bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐compatible blueberry cultivars require fewer floral visits to maximize fruit production than a partially self‐incompatible cultivar
Authors: Kendall Liam K. , Gagic Vesna , Evans Lisa J. , Cutting Brian T. , Scalzo Jessica , Hanusch Yolanda , Jones Jeremy , Rocchetti Maurizio , Sonter Carolyn , Keir Matthew , Rader Romina
Published: August 2020

Effective pollination is a complex phenomenon determined by the outcome of the interaction between pollen transfer and a plants' pollinator dependency, yet most studies investigate pollinator effectiveness without consideration of plant mating system differences.

We investigated pollinator effectiveness in three types of blueberry that differed in their degree of pollinator dependency as measured by plant mating system: two self‐compatible highbush cultivars and one partially self‐incompatible rabbiteye cultivar. We quantified pollinator effectiveness as a function of the fruit set and fruit weight resulting from single and multiple floral visits (2–15 visits), in comparison with estimates of fruit set and fruit weight resulting from experimental pollination treatments (open‐pollination, cross‐pollination and self‐pollination).

Single‐visit effectiveness of fruit set was similar across pollinator taxa but considerably higher in both self‐compatible cultivars. The probability of fruit set in all three blueberry types improved in response to an increasing number of visits, but this relationship was steeper in self‐compatible cultivars: >90% probability of fruit set was achieved in three to five visits. In the self‐incompatible rabbiteye cultivar, 58% fruit set was achieved with 15 visits. Multiple visits improved fruit weight by 27%–48% in self‐compatible cultivars, but there was no relationship in rabbiteye. Pollination deficits in fruit set and fruit weight due to self‐pollination were most pronounced in rabbiteye.

Synthesis and applications. Improved understanding of cultivar‐level mating system differences in plants will inform pollination planning and management in agroecosystems. Self‐compatible (highbush) cultivars require less floral visitation to maximize fruit production. Therefore, these cultivars may be best suited to landscapes in which pollinator abundance is low, such as intensive and/or simple landscapes. In contrast, self‐incompatible (rabbiteye) cultivars may benefit from the implementation of mixed‐cultivar crop row plantings to facilitate cross‐pollination.
What is an Australian Job Worth?
Authors: Oslington Paul
Published: August 2020

The value of a job is an important issue for management, human resources, law and public policy, yet we lack good empirical estimates of this value. This article presents a theoretical framework for valuing jobs and estimates the average economic value of an Australian job at approximately $104,000. However, judges awarding compensation for unfair dismissal under the Fair Work Act implicitly value a job at around $10,000. If the economic value estimate is correct then workers place a high value on keeping their job, which has important human resources management implications, such as worker commitment and risk‐taking.
Bidirectional longitudinal relationship between Chinese children's compounding awareness and vocabulary knowledge from Grades 3 to 6
Authors: Xie Ruibo , Wu Xinchun , Nguyen Thi Phuong , Zhao Ying , Feng Jie
Published: August 2020

Background

This study examined the developmental relationship between Chinese children's compounding awareness and vocabulary knowledge following a 4‐year longitudinal design.

Methods

A test battery that included measures of vocabulary knowledge, compounding awareness, nonverbal IQ, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, orthographic awareness and word reading was administered to 142 Chinese‐speaking students in Grade 3 (T1). In addition, vocabulary knowledge and compounding awareness were followed in Grades 4 (T2) and 6 (T3).

Results

Controlling for nonverbal IQ, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, orthographic awareness and word reading at the initial level, the structural equation modeling results showed that children's compounding awareness made a significant direct contribution to vocabulary knowledge from T1 to T2. Children's vocabulary knowledge at T1 predicted compounding awareness at T2. However, the paths from vocabulary knowledge at T2 to compounding awareness at T3, and compounding awareness at T2 to vocabulary knowledge at T3, respectively, were not significant. The results suggest a reciprocal relationship between children's compounding awareness and vocabulary knowledge from Grades 3 to 4 in Chinese.

Conclusions

These findings indicate the developmental bootstrapping relationship between Chinese students' compounding awareness and vocabulary acquisition in the middle stages of primary school.
Patients discharged from higher‐quality skilled nursing facilities spend more days at home
Authors: Simning Adam , Orth Jessica , Temkin‐Greener Helena , Li Yue
Published: August 2020

Objective

To evaluate the association of skilled nursing facility (SNF) quality with days spent alive in nonmedical settings (“home time”) after SNF discharge to the community.

Data Sources

Secondary data are from Medicare claims for New York State (NYS) Medicare beneficiaries, the Area Health Resources File, and Nursing Home Compare.

Study Design

We estimate home time in the 30‐ and 90‐day periods following SNF discharge. Two‐part zero‐inflated negative binomial regression models characterize the association of SNF quality with home time.

Data Extraction Methods

We use Medicare claims data to identify 25 357 NYS fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older with an SNF admission for postacute care who were subsequently discharged to home in 2014.

