bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem impacts of folivory and frugivory by Japanese macaques in two temperate forests in Yakushima
Authors: Hanya Goro , Fuse Mieko , Aiba Shin‐Ichiro , Takafumi Hino , Tsujino Riyou , Agetsuma Naoki , Chapman Colin A.
Published: December 2013

Comparing animal consumption to plant primary production provides a means of assessing an animal's impact on the ecosystem and an evaluation of resource limitation. Here, we compared annual fruit and leaf consumption by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) relative to the annual production of these foods in the lowlands and highlands of Yakushima Island, Japan. We estimated consumption by macaques by the direct observation of macaque groups for 1 year in each habitat. We estimated leaf production as the sum of leaf litter fall (corrected for the effect of translocated organic and inorganic matter) and folivory by insects (assumed to be 10%) and by macaques. We estimated fruit production as the sum of fruit litter fall and consumption by birds (estimated by the seed fall) and macaques. The impact of macaque folivory at the community level was negligible relative to production (∼0.04%) compared with folivory by insects (assumed to be 10%); however, for some species, macaque folivory reached up to 10.1% of production. Tree species on which macaques fed did not decline in abundance over 13 years, suggesting that their folivory did not influence tree species dynamics. For the three major fleshy‐fruited species in the highland site, macaques consumed a considerable portion of total fruit production (6–40%), rivaling the consumption by birds (32–75%). We conclude that at the community level, macaque folivory was negligible compared with the leaf production, but frugivory was not. Am. J. Primatol. 76:596–607, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flame‐retardant properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/wood flour composites filled with expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate
Authors: Zheng Jianqiang , Li Bin , Guo Chuigen , Wu Qiong , Wang Yufeng
Published: December 2013

Expandable graphite (EG) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were used to improve the flame retardancy of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene based wood–plastic composites (WPCs). A synergistic effect between EG and APP on the flame retardancy of the WPCs was proposed. The results show that the highest limited oxygen index (LOI) of 34.2% and a V‐0 rating were achieved when the ratio of EG to APP 12.5:7.5; this comprised 20 wt % of the total amount. However, LOI values of the samples with EG and APP alone were only 30.5 and 24.5%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the flame retardants improved the amount of residue. The EG and EG/APP additives greatly decreased the peak heat release rate and suppressed smoke according to cone calorimetry testing. The scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the surface of the wormlike char was covered with a granular substance, which may have been the viscous phosphoric acid or poly(phosphoric acid) decomposed from APP. The flame‐retardant additives worsened the mechanical properties of the WPCs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40281.
Photoresponsive nanogels synthesized using spiropyrane‐modified pullulan as potential drug carriers
Authors: Wang Bin , Chen Kefu , Yang Ren‐dang , Yang Fei , Liu Jin
Published: December 2013

Reversible light‐responsive nanogels were constructed from an amphiphilic spiropyrane‐modified pullulan (SpP). The polymer was synthesized by modifying a biodegradable pullulan with carboxyl‐containing spiropyrane (Sp) molecules. The SpP structure was confirmed by the appearance of a carbonyl signal in the FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectra. The nanogels can be controlled by photostimulation, which results in the reversible structural transformation of the hydrophobic Sp to the hydrophilic merocyanine. The physical properties of the nanogels were confirmed to change dramatically after being irradiated with different wavelengths of light. Drug delivery tests showed that the model drug pyrene was completely captured by the nanogels and then released from the SpP nanogels in a light‐dependent manner. This study provides an alternative approach to constructing light‐responsive nanocarriers with excellent biocompatibility for drug uptake and release. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40288.
Enhanced atomic oxygen erosion resistance and mechanical properties of graphene/cellulose acetate composite films
Authors: Liu Lei , Shen Zhigang , Liang Shuaishuai , Yi Min , Zhang Xiaojing , Ma Shulin
Published: December 2013

The application of graphene (Gr) to enhance atomic oxygen (AO) erosion resistance and mechanical properties was demonstrated in this study. Gr‐reinforced cellulose acetate (CA) composite films were obtained by flattening with a glass rod, and the AO erosion resistance was investigated in a plasma‐type, ground‐based AO effect simulation facility. Significant improvements in the mechanical properties and AO erosion resistance were achieved at relatively low Gr contents. A 59 ± 7% decrease in the mass loss and a 12 ± 3% increase in the tensile strength were achieved by the addition of only 1 wt % Gr. Moreover, the layered structure of the fractured surfaces and the excellent mechanical properties illustrated the homogeneous dispersion of Gr in the CA matrix and the strong interactions between Gr and CA. Furthermore, Gr flakes served as shields to defend the underside of CA from AO erosion because of the specific two‐dimensional structure and outstanding AO erosion resistance. Therefore, this research provides a new and effective strategy for improving the mechanical strength and AO erosion resistance of polymer materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40292.
Polar polystyrene‐isoprene‐styrene copolymers with long polybutadiene branches
Authors: Zhao Zhongfu , Wang Zhanyue , Zhang Chunqing , Wang Yongzhao , Li Zhansheng , Hu Yanming , Xiao Xuesong
Published: December 2013

