bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Type I Allergy in the Inner Ear of the Guinea Pig
Authors: Uno Kengo , Fukuda Hironori , Miyamura Kenichiro , Masuyama Keisuke , Kanzaki Yorinori , Ishikawa Takeru
Published: January 2017

Guinea pigs were passively sensitized by sera containing antidinitrophenyl reaginic antibody and specifically challenged by dinitrophenyl-bovine serum albumin injected through the stylomastoid foramen. Nystagmus, head deviation, negative summating potentials on electrocochleography, and an increase of threshold and wave I peak latency on auditory brain stem response testing were observed after local challenge. These physiologic changes were reversible and resolved within several days. We also used Tranilast before the specific challenge. It is a blocking agent of chemical mediator release from mast cells. Negative summating potentials and head deviation were not observed after the use of this agent. In the animals that showed physiologic changes, we observed endolymphatic hydrops, mast cell degranulation, and eosinophil infiltration histologically in the challenged side of the inner ear. These results suggest that the physiologic and histologic changes provoked in the inner ear of the sensitized animals may have been induced by type I allergy.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Murine Laryngeal Development
Authors: Henick David H.
Published: January 2017

This study defines the critical stages in the prenatal development of the mouse larynx. Three-dimensional computer-generated solid model reconstructions display the changing anatomic relationships during laryngeal development from the earliest respiratory primordium to the mature laryngeal vestibule. These reconstructions demonstrate that the laryngeal vestibule forms as a result of a cephalocaudal separation of the epithelial lamina, thereby establishing communication between the laryngeal cecum and the pharyngoglottic duct. These results support the hypothesis that the cause of congenital supraglottic and glottic malformations is an incomplete separation of this epithelial lamina. The infraglottic lumen remains patent during laryngeal development. Continued lengthening of the foregut between the infraglottis and the carina forms the trachea. This is contrary to the 19th-century concept of an ascending tracheoesophageal septum. Formation of the laryngeal cartilages, muscles, and innervation is portrayed by the reconstructions; with minor variations, they correlate closely with earlier wax reconstructions of human laryngeal development. Future research with this animal model can provide additional insights into the complex mechanisms involved in congenital malformations of the larynx.
Applied Anatomy of the Paranasal Sinuses with Emphasis on Endoscopic Surgery
Authors: Becker Stephen P.
Published: January 2017

Serial sections of frozen cadaver heads were obtained in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. These were analyzed with specific attention to the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses as it pertains to endoscopic sinus surgery. Important anatomic landmarks are pointed out. The use of these landmarks to guide the surgeon through the dissection and to avoid complications is discussed. The resolution of chronic sinusitis is often brought about by the structural changes secondary to endoscopic sinus surgery, and the reasons for this outcome are reviewed.
Tympanic Membrane Perforations and Tympanostomy Tubes
Authors: Levine Sam , Daly Kathleen , Giebink G. Scott
Published: January 2017

Tympanoplasty and tympanostomy tubes were developed at the same time and have dramatically changed the treatment of chronic middle ear disease. One hundred forty-nine children who had tubes inserted between ages 6 months and 8 years for chronic otitis media with effusion have been prospectively followed up for an average of 4 years. Fourteen percent developed tympanic membrane perforations. No preoperative factor completely predicted the development of perforation. a majority of the perforations closed spontaneously. Three ears had noncontiguous observations of perforations during follow-up. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to tympanoplasty.
Tympanometric Evaluation of Middle Ear Function in Children with Otitis Media
Authors: Margolis Robert H. , Hunter Lisa L. , Giebink G. Scott
Published: January 2017

Current tympanometry instruments allow a quantitative approach to the evaluation of middle ear function in children with otitis media. Conventional 226-Hz tympanograms can be characterized by static admittance, tympanometric width (gradient), tympanometric peak pressure, and equivalent volume. Multifrequency tympanograms obtained with probe frequencies ranging from 226 to 2,000 Hz appear to be sensitive to sequelae of otitis media that are not detected by conventional tympanometry or audiometry.
Cochlear Implantation in Children under the Age of Two: The MHH Experience with the Clarion® Cochlear Implant
Authors: Lenarz Thomas , Illg Angelika , Lesinski-Schiedat Anka , Bertram Bodo , von der Haar-Heise Sabine , Battmer Rolf D.
Published: January 2017

