bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 1‐D phase profiles with variable optical path
Authors: Ojeda‐Castañeda Jorge , Arrizón Victor
Published: July 2007

We describe a simple, novel method for generating 1‐D phase profiles with variable optical path. 2‐D planar curves are used as input objects, and a narrow slit as a spatial filter. The output is a transparent structure with variable optical path difference. Experimental results are shown. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Radiation efficiency and the gain of a source inside a two‐layered grounded dielectric structure
Authors: Bhattacharyya Arun K.
Published: July 2007

Radiation characteristics of a source inside a two‐layered grounded dielectric structure are presented. The space and surface wave fields generated by the source are obtained by employing the integral transformation technique. The directivity and the radiation efficiency are found to be maximum for certain thicknesses of the dielectric layers. The overall gain differs considerably from the directive gain, due to the surface wave loss. The bandwidth is found to decrease with the increase in the gain of the structure. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Printed‐circuit dipole antenna for personal communication network handset
Authors: Yu Cheng‐Cheh , Ju Kung‐Min
Published: July 2007

A shortened dipole antenna using meander line is designed for the personal communication network (PCN) handset operating at center frequency f0 = 880 MHz. The shortened dipole antenna is printed on a Duroid 6010 substrate with dielectric constant εr = 10.5 and thickness = 25 mils. A shortening ratio (SR) of 45.9% is experimentally achieved with the printed‐circuit dipole antenna (PCDA) of 9.2‐cm length as compared to the λ0/2 linear dipole antenna. Owing to the planar, lightweight, thin, and small characteristics, the PCDA using meander line is well suited for signal transmission and reception of the PCN handset, in which it may be built in, and various antenna diversity schemes for fading reduction may be utilized. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Physical optics and GTD time‐domain scattering from a finite PEC cylinder with one end open and one end closed
Authors: Kahler Barton D. , Bhattacharyya Asoke K.
Published: July 2007

Expressions for time‐domain (TD) scattered fields from a finite perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) cylinder with one end open and one end closed have been obtained using time‐domain physical optics (TDPO) and time‐domain geometrical theory of diffraction (TDGTD). The TDGTD coefficient according to Veruttipong has been used to calculate the TDGTD scattered fields. Important results including a comparison of the TDPO and TDGTD results are discussed. Some closed‐end scattering results of the cylinder have been compared with Dominek's recent investigations on disk scattering and are found to agree. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Noise analysis of a nonlinear microwave circuit driven by a noisy sinusoidal source
Authors: Rizzoli Vittorio , Masotti Diego , Mastri Franco , Neri Andrea
Published: July 2007

The Letter introduces a general algorithm for the noise analysis of a nonlinear circuit operated in large‐signal time‐periodic conditions and fed by a noisy sinusoidal source. The algorithm is based on the piecewise harmonic‐balance technique, and thus retains all the typical advantages of frequency‐domain simulation. The statistical description of the noisy source, which is required to make a rigorous analysis possible, is discussed in detail. It is also shown that quite acceptable, though approximate, results can be derived on the basis of reduced statistical information consisting of the easily measurable PM and AM noise only. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electrostatic image theory for the dielectric sphere with an internal source
Authors: Sten Johan C.‐E. , Lindell Ismo V.
Published: July 2007

The electrostatic image theory for a point charge next to the conducting sphere, originally discovered by Lord Kelvin, was recently generalized to the dielectric sphere with external sources by one of the present authors. This article treats the corresponding problem of a source located inside the dielectric sphere, thus completing the theory. Image expressions corresponding to potentials both outside and inside the sphere are worked out and their validity is checked with numerous tests. The present theory can be applied for small dielectric spheres with internal sources or scatterers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coherent inelastic scattering by an arbitrary body uniformly filled with active molecules
Authors: Hau Jin , Wang Zhf‐Liang , Lin Wel‐Gan
Published: July 2007

A new formulation for coherent inelastic scattering by an arbitrary body uniformly filled with active molecules is obtained by the extended boundary condition method and a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous wave equation for the inelastic electric field inside the body due to the existence of active molecules is included. The agreement between the current results for coherent inelastic scattering by a sphere uniformly filled with active molecules and the exact resuits shows the current formulation is not restricted to the case of weak scattering. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of microstrip circular rings for MIC, MHMIC, and MMIC components
Authors: Xu Yansheng , Bosisio Renato G.
Published: July 2007

In this article the characterization of planar structures using the method of lines in cylindrical coordinates is presented. The capacitance of different segments of a miscrostrip circular ring is studied: special attention is given to edge stray capacitances. This method of calculation can find applications in the characterization of microstrip components in MIC, MHMIC, and MMIC with shapes easily fitted to cylindrical coordinates (e.g., circular ring, fan shape, etc.). © 1992 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
A polarization approach for quasioptical phase measurement
Authors: Sjogren L. B. , Liu H.‐X. L. , Luhmann N. C.
Published: July 2007

A technique has been developed for measurement of the phase of reflection and transmission coefficients for single‐axis millimeterwave quasioptical systems. The method is verified by measurements of dielectric‐mounted strip arrays. Application of the method to monolithic millimeter‐wave diode arrays is discussed. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tapered corrugation for improving characteristics of DFB and DBR lasers
Authors: Bakhtazad A. , Abiri H. , Rahnavard M. H.
Published: July 2007

In DFB and DBR lasers, phase of corrugation at the reflective end and possible change of reflectivity at the facets may alter the conditions of oscillation. The purpose of tapering at the grating is to reduce these effects. In addition, with dissimilar tapering, we can increase mode selectivity of such lasers. In this article we consider the reflection coefficient of tapered DBR as a function of end facet reflection coefficient, and deviation from the Bragg wavelength. It is shown that tapering improves the operation of DFB and DBR lasers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Free‐carrier and thermal grating effects in gallium phosphide
Authors: Shimura T. , Boothroyd S. A. , Chrostowski J.
Published: July 2007

