bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fukushima: U.S. Response and the Short-Term Impact on U.S.-Japan Trade in Fish and Seafood
Authors: Vardon Peter , Sassi Aliya , Zheng Yuqing , Birur Dileep
Published: September 2019

The U.S. regulatory response to the import of potentially contaminated food from Japan following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power facility meltdown has not been closely examined. The incident caused global concern about the safety of foods imported from Japan. U.S. scientists and policymakers conducted an initial evaluation of the potential health risks, analyzed information and data from foreign governments and international organizations, adopted an import alert, and conducted extensive monitoring. They did not detect radionuclides in, adopt a ban on, or advise consumers to alter their consumption of foods from Japan. Using a modified Global Simulation Model, National Marine Fisheries Service monthly seafood import data and United Nations trade data, we performed a comprehensive retrospective benefit-cost analysis of U.S. actions on U.S.-Japan trade in fish and seafood. We estimate that U.S. regulatory policy preserved approximately $150 million in annual consumer surplus from the continued import of Japanese fish and seafood (at a cost of less than $1 million for import sampling), while finding no additional exposure to harmful radionuclides. The lesson of our analysis is that investment in regulatory infrastructure has tangible economic benefits, and that retrospective benefit-cost analysis can be a useful framework for evaluating catastrophe risk-related policy strategies.
The tragedy of the emeritus and the fates of anatomical collections: Alfred Benninghoff's memoir of Ferdinand Count Spee
Authors: HOPWOOD NICK
Published: September 2019

Retirement can be a significant period in modern academic careers, and emeritus professors have shaped the fates of collections in departments and disciplines. This is evidenced by reconstructing the meanings of Alfred Benninghoff's remarkable memoir of Ferdinand Count Spee, sometime director of the anatomical institute in the University of Kiel. Thematizing the ‘tragedy’ of the emeritus, Benninghoff's 1944 article recalls his predecessor's possessive interactions with his collections as these approached assorted endings. With nostalgia and humour, it places the old aristocrat physically, intellectually and emotionally in a building that bombing would soon destroy. Benninghoff's Spee retained control over the microscope slides with which he engaged colleagues in conversations about research in embryology and physiological anatomy. He lost authority over the teaching charts and wet preparations, but still said a long farewell to these things; he tried, like a conductor alone after a concert, to recapture an experience he had once shared. The elegy is interpreted as apologetic about anatomy under National Socialism, and as offering a model of collegiality. It illustrates how collections have mediated relations between scientific generations at the end of a career.
UNIFORM SPANNING FORESTS OF PLANAR GRAPHS
Authors: HUTCHCROFT TOM , NACHMIAS ASAF
Published: September 2019

We prove that the free uniform spanning forest of any bounded degree proper plane graph is connected almost surely, answering a question of Benjamini, Lyons, Peres and Schramm. We provide a quantitative form of this result, calculating the critical exponents governing the geometry of the uniform spanning forests of transient proper plane graphs with bounded degrees and codegrees. We find that the same exponents hold universally over this entire class of graphs provided that measurements are made using the hyperbolic geometry of their circle packings rather than their usual combinatorial geometry.
Hegel's Time: Between Tragic Action and Modern History
Authors: Pérez Berta M.
Published: September 2019

This paper offers an alternative perspective to the traditional interpretation of Hegel's philosophical reflection on history, departing from a reinterpretation of Hegel's reading of the tragic action of Antigone in Chapter VI of the Phenomenology of Spirit. The customary interpretation of this text affirms that Hegel shows how the conflict of tragic action finds its truth and its end in the identity of spirit. Tragic conflict is left behind to the same extent that (modern historical) spirit sublates the Greek ethical substance. This way, spirit can guarantee that our historical time is released from the past of the substance, or the spiritual movement of mediation from the immediacy of an ‘in-itself’. My reading, by contrast, finds under the tragic conflict of this text of Hegel's nothing but the ‘no’ of death that negates itself, or a principle that has the form of an original and irreducible conflict. Under this interpretation of Hegelian spirit, it becomes clear that it can neither fail to posit some form of ‘in-itself’ nor sublate its own tragic nature. This way it is shown that Hegel's reflection on the past does not reassure the superiority of the identity of the (modern) present (as the end of history), but rather illuminates its ‘broken’ nature. I thus offer an alternative view on Hegel's comprehension of the relation between present and past and between philosophy and time.
Are we ignorant about enterprise: Questioning assumptions?
Authors: Bridge Simon
Published: September 2019

Twenty years ago Gibb suggested that despite an ‘explosion of research’ into enterprise, there had been ‘a growth of ignorance’. To see if that still applies, this paper looks at the nature of ‘knowledge’ and in particular at how our knowledge about enterprise has evolved. It suggests that to build our enterprise understanding, assumptions were made but not subsequently reviewed and verified. For instance it seems to have been assumed that enterprise is a sub-set of business, with the apparent consequence that big business-based thinking is applied also to small businesses.The paper concludes that there is a prima face case that ignorance about enterprise still prevails and there are examples which support this conclusion. In consequence, until the questionable assumptions are highlighted and their foundations recognised and corrected, we should not claim a leading role for our thinking or promote it as an appropriate basis for enterprise policy.
DIRECTIONS SETS: A GENERALISATION OF RATIO SETS
Authors: LEONETTI PAOLO , SANNA CARLO
Published: September 2019

