bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microtextures and structures in metal–sulfide grains in NWA 869 meteorite and their relation to thermal history of L‐chondrite parent body
Authors: Skirak Paulina , Opiła Gabriela , Piestrzyński Adam , Kozub‐Budzyń Gabriela , Kapusta Czesław
Published: February 2025

Results of microanalysis study of NWA 869 meteorite, an ordinary chondrite, where silicates, Fe‐Ni alloys, and troilite are major constituents, are reported. The presented study of microtextures in metallic and sulfide grains provides information on processes occurring from the asteroid's accretion, through the impacts until cooling. The presence of metal–silicate emulsion, swiss‐cheese texture, and polycrystalline kamacite–troilite aggregates observed indicates very rapid increase in temperature due to impact. Fizzed troilite, slightly homogenized taenite domains, and intergrowth of native copper in plessite imply rapid cooling in isolated regions in space. Agrell effect on the interface of kamacite–taenite grains and non‐corroded tetrataenite rims indicates that the sample contains rock fragments from a region unaffected directly by the impact or rapid heating. Diversity of petrological types, lithic clasts with shock grade higher than S3, shock‐darkened clasts or impact melting rocks, and variation of microtextures suggest that the parent body of L‐type chondrites after accretion, radiogenic metamorphism, and consequent formation of the onion–shell model broke up into debris after the impact of eucrite body.
Physical properties, internal structure, and the three‐dimensional petrography of CI chondrites
Authors: Friedrich Jon M. , Riveros Eva M. , Macke Robert J. , Jaret Steven J. , Rivers Mark L. , Ebel Denton S.
Published: February 2025

CI chondrites are poorly lithified and highly friable regolith breccias. To examine their physical properties and the nature of their breccation, we investigated nine samples of the Ivuna and Orgueil CI chondrites ranging in size from 1 mm to 4 cm in approximate diameter. The combined mass of unique material investigated in this work is 113 g. For our investigations, we use ideal gas pycnometry, 3‐D laser scanning, x‐ray computed microtomography (μCT), and accompanying digital data extraction techniques. We found that the bulk density of the samples ranged from 1.61 to 2.10 g cm−3. Larger samples tend to have a lower bulk density. Grain density (ranging from 2.44 to 2.55 g cm−3) is significantly less variable than the bulk density in our samples and the quantity of porosity (ranging from 14.6% to 33.8%) is the dominant factor in determining the bulk density of CI chondrite material. Our μCT results show that the visible porosity across all sizes of our CI chondrite samples is in the form of cracks, but these cracks can account for less than two‐thirds of the porosity in the CI chondrites. Other porosity is not visible, even at μCT resolutions of 2.7 μm voxel edge−1 and we conclude that it is sub‐micron in nature. It is not clear if the cracks seen in our samples are indigenous to the chondrites or are a result of terrestrial processes. We also find that the CI chondrites are excellent examples of the fractal‐like nature of brecciation, where clasts can be observed at all scales we imaged. The breccias are composed of sub‐equant‐shaped and sub‐rounded‐textured clasts like melt‐free impact breccias on other solar system bodies. From our μCT volume and digital data extraction, we determine that the Ivuna CI chondrite breccia is organized: the mostly sub‐equant clasts within our ~2 cm chunk of Ivuna have a mean diameter of 1.33 mm and their aligned longest axes define a lineation structure. We speculate that the lineation was imparted after fragmentation of the clasts by slight shear on the parent asteroid which could be the result of seismic‐related granular flow or mild non‐axial impact‐related compaction. These data will help to place returned asteroidal material from asteroids 162173 Ryugu and 101955 Bennu and the CI chondrites into a mutual geological context.
Increasing meta‐analytic quality: A multivariate multilevel meta‐analysis of note‐taking through exposure to L2 input
Authors: Norouzian Reza , Jin Zhouhan , Webb Stuart
Published: February 2025

Meta‐analytic studies of second language (L2) learning typically employ a classic approach to meta‐analysis. Although the classic approach can clarify findings, a multivariate, multilevel meta‐analysis (3M) approach increases transparency by accounting for (a) dependencies in the evidence presented by primary studies, (b) methodological differences confounding the effectiveness of interventions, (c) differences in research designs, and (d) enhancing the accessibility of findings by using percentages. This reproducible study (https://rnorouzian.github.io/m/p.html) employed a 3M approach and used the (M)UTOS framework to examine the effect of note‐taking on learning through exposure to L2 input. Retrieving 55 effect sizes from 27 studies, the 3M approach found that there was at least a 63% likelihood for note‐taking treatments to produce a meaningfully positive benefit (≥0.2 gain on the effect‐size scale) on learning outcomes and revealed that the type of note‐taking treatment, measurement type, input mode, and learners’ proficiency levels were particularly influential.
New insights into coevolution between plants and their cryptic pollinators
Authors: Hao Kai , Hembry David H. , Sun Qi‐Lin , Luo Shi‐Xiao
Published: February 2025

Obligate pollination mutualisms are ideal models for studying coevolution. Long thought to be rare, a growing number of examples have been discovered and reported in recent decades. This review discusses two pollination mutualisms characterised by reciprocal adaptations between cryptic insects and their host plants: Asian Schisandraceae–resin midges and leafflower (Phyllanthaceae)–leafflower moths. Both of these systems involve tiny, nocturnal insects, which as adults pollinate their host plants but as larvae feed on the same hosts. We highlight the potential for these systems to shed light on mutualism evolution and geographic dynamics of coevolution. We conclude by emphasising the economic and cultural importance of the Schisandraceae–midge mutualism on food and medicine, and recommend future research in the genomics, coadaptation, and coevolution.
Smokeless Tobacco Is a Major Risk Factor for Oral Cancer in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Mehrotra Ravi , Lauby‐Secretan Beatrice
Published: February 2025

Objective

This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on smokeless tobacco and oral cancer, with a specific focus on South and Southeast Asia.

