bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrathoracic Neuronal Regulation of Cardiac Function
Authors: Ardell Jeffrey L
Published: October 2023

Regional control of cardiac function depends on the coordination of activity generated by neurons within intrathoracic autonomic ganglia and the central nervous system. The hierarchy of nested feedback loops there provides precise beat-to-beat control of regional cardiac function. Contrary to classical teaching, work from our laboratory and a number of others using electrophysiological and neuro pharmacological techniques applied from the level of whole organ to that of neurons recorded in vitro, indicates that intrathoracic autonomic ganglia act as more than simple relay stations for autonomic efferent neuronal control of the heart. Within the hierarchy of intrathoracic ganglia and nerve interconnections, complex processing of information depends on the spatial and temporal summation of varied sensory inputs (Chapter 3) and on inputs from central neurons (Chapters 5-7). Neurons within intrathoracic autonomic ganglia are likewise modulated by circulating hormones, chief among them being circulating epinephrine and angiotensin II (Chapters 2 and 12).
Forebrain Control of Healthy and Diseased Hearts
Authors: Cechetto David f.
Published: October 2023

A number of parallels can be drawn between the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the visceral and somatic nervous systems. They both have ascending sensory pathways that terminate in either the marginal layers of the spinal cord or the caudal medulla.59 Their sensory information is relayed to the cortex, primarily via a crossed pathway from a lower brain stem site to the thalamus. Each has a topographically organized afferent pathway throughout the neuraxis such that much of this ascending sensory information has collateral pathways to other limbic or basal ganglia sites that participate in the integration of responses to peripheral stimuli. Furthermore, the descending pathways for visceral and somatic system control are similar in that there is a primary region in the frontal cortex of the brain with direct connections to the spinal cord, with multiple subcortical sites exerting very strong tonic control over the final common pathway. However, these two major brain systems diverge in one very important aspect. Perturbations in the autonomic control regions of the brain can, and often do, lead to death due to cardiac, gastric, vascular, or renal complications. Disruptions in specific regions of the somatic nervous system, by contrast, usually result in less life-threatening complications, such as paralysis.
Sympathetic Nervous System in the Evolution of Heart Failure
Authors: Dell’italia Lours J , Ardell Jeffrey L
Published: October 2023

In response to a variety of stresses, including exercise, traumatic injury, and blood loss, the need for increased cardiac output is met by a commensurate increase in adrenergic drive. As a result, norepinephrine (NE), the primary neurotransmitter of the adrenergic system, is released from sympathetic nerve endings in the heart. Myocardial adrenergic receptor signaling path­ ways are activated, resulting in increases in heart rate, rate of electrical conduction, and force of contraction. Early sympathetic neuronal activation in cardiac injury and/or hemodynamic overload increases ventricular inotropy and systemic resistance, thereby maintaining cardiac output and blood pressure. Sustained activation of sympathetic efferent neurons, however, can have several adverse consequences, including increased ventricular wall stress, direct myocyte toxicity, myocardial fibrosis, and lowering of the ventricular fibrillation threshold. Furthermore, there is mounting evidence that multiple intracardiac neurohormonal systems and the adrenergic system are activated simultaneously and cross-regulate each other, even in the absence of elevations in plasma neurohormonal levels as heart failure progresses. The purpose of this chapter is to not only underscore the central role of sympathetic overdrive in early left ventricular dysfunction but also to emphasize its interaction with key neurohormonal systems, in particular the renin-angiotensin system, kallikrein kinin system, and inflammatory cytokines, in the progression of adverse structural and functional left ventricular remodeling associated with the cardiac pathology.
The Tempest, The Sea Voyage, and the Pocahontas Myth
Authors: Hutner Heidi
Published: October 2023

The multiple revisions of Shakespeare’s Tempest in the seventeenth century demonstrate the cultural desire for a reconciliation of the ambivalent discourse of English colonization in its early phases, as Paul Brown suggests.’ But perhaps more significantly, these redactions of The Tempest suggest also how English political discourse attempts to unravel its own complex ideological contradictions through the fictional encounters of the white man and the other. The New World, as it is recreated and represented on the English stage, functions as a testing ground for resolving the rifts and discontinuities in English politics and culture. The ideological appropriation of the other culture by seventeenth-century authors takes place for self-serving purposes: to establish the difference between a supposedly savage people and a civilized English nation and to reinforce conservative theories of government, such as those of Filmer and James I. In chapters I and 2, I will argue that the female body, both native and European, is figured as the image over which the testing of conservative theories of government and the attempted reconciliation of disparate seventeenth-century English ideologies occur.2 These plays use the conventions of upper-class courtship to attempt to justify the subjection or eradication of the New World Native American population.’ But the conquest of the native in and by the conventions of the courtly romance mystifies, and hence justifies, the politics of the imperial project.
Restoration Revisions of The Tempest
Authors: Hutner Heidi
Published: October 2023

