bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Pendapat Asli Desa (PAD) melalui Pendirian dan Pelatihan Pojok Digital UMKM di Kabupaten Sumedang
Authors: Andreas Recki Prasetyo  , Camelia Rizki Agrina
Published: February 2024

The SMEs Go-Digital Corner is one of the outcomes of collaboration between the Regional Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA) of Sumedang and Oorange & DIGITS UNPAD - the Business Incubator Center of Universitas Padjadjaran. It represents a Pentahelix program collaboration for the implementation of the SMEs Go Digital program in Sumedang. The overall objective of this program is to provide encouragement and stimulus to UMKM actors in Sumedang, particularly in 22 villages affected by Covid-19. The general goal of this initiative is to help businesses in these 22 villages sustain and grow by utilizing online sales and facilitating logistics delivery. This initiative involves the participation of 11 lecturers from various faculties at Universitas Padjadjaran, 110 integrated Community Service Program (KKN) students, SMEs actors, BUMDes executives, and internet service providers. The digital corner activities took place from September 2021 to February 2022. The outcomes of this initiative include the establishment of 22 internet sources that can be utilized by the community in these 22 villages, comprising 14 Indihome packages and 8 Orbit packages. These 22 points can be maximized to create digital corners through various activities to enhance the Village-Owned Enterprises' revenue through optimal management by BUMDes.
The Effect of Digital Mareketing on MSME Income In Bandung Petshop Industry
Authors: Irsyad Kamal  , Muhammad Aqshel Revinzky Nizar  , Andreas Recki Prasetyo
Published: February 2024

Businesses that are usually carried out using conventional methods such as trading that occur in the market are increasingly changing and are being replaced by a new lifestyle, namely online trading. One type of online trade that has occurred is trading through digital marketing. In the city of Bandung, there were 189 food and animal equipment shops. Of the 189 stores, 100 of them are MSMEs that already use digital marketing as a means of advertising. The method in this research using a sample paired t-test. Based on the t-count results are -5.063 and the significance value is 0.000 where it shows that the t-test value is below 0.05 which means there is a significant difference in sales before and after the implementation of digital marketing at animal shops in Bandung.
HYDRODESULFURIZATION OF THIOPHENE OVER COMO/ AL2O3 CATALYST USING FIXED- AND FLUIDIZED-BED REACTORS
Authors: Mohammed Abdul Halim A-K , Ammar Saad Hanash
Published: February 2024

The present work reports a direct experimental comparison of the catalytic hydrodesulfurization ofthiophene over Co-Mo/Al2O3 in fixed- and fluidized-bed reactors under the same conditions. Anexperimental pilot plant scale was constructed in the laboratories of chemical engineering department,Baghdad University; fixed-bed unit (2.54 cm diameter, and 60cm length) and fluidized-bed unit (diameter of 2.54 cm and 40 cm long with a separation zone of 30 cm long and 12.7 cm diameter). The affectingvariables studied in the two systems were reaction temperature of (308 – 460) oC, Liquid hourly spacevelocity of (2 – 5) hr-1, and catalyst particle size of (0.075-0.5) mm. It was found in both operations that theconversion increases with increasing of reaction temperature, slightly decreases with increasing of liquidhourly space velocity and not affected by particle size. Also a kinetic analysis was performed for thiophenehydrodesulfurization reaction in fixed bed reactor and the results indicate that the reaction kinetics are not affected by pore and film diffusion limitations. The results of the comparison between the two reactors indicate that a low conversion was obtained in a fluidized bed than in fixed bed over the range of conditions studied. The lower conversion can be attributed to the gas that bypasses the bed in the form of bubbles or channels.
TREATMENT OF A HIGH STRENGTH ACIDIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL WASTEWATER USING EXPANDED BED ADSORBER
Authors: Mohammed Sawsan A. M. , Foad Sarmad , Shanshool Haider Abbas
Published: February 2024

Treatment of a high strength acidic industrial wastewater was attempted by activated carbonadsorption to evaluate the feasibility of yielding effluents of reusable qualities. The experimentalmethods which were employed in this investigation included batch and column studies. Theformer was used to evaluate the rate and equilibrium of carbon adsorption, while the latter wasused to determine treatment efficiencies and performance characteristics. Fixed bed and expandedbed adsorbers were constructed in the column studies. In this study, the adsorption behavior of acetic acid onto activated carbon was examined as a function of the concentration of the adsorbate, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption data was modeled with Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms.The amount of acetic acid adsorbed increased with the decrease in initial concentration of acetic acid and increased with the increase in contact time and adsorbent dose. The effects of variousimportant and influencing parameters such as flow rate, bed height, inlet adsorbate concentrationon breakthrough curve are studied in details in the column studies.
LOW COST AUTOMATIC SUN PATH TRACKING SYSTEM
Authors: Al-Haddad Mohammed Kasim , Hassan Sameer Sami
Published: February 2024

Solar tracking systems used are to increase the efficiency of the solar cells have attracted the attention ofresearchers recently due to the fact that the attention has been directed to the renewable energy sources. Solar tracking systems are of two types, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and sun path tracking. Both types are studied briefly in this paper and a simple low cost sun path tracking system is designed using simple commercially available component. Measurements have been made for comparison between fixed and tracking system. The results have shown that the tracking system is effective in the sense of relatively high output power increase and low cost.
PHYSICAL MODEL OF KEROSENE PLUME MIGRATION IN AN UNSATURATED ZONE OF THE SANDY SOIL
Authors: Al-Suhaili Rafa H. , Al -Madany Hussein A. M.
Published: February 2024

