bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Handling graduates with a degree of common sense
Authors: Farnsworth Terry
Published: February 2008

Any company wishing to survive in today's fiercely competitive markets must make the best use of its human resources: well‐motivated employees are a crucial asset. One of the most searching tests of an executive's leadership abilities comes when he is required to manage newly‐recruited graduates — young people with no experience of business but with considerable potential, and of whom much is expected. How can such persons be managed so that they fulfil their promise, to the mutual benefit of themselves and their employers? The following checklist covers ten key points.
Diploma Mills — Part 3: The case against
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Growing unease exists in many quarters, not least amongst academics, regarding the diploma mill industry. In the UK disquiet surfaces periodically. A Member of Parliament will ask a question in the House of Commons; a newspaper will feature an expose; or that indefatigable consumer watchdog Roger Cook, in his BBC programme Checkpoint, will focus the spotlight on the educational underworld.
Continuous learning partnership
Authors: Martin Alec
Published: February 2008

The consultative paper Towards an Adult Training Strategy, published by the Manpower Services Commission in 1983, explicitly recognised and sought to foster wider appreciation of the need for systematic continuous learning throughout adult life. Adults will come from four decades; from various backgrounds of culture and language; from work, leisure and unemployment. If the opportunities of this situation are seized, a massive commitment will have been made to the development of the learning society. Inevitably this will mean commitment to the Open Society which, as Karl Popper long ago pointed out, also has its enemies, and recognition that mass communication has already decentralised power by distributing the information‐base.
Management training — overture or finale?
Authors: Markwell Don
Published: February 2008

Any reflection upon education and training for managers over the last twenty years must, at this point in time, be tinged with more than a small element of cynicism. That the world in which we live has changed dramatically is yesterday's news. The unavoidable fact is, however, that there have been significantly few changes in the training that we provide for our managers. The methodology has been refined, but the method remains very much the same. We may pretend differently; but in many instances we still realise, deep down, that we are in the entertainment business, albeit clothed in more sophisticated and palatable trappings.
Computer Courses
Authors: Golzen Godrey
Published: February 2008

There are now literally hundreds of short computer courses being given all over the country, says Brian Sawyer, education officer of the National Computing Centre. They fall into a number of different categories:
Training the Counsellors — 2. Stress management
Authors: Parkinson Margaret
Published: February 2008

The Employee Assistance Service is a counselling and referral service established by the Department of Education, Queensland, for all employees with personal problems. A training officer was appointed to the Service to undertake a training and awareness role, as well as to be involved in seminars with groups of employees on aspects of problem prevention.
Centre of productivity
Authors: Council of Productivity Associations British
Published: February 2008

After over three decades of residence in the metropolis, the British Council of Productivity Associations (BCPA) has moved upstream to Henley‐on‐Thames — or to be more precise to Henley — The Management College, known simply over the years and over the world as Henley. As a centre for its Local Productivity Associations (LPAs), the BCPA's location will not be unique to Henley; it has itself established other centres for Forecasting, Employment Policy Studies, International Management, Management Development and Advisory Services, and Research Programmes. It has close links with similar educational institutions in many parts of the world, having helped to establish them — in Australia, Ghana, India, Pakistan, New Zealand and the Philippines. It has assisted in the design of educational programmes in the management colleges of Nigeria, Jamaica, Mexico, Denmark, Turkey, Norway, and Argentina, and New York University. It has a special link with Brunel University for the development of post‐graduate studies in business management. It also has its own subsidiary company, Henley Open Management Education (HOME), known as Henley Distance Learning. There are obvious advantages in being linked to such an influential and internationally respected management educational institution.
Effective listening
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

For managers there are many courses available dealing with effective reading, effective report writing, effective speaking. Yet comparatively few managers receive training in effective listening, despite the upsurge in interest in the subject in recent years. This is surprising in view of the fact that a great deal of managerial time is spent in listening situations, and many managers are ineffective listeners.
Do's and don'ts of opinion survey response
Authors: Collins Michael
Published: February 2008

Organisations that have used opinion surveys generally report mixed results on their success. There are always questions concerning what each item means, whether the results really reflect how people feel, or whether they reflect the mood the person was in on that day. The organisations that have had the most success in my experience are the ones that focus on the importance of response to the participants. It is important that action be taken on survey information, and that the information be viewed as statistically valid; but, more than anything else, the people who participate must receive some information concerning the results of their participation. Even those who choose not to participate must receive a response concerning the view of the organisation.
Organising yourself to communicate
Authors: Sheldon Robert
Published: February 2008

A business letter has two objectives. One is to convey a message which furthers the firm's interests; the other is to do so in such a way as to leave a good impression on the recipient, even if it gives him bad news. Every letter is a public relations action; it can make an appreciable difference, for better or worse, to a company's image. Much therefore depends on how it is written and presented.
Communication: the essential interpersonal skill
Authors: Proctor Nigel
Published: February 2008

