bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Expression of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Rat Chronic Esophagitis
Authors: Hamaguchi Masaki , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Takashima Takashi , Hayakawa Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Eiji , Shiba Masatsugu , Watanabe Toshio , Tominaga Kazunari , Oshitani Nobuhide , Matsumoto Takayuki , Higuchi Kazuhide , Arakawa Tetsuo
Published: December 2003

Background/Aims: Cytokines and adhesion molecules regulate many inflammatory processes in several gastrointestinal diseases. The dynamics of cytokines and adhesion molecules in reflux esophagitis are unknown in detail. We examined the expression and dynamics of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), MIP-2, GRO/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2α (CINC-2α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18), and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) in rat chronic reflux esophagitis. Methods: Chronic acid reflux esophagitis was induced in Wistar rats by ligating the transitional region between the forestomach and the glandular portion and wrapping the duodenum near the pylorus with a small piece of an 18-Fr Nélaton catheter. Rats were killed 3 or 21 days after operation. The levels of mRNA expression of cytokines and ICAM-1 were determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Localization of adhesion molecules and cytokines was investigated by immunohistochemical staining, and numbers of LFA-1- or Mac-1-positive cells were quantified. Results: IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-2, CINC-2α, and ICAM-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in esophageal lesions compared with normal esophagus. There were few these cytokines- or adhesion molecule-positive cells in normal esophagus. In regions of esophagitis, numerous inflammatory leukocytes in lamina propria and the submucosal layer exhibited positive reactions for these cytokines and endothelial cells were intensely stained for ICAM-1. Numbers of LFA-1- and Mac-1-positive cells were significantly increased in rat chronic esophagitis. Treatment with rabeprazole almost completely inhibited development of chronic acid reflux esophagitis and significantly decreased expression of cytokines and ICAM-1 mRNA in esophageal tissue compared with control. Conclusion: Cytokines and adhesion molecules play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic reflux esophagitis in this rat model.
Relationships between Serum IGF-1, IGFBP-2, Interleukin-1Beta and Interleukin-6 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Street Maria E. , de’Angelis GianLuigi , Camacho-Hübner Cecilia , Giovannelli Giorgio , Ziveri Maria Angela , Bacchini Pier Luigi , Bernasconi Sergio , Sansebastiano Giuliano , Savage Martin O.
Published: December 2003

Aims: To study the relationships between serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: Thirty-seven patients (18 males, 19 females, aged 8.8–26.1 years) with IBD (Crohn’s disease, CD, n = 17, and ulcerative colitis, UC, n = 20) were studied. Patients were in relapse or remission according to established criteria. Serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-2, IL-1β and IL-6 levels were determined in patients and 15 healthy controls (aged 8.2–19.0 years). Results: IGF-1 levels were lower in patients with CD in relapse compared with controls (p < 0.05). IGFBP-2 levels were higher in CD in relapse compared with other groups (all p < 0.05). In CD and UC patients (n = 37), IGF-1 levels were inversely correlated with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). IGFBP-2 levels correlated positively with ESR and IL-1β. IL-6 levels correlated positively with ESR and CRP. IL-1β levels were elevated in CD in relapse compared to controls (p < 0.05) and were higher in UC in relapse than in other groups (all p < 0.05). In combined CD/UC patients in relapse (n = 20), IL-1β levels were higher (p < 0.05) in patients with recto-sigmoiditis (n = 5) than in other patients. Conclusions: IGF-1, IGFBP-2 levels were related to IL levels, disease activity and anatomical distribution, consistent with active inflammation modifying the IGF-IGFBP system, possibly relevant to disturbance of growth.
Dental Science—Reality of the Evidence
Authors: RajaRayan Raj K
Published: December 2003

Primary Dental Care publishes below the text of the Professor William Britto-Muthunayagam oration, which was delivered by the author earlier this year in Sri Lanka.
Characteristics of Children Attending for Dental General Anaesthesia in 1993 and 1997
Authors: Carson Pauline , Freeman Ruth
Published: December 2003

Objectives

To confirm clinical observations and to investigate the characteristics (demography, dental anxiety status, dental health status, treatment experiences and dental health behaviours) of children attending for dental general anaesthesia (DGA).

Design

A case series design was used in which each consecutive parent and child, referred for DGA, were invited to take part.

Method

Identical protocols for the selection of the sample, administration of the questionnaire and clinical examination were used to ensure comparability. To account for seasonal variation the data were collected during and between the months of January and May in both 1993 and 1997. Two hundred children and their parents were selected in 1993 and 200 in 1997. The parent completed a questionnaire. It enquired of the parent and child demography, parental dental anxiety status, and the child's treatment experiences. Children were asked to complete the Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS) to assess their dental anxiety. The child's caries experience was assessed using the guidelines to standardise the collection of epidemiological data throughout the UK.

Results

Children studied in 1997 compared with 1993 were younger, had more decayed but fewer filled teeth, were more dentally anxious, more likely to present in pain and came from families who were in receipt of Government benefits. A linear regression analysis showed that the children with previous experience of DGA had higher levels of dental caries, fewer filled teeth, were older and attended in 1997. An individual regression for 1993 showed that an additional predictor was child attendance pattern.

