bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logging Activity Adversely Impacts Primate Diversity and Density in the Kwabre Rainforest of Ghana
Authors: Danquah Emmanuel , Tetteh Elvis Hackman
Published: August 2016

Knowledge on the impacts of logging activity on inhabitant primate species in Kwabre Rainforest, Ghana, is vital for the development of a comprehensive conservation and management plan. With this background, primate density and diversity were recorded along line transects in logged and unlogged areas (strata) to assess the impact of logging activity on these parameters. Six distinct primate species were confirmed including Roloway monkey (Cercopithecus roloway, listed as endangered in the IUCN List of Threatened Species), white-naped mangabey (Cercocebus lunulatus, vulnerable), and Geoffroy’s black-and-white colobus (Colobus vellerosus, vulnerable). There was a significant difference (Mann-WhitneyUtest:U=36.0,p<0.01) in primate encounter rates between the logged and unlogged strata with higher species diversity in unlogged stratum (H=2.91) compared to the logged stratum (H=1.44). Regression analysis indicated a significant effect (r2=0.945,p<0.01) of logging on primate encounter rates. Our results suggest that logging activity can alter composition of primate communities. One option to forestall further forest degradation and its adverse effects on primates would be to grant the Kwabre Rainforest protected area status under Ghanaian law and manage it under an integrated conservation plan that includes neighbouring Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana and Tanoé Forest in Cote d’Ivoire.
Dynamic Game Analysis of Coal Electricity Market Involving Multi-Interests
Authors: Xiaobao Yu , Zhongfu Tan , Kangting Chen , Puyu He
Published: August 2016

The coal consumption of China reached 2.75 billion tons of standard coal in 2013, which accounted for 67.5% of total energy consumption and more than 50% of global coal consumption. Therefore, the impact of coal price is huge on coal market and even energy market in China. As a large consumer of coal, thermal power enterprise has a strong sensitivity to coal price. In order to balance the rising cost of enterprises due to coal price, we need to analyze the interests of multiple stakeholders. Firstly, this paper combined the Nash equilibrium and cobweb model and proposed the characteristics in different cobweb model. Then, for coal, power, and energy companies, the dynamic game analysis model is constructed. This model gives a game analysis in four scenarios and quantifies the decision of each stakeholder in different coal prices. Finally, the impact figure of different coal prices on each stakeholder has been drawn. The impacts of different coal or thermal power prices on different markets have been put forward, so relevant policy recommendations have been proposed combined with the cobweb model.
Thinning and Weighting of Planar/Conformal Arrays Considering Mutual Coupling Effects
Authors: Cheng You-Feng , Shao Wei , Zhang Ran , Ding Xiao , Yu Meng-Xia
Published: August 2016

Based on an improved active element pattern (AEP) technique, a novel effective method for sidelobe suppression considering mutual coupling (MC) in planar and conformal sparse arrays is proposed in this paper. A thinning and weighting process that includes the thinning module, optimization module, and far-field calculation module is presented, and three key points, namely, the modified AEP modeling, far-field calculation of planar and conformal thinned arrays, and modified thinning strategy, are highlighted. As an effective optimization algorithm, the differential evolution algorithm (DEA) is adopted in order to achieve low sidelobe. Several numerical examples are shown to validate the consistency and effectiveness of the proposed synthesis approach. With the first use of the AEP technique for the synthesis of sparse arrays, the planar and conformal microstrip arrays with the desired array filling factor are studied to obtain the expected sidelobe level (SLL).
Spider Bite: A Rare Case of Acute Necrotic Arachnidism with Rapid and Fatal Evolution
Authors: Pezzi Mario , Giglio Anna Maria , Scozzafava Annamaria , Filippelli Orazio , Serafino Giuseppe , Verre Mario
Published: August 2016

The spider bites are quite frequent and often resolve quickly without leaving outcomes; only some species are capable of causing necrotic and systematic lesions in humans. Among them, we should mention the genusLoxosceles. The venom released from the spider bite ofLoxoscelesspecies is composed of proteins, enzymes, and nonenzymatic polypeptides. The phospholipase D family was identified as the active component of the venom. This family of enzymes is responsible for the local and systemic effects observed in loxoscelism. Phospholipases D interact with cell membranes triggering alterations which involve the complement system and activation of neutrophils and they cause the dermonecrotic skin lesions and systemic effects. We describe a fatal case of acute intoxication caused by a spider bite probably belonging to the speciesLoxosceles. The initial lesion was localized to a finger of a hand. Clinical course was worsening with deep necrotic lesions on limb, shock, hemolysis, acute kidney failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. All therapies were ineffective. This is the first fatal case described in Europe.
High-Resolution Cortical Dipole Imaging Using Spatial Inverse Filter Based on Filtering Property
Authors: Hori Junichi , Takasawa Shintaro
Published: August 2016

