bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bias corrections of precipitation measurements across experimental sites in different ecoclimatic regions of western Canada
Authors: Pan Xicai , Yang Daqing , Li Yanping , Barr Alan , Helgason Warren , Hayashi Masaki , Marsh Philip , Pomeroy John , Janowicz Richard J.
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This study assesses a filtering procedure on accumulating precipitation gauge measurements and quantifies the effects of bias corrections for wind-induced undercatch across four ecoclimatic regions in western Canada, including the permafrost regions of the subarctic, the Western Cordillera, the boreal forest, and the prairies. The bias corrections increased monthly precipitation by up to 163 % at windy sites with short vegetation and sometimes modified the seasonal precipitation regime, whereas the increases were less than 13 % at sites shielded by forest. On a yearly basis, the increase of total precipitation ranged from 8 to 20 mm (3–4 %) at sites shielded by vegetation and 60 to 384 mm (about 15–34 %) at open sites. In addition, the bias corrections altered the seasonal precipitation patterns at some windy sites with high snow percentage ( > 50 %). This study highlights the need for and importance of precipitation bias corrections at both research sites and operational networks for water balance assessment and the validation of global/regional climate–hydrology models.
A chronicle of just-in-time information: The secret to building first year university student wellbeing and resilience based on a three year initiative
Authors: Taylor Donnalee
Published: October 2016

To date, little has been published on the provision of student-driven just-in-time information to support first year students. This chronicle of just-in-time curricular and extra-curricular student support information was designed early in 2014 and successfully disseminated to first year biomedical science students over three years at James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. In 2016, the information was redeveloped to make the support information electronically available to a much broader student audience. This article provides a dissemination template of what just-in-time curricular and extra-curricular information is required by first year university students. In addition, it outlines how students’ need for this information was determined and how information was successfully created and disseminated over these three years to assist the students in their transition to and through university. The intention of this article is to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on student resilience and wellbeing and to provide a guide for anyone interested in supporting their students in a similar manner.
Subsurface Seawater Intrusion, an Additional Factor Influencing the Limnological History of the Dead Sea Basin
Authors: Kafri Uri
Published: October 2016

A deep core hole, drilled in the middle of the Dead Sea penetrated the Pleistocene- Holocene section, revealed an alternating sequence of fresh water and evaporitic (gypsum, halite) deposits. The vertical facies variations were interpreted as related mainly to lake level changes during this period. The present study, however, proposes an additional factor that influenced these changes, namely subsurface seawater intrusion from the Mediterranean Sea to the endorheic Dead Sea Basin. This proposed process is controlled by the elevation and head difference between both base levels at a given time, because the Mediterranean Sea level also fluctuated during the discussed period. We find that in times of smaller head differences, and assumed lower seawater intrusion, a gypsum facies prevailed in the Dead Sea Basin. In times of greater head differences and assumed more abundant seawater intrusion a halite facies prevailed because of greater sodium chloride input into the Dead Sea.
Acute onset heart failure due to Marfan syndrome
Authors: Hendren Nicholas S. , Rao Shreya , Mody Purav
Published: October 2016

A 28-year-old visiting from Central America presented with twenty-four hours of lower extremity swelling, dyspnea and orthopnea. Clinically, she was diagnosed with acute heart failure requiring inotropes with a transthoracic echocardiogram revealing severe mitral regurgitation with a normal ejection fraction. Subsequent transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed severe mitral regurgitation with aortic root dilatation (Z-score: 3.9). She was also found to have arachnodactyly, scoliosis on X-ray and severe mitral valve prolapse. Given her clinical features she was assessed for Marfan syndrome with the modified Ghent nosology systemic score and met diagnostic criteria. A FBN1 genetic test confirmed the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome discovering a frameshift mutation resulting in an inappropriate stop codon and peptide truncation. For patients presenting with heart failure at an atypical age without typical risk factors, rare conditions such as Marfan syndrome should be considered. Marfan syndrome can accurately and quickly be screened for and diagnosed using the systemic score from the modified Ghent nosology.
Contexto escolar y desigualdad de género en el rendimiento de comprensión lectora
Authors: Julià Cano Albert
Published: October 2016

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar nuevas evidencias sobre lasconsecuencias educativas de las características del entorno en la brechade género educativa. A partir de datos del Programa para la EvaluaciónInternacional de Alumnos (PISA), se evalúa en qué medida la brecha degénero existente en las puntuaciones de comprensión lectora estácondicionada por los diferentes contextos escolares y los niveles deigualdad de género de cada país. A partir del análisis multinivel observamosque la composición social de la escuela y el comportamiento de susintegrantes tienen una influencia significativa en la brecha de género, perode forma diferenciada. La brecha educativa de género aumenta cuandoempeora el clima escolar y cuando menor es la concentración de padrescon niveles educativos bajos. En sociedades con niveles superiores deigualdad de género las chicas incrementan los resultados de comprensiónlectora en mayor medida.
Análise comparativa das técnicas e materiais em pinturas de caixotões no norte de Portugal
Authors: Rodrigues Rita , Calvo Ana , Afonso José Ferrão , Frade José Carlos
Published: October 2016

