bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEMELIHARA SEMANGAT PERSATUAN DAN KESATUAN
Authors: Mbatu Anita Laki
Published: December 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara yang besar yang wilayahnya terjarak oleh pulau-pulau yang luas dan banyak maka itu indonesia memiliki ciri khas yaitu keanekaragaman budaya, adat istiadat, agama, suku dan bahasa. Memelihara persatuan dan kesatuan juga perlu ada campur tangan pemimpin dalam membuat kenyamanan atau keutuhan untuk masyarakat dengan itu pemimpin harus mengatahui betul keadaan masyarakatnya, mengetahui keadaan ekonomi, pendidikan , kesehatan dan lain-lain agar tidak terjadi masalah komunikasi dan adanya keterbukaan pemimpin terhadap masyarakat. Dengan persatuan yang telah dibangun oleh pahlawan-pahlawan yang telah berjasa dengan penuh peluh keringat dan taruhan nyawa maka tugas masyarakat indonesia sekarang ini adalah waktu yang tepat untuk bagaimana menciptakan cita-cita yang sudah di cita-cita kan pahlawan untuk hidup merdeka bebas dari ancaman dan dapat mengambangkan negara ke arah yang lebih baik, maka persatuan adalah pokok dari semua itu agar dapat memperkuat negara agar tidak mudah digoyah oleh hal-hal yang negatif. Kata kunci: memelihara, persatuan, kesatuan
50400121014_Nur Alisah_Resume Filsafat Ilmu Dakwah Syeik Yusuf Al-Makassary
Authors: Alisah Nur
Published: December 2021

Pesan dakwah Syeikh Al-Makassari mencerminkan nilai-nilai islam yang damai dan toleran terhadap kelompok agama lain sehingga jauh dari kesan anarkis dan ekstrim
Pasar Dan Pemasaran
Authors: Asniar
Published: December 2021

Tantangan utama perusahaan- perusahaan adalah bagaimana membangun dan mempertahankan bisnis yang sehat dalam pasar dan lingkungan yang terus berubah. Agar perusahaan tetap dapat survive perusahaan harus mampu mengenali pelanggannya. Dengan kata lain pasar sasaran yang dituju dengan tepat akan memudahkan perusahaan dalam melakukan executing strategy. Seorang yang membeli suatu barang atau jasa akan terlibat dalam suatu transaksi pembelian. Transaksi jual beli yang terjadi dilakukan oleh penjual dan pembeli. Kejadian ini berlangsung pada saat tertentu di tempat tertentu. Sehingga pasar dapat dianggap sebagai suatu tempat. Pengertian pasar sebagai tempat ini sebenarnya sangat sempit dan kurang fleksibel. Oleh karena itu defenisi pasar yang lebih luas (Stanton) adalah: Pasar adalah orang-orang yang mempunyai keinginan untuk puas, uang untuk berbelanja, dan kemauan untuk membelanjakannya.
Resume filsafat dakwah Syaikh Yusuf Al-Makassary
Authors: Fajar Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Di dalam resume ini menjelaskan tentang biografi Syaikh Yusuf Al-makassary mulai dari kelahiran, pendidikan sampai pada kepribadian Syaikh Yusuf Al-makassary.Di dalam resume ini juga dijelaskan karya karya Syaikh Yusuf Al-makassary dan tokoh tokoh yang terpengaruh dalam karya karya beliau. Didalam resume juga dijelaskan basis pemikiran etika religius Syaikh Yusuf Al-makassary mulai dari syari'at, Tarekat, hakikat dan makrifat
Ringkasan Filsafat Dakwah Syekh Yusuf Al-Makassary
Authors: Alamsyah Putra
Published: December 2021

Ringkasan ini berisi tentang Filsafat Dakwah Syekh Yusuf Al-Makassary yang berjudul Agama dan Bayang-Bayang Etis Syaikh Yusuf Al-Makassari. Buku ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang dilatarbelakangi oleh kerisauan penulis terhadap krisis keindonesiaan pasca- reformasi, yang berakibat pada rapuhnya kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan politik, serta krisis moralitas yang melanda sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia.
The mental health and well-being profile of young adults using social media
Authors: Di Cara Nina H. , Winstone Lizzy , Sloan Luke , Davis Oliver , Haworth Claire
Published: December 2021

The relationship between mental health and social media has received significant research and policy attention. However, there is little population representative data about who social media users are which limits understanding of confounding in associations between mental health and social media. Here we profile users of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children population cohort (N=4,083). We provide estimates of demographics and mental health and well-being outcomes by platform. We find that users of different platforms and frequencies are not homogenous. User groups differ primarily by sex and YouTube users are the most likely to have poorer mental health outcomes. Instagram and Snapchat users tend to have higher well-being. Relationships between use-frequency and well-being differ depending on the specific well-being construct measured. The reproducibility of future research may be improved by stratifying by sex and being specific about the well-being constructs used.
A Factor Structure within Misophonia: The Sussex Misophonia Scale for researchers and clinicians
Authors: Rinaldi Louisa J , Ward Jamie , Simner Julia
Published: December 2021

