bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of d-Alanine in the Antigenic Specificity of Bacterial Mucopeptides
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Maurer Paul H. , Walsh Patricia , Krause Richard M.
Published: December 2022

Mucopeptides extracted from Gram-positive cocci reacted with antisera against the synthetic random polypeptides poly (l-glu42-l-lys28-d-ala30)n and poly (d-glu16-l-lys16-dl-ala68)n. Quantitative precipitin inhibition studies employing a haptenic inhibitor derived from bacterial mucopeptide and synthetic peptides and polypeptides indicated that d-alanine is a critical amino acid in the antigenic determinant responsible for the cross-reactivity. Only copolymers containing d-alanine residues were effective inhibitors of the cross-reactivity.

The results of passive hemagglutination studies of appropriately coated erythrocytes and mucopeptide agglutination reactions with antimucopeptide sera and anti-synthetic polypeptide sera indicated that the immunologic relationship between bacterial mucopeptide and the synthetic copolymers of amino acids is predominantly associated with the presence of d-alanine in the determinant grouping.
Intracellular “Monoclonal” Immunoglobulin in Non-secretory Human Myeloma
Authors: Hurez Daniel , Preud'Homme Jean-Louis , Seligmann Maxime
Published: December 2022

A few well documented cases of multiple myeloma without any monoclonal immunoglobulin in either serum or urine have been reported (1–5). The incidence of such cases is about 1% of myeloma patients (1). Whether in such instances the neoplastic plasma cells do not synthetize or do not secrete immunoglobulin has not yet been established with convincing evidence. We have been able to demonstrate by immunogluorescence in four such cases the presence within the plasma cells of non-secreted monoclonal immunoglobulin.

All the patients presented as clinically typical myeloma with osseous lesions and infiltration of their bone marrow by an abnormal number of plasma cells. The sedimentation rate was normal or only slightly elevated. There was no cryoglobulin. Repeated paper and agar gel electrophoresis of the serum never showed any narrow band. Urine samples were repeatedly examined. They contained only trace amounts of protein and no Bence Jones protein was detectable.
Influence of Thymosin on Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses in Normal and in Immunologically Deficient Mice
Authors: Goldstein Allan L. , Asanuma Yoshitsugu , Battisto Jack R. , Hardy Mark A. , Quint Jerome , White Abraham
Published: December 2022

Thymosin, a cell-free, lymphocytopoietic factor prepared from calf thymus, was examined for its influence on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in normal and immunologically deficient mice. Thymosin was administered to the following groups of mice: a) normal adult; b) neonatally thymectomized; c) adult, lethally irradiated; and d) adult, thymectomized, lethally irradiated animals given syngeneic bone marrow cells. Immune responses of the mice in each group were assessed on the basis of their response to a skin allograft and their capacity to form humoral antibody.

Thymosin restored the skin allograft response in neonatally thymectomized mice, thus supporting our conclusion that this thymic function may be endocrine in nature. The capacity to form 19S antibody in neonatally thymectomized or adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated mice was not markedly altered by thymosin treatment, suggesting the lack of a primary function for thymosin in these experimental conditions. Thymosin had no stimulatory effect on the hemolysin response to sheep erythrocytes in normal and x-irradiated mice when given after the initial antigenic challenge. When thymosin was administered prior to antigenic challenge, there was a reduction in hemolysin titers. A hypothesis is presented suggesting that control by the thymus of cell-mediated immunity resides primarily in an endocrine function of the gland, with maturation of peripheral stem cells occurring under the influence of thymosin. In contrast, maturation of cells involved in humoral immune responses may require an in situ thymic locus under the influence of one or more humoral factors and/or interaction with other stem cells, and may be initiated and essentially completed prior to birth.
The Measurement of Immunoglobulin Associated with Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Smith Richard S. , Longmire Robert L. , Reid Robert T. , Farr Richard S.
Published: December 2022

A sensitive and reproducible technique for the quantitation of cell-associated Ig has been described. In a normal individual the amount of Ig associated with circulating peripheral lymphocytes seems to be quite constant over a 30 min period but varies widely over daily intervals.

In normal individuals, most of the Ig associated with intact cells can be accounted for by circulating peripheral lymphocytes. There is some evidence to indicate that significant amounts of Ig may be released from peripheral leukocytes after freezing and thawing, suggesting that other cellular elements are involved. The Ig associated with circulating peripheral lymphocytes was either free within the cell or loosely bound to membranous portions of the cell. Radioactive labeled protein isolated from circulating lymphocytes revealed the major immunoglobulin in a normal individual to be IgG. Human albumin was also found in normal peripheral lymphocytes using similar techniques. The function of albumin in circulating peripheral leukocytes is unknown.
Nonimmunologic Precipitin Lines between Serum and Enteric Contents Giving False-Positive Evidence of Local Antibody Production
Authors: Kraft S. C. , Rothberg R. M. , Kriebel G. W.
Published: December 2022

