bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data from Association of the 15q25 and 5p15 Lung Cancer Susceptibility Regions with Gene Expression in Lung Tumor Tissue
Authors: Fehringer Gord , Liu Geoffrey , Pintilie Melania , Sykes Jenna , Cheng Dangxiao , Liu Ni , Chen Zhuo , Seymour Lesley , Der Sandy D. , Shepherd Frances A. , Tsao Ming-Sound , Hung Rayjean J.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified two independent lung cancer susceptibility loci at chromosome 15q25 and one locus at 5p15. We examined the association of genetic variants in these regions with gene expression in lung tumor tissue, in an effort to elucidate carcinogenic mechanisms by which these variants influence lung cancer risk.

Methods: We used data from 2 independent studies of non–small cell lung carcinoma patients: the JBR.10 clinical trial (n = 131) and a University Health Network (UHN) patient sample in Toronto (n = 181). We genotyped seven 15q25 and five 5p15 variants and examined their association with expression profiles of genes in the corresponding regions, measured by Affymetrix HG-U133A.

Results: The minor allele (C) of a variant representing one of the two loci at 15q25 (rs2036534) was associated with increased iron-responsive element binding protein 2 (IREB2) expression in both studies (JBR.10 P = 0.042; UHN P = 0.002). A false discovery rate of 0.05 or less in the UHN sample increased our confidence in this association. The association appears to be more prominent among lung adenocarcinoma patients. We did not detect an association between genotype and expression profile for the other 15q25 locus or for 5p15 variants.

Conclusions: In contrast to previous studies that indicate 15q25 variants are associated with lung cancer risk through an effect on smoking behavior, our results suggest these variants may influence risk through a second mechanism, involving modulation of IREB2 expression.

Impact: This finding expands on potential mechanisms through which 15q25 variants influence lung cancer risk and may have implications for future research on chemoprevention strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1097–104. ©2012 AACR.
Data from The Effect of Patient and Contextual Characteristics on Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Breast Cancer Mortality
Authors: Sposto Richard , Keegan Theresa H.M. , Vigen Cheryl , Kwan Marilyn L. , Bernstein Leslie , John Esther M. , Cheng Iona , Yang Juan , Koo Jocelyn , Kurian Allison W. , Caan Bette J. , Lu Yani , Monroe Kristine R. , Shariff-Marco Salma , Gomez Scarlett Lin , Wu Anna H.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Racial/ethnic disparity in breast cancer–specific mortality in the United States is well documented. We examined whether accounting for racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of clinical, patient, and lifestyle and contextual factors that are associated with breast cancer–specific mortality can explain this disparity.

Methods: The California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium combined interview data from six California-based breast cancer studies with cancer registry data to create a large, racially diverse cohort of women with primary invasive breast cancer. We examined the contribution of variables in a previously reported Cox regression baseline model plus additional contextual, physical activity, body size, and comorbidity variables to the racial/ethnic disparity in breast cancer–specific mortality.

Results: The cohort comprised 12,098 women. Fifty-four percent were non-Latina Whites, 17% African Americans, 17% Latinas, and 12% Asian Americans. In a model adjusting only for age and study, breast cancer–specific HRs relative to Whites were 1.69 (95% CI, 1.46–1.96), 1.00 (0.84–1.19), and 0.52 (0.33–0.85) for African Americans, Latinas, and Asian Americans, respectively. Adjusting for baseline-model variables decreased disparity primarily by reducing the HR for African Americans to 1.13 (0.96–1.33). The most influential variables were related to disease characteristics, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and smoking status at diagnosis. Other variables had negligible impact on disparity.

Conclusions: Although contextual, physical activity, body size, and comorbidity variables may influence breast cancer–specific mortality, they do not explain racial/ethnic mortality disparity.

Impact: Other factors besides those investigated here may explain the existing racial/ethnic disparity in mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1064–72. ©2016 AACR.
Data from Projecting Benefits and Harms of Novel Cancer Screening Biomarkers: A Study of PCA3 and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Birnbaum Jeanette K. , Feng Ziding , Gulati Roman , Fan Jing , Lotan Yair , Wei John T. , Etzioni Ruth
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: New biomarkers for early detection of cancer must pass through several phases of development. Early phases provide information on diagnostic properties but not on population benefits and harms. Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a promising prostate cancer biomarker still in early development. We use simulation modeling to project the impact of adding PCA3 to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening on prostate cancer detection and mortality in the United States.

Methods: We used data from a recent study of PCA3 in men referred for prostate biopsy to extend an existing simulation model of PSA growth, disease progression, and survival. We specified several PSA-PCA3 strategies designed to improve specificity and reduce overdiagnosis. Using these strategies to screen a cohort of men biennially between ages 50 and 74, we projected true- and false-positive tests, overdiagnoses, and lives saved relative to a PSA-based strategy with a cutoff of 4.0 ng/mL for biopsy referral.

Results: We identified several PSA-PCA3 strategies that substantially reduced false-positive tests and overdiagnoses while preserving the majority of lives saved. PCA3>35 for biopsy referral in men with PSA between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL retained 85% of lives saved while approximately halving false positives and reducing overdiagnoses by 25%.

