bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSV-9 Effects of Supplemental Methionine Sources in Finishing Pig Diets on Carcass Characteristics, Cutting Yields, and Meat Quality
Authors: Remole Hannah , Caroline González-Vega J , Htoo John K K , Dilger Anna , Harsh Bailey
Published: April 2022

While supplemental methionine (Met) is widely used within the swine industry, data are limited regarding the effect of Met sources on carcass cutability and meat quality. The objective was to determine the effects of DL-methionine (DLM, 99%), L-methionine (LM, 99%), or calcium salt of DL-methionine hydroxyanalogue (MHA-Ca, 84%) in finishing pig diets on carcass characteristics and meat quality. Pigs (n = 240) were allocated to 60 single-sex pens. For the final 7 wk of the finisher phase, pigs (BW= 79.9 ± 0.80 kg) were fed diets containing DLM, LM, or MHA-Ca, with the supplemental methionine source providing 25% of the sulfur amino acid requirement. One pig per pen was slaughtered, and left sides of carcasses were fabricated into subprimal cuts to determine carcass-cutting yields. Loin quality including proximate composition and shear force was measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Hot carcass weight was not different (P= 0.34) between treatments (DLM 103.0 kg; LM 104.5 kg; MHA-Ca 101.5kg), moreover loin eye area was not different (P= 0.98) between treatments (DLM 52.49 cm²; LM 52.65 cm²; MHA-Ca 52.81 cm²). Boneless carcass cutting yield was not different (P = 0.56) between treatments (DLM 54.82 kg; LM 54.97 kg; MHA-Ca 54.52 kg). Loin pH was not different (P = 0.24) between treatments (DLM 5.48; LM 5.45; MHA-Ca 5.45). However, drip loss tended to be reduced (P = 0.11) by the DLM treatment (5.58%) compared with LM (7.03%) and MHA-Ca (6.68%) treatments. Shear force was not different (P = 0.85) between treatments (DLM 3.06 kg; LM 3.03 kg; MHA-Ca 3.10 kg). However, cook loss tended to be reduced (P = 0.06) by the DLM treatment (16.20%) compared with LM (18.18%) and MHA-Ca (18.50%) treatments. These data suggest that only minimal differences in carcass cutability and meat quality can be attributed to methionine sources in finishing pig diets.
PSV-17 The Interaction Between Heat Stress and Zearalenone Toxicity in Porcine Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Rudolph Tori E , Roach Crystal M , Baumgard Lance H , Keating Aileen F , Selsby Joshua T
Published: April 2022

Heat stress (HS) and Zearalenone (Zen) exposure negatively impact growth, production efficiency, animal welfare, and both can be lethal. Zearalenone, a mycotoxin, can contaminate a variety of feedstuffs. As both HS and Zen independently can cause oxidative stress, we hypothesized that concomitant exposure to HS and Zen would cause oxidative stress in pig skeletal muscle more than either agent alone. Prepubertal gilts (n = 26) were fed placebo or Zen (40 ug/kg) twice daily and exposed to thermoneutral conditions (TN; 21.0 °C) or a 12 h diurnal HS challenge (simulated night - 32.2 °C; simulated day - 35.0 °C) for 7 d. Immediately following the environmental challenge, pigs were euthanized and the oxidative (STR) portion of the semitendinosus muscle was collected. Heat stress increased rectal temperature following the simulated nighttime (TN: 38.9 ± 0.04 °C; HS: 39.3 ± 0.04; P < 0.0001) and daytime (TN: 39.2 ± 0.09 °C; HS: 39.9 ± 0.08 °C; P < 0.0001) conditions. In STR, malondialdehyde-modified protein abundance (P = 0.1) and concentration (P < 0.1), markers of oxidative stress, tended to increase following Zen exposure, largely driven by the HS-Zen group. Heat stress increased protein expression of antioxidant enzymes catalase (p< 0.05) and superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.05), while Zen decreased glutathione peroxidase 1 (P < 0.05) transcript (P < 0.05) and protein (P < 0.05) abundance and enzymatic activity (P < 0.05). Although a mild HS paradigm and low Zen exposure were employed, oxidative stress markers were altered suggesting oxidative skeletal muscle is susceptible to HS- and Zen-mediated changes in redox balance. In total, these data raise the possibility that more severe HS exposures and greater Zen doses, similar to those sometimes encountered in production settings, may compromise muscle health.
PSIII-17 Effects of Dietary Tributyrin in Young Pigs Experiencing Colitis
Authors: Sommer Kaitlyn , Lee Youngsoo , Donovan Sharon , Dilger Ryan N
Published: April 2022