For every integer$k\geq 2$and every$A\subseteq \mathbb{N}$, we define the$k$-directions setsof$A$as$D^{k}(A):=\{\boldsymbol{a}/\Vert \boldsymbol{a}\Vert :\boldsymbol{a}\in A^{k}\}$and$D^{\text{}\underline{k}}(A):=\{\boldsymbol{a}/\Vert \boldsymbol{a}\Vert :\boldsymbol{a}\in A^{\text{}\underline{k}}\}$, where$\Vert \cdot \Vert$is the Euclidean norm and$A^{\text{}\underline{k}}:=\{\boldsymbol{a}\in A^{k}:a_{i}\neq a_{j}\text{ for all }i\neq j\}$. Via an appropriate homeomorphism,$D^{k}(A)$is a generalisation of theratio set$R(A):=\{a/b:a,b\in A\}$. We study$D^{k}(A)$and$D^{\text{}\underline{k}}(A)$as subspaces of$S^{k-1}:=\{\boldsymbol{x}\in [0,1]^{k}:\Vert \boldsymbol{x}\Vert =1\}$. In particular, generalising a result of Bukor and Tóth, we provide a characterisation of the sets$X\subseteq S^{k-1}$such that there exists$A\subseteq \mathbb{N}$satisfying$D^{\text{}\underline{k}}(A)^{\prime }=X$, where$Y^{\prime }$denotes the set of accumulation points of$Y$. Moreover, we provide a simple sufficient condition for$D^{k}(A)$to be dense in$S^{k-1}$. We conclude with questions for further research.
Candidate Messaging on Religious Issues in the 2016–17 Conservative Party of Canada Leadership Race
Authors: Thomas Paul E. J. , Sabin Jerald
Published: September 2019

This article examines candidate emails from the 2016–17 Conservative Party of Canada leadership race to explore how candidates communicated with party supporters on issues of moral traditionalism (for example, abortion and sexuality diversity) and minority religious accommodation. We find that the level of public support for a given policy position shaped how overtly candidates signalled their views, with those supporting moral traditionalism or restrictions on religious minorities tending to express their views covertly and vice versa. Message overtness also changed following the deadline for new members to join the party before the vote. This article marks the first systematic study of how party leadership candidates attempt to solicit support from particular party factions and how candidates’ appeals evolve throughout a campaign. The results also show that the high-profile debate around minority religious accommodation during the leadership race did not displace contestation between candidates over issues such as sexual or reproductive rights.
Environmental encounters: Woolly mammoth, indigenous communities and metropolitan scientists in the Soviet Arctic
Authors: Arzyutov Dmitry V.
Published: September 2019

This article investigates how in the Soviet Arctic researchers and indigenous communities searched and understood the mammoth before and during the Cold War. Based on a vast number of published and unpublished sources as well as interviews with scholars and reindeer herders, this article demonstrates that the mammoth, as a paleontological find fusing together features of extinct and extant species, plays an in-between role among various environmental epistemologies. The author refers to moments of interactions among these different actors as “environmental encounters”, which comprise and engage with the physical, political, social and cultural environments of the Arctic. These encounters shape the temporal stabilisations of knowledge which enable the mammoth to live its post-extinct life. This article combines approaches from environmental history and anthropology, history of science and indigenous studies showing the social vitality of a “fossil object”.
‘We keep our eyes fixed upon Christ’: an anti-speculative doctrine of final resurrection in Bullinger and Turretin
Authors: Harris Steven Edward
Published: September 2019

The doctrine of the resurrection of the dead at the end of time has often been the subject of speculation in the history of theology, seen especially in the influence of Augustine. The Reformers, seeking to avoid speculation here as elsewhere, turned to meditation on the risen Christ. This article expounds two Reformed accounts, those of Heinrich Bullinger (1504–75) and Francis Turretin (1623–87), which follow an anti-speculative rule formulated by Calvin: ‘we keep our eyes fixed upon Christ’. This rule, it is seen, also presses them to deny the Lutheran doctrine of the ubiquity of Christ's humanity.
Vocal Vulnerability: Tenors, Voix mixte and Late Nineteenth-Century French Opera
Authors: Parr Sean M.
Published: September 2019

It is now a historical commonplace that nineteenth-century operatic singing became generally louder and heavier over the course of the century. Early in the century, before the advent of singers such as Gilbert-Louis Duprez, tenors sang high notes with a light, mixed voice, sometimes even falsetto. Strikingly, while such singing was virtually eliminated from Italian opera by the end of the century, the vocal practice continued in certain cases in the French repertory, some of which were created with one particular tenor in mind, Jean-Alexandre Talazac (1851–1896). Talazac was praised for his unique ability to sing high notes both softly and loudly. This article investigates the physical practice of producing what pedagogues and critics have called voix mixte, an enigmatic timbre applied to moments of soft, high tenor singing. In exploring these moments of what I call ‘léger mode’, I suggest that, by singing high notes softly in a post-Duprez operatic world, tenors transcend stage gestures through their use of a formerly normative performance style to mark moments musically as representations of vocal and masculine vulnerability. The historical evidence also argues for a renewed focus on what soft tenor singing might do for opera today.
Validation of the Child Feeding Questionnaire among Saudi pre-schoolers in Jeddah city
Authors: Mosli Rana H
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To examine the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ-A) in a sample of Saudi pre-schoolers and their mothers.

