bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exports, Returns to Scale, and Total Factor Productivity: The Case of Taiwanese Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Hwang Amy R.
Published: January 2004

The paper examines the relevance of international scale economies and international market efficiency of trade based on the firm‐level data of Taiwanese manufacturing industries. The author first constructs a simple analytical framework to measure the extent of scale economies and total factor productivity for each firm. The measurements of scale economies and total factor productivity are then used to investigate the relationships among exports, scale economies, and productivity. Significant external scale economies associated with exports and a strong positive relationship between the individual firm's productivity and its own export intensity are observed.
Regime Switches, Biased Expectations, and the Brazilian Inflationary Experience
Authors: Salomon Marcelo F.
Published: January 2004

The paper analyzes how an error in inflation expectations helped maintain high interest rates in the wake of the major stabilization plans launched in Brazil over the past 18 years. Newly implemented low‐inflation measures lacked credibility and forced agents to expect a higher inflation rate than the one effectively observed, creating a wedge between ex‐post and ex‐ante real interest rates. The results also indicate that past failures have helped undermined the credibility of new measures.
Coping With Social Capital? The Cultural Economy of Tourism in The North
Authors: Jóhannesson Gunnar Þór , Skaptadóttir Unnur Dís , Benediktsson Karl
Published: January 2004

This article engages critically with recent social theorising about local development, with illustrative examples from Icelandic peripheral settings. People in resource–based localities have attempted to cope with the transformations of late modernity in various ways. Such coping strategies consist of reflexive social practices which simultaneously produce and make use of social capital. A view of social capital as embedded in practice is advanced: instead of considering it as being a quantitatively measurable property of individuals, communities or even nations, we suggest a qualitative, interactionist approach. Seen in this way, the analytical concepts of coping and social capital are helpful for understanding current trends from resource–based towards cultural economies. Tourism is one such trajectory which has become particularly significant in Iceland. Examples of coping and social capital are provided in the article, obtained from the authors’ studies of tourist operators in two Icelandic localities.
Ecotourism Experiences in Visitors’ Books of a Greek Reserve: a Critical Discourse Analysis Perspective
Authors: Stamou Anastasia G. , Paraskevopoulos Stephanos
Published: January 2004

This article explores the way visitors to a Greek reserve experience the protected area through visitors’ books, namely, via the distribution of the tourism and environmentalist image of the reserve in their texts. Although it has been often claimed that the economic aspect of eco–tourism has overridden the environmentalist one, the problem has not been adequately addressed in terms of visitors, and has produced conflicting findings. This article sheds some light on the unexplored genre of visitors’ books and raises methodological issues by employing a Content Analysis framework from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. Although visitors’ books do not always represent a major source of feedback for site organisers, visitors’ representations of the reserve do emerge. Despite the equal distribution of the tourism and environmentalist images of the reserve, in quantitative terms, the former overrides the latter in qualitative terms. Finally, ecotourism experiences are found to be homogeneous within and across texts, while any differences observed are more due to the nature of social practice in which texts are generated than to the type of visitor.
Farming, Stress and Psychological Well–being: The Case of Norwegian Farm Spouses
Authors: Melberg Kjersti
Published: January 2004

This study examines the relationships among farm–related stress, social support and psychological health in Norwegian farm spouses. Unlike most families, farm families are characterised by the intertwining of work and family. It is here claimed that indicators representative of contemporary farm life influence experienced well–being, though in different ways for women and men. Farm husbands’ and farm wives’ exposure and vulnerability to stressors in work, family and social networks are investigated. Data analysis focuses on the impact of stress on his and her psychological well–being and the extent to which social support mitigates the effect of stress. While farm life is often described as gender biased, it is here found that farm couples’ psychological well–being is to a high degree influenced by the same stressors. One conclusion is that farm life is intertwined and that farm couples may be best characterized by symmetry in the relation between experienced stress and well–being.
Contingency Revealed: New Zealand Farmers' Experiences of Agricultural Restructuring
Authors: Johnsen Sarah
Published: January 2004

