bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of innovative mould steels in a chloride‐containing environment
Authors: Rosalbino F. , Scavino G. , Mortarino G.
Published: July 2010

Investigations concerning the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of mould steels are scarce and limited. In the present study the corrosion resistance of an innovative mould steel (a microalloyed steel, steel 2), devoted to the fabrication of large size moulds, and a steel having the same composition without microalloying elements (B, Zr, Nb, steel 3), proposed for small size moulds, was assessed in a chloride‐containing environment and compared with that of the traditional 1.2738 steel. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out on the investigated steel samples in a 0.1 M NaCl solution at 25 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis were used to characterize the specimens surface after the electrochemical tests. Despite having a bainitic microstructure, the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the investigated steels is quite different. Results showed that the steel 3 and the 1.2738 steel samples exhibit the best and the worst electrochemical corrosion behaviours compared to the steel 2 sample. The presence of pearlite is considered as the main reason for the poor corrosion behaviour showed by the 1.2738 steel sample, due to galvanic coupling phenomena between this phase and the bainitic matrix which experiences preferential dissolution. The coarse bainitic microstructure characterizing the steel 2 sample is responsible for its lower corrosion resistance as compared with the steel 3 sample exhibiting a finer bainitic microstructure.
Quantification of human body fat tissue percentage by MRI
Authors: Müller Hans‐Peter , Raudies Florian , Unrath Alexander , Neumann Heiko , Ludolph Albert C. , Kassubek Jan
Published: July 2010

The MRI‐based evaluation of the quantity and regional distribution of adipose tissue is one objective measure in the investigation of obesity. The aim of this article was to report a comprehensive and automatic analytical method for the determination of the volumes of subcutaneous fat tissue (SFT) and visceral fat tissue (VFT) in either the whole human body or selected slices or regions of interest. Using an MRI protocol in an examination position that was convenient for volunteers and patients with severe diseases, 22 healthy subjects were examined. The software platform was able to merge MRI scans of several body regions acquired in separate acquisitions. Through a cascade of image processing steps, SFT and VFT volumes were calculated. Whole‐body SFT and VFT distributions, as well as fat distributions of defined body slices, were analysed in detail. Complete three‐dimensional datasets were analysed in a reproducible manner with as few operator‐dependent interventions as possible. In order to determine the SFT volume, the ARTIS (Adapted Rendering for Tissue Intensity Segmentation) algorithm was introduced. The advantage of the ARTIS algorithm was the delineation of SFT volumes in regions in which standard region grow techniques fail. Using the ARTIS algorithm, an automatic SFT volume detection was feasible. MRI data analysis was able to determine SFT and VFT volume percentages using new analytical strategies. With the techniques described, it was possible to detect changes in SFT and VFT percentages of the whole body and selected regions. The techniques presented in this study are likely to be of use in obesity‐related investigations, as well as in the examination of longitudinal changes in weight during various medical conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radar transparent glass fabric reinforced polyetherimide/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites
Authors: Dwivedi Mayank , Alam Sarfaraz , Bhatnagar Naresh , Ghosh Anup K.
Published: July 2010

High performance radar transparent materials (RTMs) are important materials for the fabrication of radomes, nosecones, etc. of high velocity aerospace vehicles. RTMs with good mechanical performance and temperature capability are required for such applications. Toward this, fabric reinforced nano‐reinforced matrix composites (FRNCs), using reinforcing E‐glass fabric in Cloisite 30B reinforced polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite matrix (GNRPEI), was prepared. The properties of GNRPEI were evaluated and compared with E‐glass fabric reinforced PEI composites (GRPEI) with special reference to their radar transparent character for aerospace applications. Tensile and flexural properties along with interlaminar shear strength of GRPEI were observed to be lower than those of GNRPEI. Thermal behavior of both the composites was similar in differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. But, in dynamic mechanical analysis, an increase in storage modulus and decrease in loss tangent were observed in GNRPEI compared to GRPEI. The values of dielectric constant and loss tangent of GNRPEI were lesser than those of GRPEI, but no significant difference was observed in the values of transmission and reflection losses for both the composites at 8–12 GHz frequency. FRNCs, based on organoclay reinforced PEI matrix, hold good promise as high performance RTMs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a liquid boron‐modified polycarbosilane and its ceramic conversion to dense SiC ceramics
Authors: Yu Zhaoju , Fang Yunhui , Huang Muhe , Li Ran , Zhan Junying , Zhou Cong , He Guomei , Xia Haiping
Published: July 2010

