bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine in crustacean hemocytes; possible functions and usefulness in hemocyte classification
Authors: Martin Gary G. , Castro Catherine , Moy Nicholas , Rubin Nicole
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The lectin wheat‐germ agglutinin (WGA) selectively binds N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine. Fluorescence and electron microscopy were used to show that WGA stains the cytoplasmic granules in the granulocytes, but not the hyaline cells, of two decapods, the ridgeback prawn Sicyonia ingentis and the American lobster Homarus americanus. Using fluorescence microscopy, two intermediate stages in granulocyte maturation were observed. Cells smaller than typical small‐granule hemocytes were observed with 5 or fewer granules, which in previous studies using brightfield and phase optics were probably counted as hyaline cells. Also, some granulocytes were observed containing both small and large granules, supporting the suggestion that small and large granule hemocytes represent stages in the maturation of one cell line. Granules in the single type of hemocyte in the branchiopod Artemia franciscana did not stain with WGA. The possible roles of N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine in wound healing, pathogen encapsulation, and maintenance of normal crustacean connective tissues are discussed.
A rhabdocoel turbellarian (Platyhelminthes, Typhloplanoida) in Baltic amber with a review of fossil and sub‐fossil platyhelminths
Authors: Poinar George
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Palaeosoma balticus n. g., n. sp. (Rhabdocoela, Typhloplanoida), the oldest body fossil of a turbellarian and the first representative of the phylum Platyhelminthes found in fossilized resin, is described from Baltic amber 40 million years old. Characters of the fossil turbellarian are epidermal cilia, rhabdoids, a rosulate pharynx, adhesive papillae, and sensory bristles. The body cavity contains developing eggs or capsules. The fossil demonstrates that rhabdocoels had developed a terrestrial habit and were producing subitaneous eggs by the Eocene. A summary of the fossil and sub‐fossil records of platyhelminths is presented.
Survival of Gammarus troglophilus (Gammaridae) after leg removal: evaluation of a procedure to obtain tissue for genetic analysis of rare and endangered amphipods
Authors: Wilhelm Frank M. , Venarsky Michael P. , Taylor Steven J. , Anderson Frank E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The removal of rare or endangered individuals from wild populations for evaluation of genetic composition may have deleterious consequences to these populations. As a viable alternative, we recommend limb removal as a means to obtain tissue for genetic analysis of rare amphipods. The effect of limb amputation on the survival of amphipods has not been previously studied. Our experiments showed that survival of Gammarus troglophilus, a common amphipod of Midwest caves and springs, was similar (p=.74) between control (unmanipulated) and experimental (amputation of 1 or 2 of the walking legs, pereopods 5 through 7) groups of amphipods. After 42 d, 25 of 26 amphipods in the experimental group had regenerated limbs that were half the size of the original appendage. Post‐amputation survival could allow sampling of tissue for genetic analyses without sacrificing individuals, an important asset when working with species that are endangered or for which population sizes are very small.
Structure and signaling in polyps of a colonial hydroid
Authors: Blackstone Neil W. , Cherry Kimberly S. , Glockling Sally L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. After feeding, polyps of colonial hydroids contract regularly, dispersing food throughout the colony via the gastrovascular fluid. Such contractions may trigger signaling pathways that allow colonies to grow in an adaptive manner, i.e., to initiate development of more polyps in food‐rich areas and to suppress polyp development in food‐poor areas. In this context, we investigated the structure and potential signaling of the junction between polyps and stolons in colonies of the hydroid Podocoryna carnea. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that the density of mitochondrion‐rich epitheliomuscular cells was low in polyp and stolon tissues except at or near the polyp‐stolon junction, where many of these mitochondrion‐rich cells occur in ectodermal tissue. In vivo fluorescence microscopy suggests that these mitochondria are a principal source of the metabolic signals of the colony. Both native fluorescence of NAD(P)H and fluorescence from peroxides (visualized with H2DCFDA) co‐localize to this region of the polyp. Rhodamine 123 fluorescence suggests that both these metabolic signals emanate from mitochondria. To test whether such metabolic signals may be involved in colony pattern formation, inbred lines of P. carnea were used. Colonies of a runner‐like inbred line grow with widely spaced polyps and long stolonal connections, much like wild‐type colonies in a food‐poor environment. Colonies of a sheet‐like inbred line grow with closely spaced polyps and short stolonal connections, similar to wild‐type colonies in a food‐rich environment. Polyp‐stolon junctions in runner‐like and sheet‐like colonies were imaged for the fluorescence of H2DCFDA. Densitometric analysis of this signal indicates that the mitochondria in epitheliomuscular cells of runner‐like polyps emit greater amounts of peroxides. Because peroxides and other reactive oxygen species are frequently intermediaries in metabolic signaling pathways, we suspect that such signaling may indeed occur at polyp‐stolon junctions, affecting colony pattern formation in these inbred lines and possibly in hydroid colonies in general.
