bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF OIL CONTAINING n-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA) ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND GROWTH FACTORS IN PIGLETS
Authors: Revajová Viera , Magic D. , Levkut M. , Bindas Ĺ. , Horváth M. , Kašteĺ R. , Pistl J. , Šajbidor J.
Published: October 2005

Oral administration of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to piglets slightly enhances the immune response. As compared to the control, in the experimental piglets the absolute values of monocytes in the peripheral blood were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the metabolic activity of phagocytes and the number of lymphocytes within the individual subpopulations were slightly higher. The level of growth factors, determined on the basis of somatomedin in the blood serum, was significantly higher in the experimental group (P < 0.05). n-3 PUFA interfere with the synthesis of prostaglandins and influence the metabolism of fatty acids. This finding may contribute to the therapy of inflammatory processes influencing immune and growth factors in piglets.
MYXOBOLUS INFECTION OF THE GILLS OF COMMON BREAM (ABRAMIS BRAMA L.) IN LAKE BALATON AND IN THE KIS-BALATON RESERVOIR, HUNGARY
Authors: Székely Cs. , Molnár K.
Published: October 2005

During a five-year survey including studies on the parasite fauna of bream (Abramis brama), four gill-parasitic Myxobolus species (M. bramae, M. hungaricus, M. impressus and M. macrocapsularis) were recorded in a total of 313 breams from Lake Balaton. The commonest species, M. bramae showed a prevalence of 33%, while the other species occurred sporadically. Myxobolus bramae and M. macrocapsularis infected the tips of the gill filaments and caused both intralamellar and interlamellar infection. Intralamellar plasmodia of small size developed in the capillary network of the gill lamellae whereas the much larger interlamellar plasmodia were formed in the arteria afferens. The intralamellar plasmodia of M. hungaricus always infected the basal or central part of the gill filaments. In contrast to the above species developing in the blood vessels, M. impressus proved to be an epithelial parasite, as its plasmodia always developed in the adjacent gill filaments of two opposite haemibranchia, in the stratified epithelium between the respiratory plates, causing changes of the haemibranchium which were well visible even by the naked eye.
MORTALITY OF FISH FRY AS A RESULT OF SPECIFIC AND ASPECIFIC CERCARIAL INVASION UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Majoros G.
Published: October 2005

Although the effect exerted on fish by fluke cercariae developing in fish as intermediate hosts is fairly well known, cercariae of flukes requiring intermediate hosts other than fish occur in fish ponds in much higher numbers. To study the effect of these latter cercariae on fish fry, a few days old common carp fry (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to cohorts of xiphidiocercariae or echinocercariae shed by one or two snails acting as intermediate hosts. The observed pathogenicity of these cercariae was compared to the well-known pathogenic effect ofDiplostomumcercariae. AlthoughDiplostomumcercariae proved to be the most pathogenic, occasionally also the other two types of cercariae could kill the common carp fry by invading their body. Xiphidiocercariae ingested by the fish penetrated the intestinal wall and developed into metacercariae within the body of the fry. They could also get into the musculature through the skin. The much larger echinocercariae invaded the gill cavity where they became encapsulated, thus hampering gill function and leading to fish mortality due to oxygen deficiency.Diplostomumcercariae were more pathogenic than the cercariae of the other two flukes in that they were shed by the intermediate host in very large numbers. Although much less xiphidiocercariae and echinocercariae emerged from the intermediate host snails thanDiplostomumcercariae, the former could kill the fish fry already in lower numbers. These findings prove that fluke cercariae nonspecific to fish may exert pathogenic effects on fish, and presumably contribute to the early mortality of young fry placed out into fish ponds.
INDUCTION OF PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY IN CHICKENS IMMUNISED WITH PLASMID DNA ENCODING INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS ANTIGENS
Authors: Fodor Nadja , Dube S. K. , Fodor I. , Horváth E. , Nagy Edith , Vakharia V. N. , Rencendorsh Altancsimeg
Published: October 2005

Direct DNA inoculations were used to determine the efficacy of gene immunisation of chickens to elicit protective immune responses against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Thevp2 gene of IBDV strains GP40 and D78, and thevp2-vp4-vp3 encoding segment of strain D78 were cloned in an expression vector which consisted of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early enhancer and promoter, adenovirus tripartite leader sequences and SV40 polyadenylation signal. For purification of vaccine-quality plasmid DNA fromE. coli, an effective method was developed. Chickens were vaccinated by inoculation of DNA by two routes (intramuscular and intraperitoneal). Two weeks later, chickens were boosted with DNA, and at 2 weeks post-boost, they were challenged with virulent IBDV strain. Low to undetectable levels of IBDV-specific antibodies and no protection were observed with DNA encoding VP2. However, plasmids encoding VP2-VP4-VP3 induced IBDV-specific antibodies and protection in the chickens. DNA immunisation opens a new approach to the development of gene vaccines for chickens against infectious diseases.
DETECTION OF ADENOVIRUS HEXON SEQUENCE IN A CAT BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (SHORT COMMUNICATION)
Authors: Farkas Judit , C. Horzinek M. , F. Egberink H. , Vennema H. , Benkő Mária , Lakatos B.
Published: October 2005

