bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School Choice and the Burdens of Justice
Authors: Clayton Matthew , Stevens David
Published: June 2004

This paper takes issue with Swift’s argument for the claim that parents who affirm equality of opportunity can justifiably buy advantageous private schooling if it is necessary to ensure educational adequacy for their children. We advance a number of reasons of justice and morality that support the view that egalitarian parents ought to accept a degree of educational inadequacy: parents have a pro tanto reason to share the burdens of injustice; it is not obvious that the legitimacy of parental partiality is as extensive in unjust circumstances as it is under just arrangements; we have some duty of justice to accept inadequacy for our children in the fight for the realization of educational justice; and we might be morally required to accept more than a fair share of the burden of establishing just educational institutions.
Towards an Account of Teaching General Thinking Skills that is Compatible with the Assumptions of Sociocultural Theory
Authors: Wegerif Rupert
Published: June 2004

The sociocultural paradigm in educational research, emphasizing the situatedness of learning and the embeddedness of thought in cultural and linguistic practices, has called into question the plausibility of the enterprise of teaching general thinking skills. In this paper I argue that the sociocultural research programme needs an adequate conceptualization of general thinking skills if it is not to be vulnerable to various criticisms, including that of a lack of reflexivity, connected with the charge of relativism. I go on to argue that Habermas’ insight that rationality can be described in terms of a speech situation can be adapted to provide a coherent redescription of general thinking skills. This redescription of reason, compatible with the assumptions of the sociocultural paradigm, is in terms of the orientations and ground rules that structure an always socially situated but self-reflective and self-transcending type of dialogue. On this account teaching general thinking skills can be conceptualized as induction into the practice of dialogue across difference.
Are State Legislatures Responding to Public Opinion When Allocating Funds for Tobacco Control Programs?
Authors: Snyder Angela , Falba Tracy , Busch Susan , Sindelar Jody
Published: June 2004

This study explored the factors associated with state-level allocations to tobacco-control programs. The primary research question was whether public sentiment regarding tobacco control was a significant factor in the states’ 2001 budget decisions. In addition to public opinion, several additional political and economic measures were considered. Significant associations were found between our outcome, state-level tobaccocontrol funding per capita, and key variables of interest including public opinion, amount of tobacco settlement received, the party affiliation of the governor, the state’s smoking rate, excise tax revenue received, and whether the state was a major producer of tobacco. The findings from this study supported our hypothesis that states with citizens who favor more restrictive indoor air policies allocate more to tobacco control. Effective public education to change public opinion and the cultural norms surrounding smoking may affect political decisions and, in turn, increase funding for crucial public health programs.
Arkansas Tobacco Settlement Proceeds Act of 2000: Results from Education and Engagement with Policy Makers and the Public
Authors: Thompson Joseph W. , Ryan Kevin W. , Tyson Shirley , Munir Chiquita
Published: June 2004

The 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) resulted in a singular and unanticipated revenue stream flowing to state governments from U.S. tobacco companies. In response, public health leaders were challenged with an opportunity to secure funding for much needed health programs. However, state leaders have chosen to utilize these new funds for a wide variety of purposes; in many instances, expenditures totally unrelated to health or health care. In contrast, Arkansas is unique among all states in choosing to utilize MSA funds solely to establish new health-related programs. Examination of the educational and developmental process through which Arkansas designed its expenditure plan, secured political support, and initiated new health programs in a time of budgetary constraints will inform public health officials to more effectively engage policy makers at local, state, and federal levels.
Participatory Research and Evaluation: From Best Practices for All States to Achievable Practices within Each State in the Context of the Master Settlement Agreement
Authors: Mercer Shawna L. , MacDonald Goldie , Green Lawrence W.
Published: June 2004

Because the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) already assisted state tobacco control initiatives, many state health departments turned to CDC for guid-ance on how to use Master Settlement Agreement mon-ies. This article describes how CDC funded participa-tory research to establish local evidence and provided technical assistance for participatory program evalua-tion. The article (a) presents a telephone interview study of principal investigators (PIs) to determine how CDC could best facilitate participatory research and (b) identifies factors CDC considered to devise evaluation technical assistance that reflected local context. The interview study identified 8 areas where PIs needed CDC’s support to undertake participatory research: con-tinuity, timeliness, flexibility, clear and explicit expec-tations, appropriate and instructive accountability, creation of a vision for participatory research, tailored technical assistance, and enhancement of partner col-laboration and support. These findings are being used to inform CDC’s research funding. Meanwhile, userdriven technical assistance for participatory evaluation is being accessed by many states.
Incorporation of Nonnatural Amino Acids into Proteins through Extension of the Genetic Code
Authors: Hohsaka Takahiro
Published: June 2004

