bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Feature Extraction Methods with Synthetic Noise Patterns for Image-Based Modelling of Texture-Less Objects
Authors: Hafeez Jahanzeb , Lee Jaehyun , Kwon Soonchul , Ha Sungjae , Hur Gitaek , Lee Seunghyun
Published: November 2020

Image-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is a process of extracting 3D information from an object or entire scene while using low-cost vision sensors. A structure-from-motion coupled with multi-view stereo (SFM-MVS) pipeline is a widely used technique that allows 3D reconstruction from a collection of unordered images. The SFM-MVS pipeline typically comprises different processing steps, including feature extraction and feature matching, which provide the basis for automatic 3D reconstruction. However, surfaces with poor visual texture (repetitive, monotone, etc.) challenge the feature extraction and matching stage and affect the quality of reconstruction. The projection of image patterns while using a video projector during the image acquisition process is a well-known technique that has been shown to be successful for such surfaces. In this study, we evaluate the performance of different feature extraction methods on texture-less surfaces with the application of synthetically generated noise patterns (images). Seven state-of-the-art feature extraction methods (HARRIS, Shi-Tomasi, MSER, SIFT, SURF, KAZE, and BRISK) are evaluated on problematic surfaces in two experimental phases. In the first phase, the 3D reconstruction of real and virtual planar surfaces evaluates image patterns while using all feature extraction methods, where the patterns with uniform histograms have the most suitable morphological features. The best performing pattern from Phase One is used in Phase Two experiments in order to recreate a polygonal model of a 3D printed object using all of the feature extraction methods. The KAZE algorithm achieved the lowest standard deviation and mean distance values of 0.0635 mm and −0.00921 mm, respectively.
Using Wavelet Transforms to Fuse Nighttime Light Data and POI Big Data to Extract Urban Built-Up Areas
Authors: He Xiong , Zhou Chunshan , Zhang Jun , Yuan Xiaodie
Published: November 2020

Urban built-up areas are not only the embodiment of urban expansion but also the main space carrier of urban activities. Accurate extraction of urban built-up areas is of great practical significance for measuring the urbanization process and judging the urban environment. It is difficult to identify urban built-up areas objectively and accurately with single data. Therefore, to evaluate urban built-up areas more accurately, this study uses the new method of fusing wavelet transforms and images on the basis of utilization of the POI data of March 2019 and the Luojia1-A data from October 2018 to March 2019. to identify urban built-up areas. The identified urban built-up areas are mainly concentrated in the areas with higher urbanization level and night light value, such as the northeast of Dianchi Lake and the eastern bank around the Dianchi Lake. It is shown in the accuracy verification result that the classification accuracy identified by night-light data of urban build-up area accounts for 84.00% of the total area with the F1 score 0.5487 and the Classification accuracy identified by the fusion of night-light data and POI data of urban build-up area accounts for 96.27% of the total area with the F1 score 0.8343. It is indicated that the built-up areas identified after image fusion are significantly improved with more realistic extraction results. In addition, point of interest (POI) data can better account for the deficiency in nighttime light (NTL) data extraction of urban built-up areas in the urban spatial structure, making the extraction results more objective and accurate. The method proposed in this study can extract urban built-up areas more conveniently and accurately, which is of great practical significance for urbanization monitoring and sustainable urban planning and construction.
Robust Loop Closure Detection Integrating Visual–Spatial–Semantic Information via Topological Graphs and CNN Features
Authors: Wang Yuwei , Qiu Yuanying , Cheng Peitao , Duan Xuechao
Published: November 2020

Loop closure detection is a key module for visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). Most previous methods for this module have not made full use of the information provided by images, i.e., they have only used the visual appearance or have only considered the spatial relationships of landmarks; the visual, spatial and semantic information have not been fully integrated. In this paper, a robust loop closure detection approach integrating visual–spatial–semantic information is proposed by employing topological graphs and convolutional neural network (CNN) features. Firstly, to reduce mismatches under different viewpoints, semantic topological graphs are introduced to encode the spatial relationships of landmarks, and random walk descriptors are employed to characterize the topological graphs for graph matching. Secondly, dynamic landmarks are eliminated by using semantic information, and distinctive landmarks are selected for loop closure detection, thus alleviating the impact of dynamic scenes. Finally, to ease the effect of appearance changes, the appearance-invariant descriptor of the landmark region is extracted by a pre-trained CNN without the specially designed manual features. The proposed approach weakens the influence of viewpoint changes and dynamic scenes, and extensive experiments conducted on open datasets and a mobile robot demonstrated that the proposed method has more satisfactory performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.
Coupling Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with Support Vector Regression to Detect the Concentration of Lead in Soil under the Interference of Copper Accurately
Authors: Liu Ning , Zhao Guo , Liu Gang
Published: November 2020