Disruption of intestinal integrity and function due to inflammatory mediators in young pigs has economic implications for swine producers. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral gamma-cyclodextrin-encapsulated tributyrin (TBCD) in young pigs experiencing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Pigs (n = 32 boars) were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 2, allotted to treatment based on litter of origin and body weight (BW), and reared artificially over a 28-d period. Treatment groups included: 1) control (nutritionally adequate milk replacer, no DSS), 2) DSS (control diet plus oral DSS), and 3) DSS+TBCD (control diet supplemented with 8.3g of TBCD per kg reconstituted milk replacer plus oral DSS). Colitis was induced by orally administering DSS at 1.25 g/kg BW/d from PND 14-18. Milk replacer and water were provided ad libitum throughout the study. At study conclusion, pigs were euthanized for collection of samples to measure intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acids. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedures of SAS. Control and DSS pigs had similar BW throughout the study, while DSS+TBCD pigs exhibited decreased (P < 0.05) BW starting around PND 15. Additionally, BW gain was decreased (P < 0.05) in DSS+TBCD compared with control, and milk disappearance was decreased (P < 0.05) in DSS+TBCD when compared with control and DSS. Relative cecal butyrate was increased (P < 0.05) in DSS+TBCD pigs, compared with the control. DSS and DSS+TBCD treatments had increased (P < 0.05) absolute butyrate in the ascending colon compared with the control. Mucosal width and total lesion scores were responsive to treatment, with DSS+TBCD pigs exhibiting increased (P < 0.05) values in the ascending and descending colon compared with control. Overall, the negative effects of DSS-induced colitis were not mitigated by dietary encapsulated tributyrin in young pigs.
PSIII-16 The Effects of Secondary Iron Injection to Suckling Piglets Injected with Two Levels of Iron at Birth on Growth Performance and Hematocrit Level in Suckling Period
Authors: Albers Sarah , Isensee Paige , Pintens Emily , Lemanski Clara , Jang Young Dal
Published: April 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of secondary iron injection in suckling piglets injected with 2 levels of iron at birth on growth performance and hematocrit level during the suckling period. Twenty suckling pigs from 5 litters were allotted into 2 treatments within litter (10 pigs per treatment) based on body weight and gender as follows: 1) Iron100b: intramuscular injection of 100 mg iron-dextran at birth (d 1-2 of age), and 2) Iron200b: intramuscular injection of 200 mg iron-dextran at birth. A 200 mg iron-dextran was injected to all piglets intramuscularly at d 14 after the first injection (d 15-16 of age; 11 d before weaning at d 26-27 of age). Body weight and hematocrit level were measured at d 0, 7, 14 (before second injection), 21, and 25 (weaning) after the first injection. No difference was observed in growth performance between the treatments. The Iron200b treatment had greater hematocrit levels than the Iron100b treatment at d 14 (P < 0.05; 32.50 vs. 37.40% for Iron100b and Iron200b, respectively), 21 (P = 0.06), and 25 (P < 0.05; 37.90 vs. 40.75%) after the first injection (d 0, 7, and 11 after second injection, respectively). The changes in hematocrit levels tended to be greater for the Iron200b treatment than the Iron100b treatment in d 7-14 (P = 0.08) and 0-14 (P = 0.06; 5.55 vs. 11.95%) after the first injection. After the second injection, the Iron100b treatment had greater increases (P < 0.05) in hematocrit levels than the Iron200b treatment for d 14-21 and 14-25 (5.40 vs. 3.35%) of the experiment. In conclusion, with the second injection, the 200 mg iron injection at birth had greater hematocrit levels than the 100 mg iron injection until weaning whereas the increase in hematocrit level by the second injection was greater in the 100 mg iron injection at birth than the 200 mg iron.
PSIV-10 Effect of Micelle Silymarin Supplementation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Fecal Microbiome, Gas Emissions, Blood Profile, Meat Quality, and Antioxidant Property in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Koo Deok Ho , Zhang Qianqian , Sampath Vetriselvi , Kim Inho
Published: April 2022

Silymarin is an antioxidant component taken from milk thistle seeds. Such milk thistle seeds have been recognized as a safe and well-tolerated herb for pork production. Therefore, in this study we used micelle silymarin (MS) supplementation in finishing pigs’ diet to evaluate their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, blood profile, meat quality, and antioxidant property. A total of 140 [(Landrace ×Yorkshire) ×Duroc] finishing pigs with average initial body weight (BW) of 51 ± 2.8 kg were used in the 10-week trial and allotted to 1 of 4 treatment groups (7 replicates/treatment with 5 pigs per pen). The nutritional diets were: Basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% of MS. Dietary supplemented with increasing level of MS linearly improved (P = 0.041) average daily gain (ADG) and trend to increase the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at week 10. While pigs fed dietary supplements with graded levels of MS linearly increased the digestibility of nitrogen (N) at weeks 5 and 10 (P = 0.017, 0.031), respectively. The inclusion of graded level of MS in the finishing diet of pigs linearly increased the fecal Lactobacillus counts (P = 0.048) at week 5, reduced the hydrogen sulfide (P = 0.022) and ammonia (P = 0.033) gas emission at weeks 5 and 10, respectively. Moreover, the inclusion of MS supplementation had linearly reduced (P = 0.004) the blood cholesterol level at week 10. At the end of the trial, pig fed diet containing MS supplementation linearly improved the meat color (P < 0.05). Thus, among tested doses, inclusion 0.2% of micelle silymarin to the basal diet is found to be optimal level to enhance the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, fecal gas emission, and meat quality of finishing pigs.
PSV-12 Evaluation of Iron Source and Level on Nursery Pig Performance and Blood Hemoglobin Concentrations
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Gabler Nicholas K , Schweer Wes P , Rapp Christof , Cornelison Alyssa S
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of dietary iron (Fe) source and concentration on nursery pig performance and blood hemoglobin concentrations. A total of 960 newly weaned, mixed sex pigs (5.7 ± 0.40 kg BW) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments using a complete randomized design (24 pens/treatment, 10 pigs/pen). All pigs were fed a 3-phase corn-soybean meal-based diet. The 4 diets were: 1) 100 ppm Fe from iron sulfate; 2) 100 ppm Fe from an iron-amino acid complex (Fe-AA; ProPath Fe 150), 3) 50 ppm Fe from Fe-AA and 4) 25 ppm Fe from Fe-AA. Pigs were weighed on day 0, 7, 21 and 42, and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within phase and overall. Blood hemoglobin was assessed on d 0, 21 and 35. Pen was considered the experimental unit and all data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect. Iron treatment did not alter pig performance (ADG, ADFI and G:F) in phase 1, 2 or 3 (P > 0.05). Overall, ADG was similar between treatments (0.46, 0.45, 0.45 and 0.44 kg/d, respectively, P > 0.05). Similarly, overall ADFI was similar between treatments (0.61, 0.60, 0.58 and 0.62 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.31). Overall 42-day G:F did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Blood hemoglobin concentrations (g/dL) showed a quadratic response over day post-weaning (P < 0.001); however, no treatment or treatment by day interaction were reported (P > 0.05). Altogether, these data demonstrate that feeding 25-100 ppm of Fe-AA provided similar performance to 100 ppm Fe from an inorganic source. Additionally, pigs did not have altered hemoglobin levels or become Fe deficient when diets were supplemented with Fe-AA at levels below NRC requirement.
PSV-10 Evaluation of a Nutritional Feed Supplement (Furst Protect™) on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Sandberg Fredrik , Hartsook Greg , Soltwedel Kevin , Bible Megan
Published: April 2022

