bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EPIZOOTOLOGY OF SARCOCYSTOSIS IN DOMESTIC AND WILD RUMINANTS
Authors: Klimova  , Mkrtchyan
Published: August 2020

Sarcocystosis is a widespread invasion of domestic and wild ruminants in the Udmurt Republic. The infection degree is 2.5 times higher in wild animals and amounts to 83.3%; cattle infestation according to the results of our studies is within 33.3%. The research material was samples of muscle tissue (myocardium, chewing muscles, esophageal wall, latissimus dorsi and biceps femoris) from 18 mooses and 42 cattle. The results of our studies showed that the degree of the infection of animals of the wild focus is 2.5 times higher than cattle. In each 4th carcass of moose carcasses, dystrophic changes in the structure of muscles were macroscopically revealed, and therefore 5 carcasses were disposed of. The invasion rate of cattle carcasses from livestock enterprises and private farms reaches up to 33.3%. Microscopic studies have shown that tissue forms of sarcocysts are most commonly found in the myocardium, chewing muscles and the wall of the esophagus. None of the 60 studied samples of the latissimus dorsi muscle has protozoa of the genus Sarcocystis detected.
ALARIOSIS OF CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS IN CENTRAL RUSSIA
Authors: Andreyanov
Published: August 2020

The spread of alariosis of fishing animals of Central Russia was clarified and a circle of host agents among mammals was identified. The material for the study was the arcasses of trade animals. The period of work was 2018–2020. Animals were studied according to the method of complete helminthological study on K.I. Skryabin (1928). The tissue form of alariosis was examined by trichinelloscopic methods. During the reporting period, 107 heads of carnivorous animals (of which 27 heads (25.2%) are considered stray domestic) extracted in the territory of the Ryazan, Vladimir and Moscow regions. Of the Canidae family, 54 heads have undergone helminthological examination (29 foxes, 17 domestic dogs, 7 raccoon dogs, and 1 wolf). Of the cat (Felidae), 11 heads have been studied (domestic cats – 10, lynx – 1). Martens animals (Mustelinae) have been studied 42 heads (forest мartens – 19, stone мartens – 6, river otter – 4, ermines – 7, badgers – 2, аmerican mink – 4). Adult trematodes have been identified in 37 carnivorous animals (34.6%) in the thin part of the intestine. Canidae animals representing trade species (fox, raccoon dog, wolf) are 100% infected with the agent of alariosis. The intensity invasion of fox was 4–250 copies per head, raccoon dogs – 11–284, wolf – 84. The larval form of the agent was recorded in one fox (3.5%), 2 forest мartens (10.5%) and one аmerican mink (25.0%). Mesocercaries of trematodes were localized in a transparent capsule in lung parenchyma, in diaphragm muscle tissue, in esophageal muscle tissue.
FECUNDITY OF TREMATODES PARAFASCIOLOPSIS FASCIOLAEMORPHA IN THE NORTH OF THE NON-BLACK EARTH
Authors: Maslennikova
Published: August 2020

High infection of moose with parafasciolopsosis in the North of the non-black earth region, reaching up to 75%, indicates favorable conditions for the circulation of the parasite in ecosystems, high biological pollution of the environment with eggs Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha. The purpose of our study is to study the fecundity of P. fasciolaemorpha depending on the age of the definitive host and abiotic environmental factors (time of year).
Fluke fecundity was determined by counting eggs in the uterus. We divided the invasive moose into 2 categories: young and adult, and the date of production was taken into account also. Fecundity was determined in 230 flukes. From fingerlings, 93 specimens were examined for the presence of eggs, from adult moose – 137 specimens of P. fasciolaemorpha. Statistical processing of the material was performed using EXCEL.
The fecundity of the Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha, which is an obligate parasite of moose, is relatively low and depends both on the age of the definitive host and on abiotic environmental factors (time of year). When parasitizing moose fingerlings, the average fertility of P. fasciolaemorpha reaches the highest values in the autumn months (30.1±2.17 copies), the lowest values – in the winter months (5.7±1.16). Fecundity of trematodes reaches maximum values when parasitizing in moose fingerlings – up to 45 eggs in the uterus, in adult moose – up to 25 eggs. The average fecundity of P. fasciolaemorpha marites that parasitize adult moose is 3 times lower than that of fingerlings. In autumn and spring, the fecundity of marites that parasitize adult moose increases to an average of 5.0–12.7 eggs in the winter months, trematodes are released from eggs and the average fecundity of P. fasciolaemorpha is 2.35–3.5 eggs. Low fecundity of trematodes is compensated by a high intensity of invasion.
USE OF MALDI-TOF MS METHOD FOR SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OF NEMATODES (BY EXAMPLE OF STUDYING PROTEIN PROFILES OF ASCARIDATE AND DIROFILARIA)
Authors: Nagorniy  , Aleshukina A. , Aleshukina I. , Ermakova
Published: August 2020