Principal Findings

Following 30 and 90 days after SNF discharge, the average home time is 28.0 (SD = 6.1) and 81.6 (SD = 20.2) days, respectively. A number of patient‐ and SNF‐level factors are associated with home time. In particular, within 30 and 90 days of discharge, respectively, patients discharged from 2‐ to 5‐star SNFs spend 1.2‐1.5 (P < .001) and 3.2‐4.3 (P < .001) more days at home than those discharged from 1‐star (lowest quality) SNFs.

Conclusions

Improved understanding of what is contributing to differences in home time could help guide efforts into optimizing post‐SNF discharge outcomes.
Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors*,†
Authors: Ott Colby E. , Dalzell Kourtney A. , Calderón‐Arce Pedro José , Alvarado‐Gámez Ana Lorena , Trejos Tatiana , Arroyo Luis E.
Published: August 2020

The increasing demand for rapid methods to identify both inorganic and organic gunshot residues (IGSR and OGSR) makes electrochemical methods, an attractive screening tool to modernize current practice. Our research group has previously demonstrated that electrochemical screening of GSR samples delivers a simple, inexpensive, and sensitive analytical solution that is capable of detecting IGSR and OGSR in less than 10 min per sample. In this study, we expand our previous work by increasing the number of GSR markers and applying machine learning classifiers to the interpretation of a larger population data set. Utilizing bare screen‐printed carbon electrodes, the detection and resolution of seven markers (IGSR; lead, antimony, and copper, and OGSR; nitroglycerin, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite) was achieved with limits of detection (LODs) below 1 µg/mL. A large population data set was obtained from 395 authentic shooter samples and 350 background samples. Various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, including critical thresholds (CT), naïve Bayes (NB), logistic regression (LR), and neural networks (NN), were utilized to calculate the performance and error rates. Neural networks proved to be the best predictor when assessing the dichotomous question of detection of GSR on the hands of shooter versus nonshooter groups. Accuracies for the studied population were 81.8 % (CT), 88.1% (NB), 94.7% (LR), and 95.4% (NN), respectively. The ability to detect both IGSR and OGSR simultaneously provides a selective testing platform for gunshot residues that can provide a powerful field‐testing technique and assist with decisions in case management.
Relationship between mustard pungency and allyl‐isothiocyanate content: A comparison of sensory and chemical evaluations
Authors: Eib Sabrina , Schneider Désirée Janet , Hensel Oliver , Seuß‐Baum Ingrid
Published: August 2020

The correlation of sensory and chemically evaluated pungency of mustard products was investigated via a time‐intensity (TI) study and quantification of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) contents using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sweet, medium hot, hot, and extra hot commercial mustard products from different brands were examined. Notably, we found significant differences (p < 0.05) between the maximum perceived pungency intensity of various mustard products. The maximum perceived intensity (Imax), the duration of the decreasing phase (DURDec), and the area under the curve (AUC) values increased proportionally to the increase in the sample AITC content and were also higher in products classified as hot than in sweet mustards. The AITC concentration varied greatly between products from different brands and also between different sensory evaluated pungency levels. Furthermore, sensory evaluations and analytical results were correlated using regression analysis. The best correlation (correlation coefficient 0.891) was observed between the AITC concentration andAUC, when compared to that between the AITC concentration andDURDec(correlation coefficient 0.856) or theImaxvalue (correlation coefficient 0.803). The calculated regression model indicates that a higher AITC content induces an intensified trigeminal pungency sensation and that the sensory and chemical evaluations of mustard products were positively correlated. Therefore, by using this regression model, the sensory rating of mustard products may be predicted by chemical analysis of the AITC contents.

Practical Application

This research paper provides a method to quantify the pungency inducing irritant allyl isothiocyanate in commercial mustard products and demonstrates a correlation between sensory and chemical data. Therefore, the amounts of sensory tests in product quality assurance can be reduced and replaced or at least supported by chemical quantification of pungent substances (especially AITC) in mustard products.
Association of Mps one binder kinase activator 1 (MOB1) expression with poor disease‐free survival in individuals with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ando Nobuhisa , Tanaka Kentaro , Otsubo Kohei , Toyokawa Gouji , Ikematsu Yuki , Ide Maako , Yoneshima Yasuto , Iwama Eiji , Inoue Hiroyuki , Ijichi Kayo , Tagawa Tetsuzo , Nakanishi Yoichi , Okamoto Isamu
Published: August 2020

Background

Mps one binder kinase activator 1 (MOB1) is a core component of the Hippo signaling pathway and has been implicated as a tumor suppressor. Here, we evaluated the possible relationship of MOB1 expression in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to prognosis.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 205 lung adenocarcinoma patients treated at Kyushu University Hospital between November 2007 and October 2012. MOB1 expression in tumor cells of surgical specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Invasive activity of NSCLC cell lines in vitro was measured with a transwell assay.

