bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental problems in Pakistan; their origins and development and the threats that they pose to sustainable development
Authors: Hasan Arif , Ali Ameneh Azam
Published: March 2007

Environmental problems in Pakistan; their origins and development and the threats that they pose to sustainable development examines how environmental problems can be traced back to policies instituted under colonial rule. The paper considers the social and economic changes in recent decades in agriculture, forestry and fisheries, industry and human settlements. It looks at the environmental problems that these changes have caused and considers deficiencies in government policies to address them.
The notion of unitary psychosis: a conceptual history
Authors: Berrios G.E. , Beer D.
Published: March 2007

'Unitary psychosis' is the collective name for a set of disparate doctrines whose common denominator is the view that there is only one form of psychosis and that its diverse clinical presentations can be explained in terms of endogenous and exogenous factors. This paper examines the history of these doctrines since the eighteenth century in the work of their main sponsors and extricates their conceptual assumptions. It is shown that the nature of the debate between 'unitarians' and those who believed in the existence of separate diseases has changed throughout time, and that to these changes national differences have been important. Earlier discussions made use of conceptual and ontological argument; latter ones of clinical analysis; and the latest debate, that occurred during the 1970s, over-relied on statistical techniques and genetic analysis. The outcome of this long debate remains inconclusive.
Presentations of Romanies in the Czech Media: On Category Work in Television Debates
Authors: LEUDAR IVAN , NEKVAPIL JIŘÍ
Published: March 2007

This article concerns categorizations of Romanies in Czech media. We analysed four television debates which were broadcast in the Czech Republic between 1990 and 1995. All of them concerned Romanies, and Czechs and Romanies participated in each of them. The analytic technique we used was membership categorization analysis (MCA), associated with Sacks (1992), and with contemporary ethnomethodology. Our analysis focused on how descriptions of Romanies were used and warranted, and how the membership categorizations both changed in arguments and resisted change. We found that participants did not simply describe Romanies, they warranted the descriptions and, in doing so, presented some of the descriptions as matters of common knowledge and others as facts. Not all `common knowledge' of Romanies was, however, held in common by both Czechs and Romanies. Czechs know Romanies as those who do not live like normal people, who create problems and commit crimes, but the facts about Romanies as unique people with a valid form of life are only known to Romanies.
Linguistic Persuasion as an Essential Political Factor in Current Democracies: Critical Analysis of the Globalization Discourse in Argentina at the Turn and at the End of the Century
Authors: PARDO MARÍA LAURA
Published: March 2007

In this article I intend to analyze linguistically, from a critical perspective, the concept of discursive persuasion in relation to the globalization phenomenon. I first present an updated review of the literature on the latter, as well as on persuasion and politics in Argentina at the turn and at the end of the century. Qualitative methodology has been used. The corpus has been already analyzed in two projects, on the above topics. Six texts in all, belonging to both periods, have been chosen as examples.
Discourse and Social Praxis in the Construction of Nation and State
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: March 2007

This article aims to delineate a theoretical framework that can be implemented in a larger research programme to investigate nationalisms and citizenship concepts on the basis of discourse formations in various languages. The theoretical framework, deriving from Benveniste's model of the énonication, proposes a typology of situated meanings of the pronoun we and its analogues in languages other than English. This model is then applied in two pilot studies, one from a French source, the other primarily dealing with a Russian text. Analysis of the French text shows that distribution of pronominal usage and categorization are able to discriminate similarities and differences between two speakers' conceptions of nation and citizenship. Analysis of the Russian and English versions of a text arising in 1989 in the Baltic states reveals different localized discourse concerning the notions of people and nation. These two studies enable conclusions to be drawn regarding the relationship of the idea of nation and citizen to be related to different languages, cultures and discourse formations, and the scope of future research to be drawn.
An Ideological/Cultural Analysis of Political Slogans in Communist China
Authors: LU XING
Published: March 2007

By employing the frameworks of McGee's discussion on the relationship between ideology and ideographs, Wander's approach to the identification of fact and negation in cultural analysis, and by addressing Arendt's question on the process of indoctrination in totalitarian regimes, this study examines the use of political slogans in Communist China from the early 1960s to the late 1980s. It discusses rhetorical impacts of these political slogans on transforming Chinese ideology from Confucianism to Maoism, and to Deng Xiaoping's pragmatism. The analysis indicates that political slogans are coined to meet the changing need of social conditions as well as the need of authorities to establish control. Moreover, the pervasive use of these political slogans has altered the face of Chinese culture and affected the Chinese thought pattern. The rhetorical strategies and techniques employed by Communist China resemble closely those employed by other totalitarian regimes.
Contact and Boundaries
Authors: Dixon John
Published: March 2007

