bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Malassezia organisms on the skin of unaffected psittacine birds and psittacine birds with feather-destructive behavior
Authors: Preziosi Diane E. , Morris Daniel O. , Johnston Matthew S. , Rosenthal Karen L. , O'Shea Kathleen , Rankin Shelley C.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To ascertain whether Malassezia organisms can be detected via cytologic examination and fungal culture of samples from the skin surface of psittacine birds and determine whether the number of those organisms differs between unaffected psittacines and those that have chronic feather-destructive behavior or differs by body region.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—50 unaffected psittacines and 53 psittacines that had feather-destructive behavior.

Procedure—Samples were collected by use of acetate tape strips from the skin of the head, neck, proventer, propatagium, inguinal region, and preen gland area of each bird; 0.5-cm2 sample areas were examined microscopically for yeast, and samples were also incubated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Polymerase chain reaction assays specific for Malassezia spp, saprophytic fungi, and Candida albicans were performed on DNA prepared from cultured colonies; nested PCR evaluation for Malassezia pachydermatis was then performed.

Results—Microscopically, 63 of 618 (10%) tape-strip samples contained yeast. Thirty cultured colonies were assessed via PCR assays, and all yielded negative results for Malassezia spp; C albicans was identified in 2 colony samples. The numbers of yeast identified microscopically in psittacines with feather-destructive behavior and in unaffected birds did not differ significantly, and numbers did not differ by body region.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Yeast were identified infrequently via cytologic examination of samples from the skin surface of unaffected psittacine birds or those that had chronic feather-destructive behavior. If yeast are identified on the skin of birds with feather-destructive behaviors, fungal culture of skin samples should be performed to identify the organism.
Effects of diet on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs
Authors: Westermarck Elias , Wiberg Maria E.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To assess the effects of dietary modification on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs.

Design—Blinded randomized crossover study.

Animals—21 dogs with EPI.

Procedure—Dogs were fed the diet they received at home for 2 weeks. Thereafter, they received 3 special diets (a high-fat diet, a high-fiber diet, and a highly digestible low-residue diet) for 3 weeks each. Owners scored dogs daily for the last 2 weeks of each 3-week period for severity of 6 clinical signs including appetite, defecation frequency, consistency of feces, borborygmus, flatulence, and coprophagia. An EPI index was calculated for each dog by adding the daily scores for each clinical sign.

Results—Significant differences in daily EPI indices among diets were observed in 20 dogs. The original diet appeared to be the most suitable in 8 dogs, whereas the high-fat diet was most suitable in 5 dogs, the high-fiber diet was most suitable in 4 dogs, and the low-residue diet was most suitable in 2 dogs. In 1 dog, the lowest EPI index score was the same during the original diet and the high-fat diet feeding periods. One dog did not complete the feeding period for the high-fiber diet. Differences in mean EPI indices among diets were not significant.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that responses to different diets varied among individual dogs. Because responses to the feeding regimens were unpredictable, it is suggested that feeding regimens be individually formulated for dogs with EPI.
Fecal incontinence associated with epidural spinal hematoma and intervertebral disk extrusion in a dog
Authors: Cerda-Gonzalez Sofia , Olby Natasha J.
Published: January 2006

Case Description—A 7-year-old castrated male Great Dane was evaluated because of a 2-month history of fecal incontinence.

Clinical Findings—On the basis of the presence of paraparesis and apparently normal spinal reflexes, the neurologic signs were localized in the region of the third thoracic to the third lumbar spinal cord segments. On the basis of the findings of magnetic resonance imaging, a presumptive diagnosis of a compressive intervertebral disk extrusion with secondary hemorrhage and epidural hematoma formation was made.

Treatment and Outcome—A right-sided hemil-aminectomy was performed (centered at the T13-L1 intervertebral space) to further characterize the lesion and decompress the spinal cord. The histopathologic diagnosis was extruded intervertebral disk material with chronic hemorrhage and inflammation. Three weeks after surgery, there was complete resolution of the dog's fecal incontinence and moderate improvements in its hind limb function.

Clinical Relevance—Thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries can result in upper motor neuron fecal incontinence in ambulatory dogs. Epidural spinal hematomas may develop secondary to intervertebral disk herniations and cause spinal cord compression resulting in neurologic deficits.
Avian influenza A virus subtype H5N2 in a red-lored Amazon parrot
Authors: Hawkins Michelle G. , Crossley Beate M. , Osofsky Anna , Webby Richard J. , Lee Chang-Won , Suarez David L. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: January 2006

Case Description—A 3-month-old red-lored Amazon parrot (Amazona autumnalis autumnalis) was evaluated for severe lethargy.

Clinical Findings—Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin subtype H5N2 with low pathogenicity was characterized by virus isolation, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay, chicken intravenous pathogenicity index, and reference sera. The virus was also determined to be closely related to a virus lineage that had been reported only in Mexico and Central America.

