bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining IL‐6 levels in healthy individuals: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Said Elias A. , Al‐Reesi Iman , Al‐Shizawi Nawal , Jaju Sanjay , Al‐Balushi Mohammed S. , Koh Crystal Y. , Al‐Jabri Ali A. , Jeyaseelan Lakshmanan
Published: November 2020

Background

Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is produced by and impacts different cell types in human. IL‐6 is associated with different diseases and viral infections, including COVID‐19. To our knowledge, no normal values were reported for IL‐6 in the blood of healthy individuals. We have reviewed and performed a meta‐analysis on a total of 140 studies, including 12,421 values for IL‐6 in the blood of healthy adult donors. Among these studies, 83 did not report a mean value and the standard deviation. Therefore, for the statistical analysis, we used the values reported in 57 studies, which included 3166 values for IL‐6.

Results

The reported values for IL‐6 in the blood of healthy donors varied between 0 and 43.5 pg/ml. The pooled estimate of IL‐6 was 5.186 pg/ml (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.631, 5.740). As the age increased by 1 year, IL‐6 values increased by 0.05 pg/ml (95% CI: 0.02, 0.09; p < .01). Though the heterogenicity, as determined by I2 statistics, was high in our study, the differences in IL‐6 values are still at the level of a few pg/ml, which might be related to the differences in the conditions that influence IL‐6 production in the healthy population.

Conclusions

This is the first meta‐analysis reporting the levels of IL‐6 in the blood of healthy donors based on a large number of studies and donors. Therefore the 95% CI values determined in our study could well serve as a reference range for quick decision‐making in clinical interventions, particularly those aiming to inhibit IL‐6, especially urgent interventions, for example, COVID‐19.
Historical trends of seasonal Greenland blocking under different blocking metrics
Authors: Wachowicz Lori J. , Preece Jonathon R. , Mote Thomas L. , Barrett Bradford S. , Henderson Gina R.
Published: November 2020

As the Arctic continues to warm, a weakening of upper‐tropospheric westerly winds is hypothesized to induce a meandering jet stream and slower propagation of Rossby waves. As such, current hypotheses suggest an increase in Greenland blocking due to increased stationarity of the high amplitude waves. These hypotheses have been supported observationally with the Greenland blocking index (GBI). However, given an expected increase in overall geopotential heights corresponding to increased temperatures in the region, we assess the robustness of trends in Greenland blocking using additional blocking metrics in addition to the GBI, which has largely been the focused blocking metric for this region to date. Our results show sensitivity of the GBI‐based increases in blocking to global and zonally averaged 500‐hPa geopotential heights, which results in inconsistent increasing trends over the 1979–2018 period when compared with other blocking metrics. Seasonal blocking frequencies of the GBI show a significant increase in blocking for JJA, though no significant trend in JJA blocking occurs for most metrics. Other indices suggest a decrease in blocking frequency in September–November (SON) and December–February (DJF), though these trends are not statistically significant. Yet, when smoothed using a 5‐year running mean, these other metrics suggest an increase in both DJF and JJA blocking with a decrease only in SON blocking, which are consistent with findings of significant changes in GBI. We report no best metric for identifying Greenland blocking. Instead, we present some shortcomings of the different metrics used in this study. These results provide insight into selection of Greenland blocking events for future research, as over‐ or under‐estimation of blocking activity can impact estimates of surface mass balance of the ice sheet.
Maternal periodontal status, oral inflammatory load, and systemic inflammation are associated with low infant birth weight
Authors: Mahapatra Annuroopa , Nayak Rashmita , Satpathy Anurag , Pati Basanta Kumar , Mohanty Rinkee , Mohanty Gatha , Beura Rajdeep
Published: November 2020

Background

Periodontal disease and pregnancy outcomes have been claimed to be associated with conflicting reports. The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the association between maternal periodontal status, oral inflammatory load and serum C‐ reactive protein (CRP) level, and infant birth weight.

Methods

A total of 156 pregnant women (age 26.62 ± 3.93 years) within the gestational age group of 13 to 32 weeks participated in this cross‐sectional study. Oral inflammatory load (OIL) was assessed in a salivary rinse sample using fluorescence microscopy. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded and serum C‐reactive protein level (CRP) was assessed. Participants were followed till delivery, details of parturition and infant birth weight (IBW) was recorded.

Results

OIL was significantly more in participants with mild and moderate periodontitis as compared to those with gingivitis in mid and late stages of pregnancy. Periodontal and systemic inflammatory parameters were positively correlated. A significant negative correlation was found between IBW and OIL (P = 0.006) and serum CRP (P < 0.001). The GI score (P = 0.039), BOP% (P = 0.023), serum CRP level (P < 0.001) and oral polymorphonuclear neutrophil (oPMN) count (P < 0.001) was significantly more in mothers delivering babies with low IBW. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that only oPMN (β = – 0.244, P = 0.021) and serum CRP (β = – 0.226, P = 0.019) were included in the best model (R2 = 0.12, F(3,152) = 7.15, P < 0.001) for significantly predicting the infant birth weight.

