bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous determination of phenolics and alkaloids using ion exchange chromatography for sample preparation
Authors: Van Rensen Irmgard , Veit Markus
Published: March 2007

A method of sample preparation using strong cation exchange solid phase extraction is described which enables the separation of phenolics and quinolizidine alkaloids in methanolic extracts of Genista species. The method has been used for determination of both groups of compounds with only one extraction step. The phenolics, flavonoids and isoflavonoids were analysed quantitatively by high performance liquid chromatography, avoiding UV absorbing alkaloids disturbing the detection of phenolics. At the same time the fingerprint patterns of the alkaloids could be obtained by gas liquid chromatography. Considering alkaloid, flavonoid and isoflavonoid patterns together, more detailed chemotaxonomic studies are possible and only small quantities of plant material are required.
Quantitation of the pinocembrin content of propolis by densitometry and high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Houghton P. J. , Woldemariam T. Z. , Davey W. , Basar A. , Lau Clara
Published: March 2007

Pinocembrin was identified as the major compound responsible for the growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus displayed by samples of propolis. The pinocembrin content of samples of propolis was determined by two chromatographic techniques, densitometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In both techniquess the pinocembrin content was assessed using internal standards. The pinocembrin content of samples of propolis from different temperate geographical areas was found to be in the range 4.0 to 4.6% w/w.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines in food plants
Authors: Tsuchiya Hironori , Yamada Kuniaki , Kato Hirotsugu , Hayashi Hideaki , Miyazaki Takashi , Hayashi Tokishi
Published: March 2007

A high‐performance liquid Chromatographic method is reported for the unambiguous determination of the amount of tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines in food plants. In the method, plant homogenates, together with an internal standard, were first reacted with fluorescamine, serially extracted, and then subjected to reversed‐phase ion‐pair chromatography with fluorometric detection. The pre‐treatment inhibited the artefactual formation of tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines during analysis by removing the precursor tryptamine from the analytical system. Only the original 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline and 1‐methyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline in food plants could be quantitatively determined in the concentrations of 0.1—50.0 ng/mL of homogenate. The recovery was almost 100% from all the tested plants, and the relative standard deviation was less than 8.4% within and between assays. Application of the proposed method has revealed that tomato, banana, pineapple, kiwi, plum and prune contain both tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines at ng to μg/g levels, and that their contents depend on the ripening process.
Reconfirmation of the structure of (+)‐retamine from Lygos raetam Var. sarcocarpa by X‐ray analysis
Authors: Abdel‐Halim Osama B. , Sekine Toshikazu , Halim Ahmed F. , Abdel‐Fattah Hosny , Saito Kazuki , Ogata Koreharu , Murakoshi Isamu
Published: March 2007

The structure of (+)‐retamine (1), which has been isolated from the aerial part of Lygos raetam var. sarcocarpa, has been reconfirmed by spectroscopic methods including two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and x‐ray analysis to be (+)‐12 α‐hydroxysparteine. The configuration of the hydroxyl group at the position 12 in (+)‐retamine and the intermolecular hydrogen bond in the crystal structure of (+)‐retamine have been established.
Synthesis of chromo‐ and fluorogenic poly(ortho‐diaminophenylene) chemosensors for fluoride anion
Authors: Kim Hyung Jun , Lee Jung hyo , Kim Tae Hoon , Lyoo Won Seok , Kim Dong Wook , Lee Changjin , Lee Taek Seung
Published: March 2007

Two new poly(ortho‐diaminophenylene) derivatives containing fluorene and/or quinoxaline moieties per repeat unit in the main chain were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reaction followed by reduction process. The synthesized polymers were characterized and explored as colorimetric and fluorometric anion‐sensing materials. The polymers in dilute tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution emitted green light (about 530 nm) in their precursor benzothiadiazole forms and blue to green light (477–523 nm) in their reduced forms. The color of polymer solution was dramatically altered upon addition of fluoride anion without noticeable absorption change in UV–vis spectrum. The fluorescence was ratiometrically quenched with a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and fluoride anion concentration implying static quenching mechanism could be applied judging from the maintenance of constant fluorescence lifetime with variable fluoride anion concentration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1546–1556, 2007
A recombinant allosteric lectin antagonist of HIV‐1 envelope gp120 interactions
Authors: McFadden Karyn , Cocklin Simon , Gopi Hosahudya , Baxter Sabine , Ajith Sandya , Mahmood Naheed , Shattock Robin , Chaiken Irwin
Published: March 2007

The first, critical stage of HIV‐1 infection is fusion of viral and host cellular membranes initiated by a viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. We evaluated the potential to form a chimeric protein entry inhibitor that combines the action of two gp120‐targeting molecules, an allosteric peptide inhibitor 12p1 and a higher affinity carbohydrate‐binding protein cyanovirin (CVN). In initial mixing experiments, we demonstrated that the inhibitors do not interfere with each other and instead show functional synergy in inhibiting viral cell infection. Based on this, we created a chimera, termed L5, with 12p1 fused to the C‐terminal domain of CVN through a linker of five penta‐peptide repeats. L5 revealed the same broad specificity as CVN for gp120 from a variety of clades and tropisms. By comparison to CVN, the L5 chimera exhibited substantially increased inhibition of gp120 binding to receptor CD4, coreceptor surrogate mAb 17b and gp120 antibody F105. These binding inhibition effects by the chimera reflected both the high affinity of the CVN domain and the allosteric action of the 12p1 domain. The results open up the possibility to form high potency chimeras, as well as noncovalent mixtures, as leads for HIV‐1 envelope antagonism that can overcome potency limits and potential virus mutational resistance for either 12p1 or CVN alone. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational sidechain placement and protein mutagenesis with implicit solvent models
Authors: Lopes Anne , Alexandrov Alexey , Bathelt Christine , Archontis Georgios , Simonson Thomas
Published: March 2007

