bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IV. On the Genus Pygocephalus (Huxley), A Primitive Schizopod Crustacean, from the Coal-Meascbes
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Pygocephalus Cooperi was first described by Professor Huxley from the Coal-measures of Paisley in 1857 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xiii, pp. 363–369, pi. xiii), and a second specimen by the same author in 1862 (op. cit., vol. xviii, pp. 420–422, text-figure). Some additional specimens came into my hands for exami-nation, and were communicated to the Glasgow Geological Society, in 1866 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, pp. 234–247, pi. iii, figs. 1–3). In that paper I described a second species, which I named Pygocephalus Huxleyi (text-figure, p. 244, op. cit.). The specimens referred to above were obtained from the Coal-measures of Paisley, from Kilmaurs, and from near ilanchester. Since then the late Mr. Henry Johnson, F.G.S., formerly of Dudley, obtained

many examples of Pi/gocephalus from the Clay-ironstone nodules of Coal-measure age at Coseley, near Dudley, now in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History Branch), Cromwell Itond, S.VV. These specimens are preserved in great perfection, and I had fully intended to figure them some years ago, but the pressure of other work caused them to be set aside for a time. Last year I received an example of Pygocephalm from Mr. Walter Baldwin, P.G.S., obtained from the Clay-ironstone of the Middle Coal-measures at Sparth. Rochdale (for description see Fig. 1, p. 405). I have also received through Mr. H. A. Allen, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey Museum, Jermyn Street, by the kindness of their owner, Mr. Herbert Hughes, Assoc. E.S.M., F.G.S., of Horseley House, Volverhampton Street, Dudley, four most interesting specimens of Pygocepkalus collected by him, two of which prove to be females, a point of extreme interest not heretofore observed.
V.—On an African Occurrence of Fossil Mammalia Associated with stone Implements
Authors: Mennell F. P. , Chubb E. C.
Published: May 2009

Stone implements have long been known to occur in South Africa, but nearly all the recorded discoveries have, until quite recently, been made at the Cape. Indeed, it is only lately that the subject has attracted much attention, and that the circumstances of their occurrence have been at all fully investigated. Even now there is little precise information on the point, and yet it is essential to the solution of the problems they present. For, as one of us has previously pointed out, in attempting to ascribe to their proper source the stone implements found in South Africa, we are confronted with difficulties that are unknown in Europe. Not only has the country been inhabited down to the present day by tribes like the ‘Bushmen’ unacquainted with the working of metals, and whose origin probably long antedates the earliest Egyptian civilisation, but we find stone still employed by the Bantu for certain purposes, and in Rhodesia the question is still further complicated by the existence of numerous ruins built by an unknown race possessing a considerable degree of barbaric culture, but still employing primitive types of stone implements. Geological evidence is therefore more than usually necessary, but, when there is any, it is frequently very ambiguous owing to the characters of the superficial deposits. More often than not it is altogether lacking, the great majority of the implements found having been picked up on the surface. Colonel Feilden some time ago pointed out the probability of certain of the Zambezi implements being of vast antiquity, and one of us had already formed a similar opinion in the course of a brief visit to the Victoria Falls.
III.—Inclusions in Some Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Allan Thomson J.
Published: May 2009

My attention was first drawn to this subject by the study of a remarkable crystal breccia, occurring at Kakanui, New Zealand, of which a description is given below. The only similar phenomena I could read of in the Colonial libraries at my disposal were those of the diamond pipes at Kimberley, described by Professors Carvill-Lewis, T. G. Bonney, and Miss Kaisin in this Magazine.2 Having since had the opportunity, thanks to the hospitality of Professor Lacroix, of studying in his laboratory at Paris, I found that the proper discussion of this subject comes under the study of the inclusions of volcanic rocks, of which he has given so admirable an account in his book “Les Enclaves des Roches volcaniques.”3 At his recommendation I collected some inclusions from the well-known dolerite of Portrush, and studied them under his guidance. The present paper consists of a discussion of rocks from these two localities, with descriptive notes on a few other inclusions that I have in my collection.

Two things stand out clearly from a cursoiy examination of this book, the frequency, almost the universality, of inclusions in igneous rocks, and the importance of the aid which they afford to the student of volcanic phenomena. Under these circumstances, it is remarkable how long this branch of study has escaped attention from. British geologists. Lacroix's useful nomenclature has not been adopted in our literature, although Phillips, Teall, Sollas, Harker, Judd,1 and others have paid considerable attention to some varieties of inclusion, and Harker has established a slightly different classificationof these phenomena.
The Base of the Silurian Near Haverfordwest
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

On several previous occasions the author has described in the pages of the Geological Magazine certain fossils from so-called “Slade Beds” from the roadside near St. Martin's Cemetery, Haverfordwest. A large collection of fossils has been made by Mr. V. M. Turnbull from this particular locality during the last few years and presented to the Sedgwick Museum. From a prolonged study of this material and comparison with the typical fauna of the Slade Beds as described by Messrs. Marr & Roberts, the conclusion has been forced upon me that we have here to deal with a higher palæontological horizon than the true Upper Bala of this district, and that there is much more reason for putting it in the Silurian than for keeping it in the Ordovician. The stratigraphical evidence which has subsequently become available is in support of this view. A list of the fossils from this bed may be useful at the present moment, particularly as the Sedgwick Museum possesses by far the most extensive series which has been collected from it (see opposite page, 537).

