bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Roots of Engagement
Authors: Arce Moisés , Hendricks Michael S. , Polizzi Marc S.
Published: October 2022

Studies of resource conflicts emphasize the structural characteristics of mining projects and the strategies of pro- and anti-mining groups in the context of large-scale mining. In this book, we take a different approach that looks at individuals living near proposed mines. We argue and show that individuals are drawn to their communities in different ways. Some of them participate in local organizations more than others, and this social engagement sets them apart from each other when it comes to their views and later demands about mining. By participating in local organizations, individuals gain critical information about the threats posed by mining as well as resources to address community concerns. Participation in local organizations also emboldens individuals to challenge industry and/or government actors seeking to expand resource extraction. And finally, participation in local organizations imparts a community worldview that allows community members to see themselves as being in the same boat, thus also rejecting proposals that jeopardize existing community livelihoods. Individuals who are less socially engaged, in contrast, are more open to embracing the opportunities about mining coming from industry and/or government actors. They apply greater weight to the importance of resource extraction to the nation and their own pocketbooks. These individuals are more likely to express supportive views about mining. The book examines this variation in individual attitudes in three sites characterized by protracted mining conflicts in Peru, Nicaragua, and South Africa. Fieldwork and original surveys in host communities near proposed mines support these findings.
Solving Social Dilemmas
Authors: Congleton Roger D.
Published: October 2022

Solving Social Dilemmas demonstrates that social, political, and economic progress occurs when ethical dispositions evolve in a manner that solves or ameliorates social dilemmas. That process can account for the emergence of prosperous societies in the West during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. To support that claim, two analytical histories are developed. The first uses elementary game theory to illustrate how a series of critical social dilemmas can be solved by internalized ethical ideas about “proper” or “moral” conduct. Without such solutions, commercial societies would not have emerged. The second analytical history surveys three centuries of ethical assessments of the proper role of commerce in a good life and good society. The authors reviewed reveal that reservations about the effects of markets on ethical dispositions were diminishing during the centuries leading up to the great acceleration of commerce in the West during the nineteenth century. Together, the two narratives imply that shifts in norms directly and indirectly account for the relative prosperity of the West compared to other parts of the World during the twentieth century.
Ethics and Neoclassical Price Theory
Authors: Congleton Roger D.
Published: October 2022

Chapter 4 shows how one can bring ethical dispositions into mainstream neoclassical models of price determination, labor markets, and social equilibria. It shows how a subset of ethical dispositions affect average product quality and thereby affect the demands for labor with and without such dispositions. Changes in real wages, in turn, tend to affect the development of ethical dispositions. These implicitly alter the wage premiums paid to persons with productive ethical dispositions, and thereby increase incentives to invest in the virtues being rewarded and diminish incentives to acquire virtues not being rewarded or being penalized. This suggests that markets and community ethos tend to coevolve, although ethical dispositions change more slowly than market prices. Modest extensions of conventional diagrams from elementary economics courses are used throughout the chapter.
Classical Liberalism, Ethics, and Commerce
Authors: Congleton Roger D.
Published: October 2022

The eighteenth century was a period of major innovation in social science and ethical theory. Montesquieu developed a new theory of law and of constitutional design. Adam Smith developed a new psychologically grounded theory of ethics and a new more integrated economic theory. Kant, among other contributions, suggested another view of ethical theory grounded in duty. And Bentham—whose work is reviewed in the next chapter—proposed a return to the Aristotelian foundation of ethics—as rules and behavior that tend to maximize happiness for all (aggregate utility). This chapter provides short overviews of these developments and also reviews the more applied and widely read contributions by Franklin and Bastiat.
Philosophical perspectives and theories about creative self-expression and well-being
Authors: Kaimal Girija
Published: October 2022

Continuing from the initial framework presented in Chapter 1, this chapter focuses on the philosophical and theoretical perspectives of creative expression and how they have been conceptualized as a part of human development. Creative expression is a natural extension of our brain’s innate wiring to imagine an inherently uncertain future. This uncertainty and how it manifests in our social, emotional and relational options and choices sets us on our journey of discovery about self-expression, creative self-expression, art-making, and what it means for us as human beings. Self-expression through metaphor becomes the artistic way to externalize and connect with ourselves and with others. This chapter presents some salient theoretical perspectives on creativity as it relates to self-expression, well-being, and exercising the imagination.
Evoking the protector within
Authors: Kaimal Girija
Published: October 2022

