bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preoperative glenoid considerations for shoulder arthroplasty: a review
Authors: Gates Stephen , Sager Brain , Khazzam Michael
Published: March 2020

Preoperative assessment of the glenoid in the setting of shoulder arthroplasty is critical to account for variations in glenoid morphology, wear, version, inclination, and glenohumeral subluxation. Three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scan assessment of the morphology of glenoid erosion allows for a more accurate surgical decision-making process to correct deformity and restore the joint line. Newer technology has brought forth computer-assisted software for glenoid planning in shoulder arthroplasty and patient-specific instrumentation. There have been promising early findings, although further evaluation is needed to determine how this technology impacts implant survivorship, function, and patient-reported outcomes.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:126-137. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190011
Human immunodeficiency virus in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Pietrzak Jurek Rafal Tomasz , Maharaj Zia , Mokete Lipalo , Sikhauli Nkhodiseni
Published: March 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pandemic affecting more than 35 million people worldwide. The aim of this review is to describe the association between HIV and total hip arthroplasty (THA) and assess patient risk factors to optimize functional outcomes and decrease rates of revision. Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART), HIV-infected patients are living longer, which allows them to develop degenerative joint conditions. HIV and HAART act independently to increase the demand for THA. HIV-positive patients are also more predisposed to developing avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip and femoral neck fractures due to decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Prior to the widespread implementation of access to HAART in homogenous cohorts of HIV-infected patients undergoing THA, reports indicated increased rates of complications. However, current literature describes equivocal functional outcomes and survival rates after THA in HIV-positive patients controlled on HAART when compared to HIV-negative controls. HIV-infected patients eligible for THA should be assessed for medical co-morbidities and serum markers of disease control should be optimized. Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a leading cause of revision THA, and HIV is a modifiable risk factor. Importantly, the significance is negated once patients are placed on HAART and achieve viral suppression. THA should not be withheld in HIV-infected patients injudiciously. However, HIV is a burgeoning epidemic and all patients should be identified and started on HAART to avoid preventable peri-operative complications.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:164-171. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190030
Systematic review on the outcomes of poller screw augmentation in intramedullary nailing of long bone fracture
Authors: Tennyson Maria , Krkovic Matija , Fortune Mary , Abdulkarim Ali
Published: March 2020

Various technical tips have been described on the placement of poller screws during intramedullary (IM) nailing; however studies reporting outcomes are limited. Overall there is no consistent conclusion about whether intramedullary nailing alone, or intramedullary nails augmented with poller screws is more advantageous. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Seventy-five records were identified, of which 13 met our inclusion criteria. In a systematic review we asked: (1) What is the proportion of nonunions with poller screw usage? (2) What is the proportion of malalignment, infection and secondary surgical procedures with poller screw usage? The overall outcome proportion across the studies was computed using the inverse variance method for pooling. Thirteen studies with a total of 371 participants and 376 fractures were included. Mean follow-up time was 21.1 months. Mean age of included patients was 40.0 years. Seven studies had heterogenous populations of nonunions and acute fractures. Four studies included only acute fractures and two studies examined nonunions only. The results of the present systematic review show a low complication rate of IM nailing augmented with poller screws in terms of nonunion (4%, CI: 0.03–0.07), coronal plane malunion (5%, CI: 0.03–0.08), deep (5%, CI: 0.03–0.11) and superficial (6%, CI: 0.03–0.11) infections, and secondary procedures (8%, CI: 0.04–0.18). When compared with the existing literature our review suggests intramedullary nailing with poller screws has lower rates of nonunion and coronal malalignment when compared with nailing alone. Prospective randomized control trial is necessary to fully determine outcome benefits.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:189-203. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190040
Applying to vascular specialty training in the UK: 12 tips for success
Authors: Jones AD , Waduud MA , De Siqueira J , Russell DA , Julian D , Scott A
Published: March 2020

From preparation to accomplishment, maximise your chances of a career in vascular surgery.
Optical reflectivity of an interface with random refractive-index-contrast patterns
Authors: Acevedo-Barrera Anays , Vázquez-Estrada Omar , García-Valenzuela Augusto
Published: March 2020

We develop simple models for the optical reflectivity of an interface in optical contact with random media consisting of discrete volumes of arbitrary form and different refractive indices. Examples of interest are surfaces sprinkled with microdroplets or an interface with biological cells adhered to it at random locations. We focus our attention to the case of internal reflectivity, in which the incidence medium has a larger refractive index than the refractive indices at the other side of the interface. Assuming an incident plane wave, we provide simple approximate expressions for the surface’s coherent reflectance and for the surface’s total reflectance. We compare predictions of the surface coherent-reflectance model with numerical simulations. Then we use the surface’s reflectance models to interpret experimental measurements obtained with an optical prism and a thin vegetable tissue adhered to its base. In general, the surface reflectivity can be used to determine fractional contact area between the interface and microdroplets or biological cells and infer their refractive indices with an accuracy of about 0.5%.
Superresolution technology based on a heterodyne detection system
Authors: Dong Hongzhou , Ao Mingwu , Yang Xianming , Liu Yong , Yang Chunping
Published: March 2020