This paper examines reports on the selection criteria, the surgical procedure, and the postoperative performance for children under the age of 2 implanted with the CLARION® Multi-Strategy™ Cochlear Implant (1.2 device). Eighteen children have been implanted since 1996 with a mean age at implantation of 18 months (range 11 to 23 months). All children were selected by means of a standardized preoperative diagnostic protocol. The surgical procedure used in older children was modified depending on the head and mastoid size, skull thickness, and recurrent otitis media. Auditory perception was tested prior to as well as 3, 6, 12, and 18 months following implantation by means of a standardized age-adapted test protocol. The electrode array was inserted without difficulty in all cases, with no complications to date. On average, auditory performance improved over time up to 18 months after implantation. Closed-set test scores increased by 25% to 55% in 18 months. Open-set test scores began to show improvement between 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Overall, our experience indicates that cochlear implantation in children under the age of 2 is relatively safe and reliable. The Clarion 1.2 device surgery can be performed without complications. Auditory performance results support the effectiveness of early implantation.
Relationship between Eabr Thresholds and Levels Used to Program the Clarion® Speech Processor
Authors: Brown Carolyn J. , Lopez Susan M. , Hughes Michelle L. , Abbas Paul J.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was 1) to describe the relationship between electrically evoked auditory brain stem response (EABR) thresholds and the behavioral measures needed to program the speech processor of the CLARION® Multi-Strategy™ Cochlear Implant, and 2) to determine whether the relationship between EABR threshold and the behavioral levels used to program the Clarion device was correlated with the temporal integration abilities of these subjects. The EABR thresholds, psychophysical thresholds, and the Clarion speech processor programming levels were recorded from 29 postlingually deafened adults. The mean EABR thresholds approximated most comfortable levels (M levels) for the programming stimulus. However, intrasubject variability was substantial. Significant intrasubject variability in temporal integration also was observed. Correlations were found between the ability of a cochlear implant user to perform temporal integration and the relationship between his or her EABR threshold and the threshold for the programming stimulus.
Clinical Trial of the Clarion® Cochlear Implant in Children
Authors: Osberger Mary Joe , Barker Mary , Zimmerman-Phillips Susan , Geier Lisa
Published: January 2017

Preoperative and postoperative efficacy results are reported for the first 58 children with 18 months of implant experience in the United States. A within-subjects repeated-measures design was used to compare preoperative performance with hearing aids to postoperative performance with the CLARION® Multi-Strategy™ Cochlear Implant. The results revealed significant improvement over time on all speech perception measures. Higher scores and faster rates of progress were demonstrated by the children who used oral communication compared to children who used total communication, especially older children. The overall results suggest higher levels of performance and more rapid progress in the development of listening skills than has been reported in previous clinical trials with children. The latter finding appears to be due to advances in implant technology and changes in the demographic characteristics of the study groups.
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Involved in Laryngeal Innervation
Authors: Hisa Yasuo , Bamba Hitoshi , Koike Shinobu , Shogaki Kazuhiro , Tadaki Nobuhisa , Uno Toshiyuki
Published: January 2017

The distribution and role of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators in laryngeal innervation are reviewed, and our recent findings regarding the nitrergic innervation of the larynx are demonstrated for the better understanding of the complexity of the laryngeal innervation system. Noradrenergic innervation of the larynx was studied with fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy after application of 5-hydroxydopamine. These studies confirmed the existence of noradrenergic innervation for the submucosal glands and blood vessels, and the origin and course of noradrenergic nerve fibers contained in the laryngeal nerves and their destinations in the larynx. Cholinergic innervation of the larynx has not been clarified in detail. Many kinds of neuropeptides have been demonstrated to be involved in laryngeal innervation. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide originating from intralaryngeal ganglionic neurons participates in laryngeal vasodilation and reduction of laryngeal seromucous secretion. Neuropeptide Y nerve fibers are few in the larynx, and most originate from the superior cervical ganglion. They are distributed around the large or medium-sized blood vessels, especially arteries. They are also associated with excretory structures. Substance P was the first neuropeptide found to be a sensory neurotransmitter in the laryngeal afferent system. It is also involved in regulation of laryngeal blood flow and secretion. Calcitonin gene—related peptide is associated with the sensory, autonomic, and motor innervation of the larynx. The majority of enkephalin nerve fibers are located close to excretory structures, although no information on the physiological significance of enkephalin is available. In addition to the above neuropeptides, the peptides histidine isoleucine, histidine methionine, and helospectin have been shown to exist in the larynx. The nitrergic innervation of the larynx has been recently studied with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and immunohistochemistry using antiserum against nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide originates from the neurons in the intralaryngeal ganglia and is believed to modulate blood flow and secretion of the larynx. It controls the laryngeal exocrine secretion in cooperation with intrinsic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and/or extrinsic calcitonin gene—related peptide. Nitric oxide from the nodose ganglion may modulate nociception of the larynx. The existence of nitrergic neurons located in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles has been demonstrated. Many of them are bipolar or pseudounipolar, so they might be sensory in nature. The effect of injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve on the induction of nitric oxide synthase in the laryngeal motoneurons is also discussed.
Brain Stem Neural Mechanisms for Vocalization in Decerebrate Cats
Authors: Nonaka Satoshi , Sakamoto Takashi , Katada Akihiro , Unno Tokuji
Published: January 2017

