bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical modelling of the deformation behaviour of polymer lattice structures with density gradient based on additive technologies
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Elenskaya Nataliya V. , Tashkinov Mikhail A. ,   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Silberschmidt Vadim V. ,   Loughborough University
Published: January 2023

The mechanical behavior of gradient lattice structures whose geometry is based on the analytic definition of three-dimensional triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) is investigated. Several homogeneous and gradient lattice models with different types of representative volume geometry and gradient parameters are considered. The numerical models are validated with data obtained experimentally using the Vic-3D video system. The results of numerical simulation of the deformation behaviour of gradient structures with the Shoen G (gyroid) TPMP geometry under uniaxial compression are presented. The influence of structure parameters and gradient properties on the mechanical behaviour is studied.
Control damping for elastic vibrations of a distributed system with the sensor - actuator overcharge
Authors:   Institute for Problems of Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Polyanskiy Vladimir A. , Smirnova Nina A. ,   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Published: January 2023

This project develops the modal control system for vibration damping of an elastic object with distributed parameters. Non-controllable upper modes excitement sets a limit on control efficiency of individual lowest elastic mode damping. The study tests the control operability in relation to the changing sensor - actuator number while the feedback loops remains the same. Simulation results show spillover effect degradation in case the sensor - actuator overcharge. Control algorithm includes of identification procedure instead of de signing with the object model assistance. The present procedure puts the modal matrices to separate the inherent object modes from the sensor signals and to suppress the modes using the actuators.
Rotational and translational oscillations of cylinders of small aspect ratio in the air flow
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Ryabinin Anatoly N. , Veligzhanin Andrei A. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

Rotational and translational oscillations of three cylinders differing in the ratio of length to cylinder diameter (elongation) are considered. The cylinders were suspended in the test section of the low velocity wind tunnel on a wire suspension containing steel springs. In the equilibrium position, the axis of the cylinders is directed horizontally and parallel to the velocity vector of the incoming flow. Under the influence of the air flow, the cylinders could make rotational or translational oscillations. Semiconductor strain gauges are attached to the two suspension springs, measuring the periodically changing tension of the springs during oscillations. The analog signal from the strain gauges was transmitted to a PC oscilloscope, which transmitted it in digital form to a computer. After calibration of the device and decoding of the signal, the frequencies and amplitudes of translational oscillations in the vertical direction and rotational oscillations around the horizontal axis passing through the center of the cylinder and perpendicular to the velocity vector of the incoming flow were determined. It turned out that in the studied range of cylinder elongations there is a transition from rotational to translational oscillations. A cylinder with elongation 1.9 performs steady rotational oscillations under the influence of wind, the amplitude of which increases with increasing air flow velocity. The previously proposed mathematical model correctly predicts rotational oscillations. The square of the amplitude of rotational oscillations is a linear function of the Strouhal number if the velocity of the air flow is sufficiently large. Translational oscillations of the cylinder with elongation 1.9 are damped. A decrease in the elongation of the cylinder to 1.5 is accompanied by a decrease in the amplitudes of rotational vibrations. At low air flow velocities, translational oscillations with a small amplitude are registered. Further reduction of the elongation to 1.0 leads to the complete absence of rotational oscillations. The amplitude of translational oscillations is growing. Translational oscillations are realized in a limited range of air flow velocities.
Crisis and palingenesis (rebirth) of criminal law in the context of digitalization
Authors:   Moscow University Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikotya, Russkevich Evgeniy А. , Dmitrenko Аndrey P. ,   Moscow University Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikotya, Kadnikov Nikolay G. ,   Moscow University Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation named after V. Ya. Kikotya
Published: January 2023

The article reveals how the influence of exponential and combinatorial technological changes has led to a crisis in criminal law, expressed in the inability to perform its basic functions due to impact of a permanently dynamic external environmental. The authors highlight the following fundamental provisions that should be used when making decisions on modernizing criminal law: the emergence of a new (informational) method of committing a crime does not a priori indicate that it is more dangerous than traditional forms, but in many respects indicates the problem of social control lagging behind the development of society and changes in crime; the adaptation of norms of the criminal law to conditions of the information society should not be associated with constructing “digital twins” of traditional criminal law prohibitions; the introduction of appropriate amendments to the content of norms is justified only in cases where the adaptive capacity of criminal legislation to digital crime exhausts itself; the recognition of the use of information technologies as a qualifying feature of a crime in general must comply with the criteria for differentiating criminal liability justified in science. The article separately substantiates that the emergence of a “digital personality” will complete the beginning of the transition from the traditional criminal law of the industrial society of the 20th century to the criminal law of the digital world of the 21st century (Criminal Law 2.0). This is due to the fact that artificial intelligence and “digital personality” will fundamentally change the scope of criminal law protection.
Ensuring ideological security in places of deprivation of liberty
Authors:   Academy of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Egorova Tatiana I.
Published: January 2023

