bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biographical note on James Weddell, R.N. (1787–1834)
Authors: Savours Ann
Published: October 2009

James Weddell is celebrated in polar history for his voyage of 1822–24 during which he penetrated the then unknown Weddell Sea as far as lat. 74° S., in the brig Jane and the cutter Beaufoy. This note sheds light on some other events in his life and records where the source material is to be found.
Northern Co-ordination and Research Centre of the Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources
Authors: Valentine V. F. , Lotz J. R.
Published: October 2009

The Northern Co-ordination and Research Centre was established in 1954, at the recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Northern Development, and reports to government through the Secretary of this committee. It has three main functions—co-ordination, information and research.
The International Years of the Quiet Sun
Authors: Minnis C. M.
Published: October 2009

“The knowledge of the world is only to be acquired in the world and not in a closet.” This advice was given by the Earl of Chesterfield to his son in 1746 and, although it was not intended as such, it could well have inspired all those geophysicists who have ever left their laboratories to make observations in the field, or who have compared the results of their own experiments with those of their colleagues in other parts of the world.
The Arctic wintering of HMS Hecla and Fury in Prince Regent Inlet, 1824–25
Authors: Swithinbank Charles
Published: October 2009

Sept. 18th [1824]. The young bay ice was found this morning to have formed over Barrows Straits, in which we were firmly fixed until next morning, when a smart breeze from the north broke it all up again and let us free to work up to the head of the bay; passing several whales and sea urchins en route. The young bay ice which had formed in sheltered places had, by the strong wind, been converted into (what is known here as) Pan-cake ice. The ships bored their way through with difficulty.
Biological techniques for continuous studies under Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Wohlschlag Donald E.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to describe the facilities that have been developed forconducting biological studies through the permanent, or nearly permanent, sea ice cover ofMcMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

The earliest Antarctic expeditions into inshore areas casually observed and collectedbiota either from shipboard and small boats on rareoccasions when ice conditions were favourable, or from holes or cracks in the ice when temperatures were high enough to preventrapid refreezing. The facilities and techniques described here have evolved since 1958 from similar crude and time-consuming techniques to sophisticated, efficient operations that can now be carried out continuously through ice cover of less than 1 m to over 4 m.
Hovercraft in polar regions
Authors: Fuchs Vivian
Published: October 2009

Since the first conception of a hovercraft by C. S. Cockerell in the early 1950s, and the completion of the first experimental full-scale machine (SR. N1) in 1959, the development of these vehicles has advanced to the stage of practical use.
Electronic components and apparatus for use in polar field operations
Authors: Nottarp K. , Serson H. , Dummer G. W. A.
Published: October 2009

During the 1959 activities of the International Glaciological Expedition to Greenland, tellurometer measurements of the geodetic traverse over the ice sheet were found to contain systematic errors of the order of 1 part in 105 in distance measurement, and there was a big loss in instrument range. The origin of these difficulties may lie in the large temperature gradient in the air close to the snow surface, or in the scattering of the signal from the rough surface, or in the propagation characteristics in the dielectric boundary layer between snow and air (Nottarp, 1962). We are concerned here with the practical solution to the difficulty—the use of a high antenna mounting—and with other modifications made to the instruments for use on the Ross Ice Shelf Survey, 1962–63.
Alaska's first American century: the view ahead
Authors: Moore Terris
Published: October 2009

Alaska and Canada have recently been celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of those separate events, both occurring in 1867, which gave birth to their modern political alignment.

Because of its geographical position, Alaska's history, more than that of any other state of the union, developed in response to international events. Its original Russian occupation, and its acquisition by the United States a century ago, emerge from the history of eastern Siberia, and are related to events in the region of the river Amur, once a part of the ancient Chinese empire. Its purchase also carried with it a boundary dispute merging Alaska's history with that of western Canada.
The autobiography of Dr John Rae, 1813–1893: a preliminary note
Authors: Cooke Alan
Published: October 2009

In July 1967 the Scott Polar Research Institute secured at public sale the manuscript autobiography, hitherto unknown to scholars, of the Arctic explorer Dr John Rae. The Institute was enabled to pay the unexpectedly high price of the manuscript through the good offices of the Victoria and Albert Museum, which matched Institute funds provided by generous friends in Canada and the United States who have wished not to be named.
Notes on a visit to Yakutskaya ASSR, July 1967
Authors: Armstrong Terence
Published: October 2009

These notes, which are arranged in no special order, represent some of the facts learnt and impressions received during this visit. I made an earlier visit to the same general area of north-east Siberia in October 1965.

