bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Employment and Infant Feeding Practices among the Navajo
Authors: Wright Anne L. , Clark Clarina , Bauer Mark
Published: November 2004

Maternal employment has long been considered a barrier to successful breastfeeding. This article explores the relationship of work status to the infant feeding behaviors of Navajo women. “Work” was cited in ethnographic interviews as being incompatible with breastfeeding. Further questioning, however, revealed that there are other reasons for stopping breastfeeding and that supplementation leading to insufficient milk may be an important intervening factor. Women who worked outside the home or went to school were not less likely than unemployed women to initiate breastfeeding or to continue either exclusive or partial breastfeeding (N = 250 postpartum women). Further, those who started work after three months introduced formula later and breastfed longer than other women in the sample, including the unemployed. How soon after delivery the women returned to work or school and when infant formula or other foods were introduced were significant, independent predictors of duration of breastfeeding among employed women and students. Maternal employment does not have a simple relationship to rates and duration of breastfeeding, although specific circumstances of employment, including length of maternity leave, do impact breastfeeding patterns.
Distribution of Culture‐Bound Illnesses in the Southern Peruvian Andes
Authors: Carey James W.
Published: November 2004

An epidemiologic investigation of three culture‐bound illnesses in the Peruvian Andes shows significant variation in prevalence according to age, gender, and social stratification, as indicated by residence. Data were collected on the three illnesses, manchariska, machu wayra, and machu hapiska, in the Nuñoa district, in the southern Peruvian Andes (N = 384 individuals). Period prevalence for manchariska is 6.77 episodes per 100 persons per year (95% c.i. = 4.47 to 9.76); for machu wayra, 3.13 (95% c.i. = 1.63 to 5.40); and for machu hapiska, 052 (95% c.i. = 0.06 to 1.87). Manchariska rates are highest among children, whereas machu wayra and machu hapiska are confined to adults, especially the elderly. Females are over eight times more likely than males to have machu wayra (p = .013). Households in the poorer communities are more likely to report the illnesses compared with others. Households with one or more culture‐bound illness episodes report a higher number of other problems, but culture‐bound illness prevalence is not correlated with poor child health as reflected by anthropometric measures of child growth. Future research should link epidemiologic methods with more traditional ethnographic approaches and more thoroughly investigate the ethnomedical reasons why some groups have a higher probability of experiencing culture‐boundillnesses than others.
Racism in U.S. Nursing
Authors: Barbee Evelyn L.
Published: November 2004

Although the problems of racism are being confronted in a number of venues, the word and the topic are taboo in American nursing. This article uses historical, personal, and anecdotal data to explore racism in American nursing. It examines how four attributes of nursing: (1) an emphasis on empathy; (2) an individual orientation; (3) a preference for homogeneity; and (4) a need to avoid conflict, provide a climate that allows nurses to avoid openly dealing with racism in the profession.
What Do Women Want?: Issues of Choice, Control, and Class in Pregnancy and Childbirth
Authors: Lazarus Ellen S.
Published: November 2004

Although many women in the United States speak about childbirth as a natural process, to differing degrees they accept and often prefer a medicalized birth. This article analyzes issues of choice and control related to women's desire for and access to knowledge about childbirth in light of advanced technology and with constraints imposed by medical institutions, medical ideology, and social class. In a comparison among three groups, lay middle‐class women, health professionals who are also middle‐class, and poor women, research findings showed that lay middle‐class women held a wide range of views about technological birth. Most of these women were concerned with making choices that would allow them to have some control over the course of their pregnancies and over childbirth. To facilitate control, they often chose a physician, in part, to serve as their advocate within the medical system. Middle‐class health professionals, also concerned with control, used their knowledge of the system as a way of maintaining that control. On the other hand, poor women neither expected nor desired control but were more concerned with continuity of care.
Possible Role of the Pessary in the Etiology of Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: Leidy Lynnette E.
Published: November 2004

Medical technology often has unforeseen effects on human health. For example, indwelling urethral catheters promote gram‐negative endotoxin shock, and improved absorbency in tampons triggered an epidemic of toxic shock syndrome. The pessary is an ancient gynecologic device used to support or position a displaced or prolapsed uterus. As an invasive device, similar to a vaginal tampon or contraceptive diaphragm, the pessary may have increased a woman's risk of vaginal infections, possibly including toxic shock syndrome, especially during the 19th century when prolapsus uteri was a common diagnosis among young women. Evidence for the involvement of the pessary in the syndrome is drawn from early medical texts that attribute toxic‐shock‐type symptoms, specifically high or fatal fevers, to absorbent pessaries. Further evidence comes from the culture of Staphylococcus aureus from nonabsorbent pessaries.
The (Re)negotiation of Illness Diagnoses and Responsibility for Child Death in Rural Mali
Authors: Castle Sarah E.
Published: November 2004

