bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resource subsidy flows across freshwater–terrestrial boundaries and influence on processes linking adjacent ecosystems
Authors: Richardson John S. , Sato Takuya
Published: March 2014

Freshwaters receive more than water from their catchments, including a large amount of materials and biologically available energy, referred to as cross‐ecosystem resource subsidies. The passive flows of energy such as leaf litter and terrestrial invertebrate inputs, as well as dissolved organic carbon, are donor‐controlled, whereas other flows, such as between fish and fish‐eating birds, have more directly coupled feedbacks. There are also flows upstream or to the terrestrial environment in the form of adult aquatic insects, salmon carcasses and particulate carbon through overbank flooding, as well as directed foraging activities. Hypotheses about the effects of flux rates, timing, quality and physical structure of such resource subsidies on the responses of consumers have been experimentally tested at many trophic levels. Many freshwater and terrestrial consumers depend on these subsidies for at least part of their life cycle, and timing of inputs can affect growth. Developing more quantitative relations between the population and community responses across gradients of cross‐ecosystem resource subsidy input rates will require exploring the shape of the relations, as well as the effects of quality and timing on responses. The stage is now set to consider how resource subsidies might affect the stability of communities and processes such as the strength of trophic cascades. The high degree of connectivity between the land and water are essential to biodiversity conservation and to ensuring that critical aquatic ecosystem services are sustained. The management of riparian areas is a key to the security of these values. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Characterization, Solution Dynamics, and Reactivity of Palladium Complexes with Benzimidazolin‐ 2‐ylidene N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Hohloch Stephan , Deibel Naina , Schweinfurth David , Frey Wolfgang , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: March 2014

Mononuclear and halide‐bridged dinuclear palladium(II) complexes with symmetrically (1 and 3) and nonsymmetrically (2, 4–6) substituted benzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray crystallography. The mononuclear complexes exist as a mixture of cis and trans isomers, and the identity of these was ascertained by NMR spectroscopy and structural characterization. The dinuclear complexes 4–6 with nonsymmetrically substituted benzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene ligands form rotamers (cis/anti, cis/syn, trans/anti, and trans/syn) at room temperature, which can be transformed to a single rotamer at higher temperatures as evidenced by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structure analyses of representative examples show that the PdII centers are bound in a distorted square‐planar environment by halides and carbene C ligands, and the carbene ligands are perpendicular to the Pd–halide plane. All of the complexes were tested for their efficiency as (pre)catalysts in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction, as well as in hydrodehalogenation reactions, and they show good activity. The Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions can be performed under air and in water as an environmentally benign solvent. The most active catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling was also used in a sequence together with a “click reaction” to synthesize valuable sterically demanding tripodal triazole ligands.
Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction of Copper 1,4‐Benzenedicarboxylate
Authors: Carson Cantwell G. , Brunnello Giuseppe , Lee Seung Geol , Jang Seung Soon , Gerhardt Rosario A. , Tannenbaum Rina
Published: March 2014

In the synthesis of the microporous metal–organic framework copper 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate [Cu(BDC)], solvent exchange with methanol prior to recrystallization lowers the desolvation temperature to 160 °C and produces more crystalline Cu(BDC). The solution to the crystal structure of Cu(BDC) has been determined by using ab initio quantum molecular calculations and refinement with synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction data. This solution is in the P$\bar {1}$ space group with a = 5.25 Å, b = 9.67 Å, c = 10.77 Å, α = 90.29°, β = 91.06°, γ = 92.413°, and V = 546.04 Å3. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was 903 m2 g–1 with 777 m2 g–1 of micropore surface area. The uptake of CO2 and CH4 up to 20 bar were 5.2 and 2.7 mmol g–1, respectively. These values are compared to those of 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate [Cu3(BTC)2, HKUST‐1] and used to show that the elevated metal‐site density per unit volume is responsible for a proportionally higher uptake on the basis of relative surface areas. The platelike particles with perpendicular pores are promising candidates for mixed‐matrix membranes.
Functionalisable N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Triazole Palladium Complexes and Their Application in the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction
Authors: Gogolieva Ganna , Bonin Hélène , Durand Jérôme , Dechy‐Cabaret Odile , Gras Emmanuel
Published: March 2014

Seven functionalised N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands and their corresponding palladium(II) complexes have been synthesised with a triazole moiety as a modular and stable linkage between the catalytic centre and the secondary functional group. The complexes were prepared in good yields and fully characterised by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography. The complexes are active in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction, with catalytic activities maintained whatever the triazolyl substituent. This opens the possibility for various functionalisations of NHC–palladium complexes.
On the Investigation of the Droplet–Droplet Interactions of Sodium 1,4‐Bis(2‐ethylhexyl) Sulfosuccinate Reverse Micelles upon Changing the External Solvent Composition and Their Impact on Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
Authors: Gutierrez Jorge A. , Falcone R. Dario , Lopez‐Quintela M. Arturo , Buceta David , Silber Juana J. , Correa N. Mariano
Published: March 2014

