bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A General Method for the Specific Purification of Antiprotein Antibodies
Authors: Sternberger L. A. , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

A procedure has been developed which is probably of general applicability for the specific purification of antiprotein antibody. The principle involved is the alteration of the specific antigen so that it can be separated from the antibody brought down in the specific precipitate. The alteration was accomplished by coupling the specific antigen with diazotized arsanilic acid. It was shown that such an antigen can be removed from an alkaline solution by a suspension of calcium aluminate while rabbit serum antibody remains in solution under these conditions. The coupled antigen retained the ability to precipitate specifically the antiprotein antibody.

The purified antibody was obtained from the specific precipitate with the coupled antigen by dissolving the washed precipitate in calcium hydroxide solution and removing most of the antigen with a suspension of calcium aluminate, leaving purified antibody in solution. By this method, solutions of antibody to bovine serum albumin and to bovine serum globulin have been obtained with essentially all of the protein precipitable as specific antibody. The yields were about 30 per cent.
Quantitative Studies of the Relationship between Fecal and Serum Antibody
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott , Burrows William
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

A method has been developed for the quantitative measurement of the antibody response to a whole bacterial antigen, the cholera vibrio. The procedure employed was the complement fixation test of Mayer et al., modified for use with a particulate antigen.

The method was applied to the study of the relative antibody content in the feces and sera of guinea pigs immunized with one intraperitoneal inoculation of cholera vibrio O vaccine. By assuming that the antibody in the feces was a measure of the rate of antibody production, and that antibody in the serum was destroyed in a first order reaction, a mathematical expression was developed for serum antibody which agrees well with the experimental data. The relative amounts of antibody in the feces and in the serum were compared with the amounts of globulin produced over the same interval of time.

It is believed that the experimental data presented are consistent with the following conclusions: The agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies to the vibrio O antigen are closely similar if not identical.Fecal antibody behaves independently of serum antibody, and therefore is not derived from it.Fecal antibody is a measure of the rate of antibody formation.Serum antibody represents accumulated antibody, and decays in a first order reaction.The correlation between the ratios of fecal to serum antibody and fecal to serum globulin suggests that the fecal globulin also represents the rate of globulin production.
Immunological Studies of Three Antitoxin Containing Globulin Fractions of the Horse
Authors: Jager B. V. , Smith Emil L. , Bernhisel Harry , Jager Louise A.
Published: January 2023

The γ- and T-globulin fractions from tetanus toxin antiserum in the horse are shown to be closely related immunologically although some differences are apparent when the quantitative precipitin technique is employed. A third fraction, IV-C2, also rich in antitoxin content, was less closely related to the other two fractions. The IV-C2 antigen consists largely of β-globulin and contains essentially none of the other two components.
Studies on Haemagglutination with the Gdvii Strain of Murine Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Fastier L. B.
Published: January 2023

A study of the mechanism of GDVII haemagglutination has shown certain distinctions from that of the PR8 influenza virus. Heating to 56 C for 30 minutes greatly reduced the GDVII titre but in no way influenced the adsorption and elution processes with human red cells. Periodate treatment of human group O erythrocytes effectively prevented elution of adsorbed PR8 virus but had little effect on a similar reaction with the GDVII strain. Extracts of red cells which were agglutinable by both viruses inhibited influenza haemagglutination to a greater extent than was shown for the GDVII strain.

Together with other observations described in the text these findings would appear to indicate that the mechanisms of haemagglutination by the GDVII strain of murine encephalomyelitis virus and that of the PR8 influenza strain are not closely related.

This work was conducted with financial support from the Medical Research Council of New Zealand.
Studies on Tularemia. V. Immunization of Man
Authors: Kadull Paul J. , Reames Harold R. , Coriell Lewis L. , Foshay Lee
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Eight hundred and nine individuals including 163 laboratory workers received 1 or more prophylactic injections of phenolized or acetone-extracted tularemia vaccine. Before administration of vaccine, a careful clinical history, skin test, and agglutinin titration were done to detect individuals who had experienced previous tularemic infection. Such individuals were not vaccinated because it would be superfluous, and because severe constitutional reactions to vaccination would be expected in these hypersensitive individuals. No severe reactions were encountered when this program was followed. Of the procedures used to predict hypersensitivity before vaccination, the skin test was more reliable than the determination of serum agglutinins. Maximal agglutinin titers were attained from 3 to 6 weeks after initial immunization with each of two vaccines prepared by different methods. Comparison of the two vaccines showed no superiority of either on the basis of agglutinin response or hypersensitivity reactions. Skin sensitivity induced by vaccination persisted for two months in only 20 per cent and for six to nine months in only 4 persons. Agglutinins for Brucella developed following injection of Bacterium tularense vaccine in 48 of 207 persons whose initial serum titer was less than 1:10. Twenty-two of 72 vaccinated individuals who worked with highly virulent B. tularense daily over long periods of time acquired primary tularemia infections, an incidence of 30.6 per cent or approximately one–third of the expected incidence for unvaccinated personnel under similar conditions of exposure. Seventy-eight per cent of the infections were either considerably modified or subclinical, a finding which suggests that partial protection was conferred by vaccination. Experience with vaccination against tularemia indicates that it is accompanied by no more hazard than would be anticipated from the use of typhoid vaccine, provided precautions are taken to eliminate hypersensitive individuals by means of a skin test and clinical history. The data presented suggest that prophylactic vaccination should be carried out in individuals exposed to tularemia as an occupational or recreational hazard.
Studies on Commercial Typhus Vaccines
Authors: Chambers Leslie A. , Clawson Jean R.
Published: January 2023