The rock in which they occur is a greenish-grey, fine-grained, argillaceous mudstone with occasionally minute specks of mica and a little arenaceous material, but usually of a very uniform smooth texture. It breaks in an irregular, often subconchoidal manner, and is devoid of any regular or weil-marked planes of division. Exposed surfaces and the fossils themselves are generally more or less iron-stained. In appearance and general characters it is difficult or impossible to distinguish the rock from the higher beds of the Slade Series, but the fauna is completely different.
V.—The Upper Keuper Sandstones of East Nottinghamshire
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

The Keuper rocks of East Nottinghamshire occupy almost the whole of that part of the county, striking slightly E. of N. and W. of S., and dipping at a very low angle in an easterly direction.
VII.—The British Earthquakes of the Years 1908 and 1909
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

Since the Swansea earthquake of June 27, 1906, no strong shock has visited these islands, and, with one exception, all those felt in the years 1908 and 1909 were comparatively slight tremors. The list includes 36 earthquakes, all of them originating in Scotland. The most important were the Dunoon earthquake of July 3, 1908, and the Ochil earthquake of October 20, 1908, the latter being the strongest shock felt in that district during the present century. The remaining tremors occurred in the Ochil district, and the great majority of them would have remained entirely unknown to seismologists had it not been for the interest taken in them by Mr. W. H. Lindsay and Mr. T. J. H Drysdale of Menstrie, Mr. J. Dempster of Airthrey, and Dr. W. L. Cunningham of Alva. To the courtesy of these gentlemen I am indebted for the principal materials of this paper.
I.—The Augen Gneiss and Moine Sediments of Ross-shire
Authors: Clough C. T. , Crampton C. B. , Flett J. S.
Published: May 2009

In the centre of Ross-shire, to the west and north-west of Ben Wyvis, there are large intrusive masses of granite gneiss lying in the midst of the sedimentary Moine schists. They have a N.N.E. strike and extend over a tract of country about 20 miles in length, from Loch Luichart, near Garve Station (Dingwall and Skye line), to Carn Bhren, within 3½ miles of Ardgay Station (Inverness and Wick line). A coarse augen gneiss with large elliptical eyes of pink orthoclase or perthite, sometimes 2 inches long, is the principal rock, but a finer-grained granite gneiss also occupies considerable areas, especially in the region of Carn Chuinneag (see Map, Fig. 1). Boulders of the augen gneiss have been widely distributed by ice, and are common on the shores of the Moray Firth, etc. For that reason the “Inchbae augen gneiss” has long been familiar to geologists, though little was known about the parent mass, except that gneisses of this type were exposed on the high road between Garve and Ullapool, particularly in the lower part of Strath Rannoch.
VI.—The Development of Uralite and other Secondary Amphiboles: a brief History of Research in that subject
Authors: Wilmore Albert
Published: May 2009

In the year 1831 the famous mineralogist and chemist, Gustav Rose, described a mineral which he had observed in his travels in the Urals the previous year. He pointed out that he had found in the greenstones of the Urals crystals with the cleavages and the prism angle of hornblende, but with the external form of augite. The porphyritic crystals of these greenstones are sometimes hornblende, sometimes augite.
III.—The Present Aspects of Glacial Geology
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Since I joined this Society I have devoted special attention to Glacial Geology, commencing with an investigation of the Pleistocene deposits in the neighbourhood of Liverpool, and gradually extending my observations to adjacent areas, and finally generally to England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. I have therefore thought that the “Present Aspects of Glacial Geology” would form a fitting subject for my closing Presidential Address.
V.—On some supposed Pholas-borings from the Shores of Birket el Qurûn, the ancient Lake Moeris, of the Fayûm, Egypt
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In a review of Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell's important Memoir on the Topography and Geology of the Fayûm Province of Egypt, published by the Egyptian Geological Survey in 1905, I briefly referred in passing to some “curious blocks of sandstone, pierced by numerous borings”, described by the author, and I added, “they appear to be the exact replica of specimens brought home from Lake Tanganyika by Mr. J. E. S. Moore” (p. 519).
III.—The Residual Earths of British Guiana commonly termed ‘Laterite’
Authors: Harrison J. B. , Reid K. D.
Published: May 2009

On pages 20–2 and 99–105 of the Geology of the Gold Fields of British Guiana I gave a condensed account of the residual earths derived from the gradual decomposition of igneous rocks in situ which characterize wide areas ia British Guiana as well as in the neighbouring countries of Venezuela, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, and Brazilian Guiana. This deposit forms in many places a widespread very thick blanket-like coating to the igneous rocks from which it is derived, and owing in many places to its striking resemblance in general properties to the typical Indian formation described by Buchanan in 1807 it has been alluded to by many authors and by numerous mining engineers as ‘laterite’. I gave on p. 101 two analyses of lateritic deposits which I selected from many I had made as showing the general composition of the earths. Unfortunately I omitted to show in them separately, as I had done in the original analyses, the proportions of silica present as quartz and of that present in a combined state. If I had done this it would have been seen that the earths contained but little combined silica and a relatively high proportion of alumina presumably present in the state of hydrate. For instance, in the Tumatumari sample which I collected myself from a deep cutting in the laterite lying on the diabase of the Tumatumari cataracts a few feet only above the surface of the unaltered rock, out of 51·76 per cent. of silica 49·35 is in the form of quartz, leaving 2·41 per cent. in the combined state in the presence of 24·55 per cent. of alumina.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Zoarium always unilaminate, nearly always adherent.

