bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Until He Comes’: Towards an Eschatology of Church Membership
Authors: Gunton Colin
Published: March 2003

This article is a critical consideration of Robert Jenson’s understanding of the church as the Body of Christ in the light of 1 Corinthians. Jenson is understood to be claiming that the church is the presence on earth of the eschatological kingdom. This is based on a variety of faulty presuppositions. But Jenson’s view of the church as a social political reality is found not to allow for a distinctive ethic. 1 Corinthians is shown to assert the priority of the Word, creating the church, and to have an eschatological morality, relating worship and church polity.
Substantive unconscious and adjective unconscious: the contribution of Wilfred Bion
Authors: Andrade de Azevedo Ana Maria
Published: March 2003

The author first provides her readers with a brief summary of some of Freud's ideas, as found throughout his work, on the notion of ‘unconscious’.

The notion of unconscious as noun is contrasted to the idea of unconscious as adjective, this latter being proposed as a quality, or a state, ever temporary, dynamic, and subject to the constant changes going on in the individual's internal psychic world, as well as to external conditions.

After presenting some considerations, the author then contrasts the Kleinian model of the mind to the Freudian, and Wilfred Bion's contribution is discussed at some length. Within Bion's conception of psychic functioning, the model of ‘dream’ is highlighted and, in this regard, clarifications are sought regarding Bion's view of the unconscious.

To conclude, a brief and superficial approximation to the work of Carl Jung is touched upon, although the author admits to knowing little of Jung's positions.
Jung's mediatory science as a psychology beyond objectivism
Authors: Kotsch William E.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, the author argues that Jung's non‐objectivist – yet scientific – epistemology and his empirical/hermeneutic methods of inquiry situate him within a psychological tradition that, in many respects, began with William James and, today, is finding expression in the work of many non‐Jungian cognitive scientists. In an effort to encourage dialogue between Jungians and scholars within related intellectual traditions, the author presents evidence from the corpus of Jung's work that demonstrates that, like William James, Jung intentionally rejected the absolutist claims of objectivism and the opposite position on ‘anything goes’ relativism, emotivism, or subjectivism. Instead, Jung forged a path that led to the meta‐psychological position similar to internal realism (Putnam 1981) or experientialism (Lakoff 1987) and to a theoretical psychology that gave a central place both to unconscious cognitive structure and to imagination. This he labelled a ‘mediatory science’. The psychological theories developed within this mediatory science framework represent an early articulation of key constructs that are currently used by a number of cognitive scientists seeking to understand how we make sense of experience.
Reliability and validity of scores from the Singer‐Loomis Type Deployment Inventory
Authors: Arnau Randolph C. , Rosen David H. , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on the Singer‐Loomis Type Deployment Inventory (SL‐TDI), which is an alternative to the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The SL‐TDI utilizes a continuous, non‐forced choice format and therefore is a more accurate representation of Jung's personality theory of psychological types. The purpose of the study reported here is to evaluate the reliability and validity of scores from the SL‐TDI. Specifically, the goals were to (a) provide estimates of the internal consistency of SL‐TDI scores; (b) evaluate the divergent validity of SL‐TDI scores by examination of their relationships with the scores on a social desirability responding measure; and (c) examine the test‐retest stability of scores from the SL‐TDI. Strong support was found for both the reliability and validity of SL‐TDI scores.
The future of analysis
Authors: Covington Coline
Published: March 2003

The aim of analysis is to enable our patients to differentiate themselves from their past. The question we face as analysts is whether we are in fact neurotically bound to repeat the past. This paper addresses this question by considering some of the reasons that there is a ‘crisis in analysis’. Two central problems within the practice of analysis are identified as contributing to this ‘crisis’: 1) a view of the patient as ‘enemy’, or as innately destructive; and 2) a trend towards here‐and‐now interpretations within the transference which disregards history and the role of external reality. The danger of such an approach is that it does not allow patients to separate from their hateful primal scenes and to become free of neurotic guilt. When we are anxious about our own destructiveness and aggression and do not link this to a failure to form a loving relation, we run the risk of fostering compliance and conformity within our patients and within our own professional societies. In contrast, it is the recognition of the past and its influence on the present that makes analysis a tool for revolution
Positive Theories of Multinational Banking: Eclectic Theory Versus Internalisation Theory
Authors: Williams Barry
Published: March 2003

