bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Cross‐Cultural Effectiveness of Counselor Trainees
Authors: PARKER WOODROW M. , BINGHAM ROSIE P. , FUKUYAMA MARY
Published: December 2011

This article describes a training program called the Ethnic Student Training Group (ESTG), a process that helps university counseling center staff learn how to counsel students from ethnic groups more effectively. The members consist primarily of counseling center practicum and intern trainees and counseling center staff psychologists. Members of ESTG represent a variety of culturally diverse backgrounds (i.e., Hispanic, Black, Asian, Native American, and Jewish American). Members gain knowledge and skills by participating in numerous training activities including case presentations, brief lectures on cross‐cultural issues, and counseling ethnic students.
Factors in Applicant Choice of a Counselor Education Program
Authors: WHITE ARDEN
Published: December 2011

A study was made of factors considered of varying significance by people who completed a master's degree program in counselor education. Names of graduates were supplied by 25 randomly sampled counselor education programs. A 31‐item questionnaire was returned by 291 (78.6%) of the nationwide sample. The most important factors were nearness of institution to home, program specialization availability, and reputation of the institution and the department. Implications for counselor education and for further research about factors and the interactions among them in the choice of counseling as an occupation and of counselor education programs are discussed.
CACREP‐Accredited Programs: Survey Results
Authors: VACC NICHOLAS A.
Published: December 2011

The faculty members of counselor education programs often seek data regarding accreditation. This survey was completed in 1984 in an effort to provide information on the effects of meeting CACREP accreditation standards.
Developing Questioning Effectiveness in Counseling
Authors: SKLARE GERALD , PORTES PEDRO , SPLETE HOWARD
Published: December 2011

A model based on a hierarchy of questioning skills in counseling situations was developed to facilitate training of counseling students. This model is designed to help counseling students understand the impact of their questions on clients using the various stages in the counseling process as a framework. It is based on a synthesis of current theoretical views on the role and effects of questions in the counseling process. The model helps to identify question types and to assess their effectiveness along a continuum. Implications concerning the mechanisms through which effective questions can be taught are discussed in terms of present theoretical assumptions and the need for developing empirical support for the model.
The Effects of Anxiety on Recall in Self Versus Other‐Model Observation
Authors: HO PING‐HUI , HOSFORD RAY E. , JOHNSON MARK E.
Published: December 2011

To determine whether differential levels of anxiety and recall occur during vicarious modeling or self‐observation, six counselor trainees were shown five videotaped segments of counselor‐client interactions—two of a different counselor and client and three of themselves counseling (one of which was viewed in the presence of the trainees' supervising professor). Anxiety was measured by self‐reports and hand temperature and recall was assessed by several questions regarding the verbal and nonverbal behaviors demonstrated in each segment. Although a significant negative correlation was found between the physiological measure of anxiety and recall (ρ = –.90), no significant differences were revealed in the amount of anxiety relative to other‐model versus self‐observation. Trainees recalled a significantly greater amount of verbal behaviors during other‐model observation than in self‐observation conditions, whereas the reverse was found for nonverbal behaviors. Additionally, the presence of the supervising professor effected a dramatic increase in anxiety and decrease in recall.
Availability and Representation of Women in Counselor Education with Strategies for Recruitment, Selection, and Advancement
Authors: ANDERSON JUDITH A. , RAWLINS MELANIE E.
Published: December 2011

In this article the progress toward increasing representation and improving the status of women in counselor education and higher education in general is reported. Strategies and action steps for recruiting, selecting, and advancing female faculty members are also presented. These approaches can be used by counselor education departments or individuals interested in cultivating and maintaining an environment that is conducive to obtaining maximum potential of female faculty members.
Ethical Standards and the Supervisory Process
Authors: UPCHURCH DONNA W.
Published: December 2011

An intense relationship may develop in supervision that is similar in important ways to the treatment relationship. The supervisory relationship provides a model for ethical behavior for the supervisee in addition to being an important adjunct of counseling. Thus, the nature of supervision may have either positive or negative consequences in terms of treatment outcome. The supervisor is accountable for this delicate and complex relationship without the benefit of specific ethical guidelines. The supervisee is in a potentially vulnerable and powerless position without the protection of standards for behavior articulated. Ethical issues involved in supervision are raised in this article for potential resolution by the profession in an effort to protect the supervisor and supervisee and to enhance the quality of supervision.
Community‐Agency Counseling: A Model for Counselor Preparation
Authors: WILCOXON S. ALLEN , CECIL JEAN H.
Published: December 2011