Method

The recent literature on the association of smokeless tobacco and oral cancer, its biological mechanisms, and policies for prevention and control, was reviewed. In addition, its role in the causation of oral cancer and allied diseases was assessed its biological mechanisms resulting in deleterious health outcomes and steps to control its use.

Results

Of the more than 360 million people who consume smokeless tobacco globally, nearly 80% reside in the region. The evidence of an association between the numerous SLT products consumed in the region and oral cancer is well established, with oral snuff and gutkha showing the strongest association. More than 4000 chemical ingredients are present in these products, many of which are involved in the intricate biological pathways leading to carcinogenesis.

Conclusion

Given the deep cultural integration of SLT products, effective control measures require multifaceted approaches that combine education, regulation, and community engagement. Collaborative efforts among governments, healthcare professionals, and communities are essential to address this urgent issue and mitigate the substantial human and economic costs.
Temporomandibular Disorders in Brain Injury Patients and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Assessment Tools
Authors: Kothari Mohit , Alves‐Costa Silas , Kumar Abhishek , Nascimento Gustavo G. , Nielsen Jørgen Feldbæk , Svensson Peter , Kothari Simple F.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To evaluate the presence, severity and progression of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in acquired brain injury (ABI) population and determine the diagnostic accuracy of 3Q/TMD and Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) against the gold standard, Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD).

Methods

ABI individuals were assessed using 3Q/TMD and FAI at admission (n = 73) and Week 4 (n = 52), while DC/TMD was conducted only at Week 4. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 3Q/TMD and FAI were calculated against DC/TMD.

Results

TMD was detected in 66.0% (3Q/TMD) and 27.8% (FAI) at admission, with mild (75%) to moderate (25%) severity which was mostly pain‐related. TMD frequency decreased to 11.3% (3Q/TMD) and 17.3% (FAI) by Week 4. Accuracy rates were 0.82 for 3Q/TMD and 0.83 for FAI. Sensitivity was 0.33 (3Q/TMD) and 0.50 (FAI), while specificity was high at 0.93 (3Q/TMD) and 0.90 (FAI).

Conclusions

TMD presence was higher in an ABI population compared to the general population however the frequency decreased over time. The high specificity and accuracy of 3Q/TMD and FAI indicate their potentials as screening tools but their low sensitivity limits their effectiveness in identifying all TMD cases. Patients with ABI should be assessed for TMD as part of their comprehensive care.
The mediating effect of social network sites addiction on the relationship between childhood psychological abuse and depression in college students and the moderating effect of psychological flexibility
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Pengfei , Duan Liangfan , Shen Qingxin , Xu Lei , Zhang Tiancheng
Published: February 2025

Background

Experience of child psychological abuse in college students is likely to increase their risk of depression, but the potential psychological mechanisms between the two require further exploration. This study supplemented the risk and protective factors between child psychological abuse and depression in college students by introducing social network sites addiction (SNSA) as a mediating factor and psychological flexibility as a moderating factor.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted on 655 college students from two universities in Hunan Province, China. Self‐reported measures included childhood psychological abuse, depression, SNSA, and psychological flexibility. Descriptive and correlational analyses were performed on these variables, followed by the establishment of a structural equation model.

Results

Child psychological abuse was positively associated with depression (r = .507, p < .001) and SNSA (r = .208, p < .001) in college students and negatively associated with psychological flexibility (r = −.293, p < .001). SNSA played a mediating role between childhood psychological abuse and depression (β = .170, SE = 0.035, p < .001) in college students, while psychological flexibility attenuated the strength of the relationship between the latter two (β = −.095, SE = 0.031, p < .01).

Conclusion

The study further elucidates the psychological mechanisms underlying the relationship between childhood psychological abuse and depression in college students. SNSA may mediate the relationship between the two, while psychological flexibility may buffer the strength of the relationship between them. Future research should explore interventions enhancing college students' psychological flexibility after childhood psychological abuse to cut the risk of depression.
Epigenetic age acceleration is related to cognitive decline in the elderly: Results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study
Authors: Gampawar Piyush , Veeranki Sai Pavan Kumar , Petrovic Katja‐Elisabeth , Schmidt Reinhold , Schmidt Helena
Published: February 2025

Aim

Epigenetic clocks, quantifying biological age through DNA methylation (DNAmAge), have emerged as potential indicators of brain aging. As the variety of DNAmAge algorithms grows, consensus on their efficacy in predicting age‐related changes is lacking. This study aimed to explore the intricate relationship between diverse DNAmAge algorithms and structural and cognitive markers of brain aging.

