bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localized Mixing Zone for Muskat Bubbles and Turned Interfaces
Authors: Castro Á. , Faraco D. , Mengual F.
Published: April 2022

We construct mixing solutions to the incompressible porous media equation starting from Muskat type data in the partially unstable regime. In particular, we consider bubble and turned type interfaces with Sobolev regularity. As a by-product, we prove the continuation of the evolution of IPM after the Rayleigh–Taylor and smoothness breakdown exhibited in (Castro et al. in Arch Ration Mech Anal 208(3):805–909, 2013, Castro et al. in Ann Math. (2) 175(2):909–948, 2012). At each time slice the space is split into three evolving domains: two non-mixing zones and a mixing zone which is localized in a neighborhood of the unstable region. In this way, we show the compatibility between the classical Muskat problem and the convex integration method.
On the growth impact of different eco-innovation business strategies
Authors: Caravella Serenella , Crespi Francesco
Published: April 2022

The paper investigates whether standard innovation and different types of eco-innovation activities have different effects on firm employment growth. Heterogeneity in terms of growth effects is analyzed by considering how the influence of different innovation strategies varies across firms grouped by their pace of growth. Relying on a sample of 3000 Italian manufacturing firms observed between 2012 and 2016, we find that innovative companies tend to grow faster than their non-innovative counterparts. However, when distinct paces of growth are taken into account, the employment growth impact of innovation will depend on the specific types of innovation strategies pursued by companies. In particular, more complex eco-innovation activities have no impact on employment growth for high-growth firms. This finding suggests that, on average, high-growth firms tend to be too small and too young to be able to expand through more complex EI strategies which, to be handled, require a wide range of cognitive, technological, and financial capabilities.
Weiterbildung im Trend – Anschlussmöglichkeiten und Grenzen kontinuierlicher Weiterbildungsberichterstattung am Beispiel des Berichtssystems Weiterbildung und des Adult Education Survey
Authors: Rosenkranz Anika
Published: April 2022

Die Umstellung des deutschen Berichtssystems Weiterbildung (BSW) auf das europäisierte Berichtskonzept Adult Education Survey (AES) wird als konzeptioneller Bruch innerhalb der deutschen Berichterstattung wahrgenommen. Die kontinuierliche Erfassung von Weiterbildungsstrukturen im Rahmen des BSW und AES stellt jedoch eine in ihrer Reichweite einmalige Datengrundlage für die deutsche Weiterbildungsberichterstattung dar und bietet das Potenzial, trendspezifische Entwicklungen der Weiterbildungsteilnahme differenziert abzubilden. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert am Beispiel der Entwicklung beruflicher Weiterbildung differenziert nach Teilnahmeanlass (1991–2018) Anschlussmöglichkeiten und Grenzen kontinuierlicher Beobachtung von Weiterbildung auf Basis der BSW- und AES-Daten.
Individual process development of single and multi-material laser melting in novel modular laser powder bed fusion system
Authors: Schanz Jochen , Islam Nabirul , Kolb David , Harrison David K. , De Silva Anjali K. M. , Goll Dagmar , Schneider Gerhard , Riegel Harald
Published: April 2022

Additive manufacturing and especially the laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) with full melting of the powder offers tremendous potential and versatility for manufacturing high quality, complex, precision metal parts. However, for novel powder compositions the LPBF process development is very time consuming and cost intensive due to the layer wise melting and the powder prices. This research work investigates the manufacturing of single and layered multi-material structures in a novel modular lab-scaled LPBF machining system through individual process and material development. The developed system allows the use of different laser sources, optical arrangements, individual sensor and actuator integration. In addition, the modular LPBF system enables the manufacturing of specimens with a minimum amount of powder, individual mixed powder compositions or layered multi-material parts. In an application example, a multi-material specimen made out of stainless steel 316L and Bronze 90/10 was manufactured in alternating layers. For this approach, a parameter study was performed for each material to investigate the influence of the volumetric energy density (VED) on the specimen density, surface flatness and reduced mixing zone formation. Afterwards, optimized parameters were used to demonstrate the feasibility of the system to produce a multi-material layered 316L-Bronze part.
Time Trends and Persistence in US Sea Level Data: An Investigation Using Fractional Integration Methods
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Gil-Alana Luis A. , Sauci L.
Published: April 2022

This paper analyses US sea level data using long memory and fractional integration methods. Specifically, monthly data for 41 US stations covering the period from January 1950 to December 2018 are examined. Fractional integration methods suggest that all series exhibit orders of integration in the interval (0, 1), which implies long-range dependence with positive values of the differencing parameter; further, significant positive time trends are found in the case of 29 stations located on the East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico, and negative ones in the case of four stations on the North West Coast, but none for the remaining 8 on the West Coast. The highest degree of persistence is found for the West Coast stations and the lowest for the East Coast ones. Thus, in the event of shocks, more decisive action is required in the case of West Coast stations for the series to revert to their original trend.
Neither Threat of Shock nor Acute Psychosocial Stress Affects Ambiguity Attitudes
Authors: Sambrano Deshawn Chatman , Lormestoire Arlene , Raio Candace , Glimcher Paul , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2022