Adenoviral nucleic acid was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in pharyngeal and rectal swab samples of a cat seropositive for adenovirus and suffering from transient hepatic failure. The samples were taken at a one-year interval, and both faecal samples as well as the second pharyngeal sample were positive in PCR performed with general adenovirus primers. The size of the amplified products corresponded to that of the positive control. The identity of the amplicons was also confirmed by DNA sequencing. The 301 bp long hexon gene fragment was very similar to but distinguishable from the corresponding hexon sequence of human adenovirus type 2. This result suggests the possibility of persistent carrier status and shedding of adenovirus in cats.
Assessment of ovulation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) females selected for induced spawning on the basis of external morphological characteristics
Authors: Szabó R. , Szabó T. , Urbányi B. , Horváth L.
Published: October 2005

Secondary sexual characteristics such as softening and rounding of the abdomen as well as reddening and protrusion of the anal papilla and vent can be of help to breeders in selecting common carp (Cyprinus carpio) females prepared for propagation. To assess the reliability of this method, long-term data obtained on induced spawning of common carp at a large-scale fish hatchery were evaluated. The average spawning ratio of 2,620 females receiving hormonal injections was 79.8%. The average pseudogonadosomatic index (PGSI) calculated from data on the egg production of 2,086 females was 16.3 ± 5.87% (mean ± SD) for the same period. There was a correlation between fish weight and the time of induction determined by the breeder on the basis of external morphological characteristics. The similarity of the responses of females, including both spawning ratio and PGSI, among the different weight categories proved the reliability of this method for identification.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FORCE-FEEDING AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN GEESE BRED FOR FATTY LIVER
Authors: Janan J. , Bárdos L. , Karsai Mária , Ágota Gabriella , Rudas Péter , Kozák J. , Bódi L.
Published: October 2005

The susceptibility of geese of different genotypes and sexes to force-feeding, some plasma biochemical parameters (thyroid hormones, cholesterol, retinoids, total protein and albumin) of force-fed geese, and the relationship between force-feeding, fat storage and the above-mentioned parameters were studied. Sixty (30 male and 30 female) geese of three genotypes (Hungarian, Landes and their crossbred called Babat Hybrid) were divided in two groups at 12 weeks of age. Geese in one group (5 males and 5 females from each genotype) received mixed feedingad libitum. Birds in the other group were force-fed with maize. After 3 weeks all birds were bled, blood samples were taken, and the above-mentioned plasma parameters were determined. Thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly lower in force-fed (11.6 ± 3.5 ng/ml) than in control geese (22.7 ± 4.09 ng/ml). Plasma triiodothyronine (T3) level was also lower in the force-fed than in the control group, but the difference was not significant (1.87 ± 0.23 ng/ml and 2.11 ± 0.28 ng/ml, respectively). Plasma total protein (TP, 45.2 ± 4.5 g/l), albumin (ALB, 16.51 ± 2.8 g/l), (-carotene (BC, 3504 ± 3107 µg/l), retinol (ROL, 1160 ± 505 µg/l), retinyl palmitate (RP, 1745 ± 405 µg/l) and total cholesterol (TCh, 4.32 ± 0.55 mmol/l) levels were elevated in the force-fed group as compared to the control (TP = 36.4 ± 5.1 g/l, ALB = 15.6 ± 0.9 g/l, BC = 1657 ± 1681 µg/l, ROL = 687 ± 375 µg/l, RP = 1398 ± 607 µg/l, and TCh = 2.83 ± 1.98 mmol/l). All differences were significant except those found for albumin and (-carotene. No significant sex- or genotype-related effects were observed for these parameters.
SEQUENCE AND EXPRESSION ANALYSES OF THE Ul37 AND Ul38 GENES OF AUJESZKY'S DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Kaliman A. , Aszódi A. , Fodor I. , Braun A. , Boldogkői Zs.
Published: October 2005

Previously, we sequenced the HSV-1 Ul39-Ul40 homologue genes of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), also designated as pseudorabies virus (Kaliman et al., 1994ab). Now we report the nucleotide sequence of the adjacent DNA that encodes Ul38, the 5'-region (750 bp) of Ul37, and the promoter regions between these divergently arranged two genes. The ADV Ul38 gene encodes a protein of 368 amino acids. Amino acid sequence comparison of ADV Ul38 with that of other herpesviruses revealed significantstructural homology. In a transcription study using RNase protection assay and Northern blot hybridizationwe found that the Ul38 gene had one initiation site, but the Ul37 gene was initiated at two transcription sites with two potential initiator AUGs, one of which was dominant. Comparison of ADV Ul37, Ul38 and ribonucleotide reductase gene expression showed that these genes belong to the same temporal class with early kinetics. Data of structural and transcriptional studies suggest that regulation of the expression of these two ADV genes could differ from that of the HSV-1 virus.
DEFENCE REACTION IN DENTAL PULP AFTER PULP CAPPING AND PARTIAL PULPECTOMY IN DOGS
Authors: Pavlica Z. , Pogačnik M. , Juntes Polona
Published: October 2005

The dental pulp was capped indirectly or directly, or partial vital pulpectomy was performed on the 12 functionally most important teeth of 24 beagle dogs. For pulp capping, calcium hydroxide was used, followed by zinc phosphate as a lining, and the preparation was restored with amalgam or composite material. Histological sections were prepared and examined for degree and type of pulp inflammation (hyperaemia, pulpitis, necrosis or gangrene). Degenerative changes of dental pulp (vacuolation, calcification, amyloid or hyaline changes) were also determined. For indirect pulp capping the width of predentine in crown and root dental pulp was measured, and for direct pulp capping and partial pulpectomy (vital pulpotomy) the width and quality of the dentinal bridge were graded. The radical method of partial vital pulpectomy of the coronal part of the dental pulp in dogs produced better quality and continuity of the dentinal bridge than the less radical method of direct pulp capping. This was particularly obvious in small single root teeth such as incisors.
NEWCASTLE DISEASE ANTIBODY TITRE IS DEPENDENT ON SERUM CALCIUM CONCENTRATION
Authors: Božičković Jasminka , Krivec Gabrijela , Ragland W. L. , Mazija H. , Božičković P. , Prukner-Radovčić Estella
Published: October 2005

