bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala and corn oil on ruminal fermentation, methane production and fatty acid profile: an in vitro study
Authors: Irawan Agung , Noviandi Cuk Tri , Kustantinah  , Widyobroto Budi Prasetyo , Astuti Andriyani , Ates Serkan
Published: November 2020

Aims
This in vitro study aimed to examine the effect of proportions of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) to Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) or levels of corn oil (CO) and their interaction on ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) production and fatty acid profile.

Methods
The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement following a completely randomised design with two factors. The treatments were according to the proportion of Leucaena and Napier grass (in g/kg DM, Treatment (T)1 = 0:750 (control), T2 = 250:500, T3 = 500:250, T4 = 750:0). Three levels of CO (in mg rumen fluid, CO1 = 0, CO2 = 10, CO3 = 20 respectively) were added to each of the diet, giving a total 12 dietary treatments.

Key results
Replacing Napier grass with Leucaena at 500 g/kg (T3) and 750 g/kg (T4) levels increased the molar volatile fatty acid concentration, microbial protein synthesis (P < 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (P = 0.003), whereas ruminal protozoa concomitantly decreased (P < 0.05). The addition of CO at 10 mg also reduced the number of ruminal protozoa compared with the control (P < 0.001). A significant Leucaena × CO interaction was observed on the increase of ammonia nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis, and CH4 production was simultaneously suppressed (P < 0.001). There was also a significant Leucaena × CO interaction on increasing concentration of C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-10 cis-12 and α-linolenic acid, which thus contributed to the increase of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulation in the culture (P < 0.001). However, the concentration of C18:0 was not influenced by the treatments (P > 0.05).

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that the inclusion of Leucaena into a Napier grass-based diet at 500 g/kg and 750 g/kg DM positively affected rumen fermentation, reduced CH4 formation and increased beneficial fatty acids in the rumen. Although CO had similar positive effects on CH4 production and targeted beneficial fatty acids, it reduced the microbial protein synthesis at inclusion of 20 mg/mL DM. Overall, there were synergistic interactions between Leucaena and CO in reducing CH4 production and improving the fatty acid profile in the rumen.

Implications
It is possible to improve animal productivity while reducing the environmental impact of livestock production through inclusion of tannin-containing Leucaena and CO in ruminant diets in tropical regions where C4 grasses typically have low nutritive value.
How humans learn and represent networks
Authors: Lynn Christopher W. , Bassett Danielle S.
Published: November 2020

Humans receive information from the world around them in sequences of discrete items—from words in language or notes in music to abstract concepts in books and websites on the Internet. To model their environment, from a young age people are tasked with learning the network structures formed by these items (nodes) and the connections between them (edges). But how do humans uncover the large-scale structures of networks when they experience only sequences of individual items? Moreover, what do people’s internal maps and models of these networks look like? Here, we introduce graph learning, a growing and interdisciplinary field studying how humans learn and represent networks in the world around them. Specifically, we review progress toward understanding how people uncover the complex webs of relationships underlying sequences of items. We begin by describing established results showing that humans can detect fine-scale network structure, such as variations in the probabilities of transitions between items. We next present recent experiments that directly control for differences in transition probabilities, demonstrating that human behavior depends critically on the mesoscale and macroscale properties of networks. Finally, we introduce computational models of human graph learning that make testable predictions about the impact of network structure on people’s behavior and cognition. Throughout, we highlight open questions in the study of graph learning that will require creative insights from cognitive scientists and network scientists alike.
Controversial stimuli: Pitting neural networks against each other as models of human cognition
Authors: Golan Tal , Raju Prashant C. , Kriegeskorte Nikolaus
Published: November 2020

Distinct scientific theories can make similar predictions. To adjudicate between theories, we must design experiments for which the theories make distinct predictions. Here we consider the problem of comparing deep neural networks as models of human visual recognition. To efficiently compare models’ ability to predict human responses, we synthesize controversial stimuli: images for which different models produce distinct responses. We applied this approach to two visual recognition tasks, handwritten digits (MNIST) and objects in small natural images (CIFAR-10). For each task, we synthesized controversial stimuli to maximize the disagreement among models which employed different architectures and recognition algorithms. Human subjects viewed hundreds of these stimuli, as well as natural examples, and judged the probability of presence of each digit/object category in each image. We quantified how accurately each model predicted the human judgments. The best-performing models were a generative analysis-by-synthesis model (based on variational autoencoders) for MNIST and a hybrid discriminative–generative joint energy model for CIFAR-10. These deep neural networks (DNNs), which model the distribution of images, performed better than purely discriminative DNNs, which learn only to map images to labels. None of the candidate models fully explained the human responses. Controversial stimuli generalize the concept of adversarial examples, obviating the need to assume a ground-truth model. Unlike natural images, controversial stimuli are not constrained to the stimulus distribution models are trained on, thus providing severe out-of-distribution tests that reveal the models’ inductive biases. Controversial stimuli therefore provide powerful probes of discrepancies between models and human perception.
Gaussian process linking functions for mind, brain, and behavior
Authors: Bahg Giwon , Evans Daniel G. , Galdo Matthew , Turner Brandon M.
Published: November 2020

