bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial Excellence
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

In independent India, the birth, growth, and perpetuations of great entrepreneurial ventures in the small and medium segments have always been due to circumstances that in the fields of technology products to follow the foreign manufacturers and serve them with support activities for manufacture and services of less technical/mundane products such as sheet metal guards, washers, gaskets, castings, simple forgings, machining facilities, and similar requirements. Entrepreneurs of rare calibre, such as Tatas, Walchands, Birlas, Bajaj, Mahindras, to name a few, even though they started with simpler products and services as accessories to foreign products, have only in the previous few decades come to be recognized as globally competitive producers of high technology products and services. If one sees the trend again, the concentration of rich otherwise, and traditionally business families, alone have been able to sustain and grow to be in the limelight. However, the entrepreneurial spirit in genetically independent thinking and wanting to ‘Wish to Do it’ not ‘Do as told’ people not so lucky in business inheritance have in the majority of the cases been toiling as craftsmen or joined national services like the armed forces to satisfy their urge to prove themselves or settled in work in jobs giving some scope to their entrepreneurial urge in other’s units. But it is a matter of pride that few such soldiers on their relinquishing army jobs, on resettlement have enthused, coerced, cajoled their next generation youth into seeking independence from employee status and choosing careers to be the courageous employers who support and protect others families and also serve the nation as well.
Corporate Governance under Threat?
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

The world over today, compliance to corporate governance (CG) norms has been a prerequisite in all business transactions, from normal vendor certification to the distributor agreements and more in particular to domestic and international mergers and acquisitions. In many instances, non—compliance to laid down CG practices has been a major contention and a cause for major boardroom conflicts. This has made the set of new CEOs to suspect the very motives of the erstwhile founders misusing the CG as a tool to suppress the new leadership and reminder them to respect the real power centres at the founders’ disposal. Hence a time is ripe now to revisit the restrictive adherence to CG to the extent that the new leaders have an elbow room to steer the organization to face global completion supported by certain flexibility needed without of course drifting from the core values of the organization. This case study takes the reader through such tricky situations that the new class leadership is trying to win over. In Indian business scenario the Tatas and Infosys of India two are iconic names. They command enormous brand equity. They had been in the news for all the wrong reasons. The happenings at Tata Sons and Infosys have brought the focus firmly on CG. Some may call them board—room tussles. Others may view them as owners—versus—the—board fight. The question is: Have these episodes hurt governance in these organizations?
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

Managing business growth through customer engagement is a novel business concept followed by Amway, one of the very popular business groups in India. Responsibility (CSR Corporate Social) means businesses communities they and organizations working responsibly and contributing positively to the operations. It involves working with employees, their families, the local community, and society at large to improve their quality of life. Companies that operate in a socially responsible way strengthen their reputations. In business, reputation is everything. It determines the extent to which customers want to buy from you, partners are willing to work with you, and you’re standing in the community.
Transforming the Asian Supply Chain
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

Effective supply chain management helps businesses in the majority of situations calling for competitive advantage posturing for their products and services. Many businesses thrive on the strength of their supply chain capabilities in spite of severe competition and highly differentiated markets. Especially in the majority of Asian countries, it becomes difficult to exploit supply chain benefits due to the communication, connectivity, and commutation barricades and limitations. The case study details how the protagonist company, Asian Steadfast Co. adapted unique systems and procedures to counter difficulties and succeed in otherwise hostile situations.
The First Mover Disadvantage
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

Fresh Feel had pioneered wet wipes in India but could not grow the market. Now new competitors are more successful than the pioneer. What should Fresh Feel do to regain its first mover advantage? Advaith Hariharan, Manager Fresh Feel Company wondered just what his company’s strategy should be. Fresh had spotted the opportunity in ‘wet wipes’ way back in March 1987, but had failed to educate the consumer about its benefits and convince them to buy the product on a regular basis. ‘Had the product been launched ahead of its time in India? Was it because Fresh Feel had just the one product?’ wondered Hariharan. After all, wet wipes were a mature category in Europe and the United States. Leading players such as Ceverly Kern, Gennet & Pern, as well as smaller firms, had a line—up of brands for different consumer groups and different usage situations.
Introduction
Authors: Yin Cao
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews significant works of colonialism in India and state-building in China. It asks us to rethink British colonialism and Chinese nationalism. On the one hand, it argues that British colonial expansion in India was motivated not only by profits but also by insecurity and anxieties; on the other hand, it contends that the Chinese Nationalist government’s state-building projects were not only domestic issues but also had transnational effects. This chapter argues that the anxieties of the British colonial regime in India misunderstood and miscalculated the Chinese Nationalist government’s state-building projects overseas. Such misunderstanding and miscalculation led to decades-long tensions and even conflicts during and after the colonial period.
Sailors
Authors: Yin Cao
Published: October 2022

