bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term effect of distilled water, seawater and temperature on the crushed and interlaminar shear strength of fiber reinforced plastic composites made by the newly proposed rubber pressure molding technique
Authors: Kar Kamal K. , Sharma S.D. , Mohanty A. , Kumar P.
Published: April 2008

Fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites are used in adverse environmental conditions i.e., variation of temperature, humidity, seawater, acidic water, chemicals, organic fuels, etc. It is important to investigate the crushed and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) behavior of these composite materials under adverse conditions. This study shows the effect of temperatures, seawater and distilled water on crushed and ILSS of glass fiber reinforced polyester composite panels made by a recently developed process known as rubber pressure molding (RPM) technique over a range of temperature from 0 to 150°C. The fiber volume fraction in the composite varies from 30 to 60%. The RPM technique is based on the matching die set, where the die is made of hard metal like steel and the punch from flexible rubber like materials. The use of flexible rubber punch helps to intensify and uniformly redistribute pressure (both operating pressure and developed hydrostatic pressure due to the flexible rubber punch under compression) on the surface of the complex shaped product. Natural rubber was used to prepare a rubber punch in this investigation. For performance evaluation of FRP composites made by RPM technique, FRP composites were also made by the conventional method and tested at the same temperatures. It is observed that the crushed and ILSS of FRP composites decreases towards higher extreme of the temperature range selected. FRP composites made by RPM technique show higher crushed and ILSS over the temperature range of 0–150°C compared to the FRP composites made by conventional process. Again crushed and ILSS increases with increasing fiber volume% in the composites made by both techniques. In addition to these results the crushed and ILSS decrease with dipping time both in distilled and seawater. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
InN layers grown by the HVPE
Authors: Syrkin A. L. , Ivantsov V. , Usikov A. , Dmitriev V. A. , Chambard G. , Ruterana P. , Davydov A. V. , Sundaresan S. G. , Lutsenko E. , Mudryi A. V. , Readinger E. D. , Chern‐Metcalfe G. D. , Wraback M.
Published: April 2008

We report on the properties of high quality HVPE InN and on successful subsequent MBE growth of InN layers with improved characteristics on HVPE InN template substrates. InN layers were grown by HVPE on GaN/sapphire HVPE templates. The (00.2) XRD rocking curve of the best InN layer (RC) had the FWHM of about 375 arc sec, being the narrowest XRD RCs ever reported for HVPE InN. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) revealed that at the GaN/InN interface, the threading dislocations that come from GaN were transmitted into the InN layer. We estimated the dislocation density in HVPE grown InN to be in the low 109 cm–2 range. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) confirmed monocrystalline structure of the InN layers surface. Layers photoluminescence (PL) showed edge emission around 0.8 eV. Hall measured free electron concentration was in the range of 1019 ‐1020 cm–3 and electron mobility was ∼200 cm2/V s. MBE growth of InN was performed on the HVPE grown InN template substrate demonstrating the improvement of material quality in the case of homo‐epitaxial growth of InN. Demonstration of the high quality HVPE InN materials opens a new way for InN substrate development. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Junction temperature analysis in green light emitting diode dies on sapphire and GaN substrates
Authors: Senawiratne J. , Zhao W. , Detchprohm T. , Chatterjee A. , Li Y. , Zhu M. , Xia Y. , Plawsky J. L. , Wetzel C.
Published: April 2008

We investigate pn‐junction heating in 525 nm green GaInN/GaN quantum well light emitting diode dies by micro‐Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. We compare dies grown on GaN and sapphire substrates of different sizes at current densities up to 267 A/cm2. Analysis of the experiments was supported by realistic three‐dimensional finite‐element simulations of the thermal properties. Sapphire based LED dies reach a junction temperature as high as 240 °C at a current density of 133 A/cm2, while those on bulk GaN only heat to 83 °C. This corresponds to a thermal resistance of 428 K/W and 63 K/W, respectively. By help of this calibration, the role of junction temperature in the spectral light output performance is identified. From the numerical simulation, dimensions and thermal conductivity of the substrate are identified as the dominant control parameters. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A low‐leakage and reduced current collapse AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistor with AlOx gate insulator formed by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Sazawa H. , Nishikawa N. , Honda Y. , Hata M. , Yagi S. , Shimizu M. , Okumura H. , Sakurai T. , Akimoto K.
Published: April 2008