Chickens were fed diets having optimal, high, and low levels of calcium for 42 days. Serum samples were collected at 14, 28 and 42 days of age, and serum calcium and haemagglutination inhibition titres for Newcastle disease virus were measured. The chickens were vaccinated at 14 days for Newcastle disease. Antibody titres were significantly increased by high dietary calcium and depressed by low dietary calcium. Mean titre was 2.5 (log2) for the optimal diet, 3.2 for the high-calcium diet, and 1.6 for the low-calcium diet. Antibody titres were dependent on serum calcium concentration (r2= 0.98 at 14 days, 0.99 at 28 days, and 0.78 at 42 days).
DOG FEEDING TEST FOR ASSESSING THE NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY OF PRACTICAL DIETS
Authors: Fekete S. , Gaál Tibor , Hegedűs M. , Janza F. , Zöldág L.
Published: October 2005

The nutritive value of dog foods declared by the manufacturer as nutritionally complete and balanced can be best assessed by feeding trials with dogs. A protocol of a feeding trial has been developed and tested with working dogs fed two different commercial complete and balanced diets for 8 weeks. The parameters used for evaluating the effect of diets were general health status, body and hair coat condition, change of body weight, haematological parameters (white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume), and biochemical parameters in blood serum (alanine aminotransferase, urea, albumin). The trial protocol proved to be appropriate to monitor the dogs' nutritional status and to reveal differences between diets. This method of evaluation is recommended for use in supporting the nutritional claims (labelling) of dog foods.
EFFECTS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATS WITH VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE ANTIOXIDANT STATUS OF BROILER CHICKEN TISSUES
Authors: Gaál Tibor , Wágner L. , Husvéth F. , Manilla H. A. , Vajdovich P. , Balogh N. , Lóth I. , Németh S. Katalin
Published: October 2005

The influence of fish oil (highly unsaturated) and beef tallow (highly saturated) with vitamin E (100 IU/kg) supplementation on the antioxidant status of broiler chicken cockerels was investigated. Chicks were fed a control diet with no added fat, 40 g/kg each of fish oil and beef tallow diets, respectively, from 11 to 42 days of age. Tocopherol concentration and the rate of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in liver, fatty acid composition of the liver lipids, blood serum total antioxidant status (TAS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were determined. Vitamin E supplementation of the diet increased liver ?-tocopherol content in chicks regardless of the type of dietary fat. Fish oil diet resulted in higher liver TBARS value while beef tallow diet showed lower values compared to the control diet. Vitamin E supplementation reduced liver TBARS as well as serum GSH, and raised serum TAS for all diets. Serum GSH was the same for vitamin E supplemented diets regardless of the fat supplement. Fish oil diets resulted in a significant increase in hepatic lipid n-3 PUFA content. A significant positive correlation was found between liver TBARS and n-3 PUFA content. No relationships were established, however, between liver TBARS and n-6 PUFA or saturated fatty acids. The results suggest that feeding oils rich in n-3 PUFA increases tissue concentration of these fatty acids, consequently increasing tissue lipid peroxidation and reducing the antioxidative status of broiler chickens. Supplementing high levels of vitamin E with such oils may increase tissue oxidative stability. Serum TAS or GSH may be used as a measure of antioxidative status in chickens.
EXPERIMENTAL AUTOLOGOUS SUBSTITUTE VASCULAR GRAFT FOR TRANSPLANTATION SURGERY
Authors: Kóbori L. , Dallos G. , Gouw Anette S. H. , Németh Tamás , Nemes B. , Fehérvári I. , Tegzess A. M. , Slooff M. J. H. , De Jong K. P. , Perner F.
Published: October 2005

Vascular complications in liver transplantation are a major cause of graft failure and mortality. The aim of the study was to create autologous vascular graft without risk of rejection. Posterior rectus fascia sheath lined with peritoneum was used for iliac artery replacement in seven mongrel dogs. The patency was followed by palpation and Doppler ultrasound. The grafts were removed after one month. Five grafts remained patent. The Doppler showed good, relatively increased flow (median flow rate: 383 cm/sec) after one month in all of the cases. Slight increase in diameter was present in all cases. By microscopy the five patent grafts showed viable morphology, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and thin fibrin layer in the wall. The grafts were lined partially with a neoendothelial monolayer and a thin fibrin layer. In conclusion, this graft presents an acceptable patency rate and low thrombogenicity, and could be useful in transplantation. Further investigations are needed to study the effect of immunosuppression and rejection on long-term morphology and patency of the grafts.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION FLUID TEMPERATURE ON THE CHICKEN EMBRYO IN TERATOGENICITY TESTS: SHORT COMMUNICATION
Authors: Várnagy L. , Molnár Erzsébet , Budai P.
Published: October 2005

