bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Gap and Multiple Choice Exams in Public Selection Processes
Authors: Conce-Ruiz J. Ignacio ,   Fedea and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ganuza Juan José , García Manuel ,   Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Barcelona GSE,   Washington University in St Louis and Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Published: July 2024

Multiple choice tests are commonly used by the public sector in their recruitment and selection procedures as well as in the regulation of entry for some professions (lawyers, physicians, etc.). Empirical and experimental literature has found evidence that females skip more questions on these tests undermining their performance. This bias could increase the gender gap in the public sector, and it can be an important caveat of the public recruitment policies for attracting talent. Using data of the Spanish “MIR (Médico Interno Residente)” national exam of 2019, we analyze if gender differences in behavior arise in high-stakes tests, in which the outcome of the test has long term impact on the test takers careers. We find that when a female prepares intensively and trains for the test, although she skips more questions than men, the effect is significantly smaller than in the previous literature. However, we still find small differences in the exam performance between men and female, and this gender gap in performance is greater for the best candidates.
Improving Accuracy and Reliability of Hearing Tests: Measurement Standards for Audiometric Devices
Authors: Cho Wan-Ho , Lee Jihyun , Seo Young Joon , Kong Tae Hoon , Suh Michelle J. , Jin In-Ki , Oh Soo Hee , Lee Hyo-Jeong , Choi Seong Jun , Park Kyung-Ho , Cha Dongchul
Published: July 2024

Pure-tone audiometry, using an audiometer, is the fundamental hearing test for diagnosing hearing loss. The requirements of the devices and the detailed process for calibrating the related equipment are described in international standards. However, traceable calibration and uncertainty evaluation processes are not widely accepted or applied to the qualification and maintenance of audiometric equipment. Here, we briefly review standard measurement systems for audiometric devices and introduce their calibration procedures. The uncertainty of each calibration process was investigated, and its impact on hearing test results was considered. Our findings show that the traceability of each procedure can be secured, satisfying the uncertainty requirement and being sufficiently smaller than the permissible deviation from the audiometer requirement. To guarantee the objectivity and reliability of hearing tests and maintain low uncertainty, close cooperation and mutual understanding between the metrology field and the medical community are necessary.
Mandibular Sialoadenectomy in Dog with Sialocele: Case Report
Authors: Torres Larissa Barbosa , Dias Eliza Maria , Oliveira Iago Martins
Published: July 2024

The report aims to describe a case of left mandibular sialocele in a dog. A male, castrated, Shih Tzu dog, weighing 7 kilograms and five years old, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary and Zootechnics at the Federal University of Goiás. A fluctuating non-painful subcutaneous swelling was observed in the left ventral cervical region during the clinical examination. Image tests revealed anechoic content with dilation of the salivary duct, heterogeneity and enlargement of the left mandibular gland and possibility of sialolithiasis. Besides, cytological analysis showed results that confirm the diagnose of left mandibular sialocele. Following the diagnosis, surgical treatment was made, performing sialoadenectomy. A skin incision was made ventral to the ear canal in the dorsal direction caudal to the angle of the mandible, and the patient was evaluated for days. Salivary sialocele is the most common sialoadenopathy in dogs and its diagnoses require several image methods and the surgical treatment is essential for healing and improving clinical signs.
Impact of Collaborative Decision-making and Contextual Achievement Motivation on Organizational Upskilling and Reskilling among Public School Teachers
Authors: Quimpan Marycel P. , Bauyot Marleonie M.
Published: July 2024

A quality education system relies heavily on the competence and skills of its teachers. Acknowledging this, educational leaders and administrators invest in extensive training and professional development programs to equip teachers to excel in their roles. This study assessed the impact of collaborative decision-making and contextual achievement motivation on the organizational upskilling and reskilling of public high school teachers in Davao de Oro. Using multiple regression analysis,115 teachers from eight schools participated in surveys and polls. The research examined the relationship between two independent (predictor) variables and one dependent (criterion) variable. Results indicated that teachers’ collaborative decision-making obtained a mean score of 4.18, categorically described as "High," interpreting the high teaching performance in decision-making. However, the predictive relationship between these variables was weak, explaining the multiple regression of 4.6% of the variance in the dependent variable which underscores the importance of promoting a culture of collaborative decision-making and supporting teachers' achievement motivation. These findings indicate that promoting a culture of collaborative decision-making and supporting teachers' contextual achievement motivation are important in motivating teachers to participate in skill development programs. Therefore, school leaders and policymakers are recommended to provide more opportunities for teacher leadership, empowerment, and autonomy, as well as implement strategies to increase achievement motivation. Further investigation is needed to explore how these elements impact skill development and to assess their influence on student achievement.
Doctoral Degree Changes the Individual Life Expectations: Case Study of PhD Holders from Northeast Normal University
Authors: San San Su Su , Masud Nuruddin Ahmed , Deng Tao , Clemson Chigwindiri
Published: July 2024

