bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age at Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation and Incident Dementia
Authors: Zhang Wenya , Liang Jie , Li Chenglong , Gao Darui , Ma Qian , Pan Yang , Wang Yongqian , Xie Wuxiang , Zheng Fanfan
Published: November 2023

Importance

Epidemiological evidence regarding the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) onset age and risk of incident dementia remains unexplored.

Objective

To examine whether age at AF diagnosis is associated with risk of incident dementia and its subtypes.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective, population-based cohort study used data from UK Biobank, a public, open-access database in the UK with baseline information collected from 2006 to 2010. A total of 433 746 participants were included in the main analysis after excluding participants with a diagnosis of dementia or AF at baseline, missing data on covariates, or having dementia before AF onset during a median follow-up of 12.6 years. Data were analyzed from October to December 2022.

Exposures

AF diagnosis and age at AF diagnosis according to age groups (<65 years, 65-74 years, or ≥75 years).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incident dementia, ascertained through linkage from multiple databases until December 31, 2021. Cox proportional hazards models and the propensity score matching method were adopted to estimate the association between AF onset age and incident dementia.

Results

Of 433 746 included participants, 236 253 (54.5%) were female, the mean (SD) age was 56.9 (8.1) years, and 409 990 (94.5%) were White. Compared with individuals without AF, 30 601 individuals with AF had a higher risk of developing all-cause dementia (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% CI, 1.32-1.52) and vascular dementia (VD; adjusted HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.80-2.36), but not Alzheimer disease (AD; adjusted HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.96-1.21). Among participants with AF, younger age at AF onset was associated with higher risks of developing all-cause dementia (adjusted HR per 10-year decrease, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16-1.32), AD (adjusted HR per 10-year decrease, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13-1.42), and VD (adjusted HR per 10-year decrease, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.20-1.51). After propensity score matching, individuals with AF diagnosed before age 65 years had the highest HR of developing all-cause dementia (adjusted HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.54-2.15), followed by AF diagnosed at age 65 to 74 years (adjusted HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.31-1.65) and diagnosed at age 75 years or older (adjusted HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.96-1.28). Similar results can be seen in AD and VD.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this prospective cohort study, earlier onset of AF was associated with an elevated risk of subsequent all-cause dementia, AD, and VD, highlighting the importance of monitoring cognitive function among patients with AF, especially those younger than 65 years at diagnosis.
Near‐Infrared‐II Nanoparticles for Vascular Normalization Combined with Immune Checkpoint Blockade via Photodynamic Immunotherapy Inhibit Uveal Melanoma Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Zheng Xiaoqin , Shi Yunyi , Tang Dongsheng , Xiao Haihua , Shang Kun , Zhou Xuezhi , Tan Gang
Published: November 2023

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been widely employed in tumor treatment due to its effectiveness. However, the tumor hypoxic microenvironment which is caused by abnormal vasculature severely limits the efficacy of PDT. Furthermore, the abnormal vasculature has been implicated in the failure of immunotherapy. In this study, a novel nanoparticle denoted as Combo‐NP is introduced, composed of a biodegradable NIR II fluorescent pseudo‐conjugate polymer featuring disulfide bonds within its main chain, designated as TPA‐BD, and the vascular inhibitor Lenvatinib. Combo‐NP exhibits dual functionality by not only inducing cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to directly eliminate tumor cells but also eliciting immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD response, in turn, initiates a robust cascade of immune reactions, thereby augmenting the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In addition, Combo‐NP addresses the issue of tumor hypoxia by normalizing the tumor vasculature. This normalization process enhances the efficacy of PDT while concurrently fostering increased CTLs infiltration within the tumor microenvironment. These synergistic effects synergize to potentiate the photodynamic‐immunotherapeutic properties of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, when combined with anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), they showcase notable inhibitory effects on tumor metastasis. The findings in this study introduce an innovative nanomedicine strategy aimed at triggering systemic anti‐tumor immune responses for the treatment of Uveal melanoma.
Surfactant‐Free Synthesis of Crystalline Mesoporous Metal Oxides by a Seeds/ NaCl‐Mediated Growth Strategy
Authors: Shu Yuan , Liu Qian , Shi Meiyu , Zhang Zequn , Xie Chengmin , Bi Shuxian , Zhang Pengfei
Published: November 2023

Transitional metal oxides (TMOs) with ultra‐high specific surface areas (SSAs), large pore volume, and tailored exposed facets appeal to significant interests in heterogeneous catalysis. Nevertheless, synthesizing the metal oxides with all the above features is challenging. Herein, the so‐called seeds/NaCl‐mediated growth method is successfully developed based on a bottom‐up route. First, the (Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller) BET SSAs of TMOs prepared with this method are significantly higher, where the BET SSAs of CeO2, SnO2, Nb2O5, Fe3O4, Mn3O4, Mg(OH)2, and ZrO2 reached 187, 275, 518, 212, 147, 186, and 332 m2 g−1, respectively. Second, these TMOs exhibit unique mesoporous structures, generated mainly by the aggregation of rod‐like or other aspherical primary nanoparticles. More importantly, no environmental‐unfriendly organic surfactants or expensive metal alkoxides are involved in this method. Therefore, the entire synthesis protocol fully fitted the “green synthesis” definition, and the corresponding TMOs prepares displayed excellent catalytic performance.
A Magnetically Driven Tandem Chip Enables Rapid Isolation and Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Zhang Guihua , Wang Yaohui , Zhou Weihang , Lei Yanmei , Lu Jinsong , Yin Wenjin , Zhu Zhi , Yang Chaoyong , Zhang Peng
Published: November 2023

