bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz emission characterization of silicon based ferromagnetic heterostructures
Authors: Cheng Hong-Yang , Ma Qian-Ru , Xu Hao-Ran , Zhang Hui-Ping , Jin Zuan-Ming , He Wei , Peng Yan ,   Terahertz Spectrum and Imaging Cooperative Innovation Center, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, Terahertz Technology Innovation Research Institute, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China,   Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,   State Key Laboratory of Magnetism, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Published: July 2024

Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging have many applications, so the generation of broadband terahertz radiation is very important, but now it faces some challenges. Opto-spintronic terahertz emitters, composed of nanometer-thin magnetic multilayer, can produce high-quality broad-band terahertz pulses. Integration of opto-spintronic terahertz emitters onto the silicon wafers is the first step towards their usage in modern photonic devices. In this work, Ta/CoFeB/Ir heterostructures are deposited on thermally oxidized silicon wafers by dc magnetron sputtering. Under the illumination of a femtosecond laser pulse on the Ta/CoFeB/Ir trilayer heterostructure grown on silicon substrate, a spin current can be generated in the ferromagnetic layer due to the ultrafast demagnetization. The spin current is transported and injected into the neighboring non-magnetic metal layers of Ta and Ir. Consequently, the spin current can be converted into the charge current due to the strong spin-orbit coupling. The sub-picosecond transient charge current gives rise to the terahertz radiation that enters into the free space. The terahertz electric field is fully inverted when the magnetization is reversed, which indicates a strong connection between THz radiation and spin order of the heterostructure. The THz radiation from Ta/CoFeB/Ir heterostructure covers the 0.1–2.5 THz frequency range with a maximum value of about 0.64 THz. We also investigate the dependence of THz peak-to-peak value on the pump fluence. The THz emission is found to be saturated at a pump fluence of ~0.73 mJ/cm2. Our results demonstrate the existence of the strong spin-orbit coupling in the heavy metal Ir. Furthermore, we optimize the THz emission from the Ta/CoFeB/Ir heterostructure by changing the thickness of Ir layer. According to the thickness dependence of THz emission from the heterostructure, the propagation length of the spin current at THz frequencies is extracted to be about (0.59±0.12) nm, which is shorter than the GHz experimental measurement (~1.34 nm). Our experimental observation is consistent with that in the antiferromagnet IrMn layer, which may be attributed to different transport regimes. Theoretically, the optimized thickness values for CoFeB and Ir layers are 2.4 nm and 1.1 nm, respectively.
Restoring cerebellar-dependent learning
Authors: Verpeut Jessica L
Published: July 2024

Behavioral and pharmaceutical interventions reverse defects associated with increased cerebellar long-term depression in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome.
The protein domains of vertebrate species in which selection is more effective have greater intrinsic structural disorder
Authors: Weibel Catherine A , Wheeler Andrew L , James Jennifer E , Willis Sara M , McShea Hanon , Masel Joanna
Published: July 2024

The nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution posits variation among species in the effectiveness of selection. In an idealized model, the census population size determines both this minimum magnitude of the selection coefficient required for deleterious variants to be reliably purged, and the amount of neutral diversity. Empirically, an “effective population size” is often estimated from the amount of putatively neutral genetic diversity and is assumed to also capture a species’ effectiveness of selection. A potentially more direct measure of the effectiveness of selection is the degree to which selection maintains preferred codons. However, past metrics that compare codon bias across species are confounded by among-species variation in %GC content and/or amino acid composition. Here we propose a new Codon Adaptation Index of Species (CAIS), based on Kullback-Leibler divergence, that corrects for both confounders. We demonstrate the use of CAIS correlations, as well as the Effective Number of Codons, to show that the protein domains of more highly adapted vertebrate species evolve higher intrinsic structural disorder
Translational regulation enhances distinction of cell types in the nervous system
Authors: Ichinose Toshiharu , Kondo Shu , Kanno Mai , Shichino Yuichi , Mito Mari , Iwasaki Shintaro , Tanimoto Hiromu
Published: July 2024

Multicellular organisms are composed of specialized cell types with distinct proteomes. While recent advances in single-cell transcriptome analyses have revealed differential expression of mRNAs, cellular diversity in translational profiles remains underinvestigated. By performing RNA-seq and Ribo-seq in genetically defined cells in the Drosophila brain, we here revealed substantial post-transcriptional regulations that augment the cell-type distinctions at the level of protein expression. Specifically, we found that translational efficiency of proteins fundamental to neuronal functions, such as ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, was maintained low in glia, leading to their preferential translation in neurons. Notably, distribution of ribosome footprints on these mRNAs exhibited a remarkable bias toward the 5′ leaders in glia. Using transgenic reporter strains, we provide evidence that the small upstream open-reading frames in the 5’ leader confer selective translational suppression in glia. Overall, these findings underscore the profound impact of translational regulation in shaping the proteomics for cell-type distinction and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms driving cell-type diversity.
Rifampicin tolerance and growth fitness among isoniazid-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates: an in-vitro longitudinal study
Authors: Vijay Srinivasan , Bao Nguyen Le Hoai , Vinh Dao Nguyen , Nhat Le Thanh Hoang , Thu Do Dang Anh , Quang Nguyen Le , Trieu Le Pham Tien , Nhung Hoang Ngoc , Ha Vu Thi Ngoc , Thai Phan Vuong Khac , Ha Dang Thi Minh , Lan Nguyen Huu , Caws Maxine , Thwaites Guy E , Javid Babak , Thuong Nguyen Thuy Thuong
Published: July 2024

