bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Room‐Temperature Synthesis and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of BiOCl Microsphere
Authors: Li Jin , Li Yuanrui
Published: April 2018

Hierarchical BiOCl microspheres assembled from nanosheets with predominated (110) facets were facilely fabricated by precipitation at room temperature and characterized systematically. The effects of the solvents, chlorine precursors and reaction time on the growth of the BiOCl microspheres have been investigated in detail. Rhodamine B (RhB) was selected to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the as‐obtained samples under visible‐light irradiation, and the results revealed that the BiOCl microspheres synthesized with WCl6 exhibited superior RhB removal efficiency through a photosensitization process, and the degradation efficiency was 99% within 25 min and was still kept over 97% after five runs. The enhanced photocatalytic activities were mainly attributed to their hierarchical structure, high specific surface area as well as more exposed (110) facet. The superoxide radicals (•O2−) were demonstrated to be the main active species in the photodegradation process. Additionally, photocatalysis mechanism was proposed based on experimental results.
Enhanced Electrochemical Performances of LiMnPO4/C via Liquid Crystal Template Pathway
Authors: Xiao Zhenghui , He Yang , Li Xueliang , Zhang Luyao , Ding Zhongqiang
Published: April 2018

Highly ordered LiMnPO4 (LMP) and LiMnPO4/C (LMP/C) were successfully synthesized with a facile hydrothermal process via cholesteryl caprylate (C35H60O2) liquid crystal‐assisted routine. The structures and morphologies were characterized through X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical performances of LiMnPO4 and LiMnPO4/C were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, charge‐discharge and alternating current (AC) impedance test. As‐prepared orthorhombic LiMnPO4 presents a large number of (020) planes and minimizes the paths for Li diffusion. The ordered LiMnPO4/C possess the higher rate and cycling performances with a specific discharge capacity of 156 mA h g−1 at 0.1C, and the remained capacity of 145 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. These excellent results show that cholesteryl caprylate liquid crystal plays a crucial role in forming the structure with more active (020) planes for efficient Li+ extraction and insertion.
Solution‐Processed In2O3/ZnO Heterojunction Electron Transport Layers for Efficient Organic Bulk Heterojunction and Inorganic Colloidal Quantum‐Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Eisner Flurin , Seitkhan Akmaral , Han Yang , Khim Dongyoon , Yengel Emre , Kirmani Ahmad R. , Xu Jixian , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sargent Edward H. , Amassian Aram , Fei Zhuping , Heeney Martin , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: April 2018

We report the development of a solution‐processed In2O3/ZnO heterojunction electron transport layer (ETL) and its application in high efficiency organic bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) and inorganic colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells. Study of the electrical properties of this low‐dimensional oxide heterostructure via field‐effect measurements reveals that electron transport along the heterointerface is enhanced by more than a tenfold when compared to the individual single‐layer oxides. Use of the heterojunction as the ETL in organic BHJ photovoltaics is found to consistently improve the cell's performance due to the smoothening of the ZnO surface, increased electron mobility and a noticeable reduction in the cathode's work function, leading to a decrease in the cells’ series resistance and a higher fill factor (FF). Specifically, non‐fullerene based organic BHJ solar cells based on In2O3/ZnO ETLs exhibit very high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 12.8%, and high FFs of over 70%. The bilayer ETL concept is further extended to inorganic lead‐sulphide CQD solar cells. Resulting devices exhibit excellent performance with a maximum PCE of 8.2% and a FF of 56.8%. The present results highlight the potential of multilayer oxides as novel ETL systems and lay the foundation for future developments.
Diversification of transcription factor–DNA interactions and the evolution of gene regulatory networks
Authors: Rogers Julia M. , Bulyk Martha L.
Published: April 2018

Sequence‐specific transcription factors (TFs) bind short DNA sequences in the genome to regulate the expression of target genes. In the last decade, numerous technical advances have enabled the determination of the DNA‐binding specificities of many of these factors. Large‐scale screens of many TFs enabled the creation of databases of TF DNA‐binding specificities, typically represented as position weight matrices (PWMs). Although great progress has been made in determining and predicting binding specificities systematically, there are still many surprises to be found when studying a particular TF's interactions with DNA in detail. Paralogous TFs' binding specificities can differ in subtle ways, in a manner that is not immediately apparent from looking at their PWMs. These differences affect gene regulatory outputs and enable TFs to rewire transcriptional networks over evolutionary time. This review discusses recent observations made in the study of TF–DNA interactions that highlight the importance of continued in‐depth analysis of TF–DNA interactions and their inherent complexity.

