bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roles of Interpersonal Contact and Verbal Content in Abstract Thinking Deficits of Schizophrenics
Authors: Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that the well-publicized loss of abstract ability by schizophrenics may reflect their difficulties with interpersonal communication rather than abstraction deficits per se. To test this hypothesis, the performance of process schizophrenics, reactive schizophrenics, and normals were compared on four Proverbs tests which varied in the amount of interpersonal communication they entailed. Also, to test the hypothesis that the abstraction deficits reflect only difficulties with verbal stimuli, the performance of the three groups was compared on abstraction tests composed of nonverbal stimuli (the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Category tests) and verbal symbols (the Proverbs tests). The results suggest that abstract thinking deficits in schizophrenics are more prominent in tasks composed of verbal stimuli. However, the results did not support the view that either autism or loss of ability to abstract in adult schizophrenics increases peculiarly with the amount of interpersonal interaction built into the task.
Internal-External Control, Divergent Thinking and Levels of Abstractness
Authors: Lotsof Erwin J. , Steinke Joann
Published: September 2011

This study deals with the relationship of scores on Rotter's I-E scale with scores on Guilford's Unusual Uses Tests and on a sorting task judged for level of abstractness ( n = 90 junior high students). There were no relationships between the locus of control scores and measures of uncommonness and of levels of abstractness of responses.
Factorial Composition of the Short Form of the Stanford-Binet with Culturally Disadvantaged Head Start Children
Authors: Hallahan Daniel P. , Ball Donald W. , Payne James S.
Published: September 2011

This study reports a factor analysis of the 1960 revision of the Stanford-Binet (Short Form). The Binet was administered to 363 children ranging in age from 3.0 to 5.8 yr. with a mean of 4.3 yr. All Ss were classified as culturally disadvantaged. The mean IQ for this group was 91.6. Three factors were found—a general one and two specific factors of visual ability and judgment and verbal ability. The study was compared with Ramsey and Vane's study which applied a similar analysis to a similar age group of middle-class Ss using Stanford-Binet.
Comparison of Avoidance Learning in Two Species of Lizards, Crotaphytus Collaris and Dipsosaurus Dorsalis
Authors: Bicknell A. T. , Richardson A. M.
Published: September 2011

The performance of high and low substrate temperature groups of two species of lizards, collared lizards and desert iguanas, were compared on a shock-avoidance problem. All Ss made escapes on all trials of the three days of escape training. During Phase 1, no group of either species attained the criterion for avoidance learning within 250 trials. Phase 2 was conducted to analyze the failure to demonstrate avoidance learning. Half of all Ss were provided with a tunnel, as a more “natural” escape route. Half of all Ss were administered Reserpine in an attempt to reduce a postulated “freezing” response. The possibilities of habituation to shock were considered. Only the tunnel groups of collared lizards attained the criterion for avoidance learning. The performance of the tunnel group of desert iguanas improved significantly, but a significant interaction between the effects of the drug and tunnel treatments makes these results difficult to interpret. Procedural differences between this study and those conducted by Powell (1967, 1968) and Powell and Mantor (1969) are considered. Suggestions are made for future research with lizards.
Changes in Attitudes and Characteristics of Marine Recruits during the 1960S
Authors: Hoiberg Anne , Booth Richard F.
Published: September 2011

Comparative analyses were computed upon 14 attitude items and 8 biographical characteristics of 3 samples of recruits who had entered Marine Corps basic training in 1961, 1967, and 1969. Results indicated that of the 3 samples, the 1961 sample had the most favorable attitudes toward aspects of the Marine Corps, whereas the recruits from the 1967 sample had the least favorable attitudes. The average recruit from the 1961 sample was characterized as being younger, less well educated, and more likely to be unmarried than the average recruit from either the 1967 or 1969 sample. In comparing the samples from 1967 and 1969, the average recruit from 1967 was more intelligent, had attained a higher level of education, and was more likely to be unmarried than the average recruit from 1969. For each of the three samples, scores on the General Classification Test were significantly related to 4 of the 14 attitude items and level of education attained was related to one item. Seven of the attitude items became significantly more favorable during training for the 1969 sample, whereas three of the items became significantly more favorable for the 1967 sample. The results suggested that the training program should provide an opportunity for recruits, and especially the better educated, more intelligent recruit, to experience a greater sense of well-being and personal commitment toward the military.
Controlled Drinking by Chronic Alcoholics over Extended Periods of Free Access
Authors: Cohen Miriam , Liebson Ira , Faillace Louis
Published: September 2011

