bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxoplasma-SPECIFIC IgG SUBCLASS ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH CEREBRAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
Authors: NASCIMENTO Fernanda S. , SUZUKI Lisandra A. , BRANCO Nilson , FRANCO Regina M.B. , ANDRADE Paula D. , COSTA Sandra C.B. , PEDRO Marcelo N. , ROSSI Cláudio L.
Published: November 2015

SUMMARY Cerebral toxoplasmosis can be highly debilitating and occasionally fatal in persons with immune system deficiencies. In this study, we evaluated the Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG subclass antibody response in 19 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis who had a positive IgG anti-T. gondii ELISA standardized with a cyst antigen preparation. There were no significant differences between the rates of positivity and the antibody concentrations (arithmetic means of the ELISA absorbances, MEA) for IgG1 and IgG2, but the rates of positivity and MEA values for these two IgG subclasses were significantly higher than those for IgG3 and IgG4. The marked IgG2 response in CSF from patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis merits further investigation.
A NEW POSSIBILITY FOR SURVEILLANCE: DO WE IDENTIFY ALL CASES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS?
Authors: FONTES Raissa Matos , CAVALCANTI Luciano Pamplona de Góes , OLIVEIRA Augusto César Aragão , BEZERRA Laiane Fernanda de Melo , GOMES Almira Maria Monteiro , COLARES Jeová Keny Baima , LIMA Danielle Malta
Published: November 2015

SUMMARY Leptospirosis is a febrile disease with a typically underestimated global incidence, especially in regions where dengue is endemic. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately determine the number of leptospirosis cases in these areas, which contributes to significant under-reporting this disease. In this study, we estimated the number of possible leptospirosis cases among dengue-like cases that were reported during 2008, 2010, and 2012 in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. Patients were evaluated for dengue and leptospirosis using immunoenzymatic tests for IgM antibodies that were specific to each pathogen. Among the suspected cases of dengue that resulted as negative in laboratory tests, 10.8% (2008), 19.2% (2010), and 30.8% (2012) were confirmed to be leptospirosis. Considering the cases reported by the surveillance authority as dengue that were subsequently discarded based on the laboratory test results, we estimate that the number of actual leptospirosis cases may be 26 to 49 times higher than those diagnosed and reported by the Health Services. Furthermore, we believe that approximately 20% of dengue-like cases may be leptospirosis cases in areas where the two diseases are endemic.
FIRST CASE OF HUMAN INFECTION BY Bertiella studeri (Blanchard, 1891) Stunkard,1940 (Cestoda; Anoplocephalidae) IN BRAZIL
Authors: LOPES Valeriana Valadares , SANTOS Hudson Andrade dos , SILVA Amália Verônica Mendes da , FONTES Gilberto , VIEIRA Gabriela Lisboa , FERREIRA Arilton Carlos , SILVA Eduardo Sergio da
Published: November 2015

SUMMARY Cestodes of the Bertiella genus are parasites of non-human primates found in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas. Species Bertiella studeri and Bertiella mucronatacould, accidentally, infect human beings. The infection occurs from ingestion of mites from the Oribatida order containing cysticercoid larvae of the parasite. The objective of this report is to register the first case of human infection by Bertiella studeri in Brazil. Proglottids of the parasite, found in the stool sample of a two-and-a-half-year-old child, were fixed, stained and microscopically observed to evaluate its morphological characteristics. Eggs obtained from the proglottids were also studied. The gravid proglottids examined matched the description of the genus Bertiella. The eggs presented a round shape, with the average diameter of 43.7 µm, clearly showing the typical pyriform apparatus of B. studeri. The authors concluded that the child was infected with Bertiella studeri,based on Stunkard's (1940) description of the species. This is the fifth case of human Bertiellosis described in Brazil through morphometric analysis of the parasite, the third in Minas Gerais State and the first diagnosed case of Bertiella studeriin Brazil.
FIRST REPORT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS CAUSED BY Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi IN AN URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
Authors: LYRA Marcelo Rosandiski , PIMENTEL Maria Inês Fernandes , MADEIRA Maria de Fátima , ANTONIO Liliane de Fátima , LYRA Janine Pontes de Miranda , FAGUNDES Aline , SCHUBACH Armando de Oliveira
Published: November 2015

SUMMARY American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, and transmitted by sandflies. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, almost all of the cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) are caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, while cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. The resurgence of autochthonous VL cases in Rio de Janeiro is related to the geographic expansion of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis and its ability to adapt to urban areas. We report the first case of leishmaniasis with exclusively cutaneous manifestations caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro. An eighty-one-year-old woman presented three pleomorphic skin lesions that were not associated with systemic symptoms or visceromegalies. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis identified L. (L.) infantum chagasi, but direct smear and PCR of bone narrow were negative for Leishmania sp. (suggesting exclusively cutaneous involvement). We discuss the different dermatological presentations of viscerotropic leishmaniasis of the New and Old World, and the clinical and epidemiological importance of the case. Etiologic diagnosis of ATL based upon exclusive clinical criteria may lead to incorrect conclusions. We should be aware of the constant changes in epidemiological patterns related to leishmaniases.
PROTECTIVE LEVELS OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER ANTIBODY DID NOT EFFECTIVELY PREVENT CHICKENPOX IN AN X-LINKED AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA PATIENT
Authors: NOBRE Fernanda Aimée , GONZALEZ Isabela Garrido da Silva , MORAES-PINTO Maria Isabel de , COSTA-CARVALHO Beatriz Tavares
Published: November 2015