The choice of an appropriate paradigm to consider banks’ motivation to enter a new market and their subsequent performance is an important issue in multinational banking. This paper discusses this issue within the context of two competing theories of the multinational enterprise and the special theories of banking as applied to the multinational enterprise. The conclusion of this paper is that while it may not be possible to empirically distinguish between the propositions of Eclectic theory and Internalisation theory, Internalisation theory offers a framework with greater internal consistency for the study of the multinational bank. Further, any empirical studies must be conducted within the framework of the appropriate special theories consistent with internalisation theory. These special theories have developed over time in an unstructured fashion, and the application of internalisation theory provides a cohesive framework within which to analyse these theories.
Habit Formation and the Theory of Addiction
Authors: Messinis George
Published: March 2003

In the light of repeated rejections of the Hall (1978) version of the life cycle‐permanent income hypothesis and other empirical puzzles, the habit formation hypothesis has increased in popularity since the 1980s. However, existing formulations of habit persistence do not always perform well empirically. This paper pursues two objectives: (i) to outline the habit persistence hypothesis, and (ii) to review the theory of addiction with a focus on issues of relevance to the theory of consumption. In the literature on addiction, two research traditions are discernible: rational addiction and myopic addiction. The former approach emphasises forward‐looking behaviour and defines memory loss as a univariate process. The latter relies on multiple objectives and highlights the role of contractual behaviour. The paper argues that future research in consumption with habits ought to pay more attention to non‐separabilities, allow for multivariate processes when modelling memory loss and consider rational habit modification.
The effect of supervisor and trainee therapist gender on supervision discourse
Authors: McHale Ed , Carr Alan
Published: March 2003

The effects of supervisor and trainee therapist gender on supervision discourse were examined in this study. Forty episodes of supervision discourse, with ten drawn from each of four types of supervision systems were videotaped. The systems were (1) male supervisor and male trainee therapist; (2) male supervisor and female trainee therapist; (3) female supervisor and male trainee therapist; and (4) female supervisor and female trainee therapist. The episodes of supervision discourse were analysed using a supervision discourse coding system which showed adequate inter‐rater reliability. For supervisors, the coding system allowed a directive discourse style and a collaborative discourse styled to be coded. A cooperative discourse style and a resistant discourse style could be coded for trainee therapists. Two statistically significant findings of considerable theoretical and clinical importance emerged. First, contrary to stereotypic expectations, discourse characterized by a directive supervision style and a resistant trainee therapist style was more common for systems containing a female supervisor than for those containing a male supervisor. Second, for same gender supervisor‐trainee‐therapist supervision systems, a collaborative systemic supervision style was correlated with both cooperative and resistant trainee therapist styles. This discourse pattern did not occur for opposite gender supervision systems, indicating that a collaborative supervision discourse style is consistently associated with trainee therapist parti‐cipation (either cooperatively or resistantly) within same gender pairings of supervisors and trainee therapists. These results are discussed in light of relevant literature on gender, power and supervision process and the limitations of the study are considered.
‘In sickness and in health’: the development of alternative discourses in work with families with parental illness
Authors: Dale Barbara , Altschuler Jenny
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the development of clinical understanding and a clinical model for working with families with parental physical illness. The lens of gender to explore clinical process reveals blind spots and can uncover alternative perspectives on parental illness. The authors look at the very different needs of children and parents for coherent explanations. The impact of this way of working on therapists and the importance of reflecting teams, as part of the process of working collaboratively with families, are addressed.
Engaging men in family therapy: does the gender of the therapist make a difference?
Authors: Dienhart Anna
Published: March 2003

The results of this exploratory Delphi study provide a beginning formulation of a gender‐sensitive approach to working with men in the specialized field of couple and family therapy. The research specifically investigated what a panel of thirty‐six ‘expert’ family therapists believed would be appropriate and effective techniques to engage men in therapy and in the process of family change. This report focuses on findings highlighting differences between what female and male therapists preferred as techniques to work with men in family therapy.
Integrating couples and family therapy into a community alcohol service: a pantheoretical approach
Authors: Vetere Arlene , Henley Mavis
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the contribution of family systems theory and therapy to mainstream alcohol treatment programmes. Systemic psychotherapy is integrated with group analytic psychotherapy in a couples and family therapy service within a community alcohol service (CAS) which uses the Prochaska and Diclemente model of stages of change. Problems and solutions in putting these complex ideas into practice are discussed, with specific reference to issues of engagement. An example of our work with a couple is offered to illustrate our weave of theory and practice.
From Kolkhoz to Holding Company: a Hungarian Agricultural Producer Co‐operative in Transition
Authors: Swain Nigel
Published: March 2003