Conclusions

Poor maternal periodontal status, increased oral inflammatory load and increased systemic inflammation have an adverse effect on infant birth weight.
Characterization of tea tree essential oil and large‐ring cyclodextrins (CD9–CD22) inclusion complex and evaluation of its thermal stability and volatility
Authors: Cao Chuan , Wei Dongmei , Xu Li , Hu Jinwei , Qi Jun , Zhou Yibin
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Although the structure and physicochemical properties of large ring cyclodextrins (LR‐CDs) exhibit unique characteristics, and also possess very strong water solubility and high safety, little is known about the embedding performance of macrocyclodextrin. Encapsulation refers to a complex of tea tree oil (TTO) with the wall material, protecting the core material or changing its properties from adverse external factors, controlling its release rate against the evaporation and degradation of essential oils. In the present study, LR‐CDs complexed with TTO were prepared by co‐precipitation methods.

RESULTS

The mass ratio of LR‐CDs‐TTO was six and the maximum complexation efficiency was 86.23%.

Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis presented the loss of characteristic peaks related to TTO in the complex and no other additional peaks were observed. X‐ray diffraction examination demonstrated several sharp peaks and intensity peaks at the diffraction angle of the TTO‐LR‐CDs complex. 1H‐NMR indicated a chemical shift as a result of the interaction between the molecules in the inclusion complex. Moreover, the thermal stability and aqueous solubility of TTO were enhanced after synergy with LR‐CDs; particularly, the solubility of the complex was increased by 329‐fold. The volatile characteristics of the encapsulated and original TTO were identical.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study show that TTO was efficaciously complexed with LR‐CDs and exhibited enhanced solubility and thermal stability. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Green and efficient removal of heavy metals from Porphyra haitanensis using natural deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Yang Xi , Zang Yuan‐Yuan , Yang Sha , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Porphyra haitanensis now faces serious heavy metal pollution problems. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been recognized as a novel class of sustainable solvents, which can be used for heavy metal removal. In this study, 28 kinds of NADESs were prepared and investigated as eluent in the removal of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu) from P. haitanensis for the first time, and the adsorption mechanism of NADESs was also studied.

RESULTS

The removals were greatly improved by NADESs compared with control where the removal rates of Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Cu were 17.4–87.54%, 57.54–100%, 9.8–48.59%, 21.32–78.24% and 11.68–79.73%, respectively. The optimal condition was 10% water content and solid–liquid ratio of 1:20. Moreover, the addition of 20% natural surfactant arabic gum can further increase the heavy metals removal rates of NADESs. The adsorption mechanism experiments showed that the pseudo second‐order model and the Freundlich adsorption model can better explain the adsorption mechanism of NADESs on heavy metals removal.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, a green and efficient method for removing heavy metals from P. haitanensis was established. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of systemic allergenicity of tropomyosin from shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense) and anaphylactic reactions in digestive tract
Authors: Xie Yanhai , Shao Huming , Hu Xin , Hua Xiwei , Meng Xuanyi , Chen Hongbing
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Tropomyosin (TM) is the major allergen of crustaceans. The allergenicity of TM from Macrobrachium nipponense (MnTM) and the anaphylactic reaction in the digestive tract are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the allergenicity of MnTM and the anaphylactic reaction in the digestive tract.

RESULTS

Serum IgE and IgG1 binding ability in the TM group were significantly higher than those in the PBS and CT groups (P < 0.01) and CP group (P < 0.05), while serum IgG and IgG2a binding ability showed no obvious difference between the four groups (P > 0.05). The levels of cytokines IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13 in TM and CP groups were significantly higher than those in PBS and CT groups. Histamine and β‐hexosaminidase in the TM and CP groups from basophil cell models were significantly higher than those in the PBS group. The highest mRNA expression of IL‐4 and IL‐13 was in the jejunum from TM‐sensitized mice. Histopathological analysis showed that more immune cells infiltrated into the jejunum than the duodenum and ileum from the TM‐sensitized mice.

CONCLUSIONS

MnTM could promote an allergic response in mice and lead to degranulation in basophil cells. The jejunum was more easily affected by MnTM than duodenum and ileum, and the jejunum may be the major site of allergic response in the digestive tract. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Plus Problem Management (CA‐CBT+) With Afghan Refugees: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Kananian Schahryar , Soltani Yasaman , Hinton Devon , Stangier Ulrich
Published: November 2020

