bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Headlong into Servitude: When Madmen Lead the Blind
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains how a minority seized existing weapons with which to create new ones. And now, as a majority it confronts the groups it vanquished as well as defenceless individuals. One might expect an end to the panic which has spread to the rest of humanity only after things have run their organic course. In a community based on the notion that every individual has official status, permitting arbitrary actions against which official procedures normally provide protection, together with the seizure of property and spilling of blood, there is a sense that people will take revenge on those who authorised such things. One gets an inkling of this in the directives seen emerging every day, as if from the nightmare of total impotence—the recurrent complaint that unauthorized factions “repeatedly interfere with the state apparatus,” which could not have been created without them.
Where Lawlessness Makes Law Its Instrument
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter talks about how certain irregularities appear in a different light the moment they are weighed against the administration of justice. According to guidelines established by the chief judge of a regional court and published in the Deutsche Juristenzeitung, a series of actions such as bodily harm, wrongful detention, and manslaughter are to be “determined by the national interest.” Consequently, these are exempt a priori from presumption of culpability, whereas hitherto the criminal proceedings first had to be quashed. There will be no repetition of the devious stratagem applied in the case of the Potempa murderers, whose lives hung by a thread while their official careers were set back by several months. What is required of judges is a certain independence when interpreting the law, to prevent them from going astray on such an important matter.
Prophets of Doom and the Triumph of Aryan Teutonism
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter returns to the witch imagery from Faust and Macbeth in exploring Nazi Germany's atrocities against the Jews. It reflects on how the German language—the author's language—was led astray by the hypocritical urgings of a mischievous will o' the wisp; stumbling over roots and snags even more treacherous than the linguistic minefield of the World War. Posing such questions is to query in the same breath the moral justification of questioning the Nazi seizure of power, an event of elemental force whose workings provide a link between the press and Kraus's bias against it. Moral justification would come not only from the desire to reject this link. The author goes about this with a greater degree of responsibility and with insight into the connection between both evils.
A Crisis of Classical Political Economy in Assam
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the initial failure of British colonial officials to profit from tea in colonial Assam from 1830 to 1860, and presents a reexamination of classical political-economic principles. After colonial schemes to lure “free migrant” families from China failed, the bureaucrat W. N. Lees implored the colonial Government of India to dispense with liberal Smithian ideals and instead embrace the “colonization” schemes of Edward G. Wakefield, drawing upon historicist, paternalistic theories that were popular in the late nineteenth century. This debate introduces classical political economy's concept of “value” as a key category for the rest of the book. The chapter then recounts how, starting in the 1860s, officials legalized penal labor contracts that prevented migrant Indian workers from leaving employers under threat of prosecution. During the last decades of the century, the system shepherded nearly half a million migrant workers into Assam, a boon of cheap and immobilized labor critical to the industry's success. Assam tea thrived, in other words, based upon an economic strategy that stood opposed to the principles of liberalism espoused at its outset.
After the Great Smash
Authors: Liu Andrew B.
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes how, in the late nineteenth century, Indian tea initially thrived not because of its adherence to the ideals of civilization and freedom but precisely due to its reliance on an exceptional system of labor indenture. Behind the curtain of marketing campaigns focused on flavor and hygiene, British planters themselves attributed the rise of Indian tea to lower production costs from indenture. Starting in 1865, officials in India devised a system of regulated labor recruitment and penal contract employment for the Assam tea industry. It featured the restriction of worker movement, constant surveillance, and wages fixed by law rather than by the market. Penal contract laws provided planters both a subordinated migrant workforce and the legal impunity to intensify the production process. By the turn of the century, Indian tea exports had surpassed those of their Chinese rivals, and the industry had become the leader in world production. The chapter thus challenges historiography that has argued capitalist production must, by definition, rely upon free labor and technological innovations. Instead, it resituates the mechanization of Indian tea production within the social dynamics of escalating labor productivity. The chapter then draws out key similarities between the work regimes of Chinese and Indian tea.
Divided
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: September 2020

