bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introdução a uma Crítica da Modernidade como Conceito Sociológico
Authors: Feres Junior João
Published: November 2013

O presente artigo empresta a metodologia da história conceitual assim como os achados substantivos do principal ensaio de história conceitual sobre o conceito de modernidade, de autoria de Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, para articular uma crítica ao uso contemporâneo do conceito de “modernidade” por parte da sociologia, com ênfase para a sociologia brasileira. Mostro que dois significados fundamentais historicamente associados ao conceito se encontram replicados no material sociológico de maneira não reflexiva: o de moderno como oposto ao tradicional em um esquema temporal evolutivo linear, e o de modernidade no sentido de período transitório que se opõe ao eterno inamovível. A falta de reflexividade crítica acerca do conceito e a pletora de significados a ele atribuídos conduzem a um resultado contrário ao que se espera de um conceito “analítico”. Em vez de clareza, temos confusão e a importação implícita e universalização de grandes narrativas européias etnocêntricas, que a sociologia usa como medida para a avaliação de sociedades não-ocidentais.
Novos Xenacanthidae (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) da base do Membro Taquaral, Formação Irati, Permiano da Bacia do Paraná
Authors: Artur CHAHUD , PETRI Setembrino
Published: November 2013

A fácies arenosa do Membro Taquaral da Formação Irati é conhecida pela grande concentração de fósseis de Chondrichthyes, porém apenas uma espécie de Xenacanthiformes era conhecida, Xenacanthus albuquerquei. Pequenos dentes de Xenacanthidae, presentes na fácies arenosa da base do Membro Taquaral da Formação Irati (Eopermiano - Artinskiano), provenientes de afloramento do Sítio Santa Maria, município de Rio Claro, Estado de São Paulo, são aqui descritos. Foram identificadas duas espécies distintas: a primeira como pertencente ao gênero Xenacanthus e a outra como Xenacanthidae indeterminado.
Águas subterrâneas em Rondônia: análise estatística de dados hidroquímicos, organolépticos e bacteriológicos
Authors: ZUFFO Catia Eliza , ABREU Francisco de Assis Matos de , CAVALCANTE Itabaraci Nazareno , NASCIMENTO Gerson Flôres
Published: November 2013

Com vistas a contribuir e aprimorar o processo de gestão em andamento das águas subterrâneas do Estado de Rondônia, os dados de 384 resultados de análises físico-químicas e/ou bacteriológicas de poços constantes nos arquivos do 2º Zoneamento Sócio-Econômico-Ecológico do Estado de Rondônia - ZSEE/RO, apresentados por localidades, foram tratados e reorganizados por bacia hidrográfica. Buscou-se a caracterização da qualidade de águas subterrâneas nas principais bacias hidrográficas do Estado de Rondônia, considerando propriedades físicas (cor, pH e turbidez), químicas (cloreto, ferro total, sulfato, oxigênio consumido, dureza total, dureza em cálcio, dureza em magnésio, sólidos totais, nitrogênio nitrito, nitrogênio nitrato, gás carbônico livre e alcalinidade HCO3) e bacteriológicas (contagem padrão de bactérias, número mais provável de coliformes totais, número mais provável de coliformes fecais e número mais provável de colônias - método membrana filtrante). Para testar o ajuste dos dados à distribuição normal foi utilizado o método de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, modificado por Lilliefors. O estudo demonstrou que as águas subterrâneas analisadas possuem boa qualidade físico-organoléptica. As bacias dos rios Madeira e Machado apresentam maiores alterações nos valores de pH, cloreto e nitrato, caracterizando perda de qualidade dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, em função do adensamento populacional. A bacia hidrográfica do rio Abunã caracteriza-se como a de maior risco de contaminação fecal. Em geral, as águas analisadas apresentam resultados que excedem os padrões bacteriológicos de potabilidade, necessitando de tratamento por cloração ou fervura e prévia filtração para consumo humano.
Introduction: The harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) - a global perspective
Authors: Bjørge Arne , Desportes Geneviève , Waring Gordon T , Rosing-Asvid Aqqalu
Published: November 2013

Introduction to Volume 8: Harbour seals in the North Atlantic and the Baltic
Distribution and population structure of North Atlantic harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Andersen Liselotte , Olsen Morton Tange
Published: November 2013

A review of the known geographical distribution and current knowledge on the genetic population structure of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the North Atlantic is presented. Based on a synthesis of the results fromfive different studies of neutral geneticmarkers (mtDNAand nuclear microsatellites, mainly) twelve genetically distinct populations were identified in the North Atlantic: USA/Canada, Iceland, west coast of Norway, Ireland-Scotland, English east coast, Channel area, Wadden Sea, Limfjord, Skagerrak, Kattegat, West Baltic, and East Baltic. Most of the studies addressed the population structure at the regional level, while only a few addressed the structuring at a local level, i.e. within countries. Due to the limited number of studies conducted, the identified population units were considered preliminary andmore detailed, local studieswould probably reveal structuring on a finer scale. The choice of genetic markers, their properties, resolution in time and applicability in population structure studies is shortly discussed and compared to ecological methods used to delineate populations.
Status of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) in Southern Scandinavia
Authors: Olsen Morten Tange , Andersen Signe May , Teilmann Jonas , Dietz Rune , Edrén Susi Manuela Clermont , Linnet Anton , Härkönen Tero
Published: November 2013