Results

Expression of MOB1 was classified as high in 105 of the 205 (51.2%) tumor specimens, and such high expression was significantly associated with poor disease‐free survival (P = 0.0161). Among the various clinicopathologic parameters examined, high MOB1 expression was significantly associated only with intratumoral vascular invasion (P = 0.0005). Multivariate analysis also identified high MOB1 expression as a significant independent risk factor for disease‐free survival (P = 0.0319). The invasiveness of H1299 cells in vitro was increased or attenuated by overexpression or knockdown of MOB1, respectively.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that MOB1 might promote early recurrence of NSCLC by increasing vascular invasion by tumor cells.

Key points

Significant findings of the study

We found that high MOB1 expression in surgical specimens of lung adenocarcinoma was associated with poor disease‐free survival and with intratumoral vascular invasion. MOB1 expression also promoted the invasiveness of NSCLC cells in vitro.

What this study adds

Our results thus suggest that high MOB1 expression is a risk factor for early postoperative recurrence in lung adenocarcinoma.
Identification of novel therapeutic targets for blocking acantholysis in pemphigus
Authors: Burmester Imke A.K. , Flaswinkel Sarah , Thies Clara‐Sophie , Kasprick Anika , Kamaguchi Mayumi , Bumiller‐Bini Valéria , Emtenani Shirin , Feldmann Nick , Kridin Khalaf , Schmidt Enno , van Beek Nina , Zillikens Detlef , Hammers Christoph M. , Hundt Jennifer E. , Ludwig Ralf J.
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose

Pemphigus is caused by autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1, Dsg3, and/or non‐Dsg antigens. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common manifestation of pemphigus, with painful erosions on mucous membranes. In most cases, blistering also occurs on the skin, leading to areas of extensive denudation. Despite improvements in pemphigus treatment, time to achieve remission is long, severe adverse events are frequent and 20% of patients do not respond adequately. Current clinical developments focus exclusively on modulating B cell function or autoantibody half‐life. However, topical modulation of PV autoantibody‐induced blistering is an attractive target because it could promptly relieve symptoms.

Experimental Approach

To address this issue, we performed an unbiased screening in a complex biological system using 141 low MW inhibitors from a chemical library. Specifically, we evaluated PV IgG‐induced Dsg3 internalization in HaCaT keratinocytes. Validation of the 20 identified compounds was performed using keratinocyte fragmentation assays, as well as a human skin organ culture (HSOC) model.

key Results

Overall, this approach led to the identification of four molecules involved in PV IgG‐induced skin pathology: MEK1, TrkA, PI3Kα, and VEGFR2.

Conclusion and Implications

This unbiased screening revealed novel mechanisms by which PV autoantibodies induce blistering in keratinocytes and identified new treatment targets for this severe and potentially life‐threatening skin disease.
Novel phenolic antimicrobials enhanced activity of iminodiacetate prodrugs against biofilm and planktonic bacteria
Authors: Walsh Danica J. , Livinghouse Tom , Durling Greg M. , Arnold Adrienne D. , Brasier Whitney , Berry Luke , Goeres Darla M. , Stewart Philip S.
Published: August 2020

Prodrugs are pharmacologically attenuated derivatives of drugs that undergo bioconversion into the active compound once reaching the targeted site, thereby maximizing their efficiency. This strategy has been implemented in pharmaceuticals to overcome obstacles related to absorption, distribution, and metabolism, as well as with intracellular dyes to ensure concentration within cells. In this study, we provide the first examples of a prodrug strategy that can be applied to simple phenolic antimicrobials to increase their potency against mature biofilms. The addition of (acetoxy)methyl iminodiacetate groups increases the otherwise modest potency of simple phenols. Biofilm‐forming bacteria exhibit a heightened tolerance toward antimicrobial agents, thereby accentuating the need for new antibiotics as well as those, which incorporate novel delivery strategies to enhance activity toward biofilms.
Communication tools used in childhood obesity discussions: A scoping review
Authors: MacTavish Katherine , Cistrone Alexandra , Kingsnorth Shauna , McPherson Amy C.
Published: August 2020

Background

Paediatric healthcare professionals (HCPs) play an essential role in the prevention and management of childhood obesity; however, many report considerable barriers to having weight‐related conversations, including a lack of confidence. One way to address this is to use communication tools, such as charts, pictures and handouts. This scoping review's objective was to identify the extent and nature of available tools in the published literature that aimed to support HCPs in having positive weight‐related conversations with children and families.

Methods

CINAHL, Medline and PsycINFO were systematically searched from 2005 to 2019. Articles were selected based on (a) use of an identified communication tool; (b) tool designed for use with children between the ages of 2 and 18 and/or their parents; (c) tool designed to be used in weight‐related discussions; and (d) tool designed to be used by HCPs in a formal healthcare setting.

Results

Of the 3,596 articles yielded after deduplication, 13 unique communication tools were identified. Tools were grouped according to three themes: (a) help communicate child's weight status; (b) provide a communication framework for HCPs; and (c) actively engage children and/or parents in discussions. Many of the tools were recently developed and had not been evaluated in clinical practice. The clinical utility of each tool was evaluated.

