bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difluoromethylornithine stimulates early cardiac commitment of mesenchymal stem cells in a model of mixed culture with cardiomyocytes
Authors: Muscari Claudio , Bonafé Francesca , Carboni Marco , Govoni Marco , Stanic Ivana , Gamberini Chiara , Ricci Francesca , Tazzari Pier Luigi , Caldarera Claudio Marcello , Guarnieri Carlo
Published: January 2008

The efficiency of in vitro mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into the myocardial lineage is generally poor. In order to improve cardiac commitment, bone marrow GFP+MSCs obtained from transgenic rats were cultured with adult wild type rat cardiomyocytes for 5 days in the presence of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis and cell proliferation. The percentage of GFP+MSCs showing cardiac myofibril proteins (cMLC2, cTnI) was about threefold higher after DFMO addition (3%) relative to the untreated control (1%). Another set of experiments was performed with cardiomyocytes incubated for 1 day in the absence of glucose and serum and under hypoxic conditions (pO2 < 1%), in order to simulate severe ischemia. The percentage of cardiac committed GFP+MSCs was about 5% when cultured with the hypoxic/starved cardiomyocytes and further increased to 7% after DFMO addition. The contemporary presence of putrescine in DFMO‐treated cells markedly blunted differentiation, while the cytostatic mitomycin C was not able to induce cardiac commitment. The involvement of histone acetylation in DFMO‐induced differentiation was evidenced by the strong attenuation of cardiac commitment exerted by anacardic acid, an inhibitor of histone acetylase. Moreover, the percentage of acetylated histone H3 significantly increased in bone marrow MSCs obtained from wild type rats and treated with DFMO. These results suggest that polyamine depletion can represent a useful strategy to improve MSC differentiation into the cardiac lineage, especially in the presence of cardiomyocytes damaged by an ischemic environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1046–1052, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model
Authors: von Lützow Margit , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid , Ludwig Bernard , Matzner Egbert , Flessa Heinz , Ekschmitt Klemens , Guggenberger Georg , Marschner Bernd , Kalbitz Karsten
Published: January 2008

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions.

To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.
Organo‐mineral associations in temperate soils: Integrating biology, mineralogy, and organic matter chemistry
Authors: Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid , Guggenberger Georg , Kleber Markus , Kandeler Ellen , Kalbitz Karsten , Scheu Stefan , Eusterhues Karin , Leinweber Peter
Published: January 2008

We summarize progress with respect to (1) different approaches to isolate, extract, and quantify organo‐mineral compounds from soils, (2) types of mineral surfaces and associated interactions, (3) the distribution and function of soil biota at organo‐mineral surfaces, (4) the distribution and content of organo‐mineral associations, and (5) the factors controlling the turnover of organic matter (OM) in organo‐mineral associations from temperate soils. Physical fractionation achieves a rough separation between plant residues and mineral‐associated OM, which makes density or particle‐size fractionation a useful pretreatment for further differentiation of functional fractions. A part of the OM in organo‐mineral associations resists different chemical treatments, but the data obtained cannot readily be compared among each other, and more research is necessary on the processes underlying resistance to treatments for certain OM components. Studies using physical‐fractionation procedures followed by soil‐microbiological analyses revealed that organo‐mineral associations spatially isolate C sources from soil biota, making quantity and quality of OM in microhabitats an important factor controlling community composition. The distribution and activity of soil microorganisms at organo‐mineral surfaces can additionally be modified by faunal activities. Composition of OM in organo‐mineral associations is highly variable, with loamy soils having generally a higher contribution of polysaccharides, whereas mineral‐associated OM in sandy soils is often more aliphatic. Though highly reactive towards Fe oxide surfaces, lignin and phenolic components are usually depleted in organo‐mineral associations. Charred OM associated with the mineral surface contributes to a higher aromaticity in heavy fractions. The relative proportion of OC bound in organo‐mineral fractions increases with soil depth. Likewise does the strength of the bonding. Organic molecules sorbed to the mineral surfaces or precipitated by Al are effectively stabilized, indicated by reduced susceptibility towards oxidative attack, higher thermal stability, and lower bioavailability. At higher surface loading, organic C is much better bioavailable, also indicated by little 14C age. In the subsurface horizons of the soils investigated in this study, Fe oxides seem to be the most important sorbents, whereas phyllosilicate surfaces may be comparatively more important in topsoils. Specific surface area of soil minerals is not always a good predictor for C‐stabilization potentials because surface coverage is discontinuous. Recalcitrance and accessibility/aggregation seem to determine the turnover dynamics in fast and intermediate cycling OM pools, but for long‐term OC preservation the interactions with mineral surfaces, and especially with Fe oxide surfaces, are a major control in all soils investigated here.
Comparison of two quantitative soil organic carbon models with a conceptual model using data from an agricultural long‐term experiment
Authors: Ludwig Bernard , Kuka Katrin , Franko Uwe , von Lützow Margit
Published: January 2008