Reproductive biology, development, and planula behavior in the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez Carla , Lasker Howard R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The reproductive biology, development, and planula behavior of the gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae were studied at 2 sites in the Bahamas between 1996 and 2001. Colonies were gonochoric, and females brooded planulae on the colony surface. Gonads were observed only in colonies 18 cm high or larger. Spawning was asynchronous within and between sites but was concentrated 2–10 days after the new moons from late November through early January. Fertilized eggs developed into planulae over 1–2 days and the planulae remained attached to the surface of the female colony for an additional 2–4 days. Planulae were negatively buoyant and field observations suggest that larvae may settle within tens of meters of the maternal colony. P. elisabethae is harvested for natural products, and information on the reproduction of this commercially important species is crucial to the understanding of its population biology and to the development of management plans for the conservation of the species.
Variations in the retinal designs of pulmonate snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda): squaring phylogenetic background and ecophysiological needs (I)
Authors: Bobkova Marina V. , Gál József , Zhukov Valery V. , Shepeleva Irina P. , Meyer‐Rochow V. Benno
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The eyes of aquatic pulmonates differ from those of terrestrial pulmonates; the latter, in species such as Cepaea nemoralis and Trichia hispida, possess conventional, cup‐shaped retinas, but the aquatic species Lymnaea stagnalis, Radix peregra, Physa fontinalis, and Planorbarius corneus have retinas that are partitioned into dorsal and ventral depressions (“pits”). The pits are separated by an internal ridge, called the “crest”, and on account of their pigmentation can be seen in vivo. The dominant cellular components of the retinae of terrestrial as well as aquatic snails are pigmented cells and microvillar photoreceptors, the latter occurring in two morphologically distinct types (I and II). Aquatic snails with preferences for shallow water possess eyes with both type I and type II photoreceptive cells, but Pl. corneus, an inhabitant of deeper water, only has type‐I receptors, supporting an earlier finding that type I cells represent dim‐ and type II cells bright‐light receptors. On the basis of histological and optical comparisons, we conclude that the eyes of L. stagnalis and R. peregra, species that are known to escape and seek temporary refuge above the water surface, are well adapted to function in water as well as air, but that the eyes of P. fontinalis and Pl. corneus are less modified from those of their terrestrial ancestors.
Ultrastructure of sperms in Acoela (Acoelomorpha) and its concordance with molecular systematics
Authors: Petrov Anatoly , Hooge Matthew , Tyler Seth
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The sperms of the Acoela, a group of lower worms, are filiform cells with 2 flagella incorporated into the cell body. Their axonemes can variously have 9+2, 9+1, or 9+0 patterns of microtubules; and singlet microtubules in the cell body can be arranged in axial or cortical positions. An analysis of phylogenetic relationships of acoels based on molecular characters (18S rDNA sequence data) showed that these patterns of microtubules, where known, fell into discrete monophyletic groups. To test this hypothesis, we have expanded the database of sperm characters by examining the ultrastructure of a further 10 species representing 4 acoel families. As expected, the Convolutidae fell into 2 unrelated groups: “small‐bodied convolutids”(Convoluta pulchra, Praeconvoluta tigrina, Pseudaphanostoma smithrii) having 9+2 axonemes and cortical microtubules, and “large‐bodied convolutids” (including Wulguru cuspidata) having 9+0 axonemes and axial microtubules. Also, as expected, a member of the Mecynostomidae (Paedomecynostomum bruneum) has 9+1 axonemes and axial microtubules. Members of a family that appears intermediate by molecular characters, the Otocelididae, significantly have a variety of patterns: axonemes with both 9+2 and 9+0 patterns (Notocelis gullmarensis) or just 9+2 (the other species), and either axial (Philocelis brueggemanni), both axial and cortical (N. gullmarensis) microtubules, or microtubules that bend between axial and cortical positions along the length of the sperm (Otocelis sandara). Members of the Dakuidae (Daku woorimensis) also belong to this intermediate group, having 9+2 axonemes and axial microtubules, while in a fifth otocelidid (Stomatricha hochbergi), sperm characters are like those of the “large‐bodied convolutids” (9+0 axonemes and axial microtubules). Characters of sperm morphology generally support the molecular hypothesis of relationships and confirm a suspected polyphyly of the families Convolutidae, Otocelididae, and Actinoposthiidae.
Cupular organs in two species of Corella (Tunicata: Ascidiacea)
Authors: Mackie George O. , Singla C. L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Simple cupular organs similar to those described in Ciona intestinalis were observed in Corella eumyota. They consist of a macula containing the cell bodies of 20–30 primary sensory neurons whose cilia project into a dome‐ or finger‐shaped structure, the cupula. Rather than being found in the mantle lining as in C. intestinalis, the organs were located on the atrial surface of the branchial sac. The sensory innervation was examined in whole‐mount preparations using anti‐tubulin immunohistochemistry. Sensory neurons in C. eumyota showed no immunoreactivity with antisera raised against gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH).