The link between mind, brain, and behavior has mystified philosophers and scientists for millennia. Recent progress has been made by forming statistical associations between manifest variables of the brain (e.g., electroencephalogram [EEG], functional MRI [fMRI]) and manifest variables of behavior (e.g., response times, accuracy) through hierarchical latent variable models. Within this framework, one can make inferences about the mind in a statistically principled way, such that complex patterns of brain–behavior associations drive the inference procedure. However, previous approaches were limited in the flexibility of the linking function, which has proved prohibitive for understanding the complex dynamics exhibited by the brain. In this article, we propose a data-driven, nonparametric approach that allows complex linking functions to emerge from fitting a hierarchical latent representation of the mind to multivariate, multimodal data. Furthermore, to enforce biological plausibility, we impose both spatial and temporal structure so that the types of realizable system dynamics are constrained. To illustrate the benefits of our approach, we investigate the model’s performance in a simulation study and apply it to experimental data. In the simulation study, we verify that the model can be accurately fitted to simulated data, and latent dynamics can be well recovered. In an experimental application, we simultaneously fit the model to fMRI and behavioral data from a continuous motion tracking task. We show that the model accurately recovers both neural and behavioral data and reveals interesting latent cognitive dynamics, the topology of which can be contrasted with several aspects of the experiment.
From likely to likable: The role of statistical typicality in human social assessment of faces
Authors: Ryali Chaitanya K. , Goffin Stanny , Winkielman Piotr , Yu Angela J.
Published: November 2020

Humans readily form social impressions, such as attractiveness and trustworthiness, from a stranger’s facial features. Understanding the provenance of these impressions has clear scientific importance and societal implications. Motivated by the efficient coding hypothesis of brain representation, as well as Claude Shannon’s theoretical result that maximally efficient representational systems assign shorter codes to statistically more typical data (quantified as log likelihood), we suggest that social “liking” of faces increases with statistical typicality. Combining human behavioral data and computational modeling, we show that perceived attractiveness, trustworthiness, dominance, and valence of a face image linearly increase with its statistical typicality (log likelihood). We also show that statistical typicality can at least partially explain the role of symmetry in attractiveness perception. Additionally, by assuming that the brain focuses on a task-relevant subset of facial features and assessing log likelihood of a face using those features, our model can explain the “ugliness-in-averageness” effect found in social psychology, whereby otherwise attractive, intercategory faces diminish in attractiveness during a categorization task.
Inhibition of 3-phosphoinositide–dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) can revert cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: An Sugyun , Cho Si-Young , Kang Junsoo , Lee Soobeom , Kim Hyung-Su , Min Dae-Jin , Son EuiDong , Cho Kwang-Hyun
Published: November 2020

Significance

Recent studies showed that cellular senescence, previously considered an irreversible biological phenomenon, may represent a reversible state, but the mechanism for the reversion is not well elucidated. To identify targets the inhibition of which would convert senescent cells into quiescent cells, we constructed a molecular regulatory network model of cellular senescence. From the model simulation, we identified PDK1 as a promising target that can revert the senescent state into a quiescent state. We validated this prediction in experiments with human dermal fibroblasts, which showed that PDK1 inhibition eradicates senescence hallmarks by suppressing both nuclear factor κB and mTOR signaling through the inactivation of a positive feedback loop composed of PDK1, AKT, IKBKB, and PTEN, resulting in restored skin regeneration capacity.
Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger
Authors: Gilbert Martin , Sulikhan Nadezhda , Uphyrkina Olga , Goncharuk Mikhail , Kerley Linda , Castro Enrique Hernandez , Reeve Richard , Seimon Tracie , McAloose Denise , Seryodkin Ivan V. , Naidenko Sergey V. , Davis Christopher A. , Wilkie Gavin S. , Vattipally Sreenu B. , Adamson Walt E. , Hinds Chris , Thomson Emma C. , Willett Brian J. , Hosie Margaret J. , Logan Nicola , McDonald Michael , Ossiboff Robert J. , Shevtsova Elena I. , Belyakin Stepan , Yurlova Anna A. , Osofsky Steven A. , Miquelle Dale G. , Matthews Louise , Cleaveland Sarah
Published: November 2020

Significance

The decline and progressive fragmentation of many threatened populations increase extinction vulnerability due to outbreaks of infectious disease. Vaccination is one of the few tools available to mitigate these threats, but its use is often hampered by insufficient epidemiological understanding and historic controversies over endangered wildlife vaccination. Using the example of Amur tigers and CDV, we describe a holistic approach to select appropriate disease mitigation strategies based on key epidemiological evidence from the field. We then assess the protection of vaccinated tigers against the locally circulating CDV strain and use modeling to compare the efficacy and cost of potential vaccination programs. This practical approach provides conservation managers with an evidence-based rationale to address disease-mediated extinction risks for threatened wildlife populations.
In situ organic Fenton-like catalysis triggered by anodic polymeric intermediates for electrochemical water purification
Authors: Pei Dan-Ni , Liu Chang , Zhang Ai-Yong , Pan Xiao-Qiang , Yu Han-Qing
Published: November 2020