We report on metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) heterostructure field‐effect transistor (HFET) with AlOx gate insulator formed by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method designed for achieving low gate leak and less current collapse. The AlOx insulator was formed successively onto the MOCVD‐grown AlGaN/GaN using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and n‐butyl ether as precursors. Flowing gas during the AlOx/AlGaN interface formation was mainly consisted of ammonia and nitrogen with the aim of preventing N vacancy creation and oxide formation on the AlGaN that could lead to the current collapse. The fabricated devices were evaluated under direct current mode. The gate leak current of the MIS‐HFET was three orders of magnitude lower than that of conventional (no insulator) HFET. The change in transition drain current examined as indicator of magnitude of the current collapse was found to be smaller in the MIS‐HFET than in the HFET. Advantages of the novel wafer preparation method and the MIS‐HFET were demonstrated. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Realization of 340 nm‐band high‐power InAlGaN‐based ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes by the suppression of electron overflow
Authors: Fujikawa Sachie , Takano Takayoshi , Kondo Yukihiro , Hirayama Hideki
Published: April 2008

(In)AlGaN alloys are attracting much attention as candidate materials for realizing deep ultraviolet (UV) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). In this study, we demonstrated high‐power CW operations of 340 nm‐band InAlGaN‐based UV‐LEDs by suppressing electron overflow using optimized electron injection structures. LED layer structure consisting of quaternary InAlGaN quantum wells (QWs), Mg‐doped InAlGaN electron blocking layer (EBL) and Mg‐doped InAlGaN p‐type layers was grown on sapphire/AlN/AlGaN template by low‐pressure metal‐organic chemical‐vapor deposition (LP‐MOCVD). The output power was dramatically improved by increasing the potential barrier height of EBL. Furthermore, the output power was improved by increasing the depth of the quantum well. These tendencies agree well with the theoretical analysis calculated by a device simulator. The maximum output power was 8.4 mW under room temperature (RT) CW operation with peak emission wavelength at 346 nm. These results indicate that the suppression of electron overflow is quite important for the realization of high‐efficiency (In)AlGaN‐based UV‐LEDs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Redox and debromination reactions of brominated hypericin
Authors: Eriksson Emma S. E. , Guedes Rita C. , Eriksson Leif A.
Published: April 2008

Phototoxic and radical‐generating debromination reactions of monobrominated hypericin with bromine at one of four possible positions were investigated using density functional theory. The study was performed on two closely lying conformational isomers, differing in the relative orientations of the two anthracene units of the hypericin core. Calculated adiabatic electron affinities show that the molecules have the ability to, in aqueous solution, extract an electron from the surrounding. The electron might then be passed on to molecular oxygen, forming reactive superoxide radical anions. If electron extraction from the molecule does not occur in this step, the molecule might dissociate, generating a negatively charged bromine as a leaving group and a hypericin radical capable of forming direct binding to biological molecules. This reaction was found possible for those species substituted by Br at two of the four positions, with barriers of ∼13 kcal/mol in aqueous solution. Debromination was not found energetically possible for neither the neutral ground state compounds nor the bay‐deprotonated species. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Closed‐loop identification of the time‐varying dynamics of variable‐speed wind turbines
Authors: van Wingerden J. W. , Houtzager I. , Felici F. , Verhaegen M.
Published: April 2008

The trend with offshore wind turbines is to increase the rotor diameter as much as possible to decrease the costs per kWh. The increasing dimensions have led to the relative increase in the loads on the wind turbine structure. Because of the increasing rotor size and the spatial load variations along the blade, it is necessary to react to turbulence in a more detailed way: each blade separately and at several separate radial distances. This combined with the strong nonlinear behavior of wind turbines motivates the need for accurate linear parameter‐varying (LPV) models for which advanced control synthesis techniques exist within the robust control framework. In this paper we present a closed‐loop LPV identification algorithm that uses dedicated scheduling sequences to identify the rotational dynamics of a wind turbine. We assume that the system undergoes the same time variation several times, which makes it possible to use time‐invariant identification methods as the input and the output data are chosen from the same point in the variation of the system. We use time‐invariant techniques to identify a number of extended observability matrices and state sequences that are inherent to subspace identification identified in a different state basis. We show that by formulating an intersection problem all states can be reconstructed in a general state basis from which the system matrices can be estimated. The novel algorithm is applied on a wind turbine model operating in closed loop. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rehabilitation of an unloved child: semi‐splaying
Authors: Brinkmann Gunnar , Degraer Jan , De Loof Karel
Published: April 2008

Splay trees are widely considered as the classic examples of self‐adjusting binary search trees and are part of most courses on data structures and algorithms. Already in the first seminal paper on splay trees (J. Assoc. Comput. Mach. 1985; 32(3):652–686) alternative operations were introduced, among which is semi‐splaying. On the one hand, the analysis of semi‐splaying gives a smaller constant for the amortized complexity, but on the other hand the authors write: Whether any version of semi‐splaying is an improvement over splaying depends on the access sequence. Semi‐splaying may be better when the access pattern is stable, but splaying adapts much faster to changes in usage. Maybe this sentence was the reason that nobody seriously ran tests to compare the performance of semi‐splaying and splaying. Semi‐splaying is conceptually simpler than splaying, has the same asymptotic amortized complexity and, as will be clear from empirical data presented in this paper, the practical performance is better for a very broad variety of access patterns. Therefore, its efficiency is a good reason to use semi‐splaying for applications instead of its more prominent brother. Moreover, its simplicity also makes it very attractive for teaching purposes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What World Health Assembly Resolution 60.22 Means to Those Who Care for the Injured
Authors: Mock Charles , Arafat Raed , Chadbunchachai Witaya , Joshipura Manjul , Goosen Jacques
Published: April 2008