A novel, elongated sense organ termed the cupular strand was found in Corella inflata. It has the same basic components as the simple type of cupular organ but consists of a single, long structure containing ∼1500 sensory cells. Located on the atrial surface of the branchial sac, it extends along the midline of the dorsal fold, from the gonoduct openings almost as far as the brain. Preparations were examined using optical and electron microscopy. Nerves and cilia were visualized by anti‐tubulin immunofluorescence microscopy. It was possible to follow the sensory axons from the macula of the cupular strand to points where they joined branches of the visceral nerve, which enters a nerve root at the back of the brain.

In C. inflata the sensory cell bodies and their axons were immunoreactive not only with anti‐tubulin but also with an antiserum raised against Tunicate I GnRH. There was no immunoreactivity, however, with Chicken II and catfish GnRH antisera. All three GnRH antisera labeled the dorsal strand plexus, a structure associated with production of GnRH in its role as a reproductive hormone. We concluded that the GnRH‐like molecule labeled in sensory neurons differs from the form of GnRH found in the dorsal strand plexus, and may have a different function, perhaps in the neural control of ciliary activity.

The function of the cupular organs in species of Corella has not yet been investigated physiologically, but by analogy with such structures in other metazoans, cupular organs are probably hydrodynamic sensors registering local disturbances or changes in water flow through the atrial cavity.
The role of calcium on protein secretion of the albumen gland inHelisoma duryi(Gastropoda)
Authors: Kiehn Lana , Mukai Spencer T. , Saleuddin A. Saber M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The albumen gland of the freshwater pulmonate snailHelisoma duryiproduces and secretes the perivitelline fluid, which coats fertilized eggs and provides nutrients to the developing embryos. It is known that perivitelline fluid secretion is stimulated by dopamine through the activation of a dopamine D1‐like receptor, which in turn stimulates cAMP production leading to the secretion of perivitelline fluid. This paper examines the glandular release of perivitelline fluid and provides evidence for the role of Ca2+in the regulated secretion of perivitelline fluid based on protein secretion experiments and inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate assays. Dopamine‐stimulated protein secretion by the albumen gland is reduced in Ca2+‐free medium or in the presence of plasma membrane Ca2+channel blockers, although the Ca2+channel subtype involved is unclear. In addition, dopamine‐stimulated protein secretion does not directly involve phospholipase C‐generated signaling pathways and Ca2+release from intracellular stores. Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitors had little effect on protein secretion when applied alone; however, they potentiated dopamine‐stimulated protein secretion. Dantrolene, an inhibitor of ryanodine receptors, 8‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐octyl‐3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride, a nonspecific inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+channels, and 2‐aminoethyldiphenylborate, an inhibitor of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors, did not suppress protein secretion, suggesting Ca2+release from internal stores does not directly regulate protein secretion. Thus, the influx of Ca2+from the extracellular space appears to be the major pathway mediating protein secretion by the albumen gland. The results are discussed with respect to the role of Ca2+in controlling exocytosis of proteins from the albumen gland secretory cells.
Strong character incongruence and character choice in phylogeny of sea stars of the Asterinidae
Authors: Hart Michael W. , Johnson Sheri L. , Addison Jason A. , Byrne Maria
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Historically, characters from early animal development have been a potentially rich source of phylogenetic information, but many traits associated with the gametes and larval stages of animals with complex life cycles are widely suspected to have evolved frequent convergent similarities. Such convergences will confound true phylogenetic relationships. We compared phylogenetic inferences based on early life history traits with those from mitochondrial DNA sequences for sea stars in the genera Asterina, Cryptasterina, and Patiriella (Valvatida: Asterinidae). Analysis of these two character sets produced phylogenies that shared few clades. We quantified the degree of homoplasy in each character set when mapped onto the phylogeny inferred from the alternative characters. The incongruence between early life history and nucleotide characters implies more homoplasy in the life history character set. We suggest that the early life history traits in this case are most likely to be misleading as phylogenetic characters because simple adaptive models predict convergence in early life histories. We show that adding early life history characters may slightly improve a phylogeny based on nucleotide sequences, but adding nucleotide characters may be critically important to improving inferences from phylogenies based on early life history characters.
Taxonomic significance of spine morphology in the echinoid genera Diadema and Echinothrix
Authors: Coppard Simon E. , Campbell Andrew C.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The spine morphology of all established species of Diadema and Echinothrix, including 2 color morphs of E. calamaris, were examined externally and internally via transverse sectioning to identify diagnostic species features and to assess the morphological relationship between species. Forty‐nine different morphological characters were measured and analysed using ordination by multi‐dimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis. Specimens of Diadema paucispinum and D. setosum had very distinct spine structures. In D. paucispinum, the spines were more robust than those of other species of Diadema. This was evident in the spine's internal structure, with large, closely packed solid wedges, a small axial cavity, and rings of trabeculae throughout the spine's length. The spines in D. setosum were distinctive because of their length in relation to test size and the reduced flaring of their verticillations. The spines of other members of this genus were very similar to each other. Without careful sectioning, the spines from specimens of D. antillarum, D. ascensionis, D. mexicanum and D. savignyi were difficult to differentiate. The internal structures of spines for each species did, however, possess a combination of features that differentiated the species. Such features included the shape, orientation, and number of solid wedges, the presence or absence of spokes and rings of trabeculae between the solid wedges, and the presence or absence of tissue within the axial cavity. Individuals of Diadema palmeri also had spines morphologically similar to other species, however, the red pigmentation of these spines (in life and when preserved) made them easily distinguishable. The spine structures of the 2 species of Echinothrix were starkly different, while the white and brown color morphs of E. calamaris had morphologically distinctive ambulacral and interambulacral spines. The blunt, open‐tipped interambulacral spines, with reticular tissue present in the axial cavity of the white color morph, were easily distinguished from the pointed, closed‐tipped spines, with a hollow axial cavity found in the brown color morph. Such differences indicate that the brown color morph is either a subspecies or a separate species. Taken together the data show that each species has significant morphological differences in the structure of the spines. It is evident from our data that spine morphology is a useful tool to differentiate these commonly confused species.