Cortical dipole imaging has been developed to visualize brain electrical activity in high spatial resolution. It is necessary to solve an inverse problem to estimate the cortical dipole distribution from the scalp potentials. In the present study, the accuracy of cortical dipole imaging was improved by focusing on filtering property of the spatial inverse filter. We proposed an inverse filter that optimizes filtering property using a sigmoid function. The ability of the proposed method was compared with the traditional inverse techniques, such as Tikhonov regularization, truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD), and truncated total least squares (TTLS), in a computer simulation. The proposed method was applied to human experimental data of visual evoked potentials. As a result, the estimation accuracy was improved and the localized dipole distribution was obtained with less noise.
Management of Sport Injuries with Korean Medicine: A Survey of Korean National Volleyball Team
Authors: Yang Changsop , Lee Eunyoung , Hwang Eui-Hyoung , Kwon Ojin , Lee Jun-Hwan
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to report the current state of Korean medicine (KM) treatment on sports injury by implementing survey with volleyball team medical doctors participating in 2013‐2014 season. Six KM doctors completed a questionnaire that includes injury parameters: type, location, situation, and pain scores. We collected 166 injury cases from 94 Korean male and female national volleyball players. Knee (25.9%), low back (13.3%), elbow, and ankle (8.4%) injuries were most common. Joint (41.6%) and muscle (30.7%) were major injured tissues. KM team medical doctors utilized acupuncture (40.4%), chuna manual therapy (16.0%), physical therapy (15.2%), taping (9.0%), and cupping (7.8%) to treat volleyball injuries. Any types of medications were used infrequently. Additional physical and exercise therapy were preferred after receiving acupuncture (both 46.9%). This study presented the preliminary injury profile of Korean elite volleyball players. Injury and treatment parameters could be useful to build advanced KM model in sport medicine.
Effect of Blood Component Coatings of Enosseal Implants on Proliferation and Synthetic Activity of Human Osteoblasts and Cytokine Production of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Himmlova Lucie , Kubies Dana , Hulejova Hana , Bartova Jirina , Riedel Tomas , Stikarova Jana , Suttnar Jiri , Pesakova Vlasta
Published: August 2016

The study monitoredin vitroearly response of connective tissue cells and immunocompetent cells to enosseal implant materials coated by different blood components (serum, activated plasma, and plasma/platelets) to evaluate human osteoblast proliferation and synthetic activity and inflammatory response presented as a cytokine profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) under conditions imitating the situation upon implantation. The cells were cultivated on coated Ti-plasma-sprayed (Ti-PS), Ti-etched (Ti-Etch), Ti-hydroxyapatite (Ti-HA), and ZrO2surfaces. The plasma/platelets coating supported osteoblast proliferation only on osteoconductive Ti-HA and Ti-Etch whereas activated plasma enhanced proliferation on all surfaces. Differentiation (BAP) and IL-8 production remained unchanged or decreased irrespective of the coating and surface; only the serum and plasma/platelets-coated ZrO2exhibited higher BAP and IL-8 expression. RANKL production increased on serum and activated plasma coatings. PBMCs produced especially cytokines playing role in inflammatory phase of wound healing, that is, IL-6, GRO-α, GRO, ENA-78, IL-8, GM-CSF, EGF, and MCP-1. Cytokine profiles were comparable for all tested surfaces; only ENA-78, IL-8, GM-CSF, and MCP-1 expression depended on materials and coatings. The activated plasma coating led to uniformed surfaces and represented a favorable treatment especially for bioinert Ti-PS and ZrO2whereas all coatings had no distinctive effect on bioactive Ti-HA and Ti-Etch.
An Improved Control Strategy for a Four-Leg Grid-Forming Power Converter under Unbalanced Load Conditions
Authors: Miveh Mohammad Reza , Rahmat Mohd Fadli , Mustafa Mohd Wazir , Ghadimi Ali Asghar , Rezvani Alireza
Published: August 2016

This paper proposes an improved multiloop control strategy for a three-phase four-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) operating with highly unbalanced loads in an autonomous distribution network. The main objective is to balance the output voltages of the four-leg inverter under unbalanced load conditions. The proposed control strategy consists of a proportional-integral (PI) voltage controller and a proportional current loop in each phase. The voltage controller and the current control loop are, respectively, used to regulate the instantaneous output voltage and generate the pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage command with zero steady-state tracking error and fast transient response. A voltage decoupling feedforward path is also used to enhance the system robustness. Since the outer voltage loop operates in the synchronous reference frame, tuning and stability analysis of the PI controller is far from being straightforward. In order to cope with this challenge, the stationary reference frame equivalent of the voltage controller in the rotating frame is derived. Subsequently, a systematic design based on a frequency response approach is provided. Simulation results are also carried out using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software to verify the effectiveness of the suggested control strategy.
FOXD1–ALDH1A3 Signaling Is a Determinant for the Self-Renewal and Tumorigenicity of Mesenchymal Glioma Stem Cells
Authors: Cheng Peng , Wang Jia , Waghmare Indrayani , Sartini Stefania , Coviello Vito , Zhang Zhuo , Kim Sung-Hak , Mohyeldin Ahmed , Pavlyukov Marat S. , Minata Mutsuko , Valentim Claudia L.L. , Chhipa Rishi Raj , Bhat Krishna P.L. , Dasgupta Biplab , La Motta Concettina , Kango-Singh Madhuri , Nakano Ichiro
Published: August 2016

