bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Declaration
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

While the comadre was deploying her plan of attack against Jose Manuel, Leonardo burned with jealousy, with rage, and there was nothing that could console him in his despair, not even the promises of good results that his godfather and godmother made to him. All the poor boy could see before him was the detestable figure of his rival, ruining all his plans, scattering all his hopes. In the times when he was calm he sometimes absorbed himself in the imaginary contruction of magnificent castles-castles in the air, to be sure. But there were times when they seemed to him the most solid castles in the world.
Defeat
Authors: Almeida Manuel Antonio De
Published: November 2023

Those last words from the comadre had the effect of a thunderbolt on Dona Maria: The old woman squirmed on her bench, overcome by the greatest chagrin. “Well, comadre,” she exclaimed after the initial shock had subsided, “if this doesn’t beat the devil ... that’s why I follow the time-honored rule: Don’t trust anything that wears breeches. Hmm! This really makes me see red.” The comadre, seeing these good results, took full advantage of them to play her role better and replied, “Well, after all what could you expect from a person like that? ... a man who doesn’t open his mouth except to lie ... who’s got a tongue like Lucifer’s own? Anybody who trusts in him is just asking for a fall.”
Worship with One Accord
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The historical course of Christianity in the twentieth century has been strongly marked by the Ecumenical Movement and the Liturgical Movement, and often these currents for the recovery of the Church’s unity and the renewal of its worship have flowed together. In this new book, author Geoffrey Wainwright draws on his three decades of active participation in both movements to offer a theologically informed account of what has been at stake in them, what their achievements have been, and what tasks remain for them to accomplish. He shows how the two movements have engaged such issues as the authority and function of scripture and tradition as well as the nature of the Church and sacraments. In this last connection, Wainwright illuminates the convergence represented by the widely received Lima text on “Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry,” in the writing of which he played a prominent part. The linguistic and anthropological turns that characterize twentieth-century thought are reflected in the attention given to the language and ritual of worship. The social location of the Church is addressed in chapters that look to liturgical practices for common Christian perspectives on ethics, politics, and culture, so that discords and conflicts may be resolved and reconciled. The book makes its own contribution to the symphony of praise to which the apostle Paul summons Christians and the churches.
‘‘Like A Man Among Men’’: The Female Saint In A Male Corpus
Authors: Kitchen John
Published: November 2023

We have examined the common and, at least in relation to Fortunatus’s hagiography, some of the distinctive features of the LVP. Now we turn to the nineteenth book of this collection to consider Gregory’s depiction of a female saint and to see how this composition compares with the rest of the work. Similar to the Life of Saint Radegund in Fortunatus’s corpus of prose biographies, Monegund’s Vita is the only account in the LVP telling the story of a holy woman.
Baudonivia’ S Life Of Saint Radegund
Authors: Kitchen John
Published: November 2023

Not too long after Fortunatus composed his Vita sanctae Radegundis, and probably after he had died, a nun at the convent Radegund founded, who also knew the saint personally, wrote another biography of this holy woman.’ That two contemporary authors well acquainted with the same holy person both wrote biographies is relatively rare in Merovingian hagiography. If her reason for undertaking this task is taken, at least for the moment, at face value, the author of the second Vita, Baudonivia, intends to fill out Fortunatus’s incomplete portrait of the saint.
Ikkyu And Koans
Authors: Kabanoff Alexander
Published: November 2023

Ikkyfi Sojun (1394-1481) was one of the most famous Zen monks in Muromachi-era Japan (1333-1573) because of his unconventional and eccentric behavior (not by chance he often called himself Kyoun, the “Crazy Cloud”), his unorthodox views, and his artistic abilities. His reputation as a popular hero of amusing stories has long been preserved, and his life story has been enriched by legends and anecdotes that are well-known among Japanese children today. We will examine Ikkyu’s role as an original thinker and a versatile poet who left a collection of poems in Chinese writing or kanbun, the Kyoun-shu (An Anthology of the Crazy Cloud), many of which deal with traditional Zen koans in innovative and creative ways.
Unveiling Maternal Desires Hitchcock And American Domesticity
Authors: Michie Elsie B
Published: November 2023