On May 23, 2007, the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted WHA Resolution 60.22, “Health Systems: Emergency Care Systems,” which called on the World Health Organization (WHO) and governments to adopt a variety of measures to strengthen trauma and emergency care services worldwide. This resolution constituted some of the highest level attention ever devoted to trauma care worldwide. This article reviews the background of this resolution and discusses how it can be of use to surgeons, emergency physicians, and others who care for the injured, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Trauma Care in New Zealand: It’s Time to Move Ahead
Authors: Christey Grant R.
Published: April 2008

The quality of trauma care in New Zealand is good, but not optimal; it is characterized by skilled and dedicated staff relying on personal knowledge and institutional guidelines to deliver care. Quality assessment, standardization, and coordination of care continue to be hampered by the absence of a national trauma registry within the framework of a national trauma system. There is some hope that a planned regional pilot of the national trauma database will lead to more robust trauma system development, although this will only be achievable with solid governmental support.
An empirical assessment of the EFQM Excellence Model: Evaluation as a TQM framework relative to the MBNQA Model
Authors: Bou‐Llusar J. Carlos , Escrig‐Tena Ana B. , Roca‐Puig Vicente , Beltrán‐Martín Inmaculada
Published: April 2008

Total quality management (TQM) is an approach to management embracing both social and technical dimensions aimed at achieving excellent results, which needs to be put into practice through a specific framework. Nowadays, quality award models, such as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) and the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) Excellence Model, are used as a guide to TQM implementation by a large number of organizations. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of empirical research confirming whether these models clearly reflect the main premises of TQM. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the extent to which the EFQM Excellence Model captures the main assumptions involved in the TQM concept, that is, the distinction between technical and social TQM issues, the holistic interpretation of TQM in the firm, and the causal linkage between TQM procedures and organizational performance.

Based on responses collected from managers of 446 Spanish companies by means of a structured questionnaire, we find that: (a) social and technical dimensions are embedded in the model; (b) both dimensions are intercorrelated; (c) they jointly enhance results. These findings support the EFQM Excellence Model as an operational framework for TQM, and also reinforce the results obtained in previous studies for the MBNQA, suggesting that quality award models really are TQM frameworks.
More Order with Less Law: On Contract Enforcement, Trust, and Crowding
Authors: Bohnet Iris , Frey Bruno S. , Huck Steffen
Published: April 2008

Most contracts, whether between voters and politicians or between house owners and contractors, are incomplete. “More law,” it typically is assumed, increases the likelihood of contract performance by increasing the probability of enforcement and/or the cost of breach. We examine a contractual relationship in which the first mover has to decide whether she wants to enter a contract without knowing whether the second mover will perform. We analyze how contract enforceability affects individual performance for exogenous preferences. Then we apply a dynamic model of preference adaptation and find that economic incentives have a nonmonotonic effect on behavior. Individuals perform a contract when enforcement is strong or weak but not with medium enforcement probabilities: Trustworthiness is “crowded in” with weak and “crowded out” with medium enforcement. In a laboratory experiment we test our model’s implications and find support for the crowding prediction. Our finding is in line with the recent work on the role of contract enforcement and trust in formerly Communist countries.
Lionizing Machiavelli
Authors: Lukes Timothy J.
Published: April 2008

Machiavelli scholarship is prolific but claustrophobic. Even though chapter 18 of The Prince advises the aspiring leader to emulate both lion and fox, commentators ignore or devalue the lion and focus on the fox. Machiavelli is thereby depicted as a champion of cleverness and deception, and not much else. This article takes up the lion. It argues that Machiavelli's lion is not a simple and violent beast, but is rather a complex tutor that complements clinical and lonely foxiness with crucial injections of virility and community.
Inefficient Redistribution
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Robinson James A.
Published: April 2008

There are many well-developed theories that explain why governments redistribute income, but very few can explain why this often is done in a socially inefficient form. In the theory we develop, compared to efficient methods, inefficient redistribution makes it more attractive to stay in or enter a group that receives subsidies. When political institutions cannot credibly commit to future policy, and when the political influence of a group depends on its size, inefficient redistribution is a tool to sustain political power. Our model may account for the choice of inefficient redistributive policies in agriculture, trade, and the labor market. It also implies that when factors of production are less specific to a sector, inefficient redistribution may be more prevalent.
Estimating Party Influence on Roll Call Voting: Regression Coefficients versus Classification Success
Authors: Snyder James M. , Groseclose Tim
Published: April 2008

