bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE GRAND MENHIR BRISÉ: MEGALITHIC SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
Authors: HORNSEY RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. The Grand Menhir Brisé is one member of a complex of sites near the Breton village of Locmariaquer. When intact, it would have been the largest menhir moved by neolithic man. The cause of the menhir's fall has been the subject of debate for over 250 years.

This paper considers the quarrying, transport and raising of the Grand Menhir from an engineering and archaeological viewpoint and the possible causes of the breakage are discussed in detail. It is concluded that, with the data available, a fall caused by a natural catastrophe is improbable. The former presence of a large, natural flaw within the menhir is revealed and it is demonstrated that this is likely to have caused the breakage of the Grand Menhir during its erection. The most reasonable explanation of the present positions of the fragments is that the basal section was re‐erected, to be toppled subsequently. The position and form of the original stone‐hole is predicted from this conclusion.
A VOTIVE MODEL SHIELD FROM LANGLEY, OXFORDSHIRE
Authors: GREEN MIRANDA
Published: May 2007

Summary. A miniature bronze oval shield was discovered probably in 1982 at Potters Hill Farm, Langley. The type of shield would accord well with a late Iron Age date, though full‐size shields of this general form continued in use until after the Roman conquest. A number of other pre‐Roman model shields from British contexts provide good parallels for the Langley model. A religious significance is argued for the object: other shield‐models come from Iron Age sanctuaries and, indeed, the Langley model belongs to a multifarious range of miniature implements and weapons, many of which come from temple‐sites or have other features indicative of a votive function. It seems probable that the Langley miniature shield was a votive object, perhaps offered to a divinity in a local shrine. If this is the case, it would have been an appropriate offering to a warrior‐god.
THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF A ROMAN VILLA: MARSHFIELD—IRONMONGERS PIECE
Authors: SMITH J.T.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The development of the Romano‐British villa at Marshfield is reinterpreted as several phases in the growth of a kin group, analogous to David Clarke's reinterpretation of the Glastonbury village. It begins with two native farmsteads separated by a wall but having in common a shrine. They are replaced by a bipartite house, the internal division between the households being above the demolished wall, but, symbolically, at an angle to it; a likely parallel for this exists in Picardy. The architectural relations of the rooms are used to interpret function. In a second phase alterations suggest the changing relations of the two households, with one becoming markedly superior to the other; the putative shrine, not discernible in the first Romanised phase, is located in the superior house.
A STUDY OF THE DECAY PROCESSES OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE PARISH CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY, ROTHWELL, NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
Authors: GARLAND A. NEIL , JANAWAY ROBERT C. , ROBERTS CHARLOTTE A.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The 13th century charnel house (or ‘bone crypt') situated underneath the church of the Holy Trinity, Rothwell is one of only two surviving charnel houses in Britain and is therefore important not only in structural terms but also as a reservoir of human osteoarchaeological material. Over the last 60 years concern has been expressed about the condition of the crypt and the ‘deterioration’ of the bones. In this paper the authors outline their multidisciplinary approach to the study of the bone degradation and conditions within the crypt and stress the role of histology in such an approach. The implications of their findings are discussed and action for the long term preservation of the bones are recommended.
THE EMERGENCE OF WANAX IDEOLOGY IN THE MYCENAEAN PALACES
Authors: KILIAN KLAUS
Published: May 2007

Summary. The following approach tries, as far as the Greek mainland is concerned, to discuss the prominent position of the wanax from the archaeological record in Mycenaean palaces, in the burial grounds and in the Linear B tablets. Multivariate analysis and explanatory methods related to repeated patterns reveal different stages in the Mycenaean ideological setting from the LH III A 1 period onwards, despite its roots in earlier stages of Mycenaean civilization. The complex and more sophisticated social position of the wanax points to historical implications associated with the rise of the centralized Mycenaean kingdoms.
THE TRANSITION TO A SOCIETY WITH A STATE IN THE SOUTH EAST OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA (6th–4th CENTURY BC)
Authors: VELASCO JUAN A. SANTOS
Published: May 2007

Summary. From the 6th century BC onwards the Iberian culture, with its strong and deep Mediterranean roots, developed along practically the whole of the east coast of Spain, in eastern Andalusia, and part of the Ebro valley, being most clearly defined between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. An example in the South East of the Iberian Peninsula is one of those which most clearly displays its character.