In a previous study, alimentary secretions and sera were obtained from 49 human subjects (1). Immunoglobulin A was found to predominate in parotid saliva. Duodenal specimens were reported to contain IgA, IgM, IgG and IgD. The apparent lack of a uniform distribution of the four major classes of immunoglobulins led us to feel that this was a real phenomenon. This seemed to be supported by the association of locally produced anti-BSA with immunoglobulins other than IgG in 9 of 31 subjects without circulating anti-BSA, as well as apparent antibody associated with IgG, IgA and IgM in duodenal contents from most of the subjects with high amounts of circulating anti-BSA. The purpose of this communication is to present follow-up data which demonstrate that the conclusions reached in the previous report were based on what now appear to be false-positive immunodiffusion and radio-immunodiffusion studies.
Products of Interaction of Antigen-Sensitized Leukocytes and Antigen: Further Characterization of the Mitogenic Factor
Authors: Spitler Lynn E. , Fudenberg H. Hugh
Published: December 2022

Studies carried out on mitogenic factor produced by leukocytes from inbred guinea pigs in response to antigenic stimulation indicate that this factor is not transplantation antigen because it produces stimulation of normal leukocytes derived from guinea pigs of the same strain. Its activity was not enhanced by additional antigen. The factor is active on leukocytes derived from several sources, including spleen, lymph nodes, peripheral blood and thymus of outbred guinea pigs, and it is heat-stable.
Allotype Suppression in a2a2 Homozygous Rabbits Fostered In Uteri of a2-Immunized a1a1 Homozygous Mothers and Injected at Birth with Anti-a2 Antiserum
Authors: Vice John L. , Gilman-Sachs Alice , Hunt William L. , Dray Sheldon
Published: December 2022

By allotype suppression, rabbits were made agammaglobulinemic with respect to a locus immunoglobulins. This was accomplished by neonatal administration of anti-a2 antiserum to a2a2 homozygous rabbits which had been fostered in uteri of a2-immunized a1a1 homozygous mothers. The sera of these a2-suppressed a2a2 homozygotes were analyzed for a1γG, a2γG and total γG-immunoglobulin concentrations by radial diffusion analysis and by precipitation of 125I-labeled γG-immunoglobulins with anti-allotype antisera. At 14 weeks of age, the a2-suppressed offspring had no detectable a2γG molecules, but instead had compensatory levels of a locus-negative γG molecules. This suggests that another locus is involved in the synthesis of γG heavy chains and that the a+ and a- molecules represent subclasses of γG.
Cellular Differentiation in the Thymus
Authors: Colley Daniel G. , Malakian Artin , Waksman Byron H.
Published: December 2022

By immunization of rabbits with rat thymus cells a rabbit anti-rat thymocyte serum (ARTS) was obtained which reacted with thymic and peripheral lymphocytes, as shown by both specific immunofluorescence and cytotoxicity testing. Upon proper absorption or dilution this serum was rendered specific for rat thymocytes but cross-reacted with mouse thymocytes. The antigen which it defined was present in 100% of thymocytes in adult rats of all strains tested and in less than 7% of lymphocytes in adult spleen and lymph nodes. It was represented on three-quarters of the cells in both the thymus and spleen of the fetal rat but approached the adult distribution before the age of 4 weeks. ARTS also contained antibodies reactive with a second antigen present to an equal extent on both thymocytes and peripheral lymphocytes. Both antigens appeared to be distinct from that defined by the natural antibody in normal rabbit serum. It was suggested that the immunosuppressive effect of long term treatment with anti-thymocyte sera may depend in part on destruction of newly generated cells entering the peripheral pool from the thymus and bearing the thymus-specific antigen.
Measurement of Antibodies to Herpesvirus Types 1 and 2 in Human Sera
Authors: Rawls William E. , Iwamoto Kumiko , Adam Erwin , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: December 2022

When varying dilutions of human sera were mixed with constant amounts of the two types of herpesvirus, it was observed that either type 1 virus was neutralized at a greater serum dilution than type 2, type 2 was neutralized at a greater serum dilution than type 1, or the two types were neutralized equally well. The relative antibody titer of type 2 virus to type 1 virus was found to correlate with the location of herpetic lesions experienced by the patients. When the ratio was expressed as an index (II/I index), sera from persons with oral herpesvirus type 1 infections, for the most part, yielded values of less than 85 whereas sera from persons with genital herpesvirus type 2 infections yielded values of 85 or greater. The same relationship was demonstrated using either the plaque-reduction or the microneutralization test. The plaque-reduction test, microneutralization test and neutralization kinetics test were compared by analyzing a group of sera for herpesvirus type 2 antibodies by all three methods. There was agreement between the three methods in 83% to 89% of the determinations. Thus antibodies to the two herpesviruses can be quantitated in the same serum by neutralization techniques employing varying serum dilutions and a constant amount of virus, and the same antibody activity is measured as in the neutralization kinetics test.
Appendix and γM-Antibody Formation
Authors: Hanaoka M. , Nomoto K. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: December 2022