The harbour seal population in Southern Scandinavia has experienced repeated declines caused by hunting and epizootics. These events have shaped the current distribution and abundance of the population. This paper assesses the current status of the population. We estimate trends in abundance of harbour seals from long term survey data, compare these with historic trends inferred from previously published material, and discuss past and potential threats to the harbour seal population of Southern Scandinavia. It is evident that harbour seals have disappeared from haulout areas along the Danish shores of Kattegat and in the westernmost part of the Baltic Sea, where they were previously numerous. In the 1920-30s, when abundance was at its lowest, the population is estimated to have been only a fraction of its original size. Following 30 years of protection the population is currently approaching historic abundance and might have reached the carrying capacity in some areas. Further development depends largely on effects of future epizootics, anthropogenic disturbance, and availability of suitable haulout sites.
The status of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thompson Dave , Duck Callan , Lonergan Mike E
Published: November 2013

The UK holds approximately 40% of the European harbour seal population, with the majority found around the coasts of Scotland. Harbour seal populations in the UK have been monitored through a series of repeated aerial surveys of animals hauled out during the annual moult in early August. This moult count is used as a consistent index of population size. Survey methods and frequencies vary. The Scottish and English east coast populations mainly haul out in tidal estuariesand are surveyed annually, using fixed wing aircraft and digital photography. Populations in north and west Scotland often haul out on rocky shores and are surveyed less frequently, using helicopters fitted with thermal imagers. Overall, the most recent minimum estimate of the UK harbour seal population is 24,250 seals of which 19,800 are in Scotland, 3,200 in England and 1,250 in Northern Ireland. The results show that the number of harbour seals in eastern Englandwas increasing before the 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper (PDV) epizootic but has not increased since the end of the 2002 epizootic. There is also evidence of a general decline in most of the large harbour seal colonies around Scotland. The populations along the north and northwest mainland coast were an exception, with numbers appearing to be stable. Between 2001 and 2008, the population in Orkney declined by 67% and Shetland declined by 40%, indicating harbourseals in these areas experienced substantially increased mortality or very low recruitment over this period. The widespread declines, ranging from Shetland to The Wash, suggest that the causes may have been present over a large part of the North Sea and waters off western Scotland.
A modelling framework to optimize timing of haulout counts for estimating harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) abundance
Authors: Cronin Michelle , Zuur Alain F , Rogan Emer
Published: November 2013

The time of year and day, the state of the tide and prevailing environmental conditions significantly influence seal haulout behaviour. Understanding these effects is fundamentally important in deriving accurate estimates of harbour seal abundance from haulout data. We present a modelling approach to assess the influence of these variables on seals’ haulout behaviour and, by identifying the combination of covariates during which seal abundance is highest, predict the optimal time and conditions for future surveys. Count data of harbour seals at haulouts in southwest Ireland collected during 2003-2005 were included in mixed additive models together with environmental covariates, including season, time of day and weather conditions. The models show maximum abundance at haulout sites occurred during midday periods during August and in late afternoon/early evening during September. Accurate national and local population estimates are essential for the effective monitoring of the conservation status of the species and for the identification, management and monitoring of Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) in accordance with the EU Habitats Directive. Our model based approach provides a useful tool for optimising the timing of harbourseal surveys in Ireland and the modelling framework is useful for predicting optimal survey periods for other protected, endangered or significant species worldwide.
Grey seals on the Murman coast, Russia: status and present knowledge
Authors: Ziryanov Sergej V , Mishin Vasily L
Published: November 2013

Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) are distributed along the entire northern Murman coast in Russia. Breeding sites are located mainly on the Ainov and Seven islands, which belong to the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve. The annual pup production was estimated to be around 800 pups in the early 1990s, and the pup mortality has been observed to be relatively high. The population was estimated to be approximately 3,500 individuals in 1994. Grey seals migrate in small numbers into the White Sea during summer. The grey seal is protected and registered in the Red Books of Russia, Murmansk region and Fennoscandia. The main results of grey seals investigations from 1986 to 2000 are briefly reviewed. There are no recent studies on abundance, seasonal distribution, growth, moulting and feeding of the species.
Status of grey seals along mainland Europe from the Southwestern Baltic to France
Authors: Härkönen Tero , Brasseur Sophie , Teilmann Jonas , Vincent Cecile , Dietz Rune , Abt Kai , Reijnders Peter
Published: November 2013

