bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drying technologies utilized to preserve persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.): A review
Authors: Nathania Friska , Nurkhoeriyati Tina
Published: February 2025

Persimmons (Diospyros kaki L.) are consumed in many countries and are believed to provide medicinal and health benefits. Thus, research on persimmon fruits is intriguing. It is anticipated that the demand for persimmon fruit potentially increase. However, the shelf life of persimmon fruit is one of the difficulties. Persimmon fruits are perishable and readily deteriorate due to their contents. Post-harvest technology utilization, particularly the drying technique, is crucial in preserving and enhancing fruit quality following harvest. This narrative review discusses the impact of drying techniques on the quality of persimmon fruits. However, most of the studies on the drying of persimmon fruit evaluated post-process quality without considering the dynamic changes in the products during the drying process. Hence, to better understand it, an in-process quality inspection during drying is essential to conduct. In addition, investigating the cumulative impact of the processes on product quality is worth further study.
Supplementation of dried Porphyra alga (nori) improves antioxidant activity and isoflavone bioavailability of tempeh
Authors: Surya Reggie , Tedjakusuma Felicia , Rombot Olifia , Nugroho David
Published: February 2025

Tempeh, a traditional Indonesian food product derived from the fermentation of soybeans by Rhizopus molds, is recognized for its essential nutrients and potential health benefits as a functional food. Recent advancements aim to enhance tempeh’s functional value, notably through the supplementation of algae. This research aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 3, which focuses on health and well-being, by exploring the antioxidant activity and isoflavone profile of tempeh co-fermented with Porphyra, a red alga commercially known as nori. The results indicated that alga supplementation (at concentrations of 2.5% and 5% w/w) significantly increased the antioxidant activity of tempeh, as expressed by free radical scavenging ability. Moreover, algal supplementation in tempeh increased the hydrolysis of isoflavone glucosides into isoflavone aglycones, thus potentially improving the bioavailability of isoflavones in human body. Taken together, these findings suggest that alga-supplemented tempeh could be developed as a novel antioxidant food, thus enhancing its functional properties and contributing to improved health outcomes.
Analysis of forest area management development strategy at UPT Bukit Barisan Grand Forest Park, Indonesia
Authors: Sembiring Leo Bilyanto , Samsuri  , Slamet Bejo , Latifah Siti , Zahrah Ma’rifatin
Published: February 2025

The Great Forest Park is a forest area with a conservation function and aims to be a collection of plants and/or animals used for research, science, and education, to support cultivation, culture, tourism, and recreation. Bukit Barisan Grand Forest Park as a Nature Conservation Area has the potential for biological natural resources and ecosystems. This area has a lot of potential tourist attractions but has not been fully identified or managed. The objectives of this research are as follows: identifying potential natural tourism objects and attractions and formulating forest area management strategies in the Bukit Barisan Grand Forest Park. The research method uses SWOT analysis. The research results show that the position of the forest area management strategy that can be implemented in the Bukit Barisan Grand Forest Park is in quadrant three (III) or in a position that supports the WO (Weakness Opportunity) development strategy. The strategy that can be implemented is to utilize the support of the parties to fulfill personnel, improve facilities and infrastructure, create work opportunities around the area, maximize technology for promotion, and implement policies for optimal management of ecotourism.
Utilization of kepok banana starch bioplastic spoons: effects of areca nut peel cellulose and glycerol additions
Authors: Dalimunthe Nisaul Fadilah , Tjandra Thiodorus Marvin , Ambarita Evelyn Damayanti , Barus Lydia Esterlita , Thoriq Al Fath M. , Sidabutar Rivaldi
Published: February 2025

The widespread use of plastic spoons in food packaging has led to a significant increase in environmental plastic waste. This study focuses on developing and characterizing bioplastic spoons using starch extracted from kepok banana peels as the main component. The study incorporates areca nut peel cellulose as a reinforcing agent and glycerol as a plasticizer. In this study, different cellulose concentrations (0%, 5%, 15%, and 20% by weight of starch) and glycerol volumes (0 mL, 2 mL, 3 mL, and 5 mL) were employee, while maintaining constant mass of kepok banana peel starch (8 g) and distilled water (150 mL). The study consisted of four key phases: extracting starch, obtaining cellulose, fabricating the bioplastic spoons, and conducting characterization tests. The characterizations phase involved the assessment of physical properties, such as density, water uptake, and water content, as well as the analysis of functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. The bioplastic spoon formulation containing 20% cellulose and 2 mL glycerol demonstrated the best characteristics, with a density of 1.141 g/mL, water uptake of 53.14%, and water content of 13.174%. FTIR spectroscopic also verified the successful incorporation of starch, cellulose, and glycerol components within the fabricated bioplastic spoon matrix. Moreover, the identification of specific functional groups provided evidence for the inherent biodegradability of the spoon. The fabricated bioplastic spoon exhibits significant potential as a sustainable and eco-friendly substitute for conventional plastic spoons, thus addressing the environmental concerns associated with plastic waste usage.
Carbon tax policy in achieving Indonesia’s nationally determined contribution target year 2030
Authors: Thamrin Muhammad Husni , Nasution Faiz Albar , Nuryadin Deden
Published: February 2025