Misophonia is an unusually strong aversion to a specific class of sounds -- most often human bodily sounds such as chewing, crunching, or breathing. A number of questionnaires exist to diagnose misophonia, but few have been validated, and fewer still show any factor structure within the symptoms of the condition. Here we present a novel tool, the Sussex Misophonia Scale, which represents all key theme from previous questionnaires within a single easy-to-use measure. We validated our questionnaire in a sample of 501 adults, including people with and without misophonia. Our exploratory factor analyses revealed five factors tied to misophonia (Feelings/ Isolation; Life consequences; Intersocial reactivity; Avoidance/ Repulsion; Pain). Receiver Operator Characteristic showed our questionnaire to be an excellent measure for identifying people with misophonia, and we present it here with its diagnostic threshold for researchers and clinicians.
Seeking reputation or money? The influence of sociality mental modes on sense of agency in social contexts
Authors: duanxueer  , Zhong Yiping , liking
Published: December 2021

Sociality mental modes (i.e., market mode primed by money cues and communal mode primed by eye gaze) refer to the ways people interact with others in distinct manners(individuals are inclined to share resources with others regardless of the personal costs and benefits in the communal mode but have a personal relationship with others based on cost-benefit ratios in the market mode), and they affect social interaction and even affect the subjective experience. The sense of agency (SoA) is a subjective experience of one’s degree of control over external events. But little is known about the influence of sociality mental modes on the SoA. Previous studies have shown that social exclusion reduces the SoA. Here, we examined whether sociality mental modes affect the sense of agency by intentional binding paradigm and 9-point Likert scale (experiment 1) in social contexts by priming social exclusion and social inclusion through a recall task (experiment 2). The results showed that in social exclusion conditions, the market mode group had a shorter estimate of time, and the communal mode group had a higher rating of agency than the control group. This study demonstrates that social inclusion context improves the explicit sense of agency. In the context of social exclusion and inclusion, the market mode enhances the implicit sense of agency, that is, pursuing money; the communal mode reduces the explicit sense of agency, that is, seeking reputation.
Outrage Fatigue? Cognitive Costs and Decisions to Blame
Authors: Bambrah Veerpal , Cameron Daryl , Inzlicht Michael
Published: December 2021

Across nine studies (N=1,672), we assessed the link between cognitive costs and the choice to express outrage by blaming. We developed the Blame Selection Task, a binary free-choice paradigm that examines the propensity to blame transgressors (versus an alternative choice)—either before or after reading vignettes and viewing images of moral transgressions. We hypothesized that participants’ choice to blame wrongdoers would negatively relate to how cognitively inefficacious, effortful, and aversive blaming feels (compared to the alternative choice). With vignettes, participants approached blaming and reported that blaming felt more efficacious. With images, participants avoided blaming and reported that blaming felt more inefficacious, effortful, and aversive. Blame choice was greater for vignette-based transgressions than image-based transgressions. Blame choice was positively related to moral personality constructs, blame-related social-norms, and perceived efficacy of blaming, and inversely related to perceived effort and aversiveness of blaming. The BST is a valid behavioral index of blame propensity, and choosing to blame is linked to its cognitive costs.
Zwitschernder Elfenbeinturm – Eine Laienperspektive zum Gebrauch sozialer Medien in der Wissenschaft
Authors: Wolff Wanja , Barzyk Philipp
Published: December 2021

Die steigende Digitalisierung aller Lebensbereiche und der ungebrochene Aufstieg spezialisierter (z.B. ResearchGate) und domänenübergreifender (z.B. Twitter) sozialer Netzwerke macht auch vor der Sportwissenschaft nicht Halt. Dieser Aufstieg und die hiermit verbundenen Chancen und Risiken für die Sportwissenschaft werden bereits im Ze-Phir („Digitale Sportwissenschaft – Schöne Neue Welt“, 2020) umfassend beleuchtet und diskutiert. Allein seit Erscheinen des Ze-Phirs konnte Twitter 20 Millionen neue täglich aktive Nutzer*innen gewinnen (Stand: Q2 2021) und ResearchGate wuchs von 17 Millionen auf 20 Millionen Nutzer*innen (ResearchGate 2021; Pöppel 2020). Unmittelbar betroffen von dieser Entwicklung ist die Art und Weise wie Wissenschaft kommuniziert werden kann und wird. Insbesondere der Kurznachrichtendienst Twitter erscheint hierbei besonders relevant. Daher thematisieren wir in diesem Beitrag unsere subjektiven Erfahrungen und Eindrücke zur Nutzung von Twitter als Wissenschaftskommunikationswerkzeug.
Pedestrians’ overt attention affects time-to-arrival estimates of oncoming traffic
Authors: Sudkamp Jennifer , Souto David
Published: December 2021

To navigate safely, pedestrians need to accurately perceive and predict other road users’ motion trajectories. Previous research has shown that the way visual information is sampled affects motion perception. Here we asked how overt attention affects time-to-arrival prediction of oncoming vehicles when viewed from a pedestrian’s point of view in a virtual road-crossing scenario. In three online experiments, we tested time-to-arrival prediction accuracies when observers pursued an approaching vehicle, fixated towards the road-crossing area, fixated towards the road close to the vehicle’s trajectory or were free to view the scene. When the observer-vehicle distance was high, participants displayed a central tendency in their predicted arrival times, indicating that vehicle speed was insufficiently taken into account when estimating its time-to-arrival. This was especially the case when participants fixated towards the road-crossing area, resulting in time-to-arrival overestimation of slow-moving vehicles and underestimation of fast-moving vehicles. The central tendency bias decreased when participants pursued the vehicle or when the eccentricity between the fixation location and the vehicle trajectory was reduced. Our results identify an unfavorable visual sampling strategy as a potential risk factor for pedestrians and suggest that overt attention is best directed towards the direction of the approaching traffic to derive accurate time-to-arrival estimates. To support pedestrian safety, we conclude that the promotion of adequate visual sampling strategies should be considered in both traffic planning and safety training measures.
Little Support for Discrete Item Limits in Visual Working Memory
Authors: Oberauer Klaus
Published: December 2021