Diffractive superresolution elements (DSEs) placed on a pupil plane can generate a diffractive main lobe whose width is smaller than that of an Airy disk, allowing for the realization of superresolution technology based on pupil filtering. However, the energy of the main lobe decreases dramatically with the decreasing of main lobe width, namely, the implementation of this superresolution technology is at the cost of effective signal power. This restricts greatly the development of this technology. In order to solve this problem, this study suggests the use of a heterodyne detection system (HDS) with this technology. The resolution characteristics of the HDS are analyzed through theoretical deduction. According to research results, HDS has the same longitudinal resolution and twice as high transverse resolution as a direct detection system (DDS). More significantly, the theoretical analyses show that HDS can increase detection sensitivity significantly compared with DDS. Hence, the proposed method makes it possible to detect extremely faint signals using this superresolution technology. In addition, because HDS lowers the requirements on main lobe energy due to its high sensitivity, the design of DSE can achieve a smaller width of main lobe, which can further improve the resolution of the superresolution technology based on pupil filtering.
Inversion of target radiant temperature and distance via spectrum separation
Authors: Shi Jing , Chen Guibo , Tan Yong , Cai Pengcheng , Li Shuang , Cai Hongxing
Published: March 2020

Accurate measurement of temperature and distance is essential for applications in multiple fields such as air defense, antimissile systems, laser damage, and infrared remote sensing. However, ranging currently relies on either laser or infrared radiation characteristics, neither of which fully utilize the substantial information contained in the spectrum. In this study, we realized the simultaneous inversion of target radiant temperature and distance via spectrum separation based on the distance information from the atmospheric spectrum as well as the temperature information from multispectral radiation thermometry (MRT), by measuring the thermal radiation spectrum of distant high-temperature objects. The study initially involved conducting a theoretical analysis of long-distance MRT in the atmosphere by utilizing the least squares and Newton’s iteration methods. Once the thermal radiation spectrum and the long-distance atmospheric spectral transmittance were acquired from nonlinear models, highly precise and accurate radiant temperature and distance information was derived via simultaneous inversion. Subsequently, experimental verifications were performed to measure an explosion spectrum at a temperature of approximately 2000 K and a distance of 9 km. The spectral band was 400–900 nm, and the temperature and distance of the explosion calculated by the inversion was 2004.4 K and 9.9 km, respectively. The inversion distance error was 10%, indicating that the simultaneous inversion of radiant temperature and distance was successful and that the proposed method was effective. The method proposed in this study can be applied to the measurement of radiant temperature and distance of long-distance objects.
On the origin for the hole confinement into apertures for GaN-based VCSELs with buried dielectric insulators
Authors: Hang Sheng , Zhang Yonghui , Gao Yuanbin , Qiu Xuejiao , Kou Jianquan , Tian Kangkai , Zhang Zi-Hui
Published: March 2020

A better lateral current confinement is essentially important for GaN-based vertical-cavity-surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) to achieve lasing condition. Therefore, a buried insulator aperture is adopted. However, according to our results, we find that the current cannot be effectively laterally confined if the insulator layer is not properly selected, and this is because of the unique feature for GaN-based VCSELs grown on insulating substrates with both p-electrode and n-electrode on the same side. Our results indicate that the origin for the current confinement arises from lateral energy band bending in the p-GaN layer rather than the electrical resistivity for the buried insulator. The lateral energy band in the p-GaN layer can be more flattened by using a buried insulator with a properly larger dielectric constant. Thus, less bias can be consumed by the buried insulator, enabling better lateral current confinement. On the other hand, the bias consumption by the buried insulator is also affected by the insulator thickness, and we propose to properly decrease the insulator layer thickness for reducing the bias consumption therein and achieving better lateral current confinement. The improved lateral current confinement will correspondingly enhance the lasing power. Thanks to the enhanced lateral current confinement, the 3dB frequency will also be increased if proper buried insulators are adopted.
Highly tunable second-harmonic generation in all-optically poled silicon nitride waveguides
Authors: Nitiss Edgars , Yakar Ozan , Stroganov Anton , Brès Camille-Sophie
Published: March 2020

The availability of nonlinear parametric processes, such as frequency conversion in photonic integrated circuits is essential. In this contribution, we demonstrate a highly tunable second-harmonic generation in a fully complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)-fabrication-compatible silicon nitride integrated photonic platform. We induce the second-order nonlinearity using an all-optical poling technique with the second-harmonic light generated in the fundamental mode, and a narrow quasi-phase matching (QPM) spectrum by avoiding higher-order mode mixing. We are then able to broadly tune the phase-matched pump wavelength over the entire C-band (1540 nm to 1560 nm) by varying the poling conditions. Fine-tuning of QPM is enabled by thermo-optic effect with the tuning slope