We report the first observation of the simultaneous creation and competition between a free‐carrier light‐induced diffraction grating and an accompanying thermal grating in gallium phosphide. The lifetimes of the two gratings are widely different and the nonlinear index n2 = 1 × 10−11 cm2/W for the free‐carrier grating is almost an order of magnitude larger than the thermal effect of a 100‐psec mode‐locked pulse. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An application of physical optics for near‐field monoor bistatic diffraction calculations
Authors: Pouliguen P. , Desclos L.
Published: July 2007

In this article the analytical solution of physical optics in near field for a perfectly conducting body is obtained. The mono‐ and bistatic cases are shown and compared with other theoretical techniques. This approach is new und permits deeper investigation of a variety of problems such as radar cross‐section (R.C.S.) and antenna calculations or measurements. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Effects of substrate anisotropy on coupled bilateral finlines
Authors: Ho Thinh Quoc , Beker Benjamin
Published: July 2007

The spectral‐domain method is used to study coupled bilateral fin lines on uniaxial and biaxial substrates. New results describing dispersion characteristics of both the even and odd modes, including the effects of the misalignment between the waveguide coordinate system and that of a substrate, are also provided. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wave propagation in a radially inhomogeneous cylindrical dielectric structure: A general analytical solution
Authors: Neves Isabel V. , Fernandes António S. C.
Published: July 2007

Analytical solutions for wave propagation in a general inhomogeneous dielectric medium in a cylindrical coordinate system are presented. The solutions are built using series expansions of the Frobenius and Taylor types. The former includes the Bessel functions in a homogeneous medium; the latter seems to be new and allows the construction of a general and fast convergent algorithm for computing the modal characteristics. A simple criterium for hybrid mode classification is also presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of microstrip‐microslot applicator for biomedical applications
Authors: Dubois L. , Cresson P. Y. , Pribetich J. , Chive M.
Published: July 2007

We propose to investigate planar applicators and, more specifically, microstrip‐microslot applicators laid on multtiayered lossy media and covered or not with a dielectric protective layer. Using the two‐dimensional spectral domain approach (SDA), we obtain the complex resonant frequency Fc. Comparison with the experiment shows that this analysis improves the previous one‐dimensional modelization. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ferrite analysis using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method
Authors: Reineix A. , Monediere T. , Jecko F.
Published: July 2007

This article introduces a new method for analyzing ferrite structures. This method is implemented in a FDTD algorithm; then the computation is directly made in the time domain. An application in the particular case of a two‐dimensional problem is presented. Comparison with results obtained using the Polder tensor are made in order to validate the method. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimum design of mesfet mixers using a quasianalytical technique
Authors: Cayrou J. C. , Gayral M. , Tronche C. , Pouysegur M. , Graffeuil J. , Sautereau J. F.
Published: July 2007

A quasianalytical MESFET mixer design method based on a two‐dimensional Fourier transform and appropriate simplifying assumptions concerning the MESFET model used is described. As an example the amplitude contents of mixing products together with optimum bias conditions and LO level for maximum conversion gain are derived for a gate mixer and compare well with the results given by a commercial harmonic balance simulator. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wideband microstrip dipole
Authors: Dey Supriyo , Aanandan C. K. , Jose K. A. , Mohanan P. , Nair K. G.
Published: July 2007

The design details of a new wideband half‐wave microstrip dipole antenna, suitable for low‐frequency operation, having more than 5% 2:1 VSWR bandwidth, are presented. The bandwidth enhancement is achieved by proper end‐loading of the dipole arms. The design includes stripline feeding mechanism to avoid unwanted radiation from the feeding structure. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Study of metallic strip gratings for frequency scanning
Authors: Lagerholm Robert
Published: July 2007

The potential use of planar periodic gratings, consisting of thin conducting strips, as frequency scanned gratings is investigated. The analysis is based on a modal expansion method, Floquet's theorem, and the method of moments. Experimental and theoretical results are presented. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perturbation theory for a corrugated waveguide with a bi‐isotropic ROD
Authors: Viitanen Ari J. , Lindell Ismo V.
Published: July 2007

Determination of the material parameters for a general bi‐isotropic medium with a waveguide technique is considered. The bi‐isotropic medium is in general nonreciprocal; the amount of nonreciprocity can be determined by measuring the frequency difference between an empty cavity resonator and a cavity resonator with a small bi‐isotropic sample. The chirality of the medium cannot be determined with such a method. Also, the method based on measuring the propagation factor of a perfectly conducting waveguide with a bi‐isotropic rod gives no information about the chirality parameter. It can, however, be determined by measuring the change of the propagation factor in a corrugated waveguide with and without a bi‐isotropic rod by using two different modes propagating in a corrugated waveguide. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electromagnetic coupling to a nonuniform transmission line consisting of two angled wires
Authors: Hong Sung‐Yong , Ra Jung‐Woong , Kim Se‐Yun
Published: July 2007

A new method is developed to analyze electromagnetic coupling to an angled two‐wire transmission line. It consists of solving the cylindrical transmission line equations analytically, and then adjusting the involved parameters to support the cylindrical TEM mode along its equivalent model of the angled two‐plate transmission line. The validity of the derived solution is assured by showing its convergence to the numerical value obtained by using the circuit concept approach. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling of gunn domain effects in the output conductance of the high‐frequency small‐signal GaAs MESFET equivalent circuit
Authors: Magerko Mark A. , Chang Kai
Published: July 2007

