples fall in the field of "feldspathic lithwacke". The high ratio of quartz to feldspar (Q/F=4.8) shows the mineralogical maturity, while, the abundance of matrix suggests that the sandstone is texturally immature even though it comprises of sub-rounded grains and is moderately to well-sorted. Non-undulose to weakly undulose monocrystalline quartz is in a higher proportion in the studied sections whereas the polycrystalline quartz is rare and much less abundant and predominantly consists of two to three sub-grains with straight to only slightly curved sub-grain boundaries. These characteristics of quartz indicates that the source rock is of igneous origin. The friable nature of the sandstone unit makes it a poor building stone but can be used in cement industry and other construction purposes. Kamlial Formation can host potential Uranium deposits because of its environment of deposition.
Robust Extraction of Harmonics using Heuristic Advanced Gravitational Search Algorithm-based Least Square Estimator
Authors: Ashraf M. M. , Ullah M. Obaid , Malik T. N. , Waqas A. B. , Iqbal M. , Siddiq F.
Published: January 2025

The power quality is becoming an extensively addressing aspect of power system because of sensitive operation of smart grid, awareness of power quality and modern power system equipment. This paper proposes a new hybrid algorithm of Advanced Gravitational Search Algorithm-based Least Square (AGSA-LS) for estimation of harmonics present in time varying noisy power signals. Advanced Gravitational Search Algorithm (AGSA) is a population based algorithm which realizes the concepts of exploitation and exploration to find global optimal in search space under consideration. In AGSA, Newtonian law of gravity and laws of motion are explored to optimize mathematically the location of planets in search space. Proposed approach has been applied on test system from literature and results prove the effectiveness of technique in terms of precision and computational time. Results are further authenticated by estimating harmonics of real time current signal drawn by LED lamp. The proposed AGSA-LS delivers promising results compared to Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization with Passive Congregation based Least Square (PSOPC-LS).
Effect of Quartz Content on Physical Parameters of Locally Developed Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Qureshi L. A. , Tasaddiq R. M. , Ali B. , Sultan T.
Published: January 2025

Reactive powder concrete (RPC) belongs to a new category of cement based composites bearing high compressive strength and negligible permeability. The introduction of RPC opened new applications for engineers and researchers specially to be used in nuclear installations. In this research, RPC has been developed first time in Pakistan using locally available ingredients. Present study focused on developing RPC with compressive strength up to 80 MPa because suitable background on RPC was not available in the country. RPC was developed using quartz powder, silica fume, sand, cement, super plasticizer and steel fibers. Different mixes were cast with varying content of quartz powder to check its effect on physical parameters of RPC like compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture, permeability and uniaxial stress-strain behaviour. The results demonstrated that RPC having compressive strength up to 80 MPa could be produced using materials available in local market. Values of physical parameters increased with the increase in quartz powder content up to a certain limit. After this optimum value, further increase in the quartz powder content caused a decline in the values of different physical parameters studied.
Methodology for Performance Evaluation of Distributed Multi Agent System
Authors: Ali A. , Aslam M. , Janjua J. I. , Chaudhry M. U.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a methodology for the assessment of the distributed multi agent system. It requires apt attention to check as if multi agent system is performing well. In recent research performance is taken as a rate, queuing system or some measure without capturing all characterization of the multi agent system, there is a lag for the proper evaluation of multi agent system. Our methodology takes the generic characteristics of the distributed multi agent system which can affect the overall efficiency of the system, and spotted some performance metrics. These metrics depict the clear image to measure the efficiency of the distributed multi agent systems. It is a step by step technique; in initial step, some performance metrics are derived from the generic properties of the multi agent system. In second step, the graphical interaction model of the real time multi agent system is developed. The Course Management System (CMS) and the Remote Patient Monitoring Systems (RPMS) are two distributed multi agent systems, their interaction models are generated using log files in Java Agent Development Environment. In the final step; the function from the graph theory is taken to validate the performance metrics for the both multi agent system CMS and RPMS.
Variance Based Pattern Detection for Inferring Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Ali W. , Azam M. A. , Naeem U. , Ghazanfar M. A. , Khalid A. , Amin Y.
Published: January 2025

Being able to recognize activities of daily living (ADLs) using non-intrusive devices is very much dependent on the ability to discover a range of patterns within captured datasets. Pattern recognition plays an important role as the presence of patterns in one instance and the absence in another presents an accurate means of classification. In this paper, we present a pattern recognition approach based on recognizing the emerging patterns for inferring ADLs. In order to validate this proposed approach, a series of activity datasets have been used for validation experiments.
Toxic Effects of Chlorpyrifos on 12th Day Desi Chick Embryo (Gallus gallusdomesticus)
Authors: Chaudury S. , Ansari M. S. , Abbas M. N. , Kausar S. , Iqbal R. , Saleem R. , Iqbal J. , Sabir S.
Published: January 2025