Conclusions

These findings confirmed the clinical observations and suggested that children who attend in pain and present for repeated DGA represent a group of children with special dental healthcare needs. There is a need for an integrated dental healthcare service to identify such children and provide appropriate dental care facilities for them.
Where do VT Trainers Go?
Authors: Grieveson Brian
Published: December 2003

Vocational training (VT) has been running since 1985 in the Northern Deanery, first as a voluntary scheme and continuing right through to the present time. In 1985 there were six vocational practices and now there are 48 one -year VT practices and 12 practices dedicated to pilot the two-year general professional training schemes. During that time many practices have been involved, but not all have reapplied in subsequent years.

As it is such a large scheme it is necessary for practitioners to apply every year to be vocational trainers, either as new applicants or those who have had vocational trainees before.

This paper looks at the reasons why previous trainers have not reapplied, and looks at any outcomes that may be put in place in order to facilitate or improve the quality and number of VT applications each year.
Advances in Operative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics
Authors: McDonald Ailbhe
Published: December 2003

The rapid developments in biomaterials has led not only to improved materials but also to the development of clinical techniques made possible by these advances. Adhesive dentistry remains one of the fastest changing fields and this will most likely continue well into the next decade. Patients’ aesthetic awareness and, to some extent, concern about amalgam has produced a growing demand for posterior tooth-coloured restorations. Originally this was met by ceramo-metal crowns and subsequently by the development of posterior composite resins. Recent development of stronger ceramics and better luting have now made all-ceramic restorations possible in posterior sites. Several new techniques for cavity preparation are emerging as alternatives to the conventional handpiece while the quest for amalgam alternatives continues. As with all recent developments there are, by definition, few long-term clinical data yet available to allow a comprehensive evaluation of the relevant materials and techniques. This paper is a summary of the most significant recent advances in fixed prosthodontics and operative dentistry.
Clinical Effectiveness of Mandibular Implant-retained Overdentures
Authors: Jagger Robert G , Shaikh Sahar , Jagger Daryll C
Published: December 2003

Introduction

The literature reports that the treatment of fully edentulous mandibles with implant-retained over-dentures has become a recognised form of therapy: however long-term data on the success are limited. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical effectiveness of mandibular implant-supported/retained overdentures in the management of a group of edentulous patients.

Materials and Methods

The study group consisted of 59 consecutive edentulous patients attending the clinic of prosthetic dentistry at Cardiff Dental Hospital, who had been provided with implants in the mandible for complete overdenture retention. Several clinical parameters were examined in each patient: mobility of each implant, probing pocket depth, the presence or absence of plaque and calculus on each implant, bleeding index, marginal bone loss, jaw bone quality and quantity, complications that had occurred with the implants and patients opinions of the treatment.

Discussion

Of implants placed, 97% remained in function. Three fixtures had been lost. There was a high frequency of bleeding on probing. Complications associated with treatment included damage or looseness of abutment screws, fracture of the bar, entrapment of food beneath the overdenture and looseness of the opposing non-implant-retained complete denture.

Conclusion

In general a very high degree of patient satisfaction with the implant-retained overdentures was recorded.
Private Dentistry: Why we need the Facts
Authors: Scott J Tim , Massie Ian R
Published: December 2003

Rumour and speculation abound within the dental profession about practitioners withdrawing from the NHS to deliver more private dentistry. Due to an absence of effective monitoring or research into this issue the real situation is unclear. We decided to find out what proportions of the gross incomes of general dental practitioners in the East Riding Health Authority were generated by private dentistry. We also sought to establish if they perceived any differences between the quality of their private and NHS work. Our findings and the issues raised are considered for general dental practitioners, for people residing in the authority, and for managers and policy makers. We conclude that the effective management of the supply of NHS dentistry should include a method of systematic monitoring of trends in the delivery of private dental services and the impact on the availability of NHS care. Effective measures are also needed to influence the number and location of dentists in health authorities in England and Wales to ensure adequate and equitable access to NHS dentistry.
A Case-Control Study of Differences between Regular and Casual Adult Attenders in General Dental Practice
Authors: Bullock Clive , Boath Elizabeth , Lewis Martyn , Gardam Kirsty , Croft Peter
Published: December 2003

Objectives

To assess whether adults attending a dental practice for regular dental care have better oral health than adults attending casually in response to a dental problem, and to explore the barriers to asymptomatic attendance.

Methods

An observational case-control study comparing the characteristics of 100 regular attenders with 100 casual attenders in one general dental practice in North Staffordshire. All study subjects were aged 18 years or over. Sociodemographic characteristics of the two groups were collated, including age, gender, social class, marital status, employment status and smoking status. The primary outcome measure was the observed number of teeth with dentinal caries diagnosed using bitewing radiographs.

Results

Regular attenders were observed to have better oral health with respect to dental caries and tooth mobility (p<0.05). This was not explained by the observation that casual attenders were more likely than regular attenders to be male, aged 18–44 years, in social class III or IV. Secondary outcomes, including number of subjects with mobile teeth and teeth with >30% bone-loss, were also significantly worse in the casual attenders. However, the median number of teeth present in both groups was 27. In regular attenders, the most common reason for attending was to ‘keep the teeth’ (96%). In casual attenders, ‘fear/dislike of dental treatment’ was the most frequent indicator of non-attendance (56%).

