bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perpetual Beginnings: The Role of Phenomenological Hermeneutics in Art Education
Authors: Esser‐Hall Gabriele
Published: March 2003

This paper reflects on the role of phenomenological hermeneutics as part of art history and theory programmes in art education. Though initially confined to Philosophy, this branch of hermeneutics can be utilised in Art Education also, as concepts explored here such as the appropriation of knowledge, interpretation, reading and understanding offer an effective tool to investigate the strength and potential of subjectivity, metaphoricity and embodiment in art practice. This paper begins with a reflection on the most effective space where theory teaching can take place and offers the concept of the hermeneutical space, where teaching is inclusive and supportive of self determined contributions to processes of theoretical reflection on art practice. A mutual learning experience is fostered in this environment, where teacher and student respect each other's readings. Finally, I put forward suggestions as to how this can be realised in an actual teaching situation by relating my own experience.
Re‐doing Design: Comparing Anecdotes about Design Research
Authors: Roxburgh Mark , Bremner Craig
Published: March 2003

In 1998 the School of Design (SoD), University of Western Sydney Nepean (UWSN) began running an offshore articulation programme in graphic design in partnership with the Nanyang Academy of Fine Art, Singapore (NAFA). The successful completion of this one year programme was built upon three year diploma studies and resulted in the award of Bachelor of Arts (Design) degree from UWSN. The primary focus in this article will be the curriculum and pedagogical challenges that were faced in developing and implementing the one year course. The most significant aspect of this was the relative freedom in moving away from the studio‐based anecdote of design learning that dominates many post‐secondary design programmes and the implications of this for design education.
School Students' Responses to Architecture:a practical studio project
Authors: Hickman Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper focuses on a built environment project with a mixed ability group of learners from year seven attending Deacon's School in Peterborough, England. The School caters for students aged between eleven and eighteen, from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds (including a substantial minority from the Indian Sub‐Continent); it is an active participant within the University of Cambridge Post Graduate Certificate in Education partnership and is a ‘beacon school’. In practical studio terms, the project was concerned with school students making ‘pop‐up cards’ based on first hand observation of local architecture under the guidance of the Head of Art. [1] The focus for students' learning was on their critical responses to their built environment, in and around the City of Peterborough. In particular, students were encouraged to make full use of their sketchbooks and to engage in active oral work. The approach taken builds upon that advocated by Wolff and Geahigan [2] by emphasising the relationship between students' personal engagement with art and design and their personal response to it through their own art; students were encouraged to learn about art and design objects through the process of reacting, researching, responding and reflecting. [3]
Against Integration: Distinguishing Art Theory and Aesthetics
Authors: Peters Gary
Published: March 2003

As part of a wider project to consider the manner in which philosophical aesthetics can effectively inhabit the world of art practice as a teaching, this essay works both with and against Hegel to identify a fundamental aporia at the heart of the theory/practice matrix. Rooted in the anti‐dialogical thought of thinkers such as Nietzsche, Maurice Blanchot and Emmanuel Levinas, this contribution to the debate around inter/multi‐disciplinarity returns, paradoxically, to the integrative dialectics of Hegel where, it is argued, the most serious challenge to the facile fusion of theory and practice is launched. Rather than undermining the teaching of theory, this challenge is intended to launch a re‐evaluation of the relationship between art theory and aesthetics for the sake of a radical re‐orientation of art teaching.
Multimedia in the Art Curriculum: Crossing Boundaries
Authors: Long Steve
Published: March 2003

Art educators, like those in other areas of the curriculum, are under pressure from various directions to use digital technology in the classroom. Whilst some of this pressure is politically motivated I believe there are also what could be described as more legitimate educational reasons for using computers; what is lacking at this stage is a coherent body of knowledge amongst art educators as to what happens when we do use them. This article focuses on a development project which took place last year in a secondary school involving a Year 10 class in the use of multimedia software. The project was collaborative in nature and was carried out by Miles Jefcoate, an art teacher at Beacon Community College in East Sussex, a group of Year 10 students at Beacon and myself as a member of the teaching team on the Art and Design PGCE course at the University of Brighton. Supported by research funding from the University, the school was provided with multimedia software which was installed into its computer network. The design and delivery of the students' project was undertaken by Miles whilst I evaluated the impact of the digital technology on the learning taking place, with an emphasis on how Miles and the students experienced and evaluated their activities.
Preparing Primary Teachers to Teach Art & Design Effectively
Authors: Prentice Roy
Published: March 2003

This paper is an account of an action research project funded by the Teacher Training Agency and co‐ordinated by the Institute of Education, University of London. It critically considers the features, methodology and main findings of an enquiry into the nature of art and design components of courses of primary initial teacher education in nine institutions of higher education in the U.K. The project provides evidence to support ways in which primary teachers can effectively transform their subject knowledge in art and design into subject‐specific pedagogical knowledge. The value — for the participants — of a collective case study approach to research, along with some wider implications for art and design courses in initial teacher education are also identified.
The Original Creative Principle
Authors: Renshaw John
Published: March 2003

The following imaginary interview is linked to an hour long drawing workshop carried out during the 2002 NSEAD Annual Conference ‘Creativity in Art & Design Education’. The intention was to get closer to the experience by raising questions. I hope those who participated may recognise it as, in some way, connected to their experience.