The grey seal was a common species along mainland Europe during the Stone Age (8,000-5,500 BC). Along the North Sea coast populations started to decline substantially during the 11th century as a result of excessive hunting. The last breeding populations disappeared in the 16th century in the Wadden Sea, and before 1900 in the Kattegat-Skagerrak and the Southwestern Baltic as a result of an extermination campaign. No regular pupping occurred along mainland Europe until the end of the 1970s, when a breeding colony was established near Amrum in the German Wadden Sea. Somewhat later, additional breeding sites were discovered near Terschelling in the Dutch Wadden Sea (1980), at Helgoland, and off Brittany in France. Tracking of movements indicate these seal groups to be linked to the larger populations in the UK. Numbers of grey seals in the recolonised areas have increased over the years, but in the Kattegat-Skagerrak stable numbersof about 25 individuals have been observed since the 1970s, whereas more than 100 grey seals are found in the Southwestern Baltic. In the southeastern North Sea, 120 grey seals occur during moult at Helgoland, 120 in the German and over 1,130 in the Dutch parts of the Wadden Sea in 2004. Along the southern Dutch and Belgian coasts small groups are regularly observed, but no colonies have yet been established. In the colonies off Brittany in France about 105 grey seals have been counted. Successful pupping has only been recorded 3 times in the Kattegat-Skagerrak over the past 30 years, and 2-4 pups are born annually in France and the Southwestern Baltic. The relative strongholds for breeding along the European continent are the Dutch Wadden Sea, where in 2003/2004 at least 150 pups were recorded, Amrum in the German Wadden Sea (23 pups) and Helgoland (8 pups). Consequently, total numbers of counted grey seals from the Southwestern Baltic to France amounted to at least 1,600 in 2004, while about 190 pups were born in the area.
Present knowledge of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Faroese waters
Authors: Mikkelsen Bjarni
Published: November 2013

The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is the only pinniped species breeding in the Faroe Islands. They are present all year round, and can be observed throughout the archipelago, but prefer to reside in exposed coastal areas, away from human settlements. Grey seals breed primarily in caves, common along the Faroese coastline. Systematic scientific investigations have not been conducted on grey seals in the Faroes. Present population level is presumably around 1,000 to 2,000 animals. These seals have probably been hunted since the Norse settlement in the 8th century. Apparently, this removal has prevented the population from increasing above a certain threshold. Tagging studies have demonstrated a connection with seals from UK waters,but the magnitude and influence of this movement is not known. Present biological knowledge is very limited and insufficient; this is due largely to the inaccessible nature of these seals.
Abundance of grey seals in Icelandic waters, based on trends of pup-counts from aerial surveys
Authors: Hauksson Erlingur
Published: November 2013

Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus Fabricius, 1791) are distributed all around the Icelandic coast. The majority of the population breeds on the west- and northwest shores, with a second high density in the breeding distribution on the southeast coast of Iceland. During the last 5 decades the Icelandic grey seals have dispersed from the west- to the northwest-, the north- and the northeast-coast. The breeding period occurs from the middle of September to early November, with a maximum in mid October. The time of peak pupping shows some variation, beginning earlier along the west coast and later in the north and southeast. Seven aerial surveys to estimate pup production in Iceland were flown during October to November during the period from 1980 to 2004. Pup counts of the Icelandic grey seal, at all breeding sites combined, have been decreasing annually by about 3% (±1% s.e.), during the period 1982-2002. During the period 1990-2002, this downward trend doubled to about 6% annually. The abundance of the grey seal around Iceland in the year 2002 was estimated to be 4,100 to 5,900 animals. This is higher than estimates of around 2,000 animals during the 1960s, but much less than the estimated population of 8,000 to 11,500 in 1982.
Evidence that grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) use above-water vision to locate baited buoys
Authors: Fjälling Arne , Keiner Jenny , Beszczyńska Magdalena
Published: November 2013

Fishing gear in the Baltic is often raided by grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). The seals remove the fish and damage the nets, or entangle themselves and drown. In order to develop ways of mitigating the seals-fisheries conflict, it is important to know exactly how the seals locate the fishing gear. A field experiment was conducted in order to clarify whether seals use their vision above water to do this. Bait (herring; Clupea harengus) was attached to the anchor lines of buoys of the type that is commonly used to mark the position of fishing gear. In all, 643 buoys were set. Some of the buoys (210) were also fitted with camera traps. Weather data were collected from official weather stations nearby. Bait loss (mean 18%) was significantly correlated with buoy size (P = 0.002) and wind speed (P = 0.04). There was a significant association between bait loss and seal observations near the buoys (P = 0.05). Five photos of grey seals were obtained from the camera traps. No fish-eating birds, such as cormorants or mergansers, were ever observed near the buoys or caught on camera. It was concluded that a main cause of missing bait was scavenging by grey seals, and that they did use above-water vision to locate the buoys. It was also concluded that wind strength (i.e. wave action) contributed tothe bait loss. The camera trap buoys had a somewhat lower bait loss than the other buoys (P = 0.054), which was attributed to a scaring effect. Neither the number of seal observations nor the bait loss differed significantly between the 2 study areas in the experiment (P = 0.43 and P = 0.83, respectively). Bait loss was not affected by the buoy colour (red, white, or grey; P = 0.87). We suggest that the findings of this experiment could be put into practice in a seal-disturbed area by deploying a number of decoy buoys, or by hiding live buoys below the surface of the water. This would increase the cost of foraging for the seals, and hence discourage them from exploiting fishing gear as a feeding place.
Critical single domain grain sizes in chains of interacting greigite particles: Implications for magnetosome crystals
Authors: Muxworthy Adrian R. , Williams Wyn , Roberts Andrew P. , Winklhofer Michael , Chang Liao , Pósfai Mihály
Published: November 2013