Physical model tests were simulated non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) spill in two-dimensionaldomain above the water table. Four laboratory experiments were carried out in the sand-filledtank. The evolution of the plume was observed through the transparent side of this tank and thecontaminant front was traced at appropriate intervals. The materials used in these experimentswere Al-Najaf sand as a porous medium and kerosene as contaminant.The results of the experiments showed that after kerosene spreading comes to a halt (ceased) inthe homogeneous sand, the bulk of this contaminant is contained within a pancake-shaped lenssituated on top of the capillary fringe.
TWO-PARAMETER GAMMA DISTRIBUTION AND LOG NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FOR DERIVATION OF SYNTHETIC UNIT HYDROGRAPH
Authors: Dhahir Mohammed Rashid
Published: February 2024

Most available methods for unit hydrographs (SUH) derivation involve manual, subjective fitting ofa hydrograph through a few data points. The use of probability distributions for the derivation of synthetichydrographs had received much attention because of its similarity with unit hydrograph properties. In thispaper, the use of two flexible probability distributions is presented. For each distribution the unknownparameters were derived in terms of the time to peak(tp), and the peak discharge(Qp). A simple Matlabprogram is prepared for calculating these parameters and their validity was checked using comparisonwith field data. Application to field data shows that the gamma and lognormal distributions had fit well.
ORGANOCLAY FOR ADSORPTION OF BINARY SYSTEM OF POLLUTANTS FROM WASTEWATER
Authors: Sulaymon Abbass H. , Kassim Waleed M. S. , Nasir Mohsin Jasim
Published: February 2024

single and binary competitive sorption of phenol and p-nitrophenol onto clay modified withquaternary ammonium (Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium ) was investigated to obtain theadsorption isotherms constants for each solutes. The modified clay was prepared fromblending of local bentonite with quaternary ammonium . The organoclay was characterizedby cation exchange capacity. and surface area. The results show that paranitrophenol isbeing adsorbed faster than phenol . The experimental data for each solute was fitted well withthe Freundlich isotherm model for single solute and with the combination of Freundlich-Langmuier model for binary system .
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN AN INCLINED CIRCULAR CYLINDER
Authors: Mohammed Akeel A. , Mashkour Mahmoud A. , Ahmed Raad Shehab
Published: February 2024

Experiments were carried out to investigate natural convection heat transfer in an inclined uniformly heated circular cylinder . The effects of surface heat flux and angle of inclination on the temperature and local Nusselt number variations along the cylinder surface are discussed . The investigation covers heat flux range from 92 W/m² to 487 W/m², and angles of inclination 0° ( horizontal) , 30° , 60° and 90° (vertical) . Results show an increase in the natural convection as heat flux increases and as angle of inclination moves from vertical to horizontal position. An empirical equation of average Nusselt number as a function of Rayliegh number was deduced for each angle of inclination .
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER IN A RECTANGULAR ENCLOSURE WITH AND WITHOUT INSIDE PARTITIONS
Authors: Mahmood Hussain Y. , Abdul Raheem Ahmed Abdul Ameer
Published: February 2024

Experimental study has been conducted for laminar natural convection heat transfer of air flow through a rectangular enclosure fitted with vertical partition. The partition was oriented parallel to the two vertical isothermal walls with different temperatures, while all the other surfaces of the enclosure were insulated. In this study a test rig has been designed and constructed to allow studying the effect of Rayleigh number, aperture height ratio, partition thickness, the position of aperture according to the side walls and according to the height, the position of the partition according to the hot wall, and partition inclination. The experiments were carried out with air as the working fluid for Rayleigh number range (5*107 – 1.3*108) and aspect ratio of (0.5). 22 different configurations of partition were used in this study these are:a) Undivided enclosure (no – partition).b) (21) Cork partitions of different shapes.Empirical correlations for average Nusselt number are obtained for the different cases tested. The results show that heat transfer is independent on the partition position according to the cold wall and according to the upper or lower walls, while it shows that heat transfer is sensitive to:1. Rayleigh number (Ra), which increase with increasing Ra.2. Aperture height ratio (Ap=hp/H), which is found that when Ap= 5/6 (case 2,3), the reduction in heat transfer is 10.3%, while when Ap=1/2 (case 4,5), the reduction is 17.2% compared with the non partitioned enclosure.3. Aperture position according to the height, which is found that when the aperture at the centre of the partition (case 13), the reduction in heat transfer is 16.7%, while when the aperture displaced to the upper surface (case 14), the reduction is 19% compared with the non partitioned enclosure.4. Partition thickness (t), which is found that when t = 10 mm (case 4,5) the reduction in heat transfer is 17.2%, while when t = 150 mm (case 16) the reduction is 20.5% compared with the non partitioned enclosure.5. Partition inclination (), which is found that the rate of heat transfer reduced with increasingas shown:a. For = 30 toward the cold wall (case 22), the reduction in heat transfer is 18.2%.b. For = 45 toward the cold wall (case 18), the reduction in heat transfer was 21.9%.c. For = 60 toward the cold wall (case 20), the reduction in heat transfer is 30.2%.d. For = 30 toward the hot wall (case 21), the reduction in heat transfer is 31.3%.e. For = 45 toward the hot wall (case 17), the reduction in heat transfer is 40.7%.