The American Artist, Robert Motherwell maintained an interest in psychic automatism throughout his life. Although he remained suspicious of its mystical connotations [1] fundamental principles appeared to inform his working methods. Motherwell identified a number of key issues which serve to define its potential in the origination and development of paintings and drawings. He saw the process as “...very little a question of the unconscious, but much more a plastic weapon with which to invent new forms.”[2] Motherwell’s analysis and, to some extent defence, of the process is as follows:

1. It cuts through any a priori influences — it is not a style

2. It is entirely personal

3. It is, by definition, original

4. It can be modified stylistically and in subject matter at any point during the process.

The proposed drawing workshop seeks to explore Motherwell’s approach and by definition, exposes a related and learning and teaching strategy. The process serves as a catalyst for creative thinking, exploiting analogy, simile and metaphor in the generation of artistic and personally defined contexts or narratives.
The Incremental Information Content of Accruals: Evidence Based on the Exponential Smoothing of Levels and Trends in Pre‐Tax Earnings, Funds Flow and Cash Flow
Authors: McLeay Stuart , Kassab John , Helan Mahmoud
Published: March 2003

By arranging the accrual accounting identity as a hierarchy of market response models, this paper investigates whether current and noncurrent accruals have incremental information content beyond earnings. The results indicate that the increase in explanatory power attributable to funds flow and cash flow disclosure can be improved upon by estimating the surprises in reported numbers by exponentially weighting prior values. The unexpected information simplifies to the weighted sum of deviations from the estimated level and estimated trend. Further improvements are obtained by allowing components of the error to vary with time and by company in a non‐autoregressive, homoscedastic pooling scheme which takes account of the joint presence of time series disturbance and cross sectional disturbance.
US Evidence on Bank Takeover Motives: A Note
Authors: Zhang Hao
Published: March 2003

Existing studies on bank takeovers have not been able to distinguish among the three competing motives: synergy, agency, and hubris. This paper distinguishes the three competing motives by examining the relations between target gains and total gains and between acquirer gains and target gains. Empirical results show that bank takeovers are primarily motivated by synergy, although there is also strong evidence of hubris. Our results also suggest that hubris may explain the positive target gains and zero or negative acquirer gains found in this and many other bank takeover studies. Lastly, evidence exists to suggest that agency, along with hubris, may explain takeovers with negative total gains (JEL G21, G34).
On the Use of Intra‐Industry Information to Improve Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Baber William R. , Kim Jong‐Dae , Kumar Krishna R.
Published: March 2003

We investigate whether earnings forecasts are improved by earlier earnings disclosures by firms in the same industry. We find improvements for time series forecasts, but not for analysts' forecasts. Considering prior earnings announcements reduces correlations between forecast errors and security price reactions to earnings announcements, even when incorporating these announcements improves forecast accuracy. Our explanation for this anomaly, which is supported by additional analysis, is that intra‐industry information facilitates predicting transitory, rather than permanent, earnings components. The question of whether information transfers improve earnings forecasts provides the context for the analysis, but the primary contribution is the documentation of intra‐industry information transfers in a setting other than capital markets.
Alternative Solutions to Underinvestment, Under Equity and Credit Rationing
Authors: Kroll Yoram , Cohen Assaf
Published: March 2003

We compare alternative solutions to underinvestment (UI) problems in firms subject to limited access to equity markets, interest ceilings, and constraints on the volume of debt. Collaterals (assets or compensating balances) and credit insurance (‘regular’ or ‘outcome’ insurance whereby the premium is paid at the end of the insurance period) are compared on the basis to their costs and their effective use of financial sources. It is shown that when there is no moral hazard problem, credit insurance is the most effective instrument. Otherwise, ‘outcome’ insurance program is the most effective one.
An Empirical Analysis of the Bias and Rationality of Profit Forecasts Published in New Issue Prospectuses
Authors: Cheng T.Y. , Firth Michael
Published: March 2003

