bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decays of long-lived relics and their signatures at IceCube
Authors: Berghaus Kim V. , Diamond Melissa D. , Kaplan D. E.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We consider long-lived relic particles as the source of the PeV-scale neutrinos detected at the IceCube observatory over the last six years. We derive the present day neutrino flux, including primary neutrinos from direct decays, secondary neutrinos from electroweak showering, and tertiary neutrinos from re-scatters off the relic neutrino background. We compare the high-energy neutrino flux prediction to the most recently available datasets and find qualitative differences to expected spectra from other astrophysical processes. We utilize electroweak corrections to constrain heavy decaying relic abundances, using measurements impacted by electromagnetic energy injection, such as light element abundances during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, cosmic microwave background anisotropies, and diffuse γ-ray spectra. We compare these abundances to those necessary to source the IceCube neutrinos and find two viable regions in parameter space, ultimately testable by future neutrino, γ-ray, and cosmic microwave background observatories.
Mass spectrum of gapped, non-confining theories with multi-scale dynamics
Authors: Elander Daniel , Faedo Antón F. , Mateos David , Pravos David , Subils Javier G.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the mass spectrum of spin-0 and spin-2 composite states in a one-parameter family of three-dimensional field theories by making use of their dual descriptions in terms of supergravity. These theories exhibit a mass gap despite being non-confining, and by varying a parameter can be made to flow arbitrarily close to an IR fixed point corresponding to the Ooguri-Park conformal field theory. At the opposite end of parameter space, the dynamics becomes quasi-confining. The glueball spectrum interpolates between these two limiting cases and, for nearly conformal dynamics, approaches the result of the Ooguri-Park theory deformed by both sources and VEVs. In order to elucidate under which circumstances quasi-conformal dynamics leads to the presence of a light pseudo-dilaton, we perform a study of the dependence of the spectrum on the position of a hard-wall IR cutoff and find that, in the present case, the mass of such state is lifted by deep-IR effects.
Entangling detectors in anti-de Sitter space
Authors: Henderson Laura J. , Hennigar Robie A. , Mann Robert B. , Smith Alexander R. H. , Zhang Jialin
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We examine in (2+1)-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) space the phenomena of entanglement harvesting — the process in which a pair of detectors (two-level atoms) extract entanglement from a quantum field through local interactions with the field. We begin by reviewing the Unruh-DeWitt detector and its interaction with a real scalar field in the vacuum state, as well as the entanglement harvesting protocol in general. We then examine how the entanglement harvested by a pair of such detectors depends on their spacetime trajectory, separation, spacetime curvature, and boundary conditions satisfied by the field. The harvested entanglement is interpreted as an indicator of field entanglement between the localized regions where the detectors interact with the field, and thus this investigation allows us to probe indirectly the entanglement structure of the AdS vacuum. We find an island of separability for specific values of the detectors’ energy gap and separation at intermediate values of the AdS length for which entanglement harvesting is not possible; an analogous phenomena is observed in AdS4, to which we compare and contrast our results. In the process we examine how the transition probability of a single detector, as a proxy for local fluctuations of the field, depends on spacetime curvature, its location in AdS space, and boundary conditions satisfied by the field.
On monopole bubbling contributions to ’t Hooft loops
Authors: Assel Benjamin , Sciarappa Antonio
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Monopole bubbling contributions to supersymmetric ’t Hooft loops in 4d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 theories are computed by SQM indices. As recently argued, those indices are hard to compute due to the presence of Coulomb vacua that are not captured by standard localization techniques. We propose an algorithmic method to compute the full bubbling contributions that circumvent this issue, by considering SQM with more matter fields and isolating the bubbling terms as residues in flavor fugacities. The enlarged SQMs are read from brane configurations realizing the bubbling sector of a given ’t Hooft loop. We apply our technique to loop operators in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 conformal SQCD theories. In addition we embed this discussion in the larger setup of a 5d-4d system interacting along a line, associated to the brane systems previously discussed. The bubbling terms arise from residues of specific instanton sectors of 5d line operators in this context.
Perfect information games where each player acts only once
Authors: Cingiz Kutay , Flesch János , Herings P. Jean-Jacques , Predtetchinski Arkadi
Published: May 2019

We study perfect information games played by an infinite sequence of players, each acting only once in the course of the game. We introduce a class of frequency-based minority games and show that these games have no subgame perfect$$\epsilon $$ϵ-equilibrium for any$$\epsilon $$ϵsufficiently small. Furthermore, we present a number of sufficient conditions to guarantee existence of subgame perfect$$\epsilon $$ϵ-equilibrium.
Breaking microaggressions without breaking ourselves
Authors: Sukhera Javeed
Published: May 2019

None
Which Water Sources Do People Revert to in Times of War? Evidence from the Sana’a Basin, Yemen
Authors: Aklan Musaed M. , de Fraiture Charlotte , Hayde Laszlo G.
Published: May 2019