Antibiotic tolerance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
leads to less effective bacterial killing, poor treatment responses and resistant emergence. Therefore, we investigated the rifampicin tolerance of
M. tuberculosis
isolates, with or without pre-existing isoniazid-resistance. We determined the
in-vitro
rifampicin survival fraction by minimum duration of killing assay in isoniazid susceptible (IS, n=119) and resistant (IR, n=84)
M. tuberculosis
isolates. Then we correlated the rifampicin tolerance with bacterial growth, rifampicin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and isoniazid-resistant mutations. The longitudinal IR isolates collected from patients were analyzed for changes in rifampicin tolerance and associated emergence of genetic variants. The median duration of rifampicin exposure reducing the
M. tuberculosis
surviving fraction by 90% (minimum duration of killing-MDK90) increased from 1.23 (95%CI 1.11; 1.37) and 1.31 (95%CI 1.14; 1.48) to 2.55 (95%CI 2.04; 2.97) and 1.98 (95%CI 1.69; 2.56) days, for IS and IR respectively, during 15 to 60 days of incubation. This indicated the presence of fast and slow growing tolerant sub-populations. A range of 6 log
10
-fold survival fraction enabled classification of tolerance as low, medium or high and revealed IR association with increased tolerance with faster growth (OR=2.68 for low vs. medium, OR=4.42 for low vs. high,
P
-trend=0.0003). The high tolerance in IR isolates was specific to those collected during rifampicin treatment in patients and associated with bacterial genetic microvariants. Furthermore, the high rifampicin tolerant IR isolates have survival potential similar to multi-drug resistant isolates. These findings suggest that IR tuberculosis needs to be evaluated for high rifampicin tolerance to improve treatment regimen and prevent the risk of MDR-TB emergence.
Specific and comprehensive genetic targeting reveals brain-wide distribution and synaptic input patterns of GABAergic axo-axonic interneurons
Authors: Raudales Ricardo , Kim Gukhan , Kelly Sean M , Hatfield Joshua , Guan Wuqiang , Zhao Shengli , Paul Anirban , Qian Yongjun , Li Bo , Huang Z Josh
Published: July 2024

Axo-axonic cells (AACs), also called chandelier cells (ChCs) in the cerebral cortex, are the most distinctive type of GABAergic interneurons described in the neocortex, hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala (BLA). AACs selectively innervate glutamatergic projection neurons (PNs) at their axon initial segment (AIS), thus may exert decisive control over PN spiking and regulate PN functional ensembles. However, the brain-wide distribution, synaptic connectivity, and circuit function of AACs remain poorly understood, largely due to the lack of specific and reliable experimental tools. Here, we have established an intersectional genetic strategy that achieves specific and comprehensive targeting of AACs throughout the mouse brain based on their lineage (Nkx2.1) and molecular (Unc5b, Pthlh) markers. We discovered that AACs are deployed across essentially all the pallium-derived brain structures, including not only the dorsal pallium-derived neocortex and medial pallium-derived hippocampal formation, but also the lateral pallium-derived claustrum–insular complex, and the ventral pallium-derived extended amygdaloid complex and olfactory centers. AACs are also abundant in anterior olfactory nucleus, taenia tecta, and lateral septum. AACs show characteristic variations in density across neocortical areas and layers and across subregions of the hippocampal formation. Neocortical AACs comprise multiple laminar subtypes with distinct dendritic and axonal arborization patterns. Retrograde monosynaptic tracing from AACs across neocortical, hippocampal, and BLA regions reveal shared as well as distinct patterns of synaptic input. Specific and comprehensive targeting of AACs facilitates the study of their developmental genetic program and circuit function across brain structures, providing a ground truth platform for understanding the conservation and variation of a bona fide cell type across brain regions and species.
The impact of different antimicrobial exposures on the gut microbiome in the ARMORD observational study
Authors: Peto Leon , Fawcett Nicola , Kamfose Musaiwale M , Scarborough Claire , Peniket Andy , Danby Robert , Peto Tim EA , Crook Derrick W , Llewelyn Martin J , Sarah Walker A
Published: July 2024

