bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of three-dimensional effects in cavitating flows with time-resolved stereo particle image velocimetry
Authors: Long Kunpeng , Coutier-Delgosha Olivier , Bayeul-Lainé Annie-Claude
Published: February 2023

The present paper is devoted to characterizing the three-dimensional effects in a cavitating flow generated in a venturi-type profile. Experimental measurements based on 2D3C (two-dimensional-three-component) stereoscopic particle image velocimetry are conducted to obtain the three components of the velocity field in multiple vertical planes aligned with the main flow direction, from the center of the channel to the side walls. Time-resolved acquisitions are conducted, so not only time-averaged quantities but also velocity fluctuations can be discussed. The attention was focused on configurations of cloud cavitation, where the attached cavity experiences large-scale periodical oscillations and shedding of clouds of vapor. Although the water channel is purely two-dimensional, some significant flow velocities in the third direction (depth of the test section) were measured. Some of those velocities were found to be related to small differences between the boundary conditions on the two sides, such as minor gaps between the sides and the bottom wall, while others reflect intrinsic three-dimensional mechanisms inside the cavitation area, such as side jets that contribute to the periodical instability process. These mechanisms are discussed, and a possible 3D (three-dimensional) structure of the cavitating flow is proposed.
Experimental study on the effect of throat length in the dynamics of internal unsteady cavitating flow
Authors: Ullas P. K. , Chatterjee Dhiman , Vengadesan S.
Published: February 2023

Cloud cavitation, both in external and internal flow fields, has been an active field of research because of its different harmful effects, such as noise, vibration, and material damage, in several applications. In the present work, the same is studied experimentally using venturi geometries. Venturi geometry was selected because of its diverse applications. The two venturi geometries chosen are nearly identical in all respect except the throat length. The influence of throat length is examined in this study because previously, these two venturi geometries (with and without throat) produced contradictory results in terms of the underlying mechanisms of cavity shedding, namely, re-entrant jets and condensation shocks observed at different cavitation numbers. Different diagnostic strategies were adopted to characterize cavitation events, viz., sound pressure level, dynamic pressure fluctuations, and high-speed imaging. High-speed images were studied to obtain mean cavity length. Proper orthogonal decomposition along with wavelet analysis was also employed. From these analyses, it was shown that for the venturi with 23 mm throat length, the condensation shock is followed by the re-entrant jet as cavitation number is reduced, while reverse is seen for venturi with zero throat length. Simulations of unsteady, non-cavitating, turbulent flow through these venturis show that this difference in the order of predominance of the two mechanisms can be explained by the product of cavity thickness (approximated by boundary layer height) and average pressure gradient value.
Experimental study on characteristics of turbulence and sediment transport produced by wind-induced water waves
Authors: Sanjou M. , Sugihara Y.
Published: February 2023

Many researchers and engineers have shown great interest in mass transfer processes produced by wind-induced waves. Such waves contribute significantly to the transfer of environmental materials, such as sediment and marine debris, and the turbulence occurring beneath the waves further complicates wave-induced mass transport. The phase cycle of wave motion is generally considered to be a key determinant of mean flow and turbulence. In aqueous environmental engineering, this relationship is a crucial one to investigate, since turbulence is closely related to mass transport. To address this question, we measured the time-series of instantaneous velocity vectors by means of particle image velocimetry in a laboratory flume to reveal the turbulence structure induced by wave motion. By using a wavelet analysis free of specific assumptions, we were able to decompose the instantaneous velocity data into mean current, wave motion, and turbulence components. This analysis allowed for the objective evaluation of the shear stresses related to wave energy and turbulence energy production. Furthermore, we found significant phase characteristics of energy transfer among mean velocity, wave, and turbulence components. In order to examine the diffusion and convection properties induced by wind waves, we also conducted tracking analysis of imaginary sediment markers. Our results support the conclusion that mass transfer induced by wind waves impacts the entire range of water depths, at least in relatively shallow aqueous environments.
An elliptic velocity profile-based two-equation model in viscous film
Authors: Samanta Arghya
Published: February 2023

An elliptic velocity profile-based depth-averaged two-equation model is derived for a viscous falling film in terms of the film thickness h(x, t) and the flow rate q(x, t), which is consistent up to first order in inertia terms and consistent up to second order in viscous diffusion terms. It is observed that the proposed depth-averaged two-equation model recovers the available analytical, numerical, and experimental findings of the literature very well as the free parameter involving eccentricity of the ellipse increases. In fact, the present depth-averaged two-equation model converges to the existing parabolic velocity profile-based depth-averaged two-equation model as the eccentricity approaches one because the elliptic velocity profile becomes a parabolic velocity profile. Furthermore, we see that [20, 100] is the suitable range of the free parameter for capturing the existing findings of the literature. In addition, the full second-order depth-averaged model, which is consistent up to second-order in inertia and viscous terms, is also developed in Appendix A.
Flame development prediction of supersonic combustion flow based on lightweight cascaded convolutional neural network
Authors: Chen Erda , Guo Mingming , Tian Ye , Zhang Yi , Chen Hao , Le Jialing , Zhong Fuyu , Zhang Hua
Published: February 2023

