bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mikrobiologische Umwandlung von Steroiden, XV: Mikrobiologische Hydroxylierung von 3α‐Acetoxy‐5β‐pregnan‐20‐carbonsäure und deren Methylester mit Calonectria decora und Syncephalastrum racemosum
Authors: Vidic Hans‐J. , Rosenberg Douwe , Kieslich Klaus
Published: June 2007

3α‐Acetoxy‐5β‐pregnan‐20‐carbonsäure (1) wird durch Fermentation mit Calonectria decora unter Verseifung der 3‐Acetylgruppe in 12β‐ (3), 7β,11β‐ (4) und 1β,12β‐Stellung (5) hydroxyliert. Der Methylester 2 wird analog in 7α,12β‐ (6), 7β,11α‐ (7) und 12β, 15α‐Position (8) angegriffen. Syncephalastrum racemosum bildet aus 1 die Hydroxylierungsprodukte in den Positionen 11β (9), 12β (3), 7β,11β (4) und 11β,15β (10) sowie die weiteren Umwandlungsprodukte 3α‐Hydroxy‐ (13), 3α,11β‐Dihydroxy‐ (14), 3α,12β‐Dihydroxy‐5β,20α‐pregnan‐20,18‐carbolacton (11) sowie 11,18‐Expoxy‐3α‐hydroxy‐5β,20α‐pregnan‐20,18‐carbolacton (16). Durch Mycobacterium smegmatis wird 1 zu 3‐Oxo‐4‐pregnen‐ (18) und 3‐Oxo‐1,4‐pregnadien‐20‐carbonsäure‐methylester (20) umgewandelt.
Zur Reaktion von Aminonucleosiden mit Thiophosphorylierungsreagenzien
Authors: Morr Michael , Ernst Ludger
Published: June 2007

Die Reaktion von 3′‐Amino‐3′‐desoxyadenosin (1) und einiger Derivate mit Thiophosphorylchlorid bzw. mit Thionphosphorsäurechlorid‐bis(p‐nitrophenylester) sowie die Synthese der 3′‐Amidoanalogen 5 und 9 und des 3′,5′‐Diamidoanalogen 27 von Adenosin‐2′,3′‐ bzw. −3′,5′‐ cyclothionphosphat werden beschrieben. 5, 9 und 27 fallen als Diastereomerengemische an, die chromatographisch getrennt werden. Die Umsetzung der cAMP‐Analogen sowie die von 3 und 23 mit Diazomethan wird untersucht. Die Konstitution der neuen Verbindungen wird vor allem aus ihren 13C‐ und 31P‐NMR‐Spektren abgeleitet. Die PN‐Bindung in 5 und 27 ist acidolysebeständiger als in den entsprechenden Verbindungen mit P  O‐Gruppierung.
Stereochemie der Metall‐Metall‐Bindungen: Die Kristallstruktur von Cr2(CO)7(C5H5)As(CH3)2
Authors: Röttinger Erika , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: June 2007

Die Kristallstruktur des Titel‐Komplexes 1 wurde bestimmt. Häufung von Liganden im Molekül bewirkt den mit 319 pm sehr großen CrCr‐Bindungsabstand. Ein Vergleich mit den Strukturen verwandter Komplexe des Mangans und Eisens belegt den systematischen Einfluß der Ligandenzahl auf die Metall‐Metall‐Bindungslängen.
Tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]hept‐3‐ene durch Umlagerung von 7‐endo‐Brom‐ und 7‐endo‐Chlortetracyclo[4.1.0.02,4.03,5]‐heptanen
Authors: Christl Manfred , Freitag Gertrud , Brüntrup Gisela
Published: June 2007

7‐endo‐Brom‐ und 7‐endo‐Chlortetracyclo[4.1.0.02,4.03,5]heptane können thermisch leicht umgelagert werden. Besetzt ein Halogenatom auch die 7‐exo‐Position (4a–c), dann sind in hohen Ausbeuten die 4,5‐Dihalogentricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]hept‐3‐ene 6a–c erhältlich. Ist der 7‐exo‐Substituent dagegen Wasserstoff (4d,e), dann kann die Reaktion nicht auf der Tricycloheptenstufe angehalten werden, sondern führt zu 7‐Brom‐ bzw. 7‐Chlornorbornadien (8d,e). Als Zwischenstufen bei diesen Umlagerungen treten das Tricyclo[4.1.0.02,7]heptenyl‐Kation (5d) bzw. seine 4‐Halogenderivate 5a–c auf. Die unterschiedlichen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten sowohl bei ihrer Bildung als auch ihrer Umlagerung, die zu den entsprechenden 7‐Norbornadienyl‐Kationen 7a–d führt, sind die Ursache für die ungleichen Thermolyseergebnisse. Umsetzung mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid bringt aus 6a–c die 4‐Halogentricycloheptene 15a–c hervor. Mit Natrium in flüssigem Ammoniak liefern 15a und 15b in guter Ausbeute die Stammverbindung, Tricyclo‐[4.1.0.02,7]hept‐3‐en (16), deren 1H‐NMR‐Spektrum ausführlich diskutiert wird.
3,4‐Tetramethylen‐1‐phenylpyrrol‐2,5‐diacetonitril
Authors: Flitsch Wilhelm , Kappenberg Franz
Published: June 2007

Die Umsetzung des N‐Phenyl‐1,2‐cyclohexandicarbonsäureimids (5) mit Triphenylphosphin‐cyanmethylen führt zu drei Monoolefinierungsprodukten (6) und vier Bisolefinierungsprodukten (7, 8), deren Konstitution ermittelt wurde. Die Bis(exo‐methylen)pyrrolidine 7 lassen sich thermisch und säurekatalysiert zum Pyrrolderivat 8 isomerisieren. Das deutet zusammen mit der unerwarteten Bildung von 6c bei der Olefinierungsreaktion auf einen spannungsmindernden Einfluß sp2‐hybridisierter Brückenkopfatome, der durch Kraftfeldrechnungen bestätigt werden konnte.
Iridoide, IX: Untersuchungen zur Synthese von Iridoidglucosiden
Authors: Tietze Lutz‐F. , Niemeyer Ulf
Published: June 2007

