bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near‐IR Light‐Mediated Cleavage of Antibody–Drug Conjugates Using Cyanine Photocages
Authors: Nani Roger R. , Gorka Alexander P. , Nagaya Tadanobu , Kobayashi Hisataka , Schnermann Martin J.
Published: September 2015

Despite significant progress in the clinical application of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), novel cleavage strategies that provide improved selectivity are still needed. Herein is reported the first approach that uses near‐IR light to cleave a small molecule from a biomacromolecule, and its application to the problem of ADC linkage. The preparation of cyanine antibody conjugates, drug cleavage mediated by 690 nm light, and initial in vitro and in vivo evaluation is described. These studies provide the critical chemical underpinning from which to develop this near‐IR light cleavable linker strategy.
Size‐dependent interaction of cells and hemoglobin–albumin based oxygen carriers prepared using the SPG membrane emulsification technique
Authors: Lai Yao‐Tong , Ohta Seiichi , Akamatsu Kazuki , Nakao Shin‐ichi , Sakai Yasuyuki , Ito Taichi
Published: September 2015

Hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) of various sizes have been developed so far, but their optimum size has not been clarified yet. Here, we examined the effect of HBOCs size on their interaction with cells using Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification technique, which enables precise tuning of particle size. Microspheres composed of bovine hemoglobin (bHb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was fabricated with the average diameters of 1.2–18.3 μm and the coefficient of variation of below 13%. Cellular uptake of the microspheres by RAW264.7 was observed at a diameter below 5 μm; however, uptake of the microspheres by HepG2 and HUVEC were not observed at any diameter. No enhancement of the generation of reactive oxygen species in the cytoplasm was detected at diameters above 9.8 μm in the three cell lines, due to their low cellular uptake. In addition, cytotoxicity of the microspheres decreased with increasing microsphere diameter in the three cell lines and microspheres of 18.3 μm showed good cellular compatibility regardless of the oxyhemoglobin percentage. Since cytotoxicity is a crucial factor in their applications, our systemic investigation would provide a new insight into the design of HBOCs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1676–1684, 2015
New Production Concepts for the Process Industry Require Modular Logistics Solutions
Authors: Kessler Stephan , Brüll Ludger
Published: September 2015

The paper presents the main research needs in the fields of logistics assets, control and design processes and employees that have to be addressed in order to make the benefits of modularization available to the process industry. It should be noted that the research program described below does not claim to be complete. Conversations with supply chain and logistics managers in the process industry have confirmed the importance of research tasks mentioned. Other topics (e.g., in terms of business models and IT integration) can be added as needed.
Specialty care for adult survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Tonorezos Emily S. , Oeffinger Kevin C.
Published: September 2015

As adult survivors of childhood cancer age, they are at risk for serious morbidity related to their cancer therapy. How best to manage this high‐risk population, which is often unaware of the risks and is followed by primary care clinicians unfamiliar with cancer therapy, remains understudied. In an intriguing study, Sutradhar et al report that attendance at a specialized survivor clinic results in fewer emergency department visits.
Comparison of the performance of masterbatch and liquid color concentrates for mass coloration of polypropylene
Authors: Haastrup Sonja , Yu Donghong , Broch Thomas , Larsen Kim Lambertsen
Published: September 2015

The properties of polypropylene (PP) mixed with masterbatch (MB) and liquid color concentrates (LCC), respectively, were compared by preparing samples of PP with MB and PP with LCC and neat PP as a reference material using 1–4 extrusion cycles. Two colors were examined, i.e., a white color consisting of pigment white 6, and a green color consisting of pigment white 6, pigment blue 15:3, and pigment green 7. The color difference between PP prepared with MB and LCC was determined and the mechanical, rheological, and crystalline properties of PP prepared with MB and LCC were found to be generic. The color of PP obtained from MB and LCC were comparable. Further, it was found that the tensile strength, the viscosity, and the crystal structure obtained were similar when using LCC instead of MB. The viscosity of the treated PP generally decreased with increasing extruder retention time due to thermal degradation. The tensile strength and the crystal structure were independent of increased extruder retention time. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 484–492, 2016
Cases, clusters, densities: Modeling the nonlinear dynamics of complex health trajectories
Authors: Castellani Brian , Rajaram Rajeev , Gunn Jane , Griffiths Frances
Published: September 2015