The flame development prediction of a scramjet combustor forecasts the combustion state and provides valuable information for active flow control. Experiments were performed on a hydrogen-fueled scramjet at different equivalence ratios in a ground pulse combustion wind tunnel with a Mach-2.5 incoming flow. Five image datasets of the flame evolution process were constructed at different predicted periods. The memory fusion cascade network (MFCN) was developed to predict flame images after a certain span using flame image sequences of the previous periods. A complete evaluation system was constructed to compare and analyze the performances of MFCN, Kongs, and ResNet16 models in multi- and long-span conditions. Experimental results show that MFCN achieves a maximum increase of 46.16% of the peak signal-to-noise ratio index, 69.14% of the structural correlation coefficient index, and 5.72% of the correlation coefficient index in the independent test set. Moreover, the volume of the model only reaches the KB level, which has the characteristics of being lightweight. MFCN outperforms other methods in terms of the prediction accuracy and maintains stable prediction results during multi- and long-span tasks.
Circle packing in regular polygons
Authors: Amore Paolo
Published: February 2023

We study the packing of a large number of congruent and non-overlapping circles inside a regular polygon. We have devised efficient algorithms that allow one to generate configurations of N densely packed circles inside a regular polygon, and we have carried out intensive numerical experiments spanning several polygons (the largest number of sides considered here being 16) and up to 200 circles (400 circles in the special cases of the equilateral triangle and the regular hexagon). Some of the configurations that we have found possibly are not global maxima of the packing fraction, particularly for N≫1, due to the great computational complexity of the problem, but nonetheless they should provide good lower bounds for the packing fraction at a given N. This is the first systematic numerical study of packing in regular polygons, which previously had only been carried out for the equilateral triangle, the square, and the circle.
From chaos to cosmology: insights gained from 1D gravity
Authors: Miller Bruce , Manfredi Giovanni , Pirjol Dan , Rouet Jean-Louis
Published: February 2023

The gravitational force controls the evolution of the Universe on several scales. It is responsible for the formation of galaxies from the primordial matter distribution and the formation of planets from solar nebulae. Because the gravitational force is singular and has infinite range, making predictions based on fully three-dimensional models may be challenging. One-dimensional (1D) Newtonian gravity models were proposed as toy models for understanding the dynamics of gravitational systems. They can be integrated exactly and were used for computer simulations starting in the 1960s, providing the first demonstration of violent relaxation and the rapid development of long-lived quasi-stationary states (QSS). The present review provides the bases of the physics of 1D gravitational systems. It is divided into two main parts, the first concerning the approach to equilibrium and the second applications to cosmology. Each part is self-contained and can be read independently of the other. In the first part, we provide an introduction to the equilibrium thermodynamics of the one-dimensional gravitational sheet (OGS) system in the Vlasov limit. Both fixed and periodic boundary conditions are considered. The relaxation to equilibrium of the OGS is studied through numerical simulations which establish the role played by QSS and violent relaxation. We also survey existing work on the Lyapunov exponents of the OGS and on the chaotic dynamics of 1D systems with few particles, focusing on the 1D three-body problem. The second part summarizes work on dynamical structure formation in cosmology using 1D systems. By transforming to comoving coordinates, which follow the global expansion of the Universe, the 1D approach provides a useful laboratory for studying structure formation in various cosmological scenarios, from Einstein-de Sitter and ΛCDM to more recent, alternative cosmological models. A key result is the appearance of scale-free behavior with fractal dimension, which can be reliably studied in 1D for large systems over many epochs. Finally, an appendix gives some details on the numerical simulation methods used in these studies.
Enhancing capacitance of dielectric Si-oxide film by inserting indium-tin-oxide interlayer
Authors: Yen Tzu-Hsuan , Chou Chia-Yueh , Li Bao-Jhen , Liu Cheng-Yi
Published: February 2023

Two parallel-plate capacitors, Cu/Si-oxide/Cu (MIM) and Cu/Si-oxide/indium-tin-oxide/Cu (MIM-ITO), were fabricated. The capacitance of MIM-ITO structure (1365.5 pF) was measured to be much larger than MIM structure (442 pF) by two folds. The ITO interlayer enhances the ‘edge effect’ and results in non-stoichiometric Si2O3 phase formation in Si-oxide film. Si2O3 tetrahedrons present strong spontaneous dipoles, which result in an additional net polarization in the Si-oxide film under an applied electric field. With TEM images, (222)-preferred ITO crystalline phase was observed at the Si-oxide/ITO interface and served as the growth seed layer for Si2O3-contained Si-oxide film.
Influence of magnetic structure on the performance of twisted skyrmion-based nano-oscillator
Authors: Yang JinXia , Ma Yunxu , Wang Jianing , Wang Jianbo , Liu Qingfang
Published: February 2023

