bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon stock change dynamics of oil palm plantation in Sembilang Dangku Landscape, South Sumatra
Authors: Rachdian Azar , Hariyadi  , Setiawan Yudi , Santoso Kresno Dwi
Published: October 2019

One of the land cover type in the Sembilang Dangku Landscape is oil palm plantation, which is developed by changing the type of previous land covers. Land cover change causes changes in carbon stock. If the carbon stock increase in an area, it means the area acts as a carbon sinker, whereas if the carbon stock decrease, inconsequently the area is a carbon emitter. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamics of carbon stock changes in 1997-2007 and 2007-2017. The research was carried out on six private oil palm plantations. Carbon stocks were estimated based on the type of land cover interpreted from Landsat 5 imagery with the unsupervised method by using Las Palmas QGIS 2.18.0 Software. Determination of land cover in 1997 was based on the year when oil palm plantation began. Carbon stock of oil palm plantation was estimated based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with the equation: Y = 638.13 X - 242.65 (Y = carbon stock, X = NDVI). The value of carbon sequestration or carbon emission were based on carbon stock changes. The types of land cover in 1997 and 2007 were in the form of shrub swamp, oil palm plantation, undisturbed peat swamp forest, disturbed peat swamp forest; while in 2017 land cover was dominated by oil palm plantation. The results showed respectively that carbon stocks in 1997, 2007 and 2017 were 3,333,549.6 tonC, 1,541,825.5 tonC, and 1,626, 951.8 tonC. In 1997-2007, carbon stock encountered a decrease, resulting in carbon emission of 18.68 tonCO2-eq/ha/year. However, in 2007-2017, carbon stock encountered an increase, leading in carbon sequestration of 0.89 tonCO2-eq/ha/year.
How does oil palm plantation impact bird species diversity? a case study from PKWE Estate, West Kalimantan
Authors: Yudea Catharina , Santosa Yanto
Published: October 2019

The prospect of Indonesian palm oil industry nowadays tends positive and shows an increasing trend. This matter also caused many negative responses to the presence of environmental damage and biodiversity loss, including bird species diversity. Since there are only a few researches related to oil palm plantation impact on bird species diversity, this research is necessary to enrich the data related. Data retrieval was carried out on March 2018, in PKWE Estate, West Kalimantan, using strip transect method in six different types of habitat/land cover. Two types of land cover which are secondary forest and shrubs considered as land cover before the establishment of oil palm plantation (baseline), while the others are habitat types that exist in oil palm plantation. The result shows that both baselines have the highest number of species among all habitat types, with a total of 26 species were found in each baseline. However, as a unity, turn out that the level of bird species diversity in oil palm plantation area is higher than the baseline area, where 33 species of bird were found (Dmg = 6.98). The existence of oil palm plantation also has changed the composition of bird species, the highest similarity index with both baselines is showed by old growth of oil palm. The change of species composition caused ten birds species lost and 17 species were gained on the secondary forest cover, meanwhile, 11 species lost and 18 species were gained in shrubs.
TECHNICAL ERA: An Online Web Application
Authors: Ajay M.D.V , Adithya N , Mary Posonia A
Published: October 2019

The web has significantly affected all parts of every one of our students. As our students depend increasingly on the web, the constancy of web applications has turned out to be progressively critical. To make these applications more tried and true, we will make a web application with respect to placement training. In general we have Indiabix and placement season are providing a wide range of both technical and aptitude questions in order to prepare a student for the placement. But somehow those questions are repeatedly asked are the standard questions are given. To improve this situation, in this paper, we propose a model of a web application. This structure utilizes the offline application capacity with all the questions are put away in the database and the questions will be refreshed progressively on a period premise with the assistance of the placement coordinator in the college. Every student can sign up and practice all the questions that are provided with respect to the subjects.
Virtual Fitting Space for Dress Trials
Authors: Mohan Prasad K. , Sri Kavya R. , Bhuvaneswari Devi S.
Published: October 2019

People buy clothes in stores which may take a lot of time for them to try their fitting and in online shopping there is no possibility where people can try-on the clothes which they want to buy. Our intention is that by creating a virtual fitting room environment we can improvise approachability of trying clothes on and need not have to waste time we need to have the correct measurement of the user and the dress model with correct rotation, measurement, location. Even people are interested more in online shopping and do buy a lot of things, but buying clothes online is still considered as ineffective way because people don’t have enough knowledge about dress fittings in online shopping and it is not even possible to try- on the clothes. In order to improvise this drawback we can use the virtual fitting room which would provide the online customers with a wide range of options and a great delight to the vendors online. This concept of e-clothing helps you decide whether the dress fits you or suits you in an easy and efficient manner. Our analysis about customers provides a great fitting of dress to the person as per their requirement. To identify a human we use skeleton detection and to find the outline of human we use human contour detection method. Different positions of human body are detected using Haar cascade classification method and warping process is used to resize the outfit according to the size of the human body.
Laryngeal Tumor Recognition and Classification Using Neural Networks
Authors: Karthikeyan S. , Farhath P. , Vineesha M. , Ravi T.
Published: October 2019