In the health informatics era, modeling longitudinal data remains problematic. The issue is method: health data are highly nonlinear and dynamic, multilevel and multidimensional, comprised of multiple major/minor trends, and causally complex—making curve fitting, modeling, and prediction difficult. The current study is fourth in a series exploring a case‐based density (CBD) approach for modeling complex trajectories, which has the following advantages: it can (1) convert databases into sets of cases (k dimensional row vectors; i.e., rows containing k elements); (2) compute the trajectory (velocity vector) for each case based on (3) a set of bio‐social variables called traces; (4) construct a theoretical map to explain these traces; (5) use vector quantization (i.e., k‐means, topographical neural nets) to longitudinally cluster case trajectories into major/minor trends; (6) employ genetic algorithms and ordinary differential equations to create a microscopic (vector field) model (the inverse problem) of these trajectories; (7) look for complex steady‐state behaviors (e.g., spiraling sources, etc) in the microscopic model; (8) draw from thermodynamics, synergetics and transport theory to translate the vector field (microscopic model) into the linear movement of macroscopic densities; (9) use the macroscopic model to simulate known and novel case‐based scenarios (the forward problem); and (10) construct multiple accounts of the data by linking the theoretical map and k dimensional profile with the macroscopic, microscopic and cluster models. Given the utility of this approach, our purpose here is to organize our method (as applied to recent research) so it can be employed by others. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 160–180, 2016
Advances and Future Challenges in Printed Batteries
Authors: Sousa Ricardo E. , Costa Carlos M. , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu
Published: September 2015

There is an increasing interest in thin and flexible energy storage devices to meet modern society′s needs for applications such as radio frequency sensing, interactive packaging, and other consumer products. Printed batteries comply with these requirements and are an excellent alternative to conventional batteries for many applications. Flexible and microbatteries are also included in the area of printed batteries when fabricated using printing technologies. The main characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, developments, and printing techniques of printed batteries are presented and discussed in this Review. The state‐of‐the‐art takes into account both the research and industrial levels. On the academic level, the research progress of printed batteries is divided into lithium‐ion and Zn–manganese dioxide batteries and other battery types, with emphasis on the different materials for anode, cathode, and separator as well as in the battery design. With respect to the industrial state‐of‐the‐art, materials, device formulations, and manufacturing techniques are presented. Finally, the prospects and challenges of printed batteries are discussed.
Dual‐Templated Cobalt Oxide for Photochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Deng Xiaohui , Bongard Hans‐Josef , Chan Candace K. , Tüysüz Harun
Published: September 2015

Mesoporous Co3O4 was prepared using a dual templating approach whereby mesopores inside SiO2 nanospheres, as well as the void spaces between the nanospheres, were used as templates. The effect of calcination temperature on the crystallinity, morphology, and textural parameters of the Co3O4 replica was investigated. The catalytic activity of Co3O4 for photochemical water oxidation in a [Ru(bpy)3]2+[S2O8]2− system was evaluated. The Co3O4 replica calcined at the lowest temperature (150 °C) exhibited the best performance as a result of the unique nanostructure and high surface area arising from the dual templating. The performance of Co3O4 with highest surface area was further examined in electrochemical water oxidation. Superior activity over high temperature counterpart and decent stability was observed. Furthermore, CoO with identical morphology was prepared from Co3O4 using an ethanol reduction method and a higher turnover‐frequency number for photochemical water oxidation was obtained.
Effect of Dopants on the Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide on Ceria Surfaces
Authors: Li Meijun , Tumuluri Uma , Wu Zili , Dai Sheng
Published: September 2015

High‐surface‐area nanosized CeO2 and M‐doped CeO2 (M=Cu, La, Zr, and Mg) prepared by a surfactant‐templated method were tested for CO2 adsorption. Cu, La, and Zr are doped into the lattice of CeO2, whereas Mg is dispersed on the CeO2 surface. The doping of Cu and La into CeO2 leads to an increase of the CO2 adsorption capacity, whereas the doping of Zr has little or no effect. The addition of Mg causes a decrease of the CO2 adsorption capacity at a low Mg content and a gradual increase at a higher content. The CO2 adsorption capacity follows the sequence Cu‐CeO2>La‐CeO2>Zr‐CeO2≈CeO2>Mg‐CeO2 at low dopant contents, in line with the relative amount of defect sites in the samples. It is the defect sites on the surface, not in the bulk of CeO2, modified by the dopants that play the vital role in CO2 chemisorption. The role of surface oxygen vacancies is further supported by an in situ IR spectroscopic study of the surface chemistry during CO2 adsorption on the doped CeO2.
Real‐time assessment of heart rate variability and loss of control eating in adolescent girls: A pilot study
Authors: Ranzenhofer Lisa M. , Engel Scott G. , Crosby Ross D. , Haigney Mark , Anderson Micheline , McCaffery Jeanne M. , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian
Published: September 2015

Objective

Studying physiologic underpinnings of loss‐of‐control (LOC) eating may inform its etiology and contribute to intervention efforts. We therefore examined temporal relationships between autonomic indices [heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV)] and LOC‐eating in the natural environment.

Method

For two days, adolescents (n = 17, 14.77 ± 1.55 years, BMI‐Z 2.17 ± 0.48) with LOC‐eating reported on LOC using an electronic device while HR and HRV were assessed continuously using Holter monitoring.

