bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sales Work under Marketization: The Social Relations of the Cash Nexus?
Authors: Korczynski Marek , Ott Ursula
Published: April 2005

In lightly regulated economies many jobs are becoming subject to a process of ‘marketization’ involving an externalization of the employment relationship in the context of intensified product market competition. At the same time, a number of front-line jobs are becoming redefined to encompass more proactive sales aims. This study examines two sites at an intersection of these trends — sites where financial service jobs have been marketized and redefined to revolve around proactive sales activity. It examines the key social relations of the sales workers — relations with managers, immediate colleagues, back-office staff, customers and referrers — in considering how far marketization leads to the social relations of the cash nexus along bare market principles. It is found that one group of workers is enmeshed in a dehumanized, instrumental and antagonistic set of relations, while another, smaller, group of workers is insulated against such relations by the functioning of tight trust-based referral networks. It is concluded that the texture of the social relations of sales work under marketization is centrally influenced by the social constitution of the specific product market in which sales workers act. In addition, it is argued that the process of marketization tends to corrode the factors that support the functioning of tight trust-based networks.
Location Dependence and Industry Evolution: Founding Rates in the United Kingdom Motorcycle Industry, 1895-1993
Authors: Wezel Filippo Carlo
Published: April 2005

This paper examines the founding rates of 648 motorcycle organizations in the United Kingdom between 1895 and 1993. It collates the recent findings on spatial density dependence with those related to the temporal heterogeneity of legitimation and competition. The findings of this study highlight the importance of taking into account the geographical configuration of organizational populations to comprehend their evolution.
Professional Competition, Economic Value Added and Management Control Strategies
Authors: Ezzamel Mahmoud , Burns John
Published: April 2005

This paper examines a failed change initiative (the implementation of economic value added, EVA™) in an in-depth case study of a major UK retailer (RetailCo, a pseudonym). The paper locates this change initiative within inter-professional competition between on the one hand the finance managers and on the other hand the buyers and merchandisers in RetailCo. Finance managers sought to strengthen their professional jurisdiction and enhance their financial and symbolic rewards by imposing stricter controls over buyers and merchandisers, which the latter resented as an undesirable intervention into their work practices and mobilized their influence and work knowledge to ensure the abandonment of EVA. This boundary work involved the use of a multiplicity of entry points centred on control strategies and the fundamentals of retailing. Implications for professional competition and organizational change are considered.
Subject trouble
Authors: Stoetzler Marcel
Published: April 2005

In this essay I explore the role of dialectics for how social theory can take account of the problem of structure and agency, or, determination and freedom, in a critical and emancipatory way. I discuss the limits and possibilities of dialectical, and of anti-dialectical, criticisms of Hegelian dialectics. For this purpose, I look at Judith Butler’s discussion of dialectics and the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ in her writings between 1987 ( Subjects of Desire; republished 1999) and 1990 ( Gender Trouble, republished 2000). Butler’s book Gender Trouble remains a key text of contemporary feminist theory. Butler formulates in this book a critique of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex based on her claim that Beauvoir makes a distinction between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ that implies the notion of the sexed body as a pre-cultural entity. In her earlier writings, though, her evaluation of de Beauvoir had been much more positive. The change in Butler’s evaluation of de Beauvoir is part of her increasing rejection of dialectics: Butler rejected in Gender Trouble any form of Hegelian dialectics with reference to Luce Irigaray’s (1985) claim that it is ‘phallogocentric’. Although Butler subsequently returned to Hegelian themes, she seems never to have revoked this claim made in her most momentous work.

I argue that this change in the theoretical structure of Butler’s argument weakens her critique of identity politics and I suggest reading Butler backwards, from Gender Trouble to the more open discussion of dialectics in her earlier texts. Drawing on Adorno’s Negative Dialectics and other formulations of critical theory, I argue that the valid aspects of the critique of Hegelian dialectics can better be formulated as a dialectical critique of dialectics (Adorno; Butler, 1987a) than as a rejection of dialectics (Derrida; Irigaray; Butler, 1990).

Retracing the genealogy of Butler’s argument will be a necessary backdrop, too, for evaluating her more recent comments on the Hegelian and ‘Frankfurt School’ traditions such as her Adorno Lectures given in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in November 2002.
The paradoxical liberty of bio-power
Authors: Dolan Frederick M.
Published: April 2005

For Hannah Arendt, spontaneous, ‘initiatory’ human action and interaction are suppressed by the normalizing pressures of society once ‘life’ - that is, sheer life - becomes the primary concern of politics, as it does, she finds, in the modern age. Arendt’s concept of the social is indebted to Martin Heidegger’s analysis of everyday Dasein in Being and Time, and contemporary political philosophers inspired by Heidegger, such as Jean-Luc Nancy, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, and Giorgio Agamben, tend to reproduce her account of the withdrawal of the political in modernity. In this article, I complicate Arendt’s theory by turning to Michel Foucault’s parallel but diverging understanding of the nature of power in modern society to show, surprisingly, that Foucault’s narrative of the emergence of modern power pictures a society that is more, not less, politicized.
On the Critique of Secular Ethics
Authors: Bell Vikki
Published: April 2005