f. For = 60 toward the hot wall (case 19), the reduction in heat transfer is 42.1%.
EFFECT OF THE SAND MOULD ADDITIVES ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL CK45 CASTS
Authors: Ameen Hani Aziz , Hassan Khairia Salman
Published: February 2024

The research targets study of influence of additives on sand mold’s properties and, consequently, onthat of carbon steel CK45 casts produced by three molds. Three materials were selected for additionto sand mix at weight percentages. These are sodium carbonates, glycerin and oat flour. Sand moldsof studied properties were produced to get casts from such molds. The required tests were made tofind the best additives with respect to properties of cast. ANSYS software is used to demonstratethe stresses distribution of each produced materials. It is shown that the mechanical properties ofcasts produced is improved highly with sodium carbonates and is less with oat flour and it is seem afew with glycerin additives. It can be concluded that the sodium carbonates let to get the castproduced with highly mechanical properties.
Preservation of Required Chlorine Concentration in Baghdad Water Supply Networks using On-Site Chlorine Injection
Authors: Al-Suhaili Rafa H. , Al-Azzawe Riadh Fadhil Nsaif
Published: February 2024

The chlorine concentration variation in Baghdad water networks was studied. Thechlorine data were collected from Mayoralty of Baghdad and Ministry of Environment(MOE) for the networks for both sides of the city Karkh and Rasafa for (2008-2009). Thestudy of these data indicates that there are no systematic testing program .Classified GISmaps showed that the areas far from the treatment plants have almost always lowchlorine concentration .This indicates that the problem of the low chlorine concentrationin the far areas is due to cracks of pipe along the conveyance path ,as expected. The area'smost frequently have low concentration are Al-sadir,Al-Kadhimya, and Al-Amiria . Itwas found also that the chlorine concentrations were lowest in summer months than thosein winter months.The Amiria area district (636) was selected as a case study to test theability of using the quantitative- qualitative model in the EPANET software, to find therequired onsite chlorine injection point number, locations and dose, so as to raise thechlorine concentration to the acceptable limits in the other nodes of the network. Thebulk decay coefficient was found to be (-2.212)1/day and the wall coefficients werefound to be between (-0.001)to(-0.9)1/day The main conclusion of this study is that theonsite injection can improve the chlorine concentration in Baghdad water supplynetworks. The EPANET model can be used effectively to obtain the required injectionprogram for this purpose.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRESSES IN SPUR GEAR MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Authors: ABDULLAH MOHAMMAD Q. , BADRI THAR M.
Published: February 2024

In this current work, Purpose; to clearly the fundamental idea for constructing a design andinvestigation of spur gear made of composite material its comes from the combination of (highspeeds, low noise, oil-les running, light weight, high strength, and more load capability)encountered in modern engineering applications of the gear drives, when the usual metallic gearcannot too overwhelming these combinations.An analyzing of stresses and deformation under static and dynamic loading for spur gear toothby finite element method with isoparametric eight-nodded in total of 200 brick element with 340nods in three degree of freedom per node was selected for this analysis. This is responsible for thecatastropic failure studying of spur gear made of composite material. Also obtain the naturalfrequencies and the mode shape of the composite tooth under (concentrated and or moving onsurface profile) load of one half sinusoidal type impulse for two types of composite materials(Glasses/Epoxy & Graphite/Epoxy) and they are compared with the mild steel gear values.The appearances that improve the successfully of composite gear in the weight, stiffness, loadcapability, and dynamic behavior respect to the mild steel, which is found that composite materialsmay also be thought of as a material for power transmission gearing, from a stress point of view.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF IRAQI ASPHALT BINDERS MEASURED USING SUPERPAVE SYSTEM AND SHELL SOFTWARE
Authors: Abed Alaa H. , Hamdou Hamed M.
Published: February 2024

The performance grading system (superpave) has provided means to incorporate binder characteristics withpavement failure types. It’s a comprehensive system that relates climate, traffic conditions and aging withcritical pavement distress. The objective of this paper is to develop an improved asphalt binder gradingsystem for Iraq based on the principal of superpave. The country was divided into different zones accordingto the highest and lowest temperature ranges and traffic loading. The Performance graded binder proposedfor each zone was compared with some States of USA that have same hot weather of Iraq by using LongTerm Pavement Performance (LTPP v3.1) software. Iraqi asphalt samples were tested using the Superpavetechnology in Wisconsin University and the results were compared with those estimated using Shellpavement design software packages (BANDS 2) at different loading time and frequency. In general, theperformance grade of binders produced from the three refineries in Iraq (Daurah, Basrah and Baiji) is PG 64-16. The m- value (slope of log creep stiffness versus log frequency curve at specified temperature)determined by DSR (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) and Shell software was compared.
DYE REMOVAL FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER BY COAGULATION USING ALUM AND PAC
Authors: Abdul-Razzaq Nada N.
Published: February 2024