A boron‐modified ethynylhydridopolycarbosilane (B‐EHPCS) was successfully prepared via the hydroboration reaction of ethynylhydridopolycarbosilane (EHPCS) with 9‐borabicyclo‐[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN). The as‐synthesized B‐EHPCS with a branched structure was characterized by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The structural evolution of ceramic conversion of B‐EHPCS was investigated by solid‐state NMR. The 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR results indicated that the CC and CC groups of B‐EHPCS take part in the hydrosilation cross‐linking at a relatively low temperature (170°C). According to the 29Si MAS NMR analysis, the CSiH3 end groups are most reactive hydride functionality involved in the hydrosilation cross‐linking. With increasing curing temperature, the C2SiH2 and CSiH3 units are completely consumed, while C3SiH units remain even after curing at 600°C. The TGA results show the 1200°C ceramic yield of B‐EHPCS reaches 86%, which is 10% higher than that of the parent EHPCS (76%). At high temperatures, the introduction of <1 wt% boron significantly inhibits silicon carbide (SiC) crystallization. The 1800°C ceramics derived from B‐EHPCS are found to be significantly denser than that from EHPCS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forsythoside a inhibits the avian infectious bronchitis virus in cell culture
Authors: Li Huawei , Wu Jufu , Zhang Zhongwen , Ma Yuanyuan , Liao Fangfang , Zhang Yu , Wu Guojuan
Published: July 2010

Forsythoside A is a polyphenolic constituent of the fruits of Forsythia suspensa Vahl. which is widely used as an antiinflammatory agent in traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, the effects of forsythoside A on cell infection by avian infectious bronchitis virus were assessed. A real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was used to determine mRNA content of IBV N gene. The pretreatment of cells with forsythoside A, adding forsythoside A post infection of cells, and treatment of virus with forsythoside A were analysed. The inhibitory effect of forsythoside A was confirmed by infecting primary chicken embryo kidney cells. Infected cells were inhibited by forsythoside A treatment. The data indicated that forsythoside A has the potential to prevent IBV infection in vitro. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control of a class of underactuated mechanical systems with dynamic friction
Authors: Sandoval Jesús , Kelly Rafael , Santibáñez Víctor
Published: July 2010

This paper considers the extension of the interconnection and damping assignment passivity‐based control methodology for a class of underactuated mechanical systems with dynamic friction. We present a new damping assignment approach to compensate friction by means of a nonlinear observer. Friction at the actuated joints is assumed to be captured by a bristle deflection model: the Dahl model. Based on the Lyapunov direct method we show that, under some conditions, the overall closed‐loop system is stable and, by invoking the theorem of Barbashin–Krasovskii, we arrive to asymptotic stability conditions. Experiments with an underactuated mechanical system, the Furuta pendulum, show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme when friction is compensated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long-term effects on haemostatic variables of threead libitumdiets differing in type and amount of fat and carbohydrate: a 6-month randomised study in obese individuals
Authors: Bladbjerg Else-Marie , Larsen Thomas M. , Due Anette , Jespersen Jørgen , Stender Steen , Astrup Arne
Published: July 2010

Diet is important in the prevention of CVD, and it has been suggested that a diet high in MUFA is more cardioprotective than a low-fat diet. We hypothesised that the thrombotic risk profile is improved most favourably by a high-MUFA diet compared with a low-fat diet. This was tested in a parallel randomised intervention trial on overweight individuals (aged 28·2 (sd4·6) years) randomly assigned to a diet providing a moderate amount of fat (35–45 % of energy; >20 % of fat as MUFA) (MUFA diet;n39), to a low-fat (LF; 20–30 % of energy) diet (n43), or to a control diet (35 % of energy as fat;n24) for 6 months after a weight loss of about 10 %. Protein constituted 10–20 % of energy in all three diets. All foods were provided free of charge from a purpose-built supermarket. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after intervention and analysed for factor VII coagulant activity (FVII:c), fibrinogen, prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), D-dimer and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI). The fibrinogen concentration was significantly lowered by the LF diet, but not by the MUFA diet. Changes in fibrinogen differed significantly between diet groups. BMI and PAI concentration increased and D-dimer concentrations were reduced irrespective of the diets. No changes were observed for FVII:c and F1+2. Our findings suggest that in overweight subjects after weight loss the thrombotic risk profile is improved most favourably by the LF diet compared with the MUFA diet based on the reduction in fibrinogen concentrations.
Estimating population densities and biomass of ungulates in the temperate ecosystem of Bhutan
Authors: Wang Sonam Wangyel
Published: July 2010

In this study I estimate population densities and biomass of the major prey species of tigerPanthera tigris, leopardPanthera pardusand dholeCuon alpinusin Bhutan’s temperate ecosystem and recommend measures for reducing crop damage whilst simultaneously protecting ungulate populations. Thirty-two transects totalling 849 km were walked to estimate densities and biomass of ungulates and primates in Bhutan’s Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park during 2005–2006. Adequate detections (> 40 sightings) for analysis usingDistancewere obtained for wild pigSus scrofa(n = 54), muntjacMunticus muntjac(n = 102) and sambarCervus unicolor(n = 48). Because of similarity in morphology and habitat use, density of serowCapricornis sumatraensiswas estimated using the detection probability for sambar. Detections for langurTrachypithecus geeiand macaqueMacca mulattawere combined (n = 39) to estimate primate density. Mean estimated densities were 3.68 wild pig, 2.17 muntjac, 1.19 sambar, 2.37 primates and 0.36 serow km-2. The three primary prey species of large predators, wild pig, sambar and muntjac, provided a biomass of 379 kg km-2, which could support up to 1.2 tigers per 100 km2. However, the presence of other sympatric carnivores competing for prey in the same area suggests that the actual number of tigers that could be supported is lower. Livestock (density, 6.0 km-2; biomass, 615 kg km-2) apparently supplement prey availability. Ungulate density in the study area is generally low compared to other areas in the Indian sub-continent, and this may be due to conflicts with farmers, excessive grazing of livestock in the forest and the rugged terrain.
Evaluating the status of the Endangered tigerPanthera tigrisand its prey in Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Gopal Rajesh , Qureshi Qamar , Bhardwaj Manish , Jagadish Singh R.K. , Jhala Yadvendradev V.
Published: July 2010