In order to know the life expectations related to a doctoral degree, this study examined the factors that change PhD holders’ life expectations from Northeast Normal University after completion of a PhD degree. The data was collected using interviews with a sample size of three PhD holders from Northeast Normal University which is located in Northern part of China. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to narrate their life experiences concerning how the doctoral degree changed their expectations. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gauge to extent PhD holders personal satisfaction, research skills, and expertise in their field. Additionally, opportunity, networking and recognition, and intellectual growth are the factors that were found to be involved in life expectations related to the doctoral degree. Also, this study describes the career and academic goals of PhD holders and their beliefs were the main factors that change the individual life expectations related to a doctoral degree. Drawing on the PhD holder’s life expectations related to PhD degree, this study suggests that pursuing a PhD degree can be a transformative experience that reshapes Ph.D. holders' life expectations, including their personal experiences, goals, beliefs, and values.
Tenants' Assessment of the Estate Surveying and Valuation Firms' Services in Akure Residential Property Market
Authors: Adewusi Amos Olaolu , Adebisi Oluwasola Stephen
Published: July 2024

This study assessed the residential property tenants’ opinions on Estate Surveying and Valuation firms’ services in the Akure residential property market. The data for this study was gathered through copies of the questionnaire administered to the residential property tenants in the portfolio of the Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in the Akure residential property. Three hundred and thirty-eight (338) copies of the questionnaire were administered to the residential property tenants, and two hundred and eighty-five (285) were retrieved, representing 84.31%. The retrieved copies of the questionnaire were analysed using a frequency distribution table, weighted mean score, and factor analysis. The weighted mean score results revealed that twelve services provided by the Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in the study area were ranked fairly effective and less effective, seven were effective, and two were very effective. The factor analysis result revealed that services such as dutifulness, availability, motivation, and accountability, having a total variance of 64.29%, best measured the effectiveness of registered Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in providing effective management services to the residential property tenants in the study area. The study recommended that Estate Surveying and Valuation firms should intensify efforts in the area of regular maintenance, fostering of relationships among groups, accessibility, prompt issuance of rent review and reminder notices, and others to increase tenants’ satisfaction, as this will reduce tenants’ recalcitrance to ensure the investment objectives of an investor are achieved.
Low‐frequency radar sounding of temperate ice masses in Southern Alaska
Authors: Rignot E. , Mouginot J. , Larsen C. F. , Gim Y. , Kirchner D.
Published: October 2013

We present the Warm Ice Sounding Explorer (WISE), a low‐frequency (2.5 MHz) radar for the sounding of temperate ice. WISE deployment in southern Alaska in 2008 and 2012 provides comprehensive measurements of glacier thickness, reveals deep valleys beneath glaciers and the full extent of zones grounded below sea level. The east branch of Columbia Glacier is deeper that its main branch and remains below sea level 20 km farther inland. Ice is 1000 m deep on Tazlina Glacier. On Bering glacier, two sills separate three deep bed depressions (>1200 m) that coincide with the dynamic balance lines during surges. The piedmont lobe of Malaspina Glacier and the lower reaches of Hubbard Glacier are entirely grounded below sea level 40 and 10 km, respectively, from their termini. Knowledge of ice thickness in these regions helps better understand their glacier dynamics, mass balance, and impact on sea level.
Primordial argon isotope fractionation in the atmosphere of Mars measured by the SAM instrument on Curiosity and implications for atmospheric loss
Authors: Atreya Sushil K. , Trainer Melissa G. , Franz Heather B. , Wong Michael H. , Manning Heidi L. K. , Malespin Charles A. , Mahaffy Paul R. , Conrad Pamela G. , Brunner Anna E. , Leshin Laurie A. , Jones John H. , Webster Christopher R. , Owen Tobias C. , Pepin Robert O. , Navarro‐González R.
Published: October 2013

The quadrupole mass spectrometer of the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on Curiosity rover has made the first high‐precision measurement of the nonradiogenic argon isotope ratio in the atmosphere of Mars. The resulting value of 36Ar/38Ar = 4.2 ± 0.1 is highly significant for it provides excellent evidence that “Mars” meteorites are indeed of Martian origin, and it points to a significant loss of argon of at least 50% and perhaps as high as 85–95% from the atmosphere of Mars in the past 4 billion years. Taken together with the isotopic fractionations in N, C, H, and O measured by SAM, these results imply a substantial loss of atmosphere from Mars in the posthydrodynamic escape phase.
Impact of land use change on the diurnal cycle climate of the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Betts Alan K. , Desjardins Raymond , Worth Devon , Cerkowniak Darrel
Published: October 2013

