bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic augmentin in prelabor preterm rupture of the membranes
Authors: Magwali T.L. , Chipato T. , Majoko F. , Rusakaniko S. , Mujaji C.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To determine whether the use of prophylactic Augmentin in PPROM prolongs gestation and reduces neonatal and maternal morbidity due to sepsis. Method: Study setting was Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe. Women with PPROM between 26 and 36 weeks' gestation were randomly allocated either to a group given a course of prophylactic oral Augmentin or another receiving no prophylactic antibiotic treatment. The calculated sample size was 72 women per group. Data were analyzed using the EPI INFO program. Results: A total of 171 women were recruited into the study, 84 in the Augmentin group and 87 in the No Treatment group. The group receiving prophylactic Augmentin had a significantly longer latency period between rupture of membranes and delivery. There was a trend towards increased neonatal and maternal morbidity due to sepsis in the No Treatment group although no statistical significance was reached. Conclusion: The use of prophylactic Augmentin in PPROM significantly prolongs gestation. It appears to decrease neonatal and maternal morbidity due to sepsis.
Centrosome‐centriole abnormalities are markers for abnormal cell divisions and cancer in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model
Authors: Schatten Heide , Wiedemeier Allison , Taylor Meghan , Lubahn Dennis B. , Greenberg Norman M. , Besch‐Williford Cynthia , Rosenfeld Cheryl S. , Day J. Kevin , Ripple Maureen
Published: July 2002

We utilized the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model to study the formation of abnormal mitosis in malignant tumors of the prostate. The results presented here are focused on centrosome and centriole abnormalities and the implications for abnormal cell divisions, genomic instability, and apoptosis. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing organelles which assemble bipolar spindles in normal cells but can organize mono‐, tri‐, and multipolar mitoses in tumor cells, as shown here with histology and electron microscopy in TRAMP neoplastic tissue. These abnormalities will cause unequal distribution of chromosomes and can initiate imbalanced cell cycles in which checkpoints for cell cycle control are lost. Neoplastic tissue of the TRAMP model is also characterized by numerous apoptotic cells. This may be the result of multipolar mitoses related to aberrant centrosome formations. Our results also reveal that centrosomes at the poles in mitotic cancer cells contain more than the regular perpendicular pair of centrioles which indicates abnormal distribution of centrioles during separation to the mitotic poles. Abnormalities in the centriole‐centrosome complex are also seen during interphase where the complex is either closely associated with the nucleus or loosely dispersed in the cytoplasm. An increase in centriole numbers is observed during interphase, which may be the result of increased centriole duplication. Alternatively, these centrioles may be derived from basal bodies that have accumulated in the cell's cytoplasm, after the loss of cell borders. The supernumerary centrioles may participate in the formation of abnormal mitoses during cell division. These results demonstrate multiple abnormalities in the centrosome‐centriole complex during prostate cancer that result in abnormal mitoses and may lead to increases in genomic instability and/or apoptosis.
The effects of partial and total interosseous membrane transection on load sharing in the cadaver forearm
Authors: Shepard Michael F. , Markolf Keith L. , Dunbar Arati M.
Published: July 2002

This study was performed to examine the effects of partial and total transection of the interosseous membrane (IOM) on load transfer in the forearm. Twenty fresh frozen forearms were instrumented with custom designed load cells placed in the proximal radius and distal ulna. Simultaneous measurements of load cell forces, radial head displacement relative to the capitellum, and local tension within the central band of the IOM were made as the wrist was loaded to 134 N with the forearm at 90° of elbow flexion and in neutral pronation supination. For valgus elbow alignment (radial head contacting the capitellum), mean force carried by the distal ulna was 7.1% of the applied wrist force and mean force transferred from radius to ulna through the IOM was 4.4%. For varus elbow alignment (mean 2.0 mm gap between the radial head and capitellum), mean distal ulna force was 28% and mean IOM force was 51%. Section of the proximal and distal one‐thirds of the IOM had no significant effect upon mean distal ulnar force or mean IOM force. Total IOM section significantly increased mean distal ulnar force for varus elbow alignment in all wrist positions tested. The mean level of applied wrist force necessary to close the varus gap (89 N) decreased significantly after both partial IOM section (71 N) and total IOM section (25 N). The IOM became loaded only when the radius displaced proximally relative to the ulna, closing the gap between the radius and capitellum. As the radius displaced proximally, the wrist becomes increasingly ulnar positive, which in turn leads to direct loading of the distal ulna. This shift of force to the distal ulna could present clinically as ulnar sided wrist pain or as ulnar impaction after IOM injury. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Punlished by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Postnatal changes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α2, α3, α4, α7 and β2 subunits genes expression in rat brain
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Liu Chuan , Miao Hui , Gong Ze‐hui , Nordberg Agneta
Published: July 2002