Furst Protect is a combination of monoglycerides, fatty acids, and phytonutrients. Research has shown that Furst Protect improved growth and reduced mortality in nursery pigs during a multi-viral challenged infection. Thus, the response of Furst Protect was evaluated during the first 21 d of nursery phase. A total of 551 (DNA x DNA 600 sired) weaned, commercial pigs (21 d of age, average 5.58 kg (P = 0.38); 9-10 reps; 29 pigs/pen) were blocked by body weight. There were 2 treatments: standard nursery feed without antibiotics, control (CON); 2) CON + 8 lb per ton of Furst Protect (FP) for 21 d. FANCOM feeding system was used to deliver feed. Pens of pigs were weighed and feed disappearances were recorded on d 0 and 21. Data were used to calculate ADG and ADFI. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 21 d, the number of dead (% mortality) and viable pigs (% morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. For d 0-21, no differences (P ≥ 0.23) were observed for BW or ADFI. But, pigs were numerically 0.5 kg heavier on the FP. Pigs fed FP tended (P 0.06; 188 g vs 202 g) to have a higher ADG and improved (P 0.02; 0.54 vs 0.58) G:F. No differences were observed for mortality or morbidity; however, the FP treatment had a 62.5% reduction in mortality. Furst Protect is a nutritional feed supplement that improved the growth and helped improve livability during the first 21 d of nursery. More research is needed to evaluate the carryover effects in late nursery and to market.
PSVI-17 Supplemental Effects of Soy Protein Supplements Replacing Animal Protein Supplements on Growth Performance and Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Deng Zixiao , Jang Kibeom , Kim Sung Woo
Published: April 2022

This study evaluated the effects of soy protein supplements replacing animal protein on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Soy protein supplements included processed soybean meal processed after ethanol extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation. Forty-eight newly weaned pigs (6.6 ± 0.3 kg BW) were allotted to 4 treatments in a RCBD with initial BW and sex as blocks. Pigs were fed for 39 d in 3 phases (P1/2/3 for 7/13/19 d, respectively). Dietary treatments were CON (basal diet with fish meal 4/2/1%, poultry meal 10/8/4%, and blood plasma 4/2/1% for P1/2/3, respectively), SPC, ESBM, and FSBM (basal diets with soy protein concentrate (SPC), enzyme treated soybean meal (ESBM), and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), replacing 1/3, 2/3, 3/3 animal protein supplements in P1, P2, P3, respectively). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to diets as indigestible marker from d 32. Growth performance was recorded by phase. Pigs were euthanized on d 39 to collect samples to measure intestinal health and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. The SPC tended to increase (P = 0.060) Ki-67+ crypt cells (26.7 to 29.0%), and decreased (P < 0.05) AID of EE (66.2 to 52.2%) without affecting growth performance and fecal scores. The ESBM tended to decrease (P = 0.098) protein carbonyls (1.93 to 1.38 nmol/mg of protein) in the jejunal mucosa without affecting growth performance. The FSBM increased (P < 0.05) TNF-α (0.39 to 0.72 pg/mg of protein) in the jejunal mucosa without affecting growth performance. Collectively, soy protein supplements obtained from soybean meal by ethanol extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation can partly replace animal protein supplements without affecting the growth performance with minor impacts on intestinal health of nursery pigs.
PSVI-20 Effects of Adding Potassium Bicarbonate to Diets with High or and Low Crystalline Lysine as a Way to Influence DCAD on Finishing Pig Growth Performance
Authors: Royall Rafe Q , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of balancing dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD), via added potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), in diets containing low or high levels of L-Lys HCl on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC L337 × 1050, initially 35.2±0.85 kg) were used in a 120-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of KHCO3 (0 vs 0.4%), and L-Lys HCl level (low vs. high), with 27 pigs/pen and 18 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and formulated in 4 dietary phases (d 0-20, 30-58, 58-86, and 86-120). Diets were formulated in each phase such that the diet containing a low level of L-Lys HCl (0.14-0.21% depending on phase) without KHCO3, had similar calculated DCAD as the diet containing a high level of L-Lys HCl (0.36 to 0.43% depending on phase) with KHCO3. The DCAD for these 2 treatments were approximately 230, 200, 184, and 169 mEq/kg (phase 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively). The diets with low levels of L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 had the greatest DCAD in each phase (approximately 50 mEq/kg above the low L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 diet), while the diet with a high level of L-Lys HCl without KHCO3 had the least DCAD (approximately 50 mEq/kg below the high L-Lys HCl with KHCO3 diet). Overall, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for a KHCO3 × L-Lys HCl interaction or main effect for any observed growth responses or carcass characteristics. The results of this study suggest that supplementing KHCO3 to finishing pig diets with either high or low levels of L-Lys HCl and the corresponding changes in DCAD values did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics.
PSVI-3 Effect of Live Yeast Supplementation on Redox Potential, Gastrointestinal Microbiota, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Piglets
Authors: Cordero Gustavo , Merriman Laura A , Villca Boris , Tous Nuria , Lizardo Rosil
Published: April 2022

