bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SACCHARIDES ON THE RELEASE OF NON ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: Perry W. F. , Tjaden R. J.
Published: October 2017

Rat epididymal adipose tissue was incubated in a phosphate–albumin medium to ascertain the effect of various saccharides and other substances on the release of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) into the medium. It was found that incubation with glucose, mannose, fructose, and 2-deoxy glucose resulted in less release of NEFA from the tissue into the incubation medium. Incubation with galactose, sucrose, lactose, D-ribose, D-xylose, L-xylose, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-lyxose, sodium pyruvate, glycerol, and glycerol phosphate showed no differences from the control in release of NEFA into the incubation medium. These results are consistent with the theory that the NEFA-lowering action of glucose is due to esterification of free fatty acid within the adipose tissue cell by glycerol phosphate.
INHIBITORY EFFECT OF THIOPENTONE ON THE PYRUVIC DEHYDROGENASE IN BRAIN: REVERSIBILITY OF ACTION BY THIAMINE PYROPHOSPHATE AND LIPOIC ACID
Authors: Fahmy A. R. , Ibrahim H. H. , Talaat M.
Published: October 2017

A study of the effect of Thiopentone sodium on pyruvate oxidation in brain tissue revealed that the action of this drug could be attributed primarily to an inhibition of pyruvic dehydrogenase, the enzyme which degrades pyruvate to the level of acetate. Of the four cofactors needed by the enzyme, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and lipoic acid (Lp) modified the inhibition when added separately. The inhibition was completely relieved when thiamine pyrophosphate and lipoic acid were added together, suggesting that Thiopentone may be competing not with either alone but with a complex of the two such as "lipothiamide pyrophosphate". Alpha-Ketoglutaric dehydrogenase, which requires the same cofactors as pyruvic dehydrogenase, was somewhat less affected by Thiopentone sodium.
TETRACYCLINE LABELLING OF BONE AND THE ZONE OF DEMARCATION OF OSTEOID SEAMS
Authors: Frost Harold M.
Published: October 2017

In human lamellar bone, mineralization begins in a plane, termed the zone of demarcation, which separates osteoid seams from mineralized bone. Permanently fixed tetracycline antibiotics are deposited in the zone of demarcation in vivo, and in no other locus in lamellar bone.
COENZYME Q (UBIQUINONE) LEVELS OF TISSUES OF RATS DURING ACCLIMATION TO COLD
Authors: Beyer Robert E. , Noble Walter M. , Hirschfeld Thomas J.
Published: October 2017

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) levels have been determined in rat liver, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, kidney, and brain after various periods of exposure to 0–2 °C. Coenzyme Q is unaffected in brain, but is elevated in other tissues by 2 weeks of cold exposure, reaches a peak at 1 month, and remains elevated for at least 6 months. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of coenzyme Q in calorigenesis.
EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE STAGE, SEX, AND GONADAL HORMONES ON HEXOSAMINE AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF AVIAN AND BOVINE SERA
Authors: Grant D. L. , Anastassiadis P. A.
Published: October 2017

The levels of avian and bovine sera were determined for a number of animals of both sexes and different reproductive stages. The contents of both hexosamine and protein were higher in bovine than in avian serum. Maturation brought a large increase of the serum hexosamine in the female fowl and a small increase in the cow. Pregnancy brought a moderate increase of the hexosamine level in the cow. The hexosamine: protein ratio was smaller and more constant in the bovine than in the avian serum. The variances of the serum hexosamine and protein determinations were partitioned into analytical and biological variance and the analytical variance of hexosamine determination was partitioned into hydrolytic and colorimetric variance. The biological variance was much larger than the analytical, and for the determination of hexosamine the colorimetric variance was larger than the hydrolytic.In another study the effect o gonadal hormones on the level of serum hexosamine and on the value of hexosamine: protein ratio in the fowl was investigated by two experiments with immature pullets. Administration of estrogen increased the hexosamine content of serum and decreased the hexosamine: protein ratio. There were indications that the effect of estrogen on serum hexosamine was enhanced by androgen and was depressed by androgen plus progesterone.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN MUSTARD (HN2), CHLORAMBUCIL (CB 1348), AND BUSULPHAN (MYLERAN) ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND THE FERROKINETIC PATTERNS IN DOGS
Authors: Israels L. G. , Sinclair C. , Graf J. , Zipursky A.
Published: October 2017

Three alkylating agents, HN2 (methyl-bis(betachlorethyl)amine), chlorambucil (p-(di-2-chlorethylamino)-phenylbutyric acid), and busulphan (1,4-dimethanesulphonoxybutane) were studied with regard to their effects on leukocyte and red cell production in dogs. This was assessed by estimation of the peripheral blood leukocyte and reticulocyte changes as well as alterations in the plasma iron, Fe59 disappearance rate, plasma iron turnover, and red cell incorporation of radioactive iron. The two chlorethylamines had a similar effect on both leukocyte and red cell production. The effect on peripheral leukocyte counts was evident in 24 hours and the reticulocyte response indicated maximum interference with erythropoiesis on the third to seventh day following the drug. The effect of busulphan on both granulocytes and lymphocytes was slower to appear and slowly progressive. A difference in ferrokinetic pattern between the chlorethylamines and busulphan was also noted. The dissimilarity in ferrokinetic patterns may indicate a difference not only in mechanism of these agents on proliferating normoblasts but also in the inhibitory effects on the acceptance of iron by the red cell precursors and other body iron pools.
RESPIRATORY RATE (Qo2) OF LIVER SLICES FROM SUMMER- AND WINTER-CAPTURED WILD RATS (RATTUS NORWEGICUS)
Authors: Héroux O. , Willmer J. S.
Published: October 2017

