bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lepromin and Tuberculin Reactivity in Adults not Exposed to Leprosy
Authors: Shepard Charles C. , Saitz Edward W.
Published: January 2023

A group of 73 adult male volunteers was skintested with lepromin, tuberculin and mumps antigen. Eighteen of them were later tested with candidin, trichophytin, blastomycin, coccidioidin and histoplasmin. All of the men had late (Mitsuda) reactions to lepromin greater than 4 mm in diameter and many of them had quite strong reactions. The sensitivity to tuberculin had little influence on the size of the lepromin reactions, thus indicating that in this group the reactivity to lepromin had not often arisen from exposure to tubercle bacilli or other mycobacteria. Since they were residents of non-endemic areas of the United States, it was very unlikely that any of the men had been exposed to leprosy bacilli. Thus, although lepromin reactivity was well developed in this group of men, its origin is unexplained.
Brevity of the Inductive Phase in the Immune Response of Mice to Capsular Polysaccharide Antigens
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Landy Maurice
Published: January 2023

The antigen-bentonite adherence technique, used in conjunction with capsular polysaccharide antigens, has revealed features of the cytokinetics of the immune response not demonstrable with other categories of antigens and other methods. In particular, the immune response of mice to type I pneumococcal polysaccharide and the Vi galactoseaminuronic polymer showed an exceedingly brief latent period after which antigenreactive cells (ARC) appeared within a few hours following immunization. Thereafter, ARC doubled at a rate too rapid to be accounted for by cell division alone. The brevity of the inductive phase, the rate at which ARC increased and the maximum numbers of ARC attained depended on the dose of antigen.
Interferon in Congenital Rubella: Response to Live Attenuated Measles Vaccine
Authors: Desmyter Jan , Rawls William E. , Melnick Joseph L. , Yow Martha D. , Barrett Fred F.
Published: January 2023

Induction of and sensitivity to interferon were investigated in relation to virus persistence in congenital rubella. Rubella virus was found to be sensitive to human interferon in acutely infected tissue culture cells; however, virus yields from chronically infected cells were not altered by interferon. Serum and urine obtained from infants with congenital rubella during periods of active virus excretion did not contain detectable amounts of interferon. Vaccination of congenital rubella infants with either Edmonston B or Schwarz strain of live measles virus resulted in a clinical, immunologic and interferon response similar to that of normal children. The interferon-inducing capacity of the Schwarz strain was greater than that of the Edmonston B strain.
Hemolytic Plaque Formation by Mouse Spleen Cells Producing Antibodies against Rabbit Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Segre Mariangela , Segre Diego
Published: January 2023

Sheep erythrocytes sensitized with the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction of commercial rabbit anti-sheep hemolysin were not hemolyzed directly by complement, but were hemolyzed after treatment with anti-rabbit globulin and complement. Erythrocytes so sensitized were plated in nonanticomplementary agar, which also contained spleen cells from mice immunized with rabbit IgG. After incubation and addition of complement, hemolytic plaques were found around single spleen cells producing antibodies specific for rabbit IgG. The primary and secondary responses of mice to both aggregate-free and heat-aggregated rabbit IgG are described.
The Effects of Methionine and Ethionine on Antibody Formation in Primates
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Gershoff Stanley N.
Published: January 2023

The study of antibody formation in primates and its modification by nutritional imbalances and by the metabolic antagonist ethionine was undertaken to acquire information about the effect of protein malnutrition on immunization and to study the control of the immune response by a metabolic antagonist. Cebus albifron monkeys on a normal diet responded well to the synthetic antigen poly Glu52Lys33Tyr15 (no. 3) (700 to 1000 µg Ab N/ml). Eight of the 91 monkeys immunized died in anaphylaxis shortly after the second injection of antigen. The major pathology of this anaphylactic syndrome was necrosis and hemorrhage in the liver.

The primary antibody response elicited by the antigen in Freund's adjuvant was resistant to methionine deficiency, methionine excess and ethionine administration. The early secondary response elicited by the antigen in NaCl-phosphate buffer was depressed both by ethionine and by excess methionine; it was resistant to methionine deficiency alone. The late secondary response was unaffected by methionine deficiency plus ethionine or by previous administration of a methionine excess diet; however, previous treatment with a methionine excess diet plus ethionine caused an enhanced antibody response.

Total protein deficiency severe enough to cause death from malnutrition did not affect the late secondary antibody response.

The percentage of antibody in the γ-globulin fraction varied under different circumstances. The primary and early secondary responses showed an increase in total γ-globulin production as well as an increase in antibody production. In the late secondary response the total level of γ-globulin remained constant, but the amount of antibody in it increased. In general, the proportion of antibody was increased by methionine deficiency or total protein deficiency and decreased by the administration of ethionine or of excess methionine when compared to the control animals.

