bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kant’s Theory of Concept Formation and his Theory of Definitions
Authors: McAndrew Matthew
Published: March 2022

Much of the scholarship on Kant’s theory of concept formation has focused on the question of whether his theory suffers from circularity, i. e., whether it presupposes the very concepts whose origin it should explain. In this article, I defend Kant against a well-known objection raised by Hannah Ginsborg. Ginsborg, I argue, overlooks the relatively narrow aim of Kant’s theory of concept formation. Kant explicitly frames it as an account of a concept’s inherent generality, or form. However, Ginsborg’s objection is not about a concept’s form; it concerns the concept’s content. Moreover, Kant addresses the issue that she raises in his theory of definitions, which explains how a concept’s content can be revised and perfected. Kant considered all empirical concepts to be incomplete and imprecise. For this reason, he denied that they can be properly defined. Kant also did not regard the content of empirical concepts as fixed or permanent. Indeed, he expected that we would continually expand and revise their content on the basis of experience. I argue that these facts, along with the narrow scope of Kant’s theory of concept formation, effectively defuse Ginsborg’s objection.
Constructing the Poet’s ‘Now’: “Deor’s” Modernist Temporalities
Authors: Johnston Andrew James
Published: March 2022

In comparison with other Old English poems, “Deor” is unusual both for its stanzaic structure and its refrain. Furthermore, close to the end of the poem, the narrative voice shifts from one that appears to be comfortably heterodiegetic to a homodiegetic voice giving expression to a deep sense of loss. It is through that sense of loss, the article claims, that we witness the construction of an anguished sense of the ‘Now’. This article investigates the poem’s remarkable narrative, aesthetic and temporal features through the prism of a ‘global modernisms/global modernities’-approach as has been developed in the context of the world literature debate. The central argument unfolding here is that by opening itself up to the notion of an unknown future, “Deor” stages a complex, ‘modern’ entanglement of different temporalities. “Deor’s” specific modernism consists in the way in which it performs aesthetically, through an act of poetry, the mutually constitutive relationality of a past and a radical present.1
Beaumont and Fletcher Rewrite Cervantes: Love’s Pilgrimage, a Farcical Representation of Spain and a Subversion of Jacobean Patriarchy
Authors: González Raquel Serrano
Published: March 2022

Co-authored by the English dramatists Beaumont and Fletcher, Love’s Pilgrimage (c. 1615–1616) is a stage adaptation of Las dos doncellas (The Novel of the Two Maidens) (1613), an exemplary novel penned by the renowned Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes. Produced at a time when Anglo-Spanish relations were marked by an ambivalent state of religiopolitical hostility and cultural fascination, the play offers a bitterly farcical representation of the perceived ethos and social norms of the source culture. At the same time, it engages with the target culture’s political and ideological matrix, offering – oblique – commentary on the authors’ own society. This article provides a comparative study of both works, to assess both the playwrights’ representation of Spain and their stance on certain political and ideological contingencies that shaped Jacobean England.
islEHR, a model for electronic health records interoperability
Authors: Najjar Arwa , Amro Belal , Macedo Mário
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Due to the diversity, volume, and distribution of ingested data, the majority of current healthcare entities operate independently, increasing the problem of data processing and interchange. The goal of this research is to design, implement, and evaluate an electronic health record (EHR) interoperability solution – prototype – among healthcare organizations, whether these organizations do not have systems that are prepared for data sharing, or organizations that have such systems.

Methods

We established an EHR interoperability prototype model named interoperability smart lane for electronic health record (islEHR), which comprises of three modules: 1) a data fetching APIs for external sharing of patients’ information from participant hospitals; 2) a data integration service, which is the heart of the islEHR that is responsible for extracting, standardizing, and normalizing EHRs data leveraging the fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR) and artificial intelligence techniques; 3) a RESTful API that represents the gateway sits between clients and the data integration services.

Results

The prototype of the islEHR was evaluated on a set of unstructured discharge reports. The performance achieved a total time of execution ranging from 0.04 to 84.49 s. While the accuracy reached an F-Score ranging from 1.0 to 0.89.

Conclusions

According to the results achieved, the islEHR prototype can be implemented among different heterogeneous systems regardless of their ability to share data. The prototype was built based on international standards and machine learning techniques that are adopted worldwide. Performance and correctness results showed that islEHR outperforms existing models in its diversity as well as correctness and performance.
Intravenous infusion of the exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury via suppressing the NF-κB pathway
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Wen , Wei Pan , Zhang Gui-Jun , Yan Jing-Xing , Zhang Sai , Liang Jin , Wang Xiao-Li
Published: March 2022