In this study, an effective method for accurately detecting Pb(II) concentration was developed by coupling square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) with support vector regression (SVR) based on a bismuth-film modified electrode. The interference of different Cu2+ contents on the SWASV signals of Pb2+ was investigated, and a nonlinear relationship between Pb2+ concentration and the peak currents of Pb2+ and Cu2+ was determined. Thus, an SVR model with two inputs (i.e., peak currents of Pb2+ and Cu2+) and one output (i.e., Pb2+ concentration) was trained to quantify the above nonlinear relationship. The SWASV measurement conditions and the SVR parameters were optimized. In addition, the SVR mode, multiple linear regression model, and direct calibration mode were compared to verify the detection performance by using the determination coefficient (R2) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Results showed that the SVR model with R2 and RMSE of the test dataset of 0.9942 and 1.1204 μg/L, respectively, had better detection accuracy than other models. Lastly, real soil samples were applied to validate the practicality and accuracy of the developed method for the detection of Pb2+ with approximately equal detection results to the atomic absorption spectroscopy method and a satisfactory average recovery rate of 98.70%. This paper provided a new method for accurately detecting the concentration of heavy metals (HMs) under the interference of non-target HMs for environmental monitoring.
Perception to Adaptation of Climate Change in Nepal: An Empirical Analysis Using Multivariate Probit Model
Authors: GC Arun , Yeo Jun-Ho
Published: November 2020

This study assessed farmers’ perception of climate change, and estimated the determinants of, and evaluated the relationship among, adaptation practices using the multivariate probit model. A survey in 300 agricultural households was carried out covering 10 sample districts considering five agro-ecological zones and a vulnerability index. Four adaptation choices (change in planting date, crop variety, crop type and investment in irrigation) were deemed as outcome variables and socioeconomic, demographic, institutional, farm-level and perceptions variables were deployed as explanatory variables. Their marginal effects were determined for three climatic variables—temperature, precipitation and drought. Age, gender and education of head of household, credit access, farm area, rain-fed farming and tenure, were found to be more influential compared to other factors. All four adaptation options were found to be complimentary to each other. Importantly, the intensity of the impact of dependent variables in different models, and for the available adaptation options, were found to be unequal. Therefore, policy options and support facilities should be devised according to climatic variables and adaptation options to achieve superior results.
Biochar Effects on Soil Physiochemical Properties in Degraded Managed Ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh
Authors: Karim Md. Rezaul , Halim Md Abdul , Gale Nigel V. , Thomas Sean C.
Published: November 2020

A body of emerging research shows the promise of charcoal soil amendments (“biochars”) in restoring fertility in degraded agricultural and forest soils. “Sustainable biochars” derived from locally produced waste biomass and produced near the application site are of particular interest. We tested the effects of surface applications of wood-derived biochars (applied at 7.5 t·ha−1) on soil physiochemical properties (N, P, K, pH, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and bulk density) in three land-use types: agriculture (Camellia sinensis monoculture), agroforestry (C. sinensis with shade trees), and secondary forest (Dipterocarpus dominated) assessed over seven months. We found significant positive effects of biochar on soil physiochemical properties in all land-use types, with the strongest responses in the most degraded tea monoculture sites. Although biochar had no significant effect on soil N and K, it improved soil P—the primary nutrient most commonly limiting in tropical soils. Biochar also enhanced soil moisture and organic matter content, reduced bulk density, and increased soil pH in monoculture sites. Our results support the general hypothesis that biochar can improve the fertility of degraded soils in agricultural and forest systems in Bangladesh and suggest that biochar additions may be of great benefit to the most degraded soils.
Effects of a Multicomponent Exercise Program, a Detraining Period and Dietary Intake Prediction of Body Composition of Frail and Pre-Frail Older Adults from the EXERNET Elder 3.0 Study
Authors: Moradell Ana , Navarrete-Villanueva David , Fernández-García Ángel , Sagarra-Romero Lucía , Marín-Puyalto Jorge , Pérez-Gómez Jorge , Gesteiro Eva , Ara Ignacio , Casajus Jose , Gómez-Cabello Alba , Vicente-Rodríguez Germán
Published: November 2020