The adaptations of The Tempest that follow Fletcher’s Sea Voyage were written and performed after the Interregnum. In these plays, the echoes of the sociopolitics of The Tempest and the political events of the seventeenth century are obvious-usurped kingdoms, rebellious lower classes, and restored thrones.’ As George Guffey notes, “Shakespeare’s play was itself a ‘restoration’ comedy. That is, it centered on the restoration of the rightful Duke of Milan to the throne that had earlier been wrested illegally from him. “2 The adaptations of The Tempest after 1660 explore the cultural anxiety concerning the overthrow of Charles I in the 1640s and the uncertainties of Restoration politics. With the exception of Thomas Durfey’s A Common-Wealth of Women, patriarchal authority is never fully restored in any of these adaptations. Katherine Eisaman Maus suggests that although the idea of the family and patriarchy as the origin of the state was a significant political weapon for the Stuarts and their allies in the early seventeenth century, “as the century wore on, patriarchalism seemed increasingly nostalgic-an attempt to recover the lost monarchical privilege enjoyed by the early Stuarts. “ Hence, in Restoration adaptations of The Tempest, the figure of the “father-king “ becomes “anachronistic. “3 Michael Neill argues similarly that monarchs of Restoration drama oftentimes “prove as corrupt and self-seeking as the revolutionaries who oppose them. “ The heroic ethos of the pre-civil war Stuarts had faded for royalists, because “it was a past ... of incompetence, failure, and ultimate defeat, ... [and for those] whose family allegiances had lain with the Good Old Cause the ignominious collapse of Republican hopes in 1660 rendered any alternative mythology of heroic success equally suspect.
Uncivil Wars
Authors: Milder Robert
Published: October 2023

As Melville’s first published book of poetry and first published book of any kind since The Confidence-Mannine years earlier, Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War(1866) marks a watershed in his career, much as the Civil War itself marks a watershed in American experience. Henry James invoked the terms in which antebellum Americans liked to think of the nation when he referred to “the broad morning sunshine” in which “the immense, uninterrupted material development of the young Republic” took place and to the “kind of superstitious faith” this progress engendered “in the grandeur of the country, its duration, its immunity from the usual troubles of earthly empires.” Among writers and intellectuals of the period, the faith James describes as “simple and uncritical” was in truth neither; yet writers critical of the actualities of national life seldom doubted the ideal, and in taxing their countrymen with unworthiness or apostasy, they commonly bore witness to their own version of the popular belief “that the great American state,” as James said, “was not as other human institutions are, that a special Providence watched over it.” The Civil War, James added, put an end to American exceptionalism: “It introduced into the national consciousness a certain sense of proportion and relation, of the world being a more complicated place than it had hitherto seemed, the future more treacherous, success more difficult The good American, in days to come, will be a more critical person than his complacent and confident grandfather.
Inhabiting The Metropolis Gendered Space And Colonialism
Authors: Woollacott Angela
Published: October 2023

Mack’s rendering of her fears and fantasies about London suggests historically specific gendered aspects of Australian women’s attraction to the imperial metropolis. This chapter explores spatial and geographic dimensions of that attraction and how Australian women’s negotiation of London’s public spaces was part of this period of modernity. White colonial women appropriated new possibilities for physical and social mobility, including new professional and career opportunities, as they remade their subjectivities, lives, and spaces in the city. Unlike Indians and other nonwhite colonial subjects, white colonial women were not treated as spectacles on the streets of London and could travel about free of race-based ogling, harassment, and prejudiced resentments. At the same time, colonial status and, often, the consequent lack of powerful or useful connections constituted obstacles that women pursuing education or professional paths had to overcome. White colonials in Britain encountered a far less vicious and more nebulous set of barriers than racism. They faced resistance to their claims to Europeanness or Britishness, a constellation of attitudes that saw them instead, as the anthropologist Ann Laura Stoler has put it, “as parvenus, cultural incompetents, morally suspect, and indeed ‘fictive’ Europeans, somehow distinct from the real thing.”
Dark Transformations
Authors: Shadoian Jack
Published: October 2023