The post-weaning period is a stressful process for piglets with compromised gut health, increasing susceptibility to diarrhea and infection. Oxygen concentration in the gut affects microbiome and fermentation profile. Live yeasts have been used to promote gut health and performance of young animals. An experiment was carried out to determine the influence of live yeast on gut conditions including redox potential, microbial composition, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production of piglets. Sixteen Pietrain *(Landrace*Large White) piglets were distributed into blocks by live weight and allocated at 4 per pen for a 28-d trial. Each block was composed by a combination of the 2 dietary treatments corresponding to a control diet and a diet supplemented with live yeast (1 kg/tonne Vistacell, AB Vista). At the end of trial, piglets were euthanized to measure kinetics of redox potential (Eh) and pH from caecum until 35 min post-mortem. Then, digesta samples from stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum were collected for microbial composition and SCFA production. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 and means compared with a Student-Newman-Keuls test. Redox potential decreased with time (P < 0.001) until stabilizing after 20 min, and a clear difference was observed between treatments (P < 0.001). Supplemented live yeast survives throughout gastrointestinal tract and modifies microbial populations enhancing lactic acid bacteria (P < 0.001) while reducing enterobacteria (P < 0.001) or eliminating fungi (P < 0.001). The production of SCFA from caecum digesta was 3-fold higher than in ileum with significantly different molar proportion of individual SCFA. Lactic, formic, and acetic acids predominate on ileum (> 93%) whereas acetic, propionic, and butyric dominate on caecum digesta (> 90%). Nevertheless, no differences were observed due to dietary treatments. In conclusion, live yeast supplementation of diets modifies redox conditions prevailing in the gut modifying microbial populations and helping piglets to overcome post-weaning growth check.
PSVII-4 Potential Value of Turkey Litter Ash and Dried Swine Lagoon Sludge as a Phosphorus Source for Growing Pigs
Authors: McAuley Cooper T , van Heugten Eric
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate turkey litter ash (TLA) and dried swine lagoon sludge (SLS) as alternative recycled sources of phosphorus. Analyzed concentrations (as-is basis) of Ca, P, and Na were 8.31, 3.98, and 0.70, respectively for TLA and 5.81, 4.31, and 0.12 for SLS. Fifty-six individually housed pigs (BW of 34.92±0.29 kg) were blocked by initial BW and randomly allocated within block to 1 of 7 treatments. Treatments consisted of a negative control diet (NC; 0.50% Ca and 0.12% available P (40% of requirement), NC plus 0.075% P from either monosodium phosphate (MSP), TLA, or SLS, and NC plus 0.150% P from either MSP, TLA, or SLS. Diets were balanced using MSP, calcium carbonate, salt and fine sand to maintain all other dietary ingredients at equal levels. A constant Ca:P ratio of 1.40 was maintained. Pigs were limit-fed individually at 3x197 kcal ME/kg BW0.60 based on the BW for each block. Final body weight tended (P = 0.085) to increase linearly with increasing P from MSP, but not from TLA (P = 0.271) or SLS (P = 0.367). Overall ADG linearly increased (P = 0.022) with increasing P from MSP (761, 814, and 839 g/d), tended to increase (P = 0.072) with P from TLA (761, 786, and 810 g/d), and was not impacted (P = 0.164) by P from SLS (761, 797, and 814 g/d). Kidney weight relative to BW linearly decreased (P = 0.041) with increasing MSP, but liver, heart, and spleen weights were not affected (P > 0.07). Serum P linearly increased (P = 0.007) with increasing MSP (8.76, 9.08, and 10.00 mg/dL), but not with TLA (P = 0.250; 8.76, 8.52, and 9.28 mg/dL) or SLS (P = 0.143; 8.76, 9.18, and 9.41 mg/dL). Serum Ca concentrations linearly decreased (P < 0.033) with increasing MSP, TLA, and SLS. Data suggest that the value of TLA and SLS as a P source is limited compared with MSP.
PSVII-1 Sample Handling and Vitamin Analysis
Authors: Elefson Sarah , Greiner Laura L
Published: April 2022