Kondensation des Modell‐Iridoidaglycons 2a mit 2,3,4,6‐Tetraacetyl‐α‐D‐glucosylbromid (5a) und Silberperchlorat sowie mit 2,3,4,6‐Tetraacetyl‐β‐D‐glucose (5b) und Bortrifluorid/Ether lieferte nach Solvolyse mit Bariumhydroxid in Methanol die Dimeren 18a–j und die isomeren Glucoside 13b, 13e und 14b. Bei der Reaktion mit 5a erhielt man zusätzlich die an C‐2′ verknüpften Glucose‐Derivate 15a/b. Die Glucosidierung der Aglycon‐silylether 6a/b und ‐bromide 6c/d wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Umsetzung von 6‐O‐Acetylloganinaglycon (3) mit 5a und Silberperchlorat ergab nach Solvolyse zu 13% das β‐Glucosid Loganin (1) und zu 5.4% das α‐Glucosid 21b. Dieses Verfahren weist gegenüber der Kondensation von 3 mit 5b und Bortrifluorid/Ether eine höhere Stereoselektivität auf.
Komplexchemie reaktiver organischer Verbindungen, XXI: Über eine einfache Synthese der Rhenium‐Halbsandwich‐Komplexe (η‐C5H4)Re(CO)3 [X  Cl, Br, I]
Authors: Herrmann Wolfgang A.
Published: June 2007

Complex Chemistry of Reactive Organic Compounds, XXI: On a Simple Synthesis of the Halfsandwich Rhenium Complexes (η‐C5H4X)Re(CO)3 [X = Cl, Br, I]

Tricarbonyl(η‐chlorocyclopentadienyl)rhenium (3a), (η‐bromocyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylrhenium (3b), and tricarbonyl(η‐iodocyclopentadienyl)rhenium (3c) are formed in one‐step, high‐yield syntheses by cyclopentadienylation of the corresponding pentacarbonylrhenium halides (CO)5ReX [X  Cl (1a), Br (1b), I (1c)] with diazocyclopentadiene (2).
Übergangsmetall‐Carbin‐Komplexe, XXXVIII: Carbinligandübertragung durch Umsetzung von neutralen und kationischen Carbinkomplexen mit Octacarbonyldicobalt oder Bis(π‐cyclopentadienyl)nickel
Authors: Fischer Ernst Otto , Däweritz Albrecht
Published: June 2007

trans‐Halogenotetracarbonyl(organylcarbin)chrom, ‐molybdän und ‐wolfram (1–3) oder Dicarbonyl(π‐cyclopentadienyl)(phenylcarbin)mangan‐tetrachloroborat (4) reagieren unter sehr milden Bedingungen mit Octacarbonyldicobalt zu (π‐Alkin)bis(tricarbonylcobalt) (CoCo) (5) oder (μ3‐Alkylidin)‐tris(tricarbonylcobalt)(CoCo) (6). Mit Bis(π‐cyclopentadienyl)nickel ergibt trans‐Bromotetracarbonyl(phenylcarbin)chrom (1b) unter den gleichen Bedingungen (π‐Tolan)‐bis[(π‐cyclopentadienyl)nickel] (NiNi) (7b). Daneben konnte (μ3‐Benzylidin)‐tris[(π‐cyclopentadienyl)nickel](NiNi) (8b) massenspektrometrisch in Spuren nachgewiesen werden.
Kinetische Analyse des Zerfalls von Tris(arylthio)methyllithium‐Verbindungen. Beweis für das Vorliegen von freiem Bis(phenylthio)carben in Tetrahydrofuran‐Lösung
Authors: Nitsche Manfred , Seebach Dieter , Beck Albert K.
Published: June 2007

Der Zerfall von Tris(phenylthio)methyllithium‐Verbindungen 1 läuft über ein vorgelagertes Carbenoid‐Carben‐Gleichgewicht [Gl. (1), (3)] und anschließende Kombination des Carbenoids mit dem Carben [Gl. (2), (4)] nach Schema 1 ab. Dies wird durch kinetische Messungen bewiesen, welche — unabhängig vom Lösungsmittel, von komplexierenden Zusätzen, von Substituenten am Benzolring (Hammett‐Auftragung, s. Abb. 2) und von der Temperatur — dem Zeitgesetz der Gleichung (9) gehorchen. Abfangen des Thiophenolats aus dem Gleichgewicht mit Cyclohexenoxid [Weg (b) von Schema 1] unterdrückt die Rückreaktion k2 und erlaubt die Bestimmung von k1. Das Carben 2 reagiert bei der Hydrolyse zu Phenyl‐thioformiat (6), aus dessen Menge die Gleichgewichtskonstante K = k1/k2 ermittelt wird. Aus den Temperaturabhängigkeiten von (k1 · k3)/k2 [Gl. (9) und Tab. 3], von k1 (Tab. 5) und von K [Gl. (7), Abb. 3 und Tab. 6] resultiert letztlich das Reaktionsdiagramm der Abb. 4.
Die Vinyloxiran‐Dihydrofuran‐Isomerisierung: Mechanismus und präparative Anwendung
Authors: Eberbach Wolfgang , Burchardt Bernd
Published: June 2007

