bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CELL WALL REPLICATION: I. CELL WALL GROWTH OF BACILLUS CEREUS AND BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Chung K. L. , Hawirko R. Z. , Isaac P. K.
Published: February 2010

Cell wall replication of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium was studied by differential labelling with fluorescent and non-fluorescent antibody.Growth of new cell wall in B. cereus was initiated near the poles. In the old wall, additional new wall segments gradually developed to form an alternating pattern of new and old wall segments. Further growth elongated the new wall and pushed the old segments apart. Separation of daughter cells appeared to involve splitting of the transverse septa laid down at or near the old wall segments.Growth of new cell wall of B. megaterium was initiated either at one of the poles or at the central area of the cell. Multiple segments of new and old wall appeared along the cell length. Further elongation was followed by formation of transverse septa and separation of daughter cells incorporating either old or new wall segments.Our evidence clearly shows that growth and elongation of the two bacilli do not occur by diffuse intercalation of new cell wall into the old.
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSECT POLYHEDROSIS AND GRANULOSIS VIRUS PARTICLES
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: February 2010

Bodies accumulate along a network of fine filaments in polyhedrosis- and granulosis-infected cells and appear to coalesce and form the cores of virus rods. The rods, which may develop singly or in bundles, attach to independently formed double membranes which later envelop them. In each bundle, the rods are oriented in the same direction as they become attached to the membrane. Single rods or bundles of rods migrate or are attracted to areas where polyhedra are formed. The protein material present there surrounds them and crystallizes to form polyhedra. In granulosis infections, single virus rods are surrounded by protein to form capsules.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENS OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS
Authors: Griffiths B. W. , Mason M. A.
Published: February 2010

Sonic extracts of B. pertussis were fractionated by chromatography employing DEAE-cellulose. Mouse protective antigen (MPA) was absorbed to the column and was found to be eluted over a range of salt concentrations from 0.05 to 0.35 M NaCl in dilute phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. The MPA was freed from nucleic acid impurities since these remained fixed to the column and could only be eluted with salt concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 molarity. Some impurities of protein nature passed directly through the column. The measurable precipitating antigens associated with the crude extract were fractionated into two groups by the DEAE-cellulose. Dilute buffer elutions removed material that developed several cathodic bands by immunoelectrophoresis. More concentrated salt buffers eluted materials that exhibited one anodic band by immunoelectrophoresis against the whole B. pertussis antiserum. The measurement of significant potencies of MPA in the absence of either cathodic or anodic precipitinogens suggests that the latter represent impurities which may or may not have a relation to other known biological activities associated with B. pertussis (e.g., toxin).Certain discrepancies between mouse protective antigen and histamine-sensitizing factor based on the lack of proportionality of the activities from fraction to fraction suggest that their chemical natures are dissimilar.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF RADIOACTIVE ACETATE IN SOILS
Authors: Stevenson I. L. , Ivarson K. C.
Published: February 2010

Combined manometric and radioactive techniques were used to determine oxygen uptake and C14O2 evolution during the oxidation of C14-acetate in soil. It was found that a large percentage of C14O2 is remained in the soil causing anomalous respiratory quotients during the first hours of respiration. Acidification of the soil to pH 5.0 released this residual C14O2 with the result that the total C14O2 collected after the acid treatment compared favorably with the corresponding oxygen uptake. Recovery of C14O2 during the 6 hour exposure of soil to C14-acetate indicated that only 30% of the substrate was completely oxidized. The remainder of the acetate is assimilated into microbial tissue to be deposited eventually in the soil organic fraction.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING IN VITRO ACCUMULATION OF ZOOSPORES OF PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM ON ROOTS: I. BEHAVIOR OF ZOOSPORES
Authors: Royle D. J. , Hickman C. J.
Published: February 2010

Zoospores of Pythium aphanidermatum in distilled water suspension responded to intact pea roots by massing in large numbers at the sites of elongation behind the root tips. They showed preferential attraction to wounds made by puncturing the epidermis, and to the stele exposed at the cut ends of roots. Massing of zoospores was followed, almost immediately, by encystment and early germination, the germ tubes being directed towards the source of stimulation. The phenomenon was non-specific over a wide range of plants examined. Root exudate and extract, diffusing from the ends of capillary tubes containing these materials in agar, caused identical zoospore responses. Analysis of zoospore movement under stimulation revealed a sequence of responses—initial disruption of the typical course of movement, attraction, trapping, and early cessation of movement by encystment. Attraction was equated with chemotaxis, whilst trapping showed features of kineses.
HUMAN AMNION FOR TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Wilt J. C. , Miller Donna , Ruiter J.
Published: February 2010