Δ
λ

/

Δ

T

in our device being 113.8 pm/°C. In addition, we exploit the measurable variation of the 3 dB QPM bandwidth to confirm how the length of the all-optically inscribed grating varies with exposure time.
Attitude metrology based on the field-of-view effect of birefringence using high-speed polarimetry
Authors: Zhang Song , Jiang Hao , Gu Honggang , Chen Xiuguo , Liu Shiyuan
Published: March 2020

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, optical method using a high-speed polarimetry is proposed for real-time attitude tracking in an ultra-large measurement range. The attitude metrology utilizes the field-of-view effect in birefringent crystals, which is known as the birefringence deviates with the field-of-view angle of polarized light. The basic principle of the metrology is presented via theoretical derivation and has been verified in the static retardance measurement experiments. With a resolution test, a temporal resolution of 0.4 ms per attitude measurement and an angular resolution up to 0.0025°are achieved. With the help of a bubble level, the attitude angles of an object attached with a birefringent wave plate are obtained in the dynamic experiments, which have achieved an accuracy better than 0.02°. Additionally, the angular velocity and acceleration of the real-time measured roll angle can be extracted simultaneously. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed metrology has great potential and advantages in the real-time attitude sensing.
Alignment tolerant dual-surface sphero-cylindrical progressive addition lens
Authors: Li Yiyu , Hu Xiaoli , Jiang Huilv , Feng Haihua , Chen Hao
Published: March 2020

We present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a dual-surface sphero-cylindrical progressive addition lens (DSOC-PAL), which combines the progressive cylindrical addition power of both lens surfaces to give the required spherical addition power. Both the freeform lens surfaces are numerically solved with the variational-difference numerical method based on the minimization of a merit function that employs weight functions and boundary conditions to balance between the desired spherical power distribution and the necessary cylindrical power distribution. The simulation results show that the proposed DSOC-PAL design is highly tolerant to the surface alignment errors and agree well with the experimental results obtained by the lens surfacing and polishing process.
Design of the voltage tunable side-coupled asymmetric Y-type resonance cavity MIM filter based on surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Guo Zhihao , Zhang Guanmao , Qiao Litao , Ren Panpan , Zhao Yaping
Published: March 2020

A voltage tunable filter based on a combined metal-insulator-metal nano-cavity waveguide of organic electro-optical material DAST is proposed by using the side-coupled method. The structure of this kind of filter consists of two Y-type cavities and a rectangular waveguide. The transmission spectra, the resonance wavelength, and the magnetic field distribution of the asymmetric Y-type cavity waveguide metal-insulator-metal structure filter has been calculated and analyzed by the finite element numerical simulation method. The results show that this filter has the features of a smooth transmission spectra, a flat passband with the maximum transmission of 0.97, a stopband with the minimum transmission of 0.001, and a wide bandwidth (full width at half maxima achieved 970 nm). The characteristics of the structure filter can be adjusted not only by changing the structural parameters, but also by applying a control voltage. Thus, the adjustability of the filter is increased, and the filter can realize the filtering function of channel selection of the three optical communication windows at the telecommunication regime. There will be great application prospect for this filter structure in high-density integrated circuits and nano-optics.
Instant single-pixel imaging: on-chip real-time implementation based on the instant ghost imaging algorithm
Authors: Yang Zhe , Liu Jun , Zhang Wei-Xing , Ruan Dong , Li Jun-Lin
Published: March 2020

