bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas Sensors Based on Semiconducting Metal Oxide One-Dimensional Nanostructures
Authors: Huang Jin , Wan Qing
Published: December 2009

This article provides a comprehensive review of recent (2008 and 2009) progress in gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures. During last few years, gas sensors based on semiconducting oxide 1D nanostructures have been widely investigated. Additionally, modified or doped oxide nanowires/nanobelts have also been synthesized and used for gas sensor applications. Moreover, novel device structures such as electronic noses and low power consumption self-heated gas sensors have been invented and their gas sensing performance has also been evaluated. Finally, we also point out some challenges for future investigation and practical application.
Complete Nucleotide Analysis of the Structural Genome of the Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Md27 Reveals its Mosaic Nature
Authors: Ammayappan Arun , Vakharia Vikram  N.
Published: December 2009

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes highly contagious respiratory or urogenital tract diseases in chickens. The Maryland 27(Md27) strain was first isolated in 1976 from diseased chicken flocks in the Delmarva Peninsula region. To understand the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of existing strains with Md27, the complete nucleotide sequence of the 3’end coding region (~7.2 kb) of Md27 was determined and compared with other IBV strains and coronaviruses. It has the same S-3-M-5-N-3’ gene order, as is the case of other IBV strains. The spike gene of Md27 exhibits 97% identity with the SE17 strain. There are deletions at the spike gene, non-coding region between M and 5 genes, and at the 3’untranslated region (UTR), which is different from Ark-like strains. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignments demonstrate that Md27 is a chimera containing different gene segments that are most closely related to the SE17, Conn and JMK strains. This current study provides evidence for genomic mutations and intergenic recombination that have taken place in the evolution of IBV strain Md27.
All Known Human Rhinovirus Species Are Present in Sputum Specimens of Military Recruits During Respiratory Infection
Authors: Savolainen-Kopra Carita , Blomqvist Soile , Kaijalainen Svetlana , Jounio Ulla , Juvonen Raija , Peitso Ari , Saukkoriipi Annika , Vainio Olli , Hovi Tapani , Roivainen Merja
Published: December 2009

Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are known to cause common cold as well as more complicated respiratory infections. HRV species -A, -B and -C have all been associated with lower respiratory infections and exacerbations of asthma. However, the type distribution of strains connected to different kinds of lower respiratory conditions is not clearly known. We have analysed the presence of HRV in sputum specimens derived from military recruits with and without pre-diagnosed asthma at times of acute respiratory infection (CIAS Study, 2004-2005). The analysis was performed with HRV and HEV real-time RT-PCR assays. Subsequently we studied type distribution of HRV strains by genetic typing in the VP4/VP2 genomic region. In total 146 (38.8%) specimens were HRV-positive and 36 (9.3%) HEV-positive. No difference was found in HRV detection between the asthmatic vs. non-asthmatic patients. Most of the genetically typed strains, 18 (62.1%), belonged to HRV-A, while HRV-B strains constituted five (17.2%) of the HRV-positive strains. HRV-C strain was typed four times from the HRV-positive cases and a HEV-D strain twice. We further typed six HEV positive strains in the partial VP1 region. Three of these belonged to HRV-A and three to HEV-D. HRV-A strains were discovered throughout the study period, while HRV-C strains originated from winter and spring specimens. Interestingly, four out of five typed HRV-B strains originated from the summer season specimens.
Low temperature enantiotropic nematic phases from V-shaped, shape-persistent molecules
Authors: Lehmann Matthias , Seltmann Jens
Published: December 2009

A series of V-shaped, shape-persistent thiadiazole nematogens, based on an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) scaffold with ester groups connected via alkyloxy spacers, was efficiently prepared by a two-step procedure. Phase engineering results in an optimum of the mesophase range and low melting temperature when the nematogens are desymmetrised with a butoxy and a heptyloxy spacer. The mesophases are enantiotropic and over the whole temperature range nematic. For the optimised mesogen structure, optical investigations by conoscopy monitored a uniaxial nematic phase upon cooling from the isotropic phase to room temperature (ΔT = 150 °C). X-ray studies on magnetic-field-aligned samples of this mesogen family revealed a general pattern, indicating the alignment of two molecular axes along individual directors in the magnetic field. These observations may be rationalised with larger assemblies of V-shaped molecules isotropically distributed around the direction of the magnetic field.
Reducing Treatment Duration in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Genotype 1: Any Need for Further Studies?
Authors: Craxì Antonio
Published: December 2009