Structure prediction and computational protein design should benefit from accurate solvent models. We have applied implicit solvent models to two problems that are central to this area. First, we performed sidechain placement for 29 proteins, using a solvent model that combines a screened Coulomb term with an Accessible Surface Area term (CASA model). With optimized parameters, the prediction quality is comparable with earlier work that omitted electrostatics and solvation altogether. Second, we computed the stability changes associated with point mutations involving ionized sidechains. For over 1000 mutations, including many fully or partly buried positions, we compared CASA and two generalized Born models (GB) with a more accurate model, which solves the Poisson equation of continuum electrostatics numerically. CASA predicts the correct sign and order of magnitude of the stability change for 81% of the mutations, compared to 97% with the best GB. We also considered 140 mutations for which experimental data are available. Comparing to experiment requires additional assumptions about the unfolded protein structure, protein relaxation in response to the mutations, and contributions from the hydrophobic effect. With a simple, commonly‐used unfolded state model, the mean unsigned error is 2.1 kcal/mol with both CASA and the best GB. Overall, the electrostatic model is not important for sidechain placement; CASA and GB are equivalent for surface mutations, while GB is far superior for fully or partly buried positions. Thus, for problems like protein design that involve all these aspects, the most recent GB models represent an important step forward. Along with the recent discovery of efficient, pairwise implementations of GB, this will open new possibilities for the computational engineering of proteins. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical microscopy imaging method for detection of electromigration: Theory and experiment
Authors: Li L. H. , Dasika V. , Heskett D. , Tang W. H.
Published: March 2007

Electromigration is a microscopic phenomenon involving electric field‐induced diffusion, which is very relevant to damage in interconnects. A common method to monitor interconnect degradation is through electrical resistance measurements, which requires direct electrical contacts. It is desirable to develop non‐contact methods to monitor electromigration damage formation. Recently, we have proposed a novel Optical Microscopy Imaging Method (OMIM). Here we provide theoretical proof and additional experimental results. OMIM provides a new method for studying electromigration‐induced damage. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using analogies to improve the teaching performance of preservice teachers
Authors: James Mark C. , Scharmann Lawrence C.
Published: March 2007

Prior research in both education and cognitive science has identified analogy making as a powerful tool for explanation as well as a fundamental mechanism for facilitating an individual's construction of knowledge. While a considerable body of research exists focusing on the role analogy plays in learning science concepts, relatively little is known about how instruction in the use of analogies might influence the teaching performance of preservice teachers. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between pedagogical analogy use and pedagogical reasoning ability in a sample of preservice elementary teachers (PTs), a group that has been identified for their particular difficulties in teaching science. The study utilized a treatment/contrast group design in which the treatment group was provided instruction that guided them in the generation of analogies to aid in the explanation phase of learning cycle lessons. A relationship between analogy use and positive indicants of teaching performance was observed and a case study of a low performing preservice teacher who drastically improved teaching performance using analogy‐based pedagogy is presented. A notable effect on conceptual understanding of Newton's Third Law as a result of two brief analogy‐based demonstration lessons was also observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 565–585, 2007.
Risk Factors Contributing to a Poor Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Validity of UICC/AJCC TNM Classification and Stage Grouping
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Miyauchi Akira , Jikuzono Tomoo , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Miya Akihiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Matsuzuka Fumio , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Kuma Kanji
Published: March 2007

Background

In 2002, the UICC/AJCC TNM classification for papillary thyroid carcinoma was revised. In this study, we examined the validity of this classification system by investigating the predictors of disease‐free survival (DFS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) in patients.

Methods

We examined various clinicopathological features, including the component of the TNM classification, for 1,740 patients who underwent initial and curative surgery for papillary carcinoma between 1987 and 1995.

Results

Clinical and pathological T4a, clinical N1b in the TNM classification, and patient age were recognized as independent predictors of not only DFS, but also CSS of patients. Tumor size, male gender, and central node metastasis independently affected DFS only. There were 1,005 pathological N1b patients, but pathological N1b did not independently affect either DFS or CSS. Regarding the stage grouping, clinical stage IVA including clinical N1b more clearly affected DFS and CSS than pathological stage IVA including pathological N1b.

