bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Planning for electronic data interchange
Authors: Holland Chris , Lockett Geoff , Blackman Ian
Published: May 2007

There is an abundance of literature about the impact of the new electronic communications technologies and most of the authors attest to its value and theoretical benefits. Many organizations are working in this area and producing novel implementations, but for the general company there is little that is of help in planning for these systems. In order to overcome this deficiency, this article presents a detailed analysis of electronic data interchange (EDI) undertaken by a large number of U.S. companies. The results suggest a model of strategic implementation which illustrates how factors such as the nature of markets and distribution channels, organizational structure and process and buyer power influence the implementation of EDI with suppliers and customers. Five generic EDI strategies have been identified and the impact of market share and IT expertise on these are discussed. Finally, the authors give their views on some of the long–term issues and suggest some possible outcomes.
Research notes and communications corporate restructuring and strategic change: The effect on diversification strategy and R & D intensity
Authors: Hoskisson Robert O. , Johnson Richard A.
Published: May 2007

In the 1980s a number of large corporations restructured their diversified businesses through divestitures. It is hypothesized that restructuring activity focused on firms at intermediate levels of diversification (e.g., related‐linked) which have a mixture of related and unrelated business units. Results confirm this hypothesis which explains that such mixed corporate strategies create organizational and control inefficiencies in managing both related and unrelated types of business units. Restructured firms were also found to move towards two types of different internal capital markets (related and unrelated). Most restructuring firms moved toward lower levels of diversification (e.g., related‐constrained), although some moved toward higher levels of diversification (e.g., unrelated business). Also, this study finds restructuring firms that changed their corporate strategy by reducing diversified scope increased their R&D intensity. Firms that restructured and increased their diversified scope decreased R&D intensity. This result suggested a partial substitution between diversification and R&D activity.
Optimal Design of Elastic Structures Subjected to Dynamic, Harmonically‐Varying Loads
Authors: Mróz Z.
Published: May 2007

Optimal design of elastic structures subjected to one or several dynamic, harmonically‐varying load systems is discussed assuming the notion of dynamic stiffness as the design criterion. A generalized variational principle is used in deriving the necessary and sufficient conditions of optimal design. Sandwich and solid beams and plates are discussed and the difference of formulation of optimization problem for sandwich and solid sections is emphasized. The method of perturbation is applied to solve particular boundary‐value problems.
Zur nichtlinearen Theorie der ungleichförmigen Umströmung von Profilen
Authors: Weissinger J.
Published: May 2007

Untersucht wird die zweidimensionale, stationäre, reibungsfreie, inkompressible Umströmung eines Profils in einer Parallelströmung mit ungleichförmiger Geschwindigkeitsverteilung U(y). Für den Fall der freien Umströmung und der Umströmung in einem Kanal konstanter Breite werden Bedingungen für U(y) angegeben, unter denen eine eindeutig bestimmte Lösung existiert.
Angenäherte Herstellung von Ellipsen
Authors: Wunderlich W.
Published: May 2007

Ein einfacher, zur Bearbeitung von elliptischen Profilen geeigneter Mechanismus erzeugt bei Verwendung eines rotierenden Fräsers als Werkzeug Toroiden (Parallelkurven von Ellipsen). Für die geringe Abweichung einer Toroide von der Ellipsenform werden Formeln und Nomogramme entwickelt.
Ein Verfahren zur Lösung gewisser nichtlinearer diskreter Approximationsprobleme
Authors: Krabs W.
Published: May 2007

Für die Lösung des Problems der diskreten gleichmäßigen Approximation reellwertiger Funktionen durch gewisse Funktionenfamilien, die nichtlinear von endlich vielen Parametern abhängen, wird eine Art Gradientenverfahren entwickelt. Als Optimalitätsbedingung wird ein Kriterium verwendet, das im Falle der linearen Approximation in das bekannte Kolmogorov‐Kriterium übergeht und dessen Nachprüfung in der Lösung eines gewöhnlichen linearen Optimierungsproblems besteht. Unter gewissen Voraussetzungen, die auch die Lösbarkeit des Approximationsproblems sicherstellen, wird die Konvergenz des Verfahrens bewiesen.
Das Kahan‐Babuškasche Summierungsverfahren in Triplex‐ ALGOL 60
Authors: Nickel K.
Published: May 2007

Das Kahan ‐ Babuškasche Summierungsverfahren reduziert die Rundungsfehler bei der Berechnung einer endlichen Summe. Es wird eine Übertragung in Triplex‐ALGOL 60 angegeben, die neben dem Kahan ‐ Babuškaschen Näherungswert auch noch exakte Schranken mit sehr geringer Abweichung liefert.
Über Eigenschaften und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten einer komplexen Intervallarithmetik
Authors: Alefeld G.
Published: May 2007

In der folgenden Arbeit wird eine Intervallrechnung über den komplexen Zahlen eingeführt. Im ersten Abschnitt werden die Eigenschaften der eingeführten Arithmetik untersucht und erläutert. Anschließend werden verschiedene komplexe Matrizenmengen betrachtet und Verknüpfungen in ihnen definiert. Mit diesen Hilfsmitteln wird im letzten Abschnitt die Aufgabe formuliert, die Lösungsmenge eines komplexen Gleichungssystems, dessen Koeffizienten variabel sind, in Intervalle einzuschließen. Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird in einer späteren Arbeit behandelt.
Quadratische Approximationsmethoden zur konvexen Optimierung
Authors: Vetters K.
Published: May 2007