SUMMARY We describe the case of an eight-year-old boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia who developed mild varicella despite regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. He maintained protective antibody levels against varicella and the previous batches of IVIG that he received had adequate varicella-specific IgG levels. The case illustrates that IVIG may not prevent VZV infection.
Perdas econômicas pela condenação em matadouro frigorífico de fígados de bovino por fibrose causada por ingestão de Braquiaria spp
Authors: Faccin Tatiane C. , Brumatti Ricardo C. , Lima Stephanie C. , Madureira Renata C. , Fernandes Carlos E.S. , Kommers Glaucia D. , Lemos Ricardo A.A.
Published: November 2015

Resumo: A ingestão crônica de braquiária induz lesões hepáticas em bovinos caracterizadas por fibrose, atrofia do lobo esquerdo, hipertrofia compensatória do lobo direito e proliferação de ductos biliares. Tipicamente, essas lesões são associadas com agregados de macrófagos espumosos no parênquima hepático. Nesse trabalho foram estudados fígados com essas lesões num abatedouro frigorífico do Brasil Central e as perdas econômicas causadas pela condenação de tais fígados afetados foram estimadas. Durante o período estudado, 488.476 bovinos foram abatidos nesse matadouro frigorífico, dos quais 5.295 fígados foram condenados devido à fibrose, e 192 com lesão hepática foram estudados. Cálculos econômicos permitiram inferir que essas condenações representaram uma perda de R$ 108.817,60. Conclui-se que a condenação de fígados em razão de fibrose induzida pela ingestão de braquiária causa uma perda significativa para a indústria de carne e produtos bovinos devido à condenação de 23,6 toneladas de fígado em um ano em apenas um frigorífico, com perdas estimadas acima de R$ 100.000,00.
Macroscopic description of the external and middle ear of paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766)
Authors: Martins Leandro L. , Almeida-Silva Ijanete , Rossato Maria , Murashima Adriana A.B. , Hyppolito Miguel A. , Machado Marcia R.F.
Published: November 2015

Abstract: Paca (Cuniculus paca), one of the largest rodents of the Brazilian fauna, has inherent characteristics of its species which can conribute as a new option for animal experimantation. As there is a growing demand for suitable experimental models in audiologic and otologic surgical research, the gross anatomy and ultrastructural ear of this rodent have been analyzed and described in detail. Fifteen adult pacas from the Wild Animals Sector herd of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp-Jaboticabal, were used in this study. After anesthesia and euthanasia, we evaluated the entire composition of the external ear, registering and ddescribing the details; the temporal region was often dissected for a better view and detailing of the tympanic bulla which was removed and opened to expose the ear structures analyzed mascroscopically and ultrastructurally. The ear pinna has a triangular and concave shape with irregular ridges and sharp apex. The external auditory canal is winding in its path to the tympanic mebrane. The tympanic bulla is is on the back-bottom of the skull. The middle ear is formed by a cavity region filled with bone and membranous structures bounded by the tympanic membrane and the oval and round windows. The tympanic membrane is flat and seals the ear canal. The anatomy of the paca ear is similar to the guinea pig and from the viewpoint of experimental model has major advantages compared with the mouse ear.
Detecção de resistência às fluoroquinolonas em Campylobacter isolados de frangos de criação orgânica
Authors: Frasão Beatriz S. , Côrtes Luana R. , Nascimento Elmiro R. , Cunha Nathalie C. , Almeida Virginia L. , Aquino Maria Helena C.
Published: November 2015

Resumo Estudos têm revelado que a resistência às quinolonas em cepas de Campylobacter está relacionada à presença da mutação Treonina-86 para Isoleucina. Com o objetivo de investigar a presença dessa mutação em cepas de Campylobacter sensíveis e resistentes à ciprofloxacina e enrofloxacina, o conteúdo cecal de 80 frangos de corte de criação orgânica, abatidos sob Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (S.I.E.) do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram coletados e investigados para a presença de Campylobacter. A determinação da resistência à ciprofloxacina e enrofloxacina foi feita pela técnica de difusão em disco e de diluição em ágar para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM). A detecção da mutação na Região Determinante de Resistencia às Quinolonas (RDRQ) no gene gyrA foi realizada através de sequenciamento. Campylobacter foi isolado a partir de 100% das amostras avaliadas, sendo 68,75% correspondente à C. jejuni e 31,25% à C. coli. No teste de difusão em disco, 100% das cepas foram resistentes à ciprofloxacina e 56,25% das cepas foram resistentes à enrofloxacina. No teste de diluição em ágar, todas as cepas foram resistentes à ciprofloxacina apresentando CIM variando de ≥ 16-64μg/mL, e resistência ou resistência intermediaria à enrofloxacina foi detectada em 42,50% (CIM ≥ 4-32μg/mL) e 38,75% (CIM = 2μg/mL) das cepas, respectivamente. A mutação Tre-86-Ile, foi observada em 100% das cepas analisadas. Além dessa mutação, foram observadas outras mutações não silenciosas (Val-73-Glu, Ser-114-Leu, Val-88-Asp, Ala-75-Asp, Ser-119-Gli, Arg-79-Lis) e mutações silenciosas (His-81-His, Ser-119-Ser, Ala-120-Ala, Fen-99-Fen, Ala-122-Ala, Gli-74-Gli, Ile-77-Ile, Ala-91-Ala, Leu-92-Leu, Val-93-Val, Ile-106-Ile, Tre-107-Tre, Gli-113-Gli, Ile-115-Ile, Gli-110-Gli). A observação de que cepas sensíveis à enrofloxacina pelos testes fenotípicos apresentavam a substituição Tre-86 para Ile sugere que outros mecanismos podem contribuir para a resistência à enrofloxacina em Campylobacter.
Doenças da cavidade nasal em pequenos ruminantes no Distrito Federal e no Estado de Goiás
Authors: Mustafa Vanessa S. , Guedes Karla M.R. , Lima Eduardo M.M. , Borges José R.J. , Castro Márcio B.
Published: November 2015

