bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorising Demand for Child Welfare Services Using Latent Class Analysis: A Study of the National Data-sets on Children in Need in England
Authors: Hood Rick , Goldacre Allie , Jones Ed , King Adam , Clements Keith , Webb Calum
Published: June 2023

In England, administrative data on children’s needs are recorded following a social work assessment. These data are typically used to understand prevalence of individual risk factors and to inform processes, such as the work of local safeguarding partners and multi-agency services. However, reporting individual factors at assessment cannot capture the complexity and heterogeneity of multiple and overlapping needs. This study aimed to identify common types of demand, via a limited number of clusters, using the factors recorded in a national data-set of over 4.2 million assessments carried out between 2014 and 2021, of which 3.6 million had at least one factor recorded. Latent class analysis was used to identify twelve distinct categories of demand for children’s social care services, which were consistent across local authorities. Conditional probabilities were used to interpret the demand represented by each category, in consultation with stakeholders. The most prevalent category was domestic abuse and violence (19.7 per cent), followed by complexities around parental mental health (18.4 per cent). Other categories included disability, child mental health, risks outside the home, complex domestic abuse and concerns about another person in the family or household. This article examines some of the operational and planning implications of categorising demand in this way.
The SSS revolution in fungal diagnostics: speed, simplicity and sensitivity
Authors: Baker Jacob , Denning David W
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Fungal disease has historically presented a diagnostic challenge due to its often non-specific clinical presentations, relative infrequency and reliance on insensitive and time-intensive fungal culture.

Sources of data

We present the recent developments in fungal diagnostics in the fields of serological and molecular diagnosis for the most clinically relevant pathogens; developments that have the potential to revolutionize fungal diagnosis through improvements in speed, simplicity and sensitivity. We have drawn on a body of evidence including recent studies and reviews demonstrating the effectiveness of antigen and antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients with and without concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Areas of agreement

This includes recently developed fungal lateral flow assays, which have a low cost and operator skill requirement that give them great applicability to low-resource settings. Antigen detection for Cryptococcus, Histoplasma and Aspergillus spp. are much more sensitive than culture. PCR for Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucorales and Pneumocystis jirovecii is more sensitive than culture and usually faster.

Areas of controversy

Effort must be made to utilize recent developments in fungal diagnostics in clinical settings outside of specialist centres and integrate their use into standard medical practice. Given the clinical similarities of the conditions and frequent co-infection, further study is required into the use of serological and molecular fungal tests, particularly in patients being treated for tuberculosis.

Growing points

Further study is needed to clarify the utility of these tests in low-resource settings confounded by a high prevalence of tuberculosis.

Areas timely for developing research

The diagnostic utility of these tests may require revision of laboratory work flows, care pathways and clinical and lab coordination, especially for any facility caring for the immunosuppressed, critically ill or those with chronic chest conditions, in whom fungal disease is common and underappreciated.
Management of transient bone osteoporosis: a systematic review
Authors: Migliorini Filippo , Vecchio Gianluca , Weber Christian David , Kämmer Daniel , Bell Andreas , Maffulli Nicola
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Transient bone osteoporosis (TBO) is characterized by persistent pain, loss of function, no history of trauma and magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings of bone marrow edema.

Source of data

PubMed, Google scholar, EMABSE and Web of Science were accessed in February 2023. No time constrains were used for the search.

Areas of agreement

TBO is rare and misunderstood, typically affecting women during the third trimester of pregnancy or middle-aged men, leading to functional disability for 4–8 weeks followed by self-resolution of the symptoms.

Areas of controversy

Given the limited evidence in the current literature, consensus on optimal management is lacking.

Growing points

This systematic review investigates current management of TBO.

Areas timely for developing research

A conservative approach leads to the resolution of symptoms and MRI findings at midterm follow-up. Administration of bisphosphonates might alleviate pain and accelerate both clinical and imaging recovery.
Corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence are correlated after stroke: a simplified motor control?
Authors: Delcamp Célia , Gasq David , Cormier Camille , Amarantini David
Published: June 2023

During movement, corticomuscular coherence is a measure of central-peripheral communication, while intermuscular coherence is a measure of the amount of common central drive to the muscles. Although these two measures are modified in stroke subjects, no author has explored a correlation between them, neither in stroke subjects nor in healthy subjects. Twenty-four chronic stroke subjects and 22 healthy control subjects were included in this cohort study, and they performed 20 active elbow extension movements. The electroencephalographic and electromyographic activity of the elbow flexors and extensors were recorded. Corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence were calculated in the time–frequency domain for each limb of stroke and control subjects. Partial rank correlations were performed to study the link between these two variables. Our results showed a positive correlation between corticomuscular and intermuscular coherence only for stroke subjects, for their paretic and non-paretic limbs (P < 0.022; Rho > 0.50). These results suggest, beyond the cortical and spinal hypotheses to explain them, that stroke subjects present a form of simplification of motor control. When central-peripheral communication increases, it is less modulated and more common to the muscles involved in the active movement. This motor control simplification suggests a new way of understanding the plasticity of the neuromuscular system after stroke.
The electrophysiology and structural difference between humans with distinct risky preference: a study based on EEG and MRI
Authors: Si Yajing , Jiang Lin , Yi Chanlin , Zhang Tao , Feng Yu , Li Peiyang , Wan Feng , Li Ping , Yao Dezhong , Li Fali , Xu Peng
Published: June 2023