The contact hypothesis states that regular interaction between members of different groups reduces prejudice, providing it occurs under favourable conditions. This paper discusses an implied but neglected aspect of the hypothesis, namely its interconnectedness with the spatial organization of intergroup relations. The first section analyses the limited ways in which the spatiality of contact has been conceived in past research. Offering an alternative perspective, the paper then outlines a framework for exploring the relationship between contact and processes of boundary regulation (see Sibley, 1995). As a developing theme, the paper emphasizes the need to devise social psychological theory that is adequate to the spatial dimension of group processes. This will require a shift away from a conception of social space as an inert background to social life towards a conception of social space as a meaningful and dynamic production that constitutes our collective relations and identities.
Heuristics and Biases in Theory Formation
Authors: Fiedler Klaus
Published: March 2007

Scientific growth is described, in evolutionist terms, as a two stage process involving a rather loose stage of theory creation and a subsequent, much tighter process of theory testing. Scientific methodology is largely confined to the latter stage, while the creative process of theory formation is less amenable to systematization. Four variants or heuristics of theoretical thinking are outlined and interpreted within the evolution analogy: deductive reasoning, empirical generalization, metaphorical reasoning and ordinary-language games. Most attention is devoted to the last variant, which seems to be especially prominent in the cognitivist approach and which highlights the fact that theorists are subject to the same semantically based heuristics and biases as lay people. The facets of theory formation through ordinary-language games are illustrated and elaborated with reference to the availability heuristic in general and an availability account of illusory correlations in particular. Throughout this essay it is argued that specific variants of theory formation are associated with characteristic problems and assets, but that successful and fruitful theories emerge from all four sources, largely independent of how rationally the theory has been derived or inferred.
Rethinking Psychopathy
Authors: Feelgood Steven R. , Rantzen Andy J.
Published: March 2007

Levenson (1992) asserts that the biological perspective on psychopathy is flawed, and that the phenomenon is better understood as reflecting a philosophy of life centered on the trivialization of others. In this commentary we argue that his critique is based on a misrepresentation of the biological position, which, properly construed, comprises a valid and empirically promising approach to the explanation of psychopathy. Moreover, we contend that Levenson's alternative account is both inconsistent with experimental evidence and diagnostic criteria and lacking in aetiologial power.
On the Social Legacy of B.F. Skinner
Authors: Prilleltensky Isaac , Prileltensky Isaac
Published: March 2007

The legacy of B.F. Skinner for social improvement is examined. A significant discrepancy is noticed between the rhetoric of change contained in his writings and the underlying philosophy of adjustment to the social order. Promises to modify the environment to advance human welfare were reverted into practices of changing individuals to promote the effective functioning of the social system. A critique of Skinner's theory of values reveals that it is unable to provide a conceptual framework for the `good' society. It is argued that even though radical behaviorism is frequently used to maintain undesirable social institutions, it could be employed to foster beneficial macrosocial changes. This contrast is analyzed in terms of (a) a discrepancy between theory and practice; (b) a preoccupation with technology over ethical decision-making; and (c) a neglect of power issues in institutional and societal settings.
Does the History of Psychology Have a Future?
Authors: Danziger Kurt
Published: March 2007

The history of psychology tends to be accorded a purely pedagogical role within the discipline rather than being seen as a possible source of substantive contributions. This reflects a type of mobilization of tradition that is characteristic of the natural rather than the human sciences. The shallow history of the scientific review helps to organize consensus while critical history represents a threat to the moral community of researchers. However, there are developments which provide a more favourable context for critical historical scholarship. These include: the emergence of a somewhat disenchanted view of science; the rise of feminist scholarship; and the international diversification of psychology. The potential effects of critical historical studies on conceptions of the subject-matter of psychology, on the understanding of its practices and on the nature of its social contribution are briefly discussed.
Social Constructionism and the Pragmatic Entente: A Reply to Osbeck
Authors: Botschner Janos V.
Published: March 2007