The effect of the composition of the nonpolar organic media on the properties of sodium 1,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles (RMs) at a fixed temperature were investigated. To monitor interfacial micropolarity and sequestrated water structure in n‐heptane:benzene/AOT/water RMs, the solvatochromic behavior of coumarin 343 (C343) as an absorption and emission probe was studied, and the size of the droplets was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The DLS results confirm the formation of the n‐heptane:benzene/AOT/water RMs at every n‐heptane mole fraction investigated. The data show that as the n‐heptane content increases, the interdroplet attractive interactions and the droplet size both increase. With C343 spectroscopy, we determined the “operational” critical micellar concentration, the interfacial micropolarity of the RMs, the hydrogen‐bond ability of the media, and the sequestrated water structure in every RM system studied. To verify the modulation of the interdroplet interactions by the external solvent, we have used a well‐known synthetic method to create gold nanoparticles in different RM media. The results support the conclusion that the droplet–droplet interactions are favored with n‐heptane as the nonpolar solvent. Thus, the rate of material exchange among micelles increases, and small, monodispersed, and highly concentrated gold nanoparticles are formed. The situation is different for AOT RMs prepared in benzene, in which subnanometer gold clusters are produced. The formation of clusters instead of nanoparticles reflects poor material exchange among the micelles owing to unfavorable droplet–droplet interactions. In this way, our results offer a new appealing way to focus the production of nanoparticles into subnanometer clusters, which is one of the hottest current topics in nanoparticle synthesis. Therefore, it is possible to dramatically affect different properties of the RMs by changing the solvent blend; such effects cannot be obtained with only a single solvent composition and may have a large impact on nanotechnology. We anticipate remarkable effects on nanoparticle sizes and polydispersity with different organic solvent blends.
Synthesis of Enaminone‐Based Vinylogous Peptides
Authors: Šenica Luka , Grošelj Uroš , Kasunič Marta , Kočar Drago , Stanovnik Branko , Svete Jurij
Published: March 2014

Vinylogous peptides 3 with a vinyl fragment inserted into the peptide C–N bond were prepared from ynones 6 and enaminones 7 that are easily available from Boc‐protected α‐amino acids 4. Coupling at the C terminus was achieved by 1,4‐addition of amino esters 5 to the C≡C bond in 6 or by substitution of the NMe2 group in 7 to give N‐terminal vinylogues 3a–p. Coupling at the N terminus of 3 and 7, in contrast, required temporary protection of the acidolytically labile enamino moiety. Thus, cyclization of 6 or 7 with hydroxylamine, removal of the Boc group with HBr–AcOH, acylation of free amine 10 with BocGlyOH (4a), and hydrogenolytic deprotection of the enamino moiety in the presence of GlyOMe (5a) led to tripeptides 3q–s with vinylogous amide as the central building block.
Highly Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Detection of Mercury(II) Ions Based on DNA‐Linked Luminol‐Au NPs Superstructure
Authors: Wan Jun , Yin Guang , Ma Xiuju , Xing Ling , Luo Xiliang
Published: March 2014

A novel highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection protocol for mercury(II) ions was developed. Based on the strong and stable thyminethymine mismatches complexes coordination chemistry, mercury(II) ions can specifically bind to a designed DNA strand, leading to the release of the complimentary DNA strand. The released DNA strand was then captured by magnetic beads modified with specific DNA, and then through the formation of DNA‐linked luminol‐Au nanoparticles (NPs) superstructure, a specific ECL system for mercury(II) ions was developed. Using 3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane as an effective enhancer, the ECL system can detect Hg2+ ion within a linear range from 2.0×10−10 mol L−1 to 2.0×10−8 M, with a detection limit as low as 1.05×10−10 M (3σ). Moreover, this ECL system is highly specific for Hg2+, without interference from other commonly coexisted metal ions, and it can be used for the analysis of real samples.
Screen‐Printed Disposable Sensors Modified with Bismuth Precursors for Rapid Voltammetric Determination of 3 Ecotoxic Nitrophenols
Authors: Lezi Nikolitsa , Economou Anastasios , Barek Jiri , Prodromidis Mamas
Published: March 2014

This work reports the application of screen‐printed electrodes bulk‐modified with bismuth precursors to the voltammetric determination of 2‐nitrophenol (2‐NP), 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) and 2,4‐dinitrophenol (2,4‐DNP) in water samples. A bismuth film was formed at the electrode surface via in situ reduction of the precursor compound contained in the electrode matrix by cathodic polarization at −1.20 V. The formation of bismuth layer at the precursor‐modified electrodes was assessed by cyclic voltammetric (CV) at different pH values and by optical techniques. The target nitrophenols were voltammetrically determined by recording their reduction peaks in the differential pulse (DP) mode. The composition and content of the precursor compounds in the printed ink and the effect of the pH of the supporting electrolyte on the DP reduction currents of the 3 target nitrophenols were studied. The limits of quantification (LOQs) in three water matrices (distilled water, tap water and surface water) were in the range 1.1–2.2 µmol L−1. Using a simple solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure with Lichrolut EN cartridges and elution with methanol, a preconcentration factor of 100 was achieved; the LOQs were 0.021, 0.027 and 0.025 µmol L−1 for 2‐NP, 4‐NP and 2,4‐DNP, respectively. The recoveries of samples spiked with the 3 target nitrophenols at two concentration levels (0.04 and 0.1 µmol L−1) were always >87 %.
Experimental evaluation of dynamic characteristics of seesaw energy dissipation system for vibration control of structures
Authors: Kang Jae‐Do , Tagawa Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