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a predominant cause of death and permanent disability globally. In recent years, much emphasis has been laid on treatments for TBI. Increasing evidence suggests that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs) can improve neurological repair after TBI. However, the clinical use of HUCMSCs transplantation in TBI has been limited by immunological rejection, ethical issues, and the risk of tumorigenicity. Many studies have shown that HUCMSCs-derived exosomes may be an alternative approach for HUCMSCs transplantation. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from HUCMSCs could inhibit apoptosis after TBI, reduce neuroinflammation, and promote neurogenesis. A rat model of TBI was established to investigate the efficiency of neurological recovery with exosome therapy. We found that exosomes derived from HUCMSCs significantly ameliorated sensorimotor function and spatial learning in rats after TBI. Moreover, HUCMSCs-derived exosomes significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that HUCMSC-derived exosomes inhibited neuronal apoptosis, reduced inflammation, and promoted neuron regeneration in the injured cortex of rats after TBI. These results indicate that HUCMSCs-derived exosomes may be a promising therapeutic strategy for TBI.
Comparison of the regulatory requirements for custom-made medical devices using 3D printing in Europe, the United States, and Australia
Authors: Carl Ann-Kathrin , Hochmann David
Published: March 2022

Additive manufacturing (AM) has continuously grown in recent decades. Enhanced quality, further development of technology, and fall in prices make AM applicable and capable for various industrial applications, also for the manufacture of medical devices. 3D printing offers the possibility for an unprecedented adaptation to the anatomy of each patient, generating medical devices on a case-by-case basis. In many jurisdictions, custom-made devices qualify for an exemption to pre-market approval standards. This regulation is called into question by new technologies, like AM. Therefore, this article compares the current regulatory requirements for custom-made devices in Europe, the United States, and Australia and discusses the impact on 3D printed devices. It concludes that not all jurisdictions have yet adjusted their regulatory framework for custom-made devices to technological advances. Remaining uncertainties must be eliminated in order to help manufacturers comply with the regulatory requirements, emphasizing key aspects of AM.
Interferences in immunoassays: review and practical algorithm
Authors: Wauthier Loris , Plebani Mario , Favresse Julien
Published: March 2022

Immunoassays are currently the methods of choice for the measurement of a large panel of complex and heterogenous molecules owing to full automation, short turnaround time, high specificity and sensitivity. Despite remarkable performances, immunoassays are prone to several types of interferences that may lead to harmful consequences for the patient (e.g., prescription of an inadequate treatment, delayed diagnosis, unnecessary invasive investigations). A systematic search is only performed for some interferences because of its impracticality in clinical laboratories as it would notably impact budget, turnaround time, and human resources. Therefore, a case-by-case approach is generally preferred when facing an aberrant result. Hereby, we review the current knowledge on immunoassay interferences and present an algorithm for interference workup in clinical laboratories, from suspecting their presence to using the appropriate tests to identify them. We propose an approach to rationalize the attitude of laboratory specialists when faced with a potential interference and emphasize the importance of their collaboration with clinicians and manufacturers to ensure future improvements.
Gamma-ray shielding properties of Nd2O3-added iron–boron–phosphate-based composites
Authors: Oruncak Bekir
Published: March 2022

Radiation may be hazardous for human cells when absorbed more than the required dose. Hence, radiation protection processes is required, andthe development of shielding materials are of main concern. Here, the gamma ray shielding properties of iron–boron–phosphate-based composite samples have been studied. The linear attenuation coefficients (LAC, μ, cm−1) and related parameters have been simulated using Phy-X/PSD software for gamma energies in the range of 10−3 to 105 MeV. It was found that the Nd2O3 rate in iron–boron–phosphate-based composites is important in terms of radiation shielding.
Assessment of ship structure under fatigue loading: FE benchmarking and extended performance analysis
Authors: Fajri Aprianur , Prabowo Aditya Rio , Muhayat Nurul
Published: March 2022

This paper presents a numerical procedure based on the finite element (FE) method using ANSYS Workbench software to analyse fatigue phenomena in ship structures. Fatigue failure prediction is used as a stress–life approach, when the stress is still in a linear area. This condition is frequently referred as high-cycle fatigue. Five geometric shapes taken from midship points on the structure of a ship are sampled. There are four types of materials: HSLA SAE 950X, medium-carbon steel, SAE 316L, and SAE 304L. The types of loading imposed on each sample include three conditions: zero-based, zero mean, and ratio. Mesh convergence analysis is conducted to determine the most effective mesh shape and size for analysing the structure. The results showed that the configuration of the geometric shapes, materials used, loading schemes, and mean stress theory affect the fatigue characteristics of the structure.
Construction of a gas condensate field development model
Authors: Skiba Alexander K.
Published: March 2022

This article has developed and verified a mathematical aggregated approximate model of developing a gas condensate field using a cyclic process. The essence of the cyclic process is to pump the drained gas into the productive formation to reduce the pressure drop into the deposit. This process allows for increased condensate recovery in the future. The model discussed in this article is a continuous dynamic system with control parameters. It is a modification of the dynamic aggregated model of a purely gas field, designed for planning for a sufficiently long period with limited information about the state of the reservoir (the initial flow rate of wells, the initial recoverable gas reserves, the initial reservoir pressure, the dependence of potential condensate content per unit volume of fatty gas on the reservoir pressure). A non-standard approach underlies the model construction. Logical simplifications and a priori assumptions about the processes occurring in the field during its development are at its core. The instruments in the model are the increase in production and injection wells and the proportion of injection wells involved in the production. The purpose of the article is to calculate various variants of the dynamics of the fundamental indicators of the development of a gas condensate field for a sufficiently long-term period at the stage of preliminary design.
A model for variation with time of flexiblepavement temperature
Authors: Hilal Miami M. , Fattah Mohammed Y.
Published: March 2022