The aging of humans is associated with body composition and function deterioration creating a burden on an individual level, but also on a societal one, resulting in an economic burden that is socially unsustainable. This study aimed to evaluate changes in body composition after a 6-month MCT (multicomponent training) and a 4-month detraining period, and to examine the possible influence of energy and macronutrient intake in these changes in frail and pre-frail older adults. A total of 43 participants from the training group (TRAIN) and 28 controls (CON) completed the study protocol. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, fat mass, fat free mass and fat mass percentage were recorded, with a bio-electrical impedance analyzer, at baseline, after 6 months and four months after finishing the MCT. A food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate energy intake. Mixed effect models did not show differences between groups. CON showed increases in hip circumference and waist (3.20 ± 1.41 and 3.06 ± 1.66 cm, respectively) during the first 6 months. TRAIN showed decreases in BMI (−0.29 ± 0.14), fat mass (−0.86 ± 0.38 kg), body fat percentage (−0.98 ± 0.36%) and increases in waist circumference (3.20 ± 1.41). After detraining, TRAIN group showed increases in fat mas (1.07 ± 0.30 kg), body fat percentage (1.43 ± 0.31%) and waist (3.92 ± 1.38 cm), and decreases in fat free mass (−0.90 ± 0.30 kg). CON group only showed an increase in body fat (1.32 ± 0.47%). Energy intake was negatively associated with hip circumference in the first six months and fat mass during detraining in CON. Energy intake showed positive associations with fat mass in TRAIN during detraining. Only carbohydrates were negatively related to detraining changes in fat free mass and BMI in CON. In conclusion, the MCT reduces adiposity of frail and pre-frail older people, leading to a maintenance of fat free mass. In addition, these interventions should not be stopped in this population in order to improve health sustainability.
Possibilities to Estimate Daily Solar Radiation on 2-Axis Tracking Plane Using a Model Based on Temperature Amplitude
Authors: Czekalski Dariusz , Obstawski Paweł , Bakoń Tomasz
Published: November 2020

Significant errors may occur when estimating daily solar radiation in central Europe using empirical models based on air temperature (especially in the winter months). The first goal of this article is to investigate to what extent it is possible to increase the accuracy of the Hargreaves and Samani model, by using the calibration dedicated for each month. We also corrected the temperature amplitudes by narrowing the daily intervals from which the minimum and maximum values were taken. The second goal of this article is to compare the precision of the daily solar radiation estimation on the horizontal plane and on the 2-axis tracking plane. The database comprises the series of parallel measurements on both planes over a period of 10 years. We considered two procedures, direct and indirect, for the 2-axis tracking plane. The second procedure, dubbed “the first estimate horizontal than calculate tracking” is based on the strong relationship between daily solar radiations on both planes. The direct procedure allows for a slightly more accurate estimation. The estimation of daily radiation on the 2-axis tracking plane reflects the measured values worse than estimation on the horizontal plane. We discovered that the increase of estimation errors on the 2-axis tracking plane, compared to the horizontal one, is proportional to the increase in the coefficient of variability of the daily solar radiations.
Does Innovation Type Influence Firm Performance? A Dilemma of Star-Rated Hotels in Ghana
Authors: Hu Xuhua , Danso Bertha Ada , Mensah Isaac Adjei , Addai Michael
Published: November 2020

Innovation, which leads to process changes and product development, tends to increase the sustenance of companies and helps firms to expand faster and more effectively, eventually more profitably than non-innovators. Innovation is commonly seen as a key source of sustainable competitive advantage in a changing environment. However, the success of the hospitality industry relies a lot on how well they gear their innovations towards preserving the natural and cultural attractions that make tourist/customers to visit their destinations. This study, therefore, is empirically designed to explore how innovation types, which include process, product, marketing, and organizational innovation, impact performance of hotel firms in Ghana. With top-level managers being our target respondents, 680 star rated hotels were purposely sampled from the hospitality industry, among which 550 hotel firms provided valid and accurate responses. Data obtained from the survey through the administration of a well-structured questionnaire was analyzed through SPSS statistical package. Through the estimation of series of regression models using the Hierarchical regression method of analysis, we witnessed that process, product, marketing, and organizational innovation employed as innovation types have palpable and statistically significant liaison with performance of hotel firms in Ghana. We, therefore, conclude that, for hotels to achieve high firm performance, personnel within the firm should be encouraged and empowered to develop innovative mentalities and abilities. In addition, hotel firms and the industry at large should be abreast of current trends of sustainability and endeavor to gear their innovation operations towards a more sustainability-oriented firm since incorporating sustainable innovative strategies into firms’ operations will not only create a good image and reduce cost but would also safeguard the natural attractions that guests patronize.
Accessible Tourism in Natural Park Areas: A Social Network Analysis to Discard Barriers and Provide Information for People with Disabilities
Authors: Bianchi Piervito , Cappelletti Giulio Mario , Mafrolla Elisabetta , Sica Edgardo , Sisto Roberta
Published: November 2020

