bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial Policy of Tiberius Constantinus the Augustus
Authors:   Barnaul Orthodox Seminary, Serov Vadim
Published: January 2022

Introduction. The historical sources did not give the detail description of all the policies of the Byzantine government in the rule of Tiberius Constantinus the August (578–582). Modern historiography usually follows their data without attracting of opportunities, which could be offered by the interdisciplinary methods. As a result, the full-length picture of the reign of Tiberius II has not been made yet. This statement is correct regarding different sectors of the emperor’s policies and his financial policy as well. Methods. Special method of study for such object was approved in earlier author’s publications. It bases on definition of a financial policy in the modern economics and, as consequence, on the use of data which are not mentioned by literary tradition and not noticed by the traditional historiography. As a result, the studying subject gets prodigious volume and versatility. Analysis and results. The analysis of the Tiberius II’s multi-aspect activity through prism of the imperial finance has allowed to see the results of his financial policy in those state life spheres that were not connected with the public finances immediately. In this connection the axiomatic facts and then events have received revaluation; some comparison of expenses and empire incomes was spent; the conclusion on quality of emperor’s political management was drawn. Besides, existence in head of this August of an original conception of the financial policy was ascertained. Its feature was the provision of payments balance in the sphere of foreign policy in every way. This emperor showed his organizing ability through the innovation in redistribution of resources between different state departments. Regular and extraordinary imperial budgets lost former precise frames of their functional activity. But moreover, Tiberius II has not gone into extremes of the private-owner attitude to the state finances. The moderation and rationalism of his financial policy did allow to avoid the full devastation of treasury in the period of his individual reign.
The Will of Eustathios Boilas in the Context of Byzantine-Georgian Political Relations in the 11th Century
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Kosourov Dmitry
Published: January 2022

ntroduction. The article considers the data of the Will of the Byzantine nobleman Eustathios Boilas about his possessions in the Byzantine theme Iberia and Great Armenia in the context of political relations between Byzantium and the Georgian Kingdom in the 1040s and 1050s. Methods. The comparison of the texts of different written traditions is carried out. The data of the Will of Eustathios Boilas is analyzed in the context of “Chronicle of Kartli” from the corpus of the Kartlis Tskhovreba and the other sources. Analysis. The comparison of information from all the texts indicates that Boilas’ possessions even reached beyond the theme of Iberia, in particular, to the Northern Tao and part of Klarjeti. From the late 30s of the 11th century this territory became the arena of a cruel Georgian civil conflict between the Georgian king Bagrat IV and the Byzantium ally, the Duke of Kldekari Liparit IV Baghuashi. The defeat of Liparit in this conflict between 1053 and 1057 forced Byzantium to abandon its new acquisitions in Northern Tao, as a result of which, among other things, Eustathios Boilas lost several of his lands, which were transferred to Bagrat IV and his allies. Results. As the study shows, the borders of the theme Iberia and Great Armenia in the period from 1047 to 1053/1057 expanded to the north, including the territory of the Northern Tao and possibly part of Klarjeti, which was ruled by the Byzantine ally Liparit. The combination of data from both Byzantine and Georgian texts assumes to revise the generally accepted point of view about the administrative boundaries of the Iberia and Great Armenia theme.
Fortified Villages of Mediaeval Byzantium: Town or Village?
Authors:   Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vin Yury
Published: January 2022

The search for a model rural settlement – “village” is the common position in interpretation of the problem on the “fortified villages” of Mediaeval Byzantium. On the one hand, the multiformity of the settlement’s types in the Byzantine Middle Ages is conditioned by climatic and local natural specificities. On the other hand, the patterns of rural settlement are predetermined by the social and economic structure and development of all the other sides of life of habitants of the village, including a dwelling. The tasks of the defence of population foreordain a necessary of construction of fortresses (“kastra”) and their deployment into defensive system. It quite corresponds to the processes, developed in many south regions of Mediaeval Europe, where the building of fortifications, transmuting the village into the fortress – “castrum”, becomes as rule. The building of the fortresses and other fortifications in towns and rural settlements of Mediaeval Byzantium creates a trend, designating the degree of necessary defence of its habitants. This tendency makes itself felt in Late Byzantium. The guarded by walls rural settlements here were not unique. The “pyrgoi” and so named “dwelling towers” were built everywhere, these served as refuges for villagers in the ordeals of the war years. The appellation “pyrgos” turned into synonym of the designation of the rural settlement, as a landlord’s state, and a substitute of term “chorion”. The “pyrgoi” appeared practically as “keypoints” of every description of the territories of large landownings, the passed ways and the households arranged there. The system of fortifications as a defence of whole region was deployed in Byzantine country, where the rural settlement has significant position. The article consists of the Introduction (“Introduction. The Village and key Problems of its Studying”), three parts (“The fortified Settlement”, “The rural Fortifications”, “The Pyrgos”) and the part “The Results and Conclusion. The Common Trends”, where the main problems are examined, touching the study of the Mediaeval Byzantine village, pyrgoi and common regularities of fortification of Late Byzantine village.
The Tent in the Context of the Byzantine Power Symbolism in the 10th–12th Centuries
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Stelnik Evgeny
Published: January 2022