Glioma stem–like cells (GSC) with tumor-initiating activity orchestrate the cellular hierarchy in glioblastoma and engender therapeutic resistance. Recent work has divided GSC into two subtypes with a mesenchymal (MES) GSC population as the more malignant subtype. In this study, we identify the FOXD1–ALDH1A3 signaling axis as a determinant of the MES GSC phenotype. The transcription factor FOXD1 is expressed predominantly in patient-derived cultures enriched with MES, but not with the proneural GSC subtype. shRNA-mediated attenuation of FOXD1 in MES GSC ablates their clonogenicity in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FOXD1 regulates the transcriptional activity of ALDH1A3, an established functional marker for MES GSC. Indeed, the functional roles of FOXD1 and ALDH1A3 are likely evolutionally conserved, insofar as RNAi-mediated attenuation of their orthologous genes in Drosophila blocks formation of brain tumors engineered in that species. In clinical specimens of high-grade glioma, the levels of expression of both FOXD1 and ALDH1A3 are inversely correlated with patient prognosis. Finally, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of ALDH we developed, termed GA11, displays potent in vivo efficacy when administered systemically in a murine GSC-derived xenograft model of glioblastoma. Collectively, our findings define a FOXD1–ALDH1A3 pathway in controling the clonogenic and tumorigenic potential of MES GSC in glioblastoma tumors. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7219–30. ©2016 AACR.
Evidence Implicating Immunological Host Effects in the Efficacy of Metronomic Low-Dose Chemotherapy
Authors: Shaked Yuval , Pham Elizabeth , Hariharan Santosh , Magidey Ksenia , Beyar-Katz Ofrat , Xu Ping , Man Shan , Wu Florence T.H. , Miller Valeria , Andrews David , Kerbel Robert S.
Published: August 2016

Conventional chemotherapy drugs administered at a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) remains the backbone for treating most cancers. Low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy, which utilizes lower, less toxic, doses given on a close regular basis over prolonged periods, is an alternative and better tolerated potential strategy to improve chemotherapy. LDM chemotherapy has been evaluated preclinically and clinically and has shown therapeutic benefit, in both early and advanced stage metastatic disease, especially when used as a maintenance therapy. However, knowledge about the antitumor mechanisms by which LDM chemotherapy acts remain limited. Here we characterized the effects of LDM and MTD capecitabine therapy on tumor and host cells using high-throughput systems approaches involving mass spectrometry flow cytometry and automated cell imaging followed by in vivo analyses of such therapies. An increase in myeloid and T regulatory cells and a decrease in NK and T cytotoxic cells were found in MTD–capecitabine–treated tumors compared with LDM-capecitbine-treated tumors. Plasma from MTD capecitabine-treated mice induced a more tumorigenic and metastatic profile in both breast and colon carcinoma cells than plasma from mice treated with LDM capecitabine. These results correlated, in part, with in vivo studies using models of human or mouse advanced metastatic disease, where the therapeutic advantage of MTD capecitabine was limited despite a substantial initial antitumor activity found in the primary tumor setting. Overall these results implicate a possible contribution of immunologic host effects in accounting for the therapeutic limitations of MTD compared with LDM capecitabine. Cancer Res; 76(20); 5983–93. ©2016 AACR.
SMYD3-Mediated H2A.Z.1 Methylation Promotes Cell Cycle and Cancer Proliferation
Authors: Tsai Cheng-Hui , Chen Yun-Ju , Yu Chia-Jung , Tzeng Shiou-Ru , Wu I-Chen , Kuo Wen-Hung , Lin Ming-Chieh , Chan Nei-Li , Wu Kou-Juey , Teng Shu-Chun
Published: August 2016

SMYD3 methyltransferase is nearly undetectable in normal human tissues but highly expressed in several cancers, including breast cancer, although its contributions to pathogenesis in this setting are unclear. Here we report that histone H2A.Z.1 is a substrate of SMYD3 that supports malignancy. SMYD3-mediated dimethylation of H2A.Z.1 at lysine 101 (H2A.Z.1K101me2) increased stability by preventing binding to the removal chaperone ANP32E and facilitating its interaction with histone H3. Moreover, a microarray analysis identified cyclin A1 as a target coregulated by SMYD3 and H2A.Z.1K101me2. The colocalization of SMYD3 and H2A.Z.1K101me2 at the promoter of cyclin A1 activated its expression and G1–S progression. Enforced expression of cyclin A1 in cells containing mutant H2A.Z.1 rescued tumor formation in a mouse model. Our findings suggest that SMYD3-mediated H2A.Z.1K101 dimethylation activates cyclin A1 expression and contributes to driving the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6043–53. ©2016 AACR.
HPV-Related Oropharynx Cancer in the United Kingdom: An Evolution in the Understanding of Disease Etiology
Authors: Schache Andrew G. , Powell Ned G. , Cuschieri Kate S. , Robinson Max , Leary Sam , Mehanna Hisham , Rapozo Davy , Long Anna , Cubie Heather , Junor Elizabeth , Monaghan Hannah , Harrington Kevin J. , Nutting Christopher M. , Schick Ulrike , Lau Andy S. , Upile Navdeep , Sheard Jon , Brougham Kath , West Catharine M.L. , Oguejiofor Ken , Thomas Steve , Ness Andy R. , Pring Miranda , Thomas Gareth J. , King Emma V. , McCance Dennis J. , James Jacqueline A. , Moran Michael , Sloan Phil , Shaw Richard J. , Evans Mererid , Jones Terry M.
Published: August 2016