Methods

Within a cohort of 796 elderly patients (mean age, 65.8 ± 7.9 years), we scrutinized 11 DNAmAge algorithms, including Horvath, Hannum, Zhang's clocks, PhenoAge, GrimAge, DunedinPACE, and principal component (PC)–based PCHorvath, PCHannum, PCPhenoAge, and PCGrimAge.

We evaluated their association with baseline cognition and cognitive decline, assessed through follow‐up evaluations at three (T1) and six (T2) years postbaseline. Additionally, we examined their relationship with structural magnetic resonance imaging markers of brain aging, including white matter.

Results

Zhang's clock was the best predictor of decline in memory (β = −0.04) and global cognition (β = −0.03), whereas PCGrimAge was the best predictor of speed decline (β = −0.17). The DNAmAge algorithms were the second‐best predictors in explaining cognitive variability after education in memory and global cognition (R2partial = 1.66% to 2.82%) and the best predictors for speed decline (R2partial = 2.13%). PC‐trained DNAmAge algorithms outperformed their respective original version.

Conclusion

DNAmAge algorithms are strong and independent predictors of cognitive decline in the normal elderly population and explain additional variability in cognitive decline beyond that accounted for by conventional risk factors.
Evaluation of Oral Clarithromycin in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Moroccan Children: A Series of 64 Patients
Authors: Chekairi Fatima Ezzahraa , Baghad Bouchra , Mouhsine Zineb , Elfatoiki Fatima Zahra , Saik Imane El Idrissi , Abdallaoui Maha Soussi , Chiheb Soumiya , Riyad Myriam
Published: February 2025

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is commonly seen in pediatric patients in endemic areas, including Morocco. This retrospective, single center study details 64 confirmed pediatric cases of CL treated with oral clarithromycin 15 mg/kg/day for 10 days per month, for a total of three months. Lesions improved in 96.8% of cases and the treatment was well tolerated. Clarithromycin seems a safe and effective alternative to intralesional injections of meglumine antimoniate.
Evaluation of Spectral Bandwidth and Position on Leaf Chlorophyll Content Estimation Using Vegetation Indices
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Cao Jun , Han Xu , Huang Xiaoxiang , Yang Jian
Published: February 2025

Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is an important indicator for vegetation status monitoring. Remote sensing data offers a nondestructive method for quick estimation of LCC. However, the accuracy of LCC estimation based on remote sensing data depends mainly on the band information. Therefore, it is important to effectively evaluate the effect of bandwidth and position on LCC estimation to select the optimal bandwidth and position. This paper analyzes the effects of different bandwidths and positions on the accuracy of LCC inversion based on single‐band or classical two‐band vegetation indices. First, simulated spectral datasets with different bandwidths and positions are generated by the PROSAIL model, and five classical two‐band vegetation indices are constructed. Then, the sensitivity of single‐band and vegetation indices to changes in bandwidth was evaluated by analyzing the R2 variation of the LCC inversion model. Finally, the spectral range in the LCC estimation that is less affected by the bandwidth and achieves the optimal inversion accuracy is determined. The results show that the bandwidth and position can significantly affect the inversion accuracy of LCC. The optimal inversion accuracy can be obtained at 575 nm when using single‐band inversion LCC. When using the two‐band vegetation indices, the optimal band positions that are not sensitive to the change of bandwidth are 850–900 nm and 720–740 nm. This study provides a reference for selecting the appropriate bandwidth and position in the LCC inversion.
The effect of water table fluctuation on 12 Sphagnum species during establishment: implications for peatland restoration and paludiculture
Authors: Quadra Gabrielle R. , Käärmelahti Sannimari , van Dijk Gijs , Gaudig Greta , Krebs Matthias , Prager Anja , Koks Adam H. W. , Vroom Renske J. E. , Liu Weier , Temmink Ralph J. M. , Fritz Christian
Published: February 2025

Sphagnum mosses are vital to bog ecosystems and are, therefore, target species for peatland restoration and paludiculture. Their establishment relies on consistent wet conditions and adequate nutrient supply. However, extreme climatic events, such as prolonged droughts, threaten Sphagnum establishment. To better understand the effects of water table fluctuations on the establishment of different Sphagnum species, we conducted a field experiment with stable and fluctuating water table conditions. After 1 year, we measured Sphagnum cover, lawn height (as a proxy for growth), carbon (C) accumulation, and nutrient stoichiometry of 12 species. Our results show that a stable water table facilitated Sphagnum growth during the establishment. Nitrogen (N) to potassium (K) and N to phosphorus (P) quotients were higher in the capitula biomass of Sphagnum in the fluctuating water table treatment. We identified two clusters of Sphagnum species: cluster 1, characterized by a low N:K quotient and higher C accumulation—indicating strong establishment potential—included Sphagnum palustre, S. fallax, S. fimbriatum, S. riparium, and S. denticulatum. In contrast, cluster 2 exhibited a higher N:K quotient and lower C accumulation—suggesting vulnerability to environmental changes during establishment—included S. fuscum, S. centrale, S. magellanicum, S. papillosum, S. rubellum, S. austinii, and S. squarrosum. Our results indicate that lawn species, particularly S. palustre, S. fallax, and S. denticulatum, are promising candidates for rapid Sphagnum establishment under wet and dry conditions. Even when exposed to water shortages, Sphagnum restoration and paludiculture can promote fast‐track C accumulation.
Early‐to‐Midlife Body Mass Index Trajectories and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Risk 10 Years Later
Authors: Qian Yaoyao , Perret Jennifer L. , Hamilton Garun S. , Abramson Michael J. , Lodge Caroline J. , Bui Dinh S. , Ali Gulshan B. , De Silva Anurika P. , Adams Robert J. , Thompson Bruce R. , Erbas Bircan , Walters Eugene H. , Senaratna Chamara V. , Dharmage Shyamali C.
Published: February 2025

Background and Objective

While short‐term weight changes are known to influence obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the impact of body mass index (BMI) changes over the life course has been poorly documented. We examined the association between BMI trajectories from childhood to middle age and adult OSA, 10 years later.