This paper uses a case study, the Noble Grape co‐operative (a pseudonym), to illustrate the roles of social and cultural capital in both the creation of a successful agricultural producer co‐operative (collective farm) in socialist Hungary and its transformation into a successful private company after 1989. It identifies both continuities in personnel, from socialist technocrat to capitalist manager, and continuities in the financial establishment with which it deals. The social origins of the key players in the transformation are compared with the existing sociological literature on changing elites in Eastern Europe, and the fate of the ordinary members who appear to be the losers in the process.
Framing Greater France Between The Wars
Authors: Wilder Gary
Published: March 2003

This essay analyzes the relationship between France as an imperial nation‐state and the discourse of Greater France that intensified during the interwar period. I am interested in the way that the figure of Greater France sought to stage and reconcile – not justify, rationalize, or mystify – structural contradictions between republican and imperial systems of government. I argue that there is an intrinsic relationship between colonial discourse and its corresponding political form. By posing questions about the status we assign to colonial ideology through the analysis of a series of influential colonial texts, this essay pays special attention to the dissociation of nationality and citizenship that characterized a political form composed of a metropolitan parliamentary government articulated with a colonial administrative regime. I hope to reframe the familiar discussion of the proliferating representations of empire that circulated in metropolitan France after World War One. The figure of la plus grande France that developed then allows us to interrogate the French imperial nation‐state at a doubly paradoxical historical conjuncture characterized by the consolidation of both the republic and the empire, on the one hand, and by unprecedented crises of the republic and colonial legitimacy, on the other. Interwar imperialism produced qualitative and evaluative distinctions between different French colonies but I will focus on the more general conceptions of the empire as such that circulated through the discourse of Greater France.
Re‐Thinking the ‘Origins Debate’: Race Formation and Political Formations in England’s Chesapeake Colonies
Authors: Smaje Chris
Published: March 2003

The debate over the ‘origins’ of racism in colonial North America has been dominated by the view that racism was a consequence of the enslavement of African‐origin labour, or alternatively that it was a prior – perhaps primordial – sentiment that shaped the process of enslavement. This paper offers an alternative reading of the evidence in suggesting that race formation can be understood in relation to the emergence of new forms of imagining political communities in early modern England, and Europe more generally. This argument can not only help refine understanding of race formation in early colonial America, but also sociological theories of race more generally, while helping avoid some of the theoretical problems entailed in attempting to trace the ‘origins’ of social phenomena.
Class and the Construction of the 19th Century German Male Body
Authors: Dencker Berit Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

Between 1848 and 1871, the German male identity created by the popular German gymnastics movement became a civilized bourgeois identity, distinguished from an aristocratic identity and one associated with manual labor. Bourgeois gymnasts initiated this process but the rest of the mainly petty bourgeois gymnasts eventually adopted the civilized identity embodied through gymnastics. Complementing studies that show that the bourgeoisie’s increasing social dominance was reflected in the class‐based restriction of access to voluntary associations, this article shows that it also involved the adoption of practices that expressed a restrictive bourgeois identity. The article challenges previous explanations of changing gymnastics practices and Pierre Bourdieu’s emphasis on the role of class distinction in explaining changes in sports practices.
Analysts' Earnings Forecasts and the Value Relevance of 20‐F Reconciliations from non‐U.S. to U.S. GAAP
Authors: Fulkerson Cheryl Linthicum , Meek Gary K.
Published: March 2003

This study extends existing research into the value relevance of reconciliations to U.S. GAAP by examining the role of analysts' earnings forecasts in explaining potential market reactions to the earnings reconciliation. One possible reason why the evidence on the value relevance of the earnings reconciliation is weak is that earnings are forecast by analysts. Their forecasts may pre‐empt some of the information content of the earnings reconciliation disclosures. Our findings indicate that analysts' forecasts are value relevant and that they play a pre‐emptive role for some firms. For others, however, the earnings reconciliation has information content that is not pre‐empted by analysts' forecasts.
The Sociology of Law in France: Trends and Paradigms
Authors: Noreau Pierre , Arnaud André Jean
Published: March 2003

