bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stature- and Age-Related Bias in Self-Reported Stature
Authors: Giles E , Hutchinson DL
Published: August 2015

The use of reported stature, especially self-reported stature such as on a driver's license, as a proxy for measured stature is necessary when measured stature is unavailable, for example, in matching data calculated from skeletal remains with data for missing persons. The accuracy of self-reported stature for older persons and especially for tall and short people is not well ascertained. Examination of published reports provides evidence that beginning at age 45, people compound their stature overestimation by an additional amount related to age (women by twice the amount of men). Analysis of anthropometric data from 8000 U.S. Army personnel indicates that the amount of general overestimation of stature by men is 2 ½ times greater than that by women. Neither tall men nor tall women underestimate their stature, but men in the upper third of the stature range, and women in the upper 10%, self-report their stature with greater accuracy. No trends in accuracy are apparent in the remainder of the stature spectrum for men or women.
Age Estimation Using the Racemization of Amino Acid in Human Dentin
Authors: Ohtani S , Yamamoto K
Published: August 2015

This study was made to improve the validity of age estimation from teeth using amino acid racemization. The correlation between actual age and the D/L ratio of aspartic acid was investigated by analyzing not only the total amino acid but also its fractionated substances, insoluble collagen and soluble peptide.

The coefficient values of correlation between the D/L ratio and actual age in adult lower central incisors were 0.996 (σ = ±1.0 year) for the total amino acid, 0.988 (σ = ±1.8 years) for insoluble collagen, and 0.997 (σ = ±0.9 years) for soluble peptide. The corresponding figures in adult first premolars were 0.991 (σ = ±1.6 years), 0.988 (σ = ±1.9 years), and 0.994 (σ = ±1.4 years), respectively. The reactive velocity of aspartic acid racemization was highest for soluble peptide in both the lower central incisors and first premolars and approximately three times as rapid as that for total amino acid. As a result, age estimated from the analysis of soluble peptide was most accurate. The velocity for insoluble collagen was slightly lower than that for total amino acid.

Age estimation was attempted from the teeth of an unknown body. These results suggest that the analyses, not only of total amino acid in dentin but also of its fractionated and extracted substances, can lead to higher reliability in age estimation. Soluble peptide, in particular, has been found to be most effective.
Inaccuracy of Height Information on Driver's Licenses
Authors: Willey P , Falsetti T
Published: August 2015

Height is an important variable in identification. In cases involving deceased individuals, height is measured directly on the corpse or estimated from the skeleton. This postmortem measurement or estimation is then compared with antemortem records, usually the driver's license. The accuracy of the license information, however, has been questioned. To assess the accuracy of driver's license information, volunteers' statures were measured, and then these figures were compared with those printed on the subjects' licenses. Even in our comparatively young, well-educated sample, the license height was significantly greater than the measured height. Some inaccuracies may be caused by failure to update license information when new licenses are issued, but some inaccuracies may be from personal deception. The implications of these results for forensic anthropology cases are discussed.
Street Drugs in Denmark
Authors: Kaa E
Published: August 2015

Street samples of heroin (n = 102) and amphetamine (n = 120) seized in different areas of Denmark during a one-year period were analyzed for purity and additive content.

The mean concentrations of the heroin and the amphetamine samples were 34 and 35%, respectively, but the purity of both drugs varied greatly.

Sugars and caffeine were the most frequently encountered cutting agents in both drugs. The additives phenobarbital, methaqualone, and procaine were seen only in heroin, especially in heroin base.

Half of the heroin samples were heroin base, the other half heroin chloride. Brownish samples of heroin base containing large amounts of opium alkaloids dominated in the seizures in the provincial towns, whereas white/beige samples containing heroin chloride with little or no papaverine or noscapine were frequently seen among the seizures in the capital. The result may indicate different import routes for heroin to the eastern and western parts of Denmark.
Postmortem Determination of the Biological Distribution of Formic Acid in Methanol Intoxication
Authors: Tanaka E , Honda K , Horiguchi H , Misawa S
Published: August 2015

Two 25-year-old men were fatally intoxicated with methanol. The formic acid levels in their blood, urine, and organs were determined postmortem by headspace gas chromatography. The postmortem concentrations of formic acid in the two patients were the following: 0.32 and 0.23 mg/mL in blood, 2.27 and 0.47 mg/mL in urine, 0.11 and 1.17 mg/g in the brain, 0.54 and 0.51 mg/g in the liver, and 0.13 and 1.19 mg/g in the kidneys. The total amounts of formic acid in the gastric contents were 108 and 23.2 mg.
Characterization of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Obtained from Teeth Subjected to Various Environmental Conditions
Authors: Schwartz TR , Schwartz EA , Mieszerski L , McNally L , Kobilinsky L
Published: August 2015