Magnetotactic bacteria contain chains of magnetically interacting crystals (magnetosomes), which aid navigation (magnetotaxis). To improve the efficiency of magnetotaxis, magnetosome crystals (which can consist of magnetite or greigite) should be magnetically stable single domain (SD) particles. Larger particles subdivide into nonuniform multidomain (MD) magnetic structures that produce weaker magnetic signals, while small SD particles become magnetically unstable due to thermal fluctuations and exhibit superparamagnetic (SP) behavior. In this study, we determined the stable SD range as a function of grain elongation and interparticle separation for chains of identical greigite grains using fundamental parameters recently determined for greigite. Interactions significantly increase the stable SD range. For example, for cube‐shaped greigite grains the upper stable SD threshold size is increased from 107 nm for isolated grains to 204 nm for touching grains arranged in chains. The larger critical SD grain size for greigite means that, compared to magnetite magnetosomes, greigite magnetosomes can produce larger magnetic signals without the need for intergrain interactions.
Time‐dependent dike propagation from joint inversion of seismicity and deformation data
Authors: Segall P. , Llenos A. L. , Yun S.‐H. , Bradley A. M. , Syracuse E. M.
Published: November 2013

Dike intrusions both deform Earth's surface and induce propagating earthquake swarms. We develop methods to utilize both deformation and seismicity from brittle, volcano‐tectonic earthquakes to image time‐dependent dike propagation. Dieterich's (1994) seismicity‐rate theory is used to relate dike‐induced stress changes to seismicity rate and is combined with elastic Green's functions relating dike opening to deformation. Different space‐time patterns of seismicity develop if earthquakes occur at the same depth as the dike compared to above/below the dike. In the former, seismicity initiates near the dike's leading edges but shuts off as the dike tips pass and seismogenic volumes fall into stress shadows. In the latter, seismicity continues at a decaying rate after the tips pass. We focus on lateral propagation and develop a nonlinear inversion method that estimates dike length and pressure as a function of time. The method is applied to the 2007 Father's Day intrusion in Kilauea Volcano. Seismicity is concentrated at ∼3 km depth, comparable to geodetic estimates of dike depth, and decays rapidly in time. With lateral propagation only and a vertical dike‐tip line, it is difficult to fit both GPS data and the rapid down‐rift jump in seismicity, suggesting significant vertical propagation. For the events to have occurred below the dike requires a very short aftershock decay time, hence unreasonably high background stressing rate. The rapid decay is better explained if the dike extends somewhat below the seismicity. We suggest that joint inversion is useful for studying the diking process and may allow for improved short‐term eruption forecasts.
Observation of the microstructural evolution of snow under uniaxial compression using X‐ray computed microtomography
Authors: Wang Xuan , Baker Ian
Published: November 2013

The relationship between snow microstructure and its mechanical properties is crucial for modeling the microstructural cause of snow avalanches. In this paper, the knowledge gap between snow microstructural evolution and overburden is bridged by combining compression tests with X‐ray computed microtomography (micro‐CT). Continuous compression tests and interrupted compression tests were performed on three types of snow (fresh low‐temperature snow, fresh high‐temperature snow, and sintered low‐temperature snow with densities ranging from 100 to 350 kg/m3) to investigate the effects of initial structure on both the stress‐displacement curve and structural changes during the compression test. Three‐dimensional micro‐CT images and scanning electron microscopy images showed that well‐connected structures of sintered snow contribute to a more rapid stress increase during deformation. By combining the analyses of the specific surface area, structure model index, and structure thickness, it is shown that compression tests at a fixed temperature, loading rate, and density snow metamorphism can be regarded as an accelerated pressure sintering process. However, when extremely low‐density snow (50 kg/m3) was subjected to compression testing, the same evolution of structure parameters was again found, but fracture of snowflakes was also observed. The overall process of low‐density snow deformation can be explained as a combination of fracturing and sintering but with the sintering predominating.
Nutritional correlates of the “lean season”: Effects of seasonality and frugivory on the nutritional ecology of diademed sifakas
Authors: Irwin Mitchell T. , Raharison Jean‐Luc , Raubenheimer David , Chapman Colin A. , Rothman Jessica M.
Published: November 2013

Primate field studies often identify “lean seasons,” when preferred foods are scarce, and lower‐quality, abundant foods (fallback foods) are consumed. Here, we quantify the nutritional implications of these terms for two diademed sifaka groups (Propithecus diadema) in Madagascar, using detailed feeding observations and chemical analyses of foods. In particular, we sought to understand 1) how macronutrient and energy intakes vary seasonally, including whether these intakes respond in similar or divergent ways; 2) how the amount of food ingested varies seasonally (including whether changes in amount eaten may compensate for altered food quality); and 3) correlations between these variables and the degree of frugivory. In the lean season, sifakas shifted to non‐fruit foods (leaves and flowers), which tended to be high in protein while low in other macronutrients and energy, but the average composition of the most used foods in each season was similar. They also showed dramatic decreases in feeding time, food ingested, and consequently, daily intake of macronutrients and energy. The degree of frugivory in the daily diet was a strong positive predictor of feeding time, amount ingested and all macronutrient and energy intakes, though season had an independent effect. These results suggest that factors restricting how much food can be eaten (e.g., handling time, availability, or intrinsic characteristics like fiber and plant secondary metabolites) can be more important than the nutritional composition of foods themselves in determining nutritional outcomes—a finding with relevance for understanding seasonal changes in behavior, life history strategies, competitive regimes, and conservation planning. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:78–91, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: A proposed method for the assessment of pubertal stage in human skeletal remains using cervical vertebrae maturation
Authors: Shapland Fiona , Lewis Mary E.
Published: November 2013