One of the highly challenging fields is Biomedical Image Processing. Image Processing involves many techniques used to detect and classify the tumor more efficiently than doctors. Manual classification is a time consuming and gives inaccurate results compared to automatic classification. Imaging methods like CT (Computer Tomography) scans, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image), X-rays plays a major role in tumor detection and classification. Out of these MRI is widely used because it does not involve any radiation and also identifies even the smallest abnormalities present in throat. The whole process of detecting the laryngeal tumor from these scanned images can be categorised into four steps: Pre-processing, Segmentation, Feature Extraction and Classification. In proposed method, classification involves hybrid classifiers to improve accuracy.
Identification of Selective Forwarding Attacks in Remote locator Network utilizing Adaptive Trust Framework
Authors: Baron sam B. , Sandeep T.S. , Sai Sreenath Reddy V
Published: October 2019

Discovery of SFA in Wireless Sensing Networks utilizing Adaptive and Channel mindful Reputation Systems. Wireless detecting component systems (Wireless sensor networks) use unit defenseless against SFA. It will malignantly drop a subset of forward packets to corrupt system execution and also imperil the information trustworthiness. It represents a decent test to distinguish the malignant drop and conventional bundle misfortune. Amid this paper, we propose a Channel-mindful name System with versatile recognition edge (Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework) to discover SFA in Wireless sensor networks. The Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework eval Warning: Demo Version - reports are fragmented! Abnormal state of Plagiarism might be identified! Get your entire report: 1. Most point by point reports. 2. Moment permit initiation. 3. Lifetime bolster. uates the data forward behaviors of sensor hubs, in venture with the deviation of the observed bundle misfortune and furthermore the measurable conventional misfortune. To streamline the exact location of Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework, we tend to in principle determine the best limit for forward analysis Broad reproduction comes about show That Adaptive - Channel - mindful notoriety framework will precisely discover SFA and decide the bargained detecting component hubs, though the assault tolerant data forward theme will essentially enhance the data conveyance size connection of the system.
Advanced Garbage Collection in Smart Cities Using IoT
Authors: Amarnadha Reddy A. , Gangadhar B. , Muthukumar B , Albert Mayan J
Published: October 2019

Now-a-days, we see that dustbins that are kept at open areas in the urban regions are flooding as a result of addition of the garbage persistently. It makes unhygienic condition and upsetting smell around the surroundings resulting in spreading some savage ailments and human diseases. To overcome such issues, Advanced Waste Collection is proposed for Smart Cities which depend on Internet of Things (IoT). It will take fewer efforts to clean all the bins over the city by checking whether the dustbins are full or not.The proposed work includes a smart dustbin that separates dry and wet waste so that the waste recycling can be done more efficiently.To find the efficient way to find garbage collecting routes, we use shortest path algorithms like Dijkstra’s Algorithm.
Detecting phishing website using Pattern Mining
Authors: Sreelekha B , Harika B , Sujihelen Mrs.L.
Published: October 2019

Nowadays users are purchasing products and payments through online. While using these websites they will ask for the information of the users like username and password etc. There are some websites which are used to hack the details of the user. This type of websites is called phishing websites. For detecting these websites, they are proving an effective, intelligent data mining algorithm is used. In this paper, they are surveying the detection of phishing websites by using pattern mining technique.
Design of phase coded spiral resonator based Chipless RFID tag for tracking applications
Authors: Prabavathi P , Subha Rani S , Aiswarya Thangam R
Published: October 2019

RFID (Radio identification) is a technology which deals with the wireless identification of people and products. This chipless RFID tag design is on research to replace chipped RFID tags, which employs high cost silicon wafer to store unique identification code. The main challenge in the design of chipless RFID tag is how to encode the data without a chip. This challenge is overcome by the use of electromagnetic properties of the resonators, filters etc to encode the data bits. In this work RFID tag is designed based on multiresonators with each resonator representing a data bit. The proposed tag consists of the multiresonating circuit to store information bits and transmitting and receiving UWB antenna for wireless communication with the RFID reader for identification. The multiresonating circuit designed consists of 4-spiral resonators electromagnetically coupled to the microstip coupled line. Each spiral resonates at unique resonating frequency representing the unique data bit. The data encoding is carried out with the help of phase ripples at the resonating frequency of the spirals. Three variations are observed and corresponding 3-logic states (0, 1, 2) are encoded. The designed tag is simulated in Advanced Design System (ADS) using RO-4003 substrate with the dielectric constant 3.38 and thickness of 20 mil. From the proposed methodology, a total of 34=81 unique tags can be designed that can be employed in cheap item tracking. The Monopole disc antenna is designed which operates for wide band covering all resonating frequency of the spiral resonator.
Eco-durability index of self-compacting concrete incorporating high volume fly ash
Authors: Kristiawan S A , Sangadji S , Sunarmasto
Published: October 2019