Referring to Hannah Arendt’s book Eichmann in Jerusalem, the Southern US fiction writer Flannery O’Connor expressed the effect of the revelations about the horrors of Nazi Germany as ‘haunting’. Taking this comment and her admiration of Arendt as a cue, this article rereads Flannery O’Connor’s fictional depiction of secular characters. Usually lauded or critiqued for her entanglement in ‘otherworldly’ concerns, here these concerns become comprehensible as much as political intervention as motivated by ‘religious’ belief. O’Connor’s frequently humorous use of her fiction as a retort to the secular world was inflected by her reading of Eric Voegelin’s contemporary secularization thesis with its criticism of all ‘isms’. In this context, O’Connor’s admiration for Arendt becomes all the more intriguing (since Arendt’s interpretations of the human condition clashed with Voegelin’s), and allows one to stage a theoretical meeting in order to explore O’Connor’s depiction of the secular in relation to a speculative exploration of how Arendt might have responded to the fiction of O’Connor. Such a staging is accomplished here via a reading of O’Connor’s short story ‘The Lame Shall Enter First’ read against Arendt’s concerns, principally those expressed in The Human Condition.
Creation/Accumulation City
Authors: Doevendans Kees , Schram Anne
Published: April 2005

A distinction between basic archetypes of urban form was made by Bruno Fortier: the accumulation city as opposed to the creation city. These archetypes derive from archaeology - being based on the Roman and the Egyptian city - but are interpreted as morphological paradigms, as a set of assumptions and underpinnings determining spatial planning and design. The creation city is described as expression of modernity - the paradigmatic origins of which can be traced back to Descartes’ ideas on the city - analysed as an ontology of destruction, among other things. A conceptual framework connecting the creation city to modernity is presented by interpreting Fortier’s archetypes through the anthropological work of W.T. Jones. Influenced by postmodern cultural analysis and architectural discourse, the paradigmatic importance of the accumulation city seems to increase. It is argued that interest in the accumulation city is related to a discord which is characteristic of modernity but which seems to be denied by the urbanistic modernism of the 20th century. Methodologically, we argue that modernism should be seen as part of a post-paradigmatic phase of modernity rather than as an expression of modernity at its zenith. It is argued that the discord of modernism should not lead to a discussion of modernism and postmodernism as contrary paradigms, but that the understanding of the city oscillates dialectically between these two paradigms.
Practices of Calculation
Authors: Kalthoff Herbert
Published: April 2005

As recent studies in economic and financial sociology have underscored, calculation is central to economic practices. While some sociological accounts locate the performance of calculation within individual ability, networks of human agents or their cultural embeddedness, studies operating on the background of the sociology of (scientific) knowledge conceive of calculation as situated in the practice of the participants engaged, the technological tools used and their requirements. The article explores this point further, using a distinction which can be traced back to Heidegger’s notion of Gestell (enframing): the ‘calculation of something’ and the ‘calculation with something’ are analysed taking the practices of risk management departments of big international banks as an example. It is argued that, through the use of calculation tools, the corporate clients are constituted anew and that written documents which are the outcome of this process constitute a social prosthesis for remote communication taking place between subsidiaries and the headquarters of international banks.
Italiani brava gente? Fascist Italy’s Policy Toward the Jews in the Balkans, April 1941-July 1943
Authors: Rodogno Davide
Published: April 2005

Why did an anti-Semitic regime that harshly persecuted Italian and foreign Jews since 1938, refuse to hand over to its German ally thousands of foreign Jews living in the Italian occupied territories? The article refuses to refer to fascist policies as a ‘rescue of the Jews’ and to use the myth ‘Italiani brava gente’ as an explaining factor for this policy. Rather, it refers to the relations between the two Axis partners, to the broader context of fascist policies of occupation, and to the nature and aims of fascist anti-Semitism. It shows that the Jews not handed over to the Germans were an exception, and that other Jews were turned back or expelled.
Corrupting a Good Mix: Race and Crime in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century Spain
Authors: Goode Joshua
Published: April 2005

This article explores Spanish racial thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, concentrating specifically on its application in criminological practice. Rather than accepting the more common dismissals of Spanish racial ideas as either non-existent or somehow non-racist for their reliance on mixture, this article demonstrates both how malleable the idea of race was in Spain and the variety of purposes to which it was put. This article also places the discussion of race and crime in Spain more broadly in its European context. It shifts the focus away from European historiography’s more typical assumption that the content of racial ideas was the motor force behind the shaping of actual criminal policies and jurisprudence. Instead, this article demonstrates that the context in which racial ideas were developed proved far more important in determining how ideas were applied than the content or definition of those racial ideas.
‘Bilan du monde pour un monde plus déshumanisé’: The 1958 Brussels World’s Fair and Belgian Perceptions of the Congo
Authors: Stanard Matthew
Published: April 2005