The previous chapters delineated some of the evolutionary aspects of creative self-expression, especially how it relates to receptive and expressive experiences in the brain and body. Most research to date has focused on receptive experiences, such as those that involve viewing or experiencing art and expressive experiences. Less has been done on experiences related to creating or making an art product. Questions related to the impact on our psychological and physiological states when we create remain largely unanswered and continue to intrigue researchers. However, evidence of the interconnections between physical health and psychological well-being is mounting. This chapter focuses on neurobiological changes such as those tracked in neurotransmitters, neuroinflammation (markers of infection in the body), and hormones and how they are associated with different psychological and emotional experiences, especially those involving the creative expressive process.
Creative self-expression by ourselves and with others
Authors: Kaimal Girija
Published: October 2022

The experiences of traveling alone are different from those of journeying with others. Bringing this analogy to art-making, there are differences between art-making by ourselves and creating with or in the presence of others. There are also different professionals, such as art educators, arts-in-health professionals, and art therapists, who serve this facilitative role in society. This chapter discusses how these varied contexts of self-expression contribute to our development and well-being in life. The author offers a theory, Adaptive Response Theory, that explains how self-expression is an adaptive response that offers different outcomes and benefits based on the level of adversity and our ability to cope. This power is harnessed in professions like art therapy.
When words are not enough
Authors: Kaimal Girija
Published: October 2022

The developmental years of childhood and youth form the structure of our lives, including our worldview, self-perceptions, and approaches to challenges and ongoing stressors in life. Although we need stressors to grow our muscles of resilience and strength, some kinds of stress strengthen us and other kinds can be developmentally hurtful and unhelpful. Adversities that occur during the developmental years can fundamentally alter children’s perceptions of self and complicate perceptions of danger and safety in self and others. The period of childhood and adolescence offers opportunities to embed resilience and help children and youth learn creative tools and strategies to manage and process experiences as they approach emerging adulthood. Using examples from school settings, pediatric cancer clinics, and humanitarian work, I review in this chapter how authentic self-expression can promote physical and mental health among children and youth.
Private Debts in Classical Greece
Authors: Hinsch Moritz
Published: October 2022

Private debts in classical Greece present an apparent paradox. Why was the notion that “one must pay one’s debts” considered both a bond of social cohesion and a cause of civil strife? And why are so few full-blown debt crises on record, although debts were pervasive aspects of life? Classical Greece presents a useful case study to test and modify Graeber’s stimulating claims about the role of debt in Axial-Age societies. The chapter argues that the effective meaning of the notion that “one must pay one’s debts” depended on the prevalent structures of trust, power, and economic opportunity in society. Far from being just another tool of exploitation in the hands of the powerful, the consensus that one must pay one’s debts underpinned commercial cooperation between groups of different status and occupation. In classical Greece, a large segment of the free population escaped the vicious circle of peasant indebtedness amply documented for other premodern societies because the social ecology of a Mediterranean city-state culture offered non-elite citizens opportunities to thwart exploitation and escape poverty. The privileges and opportunities of the free population had their limits, however. Direct economic help was restricted to citizens and remained narrowly circumscribed in extent. If tensions about the accumulation of private debts did not turn into full-blown crises more often, one reason was that the same advantages that protected citizens from overburdening debt also weakened solidarity with those who got crushed by its weight.
Monetization, Marketization, and State Formation
Authors: Weisweiler John
Published: October 2022

This chapter looks at the later Roman state (the Mediterranean world and western Europe in the period from the later third to the early fifth centuries CE) through the prism of David Graeber’s theory. In this period, tax rates increased, and the size of the imperial administration expanded substantially. It has often been thought that this strengthening of state power reduced the scope for market exchange. Yet recent archaeological evidence has decisively refuted such theories. In many regions of the Roman Empire, monetization and inter-regional exchange reached levels not seen in previous periods of ancient history. How to explain this apparent paradox? Graeber’s insistence on the link between state formation, metal currency, and the formation of impersonal markets may help to make sense of these developments. The late antique strengthening of state power did not curb the dynamism of the Mediterranean economy but promoted an extension of market logics to new fields of life. In particular, the introduction of a new “hard” gold currency, the solidus, and the imposition of a new taxation system promoted an increase in monetization and a further expansion of commodity markets.
After the Axial Age
Authors: Rio Alice
Published: October 2022

The medieval era plays a crucial role in David Graeber’s Debt, where it represents a return to milder, virtual credit after the cash-centered debt spirals of the Axial Age. This makes the European early Middle Ages a clear moment of transition from one end of the spectrum in the logic of debt to the other. Graeber, though, does not engage with it much explicitly. This chapter tries to think through what the period looks like when it is asked the questions put forward by Graeber and finds much there that actually fits his model rather well. Where it fits the surviving evidence least well is when it comes to consequences: The early medieval case shows that virtual, community-based credit could have consequences as harsh as state-driven, cash-based credit processes.
Afterword
Authors: Hart Keith
Published: October 2022