Several aspects of processing human amnion for tissue culture were studied, with particular emphasis on cell separation and infection control. EDTA proved a desirable substitute for trypsin as a wash and predigestion agent. Cultures for bacteria and fungi showed most amnions to be infected with bacteria or yeast or both. Chloramphenicol, benzyl penicillin, or Ilosone were the most effective antibiotics against bacteria and Mycostatin the most effective antibiotic against yeast.
STEROIDS AND THE STIMULATION OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF A SPECIES OF PYTHIUM
Authors: Haskins R. H. , Tulloch A. P. , Micetich R. G.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of the mycelia of a parasitic species of Pythium and of various hosts are reported. The Pythium spp. contained high concentrations of myristic acid and low concentrations of linoleic and linolenic acids in comparison with concentrations in other fungi tested. Appreciable amounts of unsaturated C20 acids, uncommon in fungi, were found in the Phycomycetes tested. Vegetable oils and other fats of widely varying fatty acid compositions were all effective in stimulating sexual reproduction of the Pythium sp. It was concluded that substance(s) other than fatty acids present in the vegetable oils were responsible for the stimulation observed. The most active fraction in sunflower seed oil was isolated and identified as a phytosterol, probably β-sitosterol. The results of testing for stimulatory activity a series of structurally related compounds indicated that the sexual reproduction of the Pythium sp. studied required the presence of a substance such as β-sitosterol or cholesterol or one with similar structure and which similarly satisfied certain specific structural requirements regarding length of the C17 side chain, stereochemistry, and position of the oxygenated function. β-Sitosterol and cholesterol were effective at 0.2 γ/ml in potato dextrose agar.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND INEFFECTIVENESS IN MUTANT STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM SPP.
Authors: Schwinghamer E. A.
Published: February 2010

Loss of effectiveness was found to be closely associated with mutation to viomycin resistance and neomycin resistance in strains representing three cross-inoculation groups of Rhizobium—R. leguminosarum, R. trifolii, and R. meliloti. Twenty-nine of 33 mutant clones, selected from 11 normally effective parent strains for resistance to viomycin, were uniformly ineffective. Both viomycin resistance and ineffectiveness remained unchanged in clones reisolated from nodules. Fifteen of 16 clones selected for neomycin resistance from eight normally effective strains were also ineffective, fn contrast, loss of effectiveness occurred only infrequently in clones resistant to kanamycin or polymyxin, and was not observed at all in streptomycin-resistant mutants. Cytologically, ineffective nodules were characterized by rapid dissolution of bacteroid-containing tissue. Ability to form nodules (infectiveness) on the homologous host was retained in all antibiotic-resistant mutants. Full cross resistance was noted for strains selected for resistance to viomycin and neomycin. Kanamycin resistance conferred resistance to neomycin but not to viomycin. Implications of the marker-associated changes are considered in relation to some problems in Rhizobium genetics and physiology.
DISTRIBUTION OF SERUM PROTEINS IN TULAREMIC RATS
Authors: Woodward John M. , Miraglia Gennaro J.
Published: February 2010

Tularemic rats exhibited a pronounced decrease in serum albumin accompanied by an albuminuria which increased progressively, reaching a maximum at the height of infection. During convalescence, and upon recovery, regression of the albuminuria and return of serum albumin to normal concentrations was observed. Increases in gamma and beta globulins were observed in recovered rats which may reflect stimulation of the immune response and development of serum antibodies specific for Pasturella tularensis.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA SOMNIARIA (HULST) (GEOMETRIDAE) AND LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA LUGUBROSA (HULST) (GEOMETRIDAE) TO VIRUSES FROM SEVERAL SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS
Authors: Morris Oswald N.
Published: February 2010

Fifteen nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses and one granulosis virus were tested against two closely related insects, the oak looper, Lambdina fiscellaria somniaria (Hulst), and the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst). The polyhedrosis viruses from the two insects were highly infectious for each species of host. Viruses from the tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata McD., and the grey forest looper, Caripeta divisata Walker, were, respectively, highly and moderately infectious for the two subspecies. Viruses from five other insects including the California oakworm were poorly infectious for L. f. somniaria.All polyhedra retained their normal shape but nearly all increased in size when passed through the new hosts. All polyhedra (original and transferred) were easily stained with naphthol yellow S and with Buffalo black but only those from C. divisata were stained with Loeffler"s methylene blue. The length of the virus rods of viruses tested was not changed by passage through a new host but the width of three viruses increased.
ACTIVITY OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM RHIZOSPHERE AND NONRHIZOSPHERE SOILS OF CORN AND SOYBEAN IN FOUR PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS
Authors: Abraham T. A. , Herr L. J.
Published: February 2010

Some evidence indicating that developing roots of corn and soybean affected the rhizosphere actinomycete flora qualitatively as well as quantitatively was obtained. Actinomycete numbers were significantly greater in the rhizosphere of corn, than in soybean rhizosphere of plants 3 weeks old. One hundred actinomycete isolates were randomly selected from each of the four environments and their activity in four tests, hydrolysis of starch and of carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatin liquefaction, and nitrate reduction, was rated in either of two categories, high or low, for each isolate. Both the corn and soybean rhizosphere groups of isolates had significantly greater percentages of isolates with high starch hydrolyzing activity than did their respective nonrhizosphere groups of isolates. Furthermore, the percentage of soybean rhizosphere isolates with high starch-hydrolyzing activity was significantly greater than that of the corn rhizosphere isolates. No differences among the four environmental groups of isolates were detected with the three remaining tests. When the tests were combined in all possible combinations, only those combinations including the starch test served to differentiate among the groups of isolates from the environments. No differences were found between the two nonrhizosphere groups with any of the four tests or combinations of tests.
NON-LETHAL ASSIMILATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS IN SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Myers G. E. , McCready R. G. L.
Published: February 2010

