bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles
Authors: Nieland Esther , Voss Jona , Schmidt Bernd M.
Published: August 2023

The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine‐like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self‐assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid‐state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal‐organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
Comparative Study between 2‐Furonitrile and 2‐Cyanopyridine as Dehydrants in Direct Synthesis of Dialkyl Carbonates from CO2 and Alcohols over Cerium Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Sun Wen , Li Peilang , Yabushita Mizuho , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Wang Yuqi , Nakayama Akira , Tomishige Keiichi
Published: August 2023

The shift of equilibrium by removing water with nitrile dehydrants is crucial for CeO2‐catalyzed synthesis of dialkyl carbonates from CO2 and alcohols. Two nitriles – 2‐cyanopyridine and 2‐furonitrile – were previously found as effective dehydrants, yet their detailed comparison as well as exploration of potential of 2‐furonitrile remain insufficient. Herein, the performance of 2‐cyanopyridine and 2‐furonitrile was compared in the synthesis of various dialkyl carbonates. 2‐furonitrile was found to be superior to 2‐cyanopyridine in the synthesis of dialkyl carbonates from CO2 and bulky or long‐chain (≥C3) alcohols. Namely, the yield of diisopropyl carbonate (up to 50 %) achieved using CeO2 and 2‐furonitrile is comparable to or even higher than previously reported ones. Meanwhile, 2‐cyanopyridine acted as a better dehydrant than 2‐furonitrile in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate. The adsorption experiments and density functional theory calculations have indicated that the better performance of 2‐furonitrile compared to 2‐cyanopyridine in the synthesis of dialkyl carbonates from bulky or long‐chain alcohols is due to the weaker interaction of 2‐furonitrile with the CeO2 surface. Such weak interaction of 2‐furonitrile offers a larger reaction field on the catalyst surface for both CO2 and alcohols.
A unique cytotoxic CD4+ T cell‐signature defines critical COVID‐19
Authors: Baird Sarah , Ashley Caroline L , Marsh‐Wakefield Felix , Alca Sibel , Ashhurst Thomas M , Ferguson Angela L , Lukeman Hannah , Counoupas Claudio , Post Jeffrey J , Konecny Pamela , Bartlett Adam , Martinello Marianne , Bull Rowena A , Lloyd Andrew , Grey Alice , Hutchings Owen , Palendira Umaimainthan , Britton Warwick J , Steain Megan , Triccas James A
Published: August 2023

Objectives

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection causes a spectrum of clinical disease presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to fatal. While neutralising antibody (NAb) responses correlate with protection against symptomatic and severe infection, the contribution of the T‐cell response to disease resolution or progression is still unclear. As newly emerging variants of concern have the capacity to partially escape NAb responses, defining the contribution of individual T‐cell subsets to disease outcome is imperative to inform the development of next‐generation COVID‐19 vaccines.

Methods

Immunophenotyping of T‐cell responses in unvaccinated individuals was performed, representing the full spectrum of COVID‐19 clinical presentation. Computational and manual analyses were used to identify T‐cell populations associated with distinct disease states.

Results

Critical SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was characterised by an increase in activated and cytotoxic CD4+ lymphocytes (CTL). These CD4+ CTLs were largely absent in asymptomatic to severe disease states. In contrast, non‐critical COVID‐19 was associated with high frequencies of naïve T cells and lack of activation marker expression.

Conclusion

Highly activated and cytotoxic CD4+ T‐cell responses may contribute to cell‐mediated host tissue damage and progression of COVID‐19. Induction of these potentially detrimental T‐cell responses should be considered when developing and implementing effective COVID‐19 control strategies.
A case of endoscopic full‐thickness resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the submucosal tunnel
Authors: Shiwaku Hironari , Okada Hiroki , Shiwaku Akio , Kusaba Hiroshi , Maki Kenji , Shimaoka Hideki , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Yamada Teppei , Yoshimura Fumihiro , Hasegawa Suguru
Published: August 2023

The patient was a 49‐year‐old female with a submucosal tumor (12×12 mm) located in the lesser curvature side of the stomach. The diagnosis by endoscopic ultrasound fine‐needle aspiration was of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound showed gastrointestinal stromal tumor with an intra‐luminal growth type. Endoscopic full‐thickness resection was then performed. To achieve good counter traction, enough safety margin, and minimal defect of muscle, full‐thickness resection via creating a submucosal tunnel was performed as a new technique. The final histological diagnosis was gastrointestinal stromal tumor with R0 resection.
Neural dependency in wound healing and regeneration
Authors: Noble Alexandra , Qubrosi Rozana , Cariba Solsa , Favaro Kayla , Payne Samantha L.
Published: August 2023