Treatment and Outcome—The chick was admitted to the hospital and placed in quarantine. Supportive care treatment was administered. Although detection of H5 avian influenza virus in birds in the United States typically results in euthanasia of infected birds, an alternative strategy with strict quarantine measures and repeated diagnostic testing was used. The chick recovered from the initial clinical signs after 4 days and was released from quarantine 9 weeks after initial evaluation after 2 consecutive negative virus isolation and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay results.

Clinical Relevance—To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of H5N2 avian influenza A virus isolated from a psittacine bird and represents the first introduction of this virus into the United States, most likely by illegal importation of psittacine birds. Avian influenza A virus should be considered as a differential diagnosis for clinical signs of gastrointestinal tract disease in psittacine birds, especially in birds with an unknown history of origin. Although infection with avian influenza virus subtype H5 is reportable, destruction of birds is not always required.
Intracranial abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal
Authors: Janicek John C. , Kramer Joanne , Coates Joan R. , Lattimer Jimmy C. , LaCarrubba Alison M. , Messer Nat T.
Published: January 2006

Case Description—A 4-month-old Missouri Fox Trotter colt was examined for a 5-week history of head tilt after treatment for suspected pulmonary Rhodococcus equi infection.

Clinical Findings—Computed tomography revealed osteolysis of the occipital, temporal, and caudal portion of the parietal bones of the left side of the cranium. A soft tissue mass compressing the occipital region of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum was associated with the osteolytic bone.

Treatment and Outcome—A rostrotentorial-suboccipital craniectomy approach was performed to remove fragmented occipital bone, debulk the intracranial mass, and obtain tissue samples for histologic examination and bacterial culture. All neurologic deficits improved substantially within 3 days after surgery. Bacterial culture of the resected soft tissue and bone fragments yielded R equi.

Clinical Relevance—Intracranial surgery in veterinary medicine has been limited to dogs and cats; however, in select cases, extrapolation of surgical techniques used in humans and small animals can assist with intracranial procedures in horses.
London Calling
Authors: Melvin Jeremy
Published: January 2006

An ethnic mix has always been an essential part of London's character, with areas such as Spitalfields home to successive waves of immigrants ‐ from Huguenots in the 18th century to a diverse Jewish population in the mid‐20th century, and a sizable Bangladeshi community today. Jeremy Melvin explains how, through its dynamic sense of the multicultural, ‘London taught other cities how to become metropolises’. How, though, does an urban mix, such a natural phenomenon in areas such as Old Compton Street (left), Brick Lane (centre) and Electric Avenue (right), translate into current architectural form? Here Melvin looks at the work of three London‐based practices that have all worked on community schemes that engender notions of inclusiveness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crazy Quilt Queens
Authors: Merkel Jayne , Olivas Julian
Published: January 2006

Spreading out over almost 120 square miles on the northwest corner of Long Island, across the East River from Manhattan, Queens is physically the largest borough in the City of New York, and the second most populous and most ethnically diverse county in the us. Its 2.2 million residents come from 81 different countries, and nearly half are foreign‐born. Writer Jayne Merkel and photographer Julian Olivas describe the architectural diversity of Queens ‐ a combination in which architectural and ethnic characteristics rarely coincide. Most of the borough's residents and institutions occupy structures built by those that came before them. Queens is in almost perpetual flux. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabricating Pluralism
Authors: Horwitz Jamie
Published: January 2006

In an age when culture has become a lifestyle accoutrement, Jamie Horwitz contemplates both the potency and highly transmittable nature of culture. She puts her ideas to the test by looking at the newly completed facilities of some of the greatest places of cultural acquisition in the us ‐ institutes of learning. How might it be possible for university campuses to foster architectural expression that engenders global social exchange while avoiding all the pitfalls of anonymity most commonly associated with the airport lounge? Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tijuana Case Study Tactics of Invasion: Manufactured Sites
Authors: Cruz Teddy
Published: January 2006

Teddy Cruz describes how his practice in San Diego has used its experience of Mexican/US border conditions to inform a project of ‘urban acupuncture’ that has the potential to bridge the enormity of a transnational divide that exists between two adjacent communities. In essence a simple prefabricated aluminium frame, Manufactured Sites could provide the much‐needed, small‐scale infrastructures and services for favela‐like settlements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
House/Home: Dwelling in the New South Africa
Authors: Low Iain
Published: January 2006

For a country that endured decades of racial segregation, cultural freedom has a particular poignancy. Iain Low of the University of Cape Town takes his cultural barometer to the new South Africa to measure up the challenges of broadening ‘the new mix’ within a housing landscape that only 10 years ago was dictated by the politics of separation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cengiz Bektas and the Community of Kuzguncuk in Istanbul
Authors: Height David
Published: January 2006

Situated on the slopes of the Bosporus, Kuzguncuk is a historic suburban area of Istanbul made up of traditional Ottoman houses mixed with 20th‐century apartments and terraces, though retaining the Ottoman street and block topography. Encompassing Muslim, Jewish and Christian Orthodox communities, it is a microcosm of what Istanbul has to offer. English architect David Height, who had the opportunity to work for Cengiz Bektas for a year in his studio in Kuzguncuk, describes Bektas's role in the regeneration of the area. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building Traditions The Benny W Reich Cultural Center for the Ethiopian Community, Yavneh, Israel
Authors: Palmon Ruth
Published: January 2006

