bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of c-axis oriented higher manganese silicide by a high-magnetic-field and its thermoelectric properties
Authors: Kaga Hisashi , Kinemuchi Yoshiaki , Watari Koji , Tanaka Satoshi , Makiya Atsushi , Kato Zenji , Uematsu Keizo
Published: October 2007

We report the preparation and thermoelectric properties of oriented higher manganese silicide (HMS) with a composition of MnSi1.73 bulk. The grain alignment and densification were achieved by rotating high magnetic field and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques, respectively. The easy magnetization axis of MnSi1.73 was found to be c-axis, and the applied magnetic field of 2 T was strong enough to rotate the powder with a mean grain size of 1 μm. The c-axis of grains was oriented when applying the magnetic field, and the degree of orientation was further increased after heat treatment. However, a secondary phase that was mono manganese silicide (MnSi) was observed as a result of oxidation on the surface of synthesized powder. The electrical conductivity of the c-axis oriented specimen along the ab-plane was about 40% larger than that for sample processed only by SPS, while the Seebeck coefficient of oriented and nonoriented specimens showed similar values regardless of existence of the second phase. Consequently, the power factor of the c-axis oriented specimen along the ab-plane was enhanced by about 35% compared to the nonoriented one. The proposed approach is found to be very effective not only in obtaining the oriented materials with nonductility but also in enhancing the thermoelectricity.
Strain rate sensitivity in nanoindentation creep of hard materials
Authors: Elmustafa A.A. , Stone D.S.
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the strain rate sensitivity of the hardness νH in relation to the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress (νσ) in hard solids when there is friction between the indenter and specimen. Finite element analysis is used to simulate indentation creep of von Mises solids with a range of hardness/modulus ratios (H/E*) and coefficients of friction, μ, for indenter–specimen contact. We find that, although the level of H is affected by friction, the ratio νH/νσ as a function of H/E* remains nearly unchanged. Measurements indicate that νH = 0.015 ± 0.02 for fused silica, from which, based on the present analysis, νσ ≈ 0.022 and from which an activation volume of 0.13 nm3 can be estimated for plastic deformation.
On Raman scattering from selected M2AC compounds
Authors: Leaffer Oren D. , Gupta Surojit , Barsoum Michel W. , Spanier Jonathan E.
Published: October 2007

We report on the one-phonon Raman scattering spectra from the following M2AC MAX-phase ternary carbides: Ti2AlC, V2AlC, Cr2AlC, Nb2AlC, Ta2AlC, Ti2InC, Hf2InC, V2GeC, Cr2GeC, V2AsC, and Nb2AsC. We also report the results of calculations of the Γ-point, Raman-active phonon energies for these phases based on density functional theoretical simulations, including the effect of the k-point sampling on the convergence of phonon energies. Good agreement between all measured and calculated Γ-point Raman-active optical phonon energies is obtained.
Chapter Glancing: Noticing and Naming Chapter Openings
Authors: Morgan Denise N. , Williams Jeffery L.
Published: October 2007

Writers carefully include critical information in the opening lines of their chapters, but students often gloss over these beginning sentences, missing information that could help them better comprehend the text. To address this concern, the authors created a strategy that prompts students to examine the opening lines of chapters, helping readers notice and name what is seen, thus deepening their understanding and engagement.

This article describes the Chapter Glancing strategy, showing teachers how to lift up the opening lines of chapters to help students examine the information embedded there. The strategy prompts students to predict and infer as they notice and name aspects of the text that hold promise for future understandings. By illuminating what readers do, Chapter Glancing becomes a useful strategy that students transfer into their own reading. How to introduce this strategy to students and the variations for using this strategy are addressed.
Understanding behaviour through smartcard data analysis
Authors: Bryan H. , Blythe P.
Published: October 2007

A feature of public transport smartcard systems that could greatly improve the business case for smartcard investment and deployment is the efficient utilisation of the vast amount of data gathered during operation. Each time the card is used a transaction is recorded. The transaction is essentially a snapshot of the card holder's behaviour, such as their boarding location and time. If this information were collected and analysed, there would be potential to generate a dynamic passenger profile, which could continuously update itself as the data are produced. This provides the possibility for a much more coherent and in-depth understanding of user demand. The purpose of this paper is to question the possibility of creating a service that is responsive and relevant to user needs using additional knowledge, captured through smartcard data analysis, of public transport passenger use. Creating a service based upon meeting user demands could enhance the appeal of public transport and if this results in increased ridership, it would create a more robust and sustainable business case for smartcards. It could also encourage and facilitate the modal shift that is required for the sustainable development of the transport industry.
ESTABLISHING A GENERALIZED REPERTOIRE OF HELPING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Authors: Reeve Sharon A. , Reeve Kenneth F. , Townsend Dawn Buffington , Poulson Claire L.
Published: October 2007