Quantitative soil organic carbon (SOC) models are required for a better understanding of C sequestration in soils and for prognoses at different scenarios. However, it is unclear whether the major C‐stabilization mechanisms are included adequately. Objectives were (1) to test the performance of the CIPS (Carbon turnover In Pore Space) model and the Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) Model for a prediction of the SOC dynamics at the long‐term experiments at Halle (Germany) and (2) to compare the model structures of the quantitative models and a conceptual model in order to identify shortcomings of the quantitative models. Both quantitative models had a similar prediction performance: the C dynamics was predicted satisfactorily for the Halle sites under continuous rye with NPK fertilization or without any fertilization (1878–1953), but larger deviations between modeled and measured C contents were observed for the continuous rye and maize in the entire period from 1878 to 1996. The comparison of the conceptual model with the quantitative models revealed that the neglect of the black C dynamics and the interactions of SOC with mineral surfaces are not included explicitly. Site‐specific calibrations are required where these processes have a significant impact on soil organic matter dynamics. Furthermore, the number of pools and mechanisms in the conceptual model is higher than in the quantitative models independent of their level of abstraction. Despite the neglect of some important mechanisms in the quantitative models, it has to be noted that they reproduce the SOC data generally well in agricultural surface soils. Moreover, they need only few inputs which are generally easily obtainable.
Optimisation of the headspace‐solid phase microextraction for organomercury and organotin compound determination in sediment and biota
Authors: Delgado Alejandra , Usobiaga Aresatz , Prieto Ailette , Zuloaga Olatz , de Diego Alberto , Madariaga Juan M.
Published: January 2008

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction was optimised for the simultaneous preconcentration of methylmercury (MeHg+), monobutyltin, dibutyltin, tributyltin, monophenyltin (MPhT), diphenyltin (DPhT), and triphenyltin (TPhT) from sediments and biota. Extraction time (3–24 min), extraction temperature (20–90°C), desorption time (1–10.4 min), desorption temperature (152–260°C), and sample volume (5–22 mL) were simultaneously optimised, while variables such as fibre type (30 μm polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS), pH (acetic acid/sodium acetate, HOAc/NaOAc, 2 mol/L, pH ∼︁ 4.8), the concentration of the derivatisation agent (sodium tetraethylborate, NaBEt4, 0.1% m/v), and the ionic strength (fixed by the buffer solution) were kept constant. The variables were optimised according to the experiments proposed by the MultiSimplex program and the responses were considered in order to establish the optimum conditions. The repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD, 5–20.6%) and limits of detection (LODs, 0.05–0.97 ng/g) of the overall method were also estimated. The lowest precisions were obtained for DPhT and TPhT. The optimised preconcentration method was applied to the determination of MeHg+, butyl‐ and phenyltins in certified reference materials (IAEA‐405 MeHg+ in estuarine sediment, BCR‐646 butyl‐ and phenyltins in marine sediment, BCR‐463 MeHg+ in tuna fish, DOLT‐2 MeHg+ in dogfish liver, and BCR‐477 butyltins in mussel tissue) by GC with microwave‐induced plasma/atomic‐emission detection.
Id1 delays senescence of primary human melanocytes
Authors: Cummings Staci D. , Ryu Byungwoo , Samuels Michael A. , Yu Xiaobing , Meeker Alan K. , Healey Megan A. , Alani Rhoda M.
Published: January 2008

The Id family of helix‐loop‐helix transcription factors is upregulated in a variety of human malignancies and has been implicated in promoting tumorigenesis through effects on cell growth, differentiation, and tumor angiogenesis. While expression of Id proteins has been associated with tumorigenesis, the precise mechanistic relationship between Id expression and carcinogenesis has not been clearly delineated. We have previously shown that Id1 delays cellular senescence in primary mammalian cells through inhibition of the cell cycle regulatory protein and familial melanoma gene, p16/INK4a. We have also demonstrated that Id1 expression is upregulated in early stage primary human melanomas and may be an important marker for early malignancy. In order to further define the role of Id1 in human melanoma development, we have evaluated the function of Id1 in primary human melanocytes. Here we show that constitutive expression of Id1 in primary human melanocytes leads to delayed cellular senescence and decreased expression of the familial melanoma gene, p16/INK4a. Although melanocytes constitutively expressing Id1 are shown to possess extended lifespans, this is not associated with an appreciable change in cell growth or telomere length. We conclude that Id1 delays cellular senescence in primary human melanocytes through inhibition of p16/INK4a expression and suggest that Id1 may contribute to the malignant conversion of primary human melanocytes through extension of cellular lifespan. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical estimation of REV and permeability tensor for fractured rock masses by composite element method
Authors: Chen S.‐H. , Feng X.‐M. , Isam S.
Published: January 2008