Ruth Palmon describes how a hybrid high‐tech mud structure in Yavneh, Israel, designed by Israeli architect Ilan Pivko, creates a lively cultural centre and synagogue for a Jewish Ethiopian community. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making Place in Bangalore
Authors: Siddiqi Anooradha Iyer
Published: January 2006

In the city of Bangalore in southern India, the predominant architectural language is that of conventional global commerce. ‘Bland high‐rise developments’ jostle with shanties and urban sprawl. Anooradha Iyer Siddiqi, AIA, explores an alternative way, by Shilpa Sindoor Architects and Planners. The practice invests in a sense of place, but also uses a knowledge of the local construction market and materials to its economic advantage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty‐First Century China
Authors: Ong Edmund
Published: January 2006

American architect Edmund Ong describes the new China he encounters on his return after three decades. Struck by the pure alacrity of development, he is also startled by the extreme juxtapositions of old and new. He observes an unprecedented free‐for‐all environment that contends with many of the same urban dilemmas already encountered in 20th‐century America. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holl on Hybrids
Authors: Jefferson Everardo
Published: January 2006

Since his 1970s Pamphlet Architecture series on American architecture, Steven Holl has exhibited a unique ability to pinpoint intersections of culture and building. To gauge exactly how this current of thought might be running through Holl's present explorations, which range from small‐scale domestic homespun projects to substantial schemes in China, guest‐editor Everardo Jefferson interviews Holl at his New York base. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weeksville Education Building
Authors: Caples Sara
Published: January 2006

For award‐winning New York practice Caples Jefferson Architects, the commission to design an interpretive centre for the Weeksville Society in Brooklyn offered a rare opportunity to explore African architectural form and to connect to the totality of the black experience in the borough. As guest‐editor Sara Caples explains, it also required taking on board the input of a third party in the mix, representing the city's interests. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hodgetts+Fung
Authors: Bratton Denise
Published: January 2006

Craig Hodgetts and Hsin‐Ming Fung are inspired by the ‘diverse and eclectic character’ of their adopted city of Los Angeles. As Denise Bratton explains, LA seeps into the very design process of their practice as much as it informs the character of their work. This is reflected in their dynamic scenographic approach, their bent for canny improvisation, and their attention to new materials and technologies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Westerton Road Grangemouth
Authors: McKeown Henry
Published: January 2006

Henry McKeown looks at a social‐housing scheme that Page + Park Architects has recently completed at Grangemouth, just outside Edinburgh. Below an exterior that exudes quasi‐rural charm, McKeown reveals the necessary ‘self‐effacing honesty and endeavour deployed to make good domestic spaces and a good place to live’. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expressing More Than Structure
Authors: Kate  , Abley Ian
Published: January 2006

Virginia Fairweather's critical appreciation of the work of Thornton‐Tomasetti Engineers, Expressing Structure: The Technology of Large‐Scale Buildings, presents more than the title suggests, say Kate and Ian Abley. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Puerta of Dreams
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: January 2006

Inside, Puerta América is a hotchpotch, but the problem is lessened by using the arch‐minimalist John Pawson to design the communal areas, creating a passive backdrop to the chaos of themes that inhabit the rooms on different floors. A few architecture critics have claimed that some of the more famous contributors have merely placed their signature style within a hotel context. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foraging ecology of howler monkeys in a cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantation in Comalcalco, Mexico
Authors: Muñoz David , Estrada Alejandro , Naranjo Eduardo , Ochoa Susana
Published: January 2006

Recent evidence indicates that primate populations may persist in neotropical fragmented landscapes by using arboreal agroecosystems, which may provide temporary habitats, increased areas of vegetation, and connectivity, among other benefits. However, limited data are available on how primates are able to sustain themselves in such manmade habitats. We report the results of a 9‐month‐long investigation of the feeding ecology of a troop of howler monkeys (n=24) that have lived for the past 25 years in a 12‐ha cacao plantation in the lowlands of Tabasco, Mexico. A vegetation census indicated the presence of 630 trees (≥20 cm diameter at breast height (DBH)) of 32 shade species in the plantation. The howlers used 16 plant species (13 of which were trees) as sources of leaves, fruits, and flowers. Five shade tree species (Ficus cotinifolia,Pithecellobium saman,Gliricidia sepium,F. obtusifolia, andFicussp.) accounted for slightly over 80% of the total feeding time and 78% of the total number trees (n=139) used by the howlers, and were consistently used by the howlers from month to month. The howlers spent an average of 51% of their monthly feeding time exploiting young leaves, 29% exploiting mature fruit, and 20% exploiting flowers and other plant items. Monthly consumption of young leaves varied from 23% to 67%, and monthly consumption of ripe fruit varied from 12% to 64%. Differences in the protein‐to‐fiber ratio of young vs. mature leaves influenced diet selection by the monkeys. The howlers used 8.3 ha of the plantation area, and on average traveled 388 m per day in each month. The howlers preferred tree species whose contribution to the total tree biomass and density was above average for the shade‐tree population in the plantation. Given the right conditions of management and protection, shaded arboreal plantations in fragmented landscapes can sustain segments of howler monkey populations for many decades. Am. J. Primatol. 68:127–142, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of maternal serum corticotropin‐releasing hormone concentration during pregnancy in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Power Michael L. , Bowman Maria E. , Smith Roger , Ziegler Toni E. , Layne Donna G. , Schulkin Jay , Tardif Suzette D.
Published: January 2006

Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), a potent neuropeptide, is produced by the placenta of anthropoid primates. No other mammals, including prosimian primates, are known to produce placental CRH. In humans, placental CRH appears to play an important role in the progression of pregnancy to parturition. Maternal circulating CRH begins to rise early in pregnancy and increases until parturition. Gorillas and chimpanzees share this pattern of increasing maternal CRH during pregnancy with humans. In humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, maternal CRH and estradiol concentrations are correlated, consistent with the hypothesis that CRH is involved in the biosynthetic pathway for placental estrogen production. In contrast, in baboons, maternal circulating CRH rises precipitously early in pregnancy and then declines, though CRH is detectable until birth. This research was designed to investigate the pattern of maternal circulating CRH in the common marmoset during pregnancy. Blood samples were taken across gestation from nine subjects over 11 pregnancies, and the plasma was assayed for CRH. The pattern of maternal circulating CRH in the common marmoset was similar to that of the baboon, with a rapid rise starting at about 50 days postconception and a peak at approximately 70 days postconception. By 110 days postconception, CRH concentration had plateaued at a significantly lower value. The peak and mean values for CRH were associated with fetal number (e.g., females gestating triplets had higher values than females gestating twins). Urinary estradiol showed no association with plasma CRH concentration. Marmosets appear to differ from the great apes in this regard, and to share a pattern of maternal CRH during pregnancy with the baboon, indicating that the baboon and marmoset pattern may be ancestral. The function of the early rapid rise of CRH in baboons and marmosets, and the significance of this difference between monkeys and apes, are not known. Am. J. Primatol. 68:181–188, 2006. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die photochemische Untersuchung verschiedener DNA‐Strukturen
Authors: Xu Yan , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

Den verschiedenen Konformationen der DNA – den A‐, B‐ und Z‐Formen, dem proteininduzierten DNA‐Knick und der G‐Quartett‐Struktur – werden bedeutende Rollen in biologischen Prozessen zugeschrieben, etwa bei der DNA‐Replikation, der Genexpression und ‐regulierung und der Reparatur beschädigter DNA. Die Untersuchung von lokalen DNA‐Konformationsänderungen bei biologischen Vorgängen ist daher für die Aufklärung der Funktion von DNA unumgänglich. In diesem Kurzaufsatz beschreiben wir die Anwendung der photochemischen Dehalogenierung von 5‐Halogenuracil‐derivatisierter DNA zur Untersuchung von DNA‐Strukturen. Die Wasserstoffabstraktion durch das Uracil‐5‐yl‐Radikal verläuft atomspezifisch und wird stark von der DNA‐Struktur bestimmt. Infolgedessen könnte diese photochemische Methode bei der Untersuchung von DNA‐Konformationen in lebenden Zellen zum Einsatz kommen.
Photochemical Approach to Probing Different DNA Structures
Authors: Xu Yan , Sugiyama Hiroshi
Published: January 2006

The various conformations of DNA—the A, B, and Z forms, the protein‐induced DNA kink, and the G‐quartet form—are thought to play important biological roles in processes such as DNA replication, gene expression and regulation, and the repair of DNA damage. The investigation of local DNA conformational changes associated with biological events is therefore essential for understanding the function of DNA. In this Minireview, we discuss the use of photochemical dehalogenation of 5‐halouracil‐containing DNA to probe the structure of DNA. Hydrogen abstraction by the resultant uracil‐5‐yl radicals is atom‐specific and highly dependent on the structure of the DNA, suggesting that this photochemical approach could be applied as a probe of DNA conformations in living cells.
Parametrization of the Galactic structure by two exponentials
Authors: Karaali S.
Published: January 2006

We parametrized the total structure of the Galaxy in cylindrical coordinates up to z ∼ 10 kpc by using radial and vertical exponentials, covering the thin and thick disc and the inner spheroid. However, we allowed the scale height and scale length to vary continuously with distance from the Galactic plane. The standard deviations for the differences between stellar space densities estimated by means of the newly defined scale heights and scale lengths and the observed space densities for three absolute magnitude intervals, 5 < M (g ′) ≤ 6, 6 < M (g ′) ≤ 7, and 7 < M (g ′) ≤ 8, of the fields SA 114, ELAIS, and # 0952+5245 are rather small. The uncertainties of the scale heights are also small, indicating that this parameter depends very sensitively on the distance from the Galactic plane, whereas those of the scale lengths are larger. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A model to simulate synthetic light curves of solar‐like stars
Authors: Lanza A. F. , Messina S. , Pagano I. , Rodonò M.
Published: January 2006