We evaluated the status of tigersPanthera tigrisand their prey in Panna Tiger Reserve using occupancy surveys, camera-trap mark-recapture population estimation, and distance sampling along foot transects, in 2006. Forest Range tiger occupancy in the Panna landscape (3,500 km2) estimated by 1,077 surveys of 5 km each was 29% ± SE 1. Within occupied Ranges of the Reserve a mean of 68% ± SE 7 of forest Beats had tiger signs. A total of 800 camera-trap nights yielded 24 captures of seven individual adult tigers within an effective trap area of 185.0 ± SE 15.8 km-2. The best model incorporating individual heterogeneity (Mh) estimated the tiger population to be 9 ± SE 2. Tiger density was 4.9 ± SE 1.5 per 100 km2and was lower than that reported in 2002 (6.49 tigers per 100 km2). Both occupancy and density indicated a decline of the tiger population in the Reserve. Mean ungulate density was 42.4 ± SE 8.4 km-2and comparable to other tiger reserves. Since our survey in 2006 tiger status in Panna has deteriorated further because of poaching. Panna was occupied by dacoits in late 2006 and anti-insurgent activities caused further disturbances. In late 2008 there was a single male tiger left in Panna but he has not been seen since January 2009. The Madhya Pradesh Forest department has reintroduced three tigers to Panna from neighbouring tiger reserves. Panna, along with Sariska Tiger Reserve, exemplifies the vulnerability of small, isolated tiger populations to local extinctions caused by poaching, even in areas with suitable habitat and sufficient prey.
Martial and the City of Rome
Authors: Roman Luke
Published: July 2010

This essay examines the representation of the city of Rome in Martial's Epigrams, and specifically, his references to urban topography. The city is an insistent and vivid presence in Martial's Epigrams to a degree unparalleled in Roman poetry. He fashions a Rome that is more relentlessly sordid, irregular and jagged in texture, and overtly dissonant in its juxtapositions than the literary cities of his poetic predecessors. This new urban emphasis is not only a game of literary one-upmanship. Martial's urban poetics takes shape in the context of renewed attention to the city and monumental building under the Flavians.
Environmental correlates of herpetofaunal diversity in Costa Rica
Authors: Laurencio David , Fitzgerald Lee A.
Published: July 2010

Disentangling local and historical factors that determine species diversity patterns at multiple spatial scales is fundamental to elucidating processes that govern ecological communities. Here we investigated how environmental correlates may influence diversity at local and regional scales. Primarily utilizing published species lists, amphibian and reptile alpha and beta diversity were assessed at 17 well-surveyed sites distributed among ecoregions throughout Costa Rica. The degree to which regional species diversity patterns were related to environmental variables and geographic distance was determined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Mantel tests. Amphibian alpha diversity was highest in lowland Pacific sites (mean = 43.3 species) and lowest at the high elevation site (9 species). Reptile alpha diversity values were high for both lowland Atlantic (mean = 69.5 species) and lowland Pacific (mean = 67 species) sites and lowest for the high elevation site (8 species). We found high species turnover between local sites and ecoregions, demonstrating the importance of beta diversity in the determination of regional diversity. For both amphibians and reptiles, beta diversity was highest between the high-elevation site and all others, and lowest among lowland sites within the same ecoregion. The effect of geographic distance on beta diversity was minor. Ecologically significant climatic variables related to rain, temperature, sunshine and insolation were found to be important determinants of local and regional diversity for both amphibians and reptiles in Costa Rica.
Ageing in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Carvallo Sarah
Published: July 2010

Argument

At the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, ageing was specifically a medical issue. Indeed, on the one hand, ageing is a normal process of living; on the other hand, old age often entails specific pathologies. Is it really possible to dissociate old age from pathology? If so, how can we think of old age and explain both the necessity and the normality of it? If not, what is the cause of this dysfunction? Modern medical controversies argue along the lines of the respective partisans ofiatromecanism(Descartes), empirical medicine (Sydenham), and animist medicine (Stahl). Furthermore, it progressively appears that the issue of aging must also be addressed within the social field, where old age is affected by sanitary, economic, and strategic conditions. Indeed, doctors, economists, and philosophers (Graunt, Petty, Leibniz) even tried to assess old age quantitatively with new methods of arithmetic. Thus, in this paper, we want to draw what constitutes the systems of knowledge of old age as a medical category located at the borderlines between epistemological, practical, and social challenges.
Tricks of Transference: Oka Asajirō (1868–1944) on Laissez-faire Capitalism
Authors: Sullivan Gregory
Published: July 2010

