bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time's up: Analyzing the feminist potential of time banks
Authors: Wilson‐Thomas Juliette
Published: April 2021

Time banks are an alternative economic system proposed to address social problems by stimulating work and exchange through time‐based currency. They aim to redefine work and money, through building social capital to alleviate social problems. As women are disproportionately affected by these problems, it follows that membership is predominantly female, often poor. This article takes the position that time banks provide a lens through which to theorize the feminist potential of alternative forms of economic organization. It examines the ways in which feminists, and time banks, have sought to redefine the concepts of work and money, as well as the context of time banks within the Third Sector. “The reality” of these concepts in practice is then critically analyzed using empirical data from a year as an active participant within a time bank. The findings demonstrate the complex issues regarding how the time bank functioned in practice, particularly in relation to how members engaged with it, and articulated their participation. Further, the way in which the system co‐opted feminist potentials of alternative economic practices as part of the Third Sector, through a conception of social capital, is shown to be problematic in terms of exploiting the energies of already exploited women. This research shows the need for ongoing critical examination of initiatives targeted at social problems, particularly those mirroring feminist activism, in order to prevent the co‐option of energies and work.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, and comorbid associations
Authors: Preda‐Naumescu Ana , Ahmed Hana N. , Mayo Tiffany T. , Yusuf Nabiha
Published: April 2021

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is clinically defined by lesions ranging from painful, deep seated nodules to abscesses, draining sinus tracts, and ultimately, irreversible fibrotic scars. While the etiology remains unclear, a number of mechanisms ranging from genetics to aberrations of the immune system have been proposed. In addition, HS has a number of associations and may occur in conjunction with several diseases that span a host of medical specialties. The estimated prevalence ranges are from 1% to 4%; however, a large degree of under‐reporting and misdiagnosis of this condition likely underestimates its true clinical significance. The debilitating consequences of missed diagnoses or improper management leads to severe pain and irreversible cutaneous manifestations (i.e., fistulae, sinus tracts, disfiguring scarring). HS has been found to significantly impair patients’ quality of life to a greater degree when compared with other skin conditions. Early recognition and treatment are critical for a favorable prognosis, and diagnostic delays may be related to variable presentations within numerous comorbidities. Here we provide an in‐depth, clinical‐based review of HS, highlighting the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, grading systems, epidemiology, and comorbidities, in hopes of shedding light on an often misunderstood disease and ultimately moving closer to a more conclusive understanding of its various presentations and association.
Mindray BC‐6800 haematological analyser: 3D‐DIFF scattergram usefulness in infectious mononucleosis diagnosis
Authors: La Gioia Antonio , Fumi Maurizio , Fiorini Fabiana , Bombara Maria , La Gioia Nicola , Pancione Ylenia , Sale Silvia , Fiorini Marcello , Rocco Vincenzo
Published: April 2021

Introduction

3D‐DIFF scattergram of the Mindray BC‐6800 haematological analyser shows morphological abnormalities and lymphocyte cluster splitting related to the presence of reactive lymphocytes.

This study aims to assess whether these cytographic changes are useful in detecting both activated and apoptotic lymphocytes, leading to an improvement in the laboratory diagnostic process of infectious mononucleosis.

Methods

Two hundred three samples with modified shape and doubled lymphocyte cluster of DIFF scattergram (study group) were divided into two different subgroups: with and, respectively, without serological evidence of ongoing IM. Activated and apoptotic cells in peripheral blood were counted by light microscopy or gating in the instrumental dot plots. Values of apoptotic cells counted by microscopy were compared with those resulting from gating.

Results

Samples with both shape change and doubled lymphocyte cluster had serological profiles according to the diagnosis of ongoing infectious mononucleosis. Blood smears review was positive for reactive lymphocytes in all 112 samples (100%). An underestimation of apoptotic cell count by light microscopy compared with the gating in the instrumental scatterplot was also observed (96 out of 112, 85.7%).

Conclusion

The additional lymphocyte cluster was significantly associated with activated and apoptotic lymphocytes in samples with serology suggesting ongoing infectious mononucleosis. Considering the significance of clue for infectious mononucleosis assigned to the apoptotic lymphocytes, a specific flag such as "apoptotic cells?" could be associate with the related cluster. Such a flag could be used for dedicated rules for smears review, thus increasing infectious mononucleosis detection in laboratories that do not usually practise instrumental cytograms observation.
Current approach to acute stroke management
Authors: Davies Leo , Delcourt Candice
Published: April 2021

There have been marked improvements in the management of stroke in Australia over the past two decades. The greatest benefit has accrued from public health measures including reduced smoking rates and treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Recent advances in recanalisation therapy offer the chance of recovery to a subset of people who have a stroke. For many patients, stroke remains an illness with a devastating impact on their quality of life. Reducing the burden of stroke requires intervention across the health system from primary prevention through diagnosis, acute treatment, rehabilitation and secondary prevention. In this review, we will cover the changes in the epidemiology of stroke, public health measures in primary prevention of stroke, and acute management and secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke and primary intracerebral haemorrhage.
Australia's problem with obtaining consent for psychotropic use in older people
Authors: Peisah Carmelle , Jessop Tiffany
Published: April 2021

