bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does corporate environmental protection increase or decrease shareholder value? The case of environmental investments
Authors: Halme Minna , Niskanen Jyrki
Published: August 2002

This study examines share price effects of environmental investments using data from the Finnish forest industry from 1970 to 1996. The results indicate that the instantaneous market reaction is negative, and that the larger the investment, the larger the fall in prices. However, contrary to the view that corporate actions have a permanent effect on firm value, we observe rapid price recovery after the instantaneous negative reaction. This may support a hypothesis that environmental investments create goodwill for the investing firms and are thus not negative net present value investments. Unexpectedly, we find that the instantaneous negative market reaction was stronger in the most recent sample years. Explanations for this finding relate to the slowness of institutional change within the financial community as well as to the growing share of international investors seeking short‐term holding gains. In conclusion, it appears that not only finance theory but also notions from institutional theory and corporate environmental management literature are needed to explain stock price behaviour in conjunction with environmental investments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Assessing Student Learning Outcomes
Authors: Seybert Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2002

This chapter addresses assessment of student learning in general education, transfer programs, career and occupational programs, remedial and developmental courses and programs, and noncredit and continuing education offerings, as well as assessment of affective and noncognitive outcomes and the use of assessment results.
Persistent redundant Eustachian valve interfering with Amplatzer PFO occluder placement: Anatomico‐clinical and technical implications
Authors: Onorato Eustaquio , Pera Isidoro G. , Melzi Gloria , Rigatelli Gianluca
Published: August 2002

A 28‐year‐old man with patent foramen ovale and a prominent Eustachian valve with a history of transient ischemic attack underwent transcatheter closure using Amplatzer patent foramen ovale occluder. During deployment, some of the prominent valve tissue was entrapped on the delivery cable and a piece of the valve was extracted unintentionally. Anatomico‐clinical and technical implications are discussed. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:521–524. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous chirality conversion of [5]thiaheterohelicene in charge‐transfer complexes in SDS micelles
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroko , Kobori Yuuki , Yamada Koh‐Ichi
Published: August 2002

Racemic 2‐hydroxymethylthieno[3,2‐e:4,5‐e′]di[1]benzothiophene (5HM) with a labile helical structure was incorporated into aqueous SDS micelles containing (R)‐2‐(2,4,5,7‐tetranitrofluoren‐9‐ylideneaminooxy)propionic acid (TAPA) to exhibit intense induced CD (ICD). Negative Cotton effects of the ICD gradually changed to reversed Cotton effects with time or sonication. This phenomenon of chirality conversion was attributable to conformational alterations of 5HM from an (M) helix to a (P), accompanied by compositional alterations of 5HM–(R)‐TAPA charge‐transfer (CT) complexes from 1/2 to 1/1. The conversion rate from the (M) enantiomer to the (P) was obtained from the change of the ICD intensities with time and the chiral discrimination energy exerted in the 1:1 CT complex was estimated from the temperature dependence of the ICD intensities. Chirality 13:722–726, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chirality transferring [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of (1‐acyloxy‐2‐alkenyl)trialkylsilane synthesis of optically active vinylsilane‐containing α‐amino acid
Authors: Sakaguchi Kazuhiko , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: August 2002

A vinylsilane‐containing α‐amino acid and α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid 2 having two contiguous asymmetric carbon centers at their α and β positions were synthesized in an optically active form by ester‐enolate Claisen rearrangement of the α‐acyloxysilane 1 as the key step, where the chirality of an α‐acyloxy‐TBDMS group was completely transferred to the rearranged product. Chirality 13:357–365, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic features of neuroblastoma (Schwannian stroma‐poor tumors) in clinically favorable and unfavorable groups
Authors: Ambros Inge M. , Hata Jun‐ichi , Joshi Vijay V. , Roald Borghild , Dehner Louis P. , Tüchler Heinz , Pötschger M.Sc. Ulrike , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

After the establishment of the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification system, the authors studied retrospectively the prognostic impact of morphologic features in a series of two clinically distinct subsets of patients with peripheral neuroblastic tumors (NTs), i.e., tumors in the neuroblastoma category.

METHODS

Forty‐seven NTs categorized into either clinically favorable or unfavorable subgroups were selected randomly from 100 NTs for a histologic review that included the evaluation of 14 morphologic characteristics. The review was performed individually followed by a group review. The correlations of the prognostic significance of the individual morphologic features and the correlations among them were determined by use of odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). The inter‐rater agreement was determined by using the Cohen κ coefficient.

RESULTS

Ten of 14 morphologic features, including nuclear size, cellularity, prominent nucleoli in undifferentiated or poorly differentiated neuroblasts, and the number of mitotic and karyorrhectic cells (MKI), showed a significant correlation with the clinical groups (ORs between 36.9 and 10.5 and P values between < 0.001 and 0.002). In addition to the patient's age at diagnosis (OR, 7.4; 95%CI, 1.9–28.9; P = 0.002), 8 of 14 features also provided prognostic information (ORs between 35.1 and 7.9 and P values between < 0.001 and 0.039).