Hoover’s comments suggest the importance of the mother as a figure who, in keeping the household going, maintains both the family and a patriotic image of America. In this paper I analyze the way the mother is the vehicle for but also resists such an idyllic image of the domestic sphere in two Hitchcock films, one made in the era of Hoover’s comments, Shadow of a Doubt (1943), the other in the postwar period, the second version of The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956). These two films differ from the rest of the Hitchcock canon because in them the mother is represented not critically, as in films like Psycho, Notorious, The Birds, and even North by Northwest, but positively. Ronnie Scheib’s lyrical description of Emma Newton (Patricia Collinge), the mother in Shadow of a Doubt, could equally well be applied to Jo McKenna (Doris Day), the mother in The Man Who Knew Too Much, “She seems to move through a flow of energy which is both feeling and action, identity and instinct, obeying an inner necessity of domestic security.”
From Spellbound To Vertigo, Alfred Hitchcock And Therapeutic Culture In America
Authors: Freedman Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Now that depth psychology, with the help of films, soapopera, and Horney, has delved into the deepest recesses, people’s last possibility of experiencing themselves has been cut off by organized culture. Ready-made enlightenment turns not only spontaneous reflection but also analytical insights-whose power equals the energy and suffering that it cost to gain them-into mass-produced articles, and the painful secrets of individual history, which the orthodox method is already inclined to reduce to formulae, into commonplace conventions. Dispelling rationalizations becomes itself rationalization. Instead of working to gain self-awareness, the initiates become adept at subsuming all instinctual conflicts under such concepts as inferiority-complex, mother-fixation, extroversion, and introversion, to which they are in reality inaccessible. Terror before the abyss of the self is removed by the consciousness of being concerned with nothing so very different from arthritis or sinus trouble.
Rear-View Mirror: Hitchcock, Poe, and the Flaneur in America
Authors: Brand Dana
Published: November 2023

As many of the essays in this volume make clear, the films of Alfred Hitchcock’s American period are shaped by his direct and imaginative experience of America and his interest in American films. While little can be known with certainty about Hitchcock’s familiarity with American literature, one thing that is known is that Hitchcock acknowledged a significant imaginative debt to an American writer, Edgar Allan Poe. In a 1961 essay entitled “Why I Am Afraid of the Dark,” Hitchcock described how he discovered the works of Poe at the age of sixteen, after reading an account of Poe’s life. “Very likely,” Hitchcock wrote, it’s because I was so taken with the Poe stories that I later made suspense films. I don’t want to seem immodest, but I can’t help comparing what I’ve tried to put in my films with what Edgar Allan Poe put in his novels (sic): a completely unbelievable story told to the readers with such a spellbinding logic that you get the impression that the same thing could happen to you tomorrow.... I believe Poe has a special place in the world of literature. He’s at the same time certainly a romantic and a herald of modern literature.
Surrendered to Jesus
Authors: Rubin Julius H
Published: November 2023

Dear God, what do you have in mind for me? Why do I live in such unreality? I am also Thy child and belong to Thee and Thou willst help me. But the days drag out and I do not see my way in front of me, but am only anxious about them. Help me to step out of myself and into Thy hands. Amen.
Religious Melancholy among other Anabaptist Sects
Authors: Rubin Julius H
Published: November 2023

It is instructive to compare Arnoldism with other primitivist, Pietist, and Anabaptist sects, and see how these movements address issues of religious freedom, unity, purity, and religious personality. Do primitivism and Pietism give rise to coercion? What factors lessen the moral absolutism in these religious communities? Do the faithful in other primitivist and Pietist total communities also suffer religious melancholy? Congregational polity in church-communities among the Mennonite, Brethren, and Amish permit private household economies that mitigate the tendency toward religious authoritarianism and moral absolutism. Schism among these sects affords the expression of individual religious conscience and other differences through rebellious division of the church-community. Factionalism and the frequent division and creation of new colonies among Western Hutterites lessen the severity of social controls of church-community. The toleration of factionalism, the Hut terite practice of splitting of colonies to keep communes no large than one hundred twenty-five persons, and the dynamics of schism serve as institutionalized safety values.
The Seven Deadly Sins
Authors: Schimmel Solomon
Published: November 2023

All of us are engaged in a personal, ongoing battle with sin and vice. The seven deadly sins - lust, greed, envy, anger, pride, gluttony, and sloth - are our main antagonists in this struggle. They are primary causes of unhappiness and immorality, and because of their pervasive nature, have been of perennial interest to religious thinkers, philosophers, dramatists, and poets. In The Seven Deadly Sins, Solomon Schimmel explains why psychology must incorporate many of the ethical and spiritual values of religion and moral philosophy if it is to effectively address the emotional problems faced by modern men and women, be they believers or agnostics. Drawing on the psychological insights of the Bible, Aristotle, Maimonides, Aquinas, and Shakespeare, among others, he shows how all of us can learn from them about the relationship between virtue and psychological well-being and vice and emotional distress. This insightful and fascinating work guides us to master our passions rather than be enslaved by them so that we can become more humane and build a happier, caring society.
The Persistence of Sin
Authors: Schimmel Solomon
Published: November 2023

