bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of pavement structure using multi-source data from a moving vehicle
Authors: Zhou Shishi , Yang Qun
Published: July 2021

In this paper we propose a novel method for assessing pavement structure based on multi-source data from a moving vehicle. The classification of pavement on subgrade (POS) and pavement on bridge deck (PBD) was used as examples. A mobile acquisition system was designed to collect multi-source data. Vehicle accelerations on PBD and POS were analyzed, and some features were selected to build 15 Support Vector Machine classifiers. Our results show that some features are helpful, including vehicle speed, maximum value, minimum value, standard deviation of acceleration in the time domain, and three peak frequencies in the frequency domain. The accuracy was 91.67%. Then, some sections were tested with a falling weight deflectometer to verify the structural differences between POS and PBD. Our results provide a novel method for analyzing pavement structure via vehicle vibration, and this work will be built on for more detailed analysis of pavement structure in the future.
Summer fruitlet thinning enhanced quality attributes of Ambrosia™ apple at harvest and after 4 months of cold air storage
Authors: Lu Changwen , Xu Hao
Published: July 2021

Summer fruitlet thinning is implemented as a routine orchard practice to produce apple fruits with good quality. However, its impacts on the dynamics of fruit quality metrics during the growing season and in the postharvest storage, remain unclear. In this study, summer hand thinning on fruitlets of Ambrosia™ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) was conducted on two dwarfing rootstocks, Malling 9 (M.9) and Budagovsky (B.9), in an organic orchard and a conventional orchard under the semi-arid climate in Similkameen Valley, BC. Adequate thinning [(AT) in which 70% of fruitlets were removed] and light thinning [(LT) in which 30% of fruitlets were removed] were implemented in randomized plots in 8 wk after full bloom. Fruit development and dry matter content (DMC) were then monitored during the growing season; fruit quality was subsequently evaluated at harvest and after 4 mo of air storage at 0.5 °C. Relative to LT, AT enhanced fruit quality attributes in DMC, surface blush coverage and intensity, and soluble solids content (SSC) at harvest. The apples with higher DMC under AT also possessed higher compositional quality and lower incidences of fruit disorder in the postharvest stage. This study suggests that summer fruitlet thinning of Ambrosia apples can have significant impacts on fruit composition during subsequent on-tree fruit development, on the onset of ripening and eventually on the retention of quality and minimization of disorders over 4 mo of cold air storage. This effect is found for organic orchard (OG) and conventional orchard (CV) production systems and with both dwarfing rootstocks.
Variable universe fuzzy control of the wheel loader semi-active cab suspension with multimode switching shock absorber
Authors: Tao Wei , Liu Zhiqiang
Published: July 2021

The aim of this work is to design a variable universe fuzzy control of a wheel loader semi-active cab suspension with damping multimode switching shock absorber. Considering the cost and reliability, a new type of shock absorber, whose adjustable damping characteristics are achieved by just changing the on–off statuses of two solenoid valves, is applied to the wheel loader cab suspension. The vibration model of the wheel loader, which considers the vibration characteristics of the working device, the four-wheel correlated random road excitation, and the engine vibration excitation simultaneously, is established first. Based on the working principle of the target shock absorber, the damping multi-state switching model is also established to reflect the relationship between the damping coefficients and the on–off statuses of two solenoid valves. Then, a variable universe fuzzy damping control strategy, which can determine the optimal switching sequences of the damping modes according to the cab suspension performance indexes, is designed. Finally, simulation analyses were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control approach of the wheel loader semi-active cab suspension with multimode switching shock absorber.
On the Sample Autocorrelation Function’s Absolute Summability
Authors: Hassani Hossein , Yeganegi Mohammad Reza , Mehreyan Sedigheh Zamani , Sayyareh Abdolreza
Published: July 2021

The sample ACF is the most common basic tool in analyzing time-series data. This paper provides a theoretical proof that, under some regularity conditions, sample ACF of a given stationary time series is not absolutely summable. Furthermore, it shows that under some mild conditions, the number of positive and negative sample ACFs and their absolute summation tend to infinity as the length of time series increases. The theoretical results are supported by practical evidence from a simulation study.
Synthesis of hydrophilic copper(II) complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrins substituted with carboxy or (2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups
Authors: Shimizu Yuki , Matano Yoshihiro
Published: July 2021