Frequent use of psychotropic medicines in people with dementia is a significant concern globally, doing this without informed consent is a violation of human rights, ethics and law. Capacity Australia piloted an intervention to address several hypothetical barriers to obtaining consent for psychotropic use in aged care and has developed a suite of resources to improve rights and health literacy for clinicians, patients and community alike.
Lack of phenotypic additive effect of familial defective apolipoprotein B3531 in familial hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Giammanco Antonina , Spina Rossella , Fayer Francesca , Barbagallo Carlo M. , Noto Davide , Cefalù Angelo B. , Averna Maurizio R.
Published: April 2021

Familial defective apolipoprotein (apo) B (FDB) and familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) are the two common genetic conditions that cause hypercholesterolaemia. R3531C mutation of the APOB gene is a rare cause of FDB. Individuals with both FDB and FH are rare. A 51‐year‐old man with hypercholesterolaemia (11.4 mmol/L) and his family were studied. Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and APOB genes were analysed by direct sequencing. LDL of four subjects were studied in a fibroblast LDL receptor‐binding displacement assay. We found a mutation of the LDLR gene (p.Y398X) in the proband and in four other family members: the p.R3531C APOB gene mutation was also found in the proband, his father and his children. The proband and his son were thus compound heterozygotes for both FH and FDB. Double heterozygotes did not show higher cholesterol levels compared to carriers of LDLR gene mutation alone. LDL from one of the carriers of the p.R3531C alone exhibited a binding ability, which was similar to a normal subject. This is the first report in Italy of the p.R3531C mutation, and our results show that this mutation has no effect in LDLR p.Y398X/APOB p.R3531C double heterozygotes.
Instantaneous nanowelding of ultra‐high temperature ceramics for hypersonics
Authors: Gai Fangyuan , Dycus Joseph Houston , LeBeau James M. , Walker Luke S. , Corral Erica L.
Published: April 2021

Ultra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a group of advanced ceramic materials that possess excellent high temperature capabilities, which make them especially suitable for extreme environment engineering applications. As an effective assembling method, joining is frequently required for fabricating sophisticated structures for such applications due to the excessive challenges and costs in producing near‐net shapes. Here, we introduce a promising new joining technique to effectively join UHTCs called Instantaneous Nanowelding, which uses direct electric current assisted rapid Joule heating to instantaneously bond hafnium diboride (HfB2) to zirconium diboride (ZrB2) in 1 s down to atomic scale. Our approach is analogous to high temperature spot welding, and the entire process is complete in 10 min, and the instant diffusion occurs in 1 s. Seamless HfB2/ZrB2 interfaces are formed at 1750 for a duration of 1 s. A series of characterizations are done at the interfaces using techniques including SEM, WDS, EBSD, and S/TEM to observe ZrxHf1−xB2 solid solution formation. Highly coherent transition with perfect lattice alignment at atomic scale from ZrB2 to HfB2 is observed using S/TEM, meaning that the two materials are brought to atomic contact.
Er3+‐Yb3+ ions doped fluoro‐aluminosilicate glass‐ceramics as a temperature‐sensing material
Authors: Li Zhencai , Zhou Dacheng , Jensen Lars R. , Qiu Jianbei , Zhang Yanfei , Yue Yuanzheng
Published: April 2021

The transparent Er3+‐Yb3+‐doped fluoro‐aluminosilicate glass‐ceramic (GC) was prepared by melt‐quenching. The crystal phase, morphology, and up‐conversion (UC) luminescence of as‐produced GC were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. The results show that BaYF5 nanocrystals were uniformly distributed in the glass matrix of the as‐produced GC. When the as‐produced GC was subjected to heat treatment, the crystallinity was increased, but the crystal identity remains unchanged. Such heat‐treatment doubled the intensity of the UC luminescence, and this enhancement was ascribed to the increased incorporation of both Er3+ and Yb3+ ions into the lower phonon energy environment of BaYF5 nanocrystals. Furthermore, the heat‐treated GC was stable against further crystallization, and consequently its UC luminescence was stable at the application temperature. The heat‐treated GC was found to possess an outstanding temperature‐sensing capability.
Thermal conductivity mapping of oxidized SiC/SiC composites by time‐domain thermoreflectance with heterodyne detection
Authors: Ji Xiaoyang , Cheng Zhe , Pek Ella K. , Cahill David G.
Published: April 2021