Results

Higher HR and lower HRV in the 30‐minutes before eating were significantly associated with LOC‐eating overall (p's < 0.001) and at the within‐participants level (p's < 0.001), but not at the between‐participants level (p's > 0.44). Examined categorically, HR was significantly higher, and HRV significantly lower, prior to high‐LOC compared to low‐LOC episodes (p's < 0.001).

Discussion

This pilot study suggests that LOC‐eating may involve physiologic underpinnings. Additional research with larger samples is needed to further investigate this phenomenon. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:197–201).
A Comparative Study of the Redox‐­Induced Linkage Isomerization of Ruthenium and Osmium Complexes
Authors: Li Huifang , Zhang Lisheng , Ye Min , Fan Xiaolin
Published: September 2015

A dispersion‐corrected DFT study on the redox‐induced linkage isomerization of a family of [M(bpy)2AL]2+ complexes {M = Ru, Os; bpy = 2,2‐bipyridine; AL = 2‐[(isopropylsulfinyl)methyl]pyridine (pySO), 2‐[2‐(isopropylsulfinyl)ethyl]pyridine (pyESO), 2‐[3‐(isopropylsulfinyl)propyl]pyridine (pyPSO)} was undertaken. The calculated results indicated that modification of the metal center or ancillary ligand could produce distinct electronic and photophysical properties of the complexes. In good agreement with experimental absorption spectrum results, a redshift in the absorption maximum was observed if the metal center of the complex was changed from ruthenium to osmium. More importantly, the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the two linkage isomers in these complexes could also be tuned by modifications to the metal center or ancillary ligand. It was found that the relative energies between the S‐ and O‐linked ruthenium sulfoxide complexes were smaller than those between the osmium sulfoxide isomers. Intrinsic reaction pathway results demonstrated that intramolecular S→O and O→S isomerization was easier in the ruthenium complexes than in the osmium complexes with the same coordinated ligands. Moreover, intramolecular isomerization was more favorable if the number of methylene units between the sulfoxide group and the pyridine ring in the ancillary ligand was increased.
Long‐Term Stability and Reproducibility of Magnetic Colloids Are Key Issues for Steady Values of Specific Power Absorption over Time
Authors: Sanz Beatriz , Calatayud M. Pilar , Cassinelli Nicolás , Ibarra M. Ricardo , Goya Gerardo F.
Published: September 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Beatriz Sanz and Gerardo F. Goya at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. The cover image shows the relationship between the key parameters for reproducibility and stability in time with the heat amounts delivered to target cells. These parameters are important for the standardization of magnetic hyperthermia.
Miniaturization in Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: Hindson Karen J.
Published: September 2015

The cluster issue “Nanobioinorganic Chemistry: Converging Inorganic Chemistry and Biology at the Nanoscale” presents a selection of applications at the border between materials chemistry and biology tailored to an inorganic chemistry perspective.
A Comparison of Differently Synthesized Gold‐coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as ‘Dispersible Electrodes’
Authors: Moraes Silva Saimon , Tavallaie Roya , Tanzirul Alam Muhammad , Chuah Kyloon , Gooding J. Justin
Published: September 2015

Gold‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (Au@MNPs) have attracted significant interest in electrochemistry in recent years. This is especially the case with their application as dispersible electrodes where modified Au@MNPs are dispersed into a solution, selectively bind to the analyte of interest and are then brought to an electrode via application of a magnetic field for measurement. This paper characterizes four types of Au@MNPs with different sizes, shapes, and method of synthesis as dispersible electrodes. The Au@MNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the electrochemical behaviour of Au@MNPs was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The four sorts of Au@MNPs were evaluated with regards to the three main features required in the dispersible electrodes approach, well‐defined morphology, well‐defined electrochemistry and fast response to a magnetic field. The Cubic‐Au@MNPs, which presents the simplest synthetic route, showed the best electrochemical stability and performance, responding quickly to a magnet and had a well defined shape.
Lanthanum Manganite Perovskites with Ca/Sr A‐site and Al B‐site Doping as Effective Oxygen Exchange Materials for Solar Thermochemical Fuel Production
Authors: Cooper Thomas , Scheffe Jonathan R. , Galvez Maria E. , Jacot Roger , Patzke Greta , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: September 2015

Perovskite oxides have recently been proposed as promising redox intermediates for solar thermochemical splitting of H2O and CO2, offering the benefit of significantly reduced operating temperatures. We present a systematic experimental screening of doped lanthanum manganites within the composition space La1−x(Ca,Sr)xMn1−yAlyO3 and identify several promising redox materials. In particular, La0.6Sr0.4Mn0.6Al0.4O3 and La0.6Ca0.4Mn0.6Al0.4O3 boast a five‐ to thirteen‐fold improvement in the reduction extent compared to the state‐of‐the‐art material CeO2 in the temperature range 1200–1400 °C. The materials are shown to be capable of splitting CO2 into CO fuel when isothermally cycled between low‐pO2 and high‐pCO2 environments at 1240 °C and to approach full reoxidation in CO2 with temperature swings as low as 200 °C, with mass‐specific fuel yields up to ten times that of CeO2. The underlying material thermodynamics are investigated and used to explain the favorable redox behavior.
Supercritical water gasification of petrochemical wastewater for hydrogen production
Authors: Runcheng Xie , Yi Liu , Tao Bu , Yong Yao , Kun Deng , Zhibin Yang
Published: September 2015