The breakout from agrarian civilization was led by urban middle-class elements in a few European places. For a thousand years bce, class coalitions based, respectively, on property in land and money slugged it out for control of Mediterranean society. The world today can be summarized as a two-class model. A rich, mainly White, aging minority is surrounded by people who are a lot poorer, darker in color, and much younger. A stagnant Western elite is about to be replaced by a majority from whom it is separated by cultural arrogance and ingrained practices of social exclusion. The institutions of agrarian civilization, developed over five millennia to extract wealth from an unfree rural workforce, are, in form if not in content, our institutions today: territorial states, landed property, warfare, racism, varieties of slavery, embattled cities, money as currency and credit, long-distance trade, an emphasis on work, world religion, and the nuclear family—all of this to preserve gross inequality. Human society has never been modern. It is comprised of primitives who stumbled recently into a machine revolution and cannot think what to do with it beyond repeating the inhumanity of a society built unequally on agriculture. Humanity is caught between the machine revolution and agrarian institutions, and the combination is potentially lethal. The Afterword ends with a fuller account of David Graeber’s Debt: The First 5,000 Years, which inspired this volume.
Introduction
Authors: Pindyck Robert S.
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the book’s basic arguments. It explains that despite our best efforts, it is not realistic to expect global GHG emissions to fall fast enough to prevent substantial global warming, which can result in rising sea levels and more severe and frequent hurricanes. In addition to reducing emissions, we need to invest now in various forms of adaptation, both public and private, in order to reduce the possible impact of climate change. Examples of adaptation include changes to the crops we plant, avoiding construction of homes in flood-prone areas, construction of sea walls and levee, and solar geoengineering.
Introduction to Qualitative Interviewing
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: October 2022

Chapter 1 gives an overview of the variegated landscape of qualitative interviewing. Qualitative interviewing has today become a key method in the human and social sciences and many other corners of the scientific landscape, such as education and the health sciences. After recounting the history of interviewing in the human and social sciences, the chapter summarizes the central epistemological and theoretical positions on interviewing. Particular attention is given to the complementary positions of experience-focused interviewing (phenomenological positions) and language-focused interviewing (discourse-oriented positions), which focus respectively on interview talk as reports (of the experiences of interviewees) and accounts (occasioned by the situation of interviewing).
Writing Up the Methods Section
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: October 2022

Chapter 4 is about how to write up the methodological procedures of an interview study. The most general rule across paradigmatic differences is: Describe what you have done and why. After describing the elements that commonly figure in interview reports (e.g., journal articles and dissertations), the chapter presents three ways of thinking about the methods section: as a prelude to presenting the analyses and findings, as a postscript to the text, and as embedded and integrated in the text. Also discussed is how to deal with the fact that in qualitative interviewing, the researcher is the most important “instrument” for producing knowledge. A good methods section should address this “instrument,” while other parts of the methods section can be more mechanical.
Seeing Is Believing
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

Julian of Norwich is the mother of feminist thinking about God. She writes from one emblematic event, her visions of Jesus experienced on May 8, 1373. The imagery of her visions is colored by the familiar presence of plague. Her book is a true memoir because it sustains a narrative thread. All that she observes is small in comparison with the magnitude of God’s love—e.g., the world as a hazelnut. Such love rules out damnation and hell. God is not an angry Daddy but our loving Mother. Her mantra is “All will be well,” a timeless consolation. She nurtures her vision for decades as an anchoress in the Church of St. Julian where she offers blessings to many, including her neighbor Margery Kempe. Margery, too, is a prophet, but public, bawdy, and given to loud fits of crying. She visits Julian in her anchorhold and receives pastoral consolation.
A Life for the Poor
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

In Dorothy Day’s The Long Loneliness, one woman’s story mirrors decades of American history: the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and World War II—all of it viewed through the prism of a life given in service to the poor. The unforgiving density of her world, with its poverty, war, and social radicalism, creates the central metaphor of the book, which is the author’s personal loneliness. She writes, as it were, from the confessional, and her conversion to radical Catholicism lies at her book’s center. By the end of her autobiography, she has accomplished much—and has given up even more: marriage, family, and personal desires. Her story sparkles with characters—her unfeeling father, siblings, fledgling literati (such as Eugene O’Neill), daughter Tamar, but most of all her mentor, Peter Maurin. All contribute to what she calls “the miracle of our continuance.” She will be a saint.
Autobiography as Exorcism
Authors: Lischer Richard
Published: October 2022