Polar polystyrene‐isoprene‐styrene (SIS) copolymers having epoxide groups and long polybutadiene (PB) branches were synthesized via the combination of in situ epoxidation, anionic polymerization and graft‐onto reaction. They were characterized with 1H NMR, GPC, FT‐IR, DSC, and contact angle test. Their polarity was determined by the epoxidation degree and graft efficiency. The epoxidation degree linearly increased with the epoxidation time. The graft efficiency decreased with the branch length, but increased with the epoxidation degrees. Although their glass transition temperature (Tg) of diene blocks and flexibility properties had been negatively affected by in situ epoxidation, they could be modulated by the epoxidation degree, branch length, and branch density. Their Tg could be tailored by the branch length and branch density since they fitted the Fox equation very well, especially as the longer branches were grafted. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40303.
Gene Expression Pattern of Cells From Inflamed and Normal Areas of Osteoarthritis Synovial Membrane
Authors: Lambert Cécile , Dubuc Jean‐Emile , Montell Eulàlia , Vergés Josep , Munaut Carine , Noël Agnès , Henrotin Yves
Published: December 2013

Objective

To compare the gene expression patterns of synovial cells from inflamed or normal/reactive areas of synovial membrane obtained from the same patient with osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

At the time of total knee replacement, synovial tissues were obtained from 12 patients with knee OA. The inflammation status of the synovial membrane was characterized according to macroscopic criteria and classified as normal/reactive or inflamed. Biopsy samples were cultured separately for 7 days. Microarray gene expression profiling was performed on normal/reactive and inflamed areas. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the identified genes that were differentially expressed.

Results

We identified 896 genes that were differentially expressed between normal/reactive and inflamed areas. The key pathways were related to inflammation, cartilage metabolism, Wnt signaling, and angiogenesis. In the inflammation network, the genes TREM1 and S100A9 were strongly up‐regulated. The genes MMP3, MMP9, CTSH (cathepsin H), and CTSS (cathepsin S) were significantly up‐regulated in the cartilage catabolism pathway, while the most up‐regulated anabolism enzyme gene was HAS1. In the Wnt signaling pathway, the genes for Wnt‐5a and low‐density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 5 were up‐regulated, while the gene FZD2 and the gene for Dkk‐3 were down‐regulated. Finally, STC1, which codes for a protein involved in angiogenesis, was identified as the most up‐regulated gene in inflamed compared with normal/reactive areas.

Conclusion

This study is the first to identify different expression patterns between 2 areas of the synovial membrane from the same patient. These differences concern several key pathways involved in OA pathogenesis. This analysis also provides information regarding new genes and proteins as potential targets of treatment.
Alternative p38 MAPKs Are Essential for Collagen‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Criado Gabriel , Risco Ana , Alsina‐Beauchamp Dayanira , Pérez‐Lorenzo María J. , Escós Alejandra , Cuenda Ana
Published: December 2013

Objective

The role of most p38 MAPK isoforms in inflammatory arthritis is not known. This study was undertaken to evaluate p38γ and p38δ deficiency in the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model.

Methods

Wild‐type, p38γ−/−, p38δ−/−, and p38γ/δ−/− mice were immunized with chicken type II collagen, and disease activity was evaluated by semiquantitative scoring and histologic assessment. Serum cytokine levels and in vitro T cell cytokine responses were quantified by flow cytometry and multiplex analysis, and serum anticollagen antibody levels by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Cytokine and p38 MAPK isoform expression in joints were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Compound p38γ and p38δ deficiency markedly reduced arthritis severity compared with that in wild‐type mice, whereas lack of either p38γ or p38δ had an intermediate effect. Joint damage was minimal in arthritic p38γ/δ−/− mice compared with wild‐type mice. The p38γ/δ−/− mice had lower levels of pathogenic anticollagen antibodies and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor α than controls. In vitro T cell assays showed reduced proliferation, interferon‐γ (IFNγ) production, and IL‐17 production by lymph node cells from p38γ/δ−/− mice. IL‐17 and IFNγ messenger RNA expression in joints was significantly inhibited in p38γ/δ−/− mice. Wild‐type chimeric mice with p38γ/δ−/− bone marrow did not show decreased CIA.

Conclusion

Reduced disease severity in p38γ/δ−/− mice was associated with lower cytokine production and anticollagen antibody responses than in controls, indicating that p38γ and p38δ are crucial regulators of inflammatory joint destruction in CIA. Our findings indicate that p38γ and p38δ are potential therapeutic targets in complex diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, that involve innate and adaptive immune responses.
Activation of Spinal NF‐κB/p65 Contributes to Peripheral Inflammation and Hyperalgesia in Rat Adjuvant‐Induced Arthritis
Authors: Luo Jian‐Gang , Zhao Xu‐Li , Xu Wei‐Cheng , Zhao Xue‐Jun , Wang Jun‐Nan , Lin Xiao‐Wen , Sun Tao , Fu Zhi‐Jian
Published: December 2013

Objective

It is known that noxious stimuli from inflamed tissue may increase the excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons (a process known as central sensitization), which can signal back and contribute to peripheral inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully defined. A number of recent studies have indicated that spinal NF‐κB/p65 is involved in central sensitization, as well as pain‐related behavior. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether NF‐κB/p65 can facilitate a peripheral inflammatory response in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA).

