bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalizations Among Children <5 Years Old: 2016 to 2020
Authors: Curns Aaron T. , Rha Brian , Lively Joana Y. , Sahni Leila C. , Englund Janet A. , Weinberg Geoffrey A. , Halasa Natasha B. , Staat Mary A. , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Michaels Marian , Moline Heidi , Zhou Yingtao , Perez Ariana , Rohlfs Chelsea , Hickey Robert , Lacombe Kirsten , McHenry Rendie , Whitaker Brett , Schuster Jennifer , Pulido Claudia Guevara , Strelitz Bonnie , Quigley Christina , DNP Gina Weddle , Avadhanula Vasanthi , Harrison Christopher J. , Stewart Laura S. , Schlaudecker Elizabeth , Szilagyi Peter G. , Klein Eileen J. , Boom Julie , Williams John V. , Langley Gayle , Gerber Susan I. , Hall Aron J. , McMorrow Meredith L.
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization in US infants. Accurate estimates of severe RSV disease inform policy decisions for RSV prevention.

METHODS

We conducted prospective surveillance for children <5 years old with acute respiratory illness from 2016 to 2020 at 7 pediatric hospitals. We interviewed parents, reviewed medical records, and tested midturbinate nasal ± throat swabs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for RSV and other respiratory viruses. We describe characteristics of children hospitalized with RSV, risk factors for ICU admission, and estimate RSV-associated hospitalization rates.

RESULTS

Among 13 524 acute respiratory illness inpatients <5 years old, 4243 (31.4%) were RSV-positive; 2751 (64.8%) of RSV-positive children had no underlying condition or history of prematurity. The average annual RSV-associated hospitalization rate was 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.8–4.1) per 1000 children <5 years, was highest among children 0 to 2 months old (23.8 [95% CI: 22.5–25.2] per 1000) and decreased with increasing age. Higher RSV-associated hospitalization rates were found in premature versus term children (rate ratio = 1.95 [95% CI: 1.76–2.11]). Risk factors for ICU admission among RSV-positive inpatients included: age 0 to 2 and 3 to 5 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.97 [95% CI: 1.54–2.52] and aOR = 1.56 [95% CI: 1.18–2.06], respectively, compared with 24–59 months), prematurity (aOR = 1.32 [95% CI: 1.08–1.60]) and comorbid conditions (aOR = 1.35 [95% CI: 1.10–1.66]).

CONCLUSIONS

Younger infants and premature children experienced the highest rates of RSV-associated hospitalization and had increased risk of ICU admission. RSV prevention products are needed to reduce RSV-associated morbidity in young infants.
Child Health Needs and the Adolescent Medicine Workforce Supply: 2020–2040
Authors: Fields Errol L. , Louis-Jacques Jennifer , Kas-Osoka Oriaku , Holland-Hall Cynthia , Richardson Laura P. , Ott Mary , Leslie Laurel K. , Pitts Sarah A.B.
Published: February 2024

Adolescent medicine (AM) subspecialists provide primary, subspecialty, and consultative care to adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Given insufficient numbers of AM subspecialists to care for all AYAs, the workforce supports AYAs health care capacity through education, research, advocacy, and the development of policies and programs sensitive to their unique needs. A modeling project funded by the American Board of Pediatrics Foundation was developed to forecast the pediatric subspecialty workforce in the United States from 2020 to 2040 on the basis of current trends in each subspecialty. The model predicts workforce supply at baseline and across alternative scenarios, and reports results in headcount and headcount adjusted for percentage of time spent in clinical care, termed “clinical workforce equivalent.” For the AM subspecialty, several scenarios were considered that modified the number of fellows and/or clinical time. The baseline model predicted low growth nationally (27% and 13% increase in total AM subspecialists and AM subspecialists per 100 000 children, respectively) and declines in AM workforce relative to population growth in census divisions with existing geographic workforce disparities. In the alternative scenarios, fellow number and clinical time changes did not significantly change predictions relative to the baseline model, but a 12.5% decrease in fellows predicted a 40% reduction in the workforce from baseline with a widening of geographic workforce disparities. On the basis of the expansive clinical and nonclinical roles of AM subspecialists and these forecasted workforce challenges, significant educational, practice, and policy changes will be necessary to bolster the supply of well-trained clinicians addressing the dynamic health care needs of AYAs.
Projecting the Future Pediatric Subspecialty Workforce: Summary and Recommendations
Authors: Orr Colin J. , McCartha Emily , Vinci Robert J. , Mink Richard B. , Leonard Mary B. , Bissell Mary , Gaona Adriana R. , Leslie Laurel K.
Published: February 2024