Conclusions: Adding PCA3 to PSA screening can significantly reduce adverse screening outcomes. Strategies can be identified that preserve most of the lives saved relative to PSA-based screening.

Impact: Simulation modeling provides advance projections of population outcomes of new screening biomarkers and may help guide early detection research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(4); 677–82. ©2015 AACR.
Data from Serum Estrogens and Estrogen Metabolites and Endometrial Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Brinton Louise A. , Trabert Britton , Anderson Garnet L. , Falk Roni T. , Felix Ashley S. , Fuhrman Barbara J. , Gass Margery L. , Kuller Lewis H. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Rohan Thomas E. , Strickler Howard D. , Xu Xia , Wentzensen Nicolas
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Although endometrial cancer is clearly influenced by hormonal factors, few epidemiologic studies have investigated the role of endogenous estrogens or especially estrogen metabolites.

Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a cohort of 93,676 postmenopausal women recruited between 1993 and 1998. Using baseline serum samples from women who were non-current hormone users with intact uteri, we measured 15 estrogens/estrogen metabolites via HPLC/MS-MS among 313 incident endometrial cancer cases (271 type I, 42 type II) and 354 matched controls, deriving adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall and subtype-specific endometrial cancer risk.

Results: Parent estrogens (estrone and estradiol) were positively related to endometrial cancer risk, with the highest risk observed for unconjugated estradiol (OR 5th vs. 1st quintile = 6.19; 95% CI, 2.95–13.03, Ptrend = 0.0001). Nearly all metabolites were significantly associated with elevated risks, with some attenuation after adjustment for unconjugated estradiol (residual risks of 2- to 3-fold). Body mass index (kg/m2, BMI) relations were somewhat reduced after adjustment for estrogen levels. The association with unconjugated estradiol was stronger for type I than type II tumors (Phet = 0.01).

Conclusions: Parent estrogens as well as individual metabolites appeared to exert generalized uterotropic activity, particularly for type I tumors. The effects of obesity on risk were only partially explained by estrogens.

Impact: These findings enhance our understanding of estrogen mechanisms involved in endometrial carcinogenesis but also highlight the need for studying additional markers that may underlie the effects on risk of certain risk factors, for example, obesity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1081–9. ©2016 AACR.
Data from Raw Garlic Consumption and Lung Cancer in a Chinese Population
Authors: Myneni Ajay A. , Chang Shen-Chih , Niu Rungui , Liu Li , Swanson Mya K. , Li Jiawei , Su Jia , Giovino Gary A. , Yu Shunzhang , Zhang Zuo-Feng , Mu Lina
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Evidence of anticancer properties of garlic for different cancer sites has been reported previously in in vitro and in vivo experimental studies but there is limited epidemiologic evidence on the association between garlic and lung cancer.

Methods: We examined the association between raw garlic consumption and lung cancer in a case–control study conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Taiyuan, China. Epidemiologic data was collected by face-to-face interviews from 399 incident lung cancer cases and 466 healthy controls. We used unconditional logistic regression models to estimate crude and adjusted ORs (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Adjusted models controlled for age, sex, average annual household income 10 years ago, smoking, and indoor air pollution.

Results: Compared with no intake, raw garlic intake was associated with lower risk of development of lung cancer with a dose–response pattern (aOR for <2 times/week = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39–0.81 and aOR for ≥2 times/week = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.34–0.74; Ptrend = 0.0002). Exploratory analysis showed an additive interaction of raw garlic consumption with indoor air pollution and with any supplement use in association with lung cancer.

Conclusions: The results of the current study suggest that raw garlic consumption is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population.

Impact: This study contributes to the limited research in human population on the association between garlic and lung cancer and advocates further investigation into the use of garlic in chemoprevention of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 624–33. ©2016 AACR.
Data from Cigarette Smoking, Physical Activity, and Alcohol Consumption as Predictors of Cancer Incidence among Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer in the NSABP P-1 Trial
Authors: Land Stephanie R. , Liu Qing , Wickerham D. Lawrence , Costantino Joseph P. , Ganz Patricia A.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: NSABP P-1 provides an opportunity to examine the association of behavioral factors with prospectively monitored cancer incidence and interactions with tamoxifen.

Methods: From 1992 to 1997, 13,388 women with estimated 5-year breast cancer risk greater than 1.66% or a history of lobular carcinoma in situ (87% younger than age 65; 67% postmenopausal) were randomly assigned to tamoxifen versus placebo. Invasive breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer were analyzed with Cox regression. Predictors were baseline cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical activity, alcohol consumption, and established risk factors.

Results: At median 7 years follow-up, we observed 395, 66, 35, and 74 breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, and endometrial cancer, respectively. Women who had smoked were at increased risk of breast cancer (P = 0.007; HR = 1.3 for 15–35 years smoking, HR = 1.6 for ≥35 years), lung cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 3.9 for 15–35 years, HR = 18.4 for ≥35 years), and colon cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 5.1 for ≥35 years) versus never-smokers. Low activity predicted increased breast cancer risk only among women assigned to placebo (P = 0.021 activity main effect, P = 0.013 activity–treatment interaction; HR = 1.4 for the placebo group) and endometrial cancer among all women (P = 0.026, HR = 1.7). Moderate alcohol (>0–1 drink/day) was associated with decreased risk of colon cancer (P = 0.019; HR = 0.35) versus no alcohol. There were no other significant associations between these behaviors and cancer risk.