Methods

Lentiviral vectors encoding short hairpin RNAs that target NF‐κB/p65 (LV‐shNF‐κB/p65) were constructed for gene silencing. The spines of rats with AIA were injected with LV‐shNF‐κB/p65 on day 3 or day 10 after treatment with Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). During an observation period of 20 days, pain‐related behavior, paw swelling, and joint histopathologic changes were evaluated. Moreover, the expression levels of spinal tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) were assessed on day 14 after CFA treatment.

Results

The presence of peripheral inflammation in rats with AIA induced an increase in NF‐κB/p65 expression in the spinal cord, mainly in the dorsal horn neurons and astrocytes. Delivery of LV‐shNF‐κB/p65 to the spinal cord knocked down the expression of NF‐κB/p65 and significantly attenuated hyperalgesia, paw edema, and joint destruction. In addition, spinal delivery of LV‐shNF‐κB/p65 reduced the overexpression of spinal TNFα, IL‐1β, and COX‐2.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that spinal NF‐κB/p65 plays an important role in the initiation and development of both peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. Thus, inhibition of spinal NF‐κB/p65 expression may provide a potential treatment to manage painful inflammatory disorders.
Suppression of Rheumatoid Arthritis B Cells by XmAb5871, an Anti‐CD19 Antibody That Coengages B Cell Antigen Receptor Complex and Fcγ Receptor IIb Inhibitory Receptor
Authors: Chu Seung Y. , Yeter Karen , Kotha Roshan , Pong Erik , Miranda Yvonne , Phung Sheryl , Chen Hsing , Lee Sung‐Hyung , Leung Irene , Bonzon Christine , Desjarlais John R. , Stohl William , Szymkowski David E.
Published: December 2013

Objective

Engagement of Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) suppresses B cell activation and represents a promising target for therapy in autoimmunity. The aim of this study was to characterize B cell immunosuppression mediated by the Fc‐engineered antibody, XmAb5871, which coengages FcγRIIb with the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex and that is currently in clinical development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Because rheumatoid factor (RF) might interfere with the binding of XmAb5871 to FcγRIIb, we correlated RF titers with the potency of XmAb5871.

Methods

We analyzed the expression of CD19, FcγRIIb, and CD86 on naive and memory B cells from 50 patients with RA and 66 healthy donors, quantified XmAb5871‐induced promotion of FcγRIIb phosphorylation and suppression of calcium flux in activated B cells, measured CD86 inhibition in whole blood, and correlated RF and anti−citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) levels with drug potency. We engrafted RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into SCID mice, treated them with XmAb5871, and quantified human total IgG, total IgM, and anti‐tetanus IgG antibody levels in vivo.

Results

B cells from all donors expressed CD19 and FcγRIIb, and the expression of FcγRIIb was higher on naive, but not memory, B cells from donors with RA compared with healthy donors. BCR‐mediated calcium flux was suppressed by XmAb5871 and was associated with FcγRIIb phosphorylation. XmAb5871 inhibited CD86 induction, and the levels of RF and ACPAs did not affect efficacy. XmAb5871 suppressed B cell activation regardless of disease severity. In SCID mice engrafted with PBMCs from a patient with RA, XmAb5871 suppressed humoral responses.

Conclusion

Coengagement of the BCR complex and FcγRIIb by XmAb5871 inhibits B cell activation and function. The similar potency in patients with RA and healthy donors and the absence of autoantibody interference suggest that XmAb5871 may represent a new therapeutic strategy to suppress autoreactive B cells in RA.
Fcγ Receptor IIIa Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Haplotypes Affect Human IgG Binding and Are Associated With Lupus Nephritis in African Americans
Authors: Dong Chaoling , Ptacek Travis S. , Redden David T. , Zhang Kui , Brown Elizabeth E. , Edberg Jeffrey C. , McGwin Gerald , Alarcón Graciela S. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Reveille John D. , Vilá Luis M. , Petri Michelle , Qin Aijian , Wu Jianming , Kimberly Robert P.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To investigate whether the Fcγ receptor IIIa–66L/R/H (FcγRIIIa‐66L/R/H) polymorphism influences net effective receptor function and to assess if the FCGR3A combined genotypes formed by FcγRIIIa‐66L/R/H and FcγRIIIa‐176F/V, as well as copy number variation (CNV), confer risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis.

Methods

FcγRIIIa variants, expressed on A20 IIA1.6 cells, were used in flow cytometry–based human IgG–binding assays. Using Pyrosequencing methodology, FCGR3A single‐nucleotide polymorphism and CNV genotypes were determined in a cohort of 1,728 SLE patients and 2,404 healthy controls.

Results

The FcγRIIIa‐66L/R/H (rs10127939) polymorphism influenced ligand binding capacity in the presence of the FcγRIIIa‐176V (rs396991) allele. There was a trend toward an association of the low‐binding FcγRIIIa‐176F allele with lupus nephritis among African Americans (P = 0.0609) but not among European Americans (P > 0.10). Nephritis among African American patients with SLE was associated with FcγRIIIa low‐binding haplotypes containing the 66L/R/H and 176F variants (P = 0.03) and with low‐binding genotype combinations (P = 0.002). No association was observed among European American patients with SLE. The distribution of FCGR3A CNV was not significantly different among controls and SLE patients with or without nephritis.