In response to injury, humans and many other mammals form a fibrous scar that lacks the structure and function of the original tissue, whereas other vertebrate species can spontaneously regenerate damaged tissues and structures. Peripheral nerves have been identified as essential mediators of wound healing and regeneration in both mammalian and nonmammalian systems, interacting with the milieu of cells and biochemical signals present in the post‐injury microenvironment. This review examines the diverse functions of peripheral nerves in tissue repair and regeneration, specifically during the processes of wound healing, blastema formation, and organ repair. We compare available evidence in mammalian and nonmammalian models, identifying critical nerve‐mediated mechanisms for regeneration and providing future perspectives toward integrating these mechanisms into a therapeutic framework to promote regeneration.
Moving toward targeted eating disorder care for transgender, non‐binary, and gender expansive patients in the United States
Authors: Goetz Teddy G. , Wolk Courtney Benjamin
Published: August 2023

Objective

Literature suggests that transgender, non‐binary, and/or gender expansive (TNG) people are more likely than cisgender peers to experience eating disorders (EDs) and engage in dangerous weight control behaviors. TNG individuals with EDs are dramatically higher risk for self‐harm behaviors, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviors than cisgender peers with EDs or TNG peers without EDs, and often engage in ED symptoms/behaviors to alleviate gender dysphoria. Yet, no treatment paradigms have yet been adapted for TNG‐specific ED care. This qualitative study aims to identify stakeholder needs from such care to inform future clinical interventions.

Methods

We elicited patient (n = 12) and mental health clinician (n = 9) stakeholder needs and preferences regarding TNG‐specific ED care. Semi‐structured interview guides informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and a behavioral insights framework, EAST, were developed to ensure uniform inclusion and sequencing of topics and allow for valid comparison across interviews. Using a rapid analysis procedure, we produced a descriptive analysis for each group identifying challenges of and opportunities in providing ED care for TNG adults.

Results

Stakeholders expressed needs and preferences for TNG‐specific treatment including that it be: (1) TNG‐affirming, weight‐inclusive, trauma‐informed, and anti‐racist; (2) delivered by an interdisciplinary team, including gender‐affirming care clinicians; (3) focused on parsing gender dysphoria from other body image concerns, building distress tolerance, and working toward gender euphoria (rather than body acceptance).

Discussion

Future work is needed exploring ED care delivery models that integrate gender‐affirming care services with mental health care. Such models may improve TNG access to ED treatment and recovery.

Public Significance

Transgender, non‐binary, and/or gender expansive (TNG) experience disproportionately high rates of eating disorders and have unique barriers to accessing care. In individual interviews, TNG adults with eating disorders and mental health clinicians who provide psychotherapy for eating disorders voiced desire for greater availability of TNG‐affirming, weight‐inclusive eating disorder care, integrated with other gender‐affirming care services. This informs future research developing eating disorder care for TNG individuals.
Multicomponent and Metal‐Free Diels–Alder/Aromatization Approach to the Stereospecific Synthesis of E‐(Hetero)Stilbenes and Diarylacetylenes
Authors: Ballarotto Marco , Cerra Bruno , Temperini Andrea
Published: August 2023

Herein, we present a novel and metal‐free approach to the stereospecific synthesis of E‐stilbenes. Starting from substituted 6‐arylhexa‐3,5‐dien‐2‐ones, a multicomponent enolacetylation/intermolecular Diels–Alder reaction was performed using ethyl acetate as a green solvent. The obtained cycloadducts were then oxidized without purification to produce the stilbenic products in good yields up to 67 % and with complete (E)‐stereospecificity and regioselectivity. Moreover, heterostilbenes were synthetized using this approach, displaying the potential applications of this protocol in pharmaceutical and material sciences. The proposed methodology was further extended to the synthesis of diarylacetylenes, furnishing a new metal‐free synthetic access to this important class of compounds. Furthermore, DFT calculations were performed confirming a concerted [4+2] reaction mechanism of the key ring‐forming step. At last, the energetic analysis of the possible transition states helps to shed some light on the experimentally observed total regio‐ and chemoselectivity.
Model-Assisted Interpretation of 4,4′-Methylene Dianiline Adsorption on Soils at Micromolar Concentrations
Authors: Plehiers Patrick M. , Ward Lauren , West Robert J. , Boegi Christian
Published: August 2023

Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were determined for 4,4′-methylene dianiline (MDA) on five diverse soils at nominal concentrations of 0.01–1.0 mg L−1 (nominal soil loading 0.1–40 μg gs−1). The data were used to model the adsorption process based on the two-step mechanism that is characteristic of the adsorption of aromatic amines, consisting of a physical equilibrium between the aqueous phase and the soil organic matter and a chemical reaction between the adsorbed MDA and reactive sites in the soil organic matter. Generic parameters were determined that enabled application of the model to other soils, which was checked against previously published data for MDA adsorption. At the low concentrations evaluated, the adsorption process took place almost exclusively in the organic matter without the need to account for a separate ion exchange process with the soil mineral fraction. Physical adsorption was found to be mainly dependent on the protonation state of MDA and increased with decreasing pH of the soils. Because of the chemical reaction taking place, adsorption equilibrium constants (organic–carbon partition coefficient [KOC]) normalized to the organic carbon content in the soil gradually increased with time; and it was demonstrated that, at steady-state conditions, values of log KOC > 3.5 can be expected for most any soil at conservatively estimated potential environmental MDA concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2580–2588. © 2023 SETAC
Statistical methods to detect mother–father genetic interaction effects on risk of infertility: A genome‐wide approach
Authors: Skodvin Siri N. , Gjessing Håkon K. , Jugessur Astanand , Romanowska Julia , Page Christian M. , Corfield Elizabeth C. , Lee Yunsung , Håberg Siri E. , Gjerdevik Miriam
Published: August 2023

