bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mavacamten’s therapeutic impact: cardiac-specific myosin inhibition in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Shabbir Ahmad , Yumn Laiba , Khan Esha
Published: November 2024

Dear Editor,
Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) is a hereditary cardiac condition, affecting 1 in about 500 individuals, characterized by an atypical thickening of the heart muscle, specifically the interventricular septum...
Tumoral calcinosis cutis universalis in a patient with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Jawad Ali S. M. , El Hasbani Georges , Uthman Imad
Published: November 2024

We report a 75-year-old female with long standing systemic sclerosis presenting with tumoral calcinosis of the hands, wrists, elbows and pelvis.
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Errors and Mistakes in the Medical Laboratory
Authors: Mishra Archana , Beena K. V.
Published: November 2024

Background:

The increasing number/varieties of tests and rising demands are reasons for the increasing challenges to laboratory professionals, such as increasing workloads, maintaining turnaround time, and quality improvement. Furthermore, the laboratory faces many occupational hazards due to negligence or lack of knowledge regarding biosafety guidelines among the laboratory professionals. A laboratory involves mechanical, chemical, biological, and environmental components of activities, and errors/mistakes/ignorance in any of these disciplines create hazards and risks to people working inside the laboratory.

Objective:

We aimed to identify the types of errors, accidents, and ignorance in medical/clinical laboratories that have been published or presented worldwide.

Materials and Methods:

We performed a bibliometric analysis to search and analyze those studies which are published in different journals as articles or reviews, or published as books or chapters, and even, those presented as conference papers and short surveys.

Results:

The bibliometric analysis shows the pre-analytical phase as the most vulnerable to errors due to human errors and other activities outside the laboratory, which are beyond the control and preview of laboratories many times. A few studies suggest an increase in several tests and a lack of awareness among physicians while ordering the test as one of the reasons for the poor efficiency of laboratory services. Similarly, ignorance of the safety measures leads to occupational hazards among laboratory professionals.

Conclusion:

The study recommends focusing on the pre-analytical phase and providing awareness to clinicians about the tests conducted by the respective laboratories. This study also highlights that errors in the laboratory should be published for future records and learning.
Identification of β-globin gene mutations among transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Haidar Hussein , Hameed Bassam Mahammad
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND:

β-thalassemias are widely distributed in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, including Iraq. There are more than 400 transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients registered in the thalassemia center. β-thalassemia is a significant problem in Karbala as well as other regions of Iraq. The detection of the most frequent mutations is significant to the implementation of an effective preventive program in this area because of the significant burden it places on the local health authorities, patients, and their families.

OBJECTIVES:

To define the most common mutations and their frequencies among patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia and to evaluate the reverse hybridization strip assay method for the detection of β-thalassemia mutations.

PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Sixty transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia patients were recruited from the thalassemia center in Karbala. Blood samples were aspirated from each patient just before blood transfusions for CBC, reticulocyte count, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and identification of the mutations by reverse hybridization technique using the β-Globin strip assay method.

RESULTS:

A total of 60 patients with 120 chromosomes were studied, searching for the most common mutations causing β-thalassemia. Among the twelve identified mutations, the six most frequent mutations represented 79.16% of all β-globin defects. These mutations were IVSII-1 (30.83%), IVSI-110 (15.83%), Codon 5 (10.83%), Codon 44 (8.33%), IVSI-1 (6.67%), and IVSI-5 (6.67%). The detection rate of the method used in our population was 96.66%.

CONCLUSION:

The most frequent mutations encountered were IVSII.1 and IVSI-110, while IVS 2.745 was the least common mutant allele. Reverse hybridization strip assay molecular techniques used in the current study provide an extremely quick, precise, and simple to carry out molecular diagnostic technique for the detection of β-thalassemia mutations.
Comparing the Push–Pull Technique to Pressure Bag for Administration of Blood Products: A Prospective Nonblinded Observation Simulation-based Study (CoPP toP Study)
Authors: Grossberg Aaron Jacob , Fowl Daniel A. , Merritt Brian T. , Nackley George M. , Polit-Moran Jude A. , Savona Chelsea L. , Galwankar Sagar C.
Published: November 2024

Introduction:

Shock is defined as inadequate delivery of oxygen to meet the tissue’s demands. There are four main types of shock: cardiogenic, obstructive, distributive, and hypovolemic. Hypovolemic shock causes include hemorrhage, dehydration, and burns. Blood loss results in inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells resulting in tissue death if not reversed. Rapid infusers allow for the rapid administration of blood and crystalloid products to patients in shock; however, many community emergency departments do not have these devices. The aim of our study is to determine the fastest way to administer blood when the viscosity of the fluid is taken into consideration in a simulated setting.

Methods:

Volunteers were assigned to one of two arms: either the push–pull technique or pressure bag technique. The push–pull technique involved using a 50 cc syringe connected to a 3-way stop-cock to withdraw and infuse the fluid. The pressure bag technique involved pumping a pressure bag up to the maximum to infuse the fluids. The speed of infusing 250 mL of intravenous fluids was recorded. The time for the subjects to collect the materials throughout the emergency department was also recorded.

