bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indetermination: Professional Knowledge, Organization and Control
Authors: Boreham Paul
Published: August 2011

This paper is a critique of the tradition of sociological writing which has emphasized the ability of occupations organized on the professional principle to gain for their members an occupational monopoly and a position in the division of labour which provides them with autonomy to determine occupational tasks and functions. It is argued that theories which seek to account for the conditions which provide the framework for successful resistance to rationalization and codification in professional work have not adequately articulated the concept of power. The theoretical discourse on professional and managerial power has therefore tended, with few exceptions, to locate the determination and exercise of power as though it were a zero sum commodity deriving from social relations of organizations. Theories predicting the emergence of professional rather than mangerial forms of control therefore have little explanatory ability other man for a particular mode of rationality within a limiting theoretical framework. This analysis represents an attempt to propose a mediation between structuralist theories of power and organization and those theoretical reflections on the professions which locate the determination of occupational authority in a broader matrix of social processes.
American Automobiles and Workers' Dreams
Authors: Moorhouse H. F.
Published: August 2011

This paper reviews Chinoy's Automobile Workers and the American Dream as an example of a lot of work which revolves around themes of alienation, worker degradation and quiescence. Two aspects of the automobile as an item in the sphere of consumption in post-war America are then detailed to try to point to the theoretical assumptions and empirical absences which characterize the dominant tradition exemplified by Chinoy's classic text. The paper ends by making some criticisms of the way production activity is privileged in social analysis and calls for the creation of a sociology of consumption to combat the emphasis on production as the source of social meaning and worth which is institutionalized in much sociology and most Marxism.
Contradictions in the Educational Theory of Gintis and Bowles
Authors: Cole Mike
Published: August 2011

Since its publication in 1976, Bowles and Gintis's Schooling in Capitalist America (hereinafter referred to as Schooling) has received a considerable amount of attention mostly from those sympathetic to its commitment, but critical of its economistic base/super-structure analysis. In ‘Contradiction and reproduction in educational theory’ Gintis and Bowles reply to the criticism of Schooling but limit their reply to a single question—their handling of contradictions within education and contradictions in the capitalist social formation resulting from the specific nature of the educational system. The article begins with a defence of ‘the correspondence principle’, continues with a formulation of sites and practices and concludes with an evaluation of the potential of liberal discourse.
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION: THE IMPACT OF ENTRY TO THE WTO ON CHINA'S GROWTH
Authors: CHING H. STEVE , HSIAO CHENG , WAN SHUI KI , WANG TONGSAN
Published: August 2011

A panel data method is used to evaluate the impact of China's accession to the WTO. Time‐series data for China, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the UK, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the USA and Taiwan are used to construct the growth path that what would have been followed had there been no entry by China to the WTO. We find that from 2002 to 2007, accession to the WTO raised China's real economic growth rate by 2.4%, its export growth rate by 13.2% and its import growth rate by 18.89% a year.
Sustainable partnerships for a green economy: A case study of public procurement for home‐grown school feeding
Authors: Otsuki Kei
Published: August 2011

A green economy that incorporates a vision of environmental sustainability and equitable social development requires a fundamental rethinking of the existing economic models which centre on growth. In theory, this rethinking leans towards political ecology, which explores the State's relationship with market and civil society. In practice, more dynamic and inclusive public‐private partnerships are being sought after in various domains of sustainable development. However, very little has been clarified with regard to the basic conditions that make dynamic partnerships both sustainable and equitable. This paper proposes to explore potential conditions by drawing on the public procurement of local food for school meals. The so‐called home‐grown school feeding initiative is a pertinent example because it focuses on the qualities of public services that do not fully follow the conventional free market principle, but instead promote the deliberative engagement of various actors. This paper shows that such engagement can be institutionalized through rights‐based and multi‐level governance, which guarantees both civic participation and cooperation between different governmental agencies at the local and national levels. A detailed case study of the Brazilian national school feeding programme is used to illustrate the discussion.
Intra‐Dialytic Electrostimulation of Leg Extensors May Improve Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life in Hemodialyzed Patients
Authors: Dobsak Petr , Homolka Pavel , Svojanovsky Jan , Reichertova Anna , Soucek Miroslav , Novakova Marie , Dusek Ladislav , Vasku Jaromir , Eicher Jean‐Christophe , Siegelova Jarmila
Published: August 2011

