bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Denying History in Colonial Kenya: the Anthropology and Archeology of G.W.B. Huntingford and L.S.B. Leakey
Authors: Sutton J.E.G.
Published: January 2007

Colonial attitudes and prejudices can be readily identified by every student perusing Africanist literature of the early twentieth century. More than that, one gets to recognize different slants, notably between an administrative outlook and that of white settlers (varying according to the territory), and a further contrast with that of Protestant and Catholic missionaries, not to overlook mission-educated Africans. But facile characterizing by occupation, economic interests, class, race, or even religion can misrepresent individual intellects and achievements, whether in original contributions to knowledge or in setting the direction of continuing research. In reviewing here the anthropological and archeological endeavors in the Kenya highlands during the 1920s and 1930s of George Wynn Brereton Hiintingford (1901-1978) and Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (1903-72), both of British parentage (and sons of Anglican clerics), it is noticeable that, while each was unmistakably a product of his time and situation, neither falls perfectly into any neat category of European society in colonial Africa. Neither belonged to the administrative corps, although both took on assignments for the Kenya government on occasions, and were at hand to volunteer their wisdom about “native customs” and mentality whenever inexperienced officials, insensitive settlers or zealous missionaries encountered distrust or open protest.
Political Songs, Collective Memories and Kikuyu Indi Schools
Authors: Wilson James A.
Published: January 2007

Korwo nĩNdemi MathaathiBaba ndagwĩtia kĩrugũNjoke ngwĩtie itimũ na ngo,Riu baba ngũgwĩtia gĩthoomo.Ndegwa rĩu gũititũire,Thenge no iranyihanyiha,Ndiri kĩrugũ ngagwitia,Riu baba ngugwitia gĩthoomo.Maitũ nĩakwĩrĩte kaing,Ona niĩ nĩngũmenyithl˜tie,Ndirĩ kĩrugũ ngagwĩtia,Rĩu baba ngũgwĩtia gĩthoomo.Njamba ĩrĩa nene Kĩnyatta,Rĩu rĩoimĩte Rũraaya,Jomo nĩoimĩte na thoome,Ningĩ Jomo mũthigaani witũ.Njamba ya bata hĩndĩ ĩno,Kaarĩkayo no gĩtboomo,Wambu githĩto gĩthoomo,Baba, niĩno ngakĩina kaarĩ.Njambo cia baba hĩndĩ ĩno,]omo njamba ĩnyuagwo ĩmwe,Jomo mũraata wa andũairũ,Nowe Jotno mũraata wa twana1.1

If this were Ndemi and Mathaathi's era,Father, I would plead for a feast,Then demand a spear and a shield,But now, father, I plead for education.Bulls are now depleted,He-goats are also fewer,No banquet shall I ask,Now, father, I plead for education.Mother has often told you,Even I have informed you,No feast shall I demand,Now, father, I plead for education.The courageous warrior Kenyatta,Has now arrived from Europe,Jomo came through open gates,Equally, he was our negotiator,The important warrior of today,His song of joy is education,Is Wambu's honor not education?Father, how then shall I find my joy?Brave warriors of today,We drink to Jomo the fearless one,Jomo, friend of all Black people,And Jomo the friend of children.2

Peris Wanjira Gachaũ was eleven years old when she first attended Ngoigo Independent School in 1948. She enjoyed, most of all, singing the songs her teachers taught her and other students concerning the significance of education, stolen Kikuyu land, and the promise of African independence in Kenya. “Our teachers taught us lessons of our history, culture, elders, as well as our future; and we sang in the mornings, in the afternoons, and on our way home from school, everyday.” According to Mrs. Gachaũ, the song Korwo nĩ Ndemi Mathaathi was popular among her classmates and the Kikuyu elders of her community because “everyone understood the importance of education and uhuru.” But this song most likely represented more than education and freedom to the people of Ngoigo. This song also acknowledges the memory of Kikuyu customs, the continuous transformation of Kikuyu tradition to modernity, the changing armature of Kikuyu leadership, and the future negotiation process for communicating with the outside world.
Theology, Ethnography, and the Historicization of Idolatry
Authors: Rubiés Joan Pau
Published: January 2007

Early Christian writers defined idolatry around the monotheistic distinction between proper worship of the creator and vain worship of the creature, which they had inherited from Hellenistic Judaism. Despite the remarkable consensus about the validity of this theological analysis, the medieval synthesis was under severe strain throughout the early modern period, mainly because of the concept's extended range of application in the new contexts of religious controversy. In all these cases, deciding what practices constituted idolatry was open to debate. By the eighteenth century, libertine writers could retain the concept of superstition at the expense of that of idolatry, which Voltaire (himself an anti-Christian deist) denounced as meaningless.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Overlapping Lateral Occipitotemporal Activations Using Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis
Authors: Downing Paul E. , Wiggett Alison J. , Peelen Marius V.
Published: January 2007