Incorporation of nonnatural amino acids into specific positions of proteins was achieved by using extended codons such as CGGG four-base codon. Aminoacyl-tRNAs having nonnatural amino acids and four-base anticodons were prepared and added to an E. coli in vitro translation system together with mutated genes containing four-base codons. Product analysis of the in vitro translation demonstrates that four-base codons are successfully decoded by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNAs and, as a consequence, nonnatural amino acids are incorporated into desired positions of proteins. By using two independent four-base codons, incorporation of two nonnatural amino acids into single proteins was achieved for the first time. Five-base codons were also found to be available for the nonnatural amino acid incorporation. Extension of the amino acid repertoire was investigated by using four-base codons, and a wide variety of nonnatural amino acids were incorporated into proteins. According to the information on amino acid selectivity of ribosomes, novel fluorescently labeled nonnatural amino acids were designed and utilized for position-specific fluorescence labeling of proteins. The extended codon strategy will allow scientists to construct novel artificial proteins and biomolecular systems.
Purified Coating Solution and Growth Scheme of the YBa2Cu3O7−x Superconductors in Metal Organic Deposition Using Trifluoroacetates
Authors: Araki Takeshi
Published: June 2004

Metal organic deposition using trifluoroacetate (TFA-MOD) is one of the most promising approaches to YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors. In this process, CuO nanocrystallites in calcined film never cause random orientation, which is a major problem in the other solution processes. A “quasi-liquid network” created during the firing process suppresses the influence of the nanocrystallites on the epitaxial structure. Impurities in the coating solution cause Y, Ba, and Cu compounds; a long calcining process leads to CuO grain growth in the YBa2Cu3O7−x film. These compounds deteriorate superconducting properties in two ways. One is a direct physical obstacle and the other is an indirect chemical influence. In the latter mode, non-stoichiometric area, which is induced by the compound, breaks up the quasi-liquid and the quasi-liquid changes into the other phase. Therefore, the actual YBa2Cu3O7−x film is thinner and the superconducting properties degrade. To reduce the influence of CuO nanocrystallites, excess humidity in the firing gas is effective because increased quasi-liquid consumes the nanocrystallites. However, the improvement is imperfect. A combination of highly purified coating solution and optimal calcining process is required to obtain high performance YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors. With such a combination, YBa2Cu3O7−x films having critical current density of 5–7 MA/cm2 (77 K, 0 T) are routinely obtained.
Electron-Spin Dynamics and Structures in Halogen-Bridged 1-D Metal Complexes Studied by Solid NMR
Authors: Ikeda Ryuichi
Published: June 2004

Magnetic properties characteristic in 1-D systems were investigated in halogen-bridged mixed-valence and averaged-valence metal complexes by applying magnetic resonance techniques. Neutral-solitons and polarons formed from impurity amounts of paramagnetic Pt3+ and Pd3+ sites in 1-D chains were sensitively detected by the NMR relaxation measurement. Their rapid 1-D diffusion comparable to that in trans-polyacetylene was revealed in [MII(en)2][MVIBr2(en)2](ClO4)4 (M: Pt, Pd). From 13C NMR spectra and 1H NMR relaxation studies, [NiIIIX(chxn)2]X2 (X: Cl, Br) was shown to be in an averaged-valence state forming S = 1/2 1-D Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains. [NiBr(chxn)2]Br2 revealed to have the largest exchange interaction so far reported, was expected to transform into a new state at low-temperatures below 100 K. From studies on thermal motions and phase transitions associated with the 1-D chain-structure in [Pt(en)2][PtX2(en)2](ClO4)4 (X: Cl, Br), the presence of the dynamic disorder of the Pt(en)2 chelate-ring conformation in a highly asymmetric double-well potential undetected by the X-ray diffraction was detected by the NMR relaxation measurement.
Direct Crystallization of Amorphous Molecular Systems Prepared by Vacuum Deposition: X-ray Studies of Phenyl Halides
Authors: Nakayama Hideyuki , Ohta Shin-ichi , Onozuka Iji , Nakahara Yuichi , Ishii Kikujiro
Published: June 2004

Many amorphous molecular systems prepared by vacuum deposition onto cold substrates turn into crystals directly without exhibiting glass transition when their temperature is raised. To study the mechanism of the crystallization from amorphous states, we monitored the increase of X-ray Bragg peaks at constant temperatures for fluoro-, chloro-, and bromobenzene samples. Data were analyzed by using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation. It was found that the crystallization from amorphous states of these compounds progresses through the nucleation and crystal-growth processes similar to those observed for fused materials. However, slightly complicated behaviors were observed for molecules with larger substituents. These are considered to arise from the wide distribution of molecular arrangements that are stochastically generated in samples by the vapor deposition at low temperatures.
Determination of Palmitate on the Basis of the Fluorescence Enhancement of an Eu3+–TTA Complex
Authors: Cha Ki Won , Huang Hua Zi
Published: June 2004