ntroduction. The tent (σκηνή, τέντα) was a simple and everyday object of Byzantine life. Diplomats, merchants, pilgrims, soldiers, travelers, and simply wanderers spent a considerable part of their lives in a tent. It was a natural element of the Byzantine landscape, and geographical mobility was an important part of the lifestyle of the Byzantine elite and its psychology. But this simple, everyday thing in a certain context took on an extremely important meaning and turned into an important religious and social symbol. A simple object could indicate complicated social and ideological constructions of the 10th–12th centuries. The task of the study is to reveal the implicit power context which in certain cases endowed simple everyday objects (like a tent) with an extremely important meaning. Methods. The article is written in the general context of structuralist methodologies. We regarded the tent as a simple sign indicating the complex representations that lie behind its content. Structuralist methods allow for a correct reconstruction of Byzantine everyday representations in different strata of society. Analysis and Results. The rich tent in Byzantine society of the 10th–12th centuries was not just a part of the daily military life of the aristocracy, but also an important element of power relations. Tents defined the social status of their owners, emphasized their power and importance. Aristocratic tents of that time were a space where power decisions were made and court life took place. The tent as a power symbol relied on a broad religious context. The Tabernacle of Moses, which was the model for every tent in the Byzantine Empire, was also created by the Lord’s will, with Moses himself acting as “royal scribe”. The folkloric tent of Charos in the Acritic songs turns out to be the center of the “lower” world in which Charos ruthlessly reigns. Behind each reading of the symbolic meaning of the tent lie different social practices of different groups of Byzantine society, but they are all filled with their own understanding of the essence of power.
Historical Memory and Orthodox Faith: Byzance Aprиs Byzance in Sofia Under Ottoman Rule
Authors:   Institute of Historical Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Biliarsky Ivan , Tsibranska-Kostova Mariyana ,   Institute for Bulgarian Language, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2022

In our article we propose a case study on the character of the veneration of neomartyrs of Sofia in the 16th century and a review of the related literature. We try to argue that the aims of their veneration were religious and political, and that these aims were attained through the exaltation of the Christian faith and the creation and maintaining of a historical memory. The direction of the intended results, however, is not anti-Ottoman, but anti-Islamic; the veneration urged to consolidate the Orthodox Christian congregation. It is to the people of the Orthodox confession, not to the national (in this period mostly “ethnical”) community, that the veneration of the neomartyrs was addressed. The strengthening of the congregation could be achieved excellently through the martyr’s bearing witness (having in mind that “martyros” means “witness” in Greek); the martyr adds holiness to the place and sacralizes the space of the city, and finally of the whole political milieu. The witness is not only the creator of sacredness, he is also a keeper of the memory of the past. The martyr is a champion because he / she vanquishes the foes of God through his / her martyrdom. As a champion, he is a reminder of the glorious past; as a victor, he is a Defensor fidei in the present. This is a clear confirmation of God’s power under different historical circumstances. These ideas directed at the restoration, but only spiritual, of the Christian Empire through the Body of the Church. This explains the absence of any overt opposition against Ottoman power. Therefore, we find here, in Sofia, a conception of Byzance après Byzance of the same type as we find in Constantinople after the fall of the Empire, when the Ecumenical Church adopted part of the Empire’s heritage.
“Byzantium on the Volga”: To the Anniversary of Nikolay D. Barabanov
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Lysikov Pavel , Zykova Anastasiya ,   Volgograd State University
Published: January 2022

This brief sketch written to the 65th anniversary of Nikolay D. Barabanov, Candidate of Historical Sciences, lecturer at Volgograd State University, specialist in the Byzantine history, medieval folk religion researcher is devoted to his life, scientific and educational activity. The article also presents the publication of complete bibliographic information about the scientist’s works beginning in 1977, or from his learning period.
The Lost Fresco Paintings of the Inkerman Cave Churches (“Temple with Baptistery”, “Church of Geography”, Monastery of Saint Sophia)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of Crimea of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mogarichev Yurii , Ergina Alena ,   Crimean Republican Institute of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education,   Saint Petersburg State Academy of Arts and Design named after A.L. Stieglitz
Published: January 2022