Resumo As enfermidades que acometem a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes podem causar prejuízos aos rebanhos de ovinos e caprinos na região central do Brasil. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos laudos de necropsia do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade de Brasília (LPV-UnB) nos anos de 2003 a 2014 para verificar a ocorrência das doenças que acometeram a cavidade nasal de pequenos ruminantes. Foram analisados 463 protocolos de ovinos e 75 de caprinos totalizando 538 casos. Seis ovinos (6/463 1,29%) foram necropsiados com rinite granulomatosa micótica ou oomicótica e 22 animais do estudo (22/538; 4,08%) tiveram o diagnóstico de oestrose, sendo 86,36% ovinos e 13,64% caprinos. As rinites piogranulomatosas em ovinos ocorreram em áreas alagadas, com abundante material vegetal em decomposição. Os ovinos com pitiose rinofacial apresentaram como principais alterações aumento de volume na região nasal devido a extensas lesões granulomatosas associadas a necrose tecidual, caracterizadas por inúmeros macrófagos e polimorfonucleares circundando centros necróticos contendo o agente envolto por reação de Splendore-Hoeppli. Os ovinos com conidiobolomicose exibiram extensas áreas de necrose e inflamação piogranulomatosa, associadas à presença de hifas fúngicas na nasofaringe e também na região peribulbar e exoftalmia. A maioria dos animais com oestrose não apresentou alterações clínico-patológicas significativas, apesar de serem encontradas larvas principalmente nos seios e conchas nasais, traqueia e seio paranasal. A importância dessas enfermidades ainda é pouco conhecida na região, sendo de grande relevância que as condições clínico-patológicas e epidemiológicas sejam elucidadas para o diagnóstico, o controle e a prevenção, para evitar a expansão e prejuízos para os rebanhos.
Efeito anticoccidiano de extrato hidroalcoólico de Artemisia annua em camas de aves contaminadas com Eimeria sp
Authors: Sprenger Lew Kan , Campestrini Luciano Henrique , Yamassaki Fábio Tomio , Buzatti Andréia , Maurer Juliana Bello Baron , Baggio Selma Faria Zawadzki , Magalhães Pedro Melillo de , Molento Marcelo Beltrão
Published: November 2015

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do extrato hidroalcoólico de Artemisia annua frente a oocistos de Eimeria sp. em camas contaminadas. O extrato foi produzido com 7 dias de percolação a 4°C, sendo posteriormente realizada a marcha fitoquímica; dosagem de fenóis totais, quantificação de artemisinina, ensaio antioxidante e teste de toxicidade. Para testar a atividade anticoccidiana, camas de aves compostas de cepilho de árvores foram contaminadas com 5000 oocistos. Foram formados quatro tratamentos, em triplicata, nos quais foram usadas diferentes concentrações, sendo G1: 12mg/mL, G2: 8mg/mL, G3: 4mg/mL e C-: água. Após a contaminação, foram aspergidos, 800 mL dos extratos nas diferentes concentrações sobre as camas e coletadas, em triplicatas, 10 cm2 de cada local, aleatoriamente, nos tempos: 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, e 72 horas após a aplicação. Nas análises fitoquímicas, foram evidenciados diversos compostos com propriedades antiparasitárias, como flavonoides e taninos. O fitoterápico continha 59,409±1,47μg/dL de artemisinina. O produto na concentração de 12mg.mL-1 apresentou eficácia entre 45,5 e 42,1%. Os resultados dos testes bioquímicos, juntamente com os encontrados no teste anticoccidiano, evidenciaram que o extrato produzido possui alto potencial para combater Eimeria sp.
Glial cells of the central nervous system of Bothrops jararaca (Reptilia, Ofidae): an ultrastructural study
Authors: Bondan Eduardo F. , Martins Maria de Fátima M. , Sinigaglia-Coimbra Rita , Rici Rose Eli G. , Miglino Maria Angélica , Graca Dominguita L. , Zacariotti Rogério L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract Although ultrastructural characteristics of mature neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) are very well described in mammals, much less is known in reptiles, especially serpents. In this context, two specimens of Bothrops jararaca were euthanized for morphological analysis of CNS glial cells. Samples from telencephalon, mesencephalon and spinal cord were collected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy investigation. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and ependymal cells, as well as myelin sheaths, presented similar ultrastructural features to those already observed in mammals and tended to maintain their general aspect all over the distinct CNS regions observed. Morphological similarities between reptilian and mammalian glia are probably linked to their evolutionary conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny.
Los emigrantes ecuatorianos como “arquitectos de su propio destino”
Authors: Salazar Estrada Yovany
Published: November 2015