A simple, sensitive, and selective method for the determination of palmitate has been investigated on the basis of the fluorescence enhancement of Eu3+–TTA complex in the form of Eu3+–TTA–palmitate. An emission peak of Eu3+–TTA, which increased linearly with the addition of palmitate, occurs at 610 nm in aqueous solution with excitation at 306 nm. The linear curve of calibration ranges is from 1.0 × 10−6 to 6.0 × 10−6 M, and the detection limit is 5.0 × 10−7 M. The effects of foreign ions were studied. The method was applied to the determination of palmitate content in synthetic and beef fat samples.
Preparation and Crystal Structures of 1:1 Adducts of Lanthanide Nitrate with Tri(2-pyridyl)amine
Authors: Nagao Noriharu , Egashira Keita , Mogi Daisuke
Published: June 2004

A series of 1:1 adducts between late-lanthanide nitrate and tri(2-pyridyl)amine (tpa), [Ln(NO3)3(EtOH)3]·(tpa)·0.5EtOH (Ln3+ = Er3+, Yb3+, and Lu3+) was synthesized. These 1:1 adducts possess similar crystal structures, in which the tpa molecules interact face-to-face with the triangular base of [Ln(NO3)3(EtOH)3] through three hydrogen bonds.
An Expeditious Route to N-Acetyl-d-galactosamine from N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine Based on the Selective Protection of Hydroxy Groups
Authors: Ito Naoyuki , Tokuda Yoshihide , Ohba Shigeru , Sugai Takeshi
Published: June 2004

GalNAc (1) was straightforwardly prepared from GlcNAc (2a) in six steps. Selective protection of the hydroxy groups on the C-1, C-3, and C-6 positions at the same time was performed by the treatment of TBDPS chloride (5.5 eq.) in DMF in 70% yield. The nucleophilic attack with CsOAc or KOBz on the chloromethylsulfonyloxy group at C-4 worked well (69–77% yield), accompanied by an unexpected rearrangement, to give the furanose products (6). The deprotection of all silyl and acyl groups under acidic conditions and the re-acetylation provided GalNAc (1) in 51% yield.
Oxidation of Ethanol Induced by Simple Polyphenols: Prooxidant Property of Polyphenols
Authors: Inui Takako , Nakahara Koichi , Uchida Masaaki , Miki Wataru , Unoura Kei , Kokeguchi Yuki , Hosokawa Takahiro
Published: June 2004

The aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in water is induced by simple polyphenols, such as pyrogallol or catechol, in the presence of FeSO4–DTPA (N,N,N′,N″,N″-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) catalyst. The amount of acetaldehyde formed becomes an indicator of their “prooxidant” ability in terms of the activation of O2. The “prooxidant” ability of pyrogallol is higher than that of catechol. Electron-withdrawing substituents decrease the ability, whereas electron-donating ones enhance it. The “prooxidant” property is exhibited by the total consequence of two processes: hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation from O2 and its capture by phenolic compounds.
Mapping Phosphorylation Sites: A New Strategy Based on the Use of Isotopically-Labelled Dithiothreitol and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Amoresano Angela , Marino Gennaro , Cirulli Claudia , Quemeneur Eric
Published: June 2004

Phosphoproteomics, nowadays, represents a front line in functional proteomics as testified by the number of papers recently appearing in the literature. In an attempt to improve and simplify the methods so far suggested we have set up a simple isotope-coded approach to label and quantitate phospho-Ser/-Thr residues in protein mixtures. First of all, after appropriate oxidation of cysteine/cystine residues followed by tryptic hydrolysis, we have optimised and simplified the β-elimination reaction to get the corresponding alkene moiety from the phosphate esters. This was achieved by (a) separating the elimination reaction from the addition reaction, (b) the use of Ba(OH)2 as alkali reagent and (c) its further elimination by the simple addition of solid CO2 to the peptide mixture. The Michael reaction was then performed, after the removal of BaCO3 by centrifugation, by adding dithiothreitol (DTT) to the peptide mixture. Finally, the direct purification of the modified phosphopeptides was performed on a thiol-sepharose column. The availability of fully deuterated DTT, introducing a 6 Da difference with respect to the non-deuterated species, allows quantitation of the differential extent of signalling modification when analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The entire procedure has been set up by using bovine α-casein, and resulted in the identification of all the phosphorylated tryptic peptides, including the tetraphosphorylated peptides, which escaped all previously reported procedures.
Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Areces Liliana B. , Matafora Vittoria , Bachi Angela
Published: June 2004

Phosphorylation is one of the most frequently occurring post-translational modifications in proteins. In eukaryotic cells, protein phosphorylation on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues plays a crucial role as a modulator of protein function. A comprehensive analysis of protein phosphorylation involves the identification of the phosphoproteins, the exact localization of the residues that are phosphorylated and the quantitation of phosphorylation. In this short review we will summarize and discuss the methodologies currently available for the analysis and full characterization of phosphoproteins with emphasis on mass spectrometry-based techniques. In particular, we will discuss affinity-based purification of phosphopeptides coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI ToF-MS) analysis, their detection using mass mapping and precursor-ion scans, identification of modified sites by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and quantitative analysis.
Prion (PrPres) Allotypes Profiling: New Perspectives from Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Maras Bruno , Barra Donatella , Schininà M. Eugenia , Cardone Franco , Pocchiari Maurizio
Published: June 2004