The spin torque nano-oscillator (STNO), a nanosize microwave signal generator, have caught the attention of a number of researchers due to its obvious advantages. Recently a chiral bulk material with twisted skyrmion has been discovered in studies with different helicity degrees. In this work, we design a new STNO based on twisted skyrmion existing in free layers of magnetic tunnel junction structure. We first investigate the effect of the magnetic moment of fixed layer on the twisted skyrmion and frequency of STNO. Although the magnetic moment of fixed layer does not affect the state of the twisted skyrmion but affects the precession frequency of STNO. Later, the current, external magnetic field and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction strength are changed to regulate the oscillation frequency of STNO. Our result may be favorable for the design of new twisted skyrmion-based STNO.
Estimation of performance degradation due to interface traps in the gate and spacer stack of NC-FinFET
Authors: Chauhan Vibhuti , Samajdar Dip Prakash
Published: February 2023

Device reliability issues originating from interface traps or bias temperature instability has been of great concern in emerging devices such as negative capacitance (NC)-fin field effect transistor (FinFET), gate-all-around field-effect transistor etc. Exploration of the interface traps at the different interfaces of these three-dimensional devices is of much importance in predicting the reliability of device behavior. In the proposed analysis, for the first time, we have demonstrated the individual and the overall impact of trap densities at the various practical interfaces present in the gate and spacer stack of the ferroelectric (FE)-dielectric spacer based NC-FinFET. The trap states in the proposed device alter the polarization dynamics and improve sub-threshold characteristics especially the off-state current (I
OFF), thus revealing excellent short-channel characteristics. We have further evaluated the degree of performance degradation occurring due to interface traps by means of optimized capacitance matching (FE parameters), hysteretic window, output transconductance (gds) and voltage gain (AV
). Furthermore, we have also studied the impact of trap states on the mixed-mode characteristics of the spacer-based NC-FinFET inverter design.
Mitigating barren plateaus with transfer-learning-inspired parameter initializations
Authors: Liu Huan-Yu , Sun Tai-Ping , Wu Yu-Chun , Han Yong-Jian , Guo Guo-Ping
Published: February 2023

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are widely applied in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era and are expected to demonstrate quantum advantage. However, training VQAs faces difficulties, one of which is the so-called barren plateaus (BPs) phenomenon, where gradients of cost functions vanish exponentially with the number of qubits. In this paper, inspired by transfer learning, where knowledge of pre-solved tasks could be further used in a different but related work with training efficiency improved, we report a parameter initialization method to mitigate BP. In the method, a small-sized task is solved with a VQA. Then the ansatz and its optimum parameters are transferred to tasks with larger sizes. Numerical simulations show that this method could mitigate BP and improve training efficiency. A brief discussion on how this method can work well is also provided. This work provides a reference for mitigating BP, and therefore, VQAs could be applied to more practical problems.
Electrically tunable mode-locked fiber laser using laser induced graphene assisted long-period fiber grating
Authors: Zhu Yuehong , Zhang Hong , Wu Zhujing , Shen Li , Wang Shutong , Deng Guoliang , Zhou Shouhuan
Published: February 2023

We demonstrate an electrically tunable all-fiber mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser using a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) assisted by laser induced graphene heaters (LIG-H). Wavelength tunability is achieved by the temperature-dependent transmission spectrum of the LPFG. The central wavelength can be continuously tuned from 1549.00 nm to 1563.63 nm with a spectral tuning range of 14.63 nm. The graphene on polyimide (PI) paper is fabricated using a 10.6 μm CO2 laser, which has a maximum operating temperature of around 500 °C. The proposed LPFG-based electrical tunability of mode-locked fiber laser provides a novel, repeatable, simple, and cost-effective laser tuning technique.
Atomic mass, Bjorken variable, and scale dependence of quark transport coefficient in Drell-Yan process for proton incident on nucleus*
Authors: Xu Wei-Jie , Bai Tian-Xing , Duan Chun-Gui
Published: February 2023

By means of the nuclear parton distributions determined without the fixed-target Drell-Yan experimental data and the analytic expression of quenching weight based on the BDMPS formalism, next-to-leading order analyses were performed on the Drell-Yan differential cross section ratios from the Fermilab E906 and E866 collaborations. It was found that the results calculated only with the nuclear effects of the parton distribution were not in agreement with the E866 and E906 experimental data. The incoming parton energy loss effect cannot be ignored in the nuclear Drell-Yan reactions. The predicted results indicate that, with the quark transport coefficient as a constant, the suppression due to the target nuclear geometry effect is approximately

% for the quark transport coefficient. It was shown that we should consider the target nuclear geometry effect in studying the Drell-Yan reaction on nuclear targets. On the basis of the Bjorken variable and scale dependence of the quark transport coefficient, the atomic mass dependence was incorporated. The quark transport coefficient was determined as a function of the atomic mass, Bjorken variable

, and scale

by the global fit of the experimental data. The determined constant factor

of the quark transport coefficient is

GeV

/fm. It was found that the atomic mass dependence has a significant impact on the constant factor

in the quark transport coefficient in cold nuclear matter.
A robust areal residual-restrained variational mode decomposition for filtering on surface texture analysis
Authors: Li Zhuowei , Xu Yuanping , Zhang Chaolong , Kong Chao , Macleod Iain , Li Tukun , Jiang Xiangqian , Guo Benjun , Lu Jun
Published: February 2023

