bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host cell lectins ASGR1 and DC-SIGN jointly with TMEM106B confer ACE2 independence and imdevimab resistance to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus with spike mutation E484D
Authors: Arora Prerna , Zhang Lu , Nehlmeier Inga , Kempf Amy , Graichen Luise , Kreitz Eike , Sidarovich Anzhalika , Rocha Cheila , Gärtner Sabine , Winkler Michael , Schulz Sebastian , Jäck Hans-Martin , Hoffmann Markus , Pöhlmann Stefan
Published: January 2025

The naturally occurring mutation E484D in the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can render viral entry ACE2 independent and imdevimab resistant. Here, we investigated whether the cellular proteins ASGR1, DC-SIGN, and TMEM106B, which interact with the viral S protein, can contribute to these processes. Employing S protein-pseudotyped particles, we found that expression of ASGR1 or DC-SIGN jointly with TMEM106B allowed for robust entry of mutant E484D into otherwise non-susceptible cells, while this effect was not observed upon separate expression of the single proteins and upon infection with SARS-CoV-2 wild type (WT). Furthermore, expression of ASGR1 or DC-SIGN conferred ACE2 independence and imdevimab resistance to entry of mutant E484D but not WT, and entry under those conditions was dependent on endogenous TMEM106B. These results suggest that engagement of certain cellular lectins can direct SARS-CoV-2 mutant E484D to an ACE2-independent, TMEM106B-dependent entry pathway that is not inhibited by imdevimab.

IMPORTANCE

The interaction of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein with the ACE2 receptor determines the viral cell tropism and is the key target of the neutralizing antibody response. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 with a single, naturally occurring mutation in the spike protein, E484D, can use the cellular lectins ASGR1 and DC-SIGN in conjunction with TMEM106B for ACE2-independent entry and evasion of therapeutic antibodies. These results suggest that engagement of cellular lectins might modulate target cell choice of SARS-CoV-2 and might allow evasion of certain neutralizing antibodies.
The coronavirus nsp14 exoribonuclease interface with the cofactor nsp10 is essential for efficient virus replication and enzymatic activity
Authors: Grimes Samantha L. , Heaton Brook E. , Anderson Mackenzie L. , Burke Katie , Stevens Laura , Lu Xiaotao , Heaton Nicholas S. , Denison Mark R. , Anderson-Daniels Jordan
Published: January 2025

Coronaviruses (CoVs) encode non-structural proteins (nsp’s) 1–16, which assemble to form replication-transcription complexes that function in viral RNA synthesis. All CoVs encode a proofreading 3′−5′ exoribonuclease in non-structural protein 14 (nsp14-ExoN) that mediates proofreading and high-fidelity replication and is critical for other roles in replication and pathogenesis. The
in vitro
enzymatic activity of nsp14-ExoN is enhanced in the presence of the cofactor nsp10. We introduced alanine substitutions in nsp14 of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) at the nsp14-nsp10 interface and recovered mutant viruses with a range of impairments in replication and
in vitro
biochemical exonuclease activity. Two of these substitutions, nsp14 K7A and D8A, had impairments intermediate between wild type-MHV nsp14 and the known ExoN(-) D89A/E91A nsp14 catalytic inactivation mutant. All introduced nsp14-nsp10 interface alanine substitutions impaired
in vitro
exonuclease activity. Passage of the K7A and D8A mutant viruses selected second-site non-synonymous mutations in nsp14 associated with improved mutant virus replication and exonuclease activity. These results confirm the essential role of the nsp14-nsp10 interaction for efficient enzymatic activity and virus replication, identify proximal and long-distance determinants of nsp14-nsp10 interaction, and support targeting the nsp14-nsp10 interface for viral inhibition and attenuation.

IMPORTANCE

Coronavirus replication requires assembly of a replication transcription complex composed of nsp’s, including polymerase, helicase, exonuclease, capping enzymes, and non-enzymatic cofactors. The coronavirus nsp14 exoribonuclease mediates several functions in the viral life cycle including genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis, RNA recombination, RNA proofreading and high-fidelity replication, and native resistance to many nucleoside analogs. The nsp-14 exonuclease activity
in vitro
requires the non-enzymatic cofactor nsp10, but the determinants and importance of the nsp14-nsp10 interactions during viral replication have not been defined. Here we show that for the coronavirus murine hepatitis virus, nsp14 residues at the nsp14-nsp10 interface are essential for efficient viral replication and
in vitro
exonuclease activity. These results shed new light on the requirements for protein interactions within the coronavirus replication transcription complex, and they may reveal novel non-active-site targets for virus inhibition and attenuation.
Resistance to complement-mediated lysis of parainfluenza virus 5-infected cells is acquired after transition from acute to persistent infection
Authors: Fox Candace R. , Yousef Nasser N. , Varudkar Namita , Shiffer Elisabeth M. , Aquino Jenna R. , Kedarinath Kritika , Parks Griffith D.
Published: January 2025

