bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On ‘spurious’ eddies
Authors: Drikakis D. , Margolin L. G , Smolarkiewicz P.K.
Published: October 2002

Recently, several papers have appeared in the CFD literature, proposing an idealized instability problem as a benchmark for discriminating among numerical algorithms for two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes flows. The problem is a double shear layer simulated at coarse resolution and with a prescribed interface perturbation. A variety of second‐order accurate schemes have been tested, with all results falling into one of two solution patterns—one pattern with two eddies and the other with three eddies. In the literature, there is no fast‐and‐firm rule to predict the results of any particular algorithm. However, it is asserted that the two‐eddy solution is correct. Our own research has led to two conclusions. First, the appearance of the third eddy is tied up with small details of the truncation error; we illustrate this point by prescribing small changes that lead to reversal of the appearance/disappearance of the third eddy in several schemes. Second, we discuss the realizability of the two solutions and suggest that the three‐eddy solution is the more physical. Overall, we conclude that this problem is a poor choice of benchmark to discriminate among numerical algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The harmonic adjoint approach to unsteady turbomachinery design
Authors: Duta M. C. , Giles M. B. , Campobasso M. S.
Published: October 2002

In recent years, there has been rapid progress in aerodynamic optimization methods which use adjoint flow analysis to efficiently calculate the sensitivity of steady‐state objective functions to changes in the underlying design variables. This paper shows that the same adjoint approach can be used in turbomachinery applications in which the primary concern is blade vibration due to harmonic flow unsteadiness.

The paper introduces the key engineering concepts and discusses the derivation of the adjoint analysis at the algebraic level. The emphasis is on the algorithmic aspects of the analysis, on the iterative solution method and on the role played by the strong solid wall boundary condition, in particular. The novel ideas are exploited to reveal the potential of the approach in the minimization of the unsteady vibration of turbomachinery blades due to incident wakes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schur complement preconditioners for the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Loghin D. , Wathen A. J.
Published: October 2002

Mixed finite element formulations of fluid flow problems lead to large systems of equations of saddle‐point type for which iterative solution methods are mandatory for reasons of efficiency. A successful approach in the design of solution methods takes into account the structure of the problem; in particular, it is well‐known that an efficient solution can be obtained if the associated Schur complement problem can be solved efficiently and robustly. In this work we present a preconditioner for the Schur complement for the Oseen problem which was introduced in Kay and Loghin (Technical Report 99/06, Oxford University Computing Laboratory, 1999). We show that the spectrum of the preconditioned system is independent of the mesh parameter; moreover, we demonstrate that the number of GMRES iterations grows like the square‐root of the Reynolds number. We also present convergence results for the Schur complement of the Jacobian matrix for the Navier–Stokes operator which exhibit the same mesh independence property and similar growth with the Reynolds number. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global kinetic energy conservation with unstructured meshes
Authors: Benhamadouche S. , Laurence D.
Published: October 2002

Conserving kinetic energy is essential in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in order that subgrid scale modelling (SGS) is not hidden by numerical errors. High‐order schemes, which are not available for unstructured grids, are sufficient but not a necessary condition for energy conservation. The problem addressed here is directly ensuring energy conservation through a careful discretization of the momentum and mass equations, and it is shown that this can be achieved with a low‐order scheme for unstructured grids. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid wavelet collocation–Brinkman penalization method for complex geometry flows
Authors: Vasilyev O. V. , Kevlahan N. K.‐R.
Published: October 2002

This paper introduces the hybrid wavelet collocation–Brinkman penalization method for solving the Navier–Stokes equations in arbitrarily complex geometries. The main advantages of the wavelet collocation method and penalization techniques are described, and a brief summary of their implementation is given. The hybrid method is then applied to a simple flow around cylinders with both periodic and non‐periodic boundary conditions with Reynolds numbers in the range from 100 to 10 000 and the results are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite‐volume methods for non‐linear elasticity in heterogeneous media
Authors: LeVeque Randall J.
Published: October 2002

An approximate Riemann solver is developed for the equations of non‐linear elasticity in a heterogeneous medium, where each grid cell has an associated density and stress–strain relation. The non‐linear flux function is spatially varying and a wave decomposition of the flux difference across a cell interface is used to approximate the wave structure of the Riemann solution. This solver is used in conjunction with a high‐resolution finite‐volume method using the CLAWPACK software. As a test problem, elastic waves in a periodic layered medium are studied. Dispersive effects from the heterogeneity, combined with the non‐linearity, lead to solitary wave solutions that are well captured by the numerical method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of classical Lax–Friedrichs Riemann solvers with discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Rider W. J. , Lowrie R. B.
Published: October 2002