This chapter is about dividing sovereignty. It explores the next criterion of the classic concept of sovereignty—that sovereign authority is indivisible. The chapter illustrates a series of episodes in which partisans adamantly deny that political authority can be divided. Essentially, it is a tour of episodes where the theory of sovereignty occluded many people's view of valuable political options; and where it also served not as any kind of peace treaty, but actually caused conflict, even war. History has already seen bids to divide sovereign authority, especially in the Founders' embracing the separation of powers and ongoing rivalry between state and federal governments. Dividing political authority is in fact a classic strategy for limiting it.
Collecting Ethnē in Aphrodisias and Acts 2:5–13
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the production of Jewish identity and difference in Acts 2:5–13. Acts 2:5–13 strategically combines multiple ways of being Jewish in a single passage, thereby emphasizing that Luke understood Jewish identity to be flexible. From Luke's perspective, Jewish identity could be inherited, or it could be achieved through proper ancestral customs as a proselyte. Comparing this passage with civic identity produced by the sculptures of ethnē collected in the Sebasteion (imperial temple complex) at Aphrodisias in Caria, the chapter further suggests that Acts 2:5–13 and the Sebasteion both “collect” ethnē in ways that leveraged Roman imperial rhetoric, religious imagery, and ethnic lists to produce identity in ways that were rhetorically useful for their respective contexts. By juxtaposing Acts 2:5–13 and the Sebasteion, it highlights how Roman-styled population lists “fix” ethnic identities—producing identity and marking difference—in order to legitimate the identity of contested populations.
Mental Health in Later Life
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Focusing on mental health rather than mental illness, this book adopts a life course approach to understanding mental health and wellbeing in later life. Drawing together material from the fields of sociology, psychology, critical social gerontology, the mental health field, and life course studies, it analyses the meaning and determinants of mental health amongst older populations and offers a critical review of existing discourse. The book explores the intersecting influences of lifecourse experiences, social and structural inequalities, socio-political context, history, gender and age-related factors and demands an approach to prevention and resolution that appreciates the embedded, complex and multi-faceted nature of threats to mental health and ways to protect it. It foregrounds engagement with the perspectives and lived experiences of older people, including people living with dementia, and makes the case for a paradigmatic shift in conceptualising, exploring and researching mental health issues and supporting older people with mental health problems. The book is essential reading for policy makers, health and social care professionals and students, third sector agencies, researchers and all of those concerned to more effectively and collaboratively address mental health issues in later life.
Why Who Cleans Counts
Authors: Davis Shannon , Greenstein Theodore
Published: September 2020

While housework is an often-studied phenomenon, Why Who Cleans Counts frames the performance of housework as a way to understand power dynamics within couples. Using couple-level data from the United States-based National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,906), we perform Latent Profile Analysis to identify five categories, or classes, of couples: Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload. The book describes how the housework classes and the behaviors of the couples within them reveal the power dynamics within the couples, power dynamics that center around gendered norms. Using Latent Trajectory Analysis, we follow the couples over time to examine change and stability in their housework performance; their behavior over time also reveals the use of power in their relationships. Finally, we examine the reported housework time of the adult children of the NSFH couples to determine the extent to which the power dynamics experienced in one’s childhood home shapes one’s own adult gendered performance of housework. The book concludes with suggestions for how practitioners and scholars might use the book’s findings given the changing demographics of the United States.
Ending Homelessness?
Authors: Allen Mike , Benjaminsen Lars , O'Sullivan Eoin , Pleace Nicholas
Published: September 2020

In recent years, across Europe, North America and the Antipodes, a significant number of countries, states and regions have devised strategies that aim to end long-term homelessness and the need to sleep rough. Long considered an intractable or ‘wicked’ social problem, the notion that homelessness could be ended represents a significant sea change in conceptualising and responding to homelessness. A key driver for states, regions and municipalities to devise plans to end homelessness, and an optimism that this policy objective can be achieved, is that there is an increasing research evidence base on what works to end homelessness. This increasingly sophisticated research evidence covers both the prevention of homelessness in the first instance and the support mechanisms that can ensure sustainable exits and stable, secure accommodation for people who have experienced homelessness. This book explores these issues through a detailed comparison of the experiences of Denmark, Finland and Ireland over the past decade. From 2008 to the end of 2018, the numbers living rough and in temporary and emergency accommodation showed a decline of 72 per cent in Finland, while the number of households in emergency accommodation increased by 300 per cent in Ireland; in Denmark, the number of adults in emergency accommodation increased by 12 per cent over the shorter time period of 2009–17. The purpose of this book is to offer explanations for stark variations in these outcomes despite similar starting points.
Pathologies of policy learning: what are they and how do they contribute to policy failure?1
Authors: Dunlop Claire A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how dysfunctional forms of policy learning impact policy failure at the meso-level. Using the long-running policy failure of the management of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in England, analysis focuses on negative lessons generated by the interactions of an epistemic community of scientific experts and civil servants charged with balancing the competing interest actors to craft a workable policy. The chapter then outlines the capacity challenges faced by decision-makers engaged in epistemic learning and the ways in which advisory relationships can go wrong and learning can degenerate. These degenerations are understood as rooted in failures in government's organisational capacities. Empirically, the analysis of BTB policy in England finds that epistemic learning degenerated as a result of weaknesses in the government's analytical and communicative capacities. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the value of learning theories as a conceptual lens for policy failure.
Policy myopia as a source of policy failure: adaptation and policy learning under deep uncertainty
Authors: Nair Sreeja , Howlett Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the idea of ‘policy myopia’ as a pressing source of failure in policy making and explores the possibility of developing policies that learn to help mitigate its impacts. It notes that while the problem of bounded rationality and short-term uncertainty is widely acknowledged as the central existential condition for all policy making, the long-term problem of an uncertain, and sometimes unknowable, future is rarely acknowledged. As uncertainty deepens, so too does the probability of policy failure. In these circumstances, actors need to design policies with flexibility and adaptation built in. Where policy solutions are robust over a range of possible scenarios and over time, one can say policies have learning capacity organised into them. Yet, in cases of radical uncertainty, learning may not be possible (or indeed preferable) at all. This reminder of the limits of learning is important. Updating one's belief systems assumes that a certain amount of knowledge exists in the first place.
Children Framing Childhoods
Authors: Luttrell Wendy
Published: September 2020