Biochemical methods employed for PrPres allotypes profiling are reviewed and compared with the latest mass spectrometric approaches. Emphasis is put on the advantages offered by a recently proposed electrospray strategy.
Study of the Oligopeptide Fraction in Grana Padano and Parmigiano-Reggiano Cheeses by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sforza Stefano , Galaverna Gianni , Neviani Erasmo , Pinelli Costante , Dossena Arnaldo , Marchelli Rosangela
Published: June 2004

The oligopeptide fractions of Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano cheese samples, at various stages of ageing (6, 12, 18 and 24 months), were analysed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The main oligopeptides (< 5000 Da) present in the samples were extracted by using an originally developed method which allowed good enrichment of the oligopeptide fractions and identified according to their molecular weights. The casein sequences compatible with the found molecular weights were determined and the exact oligopeptide sequences were identified by using the fragmentation peaks originated by in-source collisionally-induced dissociation (CID). The ESI-MS method reported here allowed the sequence identification of oligopeptides very quickly with a single liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry run. Oligopeptides were also semi-quantified by comparison with a suitable internal standard (the dipeptide phenylalanyl–phenylalanine, Phe–Phe). This methodology demonstrated that, as far as the main oligopeptides are concerned, Grana Padano and Parmigiano Reggiano presented very similar composition. Anyway, the evolution of the fractions during ageing time was characteristically distinct among the two cheeses: in Grana Padano cheeses most of the oligopeptides reached a maximum at 12 months of ageing and then decreased, whereas in Parmigiano Reggiano cheeses the oligopeptide amounts were usually lower and had a less regular trend. The reason for this different behaviour may be ascribed to the different production techniques.
Mass Spectrometric Approach for the Analysis of Food Proteins
Authors: Ferranti Pasquale
Published: June 2004

In the study of food proteins, the need for accurate protein structural analysis has been acknowledged because of the fact that nucleotide sequencing alone is of limited analytical value if not combined with relevant information regarding the specific protein expressed and the occurrence of phosphorylation, glycosylation and disulphide bridges, and with the modification induced by the technological treatment. Mass spectrometry, whether used alone or to complement the traditional molecular-based techniques has become fundamental to the structural analysis of proteins. It is, moreover, virtually irreplaceable in determining post-translational modifications as conventional methods cannot deliver reliable data. What lies at the root of this methodological breakthrough is the combination of high-resolution separation techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis or capillary reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric analysis, what is termed “proteomic” analysis. Thus, it appears appropriate to state that the new mass spectrometric techniques have been established as a valuable and efficient tool for protein and peptide analysis in complex mixtures, like those from food matrices, enabling us therefore to provide accurate information on molecular weight and also to put forth a structural assessment at a low-picomole level of material. Thus, a series of alternative approaches have been developed based on advanced mass spectrometric analysis in conjunction with classic protein chemistry in order to provide an in-depth view of food protein structure. This review outlines several of these novel methodologies as they apply to structural characterization of food products.
Separation and Identification of Photosynthetic Antenna Membrane Proteins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zolla Lello , Rinalducci Sara , Timperio Anna Maria , Huber Christian G.
Published: June 2004

Functional proteomics of membrane proteins is an important tool for the understanding of protein networks in biological membranes. Nevertheless, structural studies on this part of the proteome are limited. The present review attempts to cover the vast array of methods that have appeared in the last few years for separation and identification of photosynthetic proteins of thylakoid membranes present in chloroplasts, a good model for setting up analytical methods suitable for membrane proteins. The two major methods for the separation of thylakoid membrane proteins are gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. Isoelectric focusing in a first dimension followed by denaturing sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in a second dimension is an effective way to resolve large numbers of soluble and peripheral membrane proteins. However, it is not applicable for isolation of native protein complexes or for the separation of highly hydrophobic membrane proteins. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), on the other hand, is highly suitable for any type of membrane protein separation due to its compatibility with detergents that are necessary to keep the hydrophobic proteins in solution. With regard to the identification of the separated proteins, several methods are available, including immunological and mass spectrometric methods. Besides immunological identification, peptide mass fingerprinting, peptide fragment fingerprinting or intact molecular mass determination by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) have been shown to be very sensitive and effective. In particular, identification of proteins by their intact molecular mass is advantageous for the investigation of numerous biological problems, because it is rapid and reflects the full sequence of the protein and all its posttranslational modifications. However, intact molecular mass determinations of gel-separated membrane proteins are hampered due to the difficulties in extracting the hydrophobic proteins from the gel, whereas HPLC on-line interfaced with ESI-MS enables the rapid and accurate determination of intact molecular masses and consequently an unequivocal protein identification. This strategy can be viewed as a multidimensional separation technique distinguishing between hydrophobicity in the first dimension and between different mass-to-charge ratios in the second dimension, allowing the separation and identification even of isomeric forms.
Characterization of Sodium Dodecylsulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis-Separated M. Agalactiae Membrane Antigens by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Carta Franco , Crobu Salvatore , Turrini Franco
Published: June 2004

