bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pollinator, Number of Pollination Times and Organic Fertilizer on Leaf Mineral Content and Yield of Barhi Date Palm
Authors: Shakir Mohammed Abdulhameed , Abood M. R.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was conducted in 2022 in one of the date palm orchards of Barhi cultivar cultivated at Dawar palm station, Ministry of Agriculture / Horticultural Department, to study the effects of pollinator cultivar and decomposed organic fertilizer on yield and leaf mineral content of 54 drip-irrigated 7-year-old cultivar dates. A disease- and insect-free palm tree of consistent height and age, Factors of the study included adding two pollinator cultivars, Ghanaami Akhdar (P1) and local cultivar (P2), three times (N1), two (2 days after first pollination) (N2), and three times (3 days after first and 3 days after second) (N3). Decomposed organic fertilizer (sheep manure) was added in three levels (0, 20, and 40 kg.date-1), denoted by M0, M1, and M2. The factorial experiment in an RCBD employed 54 trees since treatments were reproduced three times (one date palm tree per experimental unit). The experimental results revealed that local cultivar pollinator (P2) enhanced fruit dry weight by 77.71% but did not affect leaf nitrogen, phosphor content, or fruit weight. Results revealed that pollination number did not substantially affect leaf nitrogen or phosphor content, but once (N1) showed considerable superiority in fruit dry weight of 78.10 % and fruit weight of 104.14 g. At 40 kg sheep dung, leaf nitrogen and phosphor increased considerably.date-1 (M2) had the maximum leaf nitrogen and phosphor content of 1.548% and 0.380 %, and fruit weight of 107.00 g. M1 had the highest fruit dry weight percentage of 78.95%. Triple interactions between study parameters strongly influenced all attributes.
Study Influence Nutrition of Boron, Liquid Organic and Foliar Spray Kinetin on National Status and Mineral Content of Fig Trees
Authors: Abdullah Abbas Mahmood , Al-Douri Mahmood F. L.
Published: December 2023

The investigation was conducted out at a private orchard in Kirkuk in the middle of the growing season in 2023. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the impact that boron nutrition had at 0, 50, and 100 mg. L-1, organic liquid (0, 10, or 20) milliliters. L-1 as well as kinetin in dosages of 0, 100, and 200 mg. The L-1 on national status and mineral content of fig trees experiment was planned as a factorial experiment using in randomized complete block design R.B.C.D. The trees were treated at three different stages (start growing, fruit setting, and a month afterwards). According to the findings, extremely restrictive treatments were successful in achieving a high value, while interaction treatments with organic fertilizer 20 ml were less successful. L-1 plus kinetin, 200 milligrams; L-1 plus boron, 100 milligrams When compared to control, which produced the lowest value across all treatments, the L-1 treatment had the highest results and provided extremely effective levels of leaf area 254.94 cm2, chlorophyll 20.83CCI, carotene 9.96 mg.gm-1, carbohydrate 13.91%, dry matter 34.38%, nitrogen 2.41%, phosphorus 0.393%, and potassium 1.243%.
Detection of Genetic Relationship Between Eucalyptus Species in Iraq
Authors: Al-Tememmi Noor J. , Al-Judy Neamat J. , Al-Zubaidi Labeeb A.
Published: December 2023

Environmental factors that damage plant cells by dehydrating them, such cold, drought, and high salinity, are the most common environmental stresses that have an impact on plant growth, development, and productivity in cultivated regions around the world. Several types of plants have several drought, salinity, and cold inducible genes that make them tolerant to environmental challenges. The purpose of this study was to investigate several species in Eucalyptus plants and determined the evolutionary descent between different species of Eucalyptus. Samples from plants were used to extract genomic DNA. After sequence methods with phylogenetic analysis using MEGA6, program. According to our findings, demonstrate that the sequences of several spp. were submitted to Gene Bank: E. alba (OP696606.1), E. bortryoides (OP696601.1), E. camaldulensis (OP696607.1), E. curtisii (OP696596.1), E. delegatensis (OP696604.1), E. erythrocorys (OP696599.1), E. globoidea (OP696597.1), E. leucoxylon (OP696598.1), E. macarthurii (OP696610.1), E. nicholii (OP696602.1), E. pauciflora (OP696603.1), E. siderophloia (OP696605.1), E. tereticornis (OP696611.1), and E. vicina (OP696608.1). These genes can be used to create crop plants that are resistant to drought.
Detection of Vegetation Cover Changes from 1988-2022 in the University of Baghdad Campus by Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)
Authors: Mahdi Suhad A. , Jasim Sada N.
Published: December 2023

