bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsible and Sustainable Management Practices in Developing and Developed Business Environments
Authors: Igbinakhase Idahosa
Published: November 2016

This chapter focuses on responsible and sustainable management practices in business based on the 10 principles of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC). The UNGC has been named the world's largest corporate sustainability initiative and it has already made a significant contribution to the entrenchment of globally acceptable business ethics. The UNGC identifies ethical leadership as an important organisational asset, which has also contributed to the implementation of key responsible and sustainable practices, such as anti-corruption seminars and corporate social responsibility, among others. A comparative analysis of responsible and sustainable management practices of businesses in Nigeria and the United Kingdom revealed that some practices, such as corporate social responsibility, are being practiced in both business environments, among other findings.
Educational and Business Co-Operatives
Authors: Rusko Rauno , Hietanen Lenita , Kohtakangas Krista , Kemppainen-Koivisto Riitta , Siltavirta Katta , Järvi Taina
Published: November 2016

One tendency among co-operatives is to establish co-operatives not only for the purposes of business but also for the purposes to teach collaboration practices in business education. This study investigates and compares traditional business co-operatives and educational co-operatives as the environments of entrepreneurial learning communities. The data, which consist of interviews with members of both types of co-operatives, have been analyzed using the content analysis method. The main outcomes show that in both types of co-operatives sense of community and creativity are manifested as the parts of the entrepreneurial learning process. When considering if the learning processes were manifested as single- and double-loop learning – and the development of collective creativity – some differences were observed between educational co-operatives and business co-operatives.
Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of 18Ni-300 Grade Maraging Steel Built Using the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Technology
Authors: Jagadish C.A. , Priyanka Nadig
Published: November 2016

Maraging steels belong to the class of steels that are found to have a unique combination of ultra-high strength and good fracture toughness, due to which they find uses in critical applications such as aircraft forgings, pressure vessels, missile casings, hydraulic hoses etc. Several studies on the effect of cryogenic treatment on various grades of Tool steels & Maraging steels have shown significant improvements in mechanical properties and dimensional stability.DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering), an additive manufacturing technology, is increasingly becoming popular to build intricate high quality functional parts & rapid prototypes. DMLS technology uses a high intensity laser to build components layer by layer, directly from CAD data without the need for tooling. It is possible to build internal features and passages that are not possible in conventional manufacturing routes. Maraging Steel is used extensively to build functional parts by DMLS process especially for Tool and Die applications. However, very few findings have been reported on the effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of Maraging steel built through this route. In this study, effect of cryogenic treatment on Maraging Steel grade 300 built by DMLS process is discussed. Test specimens were built in horizontal and vertical directions to see the effect of build direction on the properties. Half the specimens were given standard DMLS precipitation hardening heat treatment and the rest were given cryogenic treatment in addition to routine thermal treatment. Mechanical properties such as - tensile, impact properties , hardness, & density between the two sets of treatments are reported and discussed. Metallurgical structures are compared and findings are also reported.
Effects of Blade Tip Geometry on Cutting Characteristics of Lead Alloy Sheet Subjected to Wedge Indentation
Authors: Mitsomwang Pusit , Natpukkana Pirapa , Borrisutthekul Rattana , Nagasawa Shigeru
Published: November 2016

This research work was carried out aiming to investigate the cutting characteristics of a soft metallic sheet subjected to the wedge blade indentation. The indentation of a lead alloy worksheet was conducted, experimentally using a center bevel blade in order to reveal the experimental background of the indentation. In addition, to investigate the effects of the blade tip geometry, the bevel angle of the wedge blade, on the cutting characteristics of the worksheet, the finite element method (FEM) analysis was conducted. By varying the bevel angle, the critical levels of stresses for the necking of the worksheet were detected. Also, it was found that the bevel angle affected the cutting load resistance, the necking of the worksheet and the final feature of the wedged edge.
The Effect of Tool Orientation to Cut Geometry in Five-Axis Milling Using Analytical Boundary Simulation
Authors: Hendriko Hendriko , Akhyan Amnur , Kiswanto Ganjdar , Duc Emmanuel
Published: November 2016

One of the characteristics of five-axis milling is the tool can be oriented in any direction. It makes the tool orientation could be changed continuously during a free-form machining process. Consequently, the work to predict Cutter Workpiece Engagement (CWE) become more challenging. The existence of tool inclination angle and screw angle influence the profile of cut geometry. In this paper, an improved method to define the lower engagement point (LE-point) is presented. The algorithm was developed by taken into consideration the existence of inclination angle and screw angle. The extended method to calculate grazing point in swept envelope development was utilized to define LE-point. The developed model was successfully implemented to generate CWE data with various combination of tool orientation angle. From the test it was found that inclination angle gives significant effect to the location of LE-point.
Reduction of Adhesive Joining Defect in Optical Transceiver Assembly Process
Authors: Boonritsak Kanokwan , Puajindanetr Somchai
Published: November 2016