Conclusion: Among women with elevated risk of breast cancer, smoking has an even greater impact on breast cancer risk than observed in past studies in the general population.

Impact: Women who smoke or are inactive should be informed of the increased risk of multiple types of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(5); 823–32. ©2014 AACR.
Data from The TMPRSS2:ERG Rearrangement, ERG Expression, and Prostate Cancer Outcomes: A Cohort Study and Meta-analysis
Authors: Pettersson Andreas , Graff Rebecca E. , Bauer Scott R. , Pitt Michael J. , Lis Rosina T. , Stack Edward C. , Martin Neil E. , Kunz Lauren , Penney Kathryn L. , Ligon Azra H. , Suppan Catherine , Flavin Richard , Sesso Howard D. , Rider Jennifer R. , Sweeney Christopher , Stampfer Meir J. , Fiorentino Michelangelo , Kantoff Philip W. , Sanda Martin G. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Ding Eric L. , Loda Massimo , Mucci Lorelei A.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Whether the genomic rearrangement transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2):v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) has prognostic value in prostate cancer is unclear.

Methods: Among men with prostate cancer in the prospective Physicians' Health and Health Professionals Follow-Up Studies, we identified rearrangement status by immunohistochemical assessment of ERG protein expression. We used Cox models to examine associations of ERG overexpression with biochemical recurrence and lethal disease (distant metastases or cancer-specific mortality). In a meta-analysis including 47 additional studies, we used random-effects models to estimate associations between rearrangement status and outcomes.

Results: The cohort consisted of 1,180 men treated with radical prostatectomy between 1983 and 2005. During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, 266 men experienced recurrence and 85 men developed lethal disease. We found no significant association between ERG overexpression and biochemical recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78–1.26] or lethal disease (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.61–1.43). The meta-analysis of prostatectomy series included 5,074 men followed for biochemical recurrence (1,623 events), and 2,049 men followed for lethal disease (131 events). TMPRSS2:ERG was associated with stage at diagnosis [risk ratio (RR)≥T3 vs. T2, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16–1.30) but not with biochemical recurrence (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.86–1.17) or lethal disease (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.47–2.09).

Conclusions: These results suggest that TMPRSS2:ERG, or ERG overexpression, is associated with tumor stage but does not strongly predict recurrence or mortality among men treated with radical prostatectomy.

Impact: This is the largest prospective cohort study to examine associations of ERG overexpression and lethal prostate cancer among men treated with radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(9); 1497–509. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Metabolomics in Epidemiology: Sources of Variability in Metabolite Measurements and Implications
Authors: Sampson Joshua N. , Boca Simina M. , Shu Xiao Ou , Stolzenberg-Solomon Rachael Z. , Matthews Charles E. , Hsing Ann W. , Tan Yu Ting , Ji Bu-Tian , Chow Wong-Ho , Cai Qiuyin , Liu Da Ke , Yang Gong , Xiang Yong Bing , Zheng Wei , Sinha Rashmi , Cross Amanda J. , Moore Steven C.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Metabolite levels within an individual vary over time. This within-individual variability, coupled with technical variability, reduces the power for epidemiologic studies to detect associations with disease. Here, the authors assess the variability of a large subset of metabolites and evaluate the implications for epidemiologic studies.

Methods: Using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) platforms, 385 metabolites were measured in 60 women at baseline and year-one of the Shanghai Physical Activity Study, and observed patterns were confirmed in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening study.

Results: Although the authors found high technical reliability (median intraclass correlation = 0.8), reliability over time within an individual was low. Taken together, variability in the assay and variability within the individual accounted for the majority of variability for 64% of metabolites. Given this, a metabolite would need, on average, a relative risk of 3 (comparing upper and lower quartiles of “usual” levels) or 2 (comparing quartiles of observed levels) to be detected in 38%, 74%, and 97% of studies including 500, 1,000, and 5,000 individuals. Age, gender, and fasting status factors, which are often of less interest in epidemiologic studies, were associated with 30%, 67%, and 34% of metabolites, respectively, but the associations were weak and explained only a small proportion of the total metabolite variability.

Conclusion: Metabolomics will require large, but feasible, sample sizes to detect the moderate effect sizes typical for epidemiologic studies.