The thirties was a period in which tragedy, and its pleasures, could prosper. Audiences needed to encounter the truth of hard times, but also needed psychological support, to be reminded of the value of human endeavor. Tragedy, a harsh but not hopeless mode, was a suitable approach for the genre. Tragedy is not truly disturbing, because human error is justified and ennobled, because feelings are focused on and honored, and because it drains us of our difficulties instead of clarifying them by analysis or repleting them by further complications. The appearance of tragedy is a sign of the culture’s faith, innocence, and idealism. Early gangster narratives, whether they related specifically to the rapacity of American capitalism or not, were resonant myths of defeat that echoed with heroic, positive reverberations. The gangster was uplifting, aweinspiring, and grand, even in death. Movies created dreams and fantasies that made a hard life bearable. By 1939, the depression was over and Raoul Walsh’s The Roaring Twenties put the turmoil of the recent past into an ambiguously elegiac perspective. It felt like the gangster’s swan song, but it wasn’t. In 1941, during a period when America was energetically involved in the war, High Sierra (also Walsh) was released.
I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

As Cupid’s sweetheart since the evening before, out of shyness fearing to meet her accomplice face to face in the clear light of day, Rosa Ilincheta delayed leaving her dressing room as long as she could. Isabel, however, had duties to fulfill and appeared very early on the south porch of her house with her parasol in her right hand, a little basket suspended by the handle from her left arm, and as her only wrap her large silk scarf embroidered with raised work.The sun then appeared around a corner of the house, shedding light on part of the garden and projecting its shadow and that of the trees across a long stretch of the plantation’s spacious batey. There had been a heavy morning dew. The lawn was soaked, the red dust of the roads wet down, and the leaves of the plants and the corollas of the flowers covered with tiny dewdrops, prisms breaking down the light of the life-giving sun as its rays struck them obliquely.
V I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The afternoon was swiftly drawing to a close. There, off in the most remote corner of the batey, the crude drumming with which the blacks accompanied the melancholy singing and wild dancing of their native land could still be heard.Here, around the sugar mill, there was a great deal of activity and noise. The towers or chimneys of the furnaces for making steam and heating the evaporators of the Jamaican train sent columns of thick blackish smoke into the air.The black newcomer from Africa, the helper of the mechanic who had recently arrived from Maine, the state of the country to the north known for its granite, went back and forth between the horizontal mill and the steam engine with his oil can with a long curved spout in his hand, lubricating the joints and axles so as to cut down the friction, an inevitable cause of losses of motive force.
A Conversation with Gabriel García Márquez
Authors: Bell-Villada Gene H
Published: October 2023

The following chat with García Márquez took place in his home on Calle Fuego, in the Pedregal section of Mexico City. It was June 1982. His wife, Mercedes--as beautiful and as warmly engaging as rumors say-had opened the front door for me, smiled, and then pointed toward the inside driveway.
Did He Dream of a Lily-White America? The Voyage to Linconia
Authors: Boritt Gabor
Published: October 2023

The men sitting around in the room must have felt uneasy—however memorable the occasion. August, 1862. For the first time in the history of the great Republic, the prejudiced Republic, a group of black people was being entertained in the White House by the president of the United States. Lincoln’s patronizing tone would have revolted a Frederick Douglass, and many African American leaders, had any of them been invited; the chief practical thrust of Lincoln’s message would have divided them.
Anxiety Disorders The Stress Regulator Goes Wild
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

I’ll never get caught up. I need a break! I feel so overwhelmed. I just can’t cope with it all. I need a chance to kick back, but I’ll never find the time. I’m so stressed out! Those are the refrains of the twenty-first century.

As we look back to the world of one hundred years ago, we see a time of innocence and simplicity that we view with nostalgia. Traveling by horse and buggy and communicating by written letters has a quaint appeal. Would we trade what we have now for what we had then? Maybe yes, or maybe no, depending on how much we value “modern conveniences” in comparison with the complexity, confusion, and pressures of modern life. But anyway we don’t have a choice. The twenty-first century has already happened. We can’t turn back the clock.
Alcoholism in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises: A Wine and Roses Perspective on the Lost Generation
Authors: Djos Matts
Published: October 2023

The novel describes how Jake Barnes and his expatriate friends spend a good deal of time in Paris drinking and talking about drinking, how some of them make a hectic trip over the Pyrennees to Pamplona to go fishing and watch the bullfights, and how, after an astonishing series of affairs, foul-ups, and misunderstandings, they straggle back to Paris to talk some more and do some more drinking.
The Mythology Of North America
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The growing economic and political influence of Native American tribes has brought religious issues, once little noted, increasingly to the fore. Timeless in their basic structures, the continent’s principal myths are now emerging as sacred histories that have contemporary significance. In this wide-ranging volume, John Bierhorst carefully delineates eleven mythological regions--from the Arctic to the Southwest and from California to the East Coast--presenting the gods, heroes, and primary myths of each area. First published in 1985, this indispensable guide has been updated to reflect the latest scholarship in Native studies. In a new Afterword, Bierhorst describes the recent impact of ancient myths in the arena of American Indian affairs and shows how Native Americans have successfully used mythology as oral evidence to reclaim land rights and to repatriate grave goods. Citing specific cases, he shows how new legislation and changing attitudes “have provided a basis for bringing myth to the negotiating table and into the courtroom.” Detailed maps show tribal locations and the distribution of key stories. Indian artworks illustrate the texts and samples of differing narrative styles add enrichment, as some of the world’s purest and most powerful myths are made more accessible--and more meaningful--than ever before.
Storytelling in the Arctic
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