Decisions under uncertainty can be differentiated into two classes: risky, which has known probabilistic outcomes, and ambiguous, which has unknown probabilistic outcomes. Across a variety of types of decisions, people find ambiguity extremely aversive, subjectively more aversive than risk. It has been shown that the transient sympathetic arousal response to a choice predicts decisions under ambiguity but not risk, and that lifetime stress uniquely predicts attitudes toward ambiguity. Building on these findings, this study explored whether we could bias ambiguity and risk preferences with an arousal or acute stress manipulation that is incidental to the choice in two independent experiments. One experiment induced sympathetic arousal with an anticipatory threat paradigm, and the other manipulated incidental acute stress via a psychosocial stressor. The efficacy of the manipulations was confirmed via pupil dilation and salivary cortisol, respectively. Participants made choices between a guaranteed $5 option and a lottery with either a known (risky) or unknown (ambiguous) probabilistic outcome. Consistent with previous findings, participants were more averse to a given level of ambiguity than to a numerically equal level of risk. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, we found no evidence that transient arousal or acute stress that is incidental to the choice biases ambiguity preferences.
Asymmetrical Effects of Sleep and Emotions in Daily Life
Authors: Newman David B. , Epel Elissa S. , Coccia Michael , Puterman Eli , Prather Aric A.
Published: April 2022

Sleep is an important process that can influence and be influenced by daily events and emotions. We examined the bidirectional relationships between sleep, daily events, and emotions with a daily diary method completed by 181 mothers (Mage = 41.91, SD = 5.06). They answered morning and evening questionnaires for 1 week at three different points in time separated by nine months each, 21 days in total. Measures of sleep quality and emotional experiences each morning were assessed, and they reported on their best and worst experience of the day, peak emotional responses to these events, and affect in the evening. Sleep behavior, including total sleep time and sleep efficiency, was objectively quantified using wrist actigraphy. Multilevel modeling analyses showed that longer sleep duration and better subjective quality predicted greater positive emotions and lower negative emotions upon waking, and lower levels of peak perceived stressfulness, but not peak positivity ratings. Daily experiences did not predict sleep duration. Conversely, negative affect in the evening and greater peak perceived stressfulness during the day predicted worse sleep quality that night, whereas positive affect and positive events were not related to sleep. Although correlational, these findings suggest that good sleep can improve waking affect and help mitigate the impact of stressful experiences but does not amplify responses to the positive events of the day. In turn, daily perceived stress reactivity impairs sleep quality. These novel findings show stronger bidirectional relationships between sleep with daily stress, than sleep with daily positivity.
Multispecies facial detection for individual identification of wildlife: a case study across ursids
Authors: Clapham Melanie , Miller Ed , Nguyen Mary , Van Horn Russell C.
Published: April 2022

To address biodiversity decline in the era of big data, replicable methods of data processing are needed. Automated methods of individual identification (ID) via computer vision are valuable in conservation research and wildlife management. Rapid and systematic methods of image processing and analysis are fundamental to an ever-growing need for effective conservation research and practice. Bears (ursids) are an interesting test system for examining computer vision techniques for wildlife, as they have variable facial morphology, variable presence of individual markings, and are challenging to research and monitor. We leveraged existing imagery of bears living under human care to develop a multispecies bear face detector, a critical part of individual ID pipelines. We compared its performance across species and on a pre-existing wild brown bear Ursus arctos dataset (BearID), to examine the robustness of convolutional neural networks trained on animals under human care. Using the multispecies bear face detector and retrained sub-applications of BearID, we prototyped an end-to-end individual ID pipeline for the declining Andean bear Tremarctos ornatus. Our multispecies face detector had an average precision of 0.91–1.00 across all eight bear species, was transferable to images of wild brown bears (AP = 0.93), and correctly identified individual Andean bears in 86% of test images. These preliminary results indicate that a multispecies-trained network can detect faces of a single species sufficiently to achieve high-performance individual classification, which could speed-up the transferability and application of automated individual ID to a wider range of taxa.
Bat selfies: photographic surveys of flying bats
Authors: Rydell Jens , Russo Danilo , Sewell Price , Seamark Ernest C. J. , Francis Charles M. , Fenton Sherri L. , Fenton M. Brock
Published: April 2022

The recent pandemic and other environmental concerns have resulted in restrictions on research and surveys involving capture and handling bats. While acoustic surveys have been widely used as an alternative survey method, in this study, we show how photographic surveys can offer an important contribution to study and survey bats. We outline approaches, using high speed flash and automated trip beams to obtain photos of flying bats of sufficient quality for reliable identification of species. We show, through a series of examples of setups and photographs, that photography is effective for surveying bats at a variety of sites, where bats roost, drink, and forage. We note, however, that photographic surveys cannot replace capture in all situations. In addition, although photographing bats is less invasive than capturing them, it can involve disturbance, so we stress the importance of minimizing the impact of such operations on bats.
Missionary Froebelians’ Pedagogy and Practice: Annie L. Howe and Her Glory Kindergarten Teacher Training School
Authors: Nishida Yukiyo
Published: April 2022

