bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective on the Limitations of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Highway Transport
Authors: Ugo Glory Chinwe , Apata A. C. , Dawodu Praise Onimisi
Published: February 2024

This research paper explores stakeholders' perspectives on the challenges associated with implementing Artificial Intelligence (Ai) in highway transport. The investigation focuses on three main areas of limitation: technical, regulatory, and ethical barriers. The study, backed by an in-depth survey analysis, reveals key limitations identified by stakeholders, including limited access to Ai technology (42.6%), lack of government support (27.9%), the absence of industry-wide regulations (27.4%), concerns about job displacement (29.4%), privacy implications (25.5%), and cybersecurity risks (30.2%). Additionally, the paper provides recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to address these challenges [1].
Evolution of Air-Sea CO2 Flux during ARAMIS, EGEE and ROAM
Authors: KOFFI Kouakou Urbain , Touré Raoul Pélémayo , Djakouré Sandrine , KOUADIO Yves , TOURE Sedja Souleymane , KOUADIO Georges
Published: February 2024

The aim of this study is to compare evolution of the CO2 in two different areas of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. We investigate the spatial and temporal variability of CO2 fluxes, Total Alkalinity (TA), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and hydrological parameters (Salinity and Temperature) in the western and eastern tropical Atlantic for three years (2005-2006-2007), using the data collected during the ARAMIS 7, 8 and 10, EGEE and ROAM cruises (2019-2020). Our results showed that Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), TA and DIC are higher on average in the western area than in the eastern tropical Atlantic, except the oceanic CO2 fugacity (fCO2sw). A north-south gradient is observed with high values in the south of the Equator and low values in the north. This gradient is due to the Equatorial upwelling, which upwelled CO2-rich deep water to the surface; in addition, the Guinea current (GC) transports low salinity and parameters of carbon in the eastern area and Amazon outflow at West decreases the concentration of these parameters. On average, the western area was a sink of 0.34 mmol.m-2.d-1 and the eastern basin a source of 1.15 mmol.m-2.d-1. During ROAM cruises, air-sea CO2 flux was ten times higher than during all the EGEE cruises and more for all ARAMIS cruises.
Sarwālī (Celosia cristata): Medicinal Importance in Perspective of Unani Medicine and Pharmacological Studies
Authors: Kalam Mohd Afsahul , Jan Uzma , Bhat Ajaz Ahmad , Ashraf Bisma
Published: February 2024

Celosia cristata, commonly known as 'cockscomb,' is an annual erect herb belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. Locally referred to as 'Mawal,' it is cultivated in Kashmiri gardens for ornamental purposes and can be found growing naturally in the plains and up to an altitude of 5,000 ft. in the Himalayas. In traditional Unani Medicine, the seeds and inflorescence of Celosia cristata are utilized for treating various health conditions, including sexual weakness, leucorrhoea, haemorrhoids, haematuria, diarrhea, urinary tract infections, wounds, diabetes, and dysuria. Celosia species, including Celosia cristata, contains a diverse array of phytoconstituents such as phytosterols, saponin, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids. Numerous pharmacological studies have been conducted on this plant, revealing its hemostatic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-nociceptive, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties. This paper aims to shed light on the therapeutic applications of Celosia cristata based on both traditional Unani literature and scientific studies conducted on different parts of the plant.
A restructured framework for modeling oxygen transfer in two‐phase partitioning bioreactors
Authors: Nielsen David R. , Daugulis Andrew J. , McLellan P. James
Published: June 2005

This communication proposes a mechanistic modification to a recently published method for analyzing oxygen mass transfer in two‐phase partitioning bioreactors (Nielsen et al., 2003), and corrects an oversight in that paper. The newly proposed modification replaces the earlier empirical approach, which treated the two liquid phases as a single, homogeneous liquid phase, with a two‐phase mass transfer model of greater fundamental rigor. Additionally, newly developed empirical models are presented that predict the mass transfer coefficient of oxygen absorption in both aqueous medium and an organic phase (n‐hexadecane) as a function of bioreactor operating conditions. Experimental values and theoretical predictions of mass transfer coefficients in two‐phase dispersions, kLaTP, are compared. The revised approach more clearly demonstrates the potential for oxygen mass transfer enhancement by organic phase addition, one of the motivations for employing a distinct second phase in a partitioning bioreactor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A crypticBacillusisolate exhibited narrow 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence withBacillus thuringiensisand showed low maintenance requirements in hyper‐osmotic complex substrate cultivations
Authors: Sachidanandham Ramaiah , Al‐Shayji Yousif , Al‐Awadhi Nader , Gin Karina Yew‐Hoong
Published: June 2005

