bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Impact of Land Reform Policy in Nigeria
Authors: Williams Donald C.
Published: November 2008

Theimperative to regulate and redistribute land has become almost universal to governments in the developing world. In Africa, this kind of policy has been couched in impressive language that justifies increasing regulatory control as the only viable way to revolutionise the productive use of land for national development. Land reforms often signify one element of a larger trend involving the expansion of the state at the expense of other forms of societal authority. As such, they represent the frontier of a widening struggle over legitimacy and control between ‘state’ and ‘society’. Scholars from a wide variety of intellectual traditions have recently shown increasing interest in exploring the nature and impact of the state. However, the overall utility of such an approach in helping us to understand political developments in Africa has often been hindered by the absence of empirical data.
State—Subject Communication in Zaïre: Domination and the Concept of Domain Consensus
Authors: Callaghy Thomas M.
Published: November 2008

One of the principal tasks of administration in Zaïre is to establish a stable domain consensus, a concept that has been defined as follows: a set of expectations both for members of an organization and for others with whom they interact, about what that organization will and will not do. It provides, although imperfectly, an image of the organization's role in a larger arena, which in turn serves as a guide for the ordering of action in certain directions and not in others.1
Decentralisation and Devolution: a Review of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1978
Authors: Lea John P. , Wu Chung-Tong
Published: November 2008

The Lesotho Minister for Agriculture, Co-operatives, and Marketing was reported recently to have shaken the delegates at the World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Development in Rome by his observation on the value of such intergovernmental gatherings on the subject of development:
Life Imitates Art: the Student Expulsion in Dar es Salaam, October 1966, as Dramatic Ritual
Authors: Carthew John
Published: November 2008

On 22 October 1966, 393 students, all but 70 of them from the University College, demonstrated in Dar es Salaam against the Tanzania Government's proposals for National Service to be compulsory for students completing their education at Form VI level and above.1 Marching through the streets of the capital to show their disapproval, and carrying banners some of which read ‘Colonialism was Better’2 they were diverted to State House, where they had to deliver their ultimatum to the President, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, in person. Flanked by his Ministers, he listened to their demand that unless the terms of the National Service were changed they would not accept the scheme in spirit: ‘Let our bodies go, but our souls will remain outside the scheme’. In his reply, the President made it clear that he had no intention of forcing anyone into National Service against his will. But since these students were unwilling to serve the nation, they should be returned immediately to their parental homes. Whereupon the demonstrators were rounded up by waiting (and obviously prepared) police, finger-printed, and despatched under armed guards to their homes throughout the country.
Urban Agriculture: Research Questions and Zambian Evidence
Authors: Rakodi Carole
Published: November 2008

The cultivation of food crops within the overall boundaries of towns and cities is not new, but has been forgotten or ignored in the last 20 years, while urbanisation has, it is thought, absorbed a disproportionate share of national resources. Can, however, an alternative form of urban development, less greedy of financial and natural assets, capable of satisfying the basic needs of the population and of reducing the vulnerability of the poorest, be envisaged, and is the food and energy system an appropriate starting point?1The first stage in studying any neglected area is to review existing evidence and policy, in order to reveal gaps and suggest avenues for future enquiry, policy formulation, and experiment.2In this article, the evidence presented will be from Zambia, and it will be the task of further research to assess the relevance of these findings to other towns and cities in the region.
Myths and Realities of Kenyan Capitalism
Authors: Himbara David
Published: November 2008

Mostdiscussions about development in the periphery during the 1950s to the 1980s tended to fall into two main camps. Those in the so-called ‘dependency school’ maintained that indigenous bourgeoisies, unlike their metropolitan counterparts, could not lead the accumulation and transformation process while in junior partnership with foreign capital, which entrenched a system that transferred resources to metropolitan economies through, for example, the repatriation of profits, loyalty payments, and other licencing schemes. In other words, ‘real’ capitalism in the periphery was improbable, if not impossible. On the other hand, orthodox Marxists, liberal scholars, and, subsequently, ‘modified’dependentistas, held that foreign investments in the periphery need not forestall the emergence of transforming social forces, and that development was likely to be accelerated if/when some elements of the domestic bourgeoisie participated in joint ventures with international capital.
Fixed Exchange Rates and Structural Adjustment Programmes: Côte d'lvoire
Authors: Ridler Neil B.
Published: November 2008

The implementation of economic reforms in Africa under the aegis of the International Monetary Fund (I.M.F.) has undoubtedly produced the kind of social dislocation so well described by Barry Riddell in a recent article in this Journal. The structural adjustment programmes (S.A.P.s) have also in some cases generated growth, as noted by Michel Camdessus, director-general of the I.M.F. in 1991: ‘Soon more than 30 African countries will apply these growth strategies. Where the programmes have been applied rigorously, results have been impressive. ’
The 1992 Referendum in South Africa
Authors: Strauss Annette
Published: November 2008