In the mid to late nineteenth century, many missionary women from Western countries arrived in Japan to engage in educational work. They made a significant impact not only on the establishment of Christian kindergartens and kindergarten teacher training schools but also on the dissemination of Friedrich Froebel's theory of kindergarten education across Japan. This paper considers the role of religion in the missionary women's implementation of Froebel's theory to understand how Christian faith and values have influenced pedagogy and practice at their training schools, with a particular focus on the case of prominent American missionary and Froebelian Annie L. Howe (1852-1943) and her Glory Kindergarten teacher training school in Japan. By highlighting the curriculum and day-to-day training experiences at Howe's Froebelian kindergarten teacher training school, this study contributes to the body of knowledge about how teaching, learning, curriculum, and pedagogic discourse were transformed not just by the decisions of the Froebelians but also by Howe's Christian faith and values.
A mixed-methods evaluation on the efficacy and perceptions of needleless connector disinfectants
Authors: Roberts Scott C. , Hendrix Curtis A. , Edwards Lauren M. , Feinn Richard S. , Martinello Richard A. , Murray Thomas S.
Published: April 2022

Objective:

Optimizing needleless connector hub disinfection practice is a key strategy in central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) prevention. In this mixed-methods evaluation, 3 products with varying scrub times were tested for experimental disinfection followed by a qualitative nursing assessment of each.

Methods:

Needleless connectors were inoculated with varying concentrations of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus followed by disinfection with a 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) wipe (a 15-second scrub time and a 15-second dry time), a 70% IPA cap (a 10-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time), or a 3.15% chlorhexidine gluconate with 70% IPA (CHG/IPA) wipe (a 5-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time). Cultures of needleless connectors were obtained after disinfection to quantify bacterial reduction. This was followed by surveying a convenience sample of nursing staff with intensive care unit assignments at an academic tertiary hospital on use of each product.

Results:

All products reduced overall bacterial burden when compared to sterile water controls, however the IPA and CHG/IPA wipes were superior to the IPA caps when product efficacy was compared. Nursing staff noted improved compliance with CHG/IPA wipes compared with the IPA wipes and the IPA caps, with many preferring the lesser scrub and dry times required for disinfection.

Conclusion:

Achieving adequate bacterial disinfection of needleless connectors while maximizing healthcare staff compliance with scrub and dry times may be best achieved with a combination CHG/IPA wipe.
Wine Review Descriptors as Quality Predictors: Evidence from Language Processing Techniques
Authors: Yang Chenyu , Barth Jackson , Katumullage Duwani , Cao Jing
Published: April 2022

There is an ongoing debate on whether wine reviews provide meaningful information on wine properties and quality. However, few studies have been conducted aiming directly at comparing the utility of wine reviews and numeric measurements in wine data analysis. Based on data from close to 300,000 wines reviewed by Wine Spectator, we use logistic regression models to investigate whether wine reviews are useful in predicting a wine's quality classification. We group our sample into one of two binary quality brackets, wines with a critical rating of 90 or above and the other group with ratings of 89 or below. This binary outcome constitutes our dependent variable. The explanatory variables include different combinations of numerical covariates such as the price and age of wines and numerical representations of text reviews. By comparing the explanatory accuracy of the models, our results suggest that wine review descriptors are more accurate in predicting binary wine quality classifications than are various numerical covariates—including the wine's price. In the study, we include three different feature extraction methods in text analysis: latent Dirichlet allocation, term frequency-inverse document frequency, and Doc2Vec text embedding. We find that Doc2Vec is the best performing feature extraction method that produces the highest classification accuracy due to its capability of using contextual information from text documents. (JEL Classifications: C45, C88, D83)
The potential contribution of house crickets to the dietary zinc content and nutrient adequacy in young Kenyan children: a linear programming analysis using Optifood
Authors: Coppoolse Hester , Borgonjen-van den Berg Karin J. , Chopera Prosper , Hummel Marijke , Grimble George , Brouwer Inge D. , Melse-Boonstra Alida
Published: April 2022

Zn deficiency arising from inadequate dietary intake of bioavailable Zn is common in children in developing countries. Because house crickets are a rich source of Zn, their consumption could be an effective public health measure to combat Zn deficiency. This study used Optifood, a tool based on linear programming analysis, to develop food-based dietary recommendations (FBR) and predict whether dietary house crickets can improve both Zn and overall nutrient adequacy of children’s diets. Two quantitative, multi-pass 24-h recalls from forty-seven children aged 2 and 3 years residing in rural Kenya were collected and used to derive model parameters, including a list of commonly consumed foods, median serving sizes and frequency of consumption. Two scenarios were modelled: (i) FBR based on local available foods and (ii) FBR based on local available foods with house crickets. Results revealed that Zn would cease to be a problem nutrient when including house crickets to children’s diets (population reference intake coverage for Zn increased from 89 % to 121 % in the best-case scenario). FBR based on both scenarios could ensure nutrient adequacy for all nutrients except for fat, but energy percentage (E%) for fat was higher when house crickets were included in the diet (23 E%v. 19 E%). This manoeuvre, combined with realistic changes in dietary practices, could therefore improve dietary Zn content and ensure adequacy for twelve nutrients for Kenyan children. Further research is needed to render these theoretical recommendations, practical.
ARBITRATION, CORRUPTION AND POST-AWARD CONTROL IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH COURTS
Authors: Grant Thomas D
Published: April 2022