Persistent viral infections can be an important medical problem, with persistently infected (PI) cells extending viral shedding, maintaining inflammation, and providing potential sources for new viral variants. Given that PI cells can acquire resistance to some innate immune pathways, we tested the hypothesis that complement (C’)-mediated lysis of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-infected cells would differ between acute-infected and PI cells. Biochemical and real-time cell viability assays showed effective C’-mediated lysis of A549 lung cells acutely infected with PIV5, through pathways that depended on C3 and C5, but largely independent of C6. A PIV5 PI cell line established by long-term culturing of acutely infected A549 cells showed a high-level persistent expression of PIV5 proteins and infectious virus. Under conditions that led to effective lysis of acute PIV5-infected cells, the PI cells were nearly completely resistant to C’-mediated killing. This lack of C’ killing was not due to failure to activate C’, since C’-treated PIV5 PI cells had extensive C3 and membrane attack complex deposition, as well as production of C3a and C5a. Transcriptomics analysis revealed the C’ cascade as the most significantly upregulated pathway in PIV5 PI cells versus acute infection. Biochemical analyses showed that resistance to C’ killing correlated with increased expression in PI cells of two major C’ inhibitors: complement factor H and Vitronectin. The finding of acquisition of C’ resistance after the transition from acute PIV5 infection to PI cells raises the potential to inform therapeutics for PIs based on modulating C’ pathways.

IMPORTANCE

A persistent infection (PI) with RNA viruses can extend virus shedding, prolong inflammation, and be a source of new viral variants. Since profound changes to innate immune pathways can occur in PI cells, it was important to test PI cells for changes in sensitivity to the complement (C') system, powerful innate immune pathways capable of lysing infected cells. Using parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) as a model system, we show that PI cells are nearly completely resistant to C'-mediated lysis, in stark contrast to high sensitivity of acute PIV5-infected cells to C' killing. A key finding was the upregulated expression in PI cells of two C' inhibitors: Vitronectin and complement factor H. These are important results with strong potential to inform therapeutics, given that polymorphisms in C' genes can correlate with severity of viral infections, and clinical trials are underway with new drugs that modulate C' responses.
Complete mitochondrial genome of
Rhaphidophora duxiu
(Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Rhaphidophorinae)
Authors: Yu Tingting , Yao Yuqing , Bian Xun , Zhang Bin
Published: January 2025

We present the complete mitochondrial genome of
Rhaphidophora duxiu
from China. The mitogenome of
R. duxiu
is circular, AT-rich (75.3%), and 15,898 bp in length. It comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. It is identical in gene content to
Rhaphidophora quadrispina
.
A murine model of
Trypanosoma brucei-
induced myocarditis and cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Crilly Nathan P. , Zita Marcelle Dina , Beaver Alexander K. , Sysa-Shah Polina , Bhalodia Aashik , Gabrielson Kathy , Adamo Luigi , Mugnier Monica R.
Published: January 2025

Trypanosoma brucei
is a protozoan parasite that causes human and animal African trypanosomiases (HAT and AAT). Cardiac symptoms are commonly reported in HAT patients, and intracardiac parasites with accompanying myocarditis have been observed in both natural hosts and animal models of
T. brucei
infection. Despite the importance of
T. brucei
as a cause of cardiac dysfunction and the dramatic socioeconomic impact of African trypanosomiases in sub-Saharan Africa, there are currently no reproducible murine models of
T. brucei-
associated cardiomyopathy. We present the first clinically relevant, reproducible murine model of cardiac dysfunction in chronic
T. brucei
infection. Similar to humans, mice showed histological evidence of myocarditis and elevation of serum NT-proBNP with electrocardiographic abnormalities. Serum NT-proBNP levels were elevated prior to the development of severe ventricular dysfunction. On flow cytometry, myocarditis was associated with an increase of most myocardial immune cell populations, including multiple T cell and macrophage subsets, corroborating the notion that
T. brucei-
associated cardiac damage is an immune-mediated event. This novel mouse model represents a powerful and practical tool to investigate the pathogenesis of
T. brucei
-mediated heart damage and supports the development of therapeutic options for
T. brucei
-associated cardiac disease. In characterizing this model, we provide evidence that
T. brucei
causes cardiac disease, and we suggest that immunopathology is an important contributor to cardiac pathology. Along with other recent studies, our work demonstrates the importance of extravascular spaces, including the heart, for
T. brucei
pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE

African trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting both people and cattle, which represents a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa with an enormous socioeconomic impact. Cardiac disease represents an underappreciated clinical manifestation of African trypanosomiasis that may lead to lifelong illness despite successful treatment of infection. However, this aspect of African trypanosomiasis remains poorly understood, partially due to a lack of well-characterized and practical animal models. In this study, we present the development and characterization of a novel, reproducible, and cost-effective mouse model of cardiac dysfunction in African trypanosomiasis. We demonstrate that this model recapitulates major features of cardiac dysfunction in natural infection, including the presence of parasites in the cardiac interstitial spaces, alterations of cardiac biomarkers, and functional changes. This model represents a resource to support the understanding of cardiac complications of trypanosomiasis and the development of new therapies to prevent and treat cardiac involvement in African trypanosomiasis.
Axisymmetric Poiseuille Flow with Temperature-Dependent Viscosity under Pressure and Temperature Gradients
Authors: Knyazev D. V.
Published: January 2025

