bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual specificity of a prokaryotic GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) to two small Ras‐like GTPases inMyxococcus xanthus
Authors: Kanade Manil , Singh Ningthoujam Birjeet , Lagad Sonal , Baranwal Jyoti , Gayathri Pananghat
Published: August 2020

Two small Ras‐like GTPases, MglA and SofG, work in synchrony to drive cell polarity and motility in the soil bacterium,Myxococcus xanthus. While MglA regulates two types of motility inMyxococcusand drives cell polarity reversals, SofG regulates social motility enabled by the type IV pili (T4P) machinery. In order to understand the molecular basis of how multiple GTPases act concertedly, we initiated biochemical studies on SofG. A construct of SofG (SofG∆60) was purified as a homogenous monomer and could bind to GDP and GTP. Intrinsic GTP hydrolysis by SofG∆60was negligible. Earlier work from the laboratory revealed that MglB functions both as a GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for MglA. Biochemical assays of SofG∆60established that MglB interacts with GTP‐bound SofG∆60and acts as a GAP for SofG∆60. Interaction of MglB with SofG∆60in the GDP‐bound conformation was not observed, thereby suggesting that MglB might not act as a GEF for SofG∆60. The existence of a common GAP for both SofG and MglA could potentially contribute to concerted regulation of their GTPase activities, and mediate crosstalk between the two GTPases involved in motility ofM. xanthus. Sequence analysis revealed the features for a SofG‐like subclass of prokaryotic small Ras‐like GTPases that enable MglB to act as a dual‐specificity GAP.
Charitable inclination and the chief executive officer's pay package
Authors: Mishra Dev R.
Published: August 2020

Using chief executive officers’ (CEOs’) lifetime nonemployment experience in prominent charitable organizations to create a proxy for CEO charitable inclination, I find that charitably inclined CEOs receive a significant pay premium. The pay premium sensitivity to CEO charitable inclination is particularly pronounced for male, external, and specialist CEOs who are employed at firms that are undiversified, larger, less debt reliant, poor performing, facing high product‐market competition, and that keep nonmanipulative financial statements and demonstrate high inclination to social responsibility in the area of diversity, employee relations, and internal governance. This research contributes to the broader debate on labor market pricing of CEO characteristics.
Effects of seawater Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and diet on the biomineralization and growth of sea urchins and the relevance of fossil echinoderms to paleoenvironmental reconstructions
Authors: Kołbuk Dorota , Di Giglio Sarah , M’Zoudi Saloua , Dubois Philippe , Stolarski Jarosław , Gorzelak Przemysław
Published: August 2020

It has been argued that skeletal Mg/Ca ratio in echinoderms is mostly governed by Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations in the ambient seawater. Accordingly, well‐preserved fossil echinoderms were used to reconstruct Phanerozoic seawater Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. However, Mg/Ca ratio in echinoderm skeleton can be affected by a number of environmental and physiological factors, the effects of which are still poorly understood. Notably, experimental data supporting the applicability of echinoderms in paleoenvironmental reconstructions remain limited. Here, we investigated the effect of ambient Mg2+/Ca2+ seawater ratio and diet on skeletal Mg/Ca ratio and growth rate in two echinoid species (Psammechinus miliaris and Prionocidaris baculosa). Sea urchins were tagged with manganese and then cultured in different Mg2+/Ca2+ conditions to simulate fluctuations in the Mg2+/Ca2+ seawater ratios in the Phanerozoic. Simultaneously, they were fed on a diet containing different amounts of magnesium. Our results show that the skeletal Mg/Ca ratio in both species varied not only between ossicle types but also between different types of stereom within a single ossicle. Importantly, the skeletal Mg/Ca ratio in both species decreased proportionally with decreasing seawater Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. However, sea urchins feeding on Mg‐enriched diet produced a skeleton with a higher Mg/Ca ratio. We also found that although incubation in lower ambient Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio did not affect echinoid respiration rates, it led to a decrease or inhibition of their growth. Overall, these results demonstrate that although skeletal Mg/Ca ratios in echinoderms can be largely determined by seawater chemistry, the type of diet may also influence skeletal geochemistry, which imposes constraints on the application of fossil echinoderms as a reliable proxy. The accuracy of paleoseawater Mg2+/Ca2+ calculations is further limited by the fact that Mg partition coefficients vary significantly at different scales (between species, specimens feeding on different types of food, different ossicle types, and stereom types within a single ossicle).
Brazing of SiC ceramics pretreated by chromium coating using inactive AgCu filler metal
Authors: Chen Zubin , Hu Shengpeng , Song Xiaoguo , Lei Yu , Wang Xinyuan , Long Weimin , Feng Jicai
Published: August 2020