The bituminous material performance is affected basically by the prevailing temperatures. The mechanical properties of these materials can vary significantly with the changes in the temperature magnitude. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) is a visco-elastoplastic material, so the pavement structural capacity is affected by the temperature variations. To determine the characteristics of the strength of the flexible pavement rationally, the prediction of the distribution of temperature in HMA pavement layers is a must. Heavy loadings subjected to highways and roads can cause serious deterioration to the HMA pavements. In this research, the temperature for three thicknesses of asphalt pavement structure was measured, and the air temperature to predict a model explains the relationship between the temperature and the depth of the pavement structure. The suggested model was successfully validated utilizing the data from three depths of asphalt pavement structure and the temperature on the surface of the asphalt pavement. The developed model consists of two independent variables, which are the depth within the pavement and ambient air temperature. The predicted model will be useful for the pavement designers those in need to predict the temperature of the profile of pavement to determine the engineering characteristics of field pavement.
A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams
Authors: Albuquerque Rodrigo Q. , Brütting Christian , Standau Tobias , Ruckdäschel Holger
Published: March 2022

Developing novel foams with tailored properties is a challenge. If properly addressed, efficient screening can potentially accelerate material discovery and reduce material waste, improving sustainability and efficiency in the development phase. In this work, we address this problem using a hybrid experimental and theoretical approach. Machine learning (ML) models were trained to predict the density of polylactide (PLA) foams based on their processing parameters. The final ML ensemble model was a linear combination of gradient boosting, random forest, kernel ridge, and support vector regression models. Comparison of the actual and predicted densities of PLA systems resulted in a mean absolute error of 30 kg·m−3 and a coefficient of determination (R
2) of 0.94. The final ensemble model was then used to explore the ranges of predicted density in the space of processing parameters (temperature, pressure, and time) and to suggest some parameter sets that could lead to low-density PLA foams. The new PLA foams were produced and showed experimental densities in the range of 36–48 kg·m−3, which agreed well with the corresponding predicted values, which ranged between 38 and 54 kg·m−3. The experimental–theoretical procedure described here could be applied to other materials and pave the way to more sustainable and efficient foam development processes.
Experiment and analysis of mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite laminates under impact compression
Authors: Yang Kang , Yang Li , Gong Peng , Zhang Liguo , Yue Yumei , Li Qunfang
Published: March 2022

Composite materials are more and more widely used in aircraft structural design, and impact damage is the most serious defect/damage form of aviation composite structures in service. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the impact resistance of composites with different materials and structural forms for aircraft structural design. In this article, the damage of reinforced fiber/resin composite laminates with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg (UIN23100), carbon fiber woven fabric (W-3021FF), and carbon fiber-aramid fiber blended fabric (W-38211) under the same impact energy were studied. The impact damage area was scanned and analyzed by ultrasonic C-scan, and the impact resistance of the three laminates were obtained. Finally, the compression bearing capacity of carbon fiber laminates after impact was tested, and the compression failure mode of each material has been analyzed. The results show that the impact resistance of carbon fiber unidirectional prepreg was stronger than that of carbon fiber woven fabric; the compression bearing capacity of carbon fiber laminate after impact was higher than that of carbon fiber unidirectional prepreg; the post impact bearing capacity of W-38211 was higher than that of W-3021FF.
Study on spatio-temporal characteristics of earthquakes in southwest China based on z-value
Authors: Cao Ziyi , Wang Yaxiang , Zhang Heng , Liu Yan , Liu Shan , Yin Lirong , Zheng Wenfeng
Published: March 2022

In this study, earthquakes with magnitudes above 3.0 on the Richter scale in southwest China from 1900 to 2013 are taken as research objects. The spatio-temporal migration characteristics of seismic activity in the area of concern are studied by using geostatistics method to explore the rules of seismic activity. From the perspective of geostatistics and based on z-value, eight major seismic zones in southwest China were studied zone-wise by using the geostatistics tool ArcGIS and the seismic analysis tool ZMAP to explore the spatial and temporal migration characteristics of earthquakes. It was found that each seismic zone had its own quiet period with relatively inactive seismic activity. Simultaneously, through the study of the time-varying characteristics of the seismic belt, it was found that the time-varying regularity of the seismic frequency of the fault belt with the same or related geological structure background is roughly consistent. In conclusion, the seismic activity in southwest China will still be active in the future.
Experimental study on reservoir characteristics and oil-bearing properties of Chang 7 lacustrine oil shale in Yan’an area, China
Authors: Gao Chao , Chen Yiyi , Yin Jintao , Liang Quansheng , Hao Shiyan , Zhang Lixia , Zhao Qianping , Sun Jianbo , Xu Jie
Published: March 2022