To suggest that French legal sociology is a field in which a dominant theoretical tendency is identifiable is misleading; equally, attempts to provide insight into the work achieved in French socio‐legal studies which presuppose that a complete inventory of the field must be undertaken are misguided. In this article, an exposition of French legal sociology is attempted using different means: following a brief history of the evolution of socio‐legal studies in France, the authors suggest different paradigms around which French researchers appear to converge. Eight paradigms are identified, covering the majority of French sociologists and jurists. The article concludes with an analysis of some characteristics of socio‐legal studies in general, within the framework of French intellectual and academic life.
Accountability, New Public Management, and the Problems of the Child Support Agency
Authors: Harlow Carol
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to evaluate the accountability of Next Steps Agencies through the medium of a case study of the Child Support Agency (CSA). The CSA was widely considered to offer a substandard service to its customers. It was the subject of multiple reports by the House of Commons Social Services Select Committee, the Select Committee on the Parliamentary Commissioner, and the Public Accounts Committee. In addition, these committees had at their disposal internal reports from an adjudicator and the Child Support commissioner. The interlock between internal and external machinery for accountability is also considered.
Poisoned by the Fluff: Compensation and Litigation for Byssinosis in the Lancashire Cotton Industry
Authors: Bowden Sue , Tweedale Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

The literature on the history of industrial diseases is scanty, especially for byssinosis – a chronic respiratory illness caused by exposure to cotton dust that was prevalent in Lancashire cotton mills from the early nineteenth century. This article uses government, legal, medical, and trade union records to explore the development of state compensation for byssinosis. This began in 1941, but not until the early 1970s did compensation extend to all affected workers. Even then, dissatisfaction with state benefits for byssinosis ensured a steady stream of common law actions after 1975. Most of these were settled, highlighting the failure of government and industry to control dust and safeguard workers’ health. Government aversion to increasing costs in a declining industry was a major factor in the development of an inequitable compensation system, which shifted many of the costs of industrial disease onto cotton workers.
Woe Unto You, Judges: or How Reading Frankfurter and Greene, The Labor Injunction, Ruined Me as a Labour Lawyer and Made Me as an Academic
Authors: Arthurs Harry
Published: March 2003

This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with a major book that influenced the author. Previous contributors include Stewart Macaulay, John Griffith, William Twining, Carol Harlow, and Geoffrey Bindman.
Human Resourcing in Practice: Managing Employment Issues in the University
Authors: Watson Tony , Watson Diane
Published: March 2003

Participant observation in two universities is used to throw light on processes of sensemaking engaged in by managers concerned with human resourcing issues. Analysis of managerial sensemaking in the case study organizations is carried out using concepts from earlier sociological theorizing about human resource or personnel management, treating these theoretical ideas as resources for use in the researchers' own sensemaking. It is shown that theoretical ‘sense’ can be made of the managerial or ‘lay’ sensemaking in the universities in terms of a need to handle various tensions which are inherent in all employment management work in industrial capitalist societies. And it is argued that there is clear continuity between what is currently occurring and has occurred in the past. This interpretation is shown to differ from that of an alternative approach in social science sensemaking, that which uses the notion of a new paradigm of ‘HRM’.
Do Implementation Processes and Rationales Matter? The Case of Workplace Reforms
Authors: Godard John
Published: March 2003

This paper draws on a 1995 survey of 141 Canadian firms to address the extent to which the rationales and processes associated with workplace reform programmes matter to their success. Specifically, I explore the extent to which implementation rationales predict implementation processes, whether and how both appear to be associated with managerial evaluations of the effectiveness of workplace reforms, whether these associations are contingent on the intensity with which these reforms are adopted or on establishment size, and whether results are sensitive to the measure of effectiveness employed. Overall, I find that, although implementation rationales and processes may ‘matter’, the extent to which this is the case is limited and varies depending on intensity of adoption, on establishment size, and on the definition of effectiveness employed. I also find that, while adherence to a ‘processually rational’ model bears some association with effectiveness, this association tends to be uneven. I conclude that, although implementation rationales and processes may help to account for the uneven diffusion and success of reforms, much may also depend on the context and the actors involved
Towards a Post‐Dualistic Business Ethics: Interweaving Reason and Emotion in Working Life
Authors: Bos Rene ten , Willmott Hugh
Published: March 2003

We highlight and challenge the dominance of rationalist assumptions in business ethics that promote and legitimize a privileging of reason over emotion as a source of moral action. We ask whether it is possible for business ethics not only to challenge this hierarchy but to avoid its reversal. We start by exploring some origins of reason‐based ethics and relate these to ideas about organization. Here we hint at some popular examples of this kind of ethics and discuss two of its more important sources of inspiration: Kant and Weber. Next, we consider the relationship between bureaucracy and morality before evaluating Bauman’s ideas about morality in bureaucratic organizations. We argue that Bauman fails to challenge the dualism between reason and emotion as he inverts the hierarchical relationship between them. Contending that this hierarchization should be abandoned, we explore how the preceding discussion illuminates business ethics and address some consequences of our anti‐dualist position.
Accounting For Change: A Discourse Analysis of Graduate Trainees’ Talk of Adjustment
Authors: Coupland Christine
Published: March 2003