Urban educational research, practice, and policy is preoccupied with problems, brokenness, stigma, and blame. As a result, too many people are unable to recognize the capacities and desires of children and youth growing up in working-class communities. This book offers an alternative angle of vision—animated by young people's own photographs, videos, and perspectives over time. It shows how a racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse community of young people in Worcester, Massachusetts, used cameras at different ages to capture and value the centrality of care in their lives, homes, and classrooms. The book's layered analysis of the young people's images and narratives boldly refutes biased assumptions about working-class childhoods and re-envisions schools as inclusive, imaginative, and “careful” spaces. The book challenges us to see differently and, thus, set our sights on a better future.
Vignette 4 Out of the abysmal
Authors: Eris
Published: September 2020

Only a prisoner (and possibly a prison officer) can truly understand the sheer tedium of prison life. Without considerable effort, the fact is every day is Groundhog Day – depressingly identical to the last and the next. The majority of each day is spent in what is, to all intents and purposes, a large toilet – which is often without a lid so life is lived, and meals consumed, next to an open sewer. Being trans I’m lucky in that I never have to share my cell/toilet with another prisoner but even so the uniformity of the environment is bleak, with any attempt to personalise your living space frowned upon and treated as a disciplinary offence....
Land Ownership, Use and Sustainability in a Pluriverse
Authors: Willmore Chris
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the mismatch between the structures of land law and the demands of the SDGs. It explores ways in which property law, through the adoption of a relational approach can help contribute to a more sustainable future in a pluriversal model, in which multiple responses and complexity are welcomed. It expresses concerns about the use of regulation to achieve these aims because of the rest of elite prioritisation.
Quantitative analysis of analytical elements in Al-In-Sn-O thin film based on comprehensive calibration curves using picosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Liu Shiming , Gao Qing , Wu Jiasen , Xin Yangmei , Xiu Junshan , Li Zhao , Liu Huiqiang
Published: September 2020

Al-In-Sn-O (AITO) thin film refers to a novel wide-bandgap transparent conductive material, which is formed by doping the aluminum element into In-Sn-O material. It is of promising application in deep ultraviolet optoelectronic devices.

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are capable of impacting the optical and electrical properties of AITO thin film. Three groups of AITO thin film samples with different sputtering powers, sputtering pressures, and sputtering times were prepared with magnetron sputtering. The concentration ratio of

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in AITO samples was quantitatively analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology. A single calibration curve was drawn based on the sputtering parameters of each group, and the comprehensive calibration curves of two concentration ratios under any sputtering parameters were plotted. The accuracy of the comprehensive calibration curve was determined with samples prepared under random sputtering parameters, and the energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis results were compared with the LIBS technical analysis results. The relative error was less than 5%, so the LIBS technical analysis was demonstrated to be accurate. By building the comprehensive calibration curve, a novel method to conduct rapid online analysis of AITO thin films and timely determination of photoelectrical properties is presented, and the new application of LIBS technology is developed in thin film semiconductor materials.
Design of a chromatic confocal displacement sensor integrated with an optical laser head
Authors: Zakrzewski A. , Ćwikła M. , Koruba P. , Jurewicz P. , Reiner J.
Published: September 2020

In this paper, the methodology for design of the system consisting of chromatic confocal displacement sensor integrated with an optical laser head was presented. Furthermore, the results of experimental characterization of optical components of the laser head were also included in the numerical analysis. The designed chromatic confocal displacement sensor was analyzed as an assembly of components widely available on the optical market. Nevertheless, the main goal of the numerical optimization was to determine the influence of individual components of the optical path of the system on its parameters, i.e., measuring range, FWHM of the characteristic spectral peak, and intensity that reaches the detector. The optimized solution was characterized in order to determine the calibration curve, as well as other important application parameters of the system. Moreover, taking into consideration the integration aspect the caustic of the laser beam shaped by the laser head was measured. Finally, the versatility of the system was presented and discussed.
Controlling the mode profile of photonic crystal nanobeam cavities with mix-and-match unit cells
Authors: Halimi Sami I. , Fu Zhongyuan , Afzal Francis O. , Allen Joshua A. , Hu Shuren , Weiss Sharon M.
Published: September 2020