The present study used a multiple baseline across participants design to assess whether 4 children with autism could learn a generalized repertoire of helping adults with different tasks through the use of a multicomponent teaching package. Different helping responses were taught in the presence of multiple exemplars of discriminative stimuli drawn from experimenter‐defined categories of helping behavior (e.g., locating objects, putting away items, setting up an activity). During the training condition, video models, prompting, and reinforcement were used. The results showed that all 4 children learned to emit appropriate helping responses in the presence of discriminative stimuli from the helping categories used during training. Generalization of helping responses was observed in the presence of untrained discriminative stimuli during additional probe conditions. Additional pre‐ and postintervention generalization trials showed that the frequency of helping responses also increased in the presence of novel stimuli, in a novel setting, and with a novel instructor.
ENHANCING EARLY COMMUNICATION THROUGH INFANT SIGN TRAINING
Authors: Thompson Rachel H. , Cotnoir‐Bichelman Nicole M. , McKerchar Paige M. , Tate Trista L. , Dancho Kelly A.
Published: October 2007

Existing research suggests that there may be benefits to teaching signing to hearing infants who have not yet developed vocal communication. In the current study, each of 4 infants ranging in age from 6 to 10 months was taught a simple sign using delayed prompting and reinforcement. In addition, Experiment 1 showed that 2 children independently signed in a variety of novel stimulus conditions (e.g., in a classroom, with father) after participating in sign training under controlled experimental conditions. In Experiment 2, crying and whining were replaced with signing when sign training was implemented in combination with extinction.
Technical Note: An Addendum to Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands— I. The Relation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Waxman M. H. , Thomas E. C.
Published: September 2007

With regard to the article we published in 1974, "Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands—I. The Relation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity," it has come to our attention that we inadvertently neglected to publish an updated version of Fig. 16. We apologize for this oversight on our part; we believed the revised Fig. 16 had been published. To remedy this oversight, we provide an update to the original 1974 version of Fig. 16 in the article.

We thank the management of Shell International E&P, Inc. for permission to publish these data.
Novel Techniques for Measuring Heavy-Oil Fluid Properties
Authors: Goodarzi N. , Bryan J. , Mai A. , Kantzas A.
Published: September 2007

Investigating the properties of live heavy oil, as pressure declines from the original reservoir pressure to ambient pressure, can aid in interpreting and simulating the response of heavy-oil reservoirs undergoing primary production. Foamy oil has a distinctly different and more complex behavior compared to conventional oil as the reservoir pressure depletes and the gas leaves solution from the oil. Solution gas separates very slowly from the oil; thus, conventional pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) measurements are not trivial to perform. In this paper, we present novel experiments that utilize X-ray computerized assisted technology (CT) scanning and low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. These nondestructive tomographic methods are capable of providing unique in-situ measurements of how oil properties change as pressure depletes in a PVT cell. Specifically, this paper details measurements of oil density, oil and gas formation volume factor, solution gas/oil ratio, (GOR), and oil viscosity as a function of pressure. Experiments were initially performed at a slow rate, as in conventional PVT tests, allowing equilibrium to be reached at each pressure step. These results are compared to non-equilibrium tests, whereby pressure declines linearly with time, as in coreflood experiments. The incremental benefit of the proposed techniques is that they provide more detailed information about the oil, which improves our understanding of foamy-oil properties.
Optimization of Well Performance in a Selective Subsea Sand-Control Completion, Offshore Nigeria
Authors: Guinot Frédéric , Ezeukwu Toni E. , Stenger Bruno A.
Published: October 2007

Developing the Okwori field (offshore Nigeria) required the combination of several recent technological advances. The subsea development targeted multiple oil-bearing zones in all wells with the requirement that each zone could be operated independently. Expandable sand-screen (ESS) strings were deployed within casing for up to four zones to prevent sand production from unconsolidated-sandstone reservoirs. Independent control of all zones was made possible by use of remotely operated surface-controlled sliding-sleeve units [(ROSS) trademark of Weatherford U.K.]

Losses experienced after perforating required the use of loss-control material (LCM) for well control. Initial LCM formulation appeared to yield formation damage. A special effort ensued to design optimal LCM pills to meet project requirements. This paper presents the completion issues associated with the project, the optimization of the LCM pills, and the design and placement aspect of the remedial treatment associated with this type of completion. The evolution of the completion efficiency for each zone throughout the learning curve is presented and discussed.
Pressure Prediction and Drilling Challenges in a Deepwater Subsalt Well from Offshore Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Marland Chris , Nicholas Simon , Cox Wayne , Flannery Chris , Thistle Bruce
Published: October 2007

Modern-day oil exploration pushes operators into harsher and more-difficult drilling environments in the search for hydrocarbon reserves. Eastern Canada is one of those environments where deep water and the need to penetrate through thick salt sheets greatly increases difficulties faced by drillers. This paper describes a case history of deepwater subsalt drilling and examines the requirements for success. This paper also details the challenges using seismic data, of prewell planning for dealing with high pore-pressures and variable fracture gradients. Experience shows that prewell engineering differs considerably from conditions actually encountered that require rapid adjustments based on actual well data. In the case reported here, a fluid influx occurred at a depth where planning indicated a significantly lower pore-pressure. This influx directly led to losing a bottomhole assembly (BHA), sidetracking, and a re-evaluation of the well data and pore-pressure regimes possible at that depth.

