bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
8 Gaseous Reagents in Continuous-Flow Synthesis
Authors: O’Brien M. , Polyzos A.
Published: February 2019

Although reactive gases facilitate a wide range of important synthetic transformations, their use is often not straightforward. Significant safety issues arise from the highly mobile nature of gases, both in terms of the rapidity with which they can spread throughout the laboratory and also because of the frequent need to use pressurized containment. Additionally, as surface-area-to-volume ratios tend to decrease as reactor dimensions are increased, gas–liquid transformations carried out in batch mode are often accompanied by scale-dependent performance. This chapter highlights some of the benefits that continuous flow chemistry can bring to gas–liquid synthetic chemistry. A number of flow chemical reactor systems are described, including microfluidic devices which enhance the mechanical mixing of gas and liquid phases, as well as systems based on the use of gas-permeable membrane materials.
15.3 Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Part 3
Authors: Opalka S. M. , Kiesman W. F. , Kwok D.-I. A.
Published: February 2019

When considering whether to develop a flow-chemistry approach to a particular synthetic route, the criteria of safety, quality, cost, sustainability, scalability, and speed are all considered. This chapter presents a case study of a single reaction, the formylation of an aryl bromide, being performed in a batch reactor, a microreactor, a plug-flow reactor, and a spinning-disk reactor. An assessment of the various technologies is made with respect to the abovementioned criteria.
15.2 Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Part 2
Authors: May S. A. , Kerr M. S.
Published: February 2019

The development and application of continuous-flow drug-substance manufacturing at Eli Lilly is described. A series of examples are provided in which a continuous process was developed to solve problems associated with an existing batch process. The three distinct areas of focus are: facilitation of early phase delivery, hybrid batch/flow processes at manufacturing scale, and small-volume continuous manufacturing (linked multiunit operation processes at 10 kg/day throughput). An overview is provided of the types of reactors implemented in our program and the chemistries they enable. The use of online process analytical technology is also described for each of these systems. Special emphasis is placed on the examples pertaining to increased safety and improved product quality gained from flow processing.
Impact of VUV photons on SiO2 and organosilicate low-k dielectrics: General behavior, practical applications, and atomic models
Authors: Baklanov M. R. , Jousseaume V. , Rakhimova T. V. , Lopaev D. V. , Mankelevich Yu. A. , Afanas'ev V. V. , Shohet J. L. , King S. W. , Ryan E. T.
Published: February 2019

This paper presents an in-depth overview of the application and impact of UV/VUV light in advanced interconnect technology. UV light application in BEOL historically was mainly motivated by the need to remove organic porogen and generate porosity in organosilicate (OSG) low-k films. Porosity lowered the film's dielectric constant, k, which enables one to reduce the interconnect wiring capacitance contribution to the RC signal delay in integrated circuits. The UV-based low-k film curing (λ > 200 nm) proved superior to thermal annealing and electron beam curing. UV and VUV light also play a significant role in plasma-induced damage to pSiCOH. VUV light with λ < 190–200 nm is able to break Si-CH3 bonds and to make low-k materials hydrophilic. The following moisture adsorption degrades the low-k properties and reliability. This fact motivated research into the mechanisms of UV/VUV photon interactions in pSiCOH films and in other materials used in BEOL nanofabrication. Today, the mechanisms of UV/VUV photon interactions with pSiCOH and other films used in interconnect fabrication are fairly well understood after nearly two decades of research. This understanding has allowed engineers to both control the damaging effects of photons and utilize the UV light for material engineering and nanofabrication processes. Some UV-based technological solutions, such as low-k curing and UV-induced stress engineering, have already been widely adopted for high volume manufacturing. Nevertheless, the challenges in nanoscaling technology may promote more widespread adoption of photon-assisted processing. We hope that fundamental insights and prospected applications described in this article will help the reader to find the optimal way in this wide and rapidly developing technology area.
Interfacial reactions of titanium/gold ohmic contacts with Sn-doped β-Ga2O3
Authors: Lee Ming-Hsun , Peterson Rebecca L.
Published: February 2019