The study of steady-state axisymmetric Poiseuille flow of a Newtonian fluid induced by streamwise pressure and temperature gradients in the case of the dynamic viscosity coefficient dependent on the temperature is reduced to finding solutions to a three-parameter boundary-value problem for a third-order ordinary differential equation. In the domain of the parameter space corresponding to negative axial temperature gradients, there exist two branches of solutions describing flows accompanied by heat removal from the fluid. When the branches meet, they form a boundary in the phase space beyond which no solutions to the Poiseuille-type problem exist. One of the branches can be continued into the domain of non-negative values of the streamwise temperature gradient and contains an isothermal Poiseuille solution. Along this branch, curve of the flow rate as a function of the dimensionless axial temperature gradient has a minimum in the domain of positive values of the latter. In this part of the parameter space, the heat exchange regime with the external medium depends on the relation between all three dimensionless numbers of the problem. The heat exchange regime affects the nature of flow, slowing down the flow near the rigid wall during heat transfer, and forming a more filled velocity profile when heat is absorbed by fluid.
Impact of corticosteroids on improving lung compliance in a patient with pulmonary microscopic polyangiitis
Authors: Motakef Mason , Sikka Gautam , Ma Jennifer , Amjad Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a small-vessel vasculitis characterised by systemic infiltration, with a primary focus on the renal and pulmonary systems. One of its more lethal pulmonary manifestations is diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH), although the spectrum of lung pathology in MPA is vast and calls for immediate immunosuppressive therapy. Our case looks at an older woman initially presenting with MPA-induced rapid progressive glomerulonephritis. However, she gradually develops an array of vasculitis-related pulmonary insults that necessitate endotracheal intubation, and following a short course of immunosuppression, her lungs undergo a rapid physiological recovery. This case highlights that induction therapy with steroids enhances lung compliance and results in a more profound respiratory recovery in ventilated MPA patients who lack DAH-related pulmonary symptoms.
Time to nursing home admission and death in people with dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Brück Chiara C , Mooldijk Sanne S , Kuiper Lieke M , Sambou Muhammed L , Licher Silvan , Mattace-Raso Francesco , Wolters Frank J
Published: January 2025

Objective

To summarise available evidence on time to nursing home admission and death among people with dementia, and to explore prognostic indicators.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar from inception to 4 July 2024.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Longitudinal studies on survival or nursing home admission in people with dementia. Studies with fewer than 150 participants, recruitment during acute hospital admission, or less than one year of follow-up were excluded.

Results

19 307 articles were identified and 261 eligible studies included. 235 reported on survival among 5 553 960 participants and 79 reported on nursing home admission among 352 990 participants. Median survival from diagnosis appeared to be strongly dependent on age, ranging from 8.9 years at mean age 60 for women to 2.2 years at mean age 85 for men. Women overall had shorter survival than men (mean difference 4.1 years (95% confidence interval 2.1 to 6.1)), which was attributable to later age at diagnosis in women. Median survival was 1.2 to 1.4 years longer in Asia than in the US and Europe, and 1.4 years longer for Alzheimer’s disease compared with other types of dementia. Compared with studies before 2000, survival was longer in contemporary clinic based studies (P
trend
=0.02), but not in community based studies. Taken together, variation in reported clinical characteristics and study methodology explained 51% of heterogeneity in survival. Median time to nursing home admission was 3.3 years (interquartile range 1.9 to 4.0). 13% of people were admitted in the first year after diagnosis, increasing to 57% at five years, but few studies appropriately accounted for competing mortality risk when assessing admission rates.

Conclusions

The average life expectancy of people with dementia at time of diagnosis ranged from 5.7 years at age 65 to 2.2 at age 85 in men and from 8.0 to 4.5, respectively, in women. About one third of remaining life expectancy was lived in nursing homes, with more than half of people moving to a nursing home within five years after a dementia diagnosis. Prognosis after a dementia diagnosis is highly dependent on personal and clinical characteristics, offering potential for individualised prognostic information and care planning.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42022341507.
Influence of test conditions and soil properties on the geomechanical response of hydrate-bearing sands
Authors: Pandey Mandeep Raj , Priest Jeffrey A. , Hayley Jocelyn L.
Published: January 2025

