bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Stand Now on My Own Bottom”: Politics and Party in South Carolina in the Post-Nullification Era
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

The so-called Compromise of 1833 ended South Carolina’s dramatic confrontation with the federal government. On the national level, the compromise left South Carolina isolated in a political world increasingly divided into two camps, one composed of the faithful followers of Old Hickory, and the other peopled by those opposed to the dictation of national policy by King Andrew and his court.1 In South Carolina, the political strife generated by the nullification campaign lingered on. Two hostile, and sometimes armed, factions continued to battle each other long after the compromise tariff bill was accepted in Washington. A solid majority of South Carolinians were Nullifiers, and those who had championed state interposition believed that a united South Carolina, acting alone, could wield considerable power in national politics. The Nullifiers, with Calhoun at their head, sought to fashion a strategy for defending the minority interests of the South within a Union in which Southerners would soon be hopelessly outnumbered. At the same time, the sizable Unionist minority in South Carolina, themselves outnumbered within the state, retained strong ties to the Jackson Administration and hoped eventually to reintegrate South Carolina into the national mainstream.
Agriculture and Industry
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

The 1850s was the most profitable decade in history for growing cotton. Prices paid for the fleecy staple failed to reach the lofty heights attained during earlier booms, but they hovered at or above the ten cents per pound mark for much of the decade, and the world market absorbed ever-increasing quantities of cotton without any corresponding decline in prices. Accompanied by the expansion of railroads and the emergence of active cotton markets in towns above the fall line, this last antebellum cotton boom generated unprecedented prosperity in the South Carolina Upcountry and inspired a degree of economic optimism unknown in the region since the heady days of the first cotton boom a half-century earlier. With the advantage of hindsight, historians and economists now know that the boom of the 1850s was merely a brief flurry of prosperity preceding a long period of relative economic stagnation in the American South. After the boom of the 1850s, cotton, the raw material which supplied the world’s first industrial revolution, would never again bring sustained prosperity and rapid economic growth to the South. In the post-Civil War era, growth in world demand for cotton slowed dramatically, and sluggish growth in demand for cotton severely hindered economic growth and development in the South. Thus the long-term costs of the South’s dependence on cotton were staggering in terms of both economic backwardness and human suffering. But the bleak economic future of the cotton South was unknown to those Southerners who enjoyed the fruits of the boom of the 1850s; they could see only the flush times surging around them. In the autumn of his glory, King Cotton delivered one final round of prosperity to his subjects, and they were thankful.
“The Beautiful Harmony in the Body Politic”: The Concurrent Majority and the Controversy over Who Shall Rule at Home
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

Despite the concessions made by the parishes in 1808, the Upcountry never gained the whip hand in South Carolina politics. As the years passed, the famous Compromise of 1808 was more and more frequently portrayed by Lowcountry politicians and a few of their prominent Upcountry allies as a sacred and inviolable bargain struck between the two sections. The bargain guaranteed the parishes effective control of the state senate while conceding a nominal majority in the house to the districts of the upper division. The intent of the agreement was to give the Lowcountry, narrowly defined as simply the state’s twenty-one parishes, all of which had black majorities as early as 1790, and the Upcountry, broadly defined to include not only those districts above the fall line but also the state’s middle and Pee Dee districts, an equal voice in state government. Obviously such a balance could be achieved only by limiting the power of the white majority of the Upcountry. To accomplish this, representation in the state legislature was not apportioned on the basis of white population. In the senate, each unit of local government, whether district or parish, was given one senator. In the house, representation was apportioned on the twin bases of white population and taxable property. As a result, the Lowcountry dominated the senate, while the wealthy parishes were over-represented in the house because property as well as white population was a factor in apportionment. Nevertheless the inland districts did hold a clear majority in the lower chamber.
Introduction: Florence and Sodomy
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

“In the whole world I believe there are no two sins more abominable than those that prevail among the Florentines,” commented Pope Gregory XI in 1376. “The first is their usury and infidelity,” he specified, alluding to the moneylending activities of international merchant-bankers that had made Florence one of the most prosperous and important cities in Europe. “The second,” he continued, hedging his words with care, “is so abominable that I dare not mention it.” The sin the pope deftly avoided naming, using a standard euphemism for what the late medieval Church deemed the most evil and dangerous of carnal vices, was of course the “unspeakable” practice of sodomy. Although this term could denote a wide range of prohibited sexual behaviors deemed “contrary to nature”—so called because they did not lead to procreation, the sole “natural” purpose of sex according to Catholic dogma—it usually referred to sex between males.
The Consent Principle of the Nuremberg Code: its Significance then and now
Authors: Katz Jay
Published: November 2023

The Nuremberg Code is a remarkable document. Never before in the history of human experimentation, and never since, has any code or any regulation of research declared in such relentless and uncompromising a fashion that the psychological integrity of research subjects must be protected absolutely. Thus, its first principle: The Nuremberg Code has no antecedents except, ironically, for the Regulations on New Therapy and Human Experimentation promulgated in Germany by the Reichsminister of the Interior in 1931. Otherwise, the Code constitutes the first authoritative, and surely the most stringent, pronouncement on the rights of research subjects.
Editorial Responsibility: Protecting Human Rights by Restricting Publication of Unethical Research
Authors: Angell Marcia
Published: November 2023