Theruling National Party (N.P.) asked white voters during the 1989 election campaign for a mandate to negotiate with all concerned about a new constitution, an undivided South Africa, one citizenship, equal votes, protection of minorities, and the removal of stumbling blocks such as discrimination against people of colour.1Although the N.P. achieved a cleat majority – 93 seats against 39 for the Conservative Party (C.P.) and 33 for the Democratic Party (D.P.) – the right-wing opposition made destinct progress by gaining 17 seats. After the C.P had captured a further three from the N.P. in by-elections, including Potchefstroom in February 1992, President F. W. de Klerk announced in Parliament that whites would be asked the following month to vote in a referendum in order to remove any doubts about his mandate. The carefully worded question which the electorate had to answer was as follows: Do you support continuation of the reform process which the State President began on February 2, 1990 and which is aimed at a new constitution through negotiation?
Governance and the Transition to Democracy: Political Parties and the Party System in Mali
Authors: Vengroff Richard
Published: November 2008

Althoughmany African countries have had to address pressures for democratisation and are undergoing some form of transition, Mali is an especially interesting case which could provide useful insights into the durability of democracy on the continent and elsewhere. Mali has experienced extraordinary changes in the past two years leading to the almost total transformation of the political system from a highly authoritarian régime to one which has all the trappings of a liberal democracy. Unlike most other nations, Mali was fortunate in being able to write a new constitution and hold elections without the burden of continued participation in the process by a ruling party and head of state. Therefore, the more open procedures offer a better indication of the degree to which, given the opportunity, a modern democratic system can take root in the African milieu.
The Proof of the Pudding is in the Eating: the June 1993 Elections in Burundi
Authors: Reyntjens Filip
Published: November 2008

Land-Locked Burundi in the Great Lakes area of East-Central Africa, while very small in size (slightly under 28,000 sq. kilometres, roughly the size of Belgium), is after neighbouring Rwanda the most densely populated country in the continent, with about six million inhabitants of whom it is commonly admitted that Hutu and Tutsi constitute about 85 and 15 per cent, respectively.
Gurage: the Last Straw
Authors: Fellman Jack
Published: November 2008

Gurage is a cover-term for a dozen south Ethiopian-Semitic tongues spoken by some half-a-million people in a small and compact area about 70 miles south-southwest of Addis Ababa bounded to the north by the Awash River, to the east by Lake Zway, and to the south and west by the Omo River. Completely surrounded by Cushitic languages, especially Galla and Sidamo, Gurage forms, as it were, a tiny Semitic island floating in a vast Cushitic sea. The variety, diversity, and fragmentation of tongues in such a small area, 100 miles at its broadest and widest, is puzzling and problematic, not least because Gurage represents the highest concentration of linguistic diversity attested in the Semitic world. A satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon has not yet been offered, and unless and until further data, both synchronic and diachronic, becomes available, this short note will have to suffice, for better or for worse.
The Crisis in the Ghana Economy
Authors: Rimmer Douglas
Published: November 2008

The subject of this article is the unfolding pattern of economic events in Ghana in recent years. No attempt is made either to blame or to excuse those who were responsible for the conduct of national economic affairs. The purpose is merely to reach an understanding of why and how things happened as they did. There does not appear to be much that is peculiarly Ghanaian, or even peculiarly West African, about the pattern of events. Indeed, the argument of this article owes much to the model of stages of economic development propounded by Dudley Seers with mainly Latin American experience in mind.
Manpower, Education, and Economic Growth
Authors: Rado E. R.
Published: November 2008

PERHAPS the most notable feature of the literature of economic development and planning over the past decade has been the discovery—or the belated rediscovery—that capital investment is not the sole source of economic growth; that the quality of the labour force is intimately connected with the (potential) rate of economic growth; that this quality is based on, and can be affected by, the education that members of the labour force received; and that consequently manpower and educational planning is a necessary part of over-all economic planning. Indeed so thoroughly has this new orthodoxy been accepted that some countries now have manpower and educational plans even though they may have no over-all development plan worth speaking of.
Institute of African Studies, Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone
Authors: Crowder Michael
Published: November 2008

