bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol‐attributed disease burden in four Nordic countries between 2000 and 2017: Are the gender gaps narrowing? A comparison using the Global Burden of Disease, Injury and Risk Factor 2017 study
Authors: Agardh Emilie E. , Allebeck Peter , Flodin Pär , Wennberg Peter , Ramstedt Mats , Knudsen Ann Kristin , Øverland Simon , Kinge Jonas Minet , Tollånes Mette C. , Eikemo Terje A. , Skogen Jens Christoffer , Mäkelä Pia , Gissler Mika , Juel Knud , Moesgaard Iburg Kim , McGrath John J. , Naghavi Mohsen , Vollset Stein Emil , Gakidou Emmanuela , Danielsson Anna‐Karin
Published: November 2020

Introduction and Aims

The gender difference in alcohol use seems to have narrowed in the Nordic countries, but it is not clear to what extent this may have affected differences in levels of harm. We compared gender differences in all‐cause and cause‐specific alcohol‐attributed disease burden, as measured by disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALY), in four Nordic countries in 2000–2017, to find out if gender gaps in DALYs had narrowed.

Design and Methods

Alcohol‐attributed disease burden by DALYs per 100 000 population with 95% uncertainty intervals were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease database.

Results

In 2017, all‐cause DALYs in males varied between 2531 in Finland and 976 in Norway, and in females between 620 in Denmark and 270 in Norway. Finland had the largest gender differences and Norway the smallest, closely followed by Sweden. During 2000–2017, absolute gender differences in all‐cause DALYs declined by 31% in Denmark, 26% in Finland, 19% in Sweden and 18% in Norway. In Finland, this was driven by a larger relative decline in males than females; in Norway, it was due to increased burden in females. In Denmark, the burden in females declined slightly more than in males, in relative terms, while in Sweden the relative decline was similar in males and females.

Discussion and Conclusions

The gender gaps in harm narrowed to a different extent in the Nordic countries, with the differences driven by different conditions. Findings are informative about how inequality, policy and sociocultural differences affect levels of harm by gender.
Endoscopic balloon dilation for complete anastomotic obstruction: Non‐electrosurgical technique using injection needle catheter
Authors: Miura Takaya , Matsumoto Satohiro , Mashima Hirosato
Published: November 2020

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Erythrocyte membrane fluidity as a marker of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Bianchetti Giada , Viti Luca , Scupola Andrea , Di Leo Mauro , Tartaglione Linda , Flex Andrea , De Spirito Marco , Pitocco Dario , Maulucci Giuseppe
Published: November 2020

Background

A high level of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), which is a nonenzymatic glycosylation product, is correlated with an increased risk of developing microangiopathic complications in Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Erythrocyte membrane fluidity could provide a complementary index to monitor the development of complications since it is influenced by several hyperglycaemia‐induced pathways and other independent risk factors.

Materials and methods

15 healthy controls and 33 patients with long‐duration (≥20 years) type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) were recruited. Diabetic subjects were classified into two groups: T1DM, constituted by 14 nonretinopathic patients, and T1DM + RD, constituted by 19 patients in any stage of diabetic retinopathy. Red blood cells (RBC) were incubated with the fluorescent Laurdan probe and median values of Generalized Polarization (GP), representative of membrane fluidity, were compared between the two groups. Baseline characteristics among groups have been compared with Student's t test or ANOVA. Values of P < .05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

All the participants were comparable for age, Body Mass Index (BMI), creatinine and lipid profile. The duration of diabetes was similar for T1DM (34.4 ± 7.8 years) and T1DM + RD (32.8 ± 7.5 years) subjects as well as values of HbA1c: (55.6 ± 8.1) mmol/mol for T1DM and (61.2 ± 11.0) mmol/mol for T1DM + RD, respectively. Erythrocyte plasmatic membranes of RD patients were found to be more fluid (GP: 0.40 ± 0.04) than non‐RD patients (GP: 0.43 ± 0.03) with a statistically significant difference (P = .035).

Conclusions

Altered erythrocyte membrane fluidity may therefore represent a marker of retinopathy in T1DM patients as a result of post‐translational modifications of multifactorial aetiology (nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins, generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation).
Treatable lysosomal storage diseases in the advent of disease‐specific therapy
Authors: Peters Heidi , Ellaway Carolyn , Nicholls Kathleen , Reardon Katrina , Szer Jeff
Published: November 2020

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) comprise a rare and heterogeneous group of nearly 50 heritable metabolic disorders caused by mutations in proteins critical for cellular lysosomal function. Defects in the activity of these proteins in multiple organs leads to progressive intra‐lysosomal accumulation of specific substrates, resulting in disruption of cellular functions, extracellular inflammatory responses, tissue damage and organ dysfunction. The classification and clinical presentation of different LSD are dependent on the type of accumulated substrate. Some clinical signs and symptoms are common across multiple LSD, while others are more specific to a particular syndrome. Due to the rarity and wide clinical diversity of LSD, identification and diagnosis can be challenging, and in many cases diagnosis is delayed for months or years. Treatments, such as enzyme replacement therapy, haemopoietic stem cell transplantation and substrate reduction therapy, are now available for some of the LSD. For maximum effect, therapy must be initiated prior to the occurrence of irreversible tissue damage, highlighting the importance of prompt diagnosis. Herein, we discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of four of the treatable LSD: Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, Pompe disease, and two of the mucopolysaccharidoses (I and II). For each disease, we present illustrative case studies to help increase awareness of their clinical presentation and possible treatment outcomes.
Robotic question support system to reduce hesitation for face‐to‐face questions in lectures
Authors: Shimaya Jiro , Yoshikawa Yuichiro , Ogawa Kohei , Ishiguro Hiroshi
Published: November 2020