The protein phenotypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. However, the technical challenges in rapid isolation and multiplexed molecular detection of EVs have limited their clinical practice. Herein, we developed a magnetically driven tandem chip to achieve streamlined rapid isolation and multiplexed profiling of surface protein biomarkers of EVs. Driven by magnetic force, the magnetic nanomixers not only act as tiny stir bars to promote mass transfer and enhance reaction efficiency of EVs, but also transport on communicating vessels of the tandem chip continuously and expedite the assay workflow. We designed cyclic surface enhancement of Raman scattering (SERS) tags to bind with target EVs and then release them by exonuclease I, eliminating steric hindrance and amplifying the SERS signal of multiple protein biomarkers on EVs. Due to the excellent assay performance, six breast cancer biomarkers were detected simultaneously on EVs using only 10 μL plasma within 1.5 h. The unweighted SUM signature offers great accuracy in discriminating breast cancer patients from healthy donors. Overall, the dynamic magnetic driving tandem chip offers a new avenue to advance the clinical application of EV‐based liquid biopsy.
Lightweight hydrophobic cellulose foam material with low density and high porosity applications in Cu (II) adsorption
Authors: Wu Ju , Wang Liqiang , Wang Feijie , Ma Shufeng
Published: November 2023

Cellulose foam, renowned for its lightweight properties and exceptional adsorption capacity, has emerged as a significant material of interest. In our study, a distinct functionalized cellulose foam adsorbent was developed using N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross‐linker. This foam was further chemically tailored with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and tannic acid (TA) to optimize its affinity for Cu (II). Utilizing a green and efficient procedure at ambient temperature, MBA was directly crosslinked with MCC sol, the resultant foam features a distinguished three‐dimensional, multi‐walled porous configuration, marked by a strikingly low average density of 0.0306 g/cm3 and an impressive average porosity surpassing 97%. Subsequently, more amino and oxygen‐containing groups were introduced by simple impregnation. The rich functional groups and unique structure enabled the adsorption of Cu (II) up to 93 mg/g, demonstrating an increasing trend in line with rising Cu (II) concentrations. Furthermore, this composite cellulose foam displayed commendable hydrophobic characteristics, evident from a hydrophobic angle surpassing 120°. From both environmental and economic perspectives, this chemically‐modified cellulose material epitomizes an ideal adsorbent, showcasing unparalleled adsorption capacity coupled with robust chemical and structural integrity. As such, it presents a viable option for the efficient sequestration of Cu (II) in wastewater treatments.
Tough, self‐healing, and recyclable cross‐linked polyurethane elastomers via synergistic effect of dual dynamic covalent bonds
Authors: Liu Xiaochun , Wu Jianyu , Wu Jianxin , Huang Zhiyi , Shen Wei , Yin Xingshan , Sun Yingjuan , Lin Xiaofeng , Lin Wenjing , Yi Guobin
Published: November 2023

Based on the irresistible inherent trade‐off between the mechanical and self‐healing performances of cross‐linked polyurethane materials, there is still an intractable challenge to design efficient self‐healing and tough elastomers, especially in flexible sensors. Herein, a tough, efficient self‐healing, and recyclable cross‐linked polyurethane elastomer (DTPU) was prepared by integrating oxime‐carbamate bonds and thiourethane bonds into the network. The extraordinary mechanical properties and self‐healing performances of DTPU elastomers were related to the synergistic effect of oxime‐carbamate bonds in the main chain and thiourethane bonds in the chemical cross‐linked sites. The existence of dynamic cross‐linked points not only optimized the mechanical properties of DTPU but also provided support for the reversible cleavage and formation of oxime carbamate bond, thus endowing DTPU with efficient self‐healing performance and recyclability. After self‐healing at mild temperatures for 6 h, the self‐healed DTPU elastomers had a tensile strength of 30.27 MPa and a self‐healing efficiency of 95.5%. After multiple hot‐pressing, the original mechanical strength of DTPU was restored to over 100%, exhibiting excellent recyclable characteristics. Additionally, strain sensors based on self‐healing flexible elastomers were fabricated by introducing conductive carbon nanotubes. The strain sensors maintained their electrical conductivity after 3 times self‐healing, demonstrating great potential in healable flexible electronics.
Molecular design and properties of intrinsic flame‐retardant P‐N synergistic epoxy resin
Authors: Cheng Hengxing , Guo Junhong , Ye Yuan , Zhao Tianjing , Cui Jinfeng , Yang Baoping , Mu Bo , Tian Li , Bao Xuemei , Zhang Xiujun , Zhou Yingping
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the poor weather resistance and aging resistance of additive flame retardants have caused researchers to pay attention to reactive flame retardants. A novel P‐N coacting epoxy curing agent with intrinsic flame retardancy was designed and synthesized. The mechanical properties, crosslinking curing properties and flame‐retardant properties of intrinsic flame‐retardant epoxy resin were characterized. The results show that the cross‐linking curing performance of hexa (3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4 triazolyl)‐cyclotriphosphonitrile) (VCP) is lower than that of DDM. This is due to the decrease in cross‐linking density caused by the VCP ring molecular structure. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin cured with VCP decreased, but the flame‐retardant properties of the material significantly improved. The limiting oxygen index of the VCP/EP flame retardant epoxy thermosets was 27.3%, reaching the UL 94 V‐1 level. The peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of the VCP/EP flame retardant epoxy thermosets were significantly reduced. The flame retardancy mechanism was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the intrinsic flame‐retardant P‐N coacting epoxy resin has excellent curing and flame‐retardant properties.
High‐performance crosslinked polyurethane with fatigue resistance, anti‐wear for sealing
Authors: Yang Jing , Li Yanhui , Cao Pengrui , Gong Junhui , Zhang Qingxiang , Zhang Xinrui , Pei Xianqiang , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua , Zhang Yaoming
Published: November 2023

