bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the larval development ofMystus macvopterus(Bleeker): Bagridae
Authors: Wang D. S. , Zhang Y. G. , Luo Q. S.
Published: January 2006

From June to July 1988, larvae ofMystus macropterus(Bleeker) were obtained by artificial propagation of spawners collected from the Jialing River, China. Larvae grown in water temperatures ranging from 26 to 29°C were fully developed at approximately 20 days. The newly‐hatched larvae measured 6.0–7.5 mmt.l., exceeding the dimensions of any known newly‐hatched larvae of freshwater catfishes indigenous to China. Five days after hatching, when the larvae were 11.4 mmt.l.and the prolarval stage was complete, exogenous feeding commenced. Twelve days after hatching, at 18.4 mmt.l., the yolk sac disappeared, organogenesis was almost complete and the juvenile period began. At 20 days post‐hatching, at 23.0 mmt.l., the lateral line system had formed and the juveniles resembled the adults with respect to all external features, which signalled the end of thejuvenile period. Comparison of the larval development in eight species ofeconomic freshwater catfishes shows that the most significant aspect of the larval development ofM. macropterusis the sustained (6–7 days) mixed nourishment period and the early differentiation of organs, which enhances the survival rate of the larvae.
Infection of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by Gyrodactylus salaris, Malmberg 1957, in the River Lakselva, Misvær in northern Norway
Authors: Johnsen B. O. , Jensen A. J.
Published: January 2006

Gyrodacrylus salaris was most probably introduced to the River Lakselva in 1975 through stocking of Atlantic salmon from an infected hatchery. The parasite population grew rapidly, and the parasite spread throughout the entire watercourse during the summer of 1976. This epidemic situation led to mortality among the young Atlantic salmon, and the density of salmon parr was heavily reduced from 1976 to 1977. The density of salmon parr has remained close to zero since then, while there are no apparent trends toward decrease or increase in the density of brown trout. In spite of the reduced density of young salmon, a new epidemic has developed each year among the few young 0+ and 1+ Atlantic salmon present in the river. Results from successive sampling during the summer of 1987, 1988 and 1989 indicate that most of the presmolt salmon are attacked during their first summer or autumn of life. The infection develops into an epidemic during the first autumn, winter or the next summer. The build‐up of the parasite burden on the fish leads in turn to mortality. Norwegian Atlantic salmon probably have no resistance against G. salaris, since the parasite has recently been introduced to Norwegian rivers.
Migration of hatchery reared juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts down a release ladder. 1. Environmental effects on migratory activity
Authors: Greenstreet S. P. R.
Published: January 2006

The effects of light intensity, water temperature and river spate conditions on the rate of migration of hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon smolts down a release ladder were examined. Low light intensity and high day time water temperatures raised smolt migration rates: water temperature had littleor no effect at night. Thediel patternofdown‐ladder movement wasdetermined by these two environmental stimuli. Smolts demonstrated a threshold response to both light and water temperature: a fall in light intensity, or increase in water temperature, below or above their respective thresholds elicited no further response. As fish progressed through the ladder their movement became increasingly nocturnal, and most entry into the estuary occurred at night. Heavy rainhll caused rapid migration of smolts through the ladder. As ladder discharge remained constant, smolts must have been responding to some other change in the water conditions. Smolts responded to spate conditions irrespective of water temperature and light intensity, and they responded to light intensity irrespective of water temperature. A hierarchy of environmental cues, responsible for triggering migratory behaviour on a day to day basis during the smolt run, of spate> light intensity > water temperature is therefore suggested.
Gene flow and lack of population differentiation in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from Iceland, and comparison of cod from Norway and Newfoundland
Authors: ÁRnason E. , Pálsson S. , Arason A.
Published: January 2006

Restriction analysis of mitochondrial DNA was used to study genetic variation and geographic population structure of Atlantic cod from localities around Iceland. Gene phylogenies were constructed and geographic locations superimposed on these. The variation was not localized. Estimated gene flow was large. Thus, Atlantic cod in Iceland belong to a single genetic population. Analyses of published sequence variation of cod from Norway and Newfoundland showed that the extensive continuity of intraspecific phylogeny of cod in Iceland, which is very similar to other marine organisms with a similar life history, extends from Norway to Newfoundland and possibly to larger areas of the Atlantic.
Wild adult hybrids of Salmo salar L. and Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Youngson A. F. , Knox D. , Johnstone R.
Published: January 2006

Ovarian development was impaired in three adult Salmo salar L. ×S. trutta L. hybrids identified among adult salmonids in Scottish fisheries. Species‐specific variation at enzyme loci indicated that the fish were F1 hybrids and mitochondrial DNA analysis showed them to be the progeny of S. salar females.
The effect of somatostatins (SRIF‐14, 25 and 28), galanin and anti‐SRIF on plasma growth hormone levels in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch, Walbaum)
Authors: Diez J. M. , Giannicot G. , McLeant E. , Donaldson E. M.
Published: January 2006