This article features a model program of study for entry‐level students pursuing a degree in community‐agency counseling. The authors provide a review of professional literature concerning accreditation and perceived obstacles that may hinder faculty efforts toward pursuing accreditation. The authors address these perceived obstacles by observing that many programs in community‐agency counseling may be close to meeting the accreditation standards as set forth in the American Personnel and Guidance Association's (1979) Standards for Preparation in Counselor Education and that an interdisciplinary approach in program modification may bring such programs into compliance with accreditation standards. The article features a detailed description of a model program in community‐agency counseling, with specific focus on curriculum organization for core and elective course work, internship placements, and related features. The authors also discuss the impact of program accreditation in student employment opportunities and professional development.
Toward an Information‐Processing Theory of Client Change in Counseling
Authors: MARTIN JACK
Published: December 2011

A model of the cognitive structures and processes thought to compose the human information‐processing system is presented. Possible difficulties in processing information are discussed because these may contribute to client problems and concerns. Recent work in applying understandings, from human information processing to an elucidation of client change in counseling, is reviewed. Information‐processing models of client‐centered and rational‐emotive counseling are constructed that relate counseling skills and strategies employed in these approaches to hypothesized client cognitive changes. An integrated view of client cognitive change in counseling also is presented. Possible directions for research and theorizing in counseling and counselor education from the perspective of human information processing are mentioned briefly.
Memory Research in Counseling: A Perspective and Some Hypotheses
Authors: KRAFT ROBERT G. , GLOVER JOHN A. , DIXON DAVID N. , CLAIBORN CHARLES D. , RONNING ROYCE R.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to outline a perspective for memory research in counseling. The primary audiences were graduate students and supervisors of students planning research plus counseling researchers interested in investigating memory issues in counseling. The importance of memory processes in counseling is briefly reviewed. The authors then present a broad perspective for memory research in counseling and levels of processing, and examine a series of hypotheses that are tied into current work in counseling. The overall heuristic of levels of processing is followed by an examination of the reformulations of the position and how these may result in testable counseling hypotheses. This type of thinking should be valuable to counselor educators as they conduct their own research and help their students plan research programs. In addition, there is potential for applications of memory research to training and practice.
Development of the Supervisor Emphasis Rating Form
Authors: LANNING WAYNE
Published: December 2011

Although current research in the area of counseling supervision has been getting more and more plentiful, there are few instruments available for use in directly assessing many of the variables that are important. In this article the author describes the development of an instrument that is designed to measure the areas of emphasis established by a supervisor with a trainee. The article includes the procedures used to establish the content, the basis for necessary revisions, and the statistical reliabilities that were obtained for each subscale and the total instrument. In addition, several suggestions for future research using the instrument are given.
Written Versus Videotaped Precounseling Training of Clients for Counseling
Authors: STEWART ROSS M. , JESSELL JOHN C.
Published: December 2011

The comparative effects of two types of precounseling training in facilitating client‐counselor relationships and client self‐exploration of internally and externally oriented clients were investigated. Treatments included viewing a videotaped, simulated, initial counseling session depicting desirable client and counselor behavior and the reading of a document that matched the content of the videotape. Sixty college undergraduates, who presented themselves as first‐time counselees, were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments and classified as internally or externally oriented. Both internally and externally oriented clients who experienced videotaped precounseling training reported a significantly higher level of client‐counselor relationship than internally and externally oriented clients who experienced written precounseling training. No significant differences were found for level of self‐exploration according to either type of precounseling training or locus of control orientation.
Faculty Perceptions of CACREP Accreditation
Authors: CECIL JEAN H. , COMAS ROBERT E.
Published: December 2011

Faculty members in CACREP‐accredited institutions were surveyed for the purposes of (a) determining common program characteristics; (b) determining if and how accreditation had influenced curricula, institutional support, and length and type of supervised experiences; (c) assessing faculty opinion concerning whether accreditation efforts had improved the quality of counselor preparation programs; (d) assessing faculty opinion concerning the effectiveness of the Standards as criteria for evaluating programs; and (e) assessing faculty opinion of the fairness and adequacy of the accreditation review process. The status of programs is summarized, with curricula and length of supervised counseling experiences having been most often influenced by accreditation efforts. Faculties were mixed in their reactions as to whether accreditation had improved the quality of their programs. Those faculties that had initiated change as a result of self‐study thought that their programs were improved. Satisfaction with the Standards as criteria and with CACREP as the accreditation decision‐making body was substantial.
Contributions to Counselor Education and Supervision for Volumes 0–25, 1961–1986
Authors: HOSIE THOMAS W. , PORET MELISSA , LAUCK PATRICIA , ROSIER BONNIE
Published: December 2011

There have been 1,141 authors representing 382 agencies who have contributed to Volumes 0 through 25 of CES. In this study the authors report and acknowledge the major individual contributors and institutional sources of works published in the journal.
Silver to Gold: The Alchemy, Potential, and Maturing of ACES and CES
Authors: ENGELS DENNIS W. , MURO JAMES J.
Published: December 2011