Commercial epidemic typhus vaccines may be fractionated by centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 1 hour, or by sedimentation in a Sharples supercentrifuge operated at 50,000 rpm with a flow rate of 10 to 15 liters per hour. The supernatant fluids from either centrifugation retained about 82 per cent of the complement fixing activity of the original vaccine, and were almost completely non-type-specific in that they reacted equally well with “epidemic” or “murine” typhus antisera. The sediments from these centrifugations, representing impure concentrates of “epidemic” rickettsiae, comprised about 13.7 per cent of the total complement fixing activity of the original vaccine. These sediments by repeated centrifugation can be washed free of impurities and of soluble antigen, to yield purified typhus rickettsiae of marked “epidemic” specificity. The yield of rickettsiae was in the order of 0.43 mg per gram of infected yolk sac (10 ml of commercial typhus vaccine).
The Effect of Pteroylglutamic Acid on Some Immune Responses of Chicks
Authors: Little P. A. , Oleson J. J. , Roesch P. K.
Published: January 2023

So many vitamins have been reported to have an effect on antibody production and resistance to infection that all might be thought of as equally important, were it not for Cannon's observation that the depressing effect of various vitamin deficiencies may be ascribed either to impaired protein metabolism or lowered protein intake (1). Thus, the effect of some deficiencies may be due to inanition while certain vitamins may be required in the process by which amino acids are converted into antibody globulin.

Since pteroylglutamic acid deficiency gives rise to defects in metabolism resulting in leucopenia, and anemia, it seemed of interest to determine its effect on immune responses. In view of the activity of both pteroylglutamic acid and vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia, it was thought that a comparison of the two vitamins would aid in interpreting our results.
The Suppressive Effect of Antimicrobial Drugs on Brucella Melitensis Infection in Mice
Authors: Werner Charles A. , Knight Vernon
Published: January 2023

The results of treatment of an experimental infection in black mice due to Brucella melitensis with a number of antimicrobial drugs, alone and in combination, have been detailed. Among the single drugs tested, aureomycin and terramycin provided approximately equal suppression of the infection, whereas chloramphenicol, neomycin, and combined therapy with streptomycin and sulfadiazine did not significantly influence the extent of the infection as compared to that seen in the untreated animals. The combination of streptomycin with aureomycin, chloramphenicol, or terramycin, however, definitely enhanced the antibrucellar effects of the latter drugs. A combination of aureomycin and streptomycin proved to be the most effective-type of treatment in this study, although complete eradication of brucellae and suppression of the lesions of brucellosis was not achieved with any of the regimens tested.

While the results of treatment of experimental infections in animals cannot be transferred directly to the treatment of infections in man, this study provides additional evidence to support the further use of combinations of antibacterial drugs in human brucellosis.
I131 As an Antigen Label in the Circulating Serum of Non-Immune Rabbits
Authors: Knox William C. , Endicott Frances C.
Published: January 2023

Subject to the restrictions mentioned, measurement of I131 in the serum of non-immune rabbits following intravenously administered BSaI131 provides an adequate measure of the antigen nitrogen. Following intravenous injection of BSa and BSaI131 into non-immune rabbits, there is very little if any difference in their clearance.
Study of Infectivity and Hemagglutination of Influenza Virus in Deembryonated Eggs
Authors: Bernkopf Hans
Published: January 2023

Deembryonated eggs were inoculated with different dilutions of influenza virus. It was observed that in the presence of high concentrations of virus little or no evidence of multiplication in terms of infectious titer was demonstrable while the hemagglutinin titers showed a consistent rise apparently independent of the amount of active virus present. More dilute inocula induced a concomitant rise in titer of infectivity and hemagglutination. A technique of washing was used to study the development of the hemagglutinin produced by concentrated inocula and some of its properties were examined. The hemagglutinin is apparently formed in the membrane. It is able to interfere with the multiplication of active virus in eggs and mice but incapable of self-propagation, its appearance depending upon the presence of large amounts of active virus. It has a shorter lag phase than fully active virus from which it is indistinguishable in hemagglutination-inhibition tests. On intracerebral inoculation into mice it has a low toxicity. This hemagglutinin is considered an “incomplete” or “immature” form of virus.
Origin of Naturally Occurring Hemagglutinins and Hemolysins: A Review
Authors: Wiener Alexander S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Evidence relating to the problem of the origin of natural antibodies, especially hemagglutinins and hemolysins has been critically reviewed. Based on this analysis it is concluded that natural antibodies are, with possibly rare exceptions, of immune origin. Natural antibodies, like those generally conceded to be of immune origin such as Rh antibodies, occur in the univalent as well as the bivalent form. Natural immunity to bacteria and viruses is generally conceded to be due to undiagnosed or symptomless infections, since such immunity is most frequent among individuals who have been exposed to the disease or who carry the microörganism in their body. The peristence of natural antibodies throughout life is explained by experiments on Rh sensitization showing that antibodies induced by deliberate immunization likewise may persist indefinitely after all contact with the antigen has been discontinued.