Porcine galanin, somatostatins (SRIF‐25 and SRIF‐28) and invariant SRIF‐14, known to have inhibitory‐stimulatory actions on growth hormone (GH) secretion in higher vertebrates, were tested for their ability to affect plasma GH levels in coho salmon. Peptides were administered by intraperitoneal injection of 10 or 100 ng g−1 body weight. All three SRIFs decreased plasma GH concentrations, their activity following the order SRIF‐14 > SRIF‐28 > SRIF‐25. Galanin and an anti‐SRIF produced pronounced, although transient increases in plasma GH.
Age and growth of an Iberian cyprinodont, Aphanius iberus (Cuv. & Val.), in its most northerly population
Authors: García‐Berthou E. , Moreno‐Amich R.
Published: January 2006

Age and growth of an Iberian cyprinodont, Aphanius iberus (Cuv. & Val.), in its most northerly population, La Rubina lagoon (Alt Empordà wetlands, NE Spain), was studied. The age groups for this Mediterranean population (O +, 1 + and 2 +) agree with those reported for the Atlantic population (R. Guadalquivir marshes), in the southern limit of the species distribution in the Iberian peninsula. Differences in age structure between these populations and the one previously studied in La Tancada lagoon (R. Ebro delta marshes) can be attributed to age estimation bias. Male A. iberus data appear to fit similarly to a Gompertz growth function and to a von Bertalanffy growth function, but Lx, was clearly underestimated. A Gompertz growth function was not a good fit for females, perhaps because female growth is clearly faster and less attenuated than male growth. The life history and growth pattern ofthis species is similar to that in other cyprinodontiform fishes, typified by a short longevity. The growth model of this species does not seem to fit types I and II of Sebens's classification, which are characteristic of fish.
Cones in the retina of the catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.)
Authors: Nag T. C. , Sur R. K.
Published: January 2006

The retina of the catfish Clarias butrachus (L.), supposed to possess an all‐rod retina, is found on re‐investigation to contain both rods and cones. The retina is characterized by a prominent tapetum and multiple optic papillae.
Metazoan parasites of sticklebacks on Sable Island, Northwest Atlantic Ocean: biogeographic considerations
Authors: Marcogliese D. J.
Published: January 2006

Three species of sticklebacks (Apeltes quadracus, Gasterosteus aculeatus, andPungitius pungitius(n= 236) were collected from five ponds on Sable Island. The nematodesPseudoterranova decipiens, Contracaecumsp.,Paracuaria adunca, andCosmucephalus obvelatus, and the cestodeDiphyllobothrium ditremumparasitized three‐spined sticklebacks (G. aculeatus) and four‐spined sticklebacks (A. quadracus) inhabiting four brackish water ponds. All the parasites exceptP. decipiensinfected nine‐spined sticklebacks (P. pungitius) from a freshwater pond. In addition, the cestodeSchistocephalus pungitii, the copepodThersitina gasterostei, and the monogeneanGyrodactylus canadensisoccurred in nine‐spined sticklebacks from the freshwater pond. The two cestodes, the copepod, and the sealworm,P. decipiens, were the most common parasites encountered. The remaining helminths were relatively rare. Most of the parasite species were larval forms which use gulls or seals as definitive hosts. These parasites probably colonized Sable Island with their definitive hosts, whereas only two species (T. gasterosteiandG. canadensis) successfully colonized the island ponds with their fish hosts. The low parasite species richness encountered is attributed to the impoverished nature of the host fauna of Sable island, and the difficulty of colonization as a result of the island's isolation with respect to the mainland.
Behavioural differences in starving herring Clupea harengus L. larvae correlate with body levels of essential fatty acids
Authors: Navarro J. C. , Sargent J. R.
Published: January 2006

Twenty days after hatching, a single stock of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae, cultured in the presence of rotifers and Artemia nauplii but showing little or no active feeding behaviour, displayed clear signs of starvation. Three groups of fish were distinguished: group I was generally pinhead‐shaped, tended to swim with a spinning motion and floated vertically; group 2 lay moribund on the bottom of the tank; group 3 showed normal, active swimming behaviour. Fatty acids of total lipid extracted from groups 1 and 2 differed from group 3 in having markedly reduced percentages of 20:5n‐3, 22:6n‐3, 20:1 and 22:1. We conclude that individuals within a single stock of cultured herring larvae respond differently to starvation and that this generates well defined behavioural differences which correlate with levels of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in body lipid. The implications of these observations are discussed.
The use of genetic marking to assess the reproductive success of mature male Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar, L.) under natural spawning conditions
Authors: Jordan W. C. , Youngson A. F.
Published: January 2006

The reproductive success of mature male Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) under natural spawning conditions was estimated using the polymorphism at the MEP‐2* locus as a genetic marker. The percentage of eggs per redd fertilized by parr varied considerably over the five redds examined (0·9–27.7%, mean 10·8%), but a gametic contribution from mature parr was detected in each case. Parr reproductive success has important implications for the population structure and evolution of the Atlantic salmon through its effect on gene flow.
Electrofishing results corrected by selectivity functions in stock size estimates of brown trout (Salrno trutta L.) in brooks
Authors: Büttiker B.
Published: January 2006

To overcome the problems usually met as a consequence of small numbers of fish collected for trout stock size evaluation in small rivers, a selectivity function was developed and tested in two small rivers in western Switzerland. The function takes the form In E=bL−k where E is the fishing efficiency, L is the fish length in cm, k is a constant and b is the slope, estimated by regression analysis.