This article analyzes law enforcement and law-making aspects of the security of convicts serving sentences in places of deprivation of liberty. Main attention is paid to issues of preserving traditional spiritual and moral values in the process of punishment, and achieving correction of convicts in terms of forming respect for the rules and traditions of human community. The importance of recognizing human dignity for determining the directions of development of the rule of law and the formation of law-abiding behavior of convicts is noted. The problems of the influence of criminal ideology on the process of serving a sentence, and the acceptance of Nazi paraphernalia and symbols, are analyzed in particular. Based on the study of trends in law enforcement and legal interpretation, an assessment of the validity of the introduction of criminal liability for public justification or propaganda of extremism was carried out. A discursive analysis of the spread of criminal extremist ideology in places of detention reflects two main dangers: the unspoken stratification and caste system among convicts is aggravated, which is often difficult to overcome in the process of re-socialization;, and secular culture absorbs criminal traditions almost unhindered, taking and “being infected” with markers of prison subcultures. The expansion of criminal responsibility in the sphere of countering the spread of the ideology of extremism associated with threats to state and public security, human life and health, public order and the well-being of citizens is seen as a promising direction of the legislative process.
First judgment of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Marusin Igor S.
Published: January 2023

The article analyzes legal documents of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, established by a United Nations Security Council Resolution in 2007 for investigating the former prime minister of Lebanon, Rafiq Hariri, in Beirut in 2005. This article examines the legal status of the Special Tribunal, its jurisdiction, and its structure. The Tribunal was established according to an agreement between United Nations and the government of the Lebanese Republic, and later adopted by the UN Security Council. Jurisdiction of the Tribunal covers territory of all UN member-states. Main attention is paid to the first Judgment, delivered by the Trial Chamber of the Tribunal in August 2020, according to which three of the accused were acquitted and one — Jamal Salem Ayyash — was condemned. The article analyzes evidence used by the Trial Chamber, in the first place utilization of data of mobile telephones, as a basis for judgment. Jamal Salem Ayyash was convicted on a basis of his identification as a user of a mobile telephone, which according to experts was used by a person who took part in the murder of Rafiq Hariri. The article also considers the political meaning of the Judgment. The Trial Chamber did not find any evidence of the involvement of the Syria government and Hezbollah leadership in the murder of Rafiq Hariri. The author points out the reasons that prevent the Tribunal from achieving better results. The most important reason is restriction of the jurisdiction of the Tribunal to only one crime and not paying attention to other political crimes committed in Lebanon in the precedent years.
Private pensions funds in North Macedonia and Russia
Authors:   University Goce Delchev in Shtip, Ampovska Marija , Kilinkarova Elena V. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Misheva Kristina ,   University Goce Delchev in Shtip, Nogaylieva Fatima K. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Polenchuk Maria D. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

The article focuses on the reform of the pension systems in North Macedonia and Russia, which resulted in switch from one-pillar to multi-pillar pension systems, and current legal and institutional architecture in both legal systems with emphasis on private pension funds which are widely recognized as the core drivers for the improvement of the living standards of retirees. The article starts with the general overview of Macedonian and Russian pension systems which provides the necessary background for understanding of the legal regime of private pension funds. The general overview of the pension systems is followed by the detailed analysis of the legal status of private pension funds in both countries, with more attention being paid to the experience of North Macedonia where private pension funds play a more important role in the pension system. In Russia private pension funds have shown their positive effect, but their coverage in general is still moderate. The overview of general rules of taxation of contributions to private pension funds and pensions concludes the article. The comparative research allowed to make the conclusion that both countries have made different progress in moving to a three-pillar pension system especially from the viewpoint of the established legal and institutional framework, and the establishment and operation of the private funds, both mandatory and voluntary.
The precautionary measures clauses in indemnity insurance contract
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kratenko Maxim V. , Olavi-Juri Luik ,   Law Firm LEXTAL
Published: January 2023