Better metrics to compare the impact of different antimicrobials on the gut microbiome would aid efforts to control antimicrobial resistance (AMR).The Antibiotic Resistance in the Microbiome – Oxford (ARMORD) study recruited inpatients, outpatients and healthy volunteers in Oxfordshire, UK, who provided stool samples for metagenomic sequencing. Data on previous antimicrobial use and potential confounders were recorded. Exposures to each antimicrobial were considered as factors in a multivariable linear regression, also adjusted for demographics, with separate analyses for those contributing samples cross-sectionally or longitudinally. Outcomes were Shannon diversity and relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa (
Enterobacteriaceae
,
Enterococcus
, and major anaerobic groups) and antimicrobial resistance genes (targeting beta-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and glycopeptides).225 adults were included in the cross-sectional analysis, and a subset of 79 patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant provided serial samples for longitudinal analysis. Results were largely consistent between the two sampling frames. Recent use of piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, intravenous co-amoxiclav and clindamycin were associated with large reductions in microbiome diversity and reduced abundance of anaerobes. Exposure to piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem were associated with a decreased abundance of
Enterobacteriaceae
, and an increased abundance of
Enterococcus
and major AMR genes, but there was no evidence that these antibiotics had a greater impact on microbiome diversity than iv co-amoxiclav or oral clindamycin. In contrast, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, antifungals and antivirals had less impact on microbiome diversity and selection of AMR genes.Simultaneous estimation of the impact of over 20 antimicrobials on the gut microbiome and AMR gene abundance highlighted important differences between individual drugs. Some drugs in the WHO Access group (co-amoxiclav, clindamycin) had similar magnitude impact on microbiome diversity to those in the Watch group (meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam) with potential implications for acquisition of resistant organisms. Metagenomic sequencing can be used to compare the impact of different antimicrobial agents and treatment strategies on the commensal flora.
A multiplex of connectome trajectories enables several connectivity patterns in parallel
Authors: Mostame Parham , Wirsich Jonathan , Alderson Thomas H , Ridley Ben , Giraud Anne-Lise , Carmichael David W , Vulliemoz Serge , Guye Maxime , Lemieux Louis , Sadaghiani Sepideh
Published: July 2024

Complex brain function comprises a multitude of neural operations in parallel and often at different speeds. Each of these operations is carried out across a network of distributed brain regions. How multiple distributed processes are facilitated in parallel is largely unknown. We postulate that such processing relies on a multiplex of dynamic network patterns emerging in parallel but from different functional connectivity (FC) timescales. Given the dominance of inherently slow fMRI in network science, it is unknown whether the brain leverages such multi-timescale network dynamics.We studied FC dynamics concurrently across a breadth of timescales (from infraslow to γ-range) in rare, simultaneously recorded intracranial EEG and fMRI in humans, and source-localized scalp EEG-fMRI data. We examined spatial and temporal convergence of connectome trajectories across timescales. ‘Spatial convergence’ refers to spatially similar EEG and fMRI connectome patterns, while ‘temporal convergence’ signifies the more specific case of spatial convergence at corresponding timepoints in EEG and fMRI.We observed spatial convergence but temporal divergence across FC timescales; connectome states (recurrent FC patterns) with partial spatial similarity were found in fMRI and all EEG frequency bands, but these occurred asynchronously across FC timescales. Our findings suggest that hemodynamic and frequency-specific electrophysiological signals, while involving similar large-scale networks, represent functionally distinct connectome trajectories that operate at different FC speeds and in parallel. This multiplex is poised to enable concurrent connectivity across multiple sets of brain regions independently.
PRR adjuvants restrain high stability peptides presentation on APCs
Authors: Li Bin , Zhang Jin , He Taojun , Yuan Hanmei , Wu Hui , Wang Peng , Wu Chao
Published: July 2024

Adjuvants can affect APCs function and boost adaptive immune responses post-vaccination. However, whether they modulate the specificity of immune responses, particularly immunodominant epitope responses, and the mechanisms of regulating antigen processing and presentation remain poorly defined. Here, using overlapping synthetic peptides, we screened the dominant epitopes of Th1 responses in mice post-vaccination with different adjuvants and found that the adjuvants altered the antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell immunodominant epitope hierarchy. MHC-II immunopeptidomes demonstrated that the peptide repertoires presented by APCs were significantly altered by the adjuvants. Unexpectedly, no novel peptide presentation was detected after adjuvant treatment, whereas peptides with high binding stability for MHC-II presented in the control group were missing after adjuvant stimulation, particularly in the MPLA- and CpG-stimulated groups. The low-stability peptide present in the adjuvant groups effectively elicited robust T-cell responses and formed immune memory. Collectively, our results suggest that adjuvants (MPLA and CpG) inhibit high-stability peptide presentation instead of revealing cryptic epitopes, which may alter the specificity of CD4+ T-cell-dominant epitope responses. The capacity of adjuvants to modify peptide–MHC (pMHC) stability and antigen-specific T-cell immunodominant epitope responses has fundamental implications for the selection of suitable adjuvants in the vaccine design process and epitope vaccine development.
Functional genomics reveals the mechanism of hypoxic adaptation in nontuberculous mycobacteria
Authors: Tateishi Yoshitaka , Ozeki Yuriko , Nishiyama Akihito , Morishige Yuta , Minato Yusuke , Baughn Anthony D , Matsumoto Sohkichi
Published: July 2024