Design:

Cross-sectional study. Mothers completed questionnaires over the telephone and child anthropometry was measured objectively using standardized procedures; BMIZ-scores (BMIZ) were calculated based on the age- and sex-specific WHO growth standards and reference data. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the original seven-factor CFQ model, as well as a modified nine-factor model. Cronbach’sαwas calculated to examine the internal consistency of each factor; Spearman correlation was used to examine 2-week retest reliability. Factor–factor and factor–child BMIZ correlations were examined.

Setting:

Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Participants:

A total of 209 mothers and children were recruited from eight different pre-schools.

Results:

Both the original seven-factor and modified nine-factor CFQ-A exhibited good fit (root-mean-square-error of approximation < 0·05). Six out of nine factors had excellent internal consistency and all factors showed excellent 2-week test–retest reliability. There were significant correlations between child BMIZ and five out of the nine factors; Perceived Child Weight, Perceived Parent Weight, Restriction and Monitoring were each positively correlated with child BMIZ, while Concern about Child’s Diet was negatively correlated with child BMIZ.

Conclusions:

The study provided evidence supporting the validity and reliability of the original seven-factor and modified nine-factor CFQ-A. Future studies are needed to further establish the psychometric properties of the CFQ-A in addition to other feeding assessment tools.
Countering the Judicial Silencing of Critics: Article 2 TEU Values, Reverse Solange, and the Responsibilities of National Judges
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin , Spieker Luke Dimitrios
Published: September 2019

EU Rule of law crisis – Article 2 TEU – EU values – EU fundamental rights – Freedom of speech – Member state courts – Interpretation of national law in conformity with Article 2 TEU values – Preliminary reference – Duty of referral – Criminal liability of judges – Reverse Solange – ASJP judgment – Judicial applicability of Article 2 TEU – Value-oriented interpretation of EU law – Mutual Amplification – Essence of EU fundamental rights – L.M. judgment – Aranyosi judgment – Federal balance – Red lines – Systemic deficiencies – Solange presumption – Mutual trust
RESTRICTED INTERPOLATION AND LACK THEREOF IN STIT LOGIC
Authors: OLKHOVIKOV GRIGORY K.
Published: September 2019

We consider the propositional logic equipped withChellas stitoperators for a finite set of individual agents plus the historical necessity modality. We settle the question of whether such a logic enjoys restricted interpolation property, which requires the existence of an interpolant only in cases where the consequence contains no Chellas stit operators occurring in the premise. We show that if action operators count as logical symbols, then such a logic has restricted interpolation property iff the number of agents does not exceed three. On the other hand, if action operators are considered to be nonlogical symbols, then the restricted interpolation fails for any number of agents exceeding one. It follows that unrestricted Craig interpolation also fails for almost all versions of stit logic.
The Boston University Twin Project (BUTP) II
Authors: Saudino Kimberly J. , Ganiban Jody M.
Published: September 2019

The Boston University Twin Project (BUTP) uses a multimethod, longitudinal approach to study the role of genetic and environmental factors on the development of child temperament and related behaviors in early childhood. There are two phases in this project. The first, described in the previous Twin Research and Human Genetics special issue on twin registries, focused on activity level and comprised over 300 twin pairs assessed in the home and laboratory at ages 2 and 3. In this article, we describe subject recruitment, sample characteristics, and study procedures and measures of the second phase of the BUTP. This recent study focuses more broadly on the development of multiple temperament dimensions and explores associations between temperament trajectories, parenting and child adjustment in a new cohort of approximately 300 twin pairs assessed at 3, 4 and 5 years of age.
Vertical Dependence of Horizontal Scaling Behavior of Orographic Wind and Moisture Fields in Atmospheric Models
Authors: Eghdami M. , Barros A. P.
Published: September 2019

Previous work showed that atmospheric model simulations exhibit different scaling behavior of vertically averaged horizontal wind (u,v) and moisture (q) in the mesoscales for convective (spectral slopes β~−5/3) and nonconvective (β~−11/5) conditions. Here, the focus is on the transient behavior of horizontal scaling in the vertical during the evolution of extreme orographic precipitation storms in middle (Appalachians, <2,500m) and high mountains (Andes). The results show that β exhibits a strong diurnal cycle switching between convective and nonconvective behavior following the space‐time evolution of atmospheric stability in the lower troposphere (below 700 hPa) depending on latitude, topography, landform, and the synoptic environment. Anomalous flattening of the wind and moisture spectra (i.e., spectral saturation, ∣β ∣  < 5/3) at high wavenumbers and up to 200 hPa is tied to convective activity, where and when strong vertical motions develop, corresponding to an abrupt directional switch from horizontal energy transfer to vertical energy transfer including latent heating release and parameterized microphysical processes. In the small mesoscales (<50 km), β~ − 5/3 at all times up to 200 hPa with nighttime steepening (β~−11/5) below the orographic envelope where cold air pools form at low elevations and vertical motion weakens in the Appalachians. In the Andes, the scaling behavior exhibits a stronger diurnal cycle at low levels (below 700 hPa) with significant shoaling between tropical and high latitudes. Blocking and strong modification of regional circulations result in nighttime anisotropy at midlevels on the altitudinal profile along the North‐South topographic divide.
A Modified Least Square Harmonics Estimation Method and Comparative Analysis of Established Full Periodicity Models
Authors: Zhou X. , Yang Y. , Chen H. , Ouyang W. , Fan W.
Published: September 2019