Seesaw energy dissipation system (SEDS), a vibration control system used to provide enhanced seismic protection, has been proposed and investigated numerically. Because of its complicated arrangement, verification experiments are necessary to demonstrate the SEDS damping capacity. This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of the SEDS using fluid viscous dampers. Free vibration tests are conducted to demonstrate the SEDS damping capacity. Results of the free vibration test show that the SEDS has sufficient damping capacity for reduction of the seismic response of the frames. Parametric experimental investigations of the SEDS were conducted, the results of which demonstrate the effects of the system parameter on the damping capacity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of digital channel network derivation methods in a glaciated subalpine catchment
Authors: Hastings Blaine E. , Kampf Stephanie K.
Published: March 2014

The digital elevation model (DEM) has become an essential tool for an increasing array of mountain runoff analyses, particularly the derivation and mapping of stream channel networks. This study examines how well commonly applied DEM‐based channel derivation methods at different spatial resolutions can represent the channel network for a glaciated Rocky Mountain headwater catchment. The specific objectives are to (1) examine how differences in gridded DEM resolution affect spatially distributed values of local slope, specific contributing area, and topographic wetness index derived from both eight and infinite directional flow algorithms, (2) map the actual stream channel network to examine the influence of surface variables on channel initiation, and (3) assess accuracy of DEM‐derived networks compared with the field surveyed network. Results show that for the same contributing area threshold, increasing grid cell size leads to increased channelization of modeled networks. A plot of local slope versus contributing area reveals a negative relationship similar to that of prior studies in un‐glaciated areas but with breaks in slope at contributing areas that are too small to represent thresholds for channelization. Field survey results and evaluation of DEM‐derived channel networks suggest that channel network formation is not clearly related to surface topographic variables at Loch Vale. Digitally derived channel networks do not accurately predict low order channel locations, but approximations of the channel network with drainage density and headward extent of channelization similar to the observed network can be derived with both a 1 m and 10 m DEM using a contributing area threshold of approximately 4x104 m2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative Degradation of Thiaproline Derivatives in Aqueous Solutions Induced by •OH Radicals
Authors: Pogocki Dariusz , Bobrowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2014

The participation of neighboring amino and carboxyl groups in thiazolidyne‐4‐carboxylic acid (thiaproline) and its two derivatives, thiazolidyne‐2‐carboxylic acid and thiazolidyne‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid, is demonstrated during .OH‐radical‐induced oxidation in aqueous solutions. The reaction of .OH radicals with these compounds does not lead to the expected one‐electron oxidized sulfur‐centered radical cations and subsequently to the intermolecularly (S∴S)‐bonded dimeric radical cations (even at very high concentration of thiaprolines (>50 mM)), but rather to the elimination of CO2 with the parallel formation of αN radicals. The latter radicals formed in thiaproline and thiazolidyne‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid subsequently undergo β‐fragmentation of the CS bond, leading to the thiyl radicals (RS.). The αN and RS. radicals were probed and quantified by one‐electron reduction of p‐nitroacetophenone (PNAP) and by one‐electron oxidation of the monoanion of ascorbic acid (AH−), respectively. The calculated stabilization enthalpies of the αN radicals show that the loss of CO2 is thermodynamically a favorable process. The Gibbs free energies of β‐fragmentation processes in thiaproline and thiazolidyne‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid are equal to −3.7 and −10.2 kJ mol−1, respectively, showing that at room temperature both are exergonic. A general .OH‐radical‐induced oxidation mechanism of thiaproline derivatives in aqueous solutions is proposed.
INNOVATION THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Backeberg Gerhard R.
Published: March 2014

For irrigation water management, knowledge created through scientific research has to meet the criterion of being useful for decisions and actions. Research projects must therefore be directed and managed according to the innovation cycle. It means that research must be taken further to application of outputs and actually result in outcomes that are socially beneficial. Research‐based innovation is thus about turning opportunities into ideas and thereafter widely used practice, by following the iterative process of creativity, invention and exploitation. Innovation is the instrument of entrepreneurship, which is essential in research management. Decisions must be taken on the allocation of scarce funds for competent scientists to improve the knowledge base. In irrigation water management the key decision variables for efficient food production are measuring water use; reducing canal water losses; estimating crop water requirements; real‐time irrigation scheduling; costing and investment procedures; and selecting appropriate technology for water application. Case studies are presented of research on these priority issues, which were followed by technology transfer projects to review and improve practical application. Training guidelines and manuals were compiled in support of skills development through practical courses and extension programmes. This required a continuous, focused drive to promote technology adoption and implementation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast conservation therapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Optimization of a multimodality approach
Authors: Caudle Abigail S. , Kuerer Henry M.
Published: March 2014