The assessment of age‐at‐death in non‐adult skeletal remains is under constant review. However, in many past societies an individual's physical maturation may have been more important in social terms than their exact age, particularly during the period of adolescence. In a recent article (Shapland and Lewis: Am J Phys Anthropol 151 (2013) 302–310) highlighted a set of dental and skeletal indicators that may be useful in mapping the progress of the pubertal growth spurt. This article presents a further skeletal indicator of adolescent development commonly used by modern clinicians: cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM). This method is applied to a collection of 594 adolescents from the medieval cemetery of St. Mary Spital, London. Analysis reveals a potential delay in ages of attainment of the later CVM stages compared with modern adolescents, presumably reflecting negative environmental conditions for growth and development. The data gathered on CVM is compared to other skeletal indicators of pubertal maturity and long bone growth from this site to ascertain the usefulness of this method on archaeological collections. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:144–153, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Künstliche genetische Systeme bestehend aus vergrößerten Basenpaaren
Authors: Winnacker Malte , Kool Eric T.
Published: November 2013

Wir beschreiben in diesem Kurzaufsatz die Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen von künstlichen genetischen Systemen, die aus Basenpaaren bestehen, die länger sind als die Basen der natürlichen Watson‐Crick‐Architektur. Derartige Systeme werden von mehreren Arbeitsgruppen untersucht, um fundamentale chemische Fragen bezüglich der Funktion der genetischen Speichersysteme und somit des Ursprungs und der Entwicklung des Lebens zu erforschen. Beispielsweise, ist die irdische DNA‐Struktur die einzig mögliche oder können andere Architekturen genauso funktionieren? Das Arbeiten jenseits der Beschränkungen der Purin‐Pyrimidin‐Geometrie ermöglicht mehr chemische Flexibilität im Design, und die zusätzliche Größe ergänzt das System um nützliche Eigenschaften wie hohe Bindungsaffinität, Helix‐Stabilität sowie Fluoreszenz. Diese Eigenschaften sind nützlich für die Untersuchung von fundamentalen biochemischen Fragestellungen sowie für die Entwicklung neuer biotechnologischer, biomedizinischer und nanostruktureller Werkzeuge und Methoden.
Den entatischen Zustand im Griff – ein Duo von Kupfer‐Komplexen
Authors: Hoffmann Alexander , Binder Stephan , Jesser Anton , Haase Roxana , Flörke Ulrich , Gnida Manuel , Salomone Stagni Marco , Meyer‐Klaucke Wolfram , Lebsanft Benjamin , Grünig Lara Elena , Schneider Simon , Hashemi Maryam , Goos Arne , Wetzel Alina , Rübhausen Michael , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: November 2013

Die Struktur von zwei Typen von Guanidin‐Chinolin‐Kupfer‐Komplexen wurde mittels Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse, K‐Kanten‐Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie (XAS), Resonanz‐Raman‐ und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie, Cyclovoltammetrie und Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT) untersucht. Unabhängig vom Oxidationszustand weisen beide Strukturen sowohl im Festkörper als auch in Lösung nahezu die gleiche Struktur auf und können durch einen reversiblen Elektronentransfer bei 0.33 V ineinander überführt werden. Durch eine resonante Anregung der beiden entatischen Kupferkomplexe kann der Übergangszustand des Elektronentransfers über die Schwingungsmoden, die entweder den Metall‐Ligand‐Charge‐Transfer‐Zustand (MLCT) oder den Ligand‐Metall‐Charge‐Transfer‐Zustand (LMCT) verbinden, untersucht werden.
Genomic Imprinting—The Struggle of the Genders at the Molecular Level
Authors: Jurkowska Renata Z. , Jeltsch Albert
Published: November 2013

Genomic imprinting, the parent of origin‐dependent expression of genes, has been discovered as a fascinating example of the control of gene expression by epigenetic processes in the human body. It affects about 100 genes, which are often involved in growth and development. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the generation of gender‐specific imprints in form of DNA methylation marks, their preservation during growth and development of the organism, and the processes that translate parental methylation marks into monoallelic gene expression. We discuss the gender‐specific dimorphic nature of imprints from an evolutionary point of view and present the prevalent model that molecular imprinting mediates a conflict of interest between the parents that occurs in viviparous animals. Finally, we summarize the relevance of parental imprinting for human health.
Consistencies between recalled panic and lactate‐induced panic
Authors: Goetz Raymond R. , Klein Donald F. , Gorman Jack M.
Published: November 2013

This study investigated the frequency and severity of symptoms during naturally occurring panic attacks recollected as “usual” and during sodium lactate‐induced attacks. Seventy‐six male and 126 female patients with panic disorder or agoraphobics with panic attack (DSM‐III criteria) underwent lactate infusion studies and were serially administered the Acute Panic Inventory (API). Fifty‐nine percent of the subjects were rated by an attending psychiatrist to have experienced lactate‐induced panic attacks. Patients were also asked to API symptom rate their “usual” panic attacks.