Risky decision-making is affected by past feedback, especially after encountering the beneficial loss in the past decision-making round, yet little is known about the mechanism accounting for the distinctive decision-making that different individuals may make under the past loss context. We extracted decision functional medial frontal negative (MFN) and the cortical thickness (CT) from multi-modality electroencephalography (EEG) and T1-weighted structural MRI (sMRI) datasets to assess the individual risky decision under the past loss context. First, concerning the MFN, the low-risk group (LRG) exhibits larger MFN amplitude and longer reaction time than the high-risk group (HRG) when making risky decisions under the loss context. Subsequently, the sMRI analysis reveals a greater CT in the left anterior insula (AI) for HRG compared with LRG, and a greater CT in AI is associated with a high level of impulsivity, driving individuals to make risky choices under the past loss context. Furthermore, for all participants, the corresponding risky decision behavior could be exactly predicted as a correlation coefficient of 0.523 was acquired, and the classification by combing the MFN amplitude and the CT of the left AI also achieves an accuracy of 90.48% to differentiate the two groups. This study may offer new insight into understanding the mechanism that accounts for the inter-individual variability of risky decisions under the loss context and denotes new indices for the prediction of the risky participants.
No Immunological Interference or Safety Concerns When Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Is Coadministered With a Coronavirus Disease 2019 mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccine in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Naficy Abdi , Kuxhausen Adrienne , Pirrotta Paola , Leav Brett , Miller Jacqueline , Anteyi Kate , Danier Jasur , Breuer Thomas , Mwakingwe-Omari Agnes
Published: June 2023

Background

There is growing consensus that coronavirus disease 2019 booster vaccines may be coadministered with other age-appropriate vaccines. Adding to the limited available data supporting coadministration, especially with adjuvanted vaccines, could enhance vaccine coverage in adults.

Methods

In this phase 3, randomized, open-label study, eligible adults aged ≥50 years were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive mRNA-1273 (50 µg) booster vaccination and a first dose of recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV1) 2 weeks apart (Seq group) or concomitantly (Coad group). The second RZV dose (RZV2) was administered 2 months post-RZV1 in both groups. Primary objectives were noninferiority of anti–glycoprotein E (gE) and anti–spike protein antibody responses in the Coad group compared to the Seq group. Safety and further immunogenicity assessments were secondary objectives.

Results

In total, 273 participants were randomized to the Seq group and 272 to the Coad group. Protocol-specified noninferiority criteria were met. The adjusted geometric mean concentration ratio (Seq/Coad) was 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], .89–1.13) for anti-gE antibodies 1 month post-RZV2, and 1.09 (95% CI, .90–1.32) for anti–spike antibodies 1 month post–mRNA-1273 booster. No clinically relevant differences were observed in overall frequency, intensity, or duration of adverse events between the 2 study groups. Most solicited adverse events were mild/moderate in intensity, each with median duration ≤2.5 days. Administration site pain and myalgia were the most frequently reported in both groups.

Conclusions

Coadministration of mRNA-1273 booster vaccine with RZV in adults aged ≥50 years was immunologically noninferior to sequential administration and had a safety and reactogenicity profile consistent with both vaccines administered sequentially.

Clinical Trials Registration. NCT05047770.
Commercial Immunoglobulin Products Contain Neutralizing Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein
Authors: Upasani Vinit , Townsend Katie , Wu Mary Y , Carr Edward J , Hobbs Agnieszka , Dowgier Giulia , Ragno Martina , Herman Lou S , Sharma Sonal , Shah Devesh , Lee Simon F K , Chauhan Neil , Glanville Julie M , Neave Lucy , Hanson Steven , Ravichandran Sriram , Tynan Aoife , O’Sullivan Mary , Moreira Fernando , Workman Sarita , Symes Andrew , Burns Siobhan O , Tadros Susan , Hart Jennifer C L , Beale Rupert C L , Gandhi Sonia , Wall Emma C , McCoy Laura , Lowe David M
Published: June 2023

Background

Patients with antibody deficiency respond poorly to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and are at risk of severe or prolonged infection. They are given long-term immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IRT) prepared from healthy donor plasma to confer passive immunity against infection. Following widespread COVID-19 vaccination alongside natural exposure, we hypothesized that immunoglobulin preparations will now contain neutralizing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antibodies, which confer protection against COVID-19 disease and may help to treat chronic infection.

Methods

We evaluated anti–SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody in a cohort of patients before and after immunoglobulin infusion. Neutralizing capacity of patient samples and immunoglobulin products was assessed using in vitro pseudovirus and live-virus neutralization assays, the latter investigating multiple batches against current circulating Omicron variants. We describe the clinical course of 9 patients started on IRT during treatment of COVID-19.

