bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halbempirische Gleichungen für die Verweilzeitverteilungen in dispersen Systemen – Teil 1: Fluide Phase
Authors: Ham J.‐H. , Platzer B.
Published: February 2004

No abstracts.
Untersuchung der Fluid‐ und Partikelströmung in Strahlschichten
Authors: Kojouharov K. , Peters R. , Piskova E. , Krüger G. , Mörl L.
Published: February 2004

No abstracts.
Herstellung galliumhaltiger Katalysatoren durch Festkörperreaktion saurer Zeolithe mit elementarem Gallium
Authors: Altwasser S. , Raichle A. , Traa Y. , Weitkamp J.
Published: February 2004

No abstracts.
Exacerbated Th2‐mediated airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in autoimmune diabetes‐prone NOD mice: a critical role for CD1d‐dependent NKT cells
Authors: Araujo Luiza M. , Lefort Jean , Nahori Marie‐Anne , Diem Séverine , Zhu Ren , Dy Michel , Leite‐de‐Moraes Maria C. , Bach J. F. , Vargaftig B. Boris , Herbelin André
Published: February 2004

The NOD mouse has proved to be a relevant model of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, closely resembling the human disease. However, it is unknown whether this strain presents a general biastoward Th1‐mediated autoimmunity or remains capable of mounting complete Th2‐mediated responses. Here, we show that NOD mice have the capacity to develop a typical Th2‐mediated disease, namely experimental allergic asthma. In contrast to what might have been expected, they even developed a stronger Th2‐mediated pulmonary inflammatory response than BALB/c mice, a strain that shows a typical Th2 bias in this model. Thus, after allergen sensitization and intra‐nasal challenge, the typical features of experimental asthma were exacerbated in NOD mice, including enhanced bronchopulmonary responsiveness, mucus production and eosinophilic inflammation in the lungs as well as specific IgE titers in serum. These hallmarks of allergic asthma were associated with increased IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13 and eotaxin production in the lungs, as compared with BALB/c mice. Notwithstanding their quantitative and functional defect in NOD mice, CD1d‐dependent NKT cells contribute to aggravate the disease, since in OVA‐immunized CD1d–/– NOD mice, which are deficient in this particular T cell subset, airway eosinophilia was clearly diminished relative to NOD littermates. This is the first evidence that autoimmune diabetes‐prone NOD mice can also give rise to enhanced Th2‐mediated responses and might thus provide a useful model for the study of common genetic and cellular components, including NKT cells that contribute to both asthma and type 1 diabetes.
Alloreactive CD4 T lymphocytes responsible for acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease are contained within the CD45RChigh but not the CD45RClow subset
Authors: Xystrakis Emmanuel , Bernard Isabelle , Dejean Anne S. , Alsaati Talal , Druet Philippe , Saoudi Abdelhadi
Published: February 2004

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and occurs when donor T cells react with histo‐incompatible recipient's antigens. In thepresent study, we analyzed the contribution of CD4 T cell subsets, defined according to their CD45RC expression level, in the development of acute and chronic GvHD. For this purpose, we used the model of GvHD induced in rats when parental lymphocytes are transferred to irradiated (LEW×BN) F1 hybrid recipients. We showed that parental CD45RChigh (naive cells) CD4 T cells induced both acute and chronic GvHD while CD45RClow (memory cells) subset did not. In vitro, only CD45RChigh CD4 T cells proliferated and produced cytokines in response to alloantigen stimulation. LEW and BN CD45RChigh CD4 T cells produced different cytokine profiles in response to in vitro allostimulation, which could explain their ability to induce different forms of GvHD. Finally, we showed that memory CD45RClow CD4 T cells, known to contain regulatory T cells, were unable to prevent GvHD induction. Together these data show that memory CD45RClow CD4 T cells do not contain functional alloreactive T cells and suggest that selective transfusion of donor memory cells could greatly improve post‐transplant immune reconstitution without riskof GvHD induction.
Regulation of autoimmune diabetes by non‐islet‐specific T cells — a role for the glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor
Authors: Suri Anish , Shimizu Jun , Katz Jonathan D. , Sakaguchi Shimon , Unanue Emil R. , Kanagawa Osami
Published: February 2004

Diabetogenic BDC2.5 CD4 T cells induce diabetes when injected into NOD.scid mice. However, when co‐transferred with the OVA‐specific DO11.10 CD4 T cells, BDC2.5 T cells failed to cause diabetes. This inhibition depended upon the stimulation of DO11.10 T cells only with soluble OVA, which skewed their differentiation to a Th2‐type pattern of cytokine secretion in vivo. However, in vivo neutralization of IL‐4, IL‐10 or TGF‐β using monoclonal antibodies did not prevent the inhibition whereas treatment with an antibody against the glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor abrogated the protection from disease. In the protected mice, the diabetogenic T cells could be isolated from their spleens and shown to transfer diabetes when injected into new NOD.scid recipients. Thus, the inhibition took place without the physical or functional elimination of the diabetogenic T cells.
Solvent‐Dependent Competitive Rearrangements of Cyclic Tertiary Propargylamine N‐Oxides
Authors: Szabó Anna , Galambos‐Faragó Ágnes , Mucsi Zoltán , Timári Géza , Vasvári‐Debreczy Lelle , Hermecz István
Published: February 2004