Contrary to the claims of McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal, our method does not estimate the ideal points of moderates significantly less accurately than the ideal points of extremists. This is true for at least two reasons: (1) there is significant randomness in voting; as a consequence, on a lopsided vote moderates often vote with the extremists; and (2) our data set includes some roll calls that require a supermajority for passage; for these we define a 50%–50% roll call as lopsided. We also show that the classification-success method of McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal severely understates the presence of party influence. Furthermore, we show that a proper interpretation of some of their results reveals a significant amount of party influence in Congress.
Feminism and Liberalism Reconsidered: The Case of Catharine MacKinnon
Authors: Schaeffer Denise
Published: April 2008

Much of contemporary feminist theory presents itself as radically opposed to liberalism. Certain claims made by Catharine MacKinnon have contributed significantly to this view. In this article, however, I argue that certain fundamental aspects of MacKinnon's work must be understood within a liberal framework, even as she challenges the epistemological assumptions that tend to inform liberal political theories. I highlight the ways in which MacKinnon makes use of several fundamental liberal tenets, such as the primacy of individual choice, and then consider how her work contributes to an ongoing discussion about the relevance of liberal theory to contemporary feminist concerns.
Collective Action and the Group Size Paradox
Authors: Esteban Joan , Ray Debraj
Published: April 2008

According to the Olson paradox, larger groups may be less successful than smaller groups in furthering their interests. We address the issue in a model with three distinctive features: explicit intergroup interaction, collective prizes with a varying mix of public and private characteristics, and nonlinear lobbying costs. The interplay of these features leads to new results. When the cost of lobbying has the elasticity of a quadratic function, or higher, larger groups are more effective no matter how private the prize. With smaller elasticities, a threshold degree of publicness is enough to overturn the Olson argument, and this threshold tends to zero as the elasticity approaches the value for a quadratic function. We also demonstrate that these results are true, irrespective of whether we examine group sizes over the cross-section in some given equilibrium or changes in the size of a given group over different equilibria.
Winners or Losers? Democracies in International Crisis, 1918–94
Authors: Gelpi Christopher F. , Griesdorf Michael
Published: April 2008

We attempt to explain when and why democratic states will prevail in international crises. We review several of the prominent theories about democratic political structures and derive hypotheses from each framework about crisis outcomes. These hypotheses are tested against the population of 422 international crises between 1918 and 1994. Our findings provide further evidence that the democratic peace is not a spurious result of common interests. Moreover, we also begin the difficult task of differentiating among the many theories of the democratic peace. In particular, we find strong evidence that democratic political structures are important because of their ability to generate domestic audience costs. Our findings also support the argument that democratic political structures encourage leaders to select international conflicts that they will win.
Does Liberal Democracy Presuppose a Cultural Nation? Four Arguments
Authors: ABIZADEH ARASH
Published: April 2008

This paper subjects to critical analysis four common arguments in the sociopolitical theory literature supporting the cultural nationalist thesis that liberal democracy is viable only against the background of a single national public culture: the arguments that (1) social integration in a liberal democracy requires shared norms and beliefs (Schnapper); (2) the levels of trust that democratic politics requires can be attained only among conationals (Miller); (3) democratic deliberation requires communicational transparency, possible in turn only within a shared national public culture (Miller, Barry); and (4) the economic viability of specifically industrialized liberal democracies requires a single national culture (Gellner). I argue that all four arguments fail: At best, a shared cultural nation may reduce some of the costs liberal democratic societies must incur; at worst, cultural nationalist policies ironically undermine social integration. The failure of these cultural nationalist arguments clears the way for a normative theory of liberal democracy in multinational and postnational contexts.
Calhoun and Popular Rule: The Political Theory of the Disquisition and Discourse By H. Lee Cheek, Jr. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001. 202p. $29.95.
Authors: Duncan Christopher M.
Published: April 2008

C. S. Lewis claimed that he was a democrat because he believed in the fall of man. He went on to suggest that it was not that some men did not deserve to be slaves, but that none deserved to be masters. While not exactly the sort of uplifting proclamation that many partisans of democracy would hope to rally their followers around, it does provide those among us who are persuaded that human beings are limited in their capacities to reject vice and sin with an avenue and persuasive rationale to join their ranks. It is with this sort of view in mind that H. Lee Cheek, Jr.'s provocative and cogently argued book on the political thought of John C. Calhoun ought to be read.
Differential Europe: The European Union Impact on National Policymaking. By Adrienne Héritier, Dieter Kerwer, Christoph Knill, Dirk Lehmkuhl, Michael Teutsch, and Anne-Cécile Douillet. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 368p. $75.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Authors: Dunn James A.
Published: April 2008