This article examines the intentions behind the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi section at the 1958 World’s Fair and the reactions that its pavilions elicited. The article argues that while the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi section did demonstrate the impressive nature of Belgian accomplishments in Central Africa, it failed in its intentions to develop interest and sympathy in Belgium for the nation’s Central African empire. The 1958 World’s Fair maintained a tradition of paternalism toward Africans and buttressed a negative image of Congolese, all the while without facing up to Belgium’s colonial past. The Belgian Congo section’s village indigène continued a long practice of dehumanizing Africans at universal exhibitions by displaying them in a ‘primitive’ state to be observed by fair visitors.
Jewish Crimes and Misdemeanours: In Search of Jewish Criminality (Germany and Austria, 1890-1914)
Authors: Vyleta Daniel
Published: April 2005

This article seeks to answer the question of how Jewish crimes and criminals were conceptualized in Germany and Austria at the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, both by the budding science of criminology and by the popular discourse surrounding crime. The article argues that despite surface affinities between contemporary biological models of criminality and racial and anthropological identifications of Jewish essence, no straightforward conflation of the two narratives took place. Rather, antisemitic conceptualisations of Jewish criminality focused primarily on charges of dissimulation and on allegations that Jews were wilfully sabotaging the fragile access to truth available to the justice system. Far from focusing on the deviance of the individual criminal actor, this narrative routinely implicated Jewish lawyers and newspaper editors, Jewish psychologists and other scientists in the conspiratorial creation of criminal spaces.
The Political Economy of Post-Industrial Capitalism
Authors: Liagouras George
Published: April 2005

The hypothesis of this article is that industrial capitalism, as conceptualized by a series of authors from Smith and Marx to Weber and Sombart, and then to Galbraith and Chandler, is outdated. We are entering a new era of information or ‘post-industrial capitalism’. The term used in the article is post-industrial capitalism. This is mainly because the notion of information capitalism does not define explicitly what is really new regarding the history of capitalism. Information capitalism can be either post-Fordist, or post-industrial, or even a transition period towards a post-capitalist society. The argument of the article is developed in two parts. The first offers a systematic comparison between the basic features of industrial and post-industrial capitalism. The second explores three main contradictions of post-industrial capitalism. The general idea behind this exploration is that the future of post-industrial capitalism remains open. It depends on how the contradictions of this new form of capitalism will be resolved. This, in turn, implies a critical position towards approaches that either extrapolate the economic patterns of the last two decades into the 21st century, or, by adopting sophisticated versions of technological determinism, propose a monistic scenario for the future.
Knowledge Capitalism
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: April 2005

This article examines contemporary forms of capitalism that have the arts and the sciences as their basis. It highlights the role of civics in forging modes of intellectual capitalism, and the specific nature of their rationality and spatiality. The article discusses the role of creativity and designing intelligence in intellectual capital modes of production and the implications of this for their broader socio-economic constellations.
The Three Logics of Modernity and the Double Bind of the Modern Imagination
Authors: Heller Agnes
Published: April 2005

This article distinguishes between two constituents of modernity which together stand for the essence of modernity. It also distinguishes between three logics or tendencies in modernity. In pursuit of these aims it concentrates on a single issue, arguing that one cannot understand modernity, particularly not its heterogeneous character, from the viewpoint of the technological imagination (the Heideggerian Gestell) alone. The article interprets modernity as a world that draws on two sources of imagination: the technological and the historical. Most of this article is devoted to discussing these two kinds of imagination, their conflicts, balances, and imbalances within each of the three logics of modernity. The article demonstrates that the balance between the two kinds of imagination is different in each of the three logics, and that the role of the historical imagination is different not only in terms of force and magnitude but also in kind.
Driven by the Interest in Reasonable Conditions
Authors: Böhme Gernot
Published: April 2005

This article investigates the possibility and potential of a critical theory of nature and technology. A blind acceptance of the uninhibited development of the forces of production led traditional critical theory to neglect these areas, which it assigned to the domain of the natural sciences. The recognition that nature is socially constituted compels a reformulation of the interest in reasonable conditions that guided the older critical theory. The article asks what criteria offer themselves for determining what would be reasonable in our relations both to the nature that we ourselves are, the body, as well as to the nature that we ourselves are not. Such questions might revitalize critical theory in the very moment it threatens to become historically obsolete.
Nucleotide Isolation by Boronic Acid Functionalized Hydrogel Beads
Authors: ÇIçek Hüseyin
Published: April 2005

