bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Fatigability in Mobility‐Intact Older Adults
Authors: Simonsick Eleanor M. , Schrack Jennifer A. , Glynn Nancy W. , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the criterion validity of two measures of fatigability, defined as performance deterioration or perceived effort to perform a standardized task.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA).

Setting

National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Clinical Research Unit, Baltimore, Maryland.

Participants

Six hundred five men (53.7%) and women aged 65 to 97 participating in the BLSA and eligible for endurance walk testing without a walking aid.

Measurements

Fatigability was assessed using completion status and lap times from a 400‐m walk performed “as quickly as possible” and perceived exertion rating using the Borg scale (range 6–20) after 5 minutes of treadmill walking at 1.5 miles per hour (0.67 m/s). Criterion measures included self‐report of tiredness, level of weakness and energy in past month, and walking ability and objective measures of usual and fast gait speed, time to complete 10 chair stands, and grip strength. Covariates included age, race, sex, obesity, smoking status, and walking activity.

Results

Of mobility‐intact older persons, 23% exhibited performance deterioration (slowed or stopped) during the 400‐m walk, and one‐third reported more than very light exertion after a 5‐minute slow walk. Slowing was strongly associated with self‐reported fatigue and walking ability but weakly associated with performance‐based mobility measures. High perceived exertion was associated with tiredness, weakness, and reported and observed mobility deficits.

Conclusion

Slowing down may have low sensitivity for identifying fatigability in older persons, but ascertaining perceived exertion during a defined workload shows promise. In seemingly healthy, motivated individuals, fatigue and fatigability were common and may affect socially meaningful mobility behaviors. Assessment of fatigability in well‐elderly examinations may help identify threats to independent functioning earlier in the decline process.
Two epistemological paradigms of self‐management intervention for older adults with osteoarthritis
Authors: Shin So Young
Published: January 2014

Aim

Two epistemological perspectives, empiricism and interpretivism, are of significance to understanding experiences of older adults in managing their symptoms and the effectiveness of self‐management interventions as one of the most important osteoarthritis therapies. The purpose of this paper is to identify how two philosophical paradigms contribute to the studies of self‐management interventions for older adults with osteoarthritis.

Methods

A brief overview of philosophical tenets of empiricism and interpretivism with the author's own perspectives on this epistemological issue is presented.

Results

Each philosophical paradigm has its own appropriateness to answer specific research questions. The acceptance of multiple paradigms allows researchers to have diverse world views, utilize creativity, enhance understandings and interpretations of the meanings in different situations, identify relationships, and develop theories.

Conclusion

Rather than ascendancy of one paradigm over the other, the combination of paradigms may be more helpful to comprehensively understand the phenomena of osteoarthritis self‐management and its efficacy.
Influence of Substructure Design and Occlusal Reduction on the Stress Distribution in Metal Ceramic Complete Crowns: 3D Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Motta Andréa Barreira , Pereira Luiz Carlos , Duda Fernando Pereira , Anusavice Kenneth J.
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Occlusal reduction is considered a fundamental step for providing adequate and uniform space for the ceramic prosthesis; however, a flat occlusal surface is usually found. The prosthesis design influences the resistance to deformation and the stress state within the ceramic. This finite element (FE) study analyzes the influence of changing the substructure design on the stress distribution of a metal‐ceramic crown in a premolar tooth with three types of occlusal reduction.

Materials and Methods

Each part of three‐dimensional metal ceramic complete crown models was designed according to the space provided by different levels of occlusal reduction and the same external morphology of the tooth. Three models were designed: (1) correct occlusal reduction with a uniform thickness of the substructure (0.3 mm) and the veneering porcelain (1.5 mm); (2) flat occlusal reduction with different thicknesses of veneering porcelain to produce a uniform substructure; and (3) a flat occlusal reduction with different thicknesses of substructure for a uniform thickness of veneering porcelain.

Results

Stress distributions were very similar in the three models. The highest tensile stresses were concentrated immediately below the midline fissure in both the veneering porcelain and the metal alloy substructure. Although models with flat occlusal reduction had lower stress values, this preparation results from a reduction that removes a greater amount of sound tissue, which may increase the probability of dental pulp injury.

Conclusions

Occlusal reduction must be anatomic; however, when a flat occlusal reduction already exists, the substructure must reproduce the correct anatomic form to allow a uniform thickness of the veneering porcelain.
Effect of Different Chemical Disinfectants on Color Stability of Acrylic Denture Teeth
Authors: Piskin Bulent , Sipahi Cumhur , Akin Hakan
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical disinfectants on the color stability of acrylic denture teeth (ADT) via spectrophotometric analysis.

Materials and Methods

A total of 120 central ADT specimens were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups and immersed in the following solutions (n = 15). Tap water/control group (CON), neutral soap (NTS), 2% sodium hypochlorite (SHC1), 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (SHC2), sodium perborate (SPB), povidone‐iodine (PVI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and glutaraldehyde (GTA). Color measurements of teeth were performed by spectrophotometry after 10, 30, 48, 72, 144, and 960 immersion cycles in each tested solution. Color differences (ΔE*) were then evaluated using the Commission Internationale D'Eclairage (CIE) L*a* b* color system. Furthermore, Kruskal‐Wallis, Mann‐Whitney U, and Friedman comparison tests (α = 0.05) were performed on all data.