Conclusion

Clinical stage grouping was more useful than pathological stage grouping for predicting the prognosis of papillary carcinoma patients possibly because pathological stage overestimates the biological characteristics of many pathological N1b tumors.
Selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism on clinical patients using tandem mass spectrometry in China: A four‐year report
Authors: Han L. S. , Ye J. , Qiu W. J. , Gao X. L. , Wang Y. , Gu X. F.
Published: March 2007

We have initiated clinical selective screening for inborn errors of metabolism in China by analysing amino acids and acylcarnitines in a dried blood filter‐paper samples using tandem mass spectrometry. Samples from a total of 3070 children suspected of inborn errors of metabolism were collected through a study network which covered most provinces of China. The diagnoses were further confirmed through clinical symptoms, by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and other biochemistry studies, and in a few cases by DNA analysis. In all, 212 cases were diagnosed (6.6%) including 92 (43.4%) with amino acids disorders (48 with phenylketonuria, 12 with ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency, 7 with tyrosinaemia type I, 9 with maple syrup urine disease, 5 with citrullinaemia type I, 8 with citrullinaemia type II, 2 with homocystinuria, and 1 with argininaemia); 107 (50.5%) with organic acid disorders (including 58 with methylmalonic acidaemia, 13 with propionic acidaemia, 6 with isovaleric acidaemia, 7 with glutaric acidaemia type I, 6 with 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency, 2 with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA lyase deficiency, 10 with multiple carboxylase deficiency, and 5 with β‐ketothiolase deficiency); and 13 (6.1%) with fatty acid oxidation disorders (including 1 with carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency type I, 1 with carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency type II, 1 with short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, 5 with medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, 3 with very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, and 2 with multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). It is suggested that tandem mass spectrometry is useful for selective screening of clinically suspected patients. The majority of diseases (94%) in this study were amino acid disorders and organic acid disorders. Fatty acid oxidation disorders are relatively rare in the Chinese, but medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency should be further investigated.
Stearidonic Acid Increases the Red Blood Cell and Heart Eicosapentaenoic Acid Content in Dogs
Authors: Harris William S. , DiRienzo Maureen A. , Sands Scott A. , George Cherian , Jones Philip G. , Eapen Alex K.
Published: March 2007

Plant sources of omega‐3 fatty acids (FA) are needed that can materially raise tissue levels of long‐chain omega‐3 FA [i.e., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 20:6n‐3)]. Stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4n‐3) is the delta‐6 desaturase product of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n‐3), and when fed to humans, increases red blood cell (RBC) content of EPA to a greater extent than does ALA. This study was undertaken to determine the dose‐dependence and time course of the increase in the EPA and DHA content of the heart and RBC in dogs. Adult male Beagles were fed 21, 64, or 193 mg/kg of SDA in in their food daily for up to 12 weeks. Positive and negative controls were given EPA (43 mg/kg) or high oleic acid sunflower oil, respectively. The baseline EPA content of RBC was 0.38 ± 0.03% which increased (P < 0.01) in a dose‐dependent manner, with the high dose of SDA and EPA achieving levels of 1.33 ± 0.26 and 1.55. ± 0.28%, respectively. In the heart, the content of EPA rose from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 1.24 ± 0.22% in the EPA group and to 0.81 ± 0.32% in the high SDA group (both P < 0.01). In both tissues, DHA did not change. Compared to dietary EPA, SDA was 20–23% as efficient in raising tissue EPA levels. In conclusion, SDA supplementation increased the EPA content of RBC and heart and may have utility as a plant‐based source of omega‐3 FA.
Assessment of cardiac asynchrony by radionuclide phase analysis: Correlation with ventricular function in patients with narrow or prolonged QRS interval
Authors: Marcassa Claudio , Campini R. , Verna Edoardo , Ceriani Luca , Giannuzzi Pantaleo
Published: March 2007

Background

Conflicting data exist on the relation between the synchronism of cardiac contraction and ventricular function.

Aim and methods

A resting radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) was performed in 380 consecutive patients to evaluate the relationship between the synchronism of cardiac contraction and ventricular function.

Results

A significant, non‐linear, relation was found between LVEF and intra‐ventricular asynchrony or QRS, but not between inter‐ventricular asynchrony and LVEF. A linear correlation was observed between QRS and intra‐ventricular or inter‐ventricular asynchrony. Intra‐ventricular asynchrony was identified as the major, independent, determinant of LV function. With the increase in QRS duration, a decrease in LVEF (p<0.001), and a worsening of either intra‐ventricular (p<0.001) or inter‐ventricular synchronism (p<0.05), was documented. However, 48% of patients with QRS 120–150 ms had abnormal inter‐ventricular and 42% abnormal intra‐ventricular synchronism, while 27% of patients with QRS>150 ms had normal inter‐ventricular and 25% normal intra‐ventricular synchronism.

Conclusions

Intra‐ventricular asynchrony was identified as the major determinant of ventricular dysfunction. A consistent proportion of patients had asynchrony despite preserved QRS duration or normal synchronism with a QRS>150 ms. Fourier phase analysis of RNV may detect asynchrony better than QRS. The role of RNV for detection of individual patients who may most benefit from resynchronization therapy requires additional investigations.
Alteration of myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase and Na+–Ca2+exchanger expression in human left ventricular volume overload
Authors: Leszek Przemyslaw , Szperl Malgorzata , Klisiewicz Anna , Janas Jadwiga , Biederman Andrzej , Rywik Tomasz , Piotrowski Walerian , Kopacz Mieczyslaw , Korewicki Jerzy
Published: March 2007

Background:

Reduced myocardial contractility is often attributed to altered Ca2+transients and expression of Ca2+‐ATPase of the SR (SERCA) and Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCX) genes.