Culturally adapted cognitive behavioral therapy (CA‐CBT) is a well‐evaluated, transdiagnostic group intervention for refugees that uses psychoeducation, meditation, and stretching exercises. In the current study, we added problem‐solving training to CA‐CBT and evaluated this treatment (i.e., CA‐CBT+) in a randomized controlled pilot trial with a sample of Farsi‐speaking refugees. Participants (N = 24) were male refugees diagnosed with DSM‐5 PTSD, major depressive disorder, and anxiety disorders who were randomly assigned to either a treatment or waitlist control (WLC) condition. Treatment components were adapted both to the specific cultural background and the current social problems of asylum seekers. Assessments were performed pretreatment, 12‐weeks posttreatment, and 1‐year follow‐up. The primary treatment outcome was the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28); secondary outcome measures included the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire, Somatic Symptom Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life, and Emotion Regulation Scale. Eleven of 12 participants were randomized to CA‐CBT+ completed treatment. Based on intent‐to‐treat data, large between‐group effect sizes were seen at posttreatment in the GHQ‐28, d = 3.0, and for most secondary outcome measures. Improvements for individuals in the treatment group decreased at 1‐year follow‐up, but effect sizes demonstrated continued large improvements on all measures as compared to pretreatment levels. In summary, CA‐CBT+ led to large improvements in general psychopathological distress and quality of life, which were maintained in the long term. In addition, the dropout rate was very low, with delivery in group format. Thus, problem‐solving training appears to be a promising addition to CA‐CBT.
Problem Solved
Authors: Motamedi Daria , Bauer Adam H. , Patel Rina , Morgan Tara A.
Published: November 2020

Musculoskeletal ultrasound has grown substantially in use over the past several years as an indispensable companion to magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging modalities. This article reviews 10 integral applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound as a problem‐solving tool with correlative case examples. These applications include the following: (1) accessibility and portability, (2) targeted imaging, (3) dynamic imaging, (4) contralateral comparison, (5) Doppler imaging, (6) increased spatial resolution, (7) solid versus cystic comparison, (8) posttraumatic imaging, (9) postsurgical imaging, and (10) treatment delivery and optimization. The review will help the radiologist recognize the complementary uses of musculoskeletal ultrasound with radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Posterior Knee Arthroscopy
Authors: Jobe Christopher M. , Zuckerman Lee M.
Published: November 2020

Entering the posterior knee with arthroscopy can be difficult. Scar tissue, a tumor, and the obese patient can make instrument placement difficult and risk iatrogenic injury. Ultrasound can be used to visualize the posterior knee and provide direct guidance of instrumentation. We describe the technique and indications for using ultrasound during arthroscopy. Accurate and atraumatic insertion of instruments can be performed with no damage to total knee components or the knee joint. Ultrasound guidance should be considered during difficult posterior knee arthroscopy.
Synchronized autonomous sampling reveals coupled pulses of biomass and export of morphologically different diatoms in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Blain Stéphane , Rembauville Mathieu , Crispi Olivier , Obernosterer Ingrid
Published: November 2020

The Southern Ocean hosts a large diversity of diatoms that play a major role in carbon fluxes. How the seasonal dynamics in the abundance of specific taxa in surface waters are linked to their contribution to carbon export remains, however, poorly understood. We present here synchronized observations from autonomous samplers deployed in the mixed layer (42 m) and at depth (300 m) during an entire productive season (October 2016 to March 2017) in the iron fertilized region of the central plateau of Kerguelen. Microscopic observations of surface water collected every 11 d revealed 30 different diatom taxa, each contributing to > 1% of total carbon biomass throughout the season. The synchronized sampling revealed a common pattern for diatom taxa belonging to 12 different genera, consisting, for a given taxon, in short pulses of abundance in surface waters followed by export. We explain these coupled dynamics by the formation of aggregates that are produced when a critical diatom cell abundance is reached. This control of the maximum abundance of a given diatom drives the seasonal change in the slope of the size‐class distribution of the diatom community. It further constrains the total carbon diatom biomass in a narrow range of values due to the inverse relationship between total diatom abundance and their community‐weighted mean biomass. This coupling let us conclude that aggregate formation, and the export to depth, occurs throughout the season for diatoms with different morphologies.
Analytical and numerical study of the HIV‐1 infection of CD4+ T‐cells conformable fractional mathematical model that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with the effect of antiviral drug therapy
Authors: Ali Khalid K. , Osman Mohamed S. , Baskonus Haci Mehmet , Elazabb Nasser S. , İlhan Esin
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we introduce a numerical and analytical study of the HIV‐1 infection of CD4+ T‐cells conformable fractional mathematical model. This model is studied analytically by Kudryashov and modified Kudryashov methods and numerically by finite difference method. A comparison between the results of the analytical and numerical methods is investigated. We also give some figures that show how accurate the solutions will be obtained from analytical and numerical methods.
Skeletal muscle magnetic resonance imaging in Pompe disease
Authors: Díaz‐Manera Jordi , Walter Glenn , Straub Volker
Published: November 2020

Pompe disease is characterized by a deficiency of acid alpha‐glucosidase that results in muscle weakness and a variable degree of disability. There is an approved therapy based on enzymatic replacement that has modified disease progression. Several reports describing muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of Pompe patients have been published. Most of the studies have focused on late‐onset Pompe disease (LOPD) and identified a characteristic pattern of muscle involvement useful for the diagnosis. In addition, quantitative MRI studies have shown a progressive increase in fat in skeletal muscles of LOPD over time and they are increasingly considered a good tool to monitor progression of the disease. The studies performed in infantile‐onset Pompe disease patients have shown less consistent changes. Other more sophisticated muscle MRI sequences, such as diffusion tensor imaging or glycogen spectroscopy, have also been used in Pompe patients and have shown promising results.
A microwave‐based one‐pot process for homogeneous surface coating: improved electrochemical performance of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 with a nano‐scaled ZnO:Al layer
Authors: Wolff Michael , Lobe Sandra , Dellen Christian , Uhlenbruck Sven , Ribeiro Caue , Guichard Xavier H. , Niederberger Markus , Makvandi Ardavan , Peterlechner Martin , Wilde Gerhard , Fattakhova‐Rohlfing Dina , Guillon Olivier
Published: November 2020