The Permafrost Institute [Institut Merzlotovedeniya], Yakutsk

The Director, P. I. Mel'nikov, was in Canada for two months on an exchange visit. His Deputies are now F. E. Are, who was here in 1965, and I. I. Tuchkov, a geologist recently transferred from the Yakut Filial to take N. A. Grave's place. These two looked after me in the friendliest and most helpful way.
Anaesthetics in Antarctica
Authors: Lugg D. J.
Published: October 2009

“It was during this month of June, that Drs Mcllroy and Macklin transformed our snuggery into an operating theatre and amputated the frost-bitten toes of our youngest member, Blackborrow, who had been suffering severely and was a chronic cripple. Wild and I acted as hospital orderlies and maintained the temperature of the ‘theatre’ at 50°, by stoking-up the bogie fire with penguin skins. In the dense smoke, by the feeble glimmer of blubber lamps, Macklin administered the chloroform and Mcllroy performed the operation which saved Blackborrow's leg if not indeed his life.”
Industrial development in Greenland
Authors: Christiansen Hans C.
Published: October 2009

For nearly two centuries Den Kongelige Grønlandske Handel (Royal Greenland Trade Department, or RGTD) has been responsible not only for transportation and supply in Greenland but also for the general development of production and of natural resources there. Before 1774, various private and chartered companies had been organized to supply Greenland and develop its natural resources, but they all failed because of the difficulties of operating in the Arctic. It then became evident that development of these regions would seldom, if ever, be profitable. It was also felt, however, that the economic well-being of the people could not be neglected, and consequently RGTD was established and vested with the responsibility of developing the country. This principle has remained unchanged throughout the years although Greenland has since achieved full and equal rights as a province of Denmark.
Progress report on radio echo sounding
Authors: Evans S.
Published: October 2009

This report is intended to summarize activities in radio echo sounding since the introductory paper which appeared in the Polar Record four years ago (Evans, 1963 a). The field work since that time is discussed in rough chronological order, with references to the sources of more detailed information and an assessment of the principal results.
The problem of the katabatic winds on the coast of Terre Adélie
Authors: Mather K. B. , Miller G. S.
Published: October 2009

The cause of the phenomenally high winds recorded by Sir Douglas Mawson's party at Cape Denison during the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911–14 (Mawson, 1939), and by the French expedition to Port Martin in 1950–51 (Boujon, 1954) has never been satisfactorily explained. As indicated in the Table, the annual mean wind recorded at those stations, 71·1 and 64·6 km per h respectively, is about 70 per cent greater than recorded elsewhere around the coast at stations fully exposed to katabatic flow, notably Mirny and Mawson. Admittedly, the total number of coastal stations is small, considering the length of the Antarctic coastline, and one cannot exclude the possibility that similar very strong winds prevail in other places. Nevertheless, the figures for Cape Denison and Port Martin are notable, if not unique, and the question arises why this should occur on the coast of Terre Adélie.
The Surtsey eruption and related scientific work
Authors: Thorarinsson S.
Published: October 2009

The course of events of the volcanic activity in Surtsey and the adjacent area can be divided into seven main phases:

Submarine phase I

This phase probably started about 6 November 1963, in a fissure, 130 m deep, running N 35° E to S 35° W, in lat 63° 18′ 22″ N, long 20° 36′ 5″ W, 3 nautical miles west-south-west of Geirfuglasker, the southernmost of the Vestmannaeyjar (Fig. 1) The seismograph at Kirkjubæjarklaustur registered weak earthquakes in this area from 6 to 8 November. During the following week submarine action built up a narrow ridge, presumably mainly consisting of pillow lava, near the bottom of the sea floor, and an increasing amount of hyaloclastites as the ridge came nearer the surface.
The last voyage of HMS Investigator, 1850–53, and the discovery of the North West Passage
Authors: Nelson J. H.
Published: October 2009

[The list of officers and crew of HMS Investigator, 1850–53, contains the name “James Nelson, AB”. Recently J. W. Nelson, a descendant of Nelson's, brought to the Institute two copy-books containing accounts by him of the last voyage of Investigator, the discovery of the North West Passage and the return of the surviving members of the ship's company to England after the abandonment of the ship in the Bay of Mercy, Banks Island, in June 1853. Both accounts were obviously written carefully after the author's return, presumably from diary notes. The handwriting is neat copperplate with alterations in another hand. Little is known of the origins or later history of James Nelson, whose command of contemporary literary style and facility of expression must have been unusual in an AB of the period. His naval Certificate of Service is as follows:
Medical research by the British Antarctic Survey
Authors: Edholm O. G.
Published: October 2009

There is a long record of medical research and observation in the Antarctic, almost as long as the record of exploration. The early expeditions usually had a medical officer who described the medical hazards of the Antarctic. In this article, an account will be given of the research undertaken by medical officers of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) and, subsequently, of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). A more detailed report will be found in the chapter entitled “Man and the environment” in Antarctic research (Priestley et al. eds, 1964).
Communications facilities and user problems in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Ringereide T.
Published: October 2009

The total area of Canada (land area and fresh water) is around 10 million sq km, making it the second largest country in the world, second only to the Soviet Union.