Optimal conditions for non-lethal assimilation of radioactive phosphorus by Serratia marcescens have been studied. Ten microcuries or less of P32per 300 ml of medium has no significant lethal effect on the test organism. The presence of 1% w/v glucose in the culture medium stimulates phosphorus assimilation causing an increase of approximately 34%. Phosphorus assimilation over a 24 hour period increases by approximately 50% when cultures are incubated at 30 °C rather than 37 °C.The concentration of P32in the various cellular constituents has been determined at various intervals during 24 hour incubation. Incorporation of P32in the acid-soluble and lipid fractions of the cell begins almost immediately whereas there is a slight delay prior to incorporation into the R.N.A. and longer delay before incorporation into D.N.A. Sixty to 65% of the P32assimilated by the bacterial cell is incorporated into the nucleic acids. Although R.N.A. has the highest specific activity of the cell fractions studied, the phospholipid fraction also has high specific activity.
EFFECT OF pH ON TOXINOGENESIS BY CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE C
Authors: Pivnick Hilliard , Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Gorenstein B. , Stuart P. F. , Hauschild A. H. W.
Published: February 2010

When pH was controlled during the growth of C. perfringens type C there was an increase in toxin but not in cells. The increases in toxin over that obtained at uncontrolled pH were 3-, 20-, 70-, and 4-fold, for alpha, beta, delta, and theta toxins respectively. pH control did not increase the yield of kappa toxin. Optimum pH was 6.7 for alpha, 7.5 for beta and theta, and 7.5–8.0 for delta. The maximum yields of toxins at optimum pH were 90 MLD of alpha, 100,000 MLD of beta, 2000 hemolytic units of delta, and 4000 hemolytic units of theta. Mu and nu toxins were not produced by the strain of type C used.
FOLIC ACID INHIBITION OF NON-PROLIFERATING BACTERIA
Authors: Pittillo Robert F. , Narkates Annie Jo
Published: February 2010

Certain non-proliferating bacteria, suspended in saline, are inhibited by folic acid as judged by the ability of the cells to form visible colonies on a nutrient agar subsequent to exposure to folic acid. On the other hand, some yeasts (three strains) are insensitive to folic acid. In Escherichia coli ATCC 9637, folic acid toxicity can be prevented by a variety of metabolites. Although a purine-requiring strain of E. coli is resistant to folic acid, and purines prevent folic acid toxicity in another strain of E. coli, experiments with C14-formate failed to demonstrate an unequivocal effect of folic acid on de novo purine biosynthesis.
THE COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF OILS FOUND IN SPORES OF PLANT RUSTS AND OTHER FUNGI. PART III
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: February 2010

The fatty acid compositions of the oils of several spore forms of seven species of Gymnosporangium were determined by gas–liquid chromatography. No simple relationships were found between the host plants and the compositions of the spore oils. cis-9, 10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid was found in the teliospore oil of five of the species. The oil of basidiospores closely resembled that of teliospores but there was considerable variation in the oil of aeciospores. In one species the aeciospore and teliospore oils were very similar to each other, in another species there was partial resemblance, and in a third species they were different. The fats from four "axenic" cultures of Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schw. were analyzed, and were quite different from those of any of the rust species but resembled those frequently obtained from the vegetative stages of many species of fungi.
THE COMPONENT FATTY ACIDS OF OILS FOUND IN SPORES OF PLANT RUSTS AND OTHER FUNGI. PART IV
Authors: Tulloch A. P.
Published: February 2010

The oils from one or more spore forms of three species of Puccinia, four species of Uromyces, and two species of Cronartium have been analyzed, cis-9, 10-Epoxyoctadecanoic acid was the major component for both Cronartium species, and was also found in two species of Uromyces and in one of Puccinia. The oils of uredospores and teliospores of the same rust were always quite similar to each other, but the oils of uredospores and aeciospores of the same rust were sometimes different from each other. An epoxide-hydrolyzing enzyme appeared to be present in the spores of the Cronartium species.
AN ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCED BY THE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS CENOCOCCUM GRANIFORME
Authors: Krywolap George N. , Casida Jr. L. E.
Published: February 2010

An antibiotic active against representatives of the bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes has been extracted from the mycelium, produced in vitro, of several strains of the mycorrhizal fungus, Cenococcum graniforme. No activity was observed in culture fluids of this organism. The antibiotic differed from that found in Boletus luteus mycelium by its microbial inhibition and ultraviolet absorption spectra.
SULPHUR NUTRITION OF TWO STRAINS OF THE YEAST, DEBARYOMYCES KLOECKERI, ISOLATED FROM SUBANTARCTIC SOIL
Authors: Skerman T. M. , Singleton R. J.
Published: February 2010

A Debaryomyces kloeckeri strain from a Macquarie Island soil proved to be parathiotrophic, unable to satisfy its sulphur requirements from inorganic sources; certain sulphur amino acids were necessary. By contrast, inorganic sulphate and thiosulphate, but not dithionate, sulphide, or colloidal sulphur, were effective sulphur sources for a second (euthiotrophic) strain.Both strains behaved identically towards various organic sulphur compounds tested as sole sulphur sources. Growth was supported by L-cysteine, L-cystine, DL-homocysteine, DL-cystathionine, L-cystathionine, DL-lanthionine, D- and L-methionine, methionine sulphoxide, methyl DL-methionine sulphonium chloride, and thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Ineffective were methanethiol, thioglycollate, reduced glutathione, DL-homocystine, cysteic acid, taurine, methionine sulphone, djenkolic acid, thiamine, thiazole, thioacetamide, and thiourea. Biotin, though essential for both strains, was ineffective as a sole sulphur source.The parathiotrophic strain may be a mutant lacking an enzyme at some step in conversion of sulphate to cysteine. Because of difficulties with unstable intermediate compounds, the course of cysteine biosynthesis from sulphate in D. kloeckeri could not be defined from nutritional data alone, nor could one tell which of the sequential steps is blocked in the parathiotroph.
THE EFFECT OF VARIED TEMPERATURE ON THE KINETICS OF METABOLISM OF GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI IN STIRRED CULTURE
Authors: Borrow A. , Brown Sheila , Jefferys E. G. , Kessell R. H. J. , Lloyd Eithne C. , Lloyd P. B. , Rothwell A. , Rothwell B. , Swait J. C.
Published: February 2010