A crypticBacillus(K90) isolate obtained from soil samples from the Kuwait desert exhibited lower maintenance requirements in complex substrate cultivations thanBacillus thuringiensis. A mathematical model was used to estimate apparent maintenance coefficients (mc) and these were found to be 0.336 and 0.041/h forB. thuringiensisandK90, respectively. The results also showed that the values of apparent maintenance coefficients were inversely related to the specific growth rates. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed thatK90exhibited 99.81% sequence similarity to that ofB. mojavensisand 92.9% withB. thuringiensis. It is evident from the dendrogram that the evolution ofB. mojavensis(K90) (B. subtilisgroup), which may have originated afterB. licheniformiscould have been influenced by prolonged hyper‐osmotic conditions, whileB. thuringiensisthat evolved beforeB. oleroniusexhibited greater sensitivity as implied by the higher maintenance coefficient obtained for the hyper‐osmotic cultures. AsK90exhibited low maintenance requirements in hyperosmotic cultures, close phylogenetic relationship withB. thuringiensis, along with the reported property of encapsulation of insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry) inBacillusstrains and endophytic nature ofB. mojavensis, strongly suggest thatK90could be a promising surrogate host for the transgenic delivery of “Cry” proteins. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Assembled Pentamers and Hexamers Linked through Quadruple‐Hydrogen‐Bonded 2‐Ureido‐4[1H]‐Pyrimidinones
Authors: Keizer Henk M. , González Juan J. , Segura Margarita , Prados Pilar , Sijbesma Rint P. , Meijer E. W. , de Mendoza Javier
Published: June 2005

The preorganization of bifunctional 2‐ureido‐4‐pyrimidinones mediated by either 1,3‐substituted adamantane or meta‐substituted phenylene ring linkers leads to the preferred formation of stable pentameric (1)5 and hexameric (2)6 assemblies, respectively. Despite the high binding constant of the 2‐ureido‐4‐pyrimidinone dimers and the highly preorganized structure of the monomer, the predominant formation of cycles (1)5 and (2)6 in solution occurs only within a specific concentration range.
Promoter methylation of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, and DAPK is frequent in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Li Jiang , El‐Naggar Adel , Mao Li
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Promoter methylation is a common mechanism of inactivation of tumor suppressor genes in multiple tumor types. However, little is known about its role in the development of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary gland (ACC). In the current study, the authors investigated whether promoter methylation is common in ACC and whether it may influence ACC development.

METHODS

The promoter methylation status of the genes p16INK4a, RASSF1A, DAPK, and MGMT, which are important in cell growth regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair, was determined in tissue sections of tumor samples from 60 patients with ACC using methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. The association between methylation status and patients' clinical and pathologic characteristics were assessed.

RESULTS

Of the 60 tumors, DNA methylation of the p16INK4a promoter was detected in 28 tumors (47%); the respective values DNA methylation of the RASSF1A, DAPK, and MGMT promoters were 25 tumors (42%), 16 tumors (27%), and 4 tumors (7%), respectively. Forty‐six tumors (77%) had DNA methylation in ≥ 1 of the 4 promoters, 20 tumors (33%) had DNA methylation in ≥ 2 promoters, 6 tumors (10%) had DNA methylation in ≥ 3 promoters, and 1 tumor (2%) had DNA methylation in all 4 promoters. RASSF1A promoter methylation was more frequent in high‐grade tumors than in low‐grade tumors (P = 0.009), in advanced‐stage tumors (P = 0.008), and in tumors with metastasis (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

Promoter methylation of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, and DAPK was common in ACC, and it is possible that such methylation may influence the development of ACC. The high frequency of RASSF1A promoter methylation in high‐grade tumors and in tumors with metastasis suggested a role for this gene in the progression of ACC. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas according to the New American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system focused on tumor classification problems in 222 patients
Authors: Hong Seung‐Mo , Kim Mi‐Jung , Pi David Y. , Jo Daniel , Cho Hyung Jun , Yu Eunsil , Ro Jae Y.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Although the sixth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma was updated, the system has a problem on T classification due to its ambiguous definition of T1 as “tumor confined to bile duct histologically” and T2 as “tumor invading beyond the bile duct.”

METHODS

The authors considered the outermost part of the muscle layer or fibrous tissue as within the extrahepatic bile duct and considered the area starting from large clusters of adipose tissue as beyond the extrahepatic bile duct. After designing a precise definition of the extrahepatic bile duct wall, they analyzed the new AJCC staging system in 222 patients with of extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas. Then, other clinicopathologic variables for prognosis were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The 5‐year survival rates for patients with tumors that were classified as T1, T2, T3, and T4 were 53.1%, 29.7%, 24.9%, and 0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with T1 tumors and T2 tumors (P < 0.05), but not between patients with T2 tumors and T3 tumors. Significant prognostic factors included depth of invasion (P < 0.005), lymph node metastasis (P < 0.005), and patient age (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Based on a proposed histologic definition, depth of invasion was practical for evaluating the prognosis of patients with middle and upper extrahepatic bile duct carcinomas. Therefore, the authors recommended changing the current pT1 and pT2 classifications to more precise pathologic terminology. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Victim needs and conjugal violence: Do victims want decision‐making power?
Authors: Wemmers Jo‐Anne , Cousineau Mary‐Marthe
Published: June 2005