Although regulations designed to meet the necessities of tourists with disabilities are allowing disables to travel more, they are still encountering barriers and discriminatory practices. A relevant obstacle in making the tourist policy effective is represented by the lack of information and communication about needs and expectations of disabled categories. In this context, the present paper focuses on the coproduction process of tourist public policies for disables by looking at the network that facilitates communication among the actors taking part in the process. We adopt the Social Network Analysis (SNA) to study the policy network, i.e., how public administrations and policy users (associations of citizens/people with disabilities and entrepreneurs) exchange information about the accessibility to the Gargano National Park, a protected natural area in the South of Italy. In particular, we investigate the role of entrepreneurial stakeholders in channeling information and the presence of policy brokers, i.e., stakeholders that spread the policies to the whole network. Our findings show that a limited number of actors involved in granting accessibility to tourists with disabilities is engaged in information exchanges. Moreover, information flows are guided by only one public administration that plays, therefore, a key role in the implementation of policies that support the parks’ accessibility.
Abrasive Wear Resistance of Concrete in Connection with the Use of Crushed and Mined Aggregate, Active and Non-Active Mineral Additives, and the Use of Fibers in Concrete
Authors: Bodnárová Lenka , Ťažký Martin , Ťažká Lucia , Hela Rudolf , Pikna Ondřej , Sitek Libor
Published: November 2020

Virtually every concrete structure comes into contact with abrasive effects of flowing media or solids, which have a direct impact on the durability of concrete. An abrasive effect is most pronounced in transport or water management structures, and these structures are often designed for a significantly longer service life (usually 100 years). This research evaluates the influence of the filler component in terms of the type of aggregate and its mineralogical composition on concrete abrasion resistance. As part of the impact of the binder component, several concrete mixtures were produced using the same aggregate and maintaining the same strength class with the addition of different types of active and inert mineral additives. In other parts of the research, the effect of adding fiber reinforcement on the abrasion resistance of concrete was verified. Mutual connections and correlations in different age groups (7, 28 and 90 days) were sought for all obtained results. The abrasion resistance of the composite was monitored by using standard procedures, especially using a Böhm device. It was found that for good abrasion resistance of concrete, it is not necessary to produce concretes with high strength classes using often expensive mineral additives (microsilica) and quality aggregates, but the maturation time of the composite and its microstructure plays an important role.
Sustainable Application of Livestock Water Footprints in Different Beef Production Systems of South Africa
Authors: Ngxumeshe Ayanda M. , Ratsaka Motshekwe , Mtileni Bohani , Nephawe Khathutshelo
Published: November 2020

There is an increase in requirement and competition for water, while water resources are decreasing at an accelerating rate. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of water and therefore has the largest water footprint, which is not yet known. The largest portion is acknowledged to be for producing animal products. Water footprints account for the amounts of water used to produce a commodity for consumption, measured along the commodity life cycle. Water withdrawals from surface and groundwater are accounted for when assessing the water footprint. The three identified major determinants of a water footprint of meat include feed conversion efficiency (FCE), feed composition, and feed origin, with the first two being influenced greatly by the animal production system. In South Africa (SA), the two distinct production systems are the intensive and extensive production systems. Intensifying beef animals improves FCE due to faster growths per kg feed consumed, reduced activity, and therefore reduced water footprint. Beef cattle in the extensive system consume a large component of roughages, while the intensive system has a high concentrate to roughage ratio. This theoretically increases the water footprint in the intensive system. The literature indicates large amounts of volumetric water footprint indicators of boneless beef in SA. Water footprint assessment is critical for enabling consumers to make well-informed and sound decisions when considering changes in their behavior due to the effect this has on social, economic, and environmental wellbeing. This paper aims to postulate the various issues associated with water usage in beef production. These include factors affecting the water footprint of beef production and the effects it has on various aspects of both the environment and social wellbeing. It further explores the various methods to assess the water footprint of a product.
Intellectual Property Management in Publicly Funded R&D Program and Projects: Optimizing Principal–Agent Relationship through Transdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Miyashita Shuto , Katoh Shogo , Anzai Tomohiro , Sengoku Shintaro
Published: November 2020

Large-scale, publicly funded research and development (R&D) programs are implemented to accelerate state-of-the-art science, technology, and innovation applications that are expected to solve various societal problems. The present study aims to build on the body of theory on the mechanisms that promote or impede the creation of intellectual property in such programs. Using a mixed methods approach and combining quantitative network analysis and qualitative semistructured interviews, we conducted a case study to investigate best practices in terms of intellectual property creation in a Japanese governmental research and development program. The results of the network analysis showed that the core/periphery structure in the co-inventor network of patents and joint application by a university and a startup promoted intellectual property creation. The results of the interview confirmed the significance of a reciprocal mindset, which the researchers in academia could acquire through collaboration with a startup. These results suggest that a knowledge logistics system for agile intellectual property management can be established by learning to acquire tacit knowledge on social implementation. Furthermore, we focus on the principal–agent relationship between knowledge producers and knowledge consumers as a factor that impedes the creation of intellectual property. We also discuss adverse selection and moral hazards caused by information asymmetry between knowledge producers and knowledge consumers and how to deal with them.
Determining Food Security in Crisis Conditions: A Comparative Analysis of the Western Balkans and the EU
Authors: Matkovski Bojan , Đokić Danilo , Zekić Stanislav , Jurjević Žana
Published: November 2020

