bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of Physicochemical Parameters, Heavy Metals and Algae in the Euphrates River, Iraq
Authors: Hussein Aasim Jasim , Al-Darraji Mustafa Nuhad , Rasheed Mohammed
Published: December 2023

For many individuals, heavy metal persistence and toxicity are severe problems. Most of these heavy metals collect in wastewater from effluents discharged by various industries. The efficient re-use of these particles as catalysts is another new development in research that complements the success of hazardous metal particle removal. Five locations along the Euphrates River in western Iraq’s Anbar Governorate were the subject of the research (Husaibah Al-Sharqiah, Al-Karābilah, Barwana, Al-Garma, Al-Forat sub district) and for four seasons (Summer, Autumn, Winter, and Spring) from November 2021 to November 2022 in order to examine how the physical and chemical characteristics of the water in the Euphrates River vary over space and time in these areas. Based on these locations of garbage, contaminants, and heavy metal components that may flow into the river without environmental management, sampling locations on the Euphrates River were chosen. In order to better understand the distribution of heavy metals (HMs: Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Selenium (Se), Molybdenum (Mo), Cyanide (CN-), and Chromium (Cr) in river sediments, five locations in western Iraq were chosen for the research. The PH, electrical conductivity (EC), algaes, and sediments (Nitrate (NO3), sulfate (SO4), and HMs content) were all measured in the river’s edge water. A qualitative research was also carried out at various times of year and locations. 104 different kinds of algae were found, and some of them dominated all the research locations. In each station near the beginning of the estuary, the quantitative research revealed a rise in the number of algae species indicative of pollution, confirming that these sites are impacted by the pollutants from untreated sewage discharged into the Euphrates River in those locations. The average concentrations of HMs and compounds in the sediments were as follows: SO4> NO3>Mo>Cn>Cr>Sb>Se>As. According to the investigation, the HMs polluted cities in the following ways: Sediment concentrations are greater in Husaibah Al-Sharqiah, Al-Karbilah, Barwana, Al-Garma, and Al-Forat subdistrict cities.
Use Unio Tigridis as a Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Diwaniyah River
Authors: Omran Karrar Ali , Khoen Mohammed Kadhim
Published: December 2023

The current study aims to estimate the concentrations of lead and cadmium in the water of the Diwaniyah River, based on investigation and study of the concentrations of these elements within the body of the vital indicator, where this organism will be taken from 4 different stations with varying distances to know the concentrations and compare them with the national determinants. The study showed that the main sources of pollution the water of the Diwaniyah River is due to the river’s passage within the city center and the discharge of sewage into it directly and in the role of a treatment agent and throwing waste of all kinds and the increase of human activities in the center, which causes an increase in the concentration of pollutants, including heavy elements. Highly efficient treatment units to reduce pollutants that are disposed directly into the river water, as well as increasing the environmental awareness of the population.
Some Chemical Properties of Wastewater from the Pharmaceutical Production Processes in the State Company for Drug and Medical Appliances Samarra
Authors: Hamed Ziad Hilal , Erdeni Abid Ahmad , Khaleel Rana Ibrahim
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted during six months, from September 2022 to February 2023, in the General Company for the Industry of Medicines and Medical Supplies in Samarra, one of the companies affiliated to the Ministry of Industry and Minerals. For the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of the biological treatment units for the liquid waste disposed by the company, the water discharged to the treatment units was divided into four sampling stations. : Primary collection basin water or equalization basin (water resulting from industrial processes), aeration basin water (water treated in the treatment unit), sedimentation basin water (water leaving the treatment plant) and liquefaction water (water entering the company). The study includes two aspects: the first is related to the measurement of the chemical properties of the water of the four stations, while the second aspect is that some water determinants were studied and local and international standards and classifications were adopted to compare them. The chemical parameters included pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen requirement, total alkalinity, total hardness, and chloride. The results showed that the pH values tended to be low alkaline with a limited range of variation, as it ranged between 7.1-8.3, while the dissolved oxygen value ranged between 7.0-4.0 mg/l, and the biological oxygen requirement ranged between 1.0-95 mg/l. The results indicate that the values of BOD5 increased in the stations (St.1, St.2, and St.3), in contrast to the station (St.4) for the liquefied water, as it recorded very low values, with significant temporal and spatial differences in most stations within months. the study. As for the total alkalinity, it ranged between 110-200 mg/l in terms of CaCO3 and showed significant temporal and spatial differences in most stations during the months of the study. While the chloride values ranged between 38-255 mg/l. The results of the current study showed a significant variation in the chloride values from one month to the next. The study also confirmed that the chloride values increased during the winter compared to the summer.
Physiological and Ecological Study of some Algae and Aquatic Plants
Authors: Kati Hana Jassim , Ayal Abdul Wahab Raysan , Ayal Abdal Wahab , Abbas Yas Khudair
Published: December 2023

