bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Allopurinol on Urinary Oxalate Excretion in Stone Formers
Authors: SCOTT R. , PATERSON P. J. , MATHIESON A. , SMITH M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Allopurinol is a drug which could be valuable in the treatment of stone patients. In 29 subjects treated with 300 mg of the drug per day it has been found that there was a significant fall in urine oxalate excretion if the blood urate was above 330 μmol/l. In 10 subjects followed for 1 year the urine oxalate was significantly reduced and maintained at a lower level than the original.
Dicynene in Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
Authors: TOWLER J. M. , VALERIO D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A double blind trial of the haemostatic durg Dicynene has shown no beneficial effect in transurethral resection of the prostate.
A Placebo‐controlled Double‐blind Study of the Effect of Phenoxybenzamine in Benign Prostatic Obstruction
Authors: CAINE M. , PERLBERG S. , MERETYK S.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study of phenoxybenzamine for the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic obstruction is reported.

Statistically significant evidence of an improvement in both the peak and mean flow‐rates was found. Both diurnal and nocturnal frequency were significantly diminished. Residual urine was unaffected, and the possible reasons for this are discussed.

Urethral pressure recordings confirmed the reduction in the closure pressure in the prostatic segment of the urethra.

It was concluded that there was good evidence that the treatment is effective.
An Experimental Approach to the Optimum Oestrogen Dosage in Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: SYMES ELIZABETH K. , MILROY E.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The action of diethylstilboestrol on the androgen response mechanism of the human prostate has been examined. A simple in vitro test system that assesses effects on hormone uptake, receptor binding and translocation to the nucleus has been employed. The test has also been modified to study the effect of diethylstilboestrol on the activity of 5α‐reductase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of testosterone to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone. These results are discussed in relation to the dosage of diethylstilboestrol for treatment of carcinoma of the prostate.
Receptor Proteins for Androgens in Prostatic Disease
Authors: GHANADIAN R. , AUF G. , CHISHOLM G. D. , O'DONOGHUE E. P. N.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The suitability of an exchange assay with methyltrienolone (R 1881) for the measurement of androgen receptors in human prostatic tumours has been investigated. Having established the specificity of this compound for androgen receptor assay, a pilot study was carried out to measure dihydrotestosterone (DHT) receptor in 27 cases of benign hypertrophy and 18 cases of malignant tumour of the prostate.
The One‐stage Island Patch Urethroplasty
Authors: GASRDINER R. A. , FLYNN J. T. , PARIS A. M. I. , BLANDY J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Dartos‐pedicled scrotal sking island patch urethroplasties were performed in 72 patients and followed up for up to 7 years. Restenosis was seen at th site of the stricture in 5 cases and one developed a new meatal stenosis. There were no deaths. Hair‐stones occurred in 4 patients and were removed endoscopically. One too‐large pouch was trimmed. No patient was incontinent. More than one patch may be used for long or multiple strictures.
Endoscopic Examination in Children
Authors: DUNN M. , SMITH P. J. B. , ABRAMS P. H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Cystourethroscopy is an uncomfortable and often painful investigastion for children. It is distressing to the parents, and even when it is done on a day case basis it can cause considerable disruption to the family. It should tehrfore only be considered when it is felt that the examination will contribute to the management of the urinary problem in the child, and then only after routine assessment including physical examination, urine culture, renal function studies, excretion urography and, where indicated, micturating cystogram.

In a stdy of 242 children who had cystourethroscopy, it was found to be of only limited value in children with enuresis, incontinence, haematuria, recurrent urinary infection kand painful micturition. In some children it provided an opportunity for either indirect (from instrumentation) or formal urethral dilatation and this seemed to be associated with post‐operative symptom relief in some chilren.

Endoscopy appeared to be of most value in the management of vesicoureteric reflux, upper tract duplication and specific urethral abnormalities. In these situations the examination provided essential information which was helpful with further management of the children.
Megacalices—How Broad a Spectrum?
Authors: WHITAKER R. H. , FLOWER C. D. R.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Ten patients with a suspected diagnosis of megacalices have had pressure‐flow studies to confirm or exclude obstruction. Eight had no evidence of obstruction and amongst these there were 2 patients with a non‐obstructed megaureter. Two patients showed evidence of obstruction and remain a dilemma from a management viewpoint. If “megacalices” is used simply as a descriptive term, then the spectrum of disease is wider than previously suspected.
Papillary Adenocarcinomatous Degeneration Occurring in a Multilocular Renal Cyst
Authors: FERRER‐ROCA O. , FERNANDEZ‐CRUZ L.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— A multilocular cyst of the kidney in an adult with malignant papillary adenocarcinornatous transformation is described. The histogenesis and prognosis of rnultilocular cysts are discussed with special reference to their relationship with Wilms' tumour
Penile Injuries with Particular Reference to Injury to the Erectile Tissue
Authors: PRYOR J. P. , HILL J. T. , PACKHAM D. A. , YATES‐BELL A. J.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— A retrospective study of 56 patients with penile injuries showed that 28 injuries were sustained during coitus and a further 12 in other sexual practices. Four different types of injury to the erectile mechanism are described and the management of each discussed.