In this article, a versatile process based on microwave‐assisted sol–gel synthesis is introduced in order to apply a surface coating on cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Here, a nano‐scaled ZnO:Al (AZO) layer is coated homogeneously onto Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 (NMC111) powder at temperatures below 210°C within a few minutes. In contrast to other wet‐chemical coating techniques, the method described here is conducted in a one‐pot reaction and does not require a post‐annealing step at elevated temperatures. Investigations via high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and inductively‐coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) promote a thorough understanding of coating microstructure and quality in dependence of reaction temperature, duration and precursor concentration. The AZO protective coating on NMC111 significantly reduces capacity fading during cycling in the voltage range of 3.0‐4.5 V. Furthermore, applying optimal quantities of the coating agent on NMC111 lead to enhanced specific capacities compared to the uncoated material.
Zinc Supplementation Decreases Obesity‐Related Neuroinflammation and Improves Metabolic Function and Memory in Rats
Authors: de Oliveira Simone , Feijó Grace dos Santos , Neto João , Jantsch Jeferson , Braga Matheus Filipe , Castro Luís Felipe dos Santos , Giovenardi Márcia , Porawski Marilene , Guedes Renata Padilha
Published: November 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc (Zn) supplementation on metabolic and neuroinflammatory parameters in cafeteria diet (CAF)‐induced obesity in Wistar rats.

Methods

Animals were divided into four groups: control diet (CT); CT+Zn; CAF; CAF+Zn. The diet was administered for 20 weeks; Zn treatment (10 mg/kg/d) started at week 16 and it was conducted until the end of the diet protocol. Weight gain, visceral fat, and plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, insulin, TNF‐α, and IL‐6, as well as homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, were assessed. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba‐1) expression in the cerebral cortex and toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were evaluated. Memory was assessed by the novel object recognition test.

Results

CAF diet increased weight gain, visceral fat, and plasma glucose, triglyceride, and TNF‐α levels. Zn reversed the hyperglycemia caused by CAF diet and reduced IL‐6 levels. In the cerebral cortex, GFAP was similar between groups; Iba‐1 was increased by CAF diet but reduced in the CAF+Zn group. Zn reduced CAF‐dependent TLR‐4 increase in the hippocampus but not in the cerebral cortex. CAF‐fed animals showed impaired recognition memory, whereas Zn reversed it.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that Zn partially reverted obesity‐related metabolic dysfunction and reduced neuroinflammation and memory deficit caused by CAF diet.
Urban Women and the Transformations ofBraedpraes1in Honiara2
Authors: Jourdan Christine , Labbé Fabienne
Published: November 2020

In the capital city of the Solomon Islands, brideprice is often given to formalize the marriage of young couples from the island of Malaita. For the young wife, brideprice is a reminder that she is expected to work and produce children for the lineage of her husband, an obligation that is at times strongly impressed upon her by her in‐laws. Data gathered in Honiara over the last 15 years, most recently in 2015–2016, show the emergence of a variety of patterns among Malaitan women living in Honiara regarding their productive and reproductive autonomy, and their role in brideprice. Beyond their diversity, what these data reveal, we argue, is that the interstitial cultural spaces created by the urbanization of social and economic relations afford young urban women the possibility of engaging with brideprice in a way that had not been possible until then. We demonstrate that, as members of an emerging new middle‐class, these women seek (either in agreement with their husbands, or in spite of them) to transform the meaning of brideprice: while showing respect to their in‐laws and to tradition, their goal is to gain greater control over their lives within the confines of brideprice sociality.
Light‐Driven Continual Oscillatory Rocking of a Polymer Film
Authors: Pilz da Cunha Marina , Peeketi Akhil R. , Ramgopal Adithya , Annabattula Ratna K. , Schenning Albert P. H. J.
Published: November 2020

Achieving oscillatory motion in polymers without requiring on/off switching of stimuli is a current challenge. Hereby, a free‐standing liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is demonstrated to undergo a sustained oscillatory motion when triggered by light, moving back and forth, resembling the motion of a rocking‐chair. Two polymer films having different azobenzene photo‐switches have been studied, revealing photoswitch requirements as well as illumination conditions necessary to sustain oscillations. The motion presented here shows how feedback loops involving light‐triggered actuation, self‐shadowing and a shifting center of gravity can be utilized to achieve self‐sustained motion in free‐standing polymers.
Structure and properties of polycarboxylic acid dispersants synthesized by RAFT method
Authors: Mi Xiangyun , Zhang Xiuzhi , Ding Mei , Zhang Ming , Pei Meishan
Published: November 2020