An optical Transceiver is a device that is used for transmitting and receiving digital data which is modulated into the light source, and also consisted of two main parts as lens (one for transmitter (Tx) and another one for receiver (Rx)) and flexible printed circuit board (FPCB). The surfaces of the FPCB was manually cleaned by Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) using cotton buds, and then were joined to the lens using the glues of the adhesive Urethane Acrylate (UAA) which cured using UV light, and followed by the adhesive Black Epoxy (BEA), respectively. The joined specimen then was cured in a thermal oven. The work-piece, especially the joined between lens and FPCB was inspected by optical appearances and shear force test. The nonconformance (NC) of work-piece that is the lower specification of shear force and turbidity of the cured UAA was found about 35% of the production. The aim of this research was to reduce the joining defect of the lens and FPCB in the optical Transceiver assembly process. The applied condition and obtained output of each workstation started from backward of the process was characterized applying the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the quality tools and statistical analysis in order to find root causes of the problem and to improve the process. The study found that (1) the lower shear force was related to the higher turbidity of cured UAA which normally was transparences after thermal curing; (2) the turbidity of cured UAA was resulted by repeated rubbing of using one cotton bud of worker during cleaning the FPCB surface that causes the surface contaminated and then lower adhesive force of the joint; (3) a single trip of rubbing per cotton-bud was applied and could remarkably decrease the adhesive joining defect (NC) of work-piece to 7% of the production.
Immunogenic Dendritic Cell Generation from Pluripotent Stem Cells by Ectopic Expression of Runx3
Authors: Takacs Erika , Boto Pal , Simo Emilia , Csuth Tamas I. , Toth Bianka M. , Raveh-Amit Hadas , Pap Attila , Kovács Elek G. , Kobolak Julianna , Benkö Szilvia , Dinnyes Andras , Szatmari Istvan
Published: November 2016

Application of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime responses to tumor Ags provides a promising approach to immunotherapy. However, only a limited number of DCs can be manufactured from adult precursors. In contrast, pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells represent an inexhaustible source for DC production, although it remains a major challenge to steer directional differentiation because ES cell–derived cells are typically immature with impaired functional capacity. Consistent with this notion, we found that mouse ES cell–derived DCs (ES-DCs) represented less mature cells compared with bone marrow–derived DCs. This finding prompted us to compare the gene expression profile of the ES cell– and adult progenitor-derived, GM-CSF–instructed, nonconventional DC subsets. We quantified the mRNA level of 17 DC-specific transcription factors and observed that 3 transcriptional regulators (Irf4, Spi-B, and Runx3) showed lower expression in ES-DCs than in bone marrow–derived DCs. In light of this altered gene expression, we probed the effects of these transcription factors in developing mouse ES-DCs with an isogenic expression screen. Our analysis revealed that forced expression of Irf4 repressed ES-DC development, whereas, in contrast, Runx3 improved the ES-DC maturation capacity. Moreover, LPS-treated and Runx3-activated ES-DCs exhibited enhanced T cell activation and migratory potential. In summary, we found that ex vivo–generated ES-DCs had a compromised maturation ability and immunogenicity. However, ectopic expression of Runx3 enhances cytokine-driven ES-DC development and acts as an instructive tool for the generation of mature DCs with enhanced immunogenicity from pluripotent stem cells.
Soluble TNF Regulates TACE via AP-2α Transcription Factor in Mouse Dendritic Cells
Authors: Ge Lisheng , Vujanovic Nikola L.
Published: November 2016

Dendritic cells (DCs), the essential immunoregulatory and APCs, are major producers of the central mediator of inflammation, soluble TNF-α (sTNF). sTNF is generated by TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) proteolytic release of the transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) ectodomain. The mechanisms of TACE and sTNF regulation in DCs remain elusive. This study newly defines that sTNF regulates TACE in mouse DCs by engaging the AP-2α transcription factor. We found that the expression of AP-2α was higher, whereas the expression and activity of TACE were lower, in wild-type DCs (wtDCs) than in TNF knockout (TNFko) DCs. Exogenous sTNF rapidly and simultaneously induced increases of AP-2α expression and decreases of TACE expression and activity in wtDCs and TNFko DCs, indicating that AP-2α and TACE are inversely dependent on sTNF and are functionally associated. To define this functional association, we identified an AP-2α binding site in TACE promoter and demonstrated, using EMSAs and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, that AP-2α could bind to TACE promoter in a TNF-dependent manner. Additionally, sTNF simultaneously enhanced AP-2α expression and decreased TACE promoter luciferase activity in DCs. Similarly, transfection of AP-2α cDNA decreased TACE promoter luciferase activity, TACE expression, and TACE enzymatic activity in wtDCs or TNFko DCs. In contrast, transfection of AP-2α small interfering RNA increased TACE promoter luciferase activity, TACE expression, and TACE enzymatic activity in wtDCs. These results show that TACE is a target of, and is downregulated by, sTNF-induced AP-2α transcription factor in DCs.
Temporal Expression of Bim Limits the Development of Agonist-Selected Thymocytes and Skews Their TCRβ Repertoire
Authors: Li Kun-Po , Fähnrich Anke , Roy Eron , Cuda Carla M. , Grimes H. Leighton , Perlman Harris R. , Kalies Kathrin , Hildeman David A.
Published: November 2016

