bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A High Efficiency Antenna Array for Wireless Communication Systems
Authors: Jawad Zahraa A. , Alwan Joolan N. , Abed Hussam H.
Published: December 2020

An antenna array with 4 ports is designed and implemented. The proposed antenna consists of four ports and a four-antenna array Microstrip patch antenna with ground plane extruded on the substrate. The overall size of the proposed substrate is 220×220 mm
2. The antenna is fabricated on an inexpensive FR4 a dielectric constant of εr=4.5, loss tangent of tan δ=0.019, with thickness of substrate of 1.6-mm and the thickness of patch is 0.035 mm. The measured results represent that the proposed antenna obtained a reasonable bandwidth from 2.4 GHz that could cover point-to-point application defined by 10-dB return loss. Furthermore, The S-Parameters of antenna are simulated and measured. A four-port antenna operating in point-to-point applications is designed; the antenna shows good pattern diversity low correlation coefficient.
Fabrication of 110 Silicon Nanowire Oriented with Direct Band Gap
Authors: Adam Tijjani , Dhahi Th. S. , Rosli K. A , Jaafar Muhammed , Jaafar Rand , Husin M. F. C , Hashim M.N , Rejab MRA
Published: December 2020

Today, the challenges of getting fast switching semiconductor device based device is the phonon generation mechanism for light-emitting by device such as diodes. The increase in efficiency of the device determine by the green light part of the emitted light spectrum. Silicon nanowire growth in the direction of 110 structure has indirect band gap, which tremendously improved the green emission efficiency at the lower Nano regime. Several band structure calculations have be predicted direct band for 110 growth silicon nanowire. Thus, the study report the fabrication of silicon nanowires with diameter between 20 to 50nm which demonstrate the direct nature of the band gap. A strong photoluminescence at wave spectrum of 597 nm with micro-second lifetime indicating it direct band gap. This study have demonstrated new nanostructure engineering based on silicon nanowire orientation which will allow new ways getting silicon nanowire functionality.
Effect of heat sink design on the thermal characteristic in computational fluid dynamics analysis
Authors: Khor C Y , Nawi M A M , Ishak Muhammad Ikman , Kee W C , Rosli M U , Jamalludin Mohd Riduan , Ahmad Termizi S N A
Published: December 2020

The thermal management in the electronic device or system using the heat sink is important to ensure the device or system operating under the allowable temperature. The present study aims to investigate the thermal characteristic (i.e., temperature distribution) of the various heat sink designs via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The electronic cooling process of the heat sink is carried out via CFD software. The temperature distribution of the various heat sink designs (i.e., plate fin, circular pin fin and rectangular fin) was analyzed and compared. The CFD analysis revealed the plate fin heat sink has lowest temperature distribution on the fin region. High temperature distribution was observed on the pin fin heat sink. The non-uniform temperature distribution was attributed by the direction of inlet airflow, whereas the low temperature was found in the region that close to the inlet airflow. Thus, the research findings indicated the design of heat sink significantly affects the temperature distribution during the electronic cooling process.
Shrinkage optimisation on the 3D printed part using Full Factorial Design (FFD) optimisation approach
Authors: Haidiezul A H M , Hazwan M H M , Lee Woon Soon , Gunalan  , Najihah Nur Fatin , Fadhli Izzul
Published: December 2020

Quality and productivity are both important in 3D printing products and processes. However, it is quite challenging to control the quality and productivity of each product due to several parameters involved in this additive manufacturing process. Most of the parameter settings depend on trial and error techniques which consume a lot of time and material waste. Therefore, in this study, the application of optimization approach which is Full Factorial Design (FFD) approach which has been employed on 3D printed housing part made from Polylactic Acid (PLA) which were printed using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printer to minimize shrinkage on the 3D printed parts. Based on the optimization work, the results showed the performance of FFD approach provides a good dimensional accuracy compared to the drawing specification for the printed part. Therefore, this research provides beneficial scientific knowledge and alternative solution for the additive manufacturing process in industries application to enhance the quality of the 3D printed parts produced using FDM 3D printer machine.
Turning experiment of Ti-6Al-4V by using uncoated carbide insert
Authors: Mahazer Muhamad Fitri , Zakaria M S , Ahmad Masniezam , Shahbani Akmal Faris
Published: December 2020

Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is widely being used in the blades, discs, rings, airframes, fasteners, components, vessels, cases, hubs, forgings and biomedical implants. Nevertheless, the properties of titanium alloys which are low thermal conductivity, low modulus of elasticity and high chemical activity cause it very difficult to machine. Excessive elevated temperature due to low thermal conductivity of these alloys make it favorable for tool wear. In this paper, an experiment using orthogonal array L4 is conducted to explore the effect of cutting parameters e.g. cutting speed, depth of cut and feed rate in terms of surface roughness and tool wear. The cutting tool uncoated carbide is used in performing orthogonal cutting of Ti-6Al-4V in this study. It is found low cutting speed, feed rate and high depth of cut is favourable in producing good Ra and minimum flank wear.
Khaya senegalensis and Leucaena leucocephala; Malaysian dedicated energy crop potential species
Authors: Abdul Rahman Adli Azimi , Ismail Ras Izzati , Shaari Abdul Razak , Rukunudin Ibni Hajar , Zulkepli Nik Noriman
Published: December 2020

