bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age‐related structural remodelling of the coronary circulation
Authors: Faria Daniel , Lombardi Marco , van der Hoeven Nina , Travieso Alejandro , Heemelaar Julius C. , Nijjer Sukhjinder S. , Mejía‐Rentería Hernán , de Waard Guus A. , Sen Sayan , van de Hoef Tim P. , Petraco Ricardo , Echavarría‐Pinto Mauro , Piek Jan J. , Davies Justin E. , van Royen Niels , Escaned Javier
Published: September 2024

Background

While it is broadly accepted that ageing is associated with impairment of coronary microvascular function, little is known about the underlying mechanisms.

Aims

We investigated age‐related changes in coronary microvascular structure in patients with stable angina without epicardial coronary stenoses.

Methods

In an analysis of the IDEAL registry, a total of 165 vessels without coronary stenosis were interrogated with combined pressure/Doppler guidewires. We calculated diastolic microvascular conductance (DMVC) and backward expansion wave (BEW), and compared them between age tertiles. We calculated the prevalence of CMD, defined by reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR), and the prevalence of low BEW and low DMVC in each group.

Results

The three study groups were defined as having 37–53, 54–66, and 67–77 years of age, respectively. Oldest (3rd tertile) patients showed lower hyperemic flow velocity (46.7 ± 14.4 vs. 45.1 ± 12.4 vs. 38.4 ± 11.5 cm s−1, p = 0.019), lower DMVC (1.90 ± 0.71 vs. 1.44 ± 0.56 vs. 1.37 ± 0.67 cm s−1 mmHg−1, p < 0.001) and lower BEW intensity (5.9 [2.9–8.4] vs. 4.8 [2.9–6.8] vs. 4.4 [3.4–6.3] × 106 W m−2 s−1, p = 0.094). Older age was independently associated with lower BEW intensity (B: −0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.17 to −0.09, p = 0.021) and DMVC (B: −0.25 95% CI: −0.45 to −0.09, p = 0.027). In patients with CFR < 2.5, the prevalence of BEW intensity and DMVC below the 25th percentile increased with age (25.0% vs. 52.0% vs. 72.7%, p = 0.010).

Conclusions

Ageing is independently associated with structural microcirculatory remodeling that is reflected in BEW intensity and DMVC measurements, and with an increased prevalence of structural CMD. These results are important to understand non‐obstructive mechanisms of myocardial ischemia in the elderly.
QTL mapping for wheat ferulic acid concentration using 50 K SNP chip in a recombinant inbred line population of Zhongmai 578/Jimai 22
Authors: Shawai Rabiu Sani , Tian Wenfei , Liu Siyang , Gong Xue , Liu Jindong , Cao Shuanghe , Zhang Yong , He Zhonghu
Published: September 2024

Background and Objectives

Ferulic acid is a prominent bioactive compound found in wheat grains, known for its beneficial health effects, prompting significant interest from breeders and producers. The aim of this study was to identify new quantitative trait loci (QTL) to aid in the development of wheat varieties with increased ferulic acid concentration (FAC).

Findings

In this study, a recombinant inbred line population, resulting from a cross between Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 22, was evaluated in five different environments. Genotyping was performed using the wheat 50 K single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Three stable QTL, named QFAC.caas‐2D, QFAC.caas‐3B, and QFAC.caas‐4D, were identified. These QTL explained 4.24%–7.09%, 3.7%–4.57%, and 3.20%–5.06% of the phenotypic variances, respectively. Furthermore, three SNPs closely associated with above QTL were successfully converted into kompetitive allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (KASP) markers.

Conclusions

FAC is a complex trait governed by multiple minor‐effect QTL. The successful development of KASP markers opens up avenues for marker‐assisted selection in breeding programs.

Significance and Novelty

This study establishes a genetic foundation for understanding the genetic basis of FAC in wheat. The identified QTL and developed KASP markers offer valuable insights for quality breeding initiatives and the production of functional wheat‐based foods.
Investigations of Crucial Factors for the Non‐Covalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus (BP) using Perylene Diimide Derivatives for the Passivation of BP Nanosheets
Authors: Eisenkolb Jasmin , Lloret Vicent , Zink‐Lorre Nathalie , Pla Sara , Abellán Gonzalo , Sastre‐Santos Ángela , Hauke Frank , Fernández‐Lázaro Fernando , Hirsch Andreas
Published: September 2024

The non‐covalent functionalization of black phosphorus (BP) was studied with a scope of ten tailor‐made perylene diimides (PDIs). A combination of UV/Vis‐, fluorescence‐, as well as Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the structural factors, which contribute to a pronounced PDI‐BP interaction and thus support the protection of BP nanosheets against oxidative degradation. We were able to show, that water‐soluble, amphiphilic PDIs with highly charged head groups can be used for the non‐covalent functionalization of BP in aqueous media. Here, based on the hydrophobic effect, an efficient adsorption of the respective PDI molecules takes place and leads to the formation of a passivating film, yielding a considerable stabilization of the BP flakes under ambient conditions exceeding 30 days.
Complex network analysis for accident causes modelling to enhance process safety in chemical enterprises
Authors: Li Songming , Chen Guohua , Zhou Lixing , Zhao Yimeng , Xu Qiming , Zhao Jie
Published: September 2024