Infertility is a heterogeneous phenotype, and for many couples, the causes of fertility problems remain unknown. One understudied hypothesis is that allelic interactions between the genotypes of the two parents may influence the risk of infertility. Our aim was, therefore, to investigate how allelic interactions can be modeled using parental genotype data linked to 15,789 pregnancies selected from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. The newborns in 1304 of these pregnancies were conceived using assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and the remainder were conceived naturally. Treating the use of ART as a proxy for infertility, different parameterizations were implemented in a genome‐wide screen for interaction effects between maternal and paternal alleles at the same locus. Some of the models were more similar in the way they were parameterized, and some produced similar results when implemented on a genome‐wide scale. The results showed near‐significant interaction effects in genes relevant to the phenotype under study, such as Dynein axonemal heavy chain 17 (DNAH17) with a recognized role in male infertility. More generally, the interaction models presented here are readily adaptable to the study of other phenotypes in which maternal and paternal allelic interactions are likely to be involved.
Intraoperative three‐dimensional scanning of head and neck surgical defects: Enhanced communication and documentation of harvested supplemental margins
Authors: Yun Jun , Su Vivian , Kapustin Danielle , Rubin Samuel J. , Brandwein‐Weber Margaret , Khan Mohemmed N. , Chai Raymond , Doyle Scott , Karasick Michael , Urken Mark L.
Published: August 2023

Background

We have demonstrated the effectiveness of 3D resection specimen scanning for communicating margin results. We now address the corresponding surgical defect by debuting 3D defect models, which allow for accurate annotations of harvested supplemental margins.

Methods

Surgical defects were rendered into 3D models, which were annotated to document the precise location of harvested supplemental margins. 3D defect scans were also compared with routine 2D photography and were analyzed for quality, clarity, and the time required to complete the scan.

Results

Forty defects were scanned from procedures including segmental mandibulectomy, maxillectomy, and laryngopharyngectomy. Average duration of defect scan was 6 min, 45 s. In six of ten 2D photographs, the surgeon was unable to precisely annotate the extent of at least one supplemental margin.

Conclusion

3D defect scanning offers advantages in that this technique enables documentation of the precise location and breadth of supplemental margins harvested to address margins at‐risk.
The interaction of global small vessel disease burden and Alzheimer's disease pathologies do not change the independent association of amyloid‐beta with hippocampal volume: A longitudinal study on mild cognitive impairment subjects
Authors: Yu Mengying , Feng Lufei , Zhao Xuemiao , Huang Qun , Xia Nengzhi , Xia Huwei , Wen Caiyun , Wang Meihao , Zhu Zili , Yang Yunjun ,   For the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the co‐existence of global small vessel disease (SVD) burdens and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies change hippocampal volume (HV) and cognitive function of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects. We obtained MRI images, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (Aβ1‐42 and p‐tau), and neuropsychological tests of 310 MCI subjects from ADNI. The global SVD score was assessed. We used linear regression and linear mixing effect to analyze the effects of global SVD burdens, AD pathologies, and their interactions (SVD*AD) on baseline and longitudinal HV and cognition respectively. We used simple mediation effect to analyze the influencing pathways. After adjusting for global SVD and SVD*AD, Aβ remained independently correlated with baseline and longitudinal HV (std β = 0.294, p = .007; std β = 0.292, p < .001), indicating that global SVD did not affect the correlation between Aβ and HV. Global SVD score was correlated with longitudinal but not baseline HV (std β = 0.470, p = .050), suggesting that global SVD may be more representative of long‐term permanent impairment. Global SVD, AD pathologies, and SVD*AD were independently correlated with baseline and longitudinal cognitions, in which the association of Aβ (B = 0.005, 95% CI: 0.005; 0.024) and p‐tau (B = −0.002, 95% CI: −0.004; −0.000) with cognition were mediated by HV, suggesting that HV is more likely to explain the progression caused by AD pathology than SVD. The co‐existence of global SVD and AD pathologies did not affect the individual association of Aβ on HV; HV played a more important role in the influence of AD pathology on cognition than in SVD.
TFRC in cardiomyocytes promotes macrophage infiltration and activation during the process of heart failure through regulating Ccl2 expression mediated by hypoxia inducible factor‐1α
Authors: Pan Yanyun , Yang Jinxiu , Dai Jin , Xu Xiaoming , Zhou Xinbin , Mao Wei
Published: August 2023

Background

Cardiac hypertrophy is an initiating link to Heart failure (HF) which still seriously endangers human health. Transferrin receptor (TFRC), which promotes iron uptake through the transferrin cycle, is essential for cardiac function. However, whether TFRC is involved in the process of pathological cardiac hypertrophy is not clear.