Morphology of the nematocysts of the medusae of two scyphozoans, Catostylus mosaicus and Phyllorhiza punctata (Rhizostomeae): implications for capture of prey
Authors: Peach Meredith B. , Pitt Kylie A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. We examined the cnidomes (total complement of nematocysts) of medusae of the zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate jellyfishes Phyllorhiza punctata and Catostylus mosaicus (Rhizostomeae, Scyphozoa), and compared the assemblage of zooplankton captured on the oral arms of each species to determine whether differences in the types or amount of zooplankton captured were consistent with possible differences in the cnidomes. Cnidomes were described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Each species had a distinct cnidome and, in general, specimens of P. punctata appeared to have far fewer nematocysts than those of C. mosaicus. Four types of nematocysts were identified in medusae of C. mosaicus; 2 types of holotrichous isorhizae, rhopaloids, and birhopaloids. In C. mosaicus, the oral arms and bell margins possessed all of these types, but the cnidomes of the 2 regions differed in relative abundances and sizes of isorhizae and rhopaloids. Five types of nematocysts were identified in medusae of P. punctata, although not all types were found in all specimens. Round holotrichous isorhizae were found only in the bell, while oval holotrichous isorhizae, rhopaloids of 2 distinct size ranges, and birhopaloids were found in the bell and oral arms. Cnidomes of the bell and oral arms in specimens of P. punctata also differed in the relative abundance and sizes of oval isorhizae and rhopaloids. Although there were clear differences in the overall cnidomes and absolute abundances of nematocysts in each species, the oral arms (feeding appendages) of specimens of both C. mosaicus and P. punctata had similar types and relative abundances of nematocysts. Zooplankton sampled from the oral arms of each species showed that both species preyed predominantly on copepod nauplii and larvae of gastropods and bivalves. Medusae of C. mosaicus captured ∼10 × more gastropod larvae and 5 × more bivalve larvae than those of P. punctata. Specimens of P. punctata captured approximately twice as many copepod nauplii as those of C. mosaicus. Differences in the relative abundance of types of zooplankton captured by each species could not be adequately explained by differences in the cnidomes of the oral arms.
Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis, sperm, and the spermatheca in Terebrasabella heterouncinata (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Sabellinae)
Authors: Simon Carol A. , Rouse Greg W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, forms burrows in gastropod shells. It is a small, intratubular brooder that breeds semi‐continuously. It has been shown to self‐fertilize, but its reproductive biology suggests that some form of sperm transfer must occur between individuals. To gain an understanding of its fertilization biology, the ultrastructure of spermiogenesis and the sperm in T. heterouncinata was described, and the animal examined for sperm storage structures. Spermiogenesis occurs in clusters of eight spermatids. The mature sperm has an elongate nucleus and a bilaterally symmetrical acrosome with twisted subacrosomal spaces. The midpiece is short, with three crescent‐shaped mitochondria, and forms a tight sheath around the axoneme. A single spermatheca, which opens on the inner ventral part of the crown near the buccal region, is present. It is a simple blind‐ending duct that runs below the ventral nerve cord and is longer than 100 μm. This is the first record of a single spermatheca in Sabellidae. The shape of the sperm and the presence of a spermatheca confirm that individuals of T. heterouncinata produce ent‐aquasperm and would normally cross‐fertilize.
Cycle of gonadal development in Eunicella singularis (Cnidaria: Octocorallia): trends in sexual reproduction in gorgonians
Authors: Ribes Marta , Coma Rafel , Rossi Sergio , Micheli Marta
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Eunicella singularis is a gorgonian species whose members are abundant in hard‐bottom sublittoral communities of the Mediterranean Sea. The reproductive biology in this species has been examined to better understand the ability in this species to recover from recent mass mortality events. Eunicella singularis is a stable, gonochoric, iteroparous species that reproduces annually and exhibits a seasonal pattern of gametogenesis characterized by a single annual maturation of the gametes. The sex ratio did not significantly differ from 1:1. Oogenesis lasted 13–17 months, beginning between February and June, and ending with the release of 0.7 planula larvae per polyp between late May and July of the following year. The diameter of mature oocytes ranged 450–860 μm. Spermatogenesis was much shorter than oogenesis and occurred over 5–6 months. Gonadal production of both sexes increased in spring and culminated with the spawning of male colonies in late May–June. Fertilization of oocytes and development of the planula larvae occurred within the polyps of female colonies. Planula release was observed in June and July. The patterns emerging from this and previous studies on sexual reproduction of Mediterranean gorgonians suggest that investment in gonad development appears to be related to resource availability.
Morphological and phylogenetic evidence for hybridization and introgression in a sea star secondary contact zone
Authors: Harper Fiona M. , Hart Michael W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Glacial cycles and other climatic events have been widely invoked as factors promoting divergence, secondary contact, and hybridization between populations of terrestrial organisms, but the origin and fate of secondary contact in the sea is much less well understood. We studied the distribution of morphological and genetic variation in a northwest Atlantic zone of secondary contact between congeneric sea stars ofAsteriasthat probably separated after the Pliocene as part of the trans‐Arctic interchange. These species have similar reproductive biology and can hybridize in the laboratory. However, multivariate analysis of morphological traits scored from sea stars inside and outside the zone of secondary contact clearly indicated two clusters of phenotypes that corresponded to the two taxonomic species. A quantitative analysis of this clustering pattern did not support the hypothesis of a third grouping that might correspond to intermediate hybrid phenotypes. Known F1hybrids from laboratory matings grouped with one of the two taxonomic species. However, a survey of mtDNA sequence variation clearly indicated that ∼13% of individuals of one species (Asterias forbesi) are descendants of hybridization events that resulted in introgression of haplotypes ofAsterias rubensinto populations ofA. forbesi. We conclude that morphological phenotypes are inadequate to identify hybrids ofAsteriasand their descendants, and that hybridization and introgression might be common in this secondary contact zone.
Discovering Resources—Making Global Connections, International Networking
Authors: Affara Fadwa , Cross Sue , Schober Madrean
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To describe the key objectives, aims, activities and vision for the International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nursing Network (INP/PNN).