Conclusion

FcγRIIIa‐66L/R/H influences ligand binding. The low‐binding haplotypes formed by 66L/R/H and 176F confer enhanced risk of lupus nephritis in African Americans. FCGR3A CNVs are not associated with SLE or lupus nephritis in either African Americans or European Americans.
Improvement of cellulase and xylanase production by solid‐state fermentation of Stachybotrys microspora
Authors: Abdeljalil Salma , Saibi Walid , Ben Hmad Ines , Baklouti Abir , Ben Mahmoud Feten , Belghith Hafedh , Gargouri Ali
Published: December 2013

The current study investigated the production of cellulases and xylanases from the rare fungus Stachybotrys microspora under solid‐state fermentation (SSF) on wheat bran (WB). A comparison of both activities was first performed in submerged cultures using various concentrations of WB, glucose, and cellulose as substrates. The maximal activity of ‐glucosidases and xylanases was obtained with 2% and 4% WB, respectively, whereas cellulose yielded the highest endoglucanase production. The SSF conditions were therefore consequently optimized. A moisture content of 70% gave the most significant levels of enzyme production. Inoculation by spores led to better results than by preculture, with 105 spores per gram of dried matter as the best inoculum dose for all activities tested. Interestingly, the WB‐based medium need not to be supplemented by an exogeneous nitrogen source. Considering the richness of S. microspora secreted proteins as lytic hydrolases, the crude extracellular enzyme extracts were successfully tested in two different biotechnological fields: protoplasting of fungi and subsequent extraction of their DNA, paper pulp hydrolysis to produce fermentable sugars.
Design and characterization of a chimeric multiepitope construct containing CfaB, heat‐stable toxoid, CssA, CssB, and heat‐labile toxin subunit B of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a bioinformatic approach
Authors: Zeinalzadeh Narges , Salmanian Ali Hatef , Ahangari Ghasem , Sadeghi Mahdi , Amani Jafar , Bathaie S. Zahra , Jafari Mahyat
Published: December 2013

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in children in developing countries and travelers to these areas. Enterotoxins and colonization factors (CFs) are two key virulence factors in ETEC pathogenesis, and the heterogeneity of the CFs is the bottleneck in reaching an effective vaccine. In this study, a candidate subunit vaccine, which is composed of CfaB, CssA and CssB, structural subunits of colonization factor antigen I and CS6 CFs, labile toxin subunit B, and the binding subunit of heat‐labile and heat‐stable toxoid, was designed to provide broad‐spectrum protection against ETEC. The different features of chimeric gene, its mRNA stability, and chimeric protein properties were analyzed by using bioinformatic tools. The optimized chimeric gene was chemically synthesized and expressed successfully in a prokaryotic host. The purified protein was used for assessment of bioinformatic data by experimental methods.
Low prealbumin is a significant predictor of medical complications in severe anorexia nervosa
Authors: Gaudiani Jennifer L. , Sabel Allison L. , Mehler Philip S.
Published: December 2013

Objective

Prealbumin levels have been proven to correlate with hospital length of stay, wound healing, infection rates, and mortality in adults hospitalized for medical or surgical purposes, or those who have chronic illnesses. Little is known about the utility of prealbumin evaluation in adults with severe anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method

We retrospectively evaluated prealbumin levels, along with numerous other clinical parameters relevant to illness acuity and early refeeding outcomes, in 132 adults with AN admitted for definitive inpatient medical stabilization from October 1, 2008 to December 31, 2012. Per clinical protocol, prealbumin was checked on admission and approximately weekly thereafter until discharge.

Results

Patients had a median age of 28 years old, a mean admission body mass index (BMI) of 12.9 kg/m2 (S.D. 6.1), and 89% of patients were women. A total of 47% of patients had a low prealbumin at the time of admission. By discharge, 77% of patients had normalized their prealbumin levels. Patients with low admission prealbumin levels had a threefold increased risk of refeeding hypophosphatemia and a twofold increase in hypoglycemia compared with patients who had a normal admission prealbumin, independent of admission BMI.

Discussion

A low serum prealbumin level appeared concurrent with other markers of serious medical compromise, and was associated with two potentially life threatening complications of early refeeding: hypophosphatemia and hypoglycemia. The cause of low prealbumin remains elusive. Prealbumin should be checked in patients with severe AN prior to initiating weight restoration, as low levels may be an important harbinger of early refeeding complications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2014; 47:148‐156)
A comparison of abundance estimates from extended batch‐marking and Jolly–Seber‐type experiments
Authors: Cowen Laura L. E. , Besbeas Panagiotis , Morgan Byron J. T. , Schwarz Carl J.
Published: December 2013