The Institute of African Studies at Fourah Bay College is an interdisciplinary research institute with teaching functions. During the next three years research plans will concentrate on two broad areas of African studies: social and economic problems, and culture and history. An equal division of activity between them is important, since there is no Institute of Social and Economic Research in the College. The Institute also provides an introductory lecture course in African studies which is required for all freshmen students under the terms of the revised degree structure of the College. The two-term lecture course deals with ‘West African History and Culture’ during the first term, and ‘Contemporary West Africa: Social and Economic Problems’ during the second.
Seminar on African Culture and New East African Writing
Authors: Shore Herbert L.
Published: November 2008

If this seminar had to be characterised in one or two words, these might be ‘provocative’ and challenging'. Under the auspices of the East African Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs, 45 artists, scholars, and government representatives, from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, met to survey the cultural scene and discuss some of the problems facing creative artists in all media. Sixteen papers were presented, but the most fruitful results of the seminar came from the intense discussions that followed each, often lasting far beyond the allotted hour.
Conference on Research and Consultancy in Public Administration in Africa
Authors: Datta Ansu K.
Published: November 2008

This conference was held at Achimota under the auspices of the three Institutes of Public Administration at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, at the University of Ife, and in Ghana. The planning committee comprised F. G. Brown (Zaria), R. S. Butler (Ibadan), G. R. Dennison (Achimota), J. Nti (Achimota), and J. H. Smith (Kaduna). Visiting participants came from a number of African countries, including Nigeria, Liberia, Niger, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia. The U.N. Economic Commission for Africa was represented by the Chief of its Public Administration Section. The Assistant Director of the Institute of Public Administration, Dublin, and the Director of Studies of the Royal Institute of Public Administration, London, also attended and took an active part in the conference. Understandably, the largest contingent came from Ghana (27 out of a total of 36), of whom, apart from those associated with the Institute of Public Administration, most were senior civil servants, with a few staff members from the Universit of Ghana and the University College of Cape Coast.
The Organisation of African Unity: A Progress Report
Authors: Markakis John
Published: November 2008

The Organisation of African Unity is now three years old. In view of the nature of both its scope and its goals, it would obviously be premature to attempt an evaluation of this organisation at such an early stage. On the other hand, the O.A.U. has grown precociously since its birth in May 1963, and the time is ripe for a description of its rapidly multiplying organs, and for some preliminary observations of the multifarious activity in which they have been engaged. To state that the O.A.U. is still in the cradle stage of its development is to emphasise the obvious. It is hardly surprising also that it should suffer the pains of growth, which are likely to be rather severe in the case of a scheme so ambitiously conceived. These facts must be kept in mind while reviewing the O.A.U. at its present state of development.
Balance-of-Payments Problems of African Countries
Authors: Abdel-Salam Osman Hashim
Published: November 2008

The difficulties experienced by some African countries in settling their external payments have become a matter of considerable concern, both to the countries themselves as well as to the regional and international institutions concerned with economic and financial development. More and more countries are plagued by these difficulties, while the difficulties themselves continue to multiply. Nevertheless, it appears that the nature, the size, and the implications of these payments problems are not always fully understood. This article seeks to analyse them, to emphasise the need for further study and to seek possible solutions.
National Integration and the Southern Sudan
Authors: Shepherd George W.
Published: November 2008

Thequestion of national unity for the new states of Africa stands at the centre of their political problems. Progress in a variety offields is blocked until they are able to resolve internally the constitutional question of loyalty to a new system of authority which was conceived under colonialism and made a reality through nationalist drives for independence. Africa, more than any other continent, is troubled by the divisions between ethnic, racial, and religious groups who found temporary consensus in the struggle against the common colonial enemy, but who, having achieved independence, find the principle of self-determination now internally a divisive force against a unified national polity and purpose.According to James Coleman and Carl Rosberg, ‘Just as the one-party trend is the most striking feature of the political structure of new African states, so the problems of integration are the major issues and obstacles in the task of nation-building, which is itself the primary preoccupation of the leadership of the new states.’
Training Administrators in Africa: some comparisons between ENA's and IPA's
Authors: Weinstein Brian
Published: November 2008

Specialised semi-autonomous institutions for the training of civil servants have been set up in almost all independent countries of Africa. They are another symbol of independence, and the goals of independence could not be reached without the African civil servants they train. Because many of the needs of nation-building are the same, there are similarities between the Ecoles nationales d'administration (ENA's) in French-speaking countries and the Institutes of Public Administration (IPA's) in English-speaking countries; but the programmes and organisation of each language group reflect different colonial traditions, educational systems, and current policies regarding civil service development.
The English Language and Political Consciousness in British Colonial Africa
Authors: Mazrui Ali A.
Published: November 2008