The Third Reich was so abhorrent in so many ways that we tend to use it as an example for anything we wish to condemn. Thus, heads of state whom we do not like are referred to as “Hitlers,” and those who counsel conciliation are termed “Chamberlains.” Similarly, unethical research readily evokes comparisons with the Nazis. We may be too inclined, however, to draw parallels between the Nazi medical experiments conducted on prisoners in the death camps and the unethical research that is done today. In a sense, the Nazi experiments were incidental - sadistic sidelights in a uniquely evil society dedicated to eradicating entire populations because of their race, religion, or nationality. It is difficult to believe that such systematic torture and killing of helpless people by the state in the name of medical research could occur again. Indeed, the Doctors’ Trial was conducted for the primary purpose of preventing the recurrence of this barbarism, and adherence to the Nuremberg Code would preclude any recurrence.
The Development of Agonistic and Affiliative Structures in Preschool Play Groups
Authors: Strayer F F
Published: November 2023

Questions about the nature and function of early social behavior in humans have preoccupied researchers in developmental psychobiology for at least 50 years. However, the empirical findings are often difficult to synthesize because they have been generated by apparently opposing theoretical or conceptual models of early socialization. A survey of the last 50 years of developmental research reveals three quite distinct approaches to the study of peer relations during early childhood.
King Hussein And The Challenge Of Arab Radicalism: Jordan, 1955-1967
Authors: Dann Uriel
Published: November 2023

Uriel Dann explores the political history of the formative years of the Jordanian state, uncovering the sources of its durability against forces seeking to alter fundamentally the traditional bases of Arab politics.
The Military Government
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

A brief description of Hussein’s rule in the nine months from his coup of 24 and 25 April 1957 until the proclamation of the United Arab Re­ public on 1 February 1958 is as follows: he forced his authority on the country by way of military government and threatened back those who threatened him from outside. He himself delivered the key to “the events of the recent weeks” at a press conference on 30 April, “the largest ever.” He had dismissed the Nabulsi government, he said, because it had dis­ obeyed his instructions.
Summitry
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

On 23 December 1963, Abdel Nasser, addressing a mass rally at Port Said commemorating the seventh anniversary of the city’s evacuation by its British and French invaders, called for a meeting of all Arab heads of state to consider the impending diversion by Israel of water from the Jordan River. A meeting of the chiefs of staff or of the Arab Defense Council, he said, would not suffice, because the question was political in essence rather than military. It was an ingenious response to a serious challenge. Syria had recently come under the direction of a group of Ba’thi army officers headed by Major General Amin al-Hafiz, who had replaced the veteran party leaders around Bitar.
The Descent into War
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

In the morning hours of 13 November 1966, a composite Israeli force of brigade strength with air support attacked the West Bank village of Samu’ south of Hebron, in retaliation for the death of three Israeli soldiers who had been killed two nights before when their vehicle ran on a mine in that sector in Israeli territory. Samu’ was devastated, and twenty-one Jordanians, most of them soldiers, were killed. It was not disputed that the mine had been laid by Fatah members-their culminating success in months of mounting activity on the Israeli side of the armistice lines. The Israeli government felt compelled to hit back.
The Contrary Wisdom of Regret
Authors: Landman Janet
Published: November 2023

The stories have been told from the comic, romantic, tragic, and ironic perspectives. They have addressed the wistful question of the simply curious: “What sorts of things do most people regret?” And the urgent question of the tormented: “What can be done about this regret of mine?” Now it is time to ask whether there is coherence in this Rashomon-like array of stories about regret. A look backward through this book could yield, I suppose, something like deconstruction’s critical nihilism. It could support a conclusion that the text of regret, like literary texts, offers no single, fixed meaning but multiple and conflicting meanings-and therefore, that the text of regret is inherently indeterminate and meaningless. This is not the conclusion I draw from my look back.
A Time for War
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D
Published: November 2023

Even after two decades, the memory of the Vietnam War seems to haunt American culture. From Forrest Gump to Miss Saigon, from Tim O’Brien’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Going After Cacciato to Robert McNamara’s controversial memoir In Retrospect, Americans are drawn again and again to ponder their long, tragic involvement in Southeast Asia. Now eminent historian Robert D. Schulzinger has combed the newly available documentary evidence, both in public and private archives, to produce an ambitious, masterful account of three decades of war in Vietnam. Ranging from the first rumblings against the French to the American intervention and ultimate withdrawal, Schulzinger paints a brilliant political, diplomatic, and social portrait of this tragic, diverse conflict. In a field crowded with fiction, memoirs, and popular tracts, it will stand as the landmark history of America’s longest war.
Introduction: Milton and Kierkegaard
Authors: Tanner John S
Published: November 2023