The article presents the results of studying protein profiles of nematodes relevant for the south of Russia (dirofilaria and ascaridate) using proteomic analysis based on MALDI-TOF MS. Analysis of the protein extracts of dirofilaria and ascaridate showed spectra with high-intensity peaks in the range of 2–20 kDa, the quality of the spectra and the intensities of the spectral peaks were consistent for all samples of the same species. It was noted that reliably frequent peaks were observed in the spectra obtained from various dirofilariae (D. repens and D. immitis) in the range from 3400 to 6000 kDa, that characterize the entire genus of nematodes. In the range above 6000 kDa, the spectra differed by representative peaks, which allowed us to differentiate one species from another according to the protein profile. The spectral profiles obtained from the ascarid A. suum and A. lumbricoi proteins, unlike dirofilaria, showed almost complete homology of graphic images in the m/z range from 3000 kDa to 15 000 kDa. At the same time, protein peaks in the range of 3000–7300 kDa, typical for the entire genus Ascaris, are constant. Three main peaks in both species were found in m/z 13 000, 13 400 and 14 400. Thus, the method of proteomic analysis based on MALDI-TOFF MS can serve as an effective tool in studies of the taxonomic identification of the pathogen.
SPREAD OF TOXOPLASMOSIS AND RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Authors: Novak M. , Novak A. , Nazarova S.
Published: August 2020

The study of statistical information on the Central Region of the Russian Federation and the results of studies of pigs and mouse-like rodents using the immunochromatographic method (IHM) showed a wide spread of toxoplasmosis. The preventive and sanitary-hygienic measures prescribed by the veterinary legislation and the health and hygiene rules and standards for toxoplasmosis are not sufficiently implemented, which results in the disease spread. Toxoplasma immunoreagents developed for the immunochromatographic method were studied in accordance with the standard requirements (activity, specificity), and an IHM rapid test was checked for information content (diagnostic effectiveness). The IHM rapid test allows us to detect Toxoplasma gondii antigens in the blood and tissues of animals with high accuracy and, in combination with other diagnostic methods (IIT, PCR), to determine the stage and form of the course of the disease. The use of the IHM rapid test in medical and veterinary practice will allow a detailed study of the epidemic and epizootic situation on toxoplasmosis in Russia, and carrying out comprehensive measures based on the results of screening.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS OF ANIMALS IN ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ARAL SEA REGION
Authors: Norkobilov  , Akramova  , Shakarbayev  , Azimov
Published: August 2020

The problem of animal schistosomiasis is multifaceted. It intertwines veterinary, health, social and economic issues. The current state of the epizootology of schistosomiasis in the ecological conditions of the Aral Sea region is presented. Spontaneous infection of farm animals with mature Schistosoma turkestanica was 55.2% in cattle, sheep – 33.0%, horses – 21.5%, goats – 15.5% and camels – 10.2%. At individual farms of the Bozatau, Kungradsky, Muinaksky, Amudarya and other districts, cattle infection reached up to 100% with a high degree of infection intensity. We noted the cyclical nature of the epizootic of schistosomiasis in cattle in the Aral Sea region. The alternation of cyclicity is observed at specified intervals – from 15 to 20 years. The ups and downs in the infection intensity alternate with a certain accuracy, according to which epizootics of schistosomiasis can be predicted for several years in advance. Currently, science has developed the necessary prerequisites for a sharp decrease in the incidence of animals with schistosomiasis and the elimination of invasion in individual foci. This is achieved by a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures, as well as the use of progressive methods and technology of animal husbandry
FASCIOLOSIS OF CATTLE IN THE CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Pasechnik
Published: August 2020

Fasciolosis is a helminthozoonotic disease that affects mammals of many species, domestic, wild ruminants and humans. The following species of fasciolae are known: Fasciola hepatica (L., 1758); F. gigantica (Cobbold, 1885); F. jacksoni (Cobbold, 1869); F. halli (Sinitsin, 1933); F. californica (Sinitsin, 1933); F. indica (Warma, 1953).
In Russia in ruminants only two species were found: Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Fasciolosis occurs in many countries world-wide and in Russia also. It causes significant economic losses in Russia and has social importance also. Regional aspect of the disease is not sufficiently studied, which became the aim of our study.
The aim of the present study: was to estimate the prevalence of fasciolae infection in the cattle in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. Post-mortem veterinary-sanitary examination aimed to detect fasciolae in the liver of the cattle was conducted accordingly to «Pravila veterinarnogo osmotra uboynykh zhivotnykhi veterinarno-sanitarnoy ekspertizy myasa i myasnykh produktov» (17.06.1988) (Rules of veterinary inspection slaughtered animals and veterinary-sanitary examination of meat and meat products). The examinations were performed in 2016 at abattoirs in Balashikha district of the Moscow region. The results of examination of the livers from 250 slaughtered cattle from the Ryazan region, 59 slaughtered cattle from the Voronezh region, 96 slaughtered cattle from the Tula region, 157 from the Smolensk region are as follows: the slaughtered cattle in the Ryazan region were infected with F. hepatica (50 livers out of 250) with an infestation extensity (IE) = 20%, with an infestation intensity II = 9–112 ex/head, the cattle in the Voronezh Region was infected with F. hepatica (12 out of 59) with an infestation extensity (IE) = 20.3%, with an infestation intensity (II) = 5–93 ex/head, the slaughtered cattle from the Tula region were infected with F. hepatica (21 out of 96) with an IE = 21.9%, with an II = 12–117 ex/head, and the cattle from the Smolensk region were infected with F. hepatica (43 livers out of 157) with an IE =2 7.3%, with an II = 21–129 ex/head. The results of the study show that in the Ryazan, Voronezh, Tula and Smolensk Regions disease prevention measures need to be taken by farmers and managers of livestock farms to reduce the impact of the disease.
THE HELMINTH FAUNA OF MOOSE
Authors: Postevoy  , Andreyanov
Published: August 2020