Die Aufgabe der konvexen Optimierung wird durch Approximation der Zielfunktion auf die Lösung einer Folge von quadratischen Optimierungsaufgaben zurückgeführt. Das angegebene Verfahren startet mit einer beliebigen zulässigen Lösung und erzeugt eine Folge von Näherungslösungen, die mindestens quadratisch gegen die Minimallösung konvergiert. Unter den Verfahren mit höherer Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit wird dasjenige bestimmt, bei dem die zur Erreichung einer vorgegebenen Genauigkeit erforderliche Zahl der Berechnungen von Funktions‐ und Ableitungswerten minimal wird.
Isoperimetrische Eigenschaften von Dreiecken bezüglich gewisser Gleichgewichtsprobleme
Authors: Hersch J.
Published: May 2007

Ein „Dreiseit”︁ ist ein Jordan‐Gebiet mit drei ausgezeichneten Randpunkten. Eine Membran über einem solchen Gebiet wird in ihrem Inneren sowie längs ihrer Randkurve durch vertikale Kräfte belastet; die Membran sei abwechselnd längs einer „Seite”︁ des Dreiseits eingespannt, längs der übrigen beiden frei. Isoperimetrische Ungleichungen werden zwischen den zugehörigen Gleichgewichtspotentialen Ea, Eb, Ec, und der Gesamtbelastung K der Membran aufgestellt.
Asymmetric Distribution of Thermal Stress in a Semi‐Infinite Elastic Solid Containing a Penny‐Shaped Crack
Authors: Srivastava K. N. , Palaiya R. M.
Published: May 2007

Solutions are presented for a class of asymmetric mixed‐boundary value problems of thermo‐elasticity. Elastic halfspace containing a penny‐shaped crack situated parallel to the free boundary is considered. The mixed boundary conditions are prescribed on the surface of the crack and free boundary. Using an established integral solution form, the problem is reduced to three pairs of simultaneous dual integral equations which are subsequently reduced to a set simultaneous Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. An iterative solution of these equations is obtained. One illustrative example is presented in which quantities of physical interest are given.
Monte Carlo Methods for some Fourth Order Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Gopalsamy K. , Aggarwala B. D.
Published: May 2007

This paper deals with the formulation of Monte Carlo methods to solve certain classes of boundary value problems associated with partial differential equations of fourth order. The proposed technique is also useful to solve a system of two second order elliptic partial differential equations.
Automatische Schrittweitensteuerung bei global konvergenten Einbettungsmethoden
Authors: Leder Dieter
Published: May 2007

Bekannte Einbettungsalgorithmen zur Lösung nichtlinearer Gleichungen haben den Nachteil, daß die Unterteilung des Parameterintervalls entweder heuristisch vorgenommen werden muß oder die Schätzung globaler Konstanten erfordert. Es wird ein Verfahren angegeben, das mit Minimierungsmethoden die Schrittweiten der Parameterfolge und der Folge der iterierten Argumente selbständig steuert.
Über eine Kombination des Ritzschen Verfahrens mit einem Iterationsverfahren
Authors: Habedank G.
Published: May 2007

Für eindimensionale Kontinua, deren Differentialgleichungen sich aus einem Potential ableiten lassen und auf ein „spezielles Eigenwertproblem”︁ führen, werden systematisch Ritz‐Ansätze ermittelt. In einem ersten Iterationsschritt werden zulässige Funktionen und darauf aufbauend in einem zweiten Iterationsschritt Vergleichsfunktionen gewonnen.
Quadratisch konvergente Einschließung von Lösungen nichtkonvexer Gleichungssysteme
Authors: Alefeld G.
Published: May 2007

Ohne Konvexität vorauszusetzen, werden Verfahren zur Einschließung der Lösung nichtlinearer Gleichungssysteme angegeben, die monoton konvergieren und die die Konvergenzordnung 2 besitzen. Die Möglichkeit der praktischen Durchführung dieser Verfahren bei gewissen Gleichungssystemen beruht wesentlich auf der Verwendung der Intervallarithmetik.
Einzelschrittverfahren zur Lösung konvexer und dual‐konvexer Minimierungsprobleme
Authors: Oettli W.
Published: May 2007

Es wird ein allgemeines Einzelschrittverfahren zur Lösung konvexer Minimalprobleme untersucht.
Stabilität und Konvergenz von Mehrschrittverfahren zur numerischen Lösung quasilinearer Anfangswertprobleme
Authors: Hass R. , Kreth H.
Published: May 2007

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine hinreichende Bedingung für die Konvergenz expliziter Mehrschrittverfahren zur numerischen Lösung von Anfangswertaufgaben gewisser quasilinearer partieller Differentialgleichungen angegeben. Die Darstellung schließt sich weitgehend an die von P. D. Lax und R. D. Richtmyer im Jahre 1956 in [8] für lineare entwickelte und von R. Ansorge im Jahre 1967 in [1] auf halblineare erweiterte und im Jahre 1969 in [2] für quasilineare Probleme formulierte Theorie an.
On the Solution of Certain Simultaneous Pairs of Dual Integral Equations
Authors: Charkrabarti Aloknath
Published: May 2007

Mit einer direkten Methode, bei der der Erdelyi‐Kober‐ und der modifizierte Hankel‐Operator Anwendung finden, werden gewisse Systeme aus zwei bzw. drei Paaren dualer Integralgleichungen mit Bessel‐Kernen in geschlossener Form gelöst. Für bestimmte Funktionenklassen und Ordnungen der Bessel‐Funktionen ist die Vorgehensweise angebrachter und geeigneter als die bereits existierenden Methoden.
Berechnung der Druckverteilung an Flügelprofilen in gashaltiger Wasserströmung
Authors: Isay W. H. , Roestel Th.
Published: May 2007

