bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justice and Good Governance
Authors: Lambropoulos Vassilis
Published: March 2007

A reading of Solon's elegy to eunomia through Castoriadis's seminal theory of autonomy as the explicit and reflective self-institution of society can elucidate the question of what constitutes sound governance. Solon proposes that the dignified realm of mortal life is the ethos of citizenship in a political state. Accordingly, this regime, which relies on intrinsic justification, needs to be understood in ethico-political terms. Its inherent ordinance is the rule of justice - the reciprocity of equitable proportion governing relations among citizens. It is the responsibility of these citizens to safeguard the governing reciprocity, and when they neglect it, the entire state suffers the dire consequences of hubris. The political order that best observes and promulgates the rule of justice is good governance, which functions both as self-limitation and as a balancing measure by arranging the contest of civic forces into a fitting harmony.
`Elias in Singapore': Civilizing Processes in a Tropical City
Authors: Stauth Georg
Published: March 2007

In recent years Singapore has come to be seen as a successful project of economic transformation and capitalist development. What is more remarkable - but less discussed - is Singapore's success in building a multiethnic society and the unique concomitant civilizing processes that have accompanied this. Singapore represents today a project of a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural polity and a postmodern global city that combines civility, nostalgia and economic functionality. Here it is argued that - despite some well-known and decisive dark spots on the political landscape - this success has to do with two concomitant processes. One is the functionally administered extension of the state into the meaning-sphere of the individual, totalizing it from within his own nostalgia in an exoticized urban space. The other is the soteriological transcendence of individual and intra-individual relations within and beyond the culturally recognized `communities'. Westerners will not be able to learn from the Singapore process of multi-cultural civilization should they continue to merely understand it in terms of `Asian authoritarianism'.
Becoming News
Authors: Altheide David L. , Rasmussen Paul K.
Published: March 2007

A field study of two newsrooms in the same city during 1971-1972 shows that TV news reports reflect practical and organizational constraints, not the character of the events themselves. Materials derived from participant observation, interviews, and station documents illustrate how news content is influenced by business and commercial concerns, scheduling, institutionalized news sources, and predefined angles. One implication is that the quantum leap in news messages may distort rather than clarify events, issues, and problems.
Role Conflict Between Housework and Child Care
Authors: Olson Joan Toms
Published: March 2007

Twenty-seven mothers of preschool children were interviewed to determine what degree of conflict they experienced between the tasks of housework and child care. The components and consequences of housework-child care conflict are examined on both social-psychological and structural levels with application to both theoretical and practical considerations.
Token Men and Women
Authors: Macke Anne Statham
Published: March 2007

Data from 525 professionals and semiprofessionals are used to test the hypothesis that one's sex is more salient than occupational competencies for persons in opposite-sex- dominated occupations. The impact of these characteristics on a global measure of self-esteem is used as an indicator of their relative salience. The hypothesis is supported in that sex is quite important for all respondents, while occupational competencies are important only for those in same-sex-dominated occupations (professional men and semiprofessional women). This finding is interpreted in a symbolic interactionist framework. Assuming that the salience of various self components is determined by the feedback one receivesfrom significant others, thesefindings suggest that opposite-sex colleagues tend to ignore or downplay occupational competencies in lieu of one's sex. Possible implications for the career success of those in opposite-sex-dominated occupations are discussed. Also discussed are more general implications for self-development theory.
Patterns of Educational Sponsorship to Work
Authors: TINTO VINCENT
Published: March 2007

A longitudinal study of the varying impact of educational sponsorship upon the early professional careers of male college graduates of elite and nonelite social origins suggests that attendance at high quality colleges benefits more the children of nonelite families than it does those from elite backgrounds. Family origins and colleges appear to provide two distinct routes to success among professional occupations. When resources contained in the family are sufficient for occupational success, colleges appear to have little impact upon occupational attainment. When family resources are insufficient, colleges may play an important role in subsequent occupational attainment. In either case, performance in college, the holding of high expectations, and the obtaining of an advanced degree are all important to professional success.
Temporal Change in Occupational Differentiation
Authors: PARCEL TOBY L. , BENEFO KOFI
Published: March 2007