Zoœcia broad, length ·65–·8 mm., breadth ·45–·55 mm., aperture primarily semicircular but tending to quadrangular by thickening of the upper lip, and with a semicircular collar, the two ends of which are expanded into large perforated spine bases: the arched front wall springs from the inside of the side walls and is pierced along its edge by a row of large pores, and at a short distance inside this row by a row of smaller pores in fairly close correspondence with the outer row; the centre of the front wall is pierced by a very variable number of fine pores, which sometimes give clear indications of a third row corresponding to the two outer ones; the zoœcia always have common side walls of considerable width; in immature stages (Fig. 1) the front walls rise high above the side walls, and small beak-shaped avicularia are scattered irregularly between them; in a further stage of development (Fig. 2) the side walls are greatly thickened and raised above the front walls, absorbing the avicularia, and the perforated spine bases at the corners of the aperture grow inwards until they meet, and are fused into a stout bar across the aperture, so qualifying the species for admission to the Steginoporidæ; in the stage of maximum development (Fig. 3) the bar develops a stout denticle in the middle of the lower edge.
VIII.—Note on the Discovery by Professor C. de la Torre of Fossil Mammals in Cuba
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

At the recent meeting of the International Geological Congress in Stockholm, Professor C. de la Torre, of the University of Havana, made the announcement of a discovery of fossil mammals of Pleistocene age, in cavern deposits of Central Cuba. Hitherto the known fossil Vertebrates were few. Mr. T. W. Vaughan, in America, had published a long paper discrediting those previously reported, but before that time the late Professor E. D. Cope (America's great Vertebrate Palæontologist) had passed over the doubtful forms, and accepted especially one species of Edentate, supposing that other forms were buried and submerged during the subsequent depressions of the land.
I.—The Relation between the Foliated and non-Foliated Rocks of Southern Nigeria, West Coast, Africa
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

A contribution by Messrs. Horwood & Wade to the Geological Magazine for November, 1909, calls attention (p. 505) to certain papers by me on the relation between the gneisses and schists and the later granites of Southern Nigeria.
III.—The Great Oolite Section at Groves' Quarry, Milton-under-Wychwood, Oxfordshire
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

On the occasion of a recent visit to the quarry in the Great Oolite at Milton-under-Wychwood, which has become known amongst geologists as —Groves' Quarry, Milton”, Mr. E. T. Paris, F.C.S., and I were disappointed to find that no quarrying operations were in progress and that apparently they had ceased for good.
III.—Glaciation and Physiography in the North-East of Anglesey
Authors: Greenly Edward
Published: May 2009

The general direction of glaciation in the north-east of Anglesey is from about N.N.E. to S.S.W., with local variations of a few degrees on either side. These are but of minor importance, the general trend being remarkably steady, so much so as even to indicate before-hand the existence and approximate position of unknown occurrences of certain rocks by thin trains of boulders.
II.—Notes on the Drift and Underlying Deposits at Newquay, Cornwall
Authors: Woodward B. B.
Published: May 2009

In the Summer of 1900 the present writer on a visit to Newquay casually observed a deposit containing land shells near the Lifeboat House by Towan Head. The description of the little section was included in a joint paper by Mr. A. S. Kennard and himself on the “Post-Pliocene Non-marine Mollusca of the South of England” and fortunately assigned in error to the Pleistocene period.
III.—The Sudbury Nickel-Ores
Authors: Coleman A. P.
Published: May 2009

In Professor Gregory's interesting presidential address contained in your journal for October, there is a reference to the origin of the Sudbury ores, in which he expresses the opinion that they were deposited from solution long after the first consolidation of the rocks with which they are associated. As the Sudbury ore deposits are perhaps the best examples in the world of the magmatic segregation of sulphide ores it seems a pity that the weight of Professor Gregory's authority should be given against the correct view. Probably he has not read the reports on the region by Dr. Barlow and myself in which incontrovertible proof of the magmatic origin of these ores has recently been given. In the report prepared by myself it is shown that all the ore bodies are found at the lower edge of a laccolithic sheet of norite, blending upwards into micropegmatite, or on dike-like projections from this sheet. The laccolithic sheet is 37 miles long, 17 miles wide, and has dozens of ore bodies connected with its basic edge. The adjoining rock may be granite, gneiss, green schists, graywacke, etc., without affecting in any way the monotonous character of the ore. The ore bodies may contain fragments of the adjoining rocks and sometimes also of the norite, for some crushing and faulting has taken place; but everywhere the solid ore passes into pyrrhotitenorite, and then into norite spotted with blebs of ore. The sulphides have sharp boundaries against the adjoining rocks, but blend into the norite.
III.—Note on Two Sections in the Lower Keuper Sandstone of Guy's Cliff, Warwick
Authors: Huene Friedrich Baron
Published: May 2009