Mycobacterium intracellulare
is a major etiological agent of the recently expanding
Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare
complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD). Therapeutic regimens that include a combination of macrolides and antituberculous drugs have been implemented with limited success. To identify novel targets for drug development that accommodate the genomic diversity of
M. avium–intracellulare
, we subjected eight clinical MAC-PD isolates and the type strain ATCC13950 to genome-wide profiling to comprehensively identify universally essential functions. Among these strains, we identified 131 shared essential or growth-defect-associated genes. Unlike the type strain, the clinical strains showed an increased requirement for genes involved in gluconeogenesis and the type VII secretion system under standard growth conditions, the same genes required for hypoxic pellicle-type biofilm formation in ATCC13950. Consistent with the central role of hypoxia in the evolution of
M. intracellulare
, the clinical MAC-PD strains showed more rapid adaptation to hypoxic growth than the type strain. Importantly, the increased essentiality of hypoxic fitness genes was confirmed in a mouse lung infection model. These findings confirm the concordant gene essentiality under hypoxic conditions
in vitro
and hypoxia-related conditions
in vivo
, and highlight the importance of using clinical strains and host-relevant growth conditions to identify high-value targets for drug development.
Alien Trees and Shrubs with the Complements Saksamaa (Germany) and Saksa (German) in Early Written Language and Folklore
Authors: Viikberg Jüri ,   Institute of the Estonian Language,Tallinn, Estonia, Sander Heldur , Kalle Raivo ,   Botanical Garden, Tallinn, Estonia,   Department of Folkloristics, Estonian Literary Museum, Tartu, Estonia
Published: July 2024

The study of alien species has become more and more relevant today. In particular, the influence of alien species on the local nature is studied, but more and more studies have also begun to appear on how alien species affect the local language and culture. In this article, we took a look at non-native trees and shrubs that have been called “Saksamaa” and “Saksa” [German]. Germany was synonymous with foreign countries in early literature. We investigated the motives behind the names given to these species, how long they were in circulation and how these names were later replaced. For this purpose, we studied lexicons, archival texts and historical literature. „German“ complemented plant names are most common in Estonian and Finnish – with fir, beech, larch, elder, Persian walnut tree, poplar, Swedish whitebeam and false spiraea coinciding. The prevalence of plant names can be divided into three: a) names found only in the early written word, which are absent in the oral tradition; b) vernacular plant names with the suffix “German” which were entered into dictionaries and supported by official terminology; c) individual fop names with the suffix “German” collected from the people. Alien species that were planted as fruit trees, ornamental trees, medicinal plants and forest trees were called by these names, but imported pharmaceutical drugs, fruits and wood were also called “German”. Mainly, non-ntive species were named after a local tree, to which “German” was added in front of the name. Later, those names were either replaced by adaptations of German plant names or new Estonian plant names were created. Several trees could be called by one name. For example, larches, firs and alien spruce species, which differed from the local spruce by the silvery colour of their needles, have been called the “German spruce”. In the 17th and 18th centuries, all foreign trees that were frost-resistant could be called “German trees.” Back in the 20th century, people spontaneously called foreign trees that were different from domestic trees by the names of “German”.
Integration of simulated annealing into pigeon inspired optimizer algorithm for feature selection in network intrusion detection systems
Authors: Huang Wanwei , Tian Haobin , Wang Sunan , Zhang Chaoqin , Zhang Xiaohui
Published: July 2024

In the context of the 5G network, the proliferation of access devices results in heightened network traffic and shifts in traffic patterns, and network intrusion detection faces greater challenges. A feature selection algorithm is proposed for network intrusion detection systems that uses an improved binary pigeon-inspired optimizer (SABPIO) algorithm to tackle the challenges posed by the high dimensionality and complexity of network traffic, resulting in complex models, reduced accuracy, and longer detection times. First, the raw dataset is pre-processed by uniquely one-hot encoded and standardized. Next, feature selection is performed using SABPIO, which employs simulated annealing and the population decay factor to identify the most relevant subset of features for subsequent review and evaluation. Finally, the selected subset of features is fed into decision trees and random forest classifiers to evaluate the effectiveness of SABPIO. The proposed algorithm has been validated through experimentation on three publicly available datasets: UNSW-NB15, NLS-KDD, and CIC-IDS-2017. The experimental findings demonstrate that SABPIO identifies the most indicative subset of features through rational computation. This method significantly abbreviates the system’s training duration, enhances detection rates, and compared to the use of all features, minimally reduces the training and testing times by factors of 3.2 and 0.3, respectively. Furthermore, it enhances the F1-score of the feature subset selected by CPIO and Boost algorithms when compared to CPIO and XGBoost, resulting in improvements ranging from 1.21% to 2.19%, and 1.79% to 4.52%.
Multimodal multi-objective optimization algorithm based on hierarchical environment selection strategy
Authors: Wang Xiao , Wang Dan , Zhou Jincheng
Published: July 2024