This paper uses hourly observations from 1953 to 2011 of temperature, relative humidity, and opaque cloud cover from 14 climate stations across the Canadian Prairies to analyze the impact of agricultural land use change on the diurnal cycle climate, represented by the mean temperature and relative humidity and their diurnal ranges. We show the difference between the years 1953–1991 and 1992–2011. The land use changes have been largest in Saskatchewan where 15–20% of the land area has been converted in the past four decades from summer fallow (where the land was left bare for 1 year) to annual cropping. During the growing season from 20 May to 28 August, relative humidity has increased by about 7%. During the first 2 months, 20 May to 19 July, maximum temperatures and the diurnal range of temperature have fallen by 1.2°C and 0.6°C, respectively, cloud cover has increased by about 4%, reducing surface net radiation by 6 W m−2, and precipitation has increased. We use the dry‐downs after precipitation to separate the impact of cloud cover and show the coupling between evapotranspiration and relative humidity. We estimate, using reanalysis data from ERA‐Interim, that increased transpiration from the larger area of cropland has reduced the surface Bowen ratio by 0.14–0.2. For the month on either side of the growing season, cloud cover has fallen slightly; maximum temperatures have increased, increasing the diurnal temperature range and the diurnal range of humidity.
Approach to Fabricating Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends and Foams with Tunable Properties by Twin‐Screw Extrusion and Microcellular Injection Molding
Authors: Mi Hao‐Yang , Jing Xin , Salick Max R. , Crone Wendy C. , Peng Xiang‐Fang , Turng Lih‐Sheng
Published: October 2013

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) has been widely used in many applications because of its broad range of properties. However, synthesis of TPU with desirable properties is time consuming and only produces limited quantities. In this paper, twin‐screw extrusion was used to produce TPU blends of varying soft and hard segments with tunable properties. Foamed samples of TPU blends were produced by microcellular injection molding. Multiple characterization tests were performed to confirm the miscibility and tunability of the blends. It was confirmed that soft and hard TPUs were compatible at ratios of 2:1 and 1:2, but partially miscible at a ratio of 1:1. Rigidity increased while the shape‐recovery rate decreased with increasing the hard TPU content. The blend ratio influenced the foaming morphology, solid skin‐layer thickness, as well as mechanical properties. It was found that microcellular injection molding could reduce the injection‐shot volume without sacrificing too much mechanical property and, compared with their solid counterparts, the foamed blends could retain mechanical properties better than foamed pure TPUs. Decomposition and degradation behaviors were also studied. The biocompatibility of soft and hard TPU‐foamed samples, which could be potentially used as tissue engineering scaffolds, was confirmed by fibroblast cytotoxicity test. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21380; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21380
Determination of cake properties in ultrafiltration of nano‐colloids based on single step‐up pressure filtration test
Authors: Iritani Eiji , Katagiri Nobuyuki , Tsukamoto Masatoshi , Hwang Kuo‐Jen
Published: October 2013

The single step‐up pressure filtration test was developed to determine the pressure dependence of average specific resistance of the cake formed in ultrafiltration of a variety of nano‐colloids over a wide range of pressure drops across the cake. The values of the average specific resistance at extremely low pressures were obtained from only the flux decline data through the use of the distinct time variation of the pressure drop across the cake generated by using the ultrafiltration membrane with a high hydraulic resistance under the low filtration pressure in the first step of filtration. The values at higher pressures were obtained from the time variation of the filtration rate induced by a stepwise increase in the pressure. The correlations between the average specific cake resistance and the pressure drop across the cake were evaluated using only the flux decline data for a variety of different proteins and nanoparticles. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 289–299, 2014
Effects of fullerene derivatives on the gas permeability of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers
Authors: Dobashi Ryohei , Matsunaga Katsuji , Tajima Masahiro
Published: October 2013

In an effort to improve the gas barrier properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers, fullerene derivatives were added as fillers, and the resulting O2 and CO2 permeabilities were analyzed. The addition of 5 wt % polyhydroxylated fullerene {fullerenol [C60(OH)n] mixture, where n = 6–12} decreased the gas permeability by approximately 10–20%. According to the hole volumes computed with the results from positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, the addition of fullerene derivatives did not produce any changes in the hole volumes of the TPUs. Thus, the reduction in the TPU gas permeability was not caused by changes in the hole volumes. Instead, an inhibited diffusion of gas molecules by fullerene particles was deduced as the cause of the decrease in gas permeability from changes in the diffusion coefficient with temperature. The addition of urethanized fullerene, prepared through the chemical modification of fullerenol, markedly affected the TPU gas barrier properties. As compared to fullerenol addition, the gas barrier properties improved approximately fourfold for O2 and approximately fivefold for CO2. These results suggest that the dispersability of urethanized fullerene in TPU was higher than that of fullerenol. We found that the gas barrier properties were independent of the structure of polyol. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39986.
Magnetic polymeric nanoparticles functionalized by mannose‐rhodamine conjugate for detection of E. coli
Authors: Trungkathan Samon , Polpanich Duangporn , Smanmoo Srung , Tangboriboonrat Pramuan
Published: October 2013

Mannose‐rhodamine (Rh) conjugate (80% yield) was synthesized in a one‐pot reaction and immobilized onto magnetic polymeric nanoparticles (MPNP; 43% magnetic content) of poly(styrene/divinyl benzene/acrylic acid). The resulting nanoparticles contained MPNP as a substrate, mannose as an E. coli receptor and Rh as a fluorescent signaling unit. TEM imaging clearly demonstrated that multiple mannose‐Rh MPNPs could be captured by E. coli strain ORN178. The fluorescent signal from captured nanoparticles was emitted at 580 nm. These results indicate that mannose‐Rh MPNP offers a simple and rapid strategy for bacterial detection. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 40012.
DICER1 IS CRUCIAL FOR THE OOCYTE MATURATION OF TELOTROPHIC OVARY IN Nilaparvata Lugens (STÅL) (HEMIPTERA: GEOMETROIDEA)
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyi , Lu Kai , Zhou Qiang
Published: October 2013