A modified phalloplasty technique is described for patients who have sustained a complete loss of the phallus.
The Intravenous Urogram in Acute Epididymo‐orchitis
Authors: BULLOCK K. N. , HUNT JANICE M.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— In a series of patients presenting with acute epididymo‐orchitis, the abnormalities detected on intravenous urography were analysed.

Urography is recommended in patients aged over 50 and in pre‐pubertal boys, but it did not prove useful in adult patients under 50 years of age without other symptoms.
Evaluation of Computed Tomography in the Management of Testicular Teratoma
Authors: HUSBAND JANET E. , BARRETT ANN , PECKHAM M. J.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— An analysis has been made of data obtained by computed tomography (CT) scanning in 100 patients with testicular teratoma. The results have been compared with information obtained by conventional staging procedures and changes in patient management occurring as a direct result of CT have been noted. Although these tumours are rare, their pattern of metastasis to the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, lungs and liver is consistent. Thus the value of CT scanning can be tested in all of these sites in each patient and the indications for scanning clearly defined.
Hereditary Hypercalciuric Urolithiasis: A Study of a Family
Authors: WEINBERGER A. , SCHECHTER J. , PINKHAS J. , SPERLING O.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A family affected with hereditary hypercalciuric urolithiasis is presented. The data suggest that the primary defect is idiopathic hyperabsorptive hypercalciuria, transmitted by an autosomal dominant pattern. This syndrome seems to be common among patients with hypercalciuric urolithiasis.

Investigation of the family of such patients and preventive treatment at the earliest age possible are suggested.
Bilateral Renal Carcinoma
Authors: HILL J. T. , PRYOR J. P. , PACKHAM D. A. , YATES‐BELL A. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Five patients with bilateral renal tumours are discussed with regard to their treatment and prognosis in an attempt to formulate the most effective surgical approach. The clinical history, physical signs, treatment and prognosis are summarised.
Fourth Report on the Standardisation of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function: Terminology related to neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract: PRODUCED BY THE INTERNATIONAL CONTINENCE SOCIETY*
Authors: Bates C. P. , Bradley W. E. , Glen E. S. , Melchior H. , Rowan D. , Sterling A. M. , Sundin T. , Thomas D. , Torrens M. , Warwick R. Turner‐ , Zinner N. R. , (Chairman) T. Hald
Published: November 2008

This report deals with recommendations on terminology related to neuromuscular dysfunction of the lower urinary tract with particular reference to classification of the neuropathic bladder.

These standards are proposed to facilitate comparison of results by investigators who use urodynamic methods. It is recommended that the acknowledgement of these standards in written publications be indicated by a footnote to the section “Methods and Material” or its equivalent: “Methods, definitions and units conform to the standards proposed by the International Continence Society except where specifically noted”.
Short‐term Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Prostatectomy*
Authors: SHAH P. J. R. , WILLIAMS GORDON , CHAUDARY M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two hundred patients undergoing prostatic surgery at 2 hospitals were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups. The groups were a control, cephalexin, co‐trimoxazole and carfecillin treated groups. The incidence of urinary tract infections and other complications of prostatic surgery were studied in each group after a short‐term prophylactic regime of 3 doses of the antibiotic. The incidence of urinary infection was significantly improved from 28% in the control group to 8% and 1 6% in the co‐trimoxazole and cephalexin groups respectively. Carfecillin was not effective in reducing urinary infection. However, all 3 antibiotics reduced the incidence of other infective sequelae
The Bacterial Content of the Female Urethra. A New Method of Study
Authors: O'NEIL A. G. B.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The distribution of urethral flora has been studied in 30 women, using a new instrument. The results show that significant quantities (>5 colonies) of potential pathogens can be demonstrated in 90% (27) of the patients at the meatus and in only 10% (3) of patients above the midurethral high pressure zone.
Priapism—Conservative Treatment Versus Surgical Procedures
Authors: FORSBERG L. , MATTIASSON A. , OLSSON A. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fourteen patients with priapism have been treated over the last 1 2 years. Two patients had a recurrence 2 and 5 years after the primary incident. Abuse of alcohol (often combined with psychotropic drugs) and the use of antihypertensive drugs were the most prominent aetiological factors. Three out of 9 patients treated conservatively and 5 out of 6 patients treated with a shunt procedure have preserved their erection ability.

Our results indicate that conservative treatment is not justified and that a shunt procedure should be performed with the least possible delay.
Renal Angiomyolipoma: A Review of the Literature and a Report of 4 Cases
Authors: Wong A. L. , McGeorge A. , Clark A. H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Four cases of renal angiomyolipoma are presented in patients with no other stigmata of tuberous sclerosis. The presentation, radiological and pathological features are reviewed.
Synthesis of ABH Blood Group Substances in Bladder Turnours
Authors: Fujita J. , Matsumoto K. , Kishi K. , Ishiyama I.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A specific red cell adherence test which can detect the cell surface ABH blood group antigens was performed on formalin‐fixed frozen sections of 38 bladder tumours. In 27 tumours decreased glycosyltransferase activity was suggested, but the site and the degree of the blockade did not seem to be identical in every tumour.

