bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulation estudiantine en France et projets migratoires sous contraintes : figures de l’étudiant algérien dans la mondialisation
Authors: de Gourcy Constance
Published: December 2013

Traversée par une tension entre une logique d’attractivité et une logique de contrôle de l’immigration, l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur pose désormais la question de la place donnée aux étudiants étrangers. En France, les étudiants algériens sont confrontés à un certain nombre de difficultés qui en font un groupe spécifique au sein de l’ensemble plus vaste des « étudiants étrangers ». Si ces contraintes contribuent à fabriquer un sentiment d’appartenance à une minorité ayant en partage une même expérience sociale de l’immigration/émigration, elles induisent en retour une redéfinition du sens géographique et social donné au projet et les amènent à réviser leurs attentes et plus largement leurs parcours migratoires. À la différence de leurs prédécesseurs migrants économiques, ils se mobilisent en effet pour une meilleure prise en compte de leurs droits dans le pays d’installation. Cette contribution cherche à montrer combien, pour cette génération nouvelle, les épreuves vécues s’accompagnent de la transformation progressive du sens donné à la mobilité estudiantine, faisant de celle-ci tout à la fois un révélateur et un activateur de nouvelles formes de reconnaissance politique.
Du « bon usage » des réseaux sociaux en entreprise : le cas de figure des cadres-femmes aux Etats-Unis1
Authors: Bruna Maria Giuseppina
Published: December 2013

Mobilisant une perspective néo-structurale (Moore, 1990; Ibarra, 1995; Burt, 1995, 1998; Lin, 1995; Lazega, 2011, 2012), cet article interroge les résistances sociétales et organisationnelles (effets de structure) et les freins relationnels (effets de réseau) entravant la progression professionnelle des cadres-femmes au sein des entreprises états-uniennes. Complémentaires des politiques de(new) affirmative action, lesmentoring de cooptationet lesaffinity groups intra-organisationnelsvisent à favoriser l’intégration professionnelle des cadres-femmes en densifiant leur réseau organisationnel. Ces dispositifs organisationnels renvoient néanmoins à deux logiques distinctes (assimilativevsaffinitaire) de socialisation professionnelle.
Spécificités des coopérations en R&D subventionnées et non subventionnées dans la stratégie partenariale d’EDF R&D
Authors: Matt Mireille , Tocco Régis , Wolff Sandrine
Published: December 2013

Ce travail analyse la place respective des coopérations en R&D subventionnées versus non subventionnées dans les stratégies d’accords technologiques des entreprises. Nous avançons que les ressources additionnelles apportées par les subventions gouvernementales favorisent la création d’un portefeuille de coopération ambidextre, les accords subventionnés étant plus exploratoires que les seconds, lesquels sont plutôt à visée d’exploitation. Puis nous élaborons une série de propositions théoriques permettant de différencier les deux types d’accords suivant deux logiques organisationnelles distinctes, en termes d’incitation, de coordination et d’apprentissage. L’ensemble de nos propositions est confronté de manière probante au cas de la stratégie partenariale d’EDF R&D.
L’ambiguïté des rôles du pharmacien titulaire d’officine française : une lecture par l’identité de métier
Authors: Reyes Grégory
Published: December 2013

En dépit d’un monopole sur la délivrance des médicaments, le pharmacien d’officine est très inquiet des changements qui s’opèrent sur son marché. Ceux-ci accentuent l’ambiguïté entre les rôles de professionnel de santé et de commerçant qui caractérise ce métier. Cette recherche montre que, face à ces changements, c’est la nature des interactions que ce professionnel entretient avec ses patients/clients qui oriente la construction de son identité de métier et donc la manière dont il affronte cette ambiguïté de rôles. Il est constaté que les officines étudiées sont très différentes dans l’appréhension de ces rôles impliquant une construction différente du métier.
Avaliação da aprendizagem e deficiência intelectual na perspectiva de professores do ensino comum
Authors: Oscar Dourado Valentim Fernanda , Sampaio de Oliveira Anna Augusta
Published: December 2013

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e analisar as concepções de um grupo de professores do Ensino Fundamental (ciclo I) sobre deficiência intelectual e avaliação da aprendizagem escolar. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo que utilizou para investigação um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado. Os relatos dos professores demonstraram certa fragilidade e despreparo para lidar com a inclusão escolar dos alunos com deficiência intelectual e, consequentemente, dificuldade de avaliar suas condições de aprendizagem. Verificou-se ainda que a avaliação utilizada por eles caracteriza-se por ser pouco dinâmica e baseia-se, essencialmente, na utilização de instrumentos quantitativos e de mensuração, que pouco orientam o processo de ensino e aprendizagem e, dessa forma, não contribuem para a efetivação da inclusão escolar desses alunos.
Fuzzy Reasoning as a Base for Collision Avoidance Decision Support System
Authors: Brcko Tanja , švetak Jelenko
Published: December 2013

