bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood obesity – the need to implement an obesity prevention programme
Authors:   Department of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, name of Captain Witold Pilecki State University of Małopolska in Oświęcim, Oświęcim, Poland, Kocięba-Łaciak Anita
Published: September 2022

Obesity is a chronic disease that can lead to medical and psychological complications, including cardiovascular diseases, impaired glucose tolerance, chronic inflammations and visceral fatness. Obesity and sedentary lifestyle affect the morphology of osteochondral structures and the growth plate, leading to serious orthopaedic consequences. The stigma of obese children also increases the rates of anxiety disorders, depression and learning disabilities in the paediatric population. The COVID-19 pandemic has enforced the introduction of isolation rules, changing the living conditions of society. Working and studying remotely and keeping social contacts to a minimum resulted in a lower intensity of physical activity and altered eating habits, which significantly contributed to further weight gain in overweight and obese children. In the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus infection, organic changes associated with obesity may increase the risk of thromboembolism, reduce the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys and increase the inflammatory response of the body, which may consequently lead to invasive mechanical ventilation. Previous studies on obesity in children have shown that a high inflammatory index increases the risk of long-term complications in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and reduces the chances of a quick recovery. It is necessary to make the society aware of the extent of health complications of childhood obesity, introduce social education on the principles of nutrition, and facilitate access to holistic treatment for obesity. All tasks in the field of obesity prevention and treatment have been developed as part of the prevention programme.
Rational phytotherapy as an alternative treatment for acute respiratory tract infections
Authors:   Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland, Zwolińska Danuta
Published: September 2022

Acute respiratory tract infections in children are the most common reason for primary care appointments. Although the vast majority of cases are viral, antibiotic therapy, which involves more risks than benefits in these patients, is still overused, contributing to antibiotic resistance and adverse effects. Almost all recommendations indicate avoiding such approach and use symptomatic treatment supplemented with plant-based formulations instead. There is abundance of different medicinal plants that contain compounds with proven antiviral, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, which effectively support the combat against respiratory infections, especially if combined in one product (synergism). Contemporary rational phytotherapy assumes a scientific approach to plant-derived formulations, and it should be emphasised that the registration of herbal medicines is subject to the same restrictions as in the case of synthetic drugs. The paper discusses the composition and activity of compounds contained in medicinal plants and their role in the treatment of respiratory tract infections, with main focus on Pelargonium sidoides and elderberry, the properties of which have so far been the most thoroughly investigated and described. Their efficacy and safety in different forms of respiratory tract infections were discussed, showing that the use of products based on these plants significantly reduces disease duration and severity of clinical symptoms, as well as the need to use other agents, including antibiotics. The reasons for the use of Pelargonium sidoides preparations in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 were also presented.
Peculiarities of changes in the cardiovascular system in the course of sepsis in newborns
Authors:   Department of Paediatrics and Children Infectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Kretsu Natalia , Koloskova Olena ,   Department of Paediatrics and Children Infectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine, Bilous Tetiana ,   Department of Paediatrics and Children Infectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
Published: September 2022

The issues of early diagnostics of cardiovascular disorders in neonates with sepsis using up-to-date methods of examination are relevant today and will remain so in the future. They can be used as screening methods with the purpose to verify the possible development of cardiovascular dysfunction. Aim of the study: The study aimed to investigate the peculiarities of possible changes in the cardiovascular system and physiological electrical heart activity in neonates with signs of generalised infectious-inflammatory process, and to assess possible diagnostic methods and use of electrocardiography to verify cardiovascular disorders in newborns with neonatal sepsis. Materials and methods: To achieve the study objective, we followed up a total of 69 neonates with signs of generalised infectious-inflammatory process. Group I (32 patients – 46.4%) included neonates with a term of gestation of 37–42 weeks, and group II included 37 preterm neonates (53.6%) with a term of gestation under 36 weeks inclusive. Results: Generalised infectious-inflammatory process during the neonatal period of term infants is accompanied by electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular overload associated with the female sex (r = 0.30), delivery by cesarean section (r = 0.27), and assessment of neonatal condition by a 5-minute Apgar score (r = −0.33). The study demonstrates that increased values of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the blood plasma both in the term and preterm neonates are associated with left ventricular overload among the former, and the right ventricular overload among the latter, that is, preterm neonates. Conclusions: Increased values of lactate dehydrogenase activity in the blood serum of both term and preterm neonates are associated with left ventricular overload in term neonates, while right ventricular overload in preterm infants thus can be considered as a marker of cardiovascular dysfunction caused by neonatal sepsis, especially in the subpopulation of term patients considering its diagnostic value. Changes found in electrophysiological heart activity promote the necessity of routine use of electrocardiography in neonates with signs of the septic process.
Difficulties in the surgical treatment of patients with cystinuria – a case report
Authors:   Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.  Head of the Department: Beata Jurkiewicz, MD, PhD, professor at the Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Jurkiewicz Beata , Samotyjek Joanna ,   Department of Paediatric Surgery and Paediatric Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.  Head of the Department: Beata Jurkiewicz, MD, PhD, professor at the Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education
Published: September 2022

Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder. Two genes responsible for cystinuria have been identified: SLC3A1 (chromosome 2p21) and SL7A9 (chromosome 19q12). Their mutations cause high clinical variability in the course of the disorder. Over the past 10 years, an increase in the prevalence of cystinuria has been observed, which is now approximately 1:7,000 newborns. Similarly to cystic fibrosis, it is one of the most common diseases with this pattern of inheritance. Its clinical picture usually includes active stone formation (at least twice a year) and short periods of remission. Cystinuria relatively quickly leads to chronic renal failure. Patients with this disorder require constant supervision as well as monitoring of treatment outcomes. This paper presents a case of a 17-year-old boy diagnosed with cystinuria at the age of 3 months, when first bilateral pelvicalyceal stones were found on ultrasound. Immediately after the diagnosis, fluid supply was increased, treatment with captopril and a mixture of citrates (Shohl’s solution) was initiated, which in later years was switched to potassium citrate/tiopronin. The implemented conservative treatment and constant nephrological care failed to prevent relapses in the patient. The boy underwent a total of 40 surgical interventions, including minimally invasive endoscopic procedures (extracorporeal lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, ureteroscopic lithotripsy, retrograde intrarenal surgery) and three open surgeries to completely remove kidney stones.
Nocturnal enuresis secondary to hyperthyroidism – case report and literature review
Authors:   Students’ Scientific Association at the Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland, Bik Martyna , Krzyżak Katarzyna ,   Students’ Scientific Association at the Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland, Mróz Magdalena ,   Students’ Scientific Association at the Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland, Woźny Hanna ,   Students’ Scientific Association at the Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland, Trembecka-Dubel Elżbieta ,   Department of Paediatric Nephrology with Dialysis Division for Children, Public Clinical Hospital No. 1, Zabrze, Poland, Ziora Katarzyna ,   Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland, Szczepańska Maria ,   Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
Published: September 2022

Nocturnal enuresis is a problem which affects a significant number of children in the developmental period. The diagnostic work-up should be completed if the condition does not resolve after five years of age or in older children who experience a recurrence of nocturnal enuresis. This case report presents a 12-year-old boy with nocturnal enuresis secondary to hyperthyroidism. In many cases, nocturnal enuresis is linked to emotional disorders (like school or family problems), but increasingly the condition is rather a consequence than the reason. Currently, nocturnal polyuria, inadequate capacity of the urinary bladder and functional urinary tract disorders are considered to be the most common causes of nocturnal enuresis. It happens, however, that the background of bedwetting is more complex and the diagnosis is not so obvious.
A rare case of complex ventricular arrhythmia and heart failure in a 15.5-year-old athlete
Authors:   Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland, Szydłowska Anna , Gruszczyńska Katarzyna ,   Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland, Olczak Zbigniew ,   Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Independent Public Clinical Hospital no. 6, Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland, Moric-Janiszewska Ewa ,   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland, Szydłowski Andrzej ,   Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Upper Silesian Child Health Centre, Katowice, Poland
Published: September 2022

A 15.5-year-old boy, an athlete, reported to his general practitioner due to episodes of chest pain during exercise, weakness and a feeling of irregular heartbeat that had been occurring for a month. He reported episodes of fainting in the past. Physical examination revealed arrhythmia and the patient was referred for a cardiological consultation, and then admitted to a reference cardiology department for extended cardiac diagnosis. Approximately 66,000/day (49.8%) of premature ventricular beats were recorded in 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram, including episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular systolic dysfunction with a decrease in its ejection fraction to 51.5%. Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart was performed, which showed foci of late post-contrast enhancement, located subepicardialy in the side wall of the left ventricle, corresponding to post-inflammatory changes in the myocardium. Left and right ventricular ejection fraction on magnetic resonance imaging were 48% and 46%, respectively. Pharmacological treatment included a beta-blocker (metoprolol), propafenone and an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril). During the treatment, ventricular arrhythmia subsided almost completely, a gradual improvement in left ventricular systolic function was observed, and the patient was relieved of pain. The boy was discharged home with a recommendation to continue pharmacological treatment, lead a sparing lifestyle, and postpone practicing sports. At present, the boy’s general condition is good, he does not report any complaints, takes medications regularly, and does sports only for recreation. A follow-up Holter showed only single premature ventricular beats, while echocardiography showed an improved left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction 63%), which is a good prognostic indicator.
A case of unexpected cheek swelling
Authors:   Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tuanku Ja’afar, Jalan Rasah, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, Musa Nur Syareena , Saniasiaya Jeyasakthy ,   Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Abdul Gani Norhaslinda ,   Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Tuanku Ja’afar, Jalan Rasah, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Published: September 2022

