Mechanistic evidence of widespread insecticide resistance among Illinois West Nile virus vectors (Culex pipiensandCulex restuans)
Authors: Noel Kylee R. , Kim Chang-Hyun , Stone Chris M. 
Published: September 2024

Background

Mosquitoes are major vectors of arboviruses and other vector-borne diseases, making them a significant public health concern worldwide. Mitigation of arboviral outbreaks relies largely on the use of insecticides, but the effectiveness of such responses is threatened by the evolution of insecticide resistance. Monitoring mosquito susceptibility to different insecticides is therefore vital for informed decisions regarding outbreak responses. In this study, we elucidate the patterns of resistance to two insecticide classes within the primary vectors of West Nile virus in the northeast and midwestern regions of the continental United States,Culex pipiensandCulex restuans.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Egg collections were performed throughout Illinois from 2018-2020, and adults were tested for insecticide resistance to permethrin and malathion. Individuals from each sampling location were sequenced to determine the presence ofkdrtarget-site mutations, and biochemical assays were performed to determine increases in detoxification enzymes and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Results from the bottle assays indicate variable resistance rates in Illinois, however lowered mortality was found in most of the regions that were tested. Thekdrmutation (L1014F) was present in 50% ofCulex pipienssequenced, and more prevalent in southern Illinois compared with northern and central (p< 0.001). Different mechanisms were predictive of resistance by species and insecticide, with permethrin resistance being affected bykdr-allele frequency and oxidase levels and malathion resistance byα- andβ-esterases inCx. pipiens. ForCx. restuans α-esterase and oxidase levels were predictive of permethrin resistance whileβ-esterase and insensitive acetylcholinesterase levels were predictive of malathion resistance.

Conclusions/Significance

We documented variation in insecticide resistance levels that appear to be driven by population differences inkdrmutation rates and metabolic resistance mechanisms. The presence of different mechanisms in species and regions has implications for approaches to resistance management and highlights the need to implement and maintain insecticide resistance monitoring practices.

Author Summary

Mosquitoes are the vectors of many major diseases including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, zika, and West Nile virus. Insecticides are often used to control mosquitoes and the outbreaks they cause. However, evidence has shown that populations of different mosquito species worldwide have developed resistance to our most common insecticides. This study shows that West Nile virus vectors in Illinois, (Culex pipiensandCulex restuans) are no exception to this trend. Egg collections were made throughout the state during the 2018-2020 field seasons and the resulting adults were tested for resistance to two common insecticides using the CDC’s bottle bioassay protocol. The results indicate that rates of resistance vary throughout the state and population differences in resistance mechanisms are driving this variation.