Dedicated energy crop (DEC) serves as a highly promising feedstock for heat and power apart from wastes. Established DEC plant species which include poplar, willow and eucalyptus possess special criteria such as fast growing, high biomass production per unit land area and can be planned in production. Locally available plants such as Leucaena leucocephala and Khaya senegalensis are identified among potential species which can be developed as our own DEC. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess the potential of Khaya senegalensis and Leucaena leucocephala as energy crop. Proximate analysis was executed to establish some important quality of the biomass sample which were moisture content, volatile matters, ash content, and carbon content. Biomass sample was then pelletized and subjected to density and durability testing to evaluate the pellet quality produced. Interestingly, it was found that Khaya senegalensis and Leucaena leucocephala biomass have strong potential to be industrialised as our own dedicated energy crops. The calorific value of both biomass are as good as other established energy crops thereby enlisting these two plant species as Malaysian energy crop.
Responsibility of the bus operator in terms of safety and health: A Malaysian case study
Authors: Singh S S K , Abdullah S , Azman A H , Nasir N N M , Yazid M R M , Hishamuddin H , Ghopa W A W , Ariffin A K , Wahab D A , Shahrir A H , Azhar A , Solah M S
Published: December 2020

This paper presents the bus agencies perspective towards the express bus safety based on the bus maintenance and safety factors to reduce the road accidents in Malaysia. Express buses were scored the highest percentage in bus accident cases primarily owning to the driver negligence. This survey was conducted among 34 respondents working with the bus agencies. The respondents composed of the employees in administration and management positions of the companies. The questionnaires were developed based on the five-point Likert Scale to assess the safety perception of express buses. The questionnaires have a high reliability of Alpha Cronbach’s score at 0.9362 in safety aspects. In the aspect of management commitment, the Alpha Cronbach’s score is 0.6479 and 0.6061 was recorded in the aspect of suggestion improvement. In term of improvement suggestion, 94.12% of respondents were satisfied with the decision of bus agencies to improve the safety and health aspects of the company drivers and employees. Furthermore, 91.18% agreed with the bus agencies to use the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems in order to monitor and manage the safety of buses during service period. Hence, effective safety protocols such as drivers monitoring system must be implemented by responsible agencies to mitigate the careless behaviours of drivers and improve the safety of buses.
The investigation of stability of wheeled vehicle model in curved sections of overpass
Authors: Yefymenko A , Verbitskii V , Khrebet V
Published: December 2020

It deals with the reassignment of vertical and transverse reactions of wheel assembly of monorail vehicle. Characteristics of force interaction of monorail wheels with overhead road surface at passage in curved sections of overpass were investigated. Also it was determined the intervals of vertical stiffness of bearing wheels and transverse stiffness of guide wheels with the safety movement of monorail vehicle.
Determining the criteria and the degree of the stratification of the air-fuel charge in a cylinder of a spark-ignition engine during injecting fuel
Authors: Korohodskyi V , Voronkov A , Migal V , Nikitchenko I , Zenkin E , Rublov V , Rudenko N
Published: December 2020

In internal combustion engines with spark ignition and the direct fuel injection, the indicators are offered to evaluate the organization of the working process in the form of a criterion for the stratification of the air-fuel charge and the degree of stratification of the air-fuel mixture. Using the experimental data of a two-stroke engine with spark ignition and the direct injection of fuel with load characteristics, the values of the excess air coefficient in a cylinder and in the volume of the air-fuel mixture are determined. A comparative assessment of the suggested indicators in the organization of the workflow with the stratification of depleted fuel-air charge is presented. It has been defined that a more promising way of organizing the workflow to improve the fuel and economic performance of a spark ignition engine is organizing the fuel injection with the stratification of a depleted air-fuel charge.
Aspect of repeatability in Real Driving Emissions tests regarding to velocity profile
Authors: Matla J. , Sitnik L. J. , Sroka Z. J. , Włostowski R. M.
Published: December 2020