Precautionary measures clauses impose on a policyholder or an insured person the obligation to perform certain acts or to refrain from certain activities until the occurrence of the insured event. Traditionally, the function of preventing negligent behavior by the policyholder is performed by rules on aggravation of risk or policyholder’s fault in the occurrence of the insured event. However, if they are ineffective, for example due to the inability to take into account the negligence in all cases (para 1 of Art. 963 of the RF Civil Code), the insurer is inclined to transfer some of the negligent acts onto the category of insurance exclusions in order not to pay compensation at all. As a consequence, the “all-or-nothing” principle prevails in resolving insurance disputes. The precautionary measures clauses, provided for in the Principles of European Insurance Contract Law (PEICL) and the legislation of Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland), makes it possible to reach a compromise: the insurer may consider the negligent behavior of the policyholder when paying compensation, but only insofar as it has affected the occurrence of the insured event or the amount of loss. This is more in line with the “proportionality rule”. In order to ensure the consumer rights, the authors propose to supplement insurance legislation (in particular, Chapter 48 of the RF Civil Code) with the legal institute of precautionary measures on the basis of the relevant rules of the PEICL.
Fulfillment of inquiry on extradition of persons for solving criminal case of execution of sentence on the example of post-Soviet countries
Authors:   Tajik National University, Abdullozoda Parviz S.
Published: January 2023

The article deals with topical issues related to executing requests for extraditing a person for the resolution of a criminal case or the execution of a sentence, and analyzes norms of international legal acts and national legislation in post-Soviet countries. The lack of uniformity across post-Soviet countries on this issue is noted, since each post-Soviet country has its own characteristics. Carrying out an extradition is not only one procedural action; it consists of several procedural actions aimed at the actual transfer of the person. This article examines proceedings for the extradition of a person to a foreign state, which traditionally begins with the detention of that person on the international wanted list, a notification to a foreign state about the detention of that person on the international wanted list, and a request to send a request for extradition of that person, the receipt of that request for extradition, and verification of compliance with the request against norms of national legislation and norms of international treaties. Also involves are resolving the extradition of a person to a foreign state with a possible appeal against this decision, organizing a case regarding the actual transfer of a person. The author concludes that there are difficulties executing an extradition request that subsequently leads to non-execution of the request, and delay or refusal to extradite. In this process, the worst result is to import rules on the refusal of extradition without a reasonable assumption and justification for different purposes. In any case, the refusal to extradite people without a substantial reason will not lead to a good outcome: distrust of states can become the basis for damaged relations and non-extraditable persons. Ideas are proposed for improving criminal procedural legislation and law enforcement practice in this area, as well as the effectiveness of actions aimed at resolving this issue.
Modern humanities on the legal activities of Anatoly Fedorovich Koni
Authors:   All-Russian State University of Justice (Russian Legal Academy of the Ministry of Justice of Russia), Kodintsev Alexander Ya. , Rybin Danil V. ,   All-Russian State University of Justice (Russian Legal Academy of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)
Published: January 2023

The study analyzes modern research on the life and work of the outstanding Russian lawyer Anatoly Fedorovich Koni. Koni’s works are considered using modern analytic methods (content analysis, narrative, discursive analysis, etc.). Authors study the narrative of the lawyer (philologists and historians) and his linguistic personality (philologists). Seven dissertations were defended, many books and hundreds of articles were published. Conferences were held regularly. The memory of Koni is celebrated by many lawyers. Authors consider these studies in a chronological order and using comparative analysis. Currently, active “production” of publications on Koni’s work continues. Slightly more than half of publications represent a rewriting of older legal publications; we skip these and consider only those works that have contributed to the study of Koni and his environment. Of these publications, authors limited the review to those works devoted to Koni’s legal and personal life. The study of a vast amount of such work allows to identify the main experts in the field: Z. V. Baishev (philology) and S. A. Domanova (history). Authors were able to fully learn about Koni’s literary gifts, to see his theory of practical ethics, to understand many of the motives for his activities, and to create a psychological portrait, learned much about Koni, his fight against drunkenness and prostitution, relationship with the Soviet authorities, the influence of ethics on modern legal proceedings, Koni’s psychology and psychologism, and his relations with the press. Koni’s epistolary works await further, without which it is impossible to understand the motives of his actions. It is necessary, finally, to reveal his contribution to the philosophy of law.
The powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts in the Russian Federation: Classification issues
Authors:   North-Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Zholobov Yaroslav B.
Published: January 2023