Intravenous injection of 200 µg of alum-precipitated bovine γ globulin into irradiated (900 r) rabbits, whose appendix and bone marrow had been shielded during irradiation, gave rise to an early hemagglutinin response predominantly of the γM immunoglobulin type. This effect was exaggerated by direct injection of antigen into the appendiceal artery or into the lumen of the appendix. Infection by either route of antigen freed of aggregated material by centrifugation gave little immune response and appeared to inhibit formation of γM antibody on subsequent challenge with alum-precipitated antigen. Late formation of γG antibody and the development of memory (ability to give an early γG response after secondary challenge) were not affected by irradiation of the appendix, but were inhibited in animals whose bone marrow was not shielded during irradiation.
The Fate of Antigen in Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Simpson Blanche A. , Flax Martin H. , Leskowitz Sidney
Published: December 2022

The fate of several protein antigens was followed in delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions in the guinea pig. 125I-labeled HSA and horseradish peroxidase were followed by autoradiography as were the 3H-labeled arsanilic acid conjugates of the synthetic polypeptides L- and D-GAT. Peroxidase activity was also localized by a histochemical method.

Initially the bulk of all antigens studied was extracellular in the dermis and deeper tissues. Antigen was rapidly cleared from the local site by diffusion into both lymphatics and blood vessels. Even at the earliest intervals some antigen was found within fixed tissue macrophages. However, the extent of phagocytosis varied greatly with different antigens, being maximal with peroxidase and minimal with the others studied. In confirmation of previous work, antigen clearance was little affected by the development of a delayed reaction. Infiltrating mononuclear cells showed little tendency to phagocytose antigen, although occasional labeled cells were found.

The distribution of antigen observed thus differed in certain respects from previous reports which followed the localization of vaccinia virus, ferritin and ferritin-conjugates. However, no definite differences in the handling of antigen were noted between experimental and control lesions.
Antibody Response in Rhesus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs to Inoculation with RNA Derived from Antigenically Stimulated Cell-Free Systems
Authors: Jacherts Diether , Drescher Joachim
Published: December 2022

Cell-free systems derived from rhesus monkey or guinea pig spleens were incubated with influenza virus hemagglutinins. The RNA extracted was designated as informational RNA and was found to be capable of inducing specific antibody responses in recipient non-immune rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs. The immunogenic activity of informational RNA was species-specific and sensitive to the action of RNase. Therefore, it was concluded that the antibody responses observed were due to RNA itself and not to traces of antigen possible present. The doses of RNA injected per animal ranged from 0.73 µg to 0.0005 µg. No correlation was found between immunogenic activity and the dose of RNA.
The Immunoglobulin Nature of the Antigen Recognition Site on Cells Mediating Transplantation Immunity and Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Mason Sally , Warner Noel L.
Published: December 2022

Pretreatment of normal adult mouse spleen cells, or peritoneal exudate cells from mice sensitized to DNP~CSA, with anti-immunoglobulin light polypeptide chain sera considerably suppressed the ability of these cells to induce the graft v8 host reaction or the transfer of delayed hypersensitivity. Anti-heavy chain sera did not cause this suppression. These results indicate that the antigen recognition site on lymphocytes involves an immunoglobulin light chain which is either free or bound to a new heavy chain type.
A New Immunochemical Assay for the Detection of the First Component of Complement (CI)
Authors: Colten Harvey R. , Spalter Joel S.
Published: December 2022

The design of a new immunochemical assay, the neutralization of inhibition (N-I) test, for the detection of C1 has been described. The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the N-I test make it possible to detect nanogram quantities of hemolytically active and inactive guinea pig and human C1 with an error in the measurement of about ± 5%.
Long-Term Skin Allograft Survival Elicited by a Finite Treatment with Antilymphocyte Serum Combined with Cytarabine
Authors: Perper R. J. , Monovich R. E. , Bowersox B. E.
Published: December 2022

Treatment with a pyrimidine nucleoside, cytarabine, combined with ALS, resulted in greatly prolonged survival of histoincompatible rat skin allografts in comparison with ALS or cytarabine used alone. Depending upon the potency of the ALS, 20% to 65% of the rats tolerated grafts for greater than 100 days despite the fact that treatment was limited to daily nontoxic doses of ALS and cytarabine given for only 10 and 22 days, respectively. With the same finite treatment, significant improvement of graft survival as compared with ALS given alone was achieved in sensitized animals, and in mouse-to-rat skin xenografts (31-day median survival). In the latter two cases, however, no animal permanently retained its graft. The possible mechanisms of the synergism of these two agents were discussed, and it was tentatively concluded that either concomitant suppression of both humoral and cellular responses or total suppression of the cellular response was responsible. Preliminary examination of the grafted animals indicated that graft survival was not due to specific immunologic tolerance to donor antigens and probably not to enhancement. It was tentatively concluded that “adaptation” of the grafts had occurred.
Quantitative Passive Hemagglutination: Adaptation of the Cell Migration Technique to Measurement of Antibodies to Protein
Authors: Johnson Howard M. , Peeler James T.
Published: December 2022

The quantitative passive hemagglutination migration technique has been adapted for the measurement of antibodies to a protein. Egg albumin was coupled to sheep and goat red blood cells by the water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. The procedure is as sensitive as the tube hemagglutination test, but is considerably more quantitative with coefficient of variations less than 10%. The empirical mathematical model that best expressed the system was different from that found to be most appropriate for expression of hemagglutination migrations with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.
Immunosuppressive Effect of the Depletion of Circulating Lymphocytes by Chronic Irradiation of the Rat Spleen
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Hunter Robert L. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: December 2022