Significance

Organic Fenton catalysis is one promising water purification process, but it needs ex situ added organic activators and suffers from secondary pollution. Herein, we develop in situ organic Fenton-like catalysis free of secondary pollution by utilizing the redox-active polymeric intermediates generated from electrochemical pollutant degradation. We elucidate its mechanisms with electrochemical, photochemical, and spectrographic approaches. H
2
O
2
activation mediated by nonhalogenated aromatic compounds can be regulated from nonradical to radical pathway by anodic potential to refine the catalytic properties in the organic Fenton-like catalysis. This work demonstrates the great potential of in situ organic Fenton-like reaction in green catalysis and provides a conceptual advance to design clean, robust, and cost-effective catalytic systems for water purification.
Low rank mechanisms underlying flexible visual representations
Authors: Ruff Douglas A. , Xue Cheng , Kramer Lily E. , Baqai Faisal , Cohen Marlene R.
Published: November 2020

Neuronal population responses to sensory stimuli are remarkably flexible. The responses of neurons in visual cortex have heterogeneous dependence on stimulus properties (e.g., contrast), processes that affect all stages of visual processing (e.g., adaptation), and cognitive processes (e.g., attention or task switching). Understanding whether these processes affect similar neuronal populations and whether they have similar effects on entire populations can provide insight into whether they utilize analogous mechanisms. In particular, it has recently been demonstrated that attention has low rank effects on the covariability of populations of visual neurons, which impacts perception and strongly constrains mechanistic models. We hypothesized that measuring changes in population covariability associated with other sensory and cognitive processes could clarify whether they utilize similar mechanisms or computations. Our experimental design included measurements in multiple visual areas using four distinct sensory and cognitive processes. We found that contrast, adaptation, attention, and task switching affect the variability of responses of populations of neurons in primate visual cortex in a similarly low rank way. These results suggest that a given circuit may use similar mechanisms to perform many forms of modulation and likely reflects a general principle that applies to a wide range of brain areas and sensory, cognitive, and motor processes.
Using dynamic monitoring of choices to predict and understand risk preferences
Authors: Stillman Paul E. , Krajbich Ian , Ferguson Melissa J.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Choices that consist of risky versus certain options are pervasive and consequential, leading many researchers to investigate when and which individuals select risk over certainty. The present research takes an alternative approach and measures computer mouse movements to assess how people arrive at these decisions. We show that measuring mouse movements while participants are deciding between a risky gamble and a certain payout powerfully detects their conflict about the options, and that this conflict strongly predicts their risk preferences. Further, mouse movements are predictive of risk preferences even when choice outcomes are not. The present research thus demonstrates the unique utility of dynamic measures of choice, as well as the predictive and theoretical importance of conflict in risky decision-making.
Mapping transmembrane binding partners for E-cadherin ectodomains
Authors: Shafraz Omer , Xie Bin , Yamada Soichiro , Sivasankar Sanjeevi
Published: November 2020

Significance

While transmembrane proteins are essential for cellular function, it is extremely challenging to identify their interactions using traditional biochemical methods. Here we combine proximity labeling and single molecule binding assays to discover transmembrane protein interactions in cells. We initially screen for transmembrane proteins that are located proximal to a protein of interest (the “bait”), by tagging both the extracellular and cytoplasmic regions of the bait with the proximity labeling enzyme, BioID. We then directly test binding interactions between proximal proteins and the bait using single molecule atomic force microscopy. Using this approach, we identify previously unknown direct interactions between a number of transmembrane proteins and the extracellular region of E-cadherin, an essential cell–cell adhesion protein.
Ultrarare heterozygous pathogenic variants of genes causing dominant forms of early-onset deafness underlie severe presbycusis
Authors: Boucher Sophie , Tai Fabienne Wong Jun , Delmaghani Sedigheh , Lelli Andrea , Singh-Estivalet Amrit , Dupont Typhaine , Niasme-Grare Magali , Michel Vincent , Wolff Nicolas , Bahloul Amel , Bouyacoub Yosra , Bouccara Didier , Fraysse Bernard , Deguine Olivier , Collet Lionel , Thai-Van Hung , Ionescu Eugen , Kemeny Jean-Louis , Giraudet Fabrice , Lavieille Jean-Pierre , Devèze Arnaud , Roudevitch-Pujol Anne-Laure , Vincent Christophe , Renard Christian , Franco-Vidal Valérie , Thibult-Apt Claire , Darrouzet Vincent , Bizaguet Eric , Coez Arnaud , Aschard Hugues , Michalski Nicolas , Lefevre Gaëlle M. , Aubois Anne , Avan Paul , Bonnet Crystel , Petit Christine
Published: November 2020