This paper (a summary of my doctoral thesis, Madrid 1988) concentrates on the middle of the Segura basin, in what are known as the western and eastern districts of Murcia and the pre‐coastal depression of Murcia. It is a region which has its own cultural and geographical identity, while offering a minimum of published data, sufficiently significant for bibliographical review, which makes it possible to maintain the historical hypothesis put forward.
AHHIYAWANS AND MYCENAEANS – AN ANATOLIAN VIEWPOINT
Authors: BRYCE TREVOR R.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Ever since the 1920's, when Emil Forrer claimed to have discovered Homeric Greeks in the Hittite texts, there has been much debate about the identity and location of the Land of Ahhiyawa, to which frequent reference is made in these texts. Although the matter is not yet settled to everyone's satisfaction, an increasing number of scholars have come round to the view that the term Ahhiyawa must have been used in reference to the Mycenaean world, or at least to part of that world. My intention in this paper is to indicate a number of developments that have in recent years taken place in Hittite scholarship, and which lead to a clearer understanding of the relations between the Lands of Hatti and Ahhiyawa. Several of the most important texts relevant to the Ahhiyawa question will be discussed, and conclusions will be drawn from them with regard to the nature and extent of Ahhiyawan enterprise in Anatolia. These texts provide evidence which in my opinion gives compelling (if still circumtantial) support to the Ahhiyawa‐Mycenaean equation. This clearly has substantial implications for Mycenaean as well as Hittite scholarship. If Mycenaean scholars are prepared to entertain the equation, it will be their task to consider the extent to which the Hittite references to Ahhiyawa can be accommodated to a Mycenaean/Aegean context.
THE BADBURY‐SHAPWICK HOARD AND THE DATE OF THE MAIDEN CASTLE COINS FROM SIR MORTIMER WHEELER'S 1934–1937 EXCAVATIONS
Authors: VAN ARSDELL ROBERT D.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Fifteen Celtic coins found during Sir Mortimer Wheeler's excavations have never been dated with precision. A hoard of similar coins, found in the vicinity of Badbury Rings hillfort gives us a yardstick for their chronology.
ALUMINA AND CALCIUM OXIDE CONTENT OF GLASS FOUND IN WESTERN AND NORTHERN EUROPE, FIRST TO NINTH CENTURIES
Authors: VELDE B.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The glass of Gallo‐roman origin and that considered as coming from the several centuries after the disintegration of the Roman empire has much the same composition in examples found in northern and western Europe. The components calcium oxide and alumina (CaO and Al2O3) increase or decrease together. Compositional variation between different samples from this geographic area are not much greater than those at a single site of manufacture. Contamination during the manufacture process is unlikely to account for the CaO and Al2O3 contents in glass from this period according to analyses of glass adhering to crucibles or fusion pots. CaO and Al2O3 were apparently added intentionally to the glass composition. A slight tendency to an increase in these oxides is accompanied by a decrease in Na2O content which might be due to a loss through volatilization during re‐workings. Such a trend is apparent in the eighth to ninth century samples. The remarkably constant composition of glass found in a wide area for objects produced over a long period of time suggests that a limited number of production sites existed for either the raw materials or the confection of raw glass which was fashioned at various other sites.
VAULTED CONSTRUCTION IN FRENCH MEGALITHIC TOMBS
Authors: CAVANAGH W.G. , LAXTON R.R.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The passage graves of France now have a serious claim to be the earliest known corbelled vaults. The structural mechanics of these buildings is investigated through an analysis of the vaults at Barnenez and Ile Carn, the only examples surviving complete. The cultural setting of the French passage graves and their typology are briefly reviewed. Chambers G, G’and F of the great mound at Barnenez and the central chamber of Ile Carn are described with reference to the materials used and their construction. The theory underlying our analysis of corbelling is introduced and the results of the analysis summarised. All three of the chambers at Barnenez are found to follow the same formula, indicating the same technique was used over the different phases of construction. Ile Carn, however, is vaulted in a completely different manner. These findings are placed in the broader context of the development of megalithic architecture.
AL MINA AND HISTORY
Authors: BOARDMAN JOHN
Published: May 2007

Summary. Woolley's finds at Al Mina and subsequent discoveries of Greek material along the Syro‐Phoenician coast, are reassessed in the light of recent claims for Phoenician priority in the dissemination of orientalia in the Mediterranean world. The markedly different character of Al Mina and the goods likely to have been distributed from the area is demonstrated by comparison of the record of Al Mina and that of other eastern sites, and the pattern of distribution of orientalia. Reluctance to acknowledge the role of the site in Greece's orientalising revolution is examined.
DWARFS IN ATHENS
Authors: DASEN VERONIQUE
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper examines the status of short people in everyday Athenian life. It reviews written and iconographic sources which provide complementary information. In literature, especially in the works of Aristotle, dwarfism appears as a physical handicap which involves various disorders, such as sleepiness, erratic reasoning and abnormal sexuality. Vase‐paintings moderate this negative view. Short people are shown as full humans, though close to childhood, who have a specific place in the community; they are associated with satyrs and the world of Dionysos.
PERFORATED STONE AXE‐HEADS IN THE BRITISH NEOLITHIC: THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper investigates the ways in which stone axes were modified in areas of Britain distant from their original sources. One small group was turned into pendants and another seems to have been converted into maceheads. This has implications for studies of the ‘axe trade’ that assume that such artefacts had a fixed value throughout their distribution.
NON ISATIS SED VITRUM OR, THE COLOUR OF LINDOW MAN
Authors: PYATT F.B. , BEAUMONT E.H. , LACY D. , MAGILTON J.R. , BUCKLAND P.C.
Published: May 2007

