bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiscal Incentives, European Integration and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Hubert Florence , Pain Nigel
Published: March 2003

Foreign direct investment in the European Economic Area (EEA) has grown rapidly in recent years. This paper tests for structural change in the geographical and industrial pattern of foreign direct investment in Europe using a panel data set on outward investment by German companies in the EEA since 1980. There is evidence of significant structural change since 1990, with nearly all locations and industries seeing a higher level of cross–border investment than might have been expected. We also investigate the scope for national governments to affect location choice through the use of fiscal instruments such as corporation taxes, investment in infrastructure and other forms of development grants and subsidies. The findings are mixed. Some measures, such as tax competitiveness, appear important but are sensitive to the specification of the model. However, the level of government fixed investment expenditure relative to that in other economies is found to have a significant positive impact, particularly in locations with less need for EU structural funds. Although the direct marginal impact appears relatively small, an additional finding of significant agglomeration forces suggests that fiscal policies could still have a permanent influence on the location of economic activities.
The Effects of Goods and Financial Market Integration on Macroeconomic Volatility
Authors: Senay Özge
Published: March 2003

The aim of this work is to determine whether increasing goods and financial market integration raises or lowers macroeconomic volatility. Shocks to money, government expenditure, and labour supply are analysed under different degrees of goods and financial market integration in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. Simulations show that the effects of the different shocks on economic volatility change significantly depending on the presence of incompletely integrated goods and/or financial markets. However, the results suggest that the effect of integration in one market is largely independent of the extent of integration in the other market.
Optimal Monetary Policy Inertia
Authors: Woodford Michael
Published: March 2003

I consider the desirability of the observed tendency of central banks to adjust interest rates only gradually in response to changes in economic conditions. I show, in the context of a simple model of optimizing private sector behaviour, that such inertial behaviour on the part of the central bank may indeed be optimal, in the sense of minimizing a loss function that penalizes inflation variations, deviations of output from potential and interest rate variability. Sluggish adjustment characterizes an optimal policy commitment, even though no such inertia would be present in the case of discretionary optimization.
Dynamic Arbitrage‐Free Asset Pricing with Proportional Transaction Costs
Authors: ZHANG SHUNMING , XU CHUNLEI , DENG XIAOTIE
Published: March 2003

This paper studies multiperiod asset pricing theory in arbitrage‐free financial markets with proportional transaction costs. The mathematical formulation is based on a Euclidean space for weakly arbitrage‐free security markets and strongly arbitrage‐free security markets. We establish the weakly arbitrage‐free pricing theorem and the strongly arbitrage‐free pricing theorem.
When Does Convergence of Asset Price Processes Imply Convergence of Option Prices?
Authors: Hubalek Friedrich , Schachermayer Walter
Published: March 2003

We consider weak convergence of a sequence of asset price models (Sn) to a limiting asset price model S. A typical case for this situation is the convergence of a sequence of binomial models to the Black–Scholes model, as studied by Cox, Ross, and Rubinstein. We put emphasis on two different aspects of this convergence: first we consider convergence with respect to the given “physical” probability measures (P^n) and second with respect to the “risk‐neutral” measures (Q^n) for the asset price processes (Sn). (In the case of nonuniqueness of the risk‐neutral measures the question of the “good choice” of (Qn) also arises.) In particular we investigate under which conditions the weak convergence of (Pn) to P implies the weak convergence of (Qn) to Q and thus the convergence of prices of derivative securities.

The main theorem of the present paper exhibits an intimate relation of this question with contiguity properties of the sequences of measures (Pn) with respect to (Qn), which in turn is closely connected to asymptotic arbitrage properties of the sequence (Sn) of security price processes. We illustrate these results with general homogeneous binomial and some special trinomial models.
Robust Hedging of Barrier Options
Authors: Brown Haydyn , Hobson David , Rogers L. C. G.
Published: March 2003

This article considers the pricing and hedging of barrier options in a market in which call options are liquidly traded and can be used as hedging instruments. This use of call options means that market preferences and beliefs about the future behavior of the underlying assets are in some sense incorporated into the hedge and do not need to be specified exogenously. Thus we are able to find prices for exotic derivatives which are independent of any model for the underlying asset. For example we do not need to assume that the underlying assets follow an exponential Brownian motion.