This study aims to investigate changes in vegetation cover of the University of Baghdad campus by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) as a tool to determine the changes in vegetation cover on the University landscape were used for the period 1988 and 2022 for two seasons (Winter and Summer). Land cover was divided into four categories: Barren & buildings, Low, Medium, and Dense vegetation. The results showed an increase in NDVI values in winter (-0.2-0.5), and (-0.1-0.9) in 1988, and 2022 respectively, and recorded in summer (-0.3-0.5) and (-0.04-0.4) in 1988, and 2022 respectively. The highest value was recorded in winter of 2022. Barren & buildings recorded the highest value 1470630 Km2 with 43% in summer of 1988 while in 2022 recorded 1411156 Km2 with 40%, for both seasons. The Low vegetation recorded the highest value 130031 Km2 with 377% in winter 1988 and the lowest was recorded at 941671 Km2 with 28% in summer 2022. Medium vegetation was recorded the highest 787580 Km2 with 22% in winter 2022 and lowest 667730 Km2 with 19 %. Dense vegetation was the highest 413614 Km2 with 12 % in summer 2022 while the lowest was recorded 211763 Km2 with 6 % in winter 1988. SAVI values were recorded in winter (-0.3-0.7), (-0.1-0.4) in 1988 and 2022 respectively and in summer (-0.4 - 0.7)(-0.06 - 0.6) in 1988 and 2022 respectively. The results showed slight differences from NDVI values of vegetation cover (Dense). The integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems is an effective and sustainable tool for studying land cover changes in order to obtain reliable and accurate rapid and economical results.
Efficiency of Bacterial Biofertilizers and Spraying with Nano-Phosphates on Vegetative and Root Growth Indicators of Iris Flowers
Authors: Ali Muhammed N. A. , Mashkoor Sulaiman A.
Published: December 2023

The research was carried out at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kufa during the growing season of 2022-2023 to demonstrate the effect of biofertilizers and phosphate fertilization on the growth of Iris flowers. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter chroococcum by injecting the bacteria into the culture medium before planting the bulbs, and the second was foliar spray using superphosphate Nano-fertilizer at levels 0, 1, or 2 mg/L. The bulbs were cultivated on 10/24/2022 in a factorial experiment with three replications as Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). Results showed that when phosphate Nano-fertilizer concentrations rose, so did indicator levels. It was also discovered that regardless of the type of bacteria used for fertilization, the results were the same: an increase in the growth markers of interest. In contrast to most Single and nested transactions, the results showed that the bacteria A. chroococcum at the treatment of P2 fertilization (2 mg/L) recorded the highest values for plant height, number of leaves, vegetative dry weight, number of bulbs, bulb diameter, and root dry weight. In comparison to other varieties of bacteria at the same stage of fertilization, however, it showed no significant differences.
Effect of Dipping in Hot Water and Chitosan and Vacuum Packaging on Storability of Two Persimmon cvs.
Authors: Mahdi Shaymaa S. , Fadhil Nameer N.
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of different treatments on two cultivars of persimmon fruit, Diospyros kaki L. cvs. Fuyu and Hachiya. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the effects of dipping the fruits in hot water at various temperatures (20°C as control, 40°C, and 50°C) for a duration of 5 minutes, as well as dipping them in chitosan solution at concentrations of 1% and 2% for 5 minutes. Additionally, the study explored the influence of two packaging methods, namely vacuum polyethylene packaging and non-vacuum polyethylene packaging. The impact of storing two cultivars of persimmon fruit in a cold room at a temperature of 1°C and relative humidity (RH) ranging from 80% to 90% for a duration of four months on their storage behavior was examined. Following the storage time, it was observed that Fuyu persimmon cultivar exhibited a notable reduction in fruit weight, whereas Hachiya persimmon fruits displayed significantly greater levels of total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content. The application of dipping treatments was found to effectively mitigate fruit weight loss. Notably, immersing persimmon fruit in hot water at a temperature of 40°C yielded a significant increase in the overall concentration of soluble solids. The implementation of vacuum packaging resulted in a decrease in fruit weight loss, while concurrently leading to an increase in the levels of carotene and ascorbic acid. The quality of persimmon fruit was maintained through the interaction of CVS, dipping treatments, and vacuum packaging.
Enhancing Vegetative Growth by Adding Phosphorus, Silicon, and Citric Acid to Pepper Plants Cultivated in Plastic Greenhouses
Authors: Al-Mashhadany A. H. , Al-Amery N. J.
Published: December 2023

The research was conducted in a plastic greenhouse at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Campus, during the 2021-2022 season, to study the effect of phosphorus, silicon, and citric acid on pepper plants using a factorial experiment design with three replicates. The first factor had three levels of phosphorus (0, 160, and 320 kg P2O5 per hectare), the second factor had three levels of potassium silicate (0, 75, and 100 kg per hectare), and the third factor had four levels of citric acid (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg per hectare). The statistical analysis showed that treatment P2S2C1 resulted in an increase in the main stem diameter (25.10 mm), treatment P3S3C1 led to an increase in the main branch diameter (16.10 mm), and treatment P3S3C2 showed an increase in the diameter of secondary and tertiary branches (13.50 mm and 8.90 mm, respectively). Treatment P2S3C1 resulted in an increased number of leaves and the dry weight of the total vegetative mass (1286.7 leaves and 415.0 g plant-1 respectively). Treatment P3S2C4 led to an increase in the dry weight of roots (25.47 g plant-1), treatment P2S3C4 showed an increased number of fruits (48.34 fruits plant-1), and treatment P3S3C4 resulted in an increased total yield (4.87 tons greenhouse-1).
Response of Soft Wheat Varieties to Application Time of Nitrogen Fertilizer under Mediterranean Climate Conditions
Authors: Alrishdi Ali , Alhabbar Zaid
Published: December 2023