Exponential changes in Western and international society and in American and international education afford promise, opportunity, and challenges for tomorrow's counselor. Roles of counselors, counselor supervisors, and counselor educators must reflect and shape the needs and growth of populations in specific countries and throughout the world to afford timely and appropriate responses and intelligent and sensitive proactivity. Leadership in services, teaching, research, credentialing, policy, and law all seem to be areas of potential contribution and growth for the counselors, counselor educators, and counseling supervisors of tomorrow.
The Process of Counseling: A Synthesis
Authors: CAULFIELD THOMAS J.
Published: December 2011

There are many theories of counseling and consequently many approaches to describing the sequence of events that occur during the process of counseling. As a result, there is potential for student counselors to become confused over the process. Among the responsibilities of counselor educators is helping students reduce confusion and increase understanding of the process of counseling. This article proposes a four‐stage, 16‐phase synthesis to describe the process. The rationale for the synthesis includes the need to (a) increase student understanding of the process, (b) keep the number of phases within reason to increase use of the process, and (c) base the phases on client behaviors, particularly verbal behaviors, that occur during the process.
Teaching Feminist Counseling Skills: An Evaluation
Authors: RUSSELL MARY
Published: December 2011

Feminist counseling was analyzed into four core skills: social analysis, androgyny encouragement, self‐disclosure, and behavior feedback. A 5‐week feminist skill‐training program was developed for 45 counselors divided into two groups, matched on years of counseling experience and scores on Spence and Helmreich's Attitude Toward Women Scale (AWS). Training of the second group was delayed for 5 weeks to provide a control for the training of the first group. Participants' attitudes and skill levels before, after, and at a 5‐week follow‐up were monitored. Counseling simulations were used for skill monitoring. Training resulted in significant increases in social analysis and self‐disclosure skills as well as increments in AWS scores. Social analysis skill increments were the only changes maintained at follow‐up.
Training School Counselors To Work with Students with Handicapping Conditions
Authors: TUCKER R. LEE , SHEPARD JOHN , HURST JOSEPH
Published: December 2011

As students with handicapping conditions have been integrated into public schools, the role of the school counselor has been expanded to meet these students' needs. As a result, counselor training programs need to be adjusted to include theory and practice in working with exceptional children. In this article the authors discuss the issue of students with handicapping conditions in public schools and provide suggestions for training school counselors.
Research and Practice in Counseling: A Conflict of Values
Authors: WOOLSEY LORETTE K.
Published: December 2011

A long‐standing problem confronting counselor educators is the antagonism of counseling students toward research. In this article the author presents the thesis that a major source of the practitioner‐researcher split is the conflict of values between the underlying assumptions of the traditional methods of research and theories of counseling. Scientific methods have often been narrowly interpreted in counseling. The emphasis in research has thus been on that which can be measured objectively, demonstrated by experiments, and replicated. Observation of natural events and people's own purposes frequently have been excluded. In contrast, humanist and existential theories of counseling focus on inner experience, qualitative, empathic understanding, and the importance of personal goals and purposes. Behind these disparate perspectives of research and practice are assumptions about the nature of reality, of knowledge, and of human nature. The result is a conflict of two value systems. Implications for counselor education are discussed and suggestions for resolving the conflict are presented.
An Epistemology of Counseling: Implications for Counselor Education and Research
Authors: HITCHCOCK RUTH A.
Published: December 2011

Administrators of counselor education programs have identified specific skills and content areas for their students to master. Counselors in training need to make theory applicable to individuals through the use of counseling techniques and assessment. What counselors do is related to the qualitative, quantitative, and performative knowing that Maccia (1973) found present in student‐teacher relationships. This epistemology can be applied to what a counselor needs to know to counsel. Such applications of the epistemology described by Maccia (1973) are significant for counseling in two ways. First, they may aid counselor educators and students in making clear distinctions between content and skill areas as well as making strong connections between content and skills. Second, an epistemology of counseling may point to fruitful areas of research.
Counselor Gullibility
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author argues that it is mandatory that counselors suspend any disbelief in their clients during the early stages of counseling. Disbelieving interferes with counselor spontaneity and empathy. Indeed, the real work of counseling cannot start until clients perceive counselors as gullible. I offer a justification for being gullible during the initial sessions, along with suggestions for what can be done to develop appropriate levels of gullibility in counselors in training.
Resistance in Supervision: A Response to Perceived Threat
Authors: LIDDLE BECKY J.
Published: December 2011

Supervisee resistance is discussed as a defensive response to perceived threat. When feeling threatened, counselors in supervision seek coping strategies to reduce their anxieties. Some of these strategies interfere with the process of learning and may be seen by the supervisor as resistance. Various forms of resistant behavior are enumerated, possible sources of threat that may arouse these behaviors are explored, and a step‐by‐step model for dealing with resistance in supervision is proposed.
Multicultural Counseling: Does It Belong in a Counselor Education Program?
Authors: LLOYD ARTHUR P.
Published: December 2011