Current war in Yemen affects the lives of Yemenis, their properties, and basic needs through several impacts and damages on fuel, electricity, and water systems. This paper investigates how this war has affected the people’s main water sources. The war impact framework developed in this study is the combination of difference-in-difference (DID) and Human Rights to Water and Sanitation (HRWS) framework, as so far there are no tools to gage the impact of wars on people’s choices of water sources. The availability, accessibility, and prices of water keep unstable. Decentralized systems of water and energy showed more stability than public-centralized systems. The majority of families relied on the public water and electricity systems before the war. Now, while the war is ongoing the public water networks and electricity grids serve not more than 10% of families. Solar energy has become the first energy source. Rainwater started to be collected as secondary water source. Getting water and energy through renewable sources is accepted and supported by locals. Many people are willing to continue using these new sources. This study verifies the importance of renewable resources transition to achieve secure sustainable water management.
Total duration of antimicrobial therapy resulting from inpatient hospitalization
Authors: Dyer April P. , Dodds Ashley Elizabeth , Anderson Deverick J. , Sarubbi Christina , Wrenn Rebekah , Hicks Lauri A. , Srinivasan Arjun , Moehring Rebekah W.
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To assess the feasibility of electronic data capture of postdischarge durations and evaluate total durations of antimicrobial exposure related to inpatient hospital stays.

Design:

Multicenter, retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Two community hospitals and 1 academic medical center.

Patients:

Hospitalized patients who received ≥1 dose of a systemic antimicrobial agent.

Methods:

We collected and reviewed electronic data on inpatient and discharge antimicrobial prescribing from April to September 2016 in 3 pilot hospitals. Inpatient antimicrobial use was obtained from electronic medication administration records. Postdischarge antimicrobial use was calculated from electronic discharge prescriptions. We completed a manual validation to evaluate the ability of electronic prescriptions to capture intended postdischarge antibiotics. Inpatient, postdischarge, and total lengths of therapy (LOT) per admission were calculated to assess durations of antimicrobial therapy attributed to hospitalization.

Results:

A total of 45,693 inpatient admissions were evaluated. Antimicrobials were given during 23,447 admissions (51%), and electronic discharge prescriptions were captured in 7,442 admissions (16%). Manual validation revealed incomplete data capture in scenarios in which prescribers avoided the electronic system. The postdischarge LOT among admissions with discharge antimicrobials was median 8 days (range, 1–360) with peaks at 5, 7, 10, and 14 days. Postdischarge days accounted for 38% of antimicrobial exposure days.

Conclusion:

Discharge antimicrobial therapy accounted for a large portion of antimicrobial exposure related to inpatient hospital stays. Discharge prescription data can feasibly be captured through electronic prescribing records and may aid in designing stewardship interventions at transitions of care.
The effect of an unsaturated-fat diet on cataract formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Hutton J. C. , Schofield P. J. , Williams J. F. , Regtop H. L. , Hollows F. C.
Published: May 2019

1. Cataract formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats was reduced by approximately 85% when a diet rich in maize oil (300 g/kg diet) (fat diet) was given, thus confirming results of earlier studies. However, the concentration of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic animals remained high, the values for diabetic rats given the standard diet and the fat diet being 65 and 40μmol/g protein respectively.

2. With the standard diet, the fatty acid profile of the triglycerides of the epididymal fat pads was characterized by a greater relative proportion of saturated fatty acids for the diabetic animals compared to that for the normal animals. The fat diet moderated the tendency towards saturation in the diabetic animals.

3. The fat diet had other effects on the diabetic animals; these included a reduced mortality rate, increased body-weight, a decrease in the daily water intake, and in the daily urinary excretion of glucose and urea.

4. In the diabetic animals the fat diet had no effect on the specific activities in the liver of hexokinase (EC2.7.1.1), glucokinase (EC2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC2.7.1.11) and pyruvate kinase (EC2.7.1.40). However, the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase (EC3.1.3.9) was reduced, while that of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC1.1.1.40) was increased. The NAD+: NADH ratio, as calculated from liver pyruvate and lactate concentrations, tended to increase.

5. The results suggested that the fat diet moderated the long-term metabolic effects of diabetes.
Fertilizer calcium as a factor affecting the voluntary intake, digestibility and retention time of pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) by sheep
Authors: Rees M. C. , Minson D. J.
Published: May 2019

1. Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) grown with and without calcium fertilizer was cut at three stages of regrowth to measure voluntary intake of dry matter (DM) and digestibility of various components of the dried-grass diet by sheep kept in metabolism crates. To determine the extent of a simple Ca deficiency half the sheep on each diet were supplemented with 1·4g Ca/d. Retention times of the various dietary components in the reticulo-rumen were also determined.

2. Feeding a Ca supplement had no effect on voluntary intake or digestibility.

3. Ca fertilizer increased the Ca content of the grass from 2·2 to 3·8 g/kg DM and DM digestibility from 0·455 to 0·476 (P < 0·01) due to an increase in the digestibility of the hemicellulose.