Mycoplasma membrane proteins are generally designated according to their apparent molecular weight measured by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, several results about mycoplasma membrane antigens are in conflict because some doubts are emerging about the accuracy of the method utilized to identify the antigens. The aim of this work was to characterize proteins separated after (SDS-PAGE) mass spectrometry to allow an uncontroversial designation of the antigens. Fifteen proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 15,000 to 80,000 Da, have been excised from gel and their whole molecular weight and proteolytic patterns determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). The peptide pattern obtained using trypsin digestion allowed us to identify LipA, P48, P59, P80 and P40. Some other proteins showed analogies to the proteins of Mycoplasma genitalium or Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the only completely sequenced Mycoplasmas. There wasn't even a close correspondence between the apparent molecular weight from SDS-PAGE (generally used to name the proteins), the gene-derived calculated mass and the molecular weight of whole proteins measured by MALDI-ToF. Only micro-sequence data obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allowed us to identify LipC, described as one of the most important Mycoplasma agalactiae antigens. This protein was found in correspondence with the 50 kDa region, instead of the 25 kDa region, confirming a phenomenon that we previously described.
Influence of Maximum Water Temperature on Occurrence of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout within Streams
Authors: Dunham Jason , Schroeter Robert , Rieman Bruce
Published: June 2004

We measured water temperature at 87 sites in six streams in two different years (1998 and 1999) to test for association with the occurrence of Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi. Because laboratory studies suggest that Lahontan cutthroat trout begin to show signs of acute stress at warm (>22°C) temperatures, we focused on the maximum daily temperature. The maximum daily temperature associated with the occurrence of Lahontan cutthroat trout ranged from 18.9°C to 28.5°C. Occurrence was more likely at colder (<26°C) sites. In two streams, the maximum daily temperature associated with the occurrence of these trout was relatively cool (≤20°C). In these streams, the response to temperature may have been modified by extreme declines in streamflow in late summer. The air temperatures measured during the study were not consistently related to maximum water temperatures, but air temperature is useful for predicting the distribution of Lahontan cutthroat trout at larger scales (e.g., the geographic pattern of fish distribution among streams as distinct from occurrence within streams). The results of this work suggest a link between the thermal tolerance of individuals in the laboratory and the occurrence of fish within streams and a provide a mechanism for the observed geographic patterns in the distribution of local populations of Lahontan cutthroat trout.
Population Structure of Sockeye Salmon of the Central Coast of British Columbia: Implications for Recovery Planning
Authors: John Nelson R. , Wood Chris C. , Cooper Glenn , Smith Christian , Koop Ben
Published: June 2004

The populations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka of the south-central coast of British Columbia are in decline. To assist in recovery planning, we determined the population structure of sockeye salmon in the region by assaying the genetic variability of 10 microsatellite DNA loci in samples of sockeye salmon from 22 sites associated with 15 rearing lakes. Samples of sockeye salmon from the watersheds with the largest historical runs in the region were studied. Special emphasis was given to investigating genetic divergence among sockeye salmon spawning in seven rivers of the Owikeno Lake watershed, which once supported the largest sockeye salmon run in south-central British Columbia. Across the region, a mosaic of genetic divergence was evident. Reproductive isolation among watersheds was pronounced in all but one case, making transfer of fish between watersheds inadvisable. Genetic stock identification simulations demonstrated that fish from different watersheds could be accurately distinguished—which will allow for identification of threatened stocks in coastal mixed-stock fishery samples. Within the Owikeno Lake watershed we found little evidence of persistent genetic structure, which precludes the use of genetic stock identification to estimate escapements to its glacially turbid tributaries. Lack of persistent structure supports managing the majority of Owikeno Lake sockeye salmon as a single population.
Effect of Approach Velocity on Impingement of Juvenile Northern Pike at Water Intake Screens
Authors: Peake Stephan
Published: June 2004