Some theorists argue that working memory is limited to a discrete number of items, and additional items are not encoded at all. Others assume that all items are represented with variable quality. Adam, Vogel, and Awh (2017) presented evidence supporting the item-limit hypothesis: Participants reproduced visual features of up to six items in a self-chosen order. After the third or fourth response, error distributions were indistinguishable from guessing. I present four experiments with young adults (each N=24) testing the assumption that the brief, simultaneous display of visual arrays has led to failures of encoding in the experiments of Adam et al. (2017). Experiment 1 presented items slowly and sequentially. Experiment 2 presented them simultaneously but longer than in the experiments of Adam et al. (2017). Experiments 3 and 4 exactly replicated one original experiment. There was no evidence for an encoding limit. However, all four experiments failed to replicate the evidence for guessing-like error distributions. Modelling data from individuals revealed a mixture of some who do and others who don’t produce guessing-like distributions. This heterogeneity increases the credibility of an alternative to the item-limit hypothesis: Some individuals decide to guess on hard trials even when they have weak information in memory.
The effects of President Trump’s COVID-19 diagnosis on hoax beliefs and risk perceptions of the virus in the U.S.
Authors: Tanase Lisa-Maria , Kerr John R , Freeman Alexandra , Schneider Claudia R.
Published: December 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been the worst infectious disease outbreak in the U.S. in over 100 years and was associated with the deaths of over 500,000 people in the U.S. within its first year alone. This public health challenge is additionally affected by public scepticism over the severity of the disease, or even its existence in many countries, including the U.S. Previous research has shown that this scepticism is politically skewed in the U.S., with conservatives more likely to downplay or deny the risks of the virus. Such polarisation has been led by elite cues, including the President of the U.S. at one point describing the virus as a ‘hoax’. However, the subsequent hospitalisation of President Trump with COVID-19 in October 2020 served as a high-profile exemplar of the reality and risks of the virus, and as such may have influenced opinions, particularly for U.S. conservatives. The current research draws on two studies, both of which serendipitously surveyed independent representative U.S. samples before and shortly after the announcement of Trump’s illness. In Study 1, measuring risk perceptions of the virus, we find that, controlling for sociodemographic factors, participants surveyed before and after the announcement did not differ in their risk perception regardless of political orientation. However, in Study 2, measuring belief that the virus is a hoax, we find that among those on the far right of the political spectrum, such a belief was lower for those surveyed after the announcement, suggesting that Trump’s hospitalisation may have changed the beliefs of those most receptive to the President’s earlier claims of the virus being a hoax.
Social Support and Nonsuicidal Self-injury among Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Kellerman John K. , Millner Alexander , Joyce Victoria W. , Nash Carol C. , Buonopane Ralph , Nock Matthew , Kleiman Evan
Published: December 2021

Objective: Cross-sectional studies and prospective studies with long follow-up periods (e.g., years) have shown that lower levels of social support are associated with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents. This study examined how short-term changes in social support may contribute to NSSI behavior and whether different sources of support (e.g., friends, family members) provide differential protective effects against NSSI. Methods: We examined fluctuations in NSSI and social support perceived from multiple sources among a sample of 118 high-risk adolescents hospitalized for serious self-harm risk. Participants provided daily reports of social support and any self-injurious behavior for the duration of their inpatient treatment (721 total observations, average observations per participant = 6.11). Multi-level models were used to assess variability in social support and how these fluctuations relate to whether or not an individual engages in NSSI. Results: Over one-third of participants reported engaging in NSSI at least once during inpatient hospitalization and self-reported social support varied considerably within-person across sources of support. Support perceived from family members and inpatient unit staff was inversely associated with NSSI, but no relationship was found between NSSI and support from other patients on the unit or friends outside of the unit. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the protective effects of social support for NSSI vary over short periods of time and that support perceived from adults is particularly relevant among this high-risk clinical sample. This study represents an important step in identifying risk factors to improve the detection and prevention of NSSI among adolescent inpatients.
Oxygen - Mitochondrial fuel as a missing link in depressive pathophysiology
Authors: Mavioglu R. Nehir , Mack Matthias , Behnke Alexander , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana
Published: December 2021

Major depressive disorder (MDD) causes enormous individual suffering and socioeconomic costs. Biochemical mechanisms leading to MDD are poorly understood and therapy success is not satisfactory. At present, there is evidence of low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and most interestingly, a disturbed energy metabolism in MDD and other mental disorders. Mitochondria play a central part in energy production and stress signaling. Mitochondrial electron transport chain uses molecular oxygen (O2) as final electron acceptor during adenosine triphosphate production attributing a crucial role to an intact O2 supply. Adaptation to altered O2 availability by the highly conserved hypoxic response is essential for maintaining allostasis. Previous research confirmed the role of O2 metabolism in the pathophysiology of MDD. In this perspective article, we compile the evidence linking O2 transport, O2 homeostasis, and mitochondrial energy metabolism to MDD. Furthermore, we hypothesize that inflammation and oxidative stress-related alterations in O2 transport might lead to a hypoxic response, which explains changes in O2 homeostasis and energy metabolism in MDD. Our forthcoming studies will investigate the interplay between energy metabolism and O2 homeostasis in MDD that aim to improve the overall understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD and to guide medical and psychological diagnostics towards a holistic strategy.
The Importance of Random Slopes in Mixed Models for Bayesian Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Oberauer Klaus
Published: December 2021