We find model‐independent upper and lower bounds on the prices of knock‐in and knock‐out puts and calls. If the market prices the barrier options outside these limits then we give simple strategies for generating profits at zero risk. Examples illustrate that the bounds we give can be fairly tight.
The Liquidity Discount
Authors: Subramanian Ajay , Jarrow Robert A.
Published: March 2003

This paper characterizes the liquidity discount, the difference between the market value of a trader's position and its value when liquidated. This discount occurs whenever traders face downward sloping demand curves for shares and execution lags in selling shares. This characterization enables one to modify the standard value at risk (VaR) computation to include liquidity risk.
Exponential Hedging and Entropic Penalties
Authors: Delbaen Freddy , Grandits Peter , Rheinländer Thorsten , Samperi Dominick , Schweizer Martin , Stricker Christophe
Published: March 2003

We solve the problem of hedging a contingent claim B by maximizing the expected exponential utility of terminal net wealth for a locally bounded semimartingale X. We prove a duality relation between this problem and a dual problem for local martingale measures Q for X where we either minimize relative entropy minus a correction term involving B or maximize the Q‐price of B subject to an entropic penalty term. Our result is robust in the sense that it holds for several choices of the space of hedging strategies. Applications include a new characterization of the minimal martingale measure and risk‐averse asymptotics.
The Idea of Moral Progress
Authors: Moody‐Adams Michele M.
Published: March 2003

This paper shows that moral progress is a substantive and plausible idea. Moral progress in belief involves deepening our grasp of existing moral concepts, while moral progress in practices involves realizing deepened moral understandings in behavior or social institutions. Moral insights could not be assimilated or widely disseminated if they involved devising and applying totally new moral concepts. Thus, it is argued, moral failures of past societies cannot be explained by appeal to ignorance of new moral ideas, but must be understood as resulting from refusals to subject social practices to critical scrutiny. Moral philosophy is not the main vehicle for disseminating morally progressive insights, though it has an important role in processes that lead to moral progress. Yet we have grounds for cautious optimism, since progressive moral insights can be disseminated and can, sometimes, have constructive social effects.
Moral Expertise?: Constitutional Narratives and Philosophical Argument
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: March 2003

Using the bench trial of Colorado’s Amendment 2 as an example, this article focuses on the more general question of expert testimony in moral philosophy. It argues that there is indeed expertise in moral philosophy but argues against admitting such expert testimony in cases dealing with what John Rawls terms “constitutional essentials” and ‘matters of basic justice.” Developing the idea of public reason inherent in the Rawlsian concept of political liberalism, the article argues that philosophers can and should speak out on public issues, if they do so with due respect for certain restrictions, but that they should not serve as expert witnesses on core constitutional questions, since doing so suggests that they claim a type of authority that would require fellow citizens to defer to their views. Such claims to authority in basic ethical matters threaten the mutual respect for divergent comprehensive doctrines that lies at the core of political liberalism. Philosophers have a duty to serve the public good, and they perform this service in fruitful ways. But they should refuse a public role that appears incompatible with equal respect for the committed ethical searching of their fellow citizens.
Affective States and Epistemic Immediacy
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: March 2003

This article defends the view that an adequate response to some central epistemological problems requires us to find a role for emotions and other affective states in epistemic evaluation and also to invoke virtuous traits of character in order to explain how these affective evaluations are regulated. The argument is based on the need for some epistemic evaluations to possess a kind of immediacy, if we are not to face a worrying regress. The closing sections support the claim that epistemic evaluation depends upon appropriate character traits though a discussion of what is involved in beingobservant.
The NAIRU, Aggregate Demand and Investment
Authors: Sawyer Malcolm
Published: March 2003

The nature of the non‐accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is analysed. The focus of our analysis is the role of aggregate demand and capacity in the context of the NAIRU. Two aspects of the relationship between the level of aggregate demand and the NAIRU are of particular significance. First, it is argued that the real wage–employment relationship based on enterprise decisions cannot be fully articulated without reference to the level of aggregate demand. Second, a model which allows for variable returns to labour and the notion of full capacity is used to explore the effects of shifts in the capital stock on the real wage–employment relationship. The model is specifically used to explore whether a sufficiently expansionary environment can generate sufficient investment to shift that relationship until the NAIRU is compatible with full employment. A number of limitations on the conclusions reached are considered, and the policy implications are briefly considered.
Contribution of Psychosocial Factors to Socioeconomic Differences in Health
Authors: Marmot Michael G. , Fuhrer Rebecca , Ettner Susan L. , Marks Nadine F. , Bumpass Larry L. , Ryff Carol D.
Published: March 2003

The National Survey of Mid‐life Developments in the United States (MIDUS) is one of several studies that demonstrate socioeconomic gradients in mortality during midlife. When MIDUS findings on self‐reported health, waist to hip ratio, and psychological well‐being were analyzed for their possible roles in generating socioeconomic differences in health, they revealed clear educational gradients for women and men (i.e., higher education predicted better health). Certain potential mediating variables, like household income, parents’ education, smoking behavior, and social relations, contributed to an explanation of the socioeconomic gradient. In addition, two census‐based measures, combined into an area poverty index, independently predicted ill health. The results suggest that a set of both early and current life circumstances cumulatively contribute toward explaining why people of lower soeioeconomic status have worse health and lower psychological well‐being.
Is Health Care Ready for Six Sigma Quality?
Authors: Chassin Mark R.
Published: March 2003