Removal of solar brown and direct black dyes by coagulation with two aluminum basedcoagulants was conducted. The main objective is to examine the efficiency of thesecoagulants in the treatment of dye polluted water discharged from Al-Kadhymia TextileCompany (Baghdad-Iraq). The performance of these coagulants was investigated throughjar test by comparing dye percent removal at different wastewater pH, coagulant dose,and initial dye concentration. Results show that alum works better than PAC under acidicmedia (5-6) and PAC works better under basic media (7-8) in the removal of both solarbrown and direct black dyes. Higher doses of PAC were required to achieve themaximum removal efficiency under optimum pH conditions for both dyes. It wasobserved that under optimum conditions of pH and dose values, PAC was significantlyhigher dye removal efficiency than alum for all dyes initial concentrations.
EFFECT OF STEEL FIBERS ADDITION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE CIRCULAR SHORT COLUMNS
Authors: Al-Shamma Yasir M. W. , Aziz Riyadh Jawad , Al-Bayati Zubidah Abdullateef
Published: February 2024

loaded reinforced concrete circular short columns. An experimental investigation into the behaviorof 24 short reinforced concrete columns with and without steel fibers was carried out. The columnshad a circular section (200 mm diameter and 900 mm long). Test variables include concretestrength, spacing of spiral reinforcement, and inclusion of steel fibers. The axial stress and axialstrains were obtained and used to evaluate the effects of the presence of steel fibers. It was foundthat the addition of steel fibers slightly improves the load carrying capacity of the tested columnswhereas it significantly enhances the ductility of these specimens. Test results also indicated that forthe same confinement parameter , specimens with steel fibers has higher strength enhancement compared to specimens without steel fibers. For confinement parameter of 0.1 the strength enhancement equal 1.7 for specimens with fibers while it is 1.4 for nonfibrous specimens. An empirical expression is proposed and used to predict the confined strength of columns. It was shown that the proposed formula predicts the load carrying capacity of the tested columns reasonably.
Forward and Reverse Osmosis Process for Recovery and Re-use of Water from Polluted Water by Phenol
Authors: Al-Alawy Ahmed Faiq
Published: February 2024

The research aims to apply the novel forward osmosis (FO) process to recover pure waterfrom contaminated water. Phenol was used as organic substance in the feed solution, while sodiumchloride salt was used as draw solution. Membranes used in the FO process is the cellulosetriacetate (CTA) and polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. Reverse osmosis processwas used to treatment the draw solution, the exterior from the forward osmosis process. In the FOprocess the active layer of the membrane faces the feed solution and the porous support layer facesthe draw solution and this will show the effect of dilutive internal concentration polarization andconcentrative external concentration polarization.In the FO process was a run-time for five hours, and the concentration of phenol 100 and1000 mg/l, and for the NaCl the concentration was 10000 and 30000 mg/l. It was found thatrecovery percent increases with increasing time, while water flux through membrane decreases withincreasing time. Also, it was found that recovery and water flux increases with increasing drawsolution concentration, on the contrary, water flux and the percentage of recovery decreases withincreasing the concentration of phenol (feed solution). Increase in draw solute (NaCl) concentrationhas more effect on the water flux in FO process compared with increase in the concentration ofphenol. Outlet phenol concentration increases with time, while the outlet salt concentrationdecreases with increasing the time. The results showed that the cellulose triacetate membrane gavethe highest recovery ratio from the thin film composite membrane. The highest recovery wasreached in five hours is 51.33%, while using CTA membrane recovery rate increase, by 23%compared with TFC membrane. The value of the resistance to solute diffusion within the membraneporous support layer is 36.83 h/m. Reverse osmosis is perfect method for removal of dissolved saltsfrom water, thus its suitable process for reducing the content of NaCl in draw solution; therefore thesodium chloride rejection percentage was 91.6 – 96 % for polyamide membrane (TFC). Within twohours of work of the reverse osmosis system the recovery percentage of pure water is 58%.
OPTIMIZATION OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND LEVELING USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Authors: Mohammed Sawsan Rasheed , Abdul Ameer Ameer Ahmed
Published: February 2024

Resource allocation and leveling are of the top challenges in project management, due to thecomplexity of projects. This research aims to develop an optimization model for resourcesmoothing, so that.The proposed model is formulated using C++ program for resource smoothing. The projectmanagement software MS-Projects is adopted hereto perform resource leveling to facilitateachieving the optimal solution.The proposed model utilizes a system that depends on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) procedure builtin C++ program to find the optimum solution.This research reach concludes that it is possible to smooth resources using Genetic Algorithmsprogram and compares then with MS-Project when the GA results are better than MS-Project.Three case studies have been applied in this research and the application results come identicalwith research objectives, to form the conclusion.Then comes the recommendations regarding adopting and using the research results inconstruction planning and project management. Further suggestions related to the research subjectare proposed for future works.
LDPC CODED MULTIUSER MC-CDMA PERFORMANCE OVERMULTIPATH RAYLEIGH FADING CHANNEL
Authors: Almaamory Aqiel N.
Published: February 2024