Results

In 35 individuals with antibody deficiency established on IRT, median anti-spike antibody titer increased from 2123 to 10 600 U/mL postinfusion, with corresponding increase in pseudovirus neutralization titers to levels comparable to healthy donors. Testing immunoglobulin products directly in the live-virus assay confirmed neutralization, including of BQ1.1 and XBB variants, but with variation between immunoglobulin products and batches.

Initiation of IRT alongside remdesivir in patients with antibody deficiency and prolonged COVID-19 infection (median 189 days, maximum >900 days with an ancestral viral strain) resulted in clearance of SARS-CoV-2 at a median of 20 days.

Conclusions

Immunoglobulin preparations now contain neutralizing anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that are transmitted to patients and help to treat COVID-19 in individuals with failure of humoral immunity.
Spatial and temporal dispersion of Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in orchards infested with Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Piovesan Bruna , Gonçalves Rafael da Silva , Nörnberg Sandro Daniel , Llano Jesus Hernando Gomez , Contreras-Miranda Javier , Bernardi Daniel , Nava Dori Edson
Published: June 2023

Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) is an endoparasitoid and promising fruit fly control agent. The objective of the study was to determine the spatial (horizontal and vertical) and temporal dispersion of D. areolatus in the field. To evaluate the horizontal and temporal dispersion, two peach orchards were selected. In each orchard, 50 points were marked at different distances from the central point, from where 4,100 couples of D. areolatus were released. Four hours after release, parasitism units (PU) (3 per point) were fixed to the trees at a height of 1.5 m from the ground. The PUs were composed of ripe apples artificially infested with second instar larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus (30 larvae/fruit). For the evaluation of vertical dispersion, in an olive orchard six points were selected (trees of ≈4 m in height). Each tree was divided into three heights in relation to the ground (1.17, 2.34, and 3.51 m). Doryctobracon areolatus was able to disperse horizontally at a distance >60 m from the release point. However, the highest parasitism rates [15–45% (area 1); 15–27% (area 2)] were observed up to 25 m. Higher percentages of parasitism and of recovered offspring occur in the first days after the release of the parasitoid (2 DAR). As for vertical dispersion, D. areolatus parasitized A. fraterculus larvae up to the highest attachment height of the evaluated PUs (3.51). The results showed the potential use of D. areolatus in the management of fruit flies in the field.
Bilateral lung transplant with pulmonary artery reconstruction using donor aorta for pulmonary hypertension with a giant pulmonary arterial aneurysm
Authors: Watanabe Tatsuaki , Matsuo Satoshi , Watanabe Yui , Hirama Takashi , Matsuda Yasushi , Noda Masafumi , Niikawa Hiromichi , Oishi Hisashi , Suzuki Yamato , Ejima Yutaka , Toyama Hiroaki , Saiki Yoshikatsu , Okada Yoshinori
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVES

Standard bilateral lung transplantation (BLT) is not feasible for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) complicated with a giant pulmonary arterial aneurysm (PAA). This study aimed to describe the outcomes of BLT with pulmonary artery reconstruction (PAR) using donor aorta for such patients.

METHODS

This is a retrospective single-centre study reviewing PAH patients with a PAA who received BLT with PAR using donor aorta from January 2010 through December 2020. We compared the characteristics and short- and long-term outcomes of recipients receiving PAR (PAR group) with those who had no PAA and received standard BLT (non-PAR group).

RESULTS

Nineteen adult PAH patients underwent cadaveric lung transplantation during the study period. Among them, 5 patients with a giant PAA (median pulmonary artery trunk diameter, 69.9 mm) underwent BLT with PAR using donor aorta and the others received standard BLT. Although the operation time tended to be longer in the PAR group compared with the non-PAR group (1239 vs 958 mins, P = 0.087), 90-day mortality (PAR group: 0% vs non-PAR group: 14.3%, P > 0.99), and 5-year survival rate (PAR group: 100% vs non-PAR group: 85.7%, P = 0.74) was comparable between the groups. No dilatation, constriction or infection of the aortic grafts were recorded during the study period with a median follow-up time of 94 months in the PAR group.

CONCLUSIONS

Lung transplantation with PAR using donor aorta is a valid surgical option for PAH patients complicated with a giant PAA.
Help-seeking following a flooding event: a cross-sectional analysis of adults affected by flooding in England in winter 2013/14
Authors: Findlater L , Robin C , Hopgood K , Waite T ,   National Study of Flooding and Health Study Group, Waite Thomas , Beck Charles , Oliver Isabel , Amlôt Richard , Bone Angie , Leonardi Giovanni , Rubin Gideon James , Kovats Sari , Armstrong Ben , Rubin G , Beck C R , Oliver I
Published: June 2023

Background

Flooding can cause long-term, significant impacts on mental health in affected populations. We explored help-seeking behaviour of households affected by flooding.

Methods

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on National Study of Flooding and Health data on households flooded in England in winter 2013/14. Participants (Year 1: n = 2006; Year 2: n = 988; Year 3: n = 819) were asked if they sought help from health services and other sources. Logistic regression was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) of help-seeking in flooded and disrupted participants compared to unaffected, adjusted for a priori confounders.

