bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A microfluidic chip based ratiometric aptasensor for antibiotic detection in foods using stir bar assisted sorptive extraction and rolling circle amplification
Authors: He Liyong , Shen Zhipeng , Cao Yuting , Li Tianhua , Wu Dazhen , Dong Youren , Gan Ning
Published: February 2019

A ratiometric and sensitive microfluidic chip based aptasensor was developed for antibiotic detection with kanamycin (Kana) as a model analyte.
A fluorescent sensor for folic acid based on crown ether-bridged bis-tetraphenylethylene
Authors: Jiang Shengjie , Hu Xiujuan , Qiu Jiabin , Guo Hongyu , Yang Fafu
Published: February 2019

A fluorescent sensor for folic acid based on crown ether-bridged bis-tetraphenylethylene was prepared and applied in the detection of folic acid in real samples and live cell imaging.
A ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of HClO in living systems
Authors: Wang Li , Ren Mingguang , Li Zihong , Dai Lixuan , Lin Weiying
Published: February 2019

We developed a new ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe (CR-HA). Fluorescence imaging showed that CR-HA was suitable for the visualization of HOCl changes in living cells/tissues.
Strong selective oxidization on two-dimensional GaN: a first principles study
Authors: Chen Jiabo , Zhu Jiaduo , Ning Jing , Duan Xiaoling , Wang Dong , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: February 2019

Ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the chemical oxidation of two-dimensional (2D) gallium nitride (GaN).
Strained hydrogen bonding in imidazole trimer: a combined infrared, Raman, and theory study
Authors: Forsting Thomas , Zischang Julia , Suhm Martin A. , Eckhoff Marco , Schröder Benjamin , Mata Ricardo A.
Published: February 2019

This is not how three imidazole molecules prefer to arrange, as a combined IR, Raman and computational analysis unambiguously shows.
Uncatalyzed, on water oxygenative cleavage of inert C–N bond with concomitant 8,7-amino shift in 8-aminoquinoline derivatives
Authors: Botla Vinayak , Pilli NavyaSree , Malapaka Chandrasekharam
Published: February 2019

Oxygenative cleavage of an inert CAr–NH2 bond with concomitant 1,2 amine migration in 8-aminoquinoline derivatives is achieved through an efficient, catalyst free, one step synthesis of 8-benzyloxy, 7-aminoquinoline directly from 8-aminoquinoline in water at room temperature.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry investigation of carbon grain formation in boron nitride epitaxial layers with atomic depth resolution
Authors: Michałowski Paweł Piotr , Caban Piotr , Baranowski Jacek
Published: February 2019

A refined SIMS procedure allows reaching atomic resolution and characterization of each layer in van der Waals structures separately.
Phosphorus-doped molybdenum disulfide facilitating the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of CdS nanorod
Authors: Xu Mei-Ling , Tang Xiu , Wang Yanju , Liu Fu-Tian , Zhang Yuzhuo , Li Kui
Published: February 2019

Phosphorus doping could modulate the band structure and hydrogen evolution reaction over potential, and bring about the excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of CdS/P-MoS2.
A2SrMIVS4 (A = Li, Na; MIV = Ge, Sn) concurrently exhibiting wide bandgaps and good nonlinear optical responses as new potential infrared nonlinear optical materials
Authors: Wu Kui , Chu Yu , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie
Published: February 2019

A series of A2SrMIVS4 compounds concurrently exhibiting wide bandgaps and good NLO responses were proven as promising IR NLO materials.
Alkene hydrosilylation catalyzed by easily assembled Ni(ii)-carboxylate MOFs
Authors: Zhang Zhikun , Bai Lichen , Hu Xile
Published: February 2019

Easily-assembled Ni MOFs are efficient and robust catalysts for alkene hydrosilylation.
Hierarchical CuOx–Co3O4 heterostructure nanowires decorated on 3D porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers as flexible and free-standing anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Chen Huanhui , He Jiao , Li Yongliang , Luo Shan , Sun Lingna , Ren Xiangzhong , Deng Libo , Zhang Peixin , Gao Yuan , Liu Jianhong
Published: February 2019

The free-standing CuOx–Co3O4@PNCNF anode delivers high specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling performance for lithium-ion batteries.
Resolving the MYSO binaries PDS 27 and PDS 37 with VLTI/PIONIER
Authors: Koumpia E. , Ababakr K. M. , de Wit W. J. , Oudmaijer R. D. , Caratti o Garatti A. , Boley P. , Linz H. , Kraus S. , Vink J. S. , Le Bouquin J.-B.
Published: February 2019

Context. Binarity and multiplicity appear to be a common outcome in star formation. In particular, the binary fraction of massive (OB-type) stars can be very high. In many cases, the further stellar evolution of these stars is affected by binary interactions at some stage during their lifetime. The origin of this high binarity and the binary parameters are poorly understood because observational constraints are scarce, which is predominantly due to a dearth of known young massive binary systems.

Aims. We aim to identify and describe massive young binary systems in order to fill in the gaps of our knowledge of primordial binarity of massive stars, which is crucial for our understanding of massive star formation.