While conducting a von Neumann stability analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods we discovered that the classic Lax–Friedrichs Riemann solver is unstable for all time‐step sizes. We describe a simple modification of the Riemann solver's dissipation returns the method to stability. Furthermore, the method has a smaller truncation error than the corresponding method with an upwind flux for the RK2‐DG(1) method. These results are verified upon testing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA array‐based method for detection of large rearrangements in the BRCA1 gene
Authors: Frolov Andrey , Prowse Amanda H. , Vanderveer Lisa , Bove Betsy , Wu Hong , Godwin Andrew K.
Published: October 2002

In most families with multiple cases of breast and ovarian cancer, the cancer appears to be associated with germline alterations in BRCA1 or BRCA2. However, somatic mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors are rare, even though loss of heterozygosity in BRCA1 and BRCA2 loci in these tumors appears frequently. This may be attributed to mutation detection assays that detect alterations in the coding regions and splice site junctions, but that miss large gene rearrangements. To look specifically for mutations such as large gene rearrangements that span several kilobases (kb) of genomic DNA, we have developed a fluorescence DNA microarray assay. This assay rapidly and simultaneously screens for such rearrangements along the entire gene. In our screen of 15 malignant ovarian tumors, we found one sample with a novel 3‐kb deletion encompassing exon 17 of BRCA1 that leads to a frameshift mutation. This deletion was not detected in the corresponding constitutive DNA. Our results indicate that, whereas somatic mutations in BRCA1 appear to be rare in ovarian cancers, the search for large gene rearrangements should be included in any BRCA1 mutational analysis. Furthermore, the method described in this report has the potential to screen clinical tumor samples for genomic rearrangements simultaneously in a large number of cancer‐associated genes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TGF‐β induces cell death in the oligodendroglial cell line OLI‐neu
Authors: Schuster Norbert , Bender Herdis , Philippi Anja , Subramaniam Srinivasa , Strelau Jens , Wang Ziyuan , Krieglstein Kerstin
Published: October 2002

We have shown that TGF‐β plays an important role during the period of developmental cell death in the nervous system. Immunoneutralization of TGF‐β prevents ontogenetic neuron death in vivo. Like neurons, oligodendrocytes are generated in excess and eliminated by apoptosis. It has been shown that oligodendrocyte progenitors and newly formed oligodendrocytes are especially susceptible to apoptosis. We choose the oligodendrocyte precursor cell line OLI‐neu to address the question if TGF‐β could play a role for the control of oligodendrocyte proliferation and cell death. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that OLI‐neu cells arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle underwent apoptosis in response to TGF‐β. TUNEL assays, apoptosis ELISA, and caspase assays substantiated the finding that OLI‐neu cells died after TGF‐β treatment. Cell death could be inhibited by application of pan‐caspase or caspase 8 and 9 inhibitors, whereas the inhibition of calpain was unaffected. Furthermore, we found a reduction of bcl‐XL at the protein as well as at the mRNA level, while p27 was upregulated. The Smad cascade was activated while TGF‐β reduced the activity of the p42/p44 MAP kinase pathway. Together, these data show that TGF‐β induced apoptotic cell death in cells of oligodendroglial origin, whereby the signaling cascade involved the downregulation of antiapoptotic signaling such as bcl‐XL leading to the activation of caspases. GLIA 40:95–108, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rosenberg GA. Matrix metalloproteinases in neuroinflammation. GLIA 2002;39(3):279–291.
Authors: Rosenberg Gary A.
Published: October 2002

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in GLIA (2002)39:279–291
Optimal use of markers for cobalamin and folate status in a psychogeriatric population
Authors: Nilsson Karin , Gustafson Lars , Hultberg Björn
Published: October 2002

Background

Cobalamin/folate deficiency is common in elderly subjects and may lead to psychiatric symptoms, but even more often it increases the severity of other organic and non‐organic mental diseases. It is therefore of importance to evaluate the optimal use of different markers of cobalamin/folate status in a psychogeriatric population.

Methods

We measured serum cobalamin, blood folate, plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) in 475 well‐defined psychogeriatric patients.

Results

The findings in the present study showed that many (41%) of the patients with normal levels of serum MMA (<0.41 μmol/l) had pathological values of at least one of the other markers for cobalamin/folate status, whereas only 17% of patients with normal plasma tHcy (<19.9 μmol/l) had pathological levels of other markers. If patients with decreased levels of serum cobalamin and/or blood folate were also excluded from these patients, only nine patients with slightly elevated levels of serum MMA remained. In the present study different upper reference limits were also tested for both serum MMA and plasma tHcy. However, the use of these limits did not cause any diagnostic improvement in the evaluation of cobalamin–folate status. Plasma tHcy was increased in almost all diagnosis groups of the psychogeriatric patients, whereas serum MMA was increased in only some groups. The distribution of the two common polymorphisms of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (C677T and A1298C) was similar in patients with elevated and normal plasma tHcy.