Mixed models are gaining popularity in psychology. For frequentist mixed models, Barr, Levy, Scheepers, and Tily (2013) showed that excluding random slopes – differences between individuals in the direction and size of an effect – from a model when they are in the data can lead to a substantial increase in false-positive conclusions in null-hypothesis tests. Here I demonstrate through five simulations that the same is true for Bayesian hypothesis testing with mixed models, often yielding Bayes factors reflecting very strong evidence for a mean effect on the population level even if there was no such effect. Including random slopes in the model largely eliminates the risk of strong false positives, but reduces the chance of obtaining strong evidence for true effects. I recommend starting analysis with testing the support for random slopes in the data, and removing them from the models only if there is clear evidence against them.
Investigating the mechanisms of Gene-by-SES interactions for education
Authors: Ruks Mirko
Published: December 2021

A growing body of research asks whether the opportunity to realize the genetic endowment for education varies by parental socio-economic status (GxSES). While the behavioral genetic Scarr-Rowe hypothesis (SRH) suggests stronger, the sociological compensatory advantage hypothesis (CAH) predicts weaker genetic effects for individuals with a higher social origin. Using data from the German TwinLife survey, I estimate biometric twin models to test for a GxSES along the educational life course and whether it can be explained by a moderation of the effect of genes associated with cognitive ability. While for secondary school track no GxSES can be found, there is a GxSES for tertiary enrolment in line with the CAH that is mainly accounted for by social origin differences in the realization of genes associated with cognitive ability. Taken together, the results show a more pronounced GxSES pattern in the later educational life course.
Citizens' candidates? Labour market experiences and radical right-wing candidates in the 2014 Swedish municipal elections
Authors: Helske Satu , Kawalerowicz Juta
Published: December 2021

This article uses Swedish register data to study the labour market experiences of radical right-wing candidates. We look at different measures of economic insecurity (labour market participation trajectories, experience of unemployment in social networks, relative decline of men’s income and relative growth of jobs for foreign-born workers vis-a-vis natives) and examine whether they are predictors of candidates running for the Sweden Democrats, the main radical right-wing party in Sweden, as opposed to another mainstream political party. We find some confirmation for the notion that radical right-wing candidates are citizens’ candidates (Bó, Finan, Folke, Persson and Rickne, 2018) as far as labour market experiences of radical right-wing candidates are markedly different from mainstream party candidates. Those with turbulent or out-of-labour market labour market trajectories are much more likely to run for the Sweden Democrats, as opposed to other parties. Additionally, the same is true for candidates embedded in social networks with higher levels of unemployment, while working in high skilled industry markedly lowers probability of running for the Sweden Democrats, especially for male candidates with low educational attainment. We find no confirmation for decline in relative status of men and mixed results for ethnic threat hypothesis.
Assessing Interdisciplinary Research in the Social Sciences: Are we on the right track?
Authors: Eykens Joshua
Published: December 2021

In this chapter we first discuss how interdisciplinarity is perceived in research policy making and in applied bibliometric research. We put forward a processual view on disciplines and interdisciplinarity in the social sciences which emphasizes the changing nature of disciplines and the heterogeneity of individual fields. This view challenges the current status quo in the development of bibliometric indicators as well as qualitative research assessment exercises. We propose a stance in which the focus is shifted to the changing dynamics of the social sciences in order to develop a better understanding of interdisciplinarity. We point out that the cognitive and socio-cultural diversity of disciplines makes it difficult to transfer current disciplinary peer review practices to the evaluation of interdisciplinarity. We reiterate seven principles proposed by Klein which might guide more appropriate evaluation practices suitable for the assessment of interdisciplinarity in the social sciences.
The Schwarzschild black hole in f(R) can exist superradiation phenomenon
Authors: Chen Wen-Xiang
Published: December 2021

For the relationship of the limit $y$ of the incident particle under the superradiance of the preset boundary (${\mu} = {y}{\omega}$),we find the relationship between black hole thermodynamics and superradiation, and use boundary conditions to establish the relationship between y and R. One of the modes under f(R) gravity,there is a possible solution.When r tends to infinity, as a coordinate transformation, y tends to 0. At that time, there is a potential barrier near the event horizon, that is, the Schwarzschild black hole under f(R) gravitation has superradiation at that time.
त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय केन्द्रीय पुस्तकालयः म्यानुअलदेखि अनलाइनसम्म Tribhuvan Vishwavidhyalaya Kendriya Pustakalaya: Myanual Dekhi Online Samma
Authors: Sharma Bijaya
Published: December 2021