In this work, chromium coating conducted by magnetron sputtering was introduced to braze SiC ceramics using inactive AgCu filler metal. The results showed that reliable metallurgical bonding of SiC ceramics was obtained at 900°C for 10 minutes. SEM, XRD, and TEM were used to identify the reaction phase in the joint, and the typical interfacial microstructure was SiC/mixed CrSi2 + Cr23C6 layer/CrSi2/Ag(s,s)+Cu(s,s)/CrSi2/mixed CrSi2 + Cr23C6 layer/SiC. The shear strength of SiC joint using chromium coating brazed with inactive AgCu filler metal was 29.6 MPa and the joint fractured at the SiC substrate entirely after shear test. The proposed active element coating method provides a feasible way to achieve the brazing of ceramics.
Hidradenitis suppurativa and chromosomal abnormalities: a case report and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Shah Monica , Sachdeva Muskaan , Melendez‐Gonzalez Maria , Piguet Vincent , Sayed Christopher
Published: August 2020

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory follicular disorder that involves painful nodules, abscesses, and tunnels of intertriginous sites. Although the etiology has not been fully elucidated, recent studies have highlighted its association with chromosomal abnormalities.We present a rare case of HS in a patient with Trisomy 1q;13 and systematically summarize the association between HS and chromosomal abnormalities. A search was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE in OVID database. Original studies reporting HS among human subjects with chromosomal abnormalities were included. Patient demographics, disease symptomology, clinical features, and treatment histories were extracted and summarized.Thirteen studies describing 428 cases met the inclusion criteria. Of the 13 articles, nine studies reported patients with HS and Down syndrome (DS), one article investigated HS and Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS), and three articles analyzed HS and Patau syndrome (PS). While increased prevalence of HS was found in populations with DS, with suggested mechanisms involving amyloid precursor protein cleavage product, keratinocyte proliferation, and follicular plugging, the associations between HS and both SMS and PS remain inconclusive because of limited studies with small sample size.Although evidence suggests that the genetic regulation of chromosome 21 may be implicated in the association between HS and DS, this association may be confounded by additional factors that increase the risk of HS. Further research with larger sample sizes must be conducted to strengthen our understanding of the association between HS and chromosomal abnormalities.
Fried sweetpotato user preferences identified in Nigeria and Ghana and implications for trait evaluation
Authors: Ssali Reuben , Carey Edward , Imoro Simon , Low Jan W. , Dery Eric Kuuna , Boakye Abena , Oduro Ibok , Omodamiro Rachel M. , Yusuf Hauwa Ladi , Etwire Eunice , Iyilade Abigail O. , Adekambi Souleimane , Ali Abdullahi , Haliru Muhammad , Etwire Prince Maxwell
Published: August 2020

Fried sweetpotato quality is important for variety adoption in West Africa. To inform breeding efforts, the study developed a product profile for sweetpotato chunk fries using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods. Root characteristics, processing attributes, in‐mouth attributes and appearance of fried product were critical to final product quality. Raw roots should be hard, have smooth skin and no off‐odours. Peeled roots should be hard to slice and not sticky. Stickiness and moist surface indicate high moisture content, associated with excessive oil absorption during frying. Hard to slice roots connote high dry matter. Fried product should be crisp, slightly sugary and mealy, have a uniform colour with brown tint and not be soggy. Crispness, mealiness and short frying time with limited oil absorption may be functions of starch. Understanding starch characteristics and other attributes that contribute to quality fried sweetpotato is critical for breeding sweetpotato genotypes with superior quality for frying.
Global volatile signature and polyphenols patterns in Vespolina wines according to vintage
Authors: Bordiga Matteo , Perestrelo Rosa , Câmara José S. , Yang Qiong‐Qiong , Corke Harold , Travaglia Fabiano , Locatelli Monica , Arlorio Marco , Coïsson Jean Daniel
Published: August 2020

The global volatile signature of Vespolina wines from different vintages was established using solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME/GC‐qMS). Wines were also characterised in terms of bioactive compounds (such as individual polyphenols, biogenic amines and their precursors) by high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). In addition, some physicochemical parameters, such as the total phenolic content, total tannins and antioxidant capacity, were evaluated. Seventy‐one volatile compounds and thirty‐three bioactive compounds were identified in Vespolina wines. The application of multivariate analysis to the obtained data revealed that 2‐phenylethyl acetate, ethyl nonanoate, 2‐hexanol, isoamyl octanoate and ethyl 2‐hydroxymethylbutanoate were the primary compounds responsible for Vespolina wines classification, mainly indicative for wines of 2015 and 2013 vintages. Conversely, wines from 2008 and 2009 vintages showed highest values of procyanidin B1, catechin, gallic acid, trans‐piceid and trans‐resveratrol.
End‐user preferences for pounded yam and implications for food product profile development
Authors: Otegbayo Bolanle , Madu Tessy , Oroniran Oluyinka , Chijioke Ugo , Fawehinmi Olabisi , Okoye Benjamin , Tanimola Abiola , Adebola Patrick , Obidiegwu Jude
Published: August 2020

