bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Contains an Integrin α5β1 Binding Domain Essential for Viral Cell Entry
Authors: Asokan Aravind , Hamra Julie B. , Govindasamy Lakshmanan , Agbandje-McKenna Mavis , Samulski Richard J.
Published: August 2006

Integrins have been implicated as coreceptors in the infectious pathways of several nonenveloped viruses. For example, adenoviruses are known to interact with αV integrins by virtue of a high-affinity arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) domain present in the penton bases of the capsids. In the case of adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2), which lacks this RGD motif, integrin αVβ5 has been identified as a coreceptor for cellular entry. However, the molecular determinants of AAV2 capsid-integrin interactions and the potential exploitation of alternative integrins as coreceptors by AAV2 have not been established thus far. In this report, we demonstrate that integrin α5β1 serves as an alternative coreceptor for AAV2 infection in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Such interactions appear to be mediated by a highly conserved domain that contains an asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) motif known to bind α5β1 integrin with moderate affinity. The mutation of this domain reduces transduction efficiency by an order of magnitude relative to that of wild-type AAV2 vectors in vitro and in vivo. Further characterization of mutant and wild-type AAV2 capsids through transduction assays in cell lines lacking specific integrins, cell adhesion studies, and cell surface/solid-phase binding assays confirmed the role of the NGR domain in promoting AAV2-integrin interactions. Molecular modeling studies suggest that NGR residues form a surface loop close to the threefold axis of symmetry adjacent to residues previously implicated in binding heparan sulfate, the primary receptor for AAV2. The aforementioned results suggest that the internalization of AAV2 in 293 cells might follow a “click-to-fit” mechanism that involves the cooperative binding of heparan sulfate and α5β1 integrin by the AAV2 capsids.
Transcriptional Profiling Reveals a Possible Role for the Timing of the Inflammatory Response in Determining Susceptibility to a Viral Infection
Authors: Ruby Thomas , Whittaker Catherine , Withers David R. , Chelbi-Alix Mounira K. , Morin Veronique , Oudin Anne , Young John R. , Zoorob Rima
Published: August 2006

Using a novel cDNA microarray prepared from sources of actively responding immune system cells, we have investigated the changes in gene expression in the target tissue during the early stages of infection of neonatal chickens with infectious bursal disease virus. Infections of two lines of chickens previously documented as genetically resistant and sensitive to infection were compared in order to ascertain early differences in the response to infection that might provide clues to the mechanism of differential genetic resistance. In addition to major changes that could be explained by previously described changes in infected tissue, some differences in gene expression on infection, and differences between the two chicken lines, were observed that led to a model for resistance in which a more rapid inflammatory response and more-extensive p53-related induction of apoptosis in the target B cells might limit viral replication and consequent pathology. Ironically, the effect in the asymptomatic neonatal infection is that more-severe B-cell depletion is seen in the more genetically resistant chicken. Changes of expression of many chicken genes of unknown function, indicating possible roles in the response to infection, may aid in the functional annotation of these genes.
Characterization of a Potent Refractory State and Persistence of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 in Cell Culture
Authors: Barreca Cristina , O'Hare Peter
Published: August 2006

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) normally undergoes productive cytocidal infection in culture and is thought of as relatively resistant to innate immune responses such as interferon. We previously described an unusual pattern of infection in culture in MDBK cells, which after initial productive infection, surprisingly resulted in progressive suppression of replication and cell recovery. The dominance of the refractory state was due to the inability to suppress interferon production and subsequent paracrine signaling. Here, using a wild-type HSV-1 strain expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-VP16, we analyze aspects of long-term HSV persistence resulting from this oscillating refractory state. We show that the gradual suppression of GFP-VP16 expression correlated with a biphasic pattern of accumulation of viral DNA and extracellular virus titers. We quantify virus maintenance in a minor subpopulation of cells during subculture, show the reemergence of virus by infectious center assay, and demonstrate that this required intracellular events over a 24- to 48-h time course. We also demonstrate that conditioned medium (cMed) from infected cells induced a profound shutoff of HSV gene expression at the transcriptional level. Finally, we demonstrate that this suppression was extremely rapid, requiring only 1 h of treatment to essentially abolish HSV immediate-early expression, and surprisingly persisted for almost 2 days after removal of the cMed. These combined effects underpin the oscillating effect both in plaque progression, where infection spreads but is overwhelmed by the accumulation of inhibitory components, enabling cell recovery, and virus maintenance in a subpopulation of cells. These results may be relevant to consider in studies of HSV latency in different animal models.
Mutation at Residue 523 Creates a Second Receptor Binding Site on Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein
Authors: Bousse Tatiana , Takimoto Toru
Published: August 2006

The paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) is a multifunctional protein mediating hemagglutination (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and fusion promotion activities. It has been a matter of debate whether HN contains combined or separate sites for HA and NA activities. To clear the issue, we determined the presence of the second binding site on human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) type 1, 2, and 3 and Sendai virus (SeV) HN proteins. Results of virus elution from erythrocytes at an elevated temperature and HA inhibition by NA inhibitor BCX-2798 suggest that all hPIVs bind to the receptor only through the NA catalytic site, while SeV HN has an additional receptor binding site. Comparison of SeV and hPIV1 HN sequences revealed two amino acid differences at residues 521 and 523 in the region close to the second binding site identified in Newcastle disease virus HN. We mutated hPIV1 HN at position 523 from Asn to the residue of SeV HN, Asp, and rescued a recombinant SeV that carries the mutated hPIV1 HN by a reverse genetics system. The hPIV1 HN with Asp at position 523 hemagglutinated in the presence of BCX-2798, suggesting that the amino acid difference at position 523 is critical for the formation of a second binding site. Creation of the second binding site on hPIV1 HN, however, did not significantly affect the growth or fusion activity of the recombinant virus. Our study indicates that the presence and requirement of a second binding site vary among paramyxoviruses.
Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis of Purified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Produced from Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
Authors: Chertova Elena , Chertov Oleg , Coren Lori V. , Roser James D. , Trubey Charles M. , Bess Julian W. , Sowder Raymond C. , Barsov Eugene , Hood Brian L. , Fisher Robert J. , Nagashima Kunio , Conrads Thomas P. , Veenstra Timothy D. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Ott David E.
Published: August 2006

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects CD4
+
T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, incorporating host proteins in the process of assembly and budding. Analysis of the host cell proteins incorporated into virions can provide insights into viral biology. We characterized proteins in highly purified HIV-1 virions produced from human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), within which virus buds predominantly into intracytoplasmic vesicles, in contrast to the plasmalemmal budding of HIV-1 typically seen with infected T cells. Liquid chromatography-linked tandem mass spectrometry of highly purified virions identified many cellular proteins, including 33 previously described proteins in HIV-1 preparations from other cell types. Proteins involved in many different cellular structures and functions were present, including those from the cytoskeleton, adhesion, signaling, intracellular trafficking, chaperone, metabolic, ubiquitin/proteasomal, and immune response systems. We also identified annexins, annexin-binding proteins, Rab proteins, and other proteins involved in membrane organization, vesicular trafficking, and late endosomal function, as well as apolipoprotein E, which participates in cholesterol transport, immunoregulation, and modulation of cell growth and differentiation. Several tetraspanins, markers of the late endosomal compartment, were also identified. MDM-derived HIV contained 26 of 37 proteins previously found in exosomes, consistent with the idea that HIV uses the late endosome/multivesicular body pathway during virion budding from macrophages.
The Role of Allatostatins in Juvenile Hormone Synthesis in Insects and Crustaceans
Authors: Stay Barbara , Tobe Stephen S.
Published: August 2006

Allatostatins are pleiotropic neuropeptides for which one function in insects is the inhibition of juvenile hormone synthesis. Juvenile hormone, an important regulator of development and reproduction in insects, is produced by the corpora allata. Mandibular organs, the crustacean homologs of insect corpora allata, produce precursors of juvenile hormone with putatively similar functions. Three types of allatostatins in insects have been isolated: FGLamides, W(X)6Wamides, and PISCFs. All act rapidly and reversibly; however, although these types occur in all groups of insects studied, they act as inhibitors of juvenile hormone production in only some groups. Only the FGLamide-type peptides have been isolated in crustaceans, in which they may function to stimulate production of hormone by the mandibular glands, as occurs in early cockroach embryos. Much remains to be learned in order to understand the role of allatostatins in the modulation of hormone production.
Cell Survival Responses to Environmental Stresses Via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway
Authors: Kensler Thomas W. , Wakabayashi Nobunao , Biswal Shyam
Published: August 2006

Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling plays a significant role in protecting cells from endogenous and exogenous stresses. The development of Nrf2 knockout mice has provided key insights into the toxicological importance of this pathway. These mice are more sensitive to the hepatic, pulmonary, ovarian, and neurotoxic consequences of acute exposures to environmental agents and drugs, inflammatory stresses, as well as chronic exposures to cigarette smoke and other carcinogens. Under quiescent conditions, the transcription factor Nrf2 interacts with the actin-anchored protein Keap1, largely localized in the cytoplasm. This quenching interaction maintains low basal expression of Nrf2-regulated genes. However, upon recognition of chemical signals imparted by oxidative and electrophilic molecules, Nrf2 is released from Keap1, escapes proteasomal degradation, translocates to the nucleus, and transactivates the expression of several dozen cytoprotective genes that enhance cell survival. This review highlights the key elements in this adaptive response to protection against acute and chronic cell injury provoked by environmental stresses.
Role for IκBα, but not c-Rel, in skeletal muscle atrophy
Authors: Judge Andrew R. , Koncarevic Alan , Hunter R. Bridge , Liou Hsiou-Chi , Jackman Robert W. , Kandarian Susan C.
Published: August 2006

Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with a marked and sustained activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. Previous work showed that p50 is one of the NF-κB family members required for this activation and for muscle atrophy. In this work, we tested whether another NF-κB family member, c-Rel, is required for atrophy. Because endogenous inhibitory factor κBα (IκBα) was activated (i.e., decreased) at 3 and 7 days of muscle disuse (i.e., hindlimb unloading), we also tested if IκBα, which binds and retains Rel proteins in the cytosol, is required for atrophy and intermediates of the atrophy process. To do this, we electrotransferred a dominant negative IκBα (IκBαΔN) in soleus muscles, which were either unloaded or weight bearing. IκBαΔN expression abolished the unloading-induced increase in both NF-κB activation and total ubiquitinated protein. IκBαΔN inhibited unloading-induced fiber atrophy by 40%. The expression of certain genes known to be upregulated with atrophy were significantly inhibited by IκBαΔN expression during unloading, including MAFbx/atrogin-1, Nedd4, IEX, 4E-BP1, FOXO3a, and cathepsin L, suggesting these genes may be targets of NF-κB transcription factors. In contrast, c-Rel was not required for atrophy because the unloading-induced markers of atrophy were the same in c-rel−/− and wild-type mice. Thus IκBα degradation is required for the unloading-induced decrease in fiber size, the increase in protein ubiquitination, activation of NF-κB signaling, and the expression of specific atrophy genes, but c-Rel is not. These data represent a significant advance in our understanding of the role of NF-κB/IκB family members in skeletal muscle atrophy, and they provide new candidate NF-κB target genes for further study.
Time course of vasodilation at the onset of repetitive skeletal muscle contractions
Authors: Armstrong Marika L. , Dua Ashok K. , Murrant Coral L.
Published: August 2006

To characterize the vasodilatory response in the transition from a single skeletal contraction to a series of contractions, we measured the response of hamster cremaster muscle arterioles associated with four to five skeletal muscle fibers stimulated to contract for one, two, three, or four contractions (250-ms train duration) at 4-s intervals [15 contractions per minute (CPM)] for up to 12 s, at stimulus frequencies of 4, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80 Hz. To investigate the contribution of contraction frequency, we stimulated muscle fiber bundles at 30 or 60 CPM for 12 s at stimulus frequencies of 4, 20, and 60 Hz. Arteriolar diameters at the site of overlap with the stimulated muscle fibers were measured before and after each contraction. At 15 CPM at 4, 20, and 60 Hz, we observed a peak change in diameter following the first contraction of 1.1 ± 0.1, 1.6 ± 0.2, and 2.1 ± 0.2 μm that almost doubled in response to the second contraction (2.0 ± 0.1, 3.0 ± 0.1, and 3.8 ± 0.1 μm, respectively), but there was no further dilation following the third or fourth contraction. A similar response occurred at all stimulus and contraction frequencies tested. At 30 and 60 CPM at 60 Hz, the plateau after two contractions was followed by a further increase in diameter to a second plateau at 7–8 s. Therefore, the vasodilatory response in the transition from single to multiple contractions had components that were stimulation parameter dependent and independent and showed a plateauing behavior indicative of rapid changes in either the nature and/or concentration of vasodilators released or changes in vascular reactivity.
Polymorphism in the Angiotensinogen Gene, Hypertension, and Ethnic Differences in the Risk of Recurrent Coronary Events
Authors: Goldenberg Ilan , Moss Arthur J. , Ryan Daniel , McNitt Scott , Eberly Shirley W. , Zareba Wojciech
Published: August 2006

The M235T mutation of the human angiotensinogen gene has been shown to be associated with elevated circulating angiotensinogen concentrations and essential hypertension. The frequencies of the 235T allele are significantly different in black and white subjects. We analyzed the independent contribution of the angiotensinogen M235T mutation to the development of recurrent coronary events (coronary-related death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or unstable angina) in a cohort of 916 black (n=145) and white (n=771) postmyocardial infarction patients who were prospectively studied during an average follow-up of 28 months. The frequency of the 235T allele was significantly higher among black (82%) than among white (44%) patients (
P
<0.001). There was no evidence for Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium. During follow-up, 41 cardiac events (28%) occurred in blacks and 197 (26%) in whites (
P
=0.49). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis demonstrated that 235T homozygosity was independently associated with increased risk of coronary events among black (hazard ratio: 2.37;
P
=0.04) but not white (hazard ratio: 0.93;
P
=0.68) patients, with a significant ethnic-related interaction effect (
P
for the difference=0.04). Among hypertensive black patients, the TT genotype was associated with a 3.3-fold (
P
=0.02) increase in the risk of coronary events. Our findings suggest that homozygosity for the 235T mutation in the angiotensinogen gene is an independent risk factor for coronary events in black postmyocardial infarction patients. The presence of hypertension significantly augments the risk associated with this genetic mutation.
Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mapping the Fiber Architecture Remodeling in Human Myocardium After Infarction
Authors: Wu Ming-Ting , Tseng Wen-Yih I. , Su Mao-Yuan M. , Liu Chun-Peng , Chiou Kuan-Rau , Wedeen Van J. , Reese Timothy G. , Yang Chien-Fang
Published: August 2006

