bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticide Efficacy on the Pine Needle Midge, 1984
Authors: Sapio Frank J. , Simmons Gary A.
Published: March 2022

Eleven Vi acre test plots were installed in a Christmas tree stand in section 8 of Inverness township in Cheboygan County, MI. Each plot contained approximately 100 Scots pine trees ranging from 4 to 8 feet tall. Midge damage from the previous growing season was prevalent in all test plots and distributed evenly across the field. Experimental treatments were applied with a Solo 423 back pack mistblower calibrated in 15 gal/a. Sprays were applied once at the time of initial adult emergence as indicated by emergence trap catch (21 Jun). Winds were slight at the time of spray (<5mph) and the ambient air temperature was approximately 22°C. Meta-Systox R, the current industry standard, was applied by the cooperating grower twice with the first treatment applied 2 days after all other experimental treatments. The second treatment of Meta-Systox R was applied 1 wk after the first at recommended label rates. At that time all stages of larvae were present and damage was just beginning to show up in the area. Approximately 2 wk later the spray block was surveyed for infested fasicles. On 75 randomly selected Scots pine trees the number of infested fasicles were estimated on the top whorl and leader (Test 1). Total midge impact was measured at the end of the growing season using a rating system devised to rank trees ordinally according to the severity of damage. The system is as follows: 0, no discernable midge damage; 1, slight damage contributing to degrade slightly; 2, damage moderate causing noticible degrade and 3, damage severe, tree may be unmarketable for 1-3 years. During late October, just prior to harvest, fifty systematically selected trees were rated from each treatment plot (Test 2). Damage ratings were analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. Individual treatment comparisons were made with a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. This non parametric approach is analogous to a standard ANOVA and t tests although more appropriate for ordinal ratings that do not usually meet the assumptions of an ANOVA. Individual comparisons were made between the standard, Meta-systox R and each treatment. Comparisons marked with a “s –” performed significantly worse than the standard. Treatments marked with a “s + ” performed significantly better. Those treatments marked with a “ns” do not show a significantly different damage rating than the industry standard, Meta-systox R.
Yellow Rose Aphid Control, 1984
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Cobb G. S.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to runoff to all leaf surfaces on heavily infested container-grown roses with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design in a glass greenhouse. Treatments were evaluated by counting numbers of living aphids per plant sample. Each sample contained 3 subsamples of 3 terminal leafle.
Taxus, Fletcher Scale Control, Lake Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus media ‘Hicksi’ (0.3 m tall) growing in 3-gal containers and infested with Lecanium fletcheri were used for evaluating effectiveness of insecticides against established first and second stage scale nymphs. Sprays were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower on aperature setting 4 at half throttle for 30 sec to deliver ca. 930 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-plant replicates. All plants were tightly sheared, necessitating this volume to approach runoff. Sprays were applied 13 Aug under cloudy skies at 24°C with a breeze gusting to 15-20 kph. Samples were taken 20 Aug by collecting 5 infested twigs from each plant and placing them in separate paper bags, transported under refrigeration to the laboratory. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by determining viability of all nymphs on 25 infested needles, with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Pyrethroid Formulations for Control of Horn Flies and Lice on Range Cattle in Wyoming, 1982
Authors: Jones C. J. , Lloyd J. E. , Watson D. W.
Published: March 2022

Permectostrips (10% permethrin) and Durmectostrips (8% cypermethrin), both on steers, and 2 Atroban ear tags, commercial and a matrix, (10% permethrin), and 0.0125% Ectiban spray (permethrin) on cow-calf herds were compared for efficacy against summer horn fly populations (Jul–Sep). Two tags were used per adult cow. Additional observations were made for reductions of winter lice populations. A herd of 2-year-old steers served as a control for each test. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of each of 10 cows during each observation period. The same cows were used for each period. The non-parametric Krusal-Wallis test was used to determine differences in fly counts among treatments. Lice were counted on all catchable adult cattle during early Oct. The indexing system used consisted of counting the lice seen at three, 6-inch long sites on consistent portions of the neck, dewlap, backline, rump, and head.
Laboratory Evaluation of Chemosterilants Against the Adult House Fly, 1982
Authors: McGowan M. J. , Patterson R. S.
Published: March 2022