This study was designed to determine the effects of various environmental factors on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) obtained from dental pulp. Extracted teeth were subjected to the following conditions: varying pH (3.7, 10); temperature (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, incineration); humidity (20%, 66%, 98%); various types of soil (sand, potting soil, garden soil); seawater; burying the teeth outdoors, and aging (one week to six months). In addition, teeth that had been extracted and held at room temperature for 16 and 19 years were also examined. Following isolation of DNA, the samples were analyzed on yield gels to determine the concentration and integrity of the recovered DNA. Restriction digestion with Pst I was followed by electrophoresis of the generated fragments, Southern transfer to nylon membranes, and hybridization to both human and bacterial probes. It was determined that, aside from soil, the environmental conditions examined did not affect the ability to obtain high-molecular-weight human DNA from dental pulp. Restriction fragment length polymorphic (RFLP) analysis of selected samples was performed. Dental pulp patterns were compared with bloodstain exemplars, revealing matching patterns, although an increase in band-shifting was observed with extended exposure to elevated temperatures.
Statistical Evaluation of the Evidential Value of Human Hairs Possibly Coming from Multiple Sources
Authors: Hoffmann K
Published: August 2015

A concept of the mathematical evaluation of human hair evidence is derived. This concept can be realized in a special computer program, the output of which is an incrimination probability. The problems of not knowing the true number of sources and the correct partition of hairs corresponding to their sources are solved from the point of view of avoiding an unjustified incrimination.
A Test of the Auricular Surface Aging Technique
Authors: Murray KA , Murray T
Published: August 2015

A recently developed technique used in the estimation of age at death is based upon the metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium. This technique was designed to be used in seriation to estimate the age distribution of a skeletal sample. However, the technique has also been used in forensic science cases, which must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis.

The present study examines the use of the auricular surface technique as the single aging factor. Two hypotheses are tested using a sample of 189 individuals drawn from the Terry Collection, housed at the Smithsonian Institution. The hypotheses are (1) is the method equally applicable across race and sex, and (2) how well does the method perform as the single aging factor?

The results indicate that the amount of degenerative change in the auricular surface is not dependent upon race or sex in any given age category. However, the rate of degenerative change is too variable to be used as a single criterion for the estimation of age; the range of estimation error is simply too large for forensic science purposes.
Association of Right Coronary Artery Hypoplasia with Sudden Death in an Eleven-Year-Old Child
Authors: Byard RW , Smith NM , Bourne AJ
Published: August 2015

Congenital coronary artery abnormalities are a rare but well-documented cause of sudden and unexpected death in the pediatric age group. Most reported cases involve both an aberrant origin and course of the abnormal vessel. A case of unexpected death occurring in an otherwise healthy eleven-year-old boy, who had been previously investigated for sudden collapse, is described. The major finding at autopsy was marked disparity in diameter between the coronary arteries due to diffuse hypoplasia of the right coronary artery. This case demonstrates the importance of meticulous examination of the coronary artery system in cases of sudden death in childhood so that significant reduction in luminal cross section will be adequately documented. The possible role played by this finding in the etiology of sudden death is discussed.
Cardiac Rupture Due to Severe Fatty Infiltration in the Right Ventricular Wall
Authors: Kusano I , Shiraishi T , Morimoto R , Haba K , Yatani R
Published: August 2015

An extremely rare case of sudden death caused by cardiac rupture due to severe fatty infiltration in the right ventricular myocardium is presented. The patient, a 74-year-old woman, had no history of chest trauma, hypertension, or pulmonary disease. The autopsy showed a small tear in the right ventricle and cardiac tamponade, but no coronary artery lesion. In the right ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers were definitely atrophic or absent, with massive fatty replacement. Fatty infiltration of the myocardium, if severe, can be a cause of serious cardiac dysfunction or, occasionally, sudden death.
Fatal and Near-Fatal Animal Bite Injuries
Authors: Clark MA , Sandusky GE , Hawley DA , Pless JE , Fardal PM , Tate LR
Published: August 2015

Fatal and near-fatal maulings of humans by pit bulls have recently become a topic of major public concern, resulting in the passage of laws in some jurisdictions that make the owner of a pit bull criminally liable for manslaughter if his or her pet causes a human death. The authors recently investigated two cases in which children were fatally injured by pet dogs. In the first case, a 17-day-old girl suffered fatal abdominal injuries when attacked by a pregnant Siberian husky. A 2-year-old girl expired from neck wounds inflicted by a pit bull or a rottweiler or both. Because no expert would testify as to which dog caused the fatal injury, the owner of the animals was not charged under a statute which specified criminality only if a pit bull caused the fatal injury. We also examined a 12-year-old boy who attempted to pet a circus tiger; the animal grabbed his arm with its claws and bit off the arm at the shoulder. The arm could not be reattached, but the child survived. These cases and the differentiation of animal bites from other injuries will be presented.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Analysis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms of Blood and Other Body Fluid Stains Subjected to Contamination and Environmental Insults
Authors: Adams DE , Presley LA , Baumstark AL , Hensley KW , Hill AL , Anoe KS , Campbell PA , McLaughlin CM , Budowle B , Giusti AM , Smerick JB , Baechtel FS
Published: August 2015