This article summarizes the findings of a Pediatrics supplement addressing the United States workforce for 15 pediatric subspecialties. It includes results from a microsimulation model projecting supply through 2040; growth is forecasted to be uneven across the subspecialties with worsening geographic maldistribution. Although each subspecialty has unique characteristics, commonalities include (1) the changing demographics and healthcare needs of children, including mental health; (2) poor outcomes for children experiencing adverse social drivers of health, including racism; and (3) dependence on other subspecialties. Common healthcare delivery challenges include (1) physician shortages for some subspecialties; (2) misalignment between locations of training programs and subspecialists and areas of projected child population growth; (3) tension between increasing subsubspecialization to address rare diseases and general subspecialty care; (4) the need to expand clinical reach through collaboration with other physicians and advanced practice providers; (5) the lack of parity between Medicare, which funds much of adult care, and Medicaid, which funds over half of pediatric subspecialty care; and (6) low compensation of pediatric subspecialists compared with adult subspecialists. Overall, subspecialists identified the lack of a central authority to monitor and inform child healthcare provided by pediatric subspecialists as a challenge. Future research on the pediatric subspecialty workforce and the children it serves will be necessary to ensure these children’s needs are met. Together, these articles provide overarching and subspecialty-specific recommendations to improve training, recruitment, and retention of a diverse workforce, implement innovative models of care, drive policy changes, and advise future research.
Relevancia del rol del profesorado en la formación de la carrera de contabilidad pública y su contribución a la calidad de la educación superior
Authors: Quintero Rivera Juan José , Flórez Guzmán Leibniz Huxlay , Sánchez Quiñones Alejandro
Published: February 2024

El presente estudio se enfoca en la importancia del rol de la persona docente en la formación de la carrera de Contaduría Pública en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Colombia. El propósito de este artículo es destacar y analizar la relevancia del papel desempeñado por el cuerpo docente en la formación de calidad del alumnado de la carrera de Contaduría Pública en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Colombia. El análisis se desarrolló bajo una metodología cualitativa de diseño no experimental y utilizó una revisión documental de bases de datos de documentos científicos publicados entre los años 2013 y 2023. Los resultados destacan la relevancia de la educación contable en Colombia para el desarrollo económico y social del país, se resalta la importancia de la ética y la formación en valores en la contabilidad, así como la necesidad de diversificar la formación contable para adaptarse a los cambios en el entorno empresarial y regulatorio, incluyendo la modernización y la convergencia de normas internacionales. El estudio subraya el papel fundamental del cuerpo docente en la formación ética y técnica del alumnado de Contaduría Pública, no solo al transmitir conocimientos prácticos, sino también al fomentar una comprensión profunda de los procesos contables. Además, se destaca la supervisión de la calidad de la educación contable en el país por parte de la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Contaduría Pública (ASFACOP), con un compromiso continuo de las IES afiliadas para la actualización constante y la mejora de la educación contable. Las conclusiones principales del estudio resaltan que la contabilidad ha evolucionado desde su enseñanza en escuelas hasta IES en Colombia, contribuyendo al desarrollo socioeconómico. La formación profesional contable es crucial para preparar a individuos que cuidarán de los intereses tanto de las empresas como de la sociedad en general. Se recomienda, el fortalecimiento de la formación ética y en valores, la adaptación de los programas académicos para abordar los cambios en el entorno empresarial y regulatorio, la promoción de la capacitación constante en el cuerpo docente, la colaboración entre las IES y la industria y la supervisión continua de la calidad de la educación contable en Colombia para garantizar estándares elevados y la preparación adecuada de futuros contadores.
“Some Sort of Machine without a Body”
Authors: Reisinger Elisabeth
Published: February 2024

From the mid-1950s, Basel harpsichordist Antoinette Vischer (1909–1973) promoted the harpsichord as a modern instrument, commissioning numerous composers to contribute to a new repertoire. To this end, she turned to György Ligeti, who completed Continuum for her in 1968. The composer had already used the harpsichord in ensembles several times, but now he had to think about it in a soloistic function for the first time, starting from a specific performer with her specific instrument. In this paper, I focus on this relationship between composer, performer-commissioner, and instrument, drawing primarily on the correspondence between Ligeti and Vischer preserved at the Paul Sacher Foundation in Basel. These unpublished letters document their collaboration and how both negotiated their artistic positions and aesthetic concepts of the harpsichord as “some sort of machine.” An in-depth analysis of Ligeti and Vischer's exchange about the instrument's peculiarities and performance issues allows us to better understand their self-conception as artists and their ideas of “modernity.” Furthermore, this case study sheds light on a specific period in the history of an instrument that through the efforts of performers like Vischer was transformed from an artifact of the past to an emblem of the present.
Reports and Conjectures on Kylwiria
Authors: Zimmermann Heidy
Published: February 2024