Applying nitrogen fertilizer during the appropriate time is an opportunity to reduce the application amount and improve its availability in the plant, which reduces the costs of Agriculture and environmental pollution. The experiment was carried out in the winter agricultural season 2020-2021 at two sites (Nimrud and Bashiqa) to study the response of soft wheat varieties to different application time of Nitrogen fertilizer under the Mediterranean climate conditions. The experiment included four soft wheat varieties (Benghal, Ebaa-99, Rashida, Tal-Afar), three application time of Nitrogen fertilizer at tillering stage (early application), stem elongation stage (late application) as well as control treatment (no application). The results showed that the Bashiqa site excelled at grain filling stage duration, bio yield, spike number, grain yield, harvest index, while the Nimrod site excelled in the rest of the traits. The Benghal variety excelled in the majority of studied traits at both sites, while application time of Nitrogen fertilizer of stem elongation stage (late application) excelled of the majority studied traits.
Response of Soybean Cultivars to Foliar Fertilizers Using Iron and Boron in Gypsum Soil
Authors: Habib Julan Zaben , Ali Omar Nazhan , Alsajri Firas Ahmed
Published: December 2023

To examine the response of soybean cultivars to foliar fertilizers using iron and boron, a field experiment was applied in the Agriculture College, Tikrit University, using Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) and three replications. Four soybean cultivars were used (Lee, Dee, Shaimaa and Laura) and four combinations of foliar fertilization (distilled water (comparison), iron (0.1 mg L-1), boron (0.3 mg L-1) and iron + boron (0.1). +0.3 mg L-1, respectively). Some growth traits and yield were measured to determine the effect of the factors used. The results indicated a significant increase in plant height (7%), 100 seeds weight (0.5%), and plant yield (3%) when plants fertilized with boron compared to spraying with distilled water. The number of pods per plant also increased significantly when adding boron (34%) and iron (37%) compared to distilled water. The cultivar Shaima was significantly higher in plant height (85.36 cm) and plant dry weight (328.43 gm plant-1), 100 seeds weight (11.67 g) and plant yield (48.44 gm plant-1), while the cultivar Lee took a shorter period to 50% flowering (70.25 days) and the number of pods per plant (125.58 pod plan-1). The results of this study will help increase the information in the growth of soybean cultivars in gypsum soils and help in the differentiation among cultivars and using fertilizer combinations of microelements.
Response of Wheat Cultivars to Combinations of Chemical, Bio and Nano Fertilizers and their Effect on Vegetative Growth Traits
Authors: Al-Ghazali Zahra Abdul Kadhim , Al-Zubaidy Safaa Abd Al-Hassan
Published: December 2023

Wheat cultivar response to chemical, bio, and nano fertilizer combinations and their effect on vegetative growth traits were investigated in a field experiment with three replicates arranged in a split-plot in The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at Al-Qasim Green University during the 2022-2023 growing season. The main plots consisted of three different types of wheat, while the sub plots tested various fertilizer mixes. Wheat cultivars and fertilizer combinations both had a substantial effect on the attributes we measured, and there was also a significant interaction between the two, as shown in the analysis of variance table. The averages of wheat cultivars show that IPA 99 is superior to the other two cultivars by providing the tallest plants by an average of 104.21 cm, while Bohuth 22 provides the shortest times to 100% flowering (108.66 days) and physiological maturity (146.14 days). Baghdad variety yielded the highest mean The trait states that the flag leaf area is 42.94 cm2, the leaf chlorophyll concentration is 49.51 Spad, and there are 449.52 tillers per square meter. The average fertilizer combinations showed that plant height was best at 98.96 cm, flag leaf area at 44.47 cm2, leaf chlorophyll content at 50.08 Spad, and tiller density at 417.56 tillers m-2 with the fertilizer combination of 50% compound fertilizer + 50% bio-fertilizer + 50% nano-fertilizer. However, the optimal results were achieved using the specified fertilizer compound with nano fertilizer, which required only 109.88 days to achieve 100% blooming and 147.33 days to reach physiological maturity. With a mean flag leaf area of 47.73 cm2, the Baghdad cultivar emerged victorious in the study of cultivar by fertilizer combination interactions. When using a fertilizer mixture of 50% compound fertilizer, 50% bio-fertilizer, and 50% nano-fertilizer, the chlorophyll content of the leaves was 53.76 spad and the number of tillers was 470.67 strands m-2.
Effect of Shade Regimes and Plant Extracts on the Vegetative Growth and Yield of the Natural Sweetener Plant Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)
Authors: Khshan Noor S. , Al-Taweel Sudad K.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad in the spring of 2021-2022. Stevia (sugar leaf) seedlings propagated from tissue culture method of the Spanish variety Spanti were planted in the field on the mid of March, which were previously acclimated and 6 weeks old, with the aim of studying the role of shading and spraying some plant extracts on growth and leaf yield in sugar leaf (stevia) plant. Randomized Complete Bock Design (RCBD) with three replications was used, using split plot arrangement. The experiment included two factors, the main factor includes two levels of shading, the first without shading (exposed) and the second 50% shading and they are denoted S1, S2 respectively, and the secondary factor is spraying with aqueous plant extracts of Moringa at a rate (10%) and (15%), denoted M1 and M2 respectively, and licorice extract at a rate (3%) and (6%), denoted G1 and G2 in addition to the M0G0 control treatment which was sprayed with distilled water on three dates, 15 days after establishing, 30 and 45 days from planting and measurements are taken after each spray. The results showed that S2 was significantly superior to S1 in terms of plant height (68.87 cm), and in the number of leaves branches-1 at (232.72 leaves branch-1), while S1 was significantly superior to S2 in number of branches (8.53 branches plant-1) and number of leaves (1674.80 leaves plant-1) and in leaf area (246.84 dm2 plant-1) as well as in dry weight of leaves (41.49 g plant-1). While M2 was significantly superior in plant height (65.51 cm), followed by G2 (64.55 cm) and also excelled in the number of leaves branches-1 (234.20 leaves branch-1) followed by G2 (225.65 leaves branch-1). The G2 extract also outperformed significantly in number of leaves (1358 leaves plant-1) followed by M2 (1317.50 leaves plant-1) and M1 (1309 leaves plant-1) and in dry weight of leaves (38.21 g plant-1), followed by G2 (36.30 gm plant-1), which was significantly superior in leaf area (217.30 dm2 plant-1), while in terms of number of branches, G1 treatment was superior with 6.42 branches plant-1. As for the interaction between the study factors, it showed that spraying M2 extract on exposed plants S1 gave the largest leaf area and highest dry weight for stevia plant, and also showed the same concentration M2 highest plant height and highest percentage of number of leaves branche-1 for stevia plant when sprayed on shaded plants S2 under the conditions of the central region of the country.
Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Luteolin Flavonoid from Vitex pseudonegundo leaves
Authors: Heal Hussein Hamed , Al-Dallee Zainab Tuama , Khadim Enas J.
Published: December 2023