Results:

A total of three trials were conducted. On average, the push–pull technique took 228 s and the pressure bag technique took 340 s. The push–pull technique took an average of 112 s less than the pressure bag technique. Subjects took 62 s to find the materials for the pressure bag technique. It took 133 s to find the material for the push–pull technique.

Conclusion:

This prospective nonblinded observation simulation-based study demonstrated that the push–pull technique was significantly faster than the pressure bag technique.
Take Two: Second Systolic Blood Pressure Provides Prognostic Information in Trauma
Authors: Kim Esther J. , Winston Marquis , Muller Alison L. , Martin Anthony P. , Butts Christopher A. , Reilly Eugene F. , Geng Thomas A. , Sigal Adam P. , Ong Adrian W.
Published: November 2024

Introduction:

An initial systolic blood pressure (SBP1) of <110 mmHg has been shown to predict mortality. However, SBP1 may not reflect hemodynamic changes during initial resuscitation. We aimed to determine if the second recorded blood pressure (SBP2) could provide additional prognostic value.

Methods:

An 8-year retrospective chart review was performed including patients who underwent trauma activations at a single institution. The initial systolic blood pressure (SBP 1) and second systolic blood pressure (SBP 2) were analyzed. Difference between the first and second systolic blood pressure (ΔSBP) was defined as SBP2 − SBP1. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality, and the secondary outcome was receipt of ≥2 units of blood in the first 4 h of admission. Univariable analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to assess the relationship of SBP2 and ΔSBP with the study outcomes. Regression model fit was assessed by the likelihood ratio test and Akaike information criterion.

Results:

Eight thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight patients were included with 12% and 13% presenting with SBP1 <110 mmHg and SBP2 <110 mmHg, respectively. Four hundred and six (5%) died and 327 (4%) received ≥2 units of blood in the first 4 h. The addition of ΔSBP to regression models improved model fit in explaining the primary and secondary outcomes. Subgroup analysis found that the addition of ΔSBP improved model fit for those with penetrating mechanism of injury and those with Injury Severity Score of ≥9, but not for those with blunt moderate or severe traumatic brain injury.

Conclusion:

SBP2 offers additional prognostic value in predicting trauma outcomes. Incorporating subsequent hemodynamic data during resuscitation beyond the initial SBP in trauma databases should be considered.
LAS RELACIONES PASADO-PRESENTE EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA HISTORIA
Authors: Muñoz Reyes Enrique
Published: November 2024

¿Qué sentido y utilidad tiene la enseñanza de la Historia en la educación secundaria considerando las relaciones entre el pasado y el presente (RPP)? Para responder a esta pregunta se analizaron las representaciones sociales de estudiantes de 4° año. Se investigó desde un enfoque cualitativo, aplicándose cuestionarios a una muestra de estudiantes. Los datos se analizaron desde la teoría fundamentada, estableciéndose cuatro tipologías acerca de las RPP: enciclopédica, maestra de vida, comparativa y comprensiva. Los temas que los estudiantes señalan para establecer RPP son: crisis económicas, temas políticos, guerras, sociedad, derechos humanos y tecnología. Este estudio se completará posteriormente con observaciones de clases y entrevistas a los profesores, para averiguar si establecen relaciones entre el pasado y el presente, y cómo lo hacen. Esto permitirá extraer elementos para la educación de la temporalidad.
Reseña Bibliográfica
Authors: Aceituno Silva David
Published: November 2024

Reseña Bibliográfica
Reseñas trabajos de titulación instituto de historia año 2013
Authors: Cuevas Contreras Aylen
Published: November 2024

Reseñas trabajos de titulación instituto de historia año 2013
Presentación del Monográfico
Authors: Vásquez Leyton Gabriela
Published: November 2024

ANDAMIO. REVISTA DE DIDÁCTICA DE LA HISTORIALa Didáctica de la Historia: Aportes, Desafíos y Proyecciones.
TEACHING FOR HISTORICAL THINKING
Authors: C. Barton Keith
Published: November 2024

TEACHING FOR HISTORICAL THINKING
PROFESORES Y ALUMNOS DE HISTORIA EN ESPAÑA ANTE EL DESAFÍO DE LA VIDA EN DEMOCRACIA
Authors: Conejo Carrasco Francisco , Martínez Rodríguez Rosendo , Sánchez Agustí María
Published: November 2024

Las diversas concepciones que los individuos poseen sobre la vida en democracia y el concepto de ciudadanía tienen una especial influencia en la convivencia social. Los nuevos retos del siglo XXI, como la multiculturalidad o la participación activa en la vida pública desde un prisma de progreso democrático, nos tienen que hacer reflexionar sobre cómo se está realizando el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de estos conceptos en las aulas españolas, especialmente en la materia deciencias sociales, tradicionalmente encargada de educar en estas cuestiones. El estudio aquí expuesto trata de arrojar una pequeña luz sobre lo que los profesores de Historia en España, así como sus alumnos, piensan sobre la formación ciudadana y la democracia.
Reseña bibliográfica
Authors: Squadritto Garea Javiera
Published: November 2024

RESEÑAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
DESAFÍOS DE LA FORMACIÓN CÍVICA Y ÉTICA EN ESCUELAS SECUNDARIAS DE MÉXICO. ¿QUÉ OPINAN LOS DOCENTES?
Authors: CHÁVEZ ROMO MARÍA CONCEPCIÓN
Published: November 2024

La asignatura Formación cívica y ética es el espacio curri- cular de orden nacional que tiene como finalidad contribuir a la cons- trucción de ciudadanía en las escuelas de educación básica de México. En esta contribución se expone un conjunto de dificultades que apare- cen cotidianamente en el desarrollo de la asignatura.
Se profundiza en algunos desafíos señalados por quienes imparten la materia en escuelas del nivel de educación secundaria. Se destaca la perspectiva de los docentes porque son los responsables de concre- tar las propuestas curriculares y a partir de sus narraciones es posi- ble lograr un acercamiento a las condiciones específicas en las que se desarrollan los procesos educativos dirigidos a una amplia población de niños, niñas y adolescentes, las cuales no necesariamente guardan relación con asuntos de tipo didáctico.
Los docentes prestan mayor atención a los problemas del entorno so- ciocultural y económico en el que se desarrollan los adolescentes, así como a diversos aspectos de la organización y gestión escolar. También se refieren a la relación con las autoridades educativas en situaciones específicas. Para los maestros todo lo extraescolar influye, principal- mente, de modo negativo en el proceso formativo de los alumnos. Los resultados corresponden a un estudio más amplio desarrollado con docentes de los estados de Quintana Roo y Guerrero (Chávez, 2015).
CONVOCATORIA
Authors: Andamio Equipo
Published: November 2024

El Instituto de Historia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso tiene el agrado de convocar a investigadores en Didáctica de la Historia, a profesores de Historia en for-mación, principiantes y en ejercicio a participar en Andamio. Revista de Didáctica de la Historia, publicación gestionada por área de Didáctica del Instituto de Historia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.
WHY DO WE TEACH HISTORY? 40 YEARS OF HISTORY
Authors: Dawson Ian
Published: November 2024

WHY DO WE TEACH HISTORY? 40 YEARS OF HISTORY
LA INJERENCIA DE EE.UU. EN LATINOAMÉRICA EN LA ENSEÑANZA-APRENDIZAJE DE LA HISTORIA EN ESPAÑA
Authors: Pousa Castelo Manuel
Published: November 2024

El artículo parte de una tesis doctoral en torno a la ense-ñanza-aprendizaje del imperialismo para analizar la presentación de la injerencia estadounidense en América Latina en los libros de texto españoles y la posición de los alumnos de la misma nacionalidad con respecto a esta cuestión. Los resultados indican que la historia contemporánea de Latinoamérica se presenta de forma desorganizada, minimizando el control de la potencia septentrional, rehuyendo la problematización y la explicación de conceptos fundamentales como el de intervención. Se abordan especíﬁcamente los casos mexicano, cubano y chileno, el concepto de intervencionismo y la Doctrina Mon-roe. Finalmente, se hacen una series de propuestas didácticas.
ENSEÑAR Y APRENDER EL TIEMPO HISTÓRICO. UNA ASIGNATURA PENDIENTE
Authors: Llusà Serra Joan
Published: November 2024

En el presente artículo se pone de relieve la necesidad de enseñar y de aprender el tiempo histórico de forma sistemática, tanto en Primaria como en Secundaria, para hacer posible una historia escolar realmente comprensiva, útil y funcional a nuestros jóvenes. Una historia que les capacite para interpretar su mundo y para participar en él como agentes activos de transformación social. Un adecuado aprendizaje de los distintos conceptos temporales favorece no sólo un mayor éxito en la comprensión de los contenidos históricos desarrollados, sino también permite poner las bases para la formación del pensamiento histórico, para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico y, en deﬁnitiva, para la formación de la conciencia histórica de nuestro alumnado. Por ello, en este artículo, por un lado, se expone la necesidad de desarrollar en todos los niveles educativos los distintos conceptos temporales y, por otro lado, se presentan ejemplos concretos para su enseñanza en el aula.
ÉTICA DE PUBLICACIÓN Y DECLARACIÓN SOBRE NEGLIGENCIA
Authors: Andamio Equipo
Published: November 2024

Andamio, se dedica a la publicación de artículos bajo los más altos estándares de calidad y ética. Mantenemos estos estándares de comportamiento ético en todas las etapas de publicación y con todos los miembros de nuestra revista, entre ellos: el autor, la editora de la revista, el revisor y la editorial. El plagio o cualquier otro comportamiento no ético está estrictamente prohibido.
Presentación
Authors: Andamio Equipo
Published: November 2024

Presentación de la revista.
PATRIMONIO, PAISAJE CULTURAL Y ENSEÑANZA DE LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES EN LA ARAUCANÍA, CHILE
Authors: Montanares Vargas Elizabeth , Gonzales Marilicán Matías , Huaico Malhue Ana
Published: November 2024