Significance

Presbycusis, or age-related hearing loss, is a major public health issue and the principal potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia. It is caused by environmental factors and largely uncharacterized genetic factors. We compared DNA sequences across genomic coding regions between familial or sporadic cases of severe presbycusis and controls with normal hearing. The frequency of ultrarare predicted pathogenic variants in genes known to cause dominant early-onset forms of deafness was significantly higher in both familial and sporadic cases than in controls. Pathogenicity of many of these variants was established with complementary analyses. Ultrarare variants have a large effect size and are known to cause monogenic disorders. These findings open up possibilities for curing these forms of presbycusis by gene therapy.
“You” speaks to me: Effects of generic-you in creating resonance between people and ideas
Authors: Orvell Ariana , Kross Ethan , Gelman Susan A.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Feeling resonance in response to ideas is a pervasive human experience. Previous efforts to enhance resonance have focused on changing the content of a message. Here we identify a linguistic device—the generic use of the word “you” (e.g., “You live, you learn”)—that accomplishes the same goal. Using crowd-sourced data from the Amazon Kindle application, we found that generic-you was substantially more likely to appear in passages that people highlighted (vs. did not highlight) while reading. Moreover, we present the results of four experiments (
n
= 1,900), indicating that generic-you causally promoted resonance. These data reveal how a subtle linguistic shift can shape a pervasive human experience, promoting connection between people and ideas.
A structurally conserved human and
Tetrahymena
telomerase catalytic core
Authors: Wang Yaqiang , Gallagher-Jones Marcus , Sušac Lukas , Song He , Feigon Juli
Published: November 2020

Significance

Among reverse transcriptases, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has the unique ability to replenish DNA repeats at chromosome ends by repetitively using its integral RNA template. TERT shares a variety of common features with other reverse transcriptases as well as telomerase-specific motifs/domains. Among them, TEN and TRAP are not obviously present in all annotated TERT sequences, yet they form a complex in
Tetrahymena
telomerase that is essential for telomerase’ distinctive activities. Using bioinformatic and structural analysis we show that TEN and TRAP have coevolved and propose that they are defining features of TERT. We present a model for human telomerase that fits into the published cryoelectron microscopy map that will facilitate studies of mechanism, recruitment, and mutations linked to disease.
Mutation-oriented profiling of autoinhibitory kinase conformations predicts RAF inhibitor efficacies
Authors: Mayrhofer Johanna E. , Enzler Florian , Feichtner Andreas , Röck Ruth , Fleischmann Jakob , Raffeiner Andrea , Tschaikner Philipp , Ogris Egon , Huber Roland G. , Hartl Markus , Schneider Rainer , Troppmair Jakob , Torres-Quesada Omar , Stefan Eduard
Published: November 2020

Significance

The pharmaceutical targeting of mutated BRAF has shown promising clinical outcomes in patients with melanoma. However, more than 300 reported BRAF patient mutations and the occurrence of a kinase-drug resistance mechanism hamper patient-oriented therapies. We have developed an extendable and cell-based kinase conformation reporter platform (KinCon) to predict and compare the effect of kinase drugs. We systematically evaluated drug efficacies by assessing KinCon reporter dynamics in response to different drugs and patient mutations. Our findings suggest that FDA-approved melanoma inhibitors may have the potential to block non-V600E–mutated BRAF activities also in non–small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). We assume that widespread analyses of KinCon:drug interactions may assist in the future in identifying patient mutation–specific and thus more effective kinase inhibitors.
Development of cyclic peptides with potent in vivo osteogenic activity through RaPID-based affinity maturation
Authors: Bashiruddin Nasir K. , Hayashi Mikihito , Nagano Masanobu , Wu Yan , Matsunaga Yukiko , Takagi Junichi , Nakashima Tomoki , Suga Hiroaki
Published: November 2020

Significance

Osteoporosis affects over 75 million people globally, and this number is increasing with global median age. Therefore, the development of therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action is of high importance. Inhibition of the PlexinB1-Semaphorin4D interaction on osteoblasts has been shown to be a potential target for developing osteoanabolic modalities. Here, using a novel affinity maturation approach for cyclic peptides, we were able to develop cyclic peptide that tightly binds human and mouse PlexinB1 and inhibits its interaction with Semaphorin4D. Chemical dimerization of this peptide resulted in further increases in activity and demonstrated complete rescue of bone loss in an osteoporosis mouse model.
Conservation cobenefits from air pollution regulation: Evidence from birds
Authors: Liang Yuanning , Rudik Ivan , Zou Eric Yongchen , Johnston Alison , Rodewald Amanda D. , Kling Catherine L.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Understanding the drivers of abundance and biodiversity decline across numerous taxa is imperative for designing conservation policy. We use highly detailed citizen science data to show that there is a strong, robust negative association between bird abundance and ambient ozone concentrations in the United States. In particular, we find that a regulation aimed at reducing ozone precursors has significantly bolstered populations in the eastern United States. Our estimated effects suggest that the large decline in average US ozone concentrations over the past several decades has averted the loss of potentially billions of birds. Environmental policies nominally aimed at humans can also provide substantial benefits to other species.
Layer and rhythm specificity for predictive routing
Authors: Bastos André M. , Lundqvist Mikael , Waite Ayan S. , Kopell Nancy , Miller Earl K.
Published: November 2020