In protic media, cyclic propargylamine N‐oxides 1 undergo solvent‐dependent competitive rearrangements leading to enamino aldehydes 5, acrylamides 3, and secondary amines 4. The ratios of the products are evaluated and the possible mechanism of the competing reactions is interpreted by reaction kinetics studies and ab initio calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Sunfish Amphiphiles: Conceptually New Carriers for DNA Delivery
Authors: Hulst Ron , Muizebelt Inouk , Oosting Peter , van der Pol Cornelia , Wagenaar Anno , Šmisterová Jarmila , Bulten Erna , Driessen Cecile , Hoekstra Dick , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: February 2004

A conceptually new class of cationic amphiphiles, Sunfish amphiphiles, designed for the delivery of genes into cells is introduced. Sunfish amphiphiles have two hydrophobic tails, connected at the 4‐ and the N‐position to the cationic pyridinium headgroup. Two extreme morphologies visualised by backfolding and combining of both tails at one site (matching situation) or unfolding of the tails at distinct interaction sites at biological membranes will lead to considerable differences in morphological behaviour. The underlying rationale allows controlled release by using this morphological alteration of the Sunfish/helper‐lipid/DNA complex (lipoplex). The often‐excellent transfection efficiencies are probably related to these morphological changes. In addition, the Sunfish amphiphiles possess low toxicities, resulting in high cell survival after internalisation. The underlying rationale, design, synthesis and in vitro transfection potential are discussed in detail. Moreover, some physico‐chemical characteristics of the Sunfish amphiphiles have been studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Biphenanthrenyls and Role of C−H···X Noncovalent Interactions in Conformational Control
Authors: Sharon Ashoke , Maulik Prakas R. , Vithana Champika , Ohashi Yuji , Ram Vishnu Ji
Published: February 2004

A convenient synthesis of the 1,2′‐biphenanthrenyls 4a−c,f, 1,3′‐biphenanthrenyls 4d,e, thiabiphenanthrenyl 4g, the benzo[h]chromen‐2‐ylideneacetonitrile 5a and the methyl benzo[h]chromen‐2‐ylideneacetate 5b through carbanion‐induced ring transformation of 2H‐pyran‐2‐ones 1 or 2 and the 1‐naphthalenone 3a or thiochroman‐4‐one 3b separately is described. The structures of the biphenanthrenyls 4b and 4c have been confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The conformations of 2b, 4b, 4c and 6 have also been studied to establish the role of C−H···X interaction in conformational control. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Solvent‐Dependent Competitive Rearrangements of Cyclic Tertiary Propargylamine N‐Oxides (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 4/2004)
Authors: Szabó Anna , Galambos‐Faragó Ágnes , Mucsi Zoltán , Timári Géza , Vasvári‐Debreczy Lelle , Hermecz István
Published: February 2004

The cover picture shows the energy profile calculated by ab initio methods of the competing reactions from N‐propargylmorpholine N‐oxide in protic medium: the well‐known Meisenheimer rearrangement to O‐allenylhydroxylamine and the recently revealed rearrangement to enamino aldehyde. Kinetic measurements in different alcohols, in agreement with the ab initio studies, afforded information on the structures of the transition states involved in the rate‐determining and product‐distribution‐determining steps, supporting our assumption on the mechanism of these reactions. Details are discussed in the article by I. Hermecz et al. on p. 687 ff.
Time variation in the tail behavior of Bund future returns
Authors: Werner Thomas , Upper Christian
Published: February 2004

The literature on the tail behavior of asset prices focuses mainly on the foreign exchange and stock markets,
with only a few articles dealing with bonds or bond futures. The present article addresses this omission. It
focuses on three questions using extreme value analysis: (a) Does the distribution of Bund future
returns have heavy tails? (b) Do the tails change over time? (c) Does the tail
index provide information that is not captured by a standard VaR approach? The results are as follows:
(a) The distribution of high‐frequency returns of the Bund future is indeed characterized by
heavy tails. The tails are thinner for lower frequencies, but remain significantly heavy even for daily data.
(b) There are statistically significant breaks in the tails of the return distribution. (c)
The likelihood of extreme price movements suggested by extreme value theory differs from that obtained by standard
risk measures. This suggests that the tail index does indeed provide information not contained in volatility
measures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:387–398, 2004
Properties and Reactions of Substituted 1,2‐Thiazetidine 1,1‐Dioxides: Chiral Mono‐ and Bicyclic 1,2‐Thiazetidine 1,1‐Dioxides from α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Meinzer Alexandra , Breckel Andrea , Thaher Bassam Abu , Manicone Nico , Otto Hans‐Hartwig
Published: February 2004

New chiral mono‐ and bicyclic β‐sultams, valuable building blocks for drug synthesis, have been prepared from L‐Ala, L‐Val, L‐Leu, L‐Ile, L‐Phe, L‐Cys, L‐Ser, L‐Thr, and D‐penicillamine by transformation of the COOH group into a methylsulfonyl chloride function, followed by cyclization under basic conditions. Selected properties, derivatives, and reactions of the β‐sultams are described.
Electrophoretic karyotype of two Micromucor species
Authors: Nagy Ágnes , Pesti Miklós , Galgóczy László , Vágvölgyi Csaba
Published: February 2004