Conclusions

The findings in the present study suggest the use of plasma tHcy, serum cobalamin and blood folate to evaluate cobalamin–folate status in psychogeriatric patients and to omit the use of serum MMA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of the views of geriatric psychiatrists in the United Kingdom on the use of electroconvulsive therapy to treat physically ill people
Authors: Benbow S. M. , Shah A.
Published: October 2002

Background

One of the main concerns about ECT is its use for people with concurrent medical illnesses. Geriatric psychiatrists are more often likely to encounter this situation in working with older age groups. Drawing on the collective experience of all UK geriatric psychiatrists may allow a better understanding of the use of ECT for people with major medical illness.

Methods

A postal questionnaire was used to seek the views of all consultant geriatric psychiatrists in the UK on the use of ECT in the presence of major illness. The questionnaire was developed from previous literature on the subject, a previous pilot study, published guidelines and clinical experience of the authors.

Results

Geriatric psychiatrists most often favour bilateral ECT. They are likely to carry out physical examination, chest X‐ray, ECG, haemoglobin estimation, urea and electrolytes, thyroid and liver function tests in medically ill people before considering ECT. They are more likely to change their ECT assessment procedures when dealing with medical illness, rather than any other aspect of treatment, and are unlikely to change any aspect of ECT treatment in someone of advanced age.

Conclusions

Geriatric psychiatrists see their roles in relation to ECT as primarily that of assessment, and rely on others to advise on anaesthetic drug use, treatment technique, concurrent drug treatment and post‐ECT management. It is important that the ECT consultant and ECT anaesthetist are aware of their role and prepared to offer appropriate advice. The role of the ECT consultant in relation to the responsible medical officer requires clarification. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eyeblink‐related areas in human cerebellum as shown by fMRI
Authors: Dimitrova Albena , Weber Johannes , Maschke Matthias , Elles Hans‐Gerd , Kolb Florian P. , Forsting Michael , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Timmann Dagmar
Published: October 2002

Classical eyeblink conditioning is used frequently to study the role of the cerebellum in associative learning. To understand the mechanisms involved in learning, the neural circuits that generate the eyeblink response should be identified. The goal of the present study was to examine cerebellar regions that are likely to control the human eyeblink response using event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In 14 healthy volunteers eyeblinks were evoked by unilateral air‐puff stimulation (total of 30 stimuli, inter‐trial interval 27–44 sec). With eyes closed throughout the experiment, eyeblinks were recorded using a video‐based system with infrared reflecting markers being attached to the upper eyelids. From each subject 500 scans were taken (TR = 2.2 sec, 22 slices per scan, slice thickness = 3 mm) using an echo planar imaging sequence (EPI). The statistical parametric maps of the experimental volume images were estimated with SPM99 specifying an appropriate event‐related design matrix. Two main regions of significant activation were found in the ipsilateral posterior lobe of the cerebellar hemisphere. In the more anterior region the maxima of activation were located in hemispheral lobules VI and Crus I, and in the more posterior region in hemispheral lobules VIIb, Crus II and VIIIa (nomenclature according to Schmahmann et al. [2000]: MRI Atlas of the Human Cerebellum). Although less pronounced, activity was found also in corresponding areas of the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. These eyeblink‐related areas agree with trigeminal projection areas and blink reflex control areas shown in previous animal studies. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:100–115, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revealed preference valuation compared to contingent valuation: radon‐induced lung cancer prevention
Authors: Kennedy Christine A.
Published: October 2002

This paper explores and compares two tools of economic valuation, revealed preference and contingent valuation, with the purpose of ultimately informing the use of two methods of economic evaluation, CEA and CBA. The valuation methods are applied to empirical data for radon‐induced lung cancer prevention. However, only the single bound CV and the subjective revealed preference estimates have overlapping confidence intervals, indicating that they do have external validity as assessed by convergent validity. The revealed preference subjective risk valuation was (£180 (£144, £247)) and the single bounded contingent valuation estimate was (£269 (£201, £343)). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do competition and managed care improve quality?
Authors: Sari Nazmi
Published: October 2002

In recent years, the US health care industry has experienced a rapid growth of managed care, formation of networks, and an integration of hospitals. This paper provides new insights about the quality consequences of this dynamic in US hospital markets. I empirically investigate the impact of managed care and hospital competition on quality using in‐hospital complications as quality measures. I use random and fixed effects, and instrumental variable fixed effect models using hospital panel data from up to 16 states in the 1992–1997 period. The paper has two important findings: First, higher managed care penetration increases the quality, when inappropriate utilization, wound infections and adverse/iatrogenic complications are used as quality indicators. For other complication categories, coefficient estimates are statistically insignificant. These findings do not support the straightforward view that increases in managed care penetration are associated with decreases in quality. Second, both higher hospital market share and market concentration are associated with lower quality of care. Hospital mergers have undesirable quality consequences. Appropriate antitrust policies towards mergers should consider not only price and cost but also quality impacts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free tissue transfer and local flap complications in anterior and anterolateral skull base surgery
Authors: Heth Jason A. , Funk Gerry F. , Karnell Lucy H. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Traynelis Vincent C. , Nerad Jeffrey A. , Smith Russell B. , Graham Scott M. , Hoffman Henry T.
Published: October 2002

Background

Advances in reconstructive techniques over the past two decades have allowed the resection of more extensive skull base tumors than had previously been possible. Despite this progress, complications related to these cases remain a concern.