Interest in nonstatus and nonprestige dimensions of occupational differentiation prompts questions concerning temporal change in new measures of occupational ranking. Literature that argues in favor of temporal change in the bases of occupational differentiation is juxtaposed with arguments suggesting stability. Confirmatory factor analytic models of occupational complexity, physical dexterity, physical activities, and unpleasantness of work suggest considerable stability in their measurement between 1965 and 1977. Limitations to the analysis and DOT data are noted. Implications for opposing arguments are discussed, as are the types of research situations in which these findings would be useful.
Professionalization and Work Intensification
Authors: BRANNON ROBERT L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the reorganization of nursing work during the cost containment era. In recent decades, the division of labor on hospital wards has been reversed through task reunification, a process promoted by nursing leaders as professional upgrading. The article argues that this change overcomes prior work difficulties yet contradicts theories of professionalization and serves managerial interests. Observations on hospital wards reveal that, although RNs are not “technically proletarianized,” reunified tasks and unmediated relations with patients intensify work, forcing RNs to limit an overextended work jurisdiction at the same time that the flattening of the nursing hierarchy increases their accountability.
When More is Less
Authors: HUFFMAN MATT L. , VELASCO STEVEN C.
Published: March 2007

Using a nationally representative survey of work organizations, we test whether the earnings penalty associated with work that is done primarily by women exists at the level of jobs within work organizations. Additionally, we bring theory and research on organizations to bear on this question, enabling us to test theoretically salient interactions between the sex composition of jobs and measures of organizational structure and environment. Our results corroborate prior research showing strong negative effects of female representation on work rewards, net of a diverse array of control variables. We find this penalty to be exceedingly robust, with neither government regulation, firm size, nor employment formalization attenuating the negative effect of female representation on earnings.
Getting Away and Getting By
Authors: JURIK NANCY C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the emancipatory and restrictive dimensions of self-employed homework. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews with 46 individuals, predominantly women, who work in home-based, self-employed professional, domestic service, or craft production ventures. In line with predictions that self-employed homework is liberating to workers, most respondents viewed self-employed homework as a means for breaking away from traditional employment options. Mothers also hoped to combine paid work and child care. However, in line with exploitation hypotheses, findings indicate that the profit requirements of doing business and conflicts between work and family demands led respondents to replicate at home some of the negative, exploitative work arrangements that they tried to escape. The social location of respondents, which included gender, family status, resources, and race-ethnicity as well as local and regional economic conditions, varied respondents' experiences of self-employed homework and their strategies for confronting dilemmas.
The Effects of Job Characteristics on Active Effort at Work
Authors: WALSH JOHN P. , TSENG SHU-FEN
Published: March 2007

Building on previous research on worker extra-role effort, the authors focus their analysis on the correlates of one subset of behaviors that they call active effort. The authors argue for an exchange model, with organizations offering intrinsic, social, and material inducements in exchange for active effort by workers. Using data from a telephone survey of 270 employed adults in a large midwestern metropolitan area, the authors test a model that measures a variety of structural variables to see how they affect the level of active effort. The authors find that active effort is related to the extent to which a worker is allowed to participate and to recognition. After controlling for other variables, they found that satisfaction has little independent effect on active effort. Relations to supervisors, seniority, and wages have no net effects on active effort, although they are associated with increased satisfaction. Also, high white-collar employees report significantly higher active effort and satisfaction.
Gender, Absenteeism, and Job Characteristics
Authors: MASTEKAASA ARNE , OLSEN KAREN MODESTA
Published: March 2007

It is well documented that women are generally absent from work more often than men. Using data from two large samples of Norwegian public sector employees, the authors use fixed effects methods to compare men and women who have identical job titles and work in the same workplace. Even under presumably very similar employment and working conditions, women have 1.3 to 1.7 times as many absences as men. The authors also provide strong indications that the gender difference is not due to women's greater problems in combining paid work with care for children. Because the gender difference is larger for longer absences requiring certification by a physician than for short absences not requiring such certification, the authors suggest that the gender difference in absenteeism is not primarily due to differences in work values. The difference in absenteeism is more likely to reflect general health or personality differences between men and women.
Women Physicians and the Gendered System of Professions
Authors: BARKER KRISTIN
Published: March 2007

This is a textual investigation of the battle between the American Medical Association and the American Medical Women's Association over the 1921 Act for the Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy—popularly called the Sheppard-Towner Act. Based on the rhetorical debate between these two groups as revealed in their respective medical journals, the author outlines how the trajectory, content, and demise of Sheppard-Towner were fundamentally structured by gendered intra- and interprofessional struggles among physicians, midwives, nurses, and social workers. By analyzing Sheppard-Towner within Abbott's (1988) system of professions, the author demonstrates how gender shapes the boundaries of jurisdictional disputes. More specifically, the author demonstrates how gender alliances and gender fractures between and among professions not only account for the rise and fall of Sheppard-Towner, but are part and parcel of the histories of professionalization projects generally.
A Study of Damage Accumulation in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Resin Structures During Mechanical Loading Monitored By Acoustic Emission
Authors: Valentin D. , Bunsell A.R.
Published: March 2007