Designing concrete meeting the principles of sustainability becomes urgent in the construction of buildings and other civil engineering infrastructures. Sustainability of concrete can be assessed by considering its environmental, economic and social impact. Each impact may cover multi-criteria and parameters for the assessment. In this respect, the designers require practical tools so as to select the best alternative concrete mix design fulfilling the multi-criteria. This paper proposed an eco-durability index (EDI) as such tool for assessing the balance performance in term of environmental impacts and durability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporating high volume fly ash. The fly ash content is in the range of 50%-70% of replacement level i.e. a fraction of cement replaced by weight of fly ash. The parameters adopted for assessing the environmental impacts (ecological index) are embodied primary natural resources depletion, embodied energy and embodied CO2; while the time to corrosion initiation period due to chloride ion ingress by diffusion mechanism is taken as durability parameter. The chloride ion diffusions of the concretes under study were determined following ASTM C1556 from the chloride profiles. The chloride profiles were obtained by salt ponding test according to AASHTO T259. The amount of chloride ion with respect to the depth of its penetration was determined by XRF method. Within the scope of this study, it is shown that an increase of fly ash will reduce the environmental impacts of SCC. However, the durability of concrete does not show a similar trend. Therefore, a balance performance considering the environmental impacts and durability is searched for by using the value of EDI. Based on the EDI, it is indicated that SCC with 70% fly ash replacement level gives the best alternative of SCC with respect to balance performance of environmental impacts and durability.
Evaluation on feasibility of fly ash cement mortar as adhesive of post-installed rebar
Authors: Wang C P , Chuang Y C , Lin J X
Published: October 2019

This study evaluates the feasibility of using fly ash cement mortar as the substitute of commercial anchorage adhesives by means of experimental tests. Temperature effect is also investigated. Different amounts of fly ash are added in the cement mortar and the mortars are mixed according to the proportion design methods illustrated in the literature. In addition, silica sand is used instead of river sand in some mortar. By summarizing the results of flow test, compression test, and fire resistance test of the mortar specimens, three better mixture proportions are determined. The pull-out specimens were prepared by implanting #3 (D10) steel bars into concrete cylinders to a depth of 9 cm. The specimens for temperature effect tests are heated and kept in furnace under 400°C or 600°C for 60 minutes and cooled naturally before conducting experimental tests. The feasibility assessment is carried out by comparing the pull-out test results of this study with those of rebars installed with commercial adhesives from earlier study. The results have shown that rebars installed with the proposed cement mortar may achieve acceptable bonding effect, although the bonding strength at room temperature is lower than those of commercial adhesives-installed rebars.
A case study of urban road subsidence induced by the underground connection of the shield tunnelling method
Authors: Chen Y H , Pan H H
Published: October 2019

A case study of the road subsidence hazard that occurred during the construction of a cable tunnel was conducted. The cable tunnel was built 30 m below the ground surface by using the shield tunnelling method, parallel to a sewage pipe with a diameter of 2000 mm. During shield docking, the bolt of the seal plate in the shield segment ruptured. This rupture led to water flooding into tunnel and the settlement of the ground surface. The causes of the subsidence hazard were analysed and discussed. The results of this case study indicate that risk assessment and hazard analysis of shield tunnels should be conducted separately in the planning, design, and construction phases for ensuring disaster mitigation. To avoid the occurrence of a subsidence hazard, sensors should be embedded 30 m below the ground surface and near the shield machine. Using monitoring sensors and increasing the number of observed frequency are effective in enhancing the settlement sensitivity so as to provide early warning information. Ground improvement is suggested even while using the concentric interlace docking method.
Knowledge requirement theoretical framework for construction procurement management
Authors: Shehu A S , Ibrahim Y , Inuwa I I
Published: October 2019