We report simulations and experimental measurement of a photonic crystal (PhC) designed with different unit cell geometries in a single device. This “mix-and-match” approach enables enhanced mode manipulation by incorporating non-traditional unit cell shapes into a one-dimensional PhC nanobeam cavity. Inclusion of a bowtie-shaped unit cell in the center of a mix-and-match PhC nanobeam cavity comprised elsewhere of either circular or antislot unit cells leads to a 2 order of magnitude reduction in the mode volume of the cavity while maintaining a similar quality factor.
Silicon carbide photonic platform based on suspended subwavelength waveguides
Authors: Garrisi Francesco , Chatzopoulos Ioannis , Cernansky Robert , Politi Alberto
Published: September 2020

Silicon carbide (SiC) displays a unique combination of optical and spin-related properties that make it interesting for photonics and quantum technologies. However, guiding light by total internal reflection can be difficult to achieve, especially when SiC is grown as thin films on higher index substrates, such as silicon. Fabricating suspended subwavelength waveguides requires a single lithography step and offers a solution to the confinement problem, while preserving the design flexibility required for a scalable and complete photonic platform. Here we present a design for such a platform, which can be used for both classical and quantum optics operation. We simulate basic optical components and analyze how to exploit the high nonlinearities of SiC and its defects.
Boosting the figure of merit of refractive index sensing via magnetoplasmon in H-shaped magnetoplasmonic crystals
Authors: Zhu Ruxian , Chen Leyi , Wang Sihao , Tang Shaolong , Du Youwei
Published: September 2020

Nanoscale refractive index (RI) sensors based on plasmonic structures usually suffer from a low figure of merit (FoM) due to the broad linewidth of the resonance peaks. Here, we report a magnetoplasmon-based RI sensing method with high FoM in the designed H-shaped magnetoplasmonic crystals. Instead of the light intensity spectrum, the Faraday signal is detected to analyze the changes of the surrounding RI. Sharp resonance with extremely narrow linewidth is obtained by plotting the reciprocal Faraday rotation near the null point region. Therefore, the FoM is hugely enhanced, and a theoretical value exceeding 1775/RIU is achieved, which is one order of magnitude higher than has ever been reported, to the best of our knowledge, for the RI sensor based on the Faraday effect. The Faraday reversal and the enhanced FoM arise from the Fano resonance. These findings are of potential value for practical high performance biochemical sensors.
NOWE STANOWISKO DIPLOSCHISTES MUSCORUM (Scop.) R. Sant. na NIZINIE WIELKOPOLSKO-KUJAWSKIEJ
Authors: Zarabska–Bożejewicz Daria
Published: September 2020

Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R. Sant. has been found in the southern part of the Wielkopolsko-Kujawska Lowland. So far, in western and central Poland the species has been reported in few localities.
Considerazioni sullo zoonimo ΚΑΣΤΩΡ nel Papiro di Artemidoro (V6 Gallazzi/Kramer/Settis)
Authors: Vespa Marco
Published: September 2020

The Artemidorus Papyrus has a legend on the verso (V6) that bears the usual word for ‘beaver’ in ancient Greek, i.e. κάστωρ. This does not correspond to the drawing of the animal, which looks more like a dog. Through an analysis of various zoological texts, this article solves the difficulty by considering the other zoonym of the beaver, which was κυνοπόταμος, i.e. the ‘river dog’.
Perpetuierte Maximallösung oder in dubio pro reo? Ein neuer Blick auf einen bekannten Berliner Papyrus und den dort genannten Maximus (P. 8334 r; ChLA X 417)
Authors: Haensch Rudolf
Published: September 2020

The study deals with ChLA X 417, a papyrus from the Berlin collection, which preserves one of the two known examples of codicilli imperatoris. These codicilli were of central importance in appointing a high Roman official, such as a governor. Contrary to previous interpretations, it is argued that the codicilli could concern not only Laberius Maximus and Domitian, but also Vibius Maximus and Trajan. Vibius Maximus was probably never punished by damnatio memoriae.
Cooperation of CUDA and Intel multi-core architecture in the independent component analysis algorithm for EEG data
Authors: Gajos-Balińska Anna , Wójcik Grzegorz M. , Stpiczyński Przemysław
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The electroencephalographic signal is largely exposed to external disturbances. Therefore, an important element of its processing is its thorough cleaning.

Methods

One of the common methods of signal improvement is the independent component analysis (ICA). However, it is a computationally expensive algorithm, hence methods are needed to decrease its execution time. One of the ICA algorithms (fastICA) and parallel computing on the CPU and GPU was used to reduce the algorithm execution time.

Results

This paper presents the results of study on the implementation of fastICA, which uses some multi-core architecture and the GPU computation capabilities.