Postnatal changes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α2, α3, α4, α7 and β2 subunits mRNAs were investigated in rat brain using ribonuclease protection assay. Multiple developmental patterns were observed: (1) transient expression during the first few postnatal weeks; α2 in the hippocampus and brain stem, α3 in the striatum, cerebellum and cortex, α4 in the hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum, α7 in the cerebellum and β2 in the striatum. (2) Constant expression across development; α2 and α3 in the thalamus, α4 in the cortex, thalamus and brain stem, α7 in the thalamus and brain stem and β2 in all brain regions except striatum. (3) Non‐detection across development; α2 in the cortex, striatum and cerebellum. (4) Increase with age; α7 in the cortex and hippocampus. (5) Bell‐shaped development; α7 in the striatum. Postnatal changes of nAChR isoforms in different brain regions of rat were investigated by receptor binding assays. The developmental patterns of [3H]epibatidine and (−)‐[3H]nicotine binding sites were similar to each other in each brain region, but different from that of [3H]α‐bungarotoxin binding sites. No obvious correlation was observed between the developmental patterns of [3H]α‐bungarotoxin, [3H]epibatidine and (−)‐[3H]nicotine binding sites and corresponding subunits mRNAs. These results indicate that multiple mechanisms are involved in changes of gene expression of nAChRs subunits in the brain of developing rats.
Psychiatric disorders among migrants in Germany: prevalence in a psychiatric clinic and implications for services and research
Authors: Haasen C , Lambert M , Yagdiran O , Krausz M
Published: July 2002

Past studies examining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among migrants have described a higher rate of schizophrenia, whereas the only major German study found a lower rate. Considering the changed composition of migrants today, a new assessment has become necessary. All admission records of migrants to a psychiatric clinic in 1993 and 1994 were assessed for diagnosis, symptomatology and treatment. Two hundred sixty-three migrant admissions, 8.4% of total admissions, were assessed. Of these 41.4% received a diagnosis of a schizophrenic disorder, significantly more than other clinic patients. The mean age at admission was 33.8 years, at onset of illness 28.6 years and at time of migration 20.3 years. Only 7.9% were mentally ill at the time of migration. Of those with psychotic and depressive symptoms at admission, 70% received a diagnosis of a schizophrenic disorder and 78% were treated with antipsychotics. Antidepressants were prescribed only to 47% of those with a diagnosis of a depressive disorder and only 33% of those with depressive and no psychotic symptoms. An underrepresentation of migrants shows differences in the use of psychiatric services. The higher rate of schizophrenia may be due to misdiagnosis, an artifactual effect of underrepresentation of other disorders or an actual higher rate among migrants. The reluctance to use antidepressants underlines the necessity of training, so as not to withhold treatment options due to cultural barriers.
Four Faces of Vietnamese Communism: Small Countries' Institutional Choice Under Hegemony
Authors: Wu Yu-Shan , Sun Tsai-Wei
Published: July 2002

Since 1975, Vietnamese communism has changed face three times. These frequent and radical institutional permutations have been unprecedented among communist countries. This paper argues that hegemonic dependence, domestic economic imperative, and elite idealism are the three main factors that determine Vietnam's institutional configuration. Among the three, dependence on a hegemon means the dominance of the developmental model and institutional preferences of that hegemon. Only when there is no hegemonic dependence do domestic economic imperative and elite idealism emerge as the crucial factors in determining institutional arrangements. Historically there have been four developmental stages for Vietnam's communist regime: independent socialism (1975–1977), orthodox socialism (1978–1985), glasnost socialism (1986–1990), and market socialism (1991–now). Among the four stages, orthodox socialism and glasnost socialism are the direct result of Hanoi's dependence on Moscow. After examining Vietnam's historical experience, we conclude that small countries' institutional choice under hegemon is extremely limited, but they regain latitude when hegemonic dependence is removed.
Role of L1CAM in retinoblastoma tumorigenesis: identification of novel therapeutic targets
Authors: Dräger Oliver , Metz Klaus , Busch Maike , Dünker Nicole
Published: July 2021

The study presented focuses on the role of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) in retinoblastoma (RB), the most common malignant intraocular childhood tumor. L1CAM is differentially expressed in a variety of human cancers and has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target. We likewise observed differential expression patterns for L1CAM in RB cell lines and patient samples. The two proteases involved in ectodomain shedding of L1CAM (L1CAM sheddases: ADAM10 and ADAM17) were likewise differentially expressed in the RB cell lines investigated, and an involvement in L1CAM processing in RB cells could be verified. We also identified ezrin, galectin‐3, and fibroblast growth factor basic as L1CAM signaling target genes in RB cells. Lentiviral L1CAM knockdown induced apoptosis and reduced cell viability, proliferation, growth, and colony formation capacity of RB cells, whereas L1CAM‐overexpressing RB cells displayed the opposite effects. Chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays revealed that L1CAM depletion decreases the tumorigenic and migration potential of RB cells in vivo. Moreover, L1CAM depletion decreased viability and tumor growth of etoposide‐resistant RB cell lines upon etoposide treatment in vitro and in vivo. Thus, L1CAM and its processing sheddases are potential novel targets for future therapeutic RB approaches.
Recurrent seizure‐related GRIN1 variant: Molecular mechanism and targeted therapy
Authors: Xu Yuchen , Song Rui , Chen Wenjuan , Strong Katie , Shrey Daniel , Gedela Satyanarayana , Traynelis Stephen F. , Zhang Guojun , Yuan Hongjie
Published: July 2021

Objective

Genetic variants in the GRIN genes that encode N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits have been identified in various neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy. We identified a GRIN1 variant from an individual with early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy, evaluated functional changes to NMDAR properties caused by the variant, and screened FDA‐approved therapeutic compounds as potential treatments for the patient.

Methods

Whole exome sequencing identified a missense variant in GRIN1. Electrophysiological recordings were made from Xenopus oocytes and transfected HEK cells to determine the NMDAR biophysical properties as well as the sensitivity to agonists and FDA‐approved drugs that inhibit NMDARs. A beta‐lactamase reporter assay in transfected HEK cells evaluated the effects of the variant on the NMDAR surface expression.