Vitamins are crucial for day-to-day function in the body. They are often collected in studies to ensure that the body is functioning normally, but the ways in which these samples are collected are inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate differences in sampling collection methods. A total of 4 blood tubes (2 serum and 2 plasma) were collected from 8 finishing pigs (n = 4 gilts and barrows). One blood tube of each type was either exposed to light or wrapped in foil before processing for analysis took place. Livers were taken from 6 gilts, sectioned, and those sections were either frozen immediately or placed at 1 of 3 temperatures (room temperature, 4oC, or -20oC) for 3, 6, or 12 hours before freezing to assess degradation of vitamins within the tissue. Blood was assessed for vitamins A, D, and E while liver was assessed for vitamins A and E with data analyzed by PROC GLIMMIX. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) for the interaction of blood tube type and light exposure for vitamin D in the blood and a tendency (P < 0.10) for the interaction of blood tube type and light exposure for vitamin A in the blood. Furthermore, there were sex effects (P < 0.05) for vitamin D and (P < 0.10) vitamin A with barrows having higher vitamin statuses than gilts. There were no differences (P > 0.10) for the interaction of blood tube type and light exposure for vitamin E in the blood, or the amount of degradation of vitamins A and E in the liver. In conclusion, factors such as sex, blood tube type, and light, can influence vitamin concentration in biological samples.
PSVII-9 The Impact of Increasing Dietary Manganese on the Reproductive Performance of Sows
Authors: Edmunds Clint E , Cornelison Alyssa S , Farmer Chantal , Rapp Christof , Ryman Valerie E , Schweer Wes P , Wilson Mark E , Dove C Robert
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary manganese (ProPath Mn, Zinpro Corporation) on the reproductive performance of sows. Sows (N = 39; 231 ± 8 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of three dietary levels of Mn (CON: 0 ppm Mn; PRO20: 20 ppm Mn; PRO40: 40 ppm Mn). Experimental treatments were initiated at breeding and continued through 2 parities. Sows were blocked by parity within each farrowing group and dietary treatments were represented within each block. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS with diet as a fixed effect and block as a random effect. Dietary treatment did not affect sow body weights (P > 0.10). Lactation feed intake was increased in PRO20 sows compared with CON and PRO40 sows (P < 0.05). PRO20 and PRO40 sows farrowed heavier piglets (CON 1.23 kg; PRO20 1.57 kg; PRO40 1.40 kg; P = 0.001) with improved average daily gain to weaning (CON 213 g/day; PRO20 237 g/day; 220 g/day; P < 0.05), compared with CON sows. Milk fat content (average from d 7 and 14 of lactation) was reduced in PRO20 (5.5%) and PRO40 sows (6.1%; P < 0.05) compared with CON sows (7.8%), possibly due to increased milk demand from the piglets. There were no significant differences in milk mineral concentrations during lactation or piglet tissue Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) activity at weaning (P > 0.10). On day 3 of lactation, prolactin concentrations were similar across treatments (P > 0.10), whereas progesterone concentrations tended to differ in response to Mn level (CON 23.70 ng/mL; PRO20 26.15 ng/mL; PRO40 22.10 ng/ml; P = 0.09). Supplementary dietary Mn throughout 2 gestation and lactation cycles led to increased birth weights and pre-weaning growth of piglets.
PSVII-14 Effects of Feeding High Level of Crystalline L-Lysine on Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Tran Huyen , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Weeden Terry , de Rodas Brenda , Haydon Keith D
Published: April 2022

A total of 408 weaned pigs (19 d of age; 6.59 kg initial BW) were used in a 3-phase feeding program to evaluate effects of increasing levels of crystalline L- Lysine on performance of nursery pigs. Pigs were blocked by weaning BW and allotted to 44 pens which were assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments (9-10 pigs/pen; 11 pens/treatment), including the control diet supplemented with one of the four L-Lysine levels: 0.3% (L1), 0.5% (L2), 0.6% (L3), or 0.7% (L4). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained 1.40, 1.32, and 1.25% Sid Lys for phase 1, 2, and 3, respectively. L-Val, L-His and L-Arg were included in the L2, L3, and L4 treatments in addition to DL-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Ile which were offered in all diets. In Phase 1 (d 0-9), no effects of L-Lys levels on performance were observed (P > 0.10). In Phase 2 (d 9-21), increasing L-Lys from L2 to L4 Lys reduced ADG (Linear, P < 0.001), while L4 also reduced ADFI (Linear, P = 0.01) and feed efficiency (Linear, P < 0.001). In Phase 3 (d 21-42), L3 and L4 significantly improved feed efficiency (Linear, P = 0.001). Overall (d 0-42), feeding L-Lys at L4 tended to reduce ADG (Linear, P < 0.10) and ADFI (Linear, P < 0.10), while feeding L-Lys at L3 improved feed efficiency (Cubic, P < 0.05). Data of this study suggest that responses to high levels of L-Lys are more profound on feed efficiency during phase 2 and 3. Inclusion level of L-Lys at 0.3% is best for gain but 0.6% is the best for optimal feed efficiency. Increasing L-Lys level to 0.7% enhanced feed efficiency in phase 3, but reduced all performance measures in Ph1, 2, and overall.
PSVIII-12 Use of a Bacterial Consensus 6-Phytase Variant Expressed in Trichoderma Reesei in a no Inorganic Phosphorus, High Phytate Diet for Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: de Souza Ana Lucia P , Remus Janet C , Zarate Maurice , Samuel Ryan S
Published: April 2022

The trial examined if a novel phytase from a bacterial consensus 6-phytase (CP) variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei could maintain performance of grow-finish pigs fed diets without inorganic phosphorus. This trial was done in pigs of commercial genetics that were raised from 26 kg body weight (BW) until slaughter. Diets were formulated using corn, soybean meal, and wheat midds and were based on nutrient requirements from National Swine Nutrition Guide (2010). Three treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicate pens (26 mixed sex pigs/rep): 1) positive control (PC), 2) negative control (NC) without inorganic P (nutrient difference equated to a1,000 FTU/kg matrix versus the PC), and 3) NC + CP 500 FTU/kg (CP). Mash diets were fed ad libitum in 5 phases: Grower 1 and 2, Finisher 1, 2, and 3 (for total of 84 d). Phytate P in the diets was between 0.29 and 0.26%. Data analysis used ANOVA with mean separation via Tukey honest significant difference with P < 0.05%. No change to dietary P was done in the trial as lameness did not reach the adjustment threshold even in the NC. Lameness caused removal of about 0.7% of animals. At market weight, the results show similar final body weight (BW) for treatments PC and CP, and both were different than NC. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) showed similar results for PC and CP, but only the PC was different than NC. Gain to feed (G:F) showed no differences between treatments. These results showed that CP at 500 units/kg improved body weight of pigs fed a no added P diet.
PSVIII-2 Evaluation of the Effects of a Stimbiotic and Fiber Source on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Weber Tom , Merriman Laura A , Wilcock Pete , Cordero Gustavo , Gabler Nicholas K
Published: April 2022