National-level policy outcomes produced by European Union–level directives and regulations are much more diverse across member states than one might expect. This is especially true for those undramatic but complex policy areas that lack the salience of high-level negotiations and treaty signings. Adrienne Héritier and her five coauthors investigate the phenomenon of differential national responses to European policymaking in two transportation policy subareas across five states. They focus on the deregulation of road haulage (trucking) and the reform of publicly owned railways in the UK, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy. This allows them to show just how widely national policy outcomes can vary and still be generally in line with European Union (EU) requirements.
If You're an Egalitarian, How Come You're So Rich? By G. A. Cohen. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. 233p. $35.00 cloth, $18.00 paper.
Authors: Brock Gillian
Published: April 2008

In this work, G. A. Cohen presents his Gifford Lectures. He explains why he no longer believes in the inevitability of equality, why he rejects liberals' faith in the sufficiency of political recipes, and why he now believes “that a change in social ethos, a change in the attitudes people sustain toward each other in the thick of daily life, is necessary for producing equality” (p. 3). Both just rules and just personal choices are required for distributive justice. Good structural design is not enough: You cannot change the world without changing the soul, as it were. He discusses how closely this aligns him with Christian views he once utterly disparaged.
The Armies of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan and the Koreas. By Dennis Van Vranken Hickey. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. 280p. $55.00.
Authors: Callahan Mary P.
Published: April 2008

This book is a detailed study of recent changes in security threats and defense forces in China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea. The author argues that East Asia is in the midst of an arms race “of unprecedented scale” (p. 231). The major threats (“flashpoints”) in the region are the tensions between North and South Korea, the conflict between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China over the future of Taiwan, and the competing claims to oil and other natural resources in the South China Sea. The range and character of these threats have not changed appreciatively in recent years, but what has changed are capabilities of militaries to project power, threaten neighbors, and destabilize the region.
Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. By Thomas F. Homer-Dixon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999 253p. $45.00 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Miller Marian A. L.
Published: April 2008

In Environment, Scarcity, and Violence, Thomas Homer-Dixon continues his examination of environmental scarcity. This exploration of the links between environmental scarcity and violent conflict captures much of the related complexity. He finds that scarcities of renewable resources, such as cropland, freshwater, and forests, can contribute to civil violence. As scarcities worsen, the incidence of this kind of violence is likely to increase. Although he acknowledges that environmental scarcity “by itself is neither a necessary nor sufficient cause” (p. 7) of violence, he argues that analysts should not underestimate its importance: Some conflicts cannot be clearly understood without an examination of the role of environmental scarcity. In this work, he offers “analysts and policymakers a tool kit of concepts and generalizations that they can use to analyze, explain, and sometimes predict connections between environmental scarcity and violence around the world” (p. 73).
Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern European Culture Vols. 1–4. Edited by Matt Goldish, Richard H. Popkin, James E. Force, Karl A. Kottman, and John Christian Laursen. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001. 784p. $253.00.
Authors: Seligman Adam B.
Published: April 2008

All societies contain some image or vision of their own perfection—of life, both individual and collective, free of the burdens of history and death. In the history of civilizations, these visions have often served as a fulcrum of radical change and social transformation. Just as often, they have served as the ideological underpinnings of more abortive movements of social change. Moreover, in the lives of individuals and groups, they have often led to a renunciation of the world and its concerns in search of a more private wholeness, in a life of contemplation and retreat.
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis. By David Patrick Houghton. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 270p. $64.95 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Lynch Marc
Published: April 2008

David Patrick Houghton's U.S. Foreign Policy and the Iran Hostage Crisis explores the power of historical analogies in foreign policy decision making, offering along the way an engaging, thought-provoking account of decision making during the Iranian hostage crisis. Posing the question “How do decision makers reason when confronted by a problem which seems almost entirely novel in character and therefore without precedent?” (p. 19), Houghton follows Khong's Analogies at War in arguing for the centrality of analogical reasoning. The seizure of the American embassy by Iranian student radicals presented a genuinely perplexing problem for decision makers on all sides, and Houghton captures their uncertainty well. Since decision makers can rely on different historical analogies, and even the same historical analogy can offer competing lessons or be subject to divergent interpretations, Houghton focuses attention upon the interpretive interplay of analogies. As the crisis unfolded, decision makers deliberated, directly and indirectly, over the most relevant and useful analogy. These analogies, according to Houghton, are not merely justifications for strategies chosen for other reasons but directly affect individual policy preferences by shaping beliefs about the nature of the problem. Houghton convincingly establishes the prevalence and power of historical analogies in shaping the response of policymakers to unfamiliar situations. His efforts to construct generalizable theoretical propositions about their relative causal weight are somewhat less successful but are consistently thought-provoking.
The National Co-ordination of EU Policy: The Domestic Level. Edited by Hussein Kassim, B. Guy Peters, and Vincent Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 269p. $72.00.
Authors: Cowles Maria Green
Published: April 2008

