bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Sentencing, Criminal Court
Authors: Miner‐Romanoff Karen
Published: November 2017

The number of juveniles in adult criminal courts has expanded and contracted over the years as the original rehabilitative philosophy has been subsumed by rising crime rates and punitive sentences. Generally, the increase was meant to deter crime and increase safety. Research has shown that there is little to no specific or general deterrent impact, however. Recent focus on the youths' cerebral capacity for rational decision making and decreases in juvenile crime have led to a decrease of juveniles in adult court. Research also indicates that a disproportionate number of minorities continue to be sentenced in adult criminal courts and that youth are at increased risks of victimization in adult prisons.
Communities that Care
Authors: Haggerty Kevin P.
Published: November 2017

Communities That Care (CTC) is a prevention system that gives communities tools to address adolescent health and behavior problems. The underlying premise is that by identifying community youth's elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors, then implementing preventive interventions shown in rigorous trials to affect those specific risk and protective factors, the prevalence of those problem behaviors, including delinquency, can be reduced. CTC engages community stakeholders in a shared vision and provides tools for assessment, prioritization, and goal setting. CTC's efficacy has been demonstrated in a randomized controlled trial involving 24 US communities, as well as a quasi‐experimental trial in Pennsylvania.
T
he
N
etherlands
Authors: Kuanliang Attapol
Published: November 2017

The juvenile justice system in the Netherlands has been steadily developing and whereas the Dutch have no specific statute for juvenile offenders there are special provisions for young offenders in the Criminal Code. The minimum age of criminal responsibility in the Netherlands is 12 years old and those younger than that cannot be prosecuted for criminal offenses. The number of juveniles who have formal contact with the juvenile justice system has been declining in recent years. The Dutch police have discretionary powers to divert juveniles away from the system or alternatively to forward their cases to a juvenile court. The system has unique attributes particularly in these diversionary and alternative sanctions such as
Halt‐maatregel
and
Jeugd Terecht
that others can learn from.
Dating Violence
Authors: Soller Brian
Published: November 2017

Involvement in dating and romantic relationships is a key feature of adolescence. Despite this fact, few criminologists focus on the prevalence and correlates of dating violence within adolescent couples. This entry provides an overview of recent research on dating violence in adolescence, focusing on prevalence of teen dating violence perpetration and victimization as well as the causes and consequences of teen dating violence perpetration and victimization. Prevailing theoretical approaches to explaining variation in teen dating violence are also examined.
Group Treatment
Authors: Ticknor Bobbie
Published: November 2017

Group treatment for juvenile delinquents has evolved over the past century. Historically, treatments used for juveniles focused on more traditional methods of therapy, such as individual counseling. Contemporary treatments often include a group treatment approach; however, not all groups are created equal. Those groups that adhere to evidence‐based practices and focus on risk and protective factors have been found to be most effective in reducing recidivism for juvenile populations.
Uniform Crime Reports
Authors: Dahl Patricia P.
Published: November 2017

The Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR) is reportedly the oldest national crime data tracking and reporting system in the United States. Its overall objective is to track, maintain, and generate crime data information for use in public and private law enforcement administration and management. The UCR has collected criminal offense and offender statistics from local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies since 1929 and has grown to be one of the main measures of official crime statistics for crime in the United States. In the process of its evolution, the UCR reporting system has also become an important social indicator of US crime trends. Today, the UCR reporting system is used by criminologists, sociologists, government planners, legislators, the judiciary, academicians, and students for a wide variety of research, planning, and policy development purposes.
Self‐Control Theory
Authors: Schreck Christopher J.
Published: November 2017

Self‐control theory was formulated by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in 1990 in their book
A General Theory of Crime
. Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory is a rational choice framework, arguing that low self‐control impairs rational behavior and corresponds not only with more crime but also with accidents, disease, and many other adverse outcomes. Self‐control theory has become one of the most important and controversial explanations of crime in contemporary criminology.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Bergstrøm Henriette
Published: November 2017

This entry concerns antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), which is one of the personality disorders included in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders(DSM) commonly utilized by psychiatrists, medical doctors, and psychologists. ASPD is identified through the assessment of a range of antisocial behaviors. The understanding of ASPD has developed in recent years, however, with the revisions of the DSM. This has been shown to have implications for its relationship with psychopathy.
Divorce Effects
Authors: Su Xiaoli
Published: November 2017

It is well established that parental divorce has deleterious effects on youth's outcome. As society has become more tolerant toward divorce, it is not clear whether or not parental divorce still affects youth negatively. Reviewing the latest literature on divorce, this entry sheds light on the effects of divorce. Specifically, it focuses on the effect of parental divorce on youth's outcome, including juvenile delinquency, substance and alcohol use, risky sexual behavior, and related youth problems.
P
akistan
Authors: Kakar Suman
Published: November 2017