The influence of immersion fluid temperature on the development of the chicken embryo was studied on the day most commonly used for treating incubated eggs in teratological trials. Embryonated eggs were immersed in tap water for 30 min on the 12th day of incubation at 22–25 °C or at incubation temperature without a waiting time or after 30 min. The incubation was then continued and the eggs were processed on day 19 of the incubation period. Treatment of eggs at 22–25 °C caused a significant increase in embryonic mortality, while the 30-min waiting time did not exert an influence on embryogenesis.
IMPORTANCE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CONSERVATION OF WILD, RARE OR INDIGENOUS UNGULATES: REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Cseh S. , Solti László
Published: October 2005

Biodiversity is increasingly threatened by intensive agriculture, environmental pollution, extinction of natural habitats and several other factors. Several mammalian species including ungulates have disappeared or are threatened by extinction. However, ungulates play an important role both in the ecosystem and in the economy. In general, species or breeds are considered endangered if their population does not exceed 1,000 individuals. In these cases conservation programmes should be initiated in order to maintain or even increase their number. This review deals with the possibilities and limitations of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in the conservation of ecologically valuable wild, rare and indigenous ungulates. The methods discussed here are artificial insemination, cryopreservation of semen and embryos, embryo recovery and transfer,in vitroproduction of embryos, as well as micromanipulation techniques including sperm injection, assisted hatching and cloning. Some of these procedures are already being exploited in the breeding of farm ungulates, but more basic information about the reproductive patterns of wild, rare and indigenous animal species is needed before the routine use of ARTs.
Development of a pcr system for the characterisation of Salmonella flagellin genes
Authors: Imre A. , Olasz F. , Nagy B.
Published: October 2005

Analysis of flagellin genes was carried out on strains ofSalmonellaTyphimurium,SalmonellaHadar,SalmonellaAbortusequi,SalmonellaEnteritidis andSalmonellaGallinarum serovars, using a PCR system designed in this study. The purpose of these studies was to explore the flagellin genes of biphasic and monophasic Salmonellae for future targeted genetic interventions. The PCR primers were designed for two different structural genes of flagellin(fliC, fljB), for the repressor offliC (fljA), for the operator region offliC,and for the invertase system responsible for phase variation in Salmonella(hin, hixL, hixR). PCR analysis revealed that all of the examined genes(fliC, fliC-operator, fljB, fljA, hin, hixL, hixR)were present in allS. Typhimurium (n = 10)andS.Hadar (n = 10) strains tested. The results obtained onS. Typhimurium andS.Hadar strains confirmed their biphasic character at DNA level. However, theS. Enteritidis (n = 46) andS. Gallinarum (n = 5) strains lacked the invertase system(hin, hixL, hixR)as well as thefljAandfljBgenes, whilefliCand its operator were detectable. Consequently, theS. Enteritidis strains could only expressfliCgene resulting in phase H1 flagellin. The examinedS. Gallinarum strains were also demonstrated to have a cryptic flagellin gene(fliC). On the other hand, PCR results onS. Abortusequi (n = 2) indicated that both flagellin genes(fliC, fljB)and the whole phase variation system were present in both strains tested but only the H2 phase gene(fljB)was expressed. The phenotype of these strains could be clarified by motility test and/or by classical flagellar serology. The findings are also substantiated by the results of serovar-specific PCR forS. Typhimurium andS. Enteritidis. In conclusion, the PCR system developed in this study proved to be suitable for characterisation of Salmonella flagellin genes and confirmed serological results regarding allS. Typhimurium,S. Hadar andS. Enteritidis strains. This system could also identify cryptic flagellar genes ofS. Abortusequi andS. Gallinarum.
Novel strategies to control mycotoxins in feeds: A review
Authors: Varga J. , Tóth Beáta
Published: October 2005

Mycotoxin-producing fungi may contaminate agricultural products in the field (preharvest spoilage), during storage (postharvest spoilage), or during processing. Mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds poses serious health hazard to animals and humans. For lowering mycotoxin contamination of feeds and foods, several strategies have been investigated that can be divided into biological, chemical and physical methods. This paper gives an overview of strategies which are promising with regard to lowering the mycotoxin burden of animals and humans.
Pharmacokinetics and renal toxicity of three once-a-day doses of amikacin in cows
Authors: Sumano H. , Gutierrez Lilia , Velazquez C. , Hayashida Sayuri
Published: October 2005

Pharmacokinetic variables of amikacin in cows were determined after administration of amikacin sulphate either intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 25 mg/kg per day for three days. Amikacin concentrations at time zero and maximum serum concentrations were 240.8 µg/mL and 122.53 µg/mL, respectively. The elimination half-life remained unchanged during the three days of administration (T½ß= 1.33 ± 0.029 h for the IV route and T½ß= 2.75 ± 0.38 h for the IM route). Apparent volumes of distribution suggest limited distribution out of the central compartment (VdAUC= 0.154 ± 0.005 L/kg; Vdc= 36.50 ± 2.35 L; Vdss= 0.092 ± 0.004 L/kg). Bioavailability after IM administration was 95%. Serum profiles of urea, creatinine, albumin, electrolytes and pH after 5-day treatment with amikacin at a dose of 25 mg/kg per day IM revealed no changes. Assessment of diffusion of amikacin to milk by a commercially available screening method to detect antibiotic residues revealed that amikacin could not be detected by the fifth milking period after the last treatment. These results suggest that it would be rational to use a large single-daily dose of amikacin for future clinical trials in cows.
Study on the role of gastric Helicobacter infection in gross pathological and histological lesions of the stomach in finishing pigs
Authors: Szeredi L. , Palkovics G. , Solymosi N. , Tekes L. , Méhesfalvi J.
Published: October 2005