Methods. We observed the two massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) PDS 27 and PDS 37 at the highest spatial resolution provided by VLTI/PIONIER in the H-band (1.3 mas). We applied geometrical models to fit the observed squared visibilities and closure phases. In addition, we performed a radial velocity analysis using published VLT/FORS2 spectropolarimetric and VLT/X-shooter spectroscopic observations.

Results. Our findings suggest binary companions for both objects at 12 mas (30 au) for PDS 27 and at 22–28 mas (42–54 au) for PDS 37. This means that they are among the closest MYSO binaries resolved to date.

Conclusions. Our data spatially resolve PDS 27 and PDS 37 for the first time, revealing two of the closest and most massive (>8 M⊙) YSO binary candidates to date. PDS 27 and PDS 37 are rare but great laboratories to quantitatively inform and test the theories on formation of such systems.
Comparisons of customer behavior in Markovian queues with vacation policies and geometric abandonments
Authors: Sun Wei , Li Shiyong , Tian Naishuo
Published: February 2019

This paper mainly studies customers’ equilibrium balking behavior in Markovian queues with single vacation and geometric abandonments. Whenever the system becomes empty, the server begins a vacation. If it is still empty when the vacation ends, the server stays idle and waits for new arrivals. During a vacation, abandonment opportunities occur according to a Poisson process, and at an abandonment epoch, customers decide sequentially whether they renege and leave the system or not. We consider four information levels: the fully/almost observable cases and the almost/fully unobservable cases, and get the customers’ equilibrium balking strategies, respectively. Then we also get their optimal balking strategies for the almost observable and the almost/fully unobservable cases, and make comparisons of customer strategies and social welfare for the almost observable and the almost/fully unobservable queues with single vacation and multiple vacations. Because of abandonment, we find that the customers’ equilibrium threshold in a vacation may exceed the one in a busy period in the fully observable queues. However, it has little effect on their equilibrium threshold in the almost observable queues, although frequent abandonment opportunity arrival inhibits their optimal threshold. Interestingly, for the almost unobservable queues, customers who arrive in a busy period are not affected by reneging that happened in the previous vacation when they make decisions of joining or balking, whereas the social planner expects that the customers can take it into consideration for social optimization. In the fully unobservable queues, because of no information, possible reneging surely influences customers’ equilibrium and optimal balking behavior. For the almost observable and the almost/fully unobservable queues, the optimal social welfare is greater in the queues with single vacation than that in the queues with multiple vacations.
The Impact of the Change in Payment System for German Psychiatric
Clinics on Treatment Success: An Interrupted Time Series
Analysis
Authors: Niedermeier Christina , Barrera Andrea , Esteban Eva , Ivandic Ivana , Sabariego Carla
Published: February 2019

Background In Germany a new reimbursement system for psychiatric
clinics was proposed in 2009 based on the § 17d KHG
Psych-Entgeltsystem. The system can be voluntary implemented by clinics
since 2013 but therapists are frequently afraid it might affect treatment
negatively.

Objectives To evaluate whether the new system has a negative impact
on treatment success by analysing routinely collected data in a Bavarian
clinic.

Material and methods Aggregated data of 1760 patients treated in the
years 2007–2016 was analysed with segmented regression analysis of
interrupted time series to assess the effects of the system on treatment
success, operationalized with three outcome variables. A negative change in
level after a lag period was hypothesized. The robustness of results was
tested by sensitivity analyses.

Results The percentage of patients with treatment success tends to
increase after the new system but no significant change in level was
observed. The sensitivity analyses corroborate results for 2 outcomes but
when the intervention point was shifted, the positive change in level for
the third outcome became significant.

Conclusions Our initial hypothesis is not supported. However, the
sensitivity analyses disclosed uncertainties and our study has limitations,
such as a short observation time post intervention. Results are not
generalizable as data of a single clinic was analysed. Nevertheless, we show
the importance of collecting and analysing routine data to assess the impact
of policy changes on patient outcomes.
STI-Beratung in der Schwangerschaft auf der Basis der Leitlinie zu „STI – Beratung, Diagnostik und Therapie“
Authors: Köhler Elisabeth
Published: February 2019

Sexuell übertragbare Infektionen (STI) sind doch absolut kein Thema für die Schwangerschaft – oder vielleicht doch? Leider doch. In den vergangenen Jahren wird eine deutliche Zunahme von bakteriellen STI verzeichnet, bei der Syphilis kann eine Verdopplung der Zahlen in den jüngsten zehn Jahren beobachtet werden. Die Autorin fasst die wichtigsten Hintergründe für STI-Beratung der aktuellen Leitlinie zur STI-Beratung, -Diagnostik und -Therapie zusammen.
HIV in der Schwangerschaft – eine Übersicht
Authors: Tiemann Carsten
Published: February 2019