Polycarboxylic acid dispersants (PCs) with comb‐like molecular structure have become the focus of dispersants. However, there are many contradictions in the study of molecular structure of polycarboxylic acids. In this article, a series of PCs with different molecular structures were prepared from acrylic acid (AA) and methyl allyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (TPEG) by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The structural characteristics of PCs were characterized by flourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The dispersion performance of PCs to cement was measured by the fluidity and adsorbing capacity. The results show that the dispersion performance and adsorbing capacity of PCs are significantly related to its structure. The adsorption and dispersion properties increase with the increase of carboxyl content and molecular weight. However, this phenomenon is limited to a certain range that the acid ether ratio in this range is no greater than 5:1, and the molecular weight is no greater than PC‐4 (Mw = 82 125, Mn = 63 889).
Six‐step etoposide desensitization protocol: A pediatric, adolescent, and young adult case series
Authors: Stockton Winifred , Lam Fionna , Nguyen Theresa , Nguyen Tran , Kirov Ivan
Published: November 2020

Etoposide administration can be complicated by hypersensitivity reactions. Desensitization may provide a strategy to prevent hypersensitivity recurrence. One challenge with desensitization is regimen complexity. This case series describes 12 pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients who received a simplified six‐step etoposide desensitization protocol. This protocol contains 50% fewer titration steps compared with previously described protocols and eliminates infusion rate changes during titration. Simplified titration may minimize risk of error during administration and improve safety. This protocol was tolerated by 92% of patients. Given increasing frequency and duration of drug shortages, a simplified desensitization protocol provides a valuable treatment option.
Use of direct‐acting oral anticoagulants in solid organ transplantation: A systematic review
Authors: Bixby Alexandra L. , Lichvar Alicia B. , Salerno David , Park Jeong M.
Published: November 2020

The use of direct‐acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has increased secondary to the mounting evidence for comparable efficacy and potentially superior safety to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in the general population. However, insufficient data regarding DOAC use in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients and numerous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations limit their use in this highly selected patient population. A systematic review of recent clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of DOACs compared to VKAs in SOT recipients was conducted. Additional considerations including transplant‐specific strategies for DOAC reversal and common pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic concerns were also reviewed. Although current evidence is limited to single‐center retrospective analyses, DOACs, especially apixaban, appear to be a safe and effective alternative to VKAs for SOT recipients with stable graft function and without drug‐drug interactions. Reliable data on DOAC reversal at the time of transplant surgery are lacking, and clinicians should consider idarucizumab, andexanet alfa, and other non‐specific reversal agents on an individual patient basis. There is no evidence supporting deviations from the Food and Drug Administration labeling recommendations for DOAC dosing in the setting of drug‐drug interactions, obesity, and renal function, especially in patients on hemodialysis.
Disposition of cannabinoids and their metabolites in serum, oral fluid, sweat patch and urine from healthy individuals treated with pharmaceutical preparations of medical cannabis
Authors: Pérez‐Acevedo Ana P. , Pacifici Roberta , Mannocchi Giulio , Gottardi Massimo , Poyatos Lourdes , Papaseit Esther , Pérez‐Mañá Clara , Martin Soraya , Busardò Francesco P. , Pichini Simona , Farré Magí
Published: November 2020

Recently, several countries authorized the use of cannabis flowering tops (dried inflorescences) with a standardized amount of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and their acidic precursors [Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA‐A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA)] to treat neurogenic pain. We studied the acute pharmacological effects and disposition of cannabinoids and their metabolites in serum, oral fluid, sweat patch and urine of 13 healthy individuals treated with medical cannabis decoction and oil. Cannabinoids and their metabolites were quantified by ultrahigh performance tandem mass spectrometry. Even if the oil contained a significantly higher amount of THC, the absorption of THC and its metabolites were similar in both herbal preparations. Conversely, whereas oil contained a significantly higher amount of CBD and a lower amount of CBDA, absorption was significantly higher after decoction intake. Only cannabinoids present in both herbal preparations (THC, CBD, THCA‐A and CBDA) were found in oral fluid, due to the higher acidity compared with that of serum. THC metabolites urinary excretion was always higher after decoction administration. Decoction induced greater feeling of hunger and drowsiness than oil preparation. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids, their precursors and their metabolites in biological fluids of individuals treated with cannabis decoction and oil showed a high interindividual variability. The aqueous preparation was generally better absorbed than the oil, even if it contained a minor amount of THC, THCA‐A and CBD.
Robustness in ferromagnetic phase stability, half‐metallic behavior and transport properties of cobalt‐based full‐Heuslers compounds: A first principles approach
Authors: Sofi Shakeel Ahmad , Gupta Dinesh C.
Published: November 2020