Methods

Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the relationship of host, tumor, defect, treatment, and reconstructive variables to wound and systemic complications after anterior and anterolateral skull base resections. The study included 67 patients receiving local flap (LF) or free tissue transfer (FTT) reconstructions during an 8‐year period.

Results

Overall, 28% of patients had a major wound complication, and 19% had a major systemic complication. LF and FTT flaps had similar rates of wound complications. LF reconstructions were associated with late wound breakdown problems, and FTT flap complications were primarily acute surgery–related problems.

Conclusions

The surgical reconstruction of skull base defects should be planned on the basis of the ability of the technique to attain safe closure and maintain integrity after radiation therapy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 00–00, 2002
An exploratory investigation of learning culture theory and employee participation in decision making
Authors: Thompson Margaret A. , Kahnweiler William M.
Published: October 2002

Schein's theory (1992) implies that in an organization with a

“learning culture” employees must participate in decision‐making activities. This study

explores the proposition that there is a relationship between employee participation in decision making and

organizational learning culture (OLC). Qualitative data were used to rate four organizations on the

characteristics of OLC, and quantitative data on participation in decision making were collected from

ninety‐seven rank‐and‐file employees across these four organizations. Results of a regression

analysis did not strongly support this proposal, indicating that there is not a significant predictive value of

participation in decision making on OLC. Suggestions for future research in light of this finding are offered.
Evaluating scholarship performance: Traditional and emergent assessment templates
Authors: Braxton John M. , Del Favero Marietta
Published: October 2002

This chapter considers the limitations of traditional faculty assessment systems in the context of Boyer’s four domains of scholarship and suggests a new organizing template for realigning assessment systems to accommodate work in all four domains.
Immunotoxicity of acute acephate exposure in control or IL‐1‐challenged rats: correlation between the immune cell composition and corticosteroid concentration in blood
Authors: Singh Ashok K. , Jiang Yin
Published: October 2002

Corticosterone concentration and the immune cell composition were measured in rats exposed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to different doses (10–500 mg kg−1) of acephate (Ace) and 250 µg kg−1 of interleukin 1 (IL‐1), either alone or in combination. Two different combination protocols were used: IL‐1 and Ace were administered simultaneously; and IL‐1 was injected 60 min after Ace administration (sequential exposure). Ace, in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, inhibited blood and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, increased blood corticosterone concentrations, suppressed blood CD4, CD8, B cell and monocyte contents and increased blood neutrophil counts. The Ace‐induced changes lasted for up to 24 h after Ace exposure. Interleukin 1 increased blood corticosterone concentrations without affecting blood or brain AChE activities. The IL‐1‐induced corticosterone concentration returned to the basal level within 3–10 h after IL‐1 exposure. The CD4, CD8, B cell and monocyte counts increased significantly at 10 min after IL‐1 exposure. The cell counts decreased gradually thereafter and returned to the basal level within 30 min after IL‐1 exposure. Simultaneous exposure of rats to Ace and IL‐1 partially suppressed the IL‐1‐induced increase in the immune cell counts and decreased the immune cell numbers below the basal values. Sequential injection of Ace and IL‐1 blocked the IL‐1‐induced increase in the immune cell numbers. Thus, Ace exposure would impair the normal distribution of immune cells and deregulate the IL‐1 response in rats. This study therefore suggests that Ace would suppress the immune cell numbers in blood, thus decreasing an organism's immunity. Ace exposure occurring concurrent with injury would augment the acute‐phase response, which would augment the toxic effects of IL‐1 and other cytokines, and Ace exposure occurring prior to the injury would suppress or abolish the initial stimulatory effects of IL‐1, which would decrease an organism's ability to combat infection or injury. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uterine–ovarian biochemical and developmental interactions to the postimplantation treatment with a butadiene metabolite, diepoxybutane, in pregnant rats
Authors: Chi Limen , Nixon Everett , Spencer Fitzgerald
Published: October 2002