Conclusion

This study identified 13 communication tools HCPs could use when having weight‐related discussions. However, there was a lack of evaluation and clinical utility. Only one tool had high clinical utility, and not all tools would be recommended for use in practice.
Only Familiar Information is a “Curse”: Children’s Ability to Predict What Their Peers Know
Authors: Ghrear Siba , Fung Klint , Haddock Taeh , Birch Susan A.J.
Published: August 2020

The ability to make inferences about what one’s peers know is critical for social interaction and communication. Three experiments (n = 309) examined the curse of knowledge, the tendency to be biased by one’s knowledge when reasoning about others’ knowledge, in children’s estimates of their peers’ knowledge. Four‐ to 7‐year‐olds were taught the answers to factual questions and estimated how many peers would know the answers. When children learned familiar answers, they showed a curse of knowledge in their peer estimates. But, when children learned unfamiliar answers to the same questions, they did not show a curse of knowledge. These data shed light on the mechanisms underlying perspective taking, supporting a fluency misattribution account of the curse of knowledge.
Let’s Cross the Next One: Parental Scaffolding of Prospective Control Over Movement
Authors: O’Neal Elizabeth E. , Zhou Shiwen , Jiang Yuanyuan , Kearney Joseph K. , Plumert Jodie M.
Published: August 2020

This investigation examined parental scaffolding of children’s prospective control over decisions and actions during a joint perception‐action task. Parents and their 6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐year‐old children (N = 128) repeatedly crossed a virtual roadway together. Guidance and control shifted from the parent to the child with increases in child age. Parents more often chose the gap that was crossed and prospectively communicated the gap choice with younger than older children. Greater use of an anticipatory gap selection strategy by parents predicted more precise timing of entry into the gap by children. This work suggests that social interaction may serve as an important experiential mechanism for the development of prospective control over decisions and actions in the perception–action domain.
Clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions to lanolin: AROATstudy
Authors: Uldahl Ada , Engfeldt Malin , Svedman Cecilia
Published: August 2020

Background

Lanolin is often included when patch testing for common contact allergens. The clinical relevance of a positive patch test reaction to lanolin markers is, however, still a subject for debate.

Objectives

To evaluate Amerchol L101 as a marker of lanolin allergy and investigate the clinical impact of lanolin‐containing moisturizers on healthy and damaged skin using the repeated open application test (ROAT).

Methods

Twelve test subjects and 14 controls were patch tested with Amerchol L 101 and additional lanolin markers. Subsequently, a blinded ROAT was performed on the arms of the study participants for 4 weeks. Each participant applied a lanolin‐free cream base and two different lanolin‐containing test creams twice daily on one arm with intact skin and on the other arm with irritant dermatitis, induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).

Results

Eleven test subjects (92%) had positive patch test reactions to Amerchol L 101 when retested and one test subject (8%) had a doubtful reaction. None of the study participants had any skin reactions to the ROAT on intact skin and all participants healed during the ROAT on damaged skin.

Conclusions

Lanolin‐containing emollients do not cause or worsen existing dermatitis when performing ROAT in volunteers patch test positive to Amerchol L101.
Developing a cosmetic series: Results from the ESSCA network, 2009‐2018
Authors: Horton Emma , Uter Wolfgang , Geier Johannes , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara , Bauer Andrea , Bircher Andreas , Dickel Heinrich , Giménez‐Arnau Ana , Gonçalo Margarida , John Swen Malte , Mahler Vera , Schuttelaar Marie L. A. , Simon Dagmar , Sanchez‐Perez Javier , Rustemeyer Thomas , Weisshaar Elke , Wilkinson Mark
Published: August 2020

Background

There is considerable variability across European patch test centres as to which allergens are included in local and national cosmetics series.

Objectives

To propose a standardized, evidence‐based cosmetic series for Europe based on up‐to‐date analysis of relevant contact allergens.

Methods

We collated data from the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) from 2009 to 2018 to determine which cosmetic allergens produce a high yield of contact allergy. Contact allergens with a prevalence of >0.3% that were considered relevant were included. Rare contact allergens were excluded if deemed no longer relevant or added to a supplemental cosmetic series for further analysis.

Results

Sensitization prevalences of 39 cosmetic contact allergens were tabulated. Thirty of these allergens yielded >0.3% positive reactions and are therefore included in our proposed European cosmetic series. Six were considered no longer relevant and therefore excluded. Three were included in a supplementary European cosmetic series. An additional nine allergens were included in either the core or supplemental European cosmetic series following literature review.

