bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Celebrating Ethnicity and Nation: American Festive Culture from the Revolution to the Early 20th Century.
Authors: Gable Eric
Published: November 2004

Celebrating Ethnicity and Nation: American Festive Culture from the Revolution to the Early 20th Century. Jurgen Heideking. Genevieve Fabre. and Kai Dreisbach. eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. 316 pp.
The Essential Edmund Leach. Vol. 1: Anthropology and Society; Vol. 2: Culture and Human Nature.
Authors: Lees Susan H.
Published: November 2004

The Essential Edmund Leach. Vol. 1: Anthropology and Society; Vol. 2: Culture and Human Nature. Stephen Hugh‐Jones and James Laidlaw. eds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2000. 395 pp. and 420 pp.
Style and Function; Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology.
Authors: Chiffer Michael Brians
Published: November 2004

Style and Function; Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology. Teresa D. Hurt and Gordon F. M. Rakita. eds. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey, 2001. 240 pp.
Gender and Power in Prehistoric Mesoamerica.
Authors: Stark Barbara L.
Published: November 2004

Gender and Power in Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Rosemary A. Joyce. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000. 269 pp.
The Articulated Peasant: Household Economies in the Andes.
Authors: Weil Jim
Published: November 2004

The Articulated Peasant: Household Economies in the Andes. Enrique Mayer. Boulder: Wesrview Press, 2002. 390 pp.
Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren.
Authors: Fishman Andrea
Published: November 2004

Plain Women: Gender and Ritual in the Old Order River Brethren. Margaret C. Reynolds. with. foreword by Simon J. Bronner, ed. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001. 192 pp.
Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration.
Authors: Holmes Douglas R.
Published: November 2004

Building Europe: The Cultural Politics of European Integration. Cris Shore. New York: Routledge, 2000. 258 pp.
The Same but Different: Language Use and Attitudes in Four Communities of Burkina Faso.
Authors: Saul Mahir
Published: November 2004

The Same but Different: Language Use and Attitudes in Four Communities of Burkina Faso. Stuart Showalter. Dallas: SIL International, 2001. 261 pp.
Women Farmers and Commercial Ventures: Increasing Food Security in Developing Countries.
Authors: Chaiken Miriam S.
Published: November 2004

Women Farmers and Commercial Ventures: Increasing Food Security in Developing Countries. Anita Spring. ed. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. 419 pp.
Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice.
Authors: Mills Barbara J.
Published: November 2004

Indigenous Archaeology: American Indian Values and Scientific Practice. Joe Watkins. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001. 234 pp.
The European Union and Migrant Labour
Authors: Cole Jeffrey
Published: November 2004

The European Union and Migrant Labour. Gareth Dale and Mike Cole. eds. New York: NYU Press, 1999. 256 pp.
Against Culture: Development, Politics, and Religion in Indian Alaska
Authors: Kan Sergei
Published: November 2004

Against Culture: Development, Politics, and Religion in Indian Alaska. Kirk Dombrowski. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 247 pp.
Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations and the Ethos of Advocacy
Authors: McDonogh Gary , Wong Cindy
Published: November 2004

Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations and the Ethos of Advocacy. Robert Jackall and Janice M. Hirota. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 333 pp.
Culture in Practice: Selected Essays
Authors: Alland Alexander
Published: November 2004

Culture in Practice: Selected Essays. Marshall Sahlins. New York: Zone Books, 2000. 646 pp.
Globalizing Languages: Ideologies and Realities of the Contemporary Global System
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: November 2004

Globalization is best understood as a phase of decentralization of wealth and power in the world arena that is a hallmark of a decline in economic hegemony, a phase accompanied by enormous dislocations and migrations of people, by class polarization and cultural fragmentation, and by the rise of new powerful regions. The current period of globalization is also characterized by a decline in the capacity of states to nationalize, and, consequently, by the upsurge of a series of alternative identifications, such as those based on indigenousness, regional location, and immigrant status. These fluctuations in power, as well as the formation of new identities that accompanies them, have significant implications for understanding contemporary linguistic ideologies and practices: Reconfigurations of identification lead to the formation of hierarchical spaces reflected in ranked local usages of languages. Using the example of Hawaii, this article outlines fundamental relations between contemporary global processes and cultural identity with an eye to assessing their significance for understanding linguistic change. [Keywords: globalization, linguistic change, language identity, Hawaiian language]
The Archaeological Process: An Introduction.; Archaeological Theory Today.
Authors: Yoffee Norman
Published: November 2004

The Archaeological Process: An Introduction. Ian Hodder. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. 242 pp.