Based on the practical experience of the retired court president, the article covers the issues of systematizing the powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts in Russia through creating their classification. The material is presented in a problematic manner. The author identified four key issues related to the powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts: the compliance of powers with new tasks and challenges that arise before the justice system; the binding nature of the powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts; differences in the powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts, despite the consolidation of the principle of unity of the system of general jurisdiction courts; distribution of powers between, on the one hand, the court president and, on the other hand, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, bodies of the judiciary and administrator — a professional manager, who is not a judge. It is shown that the powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts are governed by various regulatory sources, which differ considerably in terms of their legal nature: the Constitution, federal constitutional laws, federal laws, presidential decrees, orders of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and decisions of the Council of Judges of the Russian Federation. The author considers the procedural powers divided into general powers and special procedural powers and the nonprocedural powers of presidents of general jurisdiction courts which are grouped into the powers related to personnel matters, the powers broken down by subjects and the powers categorized by the nature of actions. The article promotes the idea of interaction between the court president and judges following the principle of primus inter pares (first among equal) and the partnership model in the distribution of powers between the court president and the court administrator (professional manager), who is offered to take over all operational functions.
Investigative errors in the preparation of the interrogation protocol and their use by the defense
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Baianov Aleksandr I. , Nazarov Aleksandr D. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Sidorova Nataliia A. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Stoyko Nikolai G. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

In the article, investigative errors in the preparation of the interrogation protocol are considered in the context of their use for the purposes of defense in a criminal case. Emphasis is placed on the most common mistake made in pre-trial proceedings — lack of records of the questions asked and the replies received by the person being questioned (question-and answer part of the interrogation protocol). For the first time in the legal literature, certain types of tactics for protecting the rights and legitimate interests of the principal, based on the use of such errors, are considered in detail. The choice of defensive tactics is associated with two grounds: first, the direct personal participation of the lawyer in the interrogation process is taken into account, followed by familiarization with the text of the protocol; secondly, the absence of a lawyer during the interrogation and familiarization with the text of the interrogation protocol after the end of the preliminary investigation or inquiry are taken into account. For each of the grounds, typical protective situations affecting the tactical features of the lawyer’s behavior are considered. Reasonable defense tactics require the construction of business, professional relations between the defense lawyer and the investigator (interrogator). The chosen tactic involves the submission by the lawyer of applications for the addition and clarification of the interrogation protocol, refusal to sign the interrogation protocol, filing motions and filing complaints about illegal actions of officials who refuse to eliminate the violations committed in the preparation of the interrogation protocol. In addition, the provision by the defence counsel of assistance to the investigator and the inquirer aimed at preventing and eliminating errors is not excluded. When drafting petitions and complaints, attention is paid to the reasoning of the stated requirements and recommendations are given on their content.
Brexatom and its legal consequences
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MGIMO-University), Lebedeva Yulia V. ,   Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation
Published: January 2023

The article provides information about the legal consequences of Brexatom after the entry into force on January 1, 2021 of the Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for cooperation on the safe and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. After the signing of the international agreement, a new stage of relations began for the Euratom and the UK, based on the provisions of international law and the IAEA’s “soft law” norms; although the peculiarity is that, the Parties recognized the four freedoms of internal nuclear common market of the EU. At the same time, the norms of English case law and EU law also formed the basis of bilateral relations between the UK and Euratom. Settling topical legal issues such as export controls, physical protection, nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, enrichment, reprocessing, trade, procurement of equipment and devices, supply of nuclear material, nuclear transfers, the Euratom and the UK laid the basis law for further bilateral cooperation on nuclear research and development, exchange of information and technical expertise on matters within peaceful uses of nuclear energy. However, the UK maintains its participation in a number of European programs and projects. The European Commission and the Euratom began to rebuild the legal system for the supply of nuclear materials and to make changes to the work of the European nuclear fuel cycle. Further development of relations between the Great Britain and the Euratom will depend on London’s position and interests in the world nuclear market. If there is a clash of British interests for the European nuclear market with the companies of France, the USA, China and Russia, then this will lead to the legal regulation of bilateral relations between England and Euratom only based on international law.
Constitutional bases of legislative and supplementary legal regulation in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Practical issues and doctrinal interpretation
Authors:   L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Abdrasulov Ermek B. ,   Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: January 2023