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is routinely used in locally advanced breast cancer, but is increasingly used in early stage patients. Even patients with advanced disease can achieve excellent outcomes with breast conservation therapy (BCT) after NAC. The use of NAC followed by BCT is an example of how multimodality therapy can optimize outcomes while limiting morbidity and preserving cosmetic outcomes. Open communication between the multidisciplinary team is crucial to selecting appropriate candidates for this approach. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:32–36. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teasing out the impact of a consultant seven‐day working pattern on diabetes care
Authors: Triay Jessica
Published: March 2014

RP Raghavan, et al. Consultant delivered seven‐day health care: results from a medical model on a diabetes base ward. Pages 58–61.
Ab initio spectroscopic study for the NaRb molecule in ground and excited states
Authors: Chaieb Maha , Habli Héla , Mejrissi Leila , Oujia Brahim , Gadéa Florent Xavier
Published: March 2014

A wide adiabatic study is performed for NaRb molecule, involving 151Σ+ electronic states including the ionic state Na−Rb+, as well as 143Σ+, 1–91,3Π, and 1–51,3Δ states. This investigation is performed using an ab initio approach which involves the effective core potential, the core polarization potential with l‐dependent cut‐off functions. The NaRb system has been treated as a two‐electron system and the full valence configuration interaction is easily achieved. The spectroscopic constants Re, De, Te, ωe, ωexe, Be, and D0 for all these states are derived. We have also computed the vibrational levels as well their spacing for different values of J. In addition, permanent and transition dipole moments are determined and analyzed. The Dunham coefficients have been used to perform experimental spacing to compare directly with our results. The present calculations on NaRb extend previous theoretical works to numerous electronic excited states in the various symmetries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Analogical Induction Approach to Technology Standardization and Technology Development
Authors: Jiang Hong , Zhao Shukuan , Yin Kaiqi , Yuan Yue , Bi Zhuming
Published: March 2014

Development of technology systems plays important roles in enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises and strengthening the scientific and technological competitiveness of a nation. This paper describes the mechanisms of technology standardization on technology development, and classified the mechanisms into two categories, that is, single technology links and technology systems. Most significantly, the induction model in the biology was extended to explore the interactions between two categories. The model was further combined with existing technology theories to reveals the effect of technology standardization on the development of relative technology in the same technology system. Some recommendations related to technology management were made based on the outcomes of our study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond axial symmetry: An improved class of models for global data
Authors: Castruccio Stefano , Genton Marc G.
Published: March 2014

An important class of models for data on a spherical domain, called axially symmetric, assumes stationarity across longitudes but not across latitudes. The main aim of this work is to introduce a new and more flexible class of models by relaxing the assumption of longitudinal stationarity in the context of regularly gridded climate model output. In this investigation, two other related topics are discussed: the lack of fit of an axially symmetric parametric model compared with a non‐parametric model and to longitudinally reversible processes, an important subclass of axially symmetric models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Modification of a Hexadentate Amine based Ligand System by N‐Methylation and Effects on Spin State and Redox ­Behavior of the Corresponding Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Heider Silvio , Petzold Holm , Speck J. Matthäus , Rüffer Tobias , Schaarschmidt Dieter
Published: March 2014

Recently, the synthesis of hexadentate ligands based on N,N′‐bis‐(2,2′‐bipyridine‐6‐ylmethyl)‐2,2′‐biphenylenediamine (1a–d) and the corresponding iron(II) complexes (3a–d) was reported by our group. In this contribution we present the synthesis of the analogous cobalt(II) complexes 4a–d. Together with the iron(II) complex the electrochemical behavior of the complexes 3 and 4 was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The aminomethyl substructure was identified as the main source of ligand degradation caused by chemical oxidation with air. Upon exposure to air the amine group in complexes 3 and 4 is oxidized to imine and even amide groups. Some examples (8, 9) of the oxidation products were characterized by X‐ray structure analysis. In order to increase the robustness of the FeII and CoII complexes towards oxidation, the ligand scaffold of 1a was modified by N‐methylation of the amino group yielding the tertiary amine 2. The corresponding iron(II) and cobalt(II) complexes employing 2 as ligand were synthesized {[Fe(2)][PF6]2 (5), [Co(2)][PF6]2 (6)} and fully characterized, their redox behavior and spin‐state was investigated by CV and Evans' method. It was found, that the introduced N‐methyl group leads to a substantial anodic shift of the MII–MIII redox potential and the stabilization of FeII and CoII high‐spin state. By means of X‐ray structure analysis these effects could be explained by repulsive steric effects of the methyl group.
Threefold Interpenetrated Cadmium(II) Organic Framework based on 3‐(5‐(Pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)pyridine and 1,1′‐Biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate
Authors: Yang Linyan , Wei Xiaohua , Xin Liangliang , Tian Jinlei , Liao Shengyun , Du Peiyao , Zhang Yanping , Lv Rui , Gu Wen , Liu Xin
Published: March 2014