In recent years, scholars of the European Union (EU) have looked increasingly at the impact—administrative, institutional, legal, societal—of European integration on the member states. Some of this earlier literature on “Europeanization” viewed the Brussels–member state relationship in a rather static, one-way, top-down dimension. For this reason, the editors of The National Co-ordination of EU Policy take pains to eschew Europeanization as an organizing concept. But perhaps the editors doth protest too much. The National Co-ordination of EU Policy, in fact, fits nicely in the current literature on Europeanization, which views the Brussels–member state relationship in more dynamic terms. Indeed, the book provides a welcome and valuable addition by examining the domestic coordination processes through which “governments arrive at the position that they defend in EU decision making” (p. 235).
Redrawing the Global Economy: Elements of Integration and Fragmentation. By Alice Landau. New York: Palgrave, 2000. 277p. $70.00.
Authors: Kaltenthaler Karl
Published: April 2008

Alice Landau explores the nexus between globalization and regionalization in the global economy in Redrawing the Global Economy. This means that she examines the ways in which national economies are being melded globally, while at the same time, those very same economies are creating regional economic blocs.
Cultural Goods and the Limits of the Market: Beyond Commercial Modelling By Russell Keat. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 224p. $69.95.
Authors: Lindsay Peter
Published: April 2008

With respect to markets, the twentieth century closed with a great deal more ebullience than it opened. Not that 1900 was a watershed in antimarket thinking—that was still to come. No, the contrast between fins de siecle is striking because whatever criticisms markets had to endure during the final century of the millennium seemed to have all but vanished by its close.
American Exceptionalism and US Foreign Policy: Public Diplomacy at the End of the Cold War. By Siobhàn McEvoy-Levy. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 256p. $75.00.
Authors: Beer Francis A.
Published: April 2008

Public diplomacy, or foreign policy rhetoric, is an increasingly important dimension of international relations. As modern media extend their global reach, they bring national foreign policy actions out of the diplomatic closet into full public view. Public relations experts market foreign policy as they do other products and services. Foreign policy marketing uses rhetoric strategically to legitimize national actions, mobilize support from allies, and counter the propaganda efforts of opponents. McEvoy-Levy's work contributes to the growing literature of such modern international communication.
Faith, Reason, and Political Life Today Edited by Peter Augustine Lawler and Dale McConkey. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001. 272p. $70.00 cloth, $24.00 paper.
Authors: Carter Lief H.
Published: April 2008

These 14 essays range as far and wide as the sprawling title of this collection implies. The papers originated at a 1999 interdisciplinary conference at Berry College on politics, religion, and community. Most of the authors teach at Southern colleges. They come not only from political science and government departments but also from philosophy, English, sociology, religion, and theology departments. Twelve of the 14 are male. On first glance the collection might appear to be “traditional.” Indeed, many of the essays, e.g., Daniel Mahoney's treatment of Solzhenitsyn on “Repentance and Self-Limitation in the Life of Nations,” explicitly raise religious themes and questions.
Arms and Ethnic Conflict. By John Sislin and Frederic S. Pearson. Lanham, MP: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 224p. $65 cloth, $25.95 paper.
Authors: Checkel Jeffrey T.
Published: April 2008

John Sislin and Frederic Pearson have written a fine book that addresses a complex and understudied issue: the role of arms in ethnic conflict. While it is abundantly clear that arms and ethnic conflict are closely intertwined, we have little systematic knowledge on the nature of the relation. What kinds of weapons—tanks versus small arms, say—play the greatest role? Whatever the weapon, how does its influence vary at different stages in the process of ethnic conflict? As unpleasant as the thought might be, are there conditions under which armaments play a positive role in such conflicts—for example, by promoting a situation of stalemate or bringing about outside humanitarian intervention? The signal contribution of this compact volume is to shed much-needed light on these and many other questions.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: The Ascent from Ideology By Daniel J. Mahoney. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. 200p. $65.00 cloth, $21.95 paper.
Authors: Lawler Peter Augustine
Published: April 2008