Mixed sexes of adults from an insecticide-resistant laboratory strain are fed exclusively after emergence on fly food (6 parts sugar, 6 parts powdered nonfat dry milk, and 1 part powdered egg yolk) containing a 1% concentration (wt/wt) of the candidate chemosterilant. The treated diet is prepared by adding 10 ml of a solution or suspension of the chemical in a volatile solvent to 10 g of fly food in a small container. The solvent is allowed to evaporate for 4-6 h, then the fly food is repulverized. The container of treated food and a container of water are placed in a cage with 100 newly emerged adult flies. After 3 days, the flies are observed to note any mortality caused by the compound. When flies were 6-7 days old, moist CSMA larval-rearing medium in a container is placed in the cage to stimulate oviposition. If no eggs are laid, the oviposition medium is offered again at 1-2 day intervals until it has been offered 3 times or the flies have oviposited. After the medium has been in the cage for 4-6 h, it is removed and the egg masses are transferred to a container of water and thoroughly mixed. A random sample of 100 eggs is placed on a small piece of wet black cloth; the cloth is then place on moist CSMA medium in a rearing container. After 2 days, the eggs are examined and the percent hatch is determined. The resulting larvae, if any, crawl from the cloth into the rearing medium. The medium is examined about a week after oviposition to determine the number of larvae that develop to the pupal stage. If more than 5 pupae are observed, evaluation of the compound is discontinued. All tests are conducted in duplicate. Cages of flies handled in the same manner but exposed to untreated fly food only are used as controls.
Evaluation of Guardian 7.5% and 10.0% Swine Ear Tags for Hog Louse Control on Brood Sows, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of Guardian 7.5% and 10.0% swine ear tags was evaluated in Mar and Apr, 1984, for hog louse control on brood sows. Permectrin 10.0% calf ear tags were used to determine comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established in Montgomery Co, VA; A) Guardian 7.5% ear tag, consisting of 7 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 5 Mar. All animals were established in a farrowing house, and remained there for the duration of the trial. B) Guardian 10.0% ear tag, consisting of 7 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 12 Mar. All animals were established in pasture and remained there for the duration of the trial. C) Permectrin 10.0% ear tag, consisting of 7 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 5 Mar. All animals were established in a farrowing house, and all except 1 were later moved at varying times to pasture. D) Untreated control, consisting of 7 gilts, weighing 300-400 lb. All animals were established in pasture and remained there for the duration of the trial. All treatment groups were penned separately from each other when in pasture, and were individually isolated in modern farrowing crates when in-house.
Evaluation of Fumigants for Insect Control on Harvested Lettuce, 1979-82
Authors: Spitler G. H. , Hartsell P. L. , Yerington A. P.
Published: March 2022

The green peach aphid and cabbage looper are common pests of head lettuce and Heliothis spp.. are occasional pests. Unwrapped iceberg lettuce was fumigated in a 2.84 m3 vacuum chamber for control of the above insects pests. Insects were exposed in cages. The cages with aphids were wrapped in a leaf and inserted between heads of lettuce in a carton. Cabbage loopers and/or Heliothis spp. were placed in the center of a head of lettuce. Fumigation treatments [dose (g/m3), exposure (h), and temperature (°C)] are shown in the following table. All fumigations were at 30 to 100 mm Hg. Since preliminary tests (6 reps) showed that holding insects at this reduced pressure alone had no influence on insect mortality, control insects were not held in vacuum during the actual tests. After the 30 mm Hg vacuum was drawn in the chamber, the fumigant was introduced, which caused a slight rise in pressure. This pressure was standardized at 100 mm Hg after 10 min.
Pear: Pest Control, 1984
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Twenty-one year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replicates in randomized block design. Plots 1 and 2 were sprayed 4 May, 22 Jun and 11 Jul, plot 3 was sprayed 26 Apr, 13 Jun and 11 Jul and plots 4-9 were sprayed 4 May, 13 Jun and 11 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-week intervals. Adults were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples/rep. First generation nymph samples, those prior to 26 Jun, consisted of fruiting spur leaves. Later samples included the proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between, on each of 10 shoots/rep. Leaves were brushed and the resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. Two 10-fruit samples/rep collected at normal harvest time were weighed and tested for firmness with a penetrometer. Soluble solids were measured with a refractometer on samples of the combined juice of each lot of 10 fruit. Pear psylla and pear rust mite russets were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on 2 samples of 25 fruit/rep. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray date for phytotoxicity.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1984
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. , Witherell Peter C.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 32 m3 or 71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. Each trailer was used only once. The aerosols were propelled by Freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol from the pressurized can for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 (except for a wettable powder formulation of permethrin) as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 h; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol or dust application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 h for knockdown (KD) (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position). The insects were held in petri dishes without food for 14 days at 27°C ± 1°C and 60% RH, and then examined for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund (D + M) insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated on 3 successive days. Control in untreated trailers were also replicated on 3 successive days. The average air temperature inside the trailers at treatment was 28 ± 6°C.
Peach, Catfacing and Oriental Fruit Moth Trial, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated in a peach block at Steeles Tavern. Each treatment was applied to ca 0.2 acre using a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to apply a 3X concentration based on 176 gal/A (59 gal/A finished spray). Each plot included cultivars ‘Madison’, ‘Loring’, ‘Sun High’ and ‘Red Haven’. Spray dates were 13 Apr (pink), 2 May (petal fall), 17 May (shuck split), 31 May, 15 Jun and 18 Aug.
Peach: Control of Oriental Fruit Moth, 1984
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 9-year-old and a 7-year-old peach block, varieties ‘Red Haven’ and ‘N.J. 193’, respectively. In each block 4 trees arranged in a randomized complete block design were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied on 2-7 May and 20 June, which coincided with broods 1 and 2 of OFM. Sprays were applied to runoff, ca. 3 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Treatment effect was determined by counting the number of OFM-damaged terminals/tree on 18 Jun and the number of newly damaged terminals on 6 Jul. Data were transformed to log (x + 1) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Blueberry, Flea Beetle Larval Control, 1983 & 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Holmes J. A. , Flanders K. L.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on crop year lowbush blueberry fields in Washington County, Maine. Plots measured 25 X 25 ft in 1983 and 10 x 10 ft in 1984 with 3 plots per treatment. Randomized complete block designs were used. Plots were treated on 2 Jun ’83 and 8 Jun ’84. Sprays were applied with a CO2-propelled sprayer at a rate of 14 gal/acre in 1983 and 25 gal/acre in 1984. Plants were close to full bloom in both tests at the time of application. On dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; after counting the larvae, they were spread back over the same plot.
Control of Adult Black Vine Weevil, 1984
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Chamberlain Jimmie D.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied on 3 Aug to single-row plots of raspberries with a vertical boom in 115 gal water/acre at 150 psi. Plots were 475 ft long and 9 ft apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were evaluated after dark on 6 Aug by running the mechanical harvester over each plot and counting all adult weevils that appeared on the sorting belt.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Strawberries, 1984
Authors: Carson W. G. , Trumble John T. , Nakakihara H.
Published: March 2022