Unmodelled periodicities of GNSS coordinate time series lead to colored noise and therefore, unreal estimations of uncertainties and misinterpretation of geophysical phenomena. This paper firstly conducted Least Square Harmonics Estimation (LSHE) and Lomb‐Scargle periodogram method respectively on 25 CMONOC GNSS time series in Yunnan Province, China to establish the corresponding function models for each station. However, several prominent problems emerge: (1) design matrix singularity occurs when too close alternative frequencies are introduced; (2) low frequencies would be missed due to the cutoff of alternative frequencies. Consequently, periodic variations of a station would be depicted in an incorrect way. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a method that takes advantages of both LSHE and Lomb‐Scargle periodogram, that is, (1) to conduct an examination on the reciprocal of condition number of design matrix to avoid singularity problem, (2) to introduce the frequency results from the periodogram as a priori candidate frequencies to include low frequencies and improve accuracy of alternative frequencies. Compared with LSHE method and Lomb‐Scargle periodogram, the modified LSHE method reduces Root Mean Square (RMS) value of residuals by 0.83 mm and 0.43 mm, and reduces absolute spectrum indices of residuals by 0.11 and 0.04. Spectrum analysis and auto‐correlation function of residuals indicates corresponding residuals are closer to white noise, indicating modified LSHE method of this paper is valid to reduce colored noise through establishing a full periodicity model.
Wind‐Forced Symmetric Instability at a Transient Mid‐Ocean Front
Authors: Yu Xiaolong , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Martin Adrian P. , Gwyn Evans D. , Su Zhan
Published: September 2019

Mooring and glider observations and a high‐resolution satellite sea surface temperature image reveal features of a transient submesoscale front in a typical mid‐ocean region of the Northeast Atlantic. Analysis of the observations suggests that the front is forced by downfront winds and undergoes symmetric instability, resulting in elevated upper‐ocean kinetic energy, restratification, and turbulent dissipation. The instability is triggered as downfront winds act on weak upper‐ocean vertical stratification and strong lateral stratification produced by mesoscale frontogenesis. The instability's estimated rate of kinetic energy extraction from the front accounts for the difference between the measured rate of turbulent dissipation and the predicted contribution from one‐dimensional scalings of buoyancy‐ and wind‐driven turbulence, indicating that the instability underpins the enhanced dissipation. These results provide direct evidence of the occurrence of symmetric instability in a quiescent open‐ocean environment and highlight the need to represent the instability's restratification and dissipative effects in climate‐scale ocean models.
Using Machine Learning to Automatically Detect Volcanic Unrest in a Time Series of Interferograms
Authors: Gaddes M. E. , Hooper A. , Bagnardi M.
Published: September 2019

The latest generation of synthetic aperture radar satellites produce measurements of ground deformation at the majority of the world's subaerial active volcanoes and can be used to detect signs of volcanic unrest. We present an automatic detection algorithm that uses these data to automatically warn when deformation at a volcano departs from the background. We demonstrate our approach on synthetic data sets and the unrest leading to the 2018 eruption of Sierra Negra (Galapagos). Our algorithm encompasses spatial independent component analysis and uses a significantly improved version of the ICASO algorithm, which we term ICASAR, to robustly perform spatial independent component analysis. We use ICASAR to isolate signals of geophysical interest from atmospheric signals, before monitoring the evolution of these signals through time in order to detect the onset of a period of volcanic unrest.
Saturation Hysteresis Effects on the Seismic Signatures of Partially Saturated Heterogeneous Porous Rocks
Authors: Solazzi Santiago G. , Guarracino Luis , Rubino J. Germán , Holliger Klaus
Published: September 2019

Experimental evidence indicates that the spatial distribution of immiscible pore fluids in partially saturated media depends on the flow history and, thus, exhibits hysteresis effects. To date, most works concerned with modelling the effective seismic properties of partially saturated rocks either disregard these effects or account for them employing oversimplified approaches. This, in turn, can lead to erroneous interpretations of the corresponding seismic signatures. In this work, we present a novel methodology that allows to compute hysteresis effects on seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion due to mesoscopic wave‐induced fluid flow in realistic scenarios. For this purpose, we first employ a constitutive model that conceptualizes a porous medium as a bundle of constrictive capillary tubes with a fractal pore‐size distribution, which allows to estimate local hydraulic properties and capillary pressure‐saturation hysteretic relationships in a heterogeneous rock sample. Then, we use a numerical upscaling procedure based on Biot's poroelasticity theory to compute seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion curves during drainage and imbibition cycles. By combining these procedures, we are able to model, for the first time, key features of the saturation field and of the seismic signatures commonly observed in the laboratory during drainage and imbibition experiments. Our results also show that the pore‐scale characteristics of a given porous medium, such as the pore‐throat geometry, can greatly influence the hysteresis effects on the seismic signatures.
Evidence for a Deep Hydrologic Cycle on Oceanic Transform Faults
Authors: Kohli Arjun H. , Warren Jessica M.
Published: September 2019