Testing of natural hydrate-bearing sands exhibit differences in their geomechanical behavior, both in terms of stiffness and shear strength, which may result from differences in hydrate saturation, confining stresses, along with minor differences in particle size distribution (PSD) between the sands. Results from laboratory studies on synthesized hydrate-bearing specimens have sought to consider the effect of PSD, hydrate saturation and confining stresses on the geomechanical behavior of HBS, although these were limited in scope. Therefore, to gain better insights into this inter-relationship, and the influence it may have on the geomechanical behavior of HBS, this paper reports on a more detailed series of tests conducted on laboratory-synthesized HBS specimens. Tests were carried out using a specially designed triaxial apparatus including a resonant column drive head, which enabled detailed characterization of the evolving geomechanical properties of the sand specimen during the formation process. Observations suggest that the geomechanical response of the specimens is inherently related to the hydrate morphology that develops, and its distribution. These, in turn, are dependent on initial water saturation and suctions that are developed prior to hydrate formation which are functions of soil properties and initial test conditions such as water saturation and applied stress state.
Initial measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+
Authors:   SNO+ Collaboration, Allega A. , Anderson M. R. , Andringa S. , Askins M. , Asner D. M. , Auty D. J. , Bacon A. , Baker J. , Barão F. , Barros N. , Bayes R. , Beier E. W. , Bezerra T. S. , Bialek A. , Biller S. D. , Blucher E. , Caden E. , Callaghan E. J. , Chen M. , Cheng S. , Cleveland B. , Cookman D. , Corning J. , Cox M. A. , Dehghani R. , Deloye J. , Depatie M. M. , Di Lodovico F. , Dima C. , Dittmer J. , Dixon K. H. , Esmaeilian M. S. , Falk E. , Fatemighomi N. , Ford R. , Gaur A. , González-Reina O. I. , Gooding D. , Grant C. , Grove J. , Hall S. , Hallin A. L. , Hallman D. , Heintzelman W. J. , Helmer R. L. , Hewitt C. , Howard V. , Hreljac B. , Hu J. , Huang P. , Hunt-Stokes R. , Hussain S. M. A. , Inácio A. S. , Jillings C. J. , Kaluzienski S. , Kaptanoglu T. , Khan H. , Kladnik J. , Klein J. R. , Kormos L. L. , Krar B. , Kraus C. , Krauss C. B. , Kroupová T. , Lake C. , Lebanowski L. , Lefebvre C. , Lozza V. , Luo M. , Maio A. , Manecki S. , Maneira J. , Martin R. D. , McCauley N. , McDonald A. B. , Mills C. , Milton G. , Colina A. Molina , Morris D. , Morton-Blake I. , Mubasher M. , Naugle S. , Nolan L. J. , O’Keeffe H. M. , Orebi Gann G. D. , Ouyang S. , Page J. , Paleshi K. , Parker W. , Paton J. , Peeters S. J. M. , Pickard L. , Quenallata B. , Ravi P. , Reichold A. , Riccetto S. , Rose J. , Rosero R. , Semenec I. , Simms J. , Skensved P. , Smiley M. , Smith J. , Svoboda R. , Tam B. , Tseng J. , Vázquez-Jáuregui E. , Veinot J. G. C. , Virtue C. J. , Ward M. , Weigand J. J. , Wilson J. R. , Wilson J. D. , Wright A. , Yang S. , Yeh M. , Ye Z. , Yu S. , Zhang Y. , Zuber K. , Zummo A.
Published: January 2025

The SNO

$$+$$

+

collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference

$$\Delta m^2_{21}$$

Δ

m
21
2

. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit

$$\Delta m^2_{21}$$

Δ

m
21
2

is (

$$8.85^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$$

8
.

85

-
1.33

+
1.10

)

$$\times $$

×

$$10^{-5}$$

10

-
5

$$\hbox {eV}^2$$

eV
2

. This measurement is continuing in the next phases of SNO+ and is expected to surpass the present global precision on

$$\Delta m^2_{21}$$

Δ

m
21
2

with about three years of data.
Hybrid quantum neural networks: harnessing dressed quantum circuits for enhanced tsunami prediction via earthquake data fusion
Authors: Dutta Shivanya Shomir , Sandeep Sahil , D Nandhini , S Amutha
Published: January 2025

Tsunami is one of the deadliest natural disasters which can occur, leading to great loss of life and property. This study focuses on predicting tsunamis, using earthquake dataset from the year 1995 to 2023. The research introduces the Hybrid Quantum Neural Network (HQNN), an innovative model that combines Neural Network (NN) architecture with Parameterized Quantum Circuits (PmQC) to tackle complex machine learning (ML) problems where deep learning (DL) models struggle, aiming for higher accuracy in prediction while maintaining a compact model size. The hybrid model’s performance is compared with the classical model counterpart to investigate the quantum circuit’s effectivity as a layer in a DL model. The model has been implemented using 2-6 features through Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method. HQNN’s quantum circuit is a combination of Pennylane’s embedding (Angle Embedding (AE) and Instantaneous Quantum Polynomial (IQP) Embedding) and layer circuits (Basic Entangler Layers (BEL), Random Layers (RL), and Strongly Entangling Layers (SEL)), along with the classical layers. Results show that the proposed model achieved high performance, with a maximum accuracy up to 96.03% using 4 features with the combination of AE and SEL, superior to the DL model. Future research could explore the scalability and diverse applications of HQNN, as well as its potential to address practical ML challenges.
Viscoelastic wetting transition: beyond lubrication theory
Authors: Kansal Minkush , Datt Charu , Bertin Vincent , Snoeijer Jacco H.
Published: January 2025