Polyurethane (PU) materials with high strength, toughness, anti‐wear properties, and high heat resistance are in high demand for dynamic sealing applications. In this study, a series of high‐performance crosslinking polyurethanes (CPUs) were prepared by pre‐polymerization of polycarbonate diol (PCDL) with toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI), followed by crosslinking with trimethylolpropane (TMP). The molar ratio (R) of PCDL/ TDI and the degree of cross‐linking were found to significantly affect the microphase separation. The results indicate that as the R‐value increases, the transition temperature of CPUs increases from 6.0°C to 82.4°C, and the tensile strength increases from 21.1 ± 2.5 MPa to 46.0 ± 3.6 MPa. Moreover, the CPUs exhibit excellent heat resistance (with a heat resistance index of ~150°C) and hydrolysis resistance, attributed to the high crystallinity of PCDL and the synergistic effect of chemical crosslinking. Additionally, the CPUs demonstrate low friction coefficient (COF = 0.01–0.062), exceptional anti‐wear properties (Akron wear, 0.11–0.07 cm3/1.61 km), and outstanding fatigue resistance. These desirable characteristics make CPUs suitable for use as dynamic sealing or lubricating materials in harsh conditions, thereby extending the service life of seals and preventing leakage and other related issues.
Synthesis and cure kinetics of bisoxazoline monomers during cationic ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Issazadeh Salumeh , Khan Masihullah Jabarulla , Gan Houlei , Zhang Juan , Henderson Luke C. , Varley Russell J.
Published: November 2023

In this work, the synthesis and characterization of highly aromatic bisoxazoline (BOX) monomers containing diphenyl ether, furan, and thiophene backbones are presented. Preliminary investigations of the cure and reaction kinetics are performed to understand the impact of these moieties on polymerization and their glass transition temperatures. To do this, two catalysts are used, methyl triflate (MT) and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBS) to explore their role in controlling the cationic ring‐opening polymerization (CROP) mechanism. Polymerization was monitored using non‐isothermal differential scanning calorimetry and characterized according to the Kissinger and Ozawa models. Kinetic modeling using the Malek and Sestak‐Berggren methods showed excellent agreement with experimental values and was used to determine reaction rate constants. The polymerization of BOX monomers in the presence of both MT and DBS is shown to be highly latent, being stable until the melting point is reached, after which reaction occurs rapidly.
The conspiracy narrative “The Big Lie”—Psychoanalytical considerations on the development of susceptibility to an “alternative reality”
Authors: Zienert‐Eilts Karin Johanna
Published: November 2023

Using the narrative “The Big Lie,” which is placed in the socio‐political context, and based on data gathered from social media, clinical material, interviews and documentaries, the author examines from a psychoanalytic perspective the effective power and dynamics of conspiracy narratives that create an “alternative reality” with “conviction capsules,” using lies and distortions of reality consciously employed as means of agitation on the breeding ground of unconscious relational and regression processes. To sketch the emergence and development of this willingness, the author combines the explanations of Wilfred Bion, Susan Isaacs and Herbert Rosenfeld and develops the hypothesis, including the concept of “perverted containing,” that due to unsuccessful containing processes in the earliest relationship experiences, defensively inflexible, sealed “conviction capsules” develop, permeated by fears of confusion and annihilation, by hatred as well as phantasies of powerlessness and superiority. Underlying these, experienced as existentially threatening, are panic about change and excessive identification with a hard, alleged omnipotent object, linked to an unconscious longing for symbiosis with a “savior”—a conglomerate that breeds susceptibility to conspiracy narratives and totalitarian, destructive populist leaders. As one example, the destructive‐symbiotic relationship dynamic between Donald Trump and his supporters is outlined with the escalation of violence.
Varieties of diffusion in academic publishing: How status and legitimacy influence growth trajectories of new innovations
Authors: Siler Kyle , Larivière Vincent
Published: November 2023

