bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the effect of pallet overhang on the box compression strength
Authors: Kim Saewhan , Horvath Laszlo , Molina Eduardo , Frank Benjamin , Johnson Steven , Johnson Alonda
Published: July 2023

A corrugated box's compression strength can easily be affected by how the box is used, including pallet overhang which reduces a box's effective compression strength (BCT). The specific impact of a given amount of overhang on BCT remains poorly defined. In the current study, a range of box sizes and constructions were examined in over a dozen single‐side overhang configurations and five adjacent‐side overhang scenarios to identify key factors contributing to loss of strength, producing an average reduction in BCT of up to 40%. These results indicated that common safety factors fit well with adjacent overhang scenarios but overestimate single‐side overhang scenarios. We developed a range of multiple linear and nonlinear regression models, estimating the change in a box's compression strength due to overhang compared with a no‐overhang scenario. The impact of overhang on the short and long sides, whether overhang exists on a single side or adjacent side, box size, and board type were all statistically significant. This work also indicates the need for further research refining the first‐order model and extending it to other materials, box sizes, and box aspect ratios.
Effects of assimilation of YOPP‐SH additional radiosonde observations on analyses and forecasts over Antarctica in austral summer
Authors: Choi Yonghan , Kim Seong‐Joong , Bromwich David H. , Powers Jordan G. , Kwon Hataek , Park Sang‐Jong
Published: July 2023

Radiosonde observations over Antarctica and the surrounding oceans were enhanced during the Year of Polar Prediction in the Southern Hemisphere (YOPP‐SH) summer Special Observing Period (SOP). Observing System Experiments (OSEs) were conducted in a continuous cycling framework using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and its data assimilation system. Routinely available observations were assimilated in the CTL (control) experiment, and special radiosonde observations from the YOPP‐SH SOP were additionally assimilated in the YOPP experiment. The results were compared to investigate the effects of additional radiosonde observations on analyses and forecasts over and around Antarctica. Verifications against ERA5 re‐analysis, radiosonde observations, and Automatic Weather Station (AWS) observations show overall positive effects of additional radiosonde observations. These positive effects are most noticeable in temperature at lower levels at earlier forecast lead times; afterward, wind forecast improvements at upper levels are the most noticeable. Although routine and special radiosonde observations are concentrated over the eastern and coastal regions of Antarctica (compared to the western and inland regions), the effects of the extra data spread in longitudinal and latitudinal directions; therefore, the effects on the forecasts are not limited to only the areas near the radiosonde observations. A case study reveals how cyclone forecasts are improved through the assimilation of the additional YOPP‐SH SOP radiosonde observations. This study provides insights into future observation strategies in Antarctica, such as horizontal/vertical observation locations, observation variables, and so forth to maximize effects of new observations on forecasts over Antarctica.
When does a stream become a river?
Authors: Czuba Jonathan A. , Allen George H.
Published: July 2023

The distinction between a “stream” and “river” is imprecise and vague despite the popular usage of the terms across disciplines for describing flowing waterbodies. Based on an analysis of named flowing waterbodies in the continental United States, we suggest a bank‐to‐bank channel width of 15 m as a working threshold in defining smaller “streams” from larger “rivers.”
Amidoximated Polyacrylonitrile Extended the Interlayer Spacing of MoS2/Graphite for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Lu Xiaohan , Tao Tingxian , Zhang Yilin , Lu Siyu , Xie Jiaxin , Ding Zhen , Wu Zhichuan
Published: July 2023

Hydrogen energy, as a clean energy, is an important direction of new energy development. Here, amidoximated polyacrylonitrile (AOCF) with coordination ability was introduced by solution‐based blending method, and the electrocatalyst (N‐MoS2/AOCF‐C) with extended interlayer and multiphase structure was successfully synthesized. The structure characterization and experimental results showed that the spherical graphite mixed into the N‐MoS2 composite. The interlayer of the composite was significantly expanded and the N‐MoS2/C was randomly dispersed and anchored in AOCF matrix because the −OH and −NH2 of AOCF can form coordination bonds with Mo (IV) effectively. Therefore, the satisfactory hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of N‐MoS2/AOCF‐C was attributed to the strong coordination bond effect and the addition of conducted carbon material. And the electrocatalyst displayed a lower overpotential (166 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2), a smaller Tafel slope (48.83 mV/dec), a larger electric double‐layer capacitance (84.19 mF/cm2) and nice stability.
Investigation on the photocatalytic degradation properties of BiOX on carbendazim and its mechanism
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Shi Gaofeng , Wang Guoying , Wang Runquan , Chen Wanping , Li Jiaxian , Wei Yuan , Zhang Yuerong
Published: July 2023