As origens dos tectos em caixotões remontam à Antiguidade Clássica. Mais tarde, utilizaram‑seno Renascimento Italiano, mas foi no panorama português que atingiram uma especialsingularidade artística.A presente investigação pretende colmatar a carência de estudos no que respeita às tipologias,às formas, às temáticas, às técnicas e aos materiais utilizados neste género artísticono Norte de Portugal.A construção de uma base de dados para cinco distritos e a posterior quantificação dosresultados foram metodologias imprescindíveis para a classificação das pinturas em caixotões.Através da realização de exames e análises foi feita uma comparação a nível técnico ematerial de dois casos da mesma autoria em que se verificaram diferenças sobretudo nacamada de preparação.
Estudo técnico e material do suporte das pinturas de Diogo Teixeira realizadas para o Mosteiro de Arouca
Authors: Sousa Maria João , Cruz António João , Calvo Ana
Published: October 2016

O conjunto retabular pintado por Diogo Teixeira para o Mosteiro de Arouca é composto pelospainéis Ascensão de Cristo; Incredulidade de São Tomé; Pentecostes; Padre Eterno; SãoSebastião, Santa Luzia e Santa Bárbara; Santa Escolástica, Santa Eufémia e São Mauro. Aanálise do suporte destas pinturas surge no seguimento da investigação acerca das técnicase materiais presentes na obra do pintor e desenvolveu‑seatravés da observação à vistadesarmada (usando diferentes condições de iluminação), da fotografia de radiação visível eda radiografia. Pontualmente foi utilizado o microscópio ótico portátil. Este estudo permitiuconhecer as técnicas de execução dos painéis e identificar intervenções de conservação erestauro de que foram alvo ao longo da sua história.
Caracterização Material das Técnicas de Douramento e Pintura de um Ícone Pós-Bizantino
Authors: Oliveira Maria , Crespo Teresa
Published: October 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo a identificação dos materiais utilizados na produção de um ícone pós-bizantino pertencente à coleção do Museu de Évora. Este ícone, representando o “Imperador Constantino e a sua mãe Helena manifestando a Cruz”, foi datado como sendo do século X. Através de uma abordagem analítica diversificada, combinando exames de área com técnicas espectroscópicas, tentámos confirmar a sua datação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que será provavelmente um ícone dos finais do século XVII ou do século XVIII.
Análise Comparativa do Douramento e Policromia de dois Retábulos de Évora, Portugal
Authors: Mangucci Celso , Sandu Irina , Manhita Ana , Cardoso Ana , Dias Luis
Published: October 2016

Uma disputa entre cinco dos melhores pintores douradores de Évora deu origem à realização de uma extensa documentação sobre a técnica, os materiais e os preços em vigor em Évora, no ano de 1729. A rivalidade entre o mestre Filipe de Santiago, responsável pelo douramento do conjunto de talha da Igreja da Misericórdia, e a equipa liderada por Manuel da Maia que executou o douramento do retábulo da capela-mor da Igreja da Cartuxa, obrigou os comitentes a redigirem os contratos com um rigor inusual, já que ambos os mestres não aceitavam a possibilidade de serem examinados pelo oponente. A caracterização físico-química do douramento e das camadas de policromia de ambos os altares, realizada no âmbito do projecto GILT-Teller (www.gilt-teller.uevora.pt), permite-nos uma aproximação à cultura pictórica do período. Como é reportado nos contratos, o douramento da talha dourada foi enriquecido com carnações, estofado e “regraxos”. Estas técnicas foram utilizadas de maneira muito semelhante em ambos os conjunto da Igreja da Misericórdia e no Convento de Scala Coeli dos monges cartuxos de Évora. Os resultados documentais e analíticos dessa investigação confirmam a existência de uma cultura comum e pouco diferenciada entre as principais oficinas de Évora.
O Comportamento do "Shlagmetal" aplicado a diferentes tipos de mordentes
Authors: Budu Ana–Maria , Hutanu Ioana , Vasilache Viorica , Sandu Ion
Published: October 2016

O schlagmetal (ouro holandês), obtido a partir de uma liga de cobre e zinco é uma alter-nativa barata à folha de ouro, mas sua cor muda devido a oxidações que aparecem como resultado de manipulações incorrectas ou de exposição a fatores ambientais (temperatura, umidade). Este artigo apresenta a influência da película de proteção à base de goma-laca e de dois aglutinantes (à base de óleo e água) no schlagmetal. aplicado sobre um suporte de madeira com preparação de gesso. Para avaliar o comportamento da folha de metal nas estruturas apresentadas no presente estudo, as amostras foram expostas a envelhecimento artificial e as alterações registadas foram analisadas por microscopia óptica (MO), SEM-EDX e colorimetria em sistema CIE L*a*b*.
Machine learning can differentiate venom toxins from other proteins having non-toxic physiological functions
Authors: Gacesa Ranko , Barlow David J. , Long Paul F.
Published: October 2016

