bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin G Subclasses of Antinuclear Antibodies and Renal Deposits. Comparison of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Drug‐Induced Lupus and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kacaki Jovan N. , Callerame Mary Lou , Blomgren Stephen E. , Vaughan John H.
Published: February 2007

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass representation, and titers, were studied in antinuclear antibodies (ANA) of 59 sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), procainamide‐induced lupus syndrome or rheumatoid arthritis. In all the 3 groups of sera, the highest titers of ANA were found in the IgG1 subclass. Titers of this subclass were significantly higher in the SLE group, as compared with the RA group. Otherwise, no significant difference was found in the distribution of ANA among IgG subclasses in the three disorders. In a comparison of the sera of patients with SLE with and without clinical evidence of renal disease, no significant difference could be found between the titer or the distribution of ANA in the IgG subclasses. In renal tissues obtained from 8 patients, however, frequency and intensity of staining for subclasses in the glomerular deposits roughly paralleled the relative predominance of the subclasses in serum, and the titers of ANA in them. No instance of selective deposit of a single subclass was found.
Myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria in patients with myositis
Authors: Kagen Lawrence J.
Published: February 2007

Twelve of 23 patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis demonstrated myoglobin in their serum or urine in concentrations of 0.005–3.280 mg/ml. This was detected by means of a specific immunologic assay. Myoglobin was more frequently noted in serum than urine. The frequency of appearance of myoglobin in these patients was not related to age or sex, but was more common among those with dermatomyositis (11 of 18) than polymyositis (1 of 5). Serum enzyme values (SGOT, CPK, LDH) were slightly higher in the group with myoglobinemia than in those without, but there was considerable overlap. Myoglobin was found in most patients with myositis before steroid therapy was begun (12 of 19), and its presence was associated with renal failure in two patients.
Fibrinogen‐fibrin breakdown products in pathologic synovial fluids. An immunologic study
Authors: Gormsen Johs. , Andersen R. Bach , Feddersen C.
Published: February 2007

Fibrinogen‐fibrin breakdown products in inflammatory and non‐inflammatory synovial fluids have been quantitated immunologically by hemagglutination inhibition immunoassays and radial immunodiffusion and qualitatively by conventional and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Huge amounts of breakdown products are found in inflammatory fluids, mostly in complex formation unclottable by thrombin but precipitable by protamine sulfate. In non‐inflammatory cases the amounts of fibrinogen antigenic fractions are much smaller, some are clottable by thrombin while protamine sulfate precipitates certain amounts. Fibrinogen‐fibrin fragments in inflammatory synovial fluids exhibit significant resistance to plasmin proteolysis.
Permeability of human synovial membrane to plasma proteins. Relationship to molecular size and inflammation
Authors: Kushner Irving , Somerville Jo Anne
Published: February 2007

Passage of plasma proteins from blood into synovial fluid was found quantitatively related to molecular size and to degree of inflammation in four groups of patients differing in severity of synovial inflammation, and in a group of autopsied subjects without joint disease. Greater inflammation was accompanied by augmented passage of each protein across the synovial membrane, and by proportionately greater increase in permeability to larger proteins. In classic rheumatoid arthritis, synovial IgM and IgG concentrations were higher than predicted from the above‐described interrelationships, suggesting local immunoglobulin synthesis.
Reciprocal skin grafts in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
Authors: Fries James F. , Hoopes John E. , Shulman Lawrence E.
Published: February 2007

Full‐thickness skin grafts were exchanged between involved forearm skin and uninvolved abdominal skin in patients with systemic sclerosis. Eight of 10 grafts healed well. The course of the grafts was evaluated clinically, and after seven to nine months the grafts and adjacent skin were examined histologically. When clinically normal skin is placed in a sclerodermatous bed, it becomes sclerodermatous. If sclerodermatous skin is placed in a normal bed, it remains sclerodermatous. These data suggest that skin involvement in systemic sclerosis is generalized or irreversible, in contrast to reported findings in morphea, where the disorder was found to be localized and reversible.
Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Ladd John R. , Cassidy James T. , Martel William
Published: February 2007

Fifteen patients with juvenile ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. Eight presented with extraspinal arthritis. Certain clinical features were of value early in the disease in distinguishing these patients from those with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: male sex, remittent oligoarthritis, late onset in childhood, relative sparing of hands and wrists, infrequent cervical spine involvement, and negative tests for rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies. Roentgenographic demonstration of sacroiliac arthritis with reactive sclerosis makes the diagnosis virtually certain.
Experimental allergic myositis in rats
Authors: Morgan Graeme , Peter J. B. , Newbould Brian B.
Published: February 2007

Experimental allergic myositis (EAM) closely resembling human polymyositis was produced in rats by a single injection into two inguinal lymph nodes with either homogenates or purified subcellular fractions of homologous muscle in Freund's complete adjuvant. EAM is not necessarily accompanied by clinically evident arthritis and is manifest by elevated serum enzymes, and widespread but focal necrosis and phagocytosis of muscle fibers. EAM was transferred to normal animals of the same strain by infusion of washed lymphocytes from affected animals.
Plaque‐forming cell response in rats receiving mycobacterial adjuvant on day zero and SRBC on day four
Authors: Stanfield A. B. , Stephens C. A. L. , Clark Yonne R. , Mazur Margret T. , Ratajczak Helen V.
Published: February 2007