Recently in these pages, Osbeck (1993) assessed the suitability of strong vs weak constructionism as an explanatory model for psychology. The evaluative criteria adopted by Osbeck were based on a pragmatic standard of usefulness to society. This standard included the concept of generativity, which eschews moral relativism by enshrining the dignity of the individual. Osbeck concluded that only weak constructionism has the capacity to fulfil the criteria entailed in the pragmatic standard. An inspection of the evaluative issues addressed by Osbeck shows that the relative advantages ascribed to weak constructionism are equivocal and stem mainly from its typically prescriptive presentations. Moreover, weak constructionism, as described by Osbeck, does not eliminate concerns about relativism as much as it banishes them from its neo-Kantian framework. Although a re-examination of the pragmatism of William James may offer hope for alternative psychologies, its promise may resonate more strongly with Wittgensteinian than Kantian epistemology.
Constructed Motives
Authors: Jansz Jeroen
Published: March 2007

Cultural models of motivation provide a public conception of motives that may cause individuals to act towards preferred goals. A cultural model does not determine the individual's motivational `make-up' in a one-sided way. Social interaction is a prerequisite for the translation of culturally constructed motives into a personal motivational narrative. In this process of internalization, motives from the cultural model are generally reconstructed, which may also result in the construction of new motives.
Statistical Significance and Replicability
Authors: Sohn David
Published: March 2007

In spite of arguments to the contrary, psychologists, it is shown here, believe statistical significance (SS) signifies that a finding will replicate. The most visible argument that SS is not an index of replicability, one that is based in notions of Bayesian statistical inference, is considered and shown to be flawed. Two different arguments are presented that demonstrate the irrelevance of SS to replicability: (a) SS may not be taken as a sign of the truth of the research hypothesis; and (b) statistical significance tests do not generate verifiable predictions of replication attempts. Direct tests of replicability and effect-size measures of replicability are shown to have comparable problems. A solution to the replicability problem is proposed for atheoretical research that replaces `once-and-for-all' tests of replicability with the requirement that the treatment effect be demonstrable (a) in the individual, (b) on a continuing basis, and (c) in a way that is clearly discernible. The question of the role of significance testing in research is answered by denying a role to such testing.
Psychotherapy without Foundations?'
Authors: Stancombe John , White Susan
Published: March 2007

Over the last decade the therapeutic industry has begun to question the foundations for its own knowledge claims. Unable to retreat into logico-empiricism and naive realism because of its own internal critique of these philosophical positions, it has sought solace in hermeneutics and postfoundationalist epistemology. Through an examination of debates within psychotherapy process research, it is possible to chart the development of this linguistic turn. The end of the search for therapeutic certainties has certain repercussions which have, hitherto, been neglected by theorists and clinicians, whose desire to escape some of the constraints of scientism sits uneasily alongside an unshakeable commitment to therapeutic practices which are essentially normative.
Defending the Statistical Status Quo
Authors: Frick Robert W.
Published: March 2007

The practices suggested by Thompson (1999) have not been adopted by researchers because they would rarely be useful. There are problems with reports of effect size that depend on methodological details. The practical importance of a finding depends on personal circumstances, and the researcher’s personal evaluation of that importance is outside the purview of science. Researchers are concerned with the accuracy of their conclusion, and given pcalculated, estimates of replicability add no information to this issue.
European Works Council Training: An Opportunity Missed?
Authors: Miller Doug , Stirling John
Published: March 2007

This article highlights the absence of explicit reference to training for European works councillors in both the 1994 Directive and its transposed form in national legislation. Analysis of `Article 13' voluntary agreements reveals a similar lack of attention to the issue. The authors examine the infrastructure of EWC training in Europe and highlight the significance of European Commission funding for transnational meetings in advance of the implementation of the Directive. The absence of a requirement in the Directive and a reduction in Commission funding will have implications for the organization and delivery of EWC training and ultimately for the effectiveness of multinational consultation and information procedures in the future.
The End of Solidarity? The Decline of Egalitarian Wage Policies in Italy and Sweden
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Locke Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Through an analysis of industrial relations developments in Italy and Sweden - two countries especially committed to egalitarian wage policies - this article argues that wage egalitarianism as it was conceived in the 1960s and 1970s (compression of inter-occupational wage differentials) proved to be a strategic mistake for unions. It brought about fragmentation - involving multiple cleavages between blue- and white-collar workers, skilled and unskilled, male and female, and even private and public sector employees - as opposed to unity and thus produced the opposite results from its stated goals. The article also argues that if words like `equality' and `solidarity' continue to have meaning for labour organizations, they will need to be associated in the future with completely new supply-side strategies aimed at bringing about equality of jobs as opposed merely to wages.
The Sectoral Social Dialogue and European Social Policy: More Fantasy, Fewer Facts
Authors: Keller Berndt , Sorries Bernd
Published: March 2007