In a recent issue of this journal, Robert Sheldon provided some constructive advice on the type of language and etiquette expected in business and management. In this he produced a checklist of six communication skills:
Education for change and survival
Authors: Revans Reg
Published: February 2008

The second extract above, from Professor Dobinson's Schooling 1963–1970, summarises all else in this article with the most ironical accuracy. For three centuries we have memorised the words of John Locke so faithfully that our entire educational system is the most efficient denial of them that could ever be constructed. The misgivings expressed by the Board of Education in 1937 were suppressed by the elaboration of a commercialised examination system that, by 1970, was driving more pupils out of schools than from those of any comparable country. Thus when the school‐leaving age was put up to 16 and pupils could no longer get free while still one or two years younger, large numbers of those forced by law to stay on sought their own forms of self‐expression. Most of these were to demonstrate their abilities to take action, normally of a kind calculated to draw attention to its perpetrators; our own studies of the attitudes of school leavers shows beyond all doubt that schools in which the initiatives of the individual pupils are overridden by the demands of the syllabus are those in which a significant number of pupils would wish to assert themselves by vandalising the premises or attacking the teachers. But these same studies also showed that when the pupils themselves were invited to join in classifying what might be going on in their lessons, they displayed the most intelligent motivation from which, had they been so inclined, even some experts in education might have learned. Again it would be interesting to involve a small number of comprehensive schools in all their variety, preferably in three or four local groups of five schools in each group, so that by action learning all associated with them — heads and staffs, parents and pupils — could study together their own and their colleagues' troubles and opportunities. There is no other way.
Management succession
Authors: Roberts Don
Published: February 2008

This short paper was prepared for my employing company on the assumption that it recognised that it had now grown to a size and complexity that required a more systematic approach to “getting the right person in the right job at the right time”. An equally important assumption was that human resources planning must be responsive to the needs of the business over a period of time and, therefore, must be “driven” by top management who have the clearest view of corporate direction. Assuring effective management succession is a prime responsibility of the management to stockholders, customers and employees; it requires a plan for the development of the company's human resources.
Video as a recruitment incentive
Authors: Public Relations Ltd. Intermark
Published: February 2008

The whole point of Industry Year is to demonstrate to those outside industry that it provides interesting jobs and careers for bright and ambitious young people. It is not an easy message to get across; so much of the industrial picture is too large for anyone to be able to see it clearly anyway. The answer to many of these communications problems is, however, the television set. Corporate messages, training, and recruitment campaigns can all be put across on video with many times more impact than the written word.
Examination philosophy — or: They shall not pass
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Knight Michael , Fiddes Don
Published: February 2008

It is much easier to get a degree than a professional qualification in business studies. Many factors can contribute to the difference in success rates achieved on these two types of course. For example, on a degree programme it is possible for students to be taught by the person who has set the syllabus, devised the reading list, and set the examination paper. In contrast students preparing for professional examinations may be receiving their tuition from tutors who have had no part in these processes, or any contact with the people responsible for them. The advice provided to tutors by professional bodies varies but, whatever its level, one cannot escape the fact that students are largely dependent on their tutors' own interpretation of the unique expectations of each professional body. This disparity between an internal and external programme of study must be expected to contribute to the considerable difference in pass rates.
The great British training crisis
Authors: Crawford Michael
Published: February 2008

In this article, I would like to examine both the areas of commitment and lethargy in approaches to training in the UK. I believe it is a fallacy that no one cares about training in this country. This image has arisen through a low level of motivation. I know politicians debate about “the great strength of the British is innovation and world‐shattering new ideas”, arguments which are greeted with a great deal of scepticism.
Assessing Management Potential
Authors: Blinkhorn Steve
Published: February 2008

High‐fliers are a vanishing breed. The demographic changes which have recently begun to have a noticeable effect in the education system will soon work their way through into graduate recruitment. This has consequences for the process of assessment for fast‐track development into middle and senior management positions. On one estimate, from the Association of Graduate Recruiters, there will be a shortfall of several thousand graduate recruits by the end of the century.
Management Training: A New Approach
Authors: Horan Michael
Published: February 2008

The relationship between training and business success is now so well documented, even allowing for a margin of propaganda, that further comment is hardly necessary. Increase the level of training, the argument runs, and improved business performance will follow. In putting forward this view, the ubiquitous reports and surveys appear to assume that all that is required is for potential users of training resources suddenly to see the light, commission and carry out development programmes, and British business will take off.
Another Newcomer to Management
Authors: Chilver FRS Henry
Published: February 2008

I think we would have to agree that the words materials handling hardly convey the image of the degree of design complexity or managerial skills involved in today's manufacturing and distribution systems. The words have an old‐fashioned ring. But this on its own would not be a justification for an Institute to change its name.
Job Obsolescence in the Nineties
Authors: Willis Eric
Published: February 2008