The article proposes an optimization algorithm using a hierarchical environment selection strategyto solve the deficiencies of current multimodal multi-objective optimization algorithms in obtaining the completeness and convergence of Pareto optimal Sets (PSs). Firstly, the algorithm in this article is framed by a differential evolutionary algorithm (DE) and uses a special crowding distance to design a neighborhood-based individual variation strategy, which also ensures the diversity, and then special crowding distance is used to help populations with non-dominated sorting. In the stage of environmental selection, a strategy of hierarchical selection of individuals was designed, which selects sorted non-dominant ranked individual layer by layer according to the ratio, which allows potential individuals tobe explored. Finally, in the stage of evolution of individuals, the convergence and diversity of populations were investigated, anddifferent mutation strategies were selectedaccording to the characteristics of individuals. DE reproduction strategies are used for iteration, preventing individuals from avoiding premature convergence and ensuring the algorithm’s searchability. These strategies help the algorithm to obtain more diverse and uniformly distributed PSs and Pareto Front (PF). The algorithm of this article compares with several other excellent algorithms on 13 test problems, and the test results show that all the algorithms of this article exhibit superior performance.
Digital Inclusive Finance Helps Green Industry in Fujian Province Development
Authors: LI Rongling , Wang Jun
Published: July 2024

Aims: Digital inclusive finance, as a combination of modern technology and financial services, has developed rapidly in recent years. This new financial model has not only changed the traditional way of providing financial services, but also profoundly affected all aspects of economic and social development. The report of the 18th CPC National Congress made the important decision of "vigorously promoting the construction of ecological civilization " from the strategic height of the sustainable development of the Chinese nation. China's green industry has ushered in a new phase of rapid development. As an important province on the southeast coast of China, Fujian Province, with rich natural resources and vast rural areas, is an important region to promote the development of green industry.
Methodology: In this paper, the green industry index of nine prefecture-level cities in Fujian Province from 2011 to 2021 is selected as the explanatory variable, and the development level of digital inclusive finance is taken as the core explanatory variable to explore the impact of digital inclusive finance on the development of green industry in Fujian Province.
Results: According to the multiple linear regression, it is found that the level of green industry development is positively correlated with the level of digital inclusive finance development at the 1% significant level, i.e., digital inclusive finance helps to promote the development of green industry in Fujian Province.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, the paper puts forward the following recommendations: through the provision of low-cost financing, innovative financial products, digitalized payments and settlements, popularisation of financial education, and the promotion of cooperation, digital inclusive finance can effectively support the development of the green industry. This not only helps to achieve the goal of environmentally sustainable development, but also promotes economic growth, creates employment opportunities and enhances social well-being.
A comprehensive Review of Food Dehydration and Its Application in Aquatic Food Products
Authors: Padmanaban Santhosh , Karunanithi Masilan , Nagarajan Muralidharan , Davidson Arun Jenish , Vedachalam Santhiya
Published: July 2024

Dehydrated foods are the most stable food in the food preservation realm. Food dehydration is preferred as the most effective and intricate process within the realm of food processing. Employing methods such as hot air/heated surfaces, this method reduces the water content from various food items, consequently reducing their water activity and make the food item more stable. The primary objective is to hinder microbial growth and enzyme activity, thereby extending the shelf-life. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the dehydration process can potentially compromise both the quality and nutrition. This necessitates a thoughtful approach in the design and operation of dehydration equipment. Various dehydration methods have been developed based on the nature of food and to attain the desired physico-chemical, nutritional, and sensory alterations.
Dry Leaf Biomass Stability of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) Clones over Different Environments
Authors: Yadav Niketa , Singh Satbeer , Chauhan Ramesh , Kumar Ashok , Pal Probir Kumar , Singh Sanatsujat
Published: July 2024

In order to identify stable high-yielding stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) genotypes, a multi-environment testing was conducted over four different growing environments. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design, with three replications during 2019 and 2020. The combined analysis of variance showed significant variation for genotype, environment, and G×E interaction for all studied traits. The highest mean performance for all the traits revealed that Hoshiarpur has favorable conditions for stevia cultivation, and CSIR-IHBT-ST-1801 followed by CSIR-IHBT-ST-G12 were the best performers over all the locations. The Eberhart and Russell model-based stability parameters demonstrated that CSIR-IHBT-ST-1801 was a stable performer for dry leaf biomass, and that was also further confirmed by GGE biplot analysis. Primary shoots were major contributors to the dry leaf biomass, as indicated by the substantial positive leaf biomass contribution shown by Pearson's correlation coefficients. As a result, primary shoots might be utilized as selection criteria to increase the dry leaf biomass. The CSIR-IHBT-ST-1801 could be used as a stable high-yielding variety for the targeted regions and also, can be used for further stevia breeding programs.
Mechanisms of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes from Bacillus methylotrophicus and Bacillus subtilis in Suppressing Foliar Blight Pathogens
Authors: Saini Neha , Sahgal Manvika , Singh Ajay Veer
Published: July 2024