The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding a stimbiotic, Signis (AB Vista), and fiber source, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran, on nursery performance. Pigs (n = 480; 5.87±1.10 kg) were assigned to treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of Stimbiotic (0 or 100 mg/kg) and Fiber Source (control, sugar beet pulp, or wheat bran). For phase 1, wheat bran and sugar beet pulp were added at 6.0% and 3.5%, respectively. For phase 2, wheat bran and sugar beet pulp were added at 10% and 6.0%, respectively. There were 8 pens containing 10 pigs per treatment group. A 2-phase feeding program lasting 3 weeks each was used. Performance was monitored for 6 weeks. Fecal scores were recorded, and fecal samples were collected to determine apparent total tract nutrient (ATTD) digestibility. Full value pigs (FVP) were determined by subtracting mortality and removals from total number placed. Pen gain was calculated as difference of sum of BW at d 42 minus sum of BW at d 0. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the fit model platform in JMP. Significance was accepted at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at P < 0.10. Phases 1 and 2 ADG, ADFI, gain:feed or d42 BW did not differ between treatment groups. There were effects of Stimbiotic and Fiber Source on FVP as there were increased FVP (P < 0.05) with Stimbiotic and decreased FVP (P < 0.05) for pigs fed wheat bran. Pen gain tended to increase (P = 0.06) in pigs fed Stimbiotic and was decreased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed wheat bran. Mean fecal scores were not affected by Fiber Source, but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced by Stimbiotic. Stimbiotic tended (P ≤ 0.09) to increase ATTD of dry matter and energy. In conclusion, feeding a stimbiotic increased FVP, while feeding wheat bran decreased FVP. Further research is needed to explore the effects of fiber source in nursery diets and how it interacts with Stimbiotic.
PSVIII-1 Evaluating the Efficacy of Acidifiers Used in Nursery Diets in Reducing Bacterial Loads in Both Non-Inoculated and Inoculated Complete Feed
Authors: Harrison Olivia , Dahmer Payton L , Woodworth Jason C , Paulk Chad B , Gebhardt Jordan T , Trinetta Valentina , Jones Cassandra K
Published: April 2022

Acidifiers are used in nursery pig diets to reduce the incidence of diarrhea, improve growth performance, and act as a feed preservative. The objective was to evaluate whether acidifiers were able to reduce bacteria presence in non-inoculated feed and reduce bacteria growth in feed inoculated with Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium. Each culture media was arranged in a 2×5 factorial with 2 phases and 5 diets. The diets were 1) control – no antibiotics, 2) ZnO (Phase 1: 3,000 ppm Zn and Phase 2: 2,000 ppm Zn), 3) formic acid at 0.7% of the diet (Amasil-NA; BASF Corp. Florham, NJ), 4) glycerol monolaurate – GML at 0.18% of the diet (Natural Biologics, Newfield, NY), and 5) FORMI-3G at 1.0% of the diet (Addcon Gmbh, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Non-inoculated feed was plated onto Aerobic Count, E. coli/Coliform, and Enterobacteriaceae petrifilm (3M, St. Paul, MN). Inoculated feed was initially contaminated with E. coli or E. faecium and allowed to incubate prior to plating on MacConkey. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in quantity of bacteria for the diets inoculated with E. coli. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the diets inoculated with E. faecium for phase 1; however, the formic acid diet had reduced (P < 0.05) quantities of bacteria compared with control, ZnO, and GML diets. The control and ZnO phase 1 non-inoculated diets had reduced (P < 0.05) quantities of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and Enterobacteriaceae compared with GML. In phase 2 only the control had reduced (P < 0.05) quantities of Enterobacteriaceae compared with the ZnO and formic acid diets. Formic acid was able to reduce E. faecium quantities in phase 2, while the control and ZnO had decreased overall bacterial loads in phase 1.
PSVIII-3 Evaluation of the Metal Corrosiveness and Pelleting Stability of Formic Acid-Based Organic Acid Blend and the Effects of the Blend on Post-Weaning Growth Performance
Authors: Chen Ying , Sevarolli Ana
Published: April 2022

Studies were conducted to evaluate the metal corrosiveness and pelleting stability of a formic acid-based organic acid blend, which is a free-flowing powder with silica as inert carrier. Under experimental conditions, results suggested the blend has minimal metal corrosiveness and is stable during the pelleting process (conditioning temperature = 1950 F). An animal trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the blend on post-weaning growth performance. A total of 1,320 post-weaning piglets (~21 d of age, 6.9 kg BW) were assigned to 5 dietary treatments (22 pigs/pen, n = 12) and fed for 42 d in 4 dietary phases (12, 10, 13 and 7 d, respectively). Treatments were 1) NC, basal diet without antibiotics or acidifier; 2) PC, basal diet with antibiotics but without an acidifier; 3) PC+A, product A is a blend of organic and inorganic acids; 4) PC+B, product B is a blend of organic acids and derivatives; 5) PC+C, product C is the formic acid-based organic acid blend. For treatments 3, 4, and 5, products A, B and C were added to the PC diet respectively at 0.3% in Phase 1, 0.15% in Phase 2 and 0% in Phase 3 and 4. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and differences considered significant at P < 0.05. During Phase 1, 2 and 3, PC+C treatment showed the greatest BW, ADG and ADFI, which were greater compared with NC (P < 0.05) and numerically greater comparing with PC, PC+A and PC+B treatments. In Phase 1, PC+C treatment showed less FCR than the other groups. There were no significant differences for ADG, ADFI and FCR among all treatments during Phase 4. Overall, PC+C treatment showed greater final BW, ADG and ADFI, which were significantly greater than NC (P < 0.05) and numerically higher than PC, PC+A and PC+B groups.
PSIII-9 Effects of Dietary Carnitine Supplementation on Semen Output and Quality in Boars
Authors: Balogun Kayode B , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A , Torborg Henrike , Kleve-Feld Michael , Denton Alicia , Holstine Alton , Stewart Kara R
Published: April 2022