Single-pixel imaging (SPI) uses a single-pixel detector to create an image of an object. SPI relies on a computer to construct an image, thus increasing both the size and cost of SPI and limiting its application. We developed instant single-pixel imaging (ISPI), an on-chip SPI system that implements real-time imaging at a rate of 25 fps. ISPI uses the instant ghost imaging algorithm we proposed, which leverages signal differences for image creation. It does not require a computer, which greatly reduces its both cost and size. The reconstruct time of ISPI for image creation is almost zero because little processing is required after signal detection. ISPI paves the way for the practical application of SPI.
Las ciudades como actores políticos
Authors: Borja Jordi
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En estas páginas, Jordi Borja plantea la centralidad de las grandes ciudades como actores políticos, que incluyen al gobierno local pero que no se confunden con él. Las ciudades son espejos de las grandes transformaciones globales. Distintos ejemplos en el mundo y, en especial en América Latina, ponen de manifiesto que los planes de intervención urbana deben desarrollarse bajo esta idea de globalidad y transformación.ABSTRACT: In these pages, Borja set up centrality of big cities as political actors, which include local government. Cities are a mirror of global transformation. Different cases in the world, specially in Latin America, reflect that urban planning must be carried out by this idea of globalization and transformation.
Centro histórico e investigación urbana en América Latina
Authors: Lourés Seoane María Luisa
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El estudio del centro histórico cobra un gran impulso en los años 80 y 90. Deudor del pensamiento europeo en la materia, no ha conseguido crear un corpus teórico original que le vincule con su propia realidad política, económica y social. Repensar su significado en el contexto urbano que le otorga sentido, a la vez que desprenderse de una visión exclusivamente físico-patrimonial, constituyen tareas necesarias.ABSTRACT: Historic centre studies have received a major boost during eighties and nineties. Indebted to european thought, it hasn't been able to create an original theory, linked by their own political, economical and social reality. Rethinking its meaning into urban context and to shake off an exclusively patrimonial point of view, are necessary tasks.
Democracia, Movimientos Sociaies y Crisis Económica en Casta Rica.
Authors: Díaz Orueta Fernando , Lourés Seoane María Luisa
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Los autores parten de analizar el rol de los movimientos sociales en el surgimiento de la democracia en Costa Rica en los atlos 30 y 40, luego analizan el proceso de la cooptacián de los movimientos sociales por el Estado democrático y la consiguiente pérdida de vitalidad y autonomía de aquellos. Finalmente plantean el problema de que si bien esto no ha debilitado la confianza en las instituciones democráticas sí ha debilitado el contenido social de la democracia.ABSTRACT: The authors analyze the role of the socíal movements in the emergence of the democracy in Costa Rica in the 30's and 40's. The they analyze the process of the democratic State's cooptation of the social movements and the next lost of vitality and autonomy of these. Finally, the focused in the problem of the weakening of the confidence in the democratic institutions and the weakening of the social contents of the democracy.
América Latina: la democracia en tiempos difíciles
Authors: Floria Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El siglo termina, para la mayoría de los países de América Latina, exhibiendo experiencias desiguales, entre democracias relativamente consolidadas, democracias precarias y regímenes más cercanos al autoritarismo o al totalitarismo que a la democracia. Este análisis revela dos cosas: que la democracia permanece en América Latina como principio de legitimidad dominante, pero que en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos se sitúan en las categorías intermedias "on the democratic-nondemocratic continuun", desde una posición preocupada por la calidad de las democracias, que es la nuestra. Por tanto, es un objetivo necesario aún en tiempos difíciles, la búsqueda de congruencia entre la "constitución política", la "constitución económica" y la "constitución moral" en las democracias latinoamericanas.ABSTRACT: For most of the countries of Latin America the century is drawing to a close in the midst of diverse experiencies, with more or less consolidated democracries, insecure democracies or regimes more akin to authoritarianism or totalitarianism than to democracy. This analysis reveals two facts: that in Latin America democracy is still the principie that predominantly bestows legitimacy; but the majority of Latin American countries fall into intermediato categories along the democratic/non-democratic continuum. Therefore, the quest for congruence between the "political constitution", the "economic constitution" and the"moral constitution" in Latin American democracies is a necessary objective even in hard times.
La paradoja partidista: institucionalización y representación en los partidos políticos latinoamericanos
Authors: Campo García María Esther del , Ramos María Luisa
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En América Latina, parece haberse consolidado la vinculación de los partidos en el Estado y su consiguiente fortalecimiento, pero por otro, los partidos parecen haberse desvinculado de la sociedad, y en ese sentido, no están cumpliendo con su función de representación de los distintos intereses sociales. Así mismo, del análisis de las encuestas a los diputalos latinoamericanos, parece destacar la idea de que se está generando un modelo de partido claramente definible como institución decisional más que como institución representativa.ABSTRACT: In Latin America, the linkage between the parties and the state has been consolidated, and this fact has implied the strengthening of there ones, but it has also meant a cut off from the civil society and a weakening of the representative function. Therefore, from the research of parliamentary elite, it looks clear that there is a new model of political party, less representative and with stronger ties with the state and government.
¿Diferencia la variable género a la élite parlamentaria latinoamericana?
Authors: Mateos Díaz Araceli