Encouraging students to actively ask questions during lectures is a formidable challenge that can be addressed through innovative use of information technology. We developed a robotic system that allows students in a lecture to collaboratively decide questions to be asked by a humanoid robot. To verify whether the system reduces hesitation to ask questions during lectures, 62 university students were divided into two groups, and each attended two different mock lectures on the Nobel Prize in Physics. Two lectures were conducted with and without the proposed system in counterbalanced order. Results suggested that students who were usually hesitant to ask questions during lectures became less hesitant to ask questions face‐to‐face when they could use the proposed system. Moreover, the perceived activeness in the lectures increased when using the system. Multiple regression analyses revealed that certain student actions, particularly tweeting and showing agreement with the questions posted by others, were correlated with an increase in perceived activeness.
MiR‐326 regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of endometrial cancer by targeting Bcl‐2
Authors: Cai Lily , Chen Juan‐Juan , Deng Fu‐Mou , Wang Lei , Chen Yu
Published: November 2020

Aim

MiR‐326 has been investigated to be correlated with multiple types of malignancies; however, the role of miR‐326 in endometrial cancer (EC) remains rarely reported. The aim of our research is to investigate the functions of miR‐326 in EC and the potential molecular mechanism.

Methods

RT‐qPCR was performed to compare the expression of miR‐326 and Bcl‐2 in normal endometrial epithelial cell line (End1/e6e7) and EC cells lines (HEC‐1A, Ishikawa), respectively. Bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assay verified the relationship between miR‐326 and the 3’‐UTR of Bcl‐2. 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, soft agar colony formation assay and the flow cytometry were performed to investigate the functions of miR‐326 and Bcl‐2 on proliferation and apoptosis in EC. Western blotting was employed to explore the expression of Bcl‐2, Bcl2‐associated X (Bax) and caspase‐3.

Results

The expression of miR‐326 decreased in EC cell lines compared to normal endometrial epithelial cell line, while Bcl‐2 expression was increased in EC cells. Results of MTT and soft agar colony formation assays showed that miR‐326 suppressed proliferation in EC cells. In addition, flow cytometry revealed that miR‐326 promoted apoptosis in EC cells. Western blotting showed that silencing miR‐326 promoted the expression of Bcl‐2. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay verified the 3’‐UTR of Bcl‐2 was a target of miR‐326. Furthermore, MTT assay, soft agar colony formation assay and the flow cytometry proved that miR‐326 acts as tumor suppressor via inhibiting the expression of Bcl‐2.

Conclusion

MiR‐326 acts as a cancer suppressor to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis via targeting Bcl‐2 axis in EC.
Preliminary Findings From a Nationwide, Multicenter Mental Health Service for Adults and Older Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder and ID
Authors: Helverschou Sissel Berge , Bakken Trine Lise , Berge Heidi , Bjørgen Tale Gjertine , Botheim Henrik , Hellerud Jane Askeland , Helseth Ingunn , Hove Oddbjørn , Johansen Per Anders , Kildahl Arvid Nikolai , Ludvigsen Linn Beate , Nygaard Sissel , Rysstad Anne , Wigaard Elisabeth , Howlin Patricia
Published: November 2020

Background

The identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and ID presents many challenges. We describe the development of a professional network, together with a standardized protocol for clinical assessment, designed to promote clinical competence and professional development in eight clinical centers responsible for providing mental health services to autistic individuals with ID across all four health regions of Norway. Specific aims to describe: (1) patterns of psychiatric and behavior problems in patients treated by the network, (2) patterns of change over time, and (3) the relationship between psychiatric disorders and behavior problems.

Method

A standardized protocol was used to assess individual progress in 132 patients (inpatients and outpatients) with autism and ID over 2 years (at referral (T1), after 1 year (T2), and after 2 years (T3)). Changes in psychiatric symptoms and behavior problems were assessed with the Psychopathology in Autism Checklist (PAC) and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC).

Results

Patients showed significant (p < .001) improvements from T1 to T2 on the psychosis, depression and anxiety subscales of the PAC, but no significant improvement on the obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) subscale. Improvements were maintained from T2 to T3. Patients showed significant (p < .01) improvements on the ABC total score and on all ABC subscales except inappropriate speech from T1 to T2; these improvements were maintained from T2 to T3.