Results

A recurrent de novo missense variant in GRIN1 (c.1923G>A, p.Met641Ile), which encodes the GluN1 subunit, was identified in a pediatric patient with drug‐resistant seizures and early‐onset epileptic encephalopathy. In vitro analysis indicates that GluN1‐M641I containing NMDARs showed enhanced agonist potency and reduced Mg2+ block, which may be associated with the patient’s phenotype. Results from screening FDA‐approved drugs suggested that GluN1‐M641I containing NMDARs are more sensitive to the NMDAR channel blockers memantine, ketamine, and dextromethorphan compared to the wild‐type receptors. The addition of memantine to the seizure treatment regimen significantly reduced the patient’s seizure burden.

Interpretation

Our finding contributes to the understanding of the phenotype–genotype correlations of patients with GRIN1 gene variants, provides a molecular mechanism underlying the actions of this variant, and explores therapeutic strategies for treating GRIN1‐related neurological conditions.
Differences in maternal and early child nutritional status by offspring sex in lowland Nepal
Authors: Saville Naomi M. , Harris‐Fry Helen , Marphatia Akanksha , Reid Alice , Cortina‐Borja Mario , Manandhar Dharma S. , Wells Jonathan C.
Published: July 2021

Objective

On average, boys grow faster than girls in early life but appear more susceptible to undernutrition. We investigated sex differences in early child growth, and whether maternal nutritional status and diet differed by offspring sex during and after pregnancy in an undernourished population.

Methods

We analyzed longitudinal data from a cluster‐randomized trial from plains Nepal, stratifying results by child or gestational age. Children's outcomes (0–20 months) were weight, length, and head circumference and their z‐scores relative to WHO reference data in 2‐monthly intervals (n range: 24837 to 25 946). Maternal outcomes were mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC), and body mass index (BMI) during pregnancy (12–40 weeks) (n = 5550 and n = 5519) and postpartum (n = 15 710 and n = 15 356), and diet in pregnancy. We fitted unadjusted and adjusted mixed‐effects linear and logistic regression models comparing boys with girls.

Results

Boys were larger than girls, however relative to their sex‐specific reference they had lower length and head circumference z‐scores from birth to 12 months, but higher weight‐for‐length z‐scores from 0 to 6 months. Mothers of sons had higher MUAC and BMI around 36 weeks gestation but no other differences in pregnancy diets or pregnancy/postpartum maternal anthropometry were detected. Larger sex differences in children's size in the food supplementation study arm suggest that food restriction in pregnancy may limit fetal growth of boys more than girls.

Conclusions

Generally, mothers' anthropometry and dietary intake do not differ according to offspring sex. As boys are consistently larger, we expect that poor maternal nutritional status may compromise their growth more than girls. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoselective Synthesis of C‐Vinyl Glycosides via Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Glycosylation of Alkenes
Authors: Sun Qikai , Zhang Huixing , Wang Quanquan , Qiao Tianjiao , He Gang , Chen Gong
Published: July 2021

C‐vinyl glycosides are an important class of carbohydrates and pose a unique synthetic challenge. A new strategy has been developed for stereoselective synthesis of C‐vinyl glycosides via Pd‐catalyzed directed C−H glycosylation of alkenes with glycosyl chloride donors using an easily removable bidentate auxiliary. Both the γ C−H bond of allylamines and the δ C−H bond of homoallyl amine substrates can be glycosylated in high efficiency and with excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The resulting C‐vinyl glycosides can be further converted to a variety of C‐alkyl glycosides with high stereospecificity. These reactions offer a broadly applicable method to streamline the synthesis of complex C‐vinyl glycosides from easily accessible starting materials.
N‐Atom Deletion in Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Qin Haitao , Cai Wangshui , Wang Shuang , Guo Ting , Li Guigen , Lu Hongjian
Published: July 2021

Excising the nitrogen in secondary amines, and coupling the two residual fragments is a skeletal editing strategy that can be used to construct molecules with new skeletons, but which has been largely unexplored. Here we report a versatile method of N‐atom excision from N‐heterocycles. The process uses readily available N‐heterocycles as substrates, and proceeds by N‐sulfonylazidonation followed by the rearrangement of sulfamoyl azide intermediates, providing various cyclic products. Examples are provided of deletion of nitrogen from natural products, synthesis of chiral O‐heterocycles from commercially available chiral β‐amino alcohols, formal inert C−H functionalization through a sequence of N‐directed C−H functionalization and N‐atom deletion reactions in which the N‐atom can serve as a traceless directing group.
Fluoridchemie in Zinn‐Halogenid‐Perowskiten
Authors: Pascual Jorge , Flatken Marion , Félix Roberto , Li Guixiang , Turren‐Cruz Silver‐Hamill , Aldamasy Mahmoud H. , Hartmann Claudia , Li Meng , Di Girolamo Diego , Nasti Giuseppe , Hüsam Elif , Wilks Regan G. , Dallmann André , Bär Marcus , Hoell Armin , Abate Antonio
Published: July 2021