Se propone fundamentar, ejemplificar y analizar cuatro dimensiones positivas, devenidas de la emigración internacional de ecuatorianos en dirección a los Estados nacionales más desarrollados del Hemisferio Boreal, de manera preferente Estados Unidos y España, las mismas que repercuten en beneficio del sujeto protagonista del desplazamiento poblacional y de su entorno familiar más inmediato, en el país de origen y en el de llegada, las mismas que aluden a la memoria, como la principal arma contra el olvido; los ineludibles cambios culturales producto de la interacción en el país de destino; la creación artística de los emigrantes o de alguno de sus familiares; y, los pensamientos y acciones de los emigrantes ecuatorianos como “arquitectos de su propio destino”. 
Pearcey beams carrying orbital angular momentum
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kotlyar V. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Kovalev A. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: November 2015

We have obtained a new solution of the paraxial Helmholtz equation, which describes a two-parameter family of structurally stable three-dimensional vortex circular Pearcey beams with their complex amplitude expressed through a degenerate hypergeometric function. The vortex Pearcey beams have an orbital angular momentum and the auto-focusing property, and propagate along an accelerating trajectory toward their focus, where the intensity ring of the beam is "sharply" reduced in diameter. An explicit expression has been obtained for the complex amplitude of vortex circular Pearcey-Gaussian beams, which also have the auto-focusing property.
Orbital angular momentum of the light field as a superposition of Hermite-Gaussian modes
Authors:   Lebedev Physical Institute, Volostnikov V. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: November 2015

The orbital angular momentum (OAM) for an arbitrary light field as superposition of Hermite-Gaussian modes is considered. An analytical formula for the OAM of such fields is obtained. It is shown that under equal initial conditions, OAM of a linear combination of two Hermite-Gaussian beams derived in this work is equal to that obtained earlier [JOSA A, 31, 274 (2014)]. Relations for more complex combinations of Hermite-Gaussian modes are also derived. It is found that unlike two-mode superposition, in three-mode superposition the OAM can be larger than the maximum index of the superposition for structurally stable light fields.
A differential method for calculating X-ray diffraction on crystals: scalar theory
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kharitonov S. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Volotovskiy S. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khonina S. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Samara State Aerospace University, Kazanskiy N. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: November 2015

In the Introduction section, we offer a historical overview of main experimental and theoretical developments in the field of X-ray crystal analysis. The main part contains a differential approach to solving the problem of diffraction of X-rays by crystals within the scalar theory. Examples of numerical simulation for the basic types of crystal lattices are included.
On the formation of structures in nonequilibrium media in the resonant three-wave interaction
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Zavershinskii I. , Krasnoukhov V. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Molevich N. ,   Samara State Aerospace University,   Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, Sugak S. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: November 2015

A mechanism of formation of flat and spiral solitary structures in nonequilibrium media allowing the resonant three-wave interaction of eigenmodes is proposed. A bifurcations diagram on the 'pump wave amplitude - initial profile width' plane is plotted
Spatial and temporal characteristics of a nondegenerate four-wave radiation converter in a transparent medium based on electrostriction and Dufour effect
Authors:   Samara State Aerospace University, Ivakhnik V. , Savelyev M. ,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: November 2015

The spatial and temporal structure of an object wave has been analyzed for a four-wave radiation converter in a transparent two-component medium with regard for the electrostriction and Dufour effect. The bandwidth of high-efficiency conversion has been shown to increase over time. We have shown that for a steady-state spatial spectrum of object waves, the spectrum maximum shifts toward lower spatial frequencies, whereas the bandwidth of high-efficiency conversion is decreasing as the ratio of wavenumbers of pumping waves gets increasingly deviated from unity.
A coherent measurement method for checking the surface microrelief depth in holographic and diffractive optical elements
Authors:   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Kolyuchkin V. , Zlokazov E. ,   National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Odinokov S. ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Talalaev V. ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Tsyganov I. ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Published: November 2015

Security holograms have been widely used for document and product authenticity protection. The quality of security holograms and master-matrices signi?cantly depends on the perfection of the diffraction grating. The authors introduce a method for checking the security hologram quality based on indirect measurements of diffraction grating parameters. Theoretical results concerned with the use of this method for microrelief quality control are discussed.
Modeling and investigation of color correction in optical systems with constituent elements synthesized by precision molding
Authors:   Penza State University of Architecture and Construction, Greisukh G. , Ezhov E. ,   Penza State University of Architecture and Construction, Kazin S. ,   Penza State University of Architecture and Construction, Stepanov S. ,   Penza State University of Architecture and Construction
Published: November 2015

Color correction in optical systems with constituent elements synthesized by precision molding is investigated. Advantages associated with the use of the technique are demonstrated.
Technology for fast 3D-scene reconstruction from stereo images
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kotov A. ,   Samara State Aerospace University, Fursov V. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Samara State Aerospace University, Goshin Ye. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences,   Samara State Aerospace University
Published: November 2015