Multicultural counseling has the support of various groups, including accreditation bodies. Counselor education programs may, however, be adopting a movement that is not consistent with previously held beliefs about counseling. Is information about a specific subculture helpful in counseling a client who is labeled as being from that subculture? Or are the differences within groups possibly as great as the differences between groups? The author's experience in one multicultural setting suggests that counseling is more effective with clients of another culture when it is unaided by the use of generalized information about that culture.
Flexibility: A Primer for Multicultural Counseling
Authors: PARKER WOODROW M.
Published: December 2011

The place of multicultural counseling in counselor education programs should be studied for the continuous growth of the profession. A flexible approach affirming both the similarity and differences of people is important.
The Counselor Culture and Client‐Centered Practice
Authors: HOLIMAN MARJORIE , LAUVER PHILIP J.
Published: December 2011

Filters or sources of distortion inherent in the counselor culture can diminish the counselor's ability to understand a person asking for help. A counselor's role, theoretical orientation, work context, and personal experience influence the interaction between counselor and client so that the client may not be the center of the counseling process. Remedies to reduce such distortions include heightened awareness of the filters' existence, participation in supervision in which counselor and supervisor have access to the same client, and research to establish empirically the presence and effects of various filters on counselors' views of clients.
Cognitive Change in Clients: Cognitive‐Mediational Models
Authors: MARTIN JACK
Published: December 2011

Three descriptive frameworks drawn from empirical and theoretical study of human change and its facilitation in counseling are presented. The first is a cognitive‐mediational model of therapeutic interaction. The second is a model of client cognitive change during and as a result of counseling. The third is a descriptive synthesis of therapeutic elements that seem to support such client change. The goal of these presentations is to contribute to the construction of a heuristically rich description of human change processes in counseling.
Field Supervision of Counselors in Training: A Survey of the North Atlantic Region
Authors: HART GORDON M. , FALVEY ELIZABETH
Published: December 2011

Most of the research on supervision has focused on supervisors in academic institutions (faculty members or doctoral students). In this article the authors describe a study in which they examined supervisors in community agencies where master's level counselors were assigned for practicum and internship training. The survey suggested that agencies were heavily invested in supervising graduate level counseling students and providing them with a rich clinical experience. Respondents typically had a master's degree, used various models of supervision, and provided feedback by means of self‐report and audiotape or videotape review of counseling sessions. Results suggest that these supervisors had little contact with the concurrent academic supervisor and may have had little formal training in supervision. Implications of this survey include a need for more training for supervisors in graduate counseling programs and a need for more liaison between campus and field supervisors.
Counselor Education in Malaysia
Authors: LLOYD ARTHUR P.
Published: December 2011

The author summarizes the development of guidance and counseling and the concurrent development of counselor education in Malaysia. Four current counselor education programs in Malaysia are described. The need for school counselors in Malaysia is addressed, and differences between the number of counselors needed and the projected number of counselors who will complete education programs are identified.
Parallel Process in a Course on Counseling Supervision
Authors: WILLIAMS ANTONY
Published: December 2011

The learning of supervision implies not only acquisition of formal knowledge but also changes in the learner. Because these changes cannot be completely specified at the outset, the way a supervisor learns must be through a mixture of experiential and didactic teaching. The dialectic between the “inner” and the “outer” learnings required for counselors to change their roles to becoming supervisors forms the substance of this article. Early in the course, the class was fascinated by the seeming inevitability of “parallel process” issues between supervisor, trainee, and client. In the second half of the year, the beginning supervisors took on a new group of trainees and learned the importance of having a developmental model to guide their work. The bias in the course as a whole was that all learning requires a change in relationship, that supervision needs to be understood developmentally, and that it is best to treat beginning supervisors and trainees as creative geniuses.
Reference Inaccuracies in Two Counseling Journals
Authors: WHITE ARDEN
Published: December 2011

Article, book, and dissertation entries in reference lists in one volume year for two counseling journals were searched for accuracy. Among 2,388 verified references (85.7% of all cited references), 1,072 (44.9%) contained at least one error. Multiple errors in some references produced a total of 1,643 faults or errors. Data were tallied by reference segments (e.g., author, title). Findings paralleled data in five reports of similar research, principally for medical journals, published in the 1970s. The nature and frequencies of deviations from the original source were such that only some of the errors could be explained as typographical. At least with reference list preparation, writers in the counseling field, as well as elsewhere, seem to be taking insufficient care in their scholarly writing.
Effects of Supervisors' Sex, Focus, and Experience on Preferences for Interpersonal Power Bases
Authors: ROBYAK JAMES E. , GOODYEAR RODNEY K. , PRANGE MARK
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the effects that supervisor's sex, amount of supervisory experience, and supervisory focus had on preferences for the referent, expert, and legitimate power bases. Supervisors from seven counseling center training programs (20 women, 36 men) rated the utility of responses reflecting each power base in enhancing the professional development of a female trainee. Results indicated that men preferred the referent power base to a greater extent than did women and that supervisors with relatively little experience preferred the referent power base to a greater extent than did supervisors with more experience. Supervisors who focused on trainee self‐awareness preferred the expert power base to a greater extent than did supervisors who focused on the trainees' conceptualization skills. Significant differences were not found in the preferences for the legitimate power base. Results were discussed in terms of differences between counseling and supervisory‐relationships and the characteristics of each power base.
Gerontological Counseling Grid: Making Judgments About Older Adults
Authors: VACC NICHOLAS A.
Published: December 2011