Natural antibodies for red cells, such as the blood group antibodies and cold hemagglutinins, are shown to be of heterogenetic immune origin and are attributable to the presence of related antigens in bacteria and animal parasites. Polysaccharides of similar chemical structure have been isolated from capsules of penumococci as well as from secretions possessing blood group specificity, thus providing a chemical explanation for such heterogenetic reactions.
The Effect of Fa and Lansing Viruses on the Cholinesterase Activity of Brain and Spinal Cord Homogenates
Authors: Little J. Maxwell , Lawson Robert B.
Published: January 2023

Mice were inoculated intracerebrally with FA virus and with Lansing virus. Total brain and spinal cord homogenates and the residue and supernatant fluid from these homogenates obtained by centrifuging were compared with similar preparations from uninfected mice in the following respects: wet weight, total nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration (μg N2/mg wet weight), and the cholinesterase activity expressed both in terms of wet weight and nitrogen content. The results were: There were no significant differences from the controls in mean wet weight and mean total nitrogen content for both brain and spinal cord with both viruses.With Lansing virus, there was a significant increase over the control in nitrogen concentration for spinal cord homogenate and the residue and supernatant fluid fractions of this homogenate. With FA virus, the nitrogen concentration of spinal cord residue was significantly increased over the control, while the total homogenate and residue fraction nitrogen concentrations were not significantly different. With neither virus was there any significant difference in the nitrogen concentration of the brain preparations.With FA virus, the cholinesterase activity, expressed in terms of tissue wet weight, was significantly decreased in the brain total homogenate and brain residue fraction (8.5% and 10.6% respectively), but not in the supernatant fluid fraction.With FA virus the cholinesterase activity of the spinal cord preparations did not differ significantly from the control when the activity was expressed in terms of tissue wet weight, but when the activity was expressed in terms of nitrogen content the spinal cord total homogenate enzyme activity was significantly lower than the control (13.6% decrease).With Lansing virus the cholinesterase activity of the three spinal cord preparations, but not of the brain preparations, was significantly lower than the controls, when the activity was expressed in terms of nitrogen content. These changes can be explained by the increased nitrogen concentrations in these preparations, therefore the decrease in enzyme activity probably is not a real one.The magnitude of the changes in cholinesterase activity is not sufficient to affect the function of the central nervous system.
Experimental Determination of the Hypersensitive Diathesis in Man
Authors: Creger William P. , Choy Sun Hak , Rantz Lowell A.
Published: January 2023

The intravenous injection of one ml of blood of heterologous human group followed by measurement of isoagglutinin response is a promising technique for assessing antibody-producing potential in man. Two of 48 medical students formed excessively large amounts of antibody following stimulation by the viral vaccine antigens of influenza A and B. These same individuals, and no others, reacted similarly to the injection of blood of heterologous group by producing very high concentrations of isoagglutinins. A small number of persons suffering from disease in which inappropriate immunological reactions are thought to play a role also responded to the blood group antigen by developing unusually high isoagglutinin titres. The hyperimmune type of antibody was present in the serum of persons exhibiting exaggerated responses. The tentative suggestion is made that a small number of human beings are immunological hyperreactors, and that this attribute may be a factor of importance in the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
The Experimental Production of Arteritis by Passive Sensitization
Authors: Cohen Sheldon G. , Mayer Lloyd D. , Criep Leo H.
Published: January 2023

Twelve rabbits were passively sensitized with 5 ml of rabbit anti-horse serum and beginning one half hour later were given 15 ml of horse serum 1–100 intravenously in divided doses. Twenty-four hours later these animals were sacrificed and sections taken for microscopic study. The primary lesions in all animals involved the small pulmonary arteries and pulmonary arterioles and consisted of an extensive panarteriolar and periarteriolar infiltration of eosinophiles and to a lesser extent of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophiles. Five rabbits received a similar dose of rabbit anti-horse serum alone and five additional rabbits received the same dose of horse serum alone. Significant pulmonary arteriolar lesions in these animals were not observed after 24 hours. Six rabbits were passively sensitized with homologous anti-horse serum and then given an unrelated protein antigen according to the same method and dosage employed in those animals receiving homologous antiserum plus specific antigen. Three rabbits thus received canine serum and three bovine gamma globulin. No lesions were encountered.
The Serological Identification of Cultures of Clostridium Sporogenes
Authors: Mandia James W. , Bruner D. W.
Published: January 2023

A study of agglutination of strains of Clostridum sporogenes showed that members of this species can be grouped and typed by means of the heat-labile antigens.