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile results were obtained from bloodstains and other body fluid stains subjected to mixture with other body fluids, environmental insults (sunlight and temperature), different substrates (cotton, nylon, blue denim, glass, aluminum, and wood), and contaminants (gasoline, bleach, sodium hydroxide, soil, motor oil, detergent, phosphate salt, glacial acetic acid, and micro-organisms). Of the samples that produced profile results, all had profiles that were consistent with those of untreated control samples.
Detection, Isolation, and Identification of Truxillines in Illicit Cocaine by Means of Thin-Layer Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ensing JG , de Zeeuw RA
Published: August 2015

By means of thin-layer chromatography, an unidentified alkaloidal fraction was observed in illicit cocaine. Because of its persisting presence, efforts were undertaken to isolate and identify this fraction. Various analytical techniques showed complex results, finally pointing to the possibility of isomerization of constituents of the fraction. A direct-probe mass spectrum showed a fragmentation pattern which could only fit a truxilline. When using thin-layer chromatography, at least five isomers could be observed. This is the first time truxillines have been observed, isolated, and identified by thin-layer chromatography.
A Chromatographic Impurity Signature Profile Analysis for Cocaine Using Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Casale JF , Waggoner RW
Published: August 2015

The signature patterns of cocaine samples were examined by capillary gas chromatography using 14 impurities commonly found in illicit cocaine samples. The procedure is based on acidic, basic, and neutral impurities introduced from the coca plant and from the processing of cocaine in clandestine laboratories. Impurities containing either alcoholic, N-nor, or carboxylic acid functional groups were analyzed as their silyl derivatives. The reported procedure provides a simple one-step assay for obtaining chromatographic impurity signature profile analyses (CISPA) of illicit cocaine samples using flame ionization detection (FID).
Standards for Damages: Comments on Canadian and American Law
Authors: Perr IN
Published: August 2015

Significant differences in Canadian and American personal injury law are reflected in the Canadian system of no jury trials, monetary limitation for pain and suffering, emphasis on maintenance of maximal living style, and a different system for attorney reimbursement. Four Canadian cases (two quadriplegia, one severe neurologic injury, and one death) decided in 1978 have guided Canadian law. Some indication of questionable use of expert opinion and judicial decision-making may show similarities with AMerican practices. Most important, the universality of the Canadian medical system eliminates the need for most damages for medical needs.
Threatening and Otherwise Inappropriate Letters to Members of the United States Congress
Authors: Dietz PE , Matthews DB , Martell DA , Stewart TM , Hrouda DR , Warren J
Published: August 2015

The authors examine the characteristics of threatening and otherwise inappropriate communications sent to members of the U.S. Congress by a sample of 86 subjects, 20 of whom threatened assassination. We quote excerpts from these letters and provide quantitative data on such variables as the volume, duration, form, and appearance of such communications; the enclosures; the subjects' perceived relationships to the recipients; the thematic content of the communications; and the messages and threats communicated. Comparisons between 43 subjects who pursued encounters with members of Congress and 43 who did not revealed 17 factors associated with such pursuit. In this population, threateners were significantly less likely to pursue an encounter than inappropriate letter writers who did not threaten, regardless of the type of threat or the harm threatened. Inappropriate letters to members of Congress are compared with those directed to Hollywood celebrities. Mentally disordered persons writing to public figures often mention and sometimes threaten public figures other than those to whom the letters are addressed, which raises important issues regarding notification of endangered third parties and the sharing of information among protective agencies.
Toxicological Analysis of a Fatal Baclofen (Lioresal) Ingestion
Authors: Fraser AD , MacNeil W , Isner AF
Published: August 2015

A fatality following ingestion of the drug baclofen (Lioresal®) is described. Baclofen was identified in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. After derivatization with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, baclofen was quantitated in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of baclofen was 17 mg/L in serum and 760 mg/L in urine collected approximately 12 h after the overdose. To our knowledge, this is only the second reported fatality involving a baclofen overdose. The previous case did not include quantitation of baclofen in any biological fluid.
Cocaine in Decomposed Human Remains
Authors: Manhoff DT , Hood I , Caputo F , Perry J , Rosen S , Mirchandani HG
Published: August 2015

From March 1988 through March 1990, at the Philadelphia Medical Examiner's Office toxicology laboratory, samples from 77 decomposed human bodies were tested for the presence of cocaine, employing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The material analyzed included decomposed soft tissue, bloody decomposition fluid, mummified tissue, maggots, and beetle feces. Twenty-two cases (28.6%) were positive for cocaine, many of these cases in states of advanced decomposition. These findings indicate the usefulness of testing decomposed tissue for cocaine in all cases where its presence is suspected. This is contrary to what might be expected, since cocaine is generally labile and rapidly broken down by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms.
Quantitation of Sugars in Street Drug Samples
Authors: Fuelster RG
Published: August 2015