‘Parker’ strawberries were transplanted 14 Nov ’83 into drip irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 wk following transplanting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of each treatment. Each replicate consisted of 2 sub-beds (17 plants/sub-bed). Insecticides were applied on 9 Feb, 13 Apr and 5 May using 2 hollow cone nozzles/row with D3 orifices, #33 cores and 50-mesh screens. Operating pressure was 7.03 rag/cm2 and delivery rate was 935 liter/ha on the first and second applications and 1,402 liter/has on the third application. All applications contained 0.04% spreader/sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Spider mite populations were assessed by collecting the oldest functional trifoliate leaf/plant for 5 plants/replicate and counting the numbers of larvae + nymphs + adult males, and adult females for 7 wk following the first application (Test 1), 3 wk following the second application (Test 2) and 3 wk following the third application (Test 3).
Season Long Control of Peach Twig Borer, 1984
Authors: Beevers M. H.
Published: March 2022

Four treatments were applied 8 Feb (late dormant), 20 May, and 9 Aug (hull split). Counts of numbers of damaged spurs per 100 were made on 13 May ’84. At harvest evaluation of damaged nuts/100 checked was also made. Applications were made with anorchard handgun operated at 100 psi delivering 400 GPA. Three-year-old trees were used with 8 single-tree replications per treatment.
Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1984
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Kelthane and Advantage were tested alone and tank mixed with a commerical foliar fertilizer containing 1.0% Fe, 4.0% Zn and 7.0% phosphoric acid (Poly Fe Zn®). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 3 times on plots of 3 trees in a 10-year-old grapefruit orchard (14 x 24 ft spacing). Applications were made 7 Aug utilizing a commerical air blast sprayer at 1 mph with nozzling and pressure adjusted for a spray volume of 200 gal/acre. Citrus rust mite (CRM) were counted in two 1-cml2 lens fields on the lower surface of each of 12 randomly collected leaves per tree (36 leaves per replicate). Another 24 leaves per replicate were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. Motile citrus red mite (RdM) were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks using a binocular microscope at 25X.
Evaluation of Baits for Control of Brown Garden Snail in California, 1984
Authors: Morse J. G. , Sakovich N. J. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Various bait formulations of metaldehyde, methiocarb and larvin were tested for control of brown garden snails in an 11-year-old grapefruit grove (NS rows rowspacing 24 x 12 ft) in Buckhorn CA using 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Trees were devoid of weeds, but some leaf litter had accumulated under each tree. The grove was irrigated on 22 May, 4 Jun, and 11 Jun using low volume sprinklers, 1 located between each tree in a row. Counts of live snails pretreatment and dead snails posttreatment were taken within 1-yard-square counting frames (positions marked by stakes) which were placed half-way under the drip line of each tree on the NE, SE, SW and NW quadrants. Each count was taken of snails of all life stages within the 4 square yard area per tree. On each date, all dead snails were removed from the sample area so that they would not be recounted at a later date. Treatments were applied in a circle at the drip lines of the trees using dime-sized drops for the Deadline 40 (4% metaldehyde) or by sprinkling the dry baits in a narrow band.
Control of Texas Citrus Mite on Lemons, 1984
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