Adjuvant disease was induced in Holtzman and Sprague‐Dawley rats with intracutaneous tail injections of Mycobacterium butyricum in oil on Day 0. Four days later, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were administered intravenously. On Day 8, presence of specific antibody‐producing cells from the excised spleens was demonstrated by the plaque‐forming cell (PFC) technic. A total of 63 rats was studied in three separate plaquing experiments. There was an increase in PFC response in rats given M butyricum in oil over that observed in Control groups receiving SRBC only. Challenge with SRBC accelerated the onset and intensified subsequent joint inflammation in two of three experiments. Results were significant at the 95% confidence limit. These data support the suggestions of other investigators that adjuvant disease may mirror a hyperimmune state.
Immunochemical conditions affecting the measurement of DNA antibodies using ammonium sulfate precipitation
Authors: Pincus Theodore
Published: February 2007

The binding of serum to native DNA as detected by the Farr ammonium sulfate technic is subject to considerable variation dependent on reaction conditions. DNA‐binding activity of normal sera was significantly increased in buffers of low pH or ionic strength, to the range of SLE sera. Conversely, without incubation at 37 C and 4 C, many SLE sera were within the normal range. Serum nuclease activity did not account for the absence of DNA‐binding in normal sera. The presence or absence of serum complement did not affect binding. Both precipitating and nonprecipitating antibodies are detected using ammonium sulfate precipitation. Optimal conditions for specificity and sensitivity included use of a buffer of pH 8 with conductivity of 12.5 millimhos (equivalent of 0.15M sodium chloride), and incubation for one hour at 37 C and 24 hours at 4 C prior to addition of saturated ammonium sulfate.
In vivo and in vitro responses to autologous IgG in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Runge Lorne A. , Mills John A.
Published: February 2007

The presence of rheumatoid factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis remains unexplained and may be etiologically important. An attempt has been made to determine whether patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis show basic immunologic responses to IgG. Various immunologic parameters of antigen recognition were measured in 9 patients and 3 controls. No immediate or delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was noted to native or aggregated autologous IgG, nor could in vitro lymphocyte blast cell transformation be induced with these proteins. Rebuck skin windows showed no unusual responsiveness to native IgG. The negative results indicate that either IgG is not the immunogen responsible for rheumatoid factor or that patients with rheumatoid arthritis retain a state of partial tolerance. Evidence supporting the concept that rheumatoid factor may interfere with the phlogistic potential of aggregated γ‐globulin was also found.
The source of the inter‐alpha trypsin inhibitor in pathologic hyaluronateprotein
Authors: Becker Alfred , Sandson John
Published: February 2007

Hyaluronateprotein isolated from pathologic synovial fluid has been shown to have different physical properties from hyaluronateprotein isolated from normal synovial fluid. The altered properties of hyaluronateprotein from pathologic synovial fluid are due to the presence of a serum protein identified immunologically as the inter‐alpha trypsin inhibitor (IATI). The IATI is undetectable in normal synovial fluid, but is present in pathologic synovial fluids. The IATI in pathologic synovial fluid is bound to hyaluronate. The concentration of IATI is always much higher in serum than synovial fluid indicating that the IATI in synovial fluid has passed from the serum into the diseased joint where it has become firmly bound to hyaluronate.
Cytoplasmic tubular structures in pigmented villonodular synovitis
Authors: Molnar Zelma , Stern Walter H. , Stoltzner Gordon H.
Published: February 2007

Tubular, myxovirus‐like structures have been found in the synovial biopsy of a patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis. The presence of these structures in a disease which is not known to accompany collagen diseases warrants caution in the interpretation of such structures as specific for the latter.
Immunosuppressive therapy. Guidelines for drug dosage. Depression of bone marrow granulocyte reserves in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Paulus Harold E. , Okun Ronald , Calabro John J.
Published: February 2007

Marrow granulocyte reserves, when estimated by the granulocyte response to etiocholanolone (GRE), are smaller in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than in a comparable group of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). Consequently, the dose of azathioprine tolerated by patients with SLE was only one‐half that tolerated by patients with CGN. Use of the GRE as a guide to therapy may permit individualization of dosage so that maximum tolerated doses of immunosuppressive drugs can be given to each patient.
Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bishko Frederic
Published: February 2007

Retinal lesions occur frequently in systemic lupus erythematosus, however, they rarely cause visual impairment. A patient blinded by severe lupus retinopathy is described, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.
Photoisomerization of colchicine. Loss of significant antimitotic activity in human lymphocytes
Authors: Sagorin Charles , Ertel Norman H. , Wallace Stanley L.
Published: February 2007