In order to characterize the brain stem circuitry that produces vocalization, the activities of brain stem respiratory neurons were recorded extracellularly during vocalization induced by electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray in decerebrate cats. After the onset of stimulation, the respiratory rhythm ceases, and a preparatory inspiration is induced. Following this initial inspiration, vocalization characterized by increased activities of the intrinsic laryngeal adductor and the major expiratory muscles is induced. During vocalization, most of the dorsal respiratory group inspiratory neurons increase their firing rates in phase with an increase of diaphragm activity. Inspiratory neurons with a continuous discharge pattern in the rostral ventral respiratory group increase their firing rates to augment intrinsic laryngeal abductor motoneurons and bulbospinal inspiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory group. On the other hand, most of the bulbospinal augmenting expiratory neurons in the Bötzinger complex cease firing just after the onset of periaqueductal gray stimulation for the remainder of the stimulation period. These results indicate that at least some part of the coordinated activations of intrinsic laryngeal and respiratory muscles during vocalization are mediated via the central respiratory neurons that produce breathing.
Estimation After Preliminary Testing in Anova Model I
Authors: Srivastava S. R. , Gupta V. P.
Published: January 2017

Summary

A rule of procedure for pooling mean squares in ANOV A Model II was given by Bancroft (1944). Following the rule of procedure given by Bechhofer (1951) for pooling mean squares in ANOVA Model I and using the approximation to non‐central x2 distribution given by Patnaik (1949), expressions for the bias and the variance of the error variance estimator to be used in subsequent inferences have been derived. Tables have been provided for the bias and the variance of the estimate for three combinations of degrees of freedom and some commonly used levels of significance. It is found that the results obtained for ANOVA Model I situation are quite different from those obtained in ANOVA Model II situation. A comparison has been made with the results obtained by Bancroft (1944) and recommendations have been made for using Bechhofer's procedure in ANOVA Model I situation.
On a Single Server Queue
Authors: Shanbhag D. N.
Published: January 2017

Summary:

In this note all alternative proof of Lindley's (1952) theorem for the existence of the stationary state distribution of the waiting time of a customer in the queueing system GI/G/1 is given. Further, a direct and simple method is given for deriving the stationary state distribution of the waiting time in the queueing system GI/M/1.
On a Geometrical Representation of Probability Distributions and its use in Statistical Inference.
Authors: Bhattacharyya A.
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT:

This paper has been divided into six sections. The first three sections are confined to the consideration of the geometry of a sa.mple space with finite number of points : the first is concerned with the representation of a single probability distribution by a point in a finite dimensional Euclidean space and the geometrical interpretation of the laws of probability theory; the second deals with the relationship between two probability distributions defined on the same space and tbe third gives some results of differential geometry applied to such a space and geometrical representation of Fisher's information matrix. The fourth section indicates bow the concepts can be extended to general probability measures defined on a general measurable space. The fifth section gives an inadequate account of the nse of the concepts developed earlier to problems of statistical inference. The last section is not directly concerned with distance, but contains a numder of allied concepts.
The Shorted Operator Statistically Interpreted
Authors: Mitra Sujit Kumar , Puntanen Simo
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT:

The object of this paper is to point out that the shorted positive operator (Krein (1947), Anderson and Trapp (1975) can be looked upon as the disperson matrix of the BLUE of EY when the random vector Y is subject ro a linear model.
Optimum Ordering Policy in a Bicomponent Inventory Model : Statistical Aspects
Authors: Basu Sujit Kumar , Mukerjee Rahul
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT:

This paper considers a situation where the manufacturer of a two‐component product receives supplies of the two eomponents presumably from two different sources each supplying components of one variety. Under NBUE assumption on both the supply random variables, a strategy which maximizes the minimum expected profit in a one‐period inventory model, with uncertainty in demand, has been explored. An estimator for this maximin order quantity whenever the demand distribution is unknown has been proposed and almost sure convergence· of this estimator to its true value has been established. Further asymptotic results helpful in testing or interval estimation problems concerning the maximin order quantity have also been derived.

AMS 1980 Subject Classification: 90B05, 60F05.
Uncertain Resources and Optimal Designs : Problems and Perspectives
Authors: Mandal N. K. , Shah K. R. , Sinha B. K.
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT:

Considered is an experimental situation where an experimenter has a certain amount of guaranteed fund at the current period and a 100% chance of an enhanced fund to be made available at a later date. The objective is to decide on an optimal planned experiment. Ideally, the experimenter should start with an optimal experiment and extend it in an optimal fashion as and when the additional fund is made available. This, however, may not lead to an optimal strategy in the long run.