New Zealand farmers were affected in significant ways by agricultural restructuring during the mid 1980s. Government, farmers' union, academic and media discourses all describe the ensuing years as a period of financial hardship for farm families. Based on aggregate statistics, the majority of these discourses reflect and ‘naturalise’ the government's neo‐liberal stance, thus conveying an implicit assumption that farmers' experiences were determined by the economic efficiency of the farm enterprise. Drawing upon case study data and a holistic conceptual approach to the family farm, this paper contests such narratives, arguing that farm‐level experiences of agricultural restructuring during (and after) the rural downturn were contingent upon a much greater array of factors. These included: the characteristics of the farm enterprise, household and property; actors' individual attributes; and the local context's biophysical, economic and cultural fabrics. The paper concludes by arguing that a full appreciation of the contingency of farm‐level experiences requires an adequate recognition of the nexus of relations between the family farm, individual actor, and local context.
Bending Borders of Gendered Labour Division on Farms: the Case of Finland
Authors: Silvasti Tiina
Published: January 2004

The son as a successor is a strong cultural model (script). It is intertwined with the script of gendered division of labour. If there is a son in the family, daughters are usually brought up according to these two models of the traditional role of woman on farms. Since the management of the farm is ‘men's work’, daughters seldom obtain the skills needed to take over the farm. Even if the everyday life of farmers is organised through the traditional scripts, attitudes of farmers are changing. More often parents hand a farm down to the daughter. Successing women usually work as independent farmers. This means that women break away from the traditional script of gendered division of labour. Here the position of woman is studied by analysing two exceptional autobiographies. It is shown how these women construct their identities as farmers and, by doing so, reconstruct a peasant way of life. However, it is not necessarily enough for a daughter to take over the farm even if she is supported by her family: it is still possible that a female successor's life is more strongly determined by body than life politics.
The art of surveillance or reasonable prevention? The case of cervical screening
Authors: McKie Linda
Published: January 2004

In this article data are presented and analysed which identify and explore a white male working class discourse on cervical screening. This discourse was recounted by women who participated in nine discussion groups held as part of a project concerning the views of working class women on cervical screening.

The cervical screening service is often viewed as a valuable component of preventive health services and one which recognises the unique health needs of women. In fact it is now a major component of the GP contract with service provision linked to target payments. However cervical screening does pose a number of risks, not solely medical, for service users. In particular the results of this study demonstrate that the female body, in this case the cervix, is a site for state, professional and male surveillance and control, through a preventive service which many feel obligated to participate in.
‘A healthy lifestyle might be the death of you’: discourses on diet, cholesterol control and heart disease in the press and among the lay public
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Chapman Simon
Published: January 2004

In Australia and other western countries, research on the relationship between dietary intake and coronary heart disease has attracted wide news media coverage. One of the most recent issues to receive media attention is the role of cholesterol control in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. News reports on cholesterol and diet have vacillated confusingly from supporting health promotional orthodoxy in warning individuals to monitor carefully their intake of certain substances such as fats, salt and cholesterol, to questioning the validity of such dietary control. This paper presents the findings of a study investigating media coverage of and the responses of members of the lay public to recent diet and cholesterol control controversies.

Analysis found that while the participants commonly articulated concern about their diet, they also expressed a high degree of cynicism both in the news media's coverage and health promotional advice on diet and cholesterol control. Respondents drew upon discourses relating to the pleasurable nature of indulging oneself in eating, but also expressed moralistic discourses concerning the need to ‘work’ at being healthy, thus juggling the dialectic of health as control and health as release. The adage that ‘everything in moderation’ was the way to live one's life, regardless of official advice concerning dietary regulation, was commonly expressed as a strategy of coping with the confusions around diet.
Inequalities in health: the interaction of circumstances and health related behaviour
Authors: Kooiker Sjoerd , Christiansen Terkel
Published: January 2004

This paper derives its main hypothesis from results of the Health and Lifestyle Survey as reported in Blaxter's monograph Health and Lifestyles. In this book it is argued that in a favourable social environment a healthy lifestyle matters but in a unfavourable social environment a healthy lifestyle does not make much difference. This hypothesis is tested with data from health surveys from the Netherlands and Denmark. The Dutch data showed a highly significant relationship of unfavourable material and social circumstances with both poor health and an unhealthy lifestyle. In turn, an unhealthy lifestyle was also related to poor health. The Danish study showed similar, although generally weaker, associations. When the British findings would apply to Denmark and the Netherlands, we should find an interaction between material and social circumstances and health related behaviour in their association with health and illness. Neither the Dutch nor the Danish data showed an interaction of the type that the British study assumes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the reasons why the findings from the UK could not be replicated.
Adding insult to injury: homelessness and health service use
Authors: Shiner Michael
Published: January 2004