The aim of the study was to find out the chemical content of some algae, Enteromorpha and Cladophora, and some selected aquatic plants, Typha domingensis, Phragmites australis and Schoenoplectus lacustris. were studied Ashes, fats and mineral elements, which include magnesium, phosphate and nitrogen, in addition to studying the physical and chemical properties of water at different times of the seasons. Enteromorpha moss showed the highest percentage of ash which amounted to (14.32%), magnesium (0.43%) and phosphate (2.73%) while Cladophora moss showed the highest percentage of fat which amounted to (7.28%) and nitrogen (3.92%). The plants showed clear significant differences in different seasons where the results showed that the highest value of ash for Typha domingensis was in spring (11.11%), for Phragmites australis in summer (12.43%) and for Schoenoplectus lacustris in autumn (16.21%). As for fats the highest value of fats was in the spring season for the Typha domingensis plant (3.10%), for the Phragmites australis plant in the autumn season (1.51%), and for the Schoenoplectus lacustris plant in the summer season (2.21%). As for magnesium, the highest value of magnesium was in the winter season for the Typha domingensis plant (0.25%), for the Phragmites australis plant in the summer season (0.76%), and for the Schoenoplectus lacustris plant in the autumn season (2.45%). As for phosphateits highest value was in the autumn season for the Typha domingensis plant (0.26%), for the Phragmites australis plant in the spring season (0.32%), and for the Schoenoplectus lacustris plant in the autumn season (0.24%). Also the physical and chemical properties of water showed great variations in different seasons as the highest recorded value of air and water temperature in summer was (41) and (40) Celsius respectively. As for the pH, the highest value was recorded in the winter season (8.16), and the nitrates recorded the highest value in the autumn season (45.35) mg / L.
Effect of Mechanical and Chemical Treatments on Astragalus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl. Seed Dormancy
Authors: Al-Otaibi Sara S. Y. , Al-Mayah Abdulridha A.
Published: December 2023

In this study, two specific methods of breaking seed dormancy were chosen to break the dormancy of Astragalus spinosus (Fabaceae) seeds. The first is sulfuric acid with a soaking time of seeds in it. The treatment of seeds with acid 98% at 15 minutes, the treatment with sulfuric acid 50% for soaking for 30 minutes, the treatment with acid 10% at a soaking period of 60 Minutes and for 24 hours, and all these treatments were in different degrees of incubation 16, 20, 22, 25 °C, while the second method that treated the seeds by scarification at degrees of incubation 16, 20, 22, 25 °C with the observation of no damage to the embryos when scarified the seeds, as well as the application of not treat seeds with any method (control) in same degrees for seven days of incubation, and such methods are considered inexpensive and effective. The results showed that when applying the treatment of seeds with sulfuric acid 98% at a soaking period 15 min and incubation degree 20 °C the germination rate have reached 86.66%, while the best germination rate of seeds when treated with scarification at an incubator of 22 and 25 °C and the germination rate reached 100%. We conclude from the present study that the seeds of A.spinosus has dormancy and the lack of optimal conditions from late winter rains under optimal temperatures will lead to the lack of the environmentally important desert species A.spinosus, or it will be absent or loss.
The Effect of Anthropogenic Sources on the Total Numbers of Rotifera in Shatt Al-Hillah
Authors: Ali Ameer Hamza , Marhoon Khitam Abbas
Published: December 2023

From September 2022 to February 2023, zooplankton (Rotifera) numbers were measured at three sites in Shatt Al-Hilla. Zooplankton samples were collected every month. A 10-liter bucket was used to transfer 100 liters of station water into a plankton net with holes of 50 m in diameter, and 10 ml was taken. Air and water temperatures, salinity, pH, sulfate, nutrients, and phosphate were measured at each site. The water temperature ranged between 15 and 29.4 degrees Celsius. Salinity readings ranged from 0.85 to 1.2 %. The pH was greater than 7. The Rotifera numbers were lowest (910.8 ind/m3) and highest (7487.6 ind/m3) in station 2.
Methods of Treating Produced Water During Oil and Gas Production Processes
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Jassam Safiyya A. , Jasim Hayder M. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz
Published: December 2023