This study proposes a novel filter, namely areal RrVMD based on Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), for decomposing surface areal texture into the form, waviness and roughness. VMD is one of the latest signal decomposition techniques and has been introduced into the field of surface metrology recently. The paper develops a residual-restrained method to further improved the VMD algorithm. It consists of three processing steps: firstly, calculating the robust weight function; secondly, decomposing the surface into the correspondingkmodes and a residual by using the devised areal residual-restrained VMD; thirdly, identifying different surface topography features by different wavelengths of modes. This study also proposes a robust algorithm to handle outliers and defects on the measured surface. The experimental results demonstrate that the robust areal residual-restrained VMD can precisely separate form, waviness and roughness and eliminate outliers efficiently.
Skillful decadal prediction skill over the Southern Ocean based on GFDL SPEAR Model-Analogs
Authors: Zhang Liping , Delworth Thomas L , Yang Xiaosong , Morioka Yushi , Zeng Fanrong , Lu Feiyu
Published: February 2023

The Model-Analogs technique is used in the present study to assess the decadal sea surface temperature (SST) prediction skill over the Southern Ocean (SO). The Model-Analogs here is based on reanalysis products and model control simulations that have ∼1° ocean/ice (refined to 0.5° at high latitudes) components and 100 km atmosphere/land components. It is found that the model analog hindcasts show comparable skills with the initialized retrospective decadal hindcasts south of 50°S, with even higher skills over the Weddell Sea at longer lead years. The high SST skills primarily arise from the successful capture of SO deep convection states. This deep ocean memory and the associated decadal predictability are also clearly seen when we assess the Model-Analogs technique in a perfect model context. Within 30°S–50°S latitudinal band, the model analog hindcasts show low skills. When we include the externally forced signals estimated from the large ensemble simulations, the model analog hindcasts and initialized decadal hindcasts show identical skills. The Model-Analogs method therefore provides a great baseline for developing future decadal forecast systems. It is unclear whether such analog techniques would also be successful with models that explicitly resolve ocean mesoscale eddies or other small-scale processes. This area of research needs to be explored further.
Arf5-mediated regulation of mTORC1 at the plasma membrane
Authors: Makhoul Christian , Houghton Fiona J. , Hinde Elizabeth , Gleeson Paul A.
Published: February 2023

Arf5 is identified as a novel interaction partner with the mTORC1 subunit, Raptor, and a regulator of mTORC1 signaling at PM ruffles. The findings reveal a Arf5-dependent pathway for recruitment and activation of mTORC1 at PM ruffles, a process relevant for spatial and temporal regulation of mTORC1 by receptor and nutrient stimuli.
New horizons in understanding oral health and swallowing function within the context of frailty
Authors: Robison Raele , (Focht) Garand Kendrea L , Affoo Rebecca , Yeh Chih-Ko , Chin Nathaniel , McArthur Caitlin , Pulia Michael , Rogus-Pulia Nicole
Published: February 2023

Frailty is a complex and multidimensional condition wherein declines in physiologic reserve and function place individuals in a state of heightened vulnerability and decreased resiliency. There has been growing interest in both research and clinical settings to understand how to best define, assess and characterise frailty in older adults. To this end, various models and clinical assessment tools have been used to define and measure frailty. While differences exist among these models and tools, a common unifying theme is a focus on physical function and activity. Notably absent across many available conceptual models and clinical tools are items directly related to oral and swallowing function. This is an important oversight as widespread changes to both oral and swallowing function are evident in older adults. Indeed, emerging evidence suggests many of the functional domains affected in frail older adults, such as nutrition and sarcopenia, have cyclical relationships with impairments in oral (oral hypofunction) and swallowing function (dysphagia) as well. The increasing appreciation for the interrelationships among oral hypofunction, dysphagia and frailty provides an opportunity for refinement of frailty assessment and characterisation in older adults to incorporate metrics specific to oral and swallowing function.
Memantine: a novel treatment for children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies
Authors: Whitney Robyn , Jain Puneet
Published: February 2023

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of memantine in children with epileptic encephalopathy’ by Schiller et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac380).
Engram and ecphory: the performing pianist and retrieval of memory
Authors: Schott Geoffrey D
Published: February 2023

Piano playing from memory requires the recall of huge numbers of finger (and foot) movements with extreme precision and often at great speed. Geoffrey Schott considers how such feats of memory are possible, and what they can tell us about the mechanisms of memory retrieval.
Comparison of methods for delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy: an acute electrical and haemodynamic within-patient comparison of left bundle branch area, His bundle, and biventricular pacing
Authors: Ali Nadine , Arnold Ahran D , Miyazawa Alejandra A , Keene Daniel , Chow Ji-Jian , Little Ian , Peters Nicholas S , Kanagaratnam Prapa , Qureshi Norman , Ng Fu Siong , Linton Nick W F , Lefroy David C , Francis Darrel P , Phang Boon Lim , Tanner Mark A , Muthumala Amal , Shun-Shin Matthew J , Cole Graham D , Whinnett Zachary I
Published: February 2023

Aims

Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is a promising method for delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), but its relative physiological effectiveness compared with His bundle pacing (HBP) is unknown. We conducted a within-patient comparison of HBP, LBBAP, and biventricular pacing (BVP).