The effect of chronic irradiation of the spleen with a 32P polyethylene strip applied to the lateral surface of the spleen on the blood level of circulating small lymphocytes and on the immune response to 2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine γ globulin administered in complete Freund's adjuvant was investigated in the rat. Irradiation restricted to the spleen caused severe lymphopenia and significantly depressed the cellular and humoral immune response to this antigen.
The Nature of the Reaction of Antigen with Lymphocytes from Rabbits Infected with Schistosoma Mansoni on the Release of Histamine from Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Barbaro J. F. , Schoenbechler M. J.
Published: December 2022

The antigen-induced histamine release from rabbit platelets by interaction with leukocytes from rabbits infected with Schistosoma mansoni can be divided experimentally into two distinct steps. The first involves the reaction of lymphocytes with antigen; the second, the interaction of the activated leukocytes with platelets resulting in histamine release from the platelets. The nature of the reaction of antigen with sensitized lymphocytes to produce an activated cell was studied. The effects of time, temperature, divalent cations and viability on the rate and extent of activation suggest a complex sequence of changes in the lymphocyte which results in an activated cell.
Properties of Structurally Restricted Antibody to Type VIII Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Pincus Jack H. , Jaton Jean-Claude , Bloch Kurt J. , Haber Edgar
Published: December 2022

Following three courses of immunization with type VIII pneumococci, the serum of one rabbit showed an unusually marked increase in electrophoretically-restricted γ globulin components consisting of anti-polysaccharide antibodies. Examination of the intact purified antibodies by isoelectric focusing and of the corresponding light chains by disc gel electrophoresis in urea disclosed a less complex banding pattern than was observed with antibody isolated from serum of a rabbit showing a diffuse increase in globulin components after immunization. The serum concentration of the electrophoretically-restricted γ globulin components increased and subsequently decreased after each course of immunization. Histologic examination following the third course showed evidence of an intense immune response; plasma cell tumors were not seen.
Selective Effects of Anti-Macrophage Serum, Silica and Anti-Lymphocyte Serum on Pathogenesis of Herpes Virus Infection of Young Adult Mice
Authors: Zisman B. , Hirsch M. S. , Allison A. C.
Published: December 2022

Weanling mice were treated with relatively specific suppressants of macrophages or lymphocytes and infected intraperitoneally with herpes simplex virus. Ingestion of silica particles or anti-macrophage serum impaired macrophage function and allowed virus to spread to the liver parenchyma with resulting hepatitis and early death. Anti-lymphocytic serum allowed the development of persistent viremia with subsequent spread of virus into the brain and development of fatal meningitis and encephalitis. These results are discussed in relation to the role of macrophage-dependent and lymphocyte-dependent reactions in protection of the host against parenteral virus infections.
Target Cells of Human Ragweed-Binding Antibodies in Monkey Skin
Authors: Hubscher Thomas , Ian Watson J. , Goodfriend Lawrence
Published: December 2022

The present study was designed to obtain evidence concerning the nature of the target cells of human reagins in monkey skin. Rhesus monkey skin biopsies were incubated with ragweed atopic or normal human sera, washed and quick frozen in isopentane or embedded in paraffin. Sections were treated sequentially with ragweed antigen E and fluoresceinated goat anti-antigen E globulin. Sections sensitized with allergic serum showed specific cellular fluorescence in the dermis which was invariably absent from those treated with normal serum. On counter-staining with toluidine blue, the fluorescent cells were identified as metachromatically staining mast cells.
In Vitro Detection of Transplantation Immunity: The Inhibition of Migration of Immune Spleen Cells and Peripheral Blood Leukocytes by Specific Antigen
Authors: Falk R. E. , Collste L. , Möller G.
Published: December 2022

A modified capillary tube migration technique was used with rodent spleen cells and human peripheral blood leukocytes. Such cells were found to migrate in a consistent manner with the appropriate method. When cells were used from animal or human subjects sensitized to histocompatibility antigens and the corresponding lymphoid cells from the sensitizing strain or human donor were added to the culture media, after prior disruption by ultrasound, inhibition of migration was observed. This was consistent, immunologically specific and increased in degree with the state of immunity of the animal.
Transfer with a Plasma Fraction of Delayed Hypersensitivity to PPD in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dupuy J. M. , Kalpaktosoglou P. , Good R. A.
Published: December 2022

Passive transfer of delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative was achieved in normal guinea pigs with a fast migrating electrophoretic plasma fraction. Plasma from Bacillus Calmette Guérin immunized, x-irradiated donors was subjected to electrophoresis on agar blocks. Fractions were injected into different groups of guinea pigs, which were skin tested with 10 µg of PPD 6 days after the last injection. In separate experiments, all guinea pigs injected with fraction I or II (cathodal migration) and with fraction III (nonmigrating) were found to be negative. The transfer of biologic activity was always obtained with the anode-migrating fractions V and VI. These data permit the conclusion that conventional antibodies of beta and gamma mobility do not participate in the transfer. They also indicate that the transfer, in this model, is obtained with a fast migrating factor(s).
Lymphocyte Response in Acute Experimental Renal Failure
Authors: Slavin Raymond G. , Kelly Joseph F. , Garrett John J.
Published: December 2022

The in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation was studied with lymphocytes of normal guinea pigs and of guinea pigs made uremic by bilateral ureteral ligation. In 3 to 4 days the latter animals showed weight loss, increase in serum creatinine, anemia and profound lymphocytopenia. In vitro lymphocyte transformation showed no significant decrease.