Hazardous chemicals often cause catastrophic accidents, and accidents often result from intricate interactions among various causes. Due to the varying risk factors in different areas of chemical enterprises, to achieve more precise prevention, a more detailed study of the accident risk factors in each area is necessary. Therefore, this study focuses on analyzing critical accident causes and their interrelationships in different functional areas of chemical enterprises to enhance process safety by using a complex network model. Based on 90 accident information, complex network models are constructed for hazardous chemical warehouse areas (HCWAs), tank farm areas (TFAs), and production areas (PAs). Subsequently, a topological analysis of the complex network models is conducted. Based on the PageRank algorithm, 13 critical nodes are identified for HCWAs, while 14 for TFAs and 13 for PAs. Node degree analysis with confidence quantifies mutual influences, forming critical accident causal links for each area. The research results offer decision support for precise accident risk control, aiding in reducing future accidents and improving process system safety in chemical enterprises.
Evaluation of Minimum Reporting Limits to Determine In‐Competition Use of Stimulants
Authors: Nair Vinod S. , Hanelli Fatjon A. , Moore Chad , Goodrum Jenna M. , Miller Geoffrey D. , Crouch Andre , Eichner Daniel
Published: September 2024

The applicability of urinary minimum reporting limits (MRLs) to determine in‐competition use of prohibited substances is an evolving topic. Most stimulants are subject to a universal MRL, despite the wide range of commercially available dosages for commonly used stimulants. Further, it is unknown whether the urinary MRL is reflective of a pharmacological dose ingested after the start of the in‐competition period. To evaluate whether urinary MRLs can distinguish between in‐competition and out‐of‐competition use, a controlled administration study was performed with three commonly used stimulants—amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil at relatively low but therapeutically relevant dosages. Four to six volunteers were administered a particular drug once per day for five consecutive days. Urine, serum, dried blood spots (DBS), and oral fluid (OF) were collected during the active administration period and for 48 h after cessation of use. For all participants, urinary concentrations for all target analytes exceeded the MRL even 48 h after cessation of use. In serum and DBS, most volunteers showed detectable amounts at 48 h post use. Peak concentrations were variable between target compounds even with similar administered dosages. Further, there was a reproducible difference between serum and DBS concentrations. Interpretation of results from OF measurements was challenging due to the inability to normalize for hydration status and OF viscosity. Analyte concentrations decreased steadily over the washout period but did not correlate across matrices for all target analytes. The study reiterates the challenges associated with determining in‐competition use by relying on urinary concentrations.
Pharmacokinetics of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate and Pharmacodynamic Effects Following Intravenous and Oral Administration of Ethanol to Exercised Horses
Authors: Knych Heather K. , Blea Jeff , Scollay Mary , Kass Philip H. , McKemie Daniel S.
Published: September 2024

Ethanol, a central nervous system depressant and banned substance in horseracing, has reportedly been administered to horses prior to competition to “calm a horse's nerves.” In this study, the pharmacokinetics of two metabolites of ethanol were studied to better understand the behavior of this compound in the horse and provide a scientific basis for regulation of its administration. Six horses received a single intravenous (30 mL; 1200 mg) and oral (90 mL; 3600 mg) administration of ethanol (vodka, 40% ABV) in a balanced cross‐over design. Blood and urine samples were collected at various times post administration for up to 24 h. Concentrations of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis performed. Behavioral, locomotor activity and effects on heart rate were assessed. The maximum concentration (mean ± SD) of ethyl glucuronide was 71.5 ± 42.7 and 105.0 ± 47.5 ng/mL at 0.88 h following IV and oral administration, respectively. The maximum concentrations for the ethyl sulfate metabolite following IV and oral administration were 1.61 ± 0.60 and 3.46 ± 1.68 ng/mL, respectively. Urine concentrations of both metabolites were non‐detectable by 24 h post ethyl alcohol administration. No observable behavioral responses were noted following IV or oral administration. Significant decreases in heart rate were noted at various times starting at 10 min until 4 h post administration in the oral dose group. Both ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate could be useful markers for detection of illicit administration of ethanol to horses.
S‐Aryl Substitution Enhances Acidity of the 1,2,4‐Triazolium Scaffold
Authors: Smith Matthew S. , Blundell Toby J. , Hickson Ian , O'Donoghue AnnMarie C.
Published: September 2024

The 1,2,4‐triazolium scaffold in asymmetric organocatalysis results in remarkable rate accelerations, with reactions typically occurring via N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) intermediates. Although the most acidic NHC pre‐catalyst class, there remains scope for further increases in acidity particularly for aqueous organocatalysis applications. The acidity‐enhancing effects of thio‐substituents on carbon acidity are well‐documented but not explored in the 1,2,4‐triazolium scaffold. Herein, we report the synthesis of a large series of N, N‐dialkyl‐C(3)‐S‐aryltriazolium ions and quantitative kinetic evaluation of C(5)‐H acidity. The direct attachment of S‐aryl substituents to the triazolium heterocycle results in substantial increases in protofugalities (kinetic acidities) with second order rate constants (kDO) for C(5)‐H deprotonation by DO− base that are 2.9–60.3 fold higher than for reference 1,4‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐triazolium iodide in D2O solution. Protofugalities for the N, N‐dialkyl‐C(3)‐S‐aryltriazolium series are similar to commonly used bicyclic N‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazolium organocatalysts despite having two electron donating N‐alkyl substituents. This highlights the future potential of this NHC design which could enable the introduction of two chiral alkyl substituents close to the C(5) carbenic position with pre‐catalyst acidity controlled by distal C(3)‐S‐aryl substitution. Detailed X‐ray structural data‐protofugality correlations enabled evaluation of the S‐aryl substituent effect origins. C(5)‐H pKa values (16.9–18.6) were calculated by utilisation of experimental protofugalities.
Exercise intensity agreement, need satisfaction, and exercise behavior: A sex‐moderated mediation model
Authors: Teixeira D. S. , Andrade A. J. , Faria J. , Marques P. , Bastos V. , Rodrigues F. , Sousa A. M. , Pereira H. V.
Published: September 2024