CD8αα TCRαβ+ intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes play a critical role in promoting intestinal homeostasis, although mechanisms controlling their development and peripheral homeostasis remain unclear. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal role of Bim in the thymic selection of CD8αα precursors and the fate of these cells in the periphery. We found that T cell–specific expression of Bim during early/cortical, but not late/medullary, thymic development controls the agonist selection of CD8αα precursors and limits their private TCRβ repertoire. During this process, agonist-selected double-positive cells lose CD4/8 coreceptor expression and masquerade as double-negative (DN) TCRαβhi thymocytes. Although these DN thymocytes fail to re-express coreceptors after OP9-DL1 culture, they eventually mature and accumulate in the spleen where TCR and IL-15/STAT5 signaling promotes their conversion to CD8αα cells and their expression of gut-homing receptors. Adoptive transfer of splenic DN cells gives rise to CD8αα cells in the gut, establishing their precursor relationship in vivo. Interestingly, Bim does not restrict the IL-15–driven maturation of CD8αα cells that is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Thus, we found a temporal and tissue-specific role for Bim in limiting thymic agonist selection of CD8αα precursors and their TCRβ repertoire, but not in the maintenance of CD8αα intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine.
Sensitivity to Restimulation-Induced Cell Death Is Linked to Glycolytic Metabolism in Human T Cells
Authors: Larsen Sasha E. , Bilenkin Abegail , Tarasenko Tatiana N. , Arjunaraja Swadhinya , Stinson Jeffrey R. , McGuire Peter J. , Snow Andrew L.
Published: November 2016

Restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) regulates immune responses by restraining effector T cell expansion and limiting nonspecific damage to the host. RICD is triggered by re-engagement of the TCR on a cycling effector T cell, resulting in apoptosis. It remains unclear how RICD sensitivity is calibrated in T cells derived from different individuals or subsets. In this study we show that aerobic glycolysis strongly correlates with RICD sensitivity in human CD8+ effector T cells. Reducing glycolytic activity or glucose availability rendered effector T cells significantly less sensitive to RICD. We found that active glycolysis specifically facilitates the induction of proapoptotic Fas ligand upon TCR restimulation, accounting for enhanced RICD sensitivity in highly glycolytic T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that RICD susceptibility is linked to metabolic reprogramming, and that switching back to metabolic quiescence may help shield T cells from RICD as they transition into the memory pool.
Identity, transcendence and the true self: Insights from psychology and contemplative spirituality
Authors: Haynes Carter
Published: November 2016

This article investigates the intersection of psychology and spirituality as seen through the works of Thomas Merton, Carl Jung, Fritz Kunkel and Viktor Frankl. The themes of spirituality contextualised in human identity, psychological and spiritual transcendence, and the true self versus false self metaphor are traced through the works of all four thinkers. Epistemological flexibility and holistic thinking and being are suggested as methods for transforming interdisciplinary practitioners, such as pastoral counsellors, spiritual directors and spiritually oriented psychotherapists, in order that they can offer care in a less bifurcated and more integrated way. Practical applications, including a vignette and specific recommendations for broadening and deepening personal and professional integrative practice, are offered.
Die funksie en doel van die Apostoliese Geloofbelydenis
Authors: Van Wyk Ignatius W.C.
Published: November 2016

The article deals with the function and aim of the Apostles’ Creed in the Netherdutch Reformed Church of Africa – and for that matter, all other Reformed churches. The history of the Credo is carefully described. By so doing the earliest uses of the Creed are established. This information is necessary to determine the present-day function and aim of our confession.The relationship between faith, confession and the catechisms also provides important perspectives on the role of the Creed in the life of the church. The ecumenical nature of the church and the unity amongst Christians are emphasised. Unity with previous generations also receives attention as one of the main functions of the Credo.In the article, attention is further given to a variety of misunderstandings about the Creed. Due to the fact that the confessional documents interpret the Credo, these documents tend to receive a status beyond the original intention. The Reformed understanding of the doctrinal standards is therefore explained.
Jesus, psychological type and conflict: A study in biblical hermeneutics applying the reader perspective and SIFT approach to Mark 11:11–21
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Ap Siôn Tania
Published: November 2016

The Marcan account of Jesus riding into Jerusalem on a donkey, cursing the fig tree and overturning the tables of the money changers in the temple provides a classic scriptural reference point for a Christian discussion of conflict. Drawing on psychological type theory and on the reader perspective proposed by the SIFT (sensing, intuition, feeling and thinking) approach to biblical hermeneutics and liturgical preaching, this study tests the theory that different psychological types will interpret this classic passage differently. Data collected in two residential programmes concerned with Christianity and conflict from type-aware participants confirmed characteristic differences between the approaches of sensing types and intuitive types and between the approaches of thinking types and feeling types.
An Ulm-like Cayley Transform Method for Inverse Eigenvalue Problems with Multiple Eigenvalues
Authors: Shen Weiping , Li Chong , Jin Xiaoqing
Published: November 2016