A good fit was obtained for k = 1 (R. Flon de Carrouge) and k = 2 (R. Cerjaule). Individual selectivity functions have to be computed for each survey, because they depend on the operators of the fishing gear and on the physical and biological conditions in the rivers.

The results are discussed in the light of the Petersen mark‐recapture method and the De Lury removal method for stock evaluation. The mark‐recapture method gives better results when time intervals between successive fish removals are short.
Allozyme variation in turbot (Psetta maxima) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) (Osteichthyes, Pleuronectoformes, Scophthalmidae) throughout their range in Europe
Authors: Blanquer A. , Alayse J.‐P. , Berrada‐Rkhami O. , Berrebi P.
Published: January 2006

Two species of coastal flatfish (brill and turbot, Scophthalmidae) were analysed electrophoretically at 17 common enzymatic loci in samples taken from 11 sites representing the species ranges in Europe. Brill showed a mean heterozygosity (H) of 0·11 while that of turbot was 0·02. The virtual absence of genetic diversity in turbot is probably due to a very low evolutionary rate, and provides little evidence for population substructure even if various signs indicate the possibility of a hidden differentiation (presence of the taxonmaoeticain the Black Sea and differentiation of a species‐specific cestode parasite on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar). On the other hand, the weak geographic structure in brill seems to result from rapid recolonization following the last ice age.
Lethal oxygen levels at different temperatures and the preferred temperature during hypoxia of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Schurmann H. , Steffensen J. F.
Published: January 2006

The behavioural thermoregulation of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. was investigated in a shuttlebox at normoxia and at three levels of hypoxia: 30, 20 and 15% oxygen saturation.

The preferred temperatures at normoxia, 30, 20 and 15% oxygen saturation were 13·9, 13·1. 10·0 and 8·8° C, respectively.

A decrease in metabolism and an increased blood oxygen affinity are among the physiological advantages of selecting a lower temperature during hypoxia. Furthermore the chances of surviving low oxygen saturations are better at low temperatures.

In natural environments, this behaviour may result in habitat shifts of fish living in heterothermal environments with changing oxygen saturations, especially in coastal areas with eutrophication, as for example the Baltic Sea.
Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of effects of low pH on gills of Channa punctata (Bloch)
Authors: Munshi J. S. D. , Singh A.
Published: January 2006

Bioassay of Channa punctata (± 36 g) was carried out in acidic waters of different pH. A 96 h LC50, value was obtained at pH 5.3. Scanning electron microscopy of gills of C. punctata showed fusion of adjacent secondary lamellae. At this low pH, dissociation of epithelium of branchial arches and gill filaments take place. At 360 h the branchial epithelium ruptures developing lesions in the gills exposing the efferent filament vessels. At pH 6.6 the tips of adjacent filaments belonging to both oral and aboral hemibranchs fuse in blocks.
Plasma catecholamines and accumulation of adrenaline in the atrial cardiac tissue of aquacultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during stress
Authors: Flysand R. , Ask J. A. , Serck‐Hanssen G. , Helle K. B.
Published: January 2006

The effects of stress on plasma catecholamines (CA) and capacity for tissue accumulation of CA were studied in cardiac and skeletal muscle of cultured Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography.

Plasma A and NA levels were 56±10 nmoll−1 and 77±17 nmoll−1 (±s.e.m.), respectively, in a control group living under normal rearing conditions in a fish farm. Following a ±3 h period of pre‐slaughter crowding and handling in the fish farm, plasma A reached 221 ± 72 nmol1−1 with no increase in plasma NA. An 0.5 h period of struggling out of water led to even higher level of plasma A (480 ± 89 nmol1−1), without change in NA.

Skeletal muscle was low in CA (A, 0.07 ± 0.02 and NA, 0.06 ± 0.01 nmol g−1 wet wt). Tissue CA was higher in the atrium (A, 0.47 ± 0.04 and NA 0.94 ± 0.10 nmol g−1) than in the ventricle (A, 0.25 ± 0.03 and NA, 0.30 ± 0.02 nmol g−1). The 0.5 h period out of water and the 0.5‐3 h period of pre‐slaughter crowding led to accumulation of A, but not NA, in the atrium.