We propose a fast algorithm for disparity maps construction from stereo images. It is known that the main problem in 3D-reconstruction is to find the corresponding points on different views of the scene. The search area greatly extends when shifts and scale differences in stereo images are great. To improve the performance we offer to use initial image matching by using an affine transform. The reliability and efficiency of image matching in subsequent steps is achieved by using epipolar constraints and an image pyramid. The developed method was implemented on a parallel computing platform CUDA. The results of experimental studies show high performance of the proposed approach, while maintaining the high-quality reconstruction of 3D-scenes.
Evaluating Earnings Management in Financial Institutions
Authors: Geagon Margot S. , Hayes John V. ,   Quantitative Management & Finance, New Mexico Highlands University, School of Business, Media and Technology, Sininger Hall, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA.,   Quantitative Management & Finance, New Mexico Highlands University, School of Business, Media and Technology, Sininger Hall, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA.
Published: November 2015

Most companies listed on the Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) index have smoothed reported earnings since the 1990s inspiring questions from regulators about the accuracy of financial statements. In 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was issued to eradicate earnings management activities and improve transparency in financial reporting. Although many studies have been conducted to evaluate changes in reporting requirements, much less is known about the effectiveness of these regulations on earning smoothing with discretionary accruals (DA). Accordingly, this study was an investigation of DA from 2002 to 2011. In addition, this study included an evaluation of DA before and after the financial crisis of 2008. This study is a quasi-experimental research design where 330 observations from the U.S. financial industry segment were used for the analysis. The Modified Jones model was used to separate DA and repeated measures analyses of variance were used to assess differences in levels before and after the financial crisis of 2008. The findings suggest DA activities are decreasing but represent over 50% of total net accruals (TNA) for all years. Improved financial regulation is needed. The study contributes to positive social change by providing regulators and investors with new information about accruals for income conservative firms by segmenting DA within the financial industry segment.
An Analysis of Lost Sales
Authors: Jarrett Jeffrey E. ,   Management Science and Finance, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this manuscript is to shed light on problems associated with lost sales and the incurring of cost associated with lost sales. An investigation is made to determine if seasonality in sales and lost sales have effects on the efficient operations of supply chains. Optimization is always a goal of management supply chains, but cost increases due to insufficient inventory, low-quality product and the like lead to customers not returning. These are lost sales that occur for many reasons. We study a data set to determine if the ignoring of time series component also has an effect on the variation in lost sales. If so, can we measure the magnitude of the effects of seasonal variation in lost sales, and what are their consequences?
It is time to change land use and landscape management in the czech republic
Authors: Petřík Petr , Fanta Josef , Petrtýl Martin
Published: November 2015

abstract

The identity of man‐made landscapes is based on the balance among their ecological, cultural, and economic dimensions. Since the 1950s, short‐term economic benefits have globally often outweighed long‐term interests. This results in decreased landscape quality manifested as increased erosion of agricultural land, decreased water retention capacity, increased landscape uniformity, and loss of biodiversity. A new phenomenon influencing the condition of man‐made landscapes is climate change. Extreme fluctuations of temperature and precipitation have been causing repeated floods and also periods of drought in Europe. Landscapes damaged by inappropriate management are unable to offset these impacts. It is necessary to stop this development by changing land use and management methods to restore the balance among landscape functions.

For the Czech Republic, we propose to develop a long‐term landscape vision and to formulate a responsible landscape policy with regional strategic goals, including subsidies and penalties (carrots and sticks), based on the principles of the European Landscape Convention. To promote ecological stability, we recommend allocating funds from the Common Agricultural Policy to both the restoration and maintenance of valuable habitats. Landscape research and management (based on habitat/species monitoring in cooperation with stakeholders) must be strengthened in order to play a proper role in the transformation.

It is time for clear communication with the public and the training of state officials and land users in spatial and landscape planning. To fill this gap in interdisciplinary cooperation, we call for the establishment of a platform on sustainable landscape management in the Czech Republic.
The importance of species phylogenetic relationships and species traits for the intensity of plant‐soil feedback
Authors: Münzbergová Z. , Šurinová M.
Published: November 2015

Plant‐soil feedback (PSF) represents an important process affecting natural plant communities. While many previous studies demonstrated the variation in the intensity of PSF between species, the mechanisms driving these differences are still largely unexplored.

The aim of the study was to explore the importance of species traits and species phylogenetic relationships on the intensity of plant‐soil feedback. To do this we used a classical design to test plant soil feedback, i.e., a two‐phase experiment consisting of conditioning and cultivation phase. In the conditioning phase, we used 30 different species from the Carduoidea subfamily of Asteraceae and conditioned soil by each of these species separately. In the cultivation phase, we observed growth of four of these species in all the soils. We predict that the intensity of PSF will be more intense between plants which are more closely related than between unrelated species. As an alternative, we explore the possibility that the intensity of PFS will be a function of plant traits related to nutrient acquisition by the plant. The intensity of feedback was significantly dependent on phylogeny in several cases indicating that more closely related species show more similar feedback effects. The feedback response was also affected by the chemical composition of the cultivated soil. In addition, the intensity of feedback was affected by height of the cultivating species and its ability to accumulate nitrogen and phosphorus in their leaves. While in most of these cases there is an indication that plants grow better in soils cultivated by smaller species accumulating less nutrients, in some cases the pattern in opposite. The direction and intensity of plant‐soil feedback also strongly differed between life stages with seedling number commonly showing a response which was opposite to the response of the adults. Synthesis: The results supported our expectation that plant‐soil feedback may be affected by species phylogenetic relationships. In addition, we have shown that also plant traits and the effect of the conditioning plant on soil chemistry may be useful factors allowing us to predict the intensity of plant‐soil feedback in the system.
Prevalencia de alteraciones de la visión al color y de alteraciones visomotoras en tres localidades de Bogotá
Authors: Neuta García Kevin Alexis , Camacho Montoya Marcela
Published: November 2015