The toxicity and lethal effects, on the survival and developmental stages of Gallus gallusdomesticus, of widely used insecticides on the ticks and mites (Arachnida) was investigated. Fertilized eggs of Desihen (Gallus gallusdomesticus) at day 0 of incubation were treated with commercially available Chlorpyrifos insecticide at constant temperature 37 ± 0.5 0C.Five different concentrations of this insecticide (0, 0.12, 0.25, 0.50, and 1% per 100 ?l/egg) were used in this experiment. Data on embryos survival and abnormalities were used to observe hazardous effects on developing embryos after pesticide exposure. The embryo mortality, ratio of abnormal embryos were statistically significantly (p < 0.05) different in treated groups compared to untreated. Moreover, toxicity increased with concentration in all experimental groups. The application of Chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) insecticide maybe potentially harmful to embryonic development of birds and other animals.
A Novel Technique for the Generation and Application of Substitution Boxes (s-box) for the Image Encryption
Authors: Bukhari S. , Yousaf A. , Niazi S. , Anjum M. R.
Published: January 2025

The increasing applications of image processing have shifted the focus to the security of images during their transmission. In this work, the main focus is on the security of gray scale images against cryptanalysis attacks. A new model for encryption algorithm of the grayscale image is presented through substitution boxes (s-box). The proposed technique contained two parts; in the first part six different substitution boxes are generated from Galois field and linear fractional transformations. In the second part, the generated substitution boxes are used for the encryption process of message image. For the estimation of the strength of the proposed technique for nonlinearity and strict avalanche criteria, statistical tests and histogram analysis are performed on the substitution boxes and on the encrypted images respectively to check its resistance. The proposed algorithm is more robust as compared to other encryption techniques against attacks in insecure transmission paths.
Statistical Approach: Understanding the Effects of Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review (PQ4R) on Academic Achievement of Students in English
Authors: Khan T. S. , Jehangir M. , Niwaz A. , Khan M. M. , Shahzad M. , Khan M. S.
Published: January 2025

English is an international language, but still many countries (where English is a second language) are facing problems in academics. Whereas, Urdu is the national and most common language in Pakistan, so it is hard for students to get a good command on the subject of English. Additionally, reading comprehension is also a major issue with Pakistani students, as their teachers are unaware of the cognitive and metacognitive strategies to make learning interesting and long lasting. The recent study has been conducted to compare the effectiveness of PQ4R on the academic achievement of students in the subject of English. The sample constituted total hundred students; including fifty boys and fifty girls, studying in Telecom boyâ€™s school and Telecom girlâ€™s school, respectively. A statistical approach with pre-test and post-test through Cronbach alpha; 0.76 and 0.79, respectively, was used to evaluate PQ4R strategy on 10th grade students. The statistical output revealed that PQ4R strategy improved the performance of high achievers as well as low achievers among the targeted sample.
Modeling of Access Control System in Event-B
Authors: Hussain S. , Farid S. , Alam M. , Iqbal S. , Ahmad S.
Published: January 2025

Computer security is a major challenge in the current era of ubiquitous computing and the Internet. The external security measures are good but not enough to secure software systems. That is why the internal security of software systems is of much importance and more emphasis needs to be given to describe internal design of software systems. Access control system is a mechanism to ensure the internal security of software systems. There are various access control systems which are claimed to provide a secure way to access the resources but in reality these systems have many loopholes and drawbacks. Authentication and authorization are the major key elements of access control systems. Authentication is a mechanism to verify unique identification of a user in the system, and authorization is to grant access to a user to system resources. In this paper, a new generic and simplified model of access control any system is proposed which is based on formal methods. The formal method used in this access control system is Event-B. Event-B is a formal specification and modeling language based on set theory and first order logic. Authentication process ensures that which type of users are allowed to access the system. In authorization mechanism it is ensured that a user is granted access to a system resource only if he/she has access rights for that particular resource. The resulting formal models are analyzed and verified by using RODIN tools.
Implementation Framework of ISO 22000 Food Safety Management System in Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) Cafes of Pakistan
Authors: Shehzadi S. , Wasim A. , Hussain S. , Shafiq M. , Jahanzaib M.
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementation framework of ISO 22000 FSMS in Higher Educational Institutes (HEIs) cafes of Pakistan under the requirements of ISO standard. The framework has been developed based on the requirements of ISO 22000 food safety management system (FSMS). A total number of 30 HEIs cafes were analyzed through self-observations and face-to-face interviews with the managers of these cafes. The main part of the questionnaire comprises 41 questions about plan, 66 questions about do, 3 questions about check and 6 questions about act section. The findings of this research show that no cafe has been found to follow ISO 22000: 2005 FSMS requirements. Regarding status, 13% (4) of the cafes were found in poor while 86% (26) at moderate level. None of these cafes had Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and documentation related to any point. The prerequisite programs (PRPs) were found good in cleaning and sanitation, and layout of the premises. However, PRPs were weak in training and documentation. HEIs cafes should be more focused and interested towards the implementation of ISO 22000 standard requirements to provide safe food to students and staff. In conclusion, the proper implementation of prerequisite programs (PRPs) can help organizations to lead implementation of HACCP system. Providing proper training and knowledge related to food safety practices will be helpful for the organizations to provide safe and quality food to customers.
Characterization of Upper Indus Basin based on DEM Hypsometric Analysis
Authors: Ahmad I. , Ahmad Z. , Munir S. , Rehman Obaid ur , Ali S. R. , Shabbir Y.
Published: January 2025