More than 3,000 Chinese seamen were stranded in Calcutta during the Second World War. The Chinese Nationalist government and the Government of India worked out a plan to discipline these seamen and turn them into a useful wartime labour force by establishing the Chinese Seamen’s Wartime Service Corps. The Chinese seamen, meanwhile, employed various strategies to turn the regulatory regimes to their own purposes. The seamen’s art of (not) being governed eventually led to the failure of the Chinese Seamen’s Wartime Service Corps. This chapter explores how the Chinese seamen in Calcutta negotiated with and responded to the authorities’ intention of incorporating them into the grand nationalist agendas. In telling the story, the chapter tries to restore ordinary people’s active role in modern Indian and Chinese history.
Reformation Legacies
Authors: Walsham Alexandra
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the complex and enduring legacies of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. It traces the competing memory cultures that these movements engendered before assessing their long term impact in different spheres of activity and thinking. It considers the contradictory role of the Reformations in promoting pluralism and fostering intolerance, but also in creating the conditions for confessional coexistence and for theories of toleration. It assesses how religious change shaped work, play and everyday life and how economic relations were inflected in distinctive ways by moral and ethical considerations. A further theme is the transformation of the material world effected by the Reformation. The chapter shows how it left its mark on the physical landscape and domestic environment, from topographical landmarks to household objects. Finally, it explores how the religious upheavals of the period intersected with long term shifts in understanding of how God and the devil intervened in earthly affairs. It considers claims about the ‘disenchantment of the world’ and the links between the Reformation, science, and the Enlightenment.
Voices in Context
Authors: Dodgson Guy , Common Stephanie , Moseley Peter , Lee Rebecca , Alderson-Day Ben
Published: October 2022

The Voices in Psychosis (VIP) study involved forty people who were hearing voices regularly and finding them distressing. All of the participants were service users of Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) services in two NHS Foundation Trusts: Cumbria, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear and Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys. Spanning an area which, at the time of the study, ranged from Berwick-upon-Tweed down to York, our participants came from some of the poorest and wealthiest parts of the UK. This chapter offers some background on the history of EIP services, the services participants would have been offered, and the day-to-day challenges that they faced.
The Quickening
Authors: Allnutt Gillian
Published: October 2022

A poem, produced in response to the Voices in Psychosis study transcripts by award-winning poet Gillian Allnutt. Gillian was Poet in Residence with Hearing the Voice at Durham University from 2016 to 2020. During that time she was embedded within the research team and produced a number of original works, including five poems as part of the international exhibition, Hearing Voices: Suffering, Inspiration, and the Everyday. The Quickening is a new poem which draws upon both the experiences described in the Voices in Psychosis study and the poet’s own experiences of other voices.
Affect and Voice-Hearing
Authors: Jansson Åsa
Published: October 2022

Affect and voice-hearing were seen as closely linked in the early decades of psychiatry, but this relationship is marginalized in contemporary diagnostic literature, largely due to the gradual separation in the twentieth century of affective (mood) and cognitive (schizo-) disorders. However, recent studies emphasize the significance of affect in voice-hearing. This is equally suggested by the Voices in Psychosis (VIP) interviews. This chapter asks how the VIP study’s phenomenological approach can contribute to an understanding of affect and voice-hearing that is both clinically relevant and cognizant of historical shifts in the perception and experience of hearing voices. The VIP data challenges the dominant psychiatric narrative that emphasizes voice-hearing as a symptom of schizophrenia while downplaying its relationship to affective states and mood disorders. The chapter suggests that further phenomenological research into affect and voice-hearing can contribute to the de-stigmatization of voice-hearing as well as of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Bodily Sensations During Voice-Hearing Experiences
Authors: Moffatt Jamie
Published: October 2022

In the interviews collected for the Voices in Psychosis study, bodily sensations frequently accompany the experience of hearing a voice. These range from indicators of arousal, such as tingling sensations or an elevated heart rate, to vivid feelings of dissociation from the body. Interoception refers to the ability to sense internal bodily states and is crucial for making appropriate emotional responses, guiding decision-making, and maintaining a consistent sense of self. The anomalous bodily experiences that accompany voice-hearing imply that interoception is playing a significant part in these experiences. This chapter examines recent research on interoceptive processes and how this research can contribute to our understanding of voice-hearing experiences.
Lost Agency and the Sense of Control
Authors: Foxwell John
Published: October 2022