Supercritical water gasification of petrochemical wastewater is a promising technology for clean petrochemical wastewater utilization. In this paper, hydrogen production by noncatalytic partial oxidation of petrochemical wastewater was systematically investigated in supercritical water with a continuous reactor for the first time. The influences of the main operating parameters including residence time, temperature, and oxidant equivalent ratio (ER) on the gasification characteristics of petrochemical wastewater were investigated. The experimental results showed that H2 yield and carbon gasification efficiency (CE) increased with increasing temperature. CE increased with increasing ER, and H2 yield peaked when ER equaled 0.2. CE increased quickly within 180 s and then tended to be stable between 240 and 300 s. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 428–432, 2016
The Prevalence, Sources, and Effects of Herding
Authors: Boyd Naomi E. , Büyükşahin Bahattin , Haigh Michael S. , Harris Jeffrey H.
Published: September 2015

We test the prevalence, sources and effects of herding among large speculative traders in thirty U.S. futures markets over 2004–2009. We find significant herding levels within the large trader category of managed money traders (hedge funds) who are known to have similar performance evaluation measures. Our results support for the notion that greater public information takes away incentives to herd. The number of traders and floor‐based markets are positively associated with herding, while trading volume and electronic trading are negatively related to herding. Notably, we find little evidence that herding by managed money traders serves to destabilize prices in futures markets. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:671–694, 2016
Vasopressin 1a receptor partial agonism increases sodium excretion and reduces portal hypertension and ascites in cirrhotic rats
Authors: Fernández‐Varo Guillermo , Oró Denise , Cable Edward Earl , Reichenbach Vedrana , Carvajal Silvia , de la Presa Bernardino González , Wiśniewski Kazimierz , Ginés Pere , Harris Geoffrey , Jiménez Wladimiro
Published: September 2015

Patients and rats with cirrhosis and ascites have portal hypertension and circulatory dysfunction. Synthetic arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor agonists able to induce systemic and mesenteric vasoconstriction have shown their usefulness in reducing portal pressure (PP) in this condition. We assessed the potential therapeutic value of a new V1
a‐AVP receptor partial agonist with a preferential splanchnic vasoconstrictor effect (FE 204038) in rats with cirrhosis and ascites. The hemodynamic effects of cumulative intravenous doses of FE 204038, terlipressin, or vehicle were investigated. Mean arterial pressure and PP were continuously recorded and cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) assessed at 30‐minute intervals for 90 minutes. Urine volume, urine osmolality, and urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine were measured in basal conditions and following twice‐daily subcutaneous doses of FE 204038 or vehicle. PP, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, SVR, and ascites volume were also measured after 6 days. The expression of an array of vasoactive genes was assessed in the thoracic aorta and the mesenteric circulation of control rats and rats with cirrhosis and ascites. FE 204038 dose‐dependently decreased PP, did not modify mean arterial pressure, and increased SVR. The effect of the V1a‐AVP receptor partial agonist on PP was associated with an improvement in urine volume and urinary excretion of sodium during the first day of treatment. SVR was higher and cardiac output and ascites volume were lower in rats with cirrhosis and ascites treated with FE 204038. V1a‐AVP receptor expression in rats with cirrhosis and ascites was markedly enhanced in the mesenteric circulation compared to the thoracic aorta. Conclusion: FE 204038 increases sodium excretion and reduces portal hypertension and ascites in experimental cirrhosis. V1a‐AVP receptor partial agonism could be a useful pharmacological treatment in decompensated patients with cirrhosis. (Hepatology 2016;63:207–216)
Kinetic characterization of substrate‐analogous inhibitors of tyrosinase
Authors: Ortiz‐Ruiz Carmen Vanessa , Maria‐Solano Miguel Angel , Garcia‐Molina Maria Del Mar , Varon Ramon , Tudela Jose , Tomas Virginia , Garcia‐Canovas Francisco
Published: September 2015