Kin and community power relationships in rural Mali shape the process of diagnosing a child with a fatal illness. This analysis draws on participant observation and interviews with 298 women in four Fulani and Humbeße communities in the Mopti region. Two folk illnesses regarded as supernaturally caused, foondu (“the bird”) and heendu (“the wind”) were important final diagnoses of the cause of death. The illnesses are regarded as fatal but tend to be diagnosed only after a child has died; thus they are not associated with resignation on the part of kin. The diagnoses tend to exonerate the child's caretakers, and because they are conferred by senior women in a patrilineage, they also reinforce hierarchical power relationships among women. The diagnoses also encourage social support from affines for the woman whose child has died.
When Alcoholics Are Not Anonymous
Authors: Fainzang Sylvie
Published: November 2004

Vie Libre (Free Life), a French ex‐alcoholics' association, deals with the question of identity quite differently than does Alcoholics Anonymous. Not only does Vie Libre not advocate anonymity, but it also stresses individual identity in a way that conforms to its theory of alcoholism. The analysis of a fundamental ritual created by the movement, which gives the subjects a group identity in addition to their individual identity, is examined in the light of data from other societies, allowing the reformulation of the question of anonymity. This approach clarifies the motivation behind Vie Libre's refusal of anonymity and leads to the proposal of a new interpretation of anonymity in Alcoholics Anonymous.
The Retirement Process: Making the Person and Cultural Meanings Malleable
Authors: Luborsky Mark R.
Published: November 2004

In research on life‐course transitions, the dynamics of reorganizing meanings and lives were examined in interviews with 32 retiring workers in the United States. New retirees engaged in reorganization of self and social identity by work in special projects involving physical labor to demolish and rebuild backyards and household interiors. Findings indicate that the work in these projects conjoins the reshaping of subjective experience and social life. The projects express a behavioral narrative of the transition in that the spatial sequence of activities (moving from households to the community) parallels the temporal order of reorganization (from self to social identity). Individuals invent and recapitulate partially formed symbols (i.e., dirt, birth, and death) and prior life events to develop new self‐images and social lives. These metaphors and processes of separation and death foster creativity and reintegration and must be viewed as integral to transition rather than interpreted as phenomena to be avoided as they are in gerontology and medical practice. Transitions need to be understood as situated within individual histories and cultural contexts.
Stigmatizing a “Normal” Condition: Urinary Incontinence in Late Life
Authors: MITTENESS LINDA S. , BARKER JUDITH C.
Published: November 2004

The geriatric medical literature presents a perspective on urinary incontinence in the elderly that is sharply divergent from the realities of medical and lay responses to incontinence. This contrast raises questions about the cultural significance of urinary incontinence. The geriatric literature reveals a consensus that urinary incontinence, a major health problem among the elderly, is treatable and frequently reversible. The elderly and their health care providers, however, not only see incontinence as an inevitable, irreversible, and normal part of growing old but also consider it a sign of incompetence. This linkage of incontinence with incompetence forces elderly people to adopt several strategies for managing their incontinence so as not to compromise their competence in the eyes of others. Incontinence is a cultural symbol for the increasing dependencies of old age, dependencies that are much feared and resented in U.S. society, where tremendous emphasis is placed on independence even into advanced old age.
Decision Making in the Treatment of Acute Illness in Nursing Homes: Framing the Decision Problem, Treatment Plan, and Outcome
Authors: KAYSER‐JONES JEANIE
Published: November 2004

This article investigates the social‐cultural factors and other circumstances that influence decision making in the treatment of acute illness in three West Coast nursing homes. Participant observation, in‐depth interviews with physicians, nursing staff, nursing home residents, and family members, and event analysis were used to gather data. Using decision‐making theory as the theoretical framework, analysis focuses on how internal and external factors influence the decision‐making process. Two case studies are used to illustrate how in real‐life acute clinical situations, physicians frame decision problems, treatment plans, and expected outcomes in order to persuade residents and their families to comply with their preferred treatment plans.
Mandinka Mothers and Nurslings: Power and Reproduction
Authors: Whittemore Robert D. , Beverly Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2004

In a traditional Mandinka village of the Casamance Region of Senegal, indigenous understanding of the interdependencies of women and their children include not only patterns of nursing but the prospects for continued fertility as an outcome of the mother/nursling relationship. Based on two years of participant‐observation and focused observations of 40 nursing mothers and their children from birth to over 12 months of age, this study examines breastfeeding as a relationship that is part of the process of dali lo, or socialization to the “Mandinka way.” Patterns of nursing are elaborated by women's recognition of the power of fetuses and young children to control fertility, a power that affirms the concomitant role of nursing mothers as being agents of culture who nurture and wean cultural novices. The methodological implications of the female ethnographer as a social location for traditional fertility work and the ethnographers' child as resistant cultural novice are also discussed.
Sex, Drugs, and the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Belle Glade, Florida
Authors: Mccoy Clyde B. , Metsch Lisa R. , Inciardi James A. , Anwyl Robert S. , Wingerd Judith , Bletzer Keith
Published: November 2004