This work presents the simulation of a Low density Parity Check (LDPC) coding scheme withmultiuserMulti-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system over Additive WhiteGaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and multipath fading channels. The decoding technique used inthe simulation was iterative decoding since it gives maximum efficiency with ten iterations.Modulation schemes that used are Phase Shift Keying (BPSK, QPSK and 16 PSK), along with theOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). A 12 pilot carrier were used in the estimatorto compensate channel effect. The channel model used is Long Term Evolution (LTE) channel withTechnical Specification TS 25.101v2.10 and 5 MHz bandwidth including the channels of indoorto outdoor/ pedestrian channel and Vehicular channel
IMPLEMENTATION OF GYPSEOUS SOIL-ASPHALT STABILIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR BASE COURSE CONSTRUCTION
Authors: Sarsam Saad I. , Al- Saidi A'amal A. , Al – Khayat Ban H.
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research work is to study the effect of stabilizing gypseous soil, which coversvast areas in the middle, west and south parts of Iraq, using liquid asphalt on its strength propertiesto be used as a base course layer replacing the traditional materials of coarse aggregate and brokenstones which are scarce at economical prices and hauling distances.Gypseous soil brought from Al-Ramadi City, west of Iraq, with gypsum content of 66.65%,medium curing cutback asphalt (MC-30), and hydrated lime are used in this study.The conducted tests on untreated and treated gypseous soil with different percentages of mediumcuring cutback asphalt (MC-30), water, and lime were: unconfined compression strength, and onedimensional confined compression under both dry and absorbed test conditions.The test results showed that stabilizing gypseous soil using the optimum fluid content of 16% (5%cutback asphalt+11% water) have improved the unconfined compressive strength, compressibility,rebound consolidation, and waterproofing of gypseous soil, but under absorbed condition thestabilized gypseous soil using cutback asphalt only did not satisfy the requirements for base courseconstruction, therefore it was decided to use lime additive to improve the properties of soil-cutbackmixture under absorbed condition.
EMBEDDED LENGTH OF STEEL BARS IN SELF COMPACTED CONCRETE (SCC)
Authors: Izzat Amer F. , Salahaldin Ali I.
Published: February 2024

Experimental research was carried out on eight reinforced concrete beams to study the embedded length of the longitudinal reinforcement. Six beams were casted using self compacted concrete, and the two other beams were casted using normal concrete. The test was carried out on beams subjected to two point loads. The strain and the slip of the main reinforcement have been measured by using grooves placed during casting the beams at certain places. The measured strain used to calculate the longitudinal stresses (bond stress) surrounding the bar reinforcement, The study was investigated the using of self compacted concrete SCC on the embedded length of reinforcing bars, and comparing the results with normal concrete. The test results show that using SCC improve the concrete properties like the compressive strength and the tensile strength which mainly affected the bond strength and the splitting of the concrete cover failure. The testes show that with increasing concrete strength the bond strength increased.
IMPROVED IMAGE COMPRESSION BASED WAVELET TRANSFORM AND THRESHOLD ENTROPY
Authors: Mohammed Akeel abdual aziz
Published: February 2024

In this paper, a method is proposed to increase the compression ratio for the color images bydividing the image into non-overlapping blocks and applying different compression ratio for theseblocks depending on the importance information of the block. In the region that contain importantinformation the compression ratio is reduced to prevent loss of the information, while in thesmoothness region which has not important information, high compression ratio is used .Theproposed method shows better results when compared with classical methods(wavelet and DCT).
MEASUREMENT OF GROUND LEVEL OZONE IN SELECTIVE LOCATIONS IN BAGHDAD CITY
Authors: Mustafa Yasmen A. , Afaj Adnan H. , Mohammed Sinan J.
Published: February 2024

The ground level ozone concentration at different locations in Baghdad city was identified. Fivedifferent sites have been chosen to identify the ground level ozone concentration. Al- Dora and Al-Za'afarania were chosen as areas contained point source ( power plant station ) in addition to high trafficload , while Al –Uma park, Aden square and Al-Mawal square were chosen as area contained heavytraffic only (line source). The measurement focuses on spring and fall because these periods displayfavorable meteorology to ozone formation. During the research period the maximum values (peaks) forground level ozone concentration were observed at fall: at Al-Za'afarania area 101ppb as an average, atAl-Dora 87 ppb as an average and at line source areas 48 ppb as an average. Among the line sources areaAl-Mawal square represent the highest peak value at fall 68 ppb. At spring the peaks of ozoneconcentration observed to be at the same height, 50 ppb for all sites. The downwind sites from the powerplant stations at Al-Dora and Al-Za'afarania areas record higher ozone peaks compared with up windsites. It can be concluded that the effect of power plant stations in forming ozone is larger than trafficload.The comparison between the ground level ozone concentrations that measured during the research period in spring and fall, and the ambient air quality standards (AAQS) shows that:• No exceeded levels were observed in spring for all sites.• In fall the AAQS for ozone was exceeded in Al-Za'afarania area at 12: PM, 1: PM, 2: PM and 3:PM, and in Al-Dora at 2: PM.
MAGNETO HYDRODYNAMIC NATURAL CONVECTION FLOW ON A VERTICAL CYLINDER WITH A PRESENCE OF HEAT GENERATION AND RADIATION
Authors: AL-Hafidh Manal H. , AL-Hafidh Manal H. , Ali Methaq T.
Published: February 2024