James Baldwin is a nomadic Christian. He serves the twentieth-century church by exorcizing it of its demons. He also exorcizes America of the same demon—racism—and himself of much sorrow and a soul full of Harlem memories. Exorcism is fundamental to the New Testament’s portrait of Jesus. It is a historic office of the church. Once a boy preacher, Baldwin performs the office faithfully. Everything Baldwin wrote was about himself—his need for love and his fury over racism. He wrote many autobiographical collections, the most famous being Notes of a Native Son and The Fire Next Time, which first appeared in fictional form in Go Tell It on the Mountain. Both tell the story of his conversion to Christianity and his escape from the church’s clutches. He never stopped running. An expatriate in France and Turkey, much of what the church gave him he carried with him forever.
To What Effect?
Authors: Gallagher Janice K.
Published: October 2022

Chapter 6 employs the United Nations Principles to combat impunity to help explain the gains that have been made in terms of rights to justice, truth, reparations, and non-recurrence in Mexico. It discusses the judicial outcomes of sustained mobilization by looking at the achievements and limitations of the leading human rights NGO in Nuevo León as well the judicial status of the cases of the three families profiled in this book. It examines the role of sustained mobilization in the passage of the Victims’ Law (2013), which is focused on reparations to victims, and the Law on Enforced Disappearance (2017), which promises progress on the right to truth and non-recurrence if fully implemented. Finally, it assesses the evolution of the victims’ movement—arguing that advances in available movement resources and repertoires of contention have shifted the accountability terrain for victims of violence in Mexico.
Colossians, Ephesians, and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: October 2022

As in the acknowledged Pauline letters, so in the deutero-Pauline literature Jesus is both “Lord” and “Son of God.” The difference between these letters and the acknowledged Paulines is chiefly a matter of the so-called “Asiatic rhetoric” of the deutero-Paulines, which may be a deliberate strategy. The deutero-Paulines continue to use “Lord” and “Son of God” confessionally, and occurrences of the former are much more frequent than those of the latter. Again as in the generally acknowledged letters, “Lord” is used primarily of Jesus in relation to his people, “Son of God” of his unique relationship to God. God’s people are God’s “sons” by adoption and grace.
The Synoptics and the Son of God
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: October 2022

Jesus in Jerusalem, challenged as to the authority with which he teaches, points to the baptism of John, in the course of which he had been declared Son of God. He subsequently engages in a series of acrimonious debates, leading up to his arrest and trial. At his trial before the Sanhedrin, he unambiguously and openly claims to be Messiah and Son of God, in terms that lead to him being condemned for blasphemy. On Calvary too his divine sonship is confessed, notably by the pagan soldier who sees him die. On the following first day of the week the women coming to the tomb to anoint his body learn that his claims have been vindicated by God and that he is risen.
Power in Ritual Practice
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: October 2022

Looking anew at the much-discussed topic of religious ritual suggests that power is not simply symbolized holistically in ritual, as is often argued. Instead, it is composed of communication and thus is enacted in the social relationships of those participating. Ritual specialists enact their power in how they relate to rank-and-file participants and in how they relate to the objects of veneration. Rituals bracket external power relationships but never do so completely, which necessitates understanding how these external status relationships also affect what is done within ritual performance. This chapter discusses how power is expressed in the spatial and rhetorical staging of rituals, in the ritual expression of transcendence, and in the status relationships enacted in ritual performance.
Constitutional Fidelity: Of Courts, Citizens, and Time
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

As part of a more encompassing constraint of public reason, a constraint of constitutional fidelity applies “more strictly,” John Rawls writes in Political Liberalism, to supreme court judges acting in their adjudicative capacities than to democratic citizens acting politically as litigants, voters, organizers, and otherwise as agitators for political causes. On a first look, this chapter finds it to be unclear how this proposition can fit with Rawls’s proposal (“the liberal principle of legitimacy”) for reliance on a country’s constitution as a public procedural pact for the justification, among citizens in a democracy, of the force of controversial laws and political policies. An answer lies in the thought that a justificatory load-bearing constitution undergoes temporal stress. While citizen-adherents to a constitutional procedural pact must be able to reconfirm at all times its elements of prior fixation as established framework law, a pact of justification also must undergo reconfiguration of those elements in the public understanding as, over the course of historical time, a country’s conditions change and society learns from experience and from democratic political interaction. A constitution meeting these requirements would show aspects of what many theorists might call a common-law character, within the wider domain of positive legality. It would figure for its country both and simultaneously as fixture and as project. While judges in law courts are to represent the element of fixture, it is the political agitations of a democratic citizenry that will keep the project going.
Constitutional Rights and “Private” Legal Relations
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: October 2022