The recommended treatment duration with pegylated interferon-α plus ribavirin for patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 is 48 weeks. Interestingly, a subpopulation of genotype 1 patients experience rapid decreases in HCV RNA levels once treatment is initiated and attain rapid virological response, defined as undetectable HCV RNA at week 4 of therapy. Several studies have shown that these patients can be effectively treated for a 24-week period without any significant decreases in sustained virological response rates. The aim of this review was to consider the existing clinical evidence regarding the use of a 24-week treatment schedule among genotype 1 patients and to highlight the characteristics of patients most suitable for this shortened treatment schedule.
Pre‐Clinical Models of Renal Carcinoma and Their Utility in Drug Development
Authors: Salumbides Brenda C. , Lehet Kristin M. , Ndikuyeze Georges , Pili Roberto
Published: December 2009

Significant progress has been made in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cancer. In addition to immunotherapy, there are several potentially distinct therapeutic approaches for targeting molecular pathways. The murine models detailed in this unit are useful for testing rational combination strategies. Moreover, animal models contribute immensely to the understanding of the genetic, epigenetic, and biological aspects of human disease. Compared to humans, rodent models are relatively short‐lived and allow for the facile study of clinically relevant pathologies. Animal models for the study of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are particularly useful for the development of new drugs for kidney cancer. Included in this unit are several in vivo models that are currently used to evaluate therapeutic approaches to renal cancer therapy and to investigate the pathophysiology of this condition. Included are both murine (RENCA) and renal cell carcinomas in subcutaneous and orthotopic models using tumor cell lines and human tumor tissue. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 47:14.13.1‐14.13.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse)
Authors: Donlin Maureen J.
Published: December 2009

A genome browser is software that allows users to visualize DNA, protein, or other sequence features within the context of a reference sequence, such as a chromosome or contig. The Generic Genome Browser (GBrowse) is an open‐source browser developed as part of the Generic Model Organism Database project (Stein et al., 2002). GBrowse can be configured to display genomic sequence features for any organism and is the browser used for the model organisms Drosophila melanogaster (Grumbling and Strelets, 2006) and Caenorhabditis elegans (Schwarz et al., 2006), among others. The software package can be downloaded from the Web and run on a Windows, Mac OS X, or Unix‐type system. Version 1.64, as described in the original protocol, was released in November 2005, but the software is under active development and new versions are released about every six months. This update includes instructions on updating existing data sources with new files from NCBI. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 28:9.9.1‐9.9.25. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Protein Identification Using Sorcerer 2 and SEQUEST
Authors: Lundgren Deborah H. , Martinez Harryl , Wright Michael E. , Han David K.
Published: December 2009

Sage‐N's Sorcerer 2 provides an integrated data analysis system for comprehensive protein identification and characterization. It runs on a proprietary version of SEQUESTR, the most widely used search engine for identifying proteins in complex mixtures. The protocol presented here describes the basic steps performed to process mass spectrometric data with Sorcerer 2 and how to analyze results using TPP and Scaffold. The unit also provides an overview of the SEQUESTR algorithm, along with Sorcerer‐SEQUESTR enhancements, and a discussion of data filtering methods, important considerations in data interpretation, and additional resources that can be of assistance to users running Sorcerer and interpreting SEQUESTR results. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 28:13.3.1‐13.3.21. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Preparation of Organolithium Reagents and Intermediates
Authors: Leroux Frédéric , Schlosser Manfred , Zohar Elinor , Marek Ilan
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Reductive Metal Insertion into Carbon–Halogen Bonds

Permutational Halogen/Metal Interconversions

Permutational Hydrogen/Metal Interconversions (‘Metalations’)

The Brook Isomerization

The Shapiro Reaction

The Sulfoxide/Lithium Displacement

Acknowledgments
Critical adult education in Canada in the time of CASAE
Authors: Plumb Donovan
Published: December 2009

This chapter describes the emergence and development of critical adult education discourses in Canada since the founding of the Canadian Association for the Study of Adult Education.
Literacy lives here: Using video and dialogue to promote and celebrate adult and literacy education in the Canadian Western Arctic
Authors: Robinson Suzanne
Published: December 2009