An industrial chemical used in synthetic rubber production, 1,3‐butadiene, is toxic to reproduction in rats and mice. Bioactivation of butadiene to reactive intermediates, i.e. diepoxybutane and other metabolites, is responsible for this toxicity. The present study examines the biochemical and developmental mechanisms of diepoxybutane at the feto‐maternal placental axis during gestation. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered four daily intraperitoneal doses of diepoxybutane in groups (0.25, 0.30, 0.35, or 0.40 mmol in sesame oil per kg body weight, n = 6/group) during postimplantation (gestation days 5–8) and euthanized on gestation day 9 or 12 for retrieval of uterine and ovarian tissues, and serum for assays. The results demonstrate that this timely diepoxybutane treatment significantly decreased placental levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide mRNA expression that was measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 activity that was determined by gelatin zymography, and serum progesterone levels on gestation days 9 and 12. From a developmental standpoint, fetal growth and viability were reduced in correlation with treatment‐related effects of diepoxybutane on implantation losses and fetal resorptions on gestation day 9. Additionally, fetal mortality was maximally increased due to significantly pronounced, dose‐independent effects on these parameters on gestation day 12. This trend towards more severe embryolethal treatment effects from gestation day 9 to 12 suggests that fetal metabolism in the gravid uteri of rats may be more sensitive to diepoxybutane exposure as pregnancy progresses. The inhibitory actions of diepoxybutane on placental pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide expression and matrix metalloproteinase activity may contribute towards altering placental molecular support for fetal development and viability. Moreover, the reproductive toxicity of diepoxybutane in rats appears to be linked to progesterone action. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:147–153, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10021
Cell‐based studies reveal differences in glutathione S‐transferase induction between oltipraz and tert‐butylhydroquinone
Authors: Lamb John G. , Franklin Michael R.
Published: October 2002

Selective induction of Phase II over Phase I drug‐metabolizing enzymes has been proposed as a mechanism for reduction of chemical carcinogenesis. Enzymes likely to play a role in this amelioration include the glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) and among compounds that selectively induce key GSTs are tert‐butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and oltipraz [4‐methyl‐5‐(2‐pyrazinyl)‐3H‐1,2‐dithiole‐3‐thione]. In vivo, and in hepatoma cells (H4IIE), these two agents induce rat GSTA2 mRNA to a similar extent. However, with a luciferase reporter construct containing 1651 bp of the proximal 5′ flanking region of the rGSTA2 gene in the same cell line and under similar conditions, luciferase activity was induced to a much greater extent by tBHQ than by oltipraz. A similar large intercompound differential was seen with reporter constructs containing either the rGSTA2 ARE enhancer and HNF1 site (−872 to −582) or XRE enhancer and HNF1 site (−1110 to −812). In H4IIE cells, the rGSTA2 mRNA response to each agent was completely inhibited by 1 μM actinomycin‐D cotreatment. With 1 μM cycloheximide cotreatment however, some induction by tBHQ remained, while induction by oltipraz was completely abolished. The induction response to tBHQ but not oltipraz was augmented by pretreatment with PD98059, a MEK1/2 specific inhibitor. Notwithstanding induction characteristics in common, oltipraz, and tBHQ have sufficient dissimilarities to indicate that rGSTA2 upregulation by the two agents is not identical. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:154–161, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10033
Paradise lost: Argentina's lessons for international investors
Authors: Pereiro Luis E.
Published: October 2002

Investing in emerging economies may be an exciting and lucrative game. But a serious macroeconomic crisis can

leave investors skating on a bumpy road. How can you deal with this uncertainty when valuing investments in

turbulent markets? The author has some answers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Balanced scorecard for multinationals
Authors: Landry Steven P. , Chan Wai Yee Canri , Jalbert Terrance
Published: October 2002

To succeed today, multinational companies must focus on their core competencies. But traditional management

control systems don't help you implement global strategies, because of their narrow information perspective.

What's the solution? It's a balanced scorecard approach specially designed for multinationals, say

the authors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investors: What's being done about misleading financial reports?
Authors: Hussein Mohamed E. , Seow Gim S.
Published: October 2002

Do financial reports really tell investors the whole truth? Companies like Amazon.com and Microsoft

derive most of their value from new types of intangible assets—such as technology, processes, and customer

loyalties. But the current model of financial reporting doesn't recognize many of these new intangible

assets. This has created a widening gap between book values and market valuations for many emerging companies.

The authors explore what's being done about this thorny problem, here and abroad. They also include some

useful charts comparing U.S. and international accounting for intangible assets. © 2002 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc.
Accounting for business combinations
Authors: Sylvestre Jeanne , Prescott Gregory L.
Published: October 2002

Two FASB standards have radically changed the rules for accounting for mergers and acquisitions. ©

2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methodology of predicting approximate shapes and size distribution of micelles: Illustration for simple models
Authors: Kinoshita Masahiro , Sugai Yoshiki
Published: October 2002