If myths offered the Northwest Coast a means of advancing one’s social position, among Eskimos they served the purpose of killing time. Before the days of satellite TV, stories were needed, if for no other reason than to help fill the endless winter night. At its best, this eminently practical approach to storytelling gave rise to a secular entertainment industry unexcelled by any other native American culture. Only among the Pueblos and perhaps the Iroquois was the art of fiction so highly developed, and only in the Southwest did music play so great a role.
Creators of California
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

As used here, the name California applies only to about two thirds of the state, stretching from the northeast corner to a cut-off line two hundred miles south of San Francisco. Before the Gold Rush of 1849 this was a region of village dwellers, who did not farm, who seldom traveled, and who almost never made war. The hunting and the fishing were good and the edible acorns so abundant that the region supported a population denser than most areas where farming was practiced.
Great Basin Heroes and Heroines
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Living was difficult in the dry open country of the Great Basin. Lacking the acorn crops that enriched the Californians, the Basin people foraged for roots, bulbs, and greens, rounding out their diet with small game. Settlements, if such they can be called, often amounted to no more than the brush shelter of a single family, with no neighbors in sight. People did get together for communal hunts or an occasional pine nut harvest, and these events afforded opportunities for exchanging stories.
Father Creators and Boy Heroes
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

At the end of a session in which hero tales had been told, a Wichita narrator of the old days, thinking back over his own life, would weep, while his young listeners, thinking ahead, would strike their front teeth with their thumbnails, indicating their desire to live long and perform deeds like those that had just been recounted. Then the storyteller would make an offering of food and tobacco smoke to the mythical heroes and raise a pouch of food to the Creator in the sky. The session would close with offerings to the four directions and to the earth.
Earth and Sky
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The Hidatsa of western North Dakota were the northernmost of the Plains tribes to grow corn and live in permanent villages. According to their mythology, adapted from the Mandan, they emerged from the earth carrying their garden produce with them. Lone Man was their leader. A vine they had planted in the underworld had grown through a hole in the earth’s crust, and it was this that they climbed as they made their way upward, one by one. Many had already emerged when a pregnant woman began the ascent.
Lore of the Kin
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

Tribes of the central and lower Midwest were divided into kinship groups, usually thought of as representing the component parts of the universe. Among the Omaha there were ten such units, five of which considered themselves “sky” clans; the other five were the “earth” clans. The Winnebago had a similar system, recognizing four clans “above” and eight “below,” each named for a particular animal. In the mind’s eye these occupied five tiers: heaven of heavens (Thunderbird clan); sky (Hawk, Eagle, and Pigeon clans);
Dangerous Women
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

The Gran Chaco appears to be just beyond reach of the story of the female warriors, or Amazon myth, which has not been reported farther south than Bolivia and southern Brazil. Yet the theme of conflict between the sexes persists, giving rise to a variety of myths that betray men’s fear of women, including, among the Chamacoco at least, a ceremonial myth on the subject of male domination.
Introduction
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

A 50-year-old man lies in a hospital bed, desperately ill. Emphysema has destroyed his lungs, and the pitiful sound of his labored breathing fills the room. Watch him! Incredible as it seems, he begs his wife to bring him a cigarette. Cigarettes put him here, cigarettes will surely finish him off. Why doesn’t he quit? Why didn’t he quit years ago when the first Surgeon General’s report on smoking, widely publicized, had already made it clear what his future would be if he continued his pack-a-day habit?
Pain and Pleasure
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

In the Cornaro Chapel in Rome a brilliant shaft of sunlight illuminates the masterwork of the great seventeenth-century sculptor Bernini. A marble statue of Saint Teresa, it depicts the moment of her famous ecstasy, when an angel with a flaming golden arrow pierced her heart repeatedly.
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

“They give all that they possess, in order to indulge their mad craving,” wrote the German physician and medical researcher Louis Lewin in 1887 about cocaine addicts. That comment is just as apt for cocaine users today as it was a century ago, and is true of amphetamine addicts as well. Chapter 4 described how monkeys, given free access to cocaine, self-administer it to the exclusion of all other activities until they reach a state of sleepless exhaustion and die in a couple of weeks. One sees the same frantic, compulsive behavior in cocaine addicts on a binge, the chief difference being that their supply of cocaine is usually (but not always) exhausted before they can kill themselves.
Treating Addiction, Preventing Relapse
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