This efficacy trial evaluated the performance of several acaricides against Texas citrus mites on lemons in an orchard near Yuma, Arizona. The soil type was Sandy Loam with a pH of 8.1 and 0.15% organic matter. A completely random design was utilized with 1-tree plots and 4 replications. Test materials were applied with a hand-gun from a John Bean Sprayer operating at 300 psi at a rate of 180 gpa. Applications were made when the trees were in the prebloom stage. At the time of application (15 Mar) the temperature was 71°F, with 20% RH, and a 7 kph wind. Mite counts were made on the basis of 20-leaf samples brought into the laboratory for processing.
Texas Citrus Mite Control on Oranges, 1984
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Several experimental miticides were evaluated for control of Texas citrus mites on oranges in Yuma, AZ. The soil type in the orchard was Sandy Loam, with a pH of 8.1 and 0.15% organic matter. The temperature at the time of application was 74°F and the RH was 22%. The test design was completely random with 1-tree plots and 4 replications. Applications were made with a hand-gun from a John Bean Sprayer operating at 300 psi at a rate of 180 gpa. Applications were made 14 Mar when the trees were in the pre-bloom stage. Mite counts were made on the basis of 20-leaf samples on 14, 16 and 19 Mar and on 40-leaf samples thereafter. Leaves were brought into the laboratory for processing.
Citrus Thrips Control Trials in California, 1984
Authors: Morse J. G. , Grout T. G. , Elmer H. S.
Published: March 2022

Materials were tested for control of citrus thrips populations in Field 12 (14-year-old Atwood Navel oranges) of the Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, CA. Treatments were applied using a hand-gun at 500 psi, outside coverage and approximately 200 gpa on various dates pre- and post-petal fall (28 Apr). Four-tree plots were used with the number of single-tree replicates listed in the following table. Posttreatment counts were taken on some of the plots of the percent of fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level (10 fruit per tree) that were infested with citrus thrips. Citrus thrips fruit scarring counts were taken 1 mo prior to harvest on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scars were rated as slight (incomplete ring scar) or severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring; scarring equivalent to level causing fruit downgrading in a normal year). Economic scarring levels are approximately 5% severe scars.
Timing Lorsban Applications for Black Scale Control on Oranges in Interior Southern California, 1984
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G. , Iwata Y.
Published: March 2022