Discussion

The combination of a professional network and a standardized protocol for clinical assessment has promise as a strategy for improving professional competence and facilitating specialized mental health services for autistic individuals with ID and psychiatric disorders across an extensive geographical area.
Transvenous shock‐only implantable cardioverter defibrillator after an atrio‐pulmonary Fontan surgery
Authors: Toyohara Keiko , Yagishita Daigo , Kudo Yoshimichi , Nishimura Tomomi , Takeuchi Daiji , Tomizawa Yasuko , Shoda Morio
Published: November 2020

A 42‐year‐old woman with tricuspid atresia who underwent a Fontan surgery (atrio‐pulmonary connection) was admitted to our hospital due to symptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT). A defibrillation lead was implanted in a distal site of a coronary vein since there was no usual entry to the ventricle. Ventricular pacing was impossible due to the high threshold, however, good sensing was obtained. Three years later, she felt palpitations and a subsequent shock therapy while climbing stairs. The cardioverter data showed that an appropriate cardioversion therapy successfully converted VT to normal rhythm.
Papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica and ‘Ski‐Jump’ nails
Authors: Mintoff Dillon , Betts Alexandra , Aquilina Susan
Published: November 2020

Papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica is an uncommon condition usually associated with lymphedema. "Ski‐jump" nails are upward sloping concave nails that can be an important diagnostic sign which may be overlooked in the setting of lymphedema. A diagnosis of papillomatosis cutis lymphostatica should be suspected in patients presenting with persistent, bland papilliform plaques, supported by the additional presence of "ski‐jump" nails.
Transfusion in critical care: Past, present and future
Authors: Shah Akshay , Oczkowski Simon , Aubron Cecile , Vlaar Alexander P. , Dionne Joanna C. ,   ESICM Transfusion Task Force
Published: November 2020

Anaemia and coagulopathy are common in critically ill patients and are associated with poor outcomes, including increased risk of mortality, myocardial infarction, failure to be liberated from mechanical ventilation and poor physical recovery. Transfusion of blood and blood products remains the corner stone of anaemia and coagulopathy treatment in critical care. However, determining when the benefits of transfusion outweigh the risks of anaemia may be challenging in some critically ill patients. Therefore, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine prioritised the development of a clinical practice guideline to address anaemia and coagulopathy in non‐bleeding critically ill patients. The aims of this article are to: (1) review the evolution of transfusion practice in critical care and the direction for future developments in this important area of transfusion medicine and (2) to provide a brief synopsis of the guideline development process and recommendations in a format designed for busy clinicians and blood bank staff. These clinical practice guidelines provide recommendations to clinicians on how best to manage non‐bleeding critically ill patients at the bedside. More research is needed on alternative transfusion targets, use of transfusions in special populations (e.g., acute neurological injury, acute coronary syndromes), use of anaemia prevention strategies and point‐of‐care interventions to guide transfusion strategies.
Efficacy of selected phosphorus sorbing materials (PSMs) to enhance the orthophosphate sorption capacity of filter socks
Authors: Cooke A. L. , Simmons R. W. , Rickson R. J. , Sakrabani R.
Published: November 2020

Agricultural phosphate (PO43−) is a major cause of water quality compliance failures. Filter socks (FS) are a sediment‐control method proven to be effective at removing sediment and sediment bound‐P. Within the water and wastewater treatment industries phosphorous sorbing materials (PSMs) are widely used to remove reactive PO43−. Combining PSMs with FS provides an opportunity to concomitantly remove sediment, sediment bound‐P and PO43− from agricultural runoff. A column experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of selected PSMs to remove PO43− across a range of PO43− concentrations (0.08, 0.26 and 1.3 mg/L) and contrasting FS fill media (PAS 100 Compost and Woodchip). The results indicate that Ca‐enriched ferrihydrite removed up to 99% of PO43−, and was the only PSM to reduce PO43− to below the target value of <0.05 mg/L. An initial cost‐benefit analysis indicates that PSM‐enhanced FS are a viable option to remove PO43− from agricultural runoff.
Molecular Weight and Gas Separation Performance of Polyimide Membrane: Insight into Role of Imidization Route
Authors: Tan P. C. , Yiauw D. Y. , Teoh G. H. , Low S. C. , Jawad Z. A.
Published: November 2020

Various methods have been explored to improve the gas separation performance of polyimide membrane for more viable industrial commercialization. Generally, polyimide membrane can be synthesized via two different methods: chemical imidization and thermal imidization routes. Due to the markedly different membrane synthesis conditions, the influence of imidization methods on the gas transport properties of resulting membrane is worthy of investigation. The polyimide produced from two imidization methods was characterized for its molecular weight. In overall, the molecular weight of thermally imidized polyimide was higher than that of chemically imidized one except ODPA-6FpDA:DABA as it was prone to depropagation at high temperature. It was observed that the chemically imidized ODPA-6FpDA:DABA membrane possessed better gas separation performance than the thermally imidized counterpart. In particular, it showed 12 times higher CO2 permeability (19.21 Barrer) with CO2/N2 selectivity of 5. After crosslinking, the CO2/N2 selectivity of the polyimide membrane was further improved to 11.8 at 6 bar of permeation pressure.
Comparative Review of the Blockchain Consensus Algorithm Between Proof of Stake (POS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS)
Authors: Skh Saad Sheikh Munir , Raja Mohd Radzi Raja Zahilah
Published: November 2020