According to the authors, 15 to 20 species of helminths have been recorded in moose of the Russian forest zone. The purpose of our work was to study the trematode fauna of helminths in moose at the Sumarokovskaya Elk Farm. The study objects were wild ruminants, the moose (Alces alces). The only elk farm in Russia is located in the Sumarokovsky Nature State Reserve, in a few dozen kilometers from the city of Kostroma, near Sumarokovo Village, the Krasnoselsky District of the Kostroma Region. The Sumarokovskaya Elk Farm belongs to the nature conservation areas of Russia. Helminthological material for the study (animal excrement) was collected in early 2020. 25 ruminant animals (Ruminantia) were studied, including 15 moose aged 1 year and 10 adult artiodactyles older than 5 years. Fecal samples were collected from wild ruminants near feeders in constrains, as well as the grazing lands. 25 fecal samples were examined using helminthovoscopic methods. Average helminth infestation of moose was 53.8%. The prevalence of infestation with helminth pathogens in adult artiodactyles was 69.4%, and young animals 38.2%.
CANIDAE CESTODES IN THE NATURAL TERRITORIES OF THE CENTRAL BLACK SOIL
Authors: Romashov B. , Nikulin P. , Romashova N.
Published: August 2020

Predators (Carnivora) have a large and diverse fauna of helminths, including higher cestodes (Cyclophyllidea). Among predators, the most representative group are canids (Canidae), which are of great importance in the circulation of these cestodes. Under the natural conditions of the Central Black Soil Region (Voronezh Reserve and adjacent territories), studies have been carried out to study the fauna and ecology of canine cestodes. According to the results of these studies, 10 species of higher cestodes were recorded in wild and domestic carnivores: Taenia hydatigena, T. pisiformis, T. crassiceps, T. krabbei, Hydatigera taeniaformis, Tetratirotaenia polyacantha, Mesocestoides lineatus, Dypilidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, E. multilocularis. The maximum number of cestode species was found in the fox – 9 species. Significantly less in other species of predators: in the wolf – 3 species, in the raccoon dog – 2 species, domestic dog – 2 species. The fox plays a leading role in the formation of the fauna of canine cestodes. Taenia (T. hydatigena and T. crassiceps) dominate in the composition of the cestodes fauna, they have the prevalence of infection and index of abundance, as well as M. lineatus. The fox has an actual zoonotic species E. multilocularis.
ZOOPHILOUS FLIES OF YAKUTIA (REVIEW)
Authors: Barashkova  , Budishcheva
Published: August 2020

The study of zoophilous flies in Yakutia was undertaken in the 80–90 years of the last century. More than 35 years have passed since then. The first data on the species
composition of Muscidae in Yakutia were given in the monograph by L.S. Zimin, which lists 10 species for Central Yakutia. G.A. Veselkin conducted research of zoophilous flies in South and Southwest Yakutia, where the author noted the dominance of Muscidae (32 species), which accounted for 74% of the total zoophilic complex. A.V. Vinokurova discovered 9 species of Muscidae in Central Yakutia. Only in 2016, the collection material kept at the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, of the species composition of Muscidae found in Yakutia where there are 108 species from 29 genera, was processed. An analysis of the available literature indicates that zoophilous flies are widespread in Yakutia and remain poorly understood. Based on this, the study of the species composition of zoophilous flies, bioecology and their pathogens will substantiate the system of measures for the protection of animals in Yakutia.
EIMERIOCIDE AND KENOKOX EFFICACY AGAINST COCCIDIA OOCYSTS IN PIGLETS
Authors: Safiullin Rinat , Safiullin Radmir
Published: August 2020

Coccidioses (isosporosis, eimeriosis) and balantidiosis are most common among parasitic protozoa in pigs. These parasitoses affect pigs of different ages, but they have the greatest negative effect on the body of young pigs. Piglets of 7–30 days of age are more often infected and more severely ill with isosporosis, and piglets up to 2 months of age and older with eimeriosis. One sow house was taken for testing and constant monitoring. This pigsty was divided into four sectors with 30 sows each. The complex drug Kenokoks 4% at a dose of 0.5 l/m2 with an exposure of two hours was used in the first sector during the preparation of the pigsty for disinfestation. Another complex drug Eimeriocide 5% at a dose of 0.5 l/m2 with an exposure of two hours was used for disinfestation of the second sector. The recommended dose of a 4% hot sodium hydroxide solution was used to disinfection the third and fourth sectors (basic version). The infection of pigs by coccidia in different groups was evaluated according to the results of coproscopic studies in 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of age after completion of the pigsty. The results of coproscopic studies of pigs born from sows from the experimental sector (where disinfestation was performed by Kenokoks) showed that pigs in 10, 15 and 22 days old were free of coccidia oocysts; the extensinfection of coccidia in these piglets at the age of 30, 45 and 60 days was 5, 10 and 20% respectively. Balantidia cyst was found only at 60 days of age, extensinfection was 10%. The pigs were free of coccidia oocysts from the second compartment of the pigsty, where disinfestation was performed with Eimeriocide at 10 and 15 days of age. Infection is set at 22, 30, 45 and 60 days of age, extensinfection was 5, 10, 15 and 20% respectively. Infection with balantidia was established only at 60 days of age; extensinfection was 10%.
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE EFFECT OF ANISAKIS SIMPLEX RUDOLPHI, 1809 (DUJARDIN, 1845) L3 EXTRACT ON VERO LINE CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Sivkova Tatiana , Sivkova Ekaterina
Published: August 2020