This qualitative study considers why homeless people in the least secure forms of accommodation make little use of the primary health care services provided by the National Health Service. Current approaches to this question have tended to develop in a sociological vacuum, unaffected by relevant developments in medical sociology and broader social theory. An approach informed by Alfred Schutz's phenomenology has been used in this article to develop a more theoretical account of homeless people's use of health services than has hitherto been offered. Running throughout this article is the claim that, amongst rough sleepers, there is a distinct culture which makes use of mainstream health services unlikely. Sleeping rough, it is argued transforms the way mainstream health services are seen and renders inappropriate the rules of thumb which govern health and illness behaviour in wider society. In developing these arguments, the view, presented in previous work, that homeless people do not value their health and are apathetic about seeking health care is rejected. Rough sleepers, it is suggested, will use health services if they feel these are provided in an accessible and sensitive way.
Elitism and professional control in a saturated market: immigrant physicians in Israel
Authors: Shuval Judith T.
Published: January 2004

Using Israel as a case study, Che paper considers the social mechanisms by means of which the medical profession seeks to maintain its boundaries and control in a social context characterised by the recent arrival of twelve thousand immigrant physicians from the former Soviet Union. This situation poses a threat to the veteran medical profession which is described as combining elitist and proletarian elements in an uneasy balance. In the past the principal mode of resolution with regard to this duality has taken the form of demonstrative assertions of the elitist component. With the large influx of immigrant doctors, three mechanisms geared to maintain control have been utilised: (1) the formal licensing examination for general practice; (2) full control of employment options in the health care system and (3) a widespread negative stereotype regarding the level of immigrant physicians' professional skills. The paper discusses these mechanisms and their implications for the profession.
Causality, responsibility and blame ‐ core issues in the cultural construction and subtext of prevention
Authors: Sachs Lisbeth
Published: January 2004

It is suggested that preventive thinking is founded in part on perceptions of causal connections, responsibility and blame. The perceived ability of health care and the individual to take active steps towards keeping the body healthy is incorporated in the preventive message. It would be wrong to suppose that these messages amount to a morally neutral description of an objective reality. Descriptions of causal relationships, be they by individual citizens or medical professionals, are inevitably selective, based on assessments and experience in daily life and clinical practice. Messages from preventive campaigns and information about health risks thus contain a hidden script, a culturally constructed subtext which is interpreted and dealt with by the actors involved. Explanations and interpretations of health risks among 40‐year‐old men going through a preventive programme of cholesterolemia in a farming region in Sweden is described. How these explanations and interpretations are communicated and constructed in the health care situation, and what implications they have in the every day life of these men, is discussed.
Behavioural and structural factors in the explanation of socio‐economic inequalities in health: an empirical analysis
Authors: Stronks Karien , van de Mheen H. Dike , Looman Casper W.N. , Mackenbach Johan P.
Published: January 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of ‘cultural/behavioural’ and ‘materialist/structuralist’ explanations for socio‐economic inequalities in health, and to examine the interrelationship between them. We used data from a survey among a sample of the population in the southeastern part of the Netherlands. When analysed separately, both behavioural and structural factors contributed substantially to observed inequalities in health. In a simultaneous analysis, both groups of factors had a substantial part of their contribution in common. We denned the overlap as an indirect contribution of structural conditions, through behaviour. If that overlap is ignored, this could lead to an overestimation of the behavioural explanation. In our analysis, the total (direct plus indirect) contribution of structural factors is larger than that of behavioural factors. However, because of, in particular, the cross‐sectional character of the data, these analyses must not be considered a final answer as to the question of the relative contribution of behavioural and structural factors. Instead, they are an illustration of the way their importance could be assessed, taking the effect of structural conditions on lifestyle into consideration.
Accounts of the NHS reforms: macro‐, meso‐ and micro‐ level perspectives
Authors: Mohan John
Published: January 2004

The purpose of this paper is to review the various strands of academic commentary on the origins of the reforms of the British NHS announced in Working for Patients and implemented from 1991. The intention is to point to the very different ways in which this major event was interpreted and to question some of the interpretations advanced of the reforms. Ranging the various perspectives along a continuum from macro‐level accounts (at the level of global or international trends) to micro‐level perspectives (which concentrate on developments internal to health care systems), the paper draws attention to the multifaceted character of the various explanations that have been advanced and argues that no one perspective can satisfactorily account for the reforms. A degree of ecleticism may therefore be involved in producing a comprehensive explanation, and the paper draws attention to some parallels between accounts written from rather different ideological perspectives.
What Happens during the School Day? Time Diaries from a National Sample of Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Roth Jodie L. , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Linver Miriam R. , Hofferth Sandra L.
Published: January 2004