This very remarkable and most timely book differs from others on Solzhenitsyn by highlighting his “critique of ideology” and his “recovery of the ‘natural world’” (p. 3). Ideology, for Solzhenitsyn, is the name for the lie characteristic of the twentieth century: Human beings, through historical transformation, can end suffering and so make virtue or the distinction between good and evil superfluous. The state and God can wither away because we will no longer be political and spiritual beings. We know that ideology could not change human nature or what Daniel Mahoney calls “the ontological structure of the world,” but it could magnify human evil to genuinely monstrous dimensions. Solzhenitsyn's contention that communist ideology was responsible for the murder of tens of millions has become much less controversial in recent years. The Black Book of Communism, Mahoney shows, provides abundant evidence for what Solzhenitsyn already knew.
The Free and Open Press: The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty, 1640–1800 By Robert W. T. Martin. New York: New York University Press, 2001. 288p. $40.00.
Authors: Graber Mark A.
Published: April 2008

The Free and Open Press is an exceptionally satisfying first book. Robert W. T. Martin revitalizes a debate over the status of press rights in eighteenth-century America that had grown tiresome over the past 20 years. Challenging Leonard Levy, his critics, and the ongoing republic/liberalism divide in American political thought, Martin's work offers an interpretation of free speech thought that explains why early Americans sometimes fought for and sometimes fought against press rights. Though Martin claims too much for his thesis at times, all scholars of American political thought and constitutional development should read his book.
Value, Respect, and Attachment By Joseph Raz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 186p. $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper.
Authors: Corlett William
Published: April 2008

Widely known for the challenges he poses for the excesses of “me-first” individualism loosely associated with contemporary Western liberalism, Joseph Raz has grown accustomed to plumbing its depths for signs of humanity and goodness. His new book approaches the twin problem of pursuing universal values while acknowledging particularistic cultures, through a window opened in Engaging Reason (1999), where he unpacks the complexity of a “value-reason nexus” to conclude that valuable options are often pursued for incommensurate reasons. In what sense, he now asks, can this “nexus” be said to be universal? At the heart of this project lies an attempt to extend his earlier analysis of value in two related directions: toward human attachments, where Raz must show that particular engagements with value need not fly in the face of universality, and toward an abstract approach to universal respect, which nevertheless remains part and parcel of our contingent attachments.
Making Babies, Making Families: What Matters Most in an Age of Reproductive Technologies, Surrogacy, Adoption, and Same-Sex and Unwed Parents By Mary Lyndon Shanley. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. 206p. $27.00.
Authors: Novkov Julie
Published: April 2008

Mary Lyndon Shanley's Making Babies, Making Families bravely wades into the difficult ethical questions of accommodating new reproductive technologies and diverse family arrangements within the framework of existing and possible liberal legal principles. The book grapples with definitions of parenthood and parental rights in the contexts of adoption, unwed fatherhood, gamete transfer, surrogate motherhood, and multiple parenting within the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. Shanley mines these situations in order to derive some workable ethical and legal guidelines for the state's exercise of its regulatory capacities with respect to families. In doing so, she reveals the tensions and possibilities inherent in the state's role in defining families at a moment when many perceive traditional family structures as collapsing, for better or for worse.
Body/Politics: Studies in Reproduction, Production, and (Re)Construction By Thomas C. Shevory. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000. 249p. $59.95.
Authors: Blank Robert H.
Published: April 2008

Body/Politics is a well-researched book that brings together a significant range of topics to explicate the connections between changes occurring with the biological body and within body politics. The theoretical structure of the book is Marxist/feminist with heavy reliance on critical theory for Thomas Shevory's legal analysis in some of the chapters. According to the author, the central thesis of the book is that “the process of technological change will be creatively destructive, opening new avenues for equality, diversity, self-expression, resistance to hierarchy and control, while also offering new means for domination, exploitation, oppression, and dehumanization” (p. 3). He thus rejects the more extreme stances of the “technoprogressives” who see nothing but good and the “technophobes” who see nothing but bad coming from these developments. He argues quite convincingly that the historical processes we face through these technological changes are dialectical and thus subject to human political intervention. In other words, if we so choose, we do have the capacity to shape technologies, though it is far from clear that we now actually have the will to do so.
Revaluing Ethics: Aristotle's Dialectical Pedagogy By Thomas W. Smith. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 325p. $75.50 cloth, $25.95 paper.
Authors: Howland Jacob
Published: April 2008

Like Socrates, Thomas Smith's Aristotle practices philosophy as a way of life. The Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotle's protreptic and therapeutic introduction to this way of life. It is not a didactic treatise but a teaching that aims at the improvement of its readers' souls. It therefore begins from reputable opinions (endoxa) and employs dialectical arguments—not the best arguments simply, but the best available for improving the lives of Aristotle's audience.
The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt Edited by Dana Villa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 320p. $55.00 cloth, $20.00 paper.
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2008