Blood group A and B tumours could be grouped into 4 types according to the presence of these 3 isoantigens. One group which showed A or B but no H activity (Type I) consisted only of grade 1, superficial tumours. All of the invasive tumours belonged to other types.

For blood group 0 turnours no clear‐cut correlation could be found between malignancy of the tumour and the presence of H activity.

Eight of 22 grade 2 or 3 tumours and 9 of 21 invasive tumours retained the isoantigen, which seemed to invalidate the use of this test as a predictive indicator. Only where blood group A or B patients were concerned, and the presence of H activity was regarded as abnormal as well as the absence of A and B. could all grade 2 or 3 tumours and all invasive tumours be detected by this test.
99mTechnetium DMSA and the Prediction of Recovery in Obstructive Uropathy
Authors: CHIBBER P. J. , CHISHOLM G. D. , HARGREAVE T. B. , MERRICK M. V.
Published: November 2008

Summary —Predictions of the potential for recovery of renal function in obstructive uropathy are difficult and unreliable. 99mTechnetium DMSA accumulates in tubule cells and has been proposed as a marker of the tubular mass. However, in 34 patients with obstructive uropathy we have found no correlation between the pre‐operative scintigraphic appearances of the obstructed kidney and the post‐operative result. Reduced or absent DMSA uptake does not necessarily mean irreversible renal damage.
Conservative Management of Vesicoureteric Reflux in the Congenital Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: PHILP N. H. , RICKWOOD A. M. K. , THOMAS D. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary— A series of 31 patients with congenital neurogenic bladder in which vesicoureteric reflux was managed conservatively by methods designed to improve voiding function is reported. Satisfactory results, in terms of the appearance of the upper urinary tracts on IVU, were obtained by indwelling urethral catheter, or by alpha‐adrenergic blockade, internal urethrotomy or external urethral sphincterotomy; in the case of the last 3 procedures this was accompanied by diminution or resolution of vesicoureteric reflux. Less satisfactory results were obtained by intermittent self catheterisation and in patients managed in this way a case exists for ureteric reimplantation.
A Prospective Study of Bladder Function Before and After Sphincter‐saving Resections for Low Carcinoma of the Rectum
Authors: NEAL D. E. , WILLIAMS N. S. , JOHNSTON D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The effects of sphincter‐saving resections for carcinoma of the rectum on bladder function were studied prospectively. Twenty‐seven patients, each acting as his or her own control, were studied before, shortly alter and 9 months after operation by means of pressure/flow filling and voiding cystometry.

After operation there was a significant and lasting increase in the residual volume of urine and a temporary decrease in the compliance of the bladder. There was a statistically significant decrease in detrusor contraction pressure after operation, which persisted throughout the period of study. This was probably due to partial denervation of the bladder. Four patients had signs of total or almost total denervation of the bladder. There was a significant correlation between proximity of the tumour to the anal verge and risk of damage to the nerve supply to the bladder.

Thus sphincter‐saving resections of the rectum for carcinoma are associated with a significant risk of bladder denervation. Many of the “minor” symptoms of bladder dysfunction which develop after this procedure are due to partial denervation of the bladder.
A Controlled Trial of Bladder Drill and Drug Therapy in the Management of Detrusor Instability
Authors: JARVIS G. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty women with urinary incontinence due to derisory instability entered a controlled clinical trial to compare in‐patient bladder drill with out‐patient drug therapy. Following bladder drill, 84% of patients were continent, whereas following treatment with flavoxate hydrochloride and imipramine, 56% 01 patients were continent. Side effects due to drug therapy were significant.
Radiological Trabeculation of the Male Bladder—a Clinical and Urodynamic Assessment
Authors: SHAH P. J. R. , WHITESIDE C. G. , MILROY E. J. G. , TURNER‐WARWICK R. T.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two hundred and fifty patients have been studied by synchronous cine/pressure/ flow cystometry to assess the relationship between radiological trabeculation and the urodynamic findings. There is a strong association between detrusor instability and trabeculation. Trabeculation, however, may also occur in the presence of high pressure outflow obstruction, usually at prostate level, in the absence of instability.

It is suggested that frequent uninitiated detrusor contraction against a voluntarily closed sphincter is a likely cause of the more prominent varieties of trabeculation. However, the presence of minor degrees of trabeculation noted at cystoscopic examination in the absence of detrusor instability is not disputed.
The Early Changes in the Development of Bladder Cancer in Patients Exposed to Known Industrial Carcinogens
Authors: GLASHAN R. W. , WIJESINGHE D. P. , RILEY A.
Published: November 2008

Summary— In the Huddersfield district many people have been exposed to industrial carcinogens as a result of their occupation. An exfoliative urine cytology screening programme has been in operation for many years so that patients with the early changes associated with these carcinogens are referred for urological investigation at a very early stage in the disease. A description of the development of urothelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situand transitional cell carcinoma is presented with particular reference to the urine cytology, histological features of mucosal biopsies and cystoscopic appearances of the bladder. Changes in the collagen fibres in the basement membrane are also described.
Prophylactic Oral Methotrexate Therapy for Multiple Superficial Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: HALL R. R. , HERRING D. W. , GIBE I. , HEATH A. B.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixteen patients with multiple, frequently recurring Ta/T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were treated with methotrexate syrup 50 mg orally every week for 18 months. In 11 patients the frequency, number and size of tumour recurrences decreased markedly. In 3 patients the incidence of tumour recurrence appeared unchanged and in 2 patients the disease progressed and required cystectomy. Overall, the average number of tumours recurring per patient month at risk fell significantly from 2.6 to 1.2 while taking methotrexate.

