bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
`The Awful Shock and Rage of Battle': Rethinking the Meaning and Consequences of Combat in the American Civil War
Authors: Dean Eric T.
Published: August 2007

Dominated by the New Social History, recent scholarship of the American Civil War has tended to focus on internal social tensions and struggles in the North or South in which the common person (usually defined as women and minorities) is portrayed not as victim or pawn, but as autonomous agent and heroic master of her own fate, engaging in perpetual conflict with social and political elites, usually defined as white males. Where Clausewitz saw war as the continuation of politics by other means, Civil War historians have, in the past several decades, tended to view the Civil War as the continuation of social discourse by other means - leading to the liberation of women and the self-liberation of African Americans.

By superimposing such a self-serving agenda, however, this scholarship tends to overlook and minimize the stark brutality of battle, and its effect on soldiers and their families. In rediscovering Clausewitz's maxim that war is ultimately about violence and battle, we should seek to explore the terror, grief, loss and struggle to readjust which soldiers and their families experienced. We should attempt therein to understand what these people's trials, disappointments and triumphs were, and what this may teach us about war.
Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients: retrospective survey of an institutional standard
Authors: Jouveshomme S. , Bohn I. , Cazaban A.
Published: August 2007

The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and implementation of a diagnostic strategy in hospitalised patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE).

A diagnostic strategy was established and implemented in a general hospital. A retrospective cohort study, including 400 consecutive in-patients, was performed in order to assess the appropriateness of the diagnostic management and the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolic events (VTE) during follow-up.

PE was confirmed in 116 (29%) patients. The incremental value of adding compression ultrasonography (CUS) to multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for the diagnosis of PE was 8.6%. PE was appropriately excluded in 169 (42%) patients due to a normal lung scan (n = 34), a negative MDCT providing an alternative diagnosis (n = 94), and a negative MDCT and CUS (n = 41). During follow-up, VTE occurred in 3.5% patients. The almost unique cause of inappropriate management was the absence of further work-up after a MDCT-negative result for PE providing no alternative diagnosis (n = 115). Inappropriate management was associated with a nonsignificant increased risk of VTE (7.2%).

A frontline diagnostic work-up based on pulmonary multidetector-row computed tomography associated with a compression ultrasonography of the leg veins is effective and more sensitive than pulmonary multidetector-row computed tomography alone in ruling out pulmonary embolism.
p21 is decreased in polycystic kidney disease and leads to increased epithelial cell cycle progression: roscovitine augments p21 levels
Authors: Park Jin-Young , Schutzer William E , Lindsley Jessie N , Bagby Susan P , Oyama Terry T , Anderson Sharon , Weiss Robert H
Published: August 2007

Background

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disease with few treatment options other than renal replacement therapy. p21, a cyclin kinase inhibitor which has pleiotropic effects on the cell cycle, in many cases acts to suppress cell cycle progression and to prevent apoptosis. Because defects in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells occur in PKD, and in light of earlier reports that polycystin-1 upregulates p21 and that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine arrests progression in a mouse model, we asked whether (1) p21 deficiency might underlie ADPKD and (2) the mechanism of the salutary roscovitine effect on PKD involves p21.

Methods

p21 levels in human and animal tissue samples as well as cell lines were examined by immunoblotting and/or immunohistochemisty. Apoptosis was assessed by PARP cleavage. p21 expression was attenuated in a renal tubular epithelial cell line by antisense methods, and proliferation in response to p21 attenuation and to roscovitine was assessed by the MTT assay.

Results

We show that p21 is decreased in human as well as a non-transgenic rat model of ADPKD. In addition, hepatocyte growth factor, which induces transition from a cystic to a tubular phenotype, increases p21 levels. Furthermore, attenuation of p21 results in augmentation of cell cycle transit in vitro. Thus, levels of p21 are inversely correlated with renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation. Roscovitine, which has been shown to arrest progression in a murine model of PKD, increases p21 levels and decreases renal tubular epithelial cell proliferation, with no affect on apoptosis.

Conclusion

The novelty of our study is the demonstration in vivo in humans and rat models of a decrement of p21 in cystic kidneys as compared to non-cystic kidneys. Validation of a potential pathogenetic model of increased cyst formation due to enhanced epithelial proliferation and apoptosis mediated by p21 suggests a mechanism for the salutary effect of roscovitine in ADPKD and supports further investigation of p21 as a target for future therapy.
Retinoic acid, meiosis and germ cell fate in mammals
Authors: Bowles Josephine , Koopman Peter
Published: August 2007

Although mammalian sex is determined genetically, the sex-specific development of germ cells as sperm or oocytes is initiated by cues provided by the gonadal environment. During embryogenesis, germ cells in an ovary enter meiosis, thereby committing to oogenesis. By contrast, germ cells in a testicular environment do not enter meiosis until puberty. Recent findings indicate that the key to this sex-specific timing of meiosis entry is the presence or absence of the signaling molecule retinoic acid. Although this knowledge clarifies a long-standing mystery in reproductive biology, it also poses many new questions, which we discuss in this review.
Developmental letter position dyslexia
Authors: Friedmann Naama , Rahamim Einav
Published: August 2007