Results

The odds of seeking help from any source 1 year after flooding were greater for flooded participants [adjusted OR (aOR): 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19–1.45] and those disrupted by flooding (aOR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.37–2.68) compared to unaffected participants. This continued in the second year (flooded: aOR 6.24, 95% CI: 3.18–13.34; disrupted: aOR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.14–4.68), and help-seeking remained greater in flooded than unaffected participants in the third year. Flooded and disrupted participants were particularly likely to seek help from informal sources. Help-seeking was more prevalent amongst participants with mental health outcomes, but a notable proportion of individuals with any mental health outcome did not seek help (Year 1: 15.0%; Year 2: 33.3%; Year 3: 40.3%).

Conclusions

Flooding is associated with increased demand for formal and informal support, persisting for at least 3 years, and an unmet need for help amongst affected individuals. Our findings should be considered in flood response planning to reduce the long-term adverse health impacts of flooding.
Impact of Caregiving on Cognitive Functioning: Evidence From the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: Su Qing
Published: June 2023

Objectives

Few studies have examined the association between caregiving and the cognitive functioning of caregivers. This study explored the association between caring for family members and cognition and how the link differs by caregiving intensity and caregiving types. Furthermore, rural–urban and gender heterogeneity were investigated.

Methods

This study analyzed Waves 2011, 2013, and 2018 of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, with cognitive functioning assessed in 3 dimensions: memory, executive function, and orientation function. The cognition trajectories between caregivers and noncaregivers were compared with the growth curve model.

Results

Results demonstrated a positive association between caregiving and cognitive functioning (β = 0.249, p < .001). Considering caregiving intensity, the positive association was only found in low (β = 0.335, p < .001) and moderate-intensity caregivers (β = 0.250, p < .05) but not in high-intensity caregivers. Moreover, grandparents, adult children, and multiple caregivers had a higher average cognition level at age 60 than noncaregivers (all β > 0, all p < .05), and adult child caregivers exhibited a significantly slower rate of decline in cognition across age (β = 0.040, p < .01). However, spousal caregivers showed no significant disparities with noncaregivers. Moreover, the impact of caregiving on memory function is more apparent among urban adults.

Discussion

Results indicate that caregiving can benefit cognitive function. This study proposes considering caregiving intensity and caregiving types when exploring caregiving and cognition. Based on these findings, policy-makers may overcome the challenges involved in establishing and developing a supportive informal care system in China.
Chewing and Swallowing Abilities of Persons Living With Dementia: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Properties of Instruments
Authors: Kim Sohyun , Lee Kyuri , Liu Wen
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives

It is critical to use validated instruments to diagnose and manage chewing and swallowing problems of persons living with dementia. The study aimed to synthesize the characteristics and psychometric quality of instruments that assess the chewing and swallowing abilities of persons living with dementia.

Research Design and Methods

The systematic review was used to conduct this study. We searched 5 electric databases for records published from January 1, 1980, to July 8, 2022. Records were eligible if they included any instrument to assess chewing ability or swallowing ability in the dementia population. Eight characteristics of eligible instruments were extracted from the records: (1) development process, (2) operationalized concept/construct, (3) sample and setting, (4) administration method, (5) items, (6) scoring format/interpretation, (7) reliability, and (8) validity. The psychometric assessment for self-report and observational tool was used to evaluate 12 psychometric properties of eligible instruments.

Results

In total, 11,074 records were reviewed. Thirty-five eligible instruments, including observational tools, self-report questionnaires, and physiological instruments, were identified from 60 records. All 8 instruments assessing chewing ability were evaluated as having low psychometric quality, and only 3 out of 27 instruments assessing swallowing ability were evaluated as having moderate psychometric quality. Fifteen instruments were tested for only 1 type of psychometric property, limiting the overall evaluation of psychometric evidence.

Discussion and Implications

The study findings inform the use and adaptation of appropriate instruments for practice and research. All existing instruments warrant further validation in larger samples to expand use in diverse care settings. This review described and evaluated current instruments measuring chewing and swallowing abilities and potential use in research and clinical practice to plan for and evaluate the effectiveness of mealtime and oral care practice and reduce health-related negative outcomes of persons living with dementia.
Accelerating low-frequency ground motion simulation for finite fault sources using neural networks
Authors: Lehmann Lukas , Ohrnberger Matthias , Metz Malte , Heimann Sebastian
Published: June 2023