The author describes the Gerontological Counseling Grid (GCG), an instrument for exploring experienced counselors' awareness of and judgments about older adults. Derived from Kelly's Role Construct Repertory Test, the GCG is based on the personal construct theory of understanding the way individuals make judgments and order their environments. The GCG provides a meaningful way to determine how individuals organize their implicit attitudes toward and evaluations of older adult groups. Administration procedures are presented and a case analysis of a GCG completed by a counselor trainee is presented.
Collaborative Counseling: A Conceptual Framework and Approach for Counselors of Adults in Life Transitions
Authors: AVIS JOAN P.
Published: December 2011

The emerging field of adult counseling generally refers to the applications of adult development and life transitions literature in counseling. To date, numerous definitions that apply a particular theoretical perspective to clients within an established counseling approach have characterized practice. In contrast, collaborative counseling is a term that defines an inclusive theoretical framework and distinct counseling approach. The phenomenology of counselors is defined in terms of three perspectives: (a) developmental—for conceptualizing adult experience and counseling; (b) collaborative—for characterizing counselor‐client roles, interactions, and processes; and (c) idiographic—for conceptualizing applicability of theory and interventions to individuals. From these perspectives a specialized practice is derived that emphasizes transitional status assessment, adult processes, counseling outcomes in meaning and behavior, as well as multiple contexts and modalities for delivery of service. The implications for curriculum and training provide the basis for defining a specialization in adult counseling.
Q‐Sorting Gloria
Authors: MILLER MARK J. , PRIOR DANIEL , SPRINGER THOMAS
Published: December 2011

The authors assessed differences in viewers' perceptions of a client (Gloria) as a function of treatment (i.e., client‐centered, gestalt, rational‐emotive) received. The stimulus material used was the film series, Three Approaches to Psychotherapy. Gloria was perceived differently as a result of the type of treatment received, although some of the differences were not statistically reliable. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Counselor Preparation in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: McWHIRTER J. JEFFRIES
Published: December 2011

Counseling and counselor education is expanding in countries other than the United States. In this study I assessed the development of counselor training programs in Australia and New Zealand. Data are reported on institutional setting and accreditation, on faculty and student information, and on program trends. Where appropriate, comparisons and contrasts are made with information from the United States provided by Hollis and Wantz (1983).
Effective Supervision As Portrayed By Trainee Expectations and Preferences
Authors: LEDDICK GEORGE R. , DYE H. ALLAN
Published: December 2011

Effective counseling supervision features the establishment of clearly defined mutual expectations. The following article is a critical review of the literature on trainee expectations in supervision that divides the research into three areas: expectations about structure, expectations about communication, and expectations of the supervisory relationship. Implications for supervisors are discussed.
The Case Presentation Approach in Clinical Supervision
Authors: BIGGS DONALD A.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses the case presentation approach as a mechanism for improving case conceptualization skills. Case presentations deal with three conceptualization tasks: (a) identifying and differentiating how observations and inferences provide evidence for clinical judgments; (b) describing the components of the counseling relationship; and (c) describing a treatment plan including a description of the client's personality, problem condition, factors influencing the problem condition, and choice of intervention strategies.
A Nationwide Survey of Supervision Training
Authors: BORDERS L. DiANNE , LEDDICK GEORGE R.
Published: December 2011

A survey of existing counseling supervision courses was conducted to provide guidelines for counselor educators interested in designing supervision instruction for their programs.
Cognitive‐Behavioral Techniques and Interventions for Application in Counselor Supervision
Authors: KURPIUS DeWAYNE J. , MORRAN D. KEITH
Published: December 2011

The counselor training literature suggests that the two most accepted models for counselor supervision are the psychotherapeutic and the behavioral‐skills mastery approaches. A third model, cognitive‐behavioral, is showing promise in the research literature. In this article, the authors present research supporting the cognitive‐behavioral model, as well as a conceptual and procedural base for defining and implementing a cognitive‐behavioral supervision approach. Descriptions are provided for three supervision techniques (i.e., mental practice, covert modeling, and cognitive modeling) and three supervision interventions (i.e., cognitive restructuring, cognitive self‐instruction, and cognitive self‐management).
Myths of Supervision: Identifying the Gaps Between Theory and Practice
Authors: McCARTHY PATRICIA , DeBELL CAMILLE , KANUHA VALLI , McLEOD JEFFREY
Published: December 2011