Oceanic transform faults represent abundant yet relatively unexplored components of the hydrologic cycle in the mantle lithosphere. Current models limit fluid circulation to 600 °C, the thermal limit of earthquakes recorded by teleseismic surveys. However, recent ocean‐bottom seismic surveys have located earthquakes at depths corresponding to >1000 °C in modeled thermal structure. To constrain the depth extent of brittle deformation and fluid infiltration, we analyzed peridotite mylonites dredged from the Shaka Transform Fault, Southwest Indian Ridge. Samples range from high strain mylonites that preserve ductile microstructures to lower strain mylonites that are fractured and overprinted by hydrothermal alteration. Microstructural analysis of the high strain samples reveals brittle deformation of pyroxene concomitant with ductile deformation of olivine and growth of amphibole. Porphyroclasts preserve healed fractures filled with fluid inclusions, implying repeated episodes of fracture, fluid infiltration, and healing. The association of hydration features with brittle structures points to seawater, rather than melt, as the fluid source. Textural analysis indicates that strain localization was initiated by grain boundary pinning and that olivine grain size was reduced to ~1 μm in the presence of amphibole. Comparing the amphibole stability field to thermometry estimates for the limit of recrystallization suggests that fluid flow extended to ~650–850 °C. Our results indicate that the hydrologic cycle extends past the brittle‐ductile transition and promotes strain localization via hydrolytic weakening and hydration reactions. We propose that seawater infiltration on oceanic transform faults is driven by the seismic cycle and represents a first order control on the rheology of the oceanic lithosphere.
Fracture Unclogging: A Numerical Study of Seismically Induced Viscous Shear Stresses in Fluid‐Saturated Fractured Rocks
Authors: Barbosa Nicolás D. , Hunziker Jürg , Lissa Simón , Saenger Erik H. , Lupi Matteo
Published: September 2019

Dynamic shaking imposed by passing seismic waves is able to promote various hydrological processes in fractured reservoirs. This is often associated with seismically induced fracture unclogging due to mobilization of deposited colloids in the fracture network which, in turn, affects permeability at the reservoir scale. Numerous laboratory and field studies pointed out that fracture unclogging can be initiated when viscous shear stresses in the fracture fluid are in the range of 0.1–1 Pa. In this numerical study, we compute viscous shear stress in a fluid‐saturated fractured medium due to the action of passing P and S waves. We perform a sensitivity analysis in terms of fluid, fracture, and host rock physical properties as well as seismic wave characteristics. Our results show that seismically induced viscous shearing increases with frequency and seismic strain and can be in the order of those initiating fracture unclogging for typical seismic strains and frequencies. S waves tend to produce viscous shearing approximately 2 times larger than P waves, and, for anisotropic distribution of fractures, it is extremely dependent on the direction of wave propagation. Moreover, larger viscous shearing is expected for more viscous fluids and stiffer host rocks. Regarding the fracture network distribution, for the same fracture density, the presence of longer fractures drastically increases the potential of fracture unclogging at seismic frequencies. The fracture aperture distribution, on the other hand, can also affect the development of viscous shearing. Fractures with correlated distributions of contact areas exhibit an order of magnitude larger viscous shearing than uncorrelated ones.
Dynamic Rupture Simulations of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake by the Curved Grid Finite‐Difference Method
Authors: Zhang Zhenguo , Zhang Wenqiang , Chen Xiaofei
Published: September 2019

Enough investigations and observations have been undertaken to suggest that the great 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of China ruptured in a highly complex pattern. The causative fault of the Wenchuan earthquake has a complex geometry, divided into several segments with offsets of a few kilometers. Modeling the dynamic rupture of this earthquake with geometrical complexity is a challenge. In this work, we simulated the dynamic rupture on the geometrically complex fault of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake of China by the curved grid finite‐difference method. In our modeling, a uniform background tectonic stress field with tapering at shallow depth and slip‐weakening law with homogeneous friction coefficients are utilized. We found that the typical heterogeneous spatial distribution of the final seismic slip on the fault can be generated by the nonplanar complex geometry of the fault plane. Moreover, we discussed the geometrical effects of the Wenchuan earthquake on the rupture dynamics and strong ground motion. We found that the complexity of fault geometry results in the rupture complexity of the great Wenchuan earthquake. This work provides us with a new insight into the rupture dynamics of the Wenchuan earthquake.
High‐Frequency CO2 System Variability Over the Winter‐to‐Spring Transition in a Coastal Plain Estuary
Authors: Shadwick Elizabeth H. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Najjar Raymond G. , De Meo Olivia A. , Friedman Jaclyn R. , Da Fei , Reay William G.
Published: September 2019