Our study sets out to assess the accuracy of profit forecasts made by IPOs in Hong Kong. We use a variety of measures and tests to examine the accuracy, bias, rationality, and superiority of earnings estimates. The results show that forecast accuracy compares favourably with the findings from the developed economies of Australia, Britain, Canada, and New Zealand. Forecasts are shown to be superior to the predictions from time series models. IPOs tend to underforecast in the sense that actual profits exceed the forecasts. The rationality tests show mixed results. Cross‐sectional analyses of forecast accuracy have poor explanatory power although the Big Six reporting accountants are associated with smaller forecast errors.
Institutional Investors, Analyst Following, and the January Anomaly
Authors: Ackert Lucy F. , Athanassakos George
Published: March 2003

Average stock returns for small, low stock price firms are higher in January than for the rest of the year. Two explanations have received a great deal of attention: tax‐loss selling and gamesmanship. This paper documents that seasonality in returns is not a phenomenon observed only for small firms’ stock or those with low prices. Strong seasonality in excess returns is reported for a sample of widely followed firms. Sample firms have unusually low excess returns in January and returns adjust upward over the year. These results are consistent with the gamesmanship hypothesis, but not the tax‐loss‐selling hypothesis.
Cointegration, Efficiency and Forecasting in the Currency Market
Authors: Tong Wilson H. S.
Published: March 2003

Existing literature on using the cointegration approach to examine the efficiency of the foreign exchange market gives mixed results. Arguments typically focus on econometric testing techniques, with fractional cointegration being the most current one. This paper tries to look at the issue from an economic perspective. It shows that the cointegrating relationship, whether cointegrated or fractionally cointegrated, is found mainly among the currencies of the European Monetary System which are set to fluctuate within a given range. Hence, there is no inconsistency with the notion of market efficiency. Yet, exploiting such a cointegrating relationship is helpful in currency forecasting. There is some evidence that restricting the forecasting model to consist of only cointegrated currencies improves forecasting efficiency.
Analysts Earnings Forecasts and the Roles of Earnings and Book Value in Equity Valuation
Authors: Ou Jane A. , Sepe James F.
Published: March 2003

This study examines the effect of the degree of association between current earnings and expected future earnings on the relative importance of earnings and book value for explaining equity price. Consensus analysts forecasts of one‐year‐ahead earnings are used to proxy for expected future earnings and are compared to reported current earnings to measure the degree of the association. We find that the value‐relevance of current earnings negatively correlates with the extent to which consensus analysts forecasts deviate from current earnings. We also find that the incremental explanatory power of book value for equity price positively correlates with this measure. These results remain robust after controlling for factors known to be affecting the value‐relevance of earnings such as negative earnings and the earnings‐to‐book ratio. Our results also show that this analysts' forecast‐based measure of `earnings persistence' dominates historical earnings variance in explaining cross‐sectional variations in the value‐relevance of earnings and book value.
Smart Money and Small Funds
Authors: Sawicki Julia , Finn Frank
Published: March 2003

This study extends the literature on the relationship between recent performance and the movement of managed funds’ assets by investigating the effects of fund size and age. The results confirm a size effect, as well as an age effect. Tests distinguishing between the two favor a size rather than an age interpretation. The evidence that flows of small funds are more sensitive to recent performance than flows of large funds is consistent with Gruber’s (1996) notion of sophisticated investors using information in past performance to identify superior funds. Zheng’s (1998) evidence that the good performers tend to be small funds suggests that the smart money should be following small funds, as confirmed in this study. Support for the ‘smart money size effect’ is also provided here with evidence confirming that small funds tend to be superior performers.
European Markets and the Strategic Roles of Multinational Enterprise Subsidiaries in the UK
Authors: Pearce Robert , Papanastassiou Marina
Published: March 2003

The article reviews the market orientation of foreign MNE subsidiaries in the UK, and especially the degree to which they are part of a wider European supply network. Evidence is provided on the subsidiaries' overall export orientation and their involvement in intra‐group trade and supply of intermediate goods. We assess the importance of various market areas (EU, non‐EU Europe, outside Europe). The varying relevance of these markets to UK‐based subsidiaries from different home countries (USA, Japan, Europe) is discussed. Finally, the manner in which market orientation relates to the wider strategic positioning of subsidiaries in their MNE groups' operations is analysed.
Measuring Progress in Transition and Towards EU Accession: A Comparison of Manufacturing Firms in Poland, Romania and Spain
Authors: Carlin Wendy , Estrin Saul , Schaffer Mark
Published: March 2003

This article provides new evidence on progress in transition and the ‘readiness’ for accession of enterprises in two EU applicant countries. A major innovation is to benchmark them against Spain. Approximately 200 manufacturing firms were surveyed in each of Poland, Romania and Spain. Newly‐established private firms in both Poland and Romania are found to be growing the fastest, but on measures of integration and investment, it is new and privatized Polish firms that most resemble Spanish ones. Polish state‐owned firms, and most Romanian enterprises, typically are less integrated. Polish firms tend to lag behind Spanish ones in complying with EU directives, but are ahead of Romanian ones, although awareness of and compliance with directives does not vary with ownership type. Progress in transition at the country level seems to be consistent with improvements in compliance with much of the acquis communautaire.
The Agricultural Negotiations in the WTO: The Same Old Story?
Authors: Landau Alice
Published: March 2003