Background—

Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) provides a means for nondestructive characterization of myocardial architecture. We used DT-MRI to investigate changes in direction-dependent water diffusivity to reflect alterations in tissue integrity (trace apparent diffusion coefficients [ADCs] and fractional anisotropy [FA]), as well as indicators of remodeling of fiber helix angles, in patients after myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—

Thirty-seven patients (35 men, 2 women; median age, 59) after acute myocardial infarction (median interval from onset, 26 days) were enrolled. DT-MRI was performed at the midventricular level to measure trace ADC, FA, and helix angles of myofibers. Helix angles were grouped into left-handed helical fibers, circumferential fibers, and right-handed helical fibers. Measurements were correlated with viability and regional wall motion assessed by contrast-delay-enhancement and cine MRI, respectively. The infarct zone showed significantly increased trace ADC and decreased FA than the remote zone. The percentage of left-handed helical fibers increased from the remote zone (mean±SD, 13.3±5.8%) to the adjacent zone (19.2±9.7%) and infarct zone (25.8±18.4%) (MANOVA,
P
=0.004). The percentage of right-handed helical fibers decreased from the remote zone (35.0±9.0%) to the adjacent zone (25.5±11.5%) and infarct zone (15.9±9.2%) (
P
<0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that the percentage of left-handed helical fibers of the infarct zone was the strongest correlate of infarct size and predictor of ejection fraction.

Conclusions—

In vivo DT-MRI of postinfarct myocardium revealed a significant increase in trace ADC and a decrease in FA, indicating altered tissue integrity. The redistribution of fiber architecture correlated with infarct size and left ventricular function. This technique may help us understand structural correlates of functional remodeling after infarction.
Heparin Displaces Interferon-γ–Inducible Chemokines (IP-10, I-TAC, and Mig) Sequestered in the Vasculature and Inhibits the Transendothelial Migration and Arterial Recruitment of T Cells
Authors: Ranjbaran Hooman , Wang Yinong , Manes Thomas D. , Yakimov Alexander O. , Akhtar Shamsuddin , Kluger Martin S. , Pober Jordan S. , Tellides George
Published: August 2006

Background—

Heparin, used clinically as an anticoagulant, also has antiinflammatory properties and has been described to inhibit interferon (IFN)-γ responses in endothelial cells. We investigated the effects of heparin on the IFN-γ–inducible chemokines IP-10/CXCL10, I-TAC/CXCL11, and Mig/CXCL9, which play important roles in the vascular recruitment of IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells through interactions with their cognate receptor, CXCR3.

Methods and Results—

Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were studied because coronary atherosclerosis is recognized as a Th1-type inflammatory disease and the subjects required systemic heparinization. Plasma levels of IP-10, I-TAC, and Mig increased immediately after heparin administration and diminished promptly after heparin antagonism with protamine. These effects were independent of detectable circulating IFN-γ or the IFN-γ inducer interleukin-12. We confirmed previous reports that heparin inhibits the IFN-γ–dependent production of CXCR3 chemokine ligands using atherosclerotic coronary arteries in organ culture. In addition to prolonged treatment decreasing chemokine secretion, heparin rapidly displaced membrane-associated IP-10 from cultured endothelial cells that did not express CXCR3 and reduced the IP-10–dependent transendothelial migration of T helper cells under conditions of venular shear stress. Finally, heparin administration to immunodeficient mouse hosts decreased both the recruitment and accumulation of memory T cells within allogeneic human coronary arteries.

Conclusions—

Besides inhibiting IFN-γ responses, heparin has further immunomodulatory effects by competing for binding with IP-10, I-TAC, and Mig on endothelial cells. Disruption of CXCR3
+
Th1 cell trafficking to arteriosclerotic arteries may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of heparin in inflammatory arterial diseases, and nonanticoagulant heparin derivatives may represent a novel antiinflammatory strategy.
Social Cohesion, Neoliberalism, and the Entrepreneurial Community in Rural Saskatchewan
Authors: Jaffe JoAnn , Quark Amy A.
Published: August 2006