Blockchain is a public ledger technology to which everyone has access without a central authority having control. This technology typically gets to use registration and smart contract. To make sure there are security and authenticity in the transaction information in blockchain, many researchers are study on consensus algorithm. There is a lot of consensus algorithm are using in blockchain. Determining leading research area and finding the best key of consensus algorithm is the motivation of this study. Thus, this study will investigate how consensus algorithm areas of research can be determined by study on the Proof of Stake (PoS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPos). Besides that, this research study about the key parameters that being using in these two algorithms. In addition, after getting the parameters we measure the comparison in terms of their transaction per second, nodes, and block sizes. Furthermore, we conclude the efficiency of these two algorithms in terms of their scalability. Although DPoS performance is expected to be much better than PoS, the impact of parameters can be assessed and analyzed to see and prove results. We hope after this study, can solved the performance and security affected by the application of consensus algorithm used in the blockchain.
Developing a Mobile Device Management (MDM) Security Metamodel for Bring Your Own Devices (BYOD) in Hospitals
Authors: Sisala Sambo , Othman Siti Hajar
Published: November 2020

With cybercrime on the rise, the healthcare environment has been listed as the top 5 of the most targeted industries for information security breaches. This is due to the current migration from physical to Electronic Health Records (EHR). The challenges of controlling the database costs also continue to escalate. As a result, measures such as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies are commonly utilized to minimize costs and create convenience for hospital staff to use a device they are more comfortable with. However, BYOD can be used as a major entry point for gaining access to Health Information Systems (HIS) by cyber attackers/hackers despite the struggles of many hospitals to put in place effective mobile security policies. Several researches have been done to show on how to create effective mobile device BYOD strategies by using device management, data security, medical applications, information technology, education, policy, guidelines and a few others. But there is still a lack of literature about BYOD policy development in hospitals especially when it comes to Mobile Device Management (MDM), policy evaluation, and mobile device evaluation. To help address this issue, an MDM security metamodels has been proposed to help bridge this gap of knowledge between security professionals and shareholders within the healthcare environment. With awareness to the proposed solution, the elementary stage is to identify any existing MDM models that have been created for BYOD in healthcare and use the metamodel to represent some of the important existing concepts. Therefore, the context of this research paper aims to concentrate on improving existing BYOD security policies through the awareness of these existing MDM concepts that are represented through a metamodel syntax. This paper aims to discuss important MDM security concepts from various sources that have been used in healthcare, create a MDM security metamodel prototype called MDMSec ver 1.0 for the healthcare sector, using a selected metamodeling process, and lastly, to validate the prototype metamodel through two validation techniques.
Sentiment Analysis of Student’s Opinion on Programming Assessment: Evaluation of Naïve Bayes over Support Vector Machines
Authors: Umar Mahmood , Ahmad Nor Bahiah , Zainal Anazida
Published: November 2020

This study investigates the performance of machine learning algorithms for sentiment analysis of students’ opinions on programming assessment. Previous researches show that Support Vector Machines (SVM) performs the best among all techniques, followed by Naïve Bayes (NB) in sentiment analysis. This study proposes a framework for classifying sentiments, as positive or negative using NB algorithm and Lexicon-based approach on small data set. The performance of NB algorithm was evaluated using SVM. NB and SVM conquer the Lexicon-based approach opinion lexicon technique in terms of accuracy in the specific area for which it is trained. The Lexicon-based technique, on the other hand, avoids difficult steps needed to train the classifier. Data was analyzed from 75 first year undergraduate students in School of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia taking programming subject. The student’s sentiments were gathered based on their opinions for the zero-score policy for unsuccessful compilation of program during skill-based test. The result of the study reveals that the students tend to have negative sentiments on programming assessment as it gives them scary emotions. The experimental result of applying NB algorithm yields a prediction accuracy of 85% which outperform both the SVM with 70% and Lexicon-based approach with 60% accuracy. The result shows that NB works better than SVM and Lexicon-based approach on small dataset.
K3 surfaces with involution, equivariant analytic torsion, and automorphic forms on the moduli space IV: The structure of the invariant
Authors: Ma Shouhei , Yoshikawa Ken-Ichi
Published: November 2020

Yoshikawa in [Invent. Math. 156 (2004), 53–117] introduces a holomorphic torsion invariant of $K3$ surfaces with involution. In this paper we completely determine its structure as an automorphic function on the moduli space of such $K3$ surfaces. On every component of the moduli space, it is expressed as the product of an explicit Borcherds lift and a classical Siegel modular form. We also introduce its twisted version. We prove its modularity and a certain uniqueness of the modular form corresponding to the twisted holomorphic torsion invariant. This is used to study an equivariant analogue of Borcherds’ conjecture.
Decomposition of degenerate Gromov–Witten invariants
Authors: Abramovich Dan , Chen Qile , Gross Mark , Siebert Bernd
Published: November 2020

We prove a decomposition formula of logarithmic Gromov–Witten invariants in a degeneration setting. A one-parameter log smooth family $X \longrightarrow B$ with singular fibre over $b_0\in B$ yields a family $\mathscr {M}(X/B,\beta ) \longrightarrow B$ of moduli stacks of stable logarithmic maps. We give a virtual decomposition of the fibre of this family over $b_0$ in terms of rigid tropical maps to the tropicalization of $X/B$. This generalizes one aspect of known results in the case that the fibre $X_{b_0}$ is a normal crossings union of two divisors. We exhibit our formulas in explicit examples.
Direct Measurements of the Wing Kinematics of a Bat in Straight Flight
Authors: Singh Sudeep Kumar , Zhang Li-Biao , Zhao Jing-Shan
Published: November 2020