We speciaiize to the set‐up of a block design and discuss variovs aspects of this prablcm, after properly formulating the same in proper perspectives. Severa 1 illustrative examples are presented to highlight the compiexities involved.
On Some Closure Properties of Dominance Relations Between Life Distributions Based on Reliability Measures
Authors: Mukherjee S. P. , Chatterjee Aditya
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT :

Lehmann (1955, 1986), Bessler and Veinott (1966), Keilson and Sumita (1982), Ross (1983), Stoyan (1983), Alzaid (1988), Mukherjee and Chatterjee (1991) considered several dominance relations between life distributions through reliability measures—indicating their interrelationships and consequences. In the present paper some closure or preservation properties of the said dominance relations have been studied under various reliability operations e.g. convolution, mixture, formation of coherent structure, monotone transformation of the random variables and limits in distribution.
Older Pharmacologic Therapy for Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: Gil Rushton H.
Published: January 2017

Since the early 1960s, a number of pharmacologic agents have been used to treat children with enuresis. Success has been reported with tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine), anticholinergics (oxybutynin), and desmopressin acetate (DDAVP®). Sedatives, stimulants, or sympathomimetic agents have not proved beneficial. Because treatment with medication may be effective even in children with an organic problem such as infection or neuropathy, patients should always be evaluated carefully before drug therapy is started. Of the tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine has been investigated and used the most extensively. Oxybutynin is beneficial for children with small bladder capacity and daytime enuresis. DDAVP, introduced in the 1990s, has response rates similar to those of imipramine but with fewer side effects.
Efficacy, Safety, and Dosing of Desmopressin For Nocturnal Enuresis in Europe
Authors: HjälmÅs Kelm , Bengtsson Bengt
Published: January 2017

Desmopressin is a potent antidiuretic for nocturnal enuresis with few and mostly insignificant adverse reactions. Almost 80 years ago, the antidiuretic effects of extracts of the posterior pituitary were first reported. The molecular structure of the peptide vasopressin arginine vasopressin (AVP) became known in 1956, and by 1967, a synthesized modification of AVP, known as DDAVP, or desmopressin, was introduced. Toxicity studies performed on experimental animals support the conclusion that desmopressin is considerably more potent as an antidiuretic than AVP and has an exceptional safety margin. Further, clinical experience reveals that from 1974 to June 1992 only 21 patients using desmopressin had serious adverse reactions (water intoxication), and no fatalities occurred. Seven of 10 children with nocturnal enuresis who receive desmopressin stop their bedwetting completely or reduce it significantly, with best results noted in children over 10 years of age. Given these results, the preferred treatment in Europe for children with nocturnal enuresis is the sequential combination of desmopressin and the enuresis alarm.
Small Countries under Great Pressure. The Politics of National Vulnerability during International Restructuring
Authors: Hveem Helge
Published: January 2017

The international economic system is characterized by rapid and radical restructuring. The causes of change are located in one or several of the following factors: instability resulting out of a declining or changing US hegemony and the responses of US economic policies to change; conflict over distributing the costs imposed by surplus capacity in many industries; an innovation race among the major powers and cor porations ; and the emergence of a new international division of labour resulting out of economic nationalism and internationalization of production at one and the same time. In the process, nations have become more economically vulnerable, a fact experienced in particular by small and open economies like those of the Nordic countries. The author sets out the options of these countries for facing the challenges of increased vulnerability: seeking niche power, cooperating, playing on their democratic corporatism and welfare state policies as a means towards securing national support for economic policy, or improving their external organization. The hypothesis is presented that the latter — external organization — is a crucial factor inter alia because it addresses some inevitable choices that international development is highlighting: the tendency to deregulate financial markets and regulate trade; the drift from multi lateralism to bilateralism and protectionism in trade; and the reinforced international sedimentation process most visible in North-South relations but witnessed also within the South as well as within various countries (rising unemployment).
The Transformation of the Nordic Models
Authors: Andersson Jan Otto , Mjøsset Lars
Published: January 2017

With reference to an extensive comparative study of the Nordic economic political models, this article discusses some perspectives for the 1990s. Five economic political models developed as the Nordic area was integrated into the postwar world economy. They emerged as the Nordic countries — on the basis of their specific geo-economic and political-institutional conditions — emulated the Fordist growth model, which originated in the US. The downturn of the Western world economy was a crisis for the Fordist mass consumption/mass production model. We trace the consequences of this crisis for the Nordic models. Policy makers first tried to maintain the established routines of the 1960s, but failed, fumbled and finally turned to more austere, neo liberal economic policies. As a result, there seems to be a certain convergence between the five models, a specific Nordic version of neo-liberalism. Despite this, we doubt that continued neoliberal policies will prove able to cope with the challenges that the Nordic countries face as the world heads into the 1990s. Neoliberal policies aim to promote flexibility by reducing the impact of the state, by liberalizing labour markets and by relying on full integration within the world economy. Alternatively, we argue in our last section that policies should aim to promote flexible specialization by making the welfare state a comparative advantage in connection with industrial policies, by extending efforts at democratization of decisions concerning labour process organ ization and work environment, and by stimulating Nordic integration.
Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review
Authors: Uhlin Anders
Published: January 2017

Uhlin, A. Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 231-247.