Results

There were significant differences in ΔE* values (p < 0.05) among the eight experimental groups. In addition, the highest ∆E* values were obtained in group SHC2, followed, respectively, by the SHC1, CHG, SPB, PVI, NTS, and CON groups.

Conclusion

All the chemical disinfectants used in the study affected the color values of ADTs. Furthermore, ΔE* values increased along with the number of immersion cycles and total immersion time.
Treatment Strategies for Missing Maxillary Central Incisor—An Orthodontist's Perspective
Authors: Gautam Rajaganesh , Nene Purvaja , Mehta Kunal , Nene Salil , Hegde Ashwith , Jaju Rajbala
Published: January 2014

The loss of maxillary central incisors at an early age has psychological, esthetic, and functional implications. Multiple treatment options are available for replacing missing central incisors. The management demands a multidisciplinary approach involving the orthodontist, prosthodontist, and periodontist. Treatment planning requires consideration of a variety of clinical and nonclinical factors. This clinical report attempts to demonstrate different strategies for the management of unilaterally and bilaterally missing central incisors.
Evidence for natural hybridization betweenPrimula beesianaandP. bulleyana, two heterostylous primroses in NW Yunnan, China
Authors: MA Yong‐Peng , TIAN Xiao‐Ling , ZHANG Jing‐Li , WU Zhi‐Kun , SUN Wei‐Bang
Published: January 2014

Natural hybridization was assumed to play an essential role for the diversification ofPrimula; however, only one study of hybridization in the region of the Himalayas has been undertaken. In the present study, we examined another natural hybrid zone where morphologically putative hybrids as well asP. beesianaForrest,P. bulleyanaForrest, andP. poissoniiFranch. co‐occurred. We used molecular data to confirm the parental species of putative hybrids and the unidirectional hybridization pattern betweenP. beesianaandP. bulleyana. Moreover, with reference to synthetic F1s, most hybrids examined are possibly advanced generations, although the possibility of F1hybrids currently examined could not be completely excluded. In addition, pollinator observations on experimental arrays of transplanted parental species showed interspecific pollen flows during visitations of shared pollinators, indicating an incomplete pre‐zygotic barrier betweenP. beesianaandP. bulleyana. Seed productions from both flower morphs of putative hybrids were significantly lower than parental species, suggesting lower reproductive success in these hybrids. Combined with the evidence of recent habitat disturbance in the study area, we might witness the early process of hybridization betweenP. beesianaandP. bulleyana.
EUCAST Technical Note on Candida and micafungin, anidulafungin and fluconazole
Authors: Cavling Arendrup Maiken , Cuenca‐Estrella Manuel , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia , Hope William W. ,   The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST‐AFST)
Published: January 2014

The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing has determined breakpoints for micafungin and revised breakpoints for anidulafungin and fluconazole for Candida spp. This Technical Note is based on the corresponding rationale documents (http://www.eucast.org). The micafungin breakpoints are based on PK data, animal PK/PD data, microbiological data and clinical experience. The anidulafungin breakpoints for C. parapsilosis and fluconazole breakpoints for C. glabrata have been modified to species‐specific values that categorise the wild‐type as intermediate to accommodate use of these compounds in some clinical situations.
Genetic determinism of phenological traits highly affected by climate change in Prunus avium: flowering date dissected into chilling and heat requirements
Authors: Castède Sophie , Campoy José Antonio , García José Quero , Le Dantec Loïck , Lafargue Maria , Barreneche Teresa , Wenden Bénédicte , Dirlewanger Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

The present study investigated the genetic determinism of flowering date (FD), dissected into chilling (CR) and heat (HR) requirements. Elucidation of the genetic determinism of flowering traits is crucial to anticipate the increasing of ecological misalignment of adaptative traits with novel climate conditions in most temperate‐fruit species.

CR and HR were evaluated over 3 yr and FD over 5 yr in an intraspecific sweet cherry (Prunus avium) F1 progeny, and FD over 6 yr in a different F1 progeny.

One quantitative trait locus (QTL) with major effect and high stability between years of evaluation was detected for CR and FD in the same region of linkage group (LG) 4. For HR, no stable QTL was detected. Candidate genes underlying the major QTL on LG4 were investigated and key genes were identified for CR and FD.

Phenotypic dissection of FD and year repetitions allowed us to identify CR as the high heritable component of FD and a high genotype × environment interaction for HR. QTLs for CR reported in this study are the first described in this species. Our results provide a foundation for the identification of genes involved in CR and FD in sweet cherry which could be used to develop ideotypes adapted to future climatic conditions.
Quantifying the timescales over which exogenous and endogenous conditions affect soil respiration
Authors: Barron‐Gafford Greg A. , Cable Jessica M. , Bentley Lisa Patrick , Scott Russell L. , Huxman Travis E. , Jenerette G. Darrel , Ogle Kiona
Published: January 2014

Understanding how exogenous and endogenous factors and above‐ground–below‐ground linkages modulate carbon dynamics is difficult because of the influences of antecedent conditions. For example, there are variable lags between above‐ground assimilation and below‐ground efflux, and the duration of antecedent periods are often arbitrarily assigned. Nonetheless, developing models linking above‐ and below‐ground processes is crucial for estimating current and future carbon dynamics.