In Hebrew, Eden signifies “delight” or “pleasure.” Both Milton and Kier kegaard, however, detect something besides bliss in the Garden. “The profound secret” of innocence, avers Kierkegaard, is that “in this state there is peace and repose, but there is simultaneously something else” (CA, 41), something he calls angst- alternatively translated as “anxiety” or “dread.” The psychological by-product of freedom, anxiety registers the pressure that future possibilities exert upon the present. As Merleau-Ponty remarks, “The future is not prepared behind the observer, it is a brooding presence moving to meet him like a storm.”1 Similarly, the future looms up before Milton’s Adam and Eve. Across Eden falls the specter of fearful yet seductive anxiety-dreams and of a demonic rebel lion prefiguring ominous but alluring human potentialities. Within the protective walls of paradise echo dread voices, warning of what may (and will) be. In myriad ways the future looms up before Milton’s human protagonists, giving rise to anxiety in Eden.
The Fall as Desire and Deed
Authors: Tanner John S
Published: November 2023

In The Christian Doctrine John Milton broaches what he must have known to be a delicate question: What motivates the Fall? As epic poet, he clearly thought long and hard about what led Adam and Eve to transgress-about their personalities, vulnerabilities, appetites, external circumstances, and all the various “causes” of the Fall that the poem develops at such length and with such care. As theologian, by contrast, Milton treats the Fall’s human motivation only glancingly. Yet his analysis in The Christian Doctrine intimates Milton’s awareness of the myriad perplexities entangling this problem. In the chapter entitled “Of the Fall of Our First Parents, and of Sin,” Milton contends that all sin has “two subdivisions, whether we call them degrees or parts or modes of sin, or whether they are related to each other as cause and effect. These subdivisions are evil desire [concupiscentia mala], or the will to do evil, and the evil deed itself [malefactum ipse]” (CP, 6.388). At first glance, this division between desire and deed seems unremarkable enough. From its inception, Christianity has insisted on linking outward behavior to its inward sources in the heart. Christ announced that his new gospel would trace sin beyond murder to anger, beyond adultery to lust (Matt. 5:21-22, 27-28). He taught that corrupt acts spring forth from corrupt desires, as the evil fruits of a tainted root: “For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies” (Matt. 15:19). Likewise, he discovered the roots of good acts in the abundance of the heart: “Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit” (Matt. 7:17). Christianity thus seizes upon the appetite as well as its enactment, encouraging the excavation of the soul’s deepest, most secret recesses; the disclosure of every hidden thought and buried motive. It presumes that good deeds derive from pure, regenerate hearts; evil deeds from depraved, fallen desires.
Nativism And Slavery
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

Political protest against immigrants has come to a head several times in American history. The most famous and influential such protest was exemplified by the Know-Nothing Party, founded in 1854 and directed especially against Catholic immigrants. By the end of 1855 the party had elected eight governors, over one hundred Congressmen, and thousands of local officials. Prominent politicians of every persuasion joined the party, which then changed its name to the American Party. It became a major element in the new Republican Party, which first produced a presidential candidate in 1856. The party and its influence has not attracted much attention from historians, because the events involved in the coming of the Civil War eclipsed interest in a movement that was only peripherally involved with Civil War issues. The Know-Nothings had a precipitous decline, starting with the 1856 election, at which their presidential candidate Millard Fillmore carried only one state. The Republican Party soon eclipsed it, too. Tyler Anbinder has written the first comprehensive history of the Know-Nothings, and his book represents a major revision of historiography in the years leading up to the Civil War.
The Know Nothings Enter Politics
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

The growth of the Know Nothings captivated the nation during the summer of 1854. Newspapers vied to publish the first and most exhaustive exposes on the size and intentions of the organization. Sidewalk hucksters peddled pamphlets revealing codes, signs, and grips so that the uninitiated could eavesdrop on Know Nothing communications. Other entrepreneurs cashed in on the rage by offering consumers such items as “Know Nothing Candy,” “Know Nothing Tea,” “Know Nothing Toothpicks,” “Know Nothing Cigars,” and “Know Nothing Soap.” When an Ohioan who had neglected his diary for a year attempted to summarize the important occurrences of 1854, he mentioned only two events: the death of his father and the rise of the Know Nothings.
The Know Nothings and the Collapse of the Second Party System
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

With the October contests behind them, many Know Nothings believed that the November elections in New York and Massachusetts would provide the true test of the Order’s political potential. Although Know Nothings had dominated the anti-Democratic forces in Indiana and Pennsylvania, in most states the Order had functioned as a minority partner in anti-Nebraska coali tions. In the November elections, however, Know Nothing leaders decided to run independent tickets. This was a risky strategy, because many Know Nothings had not realized when they joined the Order that they would have to vote against all of their old party’s candidates. Yet the Know Nothings’ surprisingly strong showing in New York and landslide victory in Massachusetts proved that a significant proportion of Northerners had abandoned the conventional parties, and that the Whigs were destined for extinction. In light of these results, Northerners came to realize that the political order in which Whigs and Democrats vied for supremacy-what political scientists often call the second American party system-no longer defined American politics.
“Slavery Is at the Bottom of All Our Troubles”: The Decline of the Know Nothing Party
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