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Este artículo pretende definir la relevancia de la variable género como elemento diferenciador dentro de los representantes parlamentarios de una muestra de cinco países (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, México y República Dominicana). Para ello, se tienen en cuenta una serie de variables: clase social de origen, posición socioeconómica, familiares dedicados a la política, dedicación exclusiva a la política y la actividad del diputado antes de dedicarse a la política. El análisis pormenorizado de estas características no permite considerar al género como elemento que diferencie a diputados y diputadas para el conjunto de países analizados. Y es que las conclusiones varían si analizamos los casos mencionados por separado.ABSTRACT: This anide analyses the implications of gender among the paliamentarians of Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and the Dominican Republic. With that purpose, it analyses the parliamentarians' class origins, their socioeconomic position, the political involvement of their relatives and the activies of deputies before becoming professional politicians. This analysis leads to the conclusion that gender is not a common source of variation among the parliamentarians of all these five countries. The reason for this is that the role of gender seems to vary from country to country.
Sistema de partidos políticos y "clivajes" electorales en la transición chilena
Authors: Bustamante Fernando
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El presente estudio intenta hacer extensivo al caso chileno los estudios sobre "clivajes" partidistas que en Europa han hecho autores como Seymour M. Lipset, Stein Rohkan y Roland Inglehart. Se sostiene que las actitudes de identificación partidista del público chileno en las elecciones generales de 1989 se segmentaron en al menos tres dimensiones significativas; sólo una de ellas, la segunda, asociada a la variable clase social, es claramente asimilable a las dimensiones encontradas en Europa Occidental.ABSTRACT: The present study is an attempt at extending to the Chilean case the findings of preovius studies on electoral cleavages in Western Europe, most notabily by Seymour M. Lipset, Stein Rohkan and Ronald Inglehart. It is found that party identification among Chilean voters in the 1989 general elections was determined by at least three main cleavages or dimensions; only one of them, the second, associated to class-related variables is similar to the ones found in Western Europe.
Personajes, ideologías y circunstancias: lo socialdemócrata en Centroamérica
Authors: Torres Rivas Edelberto
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este ensayo se traza una semblanza de los distintos proyectos políticos y experiencias socialdemócratas en Centroamérica. La evolución crítica de la obra de personajes como Arbenz, Figueres, Ortega y Arias da paso a la conclusión de que la tarea que las fuerzas de izquierda deben acometer en el presente momento es asumir los valores de la solidaridad, de la comunidad, de los que no han satisfecho ninguno de sus problemas, como fundamento de una democracia política que tenga como base una democracia social.ABSTRACT: In this article, the author draw a vision of the different socialdemocracy political projects and experiences in Central America. The work of personages such us Arbenz, Figueres, Ortega and Arias is examinated from a critical point of view. The conclusion for the nineties is that the leftist Central American political forces must assume the values of solidarity, comunity, people who is unsatisfied, in order to join political and social democracy.
Los Procesos Electorales Centroamericanos en la Década de los 80
Authors: Harto De Vera Fernando
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo se traza cuales han sido los resultados de los distintos procesos electorales que han tenido lugar durante la década de los ochenta en Centroamérica.ABSTRACT: In this article, the author describes the electoral results of the elections in Central America in the eighties.
México: elecciones en transición
Authors: Romero Vadillo Jorge Javier
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Este artículo analiza los principales elementos del sistema electoral mexicano. En primer término se expone la relación entre el sistema político corporativo y la existencia de un juego electoral protegido en el que los partidos de oposición jugaron un papel secundario y requirieron muchas veces del apoyo gubernamental para subsistir. En segundo lugar, se abordan las elecciones de 1988 y sus efectos sobre el sistema político, así como los cambios operados en el sistema de partidos a partir de entonces. Finalmente, intenta llevar a cabo un análisis de los resultados electorales de 1991 y señala los principales obstáculos a los que se enfrenta el proceso de democratización principalmente en el nivel local.ABSTRACT: This article discusses the main elements of the Mexican electoral system. Firstly there is an analysis of the relations between the corporative political system and a protected electoral game, where opposition parties played a secondary role, with very weak organizations, and most of the time needed support from the goverment. Secondly, there is an explanation of the effects of the election of 1988 over the political system and the changes that took place in the party system. Finally, I try to make a brief analysis of the 1991 election and about the main obtacles that persists in the democratization process, mainly in the regional level.
El IV Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba
Authors: Anduiza Perea Eva
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El IV Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba, celebrado en octubre de 1991, estuvo marcado por una voluntad continuista. Aunque el país atraviesa una de sus peores crisis, las reformas fueron pocas, dirigidas principalmente a aumentar la representatividad del partido y el grado de democracia en su funcionamiento interno. En el aspecto económico el único cambio fue el permitir a ciertas categorías profesionales el trabajo por cuenta propia.ABSTRACT: The IV congress of the Cuban Communist Party, held in October 1991 showed a will of continuity. Although the country must cope with the worst crisis ever suffered reforms are not as many as expected. The congress aproved some modest changes intended to make the party more democratic in its inner working and more representative, such as the direct election of the National Assembly members. The sole concession made to free markets was to allow small tradesmen to work on their own account.