This paper also highlights the need for flexible well designs able to respond to unanticipated drilling hazards and wellbore problems. In the case history reported here, the 11¾-in. casing was set 511 m higher than originally planned because of pore-pressure increases. This decision had a significant effect later in the well construction program, requiring the use of expandable casing not originally in the well program.

This paper illustrates on-the-fly modification of drilling designs to rapidly deploy unplanned equipment, the use of unconventional borehole sizes, and the use of newer technology such as rotarysteerable assemblies for side-track kickoff. The paper will also discuss the optimized use of hole openers and expandable casing and the potential effects of expandable casing on subsequent hole-opener use. These dynamic modifications and immediate implementation of lessons learned allowed successful drilling to a record depth for eastern Canada.
Spirituality and the Care of Patients at the End-of-Life: An Essential Component of Care
Authors: Puchalski Christina M.
Published: September 2007

Spirituality is an essential component of the care of patients with serious illness and those that are dying. Dame Cicely Saunders developed the hospice movement based on the biopsychosocialspiritual model of care, in which all four dimensions are important in the care of patients. Of all the models of care, hospice and palliative care recognize the importance of spiritual issues in the care of patients and their families. The National Consensus Project Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care, in the United States, provides specific recommendations about all domains of care including the spiritual domain, which is recognized as a critical component of care (The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care www.nationalconsensusproject.org ). Studies indicate that the majority of patients would like their spiritual issues addressed, yet find that their spiritual needs are not being met by the current system of care. Interestingly, spirituality is the one dimension that seems to get slightly less emphasis than the biopsychosocial dimensions of care. Some reasons may include the difficulty with definitions of spirituality for clinical and research purposes, the time constraints and financial burdens in the current healthcare system in the United States, and the lack of uniform training for all healthcare professionals. Yet, there are theoretical and ethical frameworks that support spiritual care as well as some educational models in spirituality and health that have been successful in medical education in the United States. Spirituality can be seen as the essential part of the humanity of all people. It is at its root, relational and thus forms the basis of the altruistic care healthcare professionals are committed to. Spirituality has to do with respecting the inherent value and dignity of all persons, regardless of their health status. It is the part of humans that seeks healing, particularly in the midst of suffering. Spiritual care models are based on an intrinsic aspect that calls for compassionate presence to patients as well as an extrinsic component where healthcare professionals address spiritual issues with patients and their loved ones. Currently in the healthcare system, evidence-base models are the criteria for practice recommendations. Yet, spirituality may not be amenable entirely to strict evidence-base criteria. As hospice and palliative care continues to develop as a field, healthcare professionals are challenged to think of ways to advocate for and include the spiritual dimension of care.
Development of Hospice and Palliative Care in the United States
Authors: Connor Stephen R.
Published: September 2007

More than 30 years have passed since palliative care was introduced in the United States, and what began as a small rebellion has evolved into a fairly large health care industry. Although the palliative care movement has considerably improved the care given to those at the end of life, many challenges remain for palliative care providers in the United States. This article discusses the history of hospice and palliative care in the United States, the Medicare Hospice Benefit, the growth of hospice and palliative care, and challenges such as the need for regulatory change, workforce issues, improving access to care, and improving the quality of palliative care.
Stimulation Versus Inhibition—Bioactivity of Parthenin, a Phytochemical from Parthenium Hysterophorus L.
Authors: Belz Regina G.
Published: October 2007

