bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Diversity of Bismuth(III) Thiophenemonocarboxylates Isolated from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Adcock Alyssa K. , Batrice Rami J. , Bertke Jeffery A. , Knope Karah E.
Published: December 2016

Five novel BiIII–thiophenemonocarboxylate (BiIII–TMC) compounds containing pyridinium cations have been synthesized from room‐temperature reactions of bismuth precursors with 2‐thiophenecarboxylic acid (HTMC) and pyridine in water. The structures have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and two of the compounds have been further characterized by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The solid‐state structures of the compounds are built from anionic BiIII building units that vary in nuclearity, overall connectivity, and dimensionality. When using bismuth nitrate at a relatively low metal/ligand ratio, Hpy[Bi(TMC)4(HTMC)] (1) is formed, which consists of mononuclear units charge‐balanced by second coordination sphere pyridinium cations. With increasing metal/ligand ratios, and by consequence, increasing nitrate concentration, nitrate and carboxylate‐bridged chains of [Bi2(TMC)3(NO3)]– units in Hpy[Bi2(TMC)6(NO3)] (2), and nitrate‐bridged [Bi2(TMC)3(NO3)2]2– dimers in Hpy[Bi(TMC)3(NO3)] (3) are isolated. Starting from Bi2O3, polymorphs (Hpy)2[Bi2(TMC)8] (4) and (Hpy)2[Bi2(TMC)8] (5) are formed, both of which contain bismuth centers bridged by carboxylate groups to form dimeric units that are charge‐balanced by pyridinium cations. Presented herein is a discussion of the synthetic conditions over which 1–5 were isolated, and their solid‐state structural chemistry. The thermal stability of 1 and 3, and the spectroscopic characterization of the compounds, are also reported.
Synergistic NaBH4 Reduction/Cyclization of 2‐Aroylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylates: Synthesis of 3‐Oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Derivatives
Authors: Liu Jiaming , Wang Lizhong , Qing Xushun , Zhang Feixiang , Wang Ting , Wang Cunde
Published: December 2016

An NaBH4 reduction/cyclization reaction of readily available 2‐aroyl‐1‐cyano‐3‐arylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate compounds was investigated. The process results in the stereoselective synthesis of 3‐oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives in high yields.
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Verdazyl Radicals
Authors: Le Thanh‐Ngoc , Trevisan Theresa , Lieu Elizabeth , Brook David J. R.
Published: December 2016

Halogenated 3‐aryl‐1,5‐diisopropyl verdazyl radicals have been shown to undergo Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions with a variety of boronic acids to give biaryl‐substituted verdazyl derivatives in acceptable to good yields (50–90 %). The successful coupling depends on the halo substituent and the boronic acid, but most boronic acids could be coupled with the iodophenyl verdazyl radical under either ligandless conditions or in the presence of triphenylphosphine. The successful palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction facilitates the incorporation of verdazyl moieties into conjugated systems and can be used to modify the properties of organic materials. The new radicals were characterized by UV/Vis, ESR, and HRMS analysis and, particularly, by electron impact mass spectrometry, which generated the distinctive verdazyl fragmentation pattern.
Synthesis of Phenanthridines through Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 2‐Halo‐N‐Ms‐arylamines with Benzyl Halides/Sulfonates
Authors: Yang Si‐Yi , Han Wen‐Yong , Zhang Ding‐Lei , Zhou Xiao‐Jian , Bai Mei , Cui Bao‐Dong , Wan Nan‐Wei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Chen Yong‐Zheng
Published: December 2016

An efficient palladium‐catalyzed nucleophilic substitution/C–H activation/aromatization cascade reaction between readily available 2‐halo‐N‐Ms‐arylamines (Ms = methanesulfonyl) and benzyl halides/sulfonates has been described. A wide variety of phenanthridines were synthesized in a one‐pot fashion in moderate to high yields (37–86 %). Notably, this method provides a straightforward, facile approach for the synthesis of phenanthridines. The practicality was further substantiated by successfully carrying out a gram‐scale preparation.
Development of an Electrochemical Biosensor for the Rapid Detection of Saxitoxin Based on Air Stable Lipid Films with Incorporated Anti‐STX Using Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Bratakou Spyridoula , Nikoleli Georgia‐Paraskevi , Siontorou Christina G. , Nikolelis Dimitrios P. , Karapetis Stephanos , Tzamtzis Nikolaos
Published: December 2016

A miniaturized potentiometric saxitoxin sensor on graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films and Anti‐STX, the natural saxitoxin receptor, immobilized on the stabilized lipid films is described in the present paper. An adequate selectivity for detection over a wide range of toxin concentrations, fast response time of ca. 5–20 min, and detection limit of 1 nM have been achieved. The proposed sensor is easy to construct and exhibits good reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, long shelf life and high sensitivity of ca. 60 mV/decade of toxin concentration. The method was implemented and evaluated in lake water and shellfish samples. This novel ultrathin film technology is currently adapted to the rapid detection of other toxins that could be used in bioterrorism.
Long–term Drifts in Sensitivity Caused by Biofouling of an Amperometric Oxygen Sensor
Authors: Patrick Marlena M. , Grillot Julianna M. , Derden Zayne M. , Paul David W.
Published: December 2016