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de las alteraciones de la visión al color y visomotoras en un grupo de niños en edades entre cinco y quince años, en las localidades de Fontibón, Puente Aranda y Usaquén en Bogotá. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 243 pacientes que estudiaban en colegios representativos de cada localidad. A cada niño se le aplicaron los test de integración visomotora (vmi), Ishihara y Farnsworth. El análisis estadístico se realizó por medio de tablas de contingencia y ji2 (c2). Resultados: la prevalencia de las alteraciones en la visión al color fue de 6,7 % (6/89 test de Ishihara) y 14,6 % (13/89 test de Farnsworth) para el colegio España de Puente Aranda; 2,4 % (2/84 test de Ishihara), y 4,8 % (4/84 test de Farnsworth) para el colegio Pablo Neruda de Fontibón, y 2,9 % (2/70 test de Ishihara) y 10 % (7/70 test de Farnsworth) para el colegio de La Salle de Usaquén. La prevalencia de disfunciones visomotoras fue de 55,1 % (49/89) para el colegio España de Puente Aranda, 28,6 % (24/84) para el colegio Pablo Neruda de Fontibón y 18,6 % (13/70) para el colegio de La Salle de Usaquén. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de alteraciones en la visión al color y las disfunciones visomotoras fue mayor en las localidades de Fontibón y Puente Aranda que en la localidad de Usaquén.
Determinación de una línea de base epidemiológica en los escenarios de práctica del programa de Optometría de la Universidad de La Salle, 2010
Authors: Amaya Perozzo Claudia Xiomara , Vega Ramírez María Carolina
Published: November 2015

Objetivo: elaborar una línea de base epidemiológica y conocer las condiciones socioeconómicas y de morbilidad de los pacientes atendidos en la consulta de optometría en las zonas del Tolima donde se realiza la práctica de último semestre de los estudiantes del programa de Optometría de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Salle durante el año 2010. El estudio es observacional descriptivo. Se tomó como población objeto la reportada en los rips de cadainstitución en 2010 que asistió a la consulta de optometría dentro del convenio docencia-servicio en el programa de extensión de la Universidad de La Salle en su programa de Optometría. Materiales y métodos: la técnica de recolección de datos utilizada fue la observación y el instrumento de recolección fue el formato de los rips, además de una encuesta realizada a los usuarios y a la comunidad para determinar las condiciones socioeconómicas dentro de la población. Para ladeterminación de la morbilidad visual se tomó como muestra la información reportada por cada institución en los rips de 2010. Resultados: se encontró que los defectos visuales afectan más que los problemas oculares; el astigmatismo y la hipermetropía son los defectos de mayor incidencia en la población estudiada; y la población no tiene hábitos de vida saludables, de hecho, enfrenta factores de riesgo que aumentan la probabilidad de contraer enfermedades que no solo afectanla salud visual, sino también la salud sistémica.
Estudio retrospectivo del estado refractivo en niños prematuros de tres a cuatro meses de edad corregida, realizado en el programa Madre Canguro Integral, Hospital San Ignacio, Bogotá
Authors: Sánchez Espinosa Jenny Maritza , Merchán Price María Susana
Published: November 2015

El estado refractivo en los niños al nacer está dado por la asociación entre los parámetros ópticos y la longitud axial del globo ocular, que van cambiando con el desarrollo del niño hasta conseguir la emetropización. Objetivo: determinar el estado refractivo de niños prematuros de tres a cuatro meses de edad, corregido en el Programa Madre Canguro del Hospital San Ignacio. Materiales y métodos: se revisaron 4908 historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos entre el 1º de julio del 2004 y el 31 de junio del 2009. Resultados: 1731 historias clínicas cumplieron los criterios de inclusión (52,3 % hombres y 47,7 % mujeres). La mediana de la edad gestacional fue de 34 semanas (Q 4); la mediana del peso al nacer, 1880 gramos con (Q 570). El estado refractivo fue del 67,26 % para astigmatismo hipermetrópico, y cuando se clasificó en 64 categorías, este defecto representó el 8,55 % (categoría 14 con esferas de +3,00 a +3,75, con cilindros de -1,00 a -1.75). No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el defecto refractivo y el peso al nacer (p = 0,08), la edad gestacional (p = 0,582), la clasificación de Luchenco (p = 0,968) y el suministro de oxígeno (p = 0,568). Conclusiones: el defecto refractivo más frecuente en los prematuros es el astigmatismo hipermetrópico, que coincide con el proceso de emetropización; no hay correlación entre la maduración del niño al nacer y el grado de hipermetropía y no se encontró correlación entre el nivel de oxígeno y el grado de ametropía.
Alteraciones en la superficie ocular y en la película lagrimal en fumadores activos
Authors: Ramírez Paola , Rodríguez Martha Fabiola
Published: November 2015