Electrophoretic karyotype analysis was applied to obtain information on the organisation and intrageneric variability of the nuclear genome in three Micromucor isolates of two different species (M. isabellina and M. ramanniana). A protoplast formation protocol, conditions for the preparation of highly‐intact chromosome‐size DNA molecules and for the separation of DNA molecules were established. The chromosomal banding patterns revealed substantial variability among the isolates: 11 to 14 chromosomal mobility groups were resolved. The DNA in the Micromucor chromosomes were rather small; their estimated sizes were calculated to be between 2.60 and 0.4 Mb. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe as size standard, the minimum total genome sizes were estimated to be between 24.19 and 24.9 Mb.
Glivenko like theorems in natural expansions of BCK‐logic
Authors: Cignoli Roberto , Torrens Torrell Antoni
Published: February 2004

The classical Glivenko theorem asserts that a propositional formula admits a classical proof if and only if its double negation admits an intuitionistic proof. By a natural expansion of the BCK‐logic with negation we understand an algebraizable logic whose language is an expansion of the language of BCK‐logic with negation by a family of connectives implicitly defined by equations and compatible with BCK‐congruences. Many of the logics in the current literature are natural expansions of BCK‐logic with negation. The validity of the analogous of Glivenko theorem in these logics is equivalent to the validity of a simple one‐variable formula in the language of BCK‐logic with negation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Meshless analysis of potential problems in three dimensions with the hybrid boundary node method
Authors: Zhang Jianming , Tanaka Masataka , Matsumoto Toshiro
Published: February 2004

Combining a modified functional with the moving least‐squares (MLS) approximation, the hybrid boundary node method (Hybrid BNM) is a truly meshless, boundary‐only method. The method may have advantages from the meshless local boundary integral equation (MLBIE) method and also the boundary node method (BNM). In fact, the Hybrid BNN requires only the discrete nodes located on the surface of the domain.

The Hybrid BNM has been applied to solve 2D potential problems. In this paper, the Hybrid BNM is extended to solve potential problems in three dimensions. Formulations of the Hybrid BNM for 3D potential problems and the MLS approximation on a generic surface are developed. A general computer code of the Hybrid BNM is implemented in C++. The main drawback of the ‘boundary layer effect’ in the Hybrid BNM in the 2D case is circumvented by an adaptive face integration scheme. The parameters that influence the performance of this method are studied through three different geometries and known analytical fields. Numerical results for the solution of the 3D Laplace's equation show that high convergence rates with mesh refinement and high accuracy are achievable. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual boundary element method for anisotropic dynamic fracture mechanics
Authors: Albuquerque E. L. , Sollero P. , Aliabadi M. H.
Published: February 2004

In this work, the dual boundary element method formulation is developed for effective modelling of dynamic crack problems. The static fundamental solutions are used and the domain integral, which comes from the inertial term, is transformed into boundary integrals using the dual reciprocity technique. Dynamic stress intensity factors are computed from crack opening displacements. Comparisons are made with quasi‐isotropic as well as anisotropic results, using the sub‐region technique. Several examples are presented to assess the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupling recognition of the structure and parameters of non‐linear constitutive material models using hybrid evolutionary algorithms
Authors: Feng Xia‐Ting , Yang Chengxiang
Published: February 2004

The structure of the non‐linear constitutive models is a key to control non‐linear behaviours of materials. Because the non‐linear mechanical mechanism is not clearly understood in most cases, it is very difficult to assume the structure of the model in advance. The recognition of the structure of the model from experimental results can help understanding of the mechanism. This recognition is a dynamic search problem being highly multimodal, multi‐variable with high order, and needing a large parameter space. How to obtain a global optimum solution is a key to this problem. In this paper, a hybrid evolutionary algorithm is proposed for coupling recognition of the structure of the non‐linear constitutive material model and its coefficients in global space using global response information, e.g. load vs deflection data, obtained from the structural test. Genetic programming is used to recognize the structure of the non‐linear stress–strain relationship without any assumption in advance and the genetic algorithm is then used to recognize its coefficients. The non‐linear stress–strain relationship thus found can not only satisfy the dynamic change in its structure but also its variables and coefficients. Non‐linear finite element analysis is used to transfer the load–deflection information to the stress–strain data. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to the macro‐mechanical modelling of the non‐linear behaviour of composite materials. A non‐linear material model for the unidirectional ply is recognized by using experimental data of a lamina plate [(±45)6]s. The obtained non‐linear constitutive model gave good predictions in coincidence with the non‐linear behaviours of the [(±30)6]s, [(0/±45)3]s and [(0/±45)4]s plates. The results indicate that the coupling non‐linear constitutive model of the structure and its coefficients can identify the model which the traditional constitutive model theory is unable to recognize. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural developments in synthetic rubbers during uniaxial deformation by in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Toki Shigeyuki , Sics Igors , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Murakami Syozo , Tosaka Masatoshi , Poompradub Sirilux , Kohjiya Shinzo , Ikeda Yuko
Published: February 2004