Despite the generally high qualifications of seafarers, many maritime accidents are caused by human error; such accidents include capsizing, collision, and fire, and often result in pollution. Enough concern has been generated that researchers around the world have developed the study of the human factor into an independent scientific discipline. A great deal of progress has been made, particularly in the area of artificial intelligence. But since total autonomy is not yet expedient, the decision support systems based on soft computing are proposed to support human navigators and VTS operators in times of crisis as well as during the execution of everyday tasks as a means of reducing risk levels.This paper considers a decision support system based on fuzzy logic integrated into an existing bridge collision avoidance system. The main goal is to determine the appropriate course of avoidance, using fuzzy reasoning.
Short-Term Passenger Demand Forecasting Using Univariate Time Series Theory
Authors: Cyprich Ondrej , Konečný Vladimír , Kiliánová Katarína
Published: December 2013

The purpose of the paper is to identify and analyse the forecasting performance of the model of passenger demand for suburban bus transport time series, which satisfies the statistical significance of its parameters and randomness of its residuals. Box-Jenkins, exponential smoothing and multiple linear regression models are used in order to design a more accurate and reliable model compared the ones used nowadays. Forecasting accuracy of the models is evaluated by comparative analysis of the calculated mean absolute percent errors of different approaches to forecasting. In accordance with the main goal of the paper was identified the ARIMA model, which fulfils almost all statistical criterions with an exception of the model residuals normality. In spite of the limitation, the best forecasting abilities of identified model have been proven in comparison with other approaches to forecasting in the paper. The published findings of research will have positive influence on increasing the forecasting accuracy in the process of passenger demand forecasting.
Photovoltaic properties of Si-based quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells prepared using laser plasma in liquid
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroki , Chewchinda Pattarin , Inoue Yasunori , Funakubo Hiroshi , Hara Michikazu , Fujino Masaie , Odawara Osamu , Wada Hiroyuki
Published: December 2013

The current–voltage characteristics of Si-based quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) were examined. Si nanoparticles were prepared using laser-induced plasma. Si wafer in ethanol was irradiated with a Nd:YAG second harmonic generation (SHG) laser beam. The prepared nanoparticles were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Particle size was measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Highly crystalline Si nanoparticles were observed by TEM. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the Si nanoparticles were also measured. Two types of QDSSCs were produced. One included ethanol during the production of TiO2/Si nanoparticle layer on a transparent conductive oxide electrode because ethanol solution with dispersed Si nanoparticles was prepared by this method; the other type did not include ethanol. The photovoltaic properties of the former were significantly degraded; the latter maintained its good photovoltaic properties. The properties of the latter gradually improved during the measurements. In particular, current density was increased, which increased conversion efficiency. These phenomena are related to changes in Si nanoparticle surface conditions.
Oxidation mechanism of Penicillium digitatum spores through neutral oxygen radicals
Authors: Hashizume Hiroshi , Ohta Takayuki , Takeda Keigo , Ishikawa Kenji , Hori Masaru , Ito Masafumi
Published: December 2013

To investigate the inactivation process of Penicillium digitatum spores through neutral oxygen species, the spores were treated with an atmospheric-pressure oxygen radical source and observed in-situ using a fluorescent confocal-laser microscope. The treated spores were stained with two fluorescent dyes, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,Y,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP). The intracellular organelles as well as the cell membranes in the spores treated with the oxygen radical source were stained with DiI without a major morphological change of the membranes. DPPP staining revealed that the organelles were oxidized by the oxygen radical treatment. These results suggest that neutral oxygen species, especially atomic oxygen, induce a minor structural change or functional inhibition of cell membranes, which leads to the oxidation of the intracellular organelles through the penetration of reactive oxygen species into the cell.
Novel gate-all-around polycrystalline silicon nanowire memory device with HfAlO charge-trapping layer
Authors: Lee Ko-Hui , Lin Horng-Chih , Huang Tiao-Yuan
Published: December 2013

Gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire (NW) memory devices with a SiN- or Hf-based charge-trapping (CT) layer of the same thickness were studied in this work. The GAA NW devices were fabricated with planar thin-film transistors (TFTs) on the same substrate using a novel scheme without resorting to the use of advanced lithographic tools. Owing to their higher dielectric constant, the GAA NW devices with a HfO2 or HfAlO CT layer show greatly enhanced programming/erasing (P/E) efficiency as compared with those with a SiN CT layer. Furthermore, the incorporation of Al into the Hf-based dielectric increases the thermal stability of the CT layer, improving retention and endurance characteristics.
Growth of AgGaTe2 on a- and c-plane sapphire by closed-space sublimation and analysis of the orientation by pole figure measurement
Authors: Uruno Aya , Usui Ayaka , Kobayashi Masakazu
Published: December 2013