The dip-coating geometry, where a solid plate is withdrawn from or plunged into a liquid pool, offers a prototypical example of wetting flows involving contact-line motion. Such flows are commonly studied using the lubrication approximation approach which is intrinsically limited to small interface slopes and thus small contact angles. Flows for arbitrary contact angles, however, can be studied using a generalized lubrication theory that builds upon viscous corner flow solutions. Here we derive this generalized lubrication theory for viscoelastic liquids that exhibit normal stress effects and are modelled using the second-order fluid model. We apply our theory to advancing and receding contact lines in the dip-coating geometry, highlighting the influence of viscoelastic normal stresses for contact line motion at arbitrary contact angle.
Deep Learning Algorithm-Based Appearance Detection of Cigarette Strip Packs
Authors: Yuhang Shen
Published: January 2025

Each local feature in the appearance image of cigarette packs is a key element to reflect the corresponding brand information. If only a single convolutional neural network is used, the context information of sequence data may be lost, resulting in an insufficient grasp of the overall information. In order to realize the deep-level feature extraction of the appearance of cigarette packs and realize the appearance detection of cigarette packs with higher accuracy and speed, a new method for the appearance detection of cigarette packs was proposed by combining the convolutional neural network and the cyclic neural network methods in the deep learning algorithm. The image acquisition card is used to collect the appearance images of cigarette packs, and contrast enhancement and rotation correction are performed on the collected images to effectively improve their quality and provide a good guarantee for subsequent feature extraction and detection. The preprocessed cigarette package image is input into the convolutional neural network to realize the deep-level feature extraction of the cigarette package appearance image. The cigarette package appearance features’ output from the convolutional neural network is input into the short-term and long-term memory unit, as well as the gate-controlled cyclic unit, of the corresponding recurrent neural network, in order to process time sequence information based on the efficient extraction of details from the image, retain the sequence and context information of the input data, and ultimately achieve accurate detection of the cigarette package appearance. Through experimental analysis, this method can effectively identify the appearance defects of cigarette packs, mark them immediately, and present them in an intuitive way, so that staff can quickly locate the problem and take corresponding measures. The method can detect appearance defects larger than [Formula: see text] with high accuracy. For various appearance defects, the detection rate can be guaranteed to be over 98%, providing strong support for quality control and product upgrading in the tobacco industry.
Trading Incentive Mechanism and Response Model for High-Frequency Interaction Between Virtual Power Plants and Main Grid Under Spot Markets
Authors: Jing Yang , Tao Yu , Hong Zhao , Yupeng Huang , Weihua Weng , Yexiao Li
Published: January 2025

As the energy market moves toward decentralization and high-frequency trading, virtual power plants’ (VPP) involvement in and responsiveness to the spot market — an integration platform for dispersed and renewable energy resources — has grown significantly. The response model and trading incentive mechanism for high-frequency interactions between VPPs and the main grid under the spot market are covered in this study. First, a theoretical analysis of market participation incentives is conducted, taking into account variables, including market participation, response speed, and influence, as well as the design principles of reward and compensation schemes. Second, a data-driven forecasting and optimization model is put out to address how VPPs react in real time to variations in energy prices and system load. There is more discussion about the significance of technical infrastructure, focusing on the integration and optimization of data processing and communication systems. To ensure that VPPs participate in market transactions fairly and transparently, the critical responsibilities of market risk management and regulatory compliance are finally examined. This study combines the viewpoints of market regulation, technology innovation, and economics to offer theoretical underpinning and useful advice for comprehending and maximizing the functions and effects of VPPs in contemporary energy markets.
All optical XNOR gate using Chiral Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Changder Arindam , Mukherjee Kousik , Roy Jitendra Nath
Published: January 2025

This communication proposes an all-optical XNOR gate using a cascaded chiral Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (CMZI) with ultra-low power requirements. The chiral material (CM) (such as quartz) rotates the states of polarization of an optical signal and controls this polarization rotation with all-optical chiral switch works. The output of the switch drastically changes depending on the presence or absence of another control signal, which is the basic part of understanding the principle of operation of this device, which is executing an XNOR logic operation. The practical feasibility of the device is investigated by calculating different parameters like amplitude modulation (AM[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB), extinction ratio (ER[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB), contrast ratio (CR[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB), [Formula: see text]-factor ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB), relative eye-opening (REO[Formula: see text]%), etc. These high values suggest efficient performance, and therefore, these devices may be useful for all future optical logic processing and networks.
On the equilibrium uniqueness in noncooperative n-person games
Authors: Chen Bo
Published: January 2025

In this paper, I establish new sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique pure-strategy Nash equilibrium in noncooperative n-person games. I also demonstrate that these conditions are satisfied in the Cournot competition when supply is less elastic than demand.
Nonlinear maps preserving the mixed type product [M ◇ N,W]∗ on ∗-algebras
Authors: Siddeeque Mohammad Aslam , Bhat Raof Ahmad , Khan Shumaila
Published: January 2025