These data show that A, released during stress, accumulates in an undegraded form in the atrial tissue of the Atlantic salmon. This suggests a potent uptake mechanism for A in the atria presumably in the sympathetic nerve terminals. The acumulation of A in the atrium appears to reflect the period of high plasma A during stress.
The life‐history strategy of deepwater sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsoni (Girard), in Lake Michigan: dispersal and settlement patterns during the first year of life
Authors: Geffen A. J. , Nash R. D. M.
Published: January 2006

Deepwater sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsoni (Girard), were sampled from six stations from the 15–100 m depth contours in Lake Michigan between April 1983 and July 1984. In south‐eastern Lake Michigan M. thompsoni lay benthic eggs in offshore waters, which hatch between November and August, with peak hatching in March. Abundance of larvae in pelagic samples was higher offshore than inshore, but larval size was greater and development more advanced at inshore stations, indicating an inshore movement after hatching. Larvae reached metamorphosis at 20 mm and settled to the bottom beginning in July. Pelagic larvae 20–40 mm were found in the lower water column at all stations, but newly settled individuals were only captured with bottom trawls at inshore locations (≤60 m depth). Data from ichthyoplankton and bottom trawl samples in 1983 and 1984 indicated that locations for successful settlement of larvae to the bottom extended only as deep as the shallowest fringe of the adult population (> 50 m in 1983). In 1983, maximum density of larvae reached 0.4 individuals m−3 by June. Survival from the pelagic larval stage to the demersal young‐of‐year stage in 1983/1984 was c. 0.1–0.4%. The specific mechanism of mortality at the time of transition to a demersal habit has not been determined.
Patterns of reproductive strategy parameters in some marine teleost fishes
Authors: Beverton R. J. H.
Published: January 2006

The development of ideas and methods in the quantitative study of the patterns of growth, maturation and longevity in fish is reviewed. Earlier studies on length and age at maturity, von Bertalanffy growth formula parameters, natural mortality and maximum age for clupeiformes, pleuronectiformes, gadiformes and Sebastes spp. are up‐dated and extended. The concept of the Growth‐Maturity‐Longevity (GML) plot is developed and applied. GML plots for the gadiformes and pleuronectiformes occupy the same two‐dimensional space, but those for clupeiformes and Sebastes are located differently from them and from each other. The GML parameter suite for long‐lived Sebastes spp. is similar to that of certain higher vertebrates of comparable longevity (minke whale and African elephant). It is suggested that the conventional distinction between the growth of fish being indeterminate and that for higher vertebrates determinate is inappropriate; the main difference is whether the approach to the characteristic maximum size is asymptotic, as in fish and some higher vertebrates, or abrupt as in others, including man.
Social Class and the Mortality of Clinically Treated Alcoholics
Authors: SCHMIDT WOLFGANG , DE LINT JAN
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Des données relatives à la mortalité générales et se rapportant à des causes spécifiques, ces données étant standardisées d'après l'áge, furent comparées dans un échantillonnage composé de 1173 alcooliques de la classe ouvrière et de 4903 alcooliques des classes moyennes admis à l'Institut pour la Recherchse ur les Adonnés aux Drogues de la Toronto Clinic, au cours de la période allant de 1951 à 1963. Quoique les deux groupes aient eu une mortalité excédentaire considérable, le taux des morts résultant de toutes causes chez les malades des classes moyennes était considérablement plus élevé que celui existant chez les malades des classes ouvrières. Cette différence pouvait en grande partie ĉtre attribuée à une graduation rattachée aux classes sociales pour les taux des morts dûes à des désordres cardiovasculaires. La mortalité rattachée à d'autres causes s'associant habituellement au mode de vie des alcooliques (cirrhose du foie, néoplasmes des organes digestifs et respiratoires supérieurs, alcoolisme, accidents et suicides) ne se révéla pas être affectée par la situation sociale du malade. Ces résultats furent discutés par rapport aux conclusions d'une étude précédente sur les classes sociales et l'étal morbi de et le pronostic ayant trait aux alcooliques subissant un traitement.
Patterns of Drug Use in a Provincial University
Authors: HINDMARCH IAN
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Un échantillonnage de 153 étudiants faisant usage de drogues fit l'objet d'une comparaison avec un groupe de contrôle d'étudiants ne faisant pas usage de drogues, les deux groupes étant assortis des points de vue de l'âge, du sexe et des cours suivis. Huit facteurs variables furent examinés, à savoir l'âge auquel des drogues furent d'abord absorbées et circonstances à l''origine de l'usage de la drogue, les circonstances familiales, la carrière depuis la fin études scolaires, les attitudes vis‐à‐vis des drogues, les performances aux examens et la carrière universitaire., la fréquence d'utilisation des drogues, les genres de drogues utilisés et les expériences subies à partir des drogues utilisées.

On nota des différences notables entre les usagers des drogues “faibles” et “fortes” en ce qui concernait les circonstances à l'origine de l'usage de la drogue, la fréquence d'utilisation de la drogue et les performances aux examens, Il ne se présentait cependant pas de différence appréciable entre le groupe de contrôle et les usagers des drogues “faibles” par rapport aux facteurs variables examinés.