A field of Valencia oranges in Riverside, California was divided into eighteen 3 x 3-tree plots. Pretreatment counts (23 May ’83) were taken from the center tree of each plot by counting the proportion of 9-inch twigs (N = 41 twigs/plot) that were infested with black scale. Plot assignment was not random; a conscious effort was made to assign the 5 treatments among the 18 plots so that all treatments had similar pretreatment counts. Consequently, pretreatment counts for all treatments were similar and high (88%-94% twig infestation). Three treatments were assigned to 4 plots each, and 2 treatments were assigned to 3 plots each. All treatments were applied with a Kinkelder concentrate sprayer that was equipped with an air tower. It rained 1.24 inches on 29 Sep ’83; no rainfall above 0.15 inches occurred within 2 wk after the other application.
Insect Control on Spring Broccoli, 1984
Authors: Criswell Jim T. , Bostian Bruce
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was transplanted 15 Mar at the Vegetable Research Station, Bixby, OK. Plots consisted of single 2-m rows with 0.3 m between plants in a row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. Treatments were made 21 May and 28 May with a delivery rate of 30 gal/acre. Evaluations were made on 16 May, 22 May and 29 May by counting larvae on 2-plants in the center of the row. Rainfall occurred 20 May (.14 inch), 23 May (.20 inch) and 27 May (5.20 inch).
Imported Cabbageworm on Broccoli, 1984
Authors: Nabors Raymond A.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was planted 14 April on 38 inch rows in loam soil with high N, P, K and a pH of 6.2. A plot consisted of 2 rows 100 feet long. There were 4 replications of each treatment. Broccoli was sprayed on 14 June using an R&D pistol belt sprayer with CO2 pressure at 50 psi delivering 25 gal/acre through a flat fan nozzle. The relative humidity was 74%, the temperature was 78°F and the wind was from the west at 2.5 mph. A new formulation of Bacillus thuringiensh (SAN 415) was used in this test. Evaluations were made 48 h after treatment. The criterion for evaluation was the number of caterpillars on 10 randomly selected plants in each treatment.
Cabbage Insect Control, Ft. Collins, Co, 1984
Authors: Capinera John L. , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted at 2-ft spacings (22-inches between row) at the C.S.U. Bay Farm on 1 Jun ’84. Plot size was 4 plants by 2 plants, separated by borders and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 7 Aug using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 90 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated 10 Aug and 27 Aug. Cabbageworm larvae and false chinch bugs were counted as totals from the center 4 heads in each plot. Aphids, primarily the turnip aphid, Hyadaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), were counted from 2 leaves selected from each center head.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1984
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney ML. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated 2 Jul at our research farm near Geneva, NY in a lime silt loam soil. Seeds (planted 10/ft) and treatments were applied by hand using cone seeders. Germination counts were made 30 Jul. The crop was then thinned to 1 plant ca. every 18 inches. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 30-inch row width. In-furrow liquid applications were made with a gravity system mounted on a cone seeder delivering 50 GPA. Incorporated treatments were applied at 50 GPA using a CO2 sprayer mounted on a cone seeder. The 4-inch wide band of spray was then planted through, resulting in a slight mixing of the insecticide into the seed furrow. Over-furrow applications were applied at 50 GPA to the soil surface after planting. Seed treatments were applied to the seed using a 1% solution of Biofilm as the carrier. Injury ratings were made 12 Sep by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Cabbage Looper Control, 1983
Authors: Story R. N.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at both the St. Gabriel Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA., and the Hammond Research Station, Hammond, LA. Seedling cabbage was transplanted into 48-inch rows on 20 Sep (Hammond) and 26 Sep (St. Gabriel). At both sites plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of single-row plots containing 10 plants. Pesticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were applied on 14 and 27 Oct, at Hammond and on 13, 26 Oct, and 11 Sept at St. Gabriel. Evaluations of looper damage were made on 7 Dec (Hammond) and 6 Dec (St. Gabriel) by counting the number of leaves per plant with 1 or more holes ≥ 2 cm2 in area. The foliage injury rating was calculated as the mean number of leaves per plant with holes present.
Fall Cabbage Insect Control, 1984
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 17 Jul, near Georgetown, DE. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow design, Co2 pressurized sprayer using a drop nozzle system (3 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi delivering 71 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 1, 9, 15, 22 and 29 Aug, and 5, 12, and 25 Sept, for a total of 8 applications. Imported cabbage worm (ICW) and cabbage looper (CL) larvae were counted on each of 10 plants within each plot on a weekly basis from 1 Aug to 3 Oct.
Aster Leafhopper Control in Carrot, 1984
Authors: Ragsdale David W. , Setiawan Dwi P.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for their ability to control the aster leafhopper. The plots were evaluated for 2 wk posttreatment to determine the residual activity of the insecticides. The trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Each plot had six 20-ft rows (24-inch centers) and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Individual plots were separated from others by 10 ft of bare ground on all sides to minimize interplot movement of adult leafhoppers. A single application on 31 Aug was applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 40 psi (57.5 gal/acre). Samples were taken with a 15-inch diam sweep net taking 25 sweeps per plot.
Aster Leafhopper and Aster Yellows Control in Carrot, 1984
Authors: Ragsdale David W. , Setiawan Dwi P.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on the aster leafhopper and its transmission to aster yellows (mycoplasma-like organism) to carrots. The trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Each plot had eight 20-ft rows (12-inch centers), and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Both sides of each plot were bordered by 2 rows of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., ‘Great Lakes’ which remained unsprayed and served as a source of aster leafhopper and aster yellows. Individual plots were separated from others by 10 ft of bare ground on all sides to minimize interplot movement of the aster leafhopper. Treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 40 psi (57.5 gal/acre). Application dates were 18, 24, 31 Jul and 16 Aug. Sweep samples were taken with a 15-inch diam sweep net taking 25 sweeps per plot.
Insect Control in Celery, 1984
Authors: May A. , Grafius E. , Hayden N. , Warner E.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted at the M.S.U. Muck Crop Experimental Farm, Bath, MI. The plots were 6 rows wide by 20 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a complete randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gpa. All treatments were applied on a weekly basis. Treatment dates were: 29 Jun, 10, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 6, 14, 20, and 27 Aug. Sweep samples were taken weekly from the center rows of each plot. Ten plants were harvested from the middle rows of each plot on 9 Aug and 19 Sep, and evaluated for damage from carrot weevil, tarnished plant bug, aster yellows disease and cutworm.
Apple, Effect of SD 204523 on European Red Mite Populations, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