AgGaTe2 layers were grown on a- and c-plane sapphire substrates by a closed-space sublimation method. Various samples have been prepared with various source temperatures, holding times, and temperature differentials. In this study, the variation of source temperature was primarily aimed at improving the stoichiometry of the film. The grown films were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. When the sample was grown at a high temperature, namely, above 800 °C, the formation of Ag–Te compounds was observed. The Ag–Te compounds exhibited a high degree of crystallinity when the layer was grown on c-plane sapphire substrates. By using a pole figure, it was possible to study the orientation of the film, and AgGaTe2 layers were shown to have a preferential orientation in the (103) on a-sapphire.
Aerosol single scattering albedo dependence on biomass combustion efficiency: Laboratory and field studies
Authors: Liu Shang , Aiken Allison C. , Arata Caleb , Dubey Manvendra K. , Stockwell Chelsea E. , Yokelson Robert J. , Stone Elizabeth A. , Jayarathne Thilina , Robinson Allen L. , DeMott Paul J. , Kreidenweis Sonia M.
Published: December 2013

Single scattering albedo (ω) of fresh biomass burning (BB) aerosols produced from 92 controlled laboratory combustion experiments of 20 different woods and grasses was analyzed to determine the factors that control the variability in ω. Results show that ω varies strongly with fire‐integrated modified combustion efficiency (MCEFI)—higher MCEFI results in lower ω values and greater spectral dependence of ω. A parameterization of ω as a function of MCEFI for fresh BB aerosols is derived from the laboratory data and is evaluated by field observations from two wildfires. The parameterization suggests that MCEFI explains 60% of the variability in ω, while the 40% unexplained variability could be accounted for by other parameters such as fuel type. Our parameterization provides a promising framework that requires further validation and is amenable for refinements to predict ω with greater confidence, which is critical for estimating the radiative forcing of BB aerosols.
The Bay of Bengal upper‐ocean response to tropical cyclone forcing during 1999
Authors: Wang Jih‐Wang , Han Weiqing
Published: December 2013

The regional upper‐ocean dynamical and thermodynamical responses to two consecutive, strong tropical cyclones (TCs)—04B (15–19 October) and 05B (25 October to 3 November) in 1999 (hereafter, TC1 and TC2) in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and the associated oceanic processes are investigated using an eddy‐permitting Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model. The TC winds induce positive sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) along the northern BoB coastline and Andaman Sea due to onshore convergence, and negative SSHA along the TC tracks due to Ekman divergence, which in turn induce geostrophic flow. The TC‐associated radiation and precipitation have negligible effects on the northwestern BoB top 30 m averaged temperature (T0–30 m), while the strong TC winds significantly enhance turbulent heat flux causing T0–30 m decrease. Due to the existence of the barrier layer and subsurface warm advection in the northwestern BoB, vertical mixing may induce near‐surface warming by entraining warm water from below. As a result, the proportion of the T0–30 m cooling caused by turbulent heat flux is likely elevated in the 6° × 6° footprints of the TCs. Both TC wind‐induced vertical mixing and upwelling significantly cool T0–30 m in TC1's wake, while upwelling dominates the maximum cooling region in TC2's wake, likely due to the preceding deepening of the mixed layer by TC1. The near‐surface cooling for both TCs has rightward bias because of the higher winds and the resonant response on the right, and Ekman divergence extends the cooling areas outward. TC1 and TC2's sizes and prestorm oceanic conditions are found to be the most influential factors for near‐surface cooling.
Mesoporous NiCo2O4 Nanowire Arrays Grown on Carbon Textiles as Binder‐Free Flexible Electrodes for Energy Storage
Authors: Shen Laifa , Che Qian , Li Hongsen , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: December 2013

Binary metal oxides has been regarded as a promising class of electrode materials for high‐performance energy storage devices since it offers higher electrochemical activity and higher capacity than mono‐metal oxide. Besides, rational design of electrode architectures is an effective solution to further enhance electrochemical performance of energy storage devices. Here, the advanced electrode architectures consisting of carbon textiles uniformally covered by mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanowire arrays (NWAs) are successfully fabricated by a simple surfactant‐assisted hydrothermal method combined with a short post annealing treatment, which can be directly applied as self‐supported electrodes for energy storage devices, such as Li‐ion batteries, supercapacitors. The as‐prepared mesoporous NiCo2O4 nanowires consist of numerous highly crystalline nanoparticles, leaving a large number of mesopores to alleviate the volume change during the charge/discharge process. Electrode architectures presented here promise fast electron transport by direct connection to the growth substrate and facile ion diffusion path provided by both the abundant mesoporous structure in nanowires and large open spaces between neighboring nanowires, which ensures every nanowire participates in the ultrafast electrochemical reaction. Benefiting from the intrinsic materials and architectures features, the unique binder‐free NiCo2O4/carbon textiles exhibit high specific capacity/capacitance, excellent rate capability, and cycling stability.
25th Anniversary Article: MXenes: A New Family of Two‐Dimensional Materials
Authors: Naguib Michael , Mochalin Vadym N. , Barsoum Michel W. , Gogotsi Yury
Published: December 2013