Silicon carbide/silicon carbide (SiC/SiC) composites are often used in oxidizing environments at high temperatures. Measurements of the thermal conductance of the oxide layer provide a way to better understand the oxidation process with high spatial resolution. We use time‐domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) to map the thermal conductance of the oxide layer and the thermal conductivity of the SiC/SiC composite with a spatial resolution of 3 μm. Heterodyne detection using a 50‐kHz‐modulated probe beam and a 10‐MHz‐modulated pump suppresses the coherent pick‐up and enables faster data acquisition than what has previously been possible using sequential demodulation. By analyzing the noise of the measured signals, we find that in the limit of small integration time constants or low laser powers, the dominant source of noise is the input noise of the preamplifier. The thermal conductance of the oxide that forms on the fiber region is lower than the oxide on the matrix due to small differences in thickness and thermal conductivity.
Spatial and temporal variation in foraging of breeding red‐throated divers
Authors: Duckworth J. , O'Brien S. , Petersen I. K. , Petersen A. , Benediktsson G. , Johnson L. , Lehikoinen P. , Okill D. , Väisänen R. , Williams J. , Williams S. , Daunt F. , Green J. A.
Published: April 2021

Differing environmental conditions can have profound effects on many behaviours in animals, especially where species have large geographic ranges. Seasonal changes or progression through life history stages impose differential constraints, leading to changes in behaviours. Furthermore, species which show flexibility in behaviours, may have a higher capacity to adapt to anthropogenic‐induced changes to their environment. The red‐throated diver (RTD) is an aquatic bird, that is able to forage in both freshwater and marine environments, though little else is known about its behaviours and its capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions. Here, we use time‐depth recorders and saltwater immersion loggers to examine the foraging behaviour of RTDs from three regions across northwest Europe. We found that in the breeding season, birds from two regions (Iceland and Scotland) foraged in the marine environment, while birds from Finland, foraged predominantly in freshwater. Most of the differences in diving characteristics were at least partly explained by differences in foraging habitat. Additionally, while time spent foraging did not change through the breeding season, dives generally became more pelagic and less benthic over the season, suggesting RTDs either switched prey or followed vertical prey movements, rather than increasing foraging effort. There was a preference for foraging in daylight over crepuscular hours, with a stronger effect at two of the three sites. Overall, we provide the first investigation of RTD foraging and diving behaviour from multiple geographic regions and demonstrate variation in foraging strategies in this generalist aquatic predator, most likely due to differences in their local environment.
Changes in fat mass affect the motivation to migrate in northern wheatears
Authors: Eikenaar Cas , Karwinkel Thiemo , Hessler Sven
Published: April 2021

To fuel their migratory endurance flights, most birds accumulate large quantities of fat prior to departure. It therefore seems logical that the decision to depart on a migratory flight depends on fuel stores, at least to some extent; very small fuel stores prohibit migratory endurance flight. However, studies linking migrants' estimated fuel stores (or sometimes actual fat stores) to departure likelihood or to migratory restlessness measured in captive birds (an accurate proxy for migrants' motivation to depart from stopover) have provided inconsistent results. Fuel stores are not static though, but highly dynamic. Instead of investigating fuel stores at a given time, we therefore focussed on quantifying the dynamic process of fuelling and how it affects migrants' motivation to depart. We did so by temporarily caging wild northern wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe at a stopover site during autumn migration. Birds were kept under controlled conditions, receiving ad libitum food. Changes in fat mass (measured by quantitative magnetic resonance) and migratory restlessness were closely monitored. We found that the change in fat mass was a good predictor of the change in migratory restlessness. Individuals accumulating little fat did not show much change in their restlessness, while individuals accumulating much fat showed a strong increase in restlessness. Our study therewith provides clear support for the idea that fat stores affect birds' motivation to migrate, and shows that for migrating birds, increasing fat stores are an important cue to depart from stopover. Fat accumulation affected the change in migratory restlessness in the same manner for relatively lean and relatively fat birds. Additionally, food intake or changes therein did not explain the change in migratory restlessness we observed. We therefore hypothesize that the fat tissue itself signals changes in energetic state, likely through production and release of hormones, affecting birds' motivation to migrate.
Using model selection to choose a size‐based condition index that is consistent with operational welfare indicators
Authors: Rey Sonia , Treasurer Jim , Pattillo Connie , McAdam Bruce J.
Published: April 2021

Quantitative and qualitative measures of fish health and welfare are essential for management of both wild capture and aquaculture species. These measures include morphometric body condition indices, energetic condition and aquaculture operational welfare indicators (OWIs). Measures vary in ease of measurement (and may require destructive sampling), and it is critical to know how well they correlate with fish health and welfare so appropriate management decisions can be based on them. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a new farming species that needs nondestructive OWIs to be developed and validated. In this study, we developed a C. lumpus fin damage score. Four different body condition indexes based on individual weight relative to either length–weight relationships or relative to other fish in its local environment were tested (using model selection) as predictors of individual fin damage. Results showed severity of fin damage was predicted by small size relative to the other individuals in the tank or cage. Body condition based on length–weight relationship was not found to predict fin damage, indicating that using established indices from fisheries or from other species would not predict welfare risks from fin damage. Implications are that especially in hatchery conditions grading will improve the condition index, and is expected to mitigate fin damage, but that low weight at length was not of use in predicting fin damage. Model selection to choose between a suite of possible indices proved powerful and should be considered in other applications where an easily measured index is needed to correlate with other health measures.
Invigorating primary care for older adults living with dementia
Authors: Amjad Halima , Borson Soo
Published: April 2021