Colchicine exposed to ultraviolet light is photoisomerized to form the lumicolchicines. Other studies have shown that light‐altered colchicine has reduced biologic activity in plants and lower animals. The effects of colchicine and lumicolchicine on arresting mitosis in metaphase were studied in human lymphocytes in tissue culture. Lumicolchicine was ineffective and not different from controls, even in concentrations of 1 × 10−6 M. The possible clinical relevance of these data are discussed.
Relationship of the clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus to the presence of circulating lymphocytotoxic antibodies
Authors: Butler William T. , Sharp John T. , Rossen Roger D. , Lidsky Martin D. , Mittal Kamal K. , Gard Donald A.
Published: February 2007

The presence of lymphocyte cytotoxic antibodies in sera from patients with SLE was related to the presence of fever and dermatologic, central nervous system and hematologic symptoms. Cytotoxic antibodies correlated inversely with the white blood count and serum complement C3. Possibly, the action of lymphocytotoxic antibodies on cell membranes may lead to complement‐mediated cell injury which, in turn, results in release of intracellular contents and nuclear antigens.
Unexpected prevalence of knee‐joint effusions in the population of sudbury
Authors: Bolzan John A. , O'Sullivan John B. , Cathcart Edgar S.
Published: February 2007

The frequency of small joint effusions in the population of Sudbury, Massachusetts, as determined by the clinical maneuver called the “bulge sign”, was estimated to be 16%. The prevalence rate was found to be higher in males than in females, but the increase with advancing years was prominent in women only. While clinically demonstrable fluid in the knee‐joint was more common in persons with other signs of joint disease, these individuals formed a small proportion of the total population with demonstrable knee effusions. It is concluded that the sign also identifies a hitherto unrecognized upper range of normal for knee‐joint fluid, and it is tentatively proposed that physique may be a factor related to knee‐joint fluid volume.
Virus antibody levels in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hurd Eric R. , Dowdle Walter , Casey Helen , Ziff Morris
Published: February 2007

Antibody titers to a group of viral antigens have been determined in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), control groups with inflammatory diseases and normals. Mean titers in SLE sera for all viruses tested were significantly greater than in four control groups, but not greater than in active tuberculosis, both by the complement‐fixation (CF) and hemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) methods. By the CF method, only measles virus showed significantly higher titers in SLE than in all control groups; by the HI method, measles antibody titers were higher in SLE than in all groups but tuberculosis. There was no correlation between antibody titers and gammaglobulin levels. The results indicated a moderate though variable overall hypereactivity in SLE to the viral antigens tested.
Corneal chrysiasis. A clinical study in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving gold therapy
Authors: Hashimoto Akira , Maeda Yoshiharu , Itō Hisaji , Okazaki Minoru , Hara Tōsuke
Published: February 2007

Corneal chrysiasis, gold deposition in the cornea seen in the course of gold therapy, was studied in 40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The deposition was related to the total dose of gold and to the amount of drug injected weekly. Patients did not experience visual disturbances or other ocular symptoms. Deposits in the cornea disappeared in a fairly short time after gold therapy was discontinued.
Immunoglobulin and receptors for C3 on lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mellbye Ove J. , Messner Ronald P. , Debord James R. , Williams Ralph C.
Published: February 2007

In peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis the percentages of lymphocytes carrying surface‐bound IgG, IgA or IgM did not differ significantly from those in normal controls. However, both the sum of these percentages and the percentage of cells carrying receptors for human C3 were significantly lower than in normal controls. Immunoglobulin and C3 receptor were almost always present on the same cells, indicating that the latter also is a marker for B lymphocytes. In rheumatoid synovial fluids the percentage of lymphocytes carrying immunoglobulin appeared to be significantly higher than in peripheral blood from the same patients. No similar difference was observed for the percentage of cells carrying C3 receptors, probably due to impaired detection of this receptor in some of the fluids.
Impaired renal tubular secretion of potassium, elevated sweat sodium chloride concentration and plasma inhibition of erythrocyte sodium outflux as complications of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hadler Nortin M. , Gill John R. , Gardner Jerry D.
Published: February 2007

A 23‐year‐old male with systemic lupus erythematosus and hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis (creatinine clearance 84 ml/min) developed severe hyperkalemia when given a normal sodium and potassium intake. Potassium excretion increased subnormally in response to ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and a sodium‐retaining steroid. Renal conservation of sodium and excretion of ammonium were impaired. These observations are consistent with defects in secretion of potassium and hydrogen ion by the distal tubule. Sodium transport by sweat ducts and normal erythrocytes incubated in the patient's plasma was impaired. The several abnormalities in ion transport could have been caused by a circulating substance(s), possibly acquired as a result of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Gold excretion correlated with clinical course during chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Gottlieb Norman L. , Smith Patricia M. , Smith Edward M.
Published: February 2007

Eighteen patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with gold sodium thiomalate (Myochrysine®) in this prospective clinical and metabolic study. Myochrysine and 195Au‐labeled Myochrysine were given at various times while the patients were hospitalized on a metabolic ward. Weekly gold excretion was determined from complete collection of urine and feces while in the hospital. Neutron activation analysis measured stable gold (197Au) content and radiometric analysis assayed 195Au activity. Weekly excretion of urine and total stable gold (total gold administered to date) and radiogold (current administered dose) did not correlate with clinical course or toxicity. There was a positive relationship between favorable course and fecal hypoexcretion of stable and radioactive gold, an observation requiring additional study and confirmation.
Kinetics of aurothiomalate in serum and synovial fluid
Authors: Gerber Robert C. , Paulus Harold E. , Bluestone Rodney , Lederer Marianne
Published: February 2007