A gas chromatography method for the quantitation of sugars in street drug samples is presented. After isolation of the sugars from interfering adulterants, and derivatization, they were determined on a 3% OV-17 system.
Ricochet Dynamics for the Nine-Millimetre Parabellum Bullet
Authors: Gold RE , Schecter B
Published: August 2015

The presence of extraneous markings on a fired bullet that has ricocheted off water depends on the angle of incidence of the bullet to the water and the depth of the water. An Uzi submachine gun, held in a machine rest, was fired into a large container of water at various controlled angles. The angle of incidence and the angle of departure of the bullet from the water were measured. The critical angle of ricochet, the depth of penetration, and the path of the bullet in the water were measured. The measured critical angle of ricochet of a 9-mm parabellum bullet fired from the above weapon was 6.5°. The maximum depth of penetration into the water during ricochet was found to be 22 mm. The maximum track length in the water was 62 cm.
Signatures—Review and a New View
Authors: Hilton O
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses briefly the automatic signature, as written by many writers, and its elements: movement, form, and variation. It considers the “true signature,” the model stored in the writer's brain that produces the automatic signature.

It discusses an aspect of signature writing that is not fully treated in other sources. This is the original or earlier signature style, which has been modified into the present model. For all current purposes, it is no longer used but may well be recalled, in whole or part, by some writers when signing nonroutine, special signatures, such as wills or important contracts. With a few writers, it is retained as a second signature and used from time to time. Can such a former signature be part of a more recently executed signature after it appears to have been completely abandoned? How can we determine whether an abnormal signature actually contains parts of the previous signature style, and can we be sure that this is what has occurred? There are somewhat rare cases in which these considerations come into play.
Identification of Photocopiers from Fusing Roller Defects
Authors: James Gerhart F
Published: August 2015

A sampling of 27 photocopiers using the indirect electrostatic process were examined for fusing roller damage of significance to the document examiner. Distinctive indentation patterns were present on some copies produced, which were sufficient for identification and for establishing that the copies had been in physical contact with the copiers. The frequency and nature of the fusing roller defects observed is described.
Reconstruction of Root Morphology in Skeletonized Remains with Postmortem Dental Loss
Authors: Smith BC
Published: August 2015

A reversible technique is presented in which the root morphology of missing teeth in skeletonized human remains can be reconstructed for the purpose of radiographic comparison and postmortem identification. In this technique, which is based upon pilot studies with skeletonized mandibles of archival remains, the alveolar socket walls are sealed with a coat of cyanoacrylate cement and injected with a mixture of vinyl polysiloxane and barium sulfate. Radiographs are produced with the radiopaque mixture in place, which highlights the antemortem morphology of the roots. Subsequently, the impression materials is removed, resulting in no gross alteration of the evidence. The radiographs made with this technique, as well as the impressions, can be stored for later use at a trial or pending the discovery of antemortem dental evidence.
Fire and Suicide: A Three-Year Study of Self-Immolation Deaths
Authors: Shkrum MJ , Johnston KA
Published: August 2015

Thirty-two self-immolation deaths by fire, representing about 1% of suicides, occurred in the province of Ontario (population 9 million), Canada, from 1986 through 1988. The victims, mostly male (male/female ratio, 26:6), were between 21 and 71 years old (mean age, 38 years). Although the scene of self-immolation was usually familiar to the deceased, some chose remote locations. Eleven were found dead in motor vehicles. An accelerant, usually gasoline, was used in most cases. Many of these individuals had, at some time, indicated their intent to commit suicide, a few by self-immolation, but only about half had a diagnosed psychiatric illness. Most of the victims had a reason to kill themselves, but the factors that motivated them to chose self-immolation by fire were uncertain. Fourteen individuals died in hospitals from severe burn complications. The remainder were found dead at the scene. The postmortem findings of soot in the airway and elevated carbon monoxide in the blood of most of these victims [the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentration was in one case < 10%, in ten cases ≥ 10 to 50%, and in seven cases > 50%] were helpful in determining that the individuals were not only alive at the time of the fire but also that a significant number died from smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning. The highest levels of carbon monoxide were observed in victims discovered in motor vehicles.
Evaluation of Four Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Extraction Protocols for DNA Yield and Variation in Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Sizes Under Varying Gel Conditions
Authors: Laber TL , O'Connor JM , Iverson JT , Liberty JA , Bergman DL
Published: August 2015

This study originated from discussions and recommendations of the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM). Four bloodstain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction protocols and five semen stain DNA extraction protocols were evaluated. Nine laboratories participated in the extraction of DNA from 20 bloodstains and 20 semen stains using each protocol. All blood and semen stains originated from a single donor and were prepared under uniform conditions to permit the direct comparison of DNA yields and restriction fragment lengths. The extracted DNA from approximately 600 bloodstains and 700 semen stains was quantified by yield gel analysis and a slot blot hybridization technique. The extracted DNA was digested and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were generated using three single-locus probes. The RFLP sizing data produced from the blood and semen stains were evaluated with respect to (1) DNA extraction method, (2) gel length, (3) agarose type, (4) presence or absence of ethidium bromide in the gel, and (5) fragment sizes obtained from DNA isolated directly from the donor's liquid blood. This study demonstrates conclusively that high-molecular-weight DNA can be isolated using either organic or nonorganic DNA extraction protocols and that the resulting RFLP sizes are highly reproducible regardless of gel length, agarose type, or presence/absence of ethidium bromide.
Electrocution: A Review of 155 Cases with Emphasis on Human Factors
Authors: Mellen PF , Weedn VW , Kao G , Mellen PF
Published: August 2015