Whether constitutional rights-related guarantees are to have any bearing on the law applicable to “horizontal” controversies—those not involving the state or its agents as parties—has been and remains a contentious issue in constitutional-democratic legal ordering. Noting at the start that liberal political thought, including that of John Rawls, has often been seen as resistant to extension of bill-of-rights protections in such cases, Chapter 13 looks into whether the constitutional conception of Rawls leans one way or the other on the horizontal-application question. The first conclusion is that the Rawlsian conception of the constitution, as a law setting terms for a society’s basic structure, and serving thus as a procedural platform of justification for the force of democratic law, does not allow for any exemption for law governing relations classed “private.” Concerns about horizontal application as an opening to excessive judicial rule over the length and breadth of society are found to be offset by the Rawlsian conception of a guarantee to all equally of one and the same scheme of basic liberties, with required internal adjustments to be governed chiefly by legislation subject to tolerant judicial constitutional review for consistency with a central core of application for each of the liberties in the scheme. Concerns may still remain of an excessive liberal attachment to certain liberties that would itself hinder adequate protection of the equal basic liberties of all.
Public Law and Economics
Authors: Cooter Robert , Gilbert Michael
Published: October 2022

This comprehensive textbook applies economic analysis to public law. The economic analysis of law has revolutionized legal scholarship and teaching in the last half-century, but it has focused mostly on private law, business law, and criminal law. This book extends the analysis to fundamental topics in public law, such as the separation of government powers, regulation by agencies, constitutional rights, and elections. Every public law involves six fundamental processes of government: bargaining, voting, entrenching, delegating, adjudicating, and enforcing. The book devotes two chapters to each process, beginning with the economic theory and then applying the theory to a wide range of puzzles and problems in law. Each chapter concentrates on cases and legal doctrine, showing the relevance of economics to the work of lawyers and judges. Featuring lucid, accessible writing and engaging examples, the book addresses enduring topics in public law as well as modern controversies, including gerrymandering, voter identification laws, and qualified immunity for police.
Theory of Adjudication
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D.
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents the economic theory of adjudication. Courts sit at the heart of public law, and economists have analyzed many aspects of the judicial process. The chapter starts with the positive theory of adjudication, examining how litigants determine the value of their claims and whether they settle or litigate. It discusses trials and appeals, and it relates these processes to economic tools like Bayesian updating and the Condorcet Jury Theorem. Then the chapter turns to judicial behavior. It addresses the legal, attitudinal, and strategic models of judging. Turning to normative theory, the chapter analyzes the trade-off between accuracy in adjudication and the costs of fact-finding and interpretation. Finally, it presents a guide for legal interpretation called the “incentive principle.” According to this principle, a law’s correct interpretation creates incentives that best fulfill its purpose.
Theory of Enforcement
Authors: Cooter Robert D. , Gilbert Michael D.
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents the economic theory of enforcement. It begins with a positive theory of enforcement, which emphasizes deterrence. Deterrence involves the costs and benefits of lawbreaking for citizens and the costs and benefits of enforcement by the government. The discussion relates enforcement to settlement, deterrence, and irrationality. Turning to normative theory, the chapter considers the circumstances under which enforcement benefits the public. The discussion addresses optimal deterrence and the choice between fines and imprisonment. Finally, the chapter addresses interpretive theory. To enforce their orders, courts can hold litigants in “coercive” contempt. Economics can illuminate the scope of this judicial power. The chapter covers topics such as hate crimes, excessive fines, and the gap between the law in books and the law in action.
Next Gen Strategies
Authors: Giles Cynthia
Published: October 2022

The best regulatory designs carefully match solutions to their specific problems, but there are some Next Gen go-to ideas that should always be considered as part of the suite of regulatory implementation strategies. Modern technologies that allow continuous pollution monitoring, instead of counting on unreliable emission factors, are potentially game-changing examples. Regulators can strengthen compliance by requiring electronic reporting, third-party auditing, and third-party information reporting. Mandatory electronic reporting also supports robust data analytics and sophisticated machine learning that can spot compliance problems and bolster regulatory response. Transparency and provisions for citizen monitoring can also put pressure on companies to comply and make it harder to hide. This chapter describes the fundamentals that should be part of the playbook for every rule.
Ensuring Zero-Carbon Electricity
Authors: Giles Cynthia
Published: October 2022