Here we investigated interfacial reactions and interdiffusion of titanium/gold ohmic contacts with a tin-doped single-crystal β-Ga2O3 (010) substrate. After annealing at 470 °C for 1 min in N2 to form an ohmic contact, we studied the interface via scanning transmission electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy. At the interface, annealing causes Ti to diffuse and oxidize, reducing Ga2O3 at the interface. This forms a defective β-Ga2O3 layer of 3-5 nm that has a relatively high Ti concentration. Above this is a 3-5 nm layer of Ti-TiOx that is partially lattice matched to the β-Ga2O3 substrate. The thermodynamic favorability of these redox reactions was explained by calculating Gibbs free energies of the reactions. In addition, the anneal causes interdiffusion of Ti and Au, until Au is in contact with the thin Ti-TiOx layer. A layer of Ti-rich nanocrystals, around 5 nm in diameter, is formed within the Au-Ti intermixed matrix, about 3 nm above the Ti-TiOx layer. Based on these observations, the ohmic properties are tentatively attributed to the interdiffusion of Ti and Au and the resulting thin Ti-TiOx layer, which helps band alignment. In addition, lattice matching of the defective Ga2O3 and Ti-TiOx layers to β-Ga2O3 facilitates the transport of carriers. A physical understanding of Ti/Au metallization can provide insights into future materials selection for thermally stable contacts in β-Ga2O3 power devices.
A discontinuous basis enables numerically exact solution of the Schrödinger equation around conical intersections in the adiabatic representation
Authors: Fedorov Dmitry A. , Levine Benjamin G.
Published: February 2019

Solving the vibrational Schrödinger equation in the neighborhood of conical intersections in the adiabatic representation is a challenge. At the intersection point, first- and second-derivative nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements become singular, with the singularity in the second-derivative coupling (diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction) being non-integrable. These singularities result from discontinuities in the vibronic functions associated with the individual adiabatic states, and our group has recently argued that these divergent matrix elements cancel when discontinuous adiabatic vibronic functions sum to a continuous total nonadiabatic wave function. Here we describe the realization of this concept: a novel scheme for the numerically exact solution of the Schrödinger equation in the adiabatic representation. Our approach is based on a basis containing functions that are discontinuous at the intersection point. We demonstrate that the individual adiabatic nuclear wave functions are themselves discontinuous at the intersection point. This proves that discontinuous basis functions are essential to any tractable method that solves the Schrödinger equation around conical intersections in the adiabatic representation with high numerical precision. We establish that our method provides numerically exact results by comparison to reference calculations performed in the diabatic representation. In addition, we quantify the energetic error associated with constraining the density to be zero at the intersection point, a natural approximation. Prospects for extending the present treatment of a two-dimensional model to systems of higher dimensionality are discussed.
Hydrodynamics of a three-dimensional self-propelled flexible plate
Authors: Ryu Jaeha , Park Sung Goon , Huang Wei-Xi , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: February 2019

The hydrodynamics of a three-dimensional self-propelled flexible plate in a quiescent flow were simulated using the immersed boundary method. The clamped leading edge of the flexible plate was forced into a prescribed harmonic oscillation in the vertical direction but was free to move in the horizontal direction. Several types of trapezoidal plates were simulated by changing the shape ratio (S = Wt/Wl), where Wt is the trailing edge width and Wl is the leading edge width. The aspect ratio was fixed at AS = (Wl + Wt)/2L = 0.4, where L is the length of the plate. To explore the hydrodynamics of a rectangular plate (S = 1.0), the average cruising speed (ŪC), the input power (P¯), and the swimming efficiency (η) were determined as a function of the flapping frequency (f). The kinematics of the plate, the maximum angle of attack (ϕmax), and the mean effective length (L¯eff) were examined to characterize the hydrodynamics, including the peak-to-peak amplitude (At/A) and the Strouhal number (St=fAt/Ūc). Next, the effect of S on the hydrodynamics was explored for 0.1 ≤ S ≤ 3.0. The swimming efficiency was found to be the highest at S = 0.5. The maximum thrust (Ft,max) of S = 0.5 decreased by 15% compared to that of S = 1.0, and the maximum lateral force (Fl,max) decreased by more than 50%. The velocity field behind the plate and the vortical structures around the plate were visualized. The influence of the tip vortex on the swimming efficiency was examined.
Mirrored enhanced Howland current source with feedback control
Authors: Grando Sirtoli Vinicius , Coelho Vincence Volney , Bertemes-Filho Pedro
Published: February 2019

An impedance spectrum is calculated by the ratio between an injecting current and a resulting measured voltage, which allows the extraction of electrical properties from the material under study. The current source is considered an essential block to deliver a controlled current to a wide range of working loads and large bandwidth. To comply with such requirements, the current source output impedance must be much higher than the load impedance at each discrete frequency within the range. However, stray capacitance from cables and circuitry reduce the output impedance, especially at higher frequencies. We proposed a modified mirrored enhanced Howland current source (MEHCS) by using the feedback technique for a wide frequency range applications on electrical bioimpedance. We implemented four MEHCS circuits [with/without multiplexer (MUX) and with/without feedback], and then the output current and impedance were measured up to 20 MHz. The proposed current source showed an improvement in the frequency response at lower and higher frequencies when compared to the standard circuit. The measured output impedance was 10 times higher in the proposed circuit than in the standard MEHCS. The use of a feedback also increased the bandwidth in almost one decade in low and high frequencies when loaded with a resistor of about 1 kΩ.
Magnetic entropy scaling in two-dimensional intrinsically ferromagnetic semiconductor CrI3
Authors: Fu Y. K. , Sun Y. , Luo X.
Published: February 2019