Bat is the only mammal in the nature that can fly. Compared with birds and insects, bats are quite special in that their wings are formed by an elastic membrane, which renders that the airfoil deforms greatly during downstroke and upstroke. Due to the compliant skin of a bat, the movements of its wings are three-dimensionally complex during diverse flight behaviors. To understand the maneuverability and flight performance, three-dimensional reconstruction of the flight kinematics is essential. This study focuses on the reconstruction of the wing kinematics of the bat and identifies the primary relationship of parameters of aerodynamics in straight flight. With markers pasted on the wings and body of a bat, the motions of these points are recorded by a computerized optical motion capture system. The kinematic analysis shows that the motion of wings is very intricate. The digits of the wing display the sign of coupled motion. A novel approach was developed to measure the angle of attack and flapping angle of the wing. The angle of attack of leading edge differs with the overall angle of attack of the wing. The kinematics of the bat's wing is helpful to interpret the secret of the bat's flight.
Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Behavior of Single-Nozzle Liquid-FLOX®-Based Burners on an Atmospheric Test Rig
Authors: Izadi Saeed , Zanger Jan , Kislat Oliver , Enderle Benedict , Grimm Felix , Kutne Peter , Aigner Manfred
Published: November 2020

As an alternative to the commonly used swirl burners in microgas turbines (MGT), the FLOX®-based combustion concept promises great potential for the nitric oxide emission reduction and increased fuel flexibility. Despite having to deal with a new set of challenges while utilizing liquid fuel in the burner, first steps are taken to gain more information on the influencing operational parameters. In this regard, a FLOX®-based liquid fuel burner is developed to fit into a newly designed combustor for the Capstone C30 MGT. The C30 combustor operates with three burners arranged tangentially to an annular combustion chamber and provides a total thermal power of 115 kW. In this work, operational properties of merely one of the three C30 liquid fuel burners are investigated and the rest of the two burners are emulated in form of hot cross-flow. As for the liquid burners, the experiments are conducted with three geometrically different single-nozzle burners at atmospheric pressure. The cross-flow is realized by utilizing a 20–nozzle FLOX®-based natural gas combustor. Measurements include visualization of the reaction zone and analysis of the exhaust gas emissions. By detecting the hydroxyl radical chemiluminescence (OH*-CL) emissions, the position of the heat release zone within the combustion chamber is attained. Correspondingly, the flame height above burner and the flame length are calculated. The investigated design parameters include air preheat temperature up to 733 K, equivalence ratio, burner geometry, and thermal power. Through variation of thermal power, the effect of liquid fuel preparation, i.e., atomization, evaporation, and mixing on combustion properties and exhaust gas emissions are examined. The results show that the burners with the medium diameter consistently performed remarkably at different flame temperatures and thermal powers. The lowest NOx and CO emissions for the medium diameter burner lied between 5 to 7 ppm and 8 to 10 ppm, respectively.
On the Transversely Isotropic, Hyperelastic Response of Central Nervous System White Matter Using a Hybrid Approach
Authors: Pan Yi , Shreiber David I. , Pelegri Assimina A.
Published: November 2020

A numerical and experimental hybrid approach is developed to study the constitutive behavior of the central nervous system white matter. A published transversely isotropic hyperelastic strain energy function is reviewed and used to determine stress–strain relationships for three idealized, simple loading scenarios. The proposed constitutive model is simplified to a three-parameter hyperelastic model by assuming the white matter's incompressibility. Due to a lack of experimental data in all three loading scenarios, a finite element model that accounts for microstructural axons and their kinematics is developed to simulate behaviors in simple shear loading scenarios to supplement existing uniaxial tensile test data. The parameters of the transversely isotropic hyperelastic material model are determined regressively using the hybrid data. The results highlight that a hybrid numerical virtual test coupled with experimental data, can determine the transversely isotropic hyperelastic model. It is noted that the model is not limited to small strains and can be applied to large deformations.
Heat Transfer Enhancement Through Array Jet Impingement on Strategically Placed High Porosity High Pore-Density Thin Copper Foams
Authors: Rajamuthu Varun Prasanna , Panse Sanskar S. , Ekkad Srinath
Published: November 2020

High porosity, high pore-density (pores per inch: PPI) metal foams are a popular choice in high heat flux cooling applications as they offer large heat transfer area over a given volume, however, accompanied by a concomitant increase in pumping power requirements. This experimental study aims toward developing a novel metal-foam based cooling configuration featuring thin copper foams (3 mm) subjected to orthogonal air jet array impingement. The foam configurations allowed strategic and selective placement of high pore-density (90 PPI) and high porosity (∼96%) copper foam on the heated surface with respect to the jet array in the form of foam stripes aiming to enhance heat transfer and reduce pressure drop penalty. The thermal-hydraulic performance was evaluated over range of Reynolds numbers, jet-to-jet (x/dj, y/dj) and jet-to-target (z/dj) spacings and compared with a baseline smooth surface. The effect of pore density was further analyzed by studying 40 PPI copper foam and compared with corresponding 90 PPI foam arrangement. The thermal-hydraulic performance was found to be governed by combinational interaction of three major factors: heat transfer area, ease of jet penetration, and foam volume usage. Strategic placement of metal foam stripes allowed better utilization of the foam heat transfer area and available foam volume by aiding penetration of coolant fluid through available foam thickness, thus performing better than the case where entire heat transfer area was covered with foam. For a fixed pumping power of 10 W, the optimal metal foam-jet configuration showed ∼50% higher heat transfer with negligible increase in pumping power requirements.
Well Control Simulation With Nonaqueous Drilling Fluids
Authors: Chagas Felipe , Ribeiro Paulo R. , Santos Otto L. A.
Published: November 2020