In the context of early emergency response to moderate and large earthquake shaking, we present a simulation based low-frequency ground motion estimation workflow that expedites an existing simulation method while taking into account simplified source process information. We focus on using source information that can be expected to be available shortly after an impacting earthquake, for example moment-tensor and simple finite-fault parameters. We utilize physics-based simulations which can include effects based on source orientation or finite faults, like rupture directivity. In order to keep the computational effort within feasible bounds and to apply the approach on global scale, we restrict ourselves to a low-frequency setup (standard 1-D layered earth model and 2 Hz sampling frequency) for either a moment tensor or a simple kinematic finite fault model. From the simulated records we then extract ground motion parameters of interest for arbitrary locations within the area of expected impact and display the expected spatial patterns of ground motion. Although simulations are kept simple, the results from this low-frequency ground motion parameter simulation (e.g. for peak-ground displacement) are in good agreement with observations from two well-studied earthquakes and partially more accurate than traditional, more empirical approaches (standard deviation <0.3 log10 units). However, waveform calculation and subsequent ground motion parameter extraction is computationally expensive. For a significant computational speedup in the context of rapid ground motion assessment, we directly train neural network (NN) models from large sets of source model information and their corresponding spatial ground motion distribution. We show that the trained NNs are able to reproduce the earthquake source related effects, like directivity and focal mechanism patterns, of the ground motion in any case. Given a set of source parameters, we obtain prediction errors smaller than 0.05 log10 units (ca. 11 per cent) and a magnitude dependent increase in computational speed of more than 1000 times compared to the initial waveform modelling. The proposed procedure enables thus to immediately compute probabilistic ground motion maps related to uncertainties in source parameters estimates, for example by sampling distributions based on parameter uncertainties or directly from an existing ensemble of focal parameter solutions.
Two NOTCH1 O-fucose sites have opposing functions in mouse retinal angiogenesis
Authors: LoPilato Rachel K , Kroeger Heike , Mohan Sneha K , Lauderdale James D , Grimsey Neil , Haltiwanger Robert S
Published: June 2023

Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that Fringe glycosylation of the NOTCH1 extracellular domain at O-fucose residues in Epidermal Growth Factor-like Repeats (EGFs) 6 and 8 is a significant contributor to suppression of NOTCH1 activation by JAG1 or enhancement of NOTCH1 activation by DLL1, respectively. In this study, we sought to evaluate the significance of these glycosylation sites in a mammalian model by generating 2 C57BL/6J mouse lines carrying NOTCH1 point mutations, which eliminate O-fucosylation and Fringe activity at EGFs 6 (T232V) or 8 (T311V). We assessed changes to morphology during retinal angiogenesis, a process in which expression of Notch1, Jag1, Dll4, Lfng, Mfng, and Rfng genes coordinate cell-fate decisions to grow vessel networks. In the EGF6 O-fucose mutant (6f/6f) retinas, we observed reduced vessel density and branching, suggesting that this mutant is a Notch1 hypermorph. This finding agrees with prior cell-based studies showing that the 6f mutation increased JAG1 activation of NOTCH1 during co-expression with inhibitory Fringes. Although we predicted that the EGF8 O-fucose mutant (8f/8f) would not complete embryonic development due to the direct involvement of the O-fucose in engaging ligand, the 8f/8f mice were viable and fertile. In the 8f/8f retina, we measured increased vessel density consistent with established Notch1 hypomorphs. Overall, our data support the importance of NOTCH1 O-fucose residues for pathway function and confirms that single O-glycan sites are rich in signaling instructions for mammalian development.
h-Principle for Stratified Spaces
Authors: Mj Mahan , Sen Balarka
Published: June 2023

We extend Gromov and Eliashberg–Mishachev’s $h-$principle on manifolds to stratified spaces. This is done in both the sheaf-theoretic framework of Gromov and the smooth jets framework of Eliashberg–Mishachev. The generalization involves developing 1. the notion of stratified continuous sheaves to extend Gromov’s theory, 2. the notion of smooth stratified bundles to extend Eliashberg–Mishachev’s theory. A new feature is the role played by homotopy fiber sheaves. We show, in particular, that stratumwise flexibility of stratified continuous sheaves along with flexibility of homotopy fiber sheaves furnishes the parametric $h$-principle. We extend the Eliashberg–Mishachev holonomic approximation theorem to stratified spaces. We also prove a stratified analog of the Smale–Hirsch immersion theorem.
Mechanism of Action for an All-in-One Monoclonal Antibody Against Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Hou Wei-Tong , Shen Chen-Rui , Peng Ji , Jiang Li-Wen , Guo Shi-Yu , Qiu Xi-Ran , Zhang Yu , Shen Hui , Jiang Yuan-Ying , An Mao-Mao
Published: June 2023

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen associated with high mortality rates. The extensive use of antibiotics is associated with the rise of drug resistance, and exotoxins are not targeted by antibiotics. Therefore, monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has emerged as a promising solution to solve the clinical problems caused by refractory S aureus. Recent research suggests that the synergistic effects of several cytotoxins, including bicomponent toxins, are critical to the pathogenesis of S aureus. By comparing the amino acid sequences, researchers found that α-toxin and bicomponent toxins have high homology. Therefore, we aimed to screen an antibody, designated an all-in-one mAb, that could neutralize α-toxin and bicomponent toxins through hybridoma fusion. We found that this mAb has a significant pharmacodynamic effect within in vivo mouse models and in vitro experiments.
Automated detection of causal relationships among diseases and imaging findings in textual radiology reports
Authors: Sebro Ronnie A , Kahn Charles E
Published: June 2023

Objective

Textual radiology reports contain a wealth of information that may help understand associations among diseases and imaging observations. This study evaluated the ability to detect causal associations among diseases and imaging findings from their co-occurrence in radiology reports.