The development of effective tyrosinase inhibitors has become increasingly important in the cosmetic, medicinal, and agricultural industries for application as antibrowning and depigmenting agents. The kinetic mechanisms of action of tyrosinase on monophenols and o‐diphenols are complex, particularly in the case of monophenols because of the lag period that occurs at the beginning of the reaction. When enzyme inhibitors are studied, the problem becomes more complicated because the lag period increases, which has led to erroneous identification of the type of inhibition that many compounds exert on the monophenolase activity and the inaccurate determination of their inhibition constants. When the degrees of inhibition of an inhibitor which is analogous to tyrosinase substrates are the same for both monophenolase and diphenolase activities, this means that the inhibitor binds to the same enzymatic species and so the inhibition constants should be similar for both activities. In this study, we demonstrate this typical behavior of substrate‐analogous inhibitors and propose a methodology for determining the type of inhibition and the inhibition constants for the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of the enzyme. Benzoic acid and cinnamic acid were used as inhibitors and the monophenol/o‐diphenol pairs l‐tyrosine/l‐dopa and α‐methyl‐l‐tyrosine/α‐methyl‐l‐dopa as substrates. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(10):757–767, 2015
FGF2 Overrides TGFβ1‐Driven Integrin ITGA11 Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Grella Alexandra , Kole Denis , Holmes William , Dominko Tanja
Published: September 2015

Deposition of collagen‐based extracellular matrix by fibroblasts during wound healing leads to scar formation—a typical outcome of the healing process in soft tissue wounds. The process can, however, be skewed in favor of tissue regeneration by manipulation of wound environment. Low oxygen conditions and supplementation with FGF2 provide extracellular cues that drive wound fibroblasts towards a pro‐regenerative phenotype. Under these conditions, fibroblasts dramatically alter expression of many genes among which the most significantly deregulated are extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules. Here we investigate the mechanism of a collagen I binding integrin α11 (ITGA11) deregulation in response to low oxygen‐mediated FGF2 effects in dermal fibroblasts. Using RT‐PCR, qRT‐PCR, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry, we describe significant down‐regulation of ITGA11. Decrease in ITGA11 is associated with its loss from focal adhesions. We show that loss of ITGA11 requires FGF2 induced ERK1/2 activity and in the presence of FGF2, ITGA11 expression cannot be rescued by TGFβ1, a potent activator of ITGA11. Our results indicate that FGF2 may be redirecting fibroblasts towards an anti‐fibrotic phenotype by overriding TGFβ1 mediated ITGA11 expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1000–1008, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of severe disease in a hospitalized population of children with acute viral lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: Pedraza‐Bernal Angela M. , Rodriguez‐Martinez Carlos E. , Acuña‐Cordero Ranniery
Published: September 2015

Although predictors of severe viral acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in children have been reported, there have been few research studies performed in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). The aim of the present study was to determine predictors of disease severity in a population of Colombian children <5 years of age with ALRI. In a prospective cohort study, we determined independent predictors of severe ALRI in a hospitalized population of children under 5 years old with ALRI during a 1‐year period. We included both underlying disease conditions and the infecting respiratory viruses as predictor variables of severe disease. We defined severe disease as the necessity of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Of a total of 1,180 patients admitted with a diagnosis of ALRI, 416 (35.3%) were included because they were positive for any kind of respiratory virus. After controlling for potential confounders, it was found that a history of pulmonary hypertension (RR 3.62; CI 95% 2.38–5.52; P < 0.001) and a history of recurrent wheezing (RR 1.77; CI 95% 1.12–2.79; P = 0.015) were independent predictors of severe disease. The present study shows that respiratory viruses are significant causes of ALRI in infants and young children in Colombia, a typical tropical LMIC, especially during the rainy season. Additionally, the results of the present study show that clinical variables such as a history of pulmonary hypertension and a history of recurrent wheezing are more relevant for predicting ALRI severity than the infecting respiratory viruses. J. Med. Virol. 88:754–759, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Trends in agricultural heat and solar radiation resources in Northeast China: A multistage spatio‐temporal analysis
Authors: Hu Qi , Pan Feifei , Pan Xuebiao , Li Qiuyue , Shao Changxiu , Pan Zhihua , Wei Yurong
Published: September 2015

Climate change has changed the distribution of climate resources in crop growing season, and caused some impacts on agricultural production. Based on daily meteorological data collected at 71 meteorological stations in Northeast China, trends at multi‐temporal scales (decadal, annual, monthly, and 10‐day) and spatial patterns of heat resources [temperature, frost‐free period (FFP)] and solar radiation resources [growing season's sunshine hour (GSS)] are estimated over the period 1961–2012.

The period of 2000–2012 has been successively warmer than the previous decades with higher mean values for both temperature and FFP, and temperature had an abrupt increasing change in the 1980s. An increasing trend was identified for the daily mean temperature in the study area, with the trend value (0.30 °C decade−1) double the global warming rate (0.14 °C decade−1). As the last frost date advanced by 1.9 days decade−1 in spring and the first frost date delayed by 1.6 days decade−1 in fall, FFP increased by 17.9 days in recent 52 years with the average trend value of 3.5 days decade−1. Temperature in February exhibited the highest increasing rate; furthermore, the maximum temperature trends occurred in the last 10 days of February at most stations. Daily sunshine hours decreased in June, July, and August, but GSS showed small changes at decadal and annual scales because of the prolonged FFP.