Aims:

To assess myocardial expression of SERCA and NCX protein levels in left ventricular (LV) remodelling due to chronic severe mitral regurgitation (MR).

Methods:

Myocardial expression of SERCA/NCX in biopsy specimens obtained during mitral surgery was assessed in 36 MR patients with LV remodelling and plasma neurohumoral/cytokine activation and in four non‐failing hearts (NFH).

Results:

Myocardial protein levels of SERCA were significantly (20%) lower in the MR group than in NFH group (p=0.016). No significant changes in NCX were observed. However, a lack of homogeneity with regard to SERCA/NCX proteins was observed. Moreover, SERCA was negatively correlated with BNP (r=–0.49,p=0.02), TNFα (r=0.68,p=0.0005) and IL‐6 (r=–0.52,p=0.02), whereas NCX was only negatively correlated with TNFα (r=–0.62,p=0.002).

Conclusions:

MR patients showed wide variations in SERCA/NCX protein expression. Myocardial protein levels of SERCA were significantly lower in the MR population. Moreover, a correlation between BNP, cytokines (IL‐6, TNFα) and the expression of SERCA/NCX proteins was observed.
Sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia on antipsychotic medication
Authors: Üçok Alp , İncesu Cem , Aker Tamer , Erkoç Şahap
Published: March 2007

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic therapy and to investigate the effect of various parameters on sexual dysfunction.

Method

A total of 827 stabilized outpatients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, were recruited in the study. Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) and the subscale on sexual function of the UKU Side Effects Rating Scale were applied at a single interview.

Results

In total, 52.6% of the patients had sexual dysfunction, 54.2% reported a low sexual desire and 41.7% reported problems in having an orgasm. Erectile dysfunction and ejaculation problems were seen in 48.1% and 64.2% of the men, respectively; amenorrhea was seen in 24.9% of the women. ASEX score and severity of disease were found to be correlated (p = 0.02). Higher ASEX scores were observed in patients who smoked (p = 0.01). Men receiving atypical monotherapy had lower ASEX scores than those receiving a combination of atypical and conventional antipsychotics (p = 0.017). Patients on combination therapy had more ejaculation problems than the atypical group (p = 0.001). Low sexual desire was more prevalent among women using conventional drugs than those on atypical drugs (p = 0.004). In linear regression analyses, ASEX was affected significantly and independently by the severity of the disease only in men (p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Our results show that sexual dysfunction is widespread among patients with schizophrenia on antipsychotic medications.
The Ham D6 is more homogenous and as sensitive as the Ham D17
Authors: Lecrubier Y. , Bech P.
Published: March 2007

Objective

Using the data of a positive d.b.c.t. comparing an hypericum extract (W55570) to placebo in depressed patients we explored whether the Ham D6 was unidimentional and in case of a positive answer whether the total score was as sensitive as the total score of the Ham D17.

Methods

The study was a 6 weeks double blind placebo controlled trial comparing 300 mg of hypericum t.i.d (n = 186), to placebo (n = 189), in patients with a single or recurrent depression according to DSM-IV. Superiority of hypericum versus placebo on the main outcome criterion (HDRS 17) was already published.

The unidimensionality of the Hamilton depression scale 6 and 17 items were tested using a Mokken scale analysis. The effect size according to the initial severity of depression was calculated on the ITT last observation carried forward population.

Results

The Ham D6, covering the core symptoms of depression was unidimensional, implying that improving this score reflects a true antidepressant effect. The Ham D17 was not unidimensional.

Hypericum was an effective antidepressant in patients with a pre-treatment score of 12 or more (n = 208) on the Ham D6, the effect size was 0.46. No difference with placebo was observed for those with a score of less than 12 (n = 167).

Conclusions

For the evaluation of an antidepressant effect, because of its specificity and sensitivity, the Ham D6 should be used as a primary outcome measure rather than the Ham D17.
Empirical rules for rationalising visible circular dichroism of Cu2+ and Ni2+ histidine complexes: Applications to the prion protein
Authors: Klewpatinond Mark , Viles John H.
Published: March 2007

A natively unfolded region of the prion protein, PrP(90–126) binds Cu2+ ions and is vital for prion propagation. Pentapeptides, acyl‐GGGTH92–96 and acyl‐TNMKH107–111, represent the minimum motif for this Cu2+ binding region. EPR and 1H NMR suggests that the coordination geometry for the two binding sites is very similar. However, the visible CD spectra of the two sites are very different, producing almost mirror image spectra. We have used a series of analogues of the pentapeptides containing His96 and His111 to rationalise these differences in the visible CD spectra. Using simple histidine‐containing tri‐peptides we have formulated a set of empirical rules that can predict the appearance of Cu2+ visible CD spectra involving histidine and amide main‐chain coordination.
Clockwise or anticlockwise? Turning the centriole triplets in the right direction!
Authors: Uzbekov Rustem , Prigent Claude
Published: March 2007