The magnetic entropy changes of ΔSM(T,H) around the magnetic transition temperature (TC) have been investigated by the scaling method in a two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor (2D FS) CrI3 single crystal. The critical parameters based on ΔSM(T,H) have been obtained. The ΔSM(T,H) under different magnetic fields can be scaled into a single curve independent of external field and temperature. The magnetic entropy is about 3.21 J/kg K at applied magnetic field H = 4.5 T. The critical parameters n, b, and c obtained from magnetic entropy ΔSM(T,H) are about 0.62(1), 0.69(2), and 1.30(3), respectively. The value of n is close to that of the 3D Heisenberg model. The temperature dependent n at different magnetic fields scales into one universal line above TC and deviates the scaling line at low temperatures. The deviation can be attributed to the strong uniaxial anisotropy effect in CrI3. The result is helpful for understanding the origin of the magnetic phase transition in 2D FSs.
Hybrid momentum theory for air drag reduction of flat-plate boundary layer under air film
Authors: Xie Xiaopeng , Huang Heng , Zeng Jianhao
Published: February 2019

A hybrid momentum theory of flat-plate boundary layer was proposed, to elucidate drag reduction on a van body surface under air film. The air mass and momentum before and after the outside air mixed with film air were compared, which may lead to the change of viscous force. A mathematical model for flat-plate boundary layer under air film was established based on the law of mass and momentum conservation, with selecting a unit of laminar boundary layer as analysis object and simultaneous solution of the momentum integral equation and the velocity distribution equation. The mass of air flow, momentum flux, loss of momentum, boundary layer thickness and surface viscous force were discussed to take a comparative analysis of flat boundary layer’s status change with and without an air film.
An unexpected spin flip alters the course of a chemical reaction
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: February 2019

Careful analysis of a bimolecular collision reveals that gas-phase chemistry still holds surprises.
From simple liquids to colloids and soft matter
Authors: Evans Robert , Frenkel Daan , Dijkstra Marjolein
Published: February 2019

Soft matter, a diverse subject that crosses the boundaries of physics, chemistry, and materials science, continues to surprise with its rich phenomena.
A meta-analysis of exchangeable aluminium in New Zealand soils using the National Soils Database
Authors: Whitley A. E. , Moir J. L. , Almond P. C.
Published: February 2019

Soil acidification and associated aluminium toxicity are critical issues in New Zealand, particularly in high and hill country areas. However, there have been few studies that have examined the key drivers of exchangeable Al concentrations in New Zealand soils. The National Soils Database was used to investigate the relationship between soil chemical, physical and environmental variables and KCl-extractable Al (AlKCl) for New Zealand soils. Soil AlKCl concentrations were strongly associated with base saturation, soil pH, cation exchange capacity, total N, total C and soil order. However, the relationships differed among the three depth zones (0–20cm, 20–50cm and 50–120cm). Soil acidity and high cation exchange capacity contributed to high concentrations of AlKCl in the soil, whereas high base saturation and total C had the opposite effect. Total N decreased with increasing AlKCl in the topsoil (0–20cm), which is likely a response to the effects of Al toxicity on biological N fixation by pasture legumes. Across a pHH2O range of 3.8–6.4, AlKCl was measured at concentrations that can be toxic to sensitive plants (>1.0 cmolc kg−1). Brown Soils and Podzols are likely more susceptible to Al toxicity, with the highest mean concentrations of AlKCl measured across all depth zones.
Taste metaphors in Hieroglyphic Egyptian
Authors: Steinbach-Eicke Elisabeth
Published: February 2019

This paper aims at giving an overview of the multiple meanings of the Ancient Egyptian verb of gustatory perception ṭp ‘to taste’. Different mappings from physical onto emotional and mental domains are explained by metaphorical meaning extensions. Data from Ancient Egyptian, as a still under-represented language within studies on perceptual language, is analysed by methods from the fields of Ancient Studies and Cognitive Linguistics.
Metaphors of perception in Japanese Sign Language
Authors: Takashima Yufuko
Published: February 2019

Perception metaphors have been examined by analysing the polysemy of perception verbs in spoken languages. This chapter explores instantiations of metaphors of perception in Japanese Sign Language (JSL). Here I propose that the locations of articulation of signs be considered meaningful units and analyse signs articulated on or near to the signer’s eyes, ears, and nose in JSL. There are some potentially polysemous signs that illustrate meaning extensions from vision to intellection, where signs articulated on the perceptual organs are understood through metaphor. These conceptual metaphors in JSL are compared to the polysemy of perception expressions in the dominant spoken language, Japanese.
Perception verbs in context
Authors: San Roque Lila , Schieffelin Bambi B.
Published: February 2019