The effect of a sterile crude extract from the frozen Anisakis simplex Rudolphi, 1809 (Dujardin, 1845) third stage larvae on the transplantable culture of mammalian cells is described. At the first time fibroblasts cells line Vero (from African green monkey, kidney) obtained from the «BioloT», St Petersburg, Russia, on a nutrient media EMEM were used. In the in vitro conditions a significant antiproliferative action of crude somatic extract expressed by complete destruction of the monolayer of fibroblast-like cells after 48 hours of cultivation is proven. Therefore, our results can be regard as a manifestation of a pronounced inhibitory effect of the studied extract on the proliferation of Vero culture, which is of considerable interest in the field of cell technology and Parasitology and may be use as the basis for subsequent experiments to study the pathogenesis and prevention of anisakiasis in humans and animals.
TRANSCRIPTOME ANALASYS OF ADULT GULL-TAPEWORM DIBOTHRIOCHEPHALLUS DENDRITICUS (CESTODA)
Authors: Sidorova  , Kutyrev  , Khabudaev  , Sukhanova  , Dugarov  , Zhepkholova  , Mazur
Published: August 2020

In certain regions of Siberia and Baikal area, the main causative agent of diphyllobothriasis of human and animals is gull-tipeworm Dibothriochephallus dendriticus. In last decade, there was heightened interest to the study of molecules secreted by helminth which can modulate the immune response of their mammal hosts, particularly human. Bioinformatic analysis of transcriptomes gives opportunity to obtain data on proteins synthetized in certain time point and find among them ones the most significant for immunological functions. The aim of our study was to carry out transcriptome analysis of adult D. dendriticus. Adult D. dendriticus were pulled from the gut of herring gull. Total RNA was extracted with TRIzol reagent. Bar-coding transcriptome libraries were created. Sequencing obtained libraries was carried out using high-performance sequencer Illumina NextSeq550. De-novo assembly of transcriptome was performed. Annotation of obtained transcripts was done with Blast2Go software. Annotation allowed to describe their classification in terms of biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. At the next step, we plan to use D. dendriticus, assembled and annotated with transcriptome of plerocercoids, to search genes, potentially coding proteins that have an immunomodulatory effect on their hosts and also for identification of the proteins in secretome of parasites.
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF HELMINTHS OF THE JACKAL (CANIS AUREUS) IN THE WESTERN REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Suleimenov  , Amanzhol
Published: August 2020

The article presents the results of studying the species composition of helminth fauna of the jackal (Canis aureus) in the western region of Kazakhstan. The studies were carried out by coprological methods, the method of complete helminthological dissection, and swabs from the limbs were carried out for oocysts of protozoa and helminth eggs. As study results showed, the highest infection rate is observed for helminth species such as Uncinaria stenocephala, Dipylidium caninum, Toxocara canis,
and Trichinella spiralis.
The epizootology of parasitic diseases of wild animals is poorly studied, and many unclear questions remain, in particular, what factors serve as triggers for outbreaks of invasive animal diseases. There are many types of helminths parasitizing in domestic animals and their wild relatives, which cause severe diseases in both groups of animals that are often fatal if they have appropriate qualitative and quantitative composition. They include causative agents of echinococcosis, fascioliasis, coenurosis, dictyocaulosis, dicroceliasis of gastrointestinal strongylatosis, etc. As a result, huge losses are caused to natural populations of wild animals and the country's economy in general due to lower productivity and death of animals.
Given that the jackal helminth fauna shows a high degree of similarity to domestic carnivores, it should be assumed that when these wild animals come into contact with farm animals, they can exchange parasites. Therefore, it should be assumed that any studies regarding helminthiases of this animal of Kazakhstan form the material of undoubted scientific and practical interest.
THE EFFECT OF ZOOCOMPOST FORMED AS A RESULT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE OF THE BLACK SOLDIER FLY HERMETIA ILLUCENS IN ORGANIC SUBSTRATES ON NEMATODES OF VARIOUS TAXONOMIC AFFILIATIONS
Authors: Udalova  , Butorina  , Zinovieva  , Bastrakov  , Ushakova
Published: August 2020