Los conceptos de paisaje y patrimonio cultural concentran hoy el interés de la Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales, pues permiten abordar problemáticas geográficas, históricas y ambientales. Sobre la relación entre ambos conceptos, hay evidencia de que el conocimiento y la divulgación del paisaje como patrimonio, promueve la conciencia ciudadana, y es fuente de conocimiento en constante transformación. También esta vinculación es la oportunidad que entrega el patrimonio de traspasar su valor al paisaje, así lugares considerados comunes podrían constituirse en vías significativas para el cuidado y comprensión del paisaje en su real dimensión. Lo anterior cobra un significado especial en territorios que poseen un fuerte acento intercultural, como es el de la Araucanía, región en la que gran parte de la población es mapuche, con una interpretación del entorno vinculada a su cosmovisión, eje desde el cual el paisaje cultural forma parte, constituyéndose también en fuente de graves desavenencias sociales.
Es así como desde la formación inicial es necesario desarrollar modelos de enseñanza del paisaje como patrimonio, especialmente en la región de la Araucanía, para aportar a una enseñanza escolar contextualizada y democrática. Por esto, el objetivo de este trabajo es discutir acerca de la utilidad de incluir en la Formación Inicial del Profesorado el estudio del paisaje cultural desde la mirada patrimonial, a modo de mejorar y fortalecer la formación de los futuros Profesores en la región. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, consistente en sistematizar teóricamente artículos referidos a la temática lo cual permitió concluir que es necesa-rio reconsiderar la enseñanza del paisaje desde la mirada patrimonial, incluir en los cursos asociados al área de la geografía y de la didáctica experiencias pedagógicas dirigidas a desarrollar en los estudiantes de pedagogía la inquietud por profundizar en la relación entre ambos conceptos, y por último buscar la forma de traspasar este interés a profesores en ejercicio.
CONVOCATORIA REVISTA ANDAMIO
Authors: Andamio Equipo
Published: November 2024

El Instituto de Historia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso tiene el agrado de convocar a profesores e investigadores en Didáctica de la Historia, así como a profesores de Historia en formación, principian-tes, mentores y en ejercicio, a participar en Andamio. Revista de Didác-tica de la Historia, publicación gestionada por el área de Didáctica del Instituto de Historia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso.
PROYECTO DE INNOVACIÓN DOCENTE, FOTOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA CONTEMPORÁNEA: ENTRE LA EDUCACIÓN PATRIMONIAL Y LA FORMACIÓN DE PROFESORES
Authors: Contreras Pérez Francisco , Díaz Zamorano M. Asunción , Saldaña Fernández José
Published: November 2024

La imagen fotográfica juega un papel de primer orden en la transmisión, conservación y visualización de las formas de vida y la cultura contemporáneas, ya sean en el ámbito públi-co como en el privado. No en vano, la fotografía y las técnicas derivadas de ella son uno de los rasgos que define la sociedad contemporánea desde mediados del siglo XIX, hasta llegar a lo que se denomina la cultura de masas y la sociedad de la imagen.
Un modelo para investigar sobre la enseñanza de problemas socialmente vivos desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar.
Authors: Admin Admin , Jara Miguel Ángel , Parra Erwin Saúl , Hirtz Mariela Isabel Susana
Published: November 2024

La enseñanza de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanas (CSyH) requiere serrepensada frente a los cambios de esta época, caracterizada por una complejidadcreciente que pone en evidencia la necesidad de atender a los problemassocialmente vivos (PSV). Investigamos sobre la enseñanza y el aprendizajede las CSyH desde una perspectiva y enfoque interdisciplinar de los PSV [1],atendiendo a las experiencias del profesorado, los cambios curriculares enlas escuelas secundarias de las provincias de Rio Negro y de Neuquén a partirde la implementación de un modelo que articula investigación, formación yextensión situada (IFES). En este trabajo compartimos resultados y reflexionesen cuanto al proceso metodológico que nos permite conocer ¿De quémanera se piensan e incorporan en la enseñanza los PSV? ¿Qué perspectivassubyacen en las prácticas de enseñanza y las nuevas propuestas curricularesen la región de la norpatagonia? ¿Por qué la interdisciplinariedad se presentacomo oportuna para el tratamiento de los PSV en la enseñanza de las CSyH?
Some Fock spaces with depth two action
Authors: Anshelevich Michael , Mashburn Jacob
Published: November 2024

The subject of this article is operators represented on a Fock space which act only on the two leading components of the tensor. We unify the constructions from [Ans07, BL09, BL11, LS08] and extend a number of results from these articles to our more general setting. The results include the quadratic relation satisfied by the kernel of the free cumulant generating function, the resolvent form of the generating function for the Wick polynomials, and classification results for the case when the vacuum state on the operator algebra is tracial. We handle the generating functions in infinitely many variables by considering their matrix-valued versions.
Continuity of the stabilizer map and irreducible extensions
Authors: Le Boudec Adrien , Tsankov Todor
Published: November 2024

Let

G

be a locally compact group. For every

G

-flow

X

, one can consider the stabilizer map

x \mapsto G_{x}

, from

X

to the space

\mathrm{Sub}(G)

of closed subgroups of

G

. This map is not continuous in general. We prove that if one passes from

X

to the universal irreducible extension of

X

, the stabilizer map becomes continuous. This result provides, in particular, a common generalization of a theorem of Frolík (that the set of fixed points of a homeomorphism of an extremally disconnected compact space is open) and a theorem of Veech (that the action of a locally compact group on its greatest ambit is free). It also allows to naturally associate to every