This study explores the efficacy of carbon tax policies and carbon trading mechanisms in facilitating Indonesia’s attainment of its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets by 2030. Employing a literature review methodology, the research synthesizes insights from a broad spectrum of sources, including peer-reviewed academic journals, governmental reports, international policy documents, and empirical studies. The focus lies on analyzing the implementation strategies, impacts, and challenges associated with global carbon pricing initiatives, with particular attention to their relevance and effectiveness within Indonesia’s unique socio-economic and environmental context. Key criteria for inclusion encompasses studies offering comprehensive analyses of policy outcomes, economic implications, environmental benefits, and social considerations related to carbon pricing mechanisms. Utilizing thematic analysis, the study identifies recurring themes and critical perspectives, while comparative and trend analyses elucidate variations in policy effectiveness across different jurisdictions and evolving approaches over time. The synthesized findings aim to provide nuanced recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders, guiding the design and implementation of tailored carbon pricing policies that align with Indonesia’s climate goals while promoting sustainable development objectives.
The Effect of vegetation density on infiltration rate in the Suso Watershed
Authors: Wahyuni  , Habir Warda Wiyana
Published: February 2025

This research was conducted in the Suso Watershed, Luwu Regency, as a respond to the decrease in forest area, which can lead to a decrease in vegetation density and reduce the forest’s ability to act as a natural filter capable of absorbing, storing, and infiltrating rainwater into the soil, known as infiltration capacity. This poses a significant potential for flood disasters in the Suso Watershed, Luwu Regency. Therefore, the aims of this research are: (1) to analyze the vegetation density level using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), (2) to analyze the infiltration rate at various levels of vegetation density, (3) to analyze the physical properties of the soil at various levels of vegetation density, and (4) to analyze the relationship between the influence of vegetation density and soil physical properties on the infiltration rate in the Suso Watershed. The research method employed was a survey of NDVI greenness data to represent the level of vegetation density in the field using Image J, followed by the measurement of infiltration rates using a double ring infiltrometer and soil sampling at each observation point for the analysis of soil physical properties, including texture, porosity, permeability, and organic matter content. The results showed that NDVI greenness level aligns with the level of vegetation density in the field. Furthermore, the lowest to highest infiltration rates at each vegetation density level were sparse density (88.56 mm/hour), medium density (97.87 mm/hour), and dense density (207.20 mm/hour). The physical properties of the soil at the study location varied according to the level of vegetation density. Statistical test results indicated an influence of vegetation density on the infiltration rate with R2 = 48.6%, showing a linear and positive relationship, whereas the relationship between soil physical properties and the infiltration rate showed a stronger relationship with R2 = 91.6%, also positive. It can be concluded that both vegetation density and soil physical properties positively influence the infiltration rate in the Suso Watershed.
Characteristics of wood adhesive made of gambier from Dairi and Pakpak Bharat, North Sumatra
Authors: Sucipto Tito , Lumbantoruan Toba Wijaya
Published: February 2025

Plywood is a processed wood derivative product with a growing demand. Over the past few decades, adhesives based on urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, resorcinol formaldehyde, and polystyrene, derived from petroleum, have been used in manufacture process. These adhesives are expensive and often cause harmful effects on health. According to several studies, UF and PF adhesives contain about 1-3% free formaldehyde. In this study, the adhesive used release free formaldehyde of 0.13-1.21%, which is relatively low. Gambier is a vegetable material with abundant condensed tannins (catechins) and is able to react with phenol and formaldehyde. The formaldehyde scavenger properties of gambier make it potential as an environmentally friendly adhesive. Previously, gambier adhesives were only used for particleboard. However, this study used gambier as an adhesive with added phenol and formaldehyde for plywood, resulting in a product called Gambier Phenol Formaldehyde (GPF). This study aims to analyze the characteristics and quality of GPF adhesives. The adhesive is prepared from gambier obtained from Dairi and Pakpak Bharat in North Sumatra with five formulations (G/P/F): 100/0/0, 100/0/27, 100/6/27, 100/15/27, and 100/21/27. The adhesive successfully glues the plywood with a layer arrangement of 1.5-3.0-1.5 through a hot felt process. The resulting plywood only meets the standards for interior use because it does not pass the test according to SNI 01-5008.7-1999/SNI 01-2023-1990 exterior type II. The best adhesive formulation is Dairi-100/15/27, which has the highest adhesive strength value of 7.12 kg/cm².
Analysis of community perceptions and behaviors towards forest environmental services in mitigating human-wildlife conflicts
Authors: Sulistiyono Nurdin , Ahda Muhdaril , Zahira Ainun , Pasha Shahnaz Dwi
Published: February 2025