Six patients with chronic knee effusions were given single intravenous tracer doses of 195Au‐aurothiomalate; tracer and stable gold content of serum and synovial fluid were studied. The average concentration of tracer gold in synovial fluid was 56% of that in corresponding serum specimens. The rate at which gold disappeared from serum and synovial fluid conformed to first‐order kinetics, while observed from Day 1 through Day 7 after injection. Half‐time for tracer disappearance was 5.2 days for serum and 6.2 days for synovial fluid.
An antibody‐like material in systemic lupus erythematosus directed toward a thermolabile serum macroprotein
Authors: Epstein Wallace V , Tan Margaret
Published: February 2007

An antibody‐like material directed toward a thermolabile macroprotein present in all normal human sera has been identified in the sera of some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The antigen disappears from the serum when the antibody appears and the phenomenon is associated with hypocomplementemia and marked disease activity. The complex formed by the antigen and its antibody is intensely anticomplementary. Successful treatment of the SLE is associated with disappearance of this antibody and, over periods ranging from 1 to 9 months, reappearance of free antigen. This new antigen‐antibody system appearing during the active hypocomplementemic phase of some patients with SLE may be a factor in the pathogenesis of this immune complex disease.
An immunofluorescent method for the detection of antigammaglobulin antibodies
Authors: Estes Dorothy , Atra Edgar , Peltier André
Published: February 2007

An immunofluorescent technic for the detection of rheumatoid factors has been developed that is easy to perform, is readily reproducible and allows the detection of rheumatoid factors in a significant proportion of otherwise seronegative rheumatoid patients. By using fractionated sera it is possible to show that this method allows the detection of IgG factors in patients negative by the latex fixation method.
The effect of a cobra venom factor on complement and adjuvant‐induced disease in rats
Authors: Kourounakis Lygeri , Nelson R A , Kupusta M A
Published: February 2007

The parenteral administration of mycobacterial adjuvant into rats induces an arthropathy which is generally believed to be due to cellular hypersensitivity. The role of complement in this phenomenon has not been defined. The levels of individual complement components were measured in sera of normal and adjuvant‐treated rats. The effect of decomplementation with cobra venom factor (CVF) was studied in adjuvant‐induced disease (AID). It was found that C9 is elevated in AID; and that CVF temporarily depletes C3 and delays the onset of arthritis. This suggests that certain complement components may play a role in this form of hypersensitivity.
Cyclophosphamide therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and polymyositis
Authors: Fries James F , Sharp Gordon C , Mcdevitt Hugh O , Holman Halsted R
Published: February 2007

Twenty‐two patients with connective tissue diseases, including 14 with systemic lupus erythematosus, were randomly assigned to either prednisone alone or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) alone treatment groups. Patients declared a failure on one regimen were then placed in the other group. Initial clinical and laboratory status of the groups was comparable. In the cyclophosphamide groups, zero responses and 12 failures were recorded. With prednisone, 14 responses and 5 failures were observed; similar differences were present within each disease subgroup. Inability to control inflammatory aspects of the disease, or severe side effects, were the usual reason for discontinuing of cyclophosphamide; only rarely was it possible to obtain a prolonged trial on this agent alone. Side effects were distressingly frequent with each drug, and of similar magnitude. Ovarian suppression was documented in several patients in the cyclophosphamide group. Cyclophosphamide employed as the sole agent is not the drug of choice in the treatment of these diseases.
Mechanisms of release of granule enzymes from human neutrophils phagocytosing aggregated immunoglobulin
Authors: Henson Peter M
Published: February 2007

Neutrophils released a proportion of their potentially injurious granule constituents during phagocytosis of particulate aggregated γ‐globulin. Lactic dehydrogenase was not liberated and the cells were not lysed. Electron microscopic observation revealed at least four related morphologic mechanisms for the release of granule enzymes. Extrusion of granules was observed primarily into vacuoles. However, occasions were noted when such vacuoles might be open to the exterior: a) When a vacuole apparently opened to allow additional material to be taken into it; b) When a vacuole remained connected to the exterior by a narrow slit; c) When two cells were involved in phagocytosis of a single particle (aggregate); and d) When extrusion of granules preceded the complete closing of pseudopods around the aggregates.
candida guilliermondi infection of the knee complicating rheumatoid arthritis: a case report
Authors: Graham D R , Frost H M
Published: February 2007

An elderly woman with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis, treated with both systemic and intraarticular corticosteroids, presented with Candida guilliermondi infection superimposed on chronic rheumatoid synovitis of her right knee. This was successfully controlled by surgical debridement (synovectomy) and stabilization of the joint with crossed‐pins, leading to a painless fibrous ankylosis. The unusual organism, apparent chronicity of the infection and ultimate success of the surgical treatment are features of this unusual case.
Psoriatic arthritis in a child
Authors: Angevine C Douglas , Pless I Barry , Baum John , Jacox Ralph F
Published: February 2007