Let [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] be unital ∗-algebras such that [Formula: see text] has a nontrivial projection. In this paper, we demonstrate under certain restrictions that if a bijective map [Formula: see text] satisfies [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is a ∗-preserving ring isomorphism. Also, this result is applied to factor von Neumann algebras.
Equality condition for a matrix inequality with Kronecker product
Authors: Tan Ziyue
Published: January 2025

Quantum information theory has been greatly developed in the past decades, and many theoretical problems are related to matrix theory. We study the equality condition for a matrix inequality, [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text]’s are linearly independent matrices of the same size, and [Formula: see text]’s are linearly independent matrices of the same size. The inequality used to be a conjecture since 2013 and has recently been proven in the paper [Z. Song, L. Chen, Y. Sun and M. Hu, IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory 69 (2023) 2385]. We study several cases such as that [Formula: see text]’s are column vectors and [Formula: see text]’s are of various sizes. It turns out that some cases never satisfy the equality condition.
Biological Motion Aids Gestural Communication by Humanoid Social Robots
Authors: Akinade Adedayo , Barros Daniel , Vernon David
Published: January 2025

Advances in social robotics have led to increased interest in designing robots that can communicate effectively with humans through nonverbal gestures. One approach to enhancing the naturalness and expressiveness of robot gestures is to incorporate biological motion, which mimics the velocity and acceleration profiles observed in human gestures. This paper examines the use of biological motion for gestural communication by humanoid social robots, focusing on the impact of biological motion on the perceived warmth and effectiveness of robot gestures in fostering engagement while interacting with these robots. The exercise involved implementing the minimum jerk model of biological motion on a Pepper humanoid social robot and conducting user studies to evaluate the impact of biological motion on human–robot interaction. The results show that incorporating biological motion cues can significantly increase the perceived warmth of robot gestures and improve the overall effectiveness of gestural communication, resulting in more natural and engaging human–robot interaction.
Solving Differential Equations With Z-Numbers Data by Gaussian Radial Basic Function
Authors: Qalehe Leila , Kermani Mozhdeh Afshar , Allahviranloo Tofigh
Published: January 2025

Developing a novel and practical method based on the radial-base grid network (RBF) as well as the third-order polynomial of the exponential function [Formula: see text] in order to solve the first-order differential equations based on [Formula: see text]-numbers is the aim of this paper. It is worth mentioning that the advantage of the proposed RBF is that sufficient information is not required. The RBF contains three distinct layers as follows: the input layer including the elementary nodes; the second layer including the hidden layers via high dimensions; and the output layer for responding and activating the patterns of the input layer. The obtained results revealed that this method could solve and approximate such problems under acceptable confidence.
Investigation of Gallium Nitride Emitter Thickness in GaN/Si Heterojunction Solar Cell by SCAPS-1D
Authors: Rosle Mohamad Aliff Asraff , Pakhuruddin Mohd Zamir
Published: January 2025

III-nitride materials have attracted wide interests for optoelectronic and electronic applications due to their unique and tuneable semiconducting and optical properties. Gallium nitride (GaN) exhibits wide bandgap of 3.42[Formula: see text]eV, high thermal and chemical stability, with a strong potential to act as an electron selective contact (i.e., emitter) in GaN/Si heterojunction solar cells. However, despite all the advantages, to date, there is no published research that has which utilized GaN as an emitter in the GaN/Si heterojunction solar cells. In this work, SCAPS-1D simulation is utilized to investigate the electrical properties of GaN emitter on 150[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m-thick monocrystalline silicon (mono c-Si) absorber layer in GaN/Si heterojunction solar cell architecture. GaN emitter with the thickness of 30–120[Formula: see text]nm are studied and the effects toward open-circuit voltage ([Formula: see text]), short-circuit current density ([Formula: see text], fill factor (FF), power conversion efficiency (PCE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the solar cell are analyzed. The optimum thickness of the GaN emitter is found to be 60[Formula: see text]nm with [Formula: see text] of 37.53[Formula: see text]mA/cm2, [Formula: see text] of 628.73[Formula: see text]mV and PCE of 19.43%. The findings show the potential of the GaN/Si heterojunction solar cell for the future of the PV industry, especially for applications in harsh and extreme conditions.
Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Coarse-Grained Materials and Its Application on Numerical Analysis for Permanent Deformation of Rockfill Dams
Authors: Yu Jia’ao , Shen Zhenzhong , Li Lechen , Sun Yiqing
Published: January 2025