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die ebene, stationäre und kompressible Strömung von gashaltigem Wasser um Tragflügelprofile. Unter dem Begriff Gas wird dabei sowohl die im Wasser enthaltene ungelöste Luft als auch der durch auftretende Kavitation bedingte Wasserdampf verstanden. Zur Vereinfachung der Theorie ist die Eigenbewegung der Gasblasen gegenüber dem umgebenden Wasser vernachlässigt, also ein einheitliches Geschwindigkeits‐ und Druckfeld angenommen; außerdem wird vorausgesetzt, daß das Verhältnis von Gasmasse zu Wassermasse eine eindeutige Funktion des örtlichen Druckfeldes sei. In Anlehnung an eine in der Theorie schallnaher Gasströmungen bewährte Methode erfolgt die Berechnung des Druckfeldes in der Umgebung der Flügelprofile aus einer nichtlinearen Integralgleichung. Die Theorie wird an einer Reihe von Zahlenbeispielen erprobt. Es zeigt sich, daß durch den Gasgehalt des Wassers nur dann wesentliche Unterschiede gegenüber dem inkompressiblen Strömungszustand bedingt sind, wenn infolge der niedrigen örtlichen Schallgeschwindigkeit mit Verdichtungsstößen abgeschlossene lokale Überschallgebiete auftreten. Vergleiche mit aus der Literatur entnommenen Messungen geben eine zumindest qualitative Übereinstimmung mit den theoretischen Ergebnissen.
Minimale H‐Mengen, starke Eindeutigkeit und Stetigkeit des Tschebyscheff‐Operators
Authors: Geiger C.
Published: May 2007

Für eine Klasse nichtlinearer Tschebyscheffscher Approximationsaufgaben, für die keine Voraussetzung vom Typ einer Haarschen Bedingung getroffen wird, werden Aussagen über Eindeutigkeit und starke Eindeutigkeit der Minimallösung bewiesen; weiter wird untersucht, wie sich kleine Abänderungen der zu approximierenden Funktion auf die Minimallösung auswirken. Die wesentliche Voraussetzung ist dabei, daß die Anzahl der Punkte einer die Minimallösung charakterisierenden minimalen H‐Menge maximal ist.
Zur Geschichte desII‐Theorems
Authors: Görtler H.
Published: May 2007

Die Geschichte des II‐Theorems, wie sie in modernen Büchern über die Methode der Dimensionsanalyse und über Modelltheorie zu finden ist, bedarf in mancher Hinsicht der Korrektur und Ergänzung. Insbesondere ist die fundamentale Leistung eines Mathematikers aus dem Jahre 1911 ganz in Vergessenheit geraten und war sogar jenen Wissenschaftlern unbekannt geblieben, die zu jener Zeit das II‐Theorem allgemein zu formulieren und zu beweisen bemüht waren. Es erscheint daher lohnend, im folgenden Beitrag eine Neubearbeitung der Geschichte des II‐Theorems vorzulegen.
Optimization Problems for Moment Inequalities and Related Problems of Optimal Control
Authors: Bittner Leonhard
Published: May 2007

This paper describes two optimization problems (OMi) for the solutions of a system of so called moment inequalities and two corresponding problems (OCi) of optimal control to systems, whose state functions are represented by the control parameters and functions in a source‐like manner. A set of resolvent relations for the optimal solutions of (OMi) and a number of maximum conditions for the optimal solutions of (OCi) are derived.
Low Reynolds Number Heat Transfer from a Sphere in a Laminar Flow of Non‐Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Sharma O. P. , Bhatnagar R. K.
Published: May 2007

An approximate solution of a steady‐state problem of heat transfer from a sphere placed in a laminar stream of a non‐Newtonian fluid is obtained for small Reynolds numbers. The problem is solved by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Expansions for temperature and Nusselt number are obtained. The non‐Newtonian parameters modify the terms of σ2R2 in the expansion for Nusselt number. The results of the present work are for R > 1 in which Prandtl number is of order unity. It has been concluded that the Nusselt number for viscoelastic fluids may increase or decrease depending on their properties.
Shock Wave Relations in Lunar Ash Flow
Authors: Pai S. I. , Hsieh T.
Published: May 2007

A detailed analysis of steady normal shock waves in a layer of lunar ash by the theory of two phase flow of a mixture of a gas and small solid particles is presented. New terms of pressure gradient and virtual mass forces in the particle momentum equation and the particle kinetic energy and work done in the particle energy equation are included in the fundamental equations and their influences are investigated. It is found that the virtual mass force is only important at low density ratio of the solid particles and the gas in the free stream, hence it may be neglected in ash flow calculations. On the other hand, the rest new terms must not be neglected in the normal shock wave calculation as was done by previous authors. The flow variables as functions of the free stream Much number M0, initial particle volume fraction Z0 and the density ratio G are presented. The thickness of the relaxation zone is found to increase with decreasing Z0 and almost independent of G for any given values of M0. A new empirical relation of the drag coefficient for the spherical particles in the mixture to fit experimental data for Z up to 0.55 and Rep up to 1,000 is proposed in the calculation.
On Two‐Dimensional Flow of Power Law Fluids through Ducts with Naturally Permeable Walls
Authors: Verma P. D. , Sacheti N. C.
Published: May 2007

In the present investigation, the boundary conditions adopted by Beavers and Joseph [1] for plain porous boundaries have been applied to study the steady two‐dimensional flow of incompressible power law fluids in the following two cases:

Hagen‐Poiseuille flow with porous material around the tube wall

Plane Poiseuille flow with porous material at both the walls.