Null
ALTERATIONS OF PLASMA, LIVER, AND ADRENAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN RATS FED AMPHENONE B AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

Null
FACTORS INVOLVED IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Hill Peter B.
Published: October 2017

An isolated membrane fraction of lysed protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium incorporated S35methionine and C14orotic acid into proteinaceous and ribonucleic acid material respectively.After treatment of the membrane fraction with snake venom, a reduction in S35methionine incorporation was noted. Disruption of the phospholipid components in the isolated membrane caused a similar reduction in S35methionine incorporation. Evidence presented indicated the involvement of phospholipoprotein and ribonucleic acid in protein synthesis in the membrane of B. megaterium.
EFFECTS OF ANGIOTENSIN INFUSIONS ON URINARY EXCRETION OF COMPOUND III AND SUBSTANCES OTHER THAN ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech , Koiw Erich , Biron Pierre , Chrétien Michel , Genest Jacques
Published: October 2017

Intravenous infusions of synthetic angiotensin II in human volunteers resulted in the increase of the urinary excretion of at least three ultraviolet light absorbing substances referred to as compounds III, IX, and X. This was concomitant with the increase of the urinary aldosterone excretion.Compound III has been partially described before; this is extended. A brief characterization of compounds IX and X is included (see Appendix).
FACTORS AFFECTING THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACID FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE
Authors: Perry W. F. , Bowen H. F.
Published: October 2017

The incubation of rat adipose tissue (epidymal fat) in the presence of growth hormone, ACTH, or epinephrine led to an increased production of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The increased NEFA production induced by maximal concentration of the hormones was inhibited if insulin was also present in the medium but unaffected by the addition of glucose at a concentration of 300 mg%. Lower concentrations of growth hormone, however, were counteracted by this concentration of glucose.Adipose tissue from 72-hour fasted rats also exhibited increased NEFA production. Unlike the hormonally induced NEFA increase, the increase NEFA production by tissue from fasted animals was unaffected by insulin in the medium but was inhibited by the addition of glucose.
THE MECHANISM OF PACEMAKER ACCELERATION DUE TO INCREASED INTRA-ATRIAL PRESSURE IN THE ISOLATED ATRIUM
Authors: Mainwood G. W.
Published: October 2017

A closed circuit with a miniature pump was used to perfuse isolated rat atria through the lumen. The rate of spontaneous atrial potentials was measured continuously on a recording potentiometer.The response of the atrium to changes in luminal pressure was observed under a number of different conditions. The acceleration due to increased pressure was greatest when the perfusing fluid contained low bicarbonate concentrations (5–10 mmolar) and was very much reduced or abolished with 28 mmolar bicarbonate. Pacemaker rate at constant pressure varies directly with pH in the presence of high bicarbonate concentrations. The pressure response may be interpreted in terms of a pH gradient across the atrial wall which is dependent on the bicarbonate concentration and may be reduced by stretching the atrium.
CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: I. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN CHOLINOLYTICS IN COMBINATION WITH AN OXIME FOR TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Bannard R. A. B.
Published: October 2017

The protection to sarin poisoning afforded mice by treatment with N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S) in combination with each of 34 cholinolytic compounds used as substitutes for atropine sulphate has been assessed. Twenty-two of the drugs examined in the mouse at a dosage of 50 μmoles/kg gave protection equal to or greater than that afforded by atropine sulphate. The most potent drug was 4′-N-methylpiperidyl 1-phenylcyclopen-tanecarboxylate hydrochloride (G-3063), which was 2.3-fold as effective as atropine sulphate.l-2′-Diethylaminoethyl α-cyclohexyl-α-2″-thienyl glycolate d-bitartrate (Win 5779-6),2′ -diethylaminoethyl 1-phenylcyclopentanecarboxylate hydrochloride (Parpanit), and l-tropyl α-methyltropate hydrochloride were 1.8-, 1.5-, and 1.4-fold as effective, respectively. Eighteen of the compounds were examined in the rat, with 11 showing potency equal to or greater than that shown by atropine sulphate. In this species the most potent drugs were G-3063, which had 4.0 times the activity of atropine sulphate, Win 5779–6 (4.8-fold), and atropine methanesulphonate, followed by 1-cyclohexyl-1-(2′-thienyl)-3-(1″-piperidyl)-propanol-1 hydrochloride (Win 12085) and Parpanit.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: I. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF NEUTRAL LIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
Authors: Leegwater D. C. , Youngs C. G. , Spencer J. F. T. , Craig B. M.
Published: October 2017