The conflict between humans and wildlife is a critical concern that can destroy human and natural resources. The greatest contribution to human-wildlife conflicts is the destruction of forests as wildlife habitats, causing wildlife to go to human settlements to find other food resources. Collecting data from community perceptions and behavior is needed as an initial step in mitigating human-wildlife conflict. This study was conducted in villages near the forest of the VI Besitang National Park Management Section, Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the relationship between behavior and community perceptions regarding forest environmental services in mitigating human-wildlife conflict. Spearmen correlation analysis is used to see the relationship. The results of Spearman’s correlation test showed that people’s perceptions that conflict could cause economic losses had a positive relationship with people’s behavior in improving forests as wildlife habitats with a value of 0.248 (sig <0.05).
Anatomical structures and fiber quality of Jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) from agroforestry system
Authors: Anna Nelly , Herawati Evalina , Pebrianti Sulivia
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of jabon wood in its use based on its anatomical structure and fiber quality. Anatomical structures included both macroscopic and microscopic features. Microscopic features were observed in microtomic and maceration preparations. The maceration refered to the Forest Product Laboratory (FPL) method. The results of macroscopic properties were that the jabon wood was light yellow, the direction of the fibers was straight, the texture was rather rough, the impression of the touch was somewhat slippery and the level of hardness was rather hard. Hardwood and sapwood were almost indistinguishable. The results of the microscopic property test were that the pore frequency ranged from 4-10 per mm2, the pore diameter ranged from 123-181 μm, and the pore length ranged from 143-202 μm. The radius frequency ranges from 6-8, the radius width ranges from 39-56 μm, and the radius length ranges from 423-568 μm. Fiber length ranges from 1,260-1,765 μm, fiber diameter ranges from 28-38 μm, lumen diameter ranges from 12-38 μm and fiber wall thickness is 8-12 μm. The results of the assessment of pulp raw materials, obtained a total score of 175. Thus, 13-year-old jabon wood planted with an agroforestry system can be classified as a quality III fiber, and its use can be directed as an alternative raw material for pulp.
Effects of board density on the properties of hybrid particleboard from kemenyan wood and belangke bamboo
Authors: Iswanto Apri Heri , Lumban Raja Bernando Syahputra , Nabila  , Hakim Luthfi , Fatriasari Widya , Adly Rahandi Lubis M. , Rogoziński Tomasz , Kim Nam Hun
Published: February 2025

North Sumatra has several types of local plants with the potential to be developed as raw materials in the manufacture of particleboard, such as kemenyan wood and belangke bamboo. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of density on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard made from belangke bamboo strands and kemenyan wood shavings. The products obtained had a 25x25 cm2 size with a target thickness of 1 cm and density of 0.50 g/cm3 (Type A), 0.60 g/cm3 (Type B), and 0.70 g/cm3 (Type C). Particleboard consisted of three layers, including face, core, and back with a ratio of 1:2:1. The face and back were produced using belangke bamboo strands, while the core was made from kemenyan wood shavings. Subsequently, the pressing process was carried out using a hot press at 160°C, with a press time and pressure of 5 minutes and 30 kg/cm2, respectively. The conditioning process was then conducted for 14 days at room temperature, followed by the cutting of the test sample in line with the procedures outlined in JIS A 5908-2003. The results showed that density of particleboard affected the physical and mechanical properties. In addition, the variable had a negative correlation with the parameters of moisture content (MC), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) as well as a positive correlation with modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bond (IB). The results also revealed that density value, MC, WA, and TS of the product ranged from 0.45 to 0.65g/cm3, 9.62 to11.72 %, 73.95 to 118.92%, and 16.81 to 22.61%, respectively. In terms of mechanical properties, MOE, MOR, and IB ranged from 22.414 to 44.848 kg/cm2, 178.97 to 226.21 kg/cm2, and 1.46 to 3.11 kg/cm2, respectively. Therefore, the parameters tested met JIS A5908-2003 standards except for TS of the board.
An insight into the development of songket prototype made of yarn derived from oil palm trunk fibers
Authors: Nuryawan Arif , Risnasari Iwan , Sinaga Nella Valensia , Syarfina Tengku , Stanes Elyse R
Published: February 2025

This work interconnected between human, culture, and technology in term of preserving songket, a traditional handwoven fabric, constructed by levering the yarn to be woven with other yarn using a non-machine weaving apparatus. To bring back the glory of natural fibers, this study aims to utilize oil palm trunk fibers as the raw material of the yarn for making songket. Methods of this experiment were included preparation of the material, collection of fibers by mechanical procedure, creation of the yarn by twisting of the fibers including addition of adhesive, and evaluation of the yarn including formation the songket prototype. Results of this work showed dimension of the length of the oil palm trunk fibers after mechanical treatment was 980 + 304 μm (moderate) and the diameter was 27+5 μm (large). The physical properties were 8.32+1.48 % for moisture content and 0.87+0.06 for specific gravity. After twisting of five fibers becoming yarn, the resulted Tex or grams of the yarn per kilometres were 40+8 Tex (without adhesive) and 75+9 Tex (with adhesive). Mechanical tests of the yarn were included tensile strength and the elongation. The values were 37+31 MPa and 4.6+1.9 % (without adhesive) and 24+12 MPa and 5.0+1.8 % (with adhesive). All these values indicated that these yarns were able to be woven as songket prototype however addition of the adhesive only influenced on the tex not the strength of the yarn.
Processing characteristics and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber filled with varying amounts of silica
Authors: Surya I , Sadanta R , Sukeksi L , Sidabutar R , Hayeemasae N
Published: February 2025