In September 2021, the French Cour de Cassation reversed the annulment that the Paris Cour d'appel earlier had granted in regard to an arbitral award in Alexander Brothers v Alstom on grounds of corruption. This brought French courts in line with their English counterparts, at least in that one case, the latter having accepted the Alexander Brothers award as enforceable. Noteworthy beyond the welcome consistency that the recent French judgment imparts in one case, that and other recent judgments cast light on several issues in international arbitration, including the arbitrability of allegations of fraud or corruption, the relevance of evidence of corruption ‘downstream’ from a contract, and the legal effects (if any) on third parties of internal compliance regimes that enterprises adopt in response to national regulatory and enforcement actions in respect of corruption.
Exiles, Expatriates, and Malcolm X: Debating the Racial Politics of Liberation in the Black Star of Africa
Authors: Allman Jean
Published: April 2022

On 10 May 1964, on his return trip to the United States from Mecca, Malcolm X landed in Accra for a weeklong visit to the capital of the ‘Black Star of Africa’. This high-profile visit, which took place only nine months before Malcolm X's assassination, has assumed an important place in biographical accounts of his life, as key to understanding his religious and political transformation or ‘conversion’. Yet we know surprisingly little about how Malcolm X's visit resonated locally, what kinds of meanings it generated, especially in the new nation's capital. Based on newspaper accounts, private paper collections, and written and oral reminiscences, this article explores Malcolm X's visit as a significant moment for accessing the conflicting interpretations of race and liberation politics that converged, cohered, and collided in Ghana during the first decade of independence.
Associations among body energy status, feeding duration and activity with respect to diet energy and protein content in housed dairy cows
Authors: Banda Liveness Jessica , Chagunda Mizeck Gift Gibson , Ashworth Cheryl Joy , Roberts David John
Published: April 2022

The study in this research paper was undertaken with a hypothesis that accelerometer data can be used to improve monitoring of energy balance in dairy cows. Animals of high (select, S) and average (control, C) genetic-merit lines were allocated to two feeding systems, by-product (BP) and homegrown (HG). This culminated in four production systems referred to as BPS, BPC, HGS and HGC. Cows between their first and fourth lactations were included and a total of 8602 records were used. The target crude protein (CP) and metabolisable energy (ME) content in the BP diet was 185 g/kg DM and 12.3 MJ/kg DM while it was 180 g/kg DM, and 11.5 MJ/kg DM for the HG diet, respectively. Milk yield, body energy content (BEC) and animal activity were monitored while the animals were all housed for winter. Results showed that cows on homegrown feeds were significantly (P < 0.05) more active than cows on by-product feeds as indicated by higher motion index and number of steps per day. Feeding duration was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between cows under by-product feeding system irrespective of the energy balance of the cows. However, there were significant differences for cows under homegrown feeding system. Cows in negative energy balance had a longer feeding duration per day than cows in positive energy balance. Milk yield was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to motion index and number of steps per day but not to lying time and feeding duration. The results showed differences in cow activity were related to diet content and body energy status. This is useful in precision farming where feeds are provided according to specific animal behaviour and feed requirements.
Retrospective analysis of the risk of neoplasia associated with unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on computed tomography
Authors: Mughal Z , Daffu K , Adeoti R , Swaminathan R , Henney S
Published: April 2022

Background

Unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on computed tomography may reflect an inflammatory or neoplastic process. The neoplasia risk is not clear in the literature.

Methods

In this retrospective study, computed tomography sinus scans performed over 12 months were screened for unilateral maxillary sinus opacification, and the rates of inflammatory and neoplastic diagnoses were calculated.

Results

Of 641 computed tomography sinus scans, the rate of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification was 9 per cent. Fifty-two cases were analysed. The risk of neoplasia was 2 per cent (inverted papilloma,n= 1). No cases of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification represented malignancy, but one case of lymphoma had an incidental finding of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on the contralateral side. Patients with an antrochoanal polyp (n= 3), fungal disease (n= 1), inverted papilloma and lymphoma all had a unilateral nasal mass.