It is suggested that oral methotrexate may provide an effective alternative to intravesical chemotherapy for the prevention of recurrent superficial bladder carcinoma.
A Controlled Trial of Single Dose lntravesical Adriamycin in Superficial Bladder Tumours
Authors: ABRAMS P. H. , CHOA R. G. , GACHES C. G. C. , ASHKEN M. H. , GREEN N. A.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Sixty patients with recurrent superficial bladder tumours (Ta or T1) entered an open controlled trial of single dose Adriamycin. After transurethral resection of tumour recurrences, patients were alternately allocated to the control group or to the Adriamycin group, who received an instillation of 50 mg of Adriamycin in 50 ml of saline for 30 min. Six months later all patients were readmitted for endoscopy.

In the Adriamycin group significantly more patients showed a decrease in the number of recurrent papillomas (72%) than in the control group (39%). This study shows that the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in the form of single dose Adriamycin is effective in reducing tumour recurrence.
The Correlation of TI Bladder Tumour History with Prognosis and Follow‐up Requirements
Authors: ENGLAND H. R. , PARIS A. M. I. , BLANDY J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The histories of 332 TI bladder cancer patients were studied to determine the natural history in this tumour population. Each was followed for at least 5 years or to earlier tumour death and the approach to treatment was conservative.

Patients were potentially at serious risk of disease progression and death if they presented with tumours of G2 or G3 grade and grew new ones again after treatment or if they exhibited a continuous high level of tumour neogenesis. Fourteen developed urothelial tumours beyond the bladder, evidence of widespread urothelial instability. Tumour deaths accounted for only 12% of the series, justifying a conservative approach to treatment, and a further 25% died from unrelated causes.

Those remaining tumour‐free at 5 years had a low malignant potential and their natural history supported discontinuing routine cystoscopy after that time.
Occupational Bladder Cancer and Cigarette Smoking in West Yorkshire
Authors: GLASHAN R. W. , CARTWRIGHT R. A.
Published: November 2008

Summary‐This paper reports the preliminary findings of a case‐controlled study of bladder cancer in parts of West Yorkshire. The first 991 cases have been analyses and the results of the occupational exposure for 5 occupations are reported.

There is an increased risk of bladder cancer associated with smoking cigarettes in both males and females. These results take both the age and the year of diagnosis into account and are statistically significant. Chemical industry workers and printers have been shown statistically to have a high risk ratio, whereas leather workers, hairdressers and dye‐users have a statistically insignificant risk ratio. For process workers in the dye manufacturing industry the length of service is significantly correlated with the risk of bladder cancer and so is the age at which a man first becomes a process worker.
Transitional Cell Carcinoma Involving the Prostate
Authors: CHIBBER P. J. , MclNTYRE MARGARET A. , HINDMARSH J. R. , HARGR T. B. , NEWSAM J. E. , CHISHOLM G. D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate gland was studied in 27 patients. Three different groups were recognized on the basis of the clinical pattern and histological findings. Each group has a different prognosis and merits a different approach to treatment. Thus, stromal involvement of the prostate by transitional cell carcinoma is a sinister finding that requires radical treatment, whereas ductal involvement by either carcinoma in situor non‐invasive papillary tumours can be managed less aggressively. This study emphasises that the present classification for these tumours is unsatisfactory and that adequate histopathological information is essential for their management.
Half‐body Irradiation in the Treatment of Metastatic Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: ROWLAND C. G. , BULLIMORE JILL A. , SMITH P. J. B. , ROBERTS J. B. M.
Published: November 2008

Summary‐High dose radiation therapy given as a single fraction to the upper and lower halves of the body gives effective palliation for metastatic solid tumours. This treatment modality appears to be particularly effective in tumours which may have a slow doubling time such as carcinoma of the prostate.