Archaeological Theory Today. Ian Hodder. ed. Oxford: Polity, 2001. 328 pp.
Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change.
Authors: Kahn Miram
Published: November 2004

Collecting Colonialism: Material Culture and Colonial Change. Chris Gosden and Chantal Knowles Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2001. 234 pp.
Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement
Authors: BERLET CHIP
Published: November 2004

Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. Kathleen M. Blee. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 272 pp.
The Politics of Ritual in an Aboriginal Settlement: Kinship, Gender, and the Currency of Knowledge
Authors: POVINELLI ELIZABETH A.
Published: November 2004

The Politics of Ritual in an Aboriginal Settlement: Kinship, Gender, and the Currency of Knowledge. Françoise Dussart. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. 269 pp.
In the Arms of Africa: The Life of Colin Turnbull
Authors: SOLWAY JACQUELINE
Published: November 2004

In the Arms of Africa: The Life of Colin Turnbull. Roy Richard Grinker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. 368 pp.
Sensuality and Consciousness II: Love in Rural South India
Authors: Sorenson E. Richard
Published: November 2004

In rural south India, embracing a spectrum spanning ancient times to present, three fundamentally different types of love‐sensibility persist. They impel life variously, beget dissimilar psychologies, spawn contrasting economic systems. Between them diverse hybrids rise. Although the spectrum transcends caste, a deeper, more pervasive Indic sense‐of‐caste extends to all. Its live‐and‐let‐ live character enables ancient lifeways to coexist with diverse types, including newer ones, even within small rural communities. Enduring, bifurcating, even coalescing, the resulting mix of variant lifestyles presents a dazzling kaleidoscope of propinquity, propensity and purpose. Within it can be seen three salient types of love‐sensibility: fear‐and‐trembling, intimate personal sensuality, and expansive communal sensuality.
Sensuality and Consciousness III: To Dance with Nature's Forces
Authors: Sorenson E. Richard
Published: November 2004

In remote regions of the eastern Andaman, into the 1990s, a remarkable rapport with nature's forces was occurring.1 Most strikingly expressed during adolescence, it emerged spontaneously from a local type of consciousness. Both the capability and the underlying consciousness were conceived within a pervasive milieu of lushly sensual infant nurture.2 So dependable was the pattern of affection, it spawned a tactile language long before onset of speech. Speech, learning and sociality then followed in the eros‐driven paradigm already set. So did a rare rapport with nature's forces.

With nothing in the culture to discourage it, eros was not walled‐off as children grew. It remained firmly at the root of consciousness on through teens. To be a child out in those seas was to move spontaneously and digressively out into life pursuing sundry passion pulses. When erotic power escalated during adolescence, rapport with natural forces dramatically increased. Spectacular gambolings with nature began bursting forth—sometimes astonishingly complex rhythmic ones. No clouds of moody adolescent angst discouraged spontaneity; no flattening of affect suppressed adolescent verve; no emotional dissimulation confounded purpose. Adolescence was a time for a blossoming of affect, for melding deeply and dynamically with habitat. It was a time to profoundly dance with nature's forces.

Possessing a protean character, love lies more fluidly within the human frame than language. Following its own inner protocols, love seems able to evade the stable kinds of labeling required for logical inquiry. In exotic cultures it is hard to see at all. In the eastern Andaman, its workings were initially invisible to Western eyes. It was necessary to firm up subliminal awarenesses before the workings out of eros could even be detected there. Though difficult to deal with scientifically, love plays such a profound role in the affairs of humankind that it begs experimental types of scrutiny.

A fracturing of love into Bacchanalian and Sublime occurred during the early Greek foundations of Western culture. Out of that schism Western ethos grew. The ethos molded the Western type of consciousness. In the eastern Andaman, eros was not cleaved at all. It shaped a type of psyche not countenanced by the West since its prehistory.
Soul Suckers: Vampiric Shamans in Northern Kamchatka, Russia
Authors: King Alexander D.
Published: November 2004

This paper proceeds from the assumption that the spiritual beliefs of native people of northern Kamchatka (Koryaks, Chukchis, Evens) are not false consciousness, nor "really" about something else. I situate beliefs about vampiric shamans in the larger cultural context of the spiritual world, the human soul, and the afterlife. After this description of d iscourse about shamans, the second half of the paper demonstrates how the way people talk about the spiritual world is interconnected with their social reality.
on the fundamental consanguineal numbers and their structural basis1
Authors: ATKINS JOHN R.
Published: November 2004

A rigorously grounded symbolic representation of the general consanguineal relation (a) yields succinct definitions for a number of historically important quantitative measures of consanguinity and (b) facilitates an examination of the algebraic relationships among these measures. Several formal devices—including standardized exponent variables, zero power factors, and a new concatenation operator called the “geneaproduct”—are introduced for their anticipated general usefulness in kinship analysis as well as for their specific utility in the explication of consanguineal numbers.
role adaptation: traditional curers under the impact of Western medicine1
Authors: LANDY DAVID
Published: November 2004