Social cohesion has become a magic bullet that policy makers imagine will rescue communities from the ravages of the market. Behind the apparent cohesiveness of rural community, however, lies another reality. This article examines characteristics of social cohesion in two rural communities in Saskatchewan. Although new forms of cohesion are emerging, these communities are riven with cleavages along multiple axes. Some of these local divisions appear to be deepening with global and regional processes of socioeconomic transformation. Long-term crises lead to strategies and solutions that precipitate new problems. Ongoing practices of inclusion and exclusion affect the possibilities of development in these communities.
Willingness to Stepparent
Authors: Goldscheider Frances , Kaufman Gayle
Published: August 2006

Marriage markets have become increasingly filled with those who already have children, which may discourage marriage. Research has generally failed to assess the role of prospective stepchildren in new union formation, particularly from the point of view of the men who might become their stepfathers. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), the authors examine willingness to marry someone who already has children as well as partners who have been previously married, are of a different religion or race, or are unlikely to hold a steady job. The most consistent determinants of attitudes toward stepparenthood are related to exposure to and/or approval of other nontraditional families, particularly the experience of own parenthood. This suggests that these unions could become more common in the future.
Parental Support, Behavioral Control, and Psychological Control Among African American Youth
Authors: Bean Roy A. , Barber Brian K. , Crane D. Russell
Published: August 2006

Associations among three dimensions of parenting (support, behavioral control, psychological control) and measures of adolescent depression, delinquency, and academic achievement were assessed in a sample of African American youth. All data were adolescent self-reports by way of school-administered questionnaires in random samples of classrooms in southeastern U.S. metropolitan areas. Path analysis revealed several associations between parenting dimensions and youth outcomes, including negative relationships between paternal support and depression and between parental behavioral control and delinquency. Group comparisons (by youth grade level, gender, and family socioeconomic status [SES]) were also conducted, and no age or SES differences were noted.
Nonresident Fathering and School Failure
Authors: Menning Chadwick L.
Published: August 2006

Does involvement by nonresident fathers affect adolescents’ propensity to remain in school? If so, is some involvement necessarily better than none, and are changes in involvement with time associated with changes in the odds of school failure? What aspects of involvement matter the most? This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to show that nonresident fathers’ involvement and increases in this involvement over time are associated with lower probabilities of school failure among adolescents. However, those who have no involvement with their non-resident fathers may experience lower odds of school failure than those who have low or moderate levels of involvement. Disaggregation of involvement measures into component parts suggests that increased variety of activities—especially the discussion of schoolwork, grades, or other things going on in school—is important (although not critical) to the observed effect.
Mapping the Notion of “Terrorism” in Serbian and Croatian Newspapers
Authors: Erjavec Karmen , Volcic Zala
Published: August 2006

The September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States have reconfigured the global public debates as of how to defend a “civilized” world from the “Islamic terrorism.” The U.S.-led war on terror against extremist groups also produced and triggered a particular discourse in the former Yugoslav countries. The main aim of this article is to present an example of a study that explores how media appropriate dominant global antiterrorism discourse and apply it to a local context to legitimize and justify specific ideologies and discourse. As our critical discourse analysis shows, Serbian and Croatian newspapers apply the global discourse of terrorism to their local context to excuse their nationalisms and the past military actions against the Muslims in former Yugoslav wars, and with that, they assert their belonging to an antiterrorism global discursive community.
A coordinated response to the high drug death rate in Brighton & Hove
Authors: Bennett Jennifer , Stevens Graham , Walker Angeline , Williams Hugh , Winter Andy , Hamilton-Deeley Veronica
Published: August 2006

Concern about the increasing number of drug related deaths in Brighton & Hove prompted a Confidential Inquiry into 69 deaths. This led to recommendations concerning better data collection, identifying vulnerable populations, improving responses to overdose, and modifying service organization. Heroin-related deaths were halved between 2000 and 2003, but the rate for total drug deaths remained the highest at 25.3 per 100,000 (2003) in participating coroners’ jurisdictions. In a subsequent Capture Recapture study, the prevalence of intravenous drug use in Brighton & Hove was estimated at 2 per cent of people aged 15-44, higher than Liverpool or London. The proportion of opiate drug users dying from opiate overdose was also highest in Brighton & Hove, at 2.1 per cent. A network of interlocking services was established within strong multi-agency partnerships, supplemented by: increasing the numbers in treatment; fast tracking hospital discharges and prison releases into treatment; new specialist posts in the local prison, the accident and emergency department and police custody suite; and participation by pharmacists and primary care services. This was underpinned by good liaison with the coroner.
Citizenship in the Age of the Internet
Authors: Hermes Joke
Published: August 2006

New information and communication technologies (ICTs) have allowed for changes in media content and in practices of media reception. How these changes have impacted on practices of citizenship, is the key question for this article. It starts by showing how notions of citizenship are closely related to public opinion formation, which, in turn is felt to be nurtured by journalism. The demise in newspaper readership is in that regard a worrying phenomenon. By first looking more closely at how the news itself has changed (the inclusion of vox pop segments; the wide use of polls) and by then turning to how practices of representing ordinary people point to the possibility of more inclusive notions of citizenship, the article proposes ‘cultural’ citizenship as a sensitizing concept. As ICTs are most visibly embodied by the Internet, a number of examples are discussed from this perspective. The article concludes that ICTs do not necessarily produce new citizens but that they do provide for new and important citizenship practices.
Understanding New Digital Media
Authors: Qvortrup Lars
Published: August 2006