Of the 25 strains studied 18 formed one serological group consisting of three antigenic types. Seven strains formed two serologically unrelated groups and one strain was type specific. Three of the seven strains formed a homogeneous serological group with C. parabotulinum; three other strains formed a homogeneous sub-group related to the main serological group of 18 strains. The seventh strain showed a reciprocal agglutinative relationship to C. histolyticum.

Antigenic formulas were assigned to the strains of the main serological group of C. sporogenes.
Field Trial of Shigella Flexneri III Vaccine
Authors: Barnes L. A. , Cooper Merlin L. , Jerome E. A. , Durant R. C. , Smith A. B.
Published: January 2023

Mouse protective tests were conducted with serums taken from 633 officers and men aboard five cruisers before inoculation with Shigella flexneri III vaccines and from different groups at eight postinoculation intervals; a control group that received placebos only was included. Statistical evaluations of the data were made to obtain evidence concerning the efficacy of the vaccines employed. Statistically significant antibody responses were observed in serums from two groups of men who had received primary subcutaneous inoculations of S. flexneri III vaccine; fold increases were 9.2 and 10.5. Little or no enhancement in protective power of serums was obtained by oral administration of S. flexneri III vaccine. The peak of protective antibody production following parenteral inoculations was reached approximately three weeks after the last injection in the initial course of vaccine. Evidence was obtained that indicated the persistence of a statistically significant amount of circulating antibody for approximately six months. Previous epidemiologic experiences of men with S. flexneri III apparently influenced their antibody response to artificial parenteral stimulation with vaccine. Preinoculation antibody levels differed significantly depending upon whether individuals had been present and ill, present but not ill, or not present in an epidemic. Those who had reported clinical symptoms possessed the highest titers and serums from men with no prior contact showed the lowest antibody content. Protective antibody levels after inoculation were, however, of a similar order in the three groups. It appeared, therefore, that there was a point beyond which antibody formation could not be increased by the stimulus applied regardless of the initial antibody level. A single subcutaneous booster dose of S. flexneri III vaccine administered to a group of men six months after the initial inoculations increased only slightly the mouse protective power of the serums. This lack of further antibody response following the recall dose was probably due to the persistence of antibody levels that could not be elevated markedly by the additional antigen injected. It appeared that the parenterally administered S. flexneri III vaccine induced the production of protective antibody in susceptible individuals to a degree comparable with that found in men who had experienced a natural infection. Records suggest that persons who have convalesced from the disease rarely suffer second attacks due to the same Shigella type.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Burgoon Jane S. , Bashe Winslow J. , Burgoon Carrol F. , Stokes Joseph , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

The effect of intradermal injection of mumps skin test antigen on stimulation of antibody formation and on immunity to mumps has been studied.

Although development of antibodies as measured mainly by the complement-fixation technic, and in some instances also by hemagglutination inhibition tests, is not infrequent in individuals who had negative reactions prior to the skin test, it is suggested that these responses nevertheless must be termed in many instances a recall phenomenon and not de novo antibody formation. This suggestion is based particularly on the inverse relationship between age of the individual and height and frequency of antibody response to skin test. Whereas in the adult group more than 75% of the originally negative reactors responded, in children of 5 years of age of less, this figure decreased to 23%.

Attempts to interrupt the course of mumps outbreaks in several institutions by application of skin tests did not conclusively demonstrate significant protective effects. The incidence of mumps in skin tested and control groups of children of the combined institutions was practically the same.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Bashe Winslow J. , Burgoon Jane S. , Burgoon Carrol F. , Hunt George R. , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

Studies have been reported on the serological response of human beings to subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated mumps virus, as measured by complement fixation and hemagglutination inhibition tests. Emphasis has been placed upon the results obtained in individuals judged susceptible to mumps by negative histories and serological tests prior to vaccination.

Maximal complement-fixing antibody response was obtained 2–3 weeks after vaccination. A single injection of vaccine resulted in antibody responses indistinguishable from those recorded after 2 injections 2 weeks apart. The frequency of response, as well as the height of titers attained, depended upon the amount of vaccine injected. Only with 4 ml of vaccine, representing approximately a 20-fold concentrate of virus from allantoic fluid, did all susceptible individuals show some antibody response.

A correlation between the serum titers obtained by the complement-fixation test with the virus antigen, and by the hemagglutination-inhibition reaction, indicated that the two technics very likely measure different antibodies. Although, in general, a high titer by one test was matched by a high antibody level in the other, the ratios of hemagglutination-inhibition to complement-fixation titers varied over a range far greater than could be ascribed to the variations inherent in the technics.