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
Nilpotent $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ tensor multiplet
Authors: Kuzenko Sergei M.
Published: April 2018

Abstract

We propose a nilpotent

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

tensor multiplet describing two fields, which are the Goldstino and the axion, the latter being realised in terms of the field strength of a gauge two-form. This supersymmetric multiplet is formulated in terms of a deformed real linear superfield, subject to a cubic nilpotency condition. Its couplings to a super Yang-Mills multiplet and supergravity are presented. To define a nilpotent tensor multiplet in the locally supersymmetric case, one has to make use of either real or complex three-form supergravity theories, which are variant realisations of the old minimal formulation for

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

supergravity.
Adolescent predictors of social and coping drinking motives in early adulthood
Authors: Temmen Chelsie D. , Crockett Lisa J.
Published: April 2018

Although motivations to use alcohol have been shown to predict alcohol use and alcohol‐related problems, little is known about how drinking motives develop. This study identified antecedents in adolescence of social and coping motives for drinking in early adulthood. Data came from a longitudinal study of youths in the eastern U.S. (N = 451) followed from secondary school into early adulthood (52.4% female; Mage = 23.01; SD = 1.03). In a structural equation analysis, frequency of drunkenness and peer alcohol use positively predicted young adult social motives, whereas only frequency of drunkenness predicted coping motives. These findings indicate that alcohol use behaviors and social relationships in adolescence may contribute to the development of adult drinking motives.
The offensive posture of NATO’s missile defence system
Authors: Diesen Glenn , Keane Conor
Published: April 2018

A compelling case can be made to develop a NATO’s missile defence system in response to the advancement of missile technology and the danger of nuclear weapons. However, this development also undermines Russia’s retaliatory capacity, and consequently heightens the offensive potential of nuclear weapons. This article explores the offence/defence posture of NATO’s missile defence plans in terms of both capabilities and strategy. It is argued that NATO is incrementally increasing the strength and reach of its missile defence components, while rejecting any international treaty to regulate and limit their future expansion. This corresponds with a strategy of achieving invulnerability through counterforce and utilising NATO as an ‘insurance policy’ against Russia, to be activated when conflicts arise. We conclude that NATO has the capacity to distinguish between an offensive and defensive posture by discriminating between potential targets, but it has displayed no intention to do so.
THE EFFECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ON PRODUCTIVITY AND INPUT DEMANDS IN U.S. AGRICULTURE
Authors: CHAVAS JEAN-PAUL , SHI GUANMING , NEHRING RICHARD , STIEGERT KYLE
Published: April 2018

U.S. agriculture has seen a rapid adoption of biotechnology over the last two decades. This study investigates how biotechnology has affected U.S. farm input demand and agricultural productivity. The analysis relies on data at the national level and at the state level for selected states in the Corn Belt. It evaluates the rate of technological change and price elasticities of demand for agricultural inputs over time. The study documents the evolving biases in technological change in agriculture. It finds evidence that farm input demands have become more price inelastic.
Remarks by Aaditya Mattoo
Authors: Mattoo Aaditya
Published: April 2018

Thank you very much, Gary. Thank you for inviting me today, Julie. I'm going to make four quick points—first of all, that the backlash has a certain sense of historical inevitability but it's fortunately very narrow in scope. Second, that it's not just against trade, which is the conventional wisdom. It's also against misplaced redistribution. Third, that if we are going to aim for more inclusive growth, in the sense that Oonagh spoke about, we need more, not less, globalization. And we also need more, not less, international cooperation, but it will need to take new innovative forms.
Remarks by Kath Hall
Authors: Hall Kath
Published: April 2018

First, I would really like to thank the Vagts family for the opportunity to be here and participate in this amazing conference, and second, to Hannah, thank you so much for organizing this panel. I think that there's going to be some really interesting discussions.
Opening Remarks by Lucinda Low
Authors: Low Lucinda
Published: April 2018

Good morning, and welcome to this final program in our series of three programs at this annual meeting on “International Law and the Trump Administration.” This morning, as you well know, we are talking about global engagement on environmental law, following our Thursday panel on security issues and yesterday's panel on trade and investment. This is part of a series that we have been presenting both here and on in our webcast initiative that we launched in January, as the new administration began its first one hundred days in office. Some of you may have seen the live webcast we put together, and there are now podcasts as well, featuring former senior administration officials of both parties, which are presenting factual information and informed perspectives on a range of critical policy issues that are facing America and the world.
Remarks by E. Donald Elliott
Authors: Elliott Donald
Published: April 2018

Thank you very much. As Paul said, I was asked to talk about how the Trump administration's environmental policies compared with those of previous administrations. Those of you who know me know that as a frustrated academic I would usually pay to get to speak to an audience about anything. But I actually woke up at 4:00 a.m. this morning, sick to my stomach, and for the first time in my life I thought about calling in sick, because I think it's actually a thankless task to try to talk to anybody about the Trump administration. It brings to mind my late father-in-law's line, “Don't try to confuse me with common sense and reasoning. My mind is made up.”
Remarks by Carl Bruch
Authors: Bruch Carl
Published: April 2018