Conclusions

The use of such a hybrid approach shortens the execution time of the algorithm.
Domain gap in adapting self-supervised depth estimation methods for stereo-endoscopy
Authors: Sharan Lalith , Burger Lukas , Kostiuchik Georgii , Wolf Ivo , Karck Matthias , De Simone Raffaele , Engelhardt Sandy
Published: September 2020

In endoscopy, depth estimation is a task that potentially helps in quantifying visual information for better scene understanding. A plethora of depth estimation algorithms have been proposed in the computer vision community. The endoscopic domain however, differs from the typical depth estimation scenario due to differences in the setup and nature of the scene. Furthermore, it is unfeasible to obtain ground truth depth information owing to an unsuitable detection range of off-the-shelf depth sensors and difficulties in setting up a depth-sensor in a surgical environment. In this paper, an existing self-supervised approach, called Monodepth [1], from the field of autonomous driving is applied to a novel dataset of stereo-endoscopic images from reconstructive mitral valve surgery. While it is already known that endoscopic scenes are more challenging than outdoor driving scenes, the paper performs experiments to quantify the comparison, and describe the domain gap and challenges involved in the transfer of these methods.
Conceptual design of force reflection control for teleoperated bone surgery
Authors: Schleer Philipp , Körner Daniel , Vossel Manuel , Drobinsky Sergey , Radermacher Klaus
Published: September 2020

Bilateral control of teleoperated robots still poses a challenge, especially if environment properties vary over a large degree. Most currently available systems do not provide force feedback and consequently surgeons still have to estimate contact forces predominantly visually. During drilling or milling in bone surgery, visual estimation is virtually impossible due to hardly any deformations. However, the force progression contains important complimentary information for the surgeon. Therefore, a concept for a force-reflecting controller for drilling or milling during teleoperated bone surgery was developed and tested on a one degree of freedom (DOF) test setup. First, the desired behavior and control architectures were derived based on the context of bone surgery. The resulting controller combines three control architectures in a switching controller, depending on the tool actuation and environment properties. Experimental results with a 1-DOF test setup showed the desired control and switching behavior, while remaining stable. Therefore, the developed control concept seems promising for teleoperated bone surgery.
DL-based segmentation of endoscopic scenes for mitral valve repair
Authors: Ivantsits Matthias , Tautz Lennart , Sündermann Simon , Wamala Isaac , Kempfert Jörg , Kuehne Titus , Falk Volkmar , Hennemuth Anja
Published: September 2020

Minimally invasive surgery is increasingly utilized for mitral valve repair and replacement. The intervention is performed with an endoscopic field of view on the arrested heart. Extracting the necessary information from the live endoscopic video stream is challenging due to the moving camera position, the high variability of defects, and occlusion of structures by instruments. During such minimally invasive interventions there is no time to segment regions of interest manually. We propose a real-time-capable deep-learning-based approach to detect and segment the relevant anatomical structures and instruments. For the universal deployment of the proposed solution, we evaluate them on pixel accuracy as well as distance measurements of the detected contours. The U-Net, Google’s DeepLab v3, and the Obelisk-Net models are cross-validated, with DeepLab showing superior results in pixel accuracy and distance measurements.
Surgical audio information as base for haptic feedback in robotic-assisted procedures
Authors: Illanes Alfredo , Schaufler Anna , Sühn Thomas , Boese Axel , Croner Roland , Friebe Michael
Published: September 2020

This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility that haptic information can be acquired from a da Vinci robotic tool using audio sensing according to sensor placement requirements in a real clinical scenario. For that, two potential audio sensor locations were studied using an experimental setup for performing, in a repeatable way, interactions of a da Vinci forceps with three different tissues. The obtained audio signals were assessed in terms of their resulting signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and their capability to distinguish between different tissues. A spectral energy distribution analysis using Discrete Wavelet Transformation was performed to extract signal signatures from the tested tissues. Results show that a high SNR was obtained in most of the audio recordings acquired from both studied positions. Additionally, evident spectral energy-related patterns could be extracted from the audio signals allowing us to distinguish between different palpated tissues.
Towards automated correction of brain shift using deep deformable magnetic resonance imaging-intraoperative ultrasound (MRI-iUS) registration
Authors: Zeineldin Ramy A. , Karar Mohamed E. , Coburger Jan , Wirtz Christian R. , Mathis-Ullrich Franziska , Burgert Oliver
Published: September 2020

Intraoperative brain deformation, so-called brain shift, affects the applicability of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to assist the procedures of intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) guidance during neurosurgery. This paper proposes a deep learning-based approach for fast and accurate deformable registration of preoperative MRI to iUS images to correct brain shift. Based on the architecture of 3D convolutional neural networks, the proposed deep MRI-iUS registration method has been successfully tested and evaluated on the retrospective evaluation of cerebral tumors (RESECT) dataset. This study showed that our proposed method outperforms other registration methods in previous studies with an average mean squared error (MSE) of 85. Moreover, this method can register three 3D MRI-US pair in less than a second, improving the expected outcomes of brain surgery.
Changing Marriage Practices in Babylonia from the Late Assyrian to the Persian Period
Authors: Waerzeggers Caroline
Published: September 2020