The Monte Carlo method is used to generate parent stochastic discrete fracture network, from which a series of fractured rock samples of different sizes and orientations are extracted. The fracture network combined with a regular grid forms composite element mesh of the fractured rock sample, in which each composite element is composed of sub‐elements incised by fracture segments. The composite element method (CEM) for the seepage is implemented to obtain the nodal hydraulic potential as well as the seepage flow rates through the fractured rock samples. The application of CEM enables a large quantity of stochastic tests for the fractured rock samples because the pre‐process is facilitated greatly. By changing the sizes and orientations of the samples, the analysis of the seepage characteristics is realized to evaluate the variation of the permeability components, the existence of the permeability tensor and the representative element volume. The feasibility and effectiveness are illustrated in a numerical example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the interior‐point method to shakedown analysis of pavements
Authors: Nguyen An Danh , Hachemi Abdelkader , Weichert Dieter
Published: January 2008

Based on the lower‐bound shakedown theorem by Melan, a method to analyse pavements under cyclic, in particular, rolling contact loading is presented. Repeated sliding/rolling line contact as well as repeated stationary contact is considered. The material is assumed to be rate‐independent elastic–plastic. As yield conditions, the rounded Mohr–Coulomb and von Mises yield criteria are used, assuming associated flow rules. The proposed numerical method is based on finite elements, and the inherent optimization problem to determine the shakedown factors is solved using the interior‐point method. Several numerical results are presented and compared with the existing results in literatures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct optimization of dynamic systems described by differential‐algebraic equations
Authors: Fabien Brian C.
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a method for the optimization of dynamic systems described by index‐1 differential‐algebraic equations (DAE). The class of problems addressed include optimal control problems and parameter identification problems. Here, the controls are parameterized using piecewise constant inputs on a grid in the time interval of interest. In addition, the DAE are approximated using a Rosenbrock–Wanner (ROW) method. In this way the infinite‐dimensional optimal control problem is transformed into a finite‐dimensional nonlinear programming problem (NLP). The NLP is solved using a sequential quadratic programming (QP) technique that minimizes the L∞ exact penalty function, using only strictly convex QP subproblems. This paper shows that the ROW method discretization of the DAE leads to (i) a relatively small NLP problem and (ii) an efficient technique for evaluating the function, constraints and gradients associated with the NLP problem. This paper also investigates a state mesh refinement technique that ensures a sufficiently accurate representation of the optimal state trajectory. Two nontrivial examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influenza‐associated morbidity in children with cancer
Authors: Tasian Sarah K. , Park Julie R. , Martin Emily T. , Englund Janet A.
Published: January 2008

Background

The clinical impact of influenza in children undergoing therapy for cancer is not well‐described in the literature.

Procedure

Laboratory‐documented influenza infection in pediatric oncology patients cared for in a single regional pediatric medical center between July 2000 and June 2005 was identified by review of medical and laboratory records.

Results

Twenty‐seven clinical encounters were identified in 24 pediatric oncology patients with influenza infection. Eighty‐three percent of patients were receiving chemotherapy for hematologic or solid malignancies. Two‐thirds of patients were hospitalized for a median duration of 7.4 days; 40% of patients experienced a delay in scheduled chemotherapy as result of influenza infection. Most children (67%) were not neutropenic, although 63% were lymphopenic. Importantly, 15% of children with influenza had simultaneously diagnosed bacteremia. Concomitant pathogens included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, and coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus. Primary influenza pneumonia and/or respiratory failure occurred in three children, and ventilatory support was required in four clinical encounters. Antiviral medications were administered to 63% of patients within 2 days of influenza diagnosis.

Conclusion

Pediatric oncology patients experienced significant influenza‐associated morbidities. Influenza infection should be considered in febrile children with respiratory symptoms during the respiratory viral season, as well as concurrent bacterial or fungal infections. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:983–987. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: January 2008

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Identification of target antigens of antiendothelial cell antibodies in healthy individuals: A proteomic approach
Authors: Servettaz Amélie , Guilpain Philippe , Camoin Luc , Mayeux Patrick , Broussard Cédric , Tamby Mathieu C. , Tamas Nicolas , Kaveri Srini V. , Guillevin Loïc , Mouthon Luc
Published: January 2008