In generally, the total volume of produced water, also known as water cut, varies from well to well, as well as based on the type of reservoir, whether it is a gas or oil reservoir, as well as the characteristics of the reservoir rocks, including permeability. Based on the type of reservoir (oil or gas), where it is located of the field, the geologic formation, and the type of hydrocarbons product being produced, the physical and chemical characteristics of produced water, such as hardness, PH, total suspended solids, conductivity, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, and chloride, vary significantly. Oil and gas extraction produces water that is considered as wastewater and requires expensive control. There are three fundamental approaches for avoiding or reducing the damage and pollution caused by water. These include employing inside-the-reservoir ways to limit generated water, applying contemporary methods of treatment and making this water harmless, and re-injecting the water into the reservoir. On another hand, Between 1987 and 1999, chemicals might be used during drilling and processing to reduce solid deposit on equipment and casings, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This study aims to provide a quick overview of produced water issues and treatment solutions applied during the oil and gas production processes.
The Effect of Using some Integrated Pest Management Factors on the Life Aspects of the Citrus Leaf Miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Laboratory
Authors: Jawad Niran Mousa , Alnomani Khudheyer A. A.
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of some integrated management factors in controlling the citrus leaf miner insect in the laboratory and to choose the best of them for field use to reduce the damage of this pest. The factors which used in this study involved two chemical pesticides Movento and Oxymatrine, as well as the use of growth regulators Match and biological fungi Beauveria bassiana (B.b..) and Metarhizium anisopliae (M.a..) and the interaction among them to get the most effective way to control the pest. The results of the study showed Movento is the most studied factor affecting the citrus miner insect in terms of the death rate on the larvae, as it recorded 96.52%, while the growth regulator Match recorded the lowest death rate of 49.20%. As for pupae, the chemical pesticide Movento also excelled by recording the highest death rate, reaching 62.59%, while the growth regulator Match recorded the lowest death rate for pupae stage, which amounted to 23.96%. It is clear from the results that the pupae are more resistant to factors that been used in this study compared with larvae. Results also proved that adults of insect were more effective with factors that used in this study compared with larvae and pupae stage. Movento pesticide showed mortality percentage reached to 100% for adults compared with growth regulator Match, which scored 73.62%, while it did not differ from the pesticide Oxymatrine, which gave 99.14%. The results of interactions among the factors on the larvae of the citrus leaf miner showed that the treatments Movento, Oxymatrine and Match, Movento+B.b.., total interaction had the highest mortality rate for the larvae stage which recorded 100% followed by the treatments Oxymatrine and the Movento + M.a. which recorded 95.56% each. While B.b. and M.a. treatments and the interaction between them, recorded the lowest mortality rate, reaching 9.25, 23.80, and 23.33%, respectively, as for pupae stage. The total interaction treatment only gave the highest mortality rate for pupae of the citrus leaf miner insect, as it recorded 100% and followed by the treatments Movento + B.b. and Movento + Match, which recorded 95.56% for each, while the treatments B.b. and M.a. was recorded the lowest death rate, which amounted to 6.68, 18.73, and 16.66%, respectively.
The Efficiency of Fungicides on Fungal Growth Inhibition in Cultured Tissues of Banana (Musa acominata), and Their Effect on Tissues Traits
Authors: Hussein Saba Sadeq , Maturud Abdulnabi Abdul Amir , Abass Mohammed Hamza
Published: December 2023

The goal of this study was to identify fungicides with a broad-spectrum effectiveness and their capacity to inhibit fungal contaminants in banana tissue cultures. Numerous fungi were isolated from tissues of banana cultures of the Grand 9 variety. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum, and Penicillium sp. were among the contaminated fungi isolated. These fungi were inhibited successfully using the fungicides Beltanol, Agrisave, and Zoxis. Hoever, Beltanol was outperformed compared with Agrisave and Zoxis fungicides, with an inhibition rate of 100% for concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 ml/l. Thus, the addition of Beltanol fungicide to the banana culture medium had a positive influence on the fresh and dry weight of the tissues, with the average fresh weight increasing to 2.93 g compared with 2.4 g in the control treatment. Also, the dry weight was increased from to 0.21 g while it was 0.17 g in the control treatment. Additionally, the results demonstrated the enzymatic effectiveness (cellulase enzyme) of isolated fungi without treatment, that showed high effectiveness in P. digitatum fungus with an activity rate reached 2.33 mm. In contrast, C. oxysporum and P. expansum fungi displayed moderate efficiency with activity rates that reached 1.5 and 1.41 mm respectively. On the other hand, A. flavus and A. niger fungi exhibited low efficacy with activity rates of 1.25 and 1.12 mm respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed that P. expansum fungus had a high enzymatic effectiveness index with a rate of 1.85 mm, while C. oxysporum, P. digitatum, and A. flavus fungi had moderate enzymatic effectiveness with rates of 1.46, 1.34, and 1.26, respectively. A. niger fungus had the lowest enzymatic effectiveness with a rate of 1.23. The enzymatic secretion of the isolated fungi was inhibited efficiently via addition of the fungicide Beltanol to these fungi.
A new Record of the Genus Carduus Curtis. (Asteraceae) for Iraq
Authors: Ali Lubab Gatea , Al-Mussawy Ali Hussein
Published: December 2023