Do victims of domestic violence want to retain decision‐making power, which critics say may be taken away by no‐drop, mandatory‐arrest procedures? Using procedural justice theory as a theoretical framework for the discussion, the authors review the research on the needs and expectations of victims of domestic violence.
Restorative justice responses to post–September 11 hate crimes: Potential and challenges
Authors: Volpe Maria R. , Strobl Staci
Published: June 2005

This article focuses on the extent to which victim‐offender mediation was utilized by restorative justice practitioners in response to anti‐Arab and anti‐Muslim harassment and other September 11–related hate crimes. Specific attention was given to the disparity between the advocacy for victim‐offender mediation in these incidents and its actual use, and the lessons to be learned from restorative justice efforts after September 11.
Updating reactivated memories in infancy: II. Time passage and repetition effects
Authors: Galluccio Lissa , Rovee‐Collier Carolyn
Published: June 2005

Previous attempts to modify a reactivated memory by passively exposing infants to a novel cue immediately after reactivation were unsuccessful. Presently, we examined other conditions in which passive exposure to a novel cue immediately after reactivation might modify the memory. In three experiments, sixty‐two 3‐month‐olds learned to move a distinctive mobile by kicking, forgot the training memory, and then received a reminder that reactivated it. Immediately afterward, they were passively exposed to a novel mobile. We found that passive exposure to novel information could modify reactivated memories that were older or had been reactivated before. Although exposure to a novel mobile occasionally produced only retroactive interference, memory modification never occurred alone, suggesting that response suppression to the original cue is prerequisite for the modification of reactivated memories. We propose that memory distortion (modification) is not an anomaly but is an adaptive, updating mechanism that ensures that behavior will be guided by memories containing contemporaneous information. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 18–30, 2005.
Updating reactivated memories in infancy: I. Passive‐ and active‐exposure effects
Authors: Galluccio Lissa
Published: June 2005

This study examined the vulnerability of infants' reactivated memories to modification. In three experiments, one hundred eight 3‐month‐olds learned to move a distinctive mobile by kicking. After the operant task was forgotten, its memory was recovered by a reactivation treatment. Immediately afterward, attempts were made to modify the reactivated memory by exposing infants to a novel mobile. Exposing the novel mobile immediately after the reactivation treatment did not affect the reactivated memory (Experiment 1). When exposure to the novel mobile was delayed for 24 hr, the novel mobile temporarily interfered with recognition of the original mobile, but did not modify the reactivated memory (Experiment 2). Only when the contingency was briefly associated with the novel mobile (an active‐exposure procedure) was the reactivated memory modified (Experiment 3). These data reveal that infants' recently reactivated memories are surprisingly resistant to updating unless the operant contingency that established the original memory accompanies the new information. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 1–17, 2005.
NMR T1‐Relaxation Measurements on Paramagnetic Organolanthanides:An Alternative Tool for Structure Determination in Solution
Authors: Brachais Laurent , Visseaux Marc
Published: June 2005

1H NMR investigations were conducted on four paramagnetic organolanthanides, all bearing the tetraisopropylcyclopentadienyl ligand Cp4i (HC5iPr4) in order to verify whether or not interactions observed in the solid state are maintained in solution. In some cases variable‐temperature experiments were necessary to enhance the resolution and determine the best conditions for the study. The 1D NMR spectrum could be interpreted in every case. Complementary 2D COSY experiments allowed the full attribution of the signals. T1 (1H) relaxation values were determined for all the paramagnetic complexes at the most suitable temperature, and compared with those of the diamagnetic KCp4i. The same tendency was observed, with particular features concerning the isopropyl groups. Among the four methyl groups, one exhibits a much higher T1 value and one a much lower value; the two others are intermediate. This was interpreted as the result of a privileged conformation of the Cp4i ligand: the two α‐isopropyl groups take up a spatial orientation with one methyl group in the exo position, opposite to the metal atom, whereas the methyl groups of the two β‐isopropyl groups are equidistant from the metal atom. Whatever the nature of the metal (Nd, Sm), the oxidation state (SmII, SmIII) or the temperature (298, 363 K), this conformation is retained. The structure in solution seems to be different from that previously determined in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Comparative Assessment of the Effect of the Lewis Acidity of the Central Tin Atom on Intramolecular Coordination of (3‐Methoxypropyl)stannanes
Authors: Lébl Tomáš , Zoufalá Petra , Bruhn Clemens
Published: June 2005