Thus, the early antibody responses (primary and early secondary) were more profoundly influenced by dietary alterations and by metabolic antagonists than the late secondary response, and this finding suggests that the antibody synthesizing mechanism becomes more stable with time.
Antigenic Determinants in Human Hemoglobin: The α Polypeptide Chain
Authors: Kraus Lorraine M.
Published: January 2023

Antigenic determinants in the α-chain from human hemoglobin A were located by using isolated α-chain tryptic peptides as inhibitors in the micro-complement fixation reaction of α-chain antigen and α-chain antibodies. Although the α-chain antigen was not in the native state, it shared antigenic determinants with native hemoglobin. Hemoglobin did not fix complement, but it did bind to the α-chain antibody and inhibited the homologous complement fixation reaction. The antisera also formed precipitin complexes with hemoglobins containing the α-chain.

Three antigenic determinants in the α-chain were located as follows: a) the amino-terminal end, αTpI, amino acids 1 to 7, and αTpI,II, amino acids 1 to 11, inhibited the complement fixation reaction to 34% and 61%, respectively, (however, αTpII, amino acids 7 to 11, alone did not inhibit the reaction); b) αTpXI, amino acids 93 to 99, a part of the FG non-helical region and the G helix in the carboxy-terminal half of the chain inhibited to 15%; c) αTpXIII, amino acids 128 to 139, is at the carboxy-terminal end of the chain and is part of the H helix. This peptide inhibited to 31%.

The phylogenetic associations of myoglobin and the α-chain of hemoglobin are further strengthened by the similar locations of antigenic determinants. Both have antigenic sites at the carboxy-terminal end of the chain, and a possible similarity in the region surrounding heme. They differ in the amino-terminal region which is an antigenic site in the α-chain. The antisera to myoglobin did not appear to contain antibodies to this area. Another difference resides in amino acids, 17 to 31 of the α-chain, where myoglobin has an antigenic determinant in the region extending from the end of the A helix into part of the B helix.
Adsorption of Proteins by Polystyrene Particles
Authors: Kochwa Shaul , Brownell Marilyn , Rosenfield Richard E. , Wasserman Louis R.
Published: January 2023

A relationship between the molecular configuration of IgG molecules and their immunogenic properties was determined by using Lytron particles for the adsorption of IgG. The change in molecular configuration of IgG molecules was found to be related to the number of groups potentiometrically titrated during adsorption, and an inverse linear correlation was found between the logarithm of the number of firmly attached IgG molecules and the number of groups titrated. The latter value was maximal at pH 6.8 or 5.0 and minimal at pH 8.0 indicating by this titration region that histidine and free amino groups were titrated during adsorption. The immunogenic properties of IgG on Lytron were concentration-dependent. Anti-heavy chain antibodies were formed readily, but with increase in the number of molecules adsorbed per particle the capacity to incite anti-light chain antibodies decreased.
Canine Nonprecipitating and Rabbit Precipitating Antisera against the Dinitrophenyl Group
Authors: Patterson Roy , Ramberg Bonnie , Pruzansky J. J.
Published: January 2023

Immunization of dogs with dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin or dinitrophenyl-bovine γ-globulin resulted in the production of nonprecipitating antibodies against the dinitrophenyl determinant. The hapten binding capacities of the nonprecipitating antisera were comparable to those of precipitating rabbit antisera against the dinitrophenyl determinant. The nonprecipitating antibodies were demonstrated by double antibody coprecipitation techniques and the alteration of the electrophoretic migration of dinitrophenyl albumin in combination with antibody.
Induction of Interference and Interferon Synthesis by Non-Replicating Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
Authors: Friedman-Kien Alvin E. , Vilček Jan
Published: January 2023

Extracts of human molluscum contagiosum (MC) lesions induced a resistance to plaque formation by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Sindbis virus in chick embryo cells. The findings of this report suggest that inhibition was induced by MC virus particles present in the extract. Filtration through a 22-mµ membrane filter or treatment with trypsin removed the inhibitory activity.

Interference experiments have shown that MC virus was adsorbed onto chick embryo cell cultures. Maximum adsorption was attained within 1 to 2 hr after inoculation; however, further incubation was required for the establishment of interference. Actinomycin D caused a reversion, while the presence of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IDU) had no effect on the MC virus-induced interference.

Synthesis of interferon was demonstrated in MC virus-inoculated chick embryo cells. The interference between apparently non-replicating MC virus and VSV or Sindbis virus was shown to be mediated by interferon.
The Fate of Group a Streptococci Following Phagocytosis
Authors: Ayoub Elia M. , Wannamaker Lewis W.
Published: January 2023

A technique using release of dialyzable radioactivity from isotope-labeled group A streptococci as a measure of intraphagocytic digestion of bacteria is described. Release of dialyzable activity from P32-labeled organisms following phagocytosis occurred promptly. With C14-labeled organisms the release was quantitatively lower and more gradual. Extracellular blood (plasma) factors effected release of P32 activity, but did not release any detectable activity in preparations of C14-labeled organisms. When streptococcal cell wall fractions labeled with C14 were examined in a phagocytic system, there was a slow release of dialyzable activity similar to that observed with whole organisms and corresponding to the gradual disappearance of group specific carbohydrate from whole cells as detected by fluorescent antibody techniques.
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions of Guinea Pigs to Proteinaceous Transplantation Antigen
Authors: Kahan Barry D.
Published: January 2023