Galt bis vor wenigen Jahren die Diagnose einer Infektion mit dem Humanen-Immundefizienz-Virus (HIV) noch als signifikante Einschränkung der Lebenssituation und Gesundheit, so stehen heute moderne antivirale Medikamente und Wirkstoffkombinationen zur Verfügung, die für HIV-Infizierte ein nahezu beschwerdefreies Leben ermöglichen können. Das Verschwinden des Stigmas, an einer tödlich verlaufenden Infektion erkrankt zu sein, hat auch zu einem Paradigmenwechsel im Umgang mit der Infektion in den Risikopopulationen geführt.
Der neuartige Propel mini Stent – Indikationen,
Operationstechnik und erste klinische Erfahrungen
Authors: Weber Constantin Maximilian , Schmidtmayer Ursula , Stolle Stefan R.O. , Lenarz Thomas
Published: February 2019

Hintergrund Die Therapie der chronischen Sinusitis frontalis stellt sich
aufgrund des anatomisch engen Abflusses in die Nasenhaupthöhle häufig als
problematisch dar. Neben konservativen Methoden wurden bisher auch viele
chirurgische Therapieverfahren, sowohl mit als auch ohne Einsatz von
Platzhaltern, jedoch ohne längerfristigen Therapieerfolg erprobt. Ziel dieser
Arbeit war die klinische Testung der allgemeinen Praktikabilität und der kurz-
sowie langfristige Therapieerfolg des neuartigen bioresorbierbaren
Propel mini Stents.

Material und Methoden In einer prospektiven Studie an 21 Patienten mit
chronischer Rhinosinusitis mit Polyposis nasi wurde die chirurgische Therapie
und das Einbringen des Stents dargestellt und die Degradation von insgesamt 31
Stents sowie der Erfolg dieser Therapieform über einen Zeitraum von 6 Monaten
endoskopisch kontrolliert und analysiert.

Ergebnisse Hinsichtlich chirurgischer Praktikabilität erwies sich der
Stent mit Einführungstool als unkompliziertes und leicht bedienbares System.
Alle Patienten haben die Stents gut toleriert. Die durchschnittliche,
nachweisbare Materialabsorption überdauerte 28 Tage. Das Patientenkollektiv
zeigte in 94 % der Fälle nach 3 Monaten und in 87 % der Fälle nach 6 Monaten
einen vollständig sondierbares Neo-Ostium des Sinus frontalis.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse der prospektiven Studie zeigen insgesamt
eine gute Akzeptanz bei den Patienten ohne Komplikationen sowie eine
vollständige Stentdegradation. Auch die Follow-Up-Untersuchungen ergaben
zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse über 6 Monate. Insbesondere unter dem Aspekt der
endoskopischen Operation erwies sich das Stent-System als sehr praktikabel.
Direct Synthesis of β,γ-Unsaturated α-Keto Esters from Aldehydes and Pyruvates
Authors: Mansaray John , Sun Jiarui , Huang Shisheng , Yao Weijun
Published: February 2019

Herein, we describe two practical methods to synthesize β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters directly from aldehydes and pyruvates promoted by BF3•Et2O in the presence of Ac2O or by Ti(OEt)4 under mild conditions. A variety of aromatic aldehydes was tolerated to afford the desired products in moderate to excellent yield. Moreover, aliphatic aldehydes and Isatin were also employed to give the γ-alkyl β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters in moderate yield with use of the Ti(OEt)4 system.
Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia: Current Insight with a Focus on Thrombopoiesis
Authors: Marini Irene , Bakchoul Tamam
Published: February 2019

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a significant reduction in the number of circulating platelets which is frequently associated with bleeding. The total count of platelets in the body is finely regulated by the balance between platelet production and destruction. Although the pathogenesis of ITP is still not completely elucidated, it is largely recognized that the low platelet count observed in ITP patients is due to alterations of both mechanisms. An abnormal proliferation of autoreactive T cells leading to the breakdown of immune tolerance to platelet antigens is suggested to be responsible for the up-regulated proliferation of autoantibody producing B cells. Consequently, the immune response induces enhanced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-mediated platelet destruction through phagocytosis, complement activation and apoptosis. An additional contribution to the pathophysiology of ITP is given by alterations of thrombopoiesis caused by platelet-reactive autoantibodies or cytotoxic T cells leading to impaired megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet production. All these processes involved in ITP pathophysiology account for the complexity and heterogeneity in the clinical manifestation and therapy responsiveness of this disorder. For this reason, a better understanding of the different underlying mechanisms in ITP is necessary to develop more efficient therapeutic treatments in the future. In this review, we will provide an update on the pathophysiology of ITP with a particular focus on the impact of impaired thrombopoiesis.
Remote Pediatric Critical Care Telephone Consultations: Quality and Outcomes
Authors: Tijssen Janice A. , Miller Michael R. , Parshuram Christopher S.
Published: February 2019

There are no studies describing the nature and quality of telephone consultations for critically ill children despite being an important part of pediatric intensive care. We described pediatric telephone consultations to a PICU in Ontario, Canada in 2011 and 2012. Of 203 consultations, 104 patients (51.2%) were admitted to the PICU; this was associated with weekend consultations (p = 0.005) and referral hospital location (p = 0.036). Frequency of interruptions was 1 in every 3.2 (2.0, 5.7) minutes and not associated with call content. Twenty-one percent of consults had limited discussion of vital signs. Our study described our center's remote critical care consultation program and outcomes.
The role of laser fluence and ambient environments on femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and on surface morphology of Mg and Zr
Authors: Hayat Asma , Bashir Shazia , Strickland Donna , Shahid Rafique M. , Wales Benjamin , Al-Tuairqi Sahr , Sanderson Joseph H.
Published: February 2019