The present work investigates the effect of magneto – hydrodynamic (MHD) laminar natural convection flow on a vertical cylinder in presence of heat generation and radiation. The governing equations which used are Continuity, Momentum and Energy equations. These equations are transformed to dimensionless equations using Vorticity-Stream Function method and the resulting nonlinear systemof partial differential equations are then solved numerically using finite difference approximation. A thermal boundary condition of a constant wall temperature is considered. A computer program (Fortran 90) was built to calculate the rate of heat transfer in terms of local Nusselt number, total mean Nusselt number, velocity distribution as well as temperature distribution for a selection of parameters setsconsisting of dimensionless heat generation parameter (0.0 ≤ Q ≤ 2.0), conduction – radiation parameter (0.0 ≤ N ≤ 10.0), and the dimensionless magneto hydrodynamic parameter (0.0 ≤ M ≤ 1.0). Numerical solution have been considered for a fluid Prandtl number fixed at (Pr=0.7), Rayleigh number (102 ≤ ≤ 105 ) l Ra . The results are shown reasonable representation to the relation between Nusselt number and Rayleigh number with other parameters (M, N and Q). Generally, Nu increase with increasing Ra, M, N and Q separately. When the MHD, N, and Q effect added to the heat transfer mechanism, the heat transfer rate increased and this effect increased with increasing in Ra, MHD, N, and Q. The effect of magneto hydrodynamic, heat generation and heat radiation on the rate of heat transfer is concluded by correlationequations. The results are found to be in good agreement compared with the results of other researchers.
A GENERAL VELOCITY PROFILE FOR A LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER OVER FLAT PLATE WITH ZERO INCIDENCE
Authors: Abdul-Ghafour Qussai J.
Published: February 2024

A general velocity profile for a laminar flow over a flat plate with zero incidence is obtained by employing a new boundary condition to the other available boundary conditions. The general velocity profile is mathematically simple and nearest to the exact solution. Also other related values, boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness and coefficient of friction are nearest to the exact solution compared with other corresponding values for other researchers.
AGENT BASED MONITORING FOR INVESTIGATION PROCESS AND MAINTENANCE IMPROVEMENT
Authors: Ali Ameer Hussein , Ahmed Zouhair I. , Hussain Soroor K.
Published: February 2024

Agent technology has a widespread usage in most of computerized systems. In this paper agent technology has been applied to monitor wear test for an aluminium silicon alloy which is used in automotive parts and gears of light loads. In addition to wear test monitoring، porosity effect onwear resistance has been investigated. To get a controlled amount of porosity, the specimens havebeen made by powder metallurgy process with various pressures (100, 200 and 600) MPa. The aim ofthis investigation is a proactive step to avoid the failure occurrence by the porosity.A dry wear tests have been achieved by subjecting three reciprocated loads (1000, 1500 and 2000)gfor three periods (10, 45 and 90)min. The weight difference after each test is immediately measured tofind the losing weight and wear rate for each specimen. Wear test was monitored online by twosensors, force sensor to control the applied load, find friction force and coefficient of friction. Thesensor is an acoustic emission to detect crack initiations of the worn surface by transfers the emittedultrasonic waves from crack initiations to electric signals. Scanning electron microscope has beenused to examine the worn surfaces. The overall results include that the effect of pores depends on poreshapes, sizes and concentrations.
DIESEL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS EVALUATION FOR SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE FUELLED WITH ETHANOL AND GAS-OIL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Abdulhadi Mohammedali
Published: February 2024

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel engine exhaust have been measured in terms of mass, using99.98 % pure ethanol blended directly, without additives, with conventional diesel fuel (gas – oil),toget 10 % , 15 %, 20 % ethanol emulsions . The resulting PM collected has been compared with thosefrom straight diesel. The engine used is a stationary single cylinder, variable compression ratio RicardoE6/US. This engine is fully instrumented and could run as a compression or spark ignition.Observations showed that particulate matter (PM) emissions decrease with increasing oxygenatecontent in the fuel, with some increase of fuel consumption, which is due to the lower heating value ofethanol. The reduction in PM formation increased with load increase, maximum reduction were 58% at1800 rpm. There was no significant reduction observed at low loads. It could be concluded from thetest results that ethanol may be an alternative to / or partially substitute, fossil fuels.
STATIC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF VORTEX RATE SENSOR
Authors: AL-Asady Ali Abdul AL-Muhsen , Kadhum Wisam Gasim
Published: February 2024

The vortex rate sensor is a fluidic gyroscope with no moving parts and can be used in very difficultconditions like radiation, high temperature and noise with minimum cost of manufacturing andmaintenance. A vortex rate sensor made of wood has been designed and manufactured to studytheoretically and experimentally its static performance .A rig has been built to carry out the study,the test carried out with three different air flow rates (100, 150, and 200 l/min).The results show thatthe relation between the differential pressure taken from the sensor pickoff points and the angularvelocity of the sensor was linear.The present work involved theoretical and experimental study ofvortex rate sensor static characteristics .Vortex rate sensor has been designed and manufacturedwith dimensions-:Radius of vortex chamber= 140 mm, Radius of sink tube rs= 4.5 mm, the pickoff hole diameter =2mm, Height of vortex chamber b= 19 mm, Height of pickoff pipe h= 25 mm.
RELATION BETWEEN STANDERD PENETRATION TEST AND SKIN RESISTANCE OF DRIVEN CONCRETE PILE IN OVER CONSOLIDATED CLAY SOIL
Authors: Jahan Ger Zuhair Kadhim
Published: February 2024