The uptake of tritiated thymidine by phytohemagglutinin-stimulated and unstimulated lymphocytes of uremic animals was greater than that of lymphocytes of normal animals. Prolongation of homograft survival in acute uremia cannot be attributed to immunologic incompetence of the peripheral blood lymphocytes as determined by their in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin. The marked decrease in the number of immunologically competent cells may play a role in the prolongation of homograft survival.
Alloantibodies Induced by Weaker Histocompatibility Antigens in Rats
Authors: Thoenes G. H. , White E. , Hildemann W. H.
Published: December 2022

Allografts of skin, kidney or lymphoid tissue between H-1 (Ag-B) compatible Fischer and Lewis rats induced alloantibodies that could be detected with a modified 51Cr cytotoxicity assay. Isogeneic or allogeneic complement was efficient in this assay and allowed for greater sensitivity of the cytotoxicity test by decreasing the nonspecific background release of 51Cr from labeled target cells. The alloantibody detected in this test is presumed to be specific for weaker histocompatibility antigens determined by non-H-1 (Ag-B) alleles. Lewis recipients of long-surviving Fischer kidney allografts had relatively high levels of alloantibody present in their serum as early as 8 days after transplantation; these antibody levels gradually decreased during the 7-month observation period reported here. Especially noteworthy is the production and regular detection of serum alloantibodies induced across a weak histocompatibility barrier reflected in kidney allograft survival times normally exceeding 200 days.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness Following a Single Feeding of Picryl Chloride
Authors: Pomeranz Jerome R.
Published: December 2022

Guinea pigs fed a single large dose of picryl chloride after prior starvation are unresponsive to subsequent immunization with the hapten. The induction of tolerance by the single feeding technique is directly comparable to the state produced by multiple feedings in terms of dose, specificity and degree of resistance to contact and anaphylactic sensitization.
Observations on the Mechanism of Immune Hemolysis: Importance of Immunoglobulin Class and Source of Complement on the Extent of Damage
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Dourmashkin Robert R. , Humphrey John H.
Published: December 2022

Membranes of sheep erythrocytes lysed by rabbit IgM and IgG hemolysins and by human and guinea pig complements were examined with the electron microscope. Cells lysed with guinea pig complement in the presence of rabbit IgG hemolysin, or with human complement in the presence of either IgM or IgG hemolysin, had far more “holes” in their surface than were predicted by the “one-hit” theory of complement action. This was true, however, only under conditions of complement excess. Single “holes” were formed when the complement concentration limited the extent of hemolysis. The results suggest that the multiple “hole” phenomenon occurs at a step in the hemolytic sequence prior to the damage-producing step, and are consistent with the one-hit theory of complement action.
Comments on the Leucocyte Migration Technique As an in Vitro Method for Demonstrating Cellular Hypersensitivity in Man
Authors: Bendixen Gunnar , Søborg Mogens
Published: December 2022

Kaltreider et al. (1) report difficulties encountered with “buffy coat” cells and tuberculin antigen in a capillary tube migration system designed to detect human delayed hypersensitivity. As we and others have been working with in vitro migration of human peripheral leucocytes in a similar system for 3 to 4 years and have consistently obtained significant and reproducible results (2–18) we have studied their communication with great interest.

Our first experiences with tuberculin hypersensitivity in a similar system were also inconclusive (9). One of us (G. B.) examined tuberculin hypersensitivity in 35 patients using purified protein derivative (PPD) as well as delipidated tubercle bacteria (E5) as antigen. There was a remarkable digression of migration indices, varying between pronounced stimulation and inhibition, and insignificantly correlated with the delayed-type intracutaneous response. Later, however, probably due to improved technique, Clausen and Søborg have obtained significant results with PPD as antigen in the leucocyte migration system (17).
Concanavalin A: A Reagent for Sensitization of Erythrocytes with Glycoproteins and Polysaccharides
Authors: Leon M. A. , Young N. M.
Published: December 2022

The jack bean globulin concanavalin A (con A) reacts with a variety of polysaccharides (1, 2) and glycoproteins (3, 4) by virtue of its specificity for sugars with the d-arabinopyranoside configuration at C3, C4 and C6 (5). Con A is divalent at pH 5.0 (6), but since it readily polymerizes at neutral pH (7), aggregates with higher valences may exist in solution. Studies of reactions of con A with sensitized sheep erythrocytes (8) and with lymphocytes (9) showed that substantial amounts of con A could combine with these cells without causing agglutination. A significant fraction of the con A combined with cells might thus have valences free to react with polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The data presented in this paper confirm this hypothesis and show that con A-coated erythrocytes can combine with polysaccharides and glycoproteins containing sugars of appropriate configuration, and that such sensitized cells are useful in hemagglutination assays.
An in Vitro Primary Immune Response to 2, 4, 6-Trinitrophenyl Substituted Erythrocytes: Response against Carrier and Hapten
Authors: Kettman J. , Dutton R. W.
Published: December 2022