The study investigates the influence of varying amounts of silica on the processing characteristics and mechanical properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compounds. The silica was recovered from fly ash, the solid waste of the coal-burning process. SBR, widely applied as raw rubber in rubber manufacturers for its favourable balance of properties, was compounded with varying silica amounts to determine the optimal formulation for enhanced performance. The research examines the effects on processing and mechanical including cure time, scorch time, elongation at break, tensile strength, and hardness. Results indicate that the incorporation of fly ash-based silica significantly improves the properties of SBR compounds. Increased silica amount enhances tensile strength and shore A hardness, though it also leads to a lowering in elongation at break. The study also finds that silica affects the processing characteristics, with higher silica amounts resulting in longer cure and scorch times. Furthermore, the distribution quality of silica within the SBR molecule was a critical feature influencing the overall performance of the compounds. The comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the optimal silica content for achieving desired mechanical properties and processing characteristics in SBR compounds, offering practical guidelines for the rubber industry in developing high-performance materials.
Competitiveness analysis of ecotourism development in Pattunuang nature tourism area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Maros Regency
Authors: Asrianny  , Paotonan Yovanka Marsanda , Nasri  , Nuraini
Published: February 2025

This study analyses tourism competitiveness for ecotourism development in Pattunuang Asue Tourism Area (PNTA), Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. This research was conducted in Pattunuang Asue Tourism Area, Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Maros Regency in July 2023. The data analysis used are qualitative and quantitative, namely by calculating the tourism competitiveness index by including eight competitiveness indicators from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), namely Human Tourism Indicator (HTI), Price Competitiveness Indicator (PCI), Infrastructure Development Indicator (IDI), Environment Indicator (EI), Technology Advancement Indicator (TAI), Human Resources Indicator (HRI), Openness Indicator (OI), dan Social Development Indicator (SDI). The results showed that the level of tourism competitiveness of PNTA was in the medium competitiveness category with an average index value of 0.49. The indicator with the highest competitiveness value is SDI, with an average index value of 0.70, and the indicator with the lowest competitiveness are TAI and OI, with the average index value of 0.20 and 0.29, respectively. These results underscore the importance of targeted development strategies to enhance PNTA’s competitiveness, particularly in technology and international openness, to fully realize its ecotourism potential.
Material flow analysis in palm oil plantation
Authors: Maulina Seri , Bako Ilham Perkasa , Rambe Fitri Rowiyah , Fajar Muhammad , Ageng Nurul , Situmorang Ranaf
Published: February 2025

This research examines the materials and processes involved in palm oil cultivation, focusing on their environmental impact from planting to harvesting. The primary objectives are to analyze the use of resources such as water, fertilizers, chemicals, and energy, and to assess the waste generated during each stage of production, with emphasis on understanding the effects on the surrounding environment. Palm oil (Elaeis), a key agricultural commodity used in cooking oil, industrial oil, and fuel production, thrives in optimal conditions of 24-28°C, at altitudes of 1-500 meters, with humidity levels of 80-90% and plant spacing of 9x9 meters. The study collected primary data over 12 months from plantations, focusing on water consumption, fertilizer usage (NPK, TSP, Urea), energy consumption (electricity and diesel), chemical application for pest control, and waste production, including solid and hazardous waste. The results show varying monthly fertilizer consumption, significant reliance on both electricity from the national grid and diesel generators, and the generation of hazardous waste, such as chemical and fertilizer containers. These findings highlight the considerable environmental impact of these practices, stressing the importance of adopting more sustainable methods in palm oil cultivation.
The diversity of macrozoobenthos on Sialang Buah Beach, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra Province
Authors: Leidonald Rusdi , Gultom Cahya Filia , Fadhilah Amanatul , Muhtadi Ahmad
Published: February 2025

Sialang Buah Beach is located in Teluk Mengkudu Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra Province. The purpose of this research is to determine the biodiversity of macrozoobenthos and the relationship between macrozoobenthos diversity and environmental parameter conditions. This study was conducted in March 2024 with three station points on Sialang Buah Beach. The identification results of macrozoobenthos found 21 species from 18 families. The diversity index value (H’) at each station falls into the medium category. The Principal Component Analysis correlation shows that the diversity of macrozoobenthos is positively correlated with temperature and pH, whereas depth, salinity, DO (Dissolved Oxygen), brightness, total nitrogen, and phosphate are negatively correlated with macrozoobenthos diversity.
Implications of Income Value in the Community Forest Utilization Business Permit Area (IUPHKm) of the Cendana Forest Farmers Group, Enrekang Regency
Authors: Sabar Adrayanti , Hasdisyah  , Ridwan
Published: February 2025