Chronic alcoholics were given the opportunity to drink up to 24 oz. of 95 proof alcohol every day for 17 to 20 days. If they drank 5 oz. or less they remained in the enriched environment, and if they exceeded this limit, they were in an impoverished environment. The results indicate that moderate drinking by chronic alcoholics is possible, when continuous heavy drinking is a possible alternative behavior. These data provide further support for moderate drinking as a feasible therapeutic goal for alcoholics.
Interaction of Anxiety and Sex-Role Identification Characteristics in American Male Sex-Role Behavior
Authors: Morris George P. , Zoerner C. E.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the interaction between anxiety and sex-role identification as these variables contribute to the determination of differences in individual male sex-role behavior. The relationship between manifest anxiety and sex-role identification was explored through measurements on 223 college males and through subsequent measurement of their attitudes toward hair spray, a feminine classified product. Significant interaction occurred between the three levels of anxiety; less positive attitudes were associated with the more highly anxious males.
Belief in Supernatural Phenomena and Locus of Control
Authors: Scheidt Rick J.
Published: September 2011

It is hypothesized that Rotter's I-E variable mediates individual differences in supernatural and superstitious beliefs, with externals exhibiting more positive attitudes toward such phenomena. An approximately equal number of male and female introductory psychology students were selected as externals ( N = 20) and internals ( N = 23) from upper and lower quartiles of the Rotter I-E scale. All Ss were administered an attitude questionnaire assessing beliefs toward several paranormal, occult, and pseudoscientific phenomena. Analysis via a 2 × 2 (I-E Control × Sex) analysis of variance strongly confirmed the hypothesis ( p < .01). Although not predicted, females, regardless of I-E status, were much more favorably disposed toward such phenomena than males ( p < .01). Differences in more general attitudes toward both religion and science are suggested as mediating the over-all I-E and sex differences.
Mnemonic Systems in Free Recall
Authors: Santa John L. , Ruskin Alan B. , Yio Jun Han
Published: September 2011

A variety of mnemonic instructions were compared in a final recall of 6 lists of 10 words each. Various types of imagery instruction were contrasted with verbal mnemonic techniques on both abstract and concrete words. None of the instructions influenced recall of abstract word lists. On concrete lists both imagery and story construction instructions led to improved recall. An analysis of clustering indicated a significant degree of organization on the basis of E-contrived lists which was directly related to recall performance. The several “peg-word” techniques did not produce strong recall effects even on concrete word lists. A possible explanation was offered in terms of potential conflict of retrieval strategies for the “peg-word” conditions. Arguments implicate imagery in all effective mnemonic techniques.
Preferences for Black Skin among Negro Adults
Authors: Hamm Norman H. , Williams David O. , Dalhouse A. Derick
Published: September 2011

24 black Ss, age 15 to 25, 35 to 45, 55 to 65 yr., were required to choose a real and ideal face from 11 faces which differed in skin color and attribute desirable and undesirable behavioral attributes to 20 figures, 10 of which were Negro. Analyses of the former task showed neither a significant preference on the part of all Ss for dark skin colors nor an increasing tendency for older Ss to prefer light skin; analyses of the latter task also indicated that across all age groups there was no preference for dark skin. However, Ss in the youngest age group attributed significantly more positive behavioral attributes to black skin than Ss in the older age categories.
Marriage without Failure
Authors: Burton Arthur
Published: September 2011

Burton describes his view of marriage as a psychologist and marital counselor and comments on certain archetypal aspects of marriage—sex, love, aggression, and play.
Paralinguistic Indicator of Patient's Affect: Attitudinal Significance of Length of Communication
Authors: Kelly Francis D.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that analysis of patient's length of communication would indicate differential preferences to selected therapist's proxemic cues. Ss responded to 72 pictures depicting a quasi-psychotherapeutic interaction. The results suggested that the paralinguistic variable of length of communication may have some utility in yielding an unobtrusive measure of an individual's attitude or affect.
Teaching Internalization to Middle-Level Mental Health Workers in Training
Authors: Felton Gary S.
Published: September 2011

13 trainees enrolled in a process-oriented training program for middle-level mental health workers completed the I-E scale 1 mo. prior to enrollment and again 11 mo. later. Ss participated in 41 90-min. intensive group-counseling sessions which emphasized internalization and actuation of responsible behavior. The results show that, as a group, I-E scores of Ss shifted significantly ( p < .02) in the direction of internality, as did their daily behavior.
Effects of Delayed Reinforcement and FR Size on Pre-Ratio Pausing
Authors: Topping Jeff S. , Johnson Dennis L. , McGlynn F. Dudley
Published: September 2011

The present study examined pre-ratio pausing as a function of FR size (10, 75, and 150) and delay of reinforcement (0 to 180 sec.). Results indicated that pre-ratio pause-durations varied directly with both of these variables. Response rate, exclusive of the pre-ratio pause, was not related consistently with either FR size or delay of reinforcement.
Value Systems of Volunteer and Non-Volunteer Subjects
Authors: Raymond Beth , King Suzanne
Published: September 2011