An oxime pyrethroid, SD 204523, was tested for effect on mite populations. Small plot size was mandated because a very limited amount of the material was available. Consequently, treatment applications were made to single limbs with a compressed air backpack sprayer at 25 psi. Six 9-year-old York trees were used and each treatment was applied to 1 limb on each of the 6 trees. Each replicate limb and the adjacent limbs were sprayed to runoff. Drift to other test limbs was avoided by selecting limbs that were some distance apart. Treatments were applied on 12 Jul. Vendex 4F was used as a standard for comparative purposes. Mite populations were evaluated by randomly selecting 10 leaves/limb, brushing onto glass plates and counting motile mites and viable eggs under a binocular microscope.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1984
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Collards were direct seeded in 4 row plots 35 ft long on 16 Jul ’84. Plants were spaced 4 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each 2-row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 21 and 29 Aug; 6, 11 and 18 Sept. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insect Pests on Late-Planted Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 13 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Whorl sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 1 nozzle over the row calibrated to deliver 55 gal/acre at 200 psi; foliar sprays at silking were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 4 nozzles/row, directed at the ear zone, which delivered 83 gal/A at 200 psi operated at 2 mph. The center 2 rows of each were treated and the outer 2 rows were untreated guard rows. Whorl treatments were applied on 10 and 22 Aug. Foliar sprays at silking were applied on 12, 14, 17, 20 and 24 Sep. Twenty plants from the middle 2 rows were evaluated on 27 Aug for fall armyworm (FAW) and European corn borer (ECB) numbers and damage. The categories for armyworm foliar feeding damage are as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage; (2) 10% damage; (3) moderate damage, up to 25% of the whorl destroyed; (4) heavy damage, up to 50% of the whorl destroyed and (5) severe damage, whorls destroyed. At harvest (27 Sep) 20 ears from the 2 center rows of each plot were evaluated for ‘worm’ damage as “none” (clean-no damage), “tip” (less than 1.5 inches tip damage) and “side” (culls). On 5 Nov, 20 stalks from the middle 2 rows of each plot were split from tassel to soil surface and each 2.5 cm of ECB damage was recorded as one cavity.
Apple, Early Season Aphicide Evaluations, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental materials were applied to 9-year-old semi-dwarf York trees using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied as follows: delayed dormant-12 Apr (Orthene, Trithion + oil); pink-1 May (Orthene, Ambush, Pounce + Thiodan); and petal-fall-21 May (Ambush, Pounce). Effectiveness on RAA populations was evaluated on 3 May and 4 Jun by counting all visible colonies on each replicate. On 3 May each colony was examined for live aphids. Control of WALH was evaluated on 16 May by counting all adults and nymphs on 10 randomly selected leaves per replicate.
Impact of Pesticides on California Red Scale Populations on Orange, 1984
Authors: Walker G. P. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 7 replicates was conducted in a field of Valencia oranges (ca 15 ft tall, 20 ft × 21 ft planting) in Riverside, California. The field was divided into 9-tree (3 × 3) plots. Pretreatment densities of California red scale (CRS) were estimated by sampling 120 twigs (9-in terminal twigs) per plot in mid May ’84 and posttreatment densities were estimated by sampling 120 twigs and 120 fruit per plot in mid Oct ’84 and again in early Apr ’85. Fruit counts are an index of how well a treatment prevented the current crop from becoming infested and consequently down-graded. This is the immediate benefit of a CRS control application. Twig counts are an index of how well a treatment suppressed scale population growth. The 120 sample units per plot consisted of 15 randomly selected sample units from each of 8 locations within each plot: on the center tree, the NE, NW, SE, and SW quadrants; and on each of the 4 trees immediately N, S, E, and W of the center tree (rows ran E-W), the quadrant that faces the center tree (the S, N, W, and E quadrants of these trees, respectively). Each sample unit was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Blocks with relatively uniform pretreatment counts were created by assigning plots with similar pre-treatment counts to the same block. The treatments were randomized within each of the 7 blocks. Pesticides were applied with an oscillating boom sprayer (500 psi, 1.4 mph) at a rate of ea 2,038 gal/A on 27 Jun ’84 which was approximately 1 wk prior to the peak of the second generation male flight as estimated from pheromone trap catches in a field ca 20 mi from Riverside.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1984
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature ‘Stuart’ trees at the orchard of C. Bickham Dickson, Bossier City, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree, per treatment, per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 21 Sep. Application of foliar applied materials were made on 24 Sep using an FMC 957 speed sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal of finished material per tree. Posttreatment counts were made on 25 Sep, 27 Sep and 10 Oct.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1985
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on 4-year-old trees of mixed cultivars at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Shreveport, Louisiana. A randomized block design was used consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment, per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 13 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 14 Aug using an FMC 61 VS sprayer, delivering 1.67 gal of finished material per tree. Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Residues of Fenvalerate (and Its Metabolite, Decarboxylated Fenvalerate) in Chinese Broccoli When Applied for Control of Cabbage Looper and Cabbageworm, 1984
Authors: George D. A.
Published: March 2022