The article examines the issues of differentiation of legislative and subordinate regulation of public relations. It is noted that in the process of law-making activities, including the legislative process, practical questions often arise about the competence of various state bodies to establish various legal norms and rules. These issues are related to the need to establish a clear legal meaning of the constitutional norms devoted to the definition of the subject of regulation of laws. In particular, there is a need to clarify the provisions of paragraph 3 of Art. 61 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of the concepts “the most important public relations”, “all other relations”, “subsidiary legislation”, as well as to establish the relationship between these concepts. Interpretation is also required by the provisions of paragraph 4 of Art. 61 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of clarifying the question of whether the conclusion follows from mentioned provisions that all possible social relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan are subject to legal regulation, including those that are subject to other social and technical regulators (morality, national, business and professional traditions and customs, religion, standards, technical regulations, etc.). Answering the questions raised, the author emphasizes that the law and bylaws, as a rule, constitute a single system of legislation, performing the functions of primary and secondary acts. However, the secondary nature of subsidiary legislation does not mean that they regulate “unimportant” public relations. The law is essentially aimed at regulating all important social relations.
Defining the employment discrimination: International labor standards and the Russian approach
Authors:   M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Lyutov Nikita L. ,   Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)
Published: January 2023

The article contains an analysis of approaches to the definition of employment discrimination from the point of view of compliance of Russian legislation and case-law with international labor standards. The prohibition of discrimination includes ensuring equal opportunities for employees, which sometimes implies the provision of additional guarantees for certain categories of employees (affirmative action). The problem with such affirmative action norms established by law is that they themselves can be discriminatory. The courts’ qualification of discrimination is inevitably judgmental and is based both on the values of society and on the subjective opinion of the judge. In this regard, it is important to understand the boundaries between legal differentiation and illegal discrimination according to international labor standards. The article deals with certain aspects of the Russian affirmative action norms in employment which subject to debates regarding their discriminative nature. The norms concerning parental leaves granted only to male military personnel, the list of professions with harmful and dangerous working conditions prohibited for women, the restriction of dismissal of pregnant women at the initiative of the employer (in comparison with the norms on protection from dismissal of trade union activists and parents of disabled children), the ban on dismissal of elderly employees, as well as the possibility of concluding fixed-term employment contracts with them are analyzed and evaluated in the article. The article draws conclusions about the need to harmonize the approaches of the Russian legislation and case-law on these issues with international labor standards developed within the framework of the International Labour Organisation, the United Nations and the Council of Europe.
A medicine as an object of civil rights: A concept, attributes and comparison to the foreign approach
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Prepyalov Alexander V.
Published: January 2023

The article addresses the issue of classifying a limited civil circulation thing as a medicine that is defined by a set of attributes including generic ones. After the adoption of the first specialized law — Federal law “On Medicines” N 86-FZ dated 22.06.1998 legal standards for different law branches where medicine is a law object have been formulated. This explains the relevance of this research and its practical applicability in further development of legislative initiatives and regulatory practices. The correctness of medicine definition in the Russian legislation can be determined by the comparison of laws of the leading countries on the international pharmaceutical market — USA, Japan and Germany. Providing a certain degree of succession from German legislation, the term medicine and its attributes as they are defined in the Federal law “On Circulation of Medicines” № 61-FZ dated 12.04.2010 and used herein, in general demonstrate the same approach as in the countries mentioned above, which allows to conclude that the Russian legislation has been developing not independently but rather in the context of previous and ongoing studies of Russian researches and scholars from Anglo-American and Romano-Germanic legal systems. The article addresses controversial issues of drug circulation and challenging practical aspects, namely distinguishing medicines from related by application chemical substances, biologically active additives, medical devices and perfume and beauty products.
Transnational law: The scientific breakthrough of professor Liudmila Nikiforovna Galenskaya
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Bakhin Sergey V.
Published: January 2023