The Chang 7 Member shale of the Upper Triassic Yanchang formation in the Ordos basin is a hot spot in petroleum geology research. In this study, considering the Chang 7 shale in the Yan’an area as an example, the full-scale pore size characterization of lacustrine shale was realized based on the scanning electron microscopy image gray correction method, nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorptions, and high-pressure mercury intrusion tests. In addition, the pore structures and oil-bearing properties of the Chang 7 shale were systematically studied. The results show that the Chang 7 shale is rich in organic matter, with an average total organic carbon value of 4.69% and an average R
0 value of 0.9%. It is in the mature-wet gas (crude oil-associated gas) stage. There are certain differences in the development characteristics and pore size distribution of different types of pores in shale. The statistical results showed that the pore diameters of the intergranular pores and intragranular dissolved pores were significantly larger than the intercrystalline pores of clay minerals and the organic pores. The organic pores in solid bitumen are extremely developed, whereas the organic pores in kerogen are relatively underdeveloped. The lower limit of the effective pore size of shale is 20 nm. The network system composed of inorganic pores-microcracks-organic matter-organic pores and siltstone laminae provides important channels and retention spaces for the migration of shale oil and gas within the source. This study found that the proportion of movable oil in sandy layers is relatively high, followed by shale with sandy laminae, whereas pure shale has the lowest proportion of movable oil. Therefore, the degree of sandy laminar development, the abundance of organic matter, and the degree of thermal evolution are the key geological factors that control the porosity and oil-bearing properties of shale oil reservoirs.
High-precision remote sensing mapping of aeolian sand landforms based on deep learning algorithms
Authors: Du Huishi , Wang Jingfa , Han Cheng
Published: March 2022

It is significant to adopt deep learning algorithms and higher-resolution remote sensing images in mapping large-scale and high-precision of aeolian landform. In this study, the western part of Horqin Sandy Land was taken as the study area. Based on the data collected from 2,786 verification points located in sandy land and remote sensing images of high-spectral and spatial resolution Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and GDEM (V3), this article made a research on data of large-scale and high-precision mapping classification of this area between 2015 and 2020 by using convolutional neural network deep learning algorithm. The results showed that the types of aeolian sandy landform in the west of Horqin Sandy Land mainly include longitudinal dune, flat sandy land, mild undulating sand land, nest-shaped land, parabolic dune, barchan dune, and dune chain, with an area of 1735.62, 51.32, 251.38, 902.07, 49.57, and 101.63 km2. Among them, longitudinal dune, barchan dune, and dune chain have the largest area, while parabolic dunes and flat sand land are smaller. Between 2015 and 2020, the area of aeolian landforms was reduced by 89.27 km2 and transformed into an oasis from a desert. This study adopted remote sensing data by high-resolution Sentinel and GDEM (V3) and convolutional neural network deep learning algorithm to map the aeolian landforms effectively. The precision of aeolian landform classification and Kappa coefficient in the western part of Horqin Sandy Land is as high as 95.51% and 0.8961. Combined with Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, and GDEM (V3), the deep learning algorithm based on the convolution neural network can timely and effectively monitor the changes of sand dunes, which can be used for large-scale aeolian landforms.
Mazurkiewicz sets with no well-ordering of the reals
Authors: Beriashvili Mariam , Schindler Ralf
Published: March 2022

There is a Mazurkiewicz set in the Cohen–Halpern–Levy model.
On rainbow isosceles 𝑛-simplexes
Authors: Kharazishvili Alexander
Published: March 2022

It is proved that, for certain types of

(

n
+
1

)

(n+1)

-colorings of the Euclidean space

R
n

\mathbf{R}^{n}

, there are continuum many “rainbow” isosceles 𝑛-simplexes in

R
n

\mathbf{R}^{n}

.
Effect of the weld parameter strategy on mechanical properties of double-sided laser-welded 2195 Al–Li alloy joints with filler wire
Authors: Xv Qihang , Tian Gan , Zhang Wei , Yang Zhengwei , Ming Anbo
Published: March 2022

Compared with single-sided welding, double-sided welding can melt through thicker workpieces and improve the mechanical performance of the weld. In this work, laser welding with filler wire of 2195 Al–Li alloy plates is conducted via double-sided out-of-sync welding. By combining experiment and numerical simulation results, the influence laws of the weld’s mechanical properties are studied by considering the condition of both sides under different welding parameters. The results show that the welding speed is the key parameter determining the heat input of the weld. In the welds fabricated at slow welding speeds, the cooling rate is greater, resulting in accelerated solidification. The weld solidifies before hydrogen overflows from the weld pool, resulting in increased pore density and weakened mechanical properties. Therefore, welding parameters determine the heat input of the weld and subsequently the mechanical properties. It is shown that a special double-sided welding strategy can effectively control the heat input. Specifically, in contrast to those of the first, the welding parameters of the second side of the weld reduce the wire feeding speed when other parameters are held constant. Compared with the process strategy using identical double-sided parameters, this can slightly increase the heat input and reduce the defects in the weld, which can improve its mechanical properties. In the comparative experiment, the wire feeding speed was reduced from 5 to 3 mm·s−1, and the tensile strength of the weld was increased by 10%.
Electrical design analyses studies on ultra high voltage air insulated surge arresters
Authors: Tiwari Neelam , Rao Mandava Mohana
Published: March 2022