De Guadalajara a Madrid: desarrollo y perspectivas de la Conferencia Iberoamericana de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno
Authors: Lohlé Juan Pablo
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El autor realiza una exposición de los objetivos con los que se comenzaron a celebrar las cumbres, así como de sus funciones y del contexto internacional en el que surgieron. Realiza también una evaluación de su actualización, siendo la principal conclusión, la necesidad de que en las cumbres de los años siguientes se vaya acentuando el aspecto político y se asuman posturas conjuntas sobre cuestiones internacionales y regionales.ABSTRACT: In this article, the author explains the objetives that made possible the Summits began to celebrate and their functions; the international setting in which they emerge and he evaluates the performance of the Guadalajara Summit. His main conclusion is the need for emphasizing the political aspect of the following Summits and to assume joint positions about international and regional issues.
La crítica situación de América Latina al inicio de los noventa y la necesidad de una estrategia de desarrollo alternativa al Neoliberalismo
Authors: Alburquerque Llorens Francisco
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El balance del decenio de ajuste en America Latina y El Caribe muestra, en la opinión del autor, la necesidad de superar el simplismo de las tesis neoliberales que propugnan el desmantelamiento del Estado, la liberalización a ultranza y la continuidad en la especialización primaria-exportadora. Se requiere una estrategia alternativa de desarrollo, donde se contemple un sector público flexible, descentralizado y orientado a buscar la interacción eficiente con los agentes socioeconómicos privados y el fomento de la colaboración que precisan los cambios tecnológicos e institucionales en la actualidad.ABSTRACT: In the author's opinion, the results of the adjustment decade in Latin America and Caribian show the need to surpass the simplification done by the neoliberal thesis which advocate for the states' taking down, the economical liberalization at all costs, and going on the primary-exportation specialization way. The area needs an alternative strategy of development whith a flexible and decentralized public sector, which manages the eficiency relations with socioeconomical private agents and the fomentation of collaboration, required by the technological and institutional changes at the present moment.
El V Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba
Authors: Ruíz Alonso Felipe
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo describe de forma prolija el desarrollo y resultados del V Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba celebrado en La Habana eri octubre de 1997. Por el papel hegemónico del Partido Comunista Cubano en el sistema político cubano, las conclusiones del citado congreso pueden ser interpretadas como elementos claves de reflexión en el marco de la situación económica y política de Cuba.ABSTRACT: This article describes in a detailed manner the development and results of the V Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, which was celebrated in Havanna in October 1997. Due to the crucial role of the Communist Party in Cuba, this article analyses crucial components of the current Cuban political and economic situation.
Cuba y Europa: diez años de encuentros y desencuentros
Authors: Gratius Susanne
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En el artículo se analizan las relaciones entre Cuba y Europa en los últimos diez años. Estas se han caracterizado por la recuperación de las raíces europeas en Cuba en el marco del creciente papel de la Iglesia Católica en la isla y de la reconciliación con Europa.ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the relationships between Cuba and Europe over the last ten years. These relationships have been characterized by a renewed emphasis on the European roots of Cuba, the increasing role of the Catholic church in the island, and reconciation with Europe.
La necesidad de una estrategia de desarrollo alternativa al neoliberalismo
Authors: Alburquerque Llorens Francisco
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: A través de la discusión de las tres principales estrategias de desarrollo más recientes: 1) la integración neoliberal al mercado mundial a través del libre mercado; 2) la estrategia del Nuevo Orden Económico Internacional propuesta por los países del Tercer Mundo, y 3) "la desconexión", Alburquerque trata de buscar otra estrategia alternativa de desarrollo capaz de combinar crecimiento económico con equidad y justicia social.ABSTRACT: Through the discussion of the three main strategies of development more recently proposed: 1) the neoliberal integration to the world market through the mechanisms of the free market; 2) the strategy of the New International Economic Order propugned by the Third World; and 3) the "disconnection" strategy, Alburquerque poses the question in the search of another alternative strategy of development which combines economic growth with equity and social justice.
Los indigenismos en Ecuador: de paternalismos y otras representaciones
Authors: Rivera Vélez Fredy
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El conflicto indígena está a la orden del día en el nuevo panorama internacional en el cual las identidades regionales y étnicas cuestionan al Estado-Nación como ente integrador. En América Latina el fenómeno se hace palpable a través de lo indígena y su exclusión y dominación, posible en gran medida por el énfasis puesto en lo mayoritario (población mestiza). A lo minoritario, indígenas y negros, se le han creado algunos espacios paternalistas.El movimiento indígena, a partir de 1990, ha ido cobrando voz y voto en el panorama político ecuatoriano, logrando así que el soporte de la identidad sobre la que se construyó lo nacional sea fracturado y se plantee la necesidad de adecuarlo a la diversidad étnica y cultural de esta sociedad.Entre las políticas de tratamiento a lo indígena aplicadas en América Latina que el autor analiza se encuentran: los indigenismos, el neoindigenismo y el paternalismo clasista, cada una con una serie de principios y preceptos acordes a la ideología del grupo que la aplique.El movimiento indígena ecuatoriano hace especial énfasis en la cuestión constitucional, política y