To examine effects on the curer's role of the contest between indigenous and Western medical systems, the concept of role adaptation is proposed. Anthropological treatment of the curer's role and the role concept are described. Curing role adaptation in selected societies under acculturation is analyzed and a typology derived of the curer's role as adaptive, attenuated, or emergent. Alternative routes to role adaptation or extinction are explored. Role adaptation is considered as a conceptual tool and as it may relate to such associated notions as cultural broker, role analogue, and role ambiguity.
the structural and demographic implications of nicknames in Navanogal, Spain1
Authors: BRANDES STANLEY H.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the distribution and function of nicknames in a Castilian mountain village. It seeks to show that nicknames can only be understood through analyzing the different ways they are employed among discrete segments of the community. Comparative data are used to determine why nicknames seem to flourish only in communities of a limited population range.
the semantics of kin term usage1
Authors: CASSON RONALD W.
Published: November 2004

Critics have argued that formal analyses of kinship terminologies are inadequate because they do not account for the social meaning communicated in the actual use of the terms. This paper describes an approach based on research in sociolinguistics and generative semantics which attempts to deal with this objection. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by an analysis of data on the usage of kin terms in a Turkish village. The results are (1) that the “interactive” social meaning conveyed by the contextual use of kin terms is determined by the power or solidarity relationships which exist between speakers and hearers and (2) that “conversational postulates” determine whether a literal or a conversationally implied interactive meaning is relevant.
the emergence of the northern Ojibwa: social and economic consequences1
Authors: BISHOP CHARLES A.
Published: November 2004

During the historic period, the Ojibwa expanded over an area considerably larger than that which they had occupied at contact and, in the process, grew in numbers. Those groups which migrated into the area north and west of Lake Superior, the Northern Ojibwa, segmented into smaller entities, as they adapted to the fur trade and a new environmental setting. The original patrilineal clan‐totem groups split off into subgroups, which, in time, often became widely separated. As the environment became depleted of large game and beaver, and the Ojibwa became dependent on European commodities for survival, these clan‐named groups further fragmented into families during the colder months to hunt and trap. By the nineteenth century, trade and ecological conditions had made the former clan system dysfunctional. The major process in the early historic dispersal, one which may have predated contact, was segmentation along lineage lines.
an empirical method for the identification of covert categories in ethnobiology1
Authors: HAYS TERENCE E.
Published: November 2004

Individual variation in plant knowledge in a New Guinea Highlands community is discussed in terms of its manifestation in plant name lexicon, folk taxonomy, and plant identifications. A method is proposed for the tentative determination of unnamed conceptual groupings of plants on the basis of the patterning of informants' disagreements in plant naming tasks. The method should be generally applicable In ethnobiological research, and especially useful where techniques which require literacy are impracticable.
saints, symbols, and ceremonies
Authors: GUDEMAN STEPHEN
Published: November 2004

Venerated throughout Latin America, the saints of the Roman Catholic Church are important folk symbols. In one Panamanian village the system of saints preserves fundamental understandings about the world, the social order, and the person. During the various feast days, which involve the people in different but patterned experiences, these meanings are revealed to and revivified within the individual. The details of this system are particular to one area, but the basic patterning involving people, saints, and ceremonies is widespread.
historical perspectives on frontier agriculture as an adaptive strategy1
Authors: MARGOLIS MAXINE
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the ecological and economic factors which result in resource depletion on one type of agricultural frontier: those devoted to cash crops. It argues that the adaptive strategies of frontier cultivators are analogous to the “fugitive strategies” characteristic of some non‐human species. These strategies account for the exploitative nature of frontier agriculture which leads to partial resource depletion or long‐term ecological destruction.
a model of the sexual division of labor
Authors: BURTON MICHAEL L. , BRUDNER LILYAN A. , WHITE DOUGLAS R.
Published: November 2004

Assumptions about economies of effort in performance of tasks in the same production sequence and assumptions about constraints on women's geographic mobility due to nursing and child care are used to derive hypotheses about the allocation of tasks in the sexual division of labor in preindustrial societies. The hypotheses constitute a locational model of the division of labor by sex that makes predictions in the form of entailments: for one sex, doing task X entails doing task Y. The predictions of the locational model are tested using a new procedure for statistical entailment analysis applied to a body of data on fifty tasks in the 185 societies of the standard cross‐cultural sample. Assumptions about constraints of nursing and the effect of supplementary feeding of infants on women's participation in task activities are also tested and found to be supported from the evidence on this sample.
cognitive maps of the ethnic domain in urban Ghana: reflections on variability and change
Authors: SANJEK ROGER
Published: November 2004