Bismuth Oxyhalide (BiOX, X=Cl, Br, I) has been widely used in water purification, environmental remediation and other fields due to its special layered structure and good photocatalytic performance. In this work, BiOCl, BiOBr and BiOI photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal method and first applied to the mineralization and degradation of carbendazim (CBZ). The degradation performance of BiOX to CBZ was studied under different light sources and different pH conditions. And the influence mechanism of the degradation performance of the three catalysts were revealed by analyzing the structure, morphology, specific surface area, optical performance, energy band structure, and electronic density of state of the materials. The results showed that, under the irradiation of metal halide lamp, the photocatalytic activity of BiOBr was the best when the pH was at 7. The degradation efficiency reached 99 % after 3 h and more than 90 % CBZ molecules could be mineralized. The BiOBr catalyst had good stability in four cycles. Furthermore, it was found that the main active species were h+ and ⋅O2− in the photodegradation process by free radical trapping experiment. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it was demonstrated that different halogen atoms had different density of state contribution intensity in atomic orbitals, different band gap width and different light response capabilities by the analysis of its energy band structure and partial wave density of state (PDOS), resulting in different photocatalytic performance under different energy light irradiation.
Study on Mechanism and Thermodynamics of NO Absorption by Acetylcholine‐chloride Type Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Xiao Xinxin , Liu Yixuan , Chen Xingxing , Bai Hongcun , Xu Xiuli , Yu Jianglong , Dou Jinxiao
Published: July 2023

NO absorption by using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) from flue gas has become one of great research interest. In this work, different DESs were prepared with acetylcholine chloride as a hydrogen‐bond acceptor. The effect of molar ratio of the hydrogen‐bond acceptor and different hydrogen‐bond donor, temperature, and different hydrogen‐bond donors on NO absorption by acetylcholine chloride DESs was investigated systematically. The absorption experiment of NO by acetylcholine‐methyl urea DES at an absorption capacity of 0.119 (g NO/g DES) when the molar ratio of acetylcholine chloride to methyl urea was 1 : 2 at 30–40 °C. The absorption mechanism of NO by acetylcholine chloride DESs was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance combined with quantum chemical calculation. The results indicated that NO with acetylcholine‐methyl urea DESs by chemical absorption to form NONO structure, nitrogen‐oxygen double bonds (N=O), nitrogen‐oxygen single bonds (N−O), and nitrogen‐nitrogen single bonds (N−N). The simulation results showed that nitric oxide formed two hydrogen bonds with N atoms on methyl urea: C−N⋅⋅⋅N and O=N⋅⋅⋅N=O. Thermodynamic properties showed that the ▵rHom for NO absorption in acetylcholine‐chloride‐type DES was −15.39 kJ/mol, which was more efficient for NO absorption/desorption.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Chichibabin‐Type Coupling of Halo‐azaarenes with Grignard reagents
Authors: Jiang Qian , Fang Liang‐Qi , Li Yan‐Hui , Wang Jian , Li Jing‐Hua
Published: July 2023

A Chichibabin‐type coupling of halo‐azaarenes with Grignard reagents under transition‐metal‐free conditions is developed. The alkylation and arylation of azaarenes can be achieved by the reaction of Grignard reagents with azaarenium salts mediated by BTC/DMAP/DCM system. It has practical value for preparing functionalized azaarenes.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported TiO2 and P(ANI‐co‐IN) Nanocomposite for Environmental Remediation: Degradation of Dye Pollutants from Toxic Rhodamine B
Authors: Minisha Sivalingam , Rajakani Paramasivam
Published: July 2023

Environmental remediation projects are becoming increasingly interested in polymers, transition‐metal oxides and graphene based nanocomposites as photocatalysts. To increase their effectiveness, they could be adjusted in conjunction with one another. A hierarchically organised nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide based TiO2 and copolymer (Aniline and Indole) (rGO/ TiO2/P(ANI‐co‐IN)), TiO2/P(ANI‐co‐IN) and P(ANI‐co‐IN) has been synthesized by heterogeneous emulsion polymerization and is used as a catalyst for the degradation of the cationic Rhodamine (RhB) dye. Different analyses were used to characterize the resulting nanocomposites i. e. UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), High Resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), Selected area (electron) diffraction (SAED) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DRS results revealed that the rGO/ TiO2/ P(ANI‐co‐IN) nanocomposites band gap decreased when compared to TiO2/P(ANI‐co‐IN) and P(ANI‐co‐IN). Here, rGO/ TiO2/P(ANI‐co‐IN) has outperformed every previous study on polymer/metal oxide/graphene‐based ternary nanocomposites, achieving 92 % RhB degradation within 80 min with a degradation rate constant of 0.032 min−1. The reusability of rGO/ TiO2/P(ANI‐co‐IN) was run over five cycles which bought in only a small change which could be negligible. Overall, this research may make it easier to synthesise hierarchically organised ternary nanocomposites in the future, which might be used to improve photocatalysis and address environmental protection challenges.
Benzotiazole‐Based Colorimetric Chemosensor for the Effective Detection of Hazardous Cyanide Ions
Authors: Zavalishin Maksim N. , Kiselev Aleksei N. , Pechnikova Nadezhda L. , Shagalov Evgenii V. , Nikitin Gleb A. , Gamov George A.
Published: July 2023