In order to identify target antigens of anti‐endothelial cell (anti‐EC) antibodies (AECA) in healthy individuals, we have used a proteomic approach combining 2‐DE and immunoblotting. Whole cell protein extracts obtained from human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) cultures were used as a source of antigens. Serum IgG from 12 healthy blood donors were tested at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Targeted spots were identified by MS. The HUVEC proteome was composed of 884 protein spots. Among these, 61 ± 25.8 (mean ± SD) spots were recognized by serum IgG from healthy individuals, with marked differences from one individual to another. Among these spots, 11 were recognized by serum IgG from all healthy individuals tested. These spots corresponded to six different proteins with several spots corresponding to different isoforms of the same protein. Target antigens were: cytoskeletal proteins (β‐actin, α‐tubulin, and vimentin); glycolytic enzymes (glucose‐3‐phosphate‐deshydrogenase and α‐enolase); and prolyl‐4‐hydroxylase β subunit, a member of the disulfide isomerase family. This study shows that the repertoire of IgG AECA is heterogeneous among healthy individuals. IgG from all of the healthy individuals tested recognized a restricted set of highly conserved ubiquitous proteins playing key roles in cell biology and maintenance of homeostasis.
ClpL is essential for induction of thermotolerance and is potentially part of the HrcA regulon in Lactobacillus gasseri
Authors: Suokko Aki , Poutanen Marjo , Savijoki Kirsi , Kalkkinen Nisse , Varmanen Pekka
Published: January 2008

Stress‐inducible proteins are likely to contribute to the survival and activity of probiotic bacteria during industrial processes and in the gastrointestinal tract. The recently published genome sequence of probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 suggests the presence of ClpC, ClpE, ClpL, and ClpX from the Clp ATPase family of stress proteins. The heat‐shock response of L. gasseri was studied using 2‐D DIGE. A total of 20 protein spots showing significant (p<0.05) increase in abundance after 30 min heat‐shock were identified, including DnaK, GroEL, ClpC, ClpE, and ClpL. To study the physiological role of ClpL, one of the most highly induced proteins during heat‐shock, its corresponding gene was inactivated. The ΔclpL mutant strain had growth characteristics that were indistinguishable from wild‐type under several stress conditions. However, in the absence of functional ClpL, L. gasseri exhibited drastically reduced survival at a lethal temperature and was unable to induce thermotolerance. Genome sequences indicate that the expression of clp genes in several Lactobacillus species is regulated by HrcA, instead of CtsR, the conserved clp gene regulator of low G+C Gram‐positive bacteria. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using L. gasseri HrcA protein and clpL upstream fragments revealed, for the first time, a direct interaction between HrcA and the promoter of a clp gene from a Lactobacillus.
1st Central and Eastern European Proteomic Conference & 3rd Czech Proteomic Conference 29 – 31 October 2007, Prague, Czech Republic
Authors: Gadher Suresh Jivan , Bezouška Karel , Kovářová Hana
Published: January 2008

More than 130 delegates from all over the world attended the 1st Central and Eastern European Proteomic Conference organized together with the 3rd Czech Proteomic Conference in the TOP Hotel, Prague in the Czech Republic from 29th to 31st October, 2007. The autumn nostalgia of the historical city of Prague provided the stage for a fascinating meeting that reviewed rapidly emerging proteomic research in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and focused on proteomics driven discovery and applications.
Cardiovascular Initiative of the Human Proteome Organisation, 5th Workshop October 2007, Seoul, Korea
Authors: Warburton Sarah , White Melanie Y. , Van Eyk Jennifer E. , Cotter Robert J. , Ping Peipei , Dunn Michael J. , Vondriska Thomas M.
Published: January 2008

The Cardiovascular Initiative (CVI) of the Human Proteome Organisation (HUPO) held its fifth workshop prior to the Sixth Annual HUPO World Congress in Seoul, Korea in October 2007. The objectives of this report are as follows: to trace the (relatively brief) history of the CVI for those who may not be acquainted with it; to highlight lectures given by members of the CVI during this Workshop; and to make the community aware of the aims of this Initiative, including collaborative projects currently under consideration.
Glass‐fiber‐reinforced wood/plastic composites
Authors: Rizvi Ghaus M. , Semeralul Hamid
Published: January 2008

The usage of wood‐plastic composites (WPCs) is rapidly growing because of their many advantages. However, they still suffer from lack of strength and toughness, which can be improved by adding a small amount of glass fiber reinforcement (GFR). Tensile tests of high‐density polyethylene WPC specimens with varying amounts of wood fiber content and 5% of GFR were carried out. Significant improvements in properties were observed. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
A new synergistic effect in the smoke suppression of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) by mixed‐metal Cu(II) oxides
Authors: Ho W.‐K. , Walker J.K. , Orski S.V. , Fuller T.W. , Zestos A.G. , Grinnell C.L. , Pike R.D. , Starnes W.H.
Published: January 2008

In a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) formulation of a commercial type, various mixed‐metal oxides of Cu(II) were effective smoke suppressants when used alone and strongly synergistic for smoke suppression when they were combined. Particularly attractive for smoke suppression was a synergistic binary blend of Cu3(MoO4)2(OH)2 and CuTi3O7, which was much more active for smoke reduction, in cone calorimetry trials, than the well‐known commercial additive, ammonium octamolybdate. In plasticized commercial‐type formulations, some mixed‐metal Cu(II) oxides and their blends were also highly effective for reducing heat evolution. Smoke performance was assessed according to ASTM‐E662 and ASTM‐E1354; total heat release was studied by pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL, 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Surface modification of polypropylene. I. Surface enrichment of poly(ethylene glycol) on polypropylene/poly(ethylene glycol) blends
Authors: Chen Hanjia , Shi Xuhua , Zhu Yafei , Zhang Yi , Xu Jiarui
Published: January 2008