Researchers have attempted to use Rokeach's Value Scale in a field setting only to find a very small percentage of Ss willing to volunteer to fill out the scale. The present experiment determined whether these volunteer Ss were representative in their rankings of the larger group of Ss who refused to participate so that future research using the scale need not be abandoned because of possible bias in selection of Ss. Results indicated few differences between volunteers and non-volunteers on the Value Scale. One significant difference was that volunteers ranked “helpful” as more important than non-volunteers did, indicating behavioral validation of the scale.
Replication of the Relationship between Dogmatism and Locus of Control
Authors: Sherman Martin F. , Pelletier Roger J. , Ryckman Richard M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between Dogmatism and three subscales of Levenson's Locus of Control measure was examined with 36 female undergraduates as subjects. Results supported the hypothesis that internality, across all three domains of the Locus of Control construct, is related to a cognitively differentiated personality structure as measured by the Dogmatism scale.
Memory and Paired-Associate Learning of Patients with Unilateral Brain Lesions
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

Wechsler Memory Scale scores and paired-associate learning performance were compared in matched samples of Ss with right- and left-hemisphere brain lesions secondary to penetrating missile wounds and normal controls. Wechsler Memory Quotient, easy paired-associate learning scores, and difficult paired-associate learning scores for left-hemisphere Ss were significantly lower than those for normal controls; while the mean scores for right-hemisphere and normal control Ss did not differ significantly. For the latter Ss the Wechsler Memory Quotient and the difficult paired-associate learning task differed significantly with lower mean scores for left-hemisphere Ss. Significant relationships were obtained between Wechsler Memory Quotient and all paired-associate learning scores and between WAIS IQ and Wechsler Memory Quotient, total and easy paired-associate learning scores.
Levels of Dogmatism and Attitudes toward Law and Order
Authors: Steffensmeier Darrell J.
Published: September 2011

135 Ss from the general community were given Trodahl and Powell's shortened dogmatism scale and a scale which measured attitudes toward law and order. As predicted, high-dogmatics were significantly more favorable to a law-order position than low-dogmatics. This was interpreted as resulting from the tendency of the highly dogmatic person to accept noncritically value-judgments espoused by legitimate authority figures.
Anticholinergics: Their Effects on Fear-Motivated Behavior, Urinary 11-Hydroxycorticosteroids, Urinary Volume, and Heart Rate in the Dog
Authors: Houser Vincent P. , Paré William P.
Published: September 2011

Two anticholinergics (scopolamine hydrobromide and scopolamine methylbromide—.5, .7 mg) were administered to dogs while they were subjected to a Sidman nondiscriminated avoidance schedule which contained seven conditioned stimuli-unavoidable shock (CS-US) pairings. Both anticholinergics significantly elevated urinary 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and heart rate, while only the central acting agent, scopolamine hydrobromide, affected behavior. These results suggest that the behavioral effects of scopolamine hydrobromide are not mediated through its effects on the adrenal-pituitary system. Response rates under scopolamine hydrobromide were substantially reduced leading to increased shock rates, especially during the CS segments of this schedule. These behavioral results were interpreted to suggest that cognitive (possibly memory) functions were altered in response to scopolamine administration.
Effects of Low Doses of Chlorpromazine on a Conditioned Emotional Response in the Rat
Authors: Lepore Franco , Ptito Maurice , Freibergs Vaira , Guillemot Jean-Paul
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the anxiety-reducing effect of chlorpromazine with 20 rats, divided into two groups. The drugged group received daily throughout the experiment an i.p. injection of chlorpromazine. Controls were given during the same period isotonic saline injections. The heart rate was taken as the index of anxiety. In the first phase of the experiment, both groups were habituated to the testing box; then, all Ss were given 10 spaced shocks in the testing chamber (conditioned emotional response training). The extinction of the conditioned emotional response was next measured. The results showed that in all phases the anxiety level, as measured by heart rate, was significantly lower for the chlorpromazine group. In the third phase, heart-rate recordings were correlated with a specific motor activity. Although heart rate was higher for both groups during activity, the distinction between drugged and normal Ss was maintained.
Betting Behavior in Sexually Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Groups
Authors: Bauer Richard H. , Turner James H.
Published: September 2011

Groups of undergraduates, 4 males, 4 females, 3 males-1 female, or 3 females-1 male made bets in an individual condition (Phase I). One-half the groups were then transferred to a group condition in which Ss knew the bets of other group members and one-half continued to make bets in the individual condition (Phase II). In Phase I males were more risky than females. In Phase II Ss in the group condition were more risky than those in the individual condition and males were more risky than females in both the individual and group conditions. In the group condition males in all-male groups and with one female in the group shifted toward risk, but males with three females in the group shifted toward caution. In the group condition females in all-female groups were cautious, became slightly more risky with one male in the group, and showed a marked shift toward risk with three males in the group These results are similar to the Asch (1952) conformity studies and suggest that shifts toward risk or caution are due to conformity to group pressure.
Cognitive Style and Modification of Moral Judgment
Authors: Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