The code word “Kylwiria” was mentioned by György Ligeti from time to time since the 1970s. At first, it functioned rather abstractly as a working title for the opera that had been in the making since the mid-1960s and eventually mutated into Le Grand Macabre. Later, Ligeti also shared details about the imaginary land of his childhood, providing glimpses of brightly colored maps of that land and underscoring the importance of his childlike fantasy world. This article explores the dimensions of this “private mythology” and its impact on the composer's creative thinking and work. Its documentary evidence – the description of the land of Kylwiria recorded in 1950 in a booklet of more than 70 pages – is presented in examples and examinated for its particularities. On the one hand, it seems that the pioneering exploration of geographical spaces is transferred as a model to the creative exploration of sound spaces. On the other hand, Ligeti's concept of a fantastic counterworld is to be seen in a literary and cultural-historical context, in which it is to be located somewhere between expedition report, travel guide and utopian design. Such an outline sharpens the meaning of Kylwiria as a cipher for creativity in a characteristic mixture of ratio and fantasy.
Modelo sistémico de innovación social desde estrategias de emprendimiento, para mujeres cabeza de familia en condición de vulnerabilidad en las ciudades de armenia, Bogotá, Bucaramanga e Ibagué
Authors: Gutiérrez Mejía Diana Patricia , Flórez Laiseca Adriana María , Castro Rico María Alexandra , Laverde Rodríguez Carlos Alfonso
Published: February 2024

La investigación que se presenta a continuación busca diseñar un modelo sistémico multinivel de innovación social desde estrategias de emprendimiento para mujeres cabeza de familia en condición de vulnerabilidad en las ciudades de Armenia, Bogotá, Bucaramanga e Ibagué, esto a partir del contexto de cada región ciudad, teniendo en cuenta situaciones de conflicto armado, violencia intrafamiliar y procesos culturales, económicos y sociales, sin dejar de lado los efectos de la pandemia generada por el Covid – 19. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se plantea una metodología mixta, que involucra el estudio fenomenológico y análisis econométrico de variables de tipo social y económicas, con el fin de generar el fortaleciendo los emprendimientos de las madres cabeza de familia, además de apoyar la creación de otros, aportando a la mejora de su calidad de vida. Para finalizar se presentan algunos avances de la investigación desde el contexto de esta, en las diferentes ciudades donde se está desarrollando.
Los inicios de los negocios de Chapinero, con la caracterización de dos (2) de sus propietarios en inteligencia emocional
Authors: Ariane Illera Correal  , Víctor José Rodríguez Restrepo  , José Rodrigo Mondragón
Published: February 2024

El documento pretende analizar cómo ha transcurrido en el tiempo la historia de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., la vida y obra de los habitantes de la localidad de chapinero, como consecuencia de los cambios socio-culturales y económicos de la zona, en especial los negocios más antiguos, los cuales a través de los años han logrado sobrevivir conservando su tradición y buen nombre, a pesar del paso de varias generaciones. Se presenta una lista de los negocios con sus fundadores, actividad primordial, estrategias de sostenimiento, duración en el tiempo y ubicación en la localidad.

El artículo trata el tema de la inteligencia emocional basada en cinco ingredientes a saber: la autoconciencia, la autorregulación, la empatía, las habilidades sociales y el liderazgo, en los propietarios entrevistados de los negocios de Chapinero, se evidencia el sostenimiento y comprensión emocional como factores importantes en la búsqueda de la perdurabilidad durante las diferentes generaciones, considerado como un aporte a la teoría.

Posteriormente se hace una explicación del concepto, con sus componentes y cómo actúa a través de las personas en especial los emprendedores de negocios para el caso en mención. Los investigadores han utilizado y adaptado la matriz de Rensis Likert con el fin de recoger la información, conocer sus resultados en su aplicación, en dos (2) de los propietarios de almacenes de ropa masculina y femenina, con más de cuarenta (40) años de vida comercial.
Análisis económico-financiero: el caso de mediaset España comunicaciones, s.a.
Authors: Ana León-Gómez  , Julia María Alarcón Liñán  , Jorge Alexander Mora Forero
Published: February 2024

Este estudio tiene como objetivo la determinación del grado de repercusión de la liquidez y solvencia en la gestión financiera de la empresa Mediaset España Comunicaciones, S.A, en los ejercicios 2019 y 2020. Con este fin, se empleó un estudio con datos numéricos bajo el enfoque cuantitativo-explicativo empleado por los autores Cisneros et al (2014). Los resultados indican que a pesar de que las expectativas de solvencia no eran positivas en el ejercicio 2019, la empresa mejoró sus previsiones en el ejercicio siguiente llegando a crear una situación favorable en lo referente a su estructura económico-financiera.
Dlaczego dzieci lubią szkołę? Przyjazna szkoła współczesna – wyniki badań własnych
Authors:   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Miler-Ogórkiewicz Natalia
Published: February 2024

In the discussion about the modern school, as an institution and a building, there are many social actors, often with different positions. More and more often, though still rarely, the students’ voice is allowed. Their perspective, as many studies show, can be extremely different from that of adults. The aim of my research was to recognize and understand the primary school students’ perspective in terms of their experience of the broadly understood school space and to describe the material and nonmaterial conditions of spaces in which children feel good and like to learn. I conducted my research in 2021 and 2022, shortly after the pandemic and the remote learning. I conducted the research in an interdisciplinary, qualitative approach among 12 students functioning in four different educational systems and environments: home education, private urban schools, public urban schools and public rural schools. The results of my research indicate that children need variety in the school space to feel comfortable and learn effectively. Respondents’ statements revealed several key factors important in places of learning: sense of security, free learning, completeness of the place, possibility to ask questions, consideration of home conditions and setting specific boundaries for the place of formal learning.
Role of the Personal Factor in the St Petersburg Government System under Peter the Great (with Reference to Inn Construction in 1722–1723)
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Nakishova Marina T.
Published: February 2024