Aminophenyl boronic acid (APBA) modified hydrogel beads were prepared as a new sorbent for nucleotide isolation. Spherical hydrogel beads, obtained by suspension copolymerization, were the base material for the sorbent. The carboxyl groups on the gel bead surface were activated with a water soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC). APBA was then covalently attached to the activated structure via the amine groups. The maximum APBA attached to the gel was 34mg/g. The reversible adsorption-desorption behavior of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) was investigated by using 3.5 and 34mg/g of APBA on the hydrogel beads. The equilibrium -NAD adsorption capacities for these beads were determined as approximately 25 and 100mg/g, respectively. The -NAD absorption capacity of these APBA beads is significantly greater than similar supports.
Enhanced Swelling Rate of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Grafted Superporous Hydrogels
Authors: Huh Kang Moo , Baek Namjin , Park Kinam
Published: April 2005

Hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafts were introduced into superporous hydrogels (SPHs) to enhance the water absorption rate and swelling kinetics. PEG-grafted SPHs were prepared by copolymerization of acrylic acid and acrylamide monomers in the presence of PEG acrylate accompanied by a gas blowing foaming process to create superporous structures. PEG-grafted SPHs swelled 3 6 times faster than the control SPHs. The equilibrium swelling time was significantly reduced by introduction of hydrophilic PEG grafts and was further shortened by moisture. PEG-grafted SPHs containing 28wt% of moisture reached their equilibrium swelling within 20s. These PEG-grafted SPHs with fast swelling and superabsorbent properties may be useful for bioapplications where fast swelling kinetics is critical.
Perspectives on: Strategies to Fabricate Starch-based Hydrogels with Potential Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhang Li-Ming , Yang Chuan , Yan Li
Published: April 2005

In this review, some strategies to fabricate starch-based hydrogels are summarized and presented. Hydrophilic hydrogels based on native starch, pure starch components and their derivatives are important due to their swellability in water, biocompatibility and biodegradability. For the preparation of chemically cross-linked starch-based hydrogels, one-step and two-step synthesis by free radical polymerization, cross-linking by chemical reaction of complementary groups and radiation-induced polymerization with the help of gamma or electron beams, are used. For the preparation of physically cross-linked starch-based hydrogels, a novel self-assembly method was used. Some advantages and disadvantages of these synthesis approaches are briefly discussed.
Predictors of HIV-Infection in Older Adults
Authors: Szerlip Molly A. , Desalvo Karen B. , Szerlip Harold M.
Published: April 2005

This article is a retrospective case-control study of patients from a Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center and an urban public hospital. Patients (53) older than 55 at the time of their HIV diagnosis were age- and gender-matched to 106 HIV-negative controls. Potential predictors of HIV-infection were abstracted from the medical records. HIV-positive patients were more likely to have a history of sexually transmitted diseases, have Hepatitis B+, and have significant differences in their mean globulin, serum sodium, albumin, and hemoglobin levels. The mean albumin to globulin ratio was also statistically, significantly different between the HIV-positive patients and the controls. These data suggest that for patients older than 55, certain medical history parameters may be useful in predicting risk of being HIV-positive. An albumin to globulin ratio < 1.0, especially when combined with a history of alcohol abuse or prior sexually transmitted disease, should prompt all physicians to screen their older patients for HIV.
Stages of Change for Osteoporosis Preventive Behaviors
Authors: Popa Mihaela A.
Published: April 2005

Objective: This article presents a construct validation study for osteoporosis preventive behaviors based on a survey completed by 113 older adults. Methods: Participants were classified using stages of change for osteoporosis preventive behaviors according to an algorithm adapted from the Transtheoretical Model of health behavior change. Results: One-way analyses of variance and a hierarchical regression model indicate that stage of change location is significantly related to one’s level of knowledge about osteoporosis as well as age, gender, and educational attainment. These findings bring support to the validity of the instrument. Discussion: Findings from this study indicate that elders’ attitudes and knowledge about osteoporosis reflect public health messages heralding osteoporosis as the disease of the older White women. Significant health care expenditures in the nontargeted groups call for a revision in these messages. Further applications with more heterogeneous samples are necessary for thorough validation and reliability testing of the proposed instrument.
Lacanian Discourse Analysis in Psychology
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: April 2005

This paper describes seven key elements of the psychoanalytic work of Jacques Lacan that have a direct bearing on the development of theory for discourse analysis in psychology and implications for discourse-analytic reading of text. The paper reconstructs an account of discourse from Lacanian clinical and cultural practice and elaborates upon the way this practice conceives of: (i) formal qualities of text; (ii) anchoring of representation; (iii) agency and determination; (iv) the role of knowledge; (v) positions in language; (vi) deadlocks of perspective; and (vii) interpretation of textual material. While some of the elements outlined here are compatible with current social constructionist perspectives, Lacan’s work takes us beyond these approaches to something quite new.
The Dialogical Self, Flexibility and the Cultural Production of Psychopathology
Authors: Blackman Lisa
Published: April 2005