The accelerating pace of technological and social change has resulted in a large number of jobs, skills and professions becoming obsolete, or dramatically reduced in numbers and importance. This pace of job obsolescence is likely to accelerate rapidly in the 1990s when the full effects of the second industrial revolution, based on the dramatic advances in electronics and computing, are implemented throughout industry and commerce. The resulting change will mean an unprecedented need for flexibility and retraining; but even then large sections of the potential working population are likely to remain marooned, and surplus to the requirements of the job market.
Running Meetings Successfully
Authors: Wilson Brian
Published: February 2008

To listen to members of organisations, there are very few successful meetings. Most are seen as being, very largely, a waste of time and extremely frustrating. This paper identifies the things which can go wrong and the actions which can be taken, by committee members as well as by chairmen, to make them more effective. We all spend a great deal of time in meetings and it is in the best interests of our sanity, as well as of organisational effectiveness, that they should lead to real achievements.
Assessment and Appraisal
Authors: Biddle Derek
Published: February 2008

The quest for effective performance has never been greater, nor the recognition that it is the human resources of an enterprise that make for its survival and success. Managers are bombarded with techniques and insights as to how to improve people performance; yet certain things remain constant, or relatively so Foremost among these is the basic task of management to plan, organise, lead, monitor and Control.
A Professional Body in a Competitive Environment
Authors: Boothman Derek A.
Published: February 2008

Underlying the theme the title of this paper is the tension which exists between professionalism on the one hand and commercialism on the other. By professionalism I mean the high ethical standards to which members of a profession subscribe, standards characterised by a commitment to integrity and objectivity. Independence and excellence are the watchwords of professionalism. By commercialism I mean our response to the pressure of the market place. It is in response to commercial pressure that we ensure that our products meet the needs of clients in terms both of quality and price.
HIGHER EDUCATION — THE FUTURE
Authors: Baker Kenneth
Published: February 2008

Higher education is crucial to help our nation meet the economic, social and intellectual challenges of the final decade of this century. We must ensure that our universities, polytechnics and colleges respond to the country's requirements. Important reforms are already under way; I pay tribute to the efforts that are being made, especially in our universities, to adapt themselves more closely to the needs of the nation. The White Paper announces new policies in three key areas:
THE ENTREPRENEUR AS A MARKETEER
Authors: Kitchen Philip
Published: February 2008

The importance of the marketing concept, no matter how small the business, is stressed by the author who includes among his duties as Senior Lecturer in Marketing the Directorship of the Small Business Unit.
WHAT INDUSTRY NEEDS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION: 1
Authors: Nicholson Bryan
Published: February 2008

I would like to begin by briefly addressing the question: is there a problem? I believe, unequivocally, the answer is “Yes”. What is more, I sense that there is a very rapidly‐growing acceptance of this fact. Indeed I hardly dare mention Handy, Constable or McCormick for fear their findings have become such clichés that everybody will become bored.
YOUTH IS FOR INVESTMENT
Authors: Webb Sue
Published: February 2008

The shortage of young people coming into the labour market in the 1990s and the challenges this poses to employers were tackled at an Industrial Society conference in June. Investing in the Future was designed to encourage organisations to focus on the specific training and development needs of their young employees. Delegates heard a keynote speech from Alistair Graham, Director of the Society, and attended a choice of workshops. These covered aspects of recruiting and developing young people, including the use of psychometric testing, monitoring, distance learning, involving the line manager, and the development of a skills passport to record a young person's achievements at work, both as a means of giving them recognition and as a guide to potential future employers.
Methods of study: a cost comparison
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Wylie A.
Published: February 2008

The tertiary sector of education is having to learn to live in a cold economic climate. And confronted with a severe financial squeeze, methods of reducing expenditure must be sought. Basically, of course, there are two ways to cut expenditure:
TEC and the Tech
Authors: Pearce A.G.
Published: February 2008

This article, contrived last Autumn, is composed entirely of my own prognostications. Although I have since discovered myself a member of two TEC Committees, these had not yet met when the article was completed. The opinions expressed are therefore based on no “inside knowledge”, and no one is responsible for them but me. Thus I have written the article in the first person.
Careers:
Authors: Murray John
Published: February 2008

The Department of Business and Management Studies at Havering Technical College believes that running courses in distributive subjects is competitive. This helps to explain why in the last five years management trainees have come by road, rail, and even air to Hornchurch, Essex, to attend the college's tailor‐made residential courses organised on behalf of some of the biggest names in the supermarket trade.
Day release report
Authors: WELLENS JOHN
Published: February 2008

The Henniker‐Heaton report on Day Release contains no surprises — nor could it, in the circumstances.
CORROSION FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
Authors: Shreir L.L.
Published: February 2008