Ascribing function to sequence in the absence of biological data is an ongoing challenge in bioinformatics. Differentiating the toxins of venomous animals from homologues having other physiological functions is particularly problematic as there are no universally accepted methods by which to attribute toxin function using sequence data alone. Bioinformatics tools that do exist are difficult to implement for researchers with little bioinformatics training. Here we announce a machine learning tool called ‘ToxClassifier’ that enables simple and consistent discrimination of toxins from non-toxin sequences with >99% accuracy and compare it to commonly used toxin annotation methods. ‘ToxClassifer’ also reports the best-hit annotation allowing placement of a toxin into the most appropriate toxin protein family, or relates it to a non-toxic protein having the closest homology, giving enhanced curation of existing biological databases and new venomics projects. ‘ToxClassifier’ is available for free, either to download (https://github.com/rgacesa/ToxClassifier) or to use on a web-based server (http://bioserv7.bioinfo.pbf.hr/ToxClassifier/).
Preglacial to glacial sediment thickness grids for the Southern Pacific Margin of West Antarctica
Authors: Lindeque Ansa , Gohl Karsten , Wobbe Florian , Uenzelmann‐Neben Gabriele
Published: October 2016

Circum‐Antarctic sediment thickness grids provide constraints for basin evolution and paleotopographic reconstructions, which are important for paleo‐ice sheet formation histories. By compiling old and new seismic data, we identify sequences representing preglacial, transitional, and full glacial deposition processes along the Pacific margin of West Antarctica. The preglacial sediment grid depicts 1.3–4.0 km thick depocenters, relatively evenly distributed along the margin. The depocenters change markedly in the transitional phase at, or after, the Eocene/Oligocene boundary when the first major ice sheets reached the shelf. Full glacial sequences, starting in the middle Miocene, indicate new depocenter formation North of the Amundsen Sea Embayment and localized eastward shifts in the Bellingshausen Sea and Antarctic Peninsula basins. Using present‐day drainage paths and source areas on the continent, our calculations indicate that an estimated observed total sedimentary volume of ∼10 × 106 km3 was eroded from West Antarctica since the separation of New Zealand in the Late Cretaceous. Of this, 4.9 × 106 km3 predates the onset of glaciation and need to be considered for a 34 Ma paleotopography reconstruction. Whereas 5.1 × 106 km3 postdates the onset of glaciation, of which 2.5 × 106 km3 were deposited in post mid‐Miocene full glacial conditions.
Isolated regions of remote triggering in South/Southeast Asia following the 2012 Mw 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake
Authors: Bansal Abhey Ram , Yao Dongdong , Peng Zhigang , Sianipar Dimas
Published: October 2016

Large earthquakes are capable of triggering either shallow earthquakes or deep tectonic tremors at long‐range distances. So far, most of remotely triggered tremors were found along major plate boundary faults around the Pacific Rim. Here we conduct a systematic search for remotely triggered earthquakes and tremors in South/Southeast Asia following the 11 April 2012 Mw 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake. We find additional evidence of triggered tectonic tremors beneath the Java Island and the Sulabes Island in Eastern Indonesia and triggered earthquakes in Vietnam. Tremors mostly occurred during the large‐amplitude Rayleigh waves of the Indian Ocean main shock and were also triggered by several other large distant earthquakes. Although we are unable to locate them, they were recorded at stations close to major tectonic faults, suggesting that they are likely of tectonic origin. However, we find no evidence of triggered tremor/earthquakes along the Sumatra subduction zone and eastern portion of Himalaya frontal thrusts, indicating that remote triggering was not as widespread as previously thought.
An advective mechanism for deep chlorophyll maxima formation in southern Drake Passage
Authors: Erickson Zachary K. , Thompson Andrew F. , Cassar Nicolas , Sprintall Janet , Mazloff Matthew R.
Published: October 2016

We observe surface and subsurface fluorescence‐derived chlorophyll maxima in southern Drake Passage during austral summer. Backscatter measurements indicate that the deep chlorophyll maxima (DCMs) are also deep biomass maxima, and euphotic depth estimates show that they lie below the euphotic layer. Subsurface, offshore and near‐surface, onshore features lie along the same isopycnal, suggesting advective generation of DCMs. Temperature measurements indicate a warming of surface waters throughout austral summer, capping the winter water (WW) layer and increasing off‐shelf stratification in this isopycnal layer. The outcrop position of the WW isopycnal layer shifts onshore, into a surface phytoplankton bloom. A lateral potential vorticity (PV) gradient develops, such that a down‐gradient PV flux is consistent with offshore, along‐isopycnal tracer transport. Model results are consistent with this mechanism. Subduction of chlorophyll and biomass along isopycnals represents a biological term not observed by surface satellite measurements which may contribute significantly to the strength of the biological pump in this region.
State of stress in Texas: Implications for induced seismicity
Authors: Lundstern Jens‐Erik , Zoback Mark D.
Published: October 2016