This article considers recent arguments on ‘dialogism’ within the discipline in order to reflect upon the coherency of the institutional position of critical psychology and the conventionalized responses which tend to characterize this position. The main focus of the article explores how arguments about the dialogical self radically reconfigure psychopathology, bringing understandings more in line with those produced across a range of social and cultural practices which ‘make up’ our lives. This shift is explored through considering arguments within science studies and cultural studies of psychiatric culture which are exploring the new forms of subjectivity and psychology being produced within ‘flexible capitalism’. The article concludes with an argument which outlines the urgent need for critical psychologists and those interested in criticality to engage with the ‘psychological’ through frameworks which do not simply reinstate an ‘anti-essentialist’ mantra.
Life Story Dialogue and the Ideal Speech Situation Critical Theory and Hermeneutics
Authors: Harrist Steve , Gelfand Scott
Published: April 2005

In this paper we suggest that agents engage in life history dialogue prior to discourse as a way of enhancing mutual understanding and overcoming impediments to genuine consensus. We furthermore claim that life history dialogue fits well with Habermas’ concern regarding the hegemony of technical rationality. Habermas asserts that norms and normative institutional arrangements are just or valid if and only if they represent genuine consensus arrived at in discourse under ideal speech conditions. A requirement of genuine consensus is that discourse participants understand each other and have a shared understanding of normative terms. Three impediments to understanding threaten genuine consensus. We propose that encouraging participants to engage in life history dialogue prior to discourse will diminish these impediments. As a form of hermeneutic dialogue, life history dialogue serves as a model for how we come to understand ourselves, know each other, and may serve as a forum for cultivating understanding.
Space, time and nature: exploring the public reception of biotechnology in New Zealand
Authors: Coyle Fiona , Fairweather John
Published: April 2005

Nature is widely acknowledged to be a fluid, contested, material-semiotic construction, historically and spatially grounded. This is certainly the case for New Zealand, where a number of constructions of nature have been mobilized as a means to make judgments over the viability of particular biotechnologies that have entered into public debate. In this paper, we utilize Mikhail Bakhtin’s space-time matrix, the chronotope, to explore a series of complementary nature-narratives that have been mobilized as a moral basis for making judgments over the acceptability of a series of exemplars of novel biotechnologies that were presented to participants in eleven national focus groups. We argue that it is the specific space-time manipulations that characterize these sometimes overlapping narrative constructions that are used to justify reactions to novel biotechnologies.
Popular evolutionary psychology in the UK: an unusual case of science in the media?
Authors: Cassidy Angela
Published: April 2005

This paper presents findings from quantitative analyses of UK press and print media coverage of evolutionary psychology during the 1990s. It argues that evolutionary psychology presents an interesting case for studies of science in the media in several different ways. First, press coverage of evolutionary psychology was found to be closely linked with the publications of popular books on the subject. Secondly, when compared to coverage of other subjects, a higher proportion of academics and authors wrote about evolutionary psychology in the press, contributing to the development of a scientific controversy in the public domain. Finally, it was found that evolutionary psychology coverage appeared in different areas of the daily press, and was rarely written about by specialist science journalists. The possible reasons for these features are then explored, including the boom in popular science publishing during the 1990s, evolutionary psychology’s status as a new subject of study and discussion, and the nature of the subject itself as theoretically based and with a human, “everyday” subject matter.
The effects of a genetic information leaflet on public attitudes towards genetic testing
Authors: Sanderson Saskia C. , Wardle Jane , Michie Susan
Published: April 2005

Genetics opinion surveys often include information to ensure that respondents have sufficient understanding to give informed responses. The information is assumed to be neutral but may skew responses. We assessed the impact of a seemingly “neutral” information leaflet on attitudes towards genetic testing among 1,024 survey respondents, half of whom received the leaflet. The leaflet group reported higher levels of subjective understanding of genetic testing (68 percent vs. 53 percent), were more interested in genetic testing (81 percent vs. 77 percent), and held more positive attitudes towards genetics than people who did not receive the leaflet. Information leaflets may have the intended effect of increasing understanding, but may also unintentionally influence reported views on genetics. In the light of the weight given to public consultation in today’s governance and regulation of human genetics, increased awareness of how even seemingly neutral information can influence public attitudes is recommended.
Explaining evolution: the use of animacy in an example of semi-formal science writing
Authors: Low Graham
Published: April 2005