Summary. As part of the examination of the fragments of a further human body recovered from Lindow Bog, Cheshire, samples of skin were examined using electron probe X‐ray micro‐analysis. The ionic composition showed an excess of aluminium, silica and copper, with traces of titanium and zinc. These are interpreted as the residues of clay‐based copper and other pigments applied to the body. The literary evidence of the use of body paint amongst the Britons is reviewed in the light of these analyses and the interpretation of Classical references in terms of woad‐painted Britons is questioned.
LES POTERIES FINES A CORDONS: SYNTHESE PETROARCHEOLOGIQUE A PARTIR DE L'ETUDE DE CELLES DU SITE DE HENGISTBURY HEAD
Authors: MORZADEC HERVÉ
Published: May 2007

Résumé. Pour localiser l'origine des poteries fines à cordons découvertes à Hengistbury Head, la comparaison pétro‐archéologique et géochimique avec les matériaux armoricains similaires permet d'en situer la fabrication sur le massif de gabbro de Trégomar, près de Lamballe. L'étude de deux autres types d'exportations armoricaines les accompagnant, les montre originaires de la région de St‐Cast‐St‐Briac.
A CORINTHIAN RED‐FIGURED CALYX‐KRATER AND THE DOMBRENA PAINTER
Authors: McPHEE IAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. An important red‐figured calyx‐krater, today in Boston, is examined in order to show that on grounds of fabric, style and iconography it was potted and painted not in Athens but in Corinth during the first quarter of the 4th century. Other vases in Athens, Corinth and Perachora are attributed to the same hand. Evidence in the Beazley Archive shows that Beazley was aware of some of these vases and had named the artist the Dombrena Painter.
THE MULTIPLE SEALING SYSTEM of MINOAN CRETE and ITS POSSIBLE ANTECEDENTS IN ANATOLIA
Authors: WEINGARTEN JUDITH
Published: May 2007

Summary: The Multiple Sealing System (MSS) is defined as the habitual stamping of regular combinations of two or three different seal impressions on clay nodules (bullae). This system was thought to be peculiar to LM IB Zakro, where it is indeed most fully developed, but a Minoan MSS can now be traced back ‐ via MM IIIB Knossos ‐ to the earliest administrative use of sealings on Crete, at MM IIB Phaistos. This early MSS at Phaistos has close links with a similar administrative use of seals in regular combinations at Karahöyük Level I. We suggest that the MSS is a new and objective factor to be added to the known, if often disputed, glyptic relations between MBA Anatolia and Minoan Crete.
EARLY FAUNAL EVIDENCE FOR DAIRYING
Authors: McCORMICK FINBAR
Published: May 2007

Summary: The high incidence of young calves and mature females in faunal assemblages is often interpreted as being indicative of the practice of specialised dairying. an alternative model is suggested here on the basis of faunal and documentary evidence from the early historical period in Ireland
Why KORAI?
Authors: HOLLOWAY R. ROSS
Published: May 2007

Summary:The predominance of the standing female figure, the kore, among the archaic statuary of the Athenian Acropolis (more than half of the documented statues or groups) is well known. But what motivated this preference? the inscriptions from the bases and supports for the archaic dedications of the Acropolis provide a means of answering this question if one assumes that the survival of dedicatory inscriptions is no less random than that of the statues they once identified. Two groups stand out among the dedicators, first the aristocrats and other leaders, second the business class. While the first group could celebrate agonistic triumph, political and religious office, military achievement and status with an aristocratic galaxy of nude kouroi, clothed male figures, horses and riders, and even dogs, the business men (and women) seeking a representation suggesting prosperity and success preferred the kore.
THE SURVIVAL of ROMAN SETTLEMENT ALONG the MIDDLE DANUBE: PANNONIA FROM the FOURTH to the TENTH CENTURY AD
Authors: CHRISTIE NEIL
Published: May 2007

Summary: As guardian of the long and important Middle Danubian limes, Roman Pannonia protected the central provinces of the Empire. Despite a mass of defensive structures, the limes was progressively overrun from the later 4th century and Pannonia was eventually ceded to the Huns in 430. Subsequently the region fell victim to Germans and eastern nomads and stability of a sort was only restored with the establishment of the Hungarian State in the late 10th century. This paper examines the question of settlement change between the 4th and 10th centuries, viewing the degree to which the various invaders maintained, ignored or replaced the network of Roman structures. It is argued that only with difficulty can physical continuity be securely traced and in these instances the character of settlement changes greatly over time.
TRISANTONA RIVERS: A LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF RIVER NAMES
Authors: COLES B.J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Etymological conclusions from river names are notoriously inconclusive. An alternative approach is to explore possible consistencies in the character or use of rivers with names of similar origin in a given area. This paper examines examples of the British river‐name Trisantona (Trent, Tarrant, etc.), and pursues suggestions that the name indicates a thoroughfare or route used in early times.
THE POTENTIAL MISUSE OF GENETIC ANALYSES AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF ‘RACE’AND ‘ETHNICITY’
Authors: MIRZA M.N. , DUNGWORTH D.B.
Published: May 2007