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is an invasive weed that biosynthesizes several phytochemicals. The sesquiterpene lactone parthenin receives most attention regarding allelopathy of the plant or potential herbicidal properties. Since parthenin exhibits dose-dependent phytotoxicity with low dose stimulation, this study investigated the occurrence and temporal features of parthenin hormesis in Sinapis arvensis L. sprayed with parthenin under semi-natural conditions. Dose/response studies showed that the occurrence and the magnitude of hormesis depended on climatic conditions and the parameter measured. Within the tested dose range, stimulatory responses were only observed under less-stressful conditions and were most pronounced for leaf area growth [138 % of control; 13 days after treatment (DAT)]. Temporal assessment of leaf area development showed that doses causing a stimulatory response at the end of the experiment (< 0.42 ± 0.04 kg/ha; 13 DAT) were initially inhibitory up to ED50 values (2 DAT). This clearly demonstrated an overcompensatory response. Inhibition of leaf area at 13 DAT reached ED50 values on average at 0.62 ± 0.12 kg/ha, and S. arvensis was completely inhibited at doses exceeding 1.81 ± 0.56 kg/ha (ED90). Based on these findings, implications of parthenin hormesis are discussed with respect to allelopathy of P. hysterophorus and exploitation of growth stimulatory responses in agriculture.
Topical Application of Mitomycin-C in Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Selig Yookyung K. , Biesman Brian S. , Rebeiz Elie E.
Published: October 2007

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a well-established alternative to external DCR for treatment of obstruction of the lacrimal pathway and has a success rate of up to 95% in primary cases. Despite the benefits of using an endoscopic approach, including enhanced intranasal access to the lacrimal drainage system, there still exists a significant failure rate, particularly in revision procedures. As these failures are mainly due to obstructive postoperative adhesions, intraoperative adjuncts that prevent or minimize scarring should enhance the success rate. Endoscopic DCR was performed with intraoperative topical application of mitomycin-C, an antimetabolite often used in ophthalmologic procedures to reduce scarring and formation of adhesions following surgery. The procedure was successful in 7 of 8 instances, with a follow-up of 3 to 27 months. In one procedure, obstruction recurred 10 weeks after surgery. We feel that the results of this small series are encouraging and that further studies are warranted to determine the effectiveness of mitomycin-C as an adjunct to endoscopic DCR.
Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: A Four-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Kuhn Frederick A. , Javer Amin R.
Published: October 2007

Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), first described over 18 years ago and subsequently identified using established criteria, remains a challenge to treat. Our protocol has included complete functional endoscopic sinus surgery to remove the fungal load and restore physiologic mucous clearance. The patient is treated with prednisone for several months and followed monthly with total serum IgE levels and an established endoscopic mucosal staging system. A group of 11 patients first treated in 1994 and presented at the 1995 American Rhinology Society Spring meeting are being presented again to provide an update on their progress over the past four years. A great deal of experience has been gained from their treatment and has continued to modify our postoperative medical management. An overview of AFS, our evolving and current treatment protocol, and possible future trends are discussed in this paper.
Tissue Engineering of Autologous Cartilage Transplants for Rhinology
Authors: Naumann A. , Rotter N. , Bujía J. , Aigner J.
Published: October 2007

In reconstructive surgery there is increasing demand for cartilage transplants to fill defects, especially nose and/or outer ear defects. Tissue engineering is one of the most modern pathways to generate autologous cartilage transplants. Isolated chondrocytes obtained from a tiny patient's biopsy were seeded on bioresorbable preshaped cell carriers to provide a 3-dimensional cell arrangement as in vivo. The combined use of these cell carriers in form of a non-woven mesh and a constant medium perfusion was performed to generate a cartilage-like cell-polymer-construct, which was finally subcutanously implanted in nude mice for full maturation. After explantation of 6 months, expression of cartilage specific extracellular matrix molecules was obvious by using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. These data show that tissue engineering with isolated multiplied human chondrocytes from a tiny biopsy seeded on bioresorbable polymer is a promising system to generate autologous cartilage transplants for replacements in reconstructive surgery.
The Effect of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery on Asthma: Management of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Nasal Polyposis, and Asthma
Authors: Dunlop Gillian , Scadding Glenis K , Lund Valerie J.
Published: October 2007

We attempted to determine the efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in adult patients with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyposis. Fifty asthmatic patients from 17 to 74 years of age with a history of either chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyposis were examined. Sinonasal disease was confirmed endoscopically and with computerized tomography, and all had failed aggressive medical management of their sinonasal disease before undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery performed by the same surgeon in all cases. The following were compared for 12 months: preoperative and postoperative overall asthma control, peak flow measurements, asthma medication requirements, including the use of oral steroids, and hospitalizations for asthma. Twenty patients felt that their asthma control had improved postoperatively. Twenty per cent used less steroid inhaler, and 28% less bronchodilator inhaler. Of those 23 patients measuring peak flows, seven achieved higher levels and seven noted fewer dips and swings. Significant reductions in oral steroid requirements (p < 0.001) and hospitalization for asthma (p < 0.025) were also recorded postoperatively. Irrespective of whether the patient had chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyposis, both groups improved postoperatively. The commonest symptoms experienced by the group as whole and by the nasal polyposis patients were hyposmia and nasal obstruction. Postnasal discharge and headache were more important in the chronic rhinosinusitis group. Mean visual analog scores improved for all symptoms; in particular for nasal obstruction and sense of smell. Aggressive management of sinonasal pathology can improve asthma status. No major differences were recorded for outcomes when comparing patients with chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyposis; in particular there was no evidence for a worsening of asthma after nasal polypectomy.
Is the Glass Emptying or Filling Up? Reconciling Divergent Trends in High School Completion and Dropout
Authors: Warren John Robert , Halpern-Manners Andrew
Published: October 2007