A new hydrazone based on 5‐nitrofurfural and 2‐hydrazinobenzothiazole (L) was introduced as a colorimetric chemosensor for rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of CN− ions in aqueous media. The chemosensor L was characterized using spectral methods such as FT‐IR, 1H, 13C NMR, UV‐Vis, and mass spectrometry. The interaction of L with the CN− ion provides a marked color change from yellow to blue‐green or blue, depending on the concentration of cyanide ions. The change in colour as well as in absorption maxima make it possible to detect CN− ions with the naked eye. The detection limit of the chemosensor L is 0.26 μM, which is below the WHO limit for cyanide ions in drinking water. Other competing anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, SCN−, ClO3−, ClO4−, SO32−, H2PO4−, HSO4−, and NO3−) showed little effect on the detection of cyanide ions. Quantum chemical calculations confirm the recognition mechanism, which is based on the formation of a molecular complex of the −NH‐hydrazine fragment of the chemosensor L with cyanide ion. The chemosensor L applied on the paper and polymeric test strips can be used in experiments to detect cyanide ions in samples of drinking and river water.
On Redox Processes of Gold(III) Complexes with Biologically Important Thiols: Cysteine, Glutathione, Thiomalate
Authors: Mironov Igor V. , Kharlamova Viktoria Yu.
Published: July 2023

The interaction of a number of gold(III) complexes: Au(phen)X2+, Au(bipy)X2+ (X=Cl, OH, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline, bipy=2,2’‐bipyridile), Au(en)23+ and Au(dien)Cl2+ with anions of thiol‐containing acids (thiomalate, cysteine and glutathione) in an aqueous solution at pH 2.0 and 7.4, CNaCl=0.2 M was studied. In all cases, the products of gold(III) reduction were highly stable gold(I) thiolate complexes: polymeric Aum(RS)n or monomeric Au(RS)2, depending on the conditions. For bipy and phen complexes, the processes were fast and usually completed in less than 1 minute. For the complex with dien, the stage of inner‐sphere reduction was the slowest among the complexes under consideration. For this complex, at pH 7.4 and with a large excess of glutathione, the formation of a relatively long‐lived gold(III) complex was observed, which, according to MS data, has the composition Au(GSH)45–. At ordinary temperature, it decomposes by about 90 % in 20 hours. For other thiols, similar complexes are also formed, but the rate of their decomposition is about 10 times higher.
Investigation of Optoelectronic Properties of HfClBr Janus Monolayer under the Biaxial Strain Effect
Authors: Mezher Hamza A. , Al‐Attafi Kadhim , Obies Muhsen Almayyali Ali , Hamzawy Sameh , Ho Kim Jung
Published: July 2023

In general, the transition elements, including Hafnium (Hf), have become the focus of researchers′ attention, as when they combine with chalcogens and halides, they turn into semiconductors with distinct energy gaps. Moreover, chalcogens and halides are desirable in scientific research when forming layers or membranes. The Janus monolayer is unique two‐faced material composed of two different chemical species on opposite sides of a single layer. Herein, we use first‐principles simulations to thoroughly investigate the electrical and optical properties of this material. Our calculations reveal that the Bromochlorohafnium (HfClBr) Janus monolayer is an indirect semiconductor at equilibrium, with an energy gap of 0.928 eV and changing from 0.532 eV to 1.233 eV after applying the biaxial strain, as determined by the Perdew‐Burke‐Ernzerhof (PBE) method. The results indicate that the Janus HfClBr monolayer has a competitive advantage over other materials for use in solar cells and energy storage devices due to its unique optical and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, our analysis showed that the optical and electrical characteristics of the Janus HfClBr monolayer are significantly impacted by biaxial strain, with the ability to absorb light in both the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. Additionally, the first optical gap of the Janus HfClBr monolayer is found to be shiftable under the biaxial strain, suggesting potential applications in nano‐electronics, particularly in the field of solar cells.
A Stereoselective Synthesis of 4′‐α‐Fluoro‐methyl Carbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs
Authors: Singh Uma S. , Jones Ransom A. , Kothapalli Yugandhar , Mulamoottil Varughese A. , Wei Pingrong , Chu Chung K.
Published: July 2023

The 4′ position modifications in carbocyclic nucleosides have not been investigated much as potential antiviral agents. Due to the higher ring strain and torsion of the cyclopentyl carbocyclic ring, it is not easy to carry out the modification at the 4′ position. Therefore, there is a need for a procedure that may tackle the synthesis of 4′ position substituted carbocyclic pentyl ring. In this communication, a stereoselective synthesis of 4′‐α‐fluoro‐methyl carbocyclic nucleosides has been reported. A stereoselective synthesis of the 4‐α‐fluoro‐methyl carbocyclic sugar moiety (16) was carried out via carbocyclic ketone 1. The oxidation of the 5‐methyl hydroxy of 9 followed by the aldol condensation gave a diol 11, which via selective protection followed by selective fluorination, yielded a MOM‐protected 4‐α‐fluoro‐methyl carbocyclic ring (16). Compound 16 served as a key intermediate for the synthesis of purines (21&24) and pyrimidine (28&31) nucleosides. The described synthesis may be utilized to construct the various 4′ position modified carbocyclic nucleos(t)ides for an elaborated structure‐activity relationship (SAR) as an antiviral and anticancer agent.
HAuCl4 Catalyzed and Dibenzyl amine Centered A3 coupling reaction: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Proofing and Anti‐microbial Efficacy
Authors: Gondaliya Bhumit L. , Kapadiya Khushal M.
Published: July 2023