The demand for energy has increased recently worldwide, requiring new oilfield discoveries to supply this need. Following this demand increase, challenges grow in all areas of the petroleum industry especially those related to drilling operations. Due to hard operational conditions found when drilling complex scenarios such as high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) zones, deep and ultradeep water, and other challenges, the use nonaqueous drilling fluids became a must. The reason for that is because this kind of drilling fluid is capable to tolerate these extreme drilling conditions found in those scenarios. However, it can experience changes in its properties as a result of pressure and temperature variations, requiring special attention during some drilling operations, such as the well control. The well control is a critical issue since it involves safety, social, economic, and environmental aspects. Well control simulators are a valuable tool to support well control operations and preserve the well integrity, verifying operational parameters and to assist drilling engineers in the decision-making process during well control operations and kick situations. They are also important computational tools for rig personnel training. This study presents well control research and development contributions, as well as the results of a computational well control simulator that applies the Driller's method and allows the understanding the thermodynamic behavior of synthetic drilling fluids, such as n-paraffin and ester base fluids. The simulator employed mathematical correlations for the drilling fluids pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) properties obtained from the experimental data. The simulator results were compared to a test well data set as well to the published results from other kick simulators.
A Novel Active Optimization Approach for Rapid and Efficient Design Space Exploration Using Ensemble Machine Learning
Authors: Owoyele Opeoluwa , Pal Pinaki
Published: November 2020

In this work, a novel design optimization technique based on active learning, which involves dynamic exploration and exploitation of the design space of interest using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms, is presented. In this approach, a hybrid methodology incorporating an explorative weak learner (regularized basis function model) that fits high-level information about the response surface and an exploitative strong learner (based on committee machine) that fits finer details around promising regions identified by the weak learner is employed. For each design iteration, an aristocratic approach is used to select a set of nominees, where points that meet a threshold merit value as predicted by the weak learner are selected for evaluation. In addition to these points, the global optimum as predicted by the strong learner is also evaluated to enable rapid convergence to the actual global optimum once the most promising region has been identified by the optimizer. This methodology is first tested by applying it to the optimization of a two-dimensional multi-modal surface and, subsequently, to a complex internal combustion (IC) engine combustion optimization case with nine control parameters related to fuel injection, initial thermodynamic conditions, and in-cylinder flow. It is found that the new approach significantly lowers the number of function evaluations that are needed to reach the optimum design configuration (by up to 80%) when compared to conventional optimization techniques, such as particle swarm and genetic algorithm-based optimization techniques.
An undergraduate-oriented comment about inverting spectral data to determine the interatomic potential
Authors: Katriel Jacob
Published: November 2020

An elementary, analytically soluble example of a pair of isospectral potentials is discussed. This example was developed in response to an inquiry by an undergraduate student who was intrigued by the widely used (but not often discussed in undergraduate courses) Rydberg–Klein–Rees (RKR) procedure for inverting rovibrational data to determine potential functions of diatomic molecules, which is based on the semiclassical (WKB) approximation. The pair of potentials discussed provide a clear elementary example of the insufficiency of the energy level spectrum to determine the potential, even in a case in which the bound states form a complete set.
Slow-dissipation limit of the harmonic oscillator with general power-law damping
Authors: Lancaster Jarrett L.
Published: November 2020

An approximate solution is presented for simple harmonic motion in the presence of damping by a force which is a general power-law function of the velocity. The approximation is shown to be quite robust, allowing for a simple way to investigate amplitude decay in the presence of a general type of weak, nonlinear damping.
A hands-on quantum cryptography workshop for pre-university
students
Authors: Utama Adrian Nugraha , Lee Jianwei , Seidler Mathias Alexander
Published: November 2020

We developed a modified version of a conventional (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol that can be understood and implemented by students at a pre-university level. We intentionally introduce a subtle but critical simplification to the original protocol, allowing the experiment to be assembled at the skill level appropriate for the students, at the cost of creating a security loophole. The security vulnerability is then exploited by student hackers, allowing the participants to think deeper about the underlying physics that makes the protocol secure in its original form.
A simple demonstration of shear-flow instability
Authors: Howard Tom , Barbosa Aguiar Ana
Published: November 2020