Heusler alloys fill up the demanding gaps and becomes a point of prestige due to their interesting multi‐dimensional and remarkable applications in future technologies like spintronics and thermoelectrics. Self‐consistent ab‐initio calculations with highly precise spin‐polarized density functional theory associated with Boltzmann transport scheme have been perform to investigate the structural stability, mechanical, magneto‐electronic, thermo‐physical and thermoelectric transport properties of Co2VX (X = Sn, Sb) Heuslers. The equilibrium lattice parameters at the cost of structural optimizations are observed to agree with the available experimental data. The occurrence of perfect band occupation and interpretation of density of states through the modified version of Becke Johnson scheme delivers more precise and accurate results rather than GGA and GGA + U, possessing an indirect band gap of 1.12 eV and 1.34 eV in spin down channel of Co2VX (X = Sn, Sb) Heuslers respectively. Robustness of various elastic constants and its other associated mechanical constituents against external forces is checked to define the stability of these alloys. The transport parameters like Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity, power factor and zT have been put together to express their thermoelectric response. Conservative estimates of Seebeck coefficient and zT demonstrate its extending application stand in thermoelectric energy harvesting technologies. Furthermore complete and precise description of thermo‐physical behavior of the vital quantities like Debye temperature, thermal expansion, Grüneisen parameter and specific heat were examined to check its thermo‐dynamical stability against temperature and pressure variation.
Improved Beerkan run methodology to assess water impact effects on infiltration and hydraulic properties of a loam soil under conventional‐ and no‐tillage
Authors: Castellini Mirko , Stellacci Anna Maria , Di Prima Simone , Iovino Massimo , Bagarello Vincenzo
Published: November 2020

Beerkan infiltration experiments with three water pouring heights (low, L = 3 cm; intermediate, M = 100 cm; high, H = 200 cm) were performed on both a no‐tilled (NT) and a conventionally tilled (CT) bare loam soil to determine the surface soil hydraulic properties by the BEST‐steady algorithm. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Ks, significantly and monotonically decreased from the L to the H runs (from 236 to 37 mm h‒1) and lower Ks values were detected under CT (163–23 mm h‒1) than NT (346–51 mm h‒1) for each water pouring height. For both soil management practices, the gravitational potential energy, Ep, of the water used for the infiltration runs, explained most of the variance in the mean Ks values. According to the fitted relationships, an increase of Ep from 50 to 3,327 J m‒2 determined a Ks decrease by a factor of 9.5 in the CT soil and 6.3 in the NT soil. The CT soil was 2.1 and 3.3 times less conductive than the NT soil with the lowest and the highest energy, respectively. The water retention scale parameter, hg, only varied between non‐perturbing (L) and perturbing (M, H) runs because |hg| increased from 55 to 93–100 mm. Therefore, water impact can greatly influence hydrodynamic properties of the upper soil layer regardless of the management practice. The tested infiltration methodology looks promising to mimic effects of relatively high energy rainfall events and to determine the hydraulic properties of the exposed soil layer under different management practices.
Spillover and dynamic effects of energy transition and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions for the European Union: A dynamic spatial panel model
Authors: Ren Xiaohang , Cheng Cheng , Wang Zhen , Yan Cheng
Published: November 2020

This paper introduces “spatial effects” and “dynamic effects” to investigate the influences of economic growth and energy transition on cross‐country CO2 emissions movements within the European Union (EU). We apply the fixed‐effects dynamic spatial Durbin error model to empirically gauge the magnitude of the spatial impacts and dynamic impacts for a sample of 26 EU countries throughout 1990–2015. By analyzing the empirical results, we conclude that: (1) Compared with dynamic spatial Durbin error model, the traditional dynamic panel model over‐estimates the parameters because traditional regression methods only capture the direct impacts, and neglect the indirect impacts. (2) A significant positive spatial spillover of CO2 emissions from neighboring countries to the local country is recognized, justifying the use of our spatial model. (3) Economic growth has positive impacts on CO2 emissions, while the spatial effects of economic growth exert negative impacts. Moreover, the total effects of economic growth are positive in both short‐term and long‐term. (4) Although the spatial effects of renewable energy are not significant, renewable energy has negative influences on CO2 emissions. (5) The impacts and spatial effects of natural gas are positive; therefore, its total effects are positive in both short‐run and long‐run. Based on our finding, we provide several policy recommendations, such as the emphasize of cooperation with CO2 reduction policies, the promotion of green economy and renewable energy, and the substitution of natural gas in the future.
The relative importance of targets' neuroticism facets in relation to their perceptions of workplace mistreatment
Authors: McCord Mallory A.
Published: November 2020

Despite evidence that indicates neuroticism is the strongest Five Factor Model personality correlate of perceived workplace mistreatment, there is a paucity of research on the relationship between neuroticism facets and mistreatment, particularly, the relative importance of these facets. Clarity in this regard could aid our understanding as to why neuroticism is related to mistreatment and thus guide theory building, in addition to increasing the utility of personality measures and organizational interventions. Data from a sample of 307 employees were used to conduct an exploratory relative weights analysis of the six neuroticism facets on two forms of mistreatment. Results indicated that the facets of depression, anxiety and anger consistently explained significant proportions of the variance in both group‐based and non‐group‐based mistreatment whereas self‐consciousness, immoderation and vulnerability did not. Implications, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Construction of Donor–Acceptor Heterojunctions in Covalent Organic Framework for Enhanced CO2Electroreduction
Authors: Wu Qiao , Mao Min‐Jie , Wu Qiu‐Jin , Liang Jun , Huang Yuan‐Biao , Cao Rong
Published: November 2020