Certaines hypothèses nécessitant des travaux de recherche furent mises en avant dans le but d''une élaboration future, à savoir: que la majorité des usagers des drogues utilisent le cannabis sans que cela ne cause un préjudice apparent á leur carrière universitaire; que les usagers des drogues “fortes”à cause des défauts de la personnalité sont plus portés à se laisser aller à faire usage des drogues et à devenir adonnés; qu'il existe une différence psychologique entre les drogues “faibles” et “fortes” que l'origine de l'usage de la drogue a lieu au cours de la période intérmaire entre l'école et l'université que les attitudes à la fois des groupes de contrôle et utilisant les drogues étaient positives par rapport au cannabis mais fortement négatives par rapport aux drogues “fortes” et que les usagers des drogues provenaient de familles plus nombreuses que ce n'était le cas pour la population de contrôle.
An Essay at the Treatment of Cigarette Dependence
Authors: CHAPPELL A. G. , GARROD M. E. , JONES K. S. , ROLFE A. B. , WESOLKOWSKI J.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Quarante–cinq individus firent l'objet d'une é valuation avant qu'ils subissent un traitement pour les dé barasser de leur dé pendence des cigarettes du point de vue du comportement.

Cinq d'entre eux ne se pré sentèrent pas pour se soumettre au traitement et 13 vinrent seulement trois fois ou moins de fois.

Le ré sultat immé diat fut assez bon (avec 16 arrivant è s'abstenir et 14 arrivant è une ré duction de 50% ou mieux de leur consommation de cigarettes) et un certain nombre de facteurs variables s'y rapportant furent é tudié s.

Les ré sultats de l'examen de la suite du tratement furent dé cevants, et le problè me que pré sente la rechute est de toute é vidence d'une importance cruciale comme dans le cas des autres problèemes des adonné s.
Gambling as a Form of Dependence*
Authors: MORAN E.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Un jeu excessif menant à des problèmes sociaux, economiques et/ou psycho–logiques pour ľindividu qui se livre á ce vice, (ou la famille) est dé fini comme un jeu pathologique. La litté rature sur ce syndrome est passé e en revue

L'idée gé ené rale de la dé pendance est discuté e et il a é té suggé eré que le jeu pathologique pourrait mener á un type morbide de dé pendance psychologique.

On passe en revue 50 patients mâles, des joueurs pathologiques, Ces patients pour–raient être classifié s sur des bases cliniques dans les varié té s: sous–culturelle, né vrosique, impulsive, psychopathique et symptomatique.

L'incidence du jeu excessif pré coce dans le milieu familial a é té de 100 pour cent dans le groupe sous–culturel et de plus que 50 pour cent dans le groupe impulsif. Un gain important dans la carrière pré coce de joueur se produisit dans deux–tiers des joueurs impulsifs et dans la moitié des groupes sous–culturels et né vrosé s. Un jeu pathologique fût pré cipité par des facilité s ré cemment accrues dans deux–tiers du groupe sous–culturel et dans la moitié des groupes de né vrosé s et ďimpulsifs.

Les causes multiples du jeu pathologique sont discutées.
Smoking in Britain: Strategy for Future Emancipation
Authors: RUSSELL M. A. HAMILTON
Published: January 2006

The health cost of smoking in Britain, the national response to the problem and the reasons for failure to control k more effectively are discussed. A future anti‐smoking strategy should hinge on the two interacting key factors that maintain smoking, the dependence factor and the favourable social climate. Any tactic or measure that diminishes the effect of either of these factors should also diminish smoking. In the absence of an effective treatment applicable to large numbers of dependent smokers and with lack of fundamental knowledge of the nature of dependence, our ability to overcome the dependence factor is at present rather limited. But much could be done to intensify research in this area. On the other hand, the engineering of a change of social climate to one less favourably disposed towards smoking is quite feasible and potentially highly effective. This would, however, require a coordinated sustained intervention on a national scale, with a multi‐disciplinary organizing committee closely backed by the Government with adequate financial and legislative support. It would not be sufficient merely to curb commercial promotion of cigarettes; but it would be necessary to accompany this with anti‐smoking propaganda of a commercial advertising type and scale. Continuous evaluation and public reaction monitoring would be required to ensure maximal efficacy of such tactics as selective tax increases, tighter control of sales outlets and restriction of smoking in public places.
Psychopathology and Experience with Marijuana
Authors: Linn Lawrence S.
Published: January 2006

In looking at the relationship between the use of marijuana and the severity of psychiatric symptomatology among students in a university community, the present study found that students reporting symptom; of greatest severity were significantly more likely to have had experience with marijuana. Additional findings also demonstrated that experience with the drug was significantly associated with students' previous utilization of psychiatric facilities, their contact with others who have sought psychiatric care, and the nature of their identifications within the college community.
Drug Dependence in Glasgow 1960–1970
Authors: Beanie E. H. , Mullin P. , Sclare A. Balfoar
Published: January 2006