Methods and results

Patients referred for CRT were recruited. We assessed electrical response using non-invasive mapping, and acute haemodynamic response using a high-precision haemodynamic protocol. Nineteen patients were recruited: 14 male, mean LVEF of 30%. Twelve had time for BVP measurements. All three modalities reduced total ventricular activation time (TVAT), (ΔTVATHBP -43 ± 14 ms and ΔTVATLBBAP −35 ± 20 ms vs. ΔTVATBVP −19 ± 30 ms, P = 0.03 and P = 0.1, respectively). HBP produced a significantly greater reduction in TVAT compared with LBBAP in all 19 patients (−46 ± 15 ms, −36 ± 17 ms, P = 0.03). His bundle pacing and LBBAP reduced left ventricular activation time (LVAT) more than BVP (ΔLVATHBP −43 ± 16 ms, P < 0.01 vs. BVP, ΔLVATLBBAP −45 ± 17 ms, P < 0.01 vs. BVP, ΔLVATBVP −13 ± 36 ms), with no difference between HBP and LBBAP (P = 0.65). Acute systolic blood pressure was increased by all three modalities. In the 12 with BVP, greater improvement was seen with HBP and LBBAP (6.4 ± 3.8 mmHg BVP, 8.1 ± 3.8 mmHg HBP, P = 0.02 vs. BVP and 8.4 ± 8.2 mmHg for LBBAP, P = 0.3 vs. BVP), with no difference between HBP and LBBAP (P = 0.8).

Conclusion

HBP delivered better ventricular resynchronization than LBBAP because right ventricular activation was slower during LBBAP. But LBBAP was not inferior to HBP with respect to LV electrical resynchronization and acute haemodynamic response.
Draft genome assemblies of the avian louse Brueelia nebulosa and its associates using long-read sequencing from an individual specimen
Authors: Sweet Andrew D , Browne Daniel R , Hernandez Alvaro G , Johnson Kevin P , Cameron Stephen L
Published: February 2023

Sequencing high molecular weight (HMW) DNA with long-read and linked-read technologies has promoted a major increase in more complete genome sequences for nonmodel organisms. Sequencing approaches that rely on HMW DNA have been limited to larger organisms or pools of multiple individuals, but recent advances have allowed for sequencing from individuals of small-bodied organisms. Here, we use HMW DNA sequencing with PacBio long reads and TELL-Seq linked reads to assemble and annotate the genome from a single individual feather louse (Brueelia nebulosa) from a European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). We assembled a genome with a relatively high scaffold N50 (637 kb) and with BUSCO scores (96.1%) comparable to louse genomes assembled from pooled individuals. We annotated a number of genes (10,938) similar to the human louse (Pediculus humanus) genome. Additionally, calling phased variants revealed that the Brueelia genome is more heterozygous (∼1%) then expected for a highly obligate and dispersal-limited parasite. We also assembled and annotated the mitochondrial genome and primary endosymbiont (Sodalis) genome from the individual louse, which showed evidence for heteroplasmy in the mitogenome and a reduced genome size in the endosymbiont compared to its free-living relative. Our study is a valuable demonstration of the capability to obtain high-quality genomes from individual small, nonmodel organisms. Applying this approach to other organisms could greatly increase our understanding of the diversity and evolution of individual genomes.
Specialty Certification for Burn Nursing: Value, Beliefs, and Benefits
Authors: Coles Karen M , Burton-Williams Kristen , O’Connor Annemarie , Patel Purvi , VanStanton Rebecca , Carrougher Gretchen J
Published: February 2023

Specialty certification for burn nursing will be available in 2023. This review outlines the path taken from specialty recognition by the American Nurses Association to the Certified Burn Registered Nurse certification. Clinical expertise, knowledge, skill, mastery of professional issues, and competence are hallmark features of a nurse specialty certification. A review of resources will illustrate the evolution of burn nursing practice with the development of burn nursing standards, competencies, and characteristics of the professional burn nurse. Resources are identified which outline the value of specialty certification, providing an overview for the impact of burn nursing certification on professional development, nurse satisfaction, and patient outcomes. Burn nurses play a key role in the care and recovery of the burn-injured patient. Since 2017, members of the burn nurse community have taken steps to confirm the role of the modern burn nurse and document standards. As a community, we are now poised to advance our specialty one step further and support the development of a national burn nurse certification examination. This paper provides a historical account of the path taken for burn nurse specialty recognition and national certification to date. The value and impact of specialty certification in general is outlined, thus providing a comprehensive overview for the value and impact of certification on professional development, nurse satisfaction, and patient outcomes.
Barbershop’s Cautionary Tale for Academic Music Theory: A Response to Stephen Lett
Authors: Boyd Clifton
Published: February 2023