Conclusion

Our neoplasia rate of 2 per cent was lower than previously reported. A unilateral mass was predictive of pathology that required operative management. Clinical findings, rather than simple findings of opacification on computed tomography, should drive the decision to perform biopsy.
Multilingualism in academic writing for publication: Putting English in its place
Authors: Curry Mary Jane , Lillis Theresa
Published: April 2022

We are living in an era characterized by multilingualism, global mobility, superdiversity (Blommaert, 2010), and digital communications. Mobility and multilingualism, however, have long characterized most geolinguistic contexts, including those where monolingual ideologies have influenced the formation of contemporary nation states (Cenoz, 2013). As language is a pillar of both curriculum and instruction, in many academic spaces around the world efforts are on the rise to acknowledge the colonial origins of English, decenter the dominance of Standard English(es), and decolonize knowledge production (e.g., Bhambra et al., 2018; de Sousa Santos, 2017). Additionally, many ‘inner circle’ (Kachru, 2001) Anglophone contexts have long witnessed the centrifugal forces of multilingualism. Yet what prevails in institutional academic contexts is a centripetal pull toward what has been captured in phrases such as ‘linguistic mononormativity’ (Blommaert & Horner, 2017) or ‘Anglonormativity’ (McKinney, 2017). Nowhere is this pull more evident than in the sphere of writing for publication, relentlessly construed as an ‘English Only’ space, as exemplified in Elnathan's (2021) claim in the journalNature: ‘English is the international language of science, for better or for worse.’
English Medium Instruction: What do we know so far and what do we still need to find out?
Authors: Macaro Ernesto
Published: April 2022

English Medium Instruction (EMI), as a phenomenon occurring in the non-Anglophone world, has been matched by a growth in research output on the topic and is now an important and established field of study. A great deal of research attention has been devoted to attitudes held by the key stakeholders in this form of education: teachers, students, and policy makers. Yet, there are many other important questions that remain unanswered, the most important of which are: What are the outcomes of this form of instruction? What is the social and economic impact of EMI? How can EMI teachers improve their teaching? And how can learners help themselves to improve their learning?
The Golden Rule: A Naturalistic Perspective
Authors: Cofnas Nathan
Published: April 2022

A number of philosophers from Hobbes to Mill to Parfit have held some combination of the following views about the Golden Rule: (a) It is the cornerstone of morality across many if not all cultures. (b) It affirms the value of moral impartiality, and potentially the core idea of utilitarianism. (c) It is immune from evolutionary debunking, that is, there is no good naturalistic explanation for widespread acceptance of the Golden Rule, ergo the best explanation for its appearance in different traditions is that people have perceived the same non-natural moral truth. De Lazari-Radek and Singer employ all three of these claims in an argument meant to vindicate Sidgwick's ‘principle of universal benevolence’. I argue that the Golden Rule is the cornerstone of morality only in Christianity, it does not advocate moral impartiality, and there is a naturalistic explanation for why versions of the Golden Rule appear in different traditions.
Revisiting ‘Toledo, Rome, and the Legacy of Gaul’: new evidence from the Divine Office
Authors: MALOY REBECCA , BROWN MASON , CEFKIN BENJAMIN PONGTEP , OPARA RUTH , QUILLIAM MEGAN , SHAFFER MELANIE
Published: April 2022

Over the past century, scholars have identified examples of liturgical chant belonging to more than one Western liturgical tradition, including Franco-Roman, Old Hispanic, Old Beneventan and Milanese. In a seminal study, Kenneth Levy identified a set of offertories that circulate in the Franco-Roman, Old Hispanic and Milanese traditions, arguing that all existing versions derive from an earlier, Gallican tradition. This article expands the evidence for connections between the Franco-Roman and Old Hispanic traditions, identifying nearly two dozen Franco-Roman responsories that are shared with the Old Hispanic rite and may be of Gallican or Iberian origin. The diversity of their liturgical assignments and circulation patterns suggests that the exchange of repertory took place at different times and through different routes. Many of these responsories are assigned to the later layers of the Roman liturgy. Others were added to the Old Hispanic liturgy between the eighth and tenth centuries.

Just over half of these responsories show enough melodic connections between the Franco-Roman and Old Hispanic versions, in contour and melismatic density, to imply a shared melodic ancestor. Each version, however, uses the formulas associated with its own tradition, indicating that the melodies have been assimilated to the style and formulaic content of the receiving tradition. Despite the resulting melodic differences, we identify certain commonalities between Franco-Roman and Old Hispanic chant, such as text-setting strategies and common cadential contours, that facilitated the exchange of repertory.
Attacks on Educational Institutions
Authors: Tin Derrick , Issa Fadi , Ciottone Gregory R.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Educational institutions around the world have long been targets of terrorist attacks. Schools, colleges, and universities often lack security measures against intentional threats and may be viewed as relatively easy, soft targets with high potential for mass casualties. The long-term psychosocial impact on children, youth, and survivors of terrorist attacks are significant and recovery remains a challenge. Deliberate attacks on students and children, in particular, can also often gain mass-media attention, provoke significant community unrest, and place a spotlight on the local government’s inability to protect the vulnerable. This study is an epidemiological examination of all terrorism-related events targeting educational institutions from 1970-2019.

Method:

Data collection was performed using a retrospective search through the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The database was searched using the internal search functions for all events that occurred from January 1, 1970 - December 31, 2019. “Educational institutions” as a primary target type was selected for the purpose of this study and events were further sub-classified by country and attack type. All classifications were pre-determined by the GTD.