How should we understand the new digital media and the effect of digital networks on global communication? Medium theory would be an obvious candidate, suggesting that we are in the middle of a transition from a society based on analogue media (print and electronic) to a society based on digital media. However, the present article suggests we examine another candidate: complexity theory. According to writers such as John Urry, we are in the middle of a paradigm turn, the so-called complexity turn. The aim of this article is to discuss whether complexity theory can be applied to media studies. What are the gains, and what would we lose? The author takes as his point of departure two case examples. The first is the case of the Mohammed cartoons in the Danish newspaper Jyllands- Posten. The second is the case of the Internet. How are we to understand the Internet as a qualitatively new medium? The author goes on to present two fundamental concepts of complexity theory. The first is the concept of complexity. The second is the concept of mediated communication, which appears to change significance in the context of complexity theory.
Images of Sub-humanity and their Realization
Authors: Feuchtwang Stephan
Published: August 2006

Two extreme cases of state violence are contrasted: one is the Great Leap famine and the Cultural Revolution in Maoist China; the other is the war of conquest and policy of racial purification conducted by Nazi Germany. The anthropological angle of enquiry is to place them in their own historical conditions, even as exceptions, and to ask how they exemplify the realization of inherited images of sub-humanity. The inherited traditions are derived from three sources: those of images of demons and exorcism, those of territorial sovereignty and the enemy within, and (for China) those of cannibalism, of self- devouring sacrifice and disorder. The thesis argued is that the norms of ambiguity in images of the enemy within are split under certain political conditions, and it is in those conditions that they are realized on a large scale. The key political condition is the declaration of a state of exception. In the conditions of both cases they produce in the state’s leadership aggravated indifference to its subjects and demonizing extreme violence upon the targets of demonization.
Interpersonal Violence in Adolescence
Authors: Banyard Victoria L. , Cross Charlotte , Modecki Kathryn L.
Published: August 2006

Although growing attention is being paid to the problem of teen dating violence, to date less is known about perpetrators of victimization. The current article used a subset of 980 adolescents aged 11 to 19 who were surveyed as part of a statewide community service coordinated through Cooperative Extension to survey all youth in target communities about risky health behaviors. The current article examined correlates of perpetration of either physical dating violence or sexual abuse across all levels of the ecological model (individual, family, and community factors). At the bivariate level, individual factors including substance use and low social responsibility, family factors including divorce, low parental monitoring, and low social support, and community variables such as low school attachment and neighborhood monitoring were associated with self-reported perpetration. At the multivariate level, gender and history of victimization were most significant in explaining variance in perpetration.
Uncovering the Man in Medicine
Authors: Kempner Joanna
Published: August 2006

Cluster headache is a notoriously painful and dramatic disorder. Unlike other pain disorders, which tend to affect women, cluster headache is thought to predominantly affect men. Drawing on ethnography, interviews with headache researchers, and an analysis of the medical literature, this article describes how this epidemiological “fact”—which recent research suggests may be overstated—has become the central clue used by researchers who study cluster headache, fundamentally shaping how they identify and talk about the disorder. Cluster headache presents an extreme case of medicalized masculinity, magnifying the processes of gendering and bringing into relief features of the world whose routine operation we might otherwise overlook.
The Labor of Pleasure
Authors: Parvez Z. Fareen
Published: August 2006

Propornography and antipornography literatures have failed to elucidate the complexity of women's consumption of pornography. This article submits that a reconstructed theory of emotional labor, developed from the perspective of the consumer, explains some of women's ambivalence toward pornography. Findings are based on interviews with 30 women who enjoy porn films. The women's ambivalence reflected their perception of emotional labor in pornographic production. Although they found pornography arousing, they faced uncertainty over the authenticity of the porn actresses' pleasure. Furthermore, they perceived emotional authenticity through the lens of their personal biographies. Specifically, their economic backgrounds and experiences with sexual coercion are discussed. This study fills two gaps: (1) By linking the production and consumption of pornography, it enables a deeper exploration of women's ambivalence and the subsequent implications for understanding sexuality, and (2) it features the experiences of working-class and minority women, whose voices have been marginal in the literature.
Gendered Modernity and Ethnicized Citizenship
Authors: Choo Hae Yeon
Published: August 2006