Procurement management has been a focal point of many studies. This led to several industry stakeholders to produce reports on how best to achieve it. The construction sector comprises of loosely integrated activities and assemblage of various products from other industries. These characteristics make it unique from other industries, and as such, its success is largely dependent on the quantum of knowledge applied in its products design, strategy and implementation. However, clients of the industry and other stakeholders failed to appreciate this salient difference between the construction industry and others, thereby treating the procurement of its product as though is off-the-shelf. This is found in several procurement frameworks reviewed by this study, when the procurement for construction is lumped together with the same consideration as procurement for goods and services. Given the above perspective, this study explores the literature in order to develop a knowledge requirement theoretical framework for construction procurement management. An exploratory design was used as a stand-alone approach through a critical review of the extant literature on construction complexities, general procurement competencies and management. The reviews were applied in the context of systems thinking theory to develop a knowledge requirement theoretical framework for construction procurement management. The framework conceptualized knowledge requirement for construction procurement management as a conglomerate of knowledge (system) that is made up of units of knowledge aligned to accomplish a construction project. Thus, for full attainment of construction procurement management knowledge, a manager needs to possess the various units of knowledge that are appropriate for the execution and coordination of the various activities in construction procurement processes.
Effect of confining pressures on the shear modulus of sand treated with enzymatically induced calcite precipitation
Authors: Simatupang M , Sukri A S , Nasrul  , Sulha  , Putri T S
Published: October 2019

Enzymatically induced calcite precipitation (EICP) is a new breakthrough for liquefaction prevention. This approach uses urease enzyme directly instead of bacteria to hydrolyze urea that precipitated as calcite crystal by the availability of calcium ion. Cyclic triaxial shear test under undrained condition incorporated with bender element test were conducted conscientiously on the EICP-treated sands. The parameters study reviewed includes: size of the sand particle, confining pressure, calcite contents, and saturation degrees along curing. The effects of those factors on the shear modulus are systematically investigated and compared. It was revealed that the precipitated calcite wraps the sand particles, which supports simultaneously to the mechanical properties’ improvement. The sum of materials needed of urea and CaCl2 to reach a target of maximum shear modulus can be diminished prominently by reducing the saturation degree along curing. It is also revealed that the formation of the precipitated calcite is more significant than its amount on the strength improvement. The maximum shear modulus (Gmax
) of the sands treated with EICP increases with increasing in the calcite content, confining pressure, and decreasing in the saturation degrees during curing but the influence of the sands grain size is insignificant.
Revitalization of hot spring resorts in Japan through PPP-based geothermal power project
Authors: Aono F , Goso T , Kato S , Nishida K
Published: October 2019

Despite Japan’s significant geothermal energy potential, its geothermal power development has been stymied for decades due to four major hurdles: (1)high upfront cost and risk of exploratory drilling, (2)long lead time due to surveys and environmental assessments, (3) rigorous regulations on national parks, (4)oppositions from local hot spring resorts. The government has been taking measures to accelerate the development with a constellation of supporting policies. But policies cannot break down the conscious barriers that have taken root in hot spring owners; it is in the hands of developers to make constructive efforts for consensus building. The authors, with the role as construction consultant and geothermal developer, are undertaking a geothermal power development project in Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture. The primary intent is to realize a vision where local people can benefit from their own geothermal resources, and the authors believe that “sharing the same vision which benefits all the interested parties” is the key to work together with the opposing hot spring owners. In the process of building a trust-based relationship with local residents, the priority has been to hear the needs from the local through dialogue and to think from a larger standpoint.
Investigation of the gradation effect on ballast mechanical behaviors by means of discrete element modeling - part 1
Authors: Wang B , Martin U , Rapp S , Schuk V
Published: October 2019

The ballast gradation has a strong influence on the mechanical behavior of ballast aggregates. Discrete Element Method (DEM) based simulations are performed to investigate the gradation effect of ballast aggregates on their settlement, ballast position rearrangement, breakage rate and void ratio. This is the first part of two papers. In this article, a newly developed ballast random form generator is described. With this generator five form databases of different ballast gradations are established. A box test and its corresponding DEM simulation are usually performed to calibrate and to investigate the mechanical behavior of small-scaled ballast aggregates with different gradations. The ballast stones are simulated by the Bonded Particle Models with the Flat Joint contact model to enable the investigation of the breakage behavior of each ballast stone.
Effect of noises removal and spatial resolutions of Digital Surface Model (DSM) in flood inundation model
Authors: Yunika A , Kok M , de Gijt J G , Huizinga J , Ginting S
Published: October 2019