Forest management is the main focus in efforts to improve the welfare of local communities and a sustainable environment. The granting of Community Forest Utilization Business Permits (IUPHKm) is expected to have a positive impact on the forestry household and social income management. The study focused on changes in member group income before and after IUPHKm. The research data collection method uses a quantitative approach. The data collected includes data on the period before and after IUPHKm. The results of the study show that there is a difference in the amount of production and household income after IUPHKm, but it is still sourced from the management of forest farmer groups outside the community forestry area. This is due to the limited number of members of forest farmer groups in accessing community forestry locations, so that there is no addition of new types of businesses in community forestry areas after IUPHKm. Although the impact of economic benefits is still low, the social forestry program has an impact on increasing knowledge and new insights for the community through various trainings. The implication of this study is the joint need of relevant agencies and the government to continue to evaluate and adjust policies that can support the provision of IUPHKm as a strategy to maximize the improvement of community welfare and sustainable social forest management.
Identification of bee feed plants of Apis cerana and honey production in buffer zone of Martelu Purba Natural Reserve
Authors: Widyastuti Dwi Endah , Permatasari Marbun Yuni Ayu
Published: February 2025

Apis cerana honeybee is a part of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) cultivated by the community around the buffer zone of the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve. It is important for beekeepers to know the types of bee feed plants and a map of the distribution of bee feed sources which helps beekeepers around the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve area in managing bee colonies so as to increase honey production. This research was conducted to identify the diversity of honey bee (Apis cerana) feed plants in the buffer zone of the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve and to determine the yield of honey production in the buffer zone of the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve. The method used in this study is an exploratory survey method and interviews. The research was conducted in two supporting villages of the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, namely Tiga Runggu Village and Purba Tongah Village. It was found that the research results for forestry plants had a species diversity value of 2.30 consisting of 20 plant species. Agricultural plants had the highest species diversity value of 3.13 consisting of 31 plant species. Ornamental/wild flower plants have the second largest species diversity value after agricultural crops, namely 2.73 consisting of 19 plant species. Harvesting honey in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve area is carried out with a total harvest of 1 time/month with a harvest period of 2 months. The highest production yield was obtained in August 2023 where the total amount of honey production obtained was 8.7 liters.
Plantation of Meranti Bukit (Shorea platyclados) with NPK fertilizer treatment at Arboretum Kwala Bekala
Authors: Hartini Kansih Sri , Rangkuti Ahmad Baiquni , Prasetyo Bayu Nur , Sinaga Jefferey
Published: February 2025

Meranti Bukit (Shorea platyclados) is categorized as near threatened. It can be found in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia, especially on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. S. platyclados grows in hilly and mountainous areas, so often called Meranti Bukit. This study aims to determine the appropriate dosage of NPK fertilizer to enhance the growth percentage of S. platyclados plantations. The research design used was a non-factorial Randomized Completely Block Design with Duncan Multi Range’s Test, a statistical method used to compare the means of treatments and determine if they are significantly different, as a further test. The doses of NPK fertilizer used were control (0 g), 50 g, 100 g, 150 g, and 200 g for each plant. S. platyclados allegedly experienced death after being given 200 g of NPK fertilizer; besides that, several things caused this plant to experience death, such as pests and diseases that attack, climatic factors, and edaphic factors at the research location. Based on the study’s results, it can be concluded that the use of NPK fertilizer with control doses (0 g) to 150 g still supports plant growth, marked by the percentage of survival, height growth, and positive diameter growth.
Tree height estimation using unmanned aerial vehicle-imagery in Kwala Bekala Arboretum of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Deli Serdang, Indonesia
Authors: Thoha Achmad Siddik , Nasibah Shofia Putri
Published: February 2025

Measuring tree height in diverse forests such as the Kwala Bekala Arboretum of the Universitas Sumatera Utara is not easy to do, requiring large costs and long time. With the various advantages of UAVs, tree height measurement is expected to be more efficient. This study aims to map the Kwala Bekala Arboretum area of Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and to compare tree height measurements in the field with measurements through UAV imagery. This study also analyzed the variability of tree height and the efficiency of using UAVs in measuring tree height. Data were collected through direct observation in the field using a hagameter. A total of 60 sample trees from 11 different species were measured using two different methods of hagameter and DSM, with a representative distribution of trees in Kwala Bekala Arboretum. UAV image processing used photogrammetric algorithms to generate orthomosaic and Digital Surface Model (DSM). The results of mapping using UAVs in the Kwala Bekala USU Arboretum produced a very high resolution orthomosaic of 3.23 cm/pix and DSM with elevations of 29-97 meters. This study found that there was no significant difference between the measurement of total tree height in the field using the hagameter tool and the measurement of total tree height through aerial photography using the Digital Surface Model (DSM). This shows that the height estimation from the UAV is not different from the field measurement. The use of UAVs proved to be efficient in measuring tree height, saving time and costs compared to conventional methods, and providing reliable data for forest management and monitoring.
The effect of BAP on the tissue culture of Melaleuca cajuputi
Authors: Misbahuljannah  , Mukrimin  , A’ida Nur , Larekeng Siti Halimah
Published: February 2025