CONCLUSIONS

This study again confirmed the prognostic impact of the criteria used in the Shimada system and revealed that some other morphologic features, such as prominent nucleoli in undifferentiated and poorly differentiated neuroblasts, identify unfavorable tumor biology, partly independent from the patient's age at diagnosis. However, the prognostic impact of these features needs to be confirmed by analysis of a large series of neuroblastic tumors. Cancer 2002;94:1574–83. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10359
Chronic myelogenous leukemia in T cell lymphoid blastic phase achieving durable complete cytogenetic and molecular remission with imatinib mesylate (STI571; Gleevec) therapy
Authors: Atallah Ehab , Talpaz Moshe , O'brien Susan , Rios Mary Beth , Guo Jie Qiang , Arlinghaus Ralph , Fernandes‐Reese Sofia , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

A T cell lymphoid blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a rare occurrence, with only a few reported cases worldwide. Standard therapy for such patients is undetermined. Imatinib mesylate, a Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown activity in CML.

METHODS

The authors report on a patient with CML and marrow as well as extramedullary nodal T cell lymphoid blastic phase who was treated with imatinib mesylate.

RESULTS

The patient achieved complete morphologic and cytogenetic remission within two months of therapy. Competitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of marrow cells was negative after 15 months. Response had lasted for 26+ months at the time of writing.

CONCLUSIONS

The current data suggest that imatinib mesylate may produce long‐term event free survival in patients with T‐cell lymphoid blastic phase CML. Its potential role alone or in combinations should be further explored in this condition. Cancer 2002;94:2996–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10576
Expression and estrogen regulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene and protein in the forebrain of female prairie voles
Authors: Liu Yan , Fowler Christie D. , Young Larry J. , Yan Qiao , Insel Thomas R. , Wang Zuoxin
Published: August 2002

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been linked to the development, differentiation, and plasticity of the central nervous system. In the present study, we first used a highly specific affinity‐purified antibody and a cRNA probe to generate a detailed mapping of BDNF immunoreactive (BDNF‐ir) staining and mRNA labeling throughout the forebrain of female prairie voles. Our data revealed that (1) BDNF‐ir cells were present essentially in the brain regions in which BDNF mRNA‐labeled cells were found; (2) BDNF‐ir fibers were distributed extensively throughout many forebrain regions; and (3) BDNF mRNA was also detected in some thalamic regions in which BDNF‐ir fibers, but not immunostained cells, were present. With few exceptions, the distribution pattern of BDNF in the vole brain generally resembled the pattern found in rats. In a second experiment, we examined the effects of estrogen on BDNF expression. Ovariectomized prairie voles that were treated with estradiol benzoate had a higher level of BDNF mRNA labeling in the dentate gyrus and CA3 region of the hippocampus, as well as in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, than did ovariectomized voles that were treated with vehicle. In addition, estrogen treatment increased the density of BDNF‐ir fibers in the lateral septum, dorsolateral area of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and lateral habenular nucleus. These data suggest that estrogen may regulate BDNF at the level of gene and protein expression, and thus, BDNF may be in a position to mediate the effects of estrogen on the brain of the prairie vole. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:499–514, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two types of projection neurons in the internal pallidum of primates: Single‐axon tracing and three‐dimensional reconstruction
Authors: Parent Martin , Lévesque Martin , Parent André
Published: August 2002

The axonal projections of the internal pallidum (GPi) in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were studied by labeling small pools of neurons with biotinylated dextran amine. Fifty‐two axons were reconstructed entirely from serial sections with a camera lucida. Two types of projection neurons were identified in the GPi on the basis of their target sites. The abundant and centrally located type I neurons gave rise to a long axonal branch that descended directly to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, where it arborized discretely. Other branches ascended to the thalamus and broke into 10–15 thinner collaterals that ran through most of the ventral anterior nucleus, where they terminated as typical plexuses. About half of these axons gave rise to collaterals that arborized in both components of the centre médian/parafascicular thalamic complex. The less numerous and peripherally located type II neurons had an axon that climbed the rostral thalamic pole, coursed along the stria medullaris, and arborized profusely within the lateral habenular nucleus, which stood out as the most densely innervated pallidal target. Some type II axons provided collaterals to the anterior thalamic nuclei. A small proportion of axons of both types had branches that crossed the midline and terminated in contralateral GPi target structures. Three‐dimensional reconstruction showed that type I axons arborized principally along the sagittal plane. These data reveal that GPi neurons of type I act through a widely distributed axonal network upon thalamic and brainstem premotor neurons, whereas type II neurons act in a much more focused manner upon lateral habenular neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:162–175, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The limit behavior of solutions for the Cauchy problem of the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation
Authors: Wang Baoxiang
Published: August 2002