Current guidelines with respect to the use of irrigation intakes limit Canadian operators to approach velocities (at the screen) of 3.8 cm/s; however, this value is based on relatively little data. To address this issue, I examined the ability of juvenile (2.3–7.4-cm fork length) northern pike Esox lucius to avoid impingement on irrigation intake screens under ambient environmental conditions in a swim tunnel (where water velocity was constant and uniform) and in a simulated intake where water velocity declined with distance from the test screen (as in real structures). The effects of impingement duration (in swim tunnel tests) and approach velocity (in both tests) on feeding and physical condition (abrasions, bruising, and scale loss) were also examined. Juvenile northern pike in the swim tunnel became impinged at speeds ranging from 10 to 28 cm/s. Injuries and mortalities from impingement up to 10 min in duration were nonexistent, although some short-term feeding disruptions were observed. Northern pike tested in the intake simulation apparatus never became impinged when the approach velocity was 15 cm/s; however, some impingement (but no feeding disruptions, injuries, or mortalities) was observed at an approach velocity of 25 cm/s. At higher velocities, impingement, feeding disruptions, injuries, and mortalities occurred. Environmental regulations pertaining to approach velocity at irrigation intake screens can be set as high as 15 cm/s without adversely affecting juvenile northern pike.
Influence of Time Interval on Estimations of Movement and Habitat Use
Authors: Horton Travis B. , Guy Christopher S. , Pontius Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2004

Although biotelemetry has been widely used in fisheries science, the standardization of methods is uncommon. Researchers often use more than one time interval (frequency of recording locations) in a study, and different researchers frequently use different time intervals. There is a paucity of information describing the relationship between time interval used and movement observed or the proportion of time associated with habitat type. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of varying time intervals on fine-scale (i.e., minutes-to-hours) diel movement and habitat use by spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus. To evaluate such effects, we tracked spotted bass (n = 11) every 15 min for a 24-h period. Using these data we simulated tracking at 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h intervals. The mean percent error of time interval simulations for total daily movement varied from 24.3% to 64.3% for 30-min and 2-h intervals, respectively. Loss of movement information (i.e., detecting less movement with simulated time intervals compared with the original data set) increased with increasing time intervals, and the 2-h interval poorly estimated diel movement. Conversely, habitat use was well-represented by each time interval. These results illustrate the importance of standardizing the use of time intervals and the need to consider time intervals when comparing results among biotelemetry studies.
Extending Federal Crop Insurance Programs to Commercial Fisheries: The Case of Bristol Bay, Alaska, Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Herrmann Mark , Greenberg Joshua , Hamel Charles , Geier Hans
Published: June 2004

This paper analyzes the feasibility of extending the U.S. Department of Agriculture's crop insurance program to the Bristol Bay, Alaska, capture fishery for sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. The impetus for this program has been a string of poor sockeye salmon fishing seasons followed by a series of disaster declarations in western Alaska. The mission of the Risk Management Agency, for whom this analysis was prepared, is to help stabilize the agricultural sector, not to provide disaster payments that offset permanent industry shifts by assuring producers some historical (but no longer attainable) production or revenue levels. Without a contemporaneous effort to restructure and rationalize the program of limited entry, the proposed crop insurance program for Bristol Bay cannot provide meaningful relief to a maladaptive industry that is beleaguered by excessive costs and increased competition.
Relative Contribution of Stocked Walleyes in Tennessee Reservoirs
Authors: Vandergoot Christopher S. , Bettoli Phillip W.
Published: June 2004

Since the mid-1950s, fisheries biologists with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency have stocked walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in several tributary reservoirs of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers to augment declining native stocks; however, the efficacy of these management actions has never been formally evaluated. The contribution of stocked walleyes in four Tennessee reservoirs was evaluated during 1999 and 2000 by marking fry and fingerlings through oxytetracycline (OTC) immersion. Stocking densities were 13-48 fingerlings/ha, and marking efficacy was high for fish marked as fry (mean = 98%; SE = 1.7%) and fingerlings (mean = 99%; SE = 0.6%). Nearly all (94-100%; N = 509) of the age-1 and age-2 walleyes collected in the four reservoirs were OTC-marked. Based on these findings, fingerling walleyes must be stocked annually to sustain the walleye populations in these tributary impoundments.
Size-Specific Angling Return Rates of White Bass in Kansas Reservoirs
Authors: Schultz Randall D.
Published: June 2004

The size selectivity of angling for white bass Morone chrysops in Kansas reservoirs was evaluated through a 3-year tagging study on five reservoirs. Nearly 6,500 white bass were tagged with Floy FD-94 anchor tags, and tag return postcards were used to quantify size-specific angling return rates. The range for length of fish tagged was 200–573 mm, and the range for length of fish recaptured was 225–492 mm. Size selectivity was similar for male and female white bass between 230 and 460 mm. Larger white bass, particularly males, may be more vulnerable to angling exploitation, but small sample sizes of these fish (0.5% of fish tagged in this study were greater than 450 mm) hinder confirmation of this supposition. Return rates suggest that length limits lower than 300 mm may be ineffective for restructuring white bass populations and would provide little benefit to anglers.
Hooking Mortality by Anatomical Location and Its Use in Estimating Mortality of Spring Chinook Salmon Caught and Released in a River Sport Fishery
Authors: Lindsay Robert B. , Schroeder R. Kirk , Kenaston Kenneth R. , Toman Robert N. , Buckman Mary A.
Published: June 2004