The article discusses the main provisions of Professor L. N. Galenskaya’s monograph “Legal regulation of transnational relations” published in 2022. The totality set of L. N. Galenskaya’s ideas is characterized as a scientific breakthrough, which makes it possible to explain the correlation of various regulators of international relations — international and transnational law. The article examines the nature of relations regulated by transnational law, the mutual position (relationship) of international, transnational and private international law. The issues of special principles of transnational law and its subjects, the nature of regulated relations, branches of transnational law are analyzed. According to L. N. Galenskaya, the regulators in the field of transnational law are the basic principles of international law, to the action of which all legal relations are subject — both within the framework of international and domestic relations. In addition, as a special regulator, it highlights the special principles of transnational law. The legal principles cannot be considered either as fundamental ideas in law or as norms of a special kind. Among them, the principle of equality of legal systems, the principle of non-discrimination, the principle of legal protection should be highlighted. In the sphere of cross-border relations, on the one hand, the principle of freedom of subjects to participate in transnational relations operates, on the other hand, participation in them is possible only with the general or special permission of the state. Moreover, in the sphere of transnational relations, the principle of constant connection with the state of nationality of the subject operates. Since the monograph was released published in 2022, when in the year that Professor L. N. Galenskaya celebrates her anniversary, the author tells separately about the scientific achievements of the hero of the day and her long-term work at Leningrad (St Petersburg) State University.
The prosecutor’s participation in criminal proceedings on revision of judicial decisions in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century
Authors:   Donetsk Regional Bar Association, Gorbachev Vasil P.
Published: January 2023

The article, based on the analysis of normative acts, statistical materials and practice of law application, examines the development of legal status and actual role of the Prosecutor in criminal proceedings when reviewing court decisions in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century — the beginning of the 20th century. It is established that before the judicial reform of 1864, prosecutors were not completely independent in the implementation of their right to protest the court decisions. This activity was under the control of the provincial prosecutors and the Ministry of Justice. As a result of the judicial reform, the legal position of the Prosecutor’s office in the proceedings for the review of court decisions has changed significantly. Prosecutors obtained procedural independence to protest the sentences on appeal and cassation. Prosecutors had no right to withdraw the protests of their subordinates. At the legislative level, the Minister of Justice was removed from resolving issues of prosecutors’ protests, however, in practice, he interfered in this process, including for political reasons. The prosecutor’s office protested a relatively small number of sentences, but significantly more than in the pre-reform period. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Prosecutor’s office’s activity in protesting court decisions significantly intensified. At the same time, the policy of the Ministry of Justice led to protests by prosecutors of many acquittals. The analysis of judicial practice showed that the Prosecutor’s office, performing a law-protecting function, protested court decisions not only in the interests of the prosecution, but also in the interests of the defendants. At the same time, more than half of all the Prosecutor’s office’s protests were satisfied, which indicates that they are quite effective.
Features of coping behavior in injured athletes
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Yavorovskaya Anastasia , Leonov Sergey ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Yakushina Anastasia ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Rasskazova Elena ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: January 2023

Coping behavior plays a significant role in the recovery of an injured athlete. Identifying the features of coping behavior can make an invaluable contribution to the development of such a problem as the psychological rehabilitation of an athlete. The objective of this study was to examine the features of coping behavior of injured athletes. The study sample consisted of 279 professional athletes of various sports, who, for the purposes of the study, filled out the following questionnaires: a balanced scale of life satisfaction (basic needs) and a scale of emotional state of E.Diener and a COPE questionnaire designed to measure situational coping strategies and dispositional styles. Depending on the gender, the classification of the sport, the number and severity of injuries, the athlete gravitates towards different coping strategies. We have found a link between the general well-being of the injured athlete and coping strategies such as positive reformulation, emotional focus, and humor. Based on the results of the one-way analysis of variance, we partially confirmed our hypothesis that there are differences in the coping strategies used by athletes representing different categories: gender, sport classification, number of injuries, and severity of injury. The performed correlation partly confirmed our assumption that there is a relationship between the general well-being of the injured athlete and the coping strategies used. Despite the fact that the correlation coefficients showed low values, we believe that this is due to the heterogeneity of our sample.
Analysis of the theory of mind indicators in children from different baby home social-emotional environment
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Muhamedrahimov Rifkat , Kagarmanov Dinar ,   St. Petersburg State University, Sergienko Elena ,   Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2023