Thank you. It's wonderful to be here. I'd like to start with a few general observations. First, it appears that the Trump administration might be responsive to some of the business cases for staying engaged on international environmental issues. The administration includes many leaders from industry. This is the culture that they come from, including the new Secretary of State. Many of the global companies that are based in the United States, or have substantial actions in the United States, don't want to lose U.S. leadership or engagement, and even institutions that are not known as environmental champions have talked about keeping a seat at the table, to make sure that their interests are represented. Part of this is a desire for a level playing field. Part of it is just business opportunities. We've seen, in the past that when the U.S. government has been particularly unpopular, businesses can have trouble competing in procurement overseas.
Jean Krasno
Authors: Krasno Jean
Published: April 2018

Thank you so much. My name is Jean Krasno and I'm at the City College of New York and Columbia University. My question basically has to do with civil society and how you might see the role of civil society in keeping the environment on the agenda. There is going to be a big march in Washington next week, Science Matters, and it will be in New York as well. I don't know where else it will be held. What would you see as the agenda for this kind of movement, and how might you help the movement frame the issue to create a kind of urgency and message for civil society?
Alicia Cate
Authors: Cate Alicia
Published: April 2018

Hi. Alicia Cate with Oceana, the world's largest international organization to protect the oceans. I would like to just make one brief comment, which is that Oceana was very successful as a civil society organization to change the Obama administration's views on drilling in the Atlantic and the Arctic, and that is once again a prospect for the future with this administration. It is incredibly important that we all speak up, every single one of us, because we all should be at that march. It is on April 29. Oceana is helping to organize the People's Climate March. Please be there.
Introductory Remarks by Ernst Hirsch Ballin
Authors: Ballin Ernst Hirsch
Published: April 2018

Thank you, Madam President, for this kind introduction. We are here with a delegation from The Hague, and on behalf of the Asser Institute, it was a pleasure for us to organize this panel in cooperation with the municipality and the Royal Dutch Netherlands Embassy. Thank you all for joining us at this Closing Plenary on “Building Trust in International Law and Institutions.”
Remarks by Bruno Simma
Authors: Simma Bruno
Published: April 2018

Thank you, Mr. Hirsch Ballin. I will follow your instructions, although with a slight bend, but into a neighborhood that you probably agree with. I think we all agree that multilateralism is the arena for the march from bilateralism to community interest, among other fields also with regard to the settlement of disputes and the maintenance of peace—one of the great endeavors and, partly, achievements, of civilization.
Katie Lundy
Authors: Lundy Katie
Published: April 2018

Hi. Katie Lundy, Millersville University. For those of us who are in the generation coming to power, in the millennial generation and so forth, for those of us who are high schoolers and in college, be it our undergrad, our master's, or our law degree, for the board and specifically for Professor Alston, how would you recommend that we help to help those who are in situations such as in the Manila case? How can we help with that justice? How can we help with the promotion of international law, and how can we inspire our peers to help those who are in danger and who are in need of aid?
Remarks by Lt. Col. Sean Watts
Authors: Watts Sean
Published: April 2018

We are still in the early days of the relationship between cyberspace and international law. In many respects, it is a relationship off to an unsteady and uncertain start. But a slow and sporadic trickle of governmental efforts to express or even to shape that relationship has emerged. To date, the most significant multinational clarification from states has been the deceptively modest concession that international law applies fully to cyberspace. States have at least made clear that the novelty and seemingly virtual nature do not exempt cyberspace from existing in international law.
Remedies of the Inter-American Human Rights System
Authors: Krsticevic Viviana
Published: April 2018

In this presentation, I would like to focus on the latest developments concerning remedies established by the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS), and offer some suggestions to reform both the content of reparations as well as the Inter-American Court's process for supervising reparations.
Against the Motion
Authors: Hernández Gleider I.
Published: April 2018

My argument against this motion is very confined. I argue simply that the motion, as drafted, embodies overreach—if passed, it does not caution merely against expansive interpretation, a contested term that is not a legal term of art, but stands for a restrictive, unrecognized rule of interpretation in relation to an entire category of international law documents, the varied instruments conferring jurisdiction on international courts and tribunals.
Rebuttal
Authors: Juratowitch Ben
Published: April 2018

States signing a friendship, commerce, and navigation treaty providing for compulsory dispute resolution did not intend for disputes about the use of force to be adjudicated by a court or tribunal taking jurisdiction under that treaty.
Remarks by Jennifer Daskal
Authors: Daskal Jennifer
Published: April 2018

First, a huge thanks to ASIL for facilitating this timely and important conversation. I am honored to be part of this panel.
Protecting Human Rights and Preserving the Benefits of ISDR
Authors: Pate Hewitt
Published: April 2018