Pydrin EC formulation was applied to Chinese broccoli at the rates of 0.2 lb and 0.4 lb Al/acre at the Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory as a water based foliar spray using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer and 40 gal/acre. The seeds were planted on 20 Apr and the plants emerged on 30 Apr. Spraying started on 11 May, at 1 wk intervals, for a total of 7 applications.
Efficacy of Mavrik® Formulations on Cabbage for Control of Aphids and Worms, 1983
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre’ fresh market cabbage was seeded into 25-ft, 2-row beds having 22-inch row and 18-24 inch interplant spacing on 27 Apr. The Ritzville silt loam soil (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) had 1.6% organic matter and a pH of 6.2. Mavrik® 2F and 2E were applied at 0.05 and 0.10 lb ai/acre on 22 and 29 Jun and 6, 13, and 20 Jul using a drop nozzle boom mounted on a high clearance sprayer travelling at 2.75 mph. The formulations were applied in 40 gpa at 60 psi through TEEJET® hollow cone nozzles with one nozzle above and one on each side of the row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were irrigated with sprinklers at 1.0 acre-inch/week. Overall efficacy was determined by the percent of undamaged-insect free heads in 20 examined. The number of insects present was determined 27 Jul, 7 days after the final applications. Phytotoxic effects were determined at the same time.
Effect of Dimilin on Cabbage for Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1985
Authors: Saluta Michael A. , Lasota Joan A , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

There were 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design per treatment. The cabbage plants were arranged in a plot consisting of 12 blocks (10 plants per block) with 7 ft of row spacing, 1.5 ft between plants, and 5 ft of alley spacing between replicates. Cabbage seedlings were treated in the greenhouse (2 Jul and 12 Jul) with Dimilin, using a compressed air sprayer, uniformly calibrated to spray 2 application rates (0.5 and 1.0 lb (Ai)/100 gal H2O). Seedlings were transplanted into the field (VPI & SU Hortic. Res. Farm) after incorporation of 200 lb/acre nitrogen, 100 lb/acre phosphate, 100 lb/acre potash fertilizer, and 1.75 tons/acre lime. Metolachlor was also incorporated for nutsedge and broadleaf weed control. Post-seedling applications of Dimilin at similar rates were made in the field on 8, 19, and 26 Aug, using a compressed air sprayer equipped with 2 Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzles which delivered a foliar braodcast spray at 20 gal/A. Dimilin was applied to mature plants in a similar fashion on 3, 9, and 17 Sep. Maintenance applications of fungicide (chlorothalonil) at each insecticide application date were made on treated and control plants. The cabbage plants were harvested on 25 Oct, and insect feeding damage was evaluated on 5 randomly selected cabbage plants per replicate. The following damage rating index was used: 1 = 0-5% defoliation; 2 = 6-25% defoliation; 3 = 26-50% defoliation; 4 = 51-75% defoliation; 5 = 76-100% defoliation. Also at harvest, imported cabbageworm larvae (small = instars 1-3; large = instars 4 & 5) were counted on the cabbage leaves and heads. Five randomly selected plants per replicate were used to determine the cabbageworm population.
Beet Armyworm Control on Celery Using Thuricide SAN 415, 1984
Authors: Gjerde Andrea , Trumble John
Published: March 2022

A new strain of Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated in the greenhouse using celery growing in 3-liter pots. The pesticide was applied 12 Nov at 1.1 kg/ha using a 2-nozzle backpack sprayer equipped with D3 orifice disks and #25 cores. Pressure was maintained at 2.11 kg/cm2 using CO2. Treated plants were allowed to dry, then infested with 10 second instars, 10 third instars or 4 fifth instars of the BAW from a laboratory colony initiated from larvae collected from celery during the summer of 1984. All larvae included in these tests were newly molted. Treatments were replicated 4 times with the second and third instars (n = 40 second + 40 third instars), and 10 times with the fifth instars (n = 50). Plastic and cheesecloth cages were placed over each plant to prevent the BAW from escaping. Evaluations were made at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment by counting numbers of dead/live larvae in and under plant canopies.
Carrot Weevil Control in Celery, 1985
Authors: Wells Art , Olsen Larry , Comegys George
Published: March 2022