It is shown that the acoustic emission obtained from plates and tube specimens for which failure is dominated by fibre fracture can be described analytically. The approach which is taken proposes a means with which the importance of failure mechanisms other than fibre fracture can be quantified. Overloading is seen to be equivalent to an acceleration of time at the lower load. The limitations of this analysis are explored and it is shown that certain structures are not amenable to this approach.
Analysis of Two Phase Eutectoid Transformation
Authors: Basu Rahul
Published: March 2007

A theoretical model is formulated to describe solid state eutectoid transformation. Solutions incorporating appropriate boundary conditions are derived for transient and steady states. It is shown that the transient solution describes build up of the interfacial boundary layer, whereas the steady state solution extends into the phase. The presence of this boundary layer with considerable concentration and temperature gradients sug gests a solid state analogue to constitutional super cooling, as in the liquid to solid transformation.
Monitoring Damage Accumulation in Filament-Wound Graphite/Epoxy Laminate Coupons During Fatigue Loading Through Acoustic Emission
Authors: Awerbuch Jonathan , Madhukar Madhu , Gorman Michael R.
Published: March 2007

Damage accumulation during low cycle tension-tension fatigue loading has been monitored through acoustic emission for filament-wound graphite/epoxy [±24/90/0/ ±45/0/90/±24] T laminate coupons. Test frequency was 0.1 and 1.0 Hz at different dynamic load levels and specimens were cycled up to 5,000 and 15,000 cycles at a fatigue load ratio of 0.1. Unnotched and double edge notched specimens (300 × 25 mm in dimensions) were tested, with notch length-to-width ratios of 0.15 and 0.25.
The Damage Evolution Process of Orthotropic Notched Laminate of Fiber-Reinforced Composite
Authors: Peng Li-Hua
Published: March 2007

The damage evolution process of the single- or double-edge notched specimens sub jected to uniaxial tensile load is studied systematically by moire technique in this paper. A method for directly measuring the damaged region on the moire fringe pattern is proposed. Some relations between the mechanical parameters of the damage process are evaluated and analyzed. The strain distribution in the whole damage process in cluding onset, stable and unstable propagation of damage is discussed.
A Quantitative Assessment of Debonding in Unidirectional Composites Under Long-Term Loading
Authors: Newaz Golam M.
Published: March 2007

Transverse tensile fatigue behavior of unidirectional E-glass/epoxy and E-glass/ vinyl ester composites with 48-50 volume percent glass fiber was evaluated using a strain-controlled test condition. Analysis based on Weibull statistics shows that there is a significant difference in performance between E-glass/epoxy and E-glass/vinyl ester composites. At all strain amplitudes, the moduli of the composites were retained until final failure occurred. This is related to the development of a single dominant crack and the absence of multiple cracking which leads to the final separation in the test specimen. This behavior is similar to homogeneous materials such as metals. Fatigue life in these composites is found to be initiation dominated and, correspondingly, the propagation life is negligible. This study provides an overall insight into the fatigue behavior and damage in unidirectional composites subjected to long term transverse tensile loading. Also, it is useful in materials selection for controlling longitudinal split ting in unidirectional composite structures in fatigue loading.
Crack Propagation and Bifurcation in Fiber-Composite Models-II: Hard-Soft-Hard Sequence of Phases
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Papadopoulos G.A.
Published: March 2007

An experimental study of the influence of a soft-fiber inclusion and the mesophase layer surrounding it in a hard-soft-hard bi-phase representative volume element (RVE), on the fracture and bifurcation processes in both phases was undertaken. The influence of the mechanical properties of each phase and the effect of the external loading-rate on the crack propagation velocity and the initiation of the crack bifurcation was studied by using high speed photography and dynamic caustics. It was shown that the propagating crack tended to bifurcate either in the hard or in the mesophase layer, and the bifurcation of the crack depended strongly on the strain rate, the elastic modulus and the Poisson ratio of the phases, as well as on the extent of the mesophase layer, which relies upon the degree of adhesion between phases.
Instrumented Impact Testing of Composite Sandwich Panels
Authors: Shih W.K. , Jang B.Z.
Published: March 2007

The impact response of various composite sandwich panels has been investigated. These composite sandwich panels, consisting of various fabric facesheet materials and different densities of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) foam cores, demonstrate exceptional low-energy impact resistance. The macroscopic failure modes, microfailure mechanisms, and energy absorbing characteristics of these composite sandwich panels were studied by using in strumented impact test, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The impact resistance of composite sandwich panels was found to be mainly controlled by the facesheets and relatively independent of the density of the PVC foam core, provided the facesheet material is tough enough The impact failure mechanism of sandwich panels containing less tough facesheets was found to change from facesheet-dominated to foam- core-dominated behavior, when the PVC foam core increased from low density to relatively high density. The energy absorbed by a sandwich panel made of low-density foam core was about 15%-100% greater than the sum of the energies absorbed by its separate constituents This result indicates that the impact energy of a composite sandwich panel cannot be predicted by the rule-of-mixtures law. This percentage deviation increased as the density of the foam core increased.
Further Simulations of Viscoelastic Entry Flows Using a Heuristic Approach
Authors: Mitsoulis Evan
Published: March 2007