Belle Glade, Florida, an agricultural community in the heart of the state's vegetable and sugar cane production areas, has the highest cumulative per capita incidence of AIDS in the United States. A risk reduction intervention program was introduced to lessen unsafe AIDS‐related behaviors and to generate data on the epidemiology of HIV infection. Initial attention focused on individuals who were believed to be at the core of the transmission pattern, injection drug users and their sexual partners. We found, however, that injection drug use was much less widespread than anticipated. Results suggested that the primary mode of HIV transmission is heterosexual intercourse—mediated by drug taking (particularly crack smoking) and a flourishing sex industry—a finding that is corroborated by the increased and disproportionate rate of heterosexual AIDS in Belle Glade. The prevalence and types of risk behaviors engaged in would not have been completely explained without the use of ethnographic methods including observation of, and lengthy interviews with, the populations at risk.
The Production of Authoritative Knowledge in American Prenatal Care
Authors: Browner C. H. , Press Nancy
Published: November 2004

Using Jordan's concept of authoritative knowledge, this article describes some of the ways that the prenatal care practices of a group of U.S. women help to consolidate biomedical hegemony. We analyze the considerations that the women took into account when deciding whether or not to accept specific prenatal care recommendations as authoritative, focusing on when and how they used their own “embodied” knowledge and experience as a standard against which to assess the validity of clinical recommendations. The data provide insight into medicalization processes and the role patients themselves play in furthering biomedical hegemony.
Authoritative Knowledge and Birth Territories in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Fiedler Deborah Cordero
Published: November 2004

In Japan, as in the United States, the change from home to health care institution as the location of birth has been marked by depicting the obstetrician as having authoritative knowledge about birthing. The obstetrician's access to and control over specialized obstetrical technology reflect and legitimate his authoritative status. In Japan a prevailing cultural view of birth as a natural and healthy event places a value on using the least possible amount of obstetrical intervention in the birthing process. This results in the valuation of the potential, rather than the actual, application of obstetrical technology. In contemporary Japan midwives remain integral participants in maternity care and attend normal deliveries in the hospital setting. But because of the culturally depicted potential for pathology at the time of birth, the obstetrician—the birthing specialist who controls the more complex technological tools—is viewed as having greater authoritative knowledge than the midwife and the woman giving birth.
The Body That Knows: From Cashinahua Epistemology to a Medical Anthropology of Lowland South America
Authors: McCallum Cecilia
Published: November 2004

This article develops an anthropology of the body in its material and social environment among the Cashinahua (Huni Kuin)from Brazilian and Peruvian Amazonia. The Cashinahua body, it shows, is thought of as produced by others, not as growing naturally. Growth can be defined as the corporeal accumulation of knowledge in the form of “soul.” The article describes the verbal, medical, and other techniques used to transform it into “a body that knows.” In the Cashinahua understanding, a healthy body is one that constantly learns through the senses and expresses the accumulated knowledge in social action and speech. An ill body is one that no longer knows. Curing, therefore, acts to restore a person's capacity to know. The whole article defends the proposition, then, that a prior condition for any medical anthropology in the Cashinahua case is a thorough examination of Cashinahua epistemology. Finally, through comparative discussion of other peoples in lowland South America, it seeks to show that this is also the case more widely in the ethnographic region. Ultimately, it suggests that ethnography in lowland South America undermines the possibility of a “medical anthropology” per se.
Searching for the Secrets of Nature: The Life and Works of Dr. Francisco Hernández
Authors: Hamann Byron
Published: November 2004

Searching for the Secrets of Nature: The Life and Works of Dr. Francisco Hernández. Simon Varey. Rafael Chabrán. and Dora B. Weiner. eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. xvi. 229 pp.

The Mexican Treasury: The Writings of Dr. Francisco Hernández. Simon Varey. ed. Rafael Chabrán. Cynthia L. Chamberlin. and Simon Varey. trans. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. xix. 281 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Valentine Paul
Published: November 2004

Cultural Perspectives on Reproductive Health. Carlo Makhlouf Obermeyer. ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. + 333 pp.
The Idea of Health: History, Medical Pluralism, and the Management of the Body in Emilia‐Romagna, Italy
Authors: Whitaker Elizabeth D.
Published: November 2004

Basic beliefs about health in north central Italy derive from an approach to the personal management of the body that is not just reactive but also proactive. This article examines a complex field of health factors in relation to historical processes and a system of medical pluralism. Rapid demographic and social changes over the past century have brought an accommodation of ancient medical beliefs to more recent germ‐oriented principles. An enduring belief in the permeability of the body leads to an emphasis on moderation in personal conduct to prevent debilitation, whether by atmospheric insults, microbial infection, or modern‐day miasmas such as pollution or additives in food. The idea of health itself is analyzed to show how biomedicine varies across societies and how historical processes have shaped contemporary cultural patterns and led to generational continuities and differences in beliefs and behaviors. This information may also improve interactions between patients and health care providers, [health beliefs, Italy, Emilia‐Romagna, humoral medicine, medical pluralism]
Endangered Species: Health, Illness and Death among Madagascar's People of the Forest
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: November 2004

Endangered Species: Health, Illness and Death among Madagascar's People of the Forest. Janice Harper. Ethnographic Studies in Medical Anthropology Series. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2002. xvii. 273 pp.
Guatemala in the 1980s
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum
Published: November 2004

Anderson. Marilyn. and Jonathan Garlock 1988 Granddaughters of Corn: Portraits of Guatemalan Women. Willimantic, CT. Curbstone Press. ISBN 0‐915306. $19.95. 124 pp.