An epidemic of mumps occurred 9–12 months after vaccination. The incidence of infection among the controls (63 cases in 193 individuals) was almost twice that encountered in the immunized group (46 cases in 250 individuals). This result gained in significance when the antibody levels attained 4–5 weeks after vaccination were correlated to the incidence of mumps. The incidence was highest in those who failed to respond with measurable antibodies to vaccination, and decreased markedly with the increase in the antibody level attained after immunization. Although there were discrepancies between the clinical diagnosis and serological tests performed after the epidemic had subsided, the general interpretation is not altered by inclusion of the doubtful cases. No serologically confirmed case was noted in the 33 individuals who had reached a complement-fixing titer of 1:16 or greater after vaccination.

The data indicate that transitory immunity may be induced by subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated mumps virus and that its duration appears to be related to the height of antibody levels attained.
Studies on the Fractionation of Hemophilus Pertussis Extracts
Authors: Pennell Robert B. , Thiele Elizabeth H.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that the toxin in extracts of sonically disintegrated Hemophilus pertussis loses much of its toxicity in the presence of ethanol at −5 C. This sensitivity to ethanol is enhanced by clarification of the extracts with CaCl2, by lowering the pH, by lowering the ionic strength of the mixture, and by diluting the mixture.

Fractionation of such extracts by the use of ethanol under controlled conditions of pH, temperature, ionic strength and dilution permits the separation of a fraction containing all of the immunogenic activity of the extract with but a small part of the nitrogen of the extract. This immunogenic fraction invariably contains both toxin and agglutinogen, but not in constant proportions. It does not lose its antigenicity, however, when the toxin has been rendered non-toxic.
The Nonantigenicity of Streptolysin S
Authors: Robinson John J.
Published: January 2023

Streptolysin S associated with streptococcal infection is nonantigenic.
Studies on Treponemal Immobilizing Antibodies in Syphilis
Authors: Nelson Robert A. , Diesendruck Judith A. , Zheutlin Harold E. C. , Stack Page S. , Barnett Martha
Published: January 2023

The titer of treponemal immobilizing antibody in syphilis serum may be determined by measuring the serum dilution which produces immobilization of 50 per cent of the treponemes after 18 hours incubation at 35 C.

The occurrence of false positive and false negative results described in the text may be detected and avoided by careful attention to: 1) removal of rabbit testicular syphilomas in the stage of early orchitis; 2) adequate controls in each individual experiment, consisting of known negative and known positive serum controls; and 3) examination for the presence of residual C′ in all test mixtures in which immobilization fails to occur.

Modifications in the medium used for isolating and sustaining Treponema pallidum in vitro are described.
Studies on the Immunization of Guinea Pigs and Mice to Brucella Infection by Means of the “Native Antigen”
Authors: Elberg S. , Herzberg M. , Schneider P. , Silverman S. J. , Meyer K. F.
Published: January 2023

The “native antigen” of Brucella suis is capable of inducing immunity in guinea pigs and mice to 10–200 minimal infective doses. The degree of immunity conferred on both animal species was, under certain conditions, such that between 75 and 80 per cent of the animals subsequently cleared their tissues of cultivable Brucella within one month of infection. No single variable in the administration of the vaccine was specifically effective in altering the results. Hypotheses are offered to account for this. The bactericidal action of whole blood of vaccinated guinea pigs has not as yet served as a reliable index of the immune state of the animal. Vaccination with “native antigen” did not confer a state of cutaneous hypersensitivity on the guinea pigs.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Sherman Beila
Published: January 2023

When the radioiodinated globulin fraction of anti-rat-kidney or anti-rat-lung serum is injected into rats, there is some localization of radioantibodies in other than the homologous tissues or organs. The radioantibodies localizing in the different organs show differences depending upon the organ in which they localize.

The iodinated antibodies from anti-rat-kidney serum which localized in the kidneys, liver and lungs of donor rats were eluted with sodium hydroxide from the insoluble sediments obtained from the homogenates of the tissues of the donor rats, and these purified antibody preparations were tested for localization properties by injection into recipient rats. It was found that the purified radioantibodies from all three tissues localized to some extent in the kidney, but the antibody isolated from each organ also showed some preference for localization in the organ of initial localization. Liver-isolated anti-kidney antibody localized in the kidney and in the liver, but to a greater extent in the liver than did kidney-isolated antibody. Likewise, lung-isolated anti-kidney antibody localized to a greater extent in the lung than kidney-isolated antibody.

Radioiodinated antibody from anti-rat-lung serum was similarly purified from the kidneys, liver and lungs of donor rats, and here again the three preparations localized to some extent in the lungs of recipient rats, but the antibody isolated from each organ again showed a preference also for the organ of initial localization.

From the very rapid rates of localization of the antibodies it has appeared that the localization must take place on the vascular bed of the organ, and that the fractionation by heterologous organs of the antibodies prepared against one organ demonstrates serological specificities or differences in the vascular beds of these organs.