The molecular orientation and strain‐induced crystallization of synthetic rubbers—polyisoprene rubber, polybutadiene rubber, and butyl rubber [poly(isobutylene isoprene)]—during uniaxial deformation were studied with in situ synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The high intensity of the synchrotron X‐rays and the new data analysis method made it possible to estimate the mass fractions of the strain‐induced crystals and amorphous chain segments in both the oriented and unoriented states. Contrary to the conventional concept, the majority of the molecules (50–75%) remained in an unoriented amorphous state at high strains. Each synthetic rubber showed a different behavior of strain‐induced crystallization and molecular orientation during extension and retraction. Our results confirmed the occurence of strain‐induced networks in the synthetic rubbers due to the inhomogeneity of the crosslink distribution. The strain‐induced networks containing microfibrillar crystals and oriented amorphous tie chains were responsible for the ultimate mechanical properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 956–964, 2004
Crystallization and morphology of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends. II. Morphology and crystallization kinetics by time resolved X‐ray scattering
Authors: Liu Jieping , Jungnickel Bernd‐J.
Published: February 2004

The development of the morphology in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PVDF/PHB) blends upon isothermal and anisothermal crystallization is investigated by time‐resolved small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The components are completely miscible in the melt but crystallize separately; they crystallize stepwise at different temperatures or sequentially with isothermal or anisothermal conditions, respectively. The PVDF crystallizes undisturbed whereas PHB crystallizes in a confined space that is determined by the existing supermolecular structure of the PVDF. The investigations reveal that composition inhomogeneities may initially develop in the remaining melt or in the amorphous phases of the PVDF upon crystallization of that component. The subsequent crystallization of the PHB depends on these heterogeneities and the supermolecular structure of PVDF (dendritically or globularly spherulitic). PHB may form separate spherulites that start to grow from the melt, or it may develop “interlocking spherulites” that start to grow from inside a PVDF spherulite. Occasionally, a large number of PVDF spherulites may be incorporated into PHB interlocking spherulites. The separate PHB spherulites may intrude into the PVDF spherulites upon further growth, which results in “interpenetrating spherulites.” Interlocking and interpenetrating are realized by the growth of separate lamellar stacks (“fibrils”) of the blend components. There is no interlamellar growth. The growth direction of the PHB fibrils follows that of the existing PVDF fibrils. Depending on the distribution of the PHB molecules on the interlamellar and interfibrillar PVDF regions, the lamellar arrangement of the PVDF may contract or expand upon PHB crystallization and the adjacent fibrils of the two components are linked or clearly separated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 974–985, 2004
Effects of the copolymer microstructure on the morphology of polyethylene–poly(ethylene‐co‐α‐olefin) blends
Authors: Tabtiang Arunee , Phochalam Noree , Venables Richard
Published: February 2004

The effects of the copolymer microstructure on the morphology evolution in polyethylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐α‐olefin) blends were investigated. Microscopy revealed that the melt‐phase morphology, inferred from the solid‐state morphologies of annealed and quenched samples, was strongly affected by the copolymer structure, that is, the branch content and branch length. Higher molecular weight α‐olefin comonomer residues and residue contents in the copolymers led to faster coarsening of the morphology. The molecular weight of the polyethylene and the copolymers affected the coarsening rates of the morphology, principally through its influence on the melt viscosity. The effects of the molecular weight were largely explained by the normalization of the coarsening rate data with respect to the thermal energy and zero‐shear‐rate viscosity. Thus, the effect of the molecular weight on the compatibility of the blends was much smaller than the effects of the branch length and branch number. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 965–973, 2004
Ellipsometry study of the photo‐oxidation of poly[(2‐methoxy‐5‐hexyloxy)‐ p‐phenylenevinylene]
Authors: Bianchi R. F. , Balogh D. T. , Tinani M. , Faria R. M. , Irene E. A.
Published: February 2004

Poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV) and its derivatives exhibit strong luminescence, being serious candidates to be used as active layers in organic light‐emitting diodes. However, the structural degradation caused by photo‐oxidation is an obstacle for commercial applications of such materials. Here, we show that spectroscopy ellipsometry is a useful technique to investigate the photo‐oxidation of poly[(2‐methoxy‐5‐hexyloxy)‐p‐phenylenevinylene] (MH‐PPV), a PPV derivative, which emits a red color light. Spectroscopy ellipsometry enables determination of the complex dielectric function—ϵ*(E)—of MH‐PPV thin‐layer films exposed to air, in the 2.1–4.2 eV energy range, as a function of the light exposure time (te). By using the Lorentz model to fit the experimental ϵ*(E) curves, it was inferred that the interactions among polymeric chains increase with te. From ϵ*(E), it is also possible to obtain the complex refractive index, N*(E) = n + ik. At higher energies (where k ≪ n), n increases from 1.32 to 1.40 with the photo‐oxidation progress. The behavior of n was investigated by using the Lorenz–Lorentz equation, taking into account the contribution for n by the chromophores of MH‐PPV. The effect of photo‐oxidation, mainly due to the replacement of vinyl CC by the ketone CO bonds, is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared measurements, an effect that reduces the average effective polymer conjugation length. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1033–1041, 2004
Miscibility, specific interactions, and self‐assembly behavior of phenolic/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane hybrids
Authors: Lee Yuan‐Jyh , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Huang Wu‐Jang , Lee Hung‐Yen , Chang Feng‐Chih
Published: February 2004