The analysis of genetic material (such as DNA) has been attracting considerable attention for at least a decade. Recent years have seen the first application of genetic analysis to archaeological problems. In some circles DNA seems to be seen as a panacea for all ills. There is, however, little consideration of the methodological problems inherent in extrapolating from genetic information to ancient populations. In particular the assumption that genetic differences equal ethnic differences is challenged. The ethical implications for such research do not seem to have been addressed within the archaeological community.
Using simple species lists to monitor trends in animal populations: new methods and a comparison with independent data
Authors: Roberts R. L. , Donald P. F. , Green R. E.
Published: May 2007

There is an urgent need to develop simple and inexpensive methods for monitoring wildlife populations in resource‐poor countries. List‐based methods have been advocated as simple yet potentially useful biodiversity monitoring tools, and systems have recently been launched in a number of countries to collect species lists. We attempt to advance the use of systematic list‐based monitoring by (1) suggesting improvements to the way in which list reporting rates are calculated; (2) assessing the extent to which degrading effort‐corrected measures of abundance into simple species lists results in loss of information on population trends; (3) comparing long‐term trends in list reporting rates with population trends from a wholly independent monitoring scheme. Daily species lists of birds were derived from regular trapping at a nature reserve in southern England. Most species showed a strong correlation across years between the proportion of lists on which they occurred, adjusted for list length (adjusted list reporting rate; ALRR), and an effort‐corrected measure of abundance (captures per unit effort; CPUE). ALRR revealed almost as much about annual variation in abundance as CPUE for all but the most frequently captured species. Long‐term (>20 years) trends in ALRRs at the nature reserve were positively correlated with UK national population trends recorded over the same period by an independent, labour‐intensive monitoring scheme that counted birds at a large number of widely spread sites. Our results support previous claims that simple species lists could generate data useful for monitoring long‐term population trends, particularly where such lists are collected systematically. However, further research on the efficiency of list reporting rates relative to more sophisticated methods is necessary, before list‐based methods can be advocated for dedicated monitoring schemes in resource‐poor regions.
Alcohol Consumption and Hypertension
Authors: Cushman William C.
Published: May 2007

Many observational studies have shown a relationship between three or more alcoholic drinks daily and hypertension. Reduction in alcohol intake is associated with lowering of blood pressure in randomized clinical trials: each drink per day reduction in intake lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure by approximately 1 mm Hg. Although regular alcohol consumption seems to reduce the incidence of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events, excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of many medical and psychosocial problems. For persons with hypertension who drink excessively, average maximum alcohol intake of one drink per day in women and two drinks per day in men is a reasonable goal, if drinking is not otherwise contraindicated.
Doxazosin Added to Single‐Drug Therapy in Hypertensive Patients with Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Authors: Martell N. , Luque M.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the addition of doxazosin in the treatment of hypertensive patients who are being treated on another antihypertensive drug.

Methodology. The open‐labelled, noncomparative, multicenter study was carried out in 2363 male hypertensive outpatients >40 years of age, under reasonable control with single antihipertensive drug treatment (diastolic blood pressure <95 mm Hg), and diagnosed with benign prostatic hypertrophy. Doxazosin was started at a dose of 1 mg/day, which was increased at 2‐week intervals to 2 mg/day and 4 mg/day. The study lasted 14 weeks. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured at each of the visits. At baseline and after 14 weeks of treatment, prostatism symptoms were quantified with the International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life was determined with the American Urology Association Committee Guidelines. Adverse effects were recorded. At the fourth visit, when the patients were taking 4 mg of doxazosin, the blood pressure reduction was 10.7±3/7.1±7.1 mm Hg. The decrease in diastolic blood pressure was significantly more marked in patients treated with β blockers than in patients on calcium antagonists or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. For systolic blood pressure, decreases were larger in patients treated with diuretics than with calcium antagonists or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Prostatism symptoms decreased from 15±5.8 points to 7.9±4.3 points (p<0.001) and quality of life improved. Tolerability was good, with only a 4.4% cumulative incidence of adverse effects related to doxazosin. The patients who experienced adverse effects were older and their final blood pressures were lower.

The results of this open‐label study suggest that the addition of doxazosin to another antihypertensive drug in hypertensive patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy is well tolerated and leads to a reduction in prostatic symptoms. The additional beneficial effects on blood pressure suggest that the use of doxazosin may provide a rational approach to this category of patients.
Health Care Improvement and Cost Reduction Opportunities in Hypertensive Medicaid Beneficiaries
Authors: Egan Brent M. , Lackland Daniel T. , Williams Blake , Gunter Nelson , Tocharoen Aunyika , Beardon Lisa
Published: May 2007