One of my patients (let’s call him Charlie T.) was an accomplished musician. His career had been wrecked by heroin, and now he had been on methadone for three years. For all that time he had participated in group counseling sessions. His therapist had helped him find a job with a local opera company. Marital counseling had helped him reunite with his wife. He belonged to a neighborhood bowling club and had recently won a trophy. He had used no heroin or other illicit drug for two whole years, as proved by regular urine testing. A year ago, as he was doing so well by all the indicators, his therapist had agreed that he might be ready to discontinue methadone, and he had been reducing dosage very, very gradually since then.
Library Automation: Tight Consortia
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

My first trip to Poland under Mellon auspices was in October 1990. In Hungary, I most often traveled by train because of the excellent intercity trains that connect Budapest with the larger provincial cities. In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, I sometimes drove a rented car or took a plane. In Poland, the distances are large, my itinerary often made trains impractical, and on most trips I rented a car with a driver for a geographically clockwise tour that would start in Warsaw and carry me to some or all of Lublin, Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, Toruń, and back to Warsaw.

As I started to meet with university as well as government officials, I soon realized that there was a substantial style difference between the Hungarians and the Poles on the one hand, and the Czechs and the Slovaks on the other. The Hungarians and Poles tended to be informal: discussions took place around a table over coffee, and they had the air of conversations. In the Czech Republic and in Slovakia, comparable events were often (but by no means always) very formal. The “locals” would sit on one side of a long rectangular table and I (or I and a colleague if I was accompanied) would sit along the other side; occasionally our side of the table would fly a small American flag while the other side would fly the appropriate local flag. There would be no conversation on such occasions, but speeches would be made: an opening sally by the home team, a reply by me, and so on; this might end with a ritual glass of brandy, even if it was 10 o’clock in the morning.

There was one issue associated with making library automation grants that I did not really have to face in Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, namely what difference it makes whether the software system is or is not already selected by the library at the time that the grant is awarded. In Hungary, I did not have to deal with integrated automated library systems, and in the other two countries the oversight provided by Andrew Lass insured that the preparatory work was scrupulously careful and detailed, even if the final decision had not yet been made. The advantages of having the software decision made early was that the cost of the system could be known with greater precision and that the library would have had to do all its homework before the grant was awarded.
Economy and Society
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

The previous chapters have dealt with a varied menu of activities focused overwhelmingly on management training and economics education, on improving the state of national and university computing capabilities, and on modernizing research libraries. These activities had substantial effects on the development of free-market economies, on the modernization and westernization of educational systems, and on the integration of the East European countries into a mainstream western-style educational and research environment. But the same objectives could also be pursued by somewhat different means; that is, one could also think of reforming particular institutions of the economy, the political system, or society at large by more direct and practical actions. Thus, for example, it seemed entirely reasonable to help streamline the privatization process in the several countries.

There is, of course, an endless list of potential direct interventions, but it made good sense to place some special emphasis on areas that I knew some thing about. This involved first and foremost the development of particular business enterprises or of regional industrial centers and the improvement of the financial institutions in the several countries. Closely related were projects to improve the quality of government operations. Most importantly, many of the useful activities that one could undertake were to recognize the importance of the shift from a strongly centralized, pre-1990 system to one that was becoming increasingly decentralized in several important respects.
Eternal Sacred Order versus Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Opata Damian U
Published: October 2023

Okonkwo’s Killing of Ikemefuna—his knottiest moral dilemma in the novel—has generally been seen by critics as an unconscionable act that is tantamount to an offense against the gods of the land. After Ikemefuna’s death, Okonkwo’s closest friend, Obierika, tells him that what he did “will not please the Earth” because “it is the kind of action for which the goddess wipes out whole families” (46). Earlier, Ezeudu, “the oldest man” in Okonkwo’s own quarter of Umuofia, had told Okonkwo not to have anything to do with the killing of Ikemefuna. He said, “That boy calls you father. Do not bear a hand in his death” (40). The authorial voice which follows after the killing of Ikemefuna ascribes a psychological motive of fear to Okonkwo’s actions.
The Metamorphosis of Piety in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart
Authors: Mackenzie Clayton G
Published: October 2023

Matters of Religion are thematically central to Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God. Both novels reflect revisions in the nature of traditional worship, and both attest to the demise of traditional mores in the face of an aggressive and alien proselytizing religion. The disparities between the two novels are equally significant. Possibly for reasons of historical setting, Things Fall Apart differs from Arrow of God in its presentation of the status of indigenous beliefs and in its precise delineation of the evolutionary process of those beliefs—a process not articulated in any detail in the later novel. The shifts of belief in Things Fall Apart are marked by the pragmatic transference of old pieties for new, a metamorphosis demanded by the realities of a revised socioeconomic hierarchy.
FX Short Positions, Balance Sheets, and Financial Turbulence An Interpretation of the Asian Financial Crisis
Authors: Neftci* Salih N
Published: October 2023