The right to food is a fundamental one, and the optimization between human needs and available resources is a challenge in all countries. The main goal of this study is to find the factors that determine food security and to determine the level of food security in the Western Balkans while undergoing the process of European Union (EU) integration. In order to achieve this, four Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) dimensions of food security are analyzed: stability, availability, access, and utilization. The Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) method is then used to rank Western Balkan and EU countries according to food security. The results show a significant difference among these countries in terms of their levels of food security, which is a consequence of Western Balkan countries’ significant lag in economic development in comparison to the EU. Although the level of food security in Western Balkan countries is lower than in EU countries, it is not endangered. However, it can become endangered under crisis conditions (like the COVID-19 pandemic). The main reasons for this discrepancy are high food supply variability, dependence on cereal import, and lower Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in these countries than in EU.
The Application of the Inbound Marketing Strategy on Costa del Sol Planning & Tourism Board. Lessons for Post-COVID-19 Revival
Authors: Sánchez-Teba Eva M. , García-Mestanza Josefa , Rodríguez-Fernández Mercedes
Published: November 2020

The digital era has radically changed the context in which the tourist service is delivered and experienced, changing the decision processes of consumer and company business models. It is necessary to contact the tourism services customer with non-intrusive techniques, at the beginning of their purchase process and accompany them until the final transaction. The main objective of this case study is to analyze the methodology of inbound marketing and show how The Costa del Sol Planning & Tourism Board could work on its sustainable customer relationship model under the concept of seducing the tourist by being pioneers in the application of this strategy to attract tourism after the pandemic caused by COVID-19. Conclusions of this study include measures to restore travelers’ confidence which will play an important role in attracting tourists after crisis. An inbound marketing strategy will provide a response as it is based on contact with the future tourist through highly specialized content.
Thinking in Vertical: A Practical Application of the Two-Stage Pension System in Spain
Authors: Devolder Pierre , Domínguez-Fabián Inmaculada
Published: November 2020

Public pay-as-you-go pension systems are affected by sustainability problems due to the increasing longevity of the population. These problems come to light when there is unsustainable growth in pension expenditure in relation to GDP. The usual arrangement is for public systems to be complemented by private systems that provide a lifetime annuity paid alongside the public pension. This approach, which is horizontal in its way of thinking, is the one that all countries apply; in it, we can expect to find lifetime annuities, which are expensive because they have to take increasing longevity into account, as well as sustainability problems in the public accounts. Therefore, in this paper, we put forward a system that maintains the complementarity between private and public, but considers it from a vertical point of view. By this, we mean that over a certain period of time, the private system would provide the pension in the form of a temporary income, without the need to consider such a high longevity risk, and then in the following period, the public system would take over. We apply the model to Spain, one of the countries whose pension systems are most affected by problems of sustainability, and observe a decrease in the relationship between pension expenditure and GDP using this two-stage model as opposed to the current system, for the period 2025–2068. This decrease can be achieved without decrease of benefits, change in the retirement age or increase of the contribution level.
Users’ Adoption of Sustainable Cloud Computing Solutions
Authors: Pańkowska Małgorzata , Pyszny Krzysztof , Strzelecki Artur
Published: November 2020

The paper is dedicated to factors influencing users’ adoption of sustainable cloud computing solutions. The article covers the important characteristics related to cloud computing. It also discusses how sustainable cloud computing is important for sustainability. The current state of their security and potential threats waiting for users is reviewed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of perceived usefulness, security, availability, and satisfaction on users’ adoption of sustainable cloud computing solutions. The study tested and used the adapted Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model in the context of cloud computing solutions. The partial least square method of structural equation modeling is employed to test the proposed research model. The study utilizes an online survey to obtain data from 252 cloud computing solutions users. The data set was analyzed using SmartPLS 3 software. Results showed that the best predictor of users’ perceived usefulness and system & service quality is perceived availability, followed by perceived security. Both perceived usefulness and system & service quality predict users’ attitude and intention to use of cloud computing solutions. The findings improve understanding regarding the adoption of cloud computing solutions, and this work is, therefore, of particular interest to the IT departments and cloud computing vendors.
Enablers and Barriers for Creating a Marketplace for Construction and Demolition Waste: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Caldera Savindi , Ryley Tim , Zatyko Nikita
Published: November 2020