The coordination polymer [Cd(HL)(BPDA)]n·nH2O (1) based on 3‐(5‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)pyridine (HL) and 1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2BPDA) was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, XRPD, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The asymmetric unit of compound 1 consists of one crystallographically independent CdII ion, one HL ligand, “two half” BPDA2– ligand, and one lattice water molecule. There are two crystallographically different BDPA2– moieties, but each of them is placed in a symmetry element. The BPDA2– ligands and CdII ions connected to2D sheet, and the 2D sheets are connected to a 3D MOF by the HL ligands. Each dimeric CdII unit links six nearest neighbors through the BPDA2– and HL ligands, and the dimeric CdII units are centrosymmetric. Two parallel HL ligands connect two dimeric CdII units, generating long Cd2–HL–Cd2–HL rings, also centrosymmetric. So we can define the dimeric CdII unit as a 6‐connected node. Thus, the 3D structure can be described as a threefold parallel interpenetrated bsn beta‐Sn topology. In addition, the optical properties of compound 1 and the free ligand HL were investigated.
The Bismuth Hydrogen Sulfate [Bi2(SO4)2(dmso)8](HSO4)2
Authors: Wrobel Lydia , Miersch Linda , Schlesinger Maik , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael
Published: March 2014

The reaction of the basic bismuth nitrate [Bi6O4(OH)4(NO3)6]·H2O with either thiosalicylic acid or sulfuric acid gave the novel bismuth hydrogen sulfate [Bi2(SO4)2(dmso)8](HSO4)2 (1) (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide). The formation of sulfate ions is observed in the presence of either Bi3+ or [Bi6O4(OH)4]6+ indicating bismuth‐induced oxidation of thiosalicylic acid. Compound 1 was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (TGA), and temperature dependent in situ X‐ray powder diffraction. Crystals suitable for single crystal structure analysis were obtained from a DMSO/acetone solution. The title compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with the following lattice parameters: a = 9.5240(4) Å, b = 9.9535(4) Å, c = 12.6620(5) Å, α = 109.943(4)°, β = 93.952(3)°, γ = 102.868(3)°, V = 1086.17(8) Å3, and Z = 1. Analysis of the thermally induced decomposition revealed the formation of Bi2O(SO4)2 and Bi2O2(SO4) as intermediate products and Bi28O32(SO4)10 as final product.
A dmp‐type Microporous Cadmium(II)‐Isonicotinate: Synthesis, Structure and CO2 Adsorption Property
Authors: Zhang Zhihua
Published: March 2014

The 4‐connected dmp‐type cadmium(II)‐isonicotinate framework [Cd(isonic)2(H2O)]n·n(DMA) (1) (isonic = isonicotinate, DMA = N,N′‐dimethylacetamide) was obtained by the solvothermal reactions of Cd(NO3)2 and isonicotinic acid (Hisonic). Compound 1 features a 3D porous framework with the opened channels occupied by the lattice DMA molecules. Thermal analysis reveals that such framework remains much stable after removal the free DMA molecules. CO2 adsorption measurement shows that such framework exhibits notable CO2 adsorption behavior.
The Role of Perceived Market Orientation in the Higher Education Sector
Authors: Casidy Riza
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between perceived market orientation, satisfaction, loyalty, and post-enrolment communication behaviour in the higher education context. 258 questionnaires were completed by undergraduate students of a particular university in Australia. Perceived market orientation (PMO) was found to be significantly related to satisfaction, loyalty, and post-enrolment communication behavior. Satisfaction was also found to perform significant mediating roles on the relationship between PMO, loyalty, and post-enrolment communication behaviour. The findings have generated relevant managerial implications as to how universities can enhance student satisfaction, loyalty, and positive word-of-mouth (WOM) through strong engagement in each dimension of market orientation.
Development of a Numerical Based Correlation for Performance Losses due to Surface Roughness in Axial Turbines
Authors: Moshizi S. A. , Nakhaei M. H. , Kermani M. J. , Madadi A.
Published: March 2014

In the present work, a recently developed in-house 2D CFD code is used to study the effect of gas turbine stator blade roughness on various performance parameters of a two-dimensional blade cascade. The 2D CFD model is based on a high resolution flux difference splitting scheme of Roe (1981). The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are closed using the zero-equation turbulence model of Baldwin-Lomax (1978) and two-equation Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. For the smooth blade, results are compared with experimental data to validate the model. Finally, a correlation between roughness Reynolds number and loss coefficient for both turbulence models is presented and tested for three other roughness heights. The results of 2D turbine blade cascades can be used for one-dimensional models such as mean line analysis or quasi-three-dimensional models e.g. streamline curvature method.
Flow Features of a Conducting Fluid Near an Accelerated Vertical Plate in Porous Medium with Ramped Wall Temperature
Authors: Kundu P. K. , Das K. , Acharya N.
Published: March 2014