The effects of laser fluence and ambient environments on plasma parameters and on surface modifications of femtosecond laser irradiated Mg and Zr have been investigated. A Ti:Sapphire laser (800 nm, 35 fs) was employed to irradiate the metallic targets under vacuum and Ar environments at various fluences. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy analyses reveal that the optical emission spectra, excitation temperature (Te), and electron number density (ne) of metallic plasmas exhibit increasing trend with increasing fluence irrespective of the target under both the environments. This increasing tendency is because of the enhanced ablation rate with the increase in the fluence. However, the values of these parameters are significantly higher in the presence of Ar as compared to that of vacuum, which is attributable to confinement effects offered by the gas. The plasma parameters, Te and ne, have higher values in the case of Zr under both environments (vacuum and Ar) due to its higher melting point and lower thermal conductivity as compared to Mg. Field emission SEM analyses for both of the metals irradiated under vacuum exhibit a non-uniform distribution of nanoglobules, nanocones, and micrometer-sized cavities in the case of irradiated Mg, whereas for Zr, there is growth of laser induced periodic surface structures along with the formation of a deep crater. When both the metals were irradiated in Ar, a significant difference in surface morphologies of both Mg and Zr has been observed. In the case of Mg, SEM discloses the formation of micro-inhomogeneities and micrometer-sized cones covered with nanoglobules, whereas for Zr, high-spatial-frequency laser induced periodic surface structures covered with nanoroughness and micro-columns have been detected. In the present work, by exploring the optimum conditions in terms of laser fluence, environmental conditions, and material response, a correlation has been established between the calculated plasma parameters and observed micro- and nanostructures for both of the metals. This established correlation will enable us to better understand the plasma to be utilized for ion-implantation, thin film deposition, and surface structuring in a more effective manner.
Analytical and computational studies of the nonlinear vibrations of SWCNTs embedded in viscous elastic matrix using KBM method
Authors: Tyagi M. , Khan A. , Husain M. , Husain S.
Published: February 2019

The forced vibration analysis of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) embedded in the viscous elastic matrix subjected to axial parametric excitation has been investigated. The Euler Bernoulli beam model of the non-local continuum theory is used. The resonant and non-resonant solutions are analytically studied using the Krylov Bogoliubov and Mitropolsky method. It has been seen that the amplitude remains constant up to the second order of approximation. The resonant solutions are also found to analyze the possibility of chaos in the neighborhood of resonance. The computational techniques are used, and plots of time series, phase plot, and Poincaré surface of section are also drawn to confirm the chaotic behavior for certain values of parameters of SWCNTs, which may lead the aging process in the SWCNTs after a long time.
Local dynamic perturbation effects on amplitude modulation in turbulent boundary layer flow based on triple decomposition
Authors: Tang Zhanqi , Jiang Nan , Zheng Xiaobo , Wu Yanhua
Published: February 2019

This work studies amplitude modulation (AM) of a turbulent boundary layer flow perturbed by a wall-mounted piezoelectric (PZT) actuator. Hot-wire measurements were executed downstream of the PZT actuator working at a certain frequency but several different amplitudes. Turbulent nonlinear fluctuations acquired by triple decomposition were devoted to observing the AM effects. The PZT actuator has a significant impact on the distribution of AM coefficients and joint probability-density functions of large-scale fluctuations and the representatives of small scales in the inner region. Moreover, the energy dependence of small scales on large-scale structures was observed. It proposes that an interlayer region of y+≲14 characterized by strong energy dependence of high linear slope occurs between innate near-wall structures in the underlying boundary layer flow and wall surface. It was suggested that this interlayer probably suppresses turbulence generation and self-sustaining process of the near-wall cycle. In addition, the conditional AM coefficients further manifests that the AM in the interlayer is insensitive to the condition of large-scale structures.
Mechanisms of canonical Kelvin-Helmholtz instability suppression in magnetohydrodynamic flows
Authors: Praturi Divya Sri , Girimaji Sharath S.
Published: February 2019

The stabilizing influence of the streamwise magnetic field on Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability is well known. We perform numerical simulations over a wide range of magnetic field strengths to clearly describe the mechanisms through which the stabilization of KH instability is achieved. KH instability evolution is known to be characterized by the stages of (i) linear precursor-vortex development; (ii) precursor-vortices merger and rollup into the primary vortex; and (iii) development of secondary-vortex bands and the nonlinear asymptotic stage. Our simulations exhibit the KH instability disruption mechanisms as a function of magnetic field strength. At strong magnetic field strengths, rapid harmonic velocity-magnetic exchange causes the precursor vortices to continually wind and unwind. Thus the perturbation development does not proceed beyond the first stage. At intermediate magnetic field strengths, the harmonic interaction permits the monotonic development of precursor vortices but prevents merger or primary vortex formation. When the magnetic field is weak, hydrodynamic mechanisms prevail at the first and second stages. The magnetic field only disrupts the nonlinear asymptotic KH growth stage due to the onset of “resistive instability” in the secondary bands.
Promising thermoelectric properties and anisotropic electrical and thermal transport of monolayer SnTe
Authors: Li Y. , Wu M. N. , Ding T. , Ma K. , Liu F. S. , Ao W. Q. , Li J. Q.
Published: February 2019