Rapid population growth and urbanization have led to an increase in Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste, prompting government and industry bodies to develop better waste management practices. Waste trading has emerged as a targeted intervention to divert waste from landfill sites and create a second life for waste material. This paper examines key barriers and enablers influencing the creation of a marketplace for waste trading. A systematic literature review was undertaken to examine global efforts in creating a marketplace for C&D waste. A framework on enablers and barriers for developing a marketplace for C&D waste emerged from the review, based on market-based, operational, and governance factors. References demonstrated that markets for materials such as glass and metals have already been established, but there are increasing marketplace opportunities for other recycled materials. Technology-based market applications are emerging as targeted interventions to facilitate online trading, which will provide a more accessible and user-friendly marketplace for sellers and buyers. Further research should test the complex interactions between people and technology associated with online waste trading platforms, as well as help develop the business case for a C&D waste marketplace.
The Combined Conditions of Photoperiod, Light Intensity, and Air Temperature Control the Growth and Development of Tomato and Red Pepper Seedlings in a Closed Transplant Production System
Authors: Hwang Hyunseung , An Sewoong , Pham Minh Duy , Cui Meiyan , Chun Changhoo
Published: November 2020

Understanding environmental factors is essential to maximizing the biomass production of plants. There have been many studies on the effects of the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), photoperiod and air temperature as separate factors affecting plants, including under a closed transplant production system (CTPS). However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of these factors on plant growth. Germinated tomato and red pepper seedlings were transferred to three different photoperiods with five different photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPFs) at an air temperature of 25/20 °C to investigate plant growth under a different daily light integral (DLI). Three different air temperatures, 23/20, 25/20, and 27/20 °C (photo/dark periods), with five different PPFs were used to examine plant growth under different DIFs (difference between the day and night temperature). Increasing the DLI from 4.32 to 21.60 mol·m−2·d−1, either by increasing the photoperiod or PPF, improved the growth of seedlings in both cultivars. However, when comparing treatments that provided the same DLI, tomato seedlings had s significantly higher growth when grown under longer photoperiods and s lower PPF. Even in higher DLI conditions, reduced growth due to higher PPF indicated that excessive light energy was a limiting factor. At 23 and 25 °C, tomato seedlings showed similar correlation curves between growth and PPF. However, at the higher temperature of 27 °C, while the slope of the curve at low PPFs was similar to that of the curves at lower temperatures, the slope at high PPFs was flatter. On the other hand, red pepper seedlings displayed the same correlation curve between growth and PPF at all tested temperatures, and red pepper plants accumulated more dry weight even at higher temperatures. These results suggested that the combination effect was more useful to observe these overall tendencies, especially in reacting to a second factor. This will provide us with more information and a deeper understanding of plant characteristics and how they will behave under changing environments.
An Asymmetric Genetic Signal Associated with Mechanosensory Expansion in Cave-Adapted Fish
Authors: Powers Amanda , Boggs Tyler , Gross Joshua
Published: November 2020

A key challenge in contemporary biology is connecting genotypic variation to phenotypic diversity. Quantitative genetics provides a powerful technique for identifying regions of the genome that covary with phenotypic variation. Here, we present a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of a natural freshwater fish system, Astyanax mexicanus, that harbors two morphs corresponding to a cave and surface fish. Following their divergence ~500 Kya, cavefish have adapted to the extreme pressures of the subterranean biome. As a consequence, cavefish have lost numerous features, but evolved gains for a variety of constructive features including behavior. Prior work found that sensory tissues (neuromasts) present in the “eye orbit” region of the skull associate with sensitivity to vibrations in water. This augmented sensation is believed to facilitate foraging behavior in the complete darkness of a cave, and may impact on evolved lateral swimming preference. To this point, however, it has remained unclear how morphological variation integrates with behavioral variation through heritable factors. Using a QTL approach, we discovered the genetic architecture of neuromasts present in the eye orbit region, demonstrating that this feature is under genetic control. Interestingly, linked loci were asymmetric–signals were detected using only data collected from the right, but not left, side of the face. This finding may explain enhanced sensitivity and/or feedback of water movements mediating a lateral swimming preference. The locus we discovered based on neuromast position maps near established QTL for eye size and a facial bone morphology, raising the intriguing possibility that eye loss, sensory expansion, and the cranial skeleton may be integrated for evolving adaptive behaviors. Thus, this work will further our understanding of the functional consequence of key loci that influence the evolutionary origin of changes impacting morphology, behavior, and adaptation.
Global Cognitive Functioning versus Controlled Functioning throughout the Stages of Development
Authors: Introzzi Isabel Maria , Richard’s María Marta , García-Coni Ana , Aydmune Yesica , Stelzer Florencia , Canet-Juric Lorena , Zamora Eliana Vanesa , Andrés María Laura , López-Ramón María Fernanda , Navarro-Pardo Esperanza
Published: November 2020