Porphyrins containing hydrophilic auxiliaries have received considerable attention. Herein we report the first examples of strongly hydrophilic copper(II) complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrins (TADAPs) substituted with carboxy or (2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups. Metal-templated cyclization reactions of a common dipyrrin precursor with nickel(II) or copper(II) acetate afforded the corresponding metal(II) complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-alkoxycarbonylphenyl)-5,15-diazaporphyrin (M-TADAP-COOR; M = Ni, Cu) as air-stable 19[Formula: see text] radical cations, which were reversibly interconvertible with 20[Formula: see text]- and 18[Formula: see text]-electron states by redox reactions. NMR spectroscopy of 20[Formula: see text] and 18[Formula: see text] Ni-TADAP-COORs revealed antiaromatic and aromatic characteristics, respectively. Alkaline hydrolysis of the 19[Formula: see text] Cu-TADAP-COOR afforded a carboxylic acid, Cu-TADAP-COOH, which was freely soluble in water under basic conditions, but poorly soluble under neutral or acidic conditions. Dehydrative condensation of Cu-TADAP-COOH with 2,3-bis((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)propan-1-amine followed by deprotection of the silyl groups afforded an amide, Cu-TADAP-CONHR, with four (2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups. Although the 20[Formula: see text] Cu-TADAP-CONHR was poorly soluble in water, oxidation of its DAP ring notably changed the solubility, and the resulting 18[Formula: see text] dication was homogeneously dispersed in neutral water. Cyclic voltammetry of the present TADAP derivatives showed the 21[Formula: see text]/20[Formula: see text], 20[Formula: see text]/19[Formula: see text] and 19[Formula: see text]/18[Formula: see text] redox couples in the range of −1.8 to +0.2 V vs. Fc/Fc[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, Cu-TADAP-CONHR exhibited reversible redox processes in neutral water. This study shows that TADAP could be a potential platform for the development of hydrophilic DAP-based materials.
Hexaphyrin-cyclodextrin hybrids: Getting larger, getting confused
Authors: Robert François , Boitrel Bernard , Ménand Mickaël , Le Gac Stéphane
Published: July 2021

The diversity of hexaphyrin-cyclodextrin hybrids (HCD), previously formed from the covalent assembly of regular hexaphyrin and [Formula: see text]-cyclodextrin subunits, has been increased following two main directions: enlarging the confined space provided by the cyclodextrin and tuning the N-core of the hexaphyrin aiming at bimetallic complexes. The larger [Formula: see text]-cyclodextrin unit was selectively functionalized with aldehyde linkers on its primary rim which were further reacted with 2 eq. of pentafluorophenyl tripyrrane in acidic conditions, followed by DDQ oxidation. Doubly-linked HCD hybrids were obtained with structural variations in the hexaphyrin macrocycles depending on the MSA concentration (2 vs. 200 mM) producing either regular ([26] rectangular/[28] Möbius) or doubly N-confused dioxo ([26] rectangular) scaffolds. For the latter, two isomers were isolated featuring mirror transoid skeletons and long-side meso-linking patterns, giving rise to planar chirality at the origin of intense and opposite electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Zn(II) complexation was then investigated leading to two main findings. (i) The regular [28] Möbius HCD afforded a mixture of monometallic Möbius Zn(II) complexes in the presence of acac ligand. ECD spectroscopy indicated a chirality transfer from the [Formula: see text]-cyclodextrin favoring a [Formula: see text] Möbius twist, but opposite to that arising from the narrower [Formula: see text]-cyclodextrin congener ([Formula: see text] twist favored). (ii) Owing to N3O coordination boxes, dissymmetric bimetallic Zn(II) complexes were readily formed with the doubly N-confused dioxo HCDs through a positive cooperative process. Both metal centers bind a DMAP ligand in axial positions, which is of interest for the
Panchromatic BODIPY dyes: Synthesis and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Xue Qifan , Xiang Xiaoshuang , Gai Lizhi , Lu Hua
Published: July 2021

Panchromatic dyes covering the visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) region are of considerable interest in the fields of DSSCs and OPVs as well as infrared sensing due to their efficient solar energy harvesting. Herein, we report two BODIPY dyes displaying a panchromatic absorption with an extension to the near-infrared range, by the introduction of bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminophenylvinyl unit at 3,5-position of BODIPY core through Knoevenagel condensation reactions. The optoelectronic properties were fully investigated by spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements and DFT calculations. Our research provides a simple strategy to broaden the absorption spectrum of BODIPY dyes.
Black HPHAC: Synthesis and properties of dinitroHPHAC and its reduced global aromaticity in the dication state
Authors: Sasaki Yoshiki , Fujikawa Yoshino , Takase Masayoshi , Uno Hidemitsu
Published: July 2021

Introduction of functional groups on a [Formula: see text]-conjugated system is one of the most promissing methods to modulate their chemical and physical properties. Here, dinitrohexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (dinitroHPHAC) was synthesized, in which two nitro groups are introduced at the same pyrrole ring. The dinitroHPHAC possesses a large dipole moment ([Formula: see text] = 11.7 D at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)) and showed solvatochromism with decreased HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Interestingly, the colour of the solid is black to the naked eye. The global aromaticity of the dication state is decreased compared with those of pristine HPHAC and mononitroHPHAC.
About this title - Seismic Characterization of Carbonate Platforms and Reservoirs
Authors: Hendry J. , Burgess P. , Hunt D. , Janson X. , Zampetti V.
Published: July 2021

Modern seismic data have become an essential toolkit for studying carbonate platforms and reservoirs in impressive detail. Whilst driven primarily by oil and gas exploration and development, data sharing and collaboration are delivering fundamental geological knowledge on carbonate systems, revealing platform geomorphologies and how their evolution on millennial time scales, as well as kilometric length scales, was forced by long-term eustatic, oceanographic or tectonic factors. Quantitative interrogation of modern seismic attributes in carbonate reservoirs permits flow units and barriers arising from depositional and diagenetic processes to be imaged and extrapolated between wells.