Little attention has been paid to the use of multi‐sample batch‐marking studies, as it is generally assumed that an individual's capture history is necessary for fully efficient estimates. However, recently, Huggins et al. () present a pseudo‐likelihood for a multi‐sample batch‐marking study where they used estimating equations to solve for survival and capture probabilities and then derived abundance estimates using a Horvitz–Thompson‐type estimator. We have developed and maximized the likelihood for batch‐marking studies. We use data simulated from a Jolly–Seber‐type study and convert this to what would have been obtained from an extended batch‐marking study. We compare our abundance estimates obtained from the Crosbie–Manly–Arnason–Schwarz (CMAS) model with those of the extended batch‐marking model to determine the efficiency of collecting and analyzing batch‐marking data. We found that estimates of abundance were similar for all three estimators: CMAS, Huggins, and our likelihood. Gains are made when using unique identifiers and employing the CMAS model in terms of precision; however, the likelihood typically had lower mean square error than the pseudo‐likelihood method of Huggins et al. (). When faced with designing a batch‐marking study, researchers can be confident in obtaining unbiased abundance estimators. Furthermore, they can design studies in order to reduce mean square error by manipulating capture probabilities and sample size.
Effect of mustard on lipid oxidation in model pork meat product
Authors: Karwowska Małgorzata , Dolatowski Zbigniew J.
Published: December 2013

The effect of ground mustard seed on the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and malondialdehyde was evaluated by comparing their concentration in fresh and stored cooked model pork meat product prepared with addition of two levels of mustard seed and without this flavoring. The sensory quality of product was also determined using quantitative descriptive analysis. Obtained results pointed out that the addition of mustard seed to the composition of cooked model meat products decreased TBARS values. The concentration of cholesterol oxides in model meat product samples was between 5.14 and 30.42 µg/100 g product during 12 days of chilling storage. The results showed that a low amount (0.5%) of ground mustard seed was effective in inhibiting the formation of oxysterols. The highest effectiveness of mustard seed was observed in case of 7‐ketocholesterol and 7β‐hydroxycholesterol formation. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that mustard seed at the level of 0.2 and 0.5% of model pork products had positive effects on their sensory qualities. The lower concentration of COPs in the investigated cooked meat product with mustard seed addition at 1 day since the production may be connected with the presence of phenolic compounds generated during heat‐treatment of meat product such as canolol.

Practical application: Oxidation processes are one of the major problems encountered in meat processing and storage. The addition of natural antioxidants is a major way to inhibit oxidation processes in meat products. Mustard seeds are excellent source of phenolic compounds, which have been reported to show good antioxidant activity. The results of this study suggest that incorporation of ground mustard into cooked meat product can improve lipid stability and functional value for consumers. Therefore, mustard seed can serve as an ingredient in developing healthy meat products.
Metabolomic investigation of human diseases biomarkers by CE and LC coupled to MS
Authors: Buzatto Adriana Z. , de Sousa Ana Carolina , Guedes Sumaya F. , Cieslarová Zuzana , Simionato Ana Valéria C.
Published: December 2013

Metabolomics is one of the most recent trends in the “omics” era that investigates the end products of an organism activity, that is, all metabolites in a biological system, which are small molecules (less than 1000 Da) from different chemical classes. Metabolomics represents a tool to assess the biochemical activity of a living system through the analysis of substrates and products processed during the metabolism. The analysis of the metabolic profile (nontargeted analysis, i.e. a comparison between samples profiles of individuals) and of specific metabolites (targeted analysis, which quantifies a selected group of metabolites) in biological samples provides an insight into the metabolic state and the biochemical processes of the organism and, therefore, may indicate the onset and the stage of different diseases. An early and accurate diagnosis is essential for successful treatment and probable cure of most illnesses; hence, the investigation of metabolites as disease biomarkers has increased considerably in recent years. This review aims to present the most relevant works that address the nontargeted and targeted analysis of metabolites in different diseases for the past 10 years, including kidney and neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, using CE and LC coupled with the accurate detection of mass spectroscopy.
Secondary production of freshwater zooplankton communities exposed to a fungicide and to a petroleum distillate in outdoor pond mesocosms
Authors: Bayona Yannick , Roucaute Ana , Roucaute Marc , Gorzerino Caroline , Cailleaud Kevin , Lagadic Laurent , Bassères Anne , Caquet Thierry
Published: December 2013

Ecological risk assessment of chemicals in mesocosms requires measurement of a large number of parameters at the community level. Studies on invertebrate communities usually focus on taxonomic approaches, which only provide insights into taxonomic structure changes induced by chemicals. In the present study, abundance, biomass (B), theoretical production (P), and instantaneous P/B ratio were used as endpoints to assess the effects of the commercial form of the dithiocarbamate fungicide thiram (35 µg/L and 170 µg/L nominal concentrations) and of the hydrocarbon water accommodated fraction (HWAF) of a petroleum distillate (0.01 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 20 mg/L loadings) on the zooplankton community in freshwater pond mesocosms. Endpoints were measured during a 4-wk treatment period (1 pulse/wk) followed by a 5-mo posttreatment period to evaluate zooplankton population recovery. The chlorophyll a concentration in water was significantly increased after treatment with HWAF, whereas it was not affected by thiram treatment. Zooplankton abundance-based analysis showed effects on a limited number of taxa, whereas other endpoints (mainly the P/B ratio) revealed that more taxa were impacted, with recovery depending on the chemical and concentration. Exposure to HWAF mainly had a negative impact on cladocerans, which resulted in top-down effects (between cladocerans and phytoplankton). Thiram negatively affected rotifers and copepods, suggesting more direct toxic effects. The results show that the use of secondary production as an endpoint provides a more comprehensive assessment of potential direct and indirect effects of chemicals on a community, and they also support evidence of alteration in functional processes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:836–846. © 2013 SETAC
Identification of compounds in heavy fuel oil that are chronically toxic to rainbow trout embryos by effects-driven chemical fractionation
Authors: Adams Julie , Bornstein Jason M. , Munno Keenan , Hollebone Bruce , King Thomas , Brown R. Stephen , Hodson Peter V.
Published: December 2013