SEVERAL years ago, Wilfred Whiteley, the linguist and Africanist, argued that ‘to some extent the nature of political action… may be related to people's conception of what constitutes politics’.1Formulated in this way, Whiteley's argument seems to assume that all people havesomeconception of what constitutes politics—the only difference being what kind of conception. But can this be taken for granted? In 1952— to take an example almost at random—Nnamdi Azikiwe, the Nigerian leader, referred in a speech at Port Harcourt to ‘the growth of political consciousness’ in Nigeria. What did he mean? Had the Africans of Nigeria known no political activity until then? If they had, had they not been ‘conscious’ that the activity was ‘political’? Or was it a case of having no special name for this kind of activity as something distinct? If none of these hypotheses apply, what then was meant by this kind of reference to ‘political consciousness’ as if it was something new among Africans?2
Changing Political Configurations in Swaziland
Authors: Potholm Christian P.
Published: November 2008

As Swaziland approaches independence and stands poised to enter the complex political arena of southern Africa, its internal political configurations are changing rapidly and profoundly. The previously irresistible coalition between the traditionally based Swazi Imbokodvo National Movement and the predominantly South African-oriented, conservative, white, United Swaziland Association has broken down, and the Imbokodvo has emerged as the overwhelming dominant force on the Swazi political scene. The coalition, which arose in 1964 to prevent the more radical Swazi political parties from gaining control of the legislative council in the June 1964 elections, arose out of a peculiar set of circumstances which developed in Swaziland after World War II.
African History: the Contribution of the Social Sciences
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: November 2008

In nearly all the major historical fields one can see the increasing use historians are making of methods, models, and insights from the social sciences. E. H. Carr's exhortation, that the more history becomes sociology and the more sociology becomes history the better for both, is being taken seriously. Yet there is much more that can be done to bring these fields together. Most historians have used sociological theory only to gain insight, not with great rigour. They have learned their sociology by osmosis, so to speak. They have not gone through the social science literature, but rather have soaked it up second-hand from other interpreters. Consequently their works have not had the precision they might. Concepts have been distorted because of a lack of familiarity with them. African historians, on the whole, have been reluctant to use this rich and suggestive literature. This is probably true because the greatest efforts have been made in finding new sources in this difficult field—oral tradition, linguistic evidence, and so forth. But one is hard pressed to find works by African historians which have employed the theoretical literature of the social sciences.
Conference of the (U.K.) African Studies Association
Authors: Fage John D.
Published: November 2008

The second biennial plenary conference of the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom benefited greatly from the admirable arrangements made by the Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh. The conference was attended by upwards of 100 members and observers. Countries represented, in addition to the United Kingdom, included Canada, Denmark, Ghana, Jamaica, Kenya, Nigeria, Swaziland, Uganda, and the United States.
Social Change and Political Modernisation in Burundi
Authors: Lemarchand René
Published: November 2008

Too often dismissed as a feudal backwater in a seething continent, the kingdom of Burundi has scarcely received the attention it deserves from social scientists. If not out of indifference, perhaps out of sheer consternation in the face of the contradictory policies followed by its successive governments, most outside observers have prudently avoided speculating on future developments in this part of Central Africa. This neglect is unfortunate on several counts, not the least being the sense of dismay of certain Burundi élites upon discovering that so few westerners are even aware of the existence of Burundi on the map of Africa. Nor is their rancour in any way assuaged when they realise that the term Watutsi conjures up in the public mind a form of exertion more akin to St Vitus' dance than to the realities of their national culture; and though it is plain that Burundi politics often tend to exhibit signs of disorderly convulsions, policy-makers here and abroad obviously need more in the way of explanation. Quite aside from policy considerations, however, the fact is that Burundi offers one of the most fascinating laboratories for the study of social change, as well as a unique opportunity to observe and analyse the forces which transform traditional orders into modern ones, or, perhaps more appropriately, which impede this transformation.
The Economics of an African University
Authors: Godfrey E. M.
Published: November 2008

THE case for taking a careful look at educational expenditure in African countries rests simply on its size, in relation to government expenditure as a whole and to national income. As Table I (overleaf) shows, most African governments devote a considerably higher proportion of their total spending to education than does, for instance, the British Government.
Sudan Research Unit, University of Khartoum
Authors: Hasan Yusuf Fadl
Published: November 2008

The Sudan Research Unit was established as an inter-disciplinary unit in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Khartoum in July 1964. Its objectives were specified broadly as the promotion of research in the human and social sciences concerning the Sudan, assisting research on projects which need co-ordination of different disciplines, training research workers, and sponsoring publication reports on their progress and results. The Sudan Research Unit also maintains contact with other centres of Sudanese studies and with centres of African studies in general. It is not at present giving any Sudanese courses, although it plans to do so in future. The Unit now organises a fortnightly postgraduate seminar on African studies, dealing with subjects of general interest.
Annual Meeting of the (American) African Studies Association
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: November 2008