In summary, climate change has prolonged FFP, increased the heat resource, and slightly changed solar radiation resource during crop growing season, which is beneficial for agriculture in Northeast China.
Synoptic‐scale flow structures associated with extreme precipitation events in northern Switzerland
Authors: Giannakaki Paraskevi , Martius Olivia
Published: September 2015

This article presents a climatological analysis of upper‐level synoptic‐scale flow structures and low‐level moisture signatures associated with extreme precipitation events in north‐eastern (NE) and north‐western (NW) Switzerland. Extreme daily precipitation events between 1961 and 2010 are identified using a gridded observation‐based precipitation data set. ERA‐Interim and ERA‐40 fields are used to characterize the flow. Large‐scale flow configurations over Europe that are common to extreme precipitation events are identified by a K‐means clustering approach. For each area, five large‐scale flow classes are defined. These flow classes include zonally oriented flows over western Europe accompanied by a ridge over the east Atlantic, amplified upper‐level troughs over western Europe, strong westerly or south‐westerly flows, wave‐breaking events and a broad trough over the Mediterranean. For each class, the main forcing mechanism behind the ascent of moist air, the magnitude of the total precipitable water and the seasonal distribution are presented. The way in which the location and structure of the defined upper‐level classes affect the local distribution of precipitation is analysed. Moreover, we analyse the directions of the moisture flux that interacts with the topography and results in extreme precipitation events. The flow conditions range from advective situations in which large amounts of moisture are transported towards the orographic obstacle to flow situations in which heavy precipitation occurs on the lee side of the Alps and ascent is mostly driven by large‐scale forcing. The co‐occurrence of events between NE and NW Switzerland is presented. Approximately 30% of the events occurred in both areas on the same day or differed in timing by 1 day.
Improving translation success of cell‐based therapies in orthopaedics
Authors: Bara Jennifer J. , Herrmann Marietta , Evans Christopher H. , Miclau Theodore , Ratcliffe Anthony , Richards R. Geoff
Published: September 2015

There is a clear discrepancy between the growth of cell therapy and tissue engineering research in orthopaedics over the last two decades and the number of approved clinical therapies and products available to patients. At the 2015 annual meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, a workshop was held to highlight important considerations from the perspectives of an academic scientist, clinical researcher, and industry representative with the aim of helping researchers to successfully translate their ideas into clinical and commercial reality. Survey data acquired from workshop participants indicated an overall positive opinion on the future potential of cell‐based therapies to make a significant contribution to orthopaedic medicine. The survey also indicated an agreement on areas requiring improvement in the development of new therapies, specifically; increased support for fundamental research and education and improved transparency of regulatory processes. This perspectives article summarises the content and conclusions of the workshop and puts forward suggestions on how translational success of cell‐based therapies in orthopaedics may be achieved. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:17–21, 2016.
Development of a device for real‐time light‐guided vocal fold injection: A preliminary report
Authors: Cha Wonjae , Ro Jung Hoon , Wang Soo‐Geun , Jang Jeon Yeob , Cho Jae Keun , Kim Geun‐Hyo , Lee Yeon Woo
Published: September 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal fold injection is a minimally invasive technique for various vocal fold pathologies. The shortcomings of the cricothyroid (CT) membrane approach are mainly related to invisibility of the injection needle. If localization of the needle tip can be improved during vocal fold injection with the CT approach, the current problems of the technique can be overcome. We have conceptualized real‐time light‐guided vocal fold injection that enables simultaneous injection under precise localization. In this study, we developed a device for real‐time light‐guided vocal fold injection and applied it in excised canine larynx.

Study Design

Animal model.

Methods

A single optic fiber was inserted in an unmodified 25‐gauge needle. A designated connector for the device was attached to the needle, the optic fiber, and the syringe. A laser diode module was used as the light source. An ex vivo canine larynx model was used to validate the device.

Results

The location of the needle tip was accurately indicated, and the depth from the mucosa could be estimated according to the brightness and size of the red light. The needle was inserted and could be localized in the canine vocal fold by the light of the device. Precise injection at the intended location was easily performed with no manipulation of the device or the needle.

Conclusions

Real‐time light‐guided vocal fold injection might be a feasible and promising technique for treatment of vocal fold pathology. It is expected that this technique can improve the precision of vocal fold injection and expand its indication in laryngology.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:936–940, 2016
UNESCO/IUPAC Postgraduate Course in Polymer Science – Prague, Czech Republic
Authors: Šturcová Adriana , Kratochvíl Pavel
Published: September 2015

The Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, provides training of young scientists, mainly from economically disadvantaged countries, in the form of a 10‐month programme under the auspices of UNESCO and IUPAC named “UNESCO/IUPAC Postgraduate Course in Polymer Science”. The programme consists primarily of a research‐project work under supervision by senior researchers and also of lectures, seminars and language courses. In this paper, the achievements of the 18 completed academic years of the Course are summarised, and the progress of the current run is reported. For those who become interested in the future runs, practical advice is given.
Polymer Education in Japan
Authors: Nakano Tamaki
Published: September 2015