European Agenda provides a location for the publication of more specialized research notes, or short articles to promote scientific debate, on matters falling within the Journal's domain (see inside front cover). Additionally, it will provide occasional reviews of important policy developments. Prospective contributors should consult the notes on the last text page of this issue.
Ironies of Sovereignty: The European Union and the United States
Authors: Keohane Robert O.
Published: March 2003

The concept of sovereignty can help us understand contemporary policy disagreements between Europe and the United States. Ironically, the US, from which the first republican critique of the concept of sovereignty emanated, has now become one of its staunchest defenders. Meanwhile, the European Union has moved away from the classical conception of external sovereignty. The success of the European Union could enable it to serve as a model for more troubled regions, for which insistence on classical sovereignty is a source of conflict. More ominously, transatlantic differences over sovereignty could increase tension and conflict between democracies, thus undermining world order in the long run.
Drought Preparedness and Response in the Context of Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Wilhite Donald A.
Published: March 2003

Although drought is a normal, recurring feature of climate, little progress has been made in drought management in most parts of the world. A United Nations study of selected Sub‐Saharan African countries revealed that most states have little experience in proactive planning for drought. Only Botswana and South Africa have made serious efforts to develop drought preparedness and response. The lack of contingency planning for drought events in the region results from limited financial resources, inadequate understanding of drought impacts, and poor co‐ordination among government agencies. A ten‐step planning process, originally developed in 1991 for U.S. states, is suggested as an organizational tool for Sub‐Saharan countries to use in the development of drought plans. The process, which emphasizes risk management rather than crisis management, is based on three primary components: (1) monitoring and early warning, (2) vulnerability and impact assessment, (3) mitigation and response. The steps in the process are generic; they can be adapted and applied to the various settings of Sub‐Saharan Africa.
The Politics of Hostage Rescue: Is Violence a Route to Political Success?
Authors: Scanlon Joseph
Published: March 2003

Over the years, law enforcement agencies have acquired extensive experience with hostage incidents, and most Western countries have officers trained in all aspects of hostage resolution. There are also articles and manuals outlining how to deal with the media coverage of hostage takings (Scanlon, 1989). However, because hostage rescue efforts can provide dramatic visuals that attract enormous audiences, the media have steadily intensified their coverage of such incidents. Today, a group of previously obscure persons can suddenly dominate the media agenda by successfully resisting an armed assault or by seizing hostages and calling themselves terrorists.

After defining a hostage incident and looking at the strategy for dealing with such incidents, this article examines the implications of two fatal incidents: the stand‐off involving religious fanatics at Waco, Texas; and the Air France hijacking that started in Algiers and ended in Marseille, France. Both became number one on the Western media agenda, and both became political crises involving the head of state; one threatening a president’s credibility, the other enhancing a president’s status. Together they suggest that the escalating media coverage of such incidents raises questions not only about the effectiveness of current response strategies, but also about political leadership. This article discusses a number of strategies that have been tried or suggested. It also debates whether involvement has a positive or negative effect on political leaders. It concludes that, from the evidence available, a successful hostage rescue can yield political rewards.
Painful Steps of Progress from Crisis Planning to Contingency Planning: Changes for Disaster Preparedness in Turkey
Authors: Balamir Murat
Published: March 2003

Excessive losses in natural disasters in Turkey are, to a large extent, a consequence of omissions and deficiencies in the structuring of ‘disasters’ and ‘development’ laws, as well as negligent land‐use practices and avoidance of control in building processes. Two extreme forms of legal and organizational structures in disasters policy could be formulated as the ‘fatalist’ and ‘self‐reliance‘ models. Their contrasts can be investigated in terms of (a) the use of information concerning natural phenomena in formal planning procedures; (b) pre‐ or post‐disaster emphasis in preparations; (c) the political or technical basis of decisions; (d) the extraordinary or routine nature of responses; (e) the general or specialized nature of financial sources used; (f) and their compatibility with the order of priorities in risk management. An evaluation of the conventional policy in Turkey clarifies a position closer to the ‘fatalist’ model and indicates the lines of action for improvements. However, after the 1999 earthquakes, the conventional approach in disaster policy has been restructured. With the newly introduced ‘Obligatory Building Insurance’, ‘Building Control’, and ‘Professional Proficiency’ systems, greater emphasis is now given to mitigation efforts, and the introduction of contingency planning practices is more likely to happen.
KeyGraph as Risk Explorer in Earthquake–Sequence
Authors: Ohsawa Yukio
Published: March 2003