Hypertension and its complications are more frequent and occur about a decade earlier in life among high‐risk groups, especially in the Southeast. Moreover, socioeconomic status is inversely related to hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Low‐income, young and middle‐aged adults living in the Southeast may be at especially high risk. Data on inpatient admissions among hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries living in this region may provide insights on the burden of hypertension‐related disease and on opportunities for successful intervention. A study of hospitalization rates and costs among 44,440 hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries in South Carolina from 1993–1996 showed that 16,883 (38%) were continuously enrolled in Medicaid. Of this group, 63% were African American and 74% were women. Among the continuously enrolled patients, 7637, or about 45%, were hospitalized during the 4‐year period. These 7637 individuals accounted for 20,698 hospital admissions, i.e., 2.7 admissions per person, over the 4‐year interval. Nearly two thirds of the hospitalizations included a cardiovascular or renal diagnosis. Hospital claims paid reached nearly $90 million for the 7637 hypertensive Medicaid recipients during the 4‐year period. Among patients discharged from the hospital with congestive heart failure, 33% filled a prescription for an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor within 90 days; 13% of patients discharged with an acute myocardial infarction filled a prescription for a β blocker within 90 days. The data confirm that hypertensive Medicaid beneficiaries in the Southeast are hospitalized at high rates. Cardiovascular and renal morbidity account for the majority of the inpatient admissions. The findings suggest that the application of evidence‐based guidelines would improve health, avoid cost, and reduce racial disparities in health outcomes.
Advances in Antihypertensive Combination Therapy: Benefits of Low‐Dose Thiazide Diuretics in Conjunction With Omapatrilat, a Vasopeptidase Inhibitor
Authors: Ferdinand Keith C.
Published: May 2007

The preferred initial agents for the treatment of high blood pressure are low‐dose thiazide diuretics, β blockers, calcium antagonists, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In high‐risk patients, including those with diabetes, renal insufficiency, left ventricular dysfunction, and atherosclerosis, ACE inhibitors may have specific benefit in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Omapatrilat, the prototypical vasopeptidase inhibitor, inhibits not only ACE but also neutral endopeptidase. Like conventional ACE inhibitors, omapatrilat causes extracellular volume reduction and vasodilatation; moreover, it increases levels of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides and bradykinin. Effective blood pressure control, especially in the high‐risk patient, usually necessitates combination therapy. A recent study randomized 274 subjects with mild to severe hypertension (stages 1–3 diastolic blood pressure elevation) and confirmed the benefits of omapatrilat combined with hydrochlorothiazide in patients not controlled on hydrochlorothiazide alone. The frequencies of adverse events, serious adverse events, and discontinuation attributed to adverse events were similar for omapatrilat and placebo. Furthermore, there were no clinically significant changes in serum creatinine, potassium, or other laboratory parameters. Adding omapatrilat to the background of hydrochlorothiazide treatment produced statistically significant additional reductions in trough diastolic and systolic blood pressures at weeks 4 and 8.
Why Do Treated Hypertensives Suffer Strokes? An Internist's Perspective
Authors: Simon Geza
Published: May 2007

Despite widespread treatment of hypertension, stroke continues to be the third leading cause of death in the United States. Antihypertensive therapy is more effective in preventing hemorrhagic strokes than ischemic strokes. In order to understand the reasons why antihypertensive therapy is only partially successful in the eradication of ischemic strokes, differences in the pathogenesis and treatment of subtypes of stroke must be considered. There are three main stroke subtypes of ischemic strokes: small‐vessel arteriopathic (lacunar), large‐artery atherothrombotic, and cardioembolic. Hypertension is the major cause of lacunar strokes but plays a lesser role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic strokes. Antihypertensive therapy prevents the majority of lacunar strokes but may not have a major impact on the occurrence of atherothrombotic strokes. Due to impaired cerebral autoregulation, overtreatment of hypertension, especially in the elderly and in patients with previous strokes, may paradoxically lead to stroke (J‐curve). Assuming that the majority of lacunar strokes are prevented by judicious antihypertensive therapy, future therapeutic efforts should concentrate on the prevention of atherothrombotic and cardioembolic strokes. In this regard, refinement of surgical techniques, pharmacologic approaches aimed at plaque stabilization, and the application of transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of embolic strokes (and anticoagulation for a probable source) are promising. Besides the obvious reasons of noncompliance and inadequate therapy, overly aggressive treatment of hypertension in the elderly and stroke mechanisms unrelated to blood pressure may explain the occurrence of strokes despite our efforts to treat hypertension.
The Diagnosis of Hypertension
Authors: Goldman Arthur G.
Published: May 2007

An argument can be made for modifying the recommendation in the sixth report of the Joint National Committee for Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) for the measurement of blood pressure. If the blood pressure is taken in the erect position immediately after the patient enters the examination room, a much closer approximation of the ambulatory blood pressure is obtained. Another blood pressure taken immediately after assuming the supine position, and a third blood pressure 3–5 minutes after assuming the supine position, will then yield a basal equivalent to the JNC VI recommendation. Postural hypotension in older and diabetic patients can be unmasked by a final erect blood pressure. These procedures will allow a spectrum of blood pressures sufficient to establish the diagnosis of hypertension and monitor its treatment, without resorting to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
Circadian Variation in Blood Pressure: Dipper or Nondipper
Authors: Larochelle Pierre
Published: May 2007