Several theoretical frameworks have been used to understand exercise adherence. Basic psychological needs (BPN), grounded on self‐determination theory, have received large attention for this purpose. More recently, the hedonic theory and the assumptions related to the exercise characteristics (e.g., intensity) that can bolster positive affective responses have been revitalized. This study aimed to explore the associations between the agreement of current exercise intensity and the one individually preferred, BPN satisfaction/frustration, enjoyment, the intention to continue exercise, and exercise frequency. Additionally, an exploration of the direct and indirect effects while testing sex as a moderator was performed. A sample of 369 exercisers (Mage = 43.6, standard deviation = 12.96; 214 females) enrolled in 26 health clubs participated in this study voluntarily. Data were received in a first‐approach descriptive and correlational analyses. Next, a moderated mediation was performed using model 15 (PROCESS v.4.2). As a result, agreement in preference for exercise intensity was positively associated with enjoyment (r = 0.35), intention (r = 0.43), and all needs satisfaction (ranging from r = 0.12 to r = 0.45) and negatively associated with all needs frustration (ranging from r = −0.15 to r = −0.31). In the moderated mediation analysis, the same pattern of results emerged in direct effects. Indirect effects were significant for autonomy in the enjoyment and frequency models. Findings suggest that promoting an individually adjusted training intensity may foster BPN satisfaction. It appears to be present an independent (of needs) and positive association with exercise enjoyment and intention to continue exercising.
The traits and skills of an effective leader
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: September 2024

“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.”

John Quincy Adams
Disclosures 16: It's confession time
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: September 2024

OK, it's confession time again. Did you notice last month that I mentioned a situation where I disclosed non‐directory information without the student's written consent?
Bias in course evaluations still disproportionately impacts women
Authors: Arnett Autumn A.
Published: September 2024

On May 11, Seo‐Young Silvia Kim, a former assistant professor at American University, posted a Rate My Professors review of an AU course she taught in 2022 to X (formerly Twitter).
5 questions with Iowa's Shuchita Poddar
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: September 2024

In our recurring “5 questions with” series, we profile a communications professional through a brief Q&A. This month, we introduce you to Shuchita Poddar, communications coordinator for the office of admissions at University of Iowa.
Capsaicin‐mediated repair of circadian disruption‐induced Intestinal barrier damage via the gut microbiota
Authors: Deng Yupei , Lin Bolin , Ho Chi‐Tang , Xiao Jie , Cao Yong , Huang Jun‐qing , Lu Muwen
Published: September 2024

Circadian clock serves as a regulator of gastrointestinal health, and the disruption of circadian rhythm may trigger the dysregulation of the intestinal barrier functions. This study investigated the effectiveness of capsaicin (CAP) in mitigating intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by circadian disruption in male SPF C57BL/6J mice. Our findings indicated that CAP supplementation attenuated abnormal weight gain, alterations in serum lipid levels, and misalignment in hepatic and colonic circadian clock gene expressions in mice caused by constant darkness (CD) treatment. The restoration of the intestinal barrier integrity was also observed through the increase in mucosal thickness and goblet cell numbers. Both the diversity and the circadian rhythm of gut microbiota were improved in CAP‐treated group. Correlation analysis indicated that CAP could modulate the gut microbiota by affecting intestinal barrier function and systemic metabolism in CD‐treated mice. These results highlight the potential of CAP as a functional food component in maintaining the intestinal barrier homeostasis through regulating gut microbiota.
Protein nutritional support: The prevention and regulation of colorectal cancer and its mechanism research
Authors: Feng Duo , Han Di , Li Mengjie , Li Hu , Li Na , Liu Tianxin , Wang Jing
Published: September 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract in China; its incidence rates and mortality rates have been on the rise in recent years, ranking third in terms of incidence and second in mortality. Rational dietary intervention plays an important role in human health, and prevention and adjuvant treatment of CRC through dietary supplementation is the most ideal and safest way to treat the disease at present. More importantly, dietary protein is the basis of our diet and the key nutrient to maintain the normal function of the human body. Therefore, this narrative review delivered an overview of the common causes and therapeutic treatments for CRC. It emphasized the importance of dietary interventions, with a particular focus on elucidating the distinct regulatory impacts of plant proteins, animal proteins, and their mixed proteins.
Genetic approach to discover a valuable gene for enhanced nutritional value in the edible filamentous fungus Fusarium venenatum
Authors: Jeon Hosung , Shin Soobin , Winarto Jessica , Bui Duc‐Cuong , Song Dae‐Geun , Son Hokyoung
Published: September 2024