We study the convergence of an Ulm-like Cayley transform method for solving inverse eigenvalue problems which avoids solving approximate Jacobian equations. Under the nonsingularity assumption of the relative generalized Jacobian matrices at the solution, a convergence analysis covering both the distinct and multiple eigenvalues cases is provided and the quadratical convergence is proved. Moreover, numerical experiments are given in the last section to illustrate our results.
The Great West Ukrainian Prison Massacre of 1941
Authors: Motyl Alexander , Kiebuzinski Ksenya , Subtelny Orest , Zajączkowski Janusz , Kyrychuk Iu.A , Gur′ianov Aleksandr , Kokurin Aleksandr , Galiński Antoni , Gross Jan T , Gorlanov O.A. , Roginskii A.B. , Hryciuk Grzegorz , Snyder Timothy , Berkhoff Karel C. , Romaniv Oleh , Fedushchak Inna , Derev’ianyi Ihor , Chmielowiec Piotr , Zhyv’iuk Andrii , Musial Bogdan , Barkan Elazar , Cole Elizabeth , Struve Kai , Wnuk Rafał , Wysocki Artur , Mędykowski Witold , Mick Christoph , Himka John-Paul , Redlich Shimon , Wróbel Piotr
Published: November 2016

After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Soviet secret police, the NKVD, executed a staggering number of political prisoners in Western Ukraine-somewhere between 10,000 and 40,000-in the space of eight days, in one of the greatest atrocities perpetrated by the Soviet state. Yet the Great West Ukrainian Prison Massacre of 1941 is largely unknown. This sourcebook aims to change that, offering detailed scholarly analysis, eyewitness testimonies and profiles of known victims, and a selection of fiction, memoirs, and poetry that testifies to the lasting impact of the massacre in the collective memory of Ukrainians.
Investigation of the β-pinene photooxidation by OH in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR
Authors: Kaminski Martin , Fuchs Hendrik , Acir Ismail-Hakki , Bohn Birger , Brauers Theo , Dorn Hans-Peter , Häseler Rolf , Hofzumahaus Andreas , Li Xin , Lutz Anna , Nehr Sascha , Rohrer Franz , Tillmann Ralf , Vereecken Luc , Wegener Robert , Wahner Andreas
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Beside isoprene, monoterpenes are the non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOC) with the highest global emission rates. Due to their high reactivity towards OH, monoterpenes can dominate the radical chemistry of the atmosphere in forested areas. In the present study the photochemical degradation mechanism of β-pinene was investigated in the Jülich atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR. The focus of this study is on the OH budget in the degradation process. Therefore the SAPHIR chamber was equipped with instrumentation to measure radicals (OH, HO2, RO2), the total OH reactivity, important OH precursors (O3, HONO, HCHO), the parent VOC beta-pinene, its main oxidation products, acetone and nopinone, and photolysis frequencies. All experiments were carried out under low NOx conditions (≤ 2 ppb) and at atmospheric beta-pinene concentrations (≤ 5 ppb) with and without addition of ozone. For the investigation of the OH budget, the OH production and destruction rates were calculated from measured quantities. Within the limits of accuracy of the instruments, the OH budget was balanced in all β-pinene oxidation experiments. However, even though the OH budget was closed, simulation results from the Master Chemical Mechanism 3.2 showed that the OH production and destruction rates were underestimated by the model. The measured OH and HO2 concentrations were underestimated by up to a factor of two whereas the total OH reactivity was slightly overestimated because of the poor reproduction of the measured nopinone by the model by up to a factor of three. A new, theory-derived first-generation product distribution by Vereecken and Peeters was able to reproduce the measured nopinone time series and the total OH reactivity. Nevertheless the measured OH and HO2 concentrations remained underestimated by the numerical simulations. These observations together with the fact that the measured OH budget was closed suggest the existence of unaccounted sources of HO2.
Changes in soil carbon and nutrients following 6 years of litter removal and addition in a tropical semi-evergreen rain forest
Authors: Tanner Edmund Vincent John , Sheldrake Merlin W. A. , Turner Benjamin L.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Increasing atmospheric CO2 and temperature may increase forest productivity, including litterfall, but the consequences for soil organic matter remain poorly understood. To address this, we measured soil carbon and nutrient concentrations at nine depths to 2 m after 6 years of continuous litter removal and litter addition in a semi-evergreen rain forest in Panama. Soils in litter addition plots, compared to litter removal plots, had higher pH and contained greater concentrations of KCl-extractable nitrate (both to 30 cm); Mehlich-III extractable phosphorus and total carbon (both to 20 cm); total nitrogen (to 15 cm); Mehlich-III calcium (to 10 cm); and Mehlich-III magnesium and lower bulk density (both to 5 cm). In contrast, litter manipulation did not affect ammonium, manganese, potassium or zinc, and soils deeper than 30 cm did not differ for any nutrient. Comparison with previous analyses in the experiment indicates that the effect of litter manipulation on nutrient concentrations and the depth to which the effects are significant are increasing with time. To allow for changes in bulk density in calculation of changes in carbon stocks, we standardized total carbon and nitrogen on the basis of a constant mineral mass. For 200 kg m−2 of mineral soil (approximately the upper 20 cm of the profile) about 0.5 kg C m−2 was “missing” from the litter removal plots, with a similar amount accumulated in the litter addition plots. There was an additional 0.4 kg C m−2 extra in the litter standing crop of the litter addition plots compared to the control. This increase in carbon in surface soil and the litter standing crop can be interpreted as a potential partial mitigation of the effects of increasing CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere.
Archival of the water stable isotope signal in East Antarctic ice cores
Authors: Casado Mathieu , Landais Amaelle , Picard Ghislain , Münch Thomas , Laepple Thomas , Stenni Barbara , Dreossi Giuliano , Ekaykin Alexey , Arnaud Laurent , Genthon Christophe , Touzeau Alexandra , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Jouzel Jean
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The oldest ice core records are obtained from the East Antarctic plateau. Water stable isotopes records are key for reconstructions of past climatic conditions both over the ice sheet and at the evaporation source. The accuracy of such climate reconstructions crucially depends on the knowledge of all the processes affecting the water vapour, precipitation and snow isotopic composition. Atmospheric fractionation processes are well understood and can be integrated in Rayleigh distillation and complex isotope enabled climate models. However, a comprehensive quantitative understanding of processes potentially altering the snow isotopic composition after the deposition is still missing, especially for exchanges between vapour and snow. In low accumulation sites such as found on the East Antarctic Plateau, these poorly constrained processes are especially likely to play a significant role. This limits the interpretation of isotopic composition from ice core records, specifically at short time scales. Here, we combine observations of isotopic composition in the vapour, the precipitation, the surface snow and the buried snow from various sites of the East Antarctic Plateau. At the seasonal scale, we highlight a significant impact of metamorphism on surface snow isotopic signal compared to the initial precipitation isotopic signal. In particular, in summer, exchanges of water molecules between vapour and snow are driven by the sublimation/condensation cycles at the diurnal scale. Using highly resolved isotopic composition profiles from pits in five East Antarctic sites, we identify a common 20 cm cycle which cannot be attributed to the seasonal variability of precipitation. Altogether, the smaller range of isotopic compositions observed in the buried and in the surface snow compared to the precipitation, and also the reduced slope between surface snow isotopic composition and temperature compared to precipitation, constitute evidences of post-deposition processes affecting the variability of the isotopic composition in the snow pack. To reproduce these processes in snow-models is crucial to understand the link between snow isotopic composition and climatic conditions and to improve the interpretation of isotopic composition as a paleoclimate proxy.
Effect of Reynolds number and inflow parameters on mean and turbulent flow over complex topography
Authors: Kilpatrick Ryan , Hangan Horia , Siddiqui Kamran , Parvu Dan , Lange Julia , Mann Jakob , Berg Jacob
Published: November 2016