Motivated by the recent experimental synthesis of atomic-thick SnTe [Liu et al., Science 353(6296), 274 2016] exhibiting a layered orthorhombic phase similar to SnSe, we carried out systematic investigations on its electronic, thermoelectric, and phonon transport properties based on a combination of density functional theory and Boltzmann transport theory. Our results indicate that the monolayer is dynamically stable with a band gap of 1.05 eV. A considerable figure of merit (ZT) is predicted to be 2.9 for n-type doping and 2.2 for p-type doping along the armchair direction at a moderate carrier concentration of 1020 cm−3. The electronic band structure and the Fermi surface with multi-valleys lead to band convergence and anisotropic transport behavior. The synergistic optimization of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity is achieved in anisotropic monolayer SnTe, due to the independence of carrier relaxation time and directional effective mass. A maximum power factor of 37 mW/(mK2) can be achieved for the n-type SnTe monolayer along the armchair direction, almost two times as high as that in the zigzag direction. However, the anisotropy of intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity is relatively low and strong phonon anharmonicity is found due to the coexistence of weak bonding and resonant bonding.
Use of bacteriophage for discovery of therapeutically relevant antibodies against infectious diseases
Authors: Jones Martina L
Published: February 2019

Scientists George P Smith and Gregory Winter were recently awarded half of the 2018 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for developing a technology to display exogenous peptides and proteins on the surface of bacteriophage. ‘Phage display' has revolutionised the development of monoclonal antibodies, allowing fully human-derived antibodies to be isolated from large antibody libraries. It has been used for the discovery of many blockbuster drugs, including Humira (adalimumab), the highest selling drug yearly since 2012, with US$18.4b in sales globally in 20171. Phage display can be used to isolate antibodies to almost any antigen for a wide range of applications including clinical use (for cancer, inflammatory conditions and infectious diseases), diagnostic use or as research tools. The technology is accessible to any laboratory equipped for molecular biology and bacteria culture.
Morphological, phytochemical and molecular analyses define species limits in
Authors: Collins Timothy L. , Andrew Rose L. , Bruhl Jeremy J.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Eucalyptus magnificata L.A.S.Johnson & K.D.Hill is an endangered species endemic to the New England Tablelands Bioregion of eastern Australia, with taxonomic conflict regarding its recognition. Analyses of morphology, phytochemistry and genomic DNA were used to test species limits of E. magnificata. Morphometric and phytochemical phenetic analyses found distinct differences among E. magnificata, E. baueriana and a putative entity recognised during field collection, i.e. E. sp. Dalveen. Another putative entity, E. sp. Oxley, was morphologically and phytochemically intermediate between E. magnificata and E. conica. Phenetic analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data supported the results from morphological and phytochemical analyses. The original circumscription of E. magnificata, as distinct from E. baueriana, was strongly corroborated. Eucalyptus magnificata was found to be restricted in distribution to the Macleay Gorges area south-east of Armidale. Multiple lines of evidence provided strong support for the recognition of E. sp. Dalveen as a separately evolving entity at a species level, here described as Eucalyptus dalveenica T.L.Collins, R.L.Andrew & J.J.Bruhl. A full description of the new species, a table distinguishing E. dalveenica from closely related taxa, and an identification key are provided. Distribution, habitat and conservation status are discussed.
A historical perspective of niche differentiation between two top predators in the Uruguayan coastal area
Authors: Artecona Florencia , De María Maite , Bergamino Leandro , Szteren Diana
Published: February 2019

Context As top predators, marine mammals play a key role consuming in different trophic levels and the trophic niche characterization may help to understand how species utilize and share resources . On the coast of the Río de la Plata and the South-west Atlantic, the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) and the franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) are two important predators. Aims The present study investigated potential trophic overlap of both species by measuring stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes over two periods: historical (1959–79) and recent (2002–15) on the Uruguayan coast. Methods Bone samples of P. blainvillei and O. flavescens were used to determine the isotopic niche using the Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R (SIBER) analysis. Key results The isotopic niche did not overlap between species in any period. δ15N was higher in O. flavescens in both periods (20.29‰±0.73 in the historical and 19.95‰±1.0 in the recent period), indicating that it feeds at a higher trophic level than P. blainvillei. The δ13C was also significantly higher in O. flavescens than in P. blainvillei during the two periods (O. flavescens: –11.43±0.6‰ historic, –12.72±0.4‰ recent, and P. blainvillei: –12.69±1.1‰ historic, –13.84±1.3‰ recent). The isotopic niche areas of P. blainvillei in recent and historic periods confirmed they forage in 2 distinct environments, marine and estuarine, with low isotopic overlap. This overlap was higher in the recent period. Conclusions and Implications O. flavescens and both P. blainvillei groups were segregated in both periods, with a higher overlap in the recent. These species appear to reduce competition by using different resources in the same coastal habitat. O. flavescens preferentially feeds on benthic fish and showed wider trophic amplitude in both periods, whereas P. blainvillei has a more coastal–pelagic diet and included a greater variability of resources in its diet. The differences between species trophic niches can still be detected after both marine mammals species abundance has declined and after the development of fisheries.
Néologismes dans les médias sociaux chinois
Authors: Zhang Liping
Published: February 2019