Air Insulated substations (AIS) experience over-voltages like lightning, switching and temporary over-voltages. The voltage distribution across air insulated surge arrester (AISA) is highly non-uniform and its non-uniformity increases with increase of rated voltage. To achieve non-uniformity voltage factor within permissible limits, special grading shields like window based shields are proposed. In the present study, 420 / 800 kV surge arrester models with composite insulator housing have been considered to analyze voltage distribution across the metal-oxide (MO) blocks. The electrostatic field and voltage distribution analyses are carried out on AISA by considering various shield designs using numerical techniques. Instead of single grading shield, multiple voltage grading-cum-electric field controlled shields are adopted to achieve uniform electric field and optimized non-uniformity voltage factors in the order of ±8 % irrespective of rated voltage of surge arrester. An electrical model is also developed using PSPICE software to calculate voltage distribution across MO blocks. The validity of the network model developed through PSPICE is validated by comparing with the results obtained from numerical analysis. Different configurations of grading shields are proposed and effect of various parameters like rated voltage i.e. 420/800 kV, height of shield, diameter of shield and type of shield like high voltage, floating, LT shield etc. on non-uniformity voltage factor and electric field distribution of surge arrester are analyzed.
On powers of conjugacy classes in finite groups
Authors: Beltrán Antonio
Published: March 2022

Let 𝐾 and 𝐷 be conjugacy classes of a finite group 𝐺, and suppose that we have

K
n

=

D
∪

D

-
1

K^{n}=D\cup D^{-1}

for some integer

n
≥
2

n\geq 2

.
Under these assumptions, it was conjectured that

⟨
K
⟩

\langle K\rangle

must be a (normal) solvable subgroup of 𝐺.
Recently R. D. Camina has demonstrated that the conjecture is valid for any

n
≥
4

n\geq 4

, and this is done by applying combinatorial results, the main of which concerns subsets with small doubling in a finite group.
In this note, we solve the case

n
=
3

n=3

by appealing to other combinatorial results, such as an estimate of the cardinality of the product of two normal sets in a finite group as well as to some recent techniques and theorems.
A very rare cause of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: a novel mutation in TOR1A
Authors: Sarıkaya Emre , Özçelik Fırat , Gül Şiraz Ülkü , Hatipoglu Nihal , Güneş Tamer , Dündar Munis
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-5 (AMC5) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the TOR1A gene on chromosome 9q34. Congenital multiple joint contractures with microcephaly, typical facial dysmorphism, developmental delay, strabismus, tremor, and increased tone are the main characteristics defined in seven patients thus far. One third of the individuals with monoallelic mutations of the gene develop isolated early-onset dystonia (DYT1 dystonia), which is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We believe that different inheritance patterns of the same gene resulting in different phenotypes will provide an opportunity to understand other similar disease groups and different aspects of gene functions.

Case presentation

We present a case with severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, respiratory failure, and feeding difficulties, with additional hitherto unreported symptoms, such as spontaneous bone fracture, sliding esophageal hernia, and uterine prolapse. The patient carried a novel homozygous variant (c.835delA, p.Lys275Asnfs*3) in the TOR1A gene (NM_000113.2).

Conclusions

We want to contribute to the phenotypic and genotypic spectra of this extremely rare disease.
Tort Theory, Private Attorneys General, and State Action: From Mass Torts to Texas S.B. 8
Authors: Goldberg John C. P. , Zipursky Benjamin C.
Published: March 2022

Late twentieth-century tort theory was dominated by scholars who regarded tort law as primarily a means employed by government to deter anti-social conduct. On this model, tort plaintiffs are cast as private attorneys general whose lawsuits promote safety. Tort theorists today better appreciate that this approach obscures crucial respects in which tort law is private law–law that empowers persons who have been wronged to redress the wrongs done to them. But in practice there is a continued failure to perceive the ways in which the deterrence model has shaped and distorted views of tort law, as evidenced by the terms on which both the ‘right’ and the ‘left’ critique modern mass tort litigation. More troublingly, the problem extends beyond the field of torts. Indeed, we contend that the lawyerly loss of feel for distinctions between public law and private law explains the inability of the United States Supreme Court Justices, in Whole Woman’s Health v. Jackson, to capture why S.B. 8–Texas’s radical anti-abortion statute–really is a private attorney general statute and why, as such, it should be subject to preenforcement constitutional review.
Comparison of plant efficiencies of various power conversion systems for high-temperature reactor modules
Authors: Dong Y. , Unger H.-M. , Fröhling W.
Published: March 2022