El consumo de cigarrillo es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares, pulmonares, de piel y mucosas. Objetivo: evaluar las alteraciones en la calidad y en la cantidad de la película lagrimal, así como en la superficie ocular, en sujetos fumadores activos y en no fumadores. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional-transversal. Se incluyeron 30 sujetos fumadores y 30 no fumadores, con edades entre los 18 y los 40 años. Se aplicó una encuesta de antecedentes. Quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión firmaron el consentimiento informado y se les realizó BUT, Schirmer con anestesia, tinción con fluoresceína y citología de impresión. Se usaron la prueba de Mann-Whitney, chi cuadrado y la razón de prevalencia (RP). Resultados: en el grupo de fumadores se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la calidad de la película lagrimal (p = 0,000) y aumento significativo en el grado de metaplasia escamosa (p = 0,001), con respecto al grupo de no fumadores. La prevalencia de alteraciones en la película lagrimal fue del 76,7 % en los fumadores (cantidad: 20 % y calidad: 76,7 %). El 60 % presentó algún cambio en la superficie ocular (córnea: 10 % y metaplasia escamosa: 56,7 %). Se estableció una RP de 1,5 (IC 95 %: 0,94-2,0) entre el hábito de fumar y el BUT, y una RP = 2,3 (IC 95 %: 1,8-2,9) entre el hábito de fumar y el grado de metaplasia escamosa conjuntival. Conclusiones: el consumo de cigarrillo mostró una asociación con la disminución en la calidad de la película lagrimal y el aumento en el grado de metaplasia escamosa conjuntival.
Mercado de medicamentos biotecnológicos en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud
Authors: Manrique López Sandra Milena , Jiménez Barbosa Wilson Giovanni
Published: November 2015

En este artículo se revisa cómo es el mercado de los medicamentos biotecnológicos que presentan mayor recobro al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud, según el perfil epidemiológico y demográfico de la población colombiana. De igual manera, se resalta la importancia de la competencia en la industria farmacéutica biotecnológica, al permitir mayor acceso a la población, al reducir los precios de estos productos y, consecuentemente, al favorecer las finanzas del sector salud.
Revisión de los conceptos de territorio, población y salud en el contexto colombiano
Authors: Rodríguez-Páez Fredy G. , Vaca Hortúa Deisy Andrea , Manrique Méndez Lida Viviana
Published: November 2015

Como parte del proyecto de investigación Aplicabilidad de las redes integradas de servicios de salud se revisan los conceptos de territorio, población y salud, como asectos para tener en cuenta en la planeación de los servicios de salud. El territorio se constituye en una unidad dinámica y homogénea en relación con la población que lo habita, y como fruto de las interacciones entre los habitantes y su entorno físico, económico y social se desarrolla una cultura y se logran diversos grados de bienestar. La población, entendida como un conglomerado organizado de seres humanos, conceptualiza la salud y manifiesta sus necesidades y expectativas relacionadas según la cultura imperante en un territorio. Esta puede expresarse desde no estar enfermo hasta considerar a la salud exigible, como un derecho relacionado con las condiciones de vida digna. Las instituciones formales o informales en cada territorio también son expresión de la cultura de dicha población y de la capacidad del Estado para organizarlas en busca del logro de las mejores condiciones de bienestar de sus habitantes. En Colombia se reconocen las diferencias regionales como elementos para considerar en los planes de desarrollo y se pueden conformar unidades territoriales diferentes a las divisiones político-administrativas tradicionales. En el caso del sector salud en el país, la organización del sistema de manera independiente de los territorios logra una mejoría en el aseguramiento de salud; pero, a su vez, origina dificultades en materia de salud pública y de acceso en algunos servicios críticos como la salud perinatal.
Manejo optométrico de baja visión asociada a macroadenoma hipofisiario
Authors: Gutiérrez Melgarejo Diana
Published: November 2015

El macroadenoma hipofisiario es un tumor de diámetro superior a 10 mm ubicado en la hipófisis, con una prevalencia del 0,20 % en población viva no seleccionada. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen alteraciones visuales tales como defectos en el campo visual (CV) debidos al desplazamiento del quiasma óptico de su posición inicial. La prevalencia de los defectos del CV varía del 32 % al 96 % y generalmente se encuentra hemianopsia bitemporal. Estos pacientes raramente se manejan de manera itegral y son considerados como pacientes con baja visión según la OMS. De aquí la importancia del conocimiento del manejo optpmétrico integral en estos casos
Lente escleral en paciente con quemadura ocular por álcalis
Authors: Alfonso Rojas Carlos Augusto , Pizza Barrios Rosario
Published: November 2015