The entry flow of viscoelastic fluids is simulated numerically for various tubular and planar abrupt geometries using the finite element method. Test fluids include polymer solutions (Boger fluids) and polymer melts (LDPE, PS) for which shear viscosity and normal stress data are available. Instead of using any established viscoelastic consti tutive equation, the Viscometric Approximation Theory (VAT) is used which simplifies the equations to their steady simple-shear flow counterpart thus overcoming problems of convergence. This heuristic approach, although not rigorous and consistent with consti tutive principles, is shown to capture intricate details of the flow field found experimen tally. These include the growth of the reservoir vortex with flowrate from a concave to a straight and then a convex shape in a 4:1 tubular contraction; the appearance of a second lip vortex in a 16:1 tubular contraction for low flow rates; the difference in vortex size and streamline patterns of LDPE and PS melts in a 6:1 planar contraction This heuristic ap proach is thus recommended for studying the effect of normal stresses in viscoelastic flows with a main direction for engineering calculations much as the lubrication approximation has been used in the past for purely viscous fluids.
Stress Concentration after Transverse Cracking of a GFRP Cross-Ply Laminate and the Secondary Failure
Authors: Ohira Hiroichi , Shono Takashi
Published: March 2007

In conjunction with the failure mechanism of a glass/epoxy cross-ply lami nate under tension, the tree-shaped secondary failure was detected in our laboratory. Stress concentration which is induced by transverse cracking is the cause of the secondary failure. A theoretical approach to the failure is made in this paper on the basis of stress distributions and energy consideration.
A Condition on the Time of Rupture of Reinforced Material
Authors: Sharma B.B. , Sharma Rajesh , Gupta Rajender
Published: March 2007

Deterioration with time of two solid phases firmly bonded together has been discussed. The aim is to find a relation between the times of rupture of the composite material and that of its constituents. The mixture is assumed to be homogeneous on a microscopic scale, but not necessarily isotropic. However, the two phases themselves are assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous. But their elastic moduli differ so that the stress and the strain fields throughout the mixture are microscopically non-homogeneous.
A Study on the Damage of Reinforced Material
Authors: Sharma B.B. , Sharma Rajesh , Gupta Rajinder
Published: March 2007

A micro-mechanical approach is used to discuss the damage of two solid phases firmly bonded together at the interfaces. A theorem of theoretical as well as of practical importance is presented. It relates the damage properties of composite material and its constituents. Conditions on the constants of constituent and composite material have been imposed to predict the superiority of composite material. The mixture is assumed to be homogeneous on a microscopic scale, but not necessarily isotropic. How ever, the two phases themselves are assumed to isotropic and homogeneous. But their elas tic moduli differ and so that the stress and the strain fields throughout the mixture are microscopically nonhomogeneous.
Exact Solutions for Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shells in Cylindrical Bending
Authors: Yuan F.G.
Published: March 2007

Analytic elasticity solutions for laminated composite cylindrical shells under cylindrical bending are presented. The material of the shell is assumed to be general cylindrically anisotropic. Based on the theory of cylindrical anisotropic elasticity coupled governing partial differential equations are developed using Lekhnitskii's stress function approach. The general expressions for the stresses and displacements in the laminated composite cylinders are discussed. The closed form solutions based on Classical Shell Theory (CST) and Donnell's theory are also derived for comparison purposes. Three examples: A) [45] off-axis unidirectional, B) [45/-45] unsymmetric and C) [45/-45]s symmetric angle-ply fiber-reinforced laminated shells are shown to illustrate the effect of radius-to-thickness ratio, coupling and stacking sequence. The results show that in general CST yields poor stress and displacement distributions for thick-section composite shells, but converges to the exact elasticity solution as the radius-to-thickness ratio increases. It is also shown that Donnell's theory significantly underestimates the stress and displace ment response.
Two-Dimensional Finite Element Model of the Pultrusion Process
Authors: Hackett Robert M. , Zhu Si-Ze
Published: March 2007

Composite materials used in the fabrication of industrial products/compo nents are under constant development. Applications vary widely from consumer products to high-performance aerospace components. The pultrusion process is one of the impor tant methods of production of composite materials. In order to develop a fundamental understanding of this process, a computational model employing the finite element method is developed which enables a prediction of the material temperature and degree-of-cure at any time during the process. The model is comprehensive; it can readily be employed to perform parametric studies of the process and to aid in the development of efficient design procedures for this type of material system. Comparisons are made between model predic tions and experimental results and good agreement is observed.
Cured Shape of Unsymmetric Laminates with Arbitrary Lay-Up Angles
Authors: Jun W.J. , Hong C.S.
Published: March 2007