Pounded yam is a popular food in Nigeria. This study reports end‐user preferences for pounded yam and implications for trait evaluation by breeding programme. The study was carried out in two pounded yam‐consuming regions in Nigeria: south‐east and south‐west. Multistage sampling technique was used to collect information from users along food chain. This involved market, individual, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Responses of participants were used to develop product profile of pounded yam from raw material (yam) to final product. Key user‐preferred quality traits for pounded yam in both regions were colour and textural quality followed by taste and aroma which are lesser attributes. There were regional differences in ranking of these quality attributes but no gender difference. This information will be useful in determining food quality indicators that can be used to select breeding lines for preferred quality traits in pounded yam.
Sixty years of collection planning: what species do zoos and aquariums keep?
Authors: Brereton S. R. , Brereton J. E.
Published: August 2020

Strategic collection planning is essential for zoos and aquariums globally. As organizations whose primary source of income may be from visitors, zoological collections may be tempted to select large, charismatic mammal species to maintain visitor interest. Zoos and aquariums aim to breed sustainable populations of species, many of which are not mammals. While zoo advertising and marketing often showcases megafauna, there is little research on the current composition of zoo collection plans or their evolution. To investigate zoo collection planning from a global perspective, we analysed the taxonomic composition of collections in theInternational Zoo Yearbook’s list of ‘Zoos and Aquariums of the World’ from 1960 until 2018. Average proportions of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates were calculated for each collection per year. Analysis revealed that in terms of species prevalence, birds were best represented, making up 31·37% of the average collection. Amphibians, by contrast, made up only 2·78% of the average zoo species. Temporal analysis revealed a significant decrease in the proportion of bird species housed in collections (P < 0·001), while a significant increase was observed for fish (P = 0·001) and invertebrates (P < 0·001). Additionally, the average number of species housed in each collection has decreased by almost a third, from 329 spp in 1960 to 225 spp in 2018. This study suggests that zoos have reduced the diversity of animals that they keep, possibly in pursuit of sustainable populations of fewer species. However, zoos and aquariums should reflect on the implications of the poor representation of the amphibian taxa.
Sharp indentation stress fields in fused silica: Finite element analysis and Yoffe analytic model
Authors: Davis Brian C. , Glaesemann G. Scott , Reimanis Ivar
Published: August 2020

The closed‐form Yoffe analytic model (1982), which superimposes two linear‐elastic stress fields, was developed as a first approximation to quantify the mechanical response of silicate glasses to sharp indentation. However, a detailed study with both experimental validation and numerical verification has yet to be published. This paper presents such a study, wherein experimental observation of crack systems in fused silica and numerical results from finite element analysis (FEA) are used to demonstrate the limitations of this analytic superimposition model. Specifically, analytic stress fields deviate from FEA numerical results and are inconsistent with several commonly observed crack systems. In contrast, FEA generated stress fields are entirely consistent with experimentally observed crack systems. Upon further investigation, it was found that the analytic model, with one tunable parameter, could not be adjusted to correlate with FEA and experimental evidence.
A computational examination of the zeta and eta phases in the hafnium nitrides
Authors: Weinberger Christopher R. , Thompson Gregory B.
Published: August 2020

The hafnium‐rich portion of the of the hafnium‐nitrogen phase diagram is dominated by a substoichiometric rocksalt HfN1‐x, the ζ‐Hf4N3−x, the η‐Hf3N2−x, and the elemental Hf phase. The zeta and eta nitride phases have a close packed metal atom stacking sequence but their nitrogen atom ordering has yet to be concretely identified. With respect to the composition of these phases, recent computational studies of their phase stability using density functional theory (DFT) are not in agreement with reported experimental observations. In this work, we re‐examine the phase stability of the zeta and eta phases using DFT combined with enumerated searches using the known metal atom stacking sequences of these phases but with variable carbon concentration and ordering. We have found new structures for the zeta and eta phases that are now in better agreement with experimental findings. Furthermore, we report a new eta phase, ‐Hf12N7, which lies on the convex hull and has a nitrogen atom ordering that is substantially different from the zeta phase. This work also demonstrates the importance of configurational entropy in dictating the finite temperature phase diagrams in this system.
Structural role of titanium on slag properties
Authors: Le Cornec Domitille , Galoisy Laurence , Izoret Laurent , Cormier Laurent , Trcera Nicolas , Calas Georges
Published: August 2020