As a member of the RNase III nucleases family, Dicer1 (Dcr1) protein plays an essential role in the production of microRNAs (miRNAs) and oocyte development. Here, the full‐length cDNA of Nilaparvata lugens Dcr1 (NlDcr1) was firstly cloned and analyzed, and then the function of NlDcr1 gene was investigated by RNAi. The open reading frameof NlDcr1 cDNA was 6,720 bp in length (GenBank Accession no. JX644040), which encoded for a protein of 2,239 amino acids. The NlDcr1 transcripts were present in all developmental stages and tissues investigated. The lowest levels of NlDcr1 expression were found in the first and second instar stage, while the highest in 7‐ and 9 ‐day‐old female adults. The expression levels were relatively higher in fat body, ovary, and midgut. After injecting 100 ng dsRNA of NlDcr1 into female adult, mRNA level of NlDcr1 gene was depleted significantly, and 10 kinds of tested miRNAs levels were downregulated in both whole body and ovary. The oocytes of females treated with dsNlDcr1 were smaller and badly malformed, among which the follicular cell did not develop normally, with unclear boundary between cells. These results suggest that NlDcr1 was crucial for the regulation of oogenesis in telotrophic ovary.
A simulated annealing approach for reliability‐based chance‐constrained programming
Authors: Sakalli Ümit Sami
Published: October 2013

The chance‐constrained programming (CCP) is a well‐known and widely used stochastic programming approach. In the CCP approach, determining the confidence levels of the constraints at the beginning of solution process is a critical issue for optimality. On one hand, it is possible to obtain better solutions at different confidence levels. On the other hand, the decision makers prefer to simplify their choices instead of grappling with the details such as determining confidence levels for all chance constraints. Reliability is an effective tool that enables the decision maker to look over the system integrity. In this paper, the CCP is considered as a reliability‐based nonlinear multiobjective model, and a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is developed to solve the model. The SA represents different solution alternatives at the different reliability degrees to the decision makers by performing different confidence levels. Thus, the decision makers have the opportunity to make more effective decisions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Bayesian methods for flexible modeling of spatial risk surfaces in disease mapping
Authors: Sturtz Sibylle , Ickstadt Katja
Published: October 2013

Bayesian hierarchical models usually model the risk surface on the same arbitrary geographical units for all data sources. Poisson/gamma random field models overcome this restriction as the underlying risk surface can be specified independently to the resolution of the data. Moreover, covariates may be considered as either excess or relative risk factors. We compare the performance of the Poisson/gamma random field model to the Markov random field (MRF)‐based ecologic regression model and the Bayesian Detection of Clusters and Discontinuities (BDCD) model, in both a simulation study and a real data example. We find the BDCD model to have advantages in situations dominated by abruptly changing risk while the Poisson/gamma random field model convinces by its flexibility in the estimation of random field structures and by its flexibility incorporating covariates. The MRF‐based ecologic regression model is inferior. WinBUGS code for Poisson/gamma random field models is provided.
Biotransformations of Terpenes by Fungi from Amazonian Citrus Plants
Authors: Moreno Rueda Maria Gabriela , Guerrini Alessandra , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Medici Alessandro , Grandini Alessandro , Sacchetti Gianni , Pedrini Paola
Published: October 2013

The biotransformations of (RS)‐linalool (1), (S)‐citronellal (2), and sabinene (3) with fungi isolated from the epicarp of fruits of Citrus genus of the Amazonian forest (i.e., C. limon, C. aurantifolia, C. aurantium, and C. paradisiaca) are reported. The more active strains have been characterized, and they belong to the genus Penicillium and Fusarium. Different biotransformation products have been obtained depending on fungi and substrates. (RS)‐Linalool (1) afforded the (E)‐ and (Z)‐furanlinalool oxides (7 and 8, resp.; 39 and 37% yield, resp.) with Fusarium sp. (1D2), 6‐methylhept‐5‐en‐2‐one (4; 49%) with F. fujikuroi, and 1‐methyl‐1‐(4‐methypentyl)oxiranemethanol (6; 42%) with F. concentricum. (S)‐Citronellal (2) gave (S)‐citronellol (12; 36–76%) and (S)‐citronellic acid (11; 5–43%) with Fusarium species, while diastereoisomeric p‐menthane‐3,8‐diols 13 and 14 (20 and 50% yield, resp.) were obtained as main products with Penicillium paxilli. Finally, both Fusarium species and P. paxilli biotransformed sabinene (3) to give mainly 4‐terpineol (19; 23–56%), and (Z)‐ and (E)‐sabinene hydrates (17 (3–21%) and 18 (11–17%), resp.).
Identification and Quantitation of New Glutamic Acid Derivatives in Soy Sauce by UPLC/MS/MS
Authors: Frerot Eric , Chen Ting
Published: October 2013