Recently a new, large family of two‐dimensional (2D) early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides, called MXenes, was discovered. MXenes are produced by selective etching of the A element from the MAX phases, which are metallically conductive, layered solids connected by strong metallic, ionic, and covalent bonds, such as Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2, and Ta4AlC3. MXenes ­combine the metallic conductivity of transition metal carbides with the hydrophilic nature of their hydroxyl or oxygen terminated surfaces. In essence, they behave as “conductive clays”. This article reviews progress—both ­experimental and theoretical—on their synthesis, structure, properties, intercalation, delamination, and potential applications. MXenes are expected to be good candidates for a host of applications. They have already shown promising performance in electrochemical energy storage systems. A detailed outlook for future research on MXenes is also presented.
Thricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome and severe osteoporosis: A rare association or a feature? An effective therapeutic approach with biphosphonates
Authors: Macchiaiolo M. , Mennini M. , Digilio M.C. , Buonuomo P.S. , Lepri F.R. , Gnazzo M. , Grandin A. , Angioni A. , Bartuli A.
Published: December 2013

Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare, autosomal dominant malformation syndrome characterized by hair, craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, skin laxity, deformation of phalanges and anomalies of pelvis, femurs, and tibias. Three subtypes have been described: TRPS I, caused by mutations in TRPS1 gene on chromosome 8; TRPS II, a microdeletion syndrome affecting the TRPS1 and EXT1 genes; and TRPS III, a form with severe brachydactyly, due to short metacarpals, and severe short stature, but without exostoses. We present the case of a 7‐year‐old boy, affected by TRPS with a severe osteoporosis and several spontaneous bone fractures, an association described only once in the literature, successfully treated with biphosphonates. Bone mineral density (BMD) at dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) was of 0.331 g/cm2 at lumbar spine with. He had four spontaneous femoral fractures in a year, and for this reason he was been operated for positioning intramedullary osteosynthesis and orthopedic supports. Due to the severity of the clinical and radiological pattern it was established, after approval of the Ethical Committee, to begin off‐label therapy with infusions of neridronate at a dose of 2 mg/kg IV every 3 months. The treatment was, in this patient, effective both in terms of clinical (absence of new fractures) and mineralomethric (+45% BMD ath the lumbar level). We therefore suggest that treatment with biphosponates can be taken in account as a possible therapeutic option in case of bone fragility in patients with TRPSI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Focal dermal hypoplasia without focal dermal hypoplasia
Authors: Contreras‐Capetillo Silvina N. , Lombardi Maria Paola , Pinto‐Escalante Doris , Hennekam Raoul C.
Published: December 2013

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH; Goltz–Gorlin syndrome) is an X‐linked dominant disorder affecting mainly tissues of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. The phenotype is characterized by hypoplastic linear skin lesions, eye malformations, hair and teeth anomalies, and multiple limbs malformations. The disorder is caused by PORCN mutations. Here we describe a mother and daughter with FDH in whom a c.938T>G in PORCN was detected. Neither of the two had FDH, but otherwise the phenotype was classical. Focal skin hypoplasia is a hallmark of FDH but the present family indicates that FDH should also be considered in absence of this skin manifestation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of a 520 kb deletion on chromosome 15q26.1 including ST8SIA2 in a patient with behavioral disturbance, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy
Authors: Kamien Benjamin , Harraway James , Lundie Ben , Smallhorne Lex , Gibbs Vicki , Heath Anna , Fullerton Janice M.
Published: December 2013

We present a patient with a behavioral disorder, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder who has a 520 kb chromosomal deletion at 15q26.1 encompassing three genes: ST8SIA2, C15orf32, and FAM174B. Alpha‐2,8‐Sialyltransferase 2 (ST8SIA2) is expressed in the developing brain and appears to play an important role in neuronal migration, axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. It has recently been implicated in a genome wide association study as a potential factor underlying autism, and has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This case provides supportive evidence that ST8SIA2 haploinsufficiency may play a role in neurobehavioral phenotypes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for navigating large areas: A GIS spatial ecology analysis of the bearded saki monkey, Chiropotes sagulatus, in Suriname
Authors: Gregory Tremaine , Mullett Amanda , Norconk Marilyn A.
Published: December 2013

Animals with long day paths and large home ranges expend a considerable amount of energy on travel. Studies have shown that in the interest of reducing energy expenditure, animals selectively navigate the landscape using a variety of strategies. However, these studies have generally focused on terrestrial animals. Here we present data on an exceedingly mobile arboreal animal, bearded saki monkeys, in a topographically variable landscape in Suriname. Using ArcMap and Google Earth, we explore two potential navigation strategies: the nonrandom use of travel areas and the use of ridges in slope navigation. Over a year of data collection, bearded sakis were found to use relatively long travel paths daily, use some areas more intensely than others for travel, and when travel paths were converted to strings of points, 40.3% and 63.9% of the points were located on (50 m from the main ridgeline) or near (100 m from the main ridgeline) ridge tops, respectively. Thus in a habitat of high relief we found support for intensive use of ridge tops or slopes close to ridge tops by bearded sakis. Selective habitat use may be related to surveying tree crowns for fruit by large, fast moving groups of bearded sakis or monitoring the presence of potential predators. Am. J. Primatol. 76:586–595, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ ester–amide exchange reaction between polyamide 6 and ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber during melt blending
Authors: Wu Wenjing , Wan Chaoying , Zhang Hongmei , Zhang Yong
Published: December 2013