In this paper I explore how graduate trainees account for change since joining a company. The participants were on a graduate‐training scheme with a large, well known, high street chain. They were interviewed over a period of six months and asked to talk about their work. This paper is part of a larger study of graduates’ work experience. The extracts in this paper are taken from transcripts of the interviews, and are analysed using a discursive approach. These stories of work events have provided an arena for identity projects to be undertaken, where identity is regarded as a flexible resource. The participants acknowledge and refute change during their time with the company. In addition, they construct and contrast their self‐descriptions with a company ‘ideal’. Furthermore, their accounts of being similar to other employees, yet at the same time unique, appear to illustrate a dilemma through contradiction. These dilemmas are negotiated in the talk through the construction and deployment of situated identities. I conclude that by attending to the detail of talk about work, understanding may be gained regarding ideological dilemmas that face new entrants to a work place. They draw on and refute commonly understood work place practices, while situating their identity in broader cultural projects. The participants attend to ‘norms’ and ‘culture’ while denying their relevance to their own particular patterns of behaviour. Accounts of learning to behave ‘appropriately’ and to avoid being ‘bloodied’ feature in their talk of adjustment since joining the company. This has relevance for the future training of graduates and understanding work place identities.
Teleworking: Frameworks for Organizational Research
Authors: Daniels Kevin , Lamond David , Standen Peter
Published: March 2003

Teleworking is a work practice that entails remote working for at least some of the time. Common arrangements include work done at home or in the field, by teleworkers in a range of occupations. As such, telework is one of the most radical departures from standard working conditions in the suite of flexible work practices now gaining widespread acceptance. In this paper, we develop an explanatory model of organizational adoption of teleworking. We do this as a means of integrating the current literature on the incidence of teleworking and to provide a theoretical grounding and framework for understanding differentials in the growth of teleworking in different organizations, industries and countries. We begin by developing an appropriate framework for conceptualizing teleworking. We propose a multivariate approach that is able to differentiate the various forms of teleworking. We then use this framework to develop a model and a series of propositions concerning the adoption of different forms of teleworking. Neo‐institutional theory, as well as recent empirical evidence on teleworking informs this model.
Battle in the Boardroom: A Discursive Perspective
Authors: Ng Wilson , Cock Christian De
Published: March 2003

This article examines the centrality of discourse in achieving managerially relevant outcomes, with a focus on the in‐situ performance context of corporate storytellers. The Ricœurian concept of speech act, capturing both the intentionality of organizational discourse and the social context of its production and reception, implicitly guided our research effort. The article has at its core a story of how senior organizational officers exploited the volatile circumstances of a public takeover in Singapore. By looking at the social construction of narratives in their many fragments we come to see how a key protagonist carves out a powerful position. The efficacy of his performances can be seen to be dependent upon the effective use of poetic tropes and the receptiveness of listeners to particular Chinese archetypal relationship‐driven themes. In crafting our story we use multiple texts which were produced in and around two case organizations. As such we offer a carefully constructed collage, a mixture of production and reproduction, sticking closely to forms of communication that key organizational actors used to plan, enact and interpret their actions and those of others. Whilst our story offers insights to readers with an interest in organizational discourse, corporate governance and Asian management practices, we refrain from imposing an authoritarian interpretation that insists on identifying with the intentions of the authors.
THE DETERMINANTS OF RESEARCH GROUP PERFORMANCE: TOWARDS MODE 2?*
Authors: HARVEY JANET , PETTIGREW ANDREW , FERLIE EWAN
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the determinants of performance of research groups in the context of the emergence of knowledge as a key intangible asset. It focuses specifically on how best to configure knowledge producers for optimal effectiveness in the current research environment. It explores the under‐researched area of the organization and management of research groups located in and at the interface of university research and focuses on medical and medical‐related research groups. The discussion is embedded within the current debate concerning modes of organization in knowledge production. Factors identified with high‐achievement are: strong leadership; finding, motivating and retaining talent; strategies of related diversification; strongly linked theory and practice and, in particular, network connectedness. Such groups exhibit an increasingly complex internal environment, facilitating a flexible response to an increasingly complex external environment. It finds evidence of Mode 2 working, with increasing use of collaborative strategies and some evidence of a thematic emphasis emerging, although to a lesser extent than the literature suggests, since participants are still working from a strongly disciplinary base. Driven by the more competitive environment, both intellectual and commercial forms of entrepreneurship are present. At the hub of this complex web of inter‐related factors is network connectedness, which proves to be centrally facilitative in mobilizing the other necessary resources.
DISCIPLINING THE PROFESSIONAL: THE CASE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT*
Authors: HODGSON DAMIAN
Published: March 2003