Conclusions

In our study, adults who regularly attended general dental practice were shown to have better oral health, including less overall tooth decay, mobility and bone-loss, compared with adults who did not attend on a regular basis. Assuming this result to be externally valid, a challenge for the dental profession in the future will be to develop effective oral health promotion initiatives.
Mental Pain: A Multidimensional Operationalization and Definition
Authors: Orbach Israel , Mikulincer Mario , Sirota Pinhas , Gilboa‐Schechtman Eva
Published: December 2003

An operationalization of mental pain is presented in three studies. The first study describes the operationalization of mental pain and the factor structure of the items produced by a content analysis of self‐reports yielding a scale with nine factors: the experience of irreversibility, loss of control, narcissistic wounds, emotional flooding, freezing, estrangement, confusion, social distancing, and emptiness. Study 2 tested the relationship between mental pain and depression and anxiety in a normal population. Study 3 focused on the relationship between mental pain and coping. Mental pain is conceptualized as a perception of negative changes in the self and its functions that are accompanied by negative feelings. It is suggested that it can be meaningfully applied to the study of different mental states, life conditions, and transitions in life.
Mental Pain and Its Relationship to Suicidality and Life Meaning
Authors: Orbach Israel , Mikulincer Mario , Gilboa‐Schechtman Eva , Sirota Pinhas
Published: December 2003

Shneidman (1996)proposed that intense mental pain is related to suicide. Relatedly,Frankl (1963)argued that the loss of life's meaning is related to intense mental pain. The first goal of this research was to test Shneidman's proposition by comparing the mental pain of suicidal and nonsuicidal individuals. Meaning in life and optimism are the polar opposites of suicidality and hopelessness, and the examination of these variables in relation to mental pain was undertaken to provide a test of Frankl's proposition. In two studies, a relationship between a newly developed measure of mental pain—the Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale, 2002 (OMMP; see alsoOrbach, Mikulincer, Sirota & Gilboa‐Schechtman, 2002)—and suicidal behavior and life meaning were examined. Results confirmed both propositions. Implications for the study of mental pain and suicide are discussed.
Psychache and Suicidality in Adult Mood Disordered Outpatients in Brazil
Authors: Berlim Marcelo T. , Mattevi Betina S. , Pavanello Daniele P. , Caldieraro Marco Antonio , Fleck Marcelo P. A. , Wingate LaRicka R. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: December 2003

Shneidman (e.g., 1998) has theorized that psychache—general psychological and emotional pain that reaches intolerable intensity—is an important suicide‐related variable, and indeed, represents a source of suicidal behavior. This conceptualization, while prominent and clinically and intuitively appealing, has received relatively little empirical scrutiny. In this study, we determined whether an index closely related to psychache, psychological quality of life, would display a special and resilient association to suicidality among 60 adult psychiatric outpatients in Brazil. All patients underwent structured clinical interviews and completed various clinical and quality‐of‐life measures. We found that the association between psychological quality of life and suicidality remained, even when depression, hopelessness, and other domains of quality of life were controlled. Psychache appears to deserve its place among key suicide‐related variables, and deserves the attention of clinicians working with suicidal people.
The Life Attitudes Schedule–Short Form: Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Adolescent Suicide Proneness
Authors: Rohde Paul , Seeley John R. , Langhinrichsen‐Rohling Jennifer , Rohling Martin L.
Published: December 2003

The goals of the present study were to describe the psychometric properties of the Life Attitudes Schedule–Short Form (LAS–SF) in adolescents and provide criterion and construct validity data, including bivariate and multivariate associations with related risk behaviors. Anonymous questionnaires containing the LAS–SF and related measures were administered to 1, 742 high school students in three states. Psychometric properties for LAS–SF items and total score were very good, and the LAS–SF was correlated with almost all of the examined risk behaviors, illustrating the broad range of problems measured by the instrument. LAS–SF total scores were associated with past suicide attempt, even after controlling for the impact of current depression. Clinical and research uses for the LAS–SF are discussed.
The LSARS‐II: Lethality of Suicide Attempt Rating Scale–Updated
Authors: Berman Alan L. , Shepherd Greene , Silverman Morton M.
Published: December 2003

The concept of lethality is essential to the assessment of suicide risk; yet operational definitions of lethality for purposes of its measurement have been loose and varied. A number of scaling measures have been published in the literature, with no relative consensus on the best of these. In addition, only a few of these scales have published data on their psychometric properties. Of these, we argue that the best is the Lethality of Suicide Attempt Rating Scale (LSARS; Smith, Conroy, & Ehler, 1984). Presented here is a significantly revised and redesigned listing of drugs and chemicals and lethal ranges of ingestion (in caps, tabs, or ounces) by body weight to update that scale.
Coping Responses of Adolescent Suicide Attempters and Their Relation to Suicidal Ideation Across a 2‐Year Follow‐up: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Piquet Michele L. , Wagner Barry M.
Published: December 2003

The coping responses of 23 hospitalized adolescent suicide attempters were compared to those of 19 hospitalized non‐attempters matched on diagnosis and demographics. Relative to the comparison group, suicide attempters made fewer effortful‐approach and more automatic‐approach coping responses, and were judged by trained raters to have coped less effectively. Coders' ratings of greater coping effectiveness among suicide attempters were associated with a greater decline in suicidal symptoms assessed at 6‐month follow‐up intervals across a 2‐year period. The findings are discussed in light of a model of coping that incorporates both individual differences and situational characteristics.
Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Norwegian Police
Authors: Berg Anne Marie , Hem Erlend , Lau Bjørn , Loeb Mitchell , Ekeberg Øivind
Published: December 2003