प्रस्तुत लेखमा त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय केन्द्रीय पुस्तकालय स्थापनाकालदेखि ८० को दशकको उत्तराद्र्धसम्ममा आइपुग्दा सुदृृढीकरणका विभिन्न आयममा भएका प्रयासको विवेचना गरिएको छ । विभिन्न आयममध्ये पुस्तकालयको स्थापना, ज्ञानसामग्रीको व्यवस्थापन र अनलाइन रिसोर्सेसमा भएगरेका गतिविधिका सम्बन्धमा प्राप्त तथ्य तथा रेकर्डबाट सूचना तथा तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । वि.सं. २०१६ मा त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यायसँगै सीमित स्रोत साधनबाट त्रिपुरेश्वरदेखि सुरुभएको पुस्तकायल अहिले देशकै ठुलो पुस्तकालयका रूपमा स्थापित भएको देखिन्छ । यस पुस्तकालयले म्याुनअल प्रणालीबाट ज्ञानसामग्रीहरू व्यवस्थापन तथा छिटोछरितो सेवा प्रवाहमा देखापरेका समस्यालाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न समयक्रम अनुसार आधुनिक प्रविधि उन्मुख भएको छ । हाल नयाँ प्रविधिको प्रयोग गर्दै रिमोट एक्सेस सेवा सहित बहुविषयलाई समेटेको प्रोक्वेस्ट डाटाबेस खरिद गरी पाठकहरूलाई अनलाइन मार्फत सेवा प्रदान गर्न सुरु गरेको छ । अनलाइन सेवा विस्तारकै क्रममा राष्ट्रिय तथा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरमा आफ्नो सन्जाल फैलाउदै निःशुल्क रूपमा रिसोर्सेसहरूको पनि व्यवस्था पुस्तकालयले गरेको देखिन्छ । पुस्तकालयले आफुलाई पूर्णरूपमा डिजिटाइजेसन गर्न सकेको छैन् । त्यसकारण म्यानुअल र अनलाइन दुवै प्रणालीलाई अगाल्दै हाइब्रिड पुस्तकालयको रूपमा सेवा प्रवाह गरेको यथार्थ यस लेखका निष्कर्षमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
Financial Analysis of the Private Organic Farm: Sanga Agro Farm
Authors: Acharya Gyanu
Published: December 2021

The study was regulated to find out the financial profitability of private organic farm of Sanga, Kavre. The study is based on both primary and secondary sources of data. The collected data using interview were analyzed by presenting them on table and interpreted through Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) in 10 percent discount rate. For this, all figures were converted into Net Present Value (NPV) of Nepalese rupees. The findings of the study showed that the BCR was greater than one such as 1.47 ratios (BCR>1). The BCR value showed that the farm has contributed to increase more profit of owner by selling their farm’s products. The project of organic items: beans and garden cress was able to produce fresh items, provide space for employment. These organic products supported human health, soil health, and maintained conducive environment.
Editorial
Authors: Smyrnova-Trybulska Eugenia , Studenska Anna
Published: December 2021

International Journal of Research in E-learning Vol. 7 (1), 2021
Alat Pengering Kerupuk untuk Meningkatkan Usaha Kecil Industri Rumah Tangga di Desa Mulyoagung, Kecamatan Dau, Kabupaten Malang
Authors: Lesmanah Unung , Afroni M. Jasa , Wafi Abdul
Published: December 2021

Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan untuk mencarikan solusi bagi permasalahan mitra yang mengalami kesulitan untuk mengeringkan kerupuk puli dalam kondisi cuaca mendung / hujan. Oven pengering yang dirancang oleh team pelaksana kegiatan dapat membantu proses pengeringan dalam kondisi sinar matahari yang yang kurang mendukung pengeringan yang optimal. Dengan menggunakan oven pengering, produktivitas kerupuk puli selama cuaca mendung atau hujan meningkat sekitar 200 % dibandingkan dengan produksi kerupuk tanpa menggunakan oven. Oven hasil rancangan ini menggunakan bahan bakar gas dengan teknologi yang cukup sederhana sehingga mudah dioperasikan oleh mitra.

Kerupuk; Oven pengering; Produktivitas
Présentation
Authors: Caplow Theodore
Published: December 2021

The International Research Group for the Comparative Charting of Social Change (CCSC) was founded at the University of Virginia in 1986 by sociologists and historians from France, West Germany, Quebec, and the United States, who had been studying social trends in their respective countries. Most of the scholars who initiated the project were closely linked to The Tocqueville Society. The CCSC website (http://host.gesis.org/ccschomepage.html) gives more information on past and ongoing research of this group.
Le Leviathan passé au crible : une évaluation de l’État américain au seuil du XXIe siècle
Authors: Caplow Theodore
Published: December 2021

« Nous, le Peuple des États-Unis, en vue de former une Union plus parfaite, d'établir la justice, de foire régner la paix intérieure, de pourvoir à la défense commune, dé développer le bien-être général et d’assurer les bienfaits de la liberté, pour nous-mêmes comme pour notre posténté. nous décrétons et établissons cette Constitution pour les Étais-Unis d'Amérique ».
L’Amérique au miroir de la presse française
Authors: Le Texier Emmanuelle
Published: December 2021

« Chaque fois que les Français se sentent mal dans leur peau (...) ils s'en prennent à nous, et ces jours-ci, ils ont beaucoup de raisons d'être mal dans leur peau »1 avail commenté en aparté un haut fonctionnaire américain. La tencur de ces propos constitue une exception pour le lecteur de la presse quotidienne et hebdomadaire française. Il se trouve en effet beaucoup plus soumis aux représentations que se fait la France de 1’Amérique, ou plus précisément à celles des auteurs qui publient articles, éditoriaux ou tribunes libres sur les États-Unis.
Post-communism Elections as a Theoretical Challenge
Authors: Roger Antoine
Published: December 2021