Despite its rapid growth in recent years, Project Management has received very little critical attention, particularly when compared to the more ‘hyped’ managerial fashions such as TQM (cf. Wilkinson and Willmott, 1995) and BPR (cf. Grey and Mitev, 1995; Grint, 1994). My intention in this paper is to critically examine the ongoing construction of Project Management as a professional discipline in modern organizations. Drawing on an understanding of ‘discipline’ based in Foucauldian work, I will briefly trace the historical construction of Project Management as a form of managerial knowledge, outlining the key models and techniques which make up contemporary Project Management. Through an empirical study of the articulation and reproduction of Project Management within two Financial Services institutions, the everyday construction of Project Management as an ‘objective’ and ‘abstract’ body of knowledge will be described. I then contrast this with the embodied and power‐laden operation of Project Management, with disciplinary effects not only on those employees whose work is restructured in line with Project Management principles but equally upon self‐professed Project Management professionals themselves.
The Changing Power of ‘Explanations’: Directors, Academics and Their Sensemaking from 1989 to 2000
Authors: Pye Annie
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on empirical research conducted with directors in large UK organizations, first in 1987–89, and again in 1998–2000. While the time frame has changed, the focus of the inquiry has remained constant – how do you ‘run’ a large organization – and data gathered reflect significant changes over time as to how the question is answered. This paper addresses one particular aspect of this complex material: the changing power of practitioner and academic explanations across the decade, highlighted by comparing and contrasting this data and its analysis over time.

The paper illustrates a surprising degree of consistency (in contrast to 1987–89 findings) in practitioners’ contemporary explanations of their organizing: all talk of strategic focus, shareholder value and corporate governance, phrases previously never mentioned. This reflects a variety of changes across the decade, including an important concentration of power amongst investors. As well as the methodological implications of ‘repeating’ this study, the changing power of academics’ explanations ‘on’ organization is also discussed as conceptual frameworks gain and lose their resonance with the times. The paper concludes that sensemaking (Weick, 1995) offers the most appropriate perspective by which such shifts in the power of explanations may best be appreciated.
An Exploration of Two Competing Perspectives on Informational Contexts in Top Management Strategic Issue Interpretation
Authors: Kuvaas Bård
Published: March 2003

Two disparate theoretical views of how informational contexts affect managerial sensemaking and decision making appear in organizational research. An organizational information processing perspective posits that increasing the flow of information within and between organizations will enhance environmental awareness. In contrast, behavioural decision making and social cognition research suggest that information may increase the occurrence or magnitude of overconfidence and illusions of control. These competing predictions were examined by means of an investigation of the relationship between informational contexts and top managers’ strategic issue interpretation. Findings indicate that managers whose organizations have environmental information readily available to them perceive higher control over issues than managers in organizations with lower informational availability. Moreover, managers in top management teams with higher information processing capacity seem to perceive higher degrees of control and manageability, and search for less data in issue interpretation, than managers in teams with lower information processing capacity. These results offer some support for the behavioural decision making and social cognition perspective, and question the organizational information processing prediction that organizations engaging in active information processing are more aware of the environment and more likely to assess environmental developments, trends or events in a more vigilant manner.
Social Undermining, Support Satisfaction, and Affect: A Domain‐Specific Lagged Effects Model
Authors: Finch John F.
Published: March 2003

Using a latent variable structural equation modeling approach, relations among social undermining, support satisfaction, and affect were studied in a sample of 330 college students. Longitudinal analyses revealed lagged reciprocal relations over a 1‐week interval between (1) social undermining and negative affect and (2) support satisfaction and positive affect. Cross‐domain associations, by comparison, were nonsignificant; social undermining was unrelated to positive affect and social support was uncorrelated with negative affect. These results provide support for a domain‐specific model of social relations and affect.
Observer‐Rated Measures of Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Perry J. Christopher , Lanni Floriana F.
Published: March 2003

Observer‐rated measures of defense mechanisms are the direct lineal descendants of Freud's clinical proposition that an observer can reasonably infer defensive operations in an individual of which the individual himself or herself is unaware. Assessment methods of defenses have used both projective testing and clinical interview data. Recent Rorschach test methods have focused on borderline and neurotic‐level defenses used to discriminate diagnostic groups and predict other aspects of functioning. A TAT method has demonstrated some evidence for age progression in the development of defensive functioning and for regression in defensive functioning following psychological stress. While interrater reliability is generally good, the methods are limited by the availability of the testing situation and the need to demonstrate generalization to external situations.