The production of neutral lipids and phospholipids by submerged cultures of the mushroom Tricholoma nudum, as well as the fatty acid composition of these two fractions, was studied as a function of time. The bulk of the neutral lipids was produced after 2 days when the organism appeared to be in a non-proliferative phase. The major fatty acids of the neutral lipids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid (23–35% each); stearic acid was a minor component (8–13%); myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic acid were present in small amounts (0.5–4.8%). The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was linoleic acid (55–70%); palmitic (15–19%), stearic (1.8–4.6%), and oleic (7–19%) acid were minor components; myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic (0–2.3%) were present in small amounts. Linolenic acid was a major fatty acid (26–30%) only in the early stages of growth.A preliminary investigation was carried out with a 4-day-old culture to establish the identity of the various components of the neutral lipids and phospholipids. The neutral lipids were mainly triglycerides (92%). Small amounts of ergosterol esters (1%), free fatty acids (< 1%), ergosterol (1.7%), and unidentified non-saponifiable compounds were also present. The phospholipids contained phosphatidyl choline (59%) as the major component; phosphatidyl ethanolamine (26%), phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidic acid (7.8%), and an inositol containing phospholipid were minor components.Some of the techniques applied were specially developed for the present type of studies and are described in detail.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: II. STUDIES WITH UNIFORMLY LABELLED GLUCOSE
Authors: Leegwater D. C. , Craig B. M.
Published: October 2017

Tricholoma nudum mycelium, grown in a medium with a low nitrogen content, was adapted to a basal medium containing glucose and incubated with glucose-U-C14for 25 hours. The time – specific activity relations of the major fatty acids produced were determined for both the neutral lipids and the phospholipids. The results confirm a previous finding that in the phospholipids of T. nudum linoleic acid becomes labelled under the conditions used at almost the same rate as palmitic, stearic, or oleic acid, but that in the neutral lipids the specific activity of this acid initially lags considerably behind those of the latter three. It is postulated that this phenomenon is due to a difference in the relative sizes of the linoleic acid pools involved in the synthesis of the two lipid fractions. Only part of the material used for the formation of the fatty acids is derived directly from the substrate, the remainder apparently being provided by material already present in the mycelium. The various results, together with those of earlier workers, are critically evaluated, and it is concluded that the order in which fatty acids are labelled in tracer studies with intact cells is determined to a large extent by the conditions of the experiment and does not necessarily provide information on possible product–precursor relations.
GLUCOSE UTILIZATION AND INSULIN RESPONSIVENESS OF LEUCOCYTES IN DIABETES
Authors: Kalant N. , Schucher R.
Published: October 2017

Measurements were made of the uptake of glucose by leucocytes obtained from normal and diabetic subjects, on incubation in plasma and in synthetic media, with and without insulin. Cells of diabetics in bicarbonate medium showed an uptake of glucose which was lower than that of cells from non-diabetics. In plasma and bicarbonate medium they showed a decreased response to insulin. These results are compatible with prior findings of decreased glucose utilization and decreased insulin responsiveness in human diabetes of the maturity-onset type.
PAPER ELEGTROPHORETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS OF HEN'S EGG YOLK
Authors: McCully K. A. , Mok Chi-Ching , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

Staining for ester-linked protein phosphorus (ELPP) gave positive reactions with both of the main lipoprotein zones (P-1 and P-2) of paper electropherograms of egg yolk in certain buffers, including veronal buffer, pH 8.6. Treatment of the yolk with 1.0 M NaCl or with complexing agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetate, veronal–citrate buffer) resulted in the appearance of larger amounts of ELPP in the phosvitin (PT) zone. The distribution of the livetin zones suggested that the lipoprotein zone P-1 overlapped the greater part of the γ-livetin zone. This suggestion was supported by the results of immunoelectrophoretic experiments.Yolks in which the phosphorus had been labelled with P32were separated by ultracentrifugation into (a) granule material; (b) low density fraction (LDF); and (c) the soluble livetin fraction. Paper electrophoretic studies of whole egg yolk and of these preparations showed (a) that the P-1 zone of electropherograms of whole egg yolk in veronal buffer comprised all of the LDF plus most of the γ-livetin plus a proportion of the phosvitin that depended on the strength of the salt solution used to disperse the yolk, the nature of the buffer, and the absence or presence of complexing agents; and (b) that the P-2 zone comprised the lipovitellin fraction together with more or less of the phosvitin. Dispersion of the yolk in 1.0 M NaCl, pretreatment of the yolk with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or use of veronal–citrate buffer led to the appearance of relatively high proportions of the total protein-bound phosphorus and P32in the 'fast' phosvitin (PT) zone.
THE EFFECT OF REPEATED ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION ON ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID AND CHOLESTEROL IN THE RAT
Authors: Kalant H. , Czaja Caroline
Published: October 2017

Groups of adult male and female albino rats received daily gavage of 1.25 ml of water or of 20% ethanol per 100 g body weight for a period of 1 month, and were killed either 1.5 hours or 24 hours after the last dose. Such daily treatment with either water or alcohol, ending 24 hours before death, did not result in any significant change from control values in the relative weight of the adrenal glands, or their ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents. No changes in these values were found in animals which received an additional dose of water or alcohol 1.5 hours before death. The female rats showed lower values for adrenal ascorbic acid content than the males in corresponding groups, but did not differ from the males with respect to the effects of the various treatments. A similar experiment with male rats only, carried on for 2 months, also showed no significant differences among any of the treatment groups.Measurements of the degree of intoxication produced by single doses of ethanol were carried out by means of the inclined-plane test. Intraperitoneal injection of 2 g/kg produced much more rapid and marked intoxication than did gavage with either 2 or 4 g/kg.It was concluded that daily gavage for 1-2 months with ethanol in a moderately intoxicating dose (2 g/kg) does not constitute a stimulus to adrenal cortical activity or result in exhaustion atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and that adrenal cortical stimulation is not an invariable accompaniment of acute or chronic alcoholic intoxication.
STUDIES OF THE TERMINAL RESIDUES OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT RIBONUCLEATES
Authors: Lane B. G.
Published: October 2017