Presented is a case of psoriatic arthritis in a child. A detailed report of this entity has not previously been published. The similarity between this patient's disease and psoriatic arthritis in adults is discussed.
Immunopathologic Significance of Cartilage Antigenic Components in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Herman Jerome H. , Wiltse David W. , Dennis Marie V.
Published: February 2007

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been studied in an attempt to detect immune responses to cartilage antigens that might function in the causation and/or perpetuation of joint inflammation. Cartilagenous antigenic determinants could be consistently demonstrated in synovial fluid and its phagocytic cellular components. Antibody to such constituents could not be detected in serum, synovial fluid or immunoglobulin eluted from or synthesized de novo by rheumatoid synovium. However, delayed hypersensitivity to cartilage antigens correlating with clinical evidence of inflammatory cartilagenous degradation could be identified.
Fine Structural Analysis of Rabbit Synovial Cells I. The Normal Synovium and Changes in Organ Culture
Authors: Krey Phoebe R. , Cohen Alan S. , Sherwood Margaret E.
Published: February 2007

The distinction between fibroblast and macrophage‐like cells in the rabbit synovium is relatively easy to assess. A careful analysis of the two types of cells indicates that the Golgi apparatus, pinocytotic vesicles and lipid inclusions are more commonly observed in fibroblast‐like or F cells. The macrophage‐like or M cell is characterized by numerous short filopodia and cytoplasmic inclusions and vacuoles. Using these criteria a count of 700 lining cells revealed 63% fibroblasts, 34% macrophage‐like and 3% intermediate cells. In organ culture there is a gradual disappearance of macrophage‐like cells most marked between Day 1 and 3 due possibly to cell migration. The typical lining cell in culture has multiple lipid inclusions, widened endoplasmic reticulum and gray granular inclusions. Thus, the surviving synovial lining cell in organ cultures appears to be similar to the fibroblast of the original synovium.
Continuous Culture of a B‐Immunocyte from Rheumatoid Synovium
Authors: Ford Denys K. , Donald Smiley J.
Published: February 2007

A lymphocyte cell line was established from the culture of rheumatoid synovium and the cell strain continues to proliferate after more than a year in the culture. The exposure of the cells to 14C‐amino acids has demonstrated that they manufacture IgG and IgM and, thus, they can be regarded as B‐immunocytes.
Marrow Granulocyte Reserves in the Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Kimball Harry R. , Wolff Sheldon M. , Talal Norman , Plotz Paul H. , Decker John L.
Published: February 2007

Marrow granulocyte reserves, as measured by the administration of etiocholanolone, were studied in 59 patients with a variety of rheumatic diseases. The majority of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (62%) and all patients with chronic hepatitis and Felty's syndrome tested had abnormally low granulocyte reserves. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren's syndrome were generally normal. No correlation could be established between deficient bone marrow responses and other clinical or laboratory parameters such as leukopenia. Plasma was obtained in 2 patients when they exhibited diminished marrow reserves. After treatment of these patients and a return of the etiocholanolone test to normal, reinfusion of the plasma had a suppressive effect on the marrow reserve, suggesting that a humoral factors) may be responsible for the abnormality.
Preparation of 125I‐labeled Native DNA for Use in Radioimmunoassays for Anti‐Native‐DNA Antibodies
Authors: Keiser Harold
Published: February 2007

A method is described for the in vitro labeling of calf thymus native DNA (nDNA) with 125I. The 125I‐calf thymus nDNA produced by this method is suitable for use in the Millipore filter assay for antibodies to nDNA in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and gives results equivalent to those obtained with 3H‐HeLa cell nDNA labeled in vivo.
Cellular Immunity in Rheumatic Diseases I. Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Waxman Jack , Lockshin Michael D. , Schnapp Jerome J. , Doneson Ira N.
Published: February 2007

Cell‐mediated immunity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was assessed by skin testing with 5 common antigens in 84 patients, dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) application in 13, and in Vitro phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of buffy coat cells in 39.Routine skin‐test reactions were recorded as the largest diameter of induration present at 48 hours. Controls included normal subjects, family members of patients with rheumatic disorders, and patients with unrelated illnesses. Results revealed two populations of RA patients. Forty‐two percent were completely anergic to the 5 antigens and 14% gave a history of herpes zoster. The remainder showed reactivity similar to that seen in patient controls. Most RA subjects demonstrated normal or only minimally diminished PHA responses. The RA patients had normal inflammatory responses to the initial DNCB application, but immune reactions to this agent paralleled skin‐test reactivity to the other antigens. The anergic individuals could be separated from the reactive population primarily by the increased duration of disease activity but not by medication taken or the degree of disease activity when tested.
The Fourth Component of Complement in the Cerebrospinal Fluid in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Hadler Nortin M. , Gerwin Robert D. , Frank Michael M. , Whitaker John N. , Baker Max , Decker John L.
Published: February 2007