Studies on suicide among police show inconsistent results, thereby contributing to considerable speculation regarding why police officers commit suicide. The present paper is the first nationwide study on suicidal ideation and attempts among police. 3, 272 Norwegian police completed Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population questionnaire. Lifetime prevalence of specific questionnaire items ranged from 24% for the feeling that life was not worth living, 6.4% for having seriously considered suicide, and 0.7% for attempted suicide. Independent predictors of serious suicidal ideation were marital status, subjective health complaints, reality weakness, anxiety, and depression. Serious suicidal ideation was mainly attributed to personal and family problems.
A Semistructured Interview for Psychologycal Autopsy: An Inter‐rater Reliability Study
Authors: Werlang Blanca S. G. , Botega Neury J.
Published: December 2003

This study developed and evaluated the inter‐rater reliability of a semistructured interview for psychological autopsy (SIPA). The SIPA is composed of 69 items that are distributed into four modules (precipitators and stressors, motivation, lethality, intentionality). The interviews of 42 subjects, related to 21 cases of suicide, were audiotaped and then transcribed and evaluated by the interviewer, and also evaluated by a research assistant and two referees who all acted independently. The SIPA was able to provide information that demonstrated a high degree of concordance (kappa) among the raters. The results of this study demonstrate that the SIPA is a very reliable instrument for psychological autopsy in cases of suicide.
Image-Based Visual Servoing zur autonomen Navigation einer mobilen Plattform (Image-Based Visual Servoing for Autonomous Navigation of a Mobile Platform)
Authors: Lietmann T. , Lohmann B.
Published: December 2003

Ein neuartiger visueller Regler zur autonomen, bildbasierten Navigation einer mobilen Plattform (Rollstuhl) wird vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, den Rollstuhl mittels Image-Based Visual Servoing in eine relative Lage bezüglich einer Landmarke zu navigieren, was allein durch Auswertung von Abweichungen im Kamerabild und ohne Bestimmung der Landmarkenposition in Weltkoordinaten geschieht. Dies wird mithilfe des in diesem Artikel vorgestellten 3D-Visual Servoing erreicht, das eine Erweiterung des herkömmlichen 2D-Visual Servoing darstellt, indem die Entfernung zwischen Kamera und Landmarke mit in die bildbasierte Regelung einbezogen wird. Der visuelle Regler wird dabei durch eine unterlagerte Trajektorienfolgeregelung unterstützt, welche die Fahrt der Plattform überwacht. Zusätzlich wird die Kamera drehbar auf einem Schwenk-Neige-Kopf gelagert, sodass die Landmarke während der Fahrt im Kamerabild gehalten werden kann.
RegIS – Ein interaktives Informationssystem für Regelungstechnik (RegIS – An Interactive Multimedia Information System for Control Theory)
Authors: Horn Martin , Dourdoumas Nicolaos
Published: December 2003

Der Einsatz von elektronischen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien soll die Qualität und die Effizienz der akademischen Lehre steigern. Das regelungstechnische Informationssystem RegIS ist kein eigenständiges eLearning-System, sondern eine wachsende Sammlung von multimedialen Dokumenten zur Regelungstechnik. Der Einsatz des angebotenen Materials steigert die Attraktivität bewährter Vorlesungen und gibt Studierenden die Möglichkeit, sich im Selbststudium mit der oft als schwierig empfundenen Materie zu beschäftigen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Entwicklungsstand von RegIS und über Erfahrungen beim praktischen Einsatz.
Modifizierte hybride Modellierung zur Vermeidung der Simulation von Sliding Modes (Modified Hybrid Modelling for the Prevention of the Simulation of Sliding Modes)
Authors: Giebler Eckart
Published: December 2003

Bei der Simulation von hybriden Systemen kann es prozess- oder modellbedingt zu einem fortlaufenden Springen zwischen diskreten Zuständen, so genannten Sliding Modes kommen. Die Simulation dieses Phänomens bringt Probleme mit sich. Als Alternative zur Anwendung spezieller Simulationsalgorithmen wird in diesem Beitrag ein Vorgehen diskutiert, bei dem die Simulation der Sliding-Mode-Schwingungen durch geeignete hybride Modellierung vermieden wird. Dabei wird die Dynamik während des Sliding Modes beschrieben und einem zusätzlich eingeführten diskreten Zustand zugeordnet. Als Beispiele dienen ein begrenzter PI-Regler mit ARW-Maßnahme und ein chemischer Verfahrensprozess.
Ein binaurales Richtungshörsystem für mobile Roboter in echoarmer Umgebung (A Binaural Sound Localization System for Mobile Robots in Low-reflecting Environments)
Authors: Adamy Jürgen , Voutsas Kyriakos , Willert Volker
Published: December 2003

In diesem Beitrag wird ein binaurales Lokalisationsmodell für einen autonomen mobilen Roboter vorgestellt, das sich am menschlichen Hörsystem orientiert. Im Mittelpunkt steht die technische Umsetzung der neuronalen Verarbeitungsmechanismen der Olivenkerne des auditorischen Systems, die ein binaurales Richtungshören ermöglichen. Das System ist in der Lage, im Bereich des Sichtfeldes des Roboters eine Schallquelle in echoarmer, d.h. reflexionsarmer Umgebung anhand von Laufzeitunterschieden und Pegeldifferenzen zu lokalisieren. Die Möglichkeit des Richtungshörens verbessert die Wahrnehmung der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Roboters entscheidend und erlaubt z.B. die Ausrichtung des Roboterkopfes zur Schallquelle.
Distinctness of Reaction – Ein Messverfahren zur Beurteilung von Echtzeitsystemen (Teil 1) (Distinctness of Reaction – A Method for the Evaluation of Real-Time Systems)
Authors: Wolter Björn , Albert Amos , Gerth Wilfried
Published: December 2003