We collected data on leaf‐level photosynthesis (Asat) and soil respiration (Rsoil) in different microhabitats (under shrubs vs under bunchgrasses) in the Sonoran Desert. We evaluated timescales over which endogenous and exogenous factors control Rsoil by analyzing data in the context of a semimechanistic temperature–response model of Rsoil that incorporated effects of antecedent exogenous (soil water) and endogenous (Asat) conditions.

For both microhabitats, antecedent soil water and Asat significantly affected Rsoil, but Rsoil under shrubs was more sensitive to Asat than that under bunchgrasses. Photosynthetic rates 1 and 3 d before the Rsoil measurement were most important in determining current‐day Rsoil under bunchgrasses and shrubs, respectively, indicating a significant lag effect.

Endogenous and exogenous controls are critical drivers of Rsoil, but the relative importance and the timescale over which each factor affects Rsoil depends on above‐ground vegetation and ecosystem structure characteristics.
Nasolabial appearance after two palatoplasty types in cleft lip and palate
Authors: Brudnicki A. , Bronkhorst E. M. , Nada R. , Dudkiewicz Z. , Kaminek M. , Katsaros C. , Fudalej P. S.
Published: January 2014

Structured Abstract

Background

Facial appearance is important for normal psychosocial development in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP). There is conflicting evidence on how deficient maxillary growth may affect nasolabial esthetics.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated nasolabial appearance in two groups, the Langenback (35 children; mean age 11.1 years; range: 7.9–13.6) and Vomerplasty (58 children; mean age 10.8 years; range: 7.8–14), who received unilateral CLP surgery by the same surgeon. The hard palate repair technique differed between the two groups. In the Langenback group, palatal bone on the non‐cleft side only was left denuded, inducing scar formation and inhibiting maxillary growth. In the Vomerplasty group, a vomerplasty with tight closure of the soft tissues on the palate was applied. Thirteen lay judges rated nasolabial esthetics on photographs using a modified Asher‐McDade's index.

Results

Nasolabial esthetics in both groups was comparable (p > 0.1 for each nasolabial component). Inferior view was judged as the least esthetic component and demonstrated mean scores 3.18 (SD = 0.63) and 3.13 (SD = 0.47) in the Langenback and Vomerplasty groups, respectively. Mean scores for other components were from 2.52 (SD = 0.63) to 2.81 (SD = 0.62). Regression analysis showed that vomerplasty is related with slight improvement in the nasal profile only (coefficient B = −0.287; p = 0.043; R2 = 0.096).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the use of vomerplasty instead of the Langenbeck technique is weakly associated with the nasolabial appearance among pre‐adolescent patients with UCLP.
Local rhamnosoft, ceramides and L‐isoleucine in atopic eczema: a randomized, placebo controlled trial
Authors: Marseglia Alessia , Licari Amelia , Agostinis Fabio , Barcella Antonio , Bonamonte Domenico , Puviani Mario , Milani Massimo , Marseglia GianLuigi
Published: January 2014

Background

A non‐steroidal, anti‐inflammatory moisturizing cream containing rhamnosoft, ceramides, and L‐isoleucine (ILE) (pro‐AMP cream) has been recently developed for the specific treatment of atopic eczema (AE) of the face. In this trial, we evaluated the clinical efficacy and tolerability of pro‐AMP cream in the treatment of facial AE in children in comparison with an emollient cream.

Methods

In a randomized, prospective, assessor‐blinded, parallel groups (2:1) controlled trial, 107 children (72 allocated to pro‐AMP cream and 35 allocated to control group) with mild‐to‐moderate chronic AE of the face were enrolled. Treatments were applied twice daily for a 6‐week period. Facial Eczema Severity Score (ESS) was evaluated at baseline, week 3, and week 6, by an assessor unaware of treatment allocation. Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) score was assessed at week 3 and at week 6. Tolerability was evaluated at week 3 and at week 6 using a 4‐point score (from 0: low tolerability to 3: very good tolerability).

Results

At baseline ESS, mean (SD) was 6.1 (2.4) in the pro‐AMP cream group and 5.3 (3) in the control group. In the pro‐AMP group, in comparison with baseline, ESS was significantly reduced to 2.5 (−59%) after 3 wks and to 1.0 (−84%) at week 6 (p = 0.0001). In the control group, ESS was reduced to 3 (−42%) at week 2 and to 2.6 (−50%) at week 6. At week 6, ESS in pro‐AMP cream was significantly lower than the control group (1.0 vs. 2.6; p = 0.001). Both products were well tolerated.

Conclusion

Pro‐AMP cream has shown to be effective in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate chronic lesion of AE of the face. Clinical efficacy was greater in comparison with an emollient cream. (Clinical trial Registry: NTR4084).
Improvements in patient blood management for pediatric craniosynostosis surgery using a ROTEM®‐assisted strategy – feasibility and costs
Authors: Haas Thorsten , Goobie Susan , Spielmann Nelly , Weiss Markus , Schmugge Markus
Published: January 2014

Background

Moderate to severe intraoperative bleeding and the presence of acquired coagulopathy remain serious problems in the management of major pediatric craniosynostosis surgery. After implementation of a ROTEM®‐assisted patient blood management (PBM) strategy, using primarily purified coagulation factor concentrates, feasibility and costs of this new regimen were analyzed.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of all consecutive children who underwent primary elective major craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis repair was carried out at the Children's University Hospital, Zurich, between 2007 and 2013. Laboratory workup and transfusion requirements were compared.