Celery was planted in a muck soil in Cass County, Michigan on 17 Jun. The field had a history of severe carrot weevil. Three plots of single rows, 30 ft long, arranged in a complete randomized design were sprayed with foliar insecticides. Directed applications were with a CO2 hand boom sprayer with 1 nozzle over the row and a nozzle on either side of the row. Materials were applied in 50 gpa using 70 psi and TJ-6502 nozzles. The experimental pyrethroids Baythroid 2EC and Pydrin 2.4EC were applied on 3, 12, 20, 30 Aug and 6 Sep. Spray dates for the standard Vydate 2L were 3, 12, and 20 Aug only, due to label restrictions. The entire plot area was oversprayed with Bravo on 30 Aug for disease control. On 13 Sep, a rating of 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe chewing) was made on CW feeding damage to the crown on 10 plants per replicate.
European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Flood Brian R.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 11 Jun ’85 so that ear formation coincided with expected peak European corn borer (ECB) activity. Nineteen chemical treatments and 4 stratified untreated checks were replicated in 4 randomized complete blocks 75 ft × 134 rows. Each treatment consisted of 4 rows. Ten border rows were left on the edge of each block. All treatments were applied with a Hagie Hiboy (20 gpa, 3 mph, 25 psi, boom with D3/45 tips on 19 inch centers). The design was to compare rate and interval effects of potential commercial insecticides. Treatments were applied from 25% silk to 15 days before harvest during the second most severe ECB infestation in 30 years, based on light trap records. At harvest, 25 ears from each replicate were evaluated for damage: “clean” (no yellow kernels eaten), “tip”, “side” and “tip & side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of ECB in the small (S), mid (M), or late (L) instar stage.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Corn, 1985
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Treat’ sweet corn were planted 11 Jul into a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. All treatments were applied on 6, 13, and 20 Aug. Plant whorls were rated for FAW damage on 27 Aug as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, up to 10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% feeding damage; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged; and (5) whorl destroyed. Ten plant whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live larvae were counted.
European Corn Borer Control, Spray Frequency Trials, 1984
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on 25 May. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 9 inch. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were mixed in 5 gal of water and applied with a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a spray boom delivering 30 gal per acre. ECB stalk damage was assessed by selecting 5-10 plants per plot and counting the number of ECB entrance holes. At harvest (14 Sep) a sample of 100 ears from each treatment replicate was selected for grading. A 1 to 3 scale was used: 1―no apparent insect feeding (marketable); 2―slight feeding damage to tip and leaves; 3―severe damage, evidence of boring.
Sweet Corn Foliar Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1985
Authors: Gurecki Thomas , Smilowitz Zane , Rebarchak Paul
Published: March 2022

‘Silver Queen’ sweet corn was planted 30 May to a Hagerstown silt loam field. Plots were 4 rows × 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied 9, 23, 29 Aug using a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a spray boom set to deliver 30 gal per acre. At harvest, 100 ears were selected from each treatment and evaluated for signs of insect feeding externally (silks and sides) and internally (kernels and ear tips). Numbers of FAW, CEW and ECB were counted. Stalk damage caused by ECB was assessed by cutting 10 plants per plot splitting the stalks and counting the number of cavities. Data were analyzed using a square root transformation where appropriate. Rainfall totalled 2.33 inch for Jun, 4.40 inch for Jul and 2.76 inch for Aug. Average maximum and minimum daily temperature (°F) were 80.8 and 45.6 for Jun, 85 and 51.8 for Jul, and 86.8 and 51 for Aug.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn in Alabama, 1985
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Herbert D. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Auburn University North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman, AL. Plots were 8 rows (44-inch centers) by 100 ft of sweet corn. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment was used. The test was designed to evaluate protection from damage provided by different schedules of insecticide applications. All treatments were Lannate sprays at 0.45 lb (AI)/acre but differed from each other in the frequency of application as follows: Tr. 1, daily sprays for 5 days followed by 3 sprays on alternate days, followed by sprays at 3-day intervals; Tr. 2, daily sprays for 5 days followed by sprays on alternate days; Tr. 3, daily sprays for 5 days followed by sprays at 3-day intervals; Tr. 4, sprays on alternate days throughout the test period; Tr. 5, untreated. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer operating at 40 psi and delivering 45 gal/acre. Applications were initiated on 8 Jul at 10% silking and were continued until 23 Jul. On 24 Jul 50 ears were randomly selected from the 2 middle rows of each plot. Ears were shucked, examined for larval damage, and rated according to the following 1 to 6 scale: 1) clean; 2) slight silk or tip damage; 3) tip damage of <1.5 inch; 4) tip damage of >1.5 inch; 5) side damage; and 6) tip and side damage. Ears rated as 4 or higher were considered unmarketable.