This article focuses on the role of the personal factor on the process of developing, making, and implementing political decisions in the Russian Empire in the first third of the eighteenth century, and, more particularly, in St Petersburg. First, it is claimed that St Petersburg as the new imperial capital played a dual role in the government system. On the one hand, it represented a unique precedent that was unparalleled; on the other hand, the city acted as a bridgehead for administrative experiments, the most successful of which were planned to be extended to the territory of the entire state. In this regard, the most powerful and trusted persons, whose behavioural strategies directly influenced the reform process, were appointed to key positions within the government system of St Petersburg. The author refers to the construction of several complexes of inns in St Petersburg in 1722–1723 as an example that clearly marks the role of the personal factor in the government system. The article demonstrates how prince A. D. Menshikov, governor-general of St Petersburg Province carried out the general management of construction activities, and then promoted an initiative to publish a royal decree prohibiting private hiring of housing for visitors to the city and forcing them to settle in state inns. The author examines the role of other statesmen (A. M. Devieir, P. I. Yaguzhinsky, I. I. Bibikov, P. A. Tolstoy, A. I. Osterman, F. M. Apraksin), who launched a campaign to counter the prince’s initiative and the circumstances of the subsequent cancellation of the decree. As a result, it is concluded that the personal factor in the system of public administration, the importance of the tsar’s trust, and a wide network of social ties that made it possible to enlist support in the context of political decisions played the most significant role.
“Accept Costs as an Exception”: Social Costs in Soviet Land Management with Reference to Conflicts around the Reconstruction of the Bachatsky Surface Mine in the Late 1960s — 1970s
Authors:   University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Gilmintinov Roman R. ,   Duke University, Durham, USA
Published: February 2024

This article uses the concept of social costs to analyse the features of Soviet land use in the 1960s–1970s. This concept is based on the study of the mechanisms of modern economies, in which shifting costs to society becomes the most important way to increase profits for producers. Resources depletion and environmental pollution are inevitable costs of any economic activity, but they are usually borne not by the manufacturer, but by third parties and society. The concept of social costs makes it possible to carry out a comprehensive analysis and highlight the complex picture of the actors involved in nature management: those who are the source of social costs, who bear them, and who becomes an agent of redistribution. The empirical material in the article is the conflicts around the reconstruction of the Bachatsky surface coal mine. Its expansion and transformation into one of the largest enterprises of the Soviet coal mining in the late 1960s required withdrawal of significant land plots from nearby farms. The study of conflicts around land allotment, reclamation and compensation demonstrates the following dynamics. In different contexts, the coal industry at all its institutional levels acted as a source of social costs: the ministry, the Kuzbasskarierugol trust, and the Bachatsky mine itself. The Ministry of Agriculture and farms, which directly incurred costs due to the expansion of the mine, did not participate in conflicts on their own behalf. Other actors acted as agents of redistribution: first of all, the Kemerovo Regional Executive Committee, as well as regional Soviet authorities and the State Planning Committee of the USSR. At the same time, each of these bodies had its own vision of the volumes and forms in which coal miners had to compensate social costs.
On Studying the Mountain Mythonymy of the Urals: Mythonyms Motivated by Social Vocabulary
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Ivanova Elena E.
Published: February 2024

This article discusses the mountain metonymy of the Urals, i.e. the designation of supernatural anthropomorphic creatures that store the riches of the subsoil (minerals and metals) and contribute to or hinder their discovery, extraction, and processing. Russian mountain mythology has been studied by folklorists, but the linguistic aspect is only beginning to be explored. The material for the article was collected in the field between 2020 and 2023, and derived from dictionaries, folklore texts, and authorial literature. The author mostly focuses on Middle Ural and South Ural mythonyms; for comparison, the article draws on material of other zones connected with the Urals geographically or historically (Bashkiria, Siberia). The article provides detailed descriptions of the motivations of mythonyms and the conditions for the appearance of nominations. Mountain mythonymy can be divided into several groups depending on the motivation, i. e. the thematic group of vocabulary underlying the mythonym. This article analyses mythonyms motivated by social vocabulary, namely, denoting a person or kinship: золотая девка (golden girl), каменная девка (stone girl), горная девка (mountain girl), чудская девица (Chudskaya maiden), горный батюшка (mountain father), горная матка (mountain mother), Шубин (Shubin), etc. The article reveals and explains the specificity of Ural mountain mythonymy: thus, the девка token is used for the nomination of female spirits, whereas the баба nomination is characteristic of traditional Russian peasant mythology. An expressive feature of Ural mountain mythonymy is the presence of mythonyms formed from toponyms (девка Азовка, девка Дедюрка). The article proves that the formation of mountain mythonymy was influenced by the mythology of the Russian peasantry, the mythology of the autochthonous peoples of the Urals (Turkic and Finno-Ugric), as well as the terminology of mining actively developing in the Urals in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Karelian Anthroponymic Heritage in Russian Zaonezhye
Authors:   Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History, Karelian Research Centre of the RAS, Petrozavodsk, Mullonen Irma I.
Published: February 2024