Zinn ist der Top‐Favorit für den Ersatz von giftigem Blei in Perowskit‐Solarzellen. Allerdings kommt es dabei verstärkt zu der unerwünschten Oxidation von SnII zu SnIV. Die herkömmlichen Verfahren verwenden SnF2 in der Perowskit‐Vorläuferlösung, um die Bildung von SnIV zu verhindern. Dennoch bleibt der Wirkmechanismus des Additivs unklar. Um diesen eingehender zu erläutern, untersuchen wir die Fluoridchemie in Zinn‐Halogenid‐Perowskiten mit einander ergänzenden Analyseverfahren. NMR‐Spektroskopie der Vorläuferlösung offenbart eine stark bevorzugte Affinität der Fluoridanionen für SnIV gegenüber SnII, wodurch dieses selektiv als SnF4 komplexiert wird. Harte Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie an Dünnschichten zeigt die geringere Bereitschaft von SnF4 gegenüber SnI4, in die Perowskit‐Struktur eingebaut zu werden und verhindert somit den Einschluss von SnIV in der Dünnschicht. Abschließend offenbart Röntgen‐Kleinwinkelstreuung den starken Einfluss vom Fluorid auf die kolloidale Chemie der Vorläuferlösungen, der sich direkt auf die darauffolgende Kristallisation auswirkt.
An Atomic Insight into the Chemical Origin and Variation of the Dielectric Constant in Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Yao Nan , Chen Xiang , Shen Xin , Zhang Rui , Fu Zhong‐Heng , Ma Xia‐Xia , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2021

The dielectric constant is a crucial physicochemical property of liquids in tuning solute–solvent interactions and solvation microstructures. Herein the dielectric constant variation of liquid electrolytes regarding to temperatures and electrolyte compositions is probed by molecular dynamics simulations. Dielectric constants of solvents reduce as temperatures increase due to accelerated mobility of molecules. For solvent mixtures with different mixing ratios, their dielectric constants either follow a linear superposition rule or satisfy a polynomial function, depending on weak or strong intermolecular interactions. Dielectric constants of electrolytes exhibit a volcano trend with increasing salt concentrations, which can be attributed to dielectric contributions from salts and formation of solvation structures. This work affords an atomic insight into the dielectric constant variation and its chemical origin, which can deepen the fundamental understanding of solution chemistry.
Di(indenyl)beryllium
Authors: Koby Ross F. , Schley Nathan D. , Hanusa Timothy P.
Published: July 2021

The bonding in beryllocene, [BeCp2], took decades to establish, owing to its unexpected mixed hapticity structure (i.e., [Be(η5‐Cp)(η1‐Cp)]). Beryllium complexes containing the indenyl ligand, which is a close relative of the cyclopentadienyl anion, but which is also known to exhibit its own bonding peculiarities (e.g., facile η5 ⇄ η3 shifts), have remained unknown. Standard metathetical approaches to their synthesis (e.g., with K[Ind′] + BeX2 in an ether solvent) give rise to intractable oils from which nothing identifiable can be isolated. In contrast, mechanochemical preparation, involving the solvent‐free grinding of BeBr2 and potassium indenides, leads to the production of discrete (indenyl)beryllium complexes, including [Be(C9H7)2] (1) and [Be{1,3‐(SiMe3)2C9H5}Br] (2). The former displays η5/η1‐coordinated ligands in the solid state, but DFT calculations indicate that an η5/η5‐conformation is less than 5 kcal mol−1 higher in energy.
Abnormal expression and methylation of PRR34‐AS1 are associated with adverse outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Nan Fang‐yu , Gu Yu , Xu Zi‐jun , Sun Guo‐kang , Zhou Jing‐dong , Zhang Ting‐juan , Ma Ji‐chun , Leng Jia‐yan , Lin Jiang , Qian Jun
Published: July 2021

It was previously reported that PRR34‐AS1 was overexpressed in some solid tumors. PRR34‐AS1 promoter was shown to have a differential methylation region (DMR), and was hypomethylated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Therefore, the present study used real‐time quantitative PCR (RQ‐PCR) to explore the expression characteristics of PRR34‐AS1 in AML. In addition, the correlation between the expression of PRR34‐AS1 and clinical prognosis of AML was determined. The findings of this study indicated that high PRR34‐AS1 expression was bound up with shorter overall survival (OS) in AML patients (p = 0.002). Moreover, patients with high expression of PRR34‐AS1 had significantly lower complete remission (CR) rate compared with those with low expression of PRR34‐AS1 after induction chemotherapy. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed that PRR34‐AS1 expression was an independent factor affecting CR in whole‐AML, non‐APL‐AML, and CN‐AML patients (p = 0.032, 0.039, and 0.036, respectively). Methylation‐specific PCR (MSP) and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) were used to explore the methylation status of PRR34‐AS1. PRR34‐AS1 promoter showed a pattern of hypomethylation in AML patients compared with normal controls (p = 0.122). Notably, of whole‐AML and non‐APL‐AML patients, PRR34‐AS1 hypomethylated patients presented a significantly shorter OS than those with a hypermethylated PRR34‐AS1 (p = 0.010 and 0.037, respectively). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the hypomethylation of PRR34‐AS1 served as an independent prognostic indicator in both whole‐cohort AML and non‐APL‐AML categories (p = 0.057 and 0.018, respectively). In summary, the findings of this study showed that abnormalities in PRR34‐AS1 are associated with poor prognosis in AML. Therefore, monitoring this index may be important in the prognosis of AML and can provide information on effective chemotherapy against the disease.
Chronic asthmatic condition modulated the onset of aging in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Heidarzadeh Morteza , Keyhanmanesh Rana , Rezabakhsh Aysa , Rahbarghazi Reza , Rezaie Jafar , Saberianpour Shirin , Hasanpour Mehdi , Eslami Aysan , Soleimanpour Jafar , Ahmadi Mahdi
Published: July 2021