The fractional increase in mass flow rates through the channel/tube with permeable walls over what it would be if the walls were impermeable have been shown graphically in both the cases and compared with the Newtonian fluid.
Moving Loads on a Pre‐stressed, Elastic Plate Strip
Authors: Adler A. A. , Reismann H.
Published: May 2007

The response of an infinite, pre‐stressed plate strip under an arbitrarily distributed transverse moving line load is determined. The line of application of the load is perpendicular to the infinite edges, and the constant, uniform prestress is parallel to these edges. The load is assumed to propagate parallel to the infinite edges of the plate at constant speed. The solution of the boundary value problem is presented within the framework of a plate theory which includes the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia. It is shown that the character of the deformation and stress field is strongly dependent upon a single parameter which combines load speed and pre‐stress.
Qualitative Analysis of Large‐Scale Systems: Stability, Instability and Boundedness
Authors: Bose Anjan , Michel Anthony N.
Published: May 2007

New results for stability, instability, and boundedness of composite or interconnected systems are presented and a procedure for stabilizing such systems is established. Both time domain and frequency domain methods are employed. The results are applied to several specific examples.
Representations for Distribution Algebras
Authors: Berg L.
Published: May 2007

In [1] the possibility of multiplying distributions in the framework of a suitable algebra was shown, and a lot of new relations has been stated. Here we state simple representations by matrices as well as formal sums for such distribution algebras, which are equivalent to each other. By means of this representations it is possible to construct and to investigate models for distribution algebras, in which additional relations are valid. Furtheron it is possible to introduce integrals for products of distributions as well as seminorms or norms, respectively. Difficulties arising by an extension of the distribution algebra may be removed, considering distributions as operators like in [2].
Flow Induced by the Presence of a Conducting Porous Sphere in a Fluid Carrying a Uniform Current
Authors: Gupta R. K.
Published: May 2007

The effect of permeability on the drag coefficient induced by the passage of a uniform current parallel to the axis of a stationary porous conducting spherical shell in an incompressible viscous fluid occupying, inside and outside the sphere, is investigated. It is assumed that at infinity the velocity and uniform current are parallel to the axis of revolution. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is employed for investigating the effect of a uniform current on the velocity field. It has been observed that the drag found by the author [1] for the same problem in viscous incompressible fluid increases or decreases depending upon whether the fluid conductivity is larger than that of the sphere or vice versa. Akin to the previous solution derived by the author Stokes expansion in the two cases (i.e. inner and interior) depends upon the two parameters of porosity upto second approximation, but the drag is dependent upon m0 the first porosity parameter upto an order R the Reynolds number. The range of m0 remains the same as before i.e. 0 ≦ m0≦ 1/7.
Über konvergente Zerlegungen bei nichtlinearen Abbildungen
Authors: Alefeld G.
Published: May 2007

Zur Auflösung der nichtlinearen Gleichung F(x) = w in einem Banach‐Raum B wird das Iterationsverfahren M(xk+1) − N(xk) = w, k = 0, 1, 2, …, mit F(x) = M(x) − N(x) betrachtet. Es werden (in den Sätzen 1, 3 und 4) notwendige und hinreichende Bedingungen für die Konvergenz angegeben. Zum Beweis wird der in [1] und [5] eingeführte Begriff der regulären Zerlegung einer nichtlinearen Abbildung verwendet. Die bewiesenen Resultate enthalten als Spezialfall entsprechende Resultate für lineare Gleichungssysteme, welche in [4] und [2] bewiesen wurden.
Fließspannungen und Fließbedingung bei zyklischen Verformungen
Authors: Backhaus G.
Published: May 2007

Bei zyklischer plastischer Verformung metallischer Werkstoffe treten bekanntlich im wesentlichen folgende Effekte auf: der Bauschingereffekt, ein Relaxationseffekt sowie der Effekt der zyklischen Entfestigung. In früheren Arbeiten [1, 2] wurden Ansätze zur analytischen Erfassung der genannten Effekte mitgeteilt.

Diese Ansätze erfahren in dem folgenden Beitrag eine nochmalige Behandlung, wobei insbesondere ein neuer Ansatz für die zyklische Entfestigung eine wesentliche Verbesserung darstellt. Es werden allgemeine Beziehungen für die Ermittlung der Fließspannungen bei beliebiger Verformungsgeschichte und quantitative Daten für ihre rechnerische Bestimmung angegeben. Ergebnisse numerischer Berechnungsbeispiele und Vergleiche mit Versuchen werden mitgeteilt.
Free Flexural Vibration of Initially Imperfect Thin Plates with Large Elastic Amplitudes
Authors: Celep Z.
Published: May 2007

Approximate solutions for the free flexural vibration of initially imperfect thin rectangular plates with large deflections are presented with four boundary conditions. The effects of large amplitudes and initial imperfections on the vibration are investigated. Numerical results represented in figures make these effects more clear.
Über Bewegungszustände kräftefreier Disklinationen
Authors: Günther H.
Published: May 2007