It is suggested that if certain perivascular diseases, such as glomerulonephritis or multiple sclerosis, are caused by a process of autoimmunization, it is probably the localizing antibody which is the damaging agent and the organ which is attacked is determined by the specificity of the vascular bed of that tissue.
Heterologous Strain Immunity in Experimental Syphilis
Authors: Magnuson Harold J. , Thompson Frederick A.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative techniques previously employed to measure homologous strain immunity in experimental syphilis have been extended to the measurement of heterologous strain immunity among three strains of Treponema pallidum in the rabbit. Definite heterologous strain immunity has been shown to be developed three months after immunizing infection. The greatest immunity developed following infection with the most virulent (Nichols) strain of organism.
The Effect of Antilymphocytic Serum on Circulating Antibody Levels
Authors: Woodruff M. F. A. , Forman Bruce , Fraser K. B.
Published: January 2023

Administration of antilymphocytic serum to rats previously immunised with Salmonella paratyphi B failed to produce a rise in flagellar agglutinin titres despite a profound fall in the number of circulating lymphocytes. This fall in lymphocyte count occurred even in adrenalectomised animals, suggesting that it is not dependent on an adrenal mechanism.
Changes in the Properties of the Coagulase-Reacting Factor of Plasma After Separation from Prothrombin by Seitz Filtration
Authors: Tager M. , Lodge A. L.
Published: January 2023

Successive filtration of plasma through Seitz asbestos pads separates coagulase-reacting factor (C.R.F.) and prothrombin by differential adsorption. Although both substances are adsorbed, repeated filtration essentially eliminates demonstrable prothrombin activity from the filtrate, but allows the recovery of 50% or more of the C.R.F. Seitz filtration of plasma significantly alters the properties of C.R.F. in that it becomes more heat labile, adsorption on alumina is reduced, and precipitation by the Mellanby technique markedly impaired.
Surface Phagocytosis in Vivo
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Perry William D. , Berry John W. , Wood W. Barry
Published: January 2023

By means of the rabbit ear-chamber technique it has been possible to visualize in individual capillaries the phagocytosis of encapsulated Friedlander's bacilli within a few minutes after they have been injected into the blood stream. This immediate intravascular ingestion of bacteria has been shown to be due to surface phagocytosis, a cellular defense reaction that operates in the absence of antibody.
A Portable Freeze-Drying Apparatus Employing Either Mechanical or Dry Ice Refrigeration
Authors: Warren Joel , Kugler Heinz , Hall Herman M.
Published: January 2023

A portable freeze-drying apparatus which can be operated by either mechanical or dry ice refrigeration is described. A freezer bath is incorporated in the unit.
What Is Immunology?
Authors: Edsall Geoffrey
Published: January 2023

This morning I stand here in a double role—obliged by tradition to address you as President of this Association, but faced at the same time with the pleasant duty of discussing our Journal with you, as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Immunology. What I have to say concerns primarily the Journal, but since the interests of the two are identical, no sharp attempt will be made to distinguish between them.

Some 36 years ago, when Dr. Coca asked Theobald Smith to assist at the birth of the Journal of Immunology by serving as an advisory editor, Smith “accepted willingly, but warned that ‘Immunology is dead’” (1). Dr. Smith was a very astute man; and I imagine therefore that, if he were to appear before the American Association of Immunologists today to defend this rather startling statement, he might reply with a question: “What is immunology?”
Studies on Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Jawetz Ernest , Coleman Virginia , Allende M. F.
Published: January 2023

Whole allantoic fluid from herpes-infected embryonated eggs contains a substance capable of eliciting delayed skin reactions in persons infected with herpes virus. This substance can readily be separated from infective virus by centrifuging allantoic fluid at high speed. The skin-reactive material is then found mainly in the supernatant whereas washed concentrated virus particles do not elicit skin reactions. It is suggested that the skin reaction to herpes virus is due to a soluble antigen.

This antigen develops in herpes-infected embryonated eggs early during incubation, and is present in demonstrable amounts at least 48 hours before significant titers of infective virus develop. The concentration of skin-reactive material increases relatively little between the 2nd and 5th days of incubation, whereas the concentration of infective virus rises over 1000 fold between the 3rd and 5th days. The skin reactive substance has broad antigenic specificity and may represent a building stone of infective virus particles.

The soluble antigen is relatively heat stable, and does not deteriorate on storage at 4 C. The delayed skin reactions induced by it may be suppressed by the administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone or cortisone.
Differences in the Degree of Infectiousness of two Related Strains of Poliomyelitis Virus Following their Oral Administration to Monkeys
Authors: Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Although belonging to the same antigenic type of poliomyelitis virus, the Lansing and Y-SK strains differ in their capacity to produce antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys by the oral route. Of 21 monkeys fed Lansing virus, none developed antibodies. On the other hand, of 20 monkeys fed Y-SK virus, one evidenced paralysis and, of the remaining 19 animals without obvious paralytic disease, 12 developed antibodies.

Following the repeated feeding of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis to 6 cynomolgus monkeys, antibodies failed to appear. When these same monkeys were subsequently fed the Y-SK virus, antibodies were found in the sera of 5 of the 6 animals. Six cynomolgus monkeys fed heat-inactivated Lansing followed by heat-inactivated Y-SK virus did not develop antibodies.