Several functional areas are proposed to reside in human lateral occipitotemporal cortex, including the motion-selective human homolog of macaque area MT (hMT), object-form-selective lateral occipital complex (LO), and body-selective extrastriate body area (EBA). Indeed, several functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have reported significant activation overlap among these regions. The standard interpretation of this overlap would be that the common areas of activation reflect engagement of common neural systems. Alternatively, motion, object form, and body form may be processed independently within this general region. To distinguish these possibilities, we first analyzed the lateral occipitotemporal responses to motion, objects, bodies, and body parts with whole-brain group-average analyses and within-subjects functional region of interest (ROI) analyses. The activations elicited by these stimuli, each relative to a matched control, overlapped substantially in the group analysis. When hMT, LO, and EBA were defined functionally within subjects, each ROI in each hemisphere (except right-hemisphere hMT) showed significant selectivity for motion, intact objects, bodies, and body parts, although only the peak voxel of each region was tested. In contrast, multi-voxel analyses of variations in selectivity patterns revealed that visual motion, object form, and the form of the human body elicited three relatively independent patterns of fMRI activity in lateral occipitotemporal cortex. Multi-voxel approaches, in contrast to other methods, can reveal the functional significance of overlapping fMRI activity in extrastriate cortex and, by extension, elsewhere in the brain.
Enthalpies of Solution of Organic Solutes in the Ionic Liquids [Me3BuN][NTf2] and [EMIM][EtSO4]
Authors: Balantseva E. , Lehmann J. K. , Heintz Andreas
Published: January 2007

Partial molar enthalpies of solution of 11 systems [Me3BuN][NTf2] + methanol, + ethanol, + 1-propanol, + 1-butanol, + benzene and [EMIM][EtSO4] + methanol, + ethanol, + 1-propanol, + 1-butanol, + CHCl3, + H2O have been measured at 298.15 K in the mole fraction range 1% to 25% of the solutes using a precision titration calorimeter (Thermal Activity Monitor 2277, Thermometrics). The experimental results have been extrapolated to infinite dilution of the solutes in the ionic liquids. The partial molar enthalpies of solution at infinite dilution H

i,∞

E
obtained by this method have been compared with values derived from the temperature dependence of the activity coefficients at infinite dilution γ
i,∞ which have been obtained by a gaschromatographic technique already published previously. Not for all systems studied agreement has been found within the experimental error limits of both methods indicating thermodynamic consistency of the results.
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy using the lateral focused mini-incision technique without intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring
Authors: Pang T , Stalberg P , Sidhu S , Sywak M , Wilkinson M , Reeve T S , Delbridge L
Published: January 2007

Background

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) involves scan-directed removal of a single adenoma through a 2·0-cm mini-incision without intraoperative monitoring. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcomes of MIP using such a simplified technique.

Methods

The study group comprised 500 consecutive patients undergoing MIP via a lateral mini-incision from August 2000 to September 2005. Levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured after operation solely to aid informed discharge.

Results

Some 97·4 per cent of patients were initially cured by MIP. Eight patients remained hypercalcaemic and a further five were normocalcaemic on the day after surgery but became hypercalcaemic again within 3 months of the procedure. Eleven of these patients were cured with subsequent re-exploration. Analysis of postoperative PTH data indicated that, at best, the use of intraoperative PTH measurement during surgery would have increased the cure rate by only a further 1 per cent. Three (0·6 per cent) of 500 patients had permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after MIP.

Conclusion

MIP performed by the lateral focused mini-incision technique, without the use of intraoperative PTH monitoring, is a safe and effective procedure that results in outcomes equal to those of bilateral neck exploration.
Social experience organizes parallel networks in sensory and limbic forebrain
Authors: Yang Eun‐Jin , Wilczynski Walter
Published: January 2007

Successful social behavior can directly influence an individual's reproductive success. Therefore, many organisms readily modify social behavior based on past experience. The neural changes induced by social experience, however, remain to be fully elucidated. We hypothesize that social modulation of neural systems not only occurs at the level of individual nuclei, but also of functional networks, and their relationships with behavior. We used the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis), which displays stereotyped, visually triggered social behaviors particularly suitable for comparisons of multiple functional networks in a social context, to test whether repeated aggressive interactions modify behavior and metabolic activity in limbic–hypothalamic and sensory forebrain regions, assessed by quantitative cytochrome oxidase (a slowly accumulating endogenous metabolic marker) histochemistry. We found that aggressive interactions potentiate aggressive behavior, induce changes in activities of individual nuclei, and organize context‐specific functional neural networks. Surprisingly, this experiential effect is not only present in a limbic–hypothalamic network, but also extends to a sensory forebrain network directly relevant to the behavioral expression. Our results suggest that social experience modulates organisms' social behavior via modifying sensory and limbic neural systems in parallel both at the levels of individual regions and networks, potentially biasing perceptual as well as limbic processing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
A clinical profile of participants in an online support group
Authors: Darcy Alison M. , Dooley Barbara
Published: January 2007

Objective

To explore the clinical characteristics of users of an online support group for people with eating disorders (EDs).

Method

One hundred and thirty‐eight support group participants were recruited online and completed measures that were specifically adapted for internet administration. These included two subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2); the 26‐item version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT‐26); the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSE).

Results

Participants scored significantly higher than published normative data on all measures. In addition, while the group scored in line with traditional clinical samples, some self‐reported diagnostic groups scored significantly higher on all of the factors.