Impact: We offer guidelines for determining the sample sizes needed to conduct metabolomic studies in epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(4); 631–40. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Night Shift Work Increases the Risks of Multiple Primary Cancers in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 61 Articles
Authors: Yuan Xia , Zhu Chenjing , Wang Manni , Mo Fei , Du Wei , Ma Xuelei
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A growing number of studies have examined associations between night shift work and the risks of common cancers among women, with varying conclusions. We did a meta-analysis to identify whether long-term night shift work increased the risks of common cancers in women. We enrolled 61 articles involving 114,628 cases and 3,909,152 participants from Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. Risk estimates were performed with a random-effect model or a fixed-effect model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses about breast cancer were conducted to explore possible sources of heterogeneity. In addition, we carried out a dose–response analysis to quantitatively estimate the accumulative effect of night shift work on the risk of breast cancer. A positive relationship was revealed between long-term night shift work and the risks of breast [OR = 1.316; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.196–1.448], digestive system (OR = 1.177; 95% CI, 1.065–1.301), and skin cancer (OR = 1.408; 95% CI, 1.024–1.934). For every 5 years of night shift work, the risk of breast cancer in women was increased by 3.3% (OR = 1.033; 95% CI, 1.012–1.056). Concerning the group of nurses, long-term night shift work presented potential carcinogenic effect in breast cancer (OR = 1.577; 95% CI, 1.235–2.014), digestive system cancer (OR = 1.350; 95% CI, 1.030–1.770), and lung cancer (OR = 1.280; 95% CI, 1.070–1.531). This systematic review confirmed the positive association between night shift work and the risks of several common cancers in women. We identified that cancer risk of women increased with accumulating years of night shift work, which might help establish and implement effective measures to protect female night shifters. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(1); 25–40. ©2018 AACR.
Data from The Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaboration: A Pooling Project of Studies Participating in the National Cancer Institute Cohort Consortium
Authors: Nichols Hazel B. , Schoemaker Minouk J. , Wright Lauren B. , McGowan Craig , Brook Mark N. , McClain Kathleen M. , Jones Michael E. , Adami Hans-Olov , Agnoli Claudia , Baglietto Laura , Bernstein Leslie , Bertrand Kimberly A. , Blot William J. , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Butler Lesley , Chen Yu , Doody Michele M. , Dossus Laure , Eliassen A. Heather , Giles Graham G. , Gram Inger T. , Hankinson Susan E. , Hoffman-Bolton Judy , Kaaks Rudolf , Key Timothy J. , Kirsh Victoria A. , Kitahara Cari M. , Koh Woon-Puay , Larsson Susanna C. , Lund Eiliv , Ma Huiyan , Merritt Melissa A. , Milne Roger L. , Navarro Carmen , Overvad Kim , Ozasa Kotaro , Palmer Julie R. , Peeters Petra H. , Riboli Elio , Rohan Thomas E. , Sadakane Atsuko , Sund Malin , Tamimi Rulla M. , Trichopoulou Antonia , Vatten Lars , Visvanathan Kala , Weiderpass Elisabete , Willett Walter C. , Wolk Alicja , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne , Zheng Wei , Sandler Dale P. , Swerdlow Anthony J.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Breast cancer is a leading cancer diagnosis among premenopausal women around the world. Unlike rates in postmenopausal women, incidence rates of advanced breast cancer have increased in recent decades for premenopausal women. Progress in identifying contributors to breast cancer risk among premenopausal women has been constrained by the limited numbers of premenopausal breast cancer cases in individual studies and resulting low statistical power to subcategorize exposures or to study specific subtypes. The Premenopausal Breast Cancer Collaborative Group was established to facilitate cohort-based analyses of risk factors for premenopausal breast cancer by pooling individual-level data from studies participating in the United States National Cancer Institute Cohort Consortium. This article describes the Group, including the rationale for its initial aims related to pregnancy, obesity, and physical activity. We also describe the 20 cohort studies with data submitted to the Group by June 2016. The infrastructure developed for this work can be leveraged to support additional investigations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(9); 1360–9. ©2017 AACR.
Data from Shifts in the Fecal Microbiota Associated with Adenomatous Polyps
Authors: Hale Vanessa L. , Chen Jun , Johnson Stephen , Harrington Sean C. , Yab Tracy C. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Nelson Heidi , Boardman Lisa A. , Druliner Brooke R. , Levin Theodore R. , Rex Douglas K. , Ahnen Dennis J. , Lance Peter , Ahlquist David A. , Chia Nicholas
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Adenomatous polyps are the most common precursor to colorectal cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. We sought to learn more about early events of carcinogenesis by investigating shifts in the gut microbiota of patients with adenomas.

Methods: We analyzed 16S rRNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of patients with adenomas (n = 233) and without (n = 547).

Results: Multiple taxa were significantly more abundant in patients with adenomas, including Bilophila, Desulfovibrio, proinflammatory bacteria in the genus Mogibacterium, and multiple Bacteroidetes species. Patients without adenomas had greater abundances of Veillonella, Firmicutes (Order Clostridia), and Actinobacteria (family Bifidobacteriales). Our findings were consistent with previously reported shifts in the gut microbiota of colorectal cancer patients. Importantly, the altered adenoma profile is predicted to increase primary and secondary bile acid production, as well as starch, sucrose, lipid, and phenylpropanoid metabolism.

Conclusions: These data hint that increased sugar, protein, and lipid metabolism along with increased bile acid production could promote a colonic environment that supports the growth of bile-tolerant microbes such as Bilophilia and Desulfovibrio. In turn, these microbes may produce genotoxic or inflammatory metabolites such as H2S and secondary bile acids, which could play a role in catalyzing adenoma development and eventually colorectal cancer.