For panic recollected as usual, the most frequently reported symptoms (≥ 75%) at the moderate to severe levels included: afraid in general, difficulty concentrating, difficulty performing a job, desire to flee, afraid of losing control, palpitations, feeling hot or cold or both, dyspnea, dizzy‐lightheaded. During lactate infusion, 25 of 29 API symptoms increased significantly from prelactate to point of panic; however, particularly robust effect sizes were exhibited for the desire to flee, dyspnea, tingling, twitching/trembling and difficulty doing a job. Comparison of panic recollected as usual and lactate‐induced panic showed that more than half of the symptoms did not differ after Bonferroni correction; however, the most notable were fear in general, dyspnea, chest pain/discomfort, difficulty swallowing, feeling weak, desire to flee, and feeling hot/cold or both.

These data point to a very distinctive role during both recollected and lactate‐induced panic attacks for fearfulness the desire to flee (by definition), and for dyspnea, difficulty performing a job and fear of losing control. During lactate‐induced panic, dyspnea exhibited the most robust effect size of all physical symptoms. Anxiety 1:31–36 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lactate‐induced anxiety after imipramine and diazepam treatment
Authors: Pohl Robert , Balon Richard , Berchou Richard , Lycaki Helene
Published: November 2013

To examine the effect of treatment on lactate‐induced anxiety in a controlled study, we infused 44 panic disorder patients with lactate and placebo before and after eight weeks of double‐blind treatment with imipramine, diazepam, or placebo. During treatment, both imipramine and diazepam groups improved more than the placebo group. After treatment, patients in both the imipramine and diazepam groups had significantly less anxiety than the placebo patients when reinfused with lactate. In addition, imipramine decreased post‐treatment panic attack frequency and diazepam decreased the perceived severity of post‐treatment lactate‐induced panic attacks. This study demonstrates that diazepam, like imipramine, is an effective treatment for panic disorder, and that both imipramine and diazepam blunt lactate‐induced anxiety in a placebo controlled study. Anxiety 1:54–63 (1994). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment instrument for panic disorder that includes fear of sensation‐producing activities: The albany panic and phobia questionnaire
Authors: Rapee Ronald M. , Craske Michelle G. , Barlow David H.
Published: November 2013

A set of items was developed to assess fear of activities which produce physical sensations (e.g., exercise) based on clinical observations that individuals with panic disorder fear such activities in addition to agoraphobic situations. Factor analysis of a 32‐item pool based on responses from 438 subjects confirmed three distinct factors which were labelled: agoraphobia, social phobia, and in‐teroceptive fears. Evidence was obtained to support the internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and construct validity of all three factors. Importantly, the interoceptive factor demonstrated a slightly different pattern of relationships with other constructs to the agoraphobic factor, even though the two were highly related. The present questionnaire will help to expand current assessments of panic disorder for both clinical work and research. Anxiety 1:114–122 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Course and outcome in panic disorder: A review of recent follow‐up studies
Authors: Roy‐Byrne Peter P. , Cowley Deborah S.
Published: November 2013

This paper reviews the methodologic considerations that are important in evaluating and interpreting panic disorder outcome studies and the results of the most well‐designed of these studies. Sixteen studies that used modern diagnostic criteria and interviewed at least 25 patients on at least two occasions over a minimum follow‐up period of one year are reviewed. Results show that, despite the availability of effective anti‐panic treatments, panic disorder remains a chronic illness. While most patients improve, few are “cured.” The presence of agoraphobia, major depression and personality disorder seems to predict poorer outcome. The importance of measuring multiple clinical dimensions of panic is emphasized, along with the need to reach a consensus about the definition of “outcome” and the particular instruments to use to measure it. Anxiety 1:151–160 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antecedents of neurosis in a cohort of 30,344 twnvs in Sweden
Authors: Allgulander Christer , Burroughs Thomas , Rice John P. , Allebeck Peter
Published: November 2013

We analyzed questionnaire survey responses in a cohort of 30,344 twins in Sweden, 280 of whom became inpatients due to neurosis within the subsequent 10 years. As a group, they dzgered substantially in their reported health profile from the survey responders who were not admitted for psychiatric treatment. When subclassified into anxiety, depressive, and other neuroses, these were indistinguishable from each other regarding self‐perceived health and personality traits. Women were more likely to be hospitalized for neurosis.