The metabolism of Gibberclla Jujikuroi in stirred culture has been studied at varied temperatures over the range 8–40 °C. Two nitrogen-limited media were used, which differed only in the initial concentration of ammonium tartrate. Economic and rate constants have been derived at each stage of fermentation, and methods of relating these to temperature discussed. Each has been related to temperature both by a linear plot, and according to the Van"t Hoff – Arrhenius model.There was no significant difference between the results from the two media early in fermentation. During the storage and maintenance phases all specific rates were considerably lower on the more concentrated medium.The minimum temperature for growth was below 8 °C. Many parameters showed a discontinuity in the range 17–20 °C, and most optima were in the range 29–32 °C. At 38 °C growth ceased when the dry weight was about 2 mg/g of unfiltered broth, and no growth occurred at 40 °C.The contribution of nitrogen to dry weight was virtually independent of temperature. The glucose contribution tended to decrease slightly with increasing temperature over the whole range. The phosphate contribution was constant in the range 8–20 °C, and decreased greatly with increasing temperature from 20 to 36 °C. The magnesium contribution decreased markedly with increasing temperature over the whole range.Two general forms of relation between rate constants and temperature were found. One, a typical "skew" curve with "tail-off' at the lower temperatures, was obtained with the specific growth rate, the nitrogen and glucose quotients, the specific rate of glucose uptake in the maintenance phase, and the gibberellic acid productivity. The second relation showed a marked discontinuity in the range 17–20 °C, above which the increase with increasing temperature was less than at the lower temperatures. This form of curve was obtained with the phosphate, magnesium, and carbohydrate quotients, the linear growth rate, the rate of increase in mycelial dry weight, fat and carbohydrate in the storage phase, and the rate of glucose, phosphate, and magnesium uptake in the same period.
CELLULAR DISINTEGRATION WITH CONCOMITANT RELEASE OF SLIME AND PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR MANNAN BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: TWO SEPARATE PHENOMENA
Authors: Carson K. Jane , Eagon R. G.
Published: February 2010

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 64 has previously been demonstrated to produce an extracellular slime material containing deoxyribonucleic acid and mannan as major constituents. Results reported here indicate that the extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid arises spontaneously from an intracellular origin owing to cellular disintegration without experimental intervention. Cellular disintegration occurs between the first and fifth days of cultivation. It is suggested that cellular disintegration may be due to lysogenic and (or) pyocinogenic phenomena.Production of extracellular mannan, on the other hand, was shown to occur during the first 24 hours of cultivation. Mannose, which was demonstrated to be a carbohydrate of the cell membrane, was not present in cells in sufficient quantity to account for total extracellular mannan. Thus, mannan was indicated to be synthesized de novo and excreted into the medium, possibly as a capsular polysaccharide.Glucose and glucosamine were the only two carbohydrates detected in hydrolysates of cell walls of P. aeruginosa strain 64, while mannose was the only carbohydrate detected in cell membranes.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CELL ENVELOPES OF THE EXTREME HALOPHILE, HALOBACTERIUM CUTIRUBRUM
Authors: Kushner D. J. , Bayley S. T. , Boring J. , Kates M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

In the electron microscope, isolated cell envelopes of the extremely halophilic bacterium, Halobacterium cutirubrum, have the same hexagonal surface pattern and roughly the same shape as do intact cells. At different pH values and in different ionic environments the envelopes undergo changes in shape and surface structure similar to those of intact cells. These changes are probably not due to osmotic pressure. In media of low ionic strength envelopes disintegrate. This disintegration appears to involve at least two reactions, both temperature-dependent.Chemical analyses show that envelopes consist mainly of lipoprotein. Both lipid and protein components are negatively charged at neutral pH, and this may help to explain the dependence on high cationic concentrations for envelope stability. Most of the cell"s phosphatides are present in the envelope. The main phosphorus-containing components of cells are acid-soluble compounds and nucleic acids, whereas the main phosphorus-containing components of envelopes are phosphatides. Envelopes also contain small amounts of hexoses, hexosamine(s), and nucleic acids with a higher RNA/DNA ratio than found in intact cells, but neither muramic acid nor diaminopimelic acid was present. The lack of muramic acid in H. cutirubrum indicates that this halophile does not have a rigid mucopeptide wall of the type found in other bacteria. The lack of mucopeptide in envelopes is not due to autolytic digestion of mucopeptide during envelope isolation.
INFECTION DES CELLULES DE GLANDE SOUS-MAXILLAIRE DE CHIEN CULTIVÉES IN VITRO PAR UN VIRUS RABIQUE FIXE
Authors: Depoux R.
Published: February 2010