We estimated the hooking mortality of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were caught and released to determine whether selective fishing on hatchery Chinook salmon would reduce harvest mortality of wild fish in a sport fishery in the lower Willamette River, Oregon. Hooking mortality in the fishery was estimated from hooking mortality rates for each of five anatomical locations (jaw, 2.3%; tongue, 17.8%; eye, 0.0%; gills, 81.6%; and esophagus–stomach, 67.3%) and from the frequency of these anatomical locations in the sport fishery (jaw, 81.5%; tongue, 5.1%; eye, 0.4%; gills, 5.1%; and esophagus–stomach, 7.8%). Mortality rates by anatomical location were estimated from recaptures of 869 tagged fish that were experimentally angled and of 825 tagged controls that were trapped in a nearby fishway. Anatomical hook locations in the lower Willamette River sport fishery were determined with creel surveys. We estimated hooking mortality rates of 12.2% for wild Chinook salmon caught and released in the sport fishery and 3.2% for the entire run of wild Chinook salmon based on a mean encounter rate of 26%. Hook location was the primary factor affecting recapture of hooked fish, but fish length, gear type, bleeding, and the elapsed time to unhook fish were also significant factors. A selective sport fishery in the lower Willamette River can be used to reduce harvest mortality on runs of wild Chinook salmon while maintaining fishing opportunity on hatchery Chinook salmon. The effect of selective fisheries for Chinook salmon in other rivers would depend on the frequency distribution of anatomical hook locations and on river-specific encounter rates.
Year-Class Component, Growth, and Movement of Juvenile Red Drum Stocked Seasonally in a South Carolina Estuary
Authors: Jenkins Wallace E. , Denson Michael R. , Bridgham Charles B. , Collins Mark R. , Smith Theodore I. J.
Published: June 2004

Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus have been classified by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission as overfished in the Atlantic off the southeastern USA. A study was conducted to evaluate stocking hatchery-reared fish as a management tool to increase abundance of red drum in South Carolina estuaries. Multiple groups of juveniles, at mean sizes of 22–56 mm total length, were released after being marked by immersion in 15 g/L salinity brackish water containing oxytetracycline HCl (500 mg/L active). Fish were released into a small (535-ha) part of the available nursery habitat (total = 25,000 ha) in the Port Royal Sound estuary each fall and spring from fall 1995 through spring 1997. During fall 1995 and spring 1996, 347,000 fish were stocked; during fall 1996 and spring 1997, the number was 1,228,000. Movement of hatchery fish from the release site was monitored for at least 2 years after release. Overall, hatchery fish accounted for 19.0% of the 627 fish (age 0 to age 2) captured from the 1995 year-class and 19.4% of the 687 fish (age 0 to age 2) captured from the 1996 year-class. The portion of each year-class that was of hatchery origin was greatest at the release site (1995 year-class = 58.6%; 1996 year-class = 77.3%). However, marked hatchery fish from the 1996 year-class (range, 8–38%) were also captured after more than 2 years at large and as far as 35 km from the release site. The presence of hatchery fish did not appear to reduce the growth of wild fish even at the higher stocking density tested (2,295 fish/ha). Sex ratios of hatchery and wild fish were not significantly different. Hatchery fish released in the fall were captured 1.5 times more often than fish released in the spring. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether hatchery releases can be used to increase overall abundance.
Effect of Hook Type on Mortality, Trauma, and Capture Efficiency of Wild Stream Trout Caught by Angling with Spinners
Authors: DuBois Robert B. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: June 2004

This study assessed short-term (48-h) hooking mortality, eye damage, jaw injury, and capture efficiency of three species of wild stream trout caught on size-1 Mepps spinners having barbed or barbless treble or single hooks. The mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta, and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was low (<4%). Hook types did not differ significantly in causing mortality or severe eye damage of rainbow trout or brown trout. Severe eye damage was evident on about 10% of the trout landed (range = 2% to 13%, depending on species). Jaw injuries were found on about 6% of the catch. Barbed hooks hooked and held more trout than barbless hooks and treble hooks hooked and held more trout than single hooks. Barbless single hooks were quicker to remove than the other hook types, but the difference was insufficient to reduce mortality. Our results do not indicate a biological advantage with the use of single- or barbless-hook spinners when caught wild stream trout will be released.
Effect of Hook Type on Mortality, Trauma, and Capture Efficiency of Wild, Stream-Resident Trout Caught by Active Baitfishing
Authors: DuBois Robert B. , Kuklinski Kurt E.
Published: June 2004