Significance

An established theoretical model, predictive coding, states that the brain is constantly building models (signifying changing predictions) of the environment. The brain does this by forming predictions and signaling sensory inputs which deviate from predictions (“prediction errors”). Various hypotheses exist about how predictive coding could be implemented in the brain. We recorded neural spiking and oscillations with laminar resolution in a network of cortical areas as monkeys performed a working memory task with changing stimulus predictability. Predictability modulated the patterns of feedforward/feedback flow, cortical layers, and oscillations used to process a visual stimulus. These data support the theory of predictive coding but suggest an alternate model for its neural implementation: predictive routing.
Targeting a scavenger receptor on tumor-associated macrophages activates tumor cell killing by natural killer cells
Authors: Eisinger Silke , Sarhan Dhifaf , Boura Vanessa F. , Ibarlucea-Benitez Itziar , Tyystjärvi Sofia , Oliynyk Ganna , Arsenian-Henriksson Marie , Lane David , Wikström Stina L. , Kiessling Rolf , Virgilio Tommaso , Gonzalez Santiago F. , Kaczynska Dagmara , Kanatani Shigeaki , Daskalaki Evangelia , Wheelock Craig E. , Sedimbi Saikiran , Chambers Benedict J. , Ravetch Jeffrey V. , Karlsson Mikael C. I.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Here we report that targeting the pattern recognition receptor MARCO on macrophages within the tumor alters their polarization and in turn activate natural killer (NK) cells to kill the tumor. We describe the mechanism of action, including that NK cells are induced to use receptor-mediated killing of the cancer cells. Furthermore, we find that this type of treatment works in combination with T cell-targeted checkpoint therapies. We then transfer this finding to humans and find that similar subpopulations of human macrophages also block NK cells. Finally, we find that targeting these human macrophages with a new specific antibody that we generated can activate these to release NK cell killing, thus generating a venue for combinatory treatments for cancer.
A receptor-like protein mediates plant immune responses to herbivore-associated molecular patterns
Authors: Steinbrenner Adam D. , Muñoz-Amatriaín Maria , Chaparro Antonio F. , Aguilar-Venegas Jessica Montserrat , Lo Sassoum , Okuda Satohiro , Glauser Gaetan , Dongiovanni Julien , Shi Da , Hall Marlo , Crubaugh Daniel , Holton Nicholas , Zipfel Cyril , Abagyan Ruben , Turlings Ted C. J. , Close Timothy J. , Huffaker Alisa , Schmelz Eric A.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Plants respond to biotic attack using an immune system of receptors to recognize molecules associated with danger. We identified an immune receptor, termed inceptin receptor (INR), able to confer responses to defined inceptin peptide fragments present in caterpillar oral secretions. Like many plant immune receptors, INR is encoded only by certain plant species but can be transferred across families to confer new signaling and defense functions. While INR is only found in the genomes of cowpea, common bean, and related legumes, it confers defined elicitor responses to transgenic tobacco and suppresses the growth of attacking beet armyworm larvae. INR expands the breadth of plant pattern recognition receptors to detection of chewing insect herbivores.
Cytocidal macrophages in symbiosis with CD4 and CD8 T cells cause acute diabetes following checkpoint blockade of PD-1 in NOD mice
Authors: Hu Hao , Zakharov Pavel N. , Peterson Orion J. , Unanue Emil R.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have achieved great success in the treatment of a number of malignancies. Unfortunately, immune-related adverse events develop in patients, particularly endocrine autoimmunity, including type 1 diabetes. We examined the nonobese diabetic mouse that develops fulminant autoimmune diabetes after anti–PD-1 blockade, uncovering an unexplored pathway by which PD-1 blockade facilitated diabetes progression. Analysis of the pancreatic islets showed strong cellular interactions among T cells and activated macrophages, and their dramatic changes after anti–PD-1 antibody treatment. Monocyte-derived macrophages played a major role in causing acute diabetes development. Their temporal depletion dramatically protected mice from β-cell demise. We identify the blood monocytes as a possible target for the control of the autoimmune complications brought about by checkpoint inhibitors.
The Arg/N-degron pathway targets transcription factors and regulates specific genes
Authors: Vu Tri T. M. , Mitchell Dylan C. , Gygi Steven P. , Varshavsky Alexander
Published: November 2020