Melaleuca cajuputi is a non-wood-producing tree that benefits both as a greening plant and as an M. cajuput oil-producing plant. Efforts to support the increase in the need for M. cajuputi begin by knowing the propagation techniques used. Propagation of M. cajuputi generatively and vegetatively by cuttings takes a relatively long time, so modern vegetative propagation is carried out, namely tissue culture. Multiplication is one of the stages of tissue culture with the primary goal of bud propagation. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) greatly influence the success of multiplication in the media. Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) is a Growth Regulator that significantly influences bud formation. This study aims to obtain the right concentration of PGRs in the form of BAP to support the multiplication process of M. cajuputi. The research method starts from the sterilization stages of the instrument, making media, initiation of M. cajuputi seeds, multiplication, and observation. The data obtained were analyzed by Variance (ANOVA) and correlation tests using the SPSS program and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using Minitab Statistical Software. The findings showed that Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with PGRs added at BAP 1 ppm levels was the best medium for M. cajuputi to grow or multiply in a lab setting in order to form buds.
Spatial Model of Driving Factors Deforestation in Central Sulawesi (Case Study of Banggai Islands Regency, Tojo Una-Una Regency and Palu City), Indonesia
Authors: Rijal Syamsu , Syahraeni  , Barkey Roland , Nursaputra Munajat , Chairil A
Published: February 2025

Indonesia has islands, one of which is Sulawesi Island, which has biodiversity known as the Wallacea Region. Specially, Central Sulawesi Province has the largest forest on the island of Sulawesi but also has very high rates of deforestation. One of the most important pieces of information about deforestation events is the driving factors. The analysis of the drivers of deforestation begins with a spatial query operation which is then analyzed using the PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method of deforestation events. The case study sites selected in Central Sulawesi Province were based on the level of vulnerability to deforestation in Central Sulawesi in the very vulnerable and not vulnerable categories. The selected representative profiles are three districts/cities consisting of very vulnerable levels Banggai Islands Regency and Palu City, and not vulnerable Tojo Una-Una Regency. The drivers of deforestation in the vulnerable and vulnerable profiles are influenced by population density factors. The next factor is the population density of productive age and the density of the working population. While the driving factor in the form of biophysical conditions did not have a significant effect. This explains that deforestation events greatly affected by the social conditions of the community. This information forms the basis for extensive forest and environmental management.
Induction callus of species Palapi (Heritiera javanica) in several combinations of concentrations of 2,4 Dichlorophenoaccetate and BAP
Authors: Iswanto  , A’ida Nur , Wahyuningsih  , Restu Muhammad , Larekeng Siti Halimah , Gusmiaty
Published: February 2025

Palapi (Heritiera javanica) is a type of tree that produces wood with high use and economic value because it is included in durable class II-IV wood and strong class II. Providing superior seeds conventionally is considered ineffective because it takes a long time and is determined by the season, so modern vegetative propagation is carried out, namely tissue culture. Callus induction as a technical part of tissue culture has the advantage of separating callus cells which can be directed to develop into stomatic embryos, as well as a very high level of plant development. The research method starts from the stages of instrument sterilization, media creation, explant preparation, multiplication and observation. The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SPSS program. The research results showed that Murashige and Skoog (MS) media in combination4 ppm 2,4-D and 0.75 ppm BAP are the most optimal treatments based on callus growth and weight. Treatment4 ppm 2,4-D in combination with 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ppm BAPis the most optimal treatment based on the percentage of live explants and callus texture. Meanwhile, the combination of MS with a concentration of 4 ppm 2,4-D and BAP 1 ppm is the best combination for callus color parameters, namely green.
The effect of organic Nitrogen Loading Rate (NLR) on the performance of Nitrification-Denitrification (ND) reactors on tofu industrial wastewater treatment
Authors: Fatimah  , Turmuzi Muhammad , Yanqoritha Nyimas , Arimbi Wijaya Aura Naza , Khairunnisa  , Sitorus Adolf Bastian , Pardosi Samuel , Tuah Ambarita Saylando Hot
Published: February 2025