Aim of the study: The aim of this case presentation is to emphasise the importance of meticulous history-taking and physical examination, and increase the awareness of various possibilities for the diagnosis and management of patients with unilateral cheek swelling. Maxillary mucocele is a rare benign cystic lesion of paranasal sinuses. It may be associated with varying symptoms, and patients commonly present with compression symptoms during their first visit, as the maxillary sinus is adjacent to vital structures, notably the orbit and skull base. Case report: Herein, we present the case of a middle-aged man who presented with painless unilateral cheek swelling that turned out to be maxillary mucocele. Conclusions: Presentation of maxillary mucocele often mimics cancerous lesion types. Thorough assessment and proper imaging help to guide otorhinolaryngologists towards making an accurate diagnosis and initiating prompt management.
Géza Alföldy and the study of Roman religion
Authors: Szabó Csaba , García Gustavo Alberto Vivas
Published: September 2022

Géza Alföldy (1935–2011) is considered as one of the most important epigraphists and historians of the Roman civilization of the late 20th century, known also as “Mommsen of our ages”. His contribution is indispensable not only for the discipline of Roman epigraphy and social history, but also for the study of Roman religion. His intellectual roots in Hungary and the influence of the Hungarian scholarly tradition of the 1950’s marked his interest in the study of Roman religion for a long period. In this study, the authors discuss the formation of Géza Alföldy and his contribution to the discipline through a wider academic and socio-historical context.
A negative career shock and career capital: The perspective of sports clubs personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Nessel Karolina
Published: September 2022

This study explored the impact of the COVID-19 career shock to career capital among sports clubs personnel. With this aim, an explanatory mixed-method research was undertaken based on data gathered via a survey among the personnel of sports clubs in Poland (N = 226). The quantitative stage of data analysis (a multivariate analysis of covariance) determined the scale of the changes in career capital and its elements (knowing-how, knowing-why, knowing-whom) across different respondent groups, while the subsequent thematic analysis of the data gathered through open questions explored the sources of these changes. The results show that the shock had a positive impact mainly on knowing-how, and a lesser one on knowing-why, while it was neutral for knowing-whom. Nevertheless, there is an important heterogeneity of the experiences among sports club personnel, even when accounting for the differences in the way that COVID-19 impacted their clubs. By exploring the consequences of a career shock to career capital, this study contributes to career construction theory.
Reasonable expectations for replications of psychedelic-assisted therapy: The case for prediction intervals rather than P-values
Authors: Earleywine Mitch , Kamilar-Britt Philip
Published: September 2022

Psychedelic compounds hold promise for alleviating human suffering. Initial trials of psychedelic-assisted treatments have established feasibility and safety, generating calls for replications. Meanwhile, social and medical sciences have drawn criticism due to perceptions of replication failures and varying public trust in empiricism. Data suggest that researchers and the public frequently misunderstand some of the statistical issues associated with replication, potentially leading to unrealistic expectations of treatment effects. Promoting discourse on what constitutes sufficient replication is especially warranted considering the ongoing progression of multi-site phase II and III clinical trials. Here, we review recent and classic work on prediction intervals and power analysis to reveal that trials of psychedelic-assisted therapy that emphasize statistical significance will likely include failures to replicate, especially if sample sizes do not increase dramatically. The field and the public should expect some failed replication attempts based on sampling variability alone. Continued emphasis on statistical significance will require markedly larger samples than those used in clinical trials to date, necessitating substantially greater resources. An alternative approach focused on prediction intervals has distinct advantages. We focus on a recent trial of MDMA-assisted therapy for PTSD to show that, based on prediction intervals, reasonable replications are well within reach. A lack of attention to these statistical issues could unnecessarily prompt widespread dismissal of these therapies before the intervention receives adequate investigation and a fair assessment. In contrast, realistic expectations and appropriate planning could help ensure that these treatments receive the opportunity to help those most in need.
MEMBANGUN BRAND LAYANAN KESEHATAN DI INDONESIA DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Indrawan Dani , Lengkong Selly Gloria , Burhan Leni , Rahmawati Layli , Sulistiadi Wahyu
Published: September 2022

Pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia memiliki cakupan variasi yang luas mulai dari yang tradisional, komplementer, hingga yang modern. Fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia belum dapat dikatakan sudah memberikan budaya pelayanan yang prima dan masih perlu dikembangkan lagi agar dapat bersaing dengan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di luar negeri yang dapat mampu mengembangkan pelayanan dan menggabungkan antara layanan rumah sakit dengan paket wisata pasien yang menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi peminatnya. Studi ini merupakan studi literatur untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang membuat masyarakat memilih berobat ke luar negeri sebelum masa pandemi dan faktor masyarakat memilih fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di dalam negeri untuk tempat berobat selama masa pandemi. Pariwisata medis merupakan bentuk pariwisata alternatif yang sedang berkembang dalam dunia akademis dan praktis di industri pariwisata. Indonesia dapat menjadikan pandemi COVID-19 untuk meningkatkan pelayanannya karena memiliki potensi yang cukup baik dalam bidang pariwisata medis. Kondisi pandemi COVID-19 membuat rumah sakit untuk dapat berpikir kreatif dan inovatif untuk melihat tantangan dan ancaman yang ada sebagai peluang dengan mempersiapkan strategi dan formula baru, salah satunya dengan mengoptimalkan peluang pasar rumah sakit yang muncul akibat pandemi COVID-19 dengan membuat riset dan penyusunan strategi pemasaran yang lebih mendalam.
Orthodox Readings of Augustine, edited by George E. Demacopoulos and Aristotle Papanikolaou
Authors: Cleland Jonathan N
Published: September 2022

Orthodox Readings of Augustine, edited by George E. Demacopoulos and Aristotle Papanikolaou. Orthodox Christianity and Contemporary Thought, edited by Aristotle Papanikolaou and Ashley M. Purpura. Fordham University Press, 2020. 314 pp., Pb., $28.00. ISBN-13: 9780823288601
The Garb of Being: Embodiment and the Pursuit of Holiness in Late Ancient Christianity, edited by Georgia Frank, Susan R. Holman and Andrew S. Jacobs
Authors: Weimer Jade
Published: September 2022

The Garb of Being: Embodiment and the Pursuit of Holiness in Late Ancient Christianity, edited by Georgia Frank, Susan R. Holman and Andrew S. Jacobs. Fordham University Press, 2020. 384pp., Hb., $65. ISBN-13: 9780823287024.
Severus of Antioch as Theologian and Ideologist
Authors: Hovorun Cyril
Published: September 2022

This paper explores the figure and theological legacy of Severus of Antioch, a founding father of the Oriental theological tradition. It delves into logical categories, which helped him rationalize Christ’s composition. The study focuses on the categories of common and particular natures, properties, and activities. Severus was engaged in polemics on many fronts: against real and imagined “Nestorianism,” Pope Leo, the council of Chalcedon, neo-Chalcedonians, and opponents from his own anti-Chalcedonian party. Some of his motives for such polemics were theological, and his ideological conservatism underpinned others. Severus seems to be one of the causes of the first great schism in the history of Christianity. Yet many of his own fights and fights against him were against shadows because he, in fact, often believed in the same things as those who fought him believed. His figure can be seen not only as divisive but as containing a potential for ecumenical reconciliation. The study concludes with suggestions about how Severan theological points and policies could contribute to the ongoing dialogue with the Oriental churches.
Inhabitance: Ecological Religious Education, by Jennifer R. Ayres
Authors: Szoller Ben
Published: September 2022

Inhabitance: Ecological Religious Education, by Jennifer R. Ayres. Baylor University Press, 2019. 216pp., 1 b/w illustration. Hb., $44.99. ISBN-13: 9781481311373.
Treatment of Pathological Fracture of Radius due to Multiple Myeloma with Elastic Intramedullary Nail and Cement Augmentation: Expanding the Indications of Elastic Nails
Authors: Ntontis Zisis , Koutserimpas Christos , Chaniotakis Konstantinos , Stavrakakis Ioannis , Samonis George , Alpantaki Kalliopi
Published: September 2022

Pathological fractures of the proximal radius are exceedingly rare. Here, a case of an 81-year-old female diagnosed with multiple myeloma 15 years ago who suffered a pathological fracture of her left proximal radius is presented. Due to the fracture's proximity to the elbow joint and the lack of adjacent healthy bone tissue, a resourceful surgical intervention was implemented using a pediatric flexible nail supplemented by polymethacrylate cement injection. Six weeks post-operatively, the patient had alleviation of the pain with fully functional forearm. This novel approach could possibly aid in the treatment of other long bone pathological fractures due to neoplastic metastases.
The relationship between growth and exports: what if the impact is negative Evidence form Turkey
Authors: Yilmaz Ekrem , Sensoy Fatma
Published: September 2022