A total of 155 cases of electrocution were investigated to determine the role of human factors, such as carelessness and intoxication, as contributions. The cases were retrieved by computer conding from the repository of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, covering the period 1955–1988. The cases are predominantly of military origin. Cases were divided into low-voltage electrocution (N = 47), high-voltage electrocution (N = 79), lightning strikes (N = 16), and unclassified (N = 13). For each group, data is presented on the circumstances of the incident and the pathologic and toxicologic findings. Blatant carelessness, misuse or improper maintenance of equipment, and intoxication are analyzed as contributory factors.
Creatinine Analysis in Single Collection Urine Specimens
Authors: Needleman SB , Porvaznik M , Ander D
Published: August 2015

Controlled and uncontrolled fluid intake studies were conducted on series of volunteers over the 6 or 12 h of the study periods. Urine specimens were obtained from each subject randomly or at specified times relative to fluid ingestion. Creatinine analysis performed by a modification of the Abbott TDx procedure demonstrates that the values obtained from single collection specimens fall almost in the same range as the values from 24 h pooled collection specimens. The creatinine concentration can be used to indicate possible adulteration of urine specimens by dilution as a means of avoiding detection of use of drugs of abuse.

Between 4 and 7 h are required for a decrease in creatinine concentration to about 100 mg/dL from an initial mean of about 170 mg/dL. A minimum of 6 h is needed for any creatinine value to fall to 50 mg/dL or less. Thus, it appears that creatinine output is sensitive to the amount of fluid ingested, but the relationship is neither linear nor immediate.

The absence of a significant creatinine concentration in a specimen can be used as an indication of direct or indirect adulteration of the urine specimen by dilution or replacement with water. At NDSL-Great Lakes, a decline of the creatinine concentration to 30 mg/dL is used as a cutoff for differentiating between urine specimens that might have been tampered with to avoid detection of drug use and those specimens that are dilute for other reasons. Values at 10 mg/dL or less are suggestive of replacement by water. The information is provided to local commands for investigation prior to initiation of punitive action by the command.
Estimation of Adult Stature from Fragmentary Tibias
Authors: Holland TD
Published: August 2015

LInear-regression equations derived from measurements of tibial condyles from 100 individuals in the Hamann-Todd Collection retrodicted known stature with a level of confidence comparable to many of the existing stature-estimation techniques. Statures of an independent control group were estimated with similar success. The strong linear relationship that exists between the length of the tibia and the size of the condyles allows adult stature (of American whites and blacks) to be estimated from the proximal tibia. Since complete tibial length is not required, this technique could prove useful in forensic science and archaeological cases where less-than-intact elements are recovered.
Modification of the Trotter and Gleser Female Stature Estimation Formulae
Authors: Jantz RL
Published: August 2015

Stature-estimation formulae in common use are those of Trotter and Gleser. Their formulae for females are based on Terry collection skeletons. These skeletons are from people who died in the early 1900s. Because there has been considerable change in body size since then, it is possible that the Trotter and Gleser formulae are inappropriate for modern forensic-science application. The Trotter and Gleser female formulae are tested using data from the Forensic Data Bank at the University of Tennessee. For whites, the femur and tibia yield stature estimates differing from one another by about 3 cm. Using femur and tibia lengths from modern forensic cases and modern height data from anthropometric surveys, new regression intercepts are calculated for Trotter and Gleser's female formulae. The new intercepts improve the performance of the formulae on modern individuals. The Trotter and Gleser formulae for black females require no adjustment. Both blacks and whites have experienced a secular increase in bone length, but whites have experienced a change in proportions as well.
The Origin of Alkenes in Illicit Amphetamine: An Examination of the Illicit Synthesis of Phenyl-2-Propanone
Authors: Forbes IJ , Paul Kirkbride K
Published: August 2015

The acylative decarboxylation reaction of phenylacetic acid, a method used in clandestine laboratories for the synthesis of phenyl-2-propanone, has been examined. It has been demonstrated that this reaction is accompanied by side-reactions that produce characteristic neutral compounds, some of these are cis and trans 1,3-diphenyl-2-methylpropene and the enol acetates derived from dibenzylketone and phenyl-2-propanone. It would be difficult for an unskilled chemist to separate these neutral substances from phenyl-2-propanone, therefore illicit phenyl-2-propanone is likely to be an impure product. The use of crude phenyl-2-propanone in reductive amination reactions aimed at amphetamine production gives rise to a complex mixture of amines and characteristic neutral compounds.