Because of the cognitive-structural nature of the two constructs, it was hypothesized that changes in maturity of moral judgment induced experimentally through role playing should be related to Ss' relative degree of field dependence-independence. Field-dependent Ss were more susceptible to both positive and negatively conducive roles on an immediate but not on a 1-wk. posttest.
A Consolidated Theoretical View of Stimulus-List Organization Effects in Free Recall
Authors: Puff C. Richard
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a theoretically oriented view of much of the evidence about the effects of different ways of arranging conceptually categorized materials for presentation. Most basically, the evidence indicates that blocking instances of the same category together, rather than “randomizing” them, reliably produces greater category clustering, whereas total recall is significantly augmented only about half of the time. The consolidated theoretical view described here incorporates most of the existing explanatory notions. It stresses initially that stimulus-list organization influences the probability that related items will be in short-term storage simultaneously and will thereby be more effectively processed or encoded for transfer to long-term storage. A more recent development emphasizes the additional influence of input organization upon retrieval cues, plans, codes, etc., for facilitating output from long-term storage. Finally, the newest extension of the basic position proposes slightly different sources of cueing for recall of categories and recall of items within categories.
Does a “Foot-in-the-Door” Get You in or out?
Authors: Fish Barry , Kaplan Kalman J.
Published: September 2011

Past research indicates that compliance with a small, relatively innocuous “foot-in-the-door” request serves to increase, relative to a control group, subsequent compliance with a larger request directed toward the same goal. The present study suggests such commitment (increasing) effects may be limited to active “feet-in-the-door,” predicting substitution (decreasing) effects for passive (less effortful) “foot-in-the-door” compliance. Results ( N = 151) support only the substitution predictions showing none of the commitment effects previously demonstrated in the literature for active “foot-in-the-door” compliance. Attempts to resolve these discrepant findings generate a two-factor model specifying both the degree of initial commitment and the active versus passive nature of the “foot-in-the-door” requests. Specifically, active “foot-in-the-door” compliance and low degrees of initial commitment seem to produce commitment effects; passive compliance and high initial commitment tend toward substitution effects. While alternative explanations may be advanced to explain specific segments of the results, none seems satisfactorily to explain the entire pattern.
Marihuana—A Psychedelic Drug?
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Wampler Karen S. , Harvey William M.
Published: September 2011

Dimensions of the drug experience derived from judgments by experienced drug users were combined to separate marihuana and psychedelic drugs into two classes. The marihuana substances were judged as calming as opposed to exciting, relatively safer, and less potent than psychedelic drugs. In this study and others it seems that marihuana may be more similar to sedative, depressant, and hypnotic drugs than to psychedelic drugs. Some superiority in correct classification was found for a non-linear discriminant function over a linear discriminant function.
Political Conservatism and its Social Environment: An Appraisal of the American Presidential Election of 1972
Authors: Lindgren Henry Clay
Published: September 2011

Although common sense and popular belief hold that the white-collar class is more conservative politically and less liberal than the blue-collar class, researchers have found a negative relationship between social status and authoritarian traits, including political conservatism. The election of 1972 offered a unique opportunity to test the hypothesis that voters' preferences in each state for the more conservative candidate would be negatively, state by state, related to demographic indicators of social status (per capita income, educational attainment), positively related to social deficiencies of the type associated with authoritarian tendencies (high school dropout rate, highway death rate, murder rate), and negatively related to Peace Corps volunteer rate, considered as a negative indicator of authoritarianism. Correlations were in the hypothesized direction and were significant ( p = .005; except for murder rate, p = .05). Analysis introducing partial control for the size of state population produced similar results, as did analysis correlating per capita income in major California counties with percentages of voters preferring the conservative candidate.
Effects of Response-Independent Electric Shock on Schedule-Induced Alcohol and Water Intake
Authors: Freed Earl X. , Hymowitz Norman , Fazzaro James A.
Published: September 2011