Letter position dyslexia (LPD) is a peripheral dyslexia that causes errors of letter order within words. So far, only cases of acquired LPD have been reported. This study presents selective LPD in its developmental form, via the testing of 11 Hebrew‐speaking individuals with developmental dyslexia. The study explores the types of errors and effects on reading in this dyslexia, using a variety of tests: reading aloud, lexical decision, same‐different decision, definition and letter naming. The findings indicate that individuals with developmental LPD have a deficit in the letter position encoding function of the orthographic visual analyser, which leads to underspecification of letter position within words. Letter position errors occur mainly in adjacent middle letters, when the error creates another existing word. The participants did not show an output deficit or phonemic awareness deficit. The selectivity of the deficit, causing letter position errors but no letter identity errors and no migrations between words, supports the existence of letter position encoding function as separate from letter identification and letter‐to‐word binding.
Therapeutic Musings: The Models Which Contribute to My Practice
Authors: Griffin Michael
Published: August 2007

The author attempts to discern themes underlying his clinical practice. Although his approach is somewhat behaviourist in orientation, it is hoped that the 12 themes (or organising principles) can be compared and contrasted with those arising from other approaches to child, adolescent, and family work. The author invites readers to analyse the way they have pieced together a composite approach from a range of sources.
The construction of identity during group therapy among adults with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Kovarsky Dana , Shaw Allan , Adingono-Smith Maureen
Published: August 2007

This investigation examined how the interpretive practices of a speech–language pathologist (SLP) contributed to the construction of identity among adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during group therapy in a hospital setting. Six group therapy sessions were video-recorded and transcribed (yielding a total of 8,056 utterances). Attention was paid to patient expressions of identity and ability, the communicative functions of these expressions, and the manner in which these expressions were evaluated by the SLP. The SLP was also interviewed regarding the nature of therapy practice. Analysis revealed that the interpretive voice of the SLP dominated in ascribing a patient identity of self as damaged goods. Implications are discussed in terms of how the institutional setting, the perceived nature of TBI, the agenda of the SLP, and the interactional substrate combined to motivate such interpretive practices on the part of the SLP.
American Anthropology in the Middle Decades: A View from Hollywood
Authors: SILVERMAN SYDEL
Published: August 2007

North American anthropology had an earlier interest in studies of the United States and in critical approaches than is often recognized. Such interests were pursued before World War II but were set aside during the war and in anthropology's postwar expansion. This perspective on anthropological history was inspired by the work of Hortense Powdermaker, specifically the disjunction between her 1930s research in segregated Mississippi and her pioneering study of Hollywood in the late 1940s. Reexamining that study highlights the theoretical framework that led to omissions in her account of Hollywood, while her explanation of movie content invites a more diachronic approach. Parallels between the history of the movies and that of cultural anthropology from the 1930s through the 1960s suggest how both were shaped by the Depression, World War II, and the Cold War.
VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: SCHERER JOANNA COHAN
Published: August 2007

“Pictures Bring Us Messages” Sinaakssiiksi aohtsimaahpihkookiyaawa: Photographs and Histories from the Kainai Nation. Alison K. Brown and Laura Peers, with members of the Kainai Nation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. 280 pp., 32 plates, and 13 figures.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: PALKA JOEL W.
Published: August 2007

Painted Books and Indigenous Knowledge in Mesoamerica: Manuscript Studies in Honor of Mary Elizabeth Smith. Elizabeth Hill Boone, ed. New Orleans: Middle American Research Institute, 2005. 446 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: KAPLONSKI CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2007

Precious Steppe: Mongolian Nomadic Pastoralists in Pursuit of the Market. Ole Bruun. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. 249 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: GRECI GREEN ADRIANA
Published: August 2007

Taking Charge: Native American Self‐Determination and Federal Indian Policy, 1975–1993. George Pierre Castile. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2006. 164 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MAXWELL CAROL
Published: August 2007

Handbook of Oral History. Thomas L. Charlton. Lois E. Myers, and Rebecca Sharpless, eds. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2006. 625 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: JONES ANN L.
Published: August 2007

Prisoners of Freedom: Rights and the African Poor. Harri Englund. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 247 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: VANN ELIZABETH F.
Published: August 2007

Possessed by the Spirits: Medium in Contemporary Vietnamese Communities. Karen Fjelstad and Nguyen Thi Hien, eds. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2006. 186 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: VASEY NATALIE
Published: August 2007

The Evolution of Human Life History. Kristen Hawkes and Richard R. Paine, eds. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, 2006. 505 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: GESSLER NICHOLAS
Published: August 2007

On the Order of Chaos: Social Anthropology and the Science of Chaos. Mark S. Mosko and Frederick H. Damon, eds. New York: Berghahn, 2005. 276 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: J. RUTZ HENRY
Published: August 2007