Open Access (OA) publishing has progressed from an initial fringe idea to a still‐growing, major component of modern academic communication. The proliferation of OA publishing presents a context to examine how new innovations and institutions develop. Based on analyses of 1,296,304 articles published in 83 OA journals, we analyze changes in the institutional status, gender, age, citedness, and geographical locations of authors over time. Generally, OA journals tended towards core‐to‐periphery diffusion patterns. Specifically, journal authors tended to decrease in high‐status institutional affiliations, male and highly cited authors over time. Despite these general tendencies, there was substantial variation in the diffusion patterns of OA journals. Some journals exhibited no significant demographic changes, and a few exhibited periphery‐to‐core diffusion patterns. We find that although both highly and less‐legitimate journals generally exhibit core‐to‐periphery diffusion patterns, there are still demographic differences between such journals. Institutional and cultural legitimacy—or lack thereof—affects the social and intellectual diffusion of new OA journals.
Comparing the interactions of nitrendipine with lysozyme or human serum albumin and the effects of vitamin C and naringin on these interactions by spectroscopy and molecular docking methods
Authors: Meng Xianxin , Nan Guanjun , Du Yan , Zhao Hongwen , Zheng Hongxia , Lin Rong , Yang Guangde
Published: November 2023

The interactions between drugs and proteins play a pivotal role in determining the pharmacological effects and disposition of drugs within the human body. This study focuses on exploring the interaction between nitrendipine and lysozyme/human serum albumin. Spectroscopic analysis indicated a compound static quenching, indicative of the formation of stable complexes between the drug and proteins. The addition of vitamin C or naringin resulted in a decrease of the binding constant between nitrendipine and lysozyme/human serum albumin. The presence of these compounds may disrupt the interactions between the drug and proteins, potentially leading to an increased concentration of free nitrendipine in the bloodstream. Nitrendipine binds more easily to human serum albumin at 310 K, and human serum albumin has an average binding site ratio with nitrendipine approximately 0.1 higher than that with lysozyme. Vitamin C has a greater impact on the binding constant of nitrendipine to human serum albumin and lysozyme. Compared to the binary system of proteins with the drug, the ternary system with the addition of vitamin C at 310 K reduces the binding constants of lysozyme and human serum albumin by 85%. In conclusion, this study explores the significance of considering drug–protein interactions in understanding drug behavior and potential drug–food interactions.
Zeolite/Polymer Composites Prepared by Photopolymerization: Effect of Compensation Cations on Opacity and Gas Adsorption Applications
Authors: Gao Yuanyuan , Karatas Yagmur Deniz , Nouali Habiba , Salomon Jean‐Pierre , Lalevée Jacques , Simon‐Masseron Angélique
Published: November 2023

The fabrication of structured zeolite adsorbents through photopolymerization‐based 3D printing which offers a solution to the limitations of conventional shaping techniques has been demonstrated but many parameters still need to be optimized. In this study, we studied the influence of zeolite compensation cations on the photopolymerization and the composite's properties. Modified zeolites (LTA 4 A and FAU 13X exchanged with K+, Li+, Sr2+, Ca2+ or Mg2+) were incorporated in PEGDA with BDMK as photoinitiator, and the formulation was cured under mild conditions (LED@405 nm, room temperature, under air). Our results indicate that the nature of zeolite compensation cations affects the colorimetric properties of polymer/zeolite composites: a better translucency parameter results in higher depth of cure. After calcination at 650 °C and complete removal of PEGDA, pure zeolitic monoliths were tested for adsorption of gas molecules of interest (carbon dioxide, dichlorobenzene and water). Structured 4 A and 13X monoliths obtained by 3D printing exhibit comparable adsorption capacity to commercial beads prepared from the same zeolites. This study enhances our understanding of the photopolymerization process involved in the production of polymer/zeolite composites. These composites are used in the fabrication of zeolitic objects through 3D printing, offering potential solutions to various environmental and dental challenges.
Scalability analysis of a two level domain decomposition approach in space and time solving data assimilation models
Authors: Cacciapuoti Rosalba , D'Amore Luisa
Published: November 2023

We are concerned with the mapping on high performance hybrid architectures of a parallel software implementing a two level overlapping domain decomposition, that is, along space and time directions, of the four dimensional variational data assimilation model. The reference architecture belongs to the SCoPE (Sistema Cooperativo Per Elaborazioni scientifiche multidisciplinari) data center, located at University of Naples Federico II. We consider the initial boundary problem of the shallow water equation and analyse both strong and weak scaling. Keeping the efficiency always greater than and about in most cases, we experimentally find that the isoefficiency function grows a little more than linearly with respect to the number of processes. Results, obtained by using the parallel computing toolbox of MATLABR2013a, are in agreement with the algorithm's performance prevision based on the scale up factor, confirming the appropriate mapping of the algorithm on the hybrid architecture.
Reversible Insertion of [AlCl4]− Superhalides in Graphite
Authors: Zhao Jiajin , Zhao Chenxi , Zou Chengyu , Wang Yuxiang , Wang Wenfeng , Peng Qiuming , Li Yuan , Han Shumin , Zhang Lu
Published: November 2023