Discussion

Participants demonstrated a clinical profile, in terms of reported distress, comparable to, and on some measures in excess of, samples diagnosed with an ED. Online support groups may be ideally placed to offer support and information to some people with EDs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Proinflammatory mediators released by activated microglia induces neuronal death in Japanese encephalitis
Authors: Ghoshal Ayan , Das Sulagna , Ghosh Soumya , Mishra Manoj Kumar , Sharma Vivek , Koli Preeti , Sen Ellora , Basu Anirban
Published: January 2007

While a number of studies have documented the importance of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) response to injury, infection and disease, little is known regarding its role in viral encephalitis. We therefore, exploited an experimental model of Japanese Encephalitis, to better understand the role played by microglia in Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection. Lectin staining performed to assess microglial activation indicated a robust increase in reactive microglia following infection. A difference in the topographic distribution of activated, resting, and phagocytic microglia was also observed. The levels of various proinflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2), IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and MCP‐1 that have been implicated in microglial response to an activational state was significantly elevated following infection. These cytokines exhibited region selective expression in the brains of infected animals, with the highest expression observed in the hippocampus. Moreover, the expression of neuronal specific nuclear protein NeuN was markedly downregulated during progressive infection indicating neuronal loss. In vitro studies further confirmed that microglial activation and subsequent release of various proinflammatory mediators induces neuronal death following JEV infection. Although initiation of immune responses by microglial cells is an important protective mechanism in the CNS, unrestrained inflammatory responses may result in irreparable brain damage. Our findings suggest that the increased microglial activation following JEV infection influences the outcome of viral pathogenesis. It is likely that the increased microglial activation triggers bystander damage, as the animals eventually succumb to infection. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene transfer of the CD40‐ligand to human dendritic cells induces NK‐mediated antitumor effects against human carcinoma cells
Authors: Tomihara Kei , Kato Kazunori , Masuta Yukari , Nakamura Kiminori , Tanaka Toshihiro , Hiratsuka Hiroyoshi , Hamada Hirofumi
Published: January 2007

The CD40‐ligand (CD40L) is a key molecule for the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), followed by the induction of DC maturation and cytokine production. Here we found that DC infected with adenovirus vector encoding human CD40L (CD40L‐DC) displayed significantly higher levels of immune accessory molecules and IL‐12 production than did uninfected cells, and that CD40L‐DC produced much higher levels of IFN‐γ. To investigate whether CD40L‐DC‐derived these soluble factors could stimulate NK cells without physical cell‐to‐cell contact, we cocultured NK cells with CD40L‐DC in transwell culture plates. NK cells showed up‐regulated cytotoxic activity toward various squamous oral cell carcinoma (OSC‐70, HSC‐2, HSC‐3), and we determined that both IL‐12 and IFN‐γ contributed to the CD40L‐DC‐mediated NK cell activation. NK cells stimulated with CD40L‐DC resulted in the induction of the cell surface expression of TRAIL, the production of IFN‐γ and intracellular accumulation of granzyme B. The cytotoxic activity of NK cells stimulated with CD40L‐DC could be mostly inhibited by neutralizing antibody for TRAIL and completely abrogated by the combination of antibody and exocytosis inhibitor, indicating that this was mainly mediated by a TRAIL‐TRAIL‐receptor interaction and granule exocytosis. Moreover, CD40L‐DC‐activated NK cells could induce up‐regulation of a death‐receptor TRAIL‐R2 (DR5) and down‐regulation of a decoy receptor TRAIL‐R3 (DcR1) on carcinoma cells. Overall, these results have revealed that CD40L‐DC could activate an innate immune reaction by stimulating NK cells followed by carcinoma cells, supporting that administration of CD40L‐DC may have potential as an anticancer therapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced levels of glutathione and protein glutathiolation in rat tongue epithelium during 4‐NQO‐induced carcinogenesis
Authors: Huang Zhishan , Komninou Despina , Kleinman Wayne , Pinto John T. , Gilhooly Elaine M. , Calcagnotto Ana , Richie John P.
Published: January 2007

High glutathione (GSH) levels are commonly found in oral tumors and are thought to play an important role in tumorigenesis. While posttranslational binding of GSH to cellular proteins (protein glutathiolation) has recently been recognized as an important redox‐sensitive regulatory mechanism, no data currently exist on this process during carcinogenesis. Our goal was to determine the effects of 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide (4‐NQO)‐induced carcinogenesis on tongue levels of protein‐bound and free GSH and related thiols in the rat. Male F‐344 rats (6 weeks of age) were administered either 4‐NQO (20 ppm) in drinking water or tap water alone (controls) for 8 weeks. Twenty‐four weeks after cessation of 4‐NQO, squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue were observed in all rats. The levels of both free and bound GSH in tumors, as well as in adjacent tissues, were 2‐ to 3‐fold greater than in tongue epithelium from control rats (p < 0.05). Prior to tumor formation, at 8 weeks after cessation of 4‐NQO, hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ were observed in 100%, 25% and 12.5% of 4‐NQO‐treated rats, respectively. At this early stage of carcinogenesis, levels of free and bound GSH were increased 50% compared with tongue tissues from control rats (p < 0.05). Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels were also 2‐fold greater in tongue tissues from 4‐NQO treated vs. control rats (p < 0.05). Altogether, these results suggest that protein glutathiolation, together with GSH and GSSG levels, are induced during oral carcinogenesis in the rat possibly as a result of enhanced levels of oxidative stress. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of urinary malondialdehyde to factors that stimulate lipid peroxidation in vivo
Authors: Dhanakoti S. N. , Draper H. H.
Published: January 2007

Malondialdehyde (MDA) derivatives occur as normal constituents of rat and human urine. In a previous study, it was found that MDA excretion in rats is responsive to MDA intake and to certain factors that increase lipid peroxidation in vivo: vitamin E deficiency, iron administration and a high concentration of cod liver oil (CLO) fatty acids in the tissues. In the present study, the effect on MDA excretion of several additional dietary and endogeneous factors was evaluated.