Dieser zweigeteilte Aufsatz stellt mit der so genannten ´Distinctness of Reaction′ eine neue Messmethode zur Beurteilung von Echtzeitsystemen vor. Die Messmethode basiert auf einer orthogonalen Walsh-Korrelation und liefert Zuverlässigkeitsmaße in Form der mittleren Latenzzeit und des Jitters bei der Reaktion auf asynchrone externe Ereignisse. Das Ergebnis einer Messreihe spiegelt in einer Art ´Frequenzgang′ die charakteristischen Eigenschaften des untersuchten Systems wider und erlaubt eine vergleichende Bewertung verschiedener Systeme. Der vorliegende Teil des Artikels widmet sich der Darstellung des theoretischen Hintergrundes sowie einer ersten Einsatzmöglichkeit der Messmethode – dem Vergleich unterschiedlicher Betriebssysteme. Der zweite Teil des Artikels [1] behandelt weitere Einsatzmöglichkeiten. Diese sind die Beurteilung der Reaktionsfähigkeit unterschiedlicher Prozessoren und der Vergleich unterschiedlicher Buskonzepte bei echtzeitkritischen Kommunikationssystemen. Auf der Basis der Messergebnisse findet jeweils eine eingehende Diskussion statt, aus der sich wichtige Anhaltspunkte zur Planung, Fehlerbehebung und/oder Optimierung von Echtzeitsystemen ableiten lassen.
Thermodynamic data for modelling actinide speciation in environmental waters
Authors: Vitorge Pierre , Capdevila Hélène
Published: December 2003

An operational TDB is generated from the validated NEA-TDB by adding formation constants (eventually those of chemical analogues, and typically logβ°Pu(CO₃)₅⁶⁻ = 35.6, 4 pH1/2 = -37.5 for Np(VII) hydrolysis, possible maximum values for formation constants of several Pu(CO3)i(OH)j
(4-2

i

-

j

)+ complexes, and solubility products for compounds of tentative stoichiometries MO2+

x
for M = U, Np, Pu and Am), and by estimating new numerical values (typically E°(AmO₂²⁺/AmO₂⁺) = 1.50, E°(AmO₂⁺/Am³⁺) = 1.48, E°(Am⁴⁺/Am³⁺)=2.49V/SHE). Beside checking the consistency of published experimental data, and performing sensitivity analysis of their interpretation as for any critical review work, activity coefficients and pH calibration also appeared to be critical. Dramatic decrease in aqueous Np(V) solubility is expected, when it is coprecipitated at trace concentration: solubility controlled by the hypothetical ideal solid solution Na2

x

-1NpO2(CO3)
x
(s) (2≥ x ≥ 1), is calculated by solving the set of two thermodynamic equations [Na+]2

x

-1 [NpO2
+][CO3
2-]
x
= K
s

x
, together with (2x-1)[NpO2
+]/[Na+] = D, where K
s

x
= K
2-

x

s1 (16K
s2/27)
x

-1(2-1/x)2

x

-1/x, K
s1 and K
s2 are the solubility products of the end-member compounds, and D = 27K
s1
2/(16K
s2) is the equilibrium constant for Ionic Exchange NpO2
+/Na+. Conversely, equilibrium constant, D, of any ionic exchange equilibrium can be interpreted as ratio of solubility products of end-member compounds (eventually surface compounds).
BASSIST: an applied thermodynamic database for radionuclide chemistry
Authors: Bion Lionel
Published: December 2003

BASSIST (Base Applied to Speciation in Solution, at Interfaces and SolubiliTy) is an applied thermodynamic database (TDB) for chemistry of long-lived radionuclides. This TDB is developed at the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and concerns solution, sorption and dissolution equilibria. The order of the different steps necessary to elaborate this TDB are presented, from a critical review of experimental acquisitions until to a database compilation. Important concepts such as the heterogeneity of data, the coherence of database and the use of chemical analogies between elements are discussed by using an example of application of the TDB in speciation calculation. The TDB BASSIST is built by using "certified" data, such as selected values of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) and some uncertified data from literature. In the last part of this article, the choice of chemical analogies between elements, the impact of different sets of data on uranium(IV) speciation calculations are discussed.
The centennial of the 1903 Nobel Prize for physics
Authors: Adloff Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2003

The centennials of the discovery of radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896 and of the discovery of polonium and radium by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898 have been amply celebrated. In 1903 the Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to the three scientists. The vicissitudes of the awarding and sharing of the prize are reviewed.
Measurement and calculation of radioactivities of spallation products by high-energy heavy ions
Authors: Yashima H. , Uwamino Y. , Iwase H. , Sugita H. , Nakamura T. , Ito S. , Fukumura A.
Published: December 2003

Irradiation experiments were performed at the HIMAC (Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba) facility, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan. The radioactivity distributions of spallation products in a thick Cu target were obtained by irradiating 230 and 100MeV/nucleon Ne, C, He, p and 230MeV/nucleon Ar ions. The gamma-ray spectra from thin irradiated samples of C, Al and Cu inserted into a Cu target were measured with a HPGe detector. From the gamma-ray spectra, we obtained the spatial distribution of radioactive yields of spallation products of about 40 nuclides in Cu sample in the Cu target. Our results agree with other experimental data. We also calculated the spatial distribution of residual radioactivities in the Cu target by the PHITS (Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System) code and compared with measured results. The PHITS code provides good results on residual activity calculations.
Extraction of the uranyl ion with 3-phenyl-4-benzoyl-5-isoxazolone (HPBI) and neutral donors from dilute nitric acid medium
Authors: Banerjee S. , Bhattacharyya A. , Mohapatra P. K. , Basu S. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: December 2003