Objective: Using HPLC as a quantitative estimate technique, the optimal extraction solvent for luteolin from Vitex pseudo-negundo was identified. Methods: leaves V. pseudonegundo were gathered, washed, and dried. employeing methanol and ethanol as the extraction solvents (both with varied strengths), as well as the extraction techniques of maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet. The amount of luteolin in each sample extract was measured using a preparative HPLC technique Results: Methanol was the best solvent, and the best extraction method was the reflex extraction method, based on HPLC results Conclusion: According to the results of HPLC, reflex was the superior method for extracting luteolin from V. pseudonegundo, and the optimum solvent was methanol. thus, advising using this approach in industry and future study.
The Effect of Sulfur and Cutting Height on the Growth Characteristics of Sorghum Crop (Buhooth 70)
Authors: Al-Dawoodi Mohammed N. , Al-Beiruty Rzan Z. A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the 2022 season at the Research Center of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, with the aim of studying the effect of agricultural sulfur levels and cutting heights, as well as their interaction, on the growth characteristics of sorghum (Variety Buhooth 70). The experiment included four levels of agricultural sulfur (0, 1, 2, and 3 tons S ha-1) and three cutting heights (10, 15, and 20 cm). The experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split-plots arrangement, with three replications and two cuts. Samples were taken at the beginning of the flowering stage, and the following characteristics were studied: plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, nodes, and internodes. The results indicated a significant effect of agricultural sulfur addition on all studied characteristics. The treatment with the highest sulfur level (3 tons S ha-1) and both the first and second cuts recorded the highest mean for plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, nodes, and internodes, with values of (200.6 cm, 0.737 cm, 8.46, 1434 cm2, 8.08) for the first cut respectively, and (242.7 cm, 1.8 cm, 13.44, 4243 cm2, 8.389) for the second cut respectively. Cutting height also had a significant effect on most of the study’s characteristics, but only in the second cut. The treatment with a cutting height of 20 cm showed the highest mean for plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, and leaf area, with values of (244.6 cm, 1.627 cm, 12.82, 3974 cm2) respectively. The interaction between the two study factors also had a significant effect in the second cut, with the combination of 3 tons S ha-1 and 20 cm cutting height showing the highest mean for plant height and stem diameter, reaching (286.8 cm, 2.213 cm) respectively.
Effect of Fertilization with High Nitrogen NPK Fertilizer and Spraying with Seaweed Extract on the Volatile Oils of Rosemary Rosmainus officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Khamas Nagham A.W Ahmed , Al-Rubaie Sabah A. Al-Falih
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala, Al-Hussainiya district, for the winter agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of fertilization with high-nitrogen NPK fertilizer and spraying with seaweed extract and the interaction between them on volatile oils in rosemary plants. The experiment included a chemical fertilizer of the type (Solucat) by 4 concentrations (0,2,4,6) gm liter 1-added to the soil and symbolized by (N) and the second factor is spraying with seaweed extract (equilibrium type)) by 4 concentrations (0,1,2,3) ml liter 1-Rasha “on the shoot, symbolized by (T) and their overlap. The experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The experiment included 48 experimental units in 3 plants / replicate 144 plants (anvil) starting on 1/11/2022 until 1/5 / 2022. The results showed superiority The plants were significantly affected by the level of the compound fertilizer NPK (6) gm L-1 in the physical properties of the volatile oil and the active compounds (volatile oil density, percentage of oil (Linalool), Rosemari acid, Cineol) as it gave the highest rate of (0.8935 mg ml -1, (4.303) (760.4, 1126.1, 1310.9) mg gm-1, plant, compared to the control treatment if it gave the lowest rate of (0.8713 mg ml-1, 3.723%) (239.1, 596.8, 649.6) mg gm-1, plant and concentration (3) ml liter 1-algae extract was significant, as it gave the highest rate of (0.8860 mg ml-1, 4.268%) (606.3, 1045.7, 1047.6) mg gm-1, compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of (0.8768 mg ml-1). -, 4.035%) (369.9, 714.5, 859.7) mg gm-1 plant. As for the interaction between the two study factors, it gave the highest rate of (0.9100 mg ml-1, 4.330%) (993.5, 1199.7, 1479.9) mg gm-1 plant, as compared to the control treatment, as it gave the lowest rate of (0.8700 mg ml-1, 3.410%) (175.4,407.1, 589.5) mg gm-1. Significant superiority in all physical properties of volatile oil and active compounds.
Evaluation of Several Genotypes of Vigna radiata Bean for Spraying with Manganese and Zinc and Their Effects on Growth Characteristics
Authors: Al–Hayani Mohammed Sabri Bardan , Al-Dulaimi Omar I. M. , Al-Hadeethi Muazaz Azeez Hasan
Published: December 2023