For various historic and economic reasons Canada's population of 20 million is very largely concentrated in the southern part of the country, with about twothirds of the population living in large urban centres. The heavy broken line on Fig 1 shows the northern boundary of the densely populated portion of Canada. Only 1·5 per cent of Canada's total population, or 300000 people, live north of this frontier, and out of this total only about 38000 live in the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories. The Yukon has a population of only twenty seven people per 1000 sq km, and the Northwest Territories of eight people per 1000 sq km. The total Eskimo population in both territories is about 13600 and the total Indian population some 8000.
Oil exploration in Spitsbergen
Authors: Nagy Jenö
Published: October 2009

Svalbard comprises the islands between longs 10 to 35° E and between lats 74 to 81° N. The largest of these islands is Vestpitsbergen, followed by Nordaustlandet, Edgeøya, Barentsøya and Bjørnøya. The archipelago lies in the northwestern part of the Barents-Kara shelf. To south and east the continental shelf is covered by the shallow waters of the Barents Sea, whilst to the north and west the shelf falls away rapidly into the Arctic Basin and the Greenland Sea.
Canadian proposal for changes in WMO sea ice terminology
Authors: Dunbar Moira
Published: October 2009

The World Meteorological Organization International Ice Nomenclature, though it has not yet been officially published by the international agency, is in fact in general use in North America, and has been used by the Canadian ice reporting services since January 1962. As a result of this experience with the practical application of the terminology, and of a total of about ten years of operational ice reporting, Canadian users have compiled a list of proposed amendments, which has been officially submitted to WMO for consideration by the Maritime Commission. The proposal was co-ordinated through the Working Group on Ice Navigable Waters of the Canadian Committee on Oceanography, which represents virtually all Canadian agencies and individuals directly involved in ice operations and research. It thus reflects a fairly broad spectrum of Canadian opinion on the subject. The proposals are dealt with under four general headings: “Fast ice terms”, “Age categories”, “Topography”, and “Other amendments”. Many of these amendments are of a minor nature and it is not proposed to itemize them here. In view of the fact, however, that the processes of WMO are of necessity rather slow, it was felt that there might be some value in publishing the proposals in the age-category section, which are considered to be the most important, for the information and possibly discussion of those interested.
The Work of R.R.S. Discovery II, 1931–33
Authors: John D. Dilwyn
Published: October 2009

The Royal Research Ship Discovery II left London for her second commission in Antarctic waters on October 3, 1931 and returned on May 5, 1933. A note on her work in the Falkland sector of the Antarctic in the summer season of 1931–32 appeared in The Polar Record, No. 4, and a short account of her cruises in the winter of 1932 was published in The Polar Record, No. 5. The whole commission is summarised in this article.
Oil developments in Alaska
Authors: Reed John C.
Published: October 2009

In mid-1968, Atlantic Richfield Company announced an oil strike in northern Alaska that triggered off an exploration and development boom such as Alaska never had witnessed, either as a territory or as a state. The excitement still continues. Although the potential implications are still by no means clear, the effect on Alaska is bound to be great and lasting. In terms of persons involved, amount of capital expended, amount of work done, and importance of resources discovered, the current effort far exceeds any of the gold rushes of the early years of the century. This article attempts to weigh some of the implications of Alaska's current strike, to place them in some kind of perspective, and to predict some of the trends that may develop as Alaska struggles to become a major oil state.
Housing programmes for Eskimos in Northern Canada
Authors: Yates A. B.
Published: October 2009

The Government of Canada began supplying housing for some of its Eskimo people in the Northwest Territories in 1956. At this date the majority of Eskimos still followed their traditional nomadic way of life and lived in igloos or snow houses during winter, and in skin or canvas tents during summer. Since 1956, the tendency of Eskimo families to settle in the vicinity of trading posts, church missions, and newly established federal schools has increased, and the problem of providing permanent accommodation for them has been aggravated. At first the new townsmen improvised shelters from a combination of tents, packing cases, and scraps of metal, tar paper and lumber. When these inadequate dwellings were used as permanent residences, grave social and public health problems resulted from overcrowding.
A centennial of northern development
Authors: Morton W. L.
Published: October 2009

The centennial of the Province of Manitoba is something more than a centenarian's birthday. For the truth was that Manitoba, unlike the North-West Territories, which came into existence at the same time, had no good reason for coming into being in 1870. The administration of a territory might have been possible with the resources of the day. but the administration of a province certainly was not.
Captain J. W. Robinson's narrative of a sealing voyage to Heard Island, 1858–60
Authors: Crowther W. E. L. H.
Published: October 2009

[Captain James W. Robinson was born in April 1824, the son of George William Robinson, a member of the crew of the US whalerGeneral Gatesthat touched at Hobartown van Diemens Land in 1819, and who left the ship and remained to settle in the colony. He began his schooling in Hobart but, in 1836, was sent to continue his education among.relatives in Providence, Rhode Island. On return to Hobart, he took up whaling and soon became one of the outstanding seamen of the port. He (and after him his son, Alfred) commanded ships of my grandfather's fleet of whalers, which includedOffley. In 1858–59, Captain Robinson joined in the rush of sealing voyages to Heard Island that followed first news of the great herds there of Elephant SealMirounga leonina, the oil of which then commanded a high price. Robinson's voyage was difficult and dangerous; it ended in tragedy, financial loss and litigation.
The road to Cathay and the Hudson's Bay Company
Authors: Rich E. E.
Published: October 2009