Following the early introduction of systematic methods by Haan and Vaillant, a number of methods use clinical interview data to assess specific defenses and overall defensive functioning. These methods identify defenses either as qualitative categories, rank‐ordered scores by Q‐sort, or actual counts of each instance a defense is used. Summary scores are generally of good reliability, with wider variation for individual defenses. There is wide variation on training required, ease of use, and levels of validation.

A review of some correlates of each method suggests that the instruments have a robust potential for use in fundamental and applied clinical research. While each method has some clear applications, the quantitative clinical interview methods appear best adapted to microanalytic process research on issues of defensive change in treatment.
Goal Imagery: Bridging the Gap Between Implicit Motives and Explicit Goals
Authors: Schultheiss Oliver C. , Brunstein Joachim C.
Published: March 2003

Two studies examined the role of goal imagery (i.e., the perception‐like mental representation of the pursuit and attainment of a goal) in establishing congruence between individuals’ implicit motives and their inclination to pursue explicit goals assigned to them. Study 1 found that after a goal‐imagery exercise, implicit needs for power and affiliation predicted participants’ affective arousal and their commitment to a social‐interaction goal furnished with power‐ and affiliation‐related incentives. In Study 2, implicit power motivation predicted the level of performance participants achieved in pursuit of a competitive performance goal after a goal‐imagery exercise. Without goal imagery, however, participants’ motivation to pursue an explicit goal was independent of their implicit motive dispositions in both studies.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Individual Differences in Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Diagnosticity: Analyzing Data From a Classic Twin Study
Authors: Lippa Richard , Hershberger Scott
Published: March 2003

Analyzing data from Loehlin and Nichols's (1976) classic twin study, we computed measures of Masculine Instrumentality (M), Feminine Expressiveness (F), and Gender Diagnosticity (GD). Quantitative genetic modeling analyses of within‐sex individual differences in M, F, and GD indicated that: (1) Additive genetic factors contribute significantly to individual differences in M, F, and GD. (2) The environmental effects on M, F, and GD tend to be nonshared. (3) The genetic and environmental components of individual differences in M, F, and GD tend not to show gender differences. Finally, (4) the estimated within‐sex heritability of GD (.53) is significantly greater than the estimated within‐sex heritabilities of either M (.36) or F (.38).
Individual Differences in Reactivity to Daily Events: Examining the Roles of Stability and Level of Self‐Esteem
Authors: Greenier Keegan D. , Kernis Michael H. , McNamara Connie W. , Waschull Stefanie B. , Berry Andrea J. , Herlocker Caryn E. , Abend Teresa A.
Published: March 2003

Unstable self‐esteem is thought to reflect fragile and vulnerable feelings of self‐worth that are affected by specific positive and negative events. Direct evidence for this contention is lacking, however. To redress this situation, we examined the extent to which level and stability of self‐esteem predicted the impact that everyday positive and negative events had on individuals’ feelings about themselves. Participants recorded the most positive and most negative event that occurred each day Monday through Thursday for a period of 2 weeks. They then indicated the extent to which each event made them feel better or worse about themselves. As anticipated, negative and positive events had a greater impact on the self‐feelings of individuals with unstable as opposed to stable self‐esteem (although the effect for positive events was marginal). Additional findings indicated that event qualities (i.e., self‐esteem relevance and concerns about social acceptance/rejection) could account for the unstable self‐esteem/greater reactivity link for negative events, but not for positive events. Negative, but not positive, events had a greater impact on the self‐feelings of individuals with low as compared to high levels of self‐esteem. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Information Population of an Integrated Construction Management System
Authors: Rankin Jeff H. , Froese Thomas M.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the future requirements of integrated construction management systems and the need to support the management of large volumes of information on several levels. The solution proposes a combination of an efficient user interface and methods to partially automate the creation of the required information through access to stored information from past projects. The research follows the path being established for integrated construction management systems that rely on a standard representation of the industry’s information requirements. By exploring the comprehensive aspects of construction planning for an integrated construction management system, the research demonstrates the usefulness of applying sound information representation structures. Through the application of case‐based reasoning, the research advances the concepts of planning tools as they apply to integrated systems. The resulting prototype construction management system has the primary characteristic of assisting the user in the manipulation of information in order to generate the initial information requirements of an integrated construction management system.
Semiactive Damping of Cables with Sag
Authors: Johnson Erik A. , Christenson Richard E. , Spencer Jr. Billie F.
Published: March 2003