Die thermische Isomerisierung der Vinyloxirane 8–13, 15 und 17–20 zu den Dihydrofuranen 21–27 wird beschrieben. Je nach Art der Substitution lassen sich die Ringerweiterungsreaktionen bevorzugt in Lösung oder in der Gasphase (Kurzzeitpyrolyse) mit Ausbeuten von 50–95% durchführen. Während 8–13, 15, 17 und 19 unabhängig von der Konfiguration des Oxiranrings stereoselektiv zu cis‐2,3‐Dihydrofuranen (21–23 und 25–27) umgewandelt werden, führt die Thermolyse des Diesters 18 zu einem 3:2‐Gemisch der cis‐trans‐Isomeren 24c und 24t. Als Mechanismus der Vinyloxiran‐Dihydrofuran‐Isomerisierung wird eine zwei‐ oder mehrstufige Reaktionssequenz über 2‐Oxapentadienyl‐Dipole als Zwischenstufen vorgeschlagen, wobei der jeweils erste (C/C‐Spaltung des Oxiranrings) und letzte Schritt (Cyclisierung des 1,5‐Dipols) stereochemisch einheitlich erfolgen (die nur geringe Stereoselektivität bei der Reaktion von 18 wird auf einen erhöhten Diradikalcharakter der geöffneten Spezies zurückgeführt). Im Falle der Diastereomeren‐Paare 8/9, 10/11 und 12/13 ist neben der Umwandlung zu Dihydrofuranen eine vorgelagerte cis ⇄ trans‐Isomerisierung zu beobachten. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Umwandlungen 12/13 → 23 und 15 → 26 werden bestimmt und im Zusammenhang mit denen der Grundkörperreaktion diskutiert. Cycloadditionsexperimente mit 8–13 liefern 1 : 1‐Addukte mit vollständiger oder weit überwiegender „Inversion”︁ der Konfiguration von Aryl‐ und Vinylrest: cis(trans)‐Vinyloxirane führen zu 2.5‐trans (cis)‐Dihydro‐ bzw. Tetrahydrofuranen. Das Dinitril 20 als das thermisch labilste Vinyloxiran in dieser Reihe reagiert mit En‐Komponenten nur unter drastischen Bedingungen und in besonders niedrigen Ausbeuten: ebenso wie in den anderen Beispielen fungiert hierbei das intermediäre 6‐Elektronensystem ausschließlich als 1,3‐Dipol ([4 + 2]‐Addition), nicht aber als 1,5‐Dipol ([6 + 2]‐Addition).
Racemisierungsstudien an cysteinhaltigen Peptiden
Authors: Woiwode Wolfgang , Frank Hartmut , Nicholson Graeme J. , Bayer Ernst
Published: June 2007

Die Thiosulfat‐Derivate natürlicher Rinderinsulin‐A‐ und Rinderinsulin‐B‐Ketten sowie einige S‐Trityl‐Cystein‐Peptide wurden hydrolysiert und die Aminosäuren gaschromatographisch auf Racemisierung untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, daß die jeweils an Cystein N‐ständig gebundenen Aminosäuren ungewöhnlich hohe D‐Anteile aufweisen. GC/MS‐Experimente und UV‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen weisen darauf hin, daß die Racemisierung unter den Hydrolysebedingungen erfolgt und über ein Thiazolin‐Derivat c verläuft. Damit wurde eine Methode zur Unterscheidung der bei der Hydrolyse auftretenden D‐Anteile von ursprünglich vorhandenen D‐Enantiomeren‐Anteilen erarbeitet.
Über Metallalkyl‐ und ‐aryl‐Verbindungen, XXII: Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von Bis[(N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylendiamin)lithium]‐[di‐μ‐phenyl‐bis(diphenylmagnesat)], [Li(Me2NCH2CH2NMe2)]2[Ph2MgPh2MgPh2], ein erster at‐Komplex mit Phenyl‐Brücken
Authors: Thoennes Detlef , Weiss Erwin
Published: June 2007

Die Titelverbindung entsteht beim Zusammengeben äquimolarer Mengen von Phenyllithium, Diphenylmagnesium und N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylendiamin (tmeda). Ihre Kristallstruktur wurde röntgenographisch ermittelt (monokline Raumgruppe C2/c, 1830 Reflexe, R(gewichtet) = 0.036). Im Zentrum der Verbindung befindet sich das dimere Triphenylmagnesat [Ph2MgPh2MgPh2]2−, welches isoelektronisch und isostrukturell mit (Ph3Al)2 ist. Die Bindung der beiden Li(tmeda)‐Teile an diese Gruppe erfolgt durch die zwischen den endständigen Phenyl‐Gruppen befindlichen Li‐Atome. Dabei wird ein teilweise kovalenter Bindungscharakter (Drei‐Zentren‐Bindungen) angenommen.
Kinetik der Schutzgruppenabspaltung bei Derivaten des 2′‐Desoxycytidin‐5′‐phosphats
Authors: Seliger Hartmut , Görtz Hans‐Helmut
Published: June 2007

Die Abspaltungsgeschwindigkeit aliphatischer Basenschutzgruppen bei Derivaten des 2′‐Desoxycytidin‐5′‐monophosphats wird bei verschiedenen pH‐Werten UV‐spektroskopisch gemessen. Verzweigte, raumerfüllende Schutzgruppen zeigen erhöhte Stabilität. Propionyl wird überraschenderweise schneller entfernt als Acetyl.
Charakterisierung des Mischverhaltens eines Planetenrührwerks mit frei wählbaren Drehzahlen der Rührorgane
Authors: Knoch A. , Schilling F. , Wicke R.
Published: June 2007

Planetenrührwerke stellen komplex aufgebaute Rührsysteme dar, die zur Umsetzung schwieriger Rühraufgaben eingesetzt werden. In der Regel werden ein wandgängiges langsam laufendes Rührorgan und ein oder zwei rotierende und zusätzlich im Behälter umlaufende Rührorgane in Kombination eingesetzt. Über die resultierende Mischzeit wird die Arbeitsweise eines Planetenrührapparates beschrieben, bei dem mithilfe einer speziellen Antriebstechnik unabhängig voneinander Drehzahl und Drehrichtung für sämtliche Rührorgane eingestellt werden können. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die Mischzeitcharakteristik sehr stark von der kombinierten Fahrweise der Rührorgane beeinflusst wird – die höchsten Drehzahlen führen nicht zwingend zu den kürzesten Mischzeiten.
Feststoffmischen
Authors: Mueller M.
Published: June 2007