Perceptual language is a rich site of polysemous meaning and pragmatic extension. In this chapter, we explore the question of how children learning a language come to grips with this complexity, focusing on basic perception verbs as used in child-caregiver interaction in the language Bosavi, spoken in Papua New Guinea. We discuss creative and routinised instances of perception verb use in these interactions, and comment on connections to recognised cross-linguistic patterns of polysemy. Finally, we suggest ways that Christian missionisation and literacy practices may have influenced shifting uses of the language of sight and audition in the Bosavi context.
Among Latinists
Authors: Denecker Tim
Published: February 2019

In the history of 20th-century Latin linguistics, the Catholic Dutch professors Joseph Schrijnen (1869–1938) and Christine Mohrmann (1903–1988) are known as the key figures of the ‘Nijmegen School’. They developed the disputable and indeed strongly debated hypothesis that the kind of Latin used by early Christians was aSonderspracheorlangue spéciale(laterGruppenspracheorlangue de groupe) characterized by different types of ‘christianisms’. The aim of this article is to contribute to a critical historiography of the Nijmegen School by looking into the reception of its ideas among contemporary Latin linguists. In particular, it tries to reconstruct the evolving appraisals by Alfred Ernout (1879–1973) and Einar Löfstedt (1880–1955), on the basis of (a) the former’s reviews of studies published by the Nijmegen School (in contrast to reviews by other contemporary linguists), (b) studies published on neighbouring or overlapping subjects by Einar Löfstedt, and (c) a letter to Mohrmann from each of them, both of which are preserved in the archives of the Katholiek Documentatie Centrum in Nijmegen. In the case of Ernout, it is argued that he was probably always sceptical about theSondersprachehypothesis, but that in his reviews of the 1930s this scepticism was mitigated to a ‘reticent’ attitude, possibly for reasons to do with the politics of science. In the case of Löfstedt, it is shown that he initially approved of the hypothesis and even integrated it into his own works, but that he gradually diverged from the Nijmegen School, partly on account of (Schrijnen and) Mohrmann’s polemical misrepresentation of his comments ongentesandpaganibeing semanticUmprägungenrather thanNeuprägungen.
The idea of a yell
Authors: Storch Anne
Published: February 2019

This contribution examines the metapragmatics of the ‘noisy’ voice: how voice performance that does not include the utterance of words is evaluated and discussed by different audiences and authors. Secrecy as being expressed through and by the transcendental voice is one aspect of these discussions, and notions of interiority of Self and Other are others. The paper thereby suggests that there are many options in conceptualizing language, and that secrecy and transcendentality may be crucial aspects of language as creative and social practice.
Chibende
Authors: Hollington Andrea
Published: February 2019

Play language practices are common around the globe and have been described for several parts of the world. While some contributions on play language focus on the structure, manipulative strategies, and rules, this paper ties in with approaches that seek to view play language practices in their respective sociolinguistic contexts (e.g.Sherzer 2002;Storch 2011). Chibende, the play language practice under study in this paper, is analyzed in its Zimbabwean context. By looking at Zimbabwean examples and by broadening the perspective on these creative linguistic phenomena, it becomes evident that play languages are not performed in isolation but are deeply entangled with other language practices, such as youth language, as part of complex repertoires and social practices as well as acts of identity. By focusing on creativity and also taking the aspect of fun into account, the agency of the speakers becomes a central feature which is also reflected by the metalinguistic knowledge of the practitioners of Zimbabwean play language. In this regard, the discussion in this paper centers on the speakers’ ideologies of play language.
Manipulation in late life
Authors: Nassenstein Nico
Published: February 2019

While youth language constitutes a well-researched field of study, the linguistic manipulations of old people remain understudied. In an innovative approach, the present paper therefore looks at confusing and allegedly unintelligible narratives and conscious linguistic manipulations, silliness and concealing strategies in language as employed by elderly speakers of Kinyabwisha, Kinande, Kihunde and Kiswahili in Eastern DR Congo. A secret cursing register among Banyabwisha, often accompanied by practices of spitting, is analyzed; I also discuss elderly speakers’ confusing stories narrated to younger people, the use of secret modal particles that are restricted to people of old age, and finally I discuss the strategic inclusion of silliness in old speakers’ utterances. All these are analyzed in a theoretical framework of the secret agency and power in language use that mark the agency and wittiness of the elderly in Eastern Congo. With this first overview of elderly speakers’ language manipulations I aim to show that linguistic manipulation is not necessarily age-related, and that concealment strategies in language can occur as agentive and powerful means of social differentiation in later life as well. This preliminary introduction furthermore suggests a strong focus on silliness in linguistic analysis (as also found inKuipers 2007;Storch 2015,2017).
Secret language and resistance to borrowing in Chini
Authors: Brooks Joseph
Published: February 2019