The unsteady MHD free convection and mass transfer boundary layer flow of an incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an accelerated infinite vertical flat plate embedded in porous medium with ramped wall temperature is considered here. It is assumed that the plate accelerates in its own plane in the presence of thermal radiation incorporating first order chemical reaction. The governing equations are solved analytically using the Laplace transformation technique. The flow phenomenon has been characterized with the help of flow parameters such as permeability parameter, Hartmann number, phenomenon has been characterized with the help of flow parameters such as permeability parameter, Hartmann number, thermal radiation parameter etc. The influences of these parameters on the velocity, temperature field and concentration distribution have been studied and the results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively. Also, the effects of the various parameters on the skin friction coefficient, the rate of heat and mass transfer at the surface are discussed.
Role of Slip Velocity on the Oscillatory Flow of Blood Through a Porous Vessel in the Presence of Heat Source and Chemical Reaction
Authors: Sinha A. , Shit G. C.
Published: March 2014

Of concern in this paper is a problem motivated towards studying the influence of slip velocity on heat and mass transfer in the unsteady flow of blood through a porous vessel, when the lumen of the vessel has turned into a porous structure with internal heat generation or absorption in the presence of chemical reaction. It is assumed that the influence of a uniform magnetic field acts normal to the flow and the permeability of the porous medium fluctuates with time. The suction velocity is also taken to be oscillates periodically. The problem is solved numerically by using Crank-Nicolson scheme. The computational results are presented graphically for the velocity, temperature and concentration distribution as well as the variation of skin-friction co-efficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for various values of the parameters involved in this analysis. The study reveals that the flow is appreciably influenced by the presence of a magnetic field and slip velocity.
Improved weather-based late blight risk management: comparing models with a ten year forecast archive
Authors: BAKER K. M. , LAKE T. , BENSTON S. F. , TRENARY R. , WHARTON P. , DUYNSLAGER L. , KIRK W.
Published: March 2014

Agroecosystem decision support systems typically rely on some types of weather data. Although many new digital weather and forecast datasets are gridded data, the current authors feel that evaluating previous methods with data of increased archive length is critical in aiding the transition to new datasets that lack extensive archives. To that end, the present paper reviews the improvements made to an artificial neural network for forecasting weather-based potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) risk at 26 locations in the Great Lakes region. Accuracies of predictions made using an early model, developed in 2007, are compared with accuracies of predictions made using a new 10-year hourly optimized model. In nearly every comparison by month, forecast lead time and spatial region, the newly optimized model is more accurate, especially when the weather is conducive to high disease levels.
The Episcopal Career of Gregory of Elvira
Authors: SHUVE KARL
Published: March 2014

The writings of Gregory of Elvira are among the most important sources for understanding early Latin biblical exegesis as well as the culture and theology of the Spanish Church in the fourth century. The paucity of ancient sources on Gregory's episcopal career, however, renders a proper assessment of these works difficult, and he has not been well served by historians. In this essay, I propose a modified account of Gregory's life and career, arguing that the dates of his birth, ordination and death are fixed later than they should be and that his involvement with the ‘Luciferians’ has been significantly overestimated.
Levels of infection, pathology and nodule size ofOnchocerca flexuosa(Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from northern Spain
Authors: Hidalgo M.R. , Martínez A. , Carreño R.A. , González S. , Ferreras M.C. , Díez N.
Published: March 2014

Between 2005 and 2007, the presence ofOnchocerca flexuosa(Wedl, 1856) was discovered and investigated in 110 red deer (Cervus elaphus) shot in the Riaño Regional Hunting Reserve, in the province of León (north-western Spain). Nodules containingO. flexuosawere located in the dorsal region and flanks of the deer. These were collected and measured, and some adult parasites were extracted from the nodules and identified by morphology and by obtaining mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences, which were identical to those of previously published sequences forO. flexuosa. Some nodules were prepared for histology, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with haematoxylin–eosin. Histologically, the worms were found in several compartments separated by an infiltrated fibrous tissue. These compartments were inhabited by several females and males, surrounded by a fibrous capsule. A total of 85.45% (95% confidence interval (CI): 78.86–92.04%) of red deer were parasitized, with a mean intensity of 9.53 ± 12.27 nodules/host, ranging between 1 and 74 nodules/deer. Significant differences in prevalence and intensity of infection were found between young and adult red deer, and also between seasons. However, no significant differences between males and females were observed. Five hundred and ninety-seven nodules were measured (15.81 ± 3.94 mm) and classified by sizes into small ( < 10 mm), medium (10–20 mm) and large (>20 mm). No relation was found between the size of the nodules and the time of infection. The high values found in the studied parameters show that northern Spain is an area of high-intensity infection for deer.
A system of axiomatic set theory—Part I
Authors: Bernays Paul
Published: March 2014

Introduction. The system of axioms for set theory to be exhibited in this paper is a modification of the axiom system due to von Neumann. In particular it adopts the principal idea of von Neumann, that the elimination of the undefined notion of a property (“definite Eigenschaft”), which occurs in the original axiom system of Zermelo, can be accomplished in such a way as to make the resulting axiom system elementary, in the sense of being formalizable in the logical calculus of first order, which contains no other bound variables than individual variables and no accessory rule of inference (as, for instance, a scheme of complete induction).