Despite increased emphasis on the isolation of transplantation antigens and the more sophisticated methods now available to approach this objective, the chemical nature of the antigenic determinants mediating this type of immunity remains uncertain. Recently, a water soluble material predominantly protein in composition was isolated from murine tissues and was shown to induce specific second-set sensitization, i.e., challenge orthotopic skin grafts were rejected in accelerated fashion (1, 2). The principal limiting factor in the purification of this substance was the cumbersome nature of the second-set assay. There was a 2-week lag between the administration of test antigen and the histologic scoring of challenge skin grafts. Moreover the assay required relatively large amounts of antigen, viz., 50 µg to produce just detectable results and 250 µg to produce 50% destruction of test grafts. Within these strictures the pace of the work was slow, and the quantities of test specimens which were required for biologic assay were disproportionate to the small yields from tissues.
Delayed Hypersensitivity to Trichinella Spiralis
Authors: Kim Charles W. , Jamuar Mahendra P. , Hamilton L. D.
Published: January 2023

From guinea pigs sensitized with Trichinella spiralis antigen combined with complete adjuvant, the cellular transfer of the delayed hypersensitivity response did not parallel production of antibody in recipient guinea pigs. Although the responses were related by presumably having a common cellular pathway, they were separate in time and different in their appearance.

The skin test itself induced the production of antibody as well as acting as a booster in producing antibody in the recipients, but since antibody appeared sooner in greater number of recipients when cells from sensitized skin-tested donors were used, this was construed as meaning that the transfer of lymph node cells accelerates antibody production in recipients as well as inducing the delayed hypersensitivity response. It is not clear whether the same cells mediate both reactions; their role in the delayed hypersensitivity response remains obscure.
Hubungan Karakteristik Sosial Demografi dan Literasi Kesehatan Dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Pada Penderita Tuberkulosis di Kota Kupang
Authors: Nailius Imelda Sussanti , Anshari Dien
Published: January 2023

Latar Belakang. Angka keberhasilan pengobatan tuberkulosis di Kota Kupang dilaporkan dalam empat tahun terakhir berada pada rata-rata 82,1% belum mencapai target nasional yaitu 90%. Salah satu faktor ketidakberhasilannya karena jangka waktu minum obat yang lama yang memungkinkan untuk terjadi ketidakpatuhan dalam minum obat. Ketidakpatuhan dalam minum obat dapat menyebabkan kegagalan dalam pengobatan, pengobatan ulang maupun resisten terhadap obat.Tujuan. untuk mengetahui hubungan variabel karakteristik sosial demografi dan literasi kesehatan dengan kepatuhan minum obat penderita tuberkulosis di Kota Kupang.Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain cross sectional. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara pengisian kuesioner secara online (self-administered survey) pada 126 penderita tuberkulosis yang sedang menjalani pengobatan di 11 puskesmas di Kota Kupang. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji regresi logistik sederhana dan regresi logistik ganda.Hasil. Hasil penelitian menemukan 23,8 % penderita tuberkulosis tidak patuh dalam minum obat tuberkulosis. Variabel literasi kesehatan (p=0,008, OR=10,4, CI: 1,847-59,17) dan umur responden (p=0,029, OR=0,2, CI: 0,070-0,863) dengan p-value <0,05 dinyatakan berhubungan signifikan dengan kepatuhan minum obat penderita tuberkulosis.Keseimpulan. Literasi kesehatan menjadi variabel yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi kepatuhan minum obat penderita tuberkulosis setelah dikontrol oleh variabel umur, pendidikan dan pendapatan.       ABSTRACT      Bakground. Success rate for tuberculosis treatment in Kupang City was reported in the last four years to be at an average of 82.1%, which has not reached the national target of 90%. One of the reasons for the failure was due to the long period of taking the medication which made it possible for non-adherence to take the medication. Noncompliance with medication might result in treatment failure, re-treatment, or drug resistance.Aim. to determine the relationship between social demographic characteristics and health literacy and tuberculosis medication adherence in Kupang City. Method.  This study employed quantitative study with cross-sectional design. Data was obtained by filling out online questionnaires (self-administered surveys) on 126 tuberculosis patients receiving treatment at 11 health centers in Kupang City. The data was examined using simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression.Result. Results showed that 23.8 percent of tuberculosis patients were disobedient in taking tuberculosis medications. Health literacy characteristics (p=0,008, OR=10,4, CI: 1,847-59,17) and respondent age (p=0,029, OR=0,2, CI: 0,070-0,863) with p-values 0.05 were found to be substantially related to tuberculosis patients' medication adherence.Conclusion. Health literacy is the most dominant variable in influencing medication adherence for tuberculosis patients after being controlled by age, education, and income.
Mapeamento cienciométrico da mineração de ouro e sustentabilidade: uma análise da produção científica de 2016 a 2020
Authors: Schramm Amanda , Rodrigues João , Silva Luiz , Costa Natalia
Published: January 2023