Conclusion

We have derived a potential European cosmetic series based upon the above methods. This will require ongoing investigation based upon the changing exposure profiles of cosmetic allergens as well as new and evolving substances.
Conservation behavior and effects of economic and environmental message frames
Authors: Reddy Sheila M.W. , Wardropper Chloe , Weigel Collin , Masuda Yuta J. , Harden Seth , Ranjan Pranay , Getson Jackie M. , Esman Laura A. , Ferraro Paul , Prokopy Linda
Published: August 2020

Emphasizing the economic and environmental benefits of conservation is business‐as‐usual for environmental organizations seeking to influence conservation behavior, but these message frames are rarely tested. We embedded a large message framing experiment into the recruitment for a conservation agriculture program targeting farmland owners in the Mississippi River Basin. We found that framed messages do not increase enrollment in the agricultural program—the desired conservation behavior—compared to an informational message (control) and may decrease enrollment among farmland owners not already using conservation practices (i.e., cover crops).
Machine‐learning–based early prediction of end‐stage renal disease in patients with diabetic kidney disease using clinical trials data
Authors: Belur Nagaraj Sunil , Pena Michelle J. , Ju Wenjun , Heerspink Hiddo L. ,   The BEAt‐DKD Consortium
Published: August 2020

Aim

To predict end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients with type 2 diabetes by using machine‐learning models with multiple baseline demographic and clinical characteristics.

Materials and methods

In total, 11 789 patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy from three clinical trials, RENAAL (n = 1513), IDNT (n = 1715) and ALTITUDE (n = 8561), were used in this study. Eighteen baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were used as predictors to train machine‐learning models to predict ESRD (doubling of serum creatinine and/or ESRD). We used the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) to assess the prediction performance of models and compared this with traditional Cox proportional hazard regression and kidney failure risk equation models.

Results

The feed forward neural network model predicted ESRD with an AUC of 0.82 (0.76‐0.87), 0.81 (0.75‐0.86) and 0.84 (0.79‐0.90) in the RENAAL, IDNT and ALTITUDE trials, respectively. The feed forward neural network model selected urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, serum albumin, uric acid and serum creatinine as important predictors and obtained a state‐of‐the‐art performance for predicting long‐term ESRD.

Conclusions

Despite large inter‐patient variability, non‐linear machine‐learning models can be used to predict long‐term ESRD in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy using baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. The proposed method has the potential to create accurate and multiple outcome prediction automated models to identify high‐risk patients who could benefit from therapy in clinical practice.
A challenging case report of IgG4‐related systemic disease involving the heart and retroperitoneum with a literature review of similar heart lesions
Authors: Hajsadeghi Shokoufeh , Pakbaz Marziyeh , Hassanzadeh Morteza , Sadeghipour Alireza
Published: August 2020

The IgG4‐related disease is a distinct, steroid‐responsive fibro‐inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. This multiorgan disease is characterized by tumefactive lesions that contain rich infiltrations of IgG4‐positive plasma cells, with the pancreas, and the salivary and lacrimal glands being the main involved. The more common cardiovascular involvements include inflammatory peri‐aortitis, coronary arteritis, and pericarditis. Intra‐cardiac tumefactive lesions are rarely reported. Herein, we describe a challenging case of IgG4‐related disease with a long‐time lag between initiation of symptoms to proper diagnosis with biopsy‐proven cardiac and retroperitoneal and possible pituitary gland involvement. Concerning the rarity of the cardiac lesion in our case, we conducted a literature review of similar case reports.
Structural transformation in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia: Patterns, drivers and constraints
Authors: Ayed Mouelhi Rim Ben , Ghazali Monia
Published: August 2020

This study analyses structural transformation in three Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries: Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt over a large time period (1960–2010). We examine labour productivity evolution and structural change contribution to productivity growth over different sub‐periods. We analyze the contribution of different economic sectors to aggregate structural change in the three countries. An econometric analysis is also performed to identify the main factors underlying the intensity and the pattern of structural change. Results suggest that the three countries initiated and achieved some progress in structural transformation over the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. However, this process has stagnated at low‐income levels and has remained unfinished. Deindustrialization occurred at an early stage of development in the three countries, in contrast to that noticed in developed and emergent countries. The results of the econometric analysis suggest a significant and positive association between investment and structural change as capital accumulation increases the future productive capacity and triggers reallocative efficiency. The human capital quality and availability has a positive and significant impact on structural change. Trade openness is also expected to boost structural transformations. However, labour market rigidity hampers structural transformation.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of behavioural sex differences in executive control
Authors: Gaillard Alexandra , Fehring Daniel J. , Rossell Susan L.
Published: August 2020

Literature investigating whether an individuals' sex affects their executive control abilities and performance on cognitive tasks in a normative population has been contradictory and inconclusive. Using meta‐analytic procedures (abiding by PRISMA guidelines), this study attempts to identify the magnitude of behavioural sex differences in three prominent executive control domains of cognitive set‐shifting, performance monitoring, and response inhibition. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were systematically searched. Across 46 included studies, a total of 1988 females and 1884 males were included in the analysis. Overall, males and females did not differ on performance in any of the three domains of performance monitoring, response inhibition, or cognitive set‐shifting. Task‐specific sex differences were observed in the domains of performance monitoring, in the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory task—males scored statistically higher than females (Hedges'g = −0.60), and response inhibition, in the Delay Discounting task—females scored statistically higher than males (Hedges'g = 0.64). While the meta‐analysis did not detect overall behavioural sex differences in executive control, significant heterogeneity and task‐specific sex differences were found. To further understand sex differences within these specific tasks and domains, future research must better control for age and sex hormone levels.
The Origins of Divergent and Oscillating Modes of Religiosity
Authors: Mulholland Peter , Salazar Carles
Published: August 2020