In the previous article the basic principles of corrosion were considered with particular reference to immersed conditions of attack and it was shown that corrosion resulted from the interaction of the metal and its environment and occurred by a galvanic cell mechanism. It follows, therefore, that anodic attack may be prevented by factors which may be either related to the metal or the environment. It is the purpose of this article to apply the theoretical principles of corrosion to practical problems and to consider in particular how corrosion can frequently be avoided in the earliest stages by attention to design. No particular process will be considered but rather the effect of the metal, method of construction, shape, velocity of flow of the liquid, dissimilar metals in contact, etc., on the possibility of corrosion occurring. Although there are certain basic principles in designing to avoid corrosion, it should be emphasised that this must be followed by pilot‐plant testing, as only in this way can the possibility of corrosion being avoided be confirmed.
Maintaining the Corrosion Resistance of Welded Stainless Steel
Authors: Moore J.P.
Published: February 2008

The essence of a successful weld is that the joint should possess similar properties to the parent material. In the welding of stainless materials it is essential that the corrosion resistance be preserved in the weld metal and adjacent areas. In this article the author discusses the difficulties involved and the means whereby corrosion resistance is maintained.
Scandinavian Corrosion Conference
Authors: Nylén Paul , Trägardh Uno , Trägardh Kurt Fr.
Published: February 2008

Last month we published condensed versions of papers, mostly by Danish scientists but including one British contribution, presented at the Scandinavian Corrosion Conference which was held in Copenhagen in May. Here, to conclude our report of the conference, are abstracts of the Swedish papers presented.
CORROSION IN THE MOTOR‐CAR
Authors: Michalewicz Z.S.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion is one of the chief factors contributing to the wear of the cylinders and piston rings of an automotive engine. It is caused by acids formed in the combustion process, particularly those resulting from the combination of certain gases with water condensed on the cylinder walls in low‐temperature operation. In this article the author discusses the mechanism of corrosive cylinder wear, together with the factors influencing it, and reviews some of the methods of mitigating the attack.
HOT DIP GALVANISING
Authors: Haarmann R. , Cazzaniga L. , Souské R. , Celli A.
Published: February 2008

Here are summaries of more papers given at the International Conference on Hot Dip Galvanising which met at Oxford in July under the auspices of the Zinc Development Association and which was attended by about 200 experts from Britain, the Continent, and America. The first report on the Conference appeared in our August issue.
FRETTING CORROSION
Authors: McDowell J.R. , Uhlig H.H. , Tierney W.D. , McClellan A. , Horger Oscar J.
Published: February 2008

In our August issue we published summaries of two papers given at the Symposium on Fretting Corrosion organised by the American Society for Testing Materials. Three more papers are summarised below. They are concerned with testing equipment for evaluating fretting corrosion, the influence of fretting corrosion on the fatigue strength of fitted members, and the fretting corrosion tendencies of combinations of materials.
CORROSION IN THE MOTOR‐CAR
Authors: Michalewicz Z.S.
Published: February 2008

Many forms of corrosion can be present in the cooling system of a motor‐car, in which a hot coolant, often unsuitable from the point of view of corrosion, flows through a number of parts made of different metals. Attack is aggravated by such conditions as exhaust gas or air leakage into the system. Corrosion can be minimised by the use of effective inhibitors. The first article in this series, ‘Corrosive Wear of Piston Rings and Cylinders,’ appeared in the August issue of CORROSION TECHNOLOGY.
WOODEN VATS For Corrosive Liquids
Authors: Colyer W.T.
Published: February 2008

Amongst all the materials from which it is possible to make containers for the storage and processing on a large scale of corrosive liquids there is a tendency for wood to receive rather less than the attention it deserves. Several factors contribute to this. The training of the chemical engineer includes instruction on the properties of steel, stainless steel, non‐ferrous metals, lead, rubber, plastics, etc., but very little on the subject of wood. As a result he tends to fight shy of wood, or only to consider it after he has first considered all the other materials which he feels he understands better. The following article describes the properties and applications of wood as a material for vat construction.
DETERMINATION OF PLATING QUALITY
Authors: Howells G.
Published: February 2008

There is a danger of corrosion taking place, even in the absence of what are normally called corrosive liquids, when metals are either unplated or inadequately plated. It is not enough to know that a sufficient thickness of metal has been applied. It must be free from pores, cracks, etc., and it is important that the adhesion between the base metal and the plating is of a high order over the whole surface. Other qualities such as appearance and hardness are also of importance in some applications and must not be forgotten. This article outlines methods of testing for plating quality, including such aspects as adhesion, porosity, hardness and lustre.
The Corrosion‐Resisting High‐Silicon Iron Alloys
Authors: Dodd J.
Published: February 2008