Relatively large results discrepancies observed in vehicles emission tests became a reason for change of test procedure. The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test was replaced by more dynamic Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) on September 2017, however it occurred that emissions obtained in WLTP are still far from real ones. Due to that fact a new Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test was introduced in order to complement WLTP. RDE testing involves emissions measurement while vehicle being driven in real traffic conditions which is the biggest difference from previous tests conducted on chassis dynamometer. Because of that it is suspected that repeatability of RDE tests is significantly lower than in case of WLTP or even does not have to appear. Subject of authors investigation was evaluation of RDE tests repeatability. It included portable emission measuring system (PEMS) installation on vehicle and six test runs along test route designed in accordance with European Commission requirements. Results were then compared regarding to velocity profile of vehicle. Performed analysis involved statistical distribution of velocity profiles and their kurtosis and skewness comparison. It was found that tests repeatability occurs for some velocity ranges, however it is not satisfactory. Conclusions present the concept of further research on this problem.
Determination of the stages of the injection process for Common Rail injectors using vibration pulses
Authors: Belchev Sergey , Ivanov Zdravko , Uzuntonev Trifon , Mihaylov Veselin
Published: December 2020

The study and modeling of the combustion process of diesel engines require knowledge of the injection characteristics. The information on the exact start, duration and end of the injection is required. For Common Rail injectors with electromagnetic control, the beginning and duration of the electronic control pulse are precisely known. The actual start and duration of the injection are not the same as those of the impulse and they are related to the movement of the nozzle needle. The experimental determination of the movement of the nozzle needle requires specially prepared experimental installations and expensive measuring instruments. In addition, the experimental injector must be prepared with design modifications allowing the incorporation of sensors. The article presents a method for determining the start and duration of injection of Common Rail injectors using the registration and analysis of vibration pulses generated in the injector body. The method is based on the fact that the nozzle needle causes vibrations in the injector body when lifting and seating.
Brake efficiency determination of light vehicles
Authors: Dimitrov R D , Ivanov D Z
Published: December 2020

The present paper presents a study whose objective is to determine the brake deceleration of two classes light vehicles - class A is vehicles with weight up to 1350kg, class B is vehicles with weight up to 1000kg. The vehicles of both classes are equipped with ABS system. The measurements are made with commercial device BRAKESAFE. Measured parameters are vehicle speed, stopping distance and total time to stop. The vehicles were tested under varying conditions: with ABS system activated or deactivated; tires at different stage of wear. The obtained results are analyzed and conclusions are made about measured brake parameters under all conditions.
Simple Classification of the Alzheimer’s Severity in Supporting Strengthening the Diagnosis of Patients based on ROC Diagram
Authors: Supriyanti Retno , Subhi Ays Rahmadhani , Ashari Egi Julian , Ahmad Fathoni , Ramadhani Yogi , Widodo Haris B.
Published: December 2020

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and accounts for 60-80 percent of all cases of dementia. Dementia is a brain disorder that results in the loss of one’s intellectual and social abilities. Progressive disease is one characteristic of this disease that interferes with a person’s mental functions, such as memory and behavior. Experts believe that Alzheimer’s disease interferes with part of the cell factory so that it does not go well. These scientists are not sure how this problem started, but like a real factory, backups, and disruptions in one system cause problems in other areas. When damage spreads, cells lose the ability to do work and eventually die, causing changes in the brain that cannot be changed. At present, the Conventional diagnosis of the severity of Alzheimer’s is still carrying. The main objective of our research is to develop a Computer-Aided Diagnosis tool in the classification of the severity of Alzheimer’s. This paper will discuss optimizing the use of the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) parameter in identifying the severity of Alzheimer’s. The main objective of this research is the development of automated Alzheimer’s diagnoses in developing countries and rural areas that have limited health facilities and human resources. So even though the method used is relatively simple, it is proven to have a high level of accuracy above 90%. These results indicate that the use of this method has very promising results to be applied in developing countries and rural areas.
Study of Linear Discriminant Analysis to Identify Baby Cry Based on DWT and MFCC
Authors: Novamizanti Ledya , Prasasti Anggunmeka Luhur , Utama Bangun Satria
Published: December 2020

Baby crying is a common behavior among babies and is a means of verbal communication for babies who express their needs and desires. A baby’s cry identification system is needed because it makes it easy for adults to find out the meaning of a baby’s cry. This study proposes a system for classifying infant crying sounds using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) as a feature extraction method. Based on experiments, the system can identify the sound of crying babies grouped into 5 (five) classes, namely discomfort, hunger, colds, burp, and drowsiness. The system achieves an accuracy of 94% and an average computing time of 1.5506 seconds. The performance of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) outperformed Principal Component Analysis (LDA) in the identification of crying babies
Design of 1 kW Buck-Boost Chopper with PI Control for Photovoltaic Power Conversion
Authors: Suroso  , Winasis  , Priswanto  , Purnama Ignatius Daniel
Published: December 2020