In his 1995 ethnographyInside The Cult, Harvey Whitehouse argued that theorists have not been able to construct a satisfactory picture of religious behavior because they overlook “the way in which religion is handled cognitively” (1995, 194–220). In this essay, we will argue that, although Whitehouse's cognitive theory of “modes of religiosity” helps to explain many of the features and underlying dynamics of divergent ways of being religious, it doesn't take sufficient account of the diverse ways in which socialization can affect people's cognitive and religious development. Taking Whitehouse's ethnography as a basis for arguing for a more psychoanalytically informed approach, we will try to show how recent findings in the fields of neuroscience and developmental psychology can be used to build on Whitehouse's theory and produce a more comprehensive theoretical framework for explaining how nature, culture, nurture, and psychology interact to produce divergent and oscillating modes of religiosity. [cognition, modes of religiosity, new religious movements, psychology, whitehouse]
A meta‐analysis of gas bubble trauma in fish
Authors: Pleizier Naomi K. , Algera Dirk , Cooke Steven J. , Brauner Colin J.
Published: August 2020

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation generated by dams is known to cause gas bubble trauma (GBT) and mortality in fish, but despite many studies on the topic, there have been no recent attempts to systematically review the data. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine how different levels of TDG supersaturation in laboratory experiments impact mortality and GBT outcomes of freshwater fishes. We also examined all TDG laboratory studies on freshwater fish to identify research gaps in the GBT literature. Factors that improved the linear mixed‐effects models and Cox proportional hazards models of the relationship between TDG supersaturation and time to 50% mortality, time to 10% mortality, time to the appearance of bubbles in the gills and time to external GBT symptoms include depth, temperature, oxygen‐to‐nitrogen ratios, species, body mass, the interaction between TDG and depth and author group for one or more of the models of the relationship between TDG and GBT outcomes. Of the 99 GBT studies we found in our search, 74% quantified mortality outcomes, with limited assessment of quantitative behavioural, histological and performance outcomes. Moreover, the majority of studies were conducted on salmonids. We therefore recommend additional studies on non‐salmonid species to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of GBT and community effects with use of more diverse sublethal outcomes. We also recommend random subject allocation to treatments, complete reporting, consistent methods between treatments and the use of control groups (which were often lacking) for more rigorous experimental designs.
Geographic variation in feeding of Pacific saury Cololabis saira in June and July in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroomi , Vijai Dharmamony , Kidokoro Hideaki , Tadokoro Kazuaki , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Fuji Taiki , Suyama Satoshi
Published: August 2020

Gut contents of Pacific saury Cololabis saira during their feeding migration through a transition zone between subtropical and subarctic waters in the North Pacific Ocean are reported. Geographic changes in feeding habits and preferences are described for the months of June and July, for the years 2012, 2016, and 2017. Pacific saury prey comprised 27 taxa. Cluster analysis based on numerical abundance of these prey taxa in guts indicated six Pacific saury feeding types (A to F) existed. Of these, types A–E occurred in low sea surface temperature waters (<ca 14°C). Gut content weight and gut fullness index were greater in types A, B, and E, with copepods Neocalanus plumchrus/flemingeri and/or N. cristatus contributing highly to carbon‐base weight. Although small euphausiids occurred in guts, guts were also often empty, suggesting feeding was less active at higher sea surface temperatures (>ca 14°C). Feeding patterns reveal N. plumchrus/flemingeri tended to be important prey species in areas west of ca 175°E, whereas Pacific saury feed mainly and selectively on N. cristatus in eastern areas, indicating a longitudinal difference in the trophic pathway from zooplankton prey to Pacific saury. These spatial differences in trophic pathways improve our understanding of nutritional intake in the commercially important Pacific saury during its feeding migration, and the effects this might have on fish size and weight, and associated commercial value.
Illness cognitions associated with health‐related quality of life in young adult men with haemophilia
Authors: Limperg Perrine F. , Maurice‐Stam Heleen , Heesterbeek Madelief R. , Peters Marjolein , Coppens Michiel , Kruip Marieke J. H. A. , Eikenboom Jeroen , Grootenhuis Martha A. , Haverman Lotte
Published: August 2020

Introduction and Aim

Knowledge on patterns of beliefs about the illness (illness cognitions) can provide insight into individual differences in adjustment to haemophilia. The current study aimed to identify (a) which sociodemographic and disease characteristics were associated with illness cognitions and (b) which illness cognitions were associated with health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in young adult men with haemophilia, besides sociodemographic and disease characteristics.

Methods

Young adult men (18‐30 years) with haemophilia in the Netherlands participated in an online multicentre cross‐sectional study. Participants completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Young Adult version (PedsQL_YA). Potential sociodemographic determinants were assessed with the Course of Life Questionnaire (CoLQ) and illness cognitions with the Illness Cognition Questionnaire (ICQ). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess potential determinants of illness cognitions and HRQOL.