Data Sources

Selected publications and documents, personal experience, and commentary.

Conclusions

Advanced practice nursing and NP roles are prevalent in the United States and are now emerging in numerous countries throughout the world. There is a heightened interest among APNs and NPs internationally to share knowledge, expertise, and resources to enhance the presence of nursing in primary healthcare worldwide. The INP/APNN proposes to be an option for supporting the diversity of interna‐tional networking in this field.

Implications for Practice

Nurse practitioner and APN roles are emerging globally. Globalization and global health issues impact all health care practitioners. Collaboration, partnering, and networking have the potential of enhancing and advancing practice for both experienced practitioners and countries that are initiating APN roles.
Bioterrorism: Introduction and Major Agents
Authors: Kemp Charles
Published: August 2010

It is not if, but where and when. In light of the September 11 World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks, biological terrorist acts in the United States seem more likely than ever before. We know there are people willing to die to kill Americans and we know that nations with a history of supporting terrorism have biological warfare (BW) capability. Some of the states capable of BW include Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Iran—all of which have close ties to transnational terrorist groups such as Al‐Qaeda, Armed Islamic Group of Algeria, and Al‐Jihad of Egypt (Davis, 1999; McGovern, Christopher, & Eitzen, 1999; Sanger, & Kahn, 2001). The threat is not limited to these nations or groups, but all do present a clear danger. According to the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, operatives of Al‐Qaeda (the Osama bin Laden group) “have trained to conduct attacks with toxic chemicals or biological toxins” (Broad, & Peterson, 2001).
Esophageal Motor Disorders: Achalasia and Esophageal Spasm
Authors: Schumann Lorna , Strader Susan Lee
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To define the esophageal motor disorders of achalasia and esophageal spasms and describe their presentation in the clinical setting.

Data Sources

Selected research‐based articles, textbooks, and expert opinion. A case study is presented.

Conclusions

The presentation of esophageal motor disorders may not be clear, particularly when the presenting symptom is chest pain. Determining whether the pain is cardiac or digestive in origin is crucial.

Implications for Practice

Progressive dysphagia for both solids and liquids is the major symptom of achalasia; other symptoms include regurgitation, chest pain, and nocturnal cough. Diffuse esophageal spasm typically causes substernal chest pain with nonprogressive dysphagia and odynophagia for both liquids and solids. Dysphagia related to esophageal motility is characterized by a sensation of swallowed food “sticking” in the throat or chest; there is no problem initiating the act of swallowing.
Partners for NP Education: The 1999 AANP Preceptor and Faculty Survey
Authors: Amella Elaine J. , Brown Linda , Resnick Barbara , McArthur Donna Behler
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To increase understanding of national trends in nurse practitioner (NP) clinical education, the Education Committee of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) con‐ducted a survey at the 1999 National AANP Conference in Atlanta.

Data Sources

A convenience sample of preceptors (n=87) and faculty (n=42) out of the total attendance of 1,744 responded to a written questionnaire.