Glutamic acid is an abundant amino acid that lends a characteristic umami taste to foods. In fermented foods, glutamic acid can be found as a free amino acid formed by proteolysis or as a non‐proteolytic derivative formed by microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to identify different structures of glutamic acid derivatives in a typical fermented protein‐based food product, soy sauce. An acidic fraction was prepared with anion‐exchange solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by UPLC/MS/MS and UPLC/TOF‐MS. α‐Glutamyl, γ‐glutamyl, and pyroglutamyl dipeptides, as well as lactoyl amino acids, were identified in the acidic fraction of soy sauce. They were chemically synthesized for confirmation of their occurrence and quantified in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Pyroglutamyl dipeptides accounted for 770 mg/kg of soy sauce, followed by lactoyl amino acids (135 mg/kg) and γ‐glutamyl dipeptides (70 mg/kg). In addition, N‐succinoylglutamic acid was identified for the first time in food as a minor compound in soy sauce (5 mg/kg).
Electrospun Hierarchical CaCo2O4 Nanofibers with Excellent Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Li Linlin , Peng Shengjie , Cheah Yanling , Ko Yahwen , Teh Peifen , Wee Grace , Wong Chuiling , Srinivasan Madhavi
Published: October 2013

Hierarchical CaCo2O4 nanofibers (denoted as CCO‐NFs) with a unique hierarchical structure have been prepared by a facile electrospinning method and subsequent calcination in air. The as‐prepared CCO‐NFs are composed of well‐defined ultrathin nanoplates that arrange themselves in an oriented manner to form one‐dimensional (1D) hierarchical structures. The controllable formation process and possible formation mechanism are also discussed. Moreover, as a demonstration of the functional properties of such hierarchical architecture, the 1D hierarchical CCO‐NFs were investigated as materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) anode; they not only delivers a high reversible capacity of 650 mAh g−1 at a current of 100 mA g−1 and with 99.6 % capacity retention over 60 cycles, but they also show excellent rate capability with respect to counterpart nanoplates‐in‐nanofibers and nanoplates. The high specific surface areas as well as the unique feature of hierarchical structures are probably responsible for the enhanced electrochemical performance. Considering their facile preparation and good lithium storage properties, 1D hierarchical CCO‐NFs will hold promise in practical LIBs.
Investigations Concerning the Ion Exchange in Functionalized Cellulose Depth Filter Sheets
Authors: Lösch Sebastian , Peuker Urs Alexander
Published: October 2013

Cellulose‐Tiefenfilterschichten, wie sie im Bereich der Pharma‐, Lebensmittel‐ und Getränkeindustrie eingesetzt werden, können durch die Einbettung aufbereiteter Ionenaustauscherpartikel in die Matrix während des Herstellungsprozesses funktionalisiert werden. Damit bieten diese Schichten mechanische Festigkeiten und Filtrationseigenschaften, die den industriellen Anforderungen gerecht werden. Ferner kann durch die Funktionalisierung bei filtrationstechnisch relevanten Durchströmungsversuchen ein Ionenaustauschverhalten nachgewiesen werden, das weitestgehend den Modellvorstellungen durchströmter Austauscherschüttungen entspricht.
Development of a Continuous Microwave Vacuum Drying Processor with a Hexagonal Cross‐Section of the Cavity
Authors: Kraus Stefan , Schuchmann Heike P. , Merk Dieter , Gaukel Volker
Published: October 2013

Zur homogenen Trocknung bzw. Verarbeitung von stückigen Produkten wurde eine kontinuierliche Mikrowellen‐Vakuumtrocknungsanlage mit hexagonalem Querschnitt konstruiert. Durch die Verfahrensraumgeometrie sowie die stetige Bewegung des Produktes durch einen innenliegenden Glaszylinder mit integrierter Förderschnecke wird eine gleichmäßige Mikrowellenleistungsaufnahme durch das Produkt begünstigt. Anhand der Trocknung und simultanen Strukturierung von nichtexpandierten, stärkehaltigen Extrudaten konnte die Funktionalität der Anlage gezeigt werden.
On the empirical efficiency of local MCMC algorithms with pools of proposals
Authors: Bédard Mylène , Mireuta Matei
Published: October 2013

In an attempt to improve on the Metropolis algorithm, various MCMC methods involving pools of proposals, such as the multiple‐try Metropolis and delayed rejection strategies, have been proposed. These methods generate several candidates in a single iteration; accordingly they are computationally more intensive than the Metropolis algorithm. In this paper, we consider three samplers with pools of proposals—the multiple‐try Metropolis algorithm, the multiple‐try Metropolis hit‐and‐run algorithm, and the delayed rejection Metropolis algorithm with antithetic proposals—and investigate the net performance of these methods in various contexts. To allow for a fair comparison, the study is carried under optimal mixing conditions for each of these samplers. The algorithms are used in the contexts of Bayesian logistic regressions, inference for a linear regression model, high‐dimensional hierarchical model, and bimodal distribution. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 41: 657–678; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
A quantitative method for measuring innate phagocytosis by human monocytes using real‐time flow cytometry
Authors: Gu Ben J. , Sun Chun , Fuller Stephen , Skarratt Kristen K. , Petrou Steven , Wiley James. S.
Published: October 2013