A time‐delay element associated with the output conductance has been included in the small‐signal GaAs MESFET equivalent circuit to model Gunn domain effects. From experimental data collected to 36 GHz, these effects primarily contribute to decrease of the output conductance (gds) with increasing frequency which significantly affects the magnitude of the S‐parameter S22. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A novel architecture of a balanced fiber‐optic communication link for laser rin reduction
Authors: Madjar Asher , Malz Oded
Published: July 2007

This article presents a novel architecture of a balanced optical communication link intended to reduce the effect of the transmitter laser RIN on the total noise figure and dynamic range of the link. The degree of noise reduction depends on the balancing of amplitude and phase in the two arms of the link and on the modulation frequency relative to the laser relaxation oscillation frequency. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Optical control of pseudomorphic HEMT‐based MMIC oscillators
Authors: Bangert A. , Rosenzweig J. , Hülsmann A. , Kaufel G. , Köhler K. , Schneider J.
Published: July 2007

Experimental results on direct and indirect optically controlled monolithically integrated oscillators will be presented. The oscillators had a free‐running frequency around 7 GHz. The experimental results show that the indirect optically controlled circuits seem to be more effective in controlling the phase of the output signal. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Wavefields of hypergaussian screens
Authors: Ojeda‐Castañeda J. , Löpez‐Olazagasti E.
Published: July 2007

We present an analytical formula that describes the wavefield behind a screen, whose amplitude transmittance is a hyper‐Gaussian function of any order n. Our results suggest a method for achieving high irradiance concentrations. © 1993 John Wiley & sons, Inc.
Scattering response of an electrically small bianisotropic spheroid in the presence of a conducting plane
Authors: Cheng Dajun , Zhao Yushen , Lin Weigan
Published: July 2007

An approximate formulation for the scattering response of a biani‐sotropk spheroid in the presence of a perfectly electrical conducting (PEC) plane is presented using image theory for bianisotropic bodies. It is revealed that cross‐polarization and copolarization phenomena may occur for certain constitutive parameters, respectively or simultaneously. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A 2.5D scalar helmholtz wave solution employing the spectral lanczos decomposition method (sldm)
Authors: Weedon William H. , Chew Weng Cho , Lin Jiun‐Hwa , Sezginer Apo , Druskin Vladimir L.
Published: July 2007

A numerical method is derived for obtaining the solution to the 2.5D scalar Helmholtz equation involving an arbitrary 2D lossless inhomogeneous dielectric scatterer excited by a point source in a closed waveguide. The spectral Lanczos decomposition method (SLDM) is used to solve the differential equation by polynomial approximation. Numerical results indicate that a convergent solution to the 2.5D problem in a bounded region may be achieved in O(N1.5) operations. Also, it is demonstrated that the method is accurate for resonant solutions involving eigenvalues on the order of the machine precision. Extension to lossy dielectrics and the implementation of an absorbing boundary condition are discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the use of S‐parameter measurements to model hbt intrinsic elements for large‐signal analysis purposes
Authors: Hajji Rached , Ghannouchi Fadhel M.
Published: July 2007

S‐parameter measurements at 50 bias points covering the saturation and the active operating mode regions are used to model the bias dependence of the equivalent circuit elements representing the intrinsic part of a 3 × 5 μm2 HBT. It is shown that most of the intrinsic elements depend significantly on the biasing base current. Among these elements, some are also relatively dependent on the collectoremitter voltage. The intrinsic element bias‐dependent equations are determined in such a manner that they model the device in both active and saturation regions. These element models are important in the development of a large‐signal HBT model useful in nonlinear simulations. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spontaneous calcium oscillations and nuclear PLC‐β1 in human GV oocytes
Authors: Miyara F. , Pesty A. , Migne C. , Djediat C. , Huang X.B. , Dumont‐Hassan M. , Debey P. , Lefèvre B.
Published: July 2007

Our aim was to investigate if human oocytes, like mouse oocytes, exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and nuclear translocation of PLC‐β1 prior to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), and to correlate these events with the evolution of chromatin configuration as a landmark for the meiosis resumption kinetics. Human germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes were either loaded with Fluo‐3 probe to record Ca2+ signals or fixed for subsequent fluorescent labeling of both chromatin and PLC‐β1, and immunogold labeling of PLC‐β1. Here for the first time, we show that human oocytes at the GV‐stage exhibit spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations. Interestingly, only oocytes with a large diameter and characterized by a compact chromatin surrounding the nucleolus of the GV could reveal these kind of oscillations. We also observed a translocation of PLC‐β1 from the cytoplasm towards the nucleus during in vitro maturation of human oocytes. Spontaneous calcium oscillations and nuclear translocation of PLC‐β1 may reflect some degree of oocyte maturity. The impact of our results may be very helpful to understand and resolve many enigmatic problems usually encountered during the in vitro meiotic maturation of human GV oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 392–402, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐dependent fibre reorientation of transversely isotropic continua—Finite element formulation and consistent linearization
Authors: Himpel G. , Menzel A. , Kuhl E. , Steinmann P.
Published: July 2007

Transverse isotropy is realized by one characteristic direction—for instance, the fibre direction in fibre‐reinforced materials.Commonly, the characteristic direction is assumed to be constant, but in some cases—for instance, in the constitutive description of biological tissues, liquid crystals, grain orientations within polycrystalline materials or piezoelectric materials, as well as in
optimization processes—it proves reasonable to consider reorienting fibre directions. Various fields can be assumed to be the driving forces for the reorientation process, for instance, mechanical, electric or magnetic fields. In this work, we restrict ourselves to reorientation processes in hyper‐elastic materials driven by principal stretches.