Impact: This study suggests a plausible biological mechanism to explain the links between shifts in the microbiota and colorectal cancer. This represents a first step toward resolving the complex interactions that shape the adenoma–carcinoma sequence of colorectal cancer and may facilitate personalized therapeutics focused on the microbiota. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(1); 85–94. ©2016 AACR.
Data from Exposure to Infections and Risk of Leukemia in Young Children
Authors: Marcotte Erin L. , Ritz Beate , Cockburn Myles , Yu Fei , Heck Julia E.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Epidemiologic studies indicate that infections in early childhood may protect against pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Methods: We identified 3,402 ALL cases among children 0 to 5 years of age using the California Cancer Registry. From California birth records we randomly selected controls in a 20:1 ratio and frequency matched them to cases by birth year. We investigated markers of exposure to infections, including month of birth, timing of birth in relation to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasons, and birth order based on data from California birth certificates and national infection surveillance systems.

Results: We observed an increased risk of ALL for spring and summer births, and for those first exposed to an influenza or RSV season at nine to twelve months of age compared with those exposed during the first three months of life, and this association was stronger among first born children [odds ratios (OR), 1.44 and 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.13–1.82, for influenza exposure at nine to twelve months of age]. Decreased risk was observed with increasing birth order among non-Hispanic whites but not Hispanics (OR, 0.76 and 95% CI, 0.59–096, for fourth or higher birth order among whites).

Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that infections in early childhood decrease risk of ALL.

Impact: Our findings implicate early life exposure to infections as protective factors for ALL in young children. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1195–203. ©2014 AACR.
Data from Aspirin Use and Risk of Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Zhong Shanliang , Chen Lin , Zhang Xiaohui , Yu Dandan , Tang Jinhai , Zhao Jianhua
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Previous studies concerning the association between aspirin use and breast cancer risk yielded inconsistent results. We aimed to investigate the association by meta-analysis. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies. We calculated the summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models. Seventeen cohort studies and 15 case–control studies were included. The overall result showed that aspirin use decreased risk of breast cancer (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95). However, there was evidence of publication bias and heterogeneity and the association disappeared after correction using the trim-and-fill method. When stratified by study design, a significant benefit for aspirin users was only found in population-based and hospital-based case–control studies but not in cohort or nest case–control studies. Further subgroup analyses showed that aspirin use could decrease risk of in situ breast tumors or hormone receptor–positive tumors and reduce risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Aspirin use may not affect overall risk of breast cancer, but decrease risk of in situ breast tumors or hormone receptor–positive tumors and reduce risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Considering between-study significant heterogeneity and publication bias, confirmation in future studies is also essential. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(11); 1645–55. ©2015 AACR.
Data from Impact of Postdiagnosis Smoking on Long-term Survival of Cancer Patients: The Shanghai Cohort Study
Authors: Tao Li , Wang Renwei , Gao Yu-Tang , Yuan Jian-Min
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Cancer is the number one cause of death among men in China. Cigarette smoking is the most preventable cause of cancer. Data on the impact of continued smoking after cancer diagnosis on survival of patients with cancer are sparse.

Methods: We studied the association between postdiagnosis smoking and risk of all-cause death among 1,632 incident cancer patients in the Shanghai Cohort Study, a population-based prospective cohort of 18,244 men in Shanghai. The change of smoking status after baseline interview was ascertained through annual in-person interviews. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HR and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all-cause mortality associated with change in smoking status.

Results: Patients who continued smoking after cancer diagnosis experienced a statistically significant 59% (95% CI, 36–86) increase in risk of death compared with patients with cancer who did not smoke after cancer diagnosis. Among current smokers at cancer diagnosis, HRs (95% CIs) were 1.79 (1.49–2.16) in all patients with cancer, 2.36 (1.63–3.42) in patients with lung cancer, 1.63 (0.98–2.73) in patients with stomach cancer, 2.31 (1.40–3.81) in patients with colorectal cancer, and 2.95 (1.09–7.95) in patients with bladder cancer who continued smoking compared with their counterparts who stopped smoking after cancer diagnosis.

Conclusion: Postdiagnosis cigarettes smoking significantly increased the risk of death for male patients with cancer.

Impact: These data provide new information about smoking and cancer survival, which should inform future research into the contextual and individual-level barriers that may result in inadequate attention of smoking among patients with cancer in the postdiagnosis setting. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(12); 2404–11. ©2013 AACR.
Data from Aspirin Use and Reduced Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Risch Harvey A. , Lu Lingeng , Streicher Samantha A. , Wang Jing , Zhang Wei , Ni Quanxing , Kidd Mark S. , Yu Herbert , Gao Yu-Tang
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Few options besides the avoidance of smoking and obesity are available to prevent pancreatic cancer. The association between aspirin use and risk of pancreatic cancer has been inconsistent across studies.