We have observed an in vitro response to the trinitrophenyl determinant (TNP) when spleen cell suspensions from unimmunized mice were cultured with the trinitrophenyl group coupled to sheep erythrocytes (TNP-SRBG) as immunogen. The response was measured by a progressive increase in the number of hemolytic plaque-forming cells assayed with TNP coupled to non-cross-reacting burro erythrocytes.
Identification of Two Cell Populations Required for Mouse Immunocompetence
Authors: Brody Thomas
Published: December 2022

Two cell populations participating in the mouse immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) are identified. Cells of one population can attach SRBC by means of surface receptors. These cells are present in bone marrow and spleen. Bone marrow receptor-bearing cells show synergism with thymus in response to SRBC in a cell transfer assay. Cells with receptors for antigen act as the direct cellular precursors of antibody-producing cells. Receptor-bearing cells may be fractionated from hematopoietic colony-forming units. The second cell population required for an immune response to SRBC acts in conjunction with receptor-bearing cells. This population is present in the peripheral lymphoid organs and can be fractionated from the receptor-bearing cells of these organs. This cell population is called the peripheral thymic population because its role in the immune response can be carried out by thymocytes.
The Immune Response of Mice to Serratia Marcescens LPS or Intact Bacteria
Authors: Field Charles , Allen Jerry L. , Friedman Herman
Published: December 2022

Injection of adult mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) somatic antigen, or a heat-killed vaccine of Serratia marcescens resulted in rapid appearance of specific antibody-forming cells in the spleen, as well as other lymphoid tissues such as the mesenteric nodes and the thymus. Either immunogen in a dose of 50 µg resulted in a maximum cellular antibody response 3 to 5 days later; higher or lower doses resulted in a lesser response. Injection of 500 or 750 µg antigen gave the least response. In mice injected with the high doses of antigen, there was no compensatory increase in the number of antibody-forming cells in lymphoid organs other than the spleen. Regardless of antigen dose used or the time period after immunization antiglobulin facilitation yielded no evidence for additional plaque-forming cells. All concentrations of antigen gave a rapid increase in hemagglutinin and bacterial agglutinin titers, the vaccine giving the highest titers. Mice injected with 500 or 750 µg of either form of antigen had lower serum titers. Mice given the higher doses of either LPS or vaccine displayed a marked increase in the number of nonspecific antibody-forming cells to sheep erythrocytes. These results are viewed as evidence for development of immunologic tolerance to large doses of Serratia antigens, either vaccine or LPS. The toxicity of the antigenic preparations did not appear to be involved in the immunodepression. Both the antigenic state and dose markedly influenced the number of antibody-forming cells appearing after immunization.
The Relationship Between Antibody Affinity and the Efficiency of Complement Fixation
Authors: Fauci Anthony S. , Frank Michael M. , Johnson John S.
Published: December 2022

The efficiency of complement fixation by antigen-antibody complexes is shown for the first time to be directly related to the affinity of IgG antibody for its antigenic determinant. Decreased complement fixation by IgG antibody at 37°C is independent of antibody affinity. The biologic activity of the complexes in terms of complement fixation parallels their activity in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. The implications of these observations with respect to the mechanisms of complement fixation by immune complexes formed with IgG antibody are discussed.
Half-Lives, Body Distribution and Lack of Interconversion of Serum 19S and 7S IgM of Sharks
Authors: Small Parker A. , Klapper David G. , Clem L. William
Published: December 2022

Passive administration of radiolabeled purified proteins derived from nurse and lemon shark serum to the homologous species revealed that the serum 7S IgM is neither a precursor nor a degradation product of the 19S IgM. The studies also showed that the 19S IgM is predominantly intravascular, as is the IgM of higher vertebrates, whereas the 7S IgM is distributed both extracellularly and intravascularly, as is the IgG in higher species. The half-lives of the 7S and 19S IgM depend on the species of shark, but the half-life of 19S IgM is comparable to that of man. In order to maintain the relatively high serum concentrations of 7S and 19S IgM in the shark, the rate of synthesis of both of these molecules exceeds that of higher vertebrates and totals 100 to 150 mg/kg/day.
Tonsillar Tissue Implants in Neonatally Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Hall Harrison Bettina
Published: December 2022

Palatine tonsils from 28- and 29-day fetal rabbits, and from 1-day-old rabbits were implanted into the abdominal cavities of 1-day-old mice thymectomized at birth. After 4 or 6 weeks the spleens of these mice showed restoration of follicular organization and repopulation by lymphocytes of thymus-dependent and perifollicular areas, as compared with thymectomized, non-implanted controls. These results clearly indicate functional similarities between palatine tonsillar tissue and thymic tissue.
Transformation of Mouse Lymphocytes to Allogeneic Lymphocytes and Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Mangi Richard J. , Mardiney Michael R.
Published: December 2022