In der mechanischen Verfahrenstechnik stellt das Mischen von Feststoffen eine schwierige und komplexe Aufgabe dar. Ziel des Mischprozesses ist es in erster Linie, eine bestimmte Mischgüte zu erhalten. Um diese in einer möglichst kurzen Mischzeit zu erreichen, müssen die für die Mischaufgabe erforderlichen Kräfte durch den Mischer variabel und energieoptimiert dem Feststoff zugeführt werden. Das zielorientierte Einleiten der erforderlichen Kräfte ist der wesentliche Punkt einer optimalen Mischerauslegung in Kombination mit der erforderlichen Verfahrenstechnik.
Ibutilide‐induced alterations in electrocardiographic and spatial vectorcardiographic descriptors of ventricular repolarization
Authors: Dilaveris Polychronis , Theoharis Athanasios , Giaouris Petros , Anastasopoulos Aristides , Zumerle Bruno , Tzannetis George , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: June 2007

Background:Ibutilide is used for the pharmacologic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) or flutter (AFl). Ibutilide‐induced QT interval prolongation has been demonstrated previously. However, its effects on vectorcardiographic (VCG) descriptors of ventricular repolarization (VR) have not been studied so far.

Hypothesis:To evaluate the effects of ibutilide on electrocardiographic (ECG) and VCG descriptors of VR, one or two repeated 10‐min infusions of 1 mg of ibutilide were given in 50 consecutively recruited patients (36 women, mean age 69.4 ± 9.3 years) with AF or AFl of recent onset.

Methods:The maximum and the minimum QT intervals, QT dispersion, the rate‐corrected QT maximum, and the spatial VCG descriptors, spatial T amplitude, and spatial QRS‐T angle were calculated before (baseline ECG) and 30 min after the start of ibutilide infusion (postinfusion ECG).

Results:After ibutilide infusion, 40 (80%) patients were cardioverted to sinus rhythm (Group 1), while in the remaining 10 (Group 2) AF or AFl persisted. In both study groups, temporal measures of VR were significantly increased from baseline to the postinfusion ECG. In Group 1, spatial T amplitude and spatial QRS‐T angle did not differ between those two ECGs, while in Group 2 spatial T amplitude was significantly increased (p = 0.005) and spatial QRS‐T angle was significantly decreased (p = 0.002) post infusion compared with baseline ECG.

Conclusions:While temporal measures of VR are significantly affected in all patients who receive ibutilide infusion for AF or AFl cardioversion, spatial VCG descriptors of VR are significantly altered only in those patients who fail to respond to the drug. A dose‐related effect of ibutilide on the different aspects of VR should be suspected.
Relation of circulating interleukin‐6 to left ventricular remodeling in patients with reperfused anterior myocardial infarction
Authors: Ohtsuka Tomoaki , Hamada Mareomi , Inoue Katsuji , Ohshima Kiyotaka , Suzuki Jun , Matsunaka Tsuyoshi , Ogimoto Akiyoshi , Hara Yuji , Shigematsu Yuji , Higaki Jitsuo
Published: June 2007

Background: During the remodeling process after myocardial infarction (MI), the expression of proinflammatory cytokines is enhanced in the myocardium. However, only a few clinical studies have been conducted on cytokine involvement in left ventricular (LV) remodeling after MI.

Hypothesis: Circulating proinflammatory cytokines may be involved in LV remodeling in patients with reperfused MI.

Methods: We studied 25 patients with acute anterior MI who had undergone coronary reperfusion therapy, and 10 normal control subjects with no cardiac disease. In all patients, LV ejection fraction, end‐diastolic volume index (EDVI), and end‐systolic volume index (ESVI) were determined using left ventriculography at the acute phase and 6 months after onset. The ΔEDVI and ΔESVI were calculated as the value of LV volume reduction, suggesting LV reverse remodeling. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: Serum levels of IL‐6 and TNF‐alpha at the acute phase were significantly higher in patients with MI than in control subjects (both p < 0.05). The IL‐6 levels correlated well negatively with ΔEDVI (r = 0.779, p = 0.039), whereas no correlation was found for TNF‐alpha. According to multivariate analysis, IL‐6 at the acute phase was a significant independent predictor for LV remodeling after reperfused MI (p = 0.007).

Conclusions: Circulating IL‐6 levels correlated closely with LV geometric changes during the remodeling process in patients with reperfused MI. Our study addresses the usefulness of another marker for LV remodeling after MI.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease
Authors: Haim Moti , Tanne David , Boyko Valenttna , Reshef Tamar , Goldbourt Uri , Battler Alexander , Mekori Yoseph A. , Behar Solomon
Published: June 2007

Background: Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) participates in the recruitment of mononuclear cells to the vessel wall.

Hypothesis: The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential association between serum concentration of MCP‐1 and risk of future cardiovascular events in patients with chronic coronary heart disease.

Methods: A nested case control design was used. Baseline serum samples were taken from patients with coronary heart disease who were enrolled in a secondary prevention study. The MCP‐1 levels were measured in those patients who had recurrent cardiovascular events during follow‐up (n=23 3) and compared with levels in age‐ and gender‐matched controls.

Results: There were no differences in serum MCP‐1 levels between cases and controls. The relative odds of a recurrent cardiovascular event for each 1 standard deviation difference in MCP‐1 serum concentration (160 pg/ml) was 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 0.95–1.45). No increase in the relative odds for recurrent cardiovascular events was observed per increasing tertiles of MCP‐1 concentrations.

Conclusion: Elevated MCP‐1 levels are not associated with long‐term risk of cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary disease.
Assessment of the efficacy, optimal dosage, and safety of diltiazem in early treatment of unstable angina pectoris
Authors: Bai Rong ,   FOR THE DILTIAZEM CLINICAL TRIAL TASK GROUP OF Wuhan
Published: June 2007

Background: The anti‐ischemic benefits of diltiazem are well recognized; however, there are fewer studies of the use of intravenous diltiazem for early treatment of unstable angina pectoris (UAP).