Methods

Five BMI trajectories were previously identified in the population‐based cohort Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (TAHS), using eight time‐point BMI from age 5 to 43 years. The primary outcome was probable OSA at 53 years, defined using STOP‐Bang questionnaire, with Berlin and OSA‐50 questionnaires used to ensure consistency of findings. Clinically significant diagnosed OSA was defined as self‐reported medical diagnosis or mild OSA with symptoms or moderate‐to‐severe OSA, using type‐4 sleep studies. Associations were examined using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Compared with the average BMI trajectory, the child average‐increasing (aOR = 5.28, 95% CI 3.38–8.27) and persistently high trajectories (aOR = 3.73, 2.06–6.74) were associated with increased risk of probable OSA. These associations were consistent when using clinically significant diagnosed OSA (child average‐increasing trajectory: aOR = 2.95, 1.30–6.72; high trajectory: aOR = 2.23, 0.82–6.09). Individuals belonging to the low trajectory were less likely than the average trajectory to have OSA. Notably, the child high‐decreasing trajectory was not associated with OSA.

Conclusion

Physicians and the public should be aware of the potential risk of OSA in middle‐aged adults when BMI is high or continuously increasing from childhood to mid‐40s. Obese children who subsequently lose weight were not at higher risk of OSA in middle age—a novel and key finding.

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Digital Finance Use and Household Consumption Inequality: Evidence From Rural China
Authors: Wang Xuejun , Li Xiaocheng , Zhou Huiying
Published: February 2025

Previous research has investigated the relationship between digital finance and consumption, yet the impact of digital finance use on rural household consumption inequality, particularly in developing countries, has been rarely examined. Using data from the 2017 and 2019 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) and a relative deprivation of consumption index, this paper employs the instrumental variable strategy to examine the effects of digital finance use on consumption inequality of rural households. The modeling approach accounts for the endogeneity of digital finance use. The results suggest that digital finance use can alleviate the consumption inequality of rural households. Propensity score matching (PSM) method and a series of robustness checks corroborate the conclusions. Moreover, the mechanism analysis reveals that digital finance use can narrow income inequality and intensify consumption smoothing channels, thereby alleviating consumption inequality of rural households. Finally, heterogeneity analysis shows that digital finance use has a more prominent role in reducing the relative deprivation of consumption among vulnerable households and in undeveloped areas. And digital finance use mainly alleviates the inequality in higher levels of consumption. Our findings provide a micro basis for constructing economic impact assessment and policy design to reduce consumption inequality and improve the welfare of rural households in developing countries.
Exploring the Role of Self‐Defective Beliefs in the Relation Between Sexual Orientation and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury in Young Women
Authors: O'Brien Connor , Waite Elinor E. , Denning Dominic M. , Haliczer Lauren A. , Dixon‐Gordon Katherine L.
Published: February 2025

Introduction

People who identify as sexual minorities (SM) report higher rates of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) than heterosexual individuals. One explanatory factor that may be important in this relation is self‐defective beliefs. The present study examined the role of self‐defective beliefs in the link between sexual orientation and NSSI.

Method

Participants were college‐aged women (n = 145) with (n = 84) and without (n = 61) recent, recurrent NSSI, completed measures of NSSI and self‐defective beliefs. Participants were recruited from a large college and surrounding area in the northeastern U.S.

Results

suggest that SM participants were more likely to report a history of NSSI, frequent and versatile NSSI, and greater self‐defective beliefs compared to heterosexual participants, but not more likely to report medically severe NSSI. Results from cross‐sectional mediation analyses revealed that self‐defective beliefs mediated the relation between SM identity and lifetime NSSI history and partially mediated the relations for NSSI medical severity and versatility, but not NSSI frequency.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings suggest that self‐defective beliefs are a salient cognitive concern associated with indicators of NSSI severity in college‐aged SM women. Additional research is needed to determine whether these findings replicate in SM men, transgender, and gender diverse populations.
Interpretable artificial intelligence for advancing slope stability assessment techniques with Technosols
Authors: Li Sijia , Huang Manxue , Ma Mingxia , Heng Jingmei , Song Chuan , Huang Zhi
Published: February 2025