The prevalence of gastric Helicobacter infection in finishing pigs and the influence of this infection on gastric lesions was studied. Stomachs of 89 finishing pigs from 27 randomly selected herds were sampled at the slaughterhouse. Forty cases (Group A) were selected based upon the presence of gross pathological lesions in the pars oesophagea, and further 49 cases were obtained at random (Group B). Three samples of gastric tissue (junction of pars oesophagea and pars cardiaca, fundic area, and pyloric area) were collected from each stomach for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Helicobacter antigen was detected in 76 cases (85.4%). No association was found between the presence of Helicobacter in the stomach and the occurrence of gross pathological lesions in the pars oesophagea or gastritis detected on histological examination. However, a significant association was found between the occurrence of Helicobacter in the pyloric area and the presence of erosions/ulcers in the pars oesophagea (OR: 7.01, p = 0.022) in Group B. A significant association was also evident between the presence of Helicobacter and glandular lesions (dilatation of the glands + glandular abscess + degeneration of glandular epithelial cells). In conclusion, Helicobacter infection seems to be a contributing factor to pathological changes in the stomach of finishing pigs.
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) in pigs in Croatia: Detection and characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2)
Authors: Lipej Z. , Segalés J. , Toplak I. , Šoštarić B. , Roić Besi , Lojkić M. , Hostnik P. , Grom J. , Barlič-Maganja Darja , Žarković Kamelija , Oraić D.
Published: October 2005

The objective of this study was to characterise porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) from pigs with naturally occurring postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Croatia, and to determine the epizootiological, clinical and pathomorphological features of the disease. During a systematic health monitoring programme conducted in the period from January 2002 to June 2003, PMWS was suspected on eight different pig-producing farms in Croatia. The diagnosis of PMWS met all three key criteria: the presence of compatible clinical signs, the presence of the characteristic microscopic lymphoid lesions, and the detection of PCV2 within the lesions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and byin situhybridisation (ISH). Moreover, PCV2 DNA from swine tissues was extracted and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis of 4 Croatian PCV2 strains showed close relationship to PCV2 strains isolated in Slovenia, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China and Hungary. PCV2 was also demonstrated by electron microscopy in the lymph node of an affected animal. This is the first demonstration of PMWS in Croatia based on all scientifically accepted diagnostic criteria.
Relationship of retinoid and carotenoid metabolism with caecotrophy in rabbits.
Authors: Kerti Annamária , Bárdos L. , Deli J. , Oláh P.
Published: October 2005

The relationship of retinoid and carotenoid metabolism with caecotrophy was studied in adult female New Zealand White rabbits kept in individual metabolic cages. Caecotrophy was prevented by the use of plastic collars. The dry matter, crude protein, fibre, fat and ash contents of hard and soft faecal samples were determined. The retinoid (retinol and retinyl palmitate) and carotenoid (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin) levels of the blood, liver, kidney, caecal content and faeces were also measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The prevention of caecotrophy resulted in a significant decrease of blood retinol (P < 0.001) and retinyl palmitate (P < 0.01) concentration but it did not cause any significant change in the retinol and retinyl palmitate contents of the liver and kidney. The caecal content (25.78 ± 6.87 µg/g) and the soft faeces (34.52 ± 10.48 µg/g) contained the retinoids in similar amounts. Various carotenoids were found in considerable amounts in different types of faeces, while in the tissues (blood, liver and kidney) these pigments did not occur in substantial amounts. Total carotenoid concentration was similar in the caecal content (11.23 μg/g) and in the caecotroph (13.85 μg/g). On the basis of the results it can be assumed that the retinoid content of rabbit feed could be lowered in the presence of adequate caecal function and caecotrophy.
Urinary ggt/creatinine ratio and fractional excretion of electrolytes in diarrhoeic calves
Authors: Ulutas B. , Sahal M.
Published: October 2005

The aim of this study was to monitor renal function in diarrhoeic calves and to determine the effectiveness of an applied fluid therapy. A total of 28 diarrhoeic (n = 18) and healthy (n = 10) Holstein-Friesian calves of different sexes, between 1 and 30 days of age, were used. Blood and urine samples were obtained from diarrhoeic calves before the treatment and then three more times at 24-h intervals during the treatment. From healthy calves, samples were taken only once. Therapy was started by the intravenous administration of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions for the first 24 h, followed by the oral application of a commercial electrolyte solution (sodium chloride 3.5 g, trisodium citrate 2.9 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g and glucose anhydrous 20 g in 1 litre H2O) up to the 48th h of therapy. Before the therapy, the average levels of pH (7.10 ± 0.12), bicarbonate (HCO3-) (16.48 ± 3.80 mmol/l), base deficit (-12.65 ± 5.97 mmol/l) and fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (0.16 ± 0.11%) and potassium (15.07 ± 8.56%) were significantly lower while serum urea (17.48 ± 10.32 mmol/l) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations (169.72 ± 98.12 µmol/l), haematocrit levels (45.13 ± 13.60%) and urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)/Cr ratio (8.6 ± 4.3 × 1/103U/µmol) were significantly higher in diarrhoeic calves than in healthy calves. Alterations in parameters indicating the presence of renal dysfunction were normalised in the diarrhoeic calves that survived (83.3%). Three calves with severe metabolic acidosis and azotaemia died at the beginning of therapy. It was concluded that the FE of Na and K (FENa, FEK) and urine GGT/Cr ratio may have an important role in assessing renal function in diarrhoeic calves and in evaluating the effectiveness of an applied fluid therapy.
Use of L-carnitine and humate in laying quail diets
Authors: Yalçin Sakine , Ergün A. , Erol Handan , Yalçin Suzan , Özsoy B.
Published: October 2005