The seven deadly sins—pride, anger, envy, greed, gluttony, lust, and sloth—are with us every day. Consider these events, typical of many regularly reported in the press:

Arrogant and self-centered yuppies suffer depression and other psychological problems during the recession of 1990-91 when they find themselves out of jobs and suddenly realize that they are much less important than they had assumed themselves to be. “ ‘My patients are very bitter,’ said ... a psychoanalyst to whom patients are referred from employee assistance programs in troubled Wall Street organizations. ‘Many of them came from upper-middle-income families and went to all the correct schools and felt they had a passport to success.’ “ (New York Times, November 7, 1990).
Lust
Authors: Schimmel Solomon
Published: November 2023

Teenage promiscuity, rape, incest, pornography, prostitution, adultery, sexually transmitted disease, unhappy marriages, and divorce are rampant in our society. In our daily news fare we read of twelve-yearold children with multiple sex partners, of college athletes who gang rape a mentally retarded woman, of men who refuse to wear a condom because it will decrease the pleasure of the sexual act even though they may transmit the AIDS virus to their partners. Jealous lovers, their lust frustrated by a competitor, commit murder, while in embittered relationships sexual desire is manipulated and used as a tool of vengeance rather than as an ancillary of love. Lust, the unrestrained and unethical expression of the sexual impulse, is a major cause of such problem behavior.

A government study on violence against women released in March 1991 indicates that the rate of rape in America is the world’s highest, estimated between l. 3 and 2 million per year, the vast majority of which go unreported.
Sin and Responsibility
Authors: Schimmel Solomon
Published: November 2023

The differences of opinion expressed by a judge, district attorney, and defense attorney in the trial and sentencing of a convicted criminal in New York illustrate the conflicting assumptions that characterize discussions of sin, responsibility, and punishment. They exemplify the difficulties we face when we try to ascribe responsibility for sins and crimes and determine appropriate remedies or penalties for them:

The Brooklyn District Attorney said yesterday that she may appeal a judge’s decision to give five years’ probation to a Chinese immigrant convicted of bludgeoning his wife to death with a hammer.

The judge said he did not treat the man more harshly, in part, because of testimony that Chinese attitudes toward adultery helped explain the crime.
The Sufi Orders in Islam
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

Sufism, the name given to Islamic mysticism, has been the subject of many studies, but the orders through which the organizational aspect of the Sufi spirit was expressed has been neglected. The Sufi Orders in Islam is one of the earliest modern examinations of the historical development of Sufism and is considered a classic work in numerous sources of Islamic studies today. Here, author J. Spencer Trimingham offers a clear and detailed account of the formation and development of the Sufi schools and orders (tariqahs) from the second century of Islam until modern times. Trimingham focuses on the practical disciplines behind the mystical aspects of Sufism which initially attracted a Western audience. He shows how Sufism developed and changed, traces its relationship to the unfolding and spread of mystical ideas, and describes in sharp detail its rituals and ceremonial practices. Finally, he assesses the influence of these Sufi orders upon Islamic society in general. John O. Voll has added a new introduction to this classic text and provides readers with an updated list of further reading. The Sufi Orders in Islam will appeal not only to those already familiar with Triminghams groundbreaking research, but also to the growing reading public of Islamic studies and mysticism.
The Ideology of Religious Studies
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

This book argues that ‘religion’ is not a genuine analytical category since it does no useful work in helping us to understand the world we live in. While it appears to have something important and meaningful to say about societies and cultures and personal experiences, when one looks at its actual use in a wide spectrum of descriptives and analytical contexts it becomes clear that so much is included in the term that it becomes indistinguishable from “culture.” By failing to specify any distinctive kind of experience or social institution, it inhibits and hinder the flow of intellectual development in the humanities. According to author Timothy Fitzgerald, long-standing debates about the validity of ‘religion’ as an analytical category that have been taking place in the religious studies community have been circular. One reason for this is that the ideological distinction between “religion” and the “the secular” has been so comprehensively institutionalized in western social systems that it appears as being “in the nature softhing.” However, many religions scholars themselves have had serious doubts about what constitutes their field of study. After failing to arrive at any consensus about what definitional criteria distinguish religion from non-religion, or at what analytical level the term is being used, many scholars have virtually claimed that “religion” is self-validating. In other words, its meaningfulness is guaranteed by its use. The term is so comprehensively embedded in the language game, Fitzgerald argues, that it inevitably appears self-justifying to those who employ it and, indeed, to those who are employed by it. This book widen the cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural scope of the analysis, looking at texts, ostensibly about “religion,” produced by religionists, anthropologists, historians, and others. By analysing its multiples uses, Fitzgerald demonstrates that the continued faith in the category as an analytical tool and as the basis for distinct academis departments is illusory and cannot be justified by any supposed analytical gains. He shows the confusios caused in the analysis of social institutions in India and Japan by the adoption of the modern western distinction between religion and non-religion, and the consequent conflist in those cultures between indigenous and western political, juridical, and intellectual values. By critically rethinking “religion,” scholars can contribute to the wider task of reconstructing western categories, thus opening the academic agenda to new insight and understanding about human values and institutions.
The Coming of the Lord The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