Significance

The Arg/N-degron pathway targets proteins for degradation by recognizing their N-terminal or internal degradation signals. In the present study, we compared wild-type human cells to their double-knockout (2-KO) counterparts that lacked the UBR1/UBR2 ubiquitin ligases of the Arg/N-degron pathway. We found that a number of specific genes were either strongly induced or strongly repressed in 2-KO cells. In addition, specific transcription factors, including glucocorticoid receptor, were identified here as physiological substrates of the Arg/N-degron pathway. We discuss the emerged role of this proteolytic system as a regulator of mammalian gene expression.
Condensing water vapor to droplets generates hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Lee Jae Kyoo , Han Hyun Soo , Chaikasetsin Settasit , Marron Daniel P. , Waymouth Robert M. , Prinz Fritz B. , Zare Richard N.
Published: November 2020

Significance

Water molecules in bulk liquid are stable and inert under ambient conditions. In sharp contrast, we show that the condensation of water vapor in air to form microdroplets on cold surfaces causes the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) which we suggest is promoted by the large, intrinsic electric field at the air–water interface. This finding provides an alternative pathway for the production of atmospheric H
2
O
2
, for example, in raindrops as well as fogs and mists. This easy means of naturally producing H
2
O
2
suggests many interesting possibilities, from the use of condensed steam for disinfection to how water microdroplets might have promoted formation of the building blocks of life in the prebiotic era.
Lexical convergence reflects complex historical processes
Authors: Chechuro Ilia
Published: November 2020

This paper is an illustration of how deep historical and
anthropological analyses may be of use in studies of linguistic convergence
and in contact linguistics. The study reported here aims at investigating
the lexical influence of Russian on East Caucasian languages. In this study,
I use an extended version of the DagLoans wordlist created by the members of
the Linguistic Convergence Laboratory (HSE, Moscow). I collect this list in
the languages belonging to two different linguistic areas of Daghestan: the
Rutul area and the Tsezic area. The two areas share many
sociolinguistic features, such as the neighboring languages, multilingualism
and migration patterns. However, the wordlists show completely different
counts for loanwords coming from source languages with similar status
(Azerbaijani and Georgian on the one hand and Russian on the other). In
order to explain the observed counts, I discuss historical and
anthropological data from the two regions and propose several possible
explanations. With these explanations, I intend to show that studies of
language contact cannot be based exclusively on geographical proximity and
surface sociolinguistic profiling and should be refined by more detailed
information such as cultural influence, as well as a deeper historical
investigation.
The ideological background of language change in Permic-speaking
communities
Authors: Edygarova Svetlana
Published: November 2020

In the present paper I examine the language ideologies
which existed in the Soviet Union and which exist in Russia today, and their
impact on language change in Permic-speaking communities. In particular, I
investigate how different ideologies viewed possible sources for “enriching”
these languages and what kind of attitudes they held towards borrowing and
language purism. In the article I present the example of Russian relational
adjectives and investigate the ways in which they have been integrated by
the Permic languages during the Soviet era and after perestroika. Based on
the results of a translation test, I also analyze how modern Permic speakers
integrate Russian relational adjectives.
Russian influence on Surgut Khanty and Estonian aspect is limited but
similar
Authors: Gugán Katalin , Tamm Anne
Published: November 2020

In the present paper, we investigate evidence for a
causal link between the sociolinguistic contact type and the type of
structural change in borrowing. We build our argument via a comparative and
contrastive study of the aspectual system of Surgut Khanty (Ob-Ugric,
Uralic), Estonian (Finnic, Uralic) and Russian (Slavic, Indo-European). We
relate our findings to earlier findings on the functional similarity of
typologically distant languages in slight borrowing situations. Comparing
the category of aspect in two Uralic languages, Estonian and Surgut Khanty,
we claim that the structural changes in Estonian and Surgut Khanty are
similar in the domain of aspect, despite the differences in the social
conditions of contacts with Russian and additional influences from
typologically diverging contact languages. We attribute the similarity to
the low intensity of borrowing.
Quotative indexes in Permic
Authors: Teptiuk Denys
Published: November 2020

In this paper, I discuss the use of quotative indexes in
new media texts of the Permic languages Komi and Udmurt. I focus on
quotative strategies that emerge under the influence of Russian. Even though
both Permic languages are found nowadays relatively equally under the
influence of Russian, its impact is realized to different extents. In
Udmurt, both matter and pattern replication can be observed (the quotative
particles mol and deskatʹ, new quotative
tipa, the complementizers čto and
budto), while in Komi, only the pattern replication of
the complementizer strategy is noticed. It leads to the conclusion that Komi
speakers keep control over the separation of linguistic repertoire in the
written form, while Udmurt speakers use already conventionalized markers
from the contact language as new quotatives.
Why do two Uralic languages (Surgut Khanty and Erzya) use different
code-switching strategies?
Authors: Janurik Boglárka , Schön Zsófia
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we study the code-switching types
occurring in two contact situations, in Surgut Khanty–Russian and in
Erzya–Russian bilingual utterances. Using Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language
Frame Model (1993, 2002, 2006), we analyze the subtypes of insertion in
narrative texts and semi-structured interviews. It might be assumed that the
code-switching types would be similar in the two contact situations, as
Surgut Khanty and Erzya share many structural properties (e.g. the lack of
gender as a grammatical category). Our results show that most Russian
elements do occur in both cases as insertions, but the distribution and
frequency of these types differ. This discrepancy can be attributed to the
history and length of the contact situations. Finally, we use Auer’s 1999 continuum model to
portray these differences.
The choice of forms in contact varieties
Authors: Fedorova Kapitolina
Published: November 2020