A rising incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence has occurred throughout the developed world, where it has been attributed to an increasing impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) on disease etiology. This report presents the findings of a multicenter cross-sectional retrospective study aimed at determining the proportion of HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC within the United Kingdom. Archival tumor tissue blocks from 1,602 patients previously diagnosed with OPSCC (2002–2011) were collated from 11 centers. HPV status was determined with three validated commercial tests to provide valid data for 1,474 cases in total. Corresponding national incidence data from the same decade were obtained from UK Cancer registries. The overall proportion of HPV+ OPSCC between 2002 and 2011 was 51.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 49.3–54.4], and this remained unchanged throughout the decade [unadjusted RR = 1.00 (95% CI, 0.99–1.02)]. However, over the same period, the incidence of OPSCC in the broader UK population underwent a 2-fold increase [age-standardized rate 2002: 2.1 (95% CI, 1.9–2.2); 2011: 4.1 (95% CI, 4.0–4.3)]. Although the number of OPSCCs diagnosed within the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2011 nearly doubled, the proportion of HPV+ cases remained static at approximately 50%. Our results argue that the rapidly increasing incidence of OPSCC in the United Kingdom cannot be solely attributable to the influence of HPV. The parallel increase in HPV+ and HPV− cases we documented warrants further investigation, so that appropriate future prevention strategies for both types of disease can be implemented. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6598–606. ©2016 AACR.
Deep Sequencing Reveals a Novel miR-22 Regulatory Network with Therapeutic Potential in Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Bersani Francesca , Lingua Marcello Francesco , Morena Deborah , Foglizzo Valentina , Miretti Silvia , Lanzetti Letizia , Carrà Giovanna , Morotti Alessandro , Ala Ugo , Provero Paolo , Chiarle Roberto , Singer Samuel , Ladanyi Marc , Tuschl Thomas , Ponzetto Carola , Taulli Riccardo
Published: August 2016

Current therapeutic options for the pediatric cancer rhabdomyosarcoma have not improved significantly, especially for metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. In the current work, we performed a deep miRNA profiling of the three major human rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes, along with cell lines and normal muscle, to identify novel molecular circuits with therapeutic potential. The signature we determined could discriminate rhabdomyosarcoma from muscle, revealing a subset of muscle-enriched miRNA (myomiR), including miR-22, which was strongly underexpressed in tumors. miR-22 was physiologically induced during normal myogenic differentiation and was transcriptionally regulated by MyoD, confirming its identity as a myomiR. Once introduced into rhabdomyosarcoma cells, miR-22 decreased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness, and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, restoring miR-22 expression blocked tumor growth and prevented tumor dissemination in vivo. Gene expression profiling analysis of miR-22–expressing cells suggested TACC1 and RAB5B as possible direct miR-22 targets. Accordingly, loss- and gain-of-function experiments defined the biological relevance of these genes in rhabdomyosarcoma pathogenesis. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of miR-22 to intercept and overcome the intrinsic resistance to MEK inhibition based on ERBB3 upregulation. Overall, our results identified a novel miR-22 regulatory network with critical therapeutic implications in rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6095–106. ©2016 AACR.
Ablation of miR-10b Suppresses Oncogene-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis and Metastasis and Reactivates Tumor-Suppressive Pathways
Authors: Kim Jongchan , Siverly Ashley N. , Chen Dahu , Wang Min , Yuan Yuan , Wang Yumeng , Lee Hyemin , Zhang Jinsong , Muller William J. , Liang Han , Gan Boyi , Yang Xianbin , Sun Yutong , You M. James , Ma Li
Published: August 2016

The invasive and metastatic properties of many human tumors have been associated with upregulation of the miRNA miR-10b, but its functional contributions in this setting have not been fully unraveled. Here, we report the generation of miR-10b–deficient mice, in which miR-10b is shown to be largely dispensable for normal development but critical to tumorigenesis. Loss of miR-10b delays oncogene-induced mammary tumorigenesis and suppresses epithelial–mesenchymal transition, intravasation, and metastasis in a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. Among the target genes of miR-10b, the tumor suppressor genes Tbx5 and Pten and the metastasis suppressor gene Hoxd10 are significantly upregulated by miR-10b deletion. Mechanistically, miR-10b promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through inhibition of the expression of the transcription factor TBX5, leading to repression of the tumor suppressor genes DYRK1A and PTEN. In clinical specimens of breast cancer, the expression of TBX5, HOXD10, and DYRK1A correlates with relapse-free survival and overall survival outcomes in patients. Our results establish miR-10b as an oncomiR that drives metastasis, termed a metastamiR, and define the set of critical tumor suppressor mechanisms it overcomes to drive breast cancer progression. Cancer Res; 76(21); 6424–35. ©2016 AACR.
Cilostazol Effect on Amikacin-Induced Ototoxicity: An Experimental Study
Authors: El-Anwar Mohammad Waheed , Abdelmonem Said , Nada Ebtessam , Galhoom Dalia , Abdelsameea Ahmed A.
Published: August 2016