A model to synthesize stellar variability induced by solar‐like magnetic activity is presented. It is based on the model introduced by Lanza et al. (2003) and Lanza, Rodonò & Pagano (2004) to fit the time variations of the solar bolometric and spectral irradiances. The model parameters are scaled in the case of solar‐like stars in order to provide light curve amplitudes comparable with those observed for active stars with rotation periods ≤10 days. Simultaneous light curves in different optical passbands can be synthesized with the model in order to test, e.g., the methods that were recently proposed to detect planetary transit signatures in multiband photometric observations by space‐borne telescopes. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Galactic model parameters for field giants separated from field dwarfs by their 2MASS and V apparent magnitudes
Authors: Bilir S. , Karaali S. , Güver T. , Karataş Y. , Ak S. G.
Published: January 2006

We present a method which separates field dwarfs and field giants by their 2MASS and V apparent magnitudes. This method is based on spectroscopically selected standards and is hence reliable.We applied it to stars in two fields, SA 54 and SA 82, and we estimated a full set of Galactic model parameters for giants including their total local space density. Our results are in agreement with the ones given in the recent literature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new model of angular momentum transfer from the rotating central body of a two‐body system to the orbital motion of the system
Authors: Schmutzer E.
Published: January 2006

In a previous paper we treated within the framework of our Projective Unified Field Theory (Schmutzer 2004, 2005a) the 2‐body system (e.g. Earth‐Moon system) with a rotating central body in a rather abstract manner. Here a concrete model of the transfer of angular momentum from the rotating central body to the orbital motion of the whole 2‐body system is presented, where particularly the transfer is caused by the inhomogeneous gravitational force of the Moon acting on the oceanic waters of the Earth, being modeled by a spherical shell around the solid Earth. The theory is numerically tested. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
V4332 Sgr in ‘Quiescence’
Authors: Kimeswenger S.
Published: January 2006

In 1994 V4332 Sgr underwent a mysterious eruption. Somehow its fast evolution towards a red giant star was, lacking alternative classifications, connected to the red variable M31 RV, which had its eruption in 1988. The red eruptive variable V838 Mon draw the attention back to its ‘older twin’ V4332 Sgr in February 2002. The new precise photometry of the progenitor given here shows that the object started to rise years before the 1994 event. Post‐outburst photometry and spectroscopy from 2002 and 2003 show that the object stopped its decline and seems now to become hotter. The progenitor data and the new high quality spectra provide a supplement and completion to the data around the outburst given by Martini et al. (1999). They thus allow theorists to give new boundaries for modelling this unusual object. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measuring physical properties of very young brown dwarfs
Authors: Basri G.
Published: January 2006

I discuss the problem of finding the fundamental parameters (mass, temperature, gravity, radius, and age) of ultra low‐mass objects when they are very young. This is the part of parameter space where theoretical evolutionary models, which typically are used to extract the difficult parameters of age, mass, and radius from more observationally direct parameters like luminosity and spectral type, are expected to be least reliable. Studying binaries is one way to get around this problem; determining fundamental parameters from high resolution spectra is another (which is applicable to single stars). All these methods have their advantages and problems, and it is essential to make comparisons between them to develop trust in any of their answers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
P/2004 A1 (Loneos) – a comet under transition from Saturn to Jupiter
Authors: Hahn G. , Lagerkvist C.‐I. , Karlsson O. , Oja T. , Stoss R. M.
Published: January 2006

The newly discovered periodic comet P/2004 A1 (LONEOS) is found to have experienced a recent capture into its present orbit, following a close approach to Saturn in 1992 to within 0.032 AU. This induced orbital change transfered the comet into an orbit tangent to that of Jupiter, which will, after a close passage in 2026, gain control by further decoupling it from the influence of Saturn. A long‐term orbital investigation yields support that the comet is on its first sojourn into the inner solar system. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Monitor : transiting planets and brown dwarfs in star forming regions and young open clusters
Authors: Hodgkin S. T. , Irwin J. M. , Aigrain S. , Hebb L. , Moraux E. , Irwin M. J. , the Monitor Collaboration
Published: January 2006

The Monitor project

www.ast.cam.ac.uk/∼suz/monitor/monitor.php

is a large scale photometric monitoring survey of ten star forming regions and open clusters aged between 1 and 200 Myr using wide‐field optical cameras on 2–4 m telescopes worldwide. The primary goal of the project is to search for close‐in planets and brown dwarfs at young ages through the detection of transit events. Such detections would provide unprecedented constraints on planet formation and migration time‐scales, as well as on evolutionary models of planets and brown dwarfs in an age range where such constraints are very scarce. Additional science goals include rotation period measurements and the analysis of flares and accretion‐related variability. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Brown dwarf candidates in the Serpens cloud core
Authors: Eiroa C. , Djukvip A. A. , Casali M. M.
Published: January 2006