We used an active fishing technique (tight-line fishing with immediate hook set) to compare mortality, injury, and capture efficiency of wild, stream-resident salmonids captured by barbed or barbless single hooks baited with leaf worms Lumbricus rubellus. Mortality at 72 h (2– 7%), anatomical hooking location (superficial or deep), and eye damage (5% of captures) in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis did not differ between hook types. However, brook trout that were deeply hooked were more likely to die when barbed hooks were used. Mortality and eye damage in brown trout Salmo trutta were similarly low, but sample sizes were insufficient for comparison of hook types. Hook types did not differ significantly in terms of hooking efficiency, frequency of fish escape after hooking, or the mean unhooking time in which fish were held out of water. Active baitfishing resulted in levels of postrelease mortality that were substantially lower than those commonly reported in baitfishing mortality studies.
Hydrometeorological Trends in the Miramichi River, Canada: Implications for Atlantic Salmon Growth
Authors: Swansburg Erin , El-Jabi Nassir , Caissie Daniel , Chaput Gérald
Published: June 2004

Hydrometeorological conditions are important determinants of the distribution and productivity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in freshwater habitats. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, precipitation, and streamflow, affect an aquatic organism's growth rate, developmental rate, behavior, and ultimate survival. In the Miramichi River, New Brunswick, Canada, climatic and hydrological conditions have been monitored for over 30 years, providing a unique opportunity to examine long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow and their effects on juvenile Atlantic salmon. Average air temperature in the Miramichi region increased over time, particularly in spring and summer months. Coincident changes in water temperature were not observed, with only summer water temperature increasing in the Southwest Miramichi River. Extreme summer water temperatures in the Southwest Miramichi River regularly exceeded the upper temperature threshold for growth of Atlantic salmon (22.5°C). Few changes in the amount of precipitation were observed in recent years. As a result, discharge in the Miramichi River was relatively unchanged in winter and autumn, when air temperatures were coldest. However, warmer air temperatures led to increased rates of evaporation, thereby contributing to low-flow conditions in the Miramichi River during spring and summer. Warmer air temperatures also may have contributed to the observed shifts in timing of hydrological cycles (earlier spring peak flows) in both the Northwest Miramichi and Southwest Miramichi rivers. Increased spring air temperatures and water temperatures were significantly associated with smaller sizes in Atlantic salmon parr (age 2). Changes in discharge and precipitation were also significantly associated with the size of juvenile Atlantic salmon. In the Miramichi River, further alterations in environmental conditions can be expected under future climate-change scenarios; as a result, productivity of Atlantic salmon populations in this region will likely be adversely affected.
Evaluation of Stock–Recruitment Curves for White Shrimp in Georgia
Authors: Belcher Carolyn N. , Jennings Cecil A.
Published: June 2004

Georgia's food shrimp fishery is currently managed on the premise that a relationship exists between the abundance of spring-spawning white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and the abundance of fall recruits. Spawners are caught primarily during May and June, and fall recruits are caught from August through January. The efficacy of this management approach is unknown because the relationship between the two segments of the shrimp fishery has never been evaluated. We applied Beverton–Holt and Ricker spawner–recruit curves to fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indices to determine whether spawner abundance could be used to reliably predict the abundance of fall recruits. The commercial landings (lb) from May and June combined were used as the fishery-dependent spawner index, and monthly catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) values observed during April, May, and June were used as fishery-independent spawner indices. Potential spawner– recruit models were evaluated for each set of indices and the resulting mean square error (MSE) values were compared. The best-fitting model was a Beverton–Holt curve that incorporated June CPUE as the spawner index. Unfortunately, this model was not very predictive. Multiple-regression techniques also were used to select environmental variables that enhanced the fit of the spawner– recruit model. Three two-variable models were evaluated for predictive fit, and the best model (r2 = 0.447) included September salinity and October water temperature. Our results suggest that the abundance of white shrimp spawners is a poor predictor of the abundance of fall recruits. Inclusion of environmental factors, such as seasonal salinity and water temperature, can improve our ability to predict recruit abundance.
Role of Parameter Uncertainty in Assessing Harvest Strategies
Authors: Fieberg John
Published: June 2004

Research methods aimed at comparing harvest strategies often implicitly assume that the form of the underlying population dynamics is known but that there is uncertainty in the abundance forecasts that are used to implement the harvest strategy. In reality, however, there is uncertainty in both the model structure and estimated parameters. In this paper, I illustrate the effect of parameter uncertainty on the performance of five different harvest strategies using a simulation model for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The assumed management goal is to determine the harvest control parameters that maximize harvest subject to a minimum extinction criterion. In general, the different harvest strategies performed similarly in terms of the expected mean harvest when optimized using the true simulation model (i.e., when the population dynamics were assumed to be known). However, parameter uncertainty affected the various strategies differently. Harvest strategies with optimal control parameters (e.g., thresholds or exploitation rates) that fell near the region of the parameter space with a high risk of extinction were more likely to result in failed management objectives. The simulation results indicate that simple buffers (e.g., a systematic lowering of exploitation rates from predetermined targets) are likely to substantially decrease the risk of choosing harvest control parameters with a higher than desired level of extinction risk.