4. Voluntary intake was increased from 38·8 to 43·2 g/kg body-weight0·75 per d by Ca fertilizer due to an 18% reduction in the period of time the DM was retained in the reticulo-rumen.

5. Regressions relating voluntary intake to DM digestibility for the Ca-fertilized and control grass were significantly different (P < 0·01). When compared at the same DM digestibility the voluntary intake of the Ca-fertilized grass was 2·6 g/kg body-weight0·75 per d higher than that of the control.

6. It was concluded that Ca fertilizer increased both DM digestibility and voluntary intake as a result of changes in the structural composition of the grass and not by a simple increase in the Ca content of the diet.
The copper status of beef cattle in Northern Ireland
Authors: Thompson R. H. , Todd J. R.
Published: May 2019

1. Serum caeruloplasmin (ferroxidase I;EC1.16.3.1) activity has been used as an indicator of copper status of cattle to survey beef herds in Northern Ireland.

2. The main survey covered some 20000 cows on 1200 farms.

3. The results are reported in the form of a map showing areas where herds of low and very-low Cu status predominate. Clinical signs of Cu deficiency in calves were encountered in only two areas.
Psychiatry for Undergraduates
Authors: Mindham R. H. S.
Published: May 2019

The reading matter one would recommend to medical undergraduate students clearly depends upon one's own view of the purposes and aims of teaching this group of students in departments of psychiatry. Aims may not be limited to psychiatry itself, and some teachers see the development of interviewing skills, self-awareness, and personal development as being at least as important as the teaching of more technical aspects of medicine such as the psychological aspects of physical disorders, recognition of psychiatric syndromes, psychiatric treatments, the use of the Mental Health Acts, and the organization of psychiatric services and their relation with other medical services.
Jung
Authors: Kline Paul
Published: May 2019

In reading about Jungian theory and psychotherapy (for the two are inextricably intertwined, far more so than in orthodox Freudian theory) I find myself, as an academic, rather than practitioner, beset by two conflicting feelings: on the one hand I am sometimes carried away by the profundity of the ideas, the realization that truly important human topics are dealt with: on the other I am jolted into disbelief, by the lack of critical evidence, by the looseness of the language and the ultimate irrefutability of the concepts. My suggestions for readings reflect this conflict.
Reduction of Experimental Error in Perennial Crops,Using Adjustment by Neighbouring Plots
Authors: Pearce S.G. , Moore C.S.
Published: May 2019

Methods of adjusting plots by their neighbours are discussed as a means of reducing experimental error independently of the blocking structure. Six cases are described, using from two to eight neighbouring trees with single and double covariance. The method was applied to trials of various perennial fruit crops from different parts of the world. Most trials have their experimental errors reduced, although there were exceptions. The technique was particularly successful with tea but unsuccessful with apples. Double covariance was superior to single covariance and generally the more trees used for adjustment the larger the reduction in error.
Anglo-Catholicism in the Church of England, 1895–1913: Abbot Aelred Carlyle and the Monks of Caldey Island
Authors: Kollar Rene M.
Published: May 2019

From 1906–13, Abbot Aelred Carlyle (1874–1955) enjoyed immense popularity as an Anglo-Catholic, and, according to some, could have easily become the spokesman for this section of the Anglican Church. Through perseverance and diplomacy, he singlehandedly founded the first Benedictine monastery in the Church of England since the Reformation. Unlike others who sought and failed to bring Roman Catholic practices into the Established Church, Abbot Carlyle enjoyed the explicit ecclesiastical sanction of an Archbishop of Canterbury for his work, and with this seal of approval he could dismiss critics and disbelievers. By 1910, Abbot Carlyle and his community on Caldey Island, South Wales, had become a paradise for High Churchmen. The Abbot's charismatic and hypnotic personality attracted many who nostalgically longed for the glories of a medieval and united Christendom. Armed with a High Church theory of Benedictinism, Caldey became an enclave of ritualism, the “naughty underworld” of the Edwardian Anglican Church. Caldey was, at its peak, an exemplar of pre-Reformation Roman Catholic monasticism. In 1913, the experiment was in ruins. Carlyle refused to yield to the reforming zeal of the Bishop of Oxford and his attempts to force Caldey to conform to the comprehension of the Anglican Church. The result was sensational: a group of monks renounced the church of their baptism and sought admission to the Church of Rome.
Forerunners of the Reformation? A Critical Examination of the Evidence for the Precursors of the Reformation Doctrines of Justification
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: May 2019

The question of whether there existed “Forerunners of the Reformation” is of considerable interest both to historians and theologians. The significance of the historical aspect of the question will be evident to any student of the history of ideas. It is clearly important to establish whether precursors of the distinctive teachings associated with the Reformation of the sixteenth century exist, and if they can be thus identified, to establish what influence, if any, they had upon the Reformers. However, it was thetheologicalaspect of the question which was considered more relevant at the time of the Reformation itself, and which still has considerable significance today. The central theological question concerning the existence or otherwise of the Forerunners is this: Can the distinctive teachings of the churches of the Reformation be considered to be truly catholic? It can be shown without difficulty that it was the desire to demonstrate the catholicity of the Lutheran Reformation which led to the search for such Forerunners in the first instance.
On Unifying the Israeli Trial Court Structure
Authors: Goldstein Stephen
Published: May 2019

In the Spring of 1977, Prof. Shalev Ginossar published a brief but highly important article, “The Law's Delay”, in which he advocated, inter alia, simplifying the Israeli judicial structure by combining the various courts into one.