Results

A total of 47 children (36 in the historic group and 11 after implementation of PBM) were analyzed. Although all patients in this study needed transfusion of red blood cell concentrates, there was a total avoidance of perioperative transfusion of fresh frozen plasma and a reduction in transfused platelets (one of nine children vs nine of 36 children in the historic group) after implementation of the PBM strategy. Based on a predefined ROTEM® threshold in the PBM group (FibTEM MCF <8 mm), administration of fibrinogen concentrate was necessary in all of these children. The mean total costs per patient consisting of transfused allogeneic blood products and coagulation factor concentrates were reduced by 17.1% after implementation of PBM (1071.82 EUR per patient before vs 888.93 EUR after implementation).

Conclusions

The implementation of a ROTEM®‐assisted PBM is feasible and is associated with a considerable reduction in intraoperative transfusion requirements and thereby a decrease in transfusion‐related direct costs.
The effects of dexmedetomidine on early stage renal functions in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac angiography using non‐ionic contrast media: a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bayram Adnan , Ülgey Ayşe , Baykan Ali , Narin Nazmi , Narin Figen , Esmaoglu Aliye , Boyaci Adem
Published: January 2014

Background

In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on early stage renal function in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac angiography.

Methods

60 pediatric patients between 6 and 72 months of age undergoing cardiac angiography were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups. The patients in both groups were administered 1 mg·kg−1 ketamine, 1 mg·kg−1 propofol as bolus and followed by 1 mg·kg−1·h−1 ketamine and 50 μg·kg−1·min−1 propofol infusion. Additionally, a loading dose of 1 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine given over 10 min followed by 0.5 μg·kg−1·h−1 dexmedetomidine infusion to patients in group D. The patients were evaluated for NGAL, creatinine, renin, endothelin‐1, TAS and TOS blood levels before the procedure and 6th and 24th h after the procedure. pRIFLE criteria were used to define CIN and its incidence in the study.

Results

According to pRIFLE criteria contrast‐induced acute kidney injury developed in 3 (10%) of the patients in group D and 11 (36.7%) of the patients in group C (P = 0.029, risk ratio = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.084–0.88). In patients who developed CIN, Endothelin‐1 levels in groups C and D were significantly higher than baseline levels at 6th, 24th and 6th h, respectively. Renin levels were significantly increased at 6th and 24 th h in patients with CIN in both groups.

Conclusions

Dexmedetomidine may be beneficial in protecting against contrast‐induced nephropathy during pediatric angiography by preventing the elevation of vasoconstrictor agents such as plasma endothelin‐1 and renin.
A step towards understanding plant responses to multiple environmental stresses: a genome‐wide study
Authors: SEWELAM NASSER , OSHIMA YOSHIMI , MITSUDA NOBUTAKA , OHME‐TAKAGI MASARU
Published: January 2014

In natural habitats, especially in arid areas, plants are often simultaneously exposed to multiple abiotic stresses, such as salt, osmotic and heat stresses. However, most analyses of gene expression in stress responses examine individual stresses. In this report, we compare gene expression in individual and combined stresses. We show that combined stress treatments with salt, mannitol and heat induce a unique pattern of gene expression that is not a simple merge of the individual stress responses. Under multiple stress conditions, expression of most heat and salt stress‐responsive genes increased to levels similar to or higher than those measured in single stress conditions, but osmotic stress‐responsive genes increased to lower levels. Genes up‐regulated to higher levels under multiple stress condition than single stress conditions include genes for heat shock proteins, heat shock regulators and late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEAs), which protect other proteins from damage caused by stresses, suggesting their importance in multiple stress condition. Based on this analysis, we identify candidate genes for engineering crop plants tolerant to multiple stresses.
Functional polymorphism (C‐824T) of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene affects IQ in schizophrenia
Authors: Horiguchi Mieko , Ohi Kazutaka , Hashimoto Ryota , Hao Qinyu , Yasuda Yuka , Yamamori Hidenaga , Fujimoto Michiko , Umeda‐Yano Satomi , Takeda Masatoshi , Ichinose Hiroshi
Published: January 2014

Aims

Progressive cognitive decline has been an important issue in the treatment and care of patients with schizophrenia. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate‐limiting enzyme for the biosynthesis of catecholamine, including dopamine and noradrenaline. In this report, we examined a possible association of a genetic variant in the TH promoter region.

Methods

Association of a genetic variant in the TH promoter region, C‐824T (rs10770141), with intellectual ability in 132 patients with schizophrenia and 282 healthy subjects was examined. The transcriptional activity of the plasmids harboring the TH promoter region with either C or T nucleotide at −824 was assayed using a luciferase gene as a reporter.