The design of a 1 kW buck-boost chopper with proportional-integral (PI) control is presented and discussed in this paper. The buck-boost chopper was proposed as a photovoltaic power converter to achieve a stable dc output voltage. In the design, the circuits employed IGBT power switch to function the PWM control signals to adjust the chopper’s output voltage. The circuits were tested to investigate the output waveform set at 24 V from various dc input voltage values. The chopper circuits were connected to ten solar PV modules with a total capacity of 1 kW. Simulation test results confirmed that the system was able to output 24 dc voltage with output current about 41 A. Furthermore, a prototype of the buck-boost chopper was set up and tested. The circuits worked well to output a stable 24 V DC voltage from PV output voltage varied 15 V-32 V.
Performance Comparison of File Transfer Protocol Service Between Link State and Distance Vector Routing Protocol in Software Defined Network
Authors: Tulloh Rohmat , Amri Ginting Jafaruddin Gusti , Mulyana Asep , Lutfi Muhammad
Published: December 2020

Software-Defined Network (SDN) is a new concept in computer networks where the network control function is separated from the data forwarding function (data plane). The control plane and data plane which are separated from each other is the answer for faster, more flexible, and secure internet service. File transfer protocol (FTP) is an internet protocol that runs at the application layer that is used to exchange data between server and client. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for internet networks that belongs to the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) group and uses the Link State Routing algorithm (LSR). Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a type of Distance Vector Routing protocol that is still used today. This study aims to compare the performance of FTP services using OSPF and RIP on SDN networks and conventional networks. The research was conducted with direct implementation on the device with a planned topology. The measurement results show that FTP using OSPF routing has better results than using RIP. FTP that runs on SDN also has a better quality of service value compared to conventional networks.
Performance analysis of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and hybrid optical amplifier in NG-PON2 based on TWDM-PON system
Authors: Aryandhika Rafiendra Bagas , Isnawati Anggun Fitrian , Zulherman Dodi
Published: December 2020

One of the milestones in the optical access network evolution is the Next-Generation Passive Optical Network Stage 2 (NG-PON2) that has 40 Gbps as minimum upstream/downstream capacity. The optical amplifiers have to implement to combat the power degradation in the transmission line. This research aims to analyze the performance of EDFA boosters and hybrid optical amplifiers, which are implemented on TWDM-PON systems based on NG-PON2. Our work used 80 Gbps data speed, which each channel had 10 Gbps on eight channels with a channel space of 100 GHz. The optical link used in this simulation was 60 km with the Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and Hybrid Optical Amplifier (HOA). The performance analysis is based on the variation of ONU and amplifier. Based on the results, the best value in the downstream is the transmission line using EDFA with the received power of - 19.184 dBm, Q Factor of 7.975, and BER of 5.852 x 10−16. In upstream transmission, the best value obtained was a hybrid optical amplifier with a received power value of 9.025 dBm, Q Factor of 69.64, and BER of 0. The optical amplifier increased the system performance when implemented on TWDM-PON systems based on NG-PON2.
FEMA 310 Tier 1 seismic evaluation of existing building: A case study of a 7-story academic RC building of Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia
Authors: Haryanto Yanuar , Hu Hsuan-Teh , Widyaningrum Arnie , Alfidiah Esya , Hidayat Banu Ardi
Published: December 2020

A need to predict the seismic vulnerability of current buildings has led to a heightened interest in study that deals with seismic vulnerability assessment methods. The easiest and fastest method, known as a walk-down survey or a street survey, involves just the superficial information accumulated during a short inspection of a building. This paper picks a fairly new seven-story academic building made of reinforced concrete (RC) located at the Jenderal Soedriman University in Purwokerto, Indonesia, which was designed in 2015 using construction details illustrative of that exact period, for FEMA 310 Tier 1 assessment in the context of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE). Mandatory checklists as a role of the region of seismicity and the building’s level of performance are done. The outcomes after a procedure projected the building in the case-study demonstrated a range of possible flaws and seismic vulnerability. Therefore, detailed comprehensive evaluation is intensely endorsed.
Impact of Land Use Land Cover Changes on River Discharge at Brantas Catchment Area using SHETRAN Model
Authors: Suroso  , Krishna Kharisma Panji , Santoso Purwanto Bekti
Published: December 2020

Changes in land use need to be assessed for future needs. One of them is in efforts to mitigate natural disasters. This research goal is analyzed the correlation between changes in land use land cover on the discharge in the river, in the range between 2001–2017. This research located at Brantas watershed, which is the largest watershed in East Java. It has an area of approximately 11,988 km2. There are 24 million people who occupy this area and this is one of the national strategic watersheds. SHETRAN is modeling that is based on physical distribution. Reviewing spatial aspects, hydrological and climate data makes SHETRAN is comprehensive model. The method used is to combine input data of the digital elevation model, evaporation rate, rainfall data, land use land cover data, and soil properties classified using the British system. The results obtained for land use, the biggest change is for the grass area which increased by 80.49%, the forest area increased by 22.37%. As for river discharge, modeling results indicate that river flow rates upstream range 6–30 compare to downstream is between 1200–2200 meters3/second.
Utilization of Mendong Plant Activated Charcoal as SO2 Gas Adsorbent: Preliminary Study
Authors: Ashadi Ashadi , Arabbani Finly Khoirunnisa’ , Indriyanti Nurma Yunita , Saputro Sulistyo , Mahardiani Lina
Published: December 2020