The presence of titanium in ground granulated blast‐furnace slags (GGBS) has been suspected to modify cement properties. This study provides the first evidence of a relation between the TiO2 content of slags and the mechanical properties of mortars based on slag cements. It is observed that only the slags containing less than 1%TiO2 show a compressive strength at 28 days that remains within the 52.5 MPa norm with CEM III cements complying with the European Standard NF EN 197‐1. The structural origin of this chemical dependence of the performance of cements is investigated by determining directly the titanium speciation in various European slags by spectroscopic methods. Electron paramagnetic resonance indicates that about 76% of Ti in slag occurs as Ti4+. The atomic structure around Ti was determined by Ti K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure, which shows that Ti is mainly five‐fold coordinated in square‐based pyramid geometry. Five coordinated Ti acts as network‐stabilizer of the silicate network as it increases the polymerization. Requiring Ca2+ for charge‐compensation of the titanyl bond, it reduces the availability of Ca2+ during glass alteration in a modified random model of glass structure, where Ca2+ atoms are clustered in percolating cationic domains. As a consequence, the presence of five‐coordinated Ti results in a slower dissolution of the slag. These peculiar structural properties of titanium may explain the detrimental role of Ti above a 1% concentration, for many physical and chemical slag properties. This work provides a scientific ground for the technological acceptability of the upper limit of the Ti‐content of GGBS.
Urinary vanin‐1 associated with chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients: A pilot study
Authors: Hosohata Keiko , Matsuoka Hiroyuki , Iwanaga Kazunori , Kumagai Etsuko
Published: August 2020

Hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are serious interrelated public health problems. Despite the monitoring and control of high blood pressure, symptoms of CKD are not usually apparent in its early stages. Previously, we reported the utility of urinary vanin‐1 as an early biomarker of kidney injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats, but it remains unknown whether urinary vanin‐1 is associated with CKD in humans. In this study, we estimated associations between urinary vanin‐1 and parameters of kidney function in a cross‐sectional study of hypertensive patients. We measured concentrations of vanin‐1 using spot urine from 147 adult hypertensive patients (mean age, 72.8 years; 39.5% women). Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the median of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The group with eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 showed significantly higher levels of urinary vanin‐1 than those with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. On univariate analysis, urinary vanin‐1 as well as neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) showed significant negative correlations with eGFR; however, multivariate analysis revealed that urinary vanin‐1, but not NGAL, significantly correlated with eGFR. In addition, urinary vanin‐1 had a significant positive correlation with the urinary protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UPCR) (r = 0.21; P = .021) and albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) (r = 0.61; P < .01). In conclusion, urinary vanin‐1 is associated with lower eGFR and higher UPCR and UACR, and might be a potential marker of decreased kidney function in hypertensive patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in Brazilians with arterial hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus
Authors: Comini Luma de Oliveira , de Oliveira Laura Camargo , Borges Luiza Delazari , Dias Heloísa Helena , Batistelli Clara Regina Santos , Ferreira Emily de Souza , da Silva Luciana Saraiva , Moreira Tiago Ricardo , da Costa Glauce Dias , da Silva Rodrigo Gomes , Cotta Rosângela Minardi Mitre
Published: August 2020

The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with arterial hypertension (AH) and/or diabetes mellitus (DM) accompanied by Primary Health Care (PHC) in Brazil. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on creatinine, and urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured in 841 subjects with AH and/or DM, followed by PHC in the city of Viçosa. The CKD was diagnosed according to KDIGO criteria. Sociodemographic, clinical, and anthropometric factors related to the prevalence of CKD were investigated through multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of hidden CKD was 15.4%. Of these, 7.5% were identified by albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g) with slightly decreased eGFR. Age, baseline disease, waist circumference (WC), and systolic blood pressure remained associated with CKD after multivariate analysis. The two major risk factors for hidden CKD were the presence of AH in association with DM and an increase in age. Hidden CKD was more common within people with AH and DM, and with high WC, glycosylated hemoglobin, and serum phosphorus as well as male gender and decreased serum albumin. This knowledge of risk associations can help avoid progression to CKD.
Cardiac arrhythmias in arterial hypertension
Authors: Varvarousis Dimitrios , Kallistratos Manolis , Poulimenos Leonidas , Triantafyllis Andreas , Tsinivizov Pavlos , Giannakopoulos Andreas , Kyfnidis Konstantinos , Manolis Athanasios
Published: August 2020

Patients with arterial hypertension frequently manifest various cardiac rhythm disturbances, ranging from bradyarrhythmias to supraventricular premature beats, atrial fibrillation, or other supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. These cardiac arrhythmias may either cause symptoms or be completely asymptomatic, depending on the underlying cardiac function. Degenerative electrical disease and left ventricular hypertrophy constitute the principal pathophysiological mechanisms. This review summarizes all important existing evidence on cardiac arrhythmia manifestation in the setting of arterial hypertension, and it highlights known underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic considerations.
Low‐ and moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise acutely reduce blood pressure in adults with high‐normal/grade I hypertension
Authors: Lopes José , Fonseca Márcio , Torres‐Costoso Ana , López‐Muñoz Purificacion , Alves Alberto Jorge , Magalhães Pedro , Ribeiro Fernando
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study is to compare the acute effects of low‐ and moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise on post‐exercise blood pressure in active adults with high‐normal/grade I hypertension. Thirteen physically active adults (67.0 ± 8.7 years) randomly completed two aerobic exercise sessions of 30 minutes at low (30% heart rate reserve [HRres]) and moderate (60% HRres) intensity. Blood pressure was assessed pre‐session and every hour until 3 hours after. Systolic blood pressure decreased after both exercise intensities without significant differences between sessions at 1 hour after the session (30%: −10.0 ± 12.6% vs 60%: −11.4 ± 12.7 mm Hg, P > .05). Three hours after the 60% session, the systolic blood pressure remained significantly lower than baseline (139.9 ± 12.9 to 129.3 ± 11.9 mm Hg, P < .05), but without significant differences between sessions. No relevant changes were observed in diastolic and mean blood pressure. In conclusion, a single session of aerobic exercise acutely reduces systolic blood pressure in active adults with high‐normal/grade I hypertension.
Riverscape properties contribute to the origin and structure of a hybrid zone in a Neotropical freshwater fish
Authors: Barreto Silvia Britto , Knowles L. Lacey , Affonso Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello , Batalha‐Filho Henrique
Published: August 2020