Bioconversion of organic material with the help of Hermetia illucens larvae allows to partially solve the problem of waste disposal and to obtain a wide range of various products, including zoocompost. In laboratory conditions, a mixture of lawn grasses was grown in the soil from a natural biocenosis with a predominance of saprobiotic (Rhabditida), polyphage species of nematodes (Dorylaimida) and phytohelminths (Tylenchida) and with the introduction of zoocompost in the soil in a ratio of 1/43. After 30 days, the number of nematodes in the control variants increased almost 6 times, the number of phytohelminths practically remained at the same level, the increase was due to saprobiotic nematodes. The ratio of phytohelminths to saprobiotic nematodes was 1:18. When zoological compost was introduced, a significant increase in saprobionts and a decrease in nematodes of the tylenchid order (~ 1:1380) were observed. The number of polyphagous species at the end of the experiment doubled in the control, while in the experiment it changed slightly. It was shown that in addition to the growth-promoting effect on plants, the introduction of an organic substrate leads to an increase in the number of saprozoid nematodes, with the displacement of phytohelminths.
HELMINTS OF FOXES OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Authors: Berdibaev  , Shakarboev  , Akhunova  , Golovanov
Published: August 2020

The species composition of the helminths of the common fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758) on the territory of Karakalpakstan was studied. The material for this work was the collection of helminths from 27 foxes (13♂ and 14♀), procured on the territory of Muinak, Kanlykul, Kegeyli and Beruny districts of Karakalpakstan, as well as the Karakalpak part of Kyzylkum in different seasons of 2017–2019 years. The research results show that a fox in the territory of Karakalpakstan registered 35 species of helminths, including 9 species of cestodes, 4 species of trematodes, 3 species of acantocephalus and 19 species of nematodes belonging to 29 genera, 21 families, 14 suborders, 4 classes and 3 types fauna. Helminths are localized in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems. Most cases of invasion have been reported in associative form. Some helminths cause serious illness in humans and live-stock animals. 35 species of helminths were found in a fox in Karakalpakstan. The total extent of foxes is 100% helminthic. The basis of this community was cestodes (25.7%) and nematodes (54.3%), of which Dirofilaria immitis, Toxascaris leonina and Toxocara canis dominated in all quantitative indicators. The proportion of trematodes and acantocephalus is – 20.0%.
THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN BASIC INTESTINAL NEMATODOSIS OF EUROPEAN BISONS
Authors: Tsepilova  , Esaulova  , Zemlyanko
Published: August 2020

The European bison (Bison b. bonasus) inhabits various regions of the Russian Federation, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and 328 other countries. Currently, the genetic core for breeding bison in the territory of the Russian Federation is the Prioksko-Terrasny State Reserve. The study of bison endoparasotifauna was carried out in the FSBI Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, the Moscow Region, "Bison Nursery" of the SB RAS in the Altai Republic and in Bryansky Les Reserve, Bryansk Region, and the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary-Sanitary Inspection of the FSBEI HE MGAVMiB – MBA named after K.I. Scryabin. A total of 192 samples were selected and examined, 159 from the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve, 15 from the Bison Nursery of the SB RAS, and 18 from
the Bryansky Les Reserve. The endoparasitofauna of bisons from the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve is represented by one species of trematodes, one species of cestodes, three genera of nematodes and one genus of protozoa: Fasciola hepatica, Moniezia benedeni, Trichostrongylus sp., in the study of 15 samples from the "Bison Nursery" of the SB RAS, Altai Republic, only one sample revealed single eggs of helminths from the genus Trichostrongylus sp., the prevalence is 6.6%, and the study of 18 bison fecal samples from the Bryansky Les Reserve identified nematodes from the genus Trichostrongylus sp., the prevalence is 27.7%, and the genus Nematodirus sp., the prevalence is 5.5%. When determining the effectiveness of Anthelminthics of various formulations, one of which is in the form of a powder for oral use containing fenbendazole as the active substance, and the other-injectable with the active substance closantel, it was found that the EE and IE of the latter is 100%.
TREMATODE FAUNA OF MOLLUSKS OF THE KATTAKURGAN RESERVOIR OF THE SAMARKAND REGION
Authors: Shakarbaev  , Akramova  , Esonboyev  , Shodieva
Published: August 2020

The paper presents research data on the fauna and qualitative composition of trematode cercaria of the families that maturate in mollusks, namely, Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae, and Physidae of the Kattakurgan Reservoir of the Samarkand Region. The work was carried out in the spring-summer and autumn time of 2017–2019 in the Kattakurgan Reservoir. There were 7510 mollusks (Lymnaeidae – 4116 specimens, Planorbidae – 2280 specimens and Physidae – 620 specimens) collected and investigated according to the known malacology methods. As our collections showed, 5 species were found here in 2017–2019 – L. auricularia, L. subdisjuncta, Costatelia acuta, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus covexiusculus. Among them – Lymnaea auricularia and L. sudisjuncta live on the lower layers of plants, and are sometimes found on the slopes of the dam. Seven species of mollusks infected with trematode larvae were found in the examined reservoir. We found that the fauna of trematode cercaria from the studied reservoir is represented by 16 species belonging to 15 genera. The richest species diversity of cercariae in mollusks Planorbis planorbis is 6 species. Cercariae are represented by 5 species in mollusks Radix auricularia in the studied region.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN SHEEP PARASITOSES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Authors: Dudarchuk  , Shchemialiova
Published: August 2020