This paper is devoted to the study of the limit behavior as ε ↓ 0 (or ε ↓ 0 and a ↓ 0) for the solutions of the Cauchy problem of the complex Ginzburg‐Landau equation ut − ε▵u − i▵u + (a + i)|u|α u = 0, u(0, x) = u0(x), 4/n ≤ α ≤ 4/(n − 2) (0 < α < 4/(n − 2) as ε ↓ 0 and a ↓ 0 ). We show that its solution will converge to the solution of the Cauchy problem for the semilinear Schrödinger equation vt − i▵v + (a + i)|v|α v = 0, v(0, x) = u0(x) (a = 0 if ε ↓ 0 and a ↓ 0) in the spaces C(0, T; Ḣs) for any T > 0, s = 0, 1, and s(α) := n/2 − 2/α. Moreover, the sharp convergence rate in such spaces is also given. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Asymptotic dynamics of nonlinear Schrödinger equations: Resonance‐dominated and dispersion‐dominated solutions
Authors: Tsai Tai‐Peng , Yau Horng‐Tzer
Published: August 2002

We consider a linear Schrödinger equation with a nonlinear perturbation in ℝ3. Assume that the linear Hamiltonian has exactly two bound states and its eigen‐values satisfy some resonance condition. We prove that if the initial data is sufficiently small and is near a nonlinear ground state, then the solution approaches to certain nonlinear ground state as the time tends to infinity. Furthermore, the difference between the wave function solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its asymptotic profile can have two different types of decay: The resonance‐dominated solutions decay as t−1/2 or the dispersion‐dominated solutions decay at least like t−3/2. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using knowledge‐based systems for research on parallelizing compilers
Authors: Yang Chao‐Tung , Tseng Shian‐Shyong , Fann Yun‐Woei , Tsai Ting‐Ku , Hsieh Ming‐Huei , Wu Cheng‐Tien
Published: August 2002

The main function of parallelizing compilers is to analyze sequential programs, in particular the loop structure, to detect hidden parallelism and automatically restructure sequential programs into parallel subtasks that are executed on a multiprocessor. This article describes the design and implementation of an efficient parallelizing compiler to parallelize loops and achieve high speedup rates on multiprocessor systems. It is well known that the execution efficiency of a loop can be enhanced if the loop is executed in parallel or partially parallel, such as in a DOALL or DOACROSS loop. This article also reviews a practical parallel loop detector (PPD) that is implemented in our PFPC on finding the parallelism in loops. The PPD can extract the potential DOALL and DOACROSS loops in a program by verifying array subscripts. In addition, a new model by using knowledge‐based approach is proposed to exploit more loop parallelisms in this paper. The knowledge‐based approach integrates existing loop transformations and loop scheduling algorithms to make good use of their ability to extract loop parallelisms. Two rule‐based systems, called the KPLT and IPLS, are then developed using repertory grid analysis and attribute‐ordering tables respectively, to construct the knowledge bases. These systems can choose an appropriate transform and loop schedule, and then apply the resulting methods to perform loop parallelization and obtain a high speedup rate. For example, the IPLS system can choose an appropriate loop schedule for running on multiprocessor systems. Finally, a runtime technique based on the inspector/executor scheme is proposed in this article for finding available parallelism on loops. Our inspector can determine the wavefronts of a loop with any complex indirected array‐indexing pattern by building a DEF‐USE table. The inspector is fully parallel without any synchronization. Experimental results show that the new method can resolve any complex data dependence patterns where no previous research can. One of the ultimate goals is to construct a high‐performance and portable FORTRAN parallelizing compiler on shared‐memory multiprocessors. We believe that our research may provide more insight into the development of a high‐performance parallelizing compiler. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grading of laboratories on CD4+ T‐lymphocyte evaluations based on acceptable data boundaries defined by the measurement error
Authors: Kunkl Annalisa , Risso Domenico , Terranova Maria Paola , Girotto Mauro , Brando Bruno , Mortara Lorenzo , Lantieri Pasquale Bruno
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