Hemodialyzed (HD) patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) exhibit lower fitness as a consequence of chronic uremic changes that trigger various structural, metabolic, and functional abnormalities in skeletal muscles. The aim of this randomized study was to compare the effect of rehabilitation (RHB) training on a bicycle ergometer and electromyostimulation (EMS) of leg extensors in HD patients with ESRD. Thirty‐two HD patients (18 men/14 women; mean age 61.1 ± 8.8 years) were randomized into three groups: (i) exercise training (ET; n = 11) on bicycle ergometer 2 × 20 min; (ii) EMS (n = 11) where stimulation (10 Hz) of leg extensors was applied for 60 min; and (iii) controls (CON; n = 10) without exercise. Exercising was performed between the 2nd and the 3rd hour of HD, three times a week, 20 weeks in total. Ergometric test was performed in order to evaluate peak workload (Wpeak), 6‐min corridor walking test (CWT) to evaluate the distance walked, and dynamometry of leg extensors to assess muscle power (Fmax). Urea clearance was monitored and expressed as standard parameters: spKt/V, spKt/V equilibrated (spKt/V‐e), and the urea removal ratio (URR). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by the questionnaire SF‐36. A significant increase of Fmax (P = 0.040 in group ET; P = 0.032 in group EMS), of 6‐min CWT (P < 0.001 in ET group; P = 0.042 in EMS group), and of Wpeak (P = 0.041 in ET group) was observed. In both exercising groups, significant increase of spKt/V, spKt/V‐e, and URR was found as compared with initial values (P < 0.05). In both exercising groups, highly significant changes in summarized mental functions were found (P = 0.001); in summarized physical components, significant improvement was observed in the ET group (P = 0.006). Intradialytic RHB showed comparable positive effects on functional parameters, urea clearance, and QoL. Intradialytic EMS might represent wide therapeutic possibility in the near future.
Assessment of donor fear enhances prediction of presyncopal symptoms among volunteer blood donors
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Kowalsky Jennifer M. , Ellis Gary D. , Copley Diane M. , Geneser Ashley , Frame‐Brown Terri , Venable Geri , Graham David , Shipley Patsy , Menitove Jay E.
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND: Fear is an important contributor to the risk of presyncopal reactions to blood donation. However, concern that asking donors about their fears may increase the risk of reactions is a potential impediment to incorporating fear assessment into donor screening.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Before donation, participants responded to a series of questions that either did (n = 488) or did not (n = 494) include questions related to fear of seeing blood drawn. Immediately after donation all participants provided ratings of presyncopal reactions.

RESULTS: Among those asked predonation fear questions, fear was most strongly related to presyncopal symptoms when compared against other donor characteristics (e.g., age, number of prior donations, body mass index, estimated blood volume, blood pressure, and pulse). However, Mann‐Whitney U tests revealed that being asked about fear before donation was not associated with higher reports of presyncopal reactions for the sample as a whole, nor among novice donors. Further, regression analyses indicated that fear remained a significant predictor of presyncopal reactions in final models that included age and number of prior donations as significant predictors.

CONCLUSION: Predonation assessment of fear of blood draws may help to identify donors who are most likely to benefit from brief interventions designed to enhance donor coping, reduce risk of presyncopal reactions, and increase donor retention.
Comparing frozen saphenous vein with Gore‐tex in vascular access for chronic hemodialysis
Authors: MOUSAVI Seyed Reza , MOATAMEDI Mohammad Reza Kalantar , ME AKBARI Mohamad
Published: August 2011

Performing chronic hemodialysis in patients suffering from end‐stage renal disease needs a suitable vascular access like arteriovenous fistula in the upper limbs and bridge fistula in the upper or lower limbs, and also use of permanent and temporary catheters. The purpose of this study is to compare frozen saphenous vein versus using synthetic Gore‐tex vascular graft for A–V fistula. In the prospective randomized study, 70 patients needing for dialysis access were randomly divided into two groups. We performed the frozen saphenous vein A–V fistula in the test group and the Gore‐tex fistula in the control group. An assessment included function criteria (fistula thrill and murmur) and complications (infection and thrombosis) in planned intervals. At the end of the follow‐up period, the flow rates of all fistulas were assessed by Doppler sonography. The data were compared. Comparing the function criteria (fistula murmur and thrill) and the flow rate of the test group (frozen saphenous A–V fistula) and the control group (Gore‐tex method) showed no significant difference and also no significant difference between two groups in thrombosis. Infection rate of the Gore‐tex method was significantly high (p < 0.05). Arteriovenous fistula was an acceptable alternative in chronic hemodialysis, and frozen saphenous vein arteriovenous fistula was superior to Gore‐tex arteriovenous graft in some aspects.
Band or Polaron: The Hole Conduction Mechanism in the p‐Type Spinel Rh2ZnO4
Authors: Nagaraja Arpun R. , Perry Nicola H. , Mason Thomas O. , Tang Yang , Grayson Matthew , Paudel Tula R. , Lany Stephan , Zunger Alex
Published: August 2011

Given the emerging role of oxide spinels as hole conductors, we discuss in this article the traditional vs. new methodologies of determining the type of conduction mechanism at play––localized polaronic vs. band‐like transport. Applying (i) traditional small polaron analysis to our in‐situ high temperature four‐point conductivity and thermopower measurements, we previously found an activated mobility, which is indicative of the small polaron mechanism. However, (ii) employing the recent developments in correcting density functional methodologies for hole localization, we predict that the self‐trapped hole is unstable and that Rh2ZnO4 is instead a band conductor with a large effective mass. The hole mobility measured by high‐field room temperature Hall effect also suggests band rather than polaron conduction. The apparent contradiction between the conclusion of the traditional procedure (i) and first‐principles theory (ii) is resolved by taking into account in the previous transport analysis the temperature dependence of the effective density of states, which leads to the result that the mobility is actually temperature‐independent in Rh2ZnO4. Our case study on Rh2ZnO4 illustrates the range of experimental and theoretical approaches at hand to determine whether the transport mechanism of a semiconductor is band or small polaron conduction.
Influence of Nanocrystallization on the Electronic Conductivity of Zinc Iron Phosphate Glass
Authors: Moguš‐Milanković Andrea , Sklepić Kristina , Skoko Željko , Mikac Lara , Musić Svetozar , Day Delbert E.
Published: August 2011