The warping analysis of the general unsymmetric laminates with arbitrary lay-up angles is still not fully understood whereas the cross-ply laminates have been characterized well. This paper presents the formulation that treats the curvatures and prin cipal direction of curvature of the cured shape in unsymmetrically laminated composites. The effect of spatial dependence of in-place strains on curvatures is significant near the bifurcation point in the case of laminates having the stacking arrangement in which snap- through phenomenon occurs. It is shown that the principal direction of curvature calculated from classical lamination theory agrees with this theory in the limited range of length-to-thickness ratios of laminate. Curvatures and principal direction of curvature ac cording to the length-to-thickness ratios, number of layers, and lay-up angles of the lami nate are presented.
Effect of Hexadiene and Vinyl Acetate Content on the EPDM and EVA Blends
Authors: Ghosh M.K. , Tripathy A.R. , Das C.K.
Published: March 2007

Melt mixed blends of EPDM rubber and thermoplastic/elastomeric EVA copolymer in the presence of dicumyl peroxide have been studied over the entire composi tion range with special reference to the effect of hexadiene (HD) content of EPDM and vinyl acetate (VA) content of EVA copolymer. Viscosity of the blends decreases as the EPDM/EVA ratio decreases with more pronounced effect associated with VA content of EVA for high HD containing EPDM. For low HD content, VA has no effect up to 20% of EVA in the blend. Lower VA and higher HD are associated with lowering of scorch safety of the compound. For higher HD containing EPDM, state of cure drastically decreases as EVA percentage in the blend increases. With lower HD containing EPDM, there is an in flexion around 50:50 blend ratio irrespective of the VA content of EVA. Initially, rate con stant decreases rapidly for higher HD containing EPDM up to 55 % of EVA in the blend, whereas high VA containing EVA gives rise to flat minimum extending up to 55 % of EVA. A sharp increase in activation energy was observed beyond 60% of EVA especially for high VA containing EVA. Weight loss is more in the case of low HD containing EPDM and high VA containing EVA blends as observed from DTA/TGA study. Failure mode of the blend depends on the HD and VA content as observed from an SEM study, which once again depends on the crystallinity of the blends.
Tension-Tension Fatigue of Microcellular Polycarbonate: Initial Results
Authors: Seeler K.A. , Kumar V.
Published: March 2007

The fatigue life of microcellular polycarbonate specimens of five different relative densities ranging from 0.52 to 0.97 was measured in tension-tension tests on dumbbell specimens. Fatigue life varied with relative density and maximum nominal cyclic stress. The fatigue life of microcellular polycarbonate with relative foam density of 0.97 exceeded that of solid polycarbonate by over 400 percent. Fatigue life decreased with decreased relative foam density.
Finite Element Analysis of Heat Transfer in Anisotropic Solids: Application to Manufacturing Problems
Authors: Newnham P. , Abrate S.
Published: March 2007

A general formulation for the finite element analysis of heat transfer prob lems in anisotropic laminated composite materials is presented. Two-dimensional analyses using quadrilateral isoparametric elements are performed for two classes of problems: laser cutting of laminates and non-destructive testing using thermography. Results show complex temperature distributions near the laser beam. The size of the heat affected zone is estimated and the power required to cut is shown to depend on the orientation of the fibers relative to the cutting direction. Temperature distributions in laminates with delaminations subjected to heat flow through the thickness, are shown to be strongly af fected by the location of the delamination.
A Sublaminate Analysis Method for Predicting Disbond and Delamination Loads in Composite Structures
Authors: Flanagan G.
Published: March 2007

A novel analysis method has been developed with the goal of providing ac curate assessments of the forces that can delaminate composite laminates and bonded structures. The method uses interconnecting high-order plates to represent the cross sec tion of a structural element. The plates can be both stacked and connected end-to-end. When stacked, the interfacial tractions generated between the plates can be calculated, providing a measure of the delaminating stresses. The plate equations are solved exactly, thus giving accurate numerical results even in cases where the stress gradients are steep.

The plate theory used incorporates a linear distribution through the thickness for the u, v, and w displacements. This set of assumed displacements makes the plate shear deform able, and allows stretching in the thickness direction. Consequently, both shearing and normal tractions can be computed at the interfaces between stacked plates.

The plate equations have been derived for completely general stacking sequences of composite plies; i.e. unsymmetric and unbalanced laminates are allowed. Both flat and cylindrically curved plates have been implemented.