The juvenile justice system is designed to protect, promote, and rehabilitate children who come into conflict with the law and those who need special care and healing until they reach the age of majority. It is a system that believes addressing children's criminal behavior and intervening early will deter adolescents from engaging in criminal behavior as adults. Pakistan had no separate system to address children's involvement with the law. All offenders over the age of 7 years are treated the same. Under Section 82 of the Pakistan Penal Code 1860 (No. XLV), the minimum age for criminal responsibility in Pakistan is 7 years. In 2000, the Juvenile Justice System Ordinance (JJSO) was introduced in Pakistan.
Psychological Theories of Crime
Authors: Henderson Brandy B.
Published: November 2017

There are a variety of psychological theories that are applicable to many offenders. These include, but are not limited to, sociobiology, intelligence theories, learning theories, cognitive theories, and personality theories. This entry offers a brief overview of these perspectives, and how they can help criminologists further understand antisocial or delinquent behavior. Although some aspects of psychology have been accepted and integrated into criminology, there are still many available components that could, and should be, utilized within the field.
Child Savers
Authors: Cain Calli M.
Published: November 2017

The “child savers” were a group of reformers that flourished in major cities across the United States during the nineteenth century. Child savers created an unprecedented movement that sought to save children from physical and moral harm. They pursued extensive reforms for children, advocating for policies on child labor laws, mandatory schooling, and the development of child health bureaus. One of the chief reforms that the child savers promoted was the establishment of a juvenile justice system. The first juvenile court was established in Chicago, where child savers hoped to care for and reform neglected and delinquent children by helping them conform to societal norms and thereby prevent future crime. Although the child savers accomplished much for child welfare, many scholars have questioned whether the reformers were acting in the best interest of children, or whether it was a class‐based movement to extend governmental control over children of the poor.
Juvenile Court, History of
Authors: Worley Vidisha Barua
Published: November 2017

This entry traces the history of the juvenile court in the United States from the 1800s to the present. Although more due process rights for juveniles have “adultified” the juvenile court, the original goals ofparens patriaeand rehabilitation remain. In the future, it is hoped that the juvenile court will be able to balance the two sides of the coin, that is, continue to treat children with care and understanding while not depriving them of their basic due process rights, so that they can enjoy the best of both the worlds and become conscientious and productive adults.
Prosecutor
Authors: Artello Kristine , de Tezanos Pinto Maria A. Eijo
Published: November 2017

Early twentieth‐century legal reforms entrusted the state with the role of
parens patriae
(or legal protector acting in the best interest) to juveniles and to providing rehabilitation services to troubled youth. The US Supreme Court's
Gault
decision of 1967 established the right to defense counsel, which shifted the historical informality and
parens patriae
practice toward a more criminal court‐like process since juveniles were granted some basic due process constitutional rights. This created a conflict between the historical mission of juvenile courts and the role of prosecutors (to protect the public and to seek justice). The prosecutor's role in juvenile courts has become similar to the role of prosecutors in adult courts and has similar problems such as the overrepresentation of minorities. Waivers (or certification of transfers) of juveniles to adult courts have increased recidivism and have caused other harmful effects on youth.
Gender (Correlations and Contexts of Delinquency)
Authors: Pazzani Lynn
Published: November 2017

Both boys and girls participate in activities labeled juvenile delinquency. They have different reasons for engaging in delinquency, with girls' reasons often revolving around family issues, and different rates of delinquency. The police and juvenile justice system, as a result of stereotypes about sex roles, may label similar delinquent behavior by boys and girls differently, and respond to it in different ways. Girls are more likely to be arrested for status offenses and serve more time for them, whereas boys are more likely to be involved in violence, according to official statistics. Girls and boys also have different experiences in the institutions in which they are placed when they do become involved in the juvenile justice system.
Cottage System
Authors: Bland Timothy Beryl
Published: November 2017

Early progressives in the mid‐nineteenth century developed the cottage, or family, prison system to move difficult and abandoned youth into smaller, cottage facilities run by houseparents or caretakers. Today, these youth, cottage prison systems are intended to be supportive, family‐based treatment centers that consist of small residential buildings typically housing 20–30 inmates and often in rural geographic regions with “cottage parents” or trained staff for rehabilitation.
SouthAmerica
Authors: Muñoz‐Guzmán Carolina , Bruñol Miguel Cillero
Published: November 2017

Juvenile justice in South America has since its origin been part of child protection services. Only during the last 13 years have most South American countries incorporated, to varying degrees, a specialized juvenile justice system into their legal systems. The challenge of adopting international standards for protecting children has been a central reason for improving the services under a rights perspective. However, the transition has been slow, mainly because of the legacy of past causal theories to explain children's and families' difficulties, namely, medical models and functionalism. Today, South American governments have declared a commitment to the constitutions and international agreements that frame juvenile justice; however, this imposes on them both an obligation to ensure that children's rights are respected by creating appropriate institutional structures, as well as a duty to develop mechanisms to monitor and guarantee the rights of the children. This is an ongoing challenge.
Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899
Authors: Wilson Denise
Published: November 2017

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 created the first juvenile court in the United States. It was created in the overall context of child reform and social welfare for children during the nineteenth century. The reformers believed they were acting in the best interests of the child and felt it was their moral obligation to help wayward youth. The legislation resulted in an informal separate institution for dependent, neglected, and delinquent children under the age of 16 years. The Act also specified that the new court focus on rehabilitation and treatment rather than punishment and it laid the foundation for the modern juvenile justice system.
S
outh
K
orea
Authors: Cheon Hyunjung
Published: November 2017