The ester–amide exchange reaction between polyamide 6 (PA6) and ethylene‐vinyl acetate rubber (EVM) with dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) as a catalyst took place during melt blending, leading to the formation of PA6‐grafted EVM copolymer (EVM‐g‐PA6) and acetamide‐terminated PA6. The exchange reaction extent, expressed by the percentage content of the acetate groups taking part in the exchange reaction, was 5.9 mol %, and the yield of EVM‐g‐PA6 copolymer was 6.8 wt % for PA6/EVM/DBTO (60/40/1) blend at 230°C for 60 min. The number‐average molecular weight of PA6 branches in EVM‐g‐PA6 was ∼278 g/mol as evaluated from nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The reaction kinetic parameters were calculated according to a second‐order reversible reaction mechanism. The rate constant was dependent on the catalyst concentration, PA6/EVM ratio, and shearing conditions. In this article, the characterized ester–amide exchange reaction between PA6 and EVM will guide the fabrication of novel EVM‐based graft copolymers and high‐performance PA6/EVM thermoplastic elastomers for engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40272.
Influence of curing temperature on properties of the polyacrylonitrile/polyimide composite films
Authors: Chen Yaqin , Lin Baoping , Yang Hong , Zhang Xueqin , Sun Ying
Published: December 2013

A series of polyacrylonitrile/polyimide (PAN/PI) composite films with different PAN contents are prepared under given curing temperatures (250, 300, 350, and 400°C). The microstructure of the composite films is observed by SEM, and the thermal, dielectric and mechanical properties of the composite films are determined. The results show that the self‐assembly behavior of polyamic acid gives rise to connected network structure in the composite films and the variations in the microstructure of the composite films cured at different temperatures show important effects on the properties of PAN/PI composite films. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40283.
Poisonous plants: Effects on embryo and fetal development
Authors: Panter Kip E. , Welch Kevin D. , Gardner Dale R. , Green Benedict T.
Published: December 2013

Poisonous plant research in the United States began over 100 years ago as a result of livestock losses from toxic plants as settlers migrated westward with their flocks, herds, and families. Major losses were soon associated with poisonous plants, such as locoweeds, selenium accumulating plants, poison‐hemlock, larkspurs,Veratrum, lupines, death camas, water hemlock, and others. Identification of plants associated with poisoning, chemistry of the plants, physiological effects, pathology, diagnosis, and prognosis, why animals eat the plants, and grazing management to mitigate losses became the overarching mission of the current Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Additionally, spin‐off benefits resulting from the animal research have provided novel compounds, new techniques, and animal models to study human health conditions (biomedical research). The Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory has become an international leader of poisonous plant research as evidenced by the recent completion of the ninth International Symposium on Poisonous Plant Research held July 2013 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China. In this article, we review plants that negatively impact embryo/fetal and neonatal growth and development, with emphasis on those plants that cause birth defects. Although this article focuses on the general aspects of selected groups of plants and their effects on the developing offspring, a companion paper in this volume reviews current understanding of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of toxicoses and teratogenesis.Birth Defects Research (Part C) 99:223–234, 2013.Published2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influences on anatomical knowledge: The complete arguments
Authors: Bergman Esther M. , Verheijen Inge W.H. , Scherpbier Albert J.J.A. , Van der Vleuten Cees P.M. , De Bruin Anique B.H.
Published: December 2013

Eight factors are claimed to have a negative influence on anatomical knowledge of medical students: (1) teaching by nonmedically qualified teachers, (2) the absence of a core anatomy curriculum, (3) decreased use of dissection as a teaching tool, (4) lack of teaching anatomy in context, (5) integrated curricula (problem‐based learning or systems‐based curricula), (6) inadequate assessment of anatomical knowledge, (7) decreased anatomy teaching time, and (8) neglect of vertical integration of anatomy teaching. A recent review revealed a lack of evidence underpinning any of the claims owing to the poor quality of papers, and recommendations were made for education and research on teaching in context and the implementation of vertical integration and of assessment strategies. In this article, we will describe the alleged factors fully, revealing additional recommendations for improving anatomy education by promoting recognition for teaching in institutions, by enhancing the professional recognition of anatomists through the implementation of a national postgraduate training program, and by encouraging anatomists to participate in educational research. Clin. Anat. 27:296–303, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Utility blindness: Why do we fall for deals?
Authors: Liu Maggie Wenjing
Published: December 2013

Utility blindness occurs under limited information processing when consumers base their purchase decisions solely on transaction utility (gains from the deal) rather than on total utility. When the deal is attractive enough, consumers will buy a product even though the total utility is little or negative; on the other hand, an unattractive deal might decrease consumers' purchase likelihood even when the total utility is unaffected by the promotion. In this paper, three experiments provide evidence for the existence of utility blindness and demonstrate that information processing limitation is the underlying process. Transaction utility salience and cognitive load are identified as the moderating factors. Theoretical contributions, managerial implications, limitations, and future areas of the current research are also discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Surface Properties of Iron Oxide Sorbents on Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Odor
Authors: Zeng Danlin , Liu Shenglan , Gong Wanjun , Wang Guanghui , Qiu Jianghua , Chen Hongxiang
Published: December 2013