Nostalgia for the Modern: State Secularism and Everyday Politics in Turkey. Esra Özyürek. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. 227 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MIKULAK MARCIA
Published: August 2007

Forsaken Females: The Global Brutalization of Women. Andrea Parrot and Nina Cummings. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. 253 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: D. SOLOMON BARRY
Published: August 2007

Shouldering Risks: The Culture of Control in the Nuclear Power Industry. Constance Perin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 379 pp.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SACHIKO CHUNG HAENG‐JA
Published: August 2007

Crowning the Nice Girl: Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture in Hawai`i's Cherry Blossom Festival. Christine R. Yano. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 2006. 294 pp.
Parameterization of the Phenological Development of Select Annual Weeds Under Noncropped Field Conditions
Authors: Shrestha Anil , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: August 2007

Barnyardgrass, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard are among the most common weeds in cropping systems throughout North America. Crop and weed competition models that predict phenological development across environments are useful research tools for advancing our knowledge of population dynamics or crop and weed competition. Phenological parameter estimates for such models require verification under field conditions. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine growth and phenological development of these species under noncropped conditions to compare parameters developed previously from controlled environment studies. Weeds were planted on three separate planting dates in each year. Growth and phenological development were recorded. Number of leaves on the mainstem of all weed species, except common lambsquarters, was not affected by planting dates. Rate of leaf appearance described as a function of days after emergence ranged from 0.48 to 0.89, 0.10 to 0.31, 0.33 to 0.65, and 0.24 to 0.29 leaves d−1for common lambsquarters, barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild mustard, respectively. When expressed as a function of growing degree days (GDD), rate of leaf appearance for these species ranged from 0.04 to 0.05, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.04 to 0.07, and 0.02 to 0.03 leaves GDD−1, respectively. Planting date had differential effects on the rate of stem elongation and final plant height of each species in the 2 yr. Final plant biomass was also influenced by the time of planting; in general, weeds planted by mid-May had more biomass than those planted later. Parameters developed to describe phenological development under field conditions were comparable to those reported previously from controlled environment studies. We conclude that phenological parameters quantified under controlled environmental studies were comparable to those developed under field conditions for these weed species. Thus, either experimental method can be used to parameterize weed phenological development to initialize crop and weed competition models with reasonable confidence.
Effect of Mowing on Lateral Spread and Rhizome Growth of TroublesomePaspalumSpecies
Authors: Henry Gerald M. , Burton Michael G. , Yelverton Fred H.
Published: August 2007

The effect of mowing regime on lateral spread and rhizome growth of dallisgrass and bahiagrass was determined in field studies conducted in 2003 and 2004 in North Carolina over 5 mo. Treatments were selected to simulate mowing regimes common to intensively managed common bermudagrass turfgrass and include 1.3-, 5.2-, and 7.6-cm heights at frequencies of three, two, and two times per week, respectively. A nonmowed check was included for comparison. Lateral spread of dallisgrass was reduced 38 to 47% regardless of mowing regime when compared with the nonmowed check. Rhizome fresh weight of dallisgrass was reduced 49% in 2003 and 30% in 2004 when mowed at the 7.6-cm regime after 5 mo, whereas the 5.2-cm mowing regime caused a reduction of 31%. Rhizome fresh weight of dallisgrass was most negatively affected by the 1.3-cm regime, which caused reductions of 57% in 2003 and 37% in 2004. Lateral spread of bahiagrass was more strongly affected by mowing height and frequency than dallisgrass, with reductions of 21 to 27%, 40%, and 44 to 62% when mowed at 7.6, 5.2, and 1.3-cm regimes, respectively. Rhizome fresh weight of bahiagrass was reduced 24 to 33%, 55%, and 70 to 73% when mowed at 7.6, 5.2, and 1.3 cm, respectively. Based upon these results, areas mowed at a golf course rough height (≥ 5.2 cm) may be more conducive to bahiagrass spread, whereas dallisgrass may tolerate areas mowed at a fairway height (1.3 cm). Mowing at the shorter heights examined in this study clearly reduced the potential ofPaspalumspp. vegetative spread and may help to explain observed distributions ofPaspalumspp. infestations in bermudagrass turfgrass.
Site‐Selective Deposition of Nanostructured ZnO Thin Films from Solutions Containing Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Authors: Lipowsky P. , Hoffmann R. C. , Welzel U. , Bill J. , Aldinger F.
Published: August 2007

When soluble zinc salts are hydrolyzed in water, usually elongated micrometer‐sized zincite crystals are formed. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a methanolic solution is used as an agent to control the morphology of the deposition product. It prevents crystal growth and yields zinc oxide nanocrystals. Thin films consisting of zinc oxide nanocrystals are formed on self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of sulfonate‐terminated alkylsiloxanes. Patterned films are deposited after local decomposition of the SAM by UV irradiation. The films fabricated from methanolic solutions containing PVP are particularly smooth, uniform and stable. Their thickness is determined by the deposition time and the molar ratio [PVP]:[Zn2+], so that films of arbitrary thickness and nearly constant roughness can be obtained. The crystal grains are oriented preferentially with 〈001〉 direction perpendicular to the substrate surface. The films show ultraviolet, orange‐red and green‐yellow photoluminescence; the latter is quenched by heat treatment. Based on the obtained experimental results, a deposition mechanism is suggested.
Recent results from the English Heritage caesium magnetometer system in comparison with recent fluxgate gradiometers
Authors: Linford N. , Linford P. , Martin L. , Payne A.
Published: August 2007