Science writers who explain complex ideas to a non-specialist audience make frequent use of metaphor as a help in explaining, but metaphor can carry dangers as well as advantages. This article focuses on the use of one particular type of metaphor, namely animacy metaphor. It takes the form of a detailed case-study of an article in the magazine New Scientist describing a new theory of the evolution of multicellular organisms, the Snowball theory. The article fits closely into the rhetorical pattern found for informal written explanatory texts by Low (1997), with the addition of large numbers of animacy metaphors. The animacy metaphors form three clusters, which occur at salient points in the argument, serve to carry the argument forward and are increased in impact by the use of ‘resonance’ effects and metonymic overlays. The analysis further examines what happens between the metaphor clusters, where it is found that, instead of counteracting the animacy, a range of non-metaphoric devices maintain a continuously high level of animacy. The result, it is argued, represents a rhetorical imbalance: the use of animacy and metaphor without accompanying control.
The discourse of war after 9/11
Authors: Montgomery Martin
Published: April 2005

The article traces the emergence of war as the dominant term for responding to the events of 9/11. It does so by focusing on speeches, interviews and newspaper headlines in the immediate aftermath of the attacks in their discursive-pragmatic contexts. In order to account for the salience and circulation of an expression such as war, it proposes for the public sphere a principle of discursive amplification. The article also highlights, however, the unevenness of the adoption of the term war by showing how differently it was inflected at different moments and in different sections of the public sphere. In addition, other modes of expression could have been adopted. The article provides some discursive reasons why war prevailed.
Changes in the dialect of Livingston
Authors: Robinson Christine
Published: April 2005

This study investigates language change in the New Town of Livingston in Scotland, comparing the speech of original inhabitants of one of the villages swallowed up by the New Town with that of children brought up in the modern conurbation. The study focuses on three variables, two consonants characteristic of Scottish speech, the voiceless velar fricative and the labiovelar voiceless fricative, plus the innovation of TH-fronting. The situation is shown to be one of rapid and ongoing change in which there is a progressive loss of the Scots and Standard Scottish English pronunciation, with intermediate stages being observed in many of the young speakers. In comparison with girls, boys appear to be both innovators of change and conservers of local informal variants at the expense of standard variants.
High School Athletic Participation and Adolescent Suicide
Authors: Sabo Don , Miller Kathleen E. , Melnick Merrill J. , Farrell Michael P. , Barnes Grace M.
Published: April 2005

Suicide is the third leading cause of death among US adolescents aged 15-24, with males incurring higher rates of completion than females. This study used hierarchical logistic regression analysis to test whether athletic participation was associated with lower rates of suicidal ideation and behavior among a nationally representative sample of over 16,000 US public and private high school students. Net of the effects of age, race/ethnicity, parental educational attainment, and urbanicity, high school athletic participation was significantly associated with reduced odds of considering suicide among both females and males, and reduced odds of planning a suicide attempt among females only. Though the results point to favorable health outcomes for athletes, athletic participation was also associated with higher rates of injury to male athletes who actually attempted suicide.
Negotiating Gender/Race/Class Constraints in the New South Africa
Authors: Pelak Cynthia Fabrizio
Published: April 2005

This study contributes to the emerging international literature on women’s soccer by exploring how South African women are negotiating material and ideological constraints to participate in the historically masculine sport of football. Special attention is given to situating athletes’ micro-level experiences within macro-level social structures, including the material legacies of colonialism and apartheid. This analysis is based on a multi-methods approach that includes interview, survey, documentary, and observational data collected during 1999 and 2000. Theoretically, this analysis draws upon various frameworks characteristic of feminist sport literatures as well as theoretical insights of Black feminists writing within and beyond Southern Africa. The findings show that a strong ethic of care within the women’s soccer community and strategies of creative resistance in the everyday lives of South African women soccer athletes are central to challenging exclusionary practices in soccer. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
‘BEND IT LIKE PATEL’
Authors: Scraton Sheila , Caudwell Jayne , Holland Samantha
Published: April 2005

This article focuses on the experiences of Black women and one Indian Hindu woman in football in England. The discussions draw on survey and interview research to theorize gender, ‘race’ and ethnicity. The research represents a questionnaire survey of women’s teams and 14 semi-structured in-depth interviews; seven with players and seven with ‘officials’. The survey provides data on players, coaches and managers at women’s football clubs registered with the Football Association (FA) in the North of England. The questionnaire data on ‘race’, ethnicity and gender demonstrate that football’s organizational structures in the region are White and gendered. The interview data highlights the gendered and racialized experiences of women as they begin to play and continue to play football at the club level. What emerges from the interviews is how ‘racial’ difference is constituted for some women footballers. The article analyses the processes that construct gender and ‘race’ as interlocking systems of relationships by using Glenn’s (1999) theoretical framework identifying three processes through which ‘race’ and gender are mutually constituted: representation, micro-interaction and social structure. We raise both theoretical and methodological issues that indicate the need for further rigorous theorizing in the sociology of sport of women’s interwoven experiences of gender, ‘race’ and ethnicity.
Interaction due to Mechanical and Thermal Sources in Thermoelastic Half-Space with Voids
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Rani Leena
Published: April 2005