The recently studied set of (3‐methoxypropyl)stannanes of general formula RxSnCl4–x [R = (CH2)3OCH3, x = 4 (1), x = 3 (2), x = 2 (3) and x = 1 (4)] is extended with two new sets of (3‐methoxypropyl)stannanes of general formula RPh3–xSnClx [x = 0 (5), x = 1 (6) and x = 2 (7)] and RSn(S2CNEt2)3–xClx [x = 0 (8), x = 1 (9) and x = 2 (10)]. The molecular structures of 6, 7, 9 and 10 in the solid state were determined by X‐ray diffraction. In compounds 6 and 7, the 3‐methoxypropyl ligand forms a C,O‐chelate and the tin atom is coordinated as a distorted trigonal bipyramid with the oxygen and one chlorine atom in the axial positions. Compounds 9 and 10 are hexacoordinate with a distorted octahedral ligand arrangement. While the 3‐methoxypropyl ligand in 10 also forms a C,O‐chelate, the oxygen atom in 9 is not coordinated to the central tin atom. The structures in a non‐coordinating (CDCl3) and a coordinating solvent ([D6]DMSO) were studied by multinuclear 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. It is proposed that the structures found in the solid state are retained upon dissolution in CDCl3. Compounds 5, 8 and 9 also preserve their structures in [D6]DMSO. On the other hand, an equilibrium, in which one or more molecules of solvent enter the coordination sphere of the central tin atom and cleave the oxastannacycle, is established in [D6]DMSO solutions of 6, 7 and 10. A comparison of the J coupling constants obtained from 1D 1H,119Sn HMQC and 2D 1H,119Sn J‐HMBC spectra and the J coupling constants derived from conventional 1D 13C NMR spectra shows that the best indicator of the O→Sn donor–acceptor interaction in 3‐methoxypropylstannanes is the 3J value. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Addition of Enolisable Ketones to (dpp‐bian)Mg(THF)3 [dpp‐bian =1,2‐Bis{(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino}acenaphthene]
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Skatova Alexandra A. , Fukin Georgii K. , Hummert Markus , Schumann Herbert
Published: June 2005

The enolates [(dpp‐bian)(H)]Mg[OC(=CHPh)CH2Ph](THF)2 (6), [(dpp‐bian)(H)]Mg[OC(=CPh2)CH3](THF)2 (7) and [(dpp‐bian)(H)]Mg(camphor)(py)2 (8) were prepared by treating (dpp‐bian)Mg(THF)3 (1) with equimolar amounts of dibenzyl ketone, 1,1‐diphenylacetone and camphor, respectively. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analyses showed these enolates to be five‐coordinate, trigonal bipyramidal magnesium complexes with terminal, nonbridging enolate ligands. In solutions of 6 and 7 the proton, which in the solid‐state is attached to only one of the two nitrogen atoms of the dpp‐bian ligand, is delocalised between both nitrogen atoms. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Freestanding, Highly Flexible, Large Area, Nanoporous Alumina Membranes with Complete Through‐Hole Pore Morphology
Authors: Schneider Jörg J. , Engstler Jörg , Budna Karl P. , Teichert Christian , Franzka Steffen
Published: June 2005

Electrochemical anodic oxidation of aluminium metal sheets leads to the formation of compact and dense, but highly porous alumina surfaces on top of the anode. The alumina surfaces obtained by anodic oxidation can be detached from the bare metal by using a voltage detachment procedure, without employing chemical etching techniques. This procedure leads to large area porous alumina membranes with closed backsides. Prestructuring of the aluminium base metal leads to ordered pore regions at anodisation voltages of 25, 40 and 50 V, resulting in porous alumina membranes with pore diameters of 33, 40 and 72 nm. The careful opening of the backside alumina membranes can be realised by acid treatment leading to highly flexible large area porous alumina membranes with complete through‐hole pore morphology. The backside pore‐opening process realised by chemical etching is strongly dependent on time and acid concentration and is best monitored routinely by microscopy techniques in order to gain control over the process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Chinese dot‐coms: A better investment?
Authors: Tokic Damir
Published: June 2005

There's an interesting difference between U.S.and Chinese Internet companies. The Chinese companies have learned from our mistakes and have well‐diversified revenues. Does this make them a better investment? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A practical way to manage IT costs
Authors: Iijima Timothy
Published: June 2005

Information technology (IT) consumes 4 percent of a typical large company's revenue. And these days, companies are under tremendous pressure to manage IT costs—while also handling new concerns about disaster recovery, security, and regulatory compliance. That's tough, concedes the author of this article. But he offers a tested, practical strategy to get the job done. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are you safe from son of spam?
Authors: Fanning Kurt , Goldberg Stephen R.
Published: June 2005

Companies are spending more time and money protecting corporate e‐mail. But just when we think we're winning the battle against spam, a new enemy pops up—Son of Spam! How can your company protect itself from the next generation of security threats? © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Balanced scorecard at Summa health system
Authors: Smith Heather , Kim Il‐woon
Published: June 2005

How do you translate an organization's mission and vision into values, and then make sure that these become part of daily operations? At Summa Health System, the answer has been to implement a balanced scorecard in response to external forces, including increasing competition and emerging technologies. In particular, this article discusses implementation and use of the balanced scorecard in Summa Health System's Food and Nutrition Services Department, including the advantages and disadvantages encountered. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acidogenic fermentation of blended food‐waste in combination with primary sludge for the production of volatile fatty acids
Authors: Min KS , Khan AR , Kwon MK , Jung YJ , Yun Z , Kiso Y
Published: June 2005