Results:

The GTD listed 4,520 attacks against educational institutions, recording 3,732 deaths and 9,920 wounded. This accounted for 2.7% of all terrorist attacks (total 168,003 attacks against all target types). There has been a downtrend in attacks since the 2014 peak when 344 attacks were recorded that year. Pakistan recorded the most attacks with 969 events, followed by Afghanistan (369), India (311), and Iraq (279). The most common attack types included bombing/explosions (2290), facility/infrastructure attacks (636), armed assaults (628), hostage takings (kidnappings [415]), assassinations (357), unarmed assaults (72), unknown (67), hostage takings (barricade incidents [46]), and hijackings (9).

Eight hundred seventy-three of the 4,520 attacks were recorded against teachers, professors, and instructors and 486 attacks were recorded against “other personnel” such as security and non-teaching staff.

Conclusion:

Terrorist attacks on educational institutions are rare but significant target types. In total, 41.2% of attacks on educational institutions occurred in South Asia, followed by 18.9% in the Middle East and North Africa. Western Europe and North America accounted for 3.9% and 3.6%, respectively. Educational institutions around the world should evaluate their risks and put in place appropriate hardening measures as well as preparedness and recovery plans to intentional threats.
Coping with Gendered Welfare Stigma: Exploring Everyday Accounts of Stigma and Resistance Strategies among Mothers Who Claim Social Security Benefits
Authors: Evans Nancy
Published: April 2022

Drawing upon findings from a qualitative project exploring welfare stigma in the lives of women in Merseyside, this article examines experiences of stigma and resistance strategies among the mothers interviewed. The article provides insights into how gendered stigma manifests in the lives of mothers reliant on social security benefits in the present era of continued welfare reform. The mothers’ experiences of stigma are argued to revolve around the devaluation of caring labour, the perception that benefits are undeserved and the notion of ‘bad motherhood’. Furthermore, the article contributes to knowledge about stigma resistance strategies, including acknowledging the value of care and rejecting blaming narratives. Nonetheless, it is argued that owing to the power and pervasiveness of structurally-imposed stigma, individualised resistance strategies are limited and mothers must also engage in everyday stigma management techniques.
Between Uniformity and Polarization: Women’s Empowerment in the Public Press of GCC States
Authors: Müller Henriette , Camia Christin
Published: April 2022

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have increased their promotion of women in public life. The expansion of women's rights in these states functions as a central policy tool to stimulate modernization processes. This article investigates how the Gulf governments steer women's empowerment through the press. Regulated by the state, media outlets in GCC countries primarily serve to affirm and amplify the legitimacy of the government. Focusing on 15 English-language newspapers from 2008 to 2017, this article analyzes the degree to which women's empowerment in various arenas of society was addressed and the valence with which it was reported. Moreover, it analyzes whether foreign and domestic news were addressed differently. The article finds that once nondemocracies focus on women's rights, positive media portrayals, especially of domestic news, become central for legitimizing both women's empowerment and the regime. The article contributes to the growing literature on women's rights legislation and the state-media nexus in autocracies.
A 3D Empirical Model of Electron Density Based on CSES Radio Occultation Measurements
Authors: Huang He , Lin Jian , Xu Song , Le Huijun , Guo Feng , Zeren Zhima , Liu Libo , Shen Xuhui
Published: April 2022

China Seismo‐Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) was successfully launched in February 2018. About 280 thousand ionospheric radio occultation (RO) electron density profiles (EDP) have been accumulated till the end of 2020. The CSES is a Sun‐synchronous orbit satellite with descending and ascending nodes around 14:00 and 02:00 LT, respectively, at the height of 507 km. Thus, most of the RO EDP concentrate on these two local time bins. First, we constructed empirical NmF2, hmF2, and Hm models at two local time windows 14:00 and 02:00 LT, respectively. The three models describe that NmF2, hmF2, and Hm vary with solar activity, season, longitude, and latitude. Through the comparison with CSES observations, the NmF2, hmF2, and Hm models could reproduce the physical characteristics rather well. Then, according to Chapman profile function, a EDP model was reconstructed based on the NmF2, hmF2, and Hm models, named CSES_Ne‐Profile Model. To evaluate the model performance, we simulated the COSMIC‐2 observations by CSES_Ne‐Profile Model and international reference ionosphere (IRI) model respectively. The results show that CSES_Ne‐Profile Model precedes the IRI model. Additionally, our model captures the merging phenomenon of the two peaks of equatorial ionospheric anomaly, which is missed by IRI. Further, CSES_NePrf model is a useful tool to provide the quiet background for case studies and joint studies with other payloads onboard CSES.
Statistical Survey of Arase Satellite Data Sets in Conjunction With the Finnish Riometer Network
Authors: Thomas Neethal , Kero Antti , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Hyötylä Miikka , Raita Tero , Kasahara Yoshiya , Shinohara Iku , Matsuda Shoya , Nakamura Satoko , Kasahara Satoshi , Yokota Shoichiro , Keika Kunihiro , Hori Tomoaki , Mitani Takefumi , Takashima Takeshi , Asamura Kazushi , Kazama Yoichi , Wang Shiang‐Yu , Jun C.‐W. , Higashio Nana
Published: April 2022