Phagocytosis is central to immunity however a rapid and standardized method is much needed for quantitative assessment of the phagocytic process. We describe a real‐time flow cytometric method to quantitate the phagocytosis of fluorescent latex beads by human monocytes in serum‐free conditions. Effects of buffer composition, temperature, pH, and bead surface on phagocytic rate are described. The innate phagocytic ability of human monocytes from single subjects measured by this method was relatively stable over many months although phagocytosis rate varied as much as two‐fold between individuals. Comparable results were obtained with a simplified method using several mL of whole blood which is suitable for routine clinical application. This method also allows two‐color flow cytometric measurement of cytosolic calcium levels during the phagocytic uptake of fluorescent beads. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Development of an Information Projection Interface Using a Projector–Camera System
Authors: Goto Hiroki , Takemura Daisuke , Kawasaki Yuzo , Nakamura Akio
Published: October 2013

This paper proposes an interface system that enables a user to input and obtain information independent of position within a certain area in an environment with a projector–camera system. Hand gestures detected in the image are used as a cue to start the system, to distinguish gestures based on the user's intention to operate the system from other daily‐life motions, and to specify the position of the user's hand. Hand gesture detection is implemented based on a combination of the background subtraction method and skin color extraction. The user can designate the projection area freely on a flat surface in the environment with his/her hand. The projector is mounted on a pan‐tilt unit that projects information according to the user's indications. Then, the user's fingertip is detected using simple template matching and he/she interacts with the projected information to input commands without any equipment. As one application, we developed an interface system to operate electrical appliances such as a television intuitively in an everyday environment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(11): 70–81, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11477
Modification of ABC Algorithm for Adaptation to Time‐Varying Functions
Authors: Nishida Takeshi
Published: October 2013

Although the ABC (artificial bee colony) algorithm is an effective tool for finding solutions to static optimization problems, application to dynamical problems that include a time‐varying element has not been assumed. A modification of the ABC algorithm for adaptation to time‐varying functions is proposed. To adjust to the change in the function, a procedure for reevaluating the bees at each time is introduced. It is shown that the proposed modification does not influence the search performance of the conventional algorithm. The efficiency of the modified ABC algorithm is demonstrated and verified through numerical simulations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(11): 44–53, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11479
Remote Energy Monitoring System by Cellular Network
Authors: Yunoki Shoji , Tamaki Satoshi , Takada May , Iwaki Takashi
Published: October 2013

Recently, improvement in power saving and cost efficiency by monitoring the operation status of various facilities over the network has gained attention. A wireless network, especially a cellular network, has advantages in mobility, coverage, and scalability. On the other hand, it has the disadvantage of low reliability, due to rapid changes in the available bandwidth. We propose a transmission control scheme based on data priority and instantaneous available bandwidth to realize a highly reliable remote monitoring system via a cellular network. We have developed our proposed monitoring system and evaluated the effectiveness of our scheme, and proved it reduces the maximum transmission delay of sensor status to 1/10 compared to best‐effort transmission. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(11): 35–43, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11490
Roles of Electrons and Holes in the Luminescence of Rare‐Earth‐Doped Semiconductors
Authors: Ishii Masashi , Towlson Brian , Harako Susumu , Zhao Xin‐Wei , Komuro Shuji , Hamilton Bruce
Published: October 2013

The roles of electrons and holes in the photoexcitation of a samarium‐doped titanium dioxide (TiO2:Sm) thin film were investigated with electrical measurement techniques. To determine these roles, the holes were selectively injected into TiO2:Sm by using a distinctive sample structure involving a silicon oxide interface layer between TiO2:Sm and a conductive silicon substrate. Since the midgap states of the silicon oxide act as a barrier to the electrons in a positive DC bias VDC, the selective injection of holes can be realized for VDC > 0. The combination of the photoexcited dielectric relaxation technique, that is, the frequency dispersion measurement of complex impedance under excitation light, with the selective injection technique revealed that Sm was excited by electron trapping with a slower response rate of~12 Hz and the subsequent recombination with holes in TiO2 hosts with a faster response rate of~950 Hz. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(11): 1–7, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11537
Proton and Electron Transfer to a Polymer‐Supported Nitrido Molybdenum(VI) Complex
Authors: Wünsche von Leupoldt Anica , Förster Christoph , Fiedler Tobias J. , Bings Nicolas H. , Heinze Katja
Published: October 2013