The Serpens cloud core is populated by a young, low‐mass stellar cluster with members in many different evolutionary stages. We revisit the near‐IR properties of the cluster in this contribution. A total of 188 near‐IR sources are identified, including new members suggested in this work. Near‐IR colour‐magnitude and colour‐colour diagrams allow us to suggest 42 objects among the cluster members as brown dwarf candidates. A considerable fraction of them present near‐IR excesses which indicates that many of these very low mass objects are still surrounded by prominent dust accretion disks. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molekulare Evolutionsforschung. Schriftzeichen im Logbuch des Lebens
Authors: Wink Michael
Published: January 2006

Vor zehn Jahren wurden die genetischen Forschungsansätze in der Evolutions‐ und Phylogenieforschung noch mit großer Skepsis betrachtet. Inzwischen haben aber Tausende von Beispielen aufgezeigt, dass die DNA‐Daten hervorragende Informationen liefern und dabei helfen, Evolution, Phylogenie und Phylogeografie besser zu verstehen. Dieser Forschungsansatz macht die vergleichende Morphologie oder Biochemie nicht überflüssig, wie anfänglich befürchtet wurde, sondern ergänzt die etablierten Methoden.
Sammellinsen und Lichtleiter in Pflanzen. Neue Einsichten
Authors: Schnepf Eberhard
Published: January 2006

Es wird gezeigt, wie man pflanzliche Sammellinsen und Lichtleiter entdecken und wie man mit ihnen die Bildentstehung im Mikroskop demonstrieren kann. Als Sammellinsen können Pollenkörner, Kieselkörper in den Zellwänden, papillenförmige Epidermiszellen oder kugelförmige Haare wirken. Sie bündeln das Licht und vertauschen im Mikroskop wie Zusatzlinsen die Bildebenen. Als Lichtleiter wirken stark lichtbrechende, wenig durch Tüpfel unterbrochene Zellwände.
Protein‐Wechselwirkungsnetzwerke: Aufklärung der Funktion von Proteinen
Authors: Stelzl Ulrich , Wanker Erich
Published: January 2006

Durch moderne automatisierte Verfahren ist die Untersuchung von Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen in einem genomweiten Maßstab möglich geworden. Ähnlich wie bei der Sequenzierung des menschlichen Genoms wird bei der Analyse von Interaktionsnetzwerken systematisch vorgegangen. Ziel der Interaktionsforschung ist die Bestimmung der Funktion der Proteine. Auch wenn die DNA‐Sequenzen der circa 22.000 menschlichen Gene, die in Proteine übersetzt werden, seit längerem bekannt sind, wissen wir bis heute nur sehr wenig über ihre spezifischen Aufgaben in der Zelle. Die Analyse von Protein‐Interaktionsnetzwerken soll das Wissen über die Funktionen der Proteine systematisch auf‐ und ausbauen und die zellulären Strukturen und Zusammenhänge beschreibbar machen.
Droht eine Influenza‐Pandemie?
Authors: Klenk Hans‐Dieter
Published: January 2006

Die Influenza gehört ohne Zweifel zu den wichtigsten Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen. In den vergangenen Jahrhunderten haben die großen Grippepandemien immer wieder Millionen Tote gefordert. Aber auch den jährlichen Epidemien fallen regelmäßig viele Tausende zum Opfer. Wegen ihres häufigen Auftretens und in der Regel gutartigen Verlaufs wird die Bedeutung der Grippe gemeinhin unterschätzt. Diese Situation hat sich mit dem Auftreten der Vogelgrippe, die in der Öffentlichkeit als besondere Bedrohung empfunden wird, deutlich geändert.
Biologische Online‐Bibliographie: BioLIS
Authors: Kasperek Gerwin
Published: January 2006

Die Datenbank BioLIS wird durch die Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg (Frankfurt/M.) kostenfrei online zur Verfügung gestellt. Sie weist deutsche biologische Zeitschriftenliteratur aus dem Zeitraum 1970 bis 1996 nach – damit ist BioLIS eine wesentliche Ergänzung zu der Datenbank “Biological Abstracts”. Die bibliografischen Angaben zu den nachgewiesenen Aufsätzen werden durch umfassende Schlagwörter und Namen behandelter Organismen ergänzt, so dass Spezialrecherchen insbesondere nach Literatur über bestimmte Organismen möglich sind.
Der Entdecker des “Neandertalers”: Johann Carl Fuhlrott
Authors: Roth Hermann J.
Published: January 2006

16 Knochen wurden im Jahr 1856 aus einem Steinbruch im Neandertal geborgen. Um ein Haar wäre der Neandertalfund – dessen 150. Jahrestag in diesem Jahr ausgiebig gefeiert wird – im Schutt gelandet. Nur weil ein Steinbruchbesitzer “Sauerier” witterte, stoppte er seine Arbeiter, ließ im “Lehm” nachsuchen und den als Steinsammler bekannten Lehrer Fuhlrott benachrichtigen. Und der tippte richtig auf Knochen eines fossilen Menschen.
Zwiebeln ohne Tränen
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: January 2006

