A simulation study of ionizing radiation acoustic imaging (iRAI) as a real‐time dosimetric technique for ultra‐high dose rate radiotherapy (UHDR‐RT)
Authors: Ba Sunbul Noora H. , Zhang Wei , Oraiqat Ibrahim , Litzenberg Dale W. , Lam Kwok L. , Cuneo Kyle , Moran Jean M. , Carson Paul L. , Wang Xueding , Clarke Shaun D. , Matuszak Martha M. , Pozzi Sara A. , El Naqa Issam 
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Electron‐based ultra‐high dose rate radiation therapy (UHDR‐RT), also known as Flash‐RT, has shown the ability to improve the therapeutic index in comparison to conventional radiotherapy (CONV‐RT) through increased sparing of normal tissue. However, the extremely high dose rates in UHDR‐RT have raised the need for accurate real‐time dosimetry tools. This work aims to demonstrate the potential of the emerging technology of Ionized Radiation Acoustic Imaging (iRAI) through simulation studies and investigate its characteristics as a promising relative in vivo dosimetric tool for UHDR‐RT.

Methods

The detection of induced acoustic waves following a single UHDR pulse of a modified 6 MeV 21EX Varian Clinac in a uniform porcine gelatin phantom that is brain‐tissue equivalent was simulated for an ideal ultrasound transducer. The full 3D dose distributions in the phantom for a 1 × 1 cm2 field were simulated using EGSnrc (BEAMnrc∖DOSXYZnrc) Monte Carlo (MC) codes. The relative dosimetry simulations were verified with dose experimental measurements using Gafchromic films. The spatial dose distribution was converted into an initial pressure source spatial distribution using the medium‐dependent dose–pressure relation. The MATLAB‐based toolbox k‐Wave was then used to model the propagation of acoustic waves through the phantom and perform time‐reversal (TR)‐based imaging reconstruction. The effect of the various linear accelerator (linac) operating parameters, including linac pulse duration and pulse repetition rate (frequency), were investigated as well.

Results

The MC dose simulation results agreed with the film measurement results, specifically at the central beam region up to 80% dose within approximately 5% relative error for the central profile region and a local relative error of <6% for percentage dose depth. IRAI‐based FWHM of the radiation beam was within approximately 3 mm relative to the MC‐simulated beam FWHM at the beam entrance. The real‐time pressure signal change agreed with the dose changes proving the capability of the iRAI for predicting the beam position. IRAI was tested through 3D simulations of its response to be based on the temporal changes in the linac operating parameters on a dose per pulse basis as expected theoretically from the pressure‐dose proportionality. The pressure signal amplitude obtained through 2D simulations was proportional to the dose per pulse. The instantaneous pressure signal amplitude decreases as the linac pulse duration increases, as predicted from the pressure wave generation equations, such that the shorter the linac pulse the higher the signal and the better the temporal (spatial) resolutions of iRAI. The effect of the longer linac pulse duration on the spatial resolution of the 3D constructed iRAI images was corrected for linac pulse deconvolution. This correction has improved the passing rate of the 1%/1 mm gamma test criteria, between the pressure‐constructed and dosimetric beam characteristics, to as high as 98%.

Conclusions

A full simulation workflow was developed for testing the effectiveness of iRAI as a promising relative dosimetry tool for UHDR‐RT radiation therapy. IRAI has shown the advantage of 3D dose mapping through the dose signal linearity and, hence, has the potential to be a useful dosimeter at depth dose measurement and beam localization and, hence, potentially for in vivo dosimetry in UHDR‐RT.