This volume reviews the variety of carbonate platform and reservoir characteristics that can be interpreted from modern seismic data, illustrating the benefits of creative interaction between geophysical and carbonate geological experts at all stages of a seismic campaign. Papers cover carbonate exploration, including the uniquely challenging South Atlantic pre-salt reservoirs, seismic modelling of carbonates, and seismic indicators of fluid flow and diagenesis.
A Novel Approach to Designing Surrogate-assisted Genetic Algorithms by Combining Efficient Learning of Walsh Coefficients and Dependencies
Authors: Dushatskiy Arkadiy , Alderliesten Tanja , Bosman Peter A. N.
Published: July 2021

Surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms have the potential to be of high value for real-world optimization problems when fitness evaluations are expensive, limiting the number of evaluations that can be performed. In this article, we consider the domain of pseudo-Boolean functions in a black-box setting. Moreover, instead of using a surrogate model as an approximation of a fitness function, we propose to precisely learn the coefficients of the Walsh decomposition of a fitness function and use the Walsh decomposition as a surrogate. If the coefficients are learned correctly, then the Walsh decomposition values perfectly match with the fitness function, and, thus, the optimal solution to the problem can be found by optimizing the surrogate without any additional evaluations of the original fitness function. It is known that the Walsh coefficients can be efficiently learned for pseudo-Boolean functions with
k
-bounded epistasis and known problem structure. We propose to learn dependencies between variables first and, therefore, substantially reduce the number of Walsh coefficients to be calculated. After the accurate Walsh decomposition is obtained, the surrogate model is optimized using GOMEA, which is considered to be a state-of-the-art binary optimization algorithm. We compare the proposed approach with standard GOMEA and two other Walsh decomposition-based algorithms. The benchmark functions in the experiments are well-known trap functions, NK-landscapes, MaxCut, and MAX3SAT problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is scalable at the supposed complexity of
O
(ℓ
log
ℓ) function evaluations when the number of subfunctions is
O
(ℓ) and all subfunctions are
k
-bounded, outperforming all considered algorithms.
From Lustre to Simulink
Authors: Bourbouh Hamza , Garoche Pierre-Loïc , Garion Christophe , Thirioux Xavier
Published: July 2021

Model-based design is now unavoidable when building embedded systems and, more specifically, controllers. Among the available model languages, the synchronous dataflow paradigm, as implemented in languages such as MATLAB Simulink or ANSYS SCADE, has become predominant in critical embedded system industries. Both of these frameworks are used to design the controller itself but also provide code generation means, enabling faster deployment to target and easier V&V activities performed earlier in the design process, at the model level. Synchronous models also ease the definition of formal specification through the use of synchronous observers, attaching requirements to the model in the very same language, mastered by engineers and tooled with simulation means or code generation.

However, few works address the automatic synthesis of MATLAB Simulink annotations from lower-level models or code. This article presents a compilation process from Lustre models to genuine MATLAB Simulink, without the need to rely on external C functions or MATLAB functions. This translation is based on the modular compilation of Lustre to imperative code and preserves the hierarchy of the input Lustre model within the generated Simulink one. We implemented the approach and used it to validate a compilation toolchain, mapping Simulink to Lustre and then C, thanks to equivalence testing and checking. This backward compilation from Lustre to Simulink also provides the ability to produce automatically Simulink components modeling specification, proof arguments, or test cases coverage criteria.
A Distributed Real-time Scheduling System for Industrial Wireless Networks
Authors: Modekurthy Venkata P. , Saifullah Abusayeed , Madria Sanjay
Published: July 2021

The concept of Industry 4.0 introduces the unification of industrial Internet-of-Things (IoT), cyber physical systems, and data-driven business modeling to improve production efficiency of the factories. To ensure high production efficiency, Industry 4.0 requires industrial IoT to be adaptable, scalable, real-time, and reliable. Recent successful industrial wireless standards such as WirelessHART appeared as a feasible approach for such industrial IoT. For reliable and real-time communication in highly unreliable environments, they adopt a high degree of redundancy. While a high degree of redundancy is crucial to real-time control, it causes a huge waste of energy, bandwidth, and time under a centralized approach and are therefore less suitable for scalability and handling network dynamics. To address these challenges, we propose DistributedHART—a distributed real-time scheduling system for WirelessHART networks. The essence of our approach is to adopt local (node-level) scheduling through a time window allocation among the nodes that allows each node to schedule its transmissions using a real-time scheduling policy locally and online. DistributedHART obviates the need of creating and disseminating a central global schedule in our approach, thereby significantly reducing resource usage and enhancing the scalability. To our knowledge, it is the first distributed real-time multi-channel scheduler for WirelessHART. We have implemented DistributedHART and experimented on a 130-node testbed. Our testbed experiments as well as simulations show at least 85% less energy consumption in DistributedHART compared to existing centralized approach while ensuring similar schedulability.
SEAMS
Authors: Maity Biswadip , Donyanavard Bryan , Surhonne Anmol , Rahmani Amir , Herkersdorf Andreas , Dutt Nikil
Published: July 2021