This study aims to find alternative low-cost, easy and environmental-friendly adsorbent materials to eliminate SO2 gas, by utilizing Mendong plants as activated charcoal. Therefore, need to know the ability of this low-cost adsorbent in term of optimum concentration, adsorption efficiency, and the adsorption capacity of the charcoal to eliminate SO2. Mendong plants were prepared with a modified tool and macerated with ZnCl2 2.5% (w/v) for 24 hours. Then, the adsorption process with artificial SO2 waste was conducted for 1 hour. UV-Vis Spectrophotometer was used to determine the gas concentration. The results showed that the highest concentration of absorbed SO2 gas (Ct) is at the initial gas concentration 4.4006 µg/mL (mass Na2S2O3 0.015 g), with 3.008 µg/mL of gas is absorbed. The gas adsorption efficiency is 70.53% at the variation of initial gas concentration of 4.1400 µg/mL. While, the adsorption capacity of activated ZnCl2-Mendong stem charcoal is 92.1123 (µg/g). The results of the characterization by FTIR showed that the Mendong plant ZnCl2- activated charcoal is polar and aromatic, verified by the absorbance of hydroxyl group and aromatic skleleton of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.
Review of the seakeeping criteria for the study of a passenger ship criteria in Indonesian water
Authors: Jamal  , Sulisetyono A , Aryawan W D
Published: December 2020

The human sickness of the ship’s crews and passengers is considered as main requirements to be fulfilled in ship design stages which is related to the performance of ship motion when operating in seaway. This paper describe review some seakeeping criteria which are published by several institutions for the purpose of ship safety and comfort. Since these criteria were initially issued based on extreme sea conditions, it is necessary to study if they are applied to relatively moderate sea conditions in Indonesian. For this reason, a new approach is proposed to deal with a new criteria by measuring motions directly on the ship in operation. Briefly method is described as first, the ship motion in 6 degrees of freedom is measured by sensors which is installed in a particular place on the ship’s board, for which the data generated include an angular velocity, a vertical and a tranversal accelerations of motions. Second, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is adopted to process the measured data which are presented in the form of time series and spectrum diagrams, and the Power Spectral Density (PSD) method is also used to eliminate nois data. Third, the ship motion criteria for the case of the passenger ship is determined and it compare to the existing criteria.
Application Design of Farmbot Mobile App Using Internet of Things on Android
Authors: Nugraha Firman Setia , Rachmat Haris , Eka Atmaja Denny Sukma , Astuti Murni Dwi
Published: December 2020

Food is essential for country development. It can impact both sustainability and the succession of the process itself. As for a developing country, Indonesia’s main food supplies are coming from the agriculture sector. It was estimated at least 49.81 million tons of rice must be produced every year. However, this sector has faced some serious threats, the land conversion is one of the major issue, almost 4,000 agriculture hectares is getting convert every year resulting in a mass reduction of food supply. Furthermore, urbanization also decreasing the farmers with a ratio of 0.7 million people annually. These two factors alone will give a huge impact which leading to food shortage. Gladly, the improvements of Internet of Things give a sight at the technological solution. Robotics, combined with IoT, and machinery can produce an agriculture CNC based robotic called Farmbot which functioned to help urban people grow and maintain plants in a small indoor or outdoor area automatically. Farmbot can be controlled by the user using an installed interface on a connected device through internet which allows it to receive command and execute it with great accuracy. In this study, the automation system to operate Farmbot from smartphone devices will be created.
The effect of deposition time on the properties of titanium dioxide thin film prepared using CVD
Authors: Lias Jais , Mohd Fauzi Muhammad Harith Fadhilah , Sahdan Mohd Zainizan , Nayan Nafarizal
Published: December 2020