Seven myths about counselor supervisor roles and activities are identified. These include myths about theory, roles, process, and professional issues. Suggestions are given for improving the congruence between supervision literature and actual practice.
In‐Session Cognitions of a Counseling Student: A Case Study
Authors: BORDERS L. DiANNE , FONG‐BEYETTE MARGARET L. , CRON ELYCE A.
Published: December 2011

This study explored the full range of a female counseling student's in‐session cognitions by categorizing the content and themes of her cognitions during an entire, nonsimulated session.
Computers in Counselor Education: Four Years After a Special Issue
Authors: LAMBERT MATTHEW E.
Published: December 2011

The contents of the 1984 special edition of Counselor Education and Supervision, focusing on computer use in counselor training, are reviewed in light of the current literature on computer use in counselor education. Implications of advances in computer technology for developing training applications are discussed, as are recent programs developed for counselor education. Current ethical and evaluation issues surrounding computer use in counselor education are also reviewed in comparison with issues presented in the 1984 special issue.
A Computer‐Administered Examination in Professional Ethics
Authors: WHITE MICHAEL J.
Published: December 2011

The rationale and procedure for a computer‐administered examination in professional ethics is presented. Benefits for instructors and students of professional ethics in counseling and counseling psychology are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Positive and Negative Modeling in Counselor Training
Authors: NEWMAN JODY L. , FUQUA DALE R.
Published: December 2011

Modeling procedures have come to play a major role in counselor training. A substantial body of literature has accumulated in support of the use of modeling in counselor training. Relatively little attention has been paid to the use of negative models in the training process. This is due, at least in part, to the hypothesis that negative models inevitably interfere with the acquisition of positive performance behaviors. This study was designed to directly compare the effects of positive and negative models in counselor training. Results suggest that negative modeling can produce training outcomes similar to those achieved by positive models. Further investigation of the role of negative modeling in counselor training is recommended. Several specific directions for continuing research are suggested.
Relationships Between Dimensions of Supervisors' Influence and Counselor Trainees' Performance
Authors: CAREY JOHN C. , WILLIAMS KATHY S. , WELLS MICA
Published: December 2011

Practicum supervisors' expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness were related to supervision outcome measures. Trustworthiness proved to have the strongest associations.
The Process of Journal Article Publishing
Authors: FORMAN BRUCE D.
Published: December 2011

Persons new to the field are often highly motivated to publish in professional journals. In this article, 21 stages ranging from idea inception to identifying citations are described.
Counseling Self‐Efficacy and Counseling Competence in Prepracticum Training
Authors: JOHNSON ELAINE , BAKER STANLEY B. , KOPALA MARY , KISELICA MARK S. , THOMPSON EDWARD C.
Published: December 2011

Counseling self‐efficacy and counseling skills were examined over time in a graduate prepracticum class. Efficacy increased with training, but its relationship to performance of skills was weak.
Burnout and Counselor Practitioner Expectations of Supervision
Authors: DAVIS ALAN H. , SAVICKI VICTOR , COOLEY ERIC J. , FIRTH JAMES L.
Published: December 2011

The authors assessed counselor expectations of supervision and counselor burnout. A sample consisting of 120 members of the Oregon Personnel and Guidance Association completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Counselor Supervision Inventory (CSI).
A Joint Venture in Counselor Education: The Clovis Family Counseling Center
Authors: SMITH H. DAN
Published: December 2011

California State University, Fresno, and a local school district formed a cooperative counseling center that has provided each with substantial benefits.
Cross‐Cultural Awareness Development: A Conceptual Model
Authors: CHRISTENSEN CAROLE PIGLER
Published: December 2011

Stages in the development of cross‐cultural awareness are outlined, including similarities and differences in the experiences of majority and minority groups.
Implications of Self‐Monitoring Theory for Counseling Supervision
Authors: HAFERKAMP CLAUDIA J.
Published: December 2011

The author reviews literature on self‐monitoring and discusses its implications for counseling relationships, as well as issues germane to the supervision of high and low self‐monitoring counselors.
Relationship Between the Client's Moral Development Level and Empathy of the Counseling Student
Authors: REEVES T. GLEN , BOWMAN JAMES T. , COOLEY SHEILA L.
Published: December 2011

Empathic responses of counseling students with high and low moral development were compared. Both groups responded more empathically to a client whose moral development was lower than their own.
Human Sexuality Instruction in Counselor Education Curricula
Authors: GRAY LIZBETH A. , CUMMINS EMERY J. , JOHNSON BRIAN P. , MASON MICHAEL J.
Published: December 2011