Much progress has been made in the field of corrosion technology in the last few years and many new corrosion‐resisting materials have been developed, including improved types of plastics and metals such as zirconium, titanium and tantalum. Plastics are finding extensive use as lining materials for chemical plant operating at moderate temperatures, but the poor thermal conductivity of most plastics makes them unsuitable for the transfer of heat. The recently developed metals and their alloys are extremely expensive to produce and fabricate and, so far, their use has been confined to certain specialised applications, although full‐scale production of zirconium is being carried out in America, mainly because of the low capacity of the metal for absorbing thermal neutrons. At the moment, however, these metals, because of their high cost, cannot compete commercially on a large scale with the older well‐established corrosion‐resisting alloys such as the high‐silicon iron alloys. The excellent corrosion resistance of the high‐silicon iron alloys, even at high temperatures, and their high thermal conductivity have established them as almost standard alloys for acid concentration and cooling plant construction. The following article outlines their composition and properties.
CORROSION IN THE MOTOR‐CAR
Authors: Michalewicz Z.S.
Published: February 2008

The finishes used on the bodywork of motor‐cars must provide adequate protection against corrosion, effective over a period of many years, under various climatic, atmospheric and operational conditions. Lasting, attractive appearance is also an important requirement of these finishes. The treatment of steel prior to painting, and the electroplated bright finishes are briefly described. The first article in this series, ‘Corrosive Wear of Piston Rings and Cylinders,’ appeared last August and the second, ‘The Cooling System,’ appeared in the November issue of Corrosion Technology. A further article will deal with ‘Corrosion of Components, etc’.
Localised Corrosion in Steam Boilers
Authors: Parkins R.N.
Published: February 2008

Last month Dr. Parkins described the various types of pitting corrosion which may appear in steam boilers. In Part 2 corrosion associated with high concentrations of caustic soda (caustic cracking), corrosion fatigue and the deterioration due to local overheating are discussed.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—3
Authors: Thompson J.G.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion studies have been conducted at the National Bureau of Standards for many years and are now combined in the Corrosion Section of the Metallurgy Division. Originally interest was concentrated on laboratory and field tests of the comparative corrosion of ferrous and non‐ferrous metals in various environments, and of the efficiency of protective coatings. At present, the programme is concerned more with studies of the basic principles and theories of the corrosion of metals than with comparative tests; the only test programmes that are active today are those sponsored by other Government agencies or by technical associations. Researches in progress are concerned with the corrosion of metals in service underground, and in marine and other environments, and with basic considerations of the corrosion of metals in various environments, with and without applied stress. These will be discussed in approximately the order in which the investigations were initiated.
RUBBER AND ALLIED SUBSTANCES
Authors: Wilson B.J.
Published: February 2008

During the last year the use of rubber and its derivatives as anti‐corrosive lining agents has been brought into what might be called ‘daily newspaper prominence’ by the completion of two projects using vast quantities of these materials. These projects—the lining of the various parts of the Associated Ethyl Co.'s bromine plant at Amlwch, Isle of Anglesey, and the preparation of the ‘world's largest rubber bag’ for the Mill Hill reservoir at Easington, Co. Durham—are striking examples of the development of this branch of chemical engineering. However, although it is only recently that such large amounts of rubber have been used in single undertakings, this does not minimise the important position which this extremely adaptable material has held for very many years in anti‐corrosive work.
Corrosion in the Tannery
Authors: Humphreys F.E.
Published: February 2008

The atmosphere of a tannery is one of the most highly corrosive of industrial atmospheres. Humidity is high, often containing corrosive vapours from the various liquors used in tanning processes, and the tanner has to choose his metal materials carefully. An additional hazard is the danger of harmful corrosion products dropping on to the skins and hides. This article describes the metals used for different tanning processes and also methods of protecting structural steelwork of the tannery.
Corrosion in the Petroleum Industry PART 2
Authors: Garner F.H. , Hale A.R.
Published: February 2008

For economic reasons it is imperative that shut‐downs at oil refineries should be kept to a minimum. Corrosion is a major factor contributing to a shut‐down; therefore its control and elimination is of vital importance to the petroleum industry. In Part 1 of this series (May issue) the authors discussed the ways in which corrosion attacks various parts of a refinery, and described some of the equipment and metals used to combat these attacks. In Part 2 methods for treating corroded parts are described.
The Effect of Tempering Treatment
Authors: Truman J.E.
Published: February 2008

The 12 to 14% chromium group of stainless steels containing between 0.05 and 0.3% of carbon has been extensively used in industry for many years and the range of mechanical properties which may be obtained with these materials by applying various tempering treatments after thermal hardening is well known. The author here describes an investigation in which a quantitative study has been made of the effect of these treatments on three steels of differing carbon contents and it is shown that corrosion resistance can be markedly affected by the tempering treatment.
Anti‐Corrosive Applications of ‘Epikote’ Resins
Authors: Nicholson David H.
Published: February 2008