The present study isolated and identified compounds in heavy fuel oil 7102 (HFO 7102) that are bioavailable and chronically toxic to rainbow trout embryos (Oncorhynchus mykiss). An effects-driven chemical fractionation combined the chemical separation of oil with toxicity testing and chemical analyses of each fraction to identify the major classes of compounds associated with embryo toxicity. Toxicity was assessed with 2 exposure methods, a high-energy chemical dispersion of oil in water, which included oil droplets in test solutions, and water accommodated fractions which were produced by oiled gravel desorption columns, and which did not contain visible oil droplets. Fractions of HFO with high concentrations of naphthalenes, alkanes, asphaltenes, and resins were nontoxic to embryos over the range of concentrations tested. In contrast, fractions enriched with 3- to 4-ringed alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were embryotoxic, consistent with published studies of crude oils and individual alkyl PAHs. The rank order of fraction toxicity did not vary between the exposure methods and was consistent with their PAH content; fractions with higher–molecular weight alkyl PAHs were the most toxic. Exposure of juvenile trout to most fractions of HFO induced higher activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes, with a rank order of potency that varied with exposure method and differed somewhat from that of embryotoxicity. Induction reflected the bioavailability of PAHs but did not accurately predict embryotoxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:825–835. © 2013 SETAC
Thyroid autoimmunity and risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules submitted to fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Grani Giorgio , Calvanese Anna , Carbotta Giovanni , D'Alessandri Mimma , Nesca Angela , Bianchini Marta , Del Sordo Marianna , Vitale Martina , Fumarola Angela
Published: December 2013

Background

Whether the risk of cancer is increased in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is a controversial issue.

Methods

Between May 2005 and October 2012, 3777 fine‐needle aspiration cytologies (FNACs) were performed on 2562 patients. Serum FT4, thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), anti‐thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), and anti‐thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) were determined.

Results

Patients with suspicious cytology were younger and presented smaller maximum lesion diameter. In patients with TgAb positivity, suspicious cytology was detected more frequently (9.4%) than patients without TgAb (5.7%; p = .04). No significant difference was recorded between benign and suspicious cytology in the positive TPOAb rate. Risk factors for suspicious cytology were younger age (odds ratio [OR], 0.94), smaller maximum diameter (0.95), single lesion (1.85), microcalcifications (3.45), and TgAb (1.74). Mixed solid/fluid content resulted as being a protective factor (0.34). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, mixed content, and microcalcification confirmed significance.

Conclusion

Thyroid nodule malignancy in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis is not more frequent than in patients without thyroiditis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 260‐264, 2015
Carotid blowout in patients with head and neck cancer: Associated factors and treatment outcomes
Authors: Chen Yi‐Juin , Wang Ching‐Ping , Wang Chen‐Chi , Jiang Rong‐San , Lin Jin‐Ching , Liu Shih‐An
Published: December 2013

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with carotid blowout in the cervical portion of patients with head and neck cancer in a large cohort.

Methods

We reviewed patients with head and neck cancer and identified those with carotid blowout. Variables of patients with and without carotid blowout were compared and associated factors were investigated by logistic regression model.

Results

A total of 2590 patients were included in the final analysis and 102 patients (3.9%) developed carotid blowout in the cervical region. Body mass index (BMI) <22.5 kg/M2, primary site in the hypopharynx or oropharynx, open wound in the neck requiring wet dressing, radical neck dissection, and total radiation dose to the neck ≥70 Gy were independent factors associated with carotid blowout.

Conclusion

After completion of treatment in patients with head and neck cancer, carotid blowout was an uncommon complication with catastrophic results. Recognition of associated factors helps physicians to identify those at risk. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 265‐272, 2015
Assessment of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire for use in patients after neck dissection for head and neck cancer
Authors: Goldstein David P. , Ringash Jolie , Irish Jonathan C. , Gilbert Ralph , Gullane Patrick , Brown Dale , Xu Wei , Del Bel Ryan , Chepeha Douglas , Davis Aileen M.
Published: December 2013

Background

In this cross‐sectional study, the sensibility, test‐retest reliability, and validity of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire were assessed in patients who underwent neck dissection.

Methods

Sensibility was assessed with a questionnaire. Test‐retest reliability was performed with completion of the DASH questionnaire 2 weeks after initial completion; validity, by evaluating differences in scores between patients undergoing different types of neck dissections and correlating DASH scores with Neck Dissection Impairment Index (NDII) scores.

Results

The DASH questionnaire met sensibility criteria. For test‐retest reliability analysis, the intraclass coefficient was 0.91. The DASH questionnaire showed differences between patients who underwent accessory nerve‐sacrifice and nerve‐sparing neck dissection. DASH questionnaire scores strongly correlated with NDII scores (r = ‐0.86).