Criminal offending among Korean youth has attracted research attention over the past two decades in South Korea. In particular, scholars have been interested in whether criminological theories originally developed in the United States could be applied to explain juvenile delinquency in South Korea. Self‐control and general strain theory are the two most used and tested criminological theories in South Korea. Empirical studies have consistently found supportive evidence that these two theories are relevant to explaining juvenile delinquency in South Korea. Applying other theories and an integrative approach in the South Korean context are necessary for future research to create a better understanding of juvenile delinquency in South Korea.
Intra‐ and inter‐fractional liver and lung tumor motions treated with SBRT under active breathing control
Authors: Lu Lan , Diaconu Claudiu , Djemil Toufik , Videtic Gregory MM , Abdel‐Wahab May , Yu Naichang , Greskovich John , Stephans Kevin L , Xia Ping
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To assess intra‐ and inter‐fractional motions of liver and lung tumors using active breathing control (ABC).

Methods and Materials

Nineteen patients with liver cancer and 15 patients with lung cancer treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) were included in this retrospective study. All patients received a series of three CTs at simulation to test breath‐hold reproducibility. The centroids of the whole livers and of the lung tumors from the three CTs were compared to assess intra‐fraction variability. For 15 patients (8 liver, 7 lung), ABC‐gated kilovoltage cone‐beam CTs (kV‐CBCTs) were acquired prior to each treatment, and the centroids of the whole livers and of the lung tumors were also compared to those in the planning CTs to assess inter‐fraction variability.

Results

Liver intra‐fractional systematic/random errors were 0.75/0.39 mm, 1.36/0.97 mm, and 1.55/1.41 mm at medial‐lateral (ML), anterior‐posterior (AP), and superior‐inferior (SI) directions, respectively. Lung intra‐fractional systematic/random errors were 0.71/0.54 mm (ML), 1.45/1.10 mm (AP), and 3.95/1.93 mm (SI), respectively. Substantial intra‐fraction motions (>3 mm) were observed in 26.3% of liver cancer patients and in 46.7% of lung cancer patients. For both liver and lung tumors, most inter‐fractional systematic and random errors were larger than the corresponding intra‐fractional errors. However, these inter‐fractional errors were mostly corrected by the treatment team prior to each treatment based on kV CBCT‐guided soft tissue alignment, thereby eliminating their effects on the treatment planning margins.

Conclusions

Intra‐fractional motion is the key to determine the planning margins since inter‐fractional motion can be compensated based on daily gated soft tissue imaging guidance of CBCT. Patient‐specific treatment planning margins instead of recipe‐based margins were suggested, which can benefit mostly for the patients with small intra‐fractional motions.
On the use of bolus for pacemaker dose measurement and reduction in radiation therapy
Authors: Yan Huagang , Guo Fanqing , Zhu Dengsong , Stryker Stefan , Trumpore Sharron , Roberts Kenneth , Higgins Susan , Nath Ravinder , Chen Zhe , Liu Wu
Published: November 2017

Special attention is required in planning and administering radiation therapy to patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), such as pacemaker and defibrillator. The range of dose to CIEDs that can induce malfunction is large among CIEDs. Clinically significant defects have been reported at dose as low as 0.15 Gy. Therefore, accurate estimation of dose to CIED and dose reduction are both important even if the dose is expected to be less than the often‐used 2‐Gy limit. We investigated the use of bolus in in vivo dosimetry for CIEDs. Solid water phantom measurements of out‐of‐field dose for a 6‐MV beam were performed using parallel plate chamber with and without 1‐ to 2‐cm bolus covering the chamber. In vivo dosimetry at skin surface above the CIED was performed with and without bolus covering the CIED for three patients with the CIED <5 cm from the field edge. Chamber measured dose at depth ~0.5–1.5 cm below the skin surface, where the CIED is normally located, was reduced by ~7–48% with bolus. The dose reduction became smaller at deeper depths and with smaller field size. In vivo dosimetry at skin surface also indicated ~20%–60% lower dose when using bolus for the three patients. The dose measured with bolus more accurately reflects the dose to CIED and is less affected by contaminant electrons and linac head scatter. In general, the treatment planning system (TPS) calculation underestimated the dose to CIED, but it predicts the CIED dose more accurately when bolus is used. We recommend the use of 1‐ to 2‐cm bolus to cover the CIED during in vivo CIED dose measurements for more accurate CIED dose estimation. If the CIED is placed <2 cm in depth and its dose is mainly from anterior beams, we recommend using the bolus during the entire course of radiation delivery to reduce the dose to CIED.
Oriented Multiwalled Organic–Co(OH)2 Nanotubes for Energy Storage
Authors: Lau Garrett C. , Sather Nicholas A. , Sai Hiroaki , Waring Elizabeth M. , Deiss‐Yehiely Elad , Barreda Leonel , Beeman Emily A. , Palmer Liam C. , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: November 2017