The emergence of an inflammatory condition such as asthma could affect the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Synopsis of previous documents yielded controversial outcomes, leading to a limitation of stem cell‐based therapy in the clinical setting. This study aimed to assess the impact of asthmatic serum on the MSCs aging and dynamic growth in vitro. Rats were divided into control and asthmatic groups randomly. The asthmatic change was induced using OVA sensitization. The asthmatic structural changes are monitored by conventional Haematoxylin‐Eosin staining. Thereafter, blood samples were taken and sera provided from each group. In this study, primary bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cultured in culture medium supplemented with normal and asthmatic serum for 7 days. The MSCs viability was examined using the MTT assay. The expression of the aging‐related gene (β‐galactosidase), and stemness‐related markers such as Sox2, Kfl‐4 and p16INK4a were analysed by real‐time PCR assay. Histological examination revealed chronic inflammatory remodelling which is identical to asthmatic changes. MTT assay showed a reduction of mesenchymal stem cell viability compared to the control group (P < .05). Real‐time PCR analysis revealed a down‐regulation of stemness‐related markers Sox2, Kfl‐4 and p16INK4a coincided with aging changes (β‐galactosidase) compared to the control group (P < .05). These data show the detrimental effect of asthmatic condition on bone marrow regenerative potential by accelerating early‐stage aging in different stem cells and further progenitor cell depletion.

Significance of the study

In such inflammatory conditions as asthma, the therapeutic potential of stem cells may be altered. We demonstrate that serum from asthmatic rats had the potential to reduce the viability of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that the expression of the aging‐related gene known β‐galactosidase was statistically increased in cells co‐cultured with asthmatic serum. At the same time, expression of stemness‐related markers Sox2, Kfl‐4 and p16INK4a down‐regulated. These results support the damaging effect of asthmatic condition on bone marrow regenerative ability by inducing early‐stage aging in stem cells and additional progenitor cell reduction.
The need for future coronary access following surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Hermiller James B. , Gunnarsson Candace L. , Ryan Michael P. , Moore Kimberly A. , Clancy Seth J. , Irish William
Published: July 2021

The aim of the study was to estimate the percentage of Medicare patients needing coronary access for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary angiography following aortic valve replacement (AVR). Indications for TAVR have expanded to include younger and low‐risk patients, raising the question of coronary access for future procedures. Medicare patients <80 years old with an AVR between 2011 and 2018 were included. Time‐to‐event analyses were conducted using Cox hazard models to estimate risk of coronary access up to 7 years after AVR. Model adjustments included age, sex, race, region, comorbidity, concomitant CABG, and smoking. A total of 13,469 Medicare patients (mean age 70.6) met inclusion criteria. Models estimated that 2.5% of patients at 1‐year post‐index and 17% at over 7 years would need coronary access. For patients who had SAVR (with or without CABG), estimates for coronary access were similar and over 15% after 6.5 years. For TAVR patients, with a previous PCI, 28% at 4.5 years required coronary access, which was higher than TAVR patients without a previous PCI. SAVR patients with and without CAD at baseline were similar; however, TAVR patients with CAD had a 22% rate of coronary access versus 7% for those without at 3 years. Approximately half of patients who needed coronary access returned to the same hospital as their initial AVR. Coronary access is required in a substantial portion of AVR patients especially those with PCI or a history of CAD undergoing TAVR. The need for coronary access may increase as transcatheter AVR becomes accessible to younger patients with a longer life expectancy.
A prospective, comprehensive registry that integrates the molecular analysis of pediatric and adolescent melanocytic lesions
Authors: Pappo Alberto S. , McPherson Valerie , Pan Haitao , Wang Fang , Wang Lu , Wright Teresa , Hussong Margaret , Hawkins Dana , Kaste Sue C. , Davidoff Andrew M. , Bahrami Armita
Published: July 2021

Background

Childhood melanocytic tumors represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, and additional research is needed to better define the natural history of these tumors.

Methods

The authors developed a comprehensive, prospective registry called Molecular Analysis of Childhood Melanocytic Tumors for children and adolescents with an atypical Spitz tumor/Spitz melanoma (AST/SM), conventional or adult‐type melanoma (CM), melanoma arising in a giant congenital nevus (MCM), or atypical melanocytic proliferation of other types (OT) to better define the clinical behavior of these lesions by incorporating an integrated clinicopathologic and molecular analysis using centralized pathology review and various platforms, including fluorescence in situ hybridization; array comparative genomic hybridization; and whole genome, exome, and capture targeted panels.

Results

From May 2016 to November 2019, 70 children were enrolled with a median age at diagnosis of 9.1 years. Thirty‐seven had AST/SM, 17 had CM, 4 had MCM, and 12 had OT. Patients with AST/SM were younger (median age, 7 years), and their tumor most commonly arose in the extremities and trunk. The most common gene rearrangements included MAP3K8 and ALK. None of the 33 patients who underwent a TERT promoter mutation analysis had a mutation, and all patients were alive. Among the CM patients, the median age was 13 years; 11 had a BRAFV600E mutation, and 7 had a TERT promoter mutation. Three patients died of their disease. All 4 patients with MCM harbored an NRASQ61 mutation and died of their disease. The OT group was heterogenous, and all patients survived.