It has been shown that the fixed rabies virus (strain Louis Pasteur) could be propagated in dog salivary glands cells cultivated in vitro. The titers of the supernatant medium have increased gradually upon passages. This virus is able to induce the formation of intracytoplasmic inclusions bodies and will destroy the cells in which it multiplies only after more than 20 successive passages. Still, this cytopathogenic effect, even after 26 passages, appears late and is only partial; it is possible that this effect may become constant upon further adaptation to the cells. Nevertheless, one may already conclude that following numerous passages from cells to cells an important modification has taken place in the virus-cells relationships.The virus which has undergone a limited number of passages from cells to cells brings on a chronic infection of these cells which persists for the entire life of the cells. The titers of the virus harvested in the culture medium remain stable as long as the cells grow abundantly. Finally the maximum titer is reached on the fifth day after inoculation in the case of a primoculture and on the third day in the case of a chronically infected culture.Heat is a very important factor in limiting the virulence titer of the virus.
STUDIES ON IN VITRO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION: II. THE EFFECT OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS ON ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Medzon E. L. , Vas S. I.
Published: February 2010

Antibody production by spleen cells in vitro permits the study of a unique property of cells, the synthesis of a specific, quantitatively detectable protein. Under certain conditions allantoic fluid containing Newcastle disease virus (NDV), as well as centrifugally purified NDV, when added to a suspension culture of spleen cells from previously immunized rabbits, produced detectable changes in the amount of radioactively labelled antibody produced. NDV also inhibited glycine-C14incorporation into the TCA-insoluble protein fraction of spleen cells.This inhibition was parallel to the loss of cell viability. No detectable increase of infectious virus or haemagglutination titer was noted. It is suggested that the inhibitions shown were due to the cytotoxic effect of the virus, which appeared to require the infectious virus particle.
A RAPID SLIDE TEST FOR THE DETECTION OF VI ANTIBODY IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL SERA
Authors: Wallace R. , Diena B. B. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

A rapid slide test for the detection of Vi antibodies, using spheroplasts of Salmonella typhi (Vi I, Bhatnagar strain) as the test antigen, has been described. The spheroplasts, grown in a semisynthetic medium containing 1.5% glycine, maintained their antigenic sensitivity for periods of at least 1 month when stored in the cold in the growth medium preserved with 1:5000 Thimerosal.Comparative tests were carried out with the spheroplast slide technique, agglutination tests using intact Bhatnagar cells and Vi-antigen-sensitized red cells, and flocculation tests of Vi-antigen-sensitized bentonite particles. The slide test proved to be specific and reproducible and was as sensitive as the test tube hemagglutination test for both rabbit and human sera. The intact cell agglutination technique and the bentonite flocculation test were relatively insensitive.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF GLYCINE-INDUCED SPHEROPLASTS OF SALMONELLA TYPHI
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

The serological activity of glycine-induced spheroplasts and normal intact cells of Salmonella typhi was assessed. No major differences could be detected in the somatic O and in the Vi antigens of spheroplasts and intact cells. The only major change associated with transformation of normal typhoid organisms into spheroplasts seems to be associated with the flagellar antigen. Spheroplasts evoked a high H agglutinin response in immunized rabbits but were poorly agglutinated by standard H antiserum.The immunogenic ability of the spheroplasts to protect mice from the typhoid challenge was about five times higher than that of intact cells and the toxicity was reduced at least 10-fold.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF VIABILITY FOR SOME FUNGI AFTER PERIODS OF STORAGE IN LIQUID NITROGEN
Authors: Wellman A. M. , Walden D. B.
Published: February 2010

Fifty species of fungi were tested qualitatively for viability after liquid nitrogen treatment. Forty-seven of these species survived. Neurospora crassa conidia (7-day-old) were tested quantitatively for viability after increasing periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. After all storage periods, conidia germinated at the same rates as those from 7-day-old control cultures and attained 95–98% germination after [Formula: see text] hours. The absence of a significant decline in viability of conidia during 9 months storage in liquid nitrogen contrasts markedly with the loss of viability of conidia during 9 months storage at 25 °C. Sordaria fimicola ascospores were similarly tested and shown to behave like untreated spores. Mycelial fragments and hyphal tips of N. crassa and S. fimicola showed renewed growth on suitable media after liquid nitrogen treatment.
SURVIVAL OF SINGLE-BASIDIOSPORE ISOLATES OF RHIZOCTONIA PRATICOLA AND RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI
Authors: Papavizas George C.
Published: February 2010

Twenty randomly selected single-basidiospore isolates from each of Rhizoctonia praticola and R. solani differed considerably in their tolerance to CO2, competitive saprophytic activity, and ability to survive within precolonized substrate segments incubated in soils with or without pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) or oat straw. With a few exceptions, isolates possessing high saprophytic activity also possessed high tolerance to CO2 and high surviving ability in precolonized substrate. Several single-spore isolates of R. solani possessed higher ability for saprophytic survival in organic matter and lower CO2-sensitivity than their parent culture. Survival of single-basidiospore isolates in precolonized substrate segments was greater in unamended soil or soil amended with oat straw than in soil treated with PCNB. Mature oat straw reduced surviving ability of several isolates, whereas it increased surviving ability of others above that observed in unamended soil. The isolates whose surviving ability was increased by oat straw were mostly those possessing high saprophytic activity in unamended soil. Saprophytic activity and virulence of all isolates tested declined with time. Rate of decline of virulence was much more rapid for weak than strong saprophytes.
PREPARATION OF A STABLE NONINFECTIVE GROUP-SPECIFIC ADENOVIRUS DIAGNOSTIC ANTIGEN
Authors: Polley John R. , Guerin Muriel M.
Published: February 2010