Serious, widespread problems exist in the quality of U.S. health care: too many patients are exposed to the risks of unnecessary services; opportunities to use effective care are missed; and preventable errors lead to injuries. Advanced practitioners of industrial quality management, like Motorola and General Electric, have committed themselves to reducing the frequency of defects in their business processes to fewer than 3.4 per million, a strategy known as Six Sigma Quality. In health care, quality problems frequently occur at rates of 20 to 50 percent, or 200,000 to 500,000 per million. In order to approach Six Sigma levels of quality, the health care sector must address the underlying causes of error and make important changes: adopting new educational models; devising strategies to increase consumer awareness; and encouraging public and private investment in quality improvement.
Assessing the Impact of Continuous Quality Improvement on Clinical Practice: What It Will Take to Accelerate Progress
Authors: Shortell Stephen M. , Bennett Charles L. , Byck Gayle R.
Published: March 2003

The literature on continuous quality improvement (CQI) has produced some evidence, based on nonrandomized studies, that its clinical application can improve outcomes of care while reducing costs. Its effectiveness is enhanced by a nucleus of physician involvement, individual practitioner feedback, and a supportive organizational culture. The few randomized studies, however, suggest no impact of CQI on clinical outcomes and no evidence to date of organization‐wide improvement in clinical performance. Further, most studies address misuse issues and avoid examining overuse or underuse of services. The clinical application of CQI is more likely to have a pervasive impact when it takes place within a supportive regulatory and competitive environment, when it is aligned with financial incentives, and when it is under the direction of an organizational leadership that is committed to integrating all aspects of the work.
Does Medical Insurance Contribute to Socioeconomic Differentials in Health?
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Mirowsky John
Published: March 2003

Both access to insurance and health itself vary widely by socioeconomic status (SES). Are socioeconomic variations in health linked to insurance coverage or to factors that lie outside the medical care arena? Data from the Aging, Status, and the Sense of Control Survey were the basis of a representative U.S. national telephone survey conducted in 1995, and again in 1998. The results showed that persons with private insurance do not differ significantly from the uninsured in their self‐reported health, physical functioning, or number of chronic conditions, whereas persons with public insurance report significantly worse health and more chronic conditions than the uninsured. These longitudinal results hold with adjustment for baseline health, SES, change in social status, and the hazard of attrition. Medical insurance does not mediate any associations between SES and health. Medical insurance of all kinds, however, does reduce difficulties in paying medical bills, and Medicaid is associated with more doctor visits and prescription drugs.
2. Health Services Research for Children with Disabilities
Authors: Perrin James M.
Published: March 2003

Growing numbers of children and adolescents have long‐term disabilities, but they often are excluded from health services research on people with disabilities because of concerns about risks and the special problems in studying this population. As a result, we have little information about the epidemiology and characteristics of children and adolescents; the use, organization, and financing of services for them; the best practices; methods of assessing and improving care; ways of keeping them safe and protecting them from medical errors; and basic issues of long‐term clinical management.

By deciding on specific criteria for their inclusion, recent research has helped clarify the definition of children's chronic health conditions (McPherson, Arango, Fox, et al. 1998; Perrin, Newacheck, Pless, et al. 1993; Stein, Bauman, Westbrook, et al. 1993). Further work has improved the systematic specification and identification of this population and indicated how different purposes (e.g., epidemiologic research or program eligibility) may determine who is included (Newacheck, Strickland, Shonkoff, et al. 1998; Stein, Westbrook, and Bauman, 1997).

Growing numbers of children and adolescents have long‐term disabilities. Research on the epidemiology, clinical care and its improvement, organization, and financing of care for children with disabilities is very limited. Given the cost burden of the nation's chronic diseases and disabilities, the lack of investigation into necessary clinical activities seems remarkable. This article reviews recent research on health services relating to children and adolescents with disabilities and outlines a research agenda in clinical and health services for this population in these study areas.
3. Uses of Evidence in Disability Outcomes and Effectiveness Research
Authors: Jette Alan M. , Keysor Julie J.
Published: March 2003

Promoting the health and well‐being of all Americans—including those with disabilities—has emerged as a national priority since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) more than ten years ago. The ADA marked the first explicit national goal of achieving equal opportunity, independent living, and economic self‐sufficiency for individuals with disabilities (Americans with Disabilities Act 1989). Its passage marked a growing recognition of the needs of people with disabilities. Achieving the ADA's goals, however, requires more than simply satisfying its specific provisions; it requires the careful management of the health needs of persons with disability (Patrick 1997).