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is an important component in flood inundation modelling as a part of flood risk analysis. However, Digital Surface Model (DSM) which still contains noises of artefacts is more common to be available than DEM. Then DSM misleads the inundation extent. This study will evaluate a measure to obtain a bare-earth surface (DEM) by developing and applying a workflow to remove the noises from DSM using simple tools available in the GIS computer software. The output of the method will then be used as input for flood inundation modelling of Semarang City in Indonesia. In addition to the main data set of TerraSAR-X DSM provided by Indonesia Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial or BIG), two sets of open source digital elevation data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission (ASTER) are included in this study. The three data sets are processed and quantitatively compared. The results show that the applied noise removal method must be traded off with the lower resolution. Hence, the level of detail of particular flood inundation modelling will determine the required DEM resolution. Different study purposes will lead to different appropriate DEM resolutions to be used.
Robust composite joints
Authors: Skarmoutsos G , Keller N , Kuhlmann U
Published: October 2019

“Disasters” such as seismic events, impact or fire loading to structural elements of crucial importance highlight the significance of structural design for robustness. Consequently, exceptional load scenarios are to be considered. The question whether the joints of structures designed according to the current version of Eurocodes have adequate load bearing and defor­mation capacity for such load cases arises. The “alternate load path method” plays a key role in structural design for robustness. By using this design approach, redistribution and distribution of the existing and additional loads, respectively, to the intact structural elements should be enabled after a local failure such as “loss of a column”, preventing so the progressive collapse of the structure. In order to pursue the aforementioned goal, sufficient bearing as well as rotational capacity of the joints are required. In particular, for exceptional events, change of the moment’s sign in the area of the joints is often to be observed. However, until today, attention has been paid mainly to the response of composite joints under negative moments. Herein, besides this load case, the corresponding one of positive moments is investigated as well as the development of a membrane action that supports the load redistribution but requires a tension force capacity of the joints. Experimental research for the load case “loss of a column” was undertaken on both single composite joint specimens and composite frames. Also, an integrated design method, the beamline method, is analysed and constructional recommendations for design of ductile compo­site joints were developed and are herein presented.
A new assessment approach for post-installed anchors used in seismic applications
Authors: Stehle E J , Sharma A
Published: October 2019

Steel bracing has proven to be a very powerful method to improve the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete frame structures. In general the steel braces are indirectly connected to the RC frame via additional steel frames that are in turn fixed to the RC frame using post-installed anchors or reinforcing bars. However, this method comes with several shortcomings including increased weight and a disruption of the buildings function during installation. Therefore new connection approaches were developed where the braces are directly connected to the RC frame. One of the most promising solutions is the connection by means of post-installed anchors to connect the bracing to the frame corners. Using this type of connection allows an effective and low invasive strengthening of the structure. In this case the performance of the retrofitted structure is highly dominated by the performance of the post-installed anchors, since the imposed seismic demands are rather high. Therefore it is deemed necessary to assess the anchor performance under seismic actions, especially their displacement behaviour in the post-peak range. The current guidelines for seismic qualification of anchors only provide a force-controlled assessment procedure which is valid for non-structural connections but is not sufficient to obtain the information required for the assessment of their seismic performance in structural applications. A new displacement-controlled approach for the assessment of post-installed anchors under seismic conditions is presented. This approach allows the evaluation of the complete load-displacement behaviour as well as the hysteretic response of the anchors even in the post-peak range. A comparison with existing force-controlled assessment procedures shows that this approach is more suitable for the assessment of anchors used in structural strengthening applications under seismic actions.
Behavioural and functional based design of high-rise public housing project in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Djukardi A K , Srinaga F
Published: October 2019

Jakarta, which is the largest metropolitan city in Indonesia, has a population of 10.37 million people and an area of 661.5 km2. Jakarta’s population density of 15,677 people/km2 is still far from the ideal population density of 100 people/km2. With a high population density, vertical housing development (high-rise residential buildings) is an essential development goal. Indonesian high-rise public housing is focused on fulfilling technical requirements with a perspective only from the designer or developer. In contrast, in the construction of vertical high-rise public housing, a performance-based design that is focused on the user is needed as one of the main stakeholders. Results from survey and partial least square modelling concur that three elements (behavioural, functional and technical) have a 68.3% influence in determining user satisfaction. Each of the elements contributes a positive influence, with the behavioural element as the highest influencer of 44.5%, followed by the functional element at 38.6% and the technical element, which only has 15.4%.These results can also be interpreted as the overall success of the high-rise public housing project.
Experimental study and numerical analysis of flexural behaviour of post-fire reinforced concrete beam
Authors: Suryanita R , Maizir H , Ismeddiyanto  , Andriano R , Arditama R
Published: October 2019