The education literature contains many studies of what happens in schools and classrooms, but no documentation of what actually happens to children during an entire school day in a nationally-representative sample of students in the US. This study presents data collected from a nationally-representative sample of teachers of first through fifth graders (N = 553). Teachers completed a time diary, recording exact beginning and ending times for all the target student's school activities for a randomly selected day. We examined students’ total time in school and their activities while there. We found wide variation in the length of the school day based on the student and classroom characteristics. Students attending school for the longest day were significantly more likely to be White and have fewer special needs, and to have smaller classes with a larger percentage of White students and a smaller percentage of students of other races than students attending for less time daily. We grouped students’ activities at school into four categories that accounted for all but 9 minutes of the school day: academic, enrichment, recess, and maintenance activities. We found variations in how students spent their time based on student, family, and classroom characteristics. Teachers of African American students reported spending more time on academic subjects, and less time on enrichment and recess activities than teachers of white students. The same pattern emerged for teachers of more advantaged students, and classrooms with a larger percentage of White students. Results are discussed in terms of school reform efforts and inequality issues.
Testing the differential urbanisation model for Italy
Authors: Bonifazi Corrado , Heins Frank
Published: January 2004

The evolution of urban systems is playing a key role in the social and economic processes of developed societies. In Italy many stages of the urban transition are concentrated in the period following the Second World War. The contribution describes the evolution of the Italian urban system, considering different units of analysis and using data on population change as well as data on internal migration. The underlying notion is the concept of differential urbanisation formulated by Geyer and Kontuly. The process of urbanisation shows different patterns of evolution depending on the unit of analysis. Using the local labour market areas (LLMAs) the Italian urban system shows a clear pattern of population concentration from 1921 to 1971, and different stages of polarisation reversal in the following decades. The results show the importance of the underlying concepts in the analysis and interpretation of the urbanisation process.
Differential urbanisation model: the case of a developing country, India 1961–91
Authors: Mookherjee Debnath
Published: January 2004

The differential urbanisation model postulates that the urbanisation process occurs over a series of stages of concentration and deconcentration of population over space and time. For the first cycle of urban development, the model postulates six stages of population change within the broad spectrum of urbanisation, polarisation reversal, and counter–urbanisation. This paper, utilising population census data in urban size categories for the period of 1961–91, tests the differential urbanisation model in the context of a developing country, India. The analysis reveals that at the national level, India has moved from the large city stage of the concentration phase of urbanisation as observed during the earlier decades (1961–81) to the Early Intermediate stage of the deconcentration phase during the 1981–91 period. The analyses at the subnational levels show mixed patterns that include a gradual emergence of the smaller urban centres in relative importance. The paper notes that some growth patterns observed in India vary from the postulated phases in the model and suggests that intra–stage and inter–stage transitional phases should be examined in future cross–cultural studies for possible theoretical implications.
Testing the temporal characterisation of the differential urbanisation model in western Germany, 1939–2010
Authors: Kontuly Thomas , Dearden Brad
Published: January 2004

This paper tests the temporal characterisation of the differential urbanisation model in Western Germany. A time series of high–quality regional demographic data is available for the period 1939–2010; similar data are not available for Eastern Germany. The differential urbanisation model characterised regional population development tendencies as a sequence of evolutionary stages, for urban Western Germany as well as for the Rhine–Ruhr and the Rhine–Main–Neckar polycentric metropolitan regions. The progression from urbanisation to polarisation reversal and then to counter–urbanisation did not occur in lock step fashion, but was evident as a consistent tendency in a general direction. The model accommodated abrupt change by capturing the regional impacts of the Second World War and the reunification of Germany.
Differential urbanisation in Russia
Authors: Nefedova Tatyana , Treivish Andrei
Published: January 2004

Rapid yet delayed urbanisation close to that seen in the Third World, a history full of troubles, and a demographic condition that today has a Western look – such a combination makes the Russian case not an easy one for the differential urbanisation theory. Testing the latter for over 100 years by a period of time and population dynamic (with a sliding city class scale), the authors find that the all–Russian advances in the urbanisation stage were interrupted twice by the cataclysms of the century. After its third start, the stage lasted until the 1980s when signs of polarisation reversal were observed (this time in migration). The recent crisis was marked first by a steep turn to a premature counter–urbanisation, and then by a ‘swing back’. On ‘average’, the reversal looks most ‘normal’ for the 1990s’ stage.