The Social Protocol of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union promoted new forms of social dialogue. These could be considered on the one hand as instruments of European social policy; on the other, it could be argued, they mirror the range and degree of the Europeanization of industrial relations. In contrast to the most recent literature, this article focuses not on the `interprofessional' but on the sectoral variant of social dialogue. The empirical analysis of its constraints and potential is based on qualitative case studies of selected sectors (engineering, construction, transport and the public sector). Our results reveal significant differences between sectors. The sectoral application of the Social Protocol confronts such problems as the organizational prerequisites of the social partners, implementation procedures and the future role and function of the Commission. In the conclusion, different future scenarios are discussed.
Time—Space Scenarios and the Innisian Theory
Authors: Paine Robert
Published: March 2007

Harold Innis saw time and space as always in association but unequally and, in the long run, with a shift from a temporal to a spatial bias. How `true' today? And if true, how useful? Time-space scenarios from a variety of cultures and different historical epochs are considered. Our contemporary situation seems better understood by some notion like `cultural scrambling' in which linear and cyclical time and presentness are all there, in a world of unprecedented spatial dimension.
Time and the Local Constitution of Society
Authors: Pertierra Raul
Published: March 2007

Time is both an aspect as well as a constituent of our experience. Both as aspect and as constituent postmodernity is characterized by a distinctive attitude to time. The present interest in periodization and genre, the replacement of objective reality by the prevalence of the sign, in other words, the linguistification of the world can no longer be encompassed by Newtonian and naturalistic concepts of time. In an electronic age where local time is a sub-unit of London/New York/Tokyo time, the other no longer has its own time. This paper recaptures other times as exemplified in a rural community in Northern Philippines. The constitution of time in ritual and practical structures of action gives this community a coherence sufficient for its maintenance and reproduction despite the disruptive aspects of daily life. Whereas other times and other places use ritual to orient themselves in time, post-modernity has reinvented time to suit its needs.
Dynamical Discourse Theory
Authors: Weissert Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the similarity between the modeling methods of dynamical systems theory and deconstruction. Both disciplines incorporate a new temporal sensitivity into the existing structural techniques of their predecessors. In this formalism, time cannot be reduced to a simple, space-like, fourth dimension along which events evolve: time predicates the many-leveled, fractally self-similar, hierarchical structure that our consciousness requires for the identification and organization of any continually evolving ensemble identity, including the self, family, organization, corporation and species. Both deconstruction and dynamical systems theory find local randomness in the shifting referentiality of signification, but whereas the response of the former is to reject any deterministic foundations, the latter retains them and so obtains a formalism with which to convey an observer via simulation across the reasonable but not logical jump to a new emergent identity, even as the continually shifting referentiality destroys any possibility for local determination. This new method of modeling allows for the unpredictable self-organization of order out of chaos.
Community in German Criminal Justice: a Significant Absence ?
Authors: Lacey Nicola , Zedner Lucia
Published: March 2007

The article is prompted by an apparent paradox. In Germany, working relations between state criminal justice agencies and non-state institutions within a locality are often extremely close, relying upon networks of communication and a degree of mutual reliance, which in Britain would undoubtedly invoke reference to the idea of 'community'. In Germany, however, criminal justice professionals rarely describe this in terms of community. Though the emergence of locally based criminal justice ini tiatives has been later and less extensive in Germany than in Britain, there have been significant institutional developments in this direction over the last decade, particu larly in the fields of crime prevention and victim-offender mediation. Yet even those organizations working closely with local people or reliant upon the efforts of indi vidual volunteers or charitable bodies do not appear to perceive their work as com munity-orientated. This is the 'significant absence' of our title. By reflecting on why it is that in Germany the vocabularies in which local or informal criminal justice ini tiatives have been framed rarely make reference to the idea of 'community', we may hope to gain some insight also about the conditions under which the appeal to com munity becomes powerful in societies such as Britain.
The Contract Compliance Policy: an Illustration of the Persistence of Racism as the Failure of Modernity
Authors: Charlesworth Joe , Voruz Véronique
Published: March 2007