In July 1979, the then Minister of Justice, Mr. Shmuel Tamir, appointed a select committee headed by Justice Moshe Landau, then Deputy President of the Israeli Supreme Court, and soon to become its President, which was charged with studying the structure and jurisdictions of the Israeli court system, with the aim of recommending significant changes. Among the witnesses who appeared before this Committee was Prof. Ginossar, himself, and there was reason to believe that the Committee might recommend adopting some of the basic changes in the Israeli court structure that Prof. Ginossar advovcated.
The Relative Wealth of the Parties as a Factor in Tortious Liability
Authors: Pariente Gil
Published: May 2019

In its desire to reduce the loss and expense involved in the occurrence of accidents, organized society is likely to consider various factors determining the nature of the rules (whether legal or other) that will guide it in its decision. These factors may includemoralfault (in the accepted meaning of the term),economicfault or the relative wealth of the parties involved in causing the loss.

The purpose of this article is to examine the third factor, ie‥ relative wealth. By “relative wealth of the parties” we mean the quantity of property of monetary value in the hands of each of the parties relative to the aggregate property of the other parties and to the property of each. The parties in question are not necessarily those physically involved in causing the damage but those persons or groups which the rules for allocation of loss regard as potential bearers of the loss.
Federal Systems of Government
Authors: Elman P. , Knisbacher M.
Published: May 2019

It is perhaps paradoxical that the spread of nationalism in modern times has been accompanied by a counter-movement for the establishment of broader units of government, not only internationally, where plans and projects for some form of world government go back to at least the 17th century, but regionally as well. This study is concerned with the local or regional expression of integration, called federalism or federation.

Clearly inspired, if not directly and immediately affected, by the example of the United States, the federal movement made headway in the 19th century, but it is largely since the end of the Second World War and the demise of colonialism, that its dimensions have grown. Although its success generally is rather doubtful—there appears to be a kind of empiric rule that the first fifteen are crucial—the retreat, so to speak, from particularism and attempts to advance to geographically broader units of government have persisted.
Self-Defence and Israel in International Law: A Reappraisal
Authors: Feinstein Barry
Published: May 2019

Dean Acheson frankly reconfirmed the right of self-preservation, when he asserted, “…law simply does not deal with … questions of ultimate power—power that comes close to the sources of sovereignty…. No law can destroy the state creating the law. The survival of states is not a matter of law”. It is beyond the law.

Given the existence of man's elementary loyalty to autonomous states, the necessity for using force springs from the need of states to depend fundamentally on self-help in order to guarantee their survival and welfare. This search for security in a system of politics without government, forces the state to be dependent upon military self-help.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Bangladesh: do eating habits and physical activity have a gender differential effect?
Authors: Khan Md. Mostaured Ali , Karim Masud , Islam Ahmed Zohirul , Islam Md. Rafiqul , Khan Hafiz T. A. , Khalilullah Md. Ibrahim
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the gender differential effects of eating habits and physical activity on overweight and obesity among school-aged adolescents in Bangladesh. Nationally representative data extracted from the 2014 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) were utilized. The survey collected information related to physical and mental health from 2989 school-aged adolescents in Bangladesh. An exploratory data analysis and multivariate logistic regression model were employed in this study. Female adolescents were at a lower risk of being overweight or obese (AOR=0.573) than males, with a prevalence of 7.4% (males: 9.9%). The results showed that high consumption of vegetables (both: AOR=0.454; males: AOR=0.504; females: AOR=0.432), high soft drink consumption (both: AOR=2.357; males: AOR=2.929; females: AOR=1.677), high fast food consumption (both: AOR=2.777; males: AOR=6.064; females: AOR=1.695), sleep disturbance (both: AOR=0.675; males: AOR=0.590; females: AOR=0.555) and regular walking or cycling to school (both: AOR=0.472; males: AOR=0.430; females: AOR=0.557) were vital influencing factors for being overweight or obese among adolescents for both sexes. Sedentary activities during leisure time were also identified as significant predictors of being overweight or obese for males. Regular fruit and vegetable consumption, the avoidance of soft drinks and fast food, an increase in vigorous physical activity, regular attendance at physical education classes and fewer sedentary leisure time activities could all help reduce the risk of being overweight or obese for both sexes.
Shading Responses of Purple and Yellow Nutsedges (Cyperus rotundusandC. esculentus)
Authors: Patterson David T.
Published: May 2019