KeyGraph, a document–indexing (keyword–extraction) algorithm, is applied for a new purpose: Extracting active faults with risks of near–future large earthquakes from earthquake–sequences. This paper presents KeyGraph as an extractor of causalities from an event–sequence. This validates KeyGraph as a tool for showing why and which active faults are risky, as well as for showing why and which words abstract a document. The risky faults that are empirically obtained by KeyGraph correspond closely to real earthquake occurrences and seismologists’ risk estimation.
Do parent and child behaviours differentiate families whose children have obsessive‐compulsive disorder from other clinic and non‐clinic families?
Authors: Barrett Paula , Shortt Alison , Healy Lara
Published: March 2003

Background: Limited research has been conducted investigating parent and child behaviour during family interactions in families who have a child with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). While a number of authors in the field of childhood OCD have suggested possible parent and child behaviours that are characteristic of these families, few studies have attempted to explore these in a methodologically sound approach. Method: This study compared the observed behaviours of parents and children in families whose children were diagnosed with OCD, to families whose children were diagnosed with other anxiety disorders, externalising disorders and no clinical problems. During family discussions, parent and child behaviours and affect were coded using a Likert‐scale system. Family members were rated on behavioural dimensions of control, warmth, doubt, avoidance, confidence, positive problem solving, and rewarding independence. Results: Results indicated that parents and children in the OCD group could be clearly differentiated from families in the other groups based on parent and child behaviour. Mothers and fathers of OCD children were less confident in their child's ability, less rewarding of independence, and less likely to use positive problem solving. Children in the OCD group showed less positive problem solving, less confidence in their ability to solve the problem, and they displayed less warmth during their interactions with their parents. Conclusions: Parents and children in families where there is a child with OCD behave in a different manner during family interactions to other families. These findings offer interesting and important exploratory information relating to observed parent and child behaviour across different clinical and non‐clinical groups. Limitations of this study are addressed and directions for further research are discussed.
Psychopathology and familial stress – comparison of boys with Fragile X syndrome and Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Von Gontard A. , Backes M. , Laufersweiler‐Plass C. , Wendland C. , Lehmkuhl G. , Zerres K. , Rudnik‐Schöneborn S.
Published: March 2003

Background:Chronic illness and mental retardation are both associated with an increased rate of behavioural problems in children and with considerable emotional strain in families. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the specific effects of two exemplary conditions on familial stress and coping.Methods:Forty‐nine boys with Fragile X syndrome (FXS) were compared with 46 boys with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and 32 male controls. Intelligence was measured with the RAVEN or K‐ABC tests. Psychopathology was assessed with the CBCL questionnaire and a structured psychiatric interview (Kinder‐DIPS), parental stress with the QRS, coping with the F‐COPES and social support with the F‐SOZU questionnaires.Results:The mean age of the FXS boys was 8.6, of the SMA boys 12.7 and of the controls 11.2 years. The mean IQ was 47 for the FXS, 112 for the SMA and 103 for the control groups. According to the CBCL, 89.8% of the FXS boys, 21.7% of the SMA and 15.7% of the controls had a total score in the borderline or clinical range. The rates were 63.3%, 34.8% and 21.9% for internalising and 67.3%, 10.9% and 18.8% for externalising behaviour, respectively. 81.6% of the FXS and 10.9% of the SMA patients had a DSM‐IV or ICD‐10 psychiatric diagnosis. The most common were ADHD (FXS: 36) and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SMA: 4). In total, parental stress was significantly higher in the FXS than in the SMA families (and in both compared to controls). There were no major inter‐group differences regarding social support and familial coping.Conclusions:Children with FXS are severely mentally retarded and have a high rate of mainly externalising disorders. Despite good coping abilities and social support, this is associated with high familial stress. The SMA boys, with an intelligence in the upper normal range, are no more deviant than their healthy controls. Parental stress is lower in the SMA families with good coping abilities. In conclusion, families with mentally retarded children are in even greater need of help than those of children with severe chronic illness/physical handicap.Abbreviations:SMA: Spinal Muscular Atrophy; FXS: Fragile X syndrome.
How similar are correlates of different subclinical eating problems and bulimia nervosa?
Authors: Graber Julia A. , Tyrka Audrey R. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: March 2003

Background:  This study examined the physical, parental, and psychological correlates of subtypes of high EAT‐26 scores and bulimia nervosa (BN) in 155 girls/young women seen at two times over a 6‐year period (ages 16 and 22). Participants were from white, upper‐middle‐class families.