This response to Stephen Lett’s article draws parallels between the institutional histories of the Society for Music Theory (SMT) and the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS). While both societies have struggled with racial diversity and inclusion, the structural racism that has pervaded the BHS since the civil rights era offers a potent and eerily familiar example of how seemingly innocuous, apolitical institutions can be sites of exclusion and inequity that plague the United States at large. Echoing Lett’s sentiments, I urge my fellow SMT members to recognize the inherently political nature of our craft as we reassess and rebuild our Society’s culture in this period of reckoning.
Abolitionist Music Theory and Marxism: Notes Toward a Reconciliation
Authors: Gopinath Sumanth
Published: February 2023

This essay offers a sympathetic Marxist commentary on Stephen Lett’s “Making a Home of The Society for Music Theory, Inc.” (2023). I explore questions of colonization and coloniality, which are viewed in literal, rather than metaphorical, terms; provide hypotheses about the political economy of contemporary US-American academic music theory, which seems to be inseparable from conflicts with composition; and meditate on theory’s political futures in both practical and broader utopian-political ways.
Development of an enhanced recovery after laser ablation surgery protocol: a preliminary analysis
Authors: Levy Adam S , Merenzon Martin A , Eatz Tiffany , Morell Alexis A , Eichberg Daniel G , Bloom Marc J , Shah Ashish H , Komotar Ricardo J , Ivan Michael E
Published: February 2023

Background

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are a model of care that aim to improve patient outcomes, reduce complications, and facilitate recovery while reducing healthcare-associated costs and admission length. While such programs have been developed in other surgical subspecialties, there have yet to be guidelines published specifically for laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). Here we describe the first multidisciplinary ERAS preliminary protocol for LITT for the treatment of brain tumors.

Methods

Between the years 2013 and 2021, 184 adult patients consecutively treated with LITT at our single institution were retrospectively analyzed. During this time, a series of pre, intra, and postoperative adjustments were made to the admission course and surgical/anesthesia workflow with the goal of improving recovery and admission length.

Results

The mean age at surgery was 60.7 years with a median preoperative Karnofsky performance score of 90 ± 13. Lesions were most commonly metastases (50%) and high-grade gliomas (37%). The mean length of stay was 2.4 days, with the average patient being discharged 1.2 days after surgery. There was an overall readmission rate of 8.7% with a LITT-specific readmission rate of 2.2%. Three of 184 patients required repeat intervention in the perioperative period, and there was one perioperative mortality.

Conclusions

This preliminary study shows the proposed LITT ERAS protocol to be a safe means of discharging patients on postoperative day 1 while preserving outcomes. Although future prospective work is needed to validate this protocol, results show the ERAS approach to be promising for LITT.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Evolution and Escape From Combination Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in a Person With HIV
Authors: Khosravi Dara , Soloff Hannah , Langsjoen Rose M , Bombin Andrei , Kelley Colleen F , Ray Susan M , Gunthel Clifford J , Zanoni Brian C , Nguyen Phuong-Vi , Waggoner Jesse J , Wang Yun F , Cantos Valeria D , Piantadosi Anne
Published: February 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) escape from combination monoclonal antibody treatment is rarely reported. We describe an immunocompromised individual with human immunodeficiency virus and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in whom substantial SARS-CoV-2 evolution occurred, including the emergence of 2 mutations associated with escape from the monoclonal antibody cocktail received.
Impact of the Recent Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Breakpoint Changes on the Antimicrobial Spectrum of Aminoglycosides and the Activity of Plazomicin Against Multidrug-Resistant and Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales From United States Medical Centers
Authors: Sader Helio S , Mendes Rodrigo E , Kimbrough John H , Kantro Valerie , Castanheira Mariana
Published: February 2023

Background

The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) lowered the Enterobacterales-susceptible/-resistant breakpoints for amikacin in 2023 from ≤16/≥64 mg/L to ≤4/≥16 mg/L and the breakpoints for gentamicin and tobramycin from ≤4/≥16 mg/L to ≤2/≥8 mg/L. Because aminoglycosides are frequently used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), we evaluated the impact of these changes on the susceptibility rates (%S) of Enterobacterales collected from US medical centers.

Methods

A total of 9809 Enterobacterales isolates were consecutively collected (1/patient) from 37 US medical centers in 2017–2021 and susceptibility was tested by broth microdilution. Susceptibility rates were calculated using CLSI 2022, CLSI 2023, and US Food and Drug Administration 2022 criteria. Aminoglycoside-nonsusceptible isolates were screened for genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) and 16S rRNA methyltransferases (16RMT).

Results

The CLSI breakpoint changes mostly affected amikacin, especially against MDR (94.0%S to 71.0%S), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing (96.9%S to 79.7%S), and CRE (75.2%S to 59.0%S) isolates. Plazomicin was active against 96.4% of isolates and retained potent activity against CRE (94.0%S), ESBL-producing (98.9%S), and MDR (94.8%S) isolates. Gentamicin and tobramycin showed limited activity against resistant subsets of Enterobacterales. The AME-encoding genes and 16RMT were observed in 801 (8.2%) and 11 (0.1%) isolates, respectively. Plazomicin was active against 97.3% of the AME producers.