This work aims to investigate how Nitrogen Organic Load Rate (NLR) affects nitrification-denitrification (ND) reactor performance when treating industrial wastewater containing tofu. This study uses bio-ball as a biofilter in the ND reactor, NLR variation to substrate concentration is carried out to determine the level of NH3-N removal efficiency in the nitrification-denitrification process so that nitrate production and nitrogen release are obtained optimally. The Effect of Nitrogen Organic Load Rate (NLR) on the Performance of Nitrification-Denitrification (ND) Reactors is determined by substrate equilibrium, which is the relationship between the rate of organic nitrogen entry and the capacity of microorganisms to process it, which is also greatly influenced by operational parameters, such as concentration, retention time and acidity degree. The rate of removal efficiency of NH3-N, nitrate in the ND biofilter reactor showed a significant increase in removal, at the NLR variation.
Bioinformatic of binding protein by PHYRE2 and SWISS-MODEL software from Sonneratia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris
Authors: Aznawi Andi Aznan , Basyuni Mohammad , Hanafiah Diana Sofia , Mubaraq Alfian , Leopardas Venus
Published: February 2025

Mangroves are constituent plants of tropical forest communities. zoning where mangroves grow affects the growth mechanism and adaptation to salinity conditions. Mangrove species that are able to adapt to low salinity are the family Sonneratiaceae. In open coastal areas there are Sonneratia alba species except Sonneratia caseolaris which grows in salinity less than 10%. Protein binding of both species was analysed using PHYRE2 and SWISS-MODEL software. There are 2 genes from S. alba, namely rpl19 and rpl20, while S. caseolaris rps4 and rps14. The results showed that the homology model of the rps4 gene was 199, so that from the results of the analysis of physical and chemical properties, rps4 was better at synthesising proteins. This study contributed to anticipate the stability of the protein associated with the gene.
Spin-decoupled amplitude and phase control by chiral metasurfaces for four-channel focusing
Authors: Liu Ying , Shi Weijie , Sun Wenjing , Zhang Shuyan , Dong Zhenggao
Published: February 2025

The spin-decoupled phase modulation by metasurfaces mainly depended on a combination of the propagation phase and the Pancharatnam–Berry phase, and there was few research on the phase modulation by a single approach. In this paper, we propose an amplitude-phase joint modulation method via L-shaped enantiomers of the two-dimensional (2D) chiral geometry feature by numerical simulations. By adjusting the top and bottom arm of the 2D L-shape meta-atom, independent modulations on both the spin-related amplitude and phase can be obtained. Consequently, as a proof-of-concept demonstration, the spin-selective focusing effect in both transmission and reflection channels are achieved by a typical L-enantiomer metalens. The proposed amplitude-phase joint modulation method, feasibly achieved by tailoring the enantiomer geometry of 2D chiral nano-structures, provides a new approach for the modulation of circularly polarized light and has potential applications in high-performance spin-photonic devices, including polarimetric imaging and chiral bioimaging.
Phase-field simulation study of dendritic growth in directional solidification of Fe-C alloy under varied initial solute concentrations
Authors: Zeng Hong-bo , Ai Xin-gang , Chen Ming , Guan Rui , Chen Qing-song , Hou Zhong-lin
Published: February 2025

As a method to control the solidification process of metal to optimize the microstructure, directional solidification technology is a common and effective way to improve the axial mechanical properties of alloy. In this paper, the dendrite growth process during isothermal directional solidification is simulated by using Kim-Kim-Suzuki (KKS) phase field model (PF model). The effect of different initial solute concentrations on the microscopic morphology of isothermal directionally solidified dendrites under uniform distribution conditions is investigated. In addition, considering the non-uniform distribution of solutes in real environments, the evolution of directionally solidified dendrites under conditions of vertical, parallel, and localized solute distribution is explored. The results indicate that the lower the initial solute concentration, the denser the dendrites. There is a quantitative relationship between the stable growth rate of directionally solidified dendrites and the initial solute concentration: v = −113372.4c + 880. When dendrites move from a region of low initial solute concentration to a region of high concentration, they transition from dense to sparse. The difference in solute concentration vertical to the solidification direction causes the primary dendrite arms in the adjacent regions of parallel boundary line to tilt in their growth, and the degree of tilt increases with increasing differences in solute concentration. When the local solute concentration reaches 0.0075 mole, the growth of columnar dendrites is significantly hindered, leading to the occurrence of annihilation. As the solute concentration and the size of the local regions increase, the number of annihilated directionally solidified dendrites increases, and the development of secondary dendrites on the sidewalls of adjacent dendrites is enhanced. This phenomenon becomes more pronounced the closer the solute non-uniform regions are to the root positions of the dendrites.
Experimental analysis of drilling forces and edge defects in SiCp/Al composites using PCD drills
Authors: Yang Hailong , Yao Jun , Zhang Xiaofeng , Gao Renzhi , Du Baorui
Published: February 2025