These experiments would seem to point to a difference in the peripheral invasiveness of these two immunologically related strains.
Determination of Antibody through the Use of I131 Label: Experiments with Equine Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Cohen Sidney
Published: January 2023

Equine diphtheria antitoxin has been labelled with iodine containing I131 in the ratio of 0.25 to 13.0 atoms of iodine per globulin molecule. The smaller amounts of iodine produce little or no change in precipitable antitoxin. The rate of iodination of equine antitoxic globulin is 90 to 94 per cent of that of the average serum protein. The feasibility of direct measurement of antibody protein by means of an I131 label is supported.
Studies on Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Briody B. A. , Stannard Claudia
Published: January 2023

The growth of four strains of vaccinia virus in the epithelial cells of the chorioallantois of the chick embryo was found to occur in a step-wise fashion. Immediately following the initiation of infection there was a sharp reduction in the amount of virus in the membrane, and no increase was detectable for approximately 8 hours. At this time virus could be released from the cells, and it did not increase further in concentration until 16 hours following the initiation of infection. After the completion of the second infectious cycle, virus was found in higher concentration in the chorioallantoic membrane. Vaccinia hemagglutinin was detected for the first time at about 16 hours following the inoculation of virus. At this time its presence was correlated with a second increase in viral concentration. It has been assumed that vaccinia hemagglutinin was released along with virus at 8 hours, but in such minute amounts that it could not be measured by the technics employed.
Studies of Antibody Distribution in the Serum Proteins of Several Rh Antisera
Authors: Cann John R. , Brown Raymond A. , Kirkwood John G. , Sturgeon Phillip , Clarke Donald W.
Published: January 2023

Three Rh-antisera have been fractionated by electrophoresis-convection and the fractions characterized electrophoretically and immunologically. The Rh antibodies have been found to be distributed throughout the serum globulins. The distribution of a particular antibody depends upon the serum type and exhibits individual variations in sera of the same type. Alpha globulin has been found to contain Rh antibodies.
Metabolic Studies of Rickettsiae
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Hahn Fred E. , Jackson Elizabeth B. , Bozeman F. Marilyn , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: January 2023

The oxidation of glutamic acid by purified suspensions of Rickettsia mooseri has been traced through a series of reactions involving α-ketoglutaric, succinic, fumaric, malic, oxalacetic, and pyruvic acids as intermediate steps. No evidence has been obtained for the participation of any of the tricarboxylic acids in this process, though such participation cannot be excluded with certainty at the present time.
Studies on the Mode of Action of Aromatic Diamidines on Influenza and Mumps Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Perry Maude E. , Levenson Charlotte G. , Gocke Ila M.
Published: January 2023

Mumps virus was inhibited in tissue cultures by concentrations of pentamidine and stilbamidine in the range of 0.5 to 5 γ/ml added at the same time or before the virus. Under similar conditions the minimal inhibitory concentrations for the viruses of influenza A and B were 5 to 20 γ/ml of pentamidine and 20 γ/ml of stilbamidine.

The amount of pentamidine necessary for inhibition increased with the initial amount of virus and with the time after inoculation. The inhibitor acted by prolonging the lag period and decreasing the total amount of virus. An alkaline pH favored the action of pentamidine.

Reversal of the effect of pentamidine could be produced by repeated changes of solution using amidine-free medium of an alkaline reaction with or without addition of egg yolk. When the solution was changed to one of an acid or neutral reaction, the amidine was apparently not washed out of the tissue and its effect persisted.

Pentamidine inhibited the growth of fibroblasts and epithelium and retarded oxygen consumption by the tissue at concentrations from 200 γ/ml down to 5 γ/ml, depending upon the number of days the drug was incubated with the tissue. Low concentrations of the inhibitor produced an increase in aerobic glycolysis accompanied by partial inhibition of respiration without important changes in glucose utilization.
The Effect of Acth and Cortisone on the Concentration of Circulating Diphtheria Antitoxin
Authors: Havens W. Paul , Shaffer James M. , Hopke Charles J. , Eichman Hazel L. , Williams W. Ruth
Published: January 2023

ACTH or cortisone was administered to 31 Schick-negative patients at varying times following the injection of 50 Lf purified diphtheria toxoid, and the amounts of circulating antitoxin produced were measured by titration in the skin of rabbits. There was no alteration in the qualitative pattern of production of circulating antibody when compared with that elaborated by similarly immunized control subjects who did not received ACTH or cortisone. The administration of these substances did not augment the amount of circulating antitoxin when they were given during the period of decline of antibody; nor did they prevent the production of considerable amounts of antibody when they were given early in the period of hyperimmunization. When compared with the results found in hyperimmunized patients not receiving ACTH, there was a greater percentage of reduction in amount of circulating antibody 1 and 2 weeks after therapy with ACTH when treatment was begun as the amount of antibody was approaching its maximum or declining. Similar reductions in amounts of circulating antibody were not found in 3 patients who received cortisone for 13 days, beginning on the 14th day after the injection of diphtheria toxoid. The only significant alteration in amount of antibody found 4 or 8 hours after a single dose of ACTH was a mild reduction in 1 patient.
The Use of Chicken Antiserum in the Immunochemical Studies of Edestin
Authors: Munoz J. , Becker Elmer L.
Published: January 2023