The inbred laboratory mouse may offer the best opportunity to investigate the sensitivity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Although previous investigators have reported transformation of mouse cells, they have not delineated the entire time sequence of the reaction. We have separated mouse lymphocytes from spleen by centrifugation and have successfully incubated them in 20% mule serum for up to 9 days. The one-way and the two-way MLR exhibited peak activity at 5 to 6 days. The response to phytohemagglutinin was maximal on the 3rd to 4th day. Histocompatibility differences at the H-2 locus were detected by both the one-way and the two-way MLR, whereas differences at non-H-2 loci were consistently detected by only the two-way MLR. There was significantly increased activity in the parent vs F1 one-way irradiated MLR, but not in the F1 vs parent irradiated.
Genetic Control of the Antibody Response to Simple Haptens in Congenic Strains of Mice
Authors: Rathbun W. E. , Hildemann W. H.
Published: December 2022

The antibody response to the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl hapten (TNP) conjugated to mouse serum albumin (MSA) was found to be substantially regulated by products of alleles of the H-2 locus. Mice from each of five strains representing congenic pairs differing at the H-2 and H-3 loci and their F1 and F2 progenies were tested. These mice were immunized with a variety of haptens coupled to MSA and their antibody responses were determined after individual serial bleedings by a sensitive test for antigen-binding capacity. The A/Jax and B10.A (H-2a) strains regularly showed a low antibody response whereas their congenic partners, A.BY and C57BL/10 (H-2b) gave a markedly higher response to TNP at all times tested. F1 hybrid progeny gave a low response similar to the H-2a parent strain. The antibody responses of F2 mice were consistent with the segregation of the histocompatability alleles as determined by skin transplants. These results support the hypothesis that low antibody responsiveness to the TNP hapten is determined by the H-2a allele as a dominant trait, whereas homozygosity for the H-2b allele leads to high responsiveness even on diverse strain backgrounds.
Immunochemical Analysis of a Uronic Acid Polymer of Staphylococcus Epidermidis, Strain 53
Authors: McDonald Hugh C. , Karakawa Walter W.
Published: December 2022

An acidic polysaccharide was isolated from the culture filtrate of a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis by a combination of cetavlon precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration. Chemical analyses of the acidic polysaccharide indicate that it is an equimolar polymer of d-glucuronic acid and glucosamine. Immunologic studies revealed that the material is antigenic, but hapten-inhibition studies did not disclose any structural features of the antigenic determinants.
Characteristics of the Serum Vibriocidal and Agglutinating Antibodies in Cholera Cases and in Normal Residents of the Endemic and Non-Endemic Cholera Areas
Authors: Ahmed Ansaruddin , Bhattacharjee A. K. , Mosley Wiley H.
Published: December 2022

Vibriocidal and agglutinating antibodies in sera from acute cholera cases, normal residents of endemic and non-endemic cholera areas and maternal and cord blood were characterized by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) sensitivity and density gradient fractionation. In acute cholera there was a rapid and parallel rise in whole serum and 2-ME-resistant vibriocidal and agglutinating antibodies, peaking in 7 to 10 days, and then a parallel fall in titers in whole serum and 2-ME-resistant antibodies. Density gradient studies confirmed this pattern, demonstrating the rise and fall of vibriocidal and agglutinating titers in both the IgM and IgG-IgA fractions. The apparent independence of the vibriocidal and agglutinating activity in the IgG-IgA fractions suggested that IgA as well as IgG might be contributing to the agglutinating titers. The presence of vibriocidal and agglutinating titers on admission in many adult cholera cases, coupled with a rapid rise in IgG antibody, indicates that this is a secondary response in individuals already primed by natural infection or cholera vaccine. Most residents of the endemic cholera area (East Pakistan) had high vibriocidal and agglutinating titers with activity in both IgM and IgG, in contrast to sera from residents of non-endemic areas (U. S. A. and Czechoslovakia) who had non-detectable or low titers with vibriocidal activity in most cases exclusively in IgM. Transplacental transfer of IgG vibriocidal antibody was demonstrated.
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: Liakopoulou Athanasia , MacPherson Catherine F. C.
Published: December 2022

The major species-restricted antigen of rat nervous tissue (SRANT) exists in saline extracts of rat brain in two molecular forms that have the electrophoretic mobilities of an α1 globulin and an albumin. The more acidic form of the protein predominates. This was obtained free from admixture with other brain proteins and serum proteins by the following steps: a) ammonium sulfate fractionation, b) preparative electrophoresis in starch gel, c) removal of rat serum albumin by specific precipitation, and d) preparative electrophoresis in 9% polyacrylamide gel. Although SRANT is electrophoretically heterogeneous it appears to be homogeneous in size and to have a molecular weight of about 70,000. SRANT was found in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of adult rats. After the 1st week of life it becomes one of the major antigens of the soluble fraction of rat brain.
Reaction of Serum from Pregnant Hamsters with Surface of Cells Transformed by SV40
Authors: Duff Ronald , Rapp Fred
Published: December 2022

Human adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract contain common “tumor-specific” antigens (1). These antigens have also been found to cross-react with antigens found in embryonic and fetal tissue but not with normal tissue (2). Sera from pregnant women appear to contain antibodies directed against these antigens (Gold, personal communication). Hamster cells which have been transformed by simian virus 40 (SV40) have a surface (S) antigen which has been found to be specific for cells transformed by the virus (3). This report describes observations that suggest that the surface antigen on SV40-transformed Syrian hamster cells may be immunologically related to an antigen found during embryonic development.