Conclusion

Although this study provides preliminary data on some psychometric properties of the DASH questionnaire in patients who have undergone a neck dissection, further assessment of responsiveness and other properties are required. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 234‐242, 2015
Ulnar artery–based free forearm flap: Review of specific anatomic features in 322 cases and related literature
Authors: Hakim Samer G. , Trenkle Thomas , Sieg Peter , Jacobsen Hans‐Christian
Published: December 2013

Background

The ulnar free forearm flap (UFFF) represents a variant of soft tissue transplants for orofacial reconstruction with specific topographic anatomy of the donor‐site, which has to be considered during flap raising.

Methods

Analysis of intraoperative findings during harvest of 322 UFFFs for head and neck reconstruction was performed. Harvest technique in view of variations of skin flap, vascular, and neuronal anatomy is described herein and related literature is reviewed.

Results

Aberrant superficial ulnar artery was observed in 1.5% of cases. The Martin–Gruber anastomosis was seen in 11.5%. The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve was always visible and had to be dissected and separated under the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and donor‐site morbidity was low.

Conclusion

Considering local anatomic features and variations, the harvest of the UFFF is safe and survival rates are comparable with those of the radial forearm flap. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: 1224–1229, 2014
Therapeutic robot‐assisted neck dissection via a retroauricular or modified facelift approach in head and neck cancer: A comparative study with conventional transcervical neck dissection
Authors: Kim Won Shik , Byeon Hyung Kwon , Park Young Min , Ha Jong Gyun , Kim Eun Sung , Koh Yoon Woo , Choi Eun Chang
Published: December 2013

Background

In a previous study of robot‐assisted neck dissection (RAND), we limited the indication for neck dissection in clinical N0 head and neck cancer. The purpose of this study was for us to present the comparison of the results of therapeutic RAND via a retroauricular or modified facelift approach with outcomes from conventional neck dissection in clinical node‐positive head and neck cancer.

Methods

This study involved a total of 53 patients who underwent neck dissection for head and neck cancer. Operative and pathologic parameters were assessed.

Results

The RAND and the conventional neck dissection group consisted of 20 and 33 patients, respectively. The mean operative time for the RAND group was significantly longer than that of the conventional neck dissection group. The mean number of retrieved lymph nodes in the RAND group was not significantly different from the conventional neck dissection group.

Conclusion

Therapeutic RAND via a retroauricular or modified facelift approach was successful with satisfactory esthetic results in patients with node‐positive head and neck cancer. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 249‐254, 2015
Freehand SPECT‐guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in early oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Bluemel Christina , Herrmann Ken , Müller–Richter Urs , Lapa Constantin , Higuchi Takahiro , Wild Vanessa , Buck Andreas K. , Kübler Alexander , Linz Christian
Published: December 2013

Background

In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), cervical lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor. Compared to elective neck dissection, reduced morbidity and better quality of life was demonstrated for sentinel lymph node biopsy, which is controversial because of the reduced detection rate of sentinel lymph nodes in close proximity to the injection site (also known as the shine‐through phenomenon).

Methods

We report the case of a 44‐year‐old woman with a biopsy‐proven early OSCC of the anterior floor of the mouth, who received SLNB guided with freehand single‐photon emission CT (fhSPECT), a system for the 3D visualization of radioactivity in the body.

Results

One level III sentinel lymph node and 1 level I sentinel lymph node, in close proximity to the injection site, were detected and dissected. The level I sentinel lymph node contained a metastasis.

Conclusion

Using fhSPECT, the issue outlined was overcome, and the precise histopathological lymph node status (pN1; 1 of 49) was determined. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E112–E116, 2014
Hereditary paraganglioma‐pheochromocytoma syndromes associated with SDHD and RET mutations
Authors: Choi Joseph Do Woong , Tucker Katherine M. , Lee Tack Tsiew , Chong Guan C.
Published: December 2013

Background

Hereditary paraganglioma‐pheochromocytoma syndromes (PGL/PCC) are rare tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells.

Methods and Results

The proband, a 59‐year‐old white man and his 42‐year‐old elder son had a medical history of bilateral carotid body PGL and both presented for treatment of abdominal PGLs. His 36‐year‐old daughter had excision of recurrent malignant carotid body PGL and vertebral metastasis. His 33‐year‐old youngest son presented for excision of a unilateral carotid body PGL. All 4 members had succinate dehydrogenase subunit D (SDHD) mutations, whereas the proband and youngest son also had concurrent rearranged during transfection (RET) mutation.

Conclusion

This is the first report of PGL/PCC with SDHD and RET mutations. The role of the RET gene as a modifier remains speculative. Additionally, the family pedigree suggests maternal inheritance of disease from the probands' paternal grandmother. Clinicians should refer PGL/PCC families for mutation analysis as well as being alert to changes in the classification of mutations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: E99–E102, 2014
Facilitation of pain sensitization in knee osteoarthritis and persistent post‐operative pain: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Skou S.T. , Graven‐Nielsen T. , Rasmussen S. , Simonsen O.H. , Laursen M.B. , Arendt‐Nielsen L.
Published: December 2013

Background

Around 20% of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) have chronic post‐operative pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and often undergo revision surgery with unfavourable pain outcome. This study compared sensitization in pain patients with kneeOAand after revisionTKA(re‐TKA).