Fifty‐two patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate involving the skeletal system have received half‐body irradiation. All had prior treatment with additive hormones or orchiectomy and the majority had received localised irradiation and/or chemotherapy. Significant immediate pain relief was achieved in 42 out of 52 patients (80%). This pain relief was maintained until death in 29 out of 43 patients (67%). Pain relief in responders appears to occur within 24 to 48 h of treatment.
Urethrolysis in the Management of Females with Recurrent Frequency and Dysuria
Authors: SMITH P. J. B. , POWELL P. H. , GEORGE N. J. R. , KIRK D.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The symptomatic results of urethrolysis were assessed in 40 female patients with the urethral syndrome. A specific clinical group of patients was identified who obtained symptomatic relief following surgery and these were further analysed, using urodynamic studies, to assess how urethrolysis achieved this effect.
Method, Indications and Results of Corpus Cavernosography
Authors: HERZBERG Z. , KELLETT M. J. , MORGAN R. J. , PRYOR J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Patients complaining of erectile dysfunction present with symptoms that are not readily reproduced for clinical observation. Corpus cavernosography provides a visual and radiographic diagnosis of the problem and may help in the understanding of the pathological process involved. Seventy‐three cavernosograms were performed on 68 patients for symptoms relating to erectile deformities, both congenital and acquired, impotence and priapism. The indications, technique and results of corpus cavernosography are described.
Elective Delayed Excision of Bulky Para‐aortic Lymph Node Metastases in Advanced Non‐Seminoma Germ Cell Tumours of Testis
Authors: HENDRY W. F. , GOLDSTRAW P. , HUSBAND J. E. , BARRETT ANN , McELWAlN T. J. , PECKHAM M. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Forty‐one patients with advanced non‐seminoma germ cell testicular tumours were treated by chemotherapy, with or without radiotherapy, followed by excision of residual para‐aortic lymph node masses. All para‐aortic metastases were initially greater than 2 cm, 35 were larger than 5 cm, and 9 were over 10 cm in diameter. Seven patients also had nodal deposits above the diaphragm and 1 8 had distant metastases.

The residual masses were excised completely in all except 3 cases. Residual malignancy was found in 7 (1 8%) of 38 operable cases; of these 7, only 2 remain alive and disease‐free. In contrast, 28 (90%) of 31 operable cases with necrosis and fibrosis, or with fully differentiated teratoma, are alive and disease‐free. Elevated serum markers were found in 6 of 9 cases with respectable or unrespectable residual malignancy, but in only 1 of 32 who were tumour‐free. Residual malignancy was found in 3 (9%) of 34 cases with normal marker levels. Malignancy was not found in any residual mass less than 4 cm diameter.

We conclude that excision of para‐aortic lymph node masses should be electively delayed until seium markers become normal and until shrinkage of the mass has ceased. The presence of residual malignancy in the excised tissue then provides a clear indication for further chemotherapy.
The Urodynamic Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: PHILP T. , READ D. J. , HIGSON R. H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urodynamic assessment was performed in 52 patients with urinary symptoms positively diagnosed as suffering from multiple sclerosis. Fifty‐one patients had unequivocal bladder instability on filling cystometry the exception had inappropriate relaxation of the urethral sphincter at a small bladder capacity and low bladder pressure. Results of sphincter electromyography and synchronous cineradiography of voiding in a number of our patients led to the conclusion that many of these patients also suffer detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. There was no correlation between any measurable urodynamic parameter and the severity of the physical disability.
The Dilated Non‐obstructed Renal Pelvis
Authors: O'REILLY P. H. , LUPTON E. W. , TESTA H. J. , SHIELDS R. A. , CARROLLBSc R. N. P. , EDWARDS E. CHARLTON.
Published: November 2008

Summary—This paper discusses 28 patients with renal pelvic dilatation in whom obstruction was excluded by excretion urography and diuresis renography. The clinical presentation and progress of the patients over a follow‐up period of 1 to 5 years are presented. One patient required pyeloplasty, one developed 2 asymptomatic renal pelvic calculi and one showed some deterioration in function on the affected side.

The remaining 25 patients remain well and their follow‐up renograms show satisfactory renal function and excretion. Before the advent of objective means of assessing renal function and urodynamics, these patients would probably have been subjected to pyeloplasty. The present study confirms that the correct management of the dilated non‐obstructed renal pelvis is conservative.
Experimental Intra‐arterial Infusion of Microencapsulated Mitomycin C into Pelvic Organs
Authors: Nemoto R. , Kato T.
Published: November 2008

Summary —Laboratory experience with the use of Mitomycin C encased in ethylcellulose microcapsules as an agent for transcatheter embolisation is described. Microencapsulated Mitomycin C (MMC‐m.c.) was infused into the pelvic organs of dogs by arterial catheterisation and the distribution of MMC in plasma and tissue was examined.

MMC levels in the circulating blood of the MMC‐m.c. group were significantly lower than those of the non‐encapsulated MMC group. The biological potential of MMC was retained for prolonged periods in the pelvic organs after intra‐arterial infusion of MMC‐m.c. On the other hand, MMC could not be detected in the tissue of the non‐encapsulated MMC group 4 h after the infusion.
Microangiography of the Bladder in Health
Authors: Sarma K. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary —Microangiography of the bladder has been studied by the use of a mixture of Micropaque and Hypaque. There appears to be a considerable variation in the vascular supply, not only in different specimens but also in different parts of the same specimen. In general, the base and the lateral walls are more richly supplied than the rest. The vessels seem to form 3 plexuses: extramural, intramural and submucous. In places, moderately large aberrant vessels spring from the 3 plexuses and proceed into the mucosa itself.
The Management of Transitional Cell Carcinoma in the Prostate
Authors: Wolfe J. H. N. , Lloyd‐Davies R. W.
Published: November 2008

Summary—Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare tumour. A review of 31 8 patients with carcinoma of the prostate presenting to this hospital in the 5 years between April 1 974 and April 1 979 revealed 7 patients with transitional cell carcinoma arising within the prostate. Two of these had previously been treated for a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