Several regional and local studies proved that the dates of stages depend on the general and the urban development level, although the relationship may be far from linear or even paradoxical (in the South and in the East of Russia). Also, the size–distance regularity is observed for the case of the Moscow agglomeration, prescribed by the differential urbanisation theory during the polarisation reversal stage.

All these lead to the conclusion that the theory can explain the Russian trends when they are not deeply distorted by some extraordinary events, which, however, were and are so common in this country.
Differential urbanisation in Turkey, 1955–97
Authors: Gedik Ayse
Published: January 2004

The purpose of this paper is to test the differential urbanisation theory for the Turkish case during the 42 years between 1955–97. The theory is first tested for the country as a whole, and subsequently for each of its three major regions with differing development levels. The findings for Turkey, in general, are consistent with the theory of differential urbanisation. The country and all its regions are found to be at the ‘early medium city’ stage (i.e. the first phase of polarisation reversal). The timing of the stages in three regions was consistent with their respective level of development. The special characteristics of the Turkish case and their effects are discussed.
Schizophrenia, Aberrant Utterance and Delusions of Control: The Disconnection of Speech and Thought, and the Connection of Experience and Belief
Authors: Maher Brendan
Published: January 2004

Uttered language does not necessarily reflect the planned communications of schizophrenia patients, nor do their delusions necessarily reflect basic failures of inferential reasoning. The role of inhibitory failure in the production of speech and the role of primary experiences of discrepancy between intention and action, and between experience–based expectations and perceived realities account for many of the clinical phenomena that have led to the conclusion that these patients have a ‘thought’ disorder, or a ‘disturbed’ mind. The alternatives and the evidence are summarized in this paper
The Status of Linguistic Facts: Rethinking the Relation between Cognition, Social Institution and Utterance from a Functional Point of View
Authors: Harder Peter
Published: January 2004

In spite of contemporary theoretical disagreement on the nature of language, there is a widespread informal agreement about what linguistic facts are. This article argues that a functional approach to language can provide the foundation for an explicit account of what the informal consensus implies. The account bridges the ‘internalist’ and the ‘externalist’ views of language by understanding mental constructs such as those involved in human languages as aspects of a dynamic social equilibrium. As in evolutionary biology, processes of selection can work to stabilize certain features while others vary; and this process (in which ‘function’ plays a key role) is a necessary supplement to a purely mentalist account. This position is seen as a development of the position of Searle on social facts and Keller on language change.
Discrete Thoughts: Why Cognition Must Use Discrete Representations
Authors: Dietrich Eric , Markman Arthur B.
Published: January 2004

Advocates of dynamic systems have suggested that higher mental processes are based on continuous representations. In order to evaluate this claim, we first define the concept of representation, and rigorously distinguish between discrete representations and continuous representations. We also explore two important bases of representational content. Then, we present seven arguments that discrete representations are necessary for any system that must discriminate between two or more states. It follows that higher mental processes require discrete representations. We also argue that discrete representations are more influenced by conceptual role than continuous representations. We end by arguing that the presence of discrete representations in cognitive systems entails that computationalism (i.e., the view that the mind is a computational device) is true, and that cognitive science should embrace representational pluralism.
Can the Law Support Children's Rights in School in Scotland and Prevent the Development of a Climate of Blame?
Authors: Lloyd Gwynedd
Published: January 2004

This paper focuses on issues to do with inclusion of children currently causing considerable political concern: those who are excluded from education in mainstream school or class because they are considered too disruptive or because they are thought to have ‘social, emotional or behavioural difficulties’. The critical literature on special educational needs in its recent focus on disability has tended to avoid discussion of this group, yet they form a large and increasing proportion of the population of segregated special education. Though this paper focuses on Scotland, its content has relevance to a wider audience.
Using Scanner Data to Estimate Country Price Parities: A Hedonic Regression Approach
Authors: Heravi Saeed , Heston Alan , Silver Mick
Published: January 2004

This paper uses scanner data from the bar‐code readers of retailers to provide estimates of inter‐country price parities at the level of the basic heading. The use of such data is appealing given its extensive coverage of transactions, information on weights, prices and characteristics of items at a highly detailed level. The study uses dummy variable hedonic and exact/superlative hedonic index number formulations applied to an inter‐country context for both bilateral and multilateral comparisons. Unlike conventional methods, such methods are not confined to matched samples comparisons and thus make use of the entire sample. Their application extends to price survey data using checklists on characteristics. The application is to scanner data on about 1 million transactions for television sets over two months in three countries. It is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first such use of scanner data and application of the above hedonic frameworks in this context.
On the Variance/Covariance Structure of the Log Fisher Index, and Implications for Aggregation Techniques
Authors: Cuthbert James R.
Published: January 2004