Carduus tenuiflours Curtis is record as a new study in Iraq. This species has been collected from Al-Nahrain university and Baghdad university in Baghdad town in the middle of Iraq. The morphological characters, habitat of the species with a key to Carduus L. species in Iraq have been provided. The study showed that C. tenuiflorus a winter annual plant weed distributed in West Europe, China, India and Pakistan. Possess a broad leaves plant is similar in appearance to Italian thistle, C. pycnocephalus. Plants grow up to 100 cm tall with triangular shape stem wings that are up to 1 cm tall and are tipped with a spine. Leaves are oblanceolate to lanceolate with 6-8 pairs of spine-tipped lobes, while the inflorescence are capitulum consist of 3-10 in clusters with many series of phyllaries the inner one is longer and broader than the outer and median phyllaries with purplish tinged. The flowers purple tubular with distinct lobes about 10-12 mm long, hermaphrodite and have white pappus while the fruit is cypsela about 2.5-3.5 mm.
Replacing Part of the Mineral Fertilizer by using Organic and Biological Fertilizers in the Sunflower
Authors: Al-Zaidy M. K. A. , Al-Hilfy Intsar H. H.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriya during the spring season of 2022, with the aim of assessing the possibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic and biological fertilizers as an alternative for a portion of the chemical fertilizers and their impact on the yield and quality of sunflower seeds. Randomized Complete Bock Design (RCBD) with three replications was used, using split plot arrangement. The main plots included four fertilizer treatments: (100% mineral fertilizers (recommended), 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Azotobacter chroccocum bacteria, and 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by Orgevit poultry waste supplemented with macro and micronutrients). The sub-plots included three cultivars (Ishaqi1, Flami, and Lilo). The results showed that the Ishaqi1 cultivar outperformed and gave the highest fertility percentage (75.22%) and number of seeds per head (757.78 seeds head -1), and weight of 300 seeds (15.80 grams) and a total seed yield (2.942 tons ha-1), and an oil content percentage of 41.00%. On the other hand, the Flami cultivar excelled in the percentage of filling (47.115%). The fertilizer treatment of 50% recommended mineral fertilizers + organic fertilizer represented by (Trichoderma harzianum fungus and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria) showed superiority in fertility percentage (79.69%), number of seeds per head (771.20 seeds head -1), filling percentage (47.397%), total seed yield (3.041 tons ha-1), and oil content percentage (42.17%).
The Relationship Between Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistance Gene and Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp. Resistance Gene in Tomato Plants
Authors: Abd Bashar Falih , Dhaher Inad
Published: December 2023

Tomato Mi-1.2 resists root-knot nematodes. Mi, or a similar gene, may also be responsible for resistance to Bemisia tabaci whitefly in Mi-bearing commercial tomato varieties. Mi-1.2 is the only resistance gene that fights root-knot nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies. Mi is useful in integrated pest control strategies because these pests are the most damaging to tomato crops worldwide. Ten tomato varieties were produced to determine which are resistant to TYLCV and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. and whether these genes are linked. TYLCV-free nurseries were used to grow these tomato varieties. To assess these cultivars’ sensitivity and resistance to TYLCV, they were transferred to the plastic house and planted during Bemisia tabaci insect activity. These types were planted in soil contaminated with nematode eggs and juvenal, vaccinated, and reported every 15 days for disease incidence. Class H cultivars were vulnerable to nematodes and the virus, while class Gres were TYLCV-resistant. The rest of the cultivars were TYLCV-resistant, nematode-resistant, or both.
Efficiency of Rosemary Rosmarinus Officinalis and Chitosan in Controlling the Damping off Pathogen, Fusarium Spp., Identified Morphologically and Molecularly
Authors: Jadoa Hadi N. , Ibade Khalid W.
Published: December 2023

Results of investigation about the isolates of the pathogenic fungus tested for tomato damping off disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium spp. showed that all isolates were pathogenic. The isolates HF3, HF4, HF5, and HF7 from the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum, as well as the isolate HF10 from F. solani had an infection percentage of 100% compared to the control treatment (without the pathogen) (0%). The isolate HF3 was selected for its pathogenicity on tomato seeds in the soil. The laboratory experiment results revealed the pathogenicity of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. oil, chitosan, and the fungicide Pentazol Combi (Metalaxyl + Hymexazole) against the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum by inhibiting the growth of the fungus in the culture media. Rosemary oil at the concentration of 1% and chitosan at the concentration of 6000 mg.l-1 achieved inhibition of 90.7 and 89.6%, respectively, while the fungicide showed an antagonistic activity getting 89.1% at the concentration of 0.75 ml.l-1.
Laboratory Evaluation of Efficiency of some Normal and Nano Amino Acids in Hatching Eggs and Vitality of J2 Second Instar Juveniles in Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp.
Authors: Nazzal Mushtaq Ghazi , Yaas Saad Tariq Abdmalik
Published: December 2023