These prostatic tumours are usually poorly differentiated and carry a poor prognosis. Early radical surgery, however, achieved a good result in one of our patients. Other forms of treatment were ineffective and a review of the literature revealed that this was also the experience of others. We suggest that cystoprostatectomy should be considered as an early form of treatment.
Vesicoureteric Reflux in Neonates with Anorectal Anomalies
Authors: NARASIMHARAO K. L. , PRASAD G. R. , MUKHOPADHYAY B. , KATARIYA S. , MITRA S. K. , PATHAK I. C.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Thirty‐six babies born with an anorectal anomaly were evaluated for vesicoureteric reflux in the neonatal period and the progress of the reflux with age was followed. The overall incidence of reflux was 47%, with higher rates in the more severe types of anomaly. Generally, the reflux was of mild grade and tended to resolve with time, except in the short colon syndrome. Urinary sepsis due to a rectourinary communication may have an important role in the development of reflux.
Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder in Zambia. A Quantitative Estimation of Schistosoma haematobiumInfection
Authors: ELEM B. , PUROHIT R.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The incidence and intensity of schistosomal infection in 50 African malignant bladders determined by quantitative analysis have been compared with a matched control group of non‐malignant cadaver bladders, and the incidence of radiological calcification in the former has been compared with that of 50 adult urinary bilharziasis patients without associated malignancy. Compared with 45% in the non‐malignant group, schistosomal infection was present in an overwhelming 94% of the malignant cases. Radiological calcification in the malignant bladders (38%) was slightly more than in patients with urinary bilharziasis (35%). In the majority of the malignant bladders (55.3%) the parasitic infection was noted to be of moderate to low intensity. It has been suggested that the overall severity of schistosomal infection is unlikely to be the sole factor in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Serum and Bone Marrow in Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: FOSSA SOPHIE DOROTHEA , SKINNINGSRUD A. , KAALHUS O. , ENGESET A.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Sixty‐two per cent of 61 patients with prostatic carcinoma showed elevated levels of serum acid phosphatase, analysed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Enzymatically determined serum acid phosphatase was raised in only 38% of the same patients. Bone marrow acid phosphatase determined by RIA was raised in 41%. In untreated metastatic patients with prostatic carcinoma, radioimmunologically determined serum acid phosphatase was elevated in 12 of 13 patients, whereas bone marrow acid phosphatase (RIA) and enzymatically determined serum prostatic acid phosphatase were increased only in about half of the patients.

In a control group the upper reference limit of bone marrow acid phosphatase determined by RIA was significantly raised above that obtained by serum analyses. This indicates that non‐prostatic acid phosphatases (possibly from bone marrow cells) cross‐react with prostatic acid phosphatase in an unpredictable way, even when using a specific radioimmunoassay. In patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, the results of bone marrow acid phosphatase determinations, analysed by RIA, seem to lack diagnostic and/or prognostic information additional to that obtainable by serum acid phosphatase (RIA) analysis.
Massive Prostatic Carcinoma in Negroes
Authors: WOODHOUSE C. R. J. , O'DONOGHUE E. P. N.
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Three cases of massive carcinoma of the prostate in negroes are presented. Investigation and treatment were carried out along conventional lines. There was a very good response to treatment initially in that all tumours shrank and became impalpable. Two patients died of recurrent carcinoma at 1 and 23/4years respectively. The third has widespread metastases at present controlled by chemotherapy. The possible differences in the behaviour of prostatic carcinoma in negroes are discussed.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy with Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and 5–Fluorouracil in T3, NX, MO Bladder Cancer Treated with Radiotherapy
Authors: RICHARDS B. , BASTABLE J. R. G. , FREEDMAN L. , GLASHAN R. W. , HARRIS GLYNIS , NEWLING D. W. W. , ROBINSON M. R. G. , SMITH P. H. , GROUP THE YORKSHIRE UROLOGY CANCER RESEARCH
Published: November 2008

Summary— Radical radiotherapy alone has been compared with radical radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy using doxorubicin (Adriamycin) and 5–fluorouracil in a randomised prospective study on 129 patients presenting with T3, NX, MO transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.

One hundred and ten patients were evaluable with a minimum follow‐up of 2 years.

The addition of this form of chemotherapy did not appear to influence the survival rate or the proportion of patients free from tumour. It cannot be recommended for routine use in the primary treatment of infiltrating bladder cancer.
Urethral Stricture after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: SUTHERLAND P. D. , MADDERN J. P. , JOSE J. S. , MARSHALL V. R.
Published: November 2008

Summary— During January and February 1980 there was an epidemic of urethral strictures at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. These strictures all occurred in men undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The strictures were inflammatory in nature and the patients were assessed to determine if a common aetiological factor could be identified. Follow‐up has reaffirmed that inflammatory strictures are difficult to treat. Only half of the patients responded to conservative treatment; the only factor which appeared to influence the outcome of treatment was the time taken for a patient to present because of his symptoms.
Penile Prosthesis in Peyronie's Disease
Authors: CARSON C. C. , HODGE G. B. , ANDERSON E. E.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Many patients with Peyronie's disease suffer severe penile curvature, impotence, and respond poorly to conservative management. Sixteen patients with intractable Peyronie's disease had surgical incision of Peyronie's plaque and insertion of semi‐rigid or inflatable penile implants. Patients had satisfactory results with elimination of curvature and resumption of coitus. Surgical procedures are indicated for impotent patients with Peyronie's disease who are unresponsive to conservative treatment.
Tuberculous Epididymo‐orchitis. A Review of 20 Cases
Authors: FERRIE B. G. , RUNDLE J. S. H.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twenty cases of tuberculous epididymo‐orchitis, occurring in Glasgow from 1970 to 1979, were reviewed. Five gave a history of previous tuberculosis and 10 showed no evidence of tuberculous infection in their urine. In half of the cases the diagnosis was made from histological material. Only five patients had normal intravenous urograms and five required subsequent major surgery for upper urinary tract disease.

Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a scrotal swelling even in the absence of a history of previous tuberculosis.
Should a Benign Renal Cyst be Treated?
Authors: RICHTER S. , KARBEL G. , BECHAR L. , PlKlELNY S.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Between 1964 and 1980 we reviewed 103 patients with benign renal cysts. Their treatment ranged from nephrectomy to observation and follow‐up only. It was concluded that the best form of therapy for this condition is regular follow‐up.
Is the Solitary Kidney a Privileged Kidney?
Authors: STACKL W. , HOFMANN E. , MARBERGER M.
Published: November 2008

Summary— In rabbits the renal function of solitary kidneys subjected to ischaemic damage was compared with that of kidneys damaged identically in the presence of a normal contralateral organ.

In spite of compensatory hypertrophy of the solitary kidney, no improvement in its tolerance to ischaemia was observed.

The solitary kidney is thus not a privileged kidney.
Histamine Content and Mast Cell Count of Detrusor Muscle in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis and Other Types of Chronic Cystitis
Authors: KASTRUP J. , HALD T. , LARSEN S. , NIELSEN V. G.
Published: November 2008

Summary—The quantitative mast cell count in the detrusor muscle, the histamine content and the degree of collagen staining material in the bladder wall have been evaluated in order to elucidate their value in distinguishing between patients with interstitial cystitis and other types of chronic cystitis. The number of mast cells in the detrusor muscle was statistically significantly increased in patients with interstitial cystitis compared with the control group (P < 0.0001). With a proposed level of > 20 mast cells/sq mm of muscle tissue the diagnostic specificity was 88% and the diagnostic sensitivity 95%. The histamine content in the bladder wall was significantly increased in patients with interstitial cystitis (P < 0.05) but not useful as a diagnostie test. The amount of collagen staining material was significantly increased in the intra‐ and inter‐fascicular muscle tissue of the bladder in patients with interstitial cystitis (P < 0.0005, P < 0.001) and might be used as a support for the histological diagnosis, even in patients with uncontracted bladders.
Age and Survival in Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: SMEDLEY H. M. , SINNOT M. , FREEDMAN L. S. , MACASKILL P. , NAYLOR C. P. E. , PILLERS E. M. K.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Several studies of patients with prostatic carcinoma have reported worse survival rates for younger patients (<60 years) than for older and have concluded that this disease takes a more aggressive form in younger patients. We have retrospectively analysed data on 597 patients in East Anglia between 1973 and 1977 and have shown that in this region younger patients have a much better prognosis when compared with older groups with the same disease. When age‐correction is applied, their prognosis still appears no worse than in older patients. This has implications in the management of patients with this common cancer.
Extragonadal Presentations of Germ Cell Tumours
Authors: MUNRO A. J. , DUNCAN W. , WEBB J. N.
Published: November 2008

Summary— This study reviews our experience over the past 25 years with unusual presentations of germ cell tumours and emphasises the need to consider the diagnosis of germ cell malignancy in any male patient who presents under the age of 60 years with a retroperitoneal or mediastinal tumour reported to be an “undifferentiated carcinoma” of apparently unknown origin.
Experience with Beta‐HCG‐Positive Seminoma
Authors: KUBER W. , KRATZIK CH. , SCHWARZ H. P. , SUSANl M. , SPONA J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The clinical findings, diagnosis and course of disease of eight patients with histological pure seminoma of the testis and positive serum P‐HCG levels are presented. In addition to routine investigations, immunohistochemical examination of the formalin‐fixed specimen by the immunoperoxidase technique was also carried out. Serum a

feto‐protein levels of all eight patients remained normal. There was no correlation between serum P‐HCG level and tumour stage. The longest period of observation was 48 months, the shortest 11 months. All patients were treated primarily by radiotherapy. One patient also received chemotherapy and one patient underwent bilateral lymphadenectomy 13 months after radiotherapy.
Wound Infection Following Vasectomy
Authors: RANDALL P. E. , GANGULI L. , MARCUSON R. W.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Ninety‐four patients undergoing vasectomy as day cases were studied prospectively. An overall infection rate of 32.9% was recorded and, apart from haematoma formation and the nasal carriage of organisms, no factors were found that increased the risk of infection. A pre‐operative hibiscrub shower did not affect the infection rate, even though it was responsible for a significant reduction in skin flora. This raises the possibility of infection following vasectomy being secondary, not occurring at the time of surgery.
The Patient with Exstrophy in Adult Life
Authors: WOODHOUSE C. R. J. , RANSLEY P. G. , WILLIAMS D. I.
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred and one cases of classical exstrophy with at least 18 years of follow‐up are reported. There were 29 girls and 72 boys. Nine have died but only 3 of urological causes; 19 have been lost to follow‐up at various times. In patients born before 1953 and in later patients with small bladders, primary diversion was done. In other patients primary closure was attempted with an 18% continence rate.