Quantitative and qualitative determinations of the terminal residues of ribosomal ribonucleates from Escherichia coli are presented. The data are interpreted in terms of the prevailing physicochemical estimates of the molecular weight of ribosomal ribonucleates.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: Ahmed K. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: October 2017

The synthetic amino acid 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid does not seem to be metabolized but is actively concentrated by slices of rat brain cortex and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Its transport into the ascites cells has much in common with that of methionine since they are both inhibited by similar groups of amino acids. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects of glycine, D- and L-methionine, allyl glycine, and thienyl glycine on the transport of 1-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid confirms the suggestion that this amino acid and methionine enter ascites cells as the result of the action of a common transport system.
SEDIMENTATION OF GLUTEN IN SEVERAL DISPERSING REAGENTS
Authors: McCalla A. G. , Verma Sirish C.
Published: October 2017

Gluten from ether-extracted wheat flour, dispersed in a wide range of reagents and subjected to sedimentation analyses, yielded essentially similar sedimentation diagrams and coefficients. Regardless of the nature of the reagents, or the differences among them (pH, concentration, presence or absence of reducing agents), only one major peak was present in each diagram. As sedimentation progressed, the peak spread more rapidly than could be accounted for by diffusion, indicating that the dispersed protein was heterogeneous.
AN ENZYMIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GLYCEROL IN BLOOD AND ITS USE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF NORADRENALINE ON THE CONCENTRATION OF GLYCEROL IN BLOOD
Authors: Hagen Jean Himms , Hagen Paul B.
Published: October 2017

A sensitive, specific method is described for the estimation of plasma glycerol. It depends on the reduction of DPN in the presence of a partially purified glycerol dehydrogenase prepared from Aerobader aerogenes. With this method rabbit plasma has been found to contain 8 to 16 μmoles of glycerol per 100 ml. Intravenous infusion of noradrenaline causes an increase in plasma glycerol, which returns to its resting level about half an hour after the end of the infusion.
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR THE ISOLATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM SMALL AMOUNTS OF RAT TISSUE
Authors: Mezei C. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: October 2017

Different procedures were studied for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from liver and intestinal mucosa of the rat. The DNA preparations were compared with respect to intrinsic viscosities, extinction coefficients, nitrogen and phosphorus content, and base ratios. Hydrolyzates of the DNA samples contained amino acids indicating the presence of protein or peptides in the preparations. An improved technique was developed for the elution of purines and pyrimidines from paper chromatograms.
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF SENSITIZATION BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC MICE
Authors: Ganley Oswald H.
Published: October 2017

Data are presented which indicate that, in mice, alloxan-induced diabetes inhibits the sensitizing properties of Bordetella pertussis as measured by challenge with histamine, serotonin, and induction of anaphylaxis. This effect of alloxan is reversed by insulin, thereby ruling out non-specific toxicity as the cause of the observed inhibitory reaction.The possible mechanism of the inhibitory action of alloxan diabetes on pertussis sensitization is discussed.
FORMATION OF TREHALOSE AND POLYOLS BY WHEAT STEM RUST (PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI) UREDOSPORES
Authors: Reisener H. J. , Goldschmid H. R. , Ledingham G. A. , Perlin A. S.
Published: October 2017

Null
LIPID–PROTEIN COMPLEXES IN MEMBRANES OF NERVOUS TISSUE
Authors: Wolfe L. S.
Published: October 2017

Recent investigations have demonstrated that cellular and intracellular membranes within the nervous system contain complex associations of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The myelin sheath contains such complexes derived from the Schwann cell or satellite cell membranes. Similar complexes are found in membranes from grey matter together with less familiar associations between lipids and carbohydrates. Gangliosides are a group of acidic glycolipids which contain among other sugars the sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid. The present state of knowledge on the chemical structure, metabolism, and functional importance of these complex macromolecules is discussed.
THE ROLE OF LONG-RANGE FORCES IN THE COHESION OF LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Salem L.
Published: October 2017

The various long-range forces which are effective between molecules in their electronic ground states are examined. Orders of magnitude are given for those forces which should occur in the interaction of lipide and protein chains. It is found that electrostatic forces should be responsible for bringing and holding together protein and lipide components, but London – Van der Waals dispersion forces are probably of paramount importance in maintaining the lipide chains together in micelles or double layers.Special attention is drawn to the dispersion forces and to the conditions under which these forces are locally additive; one can calculate accurate values of the dispersion energy of interaction between saturated hydrocarbon chains at short distances (a few angstroms apart) by adding all the bond–bond interactions. A general expression is given for the dispersion energy between two parallel and opposed chains built out of identical units, and numerical values are given for the case of closely packed hydrocarbon chains.The total attraction energy is extremely sensitive to the intermolecular distance. The role of this "distance-specificity" in interactions involving unsaturated fatty acid chains and its contribution to the stability of lipoproteins is briefly examined.
ELECTROPHORETIC DIFFERENCES IN THE EGG-WHITE PROTEINS OF THE HEN
Authors: Cochrane Delma , Annau E.
Published: October 2017