Conclusions

Preceptor respondents provided data concern‐ing the number of NP students supervised, influence of student supervision on productiv‐ity, and availability of incentives for precept‐ing. Faculty reported placement and supervi‐sion issues, the extent of precepting in their clinical practice site, and recognition and sup‐port for this role. Faculty and preceptors dis‐agreed about the types and number of incen‐tives offered for accepting students as well as the congruence of clinical teaching activities and national teaching guidelines. Precepting did not appear to strongly influence preceptor productivity. External funding did not influ‐ence opportunities for clinical education.

Implications for Practice

In 1998, the graduates of NP programs rose by 15.8% and over half of all nursing students enrolled in graduate nursing programs were seeking a NP education. This increase in stu‐dents may compromise the ability of schools of nursing to insure quality clinical education of NP students by increasing faculty workload and placing greater demands on expert precep‐tors in the community. Clinical education is also changing in light of changes in the health care system.
Improving Compliance in Your Dyslipidemic Patient: An Evidence‐based Approach
Authors: Becker Diane M. , Allen Jerilyn K.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To synthesize the evidence from landmark clinical studies of lipid‐lowering pharma‐cotherapy and nurse management of hyperlipidemia, discuss issues related to nonadherence, and proposes strategies for achieving long‐term cholesterol control.

Data Sources

All publications of lipid‐lowering clinical trials related to pharmacotherapy for dyslipidemias were accessed from a thorough Medline Search and reviewed by two nurse experts.

Conclusions

Randomized controlled studies provide com‐pelling evidence that reduction of blood cho‐lesterol with pharmacotherapy reduces both first and subsequent coronary events. Nonetheless, inadequate provider and patient adherence to guidelines for lipid lowering remains prevalent. Studies show that nurses provide safe and effective care for patients with abnormal lipids.

Implications

This article assists nurse practitioners in playing an active role in the implementation of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Report to be released in Spring 2001, where a strong emphasis will be placed on multidisciplinary approaches and adherence.
Hepatic Hydrothorax: A Retrospective Case Study
Authors: Jones Elizabeth Geiger
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To present the pathophysiology, differential diagnoses, assessment techniques, and treatment options for hepatic hydrothorax.

Data Sources

A case study is presented with supporting material from current medical literature.

Conclusions

Hepatic hydrothorax is a pleural effusion caused by the flow of ascitic fluid into the pleural space through an actual defect in the diaphragm. Successful outcomes depend on early detection and timely referral of often‐subtle lung involvement.

Implications for Practice

Although incidence is reported to be as high as 12% in cirrhotic patients, standard medical references attach little importance to pul‐monary risks in this population. Hepatic hydrothorax should always be considered in the cirrhotic patient with a pleural effusion.
Infectious Diseases of Refugees and Immigrants: Dengue Fever
Authors: Roberts Amy , Kemp Charles
Published: August 2010

This series is based on the Infectious Diseases section of the web site Refugee Health ∼ Immigrant Health, available on the World Wide Web at http://www.baylor.edu/Charles_Kemp/refugee_health.htm. The site was developed through a contract with the Texas Department of Health as part of an ongoing effort to improve the health of refugees and immigrants.
Book Review
Authors: Maddox Margie
Published: August 2010

THE LOST ART OF HEALING B. Lown, (1999)

PRAYER: THE REMEDY THAT ALWAYS WORKS J. R. Light
Ovarian Cancer Strategies for Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Seiser Barbara V.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To review and outline practical strategies for the effective detection and prevention of ovarian cancer.

Data sources

Selected scientific literature, government consensus findings, and the author's experience.

Conclusions

Ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer death in American women, ranking behind lung, breast, and colorectal cancer. Seventy‐five percent of ovarian cancers are currently diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Implications for practice

No cost‐effective screening methods are currently available. The battle to beat ovarian cancer is based on four strategies: identification of risk factors, appropriate screening methods, early detection, and prevention.
Depression in Post‐Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Thornton Lori A.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To identify strategies for nurse practitioners to diagnose and treat depression following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and prevent sub‐sequent cardiac events.

Data sources

Selected articles in the medical and psychiatric literature and government consensus guidelines.

Conclusions

Between 8% and 45% of patients who have suffered an AMI exhibit symptoms of major depression. Depression is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and causes higher morbidity and mortality rates among patients with coronary artery disease.

Implications for practice

Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial to reducing cardiac related morbidity and mortality. Cardiac rehabilitation pro‐grams, psychotherapy and counseling, and pharmacotherapy are effective in the management of AMI depression.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Primary Care Approach
Authors: Browning Mary Ann
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To provide primary care providers with guidelines on the evaluation, diagnosis and management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Data sources

Research‐based articles in the medical literature, review articles, and clinical practice guidelines.

Conclusion

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects mainly synovial joints. Diagnosis is based primarily on clinical examination. Clinical criteria developed by the American Rheumatism Association can help the primary care provider recognize this potentially devastating disease and facilitate early referral to a rheumatologist for treatment.