Materials and Methods

This IRB-approved and HIPAA-compliant study analyzed 1 702 462 consecutive reports of 1 396 293 patients; patient consent was waived. Reports were analyzed for positive mention of 16 839 entities (disorders and imaging findings) of the Radiology Gamuts Ontology (RGO). Entities that occurred in fewer than 25 patients were excluded. A Bayesian network structure-learning algorithm was applied at P < 0.05 threshold: edges were evaluated as possible causal relationships. RGO and/or physician consensus served as ground truth.

Results

2742 of 16 839 RGO entities were included, 53 849 patients (3.9%) had at least one included entity. The algorithm identified 725 pairs of entities as causally related; 634 were confirmed by reference to RGO or physician review (87% precision). As shown by its positive likelihood ratio, the algorithm increased detection of causally associated entities 6876-fold.

Discussion

Causal relationships among diseases and imaging findings can be detected with high precision from textual radiology reports.

Conclusion

This approach finds causal relationships among diseases and imaging findings with high precision from textual radiology reports, despite the fact that causally related entities represent only 0.039% of all pairs of entities. Applying this approach to larger report text corpora may help detect unspecified or heretofore unrecognized associations.
Invited review: integration of technologies and systems for precision animal agriculture—a case study on precision dairy farming
Authors: Kaur Upinder , Malacco Victor M R , Bai Huiwen , Price Tanner P , Datta Arunashish , Xin Lei , Sen Shreyas , Nawrocki Robert A , Chiu George , Sundaram Shreyas , Min Byung-Cheol , Daniels Kristy M , White Robin R , Donkin Shawn S , Brito Luiz F , Voyles Richard M
Published: June 2023

Precision livestock farming (PLF) offers a strategic solution to enhance the management capacity of large animal groups, while simultaneously improving profitability, efficiency, and minimizing environmental impacts associated with livestock production systems. Additionally, PLF contributes to optimizing the ability to manage and monitor animal welfare while providing solutions to global grand challenges posed by the growing demand for animal products and ensuring global food security. By enabling a return to the “per animal” approach by harnessing technological advancements, PLF enables cost-effective, individualized care for animals through enhanced monitoring and control capabilities within complex farming systems. Meeting the nutritional requirements of a global population exponentially approaching ten billion people will likely require the density of animal proteins for decades to come. The development and application of digital technologies are critical to facilitate the responsible and sustainable intensification of livestock production over the next several decades to maximize the potential benefits of PLF. Real-time continuous monitoring of each animal is expected to enable more precise and accurate tracking and management of health and well-being. Importantly, the digitalization of agriculture is expected to provide collateral benefits of ensuring auditability in value chains while assuaging concerns associated with labor shortages. Despite notable advances in PLF technology adoption, a number of critical concerns currently limit the viability of these state-of-the-art technologies. The potential benefits of PLF for livestock management systems which are enabled by autonomous continuous monitoring and environmental control can be rapidly enhanced through an Internet of Things approach to monitoring and (where appropriate) closed-loop management. In this paper, we analyze the multilayered network of sensors, actuators, communication, networking, and analytics currently used in PLF, focusing on dairy farming as an illustrative example. We explore the current state-of-the-art, identify key shortcomings, and propose potential solutions to bridge the gap between technology and animal agriculture. Additionally, we examine the potential implications of advancements in communication, robotics, and artificial intelligence on the health, security, and welfare of animals.
Mineral composition of serially slaughtered Holstein steers supplemented with zilpaterol hydrochloride
Authors: Watson Andrea K , McEvers Trent J , Walter Lee-Anne J , May Nathan D , Reed Jacob A , MacDonald Jim C , Erickson Galen E , Cole N Andy , Hutcheson John P , Lawrence Ty E
Published: June 2023