The whites of 339 eggs laid by 64 White Rock – Leghorn crossbred hens and 48 pedigreed pullet progeny of 23 of these hens have been examined by Smithies' starch gel electrophoretic procedure. All samples exhibited three to five distinct bands in the region of the electrophoretic diagram comparable to that of alpha and beta globulins of chicken serum. Six characteristic patterns were formed from different combinations of these bands. An attempt is made to explain these patterns as being genetically controlled.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS XVIII. UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE-3-C14 BY WHEAT SEEDLINGS
Authors: Nigam S. N. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

Null
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF 3,5-DIIODO-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID ON THE CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN A CRUDE ENZYME PREPARATION
Authors: D'Iorio A. , Mavrides C.
Published: October 2017

Null
EFFECT OF PHENOXYBENZAMINE ON VAGAL INHIBITION OF THE HEART
Authors: Benfey B. G.
Published: October 2017

Null
THE MECHANISM OF THE RESERPINE-INDUCED ANTIDIURESIS IN THE RAT
Authors: Chaudhury R. R. , Chaudhury M. Roy , Lu F. C.
Published: October 2017

The delay of diuresis caused by reserpine in hydrated rats was not consistently prevented by prior administration of dibenamine or a potent anti-5-hydroxytryptamine substance (Methysergide), to the rats at the time of hydration. Carotid blood from rats under ethanol anaesthesia did not contain detectable antidiuretic activity. After administration of an intravenous dose of reserpine (50 μg/100 g) carotid blood collected at the time of maximum antidiuresis contained a detectable amount of antidiuretic activity which, in four experiments out of five, was destroyed by sodium thioglycollate. This, together with the finding that reserpine prolongs the time to the maximum rate of excretion of urine in hydrated rats, suggests that reserpine releases antidiuretic hormone from the neurohypophysis.
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION OF PLANT STEROLS IN THE DOG
Authors: Kuksis A. , Huang T. C.
Published: October 2017

Eight adult female dogs (8 to 10 kg) with thoracic duct fistula were fed 5 to 10% solutions of mixed plant sterols in oleic acid, corn oil, or butter. The lymph, which flowed at a rate of 20 to 50 ml per hour, was drained for 18 to 26 hours. Each 2-hour collection was analyzed separately for cholesterol and plant sterols. Under comparable conditions and following a single meal containing plant sterol, about 35 mg of this sterol was transferred to lymph in 24 hours when corn oil was fed and 130 mg in the case of butterfat. At the time of maximum sterol absorption (8 to 12 hours after feeding) as much as 15% of the total lymph sterol was contributed by the plant sterols. Significant absorption of both β- and γ-sitosterol was observed, the γ-isomer being assimilated some 4 to 5 times as readily as the β-isomer. About 50% of the total lymph cholesterol was esterified. Essentially all of the absorbed plant sterol was free.
PERCENTAGE OF ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS, TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Allard Claude , Choquette Gaston
Published: October 2017

A relatively rapid procedure for the routine estimation of lipoproteins in prestained human sera by zone electrophoresis in paper was described. This technique was employed for the study of the percentage of alpha-lipoproteins in sera of healthy and coronary male subjects of various ages. The mean proportion of alpha-lipoproteins in healthy males (100) was observed to be about 24% in subjects at the age of 20–29 and 16% at the age of 30–59. In the coronary group (105) the mean percentage of alpha-lipoproteins was lower than 13% irrespective of age. From this study, the diagnostic value of alpha-lipoproteins percentage to characterize a coronary patient appeared to be superior to total cholesterol concentrations.
MALIC DEHYDROGENASE IN THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS (L.)
Authors: Mehrotra K. N.
Published: October 2017

The presence of NAD-speciric malic dehydrogenase was demonstrated in the two-spotted spider mite. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) of the enzyme for malate was found to be 1.25 × 10−3 M and for oxalacetate 5.0 × 10−5 M.
X-IRRADIATION OF RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: October 2017

During X-irradiation of ribosides and deoxyribosides in dilute aqueous solution, purine and sugar moieties were destroyed at approximately the same rate. Pyrimidine moieties, on the other hand, were destroyed more rapidly, resulting in a fairly rapid liberation of free sugar during irradiation of pyrimidine ribosides or deoxyribosides. No marked differences in the rates of destruction of ribose and deoxyribose derivatives were observed in these experiments.Similar reactions were observed during irradiation of blood samples. However, acid-soluble ribonucleotides in the blood proved to be much more sensitive than the nucleic acids or proteins to destruction by X-radiation. The significance of these findings is discussed with relation to the damage produced in cells by X-irradiation.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES: II. COMPETITION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Abadom P. N. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: October 2017