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising candidates for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals due to their porous crystalline structures and tunable single active sites, but the low conductivity leads to unmet current densities for commercial application. The challenge is to create conductive COFs for highly efficient electrocatalysis of carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Herein, a porphyrin‐based COF containing donor–acceptor (D–A) heterojunctions, termed TT‐Por(Co)‐COF, is constructed from thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐2,5‐dicarbaldehyde (TT) and 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐aminophenyl)‐porphinatocobalt (Co‐TAPP) via imine condensation reaction. Compared with COF‐366‐Co without TT, TT‐Por(Co)‐COF displays enhanced CO2RR performance to produce CO due to its favorable charge transfer capability from the electron donor TT moieties to the acceptor Co‐porphyrin ring active center. The combination of strong charge transfer properties and enormous amount of accessible active sites in the 2D TT‐Por(Co)‐COF nanosheets results in good catalytic performance with a high Faradaic efficiency of CO (91.4%,−0.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and larger partial current density of 7.28 mA cm−2at−0.7 V versus RHE in aqueous solution. The results demonstrate that integration of D–A heterojunctions in COF can facilitate the intramolecular electron transfer, and generate high current densities for CO2RR.
SCOZ: A system‐wide causal profiler for multicore systems
Authors: Ahn Minwoo , Kim Donghyun , Nam Taekeun , Jeong Jinkyu
Published: November 2020

The increased complexity of hardware and software makes it difficult to analyze programs with conventional profilers. The causal profiling technique is introduced to solve the problem of conventional profilers. The causal profiling technique finds the bottleneck of the program and shows the effect of optimizing it. COZ, the newest causal profiler, exploits a technique called virtual speedup to perform causal profiling without actually optimizing program codes. However, it can only profile multithreaded applications, and cannot profile multiprogram applications and operating system (OS) kernel codes, thereby limiting the use of causal profiling. This article introduces SCOZ, a system‐wide causal profiler that addresses these limitations. The proposed profiler changes the target of virtual speedup from threads to CPU cores, thereby expanding the profiling coverage to diverse applications as well as OS kernel codes. To verify our profiler, we profiled multithreaded and OS kernel‐intensive applications. For multithread applications, our profiler shows identical results to what COZ provides. For the OS kernel‐intensive applications, our profiler identifies identical bottlenecks that previous OS scalability studies have pinpointed. Finally, we verified the profiling capability of the proposed profiler by profiling and optimizing multiprocess applications in the NAS parallel benchmark suite.
Analysis of Polysaccharide Fraction from Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensisSt. Hil.) on Regeneration of Planarian (Girardia tigrina)
Authors: Orso Regina , Gonçalves Itamar Luís , Navarini Bampi Edivania , Saorin Puton Bruna Maria , Hepp Luiz Ubiratan , Dartora Nessana , Souza Roman Silvane , Valduga Alice Teresa
Published: November 2020

The present study evaluates the regenerative activity of a polysaccharide fraction from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensisSt. Hil.) using planarian (Girardia tigrina) as a model. At 10 mg L–1, the polysaccharide fraction improves the regeneration of the head, pharynx, and tail ofG. tigrina. At the end of experiment, at 10 mg L–1, the planarians obtained are 22–72% higher than the control group. The planarian fragments exposed to the highest concentration used, i.e., (60 mg mL–1), show signs of toxicity, producing death of some organisms. Thus, the polysaccharide fraction presents a great potential for improving the regeneration of planarian segments, suggesting its potential use in tissue regeneration.
Membrane distillation of concentrated blackwater: Effect of temperature, solids concentration and membrane pore size
Authors: Kamranvand Farhad , Davey Chris J. , Williams Leon , Parker Alison , Jiang Ying , Tyrrel Sean , McAdam Ewan James
Published: November 2020

This study has elucidated the mechanisms governing water recovery from blackwater using membrane distillation, and has clarified the role of the organic particle fraction on membrane performance. Whilst fecal pathogen growth was initially observed at lower temperatures, pathogen inactivation was demonstrated over time, due to urea hydrolysis which liberated ammonia in excess of its toxic threshold. During the growth phase, membrane pore size <0.45 µm was sufficient to achieve high log reduction values for Escherichia coli, due to size exclusion complimented by the liquid–vapor interface which enhances selective transport for water. Higher feed temperatures benefitted rejection by promoting thermal inactivation and suppressing urea hydrolysis. Whilst the mechanism is not yet clear, suppression of hydrolysis reduced bicarbonate formation kinetics stabilizing the ammonia‐ammonium equilibrium which improved ammonium rejection. Blackwater particle concentration was studied by increasing fecal content. Particle fouling improved selectivity for coarse pore membranes but increased mass transfer resistance which reduced flux. Particle fouling induced wetting as noted by an eventual breakthrough of feed into the permeate. We propose that by incorporating upstream solid–liquid separation for particle separation to limit wetting and mass transfer resistance, membrane distillation can be a reliable solution for the recovery of high‐quality permeate from blackwater.

Practitioner points

Membrane distillation demonstrated for concentrated blackwater.