The main contribution of this paper is the algorithmic implementation of the reorientation process into a finite element framework. Therefore, an implicit exponential update of the characteristic direction is applied by using the Rodriguez formula to express the exponential term. The non‐linear equations on the local and on the global level are solved by means of the Newton–Raphson scheme. Accordingly, the local update of the characteristic direction and the global update of the deformation field are consistently linearized, yielding the corresponding tangent moduli. Through implementation into a finite element code and some representative numerical simulations, the fundamental characteristics of the model are illustrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing managerial and professional work for high performance: A sociotechnical approach
Authors: Pava Calvin H. P.
Published: July 2007

Sociotechnical design can create a more flexible organizational structure that will improve the performance of managers and professionals.
Office technology: Turning promises into gains
Authors: Hudson Jane D.
Published: July 2007

The chances for obtaining the desired results from office automation are greatly enhanced if three basic oversights are avoided.
Building on success: Managing productivity improvement by strategy
Authors: Judson Arnold S. , Cirillo Frank J.
Published: July 2007

A division of Simmonds decision enhanced its already high productivity gains through an integrated productivity improvement strategy.
Program evaluation: Myth or reality?
Authors: Bruckman John C.
Published: July 2007

Program evaluation is essential for strategic planning, but care must be taken to avoid inaccurate and biased conclusions.
Sizing up the impact of human‐resource productivity programs
Authors: Guzzo Richard A.
Published: July 2007

A new statistical procedure is used to assess the impact of various programs on three component parts of worker productivity.
Developing White‐Collar Performance Measures
Authors: Boyett Joseph H. , Conn Henry P.
Published: July 2007

In white‐collar organizations, many managers have given up on developing performance measures. This article is for those who would like to give it another try.
Pinpointing the real cost of quality in a service company
Authors: Bohan George P. , Homey Nicholas F.
Published: July 2007

The cost of quality refers to resources spent to assure customer satisfaction. In service companies, costs of quality are often greater than 33 percent of total revenues. This article describes a program for reducing costs of quality that is being implemented within a luxury hotel firm.
Leading the organization to perfection through daily management
Authors: Moran John W.
Published: July 2007

Daily management can help American businesses capitalize on their human assets in the 1990s. This article explains how an organization can begin a process of continuous improvement involving everyone in the organization through daily management supplemented with a customer/ supplier mapping process.
Making employee participation a way of life: Four experiences
Authors: Portis Bernard , Hill Neil
Published: July 2007

This article compares the case histories of four Canadian organizations that have conducted employee involvement programs for more than four years. Three of these firms achieved considerable improvements in employee morale and performance by committing substantial effort and resources to introducing the programs and integrating them with organizational objectives. The unsuccessful firm faltered because it did not provide consistent support for employee involvement.
Managing change with configuration management
Authors: Stevens Craig A. , Wright Karen
Published: July 2007

For change to be effective, it must be controlled. This article explains how a configuration management (CM) system can help organizations make sure that any changes introduced into its processes do not have any negative consequences. Indeed, a good CM program can help a company maintain product quality and boost productivity.
Gainsharing programs at two fortune 500 facilities: Why one worked better
Authors: Masternak Robert L.
Published: July 2007

If a gainsharing plan is successful at one facility, should it not work equally well at another, similar facility? This article addresses this question by comparing two gainsharing installations of neighboring facilities in the same Fortune 500 company. Operating results and attitudinal changes at each facility are examined, as well as the reasons for differences in those results. The article concludes by summarizing future plans for improvement. In addition, the accompanying sidebar presents four basic principles that form the foundation for gainsharing.
How to develop measures for financial work
Authors: Minnis Perry A.
Published: July 2007

Developing measures for a finance function, or for any other process in a service organization, presents an interesting challenge in today's total quality environment. How does one measure the value of a tax opinion or a financial statement? Must all activities in so‐called‐white‐collar organizations be measured on specific, quantifiable data? Or is it possible to measure the value added by such groups in qualitative terms? This article addresses the issues revolving around both types of measures and offers some suggestions for those responsible for developing such measuremets.
Should membership in employee involvement programs be voluntary?
Authors: Magjuka Richard J.
Published: July 2007

A key issue confronting managers when designing employee involvement programs (EIPs) is membership status. This refers to whether the corporation requires employees to participate in an EIP or allows voluntary participation. Employees report that membership status is a key issue when designing an EIP, since it can send a powerful signal—positive or negative—concerning the potential benefits that can be derived from the program.

To support this view, a series of research studies on the effects of membership status on employee performance are reviewed below. Drawing on extensive consulting experience; data acquired from thousands of interviews with employees, staff and management; and a few thousand questionnaire responses to surveys on EIP design and administration practices in American business, the author examines key arguments that support EIP voluntary membership policies. His discussion sheds light on a paradoxical issue concerning EIPs—namely, if EIP is the foundation to a firm's competitiveness and, in fact, to its very survival, then why is participation by employees in EIP voluntary in a large percentage of U.S. companies?
Applying customer‐centered quality to human resources
Authors: Lawton Robin L.
Published: July 2007

Two myths about quality are that (1) it is hard to apply to the “soft” sides of organizations and (2) that the approach to use is “continuous improvement.” Very advanced quality management systems can be applied to service/knowledge work if we can redefine this work as creating tangible products. Indeed, radical improvements of 80 percent or better are easily possible on the first attempt.
How reengineering transforms organizations to satisfy customers
Authors: Janson Robert
Published: July 2007

Reengineering is a radically new process of organizational change that many companies are using to renew their commitment to customer service. By focusing on making improvements in all dimensions of the service organization—the human dimension, the work process dimension, and the technological dimension—reengineering helps companies overcome the systemic work barriers that interfere with efforts to achieve higher levels of customer satisfaction. Though reengineering is a long and sometimes difficult process that requires strong leadership, extensive participation, and a three‐phased approach, it often results in dramatic improvements in how the organization responds to customer needs and expectations.