The development of ‘Epikote’ resins, which have become freely available in Britain during the past two years, has led to important advances in the formulation of anti‐corrosive coatings. The resins, produced by Shell, are of the epoxide type and represent a new development in the synthetic resin field. They are based on two chemicals, epichlorhydrin and diphenylolpropane, derived from petroleum.
ECONOMIC CATHODIC PROTECTION
Authors: Brand Benson G.
Published: February 2008

Cathodic protection is one of the best methods of preventing corrosion. It can be made even more effective and economical through the use of organic coatings to limit the cathodically protected area
Corrosion Problems on THE TEXAS GULF COAST PART ONE
Authors: Rust A.D.
Published: February 2008

This article is concerned primarily with corrosion and associated subjects as encountered at the two plants of The Dow Chemical Co., Freeport, Texas. The firm has an investment in this area in excess of $200 million (£71 million) and produces a variety of organic products, plastics, magnesium, bromine, chlorine and caustic soda as well as many related items. The plants are located about six miles apart on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico where climatic, physiographical and industrial conditions are such that corrosion control is imperative to successful operation. This is the first of two articles; the second part, pertaining to sea‐water corrosion, will appear in CORROSION TECHNOLOGY next month.
Corrosion and Construction Problems OF SULPHURIC ACID PLANT
Authors: Lowrison G.C. , Heppenstall F.
Published: February 2008

In the following the methods and materials of construction used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid are described, from the handling and storage of raw materials right through to the acid concentration stage. There is a wealth of information contained in the article, all based on the authors' own experience with the sulphuric acid manufacturing division of Fisons Ltd. at Immingham, near Grimsby.
Corrosion Problems on THE TEXAS GULF COAST: PART TWO
Authors: Rust A.D.
Published: February 2008

This article will discuss corrosion and associated subjects as encountered at the two plants of The Dow Chemical Co., Freeport, Texas. This firm has an investment in this area in excess of $200 million (£71 million) and produces a variety of organic products, plastics, magnesium, bromine, chlorine and caustic soda as well as many related items. The plants are located about six miles apart on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico where climatic, physiographical and industrial conditions are such that corrosion control is imperative to successful operation. This is the second of two articles; the first featured atmospheric corrosion and painting, and appeared in CORROSION TECHNOLOGY last month.
CORROSION OF PACKAGED ARTICLES
Authors: Paine F.A.
Published: February 2008

Packaging is a subject requiring an intelligent and logical approach, particularly where corrosive metal goods are concerned. In this article the author outlines the considerations that must be made and the processes of elimination that must be gone through to ensure that the best and, at the same time, most economic method of packaging is employed for any particular item. Five factors influencing the selection of the packaging method are summarised at the end.
Industrial Nickel Coating by Chemical Catalytic Reduction
Authors: Gutzeit Gregoire
Published: February 2008

THE reducing properties of hypophosphite for metal ions have been known since 1844, but not until 1946 did Brenner successfully apply the principle to produce a practical plating method. In the following year, the engineering department of General American Transportation Corporation wished to obtain a cheaper tank‐car plating than the usual one of nickel‐clad construction. The Brenner method was considered, but proved unsuitable, and a process was developed which is now known by the trade mark Kanigen.
CORROSION RESISTANT LININGS: FOR DRUMS
Authors: Logan R.M.C.
Published: February 2008

One result of the great expansion of the chemical industry is the host of new packaging problems it has created. Many of these chemicals are being shipped abroad in steel drums. In this article the author makes no pretence of detailed examination of any specific problem but simply reviews some of the aspects of a subject particularly topical this month.
CAUSTIC CRACKING: Its Occurrence in Steam Boilers
Authors: Jones D.D.
Published: February 2008

It has been known for many years that apparently brittle failures of mild‐steel plates and rivets can take place in apparatus used for the concentration of caustic soda. These failures invariably reveal the presence of a network of fine intergranular cracks which have their origin at parts where high concentrations of stress can occur; that is under rivet heads, alongside caulked seams and in the vicinity of welded joints which have not been stress relieved. Failures of a similar type have occurred from time to time in steam boilers, frequently by the formation of fine intergranular cracks in the vicinity of riveted seams.
PLASTICS‐BASED STRIPPABLE COATINGS
Authors: Lower E.S. , Cressey S.
Published: February 2008

The growth of plastics as corrosion‐resistant coatings is a relatively recent one. Until the second World War their application in this field had hardly been initiated, but once the demand was created the manufacturers responded wholeheartedly and a large number of coatings, with different characteristics and applications, were developed. This article is concerned with some of these developments.
Corrosion, its Causes, Cost and Prevention: A Brief History of the Growth of Corrosion Study
Authors: Harris W.
Published: February 2008