In Chini, a language of northeastern New Guinea, speakers rely on principles of semantic extension including metonymy, metaphor, and other types of association to create new terms using material from the vernacular. They do so in a special sociolinguistically marked register referred to here as ‘secret language’, a linguistic practice not unheard of in New Guinea. The same principles at work in secret language can also be seen in the creation of terms for new, modern concepts in the sociolinguistically unmarked register of the language. There is additionally some degree of overlap between the two registers, since what were originally secret language terms have entered into use in the unmarked register. This suggests that secret language has been a resource for resistance to borrowing and brings into focus the larger point that any understanding of borrowability should be rooted in the local sociolinguistic context, to the locally relevant ideologies at work and the particular creative principles of language use that speakers employ.
The argument from example in health communication
Authors: Hoeken Hans , Boeijinga Anniek , Sanders José
Published: February 2019

The argument from example is frequently used in health communication interventions. Some of these arguments are
narrative in nature, in the sense that they relate a series of logically related events containing an experiencing agonist. In
this article, research on narrative persuasion is discussed in order to show how such narrative arguments from examples can
influence the target audience’s beliefs about the possibility that a certain action will lead to certain consequences, the
desirability of such consequences, as well as provide the target audience with ways by which to circumvent obstacles that prevent
them from putting their intentions into actions. As such, narrative arguments from example can serve the needs of both people who
still need to be motivated to change their behavior as those of people who already intend to adapt their behavior but fail to put
this intention into action.
World-building as cognitive feedback loop
Authors: Lahey Ernestine
Published: February 2019

Text World Theory (Gavins 2007; Werth 1999) has traditionally assumed a unidirectional model of knowledge transmission from discourse-world to text-world. In this chapter I follow Troscianko (2017) to suggest that world-building in discourse occurs within a cognitive feedback loop in which existing knowledge is applied toward the construction of a text-world network, and new information feeds from this network back into the minds of readers. In what follows, I demonstrate the utility of a feedback-loop approach in accounting for knowledge accrual in discourse through a case-study analysis of Canadian author Sheldon Currie’s (1995) novella The Glace Bay Miners’ Museum. I argue that Currie’s rhetorical positioning of the reader as the recipient of a highly politicised subtext at two levels of the discourse results in the incorporation of new or modified knowledge into a reader’s knowledge base.
Constructing inferiority through comic characterisation
Authors: Marszalek Agnes
Published: February 2019

This chapter draws on cognitive stylistics and psychology to explore those characterisation techniques in humorous novels which can shape readers’ responses to comic protagonists. I focus on those instances in Nick Hornby’s High Fidelity (1995) and Helen Fielding’s Bridget Jones’s Diary (1996) in which the main characters make a comparison between their own physical appearance and that of someone else’s, presenting themselves as either superior or inferior to others. While comic protagonists can be created as generally equal to the reader and more attractive than other characters so as to inspire our identification and empathy, they can also occasionally be placed in a position of inferiority where the comparison between them and others is not as favourable. It is the construction of this inferiority which, I suggest, informs the self-deprecating humour and embarrassment-induced cringe comedy in Hornby’s and Fielding’s novels.
Vowel harmony in Stau
Authors: Gates Jesse P. , Kim Won Ho
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we propose that in Stau (Rgyalrongic, Sino-Tibetan) there is a system of four vowel pairs (/i/-/ə/, /e/-/ɛ/, /æ/-/ɑ/, /u/-/o/) that undergo regressive vowel harmony. This system of vowel harmony produces root morpheme forms such as [æCæ] and [ɑCɑ], whereas forms like [æCɑ] or [ɑCæ] are remarkably absent. Vowel harmony is also observed when combining morphemes to create complex words. Unambiguous cases show that the vowel of the first morpheme assimilates to the vowel of the second (e.g. /æCɑ/ → [ɑCɑ]), if the vowels of the two morphemes belong to the same vowel pair set (e.g. /æ/-/ɑ/). At the same time, there are several situations where vowel harmony is consistently not observed. Notable among these blocking mechanisms are lexemes that contain semantically-heavy first syllables. In this situation, we observe the interplay of semantics and phonology. Analysis of the vowel harmony system in Stau yields a way to measure the distance between morphemes.
The threat of urban yellow fever in tropical America.
Authors: Silveira L. B. , Ferreira N. N. , Branco N. T. da C. , Fonseca B. A. L. da
Published: February 2019