The performance of a laboratory‐scale anaerobic acidogenic fermenter fed with a mixture of blended kitchen food‐waste and primary sludge from a sewage treatment plant was investigated for the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The operating variables for acidogenic fermentation were kitchen food‐waste content (10 and 25 wt %), hydraulic retention time (HRT: 1, 3 and 5 days), temperature (ambient: 18 ± 2 °C, and mesophilic: 35 ± 2 °C) and pH (varied from 5.2 to 6.7). The experimental results indicated that effluent VFA concentrations and VFA production rates were higher at ambient temperature than at mesophilic conditions. The net amount of VFA with 10 wt % food‐waste increased up to 920 mg dm−3 with an increase of HRT, but contrasting results (a decrease of 2610 mg dm−3) were found due to the conversion of VFA into biogas in the case of 25 wt % food‐waste, which increased significantly at HRT of 3–5 days. In terms of biogas composition (CO2 and CH4), the organic matter was converted into CO2 through the oxidative pathway by facultative species at low temperature while mesophilic temperature and optimum pH (6.3–7.8) played a pivotal role in increasing rate of conversion of VFA into biogas by methanogenesis. Rates of VFA production and their conversion are dependent on the food‐waste content in the mixture. Yet, the higher concentration of food‐waste (25% compared with 10%) did not produce VFA proportionally due to the increased rate of conversion of VFA into gaseous products. The maximum VFA production rate (0.318 g VFAproduced g−1 VSfed day−1) was achieved in the 10 wt % food‐waste at ambient temperature and at a 5‐day HRT. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Fine structure of the mineralized teeth of the chiton Acanthopleura echinata (Mollusca: Polyplacophora)
Authors: Wealthall Rosamund J. , Brooker Lesley R. , Macey David J. , Griffin Brendan J.
Published: June 2005

The major lateral teeth of the chiton Acanthopleura echinata are composite structures composed of three distinct mineral zones: a posterior layer of magnetite; a thin band of lepidocrocite just anterior to this; and apatite throughout the core and anterior regions of the cusp. Biomineralization in these teeth is a matrix‐mediated process, in which the minerals are deposited around fibers, with the different biominerals described as occupying architecturally discrete compartments. In this study, a range of scanning electron microscopes was utilized to undertake a detailed in situ investigation of the fine structure of the major lateral teeth. The arrangement of the organic and biomineral components of the tooth is similar throughout the three zones, having no discrete borders between them, and with crystallites of each mineral phase extending into the adjacent mineral zone. Along the posterior surface of the tooth, the organic fibers are arranged in a series of fine parallel lines, but just within the periphery their appearance takes on a “fish scale”‐like pattern, reflective of the cross section of a series of units that are overlaid, and offset from each other, in adjacent rows. The units are approximately 2 μm wide and 0.6 μm thick and comprise biomineral plates separated by organic fibers. Two types of subunits make up each “fish scale”: one is elongate and curved and forms a trough, in which the other, rod‐like unit, is nestled. Adjacent rod and trough units are aligned into large sheets that define the fracture plane of the tooth. The alignment of the plates of rod‐trough units is complex and exhibits extreme spatial variation within the tooth cusp. Close to the posterior surface the plates are essentially horizontal and lie in a lateromedial plane, while anteriorly they are almost vertical and lie in the posteroanterior plane. An understanding of the fine structure of the mineralized teeth of chitons, and of the relationship between the organic and mineral components, provides a new insight into biomineralization mechanisms and controls. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microtriches of tetraphyllidean metacestodes from Western Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Authors: Agustí Celia , Aznar Francisco Javier , Raga Juan Antonio
Published: June 2005

The tegumental structures of two types of tetraphyllidean plerocercoids and two types of merocercoids (Phyllobothrium delphini and Monorygma grimaldii) from Mediterranean striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba, are described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. The tegument of all of the specimens was fully covered with microtriches. Four basic types were found: filitriches, blade‐like spinitriches of different sizes and shapes, cone‐shaped spinitriches (with two parallel small projections of equal length at the apex), and crowned cylindrical spinitriches (with 6–7 small papillae forming a crown at the apex); the two latter types are newly described. The two types of plerocercoids had a similar morphology and distribution of microtriches; in addition, cilium‐like projections appeared interspersed among the microtriches on the apical sucker, accessory suckers, and distal bothridial loculus. Merocercoids exhibited a greater variety of tegumental structures, especially on the distal bothridial loculus. Both merocercoid types had regularly spaced papillae or “buttons” on the accessory suckers and the distal bothridial loculus that were composed of a central cilium‐like projection surrounded by numerous filitriches. However, crowned cylindrical spinitriches were specific to P. delphini and cone‐shaped spinitriches were specific to M. grimaldii. Differences in the morphology and distribution of scolex microtriches of adult cestodes have been considered useful for species identification. A previous molecular study has suggested that P. delphini and M. grimaldii are actually different congeneric species. Our study has shown that significant differences in the morphology and distribution of microtriches occur between these species at the merocercoid stage. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia function in brain tumors
Authors: Watters Jyoti J. , Schartner Jill M. , Badie Behnam
Published: June 2005