Graphite‐based dual‐ion batteries are with potential higher energy density, making them a unique candidate in energy storage systems. However, anion insertion into graphite in aqueous environment remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report that the reversible insertion of Al‐Cl superhalide into expanded graphite (EG) delivers an ultrahigh specific capacity of ~171 mAh g−1 from an aqueous deep eutectic solvent (DES) gel electrolyte of 50 m ChCl+5 m AlCl3. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectra and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) show that the EG generates turbostratic structure during Al‐Cl superhalide (de)insertion instead of presenting typical graphite intercalation compounds (GIC), thus attributing to the high capacity during Al‐Cl superhalide insertion.
Radiation in a plasma and applications to cosmic microwave background
Authors: Trigger Sergey
Published: November 2023

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. E 100, 023202 (2019)], Munirov and Fish proposed application of the well‐known approach for the calculation of the fluctuation field radiation spectrum in a transparent fully ionized plasma to the problem of cosmic microwave background. They used the result for spectral energy distribution of the equilibrium radiation, assuming that the spectrum of free photons is changed to the non‐damping spectrum of transverse waves in non‐relativistic plasma. The similar approach has been considered earlier by several authors for non‐relativistic and relativistic plasmas. The results of Munirov and Fish are in fact in perfect agreement with the most of the previously existing expressions. However, we argue that this approach based on such simple approximation is not enough justified and the more elaborated consideration, taking into account not only temporal but also spatial dispersion of dielectric permittivity is necessary for a consistent description of radiation in plasmas. Moreover, interaction between free photons and charged particles in the framework of quantum electrodynamics leads to the result different in comparison with the standard consideration even for the transparent plasma medium.
Spatial and temporal niche overlap of aardwolves and aardvarks in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
Authors: van den Bosch Merijn , Kellner Kenneth F. , Mkasanga Imani , Mwampeta Stanslaus B. , Fyumagwa Robert , Gantchoff Mariela G. , Patterson Brent R. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: November 2023

Species interactions can influence species distributions, but mechanisms mitigating competition or facilitating positive interactions between ecologically similar species are often poorly understood. Aardwolves (Proteles cristata) and aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are nocturnal, insectivorous mammals that co‐occur in eastern and southern Africa, and knowledge of these species is largely limited to their nutritional biology. We used aardwolf and aardvark detections from 105 remote cameras during 2016–2018 to assess their spatial and temporal niche overlap in the grasslands of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Using a multispecies occupancy model, we identified a positive interaction between occupancy probabilities for aardwolves and aardvarks. Slope, proportion of grassland and termite mound density did not affect the occupancy probabilities of either species. The probability of aardwolf, but not aardvark, occupancy increased with distance to permanent water sources, which may relate to predation risk avoidance. Diel activity overlap between aardwolves and aardvarks was high during wet and dry seasons, with both species being largely nocturnal. Aardwolves and aardvarks have an important ecological role as termite consumers, and aardvarks are suggested to be ecosystem engineers. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the spatial and temporal niche of insectivores like aardwolves and aardvarks, suggesting high spatial and temporal niche overlap in which commensalism occurs, whereby aardwolves benefit from aardvark presence through increased food accessibility.
Small molecule inhibitors targeting regulatory T cells for cancer treatment
Authors: García‐Díaz Nuria , Wei Qian , Taskén Kjetil
Published: November 2023

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important controllers of the immune system homeostasis by preventing disproportionate immune responses. In the context of cancer, Tregs contribute to tumor development by suppressing other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Infiltration of Tregs in the TME has been associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Treg recruitment and suppressive functions is essential for developing cancer immunotherapies to boost antitumor immune responses. While antibody‐based strategies targeting Tregs have shown promise, small molecule inhibitors offer distinct advantages, including oral bioavailability and the ability to penetrate the TME and target intracellular proteins. Here, we provide an overview of small molecule inhibitors that have demonstrated efficacy in modulating Tregs activity in cancer and highlight the need for phenotypic assays to characterize therapeutic compounds.
Co‐producing an inclusive‐care model for young people transitioning from adolescent eating disorder services to adult care: A qualitative study protocol for Transition for Eating Disorder Youth intervention
Authors: Livanou Maria , Heneghan Anya , Bouliou Elli , Hill Grace , Mills Katharine , Roll Sophie Naylor , Smalley Zara , Teh Jun , Treasure Janet
Published: November 2023