administrativa del Estado, ante la cual plantea su autonomía y sus formas de organización identitarias, lo que lleva a la crisis de la política tradicional y plantea la necesidad de reformular el Estado, la Nación y la democracia en el país andinABSTRACT: Indigenous conflicts are characteristic of the new international situation. In this situation ethnic and regional identities question the nation-state as an integrating entity. In Latin America this phenomenon becomes apparent when we consider the indigenous groups and their exclusion and domination. This exclusion and domination is mide possible by the emphasis that that mixed («mestizo») groups put on majoritary principies. For the minorines, a few paternalist spaces have been created. From 1990, the indigenous movment has gained voice and vote in the Ecuatorian political arena. In this way, the basis on which the national identity was created has been eroded, and it has been posed the need to adequate that basis to ethnic and cultural diversity. Among the policies used to leal with indigenous groups in Latin America are «indigenismo», and «class paternalism». Each policy relates to the ideologica principies of the group that develops it. Ecuatorian indigenous groups put special emphasis in constitutional, poiltical and administrativa issues, and struggle for autonomy and identity organization. In this way they question traditional politics and pose the need reshape the state, the nation, and democracy.
Modemización: una propuesta altemativa para el Pacífico colombiano
Authors: Escobar V. Arturo , G. Alvaro Pedro
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Estos dos autores tratan de definir en su artículo una propuesta alternativa de modernización para el Pacífico colombiano. Pero los modelos de desarrollo que se están proponiendo y poniendo en marcha últimamente no resultan apropiados para este área geográfica, que necesita de una acción social más autonóma, endógena y pluralista para poder transformar su realidad.ABSTRACT: These two authors try to define an alternative proposal of a modernization program for the Pacific Coast of Colombia. But the models of development actually implemented are not applicable to this geographical area which is required of a more autonomous, endogenous and pluralistic social action in order to transform its reality.
Los dioses contra el azar versus el azar de los dioses: las catástrofes "naturales" y los pueblos indígenas
Authors: Pérez Antonio
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: ?Las catástrofes de la naturaleza y las de contenido político son similares en la medida en que pueden ser pre- visibles, también es el hecho de que las consecuencias de las primeras son directamente proporcionales a la mise- ria de la zona en que ocurran. Es cierto que las ayudas de emergencia y los planes de reconstrucción surgidos a raíz de una catástrofe pueden paliar los "sufrimientos" de los menos afectados. Algunos ejemplos recientes, como el terremoto en Tierradentro en 1994 que arrasó 12 resguardos y 9 cabildos indígenas Nasa Yuwe (Paeces), demues- tran las diferentes percepciones que se tienen del problema, sea visto desde la óptica blanca-mestiza o desde la per- cepción indígena. La primera no sólo es estatal sino también de la Iglesia católica. Otros casos de catástrofes natu- rales en zonas indígenas serían: a) la avalancha de marzo del 87 en Chosica Perú, la cual podría ser prevenida si la arquitectura indígena y los recursos naturales fueran conservados. b) Dos días antes la Amazonía ecuatoriana sufrió dos sismos que afectaron a la comunidad Quichua fueron más catastróficas las políticas de reconstrucción que los sismos. c) Entre marzo y abril de 1982 en Chiapas hizo erupción el volcán Chichón con lo que los indígenas per- dieron hasta su miseria.La cultura indígena además de tener constancia mítica de la causalidad de las calamidades, tiene tecnología para hacerles frente, por lo que se evidencia lo nocivo de las prácticas de la ciencia occidental a dichas comunidades.ABSTRACT: Natural and political disasters disasters are similar in that they can be foreseen. Also in that the the consequences of the latter are directly proportional to the poverty of the area in which they take place. It is true that emergency help and reconstruction plans can limit the «sufferings» of some affected people. Some recent examples, lik the eartquake of Tierradentro in 1994, which destroyed 12 «resguardos» and 9 indigenous «cabildos» in Nasa Yuwe (Paeces) show that there are important differences between the white-»mestizo» and the indigenous perceptions. The former is closely connected to the state and the Cathholic. Other natural disasters in indigenous regions are: a) the may 1987 disaster in Chosica Peru, which could be prevented if indigenous arquitecture and natural resources were preserved, b) two earthquakes that affected the Quichia communitity in the Amazonia in Ecuador in 1987 were even less dramatic than the reconstruction policies that followed them, c) between march and april 1982 in Chiapas erupted the Chichón volcano, as a result of which indigenous groups lost everything.The indigenous culture has both mythic knowledge about the causes of disasters and technology to facethem, whaich shows the negative character of the western science for those communities.
Estructura social y modelos de «desarrollo»: el caso chileno
Authors: Arrizabalo Montoro Xabier
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo analiza la relación entre la estructura social y el modelo de desarrollo, específicamente para el caso chileno, durante la dictadura de Pinochet (1973-1990). Las políticas económicas puestas en marcha por el régimen militar, y continuadas en buen grado por el gobierno de la Concertación, responden a un enfoque neoliberal que apoya el fortalecimiento del capitalismo, a expensas de más desempleo y condiciones de vida más precarias para los trabajadores y los pobres.ABSTRACT: The article analyzes the relationship among social structure and strategy of development, specifically for the Chilean case, during Pinochet's dictatorship (1973-1990). The Political Economies implemented by the military regime, and continued in many grades for the Concertation government, respond to a neoliberal approach which support the improvement of the capitalism but at the expense of more unemployment and more precarious conditions of life for the workers and the poor.
La evolución de los movimientos urbanos populares en México entre 1968 y 1988
Authors: Bennett Vivienne