This article analyses non-calendar Karelian anthroponyms identified in archival documents from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries on the Zaonezhye Peninsula and testifying to the Karelian heritage of this marker for the culture of the Russian North. The analysis draws upon materials of written books, as well as sources of Zaonezhye Volost self-government, which rarely come to the attention of philologists. The sources were compiled on the site with the support of information from residents, consequently, in them, more often than in written books, there are names that used to be found in the national environment. Among them, there are so-called family patronymics and nicknames. At the same time, in accordance with the universal pattern characteristic of nicknames, they reflect the negative characteristics of a person, i.e. laziness, silliness, talkativeness, etc. Many new etymologies of Karelian non-calendar anthroponyms are proposed in the analysis. For etymology, the author extensively uses data of modern Karelian anthroponyms. The value of this anthroponymy is that it significantly expands the fragmentary knowledge of traditional Karelian nouns, especially existing outside Ladoga Karelia. Additionally, it contributes to the reconstruction of the Karelian page in the history of Zaonezhye, as it contains the names of the Karelians who lived there. For the history of the Karelian language, it is significant that in the situation of almost complete absence of Karelian writing dating back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this material contains some features of the language of that time, albeit blurred by Russian adaptation. Some structural markers for distinguishing Finnic anthroponyms by their roots are also proposed.
Terminology of Land Ownership and Types of Settlements in the Oikonymy of Belozerye
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Bakhtereva Anna A. ,   V. V. Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the RAS, Moscow
Published: February 2024

This article discusses the names of settlements in Belozerye, including designations of settlement types (выселок, городок, двор, мыза, погост, починок, слобода, усадьба, хутор), several terms with the suffix -ище (дворище, городище, погостище, селище, усадище, etc.), denoting places of former settlements, and some definitions characterising the ownership status of lands (казённый, монастырский, барский, боярский, княжий). In addition, the author examines the issue of the use of terms under consideration naming the types of settlements as a designation of the type of object in the official lists of settlements and in the speech of residents. The study refers to data from the lists of settlements of Olonets (1905) and Novgorod (1911–1912) provinces, and for the later period, to data from field collections of the Toponymic Expedition of the Ural University of the 1960s–2010s. The difference in the toponymic use of certain terms of land ownership is mainly explained by the peculiarities of the settlement of the territory and the existing types of land ownership (this is especially typical of the characterising names: казенный, монастырский, княжий, etc.). The designations of settlement types turn out to be less dependent on the established land tenure practices and more susceptible to subsequent administrative regulation, although certain historical patterns can be traced here: the terms городок and городище mark the sites of archaeologically confirmed and documented medieval fortified settlements; the Novgorod toponymic models Большой Двор and Великий Двор make it possible to clarify the zone of Novgorod development of the territory and delimit it from the more eastern Rostov-Suzdal. The term погост is most widely represented on the territory of the former Novgorod pyatinas which inherited the Old Russian system of pogosts; the appearance of the term хутор in Belozerye is clearly connected with the Stolypin reform, although it was known in other Great Russian territories before that time.
Insegurança alimentar e nutricional na comunidade rural Laguinha nas proximidades do complexo eólico do município de Caetés em Pernambuco
Authors: Oliveira Kalyne de , Moser Luciana Maia
Published: February 2024

A Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) é a realização do direito de todos ao acesso a alimentos em quantidade suficiente, qualidade e regularmente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades. Diante do aumento da insegurança alimentar e nutricional, observada nos últimos anos no Brasil e no mundo, concomitante com a desestruturação de programas e políticas públicas aliadas ao incentivo à promoção do direito à Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no Brasil (2019-2022), e o contexto pandêmico que agravou esse problema, atualmente vivenciamos índices alarmantes de Insegurança Alimentar e Nutricional (INSAN), incluindo a insegurança grave que se caracteriza pela fome, que afeta preferencialmente uma determinada classe social e região no Brasil, Norte e Nordeste. O presente estudo analisou o perfil da segurança alimentar e nutricional de famílias residentes na comunidade rural do Sítio Laguinha, em torno de um parque eólico no município de Caetés, em Pernambuco. Esse estudo pode ser caracterizado como descritivo misto com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, a fim de identificar a prevalência da (in)segurança alimentar e os fatores que a ela se associam. Foram utilizados um questionário semiestruturado para obtenção de informações sobre condições socioeconômicas e de consumo alimentar da comunidade rural de Laguinha bem como a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA) para avaliar a situação de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Dentre os fatores associados à comunidade destaca-se as vulnerabilidades às quais essa comunidade está exposta, como a localização em uma área rural de difícil deslocamento, em torno de um parque eólico que traz consigo impactos e o contexto pandêmico. Os resultados obtidos mostraram alta prevalência de insegurança alimentar e nutricional (88,4%) em todos os níveis, leve, moderada e grave. Dentre os fatores que podem estar associados e agravar a situação de INSAN podemos citar o impacto do parque eólico e a pandemia, com todos impactos socioeconômicos associados. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho trazem dados relevantes sobre a situação de uma comunidade invisibilizada e que necessita de assistência para alcançar a segurança alimentar e nutricional, um direito estabelecido na nossa constituição. Além disso, esses dados podem servir de base para implementação de políticas públicas voltadas à comunidade.
Metathesis Catalysed by the Platinum Group Metals
Authors: Dragutan V. , Dragutan I. , Balaban A. T.
Published: February 2024