Of 35 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) studied for up to 18 months, 6 had acute neurologic disease and 3 had acute psychiatric syndromes attributed to SLE during which the mean hemolytic titer of the fourth component of complement in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF C4) did not differ significantly from the mean of 50 titers in control SLE patients. However, in 4 patients serial determinations disclosed a depression of titer at the time of acute central nervous system involvement (P < 0.01). Hemolytic C4 was unstable in CSF stored at ‐45°C. Two decay patterns were noted in SLE patients; titers fell more rapidly in patients with more active lupus (P < 0.001). The findings support the postulate that immune injury underlies the neurologic manifestations of SLE.
Serum parathyroid hormone levels in patients with calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (chondrocalcinosis, pseudogout)
Authors: Phelps Paulding , Hawker Charles D.
Published: February 2007

Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone was measured in the sera of 26 patients with calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease, using a sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure. Elevated concentrations were found in the sera of 10 (38%) of these patients. Four of these 10 patients had hypercalcemia suggesting primary hyperparathyroidism, but 3 had hypocalcemia suggesting secondary hyperparathyroidism. The data extend the previously documented relationship between hyperparathyroidism and calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease, but an explanation for the association is not readily apparent.
Suppression of acute and chronic inflammation in adrenalectomized rats by pharmacologic amounts of prostaglandins
Authors: Zurier Robert B. , Hoffstein Sylvia , Weissmann Gerald
Published: February 2007

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) suppressed acute carrageenan‐induced inflammation and chronic joint inflammation characteristic of adjuvant disease in the rat. Placement of PGE1 into subcutaneous air blebs at the time of carrageenan injection retarded movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the focus of inflammation and produced a concentration‐dependent reduction in exudate β‐glucuronidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, an effect also observed in adrenalectomized rats. PGE2 also significantly reduced enzyme activities released into inflammatory exudates. Ultrastructural studies indicated that carrageenan was ingested by invading polymorphs and enclosed within phagocytic vacuoles, the membranes of which subsequently ruptured. More lysosomes remained intact after carrageenan uptake in bleb leukocytes from PGE1‐treated than from control rats and there was no loss of phagosomal membrane integrity in cells from treated rats. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with PGE1 (300 μg twice daily) prevented adjuvant‐induced systemic arthritis, reduced the acute inflammatory reaction at the site of adjuvant injection, and reduced the number of circulating small lymphocytes. Together, these two sets of experiments suggest that pharmacologic doses of prostaglandins are anti‐inflammatory in acute and chronic models, and that the effect is not mediated entirely by stimulation of the pituitary and/or adrenal glands.
Renal histology and clinical course of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Cheatum Don E. , Hurd Eric R. , Strunk Stanley W. , Ziff Morris
Published: February 2007

Thirty women with systemic lupus erythematosus were categorized into groups with and without significant renal involvement on the basis of renal biopsy and subsequently followed for an average of 9.4 years. At this time 53% of the patients with renal disease and 70% of the “nonrenal” patients had died. While 80% of the deaths in the “renal” group were due to renal disease, none of the nonrenal patients died of this complication. Major central nervous system involvement was eventually noted in 100% of the nonrenal group. After 8.3 years, mortality in the nonrenal patients exceeded that in the renal group, mainly because of the emergence of central nervous system disease.
Cell‐mediated immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: Abe Tohru , Hara Masako , Yamasaki Kuniomi , Homma Mitsuo
Published: February 2007

Cell‐mediated immunity in 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was assayed by macrophage inhibitory test (MI‐test) using native DNA as an antigen. The mean percentage migration in SLE and normal control was 77.8 and 98.1%. The percentage migration below 84.3% was considered to be a positive MI‐test. Patients with SLE possessed cellular hypersensitivity to native DNA; positive MI‐tests seemed to be present more often when the disease was clinically active. Percentage migration did not correlate with the presence of ANA and anti‐DNA antibody. It is of note that lymphocytes from patients with negative ANA produced migration inhibitory factor in response to native DNA. The higher incidence of positive MI‐tests in patients with nephrotic syndrome is impressive. The role of the presence of DNA‐sensitized lymphocytes to the perpetuation of renal lesion in nephrotic syndrome is discussed.
Pathogenesis of autoimmunity in New Zealand mice V. Loss of thymic suppressor function
Authors: Steinberg Alfred D.
Published: February 2007

Recent studies support the concept of thymic regulatory or suppressor function. Such regulatory function appears to be present in the first month of life in NZB and NZB/W mice, but is rapidly lost with age. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that loss of suppressor function may play an important pathogenetic role in the development of autoimmunity.
Enzyme release from human leukocytes and degradation of cartilage matrix effects of antirheumatic drugs
Authors: Perper R. J. , Oronsky A. L.
Published: February 2007