According to the All or None Hypothesis (Diamond, 2009), the cognitive system can operate in a global manner that is not very discriminate or in a more discriminate mode that demands greater precision, control, and cognitive effort. There are five corollaries to this hypothesis that describe, in an operative way, the conditions under which the controlled mode of functioning in the cognitive domain can be activated and thus tested. Given the impact this theory has generated and the absence of studies analyzing the corollaries in a collective and systematic way at different stages of development, this study was proposed, first of all, to test three of these corollaries in children, adolescents and adults and, secondly, to analyze the changes in the controlled mode of functioning during these three stages of development. To this end, the Fingers Task, a modified version of Arrows Task (with two rules: response ipsilateral where the stimulus is presented, symmetry; and response contralateral, asymmetry), was administered to a sample of 123 participants (43 children, 44 adolescents, and 36 adults). In general, the results verify the corollaries and identify the changes that the controlled mode of functioning experiences at different stages of development.
Backward Doubly Stochastic Differential Equations with Markov Chains and a Comparison Theorem
Authors: Ma Ning , Wu Zhen
Published: November 2020

In this paper we study the existence and uniqueness of solutions for one kind of backward doubly stochastic differential equations (BDSDEs) with Markov chains. By generalizing the Itô’s formula, we study such problem under the Lipschitz condition. Moreover, thanks to the Yosida approximation, we solve such problem under monotone condition. Finally, we give the comparison theorems for such equations under the above two conditions respectively.
General Slow-Roll Inflation in f(R) Gravity under the Palatini Approach
Authors: Bekov Sabit , Myrzakulov Kairat , Myrzakulov Ratbay , Sáez-Chillón Gómez Diego
Published: November 2020

Slow-roll inflation is analyzed in the context of modified gravity within the Palatini formalism. As shown in the literature, inflation in this framework requires the presence of non-traceless matter; otherwise, it does not occur just as a consequence of the nonlinear gravitational terms of the action. Nevertheless, by including a single scalar field that plays the role of the inflaton, slow-roll inflation can be performed in these theories, where the equations lead to an effective potential that modifies the dynamics. We obtain the general slow-roll parameters and analyze a simple model to illustrate the differences introduced by the gravitational terms under the Palatini approach, and the modifications on the spectral index and the tensor to scalar ratio predicted by the model.
Uremic Apelin and Leucocytic Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in CKD Patients
Authors: Trojanowicz Bogusz , Ulrich Christof , Girndt Matthias
Published: November 2020

Apelin peptides (APLN) serve as second substrates for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and, in contrast to angiotensin II (AngII), exert blood-pressure lowering and vasodilatation effects through binding to G-coupled APLN receptor (APLNR). ACE2-mediated cleavage of the APLN may reduce its vasodilatory effects, but decreased ACE2 may potentiate the hypotensive properties of APLN. The role of APLN in uremia is unclear. We investigated the correlations between serum-APLN, leucocytic APLNR, and ACE2 in 32 healthy controls (NP), 66 HD, and 24 CKD3–5 patients, and the impact of APLN peptides on monocytic behavior and ACE2 expression under uremic conditions in vitro. We observed that serum APLN and leucocytic APLNR or SLCO2B1 were significantly elevated in uremic patients and correlated with decreased ACE2 on uremic leucocytes. APLN-treated THP-1 monocytes revealed significantly increased APLNR and ACE2, and reduced TNFa, IL-6, and MCSF. Uremic toxins induced a dramatic increase of miR-421 followed by significant reduction of ACE2 transcripts, partially counteracted with APLN-13 and -36. APLN-36 triggered the most potent transmigration and reduction of endothelial adhesion. These results suggest that although APLN peptides may partly protect against the decay of monocytic ACE2 transcripts, uremic milieu is the most dominant modulator of local ACE2, and likely to contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.
Overview of the Anticancer Potential of the “King of Spices” Piper nigrum and Its Main Constituent Piperine
Authors: Turrini Eleonora , Sestili Piero , Fimognari Carmela
Published: November 2020

The main limits of current anticancer therapy are relapses, chemoresistance, and toxic effects resulting from its poor selectivity towards cancer cells that severely impair a patient’s quality of life. Therefore, the discovery of new anticancer drugs remains an urgent challenge. Natural products represent an excellent opportunity due to their ability to target heterogenous populations of cancer cells and regulate several key pathways involved in cancer development, and their favorable toxicological profile. Piper nigrum is one of the most popular spices in the world, with growing fame as a source of bioactive molecules with pharmacological properties. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the anticancer potential of Piper nigrum and its major active constituents—not limited to the well-known piperine—whose undeniable anticancer properties have been reported for different cancer cell lines and animal models. Moreover, the chemosensitizing effects of Piper nigrum in association with traditional anticancer drugs are depicted and its toxicological profile is outlined. Despite the promising results, human studies are missing, which are crucial for supporting the efficacy and safety of Piper nigrum and its single components in cancer patients.
Bioactive Components of Pomegranate Oil and Their Influence on Mycotoxin Secretion
Authors: Badr Ahmed Noah , Ali Hatem Salama , Abdel-Razek Adel Gabr , Shehata Mohamed Gamal , Albaridi Najla A.
Published: November 2020