Results

We found significant effects of the genotype on the full‐scale IQ, verbal IQ, and performance IQ, in patients with schizophrenia. IQ was lower in individuals with the C/C genotype than those with T carriers. The plasmid with the T allele at −824 showed higher transcriptional activity than that with the C allele in a transient transfection experiment using a luciferase gene as a reporter, implying that the T carriers may have higher TH activities and retain higher levels of catecholamines in the brain.

Conclusions

The present data suggest that the biosynthesis of catecholamine by the action of TH should be deeply involved in decreased intellectual ability in patients with schizophrenia. This is the first report, as far as we know, showing a correlation between TH expression and IQ in humans.
Variant cardiovascular regulation in children with postural tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Yoshida Seiji , Tanaka Hidetaka , Nakao Ryota , Okamoto Naoyuki , Kajiura Mitsugu , Kanbara Yukiko , Azuma Sahoko , Tamai Hiroshi
Published: January 2014

Background

Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) manifests as marked tachycardia while standing. We noticed two forms of circulatory response to orthostatic stress in POTS. We investigated cardiovascular and autonomic nervous response to orthostatic stress in the two forms.

Methods

We studied 79 patients with POTS and 38 healthy control subjects (Ct). Beat‐to‐beat blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were non‐invasively and continuously measured in the supine and standing positions. Autonomic nervous function was evaluated on power spectral analysis of HR variability and diastolic BP variability. We divided the subjects into two groups: standing‐induced tachycardia (SI group; increase in HR ≥35 beats/min) and supine tachycardia (Su group; standing HR ≥115 beats/min with standing‐induced HR increase <35 beats/min).

Results

The Su group had higher supine BP and HR compared with the other groups, indicating dominant sympathetic control of the heart in the supine position. While rising, the SI group had a higher increase in HR than the Ct group, indicating excessive withdrawal of vagal tone. The Su group had a smaller increase in HR and a greater decrease of systolic BP and cardiac index by standing compared with the SI group. These results suggest that compensatory mechanisms of sympathetic function during standing failed in the Su group, probably because of exhaustion by the nearly maximum effort to generate sympathetic drive even in the supine position with low central blood volume.

Conclusion

There is a difference between the two types of POTS, in the balance of resting autonomic function and hemodynamic response to standing.
Serological assessment of measles–rubella vaccination catch‐up campaign among university students
Authors: Takeuchi Jiro , Goto Masashi , Kawamura Takashi , Hiraide Atsushi
Published: January 2014

Background

In Japan, 5000–300 000 persons contracted measles every year until 2001. The measles/rubella‐combined (MR) vaccination at age 17–18 years (phase 4 MR vaccination: MR‐IV) was launched in 2008 in Japan as a measles–rubella catch‐up campaign. A serological assessment of this campaign has not been thoroughly performed.

Methods

Titers of anti‐measles and anti‐rubella immunoglobulin G antibodies, and past medical history including measles and rubella vaccination and infection were obtained from first‐year university students in 2008 and 2009, and the immune status against measles and rubella was compared between students at the target MR‐IV age (the target age group) and those 1 year older than the target age (non‐target age group).

Results

A total of 186 students were in the target age group and 146 were in the non‐target age group. The proportion of students with a history of measles and rubella infection was not significantly different between the two groups (8.8% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.41 and 11.0% vs. 9.9%, P = 0.75, respectively). A history of two or more measles and rubella vaccinations was significantly more frequent in the target age group (85.2% and 54.9%, respectively) than in the non‐target age group (20.8% and 13.2%, respectively; both P < 0.001). Prevalence of seropositivity for measles and for rubella was also higher in the target age group (98.9% and 97.8%, respectively) than in the non‐target age group (91.0% and 87.5%, respectively; both P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The MR‐IV catch‐up campaign helped achieve herd immunity and will contribute to the elimination of measles and rubella.
Cyclosporine for acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion
Authors: Watanabe Yoshihiro , Motoi Hirotaka , Oyama Yoshitaka , Ichikawa Kazushi , Takeshita Saoko , Mori Masaaki , Nezu Atsuo , Yokota Shumpei
Published: January 2014

Background

Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most common syndrome among the acute encephalopathies, and is associated with a high incidence of neurologic sequelae. This study examined the efficacy of cyclosporine (CsA) for the treatment of AESD.

Methods

Fourteen children with AESD were recruited and categorized as group A (not receiving CsA) and group B (receiving CsA). Clinical course, laboratory data, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and outcome were analyzed retrospectively. We divided the patients into three types according to the distribution of abnormalities on MRI: frontal lobe predominant type, unilateral cerebral hemisphere type, and diffuse type. We used the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scale (PCPC) and the Pediatric Overall Performance Category scale (POPC) as prognostic measures.

Results

Of the 14 children, five were boys (age range, 9–32 months). PCPC score was: 1 for seven patients, 2 for three patients, and 3 for four patients. There was no significant difference in PCPC between groups A and B (P = 0.293). POPC score was: 1 for six patients, 2 for five patients, and 3 for three patients. There was a significant difference in POPC between groups A and B when patients with the frontal lobe predominant type were excluded (P = 0.020).