The effect of nanocrystallization on the electronic conductivity of 10ZnO–30Fe2O3–60P2O5 glass has been investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA), XRD, Raman, and impedance spectroscopy. The structural evolution of glass during heat treatment at various temperatures for 24 h is characterized by the dendrite‐like phase separation in the early stage of nanocrystallization, which produces isolated agglomerates of Fe3(P2O7)2 crystallites. Formation of randomly dispersed agglomerates of Fe3(P2O7)2 crystalline grains results in a decrease of Fe2+–Fe3+ pairs concentration in a predominant glassy phase causing a minimum in electrical conductivity at 8.82 × 10−13 (Ω·cm)−1. With increasing the heating temperature up to the first crystallization temperature, TC1, the conductivity increases and simultaneously the activation energy decreases as the nanocrystallization is more pronounced in these samples. Heat treatment at higher temperature near TC2 exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, 2.97 × 10−10 (Ω·cm)−1. Upon heating at TC2, the sample undergoes further nanocrystallization causing slight decrease in the electrical conductivity. This effect can be understood as a result of the partial blocking of conduction pathways for the polarons along the interfaces between polycrystalline grains and through poorly conductive crystallites. The conductivity of this thermally treated glass is independent of the ZnO content and arises from the polaron hopping between Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions suggesting electronic conduction.
From shallow to deep waters: habitats used by larval lampreys (genus Petromyzon and Lampetra) over a western European basin
Authors: Taverny Catherine , Lassalle Géraldine , Ortusi Isabelle , Roqueplo Charles , Lepage Mario , Lambert Patrick
Published: August 2011

Abstract –  Habitat requirements of lamprey ammocoetes (Petromyzon marinus and Lampetra genus) were investigated, for the first time, from shallow to deep waters, at different spatial scales across the Gironde‐Dordogne continuum, thanks to a water suction dredge. Fish‐habitat relationships were assessed through two complementary statistical analyses: habitat‐use curves and habitat suitability models using the Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) technique. Analyses were performed on a small‐size data set that was characterised by the low prevalence of lamprey. The sea lamprey larvae occurred in deeper areas than their Lampetra genus counterparts. ‘Pools’ of 2 m’ depth and more were optimal habitats for the former species. Among the environmental variables retained to model lamprey occurrences, the mesohabitat (a categorical variable) was demonstrated to be highly influential, in terms of fine grain‐size substratum and vegetation cover. These preliminary results suggest that monitoring using the water suction dredge method may contribute to sea lamprey conservation.
SNP diversity in introduced populations of the invasiveGambusia holbrooki
Authors: Vidal Oriol , Sanz Nuria , Araguas Rosa‐Maria , Fernández‐Cebrian Raquel , Diez‐del‐Molino David , García‐Marín José‐Luis
Published: August 2011

Abstract – We used a targeted gene approach to amplify genomic fragments to characterise single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in introduced European populations of the invasive mosquitofishGambusia holbrooki. Patterns of diversity within and among European populations ofG. holbrookiand American collections ofG. holbrookiandGambusia affinisreveal unexpected high diversities within European populations. This ascertainment bias is one of the major challenges in the development of SNP markers for monitoring species involved in worldwide introductions. Pattern of diversity among European populations confirmed diverse introductions, as suggested by earlier mtDNA studies. However, SNPs showed larger differentiation between populations than had been previously detected with mtDNA sequencing. Five major population groups were identified: central France, southern Iberian, northern Iberian, Eastern Europe and Mediterranean French Rivers.
Preterm infants’ early developmental status is associated with later developmental outcome
Authors: Lundqvist‐Persson Cristina , Lau Gerd , Nordin Per , Bona Elsa , Sabel Karl‐Göran
Published: August 2011

Aim:  To assess the development of preterm infants from 40 weeks gestational age to 18 months corrected age to identify early predictors of later development.

Methods:  Fifty‐one infants were involved. Infant development was assessed at 40 and 44 weeks gestational age with the Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale and a self‐regulation scale and at 3, 6, 10, 18 months corrected age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. The quality of general movements was assessed at 1 and 3 months corrected age and maternal attachment style at infant’s age of 6 months corrected age with the Relation Scale Questionnaire.

Results:  At term age and 1‐month corrected age, preterm infants were less mature and had lower levels of self‐regulation than full‐term infants. At 3 months corrected age, a higher proportion of preterm infants (43%) had mildly abnormal motor quality compared to the general population (25%). At all follow‐ups, preterm infants had delayed mental, motor and behavioural development, which was associated with the level of self‐regulation, motor quality and maternal attachment style. Maternal education level was the most predominant background factor related to infant development.