Methods: We performed a population-based study of 761 case and 794 control subjects frequency matched on sex and age during 2006 to 2011 in Shanghai, China. Participants were asked about episodes of regular use of aspirin, tablets per day or week, and ages that the use started and stopped. Data were analyzed by unconditional logistic regression, with adjustments for age, sex, education, body mass index, years of cigarette smoking, cigarettes smoked per day, Helicobacter pylori CagA seropositivity, ABO blood group, and history of diabetes mellitus. Meta-regression was carried out to summarize the literature.

Results: Ever-regular use of aspirin was associated with lowered risk of pancreatic cancer: OR = 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.40–0.73; P = 10−4.2. Risk decreased 8% per each cumulative year of use: ORtrend = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87–0.97; P = 0.0034. Across this and 18 published studies of this association, the OR for ever-regular use decreased with increasingly more recent mid-study year, for any aspirin type (Ptrend = 10−5.1), and for low-dose aspirin (Ptrend = 0.0014).

Conclusions: Regular use of aspirin thus appears to reduce risk of pancreatic cancer by almost half.

Impact: People who take aspirin for prevention of other diseases likely also reduce their risk of pancreatic cancer. Aside from benefits for both cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, long-term aspirin use entails some risks of bleeding complications, which necessitates risk–benefit analysis for individual decisions about use. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(1); 68–74. ©2016 AACR.
Data from Assessment of Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Ovarian Cancer Mortality
Authors: Goode Ellen L. , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Hartmann Lynn C. , Fridley Brooke L. , Kalli Kimberly R. , Vierkant Robert A. , Larson Melissa C. , White Kristin L. , Keeney Gary L. , Oberg Trynda N. , Cunningham Julie M. , Beesley Jonathan , Johnatty Sharon E. , Chen Xiaoqing , Goodman Katelyn E. , Armasu Sebastian M. , Rider David N. , Sicotte Hugues , Schmidt Michele M. , Elliott Elaine A. , Høgdall Estrid , Krüger Kjær Susanne , Fasching Peter A. , Ekici Arif B. , Lambrechts Diether , Despierre Evelyn , Høgdall Claus , Lundvall Lene , Karlan Beth Y. , Gross Jenny , Brown Robert , Chien Jeremy , Duggan David J. , Tsai Ya-Yu , Phelan Catherine M. , Kelemen Linda E. , Peethambaram Prema P. , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Shridhar Vijayalakshmi , Sutphen Rebecca , Couch Fergus J. , Sellers Thomas A.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Invasive ovarian cancer is a significant cause of gynecologic cancer mortality.

Methods: We examined whether this mortality was associated with inherited variation in approximately 170 candidate genes/regions [993 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] in a multistage analysis based initially on 312 Mayo Clinic cases (172 deaths). Additional analyses used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; 127 cases, 62 deaths). For the most compelling gene, we immunostained Mayo Clinic tissue microarrays (TMA, 326 cases) and conducted consortium-based SNP replication analysis (2,560 cases, 1,046 deaths).

Results: The strongest initial mortality association was in HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) at rs1800793 (HR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3–2.2, P = 2.0 × 10−5) and with overall variation in HGF (gene-level test, P = 3.7 × 10−4). Analysis of TCGA data revealed consistent associations [e.g., rs5745709 (r2 = 0.96 with rs1800793): TCGA HR = 2.4, CI = 1.4–4.1, P = 2.2 × 10−3; Mayo Clinic + TCGA HR = 1.6, CI = 1.3–1.9, P = 7.0 × 10−5] and suggested genotype correlation with reduced HGF mRNA levels (P = 0.01). In Mayo Clinic TMAs, protein levels of HGF, its receptor MET (C-MET), and phospho-MET were not associated with genotype and did not serve as an intermediate phenotype; however, phospho-MET was associated with reduced mortality (P = 0.01) likely due to higher expression in early-stage disease. In eight additional ovarian cancer case series, HGF rs5745709 was not associated with mortality (HR = 1.0, CI = 0.9–1.1, P = 0.87).

Conclusions: We conclude that although HGF signaling is critical to migration, invasion, and apoptosis, it is unlikely that HGF genetic variation plays a major role in ovarian cancer mortality. Furthermore, any minor role is not related to genetically-determined expression.

Impact: Our study shows the utility of multiple data types and multiple data sets in observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(8); 1638–48. ©2011 AACR.
Data from No Association of ApoE Genotype with Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Liu Hui , Shui Irene M. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Giovannucci Edward L.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Previous studies found that low total cholesterol level was associated with a lower risk of high-grade prostate cancer. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoform is associated with total cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to explore associations of ApoE isoforms with prostate cancer risk.

Methods: We assessed ApoE genotypes and risk of prostate cancer in a prospective case–control study nested among men who provided a blood sample in 1993–95 within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We identified 1,169 incident cases of prostate cancer and 1,233 controls in follow-up through 2004. Associations of ApoE isoform and prostate cancer incidence were evaluated by logistic regression models.

Results: We found no statistically significant associations of ApoE variants with overall prostate cancer or Gleason sum ≤ 7 (3+4), Gleason sum ≥ 7 (4+3), clinically localized stage, or progression to metastasis or death. There was no evidence of effect modification by circulating total cholesterol or use of cholesterol-lowering drugs prior to diagnosis.

Conclusions: ApoE variants were not associated with the risk of prostate cancer or aggressive disease.