Purpose- The effect of economic growth on exports in Turkey and the direction of the relationship have been determined. The data were obtained from the World Bank data system and TUIK (Turkish Official Statistics Institute, 2021 data were obtained from here) and annual data for the period 1961-2021 were used. Analyzed with Auto Regressive Distrubuted Lag Models (ARDL) bounds test approach and Toda&Yamamoto Causality Test.
Methodology- The data set was created using annual data and analyzed in this way. Then Vector Autoregressive Model-VAR was created. Then, Toma&Yamamoto causality test and ARDL were applied. In addition, Breusch-Godfrey Autocorrelation LM Test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Heteroskedasticity Test, unit root test, normality test and CUSUM tests were applied to verify the accuracy of the output.
Findings- It is concluded that there is a long-term relationship between the ARDL Bounds test approach and the variables where economic growth affects exports negatively in the long run, and a 1% increase in economic growth causes a decrease of 1.18 million dollars in exports in Turkey. The error correction term, which is calculated export in the long run, shows that the imbalances that may occur in the short run are corrected in the long run. According to the results of Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis, a causal relationship was found from Growth to Export.
Conclusion- The aim of this article is to find the causal relationship between Growth and Export in Turkey in the widest possible range and with the most up-to-date data and to reveal the extent of the causal relationship between them. As a result, although there is a causal relationship from Growth to Exports, this relationship is negative in the long run. This result has not been included in the Turkish literature before.

Keywords: Economic growth, exports, VAR, Toda&Yamamoto, causality, ARDL
JEL Codes: B41, F14, F43
Understanding the renewal of value creation activities in an environment of technological turbulences
Authors: Dayioglu Mustafa , Kusku Fatma
Published: September 2022

Purpose- In order to survive, enterprises need to adapt their existing capacities and capabilities to changes in the environment, organize to meet the demands of their stakeholders, and develop sustainable competitive strategies. Because of this necessity, enterprises are trying to make innovations in their value creation constructs. The main purpose of this study is to try to understand the renewal of value creation activities, which has a significant impact on business performance, in an environment of technological turbulences that lead to threats or opportunities for enterprises.
Methodology-This study examines value creation activities within the framework of the concepts of collective commitment between employees and organizational performance in the organization, through a model developed based on the findings in the relevant literature. The study was carried out in Turkey, which is trying to update its existing products and services according to the demands of its customers by using advanced technologies instead of improving technology. The data for the study were collected from the organizations that are involved in research and development activities and benefit from government incentives for this by using a questionnaire created originally.
Findings- According to the analysis, regardless of the lines of business, both collective commitment positively affects the renewal of value creation activities of the enterprise and the renewal of value creation activities positively affects the performance of enterprises. Although technological turbulences in the market strengthen the relationship between collective commitment and renewal of value creation activities in labor-intensive lines of business, this effect was not observed in technology-intensive lines of business.
Conclusion- As a result, it is understood that the perception of environmental factors such as technological turbulences as threats or opportunities and the renewal of value creation activities in enterprises are closely related. The findings of this research conducted in Turkey, which is influenced by both eastern and western cultures, will be important both for businesses operating in Turkey and in similar countries trying to get out of the developing country position.

Keywords: Value creation activities, collective commitment, technology-intensive business lines, labor-intensive business lines, emerging countries
JEL Codes: L20, L21, L25
Grass species litter have varied trait response to the photodegradation and microbial decomposition in tropical savanna grasslands, South Africa
Authors: Mmoto L Masubelele , William Bond
Published: September 2022

Purpose of the paper: This paper evaluated the effects of microbial and photodegradation on the ten grass species in a tropical grassland ecosystem in South Africa. Despite continuous necromass accumulation in tropical grasslands, the process that governs how the grass litter gets to the soil has often been ignored. In the absence of fire, abiotic factors and biotic factors are drivers of this process of nutrient cycling. Methods and approaches: A classical litterbag experiment was set up to simulate photodegradation (standing litter) versus microbial (soil surface) decomposition using 10 savanna types of grass from the start of the dry season until the beginning of spring. The rates of photodegradation versus microbial decomposition were compared for tropical savanna grasses and plant traits or predictors of decomposition were also investigated. Main results: The results showed that the grass litter decomposed more rapidly when exposed to the activity of soil microbes at the soil surface (k = 0.0028 ) than when held above ground (k = 0.0018) and subjected to photodegradation only. However, examination of the individual litter species revealed up to 4 fold variation between the slowest (0.0001) and fastest (0.006) decomposing species. Differences in decomposition rates were more pronounced for litter decomposed at the soil surface than held above the soil surface. Multiple linear regression analyses did not resolve clear differences between measures of litter quality as drivers of decomposition in the two treatments. Implications: Photodegradation appeared to be a rate-controlling step during the process of decomposition in tropical savanna grasslands. Therefore grasslands dominated by photodegradation-resistant grasses were likely to need fire to get rid of moribund litter, which may be the reason why mesic grasslands need to burn to recycle nutrients.
城市微生物相調查計畫—採集土壤教學 v1
Authors: Wu Hsin-Mao
Published: September 2022