In 3 experiments, food-deprived rats either lever-pressing for intermittent food pellets or obtaining them on free-fixed interval schedules displayed schedule-induced water and alcohol polydipsia. Concurrent response-independent electric shock attenuated water intake, shock intensities producing reductions in polydipsic water consumption had little effect upon alcohol intake, but shocks of sufficient intensity did attenuate post-pellet alcohol drinking. Possible explanations for the differential effect of response-independent electric shock on schedule-induced water and alcohol intake are discussed.
Expectancy in Delinquent Behavior of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Black F. William , Blankenship Dumont G.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to test the utility of Rotter's social learning theory in predicting the type of delinquent behavior, sexual or non-sexual, in which adolescent girls would engage. It was hypothesized that (1) sexually delinquent girls would place high reward value for love and affection and have low expectancy for attaining it, (2) non-sexually delinquent girls would place high reward value for recognition and status and have low expectancy for attaining it, and (3) that normals would not be significantly low on reward value or expectancy for either love and affection or recognition status. Hypotheses 1 and 3 were supported, while the variable of recognition status appeared to have little relevance for Ss' behavior.
Attitudes, Cognitive Structures and Emotional Reactivity to Sex and Security: Sex Differences
Authors: Cimbalo Richard S. , Anzelone Paulette A. , Ryan Patricia A. , Younkers Marianne P.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine if sex differences existed for attitudes, cognitive structures, and emotional reactivity for concepts of sex and security and for stimuli. It was hypothesized that for males, the concept of sex and/or sexual stimuli will be ranked higher, elicit a stronger physiological response, elicit a greater number of responses in a free-association task, and be more prevalent in compositions written about love, and that for females, the concept of security and/or security stimuli will be greater on the above measures. The data (with the exception of the paragraph written about love) were interpreted as supporting the sex differences along the sex and security dimensions.
The Multimodal Model as a Framework for Decision-Making in Psychotherapy
Authors: Woolfolk Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Concepts of General Systems Theory were invoked to highlight the decision-making character of psychotherapy and to propose a framework for increased systematization of therapeutic procedures. The formal characteristics of Lazarus' multimodal system were examined in terms of criteria specifying the conditions necessary for accountability in psychotherapy.
Performance of Low-Susceptible Ss on Stanford Profile Scales after Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Leva Richard A.
Published: September 2011

A distinction is made between susceptibility measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale which contains a predominance of ideomotor items and the Stanford Profile Scales which contain more cognitive items. Low-susceptible Ss subjected to 6 hr. of sensory deprivation showed moderate increases on the Stanford scale, a result consistent with previous research. However, these Ss showed no gains on the Profile scales, and it was concluded that the effect of sensory deprivation may be limited to low-susceptible Ss.
Descriptive Statistics for Two Children's Social Desirability Scales, General and Test Anxiety, and Locus of Control in Elementary School Children
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D.
Published: September 2011

As part of a larger study of articulatory deviant children, 5 personality instruments were administered to 671 children in Grades 1 through 5 in 7 public schools. Complete descriptive statistics on grade by sex samples, analyses of variance for grade by sex by school effects, test-retest coefficients, and intercorrelations are presented. Comparison of the descriptive data and published norms suggests that investigators should give serious consideration to possible influences of stimulus modes, response modes, and examiner behaviors on children's self-report scores for these constructs. Inter- and intra-scale characteristics look promising for multivariate analyses of the role of these constructs as trait, moderator, or suppressor variables in predicting articulation improvement with or without speech therapy.
Public-Service Drug-Use Scales: Rationale, Derivation, and Norms
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W.
Published: September 2011

In several counties in Ohio drug use by school-going teenagers has been found to be less than many have supposed. The author describes the development of four-item drug-use scales for beer and wine, cigarettes, hard liquor, marijuana, speed, LSD, and “other” drugs. He shows drug use to increase with grade level (7th to 12th); boys to outrank girls.
Race, Socioeconomic Status and Creativity
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Torrance's Thinking Creatively With Pictures, Form A was administered to 52 black and 59 white eighth grade children of lower and middle socioeconomic status respectively. Black lower-class children performed significantly better on the measures of fluency and originality.
Learning a 720-Item Paired-Associate List by a Part Method: Effect of List Length on Learning Time Per Item
Authors: Sanders Mark S. , Dudycha Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

20 Ss learned a 720-item paired-associate list by the progressive parts method, using a self-paced procedure. The items simulated those of a mail-distribution scheme learned by mail sorters. The stimuli were verbal and/or numerical while all responses were two-digit numbers. Learning was carried to 95% criterion. The mean time required to learn 20 new items each session showed a definite learning-to-learn effect over the 36 sessions. The cumulative total study time was a perfect linear function of the number of items learned. Thus, the mean total time required to learn each item (102 sec.) was independent of the number of items learned.
Life Styles for Women, An Attitude Scale
Authors: Burns Marie Susan A.
Published: September 2011

An attitude scale on life styles for women was developed and administered to 98 female and 95 male undergraduate students. Ss were asked to fill out a 28-item questionnaire, following written instructions. Scores on this attitude scale correlated significantly for both males and females ( p < .01) with self-reported behaviors relating to life styles for women. The alpha coefficient of reliability for the attitude scale was .829 for males and .889 for females. Significant differences were found between the males' and females' attitudes and interest in women's liberation groups and view of living partner ( p < .01).
Pattern Analysis of Wisc Scores Achieved by Culturally Disadvantaged Southern Blacks
Authors: Cole N. Spurgeon , Fowler W. R.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the pattern of WISC scores for 54 Black children from Northeast Georgia and Southwest South Carolina was performed to determine whether there was any reliable difference in their performance on the various subtests. Highest scores were obtained in Picture Completion, Similarities, and Comprehension; lowest scores on Picture Arrangement, Information, Coding, Block Design, and Object Assembly. Such data do not support the view that Southern Black culture has less a detrimental effect on Performance than on Verbal subtests of the WISC. If replicated, implications need examination.
Singular vs Combined Effects of Frustration and Insult on Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Henry Norman R. , Rousseau Art W. , Schlottmann Robert S.
Published: September 2011