Calf-fed Holstein steers (n = 115; 449 ± 20 kg) were utilized in a serial harvest experiment. A baseline group of five steers was harvested after 226 d on feed (DOF), which was designated day 0. The remaining cattle were assigned randomly to 11 harvest groups, with slaughter every 28 d. Cattle were either not (CON) or were fed zilpaterol hydrochloride for 20 d followed by a 3 d withdrawal (ZH). There were five steers per treatment in each slaughter group ranging from days 28 to 308. Whole carcasses were divided into lean, bone, internal cavity, hide, and fat trim components. Apparent mineral retention (Ca, P, Mg, K, and S) within the body was calculated as the difference between mineral concentration at slaughter and day 0. Mineral concentration at day 0 was determined from body composition of steers harvested at day 0 multiplied by individual live body weight (BW) at day 0. All data were analyzed as a 2 × 11 factorial arrangement with individual animal as the experimental unit. Orthogonal contrasts were used to analyze linear and quadratic contrasts over time (11 slaughter dates). There were no differences in concentration of Ca, P, and Mg in bone tissue as feeding duration increased (P ≥ 0.89); concentration of K, Mg, and S in lean tissue did fluctuate across DOF (P < 0.01). Averaged across treatment and DOF, 99% of Ca, 92% of P, 78% of Mg, and 23% of S present in the body were in bone tissue; 67% of K and 49% of S were in lean tissue. Expressed as gram per day, apparent retention of all minerals decreased linearly across DOF (P < 0.01). Expressed relative to empty body weight (EBW) gain, apparent Ca, P, and K retention decreased linearly as BW increased (P < 0.01) whereas Mg and S increased linearly (P < 0.01). Apparent retention of Ca was greater for CON cattle (greater bone fraction) and apparent retention of K was greater for ZH cattle (greater muscle fraction) when expressed relative to EBW gain (P ≤ 0.02), demonstrating the increase in lean gain by ZH cattle. There were no differences in apparent retention of Ca, P, Mg, K, or S due to treatment (P ≥ 0.14) or time (P ≥ 0.11) when expressed relative to protein gain. Apparent retention averaged 14.4 g Ca, 7.5 g P, 0.45 g Mg, 1.3 g K, and 1.0 g S/100 g protein gain. Expressing apparent mineral retention on a protein gain basis minimized effects of rate and type of gain, allowing for better comparison across treatments and time. Feeding zilpaterol hydrochloride did not affect apparent mineral retention when expressed relative to protein gain.
Ecological zoning of Euschistus heros in Brazil based on the net reproductive rate at different temperatures and relative-humidity levels
Authors: Rodrigues Lucas Maniero , Garcia Adriano Gomes , Parra José Roberto Postali
Published: June 2023

The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is one of the major insect pests in soybean crops, causing severe damage; however, some aspects of its biology that are essential for management remain unknown. To aid in the management of E. heros, the present study investigated the fertility life table of this species at 7 temperatures (18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32 ± 1 °C) and 4 relative-humidity levels (30, 50, 70, and 90 ± 10%). Based on the net reproductive rate, R0, we developed an ecological zoning for this pest in Brazil, to identify climatically favorable areas for population growth. Our results indicated that the most favorable range is between 25 and 28 °C and above 70% RH. The ecological zoning indicated that farmers should be more concerned in the northern and Midwest regions, which include the state of Mato Grosso, the largest soybean and corn producer in Brazil. These results provide valuable information, indicating the hotspots most likely to be attacked by the Neotropical brown stink bug.
Identifying the Effect of Election Closeness on Voter Turnout: Evidence from Swiss Referenda
Authors: Bursztyn Leonardo , Cantoni Davide , Funk Patricia , Schönenberger Felix , Yuchtman Noam
Published: June 2023

We provide evidence of a causal effect of anticipated election closeness on voter turnout, exploiting the precise day-level timing of the release of Swiss national poll results for high-stakes federal referenda, and a novel dataset on daily mail-in voting for the canton of Geneva. Using an event study design, we find that the release of a closer poll causes voter turnout to sharply rise immediately after poll release, with no differential pre-release turnout levels or trends. We provide evidence that polls affect turnout by providing information shaping beliefs about closeness. The effects of close polls are the largest where newspapers report on them most; and, the introduction of polls had significantly larger effects in politically unrepresentative municipalities, where locally available signals of closeness are less correlated with national closeness. We then provide evidence that the effect of close polls is heterogeneous, with an asymmetric effect leading to a higher vote share for the underdog. The effect sizes we estimate are large enough to flip high-stakes election outcomes under plausible counterfactual scenarios.
Fungi as a source of eumelanin: current understanding and prospects
Authors: Beeson William , Gabriel Kyle , Cornelison Christopher
Published: June 2023

Melanins represent a diverse collection of pigments with a variety of structures and functions. One class of melanin, eumelanin, is recognizable to most as the source of the dark black color found in cephalopod ink. Sepia officinalis is the most well-known and sought-after source of non-synthetic eumelanin, but its harvest is limited by the availability of cuttlefish, and its extraction from an animal source brings rise to ethical concerns. In recent years, these limitations have become more pressing as more applications for eumelanin are developed—particularly in medicine and electronics. This surge in interest in the applications of eumelanin has also fueled a rise in the interest of alternative, bio-catalyzed production methods. Many culinarily-utilized fungi are ideal candidates in this production scheme, as examples exist which have been shown to produce eumelanin, their growth at large scales is well understood, and they can be cultivated on recaptured waste streams. However, much of the current research on the fungal production of eumelanin focuses on pathogenic fungi and eumelanin's role in virulence. In this paper, we will review the potential for culinary fungi to produce eumelanin and provide suggestions for new research areas that would be most impactful in the search for improved fungal eumelanin producers.
Deconstructing the latitudinal diversity gradient of North American mammals by nominal order
Authors: Meltesen Kirsten M , Whiting Evan T , Pinto-Ledezma Jesús N , Cicak Tessa S , Fox David L
Published: June 2023