Introduction. Among the “cave towns” of Mountainous Southwestern Crimea, there are monuments located in the lower reaches of the Black River valley. There are no less than 9 rock-cut monastic complexes which include about 30 temples. Methods. Some churches of the 13th–15th centuries were decorated with fresco paintings. Today, frescoes have been preserved only in one church. Sources of the 18th–20th centuries indicate traces of paintings in more than five temples. Frescoes inside the “temple with baptistery”, “Church of Geography (Eugraphy)”, and the Monastery of St. Sophia have not survived. Archival materials that expose the plots and compositions are published in this work. Analysis. The frescoes of the “temple with baptistery” date back to the 13th century. The Deesis composition is reconstructed in the apse conch. In the “Church of Geography (Eugraphy)” (the 13th century), on each side of the throne, four figures of saints are depicted (The Holy Fathers composition). This is probably: John Chrysostom, Gregory the Theologian, Basil the Great, Cyril of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, Athanasius of Alexandria and two more saints from among the Cappadocian Fathers. One of them is obviously St. Blaise. This painting in general terms repeats the traditional scheme of the lower register of the painting of the apses of the cave temples of the mountainous Crimea. The monastery of St. Sofia should be dated back to the 14th–15th centuries. During the period of the monastery’s functioning, there were fresco paintings in the Main Church and Church no. 3, but all the attempts to attribute them were unsuccessful. Results. The analyzed frescoes show themes of Deesis and the Great Cappadocians. They are common for altar compositions in cave temples in South-West Crimea. In the interiors of the cave temples of Inkerman, there are: simple linear ornaments, complex plant reports, linear ornaments with complex weaving and plant elements.
Icon-Pendant with an Image of the Saint Warrior-Horseman from the Excavation of the Mangup’s Palace. Old Rus’ or Byzantium?
Authors:   V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Naumenko Valery
Published: January 2022

Introduction. The article is devoted to the icon-pendant with the image of the horseman St. George the Warrior, discovered in 2020 in the cultural horizon of the late 13th–14th centuries at the research site of the Mangup’s Princely Palace. Methods. The study is complex. The traditional methods of art history analysis and the method of analogies, widely used in archaeological science, are used in the description and attribution of the sign icon. The dating of the product is established using one of the most important stratigraphic methods in archaeology. In explaining the historical context of the find, the available data from archaeological and narrative sources on the history and culture of Mangup at the end of the 13th–14th centuries are used. Analysis. The value of the icon, in addition to its clear archaeological context and the iconographic type of the holy rider-triumphant, which is rare for Byzantine applied art, lies in the expansion of our source base on the spread of the cult of St. George in the Late Byzantine period of the history of South-Western Crimea, represented before that mainly by the churches of Eski-Kermen and Mangup. Results. Despite the general proximity of the iconography and the technique of making the Mangup find and numerous similar products from the territory of Old Rus, there is no reason to consider it as an icon-pendant of Ancient-Russian origin. The conducted research definitely indicates a weak study of this category of Christian objects of personal piety on the territory of Byzantium, the lack of their cataloging and the study of special issues. In this regard, the conclusion that the icon belongs to the number of finds of the Byzantine circle from the cultural layer of the Mangup settlement, made in one of the provincialbyzantine centers, seems to be the most objective.
New Lead Seal of Adrian Komnenos, Protosebastos and Megas Domestikos of the Entire West, Discovered in the Area of Rusokastro in Southeastern Bulgaria
Authors:   St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo, Kanev Nikolay
Published: January 2022

ntroduction. The present article is a primary publication of a newly discovered sphragistic artefact from the area of the medieval fortress of Rusokastro, which was acquired by the Regional Historical Museum in Burgas in 2019. Methods. In their entirety, the Byzantine lead seals are an important primary and reliable source of information on various aspects of Byzantine history. Byzantine seals are especially important from the perspective of prosopography. First of all, they are invaluable evidence of individuals who, in one way or another, participated in the social and political life of the Byzantine Empire. Therefore, the discovery of each new sphragistic monument is of great importance and the available information must be carefully analyzed. Analysis. This interesting artefact is a lead seal of the brother of the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Komnenos (1081–1118), Adrian Komnenos as a protosebastos and megas domestikos of the entire West. The obverse depicts Saint George, nimbate, standing, facing forward, holding a spear in his right hand, and resting his left hand on a shield. Inscription in 7 lines within dotted border on the reverse: + Κ(ύρι)ε β(οή)θ(ει) τῷ σῷ δούλῳ Ἀδριανῷ (πρωτο)σεβαστῷ (καὶ) μ(ε)γ(άλῳ) δομ[ε]στίκῳ πάσης Δύσεως τῷ Κομνην(ῷ). The seal dates from the end of the 11th century. Results. This new Byzantine lead seal, described in this article, increases the number of medieval sphragistic finds in the Rusokastro area, which belong to an undeniably wide chronological range – from the second half of the 8th century to the beginning of the 12th century. Thus, the number of lead seals from the area of Rusokastro grow to six, five of which are Byzantine and one is a Bulgarian imperial seal.
The Xylinitai on the Service to Byzantine Emperors: A Seal of Niketas Xylinites, Protospatharios and epi tou koitonos
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of Crimea of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Alekseienko Nikolaу
Published: January 2022