The progress in the technology of conventional power plants with gas, steam and combined cycles suggests investigating to what extent such technology can be applied to power conversion systems for high-temperature reactors (HTR). HTR power conversion systems with steam cycle, offer the possibility of achieving steam parameters equivalent to those of currently constructed or planned conventional plants of similar high efficiency. Gas turbine and combined cycles also offer interesting prospects for obtaining high efficiency. This study, which is restricted to thermodynamic aspects, investigates the potential for increased efficiency in HTR module plants with 200 MWth. Steam and gas turbine cycles, with and without intermediate heat exchangers, and combined gas turbine/steam cycles, with and without intermediate heat exchangers, are investigated.
Studies on the behaviour of a passive containment cooling system for the Indian Advanced Heavy Water Reactor
Authors: Maheshwari N. K. , Saha D. , Chandraker D. K. , Venkat Raj V. , Kakodkar A.
Published: March 2022

A passive containment cooling system has been proposed for the advanced heavy water reactor being designed in India. This is to provide long term cooling for the reactor containment following a loss of coolant accident. The system removes energy released into the containment through immersed condensers kept in a pool of water. An important aspect of immersed condenser’s working is the potential degradation of immersed condenser’s performance due to the presence of noncondensable gases. An experimental programme to investigate the passive containment cooling system behaviour and performance has been undertaken in a phased manner. In the first phase, system response tests were conducted on a small scale model to under­stand the phenomena involved. Tests were conducted with constant energy input rate and with varying energy input rate simulating decay heat. With constant energy input rate, pressures in volume V1 and V2 reached almost steady value. With varying energy input rate V1 pressure dropped below the pressure in V2. The system could efficiently purge air from V1 to V2. The paper deals with the details of the tests conducted and the results obtained.
Experimental study of the transient characteristics of a natural circulation loop under SBLOCA
Authors: Bo J. H. , Jiang S. Y. , Zhang Y. J. , Ma C. W.
Published: March 2022

In order to understand the influences of various factors on the depressurization rate under small break LOCA occurring at the upper plenum in a natural circulation loop, a basic analysis has been carried out. It is shown that the depressurization rate is influenced by system pressure, back pressure, break area, water mass in the system, heating power, operational state of the second loop, and so on. Experimental results of flow and heat transfer are also presented in this paper. The experiment was carried out at the 5 MW nuclear heating reactor test loop HRTL-5. The transient processes are described and heat transfer coefficients are estimated. The results show that flashing improves the natural circulation and the heat transfer, so the wall temperature of the heated rod can be kept at a lower level and the reactor is safe. The flow oscillation, which leads to cyclical variations of important parameters, is described and its development mechanisms are studied. It is pointed out that the interaction of pressure decreasing and bubbles producing caused by flashing is the main reason of the flow oscillation.
Monte Carlo analysis of accelerator-driven systems: Studies on spallation neutron yield and energy gain
Authors: Hashemi-Nezhad S. R. , Brandt R. , Westmeier W. , Bamblevski V. P. , Krivopustov M. I. , Kulakov B. A. , Sosnin A. N. , Wan J.-S. , Odoj R.
Published: March 2022

The neutron yield in the interaction of protons with lead and uranium targets has been studied using the LAHET code system. The dependence of the neutron multiplicity on target dimensions and proton energy has been calculated and the dependence of the energy amplification on the proton energy has been investigated in an accelerator-driven system of a given effective multiplication coefficient. Some of the results are compared with experimental findings and with similar calculations by the DCM/CEM code of Dubna and the FLUKA code system used in CERN.
Subcritical nuclear systems and their stability against changes in the geometrical set-up
Authors: Wan J.-S. , Brandt R. , Sosnin A. N. , Krivopustov M. I.
Published: March 2022

A specific subcritical reactor system has been suggested and the stability of its parameters against small changes in the geometrical set-up has been estimated using the model calculation code DCM/CEM from Dubna. The dimensions of the system are 200 cm in diameter and 170 cm in length and it supplies a thermal power of 900 MW with keff =0.943, using a 20 mA proton beam of an energy of 1 GeV. Considering the thermal → electricity power and electricity → beam power conversion efficiencies, the electric power amplification is about 8. Energy deposition and neutron energy distribution in the fission core are also studied. Some properties, such as the heat production per unit volume, are rather similar to modern fast breeders. The neutron multiplication factor keff is very sensitive to small changes in the geometrical set-up within the fission core.
Nuclear transmutation by flux compression
Authors: Seifritz W.
Published: March 2022

A new idea for the transmutation of minor actinides, long (and even short) lived fission products is presented. It is based an the property of neutron flux compression in nuclear (fast and/or thermal) reactors possessing spatially non-stationary critical masses. An advantage factor for the burn-up fluence of the elements to be transmuted in the order of magnitude of 100 and more is obtainable compared with the classical way of transmutation. Three typical examples of such transmuters (a subcritical ringreactor with a rotating reflector, a sub-critical ring reactor with a rotating spallation source, the socalled “pulsed energy amplifier”, and a fast burn-wave reactor) are presented and analysed with regard to this purpose.
Comparison of plant-specific probabilistic safety assessments and lessons learned
Authors: Balfanz H.-P. , Berg H. P. , Steininger U.
Published: March 2022