In energy storage materials, large surface areas and oriented structures are key architecture design features for improving performance through enhanced electrolyte access and efficient electron conduction pathways. Layered hydroxides provide a tunable materials platform with opportunities for achieving such nanostructures via bottom‐up syntheses. These nanostructures, however, can degrade in the presence of the alkaline electrolytes required for their redox‐based energy storage. A layered Co(OH)2–organic hybrid material that forms a hierarchical structure consisting of micrometer‐long, 30 nm diameter tubes with concentric curved layers of Co(OH)2 and 1‐pyrenebutyric acid is reported. The nanotubular structure offers high surface area as well as macroscopic orientation perpendicular to the substrate for efficient electron transfer. Using a comparison with flat films of the same composition, it is demonstrated that the superior performance of the nanotubular films is the result of a large accessible surface area for redox activity. It is found that the organic molecules used to template nanotubular growth also impart stability to the hybrid when present in the alkaline environments necessary for redox function.
Nanomorphology Effects in Semiconductors with Native Ferromagnetism: Hierarchical Europium (II) Oxide Tubes Prepared via a Topotactic Nanostructure Transition
Authors: Trepka Bastian , Erler Philipp , Selzer Severin , Kollek Tom , Boldt Klaus , Fonin Mikhail , Nowak Ulrich , Wolf Daniel , Lubk Axel , Polarz Sebastian
Published: November 2017

Semiconductors with native ferromagnetism barely exist and defined nanostructures are almost unknown. This lack impedes the exploration of a new class of materials characterized by a direct combination of effects on the electronic system caused by quantum confinement effects with magnetism. A good example is EuO for which currently no reliable routes for nanoparticle synthesis can be established. Bottom‐up approaches applicable to other oxides fail because of the labile oxidation state +II. Instead of targeting a direct synthesis, the two steps—“structure control” and “chemical transformation”—are separated. The generation of a transitional, hybrid nanophase is followed by its conversion into EuO under full conservation of all morphological features. Hierarchical EuO materials are now accessible in the shape of oriented nanodisks stacked to tubular particles. Magnetically, the coupling of either vortex or onion states has been found. An unexpected temperature dependence is governed by thermally activated transitions between these states.
Ultrafine Capillary‐Tube Triboelectric Nanogenerator as Active Sensor for Microliquid Biological and Chemical Sensing
Authors: Chen Bao Dong , Tang Wei , He Chuan , Jiang Tao , Xu Liang , Zhu Lai Pan , Gu Guang Qin , Chen Jian , Shao Jia Jia , Luo Jian Jun , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: November 2017

A practical, highly flexible capillary‐tube triboelectric nanogenerator (ct‐TENG) is reported as a microfluidic sensor. The ct‐TENG is composed of an ultrafine tubular sandwich structure of polytetrafluoroethylene capillary tube, double helix aluminum foil, and silicon rubber hermetic tube. For the first time, microliter sampling (sampling volume, 0.5 µL), nondestructive and highly flexible, is achieved simultaneously for a microliquid sensing device. The self‐powered ct‐TENG is capable of outputting selectable electrical signals (1.1 V, 10 nA, 0.9 nC) used for sensing a volume of 0.5 µL microliquid due to Maxwell's displacement current generated with energy converted from microliquid flow. It also achieves both total aerobic count monitoring and electrical conductivity (κ) detection. Moreover, the ct‐TENG is ultrafine/highly flexible structure and enables its application as a microliter magnitude active sensor for qualitative/quantitative detection. This work provides new opportunities for multifunctional sensing and potential applications in microliquid biological and chemical monitoring/detection technology.
Metal‐Free Thiolation of Imidazopyridines with Functionalized Haloalkanes Using Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Rong , Zhan Ling‐Zhi , Wei Liang , Ning Yun‐Yun , Zhong Xiao‐Lin , Lai Jing‐Xiong , Xu Li , Tang Ri‐Yuan
Published: November 2017

The assembly of two functional molecules via a sulfur linking atom allows an access to a diverse array of thioether‐containing compounds. Herein, we disclose a metal‐free thiolation of imidazopyridines with a variety of functionalized haloalkanes using elemental sulfur.

magnified image
Sunlight‐promoted Direct Irradiation of N‐centred Anion: The Photocatalyst‐free Synthesis of Pyrazoles in Water
Authors: Zhang Te , Meng Yunge , Lu Jinye , Yang Yuting , Li Gong‐Qiang , Zhu Chunyin
Published: November 2017

A practical method through sunlight mediated annulation of α,β‐unsaturated hydrazones has been developed for the synthesis of pyrazole. Based on the analysis of UV‐Vis absorption of the substrate, the reaction was designed to avoid the use of external photocatalysis and proceeds via direct irradiation of N‐centred anion by sunlight. The key features of this reaction include operational simplicity, readily available reagents, and amenability to gram‐scale synthesis.

magnified image
Engineering of Highly Active Silver Nanoparticles for Oxygen Electroreduction via Simultaneous Control over Their Shape and Size
Authors: Garlyyev Batyr , Liang Yunchang , Butt Faheem K. , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S.
Published: November 2017