In the preparation of a group-specific diagnostic antigen for adenoviruses, various procedures for the concentration and purification of the antigen present in the tissue culture fluid of specifically infected cells were investigated. It was found possible to prepare an antigen of increased potency and specificity by passage of the fluid through an ultrafine sintered glass filter, followed by coprecipitation of the antigen with copper hydroxide. This antigen was rendered noninfective by treatment with 0.01% formaldehyde at pH 7 at 37 °C for 4 days or by heating at 56 °C at pH 5.5 for 3 hours. After destruction of the infectivity the antigen was stabilized for storage by lyophilization. This antigen, after such treatment, still retained its serological reactivity.
THE SHAPE OF THE TIPS OF GROWING BACTERIAL CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS AND ITS RELATION TO THE MECHANISM OF CELLULOSE BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Colvin J. Ross , Dennis D. T.
Published: February 2010

Single growing bacterial cellulose microfibrils show blunt tips in contrast to observations reported from earlier studies. The hypothesis of crystallization of the cellulose microfibril from a soluble, intermediate high polymer is not consistent with the observed shape of the tips but longitudinal growth of the microfibril from activated single residues of glucose is in agreement with this morphology.
THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF LYSOSTAPHIN ON CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Cropp C. Bruce , Harrison Edward F.
Published: February 2010

Lysostaphin, an antibiotic that is unique inasmuch as it lyses all strains of Staphylococcus aureus, has been tested against 252 strains obtained from clinical sources. The clinical isolates were phage typed and tested for in vitro susceptibility to lysostaphin and seven other antistaphylococcal antibiotics.The resistant strains, found generally in phage groups I, III, and Insensitive, were most susceptible to vancomycin, lysostaphin, ristocetin, and kanamycin. The antibiotics least effective were penicillin G, tetracycline, phenethicillin, and erythromycin. As an attempt to quantitate the susceptibility of various clinical strains of 5.S. aureus to lysostaphin, a "lysostaphin index" was devised in which, by an arbitrary criterion, the susceptibility of a clinical isolate was related to the sensitivity of S. aureus, strain FDA 209P. It was found that all isolates were lysed by lysostaphin.
SPECIFICITY AND SENSITIVITY OF A MICROCOLONY TECHNIQUE FOR FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROTYPES
Authors: Chadwick P. , Abbott L.
Published: February 2010

The specificity and sensitivity of a fluorescent antibody technique applied to growing microcolonies has been investigated using serotypes of Escherichia coli responsible for infective enteritis as a model. Microcolonies of 10 E. coli serotypes showed bright fluorescence when treated with homologous conjugated antiserum but no fluorescence when treated with heterologous conjugated antisera. Microcolonies of Enterobacteriaceae strains of other genera or of E. coli strains not associated with infective enteritis showed no fluorescence when treated with conjugated antisera prepared against the enteritis serotypes.Experiments with artificially infected faecal suspensions showed that the sensitivity of the microcolony technique was approximately one hundred times greater than that of the direct smear method. A number of other advantages and possible disadvantages of the microcolony technique are discussed and its usefulness in epidemiological work is suggested.
BIOGENESIS OF THE N-METHYL GROUP OF PYOCYANINE
Authors: Sheikh N. M. , MacDonald J. C.
Published: February 2010

L-Methionine-methyl-C14 or L-serine-3-C14 was added in substrate amount to a medium containing D-quinic acid, glycerol, L-alanine, and salts. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was grown on this medium, and the pyocyanine synthesized by the organism was isolated and degraded to give an estimate of radioactivity in the N-methyl carbon atoms. The methyl carbon atoms of methionine added to the medium supplied 66% of the N-methyl carbon atoms of pyocyanine and were not incorporated to any extent into the rest of the pyocyanine molecule. This was true even though this strain of P. aeruginosa did not require an exogenous supply of methionine to synthesize pyocyanine. The addition of unlabelled serine to the medium did not decrease the incorporation of the methyl carbon atoms of methionine into the N-methyl carbon atoms of pyocyanine. The labelled carbon atoms of serine-3-C14 were incorporated to a lesser extent and less specifically into the N-methyl carbon atoms of pyocyanine than were the methyl carbon atoms of methionine.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN GLUCOSAMINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Gale Glen R.
Published: February 2010

Forty glucosamine derivatives were tested for antimicrobial properties. Five of these were shown to possess significant activity against a number of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi in vitro. These were 5-bromosalicylidene-D-glucosamine (No. 103), cinnamylidene-D-glucosamine (No. 112), 3,5-dibromosalicylidene-D-glucosamine (No. 104), 3,5-dibromosalicylidene-D-glucosamine oxime (No. 130), and 3-nitro-5-chlorosalicylidene-D-glucosamine (No. 119). The acute LD50of each compound in mice was approximately 200, 400, 400, 600, and > 1000 mg/kg for 119, 104, 130, 103, and 112, respectively. Studies on mode of action indicated that 103, 104, and 130 may interfere with glucosamine metabolism in Candida albicans; ultrastructural changes in this organism were also produced by these three derivatives. Numbers 103, 104, 119, and 112 were phosphorylated by yeast hexokinase, and all except 112 depressed the rate of glycolysis in a cell-free extract.
BACTERIOLYSIS OF THE PSEUDOMONADS: II. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AFFECTING THE LYTIC RESPONSE
Authors: Shively J. M. , Hartsell S. E.
Published: February 2010