This paper discusses a framework that may make the explanation of such dynamics easier. In the framework that we develop below, market participants start taking risky positions due to an initial mispricing. The positions weaken the balance sheet of the financial sector. This fragility then imposes constraints on the central bank’s policies and makes sure that the mispricing is perceived as “long-term,” which in tum leads to an increase of the risky positions.
Candidiasis
Authors: Vazquez Jose A , Sobel jack D
Published: October 2023

Within a few decades, Candida species have progressed from infrequent pathogens that were largely considered nuisance contaminants to important and common human pathogens causing a wide spectrum of superficial and deep disease. Superficial infections are frequently community acquired and responsible for considerable morbidity. In contrast, deep seated, invasive, and systemic Candida infections are usually nosocomial in origin. Pathogenic and risk factors for superficial and deep candidiasis, although overlapping, are markedly different; hence superficial infection uncommonly results in systemic disease. Matching the increased incidence of Candida infections has been the availability in the last 2 decades of successive generations of antifungal agents.
Cryptococcosis
Authors: Baddley John W , Dismukes william E
Published: October 2023

Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, an organism found in soil, often associated with pigeon droppings. Infection most often involves the lungs or central nervous system, and less frequently the blood, skin, skeletal system, and prostate. Since the incidence of cryptococcosis is greatly increased in immunocompromised patients, especially among patients with AIDS and organ transplant recipients, cryptococcosis is considered an opportunistic fungal disease. Treatment of cryptococcosis is based on anatomic site of disease and immune status of the patient. Cryptococcal meningitis is typically treated with induction therapy of amphotericin B with or without flucytosine, followed by a pro-longed course of fluconazole. For pulmonary disease, fluconazole is effective therapy in most patients. Chronic maintenance therapy with fluconazole may be required in HIV-infected patients who remain immunosuppressed. At least 19 species of the genus Cryptococcus have been described (Rippon, 1988), but few are recognized as causing infection in humans. The predominant pathogen is C. neoformans, but two other species, C. albidus, and C. laurentii, have been reported to rarely cause disease in humans (Gluck et al, 1987; Johnson et al, 1998; Kordossis et al, 1998). Cryptococcus neoformans is a round or oval encapsulated yeast, measuring approximately 4–6 µ,m in diameter in clinical specimens, and having a capsule ranging in size from 1 to > 30 µ,m. In specimens isolated from nature, organisms tend to be smaller and poorly encapsulated (Neilson et al, 1977). Four serotypes, A, B, C, and D, of C. neoformans are recognized based on antigenic determinates on the polysaccharide capsule, with serotype A most common. Cryptococcus neoformans is further classified into pathogenic varieties: C. neoformans var. neo-formans traditionally included serotypes A and D; and C. neoformans var. gattii includes serotypes B and C.
Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

It is axiomatic that rigorous experimental methods are required to demonstrate the efficacy of a medical treatment. Whether the comparison is with placebo (sham treatment) or with an alternative active therapy, a prospective design with random assignment of consecutive patients to treatment groups and blind assessment of outcome using objective measures are absolute requirements. Both the diagnostic criteria and the precise treatment parameters must be specified, and appropriate statistical analyses must be employed (or the data presented in sufficient detail for readers to perform their own calculations). Scrupulous adherence to these rules is especially crucial when studying an emotionally charged and physiologically active treatment such as ECT, for it is often used for illnesses (depression, mania) with a high spontaneous remission rate.

The first part of this chapter assesses the efficacy of ECT by reviewing the evidence from controlled trials in the three disorders for which such data are available: depression, schizophrenia, and mania. The results of uncontrolled or otherwise methodologically weak studies, anecdotal reports, and case history studies are referred to in the second part.
Technique of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Theory
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

Electroconvulsive therapy is not a trifling or inconsequential procedure to be delegated to a junior resident or casually administered, unassisted, in the office. It is unique among psychiatric treatments: a significant medical intervention requiring general anesthesia and entailing risks, however, small, of morbidity and mortality. The psychiatrist administering ECT adopts a role most like that of his medical and surgical colleagues; to perform it well requires an intimate knowledge of the physiology and biochemistry of induced seizures, an understanding of the pharmacology of anesthetic agents, familiarity with the physical properties of the electrical stimulus used, and the confidence and skill to lead a treatment team in the event of a medical emergency.