The specialists of electoral behavior find a new and stimulating field in post-communist democracies of Central and Eastern Europe. They could be tempted to use the models which were built for interpreting the vote in western countries but they must be cautious as a simple transposition is not possible. Several adaptations have been tried during the last decade. Because specialists have not bothered setting up a general framework, the results have been disappointing. It is time to cast a retrospective look on them so as to set down some landmarks.
Lettres mexicaines de Alexis de Tocqleville
Authors: Aguilar Rivera José Antonio
Published: December 2021

Il y a quelque temps, je recevais une lettre du professeur W.T. Bryce, célébre spécialiste de l'œuvre de Alexis de Tocqucville. m'informant d'une remarquable découverte qu'il avail faite. [...] Un ou deux mois après que j'eus reçu la mystérieuse missive de Bryce, un facteur visiblement gêné me remit un paquet volumineux qui contenai de nombreux documents en désordre. Une note manuscrite de Bryce accompagnait ces papiers, qui étaient des impressions de micro-films.
Tocqueville in Sweden
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: December 2021

If a non-Swedish observer was asked to hazard a guess if Tocqueville had influenced Swedish political, cultural and intellectual life, she would probably answer that this would be quite unlikely, given the strong position of colleetivistic ideologies in this country.1 This answer is both correct and incorrect, as I shall try to show in this brief note which attempts to add to our knowledge of the reception of Tocqueville in Europe — a genre that was initiated by Francoisc Mélonio in Tocqueville et les Français in 1993. During the 19th century Tocqueville’s ideas were well known in political as well as cultural and intellectual circles in Sweden. During the 20th century, on the other hand, the interest more or less disappeared, although there exist some signs of a recent revival, set off by a new translation of De la démocratie en Amérique in 1997 (L’Ancien régime has never been translated into Swedish).
Frères jumeaux, frères ennemis : Les trajectoires littéraires divergentes des œuvres de Tocqueville et de Beaumont
Authors: Clignet Rémi
Published: December 2021

L'essai Démocratie en Amérique a rendu Alexis de Tocqueville célèbre des deux côtés de l’Oétan Allantique. En revanche. Marie ou l'esclavage aux États-Unis n'a pas permis à Gustave de Beaumont, son auteur et compagnon de Tocqueville au cours de l'expédition américaine, de connaître un sort aussi illustre. Publiée pour la première fois en 1835, cettc œuvre a connu cinq éditions en sept ans, pour disparaître entre 1845 ct aujourd'hui.
The German State in Comparative Perspective in the Year 2000
Authors: Hondrich Karl-Otto
Published: December 2021

1. General Remarks “Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit fuer das deuische Vaterland..." Unity, Justice and Liberty (Freedom) — those are the guidelines the German national anthem puts forward to the striving of “all of us˜”. We are supposed to strive for it “as brothers” — not on our own “as individuals”. The text of the anthem was written in 1841. It reminds us of the core values of the French Revolution: liberté, égaltié, fraternité. And the same extended value set — with the exception of brotherhood — appears in the founding document of the United States of America: It evokes a more perfect Union, Justice, domestic Tranquility, common Defense, general Welfare and the Blessings of Liberty.
Arthur de Gobineau commenté par Alexis de Tocqueville
Authors: Assimacopoulou Fotini
Published: December 2021

J'agirai autrement que la plupart des gens, je commencerai avec vous par les critiques. Elles portent sur l'idée-mère elle-même. Je vous avouerai franchement que vous ne m'avez pas convaincu. Toutes mes objections subsistent. [...] Votre doctrine est plutôt en effet une sorte de fatalisme, de prédestination si vous voulez. (...) Or, je vous confesse qu 'après vous avoir lu aussi bien qu avant, je reste placé à l'extrémité opposée de ces doctrines.
Introduction
Authors: Forsé Michel
Published: December 2021

The question raised by the editorial committee of The Tocqueville Review, as we set about to determine the table of contents for a volume dated 2001, was how best to mark our entrance into the new century and millennium. We decided to attempt an assessment of the social sciences since the Second World War, and, as social scientists, to proceed by means of a questionnaire. It was a gamble. Would the hundred or so senior researchers respond to our two questions?
Pour un comparatisme heuristique : Répertoires d’évaluation, identité morale et dignité de la personne
Authors: Nachi Mohamed
Published: December 2021

La justice est enjeu de débats contemporains. La théorie de la justice de J. Rawls y occupe une place centrale. Mais au-delà des questions de philosophie morale et politique, dont on ne peut faire l’économie, se profilent les significations sociales que partagent en commun les acteurs concernant ce qui est juste et injuste. La sociologie post-critique initiée par L. Boltanski et L. Thévenot nous offre l’opportunité et les outils méthodologiques d’investir ces significations et de scruter les régimes pragmatiques de l’action qui sont en œuvre dans la vie ordinaire.1
The Emergence of a New Constitutional Order in the United States
Authors: Tushnet Mark
Published: December 2021

Bruce Ackerman has argued that the U.S. constitutional system has undergone several major transformations.2 His recent witings continue to reject the proposition that the United States has recently experienced another constitutional transformation. I believe that he is wrong, and that the past decade has seen the consolidation of a new constitutional order, different from the one that prevailed from 1937 to the 1980s, which I call the New Deal-Great Society constitutional order.
Tocqueville et les anciens
Authors: Couture Yves
Published: December 2021