The miscibility of a phenolic resin with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrids and the specific interactions between them were investigated with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). An analysis of the morphology and microstructure was performed with polarized optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The interassociation equilibrium constant between the phenolic resin and POSS (38.7) was lower than the self‐association equilibrium constant of pure phenolic (52.3) according to the Painter–Coleman association model. This result indicated that POSS was partially miscible with the phenolic resin. A polarized optical microscopy image of a phenolic/POSS hybrid material (20 wt % POSS) indicated that the crystals of POSS were arranged evenly in the phenolic matrix; the self‐assembled array of POSS crystals was also confirmed by AFM. This phenomenon was consistent with the FTIR spectroscopy and WAXD analyses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1127–1136, 2004
Structure‐property relationships in exfoliated polyisoprene/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Jeon H. S. , Rameshwaram J. K. , Kim G.
Published: February 2004

Structure‐property relationships in exfoliated polyisoprene (PI)/clay nanocomposites have been studied as a function of the clay concentration with rheometry, X‐ray diffraction, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The results presented here indicate that the interlayer spacing of layered silicates increases from 2 to at least approximately 14 nm because of the penetration of polymer molecules into the spacing between the silicate layers. The average aspect ratio (width/thickness) of the dispersed nanoplates is also estimated to be at least approximately 80. Additionally, the storage modulus of the nanocomposite exhibits frequency‐independent pseudo‐solidlike behavior above the percolation threshold [volume fraction of clay at the percolation threshold (ϕp) = 0.02] and shows large enhancements (up to approximately six orders of magnitude) in comparison with the storage modulus of PI when the volume fraction of clay (ϕ) is greater than ϕp. For the shear‐aligned PI/clay nanocomposites, an increase in the storage modulus with shear alignment is observed at ϕ < ϕp, whereas a decrease in the storage modulus is observed for ϕ > ϕp. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1000–1009, 2004
A comparison of corrugated boxes and reusable plastic containers for mango distribution
Authors: Chonhenchob Vanee , Singh S. Paul
Published: February 2004

This paper evaluated various shipping packages (corrugated boxes and reusable plastic crates) on their protective performance based on bruising and heat transfer characteristics for shipping and handling mangoes. The effect of maturity stage on bruise susceptibility of mangoes was also studied. Mangoes were evaluated for bruise damage after subjecting to shipping and vibration tests. The results indicated that proper shipping containers and cushioning methods significantly reduces bruising in mangoes. Design features of shipping containers, such as physical protection and pre‐cooling characteristics, should be considered when shipping mangoes. The methods from this study can be used for selecting proper packaging to reduce damage of mangoes and other sensitive tropical fruits during distribution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma‐aktivierte Bedampfung von flexiblen Materialien. Plasma‐activated vapour deposition on flexible substrates
Authors: Günther Steffen
Published: February 2004

Die Vakuumbeschichtung von flexiblen Materialien, insbesondere Kunststofffolien, wird weltweit eingesetzt, um deren Oberflächeneigenschaften für bestimmte Anwendungen zu verändern.

Gewünschte physikalische Eigenschaften, wie z. B. Dichte, Härte, Brechungsindex und Permeation, sind dabei in starkem Maße von der Mikrostruktur der aufgebrachten Schicht abhängig. Wie in diesem Artikel gezeigt werden soll, wird durch die Anwendung plasmaaktivierter Verfahren diese Mikrostruktur entscheidend verbessert.

Am Fraunhofer Institut für Elektronenstrahl‐ und Plasmatechnik (FEP) wurde ein Verfahren zur Plasmaaktivierung bei der Hochratebeschichtung entwickelt. Das Verfahren basiert auf der Hohlkathoden‐Bogenentladung. Die Plasmaquellen sind für hochproduktive Bandbedampfungsanlagen mit Schiffchenverdampfern oder Elektronenstrahlverdampfern geeignet.
Wirtschaftliche Anwendung von Mikrowellen‐Plasmen vom mittleren bis Atmosphärendruck. Economic utilisation of microwave excited plasma in medium to atmospheric pressure
Authors: Spitzl Ralf , Sung‐Spitzl Hildegard
Published: February 2004

Es wird ein Überblick über die Möglichkeiten von Plasma Prozessen im mittleren bis Atmosphärendruck gegeben und im Kontext von Produktanwendungen diskutiert.

Hohe Prozessgeschwindigkeit und Verlässlichkeit sind die wichtigsten Faktoren für industrielle Anwendungen. Das Mittel‐ bis Atmosphärendruckplasma ist in diesem Zusammenhang ein nützliches und wertvolles Werkzeug. Seine Entwicklung und Markteinführung stellt einen großen Fortschritt dar. Die in diesem Druckbereich betriebene CYRANNUS® Plasmaquelle basiert auf dem Konzept eines zylindrischen Resonators mit ringförmigen Schlitzen (engl.: cylindrical resonator with annular slots). Die Parameter Gas‐ und Flussdynamik können kontrolliert werden und führen zu weiteren Verbesserungen der Anlagen‐ und Prozessgestaltung.

Nutzt man konsequent die Vorteile der Mitteldruck‐Plasmaprozesse, führt dies zu einer neuen Gestaltung der Anlagen und des Materialflusses. Die In‐line/On‐line Behandlung von 3‐D‐Werkstücken wird sehr effizient und ermöglicht konkurrenzfähige Plasmaprozesse für die Massenproduktion.