Conclusions

CsA could improve the neurological prognosis of patients with AESD, except for those with frontal lobe predominant type.
Photosensitive and Biomimetic Core–Shell Nanofibrous Scaffolds as Wound Dressing
Authors: Jin Guorui , Prabhakaran Molamma P. , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: January 2014

Tissue engineered skin grafts that mimic the native extracellular matrix of skin has gained huge popularity among clinicians since they increase the survival rate of the patients. Phototherapy shows promising results with respect to acute and chronic pain relief, treatment of inflammatory conditions and promotion of wound healing. Here, we encapsulated a photosensitive polymer poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and epidermal growth factor in the core–shell‐structured Gelatin/poly(L‐lactic acid)‐co‐poly‐(ε‐caprolactone) nanofibers [Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs)] by coaxial spinning and studied the potential application of the Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs) nanofibrous scaffold as a novel skin graft. The proliferation of fibroblasts was significantly improved on Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs) under light stimulation compared to fibroblasts on the same scaffold under dark condition. Studies on the in vitro wound healing ability of Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs) showed complete closure of wound after 9 days under “light stimulation” too. Furthermore, the potential of adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) to differentiate to epidermal cells on Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs) was evaluated. The differentiated ASCs with keratinocytes morphology were only found on the light stimulated Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs). Our results suggest that the photosensitive core–shell Gel/PLLCL/P3GF(cs) nanofibers could be a novel substrate to aid in the reestablishment of skin architecture.
State Revenue Forecasts and Political Acceptance: The Value of Consensus Forecasting in the Budget Process
Authors: Mikesell John L. , Ross Justin M.
Published: January 2014

Concerns about political biases in state revenue forecasts, as well as insufficient evidence that complex forecasts outperform naive algorithms, have resulted in a nearly universal call for depoliticization of forecasting. This article discusses revenue forecasting in the broader context of the political budget process and highlights the importance of a forecast that is politically accepted—forecast accuracy is irrelevant if the budget process does not respect the forecast as a resource constraint. The authors provide a case illustration in Indiana by showing how the politicized process contributed to forecast acceptance in the state budget over several decades. They also present a counterfactual history of forecast errors that would have been produced by naive algorithms. In addition to showing that the Indiana process would have outperformed the naive approaches, the authors demonstrate that the path of naive forecast errors during recessions would be easily ignored by political actors.
Modesty as Kindness
Authors: Wilson Alan T.
Published: January 2014

The trait of modesty has received significant philosophical attention in recent years. This is due, in part, to Julia Driver's claim that modesty is able to act as a counter‐example to intellectualist accounts of the nature of virtue. In this paper I engage with the debate about the nature of modesty by proposing a new account. ‘Modesty as kindness’ states that the trait of modesty ought to be considered as intimately connected with the more fundamental virtue of kindness. I set out the account, explain its benefits and defend it against possible objections. I then ask whether or not the intense focus on the trait of modesty has actually furthered our understanding of the nature of virtue more generally, and suggest that alternative approaches ought to be considered.
Does Conceivability Entail Metaphysical Possibility?
Authors: Mizrahi Moti , Morrow David R.
Published: January 2014

In this paper, we argue that ‘Weak Modal Rationalism’, which is the view that ideal primary positive conceivability entails primary metaphysical possibility, is self‐defeating. To this end, we outline two reductio arguments against ‘Weak Modal Rationalism’. The first reductio shows that, from supposing that ‘Weak Modal Rationalism’ is true, it follows that conceivability both is and is not conclusive evidence for possibility. The second reductio shows that, from supposing that ‘Weak Modal Rationalism’ is true, it follows that it is possible that ‘Weak Modal Rationalism’ is necessarily false, and hence that ‘Weak Modal Rationalism’ is false. We then argue that adopting a weaker position according to which conceivability is merely prima facie evidence for possibility provides limited protection from our criticism of conceivability arguments.
Reintegration Challenges in U.S. Service Members and Veterans Following Combat Deployment
Authors: Sayer Nina A. , Carlson Kathleen F. , Frazier Patricia A.
Published: January 2014

Although the majority of combat veterans reintegrate into civilian life without long‐lasting problems, a sizable minority return from deployment with psychiatric or physical injuries that warrant medical attention. Even in the absence of diagnosable disorders, many experience functional problems that impede full reintegration into civilian life. Considerable resources have been allocated to studying, diagnosing, treating, and compensating combat‐related disorders. This important work has resulted in significant improvements in healthcare for those with deployment‐related difficulties. Nevertheless, many service members and veterans with reintegration difficulty may not receive needed help. Based on our review, we argue that in addition to treatment and compensation for diagnosable postdeployment problems, a comprehensive approach to reintegration is needed that includes partnership between the government, private sector, and the public.
Beyond the Glass Ceiling: The Glass Cliff and Its Lessons for Organizational Policy
Authors: Bruckmüller Susanne , Ryan Michelle K. , Rink Floor , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: January 2014