Metathesis (from the Greek meta tithemi = change place) describes in chemistry the interchange of atoms between two molecules. The metathesis of olefins is the formal scission of a pair of double bonds, followed by the interchange of their carbon atoms. Metathesis polymerisation of cycloolefins refers to the apparent ring cleavage at the double bond, accompanied by polymerisation to unsaturated polymers (la, lb). Nowadays metathesis is established as a powerful method of synthesis in organic and polymer chemistry (), and platinum group metal catalysts have played a prominent role in this achievement. Metathesis has resulted in both unique syntheses and novel compounds. In this review metathesis reactions catalysed by platinum group metals are described, specifically the types of catalyst, their metathesis activity and various ring-opening and ring-closing reactions. Part II of this paper will be published in the July issue of this Journal.
Silica-Supported Palladium-Based Catalysts for Clean Synthesis
Authors: Macquarrie Duncan J. , Gotov Battsengel , Toma Štefan
Published: February 2024

Research into supported palladium complexes is described. The complexes are immobilised on porous silica supports using both grafting and templated sol-gel techniques. The resultant complexes are efficient catalysts for various C-C bond forming reactions, including Heck, Suzuki and allylic substitution. The catalysts are stable and can be easily recovered and reused, making them suitable for cleaner processing.
Recovery of Value Fission Platinoids from Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Kolarik Zdenek , Renard Edouard V.
Published: February 2024

Radioactive high-level liquid wastes originating from reprocessing spent nuclear fuel can be a valuable source of platinum metals. The recovery of fission palladium and rhodium is of particular interest and is being investigated worldwide. The radioactivity of fission platinoids is reduced to a non-hazardous level after decontamination from other fission products by a factor of 1010. The intrinsic radioactivity of fission palladium is weak and can be tolerated in many applications, while that of fission rhodium decays to an acceptable level only after storing for about 30 years. With emphasis on recent achievements, this paper, which covers periodical, report and patent literature, reviews the behaviour of fission platinoids in basic separation operations. Aqueous methods, such as solvent extraction, ion exchange, electrolysis, precipitation and redox reactions, are dealt with as well as pyrochemical methods, such as molten salts/metal extraction and solid phase reactions. A second part, to be published in a later issue, considers separation processes.
Ethanol Reactions over the Surfaces of Noble Metal/Cerium Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Idriss H.
Published: February 2024

This review focuses on the reactions of ethanol on the surfaces of platinum, palladium, rhodium and gold supported on ceria (of size 10-20 nm). The bimetallic compounds: Pt-Rh, Rh-Au, Rh-Pd, and Pt-Pd were also investigated. Initially this work was aimed at understanding the roles of the different components of automobile catalytic converters on the reactions of ethanol, which is used as a fuel additive. Some of the catalysts that showed high activity for ethanol oxidation were also investigated for hydrogen production. The addition of any of the above metals to CeO2 was found to suppress the oxidation of ethanol to acetates at room temperature, as there are fewer surface oxygen atoms available to oxidise the ethanol (the remaining oxygen atoms did not produce efficient oxidation). Ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde was facilitated by the presence of Pt or Pd; at higher temperatures the acetaldehyde condensed to other organic compounds, such as crotonaldehyde. By contrast, in the presence of Rh only traces of acetaldehyde or other organic compounds were seen on the surface, and detectable amounts of CO were found upon ethanol adsorption at room temperature. This indicates the powerful nature of Rh in breaking the carbon-carbon bond in ethanol. The effects of prior reduction were also investigated and clear differences were seen: for example, a shift in reaction selectivity is observedfor the bimetallic Rh-containing catalysts. Methane was the dominant hydrocarbon on the reduced catalysts while acetaldehyde was the main product for the nonreduced ones. Hydrogen formation was monitored during steady state ethanol oxidation and Pt-Rh and Rh-Au were found to be the most active catalysts.
The Minting of Platinum Roubles
Authors: Willey David B. , Pratt Allin S.
Published: February 2024