Compilation of almost 200 new maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) orientations in Texas reveals a complex intraplate stress field. A large extensional stress province is associated with extensive growth faulting from northeastern Mexico to Louisiana. SHmax is subparallel to the coastline, following the strikes of the growth faults. In contrast, we observe a strike‐slip/normal faulting regime with SHmax approximately E‐W in much of west Texas and the Texas Panhandle, similar to the stress fields observed in northeast New Mexico and north‐central Oklahoma. Within the Fort Worth Basin in northeast Texas, SHmax is NNE‐SSW. The faulting regime transitions from strike‐slip/normal faulting in the northern part of the basin to normal faulting with subequal horizontal principal stress magnitudes further south. Recent sites of apparently injection‐related seismicity near Snyder/Cogdell (west Texas), Karnes City/Fashing (south Texas), the Dallas‐Fort Worth metroplex, and Timpson (east Texas) involves fault slip compatible with local stress fields.
New insights into the complex interplay between drag forces and its thermospheric consequences
Authors: Hsu Vicki W. , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Wang Wenbin , Burns Alan
Published: October 2016

Drag forces, ion and viscous, are evaluated as modifiers of global wind and temperature structure in the upper thermosphere, shedding new light on their relative roles in neutral dynamics and energetics. Exploiting the coupling of an ionosphere‐thermosphere model, it is discovered that ion and viscous drag forces lead to sustained divergent winds, adjustments in mass, modification of pressure gradients, and a redistribution of the radiatively forced thermal energy. The interplay between the relative magnitudes of the ion and viscous drag forces and its effect on the ionosphere‐thermosphere system has not yet been addressed and results in diverse behavior in the neutral wind and temperature structures of the upper atmosphere, dependent upon the type of drag acting on the gas. It is found that viscous drag is more efficient in cooling the dayside thermosphere and heating the nightside than the ion drag force in solar maximum and under quiet geomagnetic activity, resulting in a 150 K day‐night temperature difference. The ion drag force inhibits this effective day‐to‐night energy circulation, culminating in a dynamically induced difference of about 400 K in the day‐night temperature difference. It is demonstrated that the resultant wind and thermal structure greatly depends on the type of drag force environment, and a mechanism is introduced whereby ion and viscous drag forces can alter the energy budget of the upper thermosphere system. For example, in solar minimum, viscous drag is significant relative to other forces and more effectively cools the dayside and warms the nightside, thereby reducing the day‐night temperature gradient.
Ionospheric detection and localization of volcano eruptions on the example of the April 2015 Calbuco events
Authors: Shults Ksenia , Astafyeva Elvira , Adourian Sévan
Published: October 2016

Using data from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers located in southern Chile, we study the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) response to two eruptions of the Calbuco volcano that occurred on 22–23 April 2015. In both cases, the TEC response showed quasi‐periodic signals with several consecutive wave trains. The averaged amplitude of the observed covolcanic TEC perturbations amounted 0.45 total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2 (TECU) for the first eruption and 0.16 TECU for the second one. We compare amplitudes of the TEC response to volcano eruptions of different intensity from our and previously published data, and we show that both the intensity and the background ionospheric conditions define the amplitude of ionospheric covolcanic disturbances. The relative contribution, however, scales with the eruption intensity. The traveltime diagrams allowed to estimate the propagation speed of the observed covolcanic TEC perturbations as ~900–1200 m/s, which is close to the acoustic (or shock acoustic) waves speed at the ionospheric height. The spectrograms are consistent with the conclusion on the acoustic nature of the observed TEC perturbations. Finally, we use the approximation of a spherical wave propagating at a constant velocity from a point source, and for the first time, we calculate the location of the volcanic source and the onset time of the volcano eruption from ionospheric measurements. We show that even from 30 s ionospheric GPS data it is possible to “localize” the eruptive source within several degrees of latitude/longitude.
Nanodust shedding and its potential influence on dust‐related phenomena in the mesosphere
Authors: Havnes O. , Hartquist T. W.
Published: October 2016

We explore the possibility that some meteoric smoke particles that collide with larger nanoparticles near the mesopause can escape from the larger particles by capturing surface electrons. If the process were sufficiently efficient, under certain conditions it would influence the responses of polar mesospheric summer echoes to artificial heating in a manner that is compatible with observations that are unexplained with previous models. The process would have a number of other possible consequences for nanoparticles near the mesopause.
Utilization of Care Outside the Veterans Affairs Health Care System by US Veterans With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Schwab Pascale , Sayles Harlan , Bergman Debra , Cannon Grant W. , Michaud Kaleb , Mikuls Ted R. , Barton Jennifer
Published: October 2016

Objective

Many veterans enrolled in Veterans Affairs (VA) health care systems also receive care through other health care systems. Both VA and non‐VA health care use must therefore be considered when conducting research in this population. This study characterized dual‐care utilization in veterans with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and explored associations with RA disease activity.

Methods

Through a questionnaire mailed to RA patients at 3 VA sites, veterans reported medical services by non‐VA primary care and subspecialty providers, comorbidities, non‐VA medications, and hospitalizations. Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) and Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MD‐HAQ) scores were recorded during VA clinic visits, and respondent groups were compared.