There had been no English expedition to search for the North-west Passage for 40 years before the Hudson's Bay Company received its royal charter on 2 May 1670. Early enthusiasm, generated largely by Sir Humphrey Gilbert and the “Colleagues of the Fellowship for the discovery of the North-West Passage”, had been put to the test by the maritime skills of Frobisher and of Davis. But, although Frobisher had returned from his first voyage, in October 1576, convinced that he had found the passage and had “passed above fiftie leagues therein”, he had in fact crossed westwards from the coast of Greenland to enter Frobisher Bay on Baffin Island (Collinson, 1867, p 72); experience was to prove that no passage lay that way. Davis, too, came back from his first voyage convinced that, in 1585, he had in all likelihood been in “the place and passage by us laboured for” (Hakluyt, 1927, Vol 5, p 333). He had then entered Cumberland Sound, also on Baffin Island. Davis's second voyage brought him to Hudson Strait and convinced him (as Frobisher in turn had thought) that the great “overfall” of the water there betokened a vast sea to the westwards. He was sure that the passage could now be found without further cost. But Davis's third voyage, in 1587, took him, first, north through Davis Strait up the coast of Baffin Island and then, crossing eastwards, up the coast of Greenland as high as lat 73 °N, where he still found the sea open although the wind was contrary. Returning down the coast, he was again impressed by the “great ruttes” of the “overfall” in Hudson Strait and he concluded that, of the four possible openings for the passage, this one was the most likely. The others were to be found due north up Davis Strait, which he thought might be no more than a great gulf, or through Frobisher Bay or through Cumberland Sound, in both of which he had been held by ice (Hakluyt, 1927, Vol 5, p 281–336.)
Air transport in northern Canada
Authors: Courtney Joe
Published: October 2009

Aviation is playing an increasingly important role in developing the resource potential of northern Canada. It is the most common means of supplying the oil rigs on Melville Island, the mining camps in the Mackenzie Mountains, and the meteorological stations on the pack ice. New technology has increased both capability and capacity. Pipe and drilling equipment can now be flown non-stop from southern Canada to airfields on the Queen Elizabeth Islands; helicopters able to carry two tons then distribute the equipment to well sites. Very rapid and precise land surveying can be conducted using the Bell Jet Ranger helicopter. Recently, a 16 640 km2 region of northern Alberta was surveyed in less than five days.
Japanese economic interests in Siberia, 1962–70
Authors: Judd David
Published: October 2009

The eastern marches of Asia have been the Balkans of the Orient for at least a century, in which Japan, China, and Russia have striven for dominance along the Pacific littoral from Korea to Kamchatka. During and after the Second World War, eastern Siberia remained in a state of comparative truce but, in the last decade, the far reaches of Siberia, Mongolia and northern China have again become the focus of conflict. The recent negotiations between the USSR and Japan for joint commercial ventures in Siberia must be seen against the backdrop of this history, because they represent, in many ways, a continuation of national fears and motives inherited from the past.
Chronological list of expeditions and historical events in northern Canada. IV. 1763–89
Authors: Cooke Alan , Holland Clive
Published: October 2009

If the Treaty of Paris in 1763 secured the Hudson's Bay Company in its monopoly of Rupert's Land, it also, by the Cession of Canada, opened to British enterprise the river-and-lake routes, discovered by the French, from Montreal to the fur-rich country west of Hudson Bay. This instalment of our list covers the years of the Montreal traders' expansion into the North-west, their crossing of the Arctic watershed into the fur trader's Eldorado, the Athabasca district, their organization into the Hudson's Bay Company's formidable rival, the North West Company, and concludes with the climax of their north-westward surge, Alexander Mackenzie's arrival at the Arctic Ocean in 1789. This activity obliged the Hudson's Bay Company to change its policy of waiting for the Indians to bring their furs to posts on Hudson Bay and made them push inland to compete for furs with the pedlars from Montreal. In the meantime, the Moravians had established missions on the coast of Labrador, searches for a North-west Passage were directed away from Hudson Bay to the Pacific coast of North America, the first scientific expedition was sent to Hudson Bay, and the Indians were decimated by smallpox. Toward the end of this instalment, we begin to draw our southern boundary of “northern Canada” both westward and northward and to omit many expeditions and events of peripheral or minor importance, such as activities south of Saskatchewan River, or of regular occurrence, such as annual voyages northward from Churchill.
A new world geodetic network
Authors: Swanson L. W. , Yeager J. Austin
Published: October 2009