Yellow fever (YF) is an infectious disease caused by the YF virus (YFV) that, in its most severe form, is characterized by jaundice, fever, liver and renal failure, and neurologic and haemorrhagic manifestations. In the Americas, the virus has two well-established cycles of transmission: the wild (sylvatic) and the urban cycle. Urban YF will occur when the transmission cycle in a specific area is maintained only between humans and
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes. Factors that increase the risk of urban YF are the increased number of sylvatic cases, YF-infected individuals making the transition from wooded areas to the urban environment, the high density of
Ae. aegypti
population in urban areas and the low vaccination coverage. Although possible, the risk to the development of urban YF may be reduced to a minimum, if all the approaches to control this disease are applied in the context of a sylvatic YF outbreak. Here, using the current Brazilian sylvatic YF outbreak as an example, we discuss the tools health-care officials have to use in order to avoid the development of an urban outbreak of YF.
Microstructure and properties of in-situ prepared cellulosic biomass carbon based diatomite composite
Authors: Yang Xiaodong , Jiang Yinshan , Xue Bing , Xia Maosheng , Luo Feng , Xu Shaonan , Li Fangfei
Published: February 2019

Cellulosic biomass carbon based diatomite composite powders are synthesised in situ via the hypoxia pyrolysis method, and the micro-structure, surface morphology and performance of the as-prepared samples are characterised. When the concentration of the diatomite increases, the carbonaceous structure of the composites is highly disordered, the surface functional groups increase, and the typical porous structure of cellulosic biomass carbon based porous diatomite composite is measured. The adsorption capacity of organic dyes onto biomass carbon composite is enhanced. As the composite has many pore channels in the mesoporous region (especially for 2∼10 nm), porous diatomite with excellent hydraulic conductivity favours a conducting MB solution and improves the chemisorption performance (153.2 mg/g) of biomass carbon in the composite.
Room temperature tensile behaviour of K640S Co-based superalloy
Authors: Hou Guichen , Xie Jun , Yu Jinjiang , Sun Xiaofeng , Zhou Yizhou
Published: February 2019

The room-temperature tensile properties of K640S cobalt-based superalloy were investigated by tensile tests and microstructure observation. The experimental results showed that the deformation mechanism of K640S alloy is dislocation slip; that the dislocation could be decomposed into continuous stacking faults with different orientations; and that with the increase of the number of dislocations, the dislocation tangle interacts with the decomposed stacking fault to increase the tensile strength of the alloy. As the stretching proceeded further, a plurality of slip systems were activated between different grains to coordinate the deformation, and the grains were gradually plastically deformed. The stress concentration occurred at the carbide interfaces, and microcracks were formed, causing mixed crystal fracture to the alloy.
Distinct orders dividing each other on both sides
Authors: Ervin Garrett
Published: February 2019

We construct non-isomorphic linear orders

X
X

and

Y
Y

that are both left-hand and right-hand divisors of one another, answering positively a question of Sierpiński.
Human Rights and Asian American Literature and Culture
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: February 2019

Asian American literature and art have had an illuminating effect on the significance of human rights in the United States and in national culture. Americans are often assumed to enjoy exceptional liberties and rights, which they seek in turn to deliver to other people, in other parts of the world. However, Asian American cultural critique provides an incisive perspective on the limits of citizenship and national belonging as the basis for the granting of fundamental human freedoms, rights, and protections to all persons. The legal exclusion of Asians from immigration and naturalization, as well as from other forms of social and economic security such as property ownership, has long been justified through the construction of Asian racial difference. Reforms in immigration law after World War II, which did eventually transform Asian American life in the United States, took place in the context of a “global Cold War,” and during the same period that saw the institution of an international human rights regime. “Integration” proved as essential a mandate in US domestic and foreign policy as did “containment” in this global conflict. As a result, not only has the Asian American population grown significantly and become more heterogeneous since the late 20th century, the nation has seen the flourishing of Asian American literary and cultural production. Asian American writers and artists have been especially keen to investigate the political, legal, and ideological tensions and contradictions that pervade the postsocialist world and the war on terror. Their works explore the political precarity faced by those caught between the contradictions of neoliberal multiculturalism, the logics and technologies of state security, and the legal tethering of human rights to citizenship.
The Chinese Exclusion Act and Early Asian American Literature
Authors: Railton Ben
Published: February 2019

The 19th century featured two opposed yet interconnected historical trends: the growth of a multigenerational and deeply rooted Chinese American community; and the development of the cultural prejudices and fears comprised by the Yellow Peril narrative. Those xenophobic fears produced violence, social and political movements, and legal exclusions, culminating in the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and its many follow-up laws and policies, all designed as much to destroy the existing Chinese American community as to restrict future immigration. But out of that period of exclusion and oppression came some of the first Chinese American literary and cultural works published in both Mandarin/Cantonese and English: the personal and collective poems carved into the walls of the Angel Island Immigration Station by detainees; auto-ethnographic memoirs of Chinese American life and community such as Yung Wing’s My Life in China and America (1909); and the journalistic, autobiographical, and fictional works of Edith Maude Eaton/Sui Sin Far, the first Chinese American professional creative writer. These works both reflect and transcend the realities of the Exclusion era, helping contemporary audiences understand those histories, connect them to later Chinese American writers, and analyze the exclusionary debates and proposals of the early 21st century.
Publishing and Iberian Books in Spain, Portugal, and the New World before 1700
Authors: Wilkinson Alexander S.
Published: February 2019