Using video and workshops, participants in the study reported here had the opportunity to share their perceptions, thoughts, and hopes for the future of adult education in the North.
“More universal for some than others”: Canada's health care system and the role of adult education
Authors: Quigley B. Allan , Coady Maureen , Grégoire Hélène , Folinsbee Sue , Kraglund‐Gauthier Wendy
Published: December 2009

The literature and pan‐Canadian consultations involving adults with low literacy skills, immigrants and refugees, adults with HIV/AIDS, and those in remote Canadian communities all point to a health learning gap and a critical role for adult educators—a role that crosses all borders.
Learning to teach: An illustrative case from the Canadian community college system
Authors: Carusetta Ellen , Cranton Patricia
Published: December 2009

Within the context of the community college system in Canada, this chapter presents a case study for faculty development within which this development is treated as an adult education initiative.
From manifesto days to millennium days: Canadian perspectives on community development
Authors: English Leona M.
Published: December 2009

This chapter discusses four distinctive features of community development in Canada: focus on learning, use of media and the arts, international initiatives, and feminist leanings.
Reaching out across the border
Authors: English Leona M. , Cranton Patricia
Published: December 2009

The authors speak broadly to how the preceding chapters contribute to a description of the Canadian mosaic of adult education. They point also to further reading, as well as remaining questions about the uniqueness of our nation's field.
New Frontiers in Materials Science Opened by Ionic Liquids
Authors: Torimoto Tsukasa , Tsuda Tetsuya , Okazaki Ken‐ichi , Kuwabata Susumu
Published: December 2009

Ionic liquids (ILs) including ambient‐temperature molten salts, which exist in the liquid state even at room temperature, have a long research history. However, their applications were once limited because ILs were considered as highly moisture‐sensitive solvents that should be handled in a glove box. After the first synthesis of moisture‐stable ILs in 1992, their unique physicochemical properties became known in all scientific fields. ILs are composed solely of ions and exhibit several specific liquid‐like properties, e.g., some ILs enable dissolution of insoluble bio‐related materials and the use as tailor‐made lubricants in industrial applications under extreme physicochemical conditions. Hybridization of ILs and other materials provides quasi‐solid materials, which can be used to fabricate highly functional devices. ILs are also used as reaction media for electrochemical and chemical synthesis of nanomaterials. In addition, the negligible vapor pressure of ILs allows the fabrication of electrochemical devices that are operated under ambient conditions, and many liquid‐vacuum technologies, such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of liquids, electron microscopy of liquids, and sputtering and physical vapor deposition onto liquids. In this article, we review recent studies on ILs that are employed as functional advanced materials, advanced mediums for materials production, and components for preparing highly functional materials.
Solubility and degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymers in propylene carbonate
Authors: McChalicher Christopher W. J. , Srienc Friedrich , Rouse Daniel P.
Published: December 2009

New biobased materials and chemicals require different processing strategies than petroleum‐derived commodities. The extraction and recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymers from the residual cellular biomass is particularly difficult because the polymer is accumulated within the cell. PHAs have low solubility in many classical polymer solvents and are most often dissolved using undesirable chlorinated solvents. The solubility kinetics is greatly diminished when these polymers are highly crystalline. Here, 1,2‐propylene carbonate is used to dissolve highly crystalline polyhydroxybutyrate at ambient pressures and moderate temperatures. We have used kinetic studies of the dissolution of the crystalline material to determine the energy barrier for dissolution of the system. Further, the degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate and similarly prepared PHA block copolymers were studied during this extraction process using molecular weight characterization by gel permeation chromatography. Finally, we have used these findings to extract PHA block copolymers from dried biomass at the bench scale. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Population structure and paternal admixture landscape on present‐day Mexican‐Mestizos revealed by Y‐STR haplotypes
Authors: Salazar‐Flores J. , Dondiego‐Aldape R. , Rubi‐Castellanos R. , Anaya‐Palafox M. , Nuño‐Arana I. , Canseco‐Ávila L.M. , Flores‐Flores G. , Morales‐Vallejo M.E. , Barojas‐Pérez N. , Muñoz‐Valle J.F. , Campos‐Gutiérrez R. , Rangel‐Villalobos H.
Published: December 2009