We addressed the definition of limits of error of %CD4+ and CD4+ counts (AbsCD4+) typical of laboratories of excellence, as well as the grading of laboratories based on the decision to take these limits as boundaries of unacceptable data. Methods: We studied the 99.9% confidence intervals of the means of 24 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ and HIV‐ blood samples analyzed by 18 laboratories of the Liguria Region Quality Assessment Program (Liguria Region QALI). Regression equations of lower (L1) and upper (L2) confidence limits over the means of data cleared of unusual results were used to interpolate limits of error for mean values in the tested range. Results: L1 and L2 were symmetric around the mean and a single absolute difference (Abs Res) between the limits and the mean was found. Abs Res significantly increased over mean values (P = 0.0005 for %CD4+, P < 0.0001 for AbsCD4+). Limits were compatible with errors shown with blind replicates. Unacceptable results, outside the limits, accounted for 25% and 30% of %CD4+ and for 18% and 35% AbsCD4+ in the Liguria Region QALI and in the Piemonte Region QA Program, respectively. Limits interpolated over the median showed a similar grading. A comparable fraction of unacceptable data was also found with the method used in the U.K. National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) immune monitoring scheme. Conclusions: We propose the general use of these regression equations to determine bounds for unacceptable data in proficiency testing and to identify laboratories of excellence. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:117–126, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precise CD4 T‐cell counting using red diode laser excitation: For richer, for poorer
Authors: Janossy George , Jani Ilesh V. , Kahan Melvyn , Barnett David , Mandy Frank , Shapiro Howard
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Measuring CD4 T‐cell counts at low cost is relevant in dealing with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic throughout the developing world. The recently introduced novel concepts in gating strategies and sample stabilization facilitate affordable immunophenotyping by flow cytometry. However, the impact of these developments is still limited by the high cost of currently available flow cytometers. Methods: Diode lasers emitting 10–15 mW at 635 nm are one‐tenth the size and cost and require one thousandth the power of an equivalent 488‐nm argon ion laser. We used the available 635‐nm diode‐based flow cytometers, including PA‐II, Luminex 100, SuperMot, and FACSCalibur, to investigate whether these instruments can generate reliable CD4 counts when used with allophycocyanin (APC) and cyanin‐5 (Cy5)‐labeled CD4 antibodies. Results: We document the feasibility of obtaining leucocyte differential counts using orthogonal side scatter (SSC) without the need for forward scatter (FSC). Accurate CD4% values among lymphocytes and leucocytes can be obtained by primary CD4 gating using a single CD4 monoclonal antibody conjugated to APC or Cy5. Double immunofluorescence (IF) staining with CD4‐APC (FL1) and CD45‐APC‐Cy7 (FL2) introduces pan‐leucogating for a convenient assessment of absolute CD4 counts on double platforms. We demonstrate that small flow cytometers with laser diodes are capable of delivering absolute CD4 T‐cell counts with a precision similar to the performance of the current state‐of‐the‐art single‐platform instruments (e.g., the CytoronAbsolute; R2 = 0.961). In this respect, they appear to be superior to the nonflow CD4 counting techniques. Conclusions: Accurate CD4 counts can be generated at minimal cost on red diode laser‐operated flow cytometers, retaining the potential for high throughput capacity without compromising precision. With further improvements in volumetric technology and clinical software, these cytometers may develop into a new generation of inexpensive battery‐operated laboratory hardware that combines cellular phenotyping with bead‐based multiplexing immunoassays for (HIV) serology. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:78–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine‐glutamate receptor–receptor interactions in the central nervous system
Authors: Ciruela Francisco , Escriche Marisol , Soloviev Mikhail M. , Canela Enric I. , Burgeño Javier , Mallol Josefa , Chan Wai‐Yee , Lluis Carmen , McIlhinney R.A. Jeffrey , Franco Rafael
Published: August 2002

Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and its function through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors can be modulated by other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators. Recently, evidence has emerged that seven transmembrane G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) may be present as homo‐ and heteromers in the plasma membrane. Here we propose a new molecular and functional interaction between two unrelated types of GPCR, namely, the metabotropic glutamate type 1α and the adenosine A1 receptors in the central nervous system. Apart from providing a molecular basis for adenosine/glutamate receptor cross‐talk, this interaction may lead to the development of novel reagents to treat neuropsychiatric disorders in which abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved. Drug Dev. Res. 52:316–322, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The anterior attention network: Associations with temperament and neuroendocrine activity in 6‐year‐old children
Authors: Davis Elysia Poggi , Bruce Jacqueline , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: August 2002

The capacity to effortfully control or regulate behavior is of central importance in social development. Individual differences in effortful control have been hypothesized to reflect biologically based, temperamental variation among children. Posner and Rothbart (1994, 1998) have argued that the anterior attention system, which includes areas of the midprefrontal cortex, underlies effortful control capabilities. Furthermore, components of the anterior attentional system are believed to be involved in the regulation of reactive, emotion‐related system, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical system. We assessed 58 six‐year‐old children's performance on neuropsychological tasks that have been found in functional imaging studies to involve the anterior brain regions which Posner (1995) describes as comprising the anterior attentional system. We then related performance on these tasks to delay of gratification tasks and parent report of temperament and behavior problems as well as home and laboratory cortisol levels. Results provide some support for Posner and Rothbart's model and suggest a relationship between the anterior attentional system and cortisol regulation. However, these data also illustrate the multifaceted nature of effortful control and the need for care when attempting to understand the neural systems involved in the effortful regulation of behavior. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 43–56, 2002
Expression of the boc gene during murine embryogenesis
Authors: Mulieri Philip J. , Kang Jong‐Sun , Sassoon David A. , Krauss Robert S.
Published: August 2002