It is a privilege to participate in the ASIL Annual Conference. My hope in doing so is to learn from the other panelists, and to provide a perspective that does not appear to be well represented in ASIL discussions—that of the corporate investor. The practical realities seen from that perspective are often missing from academic presentations, and are not fully covered by presenters from the private bar who represent investors. When ASIL convenes panels to discuss international law topics that involve business, including a corporate participant may add value to the discussion.
Changes in the Balance of Rights and Obligations: Toward Investor Responsibilization
Authors: de Chazournes Laurence Boisson
Published: April 2018

The classical approach to investment protection is that states have obligations and investors have rights. However, there are emerging trends in favor of a rebalancing of rights and obligations of states and investors. In the context of this recalibrated approach, more attention is given to the definition of substantive provisions, such as the fair and equitable treatment standard. There is also a move from investor protection to investor responsibilization. This emerging responsibilization trend can be observed, for example, in recent treaties negotiated on the African continent, and it is also making a foray into customary international law.
Peace is the Fundamental Value that International Law Exists to Serve
Authors: Bailliet Cecilia M.
Published: April 2018

Hersch Lauterpacht set forth that international law should be functionally oriented toward both the establishment of peace between nations and the protection of fundamental human rights. This perspective was followed by Hans Kelsen, who authored Peace Through Law, reminding us that the pursuit of peace requires patience and commitment to international norms and legal institutions, such as international criminal tribunals, stating, “He who wishes to approach the aim of world peace in a realistic way must take this problem quite soberly, as one of a slow and steady perfection of the international order.” Later on the work of Grenville Clark and Lois B. Sohn spanned three decades, pursuing “World Peace Through World Law” through which they envisioned the creation of a World Conciliation Board, a World Equity Tribunal, compulsory jurisdiction for the ICJ, transfer of primary responsibility for the maintenance of peace from the Security Council to the General Assembly, and world disarmament enforced by regional courts. Several of these topics are under renewed discussion at present, including reform of the Security Council, the value of conciliation in international law, and the new Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Some suggest that the fragmentation of international law into specialized subfields, such as trade law, human rights, etc. resulted in a dissipation of attention to broader, common aims such as peace, instead promoting specialized technical expertise within each realm. To the extent that contemporary international law engaged with peace, it focused on the subject of peace treaties and the role of relevant institutions, such as the United Nations and regional entities.
Remarks by Robert Taylor
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: April 2018

The use of armed force inside the territory of a country is a matter that involves the rights and responsibilities of the territorial state. Control over the use of force is a fundamental aspect of the state's sovereignty. With respect to other states, it is the territorial state that has rights. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter provides that “[a]ll Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.” This obligation extends from one state to another state. The government of the territorial state might have obligations under the domestic law of that state to defend its territory, or to prohibit the use of force by any other state within its territory, but any such obligation is not a matter of international law and another state is not bound or limited by such domestic law provision.
Remarks by María Teresa Infante Caffi
Authors: Infante Caffi María Teresa
Published: April 2018

China and Russia stated in 2016 that “It is crucial for the maintenance of international legal order that all dispute settlement means and mechanisms are based on consent and used in good faith and in the spirit of cooperation, and their purposes shall not be undermined by abusive practices.” Does this sentence reflect their shared view of the signing states or are these ideas endorsed by other international players?
Remarks by Jacques deLisle
Authors: deLisle Jacques
Published: April 2018

Does a more powerful and assertive China threaten the universality of international law? Maybe, but not yet clearly so. The answer depends on China's still-emerging positions, on whether a universal system will accommodate China's preferences, and on one's net assessment of China's complex and ambiguous behavior. Any Chinese challenge to universality is national, not regional. There is no coherent Asian international law, and China is not leading its emergence.
The Future of International Claims Commissions: Conceptualizing the EU's Proposed Multilateral Investment Court as an International Claims Tribunal
Authors: Sharpe Jeremy K.
Published: April 2018

I want to consider the European Commission's proposed multilateral investment court as an international claims tribunal. The commission is not promoting its investment court as a claims tribunal, but that is essentially what it is. The commission seeks to establish a mechanism to allow foreign investors to submit future disputes under international law to binding dispute resolution before a standing tribunal. The proposed court differs from most claims tribunals, as it is intended to be multilateral and to apply to future disputes. But that is what makes the proposal so interesting and potentially useful.
Introductory Remarks by Benjamin Wittes
Authors: Wittes Benjamin
Published: April 2018

So I would be remiss if I didn't begin this panel by just pausing for a moment over the name of it, which is “International Law and the Trump Administration,” and if that doesn't bring a smile to your lips in some form, I think we may as well pack up and go home.
Remarks by Shireen Hunter
Authors: Hunter Shireen
Published: April 2018

Well, thank you very much, and good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Actually, I have to have a disclaimer. I am not a lawyer, and actually, probably the reason why I am here is to provide a dose of political realism and so really show a little bit still the limits of international law and to what extent actually international law governs international relations and why.
GROW: a model for mentorship to advance women's leadership in global health
Authors: Yount K. M. , Miedema S. , Krause K. H. , Clark C. J. , Chen J. S. , del Rio C.
Published: April 2018