This article presents results of studying distribution and seasonal dynamics of associative parasitosis of gastrointestinal tract of sheep. It was found that most common cases in surveyed sheep farms were recorded invasion of sheep with strongyles of gastrointestinal tract (in 100% of cases) with an average invasion intensity of 55.47% and an invasion intensity of 14.26 eggs per 1 g of feces. The predominant trichostrongylidae spp. in structure are haemonchus – 54.56%, they also pose greatest danger to sheep, since they are hematophages. Samples from 66.67% of surveyed farms revealed Eimeria spp. with an invasion intensity from 32.2% to 72% and an invasion intensity from 233.15 to 1685.32 oocysts in 1 g of feces. Strongyloides invasion was detected in 50% of surveyed farms. On average, prevalence of invasion was 18.38%. It was found that most critical period with a significantly high degree of invasion in young lambs is spring season (p<0.001), which is characterized by a high degree of extensiveness and intensity of invasion (Eimeria spp. and cryptosporidium).
On Plurality Voting and Runoff Elections: Information Aggregation under Divided Majority
Authors: Gao Jacque
Published: August 2020

This article compares Plurality Voting (PV) and two forms of Runoff Elections (RE) in a setting in which (i) there are two majority-preferred alternatives, (ii) a strong minority backs a third alternative which would make the majority strictly worse off, and (iii) some of the majority voters are uninformed about the "correct" majority alternative. I show that in the informative equilibrium in Majority Runoff Elections (MRE), uninformed majority voters vote randomly with strictly positive probability, achieving partial information aggregation, while they always abstain in Automatic Runoff Elections (ARE), achieving full information aggregation and strictly improving the majority's welfare. However, uninformed majority voters do not abstain in PV, resulting in less information aggregation than in both MRE and ARE.
Choosing and Refusing: Doxastic Voluntarism and Folk Psychology
Authors: Turri John , Buckwalter Wesley , Rose David
Published: August 2020

A standard view in contemporary philosophy is that belief is involuntary, either as a matter of conceptual necessity or as a contingent fact of human psychology. We present seven experiments on patterns in ordinary folk-psychological judgments about belief. The results provide strong evidence that voluntary belief is conceptually possible and, granted minimal charitable assumptions about folk-psychological competence, provide some evidence that voluntary belief is psychologically possible. We also consider two hypotheses in an attempt to understand why many philosophers have been tempted to view belief as involuntary: that belief is a prototype concept and that belief is a dual character concept. Altogether, our findings contribute to longstanding philosophical debates about the relationship between the will and the intellect, while also advancing scientific understanding of important social judgments.
Does transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improve sport performance? A systematic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Chinzara Trish , Buckingham Gavin
Published: August 2020

The ergogenic potential around neuromodulation techniques using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has increased in excitement over the years, however, research involving its potential use in sports performance has concluded mixed outcomes. This meta-analysis aims to synthesise the diverging opinions of whether tDCS may serve to benefit athletes’ performance. A systematic search was conducted using online databases and reference lists available until September 2019. Randomised full-text studies that examined the acute effects of tDCS compared to a sham/control condition on the outcome measures of physical endurance (isokinetic, isometric or dynamic indexes) or sport directed protocols on healthy adults were included following a prescribed eligibility criterion. A total of 36 studies were included in the review. The quantitative analysis found there to be a moderate effect favouring the control/sham condition suggesting tDCS has no effect on sports performance (SMD =0.31,95%Cl: 0.12,0.50, p=0.002). But a qualitative sub-analysis found there was a small effect favouring the tDCS condition, for isometric, dynamic and sports directed studies. The results suggest tDCS could be used as a potential ergogenic aid if used in conjunction with a training regime. The current synthesised evidence is insufficient to confidently support the use of tDCS in enhancing sports performance.
Deciding Without Intending
Authors: Buckwalter Wesley , Rose David , Turri John
Published: August 2020

According to a consensus view in philosophy, “deciding” and “intending” are synonymous expressions. Researchers have recently challenged this view with the discovery of a counterexample in which ordinary speakers attribute deciding without intending. The aim of this paper is to investigate the strengths and limits of this discovery. The result of this investigation revealed that the evidence challenging the consensus view is strong. We replicate the initial finding against consensus and extend it by utilizing several new measures, materials, and procedures. Together this evidence strongly suggests that “deciding” is not synonymous with “intending” in ordinary language and that the consensus view should be rejected.
Iffy Predictions and Proper Expectations
Authors: Turri John
Published: August 2020

What individuates the speech act of prediction? The standard view is that prediction is individuated by the fact that it is the unique speech act that requires future-directed content. We argue against this view and two successor views. We then lay out several other potential strategies for individuating prediction, including the sort of view we favor. We suggest that prediction is individuated normatively and has a special connection to the epistemic standards of expectation. In the process, we advocate some constraints that we think a good theory of prediction should respect
From BDNF to reading: Neural activation and phonological processing as multiple mediators
Authors: Mascheretti Sara , Perdue Meaghan , Feng Bei , Andreola Chiara , Dionne Ginette , Jasinska Kaja , Pugh Kenneth , Grigorenko Elena , Landi Nicole
Published: August 2020