In October, 1907, the Rev. J. Magens Mello, F.G.S., kindly took me to the Lower Keuper section on the bank of the Avon at Guy's Cliff, near Warwick. These sections are very instructive in a special sense.
V.—Windings of Rivers
Authors: Ellis T. S.
Published: May 2009

The course of rivers cannot be properly understood if regarded as objects complete in themselves. In reality, a river is only a part of a system of channels serving to drain the whole of the area over which it extends, the breadth as well as the length. Of this system the tributaries are an essential part. So, too, valleys and combes which still exist but no longer serve for streams, and others altogether effaced, have, in former times, been included in the system. I hold to my belief, recorded nearly twenty-six years ago, that only by taking into account the influence of tributary streams can river-windings be explained, and that the subject is important as “bearing on the formation of warths and the maintenance of navigation, channels.”
I.—A large Labyrinthodont Tooth from the Upper Karroo Beds of Wonderboom, near Burghersdorp
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

This vomerine tooth was found by Dr. D. R. Kannemeyer when resident at Burghersdorp. It is the only evidence of the dentition of the animal known, and is interesting as being of much larger size than any Labyrinthodont teeth hitherto found in South Africa, though smaller than the large teeth of Mastodonsaurus giganteus from the Keuper of Würtemburg. Its presumed position on the palate is based upon the anchylosis of the tooth with a bone which shows a flat oblique suture at the base of the crown. This sutural surface is usual on vomerine teeth, and indicates that the tooth was directed downward, outward, and a little backward.
II.—On some Recent Wells in Dorset
Authors: Hudleston W. H.
Published: May 2009

For some years past the troops encamped at Bovington had to be content with such water as was supplied by a well a few hundred yards to the S.S.E. of the recently excavated borehole. The following particulars have been gathered respecting this well, but I cannot guarantee that in all respects they are strictly accurate. It was sunk in the Bagshot Beds about 1899, and is said to be 87 feet deep; the water-level stands at 82 feet from the surface, and the yield is 360 gallons per hour. The same Bagshot water-level was struck in the borehole. On comparing these two water-levels it is found that the one in the borehole stands at 85 feet above Ordnance Datum, whilst that in the well stands at 73 feet above O.D. This difference of 12 feet in a horizontal distance of 450 feet amounts to 1 in 37·5, showing a dip in the Bagshot Beds of 1½° to the S.S.E. This may not exactly represent the direction of maximum dip, but there are good reasons for believing that the line of maximum dip of the Bagshots hereabouts is not far from S.S.E.
IV.—Sedgwick Museum Notes
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Amongst the foreign Jurassic fossils in the Sedgwick Museum, acquired or presented many years ago and but rarely referred to, some specimens labelled “Himalayan Lias” recently came under my notice. They were marked as having been presented by Mr. J. Leckenby in 1872, and had been carefully kept together with the old label, giving the locality and history. Some of them had at some subsequent date been mounted and identified with well - known European Liassic species.
III.—An Inquiry into the Origin of “Batrachioides the Antiquor” of the Lockport Dolomite of New York
Authors: Kindle E. M.
Published: May 2009

The physical history of sedimentary rocks is written in charácters which sometimes baffle the skill of geologists to interpret. This may be because geologists are prone to devote too little time to the study of rocks in the making, and too much to the finished products of sedimentation. It is well to remember that the most unpromising pool or bit of lake shore may hold the key to the most perplexing of these hieroglyphics.

A brief review of the history of the various attempts to explain certain curious impressions found on the Niagara dolomites of Western New York will illustrate the need of closer observation and study of some of the phenomena of our ponds and lakes resulting from the interaction of wind and water.
V.—The Tygerberg Recumbent Fold
Authors: Sandberg C.
Published: May 2009

After a prolonged and very careful study of the region on the spot as well as from existing literature, I summarised my observations and conclusions, in 1906, in a paper on the interesting and peculiar formation of the Tygerberg range in the Cape Colony.
VI.—A Note on some new Chalk Crinoids
Authors: Douglas J. A.
Published: May 2009

The following is a brief account of some minute Crinoid calyces, which appear to have been hitherto undescribed, sent me by Dr. Arthur Rowe, who obtained them from the Micraster cortestudinarium zone of the Upper Chalk.
IV.—Formation of a Laterite from a practically Quartz-free Diabase
Authors: Harrison J. B.
Published: May 2009

The chemical evidence with relation to the formation of a laterite from a diabase was given in a paper in the March number of the GeologicalMagazine, pp. 120–3. Since that account was written I have made microscopical examinations of the materials therein described.
II.—On the Occurrence of a New Form of Discinocaris in the Graptolitic Beds of the “Colonie Haidinger” in Bohemia
Authors: Novák Ottamar
Published: May 2009

In the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi. 1880, p. 617, Mr. John B. Marr mentions having examined three specimens of a Phyllopodiform Crustacean discovered by Mr. Martin Dusl in the strata of “Colonie Haidinger,” situated not far from the village of Gross-chuchle, south of Prague.