This research suggests an ideal method for synthesizing propargyl amine adducts by a three‐component condensation of dibenzyl amine (DBA), aldehyde, and phenylacetylene (known as A3 coupling reactions). The aimed synthesis was carried out using a gold catalyst, chlouro auric acid (HAuCl4) and compared with Cu(I) systems to check the involvement of metals to generate enantiomerically pure compounds (4 a–4 j). No major deactivation of the catalyst was observed after repeated use in a similar reaction system (>10 times). The derived motifs′ spectroscopic profiling (1H NMR, 13C NMR, APT, IR and MS) has confirmed the structural fragments in a single core. Moreover, the applications of the derived motifs confirmed the comparable antimicrobial activity in some selected Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial; and fungi strains. Our consequences show that the scaffolds 4 d and 4 i having 4‐F and 4‐NMe2 substitution in the araldehyde system exhibited potent antimicrobial activity in most used bacterial and fungi strains.
Scientific literacy: Its real origin story and functional role in American education
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: July 2023

It has been widely accepted in the science education research community that scientific literacy as a concept and phrase was introduced by Paul deHart Hurd in 1958. Recent research into the origins of the phrase, however, has shown this to be incorrect. Its first published use can be traced back, in fact, to 1945, and the phrase was frequently invoked in popular and research publications throughout the 1940s and 1950s. Exploring the historical circumstances of the phrase's introduction into popular discourse, it is argued, reveals that despite the rhetorical power and widespread adoption of the idea, scientific literacy (as others have pointed out) has proven to be little more than an empty slogan that offers no substantive guidance for thinking about the goals of science education. This essay argues that rather than continue to cling to the idea, the field of science education can more productively consider the most relevant and appropriate goals of science teaching by dispensing with the concept altogether.
Sequential change‐point detection: Computation versus statistical performance
Authors: Wang Haoyun , Xie Yao
Published: July 2023

Change‐point detection studies the problem of detecting the changes in the underlying distribution of the data stream as soon as possible after the change happens. Modern large‐scale, high‐dimensional, and complex streaming data call for computationally (memory) efficient sequential change‐point detection algorithms that are also statistically powerful. This gives rise to a computation versus statistical power trade‐off, an aspect less emphasized in the past in classic literature. This tutorial takes this new perspective and reviews several sequential change‐point detection procedures, ranging from classic sequential change‐point detection algorithms to more recent non‐parametric procedures that consider computation, memory efficiency, and model robustness in the algorithm design. Our survey also contains classic performance analysis, which provides useful techniques for analyzing new procedures.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Time Series Models

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Algorithms

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Approaching EU Citizenship from the Perspective of Young People in the East Central European Double Periphery: Introduction
Authors: Lorenz Astrid , Anders Lisa H.
Published: July 2023

Abstracts

What does it mean for young people in very remote areas of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania to be citizens of the EU? What are the specific challenges faced by EU-related Youth Dialogue projects that aim at promoting active citizenship in these peripheral regions? What factors contribute to the success of these projects, and what can actors at the regional, national, and EU level do to promote active (EU) citizenship among youth beyond urban centres? In this introductory chapter, we explain the scientific and practical relevance of these questions that guide the contributions to this volume. We also discuss why remote areas in East Central Europe constitute a double periphery, why active citizenship among young people in these areas deserves more scholarly attention, how local living conditions might affect the perceptions and practices of EU citizenship, and how we collected the qualitative data for the analyses in this book. The concluding section provides an overview of the structure of the volume and its key findings.
Initiating a Structured Dialogue between Local Youth and Decision-Makers: The Mińsk Mazowiecki Youth Forum
Authors: Gawron Luca , Penzlin Lena Elisa
Published: July 2023

This chapter observes the participation project Youth Forum, which was funded by Erasmus+. It took place in the small Polish town Mińsk Mazowiecki conducted by Fundacja EBU. Despite Fundacja EBU’s engagement in EU-related topics and exchange programs, the NGO could not rely on existing networks among student councils while local decision-makers and the students were disconnected from each other. The goal of Youth Forum was to alter this situation. The chapter outlines the project regarding outcomes, success factors and problems. By achieving its main objectives of connecting youth and breaking barriers between the students and officials, Youth Forum set the foundation for future projects among the youth and further structured dialogue with decision-makers.
Promoting the Active Citizenship of Young People in Peripheral Regions: Recommendations for EU Key Players
Authors: Anders Lisa H.
Published: July 2023