Successful bladder closure produced a 25% incidence of any kind of renal damage. With diversion the incidence was 30% (colonic loop) and 75% (ileal loop).

Sexual function is good. Six men have initiated pregnancies; 8 girls had 11 pregnancies, producing 9 normal children.

Education, employment and family life have not been substantially affected.
Mazindol in the Control of Micturition
Authors: WOODHOUSE C. R. J. , TIPTAFT R. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary—The appetite suppressant mazindol has been compared with a placebo in the control of incontinence in a double‐blind cross‐over trial. Twenty‐five patients were entered; 4 were withdrawn for protocol violations. The underlying diagnoses were determined; 19 had stable detrusors and 6 unstable, Seventeen patients made a complete response to mazindol for a 68% overall response rate.
Potential Value of Antisera to Epithelial Membrane Antigen in Detecting Early Invasion in Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Authors: POCOCK R. D. , IBRAHIM S. K. , SLOANE J. P. , PONDER B. A. J. , SHEARER R. J.
Published: November 2008

Summary— The distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in human transitional epithelium using immunocytochemical techniques was investigated. In inormal urothelium the antigen is restricted to the luminal surface and superficial cell cytoplasm. During neoplastic progression cytoplasmic staining of intermediate and basal cells is seen. In certain circumstances staining is seen at the interface between the stroma and tumour. The latter appearance correlates with the presence of invasion as assessed by conventional histology and may help to identify early invasion in difficult cases.
Long‐term Results of Optical Wrethrotomy
Authors: SMITH P. J. B. , ROBERTS J. B. M. , BALL A. J. , KAISARY PI. V.
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a 7–year period 137 men with urethral stricture underwent optical urethrotomy. Over 91% were relieved of their stricture symptoms and required no further treatment, including 41 patients in whom the follow‐up period exceeded 4 years. The surgical technique is outlined. Strictures with the best prospect of cure were short and single. Optical urethrotomy is confirmed as the treatment of choice in strictures of the male urethra.
Optical Urethrotomy—a 3–Year Experience
Authors: STONE A. R. , RANDALL J. R. , SHORROCK K. , PEELING W. B. , ROSE M. B. , STEPHENSON T. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— One hundred and thirty‐seven patients underwent optical urethrotomy and have been followed up over a period of 3 years. The overall improvement rate was 66%. The results were unrelated to the length of history, the number of previous dilatations or the site of the lesion. However, traumatic strictures did significantly less well than the others. Although the procedure can be repeated, the chance of failure following the third or subsequent urethrotomy was much greater than after the first or second procedure.

Urethrotomy for post‐prostatectomy membranous strictures was followed by incontinence in 31% of patients. Otherwise the procedure was safe and should be the first choice of treatment for most patients with urethral strictures.
Disrupting Injuries of the Membranous Urethra—the Case for Early Surgery and Catheter Splinting
Authors: AL‐ALI I. H. , HUSAIN I.
Published: November 2008

Summary— We reviewed the outcome following primary definitive repair by catheter splinting in 16 patients presenting with total posterior urethral disruption following pelvic injury. There were two deaths in the early post‐operative period due to pulmonary embolism associated with other serious injuries. Five patients were judged to have a siginificant stricture at the site of injury, but all proved amenable to management with endoscopic treatment or periodic dilatation. None required a urethroplasty.

The two cases with stress incontinence were related to concomitant injury of the bladder neck. Impotence persisted in 2 of 5 patients followed for longer than 12 months. Complications from catheter traction were not seen using the system of light interrupted traction described. A case is made for primary management by catheter splinting of such urethral injuries.
Justification of the Use of Surveillance in the Management of Stage I Germ Cell Tumours of the Testis
Authors: OLIVER R. T. D. , HOPE‐STONE H. F. , BLANDY J. P.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Analysis of patients with germ cell tumours of the testis treated at the London Hospital during the last 30 years has shown that the incidence of pure seminoma has fallen from 69 to 39%. Coincident with this, the incidence of patients with metastases detectable at presentation in all other types of germ cell tumour has increased from 19 to 62%.

These observations may explain why the relapse rate of the most recently treated patients with Stage 1 malignant teratoma was the same whether or not they received prophylactic radiotherapy and substantially less than that reported in the literature 30 years ago for orchiectomy alone.

These changes justify the use of a surveillance policy for Stage 1 tumour in studies by specialist centres.
The Spectrum of Peripelvic Cysts
Authors: AMIS E. S. , CRONAN J. J. , PFISTER R. C.
Published: November 2008

Summary— Nineteen peripelvic cysts with unusual findings are discussed. While usually an incidental radiographic finding, these cysts may obstruct the collecting system and yet not be apparent on nephrotomography. They may also be confused with renal sinus lipomatosis and, ultrasonographically, they may mimic hydronephrosis.