With the development of the Internet, neologisms make their appearance in many digital social networks such as Weibo, Renren, Tieba, etc. Gradually, they have entered into our daily life and play an important role. How can Chinese neologisms be translated into a faithful and expressive French? So far, it seems that there are no established principles about this kind of translation. With the neologisms found on digital social networks, which serve as our corpus, we shall distinguish seven categories of neologism according to their formation. The present study aims to propose five approaches of translations in the light of the observation of the current practice, as we see in our study on written interactions on digital social networks.
L1 and L2 transfer to L3 in L3 and L2 learners of Standard Arabic
Authors: Albirini Abdulkafi , Saadah Eman , Alhawary Mohammad T.
Published: February 2019

This study examines the influence of previously acquired languages – namely, Colloquial Arabic (CA) and English – on the acquisition of Standard Arabic (SA) by L3 and L2 learners. It reports on the role of typological and structural proximity in language transfer and whether transfer patterns change over time. The study involved 105 participants: 41 CA-L1, English-L2 learners of SA, 47 English-L1 learners of SA, and 17 Arabic-L1 speakers. The participants completed three written tasks focusing on: definite article use, verb subcategorization rules, and sentential negation. The results indicate that CA plays a positive role in L3 learners’ acquisition of SA, mainly in forms where SA and CA converge, whereas English seems to play more of a negative role for both L3 and L2 learners. Thus, structural proximity seems to play a positive role in transfer to the L3. Negative transfer, irrespective of proximity/distance, diminishes as learners advance in their study of SA.
The realization problem for Jørgensen numbers
Authors: Yamashita Yasushi , Yamazaki Ryosuke
Published: February 2019

Let

G
G

be a two-generator subgroup of

P
S
L

(
2
,

C

)

\mathrm {PSL}(2, \mathbb {C})

. The Jørgensen number

J
(
G
)

J(G)

of

G
G

is defined by
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper J left-parenthesis upper G right-parenthesis equals inf left-brace StartAbsoluteValue normal t normal r squared upper A minus 4 EndAbsoluteValue plus StartAbsoluteValue normal t normal r left-bracket upper A comma upper B right-bracket minus 2 EndAbsoluteValue semicolon upper G equals mathematical left-angle upper A comma upper B mathematical right-angle right-brace period">

J
(
G
)
=
inf
{

|

t
r

2

A
−
4

|

+

|

t
r

[
A
,
B
]
−
2

|

;

G
=
⟨
A
,
B
⟩
}
.

J(G) = \inf \{ |\mathrm {tr}^2 A-4| + |\mathrm {tr} [A,B]-2| \: ; \: G=\langle A, B\rangle \}.

\]
If

G
G

is a non-elementary Kleinian group, then

J
(
G
)
≥
1

J(G)\geq 1

. This inequality is called Jørgensen’s inequality. In this paper, we show that, for any

r
≥
1

r\geq 1

, there exists a non-elementary Kleinian group whose Jørgensen number is equal to

r
r

. This answers a question posed by Oichi and Sato. We also present our computer generated picture which estimates Jørgensen numbers from above in the diagonal slice of Schottky space.
Alfaro, Luis
Authors: Allatson Paul
Published: February 2019

Emerging in Los Angeles in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a queer Chicano performance artist, playwright, and writer, Luis Alfaro quickly established himself as an influential contributor to wider cultural debates about the intersections between gender, sexual, ethno-racial, class, religious, and national affiliations in the United States. In his early career Alfaro was a key player in the solo performance movement, in which performance artists used their own bodies and lives as self performance: that is, as primary physical and lived matter for interrogating their identities within a broader political questioning of US multicultural discourses. That questioning coincided with the prominence of Chicana feminist, queer, and AIDS activisms in California, all of which framed Alfaro’s early performances. Much of Alfaro’s work from the 1990s thus survives as historically significant chronicles of Chicana/o queer lives on the US West Coast. Alfaro consolidated his reputation in that decade with such classic solo performances as Downtown and Cuerpo Politizado, in which his body functioned as the prop onto and over which he articulated his queer memory work in relation to the Chicana/o neighborhoods of Central and East Los Angeles in which he grew up. Those neighborhoods anchor Alfaro’s career-long engagements with the US national imaginary as a Chicano queer cultural producer committed to community engagement and service and to telling the stories of Los Angeles’ heterogeneous Chicana/o communities. Since the 1990s Alfaro has refined his creative and critical praxis in solo performance work and plays that raise broader questions about national identity and belonging in the United States. Many of these plays have written back to and adapted works from Western theatrical and literary traditions—for example, Greek tragedies, Aesop, Spanish Golden Age theater, and Strindberg. The process of adaptation allows Alfaro to celebrate Chicanas/os and Latinas/os, and non-Latina/o immigrant communities, as cultural and ethno-racial epicenters of US national identity in the 21st century. Alfaro’s post-2000 interventions into Western theatrical and literary traditions recast those traditions so that they register meaningfully, in audience terms, for Chicana/o and other communities of color grappling inevitably with historical discourses that demean immigrant and minority populations.
Black Arts Publishing and the Politics of Design
Authors: Nishikawa Kinohi
Published: February 2019