No requirements yet exist for the training of psychiatrists in giving ECT (Fink, 1986b); indeed, neither the American Committee on Graduate Medical Education and its Residency Review Committees nor the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology provide any guidelines in this regard.
Patients’ Attitudes, Medicolegal Considerations, and Informed Consent
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

Gomez (1975) was the first to examine the incidence and severity of subjectively experienced side effects of ECT. She tried to understand why, as she believed, “many patients and their relatives view the prospect of ECT with horror.” She interviewed 96 patients, most of them depressed, 24 hours after each treatment, for a total of 500 consecutive treatments, of which 420 were given with bilateral electrode placement. The self-reported incidence of side effects was remarkably low: Muscle pain topped the list at 8.2%, with subjective memory impairment and headache occurring only about 3% of the time. Surprisingly, subjective complaints were no less frequent in patients receiving unilateral compared with bilateral ECT. The aspect of ECT most disliked by patients who were interviewed after they had received 3 or 4 ECTs related primarily to fear—most frequently, a fear of permanent impairment of memory or intellectual abilities, followed about equally by fear of entering the ECT room, fear of death or serious damage, and the apprehension experienced while simply waiting to receive treatment. A quarter of the sample expressed no special fear or dislike of ECT.
A Short Guide to Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

Fibromyalgia is a form of chronic neuromuscular pain, a pain-amplification syndrome brought on by abnormal interactions between hormones, the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the autonomic nervous system, that afflicts six million Americans every year. Often misdiagnosed, and widely misunderstood, the majority of patients are turned away from doctors or treated for depression. This guide offers expert advice to sufferers of this painful syndrome and gives them the education they need to get the help they require but rarely get. In their earlier books, Making Sense of Fibromyalgia and All About Fibromyalgia, noted medical writer Janice Wallace and Dr. Daniel Wallace, a leading expert on this disorder, provided comprehensive guides—for both patients and professionals—to this little known and poorly understood syndrome. Now, in Fibromyalgia, the Wallaces provide an inviting and succinct version of the syndrome they have studied, laid out in clear and accessible language. The authors provide a clear, concise explanation of the syndrome and its symptoms, and also outline the recent advances in treatments. Fibromyalgia addresses a desperate need for concise, accessible information on this syndrome and offers reassurance to patients and their families.
The Naiveté of Agency Instrumentalism
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

In situating his own approach to democratic deliberation, Habermas describes twin dangers that he seeks to avoid: Discourse theory drops all those motifs employed by the philosophy of consciousness that lead one either to ascribe the citizens’ practice of self-determination to a macrosocial subject or to refer the anonymous rule of law to competing individual subjects. The former approach views the citizenry as a collective actor that reflects the whole and acts for it. In the latter approach, individual actors function as dependent variables in power processes-processes that operate blindly because beyond individual choice there can be at most aggregated, but not consciously formed and executed, collective decisions.1 In examining two instrumentalist conceptions for agency reasoning in this chapter and the next, I will show that each falls into one of the traps that Habermas describes. Although (Ml), agency instrumentalism, is hardly inspired by Rousseau’s metaphors of collective consciousness, it nonetheless turns out to fail to take seriously enough the differences among persons and models governmental reasoning as if the government were a single subject. Model (M2), which takes cost-benefit analysis to be the crucial policy standard, falls instead into the second trap of casting individuals as blind and passive elements in a process of aggregation. My task, here, is to begin to explore the implications of democracy as democratic autonomy, with its populist and rationalist aspect, for decision-making within administrative agencies. To do so is also, as I have indicated, to begin to think about how to divide the difficult labor of reasoning collectively about such complex matters.
Majority Rule as a Closure Device
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

For all the importance of legislators being willing to forge deep compromises through a process of collective reasoning, there is no doubt but that they will have to resort to voting, at the end of the day, to determine which proposals will have the force of law. Some form of majority rule is the obviously favored candidate for a closure device. Does reliance on majority rule seriously impede, or render impossible, achieving the ideal of a rationalist populism? Is legislative use of majority rule compatible with democracy as democratic autonomy? There are two distinct aspects of this question. First, is legislative use of majority rule compatible with the populist demand for rule by the people? Second, is it compatible with the rationalist demand for truth-oriented democratic deliberation? Majority Rule in Populist Government The question about the compatibility between majority rule and populism might seem a strange one, as many have simply equated populism with unfettered majority rule. My interpretation of populism, however, has been different. Instead, it has demanded that democratic government be such that each individual is treated as a free and equal autonomous participant in a fair process of lawmaking. Together with the rationalist strand, this generates a hope for unanimity or consensus. Hence the question about the compatibility between majority rule and populism is a question about why consensus among the legislators is not what would be required to achieve the ideals of democracy as democratic autonomy. How can majority rule play a role in forging the will of the entire people? At an abstract level, the answer to this question is the same as the answer to the parallel question about representative government: because majority rule is an eminently fair and sensible procedure by which to make collective decisions. I have disavowed any search for an antecedently existent will of
The Evolution of Candidate Communication
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard
Published: October 2023