The extraction behaviour of Uranium (VI) from aqueous nitric acid medium employing 3-phenyl-4-benzoyl-5-isoxazolone (HPBI) has been studied in the presence of various amides, e.g , di-2-ethylhexylacetamide (D2EHAA), di-2-ethylhexylpropanamide (D2EHPrA), di-2-ethylhexylisobutylamide (D2EHiBA) and di-2-ethylhexylpivylamide (D2EHPvA) in toluene medium. The extraction constant (log k
ex) for the binary species UO2(PBI)2·nH2O was found to be 1.42±0.14 which is by far the largest amongst the corresponding values known for the other β-diketones. The overall equilibrium constant (log K) for the ternary species UO2(PBI)2·D2EHAA, UO2(PBI)2·D2EHPrA, UO2(PBI)2·D2EHiBA and UO2(PBI)2·D2EHPvA were estimated to be 6.51, 6.21, 6.11 and 5.77 respectively. This trend in equilibrium constants was in accordance with the substitution of the amides as sterically crowded amides show relatively lower equilibrium constant values. The extraction constants follow an inverse correlation with the pK
a values of the β-diketonates while the equilibrium constants vary linearly with the size of the amides. The steric factors have been found to play a significant role in the co-ordination of the amides to the uranyl β-diketones when the carbonyl group is a part of the heterocyclic ring. The distribution ratios of the metal were measured in the temperature range 15 to 52 °C using each of the amide donors in combination with HPBI. Calculation of enthalpy and entropy therefrom indicated that the extraction was thermodynamically favoured process and maximum extraction resulted in the case of UO2(PBI)2·D2EHAA.
Quinoline-8-ol modified cellulose as solid phase extractant (SPE) for preconcentrative separation and determination of thorium(IV)
Authors: Metilda P. , Gladis J. Mary , Prasada Rao T.
Published: December 2003

Cellulose has been functionalized by coupling with 5-chloro-quinoline-8-ol in the presence of alkali. The resulting polymer material has been characterized by IR spectra and has been used for preconcentrating thorium prior to its determination by spectrophotometry. The optimum pH value for quantitative extraction is 5.0–7.0 and can be eluted with 5cm3 of 1mol dm-3 of HCl. The retention capacity of the quinoline-8-ol modified cellulose is 20.0mg g-1. The effect of various cations, anions and neutral electrolytes on the preconcentration of thorium in conjunction with the determination procedure has been studied and we have found that none of interferents including uranium (up to 10 fold amounts) interfere. The enrichment factor for preconcentration of thorium was found to be 200. Ten replicate determinations of 10μg of thorium (IV) present in 1dm3 of sample gave a mean absorbance of 0.084 with a relative standard deviation 1.52. The detection limit (corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the blank) was found to be 2μg dm-3. The thorium content of mixed rare earth chloride solution obtained from Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE), India was estimated by using quinoline-8-ol immobilized cellulose for preconcentration and subsequent determination by spectrophotometry.
Thermodynamic model for the solubility of ThO2(am) in the aqueous Na+-H+-OH--NO3
--H2O-EDTA system
Authors: Xia Yuanxian , Felmy Andrew R. , Rao Linfeng , Wang Zheming , Hess Nancy J.
Published: December 2003

The solubility of ThO2(am) in the aqueous Na+-H+-OH--NO3
--H2O-EDTA system as a function of pCH⁺ (= -log[H+]) and variable NaNO3 (0.5M to 6.0M) has been determined. The experimental observations show that between pCH⁺ values 4.2 to 8.2, a stoichiometric 1:1 Th-EDTA complex forms that completely saturates the added chelate concentration. Th concentrations then decrease linearly with increasing pCH⁺ at pCH⁺>9.0. These changes in solubility are not predicted by currently available thermodynamic models. The ion-interaction model of Pitzer was used to interpret these solubility data. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the speciation under basic conditions is dominated by monomeric mixed Th-OH-EDTA complexes. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy confirmed the absence of the higher order ( e.g. dimeric) species. The equilibrium constants for the following reactions were determined from analysis of the solubility data: ThO2(am) + EDTA4- + 2H2O ↔ Th(OH)2EDTA2- + 2OH-, log K = -6.0; and ThO2(am) + EDTA4- + 2H2O ↔ Th(OH)3EDTA3- + OH-, log K∼-7.5. Pitzer ion-interaction parameters for the Th(OH)2EDTA2- and the Th(OH)3EDTA3- species were calculated. It was also determined that the solubility method for examining the complexation of tetravalent actinides with EDTA is limited to relatively high aqueous EDTA concentrations, relative to the amount of ThO2(am) precipitate, owing to the adsorption of the EDTA chelator by the solid phase.
Electrochemical dissolution of simulated "white inclusions". Kinetics and material balance for Mo, Re, Ru metals and their alloys during electrochemical dissolution in nitric acid
Authors: Maslennikov A. , Fourest B. , David F. , Masson M.
Published: December 2003