On April 14, 1865, a large crowd of Union partisans gathered in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, to celebrate the return of the American flag to its prewar position atop the battlements of Fort Sumter. The featured speaker at this most important and richly symbolic of northern victory ceremonies was the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, pastor of the Plymouth Church in Brooklyn, New York. The choice of Beecher to be the orator of the day was a recognition of his personal services to the Union cause and those of the profession to which he belonged-the clergy of the principal northern Protestant denominations.
Religion and the Results of the Civil War
Authors: Hill Samuel S
Published: November 2023

In 1843, in western New York State, the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America called itself into being. The provocation was its founding members ‘ disagreements with the Methodist Episcopal church to which they had belonged. One issue was the power and authority of the episcopacy; the new body proceeded at once to designate its leader as president, not bishop.
American Youth Violence
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

This is the definitive examination of adolescent violence in the United States as both a social phenomenon and a policy problem. Franklin Zimring, one of America’s most esteemed scholars of law and crime, scrutinizes criminal statistics and demographic trends in order to authoritatively address public worries. The result is a thorough debunking of Congressional predictions of “a coming storm of juvenile violence” and the half-baked policy proposals that accompany such warnings. The book sets forth comprehensive and dispassionate analyses of three key areas of youth violence policy: adolescent firearms possession and use, standards for transfer from juvenile to criminal court jurisdiction, and legal sanctions for adolescents who kill. Throughout American Youth Violence, the core issues of youth violence in the 1990s are examined with an unprecedented degree of analytic rigour. Zimring also offers an appropriate set of responses to youth violence that are consistent with a positive future for the juvenile court and for American youth.
Perpetration versus Complicity
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

When a single offender acts alone, he or she is the sole perpetrator or principal. Problems arise when other people get involved. The degree of participation of others varies from a minimal contribution (giving advice, supplying tools or transportation) to taking charge and executing the commission of the crime. Those who counsel, assist, advise, or solicit are called accessories. They are complicitous in the acts of the perpetrator.
Intra- and lnterpopulation Genetic Variation Explaining the Past and Predicting the Future
Authors: Mousseau Timothy A
Published: November 2023

There are two principal reasons for interest in the genetics of traits associated with adaptation: the first concerns the elucidation of past evolutionary responses to environmental change, and the second concerns our ability to predict future evolutionary responses to selection. If we can understand the causes and mechanisms underlying adaptive phenotypic variation that have occurred in the past, this will provide clues to how populations, communities, and ecosystems may evolve in response to future environmental change. For example, much of the latitudinal variation currently observed in north temperate insect life histories (e.g., Tauber et al. 1986, Danks 1987) is genetically based and has evolved since the last glacial period. Because similar patterns of life-history variation have evolved repeatedly, independently, and even on different continents, this suggests that these patterns of genetically based phenotypic variation are generally adaptive (Endler 1987) and likely to arise again in response to similar patterns of environmental change. Examples of such patterns include Bergmann ‘s and Allen ‘s rules for endotherms (Futuyma 1998) and the converse to Bergmann ‘s Rule in ectotherms (Mousseau and Roff 1989, Mousseau 1997).
History and History Plays
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

Late in Shakespeare’s Richard III, three royal ladies, the dowager queens Margaret and Elizabeth and the dowager duchess of York, sit upon the ground to catalogue their losses:
T. S. Eliot, B. A. Botkin, and the Politics of Cultural Representation
Authors: Hirsch Jerrold
Published: November 2023

T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) and B. A. Botkin (1901-1975). What can be the purpose of juxtaposing these two individuals, the former the most famous of twentiethcentury poets, the latter a folklorist unfamiliar to most readers? Readers who recognize Botkin’s name—probably as the author of a series of popular folklore treasuries—will still no doubt wonder about the purpose of such a seemingly awkward contrast. Few are likely to know Botkin began his career as a poet interested in folklore. And those who know some biographical data about these two figures, one the descendant of an old New England family, the other a child of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, will probably find the idea of discussing them together even more puzzling. By background and choice, Botkin represented much of what Eliot detested about modernity—although it is unlikely Eliot knew about Botkin. Botkin, however, like all poets writing in the English language after the publication of The Waste Land (1922), thought about Eliot.
Introduction
Authors: Baum Robert M
Published: November 2023