This editorial comments on the article by Godard‐Sebillotte et al. in this issue.
Sovereign Risk and the Bank Lending Channel: Differences across Countries and the Effects of the Financial Crisis
Authors: CANTERO‐SAIZ MARÍA , SANFILIPPO‐AZOFRA SERGIO , TORRE‐OLMO BEGOÑA
Published: April 2021

This article analyses how sovereign risk affects the bank lending channel of monetary policy, and tests whether these effects differed before, during, and after the onset of the financial crisis. This issue was analysed only in the eurozone during the sovereign debt crisis. However, these results are difficult to extrapolate to other countries. First, Europe is the only developed region that has experienced sovereign risk concerns. Second, it has a centralised monetary regime controlled by the European Central Bank, so it is more difficult to adapt monetary decisions to the specific level of sovereign risk in each country. To overcome these limitations, our analysis is based on two country scenarios: (1) developed countries (eurozone vs. noneurozone countries); and (2) developing countries. We find that the role of sovereign risk in the transmission of monetary policy is very complex, and its significance not only varied before, during, and after the global financial crisis, but also in developed and developing countries.
Good hearing outcome in children recovering from non‐polio enteroviral meningitis
Authors: Choong Chew Thye , Lee Elis Y , Tan Henry K K , Lazaroo Derek , Tan Natalie W H
Published: April 2021

Aim

Evaluation of hearing outcome in children following non‐polio enteroviral meningitis (EVM).

Methods

We reviewed hearing outcome of children, aged ≤15 years, with EVM managed at our institution over a 4‐year period from July 2008 to July 2011 and January–December 2015. Children with concomitant bacterial infections, and those who required intensive care, or with a prior history of hearing impairment or immunodeficiency were excluded. Data on demographics, medical history, presentation and outcome of hearing screen were collected. The children attended post‐meningitis review and hearing screen utilising transient‐evoked otoacoustic emission testing at 8–10 weeks. Children who failed the transient‐evoked otoacoustic emission testing and those with caregiver concerns were referred to otolaryngology for comprehensive audiologic evaluation.

Results

The study cohort consisted of 179 children, aged from 3 days to 15 years, of whom 158 (89%) were younger than 90 days of age. Eleven were preterm infants. A total of 158 children had received intravenous gentamicin at 5–7.5 mg/kg/day for a median duration of 2 days. All 179 study participants were found to have good hearing post EVM.

Conclusion

Hearing outcome in children recovering from EVM is good.
Examining differences in parents' perceptions of children's physical activity versus screen time guidelines and behaviours
Authors: Jarvis Jocelyn W , Berry Tanya R , Carson Valerie , Rhodes Ryan E , Lithopoulos Alexander , Latimer‐Cheung Amy E
Published: April 2021

Aim

Most Canadian and Australian children do not meet Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) or Screen Time Guidelines (STG). Regarding the social issue advertising believability model (SIABM), parental support for these behaviours may depend upon how believable parents find guideline messages. The aim of the study was to examine differences in parents' SIABM variables and perceived behavioural control for PAG and STG messages.

Methods

Data were collected online; 499 Canadian parents with at least one child aged 5–11 years (75.6% mothers) participated. Differences in model variables were analysed using analyses of variance.

Results

Parents demonstrated greater issue involvement, attitudes towards the issue, parental support attitudes and perceived behavioural control for the PAG compared to the STG (d > 0.10). Mothers believed the messages more and had more favourable attitudes towards the issues as compared to fathers (d > 0.21).

Conclusions

Parents' evaluations of PAG messages and corresponding supportive behaviours were generally more positive than STG. Future messages should emphasise supportive behaviours for screen time reduction that are feasible and enjoyable for children.
Aster sanqingshanica (Asteraceae, Astereae), a new species from Jiangxi, China
Authors: Xiao Jia‐Wei , Zhao Qing‐Ya , Xie Dan , Tang Zhong‐Bing , Li Wei‐Ping
Published: April 2021

Aster sanqingshanica J.W. Xiao & W.P. Li, a new species of Asteraceae from Jiangxi, China, is described, illustrated and compared with related taxa based on evidence from morphology and molecular phylogeny. Morphological observations have shown that A. sanqingshanica is most similar to A. tianmenshanensis, but readily differs by its ascending stem (versus erect), marcescent basal leaves (versus deciduous), ciliate basal leaf margins (versus glabrous), 4–5‐seriate phyllaries (versus 2–3‐seriate), purple phyllaries (apex) (versus green), flat receptacle (versus convex) and broader lamina of the ray florets (3–4 mm versus 2–3 mm). Phylogenetic analysis based on nrDNA ITS and ETS sequence data show that A. sanqingshanica is closely related to A. tonglingensis.
Competitors and ruderals go to town: plant community composition and function along an urbanisation gradient
Authors: Petersen Tanja K. , Speed James D. M. , Grøtan Vidar , Austrheim Gunnar
Published: April 2021