Probabilistic safety assessments (PSA) have been performed for all German nuclear power plants in operation. These assessments are mainly based on the recent German PSA guide and an earlier draft, respectively. However, comparison of these PSA show differences in the results which are discussed in this paper. Lessons learned from this comparison and further development of the PSA methodology are described.
Critical parameters and decay constants for one-speed neutrons in slabs and spheres with anisotropic scattering
Authors: Yíldíz C.
Published: March 2022

Time-dependent, one-speed neutron transport equations with strong forward and backward scattering together with isotropic scattering are studied in homogeneous slabs and spheres. First, a simple formal equivalence between the transport equations for a critical and for a time-decaying system is established. Then, the transport equation is converted into a more conventional one. The FN method of solving the resulting transport equation is applied to the calculation of the critical parameters and decay constants for the fundamental mode of the flux distribution and one-speed neutrons in spheres and infinite slabs. Numerical results are given for a number of significant figures and compared with those already available in the literature.
The revised German Radiation Protection Ordinance
Authors: Palm M.
Published: March 2022

Since August 2001, German radiation protection law is governed by a new Radiation Protection Ordinance, implementing two new Euratom Directives and taking into account new scientific developments, which provides a comprehensive basis for the protection of man and the environment. The Ordinance has been completely re-structured; however, it is still a very complex piece of legislation comprising 118 provisions and 14 annexes, some of them highly technical. Reduced dose limits for occupationally exposed persons and members of the public, a detailed provision on clearance of radioactive substances, a new part aiming at the protection of man and the environment against ionising radiation emanating from natural sources, and regulations dealing with the protection of consumers in connection with the addition of radioactive substances to consumer goods are some of the centre pieces of the new legislation which shall contribute significantly to the further prevention or at least minimisation of the adverse effects of radiation exposure.
Clearance of material with negligible levels of radioactivity based on the amended German Radiation Protection Ordinance
Authors: Schaller G. , Bayer A.
Published: March 2022

For the first time the modalities for the clearance of relevant materials have been laid down in the amended Radiation Protection Ordinance in a comprehensive form. A distinction is made between unconditional clearance and cases of clearance in which disposal, recycling, and re-use is prescribed. The focus of attention in the case of unconditional clearance consists in special consideration of large volumes of building rubble and excavated soil. Material can only be released from supervision under the Atomic Energy Act, when the radiation-related risk, and correspondingly, also the dose from material issued with clearance, are at negligible levels. In order to facilitate the practical application of clearance, values have been derived on the basis of scenarios which cover all radiation exposures which can reasonably be considered.
Neue Regelungen für den Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt bei natürlichen Strahlenquellen
Authors: Ettenhuber E.
Published: March 2022

Die Richtlinie 96/29 EURATOM des Rates vom 13. Mai 1996 zur Festlegung der grundlegenden Sicherheitsnormen für den Schutz der Gesundheit der Arbeitskräfte und der Bevölkerung gegen die Gefahren durch ionisierende Strahlung fordert von Mitgliedsländern Strahlenschutzmaßnahmen bei natürlichen Strahlenquellen, auch wenn deren Radioaktivität nicht genutzt wird, wenn die natürliche Strahlenexposition erheblich erhöht ist. Diese Forderung wird in der neuen Strahlenschutzverordnung (StrlSchV) in nationales Recht umgesetzt, die dafür einen eigenen Regelungsbereich enthält. Da die Einwirkungsmöglichkeiten auf die natürlicherweise vorhandenen Strahlenquellen wesentlich geringer sind als bei der Anwendung der Radioaktivität oder der ionisierenden Strahlung unterscheiden sich die Regelungen in mancher Hinsicht. Die Regelungen beschränken sich auf solche Handlungen, die für Beschäftigte oder Personen der Bevölkerung zu Strahlenexpositionen von mehr als 1 mSv fuhren. Die Regelungen wenden sich vor allem an den Arbeitgeber. Sie definieren seine Verantwortung für diesen Teil des Gesundheits- und Arbeitsschutzes. Umfangreiche behördliche Genehmigungen und Überwachungen werden vermieden.
Adjoint P1 equations for neutron slowing down
Authors: Senra Martinez A. , Carvalho da Silva F. , Santos Cardoso C. E.
Published: March 2022

To solve the large-group diffusion adjoint equation the averaged group constants have to be pre-calculated. However, at this point the forward and adjoint fluxes are unknown. Thus, an alternative method, independent of the solution of this equation, has to be provided. This method is divided into two steps. In the first, the forward and adjoint spectra should be obtained for a unit cell assuming infinite medium. The second step consists of the correction for a finite medium by approximating the spatial dependence by a single Fourier fundamental mode in terms of the geometrical buckling B2. This paper is dedicated to the solution of the second step. Therefore, forward and adjoint P1 equations were both obtained and numerically solved in lethargy space in order to provide the neutron fluxes in a finite unit fuel cell. Moreover, the direct, adjoint and bilinear weighting for calculation of macrogroup constants is discussed.
Biokinetic model for the calculation of dose coefficients for oral and intravenous administration of 14C labeled drugs
Authors: Krins A. , Fidorra J. , Pleiß U. , Sahre P. , Schönmuth T.
Published: March 2022