The specimens were then identified with Discinocaris Browniana, H. Woodw., figured and described in the same Journal, vol. xxii. 1866, p. 503, pi. 25, figs. 4, 5, and 7. They are also mentioned by Dr. H. Woodward and Prof. T. Eupert Jones in the Third Eeport of the Committee on the Fossil Pliyllopoda of the Palaeozoic Eocks, 1885, p. 2, under Mr. Marr's specific determination.
IV.—Drift Coal in Sandstone
Authors: Bulman G. W.
Published: May 2009

The most exclusive advocates of the hypothesis of the terrestrial origin of Coal admit that those small irregular patches, veins, and nests of the same occurring in beds of sandstone are formed of drift vegetation. And admitting this, it is difficult to draw the line until we have ascribed a similar origin to certain definite coal seams of considerable extent. Granting this much, however, is obviously a different thing from the belief that all coal seams are to be ascribed to drift vegetation; and while the following remarks are intended to show what a strong argument such drift coal in sandstone furnishes for the probable drift origin of certain coals, there is no intention of ascribing such an origin to coal in general.
VI.—The Age of the Himalayas
Authors: Blanford W. T.
Published: May 2009

When a case is hopeless, there are two recognized ways of ignoring the fact, and yet of appearing to reply to an adversary. One is the legal device commonly known as“ abusing the plaintiff's attorney,‘ the other is the equally familiar method of replying to something that the opposite party did not say. The latter has been preferred by my friend Mr. Howorth in his paper on “The Absence of Glacial Phenomena in large parts of Western Asia and Eastern Europe,” published in the February Number of the Geological Magazine, pp. 54–64, as the following instances will show.
VI.—Saturation of Minerals
Authors: Scott Alexander
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper Professor Shand put forward a pleafor the more careful consideration, in rock classification, of the saturated or unsaturated state of the constitnent minerals. The criterion of saturation which is assumed is the capability of co-existence with some form of free silica, as shown by the “observed facts of distribution”. By means of this criterion, the rock-forming minerals are divided into two groups—the saturated minerals and the unsaturated ones. The former group includes the felspars, amphiboles,pyroxenes, micas, and most of the so-called accessory minerals, as well as those of pneumatolytic origin; while the latter group comprises the felspathoids, olivine, the spinels, corundum, and the garnets (except spessartite, which is put into the first class). Rocks are divided into three classes, according as they are made up wholly of saturated minerals, partly of saturated and partly of unsaturated ones, or wholly of unsaturated ones.
III.—On a Femur of Reptilian Type from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: May 2009

Whilst looking over the private collection of fossil fishes made by the late Dr. R. H. Traquair, I found a small tetrapod femur. This bore no label of any kind, but was included in a series of remains of Dipnoi from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. The texture of the bone is not unlike that of Ctenodus, and was no doubt the reason of its place in the collection.

The very small piece of matrix which is preserved is identical with that of some of the fish from the No. 2 Ironstone, Loanhead, and differs from any other fish-bearing matrix that I know in Britain. [Any one with experience of Carboniferous fishes will recognize that it is usually fairly easy to identify the important localities (the Loanhead ironstones, the various Staffordshire ironstones, etc.) by inspection of the matrix.] Despite the fact that it was not localized, I think that the probability of its being from the Loanhead ironstones is sufficient to justify a description.
IV.—Notes on the Genus Trinucleus. —Part III
Authors: Cowper Beed F. E.
Published: May 2009

The characters of the lateral furrows of the glabella and of the pits which occur in the axial furrows of the head-shield have not had sufficient attention paid to them, and a comparative study of their development in various British species reveals some interesting and important features.