Results

Seventy young adult men with haemophilia (mean age 24.7 years, SD 3.5) participated. Born outside the Netherlands (β −0.24) and >1 bleed past 6 months (β −0.32) were associated with less acceptance of the disease. More acceptance was associated with better HRQOL in all domains: β 0.23‐0.39. More helplessness was associated with worse total (β −0.30) and physical (β −0.42) HRQOL. Disease benefits, sociodemographic and disease characteristics were not associated with HRQOL.

Conclusion

Illness cognitions are associated with HRQOL in young adult men with haemophilia. Early recognition and identification of illness cognitions are important to facilitate support and psychosocial treatment to optimize young adults’ well‐being. Extra attention is needed for young adult men with frequent bleeds because they are at risk of lowered levels of acceptance of the disease.
Cell polarity (the ‘four lines’) distinguishes gastric dysplasia from epithelial changes in reactive gastropathy
Authors: Waters Kevin M , Salimian Kevan J , Assarzadegan Naziheh , Hutchings Danielle , Makhoul Elias P , Windon Annika L , Wong Mary T , Voltaggio Lysandra , Montgomery Elizabeth A
Published: August 2020

Aims

Gastric dysplasia is a risk factor for synchronous and subsequent gastric carcinoma. Distinguishing gastric dysplasia from reactive changes is subject to interobserver disagreement and is a frequent reason for expert consultation. We previously used assessment of surface cell polarity (the ‘four lines’) as a key feature to decrease equivocal diagnoses in Barrett oesophagus. In the current study, we examined for the presence or absence of the four lines in gastric dysplasia and reactive gastropathy.

Materials and methods

The study includes all (n = 91) in‐house biopsies with at least gastric dysplasia from the surgical pathology archives of two academic institutions during a 5‐year period from 2008 to 2012. A reactive gastropathy group (n = 60) was created for comparison.

Results

The dysplasia/neoplasia group was comprised of 14 biopsies of gastric foveolar‐type dysplasia, 59 of intestinal‐type dysplasia, 14 with dysplasia in fundic gland polyps, three pyloric gland adenomas and one oxyntic gland adenoma. Loss of surface cell polarity was seen in all 88 dysplasia cases with evaluable surface epithelium. All 57 reactive gastropathy cases with evaluable surface epithelium showed intact surface cell polarity except in focal areas directly adjacent to erosions in 17 cases, where the thin wisp of residual surface mucin could not be appreciated on haematoxylin and eosin.

Conclusion

Surface cell polarity (the four lines) was lost in all gastric dysplasia biopsies with evaluable surface epithelium and maintained in all biopsies of reactive gastropathy. Caution should be taken in using this feature adjacent to erosions in reactive gastropathy.
Petrography and geochemistry of manganiferous rocks in the Mankwadzi area in the southern Kibi‐Winneba metavolcanic belt, Ghana: Implications for genesis of Mn formations in the Birimian of West Africa
Authors: Ibrahim Kwabina , Nyame Frank K. , Armah Thomas , Manu Johnson , Baah‐Acheamfour Jeff , Tigme Jacob
Published: August 2020

Manganiferous rocks in the Mankwadzi area in the southernmost portion of the Kibi‐Winneba metavolcanic belt, one of several Mn occurrences in the Paleoproterozoic Birimian of Ghana, are hosted in hornblende schist and amphibolite. These rocks are, in places, intruded by hornblende dyke. In outcrop, the manganiferous rocks appear to be conformable with the host schist and amphibolite, are macroscopically dark, fine‐grained and structurally massive to distinctly banded. Observed alternating light and dark occasionally macro‐folded bands suggest post‐depositional deformation of both light and dark bands. Microscopic observations revealed that the light bands are dominantly Si‐rich and the dark bands mainly of opaque minerals. Whole rock analyses of the manganiferous rocks show high contents of MnO (16.75–27.4 wt%) suggesting that the opaque minerals are likely rich in Mn. The analyzed rock samples show moderate to strong enrichments in light rare earth elements compared to heavy rare earth elements. Whereas the manganiferous rocks show perceptibly negative Eu anomaly, host hornblende schist and hornblende dyke do not. Eu anomaly in amphibolite samples is, however, uncertain as the three samples analyzed gave positive, negative and no Eu anomalies. Based on the field characteristics, microscopic and geochemical features, we suggest that the Mn occurrence in the Mankwadzi area originated via sedimentary deposition and was later modified by metamorphism, hydrothermal and/or supergene processes similar to manganiferous occurrences at Nsuta and Tambao in the Birimian of West Africa.
Human post‐infection serological response to the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Xiao Cheng , Ling Shiman , Qiu Minshan , Deng Zhenxuan , Chen Liping , Zhu Airu , Chen Yi , Liu Yong , Lin Xia , Lin Fangmei , Wu Qiubao , Shen Lihan , Ye Feng , Liu Xiaoqing , Li Yimin , Zhao Jincun , Yang Zifeng , Cowling Benjamin J. , Webby Richard , Zanin Mark , Wong Sook‐San
Published: August 2020