This paper is a study of the contract compliance policy, a policy aiming at imple menting more racial equality by using public procurement as an incentive for com panies to adopt an attitude of non-discrimination in employment. This policy was recently the subject of the attention of the Commission for Racial Equality. This paper presents the policy, delineates its legal framework and sums up the results of the research carried out by the Commission as to its effectiveness. It also examines the conformity of the policy with European legislation in the field of public procurement. An attempt is then made to account for the relative failure of the policy in terms of the tensions inhabiting the modern nation as well as the European Union. Namely, racism - and the subsequent low effectiveness of racial discrimination policies - will be envisaged as the outcome of the irreducible contradiction between the modernist desire to accommodate all particularities since the modern nation claims to embody universality, while the need for a community of blood and soil as between members of the same nation - the justification of the persistence of the nation-state as the unit of government - requires that racial others be always considered as less than nation als.
Seeing Double ? or, Why 'To Be or Not To Be' Is (Not) the Question for Feminist Legal Studies
Authors: Sandland Ralph
Published: March 2007

In this paper I explore the relation between feminism, deconstruction and ethical lawyering. It is argued, first, that a certain feminist critique of 'essentialism' points to the practical inevitability of the need to endorse categories of gender, etc. but, second, that a knowledge of the inherent deconstructability of these categories means that their use should be strategic; that is, as a mechanism through which to illuminate the beyondness which such categorization depends on. The paper then proceeds to con sider the application of this philosophical position to law and legal strategies. Here the argument is that prior versions of deconstructive feminist attempts to provide legal strategy blueprints re-essentialize their philosophical insights and, in so doing, concede too much to law's 'essential' intractability, as a consequence replacing ethical judgment with dogmatic insistence (in this instance, in response to the question whether or not, as legal strategy, to 'be or not to be'). The paper concludes with a dis cussion of how it might be possible to move 'beyond' this impasse.
Global Governance as the Friendly Face of Unaccountable Power
Authors: WHITMAN JIM
Published: March 2007

Much of the global governance literature is devoted to the processes and outcomes of globalizing forces for the accrual of power by non-authoritative actors. The emphasis on process at the expense of detailed considerations of agency leaves open considerable questions about democratic accountability for the extension and consolidation of a summative global governance. It is not clear that the kinds of negotiated re-configurations of state and non-state actors and their roles that are possible within states can be `scaled up' to produce a global governance in which public policy and the larger determinants of political and economic life will be open to wide scrutiny or competing claims. The darker possibilities open to a new array of non-authoritative but effective actors are examined, together with a consideration of the prospects for the delivery of global public goods under global governance so constituted. `Unaccountable' is also frequently self-serving, which can only diminish our ability to organize concerted, coherent initiatives needed to deal with the global issues that now beset humanity.
Russian Strategic Realignment and the Post-post-cold War Era?
Authors: HERD GRAEME P. , AKERMAN ELLA
Published: March 2007

This article applies theories of foreign policy change to the question of Russia's `strategic realignment' following the events of 11 September. In terms of Russian foreign policy change, 11 September was not fundamentally significant. It simply made overt and explicit the underlying trends and pressures that shape Russia's strategic orientation. However, 11 September has allowed President Putin to consolidate Russia's decisive strategic realignment Westwards. And it has demonstrated the gulf, which had widened through the 1990s, between Russia's stated foreign and security policy objectives and preferences and its financial, military and institutional capacity to achieve those objectives. While accepting that a Russian strategic realignment has occurred under Putin, the article identifies its conditional nature and points to factors that could reverse the quality and depth, if not orientation, of such a realignment.
The North-south Divide at the United Nations: Fading at Last?
Authors: MALONE DAVID M. , HAGMAN LOTTA
Published: March 2007

After an early period in which Western countries dominated the debates and decisions of most United Nations bodies, the era of decolonization introduced several decades during which UN debates (and sometimes votes) came to be organized mainly along a North-South divide. The authors provide a brief history of this often poisonous dynamic, then focus on three recent debates at the UN: the discussion surrounding the Brahimi Report on UN peace operations, the question of humanitarian intervention, and the issue of financing for development. They argue that while the North-South divide has hampered the work (and often the reputation) of the United Nations, a more sober, less ideological mood seems to have taken hold of the UN, particularly in the wake of the terrorist attacks on the United States in September 2001.
Structural Change, Infrastructure and Convergence in the Regions of the European Union
Authors: Canaleta Carlos Gil , Arzoz Pedro Pascual , Gárate Manuel Rapún
Published: March 2007

This paper tries to give a better understanding of the convergence process among the regions of the EU. It focuses on the role of structural change and infrastructures in this process. First we analyse the convergence of production, labour and productivity among the European Union (EU) regions for the period 1980-96. We then study the impact of structural change in this process. The second part of this article deals with infrastructure, which - since the beginning of the application of EU regional policy - has been one of the main instruments for generating cohesion among EU countries and regions, and was one of the determinants of regional growth and convergence for three periods, namely: 1970-80, 1980-86 and 1988-94. The main findings are: first, that convergence seems to be a complex process, in which structural change is a relevant force; and, second, that infrastructure could be one of the factors that fosters regional growth and convergence.
Poland - Can Regional Policy Meet the Challenge of Regional Problems?
Authors: Blazyca George , Heffner Krystian , Helińska-Hughes Ewa
Published: March 2007