This work is a study of the religious and social history of a small cluster of Diola communities in southwestern Senegal, before the establishment of effective colonial rule by the French, British, and Portuguese. Prior to the colonial conquest, the Diola experienced a series of profound changes that affected nearly every aspect of community life. What are presently identified as Diola religious and social institutions developed during an era of political and economic upheaval that was fueled by the gradual penetration of transatlantic slave-trading networks and the growing importance of a world economic system. These pressures were aggravated by an uncertain environment, contact with diverse ethnic groups, and a variety of internal problems that developed in a cluster of independent townships at the northern limits of the Guinean forest. By focusing on the history of Diola traditional religion in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, before Muslims and Christians had become important influences in the region, I will be able to examine the ways in which an indigenous system of thought both shaped a community’s responses to rapidly changing social conditions and was affected by that very act of interpretation.1 Many of these changes are remembered in oral traditions and are analyzed by Diola oral historians who seek to understand the meaning of these experiences. Through the examination of Diola traditions, this study analyzes internal structures of innovation within a Diola religious system that enabled it to adapt to the social upheavals of the precolonial era.
The Early Upanisads
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

This is the full edition of the early Upanisads, the central scriptures of Hinduism. Featuring Patrick Olivelle’s acclaimed new English translation (Oxford, 1996), it also includes the complete Sanskrit text, as well as variant readings, scholarly emendations, and explanations of Olivelle’s choices of particular readings. The volume also contains a concordance of the two recensions of the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad, and an extensive bibliography.
Brhadaranyaka Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Brhadaranyaka Upanisad constitutes the concluding section of the voluminous Satapatha Brahmana of the White Yajurveda. Its name, The Great Āraiyaka-Upanisad, indicates its character as both an Āraiyaka and an Upanisad. The text has been preserved in two recensions, the Madhyandina and the Kānva; in both, the BU forms the final sections of the Śatapatha. The two recensions present basically the same text, although there are differences in some significant readings and in the arrangement of individual sections. This edition and translation follows the Kanva recension. The variant readings of the Madhyandina recension are given in the notes.
Gender in an Egalitarian Society
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2023

In the old days men were stronger. Men went out at night and got money, and so we could buy rice. The men brought money for this, so men were stronger. Women were only in the garden to grow sweet potatoes to eat. Men had money. A woman could not earn money. I feel so sorry when I talk about old life stories. Always we did hard jobs. (ninety-two-year-old village woman) These two comments are good examples of sociological approaches to the study of gender. The first provides a historical and economic gender analysis: Men were stronger because of their economic role; there were no cash jobs available for women, and that fact gave men social strength. The second comment emphasizes the process of socialization. I had asked Mrs. Shinzato a general question: Do boys and girls speak differently? My question certainly allowed room for an essentialist answer. Instead, Mrs. Shinzato chose to discuss the socialization process: Boys and girls speak differently because they are educated from right after birth to do so.
Grow Long, Blessed Night
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

This book presents new English translations of over 200 erotic poems composed in India's three classical languages: Old Tamil, Maharastri Prakrit, and Sanskrit. The poems have been culled from large anthologies that date from as early as the first century CE to as late as the eighth century. Martha Ann Selby's masterful translations allow the poems to stand on their own in English while maintaining the flavors of the original verses. Grouped according to conversational themes, the poems are annotated whenever a brief explanation is necessary. Grow Long, Blessed Night also provides a thorough scholarly introduction to the origins of the poems, suggestions on how to read them, and information about the languages in which they were composed.
Architects to the Nation
Authors: Lee Antoinette J
Published: November 2023

This unique and carefully researched study traces the evolution and accomplishments of the Office of the Supervising Architect of the United States - the office that from 1852 until 1939 held a virtual monopoly over federal building design. Among its more memorable buildings are the Italianate U.S. Mint in Carson City, the huge granite pile of the State, War, and Navy Building in Washington, D.C., the towering U.S. Post Office in Nashville, New York City's neo-Renaissance customhouse, and such "restorations" as the ancient adobe Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe. In tracing the evolution of the Office and its creative output, Antoinette J. Lee evokes the nation's considerable efforts to achieve an appropriate civic architecture.
Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of “Race” in Twentieth-Century America *
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