We propose an efficient methodology for predicting approximate shapes and size distribution of micelles. The methodology is a judicious combination of a conventional thermodynamic approach, the reference interaction site model (RISM) theory, and the Monte Carlo (MC) simulated annealing technique. Solvent effects are fully incorporated using the RISM theory with our robust and very efficient algorithm for solving the RISM equations, and the MC technique is applied only to surfactant molecules. The methodology is potentially applicable to realistic models of surfactant and solvent molecules with all‐atom potentials. As the first step, however, it is illustrated for simplified models having only essential characteristics of the amphiphiles. We estimate the critical micelle concentration, approximate shapes, and size distributions at some surfactant concentrations. Roles of the solvent and effects due to the type of the surfactant molecule are discussed in detail. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1445–1455, 2002
Integral algorithm and density matrix integration scheme for ab initio band structure calculations on polymeric systems
Authors: Jacquemin Denis , Champagne Benoît , André Jean‐Marie , Deumens Erik , öhrn Yngve
Published: October 2002

A new program for band structure calculations of periodic one‐dimensional systems has been constructed. It is distinguishable from other codes by the efficient two‐electron integral evaluation and the integration schemes of the density matrix in the first Brillouin zone. The computation of polymeric two‐electron integrals is based on the McMurchie Davidson algorithm and builds batches of the different cell indices included in the polymeric system. Consequently it presents efficient scaling with respect to the number of unit cells taken into account. Our algorithm takes into account fully the polymeric symmetry rather than the molecular symmetry. A semidirect procedure where only exchange integrals are computed at each SCF cycle is proposed in order to maintain balance between computation time and disk space. In addition, the integration of the density matrix over a large number of cell indices can be performed by different methods, such as Gauss‐Legendre, Clenshaw‐Curtis, Filon, and Alaylioglu‐Evans‐Hyslop. This last scheme is able to obtain an accuracy of 10−13 a.u. on each individual density matrix element for all cell indices with only 48 k‐points. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1430–1444, 2002
Comparison of four enzyme immunoassays for the detection of immunoglobulin G antibody against glomerular basement membrane
Authors: Jaskowski Troy D. , Martins Thomas B. , Litwin Christine M. , Hill Harry R.
Published: October 2002

Goodpasture syndrome is a life‐threatening autoimmune kidney and pulmonary disease that is characterized by pulmonary hemorrhage, renal failure, and the presence of autoantibodies against glomerular basement membrane (GBM) by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) techniques. In 1988, these antibodies were found to be specific for the noncollagen region of the α3 collagen IV chain. The antigen is characterized by a restricted tissue distribution occurring mainly in the kidneys and lungs. Specific enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for anti‐GBM have now been developed for in vitro diagnostic use in the laboratory. Our objective in this study was to compare the results obtained using four different EIAs for detecting anti‐GBM IgG antibody with those using the standard IFA method using tissue from human kidney. Thirty‐two patients with suspected Goodpasture syndrome, and 10 control sera were included in the study. GBM EIAs were purchased from or donated by the following vendors: Scimedx Corporation (Denville, NJ), INOVA Diagnostics (San Diego, CA), The Binding Site (Birmingham, England), and Wieslab (distributed by DiaSorin, Inc., Stillwater, MN). Percent agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each EIA as compared to IFA. The results were as follows: Binding Site: 83.3, 100.0, and 72.0%; Wieslab: 95.2, 94.1, and 96.0%; INOVA: 96.2, 100.0, and 92.3%; and Scimedx: 81.0, 100.0, and 68.0%. We conclude that the INOVA and Wieslab GBM IgG EIAs compared well with the standard GBM IFA method using tissue from human kidney. The Scimedx and Binding Site EIAs had eight and seven false‐positive results, respectively, when compared to GBM IFA using human kidney. The authors recommend conducting thorough evaluations of EIAs that screen for anti‐GBM antibody before their implementation in the clinical laboratory. We also recommend confirming GBM EIA‐positive sera by the standard IFA method using tissue from human kidney. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:143–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectrophotometric determination of leukocytes in blood
Authors: Kuzu‐Karsilayan Huriye , Eryilmaz Eda , Yillar Gaye , Deniz Günnur , Yanikkaya‐Demirel Gülderen
Published: October 2002

The determination of leukocyte concentration in human blood depending on the detection of oxidized o‐dianisidine in acidic solution is studied. The oxidation of o‐dianisidine was carried out by peroxidase enzymes found in leukocytes. The reaction was stopped by the addition of 4N H2SO4 to the solution, and a very stable, colored o‐dianisidine derivative was obtained. The calibration graph was plotted with the recorded absorbance values at 400 nm assigned to the y‐axis, and leukocyte counts in 1‐mL blood samples to the x‐axis. The equation of the calibration graph was y=0.0025x+0.0904, with a correlation coefficient of R=0.994. The coefficient of variation and P‐value of the method were 4.00% and 0.05%, respectively. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:233–236, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of pigment cells in the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Lister James A.
Published: October 2002