The likely origins of N-acetylamphetamine and amphetamine benzaldimine are also discussed.
Toxicologic Findings in the USS Iowa Disaster
Authors: Mayes R , Levine B , Smith ML , Wagner GN , Froede R
Published: August 2015

The toxicologic results from the 47 victims of the explosion on the USS Iowa are presented. Good correlation between carboxyhemoglobin saturations and cause of death was found. There were no correlations between blood cyanide concentrations and causes of death. Volatile analysis suggested postmortem ethanol production rather than antemortem ethanol ingestion. No drugs except nicotine were detected in any of the victims.
The Elimination Rate of Mouth Alcohol: Mathematical Modeling and Implications in Breath Alcohol Analysis
Authors: Gullberg RG
Published: August 2015

Mouth alcohol, if present in high enough concentrations, can falsely bias the accurate measurement of end-expiratory breath alcohol. Mouth alcohol will be eliminated over time, however, and can be modeled with a single term decaying exponential of the form: B0e−kt + C. It is important, however, to determine the model and its parameters when alcohol is already present within the biologic system. Using three individuals as their own controls, mouth alcohol was administered both before and after alcohol consumption followed by breath alcohol analysis performed at approximately 0.5 min intervals. The results showed that both model parameters (B0 and k) are effected and that the asymptotic value (C) is reached much sooner when alcohol already exists in the end-expiratory breath. Considering only three individuals were involved, the forensic-science importance appears to be that, as the end-expiratory breath alcohol concentration increases, the time necessary for the mouth alcohol to decrease to unbiased levels is decreased. Fifteen min of observation time prior to breath alcohol analysis appears to be more than adequate at forensically relevant concentrations.
A Simple Technique for Age Estimation in Adult Corpses: The Two Criteria Dental Method
Authors: Lamendin H , Baccino E , Humbert JF , Tavernier JC , Nossintchouk RM , Zerilli A
Published: August 2015

A method for age determination of adults from single rooted teeth is presented. It is based on the measurement of two dental features: periodontosis height times 100/root height (P) and transparency of the root height times 100/root height (T). These measurements are made on the labial surface of the entire tooth without section and do not require special equipment or training. The application of multiple regression analysis to a working sample of 306 teeth of known age, sex and race provided the following equation: Age (years) = 0.18 × P + 0.42 × T + 25.53. The mean error between the actual and estimated age was ± 10 years on the working sample and ± 8.4 years on a control sample made of 45 forensic science cases. Upper incisors showed a better precision than the other single rooted teeth and accuracy was not sex related. A comparison of the Gustafson and Lamendin methods on a control sample of 39 teeth resulted in an advantage of the latter considering the mean error on the estimation (14.2 ± 3.4 years for Gustafson versus 8.9 ± 2.2 for Lamendin). The Lamendin method can be of practical interest for any forensic pathologist or dentist as it is fast, easy to use, and reasonably accurate except for cases of individuals under age 40 where other methods must be preferred.
Human Osteology: Key to the Sequence of Events in a Postmortem Shooting
Authors: Mann RW , Owsley DW
Published: August 2015

Forensic anthropologic examination of human skeletal remains found when a field was plowed provides evidence of both perimortem trauma, suggesting cause of death, and of subsequent shooting of the disarticulated skeleton. The case exemplifies the application of the specialized skills and knowledge of the physical anthropologist to determination of the postmortem sequence of events.
Contribution of Rodents to Postmortem Artifacts of Bone and Soft Tissue
Authors: Haglund WD
Published: August 2015

Postmortem disturbance of human remains by rodents extends beyond production of characteristic tooth mark artifacts in dry bones. Three case examples are presented that demonstrate a spectrum of rodent damage to dry and fresh bone and to fresh and mummified soft tissue. In one case, human remains are used for nesting purposes. Rodents are also noted to be vectors of bone transport. Rodent activities can affect bone recovery, human identification, and interpretation of artifacts to bone and soft tissue. Guidelines to differentiate soft tissue artifacts caused by rodents and carnivores are suggested.
Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Role in Wound Pattern Documentation
Authors: West M , Barsley RE , Frair J , Stewart W
Published: August 2015

The history of ultraviolet illumination in photography is discussed. Particular attention is devoted to the forensic aspects of ultraviolet photography as it relates to patterned injury on human skin. The authors discuss the theory underlying ultraviolet illumination of wounds on skin as well as the equipment required for this type of imaging.
Comparison of Fingernail Striation Patterns in Identical Twins
Authors: Kempton JB , Sirignano A , DeGaetano DH , Yates PJ , Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

The fingernail ridge patterns of a pair of identical twins were compared to each other, their parents, and an unrelated subject. The patterns of the twin's nails showed regions of strong similarity but were distinguishable from one another. Fewer similarities were found when comparing the nails to those of the parents and the unrelated control. The twins were shown to be monozygotic by means of DNA profiling. This therefore represents the first demonstration of unique fingernail ridge patterns in subjects shown conclusively to be identical twins. When the fingernail ridge patterns were examined with a scanning electron microscope, the backscattered electron (BEI) images were found to have superior contrast when compared to the secondary electron (SEI) images.
Mona Lisa: The Enigma of the Smile
Authors: Borkowski JE
Published: August 2015