This chapter applies the lessons of Next Gen to a top priority for cutting climate-forcing emissions: electric generation. Zero-carbon power is achievable with very high rates of compliance through a clean energy standard; the problem is created when energy efficiency is included in a clean energy market. Energy efficiency savings are extremely difficult to measure. An entire industry has grown up to address that, called Evaluation, Measurement and Verification. And there are measurement shortcuts, called deemed savings. Both have been demonstrated to greatly overstate the energy savings from energy efficiency. That’s why allowing power utilities to buy energy efficiency credits instead of cutting their own carbon will undercut the climate goal: it allows more carbon emissions in exchange for uncertain and overstated efficiency benefits. Robust investment in energy efficiency is essential, but not by putting the otherwise sure thing of zero-carbon electricity in jeopardy.
Conclusion
Authors: Giles Cynthia
Published: October 2022

Carbon offsets—an idea that is sprinting into the regulatory arena now—offer a window into the compliance challenges discussed in this book. It’s not a pretty picture. Anyone looking through a Next Gen lens could predict what happens, and they would be right. But that’s not the whole story. When we admit that violations are common, and that rule design is the most important factor in achieving better compliance, we see the work of environmental protection in a new light. That’s the power of a paradigm shift; opportunities appear where previously there were only problems. Next Gen is fundamentally an optimistic idea. Yes, it can feel discouraging to face up to the reality that left to their own devices many companies violate. But that’s not the end of the story, it’s the beginning. Regulators have the tools to change the outcome. They just have to decide to use them.
The Making of White American Identity
Authors: Eyerman Ron
Published: October 2022

This book traces the development of whiteness in the United States as a distinctive collective identification, from the early colonial period through the January 6, 2021, assault on the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. The theory of cultural trauma provides the framework for mapping and analyzing this process. The central argument is that whiteness is a mobilizing ideology, articulated and communicated over generations by individuals and carrier groups who make use of various means of mass media, from traditional print and visual media to the internet. In analyzing this transmission, hot and cold forms and thick and thin identification are distinguished. Hot forms carry clear ideological messages; cool forms are more subtle, such as genres of country music and novels and films. Memorials, such as those to the Confederacy, lie somewhere in between. The conflict over their removal, such as what occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 2017, is a key factor in this analysis. The book’s final chapter sums up the argument and discusses the future of whiteness in the United States, when those who identify as white will no longer constitute the majority of the population.
From James to Regulatory Pragmatism
Authors: Ostermann Susan L.
Published: October 2022

This conceptual chapter introduces pragmatism and looks at its history, starting from the Greek use of the word before quickly turning to the philosophical tradition that bears its name, with a focus on William James. The chapter then examines the legal pragmatists, including Dewey, Grey, Farber, Posner, Radin, and Sullivan, who brought pragmatism to the practice of jurisprudence. Though law was previously a sphere reserved for grand theory and absolutes, pragmatism eventually made inroads. Finally, the chapter makes a theoretical departure from legal pragmatism and brings pragmatism to the regulatory world. The text then explores the theoretical underpinnings of the concept in dialogue with empirical examples, thus substantiating the need for the conceptual move.
Examining Regulatory Pragmatism along the India-Nepal Border
Authors: Ostermann Susan L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter takes a deep dive into the choice to focus on compliance along the India-Nepal border. The modern-day border area is described in detail and both qualitative and quantitative data provide evidence to support the border design; there is also information on historic border delineation. After exploring and justifying case selection, the chapter turns to key variables associated with the conservation case (compliance with wood-collection prohibitions in Chitwan and Valmiki National Parks), including compliance, accurate legal knowledge, delegated enforcement, information dissemination by local leaders, and poverty-driven non-compliance, as well as the measurement of these variables and associated hypotheses. The chapter then turns to the shadow cases, which examine compliance with teacher-student ratio and child labor regulations in the India-Nepal border area. Finally, details are provided on the data and methodology associated with data collection.
Compliance in the Absence of Significant Coercive Capacity
Authors: Ostermann Susan L.
Published: October 2022

This chapter, as with Chapter 3, provides considerable detail regarding the India-Nepal border region, but its main focus is on descriptive statistics associated with the conservation, education, and brick kilns (child labor) cases. The data provided for all cases include everything from respondent numbers and locations, to gender, land and business ownership, age, education status, income levels, etc. Case-specific data focus range widely but focus, for instance, on need for wood use, place of origin for staff at brick kilns, staff in schools, and teacher-student ratios. More data are included than is strictly necessary for the book’s argument. This was done, at least in part, as a public service, since this is an understudied region.
Putting Regulatory Pragmatism into Practice
Authors: Ostermann Susan L.
Published: October 2022