Changes in oxygen sensitivity of an poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (PoPD) coated gold electrode was determined by constructing calibration curves in vitro. Oxygen sensitivities recorded in the presence of biofoulants were significantly different from those recorded in buffer; however, PoPD demonstrated its effectiveness in providing some resistance to changes in oxygen sensitivity over time compared to a bare electrode. Three sets of PoPD‐coated electrodes were calibrated in simple electrolyte of phosphate buffered saline; each set yielding an average oxygen sensitivity of 0.58±0.03 μA/ppm, 0.68±0.01 μA/ppm, and 0.48±0.01 μA/ppm (n=4), which shows the electrode to electrode variation in the PoPD‐coating/electrode. These sets were correspondingly exposed to bovine serum albumin, fibrinogen, rat brain homogenate. Exposure to these biofoulants resulted in decreases in sensitivity ranging from 26–35 % after immediate exposure. Furthermore, long‐term exposure to some biofoulants causes significant decreases in sensitivity over a time period of 14 days. We also estimated through in vitro exposure to rat brain homogenate the errors that might be associated with current methods of calibration. Sensitivities to oxygen determined by precalibration resulted in a 50 % error from the sensitivity found in vitro; the error from postcalibration after rinsing resulted in 25 % error.
A Biofuel Cell Based on Biocatalytic Reactions of Glucose on Both Anode and Cathode Electrodes
Authors: Koushanpour Ashkan , Gamella Maria , Guz Nataliia , Katz Evgeny
Published: December 2016

Biofuel cells based on electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and reduction of H2O2 have been prepared using carbon fiber electrodes functionalized with graphene nano‐flakes. The electrochemical oxidation of NADH was catalyzed by Meldola's blue (MB), while the reduction of H2O2 was catalyzed by hemin, both catalysts were adsorbed on the graphene flakes due to their π‐π staking. In the next set of experiments, the MB‐ and hemin‐electrodes were additionally modified with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and glucose oxidase (GOx), respectively. The enzyme catalyzed reactions in the presence of glucose, NAD+ and O2 resulted in the production of NADH and H2O2 in situ. The produced NADH and H2O2 were oxidized and reduced, respectively, at the bioelectrocatalytic electrodes, thus producing voltage and current generated by the biofuel cell. The enzyme‐based biofuel cells operated in a human serum solution modelling an implantable device powered from the natural biofluid. Finally, two enzyme‐based biofuel cell connected in series and operating in the serum solution produced electrical power sufficient for activation of an electronic watch used as an example device.
Success starts with love of students, data
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: December 2016

Like most future enrollment management leaders, Randall Langston had no idea where his career would be headed when he was an undergraduate. But he discovered a passion for working with students and pursued a master's degree in student affairs.
Carbon‐Coated Magnesium Ferrite Nanofibers for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes with Enhanced Cycling Performance
Authors: Luo Lei , Li Dawei , Zang Jun , Chen Chen , Zhu Jiadeng , Qiao Hui , Cai Yibing , Lu Keyu , Zhang Xiangwu , Wei Qufu
Published: December 2016

Carbon‐coated magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4@C) nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning technology and a subsequent carbonization process using polydopamine as carbon precursor. SEM and TEM observations revealed that N‐doped carbon layers with different thicknesses were coated uniformly on the surface of the MgFe2O4 nanofibers. If used as anode materials for lithium–ion batteries (LIBs), MgFe2O4@C nanofibers with a carbon thickness of 7 nm exhibited an excellent cycling performance and rate capability compared with pristine MgFe2O4 and MgFe2O4@C nanofibers with carbon thicknesses of 4 and 15 nm, respectively. These nanofibers delivered high initial discharge and charge capacities of 1383 and 1044 mAh g−1, respectively, with a Coulombic efficiency of 75.5 %. A reversible capacity of 926 mAh g−1 could be obtained after 200 cycles at 0.1 Ag−1. Even at a high rate of 1 A g−1 after 500 cycles, they still maintained a stable capacity of 610 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of 81.9 %. Therefore, the MgFe2O4@C nanofibers are a potential anode candidate for LIBs.
Solifluction meets vegetation: the role of biogeomorphic feedbacks for turf‐banked solifluction lobe development
Authors: Eichel Jana , Draebing Daniel , Klingbeil Lasse , Wieland Markus , Eling Christian , Schmidtlein Sebastian , Kuhlmann Heiner , Dikau Richard
Published: December 2016

Vegetation is an important factor influencing solifluction processes, while at the same time, solifluction processes and landforms influence species composition, fine‐scale distribution and corresponding ecosystem functioning. However, how feedbacks between plants and solifluction processes influence the development of turf‐banked solifluction lobes (TBLs) and their geomorphic and vegetation patterns is still poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap in a detailed biogeomorphic investigation in the Turtmann glacier foreland (Switzerland). Methods employed include geomorphic and vegetation mapping, terrain assessment with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and temperature logging. Results were subsequently integrated with knowledge from previous geomorphic and ecologic studies into a conceptual model. Our results show that geomorphic and vegetation patterns at TBLs are closely linked through the lobe elements tread, risers and ridge. A conceptual four‐stage biogeomorphic model of TBL development with ecosystem engineering by the dwarf shrub Dryas octopetala as the dominant process can explain these interlinked patterns. Based on this model, we demonstrate that TBLs are biogeomorphic structures and follow a cyclic development, during which the role of their components for engineer and non‐engineer species changes. Our study presents the first biogeomorphic model of TBL development and highlights the applicability and necessity of biogeomorphic approaches and research in periglacial environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shift from transport limited to supply limited sediment concentrations with the progression of monsoon rains in the Upper Blue Nile Basin
Authors: Bayabil Haimanote K. , Yiftaru Birru , Steenhuis Tammo S.
Published: December 2016