Beyond stress analysis, the method also provides strain-energy-release-rate (SERR) results for the growth of existing delaminations. The individual modes of the total SERR can be calculated for input to interactive crack growth laws.
Low-Velocity Impact Damage on Thick-Section Graphite/Epoxy Laminated Plates
Authors: Marshall Andrew Paul , Bouadi Hacene
Published: March 2007

The differences and similarities between thin and thick composite lami nated plate responses to impact were experimentally investigated. The impact resistance of graphite/epoxy specimens of thickness varying from 0.254 to 2.54 cm were studied. All tests were conducted at low velocities in a drop tower apparatus. Ultrasonic C-scans of the damaged specimens were used to quantify the impact damage. Cross sections of some im pacted specimens were also examined to determine the through-the-thickness damage. Re sidual flexural strength was measured with a three-point flexural test fixture. The results show that the thin/thick laminate impact behavior transition occurs at a thickness situated between 0.635 and 1.37 cm.
Resin Transfer Molding for Car Body Parts: An Integrated Approach Using CAE Methodology
Authors: Molina Giuseppe , Boero Giorgio , Smeriglio Paolo
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an integrated CAE approach used for structural anal ysis and numerical process simulation to design and develop an experimental composite car floor made using the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process.

CAE tools have been used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of the component, to select the correct material and the reinforcement loading, and to evaluate flow conditions during RTM filling.

Good agreement has been finally found from the comparison between numerical and experimental results.
Cure Characterization of Thick SMC Parts Using Dielectric and Finite Difference Analysis
Authors: Day David R.
Published: March 2007

Curing characteristics of thick composite parts have long been known to be a function of thickness and location within the parts. While cure state as a function of thickness has often been modeled, actual experimental verification has been difficult. In this work, disposable and permanently mounted dielectric sensors were used to characterize the cure in polyester sheet molding compound at various locations through the thickness of the part in a simulated molding environment. Using established tech niques, the dielectric and temperature information were combined to yield local cure state information for each sensor. Parts under five millimeters thick were found to cure rather uniformly, while parts greater than this had increasing degrees of nonuniformity in cure behavior through the thickness. Cure time differences of up to three minutes, between center and edge, were observed in parts 20 millimeters thick. These observed cure state data are compared to finite difference model predictions. The model simulations show that in thick parts, a cure "wave" develops, starting at the SMC/mold interface and proceeds toward the center of the part. The "wave" increases in velocity as it moves toward the center of the part. The overall effect is that a relatively uniform cure rate is observed at the SMC/mold interface while in the middle of the SMC part, a long induction period occurs, followed by an extremely fast cure. The model predictions, which are confirmed by the sensor cure data, may be used to predict the behavior and molding cycle time required for new parts during the design process.
Historical Perspectives on the Life Course of Elderly Women Born in 19101
Authors: Allen Katherine R. , Pickett Robert S.
Published: March 2007

The life course of women has undergone sagnificant transformations during the past two centuries. This article uses a social-historical perspective to examine how social, economic, and demographic changes have interacted with lifesytle options of American women. These factors include the shift from the Victorian separation of spheres to dual employment patterns, increased entrance of women into new fields of employment, expansion of educational careers, significant alterations in marriage and divorce pat terns, prolongation of the life course, and a great imbalance in the propor tion of males and females in the later years. By examining the lives of elderly women from the long view of history, an awareness of variations in life patterns and choices is fostered.
Asian/Pacific American Elderly: Mortality Differentials, Health Status, and Use of Health Services
Authors: Liu William T. , Yu Elena
Published: March 2007

Asian/Pacific Americans are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population today. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: (1) to provide a description of the mortality differentials, health status, and health services utilization of these Asian/Pacific Islanders and elderly based on records maintained by the National Center for Health Statistics and other findings reported by individual researchers, and (2) to show that there is an urgent need to gather accurate and specific data so that their needs can be assessed realistically. A socio-demographic profile will be presented, followed by a discussion of health behavior and health services utilization. Thus far, the health needs and health services utilization relative to white and black Americans have been ignored. Studies of the Asian/Pacific Americans' needs have been unsystematic and fragmentary. Many of the existing findings come from sample and non-professional studies by service providers on conditions and services rather than from studies conducted by trained investigators. Thus, the cycle of 'no statistics, no problems' has been a persistent problem in dealing with their needs. The concommitant problems of housing congestion, language barriers, under- or non-utilization of medical services also need to be remedied. In addition, their medical systems, the role of culture in health care, and the impact of western medicine should be examined in detail.
Symptoms and Self-Care in Old Age
Authors: Holtzman Joseph M. , Akiyama Hiroko , Maxwell Alan J.
Published: March 2007