Understanding the structure of hybrid zones provides valuable insights about species boundaries and speciation, such as the evolution of barriers to gene flow and the strength of selection. In river networks, studying evolutionary processes in hybrid zones can be especially challenging, given the influence of past and current river properties along with biological species‐specific traits. Here, we suggest that a natural hybrid zone between two divergent lineages of the sexually dimorphic Neotropical fishNematocharax venustuswas probably established by secondary contact as a result of a river capture event between the Contas and Pardo river basins. This putative river capture is supported by hydrogeological evidence of elbows of capture, wind gaps and geological faults. The morphological (colour pattern) and genetic (mtDNA and RADseq) variation reveal a clinal transition between parental lineages along the main river, with predominance of F2 hybrids at the centre of the hybrid zone, absence of early generation backcrosses and different levels of hybridization in the tributaries. We highlight that different sources of information are crucial for understanding how the riverscape spatial history influences the connectivity between and within river systems and, consequently, the dynamics of gene flow between freshwater lineages/species.
Potential role of primed microglia during obesity on the mesocorticolimbic circuit in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Trujillo Villarreal Luis A‐ , Cárdenas‐Tueme Marcela , Maldonado‐Ruiz Roger , Reséndez‐Pérez Diana , Camacho‐Morales Alberto
Published: August 2020

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disease which involves functional and structural defects in selective central nervous system (CNS) regions that harm function and individual ability to process and respond to external stimuli. Individuals with ASD spend less time engaging in social interaction compared to non‐affected subjects. Studies employing structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging reported morphological and functional abnormalities in the connectivity of the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway between the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in response to social stimuli, as well as diminished medial prefrontal cortex in response to visual cues, whereas stronger reward system responses for the non‐social realm (e.g., video games) than social rewards (e.g., approval), associated with caudate nucleus responsiveness in ASD children. Defects in the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway have been modulated in transgenic murine models using D2 dopamine receptor heterozygous (D2+/−) or dopamine transporter knockout mice, which exhibit sociability deficits and repetitive behaviors observed in ASD phenotypes. Notably, the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway is modulated by systemic and central inflammation, such as primed microglia, which occurs during obesity or maternal overnutrition. Therefore, we propose that a positive energy balance during obesity/maternal overnutrition coordinates a systemic and central inflammatory crosstalk that modulates the dopaminergic neurotransmission in selective brain areas of the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway. Here, we will describe how obesity/maternal overnutrition may prime microglia, causing abnormalities in dopamine neurotransmission of the mesocorticolimbic reward pathway, postulating a possible immune role in the development of ASD.

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Monitoring alpha‐synuclein oligomerization and aggregation using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays: What you see is not always what you get
Authors: Frey Bryan , AlOkda Abdelrahman , Jackson Matthew P. , Riguet Nathan , Duce James A. , Lashuel Hilal A.
Published: August 2020

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) was introduced a decade ago as a method to monitor alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) oligomerization in intact cells. Since then, several α‐syn BiFC cellular assays and animal models have been developed based on the assumption that an increase in the fluorescent signal correlates with increased α‐syn oligomerization or aggregation. Despite the increasing use of these assays and models in mechanistic studies, target validation and drug screening, there have been no reports that (1) validate the extent to which the BiFC fluorescent signal correlates with α‐syn oligomerization at the biochemical level; (2) provide a structural characterization of the oligomers and aggregates formed by the BiFC. To address this knowledge gap, we first analysed the expression level and oligomerization properties of the individual constituents of α‐syn‐Venus, one of the most commonly used BiFC systems, in HEK‐293 & SH‐SY5Y cells from three different laboratories using multiple biochemical approaches and techniques. Next, we investigated the biochemical and aggregation properties of α‐syn upon co‐expression of both BiFC fragments. Our results show that (1) the C‐terminal‐Venus fused to α‐syn (α‐syn‐Vc) is present in much lower abundance than its counterpart with N‐terminal‐Venus fused to α‐syn (Vn‐α‐syn); (2) Vn‐α‐syn exhibits a high propensity to form oligomers and higher‐order aggregates; and (3) the expression of either or both fragments does not result in the formation of α‐syn fibrils or cellular inclusions. Furthermore, our results suggest that only a small fraction of Vn‐α‐syn is involved in the formation of the fluorescent BiFC complex and that some of the fluorescent signal may arise from the association or entrapment of α‐syn‐Vc in Vn‐α‐syn aggregates. The fact that the N‐terminal fragment exists predominantly in an aggregated state also indicates that one must exercise caution when using this system to investigate α‐syn oligomerization in cells or in vivo. Altogether, our results suggest that cellular and animal models of oligomerization, aggregation and cell‐to‐cell transmission based on the α‐syn BiFC systems should be thoroughly characterized at the biochemical level to ensure that they reproduce the process of interest and measure what they are intended to measure.