These mental and social antecedents for both anxiety and depression are in keeping with the concept of a shared diathesis which is supported by neurophysiological, treatment and genetic epidemiological studies. Anxiety 1:175‐179 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodiversity Conservation in Asia
Authors: Squires Dale
Published: November 2013

Asian's remarkable economic growth brought many benefits but also fuelled threats to its ecosystems and biodiversity. Economic growth brings biodiversity threats but also conservation opportunities. Continued biodiversity loss is inevitable, but the types, areas and rates of biodiversity loss are not. Prioritising biodiversity conservation, tempered by what is tractable, remains a high priority. Policy and market distortions and failures significantly underprice biodiversity, undermine ecosystems and create perverse incentives, leading to over‐consumption and under‐conservation. Properly priced biodiversity creates price signals and incentives that account for all contributions from biodiversity and ecosystems. Habitat conservation remains the centrepiece of biodiversity conservation. The next steps forward include selected command‐and‐control measures and economic policies that eliminate perverse incentives and creating positive ones along with improved enforcement.
Synthesis, Persistent Luminescence, and Thermoluminescence Properties of Yellow Sr3SiO5:Eu2+,RE3+ (RE=Ce, Nd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) and Orange‐Red Sr3−xBaxSiO5:Eu2+, Dy3+ Phosphor
Authors: Li Ye , Li Baohong , Ni Chenchen , Yuan Shuxia , Wang Jing , Tang Qiang , Su Qiang
Published: November 2013

Sunlight‐excitable orange or red persistent oxide phosphors with excellent performance are still in great need. Herein, an intense orange‐red Sr3−xBaxSiO5:Eu2+,Dy3+ persistent luminescence phosphor was successfully developed by a two‐step design strategy. The XRD patterns, photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra, and the thermoluminescence spectra were investigated in detail. By adding non‐equivalent trivalent rare earth co‐dopants to introduce foreign trapping centers, the persistent luminescence performance of Eu2+ in Sr3SiO5 was significantly modified. The yellow persistent emission intensity of Eu2+ was greatly enhanced by a factor of 4.5 in Sr3SiO5:Eu2+,Nd3+ compared with the previously reported Sr3SiO5:Eu2+, Dy3+. Furthermore, Sr ions were replaced with equivalent Ba to give Sr3−xBaxSiO5:Eu2+,Dy3+ phosphor, which shows yellow‐to‐orange‐red tunable persistent emissions from λ=570 to 591 nm as x is increased from 0 to 0.6. Additionally, the persistent emission intensity of Eu2+ is significantly improved by a factor of 2.7 in Sr3−xBaxSiO5:Eu2+,Dy3+ (x=0.2) compared with Sr3SiO5:Eu2+,Dy3+. A possible mechanism for enhanced and tunable persistent luminescence behavior of Eu2+ in Sr3−xBaxSiO5:Eu2+,RE3+ (RE=rare earth) is also proposed and discussed.
Value added based on educational positions in Dutch secondary education
Authors: Timmermans Anneke C. , Bosker Roel J. , de Wolf Inge F. , Doolaard Simone , van der Werf Margaretha P. C.
Published: November 2013

Estimating added value as an indicator of school effectiveness in the context of educational accountability often occurs using test or examination scores of students. This study investigates the possibilities for using scores of educational positions as an alternative indicator. A number of advantages of a value added indicator based on educational positions of students can be formulated, such as: (a) the societal significance of educational position as output measure; (b) the fact that a single indicator can be estimated for an entire school in a differentiated educational system, where not all schools provide education in all tracks; and (c) the expectation that value added based on educational positions leads to other incentives for schools than value added based on test scores. Empirical analysis of Dutch cohort data (VOCL'99) for secondary education showed considerable differences in effectiveness between schools in the positions of students. Furthermore, differential school effects were found for both socio‐economic status and prior achievement. The phenomena of differential school effects for socio‐economic status and prior achievement are linked to differences between schools in the kind of tracks in which the schools provide schooling.
When multiple identities compete: The role of centrality in self‐brand connections
Authors: Harmon‐Kizer Tracy R. , Kumar Anand , Ortinau David , Stock James
Published: November 2013

The current research provides a framework for understanding how centrality impacts people's choice of brands and related brand connectedness. Motivated by the need to validate their self‐image, individuals use brands to express and confirm their identities. The authors hypothesize that greater centrality of the identity to the self strengthens the connectedness an individual has for brands with value‐expressive properties. Three studies using experimental designs examined whether people whose identity is central to their self‐conception leads to stronger self‐brand connectedness than peripheral identities. In study 1, the results showed that people whose shopping identity was central (versus peripheral) to their self‐concept led to stronger self‐brand connections. Study 2 replicated the findings of study 1 employing brand symbolism as a moderator. Brands high in symbolic properties led to stronger brand connections for an individual's central identities compared with their peripheral identities. Study 3 replicated the influence of centrality on brand choice and self‐brand connections by generalizing this effect to reference group identities. Collectively, the studies provide evidence that individuals integrate brand associations into their self‐concept on the basis of both the centrality of the identity and the level of symbolism the brands holds for an identity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting the Molecular Basis of the Role of the O‐Mannosylation Pathway in Disease: α‐Dystroglycan and Forms of Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Live David , Wells Lance , Boons Geert‐Jan
Published: November 2013