Die Zwiebel ist weltweit eine beliebte Gewürz‐, Gemüse‐ und Heilpflanze. In etwa 5000 Jahren eroberte sie von Mittelasien aus die ganze Welt. Ob römischer Legionär, Seemann oder Hausfrau – allen ist wohl eines gemeinsam: beim Zubereiten der Zwiebeln haben sie Tränen vergossen. Der von geschnittenen Zwiebeln abgegebene Tränenfaktor lässt sich letztlich auf schwefelhaltige Zwiebelöle zurückführen, die enzymatisch zerlegt werden.
The role of statistics in the success of a pharmaceutical research laboratory: A historical case description
Authors: Lewi Paul J.
Published: January 2006

Statistics was one of the major driving forces toward success when Dr. Paul Janssen founded his research laboratory in 1953. His objective was to design novel drugs by synthesizing many chemical compounds and testing them in several rapid and economic pharmacological assays. Dr. Janssen had the genius and charisma of having statistical precepts being accepted by a rapidly expanding and diversifying scientific community. It insured that research proceeded in an orderly and planned fashion, while at the same time having an open mind for unexpected opportunities and for valuable chance events. Some of these precepts are documented here in a historical perspective of the Janssen laboratory that started from a garage‐like operation and developed into a world‐class scientific enterprise. Millions of people have had their lives saved or greatly improved thanks to the medicines that Janssen and his collaborators have discovered. This would not have been possible without the statistical foundation upon which his pharmaceutical research was built. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring batch processes with the STATIS approach
Authors: Gourvénec S. , Stanimirova I. , Saby C‐A. , Airiau C. Y. , Massart D. L.
Published: January 2006

Structuration des Tableaux A Trois Indices de la Statistique (STATIS), a method which can be seen as a 3‐way exploratory analysis method, is proposed and investigated for the purpose of batch process monitoring. It is applied to batch process data to monitor the evolution in time of batches, through what are called the compromise plots. Because all batches do not have the same length, a particular procedure has to be used to obtain the compromise for batches. The monitoring is then based on the comparison between reference batches and new batches being processed. Three different real industrial data sets (with both process variables and spectroscopic variables) are studied in this paper and yield good results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multilevel component analysis and multilevel PLS of chemical process data
Authors: de Noord Onno E. , Theobald Eugene H.
Published: January 2006

Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are well‐established techniques for analyzing multivariate process data. However, chemical processes often vary at different levels, due to, for instance, catalyst deactivation or fouling. In such cases, data from a time period that comprises multiple catalyst or fouling runs contain both variation within runs at the lower level and variation between runs at the higher level. In ordinary PCA and PLS models, these sources of variation are confounded. Multiway PCA and PLS are usually not appropriate either, because the runs in the data set can be very different, which means that the overall data set does not have a proper multiway structure. Multilevel component analysis (MLCA) and multilevel partial least squares (MLPLS) are proposed as better options for analyzing such process data. The models obtained with these techniques contain submodels for the different levels in the data, and thereby separate the within‐run and between‐run variation in the process variables (X). In addition, MLPLS can use response variables (Y) to guide the projections into meaningful directions, and provide information on the sources of variation in Y and the relationship between X and Y. Extensions to more than two levels are straightforward, and can be used, for instance, for the comparison of runs from different plants. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modification of the ICOMP criterion for estimation of optimum complexity of PCR models
Authors: Capron X. , Walczak B. , de Noord O. E. , Massart D. L.
Published: January 2006

The predictive ability of a PCR bilinear regression model is highly dependent on the number of latent variables selected. A non‐optimal complexity is likely to result in a model yielding unsatisfactory predictions, due to a high bias or high variance of the coefficients of regression. The popular cross‐validation methods such as leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV) and Monte‐Carlo cross‐validation (MCCV) are not always able to retain the proper number of latent variables, especially when atypical samples are present in the data. Also, they are computationally intensive, particularly for large data sets. In this study, the information complexity criterion ICOMP is modified in order to select the optimal PCR model. The results obtained demonstrate that this information criterion behaves at least as good as the cross‐validation approaches, and usually outperforms them in terms of model selection and computation time, whether atypical samples are present in the data or not. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unimodal smoothing
Authors: Eilers Paul H. C.
Published: January 2006

In many applications it is expected from theory that a signal should be non‐negative and unimodal, that is, show only one peak. If the data are noisy, standard smoothing algorithms will not always give the desired result: peaks may be rounded and negative lobes may occur in the tails. Positive unimodal fits can be obtained by modeling the logarithm of a curve and combining a standard roughness penalty with a specialized asymmetric penalty. The theoretical basis and implementation in Matlab are presented, as well as performance on real and simulated data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
About kernel latent variable approaches and SVM
Authors: Czekaj Tomasz , Wu Wen , Walczak Beata
Published: January 2006