Results are presented from a cart‐mounted caesium magnetometer system developed by English Heritage using an array of specially modified Scintrex SM4 sensors, to investigate the application of high sensitivity magnetic survey. The caesium data are compared with equivalent datasets collected with recently developed fluxgate instruments. The underlying instrument noise level for the magnetometer systems is considered together with attempts to quantify other sources of noise that potentially limit the ability to detect weak magnetic anomalies. Comparative case studies are presented from a number of English sites which demonstrate the equivalence of results that may be obtained, at similar sample densities, between caesium and fluxgate systems over well magnetized causative features. However, the caesium system exhibits a superior ability to detect very weak anomalies (≤ 0.1 nT) due to features buried beneath alluvium and has revealed additional archaeological information from small‐scale changes in magnetization within the plough soil that could not be distinguished from equivalent fluxgate data. © Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The excitatory thalamo‐“cortical” projection within the song control system of zebra finches is formed by calbindin‐expressing neurons
Authors: Pinaud Raphael , Saldanha Colin J. , Wynne Ryan D. , Lovell Peter V. , Mello Claudio V.
Published: August 2007

The learning and production of vocalizations in songbirds are controlled by a system of interconnected brain nuclei organized into a direct vocal motor pathway and an anterior forebrain (pallium‐basal ganglia‐thalamo‐pallial) loop. Here we show that the thalamo‐pallial (“thalamo‐cortical”) projection (from the medial part of the dorsolateral thalamic nucleus to the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium—DLM to LMAN) within the anterior forebrain loop is composed of cells positive for the calcium‐binding protein calbindin. We show that the vast majority of cells within DLM express calbindin, based both on immunocytochemistry (ICC) for calbindin protein and in situ hybridization for calb mRNA. Using a combination of tract‐tracing and ICC we show that the neurons that participate in the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection are calbindin‐positive. We also demonstrate that DLM is devoid of cells expressing mRNA for the GABAergic marker zGAD65. This observation confirms that the calbindin‐expressing cells in DLM are not GABAergic, in accordance with previous electrophysiological data indicating that the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection is excitatory. Furthermore, we use ICC to determine the trajectory of the fibers within the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection, and to demonstrate a sex difference in calbindin expression levels in the fibers of the DLM‐to‐LMAN projection. Our findings provide a clear‐cut neurochemical signature for a critical projection in the songbird vocal control pathways that enable song learning. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:601–618, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Shock Initiation Threshold of HNS as a Function of its Density
Authors: Clément Dominik , Rudolf Karl P.
Published: August 2007

The shock initiation threshold of hexanitrostilbene (HNS) pellets with different densities has been investigated by performing small‐scale gap tests. As the sensitivity of HNS strongly depends on the density of the pellet, the density was varied in a range that the pellet material can be expected to be insensitive by means of no initiation at pressure loads of 2.6 GPa. In the case of HNS we observed that the material became insensitive at densities larger than 1.65 g cm−3. Further, we found that the pressure loads can be increased from 2.6 GPa to 3.29 GPa for densities increasing from ϱ=1.65 g cm−3 to ϱ=1.70 g cm−3 (98% TMD) without detonation of the HNS pellet.
Theoretical Investigation of Some High‐Performance Novel Amine Azide Propellants
Authors: Sengupta Debasis , Raman Sumathi
Published: August 2007

Monomethylhydrazine (MMH) is currently the most widely used hypergolic propellant, due to its high performance and low ignition delay. However, its toxicity is a major concern. The present work aims at developing high‐performance hypergolic fuels that are based on tertiary amine azide functionality. A number of potential amine azide candidates have been proposed, and some of their physical and chemical properties have been computed using state‐of‐the‐art molecular modeling techniques. Gas‐phase heats of formation have been calculated using the CBS‐QB3 method, and the first‐principle COSMO‐RS method has been used to compute heats of vaporization and vapor pressures. A density correlation, based on molecular‐volume calculation, has been established to predict the densities of the candidate molecules. Finally, the liquid‐phase heats of formation and densities have been used to predict the specific and density impulses of the proposed candidate molecules. The results show that many of the molecules proposed here have much higher density impulse than that of MMH, and may be considered for experimental studies.
Synthesis of Biodiesel from Canola Oil Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst
Authors: D'Cruz Amanda , Kulkarni Mangesh G. , Meher Lekha Charan , Dalai Ajay K.
Published: August 2007