In recent years, the zebrafish Danio rerio has emerged as a powerful model organism for the study of vertebrate embryogenesis. Zebrafish, like other vertebrates, possess pigment cells that arise from two distinct embryonic sources: those of the dermis and epidermis originate from the neural crest, while those that comprise the outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium or RPE, derive from the optic cup. A better understanding of processes behind the specification and differentiation of these cells will provide insight to the evolutionary diversification of all classes of vertebrates and will have clinical relevance to human disorders of pigmentation and certain retinopathies. In the first part of this review, the present knowledge of the ontogeny of both of these populations of pigment cells in the embryonic zebrafish is summarized, in terms of both genetics and molecular markers. The final part of the review focuses on duplicate zebrafish genes encoding orthologs of the basic helix‐loop‐helix/leucine zipper protein Mitf (Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor), and presents a hypothesis concerning their divergent roles in neural crest and retinal pigment cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:435–441, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and constraints of the Drosophila segment polarity module: Robust spatial patterning emerges from intertwined cell state switches
Authors: Von Dassow George , Odell Garrett M.
Published: October 2002

The Drosophila segment polarity genes constitute the last tier in the segmentation cascade; their job is to maintain the boundaries between parasegments and provide positional “read‐outs” within each parasegment for the entire developmental history of the animal. These genes constitute a relatively well‐defined network with a relatively well‐understood patterning task. In a previous publication (von Dassow et al. 2000. Nature 406:188–192) we showed that a computer model predicts the segment polarity network to be a robust boundary‐making device. Here we elaborate those findings. First, we explore the constraints among parameters that govern the network model. Second, we test architectural variants of the core network, and show that the network tolerates a wide variety of adjustments in design. Third, we evaluate several topologically identical models that incorporate more or less molecular detail, finding that more‐complex models perform noticeably better than simplified ones. Fourth, we discuss two instances in which the failure of the network model to behave in a life‐like fashion highlights mechanistic details that need further experimental investigation. We conclude with an explanation of how the segment polarity network can be understood as an interwoven conspiracy of simple dynamical elements, several bistable switches and a homeostat. The robustness with which the network as a whole maintains a spatial regime of stable cell state emerges from generic dynamical properties of these simple elements. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:179–215, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Economic reform, state capture, and international investment in transition economies
Authors: Jensen Nathan
Published: October 2002

The inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) in transition economies are affected by political factors. This paper examines the empirical effects of two factors: (i) the level of economic reform; and (ii) the level of ‘capture’ of the state by political and economic elites, on the level of FDI inflows using both OLS and Tobit models for 18 countries from 1993–97. Both of these factors have large and statistically significant effects on FDI inflows. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Honeycomb structure in the lamina lucida of epidermal basement membrane during metamorphosis of Rana temporaria ornativentris
Authors: Osawa T. , Feng X‐Y. , Marue H. , Liao M‐Y. , Nozaka Y.
Published: October 2002

In this study we examine the structure of the lamina lucida during metamorphosis of Rana temporaria ornativentris. During the metamorphosis of anuran larvae, both the epidermal cells and the dermal connective tissues in the tail regenerate. The basal surface of the epidermis becomes irregular and the epidermal basement membrane detaches from the epidermal cells, showing a widened lamina lucida. In this widened lamina we observed a geometrical honeycomb structure and a ladder structure. Each side of the honeycomb structure was approximately 40 nm and the intervals of the ladder structure were approximately 50 nm. From our observations we believe that the honeycomb and ladder appearances are different aspects of the same structure. At the beginning of metamorphosis anchoring filaments were prominent in the lamina lucida and, when the lamina lucida was tangentially cut, the lamina lucida showed the honeycomb structure. These results suggest that both the honeycomb and the ladder structures observed in the widened lamina lucida originate from constituents of the lamina lucida and become morphologically evident during the epidermal‐dermal separation. J. Morphol. 254:92–98, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A carbonyl oxygen migration in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and its application in differentiating α‐ and β‐alanyl peptides
Authors: Chen Jing , Chen Yi , Niu Yan‐Lin , Fu Hua , Zhao Yu‐Fen
Published: October 2002

A novel rearrangement reaction with a carbonyl oxygen migration was observed in the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of N‐diisopropyloxyphosphoryl dipeptides and their analogues. A possible mechanism was proposed and supported by the MS/MS study, derivatization of different functional groups and deuterium labeling experiments. It was found that metal ions could catalyze the rearrangement through a five‐membered ring intermediate. A strong affinity between the phosphoryl group and oxygen atom in the gas phase was proposed to result in this kind of rearrangement reaction, which might provide some basic information on the nature of phosphorylation in biochemistry. The replacement of N‐terminal α‐alanine by β‐alanine stopped the migration, which provides a simple method for differentiating the α‐ and β‐alanine residues at the N‐terminus of peptides. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of general linear dielectric properties in TLM
Authors: Paul John , Christopoulos Christos , Thomas David W.P.
Published: October 2002