In this research the relation between skin resistances and standard penetration test of over consolidatedclay soils has been studied. The research includes doing boreholes at Babil governorate in Iraq to getundisturbed samples and standard penetration test. Determination skin friction from direct shear test betweensmooth concrete and soil was explored in laboratory for design purposes and correlated with standardpenetration test values. In many foundation design problems, the shear strength between soil andfoundation materials were estimated or correlated without any direct methods for measurement.Twelve strain controlled direct shear tests were performed simulate the shear strength interactionbetween smooth concrete and undisturbed over consolidated silty clay, determine the soil – foundationinterface friction, considering the following variables :(1) over consolidation ratio OCR between 1.4 to2.4 (2) Concrete, smooth surface, (3) Undisturbed samples, (4) Variation of the normal load between thefriction surface. The results showed that both cohesion and internal friction should be considered inevaluating skin friction. The results of cohesion and angle of internal friction were correlate with thestandard penetration test SPT –N . Interface friction angle was 14.5° , while the adhesion was 15.5 kPa.The ultimate shear strength was mobilized through 10%- 16% strain in the direction of shear surface. .A fairly good correlation between the N70-value and the interface friction parameters were establishedfor determination unit skin friction for driven piles. Finally, based on the test results, a simple relation wasproposed to relate the N70 value and interface friction of silty clay soils for a range of N70 between 12 and 20.
Production of Biodiesel Fuel from Used vegetable Oil
Authors: Hussain Hussain K. , Al Jendeel Haider Abdul Kareem , Naife Tariq M.
Published: February 2024

Used vegetable oil was introduced to transesterfication reaction to produce Biodiesel fuel suitable for diesel engines. Method of production was consisted of filtration, transesterfication, separation and washing. Transesterfication was studied extensively with different operating conditions, temperature range (35-80oC), catalyst concentration (0.5-2 wt. % based on oil), mixing time (30-120 min.) with constant oil/methanol weight ratio 5:1 and mixing speed 1300 rpm. The concentration of Fatty acid methyl esters (Biodiesel) was determined for the transesterficated oil samples, besides of some important physical properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, pour point and flash point. The behavior of methyl esters production and the physical properties of Biodiesel were studied with the different operating conditions. The results show that increasing methyl esters concentration with increasing temperature and catalyst concentration and the transesterfication is a second order reaction The research aiming to recycle spent cooking oils to prevent pollution of soil and water, and converting them to Biodiesel fuel with low emissions
الدال والمدلول بين الشكل وظله وإمكانية الفصل بينهما في المشهد الحضري
Authors: Dawood Ammar Salim
Published: February 2024

اعتاد كثير من الناس النظر إلى الظل على انه ناتج عرضي لوجود الضوء والشكل(الجسم)،مثلما اعتادوا ان يكونالظل دالة لوجود الشكل، فيكفي-مثلا- أن نرى ظل احد الأشكال لنوقن بوجوده، لكن، ماذا سيحصل لو قمنا باصطناع ذلكالظل مع غياب الشكل الأصلي؟؟.محاولة تفكيك العلاقة بين الشكل وظله وإمكانية الارتقاء بالظل ليكون عنصرا تصميميا مستقلا غير مرتبط لزومابوجود "شكل" مشابه له ،تلك هي مشكلة هذا البحث والتي سوف يحاول سبر أغوارها .فمن خلال استعراض خلفيات العلاقة التي تربط بين الشكل وظله استنادا إلى ثنائية "الدال والمدلول" التي أسهب علمالدلالة في التنظير لها،مرورا بنظرية بافلوف في "الفعل المنعكس الشرطي " والتي كان احد نتائجها هو إمكانية ان يكونللمؤثر من الدرجة الثانية "الدال " نفس التأثير في ذات المتلقي للمؤثر من الدرجة الأولى"المدلول "،وصولا إلى "الظل"مفهومه وخصائصه، تم في هذا البحث تحديد أهم الآليات التي يمكن من خلالها الاستعاضة بالظل عن الشكل الأصليواستثمار ذلك لتكوين ما أطلق عليه البحث اسم "العناصر الراسمة للظل" والتي هي عبارة عن عناصر تصميمية غايتهاالأساس هو رسم الظلال بما يوفره ذلك من ثراء شكلي يحقق بوسائل بديلة يمكن أن يضفي الكثير من الجمالية والتشويقعلى العمل الفني بشكل عام وعلى المشهد الحضري بشكل خاص.
An Experimental Investigation on Fatigue Properties of AA3003-H14 Aluminum alloy Friction Stir Welds
Authors: Takhakh Ayad M. , Abdullah Asmaa M.
Published: February 2024

AA3003-H14 aluminum alloy plates were welded by friction stir welding and TIG welding.Fatigue properties of the welded joints were evaluated based on the superior tensile properties forFSW at 1500 rpm rotational speed and 80 mm/min welding speed. However, there is not muchinformation available on effect of welding parameters with evolution of fatigue life of friction stirwelds. The present study experimentally analyzed fatigue properties for base, FSW, and TIG weldsof AA 3003-H14 aluminum alloy. Fatigue properties of FSW joints were slightly lower than thebase metal and higher than TIG welding.
ORGANIZATION OF MEMORY CHIPS IN MEMORY SYSTEMS THAT HAVE WORD SIZE WIDER THAN 8-BIT
Authors: Abdul-Wahab Omar W.
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a method to organize memory chips when they are used to build memory systems that have word size wider than 8-bit. Most memory chips have 8-bit word size. When the memory system has to be built from several memory chips of various sizes, this method gives all possible organizations of these chips in the memory system. This paper also suggests a precise definition of the term “memory bank” that is usually used in memory systems. Finally, an illustrative design problem was taken to illustrate the presented method practically
ESTIMATION THE 7 AND 28- DAY NORMAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH BY ACCELERATED TEST METHODS IN CONCRETE
Authors: Al Rawi R.S. , Abdul-Hameed Firas F. , Abbas Zena K.
Published: February 2024