Eating disorders (EDs) present a chronic issue to child paediatric mental health services due to their high mortality and relapse rates. The transition from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to Adult Mental Health Services is a particularly high‐risk period for young people with EDs given their high vulnerability to change, which can negatively impact treatment outcomes. However, there is lack of evidence on the feasibility of inclusive and youth‐specific interventions that address the multiple and complex needs of this group during their transition to adult care. This proposed study aims to develop a newly introduced model of care called Transition for Eating Disorder Youth intervention (TEDYi) for young people aged 16–18 years with EDs transitioning from adolescent ED services to adult care. TEDYi will be co‐produced with young people, carers, and staff targeting interpersonal and psychosocial needs during the transition process. The first phase of the study involves interviews with young people (N = 15) and carers (N = 15) as well as focus groups with mental health professionals (N = 15) across four ED adolescent and adult specialist services to explore their transition experiences. The second phase, consists of four Experience‐Based Co‐Design workshops, aimed at collaboratively developing and refining TEDYi.
The burden of neck pain among adults aged 70 years and older in Iran, 1990–2019
Authors: Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria , Mousavi Seyed Ehsan , Sullman Mark J. M. , Kolahi Ali‐Asghar , Namazi Shabestari Alireza , Safiri Saeid
Published: November 2023

Background

Neck pain is a complex musculoskeletal disorder that can result in substantial morbidity. The present article presents the neck pain burden in Iranians who were at least 70 years old, from 1990 to 2019, by sex, age group, and province.

Methods

Publicly available information on the prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLD) caused by neck pain was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. The estimates were all provided as counts and age‐standardized rates (per 100,000), and included 95% uncertainty intervals.

Results

The point prevalence of neck pain in 2019 was 8710.6, while the incidence rate was 1334.7 per 100,000 population. That same year, there were number of 27.8 thousand YLDs and an YLD rate of 801.7 per 100,000. The prevalence, incidence, and YLD rates did not change substantially over the measurement period (1990–2019). The highest YLD rate was found in Tehran (960.9 per 100,000), while Kohgiluyeh and Boyer‐Ahmad had the lowest (730.5 per 100,000). Females had slightly higher prevalent cases, incident cases, and YLDs, as well as their corresponding rates in 2019. In 2019, the number of prevalent cases, incident cases, and YLDs peaked in the 70–74 age group, for both sexes, and in all cases they reduced with age. In both 1990 and 2019, Iran had a higher YLD rate than that found among elderly adults in the Middle East and North Africa region.

Conclusions

The burden of neck pain in Iran has decreased slightly over the last three decades, but it still imposes a substantial burden and is higher than that found in the rest of the region. Therefore, preventive programs should be initiated at a young age to reduce the attributable burden later in life.
Effect of leukocytes on semen quality in men from primary and secondary infertile couples: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Fan Shiwei , Zhao Yuanqi , Zhang Zeling , Wang Huiru , Hou Yifu , Bai Shun , Liu Ran , Xu Bo
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims

Leukocytospermia (LCS) is a known cause of male infertility. However, the relationship between seminal leukocytes and semen quality among infertile couples remains controversial. This study aims to investigate the association between semen quality and LCS in male partners of infertile couples.

Methods

Semen samples were collected from 512 men who asked for a fertility evaluation in a reproductive center in China. Seminal leukocytes were counted following peroxidase staining with benzidine. Other semen parameters were compared in subfertile men with and without LCS.

Results

Poor semen quality (e.g., low semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm progressive/total motility) was observed among men with LCS compared to those without LCS. Men with LCS had a higher risk of low sperm progressive motility (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98−0.99, p = 0.02) and total motility (OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98−0.99, p = 0.02), even after adjustment for potential confounders (both OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98−0.99, p = 0.03). Lower sperm viability was observed in LCS from male partners of secondary couples, while no significant difference in semen parameters was found between men with and without LCS in male partners of primary infertile couples. Low sperm motility and viability were associated with LCS in men from secondary infertile couples after adjusting for confounders (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95−0.99, p = 0.04; OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89−0.99, p = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that a higher risk of abnormal semen parameters was correlated with an increased number of leukocytes in men from secondary infertile couples.
Photocatalytic performance of Bi/Zn co‐doped sol–gel synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Mishra Saurav , Chakinala Nandana , Chakinala Anand G. , Surolia Praveen K.
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor photocatalysts based on TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol–gel method and subsequently modified using monometallic (Bi‐TiO2, Zn‐TiO2) and bimetallic (Bi/Zn‐TiO2) doping through the wet‐impregnation technique. The prepared photocatalysts underwent comprehensive characterization using X‐ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse‐reflectance spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The photocatalytic performance of these well‐characterized photocatalysts was assessed for the degradation of the model organic pollutant, nitrobenzene.

RESULTS

Among the various doped TiO2 catalysts, Bi/Zn co‐doping at a ratio of 0.25:0.75 (w/w) exhibited the most remarkable synergistic effect, achieving approximately 82% degradation of a 50 ppm nitrobenzene solution within just 90 min of reaction time under ultraviolet light irradiation. The rate constant for this process was determined to be 1.79 × 10−2 min−1, suggesting a pseudo‐first‐order kinetics model.