Cables, such as those used in cable–stayed bridges, suspension bridges, guy wires, transmission lines, and flexible space structures, are prone to vibration due to their low inherent damping characteristics. The mitigation of cable vibration is necessary to minimize negative impact. Transversely attached passive viscous dampers have been implemented on some cables to dampen vibration. However, it can be shown that only minimal damping can be added if the damper attachment point is close to the end of the cable. For long cables, passive dampers may provide insufficient supplemental damping to eliminate vibration problems. A recent study by the authors demonstrated that “smart” semiactive damping can provide significantly superior supplemental damping for a cable modeled as a taut string. This article extends the previous work by adding sag, inclination, and axial flexibility to the cable model. The equations of motion are given. A new control–oriented model is developed for cables with sag. Passive, active, and smart (semiactive) dampers are incorporated into the model. Cable response is seen to be reduced by semiactive dampers for a wide range of cable sag and damper location.
Automated Safety Monitoring and Diagnosis System for Unstable Slopes
Authors: Cheng Min–Yuan , Ko Chien–Ho
Published: March 2003

This research focuses on developing an automated safety monitoring and instability origin detection system for hillside areas. Factors that affect slope stability are considered and analyzed using multivariate analysis. Within this system, the checklist used by personnel or instrument monitoring is adapted for collecting hillside data. Applying the fuzzy set theory, the system analyzes collected data and identifies possible causes of adverse conditions requiring additional attention. Using this research, instrumentation programs are able not only to fill gaps of design insufficiency, but also to provide needed safeguards, pointing to any adverse effects of hillside development. Furthermore, compared with the manual methods, this system significantly improves computational efficiency and increases accuracy and consistency of currently used data.
Critical Notice
Authors: Sharpe R.A.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Roger Scruton, The Aesthetics of Music
Representation in Local Politics: A Reconsideration and Some New Evidence
Authors: Rao Nirmala
Published: March 2003

The concept of ‘representation’, and the tensions within it, have exercised writers throughout the history of political theory. There is little consensus beyond the agreement that the meaning of representation should be made clear, and consistency sought, in any particular application. This paper takes as its starting point some key components of the concept of representation, and in the light of them examines the changing attitudes of both representatives and electors in British local government. Survey data accumulated over a 30-year period provides the basis for this analysis, enabling attention to be given to trends over the period. Changing expectations of representativeness – a component of representation that stresses ‘resemblance’ or ‘symbolic identification’ – prompt a questioning of its appropriateness for the understanding of local politics today. The evidence indicates that the contemporary demand for responsive and responsible local government has now displaced the historic concern with representativeness.
The Structuring of Political Cleavages in Post-Communist Societies: The Case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Authors: Evans Geoffrey , Whitefield Stephen
Published: March 2003

Although sharing institutions for over seventy years, and transition pathways from communism, the two successor states of the former Czechoslovakia have faced distinct challenges in state-building and divergent economic fortunes. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which these differing social economic problems have influenced the ideological bases of party politics and mass electoral behaviour in the two societies. Using data from national samples of the population of each country conducted in the spring of 1994, our analysis points to the existence of distinct issue cleavages dominating party competition in the two states: in the Czech Republic, partisanship relates mainly to issues of distribution and attitudes towards the West; in Slovakia, by contrast, these issues are only secondarily important in shaping voters' choice of party, while the main focus concerns the ethnic rights of Hungarians. The distinctive nature of the issue bases to politics in the two countries suggests one reason for the greater degree of political conflict evident in Slovak politics since the split and, more generally, provides evidence of the role of social conditions in shaping new political systems.
Arenas without Rules and the Policy Change Process: Outsider Groups and British Roads Policy
Authors: Dudley Geoffrey , Richardson Jeremy
Published: March 2003

A key task of governments is to construct and manage systems of consultation whereby the vast array of interest groups seeking to influence public policy can be accommodated. Conventional wisdom holds that key insider groups secure for themselves special privileges, not least of which is an ability to prevent radical policy change. A concomitant view is that public policy emerges from relatively stable networks of actors who have some mutual resource dependencies. One reason why this paradigm is showing signs of intellectual fatigue is that it seems weak in explaining policy change. Yet, policy change does take place. Indeed, it is one of the characteristics of the 1980s and 1990s. This article examines an example of the traditional modalities of consultation failing to accommodate new interests, knowledge and ideas. This breakdown appears to have occurred by the use of alternative policy ‘arenas without rules' by outsider groups, leading to a radical new ‘framing’ of transport policy. Moreover, government has failed to constrain the new policy issues in predictable and stable systems of consultation.