The effects of shade on dry-matter production, leaf area, and biomass partitioning in purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentusL.) were determined in a controlled-environment greenhouse with a day/night temperature regime of 32/26 C. For comparison with a full-light treatment, screening provided 40, 70, and 85% shade. Shading significantly reduced height of yellow nutsedge and dry-matter production, leaf-area production, and rhizome and tuber formation of both species. Shading decreased the partitioning of plant biomass into tubers and rhizomes and increased partitioning into leaves. Yellow nutsedge had a higher net-assimilation rate than purple nutsedge at all levels of shading, but the greater leaf-area duration or total amount of leaf area present in purple nutsedge resulted in greater dry-matter production by that species. The responses of the two species showed no differences in shade tolerance.
Effect of Bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa) on Soil Moisture and Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) Growth
Authors: Tappeiner John C. , Radosevich Steven R.
Published: May 2019

An experiment was established in 1961 to determine the influence of bearmat (Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth.) competition on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) survival and growth. Ponderosa pine seedlings were planted in bearmat which was: (A) untreated, (B) sprayed with a mixture of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and (C) eliminated by a combination of herbicide, clipping sprouts, and trenching to prevent root and rhizome invasion. Ponderosa pine survival after 19 yr averaged 9%, 66%, and 90%, respectively, for the three treatments. Tree height after 19 yr averaged 1.6, 1.9, and 5.7 m for treatments A, B, and C, respectively. Soil moisture use was initially less on the herbicide-treated than on the untreated plots, but bearmat quickly sprouted after application to compete with the pine seedlings for moisture. After 19 yr the bearmat was more dense and appeared to be more vigorous on the sprayed plots than on those receiving no treatment. We estimate that 75% reduction in net wood production could result after 50 yr on this site from bearmat competition.
Control of Threadleaf Snakeweed(Gutierrezia microcephala)and Common Goldenweed(Isocoma coronopifolia)with Herbicides
Authors: Mayeux H. S. , Crane Richard A.
Published: May 2019

Percentage canopy reduction of threadleaf snakeweed [Gutierrezia microcephala(D.C.) Gray] and common goldenweed [Isocoma coronopifolia(Gray) Greene] was substantially greater when sprays were applied during the spring of a year characterized by above-average rainfall than in a drought year. Applied at 2 kg/ha or less, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] only partially controlled threadleaf snakeweed in either year. Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) or triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} gave satisfactory control of threadleaf snakeweed at 0.5 or 1 kg/ha, depending upon year of application, whereas these treatments were effective against common goldenweed only in the “wet” year. Herbicide 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid tended to be less effective against either species than picloram or triclopyr. Approximately 1 and 2 yr after herbicides were applied, standing forage crop increased 37 and 25 kg/ha, respectively, with each percentage point reduction of threadleaf snakeweed canopy cover.
Atrazine Efficacy and Longevity as Affected by Tillage, Liming, and Fertilizer Type
Authors: Lowder Steve W. , Weber Jerome B.
Published: May 2019

Efficacy of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied preemergence to no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn (Zea maysL.) was studied in the field for 2 yr at two locations. Other variables examined were lime treatments, atrazine rates, and acid-forming (NH4NO3) vs. nonacid-forming (NaNO3) nitrogen fertilizers. Mean surface soil pH levels during the growing season were higher with no-tillage than conventional tillage, because of the retention of lime in the surface in no-tillage vs. mixing it with the soil in conventional tillage, but there was no consistent increase in atrazine efficacy or longevity in one system over the other. Liming significantly increased atrazine efficacy and longevity in both no-tillage and conventional-tillage systems. Increased rates of atrazine increased weed control and longevity of the herbicide. Use of NaNO3as a nitrogen source resulted in increased atrazine efficacy and longevity as compared with use of NH4NO3during the first year, which was relatively dry, but had no effect during the second year, which was relatively wet.
Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Competition with Wheat (Triticum aestivumandT. turgidum durum) for Nitrate
Authors: Henson James F. , Jordan Lowell S.
Published: May 2019