Following this introductory article on the reengineering process are case studies from three organizations—an insurance company, a bank, and a telephone company—that have achieved significant productivity and quality breakthroughs by reengineering their processes and various departments.
Team wilson: A shingo award‐winning approach to golf ball manufacturing excellence
Authors: Wright Pamela
Published: July 2007

In 1985, the Wilson Humboldt facility, a golf ball manufacturer, was considered to be one of the least effective plants within the corporation. There were severe deficiencies in quality, safety, morale, productivity, and housekeeping. The plant manager, AlScott, spent the first year assessing the situation and developing a game plan.

In 1987, a major component of Wilson's recovery began with the implementation of five key operating philosophies, with one of these being total quality management. TQM allowed the empowerment of employees at all levels and made continuous process improvement in daily operations a reality. Teamwork manifest in Team Wilson led to outstanding gains in productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction.
Save our cumberland mountains
Authors: Klein Kim
Published: July 2007

Today, in the eighteen counties of east Tennessee in Appalachia, more than thirteen hundred families belong to a unique grass–roots community organization called Save Our Cumberland Mountains (SOCM). For twenty years, SOCM has worked to improve the quality of life of its members and their communities by finding solutions to specific local problems. This chapter recounts how a membership–based group situated in the coalfields of Appalachia now raises $250,000 each year to support its work.
Raising money for women from women: The story of a successful campaign
Authors: Tanner Nicki Newman , Ramsey Peter
Published: July 2007

By consciously approaching women through their own values and needs, Wellesley College's successfully completed capital campaign demystified and debunked the notion that women's philanthropy is limited.
Richness in diversity
Authors: Schneider Susan Weidman , von Schlegell Gretchen
Published: July 2007

Ethnic, religious, and sexual diversity highlights the complex nature of women's philanthropy today.
Wherewithal and beneficence: Charitable giving by income and wealth
Authors: Schervish Paul G. , Havens John J.
Published: July 2007

By looking at both income and wealth, the authors show that generosity does not vary much by income, present the first systematic findings on wealth and philanthropy, and offer important practical implications for fundraising.
Saying what donors want to hear
Authors: Ferguson‐Patton Kaye
Published: July 2007

Making your nonprofit's case—in all its various applications, from brochures, direct mail, electronic media, and training materials—requires employing language that the donor or potential donor can relate to when making the decision to give.
Darstellung physikalischer Prozesse durch computererzeugte Filme
Authors: Genz Henning , Kaiser Fritz , Staudenmaier Hans‐Martin
Published: July 2007

Einen Satz verstehen, heißt, wissen was der Fall ist, wenn er wahr ist. (Man kann ihn also verstehen, ohne zu wissen, ob er wahr ist.)
Atmosphärische Auswirkungen eines Atomkrieges
Authors: Crutzen Paul J. , Hahn Jürgen
Published: July 2007

Ich träumte einst, vielleicht auch wachte ich. Die helle Sonn' war ausgelöscht und dunkelnd wanderten die Sterne umher im ew'gen Raum, ohn' Glanz, ohn' Pfad, und auch die eis'ge Erde schwang blind, kein Mond leucht' in der finst'ren Nacht.

Der Morgen kam und ging – und kam, jedoch erhellt' kein Strahl die düst're Wüstenei. Die Menschen, apathisch in der graus'gen Öde, selbstsüchtig starr, verlangend nach dem Licht, sie scharten frierend sich um Wächter Feuer.
Der Geruchssinn des Menschen Chemische, physikalische, physiologische und psychologische Vorgänge beim Riechen
Authors: Plattig Karl‐Heinz
Published: July 2007

„Eine Rose ist eine Rose, ein Stinktier ist ein Stinktier, und die Nase vermittelt uns den Unterschied”︁.
Simultane Entschwefelung und Entstickung mit dem Elektronenstrahlverfahren
Authors: Jordan Siegfried , Paur Hanns‐Rudolf , Schikarski Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Durch Zersetzung der Rauchgase aus Kraftwerken mittels Elektronenbeschuß und Zufuhr von NH3 ergibt sich bei hoher Abscheiderate von Schadstoffen ein trockenes, als Dünger verwertbares Endprodukt.
Der Windscale‐Reaktorunfall
Authors: Fricke Jochen
Published: July 2007

Die Reaktorunfälle in Three‐Mile‐Island und in Tschernobyl erfolgten vor den Augen der Weltöffentlichkeit. Mehrere länger zurückliegende Reaktor‐Havarien wurden weit weniger publik; ein besonders schwerer Unfall mit erheblicher Aktivitätsfreisetzung ereignete sich 1957 in Windscale.
Ein neuer Mikroskoptyp: AFM
Authors: Neubert Gerhard
Published: July 2007

Das AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) ist als eine Weiterentwicklung des Rastertunnelmikroskops anzusehen, für dessen Erfindung G. Binnig und H. Rohrer 1986 den Nobelpreis erhielten.
Die zerstörungsfreie Untersuchung von Kunstwerken
Authors: Riederer Josef , Mundry Eberhard
Published: July 2007

Materialanalysen sind zu einem unentbehrlichen Werkzeug der kulturgeschichtlichen Forschung geworden. Angesichts der Kostbarkeit der zu untersuchenden Objekte sind dabei insbesondere zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren gefragt. Durch ihren Einsatz lassen sich Alter, Herkunft, Herstellungstechnik oder Fragen zur Echtheit von Kunstwerken klären.
Optisches Mikroskop mit 50 nm Auflösung
Authors: Fricke Jochen
Published: July 2007