This research aimed to investigate effect of deposition time on the structural, morphological properties and optical properties of the titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin film prepared using Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD). This research involved two processes which are samples preparation process and characterisation process to fulfil the aim. The samples preparation process was done by synthesising TiO2 on indium thin oxide (ITO) substrates heated at 60 °C substrate temperature. Titanium butoxide used as the precursor for this chemical reaction was volatilised at 210 °C. Oxygen gas was flown at 1 litre per minute as the carrier gas. In order to study the effect of deposition time, the synthesise of the thin films were varied to 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. After synthesising process, the samples underwent thermal treatment via annealing process for 1 hour at 500 °C. For the characterisation process, Raman Spectroscopy technique was employed to investigate the structural properties of the samples. Apart from that, Field Emission Microscopy (FEM) technique, which was performed via FE-SEM, was employed to investigate the morphologies of the samples. Other than that, UV-Vis spectrometry was employed to analyse the optical properties of the samples. Analysis of data from Raman spectroscopy displayed four Raman Shifts for each sample which confirms that the samples exhibit TiO2 of anatase phases. Whereas, images from FE-SEM displayed reduction of nanoparticle clusters on the samples as the rate of deposition time increases. Meanwhile, UV-Vis analysis displayed transmittance of the samples ranging between 50% to 80% transmittance and each sample exhibits the same optical band gap at 3.25 eV.
Comparison between Viscoelastic Mechanical and Chemical Kinetic Aging Model of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Yang Shih-Hsien , Awan Susanto Hery , Fath Atiya Arief
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study was to fully characterize and validate the mechanical-based aging model parameters and compared with the chemical kinetic model. This study found that level of aging applied to both asphalt binder and asphalt concrete showed differences, as verified by all of the p-values from regression analysis test, were greater than 0.05. The aging variable value decreased with the aggregate involved. The aging history dependent (k2) could be simulated the actual aging behavior as a polynomial curve. The Pearson correlation test showed that there is a strong relationship between the carbonyl content and the aging model variable.
Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior and Impact Analysis of Hybrid Composites
Authors: Karthikeyan R , Selvaraju P N , Sankaramoorthy T , Ramesh Bapu B R
Published: December 2020

This project work is created by manual procedure of restoring the tiny tension. It will be occurring till one hour and difficulty in atmospheric temperature. We are producing four layers to changing the position and number of times. We investigated the flexures and ductile properties of sisal with glass fiber composites. The results of this paper slightly increasing the fiber properties. The layer grouping has more noteworthy impact on pliable, flexural properties. Generally speaking examination between the properties of the considerable number of covers uncovered that the half breed overlay (GSSG) with both end glass employs on either side is the ideal blend with an honest harmony between the properties and price. Limited component models are made with ANSYS recreation programming. These models are utilized to reproduce the effect tests for half and half fiber composite material with various stacking grouping. Diagrams are plotted to think about the effect conduct of various utilize directions. This innovation brief depicts an examination on to the sisal and glass fiber fortified plate and the particular points of interest of ANSYS Express for this sort of reenactment.
Influence of Roughness Parameter in Hydrodynamic Lubrication: A Special Case of Thrust Bearing
Authors: Rouf S , Fazili A H , Najar F A , Rehman S , Gulzar S , Malik S , Dhinakaran V
Published: December 2020

Basic hydrodynamic lubrication theory has been considered in the present work. In this project, Reynolds equation in polar coordinates (r, θ) was derived from the Navier-Stokes and then it has been augmented with appropriate boundary condition and solved using a notable numerical technique namely finite difference method with a fast solver Gauss-Seidel (with relaxation factor 1.0). In the present investigation, hydrodynamic pressure generation in an oil film has been computed without the embodiment of roughness factor first and then compared with the incorporation of roughness factor between the sliding surfaces. It was behold from this study that there is a significant change in the pressure generation. So its conspicuous from the present investigation, the lubricant performance also relies on roughness factor at large. Therefore, it is the fruitful information for the designer while designing the hydrodynamic bearings irrespective of their type it is imperative to consider roughness factor suitably.
Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine by using Paper Cup Waste as the Producer Gas with help of Down-Draft Gasifier
Authors: Thamizhvel R , Sethuraman N , Sakthivel M , Prabhakaran R
Published: December 2020

For the past few years, the generation of the solid waste was increasing which makes the environment pollution. In such solid waste products are reused by waste management process like gasifier. The solid waste products majorly dump into the municipal wastages, the paper cup waste was regular waste from the municipalities in such waste was regular in practice. Recycling of paper cups is not easy because it has a paraffin or polyethylene plastic and also need 150 years to degrade. So far focus on the recycling of paper cup waste, which was treated to the downdraft gasifier when the producer gas formed by means of supplying compressed air to the gasifier, After that the producer gas pass with inlet air into to the combustion chamber. In this project deals the analysis of paper cup waste which characterized by using TGA, CHN analysis and also evaluated the performance of CI engine.
Flexural Strength of Crushed Rock Dust Concrete at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Venkata Sairam Kumar N
Published: December 2020

This experimental study presents the effect of partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by crushed rock dust (CRD) as filler material on the flexural strength of concrete when subjected to elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C for duration of 2 hours using an electrically controlled furnace. The OPC replacement percentages are: 0% (C40), 10% (C41), 20% (C42), 30% (C43) and 40% (C44) by weight. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), Mass loss, flexural strength, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are evaluated at the targeted elevated temperatures. At ambient temperature, up to 40% CRD, a dense microstructure with less pores is observed using SEM micrographs. No visible cracks are observed on the beams specimens of C40 and CRD concrete beams, when exposed up to 400 oC. Both C40 and CRD concrete beams begin to crack when temperature reached to 600 °C and pronounced surface cracks are observed at 800 °C. UPV values obtained with C40 and CRD concrete beams at elevated temperatures are in good agreement with flexural strength and mass loss values. SEM micrographs signify the use of CRD in concrete at elevated temperatures. The results of C40 and CRD concrete beams at elevated temperatures are found to be acceptable when exposed up to 400 °C.
Parametric Studies of Abrasive Waterjet Machining parameters on Al/LaPO4 using Response Surface Method
Authors: Deepthi T , Balamurugan K , Balamurugan P
Published: December 2020