Three cultivars of the crop Almash (Green Indian VC6089A10, Green Indian VC6173B1319, and Black Indian Gold Star) were tested in a field experiment during the 2022 growing season in Ramadi, Anbar province, to determine the impact of spraying levels of zinc (0, 25, and 50) mg Zn L-1 and manganese (0, 30, and 60) mg Mn L-1 on some growth characteristics. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, with each treatment being tested in a separate split plot. The study found that there were statistically significant differences between zinc levels, with the level giving 50 mg Zn L-1 having the highest rates for plant height (54.30 cm), number of branches per plant (7.34), plant branch-1, number of days from planting to flowering (40 days), leaf area (204.19) cm-1, and leaf chlorophyll content (33.93) (g), and the rate of crop growth (17.39) g, while the level exceeding 30 mg Mn L-1 had lower rates for plant height (These indicators were profoundly influenced by zinc spraying, manganese spraying, and different types of mung bean crops.
Combining Ability and Gene Action of Half Diallel Crosses in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Mafarji Tariq R. Th. , Al-Jubouri Jasim M. A.
Published: December 2023

Seven genotypes of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were used (SK 95, Side14, Side 12, SK94, Giemiza 9, Giemiza 7, Al-Fayyad) and their 21 crosses from half diallel cross, and they were planted at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the Faculty of Agriculture. Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, using a randomized complete block design with three replicates in order to study the combining ability and the components of phenotypic variation and genetic parameters for the components of grain yield, parents and their crosses differed significantly in all traits, and parent 2 excelled in performance and effect of the general combining ability in the desired direction. The cross 2×6 showed significant superiority in the average of the studied traits, and the effect of the special combing ability, indicating that the heterosis breeding method can be adopted, and selection in the later generations, while crosses 2×4 and 2×7 excelled in grain yield and some of its components, and the effect of the special combining ability was not significant, which can be selected for in the early generations. The dominance variance showed higher than the additive variance, which was reflected in the decrease in the values of heritability narrow sense, and the degree of dominance was higher than one, so the over dominance is that controls the trait.
Response of Two Oat Cultivars to Spraying Nano Potassium in Some Growth Parameters and Yield Components
Authors: Al-Sultani Ahmed Jassim Kazem , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S. , Lehmood Ahmed Mohammed
Published: December 2023

During the winter of 2021–2022, researchers in the Al-Shomali area of Babylon Province (located at 32°32’N, 44°92’E) carried out a field study. Two oats cultivars, Oats 11 and Gouda, and three treatments (potassium nano-spraying at concentrations of 1, 0, and 2gL-1, and some growth indicators and components of oats yield) were randomly assigned to treatment locations in a factorial experiment with three replicates. In order to compare the means, the least significant difference test was performed at the 5% probability level. Results indicated that the Jouda cultivar was far superior to the Oats 11 cultivar in terms of growth traits, yield, and their constituent parts, while the spraying of Nano-potassium at a concentration of 2 g L-1 was considerably superior. The greatest mean values were found for plant height, flag leaf area, index of chlorophyll pigments in flag leaf, tillers per plant, panicles per plant, and grains per panicle. A total of 119.86 cm2, 26.90 cm2, 55.30 SPAD, 458.6 tillers per plant, 441.1 panicles per square meter, 92.43 grains per panicle, 7.661 tons per hectare, and 17.15 tons per hectare were harvested as grain and biological yields, respectively. The interaction between the Jouda cultivar and spraying nano potassium 2 gL-1 obtained a significant over the other treatments in all traits compared to the control treatment (spraying distilled water only), which recorded the lowest averages in all traits.
Effect of Spraying Nano-Silicon in some Growth and Yield Traits For Two Oats Cultivars
Authors: Al-Sultani Ahmed Jassim Kazem , Lehmood Ahmed Mohammed , Al-Mohammad Maher H. S.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the winter of 2021-2022 in the Babel Governorate-Al-Shomali district, which is 68 km southeast of the city of Hilla, to examine the effect of spraying nano-silicone on some characteristics of vegetative growth and yield of two cultivars of oats. A two-factor experiment with three replicates was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Both Shefaa and Carlop oats were used in the first factor, and in the second factor, nano-silicon was sprayed at 0, 1, and 2 ml L-1. The results showed that the Carlop cultivar significantly excelled and recorded the highest averages in plant height and flag leaf area when treated with nano-silicone sprays, as well as in the characteristics of growth, yield, and its components. When compared to the control treatment (spraying only distilled water), the cultivar Shifa produced higher averages of cuttings per square meter, panicles per square meter, and grains per hectare than its counterpart. Nano-silicone spraying at 2 ml L-1 resulted in considerably higher plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, number of tillers, number of panicles per m2, biological yield, and grains production (7.294 tons ha-1) compared to the other treatments. Because of the high averages obtained in most of the attributes investigated, it is clear that the interaction between the Shifa cultivar and sprays of nano silicon had a substantial effect.
Effect of Different Cultivation Systems on the Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Al-Khazali Ammar J. , Ahmed Ahmed Sh. , Hassan Saad. F. , Rasheed A. H. A. , Abed S. S. , Mohammed Sabah A. , Ali Hussein A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out at Al-Najaf Governorate at Rice Research Station - Mishkaab / Agricultural Research Office during the summer season of 2019 to study the effect of cultivation methods for three varieties of rice, using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a split plot arrangement with three replicates. The study contains three varieties of Rice (Anmbar33, Yasmine and Furat1) as main treatments, whereas, sub plots contain four treatments of the cultivation methods (direct seeds drilling in plots (flat sowing) its symbol (S1), transplanting seedlings in plots (flat sowing) its symbol (S2), direct seed drilling by mastaba method (raised bed sowing) its symbol (S3) and transplanting seedling by mastaba method (raised bed sowing) its symbol (S4)). The results presented the superiority of the variety Furat1 significantly gave the best results of (weight of 1000 grains (gm), number of panicles.m2, and yield ton. ha-1. The treatment of cultivation method S4 was also superior by giving the best results of (Panicle Length cm, Number of Days from Planting to 100% Flowering, Number of Grains. panicle -1, and Yield ton. ha-1).
Genetic Analysis of Combining Ability and Genetic Parameters of Half Diallel Crosses of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Hassan Muhammed K. , Jubouri Jasim M. Aziz Al
Published: December 2023