Long‐term erosion monitoring data in the Ethiopian highlands are only available from the Soil Conservation Research Program (SCRP) watersheds including the Anjeni watershed. The 113 ha Anjeni watershed was established in 1984 and fanya juu terraces were installed in 1986. Runoff and erosion data are available from three different plot sizes and at the watershed outlet. The objective of this study was to investigate how erosion processes and sediment rating parameters vary with plot size and the progression of the rainy monsoon phase. We analyzed runoff and sediment loss data from 40 plots and the watershed outlet. The dataset included erosion data from 24 newly constructed plots (3 m length) during the rainy monsoon phase of 2012 and 2013, and 16 long‐term plots (with 12, 16, 22, and 24% slopes and 3, 15 and 30 m lengths) and the watershed outlet during the period between 1986 to 1990. Sediment concentration (C) was fitted to runoff (Q) using a power regression equation (C = aQb). Sediment concentration and yield increased with increasing plot length from 3 m to 15 m, but sediment yield decreased as plot length increased to 30 m.The coefficients (a and b) were affected by plot size and the progression of the rainy monsoon phase. As plot size increases, the a value increased, while the b value decreased. Greater a values were observed during the beginning of the monsoon phase, while values of b were greater towards the end of the monsoon phase. Overall findings suggest that erosion from cultivated fields is primarily controlled by transport limitations at the beginning of the monsoon phase, while towards the end of the monsoon phase, as surface covers emerge, sediment availability will be reduced, and thus sediment source would be a limitation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing an expert group method of data handling system for predicting the geometry of a stable channel with a gravel bed
Authors: Gholami Azadeh , Bonakdari Hossein , Ebtehaj Isa , Shaghaghi Saba , Khoshbin Fatemeh
Published: December 2016

Predicting the geometry of channels and alluvial rivers is of primary importance in river engineering science. Appropriately designing channels and predicting stable river cross‐sections can decrease costs and prevent the destruction of installations and agricultural land by rivers. Consequently, researchers have applied different empirical and regression methods to achieve relations for predicting stable channel and river geometry. In this study, Group Method of Data Handling ]GMDH) models are used to predict three geometric variables of stable channels, namely width (w), depth (h) and slope (s). The effect of different input parameters, such discharge (Q), median grain size (d50) and the Shields parameter (τ*) on the GMDH models is assessed with regard to predicting stable channel geometry. The results indicate that the GMDH model with mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.53%, 4.05% and 4.89% for channel width, depth and slope prediction respectively, exhibits good accuracy. Moreover, a comparison of the GMDH models with previous theoretical equations (based on regression analysis) indicates the superiority of GMDH model performance, with error reductions of one‐fifth, one‐eighth and one‐sixth compared with the regression equations for channel width, depth and slope prediction, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation of biotransformation rates for assessing bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in mammals
Authors: Lee Yung-Shan , Lo Justin C. , Otton S.Victoria , Moore Margo M. , Kennedy Chris J. , Gobas Frank A.P.C.
Published: December 2016

Incorporating biotransformation in bioaccumulation assessments of hydrophobic chemicals in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms in a simple, rapid, and cost-effective manner is urgently needed to improve bioaccumulation assessments of potentially bioaccumulative substances. One approach to estimate whole-animal biotransformation rate constants is to combine in vitro measurements of hepatic biotransformation kinetics with in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and bioaccumulation modeling. An established IVIVE modeling approach exists for pharmaceuticals (referred to in the present study as IVIVE-Ph) and has recently been adapted for chemical bioaccumulation assessments in fish. The present study proposes and tests an alternative IVIVE-B technique to support bioaccumulation assessment of hydrophobic chemicals with a log octanol–water partition coefficient (KOW) ≥ 4 in mammals. The IVIVE-B approach requires fewer physiological and physiochemical parameters than the IVIVE-Ph approach and does not involve interconversions between clearance and rate constants in the extrapolation. Using in vitro depletion rates, the results show that the IVIVE-B and IVIVE-Ph models yield similar estimates of rat whole-organism biotransformation rate constants for hypothetical chemicals with log KOW ≥ 4. The IVIVE-B approach generated in vivo biotransformation rate constants and biomagnification factors (BMFs) for benzo[a]pyrene that are within the range of empirical observations. The proposed IVIVE-B technique may be a useful tool for assessing BMFs of hydrophobic organic chemicals in mammals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1934–1946. © 2016 SETAC
Values in families with young children: Insights from two cultural milieus in Germany
Authors: Döring Anna K. , Kärtner Joscha , Bilsky Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