On March 21, 1921, Joe Kirby took his wife, Mayellen, to court. The Kirbys had been married for seven years, and Joe wanted out. Ignoring the usual option of divorce, he asked for an annulment, charging that his marriage had been invalid from its very beginning because Arizona law prohibited marriages between “per sons of Caucasian blood, or their descendants” and “negroes, Mongolians or Indians, and their descendants.” Joe Kirby claimed that while he was “a person of the Caucasian blood,” his wife, Mayellen, was “a person of negro blood.” Although Joe Kirby’s charges were rooted in a well-established-and tragic tradition of American miscegenation law, his court case quickly disintegrated into a definitional dispute that bordered on the ridiculous. The first witness in the case was Joe’s mother, Tula Kirby, who gave her testimony in Spanish through an interpreter.
The Mulatto in American Fiction *
Authors: Bullock Penelope
Published: November 2023

In its heterogenous population and the individualistic traits of its various inhabitants the United States possesses a reservoir teeming with literary potentiality. Throughout the years, the American writer has tapped these natural resources to bring forth products of value and interest. Even though the characters whom he has depicted are not always lasting literary creations, they are significant in that they are social and sociological indices. Wrought from American life, they reflect the temper of the times and the actualities and the attitudes surrounding their prototypes in life. One of these characters is the mulatto. In this study1 the portrayal of the mulatto by the nineteenth-century American fictionist is presented. Who and what is the mulatto? According to Webster, he is, in the strictly generic sense, “ ... the first generation offspring of a pure negro and a white.” The popular, general conception is that he is a Negro with a very obvious ad mixture of white blood. (In this study the persons considered as mulattoes are selected as such on the basis of this definition.)
Jean Toomer and American Racial Discourse *
Authors: Hutchinson George
Published: November 2023

The culture which will transcend, and thus unite, East and West, or the Earthlings and the Galactics, is not likely to be one which does equal justice to each, but one which looks back on both with the amused condescension typical of later generations looking back at their ancestors. Richard Rorty1 49. The Literature and Thought of Modern Africa, trans. Shirley Kay (New York, 1967), p. 183.
Reflections on Little Rock*
Authors: Arendt Hann Ah
Published: November 2023

This article was written more than a year ago upon the suggestion of one of the editors of Commentary. It was a topical article whose publication was delayed for months because of the controversial nature of my reflections which, obviously, were at variance with the magazine’s stand on matters of discrimination and seg regation. Meanwhile, things had quieted down temporarily; I had hopes that my fears concerning the seriousness of the situation might prove exaggerated and no longer wished to publish this article. Recent developments have convinced me that such hopes are futile and that the routine repetition of liberal cliches may be even more dangerous than I thought a year ago. I therefore agreed to let Dissent publish the article as it was written-not because I thought that a year-old topical essay could possibly exhaust the subject or even do justice to the many difficult problems involved, but in the hope that even an inadequate attempt might help to break the dangerous routine in which the discussion of these issues is being held from both sides. There are, however, two points which were brought to my attention after I wrote the article which I would like to mention at least. The first concerns my contention that the marriage laws in 29 of the 49 states constitute a much more flagrant breach of letter and spirit of the Constitution than segregation of schools. To this, Sidney Hook (New Leader, April 13), replied that Negroes were “pro foundly uninterested” in these laws; in their eyes, “the discriminatory ban against intermarriages and miscegenation is last in the order of priorities.” I have my doubts about this, especially with respect to the educated strata in the Negro population, but it is of course perfectly true that Negro public opinion and the policies of the NAACP are almost exclusively concerned with discrimination in employment, housing and education.
The Ethics of Wrongful Obedience
Authors: Luban David J
Published: November 2023