Argument

Contrary to common portrayals of social Darwinism as a transference of laissez-faire values, the widely read evolutionism of Japan's foremost Darwinist of the early twentieth-century, Oka Asajirō (1868–1944), reflects a statist outlook that regards capitalism as the beginning of the nation's degeneration. The evolutionary theory of orthogenesis that Oka employed in his 1910 essay, “The Future of Humankind,” links him to a pre-Darwinian idealist tradition that depicted the state as an organism that develops through life-cycle stages. For Oka, laissez-faire capitalism marked the moment when the state began to decline toward extinction due to the orthogenetic overdevelopment of hitherto subordinate individual egos. Because conservative bureaucrat-intellectuals had been drawing upon this same organicist-developmental tradition since the 1880s in an attempt to forestall the social ills of industrialism, Oka's call for statist measures, including eugenics, to lessen and delay the atomizing, enervating, and corrupting influence of capitalism articulated the political vision of officialdom. Statist evolutionism, not social Darwinism, might be the term that best describes Oka's approach.
Embodied interdisciplinarity: what is the role of polymaths in environmental research?
Authors: YOUNG JULIETTE C. , MARZANO MARIELLA
Published: July 2010

Interdisciplinarity can be interpreted broadly as an active, multi-faceted learning process between researchers from different disciplines to create a common ground for a special purpose. Interdisciplinary approaches are regarded as necessary in environmental research, especially in view of global environmental change. However, some argue there is a lack of genuine interdisciplinarity in environmental research. Polymaths can play a potentially important role in environmental research. Environmental polymaths can enhance the effectiveness of interdisciplinarity through their knowledge and understanding of different disciplinary languages, epistemologies and methodologies, and as such, should be acknowledged more explicitly in interdisciplinary discussions.
Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law
Authors: JOYCE DANIEL
Published: July 2010

This article considers the relationship of international law and the media through the prism of human rights. In the first section the international regulation of the media is examined and visions of good, bad, and new media emerge. In the second section, the enquiry is reversed and the article explores the ways in which the media is shaping international legal forms and processes in the field of human rights. This is termed the ‘mediatization of international law’. Yet despite hopes for new media and the Internet to transform international law, the theoretical work of Jodi Dean warns of the danger to democracy of commodification through the spread of ‘communicative capitalism’.
Organic Global Constitutionalism
Authors: SCHWÖBEL CHRISTINE E. J.
Published: July 2010

Global constitutionalism is becoming increasingly prevalent in international legal discourse. While the various contributions give the impression of a seemingly complex and diverse debate, the contributions in fact all share some significant omissions and biases. It is argued here that the limitations, to be found in the disregard for processes such as fragmentation, and the biases, to be found through such realities as hegemony in international law, give rise to the necessity of a reconceptualization of the global constitutional debate. It is suggested that global constitutionalism should be reconfigured in terms of what is called ‘organic global constitutionalism’. Organic global constitutionalism should be understood as being defined by constitutionalism as process, constitutionalism as political, constitutionalism as a ‘negative universal’, and constitutionalism as a promise for the future. These features would offer an alternative way of framing the debate and a means of redeeming the idea of global constitutionalism.
Sexual Violence beyond Reasonable Doubt: Using Pattern Evidence and Analysis for International Cases
Authors: ARANBURU XABIER AGIRRE
Published: July 2010

Establishing the pattern of crime is fundamental for the successful investigation of international crimes (genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). A pattern of crime is the aggregate of multiple incidents that share common features related to the victims, the perpetrators, and the modus operandi. Pattern evidence and analysis have been used successfully, mainly in the investigation of large-scale killings, destruction, and displacement; the use for sexual violence charges has been remarkably more limited. There is a need to overcome this gap by setting proper methods of data collection and analysis. At the level of evidence collection, under-reporting should be addressed through victimization surveys or secondary analysis of data available from different sources. At the level of analysis, the available evidence needs to be subject to impartial examination beyond the pre-conceptions of the conflict parties and advocacy groups, in compliance with scientific standards for quantitative, qualitative, and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) methods. Reviewing the different investigative experiences and jurisprudence will help to set the right methodology and contribute most efficiently to putting an end to the impunity regarding sexual crimes.
Incitement to Terrorist Acts and International Law
Authors: RONEN YAËL
Published: July 2010