Abstract. A characterization of mean and turbulent flow behaviour over complex topography was conducted using a large-scale (1 : 25) model in the WindEEE Dome at Western University. The specific topographic feature considered was the Bolund Hill escarpment facing westerly winds. A total of eight unique inflow conditions were tested in order to isolate the impact of key parameters such as Reynolds number, inflow shear profile, and effective roughness, on flow behaviour over the escarpment. The results show that the mean flow behaviour was generally not affected by the Reynolds number; however, a slight increase in speed-up over the escarpment was observed for cases with lower inflow roughness. The shape of the inflow wind shear profile also had a minor impact on the mean flow near the escarpment. More significant effects were observed in the turbulent flow behaviour, where the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) over the escarpment was found be a strong function of inflow roughness and a weak function of the Reynolds number. The local change in the inflow wind shear was found to have the most significant influence on the TKE magnitude, which more closely approximated the full-scale TKE data, a result which had not been previously observed in wind tunnel modelling of this topography.
Immunotherapeutic efficacy of a Lactobacillus casei lysate as an adjuvant combined with a heated-4T1 mammary carcinoma cell lysate in a murine model of breast cancer
Authors: Dorostkar Ruhollah , Hashemzadeh Mohammad Sadegh , Jafari Sajjad , Tat Mahdi , Ghalavand Majdedin , Asghari Mohammad Hossein , Moloudizargari Milad
Published: November 2016

Background

Immunotherapy, during which the immune system of the patient is manipulated to act against tumors has been among the most successful methods in the treatment of breast cancer, a leading cause of mortality among women worldwide.

Objectives

To investigate the immunotherapeutic efficacy of Lactobacillus casei lysate as an adjuvant in combination with a heated-4T1 mammary carcinoma cell lysate in a model of breast cancer.

Methods

After ethics committee approval of all animal procedures, a murine model of breast cancer was induced in BALB/c mice using 4T1 cells. These mice were immunized with a combination of lysates of heated 4T1 cells and L. casei. Subsequent changes in tumor size and weight, and the production of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-12, IL-17, and IL13 were measured. Lung weights were measured as an indicator of metastasis to other organs.

Results

The tumor size and weight in mice immunized with the combined vaccine were significantly reduced compared with controls. The combined immunotherapy altered the pattern of cytokine production to the advantage of antitumor immunity, and was significantly more potent than immunization with heated-4T1-cell lysate or L. casei lysate alone.