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) removal is the key issue for the odor control of sewage treatment facilities. In this paper, the iron oxide sorbents with different surface acid–base properties were prepared by acid and base modification. Effect of surface properties of iron oxide sorbents on H2S removal was revealed by the characterization of surface pH, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The results show that the activity loss of the iron oxide sorbent is mainly due to the gradual oxidation of H2S into elemental sulfur and further into the sulfuric acid and sulfurous acid with time on stream. Meanwhile, the surface basic environment of base‐treated iron oxide sorbent significantly increases the H2S removal activity by suppression the formation of H2SO4 or H2SO3 during the desulfurization process. Our findings will help us to prepare novel sorbent for more effective H2S removal from, e.g., odor gas.
Physical exercise as therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Balducci Stefano , Sacchetti Massimo , Haxhi Jonida , Orlando Giorgio , D'Errico Valeria , Fallucca Sara , Menini Stefano , Pugliese Giuseppe
Published: December 2013

Many studies have highlighted the importance of physical activity (PA) for health, and recent evidence now points to the positive improvements associated with exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few physicians are willing to prescribe exercise as a therapy for diabetic patients. In addition, there is a lack of information on how to implement exercise therapy especially in long‐term exercise regimens. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize standards of exercise therapy for patients with T2DM, both in terms of prescribing and monitoring, according to the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association guidelines. We present details of the exercise therapies used in long‐term studies, describing how the parameters for exercise prescription were applied in clinical practice. These parameters are described in terms of frequency, intensity, duration, mode and rate of progression in long‐term therapeutic prescriptions. Individual responses to exercise dose are discussed, and critical issues to be considered in patients with underlying disease and in T2DM patients are highlighted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of diet on gut microbiota, inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus. First experience with macrobiotic Ma‐Pi 2 diet
Authors: Fallucca Francesco , Porrata Carmen , Fallucca Sara , Pianesi Mario
Published: December 2013

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent studies have suggested that an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota may be involved in the development of several human diseases, including obesity and T2DM. The main regulators of the intestinal microbiota are age, ethnicity, the immune system and diet. A high‐fat diet may induce dysbiosis, which can result in a low‐grade inflammatory state, obesity and other metabolic disorders. Adding prebiotics to the diet may reduce inflammation, endotoxaemia and cytokine levels as well as improving insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. The administration of prebiotics such as fermentable dietary fibres, promotes glucagon‐like peptide 1 and peptide YY (anorexigenic) and decreases ghrelin (orexigenic). In a recent 21‐day, intervention study in patients with T2DM, the effect of using the macrobiotic Ma‐Pi 2 diet was investigated. Results suggested that it could induce a significant improvement in fasting blood glucose, plasma lipid fractions, plasma insulin and homeostasis. It is therefore possible that a diet rich in prebiotics and probiotics can play a role in T2DM management, probably due to positive intestinal microbiota modulation. However, this must be demonstrated by larger studies including randomized controlled trials that measure indicators of inflammation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viral inoculum dose impacts memory T‐cell inflation
Authors: Redeker Anke , Welten Suzanne P. M. , Arens Ramon
Published: December 2013

Memory T‐cell inflation develops during certain persistent viral infections and is characterized by the accumulation and maintenance of large numbers of effector‐memory T cells, albeit with varying degrees in size and phenotype among infected hosts. The underlying mechanisms that control memory T‐cell inflation are not yet fully understood. Here, we dissected CMV‐specific memory T‐cell formation and its connection to the initial infectious dose by varying the inoculum size. After low dose inoculum with mouse CMV, the accumulation of inflationary memory T cells was severely hampered and correlated with reduced reservoirs of latent virus in nonhematopoietic cells and diminished antigen‐driven T‐cell proliferation. Moreover, lowering of the initial viral dose turned the characteristic effector memory‐like inflationary T cells into more central memory‐like cells as evidenced by the cell‐surface phenotype of CD27high, CD62L+, CD127+, and KLRG1−, and by improved secondary expansion potential. These data show the impact of the viral inoculum on the degree of memory T‐cell inflation and provide a rationale for the observed variation of human CMV‐specific T‐cell responses in terms of magnitude and phenotype.
Recognition of cytosolic DNA by cGAS and other STING‐dependent sensors
Authors: Bhat Numana , Fitzgerald Katherine A.
Published: December 2013

The presence of DNA in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells is perceived as a danger signal, alerting the host to the presence of microbial infection. In response to the detection of cytoplasmic DNA, the immune system mounts a programed response that involves the transcription of anti‐viral genes such as type I interferons and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β. The recent discovery of the cGAS‐cGAMP second messenger pathway as well as IFI16 and additional sensors collectively provide critical insights into the molecular basis behind the sensing of cytoplasmic DNA. The insights obtained from these important discoveries could unveil new avenues to understand host‐immunity, improve vaccine adjuvancy, and allow development of new treatments for inflammatory diseases associated with abberrant sensing of DNA.
Quantifying the rate and depth dependence of bioturbation based on optically‐stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates and meteoric 10Be
Authors: Johnson Michelle O. , Mudd Simon M. , Pillans Brad , Spooner Nigel A. , Keith Fifield L. , Kirkby Mike J. , Gloor Manuel
Published: December 2013