The purpose of modifying the von Neumann system is to remain nearer to the structure of the original Zermelo system and to utilize at the same time some of the set-theoretic concepts of the Schröder logic and of Principia mathematica which have become familiar to logicians. As will be seen, a considerable simplification results from this arrangement.

The theory is not set up as a pure formalism, but rather in the usual manner of elementary axiom theory, where we have to deal with propositions which are understood to have a meaning, and where the reference to the domain of facts to be axiomatized is suggested by the names for the kinds of individuals and for the fundamental predicates.

On the other hand, from the formulation of the axioms and the methods used in making inferences from them, it will be obvious that the theory can be formalized by means of the logical calculus of first order (“Prädikatenkalkul” or “engere Funktionenkalkül”) with the addition of the formalism of equality and the ι-symbol for “descriptions” (in the sense of Whitehead and Russell).
Congruence relations, filters, ideals, and definability in lattices of α-recursively enumerable sets
Authors: Lerman Manuel
Published: March 2014

Throughout this paper, α will denote an admissible ordinal. Let (α) denote the lattice of α-r.e. sets, i.e., the lattice whose elements are the α-r.e. sets, and whose ordering is given by set inclusion. Call a set A ∈ (α)α*-finite if it is α-finite and has ordertype < α* (the Σ1-projectum of α). The α*-finite sets form an ideal of (α), and factoring (α) by this ideal, we obtain the quotient lattice *(α).

We will fix a language ℒ suitable for lattice theory, and discuss decidability in terms of this language. Two approaches have succeeded in making some progress towards determining the decidability of the elementary theory of (α). Each approach was first used by Lachlan for α = ω. The first approach is to relate the decidability of the elementary theory of (α) to that of a suitable quotient lattice of (α) by a congruence relation definable in ℒ. This technique was used by Lachlan [4, §1] to obtain the equidecidability of the elementary theories of (ω) and *(ω), and was generalized by us [6, Corollary 1.2] to yield the equidecidability of the elementary theories of (α) and *(α) for all α. Lachlan [3] then adopted a different approach.
Scott's interpolation theorem fails for Lω1, ω
Authors: Africk Henry
Published: March 2014

In [1] we proved the following interpolation theorem for first-order (finitary) logic:

Theorem (Scott). Let A and B be sentences. There is an -sentence C such that A → C and C → B iff whenever and are -isomorphic structures and satisfies A then satisfies B.

We show here that the Theorem holds for A and B in Lω1, ω only if we permit the interpolant C to be in L(2ω)+, ω, where (2ω)+ is the successor of 2ω.

Our language contains the usual logical symbols and the relation symbols Ri, is i ∈ J. If I ⊆ J define an I-sentence to be a sentence containing only relations with subscripts in I. If define an -sentence to be a boolean combination of I-sentences with , i.e., a sentence consisting of I-sentences, for various I's in , joined together by ∨, ∧ and ⌝; e.g., ∀xR1(x) ∨ ∀xR2(x)is a{{1}, {2}}-sentence but ∀x(R1(x) ∨ R2(x)) is not. If is a structure let , be the structure obtained by restricting to just the relations with subscripts in I. We say that is -isomorphic to if is isomorphic to for each .
Algebraic completeness results for R-mingle and its extensions
Authors: Michael Dunn J.
Published: March 2014

Schiller Joe Scroggs in [9] established remarkable facts concerning “normal” extensions of the modal sentential calculus S5, the most notable of these facts being that all such proper extensions have finite characteristic matrices. The major import of the present paper is that like facts hold for the relevant sentential calculus R-Mingle (RM). Robert K. Meyer in [6] has obtained an important completeness result for RM, which will play a central role in our results. However, in §2 we shall obtain a new proof of Meyer's result as a by-product of the algebraic logic that we develop in §1. Also in §2 we shall obtain the promised results for extensions of RM. In §3 we shall provide a strong completeness theorem for RM by generalizing the semantics of Meyer.
On the interpretation of non-finitist proofs—Part I
Authors: Kreisel G.
Published: March 2014

1. The purpose of the present paper is to formulate the problem of non-finitist proofs, and to solve it for certain extensions of the predicate calculus, and for analysis with the exclusion of the theory of sets of points. The corresponding problem for general formal systems is discussed in another publication [1].