BOC is a receptor‐like protein that, with the related factor CDO, belongs to a newly recognized subfamily within the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell‐surface molecules. BOC and CDO form complexes that positively regulate myogenesis in vitro. To gain a better understanding of the role of boc during vertebrate embryogenesis and whether it could cooperate with cdo in vivo, we carried out an extensive in situ hybridization analysis of boc expression in mouse embryos from E7.0 to E17.5. Our results show that boc is widely expressed during murine embryogenesis, in a spatially and temporally restricted pattern. Overall, the highest levels of boc expression are detected between E10.5 and E15.5, with the strongest signals observed in the developing musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. At late stages of development, boc expression becomes more restricted and is limited primarily to regions harboring proliferating cells, undifferentiated cells, or both. This expression pattern is strikingly similar to that described for cdo (Mulieri et al., 2000). The overlapping expression patterns of cdo and boc in vivo, combined with the promotion of myogenesis by CDO/BOC complexes in cultured cells, strongly suggests that these proteins play a role together in the determination, differentiation, or both, of numerous cell types during vertebrate embryogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immediate early genes krox‐24 and krox‐20 are rapidly up‐regulated after wounding in the embryonic and adult mouse
Authors: Grose Richard , Harris Brett S. , Cooper Lisa , Topilko Piotr , Martin Paul
Published: August 2002

Embryos show a remarkable capacity for perfect repair after injury. Wounding of embryonic skin triggers rapid activation of epithelial sweeping and mesenchymal contraction tissue movements that bear striking analogy to several naturally occurring morphogenetic tissue movements, but very little is known about the early molecular signals that might initiate such movements. Here, we describe the rapid and transient up‐regulation of two immediate early genes, krox‐24 and krox‐20, after wounding of the embryonic mouse. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these signals are conserved, but of longer duration, in the neonate and adult wound situation. To further test the roles of these transcription factors in vivo, we performed wound healing studies on embryos lacking either Krox‐24 or 20. Despite the dramatic up‐regulation of these genes in response to injury, our studies reveal that neither of them on their own is essential for repair. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In early development of the rat mRNA for the major myelin protein P0 is expressed in nonsensory areas of the embryonic inner ear, notochord, enteric nervous system, and olfactory ensheathing cells
Authors: Lee Meng‐Jen , Calle Ester , Brennan Angela , Ahmed Sabrina , Sviderskaya Elena , Jessen Kristjan R. , Mirsky Rhona
Published: August 2002

The myelin protein P0 has a major structural role in Schwann cell myelin, and the expression of P0 protein and mRNA in the Schwann cell lineage has been extensively documented. We show here, using in situ hybridization, that the P0 gene is also activated in a number of other tissues during embryonic development. P0 mRNA is first detectable in 10‐day‐old embryos (E10) and is at this time seen only in cells in the cephalic neural crest and in the otic placode/pit. P0 expression continues in the otic vesicle and at E12 P0 expression in this structure largely overlaps with expression of another myelin gene, proteolipid protein. In the developing ear at E14, P0 expression is complementary to expression of serrate and c‐ret mRNAs, which later are expressed in sensory areas of the inner ear, while expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐4 and P0, though largely complementary, shows small areas of overlap. P0 mRNA and protein are detectable in the notochord from E10 to at least E13. In addition to P0 expression in a subpopulation of trunk crest cells at E11/E12 and in Schwann cell precursors thereafter, P0 mRNA is also present transiently in a subpopulation of cells migrating in the enteric neural crest pathway, but is down‐regulated in these cells at E14 and thereafter. P0 is also detected in the placode‐derived olfactory ensheathing cells from E13 and is maintained in the adult. No signal is seen in cells in the melanocyte migration pathway or in TUJ1 positive neuronal cells in tissue sections. The activation of the P0 gene in specific tissues outside the nervous system was unexpected. It remains to be determined whether this is functionally significant, or whether it is an evolutionary relic, perhaps reflecting ancestral use of P0 as an adhesion molecule. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (Fgfr2) plays an important role in eyelid and skin formation and patterning
Authors: Li Cuiling , Guo Huimin , Xu Xiaoling , Weinberg Wendy , Deng Chu‐Xia
Published: August 2002

Initiating as protruding ridges above and below the optic vesicle, the eyelids of mice grow across the eye and temporarily fuse in fetal life. Mutations of a number of genes disrupt this developmental process and result in a birth defect, “open‐eyelids at birth.” Here we show that a critical event for eyelid induction occurs at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) when the single cell‐layered ectoderm in the presumptive eyelid territory increases proliferation and undergoes morphologic transition to form cube‐shaped epithelial cells. Using embryos lacking the Fgfr2 Ig domain III (Fgfr2ΔIII/ΔIII) generated by tetraploid rescue and chimeric embryo formation approaches, we demonstrate that this event is controlled by Fgfr2 signals as the Fgfr2ΔIII/ΔIII mutation blocks these changes and results in embryos without eyelids. Fgfr2 and its ligands are differentially expressed in the ectoderm and underlying mesenchyme and function in a reciprocal interacting loop that specifies eyelid development. We also demonstrate that similar defects account for failure of skin formation at early stages. Interestingly, Fgfr2‐independent skin formation occurs at E14.5 mutant embryos, resulting in much thinner, yet well‐differentiated epidermis. Notably, mutant skin remains thin with decreased hair density after transplantation to wild‐type recipients. These data demonstrate an essential role of Fgfr2 in eyelid and skin formation and patterning. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cue reactivity as a predictor of outcome with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , McIntosh Virginia V. , Joyce Peter R.
Published: August 2002