Various chemical treatments altered the lytic response of the pseudomonads to EDTA–lysozyme–buffer systems. Under acidic conditions (pH 6.0) lysis was impaired; alkaline conditions (pH 8.0) released this impairment. Shrinking and swelling of the cells paralleled the changes in pH. Lysis was inhibited by NaCl (0.1 to 2.0%); the degree of inhibition varied individually with the species. The addition of NaCl resulted in more compact cells. Growing the cultures in a medium containing increased levels of NaCl (1.0 to 5.0%) released the inhibition. Ten percent starch or sucrose, but not glycerol, also inhibited lysis.
MINIMAL ANTIGENIC CONSTITUTION OF 28 STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM
Authors: Date R. A. , Decker A. Morris
Published: February 2010

Somatic antigen groups and minimal somatic antigen constitution of 28 strains of Rhizobium japonicum were determined on the basis of their somatic cross-reactions and agglutinin absorptions. A total of 17 serological groups and 24 antigens was proposed to account for the reactions obtained. Some groups consisted of a complex of three or four strains while others comprised only one strain. Still others were composed of strains which were common to two serological groups. The antigenic complexity of rhizobial cells and the possibility of using "key-antisera" and polyvalent mixtures of "key-antisera" are discussed in relation to the classification of large numbers of field or greenhouse nodule isolates in Rhizobium competition studies.
CYTOLOGY OF THE HUMAN AMNION: A CORRELATION WITH CELL CULTURE
Authors: Wilt J. C. , Miller Donna
Published: February 2010

Phase-contrast studies on amnion cells in suspension following trypsinization of membranes showed the cells to be usually markedly vacuolated and highly refractile and the nucleus to be obscured; a few cells were non-vacuolated, dark, and smaller. Studies were initiated to determine the origin of the small dark cells and their growth in cell culture, utilizing a series of staining technics to elaborate the differences seen by phase-contrast microscopy.Biopsies of amniotic membranes from Caesarian sections more frequently showed less vacuolation of epithelium as compared to amnions from normal deliveries, which were usually markedly vacuolated; trypsinization of membranes made up of non-vacuolated epithelium yielded suspensions made up entirely of smaller, dark cells. Studies on the process of cell separation showed this change of the non-vacuolated cells to smaller dark cells to be an effect of trypsin. The small dark cells were superior to the vacuolated cells for culture purposes.
CYTOLOGY OF PHAGE-INFECTED STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS HYPHAE
Authors: Gilmour C. M. , Bradford E. B.
Published: February 2010

The fine structure of phage-infected Streptomyces griseus hyphae was examined using ultrathin sections and electron microscopy. The intracellular phage was observed to be uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The diameter and hexagonal shape of the head compared well with shadowed phage preparations. Alterations in fine structure centered on irregular cell wall disintegration, plasma membrane disruption, and leakage of cytoplasmic components.
MYCOBACTERIA ISOLATED FROM SOIL
Authors: Jones Roosevelt J. , Jenkins Daniel E.
Published: February 2010

As part of an epidemiologic study on unclassified mycobacterial infection in Houston, Texas, soil samples were collected from the home environment of elementary school students with a positive skin test to PPD-B (group III antigen) and examined for the presence of mycobacteria.Mycobacteria (101 strains) were isolated from 77 of 92 soil samples. Of 93 strains studied, 57 resembled known Mycobacterium species as follows: 48, M. fortuitum; 5, M. smegmatis, and 4, M. peregrinum. If distributed among the four groups of "unclassified mycobacteria", none appeared in group I; 5 in group II; 3 in group III; and 85 in group IV.
EFFECT OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON THE AUTOPLAQUE PHENOMENON OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Berk Richard S.
Published: February 2010

A survey of 75 cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing only one discernible phenotype indicated that 68 routinely exhibited spontaneous lysis, resulting in the appearance of turbid erosions or autoplaques (AP+) when grown on a tryptone–glucose agar medium. Single supplements of non-inhibitory levels of chloromycetin, aureomycin, tetracycline, declomycin, and streptomycin increased the degree of lysis of AP+ strains, but were without effect on AP− strains. Enhancement of lysis was also obtained with sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, elkosin, gantrisin, and triple sulfa, while little or no effect was observed with sulfamerizine and thiosulfil. On the other hand, low concentrations of either acriflavine or proflavine retarded the rate and degree of lysis, while single supplements of the active antibiotics overcame the suppressive effects of the dyes.
CELL YIELDS OF VIBRIO MARINUS, AN OBLIGATE PSYCHROPHILE, AT LOW TEMPERATURE
Authors: Morita Richard Y. , Albright Lawrence J.
Published: February 2010