Contexto: A mineração de ouro é uma prática antiga, na qual consiste na extração e beneficiamento de riquezas minerais presente nos solos. Além disso, em muitas regiões do planeta é considerada a principal atividade de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Entretanto, a mineração é uma ameaça aos recursos naturais globais e responsável por diversos problemas ambientais em diferentes níveis. Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender tendências, dinâmicas temporais e padrões de publicações relacionadas à temática acerca da mineração de ouro e sustentabilidade. Método: Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento cienciométrico para publicações científicas das bases de dados Scopus da editora Elsevier e Web of Science da editora Clarivate Analytics entre o período de 2016 a 2020. O levantamento identificou 31 artigos que aparecem igualmente nas duas bases de dados, sendo que 7 deles apresentam no mínimo 15 citações. Também foi observado a coocorrência de palavras-chave entre os autores, nesta análise foram encontradas 133 palavras-chaves diferentes, onde 14 tiveram mais de duas ocorrências e foram classificadas em 4 grupos com temáticas distintas. Resultados: O mapeamento cienciométrico demonstrou ser um significativo mecanismo para a pesquisa, apresentando por meio de redes bibliométricas, que os elos entre os autores possuem uma forte interação e preocupação com o tema abordado.
Phylogeny, Morphology and Pathogenicity of Biscogniauxia mediterranea Causing Charcoal Canker Disease on Quercus brantii in Southern Iran
Authors: Ahmadi Samaneh , Ghaderi Fariba , Charehgani Habiballah , Karami Soraya , Safaee Dariush
Published: January 2023

Charcoal canker of oak, which has recently increased in southern Iran, could pose a serious threat to the entire forest ecosystem in the near future. In addition, it seems that climate change and its consequences, such as drought in the southern regions of Iran, have exacerbated this phenomenon. Consequently, the objective of this study was to identify the fungal pathogens that could cause charcoal canker disease in the oak forests of South Zagros. It was also sought to find associations between changes in the occurrence/exacerbation of charcoal canker disease under non and intense drought stress in non-inoculated or inoculated Quercus brantii seedlings. In total, 120 isolates were obtained from eight oak forests located in the Zagros Mountains of Southern Iran, Kohgiluyeh & Boyer-Ahmad and Fars provinces, which were classified as Biscogniauxia mediterranea based on morphological assessment. Subsequently, molecular assay confirmed the result by phylogenetic inference of internal transcribed spacer–rDNA regions, α-actin, and β-tubulin genes. The results of the pathogenicity test showed that the response of isolates of B. mediterranea (Iran-G1 and Iran-M70) was varied in different environments for the measured necrotic lesion length. In comparison with the control moisture treatments (non-stress), the necrotic lesion length in inoculated treatments increased under intense drought stress. In general, inoculated oak seedlings’ exposure to water-deficient stress by the pathogen of B. mediterranea could affect the spread/severity of the charcoal canker disease.
Size and Position in Value Chains in Latin America with a regional Perspective
Authors: Lalanne Alvaro
Published: January 2023

In this article, I develop a framework that divides global value chains into regional and extra-regional and studies the participation of Latin American countries in international fragmentation of production along 25 years of globalization. Measures of depth, position, and length are developed for each kind of value chain. Between 1990 and 2015 the engagement in activities related to international trade increased in every country in Latin America and the prevalent way of integration is in Extra Regional Value Chains. While South America engages mostly in value chains as a source of value added transformed by others, Central America participates more as end of chains and Mexico switched its position to a net forward position in regional value chains. Finally, the article examines the relationship between participation and length of the domestic segment of chains, finding differences among the kind of participation that each country performs.
Reception date: 29/05/2022Acceptance date: 13/09/2022
Text and Translation
Authors: Schemmel Matthias , Boltz William G.
Published: January 2023

The chapter presents text, translation and commentary for the 68 sections of the Mohist Canon on which our analysis in the preceding chapter is based. The topics of the sections range from epistemological foundations via the consideration of logical, set-related and spatio-temporal conditions of knowing to themes in optics and mechanics.
Boost Nature-Positive Production
Authors: Hodson de Jaramillo Elizabeth , Niggli Urs , Kitajima Kaoru , Lal Rattan , Sadoff Claudia
Published: January 2023