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most important electrocatalytic reactions, which requires efficient and economically viable electrocatalysts. While Pt(Pd)‐based catalysts show the best ORR performance for automotive applications, their use in large‐scale industrial processes, for instance at the oxygen depolarized cathodes in chloralkali industry, is questionable due to the high cost of Pt(Pd). Silver, being much more affordable than platinum, is known as the “second‐active” ORR electrocatalyst in alkaline media. Shape‐selected Ag nanoplates of three different sizes are synthesized using a one‐step bottom‐up approach. With no alloying, optimal Ag nanoplates show specific activity of ≈2.6 mA cm−2 (3 times higher than Ag (110)) and mass activity of (6.5 times higher compared to state‐of‐the‐art Ag nanospheres) toward ORR at 0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. These activities are the highest reported in the literature for pure Ag electrocatalysts (both single crystalline and nanostructured) measured under similar conditions.
Hydrothermal Cation Exchange Enabled Gradual Evolution of Au@ZnS–AgAuS Yolk–Shell Nanocrystals and Their Visible Light Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Feng Jingwen , Liu Jia , Cheng Xiaoyan , Liu Jiajia , Xu Meng , Zhang Jiatao
Published: November 2017

Yolk–shell hybrid nanoparticles with noble metal core and programmed semiconductor shell composition may exhibit synergistic effects and tunable catalytic properties. In this work, the hydrothermal cation exchange synthesis of Au@ZnS–AgAuS yolk–shell nanocrystals (Y–S NCs) with well‐fabricated void size, grain‐boundary‐architectured ZnS–AgAuS shell and in situ generated Au cocatalyst are demonstrated. Starting from the novel cavity‐free Au@AgAuS core‐shell NCs, via aqueous cation exchange reaction with Zn2+, the gradual evolution with produced Au@ZnS–AgAuS Y–S NCs can be achieved successfully. This unprecedented evolution can be reasonably explained by cation exchange initialized chemical etching of Au core, followed by the diffusion through the shell to be AgAuS and then ZnS. By hydrothermal treatment provided optimal redox environment, Au ions in shell were partially reduced to be Au NCs on the surface. The UV–vis absorption spectra evolution and visible light photocatalytic performances, including improved photodegradation behavior and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, have demonstrated their potential applications. This new one‐pot way to get diverse heterointerfaces for better photoinduced electron/hole separation synergistically can be anticipated for more kinds of photocatalytic organic synthesis.
The Ecology of Teachers’ Experiences with Violence and Lack of Administrative Support
Authors: McMahon Susan D. , Reaves Samantha , McConnell Elizabeth A. , Peist Eric , Ruiz Linda ,   the APA Task Force on Classroom Violence Directed Against Teachers
Published: November 2017

Highlights

Teacher‐directed violence is a significant problem in schools.

Lack of support from administrators was one of teachers’ most upsetting experiences.

An ecological framework was used to examine lack of administrative support across multiple levels.

Implications for research, practice, and policy are provided to improve administrative support.
Using Participatory System Dynamics Modeling to Examine the Local HIV Test and Treatment Care Continuum in Order to Reduce Community Viral Load
Authors: Weeks Margaret R. , Li Jianghong , Lounsbury David , Green Helena Danielle , Abbott Maryann , Berman Marcie , Rohena Lucy , Gonzalez Rosely , Lang Shawn , Mosher Heather
Published: November 2017

Highlights

Participatory system dynamics modeling helps improve the HIV service system to reduce the epidemic.

We engaged local stakeholders to critique their HIV service system using system dynamics modeling.

Participants showed enhanced communication and consensus about systems understanding and solutions.
Prevalence of hearing loss among noise‐exposed workers within the agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector, 2003‐2012
Authors: Masterson Elizabeth A. , Themann Christa L. , Calvert Geoffrey M.
Published: November 2017

Background

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hearing loss among noise‐exposed US workers within the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting (AFFH) sector.

Methods

Audiograms for 1.4 million workers (17 299 within AFFH) from 2003 to 2012 were examined. Prevalence, and the adjusted risk for hearing loss as compared with the reference industry (Couriers and Messengers), were estimated.

Results

The overall AFFH sector prevalence was 15% compared to 19% for all industries combined, but many of the AFFH sub‐sectors exceeded the overall prevalence. Forestry sub‐sector prevalences were highest with Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products at 36% and Timber Tract Operations at 22%. The Aquaculture sub‐sector had the highest adjusted risk of all AFFH sub‐sectors (PR = 1.70; CI = 1.42‐2.04).

Conclusions

High risk industries within the AFFH sector need continued hearing conservation efforts. Barriers to hearing loss prevention and early detection of hearing loss need to be recognized and addressed.
Workplace violence injury in 106 US hospitals participating in the Occupational Health Safety Network (OHSN), 2012‐2015
Authors: Groenewold Matthew R. , Sarmiento Raymond F.R. , Vanoli Kelly , Raudabaugh William , Nowlin Susan , Gomaa Ahmed
Published: November 2017

Background

Workplace violence is a substantial occupational hazard for healthcare workers in the United States.

Methods

We analyzed workplace violence injury surveillance data submitted by hospitals participating in the Occupational Health Safety Network (OHSN) from 2012 to 2015.