The latest meeting of the African Studies Association of the U.S.A., with 1,000 participants, emphasised the scope and seriousness that African studies has now attained. The session included two plenaries and 32 panels, plus special film showings and an exhibition of African art, stamps, and books about Africa.
Seminar on the Administrative Problems of Development at Regional and Local Levels
Authors: Mwanza A. George
Published: November 2008

The Centre africain de formation et de recherche administratives pourle développement (C.A.F.R.A.D.) is an Institute for African Training and Research in Administration for Development, which held its first seminar in February 1966, on the problems of co-ordination of government departments in economic affairs. This led to an examination of the problems posed by the breaking down of administration outside the capital into smaller units, which was the main theme of the November seminar.
University of East Africa Social Science Conference
Authors: Lowenkopf Martin
Published: November 2008

This conference brought together over 70 social scientists from the Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan constituent Colleges of the University of East Africa (with visitors from Zambia, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone, and Rhodesia) for their annual inter-disciplinary, or rather trans-disciplinary, deliberations. Why ‘trans-disciplinary’? Because the historians discussed nationalism, politics, and church movements; political scientists discoursed on economics, rural settlement, agriculture, and education; sociologists criticised political decisions and economic criteria which hampered their investigations into resettlement programmes; and the economists, while speaking mostly about economics, were represented at virtually all panels, apparently to guard their disciplinary preserve against intrusions, presumptions and, in one case, elision with political science.
Prospects for Economic Integration in Africa
Authors: Ewing A. F.
Published: November 2008

Economic integration has been in the forefront of discussion in Africa since the massive movement towards independence in the late 1950's and early 60's. There was immediate recognition that, while independence had been the primary goal, African frontiers were largely an artificial by-product of the colonial scramble 60 to 70 years ago, that many African countries were too small to be economically viable, and that to transform political into economic independence necessarily required concerted action. Further impetus was given to thinking and discussion by the setting up of the Economic Commission for Africa in 1958 and of the Organisation of African Unity in 1963. Concepts, of course, varied, as the pre-history of the O.A.U. shows clearly. The radical Casablanca group stood for an all-African common market, to lead rapidly to an all-African government. The member states of the Union africaine et malgache had much more limited but also more precise objectives: especially continued close co-operation among the francophone countries, and association with the European Common Market, particularly France. There were other ideas and associations, often cutting across these two main groupings. Yet it is perhaps only recently that views are beginning to clarify and that the real difficulties involved are being realised, a condition precedent for progress in practice. Economic integration has to be seen as an ultimate goal, with a number of concrete intermediate steps involving ever-increasing economic cooperation among groups of countries.
Manpower Development in Tanzania
Authors: Resnick Idrian N.
Published: November 2008

The endless debates about economic development, ends and means, often reach nightmare proportions for economists engaged in the art of manpower planning. One argument addresses itself to the question of whether or not education should be regarded, and treated in a policy sense, as an investment in human beings; economists support this approach, while educators tend to abhor it. Economists are also often attacked by non-educators for opposing the distribution of education to the maximum number of people as a welfare good.
The Permanent Consultative Committee of the Maghreb
Authors: Benslimane Abdelkader
Published: November 2008

The Ministers of Economic Affairs of the four Maghreb states, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, met for the first time in October 1964 at Tunis to examine all questions relating to economic co-operation in the Maghreb. They agreed, on this occasion, on the aim of a unified economy for all the Maghreb states, and on the need to work out a special system for economic co-operation and commercial relations.
African International Conference on the Mobilisation of Local Savings
Authors: Brossard J.
Published: November 2008

This conference was sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce and Cooperatives of Tanzania and thejoint Credit Union Development Programme of C.U.N.A. International United Agency for International Development. Seventy-two delegates participated in the conference, representing the following 17 countries: Botswana, Denmark, Ethiopia, Germany, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Tanzania, Uganda, U.S.A., and Zambia.
Ideological Change and an Emerging Counter-Culture in Tunisian Politics
Authors: Entelis John P.
Published: November 2008

Tunisia A has long been regarded as a model of political development and stability in the Third World. There is no doubt that the charismatic Habib Bourguiba, the aging (71) yet indefatigable leader of an effective nation-wide party apparatus, has helped ensure Tunisia's development from the period of the pre-independence struggle until today. It is not unnatural, therefore, given the critical role of Bourguiba in the operation of the political system, to question the degree of institutionalisation, stability, modernity, and democracy that Tunisia could retain after the passing of its dynamic leader.
Economic Woman in Africa: Profit-Making Techniques of Aecra Market Women
Authors: Robertson Claire
Published: November 2008