In light of the growing political disengagement of youth, this chapter presents four recommendations on how the Commission and the European Parliament can improve EU youth policies to promote the active citizenship of young people in peripheral regions. Firstly, given the central role that information plays for active citizenship, EU actors need to better tailor knowledge transfer to the needs of young people. Secondly, they need to enhance citizenship competences and political efficacy through meaningful local participation projects that are linked to the EU-level. Thirdly, to guarantee the long-lasting effect of these projects, EU actors should make project funding more reliable, for instance by extending funding periods or lowering the hurdles for follow-up projects. Last but not least, the inclusiveness of bottom-up dialogue formats needs to be further improved to make sure that the EU youth policy goals are connected to the diverse living conditions and needs of young people across the Union.
Notions of EU Citizenship Among Young People in the Peripheral Regions of East Central Europe
Authors: Vogel Lars , Will David
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the notions of EU citizenship among young adults in the peripheral regions of East Central Europe (ECE). Based on structured interviews in five countries of the region with questions partially derived from the Eurobarometer, the results suggest that postmodern civic notions of EU citizenship are more prevalent among them than traditional ones. However, this notion is ambiguous given the students’ moderate level of attachment to the EU, their limited knowledge about EU legal rights defining citizenship, and their lack of actual experience in political participation. Traditional and postmodern notions are, however, equally compatible with political support for EU integration. Further, traditional notions of citizenship and lowered political support are not connected to the perceived peripheral status of one’s own region of living but to the perception of its superiority.
Between Support and Mere Coexistence: Diverging Perspectives on the EU from Slovak Students in Peripheral Towns
Authors: Stangenberger Mathilde
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyses how young people perceive their EU citizenship. Based on four group discussions with students conducted in three peripheral towns in Slovakia, it shows that in their daily lives the EU is mostly present in the fact that citizens have the freedom of movement and educational opportunities. When asked to name the EU’s central achievements and rights, the groups engaged in very different debates, but many students agreed on peace, the freedom of movement and the right to vote. Part of the students expressed a rather favorable attitude towards to the EU and described the member states as sharing a similar set of values and are helping each other in times of crisis. Others, by contrast, emphasised the importance of the states as independent actors and perceived the EU as a system of coexistence. Looking at the right to vote, the students considered a lack of representation and mis-/noninformation as the main problems in the EP elections.
An EU Providing Freedom of Movement, Health Security and Financial Support: Students’ EU Perceptions in Two of Hungary’s Peripheral Towns
Authors: Mandru Nora , Víg Dorottya
Published: July 2023

The present chapter summarises the findings generated in four focus group discussions held among students in two peripheral Hungarian towns (Karcag and Siófok). Participants were asked to reflect on their self-image as (EU) citizens, their perceptions of the EU and its policies, as well as their participation in the (EU) elections. They agreed on the importance of the freedom of movement, of the EU-wide right to healthcare and the importance of the EU’s financial support for less developed countries. Besides this, the majority of students concurred that it was crucial to vote in the (EU) elections and underlined the importance of social media in motivating young people to do so. In general, discussions revealed a lack of knowledge regarding EU policies, which made it difficult for students to reflect on their positions.
How to Make Projects to Enhance Youth Participation Successful. A Comparative Analysis of Six Youth Dialogue Projects
Authors: Kirtzel Christoph , Lorenz Astrid
Published: July 2023

Exercising democratic participation rights is not a matter of course in the EU, especially for young people in peripheral areas of East Central Europe. Yet the future of European democracy significantly depends on the active citizenship of young people. On that basis, the European Commission supports projects fostering the participation of young citizens across Europe. Based on the experiences of six of these projects in post-socialist EU regions, this chapter sheds light on common success factors. They include tailoring a project to the target group, involving participants in the organising process, making young people’s voices heard and linking the local and the European level. As we show, these aspects partly coincide with the award criteria used by the Commission to decide on project funding. In sum, the analysis can contribute to making further youth projects successful.
Understanding Municipal Education Leaders in the Tension Between Politics, Professionals and Parents
Authors: Smeds-Nylund Ann-Sofie
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores how non-affirmative theories, such as NAT and discursive institutionalism, can complement each other when investigating educational and pedagogical leadership. Public policies, laws, and interests are transformed into pedagogical practice at the municipal level, and the educational leadership mediates between several practices. In many countries, a more liberal education policy has given rise to demands for clearer parental influence in schools. Public decision-making processes regarding educational issues change when more actors demand their voices be heard. In which educational issues is it then beneficial to initiate an extended debate and involve citizens? In the municipal context, a communicative discourse about education is to be preferred, although a coordinative discourse would be legal and correct. Everyone with an interest in the local school should have the opportunity to use their voice. We need ongoing, enlightened conversations about education, pedagogy, and Bildung at the municipal and local levels in our society.
Operating in an Outcomes-Based and a Democratic Bildung Discourse
Authors: Moos Lejf
Published: July 2023