It is not known for certain howfour platinum roubles came to be in Johnson Matthey ’s possession. There is rumour that, at the end of World War I, A. B. Coussmaker of Johnson Matthey, negotiated with the White Russians to smuggle out of Russia a hoard of coins which had been withdrawn by the government years before. The hoard was reputed to be on a train to the West when the Reds caught up with it. Rather than stop the transaction, they thought it a good idea as it would raise capital for them - at that time, the refining capacity of the young U.S.S.R. had been disrupted. So they took over the deal and let the consignment continue its journey to Johnson Matthey where it was refined and the platinum sold on their behalf. However, this is speculation . Eye witnesses state that two roubles were definitely in the company’s possession in 1956, and that two more came from the desk of Dr Leslie B. Hunt, the founder of this Journal . The roubles have thus been in Johnson Matthey ’s possession for almost 50 years and probably for longer. More likely to be true is a brief note in a typewritten statement in the possession of Johnson Matthey, stating no more than “the specimens formed part of a consignment sent to Johnson Matthey for refining about 1870” . As there is always interest in platinum coins and particularly in Russian roubles which were the first platinum coins to be minted, it was decided to investigate the metal content of the Johnson Matthey roubles to find if they conformed to recognised Russian roubles - or were forgeries.
The Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Authors: Price Rodney
Published: February 2024

The platinum resistance thermometer is a versatile instrument for temperature measurement in the range from — 200° to 1000°C. It is used both for precision measurements of the highest accuracy and for routine industrial work. This article discusses the development and construction of resistance thermometers and their uses in a wide range of industries.
Co-ordination Chemistry of the Platinum Metals
Authors: F. M. L.
Published: February 2024

Under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an International Conference on Co-ordination Chemistry was held in London from April 6th to the 11th. The very great interest in the chemistry of the platinum group metals was clearly demonstrated by the number of papers submitted to the Conference dealing with the co-ordination chemistry of this group of elements.
The Bushveld Igneous Complex
Authors: Cousins C. A.
Published: February 2024

A vast composite body of plutonic and volcanic rocks in the central part of the Transvaal, the Bushveld igneous complex includes the platinum reef worked by Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited and constituting the world’s greatest reserve of the platinum metals. This article describes the geological and economic aspects of this unusually interesting formation.
The Platinum of New Granada
Authors: McDonald Donald
Published: February 2024

Concluding his article from the last issue of ‘Platinum Metals Review’, the author continues the story of platinum mining and metallurgy in the Spanish-American colonies during the eighteenth century. At one time platinum was ordered to be thrown into the river as a nuisance, but scientific reports from Europe prompted the Spanish Government to seek useful outlets for the metal.
The Principles of the Solion
Authors: Hurd R. M. , Jordan W. H.
Published: February 2024

A new technique, based upon electrochemical phenomena, has led to the development of the solion, the name given to a range of versatile detector and control devices that supplement both the thermionic valve and the transistor. Solions have special advantages at low potential owing to their extremely low power requirements and to the simplicity of the circuitry involved. This article outlines the principles underlying their design and development and the operating characteristics of a number of distinctly different types of solium. Generally, they comprise an electrolyte of iodine and potassium iodide, with platinum electrodes.
Platinum Alloy Permanent Magnets
Authors: Mintern R. A.
Published: February 2024

Platinax II is the latest development in magnetic alloys of the cobalt-platinum system, and is one of the most powerful permanent magnet materials known. Because it can be machined, rolled or drawn without difficulty, this alloy lends itself to the manufacture of magnets of complex shape or very small size that would be impracticable in conventional alloys
The Platinum Metals as Selective Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Wells Peter B.
Published: February 2024

At the present time the consumption of catalytic materials by industry is increasing rapidly, and the demand is growing for catalysts that are able to promote specific or selective reactions. In practice, however, the formulation of a catalyst for a particular function is frequently empirical, at least in part. We are not yet in the position of being able to design a catalyst “on the drawing-board” for a specific complex operation with any high degree of confidence, although this is a situation which we may reasonably hope to achieve at some time in the future.

Recent research at the University of Hull, most of which is unpublished as yet, has indicated that a considerable rationalisation may soon be possible in the field of the metal-catalysed hydrogenation of multiply unsaturated hydrocarbons and the hydroisomerisation of olefins. It is the purpose of this paper to present a preview of this work and to advance some of its tentative conclusions.
The Anodic Protection of Steel
Authors: Hill J.
Published: February 2024

The use of anodic protection of steels against corrosion in various solutions has been well authenticated by laboratory experiments. However, the method has been little used by the chemical industry. This article summarises the basic principles of the technique and describes the substantial successes obtained in these field trials reported up to the present time.
Recent Advances in Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometry
Authors: Johnston J. S.
Published: February 2024

The modern platinum resistance thermometer provides the most accurate and versatile method of industrial temperature measurement and control. This article gives details of a new design of platinum resistance thermometer element of small dimensions and good stability. It also describes a range of complete thermometers based on these elements together with a resistance-bridge system used for signal conditioning when the thermometers are used in data-logging or computer controlled systems.
Temperature Measurement in the Herald Reactor
Authors: Bignell A. J. L. , Clark C. R. N.
Published: February 2024

A mineral insulated platinum: 13 per cent rhodium-platinum thermocouple, clad with 10 per cent rhodium-platinum and stainless steel, has been manufactured for experimental work in the Herald Reactor at Aldermaston. The clad thermocouple unit was 30 feet long and passed through 23 feet of cooling water to a reaction chamber at 1200°C.
Electrical Contact Phenomena
Authors: A.J.S.
Published: February 2024