Die dynamische Feldtheorie der Disklinationen definiert für diese eine stabile Gleichgewichtslage. Es wird gezeigt, daß keine periodischen kräftefreien Eigenbewegungen von Keildisklinationen um diese Gleichgewichtslage existieren (im Unterschied zur Existenz von kräftefreien Eigenschwingungen von Versetzungen). Dazu wird ein allgemeines Theorem hergeleitet, nach dem alle geraden oder ungeraden Ableitungen jeder hypothetischen kräftefreien Bewegungsfunktion zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkt verschwinden, wenn dies nur für die nullte oder erste Ableitung zu diesem Zeitpunkt gilt.
Ein Finites Elementverfahren für linear‐viskoses‐isotropes Stoffverhalten
Authors: Krings W.
Published: May 2007

Der folgende Aufsatz beschreibt die Berechnung des linearen viskosen Stoffverhaltens mit dem Weggrößenverfahren der Finiten Elementmethode (FEM). Es werden nur geometrisch lineare Probleme betrachtet. Das isotrope Stoffverhalten wird durch ein Feder‐Dämpfer‐Modell für den Deviatorzustand und eins für den hydrostatischen Zustand beschrieben. Die gezeigte Formulierung führt auf die Lösung einer gewöhnlichen Matrizendifferentialgleichung mit konstanten Koeffizientemmatrizen. Das Verfahren eignet sich zur Berechnung von Kriech‐ und Schwingungsvorgängen.
Ethanol extraction of soybean oil
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Choudhury R. Basu Roy
Published: May 2007

Extraction of soybean flakes with 90, 95, 98 and 100% ethanol resulted in more rapid lipid and less rapid non‐lipid removal with the increasing ethanol concentrations. There was little difference in the quality of the oil produced by the different solvents. Protein content of the residual meal averaged 52.1%.
The effects of fat upon the rates of digestion in the human stomach of meals of high protein content
Authors: Killian John A. , Knapp Mary G.
Published: May 2007

Results of the two series of experiments on four human subjects who were representative of normal gastric secretory and motor functions have shown that, under the experimental conditions, neither moderate nor large amounts of fat, added to lean beef either by physical mixing or by cooking, affect the gastric secretory response to the meals.

In other words, the addition to lean beef of fat as a hydrogenated vegetable oil did not diminish the capacity of the gastric juice to digest protein.

Also, the addition of moderate or large amounts of fat to the lean beef did not retard the evacuation from the stomach of either the protein or the fat of the meal.
Physical‐chemical properties of tall‐oil soap solutions
Authors: Snell Foster Dee , Reich Irving
Published: May 2007

Acid‐refined tall‐oil was separated into resin acid and fatty acids of approximately 94% purity, made into soaps, and compared with those made from oleic acid and rosin. Tall‐oil resin‐acid soap and rosin soap are roughly comparable in dispersing power and lowering of surface tension and interfacial tension. The tall‐oil fatty‐acid soap shows some points of inferiority to sodium oleate, as might reasonably be expected because of its greater unsaturation.
Utilization of the seed of the Chinese tallow tree
Authors: Bolley Don S. , McCormack Ralph H.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The experiments described above indicate that the seed of the Chinese tallow tree can readily be processed in equipment available in many oil mills. The most promising products are tallow, stillingia oil, and high protein flour. There is also the possibility of utilizing the shell and the fiber. Thus it has been established that the seed has a definite market value. Whether or not Chinese tallow tree culture can be profitable will depend on the cost of raising the trees and harvesting the seeds in this country. This problem is being actively studied by Dr. Potts of Texas A. & M. and others. It has been estimated (12) that 160 trees can be grown per acre which would yield after six years somewhat over 60 pounds of seed per tree or 10,000 pounds per acre. The Chinese tallow tree as a source of valuable seeds should continue to receive serious consideration.
Synthetic detergents in the soap industry
Authors: Borghetty H. C. , Bergman C. A.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

It is the opinion of the authors that much can be done to improve the efficiency of soap in hard water by building it on a ternary system, which will make it more competitive against built synthetic detergents in areas of low and medium hard water. This appears to be particularly advantageous because of the present low prices of fat and greases and the large stocks that are available today
Comparison of the whole fruit and component methods of analysis of tung fruit
Authors: Pack Frank C. , Holmes Raiford L. , McKinney Robert S.
Published: May 2007

The effect of moisture content and fineness of grinding on the percentages of oil extracted by the whole fruit method were investigated and the results compared with those obtained by the component method.

The spacing of the plates on the Bauer laboratory mill used for grinding whole tung fruit for oil analysis was found not to be critical within certain narrow limits. No differences were found in the oil content when samples of fruit were ground with plate spacings from 0.004 inch to 0.012 inch, but the results were lower with plate spacings of 0.020 inch.

No difference was found in the percentages of oil obtained by the component and the whole fruit methods when the results were calculated on the basis of the original moist sample and no correction had to be applied in the calculation of the results by the whole fruit method.

The average percentage of moisture obtained by the two methods differ, consequently care must be used in comparing oil contents calculated to a moisture‐free basis since the differences in moisture content will be reflected in the values for the apparent oil content.

Careful analyses of tung fruit by either the whole fruit or the component method yield reliable results over a wide range of moisture content although in the case of the component method unusually wet kernels (above 10% moisture) must be partially dried before regrinding in a mortar and pestle during the extraction operation.
Sesame oil. II. Some chemical and physical properties of the oils from different varieties of sesame seed
Authors: Menezes F. G. T. , Budowski Pierre , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2007

Four varieties of sesame seed, grown in South Carolina, Nebraska, and Nicaragua, were solvent extracted in a pilot‐plant and the oils examined with respect to their physical and chemical characteristics. Only slight variations were found in these constants and in the composition of the oils.