Als weitere Möglichkeit der Produktivitätssteigerung der CYRANNUS® Technologie wird der Einsatz im Bereich der Diamantbeschichtungen genutzt. Hierbei ist die Vergrößerung des Plasmas entscheidend, um Diamantschichten im wirtschaftlich attraktiven Rahmen herzustellen. Eine Besonderheit der CYRANNUS® Einkopplung ist die mehrfache Skalierungsmöglichkeit, die ohne Einschränkung des Druckbereiches möglich ist (Abb. 1).
Late Holocene climatic changes in Tierra del Fuego based on multiproxy analyses of peat deposits.
Authors: Mauquoy Dmitri , Blaauw Maarten , van Geel Bas , Borromei Ana , Quattrocchio Mirta , Chambers Frank M. , Possnert Göran
Published: February 2004

A ca. 1400-yr record from a raised bog in Isla Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, registers climate fluctuations, including a Medieval Warm Period, although evidence for the ‘Little Ice Age’ is less clear. Changes in temperature and/or precipitation were inferred from plant macrofossils, pollen, fungal spores, testate amebae, and peat humification. The chronology was established using a 14C wiggle-matching technique that provides improved age control for at least part of the record compared to other sites. These new data are presented and compared with other lines of evidence from the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. A period of low local water tables occurred in the bog between A.D. 960–1020, which may correspond to the Medieval Warm Period date range of A.D. 950–1045 generated from Northern Hemisphere tree-ring data. A period of cooler and/or wetter conditions was detected between ca. A.D. 1030 and 1100 and a later period of cooler/wetter conditions estimated at ca. cal A.D. 1800–1930, which may correspond to a cooling episode inferred from Law Dome, Antarctica.
Disclosure of HIV‐Positive Status to Latino Gay Men's Social Networks
Authors: Zea María Cecilia , Reisen Carol A. , Poppen Paul J. , Echeverry John J. , Bianchi Fernanda T.
Published: February 2004

This study explored disclosure of serostatus in a sample of 155 HIV‐positive Latino gay men from New York City and Washington, DC. We examined rates of disclosure to different members of the social network: mothers, fathers, close friends, and primary sexual partners. There were high rates of disclosure of HIV‐positive serostatus to main partners and closest friends and lower rates to fathers and mothers. We examined the role of 3 contextual target‐dependent factors (emotional closeness to target, anticipated reactions from target, and target's knowledge of sexual orientation), as well as acculturation and time since diagnosis. Three separate logistic regression models were performed to predict disclosure of HIV‐positive status to 3 targets: mothers, fathers, and closest friends. We found that disclosure was not a generalized tendency, but rather different factors were influential depending on the target. Whether the target was aware of participant's sexual orientation was associated with disclosure in all 3 models. Greater emotional closeness also predicted disclosure to mother and father; greater U.S. acculturation was associated with disclosure to father and marginally to mother. A longer time since diagnosis was associated with disclosure to the closest friend. These findings highlight the importance of taking into account roles and relationships, and their effect on disclosure.
Zur Replizierbarkeit und Interkorrelationsstruktur der Faktoren im revidierten NEO-Persönlichkeitsinventar (NEO-PI-R) und Trierer Integrierten Persönlichkeitsinventar (TIPI)
Authors: Becker Peter
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung. Protagonisten des Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der Persönlichkeit vertreten häufig die Annahme, dass es sich bei den Big Five um gut replizierbare und unabhängige Faktoren handele. Diese Hypothesen werden am Beispiel der deutschen Version des revidierten NEO-Persönlichkeitsinventars (NEO-PI-R) und des Trierer Integrierten Persönlichkeitsinventars (TIPI) sowohl durch eine Literaturanalyse als auch in einer empirischen Studie an 255 Erwachsenen überprüft. Dabei gelangt eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse mit simultaner Bestimmung von fünf NEO-PI-R- und vier TIPI-Faktoren zur Anwendung. Es zeigt sich, dass - von Verfahren abgesehen, die explizit am Vorbild des NEO-PI-R orientiert sind - weder die vom NEO-PI-R erfassten Big Five in anderen diagnostischen Verfahren exakt repliziert werden noch die NEO-PI-R Big Five unabhängig sind.
Global relationships of total inorganic carbon with temperature and nitrate in surface seawater
Authors: Lee Kitack , Wanninkhof Rik , Feely Richard A. , Millero Frank J. , Peng Tsung‐Hung
Published: February 2004

High quality total inorganic carbon (CT) measurements made in the major ocean basins as part of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study (NOAA/OACES), and the Department of Energy/World Ocean Circulation Experiment (DOE/WOCE) programs are related to sea surface temperature (SST) and nitrate (NO3−). A simple two‐parameter function with SST and NO3− of the form NCT = a + b SST + c SST2 + d NO3− fits salinity (S)‐normalized surface CT (NCT = CT × 35/S) data for different parts of the oceans within an area‐weighted error of ±7 μmol kg−1 (1σ). Estimated values of NCT using the derived algorithms with NO3− and SST are compared with values calculated from the surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2sw) [Takahashi et al.,1997] and total alkalinity (AT) [Millero et al., 1998] fields using thermodynamic models. Comparisons of the estimated values of NCT with measurements not used to derive the same algorithms, and comparisons with the values calculated from global AT and pCO2sw fields, give a realistic uncertainty of ±15 μmol kg−1 in estimated CT. The derived correlations of NCT with SST and NO3− presented here make it possible to estimate surface CT over the ocean from climatological SST, S, and NO3− fields.
Nonconjugacy of pulsating auroral patches near L=6
Authors: Sato Natsuo , Morooka Michiko , Minatoya Kouichi , Saemundsson Thorsteinn
Published: February 2004