SiCp/Al composites are increasingly utilized in electronics, automobiles and other fields, where their drilling process significantly impacts their application and reliable performance. This study presented an experimental investigation into the thrust drilling forces and edge defects encountered when drilling SiCp/Al composites with PCD drills. The experimental findings demonstrated that the drilling velocity has a minimal impact on the thrust drilling forces, whereas the thrust drilling forces increase with higher feed rates. The edge defects are closely linked to variations in thrust drilling force. The entry edge defects are primarily caused by crack growth under compressive stress, including small macro fracture notches, SiC particles shedding and brittle fracture along with plastic bulge. The exit edge defects are mainly created by the debonding of SiC particles and matrix under tensile stress. Macroscopically, exit edge defects are annular along the edge of the hole. Microscopically, they include the fracture, shedding of SiC particles and the ductile fracture of the matrix.The effect of drilling velocity on the entry and exit edge defects is not significant, but both types of defects increase significantly with higher feed rate.
Non-iterative disentangled unitary coupled-cluster based on lie-algebraic structure
Authors: Haidar Mohammad , Adjoua Olivier , Badreddine Siwar , Peruzzo Alberto , Piquemal Jean-Philip
Published: February 2025

Due to their non-iterative nature, fixed unitary coupled cluster (UCC) ansätze are attractive for performing quantum chemistry variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) computations as they avoid pre-circuit measurements on a quantum computer. However, achieving chemical accuracy for strongly correlated systems with UCC requires further inclusion of higher-order fermionic excitations beyond triples increasing circuit depth. We introduce k-non-iterative disentangled unitary coupled cluster (NI-DUCC), a fixed and non-iterative disentangled UCC compact ansatz, based on specific ‘k’ sets of ‘qubit’ excitations, eliminating the needs for fermionic-type excitations. These elements scale linearly (

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n
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) by leveraging Lie algebraic structures, with n being the number of qubits. The key excitations are screened through specific selection criteria, including the enforcement of all symmetries, to ensure the construction of a robust set of generators. NI-DUCC employs ‘k’ products of the exponential of

O

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n
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- anti-Hermitian Pauli operators, where each single Pauli string has a length p. This results in a fewer two-qubit CNOT gates circuit scaling,

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k
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p
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, suitable for hardware implementations. Tested on LiH, H6 and BeH2, NI-DUCC-VQE achieves both chemical accuracy and rapid convergence even for molecules deviating significantly from equilibrium. It is hardware-efficient, reaching the exact full configuration interaction energy solution at specific layers, while reducing significantly the VQE optimization steps. NI-DUCC-VQE effectively addresses the gradient measurement bottleneck of ADAPT-VQE-like iterative algorithms, yet the classical computational cost of constructing the

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set of excitations increases exponentially with the number of qubits. We provide a first implementation for constructing the generators’ set, able to handle up to 20 qubits and discuss the efficiency perspectives.
Finding quantum codes via Riemannian optimization
Authors: Casanova Miguel , Ohki Kentaro , Ticozzi Francesco
Published: February 2025

We propose a novel optimization scheme designed to find optimally correctable subspace codes for a known quantum noise channel. To each candidate subspace code we first associate a universal recovery map, as if the code was perfectly correctable, and aim to maximize a performance functional that combines a modified channel fidelity with a tuneable regularization term that promotes simpler codes. With this choice optimization is performed only over the set of codes, and not over the set of recovery operators. The set of codes of fixed dimension is parametrized as a complex-valued Stiefel manifold: the resulting non-convex optimization problem is then solved by gradient-based local algorithms. When perfectly correctable codes cannot be found, a second optimization routine is run on the recovery Kraus map, also parametrized in a suitable Stiefel manifold via Stinespring representation. To test the approach, correctable codes are sought in different scenarios and compared to existing ones: three qubits subjected to bit-flip errors (single and correlated), four qubits undergoing local amplitude damping and five qubits subjected to local depolarizing channels. Approximate codes are found and tested for the previous examples as well pure non-Markovian dephasing noise acting on a

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spin, induced by a

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spin bath, and the noise of the first three qubits of IBM’s ibm_kyoto quantum computer. The fidelity results are competitive with existing iterative optimization algorithms, with respect to which we maintain a strong computational advantage, while obtaining simpler codes.
Encoding proteins as quantum states with approximate quantum state preparation by iterated sparse state preparation
Authors: Rofougaran Rod , Wang Ralph , Ajagekar Akshay , You Fengqi
Published: February 2025

Quantum computing holds transformative potential for various domains including cheminformatics through advancements in quantum algorithms. The key to realizing improvements with quantum algorithms in cheminformatics is encoding chemical data like proteins as quantum states with quantum state preparation. In this work, we propose a computational framework to encode proteins as quantum states for efficient downstream quantum processing. Protein data representations are encoded as multi-qubit quantum states with iterative quantum sparse state preparation guided by the classical heuristic search method for optimal gate sequence identification. The validity and efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated with various computational experiments to encode uniform random states as well as proteins. Several performance comparisons against the baselines of exact and variational state preparation methods, the proposed approach is able to encode proteins with 25% fewer controlled-NOT gates while performing orders of magnitude faster than the variational method.