Mycoprotein is critical in a dietary shift toward a more sustainable food system. However, the strain improvement for enhancing mycoprotein via genetic manipulation is lacking. Here, we investigated the functions of proteins related to ubiquitin and small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) modifications using a gene‐knockout strategy in Fusarium venenatum, a mycoprotein fungus closely related to the fungal genetics model species Fusarium graminearum. Among the candidate genes, we specifically focused on the putative SUMO‐associated gene UBQ14 based on phenotypic characteristics in F. graminearum. In the FvUBQ14 knockout mutant in F. venenatum, nutritional profiles showed prominent differences in amino acid and fatty acid composition compared to the wild‐type strain. Furthermore, through proteomic analysis, we confirmed that the loss of FvUBQ14 leads to metabolic changes, particular in amino acid biosynthesis and degradation, resulting in an increase in amino acid composition in F. venenatum. Our findings provide new insights into filamentous fungal food improvement through genetic engineering and contribute to advances in alternative protein industry.
Curcumin's effect in advanced and metastatic breast cancer patients treated with first or second‐line docetaxel: A randomized trial
Authors: Judith Passildas Jahanmohan , Maureen Bernadach , Mélanie Pouget , Fabrice Kwiatkowski , Isabelle Vanpraagh‐Doreau , Pascale Dubray‐Longeras , Catherine Abrial , Jean‐Marc Nabholtz , Hervé Curé , Valérie Delecroix , Philippe Chollet , Marie‐Ange Mouret‐Reynier
Published: September 2024

Background

In this study, we investigated whether the association of curcumin and docetaxel among advanced and metastatic breast cancer patients in first or second‐line treatment potentiated the objective response rate.

Patients/Methods

A multicentre, randomized, open label, phase‐II study was conducted and included 42 patients from July 2009 to January 2017. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate of the docetaxel‐curcumin combination in comparison with docetaxel alone. The secondary endpoints were the assessment of clinical benefit, overall survival, time‐to‐progression, progression‐free survival, compliance, and safety. An interim analysis was planned to evaluate safety and efficacy.

Results

In this interim analysis conducted on 37 patients (19 in the control group vs. 18 in the experimental group), no difference was observed for the objective response rate (p = 0.25, control 73.7% vs. experimental 55.6%). Concerning clinical benefit, overall survival and time‐to‐progression, we also failed to show any difference between the two arms. A slight tendency towards longer progression‐free survival at 12 months after randomization was observed in the curcumin group (65.5% vs. 41.4%) but this difference did not reach significance (p = 0.14).

Conclusion

In this study, we showed for the first time that adding oral curcumin for advanced and metastatic breast cancer patients treated with first or second‐line docetaxel was not efficacious, although safe. Consequently, this study was stopped for reasons of futility. Further studies with a larger number of patients, a different curcumin preparation, a longer treatment period and a pharmacokinetic evaluation of curcumin are needed to explore the real efficacy of this compound.
Ambient ultraviolet radiation as a cardioprotective factor: A global and regional analysis
Authors: You Wenpeng
Published: September 2024

Background

Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been found to have a greater cardioprotective effect than previously believed. This study aimed to quantitatively measure the role of UVR in protecting against the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general on a global and regional scale.

Methods

Population‐level data on UVR, CVD incidence, aging, economic affluence, CVD genetic background (indexed with the Biological State Index, Ibs), obesity prevalence, and urbanization were collected and analysed. The correlation between UVR and CVD was examined using bivariate correlations, partial correlation, and stepwise multiple linear regression. Countries were grouped to investigate regional correlations between UVR and CVD, and Fisher's r‐to‐z transformation was used to compare correlation coefficients.

Results

UVR showed a significant inverse correlation with CVD incidence rates in bivariate correlation analyses globally (r = − 0.775 and r = − 0.760, p < 0.001), as well as within high‐income (r = −0.704, p < 0.001) and low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) (r = −0.851, p < 0.001). These correlations remained significant even after controlling for confounding variables (r = −0.689 to −0.812, p < 0.001). In stepwise regression models, UVR was found to be the most significant predictor of CVD incidence. The inverse correlation between UVR and CVD was stronger in LMICs compared to high‐income countries (z = −1.96, p < 0.050).

Conclusions

Low ambient UVR may be a significant risk factor for the progression of CVD worldwide. The protective effect of UVR appears to be stronger in LMICs than in high‐income countries, suggesting a greater impact of UVR on CVD prevention in these regions. These findings emphasize the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of UVR and the development of public health strategies to mitigate CVD risk associated with low UVR exposure.
Intervertebral Cervical Disc Intensity (IVCDI) Detection and Classification on MRI Scans Using Deep Learning Methods
Authors: Erkoc M. Fatih , Ulutas Hasan , Sahin M. Emin
Published: September 2024