People with disabilities represent an increasingly recognized target population whose health care needs can be addressed and, it is hoped, improved through health services research. Health services research aims to improve health and health care systems through research on the structure, processes, and effects of health services (Hadley 2000; Shortell 1998).

Outcomes and effectiveness research is a category of health services research that gauges how well the health care needs of persons with disabilities are being met. Using Patrick's Model of Health Promotion for people with disabilities as a framework for analysis, this article examines outcomes and effectiveness research related to the health care needs of persons with disabilities. The three most pressing research priorities are clear theoretical conceptualizations and qualitative research on health outcomes relevant to the needs of persons with disabilities; a systemic analysis of existing assessment instruments' utility for disability outcomes research; and the development and testing of new outcome instruments.
Psychological and Deontic Concepts: Separate Domains or Intimate Connection?
Authors: Núñez María , Harris Paul L.
Published: March 2003

Despite recent research showing that children rapidly interpret human action in terms of intention, a long tradition of empirical research on moral development and recent conceptual analyses of the deontic domain suggest that children do not apply their understanding of intention to the deontic domain. However, two experiments are described showing that children do make that connection. Preschool children heard stories in which a protagonist was obliged to meet a particular condition if an action was to be taken (e.g. obliged to wear a coat if playing outside). When shown four pictures depicting each possible combination of: (1) the protagonist either performing the action or not, and (2) deliberately or accidentally failing to meet the obligation, children appropriately identified the protagonist as naughty when he or she was depicted as deliberately not meeting the obligation while performing the action. The findings proved to be robust across two different cultural settings. Implications for research on children’s developing theory of mind and their understanding of deontic concepts are discussed.
Utterance, Interpretation and the Logic of Indexicals
Authors: Predelli Stefano
Published: March 2003

I argue that some utterances of sentences containing occurrences of indexical expressions should not be evaluated with respect to the context of utterance. I suggest that we distinguish between context of utterance and context of interpret‐ation, and I employ this distinction in the analysis of recorded messages and other interesting linguistic phenomena. I then discuss the implications of my views on contexts with respect to the logic of indexicals. Against the traditional view, I argue that

sentences such as ‘I am here now’ or ‘something exists’ should not be treated as logical truths.
Cognition and Tool Use
Authors: Preston Beth
Published: March 2003

Tool use rivals language as an important domain of cognitive phenomena, and so as a source of insight into the nature of cognition in general. But the favoured current definition of tool use is inadequate because it does not carve the phenomena of interest at the joints. Heidegger’s notion of equipment provides a more adequate theoretical framework. But Heidegger’s account leads directly to a non‐individualist view of the nature of cognition. Thus non‐individualism is supported by concrete considerations about the nature of tools and tool use.
Insights into Theory of Mind from Deafness and Autism
Authors: Peterson Candida C. , Siegal Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper summarizes the results of 11 separate studies of deaf children’s performance on standard tests of false belief understanding, the results of which combine to show that deaf children from hearing families are likely to be delayed in acquiring a theory of mind. Indeed, these children generally perform no better than autistic individuals of similar mental age. Conversational and neurological explanations for deficits in mental state understanding are considered in relation to recent evidence from studies of deaf, autistic, and normally developing children with varied levels of access to talk about mental states at home with family members during the preschool years.
The Content of Intentions
Authors: Patherie Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

By distinguishing between prior intentions and intentions in action, Searle has helped solve a number of difficulties confronted by the earlier versions of the causal theory of actions. Yet this distinction also raises important new issues. In particular, once a distinction is posited between two types of intentions, one must specify what the exact nature of their respective contents is and explain how the two types of intentions are connected. I suggest that in addressing those issues we could benefit from the insights provided by recent work in the coginitive neuroscience of action. I try to show how this work can help us give a more precise characterization of the content of intentions in action and bridge the gap between prior intentions and intentions in action.
Is it Possible and Desirable for Theologians to Recover from Kant?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2003

Kant marks a watershed in the history of theology, after which the anxious questions, “Can we speak of God? How can we?” have continually haunted modern theologians, insisting on being addressed before any others. Feeling compelled not to say about God what they want to say without first establishing that they are justified or entitled in saying those things, theologians have experienced both frustration and anxiety. However, the widespread assumption that one must experience the Kantian agony in order to be a modern theologian is challenged. Wolterstorff contends that one can move beyond Kant by rejecting the mental representationalist picture required by the latter’s account of intuitions and concepts. Conceiving of our intuitions as ’inputs’ which are then mentally represented according to concepts, is not only unnecessary but misleading. Theologians are better off rejecting the assumption that awareness always represents input and adopting instead the view that perceptual awareness, for example, is not so much an input but an action – the actualization of one of our human powers. Such an alternate pathway (opened up by Thomas Reid) would allow modern theologians to appropriate Kant without being appropriated by Kant.
The Final Reconciliation: Reflections on a Social Dimension of the Eschatological Transition
Authors: Volf Miroslav
Published: March 2003