Voice-hearers sometimes refer to a lack of control over their voices as a feature which distinguishes them from thoughts. Yet since there are some kinds of thought which are also not ‘under our control’ (e.g. intrusive or obsessive thoughts, unbidden imagery or memories, moments of inspiration, thoughts which appear ‘out of nowhere’, etc.), there would appear to be something distinctive about the way in which the sense of control is absent when it comes to voice-hearing. This chapter proposes a phenomenological model of agency which would account for the distinction which some voice-hearers make between voices and thoughts, by considering the sense of control as a pre-reflective awareness of the potential for inhibition.
Reading for Departure
Authors: Bernini Marco
Published: October 2022

Within the psychological and social sciences, phenomenological reports are mostly either analysed to identify patterns that could fit a model or coded for quantitative or qualitative analysis, rather than treated as (more or less narrative) texts to be read. Drawing narrative theory into conversation with scientific understandings of hallucinatory experiences, this chapter considers instead a set of problems in the readerly dimension of phenomenological interviews. What kind of interpretive dispositions do we, as readers, bring to these qualitative reports? How can narrative theory help illuminate our relationship to forms of storytelling which often seem to surface out of confused or inconsistent pre-verbal and pre-narrative experiences? What kind of active, yet tensive, relation exists between the background world of readers and the reported world of the voice-hearer? Adapting key concepts from classic and post-classic narrative theory, this chapter sets out a novel interdisciplinary approach to phenomenological interviews on hallucinations.
Relating to Leah’s Voices
Authors: Woods Angela
Published: October 2022

The last decade has seen a proliferation of psychological therapies for distressing voices which recognize the voice as agent or entity, and seek to transform the voice-hearer’s relation to it through forms of direct interaction. But what is left out, or left over, when we focus on voices as people? To address this question, this chapter provides a close reading of one of the Voices in Psychosis interviews. It examines Leah’s powerful descriptions of the embodied, affective, and multimodal intensities of voices, alongside clinical and theoretical accounts of voice personification. Reflecting upon our own interpretive impulses, the chapter foregrounds the struggle to understand the complexity of Leah’s testimony without rewriting it as coherent, familiar, or wholly understandable.
Voice-Hearing and Lived Space
Authors: Coaten Mary
Published: October 2022

The spatial qualities of voice-hearing are a striking feature of the Voices in Psychosis transcripts: voices come from inside and outside, from far away, through the wall, or down the stairs. Drawing on Martin Heidegger’s analysis of our ‘innerworldly space’, Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s account of ‘lived space’, and the author’s work as a dance movement psychotherapist, this chapter considers how the experience of hearing voices can be understood as constituting a mytho-poetic space. The chapter suggests that this lived space has an important function, especially where there has been distress, trauma, or an erosion of trust.
Leah’s Voices
Authors: Cook Christopher C. H.
Published: October 2022

Leah is a woman in her 40s hearing voices in the context of a recently diagnosed first episode of psychosis. Her voices represent a dynamic interplay between conflicting psychological and spiritual forces within her, which are various externalized, collaborated with, and related to, in an attempt to cope with, and make meaning amidst, multiple traumatic life events. This brief case study shows not only that voices may be meaningful and beneficially attended to, but also that an episode of psychosis may provide the context for spiritual growth and positive religious coping.
Voices and Reality Monitoring
Authors: Rollins Colleen , Garrison Jane
Published: October 2022

A common thread in the variable experience of voice-hearing may be the breakdown in an individual’s ability to distinguish speech perceived in the surrounding world from verbal thoughts or ‘inner speech’. Failures in reality monitoring processes involved in such discrimination of internally and externally generated information have been linked to structural differences in the medial prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in recognition of the self. This chapter explores the role of reality monitoring in voice-hearing, its brain basis, and how an understanding of the neural correlates and phenomenological experiences of voice-hearing can inform one another.
Supernatural Presences
Authors: Saunders Corinne
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers parallels and differences between the medieval visionary writings of Julian of Norwich and Margery Kempe, and the contemporary experiences of voice-hearing collected in the Voices in Psychosis interviews. Although there is a notable contrast between the medieval, Christian world view and the modern, western secular world view, supernatural or spiritual explanations recur, sometimes drawing on a variety of mythologies. While their primary focus is voice-hearing, the interviews reveal that contemporary experience is frequently multisensory, resonating strikingly with medieval accounts. There are also correspondences in the associations of voice-hearing with trauma. This chapter asks how medieval and modern phenomenologies speak to each other, how their explanatory frameworks compare, and what value this might have for voice-hearers now.
Why Physics Should Care about the Mind, and How to Think about it Without Worrying about the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Ismael Jenann
Published: October 2022

Physics has a somewhat uneasy relationship to the mind. On the one hand, minds are part of the natural universe and although much of physics is concerned with the non-minded parts of reality, recently a set of problems has emerged in physics that has placed a special focus on observers. In quantum mechanics, the contrast between what the deterministic dynamics yields and what the observer sees is at the forefront of the theory’s difficulties. In the controversies surrounding time, questions about whether the relativistic image of time can account for the subjective experience of passage and flow have been central. In general, reconciling the manifest image of the world with the image presented by science requires at least some tacit understanding of how minds work. And because the evidence for our theories ultimately comes from experience, eventually we have to be able to bring the mind itself firmly under the scope of our physical theories. On the other hand, there is a set of philosophical controversies about the relationship between the mental and the physical that many people believe physics would do well to steer clear of. This chapter argues for a division between the aspects of the mind that physics must cope with and those that it can ignore. I argue the most difficult unresolved questions about the mind can be ignored without affecting progress in physics.
The Nature of Belief in No-Collapse Everett Interpretations
Authors: Skokowski Paul
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the role of human belief within an Everett no-collapse version of quantum mechanics. The claim that an observer of a measurement resulting in a superposition ends up being deceived about her own perceptual beliefs is considered. It is argued that, upon examination of the neural vehicles which comprise the belief eigenstates of the observer, as well as the intentional contents of these states, the observer will not in fact have the deceptive belief claimed for this interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Singing in the Elementary General Music Classroom
Authors: Bartolome Sarah J.
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides an overview of pertinent literature related to working with young singers, establishes the critical importance of developing positive attitudes toward singing in childhood, and outlines effective methods for teaching and assessing singing among elementary-aged students. It also offers guidance for music educators and teaching artists seeking to choose appropriate repertoire, utilize an effective vocal mode, facilitate vocal exploration, work with uncertain singers, and teach beginning part-singing. Throughout the chapter, concrete strategies for working with child singers are illustrated and a joyful approach to fostering a culture of singing within the music classroom is forwarded.
Playing with Orff and Classroom Instruments
Authors: Beegle Amy
Published: October 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of the relevance of playing classroom instruments in general music settings with children ages 5–12. It provides ideas for defining and categorizing musical instruments that can be used in general music. Pedagogical models based on the Orff Schulwerk approach are illustrated through instructional plans (including assessments) for applying instrumental play and playfulness with children in educational settings with different levels of resources. Applications of musical instruments found in many North American general music classrooms (small percussion, recorders, and barred Orff instruments) as well as body percussion, bucket drums, and found sounds are presented. Technologies such as YouTube play-along videos, apps for musical creativity and recording, and online musical instruments are included to elucidate ways to make music meaningful to learners of different ages, abilities, and cultures, with brief mention of virtual teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Participatory Music Making with Fretted Instruments
Authors: Vasil Martina
Published: October 2022

Fretted instruments, such as the ukulele and guitar, are used in general music classrooms because they are affordable, accessible, relatable to diverse learners (i.e., English-language learners, students with disabilities, and students with learning and thinking differences), and can be used in diverse teaching settings. This chapter outlines how to teach the ukulele and guitar through participatory music making and centers on non-formal teaching strategies that work in tandem with informal music learning. Vignettes and sample lesson plans illustrate how the ukulele and guitar might be used in general music classes for performing and playing. These lesson ideas can also be applied to a variety of other fretted instruments music teachers may have available to them or want to include in the curriculum. Ideas for assessment, additional resources for getting started with fretted instruments, and adaptations for diverse learners are also included.
Pedagogical Approaches in Modern Band
Authors: Dylan Smith Gareth , Gramm Warren
Published: October 2022

This chapter briefly describes inequities embedded in the US school system and presents some arguments from extant literature for developing more culturally relevant music education to help address these. The authors each taught modern band (popular music) in urban middle school settings for several years—one in London, England, and the other in Jersey City, New Jersey. The chapter presents examples of successful, collaborative ensemble music making practices in the authors’ respective classrooms, focusing on curating communities of practice through non-formal and informal pedagogical approaches. The chapter then provides lesson ideas for incorporating songwriting and peer mentoring into the middle school music classroom. In closing, the authors argue that in order to help young people thrive and flourish in school and wider society, music classes need to be culturally relevant to the young people taking them.
Teaching and Learning World Music
Authors: Howard Karen
Published: October 2022

This chapter addresses general music teachers’ interest in ways to grow their pedagogical and musical skills, learn more about their students’ interests and cultural backgrounds, and the decentering of a long-standing history of Whiteness in repertoire and teaching strategies. The chapter offers practical suggestions for music teachers interested in infusing world music into their curricula. Included are matters related to culturally relevant pedagogy, authenticity in performance practice, and cultural appropriation. These are followed by a framework for consideration when implementing diverse musics and their attendant cultures. This framework is then applied to three examples of music cultures, with ideas for music learning and teaching.
Teaching Music for Human Connections
Authors: Abril Carlos R. , Battiste Loneka W.
Published: October 2022

This chapter describes ways of building human connections in the general music classroom and argues for its centrality in the music curriculum. The authors do so by providing theoretical background, as well as concrete, practical examples in the forms of vignettes and lessons that are relevant to elementary- and secondary-school-age students. The chapter expands upon the ways “connecting” has been traditionally conceived in the music education curriculum to include the self, peers, teacher, and community, as well as musical cultures around the world. It also addresses ways to facilitate culturally informed connections in and through music.
Fostering Historical Empathy Through Music, Art, and Poetry
Authors: Revell Barrett Janet
Published: October 2022

This chapter encourages the adoption of an expansive approach to the music curriculum, particularly in the ways that teachers can enrich students’ experiences by juxtaposing music with closely related disciplines. The central aim is to illustrate how interdisciplinary instruction invites students’ historical empathy, deepening students’ understanding and affective connection to persons from the past through imaginative encounters and connections to their own life experiences. In the context of African American history, three rich areas for curricular work are explored for elementary, middle, and high school general music settings: children’s biographies of musical figures, notably Ella Fitzgerald; explorations of the Great Migration through the blues, the poetry of Langston Hughes, and Jacob Lawrence’s paintings; and student-directed inquiry exploring the role of the arts in portraying the experiences of African American students involved in school desegregation efforts.
Frames for Improvising
Authors: MacGlone Una
Published: October 2022

This chapter outlines research-grounded, practical approaches for teaching music improvisation in both elementary and special education schools. Including improvisation in music education is important because through this activity children can develop agency, responsiveness, and expressiveness. A flexible pedagogical model is offered with many lesson ideas, underpinned by the rationale and strategies to promote effective delivery. Activities include warm-up exercises, relational playing, conducted improvisation, and improvisation with symbols. Teachers working within a range of genres will be able to use and adapt the lesson ideas within this chapter to best fit their own contexts.
New Ways to Think About Composing and Producing
Authors: Strand Katherine , Kaschub Michele
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents strategies for teaching composition and music production in general music classrooms through work with whole-class, small group, and individual learning experiences. Readers can find guidance for designing lessons that address the needs of learners at all stages of development, with a variety of instruments and technological tools. The chapter describes five different types of learning objectives that can be met through providing composing tasks that galvanize creative thinking, ways to tap into student interests, selecting tools to engage students creatively, sharing creative products, reflecting on the composing process and products, and assessing learning. Sample projects for a variety of grade levels close the chapter.
Digital Media, Digital Technology, and Participatory Culture
Authors: Clements Ann C.
Published: October 2022

Technology and digital media offer a unique means of enhancing general music lessons by providing tools and opportunities they may not otherwise have access to. It grants the opportunity to gain the fluency and skills needed to engage in musical practices beyond their experiences within the classroom, and lessons that engage digital media can lay a foundation for musical independence, musical collaboration, and life-long musical engagement. This chapter defines digital media and discusses its role in society and the lives of young people. It provides tips for bridging the gap to digital fluency and argues that participatory culture consists of cultural competencies and social skills that young people need in the new media landscape. The organization and facilitation of student work with digital media is explored through sample lesson plans that lead to meaningful engagements and increased digital fluency.
Osman Bakar
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 examines the ideas of Osman Bakar, an epistemologist who called for epistemological renewal in Southeast Asia. This necessitates a few intellectual procedures. It entails, first of all, a methodical elucidation of the knowledge crisis that has plagued modern Muslims since the last two centuries. Second, epistemological renewal encompasses a reconceptualization of knowledge. Osman advocates for a dual consilience. To show the applicability of this consilience, Osman appealed to Islamic history and cast light on how knowledge of the divine and the world were incorporated in the writings of great Muslim scholars. These scholars ushered the making of a knowledge-driven and yet faith-based civilization that derived its mainspring of inspiration from the concept of tawhid (unity of God).
The Rule of Law after Conflict
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 examines how the rule of law is understood conceptually and pragmatically—both on its own terms and as part of post-conflict state-building efforts. It examines “thinner,” more process-oriented understandings of the rule of law as well as “thicker,” more substantive conceptualizations with additional political, social, and economic components. While both approaches are worthwhile, the chapter argues that a minimalist conception of rule of law offers the most appropriate standard for assessing progress in judicial state-building after conflict. The chapter subsequently addresses practical issues related to promoting the rule of law in post-conflict states. It contends that efforts toward international rule-of-law promotion can make an important, if modest, contribution. Finally, I discuss competing ways to describe legal pluralism and argue that the term “non-state justice” is the most appropriate for cross-case comparisons.
From Competition to Combat
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

In 2001 Afghanistan had an opportunity to establish a legitimate, effective, democratic state capable of supporting the rule of law. This chapter explores the ways in which that chance was squandered. The first section highlights the fact that legitimate, nationwide political and legal orders—predicated on religion, tribal culture, and state performance—have existed historically, proving that constructing a new regime was possible. The second section argues that the post-2001 regime actively opposed efforts to promote the rule of law. Instead of engaging with long-standing pillars of authority, it focused on accumulating power through patronage, international support, dubious elections, and using the courts to serve its own ends. The new state had little to offer most Afghans. Most non-state judicial authorities saw little need to engage with the state. In contrast, Taliban justice focused on providing cheap, effective, efficient, and culturally intelligible (though decidedly brutal) justice and consequently achieved far greater success.
Johannes Brahms, Connoisseur of Graphic Arts
Authors: Avins Styra
Published: October 2022

While Brahms’s engagement with the work of the artist Max Klinger has often been explored, less attention has been paid to other aspects of his lifelong interest in the graphic arts. Brahms’s favorite artists included Jacques Callot, William Hogarth, Anselm Feuerbach, Julius Allgeyer, Adolph Menzel, Daniel Chodowiecki, Arnold Böcklin, and Henri Fantin-Latour. Larger issues of the day involved the possible creation of “musical” paintings that could evoke the types of nonverbal emotional responses more usually associated with music. Contemporary artistic currents included the continued production of paintings depicting classical historical scenes and tableaus influenced by Greek mythology, and genre paintings (scenes of everyday life). Brahms’s interests encompassed them all. Drawing on a wide range of primary source materials, this chapter suggests what these interests might have had in common with each other and with Brahms, the person as well as the composer.
Rehearing Brahms’s Late Intermezzi
Authors: Babyak Tekla
Published: October 2022

This chapter takes Brahms’s use of the title “intermezzo,” and its connotations of “in-betweenness,” as a starting point for hermeneutic inquiry. A series of close readings of passages from Op. 118, No. 1 and No. 6, and Op. 119, No. 1, explore harmonic, rhythmic, and formal procedures that invite the listener to engage in reflection before and after each rehearing. This process allows each intermezzo to be flanked by the listener’s own contemplative and analytical work. Brahms’s late intermezzi might thus be heard as enacting a cycle of rehearing and reflection, generated by means of enigmatic passages that support multiple interpretations. The ambiguity seems to create a regenerative temporality of rehearing insofar as the late intermezzi have the potential to be imagined anew in ever-changing ways.
Formal Elision in the Chamber Music of Mendelssohn and Brahms
Authors: Taylor Benedict
Published: October 2022

The parallels between Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms have often been noted; more seldom, though, have the musical links been examined in any detail. Although clear influence can be demonstrated in numerous places, this investigation proposes that it may be more productive to situate such parallels within recent approaches to musical form (or the “New Formenlehre”). Where similarities exist between Mendelssohn’s and Brahms’s approaches to form—ones that appear idiosyncratic compared to a classical model—these might alert us to a potentially distinct post-classical sonata practice. The following chapter examines the commonalities between the two composers’ formal procedures by spotlighting the technique of elision at the onset of sonata form recapitulations. Paradoxically, analyzing Brahms’s chamber music from a perspective informed by Mendelssohn’s practice helps to bring out what is distinctively Brahmsian about what the later composer does, despite—or perhaps because of—the similarities in formal procedure.
Compositional Range versus Compositional Ideal Type
Authors: Smith Peter H.
Published: October 2022