The oils were refined, bleached, hydrogenated to shortening consistency, and deodorized. The refining losses were low (1.4% to 4.7%) and the bleach colors light (1–3 yellow/0.4–0.6 red, Lovibond scale). Changes in composition and in values of the refractive index and plasticity during hydrogenation were similar to those reported for other oils of similar characteristics. The hydrogenated oils reached a shortening consistency at an iodine value of about 69. A.O.M. stability values for the hydrogenated oils were high.

The data presented indicate that conventional methods of processing sesame oil can be applied with good results. Changes in constants and fatty acid composition during hydrogenation are essentially similar to those occurring in other vegetable oils, such as cottonseed or peanut oils.
Glycerol distribution in soap boiling operations
Authors: Govan W. J.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Glycerol distribution in the curd and lye layers approaches a ratio, as the electrolyte strength increases, in which the glycerol concentration in the water of the lye layer is about 1.3 times the glycerol concentration in the water of the curd layer. A high distribution ratio is conducive to a more effective glycerine recovery.

Conditions for the most favorable glycerol distribution ratio are vigorous boiling on a hard grained curd for a sufficient length of time to assure thorough mixing.

The yield of glycerol from the kettle was 95% exclusive of that in the neat soap.
A modification of the periodic acid method for the determination of monoglycerides and free glycerol in fats and oils
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Mehlenbacher V. C.
Published: May 2007

A modified and improved method for the determination of monoglyceride by the periodic acid method has been presented as well as a method for free glycerol in fatty products. The advantages of the method for monoglyceride are 1. eliminates danger of secondary reactions due to elevated temperatures, 2. eliminates the need of shaking to effect good contact and complete reaction between sample and reagent, and 3. makes removal of free glycerol from the sample easier.
A colorimetric method for water‐soluble silicates in detergents
Authors: Miller William J.
Published: May 2007

Water‐soluble silica is determined rapidly and accurately by measuring the color produced after the development of silico‐molybdic acid. Citric acid is used to eliminate any interference from phosphate builders. The entire procedure requires not more than 30 minutes and is applicable to both soaps and synthetic detergents. Semi‐quantitative estimation between limits may be carried out even more rapidly by using picric acid standards and a visual comparator.
Comparative composition of soybean and corn phosphatides
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , McGuire T. A. , Dutton Herbert J.
Published: May 2007

Corn phosphatides have been separated into alcohol‐soluble and alcohol‐insoluble fractions employing the same procedure previously used with soybean phosphatides. Alcohol‐soluble and alcohol‐insoluble portions have been fractionated by countercurrent distribution. The alcohol‐soluble portion was found to contain lecithin and a small amount of cephalin. In addition to the phosphatides a nitrogen containing compound was concentrated in the 95% methanol‐soluble fractions along with a small amount of sugar. As with the corresponding alcohol‐insoluble fraction from soybean phosphatides, two major types of phosphoinositides are found to be present, those more soluble in hexane and those more soluble in 95% methanol. In contrast to soybean phosphatides most of the sugar is concentrated in the hexane‐soluble fractions. The phosphorus to nitrogen and phosphorus to inositol ratios vary widely and do not approximate two as was the case in the soybean inositides. However the more hexane‐soluble fractions seem to be made up largely of material with one mole of phosphorus for each mole of nitrogen and sugar.
Phase relations pertaining to the solvent winterization of cottonseed and peanut oils in acetone
Authors: Skau Evald L. , Dopp W. N. , Burleigh E. G. , Banowetz L. F.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Systematic physical chemical data on the solventwinterization behavior of cottonseed and peanut oils with acetone have been obtained which should serve as a basis for selecting the conditions necessary for the effective solvent winterization of these oils in acetone.

Cottonseed and peanut oils are only partially miscible with acetone below certain temperatures which have been determined. In peanut oil this phenomenon may interfere with the winterization process within a certain range of concentrations. For cottonseed oil however the separation into two liquid phases does not occur until some 5°C. below the temperature required for adequate winterization.

Complete data for a 3‐hour holding‐time have been obtained for three cottonseed oils ranging in iodine value from 106.1 to 116.4. Tables and graphs have been constructed to show the effect of oil‐solvent ratio, chilling temperature, holding‐time, agitation, and iodine value of the original oil on the percentage of solid removed and on the degree of winterization and iodine value of the winterized oil.

Similar data have been obtained for a refined peanut oil insofar as possible without interference from separation into two liquid phases. It seems probable that if acetone were used as the winterization solvent for peanut oil, the separation into two liquid layers and the sensitivity of this phenomenon to moisture might be a source of processing difficulties especially if filtration instead of centrifugation were used to separate the solid from the supernatant.
Clinical improvement after treatment with VEGF165 in patients with severe chronic lower limb ischaemia
Authors: Anghel Andrei , Mut-Vitcu Bogdan , Savu Lorand , Marian Catalin , Seclaman Edward , Iman Raluca , Neghina Adriana-Maria , Dragulescu Stefan I.
Published: May 2007

The present study focuses on the application of a therapeutic strategy in patients with chronic severe lower limb ischaemia using a plasmid vector encoding the vascular endothelial growth factor (phVEGF165). It has been shown that VEGF promotes neo-vascularization and blood vessel network formation and thus might have the ability to improve blood-flow at the level of the affected limbs. However, little information is available regarding the necessary level of expression of VEGF and its possible related adverse effects. We have subcloned VEGF