Results

Data were frequently missing for several important variables. Nursing assistants (14.89, 95%CI 10.12‐21.91) and nurses (8.05, 95%CI 6.14‐10.55) had the highest crude workplace violence injury rates per 1000 full‐time equivalent (FTE) workers. Nursing assistants' (IRR 2.82, 95%CI 2.36‐3.36) and nurses' (IRR 1.70, 95%CI 1.45‐1.99) adjusted workplace violence injury rates were significantly higher than those of non‐patient care personnel. On average, the overall rate of workplace violence injury among OHSN‐participating hospitals increased by 23% annually during the study period.

Conclusion

Improved data collection is needed for OHSN to realize its full potential. Workplace violence is a serious, increasingly common problem in OHSN‐participating hospitals. Nursing assistants and nurses have the highest injury risk.
Sensation, mechanoreceptor, and nerve fiber function after nerve regeneration
Authors: Krarup Christian , Rosén Birgitta , Boeckstyns Michel , Ibsen Sørensen Allan , Lundborg Göran , Moldovan Mihai , Archibald Simon J.
Published: November 2017

Objective

Sensation is essential for recovery after peripheral nerve injury. However, the relationship between sensory modalities and function of regenerated fibers is uncertain. We have investigated the relationships between touch threshold, tactile gnosis, and mechanoreceptor and sensory fiber function after nerve regeneration.

Methods

Twenty‐one median or ulnar nerve lesions were repaired by a collagen nerve conduit or direct suture. Quantitative sensory hand function and sensory conduction studies by near‐nerve technique, including tactile stimulation of mechanoreceptors, were followed for 2 years, and results were compared to noninjured hands.

Results

At both repair methods, touch thresholds at the finger tips recovered to 81 ± 3% and tactile gnosis only to 20 ± 4% (p < 0.001) of control. The sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) remained dispersed and areas recovered to 23 ± 2% and the amplitudes only to 7 ± 1% (P < 0.001). The areas of SNAPs after tactile stimulation recovered to 61 ± 11% and remained slowed. Touch sensation correlated with SNAP areas (p < 0.005) and was negatively related to the prolongation of tactile latencies (p < 0.01); tactile gnosis was not related to electrophysiological parameters.

Interpretation

The recovered function of regenerated peripheral nerve fibers and reinnervated mechanoreceptors may differentially influence recovery of sensory modalities. Touch was affected by the number and function of regenerated fibers and mechanoreceptors. In contrast, tactile gnosis depends on the input and plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS), which may explain the absence of a direct relation between electrophysiological parameters and poor recovery. Dispersed maturation of sensory nerve fibers with desynchronized inputs to the CNS also contributes to the poor recovery of tactile gnosis. Ann Neurol 2017. Ann Neurol 2017;82:940–950
Synthese und Reaktivität von Nickel‐stabilisierten μ2:η2,η2‐P2‐, As2‐ und PAs‐Einheiten
Authors: Hierlmeier Gabriele , Hinz Alexander , Wolf Robert , Goicoechea Jose M.
Published: November 2017

Reaktionen der paramagnetischen Nickel(I)‐Verbindungen CpNi(NHC) (Cp=Cyclopentadienyl; NHC=1,3‐Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐yliden (IMes) bzw. 1,3‐Bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐yliden (IPr)) mit [Na(Dioxan)x][PnCO] (Pn=P, As) ergeben symmetrische bimetallische Verbindungen (μ2:η2,η2‐E2){Ni(NHC)(CO)}2. Mehrere Intermediate wurden identifiziert und charakterisiert, unter anderem eine Verbindung mit dem für das PCO−‐Anion zuvor unbekannten μ2:η2,η2‐Koordinationsmodus. Untersuchungen der Folgechemie zeigten, dass bei der Reaktion von (μ2:η2,η2‐Pn2){Ni(IMes)(CO)}2 mit Kohlenstoffmonoxid die Pn2‐Einheit freigesetzt wird. Im Fall der phosphorhaltigen Spezies führt dies zur Bildung von P4 und im Fall von (μ2:η2,η2‐As2){Ni(IMes)(CO)}2 zur Bildung von elementarem Arsen.
Surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers via controlled radical graft polymerization
Authors: Tamizifar Maryam , Sun Gang
Published: November 2017

Functional chemical modifications on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers via radical graft polymerization could be controlled by managing mutual interactions and affinities between different components in the grafting reaction system. Hansen solubility parameters was used as a tool to quantify affinities of related agents and the polymer, and provided reliable results. The latest results proved the practicality of using Hansen solubility parameters in controlling radical graft polymerizations on surface modifications of PET fibers. Four different monomers with different hydrophilic properties in different solvent and initiator systems were examined, and results confirmed that interactions of initiator‐PET, initiator‐solvent, monomer‐PET, monomer‐solvent, and monomer‐initiator play important roles in determining the grafting reaction efficiency. Results revealed that for the selected grafting systems studied, hydrophilic monomers presented overall favoring affinities toward PET leading to higher grafting yields compared to hydrophobic monomers. The results have instructive impact to commercial applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45990.
Effects of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether on the structures and properties of isocyanate‐based polyimide foams
Authors: Yao Yao , Zhang Guangcheng , Li Jianwei , Wang Aifeng , Shi Xuetao
Published: November 2017