A series of alkali metal (Li, Na, K) promoted alkali earth oxides (CaO, BaO, MgO), as well as K2CO3 supported on alumina (Al2O3), were prepared and used as catalysts for transesterification of canola oil with methanol. Four catalysts such as K2CO3/Al2O3 and alkali metal (Li, Na, K) promoted BaO were effective for transesterification with >85 wt% of methyl esters. ICP‐MS analysis revealed that leaching of barium in ester phase was too high (~1,000 ppm) when BaO based catalysts were used. As barium is highly toxic, these catalysts were not used further for transesterification of canola oil. Optimization of reaction conditions such as molar ratio of alcohol to oil (6:1–12:1), reaction temperature (40–60 °C) and catalyst loading (1–3 wt%) was performed for most efficient and environmentally friendly K2CO3/Al2O3 catalyst to maximize ester yield using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM suggested that a molar ratio of alcohol to oil 11.48:1, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and catalyst loading 3.16 wt% were optimum for the production of ester from canola oil. The predicted value of ester yield was 96.3 wt% in 2 h, which was in agreement with the experimental results within 1.28%.
Cardiac Nurses' Views of Continuing Professional Education
Authors: Timmins Fiona
Published: August 2007

Background: There is little information available on cardiovascular nurses' attitudes to continuing professional education. Anecdotally many nurses profess that they require additional study days to keep updated in practice; however these are not always available at local level. This survey aimed to capture the views of cardiovascular nurses with regard to their continuing education needs.

Aims: This research aimed to identify cardiovascular nurses' views on continuing professional education.

Methods: A 26-item questionnaire collected data from 195 cardiovascular nurses in the Republic of Ireland. Response rate was 52% ( n = 102).

Results: Most nurses had attended an educational event in the last 3–6 months and national conferences and local initiatives provided most of these latter services. Most respondents received both funding and study leave to attend. Nurses preferred method of keeping up-to-date was by means of conference and study days, journal use was also frequent. A high level of access to electronic resources was reported. Midweek was the preferred time for continuing education to occur.

Conclusions: The findings reveal a positive attitude to continuing professional education. They also support the endeavours of national professional organisations, such as INCA and highlight the important role that these organisations play in the provision of ongoing education to cardiovascular nurses.
Fatty acid chain‐elongation in perfused rat heart: Synthesis of stearoylcarnitine from perfused palmitate
Authors: Kerner Janos , Minkler Paul E. , Lesnefsky Edward J. , Hoppel Charles L.
Published: August 2007

Rat hearts perfused for up to 60 min in the working mode with palmitate, but not with glucose, resulted in substantial formation of palmitoylcarnitine and stearoylcarnitine. To test whether lipolysis of endogenous lipids was responsible for the increased stearoylcarnitine content or whether some of the perfused palmitate underwent chain elongation, hearts were perfused with hexadecanoic‐16,16,16‐d
3 acid (M+3). The pentafluorophenacyl ester of deuterium labeled stearoylcarnitine had an M+3 (639.4 m/z) compared to the unlabeled M+0 (636.3 m/z) consistent with a direct chain elongation of the perfused palmitate. Furthermore, the near equal isotope enrichment of palmitoyl‐ (90.2 ± 5.8%) and stearoylcarnitine (78.0 ± 7.1%) suggest that both palmitoyl‐ and stearoyl‐CoA have ready access to mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase and that most of the stearoylcarnitine is derived from the perfused palmitate.
Functional analyses of the extra‐ and intracellular domains of the yeast cell wall integrity sensors Mid2 and Wsc1
Authors: Straede Andrea , Heinisch Jürgen J.
Published: August 2007

Cell wall integrity signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a model for the regulation of fungal wall biosynthesis. Chimers of the major plasma membrane sensors Wsc1 and Mid2 fused to GFP have been employed to show that intracellular and membrane distribution is only dependent on a membrane‐anchored cytoplasmic tail. Phenotypic analyses of chimeric sensors in an isogenic Δmid2 Δwsc1 double deletion strain indicate that this tail, provided that it is linked to an extracellular domain, also determines the cellular response to different surface stresses to a large extent.
Impact of indolent inflammation on neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in mice
Authors: Barks John D.E. , Liu Yi‐Qing , Shangguan Yu , Li Joyce , Pfau Jennifer , Silverstein Faye S.
Published: August 2007

This report describes a new experimental model to evaluate the effect of a recurrent systemic inflammatory challenge, after cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia in immature mice, on the progression of brain injury. Treatment with a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (E. coli O55:B5, 0.2 mg/kg for 3 days, then 0.1 mg/kg for 2 days) daily for 5 days after unilateral cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia (right carotid ligation followed by 35 min in 10% O2) in 10‐day‐old mice resulted in increased right forebrain tissue damage (35.6% reduction in right hemisphere volume compared to 20.6% reduction in saline‐injected controls), in bilateral reductions in corpus callosum area (by 12%) and myelin basic protein immunostaining (by 19%), and in suppression of injury‐related right subventricular zone cellular proliferation. The post‐hypoxic‐ischemic lipopolysaccharide regimen that amplified brain injury was not associated with increased mortality, nor with changes in body temperature, weight gain or blood glucose concentrations. The results of the present study demonstrate that systemic inflammation influences the evolution of tissue injury after neonatal cerebral hypoxia‐ischemia and may also impair potential recovery mechanisms.
Topological Wiener–Wintner ergodic theorems via non-abelian Lie group extensions
Authors: SANTOS SARA I. , WALKDEN CHARLES
Published: August 2007