This study examined whether the structure of the theory of mind indicators in the group of institutionalized children would be associated with differences of social-emotional environment in two Russian Baby Homes (BHs), one of which received Training plus Structural Changes (T+SC) intervention, that increased caregiver sensitivity and consistency, the other continued to conduct baseness as usial (No Intervention, NoI) and defined as social-emotionally depriving. The relevant to the theory of mind items of the personal-social scale of the Battelle Developmental Inventory were selected and used to assess children in T+SC (N=70; M=2.37, SD=1.01 years) and NoI (N=50; M=2.18, SD=0.92 years). Results suggested between-group differences in the factor structure for the theory of mind indicators. The main factor for children from NoI reflected development of self-understanding in combination with understanding of adults and peers, while for children from T+SC — of self-understanding in combination with understanding of adults, which might be due to opportunity for children to live in the small size group and interact with more sensitive and consistent primary caregivers. The second factor in both BHs revealed development by children understanding of peer interactions and feelings, and difference between BHs was that for children from depriving NoI environment such understanding was combined with understanding of caregivers’ instructions and rules. Results suggest that children’s environment shapes their theory of mind and that positive changes in institutional caregiving can have some benefits in children’s self-understanding and understanding of other people.
Factors of a child’s social development in the senior preschool age
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Veraksa Aleksandr , Oshchepkova Ekaterina ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Aslanova Margarita ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Yakupova Vera ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

The aim of the study was to identify the features of the cognitive and emotional development of preschoolers, which can be crucial in child’s acceptance by peers, as well as his status in the group. Were identified factors related to the sociometric status of children and those factors for which ambiguous results were obtained (for example, speech development). As part of the empirical study, there were made the assessment of language development, executive functions (subtests of the NEPSY II), emotional (Test of Emotional Comprehension) and intellectual development (Raven’s color progressive matrices). Children also passed a sociometric test by responding to a number of questions about their peers’ choice. The study involved 252 pupils of the preparatory groups of preschool educational institutions in Moscow (50.2% of boys aged 6 to 7 years (M=83.10, SD=5.74)). The three most significant predictors of social success were shown to be story programming, emotions’ awareness, and cognitive inhibitive control. The programming of the story reflects the communicative competence of the child, his ability to build a story. Emotional development (by external cases) is one of the most important indicators of his emotional development as a whole. These results indicate that the child’s social success is influenced by the development of executive functions, emotional competence, and language competence. However, different aspects of these factors affect sociometric status differently. In the future, we consider it necessary to trace how the factors, including social play, influence the social success of children in elementary school.
Daily stress and life satisfaction of teenage girls
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Golovey Larisa , Galasheva Olga ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

Everyday stressors of teenage girls are considered. The purpose of the study: development and testing of the questionnaire of everyday stressors for adolescents; determination of the intensity of various spheres of life; revealing the ratio of stress tension and life satisfaction. Methods: the author’s questionnaire of everyday stressors for adolescents, the stress perception scale ShVS-10 (V.A.Ababkov et al.), the life satisfaction scale (E.Diener et al.). Factorization made it possible to single out 7 blocks of events related to the areas: “Loneliness, fears”; “Finance”; “School, study”; “Rejection”; “Communication with seniors”; “Case, planning”; “Competition, self-attitude”. The α-Cronbach fitness coefficient for the entire questionnaire was 0.956. Content and convergent validity were checked using comparative, correlation, factorial, regression analysis. Correlation analysis revealed direct links between the number of stressful events and the strength of experience with “Overstrain”, “Stress counteraction”, “Perceived stress” of the ShVS-10 methodology, which confirmed the convergent validity of the questionnaire. Typological analysis showed a higher level of stress load in girls with low life satisfaction. Correlation analysis revealed negative relationships between life satisfaction and the number of stressors (p≤0.05), the intensity of the experience (p≤0.01), and the indicators of the SHVS-10 method (p≤0.01). Regression analysis showed that life satisfaction is a predictor that reduces the level of perceived stress (p≤0.000), overexertion (p≤0.000), resistance to stress (p≤0.000), the number of stressors in the areas “Loneliness, fears” (p≤0.000); “Finance” (p≤0.006); “School, study” (p≤0.026); “Rejection” (p≤0.003), “Communication with elders” (p≤0.001). Thus, a high level of life satisfaction can act as a factor contributing to the reduction of stress load.
Coping factors underlying academic achievement in senior adolescence
Authors:   Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sipovskaya Yana
Published: January 2023