Hypothesis: The present study prospectively evaluated the efficacy, optimal dosage, and safety of continuous intravenous diltiazem for initial management of UAP.

Methods: In all, 102 patients with UAP were recruited in this multicenter trial. Diltiazem was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion with a fixed incremental dosage of 1, 3, and 5 μg/kg/min, titrated according to the patients' symptoms of angina, and then was maintained for a further 48 h at the angina‐free dose. Episodes of angina, hemodynamic stability, and complications were observed.

Results: Angina was adequately controlled with continuous intravenous infusion of diltiazem in 64 patients (63%) atados‐age of 1 μg/kg/min, in 26 patients (25%) at dosage of 3 μg/kg/min, and in 6 patients (6%) at dosage of 5 μg/kg/min, leading to a cumulative effective ratio of 94% in all patients. Additional anti‐ischemic medications were required in six patients (6%) who had refractory angina. Bradyarrhythmias noted in only six patients (6%) were reversible after decreasing the dosage of diltiazem. No acute myocardial infarction or other severe side effects occurred.

Conclusion: Continuous intravenous infusion of diltiazem is well tolerated and relieves symptoms rapidly and effectively in up to 94% patients with UAP, with the majority (63%) treated at the low dosage of 1 μg/kg/min. Diltiazem can be used as a first‐line anti‐ischemic agent for early conservation treatment of UAP.
ACC/AHA guidelines for preoperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery: A critical point of view
Authors: Barak Michal , Ben‐Abraham Ron , Katz Yeshayahu
Published: June 2007

This review examines the issue of preoperative cardiac evaluation from a critical point of view, based on recent medical literature. We reviewed the history of that field and focused on the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines, which are a cornerstone in the field of cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. These guidelines synthesized the data into a comprehensive format and established the concept of integrating the patient's risk with the surgical risk. Nevertheless, there are some weaknesses in the guidelines. We believe that a better understanding of the guideline limitations will allow an improved and more educated practice of its recommendations.
Effects of fenofibrate on atherogenic dyslipidemia in hypertriglyceridemic subjects
Authors: Davidson Michael H. , Bays Harold E. , Stein Evan , Maki Kevin C. , Shalwitz Robert A. , Doyle Ralph
Published: June 2007

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is often accompanied by atherogenic dyslipidemia, which is characterized by elevated triglycerides (TG), reduced high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), and elevated numbers of small, dense low‐density lipoprotein(LDL) particles.

Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that a threshold exists for the circulating TG level needed to produce changes in LDL subclass distribution.

Methods: Hypertriglyceridemic (TG ≥300 and <1000 mg/dl) subjects with the MS were randomly assigned to placebo (n= 50) or 130 mg/day of micronized fenofibrate‐coated microgranules (n = 96) for 8 weeks.

Results: In the overall analysis, fenofibrate treatment resulted in significant (p<0.05) changes versus placebo in TG (‐36.6%), non‐HDL‐C (−7.5%), very low‐density lipoprotein‐C (−32.7%), LDL‐C (15.0%), HDL‐C (14.0%), remnant lipoprotein‐C (−35.1%), apolipoprotein B (−6.0%), apoli‐poprotein A‐I (5.3%), and apolipoprotein C‐III −29.7%). Changes in LDL particle diameter in the fenofibrate group were significantly inversely associated with the TG level achieved on treatment (p = 0.019). When individually matched for percent change in TG, subjects with on‐treatment TG < 200 mg/dl, in contrast to those with on‐treatment values ≥200 mg/dl, had significantly different median responses (p < 0.05) in LDL size (0.79 vs. −0.06 nm) and cholesterol carried by small (−35 vs. 21 mg/dl) and large (31 vs. 11 mg/dl) particles.

Conclusion: These data support the view that a threshold exists below which the TG level must be lowered to produce shifts in LDL particle size.
Prognostic value of serum biomarkers in association with TIMI risk score for acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Manenti Euler R. F. , Bodanese Luiz Carlos , Alves C. Amey Suzi , Polanczyk C. Arisi A.
Published: June 2007

Background: Markers of neurohormonal activation and inflammation play a pivotal role in non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE‐ACS).

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that other biochemical markers could add prognostic value on Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score to predict major cardiovascular events in patients with NSTE‐ACS.

Methods: In a cohort of 172 consecutive patients with NSTE‐ACS, TIMI score was assessed in the first 24 h, and blood samples were collected for measurement of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, CD40 ligand, and creatinine. Major clinical outcomes (death and cardiovascular hospitalization) were accessed at 30 days and 6 months. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify markers significantly associated with outcomes and, based on individual coefficients, an expanded score was developed.

Results: Of 172 patients, 42% had acute myocardial infarction. The unadjusted 30‐day event rate increased with age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00‐1.06), creatinine (OR = 2.4; 1.4‐4.1), TIMI score (OR = 1.6; 1.2‐2.2), troponin I (OR = 3.4; 1.5‐7.7), total CK (OR = 2.7; 1.2‐6.1), and NT‐proBNP (OR = 2.9; 1.3‐6.3) levels. In multivariate analysis, TIMI risk score, creatinine, and NT‐proBNP remained associated with worse prognosis. Multimarker Expanded TIMI Risk Score [TIMI score + (2 × creatinine [in mg/dl]) + (3, if NT‐proBNP > 400 pg/ml)] showed good accuracy for 30‐day (c statistic 0.77; p < 0.001) and 6‐month outcomes (c statistic 0.75; p < 0.001). The 30‐day event rates according to tertiles of expanded score were 7, 26, and 75%, respectively (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: In NSTE‐ACS, baseline levels of NT‐proBNP and creatinine are independently related to cardiovascular events. Both markers combined with TIMI risk score provide a better risk stratification than either test alone.
The value of using the entire New York heart association's classification of heart and vascular disease
Authors: Hurst J. Willis
Published: June 2007