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo se estudia el devenir de los movimientos populares urbanos en México desde 1968, coincidiendo con un descenso en el apoyo popular al modelo de desarrollo practicado. Su existencia como construeción de nuevos canales de expresión se configura en tres oleadas: los primeros años de la década de 1970, el período 1979-1983, y por último, los años 1985-1988.ABSTRACT: In this article, Bennett studies the performance of the Mexican popular urban movements since 1968, and their declinning support to the political development program of the government. Its appearance and existance as a way of construction of new channels of expression is revealed in three waves: the early 1970's, the period 1979-1983, and the last one, the years 1985-1988.
Gobernabilidad y movimientos sociales, una relación difícil
Authors: Revilla Blanco Marisa
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: La autora contrapone dos concepciones de democracia, según se ponga al acento en los aspectos representativos o participativos del sistema político.Desde esta perspectiva, considera que el concepto de gobernabilidad suele relacionarse con la representación, mientras que los movimientos sociales se insertan en la problemática de la participación.La unilateralidad de cada enfoque tiene como consecuencia una dificultad grande de relacionar ambas cuestiones. Frente a ello, la autora considera necesario abodarlas desde una perspectiva de complementariedad, en lugar de la contraposición excluyente que tiende a dominar en muchos análisis políticos.En este sentido, representación y participación, gobernabilidad y movimientos sociales, deberían estudiarse desde sus posibilidades de articulación de cara a la producción de un orden democrático consolidado.ABSTRACT: The author contrasts two conceptions of democracy, from the point of view of the relative importance of, alternatively, representative or participatory aspects of the political system.From this approach, the concept of governability is usually related to representation, whilst social movements are inserted in the field of participation.These perspectives are unilateral, and it implies a great difficulty in connecting both questions reciprocally. On the contrary, the author demands for a complementary approach, putting aside the excluding opposition that tends to dominate in a lot of political analysis.In this sense, representation and participation, governability and social movements, should be studied from their possibility of articulation, in order to produce a consolidated democracy.
Perspectivas de la gobernabilidad democrática en Venezuela
Authors: Coppedge Michael
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo Coppedge analiza las perspectivas de gobernabilidad en Venezuela. Este país, una vez la democracia más gobernable en América Latina, es ahora una democracia muy frágil. Después de estudiar los principales elementos de estabilidad de la fórmula venezolana, conocida como partidocracia, en una perspectiva histórica, Coppedge concluye que estas perspectivas son bastante reducidas. La sociedad venezolana está ahora más polarizada, la nueva coalición en el gobierno —el gobierno de Caldera— se encuentra fragmentada y dividida, y el anterior acuerdo entre los partidos parece ineficaz o éstos no desean apoyar al Presidente. Pero esto no quiere decir que la democracia esté a punto de quebrar en Venezuela, y este hecho dependerá del intento de Caldera por definir una alternativa con éxito al acuerdo adecopeyano.ABSTRACT: Coppedge analyzes in this article the prospects for democratic governability in Venezuela. This country, once the most governable democracy in lati America, i now a very fragil democracy. After studying the main elements of the stability of Venezuela's formula, known as partyarchy in an historical perspectiva, Coppedge concludes that these prospects are poor. Venezuelan society is now more polarized, the new governing colaition —Caldera's government— is fragmented and divided, and the former establishment parties seem either unable or unwilling to help the new Presidente succeed. But this does not mean than democracy is abot to break down in Venezuela, and this fact will depend on Caldera's attempt to define a successful alternative to the Adecopeyano establishment.
El desafío de explicitar las diferencias
Authors: Pisano Margarita
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo destaca el carácter positivo (por oposición a negativo, «anti»), de las políticas y estrategias feministas. En esta perspectiva debe entenderse la actuación de las ONGs de mujeres: «Las ONGs feministas al constituirse, le han dado residencia física al feminismo y han abierto espacios de crecimiento —tanto de conocimientos y saberes y gestión, como una propuesta de activa política—». En la relación del feminismo con las ONGs feministas, y en el funcionamiento específico de éstas, se plantean diversas cuestiones: dificultades y desafíos de las profesionales de las ONGs feministas; el problema de un nuevo liderazgo, no contaminado por el deber ser de la cultura patriarcal; la necesidad de estrategias de oposición (participativas y locales) frente a las propias de la Cooperación al Desarrollo, en tanto éstas sustentan una visión ideológica «de primer mundo»; la autonomía e independencia de las ONGs feministas, el «tener nuestra propia voz», como portadoras de un modelo económico, de un concepto de democracia, de un concepto de cultura.ABSTRACT: This article emphasizes the positive character (by opposition to negative: «against», «anti») of feminist politics and strategies. In this perspective it must be understood the performance of women's ONGs: «The feminist ONGs, at constituting, have given physical residence to feminism and have opened spaces of growth —of knowledge, skills and management, as well as a proposal of active politics—». In the relation of feminism with feminist ONGs, and in the specific functioning of these, various questiones are stated: difficulties and challenges of the professionals of feminist ONGs; the problem of a new leadership, not contaminated by the «ought to be» of the patriarchal culture; the need of strategies of opposition (participative and local) different from the ones charasteristic of the Cooperation to Development, for they support an ideological vision «of first world»; the autonomy and independence of feminist ONGs, the «having our own voice», as supporters of an economic model, of a concept of democracy, of a concept of culture.