The concluding chapter ties together all themes discussed earlier in the book, looking across all three cases at how conservation, education, and child labor regulation were affected by regulatory pragmatism. The text then turns to consideration of broader implications associated with regulatory pragmatism In so doing, it re-centers the importance of legal knowledge and the amelioration of poverty-driven non-compliance to any cost-effective implementation regime, not just in the developing world, but in any challenging regulatory context. Finally, the chapter explores a few scenarios in which regulatory pragmatism could plausibly be used to work toward higher compliance rates.
Moderate Conservatism
Authors: Kekes John
Published: October 2022

Moderate Conservatism is a response to the alarming state of politics in America. It is a reasoned moderate account of the primary political values of the rule of law, justice, liberty, equality, and property, a criticism of extremist accounts of them, a defense of our 300-year-old constitutional democracy, and a criticism of all forms of political extremism. The American political system has endured because the Constitution has guided the balance of the often-conflicting claims of these basic political values. All of them are now threatened by extremists who politicize aspects of life that should be left to the discretion of individuals. Both parties have been hijacked by extremists who proclaim their grievances and the immorality of those who disagree with them. They willfully disregard the destructive consequences of their polemics for the political system on which the well-being of all of us depends. The aim of this book is to protect the vital center of American political system from extremist threats. It is a reminder of what we have and are in danger of losing. The center is sustained by the many millions of citizens who live private lives, earn a living, raise a family, and expect the political system to provide the conditions in which they can do so. They are the backbone of the American political system, the apolitical majority who are subjected to the poisonous lies of extremists. The justification of this political system is the voluntary support of those who live in it. Moderate conservatives know that the protection of the political system depends on its continuous adaptation to changing circumstances. This requires flexibility, not rigid adherence to any political dogma. This book is a reasoned defense of the political values that have long sustained us as we face difficult internal problems and conflicts, and external enemies.
The Problem and the Response
Authors: Kekes John
Published: October 2022

This chapter is an account of the complex and urgent political problems to which we must find reasonable responses. The problems are caused by conflicting evaluations of the possible responses. There are reasons both for and against possible responses, but we are uncertain and ambivalent about their relative importance. Such situations are recurrent in politics. And because contexts and conditions frequently change, the problems recur and the relative importance of reasonable responses changes. Moderate conservatives deny that there can be a context-independent universal theory from which reasonable responses would follow because problems and responses change as do contexts and conditions. The art of politics is to find reasonable responses to such complex problems in the framework of the Constitution. This is the aim of moderate conservatives. There is no ideal response. There are only reasonable responses whose relative importance changes as contexts an conditions change.
Late Imperial Society and Culture
Authors: Boyer John W.
Published: October 2022

This topical chapter breaks the chronological narrative of the book into two parts—from 1867 to 1914 and from 1914 to 1955/83. The chapter focuses on the unique institutional, cultural, and intellectual role that the imperial capital city of Vienna played in the wider milieu of modern Austrian history. It begins with a comparative study of the role of the aristocratic and Jewish communities in the city before 1914. The book challenges the classic account of Carl Schorske on fin-de-siècle Vienna, arguing that Schorske’s model of a weakened Liberalism flailing about in search of a lost world of Enlightenment rationality and aspiring to emulate the Viennese high aristocracy had some plausibility up to 1890, for it was certainly the case that many bourgeois parvenus coveted imperial honors in the decades after 1848, but his argument is not compelling for the last two decades of the Monarchy. As with the aristocracy and the Jewish community, the nascent movements for women’s citizenship rights and institutions of scientific research and new journalistic informational networks gave the capital city a particularly fortuitous base for creativity before 1918 and, as a result of the creation of a large public intelligentsia, helped to foster what William Johnston has called a new “Bildungsethik” among educated elites across the Empire. The ravages of the 1930s and early 1940s in turn subjected these human capital resources in Vienna to levels of nearly irremediable destruction.
The Reconstruction of a Republican Political System, 1945‒1955
Authors: Boyer John W.
Published: October 2022