The move by candidates onto the Internet during the 1990s represents the latest in a long series of changes in electoral communication that stretches far back in American history. Television is commonly cited as the key technological development that has affected how politics works. But the relationship between changes in technology and changes in politics encompasses far, far more than simply the broadcasting of images and sound. Since the time of the founding of the republic itself, technological developments have afforded candidates for office a stream of new techniques for communicating their messages. The rotary press, telegraph, railroad, radio, computerized direct mail, and other innovations each altered opportunities and costs for communicating political messages, and in each case parties and candidates responded.
Reinforcement
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard
Published: October 2023

We began with two basic questions: How do candidates use the Internet to communicate with voters? Do these messages reinforce or alter the attitudes and behavior of voters?

The evidence from our interviews, our analyses of Web site content, our surveys, and our laboratory experiments across the country provide some answers to these questions. At this point, we need to reiterate those answers and provide an interpretation.

Our first question is answered simply: Candidates clearly are incorporating the Internet into campaigns. Web sites are standard in candidate campaigns for federal or statewide office. In addition, candidates are employing e-mail communication to reach those voters who may not visit their sites. But Web sites and e-mail communication serve as supplemental tools rather than as replacements for traditional campaigning. The effect is an integrative one: Campaigns fold the Internet’s functions into traditional campaign activities. For example, site visitors are encouraged to volunteer online, but what they are volunteering for are traditional campaign outreach efforts.
History and Arguments
Authors: Marx Anthony W .
Published: October 2023

As first light broke on New Year’s Day of 1492, Christian forces entered and took Granada, completing the reconquest of Spain from the Moors. Six days later, the newly captured Alhambra palace of the Moors was admired by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Their marriage twentythree years earlier had aligned the major Spanish kingdoms for the first time and after long civil wars, making reconquest possible. On March 30, 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella signed an order expelling another distinct but less foreign group, the Jews, extending and bringing to climax an Inquisition over which the monarchs had been granted control by the pope fourteen years earlier. The year 1492 also saw the printing of the first vernacular grammar book in Spain, under royal approval. And on April 17 of that momentous year, the king and queen dedicated a portion of their new resources to the voyage of Christopher Columbus in search of a western route to India. Columbus departed on August 3 and on October 12 sighted land in what we now know to be the West Indies. Within this ten-month period, a consolidating Spanish state had expelled its Moorish rulers, moved further toward religious unity, begun to spread linguistic homogeneity, and projected itself globally. This was truly a New World, at home and abroad, marking the start at midmillennium of Europe’s emergence into the early modern era.
Angel of History and Patron Saint of Nationalism
Authors: Marx Anthony W .
Published: October 2023

As nationalism did not preexist, it had to be built. Causal accounts for the emergence of nationalism have suggested the timing of this development coinciding with those social processes that purportedly encouraged popular cohesion. If nationalism was the outgrowth of spreading vernacular and printing, generating a sense of simultaneous experience, then it could take hold only once “print capitalism” had become pervasive, as with the explosion of book or newspaper distribution or schooling. If such collective solidarity was the result of shared economic interests and interaction, it could emerge only with the spreading of capitalism, or even industrialization, undermining peasant isolation. And if it was the result of state allocated rights, then it could emerge only with the blossoming of democratic regimes allocating such rights. All of these arguments thereby coincide with the consensus that Western nationalism was built during and after the era of the French Revolution, when literacy, industrialization, and citizenship became pervasive in Europe. Most current theories also agree on the inclusive tendency or internal homogeneity of nationalism within specified boundaries. The common assumption is that states seeking or benefiting from popular unity, whether for warfare, revenue, or development, come to encourage or enjoy the common allegiance of their population, excluding only foreigners.
Engendering Naturalism: Narrative Form and Commodity Spectacle in U.S. Naturalist Fiction
Authors: Merish Lori
Published: October 2023

In a well-known passage from Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie, the eponymous heroine, Carrie Meeber, “an apt student in fortune’s ways,” learns a lesson from her lover in the art of feminine public appearance. Carrie, a young woman from the countryside recently arrived in Chicago, walks with her lover, Drouet, and “pick[s]... up” from him the trick of attentively watching women who pass along the street: Drouet had a habit... of looking after stylishly dressed or pretty women on the street and remarking upon them. He had just enough of the feminine love of dress to be a good judge—not of intellect but of clothes. He saw how they set their little feet, how they carried their chins, with what grace and sinuosity they swayed their bodies. A dainty, self-conscious swaying of the hips by a woman was to him as alluring as the glint of rare wine to a toper.