Conclusions

The incorporation of an integrated clinicopathologic and genomic analysis identifies distinct subgroups of pediatric melanocytic lesions that have different clinical behaviors. The integration of this combined diagnostic modality can help to individualize diagnoses and treatments for these patients.
Structural Compactness in Hen Egg White Lysozyme Induced by Bisphenol S: A Spectroscopic and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach
Authors: Pramanik Ushasi , Kongasseri Anju Ajayan , Shekhar Shashi , Mathew Ashwin , Yadav Rahul , Mukherjee Saptarshi
Published: July 2021

The endocrine disrupting compound Bisphenol and its analogues are widely used in food packaging products and can cause serious health hazards. The protein, Lysozyme (Lyz), showing anti‐microbial properties, is used as a “natural” food and dairy preservative. Herein, we explored the interaction between Lyz and Bisphenol S (BPS) by multi‐spectroscopic and theoretical approaches. Lyz interacts with BPS through static quenching, where hydrophobic force governed the underlying interaction. Molecular docking results reveal that tryptophan plays a vital role in binding, corroborated well with near UV‐CD studies. A decrease in the radius of gyration (from 1.43 nm to 1.35 nm) of Lyz substantiates the compactness of the protein conformation owing to such an interaction. This structural alteration experienced by Lyz may alter its functional properties as a food preservative. Consequently, this can degrade the quality of the food products and thereby lead to severe health issues.
Effect of octenidine mouthwash on plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial growth: A systematic review
Authors: Grover Vishakha , Mahendra Jaideep , Gopalakrishnan Dharmrajan , Jain Ashish
Published: July 2021

Objective

Octenidine dihydrochloride is an antimicrobial cationic surfactant compound. We conducted a systematic review to determine the efficacy of octenidine‐based mouthwash on plaque formation, gingivitis, and oral microbial growth in subjects with or without periodontal disease.

Materials and Methods

PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. The review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Only randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing octenidine with placebo or other mouthwashes in healthy subjects with or without periodontal disease, were considered for this review. The endpoints included percentage reduction in plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), absolute reduction in the mean number of colony‐forming units (CFU/ml [log10]) and adverse effects (AEs; tooth staining/mucosal tolerance).

Results

Ten randomized controlled and six observational studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Twice or thrice daily rinsing with 0.1% octenidine for 30–60 s produced significant reduction in plaque, gingivitis and oral microbial growth. Compared to control mouthwash or baseline, 0.1% octenidine inhibited plaque formation by ~38.7%–92.9%, which was either equal or greater than that of chlorhexidine gluconate. 0.1% octenidine reduced gingivitis by ~36.4%–68.37% versus control mouthwash or baseline and microbial growth by 0.37–5.3 colony‐forming units (vs. chlorhexidine: 0.4–4.23 colony‐forming units). Additional benefits of 0.1% octenidine were significant reduction in the number of bleeding sites, papilla bleeding index, sulcus bleeding index, and gingival fluid flow.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, there exists moderate evidence that 0.1% OCT was found to be an effective antiplaque agent. Octenidine inhibited plaque formation upto 93% and gingivitis upto 68% versus placebo and was either superior or comparable to chlorhexidine. Octenidine was well‐tolerated and safe and can be an effective alternative to CHX and other contemporary mouthwashes.
Amorphous Fe(OH)3 Passivating CeO2 Nanorods: A Noble‐Metal‐Free Photocatalyst for Water Oxidation
Authors: Feng Ting , Ding Jing , Li Haiyan , Wang Wei , Dong Bohua , Cao Lixin
Published: July 2021

Noble‐metal‐free composites with good photocatalytic property are of great interest. Here, CeO2 nanorods composites loaded with amorphous Fe(OH)3 cocatalyst were designed and prepared via a secondary water bath at 100 °C. The as‐synthesized CeO2/amorphous Fe(OH)3 composites exhibited superior light photocatalytic activities compared to pure CeO2, especially the sample with a loading time of 60 min. The photocatalytic oxygen generation rate could reach to 357.2 μmol h−1 g−1, and the average apparent quantum yield (AQY) was 24.67 %, which was a 5.5‐fold increase compared to the CeO2 sample. The improvement of photocatalytic performance could be ascribed to three main reasons: First, loading the amorphous Fe(OH)3 enlarged the specific surface area and passivated the surface of the pristine CeO2. Second, the amorphous Fe(OH)3,which acted as a cocatalyst, provided many active sites, and reduced the reaction activation energy. Thirdly, the maximum interface with intimate contact between CeO2 and amorphous Fe(OH)3 cocatalyst accelerated the photogenerated charge separation efficiency and thus improved the photocatalytic performance of CeO2 in photocatalytic water oxidation.
Design of novel universal converter for integration of solar and wind energy for AC and DC load
Authors: Kumar Nitish , Tatabhatla Venkata Madhava Ram , Agarwal Anshul
Published: July 2021