Both the rate and the vertical distribution of soil disturbance modify soil properties such as porosity, particle size, chemical composition and age structure; all of which play an important role in a soil's biogeochemical functioning. Whereas rates of mixing have been previously quantified, the nature of bioturbation's depth dependence remains poorly constrained. Here we constrain, for the first time, the relationship between mixing rate and depth in a bioturbated soil in northeast Queensland, Australia using a novel method combining OSL (optically‐stimulated luminescence) ages and meteoric beryllium‐10 (10Be) inventories. We find that the best fit mixing rate decreases non‐linearly with increasing soil depth in this soil and the characteristic length scale of 0.28 m over which the mixing coefficient decays is comparable to reported rooting depth coefficients. In addition we show that estimates of surface mixing rates from OSL data are highly dependent on erosion rate and that erosion rate must be constrained if accurate mixing rates are to be quantified. We calculate surface diffusion‐like mixing coefficients of 1.8 × 10−4 and 2.1 × 10−4 m2 yr−1 for the studied soil for two different estimates of soil erosion. © 2014 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
NERC Matters: NERC and FERC Attempt to Eliminate Reliability Gap in Tie Lines
Authors: Carpentier Deborah A.
Published: December 2013

The primary purpose of the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is—with oversight by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)—to promulgate and enforce standards intended to ensure the reliability of the bulk electric system (BES).
A Proteomics‐Driven Assay Defines Specific Plasma Protein Signatures in Different Stages of Ménière's Disease
Authors: Chiarella G. , Di Domenico M. , Petrolo C. , Saccomanno M. , Rothenberger R. , Giordano A. , Costanzo F. , Cassandro E. , Cuda G.
Published: December 2013

Ménière's disease (MD) is a common disorder of the inner ear whose hallmarks are vertigo, tinnitus, aural fullness, and progressive hearing loss. The degree of severity of the disease is quite heterogeneous, and so is its pathogenesis. A multifactorial inheritance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors has been described, but there is not a common agreement on the molecular basis of MD. In a recent article, we have demonstrated that patients suffering from MD share a common plasma proteomic signature, characterized by the presence of several up‐ and down‐regulated proteins. In this study, we have further extended our analysis and show that the differential expression of plasma proteins can identify specific subsets of MD‐affected individuals, depending on their stage. Our findings confirm our plasma proteomics‐driven approach as a powerful tool for early diagnosis of MD and uncover a potentially starring role for some proteins in the development and fate of this frustrating disease, whose pathogenesis still remains unclear. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1097–1100, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized controlled trial on timing and number of sampling for bile aspiration cytology
Authors: Tsuchiya Tomonori , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Ebata Tomoki , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Kato Katsuyuki , Shimoyama Yoshie , Nagino Masato
Published: December 2013

Background

The issue on timing and number of bile sampling for exfoliative bile cytology is still unsettled.

Methods

A total of 100 patients with cholangiocarcinoma undergoing resection after external biliary drainage were randomized into two groups: a 2‐day group where bile was sampled five times per day for 2 days; and a 10‐day group where bile was sampled once per day for 10 days (registered University Hospital Medical Information Network/ID 000005983). The outcome of 87 patients who underwent laparotomy was analyzed, 44 in the 2‐day group and 43 in the 10‐day group.

Results

There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the two groups. Positivity after one sampling session was significantly lower in the 2‐day group than in the 10‐day group (17.0 ± 3.7% vs. 20.7 ± 3.5%, P = 0.034). However, cumulative positivity curves were similar and overlapped each other between both groups. The final cumulative positivity by the 10th sampling session was 52.3% in the 2‐day group and 51.2% in the 10‐day group. We observed a small increase in cumulative positivity after the 5th or 6th session in both groups.

Conclusions

Bile cytology positivity is unlikely to be affected by sample time.
Raman spectroscopic characterization of novel carbon‐bonded filter compositions for steel melt filtration
Authors: Röder Christian , Weißbach Torsten , Himcinschi Cameliu , Kortus Jens , Dudczig Steffen , Aneziris Christos G.
Published: December 2013

In this work, Raman scattering results on novel carbon‐bonded filter compositions are presented. Such filters are already used for steel melt filtration; however, the potential of this carbon‐bonded Al2O3–C system regarding material characteristics and filtration efficiency has not been fully understood yet. In order to investigate thermally induced structural changes of the filter compositions, micro‐Raman spectroscopy was applied. Analyzing the position, intensity, and full width at half maximum of G and D peaks in the Raman spectra, it could be determined that the carbon appears in graphitic form and the graphitic cluster size was estimated. We found an increase of the lateral cluster size La with increasing coking temperature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembling Stereocomplex Nanoparticles by Enantiomeric Poly(γ‐glutamic acid)‐poly(lactide) Graft Copolymers as a Protein Delivery Carrier
Authors: Zhu Ye , Akagi Takami , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: December 2013