Annis. Sheldon 1987 God and Production in. Guatemalan Town. Austin. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0‐292‐72736‐4. 127.40 hardcover. 197 pp.

Arriola de Geng. Olga 1989 Ténicas de Bordados en los Trajes Indigenas de Guatemala. (Embroidery Techniques in the Indigenous Clothing of Guatemala.) $16. Soft cover. 123 pp.

Linda Asturias de Barrios. Idalma Mejía de Rodas. and Rosario Miralbés de Polanco 1989 Santa Maria de Jesus: Traje. Cofradis. (Santa Maria de Jesus:Clothing and the Religious Organizations.) Guatemala: Ediciones del Museo Ixchel del Traje Indigena de Guatemala. 144 pp.,

Mejfa de Rodas. Idalma. and Rosario Miralbés de Polanco 1987 Cambio en Colotenango: Traje, Migraddn. Jerarquia. (Change in Colotenango. Clothing, Migration, and Hierarchy). Introduction and final chapters by linda Asrurias de Barrios. Guatemala: Ediciones del Museo Ixchel del Traje Indigena de Guatemala. 132 pp.

Boss. Gayle. and Cheryl Hellner. editors 1987 The Wounded Quetzal: Women and Weaving in Guatemala. Volume 2, No. 1. Washington, DC. Potter's House Press. $4.50. 31 pp.

Dermúdez. Fernando 1986 Death and Resurrection in Guatemala. Introduction by Philip Berryman. Maryknoll, NY. Orbis Books. ISBN 0‐88344‐268. $8.95. 96 pp.

Carmack. Robert M. editor 1988 Harvest of Violence: The Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0‐8061‐2132‐ 7. $21.95. 334 pp.

Manz. Beatrice 1988 Refugees of. Hidden War: The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency in Guatemala. Albany. State University of New York Press. ISBN 08706‐675‐5 (doth) $46.50, ISBN 048706‐676‐3 (paper) $16.95. 283 pp.

Montejo. Victor 1988 Testimony: Death of. Guatemalan Village. Willimantic, CT. Curbstone Press. The author writes of his own experience as. teacher; now an exile. This publication paves the way for future ethnographies written fcy. Mayan people and not about them.

Painter. James 1987 Guatemala: False Hope, False Freedom. Preface by Rigoberta Menchu. London. Catholic Institute for International Relations, Latin American Bureau. Distribution in the USA by Monthly Review Foundation, ISBN 0‐906156‐ 31‐7 (encased) $24, 0‐906156‐31‐9 (paper) $7.95. 134 pp.

Simon. Jean‐Marie 1987 Guatemala: Eternal Spring, Eternal tyranny. New York. WW Norton & Company. ISBN 0‐393‐30506‐6. $19.95. 256 pp.
'lolani Palace Galleries, Honolulu, Hawaii, permanent installation
Authors: Kelly Marjorie
Published: November 2004

'IOLANI PALACE GALLERIES, Honolulu, Hawaii, permanent installation.
The Empire of Things: Regimes of Value and Material Culture
Authors: Quinn E. Moore
Published: November 2004

The Empire of Things: Regimes of Value and Material Culture. Fred R. Myers. editor. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. 2000.
Academic Culture in the Petri Dish
Authors: Morgan Ed
Published: November 2004

Academic Culture in the Petri Dish Audit Cultures: Anthropological Studies in Accountability, Ethics, and the Academy Marilyn Strathern. ed. (London: Routledge, 2000)
A Theory of the Trial
Authors: Miyazaki Hirokazu
Published: November 2004

. Theory of the Trial Robert P. Burns (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999)
Why Krippendorfs Tribe Is Good For Teaching Anthropology
Authors: Chalfen Richard , Pack Sam
Published: November 2004

Krippendorfs Tribe (1998); Director: Todd Holland, Cast: Richard Dreyfuss, Jenna Elfman, Lily Tomlin, Rachel Winfree; Screenplay: Charlie Peters; 100 min.; US Distribution: Touchstone Pictures; Rated PG‐13.
Film Review
Authors: Pack Sam , Tran Hoa
Published: November 2004

Through Women's Eyes. video by Mayfair Yang. 1997, 52 minutes, color, subtitled. Distributed by Women Make Movies, 462 Broadway 5th Floor, New York, NY 10013.
Book Review
Authors: Ruby Jay
Published: November 2004