Self-care has recently come to be recognized as the predominant form of response to illness among the general population, but little is known regarding beliefs and practices of the aged. In this study, beliefs regarding the appropriate response to 53 common symptoms were investigated and contrasted to actual responses. Various forms of self-care were seen as appropriate responses to symptoms ranging from minor to potentially serious. Preference for self-care responses appears to be related to perceived severity of symptoms and the perceived effectiveness of available self-care responses.
Long-Term Care Patients in Acute Care Facilities: Determining Discharge Arrangements
Authors: McAuley William J. , Travis Shirley S. , Taylor Carol A.
Published: March 2007

This research examined 201 hospitalized patients who underwent preadmission screening for Medicaid-reimbursed long-term care. Results suggest that these patients have substantial problems in health andfunctioning and may lack needed informal supports. Availability of community living space is consistently associated with authorization decisions for institutional versus community care and skilled versus intermediate institutional care, as well as expected length of stay in an institutional setting. We discuss implications for further research, nursing practice, and discharge planning strategies for long-term care patients in acute carefacilities.
Movement of Residents Through Multilevel Lifetime Care Facilities: A Markovian Matrix Analysis
Authors: Feinauer Dale
Published: March 2007

Movement of residents through multilevel lifetime carefacilities is an integral part of the facility's operations and is of significant interestfrom afacility management perspective. This article details how Markovian matrices can be used in the prediction and analysis processes. Based on an application of this process, it appears that Markovian matrices are a practical way to analyze and project the movement of residents through MLCFs. The projection results were accurate in over 90% of the cases. However, projections based on substate transitional probabilities made an almost imperceptible improvement in the overall projections. Primary limitations of the projections were the relatively high inaccuracy rate (15%) in projecting openings and the width of the range within which 80% of observation are expected to occur.
Age and Gender Effects on Accident Types for Rural Drivers
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Rearden John J.
Published: March 2007

Purposes of this study were to classify types of accidents among rural drivers and determine if these accidents differed by age and gender. We surveyed, for 12 months, police reports from a daily newspaper serving a rural midwestern area. Accidents were categorized by types: laterally moving vehicle, following, gap acceptance, laterally moving object, intruding approach, passing, tracking, skidding, attention deficit. Individuals determined "atfault " were grouped by age: teenage, 16-19; adult, 20-39; middle age, 40-59; young old age, 60-74; old old age, 75+. Results indicated men have significantly more following and skidding accidents. Women had significantly more intruding-approach accidents. We found the following relationships between accident types and age: (1) generally an increasing linear trend between age and laterally moving vehicle and attention-deficit accidents; (2) the incidence of intruding-approach accidents was high in all age groups; (3) following and skidding accidents generally demonstrated a decreasing linear trend with age.
Adult Day Care Center: A Unique Clinical Experience for Dietetic Students
Authors: Vickery Connie E.
Published: March 2007

Senior dietetic students worked closely with an elderly population and respective caregivers in an adult day-care program. Experiences included preparation of nutritional assessments, design of appropriate case management, and counseling clients and families. Nutrition education programs consonant with age-related changes in learning were planned and implemented. The food service system was monitored to assure that the needs of an aging group with diverse dietary needs were met. Students enjoyed a valuable experience working with a growing population and gained an appreciation of how heterogeneous today's elders are.
Stairway Carpet Design: A Simple Preconstruction Evaluation Approach
Authors: Hunt Michael E. , Ross Leonard E.
Published: March 2007

We describe the use of a simple and inexpensive preconstruction evaluation-like process in recommending alternative carpet patterns for stairway and ramp areas in a public building where safety of the elderly and those with visual handicaps is a primary concern. Mock-up procedures were used on existing stairway and ramp areas to determine the optimal design to provide a compelling visual indication that stairways or ramp areas were being approached, and to create the maximum differentiation of stair risers and treads with a minimum amount of attendant visual confusion. The evaluation process was quite successful in meeting its goals. We present examples of the original design, mock-up results, and final implementation of the recommendations.
Aging in Place: A Dilemma for Retirement Housing Administrators
Authors: Merrill John , Hunt Michael E.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of aging in place poses fundamental questions for administrators and planners of housing for the elderly. Based on a planning study for one retirement facility in the upper Midwest, we reviewed current knowledge pertinent to aging in place and present the findings of interviews with 13 housing administrators and present some limited market analysis of the host community of the subject retirement facility.
Using Education to Prevent Geriatric Medication Misuse
Authors: Eng Kathryn , Emlet Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Medication use is becoming increasingly recognized as an important factor in the total health care needs of older persons. Combining clinical and educational interventions that reinforce one another can prove an effective means of educating the consumer and provider about geriatric medication misuse and strategies for its preventcon.
Assessing the Impacts of Community-Based Health Care Policies and Programs for Older Adults
Authors: Wan Thomas T. H. , Ferraro Kenneth F.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a framework for evaluating long-term care policies and programs to determine how well community-based programs benefit the older adult population. Equity, accessibility, quality, and efficiency are identified as core criteria for implementing and evaluating long-term care policy. Special problems with conducting process and/or outcome evaluation of community-based programs are noted, and findings of evaluation research on community-based health care programs are reviewed. Most previous research indicates that community-based health programs for older adults are not a substitute for institutional care and do not reduce either informal caregiving or ambulatory medical services. The article concludes with policy implications.
Measuring the Economic Impact of Retirement Migration: The Case of Western North Carolina
Authors: Serow William J. , Haas William H.
Published: March 2007