165
isoform into pCMV-Script expression vector (Stratagene) under the control of the CMV promoter. Three patients with chronic ischaemia of the lower limb, considered as not suitable for surgical re-vascularization, received intramuscular injection with 0.5 ml saline solution containing 1011 copies of VEGF

165
plasmid. The clinical evolution has been monitored by angiography and estimated by walking time on the rolling carpet (Gardner protocol). Two months after therapy, all three patients showed complete relief of rest pain, improvement of ischaemic ulcer lesions and increased walking distance on the rolling carpet most probably due to appearance of newly formed collateral vessels.
Impulsivity in bipolar-II disorder: Trait, state, or both?
Authors: Benazzi Franco
Published: May 2007

Background

In bipolar-II (BP-II) disorder impulsivity (defined as excessive risky activities by DSM-IV-TR) is one of the symptoms of hypomania. It is unclear if impulsivity is also a trait in BP-II.

Study aim

The aim was to test if impulsivity was also a trait in BP-II.

Methods

Consecutive 136 remitted BP-II outpatients (assessed when presenting for depression by a mood disorder specialist psychiatrist using the Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV), self-assessed trait impulsivity during follow-ups, using the Personality Questionnaire of the Structured Clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders, in a private practice. Trait mood swings were also self-assessed, using the TEMPS-A. A trait nature of impulsivity in BP-II could be supported by finding (1) a relatively high frequency, (2) association between trait impulsivity and symptoms of past hypomania, especially impulsivity, (3) dose–response relationship between number of past hypomania symptoms and trait impulsivity, and (4) association between trait impulsivity and trait mood swings (a trait feature of BP-II).

Results

Trait impulsivity was present in 41.1% of BP-II. BP-II with, versus BP-II without, trait impulsivity had significantly more males, trait mood swings, past hypomania symptoms (irritable mood, talkativeness, increased goal-directed activity), and excessive risky activities (i.e. state impulsivity), corresponding to an irritable risky overactivity. Past state impulsivity and trait impulsivity were significantly associated. Number of past hypomania symptoms and trait impulsivity were significantly correlated. A dose–response relationship was found between number of past hypomania symptoms and trait impulsivity.

Discussion

Findings suggest that trait impulsivity may be a feature of BP-II. Limitation of self-assessment of personality traits should be taken into account. Findings may have treatment impacts, as the combination of trait impulsivity and mood swings may facilitate relapses and mixed states, which mood stabilising agents could prevent/delay.
The relationship of personality traits to substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Haro Gonzalo , Calabrese Joseph R. , Larsson Christina , Shirley Edwin R. , Martín Eva , Leal Carmen , Delgado Pedro L.
Published: May 2007

Purpose

The aim of this study is to determine if personality traits contribute to the likelihood of substance abuse in Bipolar Disorder (BD).

Subjects/materials and methods

Fifty-nine patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for BD: 20 without any history of Substance Related Disorder (SRD), 21 with a lifetime history of SRD but without current SRD, and 18 with current SRD. Patients filled out the TCI, the differences were analyzed by ANOVA and the likelihood was obtained by Multinomial Logistic Regression.

Results

Only Novelty Seeking (NS) is statistically different between the groups. Patients with BD with current SRD have higher rates in NS than those with past SRD, and those without a history of SRD. NS was confirmed as a predicting variable, both to current SRD (OR [CI 95%] = 1.039/1.351; p = 0.011) and past SRD (OR [CI 95%] = 1.004/1.277; p = 0.042) on patients with BD.

Discussion

The results shown would appear to confirm the relationship of NS with the SRD, so long as there is no clear evidence that indicates the association of NS with BD.

Conclusions

There appears a greater predisposition to develop SRD in those patients with a higher degree of NS. The use of the Cloninger's TCI could be used in BD to determine the risk of developing an SRD. Early detection might help improve prognosis.
Competitive inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase reaction
Authors: Choudhury Rajarshi , Punekar Narayan S.
Published: May 2007

Irrespective of their pyridine nucleotide specificity, all glutamate dehydrogenases share a common chemical mechanism that involves an enzyme bound ‘iminoglutarate’ intermediate. Three compounds, structurally related to this intermediate, were tested for the inhibition of purified NADP‐glutamate dehydrogenases from two Aspergilli, as also the bovine liver NAD(P)‐glutamate dehydrogenase. 2‐Methyleneglutarate, closely resembling iminoglutarate, was a potent competitive inhibitor of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction. This is the first report of a non‐aromatic structure with a better glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitory potency than aryl carboxylic acids such as isophthalate. A suitably located 2‐methylene group to mimic the iminium ion could be exploited to design inhibitors of other amino acid dehydrogenases.
Religion in Europe in the 21st Century: The Factors to Take into Account
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: May 2007

This article considers six factors that are currently shaping the religious life of Europe. These are the Judaeo-Christian heritage, the continuing influence of the historic churches, the changing patterns of church-going, new arrivals from outside, secular reactions and the growing significance of religion in the modern world order. Any assessment of the future of religion in Europe must take all of these into account, not least their mutual and necessarily complex interactions.
Time Use Surveys: a Review of their Aims, Methods, and Results
Authors: Chenu Alain , Lesnard Laurent
Published: May 2007

Le propre des enquêtes sur les emplois du temps est de faire appel à un dispositif de questionnement spécifique, le carnet quotidien d'activités, mis au point dans l'U.R.S.S. des années 1920, standardisé dans le cadre du programme multinational d'enquêtes dirigé par Alexandre Szalai en 1965–66, et ensuite généralisé à un trés grand nombre de pays. Le carnet permet de quantifier les durées d'activités faiblement institutionnalisées telles que, notamment, le travail domestique et les loisirs.