Suburbia. Updated and Revised. Bill Owens. Introduction by David Halberstam. December, 1999. 117 tritone and 19 color photographs. 10 by 10 inches. 120 pages. Hardcover Folio. 561 Broadway, NY, NY 10012.
Book Review
Authors: Strong Mary
Published: November 2004

Image And Memory, Photography From Latin America. Fotofest. Wendy Watriss. Lois Parkinson Zamora. University of Texas Press, 1998
Book Review
Authors: Beachley Brear Holly
Published: November 2004

Dressing Up Debutantes: Pageantry and Glitz in Texas. Michaele Thurgood Haynes. Oxford:Berg. 1998. 180 pp, illus.
Gesture, Performance
Authors: Fjord Lakshmi
Published: November 2004

Gesture, Performance. 2000. Evelina Devisheva. Produced by Audrey Slankevich and Farhad Mamatkazin. Color, 37min. Documentary Educational Resources.
Facts and Controversies in Systemic Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Bernard-Marty Chantal , Cardoso Fatima , Piccart Martine J.
Published: November 2004

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Describe the roles of hormonal treatment, chemotherapy, and biological agents in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer patients. Explain how to select the best available treatment for a metastatic breast cancer patient. Discuss the controversies and future developments of treatment modalities for metastatic breast cancer patients.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

The management of metastatic breast cancer remains an important and controversial issue. The systemic therapy, comprising endocrine, cytotoxic and biological agents, can be administered sequentially or in combination. Few drugs or combinations provide a significant improvement in survival and, therefore, in the great majority of cases, treatment is given with a palliative intent. With the exception of first-line therapy, for which general agreement exists, currently there is no consensual standard of care. This review will summarize the current knowledge and outline the controversial issues related to systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer, with emphasis on treatment tailoring. The potential role of tumor molecular profile(s) in the selection of patients that could benefit the most from each strategy/agent will be discussed.
Measurement of Mouse T Cell Receptor Excision Circles
Authors: Sempowski Gregory D. , Rhein Maria E.
Published: November 2004

This unit provides the protocols necessary for the quantification of mouse single joint T cell receptor excision circles (sjTRECs) generated during TCRA gene rearrangement. These nonreplicated episomal circles of DNA are generated by the recombination process used to produce antigen‐specific T cell receptors. The number of sjTRECs per mg of thymus tissue or per 100,000 lysed cells has been shown to be a molecular marker of thymopoiesis and naïve T cells. This technology is beneficial to investigators interested in quantitating the level of thymopoiesis occurring in both in vivo and in vitro mouse systems and complements traditional phenotypic analyses of thymopoiesis. The for real‐time PCR details the assay for use on a Bio‐Rad iCycler iQ. An is provided for an ABI Prism 7700. In addition, the unit includes Support Protocols for preparation of a mouse sjTREC DNA standard () and preparation of mouse thymus tissue DNA () as well as a protocol for proteinase K lysis of lymphocytes () used in the Basic and Alternate protocols.
Molecular Diagnosis of Hearing Loss
Authors: Rehm Heidi L.
Published: November 2004

This unit discusses an approach to identifying a genetic cause in an individual with nonsyndromic hearing loss. Two protocols are presented, including a full‐gene sequencing assay to identify mutations in theGJB2gene encoding the connexin 26 protein. Mutations in theGJB2gene represent the most common cause of congenital hearing loss. In addition, a protocol to detect the presence of a 342‐kb deletion that includes a portion of theGJB6gene is presented. TheGJB6‐D13S1830 deletion, in homozygosity or in combination with a singleGJB2mutation, causes hearing loss. In addition to the two protocols presented, the Strategic Planning section presents a discussion of a decision‐making process that can be used to begin determining which gene(s) to test for in a patient presenting with nonsyndromic hearing loss. This task can be quite challenging, with the suspected involvement of over 90 genes.
In vivo detection of microglial activation in frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Cagnin Annachiara , Rossor Martin , Sampson Elizabeth L. , MacKinnon Toby , Banati Richard B.
Published: November 2004

Using positron emission tomography and [11C](R)‐PK11195, a marker of “peripheral benzodiazepine sites” that is upregulated on activated microglia during progressive tissue pathology, we show increased binding of [11C](R)‐PK11195 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration in the typically affected frontotemporal brain regions. This implies the presence of an active glial response reflecting progressive neuronal degeneration. It also suggests that increased [11C](R)‐PK11195 binding, previously demonstrated for Alzheimer's disease, may occur independently from increased amyloid plaque formation, given that it is not a characteristic feature of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Ann Neurol 2004;56:894–897
Speciation of organotin compounds in sediment cores from Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) by gas chromatography–pulsed flame photometric detection
Authors: Almeida Ana Cristina , Wagener Angela de L. R. , Maia Cristina B. , Miekeley Norbert
Published: November 2004