We generalize a series of topological Wiener–Wintner ergodic theorems due to Walters to the context of group extensions of measure-preserving transformations where the group is a non-abelian compact Lie group. Applications to random ergodic theorems for a shift map are given.
Algorithmic funnel‐and‐gate system design optimization
Authors: Bürger Claudius M. , Bayer Peter , Finkel Michael
Published: August 2007

Funnel‐and‐gate systems (FGSs), which constitute a common variant of permeable reactive barriers used for in situ treatment of groundwater, pose particular challenges to the task of design optimization. Because of the complex interplay of funnels and gates, the evolutionary algorithms applied have to cope with multimodality, nonseparability, and nonlinearity of the optimization task. We analyze these features in a test case, introducing an objective function for design cost and constraints to account for plume capture and detention time in the gate reactors. We show that the derandomized evolution strategy with covariance matrix adaptation (CMA‐ES) does solve the given design optimization problem with high success rates. We further examine the performance of the algorithm for the example of four‐gate systems in three heterogeneous template aquifers. Here a special focus is set on the parameterization of the FGS (i.e., the problem encoding). The comparison of three different encodings reveals their significance concerning the search progress and its success. Among the found optimal and near‐optimal design solutions, mutual patterns were recognized. In particular, a large central barrier seems to be a superior feature.
Towards a universal rule on the recurrence interval scaling of repeating earthquakes?
Authors: Chen Kate Huihsuan , Nadeau Robert M. , Rau Ruey‐Juin
Published: August 2007

A recent analysis of recurrence properties of small repeating earthquakes on a creeping oblique thrust fault in eastern Taiwan reveals a weak variation in recurrence interval (Tr) with seismic moment (Mo). Compared to the scaling of Tr with Mo from repeating earthquake data near Parkfield in California, the repeating data from eastern Taiwan has recurrence intervals that are 2 times shorter. Also in northeastern Japan, Tr of repeating quakes are ∼4 times shorter than those expected from the Parkfield scaling law. When adjusted to account for differences in the geodetically derived slip rates for the three fault zones, however, the Tr‐Mo scaling is remarkably consistent among the three regions. It suggests that the tectonic loading rate is likely the most important factor that controls the repeat time. It also suggests that there seems to exist a universal rule on recurrence interval scaling of repeating earthquakes in diverse tectonic settings.
Precise Similarity of Many Human Proteins to Proteins of Prokarya
Authors: Britten Roy
Published: August 2007

Proteins originated in early forms of life and have long survived, because they have always been required. Some recognizably similar proteins are found in all sequence comparisons between species, no matter how distant, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reported here are observations on the relationships of human proteins to the proteins of 458 prokaryotes for which protein libraries are available. Each of these libraries includes a protein that matches a human protein with a BLAST score of 573 or more, indicating excellent conservation of certain amino acid sequences. A majority of these proteins also match a yeast protein and other eukaryote proteins with comparable accuracy, indicating that protein conservation is responsible in most cases rather than the horizontal transfer (HGT) between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Rare examples of HGT are apparently also seen. Very many significant matches are seen as the criterion is opened, including 20,596 human proteins that match at least one prokaryote protein with expectation of 10-3 or less. Individual prokaryote proteins accurately match parts of many modern human proteins that have a wide range of functions showing directly that many proteins of different functions have evolved from an ancestral protein by duplication, rearrangement and divergence of function. The implication is that most or all modern proteins derive from the proteins of the last common ancestor with prokaryotes through many such events.
Metastasis as a faulty recapitulation of ontogeny
Authors: Rapp Ulf
Published: August 2007

RAF oncogenes are involved in a variety of phenotypic switch phenomena. If for example oncogenic RAF is expressed together with Myc in B lineage cells, a lineage switch to macrophages occurs at low frequency in vitro and in vivo. In addition, if RAF is expressed in type II alveolar epithelial cells slow growing lung adenomas are formed and a switch from columnar to cuboidal cells is detected in these mice upon p53 deletion. A similar switch is also seen, if ectopic Myc is present in our lung tumor mouse model. Moreover, in the liver of these mice with both oncogenes metastases are found. If E-cadherin function is impaired in our RAF-dependent lung tumor model, a switch from adenoma to adenocarcinoma occurs and genes characteristic for the early endodermal lineage are expressed. Based on these data I propose a novel model of metastasis and describe its implications. The hallmark of the model is the induction of a state of plasticity in tumor cells, which allows the reversal of differentiation to an earlier point in their ontogenic history.
Compressible or incompressible blend of interacting monodisperse linear polymers near a surface
Authors: Batman Richard , Gujrati P. D.
Published: August 2007