An idea which has recently gained acceptance is that peasant cultivators do in fact act in an economically ‘rational’ manner to maximise profits. It can be shown that ‘rational’ economic behaviour is characteristic of traders also. But not all the shibboleths associated with beliefs to the contrary have been swept away. In a well-known textbook on economic development Everett Hagen stated that, in order to make the shift from ‘bazaar’ to ‘fixed- price’ retailing, traders ‘must adopt a set of techniques and risks new to [them] ‘2 Here it will be evident that some of the business techniques long familiar to Accra market women have equal utility for petty retailing or wholesale dealing based on a fixed place of business. The difference between ‘bazaar’ and ‘fixed-price’ retailing is not clearly definable in terms of techniques employed. Also, education in Ghana in its present form does not ‘increase the ability of [traders] to receive information concerning improved methods and improved opportunities’, as Hagen would have it.3 Rather, the disadvantages of illiteracy are more than offset by techniques imbued by a long-established apprenticeship system for women traders.
The Beneficiaries of Transkeian ‘Independence’
Authors: Southall Roger J.
Published: November 2008

In a recent article, Heribert Adam argued that the ‘prevalent view of South Africa combines conceptual errors with false methodological emphasis and, often, wishful thinking’, and that the ‘popular perspective represents a gross over-simplification of a far more complex situation.’1The analysis to which he was objecting views South Africa as an outdated colonial society, in which white settlers enforce a racially defined domination upon an exploited mass of the black population, which is reduced to serving primarily as a source of cheap labour for white capital by an immense battery of totalitarian controls. Linked to this view - and now fuelled by the widespread riots during mid-1976 throughout African urban areas - is the assumption that substantive political change will necessarily come about by violent revolution, motivated by the growing determination of a burgeoning black population to force a redistribution of power and wealth. However, as Adam further pointed out, analysis of South Africa purely in terms of racial conflict leaves important questions unanswered, for there is need to explore how the differential distribution of wealth and resources - political and economic - originated, and how they are maintained.
Guinean Politics: A Critical Historical Overview
Authors: Kaba Lansiné
Published: November 2008

In contrast with the study of pre-colonial societies characterised by well- established traditions, the writing on contemporary Africa seems to be in the stage of infancy. Thus it has largely avoided assessing the performance of ‘revolutionary’leaders in an objective manner, and has often exhibited paternalism, idolisation, or dogmatism. If the study of modern history and politics aims at what actuallyis, rather than at what might be or ought to be, a more balanced view of political mobilisation and performance should result. An attempt will be made from this perspective realistically to appraise Guinea under theParti démocratique de Guinéein terms of its internal consistency.
A Future ‘University of Namibia’?: the Rôle of the United Nations Institute for Namibia
Authors: Rogerson Christian M.
Published: November 2008

In the making of a post-independence Namibian society, there are few areas of agreement between the contending parties in the contemporary struggle for power. Nevertheless, both the South-West Africa People's Organisation and the South African-backed Turnhalle groups have expressed the need to establish tertiary-level education in Namibia. The absence of a university and an associated intellectual community means that, in Richard Moorsom's words, ‘Namibian society lacks the essential means either of attracting social concern or transmitting basic information’. The ramifications of this are both sharply apparent and regrettable:
The Artist's Credo: the Political Philosophy of Wole Soyinka
Authors: July Robert W.
Published: November 2008

‘The artist has always functioned in African society’, he said, ‘the record of mores and experiences of his society and … the voice of vision in his own time. It is time’, he concluded, ‘for [the artist] to respond to this essence of himself.’ The words appeared in mid-1967; their author Wole Soyinka, already celebrated as a leading poet and dramatist, representing the younger generation of writers among Africa's newly independent nations.
In Search of a Development Paradigm: Two Tales of a City
Authors: Ellis Gene
Published: November 2008

One of the most pressing problems confronting development planners in Africa is how to increase local supplies of fuelwood. As explained in a donorcommissioned report at the begining of the current decade:

1. Not nearly enough trees are being planted to meet future rural and urban needs: during the next 20 years, ‘annual fuelwood planting will need to increase by about 15 times over current levels’, and even this assumes optimistically that ‘up to a fourth of future fuelwood demand will be met by conservation or… alternative fuels’. In fact, negligible resources are being devoted to establishing new ‘plantations of any significant size’.2
Skill Transfer and African Development: a Conceptual Research Note
Authors: Boye Tidiane , Fenichel Allen , Mennasemay Maimire
Published: November 2008