In this essay, we discuss the under-representation of women in leadership positions in global health (GH) and the importance of mentorship to advance women's standing in the field. We then describe the mentorship model of GROW, Global Research for Women. We describe the theoretical origins of the model and an adapted theory of change explaining how the GROW model for mentorship advances women's careers in GH. We present testimonials from a range of mentees who participated in a pilot of the GROW model since 2015. These mentees describe the capability-enhancing benefits of their mentorship experience with GROW. Thus, preliminary findings suggest that the GROW mentorship model is a promising strategy to build women's leadership in GH. We discuss supplemental strategies under consideration and next steps to assess the impact of GROW, providing the evidence to inform best practices for curricula elsewhere to build women's leadership in GH.
HOW DID MARITIME PIRACY AFFECT TRADE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA?
Authors: Morabito Giacomo , Sergi Bruno S.
Published: April 2018

Over the past 30 years, Southeast Asia has experienced rapid growth in intra-regional economic activity, but despite the remarkable diminution in the frequency and intensity of military conflict and crises, it has not been free of interstate disputes, such as maritime disputes. However, the struggle against maritime crime activities such as maritime piracy is a priority for all countries of the region, as well as one of the unavoidable prerequisites for the achievement of the regional economic security. This research note focuses on the impact of maritime piracy on the Southeast Asian countries’ trade. Bilateral trade flows among the Southeast Asian countries over the 1994 to 2013 period are used to estimate an augmented gravity model that includes various measures of maritime crime activities. The purpose is to find the evidence to indicate how maritime piracy has affected the volume of intra-regional trade.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Campbell Marilyn
Published: April 2018

I was trying to think of a different way to start this issue's editorial instead of welcome to this edition. However, considering that most readers skip this section and go straight to the articles which interest them, I didn't give it considerable thought, so welcome to this edition!
Comparison between a multi-variate nudging method and the ensemble Kalman filter for sea-ice data assimilation
Authors: FRITZNER SINDRE M. , GRAVERSEN RUNE G. , WANG KEGUANG , CHRISTENSEN KAI H.
Published: April 2018

Increasing ship traffic and human activity in the Arctic has led to a growing demand for accurate Arctic weather forecast. High-quality forecasts obtained by models are dependent on accurate initial states achieved by assimilation of observations. In this study, a multi-variate nudging (MVN) method for assimilation of sea-ice variables is introduced. The MVN assimilation method includes procedures for multivariate update of sea-ice volume and concentration, and for extrapolation of observational information spatially. The MVN assimilation scheme is compared with the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) using the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model. Two multi-variate experiments are conducted: in the first experiment, sea-ice thickness from the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission is assimilated, and in the second experiment, sea-ice concentration from the ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility is assimilated. The multivariate effects are cross-validated by comparing the model with non-assimilated observations. It is found that the simple and computationally cheap MVN method shows comparable skills to the more complicated and expensive EnKF method for multivariate update. In addition, we show that when few observations are available, the MVN method is a significant model improvement compared to the version based on one-dimensional sea-ice concentration assimilation.
Reservoir Ages in the Western Tropical North Atlantic from One Coral off Martinique Island (Lesser Antilles)
Authors: Paterne Martine , Feuillet Nathalie , Cabioch Guy , Cortijo Elsa , Blamart Dominique , Weill-Accardo Jennifer , Bonneau Lucile , Colin Christophe , Douville Eric , Pons-Branchu Edwige
Published: April 2018

Sea surface reservoir ages (R) are reported from radiocarbon (14C) measurements of the annual growth bands of coral Siderastrea siderea collected on the Atlantic coast off Martinique Island, in the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc. Mean values of R are similar between 1835 and 1845 during pre-anthropogenic times at 385±30 yr and between 1895 and 1905 at 382±20 yr when there was a huge eruption from the Montagne Pelée volcano in 1902–1903. Limited 14C aging of sea surface (~40 yr) may be due to enhanced volcanic activity. Variability of R is slightly greater during 1835–1845 than during 1895–1905. It is linked to a moderate increase of ∆14C of 5‰, strengthened by a clear increase of δ18O of 0.4‰. This is attributed to a decrease of the northward advection of the South Atlantic Waters into the western tropical North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea and relative enhanced westward flux of the tropical North Atlantic surface waters, the southern waters having lower values of 14C and δ18O than the North Atlantic ones. From 1835 to 1845, the fraction of the South Atlantic Waters transported up to Martinique Island was reduced from 25% to 15%.
First record of Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae) lungworm infections in two stranded neonatal orcas (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Reckendorf A. , Ludes-Wehrmeister E. , Wohlsein P. , Tiedemann R. , Siebert U. , Lehnert K.
Published: April 2018