The confidence with which the Know Nothings had originally anticipated the 1856 presidential election had ebbed by the end of 1855, because Section Twelve had disillusioned most northern nativists. Still, many members of the American party remained optimistic in late 1855. Know Nothings had won the most recent state-wide elections in New York, California, Massachusetts, Con necticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Louisiana, and they had proven in the past that they could carry Pennsylvania and Indiana as well. The Republicans, who like the Know Nothings were trying to establish themselves as the principal challenger to the Demo cratic party, seemed in much worse shape. The only important state Republicans had carried in 1855 was Ohio, and that victory had required Know Nothing assistance.
The Know Nothings and the Presidential Election of 1856
Authors: Anbinder Tyler
Published: November 2023

On June 22, 1856, after a fifteen-month tour of Europe, American party presidential candidate Millard Fillmore arrived in New York. Although the power and popularity of the Know Nothings had declined precipitously during Fillmore’s absence, a warm welcome greeted the former President. Fireworks exploded as Fillmore’s ship entered the harbor, Know Nothings fired fifty-gun salutes from both New York and New Jersey, and a committee of New York dignitaries presented him with keys to the city. American party officials did not arrange such festivities merely to demonstrate Fillmore’s popularity. Nineteenth-century election etiquette discouraged overt campaigning by political candidates, but Know Nothing leaders realized that Fillmore could make impromptu remarks to the crowds that gathered to celebrate his return without breaching decorum. To provide Fillmore with many such speaking opportunities, his backers arranged similar ceremonies all along the route to his home in Buffalo.
“Like a Great Family”: Nullification Revivals and the Making of Popular Religion in the Low Country
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie
Published: November 2023

One Saturday in January 1854, John Kelly stood up in Gum Branch Baptist Church in rural Darlington District and announced that “his wife Lenore Kelly had left his house.” As he stood there, supplicant, before his brethren, Kelly knew what he had begun, knew that he had just invited community intrusion into the most intimate aspect of his domestic affairs. In making the admission-in preempting accusation-he attempted, no doubt, to assert a measure of control over the disciplinary investigation that was sure to follow. And indeed, pained by the news, church elders appointed a “committy” of four to enquire into the trouble between Brother and Sister Kelly and to recommend a course of action. Few could have imagined the depth of trouble that lay ahead. Throughout the spring and summer of 1854, as John and Lenore Kelly, John’s kin, and the Gum Branch brethren struggled to contain the forces unleashed among them, the predominantly yeoman congregation gave powerful testimony to a whole set of assumptions and beliefs, usually unarticulated, about the workings of power and authority, domestic and public, in their small corner of the lowcountry world.
The Linguistics Wars
Authors: Harris Randy Allen
Published: November 2023

Harris tells the story of a schism that developed in the ranks of linguistics during the sixties and seventies, between Noam Chomsky and a group of his followers who formed a splinter group that took his ideas in a different direction. The dispute is filled with personalities and anecdotes, and also serves as a case study in the way scientists and scholars negotiate theories.
Knowledge is Power
Authors: Brown Richard D
Published: November 2023

One of the leading scholars dealing with early communication history in America, Richard Brown discusses how information moved through eighteenth and nineteenth-century American society, principally through the expansion of the printed word and its change from the property of the learned and wealthy into a mass-audience market.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Richard D
Published: November 2023

“A wise man is strong; yea, a man of knowledge increased strength,” according to the Biblical proverb, a perception that Renaissance Englishmen found appealing. “Ignorance is the curse of God,” Shakespeare wrote, “Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.” And Francis Bacon, the philosopher and courtier, reduced the essentials to “knowledge itself is power,” an epigram which became in time the common saying “knowledge is power.”1 Whether knowledge has concerned techniques of farming or fighting, or the knowledge of events great or small, or the possession of holy information, we have generally recognized that people “in the know” command powers that the ignorant lack. For centuries history has demonstrated the wisdom expressed in Bacon’s aphorism. Perhaps this is why over the last few centuries, certainly from the printing press onward, Western society has been caught up in an information and communication revolution that now, at the end of the 20th century, appears to have entered a more dynamic, accelerating phase than ever before.2 Bouncing words and images off satellites in space, storing and manipulating undreamed of quantities of information in the twinkling of an eye, we have been creating an awesome communications technology that is leading society into many dimensions of unknown territory. Since we cannot peer into the future, the meaning and significance of this movement are clouded and uncertain. To find our bearings we can only search the past.
lriformation and Insularity: The Experiences of Yankee Farmers, 1711-1830
Authors: Brown Richard D
Published: November 2023

Warm sunshine and fresh breezes blowing off Long Island Sound made June 30, 1747, an ideal day to harvest hay at New London, Connecticut, and that was exactly what the sixty-nine-year-old farmer Joshua Hempstead was doing. It was all routine until, Hempstead reported, “I acidentally Stuck my pitchfork into my left Leg a little above my shoe Lappet.” Still, he continued stacking. “It proved Exceedingly painful in the night,” however, so although the sun shone brightly the next morning, Hempstead “Lay by most of the day lame.” But he went back to the task as soon as he could: “toward night I Stackt some hay.”1 In July this was the life of a New England farmer, young or old; and whether in 1740 or 1840 thousands of men like Hempstead were bound to the same demanding discipline of seasonal work that tied them to the land that they owned or rented. Viewed from a distance, they seem much like peasants caught in an endless, repetitive cycle of local experience. Planting, cultivation, and harvest, animal husbandry, making and breaking tools, cutting and consuming cord upon cord of firewood, they ate and slept and worked from generation to generation, raising and burying families, chores without end.2 Thomas Gray, a gentleman poet, separated from such farmers not by time, as we are, but by social rank, expressed a similar view more picturesquely in his “Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard”:
Introduction The Nature And Function Of Myth
Authors: Caldwell Richard
Published: November 2023