Results

Of the 510 participants surveyed, 318 (62%) responded. Respondents were older (ages 69 versus 66 years; P = 0.006), more likely nonsmokers (80% versus 67%; P = 0.001), and had lower disease activity (DAS28 3.3 versus 3.8; P < 0.001, MD‐HAQ 0.8 versus 0.9; P = 0.01) than nonrespondents (n = 192 [38%]). The respondents with a non‐VA provider (n = 130 [41%]) were older (71 versus 68 years; P = 0.001) and had more education (14 versus 13 years; P = 0.021) than nondual‐care users. Only 6% of respondents reported having a non‐VA rheumatologist, with 2% receiving a non‐VA prescribed biologic agent or disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug.

Conclusion

In this study, VA beneficiaries with RA had lower dual‐care utilization than previously reported for the general VA population, with few patients receiving dual rheumatology care or non‐VA RA medications. This survey suggests that most US veterans with RA who access VA care use the VA as their primary source of arthritis care.
Eight‐Year Retention Rate of First‐Line Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Spondyloarthritis: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Favalli Ennio Giulio , Selmi Carlo , Becciolini Andrea , Biggioggero Martina , Ariani Alarico , Santilli Daniele , Fusaro Enrico , Parisi Simone , Massarotti Marco , Marchesoni Antonio , Meroni Pier Luigi
Published: October 2016

Objective

To evaluate the 8‐year survival of the first tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), identify the predictive factors for withdrawal, and compare the discontinuation rates for infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab.

Methods

We evaluated PsA and axial SpA patients treated with a first‐line TNFi between 2005 and 2015 at 4 Italian tertiary centers. Eight‐year drug survival was calculated by the Kaplan‐Meier method, and risk for discontinuation among treatment groups compared by stratified log‐rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were developed to examine predictors of withdrawal.

Results

Of 614 patients (316 axial with SpA, 298 with PsA), 203 received adalimumab, 131 etanercept, and 280 infliximab, with similar frequencies in axial SpA and PsA subgroups. The cumulative 8‐year retention rate in the whole population was 55.1% (57.2% and 51.9% for axial SpA and PsA, respectively; P = not significant). No significant differences were observed in drug persistence among individual TNFi in either group. Male sex (hazard ratio [HR] 0.595 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.405–0.875]; P = 0.008) and concomitant methotrexate use (HR 0.648 [95% CI 0.426–0.985]; P = 0.042) were associated with a lower risk of withdrawal in PsA. High baseline Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (HR 0.9842 [95% CI 0.9708–0.9980]; P = 0.028) was associated with a lower risk of withdrawal in axial SpA. No difference was found in the comparative analysis of reasons for discontinuation between PsA and axial SpA.

Conclusion

We reported that the real‐life 8‐year retention rate of the first TNFi in axial SpA and PsA is greater than 50%, with no significant differences between axial SpA and PsA, irrespective of the individual TNFi.
Mediating Effect of Changes in Hand Impairments on Hand Function in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Exploring the Mechanisms of an Effective Exercise Program
Authors: Hall Amanda M. , Copsey Bethan , Williams Mark , Srikesavan Cynthia , Lamb Sarah E. ,   on behalf of the Sarah Trial Team
Published: October 2016

Objective

To determine whether the effect of the Strengthening and Stretching for Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand (SARAH) exercise program on hand function was mediated by changes in the proposed active ingredients: strength, dexterity, and/or range of motion.

Methods

The SARAH intervention included exercises hypothesized to improve potential mediators of grip strength, pinch strength, wrist flexion, wrist extension, finger flexion, finger extension, thumb opposition, and dexterity, which would theoretically improve self‐reported hand function. All variables were measured at baseline and at 4 and 12 months. Structural equation modeling was used to assess mediation on change in hand function via change in potential mediators.

Results

Change in grip strength partially mediated change in hand function. Grip strength mediated 19.4% (95% confidence interval 0.9%, 37.8%) of the treatment effect.

Conclusion

Improvements in grip strength at 4 months are likely to mediate improved hand function at 12 months. The role of joint mobility exercises is less clear and is likely influenced by the choice of measurement tools for both mobility and function outcomes. More robust measurements of wrist and hand mobility for patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be necessary to determine the relationship between this variable and self‐reported hand function. Using a large trial data set, we have demonstrated that techniques used to target grip strength are key active ingredients of the SARAH exercise program and mediate its effect.
Longitudinal Changes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Measures of Femorotibial Cartilage Thickness as a Function of Alignment and Obesity: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Moyer Rebecca , Wirth Wolfgang , Eckstein Felix
Published: October 2016

Objective

To investigate the interaction between malalignment and body mass index (BMI) on cartilage thickness change in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Femorotibial cartilage thickness was measured from baseline to 2 years in 558 knees with radiographic OA. Cartilage thickness was determined in the central weight‐bearing medial femorotibial cartilage (cMFTC) and lateral (cLFTC) compartments. Femorotibial angle (FTA) was stratified into neutral, minor, and definite malalignment. BMI was stratified using World Health Organization classifications for normal, overweight, and obese. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the interaction between alignment and BMI, adjusting for age, sex, and disease severity.