Implications for Practice:

Patients with RA should be treated early and aggressively. Laboratory tests are not essential to confirm the diagnosis of RA. The clinical usefulness of the rheumatoid factor could be increased by restricting the test to patients who have a high probability of RA based on clinical symptoms.
Infectious Diseases of Refugees and Immigrants
Authors: Roberts Amy , Kemp Charles
Published: August 2010

This series is based on the Infectious Diseases section of the web site Refugee Health ∼ Immigrant Health, available on the World Wide Web at http://www.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/Refugee_Health.htm. The site was developed through a contract with the Texas Department of Health as part of an ongoing effort to improve the health of refugees and immigrants.
Proper Use of Skin Adhesives for Wound Repair
Authors: Knight Joe
Published: August 2010

PURPOSE

To describe the proper application of tissue adhesive for wound closure in the clinical setting.

DATA SOURCES

Product information and clinical experience of the author

CONCLUSIONS

A thin film of adhesive that extends at least one‐half centimeter on each side of the opposed wound edges provides the best coverage. Avoid seepage into the wound and runoff onto surrounding tissue to prevent complications.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Proper application assures the best results. Patient information is provided to assure adequate healing.
Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
Authors: Roberts Amy , Kemp Charles
Published: August 2010

This series is based on the Infectious Diseases section of the web site Refugee Health ∼ Immigrant Health, available on the World Wide Web at http://www.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/refugee_health.htm. The site was developed through a contract with the Texas Department of Health as part of an ongoing effort to improve the health of refugees and immigrants.
Brainstem Conundrum: The Chiari I Malformation
Authors: Mueller Diane
Published: August 2010

PURPOSE

To describe the Chairi I Malformation in relation to the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord, the common manifestations of the condition, diagnostic considerations, and management for the primary care provider.

DATA SOURCES

Extensive review of the world‐wide scientific literature on the condition, supplemented with actual case studies.

CONCLUSIONS

The adult Chairi I Malformation is an insidious congenital brainstem anomaly that consists of caudal displacement of the cerebellar tonsils, brainstem and fourth ventricle into the upper cervical space, resulting in overcrowding of the posterior fossa.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Due to the vague, and often ambiguous presenting symptoms of Chiari I Malformation, many patients are misdiagnosed with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or psychiatric disorders. Patients frequently experience symptoms months to years prior to accurate diagnosis and often incur irreversible neurologic deficits.
A Military Challenge to Managing Feminine and Personal Hygiene
Authors: Wardell Diane Wind , Czerwinski Barbara
Published: August 2010

PURPOSE

To examine the personal remembrances of a group of military women concerning their experiences with hygiene issues during service in a hostile environment.

DATA SOURCES

Verbatim transcripts of focused interviews from 33 women who had been deployed to combat or the field were subjected to content analysis. Questions related to the womens' experiences in cleansing the body, collecting menses waste, and protecting against genitourinary infection in a hostile environment.

CONCLUSIONS

Management of personal hygiene needs was often difficult and consumed a great deal of time. Hygiene issues affected women's attitudes, practice, work, morale and coping.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

By understanding the hygiene needs and practices of military woman changes can be made that have the potential to affect health promotion and disease prevention strategies for all women.
Allergic Rhinitis: A Growing Primary Care Challenge
Authors: Hayden Mary Lou , Schumann Lorna
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To describe the growing problem of allergic rhinitis (AR) and the latest recommendations on its diagnosis and management for the nurse practitioner (NP) in primary care settings.

Data Sources

Recent clinical research, review articles and consensus guidelines, and the author's clinical experience.

Conclusions

The prevalence of AR is increasing, possibly due to increased airborne pollutants, poor ven‐tilation, and rising levels of indoor allergens. Allergic disease is systemic and rarely involves a single symptom. Treatments include reducing exposure to allergens as well as pharma‐cotherapy.

Implications for Practice

Patient education is crucial for successful management and includes understanding the aller‐gic basis of symptoms, reducing allergen expo‐sure, understanding proper use of medications, and reassessing the plan on a regular basis.
Primary Healthcare Provider's Lost Opportunity To Help Abused Women
Authors: Willson Pam , Cesario Sandra , Fredland Nina , Walsh Terri , McFarlane Judith , Gist Julia , Malecha Ann , Schultz Pamela N.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

To determine how often primary care providers have the opportunity to assess and intervene for intimate partner violence (IPV) in a population of women who are known to be experiencing IPV.

Data Sources

A convenience sample of 149 abused women presenting to the justice system for protection orders or to file assault charges against an intimate partner were interviewed about the date and reason for her last healthcare visit, whether she had been screened for IPV, and the presence of selected conditions, medication use, and hospitalizations.

Conclusions

Although 86% (n=128) of the women had sought healthcare services within the previous year, only 24% (n=36) had been assessed for IPV.