Lath-house experiments were conducted to compare the effect of wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) competition on two wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Anza’ andT. turgidum durumgroup ‘Mexicali′) genotypes at three nitrate concentrations. Plants were grown to maturity in pots containing 10 wheat or wild oat plants, or mixtures of 10 wheat and 10, 25, or 50 wild oat plants. Nitrate was supplied in 500 ml Hoagland's solution with 1.5, 7.5, or 15.0 mM nitrate, as K and Ca nitrate, every 4 days. When grown without competition, Anza had more above-ground plant weight and grain yield and less whole-plant percent nitrogen than Mexicali. Wild oat competition caused larger reductions in plant weight and grain yield, and smaller reductions in percent nitrogen for Anza than for Mexicali. Wild oat competition reduced the effectiveness of nitrate in increasing plant weight, grain yield, and whole-plant percent nitrogen of wheat.
Influence of Herbicide Rotation Treatments on Species Composition of Weeds in Turfgrass
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate), bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide], and oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] were applied to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Common′] as consecutive repeated annual treatments or in all possible sequence combinations for 3 yr to determine the effects on species composition of winter and summer annual weeds. Regardless of the rotation of treatments on winter weeds, oxadiazon increased the cover of common chickweed [Stellaria media(L.) Cyrillo], spur weed (Solivaspp.), and thymeleaf sandwort (Arenaria serpyllifoliaL.); bensulide increased the cover of corn speedwell (Veronica arvensisL.); and DCPA in most instances increased the cover of hop clover (Trifolium agrariumL.) and spur weed. When a herbicide controlled large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] or goosegrass (Eleusine indicaL. Gaertn.), the cover of weeds not controlled increased rapidly, with the exception of oxadiazon applied for 3 consecutive yr.
Persistence of Hormone-Type Herbicide Residue in Tissue of Susceptible Crop Plants
Authors: Sirons George J. , Anderson Glen W. , Frank Richard , Ripley Brian D.
Published: May 2019

The persistence of hormone-type herbicides in tissues of susceptible crop plants was studied under growth-chamber and field conditions. The susceptible plants selected were tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and turnips (Brassica rapaL.). Foliage of each species was exposed to herbicides at levels that represented spray drift situations, and the decline of residues was investigated through subsequent chemical analysis. The disappearance of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid], 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid], mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid}, 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) was almost linear when concentration data were plotted against the logarithm of time. The results indicate that for practical purposes a kinetic rate equation [conc. = a – b log (time)] would describe the residue decline.
Effect of Activated Carbon on Phytotoxicity of Terbacil to Several Crops
Authors: Ogg Alex G.
Published: May 2019

Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.), beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.), corn (Zea maysL.), potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), and sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.) were severely injured and had reduced foliage dry weights when grown in soil containing 0.10 ppmw or more terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil). Activated carbon at 150 kg/ha prevented a significant loss in weight of beans and corn in soil containing 0.10 ppmw terbacil and fully protected potatoes in soil containing 0.19 ppmw terbacil. Carbon at 300 kg/ha fully protected sugarbeets and prevented a significant weight loss in alfalfa in soil containing 0.19 ppmw terbacil. Carbon at 600 kg/ha did not protect wheat from 0.19 ppmw terbacil.
Response of Weedy and Commercial Okras (Abelmoschus esculentus) to Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Elmore C. Dennis , Dale Jim E.
Published: May 2019

The comparative susceptibility of weedy okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] and three commercial okra cultivars (′Dwarf Green Long Pod′, ‘Clemson Spineless', and ‘White Velvet′) to six preemergence herbicides was evaluated in the greenhouse. Okra can be controlled in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields with appropriate preemergence herbicide use. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one] completely controlled okra at 0.2 to 0.8 kg/ha. Fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] at 0.9 to 1.8 kg/ha and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile} at 1.2 to 2.4 kg/ha controlled okra, but at the 0.6 kg/ha rate cyanazine did not control wild okra and fluometuron at 0.45 kg/ha did not completely control any cultivar. Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3 (2H)-pyridazinone] bleached the cotyledons and young leaves of okra, but gave 50% or less control even at 2.4 kg/ha. Both the weedy and commercial okras were completely resistant to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro -N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] but higher rates of these herbicides affected okra growth.
Translocation of Bentazon in Soybeans and Common Cocklebur
Authors: Wills G. D.
Published: May 2019

Translocation of14C-labeled and toxicity of nonradiolabeled bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] was determined for common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Significantly greater14C-movement and herbicide toxicity occurred in common cocklebur growing in wet soil at field capacity than in dry soil near the wilting point. In common cocklebur there was a trend toward greater bentazon toxicity and14C-translocation at high temperature (35 C) and high relative humidity (RH) (96%) than at low temperature (25 C) and low RH (35%). ‘Lee 68’ soybeans were injured less than 10% by bentazon under any environmental condition of this study. Translocation of14C was primarily acropetal in both common cocklebur and soybeans. Herbicide movement was affected by leaf maturity with the greatest movement of14C resulting from14C-bentazon applied to the most mature common cocklebur leaf near the base of the shoot and to soybeans at the youngest fully expanded leaf near the apex of the shoot. Bentazon was more toxic and14C translocation was greater in the soybean cultivar ‘Hurrelbrink’ than ‘Hill’ or Hill X Hurrelbrink cross.
Surfactant Effects on Picloram Adsorption by Soils
Authors: Gaynor J. D. , Volk V. V.
Published: May 2019