It was a basic assumption of many development theories and policies that the transfer of technology would resolve the problem of African underdevelopment. This did not turn out to be the case. In fact, mass urban and rural poverty are on the increase in many African countries. This result is in part responsible for the current view that technology transfer ‘must concentrate more than in the past on meeting the requirements of the small farmer, small scale rural industry, the informal sector producer’.1. This ‘basic needs’ approach is not universally accepted. It is feared that this strategy would keep African countries in a permanent state of technological dependence, thus creating the danger of neo-colonialism.2
American Policy Towards Southern Africa in the 1980s
Authors: Martin Ben L.
Published: November 2008

The Approach of the Reagan Administration towards the Third World was criticised as too simply anti-communist: a growing ‘predisposition toward globalism’,1 so it was claimed, led to a ‘Sovietcentric orientation’,2 an ‘obsession with the Soviet Union’,3 which obscured regional complexities.4 But American decisions about what actions to take in Southern Africa during the 1980s were part of a surprisingly effective strategy that often ignored Reagan's doctrine of aid to anti-communist resistance. That strategy was shaped by several hands, and the President's were not even the most important.
Unita and Ethnic Nationalism in Angola
Authors: Heywood Linda M.
Published: November 2008

Over the last decade or so scholars in the social sciences have been reassessing works on the rise of nationalism in Africa published in the 1960s and early 1970s. These earlier studies, written during the euphoria following independence and the spread of liberation ideology, regarded the transfer of power to the African élite as signalling the end of subjugation to European control and the emergence of modern African states.1This revision focused on the post-colonial state and its rôle as a mediator between competing groups for power and the allocation of resources.2Since then, the trend has generated a revival in understanding ethnicity which is again seen as a major force in most of the crises which have troubled Africa.
Economic Independence for Lesotho?
Authors: Ward Michael
Published: November 2008

At midnight on the evening of 3 October 1966, the former British Protectorate of Basutoland attained its political independence and assumed the new title of Lesotho. From that time, after a period of nearly 100 years of colonial administration, the British Government officially relinquished all its formal, direct, legal and financial control of the country. Although this has not meant, as some have suggested, the complete rejection by Britain of any financial assistance and responsibility to its former dependency, it has nevertheless forced Lesotho to become to an even greater extent than ever before the economic hostage of South Africa. In the context of the present good relations between South Africa and Lesotho, the term ‘hostage’ is perhaps the wrong one to use, conveying as it does fairly strong emotional overtones. But it is clear from even the most cursory examination of the economic situation that Lesotho will become more and more economically dependent upon South Africa—irrespective of the political party in power. As an enclave of South Africa, Lesotho has always been closely integrated economically with the Republic by virtue of its peculiar geographical position.1 This, together with the country's extreme climate and inhospitable terrain, enforces an external dependence which makes nonsense of political desires for complete self-sufficiency.
Ghana and Guinea, 1966—A Case Study in Inter-African Relations
Authors: Skurnik W. A. E.
Published: November 2008

FOR understandable reasons, the foreign policy behaviour of African states is only now emerging as a subject of investigation. Most of the new states have been politically independent for less than a decade and their international character is not yet clearly established. On occasion, observers are frustrated by actions which they do not approve or understand, and are tempted to depict African foreign policy as less than responsible. Keeping in mind that any interpretation must remain tentative at this time, there have been none the less a number of international events which yield significant material for evaluation as case studies. One such event, the subject of this study, was the fracas which followed the arrest, in October 1966, of a party of Guineans by Ghana authorities.
Israel and Africa: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Decalo Samuel
Published: November 2008

Israel shares the distinction, together with only a handful of other nations, of being a ‘newsworthy’ country. Even before the recent war, hardly a week passed without at least a reference to Israel in either the daily or periodical press. Various American, British, and European weeklies consistently carry articles on Israel. On a per capita basis, probably no other country receives as much world press attention as Israel. Yet, despite this profuseness of printed material, very few articles and fewer books present competent analyses of the Israeli polity and foreign policy.
African Studies in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Ansprenger Franz
Published: November 2008

Two years after the centenary of Heinrich Barth's death on 25 November 1865, a big volume dedicated to him was published in Germany. Seven West German scholars, two East Germans, one Austrian, three British, and two French contributed to this book:— Heinrich Barth, ein Forscher in Afrika. Leben-Werk-Leistung Eine Sammlung von Beiträgen …, edited by Heinrich Schiffers (Wiesbaden, Steiner Verlag, 1967, pp. 540). A British centenary edition of Heinrich Barth's Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa (London, Cass, 3 vols, 1965) actually appeared in the centenary year.
Urban Problems and Economic Development in West Africa
Authors: Church R. J. Harrison
Published: November 2008