This article explores the gendered construction of South Korean citizenship through the lens of North Korean settlers' experiences in South Korea. Drawing on ethnographic research, the author delves into the citizen-making process, critically examining the impact of gendered modernizing projects on North Korean settlers' daily lives. North Korean settlers are expected to get rid of their ethnic markers and transform themselves into modern citizen-subjects of South Korea. The author demonstrates that the overall frame of perception of North Korean settlers is deeply gendered, with modernity as a powerful ethnic marker. The notion of ethnicized citizenship in the context of two Koreas offers a concrete account of how ethnicities are created and employed in stratified structure of citizenship.
Reproducing Life And Labor
Authors: Aitken Stuart , Estrada Silvia López , Jennings Joel , Aguirre Lina María
Published: August 2006

The issue of child labor continues to challenge thinking on the nature of work, play, schooling and apprenticeship. New wisdom from some contemporary academic writing places children closer to the center of our understanding of consumption, production and reproduction, and at the heart of inequities generated by globalization. Child labor comes in many forms and intersects with local life and global processes in a myriad of ways. The child laborers in this study work as ‘volunteer’ checkout packers in Tijuana supermarkets. By highlighting aspects of their complex daily lives, this article develops new ways of thinking about children's work socially and spatially, while acknowledging the global contexts of this work.
Can The Language Of Rights Get Hold Of The Complex Realities Of Child Domestic Work?
Authors: Jacquemin Mélanie
Published: August 2006

This review examines refractions of children's rights in development practice from an anthropological point of view and considers the case of young domestic girls working in Abidjan. The author argues that child labour legislation and the children's rights perspective in Abidjan is permeated by patriarchal values that mask the exploitation of work performed in the domestic arena under the cover of (pseudo) kinship ties. The author contends that development programmes that target young domestic servants in a children's rights-framed approach risk obscuring situations where children are put to work and actually exploited.
Consuming Histories
Authors: Peterson Brandt Gustav
Published: August 2006

This article investigates the sudden rise of indigenous activist politics after the end of El Salvador's civil war in 1992. It argues that an important unspoken element of what returns with the Indian is the revolutionary desire that animated the social struggles of the civil war and before. Approaching the question of Salvadoran indigenous activism this way directs attention away from risky practices of defining authenticity to consider instead the complicated forms of subjectivity through which people live in the racialized space of Salvadoran mestizaje.
Animal magnetism in Spanish medicine (1786–1860)
Authors: González de Pablo Ángel
Published: August 2006

This paper studies the reception and development of animal magnetism in Spanish medicine. It analyses in turn: the initial rejection of animal magnetism influenced by the reports of the French Royal Commissions of 1784; the first attempts to implant Mesmerism around 1816; its reluctant acceptance with the introduction of phrenology from 1842 onwards; and, finally, its critical revision, provoked by issues of legal responsibility, from 1856 to 1860. Hypnotism, as a term, began to appear in Spanish medical publications around 1860.
Avoiding violence by technologies? Rectal feeding in German psychiatry,c. 1860–85
Authors: Sammet Kai
Published: August 2006

During the nineteenth century, the use of the stomach tube became the preferred method to treat the insane refusing to eat. But it was not unusual for this practice to result in violence and serious injuries. Especially around 1860, when the discussion of non-restraint in German psychiatry reached its climax, other methods of dealing with sitophobia became the focus of interest. In particular, two psychiatrists who ran a private asylum in Endenich near Bonn, Franz Richarz and Bernhard Oebeke, recommended rectal feeding as a means of avoiding violence and injury. This paper deals with this method and also outlines the different ‘technologies’ used to treat ‘abstinent’ insane patients.
‘Other Inhumane Acts’: Forced Marriage, Girl Soldiers and the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: Park Augustine S. J.
Published: August 2006

The decade-long civil war in Sierra Leone gained international notoriety for the widespread use of child soldiers, and the sexual abuse and ‘forced’ marriage of girl soldiers. For the first time in international legal history, ‘forced marriage’ is being prosecuted as a ‘crime against humanity’ in Sierra Leone’s post-conflict ‘Special Court’. This represents an important step in advancing the human rights of girls, and follows a growing trend in international criminal prosecution of gender offences. Notwithstanding the significance of this indictment, international law is no panacea for the deeper inequalities and vulnerabilities that girls experience in peacetime and in wartime. This article advocates a specific focus on girls, who are often ‘disappeared’ under discourses of children and women. Moreover, using recommendations from Sierra Leone’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, this article attempts to point to social and economic inequalities that must be addressed alongside criminal prosecution of gendered crimes against humanity.
Understanding Enrollment Conversations: The Role of the Hospice Admissions Representative
Authors: Wittenberg-Lyles Elaine M. , Thompson Sharlene
Published: August 2006