Materials and Methods. Immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of SV40 S antigen have been previously described (3, 4). Antisera reacting specifically with the S antigen were prepared by two methods. In the first method weanling hamsters (Con Olsen) were injected with 106 SV40-transformed marmoset monkey cells at weekly intervals for 4 weeks.
Reciprocal Neutralizing Cross-Reaction between Rhinovirus Types 9 and 32
Authors: Cooney Marion K. , Kenny George E.
Published: December 2022

Rhinoviruses are a large group of small, acid-labile RNA viruses which presently are classified in 55 serotypes and one subtype (1). Some 30 additional types are being considered for admission as new serotypes.

Rabbit antisera to 25 rhinovirus types produced in our laboratories (2) were tested for neutralization against 30 to 300 tissue culture infectious doses (TCD50) of the corresponding 24 heterologous rhinovirus types in HeLa cell tubes. Details of the method have been described elsewhere (2). Antisera were tested at a 1:20 dilution, which represented an antibody concentration of 50 to 500 times the 50% neutralization endpoint for the homologous virus. The rhinovirus serotypes tested are listed in Table I. Reciprocal neutralization was shown between rhinovirus types 9 and 32, and four possible one-way cross-reactions (not involving types 9 or 32) were seen. but are not shown in the table since they have not been verified to date.
Frequency of Single Spleen Cells from Hyperimmune Rabbits Producing Antibody of Two Different Specificities
Authors: Benjamin David C. , Weigle William O.
Published: December 2022

Spleen cells from rabbits hyperimmune to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were assayed for their ability to produce hemolytically inefficient (7S) antibodies of two specificities by the hemolytic plaque assay. When assayed against a mixture of rabbit red cells conjugated with either of two cyanogen bromide fragments of BSA, only 1 of 37,568 antibody-producing cells could have been a double producer, suggesting that a given single cell can produce antibody of only a single specificity. These results were discussed in the light of previous studies with single cells and in relation to the two main theories of the origin of antibody diversity.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Insulin and Its Component Polypeptide Chains
Authors: Clark Connie , Munoz J.
Published: December 2022

Bovine insulin produces a state of pure delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs from the 7th to the 13th days after sensitization with 10 µg of insulin in Freund's complete adjuvant. A delayed response in insulin-sensitized animals was readily elicited with insulin and with the isolated B-chain of insulin, while the A-chain, at equivalent doses, elicited only marginal reactions. Desensitization experiments wherein guinea pigs were immunized with insulin, B-chain or A-chain showed that each of these molecules contains determinants capable of inducing and eliciting a delayed response, and that at least one locus on the isolated B-chain produces delayed reactivity which can be elicited with the intact insulin molecule. Guinea pig anti-insulin serum was not reactive with isolated A- or B-chain. The use of insulin as a model protein for analysis of the relative contribution of stereochemical configuration in producing the immediate as opposed to the delayed immune response is discussed.
The Effect of Cyclophosphamide on the Ontogeny of the Humoral Immune Response in Chickens
Authors: Lerman S. P. , Weidanz W. P.
Published: December 2022

Antibody formation and immunoglobulin synthesis were severely depressed in adolescent chickens treated daily with the alkylating agent, cyclophosphamide (Cy), for the first 3 days of extraembryonic life. Most birds failed to produce significant levels of antibodies to three test antigens injected at 7 and 11 weeks of age. Moreover, IgM and IgG levels in the sera of 5 out of 13 Cy-treated birds were less than 0.5% of the immunoglobulin levels found in untreated birds of the same age. The selective nature of Cy suppression on the ontogeny of the humoral immune response was evidenced by the intact graft-vs-host reactivity of peripheral blood cells derived from Cy-treated birds.
Neuraminidase- and Hemagglutinin-Inhibiting Antibodies in Serum and Nasal Secretions of Volunteers Immunized with Attenuated and Inactivated Influenza B/Eng/13/65 Virus Vaccines
Authors: Downie Jean C.
Published: December 2022

The antibody response to virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in serum and nasal secretions was studied in 19 volunteers immunized with attenuated or inactivated influenza B/Eng/13/65 virus vaccines. The live attenuated virus given intranasally produced high titers of neuraminidase- and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibodies in nasal secretions and moderate titers in serum. High titers of hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody were also present in nasal secretions and serum after subcutaneous immunization with inactivated influenza virus. However, the inactivated virus was found to produce little or no neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in nasal secretion despite high titers of this antibody in the serum. Absorption studies indicated that the neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in nasal secretion was associated with the IgA class of immunoglobin. These observations indicate that the intranasal administration of live virus was a better route for the stimulation of neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody in nasal secretion than a single subcutaneous dose of inactivated virus.