Methods

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse model and mice primary cardiomyocytes treated with isoproterenol (ISO) or phenylephrine (PHE) were used to mimic cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Single cell RNA sequence data from heart tissues of TAC‐model mice was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and was analyzed with R package Seurat. TFRC expression and macrophage infiltration in the heart tissue were tested by immunofluorescent staining. Macrophage polarization was detected by Flow Cytometry. TFRC expressions were detected by qRT‐PCR, Western blot, and ELISA.

Results

TFRC expression is increased in the pathological cardiac hypertrophy of mice model and positively associated with macrophage infiltration. Furthermore, TFRC in cardiomyocytes recruits and activates macrophages by secreting C‐C motif ligand 2 (Ccl2) in the mice heart tissue with TAC surgery or in the primary cardiomyocytes stimulated with ISO or PHE to induce myocardial hypertrophy in vitro. Moreover, we find that TFRC promotes Ccl2 expression in cardiomyocytes via regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In addition, we find that increased TFRC expression in the HF tissue is regulated by hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α).

Conclusion

This in‐depth study shows that TFRC in cardiomyocytes promotes HF development through inducing macrophage infiltration and activation via the STAT3‐Ccl2 signaling, and TFRC expression in cardiomyocytes is regulated by HIF‐1α during HF. This study first uncovers the role of TFRC in cardiomyocytes on macrophage infiltration and activation during HF.
Targetoid‐like lesions and chilblain‐like erythema manifested on hands and feet: A case of Rowell syndrome from China
Authors: Li Yanqiao , Cheng Shi , Ying Chuanpeng , Li Ling , Wang Guangxing , Chen Xuejun
Published: August 2023

Background: Rowell syndrome (RS) is an uncommon condition characterized by erythema multiforme (EM)‐like lesions and lupus erythematosus. It is more common in females, and EM may be the first manifestation of the disease with positive autoantibodies, such as antinuclear antibody (ANA), SSA, SSB and rheumatoid factor. The pathogenesis of RS is unknown and is likely caused by drug induction, ultraviolet exposure and infection. Method: We describe a case of RS from China which presented as characteristic targetoid‐like lesions and chilblain‐like erythema on hands and feet. This is a case of RS in a female patient from the inpatient department of dermatology. Results: A 41‐year‐old female with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibited chilblain‐like erythema and characteristic EM lesions on her extremities. She tested positive for serum ANA (1:320) and anti‐double‐stranded DNA, as well as other autoantibodies. Systemic glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine worked effectively for her. Conclusion: The present case met diagnostic criteria of RS. Notably, there was a co‑occurrence of facial butterfly erythema, chilblain‐like erythema and EM lesions distributed on the limbs in this case.
Arbidol: The current demand, strategies, and antiviral mechanisms
Authors: Kang Yue , Shi Yin , Xu Silu
Published: August 2023

Background

High morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection have made it become one of the most lethal diseases threatening public health; the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against virus strains exacerbates the problem.

Methods

Two independent researchers searched relevant studies using Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE databases from its inception to December 2022.

Results

Based on the different antiviral mechanisms, current antiviral strategies can be mainly classified into virus‐targeting approaches such as neuraminidase inhibitors, matrix protein 2 ion channel inhibitors, polymerase acidic protein inhibitors and other host‐targeting antivirals. However, highly viral gene mutation has underscored the necessity of novel antiviral drug development. Arbidol (ARB) is a Russian‐made indole‐derivative small molecule licensed in Russia and China for the prevention and treatment of influenza and other respiratory viral infections. ARB also has inhibitory effects on many other viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Coxsackie virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Hantaan virus, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis B and C viruses. ARB is a promising drug which can not only exert activity against virus at different steps of virus replication cycle, but also directly target on hosts before infection to prevent virus invasion.