Tomato affected by several pathogenic factors, including root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three amino acid Arginine, Serine, and Leucine, in their normal and Nano forms, at three different concentrations (10, 20, 30 ppm). The evaluation was performed under laboratory conditions to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting egg hatching and the viability Second stage Juveniles (J2) of the targeted nematode species. The laboratory results demonstrated the efficiency of all treatments in reducing the percentage of unhatched eggs, particularly at higher concentrations. The Nano-form of the three amino acids at a concentration of 30 ppm exhibited the highest efficacy compared to the normal form and showed significant superiority over the control treatment. After 72 hours, the percentage of unhatched eggs for Arginine, Serine, and Leucine Nano-amino acids was (21.00, 31.33, and 30.67), respectively, with a kill rate of (79%, 68.88%, and 69.33%) compared to the control treatment, which recorded 75% unhatched eggs and a kill rate of 25%. The impact of these treatments on the viability Second stage juveniles(J2) also varied significantly with different concentrations, showing a dose-dependent effect over time and significant differences compared to the control group. The highest concentration of 3000 ppm was the most effective, resulting in the highest kill rate for Arginine, Serine, and Leucine Nano-amino acids, which reached (95.27%, 90.27%, 88.89%), respectively, compared to the control treatment, which had a kill rate of 48.60%.
Sensitivity of Some Varieties of the Wheat to Covered Smut Disease Cause by Tilletie caries
Authors: Al-ani Rowida G. , Farhan Theyab. A. , Kadhum Ali A.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the Plant Protection Department - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar for the agricultural season 2022. The study included the cultivation of different wheat varieties (Ibaa 99, Fiyah, Taurus, Croplus, Adana) to find out the extent to which these varieties were affected by covered smut disease in wheat caused by fungus T.caries The results showed the effect of covered smut disease in wheat on varieties in some traits such as infection rate, plant height, chlorophyll concentration, phenols concentration, peroxidase enzyme, number of grains per ear, weight of 1000 grains, number of spikes, total yield, absorbency and percentage of wet gluten.
Effectiveness of Nanoparticle-Based Treatments in Controlling Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari Tetranchidae) Infestation in Date Palm Trees
Authors: Ali Hazim M. , Fhaid Khalid A. , Awad Khairullah M.
Published: December 2023

Date palm mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) infestations pose a significant threat to date palm plantations, leading to reduced crop yield and economic losses. Nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged as a promising approach for controlling mite populations due to their unique physicochemical properties and environmentally friendly nature. In this study, we investigated the impact of three different nanoparticle types, namely silver, silica, and sulphur, on the mortality rate of date palm mites at different life stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults). The experiments were conducted at various concentrations and time intervals to assess the efficacy of the treatments. The results revealed significant variations in the effectiveness of the nanoparticle types, with nanosulphur demonstrating the highest mortality rate (45.576%) followed by silica (38.587%) and silver nanoparticles (34.957%). Furthermore, the results indicated that adult mites were more susceptible to nanoparticle-induced mortality compared to larvae and nymphs. The concentration-dependent response showed that higher nanoparticle concentrations led to greater mite mortality, with the highest concentration (500 ppm) resulting in an impressive mortality rate of 55.163%. Time-dependent studies demonstrated a progressive increase in mortality rates over 48 hours, reaching 46.017% at the endpoint. These findings provide valuable insights into the differential susceptibility of date palm mite life stages to nanoparticle treatments and underscore the importance of considering both nanoparticle type and concentration for effective control of date palm mites. This knowledge contributes to the development of targeted nanoparticle-based strategies for mitigating date palm mite infestations and preserving the productivity of date palm plantations. This study contributes valuable insights into the potential use of nanoparticle-based treatments for managing O. afrasiaticus infestations in date palm trees.
Molecular Characterization of Neoscytalidium spp. The Cause of Wilting of Branches and Blackening of the Stem
Authors: Abdul-Karim Eman K. , Aljarah Neran S. , Ali Haneen Abd-Alhaleem
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted in the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences in the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department 2019, with the aim of diagnosing the pathogen of Branch Wilt and blackening of stems, outwardly and molecularly. The results of isolation from infected Malus domestica, Morus alba, Punica granatum, Citrus sinensis, C. aurantium, Ficus elastic, Ficus benjamina, Ricinus communis and Populus euphratica trees showed that twelve isolates of Neoscytalidium spp. were obtained. As a percentage of the frequency of the fungus in the visited orchards of apple trees (Al-Tarmiya and Saffronia) and berries (Al-Tarmiya) 88.9%, and in pomegranates (Al-Tarmiya) and sour oranges(Al-Jadriya) 66.6%, while the lowest frequency was recorded in orange trees (Al-Jadriya), which amounted to 33.3%. The results of the nucleotide sequencing of the isolates of the fungus Neoscytalidium spp. The presence of three types of fungi: N. novaehollandiae isolated from apple, Morus and pomegranate trees, Ficus, Castor and N. dimidiatum isolated from apple and Morus trees, Populus and N. hyalinum isolated from apple, orange, sour orange and ficus trees. The apple isolates 1, 2, and 3, Morus isolate 1, the pomegranate isolate, and the Ficus isolate showed a 100% congruence rate, while the Morus 2, orange, ficus, and Populus isolates showed a congruence rate of 99%, while the orange isolate congruence 98%, and the Castor isolate recorded a congruence rate of 97% with the isolates. Global registered in the International Gen Bank. The nucleotide sequences of the three species N. hyalinum, N. novaehollandiae, and N. dimidiatum in the International Genebank Organization, and this is the first record of these species in Iraq on the hosts isolated from them in this study.
Detection of Pathogenic Fungi Causing Root and Crown Rot Diseases in Strawberry Fragaria ananassa Duch
Authors: Abbas Istabraq Hameed , Abed Jasim Mahmood
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted in the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, aiming to identify the major fungi causing root and crown rot disease in strawberries through isolation and diagnosis using both morphological and molecular methods. the results of isolation and diagnosis from the affected plant parts revealed the prevalence of root and crown rot disease in all sampled areas exhibiting symptoms and signs of the disease. Seventeen isolates were obtained belonging to the Fusarium species, eight isolates belonged to the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, and seven isolates belonged to the spp. Neopestalotiapsis The fungal species were identified based on their taxonomic characteristics. DNA extraction was successfully performed on eleven isolated fungi from the roots and crowns of strawberry plants in different isolation areas. Partial diagnosis was conducted using PCR technique targeting the intergenic spacer region using primers (ITS1-ITS4) to obtain amplicons of 650 base pairs (bp) in size. The amplicons were then separated on 2% agarose gel, and the nucleotide base sequences of these isolates were determined and deposited in the gene bank.
Effect of Some Biological and Chemical Treatments in Controlling Date Palm Fruit Rot Disease
Authors: Kadim Muntah J. , Fayyadh Mohammed A. , Salih Yehya A.
Published: December 2023