This article considers the initiative of UN Security Council Resolution 1624 (2005) in criminalizing incitement to terrorist acts, in the light of criminal and international human rights law. The analysis is informed by the specific type of terrorism with which Resolution 1624 (2005) is concerned, namely ‘modern’ terrorism. The article argues that the rationales for a prohibition on incitement to terrorist acts call for a relatively wide definition of potentially proscribed speech. This can be achieved without excessively infringing freedom of expression. However, the present interpretation of the proposed prohibition is so restrictive that the prohibition may fail to counter the phenomenon with which it grapples. The article also considers whether incitement to terrorist acts can be regarded as an international crime. It concludes that in some instances there may be an overlap between incitement to terrorist acts and certain international crimes, but classification of incitement to terrorist acts as an international crime requires a fragmented approach to terrorism, which is contrary to current trends.
The Predication Thesis and a New Problem about Persistent Fundamental Legal Controversies
Authors: TOH KEVIN
Published: July 2010

According to a widely held view, people's commitments to laws are dependent on the existence in their community of a conventional practice of complying with certain fundamental laws. This conventionalism has significantly hampered our attempts to explain the normative practice of law. Ronald Dworkin has argued against conventionalism by bringing up the phenomenon of persistent fundamental legal controversies, but neither Dworkin nor his legal positivist respondents have correctly understood the real significance of such controversies. This article argues that such controversies pose a deep challenge to any conception of our legal practice as a genuinely normative, rule-mediated, practice. The article also argues that what is needed to deflect this challenge is a new understanding – different from the widely held conventionalist understanding – of how people's commitments to laws are predicated on their fellows’ like commitments.
Consequentialism and the Wrong Kind of Reasons: A Reply to Lang
Authors: BRUNERO JOHN
Published: July 2010

In his article ‘The Right Kind of Solution to the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem’, Gerald Lang formulates the buck-passing account of value so as to resolve the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem. I argue against his formulation of buck-passing. Specifically, I argue that his formulation of buck-passing is not compatible with consequentialism (whether direct or indirect), and so it should be rejected.
WHEN SHOULD WE STOP EXTRACTING NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES?
Authors: Schumacher Ingmar
Published: July 2010

This article analyzes an economy where both nonrenewable resources and a costly energy resource are essential inputs in production. The extraction of the nonrenewable resources leads to emissions that increase the probability of a catastrophe. We find that, in contrast to the constant-probability case, the endogenous probability of a catastrophe implies that some nonrenewable resources might optimally be left in the ground. The larger the effect of the fossil energy use on the probability of a catastrophe, the fewer nonrenewable resources should be extracted and the earlier should be the switch to the renewable substitute. The richer a country, the earlier it should shift to the energy substitute. In the trade-off between higher consumption and a higher probability of catastrophe, even small probability changes are likely to be more important for the planner than higher consumption.
Sind Immersionsschüler wirklich leistungsstärker?
Authors: Kuska Sandra Kristina , Zaunbauer Anna C. M. , Möller Jens
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Immersionsprogramme stellen eine international etablierte Form bilingualen Unterrichts dar, bei der der Unterricht in einer Zweitsprache wie Englisch erfolgt, während das reguläre Curriculum beibehalten wird. Effekte solcher Programme sind schwer eindeutig zu belegen, da mit der Unterrichtsform Selektions- und Kompositionseffekte einhergehen können, die sich auf die Schülerleistung auswirken. In dieser Studie wird daher der Lernstoff in einer standardisierten Lernsituation dargeboten, in der die Lernleistung N = 402 immersiv und monolingual unterrichteter Dritt- und Viertklässler verglichen wird. Zentrale Prädiktoren der Lernleistung werden statistisch kontrolliert. Es zeigen sich höhere Lern- und Erinnerungsleistungen der immersiv unterrichteten im Vergleich zu den monolingual unterrichteten Schülern. Die Ergebnisse werden in Hinblick auf mögliche vermittelnde Variablen wie Selektionsfaktoren, Kompositionseffekte und kognitive Kontrollfunktionen diskutiert.
Auswirkungen mono- vs. koedukativen Unterrichts im Sport auf das spontane geschlechtsbezogene Selbstwissen
Authors: Tietjens Maike , Hagemann Norbert , Stracke Sascha
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. In dieser quasiexperimentell angelegten Studie soll der Einfluss von monoedukativem und koedukativem Unterricht sowie die Ausübung geschlechtstypisierter Sportarten (maskulin vs. feminin vs. neutral) auf das spontane geschlechtspezifische Selbstwissen von Schülerinnen und Schülern (MAlter = 13.85, SD = 1.02) untersucht werden. Die Studie baut auf den Experimenten von Hannover (1997b) und Kessels (2002 ; Kessels & Hannover, 2008 ) auf. Mithilfe eines Pretests wurden drei Sportarten ausgewählt, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Geschlechtstypisierung unterscheiden (typisch männlich: Fußball; typisch weiblich: Tanzen; neutral: Brennball). In sechs monoedukativ und sechs koedukativ unterrichteten Schulklassen (N = 264 Schülerinnen und Schüler) wurde jeweils eine Sportart eingeführt. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler mussten während der regulären Unterrichtseinheit ein Reaktionszeitexperiment am Computer durchführen, bei dem sie so schnell wie möglich entscheiden mussten, ob eine Personeneigenschaft für sie zutreffend ist oder nicht. Die Personeneigenschaften wurden der Skala zur Erfassung des geschlechtsbezogenen Selbstkonzepts entnommen ( Altstötter-Gleich, 2004 ). Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass geschlechtsschemakongruente Kontexte einen größeren Effekt auf die Aktivierung geschlechtsbezogenen Selbstwissens haben als geschlechtsschemainkongruente Kontexte. Es wird gefolgert, dass im Sportunterricht die Sportarten auch hinsichtlich ihrer Geschlechtstypik auszuwählen sind, um 1. die Geschlechtstypik aufzubrechen und 2. um Schüler(inne)n Zugang zu geschlechtsschemainkongruentem Selbstwissen zu ermöglichen.
Nucleotide supply, not local histone acetylation, sets replication origin usage in transcribed regions
Authors: Gay Sophie , Lachages Anne‐Marie , Millot Gael A , Courbet Sylvain , Letessier Anne , Debatisse Michelle , Brison Olivier
Published: July 2010