G

-flow

X

a stabilizer

G

-flow

\mathrm{S}_{G}(X)

in the space

\mathrm{Sub}(G)

, which generalizes the notion of stabilizer uniformly recurrent subgroup associated to a minimal

G

-flow introduced by Glasner and Weiss.
On singular foliations tangent to a given hypersurface
Authors: Francis Michael D.
Published: November 2024

We consider a class of singular foliations in the sense of Androulidakis and Skandalis that we call transverse order

k

foliations. These have a finite number of leaves: one hypersurface (the singular leaf) together with the components of its complement (open leaves). The positive integer parameter

k

encodes the “order of tangency” of the leafwise vector fields to

L

. We show that a loop in the singular leaf induces a well-defined holonomy transformation at the level of

(k-1)

-jets. The resulting holonomy invariant can be used to give a complete classification of these foliations and obtain concrete descriptions of their associated groupoids and algebras.
Формфакторы локальных операторов в обобщенном алгебраическом анзаце Бете
Authors: Kulkarni Giridhar , Slavnov Nikita Andreevich
Published: November 2024

В рамках обобщенного алгебраического анзаца Бете рассматривается спиновая цепочка $XYZ$. Исследуются формфакторы локальных операторов, соответствующие синглетным состояниям в пределе свободных фермионов. Получены явные представления для этих формфакторов.
Phase Detection Relevance in Engine Torque Determined by Instantaneous Engine Speed
Authors: Ely Nathan , Iddum Vivek , Ghantasala Muralidhar , Meyer Richard T.
Published: November 2024

Accurate flywheel torque estimation in combustion engines can be used for monitoring engine performance, creating the potential for lowering emissions and fuel costs. Recently a method was proposed to determine the mean flywheel torque from instantaneous engine speed using the n-th order Fourier series, where n is the number of cylinders firing per crank revolution. However, instantaneous engine speed is affected by two separate torque contributions. The torque resulting from reciprocating masses in the engine, i.e., reciprocating torque, and the torque produced by combustion pressure, i.e., gas torque. Gas torque and reciprocating torque signals have the same frequency but are in opposite phases. Since the resultant torque at the flywheel is the sum of gas and reciprocating torques, there is a need to remove reciprocating torque from the total torque at the flywheel. This requires knowing whether gas or reciprocating torque has a larger amplitude. Here, a method is proposed to determine whether gas or reciprocating torque has a larger amplitude via the phase of engine speed; this method is a step towards a practically implementable virtual torque sensor. This methodology of torque estimation is evaluated through on-road testing on a truck powered by a Cummins ISX12G compressed natural gas engine at engine speeds of 1000-2100 RPM and at different transmission gear ratios and throttle conditions. The proposed algorithm demonstrated a mean absolute percentage error of 13.2%.
The Prediction of Performance and Emissions for Synthetic Machine Handling Cycles Utilising a Powertrain Empirical Digital Twin
Authors: Roberts Phil , Bates Luke , Whelan Steve , Maroni Claudio , Leo Elisabetta , Pezzola Marco Ezio , Child Steven
Published: November 2024

A digital twin is a digital representation of a real physical system, product, or process that functions as its practically identical digital counterpart for tasks such as testing, integration, monitoring, and maintenance. Creating digital twins allows the ‘digital system’ or ‘digital product’ to be tested at faster-than-real-time which improves overall program efficiency and shortens the programme duration.

The HORIBA Intelligent Lab virtual engineering toolset was used to generate an Empirical Digital Twin (EDT) of a contemporary off-highway diesel Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) from physical testing, accounting for the effects of altitude and combustion air temperature. The EDT was subsequently used to predict engine performance and emissions for several synthetic off-highway machine cycles at sea-level and 3000m altitude. The synthetic agricultural cycles which included ploughing, seeding, spraying, fertilising, and roading were generated using a machine simulation programme created by Soluzioni Ingegneria and IPG Automotive. This combined physical testing and simulation approach to off-highway machine development and calibration is expected to support Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) with In Service Monitoring (ISM) within the Stage V emissions period and supplement powertrain development for future emissions standards.

The off-highway simulations were conducted using semi-empirical Magic Formula (MF) tyre models which accounted for the tyre-soil elastoplastic working relationship. These models incorporated the coefficients of longitudinal traction and forward resistance on plastic soil and were developed from ASAE standards and extensive field testing with instrumented vehicles. This new off-highway simulation platform developed by Soluzioni Ingegneria and IPG Automotive allows the generation of complex off-highway scenarios which can be used to estimate loading of machine components such as hydraulics, pneumatics, and accessories and right-sizing of powertrains for given machine applications.
Fuel Design Concept to Improve Both Combustion Stability and Antiknocking Property Focusing on Ethane
Authors: Kuwahara Kazunari , Shimizu Taisei , Okada Atsuki
Published: November 2024