Methods:  In young adulthood, participants were interviewed for lifetime history for an eating disorder; participants completed questions assessing subclinical problems and correlates at both times of assessment. Based on their EAT‐26 scores and diagnostic status for BN at each time, girls were classified into the following groups: True Positive (BN and high EAT‐26 scores), False Positive (high EAT‐26 scores and no BN), and True Negative (low EAT‐26 scores and no BN).

Results:  In adolescence, 4% of girls were classified as True Positives BN and 23% were classified as False Positives. Similar distributions were found at young adulthood (i.e., 5% True Positives BN and 21% False Positives). By using cluster analysis, two types of subclinical problems (False Positives) were identified at each time with some girls having only high Eating symptoms and others also having high psychopathology. The ‘high Eating symptoms only’ cluster was more similar to the True Negative group than was the ‘high Psychopathology’ cluster at each time.

Conclusions:  Individuals in the latter group experienced co‐occurrence with depression, resulting in pervasive impairments in psychosocial functioning during both adolescence and young adulthood.
Turkish nationalism and ethno‐symbolic analysis: the rules of exception
Authors: Canefe Nergis
Published: March 2003

This article examines the applicability of the ethno‐symbolic approach to the study of patriotic Turkish nationalism. In this venue, first it addresses the issue of why many of the existing theoretical models are difficult to use for attending to the case of Turkish nationalism in a comparative framework. Capitalising on the ethno‐symbolic understanding of ideological and ethno‐cultural continuities in the formation of modern nationalisms, this study provides an analysis of points of contestation regarding the history of modern, patriotic Turkish nationalism. It then discusses the demographic and socio‐cultural background of the bonding of exiled masses of Ottoman Muslims with the native Muslims of Anatolia under the banner of a revived, independent Turkish nation. The debate offered here is based on a critical evaluation of the myths and symbols of Turkish national identity within the larger context and time frame of Ottoman/Turkish history.
What's in a Name? the Status Implications of Students' Terms of Address for Male and Female Professors
Authors: Takiff Hilary A. , Sanchez Diana T. , Stewart Tracie L.
Published: March 2003

College students participated in two studies assessing differences in terms of address for male and female professors (i.e., first name vs. title) and the implications of the terms selected. In Study 1, 243 students reported their terms of address for professors of their present classes. As predicted, the probability of being addressed by title was significantly greater for male professors than female professors. In Study 2, 120 students read and answered questions about a transcript of a class session ostensibly taught by a male or female professor whom students addressed by first name or title. Professors were perceived to hold higher status when addressed by title, regardless of their gender. Female, but not male, professors addressed by title were perceived to be less accessible. These findings suggest that female professors hold lower status than male professors and must often choose between perceptions of status versus accessibility.
The Body Esteem of Hmong and Caucasian Young Adults
Authors: Franzoi Stephen L. , Chang Zoua
Published: March 2003

This study investigated race and gender differences among 73 Hmong American and 80 Caucasian American college students. Racial differences were found only among the women, with Hmong women holding more positive attitudes toward weight concern body items and expressing less interest in changing these body items than Caucasian women. There were no gender differences among the Hmong, and the gender differences among Caucasians involved weight concern. Increased body mass was correlated with negative body attitudes among Caucasian and Hmong women and among Hmong men, whereas increased body mass was correlated with positive upper-body attitudes among Caucasian men.
The Psychosocial Well-Being of Black and White Mothers Following Marital Dissolution: A Brief Report of a Follow-Up Study
Authors: McKenry Patrick C. , McKelvey Mary W.
Published: March 2003

A subsample of divorced/separated Black and White mothers from the National Survey of Families and Households was followed over a five-year period to determine cultural differences in psychosocial well-being. Discriminant analysis, with education and time since divorce/separation controlled, indicated that White mothers at Time 2 differed from Black mothers in terms of higher levels of personal mastery, informal support, and economic well-being. Also, White mothers evidenced significant improvement in five of the six psychosocial domains: informal support, self-esteem, happiness, economic well-being, and depression, whereas Black mothers indicated improvement in informal support and happiness, and evidenced a marginal decline in personal mastery. Cultural differences also were noted in the greater income of White mothers at Time 2 as well as a greater likelihood for White mothers to remarry.
The Role of Hostile and Benevolent Sexism in Women's and Men's Perceptions of the Menstruating Woman
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Adams-Curtis Leah E. , White Kay B. , Holmgren Katie M.
Published: March 2003