Several aggregation methods, including the EKS, start by calculating bilateral Fisher indices. Prices and quantities are, however, subject to measurement error. This stochastic behavior, which implies both unequal variances, and non‐zero correlations, between different Fisher indices, has to be taken into account if optimal estimates of aggregate PPPs are to be derived from the Fisher indices. This paper provides estimates of the variance/covariance structure of the Fisher indices, under two alternative models for stochastic variation at basic heading level: and it applies these formulae to the 1996 OECD data set, illustrating that the Fisher indices for this data set are indeed highly correlated. The paper also establishes a general theoretical result, proving that the EKS is optimal for a particular variance/covariance structure involving non‐zero correlations, and hence shows that the standard EKS aggregation method is likely to be near optimal for the 1996 OECD data set.
Explaining the Choice of Distribution Rule: The Role of Mental Representations
Authors: Stock Rosamund E.
Published: January 2004

Justice researchers have long puzzled over the enormous variation in the distribution rule considered appropriate in different situations, and no overall pattern of rule use has yet been identified. A series of in‐depth, semistructured interviews was combined with a small‐scale (N= 229) survey carried out in the UK to test the hypothesis that it is the perception of the situation that mediates the use of justice rules. Content analysis revealed significant associations between the distribution rules mentioned or endorsed spontaneously and the descriptions of groups, social relations, and people that the subjects used in prompted and unprompted explanations. These different elements associated with a rule form a “justice ideology” and constitute a representation of society. The rules used were different for different resources within a domain, calling into question the existence of a single, domain‐specific rule. This sample of British respondents was firmly in favor of a more egalitarian distribution of income and favored the use of a need rule in the local community.
Unionization Matters: An Analysis of Post–World War II Strikes
Authors: Morris Theresa
Published: January 2004

Recent macroeconomic analyses of post–World War II US strikes conclude that union density during a given year does not affect the occurrence of strike activity during that same year, a finding attributed to the institutionalization of collective bargaining after WWII. However, this argument does not take into account two processes that may render new bargaining units more radical than established bargaining units and, hence, more likely to use strikes as a weapon against capitalists. Because macrolevel changes in union density are reflective of the organization or lack of organization of new bargaining units (Freeman and Medoff 1984), the effect of union density on strikes should still be present. However, given the average contract length of two years during this time period (Cecchetti 1987; Vroman 1989), this effect should be delayed by about two years by the presence of total no‐strike pledges in most contracts (Perusek and Worcester 1995). An ARIMA time‐series analysis confirms that union density has a two‐year lagged effect on strike activity in the post–WWII time period, 1947–1977.
Symbols and self preservation in severe disturbance
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: January 2004

Abstract:  The author considers a particular way in which symbolic functioning and the sense of self fail in certain cases of severe disturbance. When containment of the infant fails, the experience is a violent one. If the infant is projected into by an ‘invasive object’, the infant can incorporate this experience both as a bodily and a proto‐mental registration. The experience then remains within the psyche‐soma and subsequent development is built ‘around’ the consequences of the trauma. Clinical illustrations are provided to demonstrate this phenomenon in the analytic setting.
The universe of our concerns: the human as person in the praxis of analysis
Authors: Horne Michael
Published: January 2004

Abstract:  Since its inception, psychoanalysts and analytical psychologists have used the reductionistic methods of science to explain both human development and analytic practice. The most recent iteration of this tendency uses attachment as the explanatory principle. This disposition has created theories that understand the human solely as an organism. While this is a satisfactory way to view human development, it is not appropriate for the practice of analysis. In this context, the human must be viewed as a person that is explicable in his/her own terms. Interpretation based on reductionism eliminates personhood. Humans appear as persons in ‘the feeling of what happens’ or of ‘being there’, and, on the basis of this experience, develop stories in which their personhood evolves. The psychoanalytic, philosophical and neuro‐scientific basis for this view of the human as person is discussed, and its relevance for analytic practice is considered.
The explicit and implicit dance in psychoanalytic change
Authors: Fosshage James L.
Published: January 2004

Abstract:  How the implicit/non‐declarative and explicit/declarative cognitive domains interact is centrally important in the consideration of effecting change within the psychoanalytic arena. Stern et al. (1998) declare that long‐lasting change occurs in the domain of implicit relational knowledge. In the view of this author, the implicit and explicit domains are intricately intertwined in an interactive dance within a psychoanalytic process.