Memory approximation techniques are commonly limited in scope, targeting individual levels of the memory hierarchy. Existing approximation techniques for a full memory hierarchy determine optimal configurations at design-time provided a goal and application. Such policies are rigid: they cannot adapt to unknown workloads and must be redesigned for different memory configurations and technologies. We propose SEAMS: the first self-optimizing runtime manager for coordinating configurable approximation knobs across all levels of the memory hierarchy. SEAMS continuously updates and optimizes its approximation management policy throughout runtime for diverse workloads. SEAMS optimizes the approximate memory configuration to minimize energy consumption without compromising the quality threshold specified by application developers. SEAMS can (1) learn a policy at runtime to manage variable application
quality of service
(
QoS
) constraints, (2) automatically optimize for a target metric within those constraints, and (3) coordinate runtime decisions for interdependent knobs and subsystems. We demonstrate SEAMS’ ability to efficiently provide functions (1)–(3) on a RISC-V Linux platform with approximate memory segments in the on-chip cache and main memory. We demonstrate SEAMS’ ability to save up to 37% energy in the memory subsystem without any design-time overhead. We show SEAMS’ ability to reduce QoS violations by 75% with < 5% additional energy.
Symbolic Loop Compilation for Tightly Coupled Processor Arrays
Authors: Witterauf Michael , Walter Dominik , Hannig Frank , Teich Jürgen
Published: July 2021

Tightly Coupled Processor Arrays (TCPAs), a class of massively parallel loop accelerators, allow applications to offload computationally expensive loops for improved performance and energy efficiency. To achieve these two goals, executing a loop on a TCPA requires an efficient generation of specific programs as well as other configuration data for each distinct combination of loop bounds and number of available processing elements (PEs). Since both these parameters are generally unknown at compile time—the number of available PEs due to dynamic resource management, and the loop bounds, because they depend on the problem size—both the programs and configuration data must be generated at runtime. However, pure just-in-time compilation is impractical, because mapping a loop program onto a TCPA entails solving multiple NP-complete problems.

As a solution, this article proposes a unique mixed static/dynamic approach called symbolic loop compilation. It is shown that at compile time, the NP-complete problems (modulo scheduling, register allocation, and routing) can still be solved to optimality in a symbolic way resulting in a so-called
symbolic configuration
, a space-efficient intermediate representation parameterized in the loop bounds and number of PEs. This phase is called
symbolic mapping
. At runtime, for each requested accelerated execution of a loop program with given loop bounds and known number of available PEs, a
concrete configuration
, including PE programs and configuration data for all other components, is generated from the symbolic configuration according to these parameter values. This phase is called
instantiation
. We describe both phases in detail and show that instantiation runs in polynomial time with its most complex step, program instantiation, not directly depending on the number of PEs and thus scaling to arbitrary sizes of TCPAs.

To validate the efficiency of this mixed static/dynamic compilation approach, we apply symbolic loop compilation to a set of real-world loop programs from several domains, measuring both compilation time and space requirements. Our experiments confirm that a symbolic configuration is a space-efficient representation suited for systems with little memory—in many cases, a symbolic configuration is smaller than even a single concrete configuration instantiated from it—and that the times for the runtime phase of program instantiation and configuration loading are negligible and moreover independent of the size of the available processor array. To give an example, instantiating a configuration for a matrix-matrix multiplication benchmark takes equally long for 4× 4 and 32× 32 PEs.
Tongue muscle contractile, fatigue, and fiber type properties in rats
Authors: Fogarty Matthew J. , Sieck Gary C.
Published: July 2021

For the individual tongue muscles, relatively little quantification of uniaxial force, fatigue, and fiber type-specific properties has been documented. Here, we assessed uniaxial-specific force generation, fatigability, and muscle fiber type-specific properties in the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles, the transversalis, and the genioglossus in Fischer 344 rats. The longitudinal muscles produced the greatest isometric tetanic-specific forces. The genioglossus was more fatigue resistant and comprised higher proportions of I and IIa fibers.
Impact of gravity on the perception of linear motion
Authors: Kobel Megan J. , Wagner Andrew R. , Merfeld Daniel M.
Published: July 2021

Perception of gravity and translation are fundamental for self-motion perception, balance, and motor control. The central nervous system must accurately disambiguate peripheral otolith signals encoding both linear acceleration and gravity. In contrast to past reports, we show that perception of translation depends on both motions relative to gravity and relative to the head. These results provide fundamental insights into otolith-mediated perception and suggest that the nervous system must compensate for the presence of gravity.
Control of the Internal and External Staggered Distance of Coal Mining Face to the Water‐Conducting Fissures in the Overlying Strata of the Near Coal
Authors: Jin Zhiyuan , Peng Tao
Published: July 2021