This chapter presupposes that educational practices should build on multiple sources, theories, and influences: educational philosophy, didactics, culture, policy, power, and governance, to mention the most important. A concept of discourse is introduced in order to analyse and discuss the contemporary situation. Discourses allow us to organise and structure our knowledge and apply fundamental perspectives. Two main perspectives that emerge from diverse forms of societal governance and policy are introduced and discussed: A Democratic Bildung Discourse and an Outcomes-based Discourse, which emerge in a social democratic welfare state and a neoliberal competitive state, respectively. Governance is often supported by social technologies. Governance through contracts is used increasingly often. Its operation through soft power, standards, measurement, and strategy are discussed and criticised with concepts of general education and democratic Bildung. This is also the basis for criticism of the fast-growing use of online digital technologies such as learning platforms. In light of this new situation, we need to seriously reflect on appropriate theories and practices of education.
Bildung and Twenty-First Century Competences: In Need of Mutual Recognition?
Authors: Tahirsylaj Armend
Published: July 2023

Internationally, curriculum policy is often shaped through either content-based or competence-based curriculum approaches. Considering these two framings of educational policy discourse and curriculum policy making, this chapter compares and contrasts Bildung and twenty-first century competences as outcome(s) of education by examining the latest OECD and European Union (EU) education frameworks and visions and the latest curriculum reform agendas in the national contexts of Norway and Kosovo. The chapter relies on qualitative document analysis methodologically, and it is theoretically framed by non-affirmative education theory, critical-constructive didaktik and curriculum ideologies. Through a comparative reading of aims of education promoted by the OECD, the EU, Norway, and Kosovo frameworks, it is found that the OECD is recalibrating the education goals towards individual and collective well-being, the EU maintains the focus on mastery of key competences for lifelong learning, Norway promotes its dual mission of schooling towards education and Bildung, and Kosovo aims at mastery of key competences introduced in the latest curriculum reform. It is concluded that a Bildung-oriented curriculum policy could provide for a more holistic view of the individual and human development as it gives more agency to the individuals to shape their lives in their own terms and resume responsibility accordingly.
From ‘Didactics’ to ‘Curriculum-and-Didactics’ and Beyond: A Non-affirmative Approach to the Analysis of the Changes in Didactics in Mainland China
Authors: Ding Bangping
Published: July 2023

Beginning with a resounding remark about how to regenerate a new civilization made by a Chinese modern philosopher, Hu Shih, this chapter briefly explores the question of why and how to re-establish Chinese pedagogics and didactics in the light of the non-affirmative theory of education in the globalized world of the twenty-first century. An overview of Chinese introduction to European pedagogics and didactics, Anglo-American curriculum studies, and Russian pedagogical theories is provided first, with a reflection on the shifts and changes that have taken place in the process of introduction to those foreign theories during the past century. Then, a reconsideration of the relationship of Chinese education to politics and economy from the perspective of the non-affirmative theory of education is offered, arguing that education should not play the dominant role in politics because education is not equal to politics, nor should it play the dominant role in economics because education is not equivalent to economics. Rather, education has its own role to play: to cultivate individual persons who are open to any ideas and have knowledge, competencies, and skills through which to create the new society that Chinese people desire. Based on the argument above, the author puts forward a fresh idea of how to re-establish Chinese pedagogics and didactics that can confront the challenges of the twenty-first century: to integrate German didactics with Anglo-American curriculum studies based on Chinese harmony. In conclusion, it is believed that with the rise of China in the economy and other fields such as science and technology over the past decades and a re-evaluation of Chinese traditions, theres is a new confidence that they should rebuild pedagogical discourses and disciplines, including curriculum studies, didactics, and curriculum and didactics as a blended new discipline.
Non-affirmative Education Theory as a Language for Global Education Discourse in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Uljens Michael
Published: July 2023

Given the crisis of neoliberal education policy in operation since the 1990s, non-affirmative theories of general education, didactics, and subject matter didactics provide a productive language for global education discourse in the twenty-first century. This school of thought has the capacity to operate as a global meta-language of education due to how it defines the teaching-studying-learning process and how it perceives the dynamic relationship between different forms of societal practices. Given that education praxis occurs at different levels, and does not affirmatively mediate between the learner and society, and educates for a nonhierarchically organised societal praxis, teaching needs to recognise but not instrumentally affirm neither societal interests nor the learner’s life world. Rather, non-affirmative pedagogy helps us to identify and empirically study, at different levels, how education co-creates pedagogical spaces for discerning thought and reflexive practices around experiences, knowledge, and values. The approach offers itself as an alternative to contemporary educational policies such as academic factualism, educational performativism and competencism, pedagogical activism, and instructional technologism.
Herbart’s Educative Teaching in Times of Big Data-Based Measurement and Assessment
Authors: Lin Ling
Published: July 2023