Introduction. Among the most ancient and noble Byzantine families there were the Xylinitai, who belonged to the first rank of “pure” civil nobility. Nevertheless, only restricted information of this family members survived. Therefore, any new account is of importance not only for the Byzantine prosopography but also for the Byzantine history in general. In this connection, interesting is one sigillographic find which uncovers a new page in the life of one of this family members. According to the seal legend, its owner Niketas Xylinites held the second-class rank of protospatharios and was engaged in the court service at the emperor’s bedchamber, the koiton. There is no doubt that the stylistic features date the molybdoboullon in question to the eleventh century. Analysis and Results. The sources in possession supply information on a few persons bearing this name and belonging to the family in question, who left their footprint in the annals of history in this or that way. All of them were high-ranked courtiers and persons of importance, whose career stages were reflected in different periods of Byzantine history. The comparison of the seal data with other sources allows us to suppose that the owner of the seal was Niketas Xylinites, a member of the milieu of Empress Theodora, related to her ascension to the Byzantine throne following the death of Constantine IX. The sources only inform of his career that he got from the Empress of one of the highest civil offices (logothetes tou dromou) and a high court title of proedros. According to the seal under study, it reflects the earliest stage in Niketas’ career at the court, when he was selected to serve at the emperor’s bedchamber and got the rank of protospatharios. The Seal of Niketas Xylinites probably dates to the late 1030s – very early 1040s, the period before he got the title of patrikios, his works in the Iveron monastery, and Theodora’s ascension to the throne.
Ecclesiastical Connections of Medieval Мatarcha: New Finds of Byzantine Lead Seals
Authors:   Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chkhaidz Viktor
Published: January 2022

Introduction. Matarcha was the cathedral city of the Diocese of Zichia of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. It was a major religious and missionary center in the Northwestern Pre-Caucasus. The priests of this autocephalous archdiocese took an active part in the church life of the Byzantine Empire. In this context, among the most important sources on the history of the Byzantine Matarcha, a special place is occupied by the monuments of Byzantine sphragistics. Methods. The paper examines three Byzantine church seals of the 11th–12th centuries, discovered during the research of the Taman settlement (medieval Matarcha was the center of the diocese of Zichia of the Patriarchate of Constantinople). The owners of the seals were: deacon Michael, monk Ignatius and nun Euphemia. Analysis. The article provides information about the previously known 19 seals belonging to the church hierarchs of Zichia and other representatives of the clergy. Similar finds of seals in the Crimean urban centers (Cherson and Sughdea) are indicated. Results. The few details that relate to the ecclesiastical history of the diocese of Zichia emphasize the exceptional value of each new find of seals, and the evidence of direct contacts and established correspondence between the Orthodox clergy once again shows that, in addition to the cleric – deacon, the monastic brotherhood also played a significant role in the development of relations between the church and society. To a certain extent, this could also be facilitated by the trips of the city’s residents to pilgrimage sites, as evidenced by the brought relics, the finds of which are known.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BODY LOAD IN PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Authors: Zhang Jun , Lu Yanwen , Liang Dong , Han Liu , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Bo
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Overtraining in football is caused by an imbalance between body load, stress, and recovery. High-volume non-scientific physical training and continuous high-intensity football matches are often the main reasons for the overtraining of athletes. Objective: This article explores the characteristics of the changes in physical function of football players during a complete training cycle. Methods: We use experimental methods to analyze the changes in the physical load characteristics of football players during high-intensity training. Results: Creatine kinase, urea nitrogen, and oxygen transport indicators did not change significantly during football training. Testosterone and cortisol will gradually increase with an increase of exercise load. Conclusion: In football training, we need to reasonably arrange the total exercise volume, exercise intensity, and exercise interval time of the athletes according to the trainer’s physical adaptability and athletic ability, supplemented with nutrition and enthusiasm recovery measures. These methods can improve or enhance the physical function of football players. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
CARDIAC FUNCTION OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS UNDER STRESS TRAINING
Authors: Liu Keyin
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball can enhance the physical fitness of young people, promote the growth and development of their bodies, and improve health and athletic ability. Objective: To explore the characteristics of basketball players’ cardiac response to increasing load training. Methods: By analyzing 12 juvenile male amateur basketball training athletes, when performing incremental load exercises on the treadmill, using a 12-lead electrocardiograph to record the electrocardiogram, HR, and blood pressure responses for each level of exercise. Results: The mean heart rate of the basketball players before movement was 82.45± 11.44 bpm, slightly higher than the heart rate at rest. Depending on the exercise load, the blood pressure should increase by 5 to 12 mmHg. Under different load training conditions, each level of blood pressure in the Bruce treadmill test procedure should increase 12.5 ~ 44mmHg. The basketball player’s systolic pressure increased by 2.25 ~ 15.7mmHg, diastolic pressure increased by 0.43 to 11.37 mmHg. Conclusions: In basketball players, the psychological stress is less than that of the average person performing the same exercise. The strong ability to adapt to exercise under incremental load training, the contractility of the ventricular muscles and the development of the heart are good. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON EARLY REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
Authors: Yang Fen , Tan Yihu , Xiao Ming
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute cerebral infarction refers to the deficiency of the blood supply to the brain and the damage of tissue function. Objective: To study the effect of exercise training in early rehabilitation of patients with hemiplegia treated in the neurology department. Methods: Ninety-six patients with acute cerebral infarction hemiplegia were studied. According to the order of admission, 96 patients were divided into a control group and an early recovery group, with 48 patients in each group. Results: Before early rehabilitation, there was no statistical significance in NIHSS and FUGL-Meyer scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). After early rehabilitation,the NIHSS score of early rehabilitation group was lower than both its pre-early-rehab score and the control group score, while the FUGL-Meyer score was higher than both its pre-early-rehab and the control group score (P<0.05). Before early rehabilitation, there was no significant difference in the GQOLI-74 score between the two groups (P > 0.05). After early rehabilitation, the GQOLI-74 score was higher in the early rehabilitation group than both its pre-early-rehab score and the control group score (P<0.05). Conclusions: The clinical effect of early rehabilitation training in acute cerebral infarction patients with hemiplegia is significant and can further improve the clinical treatment of patients and their quality of life. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORTS INJURIES IN TAEKWONDO ATHLETES IN PHYSICAL TRAINING
Authors: Chen Biqing
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taekwondo is one of the main events of the Olympic Games. It mainly uses hands and feet for fighting or confrontation and the competition is extremely fierce. Therefore, Taekwondo is more prone to muscle, bone, and joint sports injuries. Objective: To understand the characteristics of taekwondo sports injuries. Methods: Using the literature and questionnaire survey methods, mathematical statistics is used to investigate the sports injuries of young Taekwondo athletes. Results: Among 100 young Taekwondo athletes, 93individuals had different degrees of sports injuries, accounting for 93%, and 7had no sports injuries, accounting for only 7%. The total number of injuries was 160 or 1.6injuries per capita. Conclusions: Athletes should improve their ideological understanding and training level and pay attention to the timely treatment of acute injuries, which can effectively reduce sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF GENE MEDICINE IN PREVENTING SPORTS INJURIES
Authors: Luo Junbo , Li Xuejun
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT Introduction: Using gene therapy to transfer specific genes to implant therapeutic proteins into damaged tissues is a more promising way to treat sports injuries. The combination of tissue engineering and gene therapy will potentially promote the regeneration and repair of various damaged tissues. Objective: This article explores the adaptive relationship between gene selection therapy and athletes in sports. Methods: We selected students of related majors in sports schools to conduct specific genetic testing and measure the muscle area, fatigue level, muscle damage, and other related indicators before and after exercise. Results: After a series of physical fitness assessments, an increase in the gene sequence, as well as changes in the biochemical indices, were confirmed Conclusions: The muscle gain of the test subject during training is better than other genotypes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
Fatty acid profile variations after exposure to textile industry effluents in Indian Major Carps
Authors: Zulqurnain  , Sultana S. , Sultana T. , Mahboob S.
Published: January 2022