Awareness of an increased incidence of cardiovascular events shortly after awakening has heightened interest in the chronopathology of cardiovascular diseases. Blood pressure varies according to cycles characterized by a reduction during sleep and an increase on awakening. The surge in blood pressure coincides with the circadian nature of various endocrine and hematologic parameters that also have a putative role in triggering the onset of cardiovascular events. The nighttime decrease is absent or blunted in some hypertensive patients (termed “nondippers”), an effect associated with increased morbidity. Drugs can influence the effect of these circadian patterns. Research efforts are focused on clarifying an underlying pathophysiologic process that could be modified by pharmacologic or other means. Long‐acting angiotensin II receptor blockers have an effect on blood pressure over 24 hours due to their long half‐life, but could also limit the morning surge in blood pressure through an effect on the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone and noradrenergic systems.
Premature Termination of Clinical Trials—Lessons Learned
Authors: Sica Domenic A.
Published: May 2007

Controlled clinical trials in cardiovascular disease are the cornerstone for therapeutic advances in this field of medicine. Since the introduction of the concept of controlled clinical trials there has been substantial progress in the design, conduct, and analysis of such studies. A growing awareness of ethical issues emerging from such trials has heightened public awareness, increased investigator scrutiny, and reinforced the need for interim data analysis. A benefit of such interim analyses is that either an entire clinical trial or a specific treatment limb can be stopped if the observed findings argue for premature termination. For example, highly positive findings, as were noted in the HOPE Study (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation), led to its being stopped after 4.5 years of treatment, which was 1 year early. Alternatively, the doxazosin treatment limb of the ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) and the amlodipine treatment limb of A ASK (African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension) were stopped early because of negative findings with each respectively. Finally, economic considerations can enter into the decision to close a study early as was the case in the CONVINCE (Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points) trial. Most such decisions rely heavily on information obtained from independent data and safety monitoring boards. Such boards ensure patient safety by providing an unbiased ongoing review of data, which would otherwise be unavailable until a study's completion. Early termination of a clinical trial can have important clinical implications and, in particular, can redirect patterns of clinical practice.
Female Characters on the Jacobean Stage Defying Type: When is a Shrew Not a Shrew?
Authors: Kamaralli Anna
Published: May 2007

This essay won the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Seventeenth Century Section.

Within the dramatic conventions of the Jacobean period one of the stock female character types that would have been familiar to the audience was the shrew: a woman, usually a wife, who is outspoken and argumentative. This article examines two plays written early in the seventeenth century, John Webster’s The White Devil and William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale, and considers their presentation of female characters who manifest behaviour that might be considered shrewish. It argues that the plays contain passages that frame a sophisticated attack on such misogynist classifications of the female. The characters in question do more than fail to be confined by the traditionally limited female types, they seem to deliberately call into question the existence of such types, and highlight their nature as artificially constructed and imposed, and inadequate to define the possibilities of womanhood. Both plays challenge the convention that silence in a woman should be equated with virtue by presenting situations where a woman’s virtue demands that she speak. More particularly, they both mock the conventional Jacobean typing of shrewishness, the former by presenting good‐wife‐as‐shrew, the latter by presenting shrew‐as‐oracle.
TIME‐TEMPERATURE INDICATORS IN MONITORING THE DISTRIBUTION OF FROZEN FOODS1
Authors: FARQUHAR JOHN W.
Published: May 2007

The quality and shelf‐life of frozen foods are directly related to the manner in which these are handled. These problems can be minimized through both educational efforts such as printing materials, film presentations, etc., and technical programs.

This paper will review the current status of the technical efforts in the usage of time‐temperature devices to monitor the handling of frozen foods.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE OF PRUNES
Authors: BOLIN H. R.
Published: May 2007

Skin texture was influence by hydration procedure with the methods requiring the longest time at high temperatures producing the tenderest skin. The texture of freshly hydrated prunes continued to change during the first 6–15 weeks of storage. Hydration method had a pronounced effect on the nutrient composition and texture of prunes. No vitamin A loss occurred when prunes were hydrated by a high temperature short time process, compared to an 18% loss in the slower procedures. The skin of the prune contained more vitamin A and iron than the pulp.
MALT PROCESSING STABILITY OF BARLEY CULTIVARS — A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: LAI F. S. , POMERANZ Y.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a simple statistical analysis of malting process stability of barley cultivars grown for three years in the Mississippi Valley Six‐rowed Uniform Barley Nursery and in the Western United States Two‐rowed Uniform Barley Nursery.

The effects of variety, location, and year on barley and malt quality were investigated. First, the Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to determine whether there were any varietal, location and year differences in barley and malt properties. The effects of variety, location, and year on various characteristics were further studied by comparing differences between extremes for the two‐rowed and six‐rowed barleys. Second, correlations between various properties were determined by calculating simple correlation coefficients. Barley nitrogen is the single most important parameter which affects extensively the processing characteristics of barley in malting and brewing, so the partial correlation coefficients, independent of total barley nitrogen, also were calculated. Third, the effects of variety, location, year, variety × location, variety × year, and location × year, were tested with variety × location × year as the estimate of error for each of the barley and malting properties.