It has been almost 30 years since the metaphor of the “glass ceiling” was coined to describe the often subtle, but very real, barriers that women face as they try to climb the organizational hierarchy. Here we review evidence for a relatively new form of gender discrimination—captured by the metaphor of the glass cliff—that women face when they obtain positions of leadership. Such positions often prove to be more risky and precarious than those of their male counterparts. We summarize evidence demonstrating the existence of glass cliffs in business and politics as well as experimental work that identifies a number of factors contributing to the phenomenon. We then discuss implications for policy and practice, highlighting the importance of understanding women's and men's experiences in the workplace rather than treating gender diversity as merely “a numbers game.”
The mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors on arrival in the host country
Authors: Vervliet Marianne , Meyer Demott Melinda A. , Jakobsen Marianne , Broekaert Eric , Heir Trond , Derluyn Ilse
Published: January 2014

Despite increasing numbers of unaccompanied refugee minors (UM) in Europe and heightened concerns for this group, research on their mental health has seldom included the factor “time since arrival.” As a result, our knowledge of the mental health statuses of UM at specific points in time and over periods in their resettlement trajectories in European host countries is limited. This study therefore examined the mental health of UM shortly after their arrival in Norway (n = 204) and Belgium (n = 103) through the use of self‐report questionnaires (HSCL‐37A, SLE, RATS, HTQ). High prevalence scores of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were found. In addition, particular associations were found with the number of traumatic events the UM reported. The results indicate that all UM have high support needs on arrival in the host country. Longitudinal studies following up patterns of continuity and change in their mental health during their trajectories in the host country are necessary.
Support for Repealing Prohibition: An Analysis of State‐Wide Referenda on Ratifying the 21st Amendment
Authors: Dinan John , Heckelman Jac C.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The 21st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution repealing national prohibition is the only amendment ratified by state conventions rather than state legislatures. The referenda held to select delegates for these conventions offer a promising source of data for identifying determinants of support for prohibition repeal.

Methods

We use various proxy measures to determine the importance of economic, political, and demographic forces in motivating support for electing pro‐repeal delegate slates to state ratifying conventions.

Results

Urbanization, per‐capita income, percentage of Catholics, and support for the Democratic Party were correlated with support for prohibition repeal. Neither the percentage of evangelical denominations, gender distribution, nor foreign‐born population appeared to significantly influence referenda returns.

Conclusions

This study confirms the conventional understanding regarding Catholic opposition to prohibition and higher income areas’ support for repeal. The findings also indicate that congressional backers of repeal were correct in calculating that submitting the 21st Amendment to popularly elected state conventions, rather than rural‐dominated state legislatures, would improve the chances of ratification. Moreover, support for repeal among Democratic congressmembers and party leaders appears to have extended to rank‐and‐file Democratic voters as well.
Nerve injuries associated with gynaecological surgery
Authors: Kuponiyi Olayemi , Alleemudder Djavid I , Latunde‐Dada Adeyinka , Eedarapalli Padma
Published: January 2014

Key content

Nerve injuries are a common complication of gynaecological surgery, occurring in 1.1–1.9% of cases.

Patient mal‐positioning, incorrect placement of self‐retaining retractors, haematoma formation and direct nerve entrapment or transection are the primary causative factors in perioperative nerve injury.

Nerves most commonly injured during surgery include the femoral, ilioinguinal, pudendal, obturator, lateral cutaneous, iliohypogastric and genitofemoral nerves.

The majority of neuropathies resolve with conservative management and physiotherapy.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists are of significant benefit in managing painful neuropathies.

Learning objectives

To gain an overview of the spectrum of different neuropathies that may occur following pelvic surgery.

To learn about safe surgical techniques in the prevention of postoperative neuropathies.

To review the clinical anatomy of the lumbo‐sacral and brachial plexuses.

Ethical issues

Neuropathies can cause considerable postoperative morbidity.

Should neuropathies following gynaecology surgery be discussed routinely during consent taking?

Neuropathies following surgery may have considerable medico‐legal implications.
The role of tubal patency tests and tubal surgery in the era of assisted reproductive techniques
Authors: Suresh Yalanadu N , Narvekar Nitish N
Published: January 2014

Key content

The pathogenesis of infertility is multi‐factorial; investigative and treatment approaches should therefore be individualised.

There are many tests for tubal patency with their relative usefulness, but none address all aspects of tubal function.

There is often a clear need for in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in the management of infertility.

This article reviews the current best available evidence and provides an expert insight on the role of tubal patency tests in the era of assisted reproductive techniques (ART).

Learning objectives

To understand the relative advantages and limitations of laparoscopy, hysterosalpingogram, hysterosalpingo contrast sonography, selective salpingography and tubal catheterisation, trans‐vaginal hydrolaparoscopy, salpingoscopy and fertiloscopy as tests for tubal patency.

To understand the role of Chlamydia trachomatis serology in tubal patency testing.

To evaluate the role of tubal patency test in the hierarchy of investigations for infertility.

To understand the role of tubal surgery in modern management of infertility.

To understand the importance of medical history taking in infertility.

Ethical issues

Counselling patients about benefits and risks of tests, surgery and need for assisted conception.

Should primary care trusts fund tubal surgery in patients who are not otherwise eligible for IVF?