Impact: Our findings suggest that the mechanism of circulating cholesterol level affecting prostate cancer incidence may not rely on ApoE isoforms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1632–4. ©2015 AACR.
Data from Adherence to Cancer Prevention Guidelines and Cancer Risk in Low-Income and African American Populations
Authors: Warren Andersen Shaneda , Blot William J. , Shu Xiao-Ou , Sonderman Jennifer S. , Steinwandel Mark D. , Hargreaves Margaret K. , Zheng Wei
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: The American Cancer Society (ACS) publishes behavioral guidelines for cancer prevention, including standards on body weight, physical activity, nutrition, alcohol, and tobacco use. The impact of these guidelines has been rarely studied in low-income and African American populations.

Methods: The study included 61,098 racially diverse, mainly low-income adults who participated in the Southern Community Cohort Study and were followed for a median of 6 years. Cox models were used to estimate HRs for cancer incidence associated with behaviors and with an ACS physical activity/nutrition 0-to-4 compliance score indicating the number of body weight, physical activity, healthy eating, and alcohol guidelines met.

Results: During the study period, 2,240 incident cancers were identified. Significantly lower cancer incidence was found among never smokers and non/moderate alcohol drinkers, but not among those meeting guidelines for obesity, physical activity, and diet. The ACS compliance score was inversely associated with cancer risk among the 25,509 participants without baseline chronic disease. HRs for cancer incidence among those without baseline chronic diseases and who met one, two, three, or four guidelines versus zero guidelines were 0.93 (95% confidence intervals, 0.71–1.21), 0.85 (0.65–1.12), 0.70 (0.51–0.97), and 0.55 (0.31–0.99), respectively. Associations were consistent in analyses stratified by sex, race, household income, and smoking status.

Conclusions: Meeting the ACS smoking and body weight/physical activity/dietary/alcohol guidelines for cancer prevention is associated with reductions in cancer incidence in low-income and African American populations.

Impact: This study provides strong evidence supporting lifestyle modification to lower cancer incidence in these underserved populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 846–53. ©2016 AACR.
Data from The Epidemiology of Herpes Zoster in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Cancer
Authors: Habel Laurel A. , Ray Gary Thomas , Silverberg Michael J. , Horberg Michael A. , Yawn Barbara P. , Castillo Adrienne L. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Li Yan , Sadier Patricia , Tran Trung N.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Given the limited literature, we conducted a study to examine the epidemiology of herpes zoster (HZ) among newly diagnosed cancer patients.

Methods: We identified adult health plan members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California diagnosed with invasive cancer from 2001 to 2005. Electronic health records with inpatient and outpatient diagnoses, laboratory tests, and antiviral medications were used to identify HZ diagnoses from 2001 to 2006. HZ diagnoses and associated complications were confirmed by medical chart review. Treatment with chemotherapy and corticosteroids was used to classify patients by immunosuppression level.

Results: Among 14,670 cancer patients, 424 were diagnosed with HZ during follow-up (median 22 months). The incidence of HZ was 31/1,000 person-year (PY) in patients with hematologic malignancies and 12/1,000 PY in patients with solid tumors. The corresponding 2-year cumulative incidence of HZ was approximately 6% and 2%, respectively. Compared with incidence rates of HZ reported in a general US population, the age- and sex-standardized rates of HZ were 4.8 times higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.0–5.6] in patients with hematologic malignancies and 1.9 times higher (95% CI, 1.7–2.1) in those with solid tumors. HZ risk increased with increasing level of immunosuppression. Among HZ cases, 19% with hematologic malignancies and 14% with solid tumors had HZ-associated pain for at least 30 days. The corresponding numbers for nonpain-related complications were 30% and 18%, respectively.

Conclusions: Cancer patients are at substantially increased risk of HZ and among those with HZ, complications are relatively common.

Impact: Better HZ prevention and treatment options for cancer patients are needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(1); 82–90. ©2012 AACR.
Data from Eighteen Insulin-like Growth Factor Pathway Genes, Circulating Levels of IGF-I and Its Binding Protein, and Risk of Prostate and Breast Cancer
Authors: Gu Fangyi , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Canzian Federico , Allen Naomi E. , Albanes Demetrius , Berg Christine D. , Berndt Sonja I. , Boeing Heiner , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Buring Julie E. , Chabbert-Buffet Nathalie , Chanock Stephen J. , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Dumeaux Vanessa , Gaziano J. Michael , Giovannucci Edward L. , Haiman Christopher A. , Hankinson Susan E. , Hayes Richard B. , Henderson Brian E. , Hunter David J. , Hoover Robert N. , Johansson Mattias , Key Timothy J. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Kolonel Laurence N. , Lagiou Pagona , Lee I-Min , LeMarchand Loic , Lund Eiliv , Ma Jing , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , Overvad Kim , Rodriguez Laudina , Sacerdote Carlotta , Sánchez Maria-José , Stampfer Meir J. , Stattin Pär , Stram Daniel O. , Thomas Gilles , Thun Michael J. , Tjønneland Anne , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Tumino Rosario , Virtamo Jarmo , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Willett Walter C. , Yeager Meredith , Zhang Shumin M. , Kaaks Rudolf , Riboli Elio , Ziegler Regina G. , Kraft Peter
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its main binding protein, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), have been associated with risk of several types of cancer. Heritable factors explain up to 60% of the variation in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in studies of adult twins.