Recent work on cognitive domains has stressed the themes of intracultural variability, “larger cultural informational systems,” the relationships between cognition and behavioral performance, and diachronic change in cognitive organization. These themes are taken up in an analysis of the domain of ethnic identities (“tribes”) among an urban Ghanaian population. It is shown that individual outlooks vary considerably; that few of the many ethnic terms have high salience; that alternative hierarchical and nonhierarchical modes of organization of the domain coexist; that a widely shared implicit structure of language groupings underlies surface diversity; that the domain “tribes” embraces a world‐wide array of ethnic identities; that cognitive salience and structure correspond closely, but not perfectly, with behavioral experience; and that change in cognitive organization may arise both “on the ground” through changing patterns of interethnic relations, and “from above” in state‐sponsored modes of organization of the ethnic domain. Twelve dimensions of cognitive variability that arise in the analysis are recapitulated in conclusion.
Variance in American kinship: implications for cultural analysis
Authors: YANAGISAKO SYLVIA JUNKO
Published: November 2004

The question of variance in American kinship provides a rich basis for a discussion of several critical conceptual, theoretical, and methodological Issues embedded in the cultural analysis of kinship or any other cultural domain. The paper begins with an examination of the extent to which David Schneider's cultural account of American kinship represents and explicates the symbolic system of second‐generation Japanese‐Americans. This leads to the major theoretical problem: the way in which we formulate heuristic levels of analysis and construe their interrelationships. An explication of the theoretical consequences of Schneider's scheme of the behavioral, normative, and cultural systems and his articulation of the “pure” and “conglomerate” levels of the cultural system compels us to reassess the goals of cultural analysis and suggests the kind of theory of meaning and action that will prove most instructive in such an endeavor.
work and autonomy: women in Accra
Authors: PELLOW DEBORAH
Published: November 2004

This paper evaluates the autonomy that a group of nonelite urban Ghanaian women possess in their work options. To that end, I examine those factors that have been influential. These include: the association of education and employment and the exclusion of women, both outgrowths of Victorian attitudes; traditional notions about “the woman's place” and female occupations; the influence of others; and financial considerations. I suggest that the women operate in a society in which dependencies exist and shift, in which they are dependent upon the guidance of others. Furthermore, they have internalized the same values that have kept them out of the modern occupational structure. As a consequence, they are not free to make their own decisions and go into new fields of endeavor.
community form and ceremonial life in three regions of Scotland
Authors: NEVILLE GWEN KENNEDY
Published: November 2004

Recurrent ceremonial assemblies, each of which predominate in a different region of Scotland, are described. These innovative forms are discussed in relation to Scottish history and tradition; and their symbolic efficacy as rural pilgrimage centers is considered. These recurrent ceremonial assemblies are shown to play a significant organizational role as links between urban centers and hinterland regions.
mind, self, and other in demonic illness: the negation and reconstruction of Self
Authors: KAPFERER BRUCE
Published: November 2004

Major exorcism rituals in Sri Lanka attempt to transform the identity of a patient from one of illness to one of health. The cultural “logic” of this is described and understood in terms of an analytical approach developed from the work of G. H. Mead and the closely associated work of certain social phenomenologists. The approach adopted in this paper, although argued mainly in relation to Sinhalese healing rituals, is considered as being capable of extension to other forms of transition rites, or rites of passage.
science and colonial expansion: the role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens
Authors: BROCKWAY LUCILE H.
Published: November 2004

The political implications of scientific research are explored through an analysis of the botanic garden as an institution generating information about plants of economic value. Botanic gardens have contributed significantly to the colonial expansion of the West through active participation in the transfer of protected plants and their scientific development as plantation crops for the tropical colonies of the mother country. Cinchona, rubber, and sisal are prime examples.
methodology and the misinterpretation of women's status in kinship studies: a case study of Goodenough and the definition of marriage
Authors: di LEONARDO MICAELA
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the ethnographic sources that Ward Goodenough (1970) uses to support and illustrate his assumption that women's low status is universally unproblematic, an assumption that is central to his construction of a cross‐cultural definition of marriage. The examination reveals that the sources are a poor ethnographic sample and, further, that Goodenough's assumption flaws his interpretation of the ethnographic data. The paper concludes that Goodenough's definition of marriage does not correspond to the evidence of his own sources, suggests that other models of kinship processes may be similarly inadequate, and calls for the use of appropriate methodology in the future construction of such models
exposing the moral self in Montenegro: the use of natural definitions to keep ethnography descriptive
Authors: BOEHM CHRISTOPHER
Published: November 2004

Special epistemological problems arise when exotic systems of ideas and affects are studied by a foreigner. Difficulties in knowing “the native view” are discussed, and a partial solution for this epistemological problem is proposed. Exemplification through substantive semantic analysis of a key morality term used by Montenegrin tribesmen results in a descriptive portrait of the moral self. In contrast to certain trends in ethnographic semantics, which are antiseptically formal, overstructured, unduly self‐contained, or static, emphasis here is placed upon open‐ended semantic inquiry and fuller articulation with the general ethnographic context by taking native decisions and social processes into direct account. [methodology/theory, morality, psychological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, Circum‐Mediterranean]
Towards an experiential analysis of shamanism
Authors: PETERS LARRY G. , PRICE‐WILLIAMS DOUGLASS
Published: November 2004