The basic thesis of the essay is this: If the world to come is to be a world of love, then the eschatological transition from the present world to that world, which God will accomplish, must have an inter‐human side. The work of the Spirit in the consummation should be understood to include not only the resurrection of the dead and the last judgment but also the final social reconciliation. The final social reconciliation is the eschatological side of the vision of social transformation contained in the movement of the Triune God toward sinful humanity to take them up into the circle of divine communal love.
“They recognized him; and he became invisible to them”
Authors: Marion Jean‐Luc
Published: March 2003

Marion here provides a philosophical/exegetical reflection on the Emmaus episode (Luke 24:13–25) with a view to debunking (as both inane and blasphemous) a widely entertained understanding of faith as “a deficit of intuition”—something which has to be “added” to human powers “to compensate faulty intuition”. Rather, Marion argues that faith is not so much required in order to recapture a lack in intuition but more a proper response in the face of an excess of intuition in relation to “a deficiency of statements and a dearth of concepts”.
Person, Kenosis and Abuse: Hans Urs von Balthasar and Feminist Theologies in Conversation
Authors: Papanikolaou Aristotle
Published: March 2003

This essay engages in the debate in feminist theology over the adequacy of the category of kenosis for interpreting women's experience. It does so by looking at a particular exchange between two British theologians, Daphne Hampson and Sarah Coakley. The paper expands on Coakley's understanding of kenosis as “power–in–vulnerability”, through an analysis of the trinitarian theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar. Von Balthasar's trinitarian understanding of kenotic personhood is then correlated to situations of abuse in order to illustrate the adequacy of such an understanding toward accounting for the healing in abused victims. The final section will argue that feminist interests in otherness, specificity, diversity, uniqueness, relationality and embodiment require a trinitarian notion of kenosis as self–giving and receptivity.
Strategic and HRM aspects of kaizen: a case study
Authors: Malloch Hedley
Published: March 2003

This article presents a case study of a kaizen in a UK diesel engine manufacturer. Kaizen is explained as an emergent strategy; its effective‐ness in reducing costs is explained by its effects on the effort bargain and by the organisation of the work standardisation task. Kaizen–related changes, perceptions of the employees, and its effects of the competitive position of the firm are reviewed.
Strategic exchange in the development of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS)
Authors: Tansley Carole , Watson Tony
Published: March 2003

The potential of computerised human resource information systems (HRIS) is often not realised for several reasons. Taking a relational/processual rather than a systems approach, a case study of a global HRIS developement project is examined using strategic exchange to highlight important social considerations of organisational, group and individual projects.
Small firms and information and communication technologies (ICTs): toward a typology of ICTs usage
Authors: Southern Alan , Tilley Fiona
Published: March 2003

Despite government support for a number of initiatives to encourage more small firms to adopt information and communication technologies (ICTs) implementation of ICTs has been a slow and very diverse development. This article examines the relationship between small firms and ICTs and highlights a number of typical, but often negated, characteristics that show how small firms use the technology.
New technologies and old ways of working in the home of the self‐employed teleworker
Authors: Baines Susan
Published: March 2003

Home‐based micro‐enterprises involving information and communications technologies are associated with the new, entrepreneurial economy of the twenty‐first century. The research reported in this paper suggests that if such ‘new’ ways of working become more widespread the results may not only be harsh for many individuals and households but damaging overall for the quality of working life.
Domestic demand for petroleum in OPEC countries
Authors: Chakravorty Ujjayant , Fesharaki Fereidun , Zhou Shuoying
Published: March 2003

The literature on OPEC energy policy has focused primarily on its production and export potential. The rapidly increasing domestic demand for petroleum products in OPEC countries has often been ignored. This study estimates domestic demand for petroleum products by the major OPEC economies and forecasts consumption trends under alternative assumptions regarding economic growth and price deregulation. It concludes that product demand is generally price and income inelastic and thus domestic consumption in OPEC will continue to grow rapidly, even if domestic prices are raised closer to world levels in the near future.
Using non–time–series to determine supply elasticity: how far do prices change the Hubbert curve?
Authors: Reynolds Douglas B.
Published: March 2003