The 10 bread wheat genotypes used in this research comprised 9 that have only recently been introduced to the United States (M45, Yakora, Giza168, Sids 12, SK95, Misr2, Giemiza9, Sahel 1, Sids14), all from the Arab Republic of Egypt. The genotypes, including the Silano variant, were grown in the field crops department research station at the University of Kirkuk’s College of Agriculture. To examine the combining ability, gene action, and some genetic factors for, genotypes (parents and crossings from half diallel crossing) were grown in a randomized completely block design R.C.B.D with three duplicate. Days to 75% flowering, tillers per plant, spike length in centimeters, and grains per plant were all measured. spike-1, 1000-grain weight (g), plant-1 grain yield (g), and plant-1 biological yield (g). The Outcomes Results of genetic analysis demonstrated that there were very significant variations in genotype means for all studied features, as indicated by (MSgca) and (MSsca). For all qualities under investigation, the estimated global variance components numbered less than the predicted individual ones. This suggests that the dominance variance in genes has a larger role in determining the inheritance of these traits. value of the effect of the special Combining Ability of the hybrids was (29), (37), (84), and (96) for all traits studied, the values of dominance variance were higher than the Additional variance for characters number of days to flowering 75% plants, No. of tillers per plant, and number of tillers per plot, and parent (4) for the characteristics of the number of days to value of the effect of the general Combining Ability of the hybrids is the parent (9) for all the traits studied plant-1 (g), grain yielding, spike-1, and the features of spike length (cm) and the number of grains were highly heritable in a restricted sense. spike-1, grains yield plant-1 (g), days to flowering 75% of plants (moderate), tillers per plant-1 (moderate), weight of 1000 grains per plant-1 (moderate), and biological yield plant+ (moderate). Additionally, all attributes had high heritability values, with the range being from 98.059 for the number of tillers per plant to 91.206 for the weight of one thousand grains. Over dominance is preponderant in the inheritance of these features, as the degree of dominance values were more than one. Overall, we found that parents, 12 siblings, and 14 siblings had a strong combining ability across all attributes. It is possible to benefit from the two parents (4) and (9) in future hybrid programs in transferring their desired traits to local varieties and following the isolationist generations of hybrids (YakoraSids14), (Giza168Giemiza9), (Sahel1sids12), and (Sids14Misr2). This is because their special combining ability was high in all the traits studied.
Effect Concentrations of LIMITLESS WG Herbicides and Varieties on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Associated Weeds
Authors: Wahab Saja Essam Abdel , Aljuburi Dheyaa Fathi
Published: December 2023

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its associated weeds were grown in an experiment at two sites in Nineveh during the agricultural season of 2021-2022. The first site was in the Al-Hamdaniya/ Al-Balawat village, district, 40 km southeast of the city center. The second site was in the Tal Kaif / AL-abbasiya district, 15 km north of the city center. Control treatment was LIMITLESS-25 (25% less than the recommended concentration, 75% a.i. of the recommended concentration), LIMITLESS R.C. (100%, a.i. the recommended concentration), and LIMITLESS +25 (more than the recommended concentration by 25% a.i.). The experiment included two wheat varieties (Tal Afar 3 and Wafia) and three concentrations of LIMITLESS WG Herbicide. We employed a factorial experiment design (split-plot) for our study, with herbicides in the main plot and cultivars in the sub-plot, and we compared the means of the treatments with Duncan’s multiple range test. Weed total weight and efficiency ratio were both reduced to record lows by the Limitless R.C. and Limitless + 25 at the Al-Balawat site, and by the Limitless + 25 at the Telkif site, where the latter achieved a ratio of 49.21%. The maximum yield was found in Telkif for Limitless R.C., which was 260.578 g/m-2.
Studying the Effect of Some Medicinal Plants Extracts and Antibiotics on some Pathogenic Isolates Bacterial
Authors: Romi Abd-Kreem H. , Fleih Sabah Abd , Hasan Fatima Ali
Published: December 2023