Education in Japan is segmented into 6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of high school, and 4 years of university, with elementary and junior high education compulsory. Polymer education in Japan starts at the elementary school level, where the iodine‐starch reaction is taught, typically as hands‐on, experimental lessons in a science class. At the high school level, the concepts of “polymers” and “polymerization” are taught in chemistry class but not in detail. Details are treated as optional subjects in the curriculum and are not included in university entrance exams; students generally do not choose to spend much time and efforts on subjects that are not applicable to the exams. Polymer science is taught as an independent subject or an area of organic chemistry or material science at the university level.
Polymer Education in Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Authors: He Jiasong
Published: September 2015

Starting with one example of graduate students, who pursued his doctoral study in Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), this article presents the graduate education in the Section of Polymer Science and Materials, ICCAS. Doctoral students take one‐year course study in the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), then spend four years at least in respective laboratories to conduct scientific research on topics related to grant projects, and finally complete their doctoral dissertation and pass the defense. The scientific environment in ICCAS promotes R&D research and cooperation among laboratories. Some statistical data show bilateral benefits both for the students and their supervisors obtained from the whole education process. A list of education units delivering polymer courses in Chinese mainland is also included.
Polymer Science Education – A (Southern) African Perspective
Authors: Pasch Harald
Published: September 2015

Polymer science and technology are two key areas for the development of novel materials and processes that influence all aspects of our daily routine from construction, computer science and health care to the exploitation and processing of natural resources. The advancement of these key areas requires basic and advanced polymer science education at school as well as at university level. Africa, being rich in natural resources including crude oil, metals and minerals, will be developing from a rural, agriculture dominated continent to a more industrialized continent with modern production facilities and a growing research and development sector within the next two decades. Such a development requires top education facilities including polymer science education and training.The present review addresses the status of polymer science education in sub‐saharan Africa in the field of tertiary education. As typical examples, the situation in larger countries including Nigeria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe is discussed and compared to the situation in South Africa.
Polymer Education in Australia
Authors: Fellows Christopher M.
Published: September 2015

The coverage of polymer science and engineering in Australian universities was surveyed by contacting respondents and accessing course and unit catalogues of Australian universities. It was found that the breadth and extent of undergraduate education in polymers was not strongly correlated with the profile of polymer‐related research at an institution, and that few institutions appeared to have a systemic commitment to polymer science. Polymer education was stronger in engineering faculties than science faculties, with a majority of Australian undergraduate students studying polymers to a significant extent enrolled in BEng programs. Most responses were consistent with a decline in polymer education over the past few decades, with units of study no longer offered and the reduction of polymer content in the units that remained. It was estimated that approximately 700 students with significant exposure to polymers graduate from Australian BSc and BEng programs annually. Given the small extent of the Australian polymer industry and the large proportion of foreign‐trained professionals in Australia, the extent of polymer education in Australia appears to be adequate for the needs of the country.
Developing a Polymer Semiconductor Education Kit and Curriculum for High School Science Classrooms
Authors: Enlow Jessica L. , Marin Dawn M. , Walter Michael G.
Published: September 2015

The development of a new science outreach program is described that uses a polymer semiconductor kit geared towards high school science classrooms. The kit is focused around educating students about polymeric semiconductors and contains materials and curriculum for three educational modules: a conductive polyaniline nanofiber module, a light‐emitting diode module using poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV), and a polymer solar cell using MEH‐PPV and TiO2. A previous educational outreach program called “Juice from Juice” whose curriculum and activities explore the science and application of nanomaterials and molecules for low‐cost solar cells inspired efforts to develop the polymer science outreach program. Key to the success of these programs is a methodology involving close collaboration between university research centers and high school science teachers both during development and implementation stages of the program.
Update on Polymer Education in Korea
Authors: Do Choon H. , Theato Patrick
Published: September 2015

Polymer education in South Korea is described in connection with the industrialization of the country after the Korean War. Adversities such as the destruction of production facilities during the war had to be overcome before industrialization and development of plastics industry dynamically took off. Different approaches of polymer education in universities and scientific societies in South Korea are described. Short courses and polymer education through the internet are also mentioned. Industrial production of electronic devices (TV sets, mobile phones), automotive and ship‐building industry requires highly skilled scientists and engineers to provide the necessary polymeric materials. Devotion of people in Korea to education, including polymer education, might play an important role in the present prosperity of South Korea.
Polymer Education – A Matter at the Heart of the IUPAC Polymer Division
Authors: Mormann Werner
Published: September 2015

The Polymer Division of IUPAC apart from its initial activities in the field of nomenclature and terminology of polymers has been pursuing additional goals, among them polymer education. A Subcommittee on Polymer Education was established in 2005, sessions on polymer education have been part of the IUPAC MACRO World Polymer Congress series since 2004, a polymer education website has been set‐up and several recurrent polymer education events are regularly supported and accompanied by the Polymer Division. These activities are reviewed here.
Suppression of capsule expression in Δlon strains of Escherichia coli by two novel rpoB mutations in concert with HNS: possible role for DNA bending at rcsA promoter
Authors: Meenakshi Shanmugaraja , Munavar M. Hussain
Published: September 2015