The contamination of sediments by organotins poses a threat to marine biota that may last long after release of the substances. The determination of tributyltin (TBT) and its decay products in sediment cores allows elucidation of concentration and degradation trends, and is a useful tool to support management decisions. In this study, organotin speciation was performed on cores from several locations in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, to investigate contamination trends over the last 30 years in this area, which houses the second most important harbor in Brazil. TBT concentration in surface sediments ranged from 742 µg kg−1 (as tin) in the vicinity of a major shipyard to 14 µg kg−1 (as tin) in an environmental protection area. Organotins depth profiles were, in general, very irregular, lacking evidence that TBT degradation occurs at appreciable rates in these anoxic sediments. Decay most probably takes place predominantly in the water column and at the water–sediment interface before final burial in the sediments. Data from the least contaminated area was used to estimate a first‐order degradation constant of −0.37 years−1 for dibutyltin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization
Authors: Gu Qiang , Lin Quan , Hu Chunling , Yang Bai
Published: November 2004

A novel and simple method of emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization was designed for preparing a composite of polystyrene containing core–shell emulsion particles. The advantage of this method was that it did not need a complex process, such as emulsion breaking, washing, drying, and so on, during transforming from emulsion polymerization to suspension polymerization. First, the core–shell particles of poly(styrene/bisphenol A dimethyl methacrylate)/polystyrene [P(St/BPADA)/PS] with crosslinking structure were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Then the latex was broken with electrolyte dripping and the emulsion particles became swollen and transformed into the monomer in the suspension polymerization system. Thus the emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization could be carried out successfully. The mechanism of the process was investigated in detail. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 404–412, 2005
Fixation protocols for subcellular imaging by synchrotron‐based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Gazi E. , Dwyer J. , Lockyer N. P. , Miyan J. , Gardner P. , Hart C. , Brown M. , Clarke N. W.
Published: November 2004