Radiologists manually interpret magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for the detection of intervertebral cervical disc degeneration, which are often obtained in a primary care or emergency hospital context. The ability of computer models to work with pathological findings and aid in the first interpretation of medical imaging tests is widely acknowledged. Deep learning methods, which are commonly employed today in the diagnosis or detection of many diseases, show great promise in this area. For the detection and segmentation of intervertebral cervical disc intensity, we propose a Mask‐RCNN‐based deep learning algorithm in this study. The provided approach begins by creating an original dataset using MRI scans that were collected from Yozgat Bozok University. The senior radiologist labels the data, and three classes of intensity are chosen for the classification (low, intermediate, and high). Two alternative network backbones are used in the study, and as a consequence of the training for the Mask R‐CNN algorithm, 98.14% and 96.72% mean average precision (mAP) values are obtained with the ResNet50 and ResNet101 architectures, respectively. Utilizing the five‐fold cross‐validation approach, the study is conducted. This study also applied the Faster R‐CNN method, achieving a mAP value of 85.2%. According to the author's knowledge, no study has yet been conducted to apply deep learning algorithms to detect intervertebral cervical disc intensity in a patient population with cervical intervertebral disc degeneration. By ensuring accurate MRI image interpretation and effectively supplying supplementary diagnostic information to provide accuracy and consistency in radiological diagnosis, the proposed method is proving to be a highly useful tool for radiologists.
Miniature and cost‐effective self‐powered triboelectric sensing system toward rapid detection of puerarin concentration
Authors: Su Chang , Shao Jiajia , Yu Zeyang , Hasan Al Mahadi , Bao Chengmin , Bowen Chris R. , Li Chuanbo , Wang Zhong Lin , Yang Ya
Published: September 2024

The detection of puerarin concentration is an essential capability to study the functional role of the Pueraria root as a natural medicine and dietary source in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and liver protection. Current methods to detect and measure puerarin concentration, such as ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV), are bulky, require an external power supply, and are inconvenient to use. Here, we propose a triboelectric puerarin‐detecting sensor (TPDS) which is based on liquid–solid contact electrification, in which liquid–solid interactions generate rapid electrical signals in only 0.4 ms to enable real‐time detection of puerarin concentration in water droplets. The electrical signal of the TPDS decreases with an increase of puerarin concentration, and the sensitivity of the approach is 520 V·(μg/mL)−1. The TPDS represents a miniature and cost‐effective sensor that is 0.2% of the size and 0.01% of the cost of a UV spectrophotometer. Our theoretical analysis verified that the puerarin concentration in droplets can effectively regulate the electronic structure, where higher concentrations of puerarin lead to a narrower energy bandgap, which allows the TPDS to detect puerarin concentration without the need for an external power supply. The TPDS therefore provides a route for the development of a portable and self‐powered method to measure the concentration of an active ingredient in droplets through the conversion of natural energy.

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Research progress on operation control and optimal scheduling of irrigation canal systems
Authors: Zhou Ke , Fan Yu , Gao Zhanyi , Chen Haorui , Kang Ye
Published: September 2024

Open canals are a common water transfer method used in water transfer projects and agricultural irrigation and drainage projects. With the emergence of drawbacks in traditional canal control models and the increasingly severe shortage of water resources, accurate transport and distribution of water in the canal system of the irrigation district, rational allocation of water resources, reduction in water loss, improvement in the efficiency and benefit of water resource utilization, and satisfaction of the water demand of different water users are needed. Many scholars have conducted extensive research on canal operation control and optimal scheduling. This paper systematically reviews and summarizes the relevant research progress, including the theory of unsteady flow in open canals, the operation mode of the canal system, the operation control model and algorithm of canal systems, and the optimization of water distribution in canal systems. By summarizing the research progress already achieved, the existing problems and future development directions are identified according to actual needs, providing a reference for the ongoing modernization of irrigation districts and the research and application of digital twin irrigation district technology.
Adsorptive removal of naproxen onto nano magnesium oxide‐modified castor wood biochar: Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater via sequential Fenton's‐adsorption process
Authors: Bano Amreen , Aziz Mohd Kashif , Ameen Fuad , Singh Kavita , Prasad Bablu , Nandan  , Dave Hemen , Ravi Rajesh , Manjhi Jayanand , Kumari Madhu , Prasad Kumar Suranjit
Published: September 2024

This current investigation explored the thermal conversion process of castor wood into biochar, which was subsequently harnessed for removing naproxen from pharmaceutical industrial effluent via adsorption. Surface composition analyses conducted through scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray, laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared studies unveiled the presence of nano MgO particles within the adsorbent material. Employing optimization techniques such as response surface methodology facilitated a refined approach to batch study. The optimized conditions for batch naproxen sodium (NPX) adsorption on nano‐MgO‐modified biochar were identified as pH 4, 1.5 g/L adsorbent dosage, and a 120‐min contact time maintaining a constant NPX concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorption capacity was calculated to be 123.34 mg/g for a nano‐magnesium oxide‐modified castor wood biochar (modified biochar) and 99.874 mg/g for pristine castor wood biochar (pristine biochar). Fenton's reagents comprising 15 mM of FeSO4 (7H2O) and 25 mM of H2O2 have been scrutinized under conditions of pH 3.0, a reaction time of 30 min, a temperature of 30°C, and stirring at 120 rpm, followed by batch adsorption treatment. The COD, NH3–N, NO3−, PO43−, and NPX removal percentages was found to be 90%, 87%, 79%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Thus nano MgO‐modified biochar holds promise of treatment of pharmaceutical effluent.
COVID‐19, school closures and the retreat from educational aspirations
Authors: Glick Jennifer E. , Alcaraz Melissa , Randrianasolo Arinala , Yabiku Scott T.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

As a shared external shock, the coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19) impacted health and well‐being around the world. Mitigation strategies employed in many locations included school closures and travel restrictions. These strategies directly impacted educational access and opportunities and created economic stressors for families. This study examines how these direct impacts also altered educational aspirations for children and adolescents, an important predictor of educational attainment.