The overall goal of nature-positive production is to reconcile the need for the production system to meet the demands resulting from growing populations and rising prosperity with the necessity of restoring the environment, improving the quality of soil, conserving biodiversity, and sustainably managing land, water and other natural resources. The strategy is to protect, manage and restore ecosystems: to “produce more from less” and set aside some land and water for nature. In this context, action at the landscape scale is key, extending beyond individual production fields to the watershed, the entire river basin, and the coastal area influenced by the change of land use and river discharges (IPCC Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [PR Shukla, J Skea, E Calvo Buendia, V Masson-Delmotte, H-O Pörtner, DC Roberts, P Zhai, R Slade, S Connors, R van Diemen, M Ferrat, E Haughey, S Luz, S Neogi, M Pathak, J Petzold, J Portugal Pereira, P Vyas, E Huntley, K Kissick, M Belkacemi, J Malley (eds)], 2019). Nature-positive landscape-level interventions include system-based conservation agriculture, agroforestry, river basin management, bio-inputs, integrated soil fertility management, soil and water conservation and nutrient recycling. In particular, maintaining trees in landscapes, avoiding deforestation and promoting landscape restoration are critically important for preventing soil erosion, regulating water resources, and protecting environmental services essential for sustaining production at multiple scales, from the regional to the global. Such nature-positive approaches are best based on bottom-up and territorial processes, strengthened by scientific innovations and enabling policy environments. Translating science into transformative action also requires system-level governance and policy interventions that enable and provide incentives for farmers and land managers to adopt nature-positive practices. Greater public and private sector investment in research and innovation is needed if we are to develop solutions and adequately scale the adoption of nature-positive production systems. Furthermore, a realignment towards nature-positive food systems requires awareness and empowerment on the part of producers and consumers. These concepts must be introduced to farmers through robust extension programs, with special attention paid to woman farmers. They must be taught in schools and broadcast to consumers. Ultimately, the aim should be to foster a five-way dialogue among academic institutions, farmer and citizen groups, industry and policymakers to translate scientific knowledge into viable action.
The Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Europe
Authors: Canales Claudia , Fears Robin
Published: January 2023

European farming systems are diverse, and food has traditionally played a central role in the shaping of individual and cultural identities. In this chapter, taking a food systems approach, we examine European issues for the interrelationships among agriculture, environmental sustainability, nutrition, and health, considering all steps in the food value chain from growing through to consumption and recycling. There are multiple policy objectives and instruments to coordinate, but, although the challenges are unprecedented, so too are the scientific opportunities. A wide range of issues are covered, including those for: agroecology and the implications for ecosystem assessment, other new production systems, linking soil structure and health both with environmental sustainability and novel products of the bioeconomy, and microbiomics. There are major opportunities for developing climate-resilient food systems while, at the same time, reducing the contribution that agriculture makes to climate change, along with accompanying implications for food policy. Recommendations for ambitious action include: promoting transdisciplinary research to fill present knowledge gaps; continuing to strengthen the research enterprise in the EU, recognising that EU scientists have crucial roles to play in building global critical mass in food system science; and reaffirming the use of science to inform innovation, policy and practice. In particular, for the EU, the Farm-to-Fork (F2F) policy has important objectives, but must be fully informed by the scientific evidence, well aligned with biodiversity, the circular economy and bioeconomic strategies, and transparent in communicating the consequences both for the domestic consumer and for the rest of the world.
High performance nano hydroxyapatite coating on zinc for biomedical applications
Authors: Shoeib Madiha A. , Abdel-Gawad Soha A.
Published: January 2023

Zinc and its alloys have been given promising consideration as a new biodegradable implant for use in the human body. Compact and uniform nano hydroxyapatite coatings containing chitosan were successfully deposited onto zinc substrate in an aqueous solution utilizing microwave-assisted process in about 10 min. The quick composite coatings are derived by microwave heating compared with the coatings derived by electrodeposition. The as-deposited coatings formed by electrodeposition synthesis were known as brushite, which was converted to hydroxyapatite after 1 h of immersion (post treated) in 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at 100 °C. The incorporation of chitosan (from 0.01–0.05 g/l) into the coating composition results in a smooth and uniform coating structure. SEM, EDS, and an X-ray diffractometer were utilized to analyze coated samples' surfaces to evaluate their surface morphology, chemical composition, and crystalline structures. The in vitro degradation behavior of the composite-coated samples in simulated body fluid at pH 7.4 and 37 °C was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The outcomes showed that microwave-derived coatings provided superior corrosion resistance for zinc implants as compared to electrodeposited coatings. Furthermore, the use of chitosan in hydroxyapatite coatings increased electrochemical corrosion performance. Low chitosan concentrations (0.01–0.03 g/l) exhibit superior anti-corrosion properties than higher concentrations (0.05 g/l). Against Staphylococcus aureus, the coatings demonstrated strong antibacterial efficacy. These corrosion outcomes and the fruitful deposition of a hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite coating on zinc substrate indicate that the coating is efficient for the creation of new composite coatings for either functional implants or regenerative medicine. The resultant coating may be an excellent option for bone implants.
Effect of the laser fluence on the microstructure and the relating magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 films grown on YSZ(111) by PLD for optimized perpendicular recording
Authors: Nergis Berkin , Bauer Sondes , Jin Xiaowei , Seemann Klaus , Horak Lukas , Schneider Reinhard , Holy Vaclav , Ulrich Sven , Baumbach Tilo
Published: January 2023