Four recent theoretical studies of Greek myth by eminent authorities in this field, Walter Burkert and G. S. Kirk, have given us detailed analyses of the formal aspects and multiple functions of myth. For all our indebtedness to these scholars, however, they have not told us much about the psychological meaning and function of myths. This lack does not diminish the value of these books, all of which reflect the learning and prestige of their authors, and in fact is largely a consequence of the assumptions and methods they employ. Nevertheless, these matters are important and this book is an attempt to deal with them, both generally and in the specific instance of theogonic myth ( that is, myths concerned with the beginning of the world and the gods).
Texts And Contexts
Authors: Caldwell Richard
Published: November 2023

Shortly before the end of the eighth century B.c., a Boiotian Greek named Hesiod wrote or dictated a poem of some one thousand lines on the beginning of the world, the emergence of the first gods, and the conflicts between generations, which resulted finally in the permanent seizure of power by Zeus, ruler of the worid and king over gods and men.1 We do not know what name, if any, Hesiod gave to his poem, but it has always been known as the Theogony, the ‘‘Origin of the Gods’‘ (the Greek word is theogonia, from theos, ‘‘god,’‘ and gone, ‘‘birth’‘ or ‘‘offspring’‘ or ‘‘generation’‘). The Theogony is also literally a cosmogony, an account of the beginning of the world (from kosmos, ‘‘world’‘), but since in Greek myth as in many creation myths the component parts of the universe as it gradually came into existence were also gods and goddesses, the two terms are here synonymous.
Origin And Succession
Authors: Caldwell Richard
Published: November 2023

Children have a natural and easily observable curiosity about the process of birth; this curiosity, as well as the likelihood of its repression, is intensified by its inevitable connection with the child’s curiosity about parental sexuality. The question ‘‘Where do babies come from?’‘ is really a generalized combination of two questions of great emotional importance to the child: ‘‘Where did I come from?’‘ and ‘‘How did my parents produce me?’‘ The generalization itself is already a first indication of repression.
Creation And Abortion
Authors: Kamm F M
Published: November 2023

This book presents a new argument attacking the view that if the foetus has the moral standing of a person it has a right to life and abortion is impermissible. Most discussion of abortion has assumed that this premise is correct, and so has focused on the question of the personhood of the foetus. Frances Kamm, however, argues that abortion can be moral even if the foetus is indeed a person.
Introduction
Authors: Kamm F M
Published: November 2023

It is widely assumed that if a fetus1 were acknowledged to have the rights of a person, abortions (and many other reproductive freedoms) would not be permissible. This prohibition would perhaps seem even more justified if the fetus were accorded the rights of an infant, as we tend to be more protective of them than of adults.
Variations and Alternatives
Authors: Kamm F M
Published: November 2023

Suppose that the violinist needed to be attached to you for only a moment in order to be cured of some fatal disease. However, it is impossible to separate him from you for another nine months, even though the further attachment in itself does him no good. Or assume that the one moment necessary for the violinist’s life-saving attachment had the remarkable effect of making you dependent on his body for nine months if there were no forcible detachment.
Introduction
Authors: Sonenshine Daniel E
Published: November 2023

Identification of the infectious organisms and their arthropod vectors are the essential first steps that enable scientists to understand vector-borne diseases, i.e., disease agents that can infect vertebrate animals and (in most cases) humans. Many, perhaps most, vector-borne diseases are zoonoses, i.e., they infect a variety of vertebrates and are also transmissible to man. In the case of tick-borne zoonoses, knowledge of these diseases has accumulated gradually over the preceding 100 years. Smith and Kilbourne’s (1893) report of the transmission of the malaria-like protozoan, Babesia bigemina, by the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus, began this era of discovery, which has continued throughout the 20th century. Numerous reports of tick transmission of other diseases soon followed: examples include relapsing fever by soft ticks (Dutton and Todd, 1905), East Coast Fever by the African brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) (Theiler, 1904), Rocky Mountain spotted fever by wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) (Ricketts, 1906, 1907), Boutonneuse fever by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) (Brumpt, 1932), and babesiosis of cattle, dogs, and other animals by many different tick species (summarized by Kuttler, 1988). The decades since World War II have seen equally dramatic discoveries, including tick transmission of tick-borne encephalitis, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (Chumakov et al., 1968, 1969; Casals, 1969), Kyasanur Forest Disease (Bhat, 1991), Lyme disease (Johnson et al., 1984) and human Ehrlichiosis (Anderson et al., 1991), to name but a few examples. These important discoveries have led to a vast literature dealing with the biology of the pathogenic agent and the pathologic response of the human or animal hosts.
Vector-Host-Pathogen Relationships: Transmission Dynamics of Tick-borne Infections
Authors: Mather Thomas N , Ginsberg Howard S
Published: November 2023