For realizing a super-leanburn SI engine with a very-high compression ratio, it is necessary to design a new fuel which could have low ignitability at a low temperature for antiknocking, but high ignitability at a high temperature for some contribution to stable combustion. C2H6 has a very-long ignition delay time at a low temperature, close to that of CH4, but a short ignition delay time at a high temperature, close to that of gasoline. C2H6 also has a laminar burning velocity about 1.2 times higher than that of gasoline. C2H6 addition to gasoline could be a good example of fuel design to improve both combustion stability and antiknocking property. In the present study, the antiknocking effect of adding CH4, C2H6, or C3H8 with the RON of 120, 115, or 112, respectively, to a regular-gasoline surrogate fuel with the RON of 90.8 has been investigated in an SI engine with a stoichiometric mixture. With the energy fraction of the gaseous fuel of less than 0.35, knocking limit CA50 is advanced further in the order of C2H6 addition > C3H8 addition > CH4 addition, which is conflict with the order of RON of CH4 > C2H6 > C3H8. The effect is dependent on not the RON of the gaseous fuel, but the rate of OH consumption by the gaseous fuel. The effect of adding each gaseous fuel to a premium-gasoline surrogate fuel with the RON of 100.2 has been also investigated. The effect is not dependent on the cool-flame reactions of the liquid fuel.
Effects of Fuel Distillation Characteristics on the Performance of Catalyst-Heating Operation in a Medium-Duty Off-Road Diesel Engine
Authors: Lee Sanguk , Lopez Pintor Dario , Cho Seokwon , Busch Stephen
Published: November 2024

Catalyst heating operation in compression-ignition engines is critical to ensure rapid light-off of exhaust catalysts during cold-start. This is typically achieved by using late post injections for increased exhaust enthalpy, which retardability is constrained by acceptable CO and unburned hydrocarbons emissions, since they are directly emitted through the tailpipe due to the inactivity of the oxidation catalyst at these conditions. Post-injection retardability has shown to be affected by the cetane number of the fuel, but it is unclear how other fuel properties affect the ability to retard the combustion. This study aims to understand the impact of the distillation characteristics of the fuel on the performance of catalyst heating operation and on post-injection retardability.

In this study, experiments are performed in a single-cylinder medium-duty diesel engine fueled with three full boiling-range diesel fuels with different distillation curves using a five-injection strategy (two pilot, one main, two post) optimized for catalyst heating operation. The two post-injections are block-shifted to more retarded timings for three different first-post to second-post fuel split ratios and at a constant engine load. Decreasing the volatility of the fuel leads to higher exhaust enthalpy values and lower CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. The increase in exhaust enthalpy is caused by an additional fuel requirement to compensate for higher heat losses caused by higher flame-wall interactions with the less volatile fuels. The decrease in CO and unburned hydrocarbon emissions is caused by lower formation of overly-lean regions that do not burn properly using with the less volatile fuels. Thus, low volatility fuels improve the retardability of post injections. Chemical kinetic simulations are performed to better understand autoignition reactivity differences between fuels, concluding that fuel effects are more important for the pilot injections due to the low in-cylinder temperature and high in-cylinder pressure at the time of injection.
Parametric Study of Methanol Combustion Assisted by Glow Plug in a Low-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Liu Xinlei , Sim Jaeheon , Raman Vallinayagam , Viollet Yoann , AlRamadan Abdullah S. , Cenker Emre , Im Hong G.
Published: November 2024

This work numerically investigated the feasibility of methanol compression ignition combustion for light-duty diesel engine applications by using a glow plug (GP) to promote ignition. A comprehensive parametric study was conducted to assess the combustion characteristics depending on the GP position, the relative angle between the GP and injector, and other initial conditions. Optimal design parameters were identified. It was demonstrated that GP can enable successful ignition and combustion of methanol at the operating conditions under study. Among the many parameters considered, the relative angle between the GP and injector was found to be one of the most critical parameters in controlling the ignition and complete combustion. Increasing intake temperature promoted combustion speed and engine performance, but excessively high intake temperatures led to higher wall heat transfer loss and lower ITE. An appropriate level of the pilot injection mass was found to increase ITE, with the minimum loss of combustion efficiency attained at a pilot mass fraction of 10%. Increasing the intake pressure further improved the engine performance, primarily owing to the reduced wall heat transfer loss. In contrast, the combustion was not significantly affected by the change in injection pressure, although slightly higher ITE was obtained at the lower injection pressure. It is expected that higher thermal efficiency is achievable with further optimization of design parameters.
Study of H
2
and NH
3
Mixtures in a Gasoline-Fueled Engine
Authors: Yavuz Mustafa , Wu Mengda , Cova-Bonillo Alexis , Brinklow George , Herreros Jose , Tsolakis Athanasios
Published: November 2024