Unter Ausnutzung des Nahfeldes lassen sich Beugungserscheinungen beim optischen Mikroskop unterdrücken. Dies ermöglicht den Bau eines optischen Rastermikroskopes mit 50 nm Auflösung.
Exotische Atome: Protonium
Authors: Klee Susanne
Published: July 2007

Das Protonium gehört zur Gruppe der „exotischen”︁ wasserstoffähnlichen Atome, bei denen das Hüllenelektron durch ein Antiproton ersetzt ist.
FLASH NMR‐Tomographie
Authors: Haase Axel , Matthaei Dieter
Published: July 2007

Ein neues Verfahren der schnellen Bildgebung mit magnetischer Kernresonanz ermöglicht eine entscheidende Verkürzung der Meßzeiten, die dreidimensionale Abbildung innerer Organe und erstmals die Beobachtung dynamischer Vorgänge in Lebewesen.
Verkehrslärm: Reifenrollgeräusche
Authors: Ronneberger Dirk
Published: July 2007

Schon ab 50 km/h Geschwindigkeit dominieren die Reifenrollgeräusche; Lärmminderung ist vor allem durch Langsamfahren zu erreichen, aber auch durch ebene, poröse Fahrbahnen und durch geeignete Reifenprofile.
Lokale Kernresonanz‐spektroskopie am Menschen
Authors: Bösiger Peter
Published: July 2007

Neue Verfahren zur nichtinvasiven Untersuchung von Stoffwechselvorgängen im menschlichen Körper werden letztlich mithelfen, Krankheiten zu verstehen, zu erkennen und zu therapieren.
Musikalische Akustik
Authors: Speiser Ambros P.
Published: July 2007

Die Akustik ist ein Teilgebiet der Physik, die Musik eine Kunstform. Die musikalische Akustik befaßt sich mit dem Grenzgebiet zwischen dem physikalisch Beschreibbaren und dem kulturell‐geistig Erlebten.
Coulomb‐Explosion von Molekülen
Authors: Neubert Gerhard
Published: July 2007

Bei der Coulomb‐Explosion zerplatzt ein seiner Elektronen beraubtes Molekül; aus der Bahn der Fragmente läßt sich die Molekülstruktur zurückrechnen.
Schaltelemente für die digitale optische Datenverarbeitung
Authors: Eichler Hans Joachim , Kummrow Andreas , Smandek Bernhard
Published: July 2007

Laserlicht als Trägermedium der Informationsverarbeitung kann zu schnelleren und leistungsfähigeren Computern führen. Für die zukünftige Photonik sind an Stelle elektronischer Transistoren Schaltelemente notwendig, die Licht durch Licht steuern.
Physikalische Forschung in der Industrie
Authors: Speiser Ambros P.
Published: July 2007

Nur langfristig angelegte, in Priorität und Finanzvolumen genügend hoch angesiedelte Industrieforschung liefert wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse von wirklich großer Bedeutung; wissenschaftliche Forschung „nur um ihrer selbst willen”︁ hingegen läßt sich im Industriebereich nicht rechtfertigen.
Neue Wege der Teilchenbeschleunigung
Authors: Klee Susanne
Published: July 2007

Zur Beschleunigung von Elektronen und Positronen auf extrem hohe Energien im Bereich von 1 TeV werden neue Verfahren mit Lasern und Plasmen diskutiert.
Ozonzerstörung in der arktischen Stratosphäre
Authors: Arnold Frank
Published: July 2007

Auch in der Arktis beginnt die Zerstörung des stratosphärischen Ozons durch Chlor und Brom. Dies belegen Messungen, die von europäischen und amerikanischen Forschergruppen im Januar/Februar 1989 in der Arktis durchgeführt wurden.
Elektrorheologie in Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Redaktion
Published: July 2007

Bestimmte Flüssigkeiten werden unter der Wirkung eines elektrischen Feldes zäh, ja sogar steif. Man kann an ihre Anwendung in Ventilen ohne bewegliche Teile oder an Kupplungen ohne mechanische Verstellung denken.
Sollen Hausaußenwände atmungsfähig sein?
Authors: Künzel Helmut
Published: July 2007

Holz und Ziegel stehen insbesondere heute beim „biologischen Bauen”︁ wieder hoch im Kurs, höher als Beton, Glas und Kunststoffe. Aus Sicht der Bauphysik gibt es hierfür aber keine stichhaltigen Gründe.
Sonochemie
Authors: Redaktion
Published: July 2007

Flüssigkeiten zeigen in intensiven Ultraschallfeldern Kavitation, wobei kurzzeitig Drucke um 500 bar und Temperaturen von 5000 K auftreten. Hierdurch werden chemische Reaktionen initiiert und beschleunigt, suspendierte kleine Metallteilchen kollidieren und verschmelzen.
Die neue „Internationale Temperaturskala von 1990”︁
Authors: Blacke Walter
Published: July 2007

Zum 1. Januar 1990 hat die Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland die „Internationale Temperaturskala von 1990”︁ (ITS‐90) in Kraft gesetzt. Die Änderungen gegenüber der „Internationalen Praktischen Temperaturskala von 1968”︁ (IPTS‐68) betragen bei Raumtemperatur 5 mK, bei 1000°C 0,26 K.
Der Doppelpulsar PSR 1913 + 16
Authors: Soffel Michael Hermann , Ruder Hanns
Published: July 2007

Ein besonders faszinierendes Objekt im Kosmos ist der Doppelpulsar PSR 1913 + 16. Er ist ein idealer Prüfstein für die Voraussagen der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie im Falle starker Gravitationsfelder und liefert den ersten indirekten Beweis für die Existenz von Gravitationswellen.
Sind schwache niederfrequente elektromagnetische Felder gesundheitsschädigend?
Authors: Fricke Jochen
Published: July 2007