The simulation of linear dispersive dielectric materials in time‐domain TLM requires the inclusion of frequency‐dependent material properties in the scattering process. For media having frequency dependencies described by a single pole or a pair of complex poles, for example Debye, Drude or Lorentz, it is straightforward to develop individual algorithms on a case‐by‐case basis. However, this approach lacks generality and when applied to the modelling of media displaying more complicated frequency dependencies, somewhat lengthy calculations need to be evaluated each time a new material is required. To address this difficulty, this paper describes methods for obtaining the iteration algorithm for general linear isotropic dielectric media. The results obtained using different 𝒵‐transform methods are compared and an example of a frequency‐dependent structure is simulated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citicoline mechanisms and clinical efficacy in cerebral ischemia
Authors: Adibhatla Rao Muralikrishna , Hatcher J.F.
Published: October 2002

Citicoline, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), has shown beneficial effects in various CNS injury models and neurodegenerative diseases. PtdCho hydrolysis by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion yields arachidonic acid (ArAc) and lyso‐PtdCho. ArAc oxidative metabolism results in formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides. Lyso‐PtdCho could inhibit activity of cytidine triphosphate‐phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (the rate‐limiting enzyme in PtdCho biosynthesis), resulting in impaired PtdCho synthesis. Citicoline significantly increased glutathione levels and attenuated release of ArAc and the loss of PtdCho, cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin following transient cerebral ischemia. These effects could be explained by an effect of citicoline on PLA2. Based on these observations, a mechanism has been hypothesized. This Mini‐Review summarizes recent experimental data on the effects of citicoline in cerebral ischemia and evaluates several factors that might have hindered efficacy of citicoline in stroke clinical trials in the United States. Clinical stroke trials of citicoline in Europe and Japan have demonstrated beneficial effects. U.S. trials shown only marginal effects, which might be due to the 24 hr time window, the dose and route of administration, and the stringency of the primary outcome parameters. Recent evaluation of U.S. clinical data suggests that reduction of infarct growth may be a more sensitive measure of the citicoline effect than improvement on the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) by ≥7 points. The citicoline neuroprotective mechanism has not been clearly identified, and its potential in stroke treatment might still be fully recognized in the United States. The clinical efficacy of citicoline should be examined further in light of the recent phase III stroke clinical trials and experimental data for cerebral ischemia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping the HRM practices of international organizations
Authors: Hiltrop Jean M.
Published: October 2002

This article explores the key differences between international and domestic companies and reviews the findings of research that compared and contrasted the HRM practices of international companies.

The conclusions help to understand what multinational companies do to attract, retain and motivate people and how this varies between industries and nationalities of the corporate parent.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Varietal differences in terpene composition of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L) berries by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography
Authors: Ruiz del Castillo Maria Luisa , Dobson Gary
Published: October 2002

Relative amounts of volatile terpenes in berries of 10 different blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L) cultivars were examined by solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography (SPME/GC). The optimisation of a variety of parameters affecting SPME enabled relative standard deviations from three replicates ranging from 2 to 12% to be achieved. Differences between cultivars in the proportions rather than in the qualitative composition of volatile terpenes were found, and the proportions of some terpenes were especially variable. Furthermore, the enantiomeric ratios of the chiral terpenes were determined for the first time in blackcurrant berries by GC using a column with a stationary phase containing permethylated cyclodextrin (Chirasil‐β‐Dex). The enantiomeric compositions of the majority of the chiral terpenes varied within a reasonably narrow range. However, the levels of two monoterpene alcohols, terpinen‐4‐ol and linalool, exhibited considerable variations amongst cultivars.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Implication of telomere length as a proliferation‐associated marker in schwannomas
Authors: Chen Han‐Jung , Cho Chung‐Lung , Liang Cheng‐Loong , Lu Kang , Lin Jui‐Wei
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

Some schwannomas in the central nervous system may demonstrate relatively aggressive behavior in pathological findings and clinical course. We evaluate the diagnostic values of telomerase activity and telomere length in the clinicopathological behavior of schwannomas.

Methods

Thirty surgical specimens from intracranial and intraspinal schwannomas were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for telomerase activity and terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) using Southern blot for telomere length. Proliferative indices were also studied.

Results

Telomerase activity could not be detected in all schwannomas. Elongated telomere length (mean 17,101 ± 259 bp) was found in four specimens (13.3%). Three of these four were found to have mitotic figures, high vascularity, cellularity, and pleomorphism in the pathological findings. The proliferative indices (35) showed correlative high values. One patient died of this disease, and one was found to have recurrence at follow‐up evaluation. Those that displayed benign histopathological pictures showed relatively short telomere length (8,866 ± 271 base pairs) and low proliferative indices (21). These is a significant difference between these two groups (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Elongation of telomere length in schwannomas appears to predict aggressive clinicopathological behavior. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:93–100. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.