In Northwest China, rainfall is low, water resources are scarce, and the ecological environment is fragile. For shallow‐buried and close‐spaced coal seams with a thickness of upper coal bed >60∼70 m, the water‐conducting fissures of the overlying rock will not penetrate the water‐isolating layer after the upper coal seam is mined; the internal and external gap angles of the water‐conducting fissures are not generated from the water‐isolating layer. We set out to explore the critical internal and external dislocations for the second significant development of water‐conducting fissures in the overlying rock after coal mining under control. A calculation model for the critical internal and external staggered distances of coal mining face in shallow‐buried and close‐spaced coal seams is established, the calculation formula is given, and the calculation formula for the critical seam mining ratio under the condition of internal staggered mining mode is given. Numerical simulation performed by UDEC methods: taking the overburden strata in the shallow‐buried and close‐spaced coal seam mining area of Shigetai Coal Mine as a prototype, it was verified that the critical internal and external offsets of the coal mining face in shallow‐buried and close‐spaced coal seams have a significant effect on the overlying water flow cracks in the mining of the lower coal seam. For the feasibility of developmental control, according to the engineering geological conditions of Shigetai, through the calculation method of external staggered distance, it is concluded that the distance of the open cut of the lower coal face and the upper coal face is only 21∼27 m, which is much smaller than the water barrier. It does not produce the critical distance of the water‐conducting cracks. Therefore, in the process of mining the lower coal seam, the water‐proof layer will produce water‐conducting cracks, lose its water‐proof performance, and cause water loss. This is also the cause of the water inrush accident in Shigetai Coal Mine.
Fitting of Atomic Force Microscopy Force Curves with a Sparse Representation Model
Authors: Wang Qing , Hu Nan , Duan Junbo
Published: July 2021

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a high-resolution scanning technology, and the measured data are a set of force curves, which can be fitted with a piecewise curve model and be analyzed further. Most methods usually follow a two-step strategy: first, the discontinuities (or breakpoints) are detected as the boundaries of two consecutive pieces; second, each piece separated by the discontinuities is fitted with a parametric model, such as the well-known worm-like chain (WLC) model. The disadvantage of this method is that the fitting (the second step) accuracy depends largely on the discontinuity detection (the first step) accuracy. In this study, a sparse representation model is proposed to jointly detect discontinuities and fit curves. The proposed model fits the curve with a linear combination of parametric functions, and the estimation of the parameters in the model can be formulated as an optimization problem with

ℓ

0

-norm constraint. The performance of the proposed model is demonstrated by the fitting of AFM retraction force curves with the WLC model. Results shows that the proposed method can segment the force curve and estimate the parameter jointly with better accuracy, and hence, it is promising for automatic AFM force curve processing.
Intervertebral Disc Stem/Progenitor Cells: A Promising “Seed” for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration
Authors: Du Yuxiang , Wang Zhikun , Wu Yangming , Liu Chengyi , Zhang Lingli
Published: July 2021

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is considered to be the primary reason for low back pain (LBP), which has become more prevalent from 21 century, causing an enormous economic burden for society. However, in spite of remarkable improvements in the basic research of IVD degeneration (IVDD), the effects of clinical treatments of IVDD are still leaving much to be desired. Accumulating evidence has proposed the existence of endogenous stem/progenitor cells in the IVD that possess the ability of proliferation and differentiation. However, few studies have reported the biological properties and potential application of IVD progenitor cells in detail. Even so, these stem/progenitor cells have been consumed as a promising cell source for the regeneration of damaged IVD. In this review, we will first introduce IVD, describe its physiology and stem/progenitor cell niche, and characterize IVDSPCs between homeostasis and IVD degeneration. We will then summarize recent studies on endogenous IVDSPC-based IVD regeneration and exogenous cell-based therapy for IVDD. Finally, we will discuss the potential applications and future developments of IVDSPC-based repair of IVD degeneration.
Modelling Techniques to Improve the Quality of Food Using Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Sahni Varsha , Srivastava Sandeep , Khan Rijwan
Published: July 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI), or AI/machine vision, is assuming an overwhelming part in the realm of food handling and quality affirmation. As indicated by Mordor Intelligence, AI in the food and refreshments market is required to enlist a CAGR of 28.64%, during the conjecture time frame 2018–2023. Artificial intelligence makes it workable for PCs to gain as a matter of fact, investigate information from the two data sources and yields, and perform most human assignments with an improved level of accuracy and proficiency. Here is a concise gander at how AI is expanding sanitation and quality activities. This exploration has along these lines tried to furnish policymakers with a way to assess new and existing strategies, while likewise offering a reasonable premise through which food chains orders can be made stronger through the thought of the executive’s practices and strategy choices. This survey centers on the AI applications according to four mainstays of food security that is food accessibility, food availability, food use, and strength.
Enhanced Oil Recovery by Cyclic Injection of Wettability Alteration Agent for Tight Reservoirs
Authors: Wei Zhijie , Liu Yuyang , Kang Xiaodong
Published: July 2021