Urbanisation is expected to function as a filter for plant species by changing the physiochemical environment, causing species turnover along an urbanisation gradient. Analyses of the functional traits of species characteristic of different urbanisation levels allow for comparisons across studies, irrespective of exact species composition. This study aims to examine how plant species and functional traits vary with urbanisation. An independent dataset obtained through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility was used to validate the identified indicator species. The study was performed in Trondheim, Norway. Indicator species of two different urbanisation levels were identified from a structured plot vegetation survey, and their functional traits were contrasted. The functional trait patterns were compared to patterns identified from an independent GBIF dataset. Changes in species composition along the urbanisation gradient identified a shift in environmental‐ and anthropogenic variables, filtering species with different functional traits. Indicators of urban areas displayed higher SLA, nitrogen affinity and disturbance tolerance than indicators from non‐urban areas. Not all functional trait differences observed between the indicator species from the vegetation survey were recognised in the independent dataset from GBIF. Nevertheless, the overall trends were consistent. Urbanisation favours species adhering to different trait syndromes than species outside of urban areas; disturbance‐over stress‐tolerance, and species adapted for rapid resource acquisition rather than species adapted for resource conservation.
Predictors and age‐dependent pattern of psychologic problems in childhood atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hou Alexander , Silverberg Jonathan I.
Published: April 2021

Background/Objectives

Little is known about the predictors and trends of psychological comorbidities in childhood atopic dermatitis (AD), or whether they occur in an age‐dependent pattern. We hypothesized racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities lead to increased psychological problems among children with AD and psychological comorbidities occur in an age‐dependent manner.

Methods

We analyzed cross‐sectional data on 228 898 children aged 2‐17 years from the 1997‐2018 National Health Interview Survey.

Results

Children with AD had higher proportions of depression/sadness (17.2% vs 12.6%; odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.44 [1.37‐1.51]), attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder (ADD/ADHD) (10.0% vs 7.1%; 1.46 [1.38‐1.55]), emotional/behavioral difficulties (29.9% vs 23.5%; 1.77 [1.69‐1.84]), feelings of frequent worry (38.8% vs 23.5%; 1.66 [1.58‐1.74]), and autism (1.9% vs 0.9%; 2.00 [1.75‐2.29]). Among children with AD, psychologic comorbidity was associated with atopic comorbidities and multimorbidity and white race, households with lower income and education, and no insurance coverage. In children with or without AD, the prevalence of autism peaked during pre‐adolescence; ADD/ADHD and emotional/behavioral difficulties peaked in adolescence; and depression/sadness and feelings of frequent worry increased steadily throughout childhood without plateau.

Conclusion

Atopic dermatitis was associated with multiple psychologic disorders, particularly among those with atopic comorbidities, white race, and low household income. Psychologic comorbidities increased in an age‐dependent pattern, though similar to children without AD.
Community‐level assisted migration for climate‐appropriate prairie restoration
Authors: McKone Mark J. , Hernández Daniel L.
Published: April 2021

Climate change threatens the long‐term survival of highly fragmented habitats such as North American tallgrass prairie. De novo plantings into former agricultural sites can contribute to efforts to conserve prairie biodiversity, but past planting practice (including our own) has focused on the use of local species and genotypes. Climate change makes this “local‐only” practice obsolete because of rapidly shifting species' ranges. We propose that new prairie plantings incorporate assisted migration at the community level; all species and genotypes that are viable in the changed climate and potentially could reach the site in an unfragmented landscape should be considered for inclusion. Selecting and sourcing species for climate‐appropriate restorations is possible with minimal additional cost or expertise. Based on best‐available estimates of current and future climate, species richness of future prairie plantings at our Minnesota study site could be increased by over one‐third (26 new species). Potential risks to such extensive use of assisted migration are offset by the drastic conservation challenge of highly fragmented communities under climate change.
Riverine complexity and life history inform restoration in riparian environments in the southwestern United States
Authors: Palmquist Emily C. , Allan Gerard J. , Ogle Kiona , Whitham Thomas G. , Butterfield Bradley J. , Shafroth Patrick B.
Published: April 2021