The New York Heart Association functional classification is commonly used because the value of its determination is generally appreciated. The other four parts of the classification (etiology, anatomy, physiology, and objective assessment) are used less often. The purpose of this paper is to point out the value of using the entire New York Heart Association classification.
Aldosterone blockade in post‐acute myocardial infarction heart failure
Authors: Pitt Bertram , Ferrari Roberto , Gheorghiade Mihai , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Krum Henry , McMurray John , Lopez‐Sendon Jose
Published: June 2007

Development of heart failure (HF) or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) significantly increases mortality post acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Aldosterone contributes to the development and progression of HF post AMI, and major guidelines now recommend aldosterone blockade in this setting. However, lack of practical experience with aldosterone blockade may make clinicians hesitant to use these therapies. This review is based on a consensus cardiology conference that occurred in May 2005 (New York City) concerning these topics. Potential barriers to the use of aldosterone blockade are discussed and an algorithm for appropriate in‐hospital pharmacologic management of AMI with LVSD and/or HF is presented.
The Specification of Colour Appearance. I. Concepts and Terms
Authors: Hunt R. W. G.
Published: June 2007

Concepts necessary for the specification of the appearance of colours are described, and the corresponding colour terms collected. Psychometric and psychoquantitative terms are listed that correlate with the perceptual and psychophysical terms used. The perceptual term colourfulness is proposed to denote the attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to exhibit more or less chromatic colour; for a given chromaticity, as the luminance increases, colourfulness generally increases. For related colours, the CIE 1976 Colour Spaces are used to systematize some psychometric variables that are independent of absolute luminance level, including metric saturation, metric purity, and metric chroma, and formulae are given for calculating their amounts. (In Part II, to appear in the next issue, the effects of changes in viewing conditions will be discussed).
Additivity failures in heterochromatic brightness matching
Authors: Kaiser Peter K. , Wyszecki Gunter
Published: June 2007

The often poor correlation between luminance and perceived brightness has been attributed to the facts that first, the CIE standard luminous efficiency function V(Λ) does not represent adequately heterochromatic brightness matching of monochromatic stimuli, and second, the additivity law does not always hold in heterochromatic brightness matching. By means of a variation of the traditional experimental procedures, Guth found that two types of additivity failure can occur: additivity failures of the enhancement type and of the cancellation type. It is shown here that the two types of additivity failure can also be deduced by calculation from brightness‐matching data obtained by the traditional experimental procedure. However, the magnitude of the additivity failures and sometimes the type of failure seem to depend strongly upon the individual observers involved. New experimental data confirm Guth's results except in the middle region of the spectrum. Whereas Guth's observers find additivity failures of the cancellation type between 500 and 600 nm, the new data suggest that in that region additivity holds fairly well.
The Gamut of Real Surface Colours
Authors: Pointer M. R.
Published: June 2007

A maximum gamut for real surface colours has been derived from the analysis of the colour coordinates of 4089 samples. The gamut has been derived in both the CIE 1976 L* u* v* colour space and the CIE 1976 L* a* b* colour space. The data are compared with the gamut produced by a typical dye set used in a photographic colour paper, and with the gamut of a typical television‐receiver display tube. Comparison with printing inks is difficult because of the large number available, but a large set of ink colours was used in deriving the maximum real‐colour gamut.
A model of colour vision for predicting colour appearance
Authors: Hunt R. W. G.
Published: June 2007

A set of possible cone spectral sensitivity functions has been used to obtain combinations of responses that provide good predictions for loci of constant hue, simple criteria for unique hues, and good approximations to the NCS and Munsell schemes for surface colours, and to data on the appearance of spectral colours.
Who invented the color wheel?
Authors: Parkhurst Charles , Feller Robert L.
Published: June 2007

Previous research, published and unpublished, has shown that early references to color‐circle diagrams go back at least to 1611. Scientific records before that date trace four aspects of this history: circles based on seven colors, circles based on four colors, circles organized for a red‐yellow‐blue mixing system, and historical relationships between pigment primaries and spectral primaries. We conclude that color organization diagrams are at least as old as the 13th century, with the seven‐color circle possibly the oldest found, the four‐color next (14th‐15th centuries), and the red‐yellow‐blue circle the most recent (18th century). Each evidently rests on antecedent color theories. Although no graphic records of circular systems earlier than 1611 have yet been identified, some may be inferred from extant scientific texts and reconstructed.
Identification of organic pigments by solution spectrophotometry
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Saltzman Max , Kumar Romesh
Published: June 2007

Organic pigments can be extracted readily into organic solvents from paints, plastics, inks, and other colored samples. If visible (in some cases near‐infrared) wave‐length spectrophotometric data are obtained from the resulting solutions using a log‐absorbance presentation, the pigments can be identified by matching curve shapes to those in a library of reference curves. Pigment identification is recognized as an important aid in industrial color matching. This article describes research leading to analytical schemes for the solution spectrophotometry of organic pigments, and to the development of an available library of reference curves. The advantages of the logabsorbance presentation are illustrated. A curve‐shape index is described for searching the reference library. The solution‐spectrophotometry method is compared with common alternatives; it is simple and rapid, usable on a micro scale, relatively free from interferences by other constituents of the samples, capable of identifying impure samples and the components of mixtures, and applicable with readily available equipment.
A proposal of new standard deviate observers
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Takahama Kotaro , Sobagaki Hiroaki
Published: June 2007

The method of singular‐value decomposition analysis of matrices is used to analyze the 20 color‐matching functions of Stiles's observers. It is confirmed that the 20 color‐matching functions are well reconstituted by the first three decomposed components. A new deviate observer is derived from the first decomposed component. It is shown that the new deviate observer can be used well in the computation of observer‐metamerism indices. Furthermore, an optimized deviate observer is developed by modifying the color‐matching functions of the new deviate observer slightly. Both the new and the optimized deviate observer give a basis for the further study of the evaluation of observer metamerism.
Brightness of colored self‐luminous displays
Authors: Kinney Jo Ann S.
Published: June 2007