吳昕懋
Bel Ağrısı Şikayeti ile Başvuran Çocuk Hastaların Spinal Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme Sonuçlarının İncelenmesi
Authors: ERDOGAN Barış , KOLUTEK AY Bilgehan
Published: September 2022

ÖzetAmaç: Çocuk hastalarda bel ağrısı sonuçları itibarı ile ciddi olabilen ve araştırılması gereken bir durumdur. Bu çalışmada çocuk bel ağrılarının etyolojileri incelendi, yaş ve cinsiyet ile ilişkisinin olup olmadığı değerlendirildi.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmada 2021 yılında Şanlıurfa Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon ve Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi polikliniklerine bel ağrısı şikayeti ile başvurup Manyetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG) yapılan 18 yaş altı 228 hasta retrospektif olarak incelendi.Bulgular: Çalışmamıza katılan 228 olgunun yaşları 4 ile 18 arasında değişmekte olup ortalama yaş 12.8±2.5 idi. Olguların %54.8’i erkek olup (n=125), %45.2’si (n=103) kadındı. Olguların 92 tanesinde MRG bulgusu gözlenmezken 136 olguda MRG’de bulguya rastlanmıştır. Olguların %44.7’sinde (n=102) disk patolojisi saptanmış olup, %14.9’unda (n=36) yapısal patoloji saptanmıştır. En sık görülen disk patolojisi bulging olup olguların %32.9’unu (n=75) oluşturmakta idi. Disk patolojisi görülme durumlarına göre olguların cinsiyetleri arasında anlamlı farklılık yoktu (p=0.434). Yaş ile disk patolojisi görülme durumudeğerlendirildiğinde, disk patolojisi olan grubun yaşı olmayana göre anlamlı olarak yüksekti (p<0.001). Olgularda en sık görülen yapısal patoloji skolyoz olup, cinsiyetler arasında anlamlı farklılık yoktu (p=0.083).Sonuç: Çocuk ve adolesan bel ağrıları ile karşılaşıldığında hasta ayrıntılı değerlendirilmeli, nonspesifik kas spazmına bağlı bel ağrıları olabileceği gibi MRG ile tanısı konabilen disk hastalıkları, skolyoz, listezis, neoplazm, enfeksiyon, konjenital deformite gibi durumlar olabileceği unutulmamalıdır.
Education Initiatives to Support Earthquake Early Warning: A Retrospective and a Roadmap
Authors: Sumy Danielle F. , Jenkins Mariah R. , Crayne Jenny , Olds Shelley E. , Anderson Megan L. , Johnson Jenda , Magura Bonnie , Pridmore Cynthia L. , de Groot Robert-Michael
Published: September 2022

As of May 2021, public alerting is now operational for the ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system for the West Coast of the United States in California, Oregon, and Washington. Successful early warning systems require the scientific and technical implementation to be coupled with social and humanitarian considerations, including education and outreach campaigns. Community engagement with the over 50 million people who live in ShakeAlert states is important to increase public safety, security, and awareness of local earthquake hazards, how to prepare, and how ShakeAlert earthquake early warning can help. Here, we describe the efforts of the ShakeAlert Educational Resources Working Group around the rollout of public alerting in the Pacific Northwest for Oregon in March 2021 and Washington in May 2021, respectively. Our initial approach was to engage in formative dialogue with community members in each ShakeAlert state, develop educational activities and animations based on the collective feedback, and then to disseminate our resources in both formal (K-16) and informal (free choice) learning environments through workshops and outreach events. The rollout of public alerting in the Pacific Northwest provided an opportunity to directly engage with various publics around a specific event, and to collaborate with local news and social media, communications and social science professionals, educators, emergency managers, and scientific and technical experts on the ShakeAlert system. Following the rollouts, we developed a strategic plan for the next five years of ShakeAlert to promote earthquake early warning, as the importance of earthquake preparedness competes with the stressors of everyday life. Because earthquake early warning systems are rapidly expanding worldwide, our education and outreach efforts provide a roadmap for building successful education and outreach campaigns, leading up to public alerting and maintaining earthquake preparedness in the public consciousness following rollout.
Profit Polarization and Eco-ethical answers in the Nagoya Protocol Era: Focusing on Empirical Research on Pharmaceutical Companies
Authors:   Research Institute For Life And Culture Sogang University, Ahn Sang-Hee , Kim Min-Jik
Published: September 2022

This study is about the profit polarization caused by the commercialization of genetic resources in the Nagoya Protocol era. The Nagoya Protocol has defects because it was on the basis of i) distorted anthropocentrism; ii) ambiguous approaches to the ecological imbalance; and iii) no universal standard for the implementation of ecological justice. In addition, the empirical analysis of this study supports that the profit-sharing for bio-genetic resources can even make the profit polarization worse. Also this study suggests the solution for 'fair and equitable sharing of profits' and ecological justice is ‘ecological conversion’, stressed by Pope Francis as follows: i) ecological rationality, ii) ethnic consumption, and iii) ecological community and regionalization.
A Comparative Analysis of Policies against Low: Fertility in Foreign Countries
Authors:   Research Institute For Life And Culture Sogang University, Lee Hongjik , Park Sunah , Lee Wonhee , Lee Jungeun
Published: September 2022