40 male college students were exposed to tape recorded reports of violent events after being subjected to various arousal or instigation methods. Ss who were aroused by frustration, insult, or both gave significantly higher shocks than Ss who were not aroused. However, the combined arousal of both frustration and insult did not result in a higher level of shocks than either alone. For all Ss, level of shock administered increased as trials progressed. It was found that Ss who were frustrated gave longer shocks whether they were insulted or not. Shock intensity and shock duration were not significantly correlated in any of the four groups.
Estimation of Locus-of-Control Scores from the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Gough Harrison G.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's Locus of Control measure was correlated with 18 standard and 4 new scales of the California Psychological Inventory in samples of 141 males and 220 females. The directions of relationship were the same for 21 of the 22 scales. For all 361 Ss, tolerance, good impression, and achievement via conformance each correlated −.35 with locus of control; anxiety had a coefficient of .24. A 5-scale regression equation was developed, including dominance, responsibility, tolerance, and good impression weighted negatively, and self-control weighted positively. In a new sample of 50 couples, locus-of-control scores estimated by means of this equation correlated .43 with actual locus of control for husbands and .44 with actual locus of control for wives. Descriptive implications of actual and estimated locus-of-control scores were more similar for wives than for husbands.
Physical Attractiveness and Similarity of Attitude in Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Black Harvey K.
Published: September 2011

In a 2 × 2 design, which manipulated physical attractiveness and similarity of attitude, 48 male Ss rated their desire to be a friend of and to date a female. They also rated her on intelligence and popularity. As hypothesized both physical attractiveness and similarity of attitude had significant effects on desired friendship and desired dating. It was further hypothesized that based on the differential closeness of the relationships, an effect of similarity would be observed within the attractiveness conditions on desired dating, while no such effect would be observed on desired friendship. This prediction was confirmed only for the attractive condition. Physical attractiveness and similarity affected popularity as predicted. A significant interaction between similarity and attractiveness was observed on ratings of intelligence.
Liberalism of College Students and General Public on the Thumin Conservatism-Liberalism Scale
Authors: Wildman Robert W. , Wildman Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The Thumin Conservatism-Liberalism Scale was administered to 30 students and to 30 non-students. As in Thumin's original sample, the students obtained a mean score very close to the scale's absolute center. However, the non-student group made significantly more conservative scores. These findings suggest that students are liberal on a relative basis and that identifying the center of the Thumin scale with the middle of the political spectrum may be unjustified.
Transferable Tokens: Increasing Social Interaction in Token Economies
Authors: Abrams Lloyd , Hines Dwight , Pollack David , Ross Michael , Stubbs D. Alan , Polyot C. J.
Published: September 2011

Patients in token-economy programs are generally unable to reinforce each other's behavior with tokens and social interaction among patients is usually minimal. In this study, all patients on a token economy ward of a state hospital were given a daily allowance of special transferable tokens in addition to whatever other tokens they earned. Transferable tokens could be spent by any patient except the one to whom they were issued. Both the frequency of social interaction and the number of different patients interacted with increased significantly.
Cross-Modal Measurement of Test-Anxiety
Authors: Adams Jack , Creamer Lyle R.
Published: September 2011

This study involved the measurement of test-anxiety by an indirect method. 40 Ss were asked to match intensities of a 1000-Hz tone to subjective levels of experienced anxiety under two conditions, on a day just prior to taking a routine college course examination and on a day when no course examinations were scheduled. In addition, Ss were asked to complete an Affect Adjective Check List (AACL) which permitted a self-description of the degree of anxiety felt under the two conditions. The results indicate that both the crossmodal matching technique and the AACL differentiated between test and control days. These findings indicate that Ss were indeed capable of matching the relative changes in the level of experienced test-anxiety with changes in the amplitude of an auditory stimulus.
Gathering Behavior in Female Mice: Effects of Experience and Parturition
Authors: Levenson Shirley , Wilsoncroft W. E.
Published: September 2011