A series of thermal insulation, acoustic absorption isocyanate‐based lightweight polyimide (PI) foams with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) units were prepared from polyaryl polymethylene isocyanate (PAPI) and the esterification solution derived from pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and ODA. The structures and properties of the PI foams prepared with different molar ratio of ODA/PMDA were investigated in detail. The results show that the ODA units have great influence on the foam properties. With the increase of the ODA units, the density decreases firstly and then increases. When the molar ratio of ODA/PMDA is 3/10, the foam reaches the minimum density (13.7 kg/m3). Moreover, with increasing the ODA units, the acoustic absorption properties increase firstly and then decrease owing to the variation of the average cell diameter of the PI foams. All PI foams show excellent thermal stability, and the 5% and 10% weight loss temperature are in the range of 250–270 °C and 295–310 °C, respectively. In addition, the PI foams present low thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity. Furthermore, the mechanical property was also evaluated and the compressive strength of the PI foams is in the range of 33.0–45.7 kPa. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46029.
6‐Nitroazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐ones as Antidiabetic Agents
Authors: Spasov Alexander A. , Babkov Denis A. , Sysoeva Valentina A. , Litvinov Roman A. , Shamshina Darya D. , Ulomsky Evgeny N. , Savateev Konstantin V. , Fedotov Viktor V. , Slepukhin Pavel A. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Charushin Valery N. , Rusinov Vladimir L.
Published: November 2017

Prevention of the formation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) is a reliable approach to achieve control over hyperglycemia and the associated pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. In these terms, new synthetic approaches to 6‐nitroazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines have been developed on the basis of the promising antiglycation activity of their structural analogues, such as azolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazine‐4(1H)‐ones. A number of nitroazolopyrimidines were obtained by using nitration, chlorodeoxygenation, and amination reactions, and their antidiabetic properties were elucidated in vitro. It was shown that triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine‐7(4H)‐ones exhibit a higher antiglycation activity than the corresponding 7‐alkylamino analogs and aminoguanidine, as the reference compound. It is suggested that this kind of activity can be associated with the chelating properties possessed by the synthesized 6‐nitro‐7‐oxoderivatives. Furthermore, the compounds obtained were tested for their inhibitory activity against dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), glycogen phosphorylase, and α‐glucosidase in vitro, but their activities proved to be significantly inferior to those of the reference compounds.
Optimizing quality of dental carving by preclinical dental students through anatomy theory reinforcement
Authors: de Azevedo Renato A. , Correa Marcos B. , Torriani Marcos A. , Lund Rafael G.
Published: November 2017

Knowledge of dental anatomy is of great importance in the practice of dentistry, especially in oral rehabilitation, because without this knowledge, professional practice is not possible. Dental carving plays a major role in training dental students as it develops their manual dexterity. This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the influence of didactic‐theoretical reinforcement on the theoretical and practical knowledge of dental anatomy of preclinical students by examining the quality of the anatomical restorations performed by these students before and after a didactic‐theoretical reinforcement. For the evaluation of theoretical knowledge, a questionnaire with closed questions about dental anatomy was used. To evaluate the effect of didactic reinforcement on dental carvings, two groups of 15 preclinical students were assessed. Experimental group (G1) received a three‐hour theoretical tutoring on dental anatomy, while the control group (G2) did not. The dental carving scores obtained by the two different groups were compared using Student's t‐test. Cohen's d was used to estimate the effect sizes between groups. The frequency of correct answers given for each theoretical knowledge question was compared in each group using Fisher's exact test. T‐test was also used to compare the means of the two groups' final scores of theoretical evaluations. To compare these final scores obtained in both carving and theoretical tests, a principal component analysis was performed with different items assessed in each test to obtain factor loading scores and a final weighted score, where factor loadings were considered for each item. Weighted scores were compared using t‐test. Also, scores obtained during the head and neck course were assessed and compared using t‐test. Spearman's correlation test was used to assess the correlation between scores obtained prior to the anatomy course and scores obtained in the dental carving exercise. The theoretical evaluation revealed no significant difference between the grades (mean ± SD) of G1 (85.1 ± 6.6%) and G2 (86.2 ± 9.1%) with the grades of a baseline test that was previously obtained when students submitted to the study (P = 0.725). Regarding the tooth carving assessment, the dental carving quality by students of G1 has significantly improved, except for tooth #23 (P = 0.096). Theoretical reinforcement of dental anatomy seems to improve the students' carving performance but does not enhance their knowledge about dental anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 11: 377–384. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Modulating attentional biases of adults with autistic traits using transcranial direct current stimulation: A pilot study
Authors: English Michael C. W. , Kitching Emma S. , Maybery Murray T. , Visser Troy A. W.
Published: November 2017