Are children's value priorities different from their parents' generation? We present data from the youngest children's sample that has been included in a comprehensive family study of values so far: Our study is based on self‐reported values of 127 six‐ to eleven‐year‐old German children (M = 7.89, SD = 1.35) and their mothers and fathers. We further took into account two potentially interacting developmental variables that have been suggested in the literature: (a) family members' gender and (b) cultural milieu (we looked specifically at families with Turkish immigration background and families without immigration background). While values of self‐transcendence, self‐enhancement and openness to change did not differ significantly between the two generations, children found conservation significantly more important than their parents. This contrasts with findings from previous studies with older participants. We discuss to what extent this effect may be unique to this developmental stage of middle childhood that had not been covered by previous research. Females valued conservation more than males, and conservation was more important in families with as compared to families without Turkish immigration background. There was neither a gender × generation nor a cultural milieu × generation interaction.
Bacteriostatic behavior of surface modulated silicon nitride in comparison to polyetheretherketone and titanium
Authors: Bock Ryan M. , Jones Erin N. , Ray Darin A. , Sonny Bal B. , Pezzotti Giuseppe , McEntire Bryan J.
Published: December 2016

Perioperative and latent infections are leading causes of revision surgery for orthopaedic devices resulting in significant increased patient care, comorbidities, and attendant costs. Identifying biomaterial surfaces that inherently resist biofilm adhesion and bacterial expression is an important emerging strategy in addressing implant‐related infections. This in vitro study was designed to compare biofilm formation on three biomaterials commonly employed in spinal fusion surgery—silicon nitride (Si3N4), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V‐ELI) —using one gram‐positive and one gram‐negative bacterial species. Disc samples from various surface treated Si3N4, PEEK, and Ti6Al4V were inoculated with 105 CFU/mm2 Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC®14990™) or Escherichia coli (ATCC®25922™) and cultured in PBS, 7% glucose, and 10% human plasma for 24 and 48 h, followed by retrieval and rinsing. Vortexed solutions were diluted, plated, and incubated at 37 °C for 24 to 48 h. Colony forming units (CFU/mm2) were determined using applicable dilution factors and surface areas. A two‐tailed, heteroscedastic Student's t‐test (95% confidence) was used to determine statistical significance. The various Si3N4 samples showed the most favorable bacterial resistance for both bacilli tested. The mechanisms for the bacteriostatic behavior of Si3N4 are likely due to multivariate surface effects including submicron‐topography, negative charging, and chemical interactions which form peroxynitrite (an oxidative agent). Si3N4 is a new biomaterial with the apparent potential to inhibit biofilm formation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1521–1534, 2017.
Synthesis of a Fe/AC Fenton‐like catalyst and heterogeneous catalysis in decolorization of Sunset Yellow by pulsed high‐voltage discharge
Authors: Zhu Xinyan , Ma Yuepeng , Liu Ying , Yang Zemeng , Li Qunsheng , Zhou Zhiyong , Ren Zhongqi
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

A new Fe/AC heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst was prepared using a dipping–sintering method. The prepared catalyst was characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The decolorization of Sunset Yellow was conducted in a self‐designed pulsed high‐voltage discharge system by the catalysis of the prepared heterogeneous catalyst. Effects of preparation conditions of catalyst (carrier material, sintering temperature and dipping time) and operating conditions (catalyst dosage, pH and treatment method) on decolorization efficiency were investigated.

RESULTS

Spherical activated carbon (AC) was selected as the carrier material and the optimal dipping time and sintering temperature were 8 h and 350 °C, respectively. The efficiency of decolorization of Sunset Yellow was above 90% after 30 min of a pulsed high‐voltage discharge process with 5 g heterogeneous catalyst and at pH 2.00. The utilization of copper mesh not only enhanced the decolorization of Sunset Yellow but also facilitated the reusability of the prepared heterogeneous catalyst. The efficiency of decolorization of Sunset Yellow with prepared Fe/AC heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst (5 g) was even a little higher than that with homogeneous catalyst (1.635 mmol L−1 Fe2+). The decolorization efficiency remained above 90% after ten recycles of the catalyst, indicating that the prepared heterogeneous catalyst has good stability and reusability. In addition, a possible catalytic mechanism for the decolorization reaction in a pulsed high‐voltage discharge system with prepared Fe/AC heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst was proposed by determination of H2O2 and ·OH concentrations in deionized water.

CONCLUSIONS

The prepared Fe/AC heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalyst efficiently degrades Sunset Yellow wastewater in a pulsed high‐voltage discharge system. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Microbial lipid production from lignocellulosic hydrolyzates: effect of carbohydrate mixtures and acid‐hydrolysis byproducts on cell growth and lipid production by Lipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Rahman Sharif , Arbter Philipp , Popovic Milan , Bajpai Rakesh , Subramaniam Ramalingam
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

The effects of byproducts of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates, such as furfural, 5‐hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF), vanillin, para‐hydroxy benzaldehyde (PHB), and syringaldehyde, on the growth and lipid accumulation by Lipomyces starkeyi were investigated. All the studies were conducted using a minimal medium.

RESULTS

The growth and lipid accumulation patterns on individual sugars (glucose and xylose) were similar, sequential utilization was observed when both the sugars were present in the medium. The tolerance of Lipomyces starkeyi to the acid‐hydrolysis byproducts, furfural, 5‐hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF), vanillin, para‐hydroxy benzaldehyde (PHB), and syringaldehyde, was promising.