The inhibitory effect of black seed extract, Roselle flowers, cloves, eucalyptus leaves and mashed garlic cloves was studied on five isolated pathogenic bacteria, which included: Salmonella typhimurium, Eschcrichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidor, It appeared that the clove flowers extract was significantly excelled its inhibitory effect on the rest of the plant extracts of the studied bacteria, where it gave a general average of the lengths of the inhibitors diameters of 57 mm for S.typhimurium and E. coli were 41 mm, and S.epidermidis was 33 mm, while S. aureus was less. The types of bacteria studied were sensitive to the extract, amounting to 20 mm. The average effect of clove extract was 25.5 mm for all concentrations and for all studied bacteria. Clove extract is followed in the average lengths of inhibitors diameters is garlic and Roselle extract, where they were given an average of (18.11, 17.95) mm for each, respectively, for all concentrations and for all bacteria types, followed by an extract of the black seed which gave an average of 15.2 mm, while eucalyptus extract gave the lowest averages for the length of inhibitors diameter reached 10.5 mm. As for the inhibitory activity of antibiotics, the antibiotic Nalid acid exceeded with a general average of 23 mm, followed by Gentamcin reached 22.40 mm. Ampicillin gave the lowest mean in the inhibition diameters of 10 mm. From the above, we note the difference between the effectiveness of plant extracts and antibiotics. The extracts combined gave a general average inhibition diameter for all types of bacteria amounting to 17.45 mm, while combined antibiotics gave a general average inhibiting diameter for all types of bacteria reached 17 mm.
Studying the Antioxidant Activity of Moringa Leaf Extracts (Moringa oleifera Lam.)
Authors: Al-Shebli Wael Chassab Hmood , Al-Anbari Iman Hameed
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this research was to estimate the antioxidants present in the locally grown Moringa leaves powder (Moringa oleifera Lam. ), and the antioxidant activities were measured using three different assays (DPPH free radical scavenging, reductive strength, and ferrous ion binding). The percentage of DPPH increased with the concentration of the additional extracts, reaching a maximum of 63.14 percent at a concentration of 2 percent, and then 73.49 percent for the alcoholic extract, 68.87 percent for the aqueous extract, and 68.5 percent for the industrial antioxidant BHT. The lowest efficacy for inhibiting free radicals was 20.15%, 32.64% and 36.43% for each of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts and the synthetic antioxidant BHT respectively. The alcoholic extract outperformed the aqueous extract and BHT in the reductive strength test and reached 90.12%, while the aqueous extract and BHT reached 57.71% and 84.46%, respectively. As for the percentage of the ability to bind the ferrous ion of the extracts compared with BHT the alcoholic extract was superior to both the aqueous extract and BHT and reached 88.2% at a concentration of 10 mg / ml, while it reached 80.5 and 76.9% for each of the aqueous extract and BHT respectively, at the same concentration. The study showed the importance of using Moringa leaf extracts as an alternative antioxidant to industrial antioxidants with high efficiency to improve the quality of the food product.
Study of the Physiochemical and Functional Properties of Fenugreek Protein Isolate
Authors: Ayoub Afaf Abdulrahman , Abdul-Rahman Sawsan Mustafa
Published: December 2023

The aim of the research was to isolate Fenugreek Protein from local defatted seed powder and to investigate its physical and functional properties. The results showed that protein yield was 2.3% on dry weight basis, physical and functional properties results where the Isoelectric point of fenugreek protein is 4.5. The highest solubility was recorded at pH 2,10 56.60-%,58.0% respectively. the highest emulsification ability was at pH10=36% and at pH 3=35%. fenugreek protein isolate has a water holding capacity 2.46 ml / g. The oil binding capacity depends on the presence of hydrophobic amino acids. The oil binding capacity was 6.26 ml / g. Fenugreek protein isolate with 90.14% protein content was extracted from fenugreek seeds, Traces of fat (1.285), fiber (0.10%), carbohydrate (0.75%), ash (1.53%). Also, FTIR and spectroscopy was used to characterize the Fenugreek protein isolate powder, (Protein was isolated from Iraq fenugreek seeds and converted to powders using freeze drying)
Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Proteus mirabilis Bacteria from Poultry Meat in the Iraqi Market and a Study of their Resistance to some Antibiotics
Authors: Hamed Ammar H. , Alnazzal Ahmed I.
Published: December 2023

The study included the collection of (30) samples of local poultry meat in the Iraqi markets, to isolate and diagnose the p.mirabilis bacteria contaminated with them. Several microscopic, morphological and biochemical tests were conducted on the bacteria, including the catalase and oxidase test, the urea test, the lactose sugar fermentation test, and the indol test, then confirmed the final bacterial diagnosis using the Vietek2 technique. The results showed positive bacteria for catalase, negative for the oxidase test, unable to ferment the sugar lactose, negative for the indole test, and positive for the urease test.. A bacterial resistance test was conducted for a number of antibiotics, as the bacteria showed high resistance to many of the following antibiotics (Amoxicillin\Clavulanic acid, Azithromycin, Cefotaxime, Cefixime), and the bacteria showed high sensitivity by bacteria to many antibiotics, namely (Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, meropenem).
Distribution of Glycogen Content in Beef Meat from Different Products
Authors: Al-Salman Asawer Abdul-Jabbar , Al-Badri Ahmed Mahdi
Published: December 2023