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of using L-carnitine and humate alone or in combination in quail diets on laying performance, egg traits and blood parameters. A total of 280 Japanese quails aged 10 weeks, divided into one control group and three treatment groups, were used. The diets of the first, second and third treatment groups were supplemented with 100 mg L-carnitine/kg, 1.5 g humate (Farmagülatör® Dry Plus)/kg and 100 mg L-carnitine + 1.5 g humate/kg, respectively. The experimental period lasted 16 weeks. The addition of L-carnitine and sodium humate alone or in combination did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption, egg production, feed conversion ratio, mortality, egg-shell thickness, egg yolk index and the percentages of egg-shell, albumen and yolk. Egg weight increased (P < 0.001) with L-carnitine supplementation. The values of egg albumen height (P < 0.05), egg albumen index (P < 0.01) and egg Haugh unit (P < 0.05) were increased with humate supplementation. Egg cholesterol content and blood serum parameters were not affected by the supplementation of L-carnitine with or without humate. The results in this study demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation increased egg weight while humate addition increased egg albumen index and egg Haugh unit of laying quails. However, the combined administration of L-carnitine and humate did not have any significant effects on the parameters measured.
Az éntudat kialakulása
Authors: Stefanics Gábor
Published: October 2005

Jelen dolgozat az éntudattal rendelkező élőlények tudatának fejlődését vizsgálja. Az első rész főemlősök és csecsemők tükörképükre adott viselkedéses reakcióit elemzi, a hangsúlyt az éntudat jelenlétére utaló viselkedésformák fokozatosan fejlődő jellegére helyezve. Áttekintést nyújt a különböző modalitásokhoz tartozó testsémák eltérő reprezentációiról és magyarázatot kíván nyújtani az éntudat önszervező kialakulására. A második rész a testsémák és az éntudat önszervező folyamatait a matematikai csoportelmélet és az eltérő logikai szintek elméletével írja le, valamint a környezet és az éntudat közti információáramlás többszintű, komplex modelljét mutatja be.Present paper investigates the development of mind in living creatures showing the signs of having self-awareness. Behavioral phenomena of primates and human infants appearing to their mirror image are analised in the first part of the paper, laying the emphasis on the gradual quality of development of self-awareness. A survey of different representations belonging to variant sense modalities is provided in order to explain the self-organizing emergence of self-awareness. The second part describes the self-modifying process of body-schemes and self-awareness using mathematical group-theory and the theory of sets as metaphorical devices. A multi-level complex model of information-flow between the mind and environment is outlined. The main purpose of the paper is to provide a better understanding of the phenomenon of downward causation and to fill the gap of the ancient question of the body-mind (brain-mind) problem. This rather ambitious contribution to mind research also implies vague hints for the ones that are concerned about the research of artificial intelligence.
Két pszichológiai populáció sztochasztikus egyenlőségének ellenőrzésére alkalmas statisztikai próbák összehasonlító vizsgálata
Authors: Vargha András
Published: October 2005

A jelen tanulmányban a sztochasztikus egyenlőség ellenőrzésére alkalmas hat statisztikai próbát hasonlítottunk össze számítógépes szimulációval az érvényesség és a hatékonyság kritériuma szempontjából. Két populációt akkor mondunk sztochasztikusan egyenlőnek valamely X változó tekintetében, ha véletlenszerűen kiválasztva egy-egy X-értéket a két populációból, az elsőből kiválasztott érték ugyanakkora eséllyel lesz nagyobb a második kiválasztottnál, mint kisebb.A szimulációban széles tartományban variáltuk az eloszlások ferdeségét és csúcsosságát, valamint a szórásheterogenitás mértékét. Vizsgáltunk kicsi és közepes nagyságú, illetve egyenlő és különböző elemszámú mintákat. A szimulációba a korábban már mások által is javasolt próbák (rang t, rang Welch, Fligner-Policello, Cliff) mellett elméleti megfontolások alapján két új próbát (FPW és FPCW) is bevontunk.A szimulációs vizsgálatok arra az érdekes eredményre vezettek, hogy az újonnan javasolt két próba, FPW és FPCW az érvényesség tekintetében sokkal megbízhatóbb eljárásnak bizonyult, mint a többiek, miközben az erő tekintetében nem tapasztaltunk számottevő különbséget közöttük. Különösen FPW jeleskedett azzal, hogy I. fajta hibája sosem tért el számottevően a névleges szinttől. Közepes nagyságú minták esetén FPCW FPW-vel egyenértékű eljárás benyomását keltette.In the current paper six statistical tests of stochastic equality are to be compared by a Monte Carlo simulation with respect to Type I error and power. Two populations are said to be stochastically equal with respect to a variable X, if for any two independently and randomly drawn observations X1 and X2 from the two populations P(X1 ≯ X2) = P(X1 < X2).In the simulation the skewness and kurtosis levels as well as the extent of variance heterogeneity of the two parent distributions were varied across a wide range. The sample sizes applied were either small or moderate, and equal or unequal. The involved tests of stochastic equality were as follows: rank t test, rank Welch test, Fligner-Policello test, Cliff's modified Fligner-Policello test as well as two modifications of the last two tests, denoted FPW and FPCW, that utilized adjusted degrees of freedom.An interesting result obtained is that the two newly introduced test variants, FPW and FPCW, proved to be substantially more accurate with regard to their Type I error rates than the others, whereas they kept a similar power level. Specifically, the estimated Type I error of FPW at .05 nominal level always fell in the range of .043-.063 even if the variance ratio of the two distributions was as large as 1:16. The same ranges were .049-.068 for FPCW, but .029-.160 for the rank t test, .049-.096 for the rank Welch test, .035-.075 for the Fligner-Policello test, and .040-.078 for Cliff's test.
Ranschburg-effektus: megújult érdeklődés
Authors: Czigler István
Published: October 2005