Conclusion:  Preterm infants show early‐in‐life deviations in self‐regulation, motor quality and development. These deviations are risk factors for later optimal functioning.
Hatching enzyme of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica and the possible evolution of the egg envelope digestion mechanism
Authors: Sano Kaori , Kawaguchi Mari , Yoshikawa Masayuki , Kaneko Toyoji , Tanaka Toshiomi , Iuchi Ichiro , Yasumasu Shigeki
Published: August 2011

We purified eel hatching enzyme (EHE) from the hatching liquid of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica belonging to Elopomorpha to a single band on SDS/PAGE. TOF‐MS analysis revealed that the purified EHE contained several isozymes with similar molecular masses. Comparison of the egg envelope digestion specificities of the purified EHE and of recombinant EHE4, one of the EHE isozymes, suggested that the isozymes contained in the purified EHE were functionally the same in terms of egg envelope digestion. By electron microscopy, the egg envelope became swollen after treatment with the purified EHE. The EHE cleavage sites on the zona pellucida (ZP) protein of the egg envelope were located in the N‐terminal repeat regions. In previous phylogenetic analysis, we suggested that fishes included in Elopomorpha, as basal teleosts, possess a single type of hatching enzyme genes, and that fishes in Otocephala and Euteleostei gain two types of hatching enzyme genes called clade I and II genes by duplication. Further, the clade I enzymes, zebrafish hatching enzyme (ZHE1) and medaka high choriolytic enzyme (HCE), swell the egg envelope by cleaving the N‐terminal regions of ZP proteins, while the clade II enzyme, medaka low choriolytic enzyme (LCE), solubilizes the swollen envelope by cleaving the site at the middle region on the ZP domain. In this evolutionary scenario, our findings support that hatching of Japanese eel conserves the ancestral mechanism of fish egg envelope digestion. The clade I enzymes inherit the ancestral enzyme function, and the clade II enzymes gain a new function during evolution to Otocephala and Euteleostei.
Constraints on pasta structure of neutron stars from oscillations in giant flares
Authors: Sotani Hajime
Published: August 2011

We show that the shear modes in the neutron star crust are quite sensitive to the existence of non-uniform nuclear structures, the so-called ‘pasta’. Due to the existence of pasta phase, the frequencies of shear modes are reduced, where the dependence of fundamental frequency is different from that of overtones. Since the torsional shear frequencies depend strongly on the structure of pasta phase, through the observations of stellar oscillations, one can probe the pasta structure in the crust, although that is quite difficult via the other observations. Additionally, considering the effect of pasta phase, we show the possibility to explain all the observed frequencies in the SGR 1806−20 by using only crust torsional shear modes.
Electrical Resistivity Imaging of a Permanganate Injection During In Situ Treatment of RDX‐Contaminated Groundwater
Authors: Halihan Todd , Albano Jeffrey , Comfort Steve D. , Zlotnik Vitaly A.
Published: August 2011

Groundwater beneath the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant (NOP) is contaminated with the explosive hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) and trichloroethene (TCE). Previous treatability experiments confirmed that permanganate could mineralize RDX in NOP aquifer material. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of permanganate to transform RDX in the field by monitoring a pilot‐scale in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) demonstration. In this demonstration, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) was used to create two‐dimensional (2‐D) images of the test site prior to, during, and after injecting sodium permanganate. The ISCO was performed by using an extraction‐injection well configuration to create a curtain of permanganate. Monitoring wells were positioned downgradient of the injection zone with the intent of capturing the permanganate‐RDX plume. Differencing between ERI taken preinjection and postinjection determined the initial distribution of the injected permanganate. ERI also quantitatively corroborated the hydraulic conductivity distribution across the site. Groundwater samples from 12 downgradient wells and 8 direct‐push profiles did not provide enough data to quantify the distribution and flow of the injected permanganate. ERI, however, showed that the permanganate injection flowed against the regional groundwater gradient and migrated below monitoring well screens. ERI combined with monitoring well samples helped explain the permanganate dynamics in downgradient wells and support the use of ERI as a means of monitoring ISCO injections.
Quality of health care provided at a pediatric nurse‐managed clinic
Authors: Coddington Jennifer , Sands Laura , Edwards Nancy , Kirkpatrick Jane , Chen Susan
Published: August 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assimilate evidence regarding quality of care received at nurse‐managed clinics (NMCs), particularly a pediatric NMC that provides health care for the underserved pediatric population.

Data sources: A nonexperimental design was used in this study. Quality of care data were collected at Trinity Nursing Center for Child Health (TNCCH), a pediatric NMC. Evidence included whether a pediatric NMC met selected national benchmark pediatric Healthcare Effectiveness and Data Information Set (HEDIS) quality indicators as well as HEDIS targets set by the Office of Medicaid Policy and Planning (OMPP) in Indiana.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that TNCCH met or exceeded national HEDIS benchmark standards of care and targets set by OMPP. This study offers further evidence that NMCs provide a high quality of care.