Analyses of mutations in genes coding for subunits of RNA polymerase always throw more light on the intricate events that regulate the expression of gene(s). Lon protease of Escherichia coli is implicated in the turnover of RcsA (positive regulator of genes involved in capsular polysaccharide synthesis) and SulA (cell division inhibitor induced upon DNA damage). Failure to degrade RcsA and SulA makes lon mutant cells to overproduce capsular polysaccharides and to become sensitive to DNA damaging agents. Earlier reports on suppressors for these characteristic lon phenotypes related the role of cochaperon DnaJ and tmRNA. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two novel mutations in rpoB gene capable of modulating the expression of cps genes in Δlon strains of E. coli in concert with HNS. clpA, clpB, clpY, and clpQ mutations do not affect this capsule expression suppressor (Ces) phenotype. These mutant RNA polymerases affect rcsA transcription, but per se are not defective either at rcsA or at cps promoters. The results combined with bioinformatics analyses indicate that the weaker interaction between the enzyme and DNA::RNA hybrid during transcription might play a vital role in the lower level expression of rcsA. These results might have relevance to pathogenesis in related bacteria.
Three‐dimensional accurate detection of lung emphysema in rats using ultra‐short and zero echo time MRI
Authors: Bianchi Andrea , Tibiletti Marta , Kjørstad Åsmund , Birk Gerald , Schad Lothar R. , Stierstorfer Birgit , Rasche Volker , Stiller Detlef
Published: September 2015

Emphysema is a life‐threatening pathology that causes irreversible destruction of alveolar walls. In vivo imaging techniques play a fundamental role in the early non‐invasive pre‐clinical and clinical detection and longitudinal follow‐up of this pathology. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using high resolution radial three‐dimensional (3D) zero echo time (ZTE) and 3D ultra‐short echo time (UTE) MRI to accurately detect lung pathomorphological changes in a rodent model of emphysema.Porcine pancreas elastase (PPE) was intratracheally administered to the rats to produce the emphysematous changes. 3D ZTE MRI, low and high definition 3D UTE MRI and micro‐computed tomography images were acquired 4 weeks after the PPE challenge. Signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) were measured in PPE‐treated and control rats. T2* values were computed from low definition 3D UTE MRI. Histomorphometric measurements were made after euthanizing the animals. Both ZTE and UTE MR images showed a significant decrease in the SNR measured in PPE‐treated lungs compared with controls, due to the pathomorphological changes taking place in the challenged lungs. A significant decrease in T2* values in PPE‐challenged animals compared with controls was measured using UTE MRI. Histomorphometric measurements showed a significant increase in the mean linear intercept in PPE‐treated lungs. UTE yielded significantly higher SNR compared with ZTE (14% and 30% higher in PPE‐treated and non‐PPE‐treated lungs, respectively).This study showed that optimized 3D radial UTE and ZTE MRI can provide lung images of excellent quality, with high isotropic spatial resolution (400 µm) and SNR in parenchymal tissue (>25) and negligible motion artifacts in freely breathing animals. These techniques were shown to be useful non‐invasive instruments to accurately and reliably detect the pathomorphological alterations taking place in emphysematous lungs, without incurring the risks of cumulative radiation exposure typical of micro‐computed tomography. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cache‐at‐relay: energy‐efficient content placement for next‐generation wireless relays
Authors: Erol‐Kantarci Melike
Published: September 2015

Uploading and downloading content have recently become one of the major reasons for the growth of Internet traffic volume. With the increasing popularity of social networking tools and their video upload/download applications, as well as the connectivity enhancements in wireless networks, it has become a second nature for mobile users to access on‐demand content on‐the‐go. Urban hot spots, usually implemented via wireless relays, answer the bandwidth need of those users. On the other hand, the same popular contents are usually acquired by a large number of users at different times, and fetching those from the initial content source each and every time makes inefficient use of network resources. In‐network caching provides a solution to this problem by bringing contents closer to the users. Although in‐network caching has been previously studied from latency and transport energy minimization perspectives, energy‐efficient schemes to prolong user equipment lifetime have not been considered. To address this problem, we propose the cache‐at‐relay (CAR) scheme, which utilizes wireless relays for in‐network caching of popular contents with content access and caching energy minimization objectives. CAR consists of three integer linear programming models, namely, select relay, place content, and place relay, which respectively solve content access energy minimization, joint minimization of content access and caching energy, and joint minimization of content access energy and relay deployment cost problems. We have shown that place relay significantly minimizes the content access energy consumption of user equipments, while place content provides a compromise between the content access and the caching energy budgets of the network. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.