Carnitine is an amino acid derivative with functions in increasing energy production as well as acting as an antioxidant for sperm cells. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the inclusion of carnitine in boar diets on sperm output and quality. Sixty-four boars at a commercial boar stud were blocked by age and semen quality and randomly allotted to receive a daily 30 g top-dress of either corn (CON) or corn and 625 mg of carnitine (CARN). Supplementation lasted for 12 weeks from May-July, 2021 during which weekly semen collection was performed. Semen was evaluated at the stud for concentration and motility parameters using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Samples were also shipped to Purdue University for detailed morphology, viability, and CASA performed in samples stored at 17C for 5 d. PROC Mixed (SAS v 9.4) was used to evaluate the data where boar nested within treatment was used in repeated measures with the main effects of treatment and week and semen quality estimates from the week prior to supplementation as covariates in the model. Carnitine supplementation had no effects on total sperm produced (P = 0.35). Percentage of motile sperm cells (P = 0.38), morphologically normal sperm (P=0.42), viable sperm (P = 0.43), or sperm with normal acrosomes (P = 0.61) in the ejaculates was not different among treatments. Sperm kinematics in CARN ejaculates tended to have greater straight-line velocity and distance (P = 0.06 and P = 0.07, respectively). There were several interactions of treatment and day of storage for the kinematic parameters, however, these interactions do not show an observable trend for CARN to improve or depress sperm function. Overall, the inclusion of 625 mg/d of carnitine to the diet for 12 weeks had no effects on sperm output or quality with minor changes to sperm cell kinematics.
PSVII-13 Amplicon-Based Sequencing of Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Variants in Beef Cattle
Authors: See Arena E , Tom Wesley A , Hales Kristin E , Wells James E , Fernando Samodha C
Published: April 2022

While antimicrobial therapies have conferred immense benefits in both animal and human health, agricultural use of antibiotics has largely contributed to antimicrobial resistance, affecting both agricultural and nonagricultural use. It is estimated that approximately 40% of all antibiotics produced are used in livestock as feed additives. Current explorations of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) genes and their abundance have utilized real-time or conventional PCR-based analyses of AMR genes. However, such approaches fail to identify variants within AMR genes and whether certain variants are transmitted faster or are fixed in a given environment. As such, to identify AMR gene diversity within most abundant AMR genes, we have developed and utilized an amplicon-based sequencing strategy to evaluate AMR genes and their hosts. Such AMR gene variants can be correlated with 16S rDNA-based community profiling to understand what bacterial species may be associated with different AMR gene variants, as well as to identify functional variants of the AMR genes that show resistance. This sequence-based AMR gene analysis approach provides information into the diversity and ecology of AMR genes.
PSV-15 Prediction of Nursery and Finishing Performance Based on Starting Nursery Weights
Authors: Wileman Caitlyn M , Carter Scott D , Harshman Jared A , Scaff Taw , Aparachita Pornpim , Sawyer Afton
Published: April 2022

A total of 5 experiments were used to determine the relationship between nursery start weight and nursery/finishing performance traits. In each experiment, 48 pens containing 11 pigs/pen (0.65 m2/pig) were utilized. Age entering the nursery was 18-21 d and average BW was 5.9 kg. Pigs were blocked by BW and allotted to pens upon arrival and fed diets meeting or exceeding NRC (2012) recommendations. The nursery phase lasted between 42-45 d and pigs were marketed at a target weight of 136 kg. Pigs remained in the same pens from weaning to market. Data were analyzed using PROC REG/PROC CORR procedure in SAS. Pen served as experimental unit with a total of 240 observations. Nursery BW upon entry had positive (P < 0.01) correlations (r) with nursery end BW (0.57), ADG (0.23), and ADFI (0.30). There was a linear relationship between nursery starting BW and ending nursery BW [Ending BW = 1.09(nursery start BW, kg) + 9.0, R2 = 0.32, P < 0.001]. Starting nursery BW also was positively (P < 0.01) correlated with finishing end BW (0.58), ADG (0.21), ADFI (0.30), and negatively correlated with G:F (-0.25). A linear relationship was noted between starting nursery BW and market BW [Market BW = 3.93(nursery start BW, kg) + 85.6, R2 = 0.34, P < 0.001]. Linear relationships (P < 0.01) also were noted for nursery starting BW on finishing ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Finishing starting BW was positively correlated (P < 0.01) with market BW (0.52), ADG (0.32), and ADFI (0.37) and negatively correlated with G:F (-0.23). Starting finishing BW had a linear relationship with market BW [Market BW = 0.83(finishing start BW, kg) + 94.5, R2 = 0.27, P < 0.001]. Nursery starting BW has positive effects on growth performance in nursery and finishing phases as well as market weight.
PSI-7 Evaluating the Relationship of Puberty Status at 10 Months of Age with Heifer Characteristics
Authors: Meyer Grace E , Ewing Kylie P , Neira Lucas T , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W
Published: April 2022