To know the exact size and shape of the earth has long been a goal of scientists. Man's attempts to locate himself and to determine the configuration of his planet date from at least the time of Eratosthenes, about 200 BC. He observed that on a particular day in mid summer the sun shone directly down a well in Syene, Egypt (thus the zenith angle=0°). Supposing the earth to be a sphere, he measured the zenith angle on the same day to be 7.2° at Alexandria. His calculation of the distance between the points, based on the travel time of a camel caravan between them and on the assumption that both were on the same meridian, gave him enough information to compute the earth's circumference: 7.2°/360° = l/50. Therefore, the distance between Syene and Alexandria was 1/50th of the earth's circumference. His calculations were about 16 per cent too large. Considering, however, the primitiveness of his measurements and assumptions, his value was remarkably close. Two later determinations were made using this “astrogeodetic” principle, but with little increase in accuracy.
A comparison of Soviet and American drifting ice stations
Authors: Smith Charles L.
Published: October 2009

Until the early 20th century, exploration of the Arctic Basin was hindered by the lack of vehicles that could traverse ice and water as well as cross leads and pressure ridges. This lack affected not only movements of explorers themselves but also the transport of food, supplies, and the equipment required to sustain life in an inhospitable environment. In 1925, however, an aircraft made the first successful landing on pack ice and ushered in an era of scientific stations on the pack ice itself.
Oy Wärtsilä Ab, polar shipbuilders
Authors: Johansson Bengt M.
Published: October 2009

Ice navigation in Arctic regions is mainly carried out in four areas:

1. The Baltic Sea, which is the only ice-bound sea where year-round traffic is maintained. Except for the Gulf of Bothnia, all main harbours are kept permanently open, even in hard winters; during mild winters, which on average occur once in five years, year-round traffic is maintained even there. This task is accomplished by using some 20 full-size (above 7 000 SHP) icebreakers (two from Denmark, one from West Germany, six to eight from USSR, seven from Finland, four from Sweden), as well as several hundred ice-strengthened cargo ships.
Chronological list of expeditions and historical events in northern Canada. VI. 1821–45
Authors: Cooke Alan , Holland Clive
Published: October 2009

In this instalment of our list, we see that the Hudson's Bay Company, under the shrewd direction of its overseas governor, George Simpson, quickly recovered from its exhausting struggle with the North West Company and, strengthened by amalgamation with its rival in 1821, began vigorously to push into unknown country both west and east. In the east, the Ungava venture was an attempt, mainly unsuccessful, to develop a fur trade in the interior of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula. And in the west, the exertions of a few hardy men opened the fur-rich country of the Liard River and its tributaries, the Peel River and the region of the Mackenzie River delta, and crossed the Rocky Mountains to the upper drainage of the Yukon River.
The voyages ofTaymyrandVaygachto Ostrov Vrangelya, 1910–15
Authors: Barr William
Published: October 2009

Ostrov Vrangelya, lat 71–72°N, long 178°E–177°W, is the largest island in the eastern Soviet Arctic. It has an area of 7 673 km2and extends approximately 120 km east-west and 60 km north-south (see Fig 1). Five different flags have been raised on it—those of Great Britain, Canada, United States, Imperial Russia, and the Soviet Union—and it has had four different names in English since its first sighting by a white man: Kellett Land, Plover Land, New Columbia, and Wrangel Island. However, since 1924, no nation has disputed Soviet possession of the island.
The Center for Polar Archives, Washington, DC
Authors: Wilson Alison
Published: October 2009

The Center for Polar Archives, a part of the General Services Administration's National Archives and Records Service in Washington, DC, was formally opened on 8 September 1967. The Center serves as a depository for selected records of the Federal Government and for papers that are related to United States activity in the polar regions; it also serves as a research facility for persons interested in United States polar activities.
Antarctic icebergs as a fresh water resource
Authors: Weeks W. F. , Campbellf W. J.
Published: October 2009

Summary:In a recent study (Weeks and Campbell, in press), we made a rather complete examination of the idea that icebergs could advantageously be used as a source of fresh water. The origin of the general idea of transporting icebergs is obscure; it may date from the 1850's when ice was transported from Alaska to California as a commercial venture. The current revival of the idea, in particular as applied to the water problems of southern California, can be credited to John Issacs of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography (Burt, 1956). However no critical evaluation was ever published. We initially undertook the present study because our intuition “told” us that the idea was untenable and we thought that we could easily prove that this was the case, thereby laying the idea to rest. Our intuition proved to be wrong and we now believe that the idea is, indeed, highly attractive when applied to certain locations in the Southern Hemisphere. This note briefly outlines our approach to analyzing the problem and our results
Communications in the Canadian north
Authors: Loftus D. S.
Published: October 2009

The “Canadian north” in the terms of communications means those parts of Canada not enjoying telephone, radio, and television services presently available in the populated-southern belt. Generally this is the area above lat 55 °N in the west and above 52°N in the provinces east of Ontario.
Law for special environments: jurisdiction over polar activities
Authors: Wilkes Daniel
Published: October 2009

The T-3 ice island case involved two trials in the United States of a Mexican-American, Mario Escamilla, for allegedly causing the death of a Negro coworker, Bennie Lightsey, on an ice island then at lat 84°45.8'N, long 106°24.4'W, on the High Seas, about 240 km north of Ellesmere Island on 16 July 1970. A federal judge in Virginia allowed Escamilla's first trail to proceed without definitively deciding on objections to jurisdiction, for he expected a ruling on this point on appeal. Issues raised by that trial are covered elsewhere (Pharand, 1971; Wilkes, 1972).
Bomb vessels
Authors: Pearsall A. W. H.
Published: October 2009