The author views that a spirit of inquiry (Lichtenberg, Lachmann & Fosshage 2002) serves as the foundation of the psychoanalytic process. Analyst and patient strive to explore, understand and communicate and, thereby, create a ‘spirit’ of interaction that contributes, through gradual incremental learning, to new implicit relational knowledge. This spirit, as part of the implicit relational interaction, is a cornerstone of the analytic relationship. The ‘inquiry’ more directly brings explicit/declarative processing to the foreground in the joint attempt to explore and understand. The spirit of inquiry in the psychoanalytic arena highlights both the autobiographical scenarios of the explicit memory system and the mental models of the implicit memory system as each contributes to a sense of self, other, and self with other. This process facilitates the extrication and suspension of the old models, so that new models based on current relational experience can be gradually integrated into both memory systems for lasting change.
Competitive asymmetry, foraging area size and coexistence of annuals
Authors: Aikio Sami
Published: January 2004

Individuals allocate resources to the expansion of their foraging area and those resources are no longer available for the traits that determine how well those individuals are able to protect their foraging area against competitors. The resulting trade‐off between foraging area size and the traits associated with the ability to compete for the resources within the foraging area applies to ecological scenarios as different as territorial defence by individuals and colonies, and light competition in plants. Whether the trade‐off affects species performance in competition for resources at the area of overlap between foraging areas depends on the symmetry of resource division. In symmetric competition resources are divided equally between the competitors, while in asymmetric competition the individual with the smallest foraging area, and consequently the greatest competitive ability, gains all the resources. Competition may also be a combination of the symmetric and asymmetric processes. I studied the effects of competitive asymmetry on population dynamics and coexistence of two annual species with different sized foraging areas using an individual‐based spatially explicit simulation model. Symmetric competition favoured the species with the larger foraging area and did not allow coexistence. Competitive asymmetry favoured the species with smaller foraging area and allowed coexistence, which was due to the consequences of losing an asymmetric competition being more severe than losing a symmetric competition. The mechanism of coexistence is the larger foraging area's superiority in low population densities (little competition) and the smaller foraging area's ability to win a large foraging area when competition was intense. Competitive asymmetry and small size of both foraging areas led to population dynamics dominated by long‐term fluctuations of small intensity. Symmetric competition and large size of the foraging areas led to large short‐term fluctuations, which often resulted in the extinction of one or both of the species due to demographic stochasticity.
Naturally acid freshwater ecosystems are diverse and functional: evidence from boreal streams
Authors: Dangles Olivier , Malmqvist Björn , Laudon Hjalmar
Published: January 2004

Acidification has strongly affected natural ecosystems due to the deposition of acidifying pollutants in geographical areas with low buffering capacity. Here we show both that taxonomic richness of benthic invertebrates (as a measure of stream health) and breakdown rate of leaf litter (a major process in stream ecosystems) in three naturally acid streams were not significantly different from richness and breakdown rates of three circumneutral control streams in the same area in northern Sweden. In contrast, a comparative data‐set representing a gradient from circumneutral to acidified streams in France showed decreasing richness and litter breakdown rates (by 60% and 70% between pH 6.5 and 4.5, respectively) typical of acidified streams. The strong negative effects found in many freshwater systems may be a consequence of low capacity to adjust to rapidly changed conditions. In contrast, organisms in naturally acidic systems, such as streams of the boreal region in catchments with accumulating organic material and a geology poor in buffering substances, seem better adapted as a consequence of protracted exposure to low pH over evolutionary time. These results have implications for the management of streams and rivers in northern Sweden, where considerable efforts are spent on remediation without consideration of the fact that the natural state of many of these systems is acidic.
Environmental rugosity, body size and access to food: a test of the size‐grain hypothesis in tropical litter ants
Authors: Farji‐Brener Alejandro G. , Barrantes Gilbert , Ruggiero Adriana
Published: January 2004