Se presenta el caso de un paciente que sufrió una quemadura química ocular con álcalis (cal) en el ojo derecho y que fue tratado por el servicio de córnea y enfermedades externas con inyección subconjuntival de bevacizumab y posterior transplante de células limbales de tipo autólogo. En la evaluación por el servicio de contactología, 4 años después, se presentó agudeza visual  isminuida, con astigmatismo irregular alto y aberraciones corneanas de alto orden elevadas que no podían ser corregidas con anteojos; así mismo, en la biomicroscopía se observó conjuntivilización entre las 3 y las 9 en la región superior, con opacidad difusa de la córnea y neovascularización y disfunción severa del sistema lagrimal. Por lo anterior, como tratamiento se realizó una adaptación de lente de soporte escleral en el ojo afectado, que logró recuperación en la agudeza visual, disminución de las aberraciones ópticas corneanas de alto orden y formación de una cámara húmeda por la interfase lente-córnea, que mejoró la regularización óptica de la superficie ocular. El paciente se rehabilitó funcional y terapéuticamente por medio de la adaptación del lente escleral, llamado también queratoprótesis de superficie ocular tipo Boston.
Prevalencia de las disfunciones en los movimientos sacádicos, habilidades perceptuales visuales e integración visomotora en niños emétropes entre seis y siete años de estratos 1 y 2 de la ciudad de Bogotá
Authors: Durán Sandra , Martínez Garay Catalina , Camacho Montoya Marcela
Published: November 2015

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de disfunciones en los movimientos sacádicos, habilidades perceptuales visuales e integración visomotora en niños emétropes entre seis y siete años de estratos 1 y 2 de la ciudad de Bogotá. Este estudio hace parte del macro proyecto Influencia de las habilidades perceptuales visuales, la integración visomotora y los movimientos sacádicos en el proceso de lectoescritura. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional. Se evaluaron pacientes con edades entre seis y siete años. A los clínicamente emétropes se les aplicaron las pruebas TVPS-3 (habilidades visoperceptuales), Beery VMI (integración visomotora) y DEM (movimientos sacádicos). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó una base de datos en Excel para registrar los resultados de los test, y para el análisis bivariado se utilizaron pruebas de correlación en el programa SPSS. Resultados: en los niños de seis años se encontró prevalencia en disfunción visoperceptual en un 42,89 % (41/91), disfunción visomotora en 97,39 % (89/91) y disfunción en los movimientos sacádicos en 80,14 % (73/91). En los niños de siete años se encontró disfunción visoperceptual en 36,74 % (43/117), disfunción visomotora en un 100 % (117/117) y disfunción en los movimientos sacádicos en 61,19 % (81/117). Conclusiones: los niños de seis y siete años tienen una baja prevalencia de alteraciones de habilidades visoperceptuales, una alta prevalencia de disfunciones en la integración visomotora y una alta prevalencia de disfunciones en los movimientos sacádicos medidos por el DEM, donde predominan los tipos 3 y 4.

 
 
Cambios del estado refractivo en niños prematuros en el primer año de vida en el programa Madre Canguro Integral del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio de Bogotá
Authors: Muñoz Ortiz Darío Andrés , Merchán Price María Susana
Published: November 2015

Objetivo: determinar los cambios del estado refractivo en niños prematuros de tres y cuatro meses de edad, corregida en un intervalo de seis meses, que asistieron al programa de la Fundación Madre Canguro del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se evaluó el cambio en el estado refractivo bajo mydriacyl en 96 pacientes (192 ojos) en un intervalo de seis meses, y su asociación con otras entidades como el peso, la edad y el sexo, analizando variables cuantitativas, describiendo promedio y desviación estándar, mediana con rango intercuartílico y valores máximos y mínimos para cada caso y su correlación, y variables cualitativas con frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: los defectos refractivos más frecuentes están en la categoría de esferas de +3,00 a +3,75 y cilindros de –1,00 a –1,75 a cero grados. No existe relación entre el peso y la edad corregida, al igual que entre el cambio de peso y el cambio refractivo expresado como equivalente esférico. Conclusión: estos resultados evidencian que el cambio en el estado refractivo, especialmente en la esfera, fue de 1,00 Dpt, mientras que el cilindro se mantuvo estable. Por otro lado, el defecto más frecuente fue el astigmatismo hipermetrópico, lo que coincide con el proceso de emetropización.
Relación entre signos y síntomas para valorar la función lagrimal y la superficie ocular en sujetos colombianos y españoles sin patología ocular aparente
Authors: Mora-Valencia Matilde , López-Alemany Antonio , Pertusa Grau Francisco
Published: November 2015

Objective: To find a link between the symptoms and signs found when assessing lacrimal function and ocular surface with dry-eye diagnostic tests in a group of apparently healthy Colombian and Spanish subjects. Method: A total of one hundred healthy subjects (fifty Colombians and fifty Spaniards) without previous history of contact lenses were recruited and evaluated. The subjects answered a McMonnies dry-eye questionnaire and were subjected to the Non-Invasive Break-Up Time (NIBUT), Tear Film Breakup Time (TFBUT), fluorescein staining, lissamine staining and impression cytology (IC) tests. For the statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation and multiple statistical tests were used. Results: The McMonnies questionnaire did not corroborate individual findings, even though the signs and tests determined dry-eye. Significant differences between the two population groups were found (p = 0.016). No correlation was found between McMonnies and the NIBUT, TFBUT, fluorescein and lissamine green staining and IC tests. Conclusion: The McMonnies questionnaire, by itself, is not a useful test in the diagnosis of ocular surface Disease.