In the Al6061 matrix composite, 15% weight percent of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4) is added as a reinforcement to prepare a composite material. The composite is fabricated using a 2-Stage stir casting process. The machinability characteristic of the fabricated composite is measured using abrasive water jet machine at varied machining conditions. Water pressure, Stand-off distance and cutting speed are taken as dependent response to measure the kerf angle and surface finish. Water pressure and the cutting speed show a significant impact on kerf taper angle and surface profile roughness with a contribution of 40%. The effect of soft ceramic, LaPO4 in the matrix has low significance as it is easily removed with the cutting conditions and the influence caused by LaPO4 on kerf angle and surface finish is considerably low compared to other hard ceramic reinforcements.
Experimental Investigation and Fabrication of Palmyra Palm Natural Fiber with Tamarind seed powder Reinforced Composite
Authors: Srinivasan T , Bharani Kumar S , Suresh G , Ravi Rajesh , Lohesh Srinath S R , Ivon Paul A , Vishweshwaran M
Published: December 2020

The usages of composite materials in industries are become as a growing trend due to their inherent material properties such as good strength, low thermal expansion and high strength-to-weight ratio. Among the many classifications of composite materials, natural fiber composites are generally preferred due to their unique characteristics such as bio-degradable property towards the environment. In this study, based on the above selection criteria, from Borassus Tree trunk, Palmyra palm fiber and tamarind powder is selected for the study to use the same for practical application. During this course of examination, tamarind seed powder along with the exact proportionate of Palmyra palm fiber (treated and untreated) has been taken as the reinforcement, similarly epoxy resin has been chosen as the matrix material. To thoroughly validate the physical strength of the individual combination, five set of specimens were fabricated (treated and untreated) as well as their physical strengths such as tensile, flexural, impact and moisture absorption tests were evaluated. Out of all the tests, treated fibers wer shown the better upsurge in tensile, flexural, impact and moisture tests as against the untreated fibers.
Characterization of Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with suitable reinforcement agents – A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Granesan S , Deepak Ganesh S , Arul Marcel Moshi A
Published: December 2020

Invention of new materials is always essential for the growing industries. The materials which are newly invented or developed are expected to be of improved strength, light weight, simple preparation methods and lesser cost. Composite materials are found as better choices to be tested for satisfying the researchers’ expectations for different structural applications. Various research works are being performed with metal matrix composites (MMC) by incorporating suitable reinforcing agents with them in order to achieve better desirable properties. The current paper presents the researcher works so far carried out on distinct metal matrix composites, the incorporated reinforcement agents, the amount of reinforcement agents added, the preparation methods of MMCs and the details of mechanical characteristics which got improved out of the reinforcement. This cumulative work will surely be helpful for the researchers in this field in selecting suitable reinforcing agent for preparing their composites.
Mechanical characteristics of deep beams considering variable a/d ratios: an experimental investigation
Authors: Jabir Hussain A. , Mhalhal Jasim M , Al-Gasham Thaar S , Abid Sallal R.
Published: December 2020

In this investigation, the influence of the shear span to the effective depth ratio on the mechanical properties of deep beams was expansively illustrated. For this aim, three specimens representing deep beams with a medium scale were prepared using the same concrete grade. The specimens had similar dimensions of 1250 ×300×150 mm and identical details of reinforcement. The beams were subjected to a four-points load test, which was gradual until the specimens failed. Three different a/d ratios were inspected; 0.75, 1.25, and 1.75. the experimental observations were compared in terms of deformations, ultimate loads, stiffness, ductility, and toughness. The results of tests indicated that the a/d had a considerable influence on the mechanical characteristics of deep beams, except for ductility.
Tests on reinforced concrete deep beams with different web reinforcement types
Authors: Mhalhal Jasim M , Al-Gasham Thaar S , Abid Sallal R
Published: December 2020