Methods: We systematically examined common genetic variation in 18 genes in the IGF signaling pathway for associations with circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. A total of 302 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped in >5,500 Caucasian men and 5,500 Caucasian women from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium.

Results: After adjusting for multiple testing, SNPs in the IGF1 and SSTR5 genes were significantly associated with circulating IGF-I (P < 2.1 × 10−4); SNPs in the IGFBP3 and IGFALS genes were significantly associated with circulating IGFBP-3. Multi-SNP models explained R2 = 0.62% of the variation in circulating IGF-I and 3.9% of the variation in circulating IGFBP-3. We saw no significant association between these multi-SNP predictors of circulating IGF-I or IGFBP-3 and risk of prostate or breast cancers.

Conclusion: Common genetic variation in the IGF1 and SSTR5 genes seems to influence circulating IGF-I levels, and variation in IGFBP3 and IGFALS seems to influence circulating IGFBP-3. However, these variants explain only a small percentage of the variation in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Caucasian men and women.

Impact: Further studies are needed to explore contributions from other genetic factors such as rare variants in these genes and variation outside of these genes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2877–87. ©2010 AACR.
Data from Prevalence, Incidence, Clearance, and Associated Factors of Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection among Men: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Rural China
Authors: Liu Mengfei , He Zhonghu , Zhang Chanyuan , Liu Fangfang , Liu Ying , Li Jingjing , Xu Zhongyao , Wang Qiyan , Hang Dong , Shen Na , Pan Yaqi , Guo Chuanhai , Cai Hong , Ke Yang
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: The natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men on a population base has rarely been studied in general, particularly among Chinese men.

Methods: A total of 1,286 men ages 25 to 65 years from rural China were enrolled during 2009–2010 and their genital HPV infection status was assessed biannually for up to seven visits using PCR and sequencing methods. Prevalence analysis was performed among men with at least one valid HPV result (N = 1,279) and men with at least two consecutive HPV results (N = 1,059) were included in incidence and clearance analyses (median follow-up time, 31.8 months; interquartile range, 15.4–37.9 months).

Results: The prevalence and incidence of any HPV type, oncogenic, and nononcogenic HPV were 17.8%, 6.4%, 12.4%, and 14.6, 4.9, 10.8 per 1,000 person months, respectively. The median duration of infection with any HPV type, oncogenic, and nononcogenic HPV was 11.5, 6.8, and 11.5 months, respectively. The number of lifetime sexual partners was consistently associated with increased risk of prevalent and incident infection of HPV. Men ages 25 to 50 years had a higher incidence and longer duration of HPV infection than older men (51–65 years).

Conclusions and Impact: This epidemiologic investigation provides basic information of genital HPV infection among the Chinese male population; these data are crucial for the consideration of primary strategies against HPV-related carcinoma in the Chinese male and female population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(12); 2857–65. ©2014 AACR.
Data from Cigarette Experimentation in Mexican Origin Youth: Psychosocial and Genetic Determinants
Authors: Wilkinson Anna V. , Bondy Melissa L. , Wu Xifeng , Wang Jian , Dong Qiong , D'Amelio Anthony M. , Prokhorov Alexander V. , Pu Xia , Yu Robert K. , Etzel Carol J. , Shete Sanjay , Spitz Margaret R.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: Established psychosocial risk factors increase the risk for experimentation among Mexican origin youth. Now, we comprehensively investigate the added contribution of select polymorphisms in candidate genetic pathways associated with sensation seeking, risk taking, and smoking phenotypes to predict experimentation.

Methods: Participants (N = 1,118 Mexican origin youth) recruited from a large population-based cohort study in Houston, TX, provided prospective data on cigarette experimentation over 3 years. Psychosocial data were elicited twice—baseline and final follow-up. Participants were genotyped for 672 functional and tagging variants in the dopamine, serotonin, and opioid pathways.

Results: After adjusting for gender and age, with a Bayesian False Discovery Probability set at 0.8 and prior probability of 0.05, six gene variants were significantly associated with risk of experimentation. After controlling for established risk factors, multivariable analyses revealed that participants with six or more risk alleles were 2.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.62–3.13] times more likely to have experimented since baseline than participants with five or fewer. Among committed never-smokers (N = 872), three genes (OPRM1, SNAP25, HTR1B) were associated with experimentation as were all psychosocial factors. Among susceptible youth (N = 246), older age at baseline, living with a smoker, and three different genes (HTR2A, DRD2, SLC6A3) predicted experimentation.

Conclusions: Our findings, which have implications for development of culturally specific interventions, need to be validated in other ethnic groups.

Impact: These results suggest that variations in select genes interact with a cognitive predisposition toward smoking. In susceptible adolescents, the impact of the genetic variants appears to be larger than committed never-smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(1); 228–38. ©2011 AACR.