The Black Arts movement heralded an important turn in the history of African American literature. Between 1965 and 1975, a loose confederation of African American poets, playwrights, artists, and intellectuals set out to remake the world in their own image. Fed up with what they considered to be the oppressive logic of Euro-American cultural standards, these practitioners theorized and executed a program of black aesthetic self-determination. Contemporary critics followed suit, emphasizing Black Arts’ conjoined investments in nationalist politics and radical poetics—the discursive level at which the movement reshaped African American letters. That remained the dominant way of understanding the movement until the early 21st century, when scholars began examining Black Arts’ publishing networks and institutions, or the material conditions for creative expression. Since then, scholars have shown how the movement’s effort to redefine the black voice was achieved through a concomitant effort to redesign the black text. Their research has pointed to the need for historicizing the politics of design in this moment of literary transformation. For Black Arts publishers, the work of photographers, illustrators, and graphic designers was important not only for bringing specific literary texts to life but for inviting everyday readers into a robust, race-affirming literary culture.
Mobile Applications and Journalistic Work
Authors: Steinke Allison J. , Belair-Gagnon Valerie
Published: February 2019

In the early 2000s, along with the emergence of social media in journalism, mobile chat applications began to gain significant footing in journalistic work. Interdisciplinary research, particularly in journalism studies, has started to look at apps in journalistic work from producer and user perspectives. Still in its infancy, scholarly research on apps and journalistic work reflects larger trends explored in digital journalism studies, while expanding the understanding of mobile news.
Journalism as Institution
Authors: Vos Tim P.
Published: February 2019

Journalism is an institution inasmuch as it is constituted by shared beliefs and norms, informal rules and routines, and explicit rules. These features of journalism are expressed in journalists’ practices and products but also in journalists’ own discourse about journalism, or in what institutional theorists refer to as institutional or cognitive scripts. Institutions are intellectually interesting objects of study because they both limit individuals’ agency and enable their ability to work productively and creatively. Thus they maintain stability but allow for adaptability. Institutions also denote a distinct area of social authority, signaling institutional autonomy. However, they are also inherently social and thus inextricably interconnected with other institutions. This autonomy and interconnection become the sources of ongoing battles over journalism’s legitimacy. Indeed, some institutions—including journalism—have not only lost some measure of legitimacy but the beliefs, norms, and rules that have constituted the institution have also been destabilized. Some even argue that journalism is deinstitutionalizing in the face of economic and technological changes. Others understand these changes as part of a broader process of institutional adaptation and reinstitutionalization. Early adaptations of so-called new institutionalism informed an early use of institutional theory in journalism studies. But institutional theory comes in a variety of forms—historical institutionalism and discursive institutions hold particular promise for journalism studies. Historical institutionalism directs attention to path-dependent processes that account for the stability of institutions over time. Meanwhile, discursive institutionalism highlights the importance of discourse as the social bond that maintains institutions but also provides the means for adaptation and change. Nevertheless, institutional theory remains underutilized in journalism studies and holds still untapped potential to explain intellectually interesting phenomena.
Media Ownership and Journalism
Authors: Sjøvaag Helle , Ohlsson Jonas
Published: February 2019

Media ownership is of interest to research on journalism due to the assumption that ownership can have an impact of the contents and practices of journalism. Ownership of news media take many forms: state ownership, family ownership, party ownership, trust ownership, public or corporate ownership. The main concern with ownership in journalism scholarship is market concentration and monopolization, and the undue effects this may have on media diversity, public opinion formation, democracy, and journalistic autonomy. Throughout the research, ownership motivations are assumed to lie with the potential financial and political benefits of owning journalistic media. Benevolence is seldom assumed, as the problematic aspects of ownership are treated both from the management side of the research, and from the critical political economy perspective. News and journalism are largely understood as public goods, the quality of which is often seen as threatened by commercialism and market realities, under the economic aims of owners. However, the many forms and shapes that ownership of news media assume have different impacts on the competition between media outlets, the organization of editorial production, journalistic and professional cultures, and the intensity of corporate and profit maximizing philosophies that journalists work under. Ownership, however, assumes different forms in different media systems.
The Food Policy of the European Union
Authors: Chatzopoulou Sevasti
Published: February 2019

Food policy is mostly linked to the ‘production and allocation of food’. However, food policy incorporates various dimensions, such as food safety and health, obesity, distribution, transportation, allocation, consumption, culture and traditions, design and promotion and many more. It also involves various institutions and actors and follows specific decision-making processes and rules within the EU multilevel governance.