The stability model was designed to evaluate stability of all barley and malt properties. Based on the principle of regression analysis, the stability was measured by regression coefficient and the varietal mean of each barley and malting property. Stability (over years and locations) for kernel weight was significantly higher in the new than in the old cultivars. Improvements in stabilities of total extract and fine‐coarse grind extract were greater and more consistent for the six‐rowed than for the two‐rowed barley malts. This reflects, presumably, the generally more satisfactory total extract and fine‐coarse grind extract in the two‐rowed barley malts than in the six‐rowed barley malts.
THE IMPORTANCE OF VISUAL APPEARANCE OF FOODS TO THE FOOD PROCESSOR AND THE CONSUMER1
Authors: HUTCHINGS J. B.
Published: May 2007

Many individual factors contribute to the total perception of the appearance of a food product. This total perception is built up from all the visual sensations experienced when a product is viewed on the shelf, as it is being prepared and when it is presented on the plate, and all three situations are extremely important to the consumer and hence to the processor. The food technologist is now being asked to fabricate foods like steak from vegetable protein, yet at the same time is coming under increasing pressure to reduce the number and level of “additives” in processed foods. These factors have forced us to consider objectively the whole philosophy of product appearance.

The paper begins by considering Kramer's views on sensory attributes and how these attributes are influenced by time and order of perception. The role of appearance is then discussed in relation to the total sensory experience of a product. The factors comprising appearance can be divided into three broad classes: the product's optical properties, its physical form and its mode of presentation, all of which combine at different times and in different ways to form the three images of any product, viz. on the shelf, in the pan, and on the plate. This formalization of appearance science provides a framework against which both product technology and marketing can be discussed.
HEXOSAMINE PRODUCTION BY PSYCHROTROPHIC FOOD‐SPOILAGE BACTERIA UNDER VARYING GROWTH CONDITIONS
Authors: BURKE LOIS S. M. , JAY JAMES M. , SHELEF LEORA A.
Published: May 2007

Four psychrotrophic, gram negative meat isolates were grown at 6 and 22°C with and without aeration, in AOAC synthetic broth with 0.1% glucose and in a basal medium containing 0.1% glucose and 0.5% glycine (BMGG‐1). In AOAC broth, three strains produced more hexosamine at 6°C, while the fourth produced more at 22°C. Three of the four strains also produced more slime at 6°C. All four strains grew faster with aeration at both temperatures, but produced less hexosamine. Under all conditions, the growth rate of each strain was inversely proportional to its hexosamine production. During the growth cycle in BMGG‐1, medium pH dropped until the log phase was under way and then rose again through the stationary phase. This rise coincided with the depletion of glucose. Hexosamine production first became detectable at the end of the log phase, rose during the stationary phase, and then leveled off. Adjusting pH to prevent the initial drop increased both growth and hexosamine production. Raising the concentration of glucose to 0.5% accelerated growth but decreased hexosamine production. Approximately 95.1% of the hexosamine produced was cell‐associated. It consisted primarily of glucosamine polymers with a lesser amount of galactosamine. Only 3.0% of the nitrogen from the BMGG‐1 was utilized by the cells. Of this 3.0%, 58% was used for ammonia, 27.2% for hexosamine, and 14.8% for other substances. Of the 40.7% used for total cell production, 63.8% went into hexosamine.
EXTENDED STORAGE STUDY OF PREPARED FROZEN FOODS CONTAINING PROTEIN CONCENTRATES1
Authors: KRAMER A. , KING R. L. , WESTHOFF D. C. , OLOWOFOYEKU A. D. , FARQUHAR J. W.
Published: May 2007

Ground beef patties or steaks prepared with seasoning, with or without sauce, may be enriched by the addition of textured vegetable protein at a level of 8.5% and probably more (dry weight basis) with no adverse effect on sensory quality retention. There is an approximately doubling of protein content, but the PER is reduced somewhat. These products maintained high quality shelf‐life when stored at −20° or lower at fairly constant temperatures.

Addition of yeast single cell protein had to be limited to 3% (dry weight basis) because of its high nucleic acid content. Even this small addition however increased total protein content by 40%, and improved the protein efficiency ratio. Sensory quality however, was reduced so that high quality shelf‐life was limited to 6 months. Even after 3 months there was a discernible rancid off‐flavor. When stored at constant −30°C high quality shelf‐life was retained for 12 months.