The College of Agriculture, University of Basra/Department of Plant Protection performed the 2021-2022 research. with the goal of testing biological and chemical therapies for date palm fruit rot in Sayer and Khadrawi cultivars. Bioagents included bread yeast Saccharomyces cervesiae, Cheatomium globsum, and chitosan nanoparticles. Chemical treatments included silver nanoparticles. Cheatomium globsum + silver nanoparticles had the lowest average infection rate of 4.82%, compared to 36.62% for the control treatment. Neither variety differed significantly. The statistical analysis of the interaction between the study treatments variety showed significant differences between them, as the treatment of cheatomium globosum + silver nanoparticles reduced the average percentage of disease infection to 3.83% and 5.80% compared to the control treatment, which had an average infection rate of 36.23% and 37.00% for Al-Sayer and Khadrawi, respectively. The Control treatment had the highest average latent infection rate of 81.67%, while the cheatomium globsum and silver nanoparticles treatment reduced it to 12.83%. Khadrawi had 38.525 latent infected rats of date palm fruit rot, whereas Syer had 33.71. The other cultivar had the lowest latent incidence of palm fruit rot disease at 33.71%. The average was 38.52%. Experimental treatments did not interact significantly.
Allelopathic Potential of Aqueous Plant Extracts Against Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Weeds
Authors: Othman Sonia Hiwa , Lazim Zainab Sabah , Al-Wakaa Adnan Hussein Ali
Published: December 2023

Allelopathy has been described as a negative or positive effect on a specific species of plant caused by a chemical produced by another species of plant. This research analyzed the allelopathic effect of various plant extracts against seed germination and seedling properties of some weed species in two experiments in the autumn of 2021. The impacts of plant extracts, such as peels of pomegranate (Punica granatum), green husk of walnuts (Juglans regia), leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), galls of Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria), rhizomes of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), and tubers of nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) plus control on some weed species, like Vaccaria pyramidata, Cynodon dactylon, Sorghum halepense, Trifolium campestre, Portulaca oleracea, Sinapis arvensis, Avena fatua), Hordeum glaucum and Daucus carota were evaluated. The first experiment was conducted in the lab and designed by a factorial-completely randomized design to investigate germination parameters such as final germination percentage (G), mean germination time (MGT), coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG), and germination rate index (GRI), and another experiment was in a greenhouse and designed in a split-plot pattern, in which the plant extracts were placed in main plots. At the same time, the weed species were distributed in the sub-plots to evaluate the seedling of weeds’ fresh and dry weight and percent of weed inhibition (PWI). The characters’ means (from three replicates) were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level. The laboratory trial revealed that the green walnut husk was the most successful in reducing all seed germination parameters compared to the control by 13.5, 5.16, and 8.37% for G, MGT, and GRI, respectively. For the greenhouse experiment, the eucalyptus leaves’ extract and pomegranate peels had a higher impact on reducing weed seedlings’ fresh and dry weight and PWI than the control. The most affected species were broad-leaved weeds, while grasses were the least affected. Our results indicated that green walnut husk has a significant role in decreasing seed germination and inhibiting the dry weight of seedlings. Thus, it can be used as a bioherbicide to prevent some weeds from sprouting and growing seedlings.
Response of some Yield and Quality Indicators of Different Cultivars of Bread Wheat to Spraying with Nano-Potassium Fertilizer
Authors: Al-Ajili Hawra Dawood Matar , Al-Saeedi Mahdi Abdul Hamza
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in plot numbered 95 affiliated to Al-Mahaweel district, north of Babylon, during the seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. In order to know the response of three bread wheat cultivars to the stages and concentrations of nano-spraying potassium. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-split plot with three replicates, where the cultivars(Abu Ghraib, Hawler, Aras) occupied the main plot, and the spraying stages (tilleting, elongation, booting) occupied the sub plot, while potassium nano-fertilizer concentrations occupied (2,1,0 g/L) for sub-sub-plot. The results showed that the cultivar had excelled in the highest values for the characteristics of weight of 1000 grains, total protein yield, and grain yield for both seasons, with averages of (38.01 g and 38.59 g), (0.498 tons.ha-1, 0.520 tons.ha-1) and (4.629 tons.ha-1). 1 and 4.777 tons.ha-1) respectively. The spraying treatment excelled in the booting stage of the nano potassium at a concentration of 2 g L-1, and recorded the highest values in the trait of the number of grains per spike and the percentage of gluten in the grains in%, as it recorded (44.43 grains and 44.88 grains), (16.59% and 16.71%), respectively, and the weight of 1000 grains for both seasons were (35.77 and 36.63 g) respectively.
Molecular Identification of Three Species of Leaf Miners from the Order Diptera on Brassicaceae Crops in Basra Governorate
Authors: Fadhil Amjed A. , Thamer Nadia K.
Published: December 2023