Centrosomes are small cytoplasmic macromolecular assemblies composed from two major components, centrioles and pericentriolar material, each with its own complex architecture. This organelle is of interest because it plays a role in a number of fundamental cellular processes and defects in these processes have recently been correlated with variety of human disease. Increasingly, what is known about the structure of this organelle has been overshadowed by the increasing wealth of information on its biochemistry. In this short review, we highlight some of the common centriole structural errors found in the literature and define a set of rules that define centriole structure.
Epigenetic up‐regulation of CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression by 17 β‐estradiol and tamoxifen is associated with formation of DNA methyltransferase 3B4 splice variant in Ishikawa endometrial adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Kubarek Ł. , Jagodzinski P.P.
Published: March 2007

Our results suggest that E2 and Tam, through their ability for gene‐transcription regulation, change the cellular milieu that maintains the hypermethylated stage of CpG islands of CXCR4 and CXCL12 promoters.
Fluctuation of the SP/non‐SP phenotype in the C6 glioma cell line
Authors: Platet Nadine , Mayol Jean-François , Berger François , Hérodin Francis , Wion Didier
Published: March 2007

Using the C6 glioma cell as a paradigm, we found that (i) the clonogenicity of C6 cells is several orders of magnitude higher than the percentage of SP cells; (ii) non‐SP cells are able to generate SP cells, and conversely SP cells generate non‐SP cells; (iii) non‐SP sorted cells behave as tumorigenic cells. Hence, in C6 cells cultured in serum‐containing medium, SP cells can be generated from non‐SP cells. This dynamic equilibrium explains in C6 cells the maintenance of the SP phenotype with cell passaging and demonstrates the existence of tumorigenic non‐SP cells.
Differential regulation of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase by lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma in murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells
Authors: Jung In Duk , Lee Chang-Min , Jeong Young-Il , Lee Jun Sik , Park Won Sun , Han Jin , Park Yeong-Min
Published: March 2007

Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is a rate‐limiting enzyme in thel‐tryptophan‐kynurenine pathway, which converts an essential amino acid,l‐tryptophan, toN‐formylkynurenine. The expression of IDO increases when inflammation is induced by wounding, infection or tumor growth. Although recent studies have suggested that IDO expression is up‐regulated by IFN‐γ in various cell types and that the induction of IDO can also be mediated through an IFN‐γ‐independent mechanism, these mechanisms still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the expression of IDO through an IFN‐γ‐mediated signaling pathway or not. IFN‐γ‐induced expression of IDO expression was inhibited only by JAK inhibitor I. However, LPS‐induced expression of IDO was inhibited by LY294002 and SP600125 but not by JAK inhibitor I, SB203580, or U0126. These findings clearly indicate that LPS can induce the IDO expression via an IFN‐γ‐independent mechanism and PI3 kinase and JNK in the LPS‐induced pathway leading to IDO expression.
Differential expression of PKC isoforms in developing zebrafish
Authors: Patten Shunmoogum Aroonassala , Sihra Rena K. , Dhami Kamaldeep S. , Coutts Christopher A. , Ali Declan W.
Published: March 2007

Protein kinase C isozymes are a biologically diverse group of enzymes known to be involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. They fall into three families (conventional, novel and atypical) depending upon their mode of activation. Several classes of zebrafish neurons have been shown to express PKCα during development, but the expression of other isoforms remains unknown. In this study we performed immunohistochemistry to determine if zebrafish express various isoforms of PKC. We used antibodies to test for the presence of enzymes that are thought to be preferentially expressed in the nervous system (PKCγ, βII, δ, ɛ, θ and ζ). Here, we show that PKCγ, ɛ, θ and ζ are expressed in the zebrafish CNS. Anti‐PKCγ labels Rohon‐Beard sensory neurons and Mauthner cells. PKCɛ and ζ staining is widespread in the CNS, and PKCθ and βII are expressed in skeletal muscle, especially at intersegmental boundaries. Immunoblot experiments confirm the specificity of the antibodies in zebrafish and indicate that the fish isoforms of PKCγ, βII, ɛ and ζ are similar to the mammalian isoforms. Interestingly, PKCθ appears to be similar to PKCθII, which, to date, has been found exclusively in mouse testis, but not in the mammalian CNS. Overall, our findings indicate that several different PKC isoforms are expressed in zebrafish, and that Rohon‐Beard, Mauthner cells and muscle fibers preferentially express some isoforms over others.
Age‐related changes in urinary bladder intramural neurons
Authors: Mizuno Marcia Sanae , Pompeu Eduardo , Castelucci Patricia , Liberti Edson Aparecido
Published: March 2007