An important concern of OPEC’s work is to be able to understand how much supply of oil exists in different countries, in order to help better conserve oil. This paper extends M. King Hubbert’s oil production and discovery forecasting model (Hubbert, 1962), using a non–time–series cumulative discovery and production quadratic Hubbert curve and structural shift variables to model technology and regulation changes. The model can be used to determine better world oil supplies. Price is tested, to see how powerful it is for increasing or decreasing oil supply. Using a trend of cumulative production, instead of time, will help to better fix the supply elasticity with respect to price, which is shown to be very inelastic. An interesting question is whether cumulative discovery or production constitutes an I(2) variable. This paper explains that they are not I(2) variables.
New energy technologies: trends in the development of clean and efficient energy technologies
Authors: Shihab–Eldin Adnan
Published: March 2003

This is an edited version of a background paper for the third session of the Eighth International Energy Forum, held in Osaka, Japan, on 21–23 September. The session was entitled: “Interaction among Energy Security, Environmental Issues and Economic Growth”.

The paper highlights key technologies or features that are likely to have a significant impact on the world energy scene in the coming two–to–three decades. It begins with the consensus view among most forecasters that world energy demand will continue growing through 2020, with OPEC’s World Energy Model projecting average annual growth of two per cent during this period.

The four principal sections of the paper focus on: upstream oil and gas technology; electric power technologies, with sub–divisions on clean fossil fuels, carbon dioxide sequestration, renewables and nuclear power; the transportation sector; and fuel cell technology, together with hydrogen, as a secondary energy–carrier.

The paper concludes that, through 2020 and beyond, oil will continue to be the major source fuelling the forecast rise in energy demand, especially in the transportation sector. Gas will play an increasing role in electricity generation, which will continue growing at a faster rate than overall energy demand. The successful deployment of cleaner, more efficient technologies is expected to help coal retain its importance. However, widespread concern about climate change issues may threaten to constrain the growth in demand for fossil fuels, and this concern must be addressed through such measures as CO2 capture and storage sequestration technology.

Nuclear power is unlikely to assume a larger role in the global energy mix, unless such fundamental obstacles as economic competitiveness and public acceptance are overcome. Most renewables face challenging environmental and sustainability constraints and require substantial cost reductions to be competitive. Moreover, while fuel cells have many attractive features, including high efficiency and reduced or near–zero emissions, they have many complex material and manufacturing problems and their commercial prospects are limited for the foreseeable future.

Therefore, unless unexpected compelling reasons to do otherwise arise, cleaner fossil fuels will continue to dominate the power sector, as well as most other sectors, for decades to come.
Regional Migration in Spain: The Effect of Personal Characteristics and of Unemployment, Wage and House Price Differentials Using Pooled Cross‐Sections
Authors: Antolin Pablo , Bover Olympia
Published: March 2003

We present an empirical model of individual migration using time‐series of cross‐sections from the Spanish Labour Force Surveys 1987–1991. Personal characteristics not only have an important direct effect on migration decisions but also alter the effect of regional variables. We find that the estimated probability of migration for the unemployed not registered, who are known for certain not to receive benefit, is higher than that of the employed which in turn is higher than that of the unemployed registered, which includes all the benefits recipients. An important finding is that the effect of regional unemployment on migration is positive for the unemployed not registered but is important and negative for those registered.
Specification and Testing of Markov Chain Models: An Application to Convergence in the European Union
Authors: Fingleton Bernard
Published: March 2003

Recently Markov chains have been used to analyze the convergence properties of national and regional per capita incomes. This paper highlights their applicability and importance for economists and illustrates some of the potential pitfalls associated with this approach. The empirical conclusions, based on data for the period 1975 to 1993, are that the regions of the EU appear to be converging to a form of equilibrium characterized by stable proportions of economies at a range of output per capita levels, and by a permanent chance of mobility between all levels, consistent with the existence of multiple steady‐states across countries.
New Perspectives on the Bell‐Beaker Culture
Authors: Brodie Neil
Published: March 2003

Bell‐Beaker culture artefacts are not unequivocal expressions of male status, but helped instead to maintain ritual and symbolic demarcations of gender difference. The gendered nature of cultural production explains part of the variability seen in Beaker assemblages. More generally the spread of the Bell‐Beaker culture cannot be explained by regional trajectories of social evolution or structuration. It is a spatially extensive phenomenon and interpretations/explanations must recognise this. A scenario is presented which links the eastwards spread of Beaker pottery in central Europe to the importation of copper metallurgy into north‐west Europe.
The Pfahlbauproblem and the History of Lake‐Dwelling Research in the Alps
Authors: Menotti Francesco
Published: March 2003