To fix ideas we introduce the problem by examples from analysis. The general formulation is given in the text. Also, we shall use in the introduction the concepts decidable, verifiable, finitist without much formal explanation, because the reader is probably familiar with them, and they are defined early on in the text.

The paper presupposes some knowledge of the methods and results in the theory of proofs. These enable one to state the general problem rather more precisely.
Use it or lose it: measuring trends in wild species subject to substantial use
Authors: Tierney Megan , Almond Rosamunde , Stanwell-Smith Damon , McRae Louise , Zöckler Christoph , Collen Ben , Walpole Matt , Hutton Jon , de Bie Steven
Published: March 2014

The unsustainable use of wild animals and plants is thought to be a significant driver of biodiversity loss in many regions of the world. The international community has therefore called for action to ensure the sustainable use of living resources and safeguard them for future generations. Indicators that can track changes in populations of species used by humans are essential tools for measuring progress towards these ideals and informing management decisions. Here we present two indicators that could be used to track changes in populations of utilized vertebrate species and levels of harvest sustainability. Preliminary results based on sample data both at the global level and for the Arctic show that utilized species are faring better than other species overall. This could be a consequence of better management of these populations, as indicated by more sustainable harvest levels in recent decades. Limitations of the indicators are still apparent; in particular, there is a lack of data on harvested populations of some vertebrate classes and from certain regions. Focusing monitoring efforts on broadening the scope of data collected and identifying interactions with other potential drivers of decline will strengthen these indicators as policy tools and improve their potential to be incorporated into future sets of indicators to track progress towards global biodiversity targets.
Distributed control strategy for flexible link manipulators
Authors: Fareh Raouf , Saad Mohamad , Saad Maarouf
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a nonlinear distributed control strategy for flexible-link manipulators to solve the tracking control problem in the joint space and cancel vibrations of the links. First, the dynamic of an n-flexible-link manipulator is decomposed into n subsystems. Each subsystem has a pair of one joint and one link. The distributed control strategy is applied to each subsystem starting from the last subsystem. The strategy of control consists in controlling the nth joint and stabilizing the nth link by assuming that the remaining subsystems are stable. Then, going backward to the (n − 1)th subsystem, the same control strategy is applied to each corresponding joint-link subsystem until the first. Sliding mode technique is used to develop the control law of each subsystem and the global stability of the resulting tracking errors is proved using the Lyapunov technique. This algorithm was tested on a two-flexible-link manipulator and gave effective results, a good tracking performance, and capability to eliminate the links' vibrations.
Adaptive Measurement Model of Navigation by Stellar Refraction based on Multiple Models Switching
Authors: Yang Bo , Si Fan , Xu Fan , Zhou Wenlan
Published: March 2014

In recent years, navigation by stellar refraction has received considerable attention, having advantages of high accuracy, simple construction, and low cost. Nevertheless, there are many limitations to the precision and application of this method using a traditional measurement model. This article studies the changing pattern of atmospheric density, the disturbed atmospheric density model and measurement model of stellar refraction ranging from 20 km to 50 km. Furthermore, a control algorithm of multiple mode switching and an adaptive measurement model are proposed. With this method, any refracted starlight from the scope of between 20 km and 50 km can be captured and the measurement model at the appropriate height can be automatically established. Due to this, the reliability and practicality of navigation have been raised considerably. Accuracy of navigation using the adaptive measurement method is observed to improve by about 14%, using computer simulation based on an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF).
Visualization of Microbiological Processes Underlying Stress Relaxation inPseudomonas aeruginosaBiofilms
Authors: Peterson Brandon W. , Busscher Henk J. , Sharma Prashant K. , van der Mei Henny C.
Published: March 2014

Bacterial biofilms relieve themselves from external stresses through internal rearrangement, as mathematically modeled in many studies, but never microscopically visualized for their underlying microbiological processes. The aim of this study was to visualize rearrangement processes occurring in mechanically deformed biofilms using confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy after SYTO9 (green-fluorescent) and calcofluor-white (blue-fluorescent) staining to visualize bacteria and extracellular-polymeric matrix substances, respectively. We apply 20% uniaxial deformation toPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms and fix deformed biofilms prior to staining, after allowing different time-periods for relaxation. Two isogenicP. aeruginosastrains with different abilities to produce extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were used. By confocal-laser-scanning-microscopy all biofilms showed intensity distributions for fluorescence from which rearrangement of EPS and bacteria in deformed biofilms were derived. For theP. aeruginosastrain producing EPS, bacteria could not find new, stable positions within 100 s after deformation, while EPS moved toward deeper layers within 20 s. Bacterial rearrangement was not seen inP. aeruginosabiofilms deficient in production of EPS. Thus, EPS is required to stimulate bacterial rearrangement in mechanically deformed biofilms within the time-scale of our experiments, and the mere presence of water is insufficient to induce bacterial movement, likely due to its looser association with the bacteria.