A quantitative morphometric evaluation of the intramural plexus of the urinary bladder of adult and aged guinea‐pigs was performed by histological analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and hystochemical methods, such as NADH‐diaphorase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The round or oval shaped intramural neurons were revealed among the bundles of the smooth detrusor muscle in clusters containing a variable number of cells in the groups. In both adult control and aged animals, the ganglia were enveloped by a ganglionar capsule of connective tissue mainly composed of type I collagen fibers. The number of neurons NADH‐diaphorase positives estimated in the intramural plexus was 1433 ± 187.71 and 1107 ± 120.67 in the adult control and aged groups, respectively. The perikaryon areas of the NADH‐diaphorase neurons reactives ranged from 216.40 to 1809.30 μm2 in adult control group and from 198.20 to 2096.25 μm2 in aged group. The nuclear area showed an increase in aged animals. The number of AChE‐positive neurons estimated in the intramural plexus was 3294.67 ± 415 μm2 in the adult control group and 1960.33 ± 526 μm2 in the aged group, showing a significant decrease in the latter group. This age‐related morphological change in intramural neurons may contribute to changes in urinary bladder activities in the elderly.
COMPOSITE V–Y ADVANCEMENT FLAPS FOR COVER OF DISTAL DEFECTS ON THE DORSUM OF MULTIPLE DIGITS
Authors: IWUAGWU F. C. , MISRA A.
Published: March 2007

We describe the use of single large V–Y flaps of the dorsum of the hand with extension into the digits for cover of distal defects on adjacent digits in two patients
Late Cambrian-Ordovician tectonics and geodynamics of Central Asia
Authors: Dobretsov N.L. , Buslov M.M.
Published: March 2007

In the Late Cambrian-Ordovician, Gondwana-derived microcontinents such as Kokchetav, Altai-Mongolian, Tuva-Mongolian, and Barguzin, as well as the Kazakhstan-Tuva-Mongolian island arc or a system of island arcs were involved in intense accretion-collision processes in similar geodynamic settings on a vast territory of Central Asia — from West Kazakhstan to Lake Baikal. The processes were likely to be the result of a large rebuilding of the Earth’s crust possibly related to the increased mantle impact on the lithosphere as they were simultaneous to the opening of the Uralian and Mongolian-Okhotsk (Turkestan) Oceans. The 970–850 Ma breakup of Rodinia and the 760–700 Ma important tectonic events were followed by the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician plume magmatism impulse at 500–480 Ma, which led to the opening of new oceans and accelerated the accretion of the Gondwana-derived blocks to the island arc and subsequent formation of an extended — more than 6000 km long — Kazakhstan-Baikal orogenic belt.
Genesis of Cenozoic basalts in Central Asia and northern Mongolia (from helium isotope and petrochemical data)
Authors: Zhukova I.A. , Litasov Yu.D. , Duchkov A.D. , Novikov D.D.
Published: March 2007

Isotopic compositions of He (27 samples) and Ar (7 samples) as well as major and trace elements have been determined in Cenozoic effusive rocks and hosted olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts from northern and central Mongolia. The R = 3He/4He values are within (0.1–13)⋅10−6. Abnormally high R value, 13⋅10−6, atypical of Cenozoic basaltic-volcanism areas in Mongolia, has been first revealed at one of the sites of the Hangayn upland. In composition the rocks under study correspond to tephrites, trachybasalts, and subalkalic andesite-basalts. Analysis of their REE patterns and spidergrams shows that the elements participating in the formation of basalt fields of the Hangayn upland were supplied from the enriched mantle (EM1). These patterns are similar to the OIB ones; (La/Yb)n = 9–53. The R values in the olivine phenocrysts are higher as compared with the pyroxene phenocrysts and the bulk rock compositions of the same samples. Based on the elemental composition of the rocks, their contents of radiogenic 4He and 3He were calculated. The rate of 3He formation is 5.65⋅10−2 at/(g⋅year). The calculated and measured R values in the rock samples point to the presence of trapped mantle helium.
A High-resolution diatom-inferred palaeoconductivity and lake level record of the Aral Sea for the Last 1600 yr
Authors: Austin Patrick , Mackay Anson , Palagushkina Olga , Leng Melanie
Published: March 2007

Formerly the world's fourth largest lake by area, the Aral Sea is presently undergoing extreme desiccation due to large-scale irrigation strategies implemented in the Soviet era. As part of the INTAS-funded CLIMAN project into Holocene climatic variability and the evolution of human settlement in the Aral Sea basin, fossil diatom assemblages contained within a sediment core obtained from the Aral Sea have been applied to a diatom-based inference model of conductivity (r2= 0.767, RMSEP = 0.469 log10μS cm− 1). This has provided a high-resolution record of conductivity and lake level change over the last ca. 1600 yr. Three severe episodes of lake level regression are indicated at ca. AD 400, AD 1195–1355 and ca. AD 1780 to the present day. The first two regressions may be linked to the natural diversion of the Amu Darya away from the Aral Sea and the failure of cyclones formed in the Mediterranean to penetrate more continental regions. Human activity, however, and in particular the destruction of irrigation facilities are synchronous with these early regressions and contributed to the severity of the observed low stands.
Thomas Morton: From Merry Old England to New England
Authors: HEATH WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Nathaniel Hawthorne claims, in his brief preface to “The May-pole of Merry Mount,” that “the facts, recorded on the grave pages of our New England annalists, have wrought themselves, almost spontaneously,” into a “philosophical romance” and “a sort of allegory.” He later refers to these “true” and “authentic passages from history” as “a poet's tale.” Yet to anyone familiar with the sources available to Hawthorne,1 nothing is more striking than how much authentic history he has left out – most notably Thomas Morton himself, whose version of what transpired at his fur-trading post on Massachusetts Bay (New English Canaan) is indeed a tale told by a poet, albeit a minor one. What do we know about the man who put up the maypole that so outraged his pious neighbors? Who was Thomas Morton and why were the Puritans so offended by him? If his maypole symbolized the festive culture of Merry Old England, Morton epitomized its spirit. No wonder he was a persona non grata among the Puritans of New England, although Falstaff would have welcomed him to the Boar's Head Tavern. Like many a man of the Elizabethan Renaissance, he was enamored of classical learning and the New World; three times he abandoned London's Bankside to seek his fortune in Massachusetts Bay, at the risk of his life.
“In Chains 400 Years … And Still in Chains in DC!” The 1966 Free DC Movement and the Challenges of Organizing in the City
Authors: MADDISON CATHERINE
Published: March 2007