Amphiphilic graft copolymers, poly(γ‐glutamic acid)‐graft‐poly(lactide) (γ‐PGA‐g‐PLA) bearing pendent poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) or poly(D‐lactide) (PDLA) of different main chain lengths and grafting degrees, self‐assemble in aqueous solution to form monodispersed stereocomplex nanoparticles (NPs). The mean diameter and degree of crystallinity of these stereocomplex NPs can be controlled by changing the grafting degree of the copolymers or the preparation methods. Moreover, the stereocomplex NPs exhibit a lower critical aggregation concentration as well as stronger thermodynamic stability compared with the corresponding isomer NPs. The surface‐functionalized ability and protein encapsulation capacity of the stereocomplex NPs as potential targeting protein carriers are evaluated. Furthermore, these stereocomplex NPs have strong kinetic stability and can be expected to serve as stable delivery vehicles for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Characterization of Dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene‐Derived Narrow‐Bandgap Polymers
Authors: Zhu Enwei , Ni Bin , Zhao Baofeng , Hai Jiefeng , Bian Linyi , Wu Hongbin , Tang Weihua
Published: December 2013

Three novel dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene‐based low‐bandgap polymers are synthesized by a Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction or by direct arylation polycondensation. The polymers present a high molecular weight (26–32 kDa) and narrow polydiversity (1.3–1.7). With a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level around −5.20 eV, these polymers exhibit a narrow bandgap of 1.75–1.87 eV. All the polymers display strong absorption in the range of 350–700 nm. Bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells are further fabricated by blending the as‐prepared polymer with (6,6)‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) at different weight ratios. The best devices contribute a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.73% under AM 1.5 (100 mW cm−2).

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Phloretin suppresses thrombin‐mediated leukocyte‐platelet‐endothelial interactions
Authors: Kim Min Soo , Park Sin‐Hye , Han Seon‐Young , Kim Yun‐Ho , Lee Eun‐Jung , Yoon Park Jung Han , Kang Young‐Hee
Published: December 2013

Scope

Thrombin playing a pivotal role in coagulation cascade may influence the onset and progression of atherosclerosis as a pro‐inflammatory mediator. This study investigated whether phloretin found in apple tree leaves, severed a linkage between thrombosis and atherosclerosis by thrombin.

Methods and results

Human endothelial cells were pre‐treated with 1–20 μM phloretin and stimulated with 10 U/mL thrombin. Phloretin attenuated adhesion of THP‐1 monocytes and platelets to thrombin‐inflamed endothelial cells with concurrent inhibition of protease‐activated receptor (PAR‐1) induction. The thrombin induction of endothelial CD40, endothelial integrin β3 and P‐selectin, and monocytic CD40L was dampened by phloretin. Additionally, phloretin inhibited monocyte secretion of MCP‐1, IL‐6 and IL‐8 responsible for pro‐inflammatory activity of thrombin inducing endothelial CD40. The monocyte COX‐2 induction and PGE2 secretion due to thrombin were down‐regulated by phloretin, deterring endothelial CD40 expression. Thrombin promoted production of PAI‐1 and tissue factor in monocytes was attenuated by phloretin through blocking PAR‐1 and CD40. Thrombin up‐regulated the induction of endothelial connective tissue growth factor independent of PAR‐1 activation, which was reversed by phloretin.

Conclusion

Phloretin disturbed tethering and stable adhesion of monocytes and platelets onto endothelium during increased thrombosis by thrombin. Phloretin would be a potent agent preventing thrombosis and atherosclerosis.
Distinct effects of nuclear volume fraction and cell diameter on high b‐value diffusion MRI contrast in tumors
Authors: White Nathan S. , Dale Anders M.
Published: December 2013

Purpose

While many recent studies have demonstrated improved detection and characterization of malignant lesions using high b‐value diffusion imaging techniques, little is known about the underlying physical characteristics of tumor cells that modulate the restricted water signal at high b on clinical scanners.

Methods

Monte Carlo simulations of diffusion in a synthetic tumor cell environment were used to study the specific effects of tumor cell diameter and nuclear volume fraction (ν) on high b diffusion contrast.

Results

Results indicate that clinical pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo diffusion‐weighted signals measured at high b (∼4000 s/mm2), long diffusion time (Δ ∼40–60 ms), and long echo time (TE ∼60–140 ms) are generally insensitive to tumor cell diameter, but increase exponentially with ν. Moreover, these results are predicted by a simple analytic expression for the intracellular restricted water signal with elevated T2 for the intranuclear versus cytosolic compartment.

Conclusion

Nuclear volume fraction is an important characteristic of cancer cells that modulates the apparent restriction of water at high b on clinical scanners. This model offers a possible explanation for the apparent unreliable correlation between tumor cell density (cellularity) and traditional ADC. Magn Reson Med 72:1435–1443, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.