Understanding the vulnerability of estuarine ecosystems to anthropogenic impacts requires a quantitative assessment of the dynamic drivers of change to the carbonate (CO2) system. Here we present new high‐frequency pH data from a moored sensor. These data are combined with discrete observations to create continuous time series of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), and carbonate saturation state. We present two deployments over the winter‐to‐spring transition in the lower York River (where it meets the Chesapeake Bay mainstem) in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. TCO2 budgets with daily resolution are constructed, and contributions from circulation, air‐sea CO2 exchange, and biology are quantified. We find that TCO2 is most strongly influenced by circulation and biological processes; pCO2 and pH also respond strongly to changes in temperature. The system transitions from autotrophic to heterotrophic conditions multiple times during both deployments; the conventional view of a spring bloom and subsequent summer production followed by autumn and winter respiration may not apply to this region. Despite the dominance of respiration in winter and early spring, surface waters were undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 for the majority of both deployments with mean fluxes ranging from −9 to −5 mmol C·m−2·day−1. Deployments a year apart indicate that the seasonal transition in the CO2 system differs significantly from one year to the next and highlights the necessity of sustained monitoring in dynamic nearshore environments.
Origin of synergistic effects in bicomponent cobalt oxide-platinum catalysts for selective hydrogenation reaction
Authors: Zhang Jiankang , Gao Zhe , Wang Sen , Wang Guofu , Gao Xiaofeng , Zhang Baiyan , Xing Shuangfeng , Zhao Shichao , Qin Yong
Published: September 2019

The synergistic nature of bicomponent catalysts remains a challenging issue, due to the difficulty in constructing well-defined catalytic systems. Here we study the origin of synergistic effects in CoOx-Pt catalysts for selective hydrogenation by designing a series of closely contacted CoOxPt/TiO2 and spatially separated CoOx/TiO2/Pt catalysts by atomic layer deposition (ALD). For CoOx/TiO2/Pt, CoOx and platinum are separated by the walls of titania nanotubes, and the CoOx-Pt intimacy can be precisely tuned. Like CoOxPt/TiO2, the CoOx/TiO2/Pt shows higher selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol than monometallic TiO2/Pt, indicating that the CoOx-Pt nanoscale intimacy almost has no influence on the selectivity. The enhanced selectivity is ascribed to the increased oxygen vacancy resulting from the promoted hydrogen spillover. Moreover, platinum-oxygen vacancy interfacial sites are identified as the active sites by selectively covering CoOx or platinum by ALD. Our study provides a guide for the understanding of synergistic nature in bicomponent and bifunctional catalysts.
Gaussian synapses for probabilistic neural networks
Authors: Sebastian Amritanand , Pannone Andrew , Subbulakshmi Radhakrishnan Shiva , Das Saptarshi
Published: September 2019

The recent decline in energy, size and complexity scaling of traditional von Neumann architecture has resurrected considerable interest in brain-inspired computing. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on emerging devices, such as memristors, achieve brain-like computing but lack energy-efficiency. Furthermore, slow learning, incremental adaptation, and false convergence are unresolved challenges for ANNs. In this article we, therefore, introduce Gaussian synapses based on heterostructures of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, namely molybdenum disulfide and black phosphorus field effect transistors (FETs), as a class of analog and probabilistic computational primitives for hardware implementation of statistical neural networks. We also demonstrate complete tunability of amplitude, mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian synapse via threshold engineering in dual gated molybdenum disulfide and black phosphorus FETs. Finally, we show simulation results for classification of brainwaves using Gaussian synapse based probabilistic neural networks.
The distinction of CPR bacteria from other bacteria based on protein family content
Authors: Méheust Raphaël , Burstein David , Castelle Cindy J. , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: September 2019

Candidate phyla radiation (CPR) bacteria separate phylogenetically from other bacteria, but the organismal distribution of their protein families remains unclear. Here, we leveraged sequences from thousands of uncultivated organisms and identified protein families that co-occur in genomes, thus are likely foundational for lineage capacities. Protein family presence/absence patterns cluster CPR bacteria together, and away from all other bacteria and archaea, partly due to proteins without recognizable homology to proteins in other bacteria. Some are likely involved in cell-cell interactions and potentially important for episymbiotic lifestyles. The diversity of protein family combinations in CPR may exceed that of all other bacteria. Over the bacterial tree, protein family presence/absence patterns broadly recapitulate phylogenetic structure, suggesting persistence of core sets of proteins since lineage divergence. The CPR could have arisen in an episode of dramatic but heterogeneous genome reduction or from a protogenote community and co-evolved with other bacteria.
A ribose-functionalized NAD+ with unexpected high activity and selectivity for protein poly-ADP-ribosylation
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Nan , Cheng Qinqin , Chen Jingwen , Lam Albert T. , Lu Yanran , Dai Zhefu , Pei Hua , Evdokimov Nikolai M. , Louie Stan G. , Zhang Yong
Published: September 2019