Ranschburg Pál felfedezése, a homogén gátlás (szériális tanulásnál a listán ismétlődő egység megjegyzése romlik) az utóbbi években újra széles körben vizsgált jelenséggé vált. A hatás megbízhatósága modern módszerekkel is demonstrálható, felhasználható a rövid tartamú emlékezet szerveződését leíró modellek tesztelésére. Magának a jelenségnek a magyarázatára azonban még nem alakult ki meggyőző elmélet.Recent results demonstrated the robustness of the Ranschburg-effect (decreased performance of repeated items in serial lists). On the one hand, this research provided important data about the inadequacy of some general models of short-term serial memory. On the other hand, this research demonstrates the necessity of new specific accounts of the effect per se.
A tesztelméletek néhány problémájáról - a pedagógiai kutatás szemszögéből
Authors: Orosz Sándor
Published: October 2005

A tanulmány Horváth György könyvének ismertetéséből kiindulva a mai tesztelmélet és tágabban a pszichológiai méréselmélet kérdéseit taglalja.The paper starting from the review of a Hungarian book on test theory discusses basic issues in present day psychological testing and measurement theory.
A komplex vizuális környezet kategorizációjának neurofiziológiai mechanizmusai
Authors: Kéri Szabolcs , Antal Andrea
Published: October 2005

Az alábbi összefoglalásban a komplex vizuális környezet kategorizációját kísérő neurofiziológiai mechanizmusokat tekintjük át. Az alkalmazott feladat során a vizsgálati személyeknek rövid ideig számítógép segítségével bemutatott színes fényképek alapján kellett eldönteniük, hogy azok tartalmaztak-e állatokat vagy sem. A kategorizációs feladatban regisztrált kiváltott válaszok egy korai differenciál-komponenst mutattak (150-200 ms), amely a nemállat képekre negatívabb volt (dN1), elsősorban a frontális elvezetésekben. A dN1 nem volt jelen Parkinson-kóros betegek esetében, míg Alzheimer-demenciában továbbra is kimutatható volt. Feltételezésünk szerint a dN1 a cortico-striatalis információáramlást tükrözi, amely a kategóriaspecifikus vonások kiemelésének és integrációjának idegrendszeri alapja lehet.
A kockázatvállalás vizsgálata terepkísérletben
Authors: Faragó Klára
Published: October 2005

A kockázatvállalást terepkísérletben vizsgáltuk, melyben - szemben a laboratóriumi kísérletekkel - a személyek valódi döntéseket hoznak, tétje van döntéseiknek, és több tényező együttes hatása alakítja viselkedésüket. Kérdésfeltevésünk arra irányult, hogy a kockázatvállalást hogyan befolyásolja az, hogy nyereséges vagy veszteséges-e az a helyzet, amelyben kockáztatni lehet, hogy mekkora erőforrással rendelkezik az egyén, milyen az igényszintje, valamint általános kockázatvállalási tendenciája. Kontrollkísérletben ellenőriztük, hogy a viselkedés valódi és hipotetikus helyzetekben különbözik-e. A terepkutatás azt mutatta, hogy a valódi, téttel rendelkező és következményekkel járó helyzetekben az emberek jóval kisebb kockázatot vállalnak, mint amit egy kísérletben megkomponált hipotetikus helyzetben vállalnának. A felhalmozott erőforrás mennyisége volt az a tényező, amely a legtöbb összefüggést mutatta a többi változóval: a kevés erőforrással rendelkezők veszélyesebbnek tartották a helyzetet, bizonytalanabbnak érezték magukat, és alacsonyabbá vált igényszintjük. Kritikus pontnak tekintettük azt, amikor az erőforrások kimerülése miatt a személyek túlélése került veszélybe. Ebben a helyzetben a kísérleti személyek kerülték a szélsőségességet a kockázatvállalásban, sem a szélsőségesen nagy kockázatvállalást, sem a kockázat teljes kerülését nem tapasztaltuk. A keretezési hatással kapcsolatban eredményeink a Thaler-féle QHE-elmélet feltevéseit igazolták. A veszteség lehetősége radikálisan csökkentette a kockázatvállalást mind a valós, mind a hipotetikus helyzetben.
Új arcok az Akadémián
Authors: Pléh Csaba
Published: October 2005

A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia 2004. évi közgyűlése több olyan külső és tiszteleti tagot választott tagjai sorába, akik pszichológusok vagy közeli szakmai kapcsolatuk van a pszichológiával. Őket mutatjuk be rövid elektronikus interjúkon keresztül. Az interjúkat Pléh Csaba készítette 2004 nyarán.
Global Capital Markets: An Imperfect Network
Authors: Magas István
Published: October 2005