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate, that kernel latent variables approaches have a comparable predictive power with the set of kernel approaches based on regularization (e.g. Support Vector Machines). Kernel latent variable approaches are an alternative to kernel ridge regression, in the same way as PCR or PLS are the alternative approaches to Ridge Regression. Performance of these approaches is demonstrated for simulated data sets and microarray data set. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperspectral NIR image regression part I: calibration and correction
Authors: Burger James , Geladi Paul
Published: January 2006

Hyperspectral imaging instruments produce large amounts of raw data. These raw data in A/D converter counts have a number of errors that can be corrected by calibration. The use of multiple Spectralon calibration standards is shown to correct for both spectral and spatial variations. Optimal results are achieved using a two‐step calibration and correction process. A series of full field of view or external calibration standards is used to transform raw data counts to reflectance values. A grayscale series of internal standards embedded within each hyperspectral image is used to compensate for instrument instability. Second‐order regression models based on these multiple standards provide maximum accuracy. The external standards allow for standardization within a hyperspectral image. The internal standards permit instrument standardization or calibration transfer between hyperspectral images. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robustification of independent component analysis
Authors: Brys G. , Hubert M. , Rousseeuw P. J.
Published: January 2006

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method for transforming multivariate data to components that are as independent of each other as possible. In recent years, several algorithms were proposed that perform well in many situations. But when the data contain outliers, these methods may lead to wrong conclusions. Here we robustify the well‐known FASTICA method by adding an outlier rejection rule, which does not assume elliptical symmetry. This modification is supported by simulations and real‐data examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple continuum regression approach
Authors: Qannari El Mostafa , Hanafi Mohamed
Published: January 2006

A continuum regression approach based on two parameters, namely the number of latent variables to be introduced in the model and a tuning parameter is proposed. A noteworthy feature of this approach is that it is straightforward and simple. It brings several procedures under the same umbrella. These procedures encompass Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, Partial least squares regression (PCR) and Ridge regression. Interesting properties related to the method are also discussed. This makes it possible to highlight the rationale behind the method of analysis by showing that it aims at realizing a compromise between achieving a good fit and setting up a stable model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three Polyoxygenated Steroids from the South China Sea Gorgonian Coral Subergorgia reticulata
Authors: Yang Jin , Qi Shu‐Hua , Zhang Si , Wu Jun , Xiao Zhi‐Hui
Published: January 2006

Two new polyoxygenated steroids, reticulatic acid (1) and reticulatin (2), together with a known compound 3,22,25‐trihydroxy‐16‐24,20‐24‐bisepoxy‐3β,16β,20S,22R,24S‐cholest‐5‐ene (3), were isolated from the CH2Cl2/EtOH extract of the South China Sea gorgonian coral Subergorgia reticulata. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute stereochemistry of compounds 2 and 3 was determined by the X‐ray crystallographic analysis and the Mosher ester determination.
An Accurate and Interpretable Bayesian Classification Model for Prediction of hERG Liability
Authors: Sun Hongmao
Published: January 2006

Drug‐induced QT interval prolongation has been identified as a critical side‐effect of non‐cardiovascular therapeutic agents and has resulted in the withdrawal of many drugs from the market. As almost all cases of drug‐induced QT prolongation can be traced to the blockade of a voltage‐dependent potassium ion channel encoded by the hERG (the human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene), early identification of potential hERG channel blockers will decrease the risk of cardiotoxicity‐induced attritions in the later and more expensive development stage. Presented herein is a naive Bayes classifier to categorize hERG blockers into active and inactive classes, by using a universal, generic molecular descriptor system.1 The naive Bayes classifier was built from a training set containing 1979 corporate compounds, and exhibited an ROC accuracy of 0.87. The model was validated on an external test set of 66 drugs, of which 58 were correctly classified. The cumulative probabilities reflected the confidence of prediction and were proven useful for the identification of hERG blockers. Relative performance was compared for two classifiers constructed from either an atom‐type‐based molecular descriptor or the long range functional class fingerprint descriptor FCFP_6. The combination of an atom‐typing descriptor and the naive Bayes classification technique enables the interpretation of the resulting model, which offers extra information for the design of compounds free of undesirable hERG activity.
Output leveling of wind power generation system by EDLC energy storage system
Authors: Kinjo Tatsuto , Senjyu Tomonobu , Uezato Katsumi , Fujita Hideki
Published: January 2006

Utilization of renewable energy is becoming increasingly important from the viewpoints of environmental protection and conservation of fossil fuel. However, the generating power of renewable energy is always fluctuating due to the environmental status. Energy storage systems are indispensable in compensating these fluctuating components. An energy capacitor system (ECS) composed of an electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) with power‐electronics devices is useful for compensation of fluctuating power, since it is capable of controlling both active and reactive power simultaneously. This paper proposes a current‐source ECS (CS‐ECS), which consists of an EDLC, a bidirectional buck‐boost DC‐DC converter, and a bidirectional inverter. We present the control systems for active/reactive power control of CS‐ECS, and show the effectiveness of CS‐ECS through computer simulations for the case of a wind power generation system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(4): 34–41, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20181