The kinetics of pure Mo, Re and Ru metals, as well as their alloys 52.5at. Mo – 47.5at. Re and 90at. Mo – 10at. Ru electrochemical dissolution during potential controlled electrolysis at a temperature T=25 °C in 0.5–6.0M HNO3 solutions were studied. The dissolution kinetics for all metal and alloy electrodes under study were found to be of zero order vs. metal concentration in the electrolyte. Rate constants for Mo electrochemical dissolution increased from 1.68×10-3 to 5.99×10-3mol cm-2h-1 with the growth of HNO3 concentration in the electrolyte from 0.5 to 4.0M. Further increase of the acid concentration in the solution to 6.0M did not result in the acceleration of Mo electrochemical dissolution. Rate constants of Re and Ru metals electrochemical dissolution increased monotonously from 4.27×10-4 to 1.7×10-3mol cm-2 h-1 for Re and from 1.28×10-4 to 1.61×10-3mol cm-2 h-1 for Ru with the rise of HNO3 concentration from 0.5 to 6.0M. Dissolution of Mo-Re and Mo-Ru alloys was congruent. With the increase of HNO3 concentration in the electrolyte from 0.5 to 6.0M, the dissolution rate constant of Mo-Re alloy was increasing from 1.33 to 7.60×10-3mol(Mo+Re)cm-2h-1. Maximum rates of Mo-Ru alloy electrochemical dissolution from 2.21×10-3 to 3.28×10-3mol(Mo+Ru)cm-2 h-1 were observed in 2.0–4.0M HNO3 at the electrolysis potential E=1.6V/SCE. The main electrochemical and chemical processes occurring at the metal and alloy electrodes and resulting in the metals dissolution are pointed out.
Np(V) cation–cation interactions. A new contribution from EXAFS spectroscopy?
Authors: Den Auwer Christophe , Grégoire-Kappenstein A. C. , Moisy Ph.
Published: December 2003

Actinide cation–cation complexes in aqueous solution have long been a subject of interest. Since the former work of Sullivan et al., several complexes of this type have been discovered, all of them involving an actinide(V) oxocation and either another actinide oxocation or a transition metal cation. Although many studies have been devoted to the structure analysis of such complexes, they have been lacking evidences for the definition of a structural model. In this report, EXAFS spectroscopy has been tentatively used, considering two possible interaction modes: bridging or linear Np–Np interaction.
A method for understanding characteristics of multi-dimensional hypersurfaces, illustrated by energy and powder profile R-factor hypersurfaces for molecular crystals
Authors: Turner G. W. , Tedesco E. , Harris K. D. M. , Johnston R. L. , Kariuki B. M.
Published: December 2003

A method is described for determining general sections through multi-dimensional hypersurfaces, in which the values of all the variables that define the hypersurface are allowed to vary simultaneously. The method is general, in the sense that any trajectory through any specified point on the hypersurface may be readily defined. The application of this method is illustrated through a comparison of the energy and powder profile R-factor hypersurfaces for the β phase of L-glutamic acid.
Incommensurately modulated Nowotny Chimney-ladder phases: Cr1-xMoxGe∼1.75withx= 0.65 and 0.84
Authors: Rohrer F. E. , Lind H. , Eriksson L. , Larsson A.-K. , Lidin S.
Published: December 2003

The crystal structures of two new ternary, incommensurately modulated phases in the Cr/Mo/Ge system, Cr1-xMoxGe∼1.75withx= 0.65 and 0.84, have been refined using the same composite approach as for the earlier reported compounds, (Mo/Rh)11Ge18and (Mo/Rh)13Ge22, from the Mo/Rh/Ge system. The composite model consists of a rather stable diamond-like transition metal substructure and a helical main group element arrangement. The same super space group pair,W:P4/nnc: q1̅q1P:I41/amd: 11̅ss, the same positions and modulation waves were used. The refinements of the new phases in the Cr/Mo/Ge system converged rapidly toR-values below 5% with GOF of 2.53 and 3.71, respectively. Each structure is built by two sub lattices with the parameters -a,cxand the modulation vectorqx- for Ge anda,cTand qTfor the transition metals. The refined data forx= 0.65 are found to bea= 5.935(2),cx= 2.770(1),cT= 4.839(1),qx= 0.428 [001]*,qT= 0.253 [001]* and forx= 0.84,a= 5.963(1),cx= 2.786(1),cT= 4.875(1),qx= 0.430 [001]*,qT= 0.264 [001]*. It is clearly shown the composite approach is applicable to different chimney-ladder compounds, even though they have quite different compositions and henceq-vectors.
The LT phase of Cs3Bi2I9
Authors: Arakcheeva A. V. , Chapuis G. , Meyer M.
Published: December 2003

The low temperature (LT) modification of Cs3Bi2I9 has been refined to R(F) = 0.055 on the basis of X-ray diffraction measurements at T = 130 K from a twin crystal with six fractions connected by 3-fold axis and m-planes symmetry operations. Data were collected on a KM4CCD diffractometer; MoKα
-radiation; 1769 independent reflections with F > 4σ(F) were obtained. Below the LT phase transition each reflection were split. The absorption correction was accounted for by the Gaussian integration method. The parameters of the monoclinic unit cell are: a = 8.346(8), b = 14.47(1) and c = 21.10(1) Å, β = 91.00(7)°; space group C2/c. The structure of the monoclinic LT phase is slightly distorted in comparison to the hexagonal RT phase (a
m = a
h; b
m = 2a
h + b
h, c
m = -c
h). The phase transition at T = 218 K between the RT and LT modifications is reversible. The additional maxima observed in the Fourier-syntheses are associated with coherent parts in domains belonging to various twin fractions. The nature, the probable structure and the temperature variations of the domain boundaries are considered and discussed. It is suggested that the specific effect observed on 127I NQR spectra for the LT modification between 205 < T K < 218 may be due to the incommensurate nature of the domain boundaries.
Ca2Ga2O5: a new high pressure oxogallate
Authors: Kahlenberg V. , Shaw C. S. J.
Published: December 2003