This study reviewed policies against low fertility in foreign countries such as Israel, France, Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, Hungary, United States of America, and Japan. More specifically, it classified diverse polices into two categories: 1) economic support program (e.g. family allowance, tax benefit, housing support programs) and 2) work-family balance program (e.g. family leave, child care and education). As a result, it offered suggestions for better policies against low-fertility in Korea.
Opinions of forest administration employees on using electronic sales in the sales of forest products
Authors: ALKAN Hasan , ARAÇ İsmail
Published: September 2022

This research was carried out to determine the opinions of the implementing personnel regarding electronic sales methods, which have started being used in the sale of wood-based forest products. Within the scope of the research, a survey was conducted with 323 personnel working in various units of the General Directorate of Forestry and working in electronic sales. Basic statistical tests and the chi-square test were used in the analysis of the research data. According to the research findings, the use of electronic sales in the sales of forest products, which started in 2019 with the reflection of technological developments in forestry, has become widespread with the Covid -19 pandemic period. Electronic sales, which were approached cautiously at the beginning by practitioners, were adopted due to the curfews during the pandemic process, the risks born with doing business face-to-face, the ease, reliability, speed and fairness etc. of the method and the consideration that it was more advantageous compared to in-person sales. It is thought that the method plays a role in the increase in the sales prices of forest products along with other reasons. The most negative aspect of the method is the reduction of direct communication-interaction with customers.
Effectiveness of structure teaching programme on the level of knowledge regarding weaning among mothers infants in a rural community area in Nainital
Authors: Bisht Lalita , Suyal Neha
Published: September 2022

Background: Breast milk is the best and safest food for young babies. Babies must be given extra foods as well as breast milk at the right age in sufficient amounts to enable them to grow and stay healthy. Therefore, the present was "A quasi-experimental study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on the level of knowledge regarding weaning, among mothers of infants, in a selected rural community area in Nainital. The objectives were, to assess the level of knowledge regarding weaning and the effectiveness of structured teaching programs among the mothers of infants.Method: The sample size was 60. A descriptive survey research approach and Quasi-experimental design were adopted among 60 mothers selected through a convenient sampling technique. Results: The result shows that the assessment level of knowledge of mothers revealed the mean of pre-test of knowledge of mothers of infants was 42.96 (SD-3.25) and the mean of post-test 56.45 (SD-2.48) and there was a statistically significant association found between the level of knowledge and demographic variables such as age, education, and source of information of mothers at p<0.01 level. Hence, hypothesis H1 which stated that "there is a significant association with the selected demographic variable of mother of the infant is" proved.Conclusions: The present study concludes that there is inadequate knowledge among mothers of infants on weaning practice. Hence, the individuals in the community could be given health education repeatedly. A regular health education program should be conducted by the health personnel related to weaning practices for future studies.
Current status of the intake of iron folic acid in pregnant females receiving treatment from various urban localities at Kanpur district
Authors: Gautam Ranjana , Nigam Seema , Kumar Rajesh , Tripathi Saurabh
Published: September 2022

Background: Anemia is one of the most common conditions related to pregnancy. Anemia is most frequent during pregnancy due to insufficient intake of proper diet and IFA regimen. Supplementation of IFA for 100 days during 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of antenatal anemia. We assess the effect of IFA supplementation with daily dosing and their outcome in urban localities of Kanpur district. Aim of this study was to assess the current status of intake of IFA in pregnant females.Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out in Kanpur Nagar district. Total 56 pregnant women of 2nd and 3rd trimester were assigned to daily intake of IFA for 100 days of age 15-45 years. Outcomes were measured by assessment of hemoglobin level and daily intake of IFA. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study cases from 2 ward and 4 blocks in Kanpur district.Results: In this study it was found that, in total 56 sample size of pregnant women of 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy 37 have taken IFA in which 8 patients were anemic who have taken IFA for 100 days and 19 havee not taken IFA in which 12 cases were anemic.Conclusions: Study cases who has taken IFA during 2nd and 3rd trimester have better hemoglobin level and have low risk of anemia related pregnancy however complete course of IFA to antenatal period should must. The study cases which have not received any amount of IFA have higher chances of being anemic. Antenatal IFA supplementation must be ensured by ASHA workers to subcenter, CHC and PHC to pregnant women and provide sufficient knowledge about benefits of IFA.
Evaluating the effectiveness of curriculum implementation and supplementation program in a private medical college in south India
Authors: Mutalik Anirudh V. , Ramanathan Rashmi , Narayanan Seetharaman , Shanmugam Jeevithan , Subramanian Bhuvaneshwari , Mariappan Karthikeyan Thangappa , Ramalingam Vijay , Mani Vijaianand , Shanmugham Thiriveni Balajji Ganapathy
Published: September 2022