Implications for practice: Benefits of addressing the research question in this study include the preservation of the nurse‐managed healthcare safety net, increased access to health care for the medically underserved population resulting in improved health outcomes, and evidence to suggest that NMCs can assist private practice physicians to support this population of patients.
A systematic review of advanced practice nurses’ skin cancer assessment barriers, skin lesion recognition skills, and skin cancer training activities
Authors: Loescher Lois J. , Harris John M. , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara
Published: August 2011

Purpose: Little is known about the skin cancer detection skills of advanced practice nurses (APNs). This systematic review of published literature seeks to describe (a) barriers to APNs’ performance of skin examination, (b) APNs’ ability to recognize suspicious skin lesions, and (c) APNs’ skin cancer detection training activities.

Data sources: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement guided the literature search (OVID Medline, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases) and interpretation of findings. Of the 136 articles meeting criteria for selection, 12 pertaining to the purpose were selected for further review.

Conclusions: Barriers to skin examination by APNs have been infrequently and inconsistently measured. Limited time to conduct skin examination is the most consistent barrier. APNs’ ability to recognize and refer suspicious and benign lesions is inconsistent, but shows improvement after training. Few skin cancer training programs are available for APNs.

Implications: Larger and more rigorously designed studies are needed to better determine APNs’ barriers and facilitators to skin cancer assessment and their ability to recognize and appropriately refer potentially malignant skin lesions with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. Training to increase these skills needs to be targeted to APNs and occur at a much higher volume than current efforts.
Predicting Lawyer Effectiveness: Broadening the Basis for Law School Admission Decisions
Authors: Shultz Marjorie M. , Zedeck Sheldon
Published: August 2011

Law school admission decisions are heavily influenced by a student's undergraduate grade point average (UGPA) and Law School Admission Test (LSAT) score. These measures, although predictive of first-year law school grades, make no effort to predict professional competence and, for the most part, they do not. These measures also create adverse impact on applicants from underrepresented racial/ethnic groups. This article describes the rationale for and process by which we explored new tests to predict lawyer effectiveness rather than law school grades and reports results of a multiyear empirical study involving over 3,000 graduates from Berkeley Law School and Hastings College of the Law. Tests measuring personality constructs, interests, values, and judgment predicted lawyering competency but had little or no adverse impact on underrepresented minority applicants. Combined with the LSAT and UGPA, these broader tests could assess law applicants on the basis both of projected professional effectiveness and academic indicators.
Benchmarking energy consumption and CO2 emissions from rainwater‐harvesting systems: an improved method by proxy
Authors: Ward Sarah , Butler David , Memon Fayyaz Ali
Published: August 2011

Life cycle analyses (LCAs) show the main operational energy contribution for rainwater‐harvesting (RWH) systems come from ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and pumping rainwater from tank to building. Simple methods of estimating pump energy consumption do not differentiate between pump start‐up and pump‐operating energy or include pump efficiency parameters. This paper outlines an improved method incorporating these parameters that indirectly estimates pump energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions using system performance data. The improved method is applied to data from an office‐based RWH system. Comparison of the simple and improved methods identified the former underestimates pump energy consumption and carbon emissions by 60%. Results of the improved method corresponded well to directly measured energy consumption and energy consumption represented 0.07% of an office building's total energy consumption. Consequently, the overall energy consumption associated with RWH systems is a very minor fraction of total building energy consumption.
Flavonol Content in the Water Extract of the Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf and Their Antioxidant Capacities
Authors: Kim Gyo‐Nam , Jang Hae‐Dong
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  The biological activities of the mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf have been attributed to its flavonoid content. The water extract of the mulberry leaf (WEML) was prepared by autoclaving at 121 °C for 15 min, and the flavonol content of the WEML was determined by HPLC The WEML contained 4 flavonols in the following order: quercetin‐3‐β‐D‐glucose (QT‐G) > quercetin‐3‐O‐glucose‐6″‐acetate (QT‐GA) > rutin (RT) > quercetin (QT). In the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, QT had the highest peroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity and a similar hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity as its glycosides (QT‐G, QT‐GA, and RT). QT exhibited a stronger cellular antioxidant capacity (CAC) against 2,2′‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)‐ and Cu2+‐induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells compared to its glycosides, indicating that the intracellular antioxidant capacity of QT and its glycosides may depend upon both the permeability across the cell membrane and the peroxyl or hydroxyl radical‐scavenging capacity.