The present study sought to evaluate specific hypotheses concerning the relation between cue reactivity and outcome among women with bulimia nervosa. Participants were 135 women aged between 17 and 45 years with a current, primary diagnosis of bulimia nervosa who participated in a randomized clinical trial evaluating the additive efficacy of exposure and nonexposure‐based behavior therapy, to a core of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Physiological, self‐report, and behavioral measures of cue reactivity to individualized high‐risk binge foods were obtained at pretreatment and posttreatment. Primary, secondary, and tertiary outcome measures are reported for posttreatment and six‐month follow‐up. Self‐report measures of cue reactivity at posttreatment were significantly positively associated with symptomatology at posttreatment. Cue reactivity at posttreatment was significantly positively associated with symptomatology at 6‐month follow‐up. However, cue reactivity at posttreatment did not contribute to the prediction of outcome at follow‐up over and above posttreatment outcome. The notion that pretreatment cue reactivity may predict which treatment modality will be most beneficial (exposure or nonexposure‐based treatment), as measured by reductions in symptomatology at posttreatment could not be supported. Implications for future research are discussed. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 240–250, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eat.10041
Disordered eating and substance use in an epidemiological sample: I. associations within individuals
Authors: von Ranson Kristin M. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study examined the strength of associations between disordered eating and eating disorders and substance use and substance use disorders (SU/SUDs) in an epidemiological sample.

Methods

672 adolescent girls and 718 women completed structured interviews of lifetime eating disorders and substance use and misuse, as well as self‐reported current disordered eating attitudes and behaviors.

Results

Although effect sizes were small, eating attitudes and disorders were associated modestly with nicotine, alcohol, and drug use, and with nicotine dependence in adolescent girls. Alcohol use and misuse were related to eating attitudes and pathology in women. SU/SUDs were associated with restricting and bulimic behaviors and no prominent differences in associations were observed between substance classes. In contrast to findings in clinical populations, these community‐based results were positive but generally weak, suggesting there is no strong, overarching relationship between eating and substance use problems.

Discussion

These results have implications for the addiction model of eating disorders. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 389–403, 2002.
Anorexia nervosa, diabetes mellitus, brain atrophy, and fatty liver
Authors: Yaryura‐Tobias Jose A. , Pinto Anthony , Neziroglu Fugen
Published: August 2002

An increased number of diabetes mellitus cases followed by the development of anorexia nervosa have been reported. In this report, the opposite has been observed in the case of a patient with anorexia nervosa who later developed insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, associated with brain atrophy and fatty liver. The patient was treated with insulin, amitriptylene, and behavior modification. Significant improvement was noted on this regimen. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 350–353, 2001.
A plate Luneberg lens with the permittivity distribution controlled by hole density
Authors: Sato Kenichi , Ujiie Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

The Luneberg lens enables easy beam scanning and has the possibility of multibeam forming. In order to apply these characteristics to a planar antenna, it is first necessary to discuss a method of fabrication for a thin‐plate Luneberg lens. On the other hand, there is a method of controlling permittivity whereby many holes having diameters sufficiently smaller than the wavelength are created in the dielectric material. Permittivity control by the hole density has been used as a method of adjusting the permittivity over a wide range in order to realize a matching layer for the lens, by creating many holes in the direction perpendicular to the incident electric field or close to this direction. In contrast, the authors propose a method for adjusting the permittivity over a wide range by creating multiple holes parallel to the electric field. By means of the hole density method, a Luneberg lens is fabricated. The operating characteristics are determined at 10 and 48 GHz. It is confirmed that the structure works well as a Luneberg lens at both frequencies. Further, as an example of the applications of the plate Luneberg lens, a parallel plate slot array antenna is fabricated and its radiation characteristics are measured. It is found that the Luneberg lens can be applied as the feed section of a high‐gain millimeter‐wave planar antenna with a beam scanning capability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(9): 1–12, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1120
A note on the measurement method of the frequency response of a complex coefficient filter
Authors: Shouno Kazuhiro , Ishibashi Yukio
Published: August 2002