The article addresses the issue of language choice in
contact situations on the basis of linguistic intersection in the
Russian-Chinese border area. It aims to analyze morphological forms found in
Russian-Chinese communication, both in the past (in data on Russian-Chinese
pidgin) and in the present, and to reveal the nature of the motivations that determine
speakers’ choice of forms. The analysis of three sets of data – (1)
historical data on Russian-Chinese Pidgin; (2) modern data on actual
interethnic communication; (3) metalinguistic data obtained from consultants
without reference to a particular ethnic group (Chinese) – find more
similarities between the first two sets. It shows therefore that choice of
morphological forms can depend on social settings and linguistic stereotypes
rather than linguistic structure per se.
Geometric spin–orbit coupling and chirality-induced spin selectivity
Authors: Shitade Atsuo , Minamitani Emi
Published: November 2020

We report a new type of spin–orbit coupling (SOC) called geometric SOC. Starting from the relativistic theory in curved space, we derive an effective nonrelativistic Hamiltonian in a generic curve embedded into flat three dimensions. The geometric SOC is O(m
−1), in which m is the electron mass, and hence much larger than the conventional SOC of O(m
−2). The energy scale is estimated to be a hundred meV for a nanoscale helix. We calculate the current-induced spin polarization in a coupled-helix model as a representative of the chirality-induced spin selectivity. We find that it depends on the chirality of the helix and is of the order of 0.01ℏ per nm when a charge current of 1 μA is applied.
General neutrino mass spectrum and mixing properties in seesaw mechanisms *
Authors: Flieger Wojciech , Gluza Janusz
Published: November 2020

Neutrinos stand out among the elementary particles because of their unusually small masses. Various seesaw mechanisms attempt to explain this fact. In this work, applying insights from matrix theory, we are in a position to treat variants of seesaw mechanisms in a general manner. Specifically, using Weyl's inequalities, we discuss and rigorously prove under which conditions the seesaw framework leads to a mass spectrum with exactly three light neutrinos. We find an estimate of the mass of heavy neutrinos to be the mass obtained by neglecting light neutrinos, shifted at most by the maximal strength of the coupling to the light neutrino sector. We provide analytical conditions allowing one to prescribe that precisely two out of five neutrinos are heavy. For higher-dimensional cases the inverse eigenvalue methods are used. In particular, for the CP-invariant scenarios we show that if the neutrino sector has a valid mass matrix after neglecting the light ones, i.e. if the respective mass submatrix is positive definite, then large masses are provided by matrices with large elements accumulated on the diagonal. Finally, the Davis-Kahan theorem is used to show how masses affect the rotation of light neutrino eigenvectors from the standard Euclidean basis. This general observation concerning neutrino mixing, together with results on the mass spectrum properties, opens directions for further neutrino physics studies using matrix analysis.
Phishing Websites Detection Based on Hybrid Model of Deep Belief Network and Support Vector Machine
Authors: Yu Xuqiao
Published: November 2020

The boosting of financial crimes that employ technical methods has become a critical issue that is urgent to be solved. However, the performance of most of the traditional classification methods are dependent on the quality of the prior knowledge of features. To address these problems, this paper proposed a hybrid model that combines the advantages of deep learning neural network of Deep Belief Network and machine learning method of Support Vector Machines. Firstly, the unidentified URLs from blacklist filtering are processed to have the URLs features extracted, the features are including statistical features, webpage code features and webpage text features. Secondly, deep features are extracted by the quick classification of deep learning model. Lastly, the resulting feature vectors combining with URL statistical features, webpage code features, webpage text features are fed into SVM model for classification. The model was tested on a dataset containing millions of phishing URLs and legitimate URLs, and have achieved the accuracy of 99.96%, the precision rate of 99.94% and the false positive rate of 51.32% which showed better performance than other comparison models.
Research on Transition of Hakka Enclosed Dwellings using Integral Theory
Authors: Yang Xin , Tang Zhaohui
Published: November 2020

The article makes an analysis of the transition of Hakka enclosed dwellings using Integral Theory and its core diagram AQAL (All Quadrants, All Levels). It summarizes the differences between the Hakka enclosed dwellings in North Guangdong (China) and the Middle South by comparing them separately in the four quadrants of the AQAL diagram: the interior personal experience and psychology, collective culture and meaning; the exterior function, anatomy, form and systems. Integral theory and AQAL diagram helps concern with integrating, or bringing into relationship, knowledge fragmented between specialisms, which may induce us to get more complete and sustainable tactics in traditional vernacular dwelling protection.
Study on non-plane propagation characteristics of fracturing fractures in tight sandstone of Qiulin block under high geo-stress
Authors: Huifen Han , Junliang Peng , Yintong Guo , Xinping Gao , Jian Min , Jun Zhou , Qiuyun He
Published: November 2020