In eukaryotes, only a fraction of replication origins fire at each S phase. Local histone acetylation was proposed to control firing efficiency of origins, but conflicting results were obtained. We report that local histone acetylation does not reflect origin efficiencies along the adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 locus in mammalian fibroblasts. Reciprocally, modulation of origin efficiency does not affect acetylation. However, treatment with a deacetylase inhibitor changes the initiation pattern. We demonstrate that this treatment alters pyrimidine biosynthesis and decreases fork speed, which recruits latent origins. Our findings reconcile results that seemed inconsistent and reveal an unsuspected effect of deacetylase inhibitors on replication dynamics.
Time-reversal methods in geophysics
Authors: Larmat Carène S. , Guyer, Robert A. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: July 2010

Classical earthquakes are easily located by triangulation. For more obscure seismic events, geophysicists are developing the trick of playing the movie backward.
Thermal conductivity through the 19th century
Authors: Narasimhan T. N.
Published: July 2010

From 1807 to 1811, Joseph Fourier conducted experiments and devised mathematical techniques that together yielded the first estimate of a material’s thermal conductivity. His methodology has influenced all subsequent work.
Microplasmas for nanomaterials synthesis
Authors: Mariotti Davide , Sankaran R Mohan
Published: July 2010

Microplasmas have attracted a tremendous amount of interest from the plasma community because of their small physical size, stable operation at atmospheric pressure, non-thermal characteristics, high electron densities and non-Maxwellian electron energy distributions. These properties make microplasmas suitable for a wide range of materials applications, including the synthesis of nanomaterials. Research has shown that vapour-phase precursors can be injected into a microplasma to homogeneously nucleate nanoparticles in the gas phase. Alternatively, microplasmas have been used to evaporate solid electrodes and form metal or metal-oxide nanostructures of various composition and morphology. Microplasmas have also been coupled with liquids to directly reduce aqueous metal salts and produce colloidal dispersions of nanoparticles. This topical review discusses the unique features of microplasmas that make them advantageous for nanomaterials synthesis, gives an overview of the diverse approaches previously reported in the literature and looks ahead to the potential for scale-up of current microplasma-based processes.
Ultrasonic friction power during thermosonic Au and Cu ball bonding
Authors: Shah A , Mayer M , Qin I , Huynh C , Zhou Y , Meyer M
Published: July 2010

The ultrasonic friction power during thermosonic ball bonding with Au and Cu wires, both 25 µm in diameter, is derived with an improved method from experimental measurements during the bonding process. Experimental data include the current delivered to the ultrasonic transducer and the tangential force measured using piezoresistive microsensors integrated close to the Al bonding pad. The improvement results from a new, more accurate method to derive the mechanical compliance of the ultrasonic system. The method employs a bond process modification in which the ultrasonic current is ramped up sequentially in three steps. In the first two steps, the ultrasonic current is set to levels that are too low to cause sliding. The bonding takes place during the third step, when the current is ramped up to the optimum value required for making good quality bonds. The ultrasonic compliance values are derived from the first two steps and are 8.2 ± 0.5 µm N−1 and 7.7 ± 0.5 µm N−1 for the Au and Cu processes, respectively. These values are determined within an average error estimate of ±6%, substantially lower than the ±10% estimated with a previously reported method. The ultrasonic compliance in the case of Au is 6% higher due to the lower elastic modulus of Au compared with that of Cu. Typical maximum values of relative sliding amplitude of ultrasonic friction at the interface are 655 nm and 766 nm for the Au and Cu processes. These values are 81% of the free-air vibration amplitude of the bonding capillary tip for the respective ultrasonic current settings. Due to bond growth, which damps relative motion between the ball and the pad, the final relative amplitude at the bond interface is reduced to 4% of the equivalent free-air amplitude. Even though the maximum value of relative amplitude is 17% higher in the Cu process compared with the Au process, the average total interfacial sliding is 519 µm in the Cu process, which is 31% lower than that in the Au process (759 µm). The average maximum interfacial friction power is 10.3 mW and 16.9 mW for the Au and Cu ball bonding processes, respectively. The total sliding friction energy delivered to the bond is 48.5 µJ and 49.4 µJ for the Au and Cu ball bonding cases, respectively. These values result in average friction energy densities of 50.3 mJ mm−2 and 54.8 mJ mm−2 for Au and Cu ball bonding, respectively.
Spin wave dynamics in magnetoelectric Ni/BaTiO3 nanocomposites
Authors: Lutsev L , Yakovlev S , Castel V , Brosseau C
Published: July 2010