Orca (Orcinus orca) strandings are rare and post-mortem examinations on fresh individuals are scarce. Thus, little is known about their parasitological fauna, prevalence of infections, associated pathology and the impact on their health. During post-mortem examinations of two male neonatal orcas stranded in Germany and Norway, lungworm infections were found within the bronchi of both individuals. The nematodes were identified as Halocercus sp. (Pseudaliidae), which have been described in the respiratory tract of multiple odontocete species, but not yet in orcas. The life cycle and transmission pathways of some pseudaliid nematodes are incompletely understood. Lungworm infections in neonatal cetaceans are an unusual finding and thus seem to be an indicator for direct mother-to-calf transmission (transplacental or transmammary) of Halocercus sp. nematodes in orcas.
Queue the Music: Cohan's Yellowface Substitution in Little Johnny Jones
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn
Published: April 2018

It is 7 November 1904, 7:55 p.m. New York City theatregoers anxiously await the opening of George M. Cohan's newest production, Little Johnny Jones. The house is just about filled, but the well-dressed ushers hustle a few stragglers to their seats. Some of the theatre's usual patrons have been held up late at work, while others are too consumed by Clifford Berryman's political cartoons in the Washington Star to attend the performance. This particular Monday evening marks an important moment for America: polls for the thirtieth presidential election will be opening in fewer than twelve hours. Theodore Roosevelt represents the Republican Party, and Alton B. Parker heads the Democratic ticket. Although results will not be known for sure until the close of the 8 November election, Roosevelt's recent success in office upon the assassination of William McKinley gives him a political boost. New York City's predominantly Republican values leave little doubt about which name a majority of tonight's audience will be checking off on the ballot come morning; Roosevelt has carried every region but the South in his campaigning efforts thus far. Nonetheless, Broadway occasionally attracts a few guests from the slightly less liberal states of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and this evening's house is no different; the Liberty Theatre is filled with men of opposing political views. A nervous excitement fills the room; a combination of political gossip, predictions about how Cohan's first Broadway musical will compare to his earlier comedic works and vaudeville skits, and occasional gasps and awestruck sighs from spectators who are seeing the inside of the Liberty Theatre for the first time since its very recent grand opening at 234 West 42nd Street. The twenty-thousand-square-foot theatre, with its dramatic stage, extensive balconies, and striking cathedrallike ceilings is the perfect home for the unfolding of Broadway, a theatrical form and style that America will come to call its own. As the house lights dim and the violins hum a piercing A note, other members of the orchestra slowly begin tuning their individual instruments. As the oboists finish adjusting their pitch, the conductor taps his music stand: musicians tilt their gaze to the front of the pit, audience members sink into the velvet of their plush seats and begin to quiet their chatter. Blackout.
Frank Castorf's Art of Institutional Dis/avowal : A Volksbühne Elegy
Authors: Woolf Brandon
Published: April 2018

There is so much to say about the persistent critiques of and mobilizations against Chris Dercon's vision (or lack thereof) of the newly named Volksbühne Berlin. My task here, however, is a different one: to begin to understand why there has also been such persistent mobilization on behalf of the Volksbühne am Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz. In what follows, I provide some critical context for reflection upon the unique role the Volksbühne played in post-Wall Berlin. I suggest that in his twenty-five-year tenure at the Volksbühne, Frank Castorf worked to refunction the theatre apparatus itself, to transform the theatre as state institution, as interrelated set of supporting structures that extend beyond and behind the proscenium arch. Further, Castorf's work as both director and artistic director helps us to understand the complex relations between a theatre aesthetic, which exposes and critiques the structures of its (state) support, and a theatrical institution with similarly ambitious goals. As an aesthetic and as an infrastructural project, Castorf's Volksbühne enacted a new kind of public theatre in Berlin—and it is this project of institutional dis/avowal that we must remember (and dare to reenact) as so much more than reactionary or provincial nostalgia.
A Theatre without Actors
Authors: Syme Holger Schott
Published: April 2018

When Tim Renner, then secretary of state for cultural affairs in Berlin, announced in March 2015 that Frank Castorf's term as artistic director of the Volksbühne would end in 2017, his reasoning was clear. After twenty-five years, it was time to “develop the Volksbühne further,” to “rethink” where this storied theatre would go next. As the agent of change, Renner had identified Chris Dercon, then still director of London's Tate Modern—a highly regarded museum director with decades of experience as a curator, and none as a theatre maker.
B6112—Art after All: The Alleged Occupation of the Volksbühne am Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz
Authors: Waterfeld Sarah
Published: April 2018