The enrichment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the surface of poly(ethylene glycol)/polypropylene (PEG/PP) blends was investigated by using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), contact angle measurement (CDA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preferred aggregation of the PEG component on the film surface of PP/PEG blends was affected mainly by the content, the molecular weight, and the segregated domains of PEG. Lower content and dies with higher surface energy favored the surface enrichment of PEG. The PEG with higher molecular weights was distributed in PP with larger phase domains, which resulted in a lower tendency toward preferred aggregation and surface enrichment. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL, 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Collection of semen by manual stimulation and ejaculate characteristics of the black flying‐fox (Pteropus alecto)
Authors: Melville Debbie F. , Crichton Elizabeth G. , Paterson‐Wimberley Trish , Johnston Steve D.
Published: January 2008

Semen collection and preservation is the first step toward the development of an artificial insemination program in endangered Pteropus spp. Semen was collected by manual stimulation from a single “human‐habituated” P. alecto. Manual stimulation resulted in the successful collection of motile spermatozoa on 17 of 34 attempts. The semen had a pH of 8.2 (n=2). With the exception of volume, seminal characteristics (concentration, motility, acrosome and plasma membrane status) were similar to those collected previously by electro‐ejaculation. Zoo Biol 27:159–164, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Investigation of Long Alkylchain Betaine Zwitterionic Surfactant
Authors: Qi Liyun , Fang Yun , Wang Zeyun , Ma Na , Jiang Liangyu , Wang Yiyou
Published: January 2008

An effective and economic two‐step route was developed to synthesize the long alkyl chain betaine zwitterionic surfactant directly from natural fatty acids. The optimal processing conditions for synthesizing the intermediate and final product were probed and the yields of 96.4% and 88.3% were obtained for each step, respectively. The surface active behavior of the synthesized decylbetaine surfactant was investigated using the surface tension method. The related thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed. The fluorescence probe technology was applied to determine the micropolarity of decylbetaine micelles.
Surgical anatomy of the sphenoid sinus on the CT using multiplanar reconstruction technique
Authors: Enatsu Kaori , Takasaki Kenji , Kase Kei‐Ichi , Jinnouchi Shinya , Kumagami Hidetaka , Nakamura Takashi , Takahashi Haruo
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the three‐dimensional anatomical features of the sphenoid sinus and its surrounding structures as are relevant to performing an endoscopic sphenoidotomy.

METHODS

Various dimensions of 224 CT images of the sphenoid sinus and surrounding structures from 122 Japanese adult patients were measured using the multiplanar reconstruction technique.

RESULTS

The mean distance from the nasal sill to the sphenoid ostium was nearly 66 mm, and that from the sphenoid ostium to the posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus was nearly 14 mm. The angles from the sphenoid ostium to both the carotid artery and the optic canal varied among the patients. The sphenoid ostium was located at almost the vertical midpoint of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides anatomical information about the sphenoid sinus and surrounding structures that is essential for avoiding complications in performing an endoscopic sphenoidotomy.
Patient and surgeon radiation exposure in balloon catheter sinus ostial dilation
Authors: Church Christopher A. , Kuhn Frederick A. , Mikhail Janel , Vaughan Winston C. , Weiss Raymond L.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine the extent of radiation exposure to the patient and the surgeon in balloon catheter dilation.

METHODS

Dosimeters were used to record radiation exposure to both patients and surgeons. The mean radiation dose per sinus treated and per patient treated was calculated for each dosimeter location.

RESULTS

The mean patient dose (108 sinuses treated in 34 patients), was 0.32 mSv per sinus and 1.02 mSv per patient over the eye and 1.33 mSv per sinus and 4.22 mSv per patient over the temple. The average total fluoroscopy time was 3.6 minutes per patient. The average number of sinuses treated was 3.2. The mean surgeon dose at the chest (254 sinuses in 89 patients) was 0.025 mSv per sinus and 0.072 mSv per patient. The mean surgeon dose at the hand (182 sinuses in 68 patients) was 0.009 mSv per sinus and 0.023 mSv per patient.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of fluoroscopy in balloon catheter dilation exposes both the patient and surgeon to very low doses of radiation.
Intranasal corticosteroids reduce ocular symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Naclerio Robert
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

Clinical data and recent guidelines support the positive effects of intranasal corticosteroids on allergic rhinitis‐associated ocular symptoms. This article reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of ocular allergy symptoms and efficacy, tolerability, and potenti mechanisms of action of intranasal corticosteroids in the treatment of this condition.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE database.

REVIEW METHODS

A search of pertinent literature identified in vitro, preclinical, and clinical data that involve intranasal corticosteroids in ocular‐related studies. Searches that used epidemiology, pathophysiology, drug class and specific agents, and other appropriate search terms were conducted.