Using microwave and spin wave spectroscopy measurements, we examine the recently discovered room temperature magnetoelectric (ME) Ni/BaTiO3 nanocomposites (NCs) fabricated under uniaxial compression. Over the compositional range explored, we observe a significant variation in the microwave absorption spectrum of the NCs as a function of the Ni content. We argue that the relative change in the spin wave (SW) group velocity is related to the internal field determined from ferromagnetic resonance and the ME coupling coefficient evaluated by microwave spectroscopy in these samples. This suggests that the SW features are set by the local (internal) magnetic field. These observations suggest a broader opportunity to probe the collective spin–environment interactions in ME NCs.
TreesimJ: a flexible, forward time population genetic
simulator
Authors: O'Fallon Brendan
Published: July 2010

Motivation: Most population genetic simulators fall into one of two classes, backward time simulators that quickly generate trees but accommodate only relatively simple selective and demographic regimes, and forward simulators that allow for a broader range of evolutionary scenarios but which cannot produce genealogies. Thus, few tools are available that allow for producing genealogies under arbitrarily complex selective and demographic models.

Results: TreesimJ is a forward time population genetic simulator that allows for sampling of genealogies, genetic data and many population parameters from populations evolving under complex evolutionary scenarios. The application provides many fitness and demographic models and new models are easy to develop. Data collection is performed by a variety of independently configurable collectors which periodically sample the population and record statistics. Output options include writing traces, histograms and summary statistics from the data collectors in addition to sampled genetic sequences and genealogies.

Summary: TreesimJ allows researchers to easily sample and analyze gene genealogies and related data from populations evolving under a wide variety of selective and demographic regimes. It is likely to be useful for population genetic researchers seeking to understand the links between evolutionary and demographic forces, genealogical structure and the resulting patterns of genetic variation.

Availability: TreesimJ home : http://staff.washington.edu/brendano/treesimj. Source and developer resources: http://code.google.com/p/treesimj

Contact:  brendano@u.washington.edu
MetNetMaker: a free and open-source tool for the creation of novel metabolic networks in SBML format
Authors: Forth Thomas , McConkey Glenn A. , Westhead David R.
Published: July 2010

Summary: An application has been developed to help with the creation and editing of Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) format metabolic networks up to the organism scale. Networks are defined as a collection of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) LIGAND reactions with an optional associated Enzyme Classification (EC) number for each reaction. Additional custom reactions can be defined by the user. Reactions within the network can be assigned flux constraints and compartmentalization is supported for each reaction in addition to the support for reactions that occur across compartment boundaries. Exported networks are fully SBML L2V4 compatible with an optional L2V1 export for compatibility with old versions of the COBRA toolbox.

Availability and implementation: The software runs in the free Microsoft Access 2007™ Runtime (Microsoft Inc.), which is included with the installer and works on Windows XP SP2 or better. Full source code is viewable in the full version of Access 2007 or 2010. Users must have a license to use the KEGG LIGAND database (free academic licensing is available). Please go to www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk/∼pytf/metnetmaker for software download, help and tutorials.

Contact:  pytf@leeds.ac.uk
Radionuclides in deep-sea fish and other organisms from the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Carvalho Fernando P. , Oliveira João M. , Malta Margarida
Published: July 2010

Carvalho, F. P., Oliveira, J. M., and Malta, M. 2011. Radionuclides in deep-sea fish and other organisms from the North Atlantic Ocean – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 333–340. The naturally occurring radionuclides potassium-40 (40K), radium-226 (226Ra), polonium-210 (210Po), and lead-210 (210Pb) were measured in commercial fish species such as cod, halibut, redfish, and shark from several fishing grounds in the North Atlantic, as well as the anthropogenic radionuclides caesium-137 (137Cs) and plutonium isotopes (238Pu and 239+240Pu). The concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides were compared with those of anthropogenic origin. The main contributors to the radiation dose were 210Po and 40K, with anthropogenic radionuclides accounting for just a small contribution. We provide the first measurements of naturally occurring radionuclides in abyssal organisms, including fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. In these organisms, radionuclide concentrations and the absorbed radiation doses were dominated by 210Po and were comparable with those determined in related coastal species, confirming that the deep-sea fauna do not live in an environment protected from ionizing radiation. Absorbed radiation doses from naturally occurring radionuclides still exceed radiation doses caused by anthropogenic radionuclides introduced into the Northeast Atlantic.
Effects of environmental variability and change on cephalopod populations: an Introduction to the CIAC '09 Symposium special issue
Authors: Rodhouse Paul G.
Published: July 2010