Female Swiss-Webster mice ( N = 36), about 60 days old, were tested on 35 consecutive days under conditions of pregnancy/lactation, ovariectomy and intact (no treatment). Stimulus materials (yarn and paper strips) were systematically dispersed over the floor area of the home cage and 5 min. allotted for gathering. Scoring was in terms of differences in the dispersion of the stimuli. All materials were removed from the cage after the 5-min. test. The three groups all improved over the 5 wk. of testing ( F = 64.24, p < .001), regardless of hormonal condition. The pregnant/lactating group displayed a significant increase in gathering between their pre- and post-partum test days ( t = 5.05, p < .001) and differed from the other 2 groups only during the post-partum tests ( H = 6.80, p < .05). None of these Ss had an opportunity to build or utilize a “nest.”
Cognitive and Affective Rejection of Mentally ILL Persons as a Function of Dogmatism
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive and affective attitudes toward the mentally ill were studied in introductory social psychology students categorized on the basis of their dogmatism. On a purely cognitive level highly dogmatic Ss held more stereotypical attitudes toward the mentally ill than low-dogmatic Ss. After a series of regularly scheduled lectures on the social psychology of deviance in a normal classroom situation, highly dogmatic Ss significantly decreased their stereotypical attitudes toward the mentally ill. However, on semantic-differential scales to measure affective attitudes toward the mentally ill highly dogmatic Ss increased their affective rejection of the mentally ill after this series of regularly scheduled lectures. There was no difference between high- and low-dogmatic Ss on an objective test measuring learning with respect to the lectures on deviance. The implications of these data for dogmatism theory are discussed, especially in terms of the relationship between dogmatism, anxiety, and the cognitive and affective rejection of others.
Interrelations among Psychological Needs of Suburban Heroin Addicts
Authors: Fracchia John , Sheppard Charles , Ricca Elizabeth , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

Among the 15 variables assessed by the EPPS for 59 male and female applicants to a suburban methadone maintenance program the pattern, direction and magnitudes of correlations between need states were significantly different from those of the normative sample. The implications of the tendency of addicts to associate positively a number of incompatible needs for: (1) counseling, (2) generating interpersonal conflict, and (3) understanding the addict as an individual were discussed.
Multiple Comparisons with Unequal Sample Sizes
Authors: Shaffer Juliet Popper
Published: September 2011

The use of Kramer's proposed approximate method for multiple-range tests with unequal sample sizes may result in lower power for these tests than for the Tukey A test, a reversal of the situation for equal-sized samples. A modification of Kramer's procedure proposed by Duncan results in multiple-range tests which are more powerful than the Tukey A test.
Behavior-Therapy Assessment: Diagnosis, Design and Evaluation
Authors: Mash Eric J. , Terdal Leif G.
Published: September 2011

This paper discusses the development of behavior-therapy assessment as it relates to social learning theory and practice of behavior modification. Characteristic features of behavior-therapy assessment are outlined and discussed. In addition, a framework is provided for considering assessment in terms of initial decision making and selection of target behavior, design of treatment programs, and evaluation of outcome of treatment. Problems concerning reliability, validity and generalizability are discussed in relation to each of the phases in assessment.
Reexamination of the Contiguity Hypothesis in a Multiple-Concept-Attainment Task
Authors: May William W.
Published: September 2011

Underwood's (1952) hypothesis that conceptual behavior is facilitated as instance contiguity of like concepts is increased was examined with concepts which varied in difficulty. The results did not support this hypothesis, wherein a moderate mixture of instances tended to facilitate performance more than a condition of completely unmixed contiguity.
Approval of Cross-Sex-Role Behavior
Authors: Feinman Saul
Published: September 2011

Previous research has indicated that sex-role preferences of boys were more clearly masculine than girls' preferences were feminine. In order to provide a partial explanation of this phenomenon, the responses of 107 college students to descriptions of cross-sex-role behavior of young boys and girls were investigated. Ss rated 10 one-sentence descriptions of cross-sex-role behavior on an approval-disapproval dimension. Both male and female Ss indicated greater disapproval of cross-sex-role behavior of boys than of girls. The relationship of these findings to previous research was discussed.
Response Facilitation as a Function of Short Pretimeout Stimuli in a Conditioned Suppression Paradigm with Humans
Authors: Freeman Betty Jo , Leibowitz J. Michael
Published: September 2011

The conditioned suppression paradigm has been employed to define the aversiveness of a stimulus. When timeout from positive reinforcement has been used in the conditioned suppression paradigm, both response suppression and response facilitation have been obtained in the presence of the stimulus which signals timeout. The present experiment examined the effects of timeout in the conditioned suppression paradigm with humans. Reliable response acceleration was obtained with a short CS-duration and a high baseline rate of response. The data indicate that further parametric studies are needed before the conditioned suppression paradigm can be used to define the aversiveness of timeout from positive reinforcement in humans.
Acquisition and Extinction of Shuttlebox Avoidance in Chinchilla (Chinchilla Lanigera)
Authors: Carman John B.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of chinchillas ( Chinchilla lanigera) were trained to avoid shock (1.6 mA or 3.0 mA) in a two-way shuttlebox. The less intense US produced substantially superior avoidance acquisition. The higher US intensity generated an unexpected increase in the level of intertrial responding during extinction training. This effect was interpreted in terms of the extinction of “freezing” responses which appeared to account for the inferior avoidance acquisition of the higher US group. Unlike other representatives of the order rodentia which have been subjected to shuttlebox avoidance training, the chinchilla displays a performance which is at least comparable to the optimum performance of the rat.
“Faking Good” as a Problem in Comparative Studies of Heroin Addicts
Authors: Capel William C. , Caferey Bernard
Published: September 2011