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Seven strategies for the management of depigmented skin according to the etiopathogenesis
Authors: Awad Sherif S.
Published: August 2020

Depigmented skin provides a considerable burden on the patient's daily life, and its management is a common challenge for dermatologists. Due to the well‐known management difficulty, many therapy modalities have been introduced. Both comprehension of the therapies mode of action and understanding of the depigmentation etiopathogenesis are together essential elements in choosing the proper interference. Accordingly seven main strategies are available: immuno‐modulation, melanocytes protection, hastening melanocytes homeostasis, induction of melanocyte precursors, supplying new generations of melanocytes, camouflage, and depigmentation. Systemic administration of medications is preferred for widespread lesions, but topical formulas can be used for localized patches and a combination of several approaches may be required.
Response to Letter: ‘Reply to “High frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies in critically ill COVID‐19 patients: a link with hypercoagulability?”’
Authors: Pineton de Chambrun M. , Frere C. , Miyara M. , Amoura Z. , Martin‐Toutain I. , Mathian A. , Hekimian G. , Combes A.
Published: August 2020

Click here to view the Letter to the Editor by Pineton de Chambrun et al.
Challenges and Best‐practice Recommendations for Designing and Conducting Interviews with Elite Informants
Authors: Solarino Angelo M. , Aguinis Herman
Published: August 2020

Elite informants (i.e., those in the upper echelon of organizations) are a key data source for building and testing theories in management research. We offer best‐practice recommendations to overcome challenges in designing and conducting interviews with elite informants (EIs) based on a comprehensive and multidisciplinary literature review and information provided by subject matter experts (i.e., authors of recently published articles that included EI interviews). Given unique characteristics of EIs and differences compared to interviewing non‐EIs, we provide recommendations on how to address challenges related to: (1) research design (e.g., what is the best order for the interviews?); (2) data collection (e.g., how can researchers access EIs? what is the best format for the interview? how can researchers obtain more honest responses?); and (3) reporting of results (i.e., what information should researchers report and to whom?). Finally, we offer suggestions for future EI research focusing on methodological issues.
A parallel 3‐group randomised clinical trial comparing different implant treatment options for the edentulous mandible: 1‐year effects on dental patient‐reported outcomes and chewing function
Authors: Hartmann Roberto , Bandeira Ana Clara Freitas de Menezes , Araújo Sara Cristina de , Brägger Urs , Schimmel Martin , Leles Cláudio Rodrigues
Published: August 2020

Objective

This parallel three‐group randomised clinical trial compared the 1‐year changes in dental patient‐reported outcomes and chewing function associated with three treatment strategies for the edentulous mandible: single‐implant (G‐I; n = 11) or two‐implant overdentures (G‐II; n = 13), and fixed 4‐implant complete denture (G‐III; n = 13).

Methods

Complete denture (CD) treatment was provided to all participants and after an adaptation period, they were randomly assigned to one of the three study groups. Implants (Neodent TI Cortical, Brazil) were inserted using single‐stage surgery and conventional loading. The mandibular dentures were incorporated into implants using specific retention systems and procedures according to the treatment group: O’ring/ball attachments for G‐I and GII, and mini‐conical abutments for G‐III. Patients were assessed at baseline (CD stage) and up to 1‐year after implant‐retained prosthodontic treatment. Treatment outcomes included oral health‐related quality of life (OHIP‐Edent), satisfaction with the dentures and chewing function using a mixing ability test. Data analyses included pairwise comparison tests, estimates of effect sizes and regression analysis using Generalized Estimating Equations.

Results

Results showed improvement in patient‐reported outcomes (lower OHIP‐Edent scores and higher satisfaction) and chewing function, compared to baseline. No significant between‐group differences were found, although effect sizes were lower for G‐III.

Conclusions

All treatments improved the assessed outcomes after transition from the baseline condition. Findings suggest that simplified implant treatments for edentulous patients result in favourable outcomes and may be considered as suitable alternatives to more complex interventions.
Masticatory function and oral health‐related quality of life of patients with atrophic and non‐atrophic mandibles using implant‐retained mandibular overdentures: 3‐year results of a prospective clinical study
Authors: Schuster Alessandra Julie , Possebon Anna Paula da Rosa , Marcello‐Machado Raissa Micaella , Chagas‐Júnior Otacílio Luiz , Faot Fernanda
Published: August 2020

Background

Long‐term changes in masticatory function, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) and prosthetic complications in implant‐retained mandibular overdenture (IMO) wearers as a function of bone atrophy require detailed investigations.