Evidence is presented which indicates that several amino acid transport systems are present in rat brain cortex slices, each with its own specificity with regard to substrate and with regard to amino acids which produce inhibitory effects. The nature of these inhibitory effects may be either direct (competition for a limiting number of sites) or indirect (as they are when glutamate or aspartate cause a decrease in the ATP content).Comparison of the specificities of the glycine transport systems present in rat brain cortex slices and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells indicates that these two systems have little in common and the relation of this finding to the structural requirements necessary for chemotherapeutic activity is discussed.
GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRIGLYCERIDE COMPOSITION OF MOLECULAR DISTILLATES OF BUTTER OIL
Authors: McCarthy M. J. , Kuksis A. , Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: October 2017

A quantitative gas–liquid chromatographic analysis of the triglycerides of butter oil and its distillates has shown that molecular distillation can effect a significant fractionation of butterfat. The most volatile 2.5% distillate contained nine triglyceride types (C24–C40), six of which were present in concentrations representing 3- to 20-fold enrichments, when compared with the original oil. Eighty-six percent of the C30and shorter triglycerides occurred in the most volatile fractions, which comprised 5% of the total fat. The residue, which represented 50% by weight of the oil, contained 10 triglyceride types (C36–C54), seven of which were present in concentrations exceeding those in the original oil. This residue contained 93% of the triglycerides longer than C46. The other distillates contained triglycerides the mean molecular weights of which increased with decreasing volatility. In all cases the triglyceride composition of the butter-oil distillates was markedly different from that of butterfat.
HUMAN FIBRINOLYSIN WITH AND WITHOUT UROKINASE: ITS EFFECT ON EXPERIMENTAL ARTERIAL THROMBI IN DOGS
Authors: Roschlau Walter H. E. , Painter Robert H.
Published: October 2017

The lytic effects of heat-treated, sterile solutions of spontaneously activated and urokinase-activated fibrinolysin on occlusive experimental arterial clots have been studied. For this purpose methods for the preparation of urokinase and activation of profibrinolysin, the production of traumatic arterial thrombi in dogs, and the recording of clot lysis are described. Single injection as a means of administration was compared with the traditional method of infusion. When used in conjunction with a prompt assay of the in vivo fibrinolytic activity, which was developed for this purpose, the injection method was preferred. The results indicated that spontaneous fibrinolysin, given by single injection, was as effective in lysing clots as were preparations of fibrinolysin that contained activator. The approximate therapeutic dose for both types of fibrinolysin under the conditions described was found to be 225–325 Michigan Department of Health caseinolytic units per kg body weight. Lysis of occluding arterial thrombi was achieved within a few hours after administration of fibrinolysin by injection, and arteries remained patent during the week of posttreatment observation. No toxic effects due to the fibrinolysin or the glycerol present as stabilizer could be demonstrated after the therapeutic dose. The only undesirable side effect of overdose of fibrinolysin was a transient incoagulability of the blood.
THE METABOLISM OF VALERATE-2-C14BY UREDOSPORES OF WHEAT STEM RUST
Authors: Reisener H. , Finlayson A. J. , McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

When uredospores of Puccinia graminis var. tritici race 15B were shaken in a medium containing M/30 phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, and valerate-2-C14, about 88% of the radioactivity was removed from the buffer solution in a period of 3 hours. About 40% of the carbon-14 taken from the buffer was found in a water-soluble extract of the spores and about 15% was respired as carbon dioxide. The result is compared with an earlier report that carbon 1 of valerate is more extensively released as carbon dioxide and less extensively incorporated into spore components. Glutamic acid, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and alanine of high specific activity were isolated. It was estimated from partial degradation that more than one-half of the carbon-14 of glutamic acid occurred in position 4 and that carbon 5 was very weakly labelled. Citric acid was also of high specific activity and was labelled predominantly in the internal carbons.It is concluded that respiring rust spores utilize externally supplied valerate by β-oxidation, which releases carbons 1 and 2 in a form which is metabolized as acetate by the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
THE ROLE OF RIBOFLAVIN IN MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Wiseman-Distler M. H. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: October 2017

The role of riboflavin in the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was investigated by omitting the vitamin from the diet of rats which were further treated with iproniazid, an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme. The rate of recovery from the inhibition, presumably reflecting de novo synthesis of the enzyme, was estimated by measuring the excretion of the acidic metabolites formed after intraperitoneal administration of serotonin (5 HT) and dopamine. Consumption of the deficient diet did not impair the action of MAO on these amines. After injection of iproniazid, return to control levels of MAO activity was slower when measured by the oxidation of dopamine than of 5 HT; there was a small but significant effect of riboflavin deficiency upon the conversion of 5 HT to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. This was probably due to enhanced inhibition of MAO observed in deficient rats, an effect that was also obtained when inhibitors other than iproniazid were used in vivo. Similarly, disappearance of 5 HT during incubation with a supernatant prepared from liver of deficient rats was also affected to a greater extent by these inhibitors than when the enzymatic system was prepared from control livers. This finding suggests that riboflavin deficiency renders MAO more susceptible to inhibition.
BICARBONATE EXCRETION DURING HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: Kanter G. S. , Lubinski R. H. , Mielens I. M.
Published: October 2017