Most, and perhaps all, of the tick-borne infections affecting man are zoonoses, that is, they are maintained to a large degree in natural cycles not involving humans. For the most part, we only become interested in those tick-transmitted zoonoses that affect humans or domestic animals, or that show potential for affecting man. However, if we look beyond disease severity or impact on health, it is apparent that the frequency of human infections caused by these zoonoses, or their epidemiologic potency, can vary considerably. Moreover, the intensity of transmission in natural cycles, or zoonotic potency (frequency of animal infections), may correlate directly, inversely, or not at all with a zoonosis’ epidemiologic potency. Even the same zoonosis, when maintained in a different ecological setting, can vary significantly in the number of infections produced, and so, the degree of infection risk to humans. For instance, in North America, Lyme borreliosis has become perhaps the single most important of these tick-transmitted zoonoses; the number of human infections recorded far outnumbering that of most other tick-borne diseases. However, vectors of this infection are only focally abundant with a relatively limited distribution. Many tick-borne infections, such as those caused by the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsias, produce far fewer human infections, even in areas where their tick vectors are quite abundant. The vectors of this group of infections are generally more common and have a much broader distribution. Clearly then, transmission factors, and not just tick abundance, play a large part in determining the potency as well as the infection risk of a particular tick-borne zoonosis.
Modeling the Ecological Dynamics of Tick-borne Zoonoses
Authors: Kitron Uriel , Mannelli Alessandro
Published: November 2023

A model is a reconstruction of nature for the purpose of research or applications. Models serve as the basic units of theoretical investigations and provide the necessary link between theory and measurement. Successful models are applicable to the purpose of the study for which they were originally constructed but can not be assumed to be relevant to other purposes (Levins, 1968; King and Soskolne, 1988).
Lyme Disease/Lyme Borreliosis
Authors: Piesman Joseph , Gray Jeremy S
Published: November 2023

Ticks have been implicated in the transmission of Lyme disease since 1909, when the Swedish dermatologist Afzelius (1910) first noticed that the pathognomonic skin lesion, erythema migrans, was associated with the bite of the tick Ixodes ricinus. A series of early discoveries in Europe (reviewed by Burgdorfer, 1986) suggested that an infectious agent transmitted by I. ricinus, most probably a spirochete, caused erythema migrans as well as neurological disease; symp toms resolved with penicillin treatment. This background proved crucial in implicating /. dammini as the vector of a “new” pathogen causing a unique cluster of erythema migrans and arthritis in Lyme, Connecticut, and surrounding communities (Steere et al., 1977, 1978; Steere and Malawista, 1979). Studies of Lyme disease ecology became possible when Burgdorfer et al. (1982) isolated the Lyme disease spirochete, subsequently named Borrelia burgdorferi, from I. dammini ticks. Since 1982, our knowledge of the natural history of Lyme disease has exploded. After a decade of research, it is satisfying to review how much we do know about transmission of B. burgdorferi and the biology of its tick vectors. It is more important, however, to identify the gaps in our knowledge of the spirochete, and its relationships with tick vectors and vertebrate reservoirs. These gaps currently impede our efforts to combat transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete. As we integrate our knowledge of Lyme disease ecology, it is important to remember how early observations in Europe led to the discovery of B. burgdorferi in North America. While certain aspects of Lyme disease ecology remain constant among different geographic areas, other aspects are more flexible, changing dramatically from area to area. Collating worldwide knowledge of Lyme disease ecology is an essential step in designing reliable strategies for the prevention of Lyme disease.
Tick-borne Encephalitis Subgroup
Authors: Nuttall Patricia A , Labuda Milan
Published: November 2023