Es gibt erste experimentelle Hinweise, daß Zellmembranen auf derartige Felder reagieren können. Bisherige epidemiologische Studien sind nicht schlüssig. Weitere Untersuchungen sind dringend erforderlich. Systematische (kostspielige) Maßnahmen zur Reduzierung einer Exposition erscheinen bisher nicht gerechtfertigt.
Festkörperanalytik mit dem Ionenbeschleuniger
Authors: Lang Walter , Iberl Franz , Weidhaas Jens
Published: July 2007

Durch den Beschuß mit Ionen im Energiebereich von einigen MeV kann die chemische Zusammensetzung und der Aufbau von Festkörpern, dünnen Schichten und Oberflächen analysiert werden.
Optische Phasenkonjugation
Authors: Gumbel Jörg
Published: July 2007

Spezielle nichtlineare Spiegel ermöglichen die zeitliche Umkehr optischer Signale und eröffnen weitreichende Anwendungen bei optischen Abbildungsverfahren und in der Lasertechnik.
Hyperthermie
Authors: Notter Markus , Schwegler Norbert
Published: July 2007

Dank physikalisch‐technischer Entwicklungen sowie biologischer und physiologischer Forschungsergebnisse erfährt eine uralte Behandlungsmethode eine Renaissance. Moderne Wärmeerzeugungsgeräte können in Kombination mit Strahlentherapie oder Chemotherapie deren Wirksamkeit steigern und werden erfolgreich bei der Behandlung bösartiger Geschwülste eingesetzt.
Triggerbare Hochleistungsschalter
Authors: Frank Klaus , Christiansen Jens , Hartmann Werner
Published: July 2007

Mit der Entwicklung der „Pulsed Power‐Technology”︁ gewinnen triggerbare Hochleistungsschalter für Spannungen bis zu 50 kV und Ströme von einigen hundert kA wachsende Bedeutung in Wissenschaft und Technik. Im Bereich der Niederdruck‐Schalter erwächst den etablierten Systemen wie dem Thyratron oder Ignitron durch den Pseudofunkenschalter Konkurrenz.
Mega‐, Giga‐ und Tera‐Flops: Physik mit Supercomputern
Authors: Stauffer Dietrich
Published: July 2007

Superrechner werden hier kurz eingeführt, der Unterschied zwischen Vektor‐ und Parallel‐Rechnen sowie verschiedene Vektorisierungstricks erläutert. Zum Schluß wird die Notwendigkeit betont, gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen der Superrechner zu bedenken.
Bildverarbeitung — eine Einführung
Authors: Zeitler Elmar
Published: July 2007

Über den Umfang, die Möglichkeiten und vor allem über den wahren Gehalt von Bildern gehen die Meinungen auseinander: Francis Bacon definiert als besten Teil der Schönheit gerade den, der im Bilde nicht ausgedrückt werden kann. Moderne Menschen vertrauen auf den Aberglauben, wonach ein Bild objektiv mehr aussagen kann als tausend Worte.
Magnetische Aufzeichnungsverfahren
Authors: Veprek‐Heijman Maritza
Published: July 2007

Vor rund 100 Jahren wurde erstmals die magnetische Aufzeichnung vorgeschlagen; sie ist dank neuer Entwicklungen auch heute noch eines der wichtigsten Verfahren zur Datenspeicherung.
Bäume
Authors: Mattheck Claus
Published: July 2007

Bäume optimieren sich mechanisch, schützen und regenerieren sich nach Regeln des adaptiven Wachstums. Die Simulation derartiger Vorgänge mit Hilfe der „Computer Aided Optimization”︁ (CAO) gibt Konstruktionshilfen für ultraleichte und dauerfeste Maschinenteile.
Lasergranulation
Authors: Hinsch Klaus
Published: July 2007

Die Körnige Struktur von gestreutem Laserlicht — auch Speckle genannt — trägt Information über die streuende Oberfläche und kann zur Detektion winziger Oberflächenveränderungen benutzt werden.
Mechanisches Versagen von Bäumen durch Windbruch
Authors: Mattheck Claus
Published: July 2007

Flachwurzler wie Fichten versagen bei Sturmeinwirkung entweder durch Abriß der gesamten Bodenplatte oder durch Brechen des Stammes. Derartige Vorgänge lassen sich auf dem Computer simulieren; die hierbei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse geben Forstleuten Hinweise zur Reduzierung der Schadenshäufigkeit.
Röntgenmikroskopie
Authors: Bauer Albrecht
Published: July 2007

Mit zehnfach höherer Auflösung als das Lichtmikroskop besticht die Röntgenmikroskopie heute durch Bilder von lebenden, unfixierten biologischen Objekten in natürlichem, wäßrigem Milieu. Diese Erfolge sind durch den Einsatz leistungsfähiger Synchrotrons und neuer Mikrofabrikationstechniken möglich.
Physik‐Nobelpreis 1992 für George Charpak
Authors: Flügge Günter
Published: July 2007

Den diesjährigen Nobelpreis für Physik erhielt der französische Physiker George Charpak für die Erfindung und Entwicklung der Vieldraht‐Proportionalkammer.
GALLEX mißt Sonnenneutrinos
Authors: Kirsten Till
Published: July 2007

Nach langen Vorbereitungen ist es jetzt erstmals gelungen, die bei der Verschmelzung von zwei Wasserstoffkernen im Sonneninneren entstehenden „pp”︁‐Neutrinos nachzuweisen. Die europäische GALLEX‐Kollaboration hat damit den direkten experimentellen Beweis für die Fusion von Wasserstoff als stellare Energiequelle erbracht.
Strömungs‐ und Teilchenmessung mittels Doppler‐Anemometrie
Authors: Durst Franz , Stieglmeier Manfred , Ziema Maris
Published: July 2007