Mestizos currently represent most of the Mexican population (>90%); they are defined as individuals born in the country having a Spanish‐derived last name, with family antecedents of Mexican ancestors back at least to the third generation. Mestizos are result of 500 years of admixture mainly among Spaniards, Amerindians, and African slaves. Consequently, a complex genetic pattern has been generated throughout the country that has been scarcely studied from the paternal point of view. This fact is important, taking into account that gene flow toward the New World comprised largely males. We analyzed the population structure and paternal admixture of present‐day Mexican‐Mestizo populations based on Y‐STRs. We genotyped at least 12 Y‐STRs in DNA samples of 986 males from five states: Aguascalientes (n = 293); Jalisco (n = 185); Guanajuato (n = 168); Chiapas (n = 170); and Yucatán (n = 170). AmpFℓSTR Y‐filer and Powerplex‐Y® kits were used. Inclusion of North and Central Y‐STR databases in the analyses allowed obtaining a Y‐STR variability landscape from Mexico. Results confirmed the population differentiation gradient previously noted in Mestizos with SNPs and autosomal STRs throughout the Mexican territory: European ancestry increments to the Northwest and, correspondingly, Amerindian ancestry increments to the Center and Southeast. In addition, SAMOVA test and Autocorrelation Index for DNA Analysis autocorrelogram plot suggested preferential gene flow of males with neighboring populations in agreement with the isolation‐by‐distance model. Results are important for disease‐risk studies (principally male‐related) and for human identification purposes, because Y‐STR databases are not available on the majority of Mexican‐Mestizo populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservation of natural wilderness values in the Port Davey marine and estuarine protected area, south‐western Tasmania
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Last Peter R. , Barrett Neville S. , Gowlett‐Holmes Karen , Driessen Michael , Mooney Peter
Published: December 2009

Port Davey and associated Bathurst Harbour in south‐western Tasmania represent one of the world's most anomalous estuarine systems owing to an unusual combination of environmental factors. These include: (i) large uninhabited catchment protected as a National Park; (ii) ria geomorphology but with fjord characteristics that include a shallow entrance and deep 12‐km long channel connecting an almost land‐locked harbour to the sea; (iii) high rainfall and riverine input that generate strongly‐stratified estuarine conditions, with a low‐salinity surface layer and marine bottom water; (iv) a deeply tannin‐stained surface layer that blocks light penetration to depth; (v) very low levels of nutrients and low aquatic productivity; (vi) weak tidal influences; (vii) marine bottom water with stable temperature throughout the year; (viii) numerous endemic species; (ix) strongly depth‐stratified benthic assemblages exhibiting high compositional variability over small spatial scales; (x) deepsea species present at anomalously shallow depths; (xi) no conspicuous introduced taxa; (xii) a predominance of fragile sessile invertebrates, including slow‐growing fenestrate bryozoans; and (xiii) sponge spicule‐ and bryozoan‐based sediments that are more characteristic of deep sea and polar environments than those inshore.

Although this region has historically been protected by its isolation, seven major anthropogenic stressors now threaten its natural integrity: boating, fishing, dive tourism, nutrient enrichment, introduced species, onshore development, and global climate change. These threats are not randomly distributed but disproportionately affect particular habitat types.

For management of environmental risk, the Port Davey–Bathurst Harbour region is subdivided into six biophysical zones, each with different ecological characteristics, values, and types and levels of potential threat. In response to the various threats, the Tasmanian Government has enacted an adaptive management regime that includes a multi‐zoned marine protected area and the largest ‘no‐take’ estuarine protected area in Australia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of catastrophic channel change on freshwater mussels in the Hunter River system, Australia: a conservation assessment
Authors: Jones Hugh A. , Byrne Maria
Published: December 2009

Australia has a distinct suite of endemic freshwater mussel species, several of which are restricted to south‐eastern Australia, an intensively modified region supporting much of the nation's population and where pressures on freshwater ecosystems are increasing.

Surveys were made of 78 sites in the Hunter River system to determine the distribution and abundance of the six mussel species occurring in the region, to identify threatening processes and to locate populations of high conservation value.

Mussel populations were mainly distributed in the hydrologically stable southern Barrington rivers, where those in the Williams River have the highest conservation value. Strongholds for Hyridella drapeta were found in Wollombi Brook.