The objective was to evaluate the relationship of heifer puberty status at 10 months of age with body weight (BW), hair shedding score (HSS), and dam age. Puberty status was assessed at 10 months of age on 177 fall-born, Simmental × Angus heifers (birth date 9/26/2020 ± 18.7 d) using fabric heat patches (Estrotect; Hermitage, Tennessee) for 22 d. Patches were scored as 0, 50, or 100% activated with heifers scored 50 or 100% considered pubertal. Heifers with missing patches (n = 10) were excluded from the analysis. Heifers grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures from 6 to 12 months of age. Heifers were assigned HSS at 10, 11, and 12 months of age. A HSS of 1 indicates a slick summer coat and a 5 is a full winter coat. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 was used to analyze data. Heifers classified as pubertal at 10 months of age had greater (P = 0.01) birth BW than prepubertal heifers (33.1 kg vs. 30.8 kg, respectively). Heifers that were pubertal at 10 months of age also had greater (P ≤ 0.05) BW at 6, 8, 10, and 12 months of age than prepubertal heifers. Additionally, pubertal heifers had greater (P = 0.01) ADG from 6 to 12 months of age while grazing. Pubertal heifers tended (P = 0.10) to have a lesser, more desirable HSS at 10 months of age and had a lesser (P < 0.01) HSS at 11 and 12 months of age compared with prepubertal heifers. Dam age was not different (P = 0.60) between heifer puberty status at 10 months of age. In conclusion, pubertal heifers were heavier at birth, heavier from 6 to 12 months, and had more desirable HSS compared with prepubertal heifers at 10 months of age.
ASAS-NANP Symposium: Mathematical Modeling in Animal Nutrition: The progression of data analytics and artificial intelligence in support of sustainable development in animal science
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O
Published: April 2022

A renewed interest in data analytics and decision support systems in developing automated computer systems is facilitating the emergence of hybrid intelligent systems by combining artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms with classical modeling paradigms such as mechanistic modeling (HIMM) and agent-based models (iABM). Data analytics have evolved remarkably, and the scientific community may not yet fully grasp the power and limitations of some tools. Existing statistical assumptions might need to be re-assessed to provide a more thorough competitive advantage in animal production systems towards sustainability. This paper discussed the evolution of data analytics from a competitive advantage perspective within academia and illustrated the combination of different advanced technological systems in developing HIMM. The progress of analytical tools was divided into three stages: collect and respond, predict and prescribe, and smart learning and policy making, depending on the level of their sophistication (simple to complicated analysis). The collect and respond stage is responsible for ensuring the data is correct and free of influential data points, and it represents the data and information phases for which data are cataloged and organized. The predict and prescribe stage results in gained knowledge from the data and comprises most predictive modeling paradigms, and optimization and risk assessment tools are used to prescribe future decision-making opportunities. The third stage aims to apply the information obtained in the previous stages to foment knowledge and use it for rational decisions. This stage represents the pinnacle of acquired knowledge that leads to wisdom, and AI technology is intrinsic. Although still incipient, HIMM and iABM form the forthcoming stage of competitive advantage. HIMM may not increase our ability to understand the underlying mechanisms controlling the outcomes of a system, but it may increase the predictive ability of existing models by helping the analyst explain more of the data variation. The scientific community still has some issues to be resolved, including the lack of transparency and reporting of AI that might limit code reproducibility. It might be prudent for the scientific community to avoid the shiny object syndrome (i.e., AI) and look beyond the current knowledge to understand the mechanisms that might improve productivity and efficiency to lead agriculture towards sustainable and responsible achievements.
Phase I/II study of streptozocin monotherapy in Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Komoto Izumi , Kokudo Norihiro , Aoki Taku , Morizane Chigusa , Ito Tetsuhide , Hashimoto Takuya , Kimura Wataru , Inoue Naoya , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kondo Shunsuke , Ueno Hideki , Igarashi Hisato , Oono Takamasa , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Takamoto Takeshi , Hirai Ichiro , Takeshita Akiko , Imamura Masayuki
Published: April 2022

Background

This phase I/II study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of streptozocin (STZ) in Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Methods

Twenty-two patients received up to 4 cycles of intravenous STZ at either 500 mg/m2 once daily for 5 consecutive days every 6 weeks (daily regimen) or at 1000–1500 mg/m2 once weekly for 6 weeks (weekly regimen). Tumor response was evaluated using the modified RECIST criteria ver. 1.1, and adverse events were assessed by grade according to the National Cancer Institute CTCAE (ver. 4.0).

Results

Fourteen (63.6%) patients completed the study protocol. No patients had complete response; partial response in 2 (9.1%), stable disease in 17 (77.3%), non-complete response/non-progressive disease in 2 (9.1%) and only 1 (4.5%) had non-evaluable disease. Excluding the latter, the response rate in the daily and weekly regimens was 6.7% (1/15) and 16.7% (1/6), respectively, with an overall response rate of 9.5% (2/21). However, the best overall response in each patient showed that the disease control rate was 100%.

Adverse events occurred in all 22 patients, including 17 grade 3 adverse events in 11 patients; however, no grade 4 or 5 adverse events were reported. Prophylactic hydration and antiemetic treatment reduced the severity and incidence of nephrotoxicity, nausea and vomiting. Plasma STZ concentrations decreased rapidly after termination of infusion, with a half-life of 32–40 min. Neither repeated administration nor dose increases affected pharmacokinetic parameters.

Conclusions

STZ may be a useful option for Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.