In the first rush of postcommunist transformation there was little governmental enthusiasm in Poland for anything as ‘activist’ as regional policy. But in 1999, after almost 10 years of neglect, regional policy received a fresh impetus with reforms to decentralize state administration. With over two years’ experience of the new system it is becoming possible to identify some of the major issues and challenges facing Polish regional policy as the political elite makes final preparations for EU entry. With that accession in mind we draw, in this paper, on a largely Polish discussion of regional problems and policy to tease out and comment on some of the pressing regional development issues for the period ahead. After reviewing some of the traditional fault lines in Polish economic space we trace the evolution of regional policy leading to the decentralizing reforms of 1999. Early experience of the new system suggests that policy developments, particularly those connected with capacity to shape and implement regional policy, lag behind institutional changes. The gap between policy and institutions underpins the danger that weaker regions - especially, in Poland’s case, in the east of the country - may not be able to reap EU membership advantages to the same extent as stronger and better prepared regions. The fear that EU entry will exacerbate regional differences should not be too readily dismissed.
Public Action and Innovation-Support Institutions in New Technological Agglomerations
Authors: Bacaria Jordi , Borràs Susana , Fernandez-Ribas Andrea
Published: March 2007

In all industrial and technological agglomerations several types of public and semi-public actors coexist. The same happens with the levels of government. Consequently, the daily reality of agglomerations is characterized by a wide diversity of innovation-support institutions more or less actively engaged in enhancing the technological capabilities and knowledge flow of the territory. Taking this consideration as a starting point, the article presents the dynamics of the technological agglomeration of the Vallès Occidental County, located within Catalonia, Spain. It has supplied information on the major efforts of different public actors in the territory since the 1980s, mainly through the establishment and enhancement of innovation-support institutions, and analyses succinctly their effects through selected successful and failed cases. Two normative statements are suggested from the analysis. The first is that policy strategies should not try to be hegemonic. Instead, they should be elaborated seeking complementarity and coexistence. A second normative conclusion is the necessity of fostering the learning processes within and across institutions, by mobilizing collectively the assets of the area into an open explicit option for the economic performance of the territory. The conclusions include a final plea for further research about the industrial dynamics and knowledge flows in the Vallès Occidental County, an important growth pole of Catalonia.
Has Equality Gone too Far?
Authors: Gonas Lena
Published: March 2007

The conditions for women's employment have changed profoundly in Sweden in the early 1990s. Employment rates are failing and unemployment rising. The changes are associated with a radical redirection of economic policy as economic stability has replaced full employment as the primary objective. Relatedly there has been a retraction and restructuring of the welfare state which plays a dual role as the facilitator of women's employment and their main labour market The implications for women of the simultaneous cuts in both of these spheres are investigated. The article explores the employment changes associated with this changing labour-market regime at national and regional levels. In particular, the implications of the new regime for women's ability to attain economic independence are studied by examining change on two key employment dimensions flexibility and stability.
From Resource-To Knowledge-Based Production?
Authors: Friis Peter , Vedsmand Tomas
Published: March 2007

The Danish fishing industry has experienced a harsh economic situation within the last decade due to a decline in the most important fish stocks and in-creasing overcapacity. Furthermore, changes in the market for fish and fish products has caused de-creasing prices in the traditional markets. As Danish producers cannot expect extraordinary increases in catches, the future success of the Danish fishing in-dustry may depend upon altering fishing patterns to bring them in line with market demands. However, this would require a vigorous exchange of market in-telligence within the production chain. This article identifies those institutional paths which are hinder-ing progress towards a knowledge-rather than resource-based industry and concludes that the survival of the Danish fishing industry depends on its ability to adapt to changes in the international market via a strong cast of 'market intelligent' players.
Chambers of Commerce in Italy
Authors: Waters Sarah
Published: March 2007