During disturbed geomagnetic conditions, the energetic particles in the inner magnetosphere are known to undergo precipitation loss due to interaction with various plasma waves. This study, investigates the energetic particle precipitation events statistically using coordinate observations from the ground riometer network and the inner‐magnetospheric satellite mission, Arase. We have compared cosmic noise absorption (CNA) data obtained from the Finnish ground riometer network located in the auroral/sub‐auroral latitudes with the comprehensive data set of omnidirectional electron/proton flux and plasma waves in ELF/VLF frequency range from the Arase satellite during the overpass intervals. The study period includes one and a half years of data between March 2017 and September 2018 covering Arase conjunctions with the riometer stations from all magnetic local time sectors. The relation between the plasma flux/waves observed at the satellite with the riometer absorptions are investigated statistically for CNA (absorption >0.5 dB) and non‐CNA (absorption <0.5 dB) cases separately. During CNA events, Arase observed elevated electron flux in the medium energy range (2–100 keV), and plasma wave activity in the whistler‐mode frequency range (0.5–3 kHz) of the spectra. Our study provides an estimate of the statistical dependence of the electron flux and plasma wave observations at Arase with the ground reality of actual precipitation.
Versatile chip-based nanoscopy becomes ready for histopathology assessment
Authors: Lopez-Garcia Martin
Published: April 2022

Nanoscopy is a mature technology used routinely in life science to obtain images well below the optical diffraction limit. But the use of nanoscopy in histopathology assessment is very limited mostly due to the low throughput of traditional nanoscopic techniques. So far, Chip-nanoscopy, nanoscopy in which sample illumination is performed by an integrated photonic chip instead of bulk optics, has been shown to provide an enhanced field of view and throughput for cell biology. Now, a new development shows that chip-nanoscopy also offers interesting progress for the study of histological samples offering a complementary technique to electron microscopy for histopathology assessment.
Genome-wide association analyses of symptom severity among clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Okhuijsen-Pfeifer C. , van der Horst M. Z. , Bousman C. A. , Lin B. , van Eijk K. R. , Ripke S. , Ayhan Y. , Babaoglu M. O. , Bak M. , Alink W. , van Beek H. , Beld E. , Bouhuis A. , Edlinger M. , Erdogan I. M. , Ertuğrul A. , Yoca G. , Everall I. P. , Görlitz T. ,   GROUP (Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis) investigators, van Amelsvoort T. , Bartels-Velthuis A. A. , Bruggeman R. , Cahn W. , Guloksuz S. , de Haan L. , Kahn R. S. , Schirmbeck F. , Simons C. J. P. , van Os J. , Alizadeh B. Z. , Luykx J. J. , Rutten B. P. F. , van Winkel R. , Grootens K. P. , Gutwinski S. , Hallikainen T. , Jeger-Land E. , de Koning M. , Lähteenvuo M. , Legge S. E. , Leucht S. , Morgenroth C. , Müderrisoğlu A. , Narang A. , Pantelis C. , Pardiñas A. F. , Oviedo-Salcedo T. , Schneider-Thoma J. , Schreiter S. , Repo-Tiihonen E. , Tuppurainen H. , Veereschild M. , Veerman S. , de Vos M. , Wagner E. , Cohen D. , Bogers J. P. A. M. , Walters J. T. R. , Yağcıoğlu A. E. Anil , Tiihonen J. , Hasan A. , Luykx J. J.
Published: April 2022

Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. However, response is highly variable and possible genetic underpinnings of this variability remain unknown. Here, we performed polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses to estimate the amount of variance in symptom severity among clozapine-treated patients explained by PRSs (R2) and examined the association between symptom severity and genotype-predicted CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19 enzyme activity. Genome-wide association (GWA) analyses were performed to explore loci associated with symptom severity. A multicenter cohort of 804 patients (after quality control N = 684) with schizophrenia spectrum disorder treated with clozapine were cross-sectionally assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and/or the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale. GWA and PRS regression analyses were conducted. Genotype-predicted CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19 enzyme activities were calculated. Schizophrenia-PRS was most significantly and positively associated with low symptom severity (p = 1.03 × 10−3; R2 = 1.85). Cross-disorder-PRS was also positively associated with lower CGI-S score (p = 0.01; R2 = 0.81). Compared to the lowest tertile, patients in the highest schizophrenia-PRS tertile had 1.94 times (p = 6.84×10−4) increased probability of low symptom severity. Higher genotype-predicted CYP2C19 enzyme activity was independently associated with lower symptom severity (p = 8.44×10−3). While no locus surpassed the genome-wide significance threshold, rs1923778 within NFIB showed a suggestive association (p = 3.78×10−7) with symptom severity. We show that high schizophrenia-PRS and genotype-predicted CYP2C19 enzyme activity are independently associated with lower symptom severity among individuals treated with clozapine. Our findings open avenues for future pharmacogenomic projects investigating the potential of PRS and genotype-predicted CYP-activity in schizophrenia.
Beyond antipsychotics: a twenty-first century update for preclinical development of schizophrenia therapeutics
Authors: Spark Daisy L. , Fornito Alex , Langmead Christopher J. , Stewart Gregory D.
Published: April 2022