The composition of dietary fatty acids had a major influence on MDA excretion in fed animals, being highest for animals fed n−3 fatty acids (20∶5 and 22∶6) from CLO, intermediate for those fed n−6 (18∶2) acids from corn oil (CO) and lowest for those fed saturated acids from hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO). Diet was the main source of urinary MDA in all groups. Fasting produced a marked increase in urinary MDA, which tended to be higher in rats previously fed CLO. Fasting MDA excretion was not affected by the level of CO in the diet (5, 10 or 15%), indicating that feeding n−6 acids does not increase lipid peroxidation in vivo. Adrenocorticotropic hormone and epinephrine administration increased urinary MDA, further indicating that lipolysis either releases fatty acid peroxides from the tissues or increases the susceptibility of mobilized fatty acids to peroxidation. A decrease in fasting MDA excretion was observed in rats previously fed a high level of antioxidants (vitamin E+BHT+vitamin C) vs a normal level of vitamin E. MDA excretion increased following adriamycin and CCl4 administration. No increase was observed following short‐term feeding of a choline‐methionine‐deficient diet, which has been reported to increase peroxidation of rat liver nuclear lipids.

This study provides further evidience that urinary MDA can serve as a useful indicator of lipid peroxidation in vivo when peroxidation of dietary lipids is precluded.
An improved method for the colorimetric assay of lipase activity using an optically clear medium
Authors: Renard G. , Grimaud J. , El Zanf A. , Pina M. , Gralle J.
Published: January 2007

Lipase activity can be spectrophometrically measured in an optically clear medium using long chain fatty thioesters of 1‐mercapto‐2,3‐propanediol or 2‐mercaptoethanol as substrates. With hexamethylphosphoric triamide solutions of these thiosubstrates, the Michaëlis‐Menten constants of lipase fromRhizopus arrhizus were determined. The effects of calcium chloride and of bovine serum albumin on the enzyme activity were established.
Experimental study on miscible viscous fingering involving viscosity changes induced by variations in chemical species concentrations due to chemical reactions
Authors: NAGATSU YUICHIRO , MATSUDA KENJI , KATO YOSHIHITO , TADA YUTAKA
Published: January 2007

When a reactive and miscible less-viscous liquid displaces a more-viscous liquid in a Hele-Shaw cell, reactive miscible viscous fingering takes place. We succeed in showing experimentally how a reactive miscible viscous fingering pattern in a radial Hele-Shaw cell changes when the viscosity of the more-viscous liquid is varied owing to variation in chemical species concentration induced by an instantaneous chemical reaction. This is done by making use of a polymer solution's dependence of viscosity on pH. When the viscosity is increased by the chemical reaction, the shielding effect is suppressed and the fingers are widened. As a result, the ratio of the area occupied by the fingering pattern in a circle whose radius is the length of the longest finger is larger in the reactive case than in the non-reactive case. When the viscosity is decreased by the chemical reaction, in contrast, the shielding effect is enhanced and the fingers are narrowed. These lead to the area ratio being smaller in the reactive case than in the non-reactive case. A physical model to explain this change in the fingering pattern caused by the chemical reaction is proposed.
Paul Oliver: a selective bibliography, 1952–2005
Authors: FORD ROB
Published: January 2007

This selective listing concentrates on Paul Oliver's writings on music – therefore, references to books and articles on architecture have been omitted. For reasons of space, Paul's numerous record, book and concert reviews, published in journals such as Jazz Monthly, Audio & Record Review, Melody Maker, and Blues Unlimited, have not been included. For similar reasons, I have chosen not to include the many entries Paul contributed to the following encyclopedias: Jazz on Record: A Critical Guide to the First 50 Years, 1917–1967, ed. A. McCarthy, A. Morgan, M. Harrison and P. Oliver (London, Hanover, 1968); The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. S. Sadie (London, Macmillan, 1980); and The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, ed. B. Kernfeld (London, Macmillan, 1994). However, I have included entries from The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, as examples of Paul's more recent writing. Also omitted are details of the radio programmes made for the BBC from the mid 1950s to the late 1990s.