Conclusions

Coadministration of L. casei lysate enhanced the immunotherapeutic efficacy of the heated-4T1-cell lysate as a source of tumor-associated antigens. L. casei can potentially be used as an adjuvant combined with sources of tumor antigens in the treatment of cancers, and as a safe alternative to the current adjuvants that cause greater irritation to hosts. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying these effects.
Correlation of computed tomography characteristics of cystic renal cell carcinoma with histopathology
Authors: Burapasomboon Pattarin , Boonsirikamchai Piyaporn , Sasiwimonphan Kewalee
Published: November 2016

Background

Renal cysts are common incidental findings in computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and range from benign to cystic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Cystic RCC has various pathology, clinical prognosis, and treatment options.

Objectives

To compare preoperative CT of cystic RCC with histopathology.

Methods

Preoperative CT of histopathologically proven cystic RCCs were retrospectively reviewed in this single-center cross-sectional observational study. Two investigators recorded consensus CT features for each cystic RCC. The means of descriptive continuous data were calculated. A chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, or an ANOVA were used for compare the frequency of findings for each histopathological subtype.

Results

Of 38 cystic RCCs, 25 were clear cell RCC, 5 were papillary RCC, 4 were multilocular cystic RCC, 1 was chromophobe RCC, and 3 were mixed type/other type (papillary/chromophobe, clear cell/chromophobe, and sarcomatoid type). We classified 36 lesions as Bosniak category IV and 2 lesions as Bosniak category III. There was no significant difference in cyst attenuation in any phase. Solid attenuation of the tumors was significantly different for each type in corticomedullary and nephrogenic phases (P = 0.001 and 0.042, respectively). Clear cell RCC was enhanced the most on corticomedullary and nephrogenic phases (means 135.5 and 112.1 Hounsfield Units, respectively). Septal thickening, enhancement, and multilocularity were significantly different between subtypes, particularly in multilocular cystic RCCs (P = 0.018, 0.018, and 0.02, respectively).

Conclusion

Preoperative CT findings may help clinicians and radiologists to predict tumor subtypes and aid treatment planning.
Perceptions of Education Role in Developing Society: A Case Study at Riau, Indonesia
Authors: Yuliani Sri , Hartanto Dicki
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of education and how the involvement of governments, companies and communities themselves in promoting education in the area, which in this case took the case to at Riau, Indonesia. Total population of this research was that people in the district of Pinggir Bengkalis, and the samples were 24 people who were in the villages of Pinggir. The research methodology was descriptive quantitative. The research data was collected through questionnaires and documentation. The calculation of data indicated that the public perception on role of education in promoting the society generally looked very good with most of percentage above 90%. Then, the achievement showed good results in the involvement of the company in advancing education. Then, the government has completed educational facilities in the area according to public perception showed the lowest yield with enough categories or 65.8%. The average score showed that the role of education was in very good category or 90.5%. Therefore, it certainly needs to be given priority in local government.
Cap al doble sustentador mediterrani? Evidències dels períodes d'auge i de crisi econòmica a Espanya
Authors: Sánchez Mira Núria
Published: November 2016

Els patrons de participació laboral de les dones espanyoles han experimentat transformacions molt importants en les últimes dècades, marcades en particular per un augment significatiu de les taxes d'activitat. L'ocupació femenina ha tendit a analitzar-se partint de la dona com a unitat d'anàlisi, com si la seva participació laboral fos independent de les presències i absències masculines en els àmbits productiu i reproductiu. Enfront d'aquest tipus d'aproximacions, el present treball defensa la necessitat d'analitzar els patrons d'ocupació de dones i homes partint de la llar com a unitat d'anàlisi. Des d'aquest punt de vista, l'article té com a principal objectiu descriure l'evolució dels arranjaments productius predominants en les llars espanyoles al llarg de l'última dècada. Els resultats mostren que el cas espanyol es troba lluny de constituir una realitat homogènia internament, però les dades del període pre-crisi semblen indicar una evolució cap al que hem denominat “model de doble sustentador mediterrani”, amb una expansió de les llars amb doble sustentador a temps complet i una reducció d'aquells de tipus male-breadwinner/female-caregiver. Tots dos tipus d'arranjaments han estat al seu torn els que més han disminuït amb la crisi.
Ostracoda (Arthropoda, Crustacea) from the Riachuelo Formation, Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil, Upper Aptian-Albian
Authors: Antonietto Lucas Silveira , Carmo Dermeval Aparecido do , Viviers Marta Claudia , Neto João Villar Queiroz , Hunt Gene
Published: November 2016