A century ago the legal realists taught us that the real law is the law in action, not just the law in books. They taught us to think things, not words, and placed their faith in the power of the still-youthful social sciences to think legal things accurately and rigorously. In legal ethics, I think most scholars would agree on the single biggest discrepancy between the law in books—the profession’s ethics codes—and the law in action. The ethics codes are almost entirely individualist in their focus. They treat lawyers (clients, too, for that matter) largely as self-contained decision makers flying solo. In fact, however, lawyers increasingly work in and for organizations. While most lawyers continue to practice in small firms, and sole practitioners still form the largest single demographic slice of the profession, the trend is toward organizational practice. The largest law firms and corporate legal departments have more than a thousand lawyers, and the biggest firms in the country three decades ago would not make this year’s top hundred.
Shots in the Mirror
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Movies play a central role in shaping our understanding of crime and the world generally, helping us define what is good and bad, desirable and unworthy, lawful and illicit, strong and weak. Crime films raise controversial issues about the distribution of social power and the meanings of deviance, and they provide a safe space for fantasies of rebellion, punishment, and the restoration of order. In this, the first comprehensive study of its kind, well-known criminologist Nicole Rafter examines the relationship between society and crime films from the perspectives of criminal justice, film history and technique, and sociology. Dealing with over 300 films ranging from gangster and cop to trial and prison movies, Shots in the Mirror concentrates on works in the Hollywood tradition but also identifies a darker strain of critical films that portray crime and punishment more bleakly.
The Islamic Threat
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Are Islam and the West on a collision course? From the Ayatollah Khomeini to Saddam Hussein, the image of Islam as a militant, expansionist, and rabidly anti-American religion has gripped the minds of Western governments and media. But these perceptions, John L. Esposito writes, stem from a long history of mutual distrust, criticism, and condemnation, and are far too simplistic to help us understand one of the most important political issues of our time. In this new edition of The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, Esposito places the challenge of Islam in critical perspective. Exploring the vitality of this religion as a global force and the history of its relations with the West, Esposito demonstrates the diversity of the Islamic resurgence--and the mistakes our analysts make in assuming a hostile, monolithic Islam. This third edition has been expanded to include new material on current affairs in Turkey, Afghanistan, Palestine, and Southeast Asia, as well as a discussion of international terrorism.
The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

This book explores the Buddhist role in the formation of Tibetan religious thought and identity. In three major sections, the author examines Tibet’s eighth-century conversion, sources of dispute within the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, and the continuing revelation of the teaching in both doctrine and myth.
Nonphysician Professionals and Rural America
Authors: Baer Leonard D , Smith Laura M
Published: November 2023

Nonphysician professionals-nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), certified nurse midwives (CNMs), and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs)-are an important component of health care resources in rural communities. These professionals have found a place in the health care delivery structure of rural and urban communities because they are able to provide a substantial proportion of the primary care needs of a general population within the resource constraints of many rural communities (Denham and Pickard, 1979; Spitzer et al., 1974; U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1986). Physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and certified nurse midwives have been promoted as especially suited to work in smaller rural communities because they require a lower level of capital support than physicians and often prefer the greater autonomy afforded by rural practice (Cooper, Henderson, and Dietrich, 1998).
literary culture and U.S. Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Americans’ interpretations of themselves as a people are shaped by a powerful imperial desire and a profound anti-colonial temper. This book deals with these contradictory self-conceptions and the ways American writers have represented them. Sometimes canny legitimists of American empire, sometimes vigorous critics of our colonial impulses, U.S. writers from the early days of the republic to the present testify diversely to the imperial heritage of the United States and to a strong intellectual tradition of challenging the Imperialism of the United States along with other global powers. There is nothing exceptional about the imperial aura in U.S. culture from the late eighteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century; it is the consequence of political, economic, and social expansion by U.S. and European powers that was central to social experience.
The Textualization of God’s Body
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

In view of the association between the origins and practice of dramatic embodiment and the incarnational aesthetic of medieval culture argued in the last chapter, the Reformation ambivalence about theater might seem virtually in evitable. In contexts in which theater was put to specifically religious uses, and especially in the representation of biblical narratives, this ambivalence necessarily mounted toward rejection. The Elizabethan suppression of the vernacular mystery cycles surely represents a decisive turn from the religious aesthetic that prevailed from the twelfth through the sixteenth century. But this was not a conclusion that sprang full blown from the mind of the Reformation. Paul Whitfield White has recently shown that in the first generation of the Reformation, English Protestants embraced the stage as a polemical weapon; as playwrights and performers, patrons and audience, they attacked the doctrines and practice of Catholicism and promoted even Calvinist theological positions. Most of this polemical theater took the form of moral interludes, whose dramaturgy, based on late fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century models, was well suited to ideological usage. But there were also several significant attempts at biblical theater, generally through a melding of moral iterlude with biblical narrative. There would remain the impulse (perhaps, viewed in hindsight, the temptation) to return to the Bible, the central subject for the vernacular stage in the previous century and a half—and, of course, the imaginative mainspring of Protestantism.
Realization of the CASLIN Project in the Slovak National Library and Its Impact on the Automation of Libraries in Slovakia
Authors: Prokop Igor , Rakús Milan , Slížová Daniela
Published: November 2023

The history of automation of bibliographic and library processes in SNK goes back to the beginning of the 1970s, when SNK undertook the project of the Automated Information System of the Slovak National Bibliography (AIS SNB). This system worked sequentially and only in a batch mode. The system provided for the creation and storage of bibliographic records and for the searching and the production of printed bibliographic outputs, photographically or by a printer. SNK began the routine processing of SNB in 1976. The AIS SNB was on the level of other European systems and satisfied all the requirements of that time. Some other large libraries in Slovakia began to use computers at the beginning of the 1980s.
The Owl, The Raven, & The Dove
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