This chapter aims to compare the ecological dynamics of important members of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) subgroup (Table 12.1), a distinct antigenic complex of the virus family Flaviviridae (Murphy et al., 1994). The TBE subgroup is one of the most intensely studied groups of tick-borne pathogens. Indeed, Hoogstraal (1966) commented that “Anyone with a broad general knowledge of research accomplishments ... in the (TBE) complex of viruses ... has an insight into practically every known factor in maintenance and dissemination of disease-causing agents transmissible between lower animal and man”.
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Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Hackett, bobby (robert leo), tpt, crnt, gtr; b. Providence, RI, 1/31/15; d. Chatham, MA, 6/7/76. Son of a blacksmith, sixth of nine children. Son, Ernie Hackett, active as jazz dmr. in ’70s. Start. on uke., he left school at 14 and began pl. gtr., bjo., vln., w. local bands and in Syracuse. In 1933, pl. mainly crnt., was part of trio w. Pee Wee Russell and Teddy Roy, perf. in various Boston and Providence clubs. In ’36 took over lead. of Ted Marsh’s band at the Theatrical Club, Boston, w. Brad Gowans writing arrs. Though he was mainly infl. by Armstrong dur. this period, he eventually became more closely identified w. the lyrical style of Bix Beiderbecke. Went to NYC in ’37, pl. gtr. w. Joe Marsala, doubling on crnt; own band at Nick’s ’38–9; own bb at the Famous Door and on tour ’39; disbanded and join. Horace Heidt ’39–40; w. Glenn Miller on gtr., occ. crnt. ’41–2. In ’43, NBC staff; also tour. w. Katherine Dunham dancers ’43; w. Glen Gray ’44–6. ABC staff for several yrs. from ’46; frequent apps. at Nick’s; tour. East Coast w. own band early ’50s. In ’53–5 he earned wide recognition through a series of mood albums on Capitol led by Jackie Gleason, w. whom he also app. in person. TV shows w. Martha Wright; other broadcasts. Fr. ’56 to ’58, led a sxt. at the Henry Hudson Hotel and for brief tours and jazz fests., then led qt. in NYC clubs and on tours. Pl. w. B. Goodman ’62–3, incl. Mex.; worked frequently w. Tony Bennett in mid ’60s. Moved to Cape Cod ’69, where he was often feat. at Dunfey’s. Pl. w. Vic Dickenson in NYC and US tour ’70; in ’70s also feat. guest w. WGJB; tour. Eng. ’74; apps. at Michael’s Pub ’75. Hospitalized for two weeks in May ’76, he perf. on June 4 after his release, then died of a heart attack three days later. From his first days in NYC, Hackett was an important force in jazz. While he made his name as a crntst. and tptr., he remained a proficient gtrst. His melodic style has been praised by musicians of every description, and his beautifully burnished sound easily complemented a variety of jazz idioms. Fests: NJF w. Dickenson ’70; many apps. at NJF-NY; Colo. JP. TV: Just Jazz w. Dickenson; PBS ’71. Recs. as lead: Epic; Cap. CDs: Project 3; Jazz.; Hackett-Dickenson (Chiaro.); as lead. and sideman in The Commodore Story (Comm.); w. Armstrong; Miller; Teagarden (BB); Goodman; B. Holiday (Col.); Condon (Dec.; Stash; Sav; Jazz.; Comm.); Pee Wee Russell (Comm.); T. Wilson (Hep); Teddy Grace (Timel.); Gleason (Cap.).
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Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Oatts, dick (richard dennis), alto, tnr saxes, cl, fl; b. Des Moines, IA, 4/2/53. Father, Jack, pioneered jazz educ. in Iowa; bro. Jim pl. w. Kenton, Thad Jones–Mel Lewis. Stud. w. fath., then for one yr. at Drake U. Pl. club dates fr. age 13. Freelanced in Minneapolis-St. Paul 1972–7 bef. moving to NYC. Pl. w. Thad Jones–Mel Lewis Orch. ’77–9; Mel Lewis Orch. and Qnt. ’79–90, then Vanguard Jazz Orch., Bob Brookmeyer ’81–4; Ray Mantilla ’82–6; Joe Haider ’82–91; Red Rodney ’86–90; Eddie Gomez ’87–91; Dial and Oatts w. Garry Dial since ’89; also pl. w. Tito Puente; Machito; Fred Hersch; Jack McDuff; Teo Macero; Joe Morello; Flora Purim. Taught at NYU ’81–4; Manh. Sch. of Mus. fr. ’91. Fav. arrs: Brookmeyer, Dial. Fests: Eur., Japan, So. Amer., etc. since ’77. TV: David Letterman. CDs: Steep.; Dial and Oatts (DMP); w. Mel Lewis (Tel.; M M); R. Rodney (Steep.; Den.); T. Talbert (Chart.); H. Meurkens; A. Farnham (Conc.); Bill Mays; Ted Rosenthal (JA); Gary Smulyan (CC); Vic Juris (Steep.); A Donelian (Sunny.); Stockholm Jo (Drag.).
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Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Saarsalu, lembit, tnr sax; b. Roosna-alliku, Estonia, 7/8/48. Played acdn., cl. Led own qt. 1978–81. Stud. cl. at Tallinn Music Sch., grad. 1975. Has pl. in Africa, Cuba, the Near East and all over Eur. Pl. and rec. in duo w. pnst. Leonid Vintskevich, rec. for Melodiya and app. w. Vintskevich in Moscow, Idaho, ’89, 90, and ’92 at Lionel Hampton JF. An adventurous and unconventional soloist. Favs: S. Getz, J. Coltrane, S. Rollins. TV: film, Old Melody ’81.
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Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira
Published: November 2023

Xiques, edward f. jr., bari, other saxes, fl, cl; b. Staten Island, NY, 10/9/39. Began on sop. sax. Pl. w. Jaki Byard, Herb Pomeroy while at Bost. U. 1957–62. Moved to NYC, taught mus. in N.Y. and N.J. schs. ’62–8. Pl. w. Buddy Morrow, Les and Larry Elgart, Tex Beneke, Duke Pearson, Herbie Mann, Donald Byrd, Chris Swansen ’60s; Woody Herman ’70; Thad Jones–Mel Lewis Orch. ’72–9; Bill Watrous ’74–5; Frank Foster ’77; B’way show Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ’78–82; Toshiko Akiyoshi–Lew Tabackin bb ’84–5; Liza Minnelli fr. ’87. Xiques has also taught at City Coll.; U.. of Bridgeport; Western Conn. State Coll. Favs: Charlie Parker, Johnny Hodges, Ornette Coleman, Joe Henderson. Fests: Eur., Asia w. W. Herman, Jones-Lewis. Film: A Tuesday Afternoon w. Swansen. CDs: Edex; w. Jones-Lewis (A&M).
Reverberations Of The Theories Of Alfarabi And Avicenna
Authors: Davidson Herbert A
Published: November 2023