Method

We estimate multilevel regression models using two waves of data, collected in 2017–18 and 2020‐21, from 1294 children and adolescents (Mean age = 13.1, SD = 2.8; 50.3% female) in Jalisco, Mexico, and 2201 children and adolescents (Mean age = 14.7, SD = 2.6; 49.1% female) in Chitwan Nepal. We examine changes in educational aspirations between the two waves (pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 onset).

Results

Initial aspirations are positively associated with household wealth, caregiver education, and prior commitment to education. Multilevel regression models predicting changes in educational aspirations demonstrate these resources are important for maintaining high educational aspirations. But children and adolescents in households that experienced more economic loss following the external shock of the pandemic had lowered aspirations over time.

Conclusions

Disruptions to schooling and economic shocks to households curtailed educational aspirations among children and adolescents in a similar way in two disparate settings. These results raise concerns about the educational attainment of children in the face of external shocks and the possibility that educational progress will stall in low resourced environments among the most vulnerable youth.
A review on eco‐sustainable photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants using biosynthesized nanoparticles
Authors: Emmanuel Stephen Sunday , Esan Akintomiwa Olumide , Afigo Festus Smith Oghenegaga , Adesibikan Ademidun Adeola , Idris Mustapha Omenesa
Published: September 2024

Pharmaceutical substances, a pill for every ill, have become a sweet poison by remarkably boosting the global economy as well as human and animal wellness and at the same time causing environmental pollution, especially in the aquatic ecosystem, and this has led to a fatal diminution in the availability of clean water and upsurge in water insecurity. Notably, traditional techniques and materials have been employed to clean up pharmaceutical pollutants (PP) from aquatic bodies; however, they have come under controversy because they require hazardous chemicals and cannot fully mineralize stubborn PPs. Interestingly, the photocatalytic degradation approach employing eco‐benign biosynthesized nanoparticles (BNP) is an avant‐garde practice and has shown to be an eco‐sustainable method that can fully mineralize PPs into harmless molecules. Thus, this study critically explores the application of BNPs for the photocatalytic degradation of PPs. The review revealed that the greatest degradation efficacy of BNPs was greater than 80% in most cases, and that the least amount of time required was around 10 min. In addition, the oxygen‐containing functional groups found in the biological sources used for the fabrication of BNPs contributed to the supremacy of •OH and O2• radicals in the degradation operation. Also, the photocatalytic degradation kinetic data was well modeled by pseudo‐first order, and this indicates that •OH was more involved in the PPs degradation operation than O2•. Moreso, BNPs have excellent reusability potential (>5 rounds) while maintaining inherent structural integrity. Techno‐economic analysis revealed that BNPs are cost‐effective, costing about $1.5/1,000,000 mL of pharmaceutical wastewater on average.
Evaluation of a Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Prostaglandin E‐Major Urinary Metabolite (PGE‐MUM)
Authors: Takagi Jun , Moriyama Kazushige , Arihiro Seiji , Kato Tomohiro , Sakurai Toshiyuki , Saruta Masayuki , Wakabayashi Mie , Nasu Hidekazu , Katagiri Noriko , Yagi Shintaro
Published: September 2024

Background

We developed a fully automated quantitative immunoassay for the detection of prostaglandin E‐major urinary metabolite (PGE‐MUM). In this study, we evaluated the analytical performance of this assay.

Methods

Sensitivity, within‐run reproducibility, correlation with radioimmunoassay (RIA), cross‐reactivity, dilution linearity, spike recovery performance, analyte stability, and effects of coexisting substances were evaluated. The assay was also used to measure PGE‐MUM in 211 healthy people.

Results

The limit of detection and quantification were 1.0 and 1.3 ng/mL, respectively. When the assay was performed six times in a single run, the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.4% to 2.2%. The coefficient of correlation with a preceding RIA method was 0.970 with a correlation slope of 0.88. There was no cross‐reactivity with PGE‐MUM analogs. Linearity of dilution was confirmed at up to 16‐fold dilution with assay results within 100 ± 20% of the theoretical values calculated based on the undiluted sample. Spike recovery was good and ranged from 94% to 101%. Analyte stability was tested by storing samples at 25°C for 6 days, 10°C for 1 month, and by performing up to five freeze–thaw cycles. Assay results were all within 100 ± 10%, the values measured before storage and before the freeze–thaw process. Assay results in healthy people ranged from 3.1 to 162.7 ng/mL (mean: 35.8 ng/mL). After correction for creatinine, the 95% confidence interval was 8.68–42.25 μg/g creatinine.