The Mona Lisa, painted by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1503, pictures a smile that has been long the subject of conjecture. It is believed, however, that the Mona Lisa does not smile; she wears an expression common to people who have lost their front teeth. A close-up of the lip area shows a scar that is not unlike that left by the application of blunt force. The changes evident in the perioral area are such that occur when the anterior teeth are lost. The scar under the lower lip of the Mona Lisa is similar to that created, when, as a result of force, the incisal edges of the teeth have pierced the face with a penetrating wound.
Use of the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test Method to Characterize Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binders
Authors: Hossain Zahid , Ghosh Debaroti , Zaman Musharraf , Hobson Kenneth
Published: August 2015

Use of polymer-modified binder has become much more important in recent years to enhance the durability and strength of asphalt concrete (AC) pavements in order to sustain higher traffic volumes, heavier loads, and extreme weather conditions. Unlike neat (unmodified) asphalt binders, polymer-modified binders are sensitive to the applied stress levels and show a nonlinear response in rutting factor and phase angle. The widely used dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test (AASHTO T315) is not sufficient to capture viscoelastic properties of polymer modified-asphalt binders. Thus, state transportation agencies often need to conduct additional expensive and time consuming “PG Plus” tests (e.g., elastic recovery (ER), force ductility, toughness, and tenacity) for characterizing polymer-modified binders. Multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), a recently introduced test method (AASHTO TP 70) for measuring high temperature properties of an asphalt binder, is expected to replace the existing AASHTO T315 for short-term aged binder. In the current study, MSCR and Superpave tests were conducted on three commonly used performance grade (PG) binders (PG 64-22, PG 70-28, and PG 76-28) from 12 different sources throughout Oklahoma. Based on expected traffic loads and service temperatures, the tested binder samples were graded in accordance with the MSCR grading system. The non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) and MSCR % recovery values obtained from the MSCR tests were then analyzed using the polymer curve and quadrant methods to assess the feasibility of the adoption of the MSCR test method for conditions prevailing in Oklahoma. Findings of this study reveal that the MSCR test method can be used to characterize polymer-modified binders without penalizing suppliers or risking the users.
Air Void Detection Using Ground-Penetrating Radar and Its Relationship to Moisture Damage
Authors: Ge Zhesheng , Wang Hao , Yao Hao , Zhang Qingshan , Zhang Long
Published: August 2015

Moisture transport in asphalt mixtures is influenced by the distribution and connectivity of air voids in the mixture. Therefore, characterization of air void structure is important for predicting moisture damage potential. The purpose of this paper was to detect the air void content of asphalt pavement using ground penetration radar (GPR) and then evaluate the moisture damage potential of asphalt mixtures with different air void contents. In particular, an innovative device, a dynamic water pressure tester (DWPT), was used to evaluate the resistance of asphalt mixture to moisture damage. A rotary loaded wheel tester (RLWT) was used to measure rutting resistance of asphalt mixture before and after being tested by DWPT. A linear relationship between air voids and the amplitudes of wave valley in the GPR signal was found. It suggested that the GPR waveform could be used to detect the air void content of asphalt pavement layers consistent with laboratory measurements. The relationship between air voids and rut depths measured with RLWT showed that an increase in air void content led to an increase in rut depth. Test results in the laboratory indicated that dynamic water pressure resulted in the greater reduction of strength and increase of rut depth if the asphalt mixture has higher air void contents.
Aging Kinetics Characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt Binder Using Softening Point and n-pentane Asphaltene Content as the Parameters
Authors: Zhang Jiupeng , Chang Mingfeng , Pei Jianzhong , Xu Li , Xu Shicui
Published: August 2015

This paper presented research on the aging kinetics characteristics of asphalt binder by using softening point and n-pentane asphaltene content, respectively, as parameters. Sasobit additives were added into two matrix asphalt binders to prepare the warm mix asphalt binders, and then were aged at different temperatures and time. The softening points and contents of n-pentane asphaltene were measured. Results indicated that the softening point was improved by adding the additives. Both the softening point and content of n-pentane asphaltene increased with aging temperature and aging time, and the increments of matrix asphalt binders were bigger. Taking the softening point and content of n-pentane asphaltene as the parameters, respectively, the aging kinetics models were established, and the reaction rate constants and reaction activation energies were calculated. It was found that warm mix asphalt binders had lower reaction constants and bigger reaction activation energies, that is to say the anti-aging property of warm mix asphalt was better. The anti-aging properties could be better evaluated by the aging kinetics models based on the softening point for its higher accuracy and testing convenience.
Comparison of Two Physical Simulation Tests to Determine the No-Recrystallization Temperature in Hot Rolled Steel Plates
Authors: Homsher C. N. , Van Tyne C. J.
Published: August 2015