Microglia play an important role in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). These cells have also been identified in brain neoplasms; however, as of yet their function largely remains unclear. More recent studies designed to characterize further tumor‐associated microglia suggest that the immune effector function of these cells may be suppressed in CNS tumors. Furthermore, microglia and macrophages can secrete various cytokines and growth factors that may contribute to the successful immune evasion, growth, and invasion of brain neoplasms. A better understanding of microglia and macrophage function is essential for the development of immune‐based treatment strategies against malignant brain tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of a novel bioactive poly[(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)] and collagen hybrid matrix for dermal regeneration
Authors: Ng Kee Woei , Louis Jevon , Tuan Ho Barnabas Saey , Achuth Hosur N , Lu Jia , Moochhala Shabbir , Lim Thiam Chye , Hutmacher Dietmar W
Published: June 2005

Different strategies have been explored for the purpose of autologous or allogeneic dermal regeneration. We have developed a hybrid matrix by lyophilizing collagen within a poly[(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)] (10:90, molar composition) knitted mesh, in order to assimilate the advantages of natural and synthetic materials. The porosity of the mesh was found to be almost 95 %, using Micro‐Computed Tomography Analysis, while the mechanical properties were comparable to native skin. In vitro biocompatibility was analyzed by culturing rat dermal fibroblasts in the matrices over 10 days. The cells were able to attach, proliferate and remain viable within the hybrid matrices. Subsequently, in vivo biocompatibility was analyzed by implanting the matrices subcutaneously in immunocompetent rats, for 2 weeks. Histological analysis showed that the poly[(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)]–collagen hybrid matrices evoked minimal host tissue response in vivo. This study forms the basis of using poly[(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)]–collagen hybrid matrices for our future work to develop a bioactive matrix for dermal regeneration. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Computational investigation of enantio‐ and regioselectivity of rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl formate with CHIRAPHOS‐type ligand
Authors: Luo Xiaoling , Tang Dianyong , Li Ming
Published: June 2005

The potential energy profile for Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation of vinyl formate is mapped out using a nonlocal density functional method (B3LYP). This study focuses on the enantio‐ and regioselectivity of asymmetric hydroformylation. All the structures are optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level(LANL2DZ(d) for Rh, P). As illustrated by computation, the olefin insertion step is irreversible because of higher activation free energy of the reverse reaction than that of forward reaction, so it is the determining step for both the regioselectivity and enantioselectivity in asymmetric hydroformylation. The lowest activation free energy in vinyl insertion is the path 2a → TS1a (ΔG≠ = 47.92 kJ/mol), giving rise to the preferred product as (S)‐1‐formylenthyl formate. Throughout the catalytic cycle, the H2 oxidative addition has the highest activation free energy, 77.24 kJ/mol, so it is the rate‐limiting step for the whole catalytic cycle. The calculation results are in agreement with many experiment investigations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Considerations When Implementing Automated Methods into GxP Laboratories
Authors: Webster Gregory K. , Kotts Laila , Maloney Todd D.
Published: June 2005

In the increasingly scrutinized pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies are demanding validation of any and all analytical instrumentation, including documentation associated with its implementation, qualification, and ability to report accurate and reliable results. Herein, we discuss the qualification and validation of an automated liquid handling system and an automated dissolution method. We describe the comparison of automated experiments versus manual experiments while addressing the pertinent validation and qualification considerations for each. Discussion of documentation and validation required for various regulated laboratories (good clinical practices (GCP), good laboratory practices (GLP), and good manufacturing practices (GMP)) is also reviewed.
Modeling, Analysis, Simulation and Control of Laboratory Automation Systems Using Petri Nets: Part 1. Modeling
Authors: Russo Mark F. , Sasso Alan
Published: June 2005

A move from fixed, statically scheduled laboratory automation systems to more dynamic and adaptive behavior introduces complexities and challenges that have not been thoroughly explored in the field of laboratory automation. Powerful tools are required for the systematic modeling, analysis, simulation, and control of such systems. In this first part of a tutorial series, we introduce and explore Petri nets as a tool that can be used to model dynamically controlled laboratory automation systems. Subsequent contributions to this series will look at formal mathematical techniques for analyzing Petri net models, and methods for simulating and controlling laboratory automation systems using Petri nets.
Kinetics of the thermal inactivation of the Lactococcus lactis bacteriophage P008
Authors: Müller-Merbach Mareile , Neve Horst , Hinrichs Jörg
Published: June 2005

The thermal resistance of the lactococcal bacteriophage P008 was investigated between 55 and 80 °C. Inactivation kinetics revealed an order of reaction above 1 and could be determined by a non-1st-order regression model. Phage inactivation was influenced by the medium (milk and Ca-M17-broth). Within the investigated temperature range, milk had a protective effect on phage P008. This was reflected in the rate constant and in the activation energy. Thermal phage inactivation studies reported in literature were re-analysed using non-1st-order regression. The obtained kinetic parameters showed that phage P008 belongs to the most heat resistant lactococcal phages investigated so far.
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the sheep κ-casein coding region
Authors: Feligini Maria , Vlaco Slavica , Curik Vlatka Cubric , Parma Pietro , Greppi GianFranco , Enne Giuseppe
Published: June 2005

Genetic polymorphisms in CSN3 gene in Pag (Croatia), Sarda (Italy) and Pramenka (Serbia) sheep breeds were investigated. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was localized by sequence analysis (sequence submitted to GenBank under accession AY237637) relying on an original primer pair. Primers for sequencing (κ-casF and κ-casR) were designed on the available CSN3 sequences to amplify the genomic region encoding the major part of the mature protein (exon 4). An SNP was detected at position 237 of the sheep κ-casein mRNA (reference sequence: GenBank X51822), where a thymine was substituted for a cytosine. The SNP was typed by conventional PCR and SYBR Green I-based real-time PCR. C and T alleles were discriminated using a dedicated set of primers that consisted of one common forward primer (SNP-TC) and two reverse primers (SNP-T and SNP-C), the latter two differing in the 3′ end base and in the presence of a 12 bp poly-G tail in SNP-C. The SNP was found in both the heterozygous and the homozygous state in Sarda and Pramenka breeds, and in the heterozygous state only in the Pag breed. The observed allelic frequencies of the SNP were 0·12 in Pag, 0·27 in Sarda and 0·45 in Pramenka.
Major and trace elements in organically or conventionally produced milk
Authors: Hermansen John E , Badsberg Jens H , Kristensen Troels , Gundersen Vagn
Published: June 2005

A total of 480 samples of milk from 10 organically and 10 conventionally producing dairy farms in Denmark and covering 8 sampling periods over 1 year (triplicate samplings) were analysed for 45 trace elements and 6 major elements by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Sampling, sample preparation, and analysis of the samples were performed under carefully controlled contamination-free conditions. The dairy cattle breeds were Danish-Holstein or Jersey. Sources of variance were quantified, and differences between production systems and breeds were tested. The major source of variation for most elements was week of sampling. Concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mo, Rb, Se, and Zn were within published ranges. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb were lower, and concentrations of Co and Sr were higher than published ranges. Compared with Holsteins, Jerseys produced milk with higher concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, Rh, and Zn and with a lower concentration of Bi. The organically produced milk, compared with conventionally produced milk, contained a significantly higher concentration of Mo (48 v. 37 ng/g) and a lower concentration of Ba (43 v. 62 ng/g), Eu (4 v. 7 ng/g), Mn (16 v. 20 ng/g) and Zn (4400 v. 5150 ng/g respectively). The investigation yielded typical concentrations for the following trace elements in milk, for which no or very few data are available: Ba, Bi, Ce, Cs, Eu, Ga, Gd, In, La, Nb, Nd, Pd, Pr, Rh, Sb, Sm, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, Y, and Zr.
Proteolysis during ripening of Manchego cheese made from raw or pasteurized ewes' milk. Seasonal variation
Authors: Gaya Pilar , Sánchez Carmen , Nuñez Manuel , Fernández-García Estrella
Published: June 2005

Changes in nitrogen compounds during ripening of 40 batches of Manchego cheese made from raw milk (24 batches) or pasteurized milk (16 batches) at five different dairies throughout the year were investigated. After ripening for six months, degradation of p-κ- and β-caseins was more intense in raw milk cheese and degradation of αs2-casein in pasteurized milk cheese. Milk pasteurization had no significant effect on breakdown of αs1-casein. Hydrophobic peptide content did not differ between raw and pasteurized milk cheese, whereas hydrophilic peptide content was higher in raw milk cheese. There were no significant differences between seasons for residual caseins, but hydrophobic peptides were at a higher level in cheese made in autumn and winter and hydrophilic peptides in cheese made in winter and spring. Raw milk cheese had a higher content of total free amino acids and of most individual free amino acids than pasteurized milk cheese. The relative percentages of the individual free amino acids were significantly different for raw milk and pasteurized milk cheeses. The relative percentages of Lys and Ile increased, while those of Val, Leu and Phe decreased during ripening. There were also seasonal variations within the relative percentages of free amino acids. In raw milk cheeses, Asp and Cys were relatively more abundant in those made in autumn, Glu and Arg in cheeses made in winter, and Lys and Ile in cheeses made in spring and summer. Biogenic amines were detected only in raw milk cheese, with the highest levels of histamine, tryptamine and tyramine in cheeses made in spring, winter and spring, respectively.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: June 2005

The Social Policy Digest went online in the summer of 2003. This means that the Digest, which used to be printed as part of the Journal of Social Policy, is now only available via the web.
Introduction to ‘Literature and Music’ special issue
Authors: Street John
Published: June 2005

Some of the best ideas emerge, not in moments of deep contemplation or studious silence, but in more convivial and relaxed circumstances. That was true of the idea for this special issue. It emerged in the course of a long lunch, and was the result of a suggestion by Dave Laing. He drew attention to the many ways in which music and literature were connected and the interesting questions and issues that their relationship raised. It would be a good theme, he said, for a special issue. He was right. The call for papers that we published produced a wealth of fascinating proposals. Sadly, there were too many to include here, and it was a difficult task to select the few that are published in the following pages.
‘Can You Still Keep Your Balance?’: Keith Emerson's anxiety of influence, style change, and the road to prog superstardom
Authors: KAWAMOTO AKITSUGU
Published: June 2005