B6112 is a collective anticapitalist, feminist, antiracist, and queer transmedial theatre production. Welcome to our artwork! Our theatre, our art, our poetry, and our work are weapons of struggle. Art does not take place in a political, social, or economic vacuum. Art takes place in world structured by imperialism and its slaughter, war, destruction, commerce, and slavery. Art must engage with this in both content and form. Otherwise it is obsolete. B6112 advocates a theatre that calls for revolution, reveals relationships of domination, denounces grievances, names guilty parties, presents resistance strategies, explores them, rejects them. B6112 stands for the elimination of nationalisms and gender inequality, for a global citizenship, for a world community in which all people peacefully coexist in equal living conditions. B6112 stands for self-organization and emancipation, for a hierarchy-free theatre that has a mimetic and thus exemplary effect on society. In the face of global disasters, we reject an entertainment theatre or a theatre of display that acts as an opiate in the society. Only when our goals have been achieved will we be able to renegotiate the role of the theatre for our society, redefine its content, and redefine the question of relevance.
Deterioration of functional abilities in children surviving the Fontan operation
Authors: Ricci M. Florencia , Martin Billie-Jean , Joffe Ari R. , Dinu Irina A. , Alton Gwen Y. , Guerra Gonzalo G. , Robertson Charlene M. T. ,   For the Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-Up Program
Published: April 2018

Functional abilities are needed for activities of daily living. In general, these skills expand with age. We hypothesised that, in contrast to what is normally expected, children surviving the Fontan may have deterioration of functional abilities, and that peri-Fontan stroke is associated with this deterioration. All children registered in the Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Program who survived a Fontan operation in the period 1999–2016 were eligible for inclusion. At the age of 2 years (pre-Fontan) and 4.5 years (post-Fontan), the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II general adaptive composite score was determined (population mean: 100, standard deviation: 15). Deterioration of functional abilities was defined as ⩾1 standard deviation decrease in pre- to post-Fontan scores. Perioperative strokes were identified through chart review. Multivariable logistic regression analysis determined predictors of deterioration of functional abilities. Of 133 children, with a mean age at Fontan of 3.3 years (standard deviation 0.8) and 65% male, the mean (standard deviation) general adaptive composite score was 90.6 (17.5) at 2 years and 88.3 (19.1) at 4.5 years. After Fontan, deterioration of functional abilities occurred in 34 (26%) children, with a mean decline of 21.8 (7.1) points. Evidence of peri-Fontan stroke was found in 10 (29%) children who had deterioration of functional abilities. Peri-Fontan stroke (odds ratio 5.00 (95% CI 1.74, 14.36)) and older age at Fontan (odds ratio 1.67 (95% CI 1.02, 2.73)) predicted functional deterioration. The trajectory of functional abilities should be assessed in this population, as more than 25% experience deterioration. Efforts to prevent peri-Fontan stroke, and to complete the Fontan operation at an earlier age, may lead to reduction of this deterioration.
Analysis of Medical Responses in Mass Gatherings: The Commemoration Ceremonies for the 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Gallipoli
Authors: Koçak Hüseyin , Çalışkan Cüneyt , Sönmezler Mehmet Şerafettin , Eliuz Kenan , Küçükdurmaz Fatih
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Mass crowds outside the routine population create a burden of disease on Emergency Medical Services (EMS). The need for EMS in various mass-crowd events may vary. It is especially important to determine the EMS requirement that emerges during the historic commemoration ceremonies in Çanakkale (Turkey).

Hypothesis/Problem

This study aims to determine the unique challenges in the planning of EMS responses provided for people from various countries at the commemoration ceremony for a 100-year-old war and to identify the medical provision of those services.

Methods

This descriptive study examined the patient applications in the Çanakkale EMS at the commemoration ceremonies for the 100th anniversary of Gallipoli Wars (Çanakkale Amphibious Wars – Turkey) on April 24-25, 2015.

Results

A total of 221 cases were handled by 112 EMS in the ceremony area. Of those, 87.3% of the cases applied to a mobile operating room (MOR) stationed in the ceremony area while 12.7% of them applied directly to the health care team in a large area in the ceremony area. Overall, 13.1% of the cases were transferred to the hospital for further evaluation and treatment. Patient presentation rate (PPR) of the patients who were treated during the two days was 4.42, and transfer to hospital rate (TTHR) of the cases transferred to the hospital was calculated to be 0.58.

Conclusion

Further studies may create models in regard to the estimations on mass and needs based on the data of previous organizations.