The phenomenon of metallic corrosion was recognised in ancient times and, although a considerable amount of work has now been done in this field, especially during the last few decades, the complete mechanism is by no means understood.
COPPER • ZINC • ALUMINIUM • FERROUS METALS • CONCRETE: CORROSION OF METALS IN BUILDINGS LONDON SYMPOSIUM, MARCH, 1957
Authors: BAKER S. , CARR E. , LAITHWAITE E.H. , SKERREY E.W. , HALSTEAD PHILIP E. , HUDSON I.C. , WORMWELL F. , JONES F.E. , BAILEY R.W. , RIDGE H.G.
Published: February 2008

The following are shortened versions of papers read at the recent symposium on the corrosion of metals in buildings. The symposium was arranged by the Corrosion Group of the Society of Chemical Industry and was held at the Institution of Civil Engineers.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—12: MINISTRY OF SUPPLY OUTDOOR EXPOSURE STATION, GLASCOED, WALES Testing Paints by Outside Exposure: Part 1
Authors: Edwards C.R. , Jenkins E.
Published: February 2008

Capable of accommodating over 3,000 exposure panels, a site at Glascoed in Monmouthshire has been selected by the Chemical Inspectorate of the Ministry of Supply as their chief exposure testing station. The prime object of the work is to assess new materials as they are developed, either by industry or by themselves, and keep a check on the ultimate durability of all types of paint which may, as a matter of expediency, have had to be accepted on the basis of short‐term accelerated tests. Whilst the emphasis of the work may differ, therefore, from that of the paint manufacturer, the ultimate objective is the same and the principles which have governed the choice of the site and its operation will be of value to other workers in this field.
STEELWORKS' MAINTENANCE PAINTING: 15 Years' Experience at Corby
Authors: Chalmers W.J.
Published: February 2008

Steel structures have often been painted with good, unbroken films which have lasted as long as ten years without repainting, in reasonably dry and unpolluted areas. To endeavour to reach such an ideal state on the steel structures and plants which are essential features of a large integrated steelworks is a much more costly and difficult process. It must be appreciated that much of the plant engaged in or ancillary to the production of iron and steel operates continuously with very few shutdown periods for maintenance. This is particularly true of the coke‐oven and by‐products plants and unfortunately much of the corrosion at steelworks is due to the operating conditions which are necessary for the continuous production of coke. In this article the maintenance painting of steelworks in similar conditions is described.
CATIONIC CHEMICALS IN STEAM PLANT: Filming Amines Prevent Condensate Line Corrosion
Authors: Bass D. , Sindery G.G.
Published: February 2008

The advantages of reclaiming as much condensate as possible in any steam‐generating system are manifest. The return of hot water to the boiler results in a considerable reduction in fuel and water consumption. In addition, a low make‐up will give rise to a lower rate of corrosion attack due to carbon dioxide generated from dissolved bicarbonates. However, such a procedure greatly increases the length of piping and number of fittings which are exposed to attack. The corrosion of steam and condensate return lines, and also of steam‐using equipment, can become a major problem. Perforation of steam jackets, steam coils, pipes and fittings; choking of steam traps with corrosion products; leaking valves and joints are serious enough in themselves. The cost of replacing the corroded equipment is often considerable and excessive damage may be caused by the ingress of steam or water to the product being manufactured. In addition, a very high labour cost is often involved. Repairs to damaged plant must usually take place at weekends and during holiday time, when overtime rates are paid.
Wetting Agents in Metal Treatment: A NEW SERIES OF PRODUCTS
Authors: Aiken J.K. , Howard D.K.
Published: February 2008

Almost every metal article, at one or more stages during its progress from the rough casting or forging to the finished product, undergoes a wet process. Such a process, which may be acid pickling, alkaline degreasing or derusting, electroplating, phosphating or rinsing, or may form part of a mechanical treatment such as drawing or cutting, involves the contact of an aqueous solution with a metal surface and some chemical or physical action there: chemical dissolution of scale, physical removal of grease, deposition of a metal or a compound etc.
Causes and Prevention of Corrosion: IN TAR STILLS
Authors: McNeil D.
Published: February 2008

Although the importance of the problem of corrosion of tar stills has diminished over the past 20 years with the replacement of mild‐steel pot‐stills by continuous tube stills, it remains a problem of some magnitude. In 1934, Mann and Parkes estimated that the average cost per ton of tar distilled due to corrosion was 4d. Considering the rise in costs of both materials and labour over the past two decades, this figure will be nearer 1s. a ton today and since, at present, rather more than a million tons p.a. are processed in pot‐stills, the cost to the industry on this score alone is of the order of £50,000 p.a. When one adds to this the cost of stoppages and plant replacements due to wastage of continuous pipe stills, which have their own corrosion problems, and the cost of alkali addition which is almost universally practised on continuous plant as a corrosion prevention measure, the total cost to the tar distilling industry almost certainly runs into six figures.
Corrosion Problems with Fuming Nitric Acid: ROCKET FUEL REQUIRES NEW TESTS
Authors: Fontana M.G.
Published: February 2008