Thank you to Paul for his help with this bibliography.
Protein and Cellular Engineering with Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Liao Jiayu
Published: January 2007

Proteins are the central functional constituents in all living organisms ranging from viruses, bacteria, yeast, and plants to mammals. All of these biopolymers that are formed by natural biosynthetic pathways are composed of a genetically determined sequence of the 20 so‐called natural amino acids. The physical and chemical properties of proteins are a reflection of the side chains of each of the component amino acids. However, for some purposes it would be very desireable to have amino acids with side chains of various selected physical chemical properties, such as a keto group, a crosslinker, or a NMR probe group, incorporated into the protein. Although chemical and biochemical methods for modifying amino acid moieties in proteins have been achieved, recent successes in incorporating unnatural amino acids in vivo open entirely new avenues for determining protein functions in vivo and for the creation of unnatural proteins with novel functionalities. Several examples by employing the novel activity of unnatural amino acids have shown significant roles in both basic research and biotechnology.
Evidence for early warming and cooling in North Atlantic surface waters during the last interglacial
Authors: Bauch Henning A. , Kandiano Evguenia S.
Published: January 2007

In‐depth analysis of planktic foraminiferal census data paired with δ18O records of specific indicator species provides new insight into the surface ocean evolution of the northeast Atlantic during the previous interglacial warm period (oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5e). Full interglacial conditions existed at the study site for a maximum of only 8 kyr, between 125 and 117 ka. Highest sea surface temperatures (SSTs) occurred during early OIS 5e concomitant with high summer insolation but after the main phase of ice sheet melting of the preceding glaciation (Saalian). This early peak SST interval is marked by the appearance of tropical‐subtropical species and lasted for 4 kyr until 121 ka, as corroborated by a major change in planktic δ18O. Relative stability in global ice volume continued for another 3–4 kyr before SSTs dropped further toward the next stadial. During early OIS 5e the situation of the surface water vertical structure appears to have been different from the early Holocene. For OIS 5e it is therefore suggested that the particular melting history of late Saalian ice had a long‐lasting and profound effect on both postdeglacial surface water mass configuration in the North Atlantic and heat‐moisture transfer into Europe.
The Application and Adaptation of a Diffusion of Innovation Framework for Information Systems Research in NHS General Medical Practice
Authors: Wainwright David W , Waring Teresa S
Published: January 2007

This paper proposes an adapted diffusion of innovation (DOI) framework that may be considered relevant and useful to researchers undertaking studies of information systems innovations in healthcare organizations. A particular focus concerns problems and issues associated with professional cultures and powerful organizational control structures. A review of four empirical DOI studies are undertaken to identify candidate frameworks for the retrospective analysis of a pilot study conducted across General Medical Practices based within a Primary Care Trust in the north east of England. A research approach, based on phenomenology, semi-structured interviews and template analysis is adopted in order to conduct and provide a rich analysis of the data. The findings are discussed using the modified DOI framework. Discussion and conclusions relate to the extended use of the DOI framework, its further development and how it may be used to understand how ICT innovation is politically constrained, perceived and motivated within healthcare environments
Effect of Si-spacer thickness on optical properties of multistacked Ge quantum dots grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Park C. J. , Yang W.-C. , Cho H. Y. , Kim Min Choul , Kim Sung , Choi Suk-Ho
Published: January 2007

Multistacked Ge quantum dots (QDs) with Si spacers of different thicknesses have been grown on (100) Si wafer by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition and characterized by photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images demonstrate that the Ge QDs are vertically ordered and fully contrasted with the Si spacer. Two major PL emission bands observed from the QDs are attributed to their no-phonon (NP) and transverse-optical phonon replica and are redshifted with increasing the Si-spacer thickness (d). As the temperature increases, the NP PL peak is redshifted when d is ≤59 nm, but it is blueshifted when d is ≥76 nm. As d decreases, two Raman peaks of Ge-Ge and Si-Ge modes are shifted to lower frequency, while the peaks of Si-Si modes at 416 and 520 cm−1 remain almost unchanged. It is suggested that these optical properties are strongly related with the correlation between the QDs and the Ge-Si intermixing.
Local retarding field for ions towards a positively biased substrate in plasma and its application to soft ion-bombardment processing
Authors: Teii Kungen , Matsumoto Seiichiro
Published: January 2007

A potential rise acting as a local retarding field for drifting ions has been observed in front of a positively biased electron-absorbing substrate in a downstream, electron cyclotron resonance plasma. Increasing positive substrate bias shifted the plasma potential upward and decreased the sheath potential to a certain minimum (5–13V) depending upon pressure (0.7–5mTorr), to satisfy a current balance between the substrate holder and the surrounding wall. For the minimal sheath potential, the incident ion flux to the substrate was shown to decrease with increasing bias due to prevention of ion arrival by the retarding field. Soft ion bombardment at the minimal sheath potential in a hydrogen plasma was then used to etch silicon wafer surfaces as in vacuo pretreatment for nanocrystalline diamond deposition. The highest diamond particle density of the order of 107cm−2 was finally obtained on a clean and smooth surface with minimal damage formed by low energy (≃10eV), high flux ion irradiation.
Liquid-vapor transition of systems with mean field universality class
Authors: Pauschenwein Gernot J. , Caillol Jean-Michel , Levesque Dominique , Weis Jean-Jacques , Schöll-Paschinger Elisabeth , Kahl Gerhard
Published: January 2007