A cycle of heating and cooling can cause gradual chemical changes in reinforced concrete after a fire and these can affect the strength of the concrete. The study aims to analyse the deflection and damage of post-fire concrete beams. The method of study used numerical and experimental analysis on reinforced concrete beam models 1250 mm in length, with a cross-section width of 100 mm and height of 200 mm. The combustion of the specimen was carried out in a brick furnace for a duration of 30 and 60 minutes with an average combustion temperature of 930 and 926 °C. The flexural strength test of the post-burn beam was carried out using a load cell and measured using LVDT at room temperature. The results showed that the deflection that occurred on reinforced concrete beams burned for 30 minutes (BN30) resulted in increased beam deflection by 7% compared to the unburned concrete beam model (BN). Similarly, the concrete beam model which was burned for 60 minutes (BN60) resulted in a 22% increase in beam deflection compared to the unburned concrete beam model. Also, there is a sloping pattern in the relationship curve between load and deflection with increasing duration of the combustion time. This condition is due to a 62% decrease in the load received by the beam when the beam burned for 30 minutes (BN30). Likewise, when the beam burned for 60 minutes (BN60), this caused a 72% decrease in load compared to the unburned concrete beam model. Thus, the duration of fire combustion in concrete beams significantly affects the strength of the reinforced concrete beam.
Ultra-low-power wireless anchor load monitoring system based on internet of things technology
Authors: Tong J , Lee T H , Lin Y
Published: October 2019

Ground anchoring is a popular method to stabilize the slope. It is essential for stability evaluation to measure the tension value of anchor from installed load cell. In this paper, a wireless anchor load measuring system is proposed for continuously on-site slope stability monitoring. Each anchor load cell is connected to a MCU-based acquisition unit and become a wireless IoT end-device. This system is scalable so the sensor deployment will be much more flexible than that in conventional data acquisition system. The excitation circuit, signal amplification and analog-to-digital conversion are completed by a small-size device next to the anchor so that very low-noise result can be obtained. Each measurement consumes less than 10mA·s so this device can be drive only by a 55mm*70mm*40mm solar power module. Verified by almost 3-year’s on-site test, it is confirmed the proposed monitoring system can continuously capture and send one measurement per minute to the cloud server without any other electric power. The experimental and on-site test results show the practicability of proposed system and its reliability of long-term measurement. It has very high application potential on real-time slope stability monitoring by collecting and analyzing the load values of all installed anchors.
Sustainable steel and composite bridges through increased lifetime by fatigue treatment
Authors: Gölz L , Breunig S , Kuhlmann U
Published: October 2019

To achieve sustainable long-living infrastructures such as steel and composite bridges, the improvement of the fatigue behavior is crucial. By using high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment of critical welds, the fatigue service life of welded structures can significantly be extended due to the introduction of compressive residual stresses. Particularly with the use of high-strength steels in combination with HFMI-treatment has become economic in terms of fa­tigue design, thus, leading to reduced use of material resources. Even for welding in existing structures, positive results have already been achieved with post-weld treatment. For this inno­vative method, the amount of lifetime benefit and the conditions for successful application in the view of quality assurance have sometimes become object of critical questions. In various re­search projects, these questions could successfully be answered. By means of numerical and experimental investigations, design approaches have been developed and evaluated for the ap­plication of those treatments in constructional bridge design. The paper summarizes the results of two research projects on the subject of HFMI-treatment with the focus on the use for steel and composite bridges. An insight on the improved fatigue design, the practical use, the benefits for the constructions and possible application fields is given.
The use of crumb rubber for replacing fine aggregate in cold mixture asphalt
Authors: Wulandari P S , Tjandra D
Published: October 2019

In order to consider the environmental impact, this study investigated the effect of crumb rubber on the mechanical performance of cold mixture asphalt. Crumb rubber was obtained from the process of recycling waste tires, which this waste material becomes a major environmental problem due to the rapid increase in the number of motor vehicles in Indonesia. Cold mixture asphalt is an environmental friendly option on flexible pavement, which reduces energy consumption because it does not need heat during the process as in hot mixture asphalt. In this study, laboratory tests were conducted for Dense Graded Emulsion Mixture Type IV. The first stage in this study was to perform laboratory experiments on compacted mixture to determine the optimum residual bitumen content. In the next stage, a series of tests on crumb rubber mixtures were conducted in the optimum residual bitumen content condition to investigate the effect of crumb rubber as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. Fine aggregate in cold mixture asphalt was replaced with 50% of crumb rubber. Three different sizes of crumb rubber, 20 mesh (0.841 mm), 40 mesh (0.42 mm) and 60 mesh (0.25 mm), were applied in a series of laboratory experiments. Tests were done using Marshall Test equipment to obtain the mechanical performance of cold mixture asphalt. The finding indicated that finer crumb rubber produced higher stability than the larger size of crumb rubber. Even though the use of crumb rubber decreased stability of mixtures, it still met the minimum specified requirement of cold mixture asphalt. The stability of the crumb rubber cold mixtures were also comparable to hot mixture asphalt. Replacement of fine aggregate with crumb rubber on cold mixture asphalt is expected to overcome the environmental problems by reuse the waste materials to preserve the natural aggregates.
ICT implementation of bus public transportation towards green engineering in Indonesia
Authors: Sutandi A C , Suriansyah Y , Kusliansjah Y K
Published: October 2019