CONCLUSION

The successful co‐doping of Bi and Zn metals to TiO2 resulted in improved photocatalytic performance. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the improved charge transfer facilitated by the synergistic effect among doped metals and TiO2. This finding highlights the significance of bimetallic doping and its potential applications in improving the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles for environmental remediation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Analysis of the Imaginative Geographies of Climate Smart Mining and their re‐imagination by the Khuthala environmental care group (KECG) in Mpumalanga province, South Africa
Authors: Nair Sharmini
Published: November 2023

The World Bank has been inserting capital in various developing states at the onset of the decolonization period. The nature of this involvement within the context of extractives in these spaces remains understudied through the postcolonial lens. This study fills this void by examining the World Bank's Climate Smart Mining and counter‐responses by the Khuthala Environmental Care Group. Utilizing Said's Imaginative Geographies and discourse analysis, this study shows that the World Bank's CSM documents reproduce the development rhetoric of the 1950s and these values are not shared by local communities. This research suggests that the World Bank needs to substantively alter its agenda for meaningful social and ecological reform.
Cumulative trauma, adversity, and loss among juvenile justice–involved girls: Implications for health disparities
Authors: Lansing Amy E. , Park Jane , Beck Audrey N.
Published: November 2023

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are social determinants of health that increase morbidity and mortality and are prevalent among juvenile justice–involved (JJI) youth. ACEs drive health‐risk behaviors (e.g., substance use) that reflect maladaptive coping, increase arrest risk, and overlap with posttraumatic risk‐seeking theoretically and reckless/self‐destructive behaviors diagnostically. However, little is known, especially among girls, about cumulative developmental adversity burden distress (i.e., total cumulative/lifespan stressor reactivity, grief‐specific and adversity‐related symptoms, and adversity‐driven maladaptive coping strategies by age 18) and associated health risk impacts. Therefore, we assessed (a) developmental adversity burden indicators capturing expanded ACEs (E‐ACEs; reflecting cumulative losses and traumatic events), cumulative distress, and risk characteristics; (b) potential racial/ethnic differences in developmental adversity burden; and (c) predictors of maladaptive coping among 223 JJI girls. Participants averaged 15 E‐ACEs, endorsing 61.0% of stressor reactivity reactions, 58.4% of cumulative grief‐specific symptoms, 55.7% (avoidance) to 73.2% (arousal) of adversity‐related symptoms, and 45.0% of adversity‐driven maladaptive coping strategies. White JJI girls endorsed significantly higher stressor reactivity and maladaptive coping than Latina girls (e.g., 38.8% vs. 14.6% suicide attempts), ds = 0.56–0.71. Adaptive LASSO analyses of maladaptive coping highlighted primary contributions from stressor reactivity, arousal alterations (excluding reckless/self‐destructive behaviors), and cognition/mood alterations but not E‐ACEs, grief, avoidance, or intrusions. Participants reported high levels of all cumulative developmental adversity burden indicators (e.g., 81.6% reported reckless/self‐destructive behaviors). Results support cumulative, adversity‐informed, universal precautions and assessments. Further, emotion regulation interventions targeting stressor reactivity, cognition/mood alterations, and/or arousal alterations may be useful for JJI youth with maladaptive coping.
Free Flap Outcomes for Head and Neck Surgery in Patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Domack Aaron , Sandelski Morgan M. , Ali Syed , Blackwell Keith E. , Buchakjian Marisa , Bur Andrés M. , Cannady Steven B. , Castellanos Carlos X. , Ducic Yadranko , Ghanem Tamer A. , Huang Andrew T. , Jackson Ryan S. , Kokot Niels , Li Shawn , Pipkorn Patrik , Puram Sidharth V. , Rezaee Rod , Rajasekaran Karthik , Shnayder Yelizaveta , Sinha Uttam K. , Sukato Daniel , Suresh Neeraj , Tamaki Akina , Thomas Carissa M. , Thorpe Eric J. , Wax Mark K. , Yang Sara , Ziegler Andrea , Pittman Amy L.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) affects the vascular system, subjecting patients to a hypercoagulable state. This is of particular concern for the success of microvascular free flap reconstruction. This study aims to report head and neck free flap complications in patients with COVID‐19 during the perioperative period. We believe these patients are more likely to experience flap complications given the hypercoagulable state.

Methods

This is a multi‐institutional retrospective case series of patients infected with COVID‐19 during the perioperative period for head and neck free flap reconstruction from March 2020 to January 2022.

Results

Data was collected on 40 patients from 14 institutions. Twenty‐one patients (52.5%) had a positive COVID‐19 test within 10 days before surgery and 7 days after surgery. The remaining patients had a positive test earlier than 10 days before surgery. A positive test caused a delay in surgery for 16 patients (40.0%) with an average delay of 44.7 days (9–198 days). Two free flap complications (5.0%) occurred with no free flap deaths. Four patients (10.0%) had surgical complications and 10 patients had medical complications (25.0%). Five patients (12.5%) suffered from postoperative COVID‐19 pneumonia. Three deaths were COVID‐19‐related and one from cancer recurrence during the study period.