Power generation through renewable sources using a multistage power conversion process was plagued with efficiency and reliability issues. It led to the evolvement of a novel universal converter for the simultaneous interfacing of solar and wind energy. Solar energy is extracted using a multiphase boost converter, while a 2n converter with a switch reluctance generator has been used for wind energy extraction. In this paper, a novel universal converter is used to integrate both solar and wind energies, which will reduce multiple stages of the power conversion process. This converter generates an output voltage of the sino‐square waveform, which is a combination of a sinusoidal and square waveform. Enhanced efficiency and competency of this sino‐square waveform in domestic and industrial applications have been validated with a systematic comparison with conventional square waveform. These two waveforms have been compared based on various harmonics generation, total harmonic distortion (THD), and switching losses. The proposed topology has been validated with an experimental setup using a PV emulator for solar energy. Wind energy has been implemented using an induction motor with switch reluctance generator.
Circ_0001667 knockdown blocks cancer progression and attenuates adriamycin resistance by depleting NCOA3 via releasing miR‐4458 in breast cancer
Authors: Cui Yanfei , Fan Jing , Shi Wenbo , Zhou Zuozhi
Published: July 2021

Accumulating evidence suggests that developmental chemoresistance in cancers is closely associated with the dysregulation of circular RNA transcriptions. The objective of this study is to disclose the role of circ_0001667 and provide a potential functional mechanism in breast cancer. Quantitative real‐time PCR was applied for the analysis of circ_0001667, microRNA‐4458 (miR‐4458) and nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCOA3) expression. In adriamycin (ADM)‐resistant cell lines, we investigated cell proliferation using 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and colony formation assay. Cell migration and cell invasion were determined by transwell assay. The protein levels of multi‐drug resistance‐1, matrix metalloproteinases‐9, cleaved‐caspase3, cleaved‐caspase9 and NCOA3 were detected by western blot. ADM resistance was ascertained by IC50 value using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was checked by flow cytometry assay. The putative relationship between miR‐4458 and circ_0001667 and NCOA3 was validated by pull‐down assay, dual‐luciferase reporter assay or RNA Immunoprecipitation assay. Circ_0001667 knockdown inhibited MCF‐7/ADM and MDA‐MB‐231/ADM cell proliferation, migration, invasion and ADM resistance. MiR‐4458 was a target of circ_0001667, and its expression was decreased in ADM‐resistant tumor tissues and cells. MiR‐4458 inhibition reversed the effects of circ_0001667 knockdown. In depth, NCOA3 was a target of circ_0001667, and circ_0001667 knockdown weakened NCOA3 expression by releasing miR‐4458. MCF‐7/ADM and MDA‐MB‐231/ADM cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and ADM resistance inhibited by miR‐4458 restoration were recovered by NCOA3 overexpression. Circ_0001667 knockdown also repressed tumor growth and ADM resistance in vivo. Circ_0001667 knockdown blocks cancer progression and attenuates ADM resistance by depleting NCOA3 via releasing miR‐4458 in breast cancer.
Feasibility and acceptability of home treatment as an add‐on to family based therapy for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. A case series
Authors: Flütsch Nicole , Hilti Nadine , Schräer Christiane , Soumana Mariama , Probst Fabian , Häberling Isabelle , Berger Gregor , Pauli Dagmar
Published: July 2021

Objective

This study examines the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effect sizes on outcome measures of home treatment (HT) as an add‐on to family‐based therapy (FBT) in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). The HT intervention is delivered by specialized nurses and aims at supporting patients and parents to re‐establish family meals in the home environment.

Method

Forty‐five (43 female, 2 male) adolescents meeting ICD 10 criteria for anorexia nervosa or atypical anorexia nervosa received FBT augmented with HT over 12 weeks. Eating disorder (ED) diagnosis, psychopathology and severity of clinical symptoms were assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI‐2) at baseline (BL) and after 3‐months

Results

All participants and parents were retained and found HT acceptable. At the end of Treatment (EOT) participants showed a significant early weight gain, a reduction in the AN psychopathology assessed with the EDE interview and a reduction in EDI‐2 total scores. None of the patients had to be admitted to hospital. Treatment satisfaction was high in both patients and parents.

Discussion

Findings provide preliminary evidence that HT is feasible, acceptable and produces clinically significant improvements in targeted outcome.
Synthesis, LIFDI Mass Spectrometry and Reactivity of Triacyl‐Germenolates
Authors: Drusgala Manfred , Linden Mathias H. , Knoechl Andreas , Torvisco Ana , Fischer Roland C. , Bernhard Linden H. , Haas Michael
Published: July 2021

The synthesis of stable triacylgermenolates 3 a,b was achieved by using a multiple silyl abstraction methodology. The formation of these new germenolates was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and UV‐Vis measurements. Moreover, for the triacylgermenolates 2 and 3 a LIFDI mass spectrometry to characterize these new compounds. Germenolates 3 a,b serve as a starting point for a new triaacylgermane 4 a and two octaacyldigermanes 4 c,d. The formation of these acylgermanes was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, UV‐Vis measurements and mass spectrometry. The UV‐Vis absorption spectra of 4 c,d show considerably increased band intensities due to the presence of eight chromophores.
Silicon‐Bridged Bi‐ and Tridentate Lewis Acidic Host Systems
Authors: Schäfer Fabian , Lamm Jan‐Hendrik , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: July 2021

Connecting multiple organic spacer functions via silicon core units leads to various organosilanes that are excellently suited as backbones for poly‐Lewis acids (PLAs). Using ethynyl spacer groups, rigid bis‐ and tris‐dioxabenzoborole (BCat)‐substituted PLAs were prepared. The fixed orientation of the Lewis acidic functions of the PLAs is reflected in their solid‐state structures. Further flexible PLAs were obtained by hydroboration of vinylsilanes using 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN), which shows the flexibility of the backbone motif. Host‐guest experiments of the bidentate representatives with pyridine demonstrate the ability of both PLA‐types (BCat or 9‐BBN) for complexing neutral guest molecules. The rigid host system shows additionally a 1 : 1 adduct formation using a bridged diamine as guest compound.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyranones with Three Contiguous Stereocenters by an NHC‐Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Axelsson Anton , Westerlund Mathias , Zacharias Savannah C. , Runemark August , Haukka Matti , Sundén Henrik
Published: July 2021

An oxidative NHC‐catalyzed kinetic resolution (KR) of racemic mixtures is presented. The developed reaction furnishes tricyclic dihydropyranones with three contiguous stereocenters in excellent dia‐ and enantioselectivity, with good‐to‐moderate yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the rate‐determining step of the reaction is the formation of the Breslow intermediate, while the selectivity determining step occurs later in the mechanism. The presented methodology enables rapid synthesis of complex structures in a single step.
Metal oxides as electrocatalysts for water splitting: On plasmon‐driven enhanced activity
Authors: Rodrigues Maria P. de Souza , Miguel Vítor M. , Germano Lucas D. , Córdoba de Torresi Susana I.
Published: July 2021

Many technological approaches have been searched in order to overcome the main challenges concerning the world energy crisis and global environmental issues. Among them, plasmon‐driven photoelectrochemical reactions towards water electrolysis attract great attention due to their capacity to efficiently harvest solar energy. Synergism between tunable optical features and catalysts active sites of plasmonic nanomaterials gives rise to a singular perspective for photochemical processes. Through resonant photonic excitation, hot carriers’ motion facilitates the charge transfer process on the catalyst surface for chemical reactions. In this minireview, recent experimental research with emphasis on water splitting reactions have been summarized with the purpose of understanding the mechanistic hot electrons generation and transfer on the plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and transition metal oxides (MOs) heterostructures. Examples of plasmonic nanomaterials are highlighted and compared for both water electrolysis semi reactions. Finally, this work concludes by describing the remaining challenges and gives some perspectives regarding the promising future of plasmon‐driven reactions investigations.
Cathode strategies to improve the performance of zinc‐ion batteries
Authors: He Pingge , Chen Shaowei
Published: July 2021

Zinc‐ion battery (ZIB) has been attracting extensive attention due to its high theoretical capacity, high safety, and low cost. However, the exploration of suitable cathode materials to host Zn ions remains a challenge, owing to the strong electrostatic interactions and large steric hindrance effects between Zn ion and host materials. Great efforts have been devoted to the optimization of the structure and electrochemical property of the cathode materials. In this review article, we summarize recent cathode‐based strategies to address the issues of performance degradation and structural collapse of electrode materials within the context of microstructure design and ion/charge transport mechanism, and include a perspective to highlight the challenges and promises in the exploitation of cathode materials for further enhancement of the performance of ZIBs.
Synthesis, odour characteristics, and antibacterial activity of optically active cognac lactones
Authors: Kaku Satsuki , Hashimoto Masatoshi , Ohtsu Naofumi , Hoshi Masayuki , Ogawa Narihito , Miyakoshi Tetsuo , Masuda Hiroyuki , Yoshiwara Masahiro , Fujii Koya , Shimotori Yasutaka
Published: July 2021

In this study, all stereoisomers of cognac lactone (1) were synthesized with over 99% enantiomeric excess via diastereomeric resolution using N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐l‐proline (N‐Cbz‐l‐proline) as a resolving agent. N‐Cbz‐l‐proline could be applied for the diastereomeric resolution of both syn‐ and anti‐forms and yielded all diastereomers in over 99% diastereomeric excess. The odour properties of racemic and optically active 1 were evaluated for their orthonasal aromas. All the stereoisomers had different odour characteristics and thresholds. In general, the (3S)‐ and (3R)‐forms had fruity and herbal notes, respectively, and (3R,4S)‐1 had the lowest odour threshold at 0.01 ppm. All stereoisomers, except (3R,4S)‐1, showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, (3S,4S)‐1 showed high antibacterial activity against both S aureus and Escherichia coli.
The effect of the social aspect, media dependency, and uncertainty against the formation of Trust toward information in social network sites: A case study of COVID‐19 information in Indonesia
Authors: Handarkho Yonathan Dri , Widyastuti Dhyah Ayu Retno , Harjoseputro Yulius
Published: July 2021

This study developed a comprehensive theoretical model to analyze individual Trust's formation concerning information related to COVID‐19 circulated in Social Network Sites (SNS) in Indonesia. The developed model used Social Impact, Uncertainty, and SNS Dependency theories. This study narrows the concept of Trust, which refers to how much individuals judge and consider the COVID‐19 information received in SNS as reliable and trustworthy. Data collected from 390 Indonesian respondents were used to analyze the proposed model via SEM analysis techniques. The findings indicated that SNS dependency had the most substantial immediate impact on Trust. Meanwhile, the result from a social impact perspective explicitly showed the various forms through which other people influence individuals' Trust in COVID‐19 information circulated in SNS. Uncertainty was also found to indirectly affect and moderate the direct impact of SNS dependency on Trust. However, this comprehensive observation has not been discussed thoroughly from a social perspective by prior studies and can contribute to future research. The indirect and moderating effects were additional contributions of this study that had not been profoundly utilized by previous related research.