The Sergipe-Alagoas Basin has one of the most complete, exposed lithological successions of the Cretaceous period in the continental margin of Brazil. It captures several phases of the evolution of the South Atlantic Ocean, including rift, gulf and drift. The upper Aptian–Albian Riachuelo Formation corresponds to the first stages of the southern proto-Atlantic Ocean invasion in that basin. The present study reviews the taxonomic identification and ecology of 39 ostracod species of this formation, proposing a new genus – Gabonorygma gen. nov. – and three new species – Praebythoceratina deltalata sp. nov., Gabonorygma sergipana gen. et sp. nov. and Brachycythere smithsoniana sp. nov. Other taxa include Conchoecia? sp. 1, Cytherella sp. 1, C. besrineensis comb. nov., Cytherelloidea aff. globosa, C. btaterensis, Bairdoppilata sp. 1, Bairdoppilata sp. 2, B. comanchensis comb. nov., B. pseudoseptentrionalis, Robsoniella falklandensis, Cetacella sp. 1, Paracypris eniotmetos, Harbinia sinuata?, H. crepata, Liasina sp. 1, Praebythoceratina amsittenensis comb. nov., P. trinodosa comb. nov., Patellacythere sp. 1, P. shimonensis comb. nov., Xestoleberis? sp. 1, Xestoleberis? sp. 2, Apatocythere? sp. 1, Neocythere? aff. pseudovanveeni, N. (Physocythere) tenuis, Aracajuia antiqua comb. nov., A. benderi, A. fragilis comb. nov., Eocytheropteron sp. 1, Metacytheropteron aff. minuta, Microceratina? sp. 1, M. azazoulensis, Veenia guianensis, Algeriana? sp. 1, Quasihermanites? sp. 1 and Sergipella viviersae.
Analysis of Microcystins in Drinking Water by ELISA and LC/MS/MS
Authors: Guo Yingbo C. , Lee Anthea K. , Yates Richard S. , Liang Sun , Rochelle Paul A.
Published: November 2016

Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) were compared for analyzing microcystins in water. ELISA results of microcystin‐LR spiked into raw water samples were close to the spike concentrations, but method variability was ±25%. However, ELISA‐derived microcystin‐LA concentrations were two to three times higher than the spike concentrations obtained using the kit‐provided microcystin‐LR standards, indicating the need for variant‐appropriate ELISA standards. LC/MS/MS results agreed with spike concentrations for all variants in reagent water, but matrix suppression was observed in some raw waters. In bench‐scale studies, ozonated microcystins generated low‐level positive responses by ELISA and a protein phosphatase inhibition assay, even though microcystins were not detected by LC/MS/MS. These findings indicate that ELISA results—particularly in treated water—should be interpreted with caution because of the possibility of false‐positives, relatively high variability, and differential detection of some variants.
Le traducteur en coulisse : traduction de scénarios et productions audiovisuelles multilingues
Authors: Vandal-Sirois Hugo
Published: November 2016

Les défis et enjeux de la traduction audiovisuelle, particulièrement ceux du doublage et du sous-titrage, ont été largement explorés en traductologie. L’analyse des contraintes liées à cette forme de traduction (l’interdépendance du visuel et du verbal, la synchronisation labiale et les restrictions temporelles ou spatiales, entre autres) a permis de cerner les mécanismes et les stratégies de la communication audiovisuelle multilingue. Toutefois, un volet de cette forme de traduction spécialisée demeure généralement méconnu, et ce, bien qu’il soit en plein essor et qu’il entraîne des difficultés traductionnelles uniques : la traduction de scénarios, dont les enjeux sont de taille. Plutôt que de fournir un document final (comme un film doublé ou sous-titré), le traducteur de scénarios doit, en plus de maîtriser le langage technique, l’élaboration de structures narratives et la rédaction de dialogues fluides et crédibles, produire un outil de travail sur lequel reposeront les activités des acteurs, du réalisateur et des techniciens. En cette époque marquée par la mondialisation et la multiplication des technologies de communication, et où les échanges culturels se déroulent sur la multitude d’écrans qui nous entourent, la traduction scénaristique représente un secteur d’activités aussi important que dynamique. Elle soulève des questions particulièrement intéressantes en traductologie, puisqu’elle place le traducteur au coeur du processus créatif, notamment dans le contexte de doubles tournages, au cours desquels le traducteur est parfois appelé à participer aux différentes étapes de production. Cet article propose de situer la traduction de scénarios dans le spectre plus large de la traduction audiovisuelle, d’en examiner les caractéristiques et défis, et, finalement, d’aborder le phénomène des doubles tournages, particulièrement dans le domaine de la publicité.
Cell-wall remodeling drives engulfment during Bacillus subtilis sporulation
Authors: Ojkic Nikola , López-Garrido Javier , Pogliano Kit , Endres Robert G
Published: November 2016

When starved, the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms durable spores for survival. Sporulation initiates with an asymmetric cell division, creating a large mother cell and a small forespore. Subsequently, the mother cell membrane engulfs the forespore in a phagocytosis-like process. However, the force generation mechanism for forward membrane movement remains unknown. Here, we show that membrane migration is driven by cell wall remodeling at the leading edge of the engulfing membrane, with peptidoglycan synthesis and degradation mediated by penicillin binding proteins in the forespore and a cell wall degradation protein complex in the mother cell. We propose a simple model for engulfment in which the junction between the septum and the lateral cell wall moves around the forespore by a mechanism resembling the ‘template model’. Hence, we establish a biophysical mechanism for the creation of a force for engulfment based on the coordination between cell wall synthesis and degradation.
Radial glia regulate vascular patterning around the developing spinal cord
Authors: Matsuoka Ryota L , Marass Michele , Avdesh Avdesh , Helker Christian SM , Maischein Hans-Martin , Grosse Ann S , Kaur Harmandeep , Lawson Nathan D , Herzog Wiebke , Stainier Didier YR
Published: November 2016