North American mammals follow a well-established latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness. However, the degree to which species in different mammal clades follow the same latitudinal gradient—and to which each clade contributes to the pattern observed for all mammals remains unknown. Here, we separate the overall mammalian latitudinal diversity gradient by mammal orders and investigate the impact of climate and topography on the distribution of each major mammal clade. We joined an equal-area grid (100 × 100 km cells) of continental North America embedded with environmental variables (n = 10) with mammalian species ranges (n = 753). We used spatial regression models to quantify the relationship between species richness and latitude for all mammals, all mammals excluding select clades, and for each individual subordinate clade (n = 9). We used multiple linear regression and simultaneous autoregressive regression models to determine which environmental variables best explained patterns of species richness for each mammal order. Whereas North American mammals altogether exhibit a strong latitudinal diversity gradient in species richness, most orders deviate from the species richness pattern observed for all mammals and their gradients are weak or entirely absent. Bats (Chiroptera) exhibit the strongest latitudinal gradient—their removal from the pattern for all mammals substantially weakens the total mammalian gradient, more so than when rodents are removed. Environmental variables explain patterns of species richness well for some clades, but poorly for others. The gradient we observe for North American mammals today is likely a combined product of multiple diversification events, dispersals, and climatic and tectonic histories.
Case Report: Vision-Threatening Fungal Keratitis in a Service Member Stationed at Guantanamo Bay
Authors: Lambert Lester H , Finger Gabriella E , Tompkins Brett L
Published: June 2023

Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Compared to other types of infectious keratitis, fungal keratitis has a relatively poor prognosis because of various factors such as delayed patient presentation and diagnosis. Although associated in earlier studies with poverty and low socioeconomic status, military personnel stationed in tropical and subtropical climates, in low-resource settings, are at risk. Here, we report a case of a 20-year-old active duty contact lens–wearing military service member stationed at Guantanamo Bay who developed a severe vision-threatening fungal keratitis in her left eye. Enhancing health and safety precautions in at-risk settings, maintaining vigilance, and leveraging new imaging modalities will be important to ensure early recognition and treatment.
Numerical simulations of polarisation in gamma-ray burst afterglows
Authors: Covarrubias Rogelio Medina , De Colle Fabio , Urrutia Gerardo , Vargas Felipe
Published: June 2023

We compute the linear polarisation during the afterglow phase of gamma-ray bursts, for both on-axis and off-axis observers. We use numerical simulations of the deceleration of a relativistic jet, and compute the polarisation by post-processing the results of the numerical simulations. In our simulations, we consider a magnetic field that is chaotic in the plane of the shock, in addition to a magnetic field component that is parallel to the shock velocity. While the linear polarisation computed for on-axis observers is consistent with previous analytical estimates, we found that lateral expansion, which is accurately handled in our simulations, plays a crucial role in determining the linear polarisation for off-axis observers. Our results show that the off-axis linear polarisation, as seen by off-axis observers, exhibits a single peak, in contrast to the two peaks inferred by previous analytical studies. The maximum polarisation degree is 40 per cent at an observing angle θobs = 0.4 rad, and it decreases as the observing angle increases, which is opposite to what predicted by analytical models, where polarisation increases with larger observing angles. From the upper limit of 12 per cent in the linear polarisation obtained at 244 days for the GRB 170817A, we also infer an anisotropy factor of B∥/B⊥ = 0.5 − 0.9, consistent with the post-shock magnetic field being amplified by turbulence.
New constraints on the kinematic, relativistic, and evolutionary properties of the PSR J1757−1854 double neutron star system
Authors: Cameron A D , Bailes M , Champion D J , Freire P C C , Kramer M , McLaughlin M A , Ng C , Possenti A , Ridolfi A , Tauris T M , Wahl H M , Wex N
Published: June 2023

PSR J1757−1854 is one of the most relativistic double neutron star binary systems known in our Galaxy, with an orbital period of $P_\text{b}=4.4\, \text{h}$ and an orbital eccentricity of e = 0.61. As such, it has promised to be an outstanding laboratory for conducting tests of relativistic gravity. We present the results of a 6-yr campaign with the 100-m Green Bank and 64-m Parkes radio telescopes, designed to capitalize on this potential. We identify secular changes in the profile morphology and polarization of PSR J1757−1854, confirming the presence of geodetic precession and allowing the constraint of viewing geometry solutions consistent with General Relativity. We also update PSR J1757−1854’s timing, including new constraints of the pulsar’s proper motion, post-Keplerian parameters, and component masses. We conclude that the radiative test of gravity provided by PSR J1757−1854 is fundamentally limited to a precision of 0.3 per cent due to the pulsar’s unknown distance. A search for pulsations from the companion neutron star is also described, with negative results. We provide an updated evaluation of the system’s evolutionary history, finding strong support for a large kick velocity of $w\ge 280\, \rm{km\,s}^{-1}$ following the second progenitor supernova. Finally, we reassess PSR J1757−1854’s potential to provide new relativistic tests of gravity. We conclude that a 3-σ constraint of the change in the projected semimajor axis ($\dot{x}$) associated with Lense–Thirring precession is expected no earlier than 2031. Meanwhile, we anticipate a 3-σ measurement of the relativistic orbital deformation parameter δθ as soon as 2026.