The protonation and reduction of nitrido and imido complexes are important steps during the reduction of dinitrogen to NH3 mediated by transition‐metal complexes. A polymer‐immobilized analogue (P‐2) of the Schrock–Yandulov nitrido molybdenum(VI) complex has been prepared from a sterically unencumbered polymer‐anchored triamidoamine ligand (P‐1) and [MoCl3N(CH3CN)]4 as an “MoN” source. The polymer‐confined nitrido complex has been protonated by [2,6‐lutH][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (2,6‐lut = 2,6‐lutidine) at the nitrido ligand to form the corresponding imido complex P‐3, as shown by a variety of spectroscopic techniques and DFT calculations. Specifically, the NH stretching vibration of P‐3 and the ND stretching vibration of the N‐deuterated analogue P‐3D as well as the vibrations of the counterion are particularly useful for unambiguous characterization. Single‐electron transfer to the supported molybdenum(VI) complexes P‐3/P‐3D by cobaltocene as one‐electron reductant gave the imido molybdenum(V) congeners P‐4/P‐4D as shown by diffuse reflectance UV/Vis (DR‐UV/Vis) and IR spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of the immobilized d1 complex P‐4 and its deuterated isotopomer P‐4D reveal spin density on the molybdenum center and the imido ligand. For comparison of their spectroscopic and reactivity properties, the analogous soluble ligand 1 and its nitrido (2) and imido (3) complexes have also been synthesized. Compounds 1 and 2 were also characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Gold‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction: Facile Strategy for the Synthesis of N‐Substituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines by Using Activated Alkynes, Aldehydes, and Methanamine
Authors: Wang Shaohua , Chen Huoji , Zhao Hong , Cao Hua , Li Yongjian , Liu Qiang
Published: October 2013

A convenient and efficient gold‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction was developed for the synthesis of a wide range of N‐substituted 1,4‐dihydropyridines, which are found in a variety of bioactive compounds. This process proceeds smoothly under mild conditions with the use of commercially available substrates and affords the desired products in good to excellent yields. This method provides a highly efficient synthetic route to N‐substituted 1,4‐dihydropyridines from activated alkynes, aldehydes, and methanamine for which catalytic approaches are scarce.
Evaluation of a recently proposed record selection and scaling procedure for low‐rise to mid‐rise reinforced concrete buildings and its use for probabilistic risk assessment studies
Authors: Ay Bekir Özer , Akkar Sinan
Published: October 2013

This paper evaluates a recent record selection and scaling procedure of the authors that can determine the probabilistic structural response of buildings behaving either in the elastic or post‐elastic range. This feature marks a significant strength on the procedure as the probabilistic structural response distribution conveys important information on probability‐based damage assessment. The paper presents case studies that show the utilization of the proposed record selection and scaling procedure as a tool for the estimation of damage states and derivation of site‐specific and region‐specific fragility functions. The method can be used to describe exceedance probabilities of damage limits under a certain target hazard level with known annual exceedance rate (via probabilistic seismic hazard assessment). Thus, the resulting fragility models can relate the seismicity of the region (or a site) with the resulting building performance in a more accurate manner. Under this context, this simple and computationally efficient record selection and scaling procedure can be benefitted significantly by probability‐based risk assessment methods that have started to be considered as indispensable for developing robust earthquake loss models. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SatCache: a profile‐aware caching strategy for information‐centric satellite networks
Authors: D'Oro Salvatore , Galluccio Laura , Morabito Giacomo , Palazzo Sergio
Published: October 2013

Information‐centric networking (ICN) is a new networking paradigm, which is attracting increasing attention from the scientific community. ICN focuses on content handling and distribution rather than host‐to‐host communications. Satellite systems have always played a key role in content distribution, and therefore, they are expected to be fundamental components of the ICN. However, it is not obvious whether solutions that are being developed for terrestrial ICNs are effective in satellite scenarios as well. More specifically, the focus of this paper is on in‐network content caching, which is an important feature characterising all ICN proposals but, as we will show, should be redesigned to address the specific characteristics of satellite networks. Indeed, in this paper, a novel caching scheme named SatCache is proposed, which exploits the broadcast nature of the satellite communication medium and creates a profile of the preferences of network users in order to estimate their potential interest in a given content. The proposed approach is based on a simple model of the user behaviour. By aggregating the content requests generated by a large number of users, a collective behaviour can be observed, which fits the output of large measurement campaigns discussed in the literature. Simulation results given in the paper show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA 5) strain in fruit‐based ice cream
Authors: Senanayake Suraji A. , Fernando Sirimali , Bamunuarachchi Arthur , Arsekularatne Mariam
Published: October 2013