Bacillus strains are potent Biocontrol agents (BCAs) and have been identified as an effective way to control the growth of phytopathogens of wheat. Through a direct inhibition mechanism which involves the production of cell wall degrading enzymes (proteases, glucanase, and chitinases) and siderophores they suppress the foliar blight disease. Both the strains of Bacillus P10 and UP11 shows growth inhibition Alternaria triticina (77.56%, 67.83%) and Bipolaris sorokiniana (73.97%, 62.16%) through a dual culture assay. These strains were subsequently examined for their ability to produce cell wall-degrading enzymes i.e., chitinase, protease, and β-1,3-glucanases and antifungal metabolites i.e., siderophores. It was found that when the antagonist’s bacteria were Co-cultured with fungal pathogens then maximum production of hydrolytic enzymes and siderophore was achieved at 96 hrs, but when both strains P10 and UP11 were alone maximum production was found at 48 hrs i.e., the exponential phase. The current study determined that Bacillus methylotrophicus (P10) and Bacillus subtilis (UP11) are highly effective strain for controlling Foliar Blight disease. Direct or Antibiosis is the main mechanism involved in this study. Further research on the interaction mechanisms between Bacillus-derived compounds and host plants is necessary.
Pembuatan Pola dan Purwarupa Digital Menggunakan CLO 3D sebagai Langkah Berkelanjutan dalam Industri Fashion
Authors: Renaningtyas Luri , Tedjokoesoemo Purnama E. D. , Krisentia Viona
Published: July 2024

Revolusi 4.0 membawa perubahan industri menjadi lebih cepat dan instan, dikarenakan semuanya dilakukan dengan mengandalkan teknologi. Salah satunya adalah industri fashion yang dekat dengan trend, di mana pengusaha dituntut untuk selalu terdepan dan tanggap dalam memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen dengan cepat. Penggunaan perangkat lunak simulasi jahit 3D seperti CLO, memungkinkan pembuatan pola master dilakukan secara virtual tanpa perlu ada penggunaan bahan kain, mengingat fashion sebagai salah satu industri penyumbang limbah kain terbesar. Pola tersebut kemudian disimulasikan pada avatar yang ukurannya dapat disesuaikan setara dengan size grading standar industri yaitu S, M dan L. Bahkan desainer dapat menentukan bentuk desainnya, serta memilih bahan dan warna garmen yang akan dipakai, sehingga langsung bisa didapatkan contoh produknya. Proses instan ini memangkas ‘time to market’ dari produsen ke konsumen atau mem­percepat waktu produksi langsung ke tahap penjualan. Dalam penelitian ini alur kerja produksi secara teknis ditunjukkan dengan membahas pembuatan pola dan purwarupa digital desain busana multi-look ‘Vanya’ kolaborasi abdimas dengan proyek tugas akhir strata 1 program Fashion Design dan Tekstil. Tujuan artikel ini adalah sebagai pengenalan edukatif baik bagi bidang usaha maupun akademisi mengenai manfaat teknologi desain 3D terhadap industri fashion yang dapat menjadi alternatif berkelanjutan.
Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: July 2024

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Inorganic Membrane Filtration, Modeling Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
Authors: Xing Weihong , Li Weixing , Fan Yiqun , Jin Wanqin , Xu Nanping
Published: September 2013

Inorganic membranes for microfiltration and ultrafiltration are mainly ceramic based. Ceramic membranes are sintered with metal oxide powders, and the pores formed among particles provide the separation media. This article presents a basic framework for modeling microfiltration and ultrafiltration and to optimize the membrane design. Here, the relationship between water permeability and membrane microstructure parameters (pore size, thickness, and porosity) was built up. Then, the model was developed for microfiltration and ultrafiltration of micrometer‐sized and nanosized particle suspensions, respectively. The predicted results show good agreement with experimental data of filtration flux with time.
Inorganic Membranes
Authors: Liu Shaomin , Tan Xiaoyao , Li Kang
Published: September 2013

This article discusses the research and development of inorganic membranes and their applications for liquid or gas separations. The general characteristics of the inorganic membranes and their historical development are introduced first followed by a brief description on the membrane morphology, preparation, and characterization. Compared to the established applications in the areas of liquid phase or particle separation, the development of inorganic membranes for gas separation is relatively new, with a more complex mechanism behind the separation and transport behavior, and therefore is the emphasis of this article. An overview of various microporous membranes including silica, zeolite, and carbon membranes and dense inorganic membranes in terms of solid oxide membranes, dual‐phase membranes, and palladium‐based metal membranes for gas separations, their relevant gas transport mechanisms, and future challenges are presented.
Stimuli‐Responsive Membranes
Authors: Wee Kin‐Ho , Bai Renbi
Published: September 2013