Conclusions about levels and trends in high school dropout differ dramatically depending on whether dropout is measured using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) or from the Common Core of Data (CCD). Using CPS- and CCD-based drop-out measures for 16- to 19-year-olds—which differ solely in their estimates of the number of 16- to 19-year-olds holding high school credentials—the authors show that half of the differences in estimated drop-out rates are due to how private school graduates and GED recipients are counted. The other half is likely attributable to CPS respondents’ misstatements of their children’s high school completion status. The rate at which students complete (or fail to complete) high school is best measured using CCD data.
Signature Pedagogies in Doctoral Education: Are They Adaptable for the Preparation of Education Researchers?
Authors: Golde Chris M.
Published: October 2007

This article describes two practices that can be considered signature pedagogies of doctoral education, one in neuroscience (the journal club) and one in English studies (the list). The practices are routinely found in these and neighboring disciplines but are not found in other fields. The journal club and the list share the goal of acquainting students with the literature of a field, but apart from that, they are very different. In addition to teaching students to work with the literature, they serve other pedagogical goals, including socializing students into disciplinary norms and identities. Thus they serve as windows into the underlying culture of their home disciplines. This article considers the value of adapting these practices into education doctoral programs and offers suggestions for how to modify the practices to suit education.
Application of adaptive lattice filters to internal model control
Authors: Nikolakopoulos G. , Tzes A. , Koveos Y.
Published: September 2007

An adaptive internal model control (IMC) framework is proposed in this article for infinite impulse response systems. The innovation in this study stems from the relaxed assumption that the controller needs to knowa priorithe system order. To bypass this restriction, a lattice filter identifies the system's order as well as its reflection coefficients. Within the IMC structure, a lattice‐based controller is utilized in the forward path in cascade with a low‐pass detuning filter. The controller self‐configures its structure according to the estimated system order, while the filter's bandwidth increases as the identifier estimates more accurately the system dynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination chemotherapy with low‐dose cytarabine, homoharringtonine, and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor priming in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Zhang Wang‐Gang , Wang Fang‐Xia , Chen Yin‐Xia , Cao Xin‐Mei , He Ai‐Li , Liu Jie , Ma Xiao‐Rong , Zhao Wan‐Hong , Liu Su‐Hu , Wang Jian‐Li
Published: September 2007

As sensitization of leukemic cells with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐csf) can enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a pilot study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of G‐csf priming combined with low‐dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory AML. The regimen, G‐HA, consisted of cytarabine 7.5 mg/m2/12 hr by subcutaneous injection, days 1–14, homoharringtonine 1.5 mg/m2/day by intravenous continuous infusion, days 1–14, and G‐csf 150 μg/m2/day by subcutaneous injection, days 0–14. Thirty‐six AML patients were enrolled, 23 refractory and 13 relapsed. Eighteen patients (50%, 95% confidence interval: 33–67%) achieved complete remission (CR) with a median CR duration of 7.2 months, and two elderly patients continued a regimen of maintenance therapy and remained in remission for 26.3 and 14.1 months, respectively, as of last follow‐up. Eight patients (22%) experienced neutropenia (median duration: 6 days; range: 2–22 days). Thirteen of the 36 (36%) developed severe infections. Grade 1–2 nonhematologic toxicities were documented, including nausea and vomiting (20%), liver function abnormality (6%), and heart function abnormality (6%). No central nervous system and kidney toxicity was observed. The G‐HA regimen is effective in remission induction for refractory and relapsed AML patients and well tolerated in maintenance therapy in some subgroups of elderly patients. Further studies are necessary to elucidate optimum dose and schedule for this regimen to enhance the treatment efficacy of relapsed or refractory AML patients. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Grefkes Christian , Nowak Dennis A. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Dafotakis Manuel , Küst Jutta , Karbe Hans , Fink Gereon R.
Published: September 2007

Objective

This study aimed at identifying the impact of subcortical stroke on the interaction of cortical motor areas within and across hemispheres during the generation of voluntary hand movements.

Methods

Twelve subacute stroke patients with a subcortical ischemic lesion and 12 age‐matched control subjects were scanned using 3‐Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects performed visually paced hand movements with their left, right, or both hands. Changes of effective connectivity among a bilateral network of core motor regions comprising M1, lateral premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area (SMA) were assessed using dynamic causal modeling.