Various antirheumatic drugs were tested in a newly described model of cartilage degradation‐induced by the nonphagocytic release of neutral protease from viable human leukocytes in the presence of aggregated human IgG. Steroidal and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs inhibited the enzyme release process but not neutral protease activity, whereas gold and chloroquine inhibited the enzyme activity without affecting the release process. Several other drugs, known not to have antiinflammatory activity, were inactive. Neutral protease appears to be preformed in neutrophils and not induced by de novo synthesis during phagocytosis. The concentrations at which the antirheumatic drugs were active in vitro correlated with blood levels usually achieved in man. It is suggested that the activity of compounds in the model system described might predict their effect in vivo in rheumatoid arthritis.
Gold concentrations in hair, nail, and skin during chrysotherapy
Authors: Gottlieb Norman L. , Smith Patricia M. , Penneys Neal S. , Smith Edward M.
Published: February 2007

Serial hair and nail specimens were obtained from 18 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving chrysotherapy. Punch biopsies of skin lesions and normal‐appearing skin from 4 other patients with gold dermatitis, and serial skin biopsies from 4 additional patients were obtained at intervals during chrysotherapy. Gold content was measured in these samples using neutron activation analysis. Small quantities of gold were found in hair (mean = 0.30 μg/g), nail (mean = 0.17 μg/g), and skin (mean = 0.03 μg/g) prior to chrysotherapy, with two‐ to fivefold increases after 3–12 months of treatment. Compared to those from patients who did not develop gold toxicity, gold concentrations in all three tissues were similar in patients who developed gold toxicity. Gold levels were identical in skin lesions and normal‐appearing skin of patients with gold dermatitis. These findings indicate that gold has little affinity for keratinous tissues, and that determination of gold content in these tissues is not helpful in differentiating gold‐toxic from nontoxic patients.
Serum DNA binding activity in healthy subjects and in rheumatic disease
Authors: Hasselbacher Peter , LeRoy E. Carwile
Published: February 2007

Modifications of the Farr ammonium sulfate precipitation assay for DNA antibodies have increased sensitivity and led to the detection of DNA binding in the sera of healthy subjects and subjects with rheumatic disease other than systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The presence of binding in immunochemically pure IgG and the pattern of inhibition by native and denatured DNA support the thesis that DNA binding of normal, non‐SLE, and SLE sera is antibody and similar in kind although not in degree. The presence of antibodies to DNA in normal and non‐SLE sera may limit the qualitative role of these antibodies in SLE and render DNA antibodies similar to antiglobulin and other antinuclear antibodies in rheumatic disease.
Variability of proximal interphalangeal joint size measurements in normal adults
Authors: Heyman Eugene R.
Published: February 2007

A study to determine the variability of PIP joint size measurements was performed among 24 normal adults. Joint size measurements were shown to be reproducible to within 2 mm, irrespective of the times at which they are taken. Size of the joint, age, sex, and menses had no significant effect upon the magnitude in which the PIP joints varied. A diurnal and a cyclic pattern was observed among all PIP joint sizes.
Urate crystal arthritis in animals lacking hageman factor
Authors: Spilberg Isaias
Published: February 2007

Although chickens lack Hageman factor, they respond to the intraarticular injection of urate crystals with an acute synovitis, indicating that this factor is not required for the development of an inflammatory reaction. Despite the acute inflammatory response elicited by the crystals, no ornithokinin activity was detected in the synovial fluid of the chickens, indicating that the kinin‐kallikrein system does not play a major role in the urate‐induced inflammatory response in this model.
Pets and rheumatoid arthritis an epidemiologic survey
Authors: Gottlieb Norman L. , Ditchek Norman , Poiley Jeffrey , Kiem Iris M.
Published: February 2007

The prevalence of pets in households of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is compared to arthritic (non‐RA) and nonarthritic control patients in this epidemiologic survey. During the 5‐year period prior to diseaseonset RA patients had greater exposure to dogs, cats, or birds (combined), dogs, and sick animals than control patients. This finding raises the possibility that pets might serve as a reservoir for an infectious agent(s) capable of initiating RA.
Histocompatibility (HL‐A) antigens and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: Nies Kenneth M. , Brown John C. , Dubois Edmund L. , Quismorio Francisco P. , Friou George J. , Terasaki Paul I.
Published: February 2007

Comparison was made of HL‐A phenotypes in 122 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 1289 ethnically matched controls. The only significant association was between the HL‐A antigen HL‐A5 and the presence of SLE in Black Americans. A similar trend in 40 Caucasian patients did not reach a level of statistical significance. No significant association was present between any HL‐A antigen and clinical or laboratory manifestations of the disease. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were present in 36% of the patients and correlated with the presence of low total hemolytic complement and leukopenia.
Experimental gouty synovitis caused by bacterial endotoxin adsorbed onto urate crystals
Authors: van Arman C. G. , Carlson R. P. , Kling P. J. , Allen D. J. , Bondi J. V.
Published: February 2007