The cell yields and generation time for Vibrio marinus, an obligate psychrophile, were determined. Cell yields of 13 × 1011and 9 × 109cells/ml in 24 hours at 15 °C (organism"s optimum growth temperature) and 3 °C (organism"s natural environmental temperature) respectively were obtained. Besides temperature, the type of medium also influenced the cell yields. The generation time during the exponential growth phase was calculated to be 80.7 minutes at 15 °C and 226 minutes at 3 °C. Growth was obtained at various hydrostatic pressures (1 to 400 atm) at both 3 and 15 °C.
OBLIGATELY PSYCHROPHILIC YEASTS FROM THE POLAR REGIONS
Authors: Sinclair N. A. , Stokes J. L.
Published: February 2010

Sixty-seven pure cultures of psychrophilic bacteria and yeasts were isolated from polar ice, snow, soil, and other materials. Low temperatures were maintained during all phases of the isolation procedure to avoid possible destruction of obligate psychrophiles. Four of the cultures, all yeasts, proved to be obligate psychrophiles. Three are species of Candida and one of Torulopsis. They grew in the range of 0 °C to 20 °C and the optimum growth temperature was 15 °C. They died rapidly when exposed to temperatures of 30 °C or 40 °C.The rate of fermentation of glucose by psychrophilic Candida sp. P16 was higher than that of mesophilic Saccharomyces cerevisiae at temperatures below 25 °C. At and above 25 °C, this rate relationship was reversed and at 35 °C all fermentative activity of the psychrophilic yeast was destroyed while that of the mesophile was maximal. Oxidative activity of Candida sp. P16 was much less sensitive to 35 °C, which suggests that fermentation and oxidation proceed by different pathways.The extent of occurrence of obligately psychrophilic microorganisms in nature is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF SV4VIRUS
Authors: Sattar S. A. , Rozee K. R.
Published: February 2010

Cytopathic changes in LLC-MK2cells infected with SV4virus, observed with the electron microscope and using acridine orange staining and fluorescent microscopy, have been shown to be similar to that caused by picornaviruses and members of the Columbia-SK virus group. The virus was found to be stabilized against heat in the presence of molar magnesium chloride, and to be stable at pH 3.5. The virus was non-pathogenic for suckling mice, failed to agglutinate sheep and human "O" red blood cells, but agglutinated rhesus monkey erythrocytes at 4 °C. On the basis of these properties and those already known, it was suggested that SV4virus be placed in the group Enteroviruses of lower animals.
TRANSFORMATION OF REICHSTEIN"S COMPOUND "S" AND OXIDATION OF CARBOHYDRATES BY SPORES OF SEPTOMYXA AFFINIS
Authors: Singh Kartar , Sehgal S. N. , Vezina Claude
Published: February 2010

Spores of Septomyxa affinis transformed Reichstein"s compound "S" into mainly 1-dehydro "S" and small amounts of 17-side-chain degradation products. 1-Dehydrogenating activity of the spores was not influenced by the sporulation medium. Adaptation has never been observed. Metal ions, chelating agents, activators, and cofactors showed no significant influence, within wide limits. Externally supplied phosphate, glucose, or any other carbon source was not required. Mercuric chloride, N-ethylmaleimide, NaN3, 2,4-dinitrophenol, antimycin, and some oxidation–reduction dyes inhibited steroid conversion. Degradation of the side chain was blocked by conducting the transformation at 32 °C.Spores of S. affinis oxidized acetate, glucose, fructose, ethanol, and xylose. Oxidation of these substrates was inhibited by most of the reagents that also inhibited steroid transformation.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION OF CERTAIN SALMONID FISHES AGAINST AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA
Authors: Spence K. D. , Fryer J. L. , Pilcher K. S.
Published: February 2010

Passive protection against Aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of furunculosis in fishes, was produced in juvenile coho salmon by administration of serum from adult rainbow trout containing antibodies actively produced by intra-abdominal vaccination.The levels of natural (or residual) agglutinins against A. salmonicida and those produced by vaccination are shown for two age-groups of rainbow trout.Oral vaccine administered in the diet of juvenile coho salmon failed to produce either agglutinating antibody or protection against experimental infection under the conditions employed.
METHOD OF ESTIMATING THE BACTERIAL POPULATION ON SURFACES
Authors: Clark D. S.
Published: February 2010

A new method of removing the bacterial population from surfaces has been developed for use in laboratory and field studies. The method is based on the impingement of a spray of washing solution against a circumscribed area of surface; the number of bacteria in the resultant suspension is subsequently determined by plating. The equipment developed for this procedure is simple to use, portable, and does not injure the test surface. In comparative tests using chicken skin and slices of lean beef and pork fat, inoculated uniformly with Pseuiomonas fluorescens, recoveries obtained with the spray technique were superior to those obtained with conventional methods.
REVERSION AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALMONELLA TYPHI SPHEROPLASTS
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

The spheroplast-inducing activity of glycine in solid and semisolid media was studied, particularly with reference to growth, reversion to the bacillary state, and properties of the spheroplasts. The combination of 3% NaCl, 1.75% glycine, 10% horse serum, 2% dextrose, and 0.01 M MgSO4∙7H2O was optimal for L colony formation.Resistance to glycine induction was apparent by the third generation in glycine-containing media, while the absence of the inducer invariably resulted in mass reversion.Glycine-induced spheroplasts were essentially similar to the parent bacilli in virulence, antigenicity, phage type, antibiotic sensitivity, and biochemical fermentations. These forms are not filtrable through membrane filters. It is suggested that the term "L" form should be applied to these spheroplasts, even though stability was not one of their characteristics.