The dynamic response of a homogeneous, isotropic, thermoelastic half-space with voids subjected to time harmonic normal force and thermal source is investigated by applying the Fourier transform. The displacements, stresses, temperature distribution, and change in volume fraction field obtained in the physical domain are computed numerically and illustrated graphically. The numerical results of these quantities for magnesium crystal-like material are illustrated to depict the voids effect for the theory of coupled thermoelasticity and uncoupled thermoelasticity for an insulated boundary and temperature gradient boundary.
Identification of the Nonlinear Response of Ionic Polymer Actuators using the Volterra Series
Authors: Kothera Curt S. , Leo Donald J.
Published: April 2005

Ionic polymer transducers exhibit coupling between three physical domains: electrical, chemical, and mechanical. This coupling enables their use as both sensors and actuators. Because this phenomenon was only recently discovered, the fundamental mechanisms governing the actuation and sensing response are still open for debate. However, since ionic polymers are very compliant, low-voltage transducers have become an increasingly researched intelligent material. In this paper we aim to gain a better understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in the actuation response by studying the nonlinear harmonic distortion. The Volterra series was the chosen identification technique for its potential to extract information about the nonlinearities. Results show that the solvent appears to play a significant role in the actuation response, as evidenced by a changing distortion from different solvents.
Design Optimization of Quarter-car Models with Passive and Semi-active Suspensions under Random Road Excitation
Authors: Verros G. , Natsiavas S. , Papadimitriou C.
Published: April 2005

A methodology is presented for optimizing the suspension damping and stiffness parameters of nonlinear quarter-car models subjected to random road excitation. The investigation starts with car models involving passive damping with constant or dual-rate characteristics. Then, we also examine car models where the damping coefficient of the suspension is selected so that the resulting system approximates the performance of an active suspension system with sky-hook damping. For the models with semi-active or passive dual-rate dampers, the value of the equivalent suspension damping coefficient is a function of the relative velocity of the sprung mass with respect to the wheel subsystem. As a consequence, the resulting equations of motion are strongly nonlinear. For these models, appropriate methodologies are first employed for obtaining the second moment characteristics of motions resulting from roads with a random profile. This information is next utilized in the definition of a vehicle performance index, which is optimized to yield representative numerical results for the most important suspension parameters. Special attention is paid to investigating the effect of road quality as well as on examining effects related to wheel hop. Finally, a critical comparison is performed between the results obtained for vehicles with passive linear or bilinear suspension dampers and those obtained for cars with semi-active shock absorbers.
Predictive Active Control of Building Frames with a Solo Neurocontroller
Authors: Rao M. M. , Datta T. K.
Published: April 2005

We present an efficient generalized control scheme using a solo neural network controller (neuro-controller) for the predictive single mode response control of building frames subjected to earthquake excitation. The control scheme is developed by considering the time delay that exists between the measurement of response and the actual application of the control force. Response measurements are taken from only one point of the structure. The neurocontroller is directly trained to provide the control force signal for a predetermined response reduction, called the target reduction. The neurocontroller is trained such that it can provide control force for target reduction for any building frame ranging between 5 and 15 stories. As an illustrative example, a 10-story shear-building frame is considered whose period of first mode of vibration is about three times that of the second mode of vibration. The efficiency of the control scheme is demonstrated by controlling the first mode response of the frame subjected to El Centro and Treasure Island earthquake records. It is shown that the control scheme provides response reductions close to the target reductions for the unknown problem used for testing the efficiency of the control scheme.
Delamination Assessment of Multilayer Composite Plates Using Model-based Neural Networks
Authors: Wei Z. , Yam L. H. , Cheng L.
Published: April 2005

A procedure for damage detection in multilayer composites is described using model-based neural networks and vibration response measurement. The appropriate finite element model is established to generate the training data of neural networks. Internal delaminations with different sizes and locations are considered as the particular damage scenarios in multilayer composite plates. The damage-induced energy variation of response signal is investigated, and the mechanism of mode-dependent energy dissipation of composite plates due to delamination is revealed. In order to obtain the structural dynamic response of the samples, impulse forced vibration testing is conducted using a piezoelectric patch actuator and an accelerometer. To enhance the sensitivity of damage features in the vibrating plate, the damage-induced energy variation of the response signal decomposed by wavelet packets is used as the input data of backward propagation neural networks for the prediction of delamination size and location. The test results show that the proposed method is effective for the assessment of delamination status in composites.
Functional and Sensory Effects of Fibre-rich Ingredients on Breakfast Fresh Sausages Manufacture
Authors: Aleson-Carbonell L. , Fernández-López J. , Pérez-Alvarez J. A. , Kuri V.
Published: April 2005