Results

The data showed significant disturbances in the effective connectivity of motor areas in the patients group: Independently from hand movements, the intrinsic neural coupling between ipsilesional SMA and M1, and the interhemispheric coupling of both SMAs was significantly reduced. Furthermore, movements of the stroke‐affected hand showed additional inhibitory influences from contralesional to ipsilesional M1 that correlated with the degree of motor impairment. For bimanual movements, interhemispheric communication between ipsilesional SMA and contralesional M1 was significantly reduced, which also correlated with impaired bimanual performance.

Interpretation

The motor deficit of patients with a single subcortical lesion is associated with pathological interhemispheric interactions among key motor areas. The data suggest that a dysfunction between ipsilesional and contralesional M1, and between ipsilesional SMA and contralesional M1 underlies hand motor disability after stroke. Assessing effective connectivity by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling might be used in the future for the evaluation of interventions promoting recovery of function. Ann Neurol 2007
The HELCOM system of a vision, strategic goals and ecological objectives: implementing an ecosystem approach to the management of human activities in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Backer Hermanni , Leppänen Juha‐Markku
Published: September 2007

Since signing the Helsinki Convention in 1974, the countries with coasts around the Baltic Sea have striven jointly within the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) towards the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea. The European Community signed the revised Convention in 1992.

Work under HELCOM includes implementing joint recommendations to curb pollution originating from land and marine sources, ensuring safer maritime traffic, and protecting biodiversity, for example, by setting up a network of Baltic Sea protected areas.

A new concept — the ecosystem approach to the management of human activities — was adopted by the Contracting Parties of HELCOM in 2003 to serve as the new framework for further efforts towards attaining good ecological status of the Baltic Sea.

Stepwise progress towards the development of quantitative definitions of good ecological status has been made since 2003 to implement the new approach: a common vision reflecting the ecosystem approach was adopted in 2004 and a number of more targeted goals and objectives were agreed in 2006.

The Contracting Parties to the Helsinki Convention will use the objectives adopted covering eutrophication, impacts of hazardous substances, and the overall status of biodiversity, including the impact of fisheries and shipping, to draft a new set of joint management actions.

In the future, an agreement under development among the Contracting Parties on indicators with quantitative targets will enable a quantitative assessment of ‘good ecological status’ and progress towards the goals of HELCOM, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well European legislation concerning marine environmental protection.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The need for clear and comparable terminology in benthic ecology. Part II. Application of the European Directives
Authors: Dauvin Jean‐Claude , Bellan Gerard , Bellan‐Santini Denise
Published: September 2007

Problems with the classification system for marine ‘habitats’ are highlighted, which, ideally, should combine both comprehensibility and scientific rigour, being neither too simplistic nor so complicated that the system is accessible to only a few experts.

The European Union's Habitats Directive has created multiple difficulties owing to the varied interpretations of the different European Community members trying to apply it. The problem is even more complex in the marine domain, where the difficulty of application has been greatly underestimated.

Several areas for future applied research in the field of benthic ecology are proposed.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subtidal macrozoobenthic assemblages along the River Minho estuarine gradient (north‐west Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Sousa Ronaldo , Dias Sérgia , Freitas Vânia , Antunes Carlos
Published: September 2007

The community composition and spatial distribution of the macrobenthic fauna in relation to abiotic factors was investigated at 20 sites along the River Minho estuarine gradient, in the north‐west Iberian Peninsula.

A total of 68 taxa were identified and the non‐indigenous invasive species Corbicula fluminea dominated both numerically (43.1%) and by biomass (97.7%).

Multivariate analysis identified spatial differences in structure and composition of assemblages and suggests a continuum between five distinct assemblages along the length of the estuary. This situation fits the two‐ecocline model in which an ecocline from the sea to mid‐estuary overlaps with an ecocline from freshwater to mid‐estuary.

Each assemblage was found in a particular physico‐chemical environment and had a specific composition. The distribution and diversity patterns were linked to salinity. However, inside each assemblage the sediment characteristics (granulometry and organic matter content) played an important role.

The highest abundances, biomasses and total species numbers were recorded from upstream freshwater tidal areas, indicating the importance of these habitats within estuarine ecosystems.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the extent of river fragmentation by hydropower dams in the Sarapiquí River Basin, Costa Rica
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth P. , Pringle Catherine M. , Freeman Mary C.
Published: September 2007

Costa Rica has recently experienced a rapid proliferation of dams for hydropower on rivers draining its northern Caribbean slope. In the Sarapiquí River Basin, eight hydropower plants were built between 1990 and 1999 and more projects are either under construction or proposed. The majority of these dams are small (<15 m tall) and operate as water diversion projects.

While the potential environmental effects of individual projects are evaluated prior to dam construction, there is a need for consideration of the basin‐scale ecological consequences of hydropower development. This study was a first attempt to quantify the extent of river fragmentation by dams in the Sarapiquí River Basin.