It has heen commonly assumed that lateral furrows are absent in some species, and at any rate the omission of any notice of their occurrence in certain cases is difficult to understand. Frequently, moreover, it has been stated that only two pairs are present, even in those species in which the presence of any lateral furrows has been recognized. The nature of the so-called stalk or neck of the glabella has been also generally misunderstood. Mccoy's division of the genus Trinucleus into two genera, Trinucleus, sens, restr., and Tretaspis, was largely based on the presence or absence of this stalk and of lateral furrows; for he says the furrows at the base of the glabella distinguish Tretaspis from Trinucleus, the latter being stated to be without lateral furrows, though the presence of the ‘eye-line’ on the cheek was chosen as the primary distinctive feature of the former. Nicholson and Etheridge, while rejecting Tretaspis as a sub-generic division, mention an additional third pair of furrows at the sides of the anterior swollen portion of the glabella in Trinucleus Bucklandi, though they do not seem to regard them as segmental furrows.
V.—The zone of Offaster Pilula in the South English Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1911 Mr. Griffith and I proposed to recognize in Hants three divisions of the Chalk intervening between the zones of Marsupites testudinarius and Belemnitella mucronata, and then known as the zone of Actinocamax quadratus. These divisions we were not jointly prepared to treat as more than subzonal. In the year 1912 I defined the lower and middle divisions very closely and described them in detail, and demonstrated that the upper boundary of the middle division was a strongly marked break. This break I regarded as of zonal importance, and I therefore separated the lower and middle divisions from the upper as subzonal divisions of a new zone of Offaster pilula. I was also able to say that the features of the new zone in Hants were exactly reproduced in the Sussex cliffs and to cite as presumptive evidence that it was equally recognizable in Wiltshire a statement by Dr. Blackmore that the divisions proposed in 1911 held good round Salisbury. The object of this paper is to trace the new zone in detail in the more accessible cliff sections of the old zone of A. quadratus in the South of England.
II.—On the Jurassic Fossil Fungus, Phycomycites Frodinghamil (Ellis)
Authors: Ellis David
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper the writer described structures which he had found in the Frodingham Ironstone of Lincolnshire. The claim that these structures are fossil fungi is one of more than usual interest, for fossil fungi have not hitherto been recorded from the Jurassic rocks, and, further, the decomposition established by this fungus must have been carried out under marine conditions. Since the publication of this paper criticisms as to the conclusions contained in it have not been wanting, and it is proposed in the present paper to deal with these criticisms and further to furnish a few additional data to supplement those that have already been given.
II.—Note on a New Species of Onychodus from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Forfar
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence in the Ledbury “Passage-beds” of a united series of teeth referable to the American type of fossil fishes named by Prof. Newberry Onychodus, was made known by Mr. A. Smith Woodward in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for November, 1888; and in the British Museum Catalogue in 1891. Since then I have met with another example of the genus among the stores of the Geological Survey, which, as it seems to be quite distinct from the Herefordshire species, and is from a distant locality, deserves to be placed on record.
III.—Some New Forms of Hyaline Forajiinifera from the Gault
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

In the course of investigations amongst the Microzoa from the Gault of Copt Point, Folkestone, some Forarainifera came under my notice, which are hyaline representatives of the usually arenaceous type Webbina. These forms are remarkably similar in external appearance to those of the arenaceous group, but microscopical examination of the test under a high power reveals the finely tubulated structure characteristic of the hyaline type.
VII.—The True Horizon of the Mammoth
Authors: Stirrup Mark
Published: May 2009

In the abstract of the proceedings of the meeting, on November 8th, of the Geological Society of London, I notice that on the reading of Dr. G. M. Dawsou's “Notes on the occurrence of Mammoth-remainsinNorth-West America” the author cites the presence of Mammoth bones in a layer of clay resting on the “ground-ice” formation of the northern coast of Alaska and other areas.

I drew attention to this position of the Mammoth bones above the solid ice bothinNorth Siberia and Alaska, as proved by several explorers,inmy paper on “The True Horizon of the Mammoth” (GEOL. MAG., NO. 345, p. 107, March, 1893),inwhich I claimed for the Mammoth an existence long after the period assigned for its extinction by Sir Henry H. Howorth.

I see that Sir Henry, in the discussion of the paper, very naturally disagreed with the conclusion of Dr. Dawson as to the age of what is called by American geologists the “ground-ice” formation, and was of opinion “that this ice has accumulated since the beds were laid down in which the Mammoth-remains occur, and that the ice was not there when the Mammoth roamed about in the forests where he and his companions lived.”

Furthermore, he is reported to have said that “humus and soil cannot accumulate upon ice, except as a moraine,” both of which statements are controverted by the explorations of recent and competent observers who have examined these regions.
II.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reynolds Sidney H.
Published: May 2009

I undertook this description of certain fossils from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks ofYorkshire at the request of Mr. Marr. The late Mr. Thomas Roberts had begun the piece of work, but left it unfinished. Nearly all the fossils referred to were collected by a party of Cambridge geologists, under the guidance of Prof. Hughes, in the Summer of 1889. The fossils come from two horizons, viz.:—

1. The Phacops elegans zone≍Stockdale Shale series (Valentian) of Wharfe.

2. The Bala beds≍:Coniston Limestone series of Norber Brow and Wharfe.
IV.—Further Remarks on the Tertiary (Eocene) Insects from the Isle of Wight, and on Others from the Lias and Coal-Measures
Authors: Brodie P.B.
Published: May 2009

I wish to make some corrections and additions to my recent paper on the Tertiary insects from Gurnet Bay, and to mention others from older formations. I have recently had an unexpected and gratifying visit from my friend Mr.Scudder, the eminent American palæ-eutomologist, and if I had been aware sooner of his coming to England I should have deferred my notice of some of our British Tertiary Arthropoda until he had examined the large and varied seriesinmy Collection.
V.—Coedierite in the Lake District
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the February Number of this Magazine, Mr. Hatchings announces that he has identified as Cordierite the mineral which constitutes the conspicuous “spots” in the metamorphosed slates of Wasdale Beck near the Shap Granite.inthis connection, it may be of interest to record another occurrence of the same mineral, discovered by Mr. Marr and myself a year or two ago. It is in the metamorphosed Skiddaw Slates of the Caldew Valley in Cumberland, the locality of our specimens being south-west of the farm of Swineside. The cordierite occurs there in crystals of quite irregular shape, charged with various inclusions, original and secondary, and stained with limonite.
II.—Note on Some Appendages of the Trilobites
Authors: Walcott Chas D.
Published: May 2009