Abstract Indian major carps are the widely consumed fish species of Pakistan, being a cheap source of proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, they are good for cardiovascular health. Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial waste water into water bodies contaminates this precious source of nutrients. The present study therefore, was aimed to assess deterioration of fatty acid profile of three Indian major carp species due to different concentrations of industrial wastes. The water samples were collected from the river Chenab at the site where it receives industrial wastewater via Chakbandi drain. After exposure to 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% dilutions of collected water in different aquaria it was observed that proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in selected fish species were decreased significantly as the intensity of the dose increased (P < 0.05). Conversely the level of saturated fatty acids increased with the increasing dose of treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that untreated wastewater not only deteriorate the fatty acid profile of aquatic animals but also these toxic substances can reach human body through fish meat and pose further health hazards. Therefore, it is highly recommended that industrial effluents should be treated before they are dumped into water bodies.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) as a predator of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
Authors: Al-Azzazy M. M. , Alhewairini S. S. , Abdel-Baky N. F. , Qureshi M. Z. , Hajjar M. J.
Published: January 2022

Abstract The leaf miner, Tuta absoluta is continue to be a serious threat to solanaceous plants, especially tomato plant worldwide. Tomato crop in Saudi Arabia has been recently affected by T. absoluta, which is difficult to control due to its unique biological features, such as high fecundity and its potential to develop resistance to chemical pesticides. In this article, the suitability and effectiveness of the predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), an indigenous species usually found in tomato greenhouses of northcentral Saudi Arabia, has been evaluated on eggs and 1st instar larvae of T. absoluta in the laboratory. All experiments were conducted in an incubator at three constant temperatures of 22, 27 and 32°C ± 1°C, 50 ± 4% R.H. and L12:D12 h photoperiod. Adult females and males of N. cucumeris were able to feed and sustain oviposition on eggs and 1st instar larvae of T. absoluta, and could be an effective biocontrol agent against T. absoluta. The N. cucumeris had a clear preference for eggs compared to 1st instar larvae of T. absoluta. The results showed the obvious effect of the temperature on the consumption rate of the predatory mite. The maximum daily consumption rate occurred during the oviposition period, when the females of the predatory mite consumed an average of 4.26 eggs and 2.44 1st instar larvae of T. absoluta. In general, total fecundity was high with T. absoluta eggs as a food source when temperature increased from 22 to 32°C. The highest fecundity rate (42.92 and 20.97 eggs /female) was recorded at 32°C, while the lowest one (26.77 and 10.12 eggs / female) was recorded at 22°C, when N. cucumeris female fed on eggs and 1st instar larvae of T. absoluta, respectively. The results of this study indicated that the predatory mite, N. cucumeris can be considered a promising potential candidate for controlling the leaf miner T. absoluta, and further research is required to assess its effectiveness under greenhouse conditions.
A INFLUÊNCIA DO FATOR ECOLÓGICO NA DECISÃO DE COMPRA DE BENS DE CONVENIÊNCIA
Authors: MOTTA SÉRGIO LUÍS STIRBOLOV , ROSSI GEORGE BEDINELLI
Published: January 2022