Riparian habitat in the southwestern United States has undergone substantial degradation over the past century, prompting extensive management and restoration of these critical ecosystems. Most restoration efforts, however, do not account for life history traits or riverine complexity that may influence genetic diversity and structure. Here, we use simple sequence repeat markers in four southwestern riparian species (Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, S. exigua, and Prosopis glandulosa) that occupy a geographically complex region to address four questions: (1) How is river connectivity related to genetic diversity and structure? (2) How do mating systems and dispersal mechanisms influence gene flow? (3) Is genetic diversity influenced by unidirectional water flow? (4) How do unregulated tributary and regulated river flows affect clonality and associated diversity? Our results identify five findings: (1) Patterns of genetic diversity and structure vary substantially across different species; (2) species with geographic distributions that include a large, perennial river exhibit the least genetic structure; (3) mating system, clonality, and seed dispersal are related to genetic structure; (4) genetic diversity is variable among species and populations, but does not increase or decrease unidirectionally; and (5) clonality and associated diversity does not differ along a regulated river relative to unregulated tributaries. Our multispecies approach to understanding how riverine complexity and life history traits influence genetic diversity and structure could be incorporated into management efforts to more closely match riparian species with their unique environments, thereby facilitating restoration success.
Implementation outcomes of national decentralization of integrated outpatient services for severe non‐communicable diseases to district hospitals in Rwanda
Authors: Niyonsenga Simon Pierre , Park Paul H. , Ngoga Gedeon , Ntaganda Evariste , Kateera Fredrick , Gupta Neil , Rwagasore Edson , Rwunganira Samuel , Munyarugo Antoine , Mutumbira Cadet , Dusabayezu Symaque , Eagan Arielle , Boudreaux Chantelle , Noble Christopher , Muhimpundu Marie Aimee , Ndayisaba F. Gilles , Nsanzimana Sabin , Bukhman Gene , Uwinkindi Francois
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Effective coverage of non‐communicable disease (NCD) care in sub‐Saharan Africa remains low, with the majority of services still largely restricted to central referral centres. Between 2015 and 2017, the Rwandan Ministry of Health implemented a strategy to decentralise outpatient care for severe chronic NCDs, including type 1 diabetes, heart failure and severe hypertension, to rural first‐level hospitals. This study describes the facility‐level implementation outcomes of this strategy.

Methods

In 2014, the Ministry of Health trained two nurses in each of the country’s 42 first‐level hospitals to implement and deliver nurse‐led, integrated, outpatient NCD clinics, which focused on severe NCDs. Post‐intervention evaluation occurred via repeated cross‐sectional surveys, informal interviews and routinely collected clinical data over two rounds of visits in 2015 and 2017. Implementation outcomes included fidelity, feasibility and penetration.

Results

By 2017, all NCD clinics were staffed by at least one NCD‐trained nurse. Among the approximately 27 000 nationally enrolled patients, hypertension was the most common diagnosis (70%), followed by type 2 diabetes (19%), chronic respiratory disease (5%), type 1 diabetes (4%) and heart failure (2%). With the exception of warfarin and beta‐blockers, national essential medicines were available at more than 70% of facilities. Clinicians adhered to clinical protocols at approximately 70% agreement with evaluators.

Conclusion

The government of Rwanda was able to scale a nurse‐led outpatient NCD programme to all first‐level hospitals with good fidelity, feasibility and penetration as to expand access to care for severe NCDs.
Bio‐electrochemical evaluation of two‐stage constructed wetland microbial fuel cells with high strength raw domestic wastewater and simultaneous energy recovery
Authors: Thakur Somil , Das Bhaskar
Published: April 2021

In the present study, two‐stage constructed wetland microbial fuel cell (CW‐MFC) systems were investigated for the treatment of raw domestic wastewater and bioelectricity generation under continuous regime and high organic loading in the presence and absence of Canna indica plant species. Results showed that two‐stage reactors with and without plant produced maximum cell voltage of 0.39, 0.59 V, and 0.27, 0.47 V respectively under OLR of 1.2–3.2 kgCOD/m3/d while maximum NERs obtained by systems were 6.85, 4.10, 5.24, 2.28 Wh/kgCOD. Moreover, the highest COD removal efficiencies of 82.29% and 55.72% were achieved for system with plant and without plant respectively. Overall, two‐stage systems showed enhanced utilization of wastewater biomass in to bioelectricity and better pollution removal with Canna indica plant. This work is particularly significant in most of the developing countries where the untreated sewage is of similar COD and TSS range.
Growth and characterization of II-VI semiconductor multilayer quantum-well structures for two-color quantum well infrared photodetector applications
Authors: Hernandez-Mainet Luis , Chen Guopeng , Zangiabadi Amir , Shen Aidong , Tamargo Maria C.
Published: April 2021

The design, growth, and characterizations of ZnCdSe/ZnCdMgSe semiconductor multilayer quantum-well structures for two-color quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are reported. The energy band and quantum well states are computed in a ZnCdSe/ZnCdMgSe single quantum well for both infrared detection regions. The sample has been grown in a multichamber molecular beam epitaxy system. The good crystalline quality of sample and its lattice matching to the InP substrate are investigated by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis. These structural measurements also confirm the good agreement between the design and the grown structure. The band-to-band and interband transition energies are experimentally determined by photoluminescence and contactless electroreflectance, respectively. The intersubband absorption spectra are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at room temperature. This multilayer structure represents a significant technological validation of the capabilities and potential of InP-based II-VI materials for engineering two-color QWIP devices. This paper provides a detailed methodology for the growth and in-depth characterization of such a complex high precision multilayered structure.
Determining and Measuring Key Psychological Characteristics: The Case of a National Basketball Federation
Authors: Kegelaers Jolan , Wikkerink Janneke , Oudejans Raôul R.D.
Published: April 2021