Readers may wonder why such warlike-sounding ships should intrude into the pages of a journal that is devoted to the study of regions where we must hope that war will always be excluded. It will be seen, however, that many of the vessels that contributed to the exploration of both the Arctic and the Antarctic were drawn from a type of ship denominated “bomb vessel” or merely “bomb” for short (see Table 1). Their “fiery” or “explosive” names still appear on the map, and several of them had distinguished careers. Some account of these interesting ships may provide a useful background to polar studies.
Bering's Last Voyage
Authors: Debenham Frank
Published: October 2009

In this bicentenary year of Bering's last voyage it is interesting to recall the outstanding features of that sombre story, which to the ordinary person of limited reading must be as obscure and misty as the seas in which it was cast.
Party politics or protest politics: current political trends in Alaska
Authors: Rogers George W.
Published: October 2009

Politics has been a lively part of the Alaskan way of life since the Territory was created by the Organic Act of 1912 (a half-loaf of self-government), and assumed new dimensions with the Statehood Act of 1958. But with the exception of Indians resident in the south-east region Alaskan politics was a game that the Eskimos and Aleuts of the western and northern coastal regions and the interior Indians (approximately 78 per cent of the total 1960 Native population) did not join in although they could participate automatically after 1924, and by application between 1915 and 1924. After World War II, these people began to exercise their right to vote, but they did not yet constitute an important political force.
Air census of two colonies of Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)in Ross Dependency, Antarctica
Authors: Stonehouse Bernard
Published: October 2009

Air photographs taken on biological survey flights between 1962 and 1965 have yielded counts of Adelie Penguin breeding colonies at Beaufort Island in the southwestern Ross Sea and Inexpressible Island on the Victoria Land coast (Fig 1). These colonies are remote from expedition bases, seldom visited, and too large for accurate assessment from the ground. Earlier estimates of their size are summarised by Taylor (1964). Methods of estimating colony size are discussed by Caughley (1960) and Taylor (1962). This survey is based on serial black and white photographs taken at optimal times of the breeding cycle; counts are converted to estimates of breeding population size using data from a ground study at the Cape Royds (Fig 1) breeding colony and from known patterns of breeding at other colonies (Sladen, 1958; SapinJaloustre, 1960; Taylor. 1962; Stonehouse. 1963; Reid. 1964).
The Economics of shipping in polar seas
Authors: Sherman Thornton A.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the background and analyzes the economic structure of that part of the shipping industry engaged in transporting cargo in ice-infested waters. The polar trade is a small sector of the ocean transportation market and a relatively recent development as a distinct service, though ice-strengthend ships and icebreakers have been in operation for over one hundred years.
A discography of bird sound from the Antarctic
Authors: Boswall Jeffery , Prytherch Robin J.
Published: October 2009

This paper is the fourth to be published of a number of projected papers, each covering a major zoogeographical region of the world. For the Palearctic region see Boswall (1964, 1966 and 1969); for Australasia see Boswall (1965) and for the Ethiopian region see Boswall and North (1967). Nearctic, Neotropical and Oriental papers are in preparation.
Snow trails for Wheeled Vehicles
Authors: Moser E. H. , Stehle N. S.
Published: October 2009

In the early days of United States activities at McMurdo, tracked vehicles were used for station transport of men and supplies. These functioned well, if slowly and expensively, over snow and ice but were impractical over land because of track wear. Wheeled vehicles were introduced but, while satisfactory over earth roads, very quickly bogged down in snow; this difficulty was to some extent solved by the substitution of high flotation, chevron-tread, or ribbon-tread (sand) tires, for conventional tires. By 1966, the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL) had developed high-strength, heavy-duty snow roads capable of supporting vehicles weighing up to 31 500 kg, and wheeled vehicles replaced tracked vehicles for station use.
The recording and reporting of floating ice
Authors: Armstrong Terence
Published: October 2009

The need to record and report the distribution of floating ice has arisen where-ever ships have been required to sail regularly in ice-filled waters. Various systems have been developed to meet the needs of particular areas, but these have grown up largely independently of each other. Such systems are generally designed to fulfil either, or both, of two purposes. One is the immediate end of providing material for a synoptic ice map, which is the basis of help to ships in the form of statements of the present whereabouts of the ice or predictions of its movements for a short period ahead. The other is a longer-term end, such as ice probability study, which seeks to utilize past records over as many years as possible in order to ascertain, in general terms, the probability of access to a given place at a given time; a result of such a study may be, for example, an ice atlas, of which two, covering wide areas, have appeared since the Second World War. Another long-term end is use of the ice pattern as an index of climatic change. Both lines of ice study require detailed information on the state of the ice, but each puts it to a different use. The problem, then, consists of devising a means of recording on paper, either photographically, cartographically, by means of explanatory text, or in some form of code convenient for radio transmission, the relevant facts about the distribution and behaviour of an area of floating ice, and also of reporting these in comprehensible terms, first to a collecting centre, and then to the users.
Recent economic developments in northern Quebec and Labrador
Authors: Bird J. Brian
Published: October 2009