In general, signals with 90° phase difference from an orthogonal phase oscillator or a phase difference detector are used for measurement of the frequency characteristics of a complex coefficient filter with two input terminals for the real part and the imaginary part. However, since the phase splitter is designed by an approximate method, the phase difference of its output signal has an error. This paper describes the effect of the phase difference of the input signal on the error in the measurement of the frequency characteristics of a complex coefficient filter. Next, two new methods are described for deriving the frequency response of the complex coefficient filter without using an orthogonal phase oscillator or a phase splitter. The proposed method can be realized by providing the in‐phase and out‐of‐phase signals to two input terminals or by providing the signal only to one of the terminals while the other is grounded. Finally, the frequency response of the complex coefficient filter is measured with the proposed method and its effectiveness is confirmed. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(6): 32–41, 2002
A self‐regulated, self‐excited, single‐phase induction generator with a three‐phase auxiliary winding
Authors: Fukami Tadashi , Naoe Nobuyuki , Miyamoto Toshio
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a new structure for a self‐regulated, self‐excited, single‐phase induction generator. The generator has two sets of electrically isolated stator windings, a single‐phase main winding and a three‐phase auxiliary winding. It employs a standard squirrel‐cage rotor. Three shunt capacitors are connected across the auxiliary winding, while a single‐phase load is connected across the main winding in series with a series capacitor. For analysis and design of this new generator, an equivalent circuit is derived using the method of symmetrical coordinates. Based on the equivalent circuit, the steady‐state performance of the generator is theoretically calculated, and the results are verified through experiments. In addition to a self‐regulating feature, the proposed generator has the advantage of balanced three‐phase excitation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(1): 68–78, 2002
The affective consequences of social comparison as related to professional burnout and social comparison orientation
Authors: Buunk Bram P. , Ybema Jan F. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Ipenburg MarieLouise
Published: August 2002

In a study among sociotherapists, the affective consequences of social comparison were examined and related to professional burnout and to individual differences in social comparison orientation. Participants were confronted with a bogus interview with an upward versus a downward comparison target. Upward comparison generated more positive and less negative affect than did downward comparison. Increasing levels of burnout were accompanied by less positive affect in response to upward comparison. Moreover, the higher the level of burnout, the more negative affect a description of a downward comparison target evoked, but only among individuals high in social comparison orientation. Finally, the higher the level of burnout, the higher the identification with the downward target, and the lower the identification with the upward target. However, this last effect did occur only among those low in social comparison orientation. Those high in social comparison orientation kept identifying with the upward target, even when they were high in burnout. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decategorization and the reduction of bias in the crossed categorization paradigm
Authors: Ensari Nurcan , Miller Norman
Published: August 2002

Within the crossed categorization paradigm we examined the consequences of cooperative and personalized contact under conditions that promoted attention to unique attributes of team members (decategorization) versus conditions that emphasized their category memberships. As predicted, when the rule for composing teams emphasized one or both of the experimentally induced dimensions of category distinction, ethnocentric bias generalized to members of another team as a function of category similarity. When, instead, the rule emphasized team members' unique attributes, shared in‐group memberships no longer moderated bias towards members of another team. Instead, there was an equivalence pattern in the evaluative ratings of the four targets (in‐group/in‐group; in‐group/out‐group; out‐group/in‐group; out‐group/out‐group) of the crossed categorization paradigm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses to hedonically conflicting social comparisons: comparing happy and unhappy people
Authors: Lyubomirsky Sonja , Tucker Kari L. , Kasri Fazilet
Published: August 2002

Two laboratory studies explored how self‐rated unhappy and happy students balance hedonically conflicting social comparison information, and tested whether unhappy students would be relatively more sensitive to hedonically consistent unfavorable information. In both studies, students working in teams of four competed against one other team on a novel verbal task. First, unhappy participants showed relatively greater sensitivity to undiluted unfavorable feedback—about group standing (e.g. your team ‘lost’; Study 1) and about group and individual standing (e.g. your team lost and you were placed last; Study 2). Second, unhappy students were more reactive than happy students to individual social comparison information in the context of relative group feedback. In Study 1, the moods and self‐assessments of unhappy individuals (but not happy ones) after news of team defeat appeared to be buffered by the additional news of personal triumph. In Study 2, unhappy students showed relatively larger decreases in mood and ability assessments after unfavorable than after favorable individual feedback (i.e. ranking last versus first), regardless of whether they additionally learned that their teams had won or lost. The role of students' attributions and perceptions of their personal contribution was also explored. Implications of these findings for the links among social comparison, cognitive processes, and hedonic consequences are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and environmental interactions on oral cancer in Southern Thailand
Authors: Kietthubthew Suparp , Sriplung Hutcha , Au William W.
Published: August 2002