Mussels were not detected at 40% of the sites, some of which supported mussels in the past. These were mainly reaches that have undergone river metamorphosis.

Where found, most mussel populations had low densities and were highly fragmented. Major threats to these remnant populations are degradation of riparian and instream condition from agricultural activities, extreme climatic events (flood and drought) and the introduced macrophyte, Salvinia molesta.

While threat mitigation can be achieved by habitat protection and strategies to reconnect mussel populations, managers are largely unaware of this invertebrate group. Formal recognition of regionally threatened mussel populations would do much to focus efforts on conservation.

The proposed construction of a large dam on the Williams River is a potential threat to the most important mussel populations in the Hunter River system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating population size and habitat associations of two federally endangered mussels in the St. Croix River, Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Hornbach Daniel J. , Hove Mark C. , Dickinson Benjamin D. , MacGregor Kelly R. , Medland Jill R.
Published: December 2009

North America is a globally important centre of freshwater mussel biodiversity. Accurate population estimates and descriptions of critical habitat for endangered species of mussels are needed but are hindered by their patchy distribution and the dynamic nature of their habitat. Adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) was used to estimate population size and habitat associations of two federally endangered species, Higgins eye (Lampsilis higginsii) and winged mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa), in the St. Croix River.

This river holds the largest known winged mapleleaf population in the upper Mississippi River and contains Essential Habitat Areas for Higgins eye. Winged mapleleaf density ranged from 0.008–0.020 individuals m−2 (coefficient of variation=50–66%), yielding an estimate of 13 000 winged mapleleaf in this reach of the river. Higgins eye density varied from 0.008–0.015 individuals m−2 (coefficient of variation=66–167%) giving an estimate of 14 400 individuals in this area.

Higgins eye and winged mapleleaf were associated with areas of the overall highest mussel density and species richness, suggesting these endangered species occur in ‘premier’ mussel habitat. There were no differences in many microhabitat factors for sites with and without either endangered species. Select hydraulic measures (such as shear velocity and shear stress) showed significant differences in areas with and without the winged mapleleaf but not for Higgins eye. Areas that are less depositional support dense and diverse mussel assemblages that include both endangered species, with winged mapleleaf having a narrower habitat range than Higgins eye.

This study suggests that ACS can provide statistically robust estimates of density with 2–3 times more efficiency than simple random sampling. ACS, however, was quite time consuming. This work confirmed that of others demonstrating that larger‐scale hydraulic parameters might be better predictors of prime mussel habitat than fine‐scaled microhabitat factors. Using hydraulic measures may allow improved identification of potentially critical mussel habitat. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotic affinities of rocky reef fishes, invertebrates and macroalgae in different zones of the Port Davey marine protected area, south‐western Tasmania
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Barrett Neville S.
Published: December 2009

Assemblages of fishes, invertebrates, and macroalgae showed strong and predictable distributional patterns within the newly declared Port Davey marine protected area (MPA) in south‐western Tasmania. Biotic assemblages in the eastern estuarine section of the MPA within Bathurst Channel were extremely anomalous, both in relation to biota elsewhere in the Port Davey region and also to those present along the wider Tasmanian and Australian coasts. Much of this variation was due to the phenomenon of deepwater emergence, with species in 5 m water depth in eastern Bathurst Channel possessing a mean maximum recorded depth of 200 m, compared with<80 m for the same metric when calculated for sites studied elsewhere around Australia. Deepwater emergence in Bathurst Channel was particularly notable for sessile organisms, although also evident among fishes and mobile macro‐invertebrates.

Quantitative baseline surveys of reef‐associated species were undertaken at sites interspersed among MPA management zone types and biotic community types, thereby providing an appropriate benchmark for assessing ecological changes in different management zones within the Port Davey region through the long term. Distinctive biota present in eastern and western Bathurst Channel, and eastern Port Davey, are well protected within ‘no‐take’ sanctuary zones; however, a bias in location of sanctuary zones towards areas with little fishery resources resulted in less protection for the western Port Davey biota, which also extends along the open coast. Although the lack of high level protection for sites with fishery resources detracts from conservation goals, the Port Davey MPA nevertheless represents a major advance in environmental protection because the ecologically unique, fully protected locations are a necessary inclusion within any comprehensive Australian MPA network. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of benthic communities in the fjord‐like Bathurst Channel ecosystem, south‐western Tasmania, a globally anomalous estuarine protected area
Authors: Barrett Neville S. , Edgar Graham J.
Published: December 2009

Benthic assemblages in the fjord‐like Bathurst Channel estuarine system, south‐western Tasmania, vary over horizontal scales of 1–5 km and vertical scales of 1–10 m. Multivariate analysis indicated a total of eight major assemblages that characterize different sections and depths of the channel.