Conclusion

The assay precisely detects PGE‐MUM.
Interplay between bone marrow adiposity and bone resorption in RANKL‐mediated modelled osteoporosis
Authors: Rinotas Vagelis , Gkikopoulou Evi , Tzortzis Efthymiοs , Kritikos Konstantinos , Siatra Panagiota , Papadopoulos Apostolos , Perivolidi Vasiliki‐Iris , Douni Eleni
Published: September 2024

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) accrues in osteoporosis, whereas its contribution to the progression of bone resorption remains insufficiently understood. To understand the mechanisms that promote BMAT expansion in osteoporosis, in the present study, we performed extensive analysis of the spatiotemporal pattern of BMAT expansion during the progression of bone resorption in TgRANKL transgenic mouse models of osteoporosis expressing human RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand). Our results showed that TgRANKL mice of both sexes developed dramatically increased BMAT expansion compared to wild‐type (WT) littermates, that was analogous to the levels of RANKL expression and the severity of the bone loss phenotype. BMAT was formed at close proximity to areas undergoing active bone remodelling and bone resorption, whereas bone resorption preceded BMAT development. Expression analysis in bone fractions demonstrated that BMAT constitutes a major source for RANKL production. Ex vivo analysis of isolated bone marrow stromal cells from TgRANKL mice showed an increased adipogenic differentiation capacity compared to WT, while osteoclast supernatants further exaggerated adipogenesis, supporting a critical role of the osteoclast‐derived secretome in the differentiation of bone marrow adipocytes. Furthermore, the effectiveness of an antiosteoporosis treatment in BMAT development was investigated upon treatment of TgRANKL models with the bisphosphonate alendronate. Notably, alendronate effectively improved bone mass and attenuated BMAT expansion, indicating a possible involvement of osteoclasts and bone resorption in BMAT development. On the contrary, inhibition of BMAT with PPARγ antagonists (GW9662 or BADGE) effectively ameliorated BMAT expansion but failed to reverse the osteoporotic phenotype of TgRANKL mice. Overall, our data demonstrate that TgRANKL mice constitute unique genetic mouse models for investigating the pathogenic mechanisms that regulate the development and expansion of BMAT in osteolytic diseases.
The maximum number of pentagons in a planar graph
Authors: Győri Ervin , Paulos Addisu , Salia Nika , Tompkins Casey , Zamora Oscar
Published: September 2024

In 1979, Hakimi and Schmeichel considered the problem of maximizing the number of cycles of a given length in an ‐vertex planar graph. They precisely determined the maximum number of triangles and four‐cycles and presented a conjecture for the maximum number of pentagons. In this work, we confirm their conjecture. Even more, we characterize the ‐vertex, planar graphs with the maximum number of pentagons.
Mn(III)‐Based Oxidation of (Methylene)Bis(Cyclodiamide)s. Facile Synthesis of Tetraazadispiro‐(Undecanone)s and ‐(Tridecanone)s
Authors: Kamachi Haruki , Toki Takumi , Nakamura Ayaka , Nishino Hiroshi
Published: September 2024

The oxidation of 5,5′‐(methylene)bis(6‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dimethylpyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione) monopiperidinium salts with Mn(OAc)3•2H2O was carried out in boiling MeCN, producing 2,4,9,11‐tetramethyl‐2,4,9,11‐tetraazadispiro[5.0.57.16]tridecane‐1,3,5,8,10,12‐hexaones in high yields. A similar reaction using 4,4′‐(methylene)bis(1,2‐diphenylpyrazolidine‐3,5‐dione)s gave 2,3,8,9‐tetraphenyl‐2,3,8,9‐tetraazadispiro[4.0.46.15]undecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraones in good yields. The structure determination and the reaction mechanism for the formation of the unique tetraazadispiro(cyclopropane)s are discussed.
Precaudal Vertebrae in the Postcranial Region of Moray Eels Form Ventral Processes
Authors: Usui Yuu , Yamane Naoki , Hanashima Akira , Hashimoto Ken , Kanaoka Yuji , Mohri Satoshi
Published: September 2024

Fish vertebrae are primarily morphologically classified into precaudal vertebrae jointed to the ribs and caudal vertebrae with hemal spines, through which the caudal artery and veins pass. Moray eels (family Muraenidae) capture prey by directly biting, combining oral and pharyngeal jaw. During feeding motions, they exhibit various head manipulations, such as neurocranial elevation, ventral flexion, and horizontal shaking, with their postcranial region acting like the neck of amniotes. However, the bone morphology supporting these movements remains unclear. In this study, the vertebral morphologies of the Kidako moray (Gymnothorax kidako), starry moray (Echidna nebulosa), pink‐lipped moray (Echidna rhodochilus), tidepool snake moray (Uropterygius micropterus), and Seychelles moray (Anarchias seychellensis) were investigated using X‐ray computed tomography. These five species exhibited longitudinal ventral processes in the second to approximately 12th precaudal vertebrae with canals for blood vessels, structurally similar to hemal spines. In addition, the morphology of the precaudal vertebrae in three Anguilliformes species closely related to moray eels and two Gasterosteiformes species, including a seahorse that flexes its head ventrally as a feeding motion, was compared with that of moray eels. However, no remarkable ventral processes were observed in their precaudal vertebrae in the postcranial region, suggesting that these structural features in the postcranial vertebrae were preserved in Muraenidae but not necessarily required for the fish to bend its head ventrally. Although the functional significance of the ventral process has yet to be determined, our findings highlight a novel aspect of fish vertebral morphology.
Learning in radiation oncology: 12‐month experience with a new incident learning system
Authors: Crouch Krystle , Adamson Laura , Beldham‐Collins Rachael , Sykes Jonathan , Thwaites David
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Safety and quality improvement are essential to clinical practice in radiation therapy as planning and treatment increase in complexity and sophistication. An incident learning system (ILS) is a safety and quality improvement tool that can aid risk mitigation to improve patient safety and quality of care. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of implementing a new e‐ILS, Learning In Radiation ONcology (LIRON), on reporting and safety culture within a local health district (LHD).