The BDNF gene is a prominent promoter of neuronal development, maturation and plasticity. Its Val66Met polymorphism affects brain morphology and function within several areas and is associated with several cognitive functions and neurodevelopmental disorder susceptibility. Recently, it has been associated with reading, reading-related traits and altered neural activation in reading–related brain regions. However, it remains unknown if the intermediate phenotypes (IPs, such as brain activation and phonological skills) mediate the pathway from gene to reading or reading disability. By conducting a serial multiple mediation model in a sample of 94 children (age 5-13), our findings revealed no direct effects of genotype on reading. Instead, we found that genotype is associated with brain activation in reading-related and more domain general regions which in turn is associated with phonological processing which is associated with reading. These findings suggest that the BDNF- Val66Met polymorphism is related to reading via phonological processing and functional activation. These results support brain imaging data and neurocognitive traits as viable IPs for complex behaviors.
Sustainable Energy Policymaking for Cyprus
Authors: Poullikkas Andreas
Published: August 2020

Sustainable energy policymaking for Cyprus provides an insight to the current and future steps required for the Cyprus’s policy-making in sustainable energy. This is expected to play an important role in the future economic development of the island. Sustainable energy policymaking for Cyprus is not by any means exhaustive, nor is it intended to be, but to provide current de- velopments and ideas for the Cyprus future energy needs.
The tyrosine kinase TEK is differentially expressed in non-small cell lung adenocarcinomas.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: August 2020

Non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide (1, 2). We mined published microarray data (3, 4, 5) to discover genes associated with NSCLC. We identified significant differential expression of the tyrosine kinase TEK in tumors from patients with NSCLC. TEK may be of relevance to the initiation, progression or maintenance of non-small cell lung cancers.
Reasons and Basing in Commonsense Epistemology: Evidence from Two Experiments
Authors: Turri John
Published: August 2020

I accomplish two things in this paper. I explain the motivation for including experimental research in philosophical projects on epistemic reasons and the basing relation. And I present the first experimental contributions to these projects. The results from two experiments advance our understanding of the ordinary concepts of reasons and basing and set the stage for further research on the topics. More specifically, the results support a causal theory of the basing relation, according to which reasons are causes, and a dualist theory of epistemic reasons, according to which reasons include both psychological and non-psychological items.
The High Persistence of PFAS is Sufficient for their Management as a Chemical Class
Authors: Cousins Ian , DeWitt Jamie C. , Lohmann Rainer , Glüge Juliane , Goldenman Gretta , Herzke Dorte , Miller Mark , Ng Carla , Scheringer Martin , Wang Zhanyun
Published: August 2020

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of synthetic organic substances with diverse structures, properties, uses, bioaccumulation potentials and toxicities. Despite this high diversity, all PFAS are alike in that they contain perfluoroalkyl moieties that are extremely resistant to environmental and metabolic degradation. PFAS are therefore either non-degradable or transform ultimately into stable terminal transformation products (which are still PFAS). Under the European chemicals regulation this classifies all PFAS as very persistent substances (vP). We argue that this high persistence is sufficient concern for their management as a chemical class, and for all “non-essential” uses of PFAS to be phased out. The continual release of highly persistent PFAS will result in increasing concentrations and increasing probabilities of the occurrence of known and unknown effects. Once adverse effects are identified the exposure and associated effects will not be easily reversible. Reversing PFAS contamination will be technically challenging, energy intensive, and costly for society, as is evident in the efforts to remove PFAS from contaminated land and drinking water.
Street Photography at Scale: Photographically Documenting Neighborhoods
Authors: Dewees John
Published: August 2020

A poster describing a workflow for photographically documenting a neighborhood using a DSLR camera mounted to a car window while the car is (carefully) in motion, firing the camera with an attached remote shutter button allowing the driver to maintain attention to road while quickly, but blindly, firing the camera.
Building Tools for Community-Driven Photo Collections
Authors: Dewees John
Published: August 2020

Local history collections are only as good as how well they represent their community, so make sure the community is easily able to contribute to your collection. This LIBchat will discuss an implemented tool and workflow for collecting both digital and analog photographs for accession into local history collections. You will learn about submission agreements, workflows for ingest, tools to facilitate the transfer, metadata considerations, and marketing strategies to actually get your community excited and involved to contribute to the preservation of their local history.
A dynamical reconceptualization of executive function development
Authors: Perone Sammy , Simmering Vanessa Renee , Buss Aaron Thomas
Published: August 2020