There may be psychosocial issues or anxiety so a multidisciplinary approach is important.
A Unique C‐terminal Domain Allows Retention of Matrix Metalloproteinase‐27 in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Authors: Cominelli Antoine , Halbout Mathias , N'Kuli Francisca , Lemoine Pascale , Courtoy Pierre J. , Marbaix Etienne , Tyteca Donatienne , Henriet Patrick
Published: January 2014

Matrix metalloproteinase‐27 (MMP‐27) is poorly characterized. Sequence comparison suggests that a C‐terminal extension (CTE) includes a potential transmembrane domain as in some membrane‐type (MT)‐MMPs. Having noticed that MMP‐27 was barely secreted, we investigated its subcellular localization and addressed CTE contribution for MMP‐27 retention. Intracellular MMP‐27 was sensitive to endoglycosidase H. Subcellular fractionation and confocal microscopy evidenced retention of endogenous MMP‐27 or recombinant rMMP‐27 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with locked exit across the intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Conversely, truncated rMMP‐27 without CTE accessed downstream secretory compartments (ERGIC and Golgi) and was constitutively secreted. CTE addition to rMMP‐10 (a secreted MMP) caused ER retention and blocked secretion. Addition of a PKA target sequence to the cytosolic C‐terminus of transmembrane MT1‐MMP/MMP‐14 led to effective phosphorylation upon forskolin stimulation, but not for MMP‐27, excluding transmembrane anchorage. Moreover, MMP‐27 was protected from digestion by proteinase K. Finally, MT1‐MMP/MMP‐14 but neither endogenous nor recombinant MMP‐27 partitioned in the detergent phase after Triton X‐114 extraction, indicating that MMP‐27 is not an integral membrane protein. In conclusion, MMP‐27 is efficiently retained within the ER due to its unique CTE, which does not lead to stable membrane insertion. This could represent a novel ER retention system.
Leukoreduced whole blood–derived platelets treated with antimicrobial peptides maintain in vitro properties during storage
Authors: Bosch‐Marcé Marta , Seetharaman Shalini , Kurtz James , Mohan Ketha V.K. , Wagner Stephen J. , Atreya Chintamani D.
Published: January 2014

Background

Bacterial sepsis is still a complication in patients transfused with stored platelets (PLTs). We have recently demonstrated that selected antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have bactericidal activity in bacteria‐spiked PLTs. In a subsequent preclinical study, we have also shown that these AMPs do not elicit antibody response in rabbits and treatment of PLTs before transfusion does not affect their in vivo recovery and survival in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Here we have selected two such AMPs, Arg‐Trp (RW) repeats of tri‐ and tetra‐peptides (RW3 and RW4) in combination (i.e., cocktail), and evaluated their effect on the in vitro properties of PLTs.

Study Design and Methods

Leukoreduced ABO‐ and D‐identical whole blood–derived PLT concentrates were pooled and divided into two 60‐mL aliquots in CLX storage bags. On Day 0, one bag received a peptide cocktail of RW3 plus RW4 at 0.01 mmol/L final concentration (test) and the other bag received only phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), the AMP solvent (control). The treated PLTs were stored for 7 days at 20 to 24°C. Samples were collected on Days 1, 5, and 7 to evaluate the in vitro properties of PLTs with standard assays.

Results

In vitro properties of the RW3 plus RW4 cocktail–treated PLTs were similar to those incubated with PBS only. There were no significant differences between the control and test PLTs during the 7‐day storage.

Conclusion

Leukoreduced whole blood–derived PLTs treated with a mixture of RW3 and RW4 peptides maintain their in vitro properties during 7 days of storage.
Persistent neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to infantile botulism
Authors: Breinbjerg Anders , Rittig Søren , Kamperis Konstantinos
Published: January 2014

We present a child, 5 months of age, diagnosed with infantile botulism, showing the signs of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The patient presented with progressive muscle weakness, hypotonia, suckling and swallowing problems and absent peripheral reflexes at clinical examination. Botulinum neurotoxin type A was detected in her serum, confirming the diagnosis. Starting at day 6, the girl presented with a urinary retention initially necessitating free bladder drainage and subsequently intermittent catheterisation. After 6 weeks in intensive care, the patient recovered but the bladder underactivity persisted. Four months following recovery, a urodynamic evaluation was performed, showing a near normal detrusor activity and normal bladder emptying, and the catheterisation was ceased. At 6 months, the girl was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and bladder emptying problems, which persisted, and clean intermittent catheterisation was started. The final urodynamic evaluation, a year and a half after her initial presentation, revealed a normal detrusor activity and an adequate bladder emptying.
Cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy with anti-GAD antibodies: treatment with IVIG and plasmapheresis
Authors: Georgieva Zoya , Parton Matthew
Published: January 2014

Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GAD-65) catalyses glutamate conversion into γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system and in the pancreatic β cells. Antibodies targeting GAD-65 are of uncertain pathogenic significance and occur in stiff person syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, limbic encephalitis and combinations thereof and diabetes mellitus. A 45-year-old man with a cerebellar gait ataxia, dysmetria, nystagmus and mild cerebellar dysarthria was diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus a year after the onset of neurological symptoms. He also developed complex and tonic-clonic seizures, resistant to anticonvulsant medication and deteriorated cognitively. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid serology, and imaging supported the diagnosis of GAD-65 cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and subsequently plasmapheresis. We report the outcome of 3 years of treatment, which resulted in the improvement of cerebellar signs (particularly gait), with some ultimate decline of efficacy.