In order to study the propagation characteristics of hydraulic fracturing fractures in tight sandstone reservoirs in Qiulin block, Sichuan Basin, hydraulic fracturing of tight sandstone under high triaxial in-situ stress were carried out by using a large true triaxial fracturing physical experimental system. The fracture morphology and pump pressure curves under different in-situ stress, fracturing fluid types and displacement were obtained. The experimental results show that: (1) under high geo-stress conditions, the fracture morphology of tight sandstone after hydraulic fracturing is relatively simple, and complex fracture characteristics are less formed. The sedimentary characteristics and the development of internal natural fractures are the main control factors affecting the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fracturing fractures. (2) The characteristics of in-situ stress affect the fracture initiation and propagation direction. When the vertical in-situ stress is equal to the horizontal minimum principal stress, the horizontal fracturing fractures perpendicular to the vertical in-situ stress direction can be formed, and most of the fracturing fractures are non-plane propagation fractures. (3) When the low displacement slick water is used for fracturing, the fracturing fluid is easy to enter into the micro fractures inside the tight sandstone, which is helpful to open the original micro fractures, and the fracture morphology after fracturing is relatively complex; when the high displacement slick water or high viscosity linear gel is used for fracturing, the fractures with non-planar expansion are formed after fracturing. The research results can provide some technical support for the reservoir reconstruction of the second member of ES_2 formation in Qiulin block, Sichuan.
Study on Relationship between Pore Structure and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom ash as Fine Aggregate
Authors: Shi Dongsheng , Huang Yuan , Liu Sijie , Han Jiatong
Published: November 2020

Municipal Solid waste incineration bottom ash(MSWI BA) is a silicon-calcium-aluminum oxide obtained by high-temperature calcining of municipal waste. Its appearance is similar to natural sand, and its chemical composition is similar to cement clinker. It can be used as concrete fine aggregate replace natural sand in a small amount. This paper tested the physical and chemical properties of MSWI BA, and obtained the compressive strength and microscopic pore structure parameters through experiments of 5 water-binder ratios, 3 sand replacement ratios, and 2 curing ages of municipal solid waste incineration MSWI BA concrete, and analyzed the relationship between pore structure and mechanical properties. The results show that the compressive strength of MSWI BA replacement sand concrete decreases with the increase of air content, bubble chord length and bubble spacing coefficient, and increases with the increase of bubble specific area. The fractal dimension of bubble distribution of MSWI BA replacement sand concrete is between 1.833∼2.259, and that of ordinary concrete is between 2.138∼2.495. The compressive strength increases with the increase of the fractal dimension of bubble distribution.
Study on the System of Urban Responsible Planners at Home and Abroad
Authors: Ma Jing , Deng Xiaoying , Liu Hongjie , Liu Xiaoxi , Zhao Rui , Fang Ming
Published: November 2020

It is of great reference for the studying of the successful implementation of the responsible planners system and examples. The role of the responsible planner as a bridge, providing local services, deepening the understanding of the territory and mutual trust with the territorial units through the model projects, protecting the interests of the responsible planner by multi platforms, etc., provided useful reference to the establishment and improvement of Beijing responsible planners system, including the team selection, work contents and work methods, as well as the working mechanism, security system, evaluation mechanism and other aspects.
Coupling analysis of land space development and protection and economic and social development in Julu County
Authors: Su Yu , Liu Hongjie , Su Hongyi , Sun Lihong
Published: November 2020

In the stage of rapid development of urban economic society, some cities adopt the compact land and space development strategy to control the unlimited expansion of cities. However, the effect is counterproductive. It not only hinders the development of urban social economy, but also leads to a wider range of suburban urbanization and rapid urban sprawl. On the other hand, if the aggressive urban expansion plan is adopted to speed up the urban development, it will lead to more waste of land space resources and ineffective precipitation of investment. Such land space development strategy is also the fetter of urban development. Therefore, the tight and aggressive land and space development strategies are the constraints of urban economic and social development. In view of this, only by understanding the macro background of the economic and social development of Julu County, analyzing the relationship between the use of land space and economic and social development, scientifically formulating the strategy of land and space utilization of Julu County, can we achieve the strategic goal of orderly and harmonious economic and social development. This paper will use SPSS software to analyzing the correlation between socioeconomic data and land use data, Using the results to specifically and quantitatively analyze the relationship between social economic development and land space development and utilization. The result shows that the urban land area is positively correlated with multiple economic data, the development of towns has a positive effect on the economy. But reasonable land use planning and effective protection of the ecological environment are still essential.