Multiple factors provide robust pathogen separation (pore size, vapor–liquid interface, temperature, free‐ammonia).

Excellent water quality produced for feed 40 times more concentrated than wastewater.

Removing particle fraction will improve separation robustness and operating longevity.
The Regge limit of AdS3 holographic correlators
Authors: Giusto Stefano , Hughes Marcel R.R. , Russo Rodolfo
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We study the Regge limit of 4-point AdS3× S3 correlators in the tree-level supergravity approximation and provide various explicit checks of the relation between the eikonal phase derived in the bulk picture and the anomalous dimensions of certain double-trace operators. We consider both correlators involving all light operators and HHLL correlators with two light and two heavy multi-particle states. These heavy operators have a conformal dimension proportional to the central charge and are pure states of the theory, dual to asymptotically AdS3× S3 regular geometries. Deviation from AdS3× S3 is parametrised by a scale μ and is related to the conformal dimension of the dual heavy operator. In the HHLL case, we work at leading order in μ and derive the CFT data relevant to the bootstrap relations in the Regge limit. Specifically, we show that the minimal solution to these equations relevant for the conical defect geometries is different to the solution implied by the microstate geometries dual to pure states.
Kinder mit akuter Atemwegsinfektion in Kinderkliniken im Herbst/Winter 2020/21
Authors:   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI), Berner Reinhard ,   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene e. V. (DGKH), Huebner Johannes , Huppertz Hans-Iko , Simon Arne , Walger Peter
Published: November 2020

Im Herbst und Winter 2020/2021 wird der Umgang mit Fällen einer vermuteten oder nachgewiesenen SARS-CoV-2-Infektion die bereits durch die bekannten saisonalen Virusinfektionen (u. a. RSV [respiratory syncytial virus] oder Influenzavirus) oft über die Grenzen hinaus belasteten Kinder- und Jugendkliniken hinsichtlich Isolierung oder Kohortierung vor erhebliche zusätzliche Herausforderungen stellen. Dies wird zu Engpässen in der Versorgung nicht nur der akut kranken Kinder, sondern mutmaßlich auch vieler anderer Patientenpopulationen führen. Daher müssen pragmatische, aber gleichwohl krankenhaushygienisch vertretbare Lösungsansätze vorbereitet werden. Die hier erarbeitete Stellungnahme soll den Kinderkliniken Hilfestellung für die Entscheidungsfindung geben. Diese orientiert sich im Wesentlichen an der Inzidenz von SARS-CoV‑2 im Kreis bzw. im Einzugsgebiet. Ist die Inzidenz niedrig (kumulative Anzahl der Neuinfektionen in den letzten 7 Tagen: <25/100.000) oder mittelhoch (25–50/100.000), erfolgt die Diagnostik unter Standardhygienebedingungen und die Kohortierung je nach Erreger oder Symptomatik. Ist die Inzidenz der Neuerkrankungen in der Region hoch (>50/100.000), erfolgt die Diagnostik unter entsprechenden, vom RKI vorgegebenen Sicherheitsvorkehrungen mit nachfolgender Isolierung bzw. Kohortierung der Patienten. Die vorgeschlagenen Grenzwerte können nach Maßgabe der Gesundheitsbehörde variieren. Bei überschrittener Aufnahmekapazität oder Versorgungsengpässen ist im Einzelfall die akute Notwendigkeit einer medizinischen Notfallversorgung prioritär, was vorübergehend ein weniger striktes Isolierungsregime erfordern kann.
Development and validation of a sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of ten kinase inhibitors in human serum and plasma
Authors: Aghai Fatemeh , Zimmermann Sebastian , Kurlbaum Max , Jung Pius , Pelzer Theo , Klinker Hartwig , Isberner Nora , Scherf-Clavel Oliver
Published: November 2020

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of ten kinase inhibitors (afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib, cabozantinib, dabrafenib, lenvatinib, nilotinib, osimertinib, ruxolitinib, and trametinib) in human serum and plasma for the application in daily clinical routine has been developed and validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency validation guidelines for bioanalytical methods. After protein precipitation of plasma samples with acetonitrile, chromatographic separation was performed at ambient temperature using a Waters XBridge® Phenyl 3.5 μm (2.1 × 50 mm) column. The mobile phases consisted of water-methanol (9:1, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate as phase A and methanol-water (9:1, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate as phase B. Gradient elution was applied at a flow rate of 400 μL/min. Analytes were detected and quantified using multiple reaction monitoring in electrospray ionization positive mode. Stable isotopically labeled compounds of each kinase inhibitor were used as internal standards. The acquisition time was 7.0 min per run. All analytes and internal standards eluted within 3.0 min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 2–500 ng/mL for afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib, lenvatinib, ruxolitinib, and trametinib, and 6–1500 ng/mL for cabozantinib, dabrafenib, nilotinib, and osimertinib (coefficients of correlation ≥ 0.99). Validation assays for accuracy and precision, matrix effect, recovery, carryover, and stability were appropriate according to regulatory agencies. The rapid and sensitive assay ensures high throughput and was successfully applied to monitor concentrations of kinase inhibitors in patients.