Pomegranate, similar to other fruits, has juice-extraction by-products. Pomegranate seed oil (PGO) is a non-traditional oil with health benefits, rich in bioactive components. This study was aimed to assess PGO phytochemicals and their influence as bioactive components to reduce mycotoxin secretion. The encapsulation was applied in micro and nanoforms to protect the quality and enhance the efficacy of the oil. The PGO was extracted using ultrasound-assisted methods. Carotenoids, tocochromanols, sterols, phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity were determined. The fatty acid profile was analyzed by the GC-MS, while mycotoxin was determined utilizing the HPLC apparatus. The toxicity and protective action of oil were examined using the hepatocytes’ cell line. The resultant oil acts as oleoresin that is rich in bioactive molecules. Phenolics and antioxidant potency recorded higher values compared to traditional vegetable oils, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were 87.51%. The major fatty acid was conjugated punicic acid (81.29%), which has high biological effects. Application of the PGO on fungal media reduced aflatoxins secretion up to 63%, and zearalenone up to 78.5%. These results confirm the bio-functionality of oil to regulate the fungal secondary metabolites process. The PGO is a unique prospective non-traditional oil and has several functionalities in food, which achieve nutritional, antioxidant, and anti-mycotoxigenic activities.
Potential Role of Platelet-Activating C-Type Lectin-Like Proteins in Viper Envenomation Induced Thrombotic Microangiopathy Symptom
Authors: Long Chengbo , Liu Ming , Tian Huiwen , Li Ya , Wu Feilong , Mwangi James , Lu Qiumin , Mohamed Abd El-Aziz Tarek , Lai Ren , Shen Chuanbin
Published: November 2020

Envenomation by viperid snakes may lead to severe bleeding, consumption coagulopathy, and thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms. The exact etiology or toxins responsible for thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms after snake envenomation remain obscure. Snake C-type lectin-like proteins (snaclecs) are one of the main non-enzymatic protein constituents in viper venoms, of which a majority are considered as modulators of thrombosis and hemostasis. In this study, we demonstrated that two snaclecs (mucetin and stejnulxin), isolated and identified from Protobothrops mucrosquamatus and Trimeresurus stejnegeri venoms, directly induced platelet degranulation and clot-retraction in vitro, and microvascular thrombosis has been confirmed in various organs in vivo. These snaclecs reduced cerebral blood flow and impaired motor balance and spatial memories in mice, which partially represent the thrombotic microangiopathy symptoms in some snakebite patients. The functional blocking of these snaclecs with antibodies alleviated the viper venom induced platelet activation and thrombotic microangiopathy-like symptoms. Understanding the pathophysiology of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with snake envenoming may lead to emerging therapeutic strategies.
Presence of 19 Mycotoxins in Human Plasma in a Region of Northern Spain
Authors: Arce-López Beatriz , Lizarraga Elena , Irigoyen Ángel , González-Peñas Elena
Published: November 2020

This study was conducted to investigate human exposure to 19 compounds (mycotoxins and their metabolites) in plasma samples from healthy adults (n = 438, aged 19–68 years) from Navarra, a region of northern Spain. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS, before and after enzymatic hydrolysis for the detection of possible glucuronides and/or sulfates (Phase II metabolites). The most prevalent mycotoxin was ochratoxin A (OTA), with an incidence of 97.3%. Positive samples were in the concentration range of 0.4 ng/mL to 45.7 ng/mL. After enzymatic treatment, OTA levels increased in a percentage of individuals, which may indicate the presence of OTA-conjugates. Regarding ochratoxin B, it has also been detected (10% of the samples), and its presence may be related to human metabolism of OTA. Sterigmatocystin was detected with a high incidence (85.8%), but only after enzymatic hydrolysis, supporting glucuronidation as a pathway of its metabolism in humans. None of the other studied mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1; T-2 and HT-2 toxins; deoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; zearalenone; nivalenol; fusarenon-X; neosolaniol; and diacetoxyscirpenol) were detected in any of the samples, neither before nor after enzymatic treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report carried out in Spain to determine the exposure of the population to mycotoxins and some of their metabolites using plasma, and the obtained results justify the need for human biomonitoring and metabolism studies on mycotoxins.