Background: The new competency based medical curriculum was introduced in India from 2019. The curriculum implementation support program (CISP) developed by medical council of India, provides the much-needed intellectual support to colleges for smooth transition from existing to the new curriculum. This study was done to assess the effectiveness of CISP program by comparing the pretest and posttest questionnaire.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 30 medical teachers in a medical college after getting Institutional Ethical committee clearance. During the CISP training program, a structured and validated questionnaire were administered, and it was evaluated and compared before and after the workshop.Results: There was a significant improvement in the knowledge of electives, meaning of curriculum, knowledge on curriculum delivery process, knowledge concepts of Miller’s pyramid, hardens integration ladder, GMER and the concepts of SLO. Though there is a significant improvement, the knowledge gained on foundation course, Miller’s pyramid and GMER are still poor (mean score <0.7).Conclusions: The CISP program serves as an effective program to bridge the inadequacies of the teaching faculty regarding the implementation of the new CBME curriculum. But not just one session will tide over all the antiquities. A repeated longitudinal structured program in between the academic hours for a short duration will be effective in improving the teaching skills of the medical teachers.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic response on uptake of routine immunizations and the assessment of a “catch-up” drive in the Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar Ishant , Chaturvedi Manish , Singh Deeksha
Published: September 2022

Background: In the year 2020, immunization services were disrupted worldwide due to COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. However, immunization services were soon reinstated to avoid vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks. The study was conducted to assess the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on routine immunization uptake and to assess the measures taken by the State government for the prevention of potential outbreaks; thereby suggesting measures to nullify the negative impact of COVID-19 (if any) on the immunization coverage in the district.Methods: It was a descriptive and qualitative study, conducted at two rural blocks of the Gwalior district namely Ghatigaon and Hastinapur. The one-year immunization records were analysed and healthcare workers and parents of dropout children were interviewed.Results: In Gwalior, the fully immunized child (FIC) coverage dropped to approximately 70% from an average of 90% over the last four years.Forty children were due for vaccination in April 2020 when the services were shut due to lockdown. As compared to pre-Covid lockdown period, the average number of children turning up for immunization, the enrolments of new-borns for BCG vaccination and follow-up vaccinations dropped during lockdown. The most common reason for decline was the fear of contracting COVID-19 infection.Conclusions: Immunization services should be maintained as much as COVID-19 response measures allow. Decisions related to the operation of immunization services should be taken based on a detailed assessment of the VPD epidemiology, COVID-19 transmission scenario with corresponding mitigation measures and healthcare resources.
Loop mechanics-A review
Authors: Sud Kusha , Mittal Sanjay , Aggarwal Isha , Palkit Tanzin
Published: September 2022

After giving the periodontal tissues proper care, the clinician must be able to estimate force systems and manage tooth movement in order to close a gap. Frictional and frictionless mechanics are used to move orthodontic teeth during space closure. A detailed understanding of the clinical scenario and biomechanical concepts is necessary for choosing the right mechanics.
Objective dimension of tooth color in forensic age estimation: An observational study
Authors: Sowmya GV  , Mathur Suveet , Mathur Kavya
Published: September 2022

Teeth are an integral part of facial aesthetics involved in complex social, cultural & psychological interaction. Of all, in latest, tooth color measurement has attracted attention in the ﬁeld of dentistry for assessing age.

To assess the correlation between the enamel color and chronological age and to evaluate the age of an individual from enamel color.

This was a cross sectional study that included a total of 200 individuals attending the outpatient Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology.

The individuals were divided into five groups based on age with 40 in each group. Inclusion criteria comprised of healthy maxillary central, lateral incisor, canine, premolar and molar teeth that were free from cavities, fracture, endodontically treated teeth and those free from stain were selected. The tooth shade was recorded using Vitapan classical shade guide. Firstly, value of the color was assessed followed by hue and then chroma.

Numerical scrutiny was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Comparison and correlation of the definite variables between the groups was done by Pearson Chi‑square test.

For central and lateral incisor common shade was B2 and for canine teeth all the groups had A3 shade and results obtained was statistically significant except for the premolars with B2 was the most common shade for groups I, II and IV, but the B1 (yellowish hue) shade was common in group 2 and C2 shade was common in group V with statistically significant results. For molars B2 was the most common shade for groups I – IV with C2 shade was common in group V with statistically significant results.

Natural tooth color can be used as an effective means of age estimation.