We used a laboratory model of gouty synovitis giving quantitative dose‐dependent results with urate injection intrasynovially into the knee joint of dogs. We found that when precautions were taken to prevent any possible endotoxin contamination of the urate crystals, they became significantly less active. Endotoxin by itself, from Escherichia coli, was very potent in causing pain and leukocytic infiltration into the knee joint. Such endotoxin was readily and firmly adsorbed onto urate crystals. A small dose of urate crystals that caused no pain by itself became very painful when the crystals were allowed to adsorb endotoxin in vitro. When this same small non‐painful dose of urate crystals was given into the joint, and the dog also received endotoxin by the oral route, signs of pain arose very clearly. It is known that gouty patients even when in remission may have crystals of sodium urate in the synovial fluid. It would therefore appear possible that if such urate crystals were to adsorb an endotoxin passing from the gastrointestinal tract into the plasma, thence into the synovial space, the patients may develop an attack of gout.
Unusual connective tissue manifestations of hemochromatosis
Authors: Angevine C. Douglas , Jacox Ralph F.
Published: February 2007

Presented are 7 cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis with arthritis. Two of the patients had connective tissue manifestations, which have not been reported previously. All patients received extensive phlebotomy therapy but only 1 has noted improvement of the arthropathy.
Asymptomatic spondylodiscitis an unusual feature of ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Little Hugh , Urowitz Murray B. , Smythe Hugh A. , Rosen Phillip S.
Published: February 2007

Six patients with ankylosing spondylitis were found to have asymptomatic spondylodiscitis. They have been followed for a mean of 17 years and have been free of symptoms or complications from this lesion. This benign asymptomatic course has not been stressed by previous authors.
Adenovirus arthritis
Authors: Panush Richard S.
Published: February 2007

A patient with adenovirus infection and synovitis is described. He presented with fever, acute respiratory disease, macular erythematous rash, aseptic meningitis and inflammatory arthritis of both knees. All symptoms resolved completely over a 3‐week period. Acute and convalescent sera revealed a significant rise in antibodies to adenovirus type 7. The patient's serum C3 was elevated and serum C4 relatively depressed during the onset of symptoms; both values returned towards normal with recovery.
Experimental arthritis produced by injection of mediators of delayed hypersensitivity
Authors: Andreis Mario , Stastny Peter , Ziff Morris
Published: February 2007

Arthritis was produced in the rabbit by intraarticular injection of a preparation of mediators of cellular immunity (lymphokines) obtained from KLH‐sensitized lymphocytes. Following three injections, a chronic synovitis developed characterized by synovial effusion, hyperplasia of the lining layer and infiltration of the sublining layer with histiocytes and fibroblasts. These findings indicate that mediators of cellular immunity may produce a chronic synovitis when injected into the normal joint. They also demonstrate a mechanism whereby the cellular immune response may produce synovial inflammation.
Cellular immunity in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Senyk George , Hadley W. Keith , Attias Moises R. , Talal Norman
Published: February 2007

Cellular immunity of 16 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as measured by the ability of their lymphocytes to proliferate in vitro following stimulation with mitogens and bacterial antigens, and by the ability of their polymorphonuclear neutrophils to reduce nitrobluetetrazolium dye, both spontaneously and upon stimulation, was found to be unimpaired by comparison with cells of 12 normal individuals. The relative frequency of responders to stimulation with human collagen and with several nuclear antigens, used over a wide range of concentrations and evaluated as a group, was significantly higher among patients with SLE. Antinuclear antibodies specific for DNA, RNA, or both, were found in all patients with SLE, but did not reflect the pattern of sensitization of lymphocytes to these antigens as measured by lymphocyte transformation.
Effects of cold and heat on urate crystal‐induced synovitis in the dog
Authors: Dorwart Bonnie B. , Hansell John R. , Schumacher H. Ralph
Published: February 2007

Local cooling decreased, while heating increased, the acute inflammation produced by a single injection of urate crystals into dog knees. Synovial fluid leukocyte counts and volume, polymorphonuclear infiltration of synovial membrane, and 133Xe clearance were decreased by cold, and increased by heat. There was good correlation between altered inflammation and vascular changes, but not with enzyme levels, cell death, or leukocyte structural changes. Chronic synovitis from repeated crystal injections was not altered by cold or heat.
Interferon production by lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Alarcon‐Segovia Donato , Ruiz‐Gomez Juan , Fishbei Eugenia , Bustamante Marfa Elena
Published: February 2007

Interferon produced by lymphocytes from 23 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was assayed and compared with that of 14 normal controls. No significant difference was found between lupus patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and controls nor did titers of interferon correlate with disease activity, immunoglobulin or C3 levels, presence of antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, or hepatitis B antigenemia. Presence of probable viral particles and of increased viral antibody titers in patients with lupus erythematosus cannot be explained by a decreased production of interferon by their lymphocytes.
Tubuloreticular structures within labial salivary glands in sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Daniels Troy E. , Sylvester Robert A. , Silverman Sol , Polando Vibeke , Talal Norman
Published: February 2007

Tubuloreticular structures were found in endothelial cells of biopsies from labial salivary glands of 6 of 20 patients with Sjögren's syndrome, and were absent in 11 control patients. Patients with these structures had evidence of severe disease as manifested by xerostomia, lymphoid infiltrates in the salivary glands, hypergammaglobulinemia, and auto‐antibodies. The nature of these inclusions remains controversial.