Low primary recovery factor and rapid production decline necessitates the proposal of enhanced oil recovery methods to mobilize the remaining oil resource of tight reservoirs, especially for oil-wet ones, and wettability alteration by injecting a chemical agent such as a surfactant is a promising option. A discrete-fracture-network-based mathematical model is developed with consideration of the displacement mechanisms and complicated physical-chemical phenomena during EOR by wettability alteration, and this model numerically solved by the fully implicit method. Simulation cases are conducted to investigate the production performance and key factors of cyclic injection of a surfactant. Cyclic injection can significantly improve the production of oil-wet tight reservoirs, and the ultimate recovery factor can be increased by 10 percent. The reason is that a surfactant can alter the wettability of a reservoir from oil wet to medium or even water wet, which triggers spontaneous imbibition and favors oil movement from a matrix into a fracture. Better EOR results can be achieved with decreasing oil viscosity, increasing matrix permeability, or decreasing fracture spacing. Cyclic surfactant injection is applicable to reservoirs with an oil viscosity of less than 7 mPa·s, a matrix permeability bigger than 0.01 mD, or a fracture spacing smaller than 150 m. It is favorable for the wettability alteration method by maintaining capillary pressure and reducing residual oil saturation as much as possible.
Enhanced Sensitivity of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer with Acquired Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor‐Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors to Phenformin: The Roles of a Metabolic Shift to Oxidative Phosphorylation and Redox Balance
Authors: Kim Suntae , Im Ji Hye , Kim Wan Kyu , Choi Young Jae , Lee Ji-Yoon , Kim Sang Kyum , Kim Sun Jo , Kwon Sung Won , Kang Keon Wook
Published: July 2021

Background. Although the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐ TKI) therapy has been proven in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, acquired resistance to EGFR‐TKIs presents a serious clinical problem. Hence, the identification of new therapeutic strategy is needed to treat EGFR‐TKI‐resistant NSCLC. Methods. Acquired EGFR‐TKI‐resistant lung cancer cell lines (HCC827, H1993, and H292 cells with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib) were used for cell‐based studies. IncuCyte live cell analysis system and XFp analyzer were used for the determination of cell proliferation and energy metabolism, respectively. In vivo anticancer effect of phenformin was assessed in xenografts implanting HCC827 and gefitinib‐resistant HCC827 (HCC827 GR) cells. Results. HCC827 GR and erlotinib‐resistant H1993 (H1993 ER) cells exhibited different metabolic properties compared with their respective parental cells, HCC827, and H1993. In EGFR‐TKI‐resistant NSCLC cells, glycolysis markers including the glucose consumption rate, intracellular lactate level, and extracellular acidification rate were decreased; however, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) markers including mitochondria‐driven ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, and maximal OXPHOS capacity were increased. Cell proliferation and tumor growth were strongly inhibited by biguanide phenformin via targeting of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex 1 in EGFR‐TKI‐resistant NSCLC cells. Inhibition of OXPHOS resulted in a reduced NAD+/NADH ratio and intracellular aspartate levels. Recovery of glycolysis by hexokinase 2 overexpression in erlotinib‐resistant H292 (H292 ER) cells significantly reduced the anticancer effects of phenformin. Conclusion. Long‐term treatment with EGFR‐TKIs causes reactivation of mitochondrial metabolism, resulting in vulnerability to OXPHOS inhibitor such as phenformin. We propose a new therapeutic option for NSCLC with acquired EGFR‐TKI resistance that focuses on cancer metabolism.
The Influence of External Additional Loading on the Muscle Activity and Ground Reaction Forces during Gait
Authors: Zagrodny Bartłomiej , Ludwicki Michał , Wojnicz Wiktoria
Published: July 2021

Asymmetrical external loading acting on the musculoskeletal system is generally considered unhealthy. Despite this knowledge, carrying loads in an asymmetrical manner like carrying on one shoulder, with one hand, or on the strap across the torso is a common practice. This study is aimed at presenting the effects of the mentioned load carrying methods on muscle activity assessed by using thermal field and ground reaction forces. Infrared thermography and pedobarographic force platform (ground reaction force/pressure measurement) were used in this study. Experimental results point out an increased load-dependent asymmetry of temperature distribution on the chosen areas of torso and the influence of external loading on ground reaction forces. Results point out that wearing an asymmetrical load should be avoided and are showing which type of carrying the external load is potentially less and the most harmful.
A New Decavanadate with Organic Cation: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis
Authors: Nasri Rawia , Ksiksi Regaya , Graia Mohsen , Zid Mohamed Faouzi
Published: July 2021

A new 2,6‐bis aminomethyl piperidine decavanadate hydrate, (C7N3H20)2V10O28.4.21H2O, was synthesized by slow evaporation of a solution at room temperature. The molecular structure was investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In the crystal structure, the layers of decavanadate groups, organic cations, and water molecules are arranged parallel to the (010) plane. Also, the prepared compound has been analysed by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystal structure of the title compound is stabilized by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. The cohesion of the structure is ensured by O‐H…O and N‐H…O hydrogen bonds. The three‐dimensional Hirshfeld surface (3D‐HS) and the relative two‐dimensional fingerprint plots (2D‐FPs) of (C7N3H20)2V10O28.4.21H2O compound revealed that the structure is dominated by O…H/H…O (70.8%) and H…H (18.5%) contacts.
Laser Vaporization of Intracoronary Thrombus and Identifying Plaque Morphology in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction as Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Yamanaka Yuki , Shimada Yoshihisa , Tonomura Daisuke , Terashita Kazunori , Suzuki Tatsuya , Yano Kentaro , Nishiura Satoshi , Yoshida Masataka , Tsuchida Takao , Fukumoto Hitoshi
Published: July 2021