The lakes of the circum‐Alpine region preserve unique remains of Neolithic and Bronze Age architecture, which since their discovery in the mid‐nineteenth century have invited reconstruction. Each generation since then has offered a different image of these structures. Now it seem that they may all contain an element of truth.
The tale of the sword – swords and swordfighters in Bronze Age Europe
Authors: Kristiansen Kristian
Published: March 2003

In this article it is demonstrated through empirical observation that Bronze Age swords were functional and efficient weapons. Their use in real combat is testified by recurring patterns of blade damage and resharpening. Furthermore, ritual depositions of swords with unrepaired scars on the blade demonstrate the prehistoric roots of the Celtic–Germanic–Greek ritual of sacrificing weapons after a victorious fight.
Modeling the Taiwan Stock Market and International Linkages
Authors: Chou Ray Y. , Lin Jin‐Lung , Wu Chung‐shu
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the Taiwan stock market and examines its price and volatility linkages with those of the United States. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that the short‐term volatility and price changes spill over from the developed markets, mainly the United States, to the emerging Taiwan stock market. The model and the test are built upon Engle’s ARCH (autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) and Engle and Kroner’s M‐GARCH (multivariate generalized ARCH) models. The paper differs from previous studies on the Taiwan stock market in three respects. First, instead of using daily closing prices, it uses close‐to‐open and open‐to‐close returns to avoid the problem of overlapping samples. It carefully models the day‐of‐the‐week effect in daily data to avoid misspecification of the model. Second, to circumvent the generated regressor problem arising from the two‐step estimation procedure, it also employs the M‐GARCH model where all parameters are estimated simultaneously. Third, the misspecification test is carried out on various kinds of asymmetric ARCH factors. A substantial volatility spillover effect is found from the US stock market to the Taiwan stock market, especially for the model using close‐to‐open returns. There is also evidence supporting a spillover effect in price changes. The findings can be explained by the recent gradual opening of the Taiwan stock market to foreign investors.
Liberalizing Services Trade In APEC: A General Equilibrium Analysis with Imperfect Competition
Authors: Benjamin* Nancy , Diao** Xinshen
Published: March 2003

The paper studies services‐sector trade liberalization in the Asia–Pacific Economic Co‐operation (APEC) Forum using a global, multicountry, multisector applied general equilibrium model with an imperfectly competitive service sector. Reducing the service sector’s nontariff barriers is modeled by eliminating the possibility for oligopolistic firms to price‐discriminate between client countries within APEC and lowering the fixed costs of the firms doing service exporting business. The results suggest that services trade liberalization reinforces existing sectoral trade balances. Increase in demand for intermediate services tends to reinforce rather than counteract the role of primary factors in determining sectoral comparative advantage. The western APEC members received the greatest welfare gains from services trade liberalization, while the developing economies gained more if only tariffs were eliminated.
Child Labour Education and Nutrition in Rural India
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C.
Published: March 2003

Decisions concerning child labour, education and nutrition are taken by parents simultaneously with decisions affecting fertility and infant mortality. This implies that child labour cannot be abolished without altering the conditions that make it optimal for parents to make their children work. Such conditions can be altered not only by educational policies, such as free or subsidized provision of school facilities, but also by more broadly aimed policies, such as sanitation or preventive medicine.
Politics, the WTO and Trade Disputes: Evidence from US Cases
Authors: Grinols Earl L. , Perrelli Roberto
Published: March 2003

Do political variables play a significant role in trade disputes and does the World Trade Organization (WTO) ameliorate disputation? This paper uses US data to assess the role of the WTO and political variables in trade disputes. The data suggest that political factors are significant in the initiation of trade disputes and in their length of adjudication. The WTO disputes that require the formation of adjudication panels take fewer months to complete than under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade system, but overall the WTO appears not to play a significant role in reducing the number of disputes or shortening their duration.
The Semantics of Fictional Names
Authors: Adams Fred , Fuller Gary , Stecker Robert
Published: March 2003

Abstract: In this paper we defend a direct reference theory of names. We maintain that the meaning of a name is its bearer. In the case of vacuous names, there is no bearer and they have no meaning. We develop a unified theory of names such that one theory applies to names whether they occur within or outside fiction. Hence, we apply our theory to sentences containing names within fiction, sentences about fiction or sentences making comparisons across fictions. We then defend our theory against objections and compare our view to the views of Currie, Walton, and others.
A Compatibilist Version Of The Theory Of Agent Causation
Authors: Markosian Ned
Published: March 2003