Nonparticipant observation was undertaken to understand how barriers are discussed and managed in initial hospice enrollment conversations between patients, families, and hospice admission representatives. The first author observed patient/family and hospice admission representative interactions, interviewed hospice admission representatives, and attended monthly hospice meetings for a total of 37 hours of observation. Findings indicate that patients and a primary family member take on particular roles during these initial conversations. Based on the roles adopted by the patient and the family, the hospice admission representative engaged in 1 of 3 types of talk: (1) enrollment talk, (2) reassurance talk, or (3) informative talk. When engaging in enrollment conversations with families, hospice admission representatives direct their comforting statements toward reappraising uncertainty about hospice and uncertainty about death and dying.
Meditation: A New Role for an Old Friend
Authors: Wright Leonard D.
Published: August 2006

Meditation has been a spiritual and healing tradition for centuries. In 1972, Keith Wallace and Herbert Benson published a landmark article looking at meditation from a scientific perspective. The author reviewed their article, plus selected scientific literature on meditation since that time, to see if there was enough evidence to warrant the inclusion of meditation in the treatment protocols of serious disease. This review, plus an illustrative case study, demonstrated that such inclusion is warranted and further research is necessary.
Evaluation of a Behavioral Assessment Tool for the Individual Unable to Self-report Pain
Authors: Hutchison Rob W. , Tucker William F. , Kim Sunghyun , Gilder Richard
Published: August 2006

Assessment of pain intensity using a standard self-reported pain score is standard practice in most institutions. These instruments require the cognitive ability to process the pain intensity into a numeric or descriptive value. Many institutions are considering adopting an assessment tool for cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a clinician-administered assessment tool, PAINAD, in patients with cognitive impairment. Opioid consumption and frequency of documented unknown pain were collected in 2 cognitive impaired groups. In the control group, a self-reporting pain intensity tool was used, and in a second group, the PAINAD was used. Opioid use was significantly higher ( P = .003) and the rates of reported unknown pain were significantly lower ( P < .01) in the group using the PAINAD instrument compared to the control group of patients with cognitive impairment. There were no noted differences in opioid-induced adverse reactions in either group.
An Evaluation of a Support Group for Junior Doctors Working in Palliative Medicine
Authors: Feld Jacqueline , Heyse-Moore Louis
Published: August 2006

Evidence suggests that doctors working in palliative medicine experience stress and burnout. This study has 2 parts. The first investigates a pilot scheme in an inner-city hospice where junior doctors met for confidential every-third-week support sessions with an independent facilitator. Data collected from 25 doctors attending the group suggest that all respondents found it helpful, particularly through sharing clinical experiences, establishing relationships, having a confidential forum for discussion, and having protected time set aside for the group. All indicated they would value similar support in other medical settings. In the second part of the study, contact was made with 62 other adult and children's hospices in the United Kingdom to seek evidence of support provision for junior doctors in other centers. Forty-seven (76%) replied. Six (13%) had a doctors' support group. Twenty (43%) had other support measures, such as close informal support, input by a psychologist, mentoring, and clinical supervision.
The Structuringof Working Relationships in Small Firms: Towards a Formal Framework
Authors: Edwards Paul , Ram Monder , Gupta Sukanya Sen , Tsai Chin-ju
Published: August 2006

Small firms operating in competitive conditions are often assumed to follow the dictates of the market. Existing institutionalist research shows that they are in fact embedded in networks and thus shaped by social institutions. It does not, however, show how different types of firm are embedded in different ways. A formal framework is thus developed, setting out the external context and internal resources that shape small firms’ behaviour. The framework is illustrated with empirical examples, and a research programme is outlined.
Quality of life in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Renty J O , Roeyers Herbert
Published: August 2006

Although the concept of quality of life has increasingly been used in the field of intellectual disabilities over the past three decades, the factors contributing to quality of life of persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have received relatively little attention. In this study, disability and support characteristics associated with variations in the level of quality of life among adults with ASD are identified, using self-report measures. Fifty-eight high-functioning adults with ASD participated in the study. The results of a multiple linear regression analysis reveal that support characteristics are related to quality of life in adults with ASD, whereas disability characteristics are not. The R2 effect size (0.620) is large and significant. The results reinforce the significance of an available supportive social network, the importance of a substantial needs assessment and effective professional support.
Parental beliefs about autism
Authors: Harrington John W. , Patrick Patricia A. , Edwards Karen S. , Brand Donald A.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated parental beliefs about the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Sixty-two families of affected children completed a questionnaire asking when the parent first noticed developmental or behavioral problems, when they were told the diagnosis, how confident they were about the ability of their child's physician to recognize autism, whether they believed anything specific might have caused their child's autism, and what medications and complementary or alternative therapies they had tried. Two-thirds of parents suspected a specific cause, and three-quarters questioned their physician's ability. Parents who perceived a greater delay in diagnosis or who had tried more different therapies both tended to have less confidence in their physician (p = 0.20 and p = 0.07, respectively). Physicians should inquire about parental beliefs concerning etiology, learn what treatments the children are receiving, perform screening at the 18 month visit, and make referrals for further evaluation as soon as a child begins to exhibit signs suggestive of autism.