The platinum metals featured in many of the researches reported and in the new devices described at the Fifth International Conference on Contacts, held in Munich in May. Nearly 600 workers attended and 22 countries were represented. A varied programme of papers dealt with both theoretical and practical aspects of contact behaviour.
Absorption of Hydrogen by Palladium Alloys
Authors: F. A. L.
Published: February 2024

Interest in the absorption of hydrogen by palladium and its alloys continues at a high level. A symposium on this subject was held in Poland in July and is reported here, while a further meeting on the subject is planned there for next year. Papers included studies on the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in gold-palladium alloys, the variation of electrical resistance with hydrogen content of palladium at low temperatures, and the absorption by palladium alloys of hydrogen at extremely high pressures. The symposium also dealt with hydrogen absorption by nickel alloys. Some of these papers parallel work on palladium and are also briefly reported here.
High Pressure Research on Palladium-Hydrogen Systems
Authors: Baranowski B.
Published: February 2024

High pressure studies involving hydrogen gas present considerable technological difficulties because of the embrittling effect of hydrogen on constructional materials. In recent work in Warsaw, however, it has been possible to study the absorption of hydrogen by palladium and by a series of palladium alloys at pressures of up to 25,000 atmospheres of hydrogen, and interesting results have been obtained.
Ruthenium Phthalocyanines
Authors: Abrams M. J.
Published: February 2024

Photodynamic therapy is a clinical technique employing the combination of light, oxygen and a sensitising compound to induce the photochemical destruction of unwanted tissue. Light therapy has been known for some time, but it was not until the earlier part of this century that the first clinical work was performed using sensitisers and light. More recently a sensitising compound of a complex mixture of porphyrins has been tested on various cancers, and been awarded regulatory approval for its use. In this paper the synthesis and properties of some novel and easily prepared water soluble ruthenium phthalocyanine complexes are reported. One of these complexes, JM 2929, has been extensively studied and has photosensitising properties which when used in combination with light and oxygen in vitro and in vivo during photodynamic therapy displays remarkable cytotoxic effects.
Metallo-Based Cyclophanes and [2]Catenanes
Authors: Benniston Andrew C. , Mackie Philip R. , Farrugia Louis J. , Parsons Simon , Clegg William , Teat Simon J.
Published: February 2024

The creation of systems that are capable of performing molecular-scale operations is currently under extensive investigation, particularly in the emerging field of nanotechnology. Towards this end, we have been actively involved in the construction and study of the properties of metallo-based
assemblies based on electron-deficient cyclophanes and donor-acceptor [2]catenanes. Metallic moieties, such as [Ru(bipy)2 (L)]6+ and [Os(bipy)2(L)]6+, where bipy = 2,2′-bipyridyl and L= tetracationic cyclophane ligand, form an integral part
of the molecular structures of these assemblies and in these specific cases create photoactive complexes. The photoinduced electron transfer reactions which occur within these molecules have been extensively studied, especially in relation to the corresponding processes found in natural photosynthetic
reaction centres. Here, we present a short review on relevant aspects of this work as well as the potential use of metal-based cyclophanes as binders for aromatics.
Biphasic Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Dyson Paul J. , Ellis David J. , Welton Thomas
Published: February 2024

Biphasic catalysis is becoming an area of environmentally responsible catalysis, but its development and use have until recently been somewhat neglected. Here, the basic principles and the design of features going into such systems are explained, and a general overview is presented
with the intention of encouraging greater interest in this under utilised technique. Some well-established aqueous-organic regimes are described and there is a discussion of some possible future directions involving ionic-liquid/organic systems.
Although Diabetes is Not Obvious, Its Complications May Be Obvious, Frequency of Nephropathy in Prediabetic Patients
Authors: BAYDAR İdris , ŞANİBAŞ Ahmet Veli , BİNİCİ Doğan Nasır
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prediabetes is considered a risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular diseases. Complications are also detected during diagnosis in 10-40% of diabetes patients. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the critical microvascular complications of diabetes. Studies have shown that prediabetes is associated with the development of glomerular hyperfiltration and albuminuria, as in the early stages of diabetes. Identifying patients before overt DM occurs is important for early diagnosis and treatment of nephropathy and DM.
The aim of our study is to investigate the presence and frequency of nephropathy in prediabetes patients.
METHODS: Patients who applied to the outpatient internal medicine and endocrinology outpatient clinics and whose random fasting blood sugar was ≥100 mg/dl were evaluated. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and HbA1C values were measured. 280 patients diagnosed with prediabetes and evaluated for nephropathy were included in the study.
RESULTS: Nephropathy was detected in 81 (28.9%) of the patients. The average HbA1C value of the group with nephropathy was 6.28% (sd: 0.52) and the average HbA1C value of the group without nephropathy was 6.05% (sd: 0.29). The average HbA1C value was found to be significantly higher in the group with nephropathy (p=0.000).
CONCLUSIONS: The fact that nephropathy was detected in 28.9% of the patients showed once again the seriousness of prediabetes. Therefore, patients with prediabetes, especially those with higher HbA1C values, need to be evaluated more carefully in terms of nephropathy and CKD.