Single crystals of Ca2Ga2O5 have been synthezised in a piston cylinder apparatus at 1250°C/2.5 GPa from precursors prepared by solid state reactions. The crystal structure has been investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group I2mb (a = 5.3525(1)Å, b = 14.6666(1)Å, c = 5.5651(1)Å, V = 436.88(1)Å3, Z = 4, D
calc=4.56 g cm-3 and is isotypic with Ca2FeAlO5 (Brownmillerite) and Ca2Al2O5. Basic building units of Ca2Ga2O5 are (1) layers of perovskite type corner connected GaO6-octahedra and (2) sheets comprised of zweier single chains of GaO4-tetrahedra. The alternate stacking of the two building units results in a threedimensional framework in which the calcium cations are incorporated for charge compensation. Dicalcium gallate is the first structurally characterized representative of a double oxide in the system CaO - Ga2O3showing a sixfold coordination of Ga3+.
Na4Ge7O16·6H2O and Na2.6Rb0.8H0.6Ge7O16·6H2O refined from powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data
Authors: Roberts M. A. , Fitch A. N.
Published: December 2003

Stirring the microporous germanate Ag4Ge7O16·6H2O in aqueous sodium chloride solution leads to a fully-ion-exchanged product Na4Ge7O16·6H2O, space group R3m, Z = 1 with a = 7.759(3) Å, α = 89.08(2)°, V = 466.9 Å3. Similar treatment of Rb3HGe7O16·3H2O yields a partially-ion-exchanged material, Na4-

x

-

y
Rb
x
H
y
Ge7O16·nH2O, (x = 0.80(4), y ≈ 0.6, n ≈ 6), with a = 7.759(5) Å, α = 89.53(4)°, V = 467.0 Å3. The disordered structures have been refined using the Rietveld method from powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction data. The relationship between the structures of the two materials is discussed.
The crystal structure of α-Bi5O7I
Authors: Eggenweiler U. , Ketterer J. , Keller E. , Krämer V.
Published: December 2003

The structure of α-Bi5O7I, synthesized by the addition of a diluted H[BiI4] solution to 5N KOH, has been determined. α-Bi5O7I crystallizes with space group Ibca, Z=8, a=16.265(2), b=5.3439(6), c=23.020(3) Å. It shows a close relationship to the structure of BiOI. The chemical reaction which leads to the synthesis of α-Bi5O7I is discussed in the light of this relationship.
Crystal structure of 1,3,5-triphenyl-2-pyrazoline: a case of spontaneous resolution
Authors: Foces-Foces C. , Jagerovic N. , Elguero J.
Published: December 2003

The crystal structure of 1,3,5-triphenyl-2-pyrazoline has been determined. Although the absolute configuration could not be established, the compound is enantiomerically pure. The 43 structures of pyrazolines, neutral or salts, found in the Cambridge Structural Database have been classified according to their diastereogenic properties.
Over-the-Counter Naloxone and Nonprescription Syringe Availability in Community Pharmacies
Authors: Loera Lindsey J. , Lines Jennifer E. , Mayberry Shannon R. , Hilzendager Sarah A. , Ferguson Aaron P. , Hill Lucas G.
Published: February 2025

This cross-sectional study evaluates the accessibility of over-the-counter naloxone and nonprescription syringes in community pharmacies in Austin, Texas.
A review of accident models and incident analysis techniques
Authors: Wong Lawrence M. , Pawlicki Todd
Published: February 2025

This review article aims to provide an overview of accident models and incident analysis techniques in the context of radiation oncology. Accident models conceptualize the mechanisms through which accidents occur. Chain‐of‐event models and systemic models are two main categories of accident models and differ in how accident causation is portrayed. Chain‐of‐event models focus on the linear sequence of events leading up to an accident, whereas systemic models emphasize the nonlinear relationships between the components in a complex system. The article then introduces various incident analysis techniques, including root cause analysis (RCA), London Protocol, AcciMap, and Causal Analysis Based on Systems Theory (CAST), which are based on these accident models.  The techniques based on the chain‐of‐event model can be effective in identifying causal factors, safety interventions, and improving safety.  The other techniques based on the systemic models inherently facilitate an examination of how the influence of personal conditions, environmental conditions, and information exchange between different aspects of a system contributed to an accident.  To improve incident analysis, it is essential to translate unsafe human behavior into decision‐making flaws and the underlying contextual factors. Where resources allow, it is also crucial to systematically link frontline contributions to organizational and societal aspects of the system and incorporate expertise in safety science and human factors into the analysis team.  The article also touches on related concepts such as Perrow's Normal Accident Theory (NAT), Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), and Bowtie Analysis, which are not based on specific accident models but have been used for safety improvement in radiation oncology. Overall, different incident analysis techniques have strengths and weaknesses. Taking a systems approach to incident analysis requires a shift from linear thinking to a more nuanced understanding of complex systems. However, the approach also brings unique value and can help improve safety as radiation oncology further gains complexity.