Because tannins in the low‐salinity surface water layer block light, foliose algae reach 5 m depth in the marine western region but do not penetrate below 1 m in the east. By contrast, sessile invertebrates are most abundant below 5 m depth in the west and below 2 m in the east. Deeper assemblages are unlikely to be continuous with assemblages in deeper waters off the Tasmanian coast as they are highly constrained by depth within particular sections of the estuary.

While the species composition of the Bathurst Channel biota is most similar to that found elsewhere in Tasmania, the structural character of the biota in terms of major taxonomic groups is more closely allied to that found in fjords of south‐western Chile and south‐western New Zealand. These three regions all possess wilderness settings, high rainfall that is channelled through estuaries as a low‐salinity surface layer, deep‐water emergence of fauna, rapid change in biotic communities over short horizontal and vertical distances, and high levels of local endemism. They also include some of the most threatened aquatic ecosystems on earth due to increasing human activity from a near pristine base, and the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of ecosystem‐based management for conserving aquatic migratory pathways on tropical high islands: a case study from Fiji
Authors: Jenkins Aaron P. , Jupiter Stacy D. , Qauqau Ingrid , Atherton James
Published: December 2009

Tropical, high islands of the Pacific have developed unique freshwater fish faunas that are currently threatened by a range of human activities. This paper documents distinct differences in life history strategies from fish communities found in streams of Fiji compared with fish assemblages in freshwater systems on larger continental land masses. While river systems of northern Australia and Papua New Guinea have a high proportion of freshwater residents, the Fiji fauna is dominated by amphidromous gobiids that migrate across a broad range of habitats throughout their life cycle.

The number of amphidromous fish species and the number of all fish species in mid‐reaches of Fiji rivers are significantly affected by loss of catchment forest cover and introductions of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.). On average, stream networks with established Oreochromis spp. populations have 11 fewer species of native fish than do intact systems. The fish that disappear are mostly eleotrid and gobiid taxa, which have important dietary and economic value.

Based on the strong links between catchment land clearing, non‐native species introductions and loss of migratory pathways for freshwater fish, spatial information was compiled on a national scale to identify priority areas for conservation in Fiji with intact connectivity between forests, hydrologic networks and coral reefs. Areas with high connectivity included remote, largely undeveloped regions of Vanua Levu (Kubulau, Wainunu, Dama, Udu Point, Natewa, Qelewara) and Taveuni, as well as smaller mapping units (Naikorokoro, Sawakasa) of Viti Levu with low density of roads and high relative amounts of mangroves and reefs.

These priority areas for conservation can only be effectively protected and managed through cross‐sectoral collaboration and ecosystem‐based approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving assessments of marine protected areas
Authors: Claudet Joachim , Guidetti Paolo
Published: December 2009

The use of experimental design and statistical analysis to evaluate the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasingly popular throughout the world.

However, in looking at historical approaches to MPA evaluations, flaws were identified in the execution of theoretically correct designs, as well as disconnects between the stated objectives of MPAs and those of assessment studies.

MPA assessments can be improved by: (1) considering the enforcement/compliance level; (2) linking explicitly the choice of indicator(s) to the MPA objectives; (3) accounting for habitat structure; (4) taking into account the age and size of the MPA; and (5) quantifying the fishing pressure outside the MPA (including possible displacement effects).