Slope stability is a critical factor in ensuring the safety and longevity of infrastructure, especially in areas prone to landslides and soil erosion. Traditional methods of slope stability assessment, while widely used, often struggle to provide accurate results when applied to Technosols—soils modified by human activities and composed of waste materials. This study proposes a novel approach that combines artificial intelligence techniques to improve the precision of slope stability predictions in these complex soil types. The method utilizes a model based on artificial neural networks, trained on a large dataset of slope stability factors. Unlike conventional techniques, the proposed model integrates multiple environmental and material properties to provide a more accurate assessment compared to other models. The model's performance is demonstrated by R2 values of .999975 for the test datasets, which is significantly better than similar work by statistical analysis. Moreover, by incorporating Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), we provide a clear understanding of the impact of various soil parameters on slope stability. The findings suggest that the proposed machine learning‐based method offers a more reliable tool for slope stability evaluation in Technosols, making it a valuable addition to the field.
Process and Dynamics in AI and Language Use
Authors: Gregoromichelaki Eleni , Mills Gregory J.
Published: February 2025

In this volumed, Randall Beer and Joanna Rączaszek‐Leonardi have opened an important discussion of what is further needed to enhance the reach of dynamical approaches to cognition. Focusing on issues concerning the nature of language and developments in language technology, we have attempted, in this brief contribution, to place their proposals in a larger philosophical framework that suggests lines of inquiry that we believe will yield fruitful outcomes. In particular, we suggest that the adoption of a process metaphysics suggests that dynamic approaches appropriately conceived within the context of current scientific advances are at basis adequate as a framework; however, the more profound implications of its adoption have not yet been sufficiently explored.
Deglycerolization of manually glycerolized, frozen red cell concentrates using a closed system cell processor
Authors: Howell Anita , Kurach Jayme , William Nishaka , Hill Angela , Dennis Brandie , Acker Jason P.
Published: February 2025

Background

Historically, red cell concentrates (RCCs) have been manually glycerolized and deglycerolized using an open system (COBE 2991, Terumo). Implementation of a closed system cell processor (ACP‐215, Haemonetics) for glycerolization and deglycerolization of RCCs creates a challenge for management of the historic cryopreserved RCC inventory. A study was undertaken to determine whether manually glycerolized frozen RCCs could be deglycerolized using the closed system processor, as the open system processors are being discontinued.

Study Design and Methods

Thirteen ABO/Rh matched RCCs were pooled and split to produce six large (approximately 354 mL) and six small (approximately 244 mL) RCCs. All units were stored for 14 days post‐collection, manually glycerolized and frozen at ≤ −65°C for ≥72 h. Half of the units of each size were deglycerolized using the COBE 2991 and resuspended in 0.9% saline, and the remaining units were centrifuged, deglycerolized on the ACP‐215, and resuspended AS‐3. RBC quality was tested at 24 ± 2 h post‐deglycerolization.

Results

All units deglycerolized on the ACP‐215 had significantly lower hemolysis (p < .001) levels than those processed on the COBE2991. Large ACP‐215 deglycerolized units had lower hematocrits (p < .05), hemoglobin (p < .01), and recovery (p = .001) than did large units deglycerolized on the COBE 2991. All ACP‐215 units met the regulatory standards for hemolysis, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and recovery.

Discussion

The closed‐system ACP‐215 processor significantly reduced post‐deglycerolization hemolysis in all units, and hemoglobin content in large units. The ACP‐215, in combination with a centrifugation step, is suitable for processing cryopreserved RCCs that have been manually glycerolized.
Evaluation of the analytical performance of a point‐of‐care analyzer for the measurement of feline serum thyroxine concentration in comparison with a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Gläsel Agnes C. , Weiler Kristina , Pankraz Alexander , Bauer Natali
Published: February 2025

Background

Total thyroxine (TT4) measurement is used to assess thyroid status in cats.

Objectives

The aim of the prospective study was to evaluate the analytical performance of the point‐of‐care analyzer (POCA) Immuno AU10V using the v‐T4 test kit for feline TT4 measurement. Additionally, method comparison with a benchtop analyzer (IMMULITE 2000) was done.

Methods

Validation included linearity, inter‐ and intra‐assay precision, precision near the lower limit of quantification (LloQ), and interference testing for hemoglobin, lipid, and bilirubin. Correlation and bias were assessed.

Results

Linearity was given within the dynamic range. Coefficients of variation (CV) were ≤4% near the LloQ as well as for intra‐and inter‐assay precision. No interference was observed for lipid and bilirubin, while hemoglobin caused a negative bias of 28%. Method comparison included 74 samples within three TT4 concentration ranges (0.5–3.7, >3.7–5.13, >5.13–8 μg/dL). Correlation between POCA and reference method was excellent (rs = 0.95) with a slight proportional bias of 4.5%. TEobs was between 7.0% and 9.8%. Despite substantial agreement, discordant results on thyroid status occurred in 15% of samples.

Conclusions

The analytical performance of the POCA was excellent, as was its correlation with the reference method. Except for the interferent effect of hemoglobin, the TEobs was 8 μg/dL, and de novo reference intervals need to be established.
What Is the Evidence to Support Ongoing Nasogastric Tube Position Testing? A Prospective Observational Study of Adverse Events in Australia and the United Kingdom
Authors: Glen Kate , Weekes Christine Elizabeth , Banks Merrilyn , Hannan‐Jones Mary
Published: February 2025

Background

Ongoing nasogastric tube (NGT) testing guidelines aim to prevent the use of a displaced NGT; however, guidelines vary, and the relative risks and benefits of different testing methods are unknown.