In view of the increasing use of fuming nitric acid, particularly as a rocket fuel, it becomes a matter of importance to study the corrosive effects of the acid upon the materials which handle it. Some interesting research on this problem was recently undertaken by the author on behalf of the United States Air Force. The report has been made available in this country through the Technical Information and Documents Unit of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN SULPHIDE CORROSION IN COMMERCIAL SOVAFORMER UNITS: PART 1
Authors: Backensto E.B. , Drew R.D. , Vlachos J.N.
Published: February 2008

Catalytic reforming has grown rapidly during the past six years, reaching over a million barrels daily. This acceptance is largely due to the effectiveness of catalytic reforming as a source of low‐sulphur, high‐octane motor fuels; aromatics for petro‐chemicals and low‐cost hydrogen are valuable by‐products. Some ten competitive processes are available to the refiners. Of the processes available, those using a platinum‐type catalyst have found the widest acceptance. Of the nearly 200 units in operation or under construction, over 90% use a platinum‐containing catalyst.
‘HYPALON’ COATINGS
Authors: Lanning H.J.
Published: February 2008

Rubber‐like materials have a number of advantages as binders which many surface‐coating compositions do not possess. It is possible to produce from them, by suitable formulation, flexible, resilient, and abrasion‐resistant coatings, or hard, rigid coatings.
EPOXIDE RESINS VERSUS CORROSION
Authors: Barakan L.M. , Wild G.L.E.
Published: February 2008

Protective coatings based on epoxide resins have by now become well established industrial finishes and it is not therefore necessary to enter into a long and detailed introduction dealing with their chemical structure. What is, however, of importance to the user is the essential nature of the various types of epoxide finishes, with their usefulness and respective merits.
EPOXY RESINS: in Corrosion‐resistant Applications
Authors: Dunn P.A.
Published: February 2008

Because of their inherent resistance to many corrosives, the use of properly selected plastics in protective coatings would appear to be obvious. However, their extensive use has taken much time to establish. Over the past few years the new group of plastics materials known as epoxy resins has attracted a great deal of attention, particularly in view of their striking successes achieved in applications where corrosion resistance is required.
DEVELOPMENTS IN SHIPS' PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Authors: Perkins F.
Published: February 2008

Marine corrosion is of considerable interest from the technical standpoint in so far as it involves most of the known classical situations of the electro‐chemical theory of corrosion, and is primarily concerned with a metal immersed in an electrolyte. In the case of ships, the area of immersed steel can well vary between 2,000 and 15,000 sq. yds. but, of course, the supply of electrolyte is unlimited.
PROPELLER CORROSION AND CAVITATION EROSION Its Prevention by Cathodic Protection
Authors: Duff M.G.
Published: February 2008

Propeller breakdown is not a universally severe problem. It varies in intensity on different classes of vessels and in different localities. There is still much to learn about the effect of locality, but the expectations of trouble in differing types of vessels can be set out on broad lines.
ANODISING BATH: FOR MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
Authors: Davies M.W.
Published: February 2008

The present article briefly reviews the protective coatings available for magnesium alloys and gives details of the New Chrome process, together with the results of corrosion tests carried out on the coating. The advantages of the New Chrome process over the H.A.E. process are also discussed.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ‘IN SITU’ CLEANING
Authors: Wharton P.B.
Published: February 2008

It is a prime principle, agreed by all corrosion scientists, that the proper preparation of steel, prior to painting or the application of other coatings, is most essential for long‐term protection. Proper preparation means the removal of all rust and millscale leaving a clean, down to bare metal, surface. The only two satisfactory methods of cleaning to ‘white metal’ are grit‐blasting and pickling. It is only possible to pickle efficiently easily handled articles, cleaning of large structures or cleaning in situ is not practical by this method.
MEASURING CORROSION BY THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE TEST METHOD
Authors: Ford Eric
Published: February 2008

One of the problems increasingly exercising the minds of corrosion engineers is the question of devising anti‐corrosion techniques to counteract the degree and type of corrosion affecting the various materials requiring protection. Of several methods of determining the amount and rate of the corrosion of a given metal one of the most useful is based on measurement of the corroding specimen's change in electrical conductance.
Does Higher Fuel Efficiency Increase Corrosion?
Authors: Seely Nigel
Published: February 2008

In broad terms the object of every engineer operating oil burning plant has always been to obtain the maximum amount of effective B.Th.U.s for every pound of oil burned. Recently, however, it has been established that as the thermal efficiency of modern high pressure, high temperature oil burning plant has increased there has been a similar increase in corrosion. The extent of this problem is due to the fact that currently available residual fuel oils contain inorganic substances, amongst them vanadium, sodium and sulphur. If these substances were not present hydrocarbon petroleum oils would merely be burned to yield carbon dioxide and water.