The results of Mr. W. S. Valiant's long search for the appendages of Trilobites have recently been made known by Mr. W. B. Matthew, who described the material sold to the Columbia College of New York by Mr. Valiant. Mr. Valiant informs me that he discovered traces of what he considered to be antennæ, and that for several years he continued collecting until he found a locality where the specimens were well preserved and showed, not only the antennæ, but legs and what he supposed to be the swimming appendages.
V.—The Most Recent Changes of Level and their Teaching. Part I. The Raised Beaches
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

There are signs accumulating everywhere that the views so logically pressed to their conclusion by Hutton and Playfair, and by a great catena of geologists, since the appearance of the first edition of Lyell's “Principles of Geology,” have received a certain check; and no one can read the works of the great Continental geologists without seeing that there is a tendency to reconsider the position, and to hark back to the views of another school of teachers.
V.—The “Irish Elk,” Cervus giganteus, in the Isle of Man
Authors: Kermode P. M. C.
Published: May 2009

In September last the Committee appointed by the British Association to “examine the conditions under which remains of the Irish Elk were found in the Isle of Man” commenced excavating at Close-y-garey, near Poortown ; but owing to the unusual amount of water, considerable labour and expense were incurred in the preliminary work of draining, and by the 25th September the grant was exhausted.
III.—The Origin of the Vale of Marshwood in West Dorset
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The great sheet of Chalk which, with the subjacent Greensand and Gault, stretches through so large a part of Southern England and underlies the whole of the Hampshire Basin, terminates abruptly in West Dorset. There is no doubt that the Upper Cretaceous rocks once spread continuously over the Jurassic hills east of Bridport and across the Vale of Marshwood, and were united to the corresponding beds in East Devon, where the Chalk and Greensand are so conspicuous in the cliffs near Beer Head.
I.—Professor J. W. Spencer on Changes of Level in Mexico
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

Through the courtesy of Professor J. W. Spencer, I haveX received an early copy of his paper on the “ Great Changes ofLevelinMexico and the Interoceanic Connections,“' containing theobservations and conclusions derived from a visit paid to this regionin 1895, with the special object of determining on the spot whetherthe suggestion that the drainage of what is now the Gulf of Mexicoformerly crossed the Tehuantepec Isthmus into the Pacific.
II.—The Surface Geology of the North of Europe, as illustrated by the Åsar or Åsar of Scandinavia and Finland
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper I ventured to emphasize the opinion, now verygenerally held, that, whether by a gradual process or spasmodically, the Northern and Central parts of Scandinavia, have beenrising from the sea-level since Tertiary times, and that, so far as weknow, this rise has not been interrupted by intervals when themovement has been one of depression.
II.—Notes on the Affinities of the Genera of the Cheiruridæ
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

In a former number of this Magazine the evolution of the subgenera of the single genus Cheirurus has been discussed, andit is now proposed to examine the mutual relations of the other genera of the Cheiruridæ. Some diversity of opinion has existed as to the genera which may be grouped together to form this family.
II.—The Scandinavian Ice-Sheet and the Baltic Glacier: a Sceptical Commentary
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

If the paper on the recent geology of Sweden which has already appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE is sound in argument (and I have not met anyone yet who has answered it), it follows that the views ordinarily current in regard to the glacial geology of Northern Europe will have to be greatly modified. Scandinavia is confessedly the great focus and centre of the phenomena which have been interpreted as glacial.
IV.—On a Section in the Westleton Beds at Ayot Brickfield
Authors: Monckton Horace W.
Published: May 2009

On May 14th, 1898, a party of the Geologists' Association visited Ayot under the direction of Messrs. John Hopkinson, F.G.S., and A. E. Salter, B.Sc, F.G.S. An account of the excursion will be found in the Proceedings of the Association, vol. xv, p. 308, and I think the following additional note of one of the sections visited will be of interest.
III.—Observations on some British Cretaceous Madreporaria, with the Description of two New Species
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

On the 24th of June, 1885, a paper by me, entitled “Observations on some imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Cretaceous Formation of England,” was read at a meeting of the Geological Society which, encountering an adverse report from the referee, was with the consent of the Council, withdrawn by me, and published verbatim in the Geological Magazine of the same year (Dec. III, Vol. II, pp. 541–563, PI. XIV), 1885. The present communication is a continuation as well as a correction of the former one, which has become necessary from the acquisition of additional material.
IV.—Glaciated Valleys in the Faroes
Authors: Lomas Joseph
Published: May 2009