Results

There was no significant interaction for continuous measures of alignment and BMI (P = 0.301 for cMFTC and P = 0.852 for cLFTC). Using BMI tertiles, the association between alignment and medial or lateral cartilage thickness loss was not moderated by BMI, despite a significant association of malalignment with greater cartilage thickness loss (P ≤ 0.005). Using FTA tertiles, the association between BMI and medial cartilage thickness loss was approximately 3 times greater in knees with definite malalignment (P = 0.149) and approximately 5 times greater in knees with minor malalignment (P = 0.006). Specifically, knees with minor varus significantly modified this relationship (P = 0.021).

Conclusion

Malalignment was significantly associated with cartilage thickness loss per degree increase in malalignment, but was not moderated by BMI. BMI was significantly associated with greater rates of medial cartilage thickness loss per unit increase in BMI but only in knees with minor varus malalignment. These findings have implications for better understanding patient subgroups and intervention strategies targeting risk factors for knee OA.
Reduction in Spinal Radiographic Progression in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients Receiving Prolonged Treatment With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
Authors: Maas Fiona , Arends Suzanne , Brouwer Elisabeth , Essers Ivette , van der Veer Eveline , Efde Monique , van Ooijen Peter M. A. , Wolf Rinze , Veeger Nic J. G. M. , Bootsma Hendrika , Wink Freke R. , Spoorenberg Anneke
Published: October 2016

Objective

To evaluate the course of spinal radiographic progression for up to 8 years of followup in a large cohort of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.

Methods

Consecutive patients from the Groningen Leeuwarden AS cohort starting TNF inhibitors between 2004 and 2012 were included. Baseline and biannual radiographs were randomized with radiographs of TNF‐naive AS patients and scored in chronologic order according to modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). The course of radiographic progression (linear or nonlinear) was investigated using generalized estimating equations. Primary analysis was performed in patients with complete data over 4, 6, and 8 years of followup. Sensitivity analysis was performed after single linear imputation of missing radiographic data and after adjusting for patient characteristics with possible influence on radiographic progression.

Results

At baseline, median mSASSS of 210 included AS patients was 2.8 (interquartile range 0.0–12.0), mean ± SD mSASSS 10.0 ± 15.5. During the first 4 years, radiographic progression followed a linear course (estimated mean progression rate was 1.7 for 0–2 and 2–4 years). A deflection from a linear course was found in patients with complete and imputed data over 6 and 8 years. The estimated mean 2‐year progression rate reduced from 2.3 to 0.8 in patients with complete 8‐year data. The same pattern was found after adjustment for baseline mSASSS scores, presence of syndesmophytes, sex, HLA–B27 status, age, symptom duration, smoking duration, body mass index, disease activity, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use.

Conclusion

This observational cohort study in AS patients receiving long‐term TNF inhibitors showed a reduction in spinal radiographic progression after more than 4 years of followup.
Seven‐Year Outcomes of the Silicone Arthroplasty in Rheumatoid Arthritis Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chung Kevin C. , Kotsis Sandra V. , Burns Patricia B. , Burke Frank D. , Wilgis E. F. Shaw , Fox David A. , Kim H. Myra
Published: October 2016

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes destruction of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, leading to hand deformities, pain, and loss of function. This study prospectively assessed long‐term functional and health‐related quality‐of‐life outcomes in RA patients with severe deformity at the MCP joints.

Methods

RA patients between ages 18 to 80 years with severe deformity at the MCP joints were referred to 1 of the 3 study sites. Subjects who elected to undergo silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty (SMPA) while continuing with medical management were followed in the SMPA cohort. Subjects who elected to continue with medical management alone without surgery were followed in the non‐SMPA cohort. Objective measurements included grip and pinch strength as well as arc of motion, ulnar drift, and extensor lag of the MCP joints. Patient‐reported outcomes included the Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) and the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales questionnaire. Radiographs of SMPA implants were assessed and graded as intact, deformed, or fractured.

Results

MHQ scores showed large improvements post‐SMPA, and baseline‐adjusted expected outcomes in the SMPA group were significantly better at year 7 in function, aesthetics, satisfaction, and overall score compared to non‐SMPA. SMPA subjects did not improve in grip or pinch strength, but achieved significant improvement and maintained the improvement long term in ulnar drift and extensor lag.

Conclusion

Benefits of the SMPA procedure are maintained over 7 years with low rates of implant fracture or deformity. Non‐SMPA patients remained stable in their hand function over the 7‐year study duration.
Association of Anti–Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies With Coronary Artery Calcification in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Geraldino‐Pardilla Laura , Giles Jon T. , Sokolove Jeremy , Zartoshti Afshin , Robinson William H. , Budoff Matthew , Detrano Robert , Bokhari Sabahat , Bathon Joan M.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Citrullinated proteins have been found within atherosclerotic plaque. However, studies evaluating the association between anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and imaging measures of atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been limited to seroreactive citrullinated fibrinogen or citrullinated vimentin and have rendered contradictory results. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate this association using an extended panel of ACPAs in a larger sample of RA patients without clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods

ACPAs were identified using a custom Bio‐Plex bead assay in 270 patients from 2 independent RA cohorts without clinical CVD, with the first one consisting of 195 patients and the other of 75 patients. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) was assessed by computed tomography as a measure of coronary artery disease.