Objective

Investigating the evolution of masticatory function, OHRQoL and prosthetic occurrences of IMO wearers according to mandibular bone atrophy over 3 years of usage.

Methods

This study evaluated 26 IMO wearers after 2 and 3 years of IMO loading categorised according to mandibular resorption degree into atrophic mandible (AM) and a non‐atrophic mandible (NAM) group. Masticatory function was assessed by the Masticatory Performance (MP) and Swallowing Threshold (ST) tests; OHRQoL and satisfaction via the Dental Impact on Daily Living (DIDL) questionnaire; and the prosthetic maintenance requirements and complications were monitored.

Results

After the second year, the AM Group performed 32% more cycles (P = .047) than the NAM Group during the ST test. The DIDL questionnaire showed no significant difference for all domains, except for a moderate effect size in the General Performance domain after the third year. AM Group had more prosthetic occurrences (n = 109) than NAM Group (n = 60) in the first year, mainly due to Equator attachment dislodgment. During the third year, NAM Group presented a greater number of events (n = 45) than AM Group (n = 21) due to the greater number of O‐ring exchanges.

Conclusion

Masticatory function and OHRQoL are not related to mandibular bone atrophy until 3 years after IMO rehabilitation. The prosthetic complications profile differs between groups, mainly in the first year.
Changes in conditions related to reported oral and general health over a ten‐year period as reflected in two cohorts of 75‐year‐old subjects examined in 2007 and 2017
Authors: Johansson Ann‐Katrin , Omar Ridwaan , Unell Lennart , Sannevik Josefin , Mastrovito Berit , Carlsson Gunnar E. , Johansson Anders
Published: August 2020

Background

The rapidly ageing and increasingly dentate population puts great demands on society regarding the provision of adequate medical and dental care facilities.

Objectives

To present changes in reported demographic, general and oral health factors in two cohorts of 75 year olds in 2007 and 2017, and to analyse factors associated with self‐reported number of remaining teeth and chewing efficiency.

Material and methods

All 75‐year‐old people living in two Swedish counties received a questionnaire in 2007 and in 2017. The response rates in 2007 and in 2017 were 71.9% (n = 3735) and 70.7% (n = 5091), respectively. Reported number of teeth was clinically validated in a selected subgroup.

Results

The 2017 cohort reported significantly better general health and dental state. Edentulousness was 7.8% in 2007 and 2.3% in 2017, while ‘very good’ chewing efficiency was 55.2% and 60.5%, respectively. Born outside Sweden, single living, not feeling healthy and smoking predicted reduced number of teeth in both cohorts. Impaired chewing efficiency in both cohorts was predicted by being born outside Sweden, lower education, not feeling healthy, reduced number of teeth and denture wearing.

Conclusions

Seventy‐five‐year‐old people in Sweden reported much better oral and general health in 2017 compared to 2007. In 2017, 75% had practically all natural teeth present and only 2% were edentulous. This development of an increasingly dentate and partially dentate ageing population will put high demands on the oral healthcare system and will need adapting undergraduate/postgraduate education and management strategies to meet the requirements of the elderly.
Importance of early diagnosis for developmental dysplasia of the hip: A 5‐year radiological outcome study comparing the effect of early and late diagnosis
Authors: St George Justine , Kulkarni Vinay , Bellemore Michael , Little David G , Birke Oliver
Published: August 2020

Aim

Australia utilises a selective ultrasound screening programme. The rate of late diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in Australia is increasing. The aim of this study is to quantify the treatment required and compare the 5‐year radiological outcomes between early and late diagnosis in children with DDH with frank dislocation.

Methods

We performed a case‐matched control study of children with frank DDH dislocations from 2000 to 2010 comparing three groups: children with an early diagnosis successfully treated in a Pavlik harness (SP), children with an early diagnosis who failed Pavlik harness treatment (FP) and children with a late diagnosis (LD). Minimum follow‐up was 4 years.

Results

A total of 115 hips were included. Patients in the LD group required significantly more open reductions (P < 0.001), acetabular osteotomies (P < 0.001) and femoral osteotomies (P < 0.001). LD was also associated with significantly higher rates of growth disturbance at 46.3%, compared to 20.6% in the FP group and 5% in the SP group (P < 0.001). Overall, there were excellent radiological outcomes in 58.5% of the LD group compared to 79.4% in the FP group and 100% in the SP group.