CONCLUSION

The inhibitory effects of 5‐hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF), vanillin, para‐hydroxy benzaldehyde (PHB), and syringaldehyde were not significant at concentrations up to 500 mg L−1; for furfural the threshold was 400 mg L−1. The fatty acid profiles of lipids were not affected by the presence of inhibitors in the medium. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Substitution effects in a generalized token economy with pigeons
Authors: Andrade Leonardo F. , Hackenberg Timothy D.
Published: December 2016

Pigeons made repeated choices between earning and exchanging reinforcer‐specific tokens (green tokens exchangeable for food, red tokens exchangeable for water) and reinforcer‐general tokens (white tokens exchangeable for food or water) in a closed token economy. Food and green food tokens could be earned on one panel; water and red water tokens could be earned on a second panel; white generalized tokens could be earned on either panel. Responses on one key produced tokens according to a fixed‐ratio schedule, whereas responses on a second key produced exchange periods, during which all previously earned tokens could be exchanged for the appropriate commodity. Most conditions were conducted in a closed economy, and pigeons distributed their token allocation in ways that permitted food and water consumption. When the price of all tokens was equal and low, most pigeons preferred the generalized tokens. When token‐production prices were manipulated, pigeons reduced production of the tokens that increased in price while increasing production of the generalized tokens that remained at a fixed price. The latter is consistent with a substitution effect: Generalized tokens increased and were exchanged for the more expensive reinforcer. When food and water were made freely available outside the session, token production and exchange was sharply reduced but was not eliminated, even in conditions when it no longer produced tokens. The results join with other recent data in showing sustained generalized functions of token reinforcers, and demonstrate the utility of token‐economic methods for assessing demand for and substitution among multiple commodities in a laboratory context.
Outlook on optimizing ultramicroscopy imaging technique through optical characterization
Authors: Saghafi Saiedeh , Becker Klaus , Hahn Christian , Pende Marko , Jährling Nina , Wanis Martina , Sabdyusheva‐Litschauer Inna , Foroughipour Massih , Niendorf Axel , Dodt Hans‐Ulrich
Published: December 2016

Here, we present an optically optimized system for static ultramicroscopy imaging technique. The unit for generating an ultra‐thin light sheet employs aspheric and meso‐optical elements (meso‐aspheric system). An analytical as well as an experimental comparison between the light sheet produced by the standard system (using a rectangular slit aperture and one cylindrical lens) and the one produced by our latest optimized system, which converts a symmetrical Gaussian beam into an ultra‐thin light sheet is presented. Using the new light sheet in combination with our objective equipped with a modulator unit to compensate the refractive index mismatch between air and mediums with indices of 1.45–1.56, we present high resolution images of various biological samples that were chemically cleared using different methods. They demonstrate a marked improvement in quality, contrast and resolution.
Elevated bile amylase level without pancreaticobiliary maljunction is a risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Fujimoto Takaaki , Ohtsuka Takao , Nakashima Yohei , Gotoh Yoshitaka , Date Kenjiro , Mori Yasuhisa , Sadakari Yoshihiko , Takahata Shunichi , Oda Yoshinao , Nakamura Masafumi
Published: December 2016

Background

Elevated bile amylase level in patients with pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) or high confluence of pancreaticobiliary ducts (HCPBD) is well known as a risk factor for gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) development. However, the effects of occult pancreaticobiliary reflux (OPR), a condition characterized by high bile amylase level in the presence of an anatomically normal pancreaticobiliary junction, on GBC development remain unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between OPR and GBC.

Methods

Clinicopathological data of 52 patients who were preoperatively diagnosed with gallbladder (GB) tumor (22 malignant, 30 benign) were retrospectively reviewed. All of the patients underwent preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to evaluate pancreaticobiliary junction morphology and bile amylase level. The relationship between the histological diagnosis of GB lesions, and pancreaticobiliary junction morphology and bile amylase level were investigated.

Results

Pancreaticobiliary maljunction, HCPBD, and normal pancreaticobiliary junction (NPJ) were identified in 12, nine, and 31 patients, respectively. The rates of GBC in patients with PBM, HCPBD, and NPJ were 58% (7/12), 67% (6/9), and 29% (9/31), respectively. Of the 31 patients with NPJ, 22 had OPR and nine of these had GBC. None of the patients with NPJ and normal bile amylase level had GBC. Additionally, among patients with NPJ, bile amylase level was significantly higher in patients with GBC than in patients with benign tumors.

Conclusions

Occult pancreaticobiliary reflux, like PBM and HCPBD, is a risk factor for GBC development.
An evaluation of human ADME and mass balance studies using regular or low doses of radiocarbon
Authors: Roffel A.F. , van Marle S.P. , van Lier J.J. , Hartstra J. , van Hoogdalem E.‐J.
Published: December 2016