The leafminer (Order: Diptera) is an insect that can be found throughout the Middle East and many other parts of the world. It feeds on a range of plants. It was discovered on several Brassicaceae family leaves in Iraq. In this study, the leafminer samples were collected from the Agricultural Experimental Station – the University of Basrah campus. These samples were microscopically analysed and morphologically characterized to distinguish leafminer genera. Our results revealed that the Agromyzidae family included two species Liriomyza sativae, and Chromatomyia horticola. While the Drosophilidae family involved Scaptomyza flava. These three genera belong to the 420 bases pair. For both intra- and interspecific variation, the mitochondrial region’s COX area has been thoroughly investigated. The results of all these studies combine to create a sizable collection of sequencing data for the Agromyzidae and Drosophilidae families.
Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on the Chemical Content of some Genotypes of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicom L.)
Authors: Al-Shammari Sundus Q. , Al-Abedy Aqeel N. , Farhood Ali N.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the Plant Viruses laboratory and plastic houses at the Department of Plant Protection/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, during the growing season of 2022-2023. The aim of this study was to test the response of some tomato genotypes against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the mineral content (sodium, iron, and lead), plant hormones (gibberellins and cytokinins), and chemical compounds (total phenols) in tomato fruits. The results of testing genotypes of tomato plants (Bayan, Heba Madina, Mercur, Oscar, Emmylou, Basmah, Plato, Zenga, and Joleene) showed that all genotypes were sensitive to infection, with varying sensitivey degrees. It was found that the genotypes Bayan and Heba were the most sensitive to infection with CMV at 88.88% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the genotypes Madina, Joleene, and Zenga were the least sensitive to infection, with infection rates of 31.11%, 44.44%, and 46.66%, respectively. The results also demonstrated that viral infection had a significant effect on reducing the levels of the iron and lead in the genotypes infected with CMV, and the genotypes Basmah and Heba were the most affected (with a significant difference) with levels of 0.018 ppm and 0.016 mmol L-1, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 0.023 ppm and 0.024 mmol L-1, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that viral infection had a significant impact on reducing the level of the gibberellin hormone, with a decrease of 53.53 μg ml-1, and an increase in the levels of sodium, cytokinin hormone, and phenols in the genotypes infected with the CMV, with levels of 0.38 ppm, 87.56 μg ml-1, and 0.45 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 55.30 μg ml-1, 0.22 ppm, and 31.32 μg ml-1, and 0.42 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively.
Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on Certain Mineral Elements, Vitamin C, Carbohydrates and Enzymes of some Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Al-Shammari Sundus Q. , Al-Abedy Aqeel N. , Farhood Ali N.
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to test the response of certain components in tomato plants against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the content of some mineral elements (calcium, potassium, and phosphorus), vitamin C, carbohydrates, and enzymes (peroxidases and catalases), as well as the amino acid proline in tomato fruits for ten tomato cultivars. The study was conducted in the Plant Viruses Laboratory and plastic greenhouses, Plant Protection Department at the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, during the growing season 2022-2023. The results of sensitivity testing for the ten cultivars used in the study showed that sensitivity varies among different cultivars. Some cultivars, namely Madena, Zenga, and Joleen, demonstrated lower sensitivity (44.44%, 46.66%, and 50% respectively) compared to certain cultivars classified as highly sensitive to CMV, such as Heba and Bayan, with sensitivity values of 88.88% and 100% respectively. The results showed that viral infection had a clear effect on reducing the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the cultivars infected with CMV. The Basmah and Heba cultivars were the most affected, with levels reaching 28.10 mmol.L-1 and 1.92 mmol.L-1, respectively. These levels were significantly different from their levels in non-infected plants, which were 44.30 mmol.L-1 and 3.22 mmol.L-1, respectively. Furthermore, viral infection also had a significant impact on reducing the levels of carbohydrates and vitamin C, with rates of 27.03% and 6.62 mg g-1 FW (fresh weight), respectively. On the other hand, the levels of potassium, peroxidases, catalases, and the amino acid proline increased in the cultivars infected with CMV, reaching levels of 79.93 ppm, 11.53 U.mL-1, 1.47 U.mL-1, and 62.4 μg ml-1, respectively. These levels were significantly different from those in non-infected plants, which were 45.57 ppm, 4.49 U.ml-1, 0.63 U.ml-1, and 28.6 μg ml-1, respectively.
Reduction of Citrus Fruit Fungal Rot Disease using the Commercial Bio-Agent Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Al-Faham Akram M. Y. , Ali Sadeq M.
Published: December 2023