Objectives: To find out the possible protective effect of cilostazol against amikacin-induced ototoxicity. Methods: This study was carried out on 24 adult male rats classified into 4 equal groups of 6 animals each. (1) The control group was administered saline (1 ml/day, p.o.) for 14 days. (2) The amikacin group was administered amikacin (200 mg/kg, i.m.) once daily for 14 days. (3) The cilostazol-amikacin (14 days) group was administered cilostazol (30 mg/kg, p.o.) once daily and amikacin (200 mg/kg, i.m.) once daily for 14 days. (4) The cilostazol (28 days)-amikacin (14 days) group was administered cilostazol (30 mg/kg, p.o.) once daily for 28 days and amikacin (200 mg/kg, i.m.) once daily for 14 days. Changes in the transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) in the 4 groups were interpreted statistically. Results: No reported significant differences in TEOAE levels were detected between the groups at the start of the study. In all frequency bands, TEOAEs disappeared after amikacin treatment in the amikacin-alone group and remained absent in the amikacin-cilostazol (14 days) group, while TEOAEs reappeared in the amikacin-cilostazol (28 days) group. Conclusion: Cilostazol treatment for 28 days had a protective effect against amikacin-induced ototoxicity in rats.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Renal Interstitial Fibrosis
Authors: Perry Heather M. , Okusa Mark D.
Published: August 2016

Kidney disease affects millions of people worldwide and it is now widely accepted that many pathological processes may persist after acute kidney injury that can cause the progression to CKD. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis manifests soon after injury and while many cellular and molecular components of kidney fibrosis have been discovered, largely in animal models, new therapeutic strategies are still desperately needed. The renal endothelium has emerged as important in progression of fibrosis through regulation of hypoxia, inflammation and cellular crosstalk. This review aims to highlight our current understanding of the role of the endothelium in interstitial fibrosis and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
The Neuroprotective Effect of Puerarin in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Rats
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Ma Guozhang , Hou Mingming , Zhang Tao , Chen Limin , Zhao Chengbin
Published: August 2016

Background: Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent disabilities. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of puerarin, a natural extract, in a rat model of SCI. Methods: Acute SCI models were established in rats using a modified Allen's method. Locomotor function was evaluated using the BBB test. The histological changes in the spinal cord were observed by H&E staining. Neuron survival and glial cells activation were evaluated by immunostaining. ELISA and realtime PCR were used to measure secretion and gene expression of cytokines. TUNEL staining was used to examine cell apoptosis and western blot analysis was used to detect protein expression. Results: Puerarin significantly increased BBB score in SCI rats, attenuated histological injury of spinal cord, decreased neuron loss, inhibited glial cells activation, alleviated inflammation, and inhibited cell apoptosis in the injured spinal cords. In addition, the downregulated PI3K and phospho-Akt protein expression were restored by puerarin. Conclusion: Puerarin accelerated locomotor function recovery and tissue repair of SCI rats, which is associated with its neuroprotection, glial cell activation suppression, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects. These effects may be associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
The Rise and Fall of Protein Malnutrition in Global Health
Authors: Semba Richard D.
Published: August 2016

Background: From the 1950s to the mid-1970s, United Nations (UN) agencies were focused on protein malnutrition as the major worldwide nutritional problem. The goal of this review is to examine this era of protein malnutrition, the reasons for its demise, and the aftermath. Summary: The UN Protein Advisory Group was established in 1955. International conferences were largely concerned about protein malnutrition in children. By the early 1970s, UN agencies were ringing the alarm about a ‘protein gap'. In The Lancet in 1974, Donald McLaren branded these efforts as ‘The Great Protein Fiasco', declaring that the ‘protein gap' was a fallacy. The following year, John Waterlow, the scientist who led most of the efforts on protein malnutrition, admitted that a ‘protein gap' did not exist and that young children in developing countries only needed sufficient energy intake. The emphasis on protein malnutrition waned. It is recently apparent that quality protein and essential amino acids are missing in the diet and may have adverse consequences for child growth and the reduction of child stunting. Key Messages: It may be time to re-include protein and return protein malnutrition in the global health agenda using a balanced approach that includes all protective nutrients.
O ato infracional no discurso do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente brasileiros
Authors: Bartijotto Juliana , Verdiani Tfouni Leda , Scorsolini-Comin Fabio
Published: August 2016

(descriptive): The objective of this article is to reflect on how criminal acts by children are covered in the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA) and in the Minors' Code in the Brazilian context, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The authors used the theoretical and methodological perspectives of Pêcheux's Discourse Analysis, as well as principles of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. It was found that the legislation that was analyzed do not produce a symbolic place for the adolescent; only an imaginary place as a "subject of lawâ€ and a "person in developmentâ€. From the ECA's perspective, the adolescent is considered as a person that is capableof being educated and whose position as a subject of desire is ignored. The authors conclude that the "criminal actâ€ configures itself as a social symptom and discomfort for society, and that "socioeducational actionsâ€ have failed.
Key words: Youth, legislation, rights of the child (Unesco Social Sciences Thesaurus).
La ciudadanía juvenil: Un enfoque basado en las experiencias vitales de los jóvenes
Authors: Benedicto Jorge
Published: August 2016