This article summarizes the work of TC‐1.4 of the CIE in its attempt to improve the measurement of the quantity of light. It has become apparent in recent years that there are a number of instances in which two lights that measure the same do not look equally bright or have the same effectiveness for vision. These inconsistencies stem directly from our definition of light, radiant power evaluated by V(Λ), the luminous efficiency function of the human eye. since under certain conditions the use of this function to evaluate spectral irradiance may be inappropriate. A number of examples of the incorrect use of V(Λ) are given and particular emphasis is placed upon the evaluation of self‐luminous colored displays. A variety of techniques for solving the problems is discussed.
Trichromatic theories before young
Authors: Lang Heinwig
Published: June 2007

Trichromatic theory is connected today with the names of Young and Helmholtz. But in the century before Young it had already become a widespread and intensely discussed issue in color science. This article shows (a) that trichromatic theories were so successful because their validity was strikingly demonstrated by the new technique of three‐color printing, (b) that trichromacy was believed to be a property of light and therefore seemed to contradict Newton's theory, (c) that the assumptions made to reconcile both theories remained unsuccessful, and (d) that Young's interpretation of trichromacy as being a consequence of the structure of our visual system was so inconvenient to contemporary scientific thought that another 50 years had to pass before it was accepted.
Color order systems and architectural color design
Authors: Spillmann Werner
Published: June 2007

In its first part, this article traces some outlines of the history of color order systems which bear upon the question of aesthetic color combinations (syntactic aspect). The second part defines the position of color in the field of architectural design (psychological, contextual, and structural aspect). The function and usefulness of color order systems in the process of architectural color planning and realization (pragmatic aspect) are discussed in the third and last part.
The fifteen causes of color: The physics and chemistry of color
Authors: Nassau Kurt
Published: June 2007

The fifteen causes of color derived from a variety of physical and chemical mechanisms are summarized in five Croups in this article. Vibrations and simple excitations explain the colors of incandescence (e.g., flames), gas excitations (neon tube, aurora), and vibrations and rotations (blue ice and water). Ligand‐field‐effect colors are seen in transition‐metal compounds (turquoise, chrome‐oxide green) and impurities (ruby, emerald). Molecular orbitals explain the colors of organic compounds (indigo, chlorophyll) and charge‐transfer compounds (blue sapphire, lapis lazuli). Energy bands are involved in the colors of metals and alloys (gold, brass), of semiconductors (cadmium yellow, vermillion), doped semiconductors (blue and yellow diamond), and color centers (amethyst, topaz). Geometrical and physical optics are involved in the colors derived from dispersive refraction (rainbow, green flash), scattering(blue sky, blue eyes, red sunset), interference (soap bubbles, iridescent beetles), and diffraction (the corona aureole, opal).
Judd's 1951 color‐mixture diagram
Authors: Fry Glenn A.
Published: June 2007

Vos demonstrated that the Judd 1951 color‐mixture diagram is a projective transformation of the CIE 1931 mixture diagram. He has provided transformation formulas for computing values of x′ and y′ from x and y, but he does not explain how the one set of data is derived from the other. Neither does Judd. Judd wanted the CIE to replace the 1931 V(Λ) curve with a new V(Λ) curve and to replace the 1931 XYZ diagram with a new X′Y′Z′ diagram. I have assumed that Judd started with the CIE 1931 RGB diagram. His X′Y′Z′ diagram can be derived from the RGB diagram if we use a different set of luminosity coefficients than those specified by the CIE. This change in luminosity coefficients was no doubt intended to compensate for the use of a new V(Λ) curve, but Judd has ignored the effect that this change in the luminosity coefficients should have on the alychne of the RGB diagram and the locus of spectral colors. This makes Judd's X′Y′Z′ diagram inappropriate for use in colorimetry and for use in building color‐vision models. I have proposed a new solution to this problem.
A model of colour vision for predicting colour appearance in various viewing conditions
Authors: Hunt R. W. G.
Published: June 2007

A previously published model of colour vision predicted the hues, lightnesses, saturations, and chromas of colours seen under a medium photopic level of illumination. This model has now been extended to provide, in addition, predictions of brightness and colourfulness, for both related and unrelated colours, at any level of illumination, whether photopic, mesopic, or scotopic. The model has also been extended to cover a wider range of stimulus intensities and the use of various backgrounds.
Quantifying color appearance visually and instrumentally
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W.
Published: June 2007

Color appearance can be measured visually or instrumentally. Visually, the color sample of interest is compared to similar samples from an atlas associated with an equally visually spaced color order system. The illumination, and thus chromatic adaptation, must be controlled, and simultaneous‐contrast effects must be avoided during the comparison. The task is thus quite different from the everyday evaluation of colors in a complex scene. If instrumental measurement is used, one of the recently developed models of chromatic adaptation must be combined with an appropriate model of color vision and an analytical description of an adequate uniform color space to provide measures of color appearance. Progress in solving these difficult problems, mostly documented in previous articles in this journal, is described in the present review article.
Color constancy and color rendering: Concomitant engineering of illuminants and reflectances
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: June 2007

A strategy for cooperative illumination and reflectance design to produce color‐stable environments includes reduction of metamerism and paramerism, followed by attempts at color constancy. Given a model of color constancy based on linear basis‐function expansions of illuminant and reflectance spectra, all these goals could be served by designing reflectances and illuminants to inhabit certain compatible subspaces of spectral functions. Such linear models suggest two new indices of metamerism, one for designing illuminants and the other for designing reflectances. Implications are noted for designing color atlases. Finally, a physiological model of color constancy is described that is nonlinear and hence may add challenge to the concomitant design.
Semi‐automatic generation of film compensation tables
Authors: Rosenbaum Jan
Published: June 2007

An algorithm for the refinement of film compensation tables in digital film recorders has been incorporated as part of a user‐oriented computer program. The program allows quick table calculations with minimum technical knowledge over a wide variety of desired results for color‐transparency‐film types. We are able to develop adequate tables within three trials under most circumstances.
An artist's preference for the pope color system
Authors: Heila Ethel
Published: June 2007