Results

High levels of anti–citrullinated histone H2B antibodies were strongly associated with higher CAC scores, compared with lower antibody levels (P = 0.001); this remained significant after adjustment for traditional CV and RA‐specific risk factors (P = 0.03). No association between levels of ACPAs and CAC progression at 3 years was seen (P = 0.09); however, the number of progressors was small (n = 92).

Conclusion

Higher levels of ACPAs targeting Cit‐histone H2B were associated with higher CAC scores when compared to lower antibody levels, suggesting a potential role for histone citrullination seroreactivity in atherosclerosis.
Relationship Between Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder and Sjögren's Syndrome: Central Nervous System Extraglandular Disease or Unrelated, Co‐Occurring Autoimmunity?
Authors: Birnbaum J. , Atri N. M. , Baer A. N. , Cimbro R. , Montagne J. , Casciola‐Rosen L.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients may be affected by the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a severe demyelinating syndrome associated with anti–aquaporin 4 antibodies (anti‐AQP‐4 antibodies). The relationship between SS and NMOSD has been a sustained focus of investigation. Among SS patients, anti‐AQP‐4 antibodies have been detected exclusively in those with NMOSD. It has therefore been speculated that NMOSD is not a neurologic complication of SS. However, such studies evaluated small numbers of SS patients, often mixed with other inflammatory disorders.

Methods

We compared frequencies of anti‐AQP‐4 and SS‐associated antibodies in 109 SS patients, including 11 with NMOSD, 8 with non‐NMOSD demyelinating syndromes, and 90 without demyelinating syndromes.

Results

When assessed using a fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) assay, anti‐AQP‐4 antibodies were seen exclusively in those SS patients with NMOSD (72.7%), but not in SS patients without NMOSD (P < 0.01). In contrast, anti–Ro 52, anti–Ro 60, and other autoantibodies were not more prevalent in SS patients with NMOSD versus those without. Anti‐AQP‐4 antibodies were detected more frequently among NMOSD patients by FACS assay than with a commercial immunohistochemical assay (72.7% versus 54.5%), despite assessment after a more prolonged period of immunosuppressive therapy (median 38 months versus 5 months; P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The syndrome‐specificity of anti‐AQP‐4 antibodies, along with an otherwise similar antibody profile in SS NMOSD patients, indicates that NMOSD is not a direct central nervous system manifestation of SS. Anti‐AQP‐4 antibodies can persist and be refractory to prolonged immunosuppressive therapy.
Effectiveness of Ultrasound‐Guided Compared to Blind Steroid Injections in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Evers Stefanie , Bryan Andrew J. , Sanders Thomas L. , Selles Ruud W. , Gelfman Russell , Amadio Peter C.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of ultrasound‐guided injections to blind injections in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in a large community‐based cohort.

Methods

This study evaluated residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, treated with a corticosteroid injection for CTS between 2001 and 2010. The proportion of patients receiving retreatment and the duration of retreatment‐free survival between blind and ultrasound‐guided injections were compared. Propensity score matching was used to control for confounding by indication.

Results

In the matched data set consisting of 234 (of 600) hands treated with a blind injection and 87 (of 89) ultrasound‐guided injection cases, ultrasound guidance was associated with a reduced hazard of retreatment (hazard ratio 0.59 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.37–0.93]). In addition, ultrasound guidance was associated with 55% reduced odds of retreatment within 1 year compared to blind injections (adjusted odds ratio 0.45 [95% CI 0.24–0.83]).

Conclusion

This study indicates that ultrasound‐guided injections are more effective in comparison to blind injections in the treatment of CTS.
Secukinumab for Long‐Term Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis: A Two‐Year Followup From a Phase III, Randomized, Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Kavanaugh Arthur , Mease Philip J. , Reimold Andreas M. , Tahir Hasan , Rech Jürgen , Hall Stephen , Geusens Piet , Wang Zailong , Pricop Luminita , Mpofu Shephard ,   for the FUTURE‐1 Study Group
Published: October 2016

Objective

To assess the 2‐year efficacy and safety of the interleukin‐17A inhibitor, secukinumab, in active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods

In the FUTURE‐1 study, 606 patients with active PsA were randomized to secukinumab 10 mg/kg intravenously at baseline, and at weeks 2 and 4, followed by 150 mg or 75 mg subcutaneously (SC) every 4 weeks from week 8, or matching placebo. Patients receiving placebo were re‐randomized to secukinumab 150 mg or 75 mg SC from week 16 or week 24, depending upon clinical response. Treatment continued to week 104. Exploratory analysis of all primary and secondary end points, on an intent‐to‐treat basis, continued to week 104.

Results

A total of 476 patients (78.5%) completed 104 weeks of treatment. Secukinumab showed sustained efficacy across multiple domains of PsA through week 104, including signs and symptoms, disease activity, quality of life, physical function, skin symptoms, dactylitis, and enthesitis. American College of Rheumatology criteria for 20% improvement response rates were 66.8% with secukinumab 150 mg and 58.6% with secukinumab 75 mg at week 104; Psoriasis Area and Severity Index criteria for 75% improvement response rates were 74.6% and 63.0%, respectively (multiple imputed data). At week 104, 84.3% of patients in the secukinumab 150 mg group and 83.8% in the secukinumab 75 mg group showed no radiographic disease progression (observed data). No new or unexpected safety signals were reported during 2 years of treatment. Immunogenicity to secukinumab was low.