Simultaneous TV data of pulsating auroras were obtained at two nearly conjugate stations, Husafell in Iceland and Syowa in Antarctica on September 9–10, 1994. An investigation of the spatial and temporal coherence of pulsating patches revealed the following characteristics: (1) The overall dynamic variations and activities of the pulsating features were very similar at both stations. (2) Most of the individual pulsating patches did not have clear counterparts in the opposite hemisphere. That is, individual pulsating patches appeared to be nonconjugate. (3) Even when the shape and type of pulsating aurora suggested a conjugate‐like relationship, the pulsation periods were clearly different. These interesting results indicate an asymmetry in the generation or precipitation mechanism of the particles producing pulsating auroras. Active ionospheric processes probably play an important role in causing or modifying auroras of this type.
Modeling of solar wind control of the ring current buildup: A case study of the magnetic storms in April 1997
Authors: Ebihara Y. , Ejiri M.
Published: February 2004

The ring current buildup depending on the solar wind density and the time‐dependent convection field is examined by using a particle tracing scheme. To obtain the current density, energetic protons injected from the night side boundary at L=9 are traced under the dipolar magnetic field and the Kp dependent model of the Volland‐Stern type convection field. The source distribution function at the boundary is assumed to be isotropic Maxwellian with a temperature of 5 keV and a number density depending on the solar wind density. We derive the corrected Dst (Dst*) from the Biot‐Savart integral over the whole three‐dimensional distribution of the calculated current density. The results are compared with the observed Dst* in the three successive storms in April 1997; the major variation of the Dst* is mainly due to the convection electric field and the solar wind density as well.
Atmospheric mixing and the CO2 seasonal cycle
Authors: Taylor John A.
Published: February 2004

Atmospheric mixing is determined by such factors as advection and diffusion, planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth, and cloud transport‐together they determine an effective ’mixing volume’ to which CO2 is then added or removed. In this study a mathematical model is developed to quantify the key factors determining the local ’mixing volume’ and hence the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2. It was found that the seasonal variation in horizontal advection is more important than the seasonal variation in PBL depth in determining the local mean and seasonal variation in atmospheric CO2 and that cloud transport plays a minor role.
The intensification of glaciation in the Mid‐Pliocene and the Earth's obliquity variation
Authors: Tsutsumi Tatsuya , Nakada Masao
Published: February 2004

The intensification of glaciation in the northern hemisphere during the past 3 Myr has clearly been confirmed by δ18O record for deep‐sea sediment cores extending over the past 5–6 Myr. For earth models with a lower mantle viscosity of greater than 1022 Pa s inferred from several geophysical observables, perturbations in the Earth's dynamic ellipticity in response to this long term climatic change might have produced an increase of the average Earth's obliquity 0.06° through the resonant effect associated with the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This predicted obliquity change may consequently operate as a negative feedback on solar insolation, resulting in a reduction of the intensification of glaciation.
Investigation on the spatial scales of the variability in measured near‐ground ozone mixing ratios
Authors: Tilmes Stefan , Zimmermann Jörg
Published: February 2004

A quantitative measure for the spatial representativeness of ground level ozone concentrations is described and discussed as a means to compare modeled and measured data. It is derived from the analysis of the routinely measured diurnal variations of more than 300 German sites using principal component analysis. From the number of principal components (six) needed to explain the representative part of the time series (95%, up to the estimated error of the measurements) and the smallest correlation distance of these principal components we infer a radius of representativeness of about 4 km. This is a limit for the resolution of Eulerian models in order to simulate the representative part of the observations.
The role of electron dissipation on the rate of collisionless magnetic reconnection
Authors: Shay M. A. , Drake J. F.
Published: February 2004

Particle simulations and analytic arguments are presented to demonstrate that the electron dissipation region, including the physics which breaks the frozen‐in condition, does not affect the rate of reconnection in collisionless plasma. The result is a general consequence of the quadratic nature of the dispersion character of whistler waves, which control the plasma dynamics at small scales. The reconnection rate is instead controlled by the dynamics at length scales much greater than the electron dissipation region.
Crown fire emissions of CO2, CO, H2, CH4, and TNMHC from a dense Jack pine boreal forest fire
Authors: Cofer W. R. , Winstead E. L. , Stocks B. J. , Goldammer J. G. , Cahoon D. R.
Published: February 2004

Samples of high‐intensity crown fire smoke were collected using a helicopter during the International Crown Fire Modeling Experiment near Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, Canada. The samples were analyzed for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), and total nonmethane hydrocarbons (TNMHC). CO2−normalized mean emission ratios (ERs) and emission factors (g product/kg fuel burned) were determined for CO2, CO, H2, CH4, and TNMHC. Carbon monoxide production was determined to increase during high‐intensity crowning. Unlike CO, a corresponding increase in the production of H2, CH4, and TNMHC during crowning was not detected. This represents the first clear indication that we know of where relative increases in CO production from vegetation fires are not positively correlated with corresponding increases in CH4, H2, and TNMHC production. These results may be important to the atmospheric carbon budget, and to the potential use of CO as a normalizing parameter for boreal forest fire emissions.
Magnetic energy storage and the nightside magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling
Authors: Horton W. , Pekker M. , Doxas I.
Published: February 2004