Methods

The ILS (LIRON) was implemented in 2020 with the intent of tracking actual incidents, near misses and procedural non‐compliances for analysis of root causes and contributing factors. A survey was conducted after 12 months of LIRON use, and distributed to radiation oncologists, radiation therapists and radiation oncology medical physicists within the LHD. Results were compared with the responses to a pre‐ILS implementation survey, to review changes in staff perceptions of safety culture, barriers to reporting and ILS understanding.

Results

Survey response rates were similar at baseline and at the 12‐month follow‐up, 64% and 63%, respectively. Findings showed increased ILS participation (49–71%), increased perception of no barriers to reporting (34–43%) and increased encouragement to report (37–43%). Greater confidence in the department's ability to learn from the ILS was evident (24–46%).

Conclusion

Initial findings of LIRON implementation show positive impact but warrant further long‐term review for greater understanding of its impact on staff perceptions, safety culture and improving departmental processes.
A humanized ACE2 mouse model recapitulating age‐ and sex‐dependent immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19
Authors: Park Uni , Lee Jae Hoon , Kim Uijin , Jeon Kyeongseok , Kim Yuri , Kim Hyeran , Kang Ju‐il , Park Mi Yeon , Park Sun Ha , Cha Jeong Seok , Yoon Ga‐Yeon , Jeong Da‐Eun , Kim Taehun , Oh Songhyeok , Yoon Sang Ho , Jin Liyuan , Ahn Yoojin , Lim Min Yeong , Han Seung Ro , Kim Hye Young , Kim Myoung‐Hwan , Zhang Yin Hua , Kang Jun‐Gu , Lee Myung‐Shin , Jeon Yoon Kyung , Cho Hyun‐Soo , Lee Han‐Woong , Cho Nam‐Hyuk
Published: September 2024

In the ongoing battle against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), understanding its pathogenesis and developing effective treatments remain critical challenges. The creation of animal models that closely replicate human infection stands as a critical step forward in this research. Here, we present a genetically engineered mouse model with specifically‐humanized knock‐in ACE2 (hiACE2) receptors. This model, featuring nine specific amino acid substitutions for enhanced interaction with the viral spike protein, enables efficient severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication in respiratory organs without detectable infection in the central nervous system. Moreover, it mirrors the age‐ and sex‐specific patterns of morbidity and mortality, as well as the immunopathological features observed in human COVID‐19 cases. Our findings further demonstrate that the depletion of eosinophils significantly reduces morbidity and mortality, depending on the infecting viral dose and the sex of the host. This reduction is potentially achieved by decreasing the pathogenic contribution of eosinophil‐mediated inflammation, which is strongly correlated with neutrophil activity in human patients. This underscores the model's utility in studying the immunopathological aspects of COVID‐19 and represents a significant advancement in COVID‐19 modeling. It offers a valuable tool for testing vaccines and therapeutics, enhancing our understanding of the disease mechanisms and potentially guiding more targeted and effective treatments.
Mechanically compliant locking plates for diaphyseal fracture fixation: A biomechanical study
Authors: Huxman Connor , Lewis Gregory , Armstrong April , Updegrove Gary , Koroneos Zachary , Butler Jared
Published: September 2024

Axial micromotion between bone fragments can stimulate callus formation and fracture healing. In this study, we propose a novel mechanically compliant locking plate which achieves up to 0.6 mm of interfragmentary motion as flexures machined into the plate elastically deflect under physiological load. We investigated the biomechanical performance of three compliant plate variations in comparison to rigid control plates with small and large working lengths in a comminuted bridge plating scenario using humeral diaphysis surrogates. Under static axial loading, average interfragmentary motion was 6 times larger at 100 N (0.38 vs. 0.05 mm) and nearly three times larger at 350 N (0.58 vs. 0.2 mm) for compliant plates than rigid plates, respectively. Compliant plates delivered between 2.5 and 3.4 times more symmetric interfragmentary motion than rigid plates (p < 0.01). The bi‐phasic stiffness of compliant pates provided 74%–96% lower initial axial stiffness up to approximately 100 N (p < 0.01), after which compliant plate stiffness was similar to rigid plates with increased working length (p > 0.3). The strength to failure of compliant plates under dynamic loading was on average 48%–55% lower than rigid plate groups (p < 0.01); however, all plates survived cyclic fatigue loading of 100,000 cycles at 350 N. This work characterizes the improvement in interfragmentary motion and the reduction in strength to failure of compliant plates compared to control rigid plates. Compliant plates may offer potential in comminuted fracture healing due to their ability to deliver symmetric interfragmentary motion into the range known to stimulate callus formation while surviving moderate fatigue loading with no signs of failure.