To inform seroepidemiological studies, we characterized the IgG‐ responses in COVID‐19 patients against the two major SARS‐CoV‐2 viral proteins, spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N). We tested 70 COVID‐19 sera collected up to 85 days post‐symptom onset and 230 non‐COVID‐19 sera, including 27 SARS sera from 2003. Although the average SARS‐CoV‐2 S and N‐IgG titers were comparable, N‐responses were more variable among individuals. S‐ and N‐assay specificity tested with non‐COVID‐19 sera were comparable at 97.5% and 97.0%, respectively. Therefore, S will make a better target due to its lower cross‐reactive potential and its' more consistent frequency of detection compared to N.
A fuzzy approach to decision‐making in sea‐cage aquaculture production
Authors: Luna Manuel , Llorente Ignacio , Cobo Angel
Published: August 2020

Despite the rapid growth in productivity and scale of business production of aquaculture companies in the last few years, their economic results have still experienced very high volatility. This can be partly explained by the increasing complexity of management issues and the strong changes in seafood consumption patterns. But, above all else, companies' results are affected by the conditions of high uncertainty in the decision‐making processes, due to the large number of biological, technical, economic, and environmental influencing factors, many of them beyond the control of managers. In this context, the number of variables, scenarios, and the volume of data to be considered in decision‐making is increasing and, therefore, technological advances are becoming much more accepted and requested. This work presents a fuzzy model that allows aquaculture producers to easily manage the uncertainty regarding climate change and market price scenarios when they are facing production decisions, such as the choice between traditional or ecological production. To that end, this novel approach uses the fuzzy pay‐off method to estimate the companies' economic performance and a discrete multicriteria decision‐making technique (fuzzy TOPSIS) to integrate economic, environmental, and product quality criteria in the selection of the most appropriate production alternative.
The development and psychometric testing of three instruments that measure person‐centred caring as three concepts – Personalization, participation and responsiveness
Authors: Strachan Heather , Williamson Laura , Elders Andrew , Sutherland Ben , Hibberd Carina , Williams Brian
Published: August 2020

Aim

To develop and test the psychometric properties of three instruments that measure Person‐centred Caring: as Personalization, Participation and Responsiveness.

Design

A three‐phase mixed methods design used two frameworks: content validity determination and quantification; consensus‐based standards for selection of health measurement instruments.

Methods

A narrative literature review identified the domain definition. A systematic review of instruments provided the basis for item pools, which were refined by focus groups (N = 4) of multidisciplinary staff and service users (N = 25) and cognitive interviews (N = 11) with service users. Scale content validity indexes were calculated. Three cross‐sectional surveys were conducted between April 2015 and June 2016. The instruments' psychometric properties tested included factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity. Convergent validity was tested, hypothesizing that: Personalization related to relational empathy; Participation related to empowerment; and Responsiveness related to trust.

Results

Scale content validity indexes were ≥0.96 in all instruments. Response rates were 24% (N = 191), 15% (N = 108) and 19% (N = 124). Two factors were revealed for the Personalization and Responsiveness instruments and one factor for the Participation instrument. All had acceptable: reliability (Cronbach's Alpha >0.7); construct validity (>50%); and convergent validity (Spearman's correlation coefficient >0.25, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study composed definitions and instruments that reflect the multidisciplinary teams' caring behaviours, which have acceptable reliability and validity in the community population. Further psychometric testing of Participation and Responsiveness instruments should be undertaken with a larger sample.

Impact

The instruments can be used to monitor the variability of multidisciplinary teams' caring behaviours; research effective interventions to improve caring behaviours; and increase understanding of the impact of caring on health outcomes.
How can hospitals engage their current employees in the recruitment of qualified nurses? A referral bonus and self‐determination perspective
Authors: Stockman Sara , van Hoye Greet , van Hooft Edwin A. J.
Published: August 2020

Aims

To investigate the impact of promising a referral bonus and an autonomous referral request on nurses’ referral likelihood and the quality of their referrals.

Design

We applied a 2 × 2 between‐participants factorial design with referral bonus and autonomous referral request as experimental variables.

Methods

In May 2019, 110 nurses working in Belgian hospitals were shown a fictitious e‐mail with a request from their employer to look for potential new‐hires and filled out an online survey measuring referral likelihood and quality.

Results

Promising a referral bonus did not affect nurses’ referral likelihood and quality. Instead supporting self‐determination theory, nurses exposed to the autonomous request were more likely to refer and assure referral quality than those exposed to the controlling request.

Conclusion

Hospitals can increase nurses’ referral likelihood and quality by framing their referral request in an autonomy‐supportive way.

Impact

Recruiting nurses are more important than ever in the current Covid‐19 crisis. Our findings offer practical insights on how hospitals can engage their employees in the recruitment of nurses (i.e. through framing referral requests in an autonomy‐supportive way).