Aim

To observe methods used in two hospitals to confirm ongoing NGT position and any differences in outcomes.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively from the medical records of 256 patients with NGTs across a London National Health Service Trust and a Brisbane hospital. These hospitals use different methods of ongoing NGT position confirmation, predominantly pH tests and external tube length measurement (ETLM), respectively. Statistical models explored outcomes associated with test results, including confirmation of NGT position, number of X‐rays, and delivery of enteral nutrition and medication.

Results

Most ongoing NGT position tests in London were pH (83.4%) and in Brisbane were ETLM (98.6%). Overall, eight NGTs were reported as displaced, of which six were identified by oral cavity inspection. One hundred and eighty‐five (31.8%) ongoing pH tests failed to confirm that the NGT remained correctly positioned. Failed ongoing NGT position tests were associated with significantly more X‐rays, which resulted in disruptions to enteral nutrition and medications in London (n = 64, 47.1%) compared to Brisbane (n = 9, 7.5%) (p < 0.001).

Linking Evidence to Action

Overall, NGT displacement occurred rarely. Compared to ETLM, pH tests frequently failed to confirm that the tube remained correctly positioned, resulting in X‐rays and disruptions to enteral nutrition and medications. Oral cavity inspection alongside ETLM could be a safe alternative method to pH testing but requires more research to examine generalizability.
A new construction of forests with low visibility
Authors: Kashkan Kirill
Published: February 2025

A set of points with finite density is constructed in , with , by adding points to a Poisson process such that any line segment of length in will contain one of the points of the set within distance of it. The constant implied by the big‐ notation depends on the dimension only.
Exercise echocardiography for improved assessment of diastolic filling dynamics
Authors: Fischer Mads , Bonne Thomas , Klaris Magnus Bak , Lenzing Emil , Stöhr Eric J. , Bejder Jacob , Lundby Carsten , Nordsborg Nikolai B. , Nybo Lars
Published: February 2025

During exercise stress, heart rate (HR) increases to support cardiac output, which also reduces ventricular filling time. Although echocardiography is widely used to assess cardiac function, studies display conflicting data on the dynamic changes in the healthy trained and untrained heart during rest and acute exercise stress. To address these discrepancies, we tested a new echocardiography exercise protocol on two groups with significant differences in cardiorespiratory fitness. Ten untrained individuals with maximal oxygen uptake of 38 ± 8 ml/kg/min and 10 endurance‐trained athletes matched for body surface area but with higher maximal oxygen uptake (71 ± 5 ml/kg/min) were evaluated at rest, during semi‐recumbent cycling at 25 and 75 W and at a relative workload intensity eliciting a HR of 140 beats/min (HR140). Stroke volume was 36% higher in the trained at rest, and this difference increased during exercise to 42% at 25 W, 46% at 75 W and 63% at HR140 (all P < 0.05). In contrast, no group differences were found in markers of myocardial function (ventricular contraction and relaxation velocities) or other traditional echocardiographic measures of ventricular function at rest or exercise for a given HR. However, while similar at rest, diastolic and systolic function provided limited insight into differences between less fit and highly fit individuals. The new exercise echocardiography protocol improves the ability to uncover differences in dynamic changes in diastolic filling capacity that explain the previously reported higher end‐diastolic compliance in endurance‐trained athletes.
HCN channels promote Na/K‐ATPase activity during slow afterhyperpolarization after seizure‐like events in vitro
Authors: Amakhin Dmitry V. , Sinyak Denis S. , Soboleva Elena B. , Zaitsev Aleksey V.
Published: February 2025

Hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels are strongly involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability, with their precise role being determined by their subcellular localization and interaction with other ion channels and transporters. Their role in causing epileptic seizures is not fully understood. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of rat brain slices, we show that HCN channels constitute a substantial fraction of the membrane conductance of deep entorhinal principal neurons. Using the 4‐aminopyridine model of epileptic seizures in vitro, we show that HCN channel blockade with ZD‐7288 increases the frequency of seizure‐like events (SLEs) and alters the time course of afterhyperpolarization after SLEs (post‐SLE AHP), promoting its faster onset and making it more transient. Simultaneous whole‐cell patch‐clamp and K+ ion‐selective electrode recordings revealed that the time course of changes in neuronal membrane potential and extracellular K+ concentration after SLEs in the presence of ZD‐7288 differed from that in the control, which can be explained by altered Na/K‐ATPase [sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (sodium–potassium pump)] activity after SLEs. To confirm this hypothesis, we demonstrated the ouabain sensitivity of post‐SLE AHP and showed that loading neurons with high intracellular Na+ concentration prevented the effect of HCN channel blockade on post‐SLE AHP. Taken together, the results obtained suggest that during post‐SLE AHP, the influx of Na+ through HCN channels helps to maintain Na/K‐ATPase hyperactivity, resulting in the longer pauses between SLEs. Mathematical modelling confirmed the feasibility of the proposed mechanism. Such an interplay between Na/K‐ATPase and HCN channels may be crucial for the regulation of seizure termination in epilepsy.

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Key points

HCN channels constitute a significant fraction of the resting membrane conductance of deep entorhinal principal neurons.

HCN channels modulate the seizure‐like events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex. The blockade of HCN channels increases the frequency of SLEs and reduces the duration of the afterhyperpolarization that follows them.