The Theory of Agent Causation has always been formulated as an incompatibilist view, but I think that this has been a mistake. The aim of this paper is to argue that, contrary to what agent causation theorists and their opponents have always believed, the most plausible version of the Theory of Agent Causation is actually a compatibilist version of that theory. I formulate the traditional version of the Theory of Agent Causation, and consider a series of objections to it and related views. With each objection comes a corresponding revision of the theory that is motivated by that objection, and with each revision the theory becomes increasingly compatibilistic until, finally, we arrive at a completely compatibilistic version of the Theory of Agent Causation, which I take to be the most plausible version of that theory.
On Becoming Extinct
Authors: Lenman James
Published: March 2003

From an impersonal, timeless perspective it is hard to identify good reasons why it should matter that human extinction comes later rather than sooner, particularly if we accept that it does not matter how many human beings there are. We cannot appeal to the natural narrative shape of human history for there is no such thing. We have more local and particular concerns to which we can better appeal but only if an impersonal, timeless perspective is abandoned: only from a generation–centred perspective do such concerns help to make sense of our concern for the timing of our own extinction.
Frayed Edges: Exploring the Boundaries of Conflict Resolution
Authors: Fast Larissa A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the boundary areas of the field of conflict resolution. It proposes that to advance as a practice and academic discipline, conflict resolution must define more clearly its theoretical and practice boundaries. Based on the assumption that this field requires its theory, practice, and research to complement one another, the article first outlines two boundary areas, that of theory about structural conflict and that of impartiality and neutrality in conflict resolution practice. The author proposes that developing theories about structural conflict will promote better interventions, an area where conflict resolution practice currently is underdeveloped. The debates about impartiality and neutrality in conflict resolution practice lead the author to propose two delimiters for practice—impartiality and inclusiveness—that will differentiate conflict resolution from other related fields. The article concludes with a recommendation about how integrating theory, practice, and research can advance the field as a whole.
Police Complaints and Criminal Prosecutions
Authors: Smith Graham
Published: March 2003

The police complaints process is the sole means by which criminal proceedings are initiated against police officers after allegations by members of the public that they were the victim of an offence committed by officers when in the execution or purported execution of their duty. Yet this state of the law has hardly figured in recent debate, which has seen the complaints process examined almost exclusively as the preliminary stage of the disciplinary process. This paper considers police complaints, the criminal liability of the officer and the implications for reform of the process after incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights.
The Idea of Constitutional Pluralism
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: March 2003

Constitutional discourse has perhaps never been more popular, nor more comprehensively challenged than it is today. The development of new constitutional settlements and languages at state and post‐state level has to be balanced against the deepening of a formidable range of sceptical attitudes. These include the claim that constitutionalism remains too state‐centered, overstates its capacity to shape political community, exhibits an inherent normative bias against social developments associated with the politics of difference, provides a language easily susceptible to ideological manipulation and, that, consequent upon these challenges, it increasingly represents a fractured and debased conceptual currency. A rehabilitated language of constitutionalism would meet these challenges through a version of constitutional pluralism. Constitutional pluralism recognises that in the post‐Westphalian world there exists a range of different constitutional sites and processes configured in a heterarchical rather than a hierarchical pattern, and seeks to develop a number of empirical indices and normative criteria which allow us to understand this emerging configuration and assess the legitimacy of its development.
International Law: A Discipline of Crisis
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary
Published: March 2003

This article examines the way that international lawyers tend to focus on crises for the development of international law. It uses the reactions of international lawyers to NATO’s intervention in Kosovo in 1999 as a case study of this tendency and argues that the crisis focus impoverishes the discipline of international law. The article proposes the idea of an international law of everyday life as an alternative.
Judicial Deference under the Human Rights Act
Authors: Edwards Richard A.
Published: March 2003

Judicial deference to the other branches of government has become a common judicial technique in cases arising under the Human Rights Act. The author outlines the current approach of British courts in deciding when to defer, arguing that it is flawed and unprincipled. The author goes on to argue that a principled approach to deference is necessary, and offers examples of when and how courts should defer to the other branches of government when considering constitutional claims.
Distributive Justice and Enviromental Sustainability
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: March 2003

Andrew Dobson has outlined three conceptions of environmental sustainability: the ‘critical natural capital’ conception; the ‘irreversibility’ conception; and the ‘natural value’ conception. He has also attempted to map out the various ‘dimensions of social justice’– his purpose in so doing being to analyze the ‘encounter’ of each conception of environmental sustainability with the points on his map. Not surprisingly, Dobson concludes that as one moves from the ‘critical natural capital’ conception through the ‘irreversibility’ conception to the ‘natural value’ conception of ‘sustainability’, the ‘points of contact’ with his map of ‘the dimensions of social justice’ are found to ‘become fewer and further apart’. In this article I argue that Dobson is fundamentally confused in his reason for thinking why this is so. I also argue that a core argument he deploys concerning future generations cannot do the work he requires of it.