Avicenna’s philosophy was accessible to Moslem readers through the following channels: Avicenna’s straightforward philosophic works, notably the Shifa: and Najar; his Ishārāt, which rephrases his philosophic system in high-flown language; his Dānesh Nāmah, a summary of his philosophic system in Persian; allegorical tales he wrote in which human characters and also a bird personify the active intellect and the human intellect or souil; a lengthy restatement of his philosophy by Bāhmanyiir (d. 1065), one of his students the better known summary by Ghazali (1058-1111), entitled Maqā id al-Falāsifastill another, briefer summary by Shahrastāni (1086–1153); and the commentary of Tūsī (d. 1274) on the Ishārāt.
Averroes On The Material Intellect
Authors: Davidson Herbert A
Published: November 2023

Aristotle, as we have seen, posited an intellect in man which is “potential”; which “is what it is by virtue of becoming all things,” that is, by virtue of learning all thoughts; and which is a kind of “matter.”3 But nothing Aristotle said about what came to be known as the potential or material intellect reveals the kind of entity he supposed it to be, and one can only guess whether the question concerned him at all. The question of the nature of the potential human intellect did capture the attention of Alexander of Aphrodisias and Themistius, and they reached opposite conclusions. Alexander construed the human potential or material intellect as a mere disposition in the human organism, and Themistius construed it as a substance. The issue did not, however, carry any special import for Averroes’
Examining the Origins of Emerging Viruses
Authors: Morse Stephen S
Published: November 2023

The sudden appearance of the AIDS epidemic in our midst demonstrates once again that infectious diseases can still be important causes of illness and death. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, the AIDS virus) has been front-page news for so long that it is hard to remember that it first came to our notice just overadecade ago. Influenza, oneofour most familiar viruses, still periodically causes massive epidemics (the most massive are called pandemics because the entire world is usually affected), and another influenza pandemic is virtually inevitable. There have been several influenza pandemics in this century alone, the most severe being the notorious pandemic of 1918-1919 that resulted inover 25 million deaths worldwide. Lyme disease, although bacterial rather than viral, is another infectious disease recently emerged to prominence in the United States. From such regular experiences, it is easy to get the justifiable impression that we are being inundated by infectious diseases.
Ecology and Evolution of Host-Virus Associations
Authors: May Robert M
Published: November 2023

The first question that ecologists ask of a virus, as they would ask of any other organism, is what is its basic reproductive rate, what is its fitness? What, on average, are the number of offspring, as it were, that each infected case produces? Viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections-microparasites-can be grouped together as infections in which it is usually necessary just to distinguish uninfected, infected, and immune people (Anderson and May, 1979), as opposed to what might be called macroparasites, such as most helminth infections, where one really has to deal with the number of worms in a given individual. For microparasites, which include most viruses, the basic reproductive rate (R0 in the mathematical notation I shall use) is essentially the average number of secondary infections produced when you put one infected host into a wholly susceptible population. It is important to know the basic reproductive rate, R0, because if Ro is greater than 1, then if you put a handful of infected people into a population, there will be an exponentiating chain of infection, until eventually it will be brought to a halt when some of the secondary candidates for infection have already experienced infection.
The High Rate of Retrovirus Variation Results in Rapid Evolution
Authors: Temin Howard M
Published: November 2023

The AIDS pandemic can be viewed as a paradigm of the emergence of new diseases and of apparently new pathogens. In discussing this pandemic, I first consider if the AIDS pandemic is unique, and then I describe what properties of viruses, especially retroviruses, give them the potential to give rise to apparently novel agents. I do not think that the AIDS pandemic is unique relative to other epidemics when those epidemics are considered from the perspective of their time rather than irt hindsight. In the past, major epidemics frequently occurred when there were new patterns of communication and transportation among separate populated areas and/ or new patterns of settlement. William McNeill, in his impressive book Plagues and Peoples (1976), describes the occurrence of major epidemics throughout history in terms of this hypothesis.
Are We Prepared for a Viral Epidemic Emergency?
Authors: Legters Llewellyn J , Brink, Linda H , Takafuji Ernest T
Published: November 2023

Nybalo, Basangani, December 6, 1994-The impoverished nation of Changa in Sub Saharan Africa is once again a chaotic scene of death and devasta Uon. After a lull in the long battle between rebel factions in Changa and the ruling, Marxist government, tensions are again at a high point. Terrorism and destruction are common, as rebels battle for control of the countryside surrounding the capital city. Communities have been plundered and de molished. Hundreds of thousands of starving Changans are fleeing to the borders in search of food and shelter. The five-year civil war has killed an estimated 200,000 Changans and brought to a standstill the economy of this mineralrich nation. The government has been unable to cope with the large number of malnourished displaced persons, forcing the refugees to seek asylum in the adjacent countries of Basangani and Lubawe.