The functionality of alternative health ingredients in fresh British-style sausages was analysed. Citrus fibre extract and β-glucan rich ingredients were used as extenders in addition to the conventional wheat rusk. Compositional analysis, colour, water retention, cooking properties and sensory attributes were determined. Comparisons were established among the samples without filler (control) and samples extended with the ingredients, alone or in combination at 7% levels. The addition of any of those ingredients (alone or in combination) reduced the cooking loss and the shrinkage, and increased lightness ( L*) in cooked sausages. Only wheat rusk did not show antioxidant effects in raw sausages, however after cooking, the only ingredient that kept their antioxidant effect was lemon albedo. Sausages containing oat and wheat rusk or oat, wheat rusk and albedo (together) showed the highest score in overall acceptance.
Interaction of Soy Protein Isolate and Meat Protein in a Model Emulsion System. Effect of Emulsification Order and Characteristics of Soy Isolate Used
Authors: Santiago L. G. , Carrara C. , González R. J.
Published: April 2005

The compatibility of soy proteins with meat protein (MP) in an emulsion system was examined. Three types of soy protein were employed: a commercial soy isolate (CSPI) and two pilot plant samples, an acid treated (ASPI) and a native soy isolate (NSPI). The incorporation of different isolates and the emulsification order affect in a different way the coalescence stability of emulsions prepared with meat proteins. Physicochemical characteristics (surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl content, solubility) of the soy proteins cannot explain the different behaviours towards emulsion stability, although the more native sample (NSPI) performed better than the more denature samples (ASPI or CSPI). The addition of NSPI did not modify the high coalescence stability of meat protein emulsion and the effect of the emulsification order was not significant (p 0.05), which suggested compatibility between both proteins. However, the addition of ASPI or CSPI impaired the emulsion stability. When ASPI was emulsified before MP, ASPI inhibited meat protein adsorption and emulsion became highly stable; while when MP was emulsified before or together with ASPI, meat proteins could be displaced from the interfacial film by the ASPI and the emulsion stability was deteriorated. As regards CSPI, all emulsions were highly unstable to coalescence although fractions of both proteins were found in the interfacial film. It could be suggested a mechanism of competitive adsorption when MP is emulsified together with ASPI or CSPI.(
Effects of Ethylene Exposure Temperature on Shelf Life, Composition and Quality of Artificially Ripened Bananas (Musa acuminata AAA, cv. ‘Dwarf Cavendish’)
Authors: Lobo M. G. , González M. , Peña A. , Marrero A.
Published: April 2005

The effects of ethylene exposure temperature, ethylene concentration and post-exposure storage temperature on the ripening processes of bananas were studied. Mature-green bananas were treated for 24h with different ethylene concentrations (5, 50, 500 and 5,000 L/L) at three temperatures (12, 15 and 20°C) and subsequently stored at either 15 or 20°C. No major differences were found among the four ethylene concentrations used, except in the case of the 12°C exposure temperature where the 5 L/L treatment showed little or no effect on ripening. In general, exposure to ethylene at 12°C in all cases resulted in uneven ripening of the fruits. Exposure to ethylene at 15°C (storage temperature 20°C) extended shelf life one or three days (storage temperature 15°C) more than ethylene exposure at 20°C. These differences were accompanied by changes in the respiration pattern of the bananas, their quality parameters (TSS, peel and pulp firmness) and their soluble sugars and organic acids composition. Shelf life of ethylene-treated bananas could reliably be modulated within the range of 6 to 12 days, without any decrease in fruit quality, just by adjusting exposure to ethylene and storage temperature.
Rheological Behaviour and Time Dependent Characterisation of Gilaboru Juice (Viburnum opulus L.)
Authors: Altan A. , Kus S. , Kaya A.
Published: April 2005

The flow curves and time-dependent rheological behaviour of gilaboru ( Viburnum opulus L.), a traditional drink in the middle Anatolia region of Turkey, with different solid concentrations (59.7, 56.3, 53.1, 43 and 35°Brix) were studied at different temperatures (5-60°C) using a controlled stress rheometer. Gilaboru samples exhibited thixotropic behaviour for all concentrations, both in the forward and backward measurements were characterised by the power law. A single equation was proposed for the apparent viscosity 1. Temperature played a major role in determining the magnitudes of the apparent viscosity 1. The completely destructed gilaboru samples flow curves were also measured after subjecting the samples to a high shear rate for 2h. After eliminating thixotropy by shearing, samples showed shearthinning properties that fitted well to the power law model. Three models were used to describe the time-dependent behaviour, namely, the second-order structural kinetic, Weltman and first-order stress decay models. Among the models, the first-order stress decay model fitted well compared to the second- order structural kinetic and Weltman models.