RESULTS

Ocular symptoms, common in patients with allergic rhinitis, are associated with reduced quality of life and substantial economic costs. In the conjunctival epithelium, an early, type‐1 hypersensitivity reaction occurs after direct allergen exposure. Progression to late‐phase response, with recurrence of symptoms and infiltration of inflammatory cells, may occur 4 to 8 hours later and appears to be dose‐related. Alteration of nasal ocular reflex pathways may also contribute to ocular symptoms in allergic rhinitis. Clinical data indicate that intranasal corticosteroids significantly reduce total and individual ocular symptoms in subjects with allergic rhinitis. Meta‐analyses have found that oral/topical antihistamines are not superior to intranasal corticosteroids in reducing ocular allergy symptoms. Ocular adverse events from intranasal corticosteroids are rare.

CONCLUSION

Intranasal corticosteroids are effective and well‐tolerated in the treatment of ocular symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. Additional studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of intranasal corticosteroids on ocular symptoms.
Inferior turbinate debriding technique: Ten‐year results
Authors: YaÑez Carlos , Mora Nallely
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy and long‐term outcomes (10 years) of the submucous stroma debriding technique (SSD) in nonallergic chronic hyperthrophy of the inferior turbinates (N/A‐ChITOHD).

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study. METHODS: From June 1994 to October 1996, a group of 350 nonallergic patients with chronic obstructive hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates were followed‐up after SSD and compared with a group of 323 normal patients. None of them exhibited obstructive septal deviation or sinus disease. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations were obtained from visual analog scale graded questionnaire, endoscopy, acoustic rhinometry, and mucociliary saccharin transit time. End results were obtained at 6 months, 1, 5, and 10 years intervals. Biopsies from 35 volunteer SSD patients were obtained.

RESULTS

Symptom‐free patients were observed in 91.3%, partial symptoms in 5.2%; 3.5% of the patients had recurrence of nasal obstruction 10 years postoperatively. Endoscopy, anterior rhinometry, and mucociliary transit time revealed long‐term improvements. Few complications were observed.

CONCLUSION

SSD has long‐lasting effects and it is the only sparing ciliated epithelium technique.
The effect of anesthetic agents on perioperative bleeding during tonsillectomy: Propofol‐based versus desflurane‐based anesthesia
Authors: Okuyucu Semsettin , Inanoglu Kerem , Akkurt Cagla Ozbakis , Akoglu Ertap , Dagli Safak
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

Hemorrhage during tonsillectomy is related to the surgical technique, management of bleeding, and choice of anesthetic agent. This study evaluated the effects of anesthetic agents on hemorrhage during tonsillectomy with standardized surgical techniques and management of bleeding.

STUDY DESIGN

Double‐blind, randomized controlled trial.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Sixty patients, aged 3 to 12 years, who were scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were enrolled in the study. Propofol‐based anesthesia was administered to the first group; desflurane‐based anesthesia, to the second. The amount of blood loss due to hemorrhage was measured.

RESULTS

Propofol‐based anesthesia significantly decreased bleeding during tonsillectomy.

CONCLUSION

Propofol‐based anesthesia is a reliable method for use in children who undergo tonsillectomy.
Papillary thyroid cancer: Pathological parameters as prognostic factors in different classes of age
Authors: Miccoli Paolo , Minuto Michele N. , Ugolini Clara , Panicucci Erica , Massi Marco , Berti Piero , Basolo Fulvio
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

To analyze aspects of a series of papillary thyroid carcinomas and evaluate the prognostic features specific to different age classes.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective study.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

From 2000 to 2005, 2709 patients underwent a total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma in our department. Patients were divided into three groups: <18 years (G1), 19 to 45 years (G2), and >46 years (G3). Histologic and clinical features were statistically evaluated.

RESULTS

Tumor size was larger in G1 when compared with both G2 and G3 (P < 0.0001). Infiltration of the thyroid capsule and node metastases were higher in G1 than both G2 and G3 (P < 0.0001). The Tall‐cell variant was more represented in G2 and G3.

CONCLUSION

In the pediatric population, papillary carcinoma is a more aggressive disease. Because pediatric cancers have a better prognosis than their adult counterparts, this does not influence patient outcome. Age can then be considered the most important factor in determining prognosis.
Laryngeal reinnervation with nerve‐nerve anastomosis versus laryngeal framework surgery alone: A comparison of safety
Authors: Blumin Joel H. , Merati Albert L.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

To characterize any additional risks and rate of complication associated with laryngeal reinnervation in comparison to traditional laryngeal framework surgery.

DESIGN

Retrospective chart review over a 5‐year period.