Neglecting social factors, using inappropriate indicators, and/or ignoring relevant covariates, carries the risk of having MPAs dismissed as an effective management tool. Societal expectations are strong that MPAs will confer benefits, and thus assessment studies need to be progressively improved using new methodologies and the best available scientific evidence. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaping adult phenotypes through early life environments
Authors: Weaver Ian C.G.
Published: December 2009

A major question in the biology of stress and environmental adaptation concerns the neurobiological basis of how neuroendocrine systems governing physiological regulatory mechanisms essential for life (metabolism, immune response, organ function) become harmful. The current view is that a switch from protection to damage occurs when vulnerable phenotypes are exposed to adverse environmental conditions. In accordance with this theory, sequelae of early life social and environmental stressors, such as childhood abuse, neglect, poverty, and poor nutrition, have been associated with the emergence of mental and physical illness (i.e., anxiety, mood disorders, poor impulse control, psychosis, and drug abuse) and an increased risk of common metabolic and cardiovascular diseases later in life. Evidence from animal and human studies investigating the associations between early life experiences (including parent‐infant bonding), hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity, brain development, and health outcome provide important clues into the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the contribution of stressful experiences to personality development and the manifestation of illness. This review summarizes our current molecular understanding of how early environment influences brain development in a manner that persists through life and highlights recent evidence from rodent studies suggesting that maternal care in the first week of postnatal life establishes diverse and stable phenotypes in the offspring through epigenetic modification of genes expressed in the brain that shape neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responsivity throughout life. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:314–326, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms during preimplantation development
Authors: Corry Gareth N. , Tanasijevic Borko , Barry Evan R. , Krueger Winfried , Rasmussen Theodore P.
Published: December 2009

Following fertilization, the newly formed zygote faces several critical decisions regarding cell fate and lineage commitment. First, the parental genomes must be reprogrammed and reset for the zygotic genome to assume responsibility for gene expression. Second, blastomeres must be committed to form either the inner cell mass or trophectoderm before implantation. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms underlies each of these steps, allowing for proper activation of transcriptional circuits which function to specify a cell's identity and maintain or adjust that state as developmental and environmental conditions dictate. These epigenetic mechanisms encompass DNA methylation, post‐translational histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and alterations in nuclear architecture. In recent years, stem cells derived from the inner cell mass have been used to examine the epigenetic pathways that regulate pluripotency, differentiation, and lineage commitment. From a technical standpoint, embryonic stem cells provide an easier system to work with compared to preimplantation embryos; however, it is currently unknown how closely the epigenetic mechanisms of cultured stem cells resemble their counterparts in the intact embryo. Furthermore, it remains unclear how similar the reprogramming pathways in artificially created systems, such as nuclear transfer‐derived embryos and induced pluripotent stem cells, are to those in naturally created embryos. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of epigenetic influences during preimplantation development and shed light on the extent to which these pathways are conserved in cultured pluripotent cells in vitro. In doing so, we demonstrate the critical role that epigenetic mechanisms play in the establishment of cell fate during the earliest stages of mammalian development. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:297–313, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the chondrogenic phenotype in culture
Authors: Bobick Brent E. , Chen Faye H. , Le Annie M. , Tuan Rocky S.
Published: December 2009