Synchrotron‐based Fourier transform infrared (SR‐FTIR) microspectroscopy is a powerful bioanalytical technique for the simultaneous analysis of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and a variety of phosphorylated molecules within intact cells. SR‐FTIR microspectroscopy can be used in the imaging mode to generate biospectroscopic maps of the distribution and intensity profiles of subcellular biomolecular domains at diffraction‐limited spatial resolution. However, the acquisition of highly spatially resolved IR images of cells is not only a function of instrumental parameters (source brightness, sampling aperture size) but also the cell preparation method employed. Additionally, for the IR data to be biochemically relevant the cells must be preserved in a life‐like state without introducing artefacts. In the present study we demonstrate, for the first time, the differences in biomolecular localizations observed in SR‐FTIR images of cells fixed by formalin, formalin–critical point drying (CPD), and glutaraldehyde–osmium tetroxide–CPD, using the PC‐3 prostate cancer cell line. We compare these SR‐FTIR images of fixed cells to unfixed cells. The influence of chemical fixatives on the IR spectrum is discussed in addition to the biological significance of the observed localizations. Our experiments reveal that formalin fixation at low concentration preserves lipid, phosphate, and protein components without significantly influencing the IR spectrum of the cell. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
Crystal and Band Structures, Bonding, and Optical Properties of Solid Compounds of Alkaline Indium(III) Pyrophosphates MInP2O7 (M: Na, K, Rb, Cs).
Authors: Zhang Yongchun , Cheng Wendan , Wu Dongsheng , Zhang Hao , Chen Dagui , Gong Yajing , Kan Zigui
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
From Discrete to Extended Guests: A Novel Supramolecular [Hg6As4](AgCl3)2 Assembly Featuring One‐Dimensional (AgCl3)2‐ Anions.
Authors: Oleneva Olga S. , Olenev Andrei V. , Dikarev Evgeny V. , Shevelkov Andrei V.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel and Highly Selective Conversion of Alcohols and Thiols to Alkyl Nitrites with Triphenylphosphine/2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanobenzoquinone/Bu4 NNO2 System.
Authors: Akhlaghinia Batool , Pourali Ali Reza
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Pathway to 6,6‐Disubstituted Fulvenes.
Authors: Chajara Khalil , Ottosson Henrik
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Heck‐Type Coupling of Boronic Acids with Activated Alkenes in an Aqueous Emulsion.
Authors: Lautens Mark , Mancuso John , Grover Harpreet
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bismuth Triflate as Novel and Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of β‐Aminosulfides.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Baishya Gakul , Reddy P. Venkatram , Harshavardhan S. J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Fluorene Based Host Compounds Designed to Probe Solid‐State Fluorescence.
Authors: Scott Janet L. , Yamada Tomohiko , Tanaka Koichi
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Thiadiazoles as a Novel Structural Class of Potent and Selective PDE7 Inhibitors. Part 2. Metabolism‐Directed Optimization Studies Towards Orally Bioavailable Derivatives.
Authors: Vergne Fabrice , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conversion of in situ Generated Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides to Chromene Derivatives in Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Yousefi Liela , Ahmadi Ebrahim , Souldozi Ali
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Kost—Sagitullin Rearrangement in a Series of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐(carbamoylmethyl)‐4,6‐dimethylpyrimidinium Iodides.
Authors: Danagulyan G. G. , Sahakyan L. G.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rational Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3H‐Naphtho[1,2,3‐de]quinoline‐2,7‐diones: A New Class of Potential Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Antonini I. , Polucci P. , Magnano A. , Sparapani S. , Martinelli S.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Tandem Hydration/Cyclodehydration of α‐Thiocyanatoketones to 2‐Oxo‐3‐thiazolines. Application to Thiazolo[5,4‐c]quinoline‐2,4(3aH,5H)‐dione Synthesis.
Authors: Klasek Antonin , Mrkvicka Vladimir , Pevec Andrej , Kosmrlj Janez
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses of Sulfoxide Derivatives in the Benzodiazine Series. Diazines. Part 37.
Authors: Le Fur Nicolas , Mojovic Ljubica , Turck Alain , Ple Nelly , Queguiner Guy , Reboul Vincent , Perrio Stephane , Metzner Patrick
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conversion of Amino Group in Position 6 of Uracil.
Authors: Yavolovskii A A. , Ivanov E. I.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Fluorous Ugi and Post‐Condensation Reactions for Benzimidazoles and Quinoxalinones.
Authors: Zhang Wei , Tempest Paul
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characteristic Features of a Hetero Diels—Alder Reaction: The Reaction of Aroylketene with Allobetulone as an Example.
Authors: Nekrasov D. D. , Rubtsov A. E. , Tolstikov A. G.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Sesquiterpenoid and Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Rhizophora mucronata.
Authors: Laphookhieo Surat , Karalai Chatchanok , Ponglimanont Chanita
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bis‐cephalezomines A‐E from Cephalotaxus harringtonia var. nana.
Authors: Yoshinaga Miwa , Morita Hiroshi , Dota Tomoka , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide: An Efficient Medium for Dimethoxytritylation of the 5′‐Hydroxyl Function of Nucleosides.
Authors: Khalafi‐Nezhad Ali , Mokhtari Babak
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of (R)‐(+)‐Tanikolide Through Stereospecific C—H Insertion Reaction of Dichlorocarbene with Optically Active Secondary Alcohol Derivatives.
Authors: Arasaki Hideki , Iwata Masashi , Makida Miyuki , Masaki Yukio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies Directed Towards the Total Synthesis of Feigrisolide B.
Authors: Sharma G. V. M. , Kumar K. Raman
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Partial Agonists for A3 Adenosine Receptors
Authors: Gao Zhan‐Guo , Jacobson Kenneth A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Development and Application of Tetrafluorophenol‐Activated Resins for Rapid Amine Derivatization
Authors: Salvino Joseph M. , Dolle Roland E.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unraveling the Structure and Mechanism of Acetyl‐Coenzyme A Synthase.
Authors: Hegg Eric L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Leaf Litter Breakdown Processing in the Functional Monitoring of a Mountain Stream
Authors: Braioni Maria Giovanna , Dal Cortivo Marialuisa , Salmoiraghi Gianpaolo
Published: November 2004

This research is a contribution to an integrated overview of the alpine low‐order river ecosystem. We associated the results obtained from colonization and breakdown processes (functional aspects, i.e. colonization of natural and artificial leaf packs and of artificial inorganic substrates), with the morpho‐hydrological features of the river bed, with density and biomass of benthic invertebrates and with banks quality. We studied the Ausor stream, North‐East Italy, a natural alpine stream with a narrow steep gradient channel.

The applied monitoring methods allowed us to point out the total biodiversity, the seasonal and regional heterogeneity of macrobenthos and of habitats and the efficiency of breakdown and colonization processes. The integrated overview, achieved from the comparison of results, showed that diversity and variability of habitats are connected with the natural morphological development of the river bed and of riparian areas. Furthermore, heterogeneity and variability of habitats are essential in supporting biodiversity and the functional processes occurring in a natural environment. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Medication errors in pediatrics—the octopus evading defeat
Authors: Sullivan Janice E. , Buchino John J.
Published: November 2004

Medication errors have come to the forefront in healthcare and oversight organizations as well as to the public over the past several years. There has been an increasing focus on this area of patient care requiring more intensive evaluation and intervention to prevent these errors. Although it is difficult to ascertain the true occurrence of medication errors, they may occur as frequently as once in every 20 orders. Children are at higher risk for medication errors and adverse drug events for numerous reasons. Not only is there great variability in weight and body surface area in this population, there is also significant differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many medications when compared to adults. In addition, our knowledge of pharmacogenetics and phenotypic ontogeny must be applied. Sources of medication errors are identified, and specific examples and solutions to improve medication use in children are provided. It is critical to have 1) personnel trained in pediatrics to prescribe, prepare, dispense and administer medications, 2) a quality review system in place to review drug use and medication errors, and 3) to implement computerized physician order entry with decision support and other tools in the next decade to improve pharmacologic therapy for pediatric patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:182–188. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving the segmentation of therapy‐induced leukoencephalopathy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia using a priori information and a gradient magnitude threshold
Authors: Glass John O. , Reddick Wilburn E. , Reeves Cara , Pui Ching‐Hon
Published: November 2004