(analítico): La reciente popularidad del concepto de ciudadanía juvenil tiene el indudable riesgo de que estemos ante una nueva categoría llena de retórica pero falta de contenido. Por ello resulta necesario reflexionar, como se hace en este artículo, sobre lo que significa ser joven y ciudadano al mismo tiempo en las sociedades contemporáneas, los obstáculos a superar y las posibilidades de lograrlo. Con este propósito, en el texto se desarrolla un nuevo enfoque sobre la construcción de la ciudadanía juvenil en el que se vincula estrechamente el desarrollo de los jóvenes como personas autónomas con el ejercicio activo y participativo de su condición ciudadana. En el apartado final se proponen algunas líneas de trabajo para desarrollar la ciudadanía juvenil, transformando las políticas públicas de juventud en políticas de ciudadanía.
Entramados de lo juvenil. Aproximaciones hacia las sociabilidades juveniles chilenas contemporáneas
Authors: FuicaRebolledo Inti Fernando , VergaraAndrades Constansa
Published: August 2016

(descriptivo): La alta tasa de escolarización secundaria, el aumento de la matrícula en educación superior, la precarización de la educación pública y el alto endeudamiento familiar para costear la educación son factores que constituyen y tensionan la realidad que viven actualmente los y las jóvenes chilenos y chilenas. En este contexto, es necesario relevar los espacios de sociabilidad juvenil presentes en el Chile, que oscilan entre espacios institucionalizados y espacios intersticiales, identificados a partir del análisis de discurso de 23 grupos de discusión1. El presente artículo2 relaciona ciertas continuidades y cambios en los modos de sociabilidad juvenil, y observa la búsqueda de autonomía de los y las jóvenes en sus negociaciones cotidianas con la institucionalidad y la importancia de las relaciones entre pares en la construcción de sus identidades.
La alteridad desde la perspectiva de la transmodernidad de Enrique Dussel
Authors: Córdoba María Eugenia , Vélez-De La Calle Claudia
Published: August 2016

(descriptivo): La Transmodernidad es una perspectiva teórica, metodológica y ética de Enrique Dussel, que pretende romper con la colonialidad del poder, del saber y del ser en el mundo Occidental. Se basa en el reconocimiento de la exterioridad negada que surge como categoría de análisis de la alteridad desde el paradigma del Alter Tú, que Dussel aplica a la realidad latinoamericana a partir de los planteamientos de los postmodernistas que reconocen el momento final de la Modernidad, pero se separa de dicha escuela en lo que respecta a la persistencia en su visión helenocentrista y hegemónica de los paradigmas eurocéntricos y en la falta de diálogo con las culturas no Occidentales. De esta manera, Dussel propone la Ética de la Liberación como un paradigma que parte del otro como víctima de la Modernidad.
Does Previous Transradial Catheterization Preclude Use of the Radial Artery as a Conduit in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery?
Authors: Mounsey Craig A. , Mawhinney Jamie A. , Werner Raphael S. , Taggart David P.
Published: August 2016

The radial artery (RA) is a commonly used conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting, and recent studies have demonstrated that it provides superior long-term patency rates to the saphenous vein in most situations. In addition, the RA is also being used with increasing frequency as the access point for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions. However, there has been concern for many years that these transradial procedures may have a detrimental impact on the function of RA grafts used in coronary artery bypass grafting, and there is now comprehensive evidence that such interventions cause morphologic and functional damage to the artery in situ. Despite this, there remain remarkably few studies investigating the use of previously cannulated RAs as grafts in coronary artery bypass surgery, and there are no clear guidelines on the use of the RA in coronary artery bypass grafting after its catheterization. This article will review concisely the evidence that transradial procedures cause damage to the RA, and discuss the impact this could have on previously cannulated RAs used as coronary artery bypass grafting conduits. On the basis of the evidence assessed, we make a number of recommendations to both surgeons and cardiologists regarding use of the RA in cardiovascular procedures.
Be Careful what you Ask for
Authors: Fluehr-Lobban Carolyn
Published: August 2016

The current Islamist government, ushered in by a military coup in 1989, declared that the Sudan must be governed by Islamic law orshari’ain accordance with what it called the Civilization Project. As expected, the personal status for Muslims laws,Ahwal Shakhsiyya, continued to be governed by shari’a as it has always been. However, the Sudanese society experienced unprecedented changes that are considered un-Islamic, and may be even punishable by law. In this paper two of those changes happened in the institution of marriage. This paper discusses two types of marriage, ‘Urfi and Misyar that are not part of the law, and traditionally unacceptable, and by law deemed by some to be illegal. Some scholars are seeking to normalize and may be legalize both types.
The Republican Sisters of Sudan
Authors: Howard Steve
Published: August 2016

Mahmoud Mohamed Taha, known as al-Ustadh (teacher), his a Muslim reformist who advocated an interpretation of Islam that is fit for our time. His interpretation depended on reviving the Meccan verses of the Qur’an as the original and basic ideals and ideas in Islam. One of his major endeavors was how Islam addresses equality in Islam; equality of men and women and equality of Muslims and non-Muslims, as citizens of the same state and have equal rights. This paper discusses the Republican thought as a social movement and how equality of women was practiced in that movement.
Two new species of Tripogon (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Tripogoninae): from India
Authors: KOTTEKKATTU THOIBA , MANUDEV K.M. , PRADEEP A.K.
Published: August 2016