The permanent deformation after earthquakes is an important seismic safety performance indicator for rockfill dams. Based on dynamic triaxial tests, taking grading reduced coarse-grained materials as the test object, the influence of factors including density, particle grading, confining pressure, consolidation stress ratio, and number of vibration cycles on its residual deformation was discussed. On this basis, a numerical model in power function form was established for elaborating the earthquake permanent deformation for rockfill dams, an assumed homogeneous rockfill dam and a practical core rockfill dam were taken as research objects, respectively; by conducting nonlinear dynamic Finite Element (FE) analysis and combining with the single factor sensitivity analysis, the relationship between the main influence factors and dam permanent deformation was explored, which indicated that the influence of above factors on the permanent deformation of rockfill dams is consistent with the relationship between these factors and the residual deformation of coarse-grained materials in the triaxial tests. Finally, a fitting analysis method searching for the maximum permanent deformation of rockfill dams under different seismic intensities was proposed. Then corresponding suggestions were recommended from both design and construction aspects to improve the seismic resistance of super-high rockfill dams, which may have reference significance for similar projects.
Pair mean cordial labeling of windmill, planar grid and quasi-flower snark graphs
Authors: Ponraj R. , Prabhu S.
Published: January 2025

Consider a [Formula: see text] graph [Formula: see text]. Define [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] referred to as the label set. Let us consider a mapping [Formula: see text], where, for every even [Formula: see text], distinct labels are assigned to the various elements of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], and for every odd [Formula: see text], distinct labels are assigned to the [Formula: see text] elements of [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], with a repeating label for the lone vertex. After that, [Formula: see text] is referred to as a pair mean cordial labeling (PMC-labeling) if for every edge [Formula: see text] within [Formula: see text], there is a label for [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is even and [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is odd such that [Formula: see text] in which [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote the number of edges labeled with [Formula: see text] and the number of edges not labeled with [Formula: see text] in that order. A pair mean cordial graph (PMC-graph) is defined as a graph [Formula: see text] with PMC-labeling. In this paper, we discuss the PMC-labeling characteristics of a few unique graphs like windmill graph, planar grid, quasi-flower snark graph, complete flower graph, triple wheel graph, alternate triangular belt and lotus inside of a circle.
Study of inertial flow of synovial fluid through a knee joint in normal condition
Authors: Maqbool Khadija , Siddiqui Abdul Majeed , Sohail Ayesha , Ahmed Afifa
Published: January 2025

This research aims to analyze the flow of synovial fluid through a joint capsule during activities with constant re-absorption rate of water and nutrients at the synovium. The mathematical modeling of synovial fluid is made by the couple-stress fluid model in the presence of inertial forces because inertial flow of synovial fluid through the knee joint has significance for reducing the drag and enhancing the lubrication. The mathematical model of nonlinear system is transformed into a set of linear partial differential equations by a recursive approach, and inverse method is employed to convert the linear partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations that are solved by the software MATHEMATICA. The mathematical results reveal that the flow of synovial fluid through joint capsule produces high pressure and shear stress at the synovium due to inertial forces, constant re-absorption rate and microrotation of couple-stress fluid. The axial flow of synovial fluid rises at the center of the joint capsule due to the activities, re-absorption of water and internal rotation of molecules, whereas the transverse flow becomes high near the synovium due to its permeable structure. This study will provide valuable insights for biomedical engineers to quantify re-absorption rates and stresses on the synovial fluid under normal physiological conditions.
Enhancing predictive modeling of drug resistance in type 1 breast cancer through dynamic bayesian networks and machine learning integration
Authors: Arshad Arooba , Yousaf M. , Nutini Alessandro
Published: January 2025

The emergence of drug resistance in Type 1 (T1) breast cancer poses a critical challenge to effective treatment and patient outcomes. Our study introduces an innovative framework that integrates Bayesian statistical methods with machine learning (ML) to advance predictive modeling of drug resistance mechanisms in T1 breast cancer. By uniting the strengths of dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) and ML, this approach enables the analysis of complex, multi-dimensional clinical data, including genomic, proteomic, and treatment response datasets.

DBNs are employed to model the temporal evolution of resistance mechanisms, capturing time-dependent biological changes. ML algorithms complement this by uncovering intricate patterns and forecasting resistance trajectories under various therapeutic regimens. This synergistic combination not only identifies key biomarkers and resistance pathways but also addresses uncertainty and variability in patient responses, providing a robust predictive tool.

The resulting model offers actionable insights to clinicians, aiding in the optimization of treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. This work highlights the transformative potential of integrating Bayesian and ML methodologies to unravel complex biological phenomena, paving the way for advancements in precision oncology and personalized medicine.
Analytical study of Timoshenko-like deformation in beams with graded Poisson’s ratio
Authors: Amandeep  , Dhingra Suman , Chaudry Umer Masood
Published: January 2025

Behavior of a structure under any loading condition is governed by its associated material/structural properties. Inhomogeneity and/or anisotropy in the material plays a crucial role in determining the response of such structures. In most of the cases, Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs), which are based on the idea of varied Young’s modulus of the material (inhomogeneity), ignore the contribution of Poisson’s ratio while Auxetic materials are solely based on the idea of variation of Poisson’s ratio. The consideration of variation of Poisson’s ratio show the capability to fine-tune the results for such analysis. In this work, Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) has been adopted to analyze beam-type structure with constant Young’s modulus but varied Poisson’s ratio. The plots for strains have been drawn and compared with the results from FEA tool Abaqus. The plot behavior justifies the need to consider the variation of Poisson’s ratio in such analysis.
The Frequency Spectrum of Rectilinearly Moving Point Sources in a Translation-Invariant Environment Applied to Edge Diffraction
Authors: Ochmann Martin
Published: January 2025

In a translation-invariant environment, the three-dimensional sound field can be determined through spatial Fourier transform by superimposing two-dimensional sound fields. This technique is commonly referred to as the 2.5D method, due to the dimensional reduction that takes place.