Two rolling simulations were conducted using a Gleeble 3500 to determine the no-recrystallization temperature, TNR on six microalloyed plate steels. Double hit deformation tests and multistep torsion tests were performed on steels containing varying amounts of Nb, V, and Ti. TNR for the double hit deformation tests were determined by finding fractional softening using the 5 % true-strain method and the intersection of the sigmoidal fractional softening curve with 20 % fractional softening. TNR for the multistep hot torsion test were determined using a mean flow stress method and finding the intersection of the two linear regions. TNR values following multistep hot torsion testing were lower than values measured after double hit deformation testing. The decrease in measured TNR values for the torsion tests occurs from the inherent multiple deformations, resulting in refined grains and an increase in nucleation sites for recrystallization during the subsequent deformation steps; thus recrystallization can continue to occur at lower temperatures.
Different Applications of the Gleeble® Thermal–Mechanical Simulator in Material Testing, Technology Optimization, and Process Modeling
Authors: Bereczki P. , Fekete B. , Szombathelyi V. , Misjak F.
Published: August 2015

In this study, our aim is to present a compilation about different applications of the Gleeble® thermal–mechanical system concerning material testing, characterization of advanced thermomechanically controlled processes and modeling the multiaxial forging technique. The first topic aims to provide an accurate input dataset for developing an energy-based fatigue model for 15Ch2MFA reactor steel. The process characterization intends to quantify the effect of deformation-stored energy on the start temperature and kinetic of the austenite–ferrite transformation. The modeling topic purposes to predict the evolution of the flow stress and the hardening behavior during processing a mild steel by multiaxial forging. All of these experiments were carried out on a Gleeble® 3800 simulator using different mobile conversion units. The fatigue tests were conducted under uniaxial tension–compression loading with in-phase thermal cycles. To develop a new energy-based low-cycle fatigue (LCF) model, the energy balance of the plastic deformation was also investigated. Moreover, the evolution of the microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies at the different stages of the nominal failure lifetime. The deformation-induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) effect was characterized by a high-resolution dilatometer under uniaxial hot compression tests. An advanced simulation program and experimental setup have been developed for the calculation of reliable flow curve from the data, sampled during the multiaxial forging simulation. Concerning the thermomechanical fatigue tests, the experimental results correspond to the Coffin–Manson curve. Furthermore, temperature evolution measurements were performed to provide input data to the calculation of the plastic strain energy partition converted to heat. Finally, the effect of the deformation stored energy on the start and finish temperature of austenite transformation was obtained and quantified.
Analysis of Microstructure in Hot Torsion Simulation
Authors: Whitley B. M. , Araujo A. L. , Speer J. G. , Findley K. O. , Matlock D. K.
Published: August 2015

Hot torsion is frequently employed to simulate multipass thermomechanical rolling. While flow behavior, observed through shear stress versus shear strain, is typically used to characterize hot deformation and softening behaviors, the resulting microstructures can also provide significant insight into microstructural evolution and strain accumulation during the hot deformation process. A preferred approach for the analysis of microstructural features resulting from hot torsion is presented. Torsional strain paths are reviewed and compared with traditional hot rolling deformations. A tangential sectioning technique, combined with supporting fundamentals, is also presented. Microstructural observation of steels thermomechanically deformed in hot torsion verified the ability to reasonably quantify strain from microstructural analysis. This approach offers a new method for assessing shear strain accumulation within local regions of a body plastically deformed in torsion, and should provide a useful complement to the assessment of mechanical responses in hot deformation studies.
Genetics of primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: a model for early diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome?
Authors: Drougat Ludivine , Espiard Stéphanie , Bertherat Jerôme
Published: August 2015

Long-term consequences of cortisol excess are frequent despite appropriate treatment after cure of Cushing's syndrome. This might be due to diagnostic delay, often difficult to reduce in rare diseases. The identification of a genetic predisposing factor might help to improve early diagnosis by familial screening. Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome. Hypercortisolism in PBMAH is most often diagnosed between the fifth and sixth decades of life. The bilateral nature of the adrenocortical tumors and the occurrence of rare clear familial forms suggest a genetic origin. Indeed, a limited subset of PBMAH can be observed as part of multiple tumors syndromes due to alterations of the APC, Menin or Fumarate Hydratase genes. Rare variants of the phosphodiesterases PDE11A have been associated with PBMAH. The recent identification of ARMC5 germline alterations in 25–50% of PBMAH patients without obvious familial history or associated tumors opens new perspectives. ARMC5 alterations follow the model of a tumor suppressor gene: a first germline inactivating mutation of this 16p located gene is followed by a somatic secondary hit on the other allele (inactivating mutation or allelic loss). Functional studies demonstrate that ARMC5 controls apoptosis and steroid synthesis. The phenotype of index cases patients with the mutation seems more severe than the one of WT index cases. However, phenotype variability within a family is often observed. This review summarizes the genetics of PBMAH, focusing on ARMC5, which offer new perspectives for early diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome.