bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A life‐course approach to assess psychosocial factors and periodontal disease
Authors: Nicolau Belinda , Netuveli Gopalakrishnan , Kim Jung‐Wang Martin , Sheiham Aubrey , Marcenes Wagner
Published: September 2007

Background: Several models have been used to suggest the role of psychosocial factors in periodontal disease. None have adopted the life‐course approach, which emphasizes the importance of exposures over time and at critical points of a person's life.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between psychosocial factors at two periods of life and periodontal diseases in Brazilian adult females.

Material and Methods: The study design was a cross‐sectional survey of 330 women randomly selected from a larger sample of mothers whose children participated in a study on chronic oral disease using a life‐course framework. Each woman was clinically assessed for the presence of periodontal disease. An interview collected information on socioeconomic, behavioural and family‐related factors at two periods of the participant's life (childhood and adulthood). The main outcome variable was loss of periodontal attachment. Data analysis used logistic regression.

Results: High levels of periodontal disease were predicted by <4 years of education, past and present smoking, high levels of paternal discipline in childhood and low levels of emotional support in adulthood. The influence of childhood factors was not attenuated by adulthood circumstances.

Conclusion: Psychosocial factors in childhood and adulthood were associated with high levels of periodontal disease in adulthood.
Periodontal conditions in Swiss army recruits: a comparative study between the years 1985, 1996 and 2006
Authors: Röthlisberger Beat , Kuonen Patrick , Salvi Giovanni E. , Gerber Jeanne , Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Attström Rolf , Joss Andreas , Lang Niklaus. P.
Published: September 2007

Aim: To compare the periodontal conditions of Swiss Army recruits in 2006 with those of previous surveys in 1996 and 1985.

Material and Methods: A total of six hundred and twenty‐six Swiss Army recruits were examined for their periodontal conditions, caries prevalence, stomatological and functional aspects of the masticatory system and halitosis. In particular, this report deals with demographic data, the assessment of plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI) and pocket probing depth (PPD).

Results: Two per cent of all teeth were missing, resulting in a mean of 27.44 teeth per subject, and 77% of the missing teeth were the result of pre‐molar extractions due to orthodontic indications. The mean PlI and GI were 1.33 and 1.23, respectively. On average, 27% of the gingival units bled on probing. The mean PPD was 2.16 mm (SD 0.64). Only 3.8% of the recruits showed at least one site of PPD5 mm, and 1.4% yielded more than one site with PPD5 mm. In comparison with previous, this survey yielded lower bleeding on probing (BOP) percentages than in 1985, but slightly higher scores than in 1996. This may be attributed to increased PlI scores in 2006. However, PPD remained essentially unaltered from 1996 to 2006 after having improved significantly from 1985.

Conclusion: A significant improvement of the periodontal conditions of young Swiss males was demonstrated to have taken place between 1985 and 1996, but no further changes during the last decade were noticed.
Periodontopathic microorganisms in peripheric blood after scaling and root planing
Authors: Lafaurie Gloria Inés , Mayorga‐Fayad Isabel , Torres María Fernanda , Castillo Diana Marcela , Aya Maria Rosario , Barón Alexandra , Hurtado Paola Andrea
Published: September 2007

Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of periodontopathic and other subgingival anaerobic and facultative bacteria in the bloodstream following scaling and root planing (SRP).

Material and Methods: Forty‐two patients with severe generalized chronic periodontitis (GChP) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) were included in the study. Four samples of peripheric blood were drawn from the cubital vein at different times: Pre‐treatment: immediately before the SRP procedure (T1), immediately after treatment (T2), 15 min. post‐treatment (T3) and 30 min. post‐treatment (T4). In order to identify the presence of microorganisms in blood, subcultures were conducted under anaerobic conditions.

Results: 80.9% of the patients presented positive cultures after SRP and it occurred more frequently immediately after treatment; however, 19% of the patients still had microorganisms in the bloodstream 30 min. after the procedure. The periodontopathic microorganisms more frequently identified were Porphyromonas gingivalis and Micromonas micros. Campylobacter spp., Eikenella corrodens, Tannerella forsythensis, Fusobacterium spp. and Prevotella intermedia were isolated less often. Actinomyces spp. were also found frequently during bacteraemia after SRP.

Conclusions: SRP induced bacteraemia associated with anaerobic bacteria, especially in patients with periodontal disease.
Effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy on clinical and immunological response and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetic patients with moderate periodontitis
Authors: Navarro‐Sanchez Ana Belén , Faria‐Almeida Ricardo , Bascones‐Martinez Antonio
Published: September 2007

Objetives: The purpose of this study was to compare the local efficacy of nonsurgical periodontal therapy between type 2 diabetic and non‐diabetic patients and the effect of periodontal therapy on glycaemic control.

Background: A complex two‐way relationship exists between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis.

Material and Methods: After selection, 20 subjects (10 diabetic and 10 non‐diabetic) underwent baseline examination, periodontal clinical study and biochemical analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). After the pre‐treatment phase, subgingival scaling and root planing were performed. Subsequently, all subjects continued the maintenance programme and were re‐examined at 3 and 6 months.

Results: Diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects responded well after therapy, showing a very similar progression during the follow‐up period. Both groups showed clinically and immunologically significant improvements. Significant reductions were also found in the total volume of GCF and levels of interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α. Diabetic subjects showed an improvement in their metabolic control. The change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) was statistically significant at 3 and 6 months.

Conclusions: The clinical and immunological improvements obtained were accompanied by a significant reduction in HbA1C values in type 2 diabetic subjects. Larger studies are needed to confirm this finding and establish whether periodontal therapy has a significant effect on glycaemic control.
A preliminary study of intra‐pocket topical versus injected anaesthetic for scaling and root planing
Authors: Stoltenberg Jill L. , Osborn Joy B. , Carlson Jeffrey F. , Hodges James S. , Michalowicz Bryan S.
Published: September 2007

Aim: Compare the efficacy of topical benzocaine gel to injected lidocaine during scaling and root planing.

Materials and Methods: In each of 21 participants undergoing root planing, two dental quadrants were randomly assigned to receive topical 20% benzocaine gel delivered subgingivally (TOP) or injection anaesthesia using 2% lidocaine (INJ). Baseline, intra‐ and immediate post‐operative pain was assessed using the Heft–Parker pain scale. Intra‐subject differences (INJ–TOP) were analysed using paired t‐tests and mixed models.

Results: Baseline and post‐operative pain did not differ between treatments (p>0.50). The injected anaesthetic, however, was associated with less intra‐operative pain than the topical (INJ–TOP=−24.9 mm, p=0.005) Six participants required rescue (injected) anaesthesia during treatment with the topical. Eleven participants (52%) preferred topical over injected anaesthetic. Among these 11, intra‐operative pain scores did not differ significantly (TOP=38.6 mm, INJ=28.4 mm, p=0.23). Among those who preferred the injected anaesthetic, intra‐operative pain scores differed significantly (TOP=84.7 mm, INJ=43.8 mm, p=0.03).

Conclusions: Intra‐pocket benzocaine gel is less effective than injected lidocaine in controlling pain during scaling and planing. Anaesthetic preference was related to the level of pain experienced during treatment with the topical. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Trends in periodontal health among 35‐year‐olds in Oslo, 1973–2003
Authors: Skudutyte‐Rysstad Rasa , Eriksen Harald M. , Hansen B. Frode
Published: September 2007

Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe trends in periodontal health and oral hygiene using data available from four epidemiological studies on 35‐year‐olds in Oslo performed from 1973 to 2003.

Material and Methods: Periodontal status of randomly selected 35‐year‐olds was assessed clinically and radiographically. Clinical registrations were based on the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. In addition, the proportion of individuals with marginal bone loss was assessed using available orthopantomograms.

Results: The proportion of persons with CPITN score 4 (one or more pockets 6 mm) decreased from 21.8% in 1984 to 8.1% in 2003. In addition, the mean number of sextants with deep pockets per person was considerably lower in 2003 than previously. The proportion of persons without recorded bone loss increased from 46% in 1973 to 76% in 2003. An improvement in oral hygiene scores was also observed during this period.

Conclusions: The results suggest that periodontal health and oral hygiene have been improving among 35‐year‐olds in Oslo during the last 30 years.
Allergic contact dermatitis to Aloe vera
Authors: Ferreira Márcia , Teixeira Marta , Silva Elvira , Selores Manuela
Published: September 2007

We present the case of a 72‐year‐old woman observed for dermatitis on the legs followed by apperance of erythema on the eyelids. She had a past history of peripheral venous insufficiency and had been using self home‐made Aloe vera juice over the legs for relief from pain. Patch tests showed positive reactions to the leaf of Aloe, the macerated Aloe jelly, and nickel sulfate. Although most manufacturers process Aloe products avoiding its irritant extracts, and probably as a consequence reports of allergic reactions are rare, one must remember that the growing popularity on the use of Aloe products may stimulate its use ‘as is’ by the patients. Furthermore, it is important to specifically ask patients about the use of these products, because they consider it as innocuous and thus would not spontaneously provide such information.
Contact dermatitis due to Allivum sativum and Ranunculus illyricus: two cases
Authors: Polat Muhterem , Oztas Pınar , Yalcin Basak , Tamer Emine , Gur Gunes , Alli Nuran
Published: September 2007

Plants are of relevance to dermatology for both their adverse and beneficial effects on skin and skin disorders respectively. Virtually all cultures worldwide have relied historically, or continue to rely on medicinal plants for medical care. As alternative herbal remedies are becoming more widely used there is an increase in phytocontact dermatitis. Here we document two patients who developed contact dermatitis due to Allivum sativum, and Ranunculus illyricus after applying to the skin in order to relieve the rheumatological joint pain.
Onycholysis induced by nail hardener
Authors: Helsing Per , Austad Joar , Talberg Hans Jørgen
Published: September 2007

Nail hardeners appeared in the market during the 1960s. They were basically solutions of formaldehyde. The first adverse effects were published in 1966 (1). Reactions were onycholysis, chromonychia, subungual haemorrhage, and hyperkeratosis. Onycholysis may be non‐inflammatory or inflammatory, and is accompanied by throbbing pain. Inflammatory reactions are followed by paronychia and occasional dermatitis on the digital pulpa.
Patch testing with thin‐layer chromatograms of chamomile tea in patients allergic to sesquiterpene lactones
Authors: Lundh Kerstin , Gruvberger Birgitta , Möller Halvor , Persson Lena , Hindsén Monica , Zimerson Erik , Svensson ÅKe , Bruze Magnus
Published: September 2007

Patients with contact allergy to sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are usually hypersensitive to Asteraceae plant products such as herbal teas. The objective of this study was to show sensitizers in chamomile tea by patch testing with thin‐layer chromatograms. Tea made from German chamomile was separated by thin‐layer chromatography. Strips of the thin‐layer chromatograms were used for patch testing SL‐positive patients. 15 (43%) of 35 patients tested positively to 1 or more spots on the thin‐layer chromatogram, with many individual reaction patterns. Patch testing with thin‐layer chromatograms of German chamomile tea showed the presence of several allergens.
The molecular basis of lipoid proteinosis: mutations in extracellular matrix protein 1
Authors: Chan Ien , Liu Lu , Hamada Takahiro , Sethuraman Gomathy , McGrath John A.
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Lipoid proteinosis (OMIM 247100), also known as Urbach–Wiethe disease or hyalinosis cutis et mucosae, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by generalized thickening and scarring of the skin and mucosae. In 2002, the disorder was mapped to a locus on chromosome 1q21 and pathogenic mutations were identified in the ECM1 gene, which encodes for the glycoprotein extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1). ECM1 has since been shown to have several important biological functions. It has a role in the structural organization of the dermis (binding to perlecan, matrix metalloproteinase‐9 and fibulin) as well as being targeted as an autoantigen in the acquired disease lichen sclerosus. ECM1 also shows over‐expression in certain malignancies and is abnormally expressed in chronologically aged and photo‐aged skin. Thus far, 26 different inherited mutations in ECM1 have been reported in lipoid proteinosis. In this article, we provide an update on the molecular pathology of lipoid proteinosis, including the addition of 15 new mutations in ECM1 to the mutation database, and review the biological functions of the ECM1 protein in health and disease.
Localization of ABCA12 from Golgi apparatus to lamellar granules in human upper epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Sakai Kaori , Akiyama Masashi , Sugiyama‐Nakagiri Yoriko , McMillan James R. , Sawamura Daisuke , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  ABCA12 is an ATP‐binding cassette transporter and is thought to act as a transmembrane lipid transporter. We reported that deleterious ABCA12 mutations cause a disturbance in lamellar granule (LG) lipid transport in the epidermal granular layer keratinocytes, resulting in harlequin ichthyosis, a severe genodermatosis. Detailed localization of ABCA12 in comparison with glucosylceramide and Golgi apparatus markers were studied in order to obtain clues to clarify the function(s) of ABCA12 in human skin. We performed double‐labelling immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against ABCA12, glucosylceramide and two Golgi apparatus markers (TGN46 and GM130) in normal human skin and cultured keratinocytes. Immunogold electron microscopy for ABCA12 and glucosylceramide was studied on postembedding and cryoultrathin sections of normal human skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that ABCA12 and glucosylceramide co‐localized in the granular layer keratinocytes as well as in keratinocytes cultured in high Ca2+ conditions through the Golgi apparatus to the cell periphery. Postembedding immunogold electron microscopy revealed that both ABCA12 and glucosylceramide labellings were associated with the LG of the uppermost granular layer keratinocytes. Using cryoultramicrotomy, lamellar structures in the LG were more clearly observed, and ultrastructural localization of ABCA12 and glucosylceramide was better demonstrated to LG in the uppermost granular layer cells. These results indicate that ABCA12 plays an important role in lipid transport from the Golgi apparatus to LG in human granular layer keratinocytes.
Differential cytokine expression in skin after single and repeated irritation by sodium lauryl sulphate
Authors: De Jongh Cindy M. , Lutter René , Verberk Maarten M. , Kezic Sanja
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  In vivo levels of cytokines and presence of neutrophils and eosinophils in skin irritation are not well known. Our objective was to get more insight in inflammatory mediators and markers involved in single and repeated skin irritation. We sampled epidermis‐derived fluid using a novel technology that includes application of a negative pressure on the skin after creation of micropores in the stratum corneum by a laser. In nine volunteers, transdermal fluid was sampled after a single 4‐h 10% sodium lauryl sulphate exposure and a repeated 3‐week exposure (0.1% sodium lauryl sulphate). Twenty‐seven cytokines were assessed by multiplex assay, and IL‐1α, eosinophil cationic protein and myeloperoxidase by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of eosinophil cationic protein were increased after irritation and correlated with levels of myeloperoxidase. The levels of inflammatory mediators showed large interindividual differences in unexposed and exposed skin. Despite this variation, several mediators clearly showed increased levels: CC chemokine ligand (CCL)11, CXCL10 and vascular endothelial growth factor after both single and repeated exposure, IL‐1α and basic fibroblast growth factor after single exposure and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) after repeated exposure. After repeated exposure, CCL5 and the ratio IL‐1RA/IL‐1α both increased compared with single exposure. We conclude that single and repeated irritation induces differential and concerted expression of various inflammatory mediators and markers.
To activate or not to activate: distinct strategies used by Helicobacter pylori and Francisella tularensis to modulate the NADPH oxidase and survive in human neutrophils
Authors: Allen Lee‐Ann H. , McCaffrey Ramona L.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Neutrophils accumulate rapidly at sites of infection, and the ability of these cells to phagocytose and kill microorganisms is an essential component of the innate immune response. Relatively few microbial pathogens are able to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we describe the novel strategies used by Helicobacter pylori and Francisella tularensis to disrupt neutrophil function, with a focus on assembly and activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, macrophages, and the innate immune response: does common variation matter?
Authors: Berrington William R. , Hawn Thomas R.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Despite the discovery of the tuberculosis (TB) bacillus over 100 years ago and the availability of effective drugs for over 50 years, there remain a number of formidable challenges for controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). Understanding the genetic and immunologic factors that influence human susceptibility could lead to novel insights for vaccine development as well as diagnostic advances to target treatment to those who are at risk for developing active disease. Although a series of studies over the past 50 years suggests that host genetics influences resistance to TB, a comprehensive understanding of which genes and variants are associated with susceptibility is only partially understood. In this article, we review recent advances in our understanding of human variation of the immune system and its effects on macrophage function and influence on MTb susceptibility. We emphasize recent discoveries in human genetic studies and correlate these findings with efforts to understand how these variants alter the molecular and cellular functions that regulate the macrophage response to MTb.
Lipid signaling and the modulation of surface charge during phagocytosis
Authors: Yeung Tony , Grinstein Sergio
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Phagocytosis is an important component of innate and adaptive immunity. The formation of phagosomes and the subsequent maturation that capacitates them for pathogen elimination and antigen presentation are complex processes that involve signal transduction, cytoskeletal reorganization, and membrane remodeling. Lipids are increasingly appreciated to play a crucial role in these events. Sphingolipids, cholesterol, and glycerophospholipids, notably the phosphoinositides, are required for the segregation of signaling microdomains and for the generation of second messengers. They are also instrumental in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and in directing membrane traffic. They accomplish these feats by congregating into liquid‐ordered domains, by generating active metabolites that activate receptors, and by recruiting and anchoring specific protein ligands to the membrane, often altering their conformation and catalytic activity. A less appreciated role of acidic phospholipids is their contribution to the negative surface charge of the inner leaflet of the plasmalemma. The unique negativity of the inner aspect of the plasma membrane serves to attract and anchor key signaling and effector molecules that are required to initiate phagosome formation. Conversely, the loss of charge that accompanies phospholipid metabolism as phagosomes seal facilitates the dissociation of proteins and the termination of signaling and cytoskeleton assembly. In this manner, lipids provide a binary electrostatic switch to control phagocytosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the environment within the phagosome
Authors: Rohde Kyle , Yates Robin M. , Purdy Georgiana E. , Russell David G.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Once across the barrier of the epithelium, macrophages constitute the primary defense against microbial invasion. For most microbes, the acidic, hydrolytically competent environment of the phagolysosome is sufficient to kill them. Despite our understanding of the trafficking events that regulate phagosome maturation, our appreciation of the lumenal environment within the phagosome is only now becoming elucidated through real‐time functional assays. The assays quantify pH change, phagosome/lysosome fusion, proteolysis, lipolysis, and β‐galactosidase activity. This information is particularly important for understanding pathogens that successfully parasitize the endosomal/lysosomal continuum. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects macrophages through arresting the normal maturation process of the phagosome, retaining its vacuole at pH 6.4 with many of the characteristics of an early endosome. Current studies are focusing on the transcriptional response of the bacterium to the changing environment in the macrophage phagosome. Manipulation of these environmental cues, such as preventing the pH drop to pH 6.4 with concanamycin A, abrogates the majority of the transcriptional response in the bacterium, showing that pH is the dominant signal that the bacterium senses and responds to. These approaches represent our ongoing attempts to unravel the discourse that takes place between the pathogen and its host cell.
Collaboration between the innate immune receptors dectin‐1, TLRs, and Nods
Authors: Underhill David M.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Microbes are complex and present a wide variety of structures that phagocytes may recognize using innate immune receptors. Recognition triggers anti‐microbial killing mechanisms and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate host defense. As a general rule, no single receptor is likely to be the sole mediator of activation of protective immune responses. Recent studies highlight the importance of collaboration between Toll‐like receptors, the nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod) proteins, and dectin‐1 in regulating inflammatory responses. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of cross‐talk and synergy between these receptors provide a framework in which to understand the importance of having multiple receptors recognize individual microbes.
How human neutrophils kill and degrade microbes: an integrated view
Authors: Nauseef William M.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Neutrophils constitute the dominant cell in the circulation that mediates the earliest innate immune human responses to infection. The morbidity and mortality from infection rise dramatically in patients with quantitative or qualitative neutrophil defects, providing clinical confirmation of the important role of normal neutrophils for human health. Neutrophil‐dependent anti‐microbial activity against ingested microbes represents the collaboration of multiple agents, including those prefabricated during granulocyte development in the bone marrow and those generated de novo following neutrophil activation. Furthermore, neutrophils cooperate with extracellular agents as well as other immune cells to optimally kill and degrade invading microbes. This brief review focuses attention on two examples of the integrated nature of neutrophil‐mediated anti‐microbial action within the phagosome. The importance and complexity of myeloperoxidase‐mediated events illustrate a collaboration of anti‐microbial responses that are endogenous to the neutrophil, whereas the synergy between the phagocyte NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase and plasma‐derived group IIA phospholipase A2 exemplifies the collective effects of the neutrophil with an exogenous factor to achieve degradation of ingested staphylococci.
Dendritic cell subsets in health and disease
Authors: Ueno Hideki , Klechevsky Eynav , Morita Rimpei , Aspord Caroline , Cao Tinghua , Matsui Toshimichi , Di Pucchio Tiziana , Connolly John , Fay Joseph W. , Pascual Virginia , Palucka A. Karolina , Banchereau Jacques
Published: September 2007

Summary:  The dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen‐presenting cells controls immunity and tolerance. DCs initiate and regulate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they receive from microbes and their cellular environment. They allow the immune system to make qualitatively distinct responses against different microbial infections. DCs are composed of subsets that express different microbial receptors and express different surface molecules and cytokines. Our studies lead us to propose that interstitial (dermal) DCs preferentially activate humoral immunity, whereas Langerhans cells preferentially induce cellular immunity. Alterations of the DC system result in diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. Conversely, DCs can be exploited for vaccination, and novel vaccines that directly target DCs in vivo are being designed.
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation in dendritic cells
Authors: Savina Ariel , Amigorena Sebastian
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Like macrophages and neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs) are considered professional phagocytes. Even if the three cell types phagocytose parasites, bacteria, cell debris, or even intact cells very efficiently, the functional outcomes of the phagocytic event are quite different. Macrophages and neutrophils scavenge and destroy phagocytosed particles, a critical step in innate immunity. DCs, in contrast, have developed means to ‘preserve’ useful information from the ingested particles that serve to initiate adaptive immune responses. Thus, both phagosomal degradation and acidification are much lower in DCs than in macrophages or neutrophils. Reduced degradation results in the conservation of antigenic peptides and in their increased presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. In this article, we review the mechanisms that control this delicate equilibrium between phagosomal degradation/cytotoxicity and antigen presentation in the different families of phagocytes.
Phagocytosis in mosquito immune responses
Authors: Blandin Stephanie A. , Levashina Elena A.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Anopheles mosquitoes are the only vectors of human malaria parasites. Mosquito–parasite interactions are critical for disease transmission and therefore are a potential target for malaria control strategies. Mosquitoes mount potent immune responses that efficiently limit proliferation of a variety of infectious agents, including microbial pathogens and malaria parasites. The recent completion of the Anopheles gambiae genome sequencing project combined with the development of the powerful RNA interference‐based gene silencing helped to identify major players of the immune defenses and uncovered evolutionarily conserved mechanisms in the anti‐bacterial and anti‐Plasmodium responses. The anti‐bacterial responses are based on phagocytosis at early steps of infections, followed, several hours later, by the synthesis of anti‐microbial peptides. The principal regulators of anti‐parasitic responses are predominantly synthesized by the mosquito blood cells; however, the exact molecular mechanisms of parasite killing remain unclear. Several regulators of phagocytosis are also required for efficient parasite killing. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the anti‐bacterial and anti‐parasitic responses, with the particular emphasis on the role of phagocytosis in mosquito immunity.
Innate immunity, macrophage activation, and atherosclerosis
Authors: Yan Zhong‐qun , Hansson Göran K.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Inflammation underpins the development of atherosclerosis. Initiation and progression of vascular inflammation involves a complex cellular network, with macrophages as major contributors. Activated macrophages produce proinflammatory mediators, bridge innate and adaptive immunity, regulate lipid retention, and participate directly in vascular repair and remodeling. Recent efforts to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis have implicated several families of innate immune recognition receptors in inflammatory activation during the course of this disease. This article reviews our current understanding of innate immune recognition receptors, signaling pathways, and putative ligands implicated in activation of macrophages in the disease. In its final section, we propose a model for the role of macrophages in bridging inflammation and atherosclerosis from the perspective of innate immune recognition and activation.
Complement receptors CD21 and CD35 in humoral immunity
Authors: Roozendaal Ramon , Carroll Michael C.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  The complement system is a family of proteins that is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Complement receptors CD21 and CD35, which recognize activated products of C3 and C4, are predominantly expressed on B cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the mouse. In this review, we focus on the role of FDC‐expressed CD21 and CD35 in humoral immunity. They are the principle receptors for uptake and retention of immune complexes. In their absence, memory B‐cell survival is markedly impaired. This is likely because of the lack of antigen but could also reflect a role for complement C3d ligand. How antigen is transported to FDCs remains an open question. In recent unpublished work using multiphoton intravital imaging, we found that small protein antigens presented in the lymph drain rapidly into B‐cell follicles and are taken up by FDCs in a complement‐dependent manner.
Salmonella sensing of anti‐microbial mechanisms to promote survival within macrophages
Authors: Prost Lynne R. , Sanowar Sarah , Miller Samuel I.
Published: September 2007

Summary:  Salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen that replicates within macrophages. The interaction of this pathogen with mammalian cells is a complex process involving hundreds of bacterial products that are sensed by and alter mammalian hosts. Numerous bacterial genes and their protein products have been identified that are required for Salmonella to resist killing by host innate immunity and to modify host processes. Many of these genes are regulated by a specific bacterial sensor, the PhoQ protein, which responds to the acidified phagosome environment. PhoQ is a sensor histidine kinase, which when activated in vivo within acidified macrophage phagosomes, regulates cell surface modifications that promote resistance to antimicrobial peptides and oxidative stress, alter the phagosome to promote intracellular survival, and reduce innate immune recognition. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which Salmonella interacts with macrophages and focus in detail on recent reports describing the role of antimicrobial peptides and pH in PhoQ activation.
Unveiling pathways used by Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes to subvert macrophage function
Authors: Osorio y Fortéa José , Prina Eric , De La Llave Emilie , Lecoeur Hervé , Lang Thierry , Milon Geneviève
Published: September 2007

Summary:  This article provides a summary and discussion of properties of Leishmania amazonensis‐loaded mouse macrophages. It illustrates how high‐throughput analysis is expected to contribute to deciphering features displayed by macrophages when they are subverted as host cells for replicating Leishmania amastigotes. Firstly, we discuss features of mouse mononuclear phagocytes in steady‐state conditions, including the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Secondly, we discuss results from ongoing investigations aimed at characterizing transcriptional signatures displayed by BALB/c mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages housing replicating L. amazonensis amastigotes. After a brief presentation on the feasibility of high‐throughput microscopy relying on our robust culture system, we share some perspectives on the perpetuation of L. amazonensis in their hosts. Within this latter context, a novel question is formulated and its relevance is discussed: do the Leishmania amastigotes that persist within the mammalian dermis reach a non‐replicating developmental stage? If so, is this developmental stage the only one displaying the features required for further development as promastigotes within the sand fly gut lumen?
Effects of toothbrushing on eroded dentine
Authors: Ganss Carolina , Schlueter Nadine , Hardt Martin , Von Hinckeldey Judith , Klimek Joachim
Published: September 2007

It is an established assumption that eroded dental hard tissues are particularly prone to toothbrush abrasion. Only a few studies have aimed to show this for dentine and, if so, disregarded the complex histological structure of this tissue. Therefore, the present study sought (i) to investigate the effects of toothbrushing on eroded dentine and (ii) to analyze how the organic matrix influences the outcome of established methods for quantifying dental hard tissue loss. The effects of brushing were investigated by optical (P‐O) and mechanical (P‐M) profilometry, by longitudinal microradiography (LMR), and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images showed that a demineralized organic layer had developed, which was unaffected by brushing. For substance loss, there was no significant difference between eroded and eroded/abraded samples. Considerable differences occurred, however, when results from the different methods were compared. P‐O yielded the lowest (7.0 ± 3.4 µm) and LMR the highest (109.8 ± 10.7 µm) substance loss values. When the organic material was removed enzymatically, all methods gave comparable results. The results of this study do not lend support to the notion that brushing increases substance loss of eroded dentine. Profilometry was not suitable for measuring mineral loss, unless the organic material was removed.
Cytokine expression pattern in compression and tension sides of the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement in humans
Authors: Garlet Thiago P. , Coelho Ulisses , Silva João S. , Garlet Gustavo P.
Published: September 2007

Orthodontic tooth movement is achieved by the remodeling of periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone in response to mechanical loading and is believed to be mediated by several host mediators, such as cytokines. By means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we studied the pattern of expression of mRNA encoding several pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in relation to several extracellular matrix and bone remodeling markers, in tension (T) and compression (C) sides of the PDL of human teeth subjected to rapid maxillary expansion. The PDL of normal teeth was used as a control. The results showed that both T and C sides exhibited significantly higher expression of all targets when compared with controls, except for type I collagen (COL‐I) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) on the C side. Comparing C and T sides, the C side exhibited higher expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL), and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), whereas the T side presented higher expression of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), TIMP‐1, COL‐I, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and osteocalcin (OCN). The expression of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) was similar in both C and T sides. Our data demonstrate a differential expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in compressed and stretched PDL during orthodontic tooth movement.
Modulation of an inhibitory jaw reflex by remote noxious stimulation: effects of spatial conditioning factors
Authors: Mason Andrew G. , Newton James P. , Cadden Samuel W.
Published: September 2007

In humans, inhibitory jaw reflexes can be depressed by painful stimulation of remote parts of the body. The underlying mechanisms may involve diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Animal experiments have shown that the neurons which may mediate DNIC show spatial encoding (i.e. their responses vary in relation to the size of the body area being stimulated). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the modulation of an inhibitory jaw reflex shows similar spatial dependency. Electromyographic recordings were made in 9 subjects, from a masseter muscle that was activated to a level equivalent to 10% of that obtained during a maximum voluntary contraction. Reflex inhibitions were evoked by electrical stimuli to the upper lip, either alone (controls) or during the application of conditioning stimuli (47°C water) to the fingers, the hand, the half forearm or the whole forearm. Conditioning stimuli applied to the larger but not to the smaller areas resulted in significant modulations of the reflex. There was a significant correlation between stimulus area and reflex magnitude. These results demonstrate a spatial dependency for the modulation of an inhibitory jaw reflex by painful stimuli – a further parallel with DNIC as studied on single neurons in animals.
Influence of immigration and other factors on caries in 12‐ and 15‐yr‐old children
Authors: Almerich‐Silla José M. , Montiel‐Company José M.
Published: September 2007

In recent years the Valencia region has undergone mass immigration, mainly of people from eastern Europe, North Africa, and Latin America. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of immigration on caries prevalence and experience in 12‐ and 15‐yr‐old children in the Valencia region, and to relate this to other socio‐economic and oral hygiene‐related variables. The data were obtained from the epidemiological study of oral health carried out in the Valencia Region in 2004. The study group comprised 478, 12‐yr‐old children and 401, 15‐yr‐old children. Immigration status, age, toothbrushing frequency, and intake of cariogenic foods between meals showed significant association in a multiple linear regression model using the decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) count as the dependent variable. Of all the predictive variables, the one that made the highest contribution to the model was immigration status. In a multiple logistic regression analysis with caries presence as the dependent variable, immigration status, intake of cariogenic foods, social class, and age were significantly associated with the presence of caries. As immigrant children have significantly higher caries levels than Spanish children, future public health service planning should pay attention to this risk group.
Routine oral examination: clinical performance and management by general dental practitioners in primary care
Authors: Mettes Theodorus G. , Van Der Sanden Wil J. M. , Mokkink Henk G. , Wensing Michel , Grol Richard P. T. M. , Plasschaert Alphons J. M.
Published: September 2007

The aim of this clinical study was to explore the contents of routine oral examinations (ROE), carried out by Dutch general dental practitioners (GDPs), in relation to the oral health status of regularly attending patients. An observational study was performed, based on clinical case recording. Using The Data Station Project of the Dutch Dental Association as the study base, 215 GDPs were recruited, of whom 131 participated in the study. A clinical case‐recording form was developed to document clinical behavior. The contents assessed concerned patient characteristics, contents of the ROE visit, diagnoses made, and clinical behavior in response to ROE findings. This study showed substantial variation in clinical behavior related to specific ROE domains, including patient history and record keeping, whereas GDPs acted consistently on other domains, such as clinical examination and recall length assessment. Furthermore, the ROE performance was more strongly associated with GDP characteristics than with patient characteristics. The mean ROE time was 10 min, and recall intervals were most frequently assigned at 6 months, irrespective of the oral condition. This study highlights a need for continuing education to promote risk‐based oral screening. Further research is needed to identify factors responsible for the variation in GDP performance, just as research on clinical practice guideline implementation methods is warranted.
Factorial analysis of variables influencing mechanical characteristics of a single tooth implant placed in the maxilla using finite element analysis and the statistics‐based Taguchi method
Authors: Lin Chun‐Li , Chang Shih‐Hao , Chang Wen‐Jen , Kuo Yu‐Chan
Published: September 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the relative contribution of changes (design factors) in implant system, position, bone classification, and loading condition on the biomechanical response of a single‐unit implant‐supported restoration. Non‐linear finite‐element analysis was used to simulate the mechanical responses in an implant placed in the maxillary posterior region. The Taguchi method was employed to identify the significance of each design factor in controlling the strain/stress. Increased strain values were noted in the cortical bone with lateral force and an implant with a retaining‐screw connection. Cancellous bone strain was affected primarily by bone type and increased with decreasing bone density. Implant stress was influenced mainly by implant type and position. The combined use of finite‐element analysis and the Taguchi method facilitated effective evaluation of the mechanical characteristics of a single‐unit implant‐supported restoration. Implants placed along the axis of loading exhibit improved stress/strain distribution. The reduction of lateral stress through implant placement and selective occlusal adjustment is recommended. An implant with a tapered interference fit connection performed better as a force‐transmission mechanism than other configurations.
Hydrolytic stability of composite repair bond
Authors: Papacchini Federica , Toledano Manuel , Monticelli Francesca , Osorio Raquel , Radovic Ivana , Polimeni Antonella , García‐Godoy Franklin , Ferrari Marco
Published: September 2007

The hydrolytic stability of composite repairs is a desirable property. In the present study, the composite repair microtensile bond strength, failure mode distribution, and nanoleakage occurrence before and after thermocycling were evaluated. Standardized, 1‐month‐old composite substrates were roughened, cleaned, and randomly assigned to seven groups according to the intermediate agent applied. Resin‐based, silane‐based, and combined silane/adhesive coupling agents were investigated. The same resin composite as the substrate was used for repair. For each group, repaired samples were wet stored for 24 h (37°C) or thermocycled (5,000 cycles, 5−55°C). Failure mode and silver nitrate penetration were examined by stereomicroscopy. Intermediate agent, experimental condition, and their interaction were significant factors. Hydrophobic flowable composites resulted in statistically higher repair strengths, lower occurrence of adhesive failures, and good quality interfacial coupling without any silver uptake in both conditions. Light‐curing, hydrophilic resin monomer‐based intermediate agents, although not affected by thermocycling, showed a more pronounced silver penetration. The composite repair strength of a self‐curing silane/adhesive agent was significantly affected by thermal stresses, despite the absence of silver uptake. A prehydrolized silane agent recorded the lowest repair strength, with minimal or no evidence of interfacial silver impregnation after thermocycling. In conclusion, flowability and hydrophobic nature can be considered important properties when selecting intermediate agents for composite repair.
Selection bias in case‐control studies on periodontitis: a systematic review
Authors: Lopez Rodrigo , Scheutz Flemming , Errboe Marie , Baelum Vibeke
Published: September 2007

In case‐control studies the frequency of the exposure of interest is compared between a group of diseased subjects and a group of controls to determine whether an association exists between disease and exposure. Case‐control studies are useful, but can be subject to several sources of bias if poorly conducted. Selection bias, which results in a lack of comparability between the groups being studied, is one of the most harmful types of bias. The aim of this study was to assess the information reported on case‐control studies of periodontitis to identify sources of selection bias. We conducted an electronic search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science and evaluated the occurrence of sources of selection bias in case‐control studies published in English during the year 2004. In relatively few studies did the authors provided information on recruitment periods for cases and controls (31.1% and 20%, respectively), sampling methods (26.7% and 31.1%, respectively), or participation rates (8.9% and 6.7%, respectively). The source of control subjects was appropriate in 15.6% of the studies, and the strategy used to select the controls was adequate in only 8.9% of the studies. It may be concluded that case‐control studies on periodontitis are frequently inadequately conducted and reported.
The adaptive response of Streptococcus mutans towards oral care products: involvement of the ClpP serine protease
Authors: Deng Dong Mei , Ten Cate Jacob M. , Crielaard Wim
Published: September 2007

In the oral cavity a balanced physiological response is essential for Streptococcus mutans to survive various types of external challenges. In this study we examined the role of the ClpP serine protease in the response of S. mutans towards sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine. By constructing a clpP promoter–green fluorescent protein reporter strain, we showed increased fluorescence intensities under all types of stress, indicating a need for ClpP under all these challenges. We constructed a clpP knockout mutant, which proved to be more sensitive to all the challenges than the wild‐type strain. This knockout strain also displayed a reduced growth rate, hyperaggregation, and increased biofilm formation. Furthermore, an increased resistance to toxic levels of hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine after pre‐incubation with sublethal levels of the corresponding compounds was found in the wild‐type strain but not in the knockout mutant. In conclusion, ClpP is involved in the general stress response of S. mutans and assists the bacteria to resist killing through adaptation.