Reliably quantifying therapy‐induced leukoencephalopathy is a challenging task due to the similarity between its MR properties and those of normal tissues. Multispectral MR images were analyzed for 15 children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Three different analysis techniques were compared to examine improvements in the segmentation accuracy of leukoencephalopathy versus manual tracings by two experienced observers. The original technique used a white matter mask based on the segmentation of the first serial examination of each patient and no a priori information. The modified techniques combine spatially normalized a priori maps as input and a gradient magnitude threshold. The second technique used a 2D threshold, while the third algorithm utilized a 3D threshold. MR images were segmented with a Kohonen self‐organizing map for all three algorithms. Kappa values were compared for the three techniques to each observer and statistically significant improvements were seen between the original and third algorithms (Observer 1: 0.651, 0.744, P = 0.015; Observer 2: 0.603, 0.699, P = 0.024). More accurate and reliable quantification reduces the amount of variance in MR measures and facilitates clinical trials to determine the clinical significance of leukoencephalopathy in this vulnerable population. Magn Reson Med 52:1336–1341, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast Spiral two‐point Dixon technique using block regional off‐resonance correction
Authors: Moriguchi Hisamoto , Lewin Jonathan S. , Duerk Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2004

The Spiral two‐point Dixon (Spiral 2PD) technique has recently been proposed as a method for unambiguous water–fat decomposition in spiral imaging. It also corrects for off‐resonance blurring artifacts using only two data sets. In the Spiral 2PD technique, several predetermined off‐resonance frequencies are tested to both separate water and fat signals and deblur the decomposed images. Unfortunately, the algorithm is computationally quite intensive since the range of tested frequencies must be set sufficiently large to span the full range of anticipated B0 variation over the scanned objects. The block regional off‐resonance correction (BRORC) algorithm corrects for off‐resonance blurring artifacts block by block through the reconstructed image and usually provides several times higher computational efficiency than the conventional frequency‐segmented off‐resonance correction algorithm. This work shows that both water–fat decomposition and blurring artifact correction can be performed block by block using two spiral images with different TEs and that this new technique (BRORC‐Spiral2PD technique) significantly improves the computational efficiency of other Spiral 2PD algorithms, opening new opportunities for spiral imaging. Magn Reson Med 52:1342–1350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐level model for binary time‐series data: the effects of air pollution on school absences in the Southern California Children's Health Study
Authors: Rondeau Virginie , Berhane Kiros , Thomas Duncan C.
Published: November 2004

A three‐level model is proposed to simultaneously examine the effects of daily exposure to air pollution and individual risk factors on health outcomes without aggregating over subjects or time. We used a logistic transition model with random effects to take into account heterogeneity and overdispersion of the observations. A distributed lag structure for pollution has been included, assuming that the event on day t for a subject depends on the levels of air pollution for several preceding days. We illustrate this proposed model via detailed analysis of the effect of air pollution on school absenteeism based on data from the Southern California Children's Health Study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive biology of Eledone moschata (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the Gulf of Cádiz (south-western Spain, ICES Division IXa)
Authors: Silva Luis , Ramos Fernando , Sobrino Ignacio
Published: November 2004

Reproductive aspects of Eledone moschata from the Spanish waters of the Gulf of Cádiz are reported for the first time. The species is relatively abundant over the continental shelf and it is caught as by-catch by the bottom-trawl fleet. Monthly samplings throughout one annual life-cycle showed a sex ratio with a female dominance (0·45:1). A four stage maturity scale was used for both sexes. The reproductive period was determined from monthly evolution of these stages as well as that of several maturity and condition indices. The breeding season extended from October to June, with spawning peaks in October and March–May, the second one being more important. Length and weight at maturity (mantle length50, body weight50) were estimated at 7·8 cm and 97 g in males, and at 12·2 cm and 274 g in females, respectively. Total fecundity, estimated from 52 mature females, was 443·5±154·4 oocytes on average. The mean size of mature oocytes and the mean length of mature spermatophore in mature females and males was 10·24 mm (±1·07) and 13·88 mm (±1·60), respectively.
Didemnum tetrahedrum sp. nov., a new Didemnum (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) species from south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Dias Gustavo Muniz , de Almeida Rodrigues Sérgio
Published: November 2004

A new species of Didemnum was discovered during a recent biodiversity survey of Praia da Baleia, São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil. This species has a unique and peculiar type of spicule composed by four calcareous spheroids grouped together to form a tetrahedral structure. In other aspects, the new species is similar to certain other whitish tropical Atlantic American didemnids formerly assigned to Didemnum candidum.