A first order biokinetic model is presented for the calculation of dose coefficients from human activity excretion data after intravenous and oral administration of 14C labeled drugs. It is intended for the dose estimation in human studies in drug research, where the number of measurements is low and their uncertainty rather high. The model depends on only 6 parameters that are to be adjusted with the help of the measurement data. A comparison of measured and calculated activities in excreta of four human studies on 14C labeled drugs revealed considerable agreement, although some limitations have to be accepted. In contrast to the biokinetic model for 14C in organic compounds recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) the present model does not assume a fixed biological half-life of 40 days, but follows the experimental data. In consequence, the resulting dose coefficients differ from the ICRP value. For experimental data tested and assuming uniform activity distribution, the committed effective doses amount between one twenty-fifth to one fiftieth of the values calculated from the ICRP model. The uncertainty of the derived dose coefficients is estimated to be about ± 50%.
First nuclear activation experiments using the new accelerator NUCLOTRON in Dubna
Authors: Adam J. , Barabanov M. Yu. , Bradnova V. , Brandt R. , Chaloun P. , Hella Kh. M. , Hashemi-Nezhad S. R. , Kalinnikov V. G. , Krasnov V. A. , Krivopustov M. I. , Kulakov B. A. , Odoj R. , Pronskikh V. S. , Robotham H. , Solnyshkin A. A. , Sosnin A. N. , Stegailov V. I. , Tsoupko-Sitnikov V. M. , Westmeier W.
Published: March 2022

First nuclear activation experiments have been carried out using the new accelerator for relativistic particles NUCLOTRON in Dubna. The distribution of neutrons emitted during the irradiation with 0.65, 1.0 and 1.5 GeV protons from a lead target (∅ = 8 cm, l = 20 cm) and moderated by surrounding paraffin of 6 cm thickness was studied with radiochemical sensors along the beam axis on top of the moderator. Small 139Lasensors of approximately 1 g each were used to measure essentially the thermal neutron fluence at different depths near the surface: i. e. on top of the moderator, in 10 mm deep holes and in 20 mm deep holes, respectively. The reaction 139La (n, γ) 140La (τ1/2 = 40.27 h) was studied using standard procedures of gamma-ray spectrometry and data analysis. The induced activity of 140La increases strongly with the depth of the hole inside the moderator. Its activity distribution along the beam direction on top of the moderator has its maximum about 10 cm downstream the entrance of the protons into the lead and the activity increases about linearily with the proton energy. Some comparisons of the experimental results with model estimations based on the LAHET code are also presented. The experiments were carried out in the Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russian Federation.
Measurements of gamma and neutron flux spectra in iron-water configurations
Authors: Böhmer B. , Grantz M. , Hansen W. , Hinke D. , Konheiser J. , Noack K. , Mehner H.-C. , Stephan I. , Unholzer S.
Published: March 2022

Neutron and gamma spectra were measured behind and inside of modules consisting of variable iron and water slabs which were installed in radial beams of the zero-power training and research reactors AKR of the Technical University Dresden and ZLFR of the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz. The applied NE-213 scintillation spectrometer allowed the measurement of gamma and neutron fluence spectra in the energy regions 0.3–10 MeV for photons and 1.0–20 MeV for neutrons. Measurements with thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD) between slabs supplied additional information about the space distribution of energy integrated fluxes. The paper describes the experiments and presents some important results of the measurements. They will be compared with the results of transport calculations made by means of MCNP and TRAMO in another paper.
A mathematic model of two-phase flow taking account of sub-cooled boiling, condensation, and void flashing
Authors: Jiang S. Y. , Yang X. , Zhang Y.
Published: March 2022

Based on a physical model of the test loop HRTL-5 simulating the 5 MW nuclear heating reactor, a drift-flux model of two-phase flow has been derived, in which the sub-cooled boiling and saturated boiling in the heated section, condensation and void flashing in the adiabatic riser etc, are taken into account. It is suitable to investigate the natural circulation two-phase flow, especially at heating reactor conditions. By introducing the concept of condensation boundary layer, a condensation formula has been derived and complemented into the drift-flux model, which was used to investigate the behavior of the HRTL-5 in our previous research works. Based on the mathematical model, a computer program has been developed. At first, through comparing the calculations with the experimental results, the parameters in the two-phase drift-flux model have been determined. Then calculations on the flow characteristics of HRTL-5 have been performed, including the simulation of the mass flow rate and the distribution of various physical variables. At last, the characteristic curves of natural circulation have been simulated; thereby, also useful experiences have been acquired.
Fermat’s optics in nuclear materials
Authors: Seifritz W.
Published: March 2022

As an example of the application of Fermat’s optics for burnup waves in multiplying media the fast burn-wave ring reactor is presented. By the spatial decoupling of the energy producing zone from the final fission product zone a continuous mode of operation ± by loading only fertile material and without reprocessing ± seems to be possible for a fast reactor system.