The combustion of hydrogen (H2) as a fuel is attractive due to its zero-carbon nature and combustion-enhancing properties when used to supplement other fuels. However, the challenge of using H2 as a fuel for transportation applications is the difficulty of onboard storage. One solution to this is to crack onboard stored ammonia (NH3) into H2 which can be supplied to the combustion chamber. However, the reforming process is not always 100 % efficient which can lead to the presence of NH3 in the combustion process. The presence of NH3 can influence engine performance, combustion and emissions. Therefore, this experimental study reports the differences in engine performance between H2 and NH3 reformate mixtures (H2/NH3/N2) added to gasoline in a dual-fuel engine setup under both stoichiometric (λ=1.0) and lean-burn (λ>1.0) operating conditions in a spark ignition (SI) engine. In this study, gasoline was used as the main fuel, with the H2 and NH3 reformate blends studied having energy substitution ratios ranging from 0% to 23%. The results showed that the use of H2 and NH3/H2/N2 mixtures reduced carbon-based emissions. However, there was an increase in nitrogen-based emissions compared to gasoline with increased H2 and NH3 content.
Comparison of Different Injector Nozzles for the Utilization of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers
Authors: Riess Sebastian , Fuchs Thorsten , Strauß Lukas , Günthner Michael , Wensing Michael
Published: November 2024

Oxygenated substances are a promising approach in the field of alternative fuels. A current example of such a fuel are Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers (OME). With their physical and chemical properties, alternative fuels like OME pose new challenges for diesel engine injection systems. As the heating value is low compared to conventional Diesel fuel, measures must be taken to increase the amount of fuel injected. Possible solutions include increasing the nozzle hole diameter, the injection pressure, and the number of nozzle holes. All mentioned adaptions have an influence on the mixture formation and make it necessary to examine the injection process in detail also with regard to phenomena such as cavitation. In this study, three passenger car Diesel injector nozzles are compared, two of which are adapted in terms of nozzle hole diameter (increase by 20%) and number of nozzle holes (increase from 8 to 12) in order to increase the mass flow rate of fuel to the required elevated level. The injectors are examined under various operating conditions using the optical measurement methods of Mie scattering and Schlieren photography in a constantly purged high-temperature and -pressure injection chamber. Mixture formation is analyzed on basis of the measurement results for different fuels and blends. Results show that adaptions such as increasing the nozzle hole diameter or the number of nozzle holes are unavoidable, as increasing the injection pressure alone cannot realistically compensate for the lower calorific value of OME. In addition, strong cavitation can be observed without adjustments to the nozzle holes. With the adapted nozzles, increasing the nozzle hole diameter leads to an increase in the local fuel/air ratio, while increasing the number of nozzle holes leads to a decrease.
Reproducing Internal Injector Deposits Found in Heavy-Duty Vehicles with a Novel Injector Rig
Authors: Pach Mayte , Hittig Henrik , Theveny Arnaud , Kusar Henrik , Hruby Sarah
Published: November 2024

In recent years, deposit formation in fuel systems for heavy-duty engines, using drop-in fuels, have become increasingly common. Drop-in fuels are particularly appealing because they are compatible with existing engines, allowing for higher proportions of alternative fuels to be blended with conventional fuels. However, the precipitation of insoluble substances from drop-in fuels can result in fuel filter clogging and the formation of internal injector deposits, leading to higher fuel consumption and issues with engine drivability. The precise reasons behind the formation of these deposits in the fuel system remain unclear, with factors such as operating conditions, fuel quality, and fuel contamination all suggested as potential contributors.

In order to reproduce and study the formation of internal injector deposits, for heavy-duty engines under controlled conditions and to facilitate a more precise comparison to field trials, a novel injector test rig has been developed. This newly constructed, non-firing rig includes the main components of heavy-duty vehicle engines and uses an electric motor to simulate the revolutions per minute of an engine. A tailored run cycle has been developed to enable the continuous monitoring of injector performance during the deposit formation process, as well as to meticulously mimic the actual operations of a real engine.

The deposits formed on injectors during the rig tests were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pyrolysis connected to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (Py GC-MS).

This work presents the outcome of the analysis of injector deposits using the test rig, and compares these findings with deposits gathered from field operations. The deposits obtained from the injector test rig were found to be similar in terms of deposit location, composition, and microstructure, with both sets of deposits containing metal carboxylates and derivatives of engine oil additives. These similarities demonstrate that the test rig effectively reproduces the formation of injector deposits observed in real-world conditions.
In-Cylinder Sampling Analysis of Soot Precursors during Bio-Derived Lactone Combustion in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine
Authors: Han Yanlin , Hellier Paul , Wu Jincheng , Ladommatos Nicos
Published: November 2024

The development of new fuels for internal combustion engines (ICE) requires further technical support by understanding the pollutant formation mechanism in various phases of combustion so that emissions can be minimised. This research will therefore utilize a bespoke in-cylinder sampling system to analyse the precursors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Particulate Matter (PM) during bio-derived lactone combustion in a single-cylinder diesel engine. The sampling system was composed of a poppet-type in-cylinder sampling valve that displaced one of the engine’s intake valves and protruded into the combustion chamber beyond the flame quenching layer, and a Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) that analysed the samples. The sampling valve was electromagnetically actuated, and its operation was referenced to the engine crank shaft encoder allowing the valve to open at any crank angle degree (CAD) within a timing resolution of 0.2 CAD. Lactones are oxygenated carbon ring molecules that can be generated from a diverse range of feedstocks. Initial experiments found that some lactones exhibited similar ignition and combustion characteristics compared to fossil diesel, suggesting that these fuels could displace a proportion of fossil fuel usage. During the lactone combustion, the sampling valve was first opened at Top Dead Center (TDC) to investigate intermediate species arising from lactone decomposition during ignition delay and the start of combustion, while the subsequent samples were taken at 20 CAD and 40 CAD after TDC. Intermediate species including C1-C6 molecules such as ethylene, acetylene, acetaldehyde, ethanol, 1,3 butadiene, and benzene were observed in high levels in the samples. The chemical types and the relative abundance of them during the progress of combustion provided insights into the lactone decomposition pathway and the PAH formation mechanism in diesel engine combustion.
Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter Performance from Fresh to Full Useful Life
Authors: Craig Angus , Warkins Jason , Beattie James , Nipunage Sanket , Moser David , Day Ryan , Banker Vonda
Published: November 2024