This article looks at the role of the Italian chambers of commerce, examining the ways in which they contribute to local development. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of cooperation among interests as a key feature of endogenous growth. Organizations and interests which cooperate for purposes of economic intervention are seen to be particularly effective in managing growth. Italian chambers appear on the surface to have a strong potential for ‘cooperative endogenous development’. Unique among local organizations, the chambers provide an on-going structure for interaction and exchange among local economic interests. These are powerful organizations which have extensive resources and competences. Yet despite this considerable potential, we will see that the chambers do not tend to assume a prominent role in supporting economic growth. They are often confined to narrow regulatory functions and remain excluded from processes of economic innovation. The article examines the economic performance of the Italian chambers of commerce, drawing on empirical work carried out on three different chambers. It will consider why these seemingly powerful organizations do not in practice act as agencies of cooperative endogenous development.
Cooperative-Competitive Behaviour and Conflict Resolution Style among Mizo Children: A Cultural Perspective
Authors: Srivastava Ashok Kumar , Lalnunmaw
Published: March 2007

The study examines the differences in cooperative-competitive behaviour and styles of con flict resolution among Mizo children varying along the dimensions of school and grade. A group of 90 subjects, two at a time, participated in a modified version of the Prisoners Dilemma game. They were also administered a 16-item conflict questionnaire. Children from English medium schools were found to be more competitive and used a cut-throat competition strategy more frequently than rural/urban government school children. The results did not reveal grade to be a significant variable. Cooperative behaviour, in general, was found to be related to higher payoffs. The effects of school, grade and their interactions were observed to be significant in the use of different conflict resolution styles, namely, direct, mediated and no-conflict. The results have been discussed in terms of their distinct socio-cultural characteristics.
Stress and Coping from Traditional Indian and Chinese Perspectives
Authors: Palsane Madan N. , Lam David J.
Published: March 2007

The paper focuses on the differences in the conceptualisation of stress in the East and the West in the light of differences in the social and cultural context. Modern notions of stress and coping and their Eastern equivalents, such as suffering or dukkha are discussed. While the Western approach is concerned with distress or negative aspects of stress, in Eastern thought, pleasure as well as pain are consid ered stressful and there is a greater degree of acceptance of suffering. While stress researchers have evolved a taxonomy of stress, Indian and Chinese texts focus on the causes of suffering. These include a discussion of types of pain (self and environment generated, supernatural), intense desires and ego involvement or afflictions (klesas). The consequences of suffering such as mental pain, despair and exhaustion are outlined and mediators of suffering which include dharma (right conduct), detachment, impulse control, belief in rebirth and karma and transcendence are discussed. Differing perspectives on coping and stress are presented and the parallels between Eastern and Western coping strategies are drawn. Clearly in the Eastern perspective, long-term strategies such as meditation and development of a philosophy of life are emphasised.
Creativity in Indian Science
Authors: Kapur RL , Subramanyam Susmita , Shah Anisha
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of a preliminary inquiry which is part of a larger project on creativity among Indian scientists from a psychological perspective. The aim of the project is to explore the scientists' cognitive and emotional ap proaches to work, to understand their personality pattern and to examine the psychosocial influences which have shaped them. The preliminary inquiry in cluded a review of literature and an open-ended interview with 20 scientists who were asked about their definition of creativity, their understanding of creative processes and the personality characteristics of creative people. In addition, infor mation pertaining to the impact of Indian culture on creativity and child rearing practices and codes of interpersonal relationship in India was also elicited. Inter view findings were subjected to a qualitative analysis, critically examining the scientists' views against the available literature on Indian character.
Psychology in Developing Countries: Reassessing its Impact
Authors: Carr Stuart C. , Maclachlan Malcolm
Published: March 2007

The last global review of the role of psychology in developing countries was edited by Sinha and Holtzman in 1984. This paper evaluates journal publications appearing in the Psychlit database in the decadefollowing Sinha and Holtzman's review, focusing on studies which contain scientific evidence of practical out come. There are three categories of such research, namely, social/organisational, health/welfare, and educational/developmental, with clear evidence of reliability, validity, and utility in each category, but largely in health and welfare. Despite this relative imbalance however; there are signs of what Sinha has defined as true indigenisation, namely, progressing beyond assimilation of, and anti-conformity against, the so-called "mainstream ", towards a more pluralistic search for a psy chology that works.
Of Dais and Midwives: 'Middle-class' Interventions in the Management of Women's Reproductive Health—A Study from Colonial Punjab
Authors: Malhotra Anshu
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the politics behind the introduction of 'scientific' midwifery practices by the colonial state in Punjab and the manner in which the emerging Punjabi elite responded to this change. The colonial attack on native dais revolved around their purportedly 'dirty' habits, lack of formal training and the unhygienic conditions of childbirth. The issue of cleanliness became central to the way in which the Punjabi high-caste elite reorganised and sanitised their relationship with the dais. even while utilising their labour. The stakes of the Punjabi elite in the repro ductive health of their women were high, as this issue became one of the defining moments of their modernity and middle-class status. How the growth of such a politics created space for some upper-class women medical professionals to emerge, the 'lady' doctors and the 'certified' dais, is also examined.
The Templar Trials: Did the System Work?
Authors: Gilmour-Bryson Anne
Published: March 2007