RESUMO Este artigo pretende elucidar se o fator ecológico pode ser considerado uma ferramenta mercadológica na medida em que vai ao encontro das necessidades dos consumidores a serem satisfeitas. Apresenta um estudo exploratório que teve como intuito revelar se o meio ambiente é um dos fatores levados em consideração pelos consumidores quando decidem suas compras de bens de conveniência. Os resultados indicam que o meio ambiente não é uma variável presente nas decisões de compra, não constituindo, portanto, elemento de agregação de valor aos produtos no sentido de satisfazer necessidades de clientes, sobretudo pelo fato de os consumidores não terem informação suficiente para tal. Apesar disso, sugerem que o investimento empresarial em gestão ambiental e no lançamento de produtos ecologicamente corretos poderá constituir, no futuro, vantagem competitiva, pois tanto o conhecimento sobre as questões ambientais quanto atitudes positivas em relação à preservação ambiental já estão presentes nos consumidores.
UM ESTUDO ACERCA DAS ESTRATÉGIAS DE EXTENSÕES DE MARCA E DE LINHA DE PRODUTOS
Authors: OLIVEIRA BRAULIO ALEXANDRE CONTENTO DE , MATTAR FAUZE NAJIB
Published: January 2022

RESUMO Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo apresentar as diferenças, as possibilidades, os benefícios e os riscos associados às estratégias de extensão de marca e de linha de produtos. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e das experiências dos autores, chegou-se às seguintes conclusões: extensão de marca diz respeito à utilização de uma marca já trabalhada por uma empresa em um novo produto, de uma categoria ainda não trabalhada por ela; e, extensão de linha diz respeito à inclusão de um novo item de produto ao composto de produtos de uma empresa, o qual guarda um alto grau de similaridade com um ou mais produtos dela e pode levar, ou não, uma marca já utilizada.
FIDELIDADE EM COMPRA DE ELETRODOMÉSTICOS NO VAREJO
Authors: LEMOS LILIAN , POPADIUK SILVIO , BERNDT ALEXANDER
Published: January 2022

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivos desenvolver considerações teóricas sobre fidelidade, apresentar itens importantes para sua manutenção e/ou reforço e desenvolver um modelo que permite compor algumas variáveis, gerando uma mensuração multidimensional do conceito de fidelidade. É ilustrado com uma pesquisa descritiva realizada na cidade de Araxá, Minas Gerais, feita com uma amostra probabilística de 221 consumidores de eletrodomésticos.
Teste de percepção de fala com figuras: aplicabilidade em crianças com síndrome de Down
Authors: Gonçalves Beatriz Nascimento , Lorenssete Isabela Raymundini , Tomé Nicolle Oliveira , Mota Ana Lúcia Rios , Garcia Cristiane Fregonesi Dutra , Reis Ana Cláudia Mirândola Barbosa
Published: January 2022

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a aplicabilidade do teste de percepção de fala com figuras em crianças com síndrome de Down. Método Estudo observacional, descritivo e prospectivo, realizado em dois centros fonoaudiológicos, aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa sob número 82522217.5.0000.5440 e 79510317.8.0000.5257. Participaram 41 crianças com síndrome de Down, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre dois anos e dez anos e 11 meses, as quais foram divididas em três grupos: GI (dois a quatro anos e 11 meses); GII (cinco a sete anos e 11 meses) e GIII (oito a dez anos e 11 meses). Foram realizados os procedimentos de anamnese, meatoscopia, audiometria tonal liminar, teste de limiar de recepção de fala com figuras e imitanciometria. Para a análise estatística, Teste Exato de Fisher com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Ao ser analisado o número de acertos e erros, em relação à idade cronológica, foi encontrada significância para sete palavras: gelo, faca, vaca, chave, rato, cão e sol. Foi analisado, posteriormente, o desempenho no teste de fala com figuras, dos participantes desse estudo e o desempenho dos participantes do estudo que elaborou e validou este teste. Foi observado que, quando se equiparou a porcentagem de acertos nos dois grupos, as palavras com maior ocorrência de acertos foram: mão, casa e sapo. Conclusão: O teste aplicado nesse estudo proporciona a interpretação do resultado de forma clara e objetiva e independe da produção verbal da criança.
A influência do tipo de transdutor acústico na audiometria tonal liminar
Authors: Born Nathália Montandon , Marciano Mariane da Silva , Mass Stephanie da Costa , Silva Daniela Polo Camargo da , Scharlach Renata Coelho
Published: January 2022