A comprehensive delineation of the ecstatic states of shamans is developed along the lines of cross‐cultural psychiatry. Psychiatric concepts, such as dissociation, role playing and hypnosis, are integrated with the ethnographic literature on spirit possession, soul journey and other forms of shamanic ecstasy in order to shed light upon some old anthropological controversies regarding the psychopathology and authenticity of the shaman's trance. Forty‐two cultures, from four different cultural areas, are compared in order to determine a set of experiential and psychological factors that collectively identify what is meant by shamanic ecstasy. Shamanic ecstasy is identified as a specific class of ASC involving: (a) voluntary control of entrance and duration of trance, (b) posttrance memory, and (c) transic communicative interplay with spectators. [shamanism, altered states of consciousness, spirit possession, ethnopsychiatry]
domestic labor intensity and the Incorporation of Malian peasant farmers into localized descent groups
Authors: LEWIS JOHN VAN D.
Published: November 2004

Few inferences about the dynamics of crop production in a Malian peasant community can be drawn without giving parallel consideration to the dynamics of farming group reproduction. Data on the farming inputs and outputs of domestic groups in one village reveal little until each group is located in the kinship and marriage networks. A Sahlins curve of domestic labor intensity is plotted for one farming season in that village to highlight the influence of descent relationships on production. This example bears on the larger question of the extent to which the economics of peasant farming, characteristically dependent on extradomestic coalitions, can be pursued on the basis of household‐level production data. It also offers a generalizable explanation for the remarkable persistence of patrilineal affiliations in contemporary West Africa. [Mali, Bambara, savanna agriculture, West African peasants, patrilineal descent]Few inferences about the dynamics of crop production in a Malian peasant community can be drawn without giving parallel consideration to the dynamics of farming group reproduction. Data on the farming inputs and outputs of domestic groups in one village reveal little until each group is located in the kinship and marriage networks. A Sahlins curve of domestic labor intensity is plotted for one farming season in that village to highlight the influence of descent relationships on production. This example bears on the larger question of the extent to which the economics of peasant farming, characteristically dependent on extradomestic coalitions, can be pursued on the basis of household‐level production data. It also offers a generalizable explanation for the remarkable persistence of patrilineal affiliations in contemporary West Africa. [Mali, Bambara, savanna agriculture, West African peasants, patrilineal descent]
basilicas and king posts: a proxemic and symbolic event analysis of competing public architecture among the San Blas Cuna
Authors: MOORE ALEXANDER
Published: November 2004

The inauguration of a modern, syncretic, basilica‐style congress house in a Cuna community sparked an attempt to revive a traditional Cuna congress house. These complementary events are analyzed not only to reveal the political alliances behind this cultural oscillation, but to contrast the proxemics of the Western basilica (which elevates authority) with the Cuna congress house (which encloses and symbolizes authority). A further comparison of the congress house with all Cuna structures shows that the Cuna build only rectangular buildings. The significance of the rectangular‐round contrast, together with an analysis of myths used to launch the congress, discloses that traditional architecture expresses in metaphoric progression the structural replication of all Cuna political and domestic social structure, arrayed in multiple, serial, rank orders. [proxemics, event analysis, anthropology and architecture, mythology and symbolism, Circum‐Caribbean indigenous ethnology]
household composition and economic change in a rural community, 1900–1980: testing two models
Authors: ARCURY THOMAS A.
Published: November 2004

Historical changes in the composition of households in Western society have largely been analyzed without reference to social theory. Two empirically‐based theoretical models of changing household composition have recently been presented; the first predicts change as a result of class conflict in the development of a capitalist economy, and the other predicts change as the result of adaptation to changes in a community's level of economic diversification. Using data from a rural U.S. community, both models are tested to evaluate their relative explanatory power. [household structure, social change, social organization, cultural ecology, rural United States]
the Virgin of Guadalupe in New Spain: an inquiry into the social history of Marian devotion
Authors: TAYLOR WILLIAM B.
Published: November 2004

Veneration of the Virgin of Guadalupe in New Spain (1519–1821) is reconsidered from three angles: in relation to the more widespread devotion to images of Mary Immaculate in villages, in relation to the colonial capital of Mexico City, and as a model of mediation within the colonial society for Indian subjects as well as of protest against Spanish rule. From new documentation, the article posits more widespread early veneration of the American and Spanish Cuadalupes among non‐Indians and through Mexico City and Catholic priests than among Indians in syncretic cults. It also questions whether the Virgin of Guadalupe was unequivocally the “dominant” religious symbol in the future Mexico before national independence.
more than passing strange: homelessness and mental illness in New York City
Authors: HOPPER KIM
Published: November 2004