The immunochemical relationships of edestin and its homologous chicken antiserum using 8% NaCl concentration throughout the system are reported. No significant difference was found between the amount of immune precipitate obtained with chicken anti-rabbit globulin serum incubated at either refrigerator or room temperature. On freezing and thawing chicken antiserum, a non-specific precipitate is obtained in which some antibody is lost. Ten per cent NaCl concentration appears to be slightly better than either 8% or 12% NaCl to carry out the quantitative precipitin test with the edestin-anti-edestin chicken serum system. The significance of the immunochemical relationships obtained with the edestin-anti-edestin system are discussed.
The Effect of a Malaria Infection on the Titer of Complement and its Components in Ducks
Authors: McGhee R. Barclay
Published: January 2023

Using duck serum in the preparation of test reagents, it was possible to determine the titers of components of duck complement. In uninfected animals the average titers of complement and its components were as follows: C′ − 40, C′1 − 1080, C′2 − 100, C′3 − 90, C′4 − 180. In ducks undergoing infections with Plasmodium lophurae there was a reduction in C′ and in all components. The presence of an in vivo hemolysis was always coincident with a decrease in C′ and affected all components on the terminal day of infection. In subterminal hemolysis C′1 and C′3 were little affected in most instances, while C′2 and C′4 were sharply reduced. The drop in complement, the hemolytic reaction, and the destruction of parasites strongly suggest the intense antigen-antibody combination of acquired immunity.
Studies on Certain Viruses Isolated in the Tropics of Africa and South America: Their Growth and Behavior in the Embryonated Hen Egg
Authors: Taylor R. M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Propagation in embryonated hen egg of Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Bwamba, Uganda S, Zika, Anopheles B, Haemagogus A and B, Leucocelaenus, Sabethes and Wyeomyia viruses is reported, and the propagation in the same medium of Semliki, Mengo, West Nile, Anopheles A and Ilhéus viruses by other investigators is confirmed. With the exception of Wyeomyia, all of the viruses grew readily and could be maintained in serial passage by yolk sac inoculation using a suspension of the brain or body of the embryo for passage material. However, it was necessary to initiate cultivation of Anopheles B virus by intracerebral inoculation. The Wyeomyia virus was carried through 10 brain-to-brain passages in the embryo and was then lost. It was not infectious to embryos when inoculated by other routes. The multiplication of the viruses, their fatality to embryos and the gross lesions they produce when introduced into the yolk, allantoic and amniotic sacs and when dropped upon the chorioallantoic membrane are described. With the exception of Wyeomyia virus and initiation of the cultivation of Anopheles B virus, inoculations into the yolk and amniotic sacs proved to be the most favorable routes for consistently infecting the embryo. After 3 to 10 passages in the embryo, the majority of the viruses were found to be capable of infecting embryos when introduced into the yolk sac in dilutions as high as or higher than those required to produce a fatal infection in mice. Only 4 of the viruses (Semliki, Mengo, West Nile and Ntaya) were consistently fatal to the embryos in high dilutions. Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Bwamba, Uganda S, Anopheles A and B and Ilhéus viruses exhibited neurotropism when inoculated into the yolk sac, in that greater concentrations of the infecting agent were observed in the brain than in the body of the embryo. Semiliki, Mengo, West Nile and Zika viruses may be regarded as pantropic, as the virus concentrations in the body were equal to if not greater than those in the brain of infected embryos. Haemagogus A and B, Leucocelaenus and Sabethes viruses were consistently found in greater concentrations in the body of the embryo than in the brain. They also exhibited other characteristics in common with each other and with FA mouse encephalitis virus. The implications of these observations upon the use of the embryonated egg for the primary isolation of viruses of this category have been briefly discussed.
Studies of Toxin of Clostridium Botulinum Type D
Authors: Boroff Daniel A. , Raynaud Marcel , Prévot Andeé R.
Published: January 2023

Clostridium botulinum type D toxin may be obtained directly from washed organisms.

This toxin resembles the toxin of these organisms found in the culture filtrates.

By the method employed the toxin of Cl. botulinum type D is obtainable in colloid (insoluble at pH 7) and soluble forms. The soluble toxin (exotoxin) may be split off the colloidal particle by the action of ultrasonic waves in presence of catalase.

The colloidal toxin is probably the precursor of the soluble form.

Additional evidence is offered for the hypothesis suggesting that so-called exotoxin of Cl. botulinum is a part of bacterial cytoplasm and is liberated when bacteria autolize.
Individual Variation in the Hemagglutinin Content of Yellowfin Tuna and Skipjack Bloods
Authors: Cushing John E.
Published: January 2023

Individual variation has been discovered in the natural antibody content of yellowfin tuna and skipjack bloods collected in the Pacific. Three separate agglutinins, including one specific for human type B substance, are shown to exist in yellowfin tuna and one agglutinin specific for B substance in skipjack.