We have considered a system where the interaction, v(r)=vIS(r)+ξ2vMF(r), is given as a linear combination of two potentials, each of which being characterized with a well-defined critical behavior: for vIS(r) we have chosen the potential of the restricted primitive model which is known to belong to the three-dimensional Ising universality class, while for vMF(r) we have considered a long-range interaction in the Kac [J. Math. Phys. 4, 216 (1963)] limit, displaying mean field (MF) behavior. We study the performance of two theoretical approaches and of computer simulations in the critical region for this particular system and give a detailed comparison between theories and simulation of the critical region and the location of the critical point. Having shown by theoretical arguments that the system belongs to the MF universality class for any positive value of ξ and shows nonclassical behavior only for ξ=0, we examine to which extent theoretical approximations and simulation can reproduce this behavior. While in this limiting case theoretical approaches are known to fail, we find good agreement for the critical properties between the theoretical approaches and the simulations for ξ2 larger than 0.05.
Improved dissipative particle dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers
Authors: Gao Lianghui , Shillcock Julian , Lipowsky Reinhard
Published: January 2007

The authors introduce a new parameterization for the dissipative particle dynamics simulations of lipid bilayers. In this parameterization, the conservative pairwise forces between beads of the same type in two different hydrophobic chains are chosen to be less repulsive than the water-water interaction, but the intrachain bead interactions are the same as the water-water interaction. For a certain range of parameters, the new bilayer can only be stretched up to 30% before it ruptures. Membrane tension, density profiles, and the in-plane lipid diffusion coefficient of the new bilayer are discussed in detail. They find two kinds of finite size effects that influence the membrane tension: lateral finite size effects, for which larger membranes rupture at a smaller stretch, and transverse finite size effects, for which tensionless bilayers are more compact in larger systems. These finite size effects become rather small when the simulation box is sufficiently large.
Intense visible photoluminescence in Ba(Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 thin films
Authors: Cavalcante L. S. , Gurgel M. F. C. , Simões A. Z. , Longo E. , Varela J. A. , Joya M. R. , Pizani P. S.
Published: January 2007

Photoluminescence at room temperature in Ba(Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 thin films was explained by the degree of structural order-disorder. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and first principles quantum mechanical measurements were performed. The film annealed at 400°C for 4h presents intense visible photoluminescence behavior at room temperature. The increase of temperature and annealing time creates [ZrO6]–[TiO6] clusters in the lattice leading to the trapping of electrons and holes. Thus, [ZrO5]–[TiO6]∕[ZrO6]–[TiO6] clusters were the main reason for the photoluminescence behavior.
Exchange bias tuned by cooling field in phase separated Y0.2Ca0.8MnO3
Authors: Qian T. , Li G. , Zhang T. , Zhou T. F. , Xiang X. Q. , Kang X. W. , Li X. G.
Published: January 2007

The effect of cooling field HFC on the exchange bias field HEB in a spontaneous lamellar ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic phase separated Y0.2Ca0.8MnO3 has been studied. It is found that with increasing HFC from 1to6T the value of HEB decreases by 37% at 2K and is inversely proportional to the ferromagnetic layer thickness tFM. This suggests that the tuning of HEB by HFC in Y0.2Ca0.8MnO3 arises from the variation of tFM with HFC. This phenomenon is essentially different from other types of magnetic tunings.
Energy level alignment between 9-phosphonoanthracene self-assembled monolayers and pentacene
Authors: Hill I. G. , Hwang J. , Kahn A. , Huang C. , McDermott J. E. , Schwartz J.
Published: January 2007

The alignment of molecular energy levels between a self-assembled monolayer of 9-phosphonoanthracene formed on silicon dioxide and pentacene has been studied using photoelectron spectroscopies. The semiconducting band gap of pentacene was found to be nested within that of the monolayer, resulting in a 1.3±0.1eV barrier for hole injection from pentacene into the monolayer. The corresponding barrier to electrons, estimated from the adiabatic highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps of anthracene and pentacene, is 0.3±0.2eV. Thus, the monolayer presents a significant energetic barrier to hole injection from a pentacene overlayer, but only a small to moderate barrier to electrons.
Structural insights into the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex
Authors: Pye Valerie E. , Beuron Fabienne , Keetch Catherine A. , McKeown Ciaran , Robinson Carol V. , Meyer Hemmo H. , Zhang Xiaodong , Freemont Paul S.
Published: January 2007

p97/VCP (Cdc48 in yeast) is an essential and abundant member of the AAA+ family of ATPases and is involved in a number of diverse cellular pathways through interactions with different adaptor proteins. The two most characterized adaptors for p97 are p47 and the Ufd1 (ubiquitin fusion degradation 1)-Npl4 (nuclear protein localization 4) complex. p47 directs p97 to membrane fusion events and has been shown to be involved in protein degradation. The Ufd1-Npl4 complex directs p97 to an essential role in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and an important role in mitotic spindle disassembly postmitosis. Here we describe the structural features of the Ufd1-Npl4 complex and its interaction with p97 with the aid of EM and other biophysical techniques. The Ufd1-Npl4 heterodimer has an elongated bilobed structure that is ≈80 × 30 Å in dimension. One Ufd1-Npl4 heterodimer is shown to interact with one p97 hexamer to form the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex. The Ufd1-Npl4 heterodimer emanates from one region on the periphery of the N-D1 plane of the p97 hexamer. Intriguingly, the p97-p47 and the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complexes are significantly different in stoichiometry, symmetry, and quaternary arrangement, reflecting their specific actions and their ability to interact with additional cofactors that cooperate with p97 in diverse cellular pathways.
Increasing Incidence of Sterile-Site Infections Due to Non-Multidrug-Resistant, Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Schramm Garrett E. , Johnson Jennifer A. , Doherty Joshua A. , Micek Scott T. , Kollef Marin H.
Published: January 2007