Methods

Median pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) assessed from the most affected knee (localized sensitization) were used to subgroup 53 patients withOApain and 20 patients with pain after re‐TKA: group 1:OAand high‐kneePPT; group 2:OAand low‐kneePPT; group 3: re‐TKAand high‐kneePPT; group 4: re‐TKAand low‐kneePPT. Clinical pain intensity was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). BilateralPPTswere measured from the lower leg and forearm (spreading sensitization). Furthermore, the pain intensities evoked by 10 repeated pressure pain stimuli (temporal summation) at the knee and lower leg were assessed on an electronicVAS.

Results

The mean clinical pain intensity was not significantly different between groups. ThePPTsfrom both lower leg and forearm were significantly lower in group 4 compared to groups 1, 2, and 3 and in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (p < 0.05). Temporal summations from the knee and lower leg were significantly facilitated in groups 3 and 4 compared to groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Despite similar pain intensities, facilitated temporal summation is worse in re‐TKAthan inOAand patients with high local knee hyperalgesia show more prominent spreading sensitization. The study suggests that sensitization should be considered in kneeOAespecially before re‐TKA.
An Examination of Successful Soldier Postdeployment Transition From Combat to Garrison Life
Authors: Fink David S. , Gallaway M. Shayne , Millikan Amy M.
Published: December 2013

Previous studies have shown that combat exposures and deployment‐related stressors have negative implications on soldiers’ postdeployment health and well‐being. The current study aimed to examine the individual and combined effects of organizational and social support on the success of soldiers’ postdeployment reintegration. In this study, 2,922 U.S. soldiers were surveyed from a brigade combat team at 90–120 days postdeployment, measuring soldiers’ perceptions of postdeployment transition home, occupational and social support, stigma and barriers associated with accessing behavioral health care, and previous behavioral health care. Logistic regression analysis indicated that soldiers reporting a positive postdeployment transition home (n = 1,776; 61%) was significantly associated with leadership perceptions, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.02, 1.39], unit cohesion, AOR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.09, 1.53], personal support, AOR = 1.37, 95% CI [1.23, 1.52], perceived levels of stigma, AOR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.65, 0.82] barriers to accessing care, AOR = 0.86, 95% CI [0.76, 0.97], and previously accessing behavioral health care, AOR = 0.34, 95% CI [0.28, 0.43]. These findings suggest redeploying soldiers may benefit from programs aimed at improving self‐efficacy and coping through fostering occupational and social support, with special concern taken to reduce stigma and barriers to care across the Army.
Simulation‐based otorhinolaryngology emergencies boot camp: Part 3: Complex teamwork scenarios and conclusions
Authors: Deutsch Ellen S. , Malloy Kelly M. , Malekzadeh Sonya
Published: December 2013

Laryngoscope, 124:1570–1572, 2014
Simulation‐based otorhinolaryngology emergencies boot camp: Part 1: Curriculum design and airway skills
Authors: Malloy Kelly M. , Malekzadeh Sonya , Deutsch Ellen S.
Published: December 2013

Laryngoscope, 124:1562–1565, 2014
A review of lasers and light for the treatment of onychomycosis
Authors: Ortiz Arisa E. , Avram Mathew M. , Wanner Molly A.
Published: December 2013

Background and Objective

Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection that affects many individuals. Systemic therapies are effective, but are limited by their side effects and potential for hepatotoxicity. Topical therapies have less serious side effects, yet provide only limited efficacy due to their inability to penetrate the nail plate. These limitations have led to the investigation of laser and light‐based modalities as alternative treatment options for onychomycosis. This article will provide an overview and critical assessment of the field of laser and other energy‐based treatments for onychomycosis.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A literature search was conducted on laser and light‐based treatments for onychomycosis.

Results

Early data are promising, however, many of these studies are small or poorly designed.

Conclusion

Further evaluation and larger studies are needed to determine the optimal light source, pulse duration, and treatment schedule for long‐term success. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:117–124, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miniaturized Wilkinson power divider with two capacitors
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Sakagami Iwata , Mase Atsusni
Published: December 2013

Miniaturized Wilkinson power divider with two capacitors is presented. One capacitor is shunted to ground at the input port and the other is connected to two output ports. Compared with two previous reports which using capacitors to miniature a transmission line in Wilkinson power divider design, the proposed power divider provides shorter electrical length and wider bandwidth under the same value of characteristic impedance. Experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical simulations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:301–304, 2014
Design of compact ultrawideband bandpass filter with notch band
Authors: Sung Youngje
Published: December 2013

A novel ultrawideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with triple notched bands is presented. By embedding a modified H‐shaped resonator with an additional outer line into a conventional UWB BPF, band‐rejected filtering properties around the 3.5‐GHz WiMAX band, the 5.2/5.8‐GHz WLAN band, and the X‐band satellite communication band are generated. The notched frequencies can be adjusted according to specification by altering the modified H‐shaped resonator. Sharp rejections occur at 3.6, 5.3, 7.7, and 7.95 GHz. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:323–326, 2014