Dvořák’s music remains relatively understudied and here serves as a route to rethinking Brahms as a composer of chamber music. Two case studies illustrate Brahms’s embrace of compositional strategies not paradigmatically associated with him—creatively in his own chamber music and critically in chamber works of Dvořák that received Brahms’s approbation. The first case study focuses on local and large-scale tonal continuities and recapitulatory-like restatements that counterbalance the uncommon repetitiveness of the finales of Brahms’s G-minor Piano Quartet and Dvořák’s E♭-major String Quintet. The second case study compares the tight motivic integration of the first movement of Brahms F-minor Clarinet Sonata with the more spontaneous juxtaposition of motivic harmonies in the first movements of his G-major Violin Sonata and Dvořák’s E-major String Quartet. These comparisons illustrate that it is the range of compositional resources, rather than one ideal type of invention, that we may admire in Brahms and Dvořák—and that, we may speculate, they admired in each other.
Images, Monuments, Constructs
Authors: Sandberger Wolfgang
Published: October 2022

Soon after the death of Johannes Brahms in April 1897 there arose the need for public and lasting tributes to the composer. The memorial markers took very different forms. The most artistically significant are to be found in Meiningen, in Brahms’s birth city of Hamburg, and in the city of Vienna—the site of his most sustained creative activity. This chapter considers these monuments in the broader context of Brahms’s iconographic representation, including a range of depictions of the composer that originated within his own lifetime. Of central importance here is the ceiling painting known as the “Composers’ Heaven” in the Tonhalle in Zürich from 1895. These depictions are worth contemplating, because our notions of Brahms—beyond his actual music—are to this day directly shaped by aspects of his iconographic canonization and its attendant discourses; the photographs, busts, and monuments have helped to define the image of Brahms in the collective consciousness.
Specters and “Derangements”
Authors: Venn Edward
Published: October 2022

Brahms represents a composer with whom (in Ian Pace’s words) Michael Finnissy “has had a recurrent fascination but something of a love-hate relationship,” replicating, perhaps, a wider cultural ambivalence to the Brahmsian heritage in the twentieth century, and in particular Brahms in the Schoenbergian guise of “the Progressive.” This chapter examines Finnissy’s In stiller Nacht (1990; rev. 1997) and Brahms-Lieder (2015), both of which approach Brahms’s progressive “manner” via his settings of German folksongs. Approaching Finnissy’s reworking of notions of developing variation in these works and his allusions to other compositions by Brahms with reference to Derrida’s hauntological concept of specters, the investigation demonstrates how Finnissy’s “derangements” of Brahms’s music offers listeners the opportunity to reconfigure, reappraise, and rethink their (plural) images of Brahms and his legacy.
Pascal’s The Wager
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Blaise Pascal’s famous wager concerning God’s existence. The first section briefly introduces Pascal’s life and works. The second section introduces the concept of expected payoff via an example of a simple coin toss. The third section presents Pascal’s wager—that is, his argument that belief in God has a greater expected payoff than not believing in God. The fourth section considers a number of background assumptions to Pascal’s argument, including assumptions about background evidence, voluntary control over belief, the earthly benefits of non-belief, and the assumption that God must either exist or not exist. Finally, the fifth takes up possible objections and replies to Pascal’s wager.
Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers various objections to the argument from design in the context of Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. The first section looks at Hume’s famous regress objection to the argument from design. The second section takes up the general objection that the argument from design supports nontraditional theist views more than traditional theist views. The third section examines the charge that the argument from design is consistent with there being an immanent designer, while the fourth section considers the possibility that design is consistent with there being no designer at all. Finally, the fifth section considers three contemporary objections to the argument from design.
Ecology of a Changed World
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