In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of regenerative approaches to produce hyaline cartilage ex vivo that can be utilized for the repair or replacement of damaged or diseased tissue. It is clinically imperative that cartilage engineered in vitro mimics the molecular composition and organization of and exhibits biomechanical properties similar to persistent hyaline cartilage in vivo. Experimentally, much of our current knowledge pertaining to the regulation of cartilage formation, or chondrogenesis, has been acquired in vitro utilizing high‐density cultures of undifferentiated chondroprogenitor cells stimulated to differentiate into chondrocytes. In this review, we describe the extracellular matrix molecules, nuclear transcription factors, cytoplasmic protein kinases, cytoskeletal components, and plasma membrane receptors that characterize cells undergoing chondrogenesis in vitro and regulate the progression of these cells through the chondrogenic differentiation program. We also provide an extensive list of growth factors and other extracellular signaling molecules, as well as chromatin remodeling proteins such as histone deacetylases, known to regulate chondrogenic differentiation in culture. In addition, we selectively highlight experiments that demonstrate how an understanding of normal hyaline cartilage formation can lead to the development of novel cartilage tissue engineering strategies. Finally, we present directions for future studies that may yield information applicable to the in vitro generation of hyaline cartilage that more closely resembles native tissue. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 87:351–371, 2009. Published 2009 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Density Functional Calculation for Li2CuSn as an Electrode Material for Rechargeable Batteries.
Authors: Reshak Ali Hussain , Ordonez Ortiz Diego Andres
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Vacancies and Insertions in the RE10Ni9+xIn20 Series (RE: Ho—Tm, Lu).
Authors: Thimmaiah Srinivasa , Weber Josh , Miller Gordon J.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: (NH4)[GaCl4] and (NH4)[InCl4] Revisited.
Authors: Timofte Tudor , Bremm Stephan , Mudring Anja‐Verena , Meyer Gerd
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Ternary Silicide LiRh2Si2 — Structure and Bonding Peculiarities.
Authors: Dinges Tim , Rodewald Ute C. , Matar Samir F. , Eckert Hellmut , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chloride Derivatives of Lanthanide ortho‐Oxomolybdates. Part 2. The Unique Crystal Structure of NdCl[MoO4] in the LnCl[MoO4] Series.
Authors: Schleid Thomas , Hartenbach Ingo
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Properties of the Transition Metal Borates β‐MB4O7 (M: Fe, Co).
Authors: Neumair Stephanie C. , Knyrim Johanna S. , Glaum Robert , Huppertz Hubert
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi4Ge3O12 at the Onset of Pressure‐Induced Amorphization.
Authors: Grzechnik Andrzej
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Hydroxides. Part 2. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Layered Barium Hexahydroxidostannate(IV) Pentahydrate, Ba[Sn(OH)6]·5H2O.
Authors: Kamaha Shouassi , Reuter Hans
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Nanostructured Bi2WO6: Convenient Hydrothermal and TiO2‐Coating Pathways.
Authors: Zhou Ying , Vuille Kathrin , Heel Andre , Patzke Greta R.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure of a Samarium Carbochromate(III), Sm2[Cr2C3].
Authors: Davaasuren Bambar , Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Kerkau Alexander , Kreiner Guido , Schnelle Walter , Wagner Frank R. , Kniep Ruediger
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Disordered Structure of ZrW1.8V0.2O7.9 from a Combined X‐Ray and Neutron Powder Diffraction Study at 530 K.
Authors: Chen Xi , Tao Juzhou , Ma Hui , Zhao Xinhua
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge Disproportionation and Charge Transfer in A‐Site Ordered Perovskites Containing Iron.
Authors: Shimakawa Yuichi , Takano Mikio
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ce2Pt8P: A Phosphido‐Platinide with Covalently Bonded Framework Polyanion.
Authors: Chizhov Pavel S. , Prots Yurii , Antipov Evgeny V. , Grin Yuri
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral Bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) Palladium and Rhodium Complexes with 1,1′‐Biphenyl Scaffold and Their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Liu Lian‐jun , Wang Feijun , Shi Min
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrabenzyltitanium: An Improved Catalyst for the Activation of sp3 C—H Bonds Adjacent to Nitrogen Atoms.
Authors: Prochnow Insa , Kubiak Raphael , Frey Okko N. , Beckhaus Ruediger , Doye Sven
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Opening of Oxabicyclic Ring Systems.
Authors: Schindler Corinna S. , Diethelm Stefan , Carreira Erick M.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Allenes in Asymmetric Catalysis: Asymmetric Ring Opening of meso‐Epoxides Catalyzed by Allene‐Containing Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Pu Xiaotao , Qi Xiangbing , Ready Joseph M.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum—Triethylamine‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Aldehydes and Cyclohexanones.
Authors: Gao Feng , Chen Qiao‐Hong , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Birch Reductions at Room Temperature with Alkali Metals in Silica Gel (Na2K‐SG(I)).
Authors: Nandi Partha , Dye James L. , Jackson James E.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Behavior of p‐Bis{3‐[N‐(3‐chlorobuten‐2‐yl)pyrrolidinio(piperidinio or morpholinio)]propyn‐1‐yl}benzene Dichlorides in an Aqueous Base Medium.
Authors: Chukhajian E. O. , Khachatryan A. A. , Gevorkyan A. R. , Panosyan H. A.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines.
Authors: Vo Giang D. , Hartwig John F.
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Clean and Direct Synthesis of α,α′‐Bithiophenes and Bipyrroles by Metal‐Free Oxidative Coupling Using Recyclable Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents.
Authors: Dohi Toshifumi , Morimoto Koji , Ogawa Chieko , Fujioka Hiromichi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: December 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.