Conclusion

Despite the heightened risk of coagulopathy in COVID‐19 patients, head and neck free flap reconstructions in patients with COVID‐19 are not at higher risk for free flap complications. However, these patients are at increased risk of medical complications.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:4521–4526, 2024
Unraveling Alström syndrome: Homozygous mutation c.2729C>G in ALMS1 gene across an extended family
Authors: Abosabie Salma A. S. , Abosabie Sara A. , Alfaifi Jaber , Alqahtani Youssef A. , Shati Ayed A. , Alotaibi Najmah A. , Alghamdi Ohoud A. , Alotaibi Ghadi N. , Baabdullah Abdulrahman A. , Kabrah Lama K. , Kamal Naglaa M. , Oshi Mohammed A. M. , Abdallah Enas A. A.
Published: November 2023

Background

Alström syndrome (AS) represents an exceptionally rare genetic disorder characterized by a constellation of features including cardiomyopathy, progressive hearing and vision impairment, as well as obesity. This study seeks to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of this syndrome within the Saudi Arabian population.

Methods

Employing an extended family cohort, we conducted an exhaustive molecular genetic assessment to delineate the presence of Alström syndrome. Additionally, we conducted an extensive review of existing literature from Saudi population to contextualize our findings within the broader understanding of the disorder in our country.

Results

Within our studied extended family, we identified two individuals harboring the homozygous pathogenic mutation (c.2729C>G) in the ALMS1 gene [NM_015120.4:c.2729C>G (p.Ser910*)]. Notably, carrier status was observed in the parents, whereas some siblings exhibited typical alleles while others were carriers of the mutation. Intriguingly, a review of the literature unveiled six distinct reports documenting a total of 20 Alström syndrome patients within the Saudi Arabian population, each presenting with distinct novel mutations.

Conclusions

In cases featuring cardiomyopathy, obesity, and progressive hearing and vision loss, Alström syndrome merits inclusion within the differential diagnosis. To confirm the diagnosis, molecular genetic assessment of the ALMS1 gene is imperative, offering definitive clarity amidst the complex clinical presentation. This investigation reinforces the importance of genetic scrutiny for precise diagnosis and highlights the unique genetic landscape of Alström syndrome within the Saudi Arabian population.
Testing the effectiveness of a Fatigue and Activity Management Education for Work (FAME‐W) intervention for individuals with inflammatory arthritis: Study protocol for a randomized control trial
Authors: Karkon Shalaleh , Bennett Kathleen E. , O’Shea Finbarr , Doran Michelle , Connolly Deirdre
Published: November 2023

Background

A work‐focused fatigue management intervention, Fatigue and Activity Management Education for Work (FAME‐W) programme was developed for individuals with inflammatory arthritis (IA) to manage fatigue in order to maintain demands of their work activities and tasks. This paper presents the protocol for a randomized control trial that will test the effectiveness and acceptability of FAME‐W in improving work performance.

Methods

This protocol presents a multisite randomized control trial and mixed methods process evaluation. Eligible participants will be aged 18–65 years with a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis and will be in paid employment. The primary outcome of the study will be Work Role Functioning (WRF) questionnaire, and the secondary outcomes will be fatigue, mood, health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and pain. Data will be collected immediately pre‐ and post‐intervention and at 3 months of follow‐up. The process evaluation will consist of focus groups and individual interviews to explore participants' experiences of FAME‐W. Occupational therapists delivering the programme will complete a facilitator log to assess the fidelity and quality of intervention implementations. Facilitators will participate in individual interviews to explore intervention delivery and acceptability.

Results

Results will be expected to show that FAME‐W will improve work performance by helping participants gain self‐management strategies around managing fatigue and other symptoms related to fatigue.

Conclusion

It is hoped that FAME‐W will be an effective and acceptable intervention for individuals with IA in improving work performance by helping them manage their symptoms.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05138445, Registered on 30 November 2021.
Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal recessive Noonan syndrome associated with biallelic LZTR1 variants presented with thick nuchal translucency and cardiac abnormalities
Authors: Yu Qiu‐Xia , Zhen Li , Lin Xiao‐Mei , Wen Yun‐Jing , Li Dong‐Zhi
Published: November 2023

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common clinical variable disease characterized by a number of features, mainly including congenital heart defects, short stature, and a variable degree of developmental delay. This disorder is transmitted mostly in an autosomal dominant manner and is genetically heterogeneous. We report three prenatal cases of LZTR1‐related recessive NS. One case had a recurrent cystic hygroma at 13 weeks gestation and the pregnancy was terminated. Two cases had an increased nuchal translucency at 12 weeks' gestation, but a normal second trimester ultrasound; both presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the third trimester. The two infants were diagnosed with NS after birth. All of the three cases had invasive genetic investigations during pregnancy, and trio exome sequencing revealed biallelic likely pathogenic or pathogenic LZTR1 variants in the fetuses. All parents were LZTR1 variant carriers. Our report further strengthens the association of LZTR1 with an autosomal recessive form of NS. The affected fetuses are more likely to have cardiac anomalies. Clarification of molecular diagnosis has important implications in these families because they carry a 25% recurrence risk.