The authors sent a questionnaire assessing curricula on sexual counseling to chairpersons of all counselor education programs in the United States. Results show the current status of sexuality instruction for counselors.
Personal Counseling for Counselors in Training: Guidelines for Supervisors
Authors: WISE PAMELA SHARRATT , LOWERY SUSAN , SILVERGLADE LAURA
Published: December 2011

Personal counseling is a valuable growth experience for counselors in training. The authors provide a decision tree and guidelines for the supervisor's use in recommending personal counseling.
Unique Ethical Dilemmas in Counselor Training
Authors: PATRICK KATHY D.
Published: December 2011

The author proposes that when counselor candidates are allowed to participate as clients in counselor‐training laboratories, an indirect dual relationship is established, which may create unique ethical conflicts.
A Pragmatic Agenda for Developmental Supervision Research
Authors: BORDERS L. DiANNE
Published: December 2011

Three “moratoriums” are proposed for developmental supervision research. Future researchers are encouraged to focus on pragmatic questions about the actual conduct of effective supervision.
Secrets‐Within‐Secrets: A Simulation for Counseling Courses
Authors: DOLLINGER STEPHEN J.
Published: December 2011

This brief report describes a variation on role plays that leads to an engaging and lively class with several important lessons about the counseling process.
An Occupational Analysis of Counselors Working With Oncology Patients
Authors: VACC NICHOLAS A.
Published: December 2011

In this empirical study counselors' work behaviors with cancer patients and their families in a hospital setting were examined.
Counseling is not a Profession—Yet
Authors: RITCHIE MARTIN H.
Published: December 2011

Criteria for a profession established by McCully and Miller (1969) and others were applied to the occupation of counseling. It seems that counseling is not yet a profession primarily because it lacks professional autonomy and legal recognition.
The Power of the “OCEAN”: Another Way to Diagnose Clients
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

This article outlines the five‐factor model of personality (i.e., “OCEAN”) and illustrates how it can be used to diagnose clients.
Coordination of Clinical Supervision in Practicum and Internship Programs
Authors: PITTS JAMES H. , MILLER MICKIE , POIDEVANT JOHN M. , MEYERS‐ARVIN MARILYN
Published: December 2011

The authors examine practicum/internship coordination, viewing it as a system. Important components of the system are identified, and their impact on the system is explored.
Changes in Counselor Education Admissions Criteria
Authors: MARKERT LOUIS F. , MONKE ROBERT H.
Published: December 2011

This study summarizes recent changes in admissions requirements and procedures obtained in a survey of 61 counselor education programs in the western states region.
Evaluation of a Course in Gender and Cultural Issues
Authors: BROOKS GERALDINE S. , KAHN SHARON E.
Published: December 2011

This study evaluates a course in gender and cultural issues. A sample consisting of 57 graduate students completed the Wayne Ethnic Awareness Measure, the Therapists' Attitudes Toward Women Scale, and the Robinson Behavioral Inventory.
Mental Health Counseling: The Essence of Professional Counseling
Authors: FONG MARGARET L.
Published: December 2011

The domain or scope of mental health counseling is explored.
Supervisors' In‐Session Behaviors and Cognitions
Authors: BORDERS L. DiANNE
Published: December 2011

A multiple case study of four supervisors indicated that numerous factors shape supervisors' in‐session performance and revealed a complex interplay between thoughts and behaviors.
Curriculum Guide for Training Counseling Supervisors: Rationale, Development, and Implementation
Authors: BORDERS L. DiANNE , BERNARD JANINE M. , DYE H. ALLAN , FONG MARGARET L. , HENDERSON PATRICIA , NANCE DON W.
Published: December 2011

A standardized curriculum that can be applied to a variety of supervisor training programs is presented. Suggestions for implementation and research are included.
What Is Really the Problem? A Simulation to Train Beginning Consultants
Authors: PARKER RADHA J.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a role‐play exercise that offers an experiential means to teach students about process consultation.
Wellness as the Paradigm for Counseling and Development: The Possible Future
Authors: MYERS JANE E.
Published: December 2011

Wellness refers to the maximizing of human potential through positive life‐style choices. This holistic paradigm offers a philosophical base for counseling and development that provides guidelines for intervention and at the same time emphasizes the uniqueness of our approach as counseling and development professionals to mental health concerns. The author advocates a wellness paradigm rather than the illness‐oriented medical model as being most reflective of our profession.
Current Use of the DSM‐III‐R in Counselor Education
Authors: RITCHIE MARTIN H. , PIAZZA NICK J. , LEWTON JOHN C.
Published: December 2011

A survey of 146 counselor education programs revealed that most teach the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition, revised) as part of practicum or internship; few offer a separate course.
Evaluation and Dismissal of Students in Master's Level Clinical Programs: Legal Parameters and Survey Results
Authors: OLKIN RHODA , GAUGHEN SUZANNE
Published: December 2011