In the fall of 1989, data were collected from a sample of 814 persons who had recently moved into the western North Carolina counties surrounding Asheville. Data on expenditures and assets were collected in a log book, in which individuals were asked to record their daily expenditures in and out of their county of residence for 1 week, along with data on major purchases (residences, vehicles, and durable goods), nonrecurrent expenditures (dues, contributions, travel), and health care expenditures and use. A description and analysis of some of these data, including private and public consequences, is presented. The article concludes with a discussion of the extent to which retirement migration in this context truly represents a net economic gain to the host community.
A Training Needs Assessment Among Managers of Federally Subsidized Housing: Facilitating Support Service Use by Vulnerable Older Tenants
Authors: Gorey Kevin M. , Brice Gary C.
Published: March 2007

A mail survey of 248 upstate New York subsidized-housing managers explored the issue of housing-managerfacilitation of support service use among vulnerable older tenants. Data were collected pertinent to manager knowledge or perceived ability to facilitate tenant service access and their experience in doing so during the past year. Major findings were as follows: (a) Manager knowledge across a broad range of 25 health care and social services constituting the Manager Service Knowledge Index (MSKI) was low—62.1% scored zero (not knowledgeable or familiar with gaining access to any support services). (b) Manager-facilitated tenant service use, measured across the same services (Tenant Service Utilization Index [TSUI]), was also low—64.5% scored zero (had not facilitated tenant access to any of the 25 services during the past year). (c) A strong association was found between MSKI and TSUI, r = .89. (d) Nearly half (45.9%) of the managers had no previous support service network training, and of those who had, 79.0% found it not helpful in enhancing their practical skill. (e) Manager's primary criticism of prior training experience was its lack of specificity in matching tenant-assessed needs to available services and the procedures employed to access them. Implications for training, policy, and future research are discussed
Assessing Occupational Self-Efficacy Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Fletcher Wesla L. , Hansson Robert O. , Bailey Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Four studies, involving 314 middle-aged and older adults were conducted to develop and validate the Occupational Self-Efficacy Index (OSEI). The OSEI assesses adults' beliefs (in the latter half of their working life) in their continued ability to learn, adapt, and be productive in a changing workplace. OSEI scores reflect three factors: Performance Ability, Learning Ability, and Organizational Skills. The instrument is reliable (alpha = .94). Evidence of construct validity included positive conelations with general self-efficacy, intrinsic job motivation, a history of previous job successes, retirement income sufficiency, health status, and a negative correlation with job stress.
Developing Leadership in the Third Age: An Ethnographic Study of Leadership in a Seniors' Center
Authors: Cusack Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

As the population ages, there is increasing interest in the role of senior volunteers in delivering social service, leisure, and educational programs to their peers. In this regard seniors'centers have become a focus for research in the United States and Canada The question this study addresses is, What motivates seniors to take on leadership roles in the groups and centers to which they belong? We know leadership training is a factor, but what other organizational influences may either inhibit or encourage participation? To address these questions, the study assumes an organizational culture perspective and explores organizational leadership in a seniors' center in western Canada In the tradition of ethnographic research, methods include document analyses, participant observations, iterative interviews, and focus group discussions. Results suggestfactors influencing emergent leadership include assumptions about (1) the nature of retirement, (2) the needs and abilities of seniors, (3) power and influence, and (4) leadership. Leadership training and a style of empowering professional leadership are offered as means to overcome common assumptions that serve as barriers to the emergence of seniors as leaders.
Health Promotion for Older Rural African Americans: Implications for Social and Public Policy
Authors: Cowart Marie E. , Sutherland Mary , Harris Gregory J.
Published: March 2007

Specialized health promotion programs are essential for older African Americans because of the increased health risks that this population faces. Since 1983, we developed and provided specialized health promotion programs to older rural minority populations in North Florida. Using a modified Planned Approach to Community Health (P.A.T.C.H.) promotion development model, these programs attempt to empower the local population to assess and pnoritize their health needs and to improve their own level of health. From our experience evolved social and public policy recommendations that encompass cultural acceptability, state and federal support of local control and leadership, reinforced family structures, and access to services. The ultimate goal of our recommendations was to lower disability and improve life expectancy.