There has been increased interest in conducting human absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies with low doses (up to 0.1 MBq) as opposed to regular doses (1.85–3.7 MBq) of radiocarbon (14C). This is due to the fact that low‐dose human ADME studies may be conducted without dosimetry calculations and will lead to lower human radiation exposure. Here, we sought to compare the outcomes of low‐dose versus regular‐dose human ADME studies in healthy volunteers. Forty oral human ADME studies conducted at PRA were surveyed, among which 12 were low‐dose studies. The fraction of drug material absorbed was 67% ± 7% in the regular‐dose studies (data for 13 studies) versus 39% ± 16% in the low‐dose studies (data for 5 studies). The average total recovery of 14C in excreta was 93% ± 5% for regular‐dose studies, and 21 of 28 such studies showed recoveries more than 90%. For low‐dose studies, average total recovery was 89% ± 9%, and 6 of 12 studies showed recoveries more than 90%. Metabolite profiling was successful in all cases reported (13 regular‐dose studies and 5 low‐dose studies). There was no obvious relationship between the total recoveries of 14C in excreta and the proportion of 14C excreted in feces, or between the total recoveries and the plasma elimination half‐lives for parent or total 14C, neither in the low‐dose nor the regular‐dose studies. A significant correlation was found between the fraction absorbed and the recovery in feces in the low‐dose but not in the regular‐dose studies, and no correlation was found between the fractions absorbed and the total recoveries in both types of studies. Low‐dose studies were more often conducted on drugs that had a plasma elimination half‐life of parent drug more than 100 hours (5 of 12 studies) than regular‐dose studies (1 of 26 studies). We conclude that both low‐dose as well as regular‐dose human ADME studies provide adequate data to support decision making for further drug development.
Evaluation of soil moisture‐precipitation feedback at different time scales over Asia
Authors: Liu Di , Yu Zhongbo , Mishra Ashok K.
Published: December 2016

The soil moisture‐precipitation (SM‐P) feedback process can affect the water and energy cycles at local to regional scale, subsequently affecting the water distribution in space and time. This study investigates SM‐P feedback at different time scales over Asia during boreal summer season based on the covariation between SM and P. In this article the positive (negative) feedback means positive (negative) statistical correlations between SM‐P. This is based on the statistical relationship and do not reflect physical process associated between SM and P. The Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) data, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data and regional climate model, version 4 (RegCM4) simulations are adopted for analysis in this study. The results indicate a negative SM‐P relationship at a seasonal time scale over mid‐high latitudes of the study area whereas a positive but weak and spatial scattered correlation pattern is observed at the interannual time scale. A positive relationship is diagnosed over India, Indochina, and southeast China regions at seasonal (though weak) and interannual time scales. The positive and/or negative SM‐P correlation patterns observed at different time scales depends on the memory associated with seasonal precipitation and soil moisture. The strength of the SM‐P relationship seems to be influenced by the threshold behaviour of soil moisture, especially at the interannual time scale. This indicates that beyond a certain threshold in soil moisture anomalies likely to have significant influence on precipitation.
Less warming projected during heavy winter precipitation in the Cascades and Sierra Nevada
Authors: Rupp David E. , Li Sihan
Published: December 2016

Local rates of warming from increased greenhouse gas concentrations can be different during heavy precipitation than during other times. This variable warming can influence precipitation extremes through the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship and modulate the rate of snowfall decline. Large ensembles of simulations from a regional climate model were used to project, with high signal‐to‐noise ratio, changes in the daily winter temperature versus precipitation intensity relationship from the contemporary period to a mid‐21st century scenario over the Cascades and Sierra Nevada of the United States. Warming rates decreased with increasing precipitation intensity over all montane regions, with the strongest relationship in the northern Cascades (1.2 °C less warming at 100 mm day−1 than at trace amounts). The relationship may be linked to the projected north Pacific meridional warming gradient, as the moisture of the largest precipitation events originates at lower latitudes where warming is less, though other factors may contribute.
Prediction of hERG Liability – Using SVM Classification, Bootstrapping and Jackknifing
Authors: Sun Hongmao , Huang Ruili , Xia Menghang , Shahane Sampada , Southall Noel , Wang Yuhong
Published: December 2016

Drug‐induced QT prolongation leads to life‐threatening cardiotoxicity, mostly through blockage of the human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) encoded potassium ion (K+) channels. The hERG channel is one of the most important antitargets to be addressed in the early stage of drug discovery process, in order to avoid more costly failures in the development phase. Using a thallium flux assay, 4,323 molecules were screened for hERG channel inhibition in a quantitative high throughput screening (qHTS) format. Here, we present support vector classification (SVC) models of hERG channel inhibition with the averaged area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC‐ROC) of 0.93 for the tested compounds. Both Jackknifing and bootstrapping have been employed to rebalance the heavily biased training datasets, and the impact of these two under‐sampling rebalance methods on the performance of the predictive models is discussed. Our results indicated that the rebalancing techniques did not enhance the predictive power of the resulting models; instead, adoption of optimal cutoffs could restore the desirable balance of sensitivity and specificity of the binary classifiers. In an external validation set of 66 drug molecules, the SVC model exhibited an AUC‐ROC of 0.86, further demonstrating the utility of this modeling approach to predict hERG liabilities.
Mitochondrial capacity, muscle endurance, and low energy in friedreich ataxia
Authors: Bossie Hannah M. , Willingham T. Bradley , Schoick Robbi A. Van , O'Connor Patrick J. , McCully Kevin K.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

In this study we noninvasively evaluated skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, muscle‐specific endurance, and energy/fatigue feelings in persons with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) and able‐bodied controls (AB).