The results suggest that HCN channels affect intracellular sodium ion concentration dynamics, prolonging the activity of the Na/K‐ATPase [sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (sodium–potassium) pump] after SLEs, which in turn results in longer pauses between them.
Ferroelectricity in amorphous aluminum oxynitride films synthesized by inductively coupled plasma assisted atomic layer deposition
Authors: Dalba Dominic A. , Saadat Niavol Somayeh , Zhang Xiaoman , Xu Wangwang , Bhattarai Bipin , Karunarathne Indeewari M. , Gamachchi Dilan M. , Cao Dongmei , Meng W. J. , Meng Andrew C.
Published: February 2025

Aluminum nitride-based ferroelectric thin films show significant promise for neuromorphic computing applications. Deposition by reactive sputtering, the most common approach to synthesizing these materials, leads to significant mosaic disorder and point defects. To combat these challenges, we use a different approach and demonstrate growth of amorphous aluminum oxynitride (AlON) thin films by inductively coupled hydrazine plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD). Electrical property characterization using positive-up negative-down measurements shows remanent polarization of 1.58 μC cm−2 in AlON films grown at 350 °C in a CMOS-compatible growth process, and piezoresponse force microscopy hysteresis and poling experiments yield behavior consistent with ferroelectricity. Furthermore, sub-5 nm thick devices were able to be switched below 5 V. Structural characterization was performed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling, spectroscopic ellipsometry, x-ray diffraction, and low-angle x-ray reflectivity measurements. ALD provides an alternative approach to grow ferroelectric aluminum nitride-based films with significant advantages from a device scaling standpoint.
Use of a TaqMan Array Card for identification of enterotoxins and colonization factors directly from stool samples in an enterotoxigenic
E. coli
vaccine study
Authors: Liu Jie , Jokiranta T. Sakari , Carlin Nils , Stroup Suzanne , Zhang Jixian , Sjostrand Bjorn , Svennerholm Ann-Mari , Houpt Eric R. , Kantele Anu
Published: February 2025

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) is a leading cause of childhood and travelers’ diarrhea. The vaccine candidate ETVAX encompasses several ETEC colonization factors (CFs) with a hybrid LT (heat-labile toxin)/cholera toxin B subunit adjuvanted with a double-mutant LT. Stool samples from a Phase 2b ETVAX trial were tested by a PCR-based customized TaqMan Array Card (TAC), including three ETEC toxin genes (LT and heat-stable toxins, STh and STp) and 18 ETEC CFs. Stool samples were also tested with the molecular platform Amplidiag and culture, followed by GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and inhibition GM1-ELISA for LT and ST and dot blot for CFs of ETECs identified among six culture isolates (maximum). Compared with Amplidiag, TAC yielded 89.4% sensitivity (320/358) and 96.4% specificity (405/420) for ETEC detection. The two methods demonstrated a good quantitative correlation (quantification cycle
R
2
= 0.827,
P
< 0.05). Compared with culture, TAC and Amplidiag each exhibited 96.8% (184/190) sensitivity and identified an additional of 151 and 174 PCR positives in 588 culture-negative stools, respectively. The concordance of stool TAC versus ELISA of ETEC colonies for LT and STh/STp was 85.5% (165/193). TAC demonstrated 98% sensitivity and 92% specificity versus the dot blot results of 793 colonies for the ETVAX CFs CFA/I, CS3, CS5, and CS6. Overall ETEC was detected by TAC in 335 (43.1%) and by Amplidiag in 358 (46.0%) of specimens compared to 190 (24.4%) by culture. We conclude that molecular diagnostic approaches of TAC or Amplidiag increase the detection of ETEC compared with culture, and TAC can also provide vaccine-subtype ETEC data.

CLINICAL TRIALS

This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as
NCT03729219

.

IMPORTANCE

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) is an important cause of childhood and travelers’ diarrhea. Vaccines in development utilize specific toxins and colonization factors (CFs) as antigens. Therefore, clinical microbiologic diagnostic methods are needed to discriminate specific toxins and CFs, both for vaccine trials and to guide epidemiology. In this work, we assessed the diagnostic performance of several methods for ETEC: a PCR-based customized TaqMan Array Card (TAC) and the molecular platform Amplidiag on stool and
E. coli
culture, followed by GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for toxins and dot blot for CFs. Stool samples from a Phase 2b ETEC vaccine trial were used. Overall, ETEC was detected by TAC in 335 (43.1%) and by Amplidiag in 358 samples (46.0%) compared to 190 (24.4%) by culture. TAC additionally provided CF data with 98% sensitivity and 92% specificity. We conclude that the molecular diagnostic approaches of TAC or Amplidiag increase the detection of ETEC compared with culture.
Impact of child socioemotional and cognitive development on exam results in adolescence: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Black Michelle , Akanni Lateef , Adjei Nicholas Kofi , Melendez-Torres G J , Hargreaves Dougal , Taylor-Robinson David
Published: February 2025

Background

Cognitive ability and socioemotional behaviour during childhood have independently been shown to impact educational outcomes. The extent to which their co-development predicts these outcomes remains unclear. This study aimed to assess associations between concurrent cognitive and socioemotional development trajectories in childhood and exam results at age 16 years.

Data and method

We analysed longitudinal data on 9084 children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Exposure trajectories of cognitive and socioemotional development from age 3 to 14 years were characterised using group-based multi-trajectory models. We used logistic regression to assess associations between these development trajectories and exam attainment, measured by passing five or more GCSE subjects at age 16, adjusting for confounders. Population-attributable fractions were calculated to quantify the contribution of cognitive and socioemotional problems to poor educational outcomes.