Green engineering can be applied to road infrastructure and in public transport. ICT application regarding bus operation can improve services to bus passengers. Furthermore, it encourages society to use public transport and it leads to sustainable transportation by reducing traffic congestion and pollution to the environment. The aims of this study are to evaluate the existing ICT application regarding bus operation, development of ICT application, and provide recommendations to improve services to the passenger. Case studies are ICT application in large cities in Indonesia i.e. Qlue in Jakarta, E-Wadul in Surabaya, and Pro-Denpasar in Denpasar. The results of cross-tabulation analysis indicated that implementation of ICT application on the bus is still at an early stage. Moreover, based on the level of importance and priority of passengers, the aspects of the application are response to passenger’s report, bus services, and application facility to minimize reporting errors, whereas the aspects that have to be improved is the punctuality of bus’ arrival at the bus stop and fixed bus schedule. Government and society have to work together continuously and consistently, so that ICT implementation towards green engineering could provide higher benefit to the passengers.
A study of container truck movement in Tanjung Priok port, Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Anas R , Sembiring I S
Published: October 2019

Tanjung Priok is a port with a high level of import-export activity, and the flow of container movement is dominated by the Jakarta International Container Terminal and KOJA terminals. In addition to dwelling time problems, there are problems with the movement of the container trucks to and from both terminals, especially during peak hours of activity. The movement of trucks is dominated by single-move trucks (90–94% of the total movement of container trucks). An ineffective movement pattern can lead to a long queue that jams the existing road network around the port area. One solution to the problem is to develop an information system that can regulate the pattern of truck movements and adjust this to the level of service in the terminal and the ship docking schedule. A good distribution pattern will then optimize the movement of the trucks and reduce ineffective and inefficient movement.
The use of deflection bowl parameters to represent the carrying capacity of pavement structures
Authors: Setiadji B H , Supriyono
Published: October 2019

Evaluation of pavement structure has to be carried out periodically to monitor the carrying capacity of the pavement to withstand against loads. The evaluation using backcalculation algorithm to determine layer moduli is the most ideal manner in revealing the residual capacity of the pavement. Due to limited human resources, some agencies in developing countries rely on the use of pavement functional conditions to predict roughly layer structural capacity, however, this leads to unsatisfactorily and inaccurate results. To overcome this, deflection bowl method can be proposed to estimate an indication of the structural capacity of the pavement. The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of the deflection bowl parameter to represent the structure. To do so, an examination of the similarities of the pattern of the deflection bowl parameters and elastic moduli of the pavement layers along selected road segments was conducted, and statistical analysis was presented to justify the results. The results showed that deflection bowl parameters have a strong relationship with the layered moduli. The overlay above the existing surface layer that may consist of more than 1 layer up to 205 mm or 8 in. thickness also can be represented by the maximum deflection parameter.
Adjusted saturation flow of some signalized intersection in Semarang, Indonesia
Authors: Indriastuti A K , Priyono E E Y , Widowati L A , Zuhri A S
Published: October 2019

Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual or IHCM (1997) is a manual used to analyse performance of Indonesia’s road network. It has been more than 20 years since the manual is firstly published, so that some parameters such as passenger car equivalent (pce) and base saturation flow (S0) are no longer in accordance with actual conditions, which is indicated by significant differences between IHCM analysis results and empirical data. Several studies have been conducted in many cities and rural areas across Indonesia to explore pce, base saturation flow or other adjustment factors, in order to update IHCM, so in general, this manual will be more appropriate for current traffic conditions. This study is aimed at obtaining adjusted saturation flow from three signalized intersections in Semarang City, based on a comparison between predicted queue lengths and the empirical ones. Using the vehicle departure time slice data for green time, the pce and saturation flow was adjusted using regression method. Adjusted saturation flow at the observed intersection can be simplified in equation S = 506.48 We + 1857.9. Addition of variables still needs to be considered to gain a more general equation.
SERVICE FREQUENCY AND SERVICE HOURS EVALUATION FOR BUS SERVICE IN WEST KLANG VALLEY
Authors: Norhisham Shuhairy , Fadhlullah Abu Bakar Muhammad , Hazwani Abd Samad Zainul , Syamsir Agusril , Zaini Nur’atiah , Yati Katman Herda , Zakwan Ramli Mohd
Published: October 2019