Harold Bloom's theory of poetic influence has been applied to studies of Western art music, but rarely to studies of popular music. This article investigates the applicability of his theory to the music of British progressive rock keyboardist Keith Emerson. It will be argued that, while Emerson's overtly intertextual music for The Nice cannot be well illuminated with this theory, Bloom can help us explore and interpret some delicate aesthetic aspects of the important style change from The Nice to Emerson, Lake and Palmer (ELP). Emerson felt the anxiety of The Nice's influence upon ELP, changed his style because of it, and led the new group to prog rock superstardom. Bloom's six revisionary ratios can indeed shed light on those subtle qualities which were necessary for a progressive rock ideology to be ‘mainstreamed’ and sold as commodity – qualities that resulted from a process of ‘misreading’.
‘Jazz at Night and the Classics in the Morning’: musical double-consciousness in short fiction by Langston Hughes
Authors: Miyakawa Felicia M.
Published: June 2005

Leaders of the Harlem Renaissance – intellectuals such as Jessie Faucet, Alain Locke, James Weldon Johnson and W.E.B. DuBois – hoped to gain respect for African Americans through participation in emblems of high culture such as poetry, novels, serious plays, and the highest of all classical music genres: the symphony.1 They encouraged artists to mine folk themes for use in new, elevating works, transforming ‘indigenous’ materials into uplifting examples of high cultural resonance. Artists themselves, however, were ambivalent about privileging ‘high’ art, and especially so when making and writing about music. Indeed, as Samuel Floyd has argued, the most vibrant music to come out of the Harlem Renaissance took the form of blues, boogie woogie, and hot jazz, found in venues such as clubs, juke joints, rent parties, and stage shows (Floyd 1990, pp. 5–6).
Millian Superiorities
Authors: ARRHENIUS GUSTAF , RABINOWICZ WLODEK
Published: June 2005

Suppose one sets up a sequence of less and less valuable objects such that each object in the sequence is only marginally worse than its immediate predecessor. Could one in this way arrive at something that is dramatically inferior to the point of departure? It has been claimed that if there is a radical value difference between the objects at each end of the sequence, then at some point there must be a corresponding radical difference between the adjacent elements. The underlying picture seems to be that a radical gap cannot be scaled by a series of steps, if none of the steps itself is radical. We show that this picture is incorrect on a stronger interpretation of value superiority, but correct on a weaker one. Thus, the conclusion we reach is that, in some sense at least, abrupt breaks in such decreasing sequences cannot be avoided, but that such unavoidable breaks are less drastic than has been suggested. In an appendix written by John Broome and Wlodek Rabinowicz, the distinction between two kinds of value superiority is extended from objects to their attributes.
Equality, Clumpiness and Incomparability
Authors: HSIEH NIEN-HÊ
Published: June 2005

The incomparability of two items is thought to pose a problem for making justified choices and for consequentialist theories that rely on comparing states of the world to judge the goodness of a particular course of action. In response, it has been argued that items thought incomparable by one of the three standard relations, ‘better than’, ‘worse than’ and ‘equally good’, are instead comparable by some fourth relation, such as ‘roughly equal’ or ‘on a par’. Against such accounts, this article argues that values in virtue of which comparisons are made can be ‘clumpy’ and that in comparisons involving clumpy values, we have no reason to accept ‘roughly equal’ or ‘on a par’ as distinct from ‘equally good’. The article supports the possibility of incomparability by arguing for an interpretation of incomparability as an instance of incommensurability.
Semi-global Consequentialism and Blameless Wrongdoing: Reply to Brown
Authors: STREUMER BART
Published: June 2005

Campbell Brown is right that my argument against semi-global consequentialism relies on the principle of agglomeration. However, semi-global consequentialists cannot rescue their view simply by rejecting this principle.
Dose-dense chemotherapy: ready for prime time
Authors: Dang C. T. , Hudis C. A.
Published: June 2005

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in women in developed countries even though most women with the disease die of other causes. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with anthracycline-based regimens has been proven to decrease the risk of relapse and cancer-related mortality in women with early stage breast cancer contributing to the improving survival seen with this disease. The taxanes have been effective additions to several adjuvant regimens based on recent prospective randomized studies. In the quest to further improve outcomes with adjuvant chemotherapy, dose and schedule modifications based on kinetic models have been compared with standard regimens. In this paper we review of several key trials testing a specific modification called ‘dose-dense’ chemotherapy.
Balancing Individual Interests and Quality of the Profession in the Formulation of Professional Standards
Authors: Poortinga Ype H.
Published: June 2005

Abstract. In the EU-funded working group that has been developing a European Diploma of Psychology several issues arose where a balance had to be found between individual interests of practicing psychologists and standards of professional quality. These issues included: an accredited curriculum or individual on-the-job performance as requirement for entry to the profession; open access of diploma holders to all areas of practice or access limited to a specific area defined by previous training and experience; time-limited or life-long validity of the diploma and low vs. high continued education requirements for revalidation; and the use of the register of diploma holders for the profession as a marketing tool for the individual psychologist.