Results

Compared with the ‘no problem’ trajectory group, the odds of not achieving a standard pass in GCSE was 2.5 times higher for the ‘late socioemotional problems’ trajectory group (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.1 to 3.1) and four times higher for the ‘early cognitive and socioemotional problems’ trajectory group (adjusted OR 4.2, 95% CI 3.4 to 5.3). The OR was highest for the trajectory group with persistent cognitive and socioemotional problems (adjusted OR 4.4, 95% CI 3.3 to 5.8). Approximately 17% of poor exam results in adolescence were attributable to cognitive and socioemotional behaviour problems in childhood (adjusted population-attributable fraction 17%, 95% CI 15% to 19%).

Conclusion

In a representative UK cohort, adverse development of cognitive and socioemotional behaviour in childhood was associated with a negative impact on exam results in adolescence, more so when the adverse development co-occurs or clusters early or persistently. Cross sector health and education policy that invests in reducing cognitive and socioemotional behaviour problems in children has the potential to improve educational outcomes in adolescence.
ICRS-FIFA-Aspetar consensus on the management of knee cartilage injuries in football players: part 1 – appropriateness of surgery in different clinical scenarios using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method
Authors: Kon Elizaveta , Papakostas Emmanuel , Andriolo Luca , Serner Andreas , Massey Andrew , Verdonk Peter , Angele Peter , Arias Claudia , Kaleka Camila Cohen , Cugat Ramon , D'Hooghe Pieter , Della Villa Francesco , Eirale Cristiano , Erggelet Christoph , Espregueira-Mendes João , Fink Christian , Geertsema Celeste , Geertsema Liesel , Lee Cassandra A , Mandelbaum Bert , Nakamura Norimasa , Parker David A , Sas Kristof , Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , van der Merwe Willem , Williams Andy , Zaffagnini Stefano , Zikria Bashir Ahmed , Filardo Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

Knee cartilage lesions are frequent in football players, but evidence for surgical treatment is lacking. The aim of this International Cartilage Regeneration & Joint Preservation Society, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, and Aspetar (ICRS-FIFA-Aspetar) consensus was to develop specific expert-based, patient-specific practical recommendations on the appropriateness of non-surgical or surgical treatments for symptomatic knee cartilage lesions in competitive football players. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used, and 17 voting experts provided recommendations on the appropriateness of surgical treatment in 96 different clinical scenarios defined on 6 variables: cartilage injury onset, lesion location, defect size, bone involvement, player symptom level and preference towards higher priority of a quick return to play or long-term results. Surgical treatment of a cartilage lesion was considered appropriate in 32% of the scenarios, in 21% inappropriate, while in 47% of the scenarios, the appropriateness was considered uncertain. The parameters with the highest appropriateness for the surgical treatment of a cartilage lesion in a football player were the inability to play (75.0% of appropriate scenarios), a lesion sized 2 cm2or bigger (47.9% of appropriate scenarios) and the preference of the player for long-term results (41.7% of appropriate scenarios). In this ICRS-FIFA-Aspetar expert consensus, surgical treatment for cartilage injuries in competitive football players was considered appropriate only in one-third of the clinical scenarios, and the choice was mainly driven by the level of symptoms. Surgical preference was also influenced by larger lesions, lesions of the condyles and trochlea with subchondral bone involvement and player’s preference towards long-term results.
Prospective evaluation of the impact of repeated whole prison testing for hepatitis C
Authors: Phaw Naw April , Thant Aung Min , Thompson Craig , Jelley Ryan , McQue Kate , Aldridge Jodi , Allsop Caroline , Kerry Jenna , McCullough Francesca , Miller Carolyn , Valappil Manoj , Jefferson Tony , Lawton Colin , Christensen Lee , McPherson Stuart
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is prevalent in prisons. Universal reception HCV testing is recommended, but acceptance can be suboptimal. To detect and treat missed HCV infections, a high-intensity test and treat (HITT) programme was introduced to rapidly test entire prisons. It remains unknown whether regular HITTs will be required to maintain prison microelimination. We aimed to assess the outcomes of HITTs conducted in a prison 4 years apart with ongoing reception testing.

Methods

A prospective observational evaluation of the impact of HITTs was conducted in January 2020 and February 2024 at Low Newton, a female prison. The outcomes of the reception testing were reviewed in the intervening period to determine the number of newly identified HCV infections.

Results

HITTs were successful in testing almost all residents (305/307) in 2020 and (296/296) in 2024. The number of newly diagnosed HCV individuals fell from 6.6% in 2020 to 0.3% in 2024. One new HCV case was identified in the second HITT. In between the HITTs, 89% of receptions had HCV testing, increasing from 83% in 2020 to 95% in 2023. Overall, 81% (144/178) of active HCV infections received antiviral treatment, and 89% achieved sustained virological response. The proportion of active HCV infections between the HITTs was 7.2% through reception testing.

Conclusion

A follow-up HITT after 4 years yielded only 0.3% active HCV infection in a high HCV prevalence prison and a reasonably good reception testing and treatment programme. Therefore, resources should be focused on optimising reception testing rather than undertaking repeated HITTs.