High-quality BaFe12O19 (BaM) films with high uniaxial anisotropy fields of HA = 17.5 and 18.5 kOe were obtained by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at two fluences of 1.5 and 5.1 J/cm2 on YSZ(111) substrate, using a platinum interlayer for reducing lattice mismatch. We demonstrated that the microstructure, morphology, and stoichiometry of the hexaferrite BaFe12O19 films can be affected by raising the corresponding energy per pulse from 25 to 75 mJ. However, we also concluded that the increase of fluence leads to the formation of a non-stoichiometric BaM film through two nucleation steps and an output growth of small grains in addition to the increase of the defect density. In turn, this has contributed to the enhancement of the coercive field from Hc = 1769 Oe to Hc = 2166 Oe as it is required for the improvement of perpendicular recording resolution. We found that both the lateral coherent block size and misorientation of mosaic blocks are remarkably affected by the growth kinetics, which itself depends on the energy per pulse. For a deep understanding of the effect of laser fluence on the microstructure, chemical composition, and on the magnetic properties of thin BaM films, the results of complementary methods are combined. These methods comprise high-resolution X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning TEM combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer.

Graphical abstract
Coupling turbulent flow with blade aeroelastics and control modules in large-eddy simulation of utility-scale wind turbines
Authors: Santoni Christian , Khosronejad Ali , Yang Xiaolei , Seiler Peter , Sotiropoulos Fotis
Published: January 2023

We present a large-eddy simulation framework capable of control co-design of large wind turbines, coupling the turbulent flow environment with blade aeroelastics and turbine controllers. The geometry and aerodynamics of the rotor blades and the turbine nacelle are parameterized using an actuator surface model. The baseline collective pitch control and individual pitch control (IPC) algorithms, consisting of a single-input, single-output proportional–integral controller and two integral controllers, respectively, are incorporated into the simulation framework. Furthermore, a second-order model based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory is implemented to describe the blade deformation. Simulations are carried out to investigate the impact of collective and individual pitch control strategies on the deflection of turbine blades. Our results show that the IPC reduces the blade tip deflection fluctuations in the out-of-plane direction, while the fluctuations of the blade tip deflection along the in-plane direction are barely affected by the IPC. Furthermore, the blade out-of-plane deformation fluctuation is underestimated by the one-way coupling approach compared to the two-way coupling approach. The findings of this study reveal the importance of advanced control systems in reducing the dynamic loads on wind turbine blades and underscore the potential of control co-design to reduce the levelized cost of wind energy.
Nazis, émigrés, and abstract mathematics
Authors: Dahn Ryan
Published: January 2023

Today, Jordan algebras are a sprawling mathematical subfield, but the strange story of their discovery amid Adolf Hitler’s seizure of power is not widely known.
Tengo Miedo
Authors: De La Vega Fernández Valeria M.
Published: January 2023

Ivar Da Coll's Tengo Miedo [I am Afraid] (1989) was amongst the first picturebooks developed in Colombia. The picturebook dealt with naive fears of monsters that children might have at night, while it also reflected a publishing industry in its inception. In 2012, Ivar Da Coll published a new edition of Tengo Miedo. The illustrations are now metaphors for the fears caused by the country's internal war, violence, and natural disasters. This chapter examines the two editions of Tengo Miedo, comparing their image and text relationships, in order to analyze their social and historical contexts, as well as discuss the appropriateness of fear as a topic in books for young children.
Taking the reluctance out of reluctant reading
Authors: Lesley Naomi
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines literacy narratives that feature reluctant readers. These narratives focus less on literacy development and more on the development of the affective skills that will help the protagonists to work through their reluctance to read. The novels thus treat affects as skills that can be learned, rather than as spontaneous or passive experiences. The phenomenon of the reluctant reader novel speaks to adult anxieties over the citizenship behaviors thought to be connected to literacy. In emphasizing affective skills, these novels also offer reassurance and new ways to think about literacy and citizenship.
Quantifiers of factual proximity and counterfactuality in Spanish and other Romance languages
Authors: Kronning Hans
Published: January 2023

Quantifiers of Factual Proximity (QFPs) are subconstructions (e.g. Spanish un paso más and French un pas de plus) of conditional constructions, as in Un paso más y me mataba/habría matado (‘One more step, and he would have killed me’). Indicating the proximity of realization of hypothetical eventualities or instants in the protasis, they have a propensity for co-occurring with axiologically marked eventualities (matar ‘kill’) in the apodosis, irrespective of its TAM-morphology (mataba, Imperfect Indicative ‘killed’, habría matado, Compound Conditional ‘would have killed’). Here we elaborate the conceptualization of QFPs for counterfactual conditionals in Romance languages with special emphasis on Spanish. The theoretical framework is Construction Grammar, more specifically Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 2008).
Conditionality and the verbal mood in Spanish phraseological units
Authors: Salvador Vicent
Published: January 2023