Using simple spatial analyses, the length of river upstream from dams and the length of de‐watered reaches downstream from dams was measured. Results indicated that there are currently 306.8 km of river (9.4% of the network) upstream from eight existing dams in the Sarapiquí River Basin and 30.6 km of rivers (0.9% of the network) with significantly reduced flow downstream from dams. Rivers upstream from dams primarily drain two life zones: Premontane Rain Forest (107.9 km) and Lower Montane Rain Forest (168.2 km).

Simple spatial analyses can be used as a predictive or planning tool for considering the effects of future dams in a basin‐scale context. In the Sarapiquí River Basin, we recommend that future dam projects be constructed on already dammed rivers to minimize additional river fragmentation and to protect remaining riverine connectivity.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of buried inundated peat on seismic (Chirp) data, inferred from core information
Authors: Plets Ruth , Dix Justin , Bastos Alex , Best Angus
Published: September 2007

Peat horizons provide a wide range of critical environmental and direct archaeological information for both archaeologists and Quaternary geologists. At present, such data are typically obtained from terrestrial exposures or cores, and occasional offshore cores. These data can provide invaluable and detailed site‐specific environmental information but require a relatively high spatial sampling strategy to provide more regional‐scale information. Through a comparison of laboratory, in situ acoustic and sedimentary analyses, this paper presents evidence to suggest that peat buried in fine to medium grained, marine, siliciclastic sediments has an easily identifiable acoustic signature. The very low densities recorded by buried peats result in a distinct negative peak in the reflectivity series. Comparison of synthetic seismograms with in situ seismic data confirms that this negative peak can be easily identified from seismic profiles. Reanalysis of a decade of Chirp (sub‐bottom) data, acquired from the Solent Estuary, indicates that possible extensive peat deposits, dating from the Late‐glacial to early Holocene, can be traced at depth in this estuary using geophysical methods. The results of this study could be significant for future research into submerged landscape reconstructions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Library and information science research areas: Analysis of journal articles in lisa
Authors: González‐Alcaide Gregorio , Castelló‐Cogollos Lourdes , Navarro‐Molina Carolina , Aleixandre‐Benavent Rafael , Valderrama‐Zurián Juan Carlos
Published: September 2007

The main fields of research in Library Science and Documentation are identified by quantifying the frequency of appearance and the analysis of co‐occurrence of the descriptors assigned to 11,273 indexed works in the Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) database for the 2004–2005 period. The analysis made has enabled three major core research areas to be identified: World Wide Web, Libraries and Education. There are a further 12 areas of research with specific development, one connected with the library sphere and another 11 connected with the World Wide Web and Internet: Networks, Computer Security, Information technologies, Electronic Resources, Electronic Publications, Bibliometrics, Electronic Commerce, Computer applications, Medicine, Searches and Online Information retrieval.
Designing sorghum as a dedicated bioenergy feedstock
Authors: Rooney William L. , Blumenthal Jürg , Bean Brent , Mullet John E.
Published: September 2007

The increasing cost of energy and finite oil and gas reserves has created a need to develop alternative fuels from renewable sources. Currently, the development of a renewable transportation fuel is ethanol based. Ethanol production is now sugar/starch based, but use of these carbohydrates is limited; they are also required as a food and feed source. The need to generate a large and sustainable supply of biomass to make biofuels generation from lignocellulose profitable will require the development of crops grown specifically for bioenergy production. There will be several different species used as dedicated bioenergy crops, and for several reasons; it is expected that sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) will be one of these species. Sorghum is a highly productive, drought‐tolerant species with a history of improvement and production of lignocellulose, sugar and starch. Given this history and the existing genetic improvement infrastructure available for the species, it is logical to expect that sorghum hybrids for dedicated bioenergy production can be developed in the near‐term future and will be grown and used for bioenergy production. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Elderly homicide in Chicago: a research note
Authors: Fazel Seena , Bond Mieko , Gulati Gautam , O'Donnell Ian
Published: September 2007

There is a body of knowledge about elderly crime victims, but we know little about the characteristics of elderly perpetrators, especially of homicide. The few studies that have been published are based on small samples and are somewhat dated. In an examination of homicides committed in Chicago over a 31‐year period, we compared cases involving perpetrators aged over 60 years (n = 443) with those involving younger perpetrators (n = 24,066). There were a number of significant differences. Elderly killers were more likely to be White and to commit suicide afterwards. Their victims were more likely to be spouses, females, and aged over 60 years. Inter‐racial homicide was more common for younger offenders. The low number of homicides involving the elderly is explained by reference to routine activity theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elders in the justice system: how the system treats elders in trials, during imprisonment, and on death row
Authors: Gaydon L. Beth , Miller Monica K.
Published: September 2007