The urban explosion is one of Africa's outstanding characteristics. Its many facets provoke a multitude of problems in such diverse yet interrelated fields as administrative efficiency, health control, land values and engineering, juvenile and other crime, prostitution, the provision of housing and educational facilities, efficient traffic flow, and much more.
African Studies Department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Authors: Levtzion N.
Published: November 2008

A new department has been established at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem as a joint project of the Institute of Asian and African Studies (formerly the Institute of Oriental Studies) and the Eliezer Kaplan School of Economics and Social Sciences.
African History at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia
Authors: Stigger Philip
Published: November 2008

Simon Fraser University, located in Burnaby, seven miles from the centre of Vancouver, was established under the 1963 Universities Act of British Columbia, and received its first under-graduate and graduate students in September 1965, into the faculties of arts, science, and education.
The East African Staff College
Authors: Millar-Craig H.
Published: November 2008

When Tanzania and Uganda had gained their independence and Kenya was about to gain hers, it was clear that a large number of Africans would be finding themselves placed in positions of considerable responsibility in the public service before they had had the opportunity to acquire any substantial amount of experience in the management of public affairs. Among those who played a prominent part in considering how this problem could best be tackled was the Secretary-General of the East African Common Services Organisation. A. L. Adu had previously served as Commissioner for Africanisation in Ghana and had later been head of the civil service in that country, and he had considerable experience of similar problems in West Africa. He had also been one of the first Africans to attend the Imperial Defence College in the U.K., and had been impressed by the contribution which training of the staff college type could make to the development of administrative skills in those whose experience at the lower levels of the administrative ladder had necessarily been limited.
Annual Meeting of the (American) African Studies Association
Authors: Chimene Vera
Published: November 2008

Annual meetings of one sort or another are part of the ritual cycle of academic culture. Normally, these are of two distinct structural types: the disciplinary, in which the participants are of a specific group such as anthropologists, historians, political scientists, sociologists, as well as those being enculturated; and the interdisciplinary, devoted to a specific theme or geographical area, in which members and prospective members of the specific disciplines concerned participate. In the second category we may place the annual meeting of the (American) African Studies Association.
The Encyclopaedia Africana
Authors: Ofosu-Appiah L. H.
Published: November 2008

In March 1962 the late Dr W. E. B. Du Bois set up under the sponsorship of the Ghana Academy of Sciences a secretariat for an Encyclopaedia Africana, and became the first director. The aim was to compile an encyclopaedia dealing exclusively with Africa, using for the work as far as possible African scholars distinguished in their own fields of study. This does not preclude the use of foreign scholars where necessary, and some are being used.
African Urban Notes
Authors: Safier Michael
Published: November 2008

An occasional news-letter, monitoring all aspects of urban research in Africa, is at present edited by Ruth Simms Hamilton, George Jenkins, and Edward Soja, and produced under the auspices of the African Studies Centre at the University of California, Los Angeles. Eight issues of African Urban Notes have so far appeared, the first in April 1966 and the most recent in August 1967, together with three bibliographical supplements.
Religion and U.A.R. African Policy
Authors: Ismael Tareq Y.
Published: November 2008

The emergence of the new states of Africa into world politics not only influenced the traditional balance of power in the international system, but also created a response among the older African states to restore the equilibrium of order maintained on the continent and fill the vacuum created by the departure of the colonial powers without clashing with the new nationalist movements. Henceforth, the search for influence had to take an ideological overtone. The activities of Egypt in Africa are a reflection of this. Since the mid-fifties, her African policy has aimed at creating a sense of community, cultural loyalty, and political integration. An attempt was made to reinforce the existing culture created by Islam and to transform it into what Pye and Verba call ‘political culture’.1 Thus, Egypt turned gradually toward the employment of religion on the African continent as an instrument of its foreign policy.
Institut de recherches agronomiques tropicales, Paris
Authors: Pepy Daniel
Published: November 2008

The Research Institute for Tropical Agriculture and Food Crops was created in 1960 as an independent organisation for technical assistance and cooperation in the field of tropical agricultural research. It has its headquarters in Paris and some laboratories in Nogent, in the suburbs. There can be found not only its administrative staff, but also a group of agronomists specially prepared and trained for overseas work; they spend most of their time travelling to the different countries where I.R.A.T. has been asked to work by and for the governments concerned, giving advice to their fellow agronomists on problems in which they have specialised, or following for several months a particularly interesting study. But, of course, most agronomists are permanently assigned to the different stations where the assistance of I.R.A.T. has also been requested officially. Some of these are quite important centres—for instance, Bambey (Senegal), Ambatobé, near Tananative (Madagascar), and Boukoko (Central African Republic), with more than 20 scientists at work in each. But in several other countries, only two or three people are working in a station, and it is here that more help is needed from the central scientific team.