The change in the magnetic energy stored in the Earth's magnetotail for the January 14–15 1988 magnetic cloud event is investigated using an empirical magnetic field model. The results are used to calculate the two normal modes contained in the low‐dimensional global model called WINDMI for the solar wind driven magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. For that event, we find that the storage of magnetic energy in the geotail increases most rapidly (by 17%) in the phase where the IMF turns from northward to the dawn‐dusk direction and then by an additional 5% in the phase where the IMF rotates from dawn‐dusk to southward. The coupling of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (MI) through the night side region 1 current loop transfers power to the ionosphere through two modes: a fast (period of minutes) oscillation and a slow (period of one hour) geotail cavity mode. The solar wind drives both modes in the substorm dynamics.
Ozone formation in biomass burning plumes: Influence of atmospheric dilution
Authors: Poppe D. , Koppmann R. , Rudolph J.
Published: February 2004

Biomass burning in the tropics contributes substantially to the emission of organic compounds and nitrogen oxides into the troposphere and has an important impact on the global budget of ozone in the troposphere. Since ozone formation is a nonlinear chemical process the rate of formation is also influenced by atmospheric dilution and transport. This paper addresses the production of ozone in a plume emerging from a biomass burning site. Atmospheric mixing processes downwind the fire are expected to influence the total amount of ozone produced. A sensitivity study to assess the influence of dilution on the maximum ozone mixing ratio and on the amount of ozone formed in the entire plume (excess ozone) reveals that both quantities depend strongly on the time scale and the final value of the dilution. Up to 70% difference of the excess ozone as function of the characteristic time of the dilution was observed. Since many global models do not treat the early development of the plume with sufficient resolution in space and time a substantial uncertainty of model predicted ozone formation from biomass burning plumes is to be expected.
Comment on “On the source region of traveling convection vortices” by A. G. Yahnin et al.
Authors: Feldstein Y. I.
Published: February 2004

The source regions of traveling convection vortices (TCV) observed in the dayside magnetosphere outside the near noon sector have been mapped to magnetospheric locations within the outer radiation belt, but not to the Central Plasma Sheet (CPS) as claimed by Yahnin and Moretta [1996] and Yahnin et al. [1997]. Their suggested connection between TCV and the CPS is based on the unjustified application of terminology traditionally used for the auroral precipitation structure in the nightside magnetospheric sector [Winningham et al. 1975] to the late morning‐noon sector. This is a case where an important finding on the location of TCV with respect to natural magnetospheric boundaries has been presented using misleading terminology, which leads to an incorrect physical interpretation of the result. Hence this Comment emphasizes the need for a critical reexamination and modification of the “traditional” terminology concerning the plasma domain structure in the magnetosphere.
A system of circumpolar waves in Jupiter's stratosphere
Authors: Sanchez‐Lavega Agustín , Hueso Ricardo , Ramón Acarreta Juan
Published: February 2004

We report on the optical identification on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Voyager 1 archived images, of a circumpolar system of Jovian stratospheric quasi‐stationary waves, centered at planetographic latitudes −53°, −62°, and −67° with averaged zonal wavenumbers 23, 11, and 12 respectively. The most conspicuous wave is detected in the 890‐nm strong absorption band of methane at −67° latitude. Its amplitude changes in a matter of days, stretching and contracting but preserving the number of components in the latitude circle. This wave has been observed during several years and seems to be a persistent, long‐term phenomena in Jupiter's atmosphere.
Opacity of the Martian atmosphere from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) observations
Authors: Ivanov Anton B. , Muhleman Duane O.
Published: February 2004

In this paper we present an analysis of the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) reflectivity measurements from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, during period of solar longitudes (Ls) 198° → 212°. Reflectivity can be interpreted as a product of the surface geometrical albedo and the two‐way atmospheric transmission. Relative surface albedos were obtained from the red filter of Viking Color Mars Digital Mosaics (MDIM) to derive opacities at the MOLA wavelength (1.064 µm). Opacity measurements are interpreted in terms of atmospheric aerosol loading in the canyons. We also observed sudden increase of opacity in the northern regions (65°N), which we interpret as condensing ice clouds.
Determination of the neutral number density in the Io torus from Galileo‐EPD measurements
Authors: Lagg A. , Krupp N. , Woch J. , Livi S. , Wilken B. , Williams D. J.
Published: February 2004

During the GALILEO spacecraft encounter with Io in December 1995, the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) [Williams et al., 1992] measured pitch angle distributions with high spatial and temporal resolution. All ion and electron channels show a depletion of field‐aligned particles due to the interaction of trapped particles with the ionosphere / atmosphere of Jupiter. The medium nuclei channels, containing mainly sulphur and oxygen ions, show a second minimum for particles moving perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. This observation indicates that charge exchange between the singly‐charged energetic ions and neutral atoms in the Io torus represents an important loss mechanism for energetic ions within the Io torus regions. Additionally, knowing the cross‐sections of the involved charge exchange reactions it is possible to calculate the average neutral number density in the Io torus. The obtained result of ≈35 cm−3 is in good agreement with density estimations using ground based measurements.