The tendency for members of deviant groups to answer social attitude scales in a socially desirable direction was evaluated using a group of heroin addicts. Heroin addicts were first compared with a standard comparison group. Three groups were then formed: (1) a stress group, which was required to complete the forms, (2) a reward group, which was given cigarettes for completing the forms, and (3) a volunteer group, which was simply requested to complete the forms. The groups responded similarly on 4 of 7 factors but showed significant differences on 3 factors. The volunteer group responded in the direction of high social desirability. As a group, the addicts did not differ markedly from the standard comparison group. It was concluded that deviant groups might give more truthful responses to social attitude scales if they are told to complete them as part of the program in which they may be taking part.
Rotter's Generalized Expectancies as Predictors of Helping Behavior
Authors: Ubbink E. M. , Sadava S. W.
Published: September 2011

96 college students were individually solicited for help, where the immediacy and the need for help were varied. They were then placed in a bystander intervention situation involving an emergency or a non-emergency. The Rotter and Levenson measures of internal control predicted helping, particularly in high demand situations. The data regarding Rotter's expectancies for interpersonal trust were inconsistent.
Temporary Forgetting of Nonsense Syllables in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Andriot Jeanne K.
Published: September 2011

34 undergraduate students were assigned to learn one of two lists of 8 CVCs paired with two-digit numbers. After the “memory buffer,” a limited-capacity intermediate stage between sensory input and long-term store, was filled, all Ss forgot old syllables when adding new ones a significant number of times. The CVCs of one list had an association value of 80% and those of the other list an association value of 20%. Although CVCs having lower association values required a greater number of trials to reach criterion there was no significant interaction between association value and the displacement of syllables. This study was designed to support Atkinson's (1969), Feigenbaum's (1969), and Talland's (1968) multi-stage learning models by showing that after the memory buffer is filled in paired-associate learning using the anticipation method, new syllables are learned at the expense of forgetting old syllables.
Social Introversion-Extraversion and Rorschach Human Responses in Adult Psychiatric Patients
Authors: McCraw Ronald K. , White Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesized relationship between Rorschach H responses and social introversion-extraversion was investigated using Rorschach and MMPI protocols of 100 adult psychiatric patients. No significant relationship was found between H responses and Si scores, thus failing to support the hypothesis that number of H responses is related to scores on the social introversion-extraversion dimension. A small but significant correlation of .37 between H and total number of responses suggests the need for considering total responsivity when utilizing Rorschach scoring categories.
Developmental Changes in Free-Recall Learning by Children
Authors: Aaron P. G. , Malatesha R. N. , Schwie Robert
Published: September 2011

A free-recall task was tachistoscopically administered to 124 children belonging to four different age levels. Nursery and kindergarten children's recalls were more closely related to clustering measures than those of seventh graders. Older children's recalls did not vary as a function of clustering in their recall. While younger children seem to rely heavily on E's imposed organization, older children seem to utilize divergent modes of processing of information. Such a developmental change provides an explanation for the conflicting findings reported in free-recall studies.
Dimensions of the Rotter Trust Scale
Authors: Stein Kenneth B. , Soskin William F. , Korchin Sheldon J.
Published: September 2011

A cluster analysis of scores on the Rotter Trust Scale from 70 high school students produced 3 dimensions: (1) Belief in the integrity of social role agents, (2) Belief in the trustworthiness of human motives, and (3) Belief in the dependability of people to do what they say they will do. The internal reliability and the relative independence of the clusters led to treating each as a separate scale. Correlations of the cluster scores with a number of other variables resulted in descriptions of the high scorers for each dimension. Implications for the meaning of trust and directions for further research were discussed.
Personality Correlates of Differential Abilities in a Sample of Lower Than Average Ability
Authors: Horn Joseph M. , Turner Robert Gerald
Published: September 2011

Critics of IQ tests often emphasize the importance of non-intellectual components of intelligent behavior. Previous research has identified masculinity-femininity as one factor contributing to the differentiation of people along a dimension of high verbal ability at one end and high mathematical (or other “practical”) ability at the other. However, almost all of this information was derived from the study of groups whose over-all ability was about 1 SD above the population mean. To test the generalizability of these findings the Guilford-Zimmerman personality correlates of differential abilities were investigated in a lower than average ability group. Masculinity was related to the high mathematical-low verbal ability complex for females but not for males. The importance of studying the interaction of sex and type of ability was discussed.