Implications for Practice

Abused women use healthcare services at higher rates and have more health conditions than non‐abused women. Despite recommendations of professional organizations, health providers have low rates of screening for IPV. Universal screening for IPV by nurse practitioners could substantially interrupt ongoing abuse.
RACIAL–ETHNIC INTOLERANCE AND SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A CROSS‐NATIONAL COMPARISON*
Authors: UNNEVER JAMES D. , CULLEN FRANCIS T.
Published: August 2010

This article tests cross‐nationally the minority group threat thesis that public sentiments toward repressive crime‐control policies reflect conflicted racial and ethnic relations. Using multiple data sets representing France, Belgium, the Netherlands, East and West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Denmark, Great Britain, Greece, Spain, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Canada, Ireland, and Portugal, we examine whether racial and ethnic intolerance—animus, resentments, or negative sentiments toward minorities—predicts greater support for the death penalty. Our results reveal that the respondents were significantly more likely to express support for capital punishment if they were racially or ethnically intolerant while controlling for other covariates of public opinion. These findings indicate that the link between support for capital punishment and racial and ethnic animus may occur universally in countries with conflicted racial and ethnic relations.
Original Article: Highly conserved cross‐reactive CD4+ T‐cell HA‐epitopes of seasonal and the 2009 pandemic influenza viruses
Authors: Duvvuri Venkata R. S. K. , Moghadas Seyed M. , Guo Hongbin , Duvvuri Bhargavi , Heffernan Jane M. , Fisman David N. , Wu Gillian E. , Wu Jianhong
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Duvvuri et al. (2010) Highly conserved cross‐reactive CD4+ T‐cell HA‐epitopes of seasonal and the 2009 pandemic influenza viruses. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(5), 249–258.

Background The relatively mild nature of the 2009 influenza pandemic (nH1N1) highlights the overriding importance of pre‐existing immune memory. The absence of cross‐reactive antibodies to nH1N1 in most individuals suggests that such attenuation may be attributed to pre‐existing cellular immune responses to epitopes shared between nH1N1 virus and previously circulating strains of inter‐pandemic influenza A viruses.

Results We sought to identify potential CD4+ T cell epitopes and predict the level of cross‐reactivity of responding T cells. By performing large‐scale major histocompatibility complex II analyses on Hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, we investigated the degree of T‐cell cross‐reactivity between seasonal influenza A (sH1N1, H3N2) from 1968 to 2009 and nH1N1 strains. Each epitope was examined against all the protein sequences that correspond to sH1N1, H3N2, and nH1N1. T‐cell cross‐reactivity was estimated to be 52%, and maximum conservancy was found between sH1N1 and nH1N1 with a significant correlation (P < 0·05).

Conclusions  Given the importance of cellular responses in kinetics of influenza infection in humans, our findings underscore the role of T‐cell assays for understanding the inter‐pandemic variability in severity and for planning treatment methods for emerging influenza viruses.
Acacia glaucescens, “River Myall or “Sally Wattle Proved Poisonous to Stock.*
Authors: Seddon H. R. , White H. C.
Published: August 2010

Mortality in cattle has been attributed to the eating of Acacia glaucescens, “river myall” or “sally wattle” and this tree has been shown by animal experiment to be toxic for sheep, cattle and pigs. It is to be regarded as a highly toxic plant. Experiments indicated that such toxicity was due to cyanogenetic properties in the tree and this has been confirmed by Mr. Finnemore, of Sydney.

Further work on this and other acacias is being conducted under the Poison Plants Committee of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION IN HORSES BY ANALYSIS OF URINE
Authors: Caple I. W. , Doake P. A. , Ellis P. G.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Studies were made to determine if a practical assessment of the calcium and phosphorus nutrition of horses could be obtained from an analysis of urine samples. The concentrations of Ca and P in urine samples changed markedly when groups of 4 mares were fed diets containing from 1.0 to 3.9 g Ca/kg and from 1.5 to 6.1 g P/kg, but serum concentrations of Ca and P remained relatively constant. The concentrations in single urine samples were considered unreliable indicators of excretion of the minerals because of variations in water excretion, and two methods to overcome this problem were examined. In one method, the creatinine clearance ratios (%Cr) of Ca and P were calculated. The other method was simpler, and concentrations of the minerals were expressed as the ratio of the total solute concentration. Both of these methods appeared to give reliable estimates of the excretion of Ca and P in urine, and there were significant relationships between the values obtained for horses fed diets containing a wide range of Ca and P.

When the horses were fed adequate Ca, the Ca‐%Cr was greater than 2.5% and P‐%Cr was less than 4%. The corresponding ratios of mineral concentration to solute concentration were greater than 15 μmole Ca/mosmole and less than 15 μmole P/mosmole. When a low Ca (1.0 g/kg) and high P (4 g/kg) diet was fed, the excretion of Ca and P had changed markedly after 3 days and could be monitored in single samples of urine by either method.

It was concluded that a practical assessment of the Ca and P nutrition of horses could be obtained from an analysis of urine samples to determine if the diet is either low, adequate or high in Ca, and high in P.
PANOSTEITIS IN A COCKER SPANIEL DOG
Authors: JOHNSON K. A. , ALLAN G. S.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY A 12‐month‐old, desexed, female Cocker Spaniel had intermittent bilateral foreleg lameness which was due to panosteitis of the radius and ulna. The disease was in the active ‘middle’ stage. Endosteal and periosteal new bone formation was demonstrated by histological examination and accounted for the diffuse osteosclerotic appearance of the radial and ulnar diaphyses seen on radiographs.