The network of international capital markets is modeled as a global communications network, where information flows in one channel and funds flow in the other. Based on the fundamental logic of the measurement of information (Reza 1992) and on the standard assumptions of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) (Shapiro 1999), we demonstrate that these markets operate at very large losses. Global markets are far less efficient than long established domestic capital markets of developed countries, which do relatively well in transmitting information and funds. Along with the integration of national capital markets into a more tightly knit international network, however, major improvements in efficiency can be expected. Integration, though, implies a need for some kind of global regulations to help standardise the flow of information and the routines of pricing risk. Standardisation in turn can be expected to decrease risks and increase the efficiency of distributing funds. From an information theoretical perspective the introduction of mutually accepted regulations, is desired, since it would help to increase the capacity utilisation of the distribution system as such. A better-utilised communications network will bring faster clearing international markets and cheaper funds.
Some Aspects of European Economic Area and Competitiveness
Authors: Blahó András
Published: October 2005

With eight former socialist economies joining the European Union, the European Economic Area underwent substantial change. Integration co-operation, mostly through the usage of structural funds requests partners on lower level of development to catch-up (converge) to the average level of development of the Community. Williamson (1965) had shown first that indeed, there is a convergence measured on national level, the price for which, however, is a growing differentiation among the regions. Suggested way of achieving cohesion is the catching-up of less developed regions and nations. When productivity or difference in GDP per capita is taken as the most important indicator for cohesion then catching-up could be achieved by a higher than average European Union GDP per capita growth in the catching-up economies. Hence, economic growth is the key to cohesion. Trade-off theories suggest that the most important trend in international economic co-operation is the hypothetical b (beta) convergence. Convergence depends on economic policy, created competitive advantages. These factors request thorough analysis of various aspects of competitiveness: setting proper ratio between overall and regional development, achieving high-level efficiency in state administration, supporting research and development, enhancing education on all levels, and last but not least, putting in place a well-functioning economic regulation and industrial policy. Concrete challenges for the Hungarian institutional system, regulation and international cooperation are also dealt with related to the above.
Competitiveness of the European Union
Authors: Bató Márk
Published: October 2005

The improvement of Hungarian competitiveness is determined by its linkages to the concerning European developments and strategies. The first part of the study - starting from the competitiveness concept of the Scientific School - contains definitions and issues that will be used in the analysis. The European Union as an integration of national economies brings into the competitiveness analyses numerous new, additional elements that do not emerge on member-state level. The study introduces a model in order to describe and valuate the competitiveness of the EU considering the above-mentioned additional elements. Important feature of the model is the analysis of the single European market: this points to the issue that improving the competitiveness of a member state in itself is not sufficient, the coordinated development of regions and member states is required. The polarisation, the lack of a single strategy can impede the improvement of competitiveness even if certain parts achieve success. Strategy for a better European competitiveness must include advantages emerging from the competition of regions and member states, but also possibilities offered by the effective coordination of member states of the European single market. The second part of the study points to some important practical issues concerning competitiveness of the European Union, and on this base some conclusions regarding methodology and economic policy will be drawn as well.
Social Protection, Transformed Labour Markets, Effective Government and Competitiveness
Authors: Blahó András , Szajp Szabolcs
Published: October 2005

Issues related to international competitiveness with regard to social protection, labour markets and effective government are not too many. Hence, this paper pleads for a new vision, one that puts social policy issues' influence, distributive justice and equality firmly back at the centre of the debate about the type of international competitiveness that should be pursued in post-transformation societies, such as Hungary. The study explores the effects of labour-market policies, introduces the term “disembedded social policy” and explores later the possibility of re-embedding this policy. State attention must be focused on reasonable ratios of income equality, similar levels of welfare. The state budget will have to concentrate the neccessary resources for these purposes which limits assets meant for enhancement of competitiveness. Efficient and well-functioning competitiveness policy requests an efficient state administration, as well. The study explores the issue of decentralization and state administration, the role of the state in delegating certain powers to lower levels of administration. Impoverished and weakened governments find it increasingly difficult to pursue the kind of effective micro-economic policies (industrial support and regional development strategies) that are essential features of all successful competitive policies and development experiences. The final part of the study deals with the connection between local governments, competitiveness and democracy.
EQUATIONAL BASES FOR SOME 0-DIRECT UNIONS OF SEMIG OUPS
Authors: Crvenkoviď S. , Dolinka I. , VinČiď M.
Published: October 2005

In this paper,we investigate identities satis .ed by 0-direct unions of a semigroup with its anti-isomorphic copy,which serve as the standard tool for showing that an arbitrary semigroup can be embedded in (a semigroup reduct of)an involution semigroup.We show that,given the set of semigroup identities they satisfy,the involution de .ned on such 0-direct unions can be captured by only two additional identities involving the unary operation symbol.As a corollary of a result on .niteness of equational bases for such involution semigroups,we present an involution semigroup (which is,however,not an inverse one)consisting of 13 elements and not having a .nite equational basis.
ON THE DENSEST PACKIN OF DISCS OF RADIUS 1 AND .2 -1
Authors: Heppes A.
Published: October 2005

The main goal of this paper is to establish the long-sta di g conjecture that in the Euclidea plane no arrangeme t of discs of radius 1 and .2 -1 ca have larger packi g de sitythan that of the set of incircles of the semiregular (Archimedean)tessellation (8, 8, 4)
INTEGRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRINCIPAL SOLUTION O HALF-LINEAR SECOND ORDER DIF ERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: DoŠlÝ O. , Elbert A.
Published: October 2005

Under some restrictions on the functions r (t)and c (t),a nontrivial solution x (t)of the nonoscillatory half-linear second order diferential equation: is principal if and only if… In case p =2 the criterion (*)reduces to a Hartman result on the principal solutions of the Sturm –Liouville di .erential equations.