KoçakH, ÇalışkanC, SönmezlerMS, EliuzK, KüçükdurmazF. Analysis of medical responses in mass gatherings: the commemoration ceremonies for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Gallipoli. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):288–292.
Could local integration of health and social care finally overcome the pull to the centre?
Authors: Dixon Anna
Published: April 2018

There are several advantages of Bevan’s design, such as progressive funding through taxation and equity of access regardless of income, that we must not lose sight of as we celebrate the NHS’s (National Health Service) 70th birthday. However, there remain historical fault-lines dividing health and social care. The challenge is how to preserve equity if a more radical reform were implemented to fully integrate both the funding and delivery of health and social care. Funding from national taxation with defined entitlements could preserve both equity in funding and geographical equity. This does not solve the issue of the pull to the centre, which has been a feature of the NHS throughout its history, according to Klein. This will require a fundamental shift in the use of data. Data must be wrenched from the hands of the regulators and put back in the hands of those who generate them for the purposes of improvement.
The General Principles of International Criminal Law in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: SAYAPIN Sergey
Published: April 2018

International Criminal Law [ICL] contains a number of general principles, which form the foundations of and conditions for holding individuals criminally responsible for crimes under international law (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression), and other crimes against the peace and security of mankind. Most general principles of ICL have been adequately implemented in the current (second) edition of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This paper assesses the quality of and identifies the lacunae in the implementation of Kazakhstan’s Criminal Code, with a view to suggesting further improvements to this Code.
Low-cost wireless power efficiency optimization of the NFC tag through switchable receiver antenna
Authors: Zhao Yi , Li Huaye , Naderiparizi Saman , Parks Aaron , Smith Joshua R.
Published: April 2018

Near-field communication (NFC) readers, ubiquitously embedded in smartphones and other infrastructures can wirelessly deliver mW-level power to NFC tags. Our previous work NFC-wireless identification and sensing platform (WISP) proves that the generated NFC signal from an NFC enabled phone can power a tag (NFC-WISP) with display and sensing capabilities in addition to identification. However, accurately aligning and placing the NFC tag's antenna to ensure the high power delivery efficiency and communication performance is very challenging for the users. In addition, the performance of the NFC tag is not only range and alignment sensitive but also is a function of its run-time load impedance. This makes the execution of power-hungry tasks on an NFC tag (like the NFC-WISP) very challenging. Therefore, we explore a low-cost tag antenna design to achieve higher power delivered to the load (PDL) by utilizing two different antenna configurations (2-coil/3-coil). The two types of antenna configurations can be used to dynamically adapt to the requirements of varied range, alignment and load impedance in real-time, therefore, we achieve continuous high PDL and reliable communication. With the proposed method, we can, for example, turn a semi-passive NFC-WISP into a passive display tag in which an embedded 2.7″ E-ink screen can be updated robustly by a tapped NFC reader (e.g. an NFC-enable cell-phone) over a 3 seconds and within 1.5cm range.
Patientinnenzufriedenheit und Outcome nach Prolapsoperationen in einem ländlichen Spital
Authors: Meili Gesine , Christmann Corina , Schneider Jürg
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Untersucht wurden objektive und subjektive Langzeitergebnisse vaginaler und laparoskopischer Prolapsoperationen in einem allgemeinen gynäkologischen Lehrkrankenhaus. Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive Studie mit 269 Frauen. Das subjektive Ergebnis wurde anhand des P-QOL-Fragebogens und Befragungen beurteilt, die objektiven Ergebnisdaten wurden prä- und postoperativ nach drei bis neun Monaten beurteilt. Die Krankengeschichte wurde bezüglich Anamnese sowie intra- und postoperativen Komplikationen analysiert. Wir führten 87 laparoskopische Sakrokolpopexien, 100 Kolpofixationen nach Richter, 164 anteriore oder/und posteriore vaginale Plastiken, oft in Kombination mit anderen Eingriffen, sowie weitere Eingriffe durch. 80 % (185/206) der behandelten Frauen waren mit dem postoperativen Ergebnis zufrieden. Kenntnisse der Anamnese und der Symptome der Patientin sind sehr wichtig, um die Frauen über chirurgische Optionen und Erwartungen hinsichtlich des objektiven postoperativen Ergebnisses orientieren zu können.
Transfusionsbedingte Infektionen: Wie sinnvoll und kostspielig ist die Testung auf neue Infektionserreger?
Authors: Niederhauser Christoph
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. Bis Anfang der 1990er Jahre waren Blutprodukte nicht selten mit HIV oder HCV kontaminiert, was zu vielen transfusionsbedingten Infektionen führte. Seither wurde die Sicherheit von Blutprodukten in Bezug auf die Infektionsübertragung mit aufwendigen Massnahmen stark erhöht. Aktuell stehen sogenannte (re)emerging-Infektionserreger im Fokus, beispielsweise West Nile-, Zika- und Hepatitis-E-Viren. Ob und wie sich neue Massnahmen, die eine Übertragung dieser Viren verhindern sollen, kosteneffizient einführen lassen, muss mit klar definierten Vorgaben abgeklärt werden. Der entsprechende Entscheid muss gemeinsam mit den involvierten Stakeholdern und auch aufgrund von Kosten-Nutzen-Überlegungen getroffen werden. Grundsätzlich gilt, dass es eine 100-prozentige Sicherheit in Bezug auf die Übertragung von Infektionserregern mit Blutprodukten nie geben wird.