Il existe très peu d'analyses du rapport de Tocqueville à la pensée, à la morale et à la politique antiques. Un seul thème a véritablement échappé à ce silence du commentaire, celui de l'importance que Tocqueville accorde à la vie civique. Ne demeure-t-il pas fidèle à ce que Constant venait précisément d'appeler la liberté des anciens? La question demeure débattue, puisqu'on peut aussi le considérer comme le penseur d'un civisme essentiellement moderne. L'attention portée à cet enjeu spécifique n'a toutefois pas remis en cause la marginalisation de son rapport plus général à l'antiquité classique.
Le pétrole de la Caspienne : enjeu politique au Sud de la Russie
Authors: Magomedov Arbakhan
Published: December 2021

La grande courbe que forme l’oléoduc unissant le nord de la Caspienne aux ports de la mer Noire du Kouban est appelée à devenir la plus grande construction économique et géopolitique au sud de la Russie. Le long de cette ligne sont concentrés les plus grands intérêts, les plus grands capitaux des sociétés pétrolières, les ambitions et égoïsmes des groupes dirigeants régionaux, des administrateurs municipaux et des associations de citoyens.
Preserving Liberty While Combatting Terrorism: An American Experience
Authors: Shapiro Steven R.
Published: December 2021

In 1946, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the declaration of martial law in Hawaii following Pearl Harbor did not suspend the Bill of Rights and did not deprive civilians accused of crime of the right to trial by jury in a civilian rather than a military court. In a concurring opinion, Justice Frank Murphy wrote.
Premier Amendement : Madison, Jefferson, ou deux conceptions de la République
Authors: Léchenet Annie
Published: December 2021

En 1787, Thomas Jefferson représente à Paris un groupe de treize États lointains, de faible puissance économique, qui ont du mal à s'unir, et qui de surcroît ont l'audace de se gouverner en autant de républiques. Lorsqu'en octobre, son compagnon de lutte républicain, James Madison, lui fait part d'un projet de Constitution Fédérale, qui coifferait ces États de l'autorité d'un gouvernement commun, Jefferson lui répond qu'il se réjouit de « l'harmonieuse distribution des pouvoirs dans un gouvernement qui irait de lui-même paisiblement ».
Minorities and Religious Freedom in the United States
Authors: O’Brien David M.
Published: December 2021

The modem libertarian conception of religious freedom did not emerge in the United States until the early twentieth century. It was the result of the straggles of religious minorities like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons), the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Orthodox Jews, the Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, among others. It took decades and a series of (not always successful) lawsuits to persuade the Supreme Court and the country of the value of protecting individuals’ free exercise of religion.
Peut-on séparer la Speech Clause de la Press Clause?
Authors: Frau-Meigs Divina
Published: December 2021

Internet ne peut s’examiner sans être mis en relation avec d’autres supports et leurs moyens d’existence juridique et territoriale légale. La juridiction crée une sorte de continuité au sein d’un même pays, une continuité qui peut s’étendre à d’autres en période de globalisation. L’intersection entre l’usage d’un support technique, son ancrage dans une culture donnée, et la législation le concernant permet de comprendre son mode d’insertion et son appropriation par le système politique. Aux États-Unis, il y a un usage direct'du Premier amendement, régi par la Cour suprême, puis il y a son auto-régulation, régie par des instances fédérales et par les échelons de gouvernance.
Le Premier Amendement, modèle américain des libertés?
Authors: Michelot Vincent
Published: December 2021

Le Congrès ne pourra faire aucune loi ayant pour objet l’établissement d’une religion ou interdisant son libre exercice, de limiter la liberté de parole ou de presse, ou le droit des citoyens de s’assembler pacifiquement et d’adresser des pétitions au gouvernement pour qu’il mette fin aux abus.
In Memoriam
Authors: Pitts Jesse R.
Published: December 2021

On 1’appelait Dick. Il rayonnait d’exubérance. C’était un camarade, le copain. Dans le monde gourmé et sentencieux de l’establishment des sciences sociales américaines, il détonnait. Il avait l’art de proférer des vérités pas bonnes à dire avec la passion de l’iconoclaste.
The Legitimacy of Inequality on Both Sides of The Atlantic. A comparative Analysis of Attitudes in Canada and Germany
Authors: Noll Heinz-Herbert , Roberts Lance W.
Published: December 2021

All societies contain organized inequalities, although to a different degree. The amount of equality possible and beneficial for societal wellbeing and the magnitude of inequality tolerable, acceptable and required as a prerequisite for competition and growth are questions continuing at the centre of sociological as well as political debates. Inequality concems the differential allocation of resources and rewards between social locations. Since resources and rewards associated with social statuses are major determinants of opportw1ities available to status occupants, social inequalities reflect also differences in power, which affects both people's welfare and the respect they receive (Sennett 2003). Persans in inferior social locations are more likely to experience both deprivation and insolence; those in privileged positions relative comfort and admiration. The central importance of inequalities to life chances requires that such differences be legitimated. It creates problems for privileged and deprived groups, including tensions and conflicts within the society as a whole, if evident inequalities are perceived as illegitimate, unfair or unjust. Thus, social inequalities need continuons legitimation, which, however, can only come from abstract cultural scripts that need to be transformed into social nom1s and institutional mechanisms.
In Homage to Dorothy Nelkin
Authors: Bateman Simone
Published: December 2021