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain was the most powerful nation in the world, controlling territories across Europe and much of the newly discovered lands west of the Tordesillas line. Although its influence would wane in the 17th century, as its empire became overstretched, and as the home nation itself was forced to confront major financial and demographic challenges, overall these centuries would represent the high point in Spain’s political and global hegemony. This was a great age—a Golden Age—in Spain’s history, and one which would see too the unleashing of powerful creative energies, especially in the fields of literature, drama, and the visual arts. Among a host of other notable figures active in this period were Miguel de Cervantes, Félix Lope de Vega, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, El Greco, and Diego Velázquez. Given such intense artistic vitality, it has seemed almost paradoxical to scholars that the publishing industries of Spain and Portugal should have remained so underdeveloped. In the broader historiography of the European book, Spain and Portugal are presented as examples of peripheral print regions. Mention is frequently made of the relatively late arrival of print to the Peninsula, as well as the unexceptional quality of its book production—particularly its rudimentary typography and uninventive ornamentation and illustration. Surveys usually point out that so poor was the caliber of printing in the Peninsula that printers in the Low Countries, France, and elsewhere saw clear opportunities for filling the void, producing both scholarly and vernacular editions to be sold to eager and grateful purchasers in Spain and Portugal. However, this established and rather somber portrait of the industry is exaggerated and misleading in some key respects.
Convergence in/of Journalism
Authors: Erdal Ivar John
Published: February 2019

Since the mid-1990s, media organizations all over the world have experienced a series of significant changes related to technological developments, from the organizational level down to the single journalist. Ownership in the media sector has developed toward increased concentration, mergers, and cross-media ownership. At the same time, digitization of media production has facilitated changes in both the organization and the everyday practice of journalism. Converged multimedia news organizations have emerged, as companies increasingly implement some form of cross-media cooperation or synergy between previously separate journalists, newsrooms, and departments. These changes have raised a number of questions about the relationship between organizational strategies, new technology, and everyday newsroom practice. In the literature on convergence journalism, these questions have been studied from different perspectives. Adopting a meta-perspective, it is possible to sort the literature into two broad categories. The first group consists of research mainly occupied with convergence in journalism. These are typically studies of organizational changes and changes in professional practice, for example increased cooperation between print and online newsrooms, or the role of online journalism in broadcasting organizations. The second group contains research primarily concerning convergence of journalism. This is mainly studies concerned with changes in journalistic texts. Some examples of this are repurposing television news for online publication, increased use of multimedia, and genre development within online journalism. It has to be noted that the two angles are closely connected and also share an interest in the role of technological development and the relationship between changing technologies, work practices, and journalistic output.
China and Political Governance in Africa
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: February 2019

China’s engagement in Africa since around 2000 has been exponential, and Beijing is now perhaps the major player on the continent. With this has come criticism, mainly but not exclusively from the West, which has berated China for turning a blind eye to malgovernance. Initially, China sought to pretend that it was only in Africa for economic reasons and that politics were irrelevant. However, as China’s stake in different African countries developed, Beijing was forced to acknowledge that governance was indeed a factor that needed consideration. This realization was perhaps crystallized around the situation in Sudan. A relative shift in China’s position was hence observed. Under Xi Jinping, however, a newly confident China has been promoting its own definitions of governance, something that enjoys broad support among many African leaders. A clash of definitions as to what constitutes governance and development between China and the West is now quite apparent.
The Structure and Performance of African Electoral Commissions
Authors: Elklit Jørgen
Published: February 2019

Electoral commissions are organizations responsible for the conduct of elections and referendums. Their performance level is of paramount importance for the development of electoral integrity and democracy on the continent. In Africa, electoral commissions largely belong to what is usually termed the independent model of electoral management, i.e., the electoral commissions are formally independent from the executive and other government structures. However, there are also examples of the so-called governmental model, where the election-conducting agencies are embedded in the executive, as well as the mixed model, where one finds a country-specific mixture of the two other elements. It has become commonplace to use the generic term election management bodies (EMBs) to cover all three models, as they to a very considerable degree have the same functions and responsibilities in relation to election management.