Based on an analysis of marriage contracts, this paper argues that at the time of the Persian conquest (539 BCE) Babylonians practiced two types of marriage depending on their social status. Non-elite families negotiated different terms of marriage than elite families, in three areas: bridal wealth, household creation, and regulations about adultery and divorce. However, these divergent marriage practices became less pronounced and eventually obsolete in the course of the Persian period. This article first presents the evidence for the two marriage types and then seeks to find an answer, albeit a partial one, to the question why these traditions changed from c. 490 BCE onwards.
Some non-commuting solutions of the Yang-Baxter-like matrix equation
Authors: Zhou Duan-Mei , Vu Hong-Quang
Published: September 2020

Let A be a square matrix satisfying

A

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{A}^{4}=A

. We solve the Yang-Baxter-like matrix equation

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AXA=XAX

to find some solutions, based on analysis of the characteristic polynomial of A and its eigenvalues. We divide the problem into small cases so that we can find the solution easily. Finally, in order to illustrate the results, two numerical examples are presented.
International students’ lived experiences in a predominantly White institution in Southwest Florida
Authors: Halpern Clarisse , Aydin Hasan
Published: September 2020

Yearly, thousands of international students seek the United States to further their education, bringing cultural and financial capital into the country. Though previous studies have examined international students’ experiences adapting to the receiving country, research is needed to investigate their lived experiences in a predominantly White institution (PWI). Thus, a narrative inquiry was applied to explore international students’ life stories at a PWI in Southwest Florida. Data collection comprised in-depth individual interviews with 12 participants that resulted in four themes: multiracial identities, otherness, self-representation in the dominant society, and perceptions of the dominant culture. The narratives revealed challenges related to isolation, segregation, and feelings of inferiority, contributing to understanding the value of diversity and global education in higher education. Recommendations are included to better serve international students in higher education institutions.
Nanophotonics for bacterial detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Authors: Pitruzzello Giampaolo , Conteduca Donato , Krauss Thomas F.
Published: September 2020

Photonic biosensors are a major topic of research that continues to make exciting advances. Technology has now improved sufficiently for photonics to enter the realm of microbiology and to allow for the detection of individual bacteria. Here, we discuss the different nanophotonic modalities used in this context and highlight the opportunities they offer for studying bacteria. We critically review examples from the recent literature, starting with an overview of photonic devices for the detection of bacteria, followed by a specific analysis of photonic antimicrobial susceptibility tests. We show that the intrinsic advantage of matching the optical probed volume to that of a single, or a few, bacterial cell, affords improved sensitivity while providing additional insight into single-cell properties. We illustrate our argument by comparing traditional culture-based methods, which we term macroscopic, to microscopic free-space optics and nanoscopic guided-wave optics techniques. Particular attention is devoted to this last class by discussing structures such as photonic crystal cavities, plasmonic nanostructures and interferometric configurations. These structures and associated measurement modalities are assessed in terms of limit of detection, response time and ease of implementation. Existing challenges and issues yet to be addressed will be examined and critically discussed.
All the Difference in the World: In Search of a Critical Cosmopolitan Pedagogy for Global Citizenry
Authors: Agartan Kaan , Hartwiger Alexander
Published: September 2020

As the idea of citizenship has become a token for increasingly exclusionary manifestations of national identity, this article is a call for higher education institutions to honor their commitment to cultivating global citizens, yet with significant caveats. We argue that the proliferation of global learning initiatives in an increasingly neoliberalized university promotes a particular type of global citizen: a well-trained employee with intercultural skills which facilitate access to the global economy, and a global consumer of world cultures with no true commitment to global social justice. By offering a critique of pedagogical principles upon which global citizenship education is currently built, this article aims to demonstrate that the obligation to produce critical and civically engaged global citizens is not only urgent but also possible through novel pedagogical practices. Drawing on a semester-long partnership between two linked courses, we conclude that the interdisciplinary linked-course experience not only helps students delve into a conversation with what it means to be a global citizen in ways not possible through conventional pedagogical practices, but also allows instructors to explore new spaces that humanize abstract formulations of global citizenship for an ethical imperative towards the world and all its inhabitants.
Development of fibre properties in mill scale high- and low consistency refining of thermomechanical pulp (Part 1)
Authors: Ferritsius Rita , Sandberg Christer , Ferritsius Olof , Rundlöf Mats , Daniel Geoffrey , Mörseburg Kathrin , Fernando Dinesh
Published: September 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in fibre properties with high (HC)- and low consistency (LC) refining of TMP and determine how these contribute to tensile index. Two process configurations, one with only HC refining and another with HC refining followed by LC refining were evaluated in three TMP mainline processes in two mills using Norway spruce. An increase in tensile index for a given applied specific energy was similar for all LC refiners in the three lines, despite differences in the fibre property profiles of the feed pulps. Compared with only HC refined pulps at a given tensile index, HC+LC refined pulps had greater fibre wall thickness, similar fibre length, strain at break and freeness, but lower light scattering coefficient, fibre curl and external fibrillation. The degree of internal fibrillation, determined by Simons’ stain measurements, was similar for both configurations at a given tensile index. The results indicate that the increase in tensile index in LC refining is largely influenced by a decrease in fibre curl and in HC refining by peeling of the fibre walls. Compared at a given tensile index, the shive content (Somerville mass fraction) was similar for both HC+LC and HC refining.
From here to sustainability
Authors: Hubbe Martin A.
Published: September 2020