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar os limiares auditivos por via aérea obtidos em diferentes transdutores acústicos e verificar a preferência do usuário. Método Trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico, transversal, realizado em 26 participantes de 18 a 30 anos, com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade, sem histórico de exposição a altos níveis de pressão sonora ou queixa de zumbido no momento da avaliação. Realizou-se anamnese, meatoscopia, audiometria tonal liminar, logoaudiometria, e imitanciometria. Os limiares auditivos foram pesquisados duas vezes, cada uma com um tipo de transdutor acústico diferente: fone de inserção (E-A-R Tone) e fone circum-aural (HDA200). A ordem de realização foi aleatória, com intervalos de cinco minutos. Ao final, o participante foi questionado quanto ao conforto dos fones durante os testes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística não paramétrica. Resultados Na pesquisa dos limiares auditivos, ao avaliar as medianas, o fone circum-aural apresentou resultados melhores em 250, 500, 2000 e 6000 Hz e o fone de inserção foi melhor em 3000 e 4000 Hz, sem diferença estatística para as frequências de 1000 e 8000 Hz. O fone circum-aural foi eleito o mais confortável. Conclusão O fone circum-aural apresentou melhores limiares auditivos em 250, 500, 2000 e 6000Hz quando comparado ao fone de inserção, além de ser o tipo de transdutor mais confortável relatado pelos pacientes.
Mímica facial durante a fala em fissura labiopalatina: uma proposta de classificação
Authors: Scarmagnani Rafaeli Higa , Fukushiro Ana Paula , Yamashita Renata Paciello
Published: January 2022

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a efetividade de proposta de classificação da mímica facial (MF), e sua correlação com avaliação objetiva do fechamento velofaríngeo (FVF). Método Vinte indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina reparada foram submetidos à medida da área velofaríngea por meio da rinomanometria e à gravação de amostra de fala. A MF foi classificada em dois momentos, por três fonoaudiólogas. Inicialmente as avaliadoras classificaram a MF, utilizando critérios próprios, em: 1=MF ausente; 2=leve; 3=moderada; 4=grave. Posteriormente, foram submetidas a um treinamento com o estabelecimento dos seguintes critérios de classificação: 1=MF normal; 2=movimento somente de nariz ou terço superior da face; 3=movimento acentuado de nariz ou terço superior da face; 4=movimento de nariz e terço superior da face e, classificaram a MF utilizando os critérios estabelecidos. Concordância intra e interavaliadores foram calculadas pelo coeficiente Kappa ponderado. A correlação entre os resultados das etapas com o FVF foi feita pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Resultados Na primeira etapa, a concordância interavaliadores variou de regular a substancial e na segunda, de substancial a quase perfeita. A concordância intra-avaliadores variou de moderada a quase perfeita na primeira etapa, e de moderada a substancial, na segunda etapa. A correlação entre a MF e área velofaríngea na primeira e na segunda etapa foi positiva e significativa. Conclusão A proposta de julgamento da MF mostrou-se efetiva na determinação do sintoma e confiável no diagnóstico da gravidade da disfunção velofaríngea. A correlação significativa entre os métodos perceptivo e instrumental sugere que a MF pode ser utilizada na previsão do FVF.
Face to Facelessness: Imagined Intimacies and Socially Distant Desires
Authors: Fossey Steve
Published: January 2022

This paper revisits a performance titled Falling in Love Again - and Again which was first performed in 2014 as part of a series of works I created questioning relational intimacy and proximity in public space. During Falling in Love Again - and Again participants were invited to explore public space with the intention of anonymously falling in love with strangers. The details of these encounters were shared with me as the leader of the piece via mobile phone text messages, but never with the subjects of the participants' desires.  Understanding the dynamics of intimacy and proximity in 2014 was a very different experience to how I understand them in 2021. The Covid-19 pandemic, social distancing, and two periods of lockdown has drastically influenced how relationality and physically being in the world with others is performed.  This paper is concerned both with the intimate and proximate dynamics of relational bodies during that performance as I understood it then, and, as a consequence, how we might understand relational proximity and intimacy now.Critical points of departure for the paper include art historian Grant Kester's writing on conversational art practices and his framing of dialogic encounters through the use of Jeffrey T. Nealon's Alterity Politics: Ethics and Performative Subjectivity (1998).  Models of 'dialogical' experience and 'responsibility', as situated by Mikhail Bakhtin and Emmanuel Levinas respectively (Nealon, 1998, cited in Kester, 2004, 118) are used in this article to frame a rethinking of the dynamics and ethics of face to face contact and physical proximity, as bodies in space maintain distance from one another, connected only by our digital devices and our imaginations.  The voyeuristic practices of Sophie Calle and Vito Acconci converge with theatre makers Forced Entertainment's 'writing over' of place (Kaye, 2000) to explore imaginary relational connectivity.  The writing of geographer Doreen Massey supports this framing through the use of Massey's thoughts on the fictional poetics of social interactions and 'stories so far' (Massey, 2005).  Ultimately the paper asks what happens when we are required to imagine being with others in physically distant and imaginary ways with only our mobile devices as depositories for our fictional desires. 
Blu-ray Review: Secrets & Lies [Criterion Collection, 2021] (Mike Leigh, 1996)
Authors: Fullerton Kevin
Published: January 2022