We describe a simple classroom demonstration of a fluid-dynamic instability. The demonstration requires only a bucket of water, a piece of string, and some used tealeaves or coffee grounds. We argue that the mechanism for the instability, at least in its later stages, is two-dimensional barotropic (shear-flow) instability and we present evidence in support of this. We show results of an equivalent basic two-dimensional numerical non-linear model, which simulates behavior comparable to that observed in the bucket demonstration. Modified simulations show that the instability does not depend on the curvature of the domain, but rather on the velocity profile.
Na
+
-dependent gate dynamics and electrostatic attraction ensure substrate coupling in glutamate transporters
Authors: Alleva C. , Kovalev K. , Astashkin R. , Berndt M. I. , Baeken C. , Balandin T. , Gordeliy V. , Fahlke Ch. , Machtens J.-P.
Published: November 2020

Na
+
-dependent conformational changes ensure efficient secondary active glutamate uptake.
Ion-molecule interactions enable unexpected phase transitions in organic-inorganic aerosol
Authors: Richards David S. , Trobaugh Kristin L. , Hajek-Herrera Josefina , Price Chelsea L. , Sheldon Craig S. , Davies James F. , Davis Ryan D.
Published: November 2020

Levitation experiments reveal molecular interactions that can alter the expected properties of atmospheric aerosol.
Photoreduction of inorganic carbon(+IV) by elemental sulfur: Implications for prebiotic synthesis in terrestrial hot springs
Authors: Li Yanzhang , Li Yan , Liu Yi , Wu Yifu , Wu Junqi , Wang Bin , Ye Huan , Jia Haoning , Wang Xiao , Li Linghui , Zhu Meixiang , Ding Hongrui , Lai Yong , Wang Changqiu , Dick Jeffrey , Lu Anhuai
Published: November 2020

Photoreduction of CO
2
by UV-excited elemental sulfur could have supported prebiotic synthesis in terrestrial hot springs.
Engineered mutant α-ENaC subunit mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles reduces amiloride currents in cystic fibrosis–based cell and mice models
Authors: Mukherjee Anindit , MacDonald Kelvin D. , Kim Jeonghwan , Henderson Michael I. , Eygeris Yulia , Sahay Gaurav
Published: November 2020

A nanoparticle delivered ENaC-inhibitory mRNA for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Alpine glacier resilience and Neoglacial fluctuations linked to Holocene snowfall trends in the western United States
Authors: Larsen Darren J. , Crump Sarah E. , Blumm Aria
Published: November 2020

Alpine lake sediments provide rare 10,000-year glacier record and highlight influence of winter precipitation.
Deep learning can accelerate grasp-optimized motion planning
Authors: Ichnowski Jeffrey , Avigal Yahav , Satish Vishal , Goldberg Ken
Published: November 2020

Warm-starting grasp-optimized motion planning with deep learning reduces computation time by two orders of magnitude.
Spray-on magnetic skin for robotic actuation
Authors: Tu Jiaobing , Gao Wei
Published: November 2020

A minimalist robot construction strategy offers versatility and compatibility in actuating diverse objects on demand.
TrIgGering inflammation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Morris Gerald P.
Published: November 2020

Myelin-reactive IgG complexes enhance proinflammatory activation of microglia in multiple sclerosis.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNA miR-H8 Is Dispensable for Latency and Reactivation
In Vivo
Authors: Barrozo Enrico R. , Nakayama Sanae , Singh Pankaj , Neumann Donna M. , Bloom David C.
Published: November 2020

Herpesviruses have a remarkable ability to sustain lifelong infections by evading host immune responses, establishing a latent reservoir, and maintaining the ability to reactivate the lytic cascade to transmit the virus to the next host. The HSV-1 latency-associated transcript region is known to regulate many aspects of HSV-1 latency and reactivation, although the mechanisms for these functions remain unknown.
Supplemental Material: Reconstructing Neoproterozoic seawater chemistry from early diagenetic dolomite
Authors: Crockford Peter , al. et
Published: November 2020

Extended methods, and explorations into alternative interpretations for these data.
Supplemental Material: Assessing the impact of sedimentation on fault spacing at the Andaman Sea spreading center
Authors: de Sagazan Clément , Olive Jean-Arthur
Published: November 2020

Supplemental text, supplemental Figures S1–S3, Tables S1 and S2, source code (in a .zip file), visualization tools, and videos.
Supplemental Material: Mixing of brine with oil triggered sphalerite deposition at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Szmihelsky Marko , Steele-MacInnis Matthew , al. et
Published: November 2020

Additional details on methods and results, Tables S1–S4, and Figure S1.
Rehabilitation interventions need more than methodological standardisation: an individualised approach
Authors: Welch Neil , Richter Chris , Moran Kieran , Franklyn-Miller Andy
Published: November 2020

Objectives: The main aim in the current study was to use a single-subject analysis to profile the physical performance characteristics of individuals within an injured group and a between-group approach to profile the group as a whole. These profiles were then used to inform single-subject and between-group rehabilitation interventions. Methods: Fifty-three (28 with athletic groin pain and 25 non-injured) Gaelic football players (24.8 years±7.1 years; 179 cm±5.5 cm; 79.7 kg±9.2 kg) underwent 3D biomechanical analysis, which was used to measure a series of physical performance characteristics. The non-injured group was used to create a ‘performance database’ to compare the injured individuals, and a between-group analysis was also conducted. The scores from each analysis were used to inform the targets of interventions. Results: The analysis highlighted the variety of profiles that existed across the tested individuals and that these profiles differed from that of the between-group analysis. By analysing individuals in a single-subject approach, detail can be seen that is lost with between-group analysis.
Flexible coordination of carbodiphosphorane-based pincer ligands in chromium(0) carbonyl complexes
Authors: Maser Leon , Korziniowski Philipp , Langer Robert
Published: November 2020