Our colleague, Dorothy Nelkin, a leading figure in the social studies of science, was unable to revise the first dra:ft of an article she was preparing for this issue of The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville. She died at her home in New York, on May 28, three months a:fter discovering that she was stricken with cancer. She had nonetheless worked steadily until one week before her death, on the manuscript for a new book The Molecular Gaze, with artist Suzanne Anker, as well as on revisions of her former book, The DNA Mystique, with Susan Lindee. But peer review for this particular paper arrived too late. The Editorial board of The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville has nonetheless decided to publish this Iast sample of her writing, not only to honor her memory, but also to draw our attention to the crucial issue she chose to present: conflicts of interests and the dilemmas they raise for the future of scientific research.
In Memoriam
Authors: Mendras Henri
Published: December 2021

Le décès de Henri Mendras laisse La Revue Tocqueville orpheline de celui qui fut, durant tant d’années, son coeur et son âme. Mais c’est bien sûr très largement au-delà du cercle de notre revue que cette disparition est ressentie comme une perte douloureuse et considérable. Pour la sociologie, l’oeuvre de Henri Mendras est si volumineuse, foisonnante et novatrice qu’il ne saurait être question de la résumer en quelques lignes. Je ne tenterai pas de relever le défi, mais puisque j’ai eu l’immense plaisir d’être son proche compagnon de travail pendant plus de vingt ans, après avoir été son élève, c’est plutôt quelques-unes des facettes de sa personnalité scientifique si attachante que j’aimerais ici saluer et évoquer, notamment pour ceux qui n’ont pas eu la chance de le rencontrer.
Tocqueville : la démocratie au risque de son armée
Authors: Benoît Jean-Louis
Published: December 2021

Tocqueville dont la famille possédait une longue tradition militaire renonça à faire carrière dans l'armée, choisissant, en 1827, d'entrer dans la magistrature dont il démissionna en 1832. Il conserva cependant un grand intérêt pour la question militaire et manifesta une réelle sympathie pour nombre d'officiers — comme Lamoricière — en même temps qu'une hostilité franche vis-à-vis de certains autres, au premier rang desquels Bugeaud. Il se montra surtout très critique vis-à-vis, non seulement de nombre de cadres de l'armée d'Afrique mais aussi de l'institution elle-même parce qu'il considérait, à la lumière des cinquante années écoulées, et plus précisément des vingt-trois années séparant les batailles de Valmy, en 1792 et de Waterloo en 1815, que les relations entre une démocratie et son armée seraient toujours problématiques, comme si, finalement, le concept d'armée démocratique était quasi antinomique.
Le « cœur démocratique » selon Tocqueville
Authors: Jaume Lucien
Published: December 2021

Chez Tocqueville, la question du sentiment social dominant, pour comprendre ce que Auguste Comte appelait la statique et la dynamique d'une société, est essentielle. Le sentiment démocratique dominant se comprend comparativement, comme le savent les lecteurs de Tocqueville, par rapport au monde aristocratique et au sentiment qu'il privilégiait. Quand la classe aristocratique pratiquait l'honneur, c'est-à-dire le service du supérieur (suzerain ou roi), on pouvait avoir dans cette société des « cœurs fort bas », cependant exprimés et voilés par « de grands dehors ». Le point capital réside dans cette capacité psychosociale d'instituer un dehors, ou, comme Tocqueville dit également, à la suite de Montesquieu, des « manières ». L'aristocratie crée un lien social stable gui, du coup, fait vivre « de belles illusions sur la nature humaine ».
Tocqueville,Mill,and the American Gentry
Authors: Kloppenberg James T.
Published: December 2021

Tocqueville Democracy in America continues to enjoy a position of rominence in American culture. But in much of the historical scholarship written on early America, the larger topic of democracy has been displaced. In this essay I discuss the reasons for both of those phenomena, for the continuing fascination with Tocqueville in the culture at large, and for the less central position his argument concerning American democracy enjoys among historians of early America.
Tocqueville's Journey Revisited: What Was Striking and New in America
Authors: Schleifer James T.
Published: December 2021

This paper is an attempt to explore once again the significance of the American experience for Tocqueville thinking and writing, in general, and for his Democracy in America, in particular. For this essay I am not returning in any special way to the journey itself; I am trying neither to retrace George Pierson’s classic work nor to repeat my own earlier effort to recreate Tocqueville “second journey” to America, the actual making of the Democracy.
De la Démocratie en Amérique : Tocqueville lu par les Americains du XIXe siècle
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: December 2021

Le premier volume dc la Democratie en Amerique parur en France en\ janvier 1835, ou il fut unanimement sahie1. La traduction anglaise d’Henry Reeve suivit la meme annee. Mais il fallut attendre 1838 pourvoir la premiere edition americaine, condition sine qua non d’une large diffusion du livre aux Etats-Unis2.
Tocqueville’s Two Despotisms
Authors: Smith Steven B.
Published: December 2021

What kind of book is Democracy in America? Is it even accurate to call it a book at all? Was its author, in the famous phrase of Isaiah Berlin, a hedgehog or a fox, a man with one big idea or many small ones? This simple question conceals a host of problems.
The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
Authors: Turner Frank
Published: December 2021

The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript library is the largest repository* of special collections in the Yale University library System. ITiose collections include a wide array of European books and manuscripts from the Middle Ages to the present, a major collection of Western Americana, and a vast collection of books and manuscripts relating to American literature. Scholars from all over the world wishing more information on the collections and fellowship program of the Beinecke should consult its website:
The American Center at Sciences Po
Authors: Delisle Pacal
Published: December 2021

The American Center at Sciences Po develops and puts into action the institutions’s policy with regard to U.S. cooperation.