The incidence of community-associated, healthcare-associated, and hospital-acquired sterile-site infections due to methicillin-re-sistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and the susceptibility of the isolates to non-β-lactam antibiotics were evaluated for 549 hospitalized patients during a 3-year period. The incidence of community-associated MRSA infection increased significantly. The annual percentage of MRSA isolates from cases of healthcare-associated and hospital-acquired infection that were susceptible to 3 or more non-β-lactam antibiotics increased significantly.
The Effect of the Interaction of Forest and Site on Present-day Timber Production Methods
Authors: MALCOLM D. C.
Published: January 2007

The main site types under forest in Britain are defined by broad soil types. The interactions between the forest and site in relation to rotation length, silvicultural system, and stand composition are briefly considered. Finally the possibility of site amelioration is mentioned.
A Crisis of Legitimacy for the UN Collective Security System?
Authors: Gray Christine
Published: January 2007

The role of the UN and the legitimacy of its collective security system have been seriously challenged in recent years. First, because of the Security Council.s failure to act in cases of genocide or other humanitarian disaster. There has been much criticism of the limited and delayed response of the Security Council to events in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda, somewhat unfairly in so far as it was the lack of political will on the part of the Member States rather than any institutional failure that was responsible for the failure to act. Secondly, the UN's central role in collective security has been undermined by unilateral use of force by States. After the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 the UN was sidelined with regard to the forcible response against Afghanistan: inOperation Enduring Freedomthe USA preferred not to act through the UN or even through NATO. Subsequently, theUS National Security Strategy(September 2002) famously made no mention of the UN as a means of addressing perceived new threats from global terrorists. Most seriously, the USOperation Iraqi Freedomin 2003 was undertaken unilaterally, that is, without express Security Council authorization.1This was often portrayed as a crisis of legitimacy for the UN as much as for the USA and the States which participated in the invasion. As the Deputy Secretary-General put it recently:
A Potential Portal Flow in the Inner Ear
Authors: Friis Morten , Qvortrup Klaus
Published: January 2007

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of the present study was to visualize the flow direction of blood in the extraosseous part of the vein of the vestibular aqueduct (VVA) and to explore the effect of an induced obstruction in the distal part of the VVA before it merges with the sigmoid sinus. The endolymphatic sac has been implicated as a potential endocrine gland, which venules drain to the VVA. A reversal of the direction of flow in the VVA toward the inner ear could, through vestibular arteriovenous anastomosis, cause portal circulation in the inner ear.

Study Design: The authors conducted an experimental animal study using in vivo fluorescence microscopy.

Results: Obstructing the distal part of the VVA just before it empties into the sigmoid sinus immediately reverses the flow of blood in the VVA toward the inner ear.

Conclusions: After an obstruction of the VVA, the drained venous blood from the endolymphatic sac may enter a portal circulation in the inner ear, which could cause disturbances in the endolymph homeostasis and potentially symptoms as seen in Meniere disease.
Immunomodulators, sFas and Fas‐L as potential noninvasive predictors of IFN treatment in patients with HCV genotype‐4
Authors: Zekri A. R. N. , Haleem H. A. , Esmat G. E. ‐D. , Bahnassy A. A. , El‐Din H. M. A. , Hafez M. M. , Sharaby A. F. , Sharaf H. , Zakaria M. S. E.‐D.
Published: January 2007

Summary.  Recent studies have indicated that cytokines can be used as markers for disease progression in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients, therefore this study was conducted to determine the influence of pegylated IFN vs standard IFN on interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R), IL‐6R, IL‐8, TNFR‐I, TNFR‐II, sFas, and sFas‐L in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4, as no previous studies have been performed on this genotype. We also aim at establishing a possible relationship between these cytokines and the response to INF to determine whether they can be used as noninvasive markers for the response to INF therapy and as monitors for the outcome of treatment. Thirty‐eight patients with chronic HCV hepatitis were investigated for the serum levels of the previously mentioned cytokines in a randomized opened controlled trial (22 patients treated with pegylated IFN and 16 patients treated with standard IFN). Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA at 0, 1 and 12 months of IFN therapy. There was marked increase in the serum levels of IL‐2R and IL‐6R in nonresponders to pegylated interferon, IL‐8, TNFR‐I and II were significantly higher in nonresponders to standard interferon but were also high in responders of pegylated interferon. sFas and sFas‐L showed high levels among responders to pegylated interferon but the standard interferon was again less effective in this regard. Serum levels of TNFR‐II, sFas and sFas‐L have the potential to be used as serological markers for response to pegylated IFN therapy, and IL‐8 is a predictor for nonresponse. Moreover, TNFR‐I and II have the potential to be used as markers of response to standard IFN treatment. The persistent correlation between sFas and TNFR‐II may elaborate the possible role of pegylated IFN in the induction of apoptosis as a possible new mechanism of viral clearance during treatment with pegylated interferon treatment.
Somatic hypermutation and mRNA expression levels of the BCL‐6 gene in patients with hepatitis C virus‐associated lymphoproliferative diseases*
Authors: Hofmann W. P. , Fernandez B. , Herrmann E. , Welsch C. , Mihm U. , Kronenberger B. , Feldmann G. , Spengler U. , Zeuzem S. , Sarrazin C.
Published: January 2007