Objectives. We evaluated the thrombus-vaporizing effect of excimer laser coronary angioplasty (ELCA) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Background. Larger intracoronary thrombus elevates the risk of interventional treatment and mortality in patients with STEMI. Methods. A total of 92 patients with STEMI who presented within 24 hours from the onset and underwent ELCA following manual aspiration thrombectomy (MT) were analyzed. Results. The mean baseline thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade was 0.4 ± 0.6, which subsequently improved to 2.3 ± 0.7 after MT (

p
<
0.0001

) and 2.7 ± 0.5 after ELCA (

p
=
0.0001

). The median residual thrombus volume after MT was 65.7 mm3, which significantly reduced to 47.5 mm3 after ELCA (

p
<
0.0001

). Plaque rupture was identified by OCT in only 22 cases (23.9%) after MT, but was distinguishable in 36 additional cases after ELCA (total: 58 cases; 63.0%). Ruptured lesions contained a higher proportion of red thrombus than nonruptured lesions (75.9% vs. 43.3%,

p
=
0.001

). Significantly larger thrombus burden after MT (69.6 mm3 vs. 56.3 mm3,

p
<
0.05

) and greater thrombus reduction by ELCA (21.2 mm3 vs. 11.8 mm3,

p
<
0.01

) were observed in ruptured lesions than nonruptured lesions. Conclusions. ELCA effectively vaporized intracoronary thrombus in patients with STEMI even after MT. Lesions with plaque rupture contained larger thrombus burden that was frequently characterized by red thrombus and more effectively reduced by ELCA.
Huayu Tongluo Recipe Attenuates Renal Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through the Activation of AMPK/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Streptozotocin- (STZ-) Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Li Yachun , Guo Shuai , Yang Fan , Liu Lifei , Chen Zhiqiang
Published: July 2021

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe microvascular complication of diabetes, is one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. Huayu Tongluo Recipe (HTR) has been widely used in the clinical treatment of DN in China, and its efficacy is reliable. This study aimed to explore the renoprotective effect of HTR and the underlying mechanism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high sugar and fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of STZ to establish the diabetic model. Rats in each group were respectively given drinking water, HTR, and irbesartan by gavage for 16 weeks. 24-hour urine samples were collected every 4 weeks to detect the content of total protein and 8-OHdG. Blood samples were taken to detect biochemical indicators and inflammatory markers at the end of 16th week. Renal tissue was collected to investigate pathological changes and to detect oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway and fibrosis-related proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and western blot. 24h urine total protein (24h UTP), serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) were decreased in the rats treated with HTR, while there was no noticeable change of blood glucose. HTR administration decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in kidneys, complying with reduced 8-OHdG in the urine. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and MCP1 and the expression of nuclear NFκB were also lower after HTR treatment. Furthermore, HTR alleviated pathological renal injury and reduced the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Besides, HTR enhanced the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling and increased the expression of HO-1 while it inhibited the Nox4/TGF-β1 signaling in the kidneys of STZ-induced diabetic rats. HTR can inhibit renal oxidative stress and inflammation to reduce ECM accumulation and protect the kidney through activating the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway in DN.
Improved Nearest Neighbor Propagation Algorithm Based on Internet of Things Technology in Financial Management Early Warning
Authors: Li Xiaoyan
Published: July 2021

In recent years, the increasing degree of economic globalization has provided a broader platform for the development of enterprises, but it also made enterprises bear more and more pressure of market competition. This paper mainly studies the application of improved nearest neighbor propagation algorithm based on Internet of Things technology in financial management early warning. This paper selects the mixed unbalanced panel data of 40 companies from 2006 to 2008 as the overall research sample. After eliminating the outliers and the samples of companies without data for two consecutive years, 390 datasets of 30 companies are selected as the modeling samples. The selection of risk early warning indicators should follow the following six principles: comprehensiveness, importance, scientificity, objective quantification, comparability, and operability. The standard deviation of index data is calculated to compare the strength and improve the integrity and effectiveness of the value. In this paper, Delphi expert analysis method is used to invite experts who have certain research in this field to propose the corresponding independent evaluation index scheme. On the premise of taking the summary results as the reference, the index contents which are not representative and different from the actual requirements are deleted, so as to finally determine the index system of the risk assessment scheme. The data show that the final correct rate of the financial risk early warning model can reach 91% and the total number of judgments is 200, where 182 are correct and only 18 are wrong. The results show that the establishment of a good financial risk early warning system can help enterprises better find and deal with risks and makes enterprises develop healthily.
Effect of Ultrasonic Frequency on Thickener Performance
Authors: Li Gongcheng , Liu Shulong , Wen Zengsheng , Liu Guolei , Cui Yu , Shao Yajian
Published: July 2021