Conclusion

ARB is a broad‐spectrum antiviral drug that inhibits several viruses in vivo and in vitro, with high safety profile and low resistance; the antiviral mechanisms of ARB deserve to be further explored and more high‐quality clinical studies are required to establish the efficacy and safety of ARB.
Why do Open Government Data initiatives fail in developing countries? A root cause analysis of the most prevalent barriers and problems
Authors: Alexopoulos Charalampos , Saxena Stuti , Janssen Marijn , Rizun Nina , Lnenicka Martin , Matheus Ricardo
Published: August 2023

Open government data (OGD) include the provision of government data, which have so far been reserved for the provision of public utilities and services, wherein different stakeholders may create value out of the same source. Recently, OGD initiatives around the world have dampened or were found to be inadequate for one or other reasons. The present study seeks to underline the root causes behind these inadequate or stalled initiatives with a specific focus on the developing countries. This article undertakes a literature review of the most significant studies in this area, followed by a root cause analysis wherein the database across Scopus and Web of Science has been explored with the set inclusion and exclusion criteria being set in line with the research focusing on the hinderances and bottlenecks behind the failure of OGD initiatives (n ~ 15), thus not only summarizing what has been revealed in previous studies but also identifying these “root‐cause” relationships, which are responsible for the stalled OGD projects. A deep understanding of the literature on OGD shows that research of OGD barriers repeat each other. The results show that the main root causes include politico‐administrative, social, technological, legal and organizational (inter‐ and intra) dimensions including aspects like state of the economy, infrastructural issues, the tendency to copy the OGD initiative without need to institutionalize the same, and so forth. Whereas a number of studies are available covering the barriers in the roll‐out and implementation of OGD initiatives, the root causes behind the existence of these barriers have not been identified so far‐the present study seeks to plug this gap. Besides being a contribution to the extant OGD literature in general, the study seeks to leave academic and practical implications for furthering up deliberations and discussions on the OGD themes with specific impetus upon the cause analysis of the failure in OGD initiatives and the manner in which the same may be corrected or preempted.
Active disturbance rejection control: an application to continuous microalgae photobioreactors
Authors: Sangregorio‐Soto Viyils , Mazzanti Gianfranco , Cortés‐Romero John A. , Garzón‐Castro Claudia L.
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Mathematical modelling is a widely employed approach for investigating the growth behaviour of microalgae. As a result, the development of model‐based controllers to regulate process variables has garnered increasing attention. However, despite the significant efforts invested in this area, control performance can be adversely affected by unmodelled dynamics and disturbances.

RESULTS

Two active disturbance rejection controllers (ADRC) were designed to enable robust tracking of biomass concentration in continuous microalgae photobioreactors, with reduced reliance on the mathematical model of the system. The controllers were tuned to achieve a nonovershoot response and minimize settling time based on the culture's characteristics. Simulations were performed using optimal setpoints specific to each model. The results showcased a maximum output signal deviation of ±2.2%, ±7.8% and ± 7.62% for the Dunaliella tertiolecta, Isochrysis affinis galbana and Chlorella vulgaris models, respectively, regardless of the presence of simulated disturbances.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study significantly contribute to the advancement of the field of sustainable microalgae production. By introducing less dependent model‐based controllers, this research enhances the feasibility of implementing robust control strategies. These controllers require only knowledge of the equation system's order and the control gain function, simplifying the design process. This approach effectively addresses control performance degradation arising from unmodelled dynamics and disturbances. The ability to maintain desired process variables through ADRC controllers not only ensures improved control performance, but also supports the cultivation of specific microalgal species, when an accurate model is not available, thus promoting the overall progress and viability of microalgae biomass production. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Exploring scenario‐based assessment of students' global engineering competency: Building evidence of validity of a China‐based situational judgment test
Authors: Davis Kirsten A. , Jesiek Brent K. , Knight David B.
Published: August 2023

Background

Engineers operate in an increasingly global environment, making it important that engineering students develop global engineering competency to prepare them for success in the workplace. To understand this learning, we need assessment approaches that go beyond traditional self‐report surveys. A previous study (Jesiek et al., Journal of Engineering Education 2020; 109(3):1–21) began this process by developing a situational judgment test (SJT) to assess global engineering competency based in the Chinese context and administering it to practicing engineers.

Purpose

We built on this previous study by administering the SJT to engineering students to explore what prior experiences related to their SJT performance and how their SJT performance compared with practicing engineers' performance on the SJT.

Method

Engineering students completed a survey including the SJT and related self‐report survey instruments. We collected data from three groups of students: those who had studied abroad in China; those who had studied abroad elsewhere; and those who had not studied abroad.

Results

We found that students' SJT performance did not relate to their scores on the self‐report instruments, but did relate to their participation in study abroad programs. The students also performed better on the SJT when compared to the practicing engineers.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the need to use multiple forms of assessment for global engineering competence. Although building evidence for the validity of the Global Engineering Competency China SJT is an ongoing process, this data collection technique may provide new insights on global engineering competency compared to traditionally used assessments.
A decision support tool has similar high PrEP uptake and increases early PrEP persistence in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Celum Connie , Seidman Dominika , Travill Danielle , Dehlendorf Christine , Gumede Sanele , Zewdie Kidist , Wilson Whitney , Morton Jennifer F. , Baeten Jared M. , Donnell Deborah , Delany‐Moretlwe Sinead
Published: August 2023

Introduction

African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have high rates of HIV acquisition and are a priority population for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). PrEP implementation has been limited by AGYW's low perceived HIV risk and provider demands. A decision support tool (DST) with information about PrEP could improve clients’ risk perception, knowledge about PrEP, informed decision‐making and motivation to use PrEP based on their risk, facilitating PrEP delivery in primary healthcare (PHC) clinics.