The presence of psychiatric disturbance is a much‐noted feature of the new urban homelessness in the United States. An impaired capacity model of homelessness—which assumes that the disorder is responsible for the displacement—is a common inference. Drawing upon ethnographic research in New York and recent epidemiological literature, this article criticizes such an approach on empirical, methodological, and historical grounds. It argues instead that individual failures to secure stable housing have their roots in larger developments in housing, employment, household composition, and government assistance programs. It is the circumstances under which psychiatric disability is converted into social dispossession—and not “deviance” per se—that need to be examined. [homelessness, mental illness, urban poverty]
'This is De Test": Festival and the Cultural Politics of Nation Building in the British Virgin Islands
Authors: Cohen Colleen Ballerino
Published: November 2004

In this discussion of an annual festival commemorating emancipation in the British Virgin Islands I examine the interconnections among concrete social and political structures and circumstances and the contingent histories put into play in moves to constitute a sense of national identity. By focusing on a competition between bands from two neighboring but politically distinct islands, I map a complex "national" identity that crosscuts local, regional, and global affiliations. I also elucidate broader questions about identity formation in a transnational context. [British Virgin Islands, Caribbean, national identity, festival, transnationalism, creolization, citizenship)
Fitting Analytical Techniques to Prehistoric Problems with Lithic Data
Authors: Odell George H.
Published: November 2004

Nine components from four prehistoric sites in the Lower Illinois Valley of Illinois have recently been subjected to intensive lithic analyses. This paper constitutes an appraisal of the success of various approaches on each of five types of question. Issues include: 1) permanence of occupation; 2) tool manufacture; 3) conservation of lithic material; 4) use of tools of different raw materials; and 5) other use‐oriented considerations such as form‐function correspondences and the functional composition of debitage. No one technique emerges any more helpful than the others, for the appropriate analytical mode is dependent on the question asked; a breadth of concerns necessitates a broad range of technical responses.
Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Rather Than the Tree
Authors: Ahler Stanley A.
Published: November 2004

Studying the attributes of individual debitage pieces often leads to excessive analytic time and costs and to ambiguous behavioral interpretations. The latter is due both to the subjectivity inherent in the process and to the complex relationship which may exist between flake attributes and flintknapping processes. Mass analysis or aggregate analysis of flaking debris focuses on size distribution and flake shape information derived from size‐graded debitage samples which are studied en masse. Mass analysis offers clear advantages in objectivity and the ability to handle numerically large samples, including data from broken as well as whole flakes. In this paper several experimental data sets are studied by the mass analysis procedure to illustrate the interpretive power of the method. Guidelines for recording mass analysis data are discussed, as are several means for extracting and presenting useful technological information inherent in the basic mass analysis data set. Examples are offered which illustrate application of the method for interpretation of flaking debris aggregates from multiple Northern Plains archeological sites reflecting great functional and settlement diversity.
Dependency Theory in the Political Economy of Health: An Anthropological Critique
Authors: Morgan Lynn M.
Published: November 2004

The political economy of health is a multifaceted label that subsumes at least three separate theoretical perspectives: orthodox Marxist approaches, cultural critiques of medicine, and dependency theories. Anthropologists who advocate greater attention to the political economy of health have tended to overemphasize dependency theories, which have in fact been widely assailed in the sociological literature. In this article I examine some basic premises of dependency theories and analyze their contributions and limitations for the development of theory in the political economy of health. I also maintain that political economy must learn from anthropology as well as the other way around. Through this reciprocal integration of concepts, political economic approaches will enter into regular medical anthropology to provide a synthetic new perspective on sickness and health.
Shamanism and Its Discontents
Authors: Brown Michael Fobes
Published: November 2004

Shamanistic healing is often represented in the anthropological literature as a dyadic transactional process in which the shaman helps the patient find meaning in the face of the disordering impact of an illness. A close textual analysis of a curing session among the Aguaruna Jívaro of Peru reveals that the experience created through the ritual is markedly polyphonic rather than dyadic, the clients subtly vying with the shaman to shape the session's discursive contours. While generating a highly charged atmosphere, the event's fusion of political and medical themes betrays the contradictions inherent in a belief system in which shamanism and sorcery are inescapably linked. While there may be a degree of symbolic closure in the session itself, the shaman's revelations only shift disorder from the body human to the body politic.
Chromosomes and Communication: The Discourse of Genetic Counseling
Authors: Rapp Rayna
Published: November 2004