Conditional constructions establish a relationship between two semantic representations that is situated halfway causality and concessiveness. Causation corresponds to the actual motivation of an effect, while concessiveness can be understood mainly as an inefficient causality. In theory, conditionality refers to the field of logical implication, but it materializes in languages as a series of diverse pragmasemantic functions: making hypotheses about the future in possible worlds, metadiscursively modalizing sentences, pragmatically mitigating the cost of orders and advices through formulas of courtesy, topicalizing a part of the two-members structure, etc. The mode of the verb plays a relevant role in most of these cases, especially in determining whether factual, hypothetical or counterfactual values, among other factors. Here different relationships will be studied between some Spanish phraseological units (idioms, proverbs, conventional sayings…) and the various modalities of conditionality, as they characterize some frequent uses in Spanish. As for the proverbs, they frequently make future predictions (for example those of a meteorological nature) or set themselves the task of advising in the moral or practical order through prescriptive statements that may have a pragmatic cost for the speaker. As for the phrases or idioms that contain conditional elements, whether they are fixed as structures or in the process of grammaticalization, these units act as connectors or other types of discourse markers. In this way they contribute to establishing and making recognizable certain characteristic grammatical constructions of Spanish. Other times, finally, they are autonomous expressions that constitute conversational routines in the current language and that have acquired a certain degree of conventionalization.
Potential and presuppositional predicative complements in Old Catalan
Authors: Tordera Yllescas Juan Carlos
Published: January 2023

The present study aims to describe the evolution of two types of predicative complements which developed in Old Catalan: the potential predicative complement and the presuppositional predicative complement. The first type of predicative complement, initially constructed through the use of the preposition a and, subsequently, through the use of the preposition per is a complement that has been present since the origins of the language. This complement maintains close similarities with non-finite final constructions. The presuppositional predicative complement, on the other hand, was constructed through the use of the preposition com (a) and tends to show properties similar to those of non-finite causal constructions. Our study shows that the evolution of these complements is linked to non-finite final and causal constructions.
La nozione di “lingua madre” in contesto minoritario
Authors: Agresti Giovanni
Published: January 2023

Natural languages are intimately linked to the individuals, groups and territories in which they live. In this paper I will try to explore the nature of this connection, also in light of the environmental emergency, which arouses growing passion and civil commitment. The aim is to try to establish, through the ecological perspective, a sufficiently robust link between attention to mother languages (in the sense of languages of first territorialization) – in particular, although not exclusively, local, regional or minority languages – and attention to the environment, to the landscape. The latter are to be understood as a set and tangle of natural and social elements from which we emerge, in which we live and which we have the responsibility to hand over to future generations.
Ideologia nacional i política lingüística
Authors: Ginebra Jordi
Published: January 2023

Scholars who reflect upon language policy proposals that respect the speakers of minoritized languages warn that in order to achieve this goal we must not copy the mechanisms that have led to language repression, i.e. the mechanisms of the nation-state. It is necessary to overcome the narrow vision imposed by national ideology. One of these proposals, based on what could be called the multiform nature of the linguistic facts, denounces the rigidity of the categories that are used to justify language oppression and claims to take into account the diverse and personal nature of communication and the infinite variety of the linguistic forms of today’s society: hybrids, fusions, permeability of boundaries, fragmentation. However, these dismantled categories are probably the same that might ground language policies in favor of minoritized languages. The simple discourse about language diversity and personal choices can be brilliant, but perhaps inoperative: it is just a discourse of angels.
Multicultural citizenship, European integration and language rights
Authors: Stolfo Marco
Published: January 2023

The contribution concerns the relationship between the European integration process and the protection of minorities and language rights. It focuses on several official documents produced by the European institutions with political or legal value. In particular it refers to the Council of Europe and the European Communities / European Union. Those institutions are different and in a different way are at the same time an outcome and an instrument of the European integration. Into this framework the symbolic and substantial relevance given to minorities, linguistics rights and cultural diversity has been changing over the course of time, according to the different political and institutional situations of Europe. The different approaches to minorities, minoritized languages and language rights are like a mirror for the European integration, showing both its strenght and its difficulties as well as its contradictions.
‘Compositionality’ in comparative standardology
Authors: Costa-Carreras Joan , Amorós-Negre Carla , Pradilla Cardona Miquel Àngel
Published: January 2023