Conclusions

The spectrum of activity of amikacin against resistant subsets of Enterobacterales was drastically reduced when interpretative criteria based on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters that are currently used to establish breakpoints for other antimicrobials were applied. Plazomicin was markedly more active than amikacin, gentamicin, or tobramycin against antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales.
Professor Koshiba and atmospheric neutrinos
Authors: Kajita Takaaki
Published: February 2023

When Professor Masatoshi Koshiba proposed the Kamiokande experiment, the main motivation was the search for proton decays. However, it should be remembered that other physics topics were also considered. One of them was neutrino oscillation studies with atmospheric neutrinos. In this article, the atmospheric neutrino studies in Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande are reviewed.
Evaluation of long-term supplementation of a direct-fed microbial and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast cell culture product on feedlot growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy utilization, heat stress measures, and carcass characteristics in beef steers
Authors: Gubbels Erin R , Rusche Warren C , Block Elliot , Rehberger Tom , Thomson Jesse S , Smith Zachary K
Published: February 2023

The objective of this research was to determine the influence of long-term supplementation (258 d) of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) and yeast cell wall (YCW) product used alone or in combination on growth performance, dietary net energy utilization, and carcass characteristics in beef steers finished under climatic conditions in the Northern Plains (NP). Single-sourced Charolais × Red Angus steers [n = 256; body weight = 246 ± 1.68 kg] were blocked by pen location in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of DFM and YCW. Steers were administered a series of diets common to the NP and administered ractopamine hydrochloride (RH; 300 mg/kg) during the last 28 d of the finishing phase. Steers were vaccinated and poured at processing and individually weighed on days 1, 14, 42, 77, 105, 133, 161, 182, 230, and 258. Temperature–humidity index (THI) was calculated during RH supplementation. For 98% of the experiment, the THI was lower than 72 and thus cattle were not under high-ambient temperature. On days 1, 2, 21, and 22 of RH supplementation, respiration rates (RR), and panting scores (PS) were determined before and after AM and PM feedings (0700 h, 1100 h, 1400 h, and 1700 h). A DFM + YCW interaction was noted for the proportion of steers categorized as PS 2.0 at 1100 h on day 21 (P = 0.03) and RR on day 21 at 1400 h (P = 0.02). Control steers had a greater proportion of PS 2.0 compared to DFM or YCW steers (P ≤ 0.05), while DFM + YCW steers did not differ from others (P ≥ 0.05); DFM + YCW steers had greater (P < 0.05) RR compared to DFM steers, while control and YCW steers did not differ from others (P ≥ 0.05). No DFM + YCW interactions or main effects (P ≥ 0.05) were observed for cumulative growth performance measures. However, YCW steers had 2% lower (P = 0.04) dry matter intakes compared to steers not fed YCW. No DFM + YCW interactions or main effects (P ≥ 0.05) were observed for carcass traits or liver abscess severity. However, a DFM + YCW interaction (P < 0.05) was noted for the distribution of USDA yield grade (YG) 1 and Prime carcasses. Control steers had a greater proportion (P < 0.05) of YG 1 carcasses compared to other treatments. DFM+YCW steers had a greater proportion (P < 0.05) of USDA Prime carcasses compared to DFM or YCW but were similar to control steers, which were also similar to DFM or YCW. Overall, the use of DFM and YCW alone or in combination had minimal effects on growth performance, carcass traits, and heat stress measures in steers finished in NP climatic conditions.
First Report of Red Crown Rot, Caused by Calonectria ilicicola, and Its Effect on Soybean in Kentucky
Authors: Neves Danilo L. , Mehl Kelsey M. , Bradley Carl A.
Published: February 2023

Red crown rot, caused by Calonectria ilicicola, was confirmed in soybean fields in Kentucky for the first time during the 2021 growing season. Compared with asymptomatic plants, symptomatic plants collected from Kentucky soybean fields had less mass, fewer seed pods, fewer seeds, and less total seed mass. Future research should include field surveys to determine the geographical distribution of red crown rot in Kentucky and evaluation of potential management practices.
“Macrodosing” Sublingual Buprenorphine and Extended-release Buprenorphine in a Hospital Setting: 2 Case Reports
Authors: Kahan Meldon , Marion-Bellemare Louisa , Samson Julie , Srivastava Anita
Published: February 2023

Objectives

To describe 2 case reports in which high-dose administration of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone quickly stabilized fentanyl users who presented to the hospital. To discuss how early administration of extended-release buprenorphine, before the patient is discharged, may improve retention rates for outpatient buprenorphine treatment.

Methods

Two case reports of fentanyl users presented to the emergency department at the general hospital in Timmins, Canada are described. They were rapidly stabilized on high-dose sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone and then transitioned within 24 to 36 hours to buprenorphine extended-release subcutaneous injection.

Results

In both cases, their withdrawal symptoms quickly resolved, without sedation or precipitated withdrawal. Both patients followed up with the outpatient clinic for another injection of extended-release buprenorphine.