As big data-based measurement and assessment in education is expanding worldwide since the turn of the century, the relationship between the evidence-based practical culture and the Bildung process (Geistesbildung) of the children has continued to provoke discussion among educational scholars. This chapter then attempts to rethink the teaching-studying-learning relationship in big data-based measurement and assessment by returning to the classical didactics (Didaktik), namely, Herbart’s theory of “educative teaching” (erziehender Unterricht). To a certain extent, it is the alienation of the teaching-learning relationship in the big data-based measurement and assessment that makes this classical education theorist, who is often overlooked, relevant today. To understand the non-affirmative character of educative teaching, we should return to one of Herbart’s earlier concepts, namely, the “aesthetic representation of the world.” With this concept, we can see that if the instruction is essentially a Bildung-oriented formation process based on the full interaction between the student and the contents of the world (Weltinhalte), that is, a process of expanding children’s experience and horizons of Bildung (Bildungshorizonte). In that case, the relationship between the teacher and the student, between the teaching activity and the learning activity, will fundamentally be determined by the initiation and development of the Bildung process, rather than by numerical symbols and their representation of a particular teaching and learning result. The non-affirmativity of modern teaching-learning relationship laid down by educative teaching should not be overlooked, especially in the age of big data-based measurement and assessment.
Bildung-Centred Non-affirmative School Didactics
Authors: Uljens Michael
Published: July 2023

This chapter contributes with a novel analysis of how non-affirmative theory of education and Bildung contribute to the development of a second generation of school didactics (Uljens, School didactics and learning. Psychology Press, Hove, 1997). Despite differences in terminology, non-affirmative general pedagogy and school didactics have similarities. First, inspired by the early reception Hegel-influenced education theorizing in Finland (J. V. Snellman, Z. J. Cleve), school didactics (SD) focuse the relational teaching-studying-learning process, which resembles the constitutive principles of summoning and Bildsamkeit. Second, both are Bildung-centred regarding the centrality and the educative treatment of teaching contents from the learner’s perspective. Third, despite one is centered on general pedagogy (‘Allgemeine Pädagogik’) and the other on didactics, both focus the school as an educative institution. Fourth, both focus how societal interests transform into and influence pedagogical interaction. Fifth, both accept a non-teleological view of societal development. Sixth, both positions accept critical citizenship (Mündigkeit) and democracy as central for public education. Yet, the chapter shows how the principles put forth in non-affirmative general pedagogy significantly deepens many themes in the early version of school didactics. The present version of school didactics makes a contribution by identifying three related pairs of subjectivity and intersubjectivity, and explains the transition between these by the principles of summoning to self-activity and Bildsamkeit. Non-affirmative SD also reminds that educational leadership is necessary for understanding school teaching.
Forgotten Relations Between Justice and Education: A Non-affirmative Education Approach
Authors: Alonso Juan José Sosa
Published: July 2023

Today an instrumental perspective dominate the relation between justice and education (social justice through education). Such a view correspond to an economist, utilitarian, neoliberal and performative interpretation of education and schooling. While a social justice perspective is valuable, it is limited. We need to broaden the view and aspirations of justice to include intrinsically educational aspects. Only when justice is linked to the ethical essence of the educational relationship, it is possible to contribute to generating just subjects for fairer societies. This argument is based on H. G. Gadamer’s interpretation of the Platonic Politeia and M. Foucault’s description of the ethics of self-care. Throughout, the chapter recognizes the value of D. Benner’s model of non-affirmative education, grounded in his constitutive and regulative principles of education. This approach help us to understand how pedagogical relations regarding problematisation and reflective dialogue operate in overcoming the injustice that modern, affirmative school models seem to carry with them.
Between Doxa and Transformational Bildung: A Phenomenological and Social-Theoretical Rehabilitation of the Formation of Opinions with Egon Schütz and Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Türstig Johannes , Brinkmann Malte
Published: July 2023

This contribution aims at expanding Benner’s understanding of non-affirmative Bildung from a phenomenological, practice-theoretical, and social-theoretical perspective. We thereby problematize the underlying fundamental dualism between socialization, habit, and affirmation on the one hand, and Bildung, transformation, and cognitive reflection on the other, along with a critique of the model of a rational subject. First, with Schütz, Husserl, and Fink, we provide a phenomenological perspective on judgment. With Schütz, it is possible to detach judgment, and thus Bildung and self-activity (Selbsttätigkeit), from the logocentric fixation on knowledge and truth. By including the life-world, the pre-predicative dimensions of judgment, habits, and opinions can be pointed out as the foundation and as the functional mode of judgment. Bildung thus becomes describable as a formation of opinions (Meinungsbildung). The sociality of opinion as judgment is then extended in the second step with Bourdieu in a social-theoretical perspective. For this, we work out habitualized doxa as the primary, judging approach to the world. We thus determine the pre-predicative judgment as a mode of the habitus and show that habitual dispositions in social practices are the basis of the experience of the world. In this way, habit, routine, and habitus can be taken out of the dual of mere affirmation and transformation that underlies Benner’s theory. The phenomenological and practice-theoretical considerations make it possible to bring into view both the life-world, and the bodily dimensions of pedagogical practice, as well as the dimensions of power, social inequality, distinction, and privilege, and capture them in their significance for the processes of Bildung.
Hermeneutics in the Non-affirmative Theory of Education
Authors: Mielityinen-Pachmann Mari , Uljens Michael
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores how the general theory of hermeneutics may help us to clarify how education and the process of Bildung relate. To this end, the chapter consists of two sections. The first section outlines why we need different notions of subjectivity and intersubjectivity for talking about the premises of pedagogical interaction and, in addition, about the results of Bildung. Three pairs of subjectivity and intersubjectivity are identified: as anthropological preconditions; as notions emanating from socialisation into a life-world; and finally, as self-reflexive categories. This first section views non-affirmative pedagogical intervention and Bildsamkeit as mediating between three pairs of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. The second section deepens the above reasoning by exploring how hermeneutics can function as a complementary approach for clarifying non-affirmative pedagogy. More precisely, how are the central questions of hermeneutics constitutive of and present in a theory of non-affirmative education?
Experimental study on the effect of the milling condition of an aluminum alloy on subsurface residual stress
Authors: Kuji Chieko , Chighizola Christopher R. , Hill Michael R. , Aurich Jan C. , Soyama Hitoshi
Published: July 2023