In a rapidly changing world, six threats to biodiversity can be summarized by the acronym COPHID: Climate change, Overharvesting, Pollution, Habitat loss, Invasive species, and Disease. These threats have led to many extinctions and are on course to generate many more. Each threat can be traced back to the growth of the human population and a general increase in wealth and technology. This text is designed to provide a summary of what has happened and why, as well as ask how to predict what will happen under various scenarios. The ecological principles of species interactions—mutualism, competition, predation, and parasitism—are applied to food security and to human disease, demonstrating how simplification of communities threatens both wild species and humans. Dramatic changes in the environment have been brought about by the removal of species (collapse of coral reefs), by addition of species (predators destroying island faunas), by pollution (dead zones in the ocean), and by habitat conversion (about 75% of the world’s productive land is now exploited for agriculture or forestry). Despite these issues, the global increase in wealth and education, coupled with a decline in the fertility rate, are causes for optimism. Eventually, the result may be a declining human population, as well as placement of more value on an increasingly scarce commodity, wild lands and wild oceans.
The Changed World
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The world has changed substantially over the past 10,000 years, especially so over the last 70 years. Presently, more than half of the world’s former plant growth is thought to be on land we use for crops, grazing, or cities, and the combined mass of humans and their domestic animals outweighs that of wild mammals by a factor of 25. Many extinctions have already happened, and the possibility of a mass extinction on par with the last one 66 million years ago is very real. The consequences are potentially disastrous to humans. Threats to wild species are summarized by the acronym COPHID—Climate change, Overharvesting, Pollution, Habitat loss, Invasive species, Disease. These threats stem from human population growth and equally from the rise in personal wealth. The book considers the ecology of species in this altered world, the six threats, and the science behind species preservation.
Population Regulation
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Exponential growth, where birth and death rates do not change over time, leads to either extinction or impossibly large population sizes. This chapter introduces the second and final model, that of logistic growth, which leads to a stable population size at what is termed the carrying capacity, K. In this model, competition between individuals increases as their numbers increase (density dependence). A feature of density-dependence is that population growth is maximized at some intermediate population size (in the logistic model, exactly when the population is half the carrying capacity). Discussion of this leads to the concept of maximum sustainable yield, illustrated by a model of fishing on George’s bank off the coast of Maine, which predicts that the maximum sustainable harvest of a combined set of fish will result when the total mass of fish present is about 40% of carrying capacity.
Evolution and Disease
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The concept of evolution by natural selection is illustrated by HIV patients’ acquisition of resistance to the drug azidothymidine (AZT). Parasites and pathogens (such as HIV) are under selection to exploit their hosts, but their hosts are under selection to resist exploitation, so unlike drugs, both are constantly evolving to counter each other. One consequence is the complex immune system that has evolved in many hosts. The evolution of both parasite and host is documented for myxomatosis, a viral disease that devastated the rabbit population and subsequently resulted in the evolution of increased host resistance, as well as decreased pathogen virulence. In general, levels of virulence can be well understood by considering selection pressures on the parasite for efficient transmission between hosts. This is illustrated by comparing the virulence of different malarial species, cholera strains, and diarrheal diseases more generally.
Food Security
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Over the last 50 years, per capita food supply has increased despite a doubling of the human population. Nevertheless, more than 800 million people are undernourished, primarily because they are too poor to purchase enough food. Assuming people come out of poverty and the population continues to grow, this chapter asks how calorie consumption could be doubled by 2050. Preventing food waste, along with a shift to a pescatarian or vegetarian diet, would achieve this goal, but habits are currently trending in the opposite direction. Increased fertilizer plus technological advances could double production on current lands. Rapid gains in productivity result from selection, hybridization, and, more recently, genetic modification (GM) of cultivated species. GM has largely been devoted to introducing pesticide and herbicide-resistant genes into corn, soybeans, and cotton: most of those crops grown in the United States and China, are now genetically modified. The benefits and drawbacks of GM are discussed.
Growth of Wealth and Urbanization
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The rapid increase in income is as spectacular as population growth. On average, an individual’s spending power increased 25% in the 10 years 2009–2019 and shows little sign of slowing down. Increases have been most rapid in high-density urban centers, where about half the world’s population lives, and in Asian countries. Increase in earnings leads to increase in spending; for example, between 2000 and 2019 the number of foreign tourist trips tripled. The correlation of a country’s per capita income with environmental impact is strong. Because increased spending power leads to increased consumption, it is essential to make consumption patterns more environmentally friendly (e.g., a transition from fossil fuels to renewables). As this may often involve increased costs to companies, government legislation and incentives can be used to stimulate technological advances, illustrated by efforts to improve air quality in the United States.
Habitat Conversion
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The amount of annual plant growth left on the land by the end of the year is less than three-quarters of what it would be in a world without humans, and presently about half the world is being exploited for crops, grazing land, and cities. Natural habitats, such as wetlands and forests, have been correspondingly lost. By 1990, global forest cover was thought to be about half of what it was 8,000 years ago. Monitoring by satellite finds that more than 9% of standing forest was removed between 2001 and 2015, and it occurred for four equally important reasons: forestry; shifting agriculture; land-use conversion (e.g., to soy and oil palm); and fire. Deforestation continues, but some areas remain unaffected, including central Amazonia, parts of West Africa, and boreal regions. In Borneo and Amazonia, the rates of deforestation were greater at the end of the last century than they are presently, but in other locations, including West Africa and New Guinea, they appear to be increasing.