This final chapter describes the work of Austrian leaders after 1945 to revive the Republic of 1920 under the pressures of the Soviet occupation and the onset of the Cold War in Central and Eastern Europe. The “new” Austria of 1945 came to be governed under the aegis of a restored liberal constitution—the Constitution of 1920, as revised in 1929—and under a second set of constitution-like “liberal” institutions, namely, the Allied Control Council operating under its Control Agreements of 1945 and 1946 as a parallel instrument of power. For Karl Renner, Adolf Schärf, and other Socialists, April 1945 was a chance to restart a history of equity and justice that had ended badly in March 1933 and February 1934. For Leopold Figl and the Catholics, in contrast, April 1945 was a chance to salvage their traditional cultural values and to defend pre-1938 industrial and commercial structures without acknowledging any shame about 1934. Even so, the moderate Catholics and right-wing Socialists joined in a hyper-partisan but effective coalition government that endured until 1966. Citing the Moscow Declaration of 1943 leaders of both the Socialists and the Catholics argued that Austria had been occupied by an external power in March 1938 against its will, and this act of aggression gave the new state of 1945 the status of an official victim under international law. This “victim” thesis (Opferthese) eliminated the need or duty to pay restitution or make reparations, since Austria as a sovereign state after 1945 was not itself either to blame for or to be held legally accountable for the criminal acts committed by the Nazi regime on its territories between 1938 and 1945. Slowly, as the renewed Republic succeeded and gained public credibility and legitimacy, the idea of an Austrian nation emerged, and by the 1960s and 1970s public opinion polls began to show a clear trend of popular confidence in the conception of an unambiguous Austrian national identity. With the massive influx of US development funds under the Marshall Plan, the Red–Black coalition government managed to push forward negotiations for a State Treaty, signed in May 1955 and ending the foreign occupation.
Central Debates in the Field of Organization Theories
Authors: Rouleau Linda
Published: October 2022

There are two central debates in organization theories (OTs). The first relates to the never-ending paradigm debate in OTs—what recent propositions have helped to renew and actualize our comprehension of paradigms? The second relates to the long-standing issue of the quest for novelty in OTs—what is the role of knowledge and how does one advance it? Given the immense research implications of these questions, this chapter compels junior researchers and PhD students to position themselves in these debates. For those who intend to advance knowledge in OTs, the chapter also describes different ways of producing theoretical advancement in the field.
Organizational Institutionalism
Authors: Rouleau Linda
Published: October 2022

Even though it originated in the late 1970s, organizational institutionalism has been and continues to be the most influential perspective in organization theories (OTs) all over the world. Since the past 25 years, there have been many significant turns in the very nature of the institutional project. Whereas in the past, the institutional project sought to understand the normative conformity of organizational structures, organizational institutionalism now seeks to explain the variety of organizational responses to institutional pressures. New substreams of institutional research—enriched by notions of change, interests and agency—have emerged such as institutional change, institutional logics, institutional entrepreneurship, and institutional work. The chapter explores these substreams of organizational institutionalism and ends by discussing the greatness and miseries of this perspective.
Convention Analysis
Authors: Rouleau Linda
Published: October 2022

Convention analysis or the heterodox model of the economy of worth has been advanced primarily in France and is currently being disseminated all around the world. In organizational economics, this perspective puts forth an original way of bridging social and economic dimensions. This perspective revisits how coordination is achieved within and between organizations and explores mundane valuation processes and activities involved in cooperation. Convention analysis also shines the spotlight on conventions and their underlying common values by opening the black box of controversies in pluralistic contexts and by paying attention to the justification processes through which a normative order gains or maintains legitimacy. This chapter reflects on the contributions of convention analysis and its future in the field of organization theories (OTs).
Discourse Studies
Authors: Rouleau Linda
Published: October 2022

Since the end of the 1990s, organizational theories (OTs) have taken a linguistic turn. By seeing organizations as discursive constructions, OTs scholars have provided the field with meaningful contributions aiming at renewing our comprehension of the contextual and pluralistic nature of organizing. Encompassing a broad range of approaches and disciplines, discourse studies seek to highlight the production, distribution and appropriation of texts in organizational settings. The chapter maps the main research streams of discourse studies, namely narrative analysis, communicative constitution of organizations, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis. Finally, it explores the pros and cons of discourse studies and discusses the relationships between discourse and materiality.
Intermezzo: A Taster
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides a sample of instances of colloquial language relating to silence. It illustrates the range and versatility of silences and their socio-political impacts. The many contested interpretations to which silences are subject and the pivotal roles they play in human conduct—for example, virtuous, supportive, apathetic, oppressive, enigmatic, disruptive, or marginalizing—are preponderantly unintentional and buried rather than deliberate. Common phrases that convey the cultural integration of silence into regular discourse include ‘turning a deaf ear’, ‘the silent majority’, ‘silence is golden’, ‘tacit consent’, or ‘the strong, silent type’. Silence, as well as thinking about silence, are ubiquitous to human imagination and expression.