In terrestrial walking organisms, long legs help to decrease the cost of running, allowing animals to step over environmental interstices rather than walking through them. However, long legs can complicate the infiltration of these interstices, which may contain food sources and refugia. Since the number of environmental interstices perceived by an organism (rugosity) increases as it body size decreases (size‐grain hypothesis, SGH), natural selection should favor proportionally smaller legs with decreasing body size. Recent work demonstrated that ants fit this hypothesis. We experimentally tested the assumption of the SGH that small ants, which have proportionally smaller legs than larger ants, are more successful in exploring environmental interstices because they can easily penetrate them. We examined the ability of tropical litter ant species with different body sizes to access food baits in ‘landscapes’ (=plots) with different levels of rugosity and food exposure. In the first experiment, three levels of landscape rugosity were defined by manipulating the density of leaf litter placed on the ground plots: a) plain landscape: no litter fall, b) intermediate rugosity (∼0.5 kg of litter fall) and c) high rugosity (∼1 kg). In a second experiment, food baits were in plain landscapes, exposed or covered by leaf litter. The body lengths of ants that first accessed food baits ranged from 1.5 to 12 mm. Ants that first reached food baits in the most rugose landscapes were ∼40% smaller than ants that first found baits in plain landscapes. Smaller ants were also the first to access covered food. The application of a phylogenetic comparative method suggested the same patterns. We conclude that these results support the size grain hypothesis. Environmental rugosity might have operated as a selective force to shape the morphological characteristics of litter ant species.
Size‐dependent resource limitation and foraging‐predation risk trade‐offs: growth and habitat use in young arctic char
Authors: Byström Pär , Andersson Jens , Persson Lennart , De Roos André M.
Published: January 2004

Variation in growth and habitat use is closely connected to individual responses to habitat specific resource levels and predation risk. In three mountain lakes which differed in the density of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), we studied the growth, diets and habitat use of YOY char in relation to resource levels. With two model approaches, we further examined the extent to which YOY and 1‐yr old char were resource limited and, if so, whether resource limitation was associated with habitat use and small char densities. Benthic prey dominated the diet of YOY char and YOY char habitat use was restricted to the near‐shore habitat in all lakes. In all lakes were chironomid densities higher in the near‐shore habitat than in the offshore benthic habitat whereas zooplankton densities were higher in the pelagic than in the near‐shore habitat. Growth of YOY char in all lakes was close to predicted maximum growth despite large variation in YOY densities between lakes. Model results suggested that density dependent resource limitation in YOY char is unlikely to occur despite restricted near‐shore habitat use. In contrast, strong density dependent resource limitation was predicted in 1‐yr old char with a restricted habitat use to the near‐shore habitat. Correspondingly, field data suggested that the habitat use of 1‐yr old char was density dependent as the use of the offshore habitat increased earlier in time and to a larger extent at high densities. As small individuals are vulnerable to predation but constrained by their low food processing capacity relative to their encounter capacity, we suggest that resource limitation in small individuals should be less pronounced and habitat use should mainly depend on predation risk. A trade‐off in habitat use between foraging gain and predation risk is therefore expected to be more likely for individuals, large enough to be resource limited but still small enough to be vulnerable to predation.
Developmental analysis of carbohydrate metabolism in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Micro‐Tom) fruits
Authors: Obiadalla‐Ali Hazem , Fernie Alisdair R. , Kossmann Jens , Lloyd James R.
Published: January 2004

Carbohydrate metabolism during the development of fruits of the tomato cultivar Micro‐Tom was studied. The metabolism of the pericarp and placental tissues was found to be different. Starch was degraded more slowly in the placenta in comparison with the pericarp, whereas soluble sugars accumulated to a greater extent in the pericarp. The activities of glycolytic enzymes tended to peak at 40 days after flowering. Two of these, phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase and pyruvate kinase, showed a dramatic increase in activity just before this peak, possibly indicating a role in up‐regulating glycolysis to generate increased ATP that would be used during climacteric respiration. The expression of plastidial transporters was studied. Both the TPT and Glu6P transporter were expressed greatest in green fruits, before declining. The expression of the triose‐phosphate transporter was greater than that of the glucose 6‐phosphate transporter. The ATP/ADP transporter was expressed to a low level throughout fruit development.
Regulation of redox homeostasis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wheeler Glen L. , Grant Chris M.
Published: January 2004

An increasingly important area of research is based on sulphydryl chemistry, since the oxidation of ‐SH groups is one of the earliest observable events during oxidant‐mediated damage and ‐SH groups play a critical role in the function of many macromolecular structures including enzymes, transcription factors and membrane proteins. Glutaredoxins and thioredoxins are small heat‐stable oxidoreductases, conserved throughout evolution, which play key roles in maintaining the cellular redox balance. Much progress has been made in analysing these systems in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is a very useful model eukaryote due to its ease of genetic manipulation, its compact genome, the availability of the entire genome sequence, and the current rate of progress in gene function research. Yeast, like all eukaryotes, contains a number of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin isoenzymes located in both the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. This review describes recent findings made in yeast that are leading to a better understanding of the regulation and role of redox homeostasis in eukaryotic cell metabolism.