Many countries are interested in understanding the relationship between genetic susceptibility and their prevalent environmental cancers for disease prevention. In Thailand we conducted a population‐based case‐control study of 53 matched pairs to assess the risk of oral cancer in relation to genetic polymorphism of the glutathione‐S‐transferase genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) in cigarette smokers, alcohol drinkers, and betel quid chewers. Interaction of the genes with other potential risk factors such as local bean consumption were also elucidated. Homozygous deletion of GSTM1 has a frequency of 56.6% (n = 30 over 53) among the patients and 30.2% (16/53) among the controls. This gene is associated with a 2.6‐fold higher risk for development of oral cancer (95% CI 1.04–6.5). Among the null GSTM1 individuals, those who smoke, consume alcohol, and/or chew betel quid have a significantly increased risk for oral cancer with an odd ratio (OR) = 4.0 (95% CI = 1.2–13.7), OR = 7.2 (95% CI = 1.5–33.8), and OR = 4.4 (95% CI = 1.1–17.8), respectively. Interactions between any two of the lifestyle habits for oral cancer risk, however, are not found. The frequency of the GSTT1 null genotype is 34.0% (18/53) among the patients and 47.2% (25/53) among our controls. There is no association between the GSTT1 null allele and oral cancer risk. In conclusion, our study provides data to indicate that individuals who have homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 gene have increased risk for oral cancer. The risk increases further when these individuals are exposed to environmental toxicants such as chemicals in cigarette smoke, alcohol, and betel quid. These baseline data can be applied to a larger population‐based study, both to verify the observation and to conduct mechanistic investigations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 37:111–116, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Probability analysis of seismic pounding of adjacent buildings
Authors: Lin Jeng‐Hsiang , Weng Cheng‐Chiang
Published: August 2002

The need to investigate the level of seismic pounding risk of buildings is apparent in future building code calibrations. In order to provide further insight into the pounding risk of adjacent buildings, this study develops a numerical simulation approach to estimate the seismic pounding risk of adjacent buildings separated by a minimum code‐specified separation distance during a certain period of time. It has been demonstrated that the period ratio of adjacent buildings is an important parameter that affects the pounding risk of adjacent buildings. However, there is no specific consideration for the period ratio in the related seismic pounding provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code. Results also reveal that, for two adjacent buildings, the probability distribution of required distance to avoid seismic pounding fits very well with the type I extreme value distribution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variation of crescentic dune morphology and morphometry, Strzelecki–Simpson Desert, Australia
Authors: Bishop Mark A.
Published: August 2002

The general absence of contemporary dune building in the Australian arid zone finds the occurrence of crescentic dune genesis and evolution at Gurra Gurra waterhole, a somewhat enigmatic event amongst prevalent inactive linear dunescapes. Crescentic dune construction is geographically restricted to areas of dominant unidirectional high windiness and minimal vegetation, parameters that are generally uncommon in arid Australia today. The influence of seasonal multidirectional winds can see dune form undergo continual transition between quasi‐equilibrium and disequilibrium. Such dynamic antithesis is depicted in seasonal mathematical comparisons of the planimetric attributes, length and width. Dimensional equilibrium is a transient feature at Gurra Gurra waterhole and not characteristic of this dunescape. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical weathering since the Little Ice Age recorded in lake sediments: a high‐resolution proxy of past climate
Authors: Jin Zhangdong , Wang Sumin , Shen Ji , Zhang Enlou , Li Fuchun , Ji Junfeng , Lu Xinwei
Published: August 2002

Because of the different geochemical behaviour of rubidium and strontium in earth surface processes, variations of the Rb/Sr ratios in lake sediments were used as a geochemical proxy of chemical weathering and past climate in a single watershed. Low magnetic susceptibility, low CaCO3, low Sr concentration and, hence, high Rb/Sr ratio in the lake sediments indicate weak chemical weathering under a cold but wet climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the closed Daihai Lake watershed. The concordant change in both Sr and CaCO3 concentrations with δ18O values in the Dunde ice core suggests that weak chemical weathering during the wet LIA was controlled by air temperature. After the LIA, however, precipitation played a dominant role in chemical weathering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of volatile vapors emitted from explosives with a handheld ion mobility spectrometer
Authors: Ewing R. G. , Miller C. J.
Published: August 2002

Vapor detection of plastic explosives is difficult because of the low vapor pressures of explosive components (i.e. RDX and PETN) present in the complex elastomeric matrix. To facilitate vapor detection of plastic explosives, detection agents (taggants) with higher vapor pressures can be added to bulk explosives during manufacture. This paper investigates the detection of two of these taggants, ethyleneglycol dinitrate (EGDN) and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dinitrobutane (DMNB), using a handheld ion mobility spectrometer. These two taggants were detected both from neat vapor sources as well as from bulk explosives (nitroglycerin (NG)‐dynamite and C‐4 tagged with DMNB). EGDN was detected from NG‐dynamite as EGDN·NO3− at a reduced mobility value of 1.45 cm2 V−1 s−1 with detection limits estimated to be about 10 ppbv. DMNB was identified from tagged C‐4 as both negative and positive ions with reduced mobility values of 1.33 cm2 V−1 s−1 for DMNB·NO2− and 1.44 cm2 V−1s−1 for DMNB·NH4+. Positive ions for cyclohexanone were also apparent in the spectra from tagged C‐4 producing three additional peaks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 215–221, 2001