Many readers and contributors to BioResources are working to develop sustainable technology. Such research attempts to use products of photosynthesis to meet long-term human needs with a minimum of environmental impact. Archeological and historical studies have concluded that the long-term success or failure of various past civilizations has depended, at least in part, on people’s ability to maintain the quality of the resources upon which they depended. Though it is possible for modern societies to learn from such examples, modern societies are interconnected to an unprecedented degree. It is no longer realistic to expect one region to be immune from the effects of environmental mistakes that may happen elsewhere in the world. Research related to renewable, lignocellulosic resources is urgently needed. But in addition to the research, there also needs to be discussion of hard-hitting questions, helping to minimize the chances of technological failure. The next failed civilization may be our own.
Improved pulp evaluations using a combination of free and restrained drying of handsheets
Authors: Green Charles
Published: September 2020

Pulp evaluations traditionally use plate-dried handsheets. The evaluation of pulp could be improved significantly by using side-by-side comparison of handsheets that freely shrink when dried, in addition to handsheets dried in the usual way.
Production, characterization, and mechanical properties of starch modified by Ophiostoma spp.
Authors: Huang Chun Bei , Jeng Robert , Sain Mohini , Saville Bradley A. , Hubbes Martin
Published: September 2020

Microbial modification of starch with Ophiostoma spp . was investigated, with the purpose of developing a novel packaging material for the food or pharmaceutical industries. Various starch sources, such as tapioca, potato, corn, rice and amylopectin were tested as raw materials. The initial screening demonstrated that tapioca and potato starch had better performance for biopolymer production. The yield was about 85%. Preliminary characterization of the modified biopolymer was also conducted. Following microbial conversion, the percentage of molecules with at least a Mw of 10M Daltons increased from 25% to 89% after 3 days, confirming that the modification increased the weight of the starch polymer. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) revealed changes in the chemical structure of the starch after the modification. Both pure starches and the modified biopolymers were cast into films and tested for mechanical properties. The tensile tests showed that after treatment with the fungus, the peak stress and modulus of the films increased about 10 and 40 times, respectively. Also, the water barrier property was improved. Therefore, microbial modification positively impacted proper-ties relevant to the proposed applications . Although the role of the fungus in the modification and the function-property relationship of the biopolymer are not yet completely clear, the results of this study show promise for development of a novel biopolymer that competes with existing packaging materials.
Jornalismo nativo digital brasileiro
Authors: Lenzi Alexandre
Published: September 2020

O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso do jornal nativo digital brasileiro Nexo, fundado em novembro de 2015. Trata-se de uma empresa independente, que produz conteúdo informativo em diferentes formatos. O trabalho parte de uma reflexão teórica envolvendo os conceitos de jornalismo digital e de jornalismo nativo digital para, então, entrar no estudo do jornal. A pesquisa empírica é dividida em duas etapas. A primeira consiste na análise do conteúdo publicado nas 16 distintas seções do Nexo. E a segunda contempla entrevistas com a diretora geral Paula Miraglia e a editora executiva Marina Menezes, que em depoimentos por telefone explicaram um pouco da rotina e dos valores da empresa. Por fim, o perfil elaborado demonstra uma predisposição à experimentação e à inovação na redação do Nexo, valores que merecem ser enaltecidos no contexto contemporâneo das empresas jornalísticas, independentemente da plataforma de publicação.
Os memes de Lula na Operação Lava Jato
Authors: Cruz Adriano Charles da Silva , Nobre Itamar de Morais
Published: September 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar memes sobre a condução coercitiva do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, em 2016. A fundamentação teórico-metodológica está ancorada na Análise do Discurso de linha foucaultiana. O corpus analisado, memes retirados de três sites noticiosos e de jornais online, desconstroem a imagem de Lula graças às suas filiações a formações discursivas opostas a ele. O campo simbólico das imagens torna-se uma arena para a confrontação ideológica e a disputa de sentidos, no contexto sócio-histórico de crise política instaurada pela Operação Lava Jato. Compreendemos que, no cenário da interatividade e da convergência midiática, o dito e o não dito coexistem na superfície dos memes, construindo significações a partir dos jogos de visibilidade e de invisibilidade das imagens. No movimento discursivo das imagens analisadas, observamos a construção de efeitos derrisórios calcados no corpo do petista.
“Aqui é uma casa masculina!”: Juventude “trans” e socioeducação
Authors: Fontoura Marjori Heitich , Ribeiro Fernanda Bittencourt
Published: September 2020