The interesting paper by Mr. Harker in the GeologicalMagazine of May, 1899, on “Glaciated Valleys in Skye,” recalls to my mind many similar observations I made in the Faroes in the Summer of 1894. Not only are the valleys excavated out of homogeneous rocks, but the Faroes, like the Cuillins, had a glaciation of their own. It may be advisable, then, to call attention to some points which resemble those referred to by Mr. Harker, as well as others which are not seen in Skye.
V.—Some Rodents from the Middle Miocene Lacustrine Deposits of Oeningen, Southern Germany
Authors: Major C. I. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History) are preserved a certain number of slabs from Oeningen, exhibiting skeletons of Rodents. Partly owing to unskilful developing, partly to the absence of the counterpart-slab, several of them are in such a crushed and otherwise imperfect condition, that in some cases not even the genus could be made out with certainty; which is equivalent to saying that their interest is little beyond that of mere curiosities. On closer examination it appeared to me that in some instances the case was not quite so hopeless, and that by carefully developing the more important parts still concealed by the matrix, a more satisfactory state of things might be obtained. The following pages are an account of the result arrived at.
II.—Contributions to Fossil Crustacea
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The following notes are devoted to a small series of Crustacea, not directly related to one another, but which have been awaiting a favourable moment for description.
III.—Note on a nearly complete Skeleton of Dinornis Maximus.
Authors: Andrews Chas. W.
Published: May 2009

An exceedingly well-preserved and nearly complete skeleton of the largest species of Dinornis, D. maximus, has recently been mounted and exhibited in the Palæontological Galleries of the British Museum (Natural History). The finding of this fine specimen has been described by its fortunate discoverer, Mr. C. A. Ewen, and to his paper a brief account of the remains themselves was added by Captain Hutton. It appears that the bones were found on shifting
IV.—The Silurian and Ordovician Rocks exposed on the Shore near Balbriggan County Dublin
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving
Published: May 2009

Balbriggan is a village in County Dublin, some nineteen miles north of Dublin, and along the coast in its neighbourhood Ordovician and Silurian rocks are exposed for a distance of about five miles. These are described in the Irish Survey Memoirs, but from a recent investigation of the locality it seems desirable to give a fresh account of its geology.
II.—The Graptolite-bearing Rocks of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Hall T. S.
Published: May 2009

The area occupied by Lower Palæozoic rocks in Victoria is an extensive one, and is pretty equally divided between Ordovician and Silurian, the part occupied by Cambrian being small. According to Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, formerly Director of the Geological Survey of the Colony, the total area amounts to somewhere about 30,000 square miles in extent, and although in this estimate he included all areas occupied by these rocks provided the cover was not more than. 350 feet in thickness, it will still leave us with a large extent of country over which graptolites may be found.
III.—On a New Species of Lepracanthus from the Yorkshire Coal-Measures
Authors: Wellburn Edgar D.
Published: May 2009

The spine is 40 mm. in length, by 5 mm. in width at the junction _L of the inserted and exserted portions; from this point the spine gradually narrows to a moderately fine point at the apex. The posterior margin is nearly straight, the anterior one gently curved, the curve being more marked distally. The lateral surfaces meet in front at a moderately acute angle, the spine being much laterally compressed. The posterior surface is concave, and each margin is armed with the usual well-marked recurved denticles. The sides of the exserted portion are ornamented with a longitudinal series of ganoine-coated, tuberculated ridges.
V.—Some Recent Work Among the Upper Carboniferous Rocks of North Staffordshire, and its bearing on concealed coalfields
Authors: Gibson Walcot
Published: May 2009

There is every reason to believe that in the near future the supplies of coal lying beneath the Red Rocks of the Midland counties will have to be relied upon to meet the increasing demand. Workable seams of coal have been met with at reasonable depths beneath the Red Rocks surrounding the South Staffordshire Coalfield, but there remain large areas lying between the known coalfields of Shropshire, North Staffordshire, and Nottinghamshire, which have not at present been explored. Within this region, as shown on the published maps of the Geological Survey, there are considerable areas of so-called Permian rocks, which recent investigations have proved to be conformable to the Upper Coal-measures and to contain a Coal-measure flora. Thus Mr. T. C. Cantrill has shown that in the Forest of Wyre the so-called Permian rocks contain thin coal-seams and bands of Spirorbis limestone.
III.—A Contribution to the Discussion on Rock-weathering and Serpentinization
Authors: Holland T. H.
Published: May 2009

By correlating the head and the tail of Professor G. P. Merrill's “Discussion on the use of the terms Rock-weathering, Serpentinization, and Hydrometaraorphism,” I infer a direct invitation to confer with him on the questions raised by me at the Bristol meeting of the British Association.
IV.—The Hyracoid Pliohyrax græcus (Gaudry) from the Upper Miocene of Samos and Pikermi
Authors: Major C. I. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

Amongst the hosts of Antelopes, Rhinoceroses, Hipparions, etc., which form the bulk of the Pikermi fauna described in Gaudry's classical “Animaux Fossiles et Géologie de l'Attique,” the mandible of Leptodon græcus, with lower molars recalling the Palæotheres and Paloplotheres, seemed to stand out, as it were, as an anachronism. It has always appeared to me, as it may also have to others, that the occurrence of such a type in the above company (with which Orycteropus and the Ostrich are also associated, in the contemporary beds of Samos) might be accounted for in a satisfactory manner, if Leptodon could be shown to be related to the Hyraces.
II.—On the Occurrence of Allianite in the Hornblende-Granite of Lairg, Sutherlandshire
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

In the September number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for 1898, Mr. J. S. Flett, B.Sc, describes, at p. 388, the occurrence of Allanite in the granite of Fell Hill, Cree Town, Kirkcudbrightshire, and in a biotite gneiss in Sunday, one of the Orkney Islands.