Like other urban centres Glasgow has witnessed the development of a drug dependence phenomenon daring the past decade or so. The problem has not acqured the rapidly spreading epidemic and endemic characteristics noted in London, or in several North American cities, but it was nevertheless considered to be of sufficient proportion as to merit the establishment of four drug treatment centres in the city, by the home Office in 1968. Drug addiction is, however, a quantitavely small problem in Glasgow, accounting for perhaps one per cent of psychiatric consultations. But, drugs are being taken by a wide section of the community, and there has been considerable expansion in the consumption of barbiturates, cannabis and L.S.D., in the past one to three years. It would appear from the number of patients attending the dime that the consumption of opiates, that is methadone and heroin, has not substantially increased in the last year Barbiturates and hypnotic drugs are most frequently abused. We will first look at the evolution and the epidemiology of addiction, and then we will examine some clinical syndromes which we have identified at the clinic.
The Role of the Voluntary Agencies in the Various Aspects of Prevention and Rehabilitation of Drug Abusers
Authors: Leech Kenneth
Published: January 2006

The year 1967 was crucial in the growth of the British drug scene and of the voluntary agencies within it. These operate at three levels: casualty caring, after‐care, and preventative and educational work. There are four main groups of agencies: evangelical Christian bodies; communities which have developed from the Church or on a Christian basis; social work bodies; and Underground groups. There are problems of co‐ordination, and some of the needs and difficulties in the field of casualty work, after‐care and education art discussed. The voluntary bodies need to retain their role as pressure groups and agitators.

1967 saw the ‘Rolling Stones’ court case, the first of a series of sensational press coverages of cannabis offences invoicing pop stars; the “freaky” summer when Scott Mackenzie's ‘San Francisco’ topped the hit parade, when Carnaby Street rang with bells and the word “hippy” came into common usage with the swift exploitation of the psychedelic movement by the very straight capitalists in the textile trades; and with the idealising of San Francisco as a paradise state “gentle people with flowers in their hair”, the upsurge of LSD use and the emergence of an add culture. 1967 also saw the beginning of an epidemic of intravenous methylamphetamine abuse, associated closely with the activities of several doctors in Central London1, and the rapid growth of a needle cult in the West End, The realisation too that out‐patient facilities for heroin addicts were, in spite of official assurances, either nonexistent or woefully inadequate led to an intensive campaign in the national press2 which was to bear some fruit in the following year. Finally, 1967 saw the emergence of a number of voluntary bodies, including the Association far the Prevention of Addiction3 and Release4 both of which came into being early that year, and the beginning of an interest in drug abuse problems throughout the country.
Alcohol Consumption and Arcus Senilis: A Search for a Significant Relationship
Authors: Thomas John V. , Ewing John A. , Desrosiers N. A.
Published: January 2006

Although an Irish study found that areas senilis in heart disease patients was positively correlated with lifetime heavy alcohol intake we have not found a prevalence rate among alcoholics high enough to suggest that areas is a useful diagnostic sign for alcoholism. However, the inter‐relationship of arcus senilis, heart disease and alcohol intake does require elucidation and the need for further studies is indicated.
Bout and Continuous Drinking in Alcoholism
Authors: Madden J. S. , Jones D.
Published: January 2006

100 alcoholics were classified according to their drinking patterns, sex, social class, and preferred alcoholic beverage. The continuous form of drinking (delta alcoholism) predominated in male patients, and the bout variety (gamma alcoholism) in females; as male subjects were more numerous the continuous pattern was the most frequent in the series.

The types of alcohol beverage consumed did not affect the relative incidence of drinking patterns, but in males continuous drinking was significantly more common in subjects from social classes I and II (professional and managerial occupations), while patients from these social strata were also more liable to drink spirits.

It is suggested that the ambiguous phrase “loss of control” has prevented full recognition of the common occurrence of the continuous form of drinking among United Kingdom alcoholics. The high relative frequency of this pattern, in which marked intoxication is generally avoided, helps to explain some of the difficulties of case finding in alcoholism, as well as the ability of certain alcoholics to drive after heavy drinking without an invariable gross impairment of performance.

Thirty per cent of the patients (63 per cent of females) usually drank wine preparations that, whether fortified or not, were commonly inexpensive.
A Controlled Study of a Hypnotic Method in the Treatment of Alcoholism, with Evaluation by Objective Criteria
Authors: Jacobson Nils O. , Silfverakiöld N. Peter
Published: January 2006

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect on alcoholics of a simple hypnotic treatment with suggestions about indifference to alcohol and general well‐being, as a result of sobriety. 40 patients received such treatment at foe seances and were compared during a six months' observation time with a non‐hypnotic group of 40 patients, who had received psychotherapy at five visits. The groups were compared with regard only to objectively measured variables which indicated among other things inability to work and the need of medical care. No statistically significant differences mere found between the groups, but the trend in the results is in favour of the hypnosis group. The methodological difficulties are discussed.
The Effect of Noxious Subliminal Stimuli on the Modification of Attitudes toward Alcoholism: A Pilot Study*
Authors: Hart Larry
Published: January 2006

In recent years there has been an increasing body of evidence attempting to validate the hypothesis that subliminal stimuli may affect behavior. Supposedly, a faint perceptual stimulus may affect behavior even when this stimulus is below threshold, Gudmund and his associates (1959) studied the effects of subliminal verbal stimuli and reported that the difference between meanings registered below a recognition threshold can affect conscious thoughts. In an investigation of the effects of subliminal stimuli of aggressive content upon conscious cognition, Eagle (1959) notes that stimuli that are not conscious and that are non‐aggressive affected subjects' impressions of a consciously perceived stimulus. These findings support the contention that stimuli which are not consciously perceived or directly experienced can influence cognition.