RESULTS

A total of 16 reinnervation procedures were performed to rehabilitate a paralyzed vocal fold. Of the 16 procedures, 12 (75%) were combined with arytenoid adduction. One reinnervation was aborted due to presence of scar and vascular malformation in the tracheal‐esophageal groove. There were no major complications (airway obstruction or death). There were no cases of prolonged dysphagia or aspiration pneumonia; there was one wound infection (6%). Endoscopic findings postoperatively included pharyngeal ecchymoses in three patients (19%), all of whom underwent a simultaneously performed arytenoid adduction. There was a similar incidence of minor complications in traditional framework surgery performed without reinnervation (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Laryngeal reinnervation, alone or in combination with laryngeal framework surgery, does not appear to add significant perioperative morbidity. This is the first report to document the safety of laryngeal reinnervation by nerve‐nerve anastomosis.
Anterior transcanal tympanoplasty: A novel technique to repair anterior perforations
Authors: Seidman Michael D.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

To report a novel, minimally invasive technique for anterior tympanic membrane (TM) perforation repair.

STUDY DESIGN

A transcanal repair of the anterior TM was performed on 45 patients.

METHODS

A total of 689 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media underwent surgical intervention; of these, 45 patients with isolated anterior TM perforations underwent an anterior tympanoplasty. This approach is similar to a transcanal approach for small posterior perforations; an anterior rather than a posterior flap is raised.

RESULTS

Perforations ranged from 20 to 50 percent in size. Preoperative air‐bone gaps ranged from 5 to 51 dB and averaged 25 dB. Postoperative air‐bone gaps ranged from 0 to 33 dB and averaged 14 dB. Of 45 patients, 40 (88%) had closure of their perforations. Data from 1‐ to 10‐year follow‐up are provided.

CONCLUSIONS

The anterior transcanal tympanoplasty is a minimally invasive technique to repair anterior TM perforations. The procedure is simple and obviates the need for a large postauricular incision.
Intracapsular versus subcapsular coblation tonsillectomy
Authors: Chang Kay W.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE

To compare the postoperative recovery of patients who undergo intracapsular to subcapsular Coblation tonsillectomy.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

This was a prospective, randomized, double‐blinded study. A total of 69 children, aged 2 to 16 years, were randomized to intracapsular (n = 34) or subcapsular (n = 35) tonsillectomy. The Coblation technique was used with both groups. Outcomes measures were assessed on postoperative day 1 or 2 and 5 or 6. These included child and parental rating of pain with the Wong Faces pain scale, analgesic use, oral intake, and activity level.

RESULTS

Intracapsular tonsillectomy patients had similar levels of pain to subcapsular tonsillectomy patients on day 1 or 2. However, at day 5 or 6, intracapsular tonsillectomy patients had significantly less pain than the subcapsular tonsillectomy patients. Intracapsular patients ate more and were more active at both time points.

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE

Children with obstructive sleep apnea who undergo tonsillectomy demonstrate better postoperative recovery after intracapsular tonsillectomy. The intracapsular versus subcapsular difference may be best appreciated at a delayed time point (day 5 or 6) rather than early (day 1 or 2).
Cost savings associated with post‐thyroidectomy parathyroid hormone levels
Authors: Cote Valerie , Sands Noah , Hier Michael P. , Black Martin J. , Tamilia Michael , MacNamara Elizabeth , Zhang Xun , Payne Richard J.
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVES

A 1‐hour post‐thyroidectomy parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of ≤8 ng/L is predictive of patients who will develop hypocalcemia and guides early supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. However, most hypocalcemic patients fail to meet this criterion. The goal of this study was to determine whether PTH ≤ 15 ng/L could be used as a better predictor of hypocalcemia.

STUDY DESIGN, SUBJECTS, AND METHODS

This retrospective study involved 270 thyroidectomy patients (2004‐2006). PTH and calcium levels, length of admission, supplementation, and rates of hypocalcemia were recorded.

RESULTS

Forty‐three percent (26/60) of patients developing hypocalcemia met the PTH ≤ 8 ng/L cut‐off. In contrast, 80% (48/60) of patients developing hypocalcemia had a PTH ≤ 15 ng/L. Two point two percent of patients had a 1‐hour PTH ≤ 15 ng/L and failed to develop hypocalcemia, for a specificity of 97%.

CONCLUSIONS

A 1‐hour PTH cut‐off of ≤15 ng/L for prophylactic supplementation should allow the prevention of the majority of cases of hypocalcemia, leading to significant cost savings by shortening hospital stays.
Development of the mixed conifer forest in northern New Mexico and its relationship to Holocene environmental change
Authors: Anderson R. Scott , Jass Renata B. , Toney Jaime L. , Allen Craig D. , Cisneros-Dozal Luz M. , Hess Marcey , Heikoop Jeff , Fessenden Julianna
Published: January 2008