Methods

We designed MyPrEP, a client‐facing DST about PrEP and HIV prevention, with youth‐friendly information and images. The impact of the MyPrEP tool was assessed among HIV‐negative women aged 18–25 years presenting to a PHC clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa from March 2019 to 2020. AGYW were randomized by day to the DST or a general health website as the control condition. A clinician blinded to DST versus control allocation provided standard of care counselling about PrEP, offered PrEP, administered a questionnaire and conducted sexually transmitted infection testing. The primary outcome was PrEP initiation and the secondary outcome was PrEP persistence at 1 month, determined by pharmacy dispensation records.

Results

Of 386 AGYW screened, 353 were randomized (DSTn= 172, controln= 181) with a median age of 21 years (interquartile range [IQR] 20, 23) and 56% (199/353) attending the clinic for HIV testing, 46% (164/353) using contraception, 15% (53/353) using condoms consistently and 37% (108/353) with a curable sexually transmitted infection. PrEP was initiated by 97% in the DST group and 94% in the control group (OR 1.79; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.79–1.53), of whom two‐thirds planned to continue PrEP until they decided if they liked PrEP. At 1 month, PrEP persistence was 19% in the DST and 10% in the control group (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.08–3.69). Ninety‐nine percent randomized to the DST reported satisfaction with MyPrEP.

Conclusions

Among AGYW attending a South African PHC clinic, PrEP uptake was >90% with two‐fold higher PrEP persistence at 1 month in those randomized to use the MyPrEP DST. Given the need for strategies to support PrEP implementation and improve low PrEP persistence among African AGYW, a PrEP DST warrants further evaluation.
Clinical characteristics and factors for serious outcomes among outpatients infected with the Omicron subvariant BF.7
Authors: Yang Hui , Wang Zhaojian , Zhang Ying , Xu Man , Wang Yushu , Zhang Yi , Liu Xuefeng , An Zhuoling , Tong Zhaohui
Published: August 2023

To evaluate clinical characteristics and identify risk factors associated with severe outcomes in outpatients infected with the Omicron subvariant BF.7, data were collected from outpatients diagnosed with Corona Virus Disease 2019 from December 19, 2022 to January 5, 2023. Clinical characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with serious outcomes. Variables with a p < 0.10 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate model. Our study analyzed 770 patients, of whom 380 (49.4%) were male, with a median age of 59. The most common symptoms reported were cough (71.2%), fever (64.7%), and sore throat (37.7%). Fever lasted an average of 5.93 ± 3.37 days for the general population and 10.64 ± 7.12 days for impaired‐immunity patients. Most cases were mild (68.7%), followed by moderate (27.1%). Severe cases accounted for 2.2%, with 0.5% critically ill. Serious outcomes occurred in 4.2% of cases, with 11 deaths during follow‐up. Underlying‐diseases patients had a higher rate of serious outcomes. Factors associated with serious outcomes included receiving a three‐dose vaccination (odds ratio [OR] = 0.324, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.113–0.932, p = 0.037), male gender (OR = 2.890, 95% CI: 1.107–7.548, p = 0.030), age (OR = 1.060, 95% CI: 1.024–1.097, p = 0.001), and chest tightness or dyspnea at the time of visit (OR = 4.861, 95% CI: 2.054–11.507, p < 0.001). Our study found that cough, fever, and sore throat were the most common symptoms reported by patients. Receiving a three‐dose vaccination was protective, while male gender, age, and chest tightness or dyspnea were identified as risk factors for serious outcomes.
Co‐delivery of a trimeric spike DNA and protein vaccine with aluminum hydroxide enhanced Th1‐dominant humoral and cellular immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Liao Hung‐Chun , Huang Min‐Syuan , Chiu Fang‐Feng , Chai Kit Man , Liao Ching‐Len , Wu Suh‐Chin , Chen Hsin‐Wei , Liu Shih‐Jen
Published: August 2023