Assessment of geomorphic stages of catchment areas within Upper Indus Basin (UIB) is carried out through analysis of hypsometry. Hypsometric curves were extracted for each sub-basin from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Parameters of the Hypsometric Integral (HI), statistical moments like skewness, kurtosis, density skewness and density kurtosis of the curves were also analyzed. Study concluded that UIB is comprised of sub-basins of differential characteristics i.e. young, moderate and well developed. There is a correlation of 0.76 between the basin size and the HI. None of the basins appear to be in Monadnock Stage. The topographic analyses of slope, aspect and percentage snow-cover and land cover classes also validate the high erosion potential of upper reaches of Indus basin.
A Review of the Effect of Electric Discharge Machining on the Surface Integrity of Metallic Parts
Authors: Mehmood S. , Anjum N. A. , Anwar W. , Rahman R. A. , Javed K. , Badshah S.
Published: January 2025

In Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), after each electric discharge, a small portion of the molten pool is removed and the residue re-solidifies on the surface in the form of layer. This re-solidified layer has different microstructure and metallurgical properties than the parent material. Many investigations have been carried out on EDM of different materials to evaluate the influence of electrical parameters, dielectric type, electrode material and discharge gap on the Material Removal Rate (MRR), tool wear rate and surface integrity (surface roughness, cracks, residual stresses and white layer formation). Voltage, pulse current, pulse on-time, pulse off-time and polarity are electric parameters that control discharge energy as well as heating and cooling times. It has been observed that high discharge energy gives high surface roughness, high MRR and high residual stresses. A detailed literature review comprising effects of different parameters on surface conditions like metallurgical characteristics, surface roughness, surface hardness and distribution of residual stresses, is presented here
On Bipolar-Valued Hesitant Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications in Multi-Attribute Decision Making
Authors: Ullah Kifayat , Mahmood T. , Jan N. , Broumi S. , Khan Q.
Published: January 2025

In this manuscript, a novel structure of bipolar-valued hesitant fuzzy set (BPVHFS) is proposed as ageneralization of fuzzy set (FS). The basic set theoretic operations of BPVHFSs are defined and theirrelated results are studied. Based on the basic operations, some aggregation operators for BPVHFSsare developed and their fitness is verified using principle of mathematical induction. The multiattributedecision making (MADM) is established in the framework of BPVHFSs and a numericalexample is provided to illustrate the process. The article ended with some concluding remarks alongwith some future directions.
Analysis of Thermal Stresses Induced in Radiant Tubes for Heat Exchanger Applications Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Ali M. A. , Abbas N. , Abbas A. , Zahra N.
Published: January 2025

In this research, the thermal stresses in the radiant tubes were analyzed using finite element method successfully. Thermal stresses are critical factor influencing on the strength of heat exchanger tubes. Radiant tube of Steel Alloy, Super 22H was analyzed by using finite element analysis. It is investigated that thermal stresses in radiant tubes faces different temperature gradients in axial, circumferential and radial directions. There are no significant thermal stresses in axial direction when there is linear temperature gradient. In addition, it is observed that considerable thermal stresses are induced with nonlinear temperature gradient in axial direction. In order to calculate thermal stresses in circumferential direction, the temperature variations in angular position is also applied. Radial thermal stresses are calculated by applying specific temperature difference between inner and outer radii. Localized heating & hot spot in inner or outer radii and bend in tubes are also major causes of thermal stresses.
Modified Adaptive Predict Hexagon Based Search Motion Estimation Algorithm
Authors: Ali I. , Muzammil M. , Basit A. , Haq I.
Published: January 2025

Motion Estimation (ME) is a very critical part of any video encoder and different fast ME algorithms are proposed to reduce the overhead of computational cost that was available in encoding system. This paper proposes a Modified Adaptive Predict Hexagon Based Search (MAPHS) algorithm to cope the computational requirements. The proposed algorithm predicts the direction of motion by using adaptive rood shaped predictor and then Hexagonal based Search is applied to refine the search process. The adaptive predictor changes own size predetermined motion vector for each macro block. The ME process is speedup by incorporating thresholding technique, which is primarily beneficial for the videos having low motion activities. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has improved the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) by adaptively changing the threshold value according to the motion contents of different videos. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well on both high definition and common intermediate format videos with respect to ME time and number of search points with acceptable PSNR.