Meats are characterized by containing high amounts of protein as well as vitamins and minerals. Many studies to date have shed light on the physical and chemical changes that occur to frozen meat as a result of bad degree of freezing and long storage period before reaching the consumer, but few studies have seen these changes histologically under the microscope. The aim of the current study is to determine the content of glycogen distribution in the muscles of fresh local meat and imported frozen meat and to note the effect of freezing and storage on this content. This study was designed by collecting 40 samples of fresh local and frozen meat muscles (Iranian, Indian and Brazilian) with 10 samples for each product, collected from butchers and local markets in Wasit Governorate. All samples were subjected to histochemical methods have been made with periodic acid Schiff stain to identify the d glycogen content in these samples. According to the image analysis data used to calculate the glycogen content in tissues, the Iraqi meat was seen to have the largest quantity of glycogen substance, followed by meat from Brazil, Iran and India as percentage’s (30.596%, 27.111%, 15.822% and 2.798%) respectively.
Chemical and Physical Properties of Bovine Colostrum and the Effect of some Pasteurization Treatments on Them
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Salam , Ali Shaimaa A.M.
Published: December 2023

This study estimated the chemical composition, physical properties, vitamins, and minerals in bovine colostrum samples and studied the effect of pasteurization at 63 °C / 30 minutes (T2) and 72 °C / 15 seconds (T3), compared to an unpasteurized sample (T1), on chemical properties (moisture, protein, fat, lactose, ash), physical properties (pH, density, viscosity), and vitamin and mineral concentrations. Pasteurization at 72 °C/15 sec more effect. T2 and T3 have 75.91% and 75.81% moisture, respectively, compared to T1’s 76.49%. T2 and T3 vs T1. T2 and T3 treatments had 12.38% and 12.24% protein, respectively, compared to 12.53% for T1. T1 had 5.71% fat, whereas T2 and T3 had 5.83% and 5.92%, respectively. T1 had 3.12% lactose, whereas T2 and T3 had 3.43% and 3.50%, respectively. T2 and T3 had 2.45% and 2.53% ash, respectively, whereas T1 had 2.15%. The pH values of T2, T3, and T1 were 6.11, 6.14, and 5.97, respectively, indicating that T2 and T3 pasteurization treatments affect the physical properties of colostrum. Density was 1.117 g/cm3 in T2 and 1.172 in T3, and 1.084 in T1. T1, T2, and T3 have viscosities of 16.71 CP, 26.47 CP, and 30.48 CP, respectively. Vitamins and minerals were high in colostrum samples on the first day of birth, but pasteurization treatments T2 and T3 decreased the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins A, E, D, and K and water-soluble B2 and B12 compared to unpasteurized. Pasteurization treatments T2 and T3 significantly decreased calcium and phosphorus concentrations compared to unpasteurized, although magnesium, iron, zinc, and sodium were unaffected.
Study the Effect of Antioxidant Activity, Phenols and Sensory Evaluation of Cookies Fortified with Raisins
Authors: Maki Rawan Raad , Yasin Sabraa Saad
Published: December 2023

This research was carried out at the laboratories of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit and the Ministry of Science and Technology / Baghdad from 1/7/2022 to 1/11/2022. The current study aims to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant concentrations in raisins, processed cookies, and the standard sample using the (DPPH) method. After the study, it was discovered that the American raisin variety has the highest levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidants (251 mg/100 gm - 6.41 mg/100 gm), Indian and Iraqi raisins had the lowest levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidants (202 mg/100 g to 3.18 mg/100 g), respectively. Values of phenolic compounds and antioxidants assessed using the DPPH method showed that the processed cookie samples fortified with four types of raisins were superior to the standard flour sample. In addition, cookies manufactured and fortified with the four raisin varieties (Iraqi, Indian, Turkish, and American) were subjected to a sensory evaluation, which involved a study of their sensory characteristics (shape, texture, colour, taste, smell, sensation after chewing, general acceptance). The experiment was conducted using a totally arbitrary method. Cookies are inferior to the standard sample in every way we measure (form, colour, general acceptance, and aroma). After comparing the varieties with each other, we find the superiority of characteristics (shape - taste - color - feeling after chewing) in cookies fortified with Iraqi raisins. Cookies fortified with Turkish raisins excelled in the capacity of (general acceptance), as for my trait (feeling after chewing - and smell), we find it superior to Indian raisin cookies, and cookies fortified with American raisins excelled in the capacity of (texture).
Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles and Almond Aqueous Extract on Experimental Animals
Authors: Ahmed Wissam D. , Zahrawi Hashem M. , Jassim Muhammad A.
Published: December 2023

The impact to feeding almond extract part of its physiological activity of glucose, blood lipid profile, liver enzymes, and immunoglobulins in the serum of hypercholesterolemic male rats was studied. It was given orally by tube feeding. Adult rats, aged (8-12) weeks and weighing (200-220) gm, were Unidentifiedly sorted into six groups, each containing six animals, which is the control group, the group infected with hypercholesterolemia and treated with soft cheese, and three groups infected and treated with almond extract. Among the most important results obtained is that the infection of the animals with hypercholesterolemia led to a significant increase to concentrations Bloodۃsugar, TC, TG, LDL, with liver enzymes on the other hand, while it leads to a greater drop in concentrations to HDL-C, while at results indicated a Eloquent decline (p>0.05) in blood sugar values, TG, TC, ALP, ALT, AST, LDL-C, and a significant increase in HDL concentrations for the treated flocks. with almond extract & soft cheese when measured with the standard set