Practical Application:  The information presented might be used for developing mulberry leaf‐based functional foods.
Probabilistic Models for the Prediction of Target Growth Interfaces of Listeria monocytogenes on Ham and Turkey Breast Products
Authors: Yoon Yohan , Geornaras Ifigenia , Scanga John A. , Belk Keith E. , Smith Gary C. , Kendall Patricia A. , Sofos John N.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  This study developed growth/no growth models for predicting growth boundaries of Listeria monocytogenes on ready‐to‐eat cured ham and uncured turkey breast slices as a function of lactic acid concentration (0% to 4%), dipping time (0 to 4 min), and storage temperature (4 to 10 °C). A 10‐strain composite of L. monocytogenes was inoculated (2 to 3 log CFU/cm2) on slices, followed by dipping into lactic acid and storage in vacuum packages for up to 30 d. Total bacterial (tryptic soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract) and L. monocytogenes (PALCAM agar) populations were determined on day 0 and at the endpoint of storage. The combinations of parameters that allowed increases in cell counts of L. monocytogenes of at least l log CFU/cm2 were assigned the value of 1, while those limiting growth to <1 log CFU/cm2 were given the value of 0. The binary data were used in logistic regression analysis for development of models to predict boundaries between growth and no growth of the pathogen at desired probabilities. Indices of model performance and validation with limited available data indicated that the models developed had acceptable goodness of fit. Thus, the described procedures using bacterial growth data from studies with food products may be appropriate in developing growth/no growth models to predict growth and to select lactic acid concentrations and dipping times for control of L. monocytogenes.

Practical Application:  The models developed in this study may be useful in selecting lactic acid concentrations and dipping times to control growth of Listeria monocytogenes on cured ham and uncured turkey breast during product storage, and in determining probabilities of growth under selected conditions. The modeling procedures followed may also be used for application in model development for other products, conditions, or pathogens.
Process Improvement for Semipurified Oleosomes on a Pilot‐Plant Scale
Authors: Kapchie Virginie N. , Hauck Catherine C. , Wang Hui , Murphy Patricia A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Semipurified oleosomes were isolated on a pilot‐plant scale using improved‐process extraction conditions. The improved process consisted of continuous centrifugation in a three‐phase decanter with recirculation of slurry until most of the oleosomes were recovered. Oleosome fractionation, oleosin identification, and isoflavone and saponin mass distributions and recoveries were investigated. The improved pilot‐plant oleosome extraction process was achieved in 8 h. A total of 91%± 1% of soybean oil was recovered as intact oleosomes. The oil content of the aqueous supernatant and the residue fractions were low at 2% and 3%, respectively. The aqueous supernatant fraction contained 40% total soybean protein. About 76% of the proteins present in the oleosome fraction were soybean storage proteins. Washing the semipurified oleosomes with a 0.1 M Tris‐HCl, pH 8.6 containing 0.4 M sucrose, and 0.5 M NaCl resulted in the recovery of the associated storage proteins. The recovery of these proteins in addition to the protein in aqueous supernatant accounted for 79% of the total soybean storage proteins fractionated by this process. Oleosins were detected at 17 and 18 kDa. Isoflavones and saponins partitioned into the oleosome, aqueous supernatant, and residue fractions at different ratios with the majority, about 82 and 63 mole%, respectively, in oleosome and aqueous supernatant fractions, making these fractions an attractive source for phytochemicals.
Changes in Carotenoids, Ascorbic Acids, and Quality Characteristics by the Pickling of Paprika (Capsicum Annuum L.) Cultivated in Korea
Authors: Park Jihyun , Kim Suna , Moon BoKyung
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) is widely used as a healthy vegetable having antitumor‐promoting activity and reducing or preventing chronic disease. Paprika has been mostly consumed as fresh fruit, and as food colorants such as oleoresin or pigment powder. In this study, pickled paprika was produced and its quality characteristics were monitored during storage (35 °C for 42 d). Carotenoid composition, ascorbic acid, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities were also analyzed. Five carotenoid compounds were identified in the pickled paprika and after 42 d of storage, total carotenoid content was 2.44 ± 0.69 mg/100g fresh weight(fw) and ascorbic acid content was 50.90 ± 3.26 mg/100g dry weight (dw). 2,2′‐azino‐di‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) radical‐scavenging activity of the pickled paprika was maintained above 70% until 28 d of storage, and then decreased to 47% of the initial activity. pH increased from 2.78 ± 0.06 to 3.10 ± 0.03 at 14 d and was then maintained until 42 d. Soluble solids increased gradually and color values including L*, a*, and b* decreased during storage. Hardness also decreased from 6.17 ± 0.18 kg force to 1.90 ± 0.60 kg force during storage. The overall taste of the pickled paprika was deemed to be good until 28 d of storage. Pickled paprika showed a possibility as a new pickled product. We demonstrated that paprika could be processed as a new pickled product with extended storage.

Practical Application:  Pickled paprika was produced and its quality characteristics along with phytochemical contents were monitored during storage. Phytochemicals, including ascorbic acid and polyphenols in pickled paprika were considerably retained and visual color was satisfactory during storage. Texture was deemed to be satisfactory for 4 wk. Considering that our experiment was performed at a relatively high temperature and without the addition of calcium for the improvement of texture, our results are quite promising in order to produce new pickled products with extended shelf‐life along with conserving nutritional and functional components and satisfying consumer needs.
Unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy due to infected molar: a rare entity
Authors: Khan Mubeen , Ohri Neera
Published: August 2011

Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is a rare condition. There are several causes that can be attributed to it. We present a case where a patient presented herself with pain in the left back tooth region, with unilateral left hypoglossal nerve palsy. All investigations were negative. The infected tooth was removed, and the patient had speech therapy and was actively rehabilitated. The isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy could have been due to the infected impacted tooth. Therefore, dentists presented with a case of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy should consider the infected impacted tooth as the differential diagnosis.
School teachers’ knowledge of oral disease prevention: a survey from Dharwad, India
Authors: Shodan Mangalore , Prasad Karkala V.V. , Javali Shivalingappa B.
Published: August 2011

Aim:  To assess knowledge and the associated factors among Indian school teachers towards oral disease.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional design was employed using a self‐administered questionnaire. A total of 215 school teachers were selected, with a response rate of 95.3% (n = 205).