Recent advances in design and preparation of stimuli‐responsive membranes (SRMs), and their uses in areas such as molecular filtration, engineering separation, controlled capture/release, etc. are presented and critically assessed in this article. The underlying principles for actualization and response of various types of SRMs are first reviewed, with respect to their constituent stimuli‐responsive polymers or chemical functionality. Then, the various membrane preparation methods and processes that facilitate the incorporation of the stimuli‐responsive polymers, molecules, or additives to alter the membrane properties (e.g., permeability and selectivity) are discussed, in response to either the change in environmental conditions (e.g., solution pH and temperature) or the presence of an externally applied field (e.g., electric field, magnetic field). Design parameters that play important roles in shaping the manner and extent at which the trigger response from SRMs is actualized are also discussed and elucidated. Potential engineering applications that integrate such novel membranes or associated systems are also presented to illustrate their vast potential in tackling various health and sustainability issues.
Constitutional Dynameric Networks for Membranes
Authors: Barboiu Mihail
Published: September 2013

Modular strategies for the fabrication of organic frameworks, in which the diffusional solutes (ions, water, molecules, or gas molecules) mutually interact within specific transport pathways, can be employed for the fabrication of constitutional dynameric membranes. The combination of low molecular monomers with core connector centers results in the formation of glassy organic frameworks/rubbery organic frameworks (GOFs/ROFs) for dynameric materials with improved/tunable mass transfer functions. The dynamic polymers, or
dynamers
, generated from reversibly covalent/noncovalent interacting monomers, offer the possibility of addressing these issues.

The dynamic covalent (dynameric), metallodynameric, and supramolecular/dynameric membranes presented here, combining molecular and supramolecular features, may provide a pathway to achieve the molecular limit for the construction of membranes with high diffusional behaviors. Dynameric membranes can be used to push the limit toward the control of gas‐ or ion‐selective transport through constitutional networks, finely tuned at the molecular level.
Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity
Authors: McKeown Neil B. , Budd Peter M.
Published: September 2013

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are emerging as promising materials for making organic membranes. PIMs are high free volume polymers that behave as classical microporous materials as demonstrated by gas adsorption, despite lacking a network of covalent bonds. However, unlike network‐based microporous materials, they have the advantage of being soluble in organic solvents and are solution processable into forms suitable for membrane fabrication. The intrinsic microporosity of PIMs arises from the contorted shape and rigidity of the component macromolecules, which prevents space‐efficient packing. Here, the methods of synthesis of PIMs of relevance to membrane studies are described and important methods of characterizing intrinsic microporosity, such as gas absorption, are outlined and structure‐property relationships explained. Finally, the research on PIMs as membrane materials for organic nanofiltration, pervaporation, and particularly gas and vapor separations, are described.
Silica Colloidal Nanoporous Membranes
Authors: Khabibullin Amir , Zharov Ilya
Published: September 2013

This article describes the preparation and surface modification of nanoporous membranes based on silica colloidal crystals. Silica spheres form close‐packed face‐centered cubic (fcc) lattices with ordered arrays of interconnected nanopores upon vertical deposition from colloidal solutions. Silica colloidal membranes can be prepared on various solid supports and suspended in glass or silicon support. Freestanding silica colloidal membranes can be obtained by sintering above 1000 °C. Silica colloidal membranes have a highly ordered geometry; they are capable of size‐selective transport and can be surface‐modified in a well‐defined and controlled manner with small molecules and polymers. The surface modification can be achieved using silanol chemistry, and polymer brushes with narrow mass distribution and controlled length can be formed on the nanopore surface using atom transfer radical polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization. The transport in the resulting nanoporous membranes can be controlled by pH and ionic strength, temperature, light, and small molecule binding. Proton‐conducting silica colloidal membranes can be prepared by surface modification with sulfonated polymer brushes.
Membrane Characterization
Authors: Bernstein Roy , Kaufman Yair , Freger Viatcheslav
Published: September 2013

This article presents an overview of currently used principles, materials, and instrumentation for characterization of membranes. This includes conventional and advanced methods for examination of chemical and physical characteristics, morphology and porosity of membranes, transport characteristics for neutral solutes and electrolytes, surface properties, and propensity to fouling. The emphasis is given to modern techniques with highest resolution and sensitivity. The most important types of instruments and model systems used in membrane characterization are explained and illustrated by representative examples. Aspects specific to characterization of dense composites for pressure‐driven and gas separations, porous membranes, and ion‐selective membranes are discussed in detail.
Porosity
Authors: Calvo José Ignacio , Bottino Aldo , Prádanos Pedro , Palacio Laura , Hernández Antonio
Published: September 2013

This article details the most important techniques used to characterize membrane porosity and pore size distribution. A variety of methods that provide direct and indirect information about the pores' structure, distribution, and morphology are overviewed, including microscopy‐based techniques, solute retention test and modeling, dusty gas model, picnometry, permporometry, thermoporometry, gas adsorption‐desorption, and displacement porosimetry.
Microfiltration
Authors: Chellam Shankararaman
Published: September 2013

Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration are popular in drinking water and wastewater treatment because integral membranes are absolute barriers for difficult‐to‐inactivate pathogenic protozoa, and the turbidity of membrane‐filtered water is well below current and anticipated regulations. The focus of this section is to provide a broad overview of MF from an environmental engineering viewpoint, including its capabilities and limitations, as it pertains to water and wastewater treatment, configuration and field testing of commercially available systems before full‐scale implementation, and mechanisms and control of fouling. Other industrial applications of microfiltration are also briefly discussed. Constant pressure and constant flux blocking laws to predict fouling mechanisms during dead‐end MF are briefly summarized. The use of chemical coagulation and electrochemical pretreatment to improve MF performance in terms of both fouling and filtered water quality (with respect to natural organic matter, disinfection by‐product precursors, and viruses) is also discussed.
Ultrafiltration
Authors: Kilduff James E.
Published: September 2013

Ultrafiltration processes are widely used in water treatment and are critical in many industries including dairy processing, fruit juice clarification, electrodeposition of paint, and production, purification, and formulation of biotechnology products. This article discusses the features of ultrafiltration processes that make them attractive for such applications and discusses the considerations involved in selecting membranes and choosing process configurations. The physical and chemical phenomena that govern the performance of ultrafiltration processes (including flux and separation efficiency) are reviewed, providing a foundation for effective and efficient process design. Fouling and membrane cleaning are discussed to provide a basis for assuring the long‐term sustainability of ultrafiltration processes.
Hybrid Processes Combining Sorption and Membrane Filtration
Authors: Kabay Nalan , Bryjak Marek
Published: September 2013

Different separations have been used for various environmental applications in industry. Selective separations for the target species and fast kinetics are among the most important criteria to select the most suitable separation process. A hybrid process combines elements of two or more traditional separation processes into one. The main benefits of hybrid processes are lower energy consumption than conventional systems, lower recycle stream, higher yields, and higher sustainability. The main goal of this article is to classify the membrane‐based hybrid processes described in the literature. The attempt to introduce such hybrid processes, especially sorption‐membrane filtration hybrid method, as an alternative means for environmental cleanup is the second goal. These processes were elucidated by modeling and construction of such systems through some case studies.
Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Song Lianfa , Liu Cui , Liang Shuang
Published: September 2013

Recent theoretical progresses in the reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process were reviewed. The long RO channel as commonly used in desalination applications was modeled as a heterogeneous system in which the permeate velocity, crossflow velocity, and salt concentration are all variables along the membrane channel. Concentration polarization and energy consumptions in such a heterogeneous RO channel were rigorously quantified and analyzed. Examples were provided for the demonstrations or illustrations of the theoretical developments.
Pressure‐Retarded Osmosis
Authors: Childress Amy E. , Achilli Andrea
Published: September 2013

There is a natural tendency for salt solutions to be diluted by freshwater. This natural force appears as osmotic pressure. One process of capturing the energy released from the mixing of freshwater with saltwater is pressure‐retarded osmosis (PRO). In PRO, water from a low salinity solution permeates through a membrane into a pressurized, high salinity solution; effectively transforming water chemical potential into hydraulic head (i.e., potential energy). The combination of increased interest in renewable and sustainable sources of power production and the recent progress in membrane science has led to a spike in PRO interest in the past decade. This interest culminated in the first experimental “river‐to‐sea” PRO installation, which opened in Norway in 2009. Additional applications of PRO, including reverse osmosis (RO)–PRO systems and osmotic heat engines have since gained attention. Although river‐to‐sea PRO has the potential to be a reliable source of base‐load power, the higher salinity gradient available for power production in RO–PRO systems is likely to make them a more promising component of an alternative energy portfolio. While RO–PRO systems are in the early stages of development, the possibility of PRO to enable significant energy reductions in RO energy costs are driving interest in these systems. For all applications, development of optimized and inexpensive PRO membranes is necessary.

This article will provide the theoretical foundation of the PRO process as well as the state of the art of the membranes used in this process. It will also outline the development of the river‐to‐sea PRO, RO–PRO, and osmotic heat engine systems and discuss their capabilities, limitations, and future as alternative energy sources.
Reverse Electrodialysis
Authors: Burheim Odne S. , Pharoah Jon G. , Vermaas David , Sales Bruno B. , Nijmeijer Kitty , Hamelers Hubertus V. M.
Published: September 2013

Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) is an electrochemical membrane process that utilizes the free energy of mixing two solutions of different composition. The most commonly envisioned application is the mixing of seawater and river water at river deltas around the world. RED for mixing seawater and river water thus constitutes a renewable source for electric power production close to many urban regions. The worldwide potential is estimated to hold an average output in the order of as much as 2 TW.

In this article, we have summarized the most important developments for RED since it was first discovered in 1954. RED represents a highly interdisciplinary research field and does not include membrane development alone. Challenges related to fluid mechanics, electrochemistry of electrodes, and traditional chemical engineering also constitute substantial parts of the research area for RED development. All these topics are discussed in this article.