Due to the high depth to span ratio, shear stresses in deeps impose the need for careful design of shear strength. The shear strength of any reinforced concrete beam is the sum of its sectional strength and web reinforcement strength. Steel bar stirrups are the typical reinforcing material up to date for such a purpose; however, many studies were conducted to evaluate the use of other materials or different configurations to increase the shear strength of deep beams. In this research, closed-form steel plates (gagger plates) were used as alternative shear reinforcement in experimental deep beams. Three beams were cast and tested in four-point bending to investigate this possibility. The first was kept as a reference beam as it was reinforced with conventional closed stirrups, while the rest two beams were reinforced with 4 mm thick and 20 mm wide gagger plates. One with in-plane configuration, where the 20 mm side was aligned in the plane of the beam section, while the third beam was reinforced with out-of-plane gagger plates. Based on the test results, the mechanical behavior of beams with steel plates was noticeably improved compared to the reference beam with conventional stirrups. The in-plane configuration was superior to the out-of-plane and reference beams in strength, service stiffness, ductility, and toughness.
Prediction of the maximum temperature of steel I-beam under the effect of environment parameters
Authors: Abid Sallal R , Al-Bugharbee Hussein
Published: December 2020

In this work, prediction of the maximum temperature in steel beam is investigated under the effects of the atmospheric thermal loads. The current work presents a nonlinear formula that relates the steel beam maximum temperature to the solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed. The datasets were obtained experimentally from an I-section steel beam that was installed in the field. The data cover the surface temperature at different locations on the beam section, air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed, which were recorded over 21 summer days. Two different correlation formulas were introduced and their performance was compared. Based on the results obtained in this study, the beam maximum temperature can be predicted accurately with a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.94 from solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and their duplicates.
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Fused Deposition Modelling Parameters for HIPS Material by Experimental Design and MRO Techniques
Authors: Mohammed Raffic N , Ganesh Babu K , Selvakumar S , Radhakrishnan S
Published: December 2020

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the popular AM technique which utilizes thin thermoplastic filaments to create prototypes and end use products. The parts processed through FDM method have poor mechanical properties and surface quality characteristics in comparison to conventional manufactured products. Extensive research is underway in various parts of the world to bring an enhancement in mechanical properties and other related characteristics of the parts produced through FDM for making the process highly suitable to produce parts for diverse applications. The present work considers slice height, infill density, shell thickness and raster angle varied din three levels (34) to study their effects over output responses such as specimen weight, flexural strain and flexural strength. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array is considered for preparing the experimental plan. Flexural testing is adopted for the evaluation of flexural strength. Grey Relational Analysis and Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution methods have been adopted for multi response optimization of FDM parameters and the optimized parameter setting recommended have been validated through confirmation trials. The confirmation trail conducted has revealed that the setting recommended by TOPSIS A1B3C3D1 has shown higher flexural strength and slice height is found to be most significant factor. GRA method has recommended the combination A3B3C3D1 which shows lesser flexural strain and infill density is found to be significant from all the parameters considered.
Strategic Review on Different Materials for FinFET Structure Performance Optimization
Authors: Bindu Madhavi K , Tripathi Suman Lata
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the strategic review of different materials that are used in FinFET structure is studied. This is achieved by using carefully designed source/drain spacers and doped extensions to mitigate the off-current, typically high in narrow band-gap materials, as part of a CMOS compatible replacement-metal gate process flow. FinFETs are promising substitutes for bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor. FinFETs are dual-gate devices and Good electrostatic characteristics which are obtained in a wide range of device dimensions. The simulations provide further insights into device functionality and about the dominant off-state leakage mechanisms. The GaAs material was examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the epitaxial structures showed good crystal quality. In this various types of materials are used and studied they are FinFET based Dual KK-structure, InGaAs-on-Insulator FinFET, Double Gate based n-FinFET using Hafnium oxide, SOI-FinFETs, MosFET (Multi gate), Deeply Scaled CMOS, FinFET, Selective Epitaxial Si Growth in FinFET and Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) in FinFET. Furthermore, we demonstrate a controlled GaAs digital etching process to create doped extensions below the source-drain spacer regions.
Analysis of Structural Failures and Remedial Measures
Authors: Dung Do Thi My , Khai Lam Thanh Quang , Cong Bang TRUONG
Published: December 2020

Structural failures are one of the important phenomena which should be very important to dealt with. Structural failures occur then and causing heavy damage to both property and human lives. Structural elements include beam, column, slab etc. The failure of the horizontal load bearing member beam is considered. The beams of Eighteen members were casted; keeping three as control specimens and others grouped into Five groups. All specimens are subjected to Failure load and Five methods of retrofitting were done. After the curing period the retrofitted elements were tested for Ultimate load bearing capacity. The values are tabulated and compared. The best method regarding high load bearing strength and lowest deflection were found out.
Modelling and Optimizing Process Parameters of AISI D2 Tool Steel for WEDM automation
Authors: Kumar Aneesh
Published: December 2020

The AISI D2 tool steel are the material that for machining of heat treated AISI D2 tool steel, a highly developed method must be employed. Due to exceptional thermo-mechanical properties and superior wear resistance AISI D2 tool steel are finding widespread applications in a lot of manufacturing industries. WEDM is one of the highly developed and sophisticated methods for making of intricate shapes and convoluted details as required for dies and punches. For efficient machining, the need of optimization and appropriate choices of process parameters such as Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness is utmost goal.