Perceptions of menstruating women were studied in a sample of 244, predominantly European American, college freshmen. Both women and men rated the menstruating woman, as compared with the average woman, as higher on the Neuroticism factor from Lippa's (1991 ) measure of the Big Five personality factors. Men also rated her as lower on the Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness factors, and women rated her lower on the Extraversion factor. Women rated her as perceiving herself as less masculine and more feminine. Both women and men rated her as less “energized” and “sexy,” but more “irritable,” “sad,” and “angry.” In addition, men rated her as less “clean and fresh,” “nurturing,” and “reasonable,” and more “spacey” and “annoying.” Significant relationships were found between negative impressions of the menstruating woman and the Hostile Sexism Scale ( Glick & Fiske, 1996 ). Although most ratings by men and women were negative, women perceived the menstruating woman as more “maternal,” “strong,” and “trustworthy.”
The Emergence of Regional Systems of Employment Relations: The Case of the European Union
Authors: Keller Berndt
Published: March 2003

The paper presents an overview of the present stage of development within the EU and compares, to a certain degree, its emerging industrial relations and employment relations with the situation in other, less integrated regional blocks. The paper looks at regional integration as represented by selected economic developments (like foreign direct investment, European Monetary Union, cost structures), by labour market issues (like changing principles of regulation, institutional and organizational arrangements at the macro and sectoral levels, social dialogues, European Works Councils, implementation problems) and by labour relations (social partners, differences in national systems, conflicting issues and interests).
A Comparative Analysis of the Industrial Relations Experiences of Indigenous and Other Australian Workers
Authors: Hunter B. H. , Hawke A. E.
Published: March 2003

There is considerable conjecture about discrimination against Indigenous Australians in the workplace. This article is an exploratory attempt to systematically describe the overall differences in the industrial relations experiences of Indigenous and other Australian workers using data from Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS) 1995. There are several areas in which Indigenous workers particularly need active and informed representation within the industrial relations system and relevant statutory framework. The poor access to maternity/paternity leave, the apparent lack of control over the working environment and the relatively high incidence of work-related injury and illness suggest that as a group, the needs of Indigenous people have not been seriously considered by either unions or policy makers.
A hindrance to communication: the use of difficult and incomprehensible language
Authors: Janicki Karol
Published: March 2003

This paper gives a brief theoretical background to and reports on three empirical studies carried out within the theoretical framework of folk linguistics, using questionnaire data. The paper is concerned with the layperson’s reactions to the use of difficult and incomprehensible language. In study 1, subjects from Norway, Poland, Germany, and the USA were asked to indicate which professional groups exhibit the use of difficult language. They were also asked to suggest reasons for that use. In study 2, subjects from Norway, Poland, Germany, and the UK were asked to answer questions concerning the use of incomprehensible language in the academic community. Study 3 was similar to study 2, but in this case only highly comparable subjects from the USA and Poland were recruited. The three studies show that the use of difficult and incomprehensible language is perceived by the layperson as a serious sociolinguistic problem. They point to lawyers, politicians, computer specialists, academics and medical doctors as the heaviest users of such language. They also show that such language exerts much negative impact on the educational process and that the educational domain is a huge potential field for future research in this respect.
Convergence Analysis for Symmetric Arbitration Games FOA and DOA
Authors: Zeng Dao‐Zhi , Shishido Harunori
Published: March 2003

Up to now, results on the existence of Nash equilibrium have required either continuity of payoff functions or compactness of strategy sets. However, in the arbitration games FOA and DOA, neither condition is satisfied. This paper first gives a new existence result for a general game. The result is then applied to the symmetric arbitration games FOA and DOA. The conclusions of this paper generalize the main result of Zeng, Nakamura and Ibaraki (1996), that DOA leads to a convergence of offers but FOA does not.
A Primal‐dual Steepest‐edge Method for Even‐flow Harvest Scheduling Problems
Authors: Liu Chiun‐Ming
Published: March 2003

The even‐flow harvest scheduling problem arises when the forestry agency has evolved into a rigid non‐declining even‐flow policy. In this paper, we investigate model formulation and solution strategies for the even‐flow harvest scheduling problem. A multiple‐objective linear programming problem is formulated for even‐flow harvest scheduling problems with multiple‐site classes and multiple periods. The aim of this problem is to simultaneously maximize a desired harvest‐volume per hectare for each period of planning horizon and the total economic return. A block diagonal constraint structure, with many sets of network sub‐problems and a set of coupling constraints, is identified in this linear programming problem. A longest path method for each of network sub‐problems and a primal‐dual steepest‐edge algorithm for the entire problem are developed. The developed algorithm has been coded in Borland C++ and implemented on a personal computer. An illustrative example is used to display the detailed procedure for the developed algorithm and a real‐world case study is used to show the trade‐off between desired even‐flow harvest volume policy and total economic return. Results show the potential benefits of this approach.
Controlled Markov Set‐chains with Set‐valued Rewards—The Average Case
Authors: Hosaka Masanori , Nakagami Jun‐ichi , Kurano Masami
Published: March 2003