We consider a lattice model of a mixture of repulsive, attractive, or neutral monodisperse linear polymers of two species, A and B, with a third monomeric species C, which may be taken to represent free volume. The mixture is confined between two hard, parallel plates of variable separation whose interactions with A and C may be attractive, repulsive, or neutral, and may be different from each other. The interactions with A and C are all that are required to completely specify the effect of each surface on all three components. We numerically study various density profiles as we move away from the surface, by using the recursive method of Gujrati and Chhajer [J. Chem. Phys. 106, 5599 (1997)] that has already been previously applied to study polydisperse solutions and blends next to surfaces. The resulting density profiles show the oscillations that are seen in Monte Carlo simulations and the enrichment of the smaller species at a neutral surface. The method is computationally ultrafast and can be carried out on a personal computer (PC), even in the incompressible case, when Monte Carlo simulations are not feasible. The calculations of density profiles usually take less than 20min on a PC.
The photodissociation dynamics of OCS at 248nm: The S(PJ3) atomic angular momentum polarization
Authors: Brouard M. , Quadrini F. , Vallance C.
Published: August 2007

The dissociation of OCS has been investigated subsequent to excitation at 248nm using velocity map ion imaging. Speed distributions, speed dependent translational anisotropy parameters, and the atomic angular momentum orientation and alignment are reported for the channel leading to S(PJ3). The speed distributions and β parameters are in broad agreement with previous work and show behavior that is highly sensitive to the S-atom spin-orbit state. The data are shown to be consistent with the operation of at least two triplet production mechanisms. Interpretation of the angular momentum polarization data in terms of an adiabatic picture has been used to help identify a likely dissociation pathway for the majority of the S(PJ3) products, which strongly favors production of J=2 fragment atoms, correlated, it is proposed, with rotationally hot and vibrationally cold CO cofragments. For these fragments, optical excitation to the 2A′1 surface is thought to constitute the first step, as for the singlet dissociation channel. This is followed by crossing, via a conical intersection, to the ground 1A′1 state, from where intersystem crossing occurs, populating the 1A′3∕1A″3(Π3) states. The proposed mechanism provides a qualitative rationale for the observed spin-orbit populations, as well as the S(PJ3) quantum yield and angular momentum polarization. At least one other production mechanism, leading to a more statistical S-atom spin-orbit state distribution and rotationally cold, vibrationally hot CO cofragments, is thought to involve direct excitation to either the Σ−3 or Π3 states.
Energy analysis of turbulent channel flow using biorthogonal wavelets
Authors: Joshi Vivek J. , Rempfer Dietmar
Published: August 2007

Turbulent flows exhibit many different length and time scales. Hence, it is important to study energy transfer between the scales, in order to gain deeper insight into turbulence. Wavelets offer potential for the analysis of the energy transfer in a turbulent flow. This is mainly due to their locality and scalability property. The present work involves a wavelet decomposition of the terms in the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation of a fully developed channel flow and a study of the behavior of the important terms. A detailed analysis of the energy transfer term is performed. An attempt is made to identify some well-known structures in the flow at different scales of decomposition. The dynamics of these coherent structures is examined based on their contribution to energy transfer in the flow at discrete scales. This is performed by correlating the velocity and energy transfer in the flow. To analyze energy transfer due to spatial structures, we utilize the concept of “triad interaction” in wavelet space. The study involves computing all possible combinations of wavelet modes and finding the most energetic ones. We investigate these interactions to capture the dynamics of the local structures and their contribution to the energy transfer.
Low-temperature-grown GaAs: Modeling of transient reflectivity experiments
Authors: Ortiz V. , Nagle J. , Lampin J.-F. , Péronne E. , Alexandrou A.
Published: August 2007

A simple nonradiative Shockley-Read-Hall recombination model is used to interpret transient reflectivity and midinfrared transmission experiments of low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) materials annealed under various conditions of temperature and duration. The model introduces two main parameters, namely the deep-donor (NDD) and the acceptor (NA) concentrations in the GaAs matrix, to explain all observed behaviors coherently with other results in the literature. A precise study of the different parameters (pump wavelength and power, NDD, NA, etc.) is performed using our model. The introduction of growth and anneal-related parameters, such as NA and NDD, allows a good understanding of LT-GaAs. These results demonstrate the importance of acceptor densities in the dynamic properties.
Epitaxial growth of CaO films on MgO(001) surface: Strain relaxation at the CaO∕MgO heterointerface
Authors: Li H. D. , Zhang X. N. , Zhang Z. , Mei Z. X. , Du X. L. , Xue Q. K.
Published: August 2007

The epitaxial growth of CaO films on mechanical-damage-free MgO(001) surface using low-temperature buffer technique has been carefully investigated. The strain is effectively relaxed in the CaO∕MgO interfacial layers by lattice distortion and misfit dislocations as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which facilitates the subsequent growth of smooth CaO film at high temperature. The strain relaxation mechanism of the heterointerface is discussed in detail.
Effect of carrier density on the surface morphology and optical properties of nanoporous GaN prepared by UV assisted electrochemical etching
Authors: Vajpeyi A. P. , Chua S. J. , Tripathy S. , Fitzgerald E. A.
Published: August 2007