Unter Ausnutzung des Doppler‐Effektes lassen sich mit Hilfe von Lasern Strömungsfelder und Teilchen vermessen. Die Entwicklung von Halbleiterlasern und Halbleiter‐Photodetektoren verleiht der Laser‐Doppler‐ und der Phasen‐Doppler‐Meßtechnik neue Impulse. Anwendungen sind außerhalb von Forschungslaboratorien möglich, und es zeichnen sich interessante Anwendungen in der Industrie ab.
Die Primärerzeugung von Aluminium
Authors: Ströder Ulrich , Schmidt Thomas
Published: July 2007

Aluminium besitzt große Vorteile wegen seines geringen spezifischen Gewichts und seiner Korrosionsfestigkeit. Darüber hinaus ist es leicht wiederverwertbar. Neue Elektrodenwerkstoffe sollen den Energieverbrauch bei seiner Herstellung weiter verringern.
Atomare Strukturen und Quantenchaos
Authors: Ruder Hanns , Schweizer Wolfgang
Published: July 2007

Mit Supercomputern, den modernen Forschungsinstrumenten des theoretischen Physikers, lassen sich Informationen gewinnen, graphisch aufbereiten und visualisieren, die uns experimentelle Apparaturen nicht zu liefern vermögen. Ein aktuelles Beispiel ist die Darstellung elektronischer Zustände in Atomen.
Das Plasmonenmikroskop
Authors: Specht Martin , Pedarnig Johannes , Heckl Wolfgang , Hänsch Theodor
Published: July 2007

Die Charakterisierung und Manipulation von Strukturen im Nanometerbereich erscheint dank jüngster Entwicklungen in der optischen Mikroskopie in einem neuen Licht. Die optische Nahfeldmikroskopie verspricht dabei, ein wesentliches Werkzeug zu werden.
‚Detained as guests of His Majesty’︁
Authors: Röseberg Ulrich
Published: July 2007

Anmerkungen zur Veröffentlichung der Farm‐Hall‐Protokolle
Elektrische Feldlinien und Potentiale
Authors: Girwidz Raimund
Published: July 2007

Der Computer wird heute vermehrt in Schule und Hochschule eingesetzt. Mit ihm lassen sich Modelle berechnen und Theorien verdeutlichen, Experimente quantitativ auswerten, schwer durchführbare Experimente simulieren oder zumindest sinnvoll ergänzen. In unregelmäßiger Folge stellen wir nicht‐kommerziell verfügbare Physikprogramme vor.
‚Spionage’︁ in der Festkörperphysik
Authors: Forkel‐Wirth Doris
Published: July 2007

ISOLDE am CERN, Europas größtem Forschungszentrum für Teilchenphysik, erlaubt die Erforschung der mikroskopischen Eigenschaften von Festkörpern mit kernphysikalischen Methoden.
SigmaPlot 1.01
Authors: Weber Hans‐Werner
Published: July 2007

Für Windows 3.1 oder höher
Solarzellen für sonnenferne Missionen
Authors: Drach Volker
Published: July 2007

Die Energieversorgung von Raumfahrtmissionen mittels Solarzellen wird schwierig, sobald sich die Raumsonden auf den Weg in sonnenferne Regionen machen. Dies liegt zum einen an der geringeren Intensität der Sonnenstrahlung, die dann typischerweise nur noch 5 % derjenigen in Erdnahe betragt. Zum anderen ergeben sich Gleichgewichtstemperaturen von nur etwa – 100°C, bei denen die Solarzellen noch sicher und effizient arbeiten müssen. Im Hinblick auf die jüngst genehmigte Kometenmission ROSETTA ließ die Europäische Weltraumorganisation ESA deshalb für den interplanetaren Einsatz maßgeschneiderte Solarzellen entwickeln. Diese erreichen einen Wirkungsgrad (Verhältnis von erzeugter elektrischer Leistung zu einfallender Strahlungsleistung) von bis zu 25 %, was mit solch nicht‐konzentrierenden Silizium‐Solarzellen bisher weltweit unerreicht ist [1]. Damit ist die sonnenferne Versorgung von Raumsonden auch ohne Verwendung thermonuklearer Generatoren möglich.
Dosimetrie mit Umgebungsmaterial bei Strahlenunfällen
Authors: Stolz Werner , Hütt Galina , Gonser Gabriele
Published: July 2007

Immer wieder kommt es zu Unfällen mit radioaktivem Material, die Havarie des Kernreaktors von Tschernobyl war unlängst das folgenschwerste Beispiel. Auch in Zukunft wird es, beispielsweise durch den illegalen Handel mit radioaktivem Material, zur Kontaminierung von Mensch und Umwelt kommen. Kernphysikalische Methoden ermöglichen eine Dosimetrie an verschiedenen Materialien noch Jahre nach der Bestrahlung.
Physik‐Nobelpreis 1994 Strukturuntersuchung mit Neutronen
Authors: Dorner Bruno , May Roland
Published: July 2007

Bertram N. Brockhouse (Kanada) und Clifford G. Shull (USA) wurden für ihre Entwicklung von Neutronentechniken geehrt.
Früherkennung von Hautkrebs mit Lasern
Authors: Gaelings Engelbert , Haberland Udo , Rütten Walter
Published: July 2007

Die starke Streuung des Lichtes in Gewebe erschwert bislang noch den Einsatz optischer Diagnoseverfahren zur Früherkennung pathologischer Gewebeveränderungen. Laserverfahren mit laufzeitselektiver Streulichtunterdrückung lassen eine größere Eindringtiefe in die Haut und ein höheres Auflösungsvermögen erwarten.