Methods

Forearm mitochondrial capacity was measured in FRDA (n = 16) and AB (n = 10) study participants using the rate of recovery of oxygen consumption after electrical stimulation with near‐infrared spectroscopy. Mechanomyography (MMG) assessed muscle endurance after electrical stimulation for 3 minutes at 2 Hz, 4 Hz, and 6 Hz. Validated scales assessed disease severity and energy/fatigue feelings.

Results

Groups did not differ in mitochondrial capacity (FRDA and AB: 1.8 ± 0.3 L/min). The difference in muscle endurance at 6 Hz was lower by 19.2% in the FRDA group (group effect: P < 0.001). Feelings of physical energy were 34% lower in FRDA group. In FDRA muscle, endurance was positively related to mitochondrial capacity (r = 0.59, P = 0.03), and disease severity was negatively related to mitochondrial capacity (r = –0.55, P = 0.04) and muscle endurance (r = –0.60, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Non‐invasive measures of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity and muscle‐specific endurance are useful in monitoring FRDA. Muscle Nerve 56: 773–779, 2017
Microstructural models for diffusion MRI in breast cancer and surrounding stroma: an ex vivo study
Authors: Bailey Colleen , Siow Bernard , Panagiotaki Eleftheria , Hipwell John H. , Mertzanidou Thomy , Owen Julie , Gazinska Patrycja , Pinder Sarah E. , Alexander Daniel C. , Hawkes David J.
Published: December 2016

The diffusion signal in breast tissue has primarily been modelled using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and diffusion tensor (DT) models, which may be too simplistic to describe the underlying tissue microstructure. Formalin‐fixed breast cancer samples were scanned using a wide range of gradient strengths, durations, separations and orientations. A variety of one‐ and two‐compartment models were tested to determine which best described the data. Models with restricted diffusion components and anisotropy were selected in most cancerous regions and there were no regions in which conventional ADC or DT models were selected. Maps of ADC generally related to cellularity on histology, but maps of parameters from more complex models suggest that both overall cell volume fraction and individual cell size can contribute to the diffusion signal, affecting the specificity of ADC to the tissue microstructure. The areas of coherence in diffusion anisotropy images were small, approximately 1 mm, but the orientation corresponded to stromal orientation patterns on histology.
A new approach to solve complex valued systems arising from the solution of Maxwell equations in the frequency domain through real‐equivalent formulations
Authors: Marioni L. , R. Alves Z. J. , Hachem E. , Bay F.
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this article is to propose algebraic techniques to solve symmetric complex‐valued systems. In particular, we focus on the systems which arise from the modeling of electromagnetic fields in the frequency domain. These systems usually present a very ill‐conditioned number, so specific preconditioning techniques are supposed to be used. Finally, both analytical and numerical reference tests are proposed on the simple case of the magnetic field produced by a solenoid containing conductive or non‐conducting materials.
Anxiety independently contributes to elevated inflammation in humans with obesity
Authors: Pierce Gary L. , Kalil Graziela Z. , Ajibewa Tiwaloluwa , Holwerda Seth W. , Persons Jane , Moser David J. , Fiedorowicz Jess G.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Anxious and depressive states are associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and a proinflammatory phenotype, although the latter appears to be at least partially explained by adiposity. It was hypothesized that depression and anxiety would be associated with elevated inflammation independent of adiposity in persons with obesity at high risk of CVD.

Methods

This study explored the relation between baseline anxiety as measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory and depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory‐II and baseline serum c‐reactive protein (CRP) in a cross‐sectional sample of 100 participants [mean (SD) age 57.8 (7.7) years; 64% female] with obesity [mean (SD) body mass index, BMI 37.3 (5.5) kg/m2] enrolled in a clinical trial for pharmacological weight loss.

Results

Beck Anxiety Inventory, but not Beck Depression Inventory‐II, scores were significantly correlated with CRP (ρ = 0.28, P = 0.005). BMI was also highly correlated with CRP (ρ = 0.42, P < 0.0001). In multivariate models, the relation between anxiety and CRP remained significant (P = 0.038), independent of BMI, age, and sex.

Conclusions

Anxiety, but not depression, was associated with elevated inflammation in persons with obesity beyond that attributable to higher BMI. Further study is warranted to assess whether anxiety represents a potential therapeutic target to mitigate corresponding CVD risk associated with elevated inflammation in persons with obesity.
Dissecting the relationship between obesity and hyperinsulinemia: Role of insulin secretion and insulin clearance
Authors: Kim Mee Kyoung , Reaven Gerald M. , Kim Sun H.
Published: December 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to better delineate the complex interrelationship among insulin resistance (IR), secretion rate (ISR), and clearance rate (ICR) to increase plasma insulin concentrations in obesity.

Methods

Healthy volunteers (92 nondiabetic individuals) had an insulin suppression test to measure IR and graded‐glucose infusion test to measure ISR and ICR. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, and IR was defined as steady‐state plasma glucose (SSPG) ≥10 mmol/L during the insulin suppression test. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, ISR, and ICR were compared in three groups: insulin sensitive/overweight; insulin sensitive/obesity; and insulin resistant/obesity.