Executive function plays a foundational role in everyday behaviors across the lifespan. Our theoretical understanding of executive function development, however, is still a work in progress. Doebel (2020) proposed executive function development reflects skills using control in the service of behavior, using mental content such as knowledge and beliefs to guide behavior in a context specific fashion. This liberating view contrasts with modular views of executive function. This new view resembles some older dynamic systems concepts which long ago proposed behavior reflects the assembly of multiple pieces in context. We dig into this resemblance and evaluate what else dynamic systems theory adds to our understanding of executive function development. We describe core dynamic systems concepts and apply them to executive function – as conceptualized by Doebel – and through this lens explain the multi-level nature of goal-directed behavior and how a capacity to behave in a goal-directed fashion across contexts emerges over development. We then describe a dynamic systems model of goal-directed behavior during childhood and, finally, address broader theoretical implications of dynamic systems theory and propose new translational implications for fostering children’s capacity to behave in a goal-directed fashion across everyday contexts.
Applying Human-Centric Functional Modeling and General Collective Intelligence to the Process of Observation
Authors: Williams Andy E
Published: August 2020

Eastern existential traditions focus on practices meant to increase one’s ability to observe what is true in one’s awareness of this existence. The accuracy of surveys depends on the ability of the respondents to observe truth. Practices that increase one’s ability to observe what is true are formalized in this paper through the methodology of Human-Centric Functional Modeling, so they can be used to pre-qualify survey respondents according to their ability to understand principles of truthful observation. These principles are namely, that truth is what is true within one's own experience (what one can observe directly or prove through "first principles", that is prove from such direct observations). Truth is not what is within one's beliefs, with the exception of what in one’s own observation those beliefs function to achieve. Nor is truth what any given academic tradition might assume, unless those assumption can be observed directly or deduced from first principles. In addition, this paper explores why the use of General Collective Intelligence or GCI is required to remove barriers to the complexity of observations that can be truthfully made. The justifications for these conclusions is presented, as is a methodology for using these conclusions to continuously and adaptively improve survey results.
How our ideological out-group shapes our emotional response to our shared socio-political reality
Authors: Elad Strenger Julia , Goldenberg Amit , Saguy Tamar , Halperin Eran
Published: August 2020

What shapes our emotional responses to socio-political events? Following the social identity approach, we suggest that individuals adjust their emotional responses to socio-political stimuli based on their ideological out-group’s responses, in a manner that preserves the comparative and normative fit of ideological ingroup-outgroup categories. In Study 1 and Study 2 (pre-registered), Jewish-Israeli leftists and rightists were exposed to their ideological out-group’s alleged emotional response to a stimulus associated with Israeli-Palestinian relations, which was either stereotypical (leftists expressing low anger and rightists expressing high anger) or non-stereotypical (leftists expressing high anger and rightists expressing low anger). Across studies, participants reported more positive affect towards their ideological out-group when its response to the stimulus was non-stereotypical versus stereotypical, yet their own response to the stimulus became more “extreme” (towards the low end of the anger scale for leftists, and towards the high end of the anger scale for rightists), shifting farther away from their ideological out-group norm. Our findings suggest that in highly polarized contexts, where “leftist” and “rightist” identities are largely defined in comparison to one another, the “positioning” of ideological groups relative to one another plays a role in shaping their responses to their shared socio-political reality.
Crenshaw et al (in press) - Relative importance of conflict topics for within-couple tests
Authors: Crenshaw Alexander O. , Leo Karena , Christensen Andrew , Hogan Jasara , Baucom Katherine , Baucom Brian
Published: August 2020

Researchers commonly employ observational methods, in which partners discuss topics of concern to them, to test gender differences and other within-couple differences in couple conflict behavior. We describe a previously-unidentified assumption upon which statistical tests in these observational studies are frequently reliant: whether each partner is more concerned or dissatisfied with the topic selected for them than the partner is. We term this the relative importance assumption and show that common procedures for selecting conflict discussion topics can lead to widespread violations of the assumption in empirical studies. Study 1 conducts a systematic review of the literature and finds that few existing studies ensure relative importance is met. Study 2 uses two empirical samples to estimate how often relative importance is violated when not ensured, finding it is violated in one-third of interaction tasks. Study 3 examines the potential consequences of violating the relative importance assumption when testing within-couple differences in observed behavior, focusing on gender differences in the demand/withdraw pattern. Results show that these tests were profoundly impacted by violations of relative importance. In light of these violations, we conduct a more rigorous test of demand/withdraw theories and clarify previously-inconsistent results in the literature. We recommend explicit consideration of relative importance for studies testing within-couple effects, provide methodological recommendations for selecting topics in future studies, and discuss implications for clinical practice.
Sex differences in neural responsivity to reward and loss: Associations with triarchic model traits and antisocial behavior
Authors: Brislin Sarah , Weigard Alexander Samuel , Hardee Jillian E. , Cope Lora M. , Martz Meghan E. , Zucker Robert A. , Heitzeg Mary
Published: August 2020

Deficits in response to reward and loss are implicated in antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy. This study examined sex differences in associations of neural response to reward and loss with triarchic model traits and ASPD symptoms. Functional neuroimaging data was collected during a monetary incentive delay task from 158 participants. We predicted that males high in ASPD would show greater neural response to reward anticipation and less neural response to loss. Analyses examining the triarchic model were exploratory. A significant sex by Boldness interaction was associated with left nucleus accumbens response during loss anticipation. There were also significant sex by ASPD associations with left nucleus accumbens and left amygdala activation during the loss feedback condition and left nucleus accumbens during loss anticipation. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of sex and triarchic model traits when examining reward and loss processing in the context of antisocial behavior.