Protein subunit vaccines have been used as prophylactic vaccines for a long time. The well‐established properties of these vaccines make them the first choice for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak. However, it is not easy to develop a protein vaccine that induces cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and requires a longer time for manufacturing, which limits the usage of this vaccine type. Here, we report the combination of a recombinant spike (S)‐trimer protein with a DNA vaccine‐encoded S protein as a novel COVID‐19 vaccine. The recombinant S protein was formulated with different adjuvants and mixed with the DNA plasmid before injection. We found that the recombinant S protein formulated with the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide and mixed with the DNA plasmid could enhance antigen‐specific antibody titers, neutralizing antibody titers. We further evaluated the IgG2a/IgG1 isotype and cytokine profiles of the specific boosted T‐cell response, which indicated that the combined vaccine induced a T‐helper 1 cell‐biased immune response. Immunized hamsters were challenged with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and the body weight of the hamsters that received the recombinant S protein with aluminum hydroxide and/or the DNA plasmid was not reduced. Alternatively, those that received control or only the DNA plasmid immunization were reduced. Interestingly, after the third day of the viral load in the lungs, the viral challenge could not be detected in hamsters immunized with the recombinant S protein in aluminum hydroxide mixed with DNA (tissue culture infectious dose < 10). The viral load in the lungs was 109, 106, and 107 for the phosphate‐buffered saline, protein in aluminum hydroxide, and DNA‐only immunizations, respectively. These results indicated that antiviral mechanisms neutralizing antibodies play important roles. Furthermore, we found that the combination of protein and DNA vaccination could induce relatively strong CD8+ T‐cell responses. In summary, the protein subunit vaccine combined with a DNA vaccine could induce strong CD8+ T‐cell responses to increase antiviral immunity for disease control.
Validation of Luminex immunological and competitive Luminex immunological assays for clinical immunogenicity assessment of a 14‐valent recombinant human papillomavirus vaccine
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Meng Dan , Li Hong , Li Xuefeng , Li Jing , Hu Ping , Zhao Lu , Wang Rui , Zhao Chaonan , Luo Chunxia , Gu Weihua , Gai Wenlin , Wang Yang , Xie Liangzhi
Published: August 2023

A novel virus‐like particle (VLP)‐based multivalent recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was developed and evaluated in human, including 14 HPV‐type specific VLP antigens (HPV6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59). The pseudovirus‐based neutralizing assay (PBNA) method is widely used for immunogenicity assessment of HPV vaccine in clinical trials. However, as many as 14 antigen‐specific antibody levels need be determined, PBNA is, for many reasons, challenging and time‐consuming. In this study, we developed a Luminex immunological assay (LIA) and a competitive Luminex immunological assay (cLIA). These methods increase the throughput, reproducibility and precision, as well as reduce the complexity. All assay parameters showed good characteristics in the validation of both methods, benefiting from highly purified and structurally correct VLPs, high specific antibodies, standard VLP‐microspheres and PE‐mAbs conjugating process, adequate assay development and stable system. Validation data support the use of both methods for immunogenicity assessment in clinical trials. LIA showed higher sensitivity than cLIA, and due to limited epitopes of mAb, cLIA detected lower antibody responses, and therefore, fewer antibodies. This work not only supports clinical trials of 14‐valent HPV vaccines more efficiently and reliably, but also provides a set of validation strategies and usable standards for general vaccine immunogenicity testing.
Identification of HPV oncogene and host cell differentiation associated cellular heterogeneity in cervical cancer via single‐cell transcriptomic analysis
Authors: Li Yingjie , Wang Cankun , Ma Anjun , Rani Abdul Qawee , Luo Mingjue , Li Jenny , Liu Xuefeng , Ma Qin
Published: August 2023

Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with around 5%–10% of human cancer, notably nearly 99% of cervical cancer. The mechanisms HPV interacts with stratified epithelium (differentiated layers) during the viral life cycle, and oncogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we used single‐cell transcriptome analysis to study viral gene and host cell differentiation‐associated heterogeneity of HPV‐positive cervical cancer tissue. We examined the HPV16 genes—E1, E6, and E7, and found they expressed differently across nine epithelial clusters. We found that three epithelial clusters had the highest proportion of HPV‐positive cells (33.6%, 37.5%, and 32.4%, respectively), while two exhibited the lowest proportions (7.21% and 5.63%, respectively). Notably, the cluster with the most HPV‐positive cells deviated significantly from normal epithelial layer markers, exhibiting functional heterogeneity and altered epithelial structuring, indicating that significant molecular heterogeneity existed in cancer tissues and that these cells exhibited unique/different gene signatures compared with normal epithelial cells. These HPV‐positive cells, compared to HPV‐negative, showed different gene expressions related to the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. Further, the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 appeared to modify epithelial function via distinct pathways, thus contributing to cervical cancer progression. We investigated the HPV and host transcripts from a novel viewpoint focusing on layer heterogeneity. Our results indicated varied HPV expression across epithelial clusters and epithelial heterogeneity associated with viral oncogenes, contributing biological insights to this critical field of study.
Beyond the brink: STEM women and resourceful sensemaking after burnout
Authors: Lee Margaret Y. W. , Riach Kathleen
Published: August 2023