For the practice of painting and for teaching color theory the Pope color system has distinct advantages over other color systems. Within the Pope color solid all the visual attributes of color are clearly represented and can be visually displayed depending on where the solid is sliced. This helps clarify color terminology and facilitates understanding color relationships. It also has practical advantages for the artist who must have some knowledge of color both conceptually and visually in order to realize the possibilities of their arrangement in a painting.
The effect of stimulus duration on the luminous efficiency functions for brightness
Authors: Tamura Tohru , Ikeda Mitsuo , Uchikawa Keiji
Published: June 2007

Spectral luminous efficiency functions were obtained by direct heterochromatic brightness matching for four different stimulus durations: namely, 10‐ms, 200‐ms, 1‐s, and continuous presentation. The functions clearly changed in their shape, depending on the stimulus duration for two of three subjects. They showed usual double peaks at about 540 and 600 nm, which were greatly enhanced when the duration was 1 s. The enhancement decreased both with longer and shorter duration. Linear combinations of cone outputs model was applied to our results. The logR‐logG type mechanism in the long‐wavelength region and the logG‐logR‐logB type mechanism in the middle‐wavelength region were found for brightness perception. For the short‐wavelength region, by lifting up the short‐wavelength portion of the logR‐logG mechanism, luminous efficiency functions could be expressed. In the long‐ and middle‐wavelength region, the effects of the stimulus duration were explained by changing the negative input (originating from R or G cones) to the positive input as the stimulus duration increased from 10 ms to 1 s. The amount of the short‐wavelength sensitive cones' contribution in the middle‐wavelength region were small and there were no systematic changes for the stimulus durations. For the short‐wavelength region, the amount of the shift of the logR‐logG type mechanism was largest at the 1‐s duration.
Results of iscc questionnaire on metamerism. ISCC Committee on Indices of Metamerism
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W.
Published: June 2007

An analysis was made of the responses of nearly 300 color scientists and industrial colorists to a questionnaire circulated in 1982 by the Inter‐Society Color Council Project Committee on Indices of Metamerism. The responses to most of the questions were far from unanimous, with a consensus that occasionally included 90–95% of the respondents, but often with a strongly dissenting minority. In most responses the following major conclusions were evident: It was not possible for most respondents to separate the concept of color match from that of metamerism; in most instances, they were willing to accept that an approximate match was enough to allow the presence of metamerism; they confused the concept of metamerism, which defines a relation between two samples, with color constancy, a property of a single sample; they accepted identity of tristimulus values plus different spectral curves as a physical definition of metamerism, but they did not feel that this definition would solve all industrial problems; they felt that new terms and definitions were needed; and they considered color difference adequate as an index of metamerism, with total color difference the best descriptor, followed in order by differences in hue and chroma, the lightness difference being unimportant. Differences among industry groups, while occasionally significant, did not contradict any of these majority conclusions.
Masters of harmony
Authors: Birren Faber
Published: June 2007

Faber Birren, the well known color consultant and writer, has, over a considerable time period, researched and pondered unusual and novel aspects of color as they are related to art and harmony. He is in the process of preparing a comprehensive review in book form on this subject. He has been kind enough to offer three chapters in advance to our readers.
A fallacy in the definition of ΔH*
Authors: Huntsman James R.
Published: June 2007

When a color differs from the reference, it is desirable to ascribe the difference to differences in the perceptual attributes of hue, chroma, and/or lightness through psychometric correlates of these attributes. To this end, the CIE has recommended the quantity ΔH* as a psychometric correlate of hue as defined by ΔH* = [(ΔE*)2 ‐ (ΔL*)2 ‐ (ΔC*)2]1/2, where the correlates correspond to either the 1976 CIELAB or CIELUV color spaces. Since ΔH* is defined as a “leftover,” this definition is valid only to the extent that ΔE* comprises exclusively ΔL*, ΔC*, and ΔH* and that ΔL*, ΔC*, and ΔH* are mutually independent compositionally, both psychophysically and psychometrically. It will be shown that as now defined ΔH* lacks psychometric independence of chroma and always leads to incorrect hue difference determination. Such a deficiency causes problems, especially in the halftone color printing industry, since it can suggest an incorrect adjustment for the hue of the inks. A revised definition herein of ΔH* provides a psychometric hue difference independent of chroma, valid for large and small psychometric color differences regardless of chroma. However, for small chromas, the seldom used metric ΔC might be a better color difference metric than ΔH* because complex appearance effects make the perceptual discrimination of lightness, chroma, and hue components more difficult than for high chromas.
Nulling of apparent motion as a method for assessing sensation luminance: An additivity test
Authors: Kaiser Peter K. , Vimal Ram L. P. , Cowan William B. , Hibino Haruo
Published: June 2007

An experiment was performed to test the additive properties of the Nulling of Apparent Motion Method. Small additivity failures were found, thus casting a theoretical question as to this method's role to measure sensation luminance. For practical purposes, the additivity failures were small enough to justify the use of this method.
Category effects in color memory
Authors: Boynton Robert M. , Fargo Lee , Olson Conrad X. , Smallman Harvey S.
Published: June 2007

Categorical color perception has previously been tested using a naming method, and the data from 27 subjects so examined in several experiments have been combined to yield a “categorical color difference index” (CCDI) that can be computed for any pair of colors in the OSA set of 424 samples. A new experiment is performed in which categorical color perception is encouraged without the explicit use of names by allowing 10 seconds to elapse between the presentation of two stimuli before they are judged same or different. All of the colors being compared are either identical or nearest neighbors in the orange region of the OSA space. Nearest neighbors, which are separated by 2 OSA units, clearly differ when presented simultaneously; with the delay, errors (“same” responses) sometimes occur. These errors decrease as CCDI increases, suggesting that categorization occurs when colors must be remembered. Response time, on the other hand, is independent of CCDI and therefore may reflect color differences based upon discrimination, rather than identification.