Despite 50+ years of drug discovery, current antipsychotics have limited efficacy against negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, and are ineffective—with the exception of clozapine—against any symptom domain for patients who are treatment resistant. Novel therapeutics with diverse non-dopamine D2 receptor targets have been explored extensively in clinical trials, yet often fail due to a lack of efficacy despite showing promise in preclinical development. This lack of translation between preclinical and clinical efficacy suggests a systematic failure in current methods that determine efficacy in preclinical rodent models. In this review, we critically evaluate rodent models and behavioural tests used to determine preclinical efficacy, and look to clinical research to provide a roadmap for developing improved translational measures. We highlight the dependence of preclinical models and tests on dopamine-centric theories of dysfunction and how this has contributed towards a self-reinforcing loop away from clinically meaningful predictions of efficacy. We review recent clinical findings of distinct dopamine-mediated dysfunction of corticostriatal circuits in patients with treatment-resistant vs. non-treatment-resistant schizophrenia and suggest criteria for establishing rodent models to reflect such differences, with a focus on objective, translational measures. Finally, we review current schizophrenia drug discovery and propose a framework where preclinical models are validated against objective, clinically informed measures and preclinical tests of efficacy map onto those used clinically.
Gut microbiota and voluntary alcohol consumption
Authors: Segovia-Rodríguez L. , Echeverry-Alzate V. , Rincón-Pérez I. , Calleja-Conde J. , Bühler K. M. , Giné E. , Albert J. , Hinojosa J. A. , Huertas E. , Gómez-Gallego F. , Bressa C. , Rodríguez de Fonseca F. , López-Moreno J. A.
Published: April 2022

Alcohol is part of the usual diet of millions of individuals worldwide. However, not all individuals who drink alcohol experience the same effects, nor will everyone develop an alcohol use disorder. Here we propose that the intestinal microbiota (IMB) helps explain the different consumption patterns of alcohol among individuals. 507 humans participated in this study and alcohol consumption and IMB composition were analyzed. On the other hand, in 80 adult male Wistar rats, behavioral tests, alcohol intoxication, fecal transplantation, administration of antibiotics and collection of fecal samples were performed. For identification and relative quantification of bacterial taxa was used the bacterial 16 S ribosomal RNA gene. In humans, we found that heavy episodic drinking is associated with a specific stool type phenotype (type 1, according to Bristol Stool Scale;p < 0.05) and with an increase in the abundance ofActinobacteria(p < 0.05). Next, using rats, we demonstrate that the transfer of IMB from alcohol-intoxicated animals causes an increase in voluntary alcohol consumption in transplant-recipient animals (p < 0.001). The relative quantification data indicate that the genusPorphyromonascould be associated with the effect on voluntary alcohol consumption. We also show that gut microbiota depletion by antibiotics administration causes a reduction in alcohol consumption (p < 0.001) and altered the relative abundance of relevant phyla such asFirmicutes,BacteroidetesorCyanobacteria(p < 0.05), among others. Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction was performed for multiple comparisons. These studies reveal some of the consequences of alcohol on the IMB and provide evidence that manipulation of IMB may alter voluntary alcohol consumption.
SorCS3 promotes the internalization of p75NTR to inhibit GBM progression
Authors: Zhang Yanqiu , Li Yue , Fan Yuhua , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Tang Zhihong , Qi Jing , Zhao Baoshan , Li Fuyuan , Chen Xiaofeng , Liang Huan , Xu Haiyan , Li Dongliang
Published: April 2022

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal malignancy caused by dysregulation of cellular signal transduction. Internalization plays a key role in maintaining signalling balance. Previous reports showed that Sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3 (SorCS3) has the ability to regulate internalization. However, the impacts of SorCS3 on the biological processes involved in GBM have not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the bio-function of SorCS3 in GBM. We found that SorCS3 was significantly downregulated in GBM. In addition, low expression level of SorCS3 predicted poor prognoses in patients with GBM. Here, we proved that SorCS3 suppressed cell invasion and proliferation mainly via NGF/p75NTR pathway in GBM. We found that SorCS3 co-localized with p75NTR in GBM cells and regulated the p75NTR protein level by promoting trafficking of the endosomal to the lysosome. Immunofluorescence (IF) and Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) detection confirmed that SorCS3 bound to p75NTR, which subsequently increased the internalization of p75NTR, and then transported p75NTR to the lysosome for degradation, ultimately contributing to inhibit of glioma progression. Taken together, our work suggests that SorCS3 is a marker of promising prognosis in GBM patients and suggests that SorCS3 regulates internalization, which plays a pivotal role in inhibiting glioma progression.