The primary aim of this research note is to present an inventory of propositions and findings concerning TNCs as global political actors. As a framework for this analysis I will classify the literature into three main groups and some subgroups. The three main theoretical schools compared are liberal theory, mercantilist theory and theories of imperialism. Several aspects of the autonomy and power of TNCs, as proponents of different theoretical schools see it, are analysed. The domain and scope of TNC power are discussed and several power bases are listed. Constraints that prevent the potential power of TNCs from being implemented are discussed and TNC instruments for exercising power are listed as well. The scope of the theoretical perspectives used to study TNCs varies. There is need for a synthesis between the actor-oriented liberal approaches and the structural and system-oriented theories of imperialism.
A Profession in a Hurry: The Need for Standards
Authors: Reynolds Maynard C.
Published: January 2017

Special education programs have grown very rapidly in the past two decades. Busy special educators have been thrust into the role of spearheading new modes of operation for the remainder of the educational enterprise. This hurried pace of development and leadership has involved some neglect of quality standards. In this context, CEC's policy statement on professional standards, adopted in Toronto in April, 1966, is discussed, with emphasis upon the inevitability of gradualness in developing and regulating standards and upon the importance of continuing activities in the standards field.
A Hierarchy of Competencies for Teachers of Emotionally Handicapped Children
Authors: Hewett Frank M.
Published: January 2017

Descriptions of the characteristics necessary for effective teaching of emotionally handicapped children often emphasize personal giftedness. During a four year teacher training program at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute School, a hierarchy of competencies for such teachers was formulated which shifts the focus from educational artistry to trainable competencies. In order of importance, the teacher of the emotionally handicapped should be objective, flexible, structured, resourceful, a social reinforcer, a curriculum expert, and an intellectual model.
A Longitudinal Study of the Speech Behavior and Language Comprehension of Fourteen Children Diagnosed Atypical or Autistic
Authors: Pronovost Wilbert , Wakstein M. Phillip , Wakstein D. Joyce
Published: January 2017

A case study approach used informal and controlled clinical observations and analyses of tape recordings during a two year period to develop detailed descriptions of the speech behavior, language comprehension, and general functioning of fourteen institutionalized children diagnosed autistic or atypical. In speech behavior, the children could be classified as a talking group, from whom identifiable words were heard, or a vocalization group, from whom phonations were heard without any resemblance to words. The talking group's speech was composed almost entirely of echolalia or delayed echolalia. The vocalization group produced prolonged, monotonal, syllabic type vocalizations (consonant-vowel combinations) at extremes of high and low pitch and loudness levels with deviant voice quality. Reaction to the spoken language of adults by both groups seemed to be limited to a form of conditioned response to the total situation (i.e., to gestural, tonal, or situational clues) with no readily identifiable linguistic comprehension. The responses of the children to visual and auditory stimuli were strongly indicative of cognitive and perceptual dysfunction.
Confrontation: Special Education Placement and the Law
Authors: Ross Sterling L. , Deyoung Henry G. , Cohen Julius S.
Published: January 2017

Recently, suits have been brought against public schools for placing certain children in special classes for the educable mentally retarded. Through the courts parents are challenging the administration and use of standardized tests, placement procedures, and the effectiveness and the harmful impact of special class programing. Special educators are urged to initiate immediate reform in testing and placement procedures or there is a likelihood that changes will be imposed by the courts. The possibility of punitive damages may stimulate these changes.
Color Discriminability for Partially Seeing Children
Authors: Myers William A.
Published: January 2017

This study proposed to answer the following question: Do partially seeing children see the Snellen E, printed in selected colored inks on various colored backgrounds, at different distances in terms of initial recognition and best focus? Thirty myopic children were tested in Los Angles County District. Forty-two stimulus color combination cards were randomly presented out of focus. The subject was to report the figure's directionality and tell at what distance best focus was obtained. Different combinations yielded various discriminabilities.
Design Approximations for Hydraulic Servos with Non-Symmetrical Oil Volumes
Authors: Martin K. F.
Published: January 2017