The investigation was designed to determine whether the renal loss of bicarbonate contributes significantly to the acidosis of hypothermia. The excretion of bicarbonate during hypothermia was studied in five infused (6% creatinine in saline at 0.4 ml/minute) and five non-infused dogs. All animals were anesthetized and artificial respiration was not used. The rectal temperature was gradually reduced to the 26–27 °C range by approximately 4 hours of exposure to ice packing. After control, clearance periods of 30 minutes' duration were conducted serially and continually through the experiment. There was no significant increase in bicarbonate excretion during hypothermia in the non-infused group. The urinary pH remained at control levels of about 6.2. The fall in arterial pH was not due to urinary bicarbonate loss. The urinary pH in the infused group, which had a higher urine flow, increased to pH 6.7 due to increased excretion of bicarbonate. The urine pH in three animals with highest urine flows in this latter group approached plasma levels. The excretion rate of bicarbonate in the infused group, however, was similarly insufficient to account for the decrease in arterial pH. The hypothermic kidney is quite effective in reabsorbing bicarbonate.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACIDIC AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN MAMMALIAN KIDNEY
Authors: Webber William A.
Published: October 2017

A series of clearance experiments on dogs were carried out which were designed to confirm and characterize the renal tubular reabsorption of glutamic and aspartic acids. Tubular reabsorption was measured and found to reach a maximum of about 100 μmole/minute for L-glutamic and L-aspartic acids and a slightly lower level for D-aspartic. Competitive studies using substituted amino acids were performed and three patterns of inhibition of amino acid reabsorption observed. Acidic amino acids inhibited the reabsorption of each other, while neutral amino acids (and an acidic amino acid substituted so as to have a neutral side chain) inhibited the reabsorption of a wide range of other amino acids. Compounds with the amino group or either carboxyl group substituted or absent, but not resembling neutral amino acids, were not inhibitory. There appears to be a specialized mechanism for acidic amino acid transport which probably requires all three functional groups but which may be interfered with by a compound with alpha carboxyl and amino groups and a neutral side chain.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS
Authors: Beaton John R. , Orme T. , Turner A. , Laufer J.
Published: October 2017

Male albino rats were fed ad libitum isocaloric diets containing 5%, 20%, and 40% protein and 10% corn oil by weight. Measurements were made of nitrogen retention, urine volume, water intake, body composition, and blood levels of glucose, amino nitrogen, and urea at environmental temperatures of 22 ± 2 °C (7 days) followed by 2 ± 1 °C (8 days). Significant metabolic differences were evident among the three dietary groups at 22 °C but these differences were, in general, reduced under conditions of cold exposure. It is of interest that the rats on the 40% protein diet did not exhibit the typical increases in food consumption and urine volume when exposed to cold and, further, that these animals appeared able to maintain body weight and synthesize body fat during cold exposure. It seems that dietary protein level may play an important role during exposure to cold.
PREVIOUS DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL AND SURVIVAL OF STARVING RATS IN THE COLD
Authors: Beaton John R. , Orme T. , Turner A. , Laufer J.
Published: October 2017

The effect of the level of dietary protein (5%, 20%, 40% casein by weight) fed for 7 days in an environmental temperature of 22 °C, upon the survival of rats subsequently starved in an environmental temperature of 2 °C was studied. In these experiments ad libitum feeding, isocaloric feeding, and restricted feeding techniques were used, and the effects of thyroidectomy and thyroid feeding were investigated. In all cases, animals provided with the 5% protein diet survived for shorter periods than did those fed the 20% protein diet. In intact rats, but not in thyroidectomized rats, survival time appeared to be inversely related to rate of body weight loss in starvation. Differences in duration of survival among dietary groups are not explicable on the basis of differences in body weight, body composition, or total food intake prior to starvation. The results of experiments using thyroidectomized rats and thyroid feeding suggest that the effect of dietary protein level upon survival in subsequent starvation in the cold are not mediated through the thyroid gland.
METABOLISM OF CODEINE:URINARY EXCRETION RATE OF CODEINE AND MORPHINE
Authors: Redmond Ninfa , Parker J. M.
Published: October 2017

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EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS VIII. INFLUENCE OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON NET PROTEIN UTILIZATION
Authors: Morrison A. B. , Sabry Z. I. , Gridgeman N. T. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

The relation between the percentage of dietary Calories derived from protein (P) and the corresponding net protein utilization (N.P.U. or U) was studied with various proteins of different nutritional value. At P > 40 the experimental results (from rats) did not fit the Miller–Payne linear model. A semilogarithmic plot, however, accommodated all the data, ranging from P = 10 to P = 80. The new model yields, by extrapolation, values of maximum utilization that agree well with the protein (chemical) scores. A general prediction equation is given that enables N.P.U. to be calculated from a knowledge of P and of the chemical score of the protein or protein mixture at issue.
METABOLISM OF 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONIC ACID AND GLUCONIC ACID IN SALMO GAIRDNERII
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: October 2017