Results:  A total of 35.6% of school teachers had “good” knowledge, while 42.4% had “medium” knowledge of the prevention of oral disease. Knowledge of dental caries was highest, as opposed to oral cancer, which was lowest. School teachers aged >50 years and those with postgraduate degrees had greater knowledge. A significant association was observed between teachers’ levels of knowledge and their age groups (χ2 = 20.9950, P < 0.05) and education level (χ2 = 13.9740, P < 0.05). However, the multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that education, age group, sex, and type of institutional funding (public/private) was significantly correlated to knowledge (R2 = 0.1250, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  The study revealed that school teachers, in particular younger teachers and those with only basic educational qualifications, need to be further motivated to improve their awareness and knowledge about oral diseases. Therefore, the establishment of school‐based oral health promotion programs in India with immediate effects is essential.
Clinical comparison between a continuous Lembert pattern wrapped in a carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate membrane with an interrupted Lembert pattern for one‐layer jejunojejunostomy in horses
Authors: FREEMAN D. E. , SCHAEFFER D. J.
Published: August 2011

Reasons for performing study: Although experimental studies have demonstrated differences in performance between methods for handsewn jejunojejunostomy in horses, information on clinical results after different methods of anastomosis are rare.

Hypothesis: A continuous Lembert pattern wrapped in a carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate membrane would perform better than an interrupted Lembert pattern for jejunojejunostomy in horses.

Methods: Data was reviewed on 32 horses that underwent jejunojejunostomy from 1993–2002. Kaplan‐Meier analyses and rates for post operative colic and death were used to compare outcomes after an interrupted Lembert pattern (15 horses with strangulating lesions and 5 horses with nonstrangulating lesions) and a continuous Lembert pattern with membrane (12 horses with strangulating diseases).

Results: None of the 32 horses had post operative ileus or post operative endotoxaemia. One horse with a continuous pattern required a repeat celiotomy for anastomotic impaction. Short‐term survivals for the interrupted Lembert were 100% (nonstrangulating lesions) and 93% (strangulating lesions) and for the continuous pattern 92% (all strangulating). Long‐term rates for mortality and colic episodes were less for the continuous Lembert pattern with membrane compared with the interrupted Lembert for strangulating lesions (P<0.05) and were less for strangulating lesions than for nonstrangulating lesions (P<0.05). For strangulating lesions, Kaplan‐Meier analyses yielded a survival probability of 70% for up to 9 years after the interrupted Lembert pattern and 80% for up to 5 years for the continuous Lembert pattern.

Conclusions and relevance: Both Lembert patterns performed well in clinical use, although the continuous pattern with the carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate membrane had superior long‐term outcomes with less colic and mortality from colic.
Force Tracking of Pneumatic Servo Systems Using On/Off Solenoid Valves Based on a Greedy Control Scheme
Authors: Quyen Le Minh , Tu Pham Minh , Moreau Richard , Simon Jean Pierre , Redarce Tanneguy
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a new predictive greedy control law for the control of electropneumatic systems using solenoid valves. The method is based on a predictive model of the mass flow rate of the valves. For this strategy, a control vector, depending on the number of possible configurations for the solenoid valves, is defined. In order to evaluate the new approach, a comparison has been performed with a classical PWM control for a force tracking problem. The experimental results show that not only the accuracy in steady state but also the dynamic behavior of the pressures is better in the case of greedy control than PWM control.
Validation of Two Optical Measurement Methods for the Qualification of the Shape Accuracy of Mirror Panels for Concentrating Solar Systems
Authors: März Tobias , Prahl Christoph , Ulmer Steffen , Wilbert Stefan , Weber Christian
Published: August 2011

The solar field is the major cost component of a solar thermal power plant and the optical quality of the concentrators has a significant impact on the field efficiency and thus on the performance of the power plant. Measuring slope deviations in the parabolic shape of the mirror panels in the accuracy and resolution required for these applications is a challenge as it is not required with the same characteristics in other industries. Photogrammetry and deflectometry are the two optical measurement methods that are typically used to measure this shape accuracy of mirror panels used in CSP applications. They have been compared and validated by measuring a typical mirror panel under optimal conditions. Additionally, a flat water surface has been measured as an absolute reference object using deflectometry. The remaining deviations between the results of both methods and to the reference object are discussed and possible sources of errors during the measurement are identified. A detailed error analysis is conducted for both methods and compared to the experimental findings. The results show that both methods allow for surface slope measurement with the necessary accuracy for present CSP applications and that among the two, deflectometry exhibits advantages in speed, measurement accuracy, and spatial resolution. However, for obtaining correct results several sources of errors have to be addressed appropriately during measurement and postprocessing.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Flowfield Around a Bullet With a Partial Core
Authors: Silva Usiel S. , Sandoval Juan M. , Flores Luis A. , Muñoz Narcizo , Hernández Víctor
Published: August 2011