This paper extends the usefulness of an earlier report by evaluating an approximation for the transient response. The approximation examined is that of equivalent oil column stiffness; this has been used in the past, without evaluation, for displacement but is extended here to cover pressure transients. The comparisons between approximate and correct displacement responses indicate that the former is of sufficient accuracy for most practical purposes. In the two very different cases investigated, the approximation gives conservative estimates of the pressure peak.
Computer Control of on-off Electrothermal Processes
Authors: Murgatroyd J. L. , Goodman D.
Published: January 2017

A control scheme is described for improving the performance characteristics of an on/off electrothermal process by means of a model of the process. A /though the process itself operates on open loop, the switching sequence is closely controlled by the operation of a closed loop incorporating the model and the process controller. The temperature drift may be virtually eliminated by representing the model electronically. The scheme proves useful when the process has a large inherent delay or when it is not convenient to derive transduced signals from the output temperature for the purpose of control.
Design of a Model-Reference Adaptive Control for an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Harland G. E. , Gill K. F.
Published: January 2017

An internal combustion engine speed control system has been investigated to determine the possibility of using a model-reference adaptive control device to maintain constant dynamic behaviour of engine speed irrespective of engine load and environmental conditions. A conventional type of speed control arrangement has been used in the primary loop and an auxiliary loop has been introduced which biases the engine throttle mechanism by an amount which is proportional to the derivative of engine speed. The constant of proportionality is the parameter which is being changed by the adaptive loop.

The results of the engine tests showed good correlation with those obtained in a simulation study and clearly showed that for certain installations the incorporation of a model-reference loop into a conventional speed control system would result in improved engine dynamic behaviour.
Automatic Control of Dryers by the Temperature Difference Technique
Authors: Harbert F. C.
Published: January 2017

The temperature difference technique was developed by Sira Institute for the control of industrial drying processes. The method is based on the measurement of two temperatures inside the dryer and the theory is summarised in the article.

Successful applications include the control of textile dryers, rotary dryers and fluid bed dryers. Special control equipment employing this technique is now available from Sira Institute. The technique is currently being applied to other industrial dryers.
The Optimization of Thermocouple Galvanometer System Dynamics When Measuring Temperature Transients
Authors: McKenzie W. H. , Richards A. H.
Published: January 2017

When using thermocouples directly connected to ultra-violet galvanometers for recording temperature transients, the low-voltage outputs necessitate the use of galvanometers with low natural frequencies. This puts a limitation on the overall dynamic performance. In a particular application, the user has to select the damping resistor for the galvanometer and the work describes how this is done so that the system is optimised for minimum integrated errors during a transient.

The transient considered was of an exponential type which occurs frequently in practice and it is shown that the correct damping ratio and hence damping resistor for the galvanometer depends upon the non-dimensional parameter defined by the product of the natural frequency of the galvanometer and the time constant of the exponential.

The results show that the usual value of damping ratio of 0·64 based on minimum sinusoidal distortion has to be modified for best dynamic performance. However, if the non-dimensional parameter is sufficiently large, higher values of damping can be used, which produce a large trace with acceptably small errors.
The Development of an Electronic System for Industrial Control Purposes
Authors: Nettell D. F. , Geers W. J.
Published: January 2017

For some years the Authors' company has engaged in the design and manufacture of closed-loop hydraulic control systems. The hydraulics form a high performance system of considerable power. But the control is exercised electrically through the agency of a servo valve. This note describes the development of an electronic system for this application. Although originally rather specialised in purpose, the system has in the course of development become universal.

Advantage has been taken of recent improvements in electronic techniques and at the time of writing the system is as advanced as any. Nonetheless, the speed at which electronics develops nowadays is such that some parts of the system may get outdated, and superseded. It has already happened once in the course of the work that a major invention the Integrated Circuit — has made obsolete an entire concept using discrete components before the development was complete. The same can happen again.
Automation and the Nature of Work
Authors: Rosenbrock Howard
Published: January 2017

This is the first in an occasional series of articles, to be drawn from a wide circle of prominent industrialists, academics, consultants and others, in which the authors are invited to discuss some of the broader issues currently of importance to the world of the measurement and control engineer.
Application of Matlab and Simulink to a Low-Lift Sump System
Authors: Pole Stephen J
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the application of a computer-aided control system design (CACSD) tool known as Simulink. Simulink is a modern non-linear dynamic simulation tool and forms an extension to Matlab,* adding many features specific to dynamic systems. The application of Simulink to a water treatment works pumping station is outlined. The objective is to enable a complex simulation model of the plant (block diagram descriptions), including all relevant process dynamics, to be easily built up. Using this simulation model a control strategy is designed to maintain the water level in a two well sump within a specified operating band. The level constraint has to be met irrespective of inflow transients due to filter washes, surges, etc. Having designed the controller based upon plant model simulations, the control algorithms were coded in the programmable logic controller (PLC) to be used on the plant. The PLC was interfaced to the plant model in real time to validate the performance of the controller against the simulated plant. The application of Simulink for plant modelling and analysis proved to be successful in that a controller was easily designed and implemented, and exceeded the performance specifications.
The Arrest and Synthetic Novel Psychoactive Drug Relationship
Authors: Miller Bryan Lee , Stogner John M. , Miller J. Mitchell , Fernandez M. Isabel
Published: January 2017