Two new species of Poaceae, Tripogon karnatakensis and T. munnarensis from South India are described and illustrated. T. karnatakensis closely resembles T. filiformis, but differs in having 15–28 cm long leaden green spikes with 2-keeled lower glumes. T. munnarensis closely resembles T. narayanae, but differs in having 10–16 mm long spikelets with 10–16 florets.
Genetic relationships among some Turkish Petrorhagia (Ser.) Link (Caryophyllaceae) taxa using ISSR markers
Authors: HİLOOĞLU MUHİP , POYRAZ İLHAM ERÖZ , POYRAZ İSMAİL , ATAŞLAR EBRU , SÖZEN EMEL
Published: August 2016

A study of the genetic relationships among Petrorhagia taxa from Turkey was carried out using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 409 amplified bands were obtained by 10 ISSR primers. The polymorphism ratio was high (100%) across 45 individuals representing nine Petrorhagia taxa (P. dubia, P. prolifera, P. pamphylica, P. peroninii, P. saxifraga, P. cretica, P. alpina subsp. alpina, P. alpina subsp. olympica, P. lycica) and was sufficient to distinguish each species. Statistical analyses were performed by using POPGENE, GenAlEx6, and PAUP. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram was constructed based on Nei’s genetic distance along with outgroup species (Velezia rigida) in MEGA4. The dendrogram shows two main clusters, the first one (Cluster-I) included only P. lycica, while the cluster-II contained all other taxa. Cluster-II can be grouped in two sub-clusters, with P. prolifera and P. saxifraga constituting a first sub-cluster, the other species (P. alpina subsp. alpina, P. alpina subsp. olympica, P. cretica, P. dubia, P. peroninii and P. pamphylica) being grouped in a second sub-cluster. Both PCoA and Neighbour-Net network analysis supported the dendrogram. The study showed that ISSR technique can be successfully used in species identification and determination of the genetic relationships between Petrorhagia species distributed in Turkey.
Extreme Event Verification for Probabilistic Downscaling
Authors: Kirchmeier-Young Megan C. , Lorenz David J. , Vimont Daniel J.
Published: August 2016

Extreme events are important to many studying regional climate impacts but provide a challenge for many “deterministic” downscaling methodologies. The University of Wisconsin Probabilistic Downscaling (UWPD) dataset applies a “probabilistic” approach to downscaling that may be advantageous in a number of situations, including realistic representation of extreme events. The probabilistic approach to downscaling, however, presents some unique challenges for verification, especially when comparing a full probability density function with a single observed value for each day. Furthermore, because of the wide range of specific climatic information needed in climate impacts assessment, any single verification metric will be useful to only a limited set of practitioners. The intent of this study, then, is (i) to identify verification metrics appropriate for probabilistic downscaling of climate data; (ii) to apply, within the UWPD, those metrics to a suite of extreme event statistics that may be of use in climate impacts assessments; and (iii) in applying these metrics, to demonstrate the utility of a probabilistic approach to downscaling climate data, especially for representing extreme events.
Impact of Regional Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Changes on Shifts of the Extratropical Jet Stream in Response to Global Warming
Authors: Voigt Aiko , Shaw Tiffany A.
Published: August 2016

Climate models robustly project that global warming will lead to a poleward shift of the annual-mean zonal-mean extratropical jet streams. The magnitude of such shifts remains uncertain, however, and recent work has indicated a potentially important role of cloud radiative interactions. The model spread found in realistic simulations with interactive sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is captured in aquaplanet simulations with prescribed SSTs, because of which the latter setup is adapted here to study the impact of regional atmospheric cloud radiative changes on the jet position. Simulations with two CMIP5 models and prescribed regional cloud changes show that the rise of tropical high-level clouds and the upward and poleward movement of midlatitude high-level clouds lead to poleward jet shifts. High-latitude low-level cloud changes shift the jet poleward in one model but not in the other. The impact of clouds on the jet operates via the atmospheric radiative forcing that is created by the cloud changes and is qualitatively reproduced in a dry model, although the latter is too sensitive because of its simplified treatment of diabatic processes. The 10-model CMIP5 aquaplanet ensemble of global warming exhibits correlations between jet shifts, regional temperature changes, and regional cloud changes that are consistent with the prescribed cloud simulations. This provides evidence that the atmospheric radiative forcing from tropical and midlatitude high-level cloud changes contributes to model uncertainty in future jet shifts, in addition to the surface radiative forcing from extratropical cloud changes highlighted by previous studies.
Examining Tropical Cyclone–Kelvin Wave Interactions Using Adjoint Diagnostics
Authors: Reynolds Carolyn A. , Doyle James D. , Hong Xiaodong
Published: August 2016