Educational activity is accompanied by dramatic qualitative changes in the structure of human consciousness associated with the search, acquisition and assimilation of new information, its use to increase the productivity of one’s activities in various fields. Such dramatic changes are accompanied by stress and, accordingly, the formation and development of methods for overcoming it, coping, aimed at reducing the negative consequences of difficult life situations, their resolution or avoidance. The subject of the research are common factors underlying coping strategies of a complex object — school performance in older adolescents (158 older adolescents aged 15–17 years with different levels of academic achievement). The study used data of the student’s electronic diary and questionnaire “Methods of coping behavior”. According to the results of the Wilcoxon criterion, the choice of coping behavior strategy in older adolescence is not determined by the gender or age of the subject of activity. A similar situation was obtained with respect to academic performance indicators. The explanation of the lack of influence of gender and age on academic performance can be explained by the cumulative score on this very “school intellectual success”, which levels the differences between individual subgroups in individual subjects. The results of factor analysis indicate groups (styles) of coping strategies based on their “passivity”, and at the same time — “emotionality” and “activity”, coupled with a preference for rationality with elements of meta-analytical abilities, their social/individualistic and problematic oriented focus. Moreover, cognitive abilities are interrelated with problem-oriented coping strategies
Problems and research prospects on learning of new words: Fast mapping vs explicit encoding
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Gnedykh Daria , Filippova Margarita ,   St. Petersburg State University, Makarova Daria ,   St. Petersburg State University, Perikova Ekaterina ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: January 2023

This article reviews the problem of finding the most efficient strategy for new word acquisition. The authors analyse studies aimed at finding the differences between two learning strategies: fast mapping (FM), which is based on deduction and deriving meaning from context, and explicit encoding (EE), which implies learning new information through explicit instruction. While behavioural findings on these strategies’ efficiency (in terms of new word acquisition) are controversial, neurophysiological studies proved the existence of different neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the two strategies. The authors deem it necessary to shift focus of FM — EE differences research from comparing the efficiency of new word acquisition onto analysing of the two strategies’ additional characteristics, such as sensitivity to interference, speed of lexical and semantic integration of new words, memory consolidation during sleep. A new approach to explaining the differences between FM and EE is offered. It suggests a comparison of the two learning strategies’ mechanisms to neural mechanisms of the visual perception system — according to ascending and descending pathways of hierarchy (bottom-up and top-down signals into cortical activities). In particular, the authors suppose that FM activates bottom-up information processing, whereas EE activates top-down information processing. Future perspectives of research on this subject are discussed, such as exploring the effects of object or phenomena labelling on language learning occurring through FM or EE. The authors claim that it is important to conduct such studies with the use of an eye tracker in order to test the aforementioned suggestion about mechanisms, underlying learning strategies, and explaining the differences between them in terms of efficiency of language learning.
EL SALVADO DE CÁSCARA DE SEMILLAS DE Moringa oleifera MEJORA LA CALIDAD NUTRICIONAL Y SENSORIAL DE LA GALLETA PANADERA
Authors: Almora-Hernández Ernesto , Monteagudo-Borges Raisa , Lago Abasca Vivian , Figueredo-Moreno Nabila , Rodríguez-Jiménez Efraín
Published: January 2023

En la actualidad, el 70% del suministro de alimentos proviene de solo tres granos (maíz, trigo y arroz) pero dependemos de pocos cereales. La búsqueda del aprovechamiento de residuos agroindustriales en el procesamiento industrial ha conllevado obtener productos no convencionales que constituyen materias primas para la alimentación humana. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el salvado de la cascara de semillas de Moringa oleifera en la elaboración de galletas panaderas. El salvado se obtuvo a partir de la cáscara de semillas de Moringa durante el proceso de descascarado, la que fue lavada, secada y molida. Se realizaron tres formulaciones de harina compuesta (salvad de moringa-trigo) en proporciones de 5, 10 y 15%. Se realizó el análisis microbiológico, la caracterización fisicoquímica por espectroscopía del infrarrojo cercano y la evaluación sensorial en 109 consumidores no entrenados, mediante prueba hedónica de siete puntos. El análisis microbiológico resultó satisfactorio, mientras que el análisis proximal del salvado mostró un porcentaje de fibra, proteína, grasa, carbohidratos, cenizas y humedad de 37,21, 22,97, 13,09, 12,64, 7,04 y 5,82%; respectivamente. Después del horneado de las galletas, la caracterización proximal expresó un porcentaje de proteína entre 9,01 y 9.59%, grasa de 11 a 13,27%, cenizas de 0,96 a 0,98%, fibra de 4,33 a 6,21% y almidón entre 57,62 y 59,04%. El mayor porciento de agrado con 67.89% se presentó en la categoría “Me gusta” en las galletas con salvado al 5% y con un nivel de preferencia igualmente las del 5% (51,38%).  Se concluyó que el salvado de la cascara de semillas de Moringa produce una mejora en la calidad nutricional y sensorial de la galleta panaderas.