Conclusion

In Australia, high rates of LD in DDH persist in the context of selective ultrasound screening. While good radiological outcomes are achievable, a significantly greater level of surgical intervention is required and this is associated with significantly higher rates of growth disturbance. Optimisation of screening in Australia is vital.
Impact of an anti‐Salmonella. Typhimurium Bacteriophage on intestinal microbiota and immunity status of laying hens
Authors: Lee MiJin , Hosseindoust Abdolreza , Oh SeungMin , Ko HanSeo , Cho EunSeok , Sa SooJin , Kim YoungIn , Choi JungWoo , Kim JinSoo
Published: August 2020

Typhoid is a distinct gastrointestinal disease that largely affects the public by consumption of inadequately or partially cooked eggs from contaminated laying hen farms. This has led the research on laying hens to focus on controlling the contamination by an effective anti‐Salmonella spp. agent in the intestine. The treatments included, control, without challenge; PC, Salmonella typhimurium challenged (STC); BP5, 5 ppm bacteriophage/kg + STC; BP10, 10 ppm bacteriophage/kg + STC, on Salmonella shedding, body organs inflammatory reactions, and expression of toll‐like receptor (TLR), pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and heat shock protein (HSP) in the jejunum, liver,and thigh muscle in the STC laying hens. The RT‐PCR method was used to enumerate the number of Salmonella typhimurium in the organs. The birds in the STC groups exhibited the increased population of Salmonella spp. in the excreta (p < .01). In the STC groups, the BP5 and BP10 laying hens exhibited a lower (p < .01) population of Salmonella spp. in the excreta at d 7 after STC. Supplementation of bacteriophage significantly decreased (p < .01) the colonization of S. Typhimurium in the spleen, oviduct, caecum and excreta. Among the STC treatments, the BP10 laying hens showed lower (p < .01) mRNA expression of interferon‐γ (IFNγ) and TLR‐4 in the jejunum compared with the PC treatment. After the STC, dietary supplementation with BP5 or BP10 decreased (p < .01) the mRNA expressions of IFNγ, HSP‐27 and tumour necrosis factor‐α in the liver compared with the PC treatment. These results suggest that bacteriophage can be used as an effective agent to decrease S. Typhimurium contamination in laying hens and possibly lower S. Typhimurium transfer to foods.
Does Dissociation Among Adolescents Predict Difficulties? A Panel Study in Japan
Authors: Mori Ayano
Published: August 2020

Dissociation has been reported to be associated with emotive‐relational and behavioral difficulties; however, the temporal relationship between dissociation and these difficulties is unclear. Accordingly, this study investigated whether dissociation predicts difficulties (including emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems) in adolescents. A two‐wave cross‐lagged panel study (Time 1: September–November 2016, Time 2: February–March 2017) was conducted among 1,773 Japanese junior high and high school students at two private schools (995 boys and 778 girls; Mage = 14.79 years at Time 1 and 15.09 years at Time 2). Dissociation was assessed using the Japanese version of the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale and perceived difficulties were assessed via the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. A cross‐lagged effects model analysis indicated that high dissociation scores at Time 1 predicted high difficulties scores at Time 2. These findings suggest that dissociation could effectively predict difficulties in junior high and high school students. This study expands the field's understanding of the temporal relationship between behavioral problems and dissociation, which could help prevent problem behaviors.
Drivers of plant diversity in Bulgarian dry grasslands vary across spatial scales and functional‐taxonomic groups
Authors: Dembicz Iwona , Velev Nikolay , Boch Steffen , Janišová Monika , Palpurina Salza , Pedashenko Hristo , Vassilev Kiril , Dengler Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Questions:Studying dry grasslands in a previously unexplored region, we asked: (a) which environmental factors drive the diversity patterns in vegetation; (b) are taxonomic groups (vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens) and functional vascular plant groups differently affected; and (c) how is fine‐grain beta diversity affected by environmental drivers?

Location:Northwestern and Central Bulgaria.

Methods:We sampled environmental data and vascular plant, terricolous bryophyte and lichen species in 97 10‐m2plots and 15 nested‐plot series with seven grain sizes (0.0001–100 m2) of ten grassland sites within the two regions. We used species richness as measure of alpha‐diversity and thez‐value of the power‐law species–area relationship as measure of beta‐diversity. We analysed effects of landscape, topographic, soil and land‐use variables on the species richness of the different taxonomic and functional groups. We applied generalised linear models (GLMs) or, in the presence of spatial autocorrelation, generalised linear mixed‐effect models (GLMMs) in a multi‐model inference framework.

Results:The main factors affecting total and vascular plant species richness in 10‐m2plots were soil pH (unimodal) and inclination (negative). Species richness of bryophytes was positively affected by rock cover, sand proportion and negatively by inclination. Inclination and litter cover were also negative predictors of lichen species richness. Elevation negatively affected phanerophyte and therophyte richness, but positively that of cryptophytes. A major part of unexplained variance in species richness was associated with the grassland site. Thez‐values for total richness showed a positive relationship with elevation and inclination.

Conclusions:Environmental factors shaping richness patterns strongly differed among taxonomic groups, functional vascular plant groups and spatial scales. The disparities between our and previous findings suggest that many drivers of biodiversity cannot be generalised but rather depend on the regional context. The large unexplained variance at the site level calls for considering more site‐related factors such as land‐use history.