Our aim of establishing the theoretical basis for the study of comparative standardology among the Spanish languages makes a revision of the metalanguage used in language standardisation studies a previous and necessary task. As one of the basic notions in the history and comparison of the emergence of the standard languages/varieties is ‘compositionality’, we decided to search for its origins and use among Spanish standardologists. Therefore, this paper begins by presenting the history of the words composicional and composicionalitat in the Catalan corpus language planning and explaining what their origin was in one of Haugen’s (1968) seminal paper. Secondly, it is analysed to what extent this notion has been applied in the Norwegian, the Catalan, the Basque and the Galician standardology. Some concluding remarks are provided in the end, mainly in the sense that compositionality is such a general notion that a lot of different practices can be included in its scope, some of which explained in this paper. On the other hand, a general reflection upon the possibility and desirability to conduct a comparative standardology is provided.
Migration pulsedness alters patterns of allele fixation and local adaptation in a mainland-island model
Authors: Aubree Flora , Lac Baptiste , Mailleret Ludovic , Calcagno Vincent
Published: January 2023

Geneflow across populations is a critical determinant of population genetic structure, divergence, and local adaptation. While evolutionary theory typically envisions geneflow as a continuous connection among populations, many processes make it fluctuating and intermittent. We analyze a mainland-island model where migration occurs as recurrent “pulses.” We derive mathematical predictions regarding how the level of migration pulsedness affects the effective migration rate, for neutral and selected mainland alleles. We find that migration pulsedness can either decrease or increase geneflow, depending on the selection regime. Pulsedness increases geneflow for sufficiently (counter)selected alleles (s<s1), but reduces it otherwise. We provide a mathematical approximation of the threshold selection strength s1, which is verified in stochastic simulations. Migration pulsedness thus affects the fixation rate at different loci in opposite directions, in a way that cannot be described as a change in effective population size. We show that migration pulsedness would generally reduce the level of local adaptation and introduce an additional genetic load: the “pulsedness load.” This is detrimental to the adaptation and persistence of small peripheral populations, with implications in management and conservation. These results indicate temporal variability in migration patterns may be an important, yet understudied, controller of geneflow and local adaptation.
Comparative genomics reveals the diversity of CRISPR–Cas locus in Azotobacter organisms
Authors: Karmakar Kapudeep , Kumar Saurabh , Roy Dipankar , Singh Mohini , Kolte Vaishnavi , Choudhury Ashok , Sharma Gaurav
Published: January 2023

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) are known to provide adaptive immunity to bacteria against invading bacteriophages. In recent years, CRISPR-based technologies have been used for creating improved plant varieties; however, the indigenous CRISPR–Cas elements of plant growth-promoting bacteria are usually neglected. These indigenous genetic cassettes have evolved over millions of years and have shaped the bacterial genome. Therefore, these genetic loci can be used to study the adaptive capability of the bacteria in the environment. This study aims to bioinformatically analyze the genomes of a common free-living nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter spp. to assess their CRISPR–Cas diversity. Strains of Azotobacter vinelandii and Azotobacter chroococcum were found to harbor a large number of spacers. The phylogeny of different Cas and Cse1 proteins revealed a close evolutionary relationship among A. chroococcum B3, A. chroococcum NCIMB 8003 locus II, and A. vinelandii DJ locus I. The secondary structure of the hairpin loop of the repeat was also analyzed, and a correlation was derived between the structural stability of the hairpin loop and the number of spacers acquired by the CRISPR loci. These findings revealed the diversity and evolution of the CRISPR sequences and Cas proteins in Azotobacter species. Although the adaptive immune system of bacteria against bacteriophage, CRISPR–Cas, has been identified in many bacteria, studies of plant growth-promoting bacteria have been neglected. These indigenous CRISPRs have shaped the genome over millions of years and their study can lead to the understanding of the genome composition of these organisms. Our results strengthen the idea of using A. chroococcum and A. vinelandii as biofertilizer strains as they possess more spacers with highly stable repeat sequences, thereby imparting them higher chance of survival against mobile genetic elements like phages and plasmids.
Increased lung weight in fatal intoxications is not unique to opioid drugs
Authors: Beer Torfinn , Eriksson Anders , Wingren Carl Johan
Published: January 2023

Fatal intoxications with opioids are known to be associated with an increased lung weight, as well as with brain and pulmonary edema and urinary retention. However, there is evidence to suggest that fatal intoxications with non‐opioid substances are also associated with increased lung weight; however, the latter aspect has not been comprehensively analyzed. To determine to what extent opioid and non‐opioid substances are associated with increased lung and brain weight, we studied these organs in cases where the cause of death was attributed to intoxication with a single agent. Using data from cases autopsied at the National Board of Forensic Medicine (NBFM) in Sweden from 2009 through 2019 where the cause of death was attributed to a single substance, we created models of combined lung weight and brain weight. The models used age and sex as predictors as well as nested varying effects for the specific intoxicant and category of intoxicant. Suicidal hanging with negative toxicology cases served as controls. The population majority was male among both intoxications (68%) and controls (83%). The most common single substance group was opioids. All tested substances were associated with heavier lungs than controls, with the largest effect in the opioid group. Our findings show that several substances are associated with increased lung weight and that among intoxication deaths there is no difference in expected brain weight between substances. Hence, heavy lungs, without a reasonable explanation, should prompt a broad toxicological screening.