As the average lifespan increases, it becomes increasingly likely that elders will be involved in the justice system. Elders may be witnesses, victims, plaintiffs, or defendants in a trial. They are also prisoners and, in some cases, death row inmates. Because there are special needs and costs associated with elders, it is important to consider how they are treated in each of these areas of the justice system. For instance, jurors may have age biases; some prisons are unable to address elders' health problems; and critics have questioned the constitutionality of executing frail elders. In order to determine whether the court system is treating elders fairly, this analysis reviews current policies, research, and anecdotal evidence from recent high‐profile cases. Recommendations for future research and policy changes are offered to ensure that elders are treated fairly in the justice system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between guardian certification requirements and guardian sanctioning: a research issue in elder law and policy
Authors: Schmidt Winsor C. , Akinci Fevzi , Wagner Sarah A.
Published: September 2007

This study investigated the relationship between guardian certification requirements and guardian sanctioning in the state of Washington. A total of 377 files were examined. Findings show that 52.4% of guardians with an undergraduate degree or higher education are likely to be sanctioned compared with 42.2% with an Associate of Arts (AA) or Technical (Tech) degree, and 36.9% with a high school diploma (HS) or equivalency (GED). Guardians with an undergraduate or higher education are 1.88 times more likely to be sanctioned compared with GED or HS graduates (p < 0.05). However, 83.3% of GED or HS graduates are likely to have more severe sanctions compared with 76.4% undergraduate or higher education, and 47.7% with an AA or Tech degree, respectively. Guardians with an AA or Tech degree are 0.28 times less likely to have more severe sanctions than guardians with an undergraduate degree or higher education (p < 0.01). The results are discussed with respect to guardian registration, licensing, certification and quality; licensing and regulation of other professions; the limitations of the study; and the need for further research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive validity of the Dutch PCL:YV for institutional disruptive behavior: findings from two samples of male adolescents in a juvenile justice treatment institution
Authors: Das Jacqueline , de Ruiter Corine , Lodewijks Henny , Doreleijers Theo
Published: September 2007

The present prospective study examined the predictive validity of the Dutch version of the Psychopathy Check List: Youth Version for disruptive behavior in male adolescents during treatment. The study comprised two samples admitted to different secure treatment institutions in The Netherlands, Jongerenhuis Harreveld (n = 81) and Rentray (n = 66). Overall, the results demonstrate that psychopathy is a significant predictor of institutional disruptive behavior, and physical violence in particular. Furthermore, Hare's traditional Factor 2 was more strongly related to disruptive incidents than Factor 1. By using the recently proposed three‐ and four‐factor models of psychopathy, insight into the pattern of associations between psychopathy dimensions and different types of disruptive behavior was obtained. The antisocial dimension of psychopathy appeared to be more strongly related to severe incidents than the lifestyle dimension. Regression analyses identified significant contributions of the antisocial and lifestyle dimensions to the prediction of incidents. The relatively small degree of variance explained underlines the importance of other risk factors to identify adolescents at risk of disruptive behavior during institutional treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levels of psychopathy and its correlates: a study of incarcerated youths in three states
Authors: Dembo Richard , Jainchill Nancy , Turner Charles , Fong Chunki , Farkas Sarah , Childs Kristina
Published: September 2007

We report the results of a study on psychopathy and its correlates among 203 youths incarcerated in residential commitment programs in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Delaware. Latent class analysis of the psychopathy data identified three classes of youths: low psychopathy, moderate psychopathy, and high psychopathy. Significant differences were found among the three groups in regard to their criminal thinking, delinquency, experience of stressful events, family relationships, and drug use. Conduct disordered, psychopathic youths were the most troubled among the youths studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of laws, rules, codes and other influences on nursing homes' disaster preparedness in the Gulf Coast states
Authors: Brown Lisa M. , Hyer Kathryn , Polivka‐West LuMarie
Published: September 2007

In 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated several Gulf Coast states and caused many deaths. The hurricane‐ related deaths of 70 nursing home residents—34 believed drowned in St. Rita's Nursing Home in Louisiana and 36 from 12 other nursing homes—highlighted problems associated with poorly developed and executed disaster plans, uninformed evacuation decision‐making, and generally inadequate response by providers and first responders (DHHS, 2006; Hyer, Brown, Berman, & Polivka‐West, 2006). Such loss of human life perhaps could have been prevented and certainly lessened if, prior to the hurricanes, policies, regulations, and laws had been enacted, executable disaster guidelines been available, vendor contracts been honored, and sufficient planning taken place. This article discusses applicable federal and state laws and regulations that govern disaster preparedness with a particular focus on nursing homes. It highlights gaps in these laws and makes suggestions regarding future disaster planning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.