A series of chromium(0) complexes was obtained by subsequent irradiation of [Cr(CO)6] in the presence of [(Ph2P-CH2-PPh2)2CH]+. Depending on the reaction conditions and the duration of irradiation, complexes with different coordination modes of the potentially tridentate ligand can be isolated. Shorter irradiation times lead to the coordination of the terminal PPh2 groups and the formation of [(κ2P,P′-{Ph2P-CH2-PPh2}CH)Cr(CO)4]+ (2), whereas after longer irradiation duration, the formation of fac- and mer-[(κ3P,C,P′-{Ph2P-CH2-PPh2}CH)Cr(CO)3]+ (3) can be observed. In the presence of base, the neutral complex [(κ3P,C,P′-{Ph2P-CH2-PPh2}C)Cr(CO)3] (4) can be isolated, enabling the analysis of the central CDP group’s net donor strength through the C–O stretching vibration. Finally, the utilization of reductants like potassium graphite lead to the loss of hydrogen and generation of an anionic chromium(0) complex (5). Using quantum chemical methods, the stability of possible isomers is explored.
Soil organic carbon content: decreases partly attributed to dilution by increased depth of cultivation in southern Ontario
Authors: Warren C.J. , Saurette D.D. , Gillespie A.W.
Published: November 2020

Soil organic carbon contents and depths of Ap horizons (i.e., cultivated topsoil) from Ontario soil survey reports were reviewed, analyzed, and compared from 1950 to 2019. Organic carbon concentrations have declined from 2.85% to 2.34% in Ap horizons, whereas depths have increased by 40%. Considering the entire Ap horizon depth, we show that soil carbon stocks (kg C·ha−1) may be constant or increasing. Losses of organic carbon due to cultivation should not be discounted; however, dilution of organic carbon within a deeper plow layer may contribute significantly to observed decreases in organic carbon concentrations in topsoil.
Genes underlying species differences in cuticular hydrocarbon production betweenDrosophila melanogasterandD. simulans
Authors: Ward Heather K.E. , Moehring Amanda J.
Published: November 2020

Surface chemical compounds are key components of survival and reproduction in many species. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are chemical compounds produced by all insects that are used for both desiccation resistance and chemical communication, including communication related to mating. In the species pair of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans, female CHCs stimulate conspecific males to mate and repel heterospecific males. While CHCs are a critical contributor to both reproductive success within a species and isolation between species, few genes underlying species variation in CHC profiles are known. Here, we use genetic mapping of the 3rd chromosome to test a suite of candidate genes for interspecies variation in CHCs. Candidate gene CG5946 was found to be involved in species differences in the production of 7,11-heptacosadiene and 7-tricosene between D. melanogaster and D. simulans. This is therefore a new candidate locus contributing to species-specific variation in the CHC profile. In the process of mapping genes for CHCs, we also identified 29 candidate genes for the reduced survival or inviability of interspecies hybrids.
Charmed $$\Omega _c$$ weak decays into $$\Omega $$ in the light-front quark model
Authors: Hsiao Yu-Kuo , Yang Ling , Lih Chong-Chung , Tsai Shang-Yuu
Published: November 2020

More than ten $$\Omega _c^0$$

Ω
c
0

weak decay modes have been measured with the branching fractions relative to that of $$\Omega ^0_c\rightarrow \Omega ^-\pi ^+$$

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

π
+

. In order to extract the absolute branching fractions, the study of $$\Omega ^0_c\rightarrow \Omega ^-\pi ^+$$

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

π
+

is needed. In this work, we predict $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi \equiv {{\mathcal {B}}}(\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-\pi ^+)=(5.1\pm 0.7)\times 10^{-3}$$

B
π

≡
B

(

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

π
+

)

=

(
5.1
±
0.7
)

×

10

-
3

with the $$\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-$$

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

transition form factors calculated in the light-front quark model. We also predict $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\rho \equiv {{\mathcal {B}}}(\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-\rho ^+)=(14.4\pm 0.4)\times 10^{-3}$$

B
ρ

≡
B

(

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

ρ
+

)

=

(
14.4
±
0.4
)

×

10

-
3

and $${{\mathcal {B}}}_e\equiv {{\mathcal {B}}}(\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-e^+\nu _e)=(5.4\pm 0.2)\times 10^{-3}$$

B
e

≡
B

(

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

e
+

ν
e

)

=

(
5.4
±
0.2
)

×

10

-
3

. The previous values for $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\rho /{{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi $$

B
ρ

/

B
π

have been found to deviate from the most recent observation. Nonetheless, our $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\rho /{{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi =2.8\pm 0.4$$

B
ρ

/

B
π

=
2.8
±
0.4

is able to alleviate the deviation. Moreover, we obtain $${{\mathcal {B}}}_e/{{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi =1.1\pm 0.2$$

B
e

/

B
π

=
1.1
±
0.2

, which is consistent with the current data.