Vascular networks surrounding individual organs are important for their development, maintenance, and function; however, how these networks are assembled remains poorly understood. Here we show that CNS progenitors, referred to as radial glia, modulate vascular patterning around the spinal cord by acting as negative regulators. We found that radial glia ablation in zebrafish embryos leads to excessive sprouting of the trunk vessels around the spinal cord, and exclusively those of venous identity. Mechanistically, we determined that radial glia control this process via the Vegf decoy receptor sFlt1: sflt1 mutants exhibit the venous over-sprouting observed in radial glia-ablated larvae, and sFlt1 overexpression rescues it. Genetic mosaic analyses show that sFlt1 function in trunk endothelial cells can limit their over-sprouting. Together, our findings identify CNS-resident progenitors as critical angiogenic regulators that determine the precise patterning of the vasculature around the spinal cord, providing novel insights into vascular network formation around developing organs.
Crenactin forms actin-like double helical filaments regulated by arcadin-2
Authors: Izoré Thierry , Kureisaite-Ciziene Danguole , McLaughlin Stephen H , Löwe Jan
Published: November 2016

The similarity of eukaryotic actin to crenactin, a filament-forming protein from the crenarchaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis supports the theory of a common origin of Crenarchaea and Eukaryotes. Monomeric structures of crenactin and actin are similar, although their filament architectures were suggested to be different. Here we report that crenactin forms bona fide double helical filaments that show exceptional similarity to eukaryotic F-actin. With cryo-electron microscopy and helical reconstruction we solved the structure of the crenactin filament to 3.8 Å resolution. When forming double filaments, the 'hydrophobic plug' loop in crenactin rearranges. Arcadin-2, also encoded by the arcade gene cluster, binds tightly with its C-terminus to the hydrophobic groove of crenactin. Binding is reminiscent of eukaryotic actin modulators such as cofilin and thymosin β4 and arcadin-2 is a depolymeriser of crenactin filaments. Our work further supports the theory of shared ancestry of Eukaryotes and Crenarchaea.
Advances in modeling semiconductor epitaxy: Contributions of growth orientation and surface reconstruction to InN metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Kusaba Akira , Kangawa Yoshihiro , Kempisty Pawel , Shiraishi Kenji , Kakimoto Koichi , Koukitu Akinori
Published: November 2016

We propose a newly improved thermodynamic analysis method that incorporates surface energies. The new theoretical approach enables us to investigate the effects of the growth orientation and surface reconstruction. The obtained knowledge would be indispensable for examining the preferred growth conditions in terms of the contribution of the surface state. We applied the theoretical approach to study the growth processes of InN(0001) and

by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Calculation results reproduced the difference in optimum growth temperature. That is, we successfully developed a new theoretical approach that can predict growth processes on various growth surfaces.
Satellite Antennas
Authors: Dybdal R. B.
Published: November 2016

Satellite antenna systems for both the space and user segments are described in terms of their system requirements, technology, development issues, and test methodologies. Today's antenna systems have greatly contributed to satellite system capabilities and significant opportunities continue to provide further challenges to creatively evolve even more capable and affordable system capabilities. These antenna technology and development issues for different satellite system capabilities and their associated evaluation issues are described to foster till further evolution of satellite antennas.
Fusion Reactor Instrumentation
Authors: Young Kenneth M.
Published: November 2016

The plasma measurements in a fusion reactor will be devoted to providing signals for the control of the plasma and the protection of the reactor. The very high radiation levels, and the shortage of accessible space because of the needs to generate new tritium fuel and electricity will be major constraints on the selection of instrumentation. This article attempts to define the necessary measurements for a tokamak reactor, making clear that significant evolution will be required from present‐day instrumentation. Some present‐day techniques are briefly described. Also, because of the very high intensity of the neutron, and associated gamma radiation, its possible impacts are described, as are some other necessary developments in plasma diagnostic implementation.
Solid State Radiation Detectors
Authors: Squillante Michael R. , Christian James F. , Entine Gerald
Published: November 2016

For many applications including medical imaging, homeland security, nondestructive testing and scientific research, solid‐state radiation detectors provide the best combination of sensitivity per unit volume, flexibility in packaging, cost, and efficient conversion of ionizing radiation into electrical signals suitable for measurement with modern instrumentation. Solid‐state detectors are used for sensing all of the main forms of ionizing radiation including X‐rays, gamma rays, charged particles, and neutrons. Charged particles include electrons, beta particles, positrons, protons, alpha particles, fission fragments, and other ions. Solid‐state detectors include semiconductors, such as silicon and cadmium telluride, and scintillators coupled to solid state photodetectors such as NaI(Tl) coupled to silicon photodiodes. After more than 50 years of development, this remains an exciting area of research with regular reports of significant advances. The factors which make this such a thriving and growing area in radiation detection technology are the inherent advantages in size, weight, power, the need for high resolution digital imaging, low cost, as well as the availability of high performance computers capable of handling large amounts of data generated by large number of solid‐state detector elements. This article reviews the primary mechanisms by which ionizing radiation interacts with matter, how these interactions create electronic signals within the various types of solid‐state sensors, the properties of many of the more common solid‐state nuclear detectors, and a comparison of their properties as they relate to choosing among them for a particular application.