About half a million square miles of Labrador and Quebec lie in the Arctic and sub-Arctic north of the closed-crown, boreal forest. Although the boundary between the unbroken coniferous forest and the open lichen woodlands has only recently been denned accurately, it has been known for many years to correspond roughly to the 51° 30′ N. parallel except for a northern extension in the east to Lake Melville. This forest zonal division also marked approximately the northern boundary of the province of Quebec until the district of Ungava was incorporated into the province in 1912; in addition it forms the northern limit of logging operations by the pulp industry, and coincides roughly with the southern edge of the lake plateau that dominates the interior of the peninsula. Until the last few years the vast region was inhabited by less that 6000 Eskimos and Indians, a few traders, and, on the Labrador coast, small numbers of fishermen and their families.
Iron ore in Arctic Europe
Authors: Gethin P. A. B.
Published: October 2009

Iron ore in significant quantities has been found in only four areas in arctic Europe. No deposits are known in arctic Asia or in the arctic islands of the eastern hemisphere. The largest iron-bearing area is in Swedish Lapland of which the total known reserves, mainly magnetite and hematite, are estimated at 2413 million metric tons, with an average iron content of over 63 per cent, or a ferric weight of about 1532 million tons. The greater part of this ore requires no concentration before use. There is a deposit of about 1000 million tons in Sør-Varanger in north Norway, with a low iron content, while the deposit at Yena in Kol'skiy Poluostrov (Kola peninsula) is estimated at nearly 850 million tons of ore with an iron content of 23 to 48 per cent, and like the Varanger ore requires concentration. A deposit with an iron content of 30 to 40 per cent has been investigated recently at Kolari in north-west Finland, but it is not yet worked.
Geodetic survey of northern Canada by shoran trilateration
Authors: Hamilton Angus C.
Published: October 2009

A geodetic survey by shoran trilateration, to approximately second-order accuracy, of the islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago was completed in 1957. This was the culmination of a programme started in the south-central section of the country in 1949.

Shoran (short-range aid to navigation) was developed during World War II as a navigational aid for precise tactical bombing. It consists of two radar transponders at known points on the ground and another radar unit in an aircraft capable of measuring the time required for radio waves to travel from the aircraft to each ground station and to return. These times are converted to distances by an intricate electro-mechanical system and the distances are shown on counters, reading to 0·001 mile. For the military application the distance between transponders was known and the position of the aircraft could be plotted from the mileage-counter distances; for geodetic application the mileage-counter distances are used to measure the distance between the two transponders.
United States sea ice physics project, 1954–59
Authors: Weeks W. F.
Published: October 2009

In 1954 the Geophysics Research Directorate of the Air Force Cambridge Research Center (AFCRC), at the request of Northeast Air Command, United States Air Force, organized a study of the physical properties, growth, and bearing capacity of sea ice. The object of the study was to gain information about the conditions under which various aircraft and vehicles could operate on sea ice, for supply and rescue purposes. The Navy Hydrographic Office (NHO) and the Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment (SIPRE) of the Army Corps of Engineers also took part in the project. The spheres of interest of each organization were as follows: AFCRC, the application of geophysical and crystallographic methods to the study of sea ice; NHO, the details of the relations between meteorological conditions and the growth rate and general physical properties of sea ice; and SIPRE, the variation of the strength of sea ice as determined by small-scale field tests, and the application of this information toward an analysis of the bearing capacity of sea ice.
The Rampart Dam proposal for Yukon River
Authors: Cooke Alan
Published: October 2009

The economic foundation of Alaska is not sufficiently broad and diversified to be secure. For twenty years past, the economy has been bolstered by heavy expenditures of federal funds, first on the building and manning of large military installations, more recently on the building and manning of DEW-line and BMEWS radar sites. But in the last few years, finding expenditure of military money within the State much reduced, Alaskan businessmen and legislators have become increasingly eager to secure the interest of other agencies capable of investing large sums in programmes of construction and development.
Development of the neotropical catfishRhamdia quelen(Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) incubated in different temperature regimes
Authors: Rodrigues-Galdino Alana Marielle , Maiolino Camila Valente , Forgati Mariana , Donatti Lucélia , Mikos Jorge Daniel , Carneiro Paulo César Falanghe , Rios Flavia Sant'Anna
Published: October 2009