The results of the laboratory experiment on PDA media showed that B. subtilis at all concentrations (0.1ml, 0.5ml, 1ml/plate) led to a significant reduction in the fungal growth of the two pathogenic fungi, P. polonicum and G. candidum, with an inhibition rate that increased with increasing concentration. The effect of B. subtilis on the growth of P. polonicum was higher than that of G. candidum. In the experiment of storing fruits under natural conditions, the results showed the significant effect of B. subtilis in reducing the severity of infection in injured (artificially wounded) citrus fruits (orange, lemon, sour orange) when treated with the spore suspension of G.candidum and P. polonicum, compared to the significantly higher infection severity in the absence of the biological agent B. subtilis. The percentage of spoilage (reduction of the final fruit weight) increased in the fruits due to infection after 7 days of storage in the spore suspension treatments of G. candidum in oranges, especially in the wounded fruits compared to the normal, uninjured fruits. The same is the case with lemon and orange, as it was observed, in general, that the percentage of weight reduction in wounded fruits increased even in the control treatments than in the normal (uninjured) fruits, while the presence of bacteria B. subtilis reduced the spoilage to normal limits that did not differ from the final fruit weight in the control treatment.
The Efficiency of some Control Agents in Resisting the Okra Root Rot Disease Caused by the Fungus Pythium aphanidermatum
Authors: Abed Noora M. , Farhan Theyab. A.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the laboratory and plastic house belonging to the Department of plant protection – faculty of Agriculture - Anbar University to evaluate the efficiency of the biological control agent Trichoderma harzianum and the chemical inducing agents sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 and melatonin C13H16N2O2 in inducing resistance in seeds and seedlings of okra to infection with the disease of seed rot and the fall of seedlings caused by the semi-pathogenic fungus Pythium aphanidermatum double transplantation of some isolates of the-biotic fungus T. harzianum that isolation T2 (centre of Organic Agriculture-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) achieved the highest ability in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic semi-fungus, reaching a degree of contrast of 1, while the result of measuring the effectiveness of volatile substances on the PDA medium of the same isolates showed that isolation T2 (center of Organic Agriculture-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) gave the highest percentage of inhibition against pathogenic semi-fungus P. aphanidermatum reached 36.4% and the test of the effectiveness of the inducing agents in protecting the seeds of okra, Petra on the medium of PDA showed the effectiveness of the inducing agents sodium bicarbonate and melatonin in protecting the seeds, as the germination rate reached 100% for both, while the bio-fungi isolates achieved isolation T2 (Organic Agriculture Center-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) the best germination rate reached 100% and the results of the plastic house experiment showed that the treatment with bio-fungi by soaking for 20 minutes gave high efficiency in the percentage of germination reached 83.33% and reduced the percentage and severity of infection to 23.67% and 18.33% respectively, as for the soaking treatment with melatonin 200 micromuller, the percentage of germination decreased to 63.67% or the percentage and severity The infection rate reached 43.33% and 37% sequentially, as for the spraying treatment with biological agent isolation T2 (Organic Agriculture Centre-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) after 15 days of germination reduced the percentage and severity of infection to 32.67% and 25% sequentially and the spraying treatment with melatonin after 15 days of germination achieved the percentage and severity of infection reached 49% and 39.33% sequentially, as for the spraying treatment with biological agent isolation T2 (Organic Agriculture Center-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) after 25 days of germination, it gave the highest efficiency in reducing the percentage and severity of infection 35.67% and 29.67% sequentially, while the percentage and severity of infection in the melatonin spraying treatment after 25 days of germination reached 51.33% and 43.67% sequentially compared to the comparison treatment Contaminated with semi-pathogenic fungus
Pythium aphanidermatum
.
Effect of Spraying with Different Concentrations of Organic Fertilizer Nutrigreen and Salicylic Acid on the Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Gladiolus hybrid L.
Authors: Alsherefe Omer Abdul Kareem Mohamed , Younis Altaee Alaa Hashim
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out inside the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the period from 17 March to 10 October 2022 in order to evaluate the response of two varieties of Gladiolus X hortulanus L. They are: White Prosperity with white flowers and Plumtart with flowers Purple for treatment with Nutrigreen organic fertilizer in three concentrations: zero, 1000- and 2000-ml. L-1, as well as treatment with salicylic acid in three concentrations, 500 and 1000 mg. L-1 sprayed on the shoots three times. In the implementation of the experiment, the factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in split plots (Factorial Experiment with in split plot) with three replications and 7 treatment plants. The results indicated that the white cultivar recorded the largest plant height 136.596 cm, while the purple cultivar plants recorded the largest values for the leaf length per plant 86.312 cm and the number of leaves per plant 8.206 leaves. Plant-1, the leaf area of the plant was 484.472 (cm2), and the dry weight of the leaves was 16.559 (g).