Dystroglycanopathies form a subgroup of muscular dystrophies that arise from defects in enzymes that are implicated in the recently elucidated O‐mannosylation pathway, thereby resulting in underglycosylation of α‐dystroglycan. The emerging identification of additional brain proteins modified by O‐mannosylation provides a broader context for interpreting the range of neurological consequences associated with dystroglycanopathies. This form of glycosylation is associated with protein mucin‐like domains that present numerous serine and threonine residues as possible sites for modification. Furthermore, the O‐Man glycans coexist in this region with O‐GalNAc glycans (conventionally associated with such protein sequences), thus resulting in a complex glycoconjugate landscape. Sorting out the relationships between the various molecular defects in glycosylation and the modes of disease presentation, as well as the regulatory interplay among the O‐Man glycans and the effects on other modes of glycosylation in the same domain, is challenging. Here we provide a perspective on chemical biology approaches employing synthetic and analytical methods to address these questions.
Erythropoietin enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiomyocytes exposed to chronic hypoxia through Akt/eNOS signalling pathway
Authors: Qin Chuan , Zhou Shengkai , Xiao Yingbin , Chen Lin
Published: November 2013

Adaptation of cardiomyocytes to chronic hypoxia in cyanotic patients remains unclear. Mitochondrial biogenesis is enhanced in myocardium from cyanotic patients, which is possibly an adaptive response. Erythropoietin (EPO) in blood and its receptor (EPOR) on cardiomyocytes are upregulated by chronic hypoxia, suggesting that EPO–EPOR interaction is increased, which is inferred to positively regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through protein kinase B (Akt)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signalling pathway. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) for 1 week and treated with different doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). Mitochondrial number, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator alpha (PGC‐1α) mRNA expression increased in a dose‐dependent manner induced by rhEPO. Akt and eNOS were significantly phosphorylated by rhEPO. Both blocking Akt with Wortmannin and silencing eNOS expression with shRNA plasmid decreased the mtDNA copy number and PGC‐1α mRNA expression induced by rhEPO. Blocking Akt was associated with the decreased phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS. RNA interference led to a reduction in the total and phosphorylated proteins of eNOS. Thus EPO enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiomyocytes exposed to chronic hypoxia, at least partly through Akt/eNOS signalling, which might be an adaptive mechanism of cardiomyocytes associated with the increased EPO–EPOR interaction in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD).
Early outcomes of alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Authors: Veselka Josef , Lawrenz Thorsten , Stellbrink Christoph , Zemanek David , Branny Marian , Januska Jaroslav , Sitar Jan , Dimitrow Pawel , Krejci Jan , Dabrowski Maciej , Mizera Stanislav , Bartel Thomas , Kuhn Horst
Published: November 2013

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) under multicenter and multinational conditions. Methods: Data for 459 patients (age 57 ± 13 years) from nine European centers were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results: ASA led to a significant reduction in outflow gradient (PG) and dyspnea [median of PG from 88 (58–123) mm Hg to 21 (11–41) mm Hg; median of NYHA class from 3 (2–3) to 1 (1–2); P < 0.01]. The incidence of 3‐month major adverse events (death, electrical cardioversion for tachyarrhythmias, resuscitation) and mortality was 2.8% and 0.7%, respectively. Permanent pacemakers for post‐ASA complete heart block were implanted in 43 patients (9%). Multivariate analysis identified higher amount of alcohol (however, in generally low‐dose procedures), higher baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and higher age as independent predictors of PG decrease ≥50%. Conclusions: The results of the first European multicenter and multinational study demonstrate that real‐world early outcomes of ASA patients are better than was reported in observations from the first decade after ASA introduction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving the Selectivity toward Three‐Component Biginelli versus Hantzsch Reactions by Controlling the Catalyst Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Surface Balance
Authors: Karimi Babak , Mobaraki Akbar , Mirzaei Hamid M. , Zareyee Daryoush , Vali Hojatollah
Published: November 2013

The catalytic activities and selectivities of two kinds of mesoporous solid acids SBA‐15‐PrSO3H 1, SBA‐15‐Ph‐PrSO3H 2, and a periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) based solid acid Et‐PMO‐Me‐PrSO3H 3 that comprise different physicochemical surface properties were compared in an environmentally benign one‐pot, three‐component Biginelli reaction of aldehydes, β‐ketoesters and urea or thiourea under solvent‐free conditions. Among these mesoporous solid acid catalysts, 3, which has a hydrophobic/hydrophobic balance in the nanospaces (mesochannels) in which the active sites are located, is found to be a significantly more selective catalytic system in the Biginelli reaction; it produces the corresponding 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐one\thione (DHPM) 5 derivatives in good to excellent yields and excellent selectivities. Notably, in the case of conducting the three‐component coupling reaction of benzaldehyde, metylacetoacetate and urea in the presence of 1 result in the generation of a mixture of Hantzsch dihydropyridine 4 (≈37 %) and Biginelli dihydropyrimidinone 5 (≈49 %), whereas the same reaction with 2 (catalyst loading of 1 mol % as well) furnishes the corresponding aldolic product methyl‐2‐benzylidene‐3‐oxobutanoate 6 as the major product (≈80 %) with concomitant formation of small amounts of 5 (<10 %) under essentially the same reaction conditions that are employed with catalyst 3. Water adsorption–desorption analysis of the catalysts is employed to possibly relate the observed selectivity to the difference in physicochemical properties of the materials.