The Malaysian government has taken an initiative to mitigate public transport issues in the Klang Valley through the Land Public Transport Commission (SPAD). Several issues were raised by passengers in Klang Valley in regard to public transport, such as long waiting time and poor management of bus service hours. This study is aimed to investigate the service frequency for bus service performance and the public bus service hours in Klang Valley. Five different areas were selected, which consisted of three routes for each area in west Klang Valley, which were Klang, Shah Alam, Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, and Puchong. The time interval for every scheduled bus departure, average time interval, and bus service hours were determined based on the collected data. The result showed that Puchong has the shortest average time interval for service quality. Therefore, the bus performance with regard to service frequency and service hours should be improved to provide the public with better service.
Chinese Cemetery as Heterotopia: A Case of Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery (KTCC)
Authors: Ng V , Goh M
Published: October 2019

With the emergence of new typologies of memorial parks and commercialisation of industries for the dead in Malaysia, what is the image and fate of older cemetery sites within the urban realm? This paper aims to re-define the perception of urban Chinese cemetery as a heterotopic space through the case study of Kwong Tong Chinese Cemetery (KTCC). Using the Foucauldian notion of heterotopia as a framework for analysis, this paper studies the transitions of KTCC through time, and how it stands in relation to the society that produced it. The paper argues that the cemetery is a highly heterotopic site; it is a space of representation and a space of difference, which celebrates the disruption of space and time in relation to society. The implication of society towards the ever changing role of a cemetery, and for now, the changing progression is at the stage where the contemporary Chinese cemetery in Malaysia displays its multi-functional spatial qualities within a single site, as a space of ‘otherness’.
Integrated space in the traditional Pondok school education system - A case study in Pattani, Thailand.
Authors: Jaki Bin Mamat Mohd , Abdul Rahman Md. Baharuddin
Published: October 2019

The pondok school system was the earliest in the Malay Archipelago that focused on Islamic studies. The teaching method which stressed on group communication was said to have given rise to integrated space within a building thereby influencing its architecture and spatial design. Two of such schools, almost a century old in Pattani, Thailand, have been used as case studies to measure the influence of communication and integrated space on the interior layout. Data from interviews congruent with floor plans is the crucial reference as to the significance of integrated space. Studies have shown that emphasis on communication in the pedagogy of the traditional pondok school is the main creator of the integrated space, and this gave priority to the positioning and size, and subsequently influencing the overall floor plan.
Typologies of design thinking: the learner-led perspectives
Authors: Srirangam S , Ng V F P , Mari T , Gunasagaran S , Kuppusamy S
Published: October 2019

The research aims to offer critical discourse on various perspectives on design studio teaching pedagogy. The paper begins by exploring the generic literature that focuses on a range of instruments, approaches and actions; the tools that the designers deploy in order to steer specific thought process in design. By keeping the learners at the core, the subjectivity of designers brought to main focus here. Although there are many research works on studio environment and studio framework, only a very few focus on capturing evidences of the learners’ creative thinking and this research is an attempt to fill this gap and keeps the learners at the core of analysis. The method was a theoretical exploration on various perspectives on design thinking and to obtain evidences of students’ thinking. Two studios of Final Year studies of Part I, from University Malaya and Taylor’s University, have been the case studies of the research. The paper first offers a critical discourse on identifying a gap in architectural design studios’ teaching pedagogy and second offers a set of typologies of design thinking from the case studies. The findings were 8 typologies of design thinking which could be categorised into 3 groups, based the domain of the constructs. The research reinforces and determines the importance of learner-led teaching pedagogy for architecture design studios, by formulating typologies of design thinking.
Impact of contact overlap on transconductance and noise in organic electrochemical transistors
Authors: Polyravas Anastasios G , Curto Vincenzo F , Schaefer Nathan , Calia Andrea Bonaccini , Guimera-Brunet Anton , Garrido Jose A , Malliaras George G
Published: October 2019

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) are used as amplifying transducers for bioelectronics. Although the impact on performance of device geometry parameters such as channel area and thickness has been widely explored, the overlap between the semiconductor film and the source and drain contacts has not been considered. Here we vary this overlap and explore its impact on transconductance and noise. We show that increasing contact overlap does not alter the magnitude of the steady-state transconductance but it does decreases the cut-off frequency. Noise was found to be independent of contact overlap and to vary according to the charge noise model. The results show that high-quality contacts can be established in PEDOT:PSS OECTs with minimal overlap.