The geometry, density and velocity of a typical small caliber bullet, are the main factors that stabilize its flight path, range and the impact force; thus the weight variations can indicate the presence of geometrical irregularities or damages of the bullet core, affecting its dynamic characteristics. Computational finite element method (FEM) with the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) module was used for the numerical simulation of 7.62 mm bullets with partial core, subjected to different air flow conditions. Schlieren images were obtained and with the flow visualization principle, the behavior of the projectile during its flight path was determined. The results of the simulations and the experiments showed that in certain cases, bullets with partial core maintain a stable spin during flight without a considerable variation in its range, keeping constant speed conditions with respect to the full core bullets. The importance of this analysis is found in the fact that post processing activities can be implemented in certain ammunitions with imperfections to improve their use.
Silicon nanoparticle synthesis by short-period thermal anneals at atmospheric pressure in argon
Authors: Spencer Gregory , Anyamesem-Mensah Benedict , Galloway Heather C. , Bandyopadhyay Anup , Frasier Daniel
Published: August 2011

Silicon nanoparticles have been studied for a wide variety of applications including nanoelectronic, photovoltaic, and optoelectronic devices. In this work, silicon nanoparticles were synthesized by short-period annealing of silicon-on-insulator substrates to temperatures ranging between 600 and 900 °C in argon gas at atmospheric pressure. Two different top silicon layers were deposited by ion-beam sputtering onto oxidized substrates. The thinner 6 nm top layer samples were annealed to temperatures for 30 s periods while thicker 15 nm top layer samples were annealed for 60 s periods. For both sets of samples, nanoparticles were observed to form at all the anneal temperatures through imaging by AFM. One long-period UHV anneal study, with 30-min anneal times, observed nanoparticle formation at temperatures similar to the current work while another similar long-period UHV anneal reported nanoparticle formation only above well-defined formation temperatures that depended upon the starting top layer thickness. In the current work, the average nanoparticle radius was found to increase both with the final anneal temperature and anneal period. For the highest anneal temperatures of the 6 nm top layer samples, a changing surface topography indicated that the thinner Si source layer was becoming depleted and the nanoparticle formation process was nearing completion. No such changes were observed for the thicker 15 nm samples at the same temperatures.
Single-Shot Correlations and Two-Qubit Gate of Solid-State Spins
Authors: Nowack K. C. , Shafiei M. , Laforest M. , Prawiroatmodjo G. E. D. K. , Schreiber L. R. , Reichl C. , Wegscheider W. , Vandersypen L. M. K.
Published: August 2011

Independent readout of two single-spin qubits in quantum dots is achieved in an all-electrical setup.
Stress Relief
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: August 2011

Stress activates p38α, which leads to enhanced surface abundance of a serotonin transporter and increased serotonin uptake.
Receptor-Interacting Protein 2 Controls Pulmonary Host Defense to Escherichia coli Infection via the Regulation of Interleukin-17A
Authors: Balamayooran Theivanthiran , Batra Sanjay , Balamayooran Gayathriy , Cai Shanshan , Kobayashi Koichi S. , Flavell Richard A. , Jeyaseelan Samithamby
Published: August 2011

Recognition of microbial patterns by host receptors is the first step in a multistep sequence leading to neutrophil-dependent host resistance. Although the role of membrane-bound sensors in bacterial recognition has been examined in detail, the importance of cytosolic sensors in the lungs is largely unexplored. In this context, there is a major lack of understanding related to the downstream signaling mediators, such as cells and/or molecules, during acute extracellular Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. In order to determine the role of NOD-like receptors (NLRs), we used an experimental
Escherichia coli
infection model using mice deficient in the gene coding for the NLR adaptor, receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2). RIP2
−/−
mice with
E. coli
infection displayed higher bacterial burden and reduced neutrophil recruitment and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), and CXCL5/LIX expression, along with attenuated histopathological changes in the lungs. Decreased IL-17A levels were observed, along with lower numbers of IL-17A-producing T cells, in RIP2
−/−
mice after infection. RIP2
−/−
mice also show reduced IL-6 and IL-23 levels in the lungs, along with decreased activation of STAT3 after infection. Furthermore, activation of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in the lungs of infected RIP2
−/−
mice were attenuated following infection. Although neutrophil mobilization to the blood was impaired in RIP2
−/−
mice following infection, the expression of CD62P, CD11a/18, CD11b, and CXCR2 on blood and lung neutrophils was not altered between infected wild-type (WT) and RIP2
−/−
mice. Thus, RIP2 contributes to neutrophil-dependent host defense against an extracellular Gram-negative pathogen via (i) IL-17A regulation and (ii) neutrophil mobilization to the blood.