This case study presents the structured and evidence-informed approach toward developing a psychological assessment instrument within a national basketball federation. To this end, a two-phase approach was adopted. During the first phase, a focus group with the coaches was conducted to determine the key psychological characteristics pertinent to the case environment. This resulted in 10 identified key psychological characteristics. During the second phase, the results from the focus group were used to develop and conduct preliminary testing of a context-specific assessment instrument. Preliminary testing resulted in a refined instrument including nine characteristics. Based on the findings of this case study, the authors conclude this paper by outlining a number of reflections that can provide important considerations for sport psychologists, coaches, and talent identification and development organizations looking to develop and implement psychological assessment within their programs.
Relationship Between Gastrocnemius Muscle Length and Overhead Squat Movement Compensations Among Active-Duty Firefighters
Authors: Sherriff Thomas J. , Ebersole Kyle T. , Cornell David J.
Published: April 2021

Restricted gastrocnemius length may impair movement efficiency during functional movements. However, this is yet to be examined among tactical athletes. This study examined the relationship between gastrocnemius muscle length and movement compensations during a two-leg overhead squat among career firefighters. Bilateral ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion data were collected from 50 firefighters, and movement compensations observed during a two-leg overhead squat were recorded. Firefighters with reduced average ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion were more likely to demonstrate movement compensations during the overhead squat. Clinicians should utilize interventions that lengthen gastrocnemius musculature to improve the squat movement efficiency of firefighters.
Active Older Adults Keep Aerobic Capacity and Experience Small Reductions in Body Strength During Confinement Due to COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Bohn Lucimere , Barros Duarte , Borges-Machado Flávia , Carrapatoso Susana , Pizarro Andreia N. , Carvalho Joana
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study was to observe the home-confinement effects on physical fitness, physical activity (PA), and body composition in active older adults, and to compare physical fitness and PA according to quality of life (QoL) during confinement. A total of 72 physically active older adults (61.1% females; 74.24 ± 5.57 years) were assessed pre- and postconfinement for aerobic capacity (6-min walk test), lower (30-s sit-to-stand), and upper (30-s arm-curl) body strength, PA (short-version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and QoL (EQ-5D-visual analogue scale). The pre- and postconfinement comparisons show declines in upper (−2.24 ± 0.45 repetitions;p < .001; η2 = .276) and lower body strength (−2.65 ± 0.42 repetitions;p < .001; η2 = .378) in both genders, but not in aerobic capacity. Ninety percentage of older adults perceived a decline in PA. Older adults reporting high QoL increased 19.27 ± 97.04 m in the 6-min walk test, while the participants with low QoL reduced 28.32 ± 63.27 m (p = .018; η2 = .090). Previously active older adults did not have their aerobic capacity decrease significantly despite a decline in upper and lower body strength during an 11-week home confinement period.
Effect of Preperformance Routine on Advanced Swimmers’ Performance and Motor Efficiency, Self-Efficacy, and Idiosyncratic Emotions
Authors: Richard Veronique , Mason Justin , Alvarez-Alvarado Stacey , Perry Inbal , Lussier Benoit , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: April 2021

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of a learned preperformance routine (PPR) with an intuitively developed one before a simulation race on advanced swimmers’ speed and motor efficiency, as well as self-efficacy and emotional regulation. In total, 46 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers were stratified to either the control (intuitively developed PPR) or the PPR condition, which included four instructional sessions aimed at developing a PPR. A simulated competitive race was organized before and after the intervention. For each simulation, speed and motor efficiency were measured during the race, and self-efficacy and emotions, after the completion of the race. Nonsignificant effects were revealed for speed, motor efficiency, and self-efficacy following the intervention. However, performing a learned PPR prior to racing significantly influenced the swimmers’ emotional state. These results provide some support for the effect of a PPR on emotional regulation prior to a swimming race.
Various Novel Colistin Resistance Mechanisms Interact To Facilitate Adaptation of Aeromonas hydrophila to Complex Colistin Environments
Authors: Liu Junqi , Xiao Gang , Zhou Wangping , Yang Jun , Wang Yang , Wu Yong , Cheng Xiaojun , Sun Zhiliang
Published: April 2021

Aeromonas hydrophila
, a heterotrophic and Gram-negative bacterium, has attracted considerable attention owing to the increasing prevalence of reported infections. Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic that can treat life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
A Look Inside: Oral Sampling for Detection of Non-oral Infectious Diseases
Authors: Valinetz Ethan D. , Cangelosi Gerard A.
Published: April 2021

Efforts to control transmissible infectious diseases rely on the ability to screen large populations, ideally in community settings. These efforts can be limited by the requirement for invasive or logistically difficult collection of patient samples, such as blood, urine, stool, sputum, and nasopharyngeal swabs.
Multiple Infiltration and Cross-Species Transmission of Foamy Viruses across the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic Era
Authors: Chen Yicong , Zhang Yu-Yi , Wei Xiaoman , Cui Jie
Published: April 2021