While neurotypical individuals over‐attend to the left‐side of centrally‐presented visual stimuli, this bias is reduced in individuals with autism/high levels of autistic traits. Because this difference is hypothesized to reflect relative reductions in right‐hemisphere activation, it follows that increasing right‐hemisphere activation should increase leftward bias. We administered transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right posterior parietal cortex to individuals with low levels (n = 19) and high levels (n = 19) of autistic traits whilst they completed a greyscales task. Anodal tDCS increased leftward bias for high‐trait, but not low‐trait, individuals, while cathodal tDCS had no effect. This outcome suggests that typical attentional patterns driven by hemispheric lateralization could potentially be restored following right‐hemisphere stimulation in high‐trait individuals. Autism Res 2018, 11: 385–390. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Attentional differences between individuals with and without autism may reflect differences in underlying activation of the left and right hemispheres. In this study, we combine an attentional task that reflects relative hemispheric activation with non‐invasive cortical stimulation, and show that attentional differences between healthy individuals with low and high levels of autistic‐like traits can be reduced. This outcome is encouraging, and suggests that other aspects of attention in autism (e.g., face processing) may stand to benefit from similar stimulation techniques.
The m.7510T>C mutation: Hearing impairment and a complex neurologic phenotype
Authors: Kytövuori Laura , Gardberg Maria , Majamaa Kari , Martikainen Mika H.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause a variety of clinical phenotypes ranging from a mild hearing impairment (HI) to severe encephalomyopathy. The MT‐TS1 gene is a hotspot for mutations causing HI. The m.7510T>C mutation in MT‐TS1 has been previously associated with non‐syndromic HI in four families from different ethnic backgrounds.

Materials and Methods

We describe the clinical, genetic, and histopathological findings in a Finnish family with the heteroplasmic m.7510T>C mutation in mitochondrial DNA.

Results

The family proband presented with a progressive mitochondrial disease phenotype including migraine, epilepsy, mild ataxia, and cognitive impairment in addition to HI. One young adult presented with HI only. Other family members had a mild phenotype comprising ataxia and tremor in addition to HI. Mutation heteroplasmy was 90% in the blood of maternal grandmother and ≥99% in the muscle and blood of the three other family members. Muscle histology was consistent with mitochondrial myopathy in three family members. The mitochondrial haplogroup of the family was a different branch of the haplogroup H than in the previous reports of this mutation.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that, in addition to sensorineural HI, the m.7510T>C mutation is associated with a spectrum of mitochondrial disease clinical features including migraine, epilepsy, cognitive impairment, ataxia, and tremor, and with evidence of mitochondrial myopathy.
Puerto Rico se levanta: Resilience in times of disaster
Authors: Rodríguez‐Guzmán Von Marie
Published: November 2017

During the last weeks of September and the beginning of October 2017, local and international media outlets tracked the weather as Puerto Rico and other Caribbean islands were hit by not one, but two of the strongest hurricanes the Atlantic has ever seen. First, Hurricane Irma hit the east side of Puerto Rico, including the island municipalities of Vieques and Culebra. Then, seven days later, Hurricane Maria made landfall, leaving devastation not just in the buildings, but in the hearts and lives of residents of Puerto Rico and of the diaspora of Puerto Ricans who have made their homes across the mainland United States. In the face of this devastation, what is most remarkable is the way that in the face of the worst of nature and weather, we somehow observe the best of people: resilience.
Greg Fritz, retiring editor of CABL, reminisces on changes in child psychiatry and psychology
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2017

As CABL readers know, Greg K. Fritz, M.D., editor of CABL since 2000, is retiring. Also as readers know, Anne S. Walters, Ph.D., is the new editor.
Low‐SES ethnic minority children with food allergies have higher levels of anxiety than those without
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: November 2017

Children with food allergies who are low socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnic minorities have higher levels of anxiety, but not depression, compared to other children with food allergies, researchers have found.
Enhanced Mass Activity and Stability of Bimetallic Pd‐Ni Nanoparticles on Boron‐Doped Diamond for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Mavrokefalos Christos K. , Hasan Maksudul , Rohan James F. , Foord John S.
Published: November 2017

In this work, electrochemical deposition of Pd and bimetallic Pd−Ni nanoparticles on an oxygen‐terminated boron‐doped diamond (BDD) substrate is described for use as an electrocatalyst in a direct ethanol fuel cell. A potentiostatic two‐step electrochemical method involving the electrodeposition of Ni nanoparticles on BDD followed by mono‐dispersed Pd nanoparticles was used for the fabrication of a Pd−Ni/BDD electrode. The electrocatalytic activity of the bimetallic Pd−Ni nanoparticles was evaluated in an alkaline solution containing ethanol and compared to that of the Pd nanoparticles alone. The bimetallic Pd−Ni nanoparticles showed 2.4 times higher mass activity than similar systems in the literature as well as stability when operated in alkaline media. The higher electrochemical response towards the electrooxidation of ethanol observed for the bimetallic electrocatalysts was attributed to the synergistic effects of the electron interaction at the interface of the two metals. Chronopotentiometric measurements revealed that Pd is more stable when anchored to the Ni nanoparticles. The optimised loading of mono‐dispersed Pd on a foreign Ni metal as nanoparticles plays a crucial role in achieving a high mass (3.63×106 mA/g) and specific (10.53 mA/cm2) electrocatalytic activity of Pd towards ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline media.