Results

Compared with the insulin‐sensitive/overweight group, the insulin‐sensitive/obesity had significantly higher insulin area under the curve (AUC) and ISR AUC during the graded‐glucose infusion test (P < 0.001). Glucose AUC and ICR were similar. The insulin‐resistant/obesity group had higher insulin AUC and ISR AUC compared with the insulin‐sensitive/obesity but also had higher glucose AUC and decreased ICR (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, both BMI and SSPG were significantly associated with ISR.

Conclusions

Plasma insulin concentration and ISR are increased in individuals with obesity, irrespective of degree of IR, but a decrease in ICR is confined to the subset of individuals with IR.
Randomized sham‐controlled trial evaluating efficacy and safety of endoscopic gastric plication for primary obesity: The ESSENTIAL trial
Authors: Sullivan Shelby , Swain James M. , Woodman George , Antonetti Marc , De La Cruz‐Muñoz Nestor , Jonnalagadda Sreeni S. , Ujiki Michael , Ikramuddin Sayeed , Ponce Jaime , Ryou Marvin , Reynoso Jason , Chhabra Rajiv , Sorenson G. Brent , Clarkston Wendell K. , Edmundowicz Steven A. , Eagon J. Christopher , Mullady Daniel K. , Leslie Daniel , Lavin Thomas E. , Thompson Christopher C.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Evaluate safety and efficacy of the pose™ procedure for obesity treatment.

Methods

Subjects with Class I to II obesity were randomized (2:1) to receive active or sham procedure, after each investigator performed unblinded lead‐in cases. All subjects were provided low‐intensity lifestyle therapy. Efficacy end points were the mean difference in percent total body weight loss (%TBWL) at 12 months between randomized groups, and responder rate achieving ≥5% TBWL. The primary safety end point was incidence of reported adverse events.

Results

Three hundred thirty‐two subjects were randomized (active, n = 221; sham, n = 111); thirty‐four subjects were included in the unblinded lead‐in cohort. Twelve‐month results were mean TBWL 7.0 ± 7.4% in lead‐in, 4.95 ± 7.04% in active, and 1.38 ± 5.58% in sham groups, respectively. Responder rate was 41.55% in active and 22.11% in sham groups, respectively (P < 0.0001); mean responder result was 11.5% TBWL. The differences observed between active and sham groups for co‐primary end points were statistically significant (P < 0.0001); however, super superiority margin as set forth in the study design was not met. No unanticipated adverse events or deaths occurred. Procedure‐related serious adverse event rates were 5.0% (active) and 0.9% (sham), P = 0.068.

Conclusions

The pose procedure was safe and resulted in statistically significant and clinically meaningful weight loss over sham through 1 year.
New state estimator of nonlinear discrete‐time systems
Authors: Aljuwaiser E. , Badr R. , Hassan M. F.
Published: December 2016

In this paper, a new technique is developed to estimate the states of both deterministic and stochastic discrete‐time nonlinear systems. The stochastic system can be uncertain. The corrupting input and/or the output noise vectors may be either Gaussian or non‐Gaussian zero‐mean sequences. The proposed filter is based on pole placement technique, in which a set of constraints are imposed of the estimated outputs. The stability of the estimator is rigorously analyzed. An extension to the developed estimator is proposed to deal with constrained estimation problems. To illustrate the effectiveness and simplicity of the developed technique, illustrative examples are presented. Simulations results show that, for the deterministic case, the developed procedure leads to better results when compared with High‐gain observer, Thau's filter, and the Iterative Regularized Least Square estimator. On the other hand, for the stochastic case, the proposed estimator is superior to the extended Kalman filter and the iterative constrained estimator (ICE) with non‐ideal situations where the statistics of the noise signals and/or the system parameters are unknown, or the noise signals are non‐Gaussian. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Addressing regional disparities in pediatric oncology: Results of a collaborative initiative across the Mexican–North American border
Authors: Aristizabal Paula , Fuller Spencer , Rivera‐Gomez Rebeca , Ornelas Mario , Nuno Laura , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Ribeiro Raul , Roberts William
Published: December 2016

Background

Cancer is emerging as a major cause of childhood mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries. In Mexico, cancer is the number one cause of death in children aged 5–14. Until recently, many children with cancer from Baja California, Mexico, went untreated. We reasoned that an initiative inspired by the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH) “twinning” model could successfully be applied to the San Diego–Tijuana border region. In 2008, a twinning project was initiated by Rady Children's Hospital, SJCRH, and the General Hospital Tijuana (GHT). Our aim was to establish a pediatric oncology unit in a culturally sensitive manner, adapted to the local healthcare system.

Procedure

An initial assessment revealed that despite existence of basic hospital infrastructure at the GHT, the essential elements of a pediatric cancer unit were lacking, including dedicated space, trained staff, and uniform treatment. A 5‐year action plan was designed to offer training, support the staff financially, and improve the infrastructure.

Results

After 7 years, accomplishments include the opening of a new inpatient unit with updated technology, fully trained staff, and a dedicated, interdisciplinary team. Over 700 children have benefited from accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusions

Initiatives that implement long‐term partnerships between institutions along the Mexican–North American border can be highly effective in establishing successful pediatric cancer control programs. The geographic proximity facilitated accelerated training and close monitoring of project development. Similar initiatives across other disciplines may benefit additional patients and synergize with pediatric oncology programs to reduce health disparities in underserved areas.