This is an excellent collection of essays about the political thought of Hannah Arendt. Its editor, Dana Villa, has assembled a first-rate group of scholars, many of whom are already well known for their contributions to Arendt studies. The volume is distinguished by the high quality of its contributions and by the effort of so many of its contributors to go beyond standard lines of exegesis to raise interesting questions and to press the boundaries of Arendt commentary. Arendt's work has received a great deal of attention from political theorists in recent years. The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt makes clear the richness of her thinking, the range of her concerns, and the ability of her writings to inspire creative commentary and constructive political theory.
Black and Multiracial Politics in America Edited by Yvette M. Alex-Assensoh and Lawrence J. Hanks. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 404p. $55.00 cloth, $21.00 paper.
Authors: Brown Michael K.
Published: April 2008

The waves of immigrants arriving in the United States over the last 20 years, largely from Latin America and Asia, have settled in a few states—mainly California, New York, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey—and in big cities in those states. Like the migration of African Americans to northern cities in the twentieth century and the suburbanization of whites, this demographic transformation is remaking urban politics. Black and Multiracial Politics in America, a collection of original essays, addresses the implications of this change for “the practice and process of black and multiracial politics in American society” (p. xiii). The authors seek to forge a new link between the study of black and the study of multiracial politics.
American Labor Unions in the Electoral Arena By Herbert B. Asher, Eric S. Heberlig, Randall B. Ripley, and Karen Snyder. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 207p. $69.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Perusek Glenn
Published: April 2008

For more than a generation, as the authors rightly point out, the impact of organized labor on electoral politics has been neglected in scholarly literature. Indeed, only a tiny minority of social scientists explicitly focuses on organized labor in the United States. Although the impact of the social movements of the 1960s appeared to heighten awareness of the importance of class, race, and gender, class and its organized expression, the union movement, has received less attention, while studies of race and gender have flourished.
Superintending Democracy: The Courts and the Political Process Edited by Christopher P. Banks and John C. Green. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2001. 396p. $39.95. The Votes That Counted: How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election By Howard Gillman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. 301p. $27.50.
Authors: Langran Robert W.
Published: April 2008

Superintending Democracy is a very fine collection of articles about the role of the judicial branch and our electoral system. It is an especially timely book in view of the Supreme Court's ruling in Bush v. Gore. However, the book does not focus on that one decision. Rather, the articles run the gamut and cover all the times the courts and electoral politics intertwine.
Continuity and Change in House Elections Edited by David W. Brady, John F. Cogan, and Morris P. Fiorina. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. 297p. $55.00 cloth, $22.95 paper.
Authors: Conley Patricia
Published: April 2008

For years, congressional elections were ignored or treated as fairly straightforward and predictable. The Democrats controlled the House. Incumbents nearly always won. Voters chose the candidate who would deliver the local goods. The magnitude of the Republican victory in the 1994 midterms set politicians, journalists, and scholars on a search to find an explanation that would place the election in the proper context. Was 1994 an outlier or the beginning of a new era? This volume places the 1990s in the context of the past 40 years of House elections and provides a solid foundation for gauging whether 1994 was the culmination of long-term trends or a dramatic break with the past.
The Politics of Breast Cancer By Maureen Hogan Casamayou. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2001. 191p. $60.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Weissert Carol S.
Published: April 2008

This book aims to explain why funding levels for breast cancer research suddenly achieved extensive media coverage, as well as both attention and action from Congress and the White House, in the period between 1990 and 1993. Maureen Hogan Casamayou's answer : the effective mobilization of legions of angry women and their allies by entrepreneurial leaders in a new breast cancer coalition. She tells the story of how these women came together, charted strategy, and succeeded in expanding federal funding.
Tabloid Justice: Criminal Justice in an Age of Media Frenzy By Richard L. Fox and Robert W. Van Sickel. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. 225p. $55.00 cloth, $22.00 paper.
Authors: Green William C.
Published: April 2008

We live in a tabloid era defined by The National Enquirer and The Star. How has it affected popular confidence in the criminal justice system? Richard L. Fox and Robert W. Van Sickel's study examines the mass media's tabloid news coverage of high-profile criminal cases that involve violence and race, gender, and social class issues. This news coverage, they argue, sacrifices the media's educational function, misinforms the public about the operation of the criminal justice system, and contributes to the public's lack of faith in criminal justice.
By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy Through Deliberative Elections By John Gastil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 275p. $48.00 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Wlezien Christopher
Published: April 2008

A growing chorus of academics, journalists, and politicos alike bemoans the state of American democracy. The symptoms are well known. Public trust in government has declined over time, the stock of social capital has shrunk, and turnout remains low. Some observers even argue that politicians now are less responsive to public opinion on various issues. Perhaps understandably, there is increasing pressure for reform of the electoral process, including campaign finance, the conduct of campaigns, media coverage of campaigns, and election rules themselves. In By Popular Demand, John Gastil joins the call for reform, but in an original and provocative way.