Evaluation of graduate students in clinical programs may lead to dismissal of “problem” students. Court decisions affecting the parameters of dismissal can be divided into academic and disciplinary cases, with slightly differing requirements for each. Policies that comply with court rulings on due process are described. A survey of master's programs in clinical fields was conducted, and results indicate a 3.3% dismissal rate, a reliance on repetition of course work and personal therapy for remediation, and some inattention to the legal requirements for dismissal, notably those of due process.
Vocational Aspirations and Perceived Self‐Efficacy of Doctoral Students in the Counseling Professions
Authors: POIDEVANT JOHN M. , LOESCH LARRY C. , WITTMER JOE
Published: December 2011

A national survey was conducted to assess the preferred settings, work activities, and perceived levels of competency of doctoral students in CACREP‐ and APA‐accredited programs.
Use of Live Supervision in Counselor Preparation
Authors: BUBENZER DONALD L. , WEST JOHN D. , GOLD JOSHUA M.
Published: December 2011

This study investigates the use of live supervision in counselor preparation programs. The perceived impact of live supervision on program management and student development are also considered.
The Rural School Counselor: Relationships Among Rural Sociology, Counselor Role, and Counselor Training
Authors: SABA ROBERT G.
Published: December 2011

Recommendations for the training of rural school counselors are derived from characteristics of the rural American population and the resultant role of the school counselor.
A Case Presentation Approach to Group Supervision for Community College Counselors
Authors: McAULIFFE GARRETT J.
Published: December 2011

A case presentation method of group supervision, as practiced at a community college, is described. Developmental principles underlying this approach are presented.
Supervision Regulations in Counselor Licensure Legislation
Authors: BORDERS L. DiANNE , CASHWELL CRAIG S.
Published: December 2011

Legislation regarding supervisor criteria and the conduct of supervision for counselor licensure applicants in 34 states is summarized and compared with ACES and AACD standards.
C. H. Patterson on Client‐Centered Supervision: An Interview
Authors: FREEMAN SUZANNE C.
Published: December 2011

C. H. Patterson is interviewed regarding the client‐centered practice of supervision; theory, components, the question of developmental stages, the supervisory relationship, and roles are elucidated.
A Model for Teaching Experiential Counseling Interventions to Novice Counselors
Authors: CUMMINGS ANNE L.
Published: December 2011

A model and initial research are presented for teaching experiential interventions to novice counselors. Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of the model are related to transfer of learning with the interventions.
Counselor Training and Ethical Issues With Older Clients
Authors: AGRESTI ALBERT A.
Published: December 2011

Working with older adults requires specialized preparation in professional ethics. A rationale for including this training in the counseling curriculum and a possible approach to this instruction are presented.
Professional Identification of Counselor Preparation Programs
Authors: ZIMPFER DAVID G. , MOHDZAIN A. ZAIDY , WEST JOHN D. , BUBENZER DONALD L.
Published: December 2011

A survey of 521 counselor preparation programs nationwide revealed that most programs with master's or both master's and doctoral degrees have a counseling professional orientation as opposed to psychological or other orientation.
A Survey of Comprehensive Examination Practices Among Doctoral Programs in Counseling
Authors: PETERSON SARAH E. , BOWMAN ROBERT L. , MYER RICK A. , MAIDL CHRISTINE M.
Published: December 2011

Doctoral programs in counseling were surveyed concerning their comprehensive examination practices. Most programs require examinations, but practices vary widely regarding degree of structure and procedures.
A Comparison of Doctoral Graduates in Counselor Education and Counseling Psychology
Authors: ZIMPFER DAVID G.
Published: December 2011

In a nationwide study of graduates of doctoral programs in counselor education and counseling psychology, researchers found similarities between the two groups in educational and work history, current employment, professional activities, and future goals.
Cross‐Cultural Mentoring in Counselor Education: A Strategy for Retaining Minority Faculty
Authors: BRINSON JESSE , KOTTLER JEFFREY
Published: December 2011

The advantages and challenges of cross‐cultural mentoring relationships in counselor education are discussed, with specific attention to the importance for minority junior faculty as well as for the profession.
Teaching Assessment and Diagnosis Within a DSM‐III‐R Framework
Authors: FONG MARGARET L.
Published: December 2011

A teaching model is presented of the assessment process and the diagnostic skills of behavioral observation, initial interview, mental status exam, categorizing symptom patterns, and the use of decision trees.
Teaching Treatment Planning
Authors: SELIGMAN LINDA
Published: December 2011

This article describes an approach to teaching treatment planning that the author has used successfully in both seminars and graduate courses.
Gender Bias and the DSM‐III‐R
Authors: COOK ELLEN PIEL , WARNKE MELANIE , DUPUY PAULA
Published: December 2011

Various types of gender bias in the criteria and use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition, revised; DSM‐III‐R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) by counselors are discussed. Recommendations for addressing such bias in counselor training are provided.