Secrets & Lies [Criterion Collection, 2021] (Mike Leigh, 1996), 142 minutes, spine #1070, $39.96 (blu-ray)
Development of Online Trolling Scale: Validity and Reliability Study
Authors: HAMARTA Erdal , AKAT Muhammed , DENİZ Metin
Published: January 2022

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine trolling in online environments. Two different study groups were used in the study. The study group for the exploratory factor analysis consisted of 493 university students (72.2% female; 27.8% male). The study group for confirmatory factor analysis consisted of 690 university students (71.7% female; 28.3% male). As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, it was seen that it consisted of 16 items and 3 sub-dimensions that explained 56.80% of the variance. The model obtained after the exploratory factor analysis was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and it was determined that the fit index values were within acceptable limits. The criterion validity of the scale was carried out with the Revised Cyberbullying Scale for University Students. Whereas the Cronbach alpha value for the entire scale was .89 for all of the scales, the same was found for sub-dimensions as .85, .73, and .66. As a result, it can be stated that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool.
Voices from the Lagers in Germany
Authors: Bhimji Fazila
Published: January 2022

This paper traces the everyday realities of refugees living in camps in certain federal states of Germany during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis. It provides a systematic analysis of refugees’ testimonies and demonstrates that they have not received similar levels of care and protection as German citizens, and that their movement has become increasingly regulated. Drawing on Achille Mbembe’s notion of ‘necropolitics’, I argue that the German State has treated refugees’ lives as less liveable than those of their own citizens during the pandemic, as was the case before it broke out. Much scholarship has explained the notion of refugee camps in various ways, but there has been less discussion of Lagers (camps) as a site where colonial oppression persists outside the temporal and spatial contexts of former colonies. Data are drawn from archived data sets and testimonies that refugees uploaded to websites of various refugee activist groups.
The field of solidarity in times of a pandemic
Authors: Sik Domonkos , Zakariás Ildikó
Published: January 2022

Despite its central importance, solidarity is seldom analysed in a comprehensive manner. The majority of related studies target only specific aspects of its complex mechanisms, such as the functioning of redistributive systems; the related values; the private networks of care; or the civil society. Our study aims at providing a comprehensive analysis by understanding solidarity as a field in Bourdieu’s sense: it involves supportive interactions; competition for the related symbolic capital; illusions providing legitimate frames of deservingness and respectability; and divergent habitus depending on the broader structural position. In order to understand the contemporary solidarity field of Hungary, these dimensions are mapped in parallel: types of problems and needs; sources of received support; the problematic aspects of support; types of support provided to family members and friends; types of support provided to generalised others constitute the dimensions of a cluster analysis describing the idealtypical positions. These positions are analysed from the perspective of their structural background and the solidarity related attitudes. From a sociological perspective, situations like the pandemic provide unique opportunity for analysing otherwise tacit patterns of solidarity. Beside this opportunity, the pandemic is also used as a comparative framework: in the final section, the changes occurring in the various positions are also overviewed in order to highlight the dynamics of the solidarity field.
The grand return of the troops
Authors: Grzebalska Weronika , Maďarová Zuzana
Published: January 2022

The aim of this paper is to fill the geographical gap in the literature about the militarization of COVID-19 through a comparative exploration of how the pandemic was handled in militarized ways in Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Drawing from official government and military statements, media articles, and expert interviews with defense intellectuals, we examine two interconnected areas – that of discourse and that of military domestic assistance. By viewing the developments through the lens of militarization and military-society relations scholarship, we argue that rather than serving as a ‘portal’ for civilian resilience, the pandemic constituted an unprecedented ‘return of the troops’ to Visegrad states and societies in terms of its size, scope, and duration, thus strengthening the pressure for re-militarization in the region that has been recorded in the last decade. The paper presents a number of analytical findings: first, it identifies the emerging gap between right-wing populist rhetoric that relied on warspeak and the human-centered communication of the armed forces; second, it reveals that military domestic assistance functioned as a military ‘band aid’ on systemic vulnerabilities, as well as incidentally converged with illiberal patterns of governance; third, it shows how the pandemic aided re-militarizing pressures, resulting in a significant boost to the defense sector, a positive public opinion about the armed forces, and military-society relations.