Novel psychoactive drugs (NPDs), an emerging class of dangerous substances, generally mimic the actions of commonly abused substances such as marijuana, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opiates, but are formulated, marketed, and used either to sidestep legal restrictions or to avoid positive drug screens. Synthetic cannabinoids such as Spice and K2 along with synthetic stimulants often referred to as “bath salts” have recently entered U.S. markets. The current study explores the relationship between being arrested and using NPDs per self-report survey data obtained from 2,349 students at a large university in the Southeastern United States. Respondents indicated whether they had used synthetic psychoactive drugs, reported demographic characteristics, and whether they had been arrested for a number of offenses. Results from logistic regression and propensity score matching models indicate that those who have been arrested are also more likely to use NPDs.
Respecting human life: Protesting against violence “You shall not kill!”
Authors: Lorenzen Thorwald
Published: January 2017

The sixth Word of the Decalogue, “You shall not kill!” means what it says and is valid at all times and in all places. Although originally addressed to Israelite men who lived within the narrow confines of the Jewish covenant community, it carries an inner dynamic and authenticity that has echoed through the ages and is today reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The sixth Word challenges us to discover God as the God of life and freedom and as such to celebrate life and freedom by respecting human life in all its forms and by resisting those who by commission or omission want to violate the life and freedom of others.
Modeling Recidivism within the Study of Offender Reentry
Authors: Mowen Thomas J. , Culhane Scott E.
Published: January 2017

Although there are multiple statistical approaches used in understanding reentry, there is little consensus on the benefits and limitations of some of the more popular techniques as they relate to each other. Here, two common methods, lagged dependent variable modeling and hierarchical generalized linear modeling, are contrasted. To examine how particular modeling strategies may lead to different understandings of recidivism within reentry, we use data from the Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI; N = 1,697) to provide an example of the two statistical approaches and discuss the benefits and limitations of each strategy. While researchers will need to make important decisions about which strategy best addresses their research question, results of our analyses show that in dealing with reentry data across more than two waves, a hierarchical generalized linear model is often the preferred approach.
Assessing the Calibration of Actuarial Risk Scales
Authors: Hanson R. Karl
Published: January 2017

Assessing the predictive accuracy of actuarial risk assessment tools requires consideration of discrimination (the differences between recidivists and nonrecidivists) and calibration (the credibility of the recidivism rates associated with test scores or categories). Currently, there are no conventions for reporting calibration effect sizes for offender risk tools. This article explains one promising calibration effect size statistic (the Expected/Observed [E/O] index) and provides an illustrative example of how it can be calculated and interpreted. Briefly, the E/O index is the ratio of the expected number of recidivists to the observed number of recidivists. Guidance is provided for calculating the E/O index with fixed follow-up data as well as from survival data. This article also discusses alternative approaches to examining calibration and provides references to other studies using the E/O index to assess the calibration of offender risk scales.
Communal and Agentic Interpersonal and Intergroup Motives Predict Preferences for Status Versus Power
Authors: Locke Kenneth D. , Heller Sonja
Published: January 2017

Seven studies involving 1,343 participants showed how circumplex models of social motives can help explain individual differences in preferences for status (having others’ admiration) versus power (controlling valuable resources). Studies 1 to 3 and 7 concerned interpersonal motives in workplace contexts, and found that stronger communal motives (to have mutual trust, support, and cooperation) predicted being more attracted to status (but not power) and achieving more workplace status, while stronger agentic motives (to be firm, decisive, and influential) predicted being more attracted to and achieving more workplace power, and experiencing a stronger connection between workplace power and job satisfaction. Studies 4 to 6 found similar effects for intergroup motives: Stronger communal motives predicted wanting one’s ingroup (e.g., country) to have status—but not power—relative to other groups. Finally, most people preferred status over power, and this was especially true for women, which was partially explained by women having stronger communal motives.
Introduction to the Special Section on Social in the Emotional and the Emotional in the Social
Authors: Zimmer-Gembeck Melanie J.
Published: January 2017