Summary.  Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) and B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (B‐NHL). Aberrant somatic hypermutation and deregulation of the oncogene BCL‐6 is associated with lymphomagenesis. Recently, HCV was shown to induce BCL‐6 mutations in vitro. The BCL‐6 gene (area B) was cloned and sequenced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 21 chronically HCV‐infected patients with or without MC and B‐NHL, and six healthy controls. Mutational frequencies, genetic complexity and diversity were calculated. BCL‐6 mRNA from PBMC was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and additional sustained virologic responders to antiviral therapy and HBV patients served as controls. The overall/recurrent mutational frequencies tended to be lower in MC and B‐NHL patients when compared with controls (P = 0.15 and 0.06, respectively). Genetic complexity was significantly lower in MC and B‐NHL patients (P = 0.025). BCL‐6 mRNA concentration was decreased in all HCV patients when compared with healthy controls, sustained virologic responder and HBV patients (P = 0.005). Although HCV can induce BCL‐6 mutations in vitro, lower mutational frequencies and decreased BCL‐6 mRNA expression in vivo suggest no major role of aberrant somatic hypermutation in HCV‐associated MC and B‐NHL.
A sirtuin in the African trypanosome is involved in both DNA repair and telomeric gene silencing but is not required for antigenic variation
Authors: Alsford Sam , Kawahara Taemi , Isamah Cyril , Horn David
Published: January 2007

Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2)‐related proteins or sirtuins function as NAD+‐dependent deacetylases or ADP ribosylases that target a range of substrates, thereby influencing chromatin structure and a diverse range of other biological functions. Genes encoding three Sir2‐related proteins (SIR2rp1–3) have been identified in the parasitic trypanosomatids, early branching protozoa with no previously reported transcriptional silencing machinery. Here we show that, in the mammalian‐infective bloodstream‐stage of the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, SIR2rp1 localizes to the nucleus while SIR2rp2 and SIR2rp3 are both mitochondrial proteins. The nuclear protein, SIR2rp1, controls DNA repair and repression of RNA polymerase I‐mediated expression immediately adjacent to telomeres. Antigenic variation, however, which involves the silencing and Pol I‐mediated transcriptional switching of subtelomeric variant surface glycoprotein genes, continues to operate independent of SIR2rp1.
A direct estimate of JIc from the load versus load‐line displacement record
Authors: PEHRSON B. P. , LANDES J. D.
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the current standard fracture toughness test procedure to determine if there could be an easier method to get a JIc value from the test record. The current method for determining JIc involves a detailed computational and construction procedure. The objective in this study is to simplify the analysis for the determination of JIc.

The results of this study show that the load and displacement record for a fracture toughness test can be used to directly estimate a JQ value, a provisional value for fracture toughness, JIc. The J value taken at the maximum load point can be used along with an adjustment factor to estimate a JQ value. This JQ estimate is close to the one obtained from the construction procedure of ASTM Standard E 1820. When a unit‐sized specimen is tested, that is, a specimen with a width of 50 mm and a thickness of 25 mm the maximum load point provides a direct estimate of JQ. Other sizes require a size adjustment factor, which is simply a square root relationship between the width of the test specimen and a unit width. The proposed new method of estimating JQ is simple in concept and requires a minimum number of calculations. It appears to produce values of JQ which are comparable to those obtained from the ASTM E1820 construction procedure and may produce less scatter.
Ischaemia: a pathogenetic clue in diversion colitis?
Authors: Villanacci V. , Talbot I. C. , Rossi E. , Bassotti G.
Published: January 2007

Objective   It is not common that, after diversion of the faecal stream by a colostomy, the defunctioned colon develops colitis. The pathogenesis of this colitis is still unclear and it has been proposed that ischaemia may play a major role. Our aim is to look for signs of ischaemia in a group of patients developing colitis after diversion colostomy for various causes.

Method   Surgical specimens from 32 patients resected for colitis developed after diverting colostomy were examined with routine (haematoxylin–eosin) and Elastic‐Van Gieson and Perls’ stains.

Results   The histological features related to mucosal crypt architecture, crypt epithelium and inflammation were mild, non specific or related to the underlying disease. Fibrosis was present in 21 (65.6%) patients, superficial coagulative necrosis was found in 18 (56%) patients, splitting and/or thickening of muscularis mucosae was present in 20 (62%) patients. The vessels were substantially normal or ectasic without thrombi or alterations in the wall. Evident ischaemia with coagulative necrosis, submucosal oedema and focal fibrosis was detected in only two (6%) patients and an intermediate picture between acute and chronic ischaemia was present in 16 (50%) patients.

Conclusion   It is possible that ischaemia plays some role in the pathogenesis of diversion colitis; however, further studies are needed to firmly establish its role.