Chihuahueños Bog (2925 m) in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico contains one of the few records of late-glacial and postglacial development of the mixed conifer forest in southwestern North America. The Chihuahueños Bog record extends to over 15,000 cal yr BP. AnArtemisiasteppe, then an openPiceawoodland grew around a small pond until ca. 11,700 cal yr BP whenPinus ponderosabecame established. C/N ratios,δ13C andδ15N values indicate both terrestrial and aquatic organic matter was incorporated into the sediment. Higher percentages of aquatic algae and elevated C/N ratios indicate higher lake levels at the opening of the Holocene, but a wetland developed subsequently as climate warmed. From ca. 8500 to 6400 cal yr BP the pond desiccated in what must have been the driest period of the Holocene there. C/N ratios declined to their lowest Holocene levels, indicating intense decomposition in the sediment. Wetter conditions returned after 6400 cal yr BP, with conversion of the site to a sedge bog as groundwater levels rose. Higher charcoal influx rates after 6400 cal yr BP probably result from greater biomass production rates. Only minor shifts in the overstory species occurred during the Holocene, suggesting that mixed conifer forest dominated throughout the record.
‘Getting in, getting out’: militia membership and prospects for re-integration in post-war Liberia
Authors: Bøås Morten , Hatløy Anne
Published: January 2008

Liberian ex-combatants are generally seen as uprooted urban youths with a history of unemployment, underemployment and idleness. The data that form the basis of this article suggest another picture. What caused the Liberian youth to fight were mainly security concerns, suggesting that the effects of ‘idleness’ and ‘unemployment’ are overstated with regards to people joining armed groups. They went to school, worked and lived with parents or close relatives prior to the war. They are not Mkandawire's (2002) uprooted urban youths or Abdullah's (1998) ‘lumpens’. They lived quite ordinary Liberian lives, and based their decision on whether to join an armed group on the security predicament that they believed that they and their families were facing. This suggest that disarmament, demobilisation, reintegration and rehabilitation approaches are in need of re-thinking that links them more directly to social cohesion and societal security.
Pipes and politics: a century of change and continuity in Kenyan urban water supply
Authors: Nilsson David , Nyanchaga Ezekiel Nyangeri
Published: January 2008

Major institutional reforms are currently under way to improve the performance of the public water sector in Kenya. However, a historical perspective is needed in order to achieve sustainable improvements that will also benefit the urban poor. This article seeks to provide such a perspective, applying a cross-disciplinary and socio-technical approach to urban water supply over the last century, in which institutions, organisations and technology are seen to interact with political, economic and demographic processes. Despite a series of reforms over the years, the socio-technical structure of the urban water sector in Kenya has shown a remarkable stability since the 1920s, and into the 1980s. However, the sustainability of the public service systems has been eroded since independence, due to changes in the institutional framework surrounding the systems, while exclusive standards and technological choices have essentially been preserved from the colonial era. Current sector reform must create incentives for addressing technology choices and service standards in order to provide public water services also for the urban poor.
The Enemy Within: Madrasa and Muslim Identity in North India
Authors: ALAM ARSHAD
Published: January 2008

Even before 9/11,madrasasin India were being vilified for teaching hatred against the majority Hindu community. Such an understanding of madrasas was not restricted to the Hindu Right alone but even among parties of the Left. This paper argues that such a notion, which is fast becoming common sense, is erroneous. Far from teaching hatred against other communities,madrasasare primarily concerned with the ideological reproduction of their ownmaslak.The paper describes processes and strategies within amadrasain North India through which such ideological reproduction takes place. The paper contends that sites of ideological transmission are located outside the formal curriculum of themadrasa.It focuses on some key texts and debating forums that are important sites of ideological transmission and play a key role in constituting a particular identity of students. Through an understanding of such pedagogical processes, the paper has shown that for students of thismadrasa, the ‘other’ is not a Hindu, but a Muslim from anothermaslak.It follows from the paper that Islam itself is a matter of fierce interpretative debate ‘within’madrasas.While it is important to understand howmadrasasrelate to other religions, an analysis ofmadrasasfrom ‘within’ leads us to different results.
Sentinels with given sensitivity
Authors: MOPHOU G. MASSENGO , NAKOULIMA O.
Published: January 2008

This work is devoted to the identification of parameters in a problem of pollution modeled by a semi-linear parabolic equation. We use the notion of sentinels introduced by J. L. Lions, (Lions, J. L. 1992 Sentinelles pour les systèmes distribués à données incomplètes. Masson, Paris.) re-visited in a more general framework. We prove the existence of such sentinels by solving a problem of null controllability with constraint on the control. The key of our results is an observability inequality of Carleman type adapted to the constraint.
Invasion around a horizontal wellbore
Authors: SHELUKHIN V. V.
Published: January 2008

A mathematical model is developed for mud cake growth and fluid invasion around a horizontal wellbore during drilling. The non-axisymmetry of the invasion front is addressed for the case of water based drilling mud and isotropic rock formation. It is shown that the invasion profile may lose convexity due to gravitation even though the filtrate density is the same as that of the pore fluid in the rock.