Amniocentesis is one of the new reproductive technologies, and a new health profession, the genetic counselor, has been developed to communicate medical information to patients about its risks and benefits. In this article I examine the language of genetic counseling as it communicates and miscommunicates not only medical information but also structural power arrangements, social knowledge, and popular meanings about medically defined disability. The analysis—based on two years of field‐work in New York City hospitals observing amniocentesis intake interviews, interviewing 30 genetic counselors, and visiting scores of pregnant patients at home—focuses on the multiple understandings that arise at the intersection of professional and popular knowledge in contemporary American life.
An Axe to Grind: Class Relations and Silicosis in a 19th‐Century Factory
Authors: Siskind Janet
Published: November 2004

In 19th‐century New England textile mills and manufacturing industries produced new goods, new class relations, and new industrial environments that exposed workers to new or more widespread occupational diseases. The Collins Company of Connecticut, founded in 1826, was the first large axe manufacturer in the United States. The process of grinding the axes caused silicosis in many of the workers. An analysis of the documents that remain from the first 20 years of the company's existence shows how class relations structured management's and workers' perceptions of and reactions to this deadly occupational disease.
Culture, Critical Theory, and Reproductive Illness Behavior in Haiti
Authors: Singer Merrill , Davison Lani , Gerdes Gina
Published: November 2004

While folk and biological medical systems have come to be recognized and discussed as cultural systems, insufficient attention has been directed toward clarifying the understanding of culture appropriated by medical anthropology. Utilizing research findings on reproductive illiness behavior among Haitian women, this article discusses the limitations of the medical culturalist perspective and argues instead for a critical understanding of culture that is attentive to the shaping influence of political economy, history, and social relations on human experience. Folk illness categories and symptoms among Haitian women are found to reflect changes in these three contexts.
International Organizations, Health Services, and Nation Building in Nicaragua
Authors: Donahue John M.
Published: November 2004

Recent studies have noted a new conservatism among international health organizations as they shift from policies of comprehensive primary health care to more vertical programs of disease control in the Third World. Health care efforts in Nicaragua since 1979 offer an arena in which to analyze the role of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in the elaboration of Nicaragua's health development policy and practice over time. I conclude that international health organizations can play an important role in the consolidation of popular democracy in developing nations, especially when this is part of the political agenda of the host country.
Living with Cystic Fibrosis: The Well Sibling's Perspective
Authors: Bluebond‐Langner Myra
Published: November 2004

While anthropologists have long been interested in how adults perceive illness and death and the role these misfortunes play in social relationships, little attention has been given to the effects of illness and death on children's perceptions and social relationships. In 1985 I began a two‐year study of families of children with cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease marked by slow pulmonary deterioration and a fatal outcome. I was particularly interested in the well siblings. What is it like to grow up with a brother or sister who does not fit comfortably into the culturally prescribed category of “normal, healthy child”? How do well siblings regard the disease from which their sibling suffers? In this article I provide an overview of well siblings' views of both cystic fibrosis and their own sibling's condition at critical points in the disease trajectory. I also consider the effects that these views have on communication among siblings, as well as on healthy siblings' demands for attention. Finally, I suggest some of the implications of these findings for clinical practice.
Saving the Children for the Tobacco Industry
Authors: Nichter Mark , Cartwright Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

In this article we juxtapose the recent success of child survival programs with the growing health problems and environmental destruction related to tobacco consumption and cultivation as a form of defective modernization. Data on tobacco cultivation and its impact on ecology, global smoking trends, the economics of the tobacco industry, cigarette marketing, and projected levels of morbidity are all reviewed. We focus on the effects of smoking not just on the consumer but also on the household. The complicity of the U.S. government in promoting cigarette sales in the Third World is considered in relation to ethical issues pertaining to the concepts of market justice and free trade.
A Medical Anthropologist's Ruminations on NIH Funding
Authors: Price Laurie J.
Published: November 2004

The National Institutes of Health administer two‐thirds of all public funds spent on health research in the United States (NIH Data Book 1986). Medical anthropologists must examine this multibillion dollar funding program from both pragmatic and critical perspectives. This analysis is based on participant‐observation in an NIH‐funded university research center. This case study uncovers university‐level processes and social relations that shape the theory, methods, and language used in social science investigations of illness. These local processes are analyzed in the context of cultural values, broader political structures, and NIH history. In the author's view, medical anthropology should strive to reorient federal funding so that the research program genuinely addresses social and economic factors in illness, prevention, and treatment.
What's Wrong with this Picture? The Hegemonic Construction of Culture in AIDS Research in the United States
Authors: Schiller Nina Glick
Published: November 2004

Rather than serving to combat the epidemic, the use of seemingly politically neutral epidemiological categories to portray AIDS risk groups as culturally distinct may have impeded AIDS education and prevention efforts. This article critiques the construction of intravenous drug users (IVDUs) as an AIDS risk group by contrasting the portrayal of an IVDU subculture with studies that report on the diversity of behavior of people who use intravenous drugs. The tendency of epidemiologically oriented AIDS researchers to equate intravenous drug use with minority populations and to construct a category of “Hispanic” as a population at risk for AIDS is shown to be problematic. The cultural construction of HIV is analyzed as part of the hegemonic processes of the United States that exclude those seen as culturally distant from the body politic.
Steven Polgar Prize Essay (1991). Medicalization of Racial Features: Asian American Women and Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Kaw Eugenia
Published: November 2004