An introduction to the Special Section entitled “Social in the Emotional and the Emotional in the Social.”
Concept-based indexing and retrieval of multimedia documents
Authors: Nubila B. Di , Gagliardi I. , Macchi D. , Milanesi L. , Padula M. , Pagani R.
Published: January 2017

In this work, we face the problem of multimedia document indexing with reference to a specific application field, the radiological ward where automatic information management by content is an urgent need. Here, a multimedia document is composed of text and images. The keystone of the approach is the image indexing which is performed in an indirect way: the description of the image (made by an expert, in our case a physician) is further synthesised and formalised to be used by the computer. In this Paper, we propose a concept-based indexing of the description of the images which is based on Farradane's work. The basic proposal has been extended to deal with specific requirements of the considered application and to be automatically performed. A first prototype of a multimedia information retrieval system has been implemented with the goal of validating the method in the specific application.
Volunteer Science
Authors: Radford Jason , Pilny Andy , Reichelmann Ashley , Keegan Brian , Welles Brooke Foucault , Hoye Jefferson , Ognyanova Katherine , Meleis Waleed , Lazer David
Published: January 2017

Experimental research in traditional laboratories comes at a significant logistic and financial cost while drawing data from demographically narrow populations. The growth of online methods of research has resulted in effective means for social psychologists to collect large-scale survey-based data in a cost-effective and timely manner. However, the same advancement has not occurred for social psychologists who rely on experimentation as their primary method of data collection. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of one online laboratory for conducting experiments, Volunteer Science, and report the results of six studies that test canonical behaviors commonly captured in social psychological experiments. Our results show that the online laboratory is capable of performing a variety of studies with large numbers of diverse volunteers. We advocate for the use of the online laboratory as a valid and cost-effective way to perform social psychological experiments with large numbers of diverse subjects.
Clinical Pathology: Preanalytical Variation in Preclinical Safety Assessment Studies-Effect on Predictive Value of Analyte Tests
Authors: Riley Julia H.
Published: January 2017

Significant differences in concentrations of analytes in samples may be introduced before samples enter analyzers. These differences are known as preanalytical variation and are part of the overall variation in analytical data. Preanalytical variation is caused by factors that operate during animal preparation prior to sampling, sample collection, sample processing, and sample storage prior to measurement. Preanalytical variation is important because it detracts from the predictive value of analyte measurements. Preanalytical variation may permanently damage data. Because its effects are difficult to quantitate it should be minimized in safety assessment studies. Sources of preanalytical variation are actions performed on animals prior to sample collection and actions performed on the specimen prior to analysis. Preanalytical variation produces a range of artefacts in experimental data. Consequences of preanalytical variation are loss of confidence in the data, obfuscation of real test article effects, false effects, and possibly the expense of repeating a study. To limit preanalytical variation, its sources must be identified, the effects documented, and measures devised to eliminate its sources. Predictive value (likelihood of actual disease) of appropriate clinical pathology tests in toxicology is inversely dependent on preanalytical variation: uncontrolled variation produces data with low predictive values, and controlled variation produces data with high predictive values.
Present Status of Animal Clinical Pathology Examinations in the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association
Authors: Matsuzawa Toshiaki
Published: January 2017

This paper will review the current status of animal clinical pathology in Japan using data obtained during a survey conducted by the Japanese Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA). I am presenting this information as a representative of the Non-Clinical Evaluation Committee of the JPMA. Two co-workers, Dr. Nomura of Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and Dr. Unno of Kanebo Co., Ltd., are also involved in this effort. Investigating and discussing the various problems concerning animal clinical pathology is timely and truly heartening, and we expect this information exchange in the animal clinical pathology field to continue.
Influence of a School District’s Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) Program on Self-Efficacy and Other Indicators of Student Achievement
Authors: Pugh Philip M. , Tschannen-Moran Megan
Published: January 2017

This article examines a school district’s Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) program using perceived self-efficacy in academic achievement and self-regulated learning, GPA and attendance as indicators of program effectiveness. Results suggest that AVID participation was positively and significantly correlated with attendance in the full sample and among Latino/students, and was a strong predictor of self-efficacy and GPA among African Americans. Findings suggest that AVID may be useful to educational leaders in thier efforts to reduce achievement gaps among ethnic minorities.
Distributed Leadership and Teachers’ Affective Commitment
Authors: Ross Lisa , Lutfi Ghazwan A. , Hope Warren C.
Published: January 2017

Principals’ responsibilities have escalated in quantity and complexity. Mandates to increase student achievement and improve school grades overwhelm one person. Hence, principals are obliged to enlist teachers to serve in leadership roles. This research sought to determine whether there is a relationship between distributed leadership and teacher affective commitment. One hypothesis, null and alternative, was formulated, and data were collected from 230 teachers. Results revealed that distributed leadership correlated with teachers’ affective commitment.