Rodhouse, P. G. 2010 Effects of environmental variability and change on cephalopod populations: an Introduction to the CIAC '09 Symposium special issue. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1311–1313. This manuscript was produced as an introduction to this publication emanating from CIAC '09, the recent triennial symposium of the Cephalopod International Advisory Council. Given the importance of one of its themes to marine ecosystem science, as stated in the title, it also reviews current understanding of how cephalopod populations interact with and respond to their environment. The coleoid cephalopods have evolved to be pre-eminent ecological opportunists, so in an ocean environment which is changing and predicted to become more variable, these molluscs, which successfully survived the massive environmental change in the Cretaceous–Tertiary Boundary, will be worth watching.
The trophic role of the squid Loligo plei as a keystone species in the South Brazil Bight ecosystem
Authors: Gasalla Maria A. , Rodrigues Amanda R. , Postuma Felippe A.
Published: July 2010

Gasalla, M. A., Rodrigues, A. R., and Postuma, F. A. 2010. The trophic role of the squid Loligo plei as a keystone species in the South Brazil Bight ecosystem. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1413–1424. The issue of whether loliginid squid can influence the average structure of marine ecosystems in a keystone role, i.e. a strong effect with relatively low biomass, has not yet been examined. Here, the diet of Loligo plei in inner shelf waters of the South Brazil Bight was examined, as a first step, based on the stomach contents of 2200 squid hand-jigged in shallow water (<30 m) and taken as bycatch of shrimp trawlers in deeper water (30–100 m). Diet varied by size, season, and fishing zone. Stomachs were not empty in ∼12%, with more empty during winter. The range of mantle lengths of squid caught by jigging (101–356 mm) appeared to differ from the squid trawled (30–236 mm), and the diet also differed. Food categories recorded in deeper water did not include amphipods or polychaetes, but in both fishing areas, fish were the most common prey. The fish prey identified included Trachurus lathami, small pelagic species, trichiurids, and Merluccius hubbsi. Demersal species, such as Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus, and flatfish were also present. An ecosystem network model is updated through which a mixed-trophic impact matrix and “keystoneness” indicators were calculated. Loligo plei represents an important link between pelagic and demersal energy pathways, with high indices of keystoneness.
Preparation and Functional Properties of Gluten Hydrolysates with Wheat‐Bug (Eurygaster spp.) Protease
Authors: Olanca Burcu , Özay Dilek Sivri
Published: July 2010

Suni‐bug (Eurygaster spp.) enzyme was partially purified from bug‐damaged wheat and used to prepare gluten hydrolysates at 3% and 5% degree of hydrolysis (DH). Functional properties of gluten and gluten hydrolysates were determined at 0.2% (w/v) protein concentration and pH 2–10. Gluten solubility after enzymatic hydrolysis increased significantly (P < 0.05) up to 89.1, 89.6, and 95.0% at pH 7, 8, and 10, respectively. Emulsion stability (ES) of gluten hydrolysates improved at neutral and alkaline pH (P < 0.05) and emulsifying capacity (EC) increased significantly (P < 0.05) except at pH 10. Foaming capacity (FC) values of gluten hydrolysates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at pH 6, 7, 8; foam stability (FS) values of gluten hydrolysates were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at pH 6 and 7. Enzymatic modification of gluten by wheat‐bug enzyme resulted in hydrolysates with higher antioxidant activity compared to gluten. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between solubility and EC, ES, FC, and FS values of gluten and its hydrolysates with 3% and 5% DH.
Disruption of the Bcchs3a Chitin Synthase Gene in Botrytis cinerea Is Responsible for Altered Adhesion and Overstimulation of Host Plant Immunity
Authors: Arbelet Delphine , Malfatti Pierrette , Simond-Côte Elizabeth , Fontaine Thierry , Desquilbet Loïc , Expert Dominique , Kunz Caroline , Soulié Marie-Christine
Published: July 2010

The fungal cell wall is a dynamic structure that protects the cell from different environmental stresses suggesting that wall synthesizing enzymes are of great importance for fungal virulence. Previously, we reported the isolation and characterization of a mutant in class III chitin synthase, Bcchs3a, in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We demonstrated that virulence of this mutant is severely impaired. Here, we describe the virulence phenotype of the cell-wall mutant Bcchs3a on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and analyze its virulence properties, using a variety of A. thaliana mutants. We found that mutant Bcchs3a is virulent on pad2 and pad3 mutant leaves defective in camalexin. Mutant Bcchs3a was not more susceptible towards camalexin than the wild-type strain but induced phytoalexin accumulation at the infection site on Col-0 plants. Moreover, this increase in camalexin was correlated with overexpression of the PAD3 gene observed as early as 18 h postinoculation. The infection process of the mutant mycelium was always delayed by 48 h, even on pad3 plants, probably because of lack of mycelium adhesion. No loss in virulence was found when Bcchs3a conidia were used as the inoculum source. Collectively, these data led us to assign a critical role to the BcCHS3a chitin synthase isoform, both in fungal virulence and plant defense response.