In this paper, the average case of finite state controlled Markov set‐chains with Rp‐set‐valued rewards are considered. The optimization is done by a pseudo‐order relation on the set of all convex and compact subsets of Rp induced by a closed convex cone. We introduce a v‐step contractive property (minorization condition) for the average case and by use of this method the average expected reward set from a periodic policy is characterized. And, applying the scalarization technique, a Pareto optimal policy is obtained. Also, a numerical example is given to comprehend our results.
Multi–criteria Classification Methods in Financial and Banking Decisions
Authors: Doumpos M. , Zopounidis C.
Published: March 2003

Over the past two decades, the quantitative analysis of financial and banking decisions has gained significant interest among researchers and practitioners. A significant part of the research conducted in this field focused on the development of analytical models that can be used in evaluating the alternative ways of action in financial and banking problems. Typically, this evaluation involves the choice of the best alternative, the ranking of the alternatives from the best to the worst ones, or their classification into predefined homogenous classes. This paper is focused on the classification approach illustrating the use of multi–criteria decision aid (MCDA) classification methods in making financial and banking decisions. Three MCDA approaches (the UTADIS method, the ELECTRE TRI method, and the rough set approach) are applied in financial and banking problems, such as business failure prediction, credit–risk assessment, and portfolio selection and management. A comparison is also performed with linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, and logit analysis.
Portfolio Value at Risk Bounds
Authors: Luciano Elisa , Marena Marina
Published: March 2003

This paper develops value at risk (VAR) measures for portfolios of correlated financial assets, without assuming normal returns. The approach can cope with any distribution for marginal returns, the fat–tailed ones included. We provide VAR bounds which hold independently of the joint distribution of returns and their dependence structure. The lower bound can be interpreted as a worst–case scenario VAR. We show that it not only requires little information, but is also easy to compute. In this sense, we suggest it as a practical device for portfolio managers. An application to portfolios of stock–market indices is provided. Comparisons with the VAR values under the normality assumption on returns are discussed.
Portfolio selection on the Madrid Exchange: a compromise programming model
Authors: Ballestero E. , Plà–Santamaría D.
Published: March 2003

As a contribution to portfolio selection analysis, we develop a compromise programming approach to the investor's utility optimum on the Madrid Online Market. This approach derives from linkages between utility functions under incomplete information, Yu's compromise set, and certain biased sets of portfolios on the efficient frontier. These linkages rely on recent theorems in multi–criteria literature, which allow us to approximate the investor's utility optimum between bounds which are determined either by linear programming models or graphic techniques. Returns on 104 stocks are computed from capital gains and cash–flows, including dividends and rights offerings, over the period 1992–1997. The first step consists in normalizing the mean–variance efficient frontier, which is defined in terms of two indexes, profitability and safety. In the second step, interactive dialogues to elicit the investor's preferences for profitability and safety are described. In the third step, the utility optimum for each particular investor who pursues a buy–&–hold policy is bounded on the efficient frontier. From this step, a number of portfolios close to the investor's utility optimum are obtained. In the fourth step, compromise programming is used again to select one ‘satisficing’ portfolio from the set already bounded for each investor. This step is new with respect to previous papers in which compromise/utility models are employed. Computing processes are detailed in tables and figures which also display the numerical results. Extensions to active management policies are suggested.
Political Succession in the Middle East
Authors: Cantori Louis J. , Jacoby Tim , Carapico Sheila , Shehata Samer , Lust–Okar Ellen , Bargu–Hasturk Banu , Robinson Glenn E. , Al–Kitbi Ebtesam
Published: March 2003

The following briefs were presented in a workshop on “Political Succession in the Middle East” at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1, 2001, in San Francisco. Louis J. Cantori, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and Augustus Richard Norton, Boston University, were the conveners of the Conference Group on the Middle East, which issued this report.
Comparative Studies in USA and Japanese Advertising during the Post–War Era
Authors: Namba Koji
Published: March 2003

The goal of this essay can be summarized into the following three points: (i) based on the recent fruits of media effect studies, especially the argument of “frame analysis” which focuses on the interaction between media frames and audience frames, a model to analyze the processes of advertising is proposed; (ii) the model is applied to advertising history in the USA after WWII, referring to the recent development of studies in advertising history in the USA; and (iii) advertising history in the USA is compared to advertising history in Japan, exploring differences and similarities between them. A common process is identified in the advertising histories, represented by the differences and similarities between the Volkswagen campaign in the 1960s and the Nike campaign in the 1990s. This common process is the increase of “intertextuality”, or the increasing complexity of advertising expression. This phenomenon implies the development of advertising literacy in audiences, the expansion of advertising media and the transformation of reality during the post–war era. The definition and implications of advertising, for both media and audiences, has changed in the USA and Japan across time, and the trend towards globalization is reducing the differences between them.