Gravity thickening is an important aspect to solve numerous environmental and safety problems that were created by tailings discharging at low solid concentrations. Furthermore, in order to efficiently facilitate the separation of released water and solid sediments, a continuous thickening system with ultrasonic equipment has been used to investigate the thickening performance of copper‐mine tailings under different ultrasonic frequencies (16 kHz, 20 kHz, 22 kHz, 25 kHz, and 28 kHz). After freeze‐drying treatment, the underflow samples are imaged using the scanning electron microscope (SEM); then, the structure of floc or aggregates in the SEM images is quantifiably analyzed using the software of Image J. Results show that the underflow concentration increases as the ultrasonic frequency increases and decreases afterwards. A linear logarithmic function can explain the relationship between underflow concentration and run time at a certain ultrasonic. The underflow concentration is maximized at 64.47 wt. % when the ultrasonic frequency is 22 kHz. Based on the analysis on the microstructure of underflow samples, the minimum pore average size and pore average fraction are obtained when the ultrasonic frequency is 22 kHz, implying that 22 kHz is the optimum ultrasonic frequency combining the results of the underflow concentration.
Plasma‐Derived Exosomal hsa‐miR‐4488 and hsa‐miR‐1228‐5p: Novel Biomarkers for Dermatomyositis‐Associated Interstitial Lung Disease with Anti‐Melanoma Differentiation‐Associated Protein 5 Antibody‐Positive Subset
Authors: Zhong Danli , Wu Chanyuan , Xu Dong , Bai Jingjing , Wang Qian , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: July 2021

The present study is aimed at profiling circulating exosome‐derived microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) from patients with dermatomyositis (DM), in particular those complicated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) with anti‐melanoma differentiation‐associated protein 5 (MDA5) antibody‐positive. Fifteen participants were enrolled, including five patients with DM complicated with ILDs prior to treatment with circulating anti‐MDA5 antibody‐positive status [DM‐ILD‐MDA5 Ab(+)], five DM patients without ILDs who were negative for 16 detectable myositis‐specific antibodies [DM‐nonILD‐MSA16(‐)], and five age‐ and gender‐matched healthy donor controls (HCs). The characteristics of the exosomes extracted by Ribo™ Exosome Isolation Reagent were identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and flow cytometry. Differentially expressed miRNAs, determined by next‐generation deep sequencing, were identified through the criteria of ∣log2 fold change | ≥1 and P < 0.01. A total of 38 miRNAs were significantly upregulated in exosomes from patients with DM‐ILD‐MDA5 Ab(+) compared to those from HC, while 21 miRNAs were significantly downregulated. Compared to exosomes derived from patients with DM‐nonILD‐MSA16(‐), 51 miRNAs were significantly upregulated and 33 miRNAs were significantly downregulated from patients with DM‐ILD‐MDA5 Ab(+). A total of 73 exosomal miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between DM‐nonILD‐MSA16(‐) and HC. In particular, two miRNAs, Homo sapiens‐ (hsa‐) miR‐4488 and hsa‐miR‐1228‐5p, were common differentially expressed miRNAs among three comparisons. GO and KEGG analyses suggested that several pathways may contribute the pathogenesis of DM‐ILD‐MDA5 Ab(+) and DM‐nonILD‐MSA16(‐), while PPI network analysis of hsa‐miR‐4488 and hsa‐miR‐1228‐5p indicated that their predicted target genes, DExD‐box helicase 39B and MDM2, may be involved in the mechanisms of DM‐ILD‐MDA5 Ab(+).
Analysis of Distributed Wireless Sensor Systems with a Switched Quantizer
Authors: Sun Hui , Wang Xianyu , Yang Kaixin , Peng Tongrui
Published: July 2021

In this article, a switched quantizer is proposed to solve the bandwidth limitation application problem for distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed estimator based on switched quantitative event‐triggered Kalman consensus filtering (KCF) algorithm is used to monitor the aircraft cabin environmental parameters when suffering packet loss and path loss issues during the communication process for WSN. The quantization error of the novel switched quantizer structure is bounded, and the corresponding stability theory for the quantitative estimation approach is proved. Compared with other methods, the simulation results for the introduced method verify that the environmental parameters can be estimated accurately and timely and reduce the burden of network communication bandwidth.
Extend Disturbance Observer of Backlash-Based Robust Sliding-Mode Control
Authors: Wang Weixing , Mao Dapeng , Li Botong
Published: July 2021

The backlash by the hysteresis between the input and the output is always present in the inertial stabilized platform, which will seriously affect the dynamic performance of the platform system at low speed. So, the backlash has been paid more and more attention for the use in the inertial stabilized platform. To handle such a situation, extend disturbance observer (EDOB) has a high advantage to compensate the disturbance caused by backlash. However, some research studies show that the observation effect for some fast time-varying disturbances is satisfactory, which will strict limits on the rate of change in disturbance and still hamper its application; consequently, this paper proposes a sliding-mode-based extend disturbance observer (SMEDO) to compensate backlash. By well-designed sliding-mode surface, it is unnecessary to measure the whole state and the lack of robustness against unmatched uncertainties of the resulting controller, and the robustness and accuracy of modified disturbance observer can be enhanced. Experiments were carried out on a DSP-based platform with backlash in the pitch shafting. The obtained experimental results demonstrate that the SMEDO scheme has an improved performance with the dynamic performance and shafting transmission accuracy compared with the traditional methods.