Nanoporous GaN samples were prepared by UV-assisted electrochemical etching of Si-doped GaN using the HF-based electrolyte. The Si doping density in the as-grown GaN samples was varied from 1×1016to1×1019cm−3. The surface morphology and optical quality of these nanoporous GaN films are controlled by the doping density in the as-grown films. The scanning electron microscopy results reveal that the average pore size can be tuned from 100to45nm by increasing the carrier density in the as-grown GaN films from 1×1016to1×1019cm−3. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements indicate that the nanoporous GaN films exhibit a higher PL intensity with redshifted band-edge PL peak compared to the as-grown GaN films. The nanoporous GaN prepared from highly doped sample gives highest PL intensity and stress relaxation due to the presence of smallest size nanopores. The redshift of the E2(high) phonon mode in the Raman spectra of nanoporous GaN prepared from heavily Si-doped samples shows a significant relaxation of the compressive stress.
Impedance matching for an asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator
Authors: Singh Kunwar Pal , Roy Subrata
Published: August 2007

A typical dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator requires a power supply capable of delivering power at a frequency range of several kilohertz and a rms voltage up to 20kV. An impedance mismatch resulting from the absence of a matching network causes a large reflected power from the plasma actuator back to the power supply. This does not contribute to plasma formation and requires an expensive over-rated power supply. The authors suggest an impedance matching network for a realistic asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator with a virtual electrode.
Evidence for attainability of negative differential conductance in tunnel Schottky structures with two-dimensional channels
Authors: Feiginov Michael N. , Kotel’nikov Igor N.
Published: August 2007

Experimental data, which demonstrate conductance decrease in the tunnel Al∕GaAs Schottky structure with delta-n-doped two-dimensional channel, are presented. The conductance decreases due to the increase in the tunnel-barrier height with bias and the corresponding drop in the barrier tunnel transparency. Theoretical calculations show that the mechanism should lead to the negative value of the differential conductance if the separation between the subbands in the two-dimensional channel is sufficiently large. On the basis of calculations, an (ErAs)Al∕InAlGaAs∕InAlAs∕InP heterostructure is suggested, where the negative differential conductance should be reached.
Depletion width measurement in an organic Schottky contact using a metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor
Authors: Takshi Arash , Dimopoulos Alexandros , Madden John D.
Published: August 2007

Although the capacitance measurement is a common method to obtain the depletion width in a Schottky contact, the method is challenging in an organic Schottky junction since the capacitance is a combination of the capacitances associated with the trapped charges, bulk semiconductor, and the depletion region. The authors have implemented a metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor structure in order to estimate the depletion width in an organic Schottky contact. In the transistor the depletion width is calculated from the drain current at a small drain-source voltage. The result indicates a nonquadratic relation between the voltage and the depletion width.
Ge nitride formation in N-doped amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5
Authors: Jung M.-C. , Lee Y. M. , Kim H.-D. , Kim M. G. , Shin H. J. , Kim K. H. , Song S. A. , Jeong H. S. , Ko C. H. , Han M.
Published: August 2007

The chemical state of N in N-doped amorphous Ge2Sb2Te5 (a-GST) samples with 0–14.3Nat.% doping concentrations was investigated by high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS) and Ge K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). HRXPS showed negligible change in the Te 4d and Sb 4d core-level spectra. In the Ge 3d core-level spectra, a Ge nitride (GeNx) peak developed at the binding energy of 30.2eV and increased in intensity as the N-doping concentration increased. Generation of GeNx was confirmed by the Ge K-edge absorption spectra. These results indicate that the N atoms bonded with the Ge atoms to form GeNx, rather than bonding with the Te or Sb atoms. It has been suggested that the formation of Ge nitride results in increased resistance and phase-change temperature.
Data acquisition schemes for continuous two-particle time-of-flight coincidence experiments
Authors: Bodi Andras , Sztáray Bálint , Baer Tomas , Johnson Melanie , Gerber Thomas
Published: August 2007

Three data acquisition schemes for two-particle coincidence experiments with a continuous source are discussed. The single-start/single-stop technique, implemented with a time-to-pulse-height converter, results in a complicated spectrum and breaks down severely at high count rates. The single-start/multiple-stop setup, based on a time-to-digital converter and the first choice in today’s similar coincidence experiments, performs significantly better at high count rates, but its performance is still hampered if the time-of-flight range is large, and the false coincidence background is variable if the event frequency and the collection efficiency of the starts are both high. A straightforward, multistart/multistop setup is proposed for coincidence experiments. By collecting all detector data, it ensures the highest signal-to-noise ratio, constant background, and fast data acquisition and can now be easily constructed with commercially available time-to-digital converters. Analytical and numerically evaluated formulas are derived to characterize the performance of each setup in a variety of environments. Computer simulated spectra are presented to illustrate the analytically predicted features of the various raw time-of-flight distributions obtained with each technique.