Curing of concrete is the maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content and temperature for aperiod of time immediately following placing so the desired properties are developed. Acceleratedcuring is advantages where early strength gain in concrete is important. The expose of concretespecimens to the accelerated curing conditions which permit the specimens to develop a significantportion of their ultimate strength within a period of time (1-2 days), depends on the method of thecuring cycle.Three accelerated curing test methods are adopted in this study. These are warm water,autogenous and proposed test methods. The results of this study has shown good correlationbetween the accelerated strength especially for the proposal curing test method and normal strengthusing normal curing method at ages 7 and 28 day for the five different chemical composition ofcement with different water to cement ratios equal to 0.45, 0.55, 0.65 and 0.75. Linear andnonlinear regression analysis show high correlation for the different types of the accelerated curingmethods with coefficient of correlation (R2) more than 0.9.
MODELING HOUSEHOLD TRIP GENERATION FOR SELECTED ZONES AT AL-KARKH SIDE OF BAGHDAD CITY
Authors: Sarsam Saad Issa , Al-Hassani Su’ad Saba’
Published: February 2024

Trip generation is the first phase in the travel forecasting process. It involves the estimation of thetotal number of trips entering or leaving a parcel of land per time period (usually on a daily basis);as a function of the socioeconomic, locational, and land-use characteristics of the parcel.The objective of this study is to develop statistical models to predict trips production volumes for aproper target year. Non-motorized trips are considered in the modeling process. Traditional methodto forecast the trip generation volume according to trip rate, based on family type is proposed inthis study. Families are classified by three characteristics of population social class, income, andnumber of vehicle ownership. The study area is divided into 10 sectors. Each sector is subdividedinto number of zones so; the total number of zones is 45 zones based on the administrativedivisions. The trip rate for the family is determined by sampling. A questionnaire is designed andinterviews are implemented for data collection from selected zones at Al-Karkh side of Baghdadcity. Two techniques have been used, full interview and home questionnaire. The questionnaireforms are distributed in many institutes, intermediate, secondary and, commercial schools. Thedeveloped models are total person trips /household, work trips /household, education trips/household, shopping and social/recreational trips/household and, person trips/person. These models are developed by using stepwise regression technique after the collected data being fed to SPSS software.Results show that total persons trips/household are related to family size and structure variablessuch as number of person more than 6 year age, number of male, total number of workers, totalnumber of students in the household, number of private vehicles. This model has coefficient ofdetermination equal to 0.669 for the whole study area. Also the results show that the home-basedwork trips are related to number of worker in the household, number of male workers in thehousehold, number of female workers in the household and number of persons of (25-60) year age;this model has coefficient of determination equal to 0.82 for the whole study area. Home-basededucation trips are strongly related to number of students in the household and this model hascoefficient of determination equal to 0.90 for the whole study area
REMOVAL OF COPPER ION FROM WASTEWATER BY FLOTATION
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed A. , Abed Farah I.
Published: February 2024

Several industrial wastewater streams may contain heavy metal ions, which must be effectively removalbefore the discharge or reuse of treated waters could take place. In this paper, the removal of copper( II)by foam flotation from dilute aqueous solutions was investigated at laboratory scale. The effects ofvarious parameters such as pH, collector and frother concentrations, initial copper concentration, air flowrate, hole diameter of the gas distributor, and NaCl addition were tested in a bubble column of 6 cm insidediameter and 120 cm height. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(HTAB) were used as anionic and cationic surfactant, respectively. Ethanol was used as frothers and theoptimal removal conditions have been established. Successful removals about (98%) and (76%) could beachieved for copper ions with SDS and HTAB, respectively. Copper removal reached about 80% underthe optimum conditions at low pH; at high pH it became as high as 98% probably due to the contributionfrom the flotation of precipitated copper. It was found that the presence of NaCl in the solution reducedthe recoveries. Adding ethanol at 1% concentration increased the removal efficiency. From the results therate of flotation was found to be first order.
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF LOW SPEED WIND TUNNEL WITH ITS MEASUREMENT AND INSPECTION DEVICES
Authors: Hussain Ihsan Y. , Majeed Maki H. , Ali Anmar H. , Sarsam Wail S.
Published: February 2024

A low speed open circuit wind tunnel has been designed, manufactured and constructed at theMechanical Engineering Department at Baghdad University - College of Engineering. The work is one ofthe pioneer projects adapted by the R & D Office at the Iraqi MOHESR. The present paper describes thefirst part of the work; that is the design calculations, simulation and construction. It will be followed by asecond part that describes testing and calibration of the tunnel. The proposed wind tunnel has a testsection with cross sectional area of (0.7 x 0.7 m2) and length of (1.5 m). The maximum speed is about (70m/s) with empty test section. The contraction ratio is (8.16). Three screens are used to minimize flowdisturbances in the test section. The design philosophy is discussed and methods for wind tunnelcalculation are outlined. Simulation of wind tunnel using ANSYS shows no separation of flow alongwind tunnel. Construction steps are also included in present work.