In the summer of 1965 the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) toured possible locations for a campaign that would highlight the problems African Americans faced in Northern cities.1 Chicago was chosen, primarily due to the presence of an effective local movement.
The kinetics of exsheathment of infective nematode larvae is disturbed in the presence of a tannin-rich plant extract (sainfoin) both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: BRUNET S. , AUFRERE J. , El BABILI F. , FOURASTE I. , HOSTE H.
Published: March 2007

The mode of action of bioactive plants on gastrointestinal nematodes remains obscure. Previous in vitro studies showed that exsheathment was significantly disturbed after contact with tannin-rich extracts. However, the role of important factors (extract concentration, parasite species) has not been assessed and no information is available on the occurrence in vivo. These questions represent the objectives of this study. The model incorporated the parasites Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis with sainfoin as the bioactive plant. A set of in vitro assays was performed, measuring the changes observed, after 3 h of contact with increasing concentrations of sainfoin, on the rate of artificial exsheathment. The results indicated that sainfoin extracts interfered with exsheathment in a dose-dependent manner and the process overall was similar for both nematodes. The restoration of control values observed after adding PEG to extracts confirms a major role for tannins. A second study was performed in vivo on rumen-cannulated sheep fed with different proportions of sainfoin in the diet to verify these in vitro results. The consumption of a higher proportion of sainfoin was indeed associated with significant delays in Haemonchus exsheathment. Overall, the results confirmed that interference with the early step of nematode infection might be one of the modes of action that contributes to the anthelmintic properties of tanniniferous plants.
The relationship of meteorological conditions to the epidemic activity of respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: YUSUF S. , PIEDIMONTE G. , AUAIS A. , DEMMLER G. , KRISHNAN S. , VAN CAESEELE P. , SINGLETON R. , BROOR S. , PARVEEN S. , AVENDANO L. , PARRA J. , CHAVEZ-BUENO S. , DE SIERRA T. MURGUÍA , SIMOES E. A. F. , SHAHA S. , WELLIVER R.
Published: March 2007

Our aim was to obtain knowledge of how meteorological conditions affect community epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To this end we recorded year-round RSV activity in nine cities that differ markedly in geographic location and climate. We correlated local weather conditions with weekly or monthly RSV cases. We reviewed similar reports from other areas varying in climate. Weekly RSV activity was related to temperature in a bimodal fashion, with peaks of activity at temperatures above 24–30°C and at 2–6°C. RSV activity was also greatest at 45–65% relative humidity. RSV activity was inversely related to UVB radiance at three sites where this could be tested. At sites with persistently warm temperatures and high humidity, RSV activity was continuous throughout the year, peaking in summer and early autumn. In temperate climates, RSV activity was maximal during winter, correlating with lower temperatures. In areas where temperatures remained colder throughout the year, RSV activity again became nearly continuous. Community activity of RSV is substantial when both ambient temperatures and absolute humidity are very high, perhaps reflecting greater stability of RSV in aerosols. Transmission of RSV in cooler climates is inversely related to temperature possibly as a result of increased stability of the virus in secretions in the colder environment. UVB radiation may inactivate virus in the environment, or influence susceptibility to RSV by altering host resistance.
PREFACE
Authors: KAPILA SHRUTI
Published: March 2007

In a recent appraisal of the nature of the enterprise of intellectual history, it was remarked, not for the first time, that the “the only history of ideas to be written are histories of their uses in argument”. Though perhaps not in such a self-conscious manner, the essays in this issue consider the transformative capacity of ideas. Modern intellectual history in the European and American context grew out of a critique of the dominance of social history; by contrast, it has received little or no attention in the field of colonial and modern South Asia. Despite the vibrancy of the field in general, the two major works in Indian intellectual history were written almost half a century ago. Eric Stokes's English Utilitarians and India and Ranajit Guha's A Rule of Property for Bengal were both concerned with the making of the regime of colonial political economy. These two important books took the major site of the generation of ideas to be the colonial state and the major actors to be its official intellectuals. Interestingly, both these historians later moved away from intellectual history to social history and the experience of the peasantry. It is an ironic tribute to their books that the subsequent focus of much South Asian historical scholarship has been on the nature of the colonial state and its relation to politics, economy and society. However, the emphasis on the power and the work of ideas, in Stokes's and Guha's initial formulations, slowly but surely gave way to “ethnographies of the state”. A related historiographical move emphasized the politics and culture of resistance, as indeed did Stokes and Guha in their later work.
ANXIETIES OF DISTANCE: CODIF ICATION IN EARLY COLONIAL BENGAL
Authors: WILSON JON E.
Published: March 2007