The developmental stages for the embryonic and larval periods of the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) kept at different temperatures (21, 24, 27 and 30°C) are described. Fish were analysed under light and scanning electron microscopy. For embryonic development, we described 25 stages, which were grouped into seven periods named zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching periods. For larval development, we defined three stages (early, mid, and late larvae). Additionally, the main ontogenetic events during the post-larvae and early juvenile periods were also described. This species presents a well developped lateral line and chemosensory systems that grow up during the larval period, maturing in the post-larvae. All tested temperatures are viable toR. quelendevelopment, but a shorter incubation period was necessary to complete the development at lower temperatures. However, some malformations (heart edema) were verified at 30°C.
Aortic distensibility and dilation in Turner’s syndrome
Authors: Sharma Jayendra , Friedman Deborah , Dave-Sharma Swati , Harbison Madeleine
Published: October 2009

Background

Aortic dilation and dissection is reported in patients with Turner’s syndrome, both with and without cardiovascular risk factors. The bicuspid aortic valve is closely associated with dilated aortic root, although expression of aortic dilation is variable. The determinants for variable expression of aortic dilation in individuals with Turner’s syndrome, however, are unknown.

Hypothesis

A primary mesenchymal defect is prevalent in individuals with Turner’s syndrome, suggested by having abnormalities in bone matrix, and lymphatic and peripheral blood vessels. We hypothesize that an abnormal intrinsic elastic property of aorta is a forerunner of aortic dilation in Turner’s syndrome.

Objective

Assess utility of aortic distensibility as a measure of aortic elasticity for the stratification of the risk for aortic dilation, and its relationship with age, karyotype, and hormonal therapy.

Design

Prospective cross-sectional study.

Patients and method

We performed cross-sectional M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in 24 individuals with Turner’s syndrome. Dimensions of the aortic root, and its distensibility, were calculated using standard techniques. We also examined a control group of 24 age matched normotensive patients with structurally normal hearts, who had been referred for evaluation of cardiac murmurs or chest pain.

Results

Aortic dilation was the most common cardiac anomaly, seen in 11 of 24 (46%) individuals with Turner’s syndrome, and none in control group. Of these individuals, 5 without cardiovascular risk factors had aortic dilation. In 2 young girls, aortic dimensions were normal, albeit with reduced distensibility. Aortic dilation correlated inversely with aortic distensibility, but not with age, karyotype or hormonal therapy.

Conclusion

Individuals with Turner’s syndrome, even without cardiovascular risk factors, do develop aortic dilation accompanied by decreased aortic distensibility, suggestive of an intrinsic abnormality in elastic property of the ascending aorta.
Duration and dispersion of the P wave after the Senning operation
Authors: Özyılmaz İsa , Eroğlu Ayşe Güler , Güzeltaş Alper , Öztunç Funda , Saltık Levent , Özdil Mine , Barış Safa
Published: October 2009

We studied the duration and dispersion of the P wave in patients after a Senning operation, assessing its value in detecting the risk of atrial tachycardias.

We measured the duration and dispersion of the wave in surface 12 lead electrocardiograms obtained from 18 patients with sinus rhythm, having a mean age of 12.8 years, with 13 being males and 5 females, who had undergone a Senning operation, comparing the values obtained in 35 age and gender-matched healthy people. The patients had undergone repair at a mean age of 13.4 months, and had a mean duration of follow-up of 12.8 years after the procedure. We also made 24 hour Holter recordings.

The maximal duration of the P wave, at a mean of 129.3 milliseconds, and dispersion with a mean of 78 milliseconds, were both significantly increased in the patients compared with their controls, the mean values for the normal subjects being 103.7 and 54 milliseconds. Supraventricular tachycardia was detected in 1 of 3 patients with dispersion greater than 100 milliseconds, and in 2 of 15 patients (13%) with dispersion less than 100 milliseconds as measured from the Holter recordings (p > 0.05).

Thus, the maximum duration and dispersion of the P wave were increased in patients after a Senning operation, but we were unable to establish any relationship between these measurements and atrial tachycardias as observed using Holter monitoring.
Transportability and Feasibility of Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) in Community Settings
Authors: Roberts David L. , Penn David L. , Labate Daniella , Margolis Seth A. , Sterne Abram
Published: October 2009

Background:Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) is a manual-based group intervention designed to improve social cognition in schizophrenia. Initial studies conducted by the developers of SCIT suggest that the intervention has promise in ameliorating social cognitive dysfunction in both inpatients and outpatients.Aims:The current study is a preliminary evaluation of SCIT in community samples.Method:An uncontrolled, pre-post design was used in this initial feasibility study. A collaborative research-clinical approach was employed to enable research evaluation while also meeting the administrative goals of participating clinics, and working within the constraints of real-world clinical practice. Transportability, acceptability, and feasibility of SCIT were evaluated in terms of pre- and post-treatment evaluations, client attendance data (N= 50), and clinic administrators’ decisions about whether to integrate SCIT into regular programming. Social-cognitive outcome measures assessed emotion perception, Theory of Mind, and attributional bias.Results:These support the transportability, acceptability, and feasibility of SCIT in community settings. SCIT has been integrated into routine practice at several test sites. Tentative support was found for improvement in emotion perception and Theory of Mind, but not attributional bias.Conclusions:SCIT may be a promising intervention for community agencies serving individuals with psychotic disorders who seek to improve their social functioning.