The fairy tales collected by the brothers Grimm are among the best known and most widely-read stories in western literature. In recent years commentators such as Bruno Bettelheim have, usually from a psychological perspective, pondered the underlying meaning of the stories, why children are so enthralled by them, and what effect they have on the the best-known tales ( Hansel and Gretel, Little Red Riding Hood, Cinderella, Snow White, and Sleeping Beauty) and shows that the Grimms saw them as Christian fables. Murphy examines the arguments of previous interpreters of the tales, and demonstrates how they missed the Grimms’ intention. His own readings of the five so-called “magical” tales reveal them as the beautiful and inspiring “documents of faith” that the Grimms meant them to be. Offering an entirely new perspective on these often-analyzed tales, Murphy’s book will appeal to those concerned with the moral and religious education of children, to students and scholars of folk literature and children’s literature, and to the many general readers who are captivated by fairy tales and their meanings.
The Life of Prayer in a World of Science
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Christians carried on an intense debate concerning the doctrine of prayer. This ideological revolution affected not only the ways that they interpreted the Bible but also how they prayed. In this book, Rick Ostrander explores the attempts of American Christians to articulate a convincing and satisfying ethic of prayer amidst these changing circumstances.
Patterns of Gang Extortion
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on two issues related to extortion—its social processes and its social organization—in order to provide a detailed account of how gang members approach business owners for money or goods, how offenders and victims interact, and how gangs are organized to carry out extortion activity.

In the Chinese American community, protection money is known as po oo fai (protection fees) or gai so (street money).
Edgar Allan Poe’s Imperial Fantasy and The American Frontier
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Poe’s fictional representations of racialized “savages” as threatening figures, often associated by Poe with massmurder and mob rule, are not just evidence of his identity as a Southern regionalist. Poe’s rhetorical uses of non-European peoples should also be interpreted in relation to late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century imperialism and the discursive practices employed by the imperial powers to rationalize their subjugation and, in many cases, destruction of native peoples. In making this argument, I do not wish to distract scholars from the important work of reinterpreting Poe’s writings in relation to the ideology of the antebellum Southern slavocracy. We must never forget that slavery is an instance of the fundamental violence of colonialism: the conscious effort to take from others their very means of survival.
Senses Of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

Since the early Christian centuries, Roman Catholicism has accepted both scripture and tradition as authorities for church teaching on God, Christ, and salvation. Catholicism has never held a fundamentalistic view of scripture, holding instead that scripture is susceptible to interpretation. In the Middle Ages, this idea was formalized with the definition of four "senses" of scripture: literal, allegorical, anagogical, and moral. In response to the Reformation, however, tradition gradually came to be identified most closely with papal authority and ultimately with the papal prerogative of infallibility. In this book, John Thiel attempts to counter this tendency towards "ecclesiastical fundamentalism" by exploring the susceptibility of tradition to a variety of interpretive meanings. He argues that tradition should be understood as a developing reality rooted in the experience of the whole community of believers, and doctrine as a revisable expression of historical faith in time and culture. He goes on to define four possible interpretive "senses" of tradition - comparable to those recognized in scripture - and considers their theological significance. These senses, he argues, can provide a new and clearer framework for thinking both about how tradition abides and how tradition develops in history.
A Bard of the Iron Age and His Auxiliary Muse
Authors: Stehle Eva
Published: November 2023

Recovery of the fragments of Simonides’ elegy on the battle of Plataea gives us an example of a genre, historical elegy, that we had not had.1 But even within that newly recognized category the Plataea elegy is unique, for it does not treat the affairs of a single city and the more distant past.2 The poem is an anomaly, so performance of it also would not have fit into any of the cultural frameworks that connected occasion, subject matter, and type of performance. It must have been meant for a special occasion. Scholars have made various suggestions about the time and place of its unveiling; I find performance at Plataea, perhaps in connection with the tombs set up on the battlefield, an attractive suggestion (one that I return to at the end), but other locations are possible.3 One consequence of the poem’s special status is that the poet had to inscribe authority for the performer into the text itself. Most poetic performance in archaic and classical Greece was a kind of public speaking (an aspect of performance too often ignored by scholars), so any poet/performer not speaking within established frameworks of subject matter and occasion, where the speaking roles were given by the context, had to establish an authoritative role and an ideological frame of reference for his words.4 If poet and performer were different (as was probably the case here), the performer had to fill the role composed for him or her by the poet, since it was the performer who appeared as speaker.