The effects of soil organic matter, clay, extractable Al, cation exchange capacity, and pH on the adsorption of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) from aqueous and surfactant solutions were investigated. Linear adsorption isotherms for the soils were obtained with the Freundlich equation. Of the five soil properties investigated, Freundlich K values correlated with extractable Al and clay content. Picloram adsorption from aqueous solutions and from the non-ionic and anionic surfactant solutions was greater on the soils at pH 5 than at pH 7. The anionic surfactant competed with picloram for adsorption sites on the soils at pH 5. Picloram adsorption from solutions containing 0.1 and 1% cationic surfactant was greater than that from aqeuous and anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions. Picloram adsorption from the 10% cationic surfactant solution was similar on soils with pH 5 and 7 and increased with decreased organic matter content.
Control of Spurred Anoda in Cotton
Authors: Solano Francisco , Schrader J. W. , Coble H. D.
Published: May 2019

Control of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.] in the greenhouse was less than 75% after 28 days with preplant incorporated herbicides except dinitramine [N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine] which gave 88 to 94% control. In greenhouse and field studies with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Coker 210′) preemergence applications of norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] controlled 93 to 100% of the spurred anoda 4 weeks after application. Control with postemergence applications of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-toly)urea] was 46.0 to 92.5%; 90.7 to 100% with prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio-s-triazine]; and 100% with methazole, [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione]. Preemergence applications of norflurazon plus fluometuron, prometryn, or methazole applied postemergence controlled 93, 97, and 100% of spurred anoda, respectively. Fluometuron plus the same three postemergence treatments controlled 63, 95, and 88% of spurred anoda, respectively. Results of our tests suggest that the best control of spurred anoda can be obtained in cotton by a combination of norflurazon applied preemergence at 1.68 kg/ha followed by two postemergence applications of either fluometuron at a rate of 2.24 kg/ha, prometryn at a rate of 1.68 kg/ha, or methazole at a rate of 1.68 kg/ha.
Phytotoxicity and Soil Activity of HOE 23408
Authors: Wu Chu-Huang , Santelmann P. W.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to compare the phytotoxicity of HOE 23408 {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate} to several crops and annual grass weeds, and to determine the herbicides's soil mobility and persistence. In general, the order of susceptibility of 13 seedling grassy weeds remained constant, whether the herbicide was applied preplant incorporated, pre-emergence, or postemergence. The herbicide was most phytotoxic when it was applied either preplant incorporated or early postemergence. Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘BR-54′] and oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Cimarron’) were moderately susceptible to HOE 23408, whereas barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Will’) exhibited marginal tolerance. Wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Triumph 64′) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Westburn 70′) showed tolerance to HOE 23408 at rates up to 6 ppmw, and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’] and peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Spanhoma’) demonstrated tolerance to concentrations as high as 24 ppmw. The soil mobility of HOE 23408 was similar to that of trifluralin (a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). No soil phytotoxicity was found 8 weeks after herbicide application in the field or under laboratory incubation conditions of 5 or 10% soil moisture at 21 C. Dissipation was much slower at a temperature of 4.4 C, regardless of the soil moisture level.
Effect of Alachlor, Propachlor, and Prynachlor on GA3-induced Production of Protease and α-Amylase
Authors: Rao V. Sivaji , Duke William B.
Published: May 2019

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide], propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) and prynachlor [2-chloro-N-(1-methyl-2-propynyl)acetanilide], inhibited gibberellic acid (GA3),-induced production of protease and α-amylase in deembryonated barley (Hordeum vulgareL, ‘Schuyler’) seed. Production of protease was more sensitive to these herbicides than α-amylase. The degree of inhibition of protease and α-amylase production caused by alachlor was equivalent to that caused by cycloheximide, puromycin and actinomycin-D, known protein and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors. Higher GA3concentrations reversed the inhibition of protease and α-amylase synthesis caused by alachlor but did not reduce the effect of alachlor on barley seed germination and growth. It is concluded that the inhibition of protease and α-amylase production by alachlor is perhaps only one of several effects on early seed germination and seedling development.
Effects of Herbicide Treatments on the Establishment of ‘Tifway’ Bermudagrass
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Selected herbicides were evaluated for control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] and goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.] in planted ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). The most effective treatment technique was sequential treatments of DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) at planting followed with two applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) + 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] which controlled 95% of the weeds and permitted bermudagrass to form a 96% ground cover in 22 weeks. Other treatments, listed in order of decreasing effectiveness were a single application of oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one], pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)-benzamide] applied in two applications and MSMA + 2,4-D in two applications.
Residues and Persistence of Glyphosate in Irrigation Water
Authors: Comes R. D. , Bruns V. F. , Kelley A. D.
Published: May 2019

Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] nor the soil metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected in the first flow of water through two canals following application of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha to ditchbanks when the canals were dry. Soil samples collected the day before canals were filled (about 23 weeks after treatment) contained about 0.35 ppm glyphosate and 0.78 ppm aminomethylphosphonic acid in the 0 to 10-cm layer. When glyphosate was metered into the water at a rate calculated to provide 150 ppb in the canal water at a single site on two flowing canals, about 70% of the glyphosate was accounted for 1.6 km downstream from the application site. Thereafter, the rate of disappearance diminished, and about 58% of the applied glyphosate was present at the end of the canals 8 or 14.4 km downstream from the introduction sites.
Preplanting Applications of Dinitroanilines in Cotton
Authors: Hamilton K. C. , Arle H. F.
Published: May 2019