Foamy viruses (FVs) represent, more so than other viruses, the best model of coevolution between a virus and a host. This study represents the largest investigation so far of amphibian FVs and reveals 412 FVs of 6 distinct lineages from three major orders of amphibians.
External iliac artery thrombosis: an unusual complication of femoral venous catheterisation in a neonate
Authors: Amiti Anvesh , Abiramalatha Thangaraj , Ayyappan Makkathai Kanakasabai , Rajendran Usha Devi
Published: April 2021

We report a neonate who developed external iliac artery thrombosis after insertion of femoral venous catheter, without an apparent arterial puncture during the procedure. The baby developed acute limb ischaemia. As there was no improvement despite heparin infusion for 24 hours, thrombectomy was done. Following surgery, the limb perfusion improved gradually in 1 week. However, pulses did not reappear even after antithrombotic therapy for 3 months. There was residual Doppler abnormality in the form of severe narrowing at the origin of superficial femoral artery with reduced flow velocity in superficial femoral, popliteal and tibial arteries. The baby was kept under regular follow-up, with a plan for clinical assessment and Doppler every 6 months and to perform a vascular reconstructive surgery if he develops any clinical feature of chronic limb ischaemia. The baby is now 1 year of age. He is walking normally and there is no limb length discrepancy.
Basal cell carcinoma with signet ring cell morphology accumulating the ubiquitinated cytokeratin 5/6
Authors: Watanabe Ayako , Iida Naoshige , Enomoto Katsuhiko
Published: April 2021

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) showing signet ring (SR) cell morphology is a very rare variant of BCC. Here, we report BCC with SR cell morphology developed in the right cheek skin of a 79-year-old man. Histopathologic examination showed irregularly shaped islands of basaloid cells with characteristic peripheral palisading. Inside of the cancer islands, many tumour cells showed an enlarged fine granular cytoplasm with the peripherally compressed nuclei, being similar to the SR cell. Immunohistochemical examination revealed dense accumulation of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and a faint signal of 34βE12 in SR cells. The reported myoepithelial markers were not detected. Interestingly, ubiquitin, a component of the ubiquitin–proteasome protein degradation system, was co-localised in the SR cells. These suggest, for the first time, that accumulation of the undegraded CK5/6 with ubiquitination results in the SR cell morphology. Our report showed that the aberrant keratin turnover is associated with the SR cell BCC.
Congenital renal arteriovenous malformation: a rare cause of visible haematuria
Authors: Banthia Ravi , Kumar Abhay , Prasad Raghunandan , Lal Hira
Published: April 2021

We report a case of renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and describe its angioarchitecture and endovascular management. A 28-year-old male patient presented with visible painless haematuria. CT of the abdomen showed a right renal AVM. Digital subtraction angiography of the right renal vessels showed an AVM of middle and lower pole segmental arteries with communication to a large saccular aneurysm, which was arising from the right main renal vein. Complete occlusion of the AVM was done by using glue (a mixture of n-butyl-cyanoacrylate and lipiodol), resulting in nonvisualisation of the aneurysm on angiography. His vital signs were stable during the procedure. Follow-up CT after 12 months showed no residual flow in the aneurysm, normal upper pole renal parenchyma and nonvisualisation of AVM. Early diagnosis of this clinical entity is of paramount importance for proper management as it can cause massive blood loss and rapid clinical deterioration.
Factors associated with the disbursements of development assistance for health in low-income and middle-income countries, 2002–2017
Authors: Moitra Modhurima , Cogswell Ian , Maddison Emilie , Simpson Kyle , Stutzman Hayley , Tsakalos Golsum , Dieleman Joseph , Micah Angela E
Published: April 2021

Introduction

In 2017, development assistance for health (DAH) comprised 5.3% of total health spending in low-income countries. Despite the key role DAH plays in global health-spending, little is known about the characteristics of assistance that may be associated with committed assistance that is actually disbursed. In this analysis, we examine associations between these characteristics and disbursement of committed assistance.

Methods

We extracted data from the Creditor Reporting System of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, and the WHO National Health Accounts database. Factors examined were off-budget assistance, administrative assistance, publicly sourced assistance and assistance to health systems strengthening. Recipient-country characteristics examined were perceived level of corruption, civil fragility and gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc). We used linear regression methods for panel of data to assess the proportion of committed aid that was disbursed for a given country-year, for each data source.

Results

Factors that were associated with a higher disbursement rates include off-budget aid (p<0.001), lower administrative expenses (p<0.01), lower perceived corruption in recipient country (p<0.001), lower fragility in recipient country (p<0.05) and higher GDPpc (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Substantial gaps remain between commitments and disbursements. Characteristics of assistance (administrative, publicly sourced) and indicators of government transparency and fragility are also important drivers associated with disbursement of DAH. There remains a continued need for better aid flow reporting standards and clarity around aid types for better measurement of DAH.