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent ADP-ribosylation plays important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. It has been challenging to study this key type of enzymatic post-translational modification in particular for protein poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation). Here we explore chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis of NAD+ analogues with ribose functionalized by terminal alkyne and azido groups. Our results demonstrate that azido substitution at 3′-OH of nicotinamide riboside enables enzymatic synthesis of an NAD+ analogue with high efficiency and yields. Notably, the generated 3′-azido NAD+ exhibits unexpected high activity and specificity for protein PARylation catalyzed by human poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) and PARP2. And its derived poly-ADP-ribose polymers show increased resistance to human poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase-mediated degradation. These unique properties lead to enhanced labeling of protein PARylation by 3′-azido NAD+ in the cellular contexts and facilitate direct visualization and labeling of mitochondrial protein PARylation. The 3′-azido NAD+ provides an important tool for studying cellular PARylation.
All optical dynamic nanomanipulation with active colloidal tweezers
Authors: Ghosh Souvik , Ghosh Ambarish
Published: September 2019

Manipulation of colloidal objects with light is important in diverse fields. While performance of traditional optical tweezers is restricted by the diffraction-limit, recent approaches based on plasmonic tweezers allow higher trapping efficiency at lower optical powers but suffer from the disadvantage that plasmonic nanostructures are fixed in space, which limits the speed and versatility of the trapping process. As we show here, plasmonic nanodisks fabricated over dielectric microrods provide a promising approach toward optical nanomanipulation: these hybrid structures can be maneuvered by conventional optical tweezers and simultaneously generate strongly confined optical near-fields in their vicinity, functioning as near-field traps themselves for colloids as small as 40 nm. The colloidal tweezers can be used to transport nanoscale cargo even in ionic solutions at optical intensities lower than the damage threshold of living micro-organisms, and in addition, allow parallel and independently controlled manipulation of different types of colloids, including fluorescent nanodiamonds and magnetic nanoparticles.
Infection with mosquito-borne alphavirus induces selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, neuroinflammation and widespread protein aggregation
Authors: Bantle Collin M. , Phillips Aaron T. , Smeyne Richard J. , Rocha Savannah M. , Olson Ken E. , Tjalkens Ronald B.
Published: September 2019

Neuroinvasive infections with mosquito-borne alphaviruses such as Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) can cause post-encephalitic parkinsonism. To understand the mechanisms underlying these neurological effects, we examined the capacity of WEEV to induce progressive neurodegeneration in outbred CD-1 mice following non-lethal encephalitic infection. Animals were experientally infected with recombinant WEEV expressing firefly luciferase or dsRed (RFP) reporters and the extent of viral replication was controlled using passive immunotherapy. WEEV spread along the neuronal axis from the olfactory bulb to the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and basal midbrain by 4 days post infection (DPI). Infection caused activation of microglia and astrocytes, selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and neurobehavioral abnormalities. After 8 weeks, surviving mice displayed continued loss of dopamine neurons in the SNpc, lingering glial cell activation and gene expression profiles consistent with a neurodegenerative phenotype. Strikingly, prominent proteinase K-resistant protein aggregates were present in the the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and basal midbrain that stained positively for phospho-serine129 α-synuclein (SNCA). These results indicate that WEEV may cause lasting neurological deficits through a severe neuroinflammatory response promoting both neuronal injury and protein aggregation in surviving individuals.
Use of a Lymphatic Drug Delivery System and Sonoporation to Target Malignant Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells Proliferating in the Marginal Sinuses
Authors: Kato Shigeki , Shirai Yuko , Sakamoto Maya , Mori Shiro , Kodama Tetsuya
Published: September 2019

Lymph node (LN) metastasis through the lymphatic network is a major route for cancer dissemination. Tumor cells reach the marginal sinuses of LNs via afferent lymphatic vessels (LVs) and form metastatic lesions that lead to distant metastasis. Thus, targeting of metastatic cells in the marginal sinuses could improve cancer treatment outcomes. Here, we investigated whether lymphatic administration of a drug combined with sonoporation could be used to treat a LN containing proliferating murine FM3A breast cancer cells, which are highly invasive, in its marginal sinus. First, we used contrast-enhanced high-frequency ultrasound and histopathology to analyze the structure of LVs in MXH10/Mo-lpr/lpr mice, which exhibit systemic lymphadenopathy. We found that contrast agent injected into the subiliac LN flowed into the marginal sinus of the proper axillary LN (PALN) and reached the cortex. Next, we examined the anti-tumor effects of our proposed technique. We found that a strong anti-tumor effect was achieved by lymphatic administration of doxorubicin and sonoporation. Furthermore, our proposed method prevented tumor cells in the marginal sinus from invading the parenchyma of the PALN and resulted in tumor necrosis. We conclude that lymphatic administration of a drug combined with sonoporation could exert a curative effect in LNs containing metastatic cells in their marginal sinuses.
pLG72 levels increase in early phase of Alzheimer’s disease but decrease in late phase
Authors: Lin Chieh-Hsin , Chiu Chih-Chiang , Huang Chiung-Hsien , Yang Hui-Ting , Lane Hsien-Yuan
Published: September 2019