This article presents findings of ethnographic research in the San Francisco Bay Area, exploring the recent phenomenon of Asian American women undergoing cosmetic surgery to have their eyelids restructured, their nose bridges heightened, and the tips of their noses altered. This research suggests that Asian American women who undergo these types of surgery have internalized not only a gender ideology that validates their monetary and time investment in the alteration of their bodies, but also a racial ideology that associates their natural features with dullness, passivity, and lack of emotion. With the authority of scientific rationality, medicine effectively promotes these racial and gender stereotypes and thereby bolsters the consumer‐oriented society, of which it is apart and from which it benefits. Data are drawn from structured interviews with plastic surgeons and patients, medical literature and newspaper articles, and basic medical statistics.
The Snake in the Stomach: Child Diarrhea in Central Mozambique
Authors: Green Edward C. , Jurg Annemarie , Djedje Armando
Published: November 2004

Research on diarrhea in early childhood in Manica Province, Mozambique, showed that traditional healers conceptualize a complex array of illnesses that have diarrhea as a symptom. They did not have a concept of dehydration, although depressed fontanelle was recognized as evidence of serious illness. On the other hand, diarrhea was linked to symptoms of dehydration through the concept of nyoka, a guardian of bodily purity thought to dwell in all people and to cause diarrhea and other symptoms in reaction to the entry of contaminants into the body. Nyoka appears to be symbolic of issues related to respect for the human body and connects to concepts of pollution and contamination found elsewhere in East Africa.
Managing an Uncertain Illness Trajectory in Old Age: Patients' and Physicians' Views of Stroke
Authors: BECKER GAY , KAUFMAN SHARON R.
Published: November 2004

Uncertainty is a central feature of a chronic illness trajectory, resulting from questions about the effects of the illness on daily life, what symptoms mean, and what the future holds. When chronic illness occurs late in life, uncertainty is magnified, and serious questions arise about whether the individual will be able to weather the disruption and go on with daily life. This article examines illness trajectories from two vantage points, that of older persons who have had a stroke and that of physicians who care for stroke patients, by means of interviews with 36 persons who had strokes and with 20 physicians. Physicians' views of stroke were informed not only by knowledge of physiological processes but also by biomedical ideologies and cultural meanings associated with their patients' ages and impairments. People who had strokes focused on recovery; they assumed the trajectory was open to manipulation if they worked hard enough. The vague medical response to uncertainty affected patients' interpretations; what they were not told shaped their expectations about recovery as much as what they were told. The uncertain trajectory of stroke in old age is one example of how illness experience is affected by cultural attitudes about age, biomedical ideologies, the provision of health care services, and economically driven health policies. The anticipation of recovery by persons who have had strokes and the letdown when recovery does not occur reflect critical dilemmas in biomedicine and in society itself that have implications for health policy.
Medical Pluralism in the United States: A Review
Authors: BAER HANS A.
Published: November 2004

Healing Powers: Alternative Medicine, Spiritual Communities, and the State. Fred M. Frohock.

American Health Quackery: Collected Essays by James Harvey Young. James Harvey Young.

Chiropractic: History and Evolution of a New Profession. Walter I. Wardwell.

Chiropractic in America: The History of a Medical Alternative. J. Stuart Moore.

The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Thomas J. Csordus.

Walkin’ Over Medicine. Loudell F. Snow.

Folk Wisdom and Mother Wit: John Lee‐An Akican American Herbal Healer. Arvilla Payne‐Jackson and John Lee.

Herbal and Magical Medicine: Traditional Healing Today. James Kirkland, Holly F. Mathews, C. W. Sullivan 111, and Karen Baldwin, eds.
HIV and the Social World of Female Commercial Sex Workers
Authors: Waddell Charles
Published: November 2004

This research, based on repeated interviews with 12 female commercial sex workers (SWs) in Perth, Australia, attempts to explain why SWs in that city are not a source of transmitting HIV to clients during sexual intercourse. Perth SWs report that they routinely use condoms during work‐sex. But it was also found that they are at risk of being infected with HIV through sexual intercourse with boyfriends and husbands because use of condoms during sexual intercourse with these men is reportedly rare. This pattern of selective condom use is part of the larger social world within which SWs use, with varying degrees of success, six strategies to demarcate work‐sex from nonwork‐sex. Within this social world SWs also construct six rationales to help them cope with the threat of HIV infection during nonwork‐sex. Further research into this social world may help to lessen the threat of HIV infection to these women.