Conclusions

High-dose sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone followed by early administration of extended-release buprenorphine quickly and safely relieved withdrawal symptoms in 2 fentanyl users who presented to the hospital emergency department. This novel approach shows promise in improving treatment retention rates for patients using fentanyl. Further research is required to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this approach.
Nurses' Knowledge, Communication Needs, and Future Directions in Neonatal Research
Authors: Sundquist Beauman Sandra , Eklund Wakako M. , Short Mary A. , Kenner Carole
Published: February 2023

Background:

Preterm birth is a significant contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite legislative efforts to increase pediatric drug development, neonatal clinical trials continue to be infrequent. The International Neonatal Consortium (INC) includes nurses as key stakeholders in their mission to accelerate safe and effective therapies for neonates.

Purpose:

INC developed a survey for nurses, physicians, and parents to explore communication practices and stakeholders' perceptions and knowledge regarding clinical trials in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).

Methods:

A stepwise consensus approach was used to solicit responses to an online survey. The convenience sample was drawn from INC organizations representing the stakeholder groups. Representatives from the National Association of Neonatal Nurses and the Council of International Neonatal Nurses, Inc, participated in all stages of the survey development process, results analysis, and publication of results.

Results:

Participants included 188 nurses or nurse practitioners, mainly from the United States, Canada, the European Union, and Japan; 68% indicated some level of research involvement. Nurses expressed a lack of effective education to prepare them for participation in research. Results indicated a lack of a central information source for staff and systematic approaches to inform families of studies. The majority of nurses indicated they were not asked to provide input into clinical trials. Nurses were uncertain about research consent and result disclosure processes.

Implications for Practice and Research:

This study indicates the need to educate nurses in research, improve NICU research communication through standardized, systematic pathways, and leverage nurse involvement to enhance research communication.
Rural and Urban Differences in Insurance Coverage at Prepregnancy, Birth, and Postpartum
Authors: Admon Lindsay K. , Daw Jamie R. , Interrante Julia D. , Ibrahim Bridget Basile , Millette Maya J. , Kozhimannil Katy B.
Published: February 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To measure insurance coverage at prepregnancy, birth, and postpartum, and insurance coverage continuity across these periods among rural and urban U.S. residents.

METHODS:

We performed a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of survey data from 154,992 postpartum individuals in 43 states and two jurisdictions that participated in the 2016–2019 PRAMS (Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System). We calculated unadjusted estimates of insurance coverage (Medicaid, commercial, or uninsured) during three periods (prepregnancy, birth, and postpartum), as well as insurance continuity across these periods among rural and urban U.S. residents. We conducted subgroup analyses to compare uninsurance rates among rural and urban residents by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We used logistic regression models to generate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for each comparison.

RESULTS:

Rural residents experienced greater odds of uninsurance in each period and continuous uninsurance across all three periods, compared with their urban counterparts. Uninsurance was higher among rural residents compared with urban residents during prepregnancy (15.4% vs 12.1%; aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11–1.28], at birth (4.6% vs 2.8%; aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.41–1.82), and postpartum (12.7% vs 9.8%, aOR 1.27, 95% CI 1.17–1.38]. In each period, rural residents who were non-Hispanic White, married, and with intended pregnancies experienced greater adjusted odds of uninsurance compared with their urban counterparts. Rural–urban differences in uninsurance persisted across both Medicaid expansion and non–expansion states, and among those with varying levels of education and income. Rural inequities in perinatal coverage were experienced by Hispanic, English-speaking, and Indigenous individuals during prepregnancy and at birth.

CONCLUSION:

Perinatal uninsurance disproportionately affects rural residents, compared with urban residents, in the 43 states examined. Differential insurance coverage may have important implications for addressing rural–urban inequities in maternity care access and maternal health.
Pre-Existing Anxiety and Depression in Injured Older Adults: An Under-Recognized Comorbidity With Major Health Implications
Authors: Ortiz Damaris , Perkins Anthony J. , Fuchita Mikita , Gao Sujuan , Holler Emma , Meagher Ashley D. , Mohanty Sanjay , French Dustin D. , Lasiter Sue , Khan Babar , Boustani Malaz , Zarzaur Ben
Published: February 2023

Objective:

To compare differences in baseline depression and anxiety screenings between older injured patients with pre-existing diagnoses and those without.

Background:

Little is known about the prevalence and impact of psychiatric comorbidities on early postinjury depression and anxiety in nonneurologically injured older adults.

Methods:

This was a retrospective post-hoc analysis of data from the Trauma Medical Home, a multicenter randomized controlled trial (R01AG052493-01A1) that explored the effect of a collaborative care model on postinjury recovery for older adults compared to usual care.

Results:

Nearly half of the patients screened positive for at least mild depressive symptoms as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Forty-one percent of the patients screened positive for at least mild anxiety symptoms as measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale. Female patients with a history of concurrent anxiety and depression, greater injury severity scores, and higher Charlson scores were more likely to have mild anxiety at baseline assessment. Patients with a history of depression only, a prior history of depression and concurrent anxiety, and higher Charlson scores (greater medical comorbidity) had greater odds of at least mild depression at the time of hospital discharge after traumatic injury.

Conclusions:

Anxiety and depression are prevalent in the older adult trauma population, and affect women disproportionately. A dual diagnosis of depression and anxiety is particularly morbid. Mental illness must be considered and addressed with the same importance as other medical diagnoses in patients with injuries.