If the sound source is not stationary but moves along the axis of invariance, the calculation of the sound field generally becomes more complex. However, if a harmonically radiating point source moves uniformly at a constant speed along the invariance axis, the opposite is true, and the calculation is significantly simplified.

Motivated by the form of the Green’s function in the free field, the so-called separation of variables, or product approach, reduces the problem to a purely two-dimensional one, the general solution of which is referred to in this work as the Product-Doppler formula. Constructing a Fourier integral over the wavenumber domain along the invariance axis is no longer necessary.

It is shown that the Product-Doppler formula can be used to solve both interior and exterior problems. The sound field generated by a moving source inside a cylindrical tunnel, and the sound generated by an exterior moving source and scattered from an absorbing cylinder are analyzed.

The complex problem of sound diffraction caused by a source moving along the edge of a wedge or a screen is studied in detail. A comparison with results from the literature shows strong agreement.
What has the petroleum industry ever done for us? On the positive legacies from the petroleum industry and the role of carbonate and evaporite studies in the energy transition
Authors: Burchette Trevor
Published: January 2025

The burning of fossil fuels over the last 150 years has been the main driver of rising atmospheric CO
2
levels and global warming. The petroleum industry as an entity is often blamed for a significant share of these emissions, even those far downstream in the value chain. As a counterpoint to the prevailing narrative that the petroleum industry has caused nothing but global harm, this contribution argues for a more nuanced view by examining the industry's role in global warming within an historical and societal context, highlighting its positive contributions to society and the geosciences and, finally, showing how industry expertise in subsurface technologies and carbonate and evaporite geoscience are supporting the energy transition.

Technologies and workflows developed and proved by the petroleum industry over many decades are becoming indispensable in diverse aspects of emerging subsurface sustainable energy programmes, and data collected globally by the industry are widely utilized in the exploration for and exploitation of geothermal energy and in ventures to sequester CO
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or store sustainably sourced energy. Carbonate rocks and evaporites are playing a more prominent role in this changing energy landscape than many might credit, ranging from a current predominance in low- and medium-enthalpy geothermal schemes, to salt-cavern energy storage programmes and CO
2
sequestration in depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers, or through mineral carbonation programmes.

The petroleum industry's exploration for oil and gas has greatly advanced our understanding of Earth's geology. However, many aspects of the geosciences have become substantially defined by their utility to the industry, and with its inevitable decline, the funding for and direction of carbonate geoscience will inevitably shift, impacting both the nature of research and its practical applications.
An Emerging Design Space of How Tools Support Collaborations in AI Design and Development
Authors: Muralikumar Meena Devii , McDonald David W.
Published: January 2025

Developing AI/ML models and incorporating them into a product is complex work. While AI models are generally non-deterministic and have high capability uncertainty, the advent of foundation models further exacerbates the complexity of working with AI and ensuring responsible innovation. This complex work is achieved by not just AI practitioners, but through coordination and collaboration of different groups of practitioners, not all of whom might be experts in AI. Our primary objective is to explore how the tools and systems used by practitioners help achieve this complex work. To that end, we conducted a design space analysis of 18 relevant tools using corresponding research publications and constructed a design space with the dimensions - User, Axis of AI work, Semantics of Use, Tool Architecture, Artifact Type and Availability, and Collaboration Goals. Using these dimensions we derive four spirits of the tool in supporting collaborations - groupware, core practice & communication, community of practice, and visibility & bridging. Through this work, we contribute a conceptual design space of how tools can be designed to support collaborations in AI development and discuss how our design space can be leveraged by system designers and researchers working at the intersection of HCI, CSCW, and AI.
Balancing Sleep and Study: Cultural Contexts in Family Informatics for Taiwanese Parents and Children
Authors: Hong Yang , Tseng Ju-Yun , Chen Ying-Yu
Published: January 2025

This study examines the intersection of academic pressure and sleep within Taiwanese families, revealing how cultural norms and expectations shape sleep practices. Through interviews and two-week diaries from eleven families, we found that academic demands significantly influence children's sleep patterns, leading to reduced sleep duration and varied sleep schedules. Our research highlights the importance of integrating care and attuning into the design of sleep-tracking technologies, advocating for a family informatics approach that considers both health needs and social expectations. By exploring these dynamics, we contribute to a broader understanding of family contexts in diverse cultural settings and offer insights for more inclusive technology design.