African electoral commissions belonging to the independent model are a clear majority of electoral commissions on the continent and share important organizational features, i.e., a small policy-deciding commission, often filled with non-election experts, and a policy-implementing secretariat structured according to the tasks to be performed by the organization. However, the formal and structural similarities cover different realities on the ground, as African electoral commissions differ enormously in actual autonomy and performance. The usefulness of the traditional categorization of EMBs according to their formal independence and present data is unclear in light of the performance level of at least some African electoral commissions. African electoral commissions are assessed very differently by politicians, voters, and election observers.
Ever-Emerging Theories of Aging
Authors: Achenbaum W. Andrew
Published: February 2019

Edmund V. Cowdry’s Problems of Ageing (1939), the first U.S. handbook in gerontology, spurred efforts to systematize and communicate data and hypotheses in a “discouragingly difficult field,” as one of the volume’s contributors put it. Researchers, educators, and practitioners subsequently published handbooks of aging to share basic concepts, norms, and metaphors—and eventually to construct theories.

Compared to theoretical constructs that animate African American studies, paradigms that inform inquiries into sex and gender, and queer theory-building, research on aging is sustained by few evidence-based, methodologically robust, heuristic theories. No single construct yet seizes the gerontological imagination. Analyzing notable handbooks reveals that the modern history of ever-emerging gerontological theory building went through three phases.

First, attempts to formulate Big Theories of Aging resulted in more disappointments than scientific advances. In the second phase, researchers on aging set more modest aims, often giving priority to methodological innovation, but failed to promote consilience in a data-rich, theory-poor arena. Psychological theories, pertaining to lifespan development, merit special attention in the third phase, because they proved useful to biomedical and social scientists doing research on aging.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate as a Biomarker for Stress and Aging Research
Authors: Aldwin Carolyn M. , Nath Ritwik
Published: February 2019

Erythocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is one of the oldest measures of inflammation. It is used extensively in clinical medicine and has shown some utility in biomedical research. It is a nonspecific inflammation assay, and although it is less sensitive than more modern measures such as C-reactive protein, it is a useful measure in chronic illnesses.

In general, ESR increases with age and appears to be a biomarker of aging in general. It predicts both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer and is elevated in autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Further, it predicts mortality both in the general population and in those with chronic illnesses such as CVD and cancer, independent of other indicators of illness severity.

Interestingly, ESR is not associated with anxiety or general measures of distress but is consistently associated with measures of depression and suicidal ideation. Further, the effect of depressive symptoms on mortality appears to be mediated through increases in ESR.

Studies of the relationship between stress and ESR have been less consistent, primarily because early studies were largely cross-sectional and in small samples. Studies using more modern, longitudinal analyses in larger samples may show more consistent results, especially if multilevel modeling was used that examined within-person changes in ESR in response to stress. Given that other large, longitudinal studies, such as the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, the Rotterdam Study, The Reykjavik Cohort Study, and Women’s Healthy Ageing Study have included ESR in their biomedical assays, it should be possible to analyze existing data to examine how psychosocial factors influence inflamm-aging in humans.
Event/Result in Morphology
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: February 2019

This article revisits Grimshaw's (1990) tripartition of nominalization, which introduced an important correlation between particular types of nominalization and the readings associated with these nominal forms, Event and Referential. The article discusses criteria that may be used to distinguish between the two readings and the limitations of these criteria. It further offers a selective discussion of how different approaches to nominalization implement Event and Referential readings.
A hidden Markov model addressing measurement errors in the response and replicated covariates for continuous nondecreasing processes
Authors: Naranjo Lizbeth , Pérez Carlos J , Fuentes-García Ruth , Martín Jacinto
Published: February 2019

Motivated by a study tracking the progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on features extracted from voice recordings, an inhomogeneous hidden Markov model with continuous state-space is proposed. The approach addresses the measurement error in the response, the within-subject variability of the replicated covariates and presumed nondecreasing response. A Bayesian framework is described and an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo method is developed. The model performance is evaluated through a simulation-based example and the analysis of a PD tracking progression dataset is presented. Although the approach was motivated by a PD tracking progression problem, it can be applied to any monotonic nondecreasing process whose continuous response variable is subject to measurement errors and where replicated covariates play a key role.
Prison Versus Western Australia: Which Worked Best, the Australian Penal Colony or the English Convict Prison System?
Authors: Godfrey Barry
Published: February 2019

Between 1850 and 1868, a natural experiment in punishment took place. Men convicted of similar crimes could serve their sentence of penal servitude either in Britain or in Australia. For historians and social scientists, this offers the prospect of addressing a key question posed over 200 years ago by the philosopher, penal theorist and reformer Jeremy Bentham when he authored a lengthy letter entitled ‘Panopticon versus New South Wales: Or, the Panopticon Penitentiary System, and the Penal Colonization System, Compared’. This article answers the underlying tenet of Bentham’s question, ‘Which was best prison or transportation?’ by applying two efficiency tests. The first tests whether UK convicts or Australian convicts had higher rates of reconviction, and the second explores the speed to reconviction.