Non‐fat milk solids, or cheese could be added where appropriate (e.g. pizza) as much as 10% (dry weight basis), doubling and even tripling in some instances percent protein, and maintaining essentially the same PER. From the sensory acceptability standpoint, however, they behave quite similarly to the single cell protein.
THE SHEAR FORCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBER AND ITS USEFULNESS IN PREDICTING MEAT TENDERNESSc1
Authors: MARSDEN J. L. , HENRICKSON R. L.
Published: May 2007

This study was conducted in an effort to relate fiber shear force measurements obtained with a microsensitive shear instrument to objective and subjective measures of meat tenderness. Cooked and raw fibers from delay chilled and conventionally processed bovine tensor fascia latae muscles were measured for fiber diameter and fiber shear force. Each muscle was also evaluated for Warner‐Bratzler shear force, Nip Tenderometer values, chew count and tenderness based on a structured tenderness scale. Partial correlation coefficients were determined between each of the fiber measurements and the objective and subjective measures of meat tenderness. The study demonstrated that fiber shear force as measured by the microsensitive shear instrument is not a reliable predictor of meat tenderness as it was assessed by the methods used in this study.
EFFECTS OF LONG‐TERM STORAGE ON QUALITY OF PROCESSED FOODS
Authors: SALUNKHE D. K. , WU M.T. , DO J. Y. , GIFFEE J. W.
Published: May 2007

Experiments were conducted on the effects of long‐term storage at 4.4, 21.1, and 37.8°C temperatures on nutritional quality, physicochemical characteristics and organoleptic quality of 8 food packets (ready to eat individual ration items processed in flexible retortable pouches) of ham and chicken loaf, beef steak, beef stew, frankfurters, fruit cake, pineapple slices, cheese spread, and chocolate brownies.

At 37.8°C storage life of cheese spread, pineapple slices, beef stew, chocolate brownies and fruit cake was 12, 12, 30, 30 and 30 months respectively. Ham and chicken loaf, beef steak, and frankfurters were acceptable after 37.8°C storage for 54 months, but frankfurters were near the borderline of rejection. The browning is usually associated with the high temperature storage of high sugar foods. Meat products except beef stew are apparently more stable than others at high temperature storage. The high temperature storage resulted in drastic loss of thiamin and ascorbic acid, significant loss of riboflavin and niacin, and discoloration and rancidity. Despite the losses of quality observed in all food packets stored at 21.1°C for 54 months, they were acceptable. Storage at 4.4°C for 54 months had very little effect on quality of the food packets and were highly acceptable.
FRESH AND PROCESSED ASPARAGUS QUALITY AS INFLUENCED BY FIELD GRADE1,2
Authors: DRAKE S. R. , NELSON J. W. , POWERS J. R. , EARLY R. E.
Published: May 2007

Shear, moisture, and soluble solids values for either the all‐green spears or those cut with a white butt portion are similar for either fresh or processed spears. Fresh asparagus spears cut all‐green contain less ascorbic acid than spears cut with a white butt portion, but after processing no difference is evident. Small diameter spears are higher in ascorbic acid and shear values than large diameter spears. After processing, the shear values for the large diameter spears are higher than those for small diameter spears. Holding asparagus spears for extended periods of time results in decreased ascorbic acid and moisture content and increased shear values.
EFFECTS OF LONG‐TERM STORAGE OF FOODS ON QUALITY OF PROCESSED FOODS II.
Authors: SALUNKHE D. K. , WU M. T. , DO J. Y. , GIFFEE J. W.
Published: May 2007

The effects of long‐term storage at 4.4, 21.1, and 37.8°C on physicochemical characteristics, nutritional and organoleptic qualities of freeze‐dehydrated ration items from Packet Long Range Patrol were studied. The items included beef hash, beef stew, chicken stew, spaghetti with meat sauce, chili con carne with beans, chicken and rice, pork with escalloped potato, and beef and rice.

The freeze‐dehy drated foods were stable in quality during storage at 4.4, 21.1, and 37.8°C. After 44 months of storage all freeze‐dehy drated ration items were in acceptable condition.
OPTIMUM QUALITY PARAMETERS OF MUSCADINE GRAPE JUICES, BEVERAGES, AND BLENDS
Authors: FLORA L. F.
Published: May 2007

Cold‐ and hot‐pressed juices from black and bronze muscadine grapes were tested to determine optimum Brix/acid ratios, optimum juice level in beverages, and optimum blend ratios with other fruit juices. The optimum Brix/acid ratio, regardless of cultivar or process, was approxi‐mately 30 with. an acceptable range from 25. to 35. Increased sweetness due to sugar addition was perceptible, even when balanced with addition of acid. Optimum dilution was dependent upon cultivar and process. Red hot‐pressed juice was most acceptable at a 25% juice level, when Brix/acid was adjusted to 30. Optimum blends with fruit juices varied with muscadine juice color and process. Best blends were muscadine juices and commercial grape juices, orange juice, and pineapple juice. Muscadine grape‐grapefruit juice blends had poor acceptability.
THERMAL EVOLUTION ANALYSIS, A METHOD OF MEASURING THE THICKNESS OF ORGANIC COATINGS ON GLASS
Authors: CORMACK JAMES B.
Published: May 2007

Thermal evolution analysis has been adapted to the measurement of organic coatings. Glass food containers are now coated with organic coatings. These coatings interact with metal closures after sealing. The method consists of programmed heating a small piece of glass in an oven while an inert gas passing through the oven carries the evolved organic material into a flame ionization detector. When it is measured, a thermogram of evolved coating is obtained. The area under the peak of the evolved coating is a measure of thickness. The instrument was calibrated for polyethylene and a correlation of the performance of sealed glass containers versus polyethylene thickness was developed.