Les principaux résultats de recherche obtenus sur la base spécifique d'enquétes sur les emplois du temps sont décrits dans trois domaines thématiques principaux, les débats sur la civilisation du loisir, l'évolution des rôles de genre, et la synchronisation familiale des temps sociaux.
Statistical models to evaluate invertebrate–plant trophic interactions in arable systems
Authors: Bohan D.A. , Hawes C. , Haughton A.J. , Denholm I. , Champion G.T. , Perry J.N. , Clark S.J.
Published: May 2007

Over the past 40 years there have been marked shifts in arable farmland management that are widely believed to have had a considerable impact on flowering plants and invertebrates and the small mammals and birds that rely upon them. It is not yet possible to predict the dynamics of plants and invertebrates either with past or future changes in farmland management. This study investigates whether a basic invertebrate classification, formed of broad trophic groups, can be used to describe interactions between invertebrates and their resource plants and evaluate management impacts for genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) and conventional herbicide management in both spring- and winter-sown oilseed rape. It is argued that the analyses validate trophic-based approaches for describing the dynamics of invertebrates in farmland and that linear models might be used to describe the changes in invertebrate trophic group abundance in farmland when driven by primary producer abundance or biomass and interactions between invertebrates themselves. The analyses indicate that invertebrate dynamics under GMHT management are not unique, but similar to conventional management occurring over different resource ranges, and that dynamics differed considerably between spring- and winter-sown oilseed rape. Thus, herbicide management was of much lower impact on trophic relationships than sowing date. Results indicate that invertebrate dynamics in oilseed rape are regulated by a combination of top-down and bottom-up trophic processes.
Treating hop plants with (Z)-jasmone increases colonization by Phorodon humuli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) spring migrants
Authors: Pope T.W. , Campbell C.A.M. , Hardie J. , Wadhams L.J.
Published: May 2007

Hop plants were sprayed with (Z)-jasmone, at a rate of 50 g ha−1, during the spring migration of the damson–hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) in 2002 and 2003. Numbers of P. humuli spring migrants colonizing hop plants, Humulus lupulus L., 2–6 and 7–11 days after applying this treatment were assessed in both years. During the first five-day period, significantly more spring migrants were found on hop plants treated with (Z)-jasmone, in comparison with control plants, in 2002. By contrast, no significant difference was evident in the second five-day period. Although the migration in 2003 was much lighter than in 2002, greater numbers of migrants were again removed from treated plants. Indeed, more spring migrants were removed from plants sprayed with (Z)-jasmone in this year during both five-day periods (11 and 44%, respectively) compared with the 23% greater numbers removed in the first five-day period in 2002. Therefore, unlike some other species of aphid, where numbers were consistently lower on plots sprayed with (Z)-jasmone, spraying the secondary host of P. humuli with this compound appears to increase colonization by spring migrants.
Management of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis using a ‘doughnut pillow’
Authors: Sanu A , Koppana R , Snow D G
Published: May 2007

Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis is a well-recognised painful condition of the pinna. There have been several modes of treatment described for this condition. Although the most common mode of treatment is surgery,1,2several conservative approaches have also been tried.

Objectives:

To determine if chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis can be treated conservatively using a doughnut-shaped pillow.

Design and setting:

Prospective study in Wrexham Maelor Hospital, which is a district general hospital.

Participants:

All the patients clinically diagnosed with chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis between September 2003 and September 2004. All such patients were seen by an ENT consultant with a special interest in facial lesions. Patients who could not be clinically diagnosed with chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis were excluded from the study.

Main outcome measure:

Pain relief following the use of a doughnut pillow was used as the main outcome measure.

Results:

Twenty-three (14 female and 9 male) patients were treated with a special doughnut-shaped pillow designed to relieve the pressure on the affected ear. Of the 23 lesions treated 13 remained pain free after a follow-up period of one year.

Conclusion:

Conservative treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis using a doughnut pillow is very cost effective.
Restoring lions Panthera leo to northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: short-term biological and technical success but equivocal long-term conservation
Authors: Hunter L.T.B. , Pretorius K. , Carlisle L. C. , Rickelton M. , Walker C. , Slotow R. , Skinner J. D.
Published: May 2007

The success of efforts to re-establish mammalian carnivores within their former range is dependent on three key factors: methodological considerations, the biological requirements of the target species, and the involvement of local human communities for whom large carnivores pose a threat. We consider the role of these factors in the first 13 years of an effort to re-establish wild lions in northern KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. We employed soft-release methods to mitigate the characteristic problems associated with restoration of large carnivores. A pre-release captivity period facilitated acclimatization of reintroduced lions and promoted long-term bonding of unfamiliar individuals into cohesive groups. All individuals remained in the release area and established enduring, stable home ranges. Reintroduced lions successfully reproduced and raised 78% of their cubs to independence. Human activity was the cause of all post-release mortality. Despite rapid population growth and the re-establishment of the species at Phinda Private Game Reserve, the population is small and isolated with little prospect for re-colonizing additional areas where the species has been extirpated, or for connecting with other isolated lion populations in the region. Accordingly, although we essentially overcame the short-term technical and biological challenges facing lion reintroduction, the long-term value of the Phinda population for addressing the conservation issues facing the species remains equivocal.