This paper attends to the burnout recovery experiences of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and qualitatively explores how these individuals renegotiate, reorient, and recalibrate their work trajectories after burnout; an ambiguous and shocking event that has been shown to cause lingering disruption for both individuals and organizations (Salvagioni et al., 2017). We bring together conservation of resources (COR) theory and a sensemaking approach, illustrating how attention to sensemaking reveals the dynamics of resource allocation during times of disruption and loss; that is, the relational negotiation of protecting, investing, and fostering resources, including and importantly to burnout, a recognizable sense of recovery. Our rich qualitative analysis and findings reveal three sensemaking plotlines (Combative, Regenerative, and Promissory) through which rituals of resource management take place. Insights from this study provide a theoretical exposition for the post‐burnout experience, illuminating the black box between burnout and recovery. We present a number of theoretical and practical contributions in developing the scholarly vistas surrounding (post‐)burnout studies and STEM careers that better conceptualize (i) how marginalized members in highly instituted settings experience the aftermath of burnout and (ii) the broader implications this has for the sustainability of workforces.
Eligibility for elective surgery in patients recovering from mild COVID‐19: A propensity‐matched analysis
Authors: Zhang Fuzhen , Di Lichao , Jiang Sufang , Wang Shizhao , Tian Meng‐wu , Liang Zhi , Wu Wenhao , Li Yongxin , Zhang Jiaqi , Huang Lining
Published: August 2023

Objective

To study the timing of surgery after a recent Omicron variant infection, to provide a reference for policymakers, clinicians, and patients.

Methods

This single‐center propensity‐matched analysis was designed and reported according to the EQUATOR‐STROBE guidelines. Patients recovering from COVID‐19 infection were divided into three groups based on the period from disappearance of respiratory symptoms to surgery: ≤7 days, 8–14 days, and >14 days groups. Outcome measures included postoperative respiratory complications, vascular thrombosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and mortality.

Results

Between August 1 and December 31, 2022, 9023 surgical procedures were performed, of which 7490 surgeries met the inclusion criteria. Propensity matching resulted in a final cohort of 227 patients recovered from COVID‐19 and 2043 SARS‐CoV‐2 negative patients. Compared with the SARS‐CoV‐2 negative group, the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications was significantly higher (15.91% vs. 6.71%, p = 0.028) only in the ≤7 days group. There were no statistically significant differences in the other 30‐day outcomes between the SARS‐CoV‐2 negative and the three COVID‐19 recovery groups.

Conclusions

Patients who have recovered from mild COVID‐19 may be eligible for elective surgery at least 7 days after recovery, since they do not have an increased risk of postoperative complications or mortality within 30 days.
Mirror‐Coupled Plasmonic Bound States in the Continuum for Tunable Perfect Absorption
Authors: Wang Juan , Weber Thomas , Aigner Andreas , Maier Stefan A. , Tittl Andreas
Published: August 2023

Tailoring critical light‐matter coupling is a fundamental challenge of nanophotonics, impacting fields from higher harmonic generation and energy conversion to surface‐enhanced spectroscopy. Plasmonic perfect absorbers (PAs), where resonant antennas couple to their mirror images in adjacent metal films, excel at obtaining different coupling regimes by tuning the antenna‐film gap size. However, practical PA applications require constant gap size, making it impossible to maintain critical coupling beyond singular wavelengths. Here, a new approach for plasmonic PAs is introduced by combining mirror‐coupled resonances with the unique loss engineering capabilities of plasmonic quasi‐bound states in the continuum. This novel combination allows to tailor the light–matter interaction within the under‐coupling, over‐coupling, and critical coupling regimes using flexible tuning knobs including asymmetry parameter, dielectric gap, and geometrical scaling factor. The study demonstrates a pixelated PA metasurface with optimal absorption over a broad range of mid‐infrared wavenumbers (950–2000 cm−1) using only a single gap size and applies it for multispectral surface‐enhanced molecular spectroscopy. Moreover, the asymmetry parameter enables convenient adjustment of the quality factor and resonance amplitude. This concept expands the capabilities and flexibility of traditional gap‐tuned PAs, opening new perspectives for miniaturized sensing platforms towards on‐chip and in situ detection.
Simultaneous Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s
Authors: Shah Shaffiq Zainal Osman , Trengove Anna , O'Connor Andrea J. , Quinn John F. , Kempe Kristian
Published: August 2023

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), comprised of two or more independent crosslinked networks in which the individual networks are interlaced, can be used to enhance material properties and increase functionality for applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biofabrication. IPNs can be formed by either simultaneous or sequential crosslinking, with sequential crosslinking being complicated by the need to infiltrate the constituents of the second network into the first network. Herein, the study reports the first simultaneous IPN based on the cationic ring‐opening polymerization (CROP) of 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline (MeOx) with bis(butyl‐2‐oxazoline) (BBOx) crosslinker and the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) with N,N`‐methylene bis(acrylamide) (BAM) crosslinker. Specifically, the compatibility of the synthesis techniques is demonstrated for the preparation of simultaneous IPNs, and it is shown that, by varying the amounts of the two crosslinkers and comparing to single‐component networks, the equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS) in water and compressive modulus can be tuned. The results reported demonstrate the utility of CROP and RAFT for preparing IPNs and suggest that with appropriate optimization the technique can be expanded to other monomer pairs which are polymerizable via CROP and RAFT.