A study was performed to apply a probiotic strain into fermented ice cream mix with suitable fruit bases to develop a value‐added product with a substantial level of viable organisms for a sufficient shelf life. Pure direct vat strain culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA 5) in freeze‐dried form was inoculated into a mixture of ice cream, frozen, and the number of viable organisms during frozen storage for a period of time was enumerated, using turbidity measurements with a spectrophotometer. An ice cream sample prepared without the probiotic culture was compared with the test sample for quality, by testing the basic quality parameters for ice cream. Results show a reduction in the over run of the probiotic ice cream compared to the nonprobiotic ice cream. Significantly high level (P < 0.05) of total solids (42%), proteins (16.5%), and titratable acidity (2.2%) was observed in the test sample compared to the nonprobiotic ice cream. Significantly low pH level in the probiotic sample may be due to the lactic acid produced by the probiotic culture. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in the fat content in the two types of ice cream was observed. A significantly low level (P < 0.05) of melting in the probiotic one may have resulted from less over run, than the nonprobiotic sample. Rapid reduction in the viable cells during frozen storage occurred at −18°C and gradual adaptation occurred over the first 4 weeks. At the 10th week, 1.0 × 107 numbers of viable organisms were present in 1 g of the probiotic ice cream. Results show the presence of a sufficient number of viable organisms in the product for the 10‐week period, which would be beneficial to consumers.
Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detection of genetically modified maize T25
Authors: Xu Junyi , Zheng Qiuyue , Yu Ling , Liu Ran , Zhao Xin , Wang Gang , Wang Qinghua , Cao Jijuan
Published: October 2013

The loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay indicates a potential and valuable means for genetically modified organism (GMO) detection especially for its rapidity, simplicity, and low cost. We developed and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of the LAMP method for rapid detection of the genetically modified (GM) maize T25. A set of six specific primers was successfully designed to recognize six distinct sequences on the target gene, including a pair of inner primers, a pair of outer primers, and a pair of loop primers. The optimum reaction temperature and time were verified to be 65°C and 45 min, respectively. The detection limit of this LAMP assay was 5 g kg−1 GMO component. Comparative experiments showed that the LAMP assay was a simple, rapid, accurate, and specific method for detecting the GM maize T25.
Palladium/Cobalt Coated on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as an Electro‐catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Passive Direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Gharibi H. , Golmohammadi F. , Kheirmand M.
Published: October 2013

This work reports the synthesis of Pd‐based alloy electrocatalysts of Co supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and their evaluation as cathode materials in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (PDMFC). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed well‐defined reflections corresponding to a face centered cubic phase of palladium. As compared to the Pd/MWCNT electrocatalyst, the bimetallic alloy electrocatalysts with the different PdxCo atomic ratios showed highly enhanced mass activity (MA) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); however, the significant enhancement in the specific activity (SA) by a factor of about 1.2–5.6 for the ORR was found on the PdxCo alloy electrocatalysts in the presence and absence of methanol electrolyte solution. This enhancement SA in of the Pd‐based electrocatalysts was correlated to the changes in the lattice parameter and PdxCo surface composition. Surface area changes of Pd‐based electrocatalysts supported on MWCNT were evaluated using an accelerated durability test (ADT). The results obtained using the ADT were correlated to the performance of the Pd‐based electrocatalysts in the PDMFC. A better performance was obtained for the cell using Pd3Co/MWCNT (2.53 mW cm–2) compared to Pd/MWCNT (1.64 mW cm–2) and Pt/C‐Electrochem (1.20 mW cm–2) as cathode in the PDMFC. In the presence and absence of methanol the impedance Bode spectra showed one time constant that associated to follow a four electron pathway.
Permeability and relative permeability measurements for CO2‐brine system at reservoir conditions in low permeable sandstones in Svalbard
Authors: Farokhpoor Raheleh , Lindeberg Erik Gøsta Bruno , Torsæter Ole , Mørk Mai Britt , Mørk Atle
Published: October 2013

Sequestration of CO2 in a saline aquifer is currently being evaluated as a possible way to handle CO2 emitted from a coal‐fueled power plant in Svalbard. The chosen reservoir is a 300‐m thick, laterally extensive, shallow marine formation of late Triassic‐mid Jurassic age, located below Longyearbyen in Svalbard. The reservoir consists of 300 m of alternating sandstone and shale and is sealed by 400 m of shale.

Experimental and numerical studies have been performed to evaluate CO2 storage capacity. A total of 51 samples of core material from one well (Dh4) were collected and tested to find the potential units for CO2 injection. Analysis of the results shows that the permeability is generally less than 2 millidarcies and the capillary entry pressure is high. This poses a serious challenge with respect to achieving practical levels of injectivity and injection pressure. For further investigation, two 32‐cm‐long sandstone samples from the depth 675 m (Sample 1) and 679 m (Sample 2) were selected for laboratory core flooding experiments at reservoir conditions. This review presents the experimental protocol and detailed CO2‐brine drainage and imbibition relative permeability data for these two different samples of rock. Capillary pressure measurements and simulation of the transient process was used to support the interpolation of the experimental flooding data.

Initial x‐ray computed tomography scan showed no sign of fractures inside the cores, whereas after the core flooding experiment, there were visible fractures especially in Sample 1. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed a high proportion of diagenetic iron‐minerals in the sandstones like Fe‐chlorite, Fe‐carbonate (FeCO3), and pyrite (FeS2). A brownish output flow was seen in the sample with highest porosity and permeability. Dissolution of CO2 in the brine forms a weak acid that reacts with iron‐minerals (e.g. siderite) to form iron‐hydroxides. Severe hysteresis effects on one of the samples most likely resulted from changes in the rock composition.