The gasoline particulate filter (GPF) represents a durable solution for particulate emissions control in light-duty gasoline-fueled vehicles. It is also seen as a viable technology in North America to meet the upcoming US EPA tailpipe emission regulation, the proposed “Multipollutant Rule for Model Year 2027”.

The goal of this study was to track the evolution of tailpipe particulate emissions of a modern GTDI light duty vehicle under typical North American mileage accumulation; from a fresh state to 4000-mile, and finally to its full useful life of 150,000-miles. For this purpose, a production TWC + GPF after-treatment system was installed in place of the T3B85 TWC-only system. Chassis dyno emissions testing was performed at the pre-determined mileage points with on-road driving conducted for the necessary mileage accumulation.

This report will show the outstanding filtration durability and enhanced particulate control and of the current GPF technology all the way to 150,000 miles for the typical North American application. The report will also demonstrate that a coated CC2 GPF solution is an acceptable substitution for a flow through TWC catalyst for gaseous emissions performance, using an older 1st generation GPF washcoat technology without system optimization efforts. Noting that the investigation is an extension of previously reported results from the GPF performance from 0 to 4000-miles which characterized the early life evolution of tailpipe particulate emissions, specifically mass (PM) and number (PN).
Exploring the Exotic Realm: A Multidisciplinary Comparison of Axial Flux Machines and Their Alluring Powertrain Alternatives
Authors: Wipfler Felix , Yildirim Metin , Negrila Andrei-Radu , Gerling Dieter , Bruell Martin , Sabzewari Kiarash
Published: November 2024

This paper evaluates electric machine and reducer specifications along-side vehicle dynamics and drivability for an axial flux machine (AFM). The baseline is a conventional central drive unit with a single electric machine, reducer, and differential. It compares powertrain architectures with two in-wheel AFMs (IWD) and one AFM mounted perpendicular to the chassis against the E-Axle design. The study starts by determining wheel-level traction force and power requirements for a mid-sized vehicle, then derives necessary machine and reducer specifications. It also considers packaging and efficiency constraints. The E-Axle uses a single-stage planetary gearbox, while the perpendicular AFM connects to a bevel gear reducer, and the IWD requires no reducer. These architectures are analysed in a vehicle dynamics simulation with six degrees of freedom, suspension, tire, and road models. Efficiency is assessed using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Besides acceleration and top speed, the study examines torque vectoring and cornering for the IWD powertrain. The paper highlights the benefits and drawbacks of advanced powertrain solutions, including gyroscopic effects and unsprung masses, and evaluates passenger comfort, drivability, and cornering performance. Packaging, component needs, and overall efficiency are also considered. The perpendicular AFM powertrain shows high efficiency and good packaging but at a high cost compared to the E-Axle. Overall, the research provides insights into the advantages and challenges of each powertrain solution.
Efficiency Improvement in a 48-Volt Mild Hybrid Vehicle Using Rankine Cycle Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Kraljevic Ivica , Spicher Ulrich
Published: November 2024

The automotive industry faces significant obstacles in its efforts to improve fuel economy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Current conventional automotive powertrain systems are approaching their technical limits and will not be able to meet future carbon dioxide emission targets as defined by the tank-to-wheel benchmark test. As automakers transition to low-carbon transportation solutions through electrification, there are significant challenges in managing energy and improving overall vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world driving scenarios. While electrification offers a promising path to low-carbon transportation, it also presents significant challenges in terms of energy management and vehicle efficiency, particularly in real-world scenarios. Battery electric vehicles have a favorable tank-to-wheel balance but are constrained by limited range due to the low battery energy density inherent in their technology. This limitation has led to the development of hybrid electric powertrains, which combine an efficient internal combustion engine with a battery electric powertrain.

This paper presents the findings of a simulation study which examines the efficiency of a compact mild hybrid electric vehicle enhanced by a Rankine cycle unit. The unit employs an advanced bottoming Rankine cycle with a steam accumulator to recover exhaust heat from the internal combustion engine in a mild hybrid electric vehicle, thereby reintroducing the recovered energy into its electrical system. This potential was evaluated in a state-of-the-art Euro-6 reference vehicle with a mild hybrid powertrain to ascertain its feasibility in meeting the future European carbon dioxide and vehicle efficiency targets in the cost-sensitive C-segment mass vehicle sector. The resulting mild hybrid vehicle achieved an average vehicle efficiency of 40.84 % and a carbon dioxide figure of 93.1 g CO2/km in the Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle. This result demonstrates that the vehicle under investigation could exceed the European target average vehicle cycle efficiency.