Aluminum alloys used in monolithic parts for aerospace applications are subjected to distortion and residual stress (RS) generated by milling, affecting the product fatigue life. Particularly, the change in RS with depth (z) has a characteristic distribution with a maximum compressive RS at a z several tens of micrometers from the surface; however, the RS value depends on the measurement method used. In this study, the RS distribution with z from the surface after milling was measured for the AA7050-T7451 aluminum alloy by two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D method). The results were compared with those of four prior measurement methods, and the validity of 2D method was verified. The changes in subsurface RS with z showed similar distributions under all measurement conditions except when cos(α)-XRD was employed. The 2D method provides high repeatability. The in-plane RS distribution was also measured using 2D method to investigate the effect of milling conditions on this distribution. The RS values varied markedly depending on the measurement position, particularly at a small collimator diameter of 0.146 mm, allowing detection of localized extreme RS values. The maximum RS at z = 0 mm was − 85.6 MPa at a cutting speed of vc = 200 m/s and feed per tooth of fz = 0.05 mm, while it was − 16 MPa for vc = 450 m/s and 6.8 MPa for fz = 0.2 mm, revealing that the compressive RS changes to tensile RS as vc and fz increase.
Nomogram for predicting the preoperative lymph node metastasis in resectable pancreatic cancer
Authors: Cheng Hao , Xu Jin-Hong , Kang Xiao-Hong , Liu Xiao-Mei , Wang Hai-Feng , Wang Zhi-Xia , Pan Hao-Qi , Zhang Qing-Qin , Xu Xue-Lian
Published: July 2023

Background

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a critical prognostic factor in resectable pancreatic cancer (PC) patients, determining treatment strategies. This study aimed to develop a clinical model to adequately and accurately predict the risk of LNM in PC patients.

Methods

13,200 resectable PC patients were enrolled from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, and randomly divided into a training group and an internal validation group at a ratio of 7:3. An independent group (n = 62) obtained from The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University was enrolled as the external validation group. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen independent risk factors for LNM. The minimum Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was performed to select the optimal model parameters and construct a nomogram for assessing the risk of LNM. The performance of the nomogram was assessed by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis (DCA). In addition, an online web calculator was designed to assess the risk of LNM.

Result

A total of six risk predictors (including age at diagnosis, race, primary site, grade, histology, and T-stage) were identified and included in the nomogram. The areas under the curves (AUCs) [95% confidential interval (CI)] were 0.711 (95%CI: 0.700–0.722), 0.700 (95%CI: 0.683–0.717), and 0.845 (95%CI: 0.749–0.942) in the training, internal validation and external validation groups, respectively. The calibration curves showed satisfied consistency between nomogram-predicted LNM and actual observed LNM. The concordance indexes (C-indexes) in the training, internal, and external validation sets were 0.689, 0.686, and 0.752, respectively. The DCA curves of the nomogram demonstrated good clinical utility.

Conclusion

We constructed a nomogram model for predicting LNM in pancreatic cancer patients, which may help oncologists and surgeons to choose more individualized clinical treatment strategies and make better clinical decisions.
Improving energy community interoperability by utilizing Web of Things
Authors: Esterbauer Leonhard , Steindl Gernot , Kastner Wolfgang
Published: July 2023

The novel Energy Community (EC) concept introduces communal incentives for citizens to monitor and control energy usage. This circumstance brings up the need for digitalized solutions that support EC members in optimizing their energy usage. While research and industry already came up with concepts to tackle this problem, interoperability aspects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructures are rarely investigated. As a result, the diverse protocol landscape of energy-related devices slows down technological penetration and consequently hinders the modernization of ECs. For this reason, the following paper proposes an architecture design that addresses interoperability problems in ECs by bundling communication issues into services that utilize the Web of Things (WoT) standard. Furthermore, the architecture design is demonstrated in a testbed environment where a WoT-compatible Electric Vehicle (EV) charging station and a legacy inverter are integrated.