This study was undertaken in an attempt to investigate the effect of noxious subliminal stimuli on the modification of attitudes toward alcoholism. It is hypothesized that the programmed exposure of noxious subliminal stimuli will modify attitudes toward alcoholism. It is hoped that findings from this pilot study will shed some light on the nature of the effect of subliminal stimulation on the modification of attitudes toward alcoholism.
The Effect of Metronidazole on the Human Taste Threshold to Alcohol
Authors: Wilson C. W. M. , O'Brien C. , MacAirt J. G.
Published: January 2006

A method is described for measuring the taste threshold to alcohol in a sample of 163 subjects whose average age was 27 years. The subjects taste ascending concentrations of alcohol in water from 0.25% up to 64% absolute alcohol. Five mls of each concentration is tasted for 20 seconds, spat out, and then the subject washes out his mouth with the diluent water. Alcohol is detected as a sweet taste at a concentration of 4.2±S.E. 0.24% alcohol. The sweet taste changes to a burning taste at a mean concentration of 21.2±S.E. 1.22% alcohol. The frequency distributions for the sweet and burning tastes of alcohol depart significantly from the unimodal normal shape. During the 20 seconds while alcohol is maintained in the mouth for appreciation of its taste, the concentration of the 4% solution falls to 2%, and the concentration of the 20% solution falls to 16%. The taste threshold for metronidazole was tested in the same subjects and found to be 149±S.E. 17 mg/litre; the frequency distribution curve is unimodal in shape but negatively skewed. The taste threshold for PTC in the same subjects was bimodal with modes at 20 and 1300 mg/litre.

Oral administration of 600 mg of metronidazole as 200 mg tablets over a period of 14 hours, caused no change in the taste threshold to alcohol during the following 6 days. Administration of 800 mg metronidazole over a period of 20 hours, caused a significant elevation of both sweet and burning taste thresholds to alcohol which reached its maximum on the second day after the last tablet had been taken. The taste threshold returned to its pre‐metronidazole level on the fourth day. The alcohol taste threshold was raised at concentrations of metronidazole equivalent to those excreted in the saliva.

The taste threshold to alcohol is a measurable human physiological characteristic. In humans, and by implication in rats, taste threshold to alcohol is appreciated through pereipheral receptors and specific afferent taste discharges, and the taste mechanism is the primary regulator of alcohol intake. The finding of a taste threshold distribution curve with more than one mode provides evidence that there may be a genetic basis to variations in alcohol taste threshold. The action of metronidazole on the alcohol taste threshold suggests that this drug may exert psychotherapeutic effects on alcohol consumption in man not only through peripheral taste receptiors but also through central taste pathways.
Alcoholism and Brain Damage: Some Psychometric Findings in Addiction Unit Alcoholics
Authors: Hoy Richard M.
Published: January 2006

The use of psychometric tests as evidence of brain damage is discussed briefly and selected recent literature mentioned.

Fifty‐seven addiction unit alcoholics were examined, using a vocabulary test and a test sensitive to cerebral dysfunction, and compared with a control group of fifty‐seven psychiatric patients with varying degrees of brain damage or dysfunction.

It was concluded that very few of the addiction unit alcoholics were suffering from undoubted brain damage or dysfunction on psychometric evidence, and some implications of this findings are discussed.
The effects of Guided Participation and Systematic Desensitization in the treatment of a Paranoid Alcoholic: A Case Report
Authors: Mann Edward T. , Piorkowski Geraldine K.
Published: January 2006

A compulsive drinker with severe behavorial problems, diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic, was treated using several behavior modification techniques. Guided participation, role‐playing and systematic desensitization were used in an effort to reduce inappropriate fears and increase more adaptive behavior. The alcoholism was not treated directly. Upon termination of therapy (14 sessions), he had an extended period of sobriety and his social‐interpersonal situation was greatly improved. In a 12‐month follow‐up, he continued to remain sober without the emergence of other pathological features.
Evening Classes on Alcoholism: An Experiment in Alcoholism Education
Authors: Rix K. J. B.
Published: January 2006

The Regional Council on Alcoholism has a role to play in educating the general public about alcoholism. Evening classes on alcoholism provide a means of reaching both the general public and the person involved professionally with problems of alcoholism. Appropriate involvement of newspapers and television can increase the impact of such classes. There is a need to obtain objective measurement of the success of such a venture.
The Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: Findings and Problems
Authors: Feuerlein Wilhelm
Published: January 2006

The acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome includes a whole serifs of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, autonomic, neurological and psychic symptoms. In this study delirium tremens is regarded as the most severe stage of the withdrawal syndrome. In a study of 184 alcoholics (112 with delirium tremens) in which 14 symptoms of the types mentioned above were considered, a general syndrome was identified which could be divided into somatic and psychic subsyndromes. There were significant differences in the percentages of patients with and without delirium tremens who developed particular symptoms. No significant differences were found, however, between those patients in which delirium tremens occurred following alcohol withdrawal and those in which it occurred without prior withdrawal. These findings are in agreement with clinical and experimental observations of the symptoms within the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome while alcohol intake was still being increased. It is therefore assumed that the syndromes discussed are not dependent solely on alcohol withdrawal but rather are based on a general impairment in the mechanism for adaptation to alcohol.
Evidence for Distinctive Personality Traits in Alcoholics
Authors: Cowan Lawrence , Auld Frank , Bégin Paul E.
Published: January 2006

A picture‐preference test designed to measure ten traits believed to characterize alcoholics was administered to 106 alcoholics, 15 neurotics, and 80 normals. As predicted, alcoholics had higher scores on this test than normals or neurotics. The mean score of the neurotics was virtually the same as the mean of the normals. Whatever is measured by this test reliably distinguishes alcoholics from both neurotics and normals.
An Investigation of an Alcoholism Rehabilitation Halfway House: II The Complex Question of Client Motivation
Authors: Orford Jim , Hawker Ann
Published: January 2006

The hypothesis was tested that relatively low levels of motivation for change were responsible for the link between youth, or early‐complicated alcoholism, and premature departure from residence at an alcoholism halfway house. Two measures of motivation were used, which differed in the degree of directness of questioning. The hypothesis was not confirmed. Although younger men were less likely to support the goal of abstinence, early‐complicated alcoholics put more, rather than less, emphasis upon the disadvantages of their drinking, and neither measure of motivation was related to length of stay, ft is concluded that a simple concept of motivation for change is untenable and an alternative set of concepts, based upon Janis and Mann's decision‐making model, are proposed.
Petrol Sniffing: A Case Study
Authors: Neal C. David , Thomas Margaret I.
Published: January 2006

A case study of a petrol sniffer, under intermittent psychiatric surveillance over several years, is presented, together with the results of some psychological tests.
Patterns of Intra‐familial Drug Use*
Authors: Anais H. M.
Published: January 2006

Adolescent drug use was studied in relation to the extent and patterns of drug use within the family. A total of 539 adolescent homes were included in the sample. Each family member (i.e. adolescent, mother, father) was questioned separately about his/her drug use practices. Evidence of sex patterning (mother‐daughter, father‐son) in the use of drugs was found. For every family member, multiple drug use was common with the use of one drug being associated with greater use of certain other drug categories. Considering each pair of family members separately (Le, mother‐father, mother‐adolescent, and father‐adolescent), significant associations were found between family members in their use of (1) the same drugs and (2) different drugs. It was shown that these latter cross‐drug relationships between family members (e.g. father's use of cigarettes and adolescent's use of alcohol) could be entirely accounted for by the observed tendency for family members to use the same drugs, and the tendency toward multiple drug use by each family member. The findings were interpreted in terms of imitative learning by adolescents of specific drug use through parental example, and the generalization of this learning to the use of other drug categories.
A Belfast Study of the Prediction of Outcome in the Treatment of Alcoholism *
Authors: Blaney Roger , Radford Inge S. , MacKenzie Gilbert
Published: January 2006

There are two main alcoholism treatment facilities serving the Belfast area, one being a general psychiatric hospital and the other a specialised unit. Alcoholic patients who had been hospitalised in each, numbering 114 and 104 respectively, were successfully followed up with the aim of establishing whether it was possible to predict the outcome of treatment on the basis of certain variables. It was concluded that the variables investigated did not show a strong or consistent enough association with outcome to provide a reliable method of prediction.
Functions and Varieties of Explanations of Recreational Drug Use
Authors: Dorn Nicholas
Published: January 2006

This article looks at the way we try to explain recreational drug use. Some functions of explanations are the reduction of uncertainty when faced with new phenomena; justification for our existing values and behaviour; advancement of the interests of occupational groups; and generation of policies for social control.

A variety of explanations of drug use are mentioned, involving individual, social and economic perspectives and focusing on “causes” in the past, the present and the future.

Research has not much contributed to our understanding of recreational drug use because it has restricted itself to examination of the past histories of individuals. Only when we analyse experience and behaviour as purposive and located within a social context will we be able to improve the quality of our explanations and of our social policies.
Mortality among Homeless Men
Authors: Alstrom C. H. , Lindelius Rolf , Salum Inna
Published: January 2006

The mortality in a series of 6,032 homeless men in Stockholm was investigated. The observation period was up to 3 years.

The observed number of deaths amounted to 327 compared to the expected 86·7, corresponding to an excess mortality ratio of about 4. Mortality was raised for all the causes of death studied. Most striking, however, was excess mortality from accidents and diseases of the digestive and respiratory systems.

Accidental deaths were remarkably numerous, indicating that these are largely correlated to the social consequences of abuse. The same applies to deaths from pulmonary tuberculosis. Excess mortality from suicide was lower than that found in some earlier studies. This discrepancy is discussed.

In comparison with the general population the high mortality from diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver and pancreatitis shows that many medically serious cases of alcoholism are included in the “Homeless Men” group.