Este artigo visa dar visibilidade a uma questão pouco discutida, tanto no meio científico quanto no âmbito das políticas públicas, tendo como ponto de partida, o ingresso de uma adolescente transgênero em uma unidade de cumprimento de medida socioeducativa da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo do Rio Grande Sul (Fase-RS), destinada exclusivamente a homens (adolescentes e jovens adultos) cisgênero com idade de 12 a 21 anos. Focada na trajetória de Rosa, a pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso a partir do qual interrogamos como as instituições e as leis incidiram sobre a trajetória socioeducativa da jovem em questão. Constatou-se a falta de um programa específico para a população LGBT na política nacional e nas instituições locais, o que resulta na falta de orientação técnica das equipes para acolher esses jovens, dando margem para todos os tipos de discricionaridades.
Likes, memes e militância: ciberativismo na internet brasileira
Authors: Nolasco Ana , Ávila Leonardo Frosi , Jungblut Airton Luiz
Published: September 2020

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a influência do processo de revolução comunicacional provocado pela Internet na esfera política, focando no conceito de “ciberativismo”. Busca-se evidenciar as características particulares do ativismo praticado no ciberespaço. Para isso, são de interesse as motivações individuais para a ação política no ciberespaço, nos utilizando da noção de agência enquanto capacidade de ação mediada por uma situação social, que pode ser classificada de acordo com um continuum de intencionalidade representando os graus diferentes de consciência que existem em diferentes tipos de agência. Outro eixo de análise é a hipótese de que os “materiais não-humanos” são actantes, exercendo agência sobre os atores humanos no ciberespaço. Estas análises serão produzidas por meio de observação e tipificação de diferentes práticas que podem ser consideradas ciberativistas, tendo como foco principalmente grupos da rede social Facebook, a rede social de microblogging, Twitter, o aplicativo de mensagens WhatsApp, entre outros.
Em condição de cidadania ou cidadania sob condição? Reflexões sobre a aplicação de medidas socioeducativas e o direito à cidadania no Brasil
Authors: Alves Rocha Francielly Costa
Published: September 2020

O presente artigo busca refletir sobre a aplicação das medidas socioeducativas no Brasil e a construção da cidadania no sistema jurídico brasileiro por meio de uma análise antropológica sobre a legislação da política de atendimento a criança e ao adolescente e os dados sobre a aplicação efetiva destas no Rio de Janeiro.  Para a compreensão desse processo, realizou-se um estudo acerca da história das primeiras legislações que fundamentaram o atendimento a esse segmento no país, desde o primeiro Código Criminal até os dias atuais com a implementação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente em 1990. Com a análise da proposta de tornar crianças e adolescentes em cidadãos com proteção integral buscamos compreender como a responsabilidade penal juvenil cria contradições ao exercício efetivo dessa política a favor das crianças e adolescentes evidenciando em suas práticas a forma como a igualdade jurídica é construída no Brasil.
O que é encarceramento em massa? de Juliana Borges
Authors: Souza Maciana de Freitas , Alencar Francisca Ilania de
Published: September 2020

A presente resenha tem como propósito apresentar a obra da pesquisadora Juliana Gomes intitulada “o que é encarceramento em massa”? Adotando uma perspectiva crítica, a autora busca promover uma reflexão sobre o controle social e a violência estatal destinada à população negra, apontando que as relações sociais e o quadro jurídico-institucional em curso na realidade brasileira acentuam os elementos que sustentam as desigualdades.
Cuidados paliativos
Authors: Santos Wellington Bruno , Bodanese Luiz Carlos , Terra Newton Luiz
Published: September 2020

Objetivos: identificar artigos nacionais e internacionais que abordem: i) os cuidados paliativos de idosos portadores de insuficiência cardíaca (IC); ii) as condutas médicas atuais para controle dos sintomas e condições clínicas, psicossociais e espirituais comumente apresentadas por idosos portadores desta condição clínica.Métodos: revisão narrativa através de busca por artigos do período de 2014 a 2019 nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs e Scopus, utilizando os Descritores em Ciência e Saúde (DeCS): insuficiência cardíaca, idoso, muito idoso, cuidados paliativos, e os Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): heart failure, aged, elderly, palliative care.Síntese dos dados (Resultados): foram identificados 12 artigos de revisão acerca de cuidados paliativos de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, e somente dois artigos de revisão acerca de cuidados paliativos de idosos com insuficiência cardíaca.Conclusões: uma abordagem através de Avaliação Geriátrica Ampla (AGA), identificação de fragilidade e comorbidades, aliadas a habilidades específicas no manejo de IC são fundamentais para melhor desempenho dos cuidados paliativos desses pacientes. Além disso, há escassa disponibilidade de estudos originais acerca de cuidados paliativos de idosos portadores de IC.