C14O2is formed 50 to 75 times as fast in Salmo gairdnerii (steelhead salmon) when UC14glucose is injected intraperitoneally or intramuscularly as when 6PG is similarly administered. The rate of C14O2formation is the same when fish are injected with C1C14-, C6C14-, or UC14-6PG. Intramuscular or intravenous injection of C6C14-6PG, UC14-6PG, or UC14-GA results in C14labelling of "dextrin", maltose, glucose, G6P, F6P, FDP, and GA. On the contrary, maltose, glucose, and the hexosephosphates remain either non-radioactive, or have extremely low SA, when fish are injected with C1C14-6PG. These facts are consistent with slow metabolism of 6PG via the HMP pathway in living fish. Since GA of fairly high SA is found in fishes injected with C14-6PGand radioactive hexosephosphates are found in fish injected with C14-GA, it is concluded that live fish can liberate orthophosphate from 6PG and phosphorylate GA. It is indicated that, at least until the rate of C14O2formation from radioactive 6PG has been studied with tissues known to utilize either the HMP or the EMP pathways in glucose metabolism, no quantitative interpretation can be placed on use of such compounds in attempts to assess the comparative contributions of these two pathways in carbohydrate metabolism.
THE ROLE OF GLUCOSE IN THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Authors: Tétreault L. , Beaulnes A.
Published: October 2017

Perfusion of isolated rabbit hearts with a glucose-free physiological solution facilitates the production of ventricular arrhythmias. On the other hand, glucose deprivation limits the duration of such arrhythmias. An hypothesis is proposed to explain the effect of glucose deprivation on the induction of fibrillation.
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF MYOGEN FROM CHICKEN BREAST MUSCLE IN CONSTANT AND GRADIENT BUFFER SYSTEMS
Authors: Neelin J. M.
Published: October 2017

By varying conditions of starch gel electrophoresis, factors contributing to the resolution of myogen proteins from chicken breast muscle have been studied. Variables examined included composition of the myogen extractant, protein concentration, ionic strength of electrophoretic media, pH of gel media, plane and direction of electrophoresis, and the nature of cations and anions in gel media and bridge solutions. The significance of anions was more closely studied with constant buffer systems, and gradient systems in which bridge electrolyte differed from, and gradually altered, the gel medium. Optimal separation was obtained in gradient systems with 0.10 M sodium chloride bridge solutions, and gel media of sodium cacodylate, pH 6.9, μ 0.010, which resolved 12 cationic zones, and sodium veronal, pH 7.4, μ 0.010, which resolved 10 anionic zones. These buffers in two-dimensional sequence revealed a total of about 24 components in this myogen.
THE ACTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS PHOSPHATIDASE ON THE LIPOVITELLINS AND OTHER EGG YOLK CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Burley R. W. , Kushner D. J.
Published: October 2017

A study was made of the action of phosphatidase D (phospholipase D) from Clostridium perfringens (C. welchii) on five constituents of the yolk of hens' eggs (α- and β-lipovitellin, the low-density lipoprotein fraction, granules, and lecithin) in aqueous solution, in the absence and presence of chloroform. Although the untreated lipovitellins were little affected by the enzyme, after absorption of chloroform, a large proportion of their phospholipids was hydrolyzed. In this respect they resembled lecithin but differed from the low-density yolk lipoproteins, whose phospholipids were rapidly hydrolyzed by the enzyme in the presence or absence of chloroform. The mechanism of this type of chloroform activation is discussed.
NADPH AND NADH OXIDATION BY GUINEA PIG POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Iyer G. Y. N. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

A homogenate of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes contains an enzyme system capable of oxidizing, in presence of oxygen, NADPH and NADH with the formation of hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme is much more active towards NADPH than to NADH. The presence of manganese ions strongly enhances the oxidase activity. It is suggested that the release of the NADPH oxidase in the leucocytes, during phagocytosis, accounts for the stimulation of the hexose monophosphate pathway that occurs in phagocytosis.
PAPER AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF THE HYDROXYSKATOLES
Authors: Heacock R. A. , Mahon M. E.
Published: October 2017

The hydroxyskatoles could not be effectively separated chromatographically with a number of solvent systems on Whatman No. 1 paper or acetylated paper. The use of formamide-treated paper and certain non-polar solvent systems enabled the 4- and 7-hydroxyskatoles to be separated from each other, and in turn from mixtures of the 5- and 6-hydroxyskatoles. This latter pair of isomers could not be separated by this method. Complete separation of all four isomers was readily achieved using thin-layer techniques.
EXPERIMENTS ON ATROPINE-RESISTANT VASODILATATION IN SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R. , Dresel Peter E.
Published: October 2017

Vasodilatation induced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to the submaxillary and the parotid glands has long been known to be resistant to the blocking effect of atropine. We have found that dichloroisoproterenol does not block this vasodilatation, that d-tubocurarine blocks it by interfering with ganglionic transmission, and that a hemicholinium, HC-3, blocks it gradually under conditions in which interference with ganglionic transmission is excluded. It is concluded that the mechanism of vasodilatation includes the action of cholinergic nerves.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION BY PEA SEEDLING MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Rosa Nestor , Zalik Saul
Published: October 2017

Using P32in combination with a procedure for quantitative separation of inorganic phosphorus a sensitive method for measuring phosphorylation was devised. It was employed to determine the effects of presoaking seed treatments, and of two inhibitors, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and malonate, on oxidative phosphorylation by pea seedling mitochondria. The addition of DNP to the reaction mixture resulted in typical uncoupling, but there was an unexpected increase in phosphorylation due to malonate. The length and weight of seedlings presoaked in aerated running water were higher than for those presoaked in standing water; however, mitochondrial preparations from seedlings presoaked in standing water gave higher phosphorylative and oxidative activities. These differences in results were regarded as evidence of 'physiological predetermination'.