Conclusion

Secukinumab provided sustained improvements in PsA at 2 years, with very little radiographic progression. Treatment was well tolerated over the long term.
Prescribed performance bound‐based adaptive path‐following control of uncertain nonholonomic mobile robots
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Jiangshuai , Wen Changyun
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we consider the transient performance of path‐following control of nonholonomic mobile robots with parametric uncertainties. By incorporating prescribed performance bound (PPB) technique, the transient performances on position and orientational tracking errors will be guaranteed with convergence rates no less than certain pre‐specified values and sufficiently small maximum overshoots. We also extend the proposed scheme to solve the formation control problem for a group of N unicycle‐type mobile robots without inter‐robot communications. It is ensured that all the robots can track their references with arbitrarily small errors and no collision will occur between any two robots. Simulation studies verify the established theoretical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of alkenes catalysed by molybdenum(VI)–oxodiperoxo complex anchored on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Zare Maryam , Moradi‐Shoeili Zeinab
Published: October 2016

A new epoxidation catalyst has been prepared by grafting a molybdenum(VI)–oxodiperoxo complex containing an oxazine ligand, [MoO(O2)2(phox)], on chloro‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst (MoO(O2)2(phox)/Fe3O4 was characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, vibrating sample magnetometry, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The immobilized complex gave high product yields and high selectivity for epoxide compared to the corresponding homogeneous one in the epoxidation of various olefins in the presence of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide at 95°C without any co‐solvent. Also, the heterogeneous catalyst can be recycled without a noticeable change in activity and selectivity.
Effectiveness of community and volunteer based coral reef monitoring in Cambodia
Authors: Savage Jessica M. , Osborne Patrick E. , Hudson Malcolm D.
Published: October 2016

Globally, coral reef monitoring programmes conducted by volunteer‐based organizations or local communities have the potential to collect large quantities of marine data at low cost. However, many scientists remain sceptical about the ability of these programmes to detect changes in marine systems when compared with professional techniques.

A limited number of studies have assessed the efficacy and validity of volunteer‐based monitoring, and even fewer have assessed community‐based methods.

This study in Cambodia investigated the ability of surveyors of different levels of experience to conduct underwater surveys using a simple coral reef methodology. Surveyors were assigned to four experience categories and conducted a series of six 20 × 5 m belt transects using five benthic indicator species.

Results show decreased variation in marine community assessments with increasing experience, indicating that experience, rather than cultural background, influences survey ability. This suggests that locally based programmes can fill gaps in knowledge with suitable ongoing training and assessment.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐Wide Association Study of Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis in North American Caucasians
Authors: Yau Michelle S. , Yerges‐Armstrong Laura M. , Liu Youfang , Lewis Cora E. , Duggan David J. , Renner Jordan B. , Torner James , Felson David T. , McCulloch Charles E. , Kwoh C. Kent , Nevitt Michael C. , Hochberg Marc C. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Jordan Joanne M. , Jackson Rebecca D.
Published: October 2016

Objective

A major barrier to genetic studies of osteoarthritis (OA) is the need to obtain large numbers of individuals with standardized radiographic evaluations for OA. To address this gap, we performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) of radiographically defined tibiofemoral knee OA in 3,898 cases and 3,168 controls from 4 well‐characterized North American cohorts, and we performed replication analysis of previously reported OA loci.

Methods

We performed meta‐analysis using a 2‐stage design. Stage 1 (discovery) consisted of a GWAS meta‐analysis of radiographic knee OA carried out in the Osteoarthritis Initiative and the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. Knee OA was defined as definite osteophytes and possible joint space narrowing or total joint replacement in one or both knees. Stage 2 (validation) was performed in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and the Genetics of Osteoarthritis study. We genotyped lead meta‐analysis variants (P ≤ 1 × 10−4) from stage 1 and tested the association between these variants and knee OA. We then combined results from all cohorts in a meta‐analysis.

Results

Lead variants from stage 1, representing 49 unique loci, were analyzed in stage 2; none met genome‐wide significance in the combined analysis of stage 1 and stage 2. We validated 1 locus (rs4867568 near LSP1P3) with nominal significance (P < 0.05), which was also our top finding in the combined meta‐analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0.84 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.79–0.91], P = 3.02 × 10−6). We observed nominally significant associations (P < 0.05) with 3 previously reported OA loci: rs143383 in GDF5 (OR 1.12 [95% CI 1.04–1.21], P = 2.13 × 10−3), rs835487 in CHST11 (OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.85–0.99], P = 0.03), and rs8044769 in FTO (OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.03–1.19], P = 6.13 × 10−3).

Conclusion

These findings provide suggestive evidence of a novel knee OA locus and confirm previously reported associations in GDF5, CHST11, and FTO.