pLG72, named as D-amino acid oxidase activator (although it is not an activator of D-amino acid oxidase demonstrated by later studies), in mitochondria has been regarded as an important modulator of D-amino acid oxidase that can regulate the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Both oxidative stress in mitochondria and NMDAR neurotransmission play essential roles in the process of neurodegenerative dementia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether pLG72 levels changed with the severity of neurodegenerative dementia. We enrolled 376 individuals as the overall cohort, consisting of five groups: healthy elderly, amnestic mild cognitive impairment [MCI], mild Alzheimer’s disease [AD], moderate AD, and severe AD. pLG72 levels in plasma were measured using Western blotting. The severity of cognitive deficit was principally evaluated by Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. A gender- and age- matched cohort was selected to elucidate the effects of gender and age. pLG72 levels increased in the MCI and mild AD groups when compared to the healthy group. However, pLG72 levels in the moderate and severe AD groups were lower than those in the mild AD group. D-serine level and D- to total serine ratio were significantly different among the five groups. L-serine levels were correlated with the pLG72 levels. The results in the gender- and age- matched cohort were similar to those of the overall cohort. The finding supports the hypothesis of NMDAR hypofunction in early-phase dementia and NMDAR hyperfunction in late-phase dementia. Further studies are warranted to test whether pLG72 could reflect the function of NMDAR.
Lithium-ion Battery Thermal Safety by Early Internal Detection, Prediction and Prevention
Authors: Li Bing , Parekh Mihit H. , Adams Ryan A. , Adams Thomas E. , Love Corey T. , Pol Vilas G. , Tomar Vikas
Published: September 2019

Temperature rise in Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to solid electrolyte interfaces breakdown, uncontrollable exothermic reactions in electrodes and Joule heating can result in the catastrophic failures such as thermal runaway, which is calling for reliable real-time electrode temperature monitoring. Here, we present a customized LIB setup developed for early detection of electrode temperature rise during simulated thermal runaway tests incorporating a modern additive manufacturing-supported resistance temperature detector (RTD). An advanced RTD is embedded in a 3D printed polymeric substrate and placed behind the electrode current collector of CR2032 coin cells that can sustain harsh electrochemical operational environments (acidic electrolyte without Redox, short-circuiting, leakage etc.) without participating in electrochemical reactions. The internal RTD measured an average 5.8 °C higher temperature inside the cells than the external RTD with almost 10 times faster detection ability, prohibiting thermal runaway events without interfering in the LIBs’ operation. A temperature prediction model is developed to forecast battery surface temperature rise stemming from measured internal and external RTD temperature signatures.
Fluxomic Analysis Reveals Central Carbon Metabolism Adaptation for Diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii Ammonium Excretion
Authors: Wu Chao , Herold Ryan A. , Knoshaug Eric P. , Wang Bo , Xiong Wei , Laurens Lieve M. L.
Published: September 2019

Diazotrophic bacteria are an attractive biological alternative to synthetic nitrogen fertilizers due to their remarkable capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonium via nitrogenase enzymes. However, how diazotrophic bacteria tailor central carbon catabolism to accommodate the energy requirement for nitrogenase activity is largely unknown. In this study, we used Azotobacter vinelandii DJ and an ammonium excreting mutant, AV3 (ΔNifL), to investigate central carbon metabolism fluxes and central cell bioenergetics in response to ammonium availability and nitrogenase activity. Enabled by the powerful and reliable methodology of 13C-metabolic flux analysis, we show that the respiratory TCA cycle is upregulated in association with increased nitrogenase activity and causes a monotonic decrease in specific growth rate. Whereas the activity of the glycolytic Entner–Doudoroff pathway is positively correlated with the cell growth rate. These new observations are formulated into a 13C-metabolic flux model which further improves the understanding and interpretation of intracellular bioenergetics. This analysis leads to the conclusion that, under aerobic conditions, respiratory TCA metabolism is responsible for the supply of additional ATP and reducing equivalents required for elevated nitrogenase activity. This study provides a quantitative relationship between central carbon and nitrogen metabolism in an aerobic diazotroph for the first time.
Phylogenetic and functional characterisation of the Haemophilus influenzae multidrug efflux pump AcrB
Authors: Zwama Martijn , Yamaguchi Akihito , Nishino Kunihiko
Published: September 2019

Multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria can arise by the over-expression of multidrug efflux pumps, which can extrude a wide range of antibiotics. Here we describe the ancestral Haemophilus influenzae efflux pump AcrB (AcrB-Hi). We performed a phylogenetic analysis of hundreds of RND-type transporters. We found that AcrB-Hi is a relatively ancient efflux pump, which nonetheless can export the same range of antibiotics as its evolved colleague from Escherichia coli. AcrB-Hi was not inhibited by the efflux pump inhibitor ABI-PP, and could export bile salts weakly. This points to an environmental adaptation of RND transporters. We also explain the sensitivity of H. influenzae cells to β-lactams and novobiocin by the outer membrane porin OmpP2. This porin counterbalances the AcrB-Hi efflux by leaking the drugs back into the cells. We hypothesise that multidrug recognition by RND-type pumps is not an evolutionarily acquired ability, and has been present since ancient promiscuous transporters.