The author directs attention to the very element of arbitrariness which the inquisitional procedure implied. Besides the given fact that the French King Philip 'le Bel' had political as well as material reasons to urge the papacy to act against the Order of the Templars, she suggests that the church institutions had sufficient cause to investigate what appeared to be a serious case and hold hearings. Thus this essay studies two hearings (Abruzzi; Cyprus) which so far have escaped the scrutiny of historians. Although the trials in general were held with enormous personal expenditures and by obviously careful observation of procedural rules, the 'system did not really work'; it was undermined by the dynamics of a legal instrument (that is, torture), which in the end was based on the use of violence.
Ziyā Baranī's Vision of the State
Authors: Habib Irfan
Published: March 2007

Ziyā Barani, born in a family of scholars and petty officials, had risen to be confidant of Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq of Delhi (r. A.D. 1324- 1351), only to spend the last few years of life in abject poverty. In these years he wrote his most important historical texts, with a clear perspec tive of what the state should do: it should govern through the exercise of pomp, preserve the exclusiveness of the ruling class by barring admit tance to any low-born persons, Muslim or Hindu, and avoid the com pany of rationalists. Within the ruling class, Baranī advocates restraint in the use of violence, aware that it results in cyclic displacement of noble families and dynasties, and undermines the stability of the state. He was sad that real history often defied his perspective.
Gender-based and Sexual Violence against Women during Armed Conflict
Authors: Colombini Manuela
Published: March 2007

Sexual and gender-based violence in armed conflicts lacks visibility and is not fully understood as it is often labelled as a woman's-only issue. Its gendered nature extends beyond the actual period ofconflict, into the period of rehabilitation and reconstruc tion, carrying with it many physical and psychological problems. The sufference endured by women both during the following the conflict is strictly related to the rooted structural gender inequalities within societies in general. In situations of conflict women's oppression and abuse further increase their usual subordination. For example, traditional barriers to health care, including the lack of diagnostic equipment and adequate treatment; the insufficiency of premises for the treatment of survivors; the lack of dedicated venues to seek assistance; poor supplies of essential and specific drugs, together with an inadequacy of health personnel, become even more problematic, and all contribute to poor primary health care.

Therefore, understanding the roots of unequal gender treatment, and thus the cultural setting of a community; becomes essential when dealing with the phenomenon of sexual violence. In particular, multidimensional and gender-sensitive health responses to sexual violence should be designed, and services taking into account its multifaceted nature should be provided.
Language, Culture and Health: Using Proverbs to Tackle Gender Inequities in Health
Authors: White Arlette Campbell , Catsambas Tessie , Monnet Marguerite
Published: March 2007

It is well known that gender disparities affect human development. These disparities are far reaching and have a significant negative impact on health outcomes. This paper examines and demonstrates the use of proverbs as a learning tool to help health policy makers and service providers understand how deep-rooted sociocultural per spectives influence and shape public perceptions of gender roles. Many, if not most, public and private health care providers and planners are aware that the design and provision of health services should recognise the different constraints and opportunities men and woman face in attaining health, but they still encounter difficulty imple menting actions that take this into account. An analysis of proverbs can facilitate self-awareness of gender biases, and engage participants in deeper and more sincere dialogue about possible solutions that can lead to development of gender-sensitive health policy approaches better designed to result in improved gender equity in health.
Community-driven Strategy to Reduce Malnutrition: Experience from Tanzania and Sri Lanka
Authors: Pyle David F.
Published: March 2007

This article describes nutrition programmes in Sri Lanka and Tanzania which were able to achieve significant reductions in the rates of serious malnutrition among the under-5 target population. In Sri Lanka, more than half of the programme sites reported more than a 25 per cent reduction in severe malnutrition in a population of over 1.5 million; in Tanzania, the reduction was approximately 70 per cent in 40 per cent of the country's population. Community mobilisation and animation were essential elements in both the programmes. Both the efforts involved the entire com munity in the identification of the causes and nature of their nutrition problems and the most appropriate ways to solve them. A distinction is drawn between com munity-directed (active involvement of the villagers) and community-based (pas sive) programming.