Two incorporation methods were used in applying eight dinitroaniline herbicides before planting cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) for 3 yr. Penoxalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] gave the best stands of cotton. Nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] and dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) resulted in the poorest stands. In 2 of 3 yr, cotton stands were better where herbicides were incorporated by listing only rather than by disking before listing. The eight herbicides were equally effective in annual grass control when followed by postemergence applications of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. An-56477 [N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] was least effective in controlling annual broadleaf weeds. In 1972, cotton yield was reduced when An-56477 was incorporated by disking. In the average cotton yields for six tests, An-56477 produced significantly lower yields than any other herbicide except butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine]. No differences in cotton fiber properties or boll components were due to herbicides or method of application.
Some Factors Affecting Herbicide Selectivity in Upland Rice
Authors: Nangju D. , Plucknett D. L. , Obien S. R.
Published: May 2019

Several methods were used to overcome herbicide phytotoxicity to upland rice (Oryza sativaL., ‘IR8′). Seed pelleting with activated carbon and band application of activated carbon slurry over the rice seed were ineffective in reducing the toxicity of chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] to upland rice. In contrast, a 2.5-cm layer of activated carbon and vermiculite mixture (1:1) placed over the rice seed was effective in overcoming the toxicity of these herbicides. Deep sowing (3.0 to 4.5 cm) of rice seed was adequate in protecting upland rice from herbicides which are toxic to direct seeded, flooded rice but are not toxic to transplanted rice. The degree of protection from deep sowing, however, was determined by site of uptake, herbicide adsorption by soil, leaching, and inherent toxicity of the herbicides to rice seedlings.
Cell Cycle Population Kinetics of Pea Root Tip Meristems Treated with Propham
Authors: Rost Thomas L. , Bayer David E.
Published: May 2019

Propham (Isopropyl carbanilate) at 10-5M concentration does not inhibit DNA synthesis nor does it reduce the number of dividing cells. It does, however, induce a number of abnormal mitotic figures. At higher concentrations (10-3M) propham inhibits DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as stopping entry of cells into mitosis and causing those which divide to be aberrant. DNA and RNA synthesis are not inhibited for approximately 3 hr, while protein synthesis is reduced within 1 hr. The metabolic inhibitory effect of propham is reversible at least in roots treated for 8 hr. The most likely mode of action of propham is the inhibition of certain mitotic specific proteins, or possibly some kind of protein binding function as has been suggested in the literature.
Herbicide Phytotoxicity as Affected by Selected Properties of North Carolina Soils
Authors: Harrison G. W. , Weber J. B. , Baird J. V.
Published: May 2019

Preemergence applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid), fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluro-m-tolyl)urea], propachlor (3-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared in 10 North Carolina soils and the relationship of activity to soil physical and chemical properties appraised. Oats (Avena sativaL. ‘Carolee’) were used as the indicator plant in bioassays under greenhouse conditions. Fifteen soil properties were measured and correlated with herbicide I50(50% fresh weight inhibition) values. Organic matter was the soil variable most highly correlated with herbicide phytotoxicity. There was an inverse relationship between herbicide water solubility and inactivation by organic matter. Volume weight determinations and water holding capacity values (0.1 bar) provided relatively good estimates of soil organic matter contents, but were not as highly related to herbicide activity as organic matter content.
Bermudagrass Tolerance to Consecutive Butralin and Oxadiazon Treatments
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

The tolerance of bermudagrasses ‘Tifway’, ‘Tifgreen’, ‘Tifdwarf’, ‘Ormond’, and ‘Floraturf’ [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] cultivars to repeated annual applications of oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] and butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] were evaluated over a 4-yr period. Oxadiazon treatments did not affect growth characteristics of these bermudagrasses. Butralin caused moderate to severe reduction in sod density. ‘Tifway’, ‘Ormond’, and ‘Floraturf’ were more tolerant to butralin than ‘Tifgreen’ and ‘Tifdwarf’.
Dissipation and Phytotoxicity of Sodium Azide in Soil
Authors: Ketchersid M. L. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

The dissipation of sodium azide (NaN3) from soil was significantly affected by pH, soil moisture, and relative humidity (RH). Loss was more rapid from acid than from alkaline soils. Moist soil (20 to 60% field capacity) or air dry soil in a moist environment (100% RH) lost NaN3more rapidly than air dry soil in a dry (0% RH) environment. However, dissipation was decreased when soil moisture exceeded 60% field capacity. Degree of leaching and phytotoxicity of NaN3was not affected by soil pH. Bioassay studies indicated that 10 ppm NaN3in the soil significantly reduced germination and growth in plant species tested. At concentrations of NaN3below 10 ppm, plant germination was often delayed but normal growth occurred after NaN3dissipation.