Historians of political thought tend to emphasize the continuous flow and transmission of concepts from one generation to the next, and from one place to another. Historians of Indian ideas suggest that India was governed with concepts imported from Europe. This article argues instead that the sense of rupture that British officials experienced, from both the intellectual history of Britain and Indian society, played a significant role in forming colonial political culture. It examines the practice of “Hindu” property law in late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Bengal. It suggests that the attempt to textualize and codify law in the 1810s and 1820s emerged from British doubts about their ability to construct viable forms of rule on the basis of existing intellectual and institutional traditions. The abstract and seemingly “utilitarian” tone of colonial political discourse was a practical response to British anxieties about their distance from Indian society. It was not a result of the “influence” of a particular school of British thinkers.
STRIKING A JUST BALANCE: MAULANA AZAD AS A THEORIST OF TRANS-NATIONAL JIHAD
Authors: JALAL AYESHA
Published: March 2007

This article probes the link between anti-colonial nationalist thought and a theory of jihad in early twentieth-century India. An emotive affinity to the ummah was never a barrier to Muslims identifying with patriotic sentiments in their own homelands. It was in the context of the aggressive expansion of European power and the ensuing erosion of Muslim sovereignty that the classical doctrine of jihad was refashioned to legitimize modern anti-colonial struggles. The focus of this essay is on the thought and politics of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. A major theoretician of Islamic law and ethics, Azad was the most prominent Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence India. He is best remembered in retrospectively constructed statist narratives as a “secular nationalist”, who served as education minister in Jawaharlal Nehru's post-independence cabinet. Yet during the decade of the First World War he was perhaps the most celebrated theorist of a trans-national jihad.
AFTERWORD
Authors: BAYLY C. A.
Published: March 2007

This issue has been concerned with two problems. First, all the contributors have considered how ideas travelled to, from and within nineteenth- and twentieth-century India. It examines how these ideas were received and reinterpreted by India's English-influenced intelligentsia in the light of its own intellectual histories. Second, the volume is intended as a contribution to an emerging global and trans-national history of ideas that attempts to set the sophisticated traditions of European, Atlantic, Islamic and Asian intellectual history in a world context.
A MORAL CASE FOR THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF SLAVERY
Authors: NOLL MARK A.
Published: March 2007

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese and Eugene D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Influences of winter haze on fog/low cloud over the Indo‐Gangetic plains
Authors: Gautam Ritesh , Hsu N. Christina , Kafatos Menas , Tsay Si‐Chee
Published: March 2007

The aerosol loading in south Asia has increased considerably because of the growing population, urbanization, and industrialization in recent years. To understand the effects of aerosols on cloud properties in this region, we have analyzed an extensive collection of aerosol and cloud properties, obtained from the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, over the Indian subcontinent during winter 2000–2006. During these winter months, the Indo‐Gangetic (IG) plains, in the northern part of India, are subjected to dense haze and fog on the basis of MODIS climatology of aerosol optical depth and cloud properties (cloud effective radius, cloud top pressure, and cloud fraction), respectively. We derive a fog/low‐cloud detection scheme from MODIS level 2 data to generate distribution of fog/low cloud on a daily basis for December–January 2000–2006. Interactions between winter haze and fog/low cloud over the IG plains were analyzed by minimizing the effect of dynamical processes associated with fog formation. On the basis of the interannual variability of meteorological parameters, winter 2004–2005 was associated with favorable conditions for fog formation in terms of comparable values of relative humidity with respect to previous years. However, significantly lower fog occurrences were found in winter 2004–2005 over the IG plains from MODIS and ground observations, while higher aerosol loading was observed in 2004–2005 compared to previous years. Thus the role of higher aerosol loading in 2004–2005 was investigated, combined with the high concentration of black carbon (BC) aerosols over the IG plains, indicated by aerosol transport model, suggesting that the BC aerosols may have significant impact on the fog/low‐cloud formation over the IG plains and hence less fog in winter 2004–2005.
Nonstationarity and reformation of high‐Mach‐number quasiperpendicular shocks: Cluster observations
Authors: Lobzin V. V. , Krasnoselskikh V. V. , Bosqued J.‐M. , Pinçon J.‐L. , Schwartz S. J. , Dunlop M.
Published: March 2007

A set of experimental data is presented for a high‐Mach‐number (Mf = 5) quasiperpendicular (θBn = 81°) bow shock layer crossed by Cluster spacecraft on 24 January 2001 at 07:05–07:09 UT. The measurements of magnetic field, spectra of electric field fluctuations, and ion distributions reveal that the shock is highly nonstationary. In particular, the magnetic field profiles measured aboard different spacecraft differ considerably from each other. The mean frequency of downshifted waves observed upstream of the shock ramp oscillates with a characteristic time comparable with the proton gyroperiod. In addition, the reflection of ions from the shock is bursty and a characteristic time for this process is also comparable with the ion gyroperiod. All of these features in conjunction are the first convincing experimental evidence in favor of the shock front reformation.