Food policy has been treated as a sub-compartment of agricultural policy. Despite the strong link between food policy and agriculture but also to policies on environment, energy, climate, the EU food policy has become a self-standing policy with its own actors, institutions, decision-making processes and policy instruments. The emergence of EU food policy responded to a series of events/crises in the 1990s that acted as drivers for policy change and triggered new ideas, norms and beliefs around food safety and health standards, food production and the environment. These developments enabled a new policy discourse that signifies the cognitive dimensions of a policy paradigm shift. They also created a critical juncture that led to a significant transfer of regulatory competences from the member states to EU, over time, particularly in relation to safety, labeling and consumer information, but also use of biotechnology, fraud, storage and transportation that mark the institutionalization of EU food policy.
Authoritarian Turnover and Change in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Wallace Jeremy
Published: February 2019

Most people in human history have lived under some kind of nondemocratic rule. Political scientists, on the other hand, have focused most efforts on democracies. The borders demarcating ideal types of democracies from nondemocracies are fuzzy, but beyond finding those borders is another, arguably greater, inferential challenge: understanding politics under authoritarianism. For instance, many prior studies ignored transitions between different authoritarian regimes and saw democratization as the prime threat to dictators. However, recent scholarship has shown this to be an error, as more dictators are replaced by other dictators than by democracy.

A burgeoning field of authoritarianism scholarship has made considerable headway in the endeavor to comprehend dictatorial politics over the past two decades. Rather than attempting to summarize this literature in its entirety, three areas of research are worth reviewing, related to change inside of the realm of authoritarian politics. The two more mature sets of research have made critical contributions, the first in isolating different kinds of authoritarian turnover and the second in separating the plethora of authoritarian regimes into more coherent categories using various typologies. How do we understand authoritarian turnover? Authoritarian regimes undergo distinct, dramatic, and observable changes at three separate levels—in leaders, regimes, and authoritarianism itself. Drawing distinctions between these changes improves our understanding of the ultimate fates of dictators and authoritarian regimes. How do we understand the diversity of authoritarian regimes? Scholarship has focused on providing competing accounts of authoritarian types, along with analyses of institutional setup of regimes as well as their organization of military forces. Authoritarian typologies, generally coding regimes by the identities of their leaders and elite allies, show common tendencies, and survival patterns tend to vary across types. The third research area, still developing, goes further into assessing changes inside authoritarian regimes by estimating the degree of personalized power across regimes, the causes and consequences of major policy changes—or reforms—and rhetorical or ideological shifts.
Party Politics and Religion in Northern Ireland
Authors: Matthews Neil
Published: February 2019

Contrary to popular belief, Northern Irish politics is not an entirely religious affair. The widespread and longstanding use of the labels “Catholic” and “Protestant” to denote political allegiance undoubtedly contributes to such an impression. The relationship between religion and politics in Northern Ireland is, however, more complex than these convenient labels suggest. Indeed the question of whether and to what extent religion possesses any political significance in the region has generated considerable academic debate.

Organizationally, there is a clear separation of church and party in Northern Ireland. The main political parties have eschewed formal ties with churches, and faith leaders have largely confined themselves to involvement in “small p” politics. The one exception to this general rule has been the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Its close ties with the Free Presbyterian Church has long rendered it a unique case in the British and Irish context. The historical relationship between the main unionist parties and the Orange Order, a quasi-religious organization, further blurs the lines between religion and party politics in Northern Ireland.

Since the signing of the Belfast or Good Friday Agreement in 1998, alternative or non-ethnonational political issues have become increasingly salient in Northern Ireland. More specifically, touchstone moral issues have taken center stage on several occasions. Abortion rights and marriage equality, for example, remain high on the contemporary political agenda, with clear party differences observable on each issue. The staunch moral conservatism of the DUP, derived from its commitment to a fundamentalist Protestant doctrine, again sets it apart. The continued exceptionalism of Northern Ireland on these issues, compared with the rest of the United Kingdom and, increasingly, Ireland, serves to reinforce the importance of understanding the role religion plays in shaping party policy programs and party competition in the region.
Mormon Mobilization in Contemporary U.S. Politics
Authors: Miles Matthew R. , Adkins Jason M.
Published: February 2019

In 2012, the Republican Party selected a Mormon, Mitt Romney, as their nominee for U.S. president. After decades of persecution and suspicion, many felt like the LDS Church was finally being accepted as a mainstream religion and an equal player on the national political stage. From a different perspective, the “acceptance” of the LDS Church by the U.S. government and the Republican Party has come at a tremendous cost. Unlike those who joined other religious denominations in America, 19th century converts to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints gave everything they had to the church. The 19th-century LDS Church controlled not just the political, but the economic, social, and religious aspects of its members’ lives. The LDS Church has traded immense power over a few dedicated members for a weaker political voice in the lives of millions more members. From this perspective, the LDS Church has never been more politically weak than they were in the 2012 presidential election. Previous LDS Church presidents endorsed non-Mormon candidates Cleveland, Taft, and Nixon more enthusiastically than President Monson endorsed Mitt Romney—one of his own. In the 20th century, the power of the LDS Church over the lives of its members has waned considerably, significantly hindering the institutional church’s ability to politically mobilize its congregants. Even in Utah, only the most ardent LDS Church members are swayed by the political dictates of LDS Church leaders.