The initial-state sensitivity and interactions between a tropical cyclone and atmospheric equatorial Kelvin waves associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) during the DYNAMO field campaign are explored using adjoint-based tools from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). The development of Tropical Cyclone 5 (TC05) coincided with the passage of an equatorial Kelvin wave (KW) and westerly wind burst associated with an MJO that developed in the Indian Ocean in late November 2011. COAMPS 18-h adjoint sensitivities of low-level kinetic energy to changes in initial state winds, temperature, and water vapor are analyzed for both TC05 and the KW to document when the evolution of each system is sensitive to the other. Time series of sensitivity patterns confirm that TC05 and the KW low-level westerlies are sensitive to each other when the KW is to the southwest and south of TC05. While TC05 is not sensitive to the KW after this, the KW low-level westerlies remain sensitive to TC05 until it enters the far eastern Indian Ocean. Vertical profiles of both TC05 and KW sensitivity indicate lower-tropospheric maxima in temperature, wind, and moisture, with KW sensitivity typically 20% smaller than TC05 sensitivity. The magnitude of the sensitivity for both systems is greatest just prior to, and during, their closest proximity. A case study examination reveals that adjoint-based optimal perturbations grow and expand quickly through a dynamic response to decreased static stability. The evolution of moist-only and dry-only initial perturbations illustrates that the moist component is primarily responsible for the initial rapid growth, but that subsequent growth rates are similar.
News Notes
Authors: Miller Douglass W.
Published: August 2016

News for inclusion in this section … activities of schools and departments of journalism, staff appointments and changes, curricular developments and the like … must reach Professor Miller, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, by the first of the month preceding publication. News for the March issue must reach him by February 1.
Radio News: Its Past, Present, and Future
Authors: White Paul W.
Published: August 2016

This analysis of the problems and prospects of radio news presentation was presented by Mr. White at the 1946 AASDJ-AATJ convention. The author was director of CBS news broadcasts from 1934 until 1946.
International Broadcasting: Still a Jangle of Nerves
Authors: Gerber John W.
Published: August 2016

What has happened to shortwave radio, a weapon widely used in the major capitals of the world during the war, is described here by Mr. Gerber, who served as wartime director of the shortwave listening station for CBS.
The Evolution of Newspaper Interest in Radio
Authors: Wagner Paul H.
Published: August 2016

The reaction of the press to a new competitor in the 1920s and 1930s is a vital chapter in the history of news media. Mr. Wagner, a former newspaperman and radio newsman, is a member of the journalism faculty at Ohio University.
Legal Problems of Radio News: A Summary
Authors: Siebert Fred S.
Published: August 2016

This article is an answer to numerous requests front station managers for a concise and concrete summary of radio law as it applies to news. The author is a member of the Illinois bar, and director of the Illinois School of Journalism.
The Minnesota Aptitude Tests: Construction and Evaluation
Authors: Cook Walter W. , Knowles Wendell
Published: August 2016

This is the second in a series of two articles on the testing of journalistic aptitudes at the University of Minnesota. The first, by Dr. Cook, professor of education at Minnesota, appeared in the June 1945 Quarterly.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines: February, March, and April 1946
Authors: Swindler William F. , Reddick DeWitt C. , Price Granville C.
Published: August 2016

Two developments stand out in the trade news of the spring of 1946–a reawakening interest on the part of newspapers in the news and editorial side of their publications, and a climax in the prolonged dispute over radio's public service responsibilities. The latter was precipitated by the now-famous FCC report upon commercial announcements and the general program policy of the average American station. The radio industry responded with an attack upon the whole philosophy of government control of radio operation. Less spectacular was the emphasis upon improved newspaper content which key noted a number of spring editors’ meetings; but the persistence of this theme indicated an awareness on the part of newspaper people of the need for consolidating readership gains of the war years in preparation for postwar competition.–W. F. S.
Sex-Specific Metabolic Outcomes in Offspring of Female Rats Born Small or Exposed to Stress During Pregnancy
Authors: Cheong Jean N. , Cuffe James S. M. , Jefferies Andrew J. , Anevska Kristina , Moritz Karen M. , Wlodek Mary E.
Published: August 2016

Low birth weight increases adult metabolic disease risk in both the first (F1) and second (F2) generation. Physiological stress during pregnancy in F1 females that were born small induces F2 fetal growth restriction, but the long-term metabolic health of these F2 offspring is unknown. Uteroplacental insufficiency (restricted) or sham (control) surgery was performed in F0 rats. F1 females (control, restricted) were allocated to unstressed or stressed pregnancies. F2 offspring exposed to maternal stress in utero had reduced birth weight. At 6 months, F2 stressed males had elevated fasting glucose. In contrast, F2 restricted males had reduced pancreatic β-cell mass. Interestingly, these metabolic deficits were not present at 12 month. F2 males had increased adrenal mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and IGF-1 receptor when their mothers were born small or exposed to stress during pregnancy. Stressed control F2 males had increased expression of adrenal genes that regulate androgen signaling at 6 months, whereas expression increased in restricted male and female offspring at 12 months. F2 females from stressed mothers had lower area under the glucose curve during glucose tolerance testing at 12 months compared with unstressed females but were otherwise unaffected. If F1 mothers were either born small or exposed to stress during her pregnancy, F2 offspring had impaired physiological outcomes in a sex- and age-specific manner. Importantly, stress during pregnancy did not exacerbate disease risk in F2 offspring of mothers born small, suggesting that they independently program disease in offspring through different mechanisms.